bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forum Introduction: Is the state a person? Why should we care?
Authors: Jackson Patrick Thaddeus
Published: March 2004

In 1959, Arnold Wolfers published an essay entitled ‘The Actors In World Politics’ in which he suggested that the importance of the state as an actor, although undeniable, needed to be submitted to ‘empirical analysis’ and clearer theorisation if its precise role was to be ascertained. Unfortunately, almost no one seems to have heeded his advice, and the question about what we might call the person-hood of the state virtually vanished from the agenda of mainstream International Relations (IR) theory. Realists, neorealists, neoliberal institutionalists, theorists of international society, and even many Marxists were content to treat states as, in effect, big people, endowed with perceptions, desires, emotions, and the other attributes of person-hood. Significantly, they persisted in these practices even though they often admitted that – in Robert Gilpin's words – ‘strictly speaking . . . only individuals and individuals joined together into various types of coalitions can be said to have interests’ and therefore really be actors.
Forum Prorogatum Returns to the International Court of Justice
Authors: YEE SIENHO
Published: March 2004

The ICJ interpreted Article 36(1) of its Statute – more specifically, the phrase ‘all cases which the parties refer to it’ – as permitting it to adopt the doctrine of forum prorogatum as a jurisdictional principle and to adapt this doctrine to the circumstances of international judicial process, as an informal way of founding its jurisdiction over the merits of a dispute. The resort to this doctrine has given rise to some concerns and has not received the general acceptance of states. The Certain Criminal Proceedings in France case marks the successful return of the doctrine to the ICJ and shows that the doctrine is a valuable tool for nationalists seeking to protect national interests and for internationalists seeking to promote the peaceful settlement of international disputes.
Special Edition on Sentencing: Introduction
Authors: BOAS GIDEON
Published: March 2004

This issue of the journal contains a special edition relating to sentencing at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The purpose of this special edition is to examine a critical aspect of the work of the ICTY, and one which might be said at this stage of work at the ICTY and its sister tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), to be still in development. This issue contains articles by people well placed to bring different and diverse perspectives to this important issue, as well as an expertise across the fields of practice and academia.
The Sentencing Determinants of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: An Empirical and Doctrinal Analysis
Authors: MEERNIK JAMES , KING KIMI
Published: March 2004

The pronouncements of punishment for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) will be among its most important legacies for international law and international relations. The purpose of our research is to examine the judges' opinions on the determinants of punishment and, most especially, the data on sentences handed down by the trial chambers in order to understand which factors are the most powerful in explaining sentences. We find that there is a fair degree of consistency in the sentences conferred on the guilty. By systematically examining all the sentences both doctrinally and empirically we can see that sentences are premised on those critical factors that the judges are admonished to employ by the ICTY Statute and their own Rules of Procedure and Evidence.
Remorse and Mitigation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: TIEGER ALAN
Published: March 2004

For years ICTY sentencing practice has deemed an accused's expression of remorse to be a factor in mitigation of sentence. This article examines whether the ICTY has adequately elucidated the theoretical and purposive basis for its reliance on this factor. It observes that, although the Tribunal has addressed from the outset the need to ensure that this subjective factor is not contrived, it has only belatedly identified the relationship between an expression of remorse and the fundamental sentencing objective of reconciliation.
The Unique Legal Status of the Bank for International Settlements Comes into Focus
Authors: BEDERMAN DAVID J.
Published: March 2004

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS), created in 1930 to handle German reparations from the First World War, has enjoyed a unique international legal position. This status was questioned when the Bank, in 2001, recalled its shares held by private parties. The resulting arbitral award settled the BIS's sui generis legal status, as well as making some important rulings about the application of state responsibility rules to international institutions in cases of expropriation. Additionally, the award provided needed insight as to the use of various methods of valuation of corporate assets in shareholder claims.
The UN Norms for Transnational Corporations
Authors: VAGTS DETLEV F.
Published: March 2004

The proposed draft Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights addressed to transnational corporations are making their way through the human rights channels in the United Nations. A previous effort in the United Nations failed twenty years ago. The Norms would urge those firms to adhere to a long list of treaties on the environment, labour standards, human rights, and the like. They would enter into a field already occupied by numerous principles and guidelines generated by many different institutions with varying degrees of authority. The addition of these norms to that corpus seems of marginal utility.
Terrorism and Human Rights: Treatment of Terrorist Suspects and Limits on International Co-operation
Authors: BORELLI SILVIA
Published: March 2004

The United States has an obvious interest in obtaining custody of and prosecuting and punishing those responsible for plotting terrorist attacks against it. The forcible abduction of suspects has in the past been a tactic favoured by it in order to obtain such custody; however, abductions are problematic, since they necessarily involve infringements of human rights, as well as the infringement of territorial sovereignty. Extradition is by far the more preferable means, since it ensures an adequate respect for human rights. However, various US policies relating to the treatment of terrorist suspects are likely to create obstacles to extradition.
Beyond Rhetoric: State Sovereignty, Common Concern, and the Inapplicability of the Common Heritage Concept to Plant Genetic Resources
Authors: MGBEOJI IKECHI
Published: March 2004

Until the emergence of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1992 and the FAO Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources in 2001, opinion had hardened in some quarters that the principle of a common heritage of mankind regulated international transfer of plant genetic resources. By a historical analysis of customary international law in the colonial age and the recent pedigree of the principle of common heritage, this article points out the fallacies in such arguments and contends that plants have always been subject to various national jurisdictions. It has to be conceded, however, that contemporary developments in the field of international law relating to plant genetic resources foretell the emergence of a regime of multilateral relationships governing access to plant genetic resources. If it is to depart from its unfortunate history, such a regime of multilateral co-operation would have to pay serious regard to the issue of equitable access to and sustainable use of plant genetic resources.
Theme I: Economy, Prosperity, and Social Justice
Authors: Specht Leopold , Kapur Ratna , Rajagopal Balakrishnan , Thomas Chantal , Trubek David M.
Published: March 2004

In this presentation I shall describe (i) a process of expanding the institutional frameworks of economic and social development that apply on a global scale principles found in the Anglo-American world; (ii) the reinterpretation of these institutional frameworks by ascribing to them a narrow – to a certain extent ideological – meaning which does not reflect the variety of meanings carried by those institutions in the Anglo-American world; and (iii) the undermining of sovereign decision-making by states in order to regulate economies and social systems in a manner that does not pose limitations to the expansion of the institutional framework as described above. This hegemonic programme of ‘globalization’ is at the heart of policies promoted by the United States and such international institutions as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
Theme II: Security: New Threats and New Strategies
Authors: Petrovsky Vladimir , Kratochwil Friedrich , Lanc Erwin
Published: March 2004

Among many goals which governments and individuals always pursue, the broadest and most common is security. It is the basic context in which most other values are enjoyed, in the expectation that they will last for a long time. However, the meaning of security has always been ambiguous. At the end of the twentieth century the world held great promise: the Cold War was over and we hoped to see a peaceful, secure future after the century of interstate conflicts, taking full advantage of globalization and minimizing its negative effects. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, new challenges to security are looming over the horizon. We are facing today the emergence of a global society, which crosses national borders and makes the world closer economically and technologically.
Theme IV: International Politics and the Role of Law
Authors: Kennedy David , Alviar Helena , Paul Joel R.
Published: March 2004

My thesis is that our problem is not a lack of law but a surfeit of law, that the situation of international political culture at the moment is not one in which we need to worry about making the legal culture more dense, rather that we should worry about finding sites and opportunities for increasing the possibility for politics, for contestation of the outcomes and procedures of the existing legal regime. The difficulty is how to do that. How does one build the possibility for politics, progressive or otherwise, in such a technocratic decision-making structure?
Summary
Authors: BIRNBAUM NORMAN
Published: March 2004

It would have been a good deal easier to write the summary of the events, given the extreme complexity, contradictoriness, diversity, and above all the richness of contributions, had I not listened to them.
Firehose driven magnetic fluctuations in the magnetosphere
Authors: Horton W. , Xu B.‐Y. , Wong H. Vernon
Published: March 2004

The nonlinear saturation of the firehose instability in the high plasma pressure central plasma sheet is shown to produce a wide spectrum of Alfvénic fluctuations in the range of Pi‐2 geomagnetic pulsations. The wave energy sources are the small p∥/p⊥ > 1 + B2/μ0p⊥ anisotropies which are created by Earthward ion convection at constant first and second adiabatic invariants. In the nonlinear state, the field‐line curvature force is weaker than the linear force. This weakening of the driving force limits the amplitude of the Alfvénic fluctuations. Away from the equatorial plane, the plasma is firehose stable, but carries large magnetic fluctuations.
Lithospheric structure and composition of the Archean western Superior Province from seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection and gravity modeling
Authors: Musacchio G. , White D. J. , Asudeh I. , Thomson C. J.
Published: March 2004

In 1996, LITHOPROBE acquired two ∼600 km long seismic refraction/wide‐angle reflection profiles oriented parallel and orthogonal to the regional geologic strike of the Archean western Superior Province of the Canadian Shield. We present results from ray‐based travel time inversion of these data, combined with modeling of the long‐wavelength gravity field and independent estimates of Vp/Vs (γ), all of which constrain the structure and composition of the lithosphere to depths of 120 km. Large variations in lower crustal Vp (6.7–7.5 km s−1), lower crustal γ (1.72–1.86), upper mantle Vp (8.0–8.8 km s−1), and Moho depth (32–45 km) are determined. Velocities along orthogonal profiles indicate 8% azimuthal Vp anisotropy (fast propagation normal to strike) in part of the lower crust and >6% azimuthal Vp anisotropy (fast propagation parallel to strike) in a 15–20 km thick layer (layer H) in the upper mantle which dips northward at ∼10° from a minimum depth of 48–50 km. Wide‐angle reflections identify a deep boundary at ∼110–120 km depth along both lines. Lower crustal chemical compositions estimated from Vp, γ, and density are generally intermediate (57–66% SiO2) requiring the presence of 25–60% granitic rocks, which is significantly higher than previous estimates (30% intermediate or felsic granulite) for average Archean crust. The anisotropic lower crustal layer characterized by anomalously high Vp, high γlc, and low (−7%) relative density values is interpreted as an amphibolite (basic‐intermediate composition) having a subhorizontal lineation to account for 8% azimuthal Vp anisotropy. The high Vp and intermediate anisotropy of upper mantle layer H requires a harzburgite peridotitic composition with the a axis of olivine aligned E‐W. We suggest that both of these layers are relic oceanic lithosphere accreted at the base of the crust during the final stages of lithospheric assembly in the western Superior Province at ∼2.7 Ga.
Upper mantle convection beneath the central Rio Grande rift imaged by P and S wave tomography
Authors: Gao Wei , Grand Stephen P. , Baldridge W. Scott , Wilson David , West Michael , Ni James F. , Aster Richard
Published: March 2004

We present models for upper mantle P and S velocity structure beneath a southwestern United States transect extending from near the center of the Colorado Plateau across the Rio Grande rift to the Great Plains. The models were derived from travel times of compressional and shear seismic phases recorded by the La Ristra passive seismic array deployed from July 1999 to May 2001. Large variations in seismic velocity (up to 8% in S and 5% in P) are seen across the transect in the upper 200 km of the mantle. Seismically slow mantle underlies the Rio Grande rift and Jemez lineament and relatively slow mantle is seen beneath the Navajo volcanic field within the Colorado Plateau. The relative variations of P and S velocity imply that high temperatures are the primary cause of the slow mantle although a small amount of partial melting or hydration cannot be ruled out. Sharp boundaries in mantle seismic velocity are coincident with boundaries of Proterozoic structural trends implying that ancient lithospheric structure exerts a control on the tectonic and magmatic activity in the region. Weaker seismic variations are imaged below 200 km depth with three southeastward dipping structures in our images. Two of the structures have fast seismic anomalies, beneath the central Colorado Plateau and the Great Plains respectively, and the third has anomalously slow seismic wave speed. We interpret the western deep seismic anomaly to be foundering Farallon slab and the slow anomaly just to the east as upwelling mantle possibly associated with volatile release from the sinking Farallon slab. Beneath the Great Plains, there is also downwelling in the upper mantle. The combination of upwelling in the west and downwelling in the east are likely part of an upper mantle convection cell that may include entrained lithosphere from beneath the rift.
Tropical instability vortices in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Foltz Gregory R. , Carton James A. , Chassignet Eric P.
Published: March 2004

This paper examines the physical characteristics and dynamics of Atlantic tropical instability vortices based on observational data from 1997 to 2000 and a high‐resolution numerical model simulation. Most prominent during boreal summer, the vortices are characterized by 400 km spatial scales, westward translation at 0–40 cm s−1, anticyclonic circumferential velocities of 30–110 cm s−1, and SST anomalies that decrease from 2°C in midbasin to 0.5°C or less near the western boundary. In contrast, the sea level anomalies grow as the vortices progress westward, reaching maximum amplitudes of 14 cm near 40°W. The large circumferential velocities, leading to relative vorticities of −4 × 10−6 s−1 and Rossby numbers of 0.5, indicate that centrifugal effects may play an important role in the vortices' vorticity balance. We address the vortices' vertical structure and vorticity dynamics by examination of a high‐resolution numerical model. There is a reasonably good agreement between the model and observations. Simulated vortices are confined mostly to the mixed layer, which increases westward in depth from 30 to 100 m near the western boundary. In the eastern basin, potential vorticity within the vortices is not conserved but decreases because of wind stress forcing. In contrast, in the western basin, decreases in potential vorticity are due mostly to the vortices' acquisition of Southern Hemisphere water. We estimate an annualized cross‐equatorial transport of up to 1.2 Sv associated with the vortices, which is eventually contributed to the North Brazil Current system.
Indo‐Pacific Ocean response to atmospheric intraseasonal variability: 2. Boreal summer and the Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Waliser Duane E. , Murtugudde Ragu , Lucas Lisanne E.
Published: March 2004

The basin‐wide response of the Indo‐Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing associated with the Intraseasonal Oscillation (ISO) is examined using an ocean general circulation model forced by canonical ISO conditions constructed from observations. The results show that the imposed ISO forcing induces ocean variability that both is local to the region of intense convective activity and has considerable variability outside this region. In the areas most strongly and directly affected by ISO forcing, mixed layer depth variations were found to be considerable and tended to contribute positively to the magnitude of the sea surface temperature (SST) variations. In addition, there are a number of places where variations in entrainment and three‐dimensional ocean advection make nontrivial contributions to the mixed layer heat budget. Large values of entrainment variability in the Bay of Bengal signify one noteworthy difference between this and the austral summer case, which showed no large‐scale ocean regions exhibiting significant entrainment variability. The ISO‐related intraseasonal variability that occurred in regions remote from the ISO forcing include SST variability in the equatorial eastern Pacific that was generally analogous to the eastern Pacific variability associated with the austral summer case. ISO wind stress forcing induces remotely forced sea level variations, via Kelvin waves, on the equator and the eastern sides of the Indian and Pacific basins. In the case of the Indian Ocean these variations are on the order of 5–10 cm and travel in a matter of weeks from the central basin well into the Bay of Bengal as well as southward along Java and into the Indonesian seas. In conjunction with these sea level variations are variations in basin‐wide transports. Specifically, variations in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) brought about by ISO forcing are of the same order of magnitude as the seasonal cycle of ITF transport (∼1 PW; 10 Sv). In contrast, the variations associated with the climatological cross‐equatorial flow in the Indian Ocean basin are considerably larger (∼±2 PW; 20 Sv) than those associated with ISO forcing (∼±0.2 PW; 2 Sv). The results also showed that the imposed ISO forcing and associated ocean response exhibit a low‐frequency rectification, namely a mean SST warming (∼0.1°C) and MLD shoaling (∼7 m) over much of the northern Indian and northwestern tropical Pacific Oceans. The implications and caveats associated with the above results, the caveats associated with the model and forcing framework, and the areas necessitating further study are discussed.
A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol size distribution parameters derived from SAGE II data over the period 1984–2000: 2. Reference data
Authors: Bingen Christine , Fussen Didier , Vanhellemont Filip
Published: March 2004

In a companion paper, a global climatology was presented for different parameters characterizing the size distribution of stratospheric aerosols; the particle number density, median radius, and mode width of the particle size distribution were assumed to be lognormal. Those aerosol parameters were retrieved by optical inversion of Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction profiles. The data cover the time period 1984–2000. In this second part of the study, we present the climatology in a more quantitative way, and starting from the case of the Mount Pinatubo eruption in June 1991, we try to derive reference data for the three considered aerosol parameters. Using four time intervals representative of the different phases of the aerosol relaxation after a major eruption, we investigate the data set spanning the period June 1991 to mid‐1999 and present a spatiotemporal description of the aerosol distribution for the whole relaxation period. The range of the data dispersion due to seasonal effects and random variations is also estimated. Finally, a study of the error on the three parameters is presented for the whole data set, as well as an overview of our validation efforts.
A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol size distribution parameters derived from SAGE II data over the period 1984–2000: 1. Methodology and climatological observations
Authors: Bingen Christine , Fussen Didier , Vanhellemont Filip
Published: March 2004

A global climatology has been derived for different parameters characterizing the size distribution of stratospheric aerosols; the particle number density, median radius, and mode width of the particle distribution were assumed to be lognormal. Those parameters were retrieved by applying an original optical inversion scheme on Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II aerosol extinction profiles spanning from 1984 to 2000. The specificity of the inversion algorithm resides in the use of a continuity constraint that allows one to partly get rid of the ill‐posedness of the inversion problem and to greatly improve the quality and the stability of the solution. The long time period covered by the SAGE II experiment allows us to observe very different situations of volcanic load, from highly volcanic periods following major eruptions (mainly after the Pinatubo eruption of June 1991), to periods of very low aerosol load. Beyond the effects of volcanism on the aerosol parameters, other influences are observed such as seasonal effects, more particularly at midlatitude. Also the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) shows a clear influence on the size distribution. In this paper, we present the general features of the different aerosol profiles, and we investigate the effects of these three main influences affecting the size distribution. We present the climatology in a more quantitative way in a companion paper, by proposing reference data for the three considered aerosol parameters.
Tectonic control on past circulation of the Mediterranean Sea: A model study of the Late Miocene
Authors: Meijer P. Th. , Slingerland R. , Wortel M. J. R.
Published: March 2004

We examine the effect of Late Miocene paleogeography on the circulation and water properties of the Mediterranean Sea by using an ocean circulation model. Results obtained for the past are compared to a control experiment with the present‐day geometry. To focus on paleogeography, atmospheric forcing is always based on the present‐day climatology. We seek insight that allows us to test ideas based on observations and to formulate new working hypotheses. The Late Miocene is examined first, since it represents an important stage in the evolution of the Mediterranean. The present‐day model reproduces the main aspects of the surface to intermediate depth circulation and water properties. The model does not capture the deep circulation known to occur at present in both subbasins. When the subbasins are reconstructed to their Late Miocene shape (keeping intervening sills at present‐day levels) the overall nature of the surface/intermediate depth circulation proves unaffected. The model, however, predicts intense deep circulation in the eastern Mediterranean, most likely due to the greater surface area of the reconstructed Adriatic Sea. Using the first paleoexperiment as a starting point several additional paleogeographical aspects are examined.
North Pacific climate recorded in growth rings of geoduck clams: A new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction
Authors: Strom Are , Francis Robert C. , Mantua Nathan J. , Miles Edward L. , Peterson David L.
Published: March 2004

To better understand North Pacific climate variability at interannual to interdecadal scales, we have developed a new tool for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. We show that growth rings in long‐lived geoduck clams (Panopea abrupta) can provide high quality, annually resolved records of sea‐surface temperature (SST). We used shell samples from the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in Washington State, to extend the coastal SST record back to 1877. The spatial correlation pattern between the growth index and gridded SSTs bears a strong resemblance to the leading pattern of interdecadal global SST variations and underscores the remarkable long‐distance coherence evident among coastal SST records in the northeast Pacific. Our results also indicate that the 1990s was the warmest decade in this region since at least the 1850s.
Operation of a 0.2–1.1 keV ion source within a magnetized laboratory plasma
Authors: Boehmer H. , Edrich D. , Heidbrink W. W. , McWilliams R. , Zhao L. , Leneman D.
Published: March 2004

To study the physics of energetic ions in magnetized plasma, a rf ion beam is inserted into the 1 kG, ∼3 eV, ∼1012 cm−3 plasma produced by the upgraded LArge Plasma Device (LAPD). The commercial 100–1000 eV argon source normally operates in an unmagnetized microelectronics production environment. Successful operation in the LAPD requires numerous modifications, including electrical isolation of the source housing, relocation of the matching network for the rf, reduction of the gas pressure, pulsed operation to avoid overheating, and care to preserve current neutralization in the presence of a strong magnetic field. With these modifications, a ∼500 eV, milliampere beam that propagates axially more than 6 m is obtained.
Some effects of magnetic field on a hollow cathode ion source
Authors: Oks E. M. , Anders A. , Brown I. G.
Published: March 2004

A simple hollow cathode “cold wall” dc gaseous ion source with magnetic field was investigated. Parameters of the plasma and ion beam were measured as a function of magnetic field. The extracted ion current shows a nonmonotonic behavior as function of magnetic field strength but the magnetic field distribution had only little influence on the current-voltage characteristics and on all other derived plasma and beam parameters. Analysis of our experimental conditions indicates that the observed nonmonotonic behavior is associated with a change in the ratio of electron Larmor radius to cathode sheath thickness.
A digitally programmable capacitance standard
Authors: Wang Yicheng , Lee Lai
Published: March 2004

We constructed a digitally programmable capacitance standard by modifying a commercial temperature-stabilized 100 pF capacitance standard which consists of 23 binary-weighted capacitor elements on a single fused-silica disk. The variable capacitor can be programmed through a computer from 0.000 115 4 to 113.046 496 4 pF with a resolution smaller than 0.000 115 4 pF over the entire range. Using selected combinations, we also demonstrate a method to calibrate the 23 capacitor elements against a 10 pF capacitance standard.
Development of a combined interference microscope objective and scanning probe microscope
Authors: Tyrrell James W. G. , Savio Claudio Dal , Krüger-Sehm Rolf , Danzebrink Hans-Ulrich
Published: March 2004

A compact sensor head combining optical interference and scanning probe microscopy in a single instrument has been developed. This instrument is able to perform complementary quantitative measurements, combining fast nondestructive three-dimensional surface analysis with high lateral resolution imaging. A custom interference microscope sensor head has been designed as the optical microscope objective and integrated within the architecture of a commercial interference microscope. The combined instrument makes available both the acquisition software and the hardware interface of the commercial microscope. The latter is able to function as a phase-shift interferometer or white light interferometer. Furthermore, the use of an optical fiber to transmit light from an external laser: (i) removes a major heat source from the measurement environment and (ii) makes aperture correction unnecessary. The lateral resolution of the instrument has been extended by the addition of a previously developed compact scanning probe microscope (SPM) module to the custom interference microscope objective. This SPM unit is based upon piezoresistive cantilever technology. The “piezolevers” are self-sensing and therefore require no additional systems, such as optical beam deflection or fiber interferometry, to monitor their displacement. The mechanical simplicity of the piezolever SPM unit allows for a small physical size and can thus be added to the custom optical sensor head without violating constraints on the working distance defined by the optics. A major benefit of the system, in terms of a quantitative nanometrology, is the possibility to perform a traceable and direct calibration of the SPM module. This calibration is achieved practically by measuring an appropriate sample at a common location using both techniques. Results are presented here for the measurement of two calibration standards and a test sample to demonstrate the increased lateral resolution of the instrument.
Reentrant cavities as electromechanical transducers
Authors: Barroso J. J. , Castro P. J. , Aguiar O. D. , Carneiro L. A.
Published: March 2004

The present work quantifies the dependence of the tunable frequency range on the gap spacing between the end of the conical post and the cavity top plate in reentrant 1.0 GHz klystron cavities. Fabricated from aluminum, the cavities tested are 80 mm in diameter with a top plate 1 mm thick. Experiments performed on such cavities have shown tuning coefficients (change in resonant frequency due to variation of the capacitive gap) as high as 40.0 MHz/μm, thereby demonstrating the capability of reentrant cavities as electromechanical transducers in resonant mass gravitational wave antennas. For cavity-based transducers ten times as small as the cavities tested here, this result translates into a tuning coefficient 100 times higher.
Terahertz emission by plasma waves in 60 nm gate high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Knap W. , Lusakowski J. , Parenty T. , Bollaert S. , Cappy A. , Popov V. V. , Shur M. S.
Published: March 2004

We report on the resonant, voltage tunable emission of terahertz radiation (0.4–1.0 THz) from a gated two-dimensional electron gas in a 60 nm InGaAs high electron mobility transistor. The emission is interpreted as resulting from a current driven plasma instability leading to oscillations in the transistor channel (Dyakonov–Shur instability).
A spin metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor using half-metallic-ferromagnet contacts for the source and drain
Authors: Sugahara Satoshi , Tanaka Masaaki
Published: March 2004

We propose and theoretically analyze a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MOSFET) type of spin transistor (spin MOSFET) consisting of a MOS structure and half-metallic-ferromagnet (HMF) contacts for the source and drain. When the magnetization configuration of the HMF source and drain is parallel (antiparallel), highly spin-polarized carriers injected from the HMF source to the channel are transported into (blocked by) the HMF drain, resulting in the magnetization-configuration-dependent output characteristics. Our two-dimensional numerical analysis indicates that the spin MOSFET exhibits high (low) current drive capability in the parallel (antiparallel) magnetization, and that extremely large magnetocurrent ratios can be obtained. Furthermore, the spin MOSFET satisfies other important requirements for “spintronic integrated circuits,” such as high amplification capability, low power-delay product, and low off-current.
Organic phototransistor based on intramolecular charge transfer in a bifunctional spiro compound
Authors: Saragi Tobat P. I , Pudzich Robert , Fuhrmann Thomas , Salbeck Josef
Published: March 2004

We report on the fabrication of organic phototransistors based on the spiro-conjugated molecule 2,7-bis-(N,N′-diphenylamino)-2′,7′-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-9,9′-spirobifluorene. Intramolecular charge transfer leads to an increase in charge carrier density, providing the amplification effect. The sensitivity is better than 1 A/W for ultraviolet light at 370 nm, making the device interesting for sensor applications.
Formation of embedded Co nanoparticles by reaction in Al/Co multilayers and impact on phase sequence
Authors: Gas P. , Bergman C. , Lábár J. L. , Barna P. B. , d’Heurle F. M.
Published: March 2004

The analysis of solid-state reaction in Al/Co multilayers shows that, after the first reaction step which is the formation of Al9Co2, the remaining Co “layer” can either be continuous or formed of Co nanoparticles. Simultaneously with this formation of Co nanoparticles we observe a bifurcation in the phase sequence, the second reaction product is different and its formation takes place at different temperatures. Thermodynamic considerations, namely modification of free energy by curvature and stress are used to explain that the change in the phase sequence is a result of the nanostructuration of the Co layer.
Morphological properties of GaN quantum dots doped with Eu
Authors: Hori Y. , Jalabert D. , Andreev T. , Monroy E. , Tanaka M. , Oda O. , Daudin B.
Published: March 2004

Morphological properties of Eu-doped GaN quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been studied. Eu tends to segregate on the surface of AlN and GaN, leading to drastic changes in adatom kinetics. As a consequence, both size and density of Eu-doped GaN quantum dots strongly depend on the Eu flux used during the growth.
Modeling of an equivalent circuit for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Han Liyuan , Koide Naoki , Chiba Yasuo , Mitate Takehito
Published: March 2004

Internal resistance in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. Four resistance elements were observed in the impedance spectra, and their dependencies on the applied bias voltage were characterized. It is found that the resistance element related to charge transport at the TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface displays behavior like that of a diode, and the series resistance elements largely correspond to the sum of the other resistance elements. An equivalent circuit for DSCs is proposed based on these results.
Mn-implanted dilute magnetic semiconductor InP:Mn
Authors: Shon Yoon , Lee W. C. , Park Y. S. , Kwon Y. H. , Lee Seung Joo , Chung K. J. , Kim H. S. , Kim D. Y. , Fu D. J. , Kang T. W. , Fan X. J. , Park Y. J. , Oh H. T.
Published: March 2004

Unintentionally doped bulk InP was prepared by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski method and subsequently implanted with various doses of Mn+. The properties of Mn+-implanted InP:Mn were investigated by various measurements. The results of energy dispersive x-ray peaks displayed injected concentrations of Mn of 0.8% and 8.8%, respectively. The results of photoluminescence (PL) measurement showed that optical broad transitions related to Mn appeared near 1.089, 1.144, and 1.185 eV in samples with various doses of Mn+. It was confirmed that the photoluminescence peaks near 1.089, 1.144, and 1.185 eV were Mn-correlated PL bands by the implantation of Mn. Ferromagnetic hysteresis loops measured at 10 K were observed and the temperature-dependent magnetization showed ferromagnetic behavior around 90 K, which almost agreed with the theoretical prediction (Tc∼70 K).
Control of resistance of a magnetoresistive manganite by spin injection
Authors: Ono T. , Kogusu A. , Morimoto S. , Nasu S. , Masuno A. , Terashima T. , Takano M.
Published: March 2004

We report a spin-injection effect found for a manganite using a specially fabricated sample. A wire of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 was patterned by means of focused ion beam etching, and the center was subsequently lightly irradiated with Ga+ ions. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature was reduced locally by the irradiation from TC to TC′, and thus a sequential ferromagnetic/paramagnetic/ferromagnetic structure was realized along the wire between TC and TC′. The injection of spin-polarized current from the ferromagnetic manganite into the paramagnetic part rendered the latter ferromagnetic and more conductive. This can be explained by assuming the suppression of spin fluctuation in the paramagnet by the spins injected.
Magnetic anisotropy and structure of epitaxial permalloy films sputter-deposited on Nb(110)
Authors: Loloee R. , Urazhdin S. , Pratt W. P. , Geng H. , Crimp M. A.
Published: March 2004

Epitaxial Permalloy™ (Py) thin films sputter-deposited onto epitaxial Nb with and without a Cu buffer layer have been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of the Nb/Py/Cu and Nb/Cu/Py multilayers. Rotational magnetization measurements indicated significant differences in the magnetic anisotropy of the films. A phenomenological model taking into account uniaxial anisotropy agree well with the data, and provides a simple method for determinating the anisotropy strength. The correlations between the crystal structures and the magnetic properties are discussed.
Temperature dependence of electron impact ionization in In0.53Ga0.47As
Authors: Tan C. H. , Rees G. J. , Houston P. A. , Ng J. S. , Ng W. K. , David J. P. R.
Published: March 2004

Monte Carlo is used to model the electric field and temperature dependence of the electron ionization coefficient, α, in In0.53Ga0.47As, using a two-component ionization rate to account for its observed anomalous dependence on the electric field. α is predicted to decrease with temperature at fields above approximately 180 kV/cm, where impact ionization is limited by the high-energy electron population, and to increase with temperature at lower fields, where it is enhanced by the decreasing ionization threshold energy, in agreement with experimental observations.
Accelerated photopolymerization and increased mobility in C60 field-effect transistors studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Shimada T. , Suetsugu T. , Miyadera T. , Yamamoto Y. , Koma A. , Saiki K. , Kudo K.
Published: March 2004

Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) of C60 thin-film field-effect transistors was measured with biasing gate voltages. A time-dependent change in the electronic structure of the C60 film was observed during the UPS measurement, which has never been observed in a C60 film grown on a conductive substrate. The change was attributed to the accelerated polymerization of C60 by comparing the UPS with that of the photopolymerized C60. The polymerization was associated with the increase in the field-effect electron mobility. This result indicates that mobile carriers produce reactive radicals in organic semiconductors.
Visualization for constructing and sharing geo-scientific concepts
Authors: MacEachren Alan M. , Gahegan Mark , Pike William
Published: March 2004

Representations of scientific knowledge must reflect the dynamic nature of knowledge construction and the evolving networks of relations between scientific concepts. In this article, we describe initial work toward dynamic, visual methods and tools that support the construction, communication, revision, and application of scientific knowledge. Specifically, we focus on tools to capture and explore the concepts that underlie collaborative science activities, with examples drawn from the domain of human-environment interaction. These tools help individual researchers describe the process of knowledge construction while enabling teams of collaborators to synthesize common concepts. Our visualization approach links geographic visualization techniques with concept-mapping tools and allows the knowledge structures that result to be shared through a Web portal that helps scientists work collectively to advance their understanding. Our integration of geovisualization and knowledge representation methods emphasizes the process through which abstract concepts can be contextualized by the data, methods, people, and perspectives that produced them. This contextualization is a critical component of a knowledge structure, without which much of the meaning that guides the sharing of concepts is lost. By using the tools we describe here, human-environment scientists are given a visual means to build concepts from data (individually and collectively) and to connect these concepts to each other at appropriate levels of abstraction.
A revised model for the cost of quality
Authors: Weheba Gamal S. , Elshennawy Ahmad K.
Published: March 2004

Traditionally, process improvement is considered a defect prevention effort. Current cost models consider the coupled effect of both prevention and appraisal costs on the cost of failure. This paper proposes a new model for the cost of quality, which captures the value of continuous process improvement in achieving economic operation. The model is developed to incorporate two cost functions. The first accounts for quality related costs incurred while maintaining a stable level of operation, while the second accounts for the cost of process improvement. Using incremental economics, the two cost functions are assembled and an economic criterion for evaluating improvement alternatives is developed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate potential applications and performance of the model.
The quest for e‐fulfillment quality in supply chain
Authors: Chow Wing S.
Published: March 2004

Recent supply chain literature are mainly concentrated on the quality of conventional supply chain information systems, the study on the e‐fulfillment has not been visibly noticeable. This paper uses factor analysis to determine four e‐fulfillment success factors: information quality, service quality, system quality, and work performance quality. Later, this paper uses discriminant analysis method to identify the key e‐fulfillment practices that the high satisfaction group would emphasize more than the low satisfaction group. A critical analysis of areas that require the improvement is also discussed.
Optimising the design of sewer networks using genetic algorithms and tabu search
Authors: Liang Lou Y. , Thompson Russell G. , Young David M.
Published: March 2004

This paper describes the application of heuristic techniques for designing gravity wastewater collection systems. Designing sewer networks can be a time‐consuming task that is largely based on trial and error where suitable pipe diameters and slopes combinations for all pipelines between manholes must be identified. Since there is a large range of possible slopes, diameters and roughness coefficients of pipes, only a small number of combinations of these parameters are usually analyzed in traditional design processes. Identifying a minimum cost design is an important issue when constructing sewer networks. In this paper, genetic algorithms and tabu search techniques are implemented to solve this difficult optimization problem. An adaptive rule and a dynamic search strategy were developed to assist the search procedures find better solutions.
Factors influencing project delivery within construction clients’ multi‐project environments
Authors: Blismas Nick G. , Sher William D. , Thorpe Antony , Baldwin Andrew N.
Published: March 2004

The single project paradigm which dominates the literature of both project and construction management research does not accurately reflect the reality of many construction clients, who have large ongoing construction portfolios rather than one‐off construction projects. Although several concepts of multi‐project environments (MPEs) exist, an investigation of the form and dynamic interactions of components within MPEs of construction clients was lacking. This paper presents the factors identified as exerting greatest influence on project delivery within construction clients' MPEs.
Impact of construction materials on project time and cost in Kuwait
Authors: Koushki Parviz A. , Kartam Nabil
Published: March 2004

The construction of residential projects constitutes a major portion of the building activities in the State of Kuwait. This paper presents the findings of a research project, which aims to determine the causes of delays and cost‐overruns in the construction of housing projects in Kuwait. The owners of 450 residential projects (just completed or near completion), spread over 27 systematic‐randomly selected metropolitan districts, were personally interviewed. Data on owners' socio‐demographic traits and project characteristics, including those involving time and cost overruns, were obtained. The paper highlights the impacts of construction materials on time‐delays and cost‐increases. Project‐related variables affecting the on‐time delivery of materials to the construction site are examined and quantified. The material selection‐time, type of materials, their availability in the local market and the presence of a supervising engineer, all demonstrated a statistically significant impact on the on‐time delivery of materials to construction sites.
Empowering collaborative decisions in complex construction project scenarios
Authors: Kumaraswamy M.M. , Ng S.T. , Ugwu O.O. , Palaneeswaran E. , Rahman M.M.
Published: March 2004

Diverse construction project stakeholders demand “fully‐informed” and well‐balanced decisions that target multiple objectives appropriately. This paper introduces initiatives into the development of a cluster of information and communication technology‐artificial intelligence supported empowerment systems and sub‐systems. Examples presented include conceptual models and/or descriptions of: the framework of an over‐arching management support system (MSS); multi‐agent support for improved collaborative working in: design development and relationally integrated supply chain management; and web‐based quality management.
Site layout for earthworks in road projects
Authors: Mawdesley Michael J. , Askew William H. , Al‐Jibouri Saad H.
Published: March 2004

This paper describes the integration of various models to provide a realistic decision support system for linear project site layout. Initially, the paper describes an investigation to determine the actual methods currently used by project managers and planners. A review of both techniques adopted by the managers and the knowledge acquisition methods employed are included in the paper. Following this, this paper describes the work done to automate the existing systems. This resulted in a system which has been used in practice and has been shown to be a great help to managers. It is based on the traditional method of mass‐haul diagrams used to determine the earthworks activities. A separate simulation and artificial intelligence model of earthworks are described. This will be extended to model linear projects more realistically than does mass‐haul.