bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coffee ﬂavour: an overview
Authors: Buffo Roberto A. , Cardelli‐Freire Claudio
Published: March 2004

This paper is a concise review of the research on coffee ﬂavour to serve as a rapid reference on the subject. It covers the process of roasting coffee beans, the volatile and non‐volatile components generated by the process and the chemical reactions responsible for their formation. Volatile compounds signiﬁcant on the determination of coffee aroma are given according to the most recent research. Finally, the paper discusses the chemical indexes used over the years to characterize coffee ﬂavour deterioration and estimation of shelf‐life. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitation of suspected allergens in fragrances (Part I): evaluation of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography for quality control
Authors: Shellie Robert , Marriott Philip , Chaintreau Alain
Published: March 2004

An evaluation of comprehensive two‐dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC) was performed to assess its suitability for the analysis of volatile fragrance components, recognized by the European Commission's Scientiﬁc Committee on Cosmetics and other Non‐food Products (SCCNFP) as possible skin sensitizers. The 24 volatile components listed by the SCCNFP were baseline‐resolved or better within one 30 min analysis. High‐quality calibration data for standard mixtures were obtained, with R2 > 0.998 over the concentration range 2–1000 mg/l. However, the analysis of small spiked amounts of target compounds in truly complex fragrances was problematic, due to uncertainty in component assignment. The beneﬁts and limitations of GC×GC are reported, and a discussion of the proposed directions for the solution of this analysis is provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragrance materials and their environmental impact
Authors: Salvito Daniel T. , Vey Matthias G. H. , Senna Ronald J.
Published: March 2004

A brief discussion on the environmental fate and effects of fragrance materials was recently presented in Cadby et al.1. This paper has been prepared as a more detailed discussion of the environmental effects associated with fragrance materials. Cadby et al.1 presented a detailed discussion of the rigorous science employed to protect the consumer and the environment from adverse effects from these materials. The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) has established a comprehensive environmental research and testing programme to determine the potential environmental risks posed by fragrance materials to the environment. Sponsored research and testing includes ecotoxicological studies, the biotransformation of fragrance materials in wastewater treatment, and their fate in the terrestrial environment. RIFM has published a conservative screening level risk assessment model following established environmental risk assessment paradigms (i.e. the predicted environmental concentration: predicted no effect concentration quotient; the PEC–PNEC ratio).2 In an initial screening of all discrete fragrance materials, using only volume of use and available physical‐chemical parameters, 92% of these materials are shown to pose an acceptable environmental risk, i.e. their PEC–PNEC ratio is less than 1. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decade of change in general education
Authors: Johnson D. Kent , Ratcliff James L. , Gaff Jerry G.
Published: March 2004

From 1990 to 2000, there was widespread change in general education. What do the trends say?
The Franklin Pierce plan
Authors: Dangelantonio Sarah T.
Published: March 2004

Reform at Franklin Pierce College was first envisioned as a revolution. As the reform progressed, it became a dynamic evolution, responding to changing needs.
The reforms in general education at American University
Authors: Mardirosian Haig
Published: March 2004

How do evolving academic priorities influence the review and reform of a pioneering general education program?
Cascadia Community College: Finding the “Cascadia way”
Authors: Richart Victoria Muñoz
Published: March 2004

Few are challenged to create a general education curriculum for a new college, applying best practices while achieving articulation and accreditation of the program.
The Hamline plan: Mentoring, modeling, and monitoring the practical liberal arts
Authors: Davenport F. Garvin
Published: March 2004

Ownership and articulation of general education can transform an institution.
Creating coherence: The unfinished agenda
Authors: Johnson D. Kent , Ratcliff James L.
Published: March 2004

Most want a more coherent curriculum. Few succeed. What works, and why?
Re‐envisioning the change process in general education
Authors: Ratcliff James L.
Published: March 2004

Change in general education is changing, and there are lessons to be learned in reenvisioning the curriculum.
Streamwater quality as affected by wild fires in natural and manmade vegetation in Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Malmer Anders
Published: March 2004

In 1998 a wild fire struck a paired catchment research area under long‐term monitoring of hydrological and nutrient budgets. Streamwater quality as concentrations of dissolved and suspended particulate matter was monitored during 1·5–2·5 years after the fire in streams from seven different catchments. As the catchments, due to earlier experimental treatments, had different vegetations, varying effects related to different fire intensities were observed.

The highest, mean stormflow, suspended sediment concentrations resulted from intensive fire in secondary vegetation that had experienced severe soil disturbance in previous treatments (crawler tractor timber extraction 10 years earlier). Stormflow concentrations were typically still about 400 mg l−1 in 1999 (10–21 months after the fire), which was about the maximum recorded concentration in streams during initial soil disturbance in 1988. Forest fire in natural forest resulted in less than half as high stormflow concentrations.

For dissolved elements in streamwater there was a positive relation between fuel load (and fire intensity) and concentration and longevity of effects. Stream baseflow dissolved nutrient concentrations were high in the months following the fire. Mean baseflow K concentrations were 8–15 mg l−1 in streams draining catchments with intensive fire in secondary vegetation with large amounts of fuel. After controlled fire for forest plantation establishment in 1988 corresponding concentrations were 3–5 mg l−1, and after forest fire in natural forest in this study about 2 mg l−1.

This study shows differences in response from controlled fire for land management, forest fire in natural forests and wild fires in manmade vegetations. These differences relate to resistance and resilience to fire for the involved ecosystems. There is reason to believe that wild fires and repeated wild fires during or after droughts, in successions caused by human influence, may lead to larger losses of ecosystem nutrient capital from sites compared with forest fires in natural forests. As fire in the humid tropics becomes more common, in an increasingly spatially fragmented landscape, it will be important to be aware of these differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of drawdown on suspended solids and phosphorus export from Columbia Lake, Waterloo, Canada
Authors: Shantz Mike , Dowsett Elizabeth , Canham Emma , Tavernier Guillaume , Stone Mike , Price Jonathan
Published: March 2004

This study examines the effect of drawdown on the timing and magnitude of suspended solids and associated phosphorus export from a 12 ha reservoir located in an urbanized watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. Water level in Columbia Lake was lowered by 1·15 m over a 2‐week period in November 2001. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 63 to 486 µg L−1 in Columbia Lake and 71 to 373 µg L−1 at its outflow. All samples exceeded the Provincial Water Quality Objective of 30 µg TP L−1. Outflow concentrations of suspended solids and TP increased significantly with decreasing lake level and were attributed to the resuspension of cohesive bottom sediments that occurred at a critical threshold lake level (0·65 m below summer level). Suspended solids at the outflow consisted of flocculated cohesive materials with a median diameter (D50) of c. 5 µm. Particulate organic carbon accounted for 8·5% of the suspended solids export by mass. A total mass of 18·5 t of suspended solids and 62·6 kg TP was exported from Columbia Lake, which represents a significant pulse of sediment‐associated P to downstream environments each autumn during drawdown. The downstream impacts of this release can be minimized if the water level in Columbia Lake is lowered no more than 0·5 m below summer levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff generation from logged and burnt convergent hillslopes: rainfall simulation and modelling
Authors: Lane Patrick N. J. , Croke Jacky C. , Dignan Paul
Published: March 2004

This paper reports results from field experiments and hydrological modelling on the dynamics of runoff generation in highly convergent parts of the landscape in a logged and burnt eucalypt forest in south‐eastern Victoria, Australia. Large‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to explore runoff generating mechanisms from harvested areas, and to assess the effectiveness of standard water quality protective measures, here a disturbed filter strip, in preventing accession of sediment to near‐stream areas. We then examined the likely effects of varying antecedent moisture conditions on surface and subsurface runoff generating mechanisms. Very small volumes of surface runoff were generated only at very high rainfall intensity rates that exceeded a 100 year recurrence interval event during the simulated experiments. There was little or no identifiable impact of either compaction from logging operations or fire‐induced hydrophobicity on surface infiltration or generation of surface runoff. Measured soil hydraulic properties and soil depths explained the paucity of surface runoff, and the dominance of subsurface storm flow as the prime runoff generating mechanism. Deep lateral subsurface flow was observed from the cut‐face of a fire access track and into a streamhead downslope of the experimental plots. Water balance modelling using Topog_Dynamic indicated the conditions under which saturated overland flow in this environment could be generated are rare, but that care should be taken in siting of roads and tracks in lower parts of convergent landscapes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time series analysis of long‐term river dissolved organic carbon records
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim
Published: March 2004

Two long records of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in river water were examined by a detailed time series analysis in order to shed light on the mechanisms generating observed increases in DOC concentrations across the UK. The records date back as far as 1962 and come from catchments 589 and 818 km2 in area. The DOC records were compared with others taken simultaneously for flow, pH, alkalinity, air temperature and rainfall, and in one of the catchments also for turbidity and conductivity. All records were examined by the seasonal Kendall test; frequency distributions of daily DOC measurements were examined; annual cycles were calculated, Autoregressive and impulse functions were derived for DOC against flow records. The time series analysis shows that: (i) DOC trends cannot be readily explained by trends in flow, pH, alkalinity, turbidity or conductivity; (ii) there is a significant increase in carbon flux from these catchments; (iii) maximum and minimum components of the annual distribution of daily readings both show increases in DOC, implying that DOC flux is increasing for differing hydrological pathways; (iv) increases in DOC concentrations coincide with increases in temperature, though the biggest increases in temperature are in the winter months when such increases might be expected to have less effect on DOC production; (v) change in trend, and therefore flux, was observed to occur after a severe drought in 1976. The study suggests that there are real, significant increases in carbon loss from upland peat catchments and that climate is a major driver, especially a severe drought. Severe drought triggering changes in the DOC flux might be attributed to enzymic latch mechanisms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of small water bodies on the atmospheric heat and water budgets over the MacKenzie River Basin
Authors: Nagarajan Badrinath , Yau M. K. , Schuepp P. H.
Published: March 2004

The effects of small water bodies or lakes on the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes and the transport of heat and water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the Mackenzie River Basin (MRB) are studied from two cases, which occurred on 2 and 8 June 1999 during the warm season. The synoptic condition for the cases is representative of about 33% of the synoptic situation over the MRB.

The two events are simulated using the Canadian mesoscale compressible community (MC2) model. A one‐way nesting grid approach is employed with the highest resolution of 100 m over a domain of 100 km2. Experiments were conducted with (LAKE) and without (NOLAKE) the presence of small water bodies, whose size distribution is obtained through an inversion algorithm using information of their linear dimension determined from aircraft measurement of surface temperature during MAGS (the Mackenzie GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) Study) in 1999. The water bodies are assumed to be distributed randomly in space with a fractional area coverage of 10% over the MRB.

The results show that, in the presence of lakes, the domain‐averaged surface sensible heat flux on 2 June 1999 (8 June 1999) decreases by 9·3% (6·6%). The surface latent heat flux is enhanced by 18·2% (81·5%). Low‐level temperature advection and the lake surface temperature affect the air–land/lake temperature contrast, which in turn controls the sensible heat flux. In the absence of lakes the surface wind speed impacts the latent heat flux, but in the presence of lakes the moisture availability and the atmospheric surface layer stability control the latent heat flux. The enhancement is smaller on 2 June 1999 as a result of a stable surface layer caused by the presence of colder lake temperatures.

The domain‐averaged apparent heat source and moisture sink due to turbulent transports were also computed. The results show that, when lakes are present, heating and drying occur in the lowest 100 m from the surface. Above 100 m and within the ABL, there was apparent cooling. However, the apparent moistening profiles reveal that lakes tend to moisten the ABL through transfer of moisture from the lowest 50–100 m layer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow modelling in a high mountain valley equipped with hydropower plants: Rio Zongo Valley, Cordillera Real, Bolivia
Authors: Caballero Yvan , Chevallier Pierre , Gallaire Robert , Pillco Ramiro
Published: March 2004

Water management modelling of a hydroelectric system in a tropical high mountain context is presented. The study zone and the hydraulic network are described and the water management strategy analysed. Three different models are combined to describe the complexity of the specific hydrometeorological context: the spatial distribution of the climatic data over the river basin, the surface energy balance influence on the runoff production of a river basin and the surface flow transfer modelling through a hydraulic system. The atmospheric forcing spatial distribution is derived from the available climatic data records. The runoff production on the catchment's slopes is simulated using the land‐surface scheme ISBA. The system dynamics tool Vensim® is used to simulate the hydraulic dynamics in the hydropower plants system. A short description of the three modelling methods is given, followed by the description of the coupled model construction. The simulation results of the ISBA land‐surface scheme on both a non‐glacial an a glacial sub‐basin during a 17 month period are presented. After pointing out the necessity of the water management model to simulate the river discharge at the outlet of the basin, the main reservoirs, simulated water level variations are shown. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The spatial distribution of groundwater flooding in a chalk catchment in southern England
Authors: Finch J. W. , Bradford R. B. , Hudson J. A.
Published: March 2004

Groundwater flooding occurred in the upper parts of many chalk rivers in the UK during the exceptionally wet winter of 2000–01. This provided a rare opportunity to investigate the spatial distribution of groundwater discharge and flooding along the normally dry intermittent headwaters of a chalk catchment. The extent of flooding along the River Pang, upstream of the seasonal head, was mapped using aerial photography, and point measurements of flow and water temperature were used to identify the contributing reaches of the river. The results are discussed in the context of the geological and groundwater conditions. The occurrence of flooding can largely be explained by the regional groundwater flow directions, but increased flow in some locations may be as a result of preferential groundwater flow along lines of geological structure. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐dependency of hydraulic conductivity: an example from Thorne Moor, a raised mire in South Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Bromley J. , Robinson M. , Barker J. A.
Published: March 2004

The hydraulic conductivity (K) of many low permeability materials is strongly scale‐dependent. In raised mires and other types of peat deposit the effects of features such as abandoned infilled ditches, root holes and localized woody material, cause K to be heterogeneous and scale‐dependent. Despite this, field measurements are routinely made using auger hole (slug) tests at the scale of only a few tens of centimetres. Such measurements are locally valid, but where the regional subsurface movement of water through peat bogs is simulated using groundwater models, typically at the scale of hundreds of metres, they give rise to a systematic underestimate of flows and an overprediction of water table elevations. Until now, techniques to obtain values at a scale sufficiently large to include the effects of localized features of higher permeability have not been applied routinely.

Research at Thorne Moor, a large raised mire, demonstrates that the K of peat varies over several orders of magnitude when measured at different scales, using a variety of techniques. Laboratory and auger hole tests cannot be relied upon to provide results that represent the hydraulic conductivity of large expanses of peatland. This has significant implications for the management and long‐term restoration of peatlands where both regional and local control of water levels is crucial. For groundwater models to be used successfully to plan such schemes, it is essential to apply the K values relevant to the scale of the simulation.

This paper describes and tests novel techniques, using ditches, for the derivation of K at large scales which overcome many of the problems that have been identified with conventional techniques and are capable of producing estimates that are appropriate to the application of physically based regional flow models. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of wavelet‐based multi‐model Kalman filters to real‐time flood forecasting
Authors: Chou Chien‐Ming , Wang Ru‐Yih
Published: March 2004

This paper presents the application of a multimodel method using a wavelet‐based Kalman filter (WKF) bank to simultaneously estimate decomposed state variables and unknown parameters for real‐time flood forecasting. Applying the Haar wavelet transform alters the state vector and input vector of the state space. In this way, an overall detail plus approximation describes each new state vector and input vector, which allows the WKF to simultaneously estimate and decompose state variables. The wavelet‐based multimodel Kalman filter (WMKF) is a multimodel Kalman filter (MKF), in which the Kalman filter has been substituted for a WKF. The WMKF then obtainsMestimated state vectors. Next, theMstate‐estimates, each of which is weighted by its possibility that is also determined on‐line, are combined to form an optimal estimate. Validations conducted for the Wu‐Tu watershed, a small watershed in Taiwan, have demonstrated that the method is effective because of the decomposition of wavelet transform, the adaptation of the time‐varying Kalman filter and the characteristics of the multimodel method. Validation results also reveal that the resulting method enhances the accuracy of the runoff prediction of the rainfall–runoff process in the Wu‐Tu watershed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snowmelt‐driven macropore flow and soil saturation in a semiarid forest
Authors: Newman Brent D. , Wilcox Bradford P. , Graham Robert C.
Published: March 2004

Lateral subsurface flow is generally assumed to occur as a result of the development of a saturated zone above a low‐permeability interface such as at the soil–bedrock contact, and it is often augmented by macropore flow. Our objective was to evaluate the development of lateral subsurface flow and soil saturation at a semiarid ponderosa pine forest in New Mexico with respect to the conceptual model of saturation building above the soil–bedrock contact. At this site, we have long‐term observations of the water budget components, including lateral flow. A 1·5 m deep by 7 m long trench was constructed to observe lateral subsurface flow and development of saturation directly. Our observations are based on flow resulting from a melting snowdrift. The edge of the drift was about 7 m upslope from the trench. Lateral subsurface flow only occurred from root macropores in the Bt soil horizon. Saturation developed and grew outward from flowing root macropores, rather than growing upward from the soil–bedrock interface. This macropore‐centred saturation resulted in a highly heterogeneous distribution of water content until enough macropores began flowing and individual macropore saturated zones grew large enough to coalesce and saturate large volumes of the soil. Our observations are based on one snowmelt event and a relatively short hillslope flow path, and thus do not represent a full range of hydrologic conditions. Nevertheless, the observed behaviour did not conform to the traditional model of soil–bedrock control of saturation and lateral flow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Description method for spatio‐temporal regions in a video and its application
Authors: Kaneko Toshimitsu , Masukura Koichi , Hori Osamu
Published: March 2004

A new description method for spatio‐temporal regions in a video is proposed. It is efficient in terms of description data size and computational complexity under the condition that the regions in each frame can be approximated by simple figures. It approximates the object region in a frame by a simple figure such as a rectangle, an ellipse, or a polygon, and describes the coordinates of its representative points (vertices). Then, the motions of the representative points are described by polynomial spline functions to express the regions in the following frames efficiently. The proposed method is adopted in the MPEG‐7 standard to provide the functionality of spatio‐temporal location description. Experimental results using synthesized and real videos are presented to show the efficiency. Also, movie‐centric hypermedia, a typical application of this description method, is introduced in this article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 257–266, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10062
A robust video scene extraction approach to movie content abstraction
Authors: Li Ying , Kuo C.‐C. Jay
Published: March 2004

This research addresses the problem of automatically extracting semantic video scenes from feature films based on multimodal information. A three‐stage scene detection scheme is proposed. First, we use pure visual information to extract a coarse‐level scene structure based on generated shot sinks. Second, audio cue is integrated to refine the scene detection results by considering various kinds of audiovisual scenarios. Finally, we introduce users into this process by allowing them to interactively tune the final results to their own satisfaction. The generated scene structure forms a compact yet meaningful abstraction of the video data, which can help facilitate the content access. Preliminary experiments on integrating multiple media cues for movie scene extraction have yielded encouraging results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 236–244, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10063
Summarization of news video and its description for content‐based access
Authors: Kim Jae‐Gon , Chang Hyun Sung , Kang Kyeongok , Kim Munchurl , Kim Jinwoong , Kim Hyung‐Myung
Published: March 2004

A video summary abstracts the entirety with the gist without losing the essential content of the original video and also facilitates efficient content‐based access to the desired content. In this article, we propose a novel method for summarizing a news video based on multimodal analysis of the content. The proposed method exploits the closed caption (CC) data to locate semantically meaningful highlights in a news video and speech signals in an audio stream to align the CC data with the video in a time‐line. Then, the extracted highlights are described in a multilevel structure using the MPEG‐7 Summarization Description Scheme (DS). Specifically, we use the HierarchicalSummary DS that allows efficient accessing of the content through such functionalities as multilevel abstracts and navigation guidance in a hierarchical fashion. Intensive experiments with our prototypical systems are presented to demonstrate the validity and reliability of the proposed method in real applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 267–274, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10067
The TV‐trawler project
Authors: Rogers Derek , Hunter Jane , Kosovic Douglas
Published: March 2004

In this article, we describe a system that enables the filtering, recording and delivery of digital video broadcasts over satellite, by matching incoming content descriptions to predefined sets of personal user preferences that have been specified using MPEG‐7. The system enables the automatic analysis, selection, and flexible, customized delivery of relevant content extracted from potentially hundreds of concurrent video channels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 289–296, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10068
Intellectual property management and protection for MPEG multimedia content: A structured language for interoperable IPMP systems
Authors: Alberti C. , Romeo A. , Mattavelli M.
Published: March 2004

In this article a new approach to intellectual property management and protection (IPMP) is described. The novelty of the approach resides in the definition of a new simple language expressly conceived for the platform independent description of IPMP tools. The definition of such an IPMP‐structured language can achieve two fundamental goals not fulfilled by current approaches: (1) full interoperability between content protection and decoder platforms originated by different content producer and platform manufacturers and (2) the possibility of renewing IPMP systems whenever needed. The approach is similar to other meta‐languages such as Structured Audio, used to describe sound processing and synthesis algorithms. The proposed solution is an alternative to the full standardization of several IPMP algorithms, an approach that cannot achieve full interoperability among different vendors' platforms and does not allow the possibility of renewing IPMP systems. In the proposed technology, platforms supporting the standard IPMP primitives can be configured on the fly to run the appropriate protection algorithm. Ideally a specific IPMP tool can be defined for each content item to be protected. The new approach requires the implementation of a “secure IPMP virtual machine” on the target device. This concept can be derived by means of an extension of the original OPIMA specification enabling the OPIMA virtual machine to manage and execute IPMP structured descriptions. The presence of such a (normative) secure virtual machine on different platforms together with the normative definition of the meta‐language can assure a standard execution of the structured description of IPMP systems without the need of cross‐platform adaptations. The approach is fully compliant and may be part of an extension of the MPEG‐n IPMP frameworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 275–288, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10070
MPEG‐4 facial animation in video analysis and synthesis
Authors: Eisert Peter
Published: March 2004

MPEG‐4 supports the definition, encoding, transmission, and animation of 3‐D head and body models. These features can be used for a variety of different applications ranging from low bit‐rate video coding to character and avatar animation. In this article, an entire system for the analysis of facial expressions from image sequences and their synthesis is presented. New methods for the estimation of MPEG‐4 facial animation parameters as well as scene illumination are proposed. Experiments for different applications demonstrate the potential of using facial animation techniques in video analysis and synthesis. A model‐based codec is presented that is able to encode head‐and‐shoulder video sequences at bit‐rates of about 1 kbit/s. Besides the low bit‐rate, many enhancements and scene modifications can be easily applied, like scene lighting changes or cloning of expressions for character animation. But also for the encoding of arbitrary sequences, 3‐D knowledge can help to increase the coding efficiency. With our model‐aided codec, bit‐rate reductions of up to 45% at the same quality can be achieved in comparison to standard hybrid video codecs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 245–256, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10072
Insecure adult attachment style and depressive symptoms: Implications for parental perceptions of infant temperament
Authors: Pesonen Anu‐Katriina , Räikkönen Katri , Strandberg Timo , Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa , Järvenpää Anna‐Liisa
Published: March 2004

The current study tested associations between parental depressive symptoms, adult attachment styles, and perceptions of infant temperament among 319 mother–infant and 173 father–infant dyads. Depressive symptoms and insecure attachment style among the mothers and/or fathers were associated with perceptions of the infant as temperamentally more negatively and/or less positively tuned. Multivariate analyses of depressive symptoms and attachment styles with perceived temperament suggest that depressive symptoms and perceived temperament remain significantly associated, while the associations between attachment styles and perceived temperament, in most instances, were reduced to nonsignificance. We also tested whether secure attachment among the parents buffered any negatively and/or positively tuned depression‐related perceptions, but found no supporting evidence. Even though the study results await replication in longitudinal designs, they nevertheless underline the significance of parental depressive information processing in the perceiving of infant temperament. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Reduced basis set for the gold atom in cluster complexes
Authors: Basch Harold , Ratner Mark A.
Published: March 2004

To extend the metal cluster size used in interfacing between bulk metals and molecules in ab initio studies of molecular electronics and chemisorption, a reduced size atomic orbital basis set for the gold atom has been generated. Based on the SKBJ relativistic effective core potential set, the three component 5d Gaussian orbital basis set is completely contracted. Comparisons between the full and reduced basis set in Au atom clusters and cluster complexes for geometry, bond distances, dipole moments, atomic charges, spin, bond dissociation energies, lowest energy harmonic frequencies, electron affinities, ionization energies, and density of states distributions show the contracted set to be a viable replacement for the full basis set. This result is obtained using both the B3LYP and BPW91 exchange‐correlation potentials in density functional theory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 899–906, 2004
The arsenic clusters Asn (n = 1–5) and their anions: Structures, thermochemistry, and electron affinities
Authors: Zhao Yi , Xu Wenguo , Li Qianshu , Xie Yaoming , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: March 2004

The molecular structures, electron affinities, and dissociation energies of the Asn/As (n = 1–5) species have been examined using six density functional theory (DFT) methods. The basis set used in this work is of double‐ζ plus polarization quality with additional diffuse s‐ and p‐type functions, denoted DZP++. These methods have been carefully calibrated (Chem Rev 2002, 102, 231) for the prediction of electron affinities. The geometries are fully optimized with each DFT method independently. Three different types of the neutral‐anion energy separations reported in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad), the vertical electron affinity (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The first dissociation energies De(Asn−1‐As) for the neutral Asn species, as well as those De(As‐As) and De (Asn−1‐As−) for the anionic As species, have also been reported. The most reliable adiabatic electron affinities, obtained at the DZP++ BLYP level of theory, are 0.90 (As), 0.74 (As2), 1.30 (As3), 0.49 (As4), and 3.03 eV (As5), respectively. These EAad values for As, As2, and As4 are in good agreement with experiment (average absolute error 0.09 eV), but that for As3 is a bit smaller than the experimental value (1.45 ± 0.03 eV). The first dissociation energies for the neutral arsenic clusters predicted by the B3LYP method are 3.93 eV (As2), 2.04 eV (As3), 3.88 eV (As4), and 1.49 eV (As5). Compared with the available experimental dissociation energies for the neutral clusters, the theoretical predictions are excellent. Two dissociation limits are possible for the arsenic cluster anions. The atomic arsenic results are 3.91 eV (As → As− + As), 2.46 eV (As → As + As), 3.14 eV (As → As + As), and 4.01 eV (As → As + As). For dissociation to neutral arsenic clusters, the predicted dissociation energies are 2.43 eV (As → As2 + As−), 3.53 eV (As → As3 + As−), and 3.67 eV (As → As4 + As−). For the vibrational frequencies of the Asn series, the BP86 and B3LYP methods produce good results compared with the limited experiments, so the other predictions with these methods should be reliable. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 907–920, 2004
Geometric algorithms for the conformational analysis of long protein loops
Authors: Cortés J. , Siméon T. , Remaud‐Siméon M. , Tran V.
Published: March 2004

The efficient filtering of unfeasible conformations would considerably benefit the exploration of the conformational space when searching for minimum energy structures or during molecular simulation. The most important conditions for filtering are the maintenance of molecular chain integrity and the avoidance of steric clashes. These conditions can be seen as geometric constraints on a molecular model. In this article, we discuss how techniques issued from recent research in robotics can be applied to this filtering. Two complementary techniques are presented: one for conformational sampling and another for computing conformational changes satisfying such geometric constraints. The main interest of the proposed techniques is their application to the structural analysis of long protein loops. First experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach for studying the mobility of loop 7 in amylosucrase fromNeisseria polysaccharea.The supposed motions of this 17‐residue loop would play an important role in the activity of this enzyme. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 956–967, 2004
Special issue on the cognitive revolution in clinical psychology: Beyond the behavioral approach—Introductory remarks
Authors: David Daniel
Published: March 2004

Recently, the impact of the cognitive revolution on the clinical field has been challenged by behavioral professionals at both theoretical and practical levels. This article is a brief introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology and presents the objectives and the structure of this special issue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The information‐processing approach to the human mind: Basics and beyond
Authors: David Daniel , Miclea Mircea , Opre Adrian
Published: March 2004

Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of the human mind by using the information‐processing approach. In this article, the fundamentals of the cognitive approach will be presented. It will be argued that the human mind can be described at three levels—computational, algorithmic–representational, and implementational—and that the cognitive approach has both important theoretical and practical/clinical implications. Finally, it will be suggested that the study of cognitive psychology can provide a foundation for other fields of social science, including the field of clinical psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The role of cognition in classical and operant conditioning
Authors: Kirsch Irving , Lynn Steven Jay , Vigorito Michael , Miller Ralph R.
Published: March 2004

For the past 35 years, learning theorists have been providing models that depend on mental representations, even in their most simple, deterministic, and mechanistic approaches. Hence, cognitive involvement (typically thought of as expectancy) is assumed for most instances of classical and operant conditioning, with current theoretical differences concerning the level of cognition that is involved (e.g., simple association vs. rule learning), rather than its presence. Nevertheless, many psychologists not in the mainstream of learning theory continue to think of cognitive and conditioning theories as rival families of hypotheses. In this article, the data pertaining to the role of higher‐order cognition in conditioning is reviewed, and a theoretical synthesis is proposed that provides a role for both automatic and cognitively mediated processes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Cognition and the cognitive revolution in psychotherapy: Promises and advances
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas
Published: March 2004

This article describes the history and conceptual changes wrought by the gradual development from psychodynamic therapy to behavioral therapy to cognitive–behavioral therapy. The practical impact of the cognitive revolution on psychotherapy theory and practice is discussed. The empirical status of behavioral therapy and cognitive–behavioral therapy is summarized, and suggestions for future changes are made. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Cognitive and behavioral treatments for anxiety disorders: A review of meta‐analytic findings
Authors: Deacon Brett J. , Abramowitz Jonathan S.
Published: March 2004

Behavioral and cognitive psychotherapies are the most widely studied psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. In the present article, the results of ten years of meta‐analytic studies on psychotherapies for the various anxiety disorders are reviewed and the relative effectiveness of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic methods is examined. Meta‐analytic results support the effectiveness of combined cognitive and behavioral approaches for anxiety disorders. Pure behavioral therapies also are effective and appear to work as well as combined treatment for some disorders. Due to the small number of outcome studies involving pure cognitive treatments, reliable conclusions about the effectiveness of this approach cannot be offered. Additional theoretical and practical considerations are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Commentary: The evolution of evidence‐based psychotherapy
Authors: Redd William H.
Published: March 2004

What has been identified as a revolution actually represents an evolution, stemming directly from the basic behavioral tenets of the early to mid 20th century. Cognitive‐behavior approaches within behavior therapy are not really new. As early as the 1950s a substantial number of behaviorists saw a clear role for cognition and relied on hypothetical constructs to explain behavior. There are at least two major challenges for cognitive‐behavior approaches. The first is the assurance of the validity and reliability of the measurement of both outcome and the cognitive factors that are presumed to serve as mediators of the observed effects. As the cognitive factors being studied become more complex, the measurement of the variables of interest becomes more difficult. The second challenge is to be open to new paradigms and approaches that may bring into question well‐established concepts. The preeminence of the cognitive‐behavioral approach is directly related to the fact that its concepts and methods can be subjected to empirical scrutiny. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Special issue on the cognitive revolution in clinical psychology: Beyond the behavioral approach—Conclusions: Toward an evidence‐based psychology and psychotherapy
Authors: David Daniel
Published: March 2004

Integrating the criticisms of the cognitive psychology approach offered by behavioral oriented professionals, as well as the information offered in this special issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology, the article presents an overview of the theoretical and practical implications of the cognitive revolution on the clinical field and discusses the unique contribution of this approach beyond the contribution of the behavioral approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Anesthesia technique for outpatient facial laser resurfacing
Authors: Ramos‐Zabala Agustín , Pérez‐Mencía M.T. , Fernández‐García R. , Cascales‐Núñez M.R.
Published: March 2004

Background and Objectives

Multiple anesthetic approaches exist for full‐face laser resurfacing. The purpose of this study was to describe an anesthesia technique based on combination of eutectic mixture local anesthetics (EMLA) and remifentanil sedation, that can be utilized by anesthesiologists in the ambulatory environment.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Fifty patients elected for facial laser resurfacing. All patients received topical anesthesia in full face with EMLA cream at 60 minutes (min) before laser procedure. On arrival at the operating room, intravenous (IV) sedation was administered with remifentanil (0.20 mcg/kg/minute), midazolam (1.5– 2 mg bolus IV), and propofol infusion (0.5–1 mg/kg/hour). The subsequent infusion rate of remifentanil was varied to maintain an adequate level of sedation and analgesia. Five minutes before the operation conclusion, the sedation infusion was discontinued. Patients were discharged after achieving a minimum criteria for recovery.

Results

Almost all the patients were successfully anesthetized by this combination technique, only four patients needed complementary anesthesia with regional nerve blockade. The mean level of sedation scored 2–3 on the Ramsay scale. The mean discharge time was 55 minutes. No complications were observed.

Conclusions

The use of a combination of topical EMLA anesthesia and IV conscious sedation based on remifentanil provided an adequate depth of anesthesia for outpatient facial laser resurfacing without complications. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:269–272, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of low‐power laser irradiation on protein synthesis and ultrastructure of human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Marques Márcia M. , Pereira Aymann N. , Fujihara Neusa A. , Nogueira Fernando N. , Eduardo Carlos P.
Published: March 2004

Background and Objectives

Low‐power lasers improve wound healing. Cell proliferation and protein secretion are important steps of this process. The aim of this study was to analyze both protein synthesis and ultrastructural morphology of human gingival fibroblasts irradiated by a low‐power laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The cell line FMM1 was grown in nutritional deficit. Laser irradiation was carried out with a gallium–aluminum–arsenate (Ga–Al–As) diode laser (904 nm, 120 mW, energy density of 3 J/cm2). The protein synthesis analysis and ultrastructural morphology of control (non‐irradiated) and irradiated cultures were obtained.

Results

There were changes in the structure of cytoplasm organelles of treated cells. The procollagen was not altered by the laser irradiation; however, there were a significant reduction of the amount of protein in the DMEM conditioned by irradiated cells.

Conclusions

Low‐power laser irradiation causes ultrastructural changes in cultured fibroblasts. We suggest that these alterations may lead to disturbances in the collagen metabolism. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:260–265, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early differentiation between caries and tooth demineralization using laser‐induced autofluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Borisova Ekaterina G. , Uzunov Tzonko T. , Avramov Latchezar A.
Published: March 2004

Background and Objectives

The intrinsic fluorescence of carious human teeth, of different stages of teeth demineralization, and the correspondence of such fluorescence to the mineral and organic distribution within the lesions were investigated.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Fluorescence spectra of teeth excited with 337 nm nitrogen laser were recorded. Spectra were obtained from healthy enamel, dentine, demineralized areas, and different carious stages of the teeth investigated.

Results

Spectra obtained from sound enamel consisted of one intensive peak at 480–500 nm and one secondary peak at 430–450 nm. In dentine, this secondary component had much higher intensity. Fluorescence spectra of normal teeth were similar to those of enamel layer. A significant decrease of the intensity of the fluorescence signal was observed in both cases—in demineralized teeth and in carious lesion. The appearance of a fluorescence peak in the red spectral region was observed in the spectra of the initial carious lesions. In the teeth demineralization process, we observed an increase of the relative fluorescence peak intensity at 430–450 nm related to thinned out of enamel.

Conclusions

A differentiation between initial tooth demineralization and early stages of caries could be made by the laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy method. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:249–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.