bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brief Communication: Earthquake–cloud coupling through the global atmospheric electric circuit
Authors: Harrison R. G. , Aplin K. L. , Rycroft M. J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We illustrate how coupling could occur between surface air and clouds via the global electric circuit – through Atmospheric Lithosphere–Ionosphere Charge Exchange (ALICE) processes – in an attempt to develop a physical understanding of the possible relationships between earthquakes and clouds.
Automatic classification of manual snow profiles by snow structure
Authors: Techel F. , Pielmeier C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Manual snowpack observations are an important component of avalanche hazard assessment for the Swiss avalanche forecasting service. Approximately 900 snow profiles are observed each winter, in flat study plots or on representative slopes. So far, these profiles have been manually classified combining both information on snow stability (e.g. Rutschblock test) and snowpack structure (e.g. layering, hardness). To separate the classification of snowpack stability and structure, and also to reduce inconsistencies in ratings between forecasters, we developed and tested an automatic approach to classify profiles by snowpack structure during two winters. The automatic classification is based on a calculated index, which consists of three components: properties of (1) the slab (thickness), (2) weakest layer interface and (3) the percentage of the snowpack which is soft, coarse-grained and consists of persistent grain types. The latter two indices are strongly based on criteria described in the threshold sum approach. The new snowpack structure index allows a consistent comparison of snowpack structure to detect regional patterns, seasonal or inter-annual differences but may also supplement snow-climate classifications.
Ultra low frequency (ULF) electromagnetic anomalies associated with large earthquakes in Java Island, Indonesia by using wavelet transform and detrended fluctuation analysis
Authors: Febriani F. , Han P. , Yoshino C. , Hattori K. , Nurdiyanto B. , Effendi N. , Maulana I. , Gaffar E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Indonesia is one of the most seismically active regions in the world and mitigation of seismic hazard is important. It is reported that Ultra low frequency (ULF) geomagnetic anomalies are one of the most convincing phenomena preceding large earthquakes (EQs). In this paper we have analyzed geomagnetic data at Pelabuhan Ratu (PLR) (7.01° S, 106.56° E), Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, from 1 September 2008 to 31 October 2010. There are twelve moderate–large EQs (M ≥ 5) within 160 km from the station during the analyzed period. The largest one is the M =7.5 EQ (depth = 57 km, epicentral distance = 135 km, 2 September 2009) based on EQ catalog of Indonesian Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency (BMKG). To investigate the ULF geomagnetic anomalous variations preceding all the EQs, spectral density ratio at the frequency range of 0.01 ± 0.003 Hz based on wavelet transform (WT) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) have been carried out. The spectral density ratio results show the enhancements a few weeks before the largest EQ. The enhancement persists about one week and reaches a maximum on 16 August 2009. At the same time, the result of the DFA presents the decrease of α value. For other EQs, there are no clear increases of the spectral density ratio with simultaneous decrease of α value. When these phenomena occur, the value of Dst index shows that there are no peculiar global geomagnetic activities at the low latitude region. The above results are suggestive of the relation between the detected anomalies and the largest EQ.
Integration of HVSR measures and stratigraphic constraints for seismic microzonation studies: the case of Oliveri (ME)
Authors: Di Stefano P. , Luzio D. , Renda P. , Martorana R. , Capizzi P. , D'Alessandro A. , Messina N. , Napoli G. , Todaro S. , Zarcone G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Because of its high seismic hazard the urban area of Oliveri has been subject of first level seismic microzonation. The town develops on a large coastal plain made of mixed fluvial/marine sediments, overlapping a complexly deformed substrate. In order to identify points on the area probably suffering relevant site effects and define a preliminary Vs subsurface model for the first level of microzonation, we performed 23 HVSR measurements. A clustering technique of continuous signals has been used to optimize the calculation of the HVSR curves. 42 reliable peaks of the H/V spectra in the frequency range 0.6–10 Hz have been identified. A second clustering technique has been applied to the set of 42 vectors, containing Cartesian coordinates, central frequency and amplitude of each peak to identify subsets which can be attributed to continuous spatial phenomena. The algorithm has identified three main clusters that cover significant parts of the territory of Oliveri. The HVSR data inversion has been constrained by stratigraphic data of a borehole. To map the trend of the roof of the seismic bedrock, from the complete set of model parameters only the depth of the seismic interface that generates peaks fitting those belonging to two clusters characterized by lower frequency has been extracted. The reconstructed trend of the top of the seismic bedrock highlight its deepening below the mouth of the Elicona Torrent, thus suggesting the possible presence of a buried paleo-valley.
Antarctic circumpolar transport and the southern mode: a model investigation of interannual to decadal timescales
Authors: Hughes C. W. , Williams Joanne , Coward A. C. , de Cuevas B. A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. It is well-established that, at periods shorter than a year, variations in Antarctic circumpolar transport are reflected in a barotropic mode, known as the southern mode, in which sea level and bottom pressure varies coherently around Antarctica. Here, we use two multidecadal ocean model runs to investigate the behaviour of the southern mode at timescales on which density changes become important, leading to a baroclinic component to the adjustment. We find that the concept of a southern mode in bottom pressure remains valid, and remains a direct measure of the circumpolar transport, with changes at the northern boundary playing only a small role even on decadal timescales. However, at periods longer than about 5 years, density changes start to play a role, leading to a surface intensification of the vertical profile of the transport. We also find that barotropic currents on the continental slope account for a significant fraction of the variability, and produce surface intensification in the meridional-integral flow. Circumpolar sea level and transport are related at all investigated timescales. However, the role of density variations results in a ratio of sea level change to transport which becomes larger at longer timescales. This means that any long-term transport monitoring strategy based on present measurement systems must involve multiplying the observed quantity by a factor which depends on frequency.
Evaluation of the eastern equatorial Pacific SST seasonal cycle in CMIP5 models
Authors: Song Z. , Liu H. , Zhang L. , Qiao F. , Wang C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) with the largest amplitude in the tropical oceans is poorly represented in the coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3). In this study, 18 models from CMIP5 projects are evaluated in simulating the annual cycle in the EEP. Fourteen models are able to simulate the annual cycle, and four still show erroneous information in the simulation, which suggests that the performances of CGCMs have been improved. The results of multi-model ensemble (MME) mean show that CMIP5 CGCMs can capture the annual cycle signal in the EEP with correlation coefficients up to 0.9. For amplitude simulations, EEP region 1 (EP1) near the eastern coast shows weaker results than observations due to the large warm SST bias from the southeastern tropical Pacific in the boreal autumn. In EEP region 2 (EP2) near the central equatorial Pacific, the simulated amplitudes are nearly the same as the observations because of the presence of a quasi-constant cold bias associated with poor cold tongue climatology simulation in the CGCMs. To improve CGCMs in the simulation of a realistic SST seasonal cycle, local and remote climatology SST biases that exist in both CMIP3 and CMIP5 CGCMs must be resolved at least for the simulation in the central equatorial Pacific and the southeastern tropical Pacific.
Influence of anisotropy on velocity and age distribution at Scharffenbergbotnen blue ice area
Authors: Zwinger T. , Schäfer M. , Martín C. , Moore J. C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We use a full-Stokes thermo-mechanically coupled ice-flow model to study the dynamics of the glacier inside Scharffenbergbotnen valley, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The domain encompasses a high accumulation rate region and, downstream, a sublimation-dominated bare ice ablation area. The ablation ice area is notable for having old ice at its surface since the vertical velocity is upwards, and horizontal velocities are almost stagnant there. We compare the model simulation with field observations of velocities and the age distribution of the surface ice. No satisfactory match using an isotropic flow law could be found because of too high vertical velocities and much too high horizontal ones in simulations despite varying enhancement factor, geothermal heat flux and surface temperatures over large ranges. However, the existence of a pronounced ice fabric may explain the observed present-day surface velocity and mass balance distribution in the inner Scharffenbergbotnen blue ice area. Near absence of data on the temporal evolution of Scharffenbergbotnen since the Late Glacial Maximum necessitates exploration of the impact of anisotropy using prescribed ice fabrics: isotropic, single maximum, and linear variation with depth, in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional flow models. The realistic velocity field simulated with a noncollinear orthotropic flow law, however, produced surface ages in significant disagreement with the few reliable age measurements and suggests that the age field is not in a steady state and that the present distribution is a result of a flow reorganization at about 15 000 yr BP. In order to fully understand the surface age distribution, a transient simulation starting from the Late Glacial Maximum including the correct initial conditions for geometry, age, fabric and temperature distribution would be needed. This is the first time that the importance of anisotropy has been demonstrated in the ice dynamics of a blue ice area and demonstrates the need to understand ice flow in order to better interpret archives of ancient ice for paleoclimate research.
Nyamun Shambu: An Ontology of Brotherhood
Authors: Moutu Andrew
Published: April 2014

This chapter focuses on the Iatmul notion of nyamun shambu — the elder brother and younger brother — to articulate an Iatmul version of the ‘fractal person’. Situating this idea of personhood in an Iatmul context provides an analytical perspective to compare the nature of the naming system in Iatmul with that of its immediate neighbours, the Manambu.
How social science can contribute to public policy
Authors: Stoker Gerry , Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: April 2014

This chapter returns to the question of how social scientists can contribute to public policy. First, it is desirable to open up the range of approaches and orientations available to policy-making by ensuring that those involved are recruited from a wide range of communities, by analysing how policy objectives are selected and defined, and by promoting greater interplay at different career stages between government and academic life. Second, social science must develop, alongside the academic research that is at its heart, a ‘design arm’ directed at practical issues and concerned with the application of research findings in improving policy outcomes.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Ben-Eliyahu Eyal , Cohn Yehudah , Millar Fergus
Published: April 2014

This chapter first sets out the aim of this book, which is to provide a guide on Jewish literature composed in the first millennium ce in Hebrew or Aramaic, either in Palestine under Roman rule or in Babylonia under the rule of the Sassanid kings of Persia. It offers essential information on the printed editions of each; their contents and likely date of redaction; translations into European languages; modern commentaries, whether in a European language or Hebrew; electronic texts, if available; and the manuscripts in which each is found. The discussions then turn to how to approach the Jewish literature of Late Antiquity and the character of Late Antique Jewish literature.
Mystical (Hekhalot) and Magical Literature
Authors: Ben-Eliyahu Eyal , Cohn Yehudah , Millar Fergus
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes the following texts: Sefer Hekhalot (Third Enoch; Hebrew Enoch); Hekhalot Rabbati; Hekhalot Zutarti; Shiur Qomah; Ḥarba DeMoshe; Sefer HaRazim; and Sefer Yetsirah. For each of these texts, the contents, dating, language, printed editions, translations, commentaries, bibliography, electronic resources and manuscripts are provided.
Historiography
Authors: Ben-Eliyahu Eyal , Cohn Yehudah , Millar Fergus
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes the following texts: Seder Olam; The Scroll of Fasting; Scholion to Megillat Taanit; and Toledot Yeshu. For each of these texts, details on the contents, dating, language, printed editions, translations, commentaries, bibliography, electronic resources and manuscripts are provided.
Contemporary Documents in Hebrew and Jewish Aramaic
Authors: Ben-Eliyahu Eyal , Cohn Yehudah , Millar Fergus
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes contemporary documentary texts, written on stone, mosaic or papyrus, or on amulets or magic bowls. It does not aim to provide a full bibliography of these documents, but simply to offer a guide to those publications that gives the reader the easiest access to the original text, a photograph of it and, where available, a translation.
Periphrasis in Archi1
Authors: Chumakina Marina
Published: April 2014

The Nakh-Daghestanian language Archi has several types of verbal constructions: periphrases, complex predicates, and phenomena very similar to serial verb constructions. This chapter investigates these constructions, using the approach of canonical typology; this allows different constructions to be ranked in terms of their proximity to the canonical centre. The analysis suggested is relevant for the general typology of multiword constructions, since it identifies tests for distinguishing them: for complex predicates the test will be their syntactic behaviour, for constructions close to serialization it is the fact that they are only available for a subset of verbs, while periphrasis is exhaustive. The chapter also has a descriptive purpose: published research on Archi does not describe all the available meanings for the periphrastic constructions nor their syntactic behaviour, and so an attempt is made to fill these gaps.
Household Registration, Property Rights, and Social Obligations in Imperial China: Principles and Practices
Authors: Von Glahn Richard
Published: April 2014

Civil registration for the purposes of social control and the mobilization of labour has been a cornerstone of the Chinese imperial state since ancient times. This chapter traces the origins and historical development of the civil registration system of imperial China in order to clarify its ideological and institutional evolution, focusing on four key phases: the initial development of household registration for military conscription that accompanied the rise of autocratic states and the founding of the first empires during the first millennium bce; the institution of state landownership during the fifth to eighth centuries ce; the shift from the household to wealth as the basis of taxation and the introduction of household-ranking systems under the Song dynasty; and the rise and demise of the lijia system of rural social organization during the late imperial era (Ming and Qing dynasties).
Civil Status and Identification in Nineteenth-Century France: A Matter of State Control?
Authors: Rosental Paul-André
Published: April 2014

Civil status, and particularly birth certificates, rather than identity papers, are the legal basis of identification in France. Its nineteenth-century history presents a complex picture, which cannot be reduced to a process of increasing state control. Far from implementing ambitious registration projects, French liberal administration left information scattered and scarce as compared to European standards. It had to find a balance between the need to provide open information in order to minimize uncertainty in social and economic relationships, and the protection of personal and family honour and reputation. Citizens' agency and consent have been determinant in this process, whose traces are still visible in contemporary France.
Naming, Identifying and Authorizing Movement in Early Modern Spain and Spanish America
Authors: Herzog Tamar
Published: April 2014

This chapter surveys how individuals were identified and whether their movement was controlled in early modern Spain and Spanish America. It argues that because Spanish (and Spanish American) structures assumed the existence of a freedom to immigrate, most processes aimed at registering identities were concerned not with immigration but with distinguishing ‘good’ from ‘bad’ movement, fraudulent changes in identity from honest reshaping of who individuals were. Although similar rules were applied in both the Old and the New World, nevertheless new regulations did emerge in the Americas, requiring identifying individuals as ‘Spaniards’ on the one hand, and limiting movement by natives as long as their civic and religious conversion was not guaranteed, on the other. As a result, in the New World, processes of identification were more acute and more frequent than in Spain.
Monitoring the Abolition of the International Slave Trade: Slave Registration in the British Caribbean
Authors: Engerman Stanley L.
Published: April 2014

This chapter deals with the background and implementation of the registration of slaves on the island of Trinidad after 1813. Registration was introduced by James Stephen in the British Colonial Office as a means of limiting the inflow of slaves in the illegal slave trade. Slave registration was extended to the other British colonies and then extended every three years until the end of slavery in 1834. Other registrations of slaves are noted, including the manifests of the coastal shipping of slaves in the USA after 1808.
Birth of the ‘Secular’ Individual: Medical and Legal Methods of Identification in Nineteenth-Century Egypt
Authors: Fahmy Khaled
Published: April 2014

This chapter describes a number of medico-administrative and legal changes that were introduced in nineteenth-century Egypt and that gave rise to an individualized conception of identity. Prompted by the recruitment needs of a new conscript army, an administrative apparatus was put in place that gave rise to novel techniques of identifying peasants, monitoring their movements, and controlling their bodies. A wide-ranging public hygiene programme aimed at serving the army resulted in a statistical regime whose crowning achievement was a nation-wide census. Concurrently, legal reforms replaced the reputational and oral witnesses that the shari'a relied on with named and written forms of identification. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the implications of this rise of a free-floating individual for conceptions of legal equality.
Problems in global history
Authors: Washbrook David
Published: April 2014

The long periodization of global history puts notions of the modern under scrutiny. Global history challenges us to convert our understanding of Europe from a ‘knowing subject’ into much more of an object of that history. If the global history of the ‘British’ Industrial Revolution takes us to China, on the one side, and the Americas, on the other, by what rights does it deserve, any longer, to be described as ‘British’? How successful has global history been, thus far, at finding or erecting signposts to a new, and significantly different historical understanding of the past?
Global objects: contention and entanglement
Authors: Adamson Glenn , Riello Giorgio
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers objects as displayed in museums, architecture, and consumer goods. It unwraps the meanings of a Japanese suit of armour in the Tower of London, and then moves on to discuss the hybrid architecture and design of the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, known in the West as the Victoria Terminus in Mumbai. In a final example, the case of football and soccer evokes debates on globalization and the global condition.
Sexuality and Fertility in the Pre-Colonial Period
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter challenges assumptions about the universalist traditions of African sexuality, by examining what is known about the sexual behaviour of Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya before colonial rule. It demonstrates that while some similarities existed, this small geographical region was characterized in regard to sexuality and reproduction more by the diversity of its attitudes and practices in relation to pre-marital sexuality and pregnancy, wife-sharing, legitimate and illegitimate extra-marital sex, ritualized sex, the duration of breastfeeding, and ideal family size. These ethnic differences were shaped by locally distinct patterns of clanship, inheritance, marriage, and moral politics.
Early Colonial Sexuality and Fertility
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines why Buganda and Buhaya's population crisis was regarded by European observers as resulting much more from sub-fertility rather than excess mortality. The perception that urbanization, the cash economy, Christianity, and the legal protection of women's rights discouraged the young from marrying and undermined sexual restraint provoked a series of interventions aimed at reforming marriage, gender relations, and sexual behaviour, and so curbing syphilis, the presumed cause of these societies' low birth rates and high miscarriage and stillbirth rates. These reforms though were marked by ambiguity and inconsistency, tending to undermine the institutions that they aimed to support. The chapter also analyses the contrasting experience of Ankole, where the chiefly hierarchy was relatively successful in its attempt to stabilize marriage and maximize fertility.
Fertility in Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya, 1925–69
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter reports that the main reasons why fertility rose in Ankole, Buganda and Buhaya were not associated with changing age at first marriage or a growing economic desire for larger families, but rather primarily because of the increased duration of women's reproductive lives. This was partly linked with declining divorce rates in Ankole and Buhaya; Ganda women's increasing willingness to have children outside marriage; and more importantly with a reduction in secondary sterility. A shortening of birth intervals in Buganda from the 1920s, in Ankole from the 1930s and Buhaya from the 1940s, was also significant. The chapter attempts to explain why fertility increase in Ankole occurred decades earlier than in Buganda and Buhaya, yet colonial Ankole was much poorer, less Christianized, and had inferior medical and educational services. This region's exceptionalism is explained mainly by Buganda and Buhaya's marital instability before the 1960s and surprisingly high disease burdens.
Disease and Death, 1925–69
Authors: Doyle Shane
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that while mortality levels fell at different times for different age groups in the three case study areas, what is most surprising about the pattern of morbidity and mortality in this region is that life expectancy in Ankole seems to have improved as fast as in the other societies. Yet Buganda and Buhaya enjoyed huge advantages in terms of medical and educational provision, and cash income. The case of Ankole emphasizes the significance of livestock, relative equality, preventive medicine, and low levels of malaria in offsetting the demographic effects of cash poverty and peripherality in colonial Africa, while the examples of Buganda and Buhaya illustrate the negative consequences of modernization, especially for child health, due to high levels of divorce, fostering, and bottle-feeding. Evidence from these societies also reveals unexpected outcomes associated with female education, income levels, and discrete medical campaigns.
Back to the Future? Judges, Politicians and the Constitution in the New Scotland
Authors: O’Neill Aidan
Published: April 2014

This chapter gives a view for and of Scotland. It highlights the different constitutional status given to Convention rights under the Scotland Act 1998. These constitute absolute and non-negotiable limits on the powers of the Scottish government and the Scottish Parliament, limits which are to be enforced by and before the courts. This new constitutional position of judicial primacy has led to certain political tensions within Scotland which have become focused, in particular, on the UK Supreme Court when exercising its devolution jurisdiction. The consequent juridicalisation of (Scottish) politics has resulted in a certain politicisation of (Scots) law, and a new and uncertain marriage between Scottish political nationalism and the formerly depoliticised legal, ecclesiastical, and romantic nationalisms which had characterised Scotland since the 1707 Union.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act on Advocacy
Authors: Singh Rabinder
Published: April 2014

This chapter reflects on the impact of the Human Rights Act (HRA) in its first 10 years on litigation and, in particular, on advocacy. It suggests that the impact has been important but not revolutionary: the HRA has fitted into the existing legal landscape and has not required radical changes to the rules on procedure and evidence. It examines four areas in which its impact can be felt: the nature of the evidence required in human rights cases; disclosure and candour in judicial review proceedings; the increased need for cross-examination of witnesses; and the role of third-party interveners because human rights cases tend to raise issues of importance to the wider public. Finally, it examines the increasing importance of international law in domestic cases, which can be attributed in part to the impact of the HRA.
Cross-fertilisation of Constitutional Ideas
Authors: Butler Petra
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses the New Zealand courts' jurisprudence in regard to the interpretative provisions — sections 4, 5, and 6 — of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. It not only gives an overview of the relevant New Zealand case law but also compares the courts' approaches to those of their UK counterparts, in particular the UK Supreme Court (formerly, the House of Lords) in regard to section 3 of the UK Human Rights Act 1998. It is argued that the perceived difference in the approaches can be explained by different contexts rather than different methodology. The chapter thereby questions the view held in New Zealand that the UK courts, and especially the Supreme Court, are more activist than the New Zealand courts.
A Bill of Rights for the United Kingdom? Lessons from Overseas
Authors: Donald Alice
Published: April 2014

The right to participate in choosing or changing a constitution is becoming established in law and theory. The means of realising that right in the formation of Bills of Rights, and the consequences for democratic legitimacy, are matters of debate and experimentation. This chapter explores the processes used to develop Bills of Rights (or proposed Bills) in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and analyses key aspects of the design of those processes. It examines the context for creating a new UK Bill of Rights, including the work of the Commission on a Bill of Rights established in 2011. It reflects on the challenges facing the Commission in the light of experience overseas. It concludes that, on present evidence, the Commission is highly unlikely to achieve an outcome which might enjoy democratic legitimacy, in the sense of having been subject to inclusive and informed public deliberation.
Conservative Anti-HRA Rhetoric, the Bill of Rights ‘Solution’ and the Role of the Bill of Rights Commission
Authors: Fenwick Helen
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers proposals for changes that might be made by a British Bill of Rights, as compared with the Human Rights Act, under the Coalition government, or a future Conservative government. It considers views expressed by Conservative spokespersons prior to and after the 2010 general election, and answers given by members of the Bill of Rights Commission to the Political and Constitutional Reform Committee in 2011. This chapter also touches on the second aspect of the Commission's remit — its advisory role on reform of the European Court of Human Rights. It questions whether adopting a Bill of Rights on the lines favoured by the Conservative leadership, combined with the Strasbourg reforms recently determined on, would be likely to realise Conservative aims of creating divergence from Strasbourg and enhancing parliamentary autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines the historiographical debates inspired by the French Revolution, discussing how the impact of the Revisionist attack on the social (or Marxist) interpretation led to a richer, but ultimately more confused picture as historians pursued a wide variety of political, cultural, and intellectual approaches to the origins of 1789. It argues that current historiography has reached something of an impasse and that in order to understand the breakdown of the absolute monarch it is necessary to reconsider the central political preoccupations of the absolute monarchy, that is to say its military, diplomatic, colonial, and financial policies, and to examine how these interacted with broader social and cultural issues, such as the need to manage social elites, to cope with the expectations of public opinion, and to cope with the broader intellectual changes that were undermining deference for a monarch still officially justified as reigning by the grace of God.
From Servant of the King to ‘Idol of the Nation’
Authors: Swann Julian
Published: April 2014

The absolute monarchy was a personal monarchy and during the reign of Louis XIV, the king established a tradition that the king should act as his ‘own first minister’, coordinating the work of his ministerial servants. In the course of the eighteenth century that tradition was undermined by a series of social, administrative, and cultural changes to such an extent that by the 1780s ministers were increasingly behaving as independent political figures, courting public opinion and claiming to act in the name of public welfare or even the nation. By examining these changes, this chapter argues that the political culture of the absolute monarchy was in constant transition and that the failure of Louis XVI, in particular, to manage its effects was one of the principal causes of his loss of authority in the period preceding the Revolution of 1789.
The Problem with Necker’s Compte Rendu au roi (1781)
Authors: Félix Joël
Published: April 2014

Despite its iconic status, Necker's Compte-rendu au roi is one of the most debated but least understood historical documents of the Ancien Regime. This chapter challenges the assumption that the Compte-rendu was the first of its kind to be published and shows how it fitted within an established administrative tradition. It also rejects the classic interpretation according to which publication of the Compte-rendu was part of Necker's attempt at deceiving the public and justifying his popular but unsustainable policy of funding the American war without taxes. It is shown that the Compte-rendu's main objective, which drew heavily on the British fiscal system described by Necker as best practice, was to justify the necessity of additional fiscal resources — and fiscal transparency — for raising new loans to pay for the war. Rejection by Louis XVI of tax increase for fear of parlementaire opposition partly explains Necker's resignation.
A Model of Conduct from the Age of Chivalry? Honour, International Decline and the End of the Bourbon Monarchy
Authors: Scott Hamish
Published: April 2014

The decline of France as a European power is an established eighteenth-century development and one that was laid at the Bourbon monarchy's door by its critics during the ancien régime. Within a worldview shaped by the aristocratic honour code, Louis XV and Louis XVI were seen as having dishonoured themselves and the country they ruled, by their political failures and especially the Austrian alliance concluded in 1756. These arguments were then adopted in the early stages of the French Revolution. Restoring that same honour, now increasingly attached to the nation and not the Bourbon dynasty, was a central objective of the members of both the National and Legislative Assemblies, and was integral to the Brissotin campaign for war against Austria, declared in spring 1792. This chapter reinforces the importance of continuities in political culture after 1789 and demonstrates the ways in which foreign policy was more central to the early Revolution than sometimes appreciated, contributing to the ‘nationalisation of honour’ (Hampson), as the nation and not the monarchy, became its focus.
‘Complaints Lost in the Wind’— French India and the Crisis of the Absolute Monarchy
Authors: Rapport Mike
Published: April 2014

In recent years, historians have become increasingly drawn to consider what were once thought of as national problems in a global context. This chapter is inspired by that approach and seeks to analyse the interaction between the crisis in mainland France and that being experienced by the French colonies in India. The crisis in India directly affected French imperial and commercial aspirations: the circumstances on the subcontinent show how the relationship between the crises around the world overlapped and affected each other, and not necessarily in a single direction emanating from Europe. India was one of the absolute monarchy's greatest lost opportunities for the triumphant assertion of imperial power and for the economic and fiscal rewards which empire and trade might have brought.
The Maison militaire du roi and the Disintegration of the Old Regime
Authors: Rowlands Guy
Published: April 2014

For all the research that has been done into French politics and society in the fifty years before the Revolution, only a handful of serious studies have looked at the great noble families and the royal court. Moreover, the history of the army, where leading noble families dominated the upper ranks, has been integrated neither with that of the court, nor with that of intra-noble relations. This chapter therefore examines the most prestigious units of the French army — the privileged forces associated directly with the royal households — to bring together the history of the military and the court and suggest why, by the time the old regime collapsed in 1787–89, the great nobility was at loggerheads with the monarchy, and why relations between higher and lesser nobles had deteriorated a great deal since the reign of Louis XIV. The collapse of elite cohesion was ultimately disastrous for all concerned.
The Making of a Bourgeois Identity? Urban Histories and their Historians in Eighteenth-Century France*
Authors: Coulomb Clarisse
Published: April 2014

Some historians claim that there was no middle-class consciousness in prerevolutionary France. Nevertheless, it was during the eighteenth century that the genre of municipal history reached its apogee with the publication of around one hundred studies. The pretension of the nobility to embody national freedoms, the debates about commerce and luxury and about patriotism led to the formation of a bourgeois consciousness and collective identity founded on historical arguments: the ideal of the bourgeoisie as a liberating force against the despotism of nobility was already in place before the Revolution. Local history was a political schooling which could explain the demands of community assemblies, in 1788, in favour of doubling the Third Estate's representation within the Estates General.
Towards Political and Musical Renewal
Authors: Manzoni Giacomo
Published: April 2014

Giacomo Manzoni is one of Italy's most renowned composers and also a sought-after composition teacher. From 1958 to 1967 he was the music critic of the daily newspaper of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) L'Unità. This chapter recounts the appeal exerted by communism in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, the emergence in Italy of a view that the conquest of new territory in art was entirely consistent with socialist ideas, and the initiatives taken by the PCI to bring culturally marginalised communities into contact with all kinds of music. It concludes with critical comments about the path taken by the PCI following the fall of the Soviet Union, and the consequent demise of the prospects for realising a free and humane communism in Italy.
The Multiple Politics of Henry Cow
Authors: Cutler Chris , Piekut Benjamin
Published: April 2014

Chris Cutler is a percussionist, composer, lyricist, and writer. He was a member of avant-rock group Henry Cow between 1971 and 1978, after which he co-founded international groups including Art Bears, News from Babel, Cassiber, and The Science Group. He founded and runs the independent label and distribution service ReR/Recommended. This chapter recounts the evolution of political concerns within Henry Cow, as manifested in (amongst other things) the group's relationship to the record industry, its attitude to the different musical genres on which it drew, and its aspiration to collective forms of organisation and musical practice. The band's experience of playing for events organised by leftist groups (including the Italian Communist Party) are described, as are the alternative performance circuits established by Cutler in the later 1970s.
‘Music Left and Right’
Authors: Shreffler Anne C.
Published: April 2014

What kinds of music have been considered to exemplify left-wing thought in non-communist countries at different times and places? This chapter chooses an intentionally simplistic model of two basic categories — Populist and Modernist — denoting music that is accessible to the masses on the one hand, and music that uses an advanced idiom in order to resist being co-opted by the commercial sphere or being used as a symbol of state power on the other. It proposes these categories as the articulation of two ideal types. The historiography of twentieth-century music in the United States understands Marxist music as intrinsically populist, whereas the modernist strain is almost completely unknown. In European historiography it is practically the reverse. So it is useful to outline these two perspectives for historiographical reasons alone. These models are illustrated and complicated through discussion of examples by Eisler, Copland, Schoenberg, and Nono.
‘Workers’ Music’
Authors: Harker Ben
Published: April 2014

Communists loomed large in the first decade of Britain's post-war folk music revival, and cultural historians have been quick to suspect a central Communist Party cultural policy co-ordinating activity. This chapter revisits the folk revival's communism, unsettling the received narrative. It challenges the usual periodization, which finds the revival's origins in the post-war period, by restoring to view pre-war communist engagements with folksong. It argues that once the revival was underway in the 1950s, the relationship between the Communist Party leadership and individual folk activists such as A. L. Lloyd and Ewen MacColl was more conflicted and removed than the standard narrative implies. At the same time, distinctly communist ideas about social formations, class, and oppositional culture became a co-ordinating common sense for the revival's left flank, taking on a new lease of life in the context of the emerging folk music scene.
‘Put My Name Down’
Authors: Lieberman Robbie
Published: April 2014

At the height of the McCarthy era, a period that marked the low point of both communism and peace activism in the United States, the communist left continued to promote its ideas about peace through song. Beginning with the Progressive party campaign of 1948, communists and their supporters sang their opposition to U.S. Cold War policies and promoted brotherhood among men, usually in those (male) terms. Intense anticommunism limited the impact of songs written and disseminated by ‘people's artists’ in the early Cold War years. Nonetheless, their work had an impact in the long run despite the repressive era in which they sang. Through hootenannies and records, and in the pages of publications such as Sing Out!they kept alive a movement culture that influenced the next generation of musicians, whose peace songs reached a popular audience in the 1960s.
Music, the Political Score, and Communism in Australia: 1945–1968
Authors: Ashbolt Anthony , Mitchell Glenn
Published: April 2014

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, and into the 1960s decade of rebellion, the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) developed significant relationships with cultural and artistic movements. The youth wing of the CPA, The Eureka Youth League (EYL), played a particularly important role in the attempt to forge an alliance between musicians and communism. First through jazz, and then through two folk music revivals, the EYL sought to use music to recruit members and to foster its ideological and political struggles. In the end, the EYL's and CPA's relationship with both jazz and folk was tenuous. Yet along the way, the music itself flourished. This, then, is a story of tensions between and paradoxes surrounding the Party and musicians sympathetic to it. Yet it is also a story about how the cultural life of Australia was greatly enriched by the EYL's attempt to use music as a political tool.
‘In onore della Resistenza’
Authors: Earle Ben
Published: April 2014

The post-1945 neo-realist movement in Italian cinema is one of the twentieth century's most enduring cultural legacies. In his Fourth Symphony, ‘In onore della Resistenza’ (1950), Mario Zafred (1922–87), the Zhdanovite music critic of the Communist Party daily L'Unità between 1949 and 1956, aligned his music with one of the great neo-realist themes, that of the partisan Resistance to the German occupation of Italy in the final two years of the war. Zafred's is the most notable Italian contribution to what is defined here as the mid-twentieth-century neo-realist symphony, a genre not precisely co-extensive with the socialist realist symphony of the Soviet bloc. Widely admired in the Italy of the 1950s, Zafred's music was swept off the stage of musical history by the ‘avant-garde’ revolution of the early 1960s. Half a century later, it is time to look again at the Fourth Symphony.
Key Questions of Antagonist Music-Making
Authors: Borio Gianmario
Published: April 2014

From the early 1960s through to the mid-1970s, a widespread desire on the Italian left to resist the ‘schematization of everyday life’, triggered by the pressures of politics and mass media, led to a politicization across different musical genres. The discourse of intellectuals and artists was significantly influenced by the writings of the founder of the Italian Communist Party Antonio Gramsci, and in turn led the PCI of the early 1970s to an unambiguous commitment to resist ‘any impulse to identify with any specific “poetics” or “tendency”,...to ignore the great variety of creative experiences’ (Giorgio Napolitano), whilst affirming a faith in innovation and renewal as the vehicle for oppositional sentiment. This chapter examines this complex cultural network as it manifested itself in the distinct musical terrains of folk music, rock, jazz, and free improvisation, and avant-garde music theatre.
Samuel Pufendorf and Religious Intolerance in the Early Enlightenment
Authors: Ahnert Thomas
Published: April 2014

This chapter examines the German jurist and philosopher Samuel Pufendorf as a theorist of religious intolerance. Usually, Pufendorf is associated with the defence of some degree of religious toleration. He was a strong critic of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV, and it is often argued that Pufendorf intended to deconfessionalize politics by using his natural law theory to separate secular affairs of state from theological controversies over revealed religion. At the same time, however, Pufendorf has seemed a very inconsistent advocate of religious toleration, one who, on occasion, was willing to endorse religious intolerance. The chapter shows that Pufendorf's views are not as inconsistent as they might appear to be. He did not intend to deconfessionalize politics. He was not a principled defender of religious toleration. And the importance of his theory of natural law for his ideas on religious toleration is actually very limited.
The Tolerationist Programmes of Thomasius and Locke
Authors: Hunter Ian
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that historical accounts of toleration should not be based in philosophical conceptions of religion and politics — as grounded in individual rational choice — but, rather, in historical investigations of the political-religious regimes that tolerationist programmes were designed to attack and undo. It develops a contrast between John Locke and the Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), Professor of Natural Law at Leipzig University. In being directed at different kinds of confessional state, the tolerationist programmes of Thomasius and Locke differ in unexpected ways, ways which are clarified in this chapter.
Toleration as Impartiality? Civil and Ecclesiastical Toleration in Jean Barbeyrac
Authors: Korkman Petter
Published: April 2014

Jean Barbeyrac is a seminal figure in the history of natural law doctrine and one who, as a Huguenot refugee, had much to say on the topic of toleration. For Barbeyrac, natural law offered a secular rationalist principle of morality that could be used in the battle against Catholic persecution. Barbeyrac took from his seventeenth-century predecessors the natural law idea that the state was an essentially secular body and used that idea to license a much more thoroughgoing form of toleration. If the state had no religious competence then even atheism could be permitted, because it did not constitute an injury to the civil peace. This chapter shows that Barbeyrac's radical account of natural law and toleration made substantial modifications to the arguments of his predecessors, and in doing so moved natural law beyond the theological constraints that structured the defining work in the genre.
Natural Rights or Political Prudence? Francis Hutcheson on Toleration
Authors: Haakonssen Knud
Published: April 2014

Francis Hutcheson is commonly seen as a theorist of natural rights, including the right to a free conscience. However, his notion of conscience is of a moral faculty that is subject to education and, under certain circumstances, to political control. By distinguishing between the possession and the exercise of a right, Hutcheson is able to argue that the right to toleration of the individual's conscience is dependent upon social and political circumstances and is, in fact, a matter of prudence, not of transcendent status. This argument coheres with Hutcheson>'s emphasis on the fundamental role of the common good in the moral life, with his aesthetic and providentialist idea of morality, and with his Erastian view of the church in general and of the Scottish Kirk in particular. This chapter shows that these ideas made Hutcheson the centre of contemporary controversy.