bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coinciding crises: the effects of the police legitimacy and opioid crises on the culture of a specialized drug investigation unit
Authors: Frantz Jessica , Perez Nicholas Michael , White Michael , Malm Aili
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The police killing of George Floyd and other high-profile incidents of force sparked massive protests around the world. Amidst eroding public perceptions of police legitimacy, politicians and activists have sought to achieve systemic change. Over the past year, several cities in the United States have implemented various police reform initiatives, including reallocating resources, cutting budgets, and downsizing specialized units. As a result of these changes, the “defund the police” movement may have far-reaching consequences on police culture, especially within specialized units most affected by budget and resource changes. Furthermore, as fentanyl overdoses are surging and the American opioid crisis continues, specialized drug investigation units face a host of challenges in responding to increases in drug-related crime in the aftermath of “defund the police”. Therefore, this study aims to examine the experiences of a Drug Investigation Section in a large metropolitan city.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses data from semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2021 to May 2022. The results of this study provide a thematic analysis that explores the narcotics detectives' perceptions of key features of police culture, as well as how current challenges affect those perceptions.

Findings

Key features of the police culture were noticeably absent from detectives' responses, including an overemphasis on danger, machismo, conservatism, and social isolation. Elements of cynicism, group solidarity, and a mission/action-orientation, did emerge. The context of “defund the police” did little to alter their perceptions, except for heightening cynicism and negative perceptions of politicians and prosecutors (a form of “us vs them”, but not involving citizens). The interviews also revealed various other changes that have occurred in recent years that have adversely affected the section's traditional investigative capabilities, especially with regard to illicit fentanyl distribution, though the addition of an intelligence analyst minimized those negative effects.

Originality/value

This study adds to the scarce research on contemporary police culture in specialized units, especially in the aftermath of the “defund the police” movement, providing a glimpse into its context within a drug investigation section and its potential effects on police culture and narcotics investigations.
Q estimation based on the centroid frequency and standard deviation of frequency‐weighted‐exponential function
Authors: Zhang JunJie , Li Jingye , Wang Shoudong , Cheng Wanli , Tang Wei
Published: October 2022

The quality factor Q is a vital parameter for quantitatively describing the attenuation information of underground reservoirs, which is of great significance for hydrocarbon detection and reservoir characterization. A frequency‐weighted‐exponential (FWE) method utilizing the symmetry index and the characteristic frequency can obtain this parameter. Unfortunately, the constant symmetry index assumption of it reduces the accuracy of Q values under the non‐standard FWE shape. Selecting an optimal symmetry index is also a problem for this method. Hence, the basic idea of a novel Q estimation method is to substitute the symmetry index with the standard deviation of the source and attenuated wavelet spectrums. The added standard deviation varies with the degree of attenuation under different wavelet shapes, which can reduce the effects of the constant assumption. Meanwhile, it is simple to calculate this parameter directly from the spectrums. In this way, the proposed method has wider applicability to various wavelets. The synthetic records show the better performance of the novel method in improving the accuracy of Q values and the resistance to random noise than the FWE method. Furthermore, the results of matching wavelets exhibit the applicability of the proposed method in real data, and the quadratic spectrum simulation method improves the stability of the spectrums. Finally, real data experiments indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method after the above two processing means.
Identification and molecular mechanisms of novel antioxidative peptides from fermented camel milk (Kachchi breed, India) with anti‐inflammatory activity in raw macrophages cell lines
Authors: Dharmisthaben Patel , Sakure Amar , Liu Zhenbin , Maurya Ruchika , Das Sujit , Basaiawmoit Bethsheba , Kumari Reena , Bishnoi Mahendra , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Gawai Kunal M. , Baba Waqas N. , Maqsood Sajid , Hati Subrota
Published: October 2022

The investigation was aimed at assessing anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative activities along with the release of peptides with antioxidative properties during the fermentation of camel milk by Lacticaseibacillus casei (NK9). Reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) was used to separate the bioactive peptides of 3 and 10 kDa (permeates and retentates). Reverse‐phase liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (RPLC/MS) was used to identify and characterise the pure bioactive peptides, and the effect of fermented camel milk on inflammation produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxin in RAW 264.7 (Ralph and William's cell line) was also examined. Furthermore, docking revealed that peptides (LLNEK and IYTFPQPQSL) were predicted to inhibit myeloperoxidase (nMPO) activity by engaging with different residues in and around the human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) active site.
Objective assessment of sleep and fatigue risk in emergency medicine physicians
Authors: Fowler Lauren A. , Hirsh Emily L. , Klinefelter Zachary , Sulzbach Margaret , Britt Thomas W.
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Fatigue is a state of physical and mental exhaustion in which people feel exhausted or drained of energy. Shift workers are highly vulnerable to fatigue, and this is especially true of emergency physicians (EPs). Shift scheduling (shift hours, frequency/length of breaks, time of shift, and number of hours off between shifts) can affect levels of fatigue in EPs. When EPs are fatigued, they experience decrements in cognition, resulting in an increased risk of errors. This study assessed the state of fatigue in EPs in the emergency department of a large, urban hospital using objective measures (sleep metrics and shift scheduling) over multiple months.

Methods

Seventeen EPs, nine females, wore wrist‐activity monitors called ReadiBands for 2 months. The ReadiBand is an objective actigraphy measure that communicates with a smartphone application to quantify sleep metrics and predict future fatigue.

Results

Throughout the 3083 on‐shift hours of data, analyses revealed that EPs have poor sleep quality (mean ± SD 7.71 ± 1.84/10) and sleep quantity (mean ± SD 6.77 ± 1.66 h), with sleep efficiency within “normal” ranges (mean ± SD 87.26 ± 9.00). Participants spent 725 h (23.52%) on shifts with fatigue scores indicative of significant impairment (equivalent to BAC of .08%). In addition, results indicated that shift type (day, evening, night) was significantly associated with fatigue score, where night shifts were associated with higher fatigue scores.

Conclusions

Fatigue is an issue for many EPs. The present study addressed the percentage of time EPs are in a fatigued state when on shift over an extended duration of time. More research is needed to examine system‐level interventions for reducing fatigue in EPs.
Why do people gossip? Reputation promotes honest reputational information sharing
Authors: Tan Huibang , Jiang Tianxiang , Ma Ning
Published: October 2022

Gossip, sharing information about an absent person, is an important way of spreading reputational information, crucial in fostering human cooperation. However, why should information possessors engage in gossip, and why should they be honest? We addressed this question based on a reputational account. In study 1, we found that when observed by potential investors, people were willing to pay more to share reputational information with those in need. Moreover, engaging in gossip did confer reputational benefits for gossipers by receiving more trust from investors, and gossipers' willingness to gossip predicted their subsequent trustworthiness. Study 2 further verified that observability promoted only honest information sharing and deterred dishonest gossiping. Consistently, only honest gossipers were trusted more, while dishonest gossipers were perceived to be even less trustworthy than non‐gossipers, and only the motivation for honest gossiping could reflect gossipers' trustworthiness. These findings suggest that reputation can provide a solution to encourage gossiping and secure honesty.
Marginal bone loss of tissue‐ or bone‐level implants after simultaneous guided bone regeneration in the posterior mandibular region: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shen Xiaoting , Yang Sijia , Xu Yangbo , Qi Wenting , He Fuming
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To analyze the marginal bone loss (ΔMBL) of tissue‐ or bone‐level implants after placed with simultaneous guided bone regeneration (GBR).

Materials and Methods

A total of 151 patients who received 104 tissue‐level or 128 bone‐level implants placement with simultaneous GBR in the mandibular posterior region between January 2011 and December 2016 were included in this study. The marginal bone level (MBL) was recorded using the radiographic data obtained at implant placement, second‐stage surgery, and the follow‐up visit. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to compare the ΔMBL of tissue‐ and bone‐level implants, and the influencing factors of ΔMBL were further analyzed.

Results

At the last follow‐up visit, the MBL of tissue‐level implants was 0.73 ± 0.86 mm, above the rough‐smooth interface, while that of bone‐level implants was 0.82 ± 1.05 mm, above the implant platform. The ΔMBL of tissue‐level implants was 1.03 mm, which was slightly higher than 0.81 mm of bone‐level implants, but there was no significant difference (p > 0.05). No contributing factor associated with ΔMBL was identified by multivariate regression analysis in this study.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this retrospective analysis, the ΔMBL of tissue‐level implants is similar to that of bone‐level implants after placed with simultaneous GBR, and both types of implants can achieve desirable marginal bone stability.
Sustained weight loss after duodenal–jejunal bypass liner treatment in patients with body mass index below, but not above 35 kg/m2: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Boonchaya‐anant Patchaya , Bueter Marco , Gubler Christoph , Gerber Philipp A.
Published: October 2022

Previous data from short term studies have shown an efficacy of the duodenal‐jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) for weight loss. However, less data is available regarding weight change after device removal and possible predictors for weight loss. This is a retrospective chart review of all patients who had DJBL inserted at the University Hospital Zurich between December 2012 and June 2015. A total of 27 patients had DJBL insertion. The median BMI at baseline was 38.5 (34.0–42.2) kg/m2. In the 24 patients with DJBL treatment >3 months (failed implantation or early removal due to side effects in 3 patients), the mean duration of implantation was 42.9 ± 13.1 weeks. During the treatment, the mean total body weight loss (%TBWL) was 15.0 ± 8.3%. Fifteen patients had long‐term follow‐up data available (mean duration of follow‐up 4.0 ± 0.9 years). The mean weight change was 12.7 ± 12.8 kg, corresponding with a mean % weight regain of 13.3 ± 13.3%. Five patients (33.3%) subsequently underwent bariatric surgery. In patients with class I obesity (BMI <35 kg/m2 at baseline), 4 out of 6 (66.7%) had a stable weight or only a weight regain <7%. In contrast, no patient with BMI >35 kg/m2 at baseline was able to keep weight regain below 7%. DJBL is an effective treatment for obesity, but substantial weight regain occurs during long‐term follow up after the device removal, in particular in patients with BMI > 35 kg/m2.
Effect of faecal microbial transplant via colonoscopy in patients with severe obesity and insulin resistance: A randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase 2 trial
Authors: Ghorbani Yasaman , Schwenger Katherine J. P. , Sharma Divya , Jung Hyejung , Yadav Jitender , Xu Wei , Lou Wendy , Poutanen Susan , Hota Susy S. , Comelli Elena M. , Philpott Dana , Jackson Timothy D. , Okrainec Allan , Gaisano Herbert Y. , Allard Johane P.
Published: October 2022

Aim

To assess the effects of faecal microbial transplant (FMT) from lean people to subjects with obesity via colonoscopy.

Material and Methods

In a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial, subjects with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2 and insulin resistance were randomized, in a 1:1 ratio in blocks of four, to either allogenic (from healthy lean donor; n = 15) or autologous FMT (their own stool; n = 13) delivered in the caecum and were followed for 3 months. The main outcome was homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and secondary outcomes were glycated haemoglobin levels, lipid profile, weight, gut hormones, endotoxin, appetite measures, intestinal microbiome (IM), metagenome, serum/faecal metabolites, quality of life, anxiety and depression scores.

Results

In the allogenic versus autologous groups, HOMA‐IR and clinical variables did not change significantly, but IM and metabolites changed favourably (P < 0.05): at 1 month, Coprococcus, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides and Roseburia increased, and Streptococcus decreased; at 3 months, Bacteroides and Blautia increased. Several species also changed significantly. For metabolites, at 1 month, serum kynurenine decreased and faecal indole acetic acid and butenylcarnitine increased, while at 3 months, serum isoleucine, leucine, decenoylcarnitine and faecal phenylacetic acid decreased. Metagenomic pathway representations and network analyses assessing relationships with clinical variables, metabolites and IM were significantly enhanced in the allogenic versus autologous groups. LDL and appetite measures improved in the allogenic (P < 0.05) but not in the autologous group.

Conclusions

Overall, in those with obeisty, allogenic FMT via colonoscopy induced favourable changes in IM, metabolites, pathway representations and networks even though other metabolic variables did not change. LDL and appetite variables may also benefit.
Weight regain after behavioural weight management programmes and its impact on quality of life and cost effectiveness: Evidence synthesis and health economic analyses
Authors: Hartmann‐Boyce Jamie , Cobiac Linda J , Theodoulou Annika , Oke Jason L. , Butler Ailsa R , Scarborough Peter , Bastounis Anastasios , Dunnigan Anna , Byadya Rimu , Hobbs F. D. Richard , Sniehotta Falko F. , Amies‐Cull Ben , Aveyard Paul , Jebb Susan A.
Published: October 2022

Aims

We used data from a recent systematic review to investigate weight regain after behavioural weight management programmes (BWMPs, sometimes referred to as lifestyle modification programmes) and its impact on quality‐of‐life and cost‐effectiveness.

Materials and Methods

Trial registries, databases and forward‐citation searching (latest search December 2019) were used to identify randomized trials of BWMPs in adults with overweight/obesity reporting outcomes at ≥12 months, and after programme end. Two independent reviewers screened records. One reviewer extracted data and a second checked them. The differences between intervention and control groups were synthesized using mixed‐effect, meta‐regression and time‐to‐event models. We examined associations between weight difference and difference in quality‐of‐life. Cost‐effectiveness was estimated from a health sector perspective.

Results

In total, 155 trials (n > 150 000) contributed to analyses. The longest follow‐up was 23 years post‐programme. At programme end, intervention groups achieved –2.8 kg (95%CI –3.2 to –2.4) greater weight loss than controls. Weight regain after programme end was 0.12‐0.32 kg/year greater in intervention relative to control groups, with a between‐group difference evident for at least 5 years. Quality‐of‐life increased in intervention groups relative to control at programme end and thereafter returned to control as the difference in weight between groups diminished. BWMPs with this initial weight loss and subsequent regain would be cost‐effective if delivered for under £560 (£8.80‐£3900) per person.

Conclusions

Modest rates of weight regain, with persistent benefits for several years, should encourage health care practitioners and policymakers to offer obesity treatments that cost less than our suggested thresholds as a cost‐effective intervention to improve long‐term weight management.

Registration

The review is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42018105744.
First report of Colletotrichum fructicola causing leaf spots on Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera in China
Authors: Wan Yu , Jin Guan‐Qun , Li De‐Wei , Wu Si , Zhu Li‐Hua
Published: October 2022

Liriodendron chinense × tulipifera is widely planted in China as an ornamental plant. In July 2018, a foliar disease, with an incidence of ~23% trees and ~ 45% leaves per individual tree infected, occurred on L. chinense × tulipifera on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Province, China. Symptoms were small brown to dark spots surrounded by a yellow halo initially, which enlarged and coalesced into regular or irregular brown necrotic lesions up to 8.5 ± 1.3 mm across. Fungi were isolated from the margins of the lesions. Three representative isolates (E3‐2, E3‐3 and E3‐4) were selected for phylogenetic analyses. One representative isolate E3‐2 was used for pathogenicity tests and morphological identification. The pathogenicity of isolate E3‐2 to L. chinense × tulipifera was confirmed on 1‐year‐old seedlings with lesions after 5 days. The phenotypic characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of Colletotrichum sp. (Glomerellaceae). Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated sequences of ITS, ACT, CHS, GADPH, CAL, SOD2 and TUB2 placed E3‐2, E3‐3 and E3‐4 in the clade of C. fructicola. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic studies, the isolates were identified as C. fructicola. This is the first report of C. fructicola causing L. chinense × tulipifera leaf spots in China.
“That's bang out of order, mate!”: Gendered and racialized micro‐practices of disadvantage and privilege in UK business schools
Authors: Śliwa Martyna , Gordon Lisi , Mason Katy , Beech Nic
Published: October 2022

The existence of gendered and racialized inequalities in academia has been well documented. To date, research has primarily addressed the intersectional disadvantages faced by members of minority groups with much less attention paid to the privileges experienced by dominant group members. This paper draws on 21 interviews and 36 audio‐diary entries completed by a diverse group of senior higher education leaders who have successfully navigated the career ladder in UK business schools. By juxtaposing minority with dominant group members' narratives, the study advances intersectionality research, offering a contextualized analysis of the micro‐practices of both disadvantage and privilege in academia. Through a focus on how micro‐practices perform differently for members of different groups, it foregrounds “obvious” as well as nuanced differences that contribute to the accumulation of disadvantage and privilege throughout an individual's career and emphasizes simultaneity as crucial to understanding the workings of gendered and racialized disadvantage and privilege.
Academic integrity among medical students and postgraduate trainees in the teaching hospitals of South Punjab Pakistan
Authors: Azam Mehreen , Naeem Salman Bin
Published: October 2022

This study investigated the topic of the academic integrity among medical students and postgraduate trainees in the teaching hospitals of South Punjab, Pakistan. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted involving 318 medical students and postgraduate trainees of teaching hospitals. The results found that medical students of pre‐clinical years engaged in unethical behaviour, that is, exam cheating and plagiarism to cope with internal and external evaluation and the range of subjects needed to be studied. For postgraduate trainees, results showed trainees unintentionally engaged in the practice of plagiarism due to lack of understanding about what constitutes plagiarism, coupled with externally perceived pressures associated with expectations of research publication, promotions and tenured positions. To address these concerns, it is recommended that information literacy sessions for undergraduate and postgraduate medical students on plagiarism prevention and ethical practice be designed and facilitated by medical librarians in collaboration of faculty members.
High‐entropy carbide‐based ceramic cutting tools
Authors: Luo Si‐Chun , Guo Wei‐Ming , Lin Hua‐Tay
Published: October 2022

In this study, a novel high‐entropy carbide‐based ceramic cutting tool was developed. The cutting performance of three kinds of high‐entropy carbide‐based ceramic tools with different mechanical properties for the ISO C45E4 steel were evaluated. Although the pure (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C0.8 ceramic cutting tool exhibited the highest hardness of 25.06 ± 0.32 GPa, the cutting performance was poor due to the chipping and catastrophic failure caused by the low toughness (2.25 ± 0.27 MPa m1/2). The (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C0.8–15 vol% cobalt cutting tool with highest fracture toughness (6.37 ± 0.24 MPa m1/2) and lowest hardness (17.29 ± 0.79 GPa) showed the medium cutting performance due to the low wear resistance caused by the low hardness. The (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C0.8–7.7 vol% cobalt cutting tool showed the longest effective cutting life of ∼67 min due to the high wear resistance and chipping resistance caused by the high hardness (21.05 ± 0.72 GPa), high toughness (5.35 ± 0.51 MPa m1/2), and fine grain size (0.60 ± 0.15 μm). The wear mechanisms of the cobalt‐containing (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C0.8 ceramic cutting tools included adhesive wear and abrasive wear and oxidative wear. This research indicated that the high‐entropy carbide‐based ceramics with high hardness and high toughness have potential use in the field of cutting tool application.
An Online Art Project Based on the Affirmative Model of Disability in Japan
Authors: Ikeda Satoshi , Siddiqi Hiroko Fukuda , Mori Mayuko , Kawajiri Hiromitsu , Hirasawa Misa , Kawaguchi Takashi , Yasuda Kaoru
Published: October 2022

In recent years, disability has become a site for knowledge and artistic creation. In this study, local governments, universities, art museums and non‐profit organisations collaborated from 2019 to 2022 to implement an online art project for people with disabilities during the Covid‐19 era. The project's goal was to enhance the identity of people with disabilities, promote their interest in museums and artwork as local resources and engage them in society. The project was conducted in three phases with a sequence of connections using the affirmative model of disability by Swain and French (2000) as the theoretical framework. In Phase 1, we surveyed 370 people with disabilities and their supporters living in Hiroshima Prefecture to clarify the conditions promoting or hindering their appreciation of art exhibitions and the use of digital devices. In Phase 2, we conducted an online interactive appreciation workshop at a museum for seven people with disabilities based on the Phase 1 survey results. In Phase 3, an online exhibition was held using the artwork seen in Phase 2, and words and photographs were used as methods of expression. The interactive appreciation workshop and exhibition was built to provide the participants a safe and comfortable online alternative space, which led to individual empowerment and enhanced collaboration in the disability community. This study advocates the value of coexisting and co‐prosperous inclusion rather than inclusion that necessitates people gathering in the same place.
Youths with asthma and their experiences of self‐management education: A systematic review of qualitative evidence
Authors: McTague Karen , Prizeman Geraldine , Shelly Stephen , Eustace‐Cook Jessica , McCann Edward
Published: October 2022

Aims

To identify and synthesize the available evidence of youths with asthma and their experience of self‐management education.

Design

Systematic literature review of qualitative studies with meta‐synthesis of findings.

Data sources

We searched five databases, CINAHL Complete, Embase, MEDLINE (EBSCO) PsycINFO, ASSIA and the Global Index Medicus (formerly the WHOLIS). Initial search in September 2019 and updated in July 2020 and July 2022.

Review Methods

The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence. Qualitative data were extracted, meta‐summarized and then meta‐synthesized.

Results

Eighteen studies were identified for inclusion in this review and three themes were identified: The theory and practice gap, contemporary health‐seeking preferences and the psychosocial impacts of living with asthma.

Conclusion

The needs of youths with asthma are specific and must be measurable against the change in asthma outcomes for this group. They have unmet self‐management educational needs that stakeholders, involved in their care and support, should address. Education and practice policy should focus on youth‐centric approaches. Through meaningful engagement with youths, stakeholders can identify their support needs, requirements and preferences to successfully underpin the theory and practice of self‐management education.

Impact

This review synthesized evidence of youths with asthma and their experiences of self‐management education, highlighting their specific self‐management information needs. The findings highlight several implications for healthcare professionals in education, practice and research. This age profile is under‐explored and further research into this population would work towards filling the theory and practice gap and highlighting the identified psychosocial issues faced by this group.
Negative Integration Is What States Make of It? Tackling Labour Exploitation in the German Meat Sector
Authors: Blauberger Michael , Schmidt Susanne K.
Published: October 2022

In this article, we trace Germany's recent reform (and its precursors) seeking to remedy precarious working conditions in the meat sector. Focusing on an extreme case of labour exploitation, and asking how unique it is, allows us to uncover which institutional features of EU Member States condition the liberalization effects of negative integration. We thereby contribute to the literature on Europeanization, which has mainly emphasized weak industrial relations to account for the German meat industry's reliance on cheap migrant labour. Complicated enforcement structures, demanding requirements of administrative cooperation, and the complexities of an evolving case law, we argue, further contributed to the precarious conditions of migrant workers in Germany. Major COVID outbreaks in slaughterhouses created the political momentum for reform which specifically addresses this administrative side of labour protection, but remains limited to the meat sector – despite similar patterns of labour exploitation elsewhere.
Motor imagery vividness and symptom severity in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Readman Megan Rose , Crawford Trevor J. , Linkenauger Sally A. , Bek Judith , Poliakoff Ellen
Published: October 2022

Motor imagery (MI), the mental simulation of movement in the absence of overt motor output, has demonstrated potential as a technique to support rehabilitation of movement in neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Existing evidence suggests that MI is largely preserved in PD, but previous studies have typically examined global measures of MI and have not considered the potential impact of individual differences in symptom presentation on MI. The present study investigated the influence of severity of overall motor symptoms, bradykinesia and tremor on MI vividness scores in 44 individuals with mild to moderate idiopathic PD. Linear mixed effects modelling revealed that imagery modality and the severity of left side bradykinesia significantly influenced MI vividness ratings. Consistent with previous findings, participants rated visual motor imagery (VMI) to be more vivid than kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI). Greater severity of left side bradykinesia (but not right side bradykinesia) predicted increased vividness of KMI, while tremor severity and overall motor symptom severity did not predict vividness of MI. The specificity of the effect of bradykinesia to the left side may reflect greater premorbid vividness for the dominant (right) side or increased attention to more effortful movements on the left side of the body resulting in more vivid motor imagery.
Locking the line of convergence by botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of dynamic forehead wrinkles
Authors: El‐Garem Yehia F. , Eid Amira Abulfotooh , Leheta Tahra M.
Published: October 2022

Background

Treatment of horizontal forehead lines with botulium toxin type A is a common procedure that helps achieve a youthful and rejuvenated look. Adequate knowledge of the anatomy and an individualized treatment approach is the key to successful treatment outcome.

Aim

To evaluate the cosmetic outcome following treatment of dynamic forehead wrinkles by locking the line of convergence using botulinum toxin type A.

Patients and Methods

Fifty female patients with dynamic forehead wrinkles were included. The line of convergence was identified, and injection points were determined. Patients received injections of botulinum toxin type A in the upper part of the frontalis along the line of convergence. Patients were evaluated before injection and the response was evaluated after 2 weeks and after 3 months of injection.

Results

Post‐treatment significant decrease in dynamic wrinkle scale was detected. The distance between the medial and lateral canthi and their corresponding lower brow margins on maximum brow elevation was also significantly decreased after treatment. Meanwhile, the validated brow positioning score revealed no significant change in the resting brow position when pre‐and post‐treatment scores were compared.

Conclusions

Treating forehead wrinkles by injecting botulinum toxin along the line of convergence is an effective technique that requires less overall amount of toxin, improves the appearance of the wrinkles and minimizes the risk of development of side effects.
Differences in clinical characteristics of rosacea across age groups: A retrospective study of 840 female patients
Authors: Yang Fengjuan , Wang Lian , Shucheng Huidi , Jiang Xian
Published: October 2022

Background

Aging remains a common influencing factor for many diseases. Previous studies have shown that age is significantly associated with rosacea among female cases and that the incidence of rosacea increases with age. However, previous studies did not specifically analyze the clinical characteristics of different age groups.

Objective

This study aimed to analyze and compare the clinical characteristics of female patients of rosacea among different age groups.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of 840 female rosacea subjects and compared cutaneous features, aggravating factors, systemic diseases, and psychological states across age groups. The patients were divided into three groups according to their age at diagnosis: ≤30 years，31–44 years，and ≥45 years.

Results

In our study, the mean age of subjects was 35.9 ± 10.23 years. The common symptoms included telangiectasia (82.6%), persistent erythema (82.0%), burning/stinging sensation (89.3%), dry sensation (74.0%), and pruritis (41.9%). Hot temperature (89.9%), emotional changes (67.3%), spicy food (55.6%), and sun exposure (50.7%) were the common aggravating factors. Some patients had comorbidities of systemic disorders (20.4%). Of the patients, 48.8% presented with anxiety and 35.2% with depression. The clinical characteristics were found to be significantly different among the different age groups. Middle‐aged and older patients (≥45 years) were more likely to have more serious persistent erythema and telangiectasia. And these patients were relatively less affected by some of the influencing factors and had more systemic diseases of the digestive system, endocrine metabolic system, and cardiovascular system (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

We revealed the impact of age on the characteristics of rosacea, which indicated that the clinical features of rosacea are more complex and more difficult to treat in females over the age of 45.
Incipiently social carpenter bees (Xylocopa) host distinctive gut bacterial communities and display geographical structure as revealed by full‐length PacBio 16S rRNA sequencing
Authors: Handy Madeline Y. , Sbardellati Dino L. , Yu Michael , Saleh Nicholas W. , Ostwald Madeleine M. , Vannette Rachel L.
Published: October 2022

The gut microbiota of bees affects nutrition, immunity and host fitness, yet the roles of diet, sociality and geographical variation in determining microbiome structure, including variant‐level diversity and relatedness, remain poorly understood. Here, we use full‐length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to compare the crop and gut microbiomes of two incipiently social carpenter bee species, Xylocopa sonorina and Xylocopa tabaniformis, from multiple geographical sites within each species' range. We found that Xylocopa species share a set of core taxa consisting of Bombilactobacillus, Bombiscardovia and Lactobacillus, found in >95% of all individual bees sampled, and Gilliamella and Apibacter were also detected in the gut of both species with high frequency. The crop bacterial community of X. sonorina comprised nearly entirely Apilactobacillus with occasionally abundant nectar bacteria. Despite sharing core taxa, Xylocopa species' microbiomes were distinguished by multiple bacterial lineages, including species‐specific variants of core taxa. The use of long‐read amplicons revealed otherwise cryptic species and population‐level differentiation in core microbiome members, which was masked when a shorter fragment of the 16S rRNA (V4) was considered. Of the core taxa, Bombilactobacillus and Bombiscardovia exhibited differentiation in amplicon sequence variants among bee populations, but this was lacking in Lactobacillus, suggesting that some bacterial genera in the gut may be structured by different processes. We conclude that these Xylocopa species host a distinctive microbiome, similar to that of previously characterized social corbiculate apids, which suggests that further investigation to understand the evolution of the bee microbiome and its drivers is warranted.
Multiple origins of lipid‐based structural colors contribute to a gradient of fruit colors in Viburnum (Adoxaceae)
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Miranda A. , Middleton Rox , Ogawa Yu , Jacucci Gianni , Moyroud Edwige , Glover Beverley J. , Rudall Paula J. , Vignolini Silvia , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: October 2022

Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in Viburnum tinus where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genus Viburnum.

We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 Viburnum species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance in Viburnum dentatum, and describe the evolution of cell wall architecture across Viburnum.

We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in Viburnum in species which produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light.

Examining the full spectrum of mechanisms producing color in pl, including structural color as well as pigments, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of fruit color.
Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications
Authors: Vinod Nidhi , Slot Martijn , McGregor Ian R. , Ordway Elsa M. , Smith Marielle N. , Taylor Tyeen C. , Sack Lawren , Buckley Thomas N. , Anderson‐Teixeira Kristina J.
Published: October 2022

Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed‐canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopyTleaf. Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damagingTleafthan their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme highTleaf's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest–climate feedback.
Genomic evidence supports the genetic convergence of a supergene controlling the distylous floral syndrome
Authors: Zhao Zhongtao , Zhang Yu , Shi Miaomiao , Liu Zhaoying , Xu Yuanqing , Luo Zhonglai , Yuan Shuai , Tu Tieyao , Sun Zhiliang , Zhang Dianxiang , Barrett Spencer C. H.
Published: October 2022

Heterostyly, a plant sexual polymorphism controlled by the S‐locus supergene, has evolved numerous times among angiosperm lineages and represents a classic example of convergent evolution in form and function. Determining whether underlying molecular convergence occurs could provide insights on constraints to floral evolution. Here, we investigated S‐locus genes in distylous Gelsemium (Gelsemiaceae) to determine whether there is evidence of molecular convergence with unrelated distylous species.

We used several approaches, including anatomical measurements of sex‐organ development and transcriptome and whole‐genome sequencing, to identify components of the S‐locus supergene. We also performed evolutionary analysis with candidate S‐locus genes and compared them with those reported in Primula and Turnera.

The candidate S‐locus supergene of Gelsemium contained four genes, of which three appear to have originated from gene duplication events within Gelsemiaceae. The style‐length genes GeCYP in Gelsemium and CYP734A50 in Primula likely arose from duplication of the same gene, CYP734A1. Three out of four S‐locus genes in Gelsemium elegans were hemizygous, as previously reported in Primula and Turnera.

We provide genomic evidence on the genetic convergence of the supergene underlying distyly among distantly related angiosperm lineages and help to illuminate the genetic architecture involved in the evolution of heterostyly.
SOD2 confers anlotinib resistance via regulation of mitochondrial damage in OSCC
Authors: Li Shuai , Cao Congyuan , Huang Zhexun , Tang Dongxiao , Chen Jie , Wang Anxun , He Qianting
Published: October 2022

Objective

Previous studies had revealed that anlotinib had outstanding anti‐tumor efficacy on oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear.

Materials and Methods

Anlotinib resistant OSCC cells were established and analyzed by RNA‐sequencing. The correlations between SOD2 expression and anlotinib resistance were investigated in OSCC cells and PDX models. Functional assays were performed to verify the SOD2 expression and anlotinib resistance in OSCC cells.

Results

Anlotinib resistant genes were enriched in the biological processes of mitochondrion organization and the gene pathway of reactive oxygen species. SOD2 expression level was positively correlated with the resistance of anlotinib in OSCC cells and PDX models. Higher SOD2 expression of OSCC cells was more resistant to anlotinib. Anlotinib induced ROS generation, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in OSCC cells, which can be enhanced by SOD2 knockdown and decreased by SOD2 overexpression. Mitochondrial damage was identified as swelling and cristae disappearance morphology under TEM, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lower MFN2 expression.

Conclusions

SOD2 may be capable of protecting mitochondria by downregulating ROS generation, which contributes to the resistance of anlotinib in OSCC cells. SOD2 can be utilized as a potential therapeutic target to improve the anti‐cancer efficacy of anlotinib in OSCC.
General truths and the danger of relativism in contextual ethics
Authors: Richter Duncan
Published: October 2022

This paper aims at explaining and defending some of Cora Diamond's thinking about the role of a kind of guides to thinking about ethics. Aids to thinking of this type can take a very general form but can also be applied in context‐sensitive ways. Maria Balaska has raised the question whether Diamond manages to avoid relativism. Oskari Kuusela also criticises Diamond, focussing on whether talk of human equality can be said to correspond to reality. I will consider these objections in turn and try to show that Diamond is not committed either intentionally or otherwise to relativism.
Contemporary blood doping—Performance, mechanism, and detection
Authors: Breenfeldt Andersen Andreas , Nordsborg Nikolai Baastrup , Bonne Thomas Christian , Bejder Jacob
Published: October 2022

Blood doping is prohibited for athletes but has been a well‐described practice within endurance sports throughout the years. With improved direct and indirect detection methods, the practice has allegedly moved towards micro‐dosing, that is, reducing the blood doping regime amplitude. This narrative review evaluates whether blood doping, specifically recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment and blood transfusions are performance‐enhancing, the responsible mechanism as well as detection possibilities with a special emphasis on micro‐dosing. In general, studies evaluating micro‐doses of blood doping are limited. However, in randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trials, three studies find that infusing as little as 130 ml red blood cells or injecting 9 IU × kg bw−1 rhEpo three times per week for 4 weeks improve endurance performance ~4%–6%. The responsible mechanism for a performance‐enhancing effect following rhEpo or blood transfusions appear to be increased O2‐carrying capacity, which is accompanied by an increased muscular O2 extraction and likely increased blood flow to the working muscles, enabling the ability to sustain a higher exercise intensity for a given period. Blood doping in micro‐doses challenges indirect detection by the Athlete Biological Passport, albeit it can identify ~20%–60% of the individuals depending on the sample timing. However, novel biomarkers are emerging, and some may provide additive value for detection of micro blood doping such as the immature reticulocytes or the iron regulatory hormones hepcidin and erythroferrone. Future studies should attempt to validate these biomarkers for implementation in real‐world anti‐doping efforts and continue the biomarker discovery.
The re‐emerging monkeypox disease
Authors: Kipkorir Vincent , Dhali Arkadeep , Srichawla Bahadar , Kutikuppala Simhachalam , Cox Madeleine , Ochieng Dennis , Nyaanga Fiona , Găman Mihnea Alexandru
Published: October 2022

Background

On 7th May 2022, human monkeypox was identified in the United Kingdom, a non‐endemic zone, with subsequent multi‐country outbreaks. About 6 weeks later, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control reported 1158 confirmed cases in non‐endemic countries scattered within the European Economic Area (EEA), and a total of 1882 cases confirmed worldwide, inclusive of the EEA. These numbers are expected to increase with high alert and amplified surveillance established in non‐endemic regions. In light of a looming epidemic, current understanding of the virus, and identification of gaps in the literature remain critical hence warranting a scoping review of available literature.

Methods

Literature searches were performed through PubMed, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect and Hinari to identify studies eligible for inclusion in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Results

Seventy‐seven articles were included in the review. Majority of the cases were from the Central African clade (n = 29,905) versus the West African clade (n = 252). 6/16 articles that reported vaccination status stated that none of the cases were vaccinated. In the remaining articles, approximately 80%–96% cases were unvaccinated. It was noted that 4%–21% of the vaccinated individuals got infected. The secondary attack rate ranged from 0% to 10.2%, while the calculated pooled estimated case fatality rate was 8.7%.

Conclusion

This scoping review provides an extensive look at our current understanding on monkeypox disease. Further studies are needed to better understand its risk factors, genetics and natural history, in order for public health strategists to generate prevention strategies and management decisions.
Clinical and laboratory predictors of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Matusiak Kristine , Patriquin Christopher J. , Deniz Stacy , Dzaja Nancy , Smith James W. , Wang Grace , Nazy Ishac , Kelton John G. , Arnold Donald M.
Published: October 2022

Background

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is the most common cause of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in thrombocytopenic term infants. We investigated clinical and laboratory predictors of severe FNAIT in a tertiary care referral center.

Study Design and Methods

Retrospective cohort study over a 30‐year period. We defined FNAIT as recurrence of neonatal thrombocytopenia in a subsequent pregnancy; and severe outcomes as any of: (1) a birth platelet count below 20 × 109/L; (2) ICH or (3) fetal death. We used a generalized estimating equations analysis and classification tree analysis to identify risk factors for severe FNAIT in a subsequent pregnancy.

Results

During index pregnancies (n = 135 in 131 mothers), 71 infants (52.6%) had severe outcomes including a platelet count <20 × 109/L (n = 45), fetal or neonatal ICH (n = 32), or fetal death (n = 4). During subsequent pregnancies (n = 72), 15 infants (20.8%) had severe outcomes including birth platelets <20 × 109/L (n = 10), ICH (n = 2), or death (n = 3). Forty‐two women (58.3%) received antenatal intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) during subsequent pregnancies. Eight mothers (n = 9 infants) had severe FNAIT outcomes despite receiving antenatal IVIG. Maternal antibodies to human platelet antigens (HPA) was the only independent predictor of severe FNAIT in a subsequent pregnancy (OR = 25.3, p = .004). Nevertheless, one of 43 infants from antibody‐negative mothers had a severe outcome.

Conclusions

The presence of anti‐HPA is highly indicative of the diagnosis of severe FNAIT; however, we observed one infant who had severe FNAIT recurrence, defined using strict clinical criteria, without a maternal antibody. Improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are needed to prevent severe FNAIT in high‐risk mothers.
Preoperative coagulation testing and patient blood management
Authors: Hasan Rida A. , Hess Aaron S. , Hess John R.
Published: October 2022

See article on page 2223–2234, in this issue