bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Investigation for Hydrothermal Performance of the Jet Impingement Microchannel Heat Sink
Authors: Pandey Jyoti , Ansari Mohd. Zahid , Husain Afzal
Published: May 2024

This study experimentally investigated the hydrothermal and overall performance of the microchannel heat sink incorporating the jet impingement technique. Later on, a numerical model is developed using the finite volume-based tool fluent of the commercial software ansys and validated with the experimental results. Improvement in the cooling performance for the fluid impinging normal to the surface is observed in comparison to the parallel flow of fluid in the microchannel. Similarly, variation in the jet impingement microchannel heat sink performance for the single-jet and multijet is also explored. Hydraulic and thermal characteristic parameters such as pressure drop, average heat transfer coefficient, maximum wall temperature, and figure of merit are evaluated for the analysis. Multijet impingement flow exhibited superior heat transfer with respect to the parallel flow and single impingement flow but offered remarkably higher pressure drop. However, the Figure of Merit value is superior for the multijet impingement flow technique with 5 number of jet nozzles. In addition, increasing as well as decreasing the number of jets from 5 jet nozzles for the same mass flowrate diminishes the overall performance of the jet impingement microchannel heat sink.
Variational Integrators on Manifolds for Constrained Mechanical Systems
Authors: Lin Ziying , Li Hongchen , Ding Ye , Zhu Xiangyang
Published: May 2024

Variational integrators play a pivotal role in the simulation and control of constrained mechanical systems. Current Lagrange multiplier-free variational integrators for such systems are concise but inevitably face issues with parameterization singularities, hindering global integration. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a novel method for constructing variational integrators on manifolds without introducing Lagrange multipliers, offering the benefit of avoiding singularities. Our approach unfolds in three key steps: (1) the local parameterization of configuration space; (2) the formulation of forced discrete Euler–Lagrange equations on manifolds; and (3) the construction and implementation of high-order variational integrators. Numerical tests are conducted for both conservative and forced mechanical systems, demonstrating the excellent global energy behavior of the proposed variational integrators.
Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Physical Performance in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Buitrago-Restrepo Carlos Mario , Patiño-Villada Fredy Alonso , Arango-Paternina Carlos Mario
Published: May 2024

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of aquatic exercise on physical performance in older adults. Databases were searched up to July 2021. Randomized controlled trials were screened by two reviewers, who extracted data and assessed study quality. Ten randomized controlled trials (603 participants) were included. Compared with nonexercising controls, aquatic exercise probably improved lower limb muscle power (30-s Chair Stand Test; mean difference 4.75 repetitions; 95% confidence interval [0.07, 9.42]; I2 = 99%; 251 participants; very low-quality evidence). When comparing aquatic exercise with land exercise, there is probably no superiority in favor of either intervention on dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go Test; mean difference −0.12 s; 95% confidence interval [−0.37, 0.12]; I2 = 3%; 244 participants; very low-quality evidence).
Long-acting cabotegravir pharmacokinetics with and without oral lead-in for HIV PrEP
Authors: Han Kelong , Patel Parul , McCallister Scott , Rinehart Alex R. , Gandhi Yash , Spreen William , Landovitz Raphael J. , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Marzinke Mark A. , McKeon Todd , Budnik Piotr , van Wyk Jean , Ford Susan L.
Published: May 2024

Long-acting cabotegravir is approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis and combination HIV treatment, both initiated with optional short-term oral lead-in (OLI). We evaluated the impact of OLI on long-acting cabotegravir pharmacokinetics. Cabotegravir plasma concentrations were compared between HIV-positive participants initiating injections with (
n
= 278) or without (
n
= 110) OLI in phase III treatment study FLAIR and in HIV-negative participants using OLI (
n
= 263) in pivotal pre-exposure prophylaxis studies HPTN 083 and HPTN 084. Cabotegravir pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated in three populations (assigned-male-at-birth, 50%-assigned-female-at-birth, and assigned-female-at-birth) under three scenarios: first injection given (A) 1 or (B) 3 days after final OLI dose (OLI-injection gap) or (C) without OLI. The PK objective was 80% of participants achieving 4×
in vitro
protein-adjusted 90% maximal inhibitory concentration (PA-IC
90
) and 50% achieving 8× PA-IC
90
. Observed trough concentrations (
C
τ
) were similar with and without OLI (
P
> 0.3). With a 3-day OLI-injection gap, simulated pre-injection
C
τ
remained above PK objective. Approximately 1–2 weeks after the first injection, simulated PK profiles became nearly identical among all scenarios. Without OLI, it was predicted that 80% of participants achieve 4× PA-IC
90
in 1.2, 1.8, and 2.8 days after the first injection in each population, respectively, and 50% achieve 8× PA-IC
90
in 1.4, 2.1, and 3.8 days, respectively. Observed long-acting cabotegravir exposure was similar with or without OLI, supporting optional OLI use. Cabotegravir exposure was predicted to remain above PK objective for OLI-injection gaps of ≤3 days and rapidly achieve PK objective after first injection without OLI. Findings are consistent between assigned-male-at-birth and assigned-female-at-birth populations.

This study is registered with
ClinicalTrials.gov
as
NCT02720094
.
Human coronavirus OC43 nanobody neutralizes virus and protects mice from infection
Authors: Adair Amy , Tan Li Lynn , Feng Jackson , Girkin Jason , Bryant Nathan , Wang Mingyang , Mordant Francesca , Chan Li-Jin , Bartlett Nathan W. , Subbarao Kanta , Pymm Phillip , Tham Wai-Hong
Published: May 2024

Human coronavirus (hCoV) OC43 is endemic to global populations and usually causes asymptomatic or mild upper respiratory tract illness. Here, we demonstrate the neutralization efficacy of isolated nanobodies from alpacas immunized with the S1
B
and S1
C
domain of the hCoV-OC43 spike glycoprotein. A total of 40 nanobodies bound to recombinant OC43 protein with affinities ranging from 1 to 149 nM. Two nanobodies WNb 293 and WNb 294 neutralized virus at 0.21 and 1.79 nM, respectively. Intranasal and intraperitoneal delivery of WNb 293 fused to an Fc domain significantly reduced nasal viral load in a mouse model of hCoV-OC43 infection. Using X-ray crystallography, we observed that WNb 293 bound to an epitope on the OC43 S1B domain, distal from the sialoglycan-binding site involved in host cell entry. This result suggests that neutralization mechanism of this nanobody does not involve disruption of glycan binding. Our work provides characterization of nanobodies against hCoV-OC43 that blocks virus entry and reduces viral loads
in vivo
and may contribute to future nanobody-based therapies for hCoV-OC43 infections.

IMPORTANCE

The pandemic potential presented by coronaviruses has been demonstrated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and previous epidemics caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Outside of these major pathogenic coronaviruses, there are four endemic coronaviruses that infect humans: hCoV-OC43, hCoV-229E, hCoV-HKU1, and hCoV-NL63. We identified a collection of nanobodies against human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) and found that two high-affinity nanobodies potently neutralized hCoV-OC43 at low nanomolar concentrations. Prophylactic administration of one neutralizing nanobody reduced viral loads in mice infected with hCoV-OC43, showing the potential for nanobody-based therapies for hCoV-OC43 infections.
Knee-to-chest flexion manoeuvre to reduce respiratory distress after planned caesarean birth: a feasibility study
Authors: Shirima Febronia Laurence , Keus Annemarie , Mmbaga Blandina Theophil , Hooper Stuart B , Mchome Bariki , Pyuza Jeremia Jackson , Van Den Akker Thomas , te Pas Arjan B
Published: May 2024

Background

Planned caesarean section (CS) is a risk factor for neonatal respiratory distress caused by a greater volume of airway liquid in the absence of uterine contractions.

Performing a newly conceptualised knee-to-chest flexion (KCF) manoeuvre at birth, mimicking uterine contraction-induced flexion may aid in expelling excess lung liquid.

Objectives

To test whether performing a KCF manoeuvre at birth is feasible in infants born after planned CS and to test whether KCF leads to visible expulsion of lung liquid.

Methods

Single-centre prospective interventional study in term infants born by planned CS at Leiden University Medical Centre, Netherlands. KCF was performed for a maximum of 45 s. Baseline characteristics were collected, primary outcome was ability to perform KCF and secondary outcome was any visible expulsion of fluid.

Results

In 39 infants (mean (SD) gestational age 38.0 (0.7) weeks, birth weight 3537 (440) g), KCF could be performed in 21/39 (54%), whereas 18/39 (46.2%) starting vigorous breathing before KCF could be performed. Notably, visible lung liquid expulsion occurred in 9/21 (43%) infants. KCF duration averaged 29 (18) s. In 13/21 (62 %), KCF was not performed as per standard operating procedure. No adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

It is feasible to perform KCF at birth in a large proportion of term infants born by planned CS, with visible expulsion of liquid in a significant proportion of these infants. Training healthcare providers to perform a standardised KCF could increase feasibility and success. Further studies are needed to assess feasibility and effectiveness of KCF.

Trial registration number

NL74285.058.20.
Feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 1 diabetes at two district hospitals in Neno, Malawi: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Gomber Apoorva , Valeta Francis , Coates Matthew M , Trujillo Celina , Ferrari Gina , Boti Medson , Kumwenda Kenwood , Mailosi Bright , Nakotwa Dester , Drown Laura , Wroe Emily B , Thapa Ada , Mithi Victor , Matanje Beatrice , Msekandiana Amos , Park Paul H , Kachimanga Chiyembekezo , Bukhman Gene , Ruderman Todd , Adler Alma J
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To assess the feasibility and change in clinical outcomes associated with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use among a rural population in Malawi living with type 1 diabetes.

Design

A 2:1 open randomised controlled feasibility trial.

Setting

Two Partners In Health-supported Ministry of Health-run first-level district hospitals in Neno, Malawi.

Participants

45 people living with type 1 diabetes (PLWT1D).

Interventions

Participants were randomly assigned to Dexcom G6 CGM (n=30) use or usual care (UC) (n=15) consisting of Safe-Accu glucose monitors and strips. Both arms received diabetes education.

Outcomes

Primary outcomes included fidelity, appropriateness and severe adverse events. Secondary outcomes included change in haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), acceptability, time in range (CGM arm only) SD of HbA1c and quality of life.

Results

Participants tolerated CGM well but were unable to change their own sensors which resulted in increased clinic visits in the CGM arm. Despite the hot climate, skin rashes were uncommon but cut-out tape overpatches were needed to secure the sensors in place. Participants in the CGM arm had greater numbers of dose adjustments and lifestyle change suggestions than those in the UC arm. Participants in the CGM arm wore their CGM on average 63.8% of the time. Participants in the UC arm brought logbooks to clinic 75% of the time. There were three hospitalisations all in the CGM arm, but none were related to the intervention.

Conclusions

This is the first randomised controlled trial conducted on CGM in a rural region of a low-income country. CGM was feasible and appropriate among PLWT1D and providers, but inability of participants to change their own sensors is a challenge.

Trial registration number

PACTR202102832069874.
Appropriateness and acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring in people with type 1 diabetes at rural first-level hospitals in Malawi: a qualitative study
Authors: Thapa Ada , Chibvunde Stellar , Schwartz Leah , Trujillo Celina , Ferrari Gina , Drown Laura , Gomber Apoorva , Park Paul H , Matanje Beatrice , Msekandiana Amos , Kachimanga Chiyembekezo , Bukhman Gene , Ruderman Todd , Adler Alma J
Published: May 2024

Objectives

The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the acceptability and appropriateness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in people living with type 1 diabetes (PLWT1D) at first-level (district) hospitals in Malawi.

Design

We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews among PLWT1D and healthcare providers participating in the study. Standardised interview guides elicited perspectives on the appropriateness and acceptability of CGM use for PLWT1D and their providers, and provider perspectives on the effectiveness of CGM use in Malawi. Data were coded using Dedoose software and analysed using a thematic approach.

Setting

First-level hospitals in Neno district, Malawi.

Participants

Participants were part of a randomised controlled trial focused on CGM at first-level hospitals in Neno district, Malawi. Pretrial and post-trial interviews were conducted for participants in the CGM and usual care arms, and one set of interviews was conducted with providers.

Results

Eleven PLWT1D recruited for the CGM randomised controlled trial and five healthcare providers who provided care to participants with T1D were included. Nine PLWT1D were interviewed twice, two were interviewed once. Of the 11 participants with T1D, six were from the CGM arm and five were in usual care arm. Key themes emerged regarding the appropriateness and effectiveness of CGM use in lower resource setting. The four main themes were (a) patient provider relationship, (b) stigma and psychosocial support, (c) device usage and (d) clinical management.

Conclusions

Participants and healthcare providers reported that CGM use was appropriate and acceptable in the study setting, although the need to support it with health education sessions was highlighted. This research supports the use of CGM as a component of personalised diabetes treatment for PLWT1D in resource constraint settings.

Trial registration number

PACTR202102832069874; Post-results.
Economic impact of informal caring for a person with arthritis in Australia from 2015 to 2030: a microsimulation approach using national survey data
Authors: Schofield Deborah J , Lim Katherine , Tanton Robert , Veerman Lennert , Kelly Simon J , Passey Megan , Shrestha Rupendra
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To estimate the economic burden of informal caregivers not in the labour force (NILF) due to caring for a person with arthritis in Australia, with projections of these costs from 2015 to 2030.

Design

Static microsimulation modelling using national survey data.

Setting

Australia nationwide survey.

Participants

Participants include respondents to the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers who are informal carers of a person who has arthritis as their main chronic condition and non-carers.

Outcome measures

Estimating the economic impact and national aggregated costs of informal carers NILF to care for a person with arthritis and projecting these costs from 2015 to 2030 in 5-year intervals.

Results

On a per-person basis, when adjusted for age, sex and highest education attained, the difference in average weekly total income between informal carers and non-carers employed in the labour force is $A1051 (95% CI: $A927 to $A1204) in 2015 and projected to increase by up to 22% by 2030. When aggregated, the total national annual loss of income to informal carers NILF is estimated at $A388.2 million (95% CI: $A324.3 to $A461.9 million) in 2015, increasing to $A576.9 million (95% CI: $A489.2 to $A681.8 million) by 2030. The national annual tax revenue lost to the government of the informal carers NILF is estimated at $A99 million (95% CI: $A77.9 to $A126.4 million) in 2015 and is projected to increase 49% by 2030.

Conclusion

Informal carers NILF are economically worse off than employed non-carers, and the aggregated national annual costs are substantial. The future economic impact of informal carers NILF to care for a person with arthritis in Australia is projected to increase, with the estimated differences in income between informal carers and employed non-carers increasing by 22% from 2015 to 2030.
Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Deng Chao , Ou Qifeng , Ou Xuee , Pan Ding
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To determine the association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with the incidence of sarcopenia.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational clinical studies.

Setting and participants

Adults with NAFLD.

Methods

Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science were searched for eligible studies published from the inception of each database up to 4 April 2023. All cross-sectional studies on the association between NAFLD and sarcopenia were included in this study. The quality of the included studies and risk of bias was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist. STATA V.15.1 software was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Of the 1524 retrieved articles, 24 were included in this review, involving 88 609 participants. Our findings showed that the prevalence of sarcopenia was higher in the NAFLD group than in the control group (pooled OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.39 to 2.17). In a subgroup analysis by region, patients with NAFLD showed an increased risk of sarcopenia (pooled OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.51) in the Asian group, whereas patients with NAFLD had no statistically significant association with the risk of sarcopenia in the American and European groups, with a pooled OR of 1.31 (95% CI 0.71 to 2.40) for the American group and a pooled OR of 0.99 (95% CI 0.21 to 4.69) for the European group. Similar results were observed in the sensitivity analysis, and no evidence of publication bias was observed.

Conclusions and implications

The current study indicated a significant positive correlation between NAFLD and sarcopenia, which may be affected by regional factors. This study provides the correlation basis for the relationship between NAFLD and sarcopenia and helps to find the quality strategy of sarcopenia targeting NAFLD.
Do patients with nephrotic syndrome have an increased risk of osteoporosis? A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Liao Chen-Yi , Chung Chi-Hsiang , Wei Kuang-Yu , Tseng Min-Feng , Lin Fu-Huang , Tsao Chang-Huei , Chien Wu-Chien , Chu Pauling , Wu Chia-Chao
Published: May 2024

Objectives

To evaluate whether nephrotic syndrome (NS) and further corticosteroid (CS) use increase the risk of osteoporosis in Asian population during the period January 2000–December 2010.

Design

Nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study.

Setting

All healthcare facilities in Taiwan.

Participants

A total of 28 772 individuals were enrolled.

Interventions

26 614 individuals with newly diagnosed NS between 2000 and 2010 were identified and included in out study. 26 614 individuals with no NS diagnosis prior to the index date were age matched as controls. Diagnosis of osteoporosis prior to the diagnosis of NS or the same index date was identified, age, sex and NS-associated comorbidities were adjusted.

Primary outcome measure

To identify risk differences in developing osteoporosis among patients with a medical history of NS.

Results

After adjusting for covariates, osteoporosis risk was found to be 3.279 times greater in the NS cohort than in the non-NS cohort, when measured over 11 years after NS diagnosis. Stratification revealed that age older than 18 years, congestive heart failure, hyperlipidaemia, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis and NS-related disease including diabetes mellitus, hepatitis B infection, hepatitis C infection, lymphoma and hypothyroidism, increased the risk of osteoporosis in the NS cohort, compared with the non-NS cohort. Additionally, osteoporosis risk was significantly higher in NS patients with CS use (adjusted HR (aHR)=3.397). The risk of osteoporosis in NS patients was positively associated with risk of hip and vertebral fracture (aHR=2.130 and 2.268, respectively). A significant association exists between NS and subsequent risk for osteoporosis.

Conclusion

NS patients, particularly those treated with CS, should be evaluated for subsequent risk of osteoporosis.
Bacterial growth in patients with low back pain and Modic changes: protocol of a multicentre, case–control biopsy study
Authors: Rolfsen Mads Peder , Gammelsrud Karianne Wiger , Espeland Ansgar , Bråten Lars Christian , Mjønes Sverre Bugge , Austevoll Ivar , Dolatowski Filip Celestyn , Årrestad Maren Bjerke , Toppe Monika Kolskår , Orlien Ingvild Elise , Holberg-Petersen Mona , Fagerland Morten , Zwart John-Anker , Storheim Kjersti , Hellum Christian
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Bacterial infection and Modic changes (MCs) as causes of low back pain (LBP) are debated. Results diverged between two randomised controlled trials examining the effect of amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid versus placebo on patients with chronic LBP (cLBP) and MCs. Previous biopsy studies have been criticised with regard to methods, few patients and controls, and insufficient measures to minimise perioperative contamination. In this study, we minimise contamination risk, include a control group and optimise statistical power. The main aim is to compare bacterial growth between patients with and without MCs.

Methods and analysis

This multicentre, case–control study examines disc and vertebral body biopsies of patients with cLBP. Cases have MCs at the level of tissue sampling, controls do not. Previously operated patients are included as a subgroup. Tissue is sampled before antibiotic prophylaxis with separate instruments. We will apply microbiological methods and histology on biopsies, and predefine criteria for significant bacterial growth, possible contamination and no growth. Microbiologists, surgeons and pathologist are blinded to allocation of case or control. Primary analysis assesses significant growth in MC1 versus controls and MC2 versus controls separately. Bacterial disc growth in previously operated patients, patients with large MCs and growth from the vertebral body in the fusion group are all considered exploratory analyses.

Ethics and dissemination

The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway (REC South East, reference number 2015/697) has approved the study. Study participation requires written informed consent. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03406624). Results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, scientific conferences and patient fora.

Trial registration number

NCT03406624.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a 12-month automated text message intervention for weight management in postpartum women with overweight or obesity: protocol for the Supporting MumS (SMS) multisite, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Gallagher Dunla , Spyreli Eleni , Anderson Annie S , Bridges Sally , Cardwell Christopher R , Coulman Elinor , Dombrowski Stephan U , Free Caroline , Heaney Suzie , Hoddinott Pat , Kee Frank , McDowell Clíona , McIntosh Emma , Woodside Jayne V , McKinley Michelle C
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The reproductive years can increase women’s weight-related risk. Evidence for effective postpartum weight management interventions is lacking and engaging women during this life stage is challenging. Following a promising pilot evaluation of the Supporting MumS intervention, we assess if theory-based and bidirectional text messages to support diet and physical activity behaviour change for weight loss and weight loss maintenance, are effective and cost-effective for weight change in postpartum women with overweight or obesity, compared with an active control arm receiving text messages on child health and development.

Methods and analysis

Two-arm, parallel-group, assessor-blind randomised controlled trial with cost-effectiveness and process evaluations. Women (n=888) with body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2and within 24 months of giving birth were recruited via community and National Health Service pathways through five UK sites targeting areas of ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. Women were 1:1 randomised to the intervention or active control groups, each receiving automated text messages for 12 months. Data are collected at 0, 6, 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome is weight change at 12 months from baseline, compared between groups. Secondary outcomes include weight change (24 months) and waist circumference (cm), proportional weight gain (>5 kg), BMI (kg/m2), dietary intake, physical activity, infant feeding and mental health (6, 12 and 24 months, respectively). Economic evaluation examines health service usage and personal expenditure, health-related quality of life and capability well-being to assess cost-effectiveness over the trial and modelled lifetime. Cost–utility analysis examines cost per quality-adjusted life-years gained over 24 months. Mixed-method process evaluation explores participants’ experiences and contextual factors impacting outcomes and implementation. Stakeholder interviews examine scale-up and implementation.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval was obtained before data collection (West of Scotland Research Ethics Service Research Ethics Committee (REC) 4 22/WS/0003). Results will be published via a range of outputs and audiences.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN16299220.
Effect of passive leg raising on the cross-sectional area of the right internal jugular vein in patients with obesity: a randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: Pei Dongliang , Wang Shuyan , Sun Chenmin
Published: May 2024

Background

Venous access in patients with obesity presents significant challenges. The success of central venous catheterisation largely depends on the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the internal jugular vein (IJV). While techniques like the Trendelenburg position have been traditionally used to increase IJV CSA, recent studies suggest its ineffectiveness in patients with obesity. Conversely, the potential of the effect of passive leg raising (PLR) has not been thoroughly investigated in this group of patients.

Methods

This protocol outlines a planned randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect of PLR on the CSA of the IJV in patients with obesity slated for central venous catheterisation. The protocol involves dividing 40 participants into two groups: one undergoing PLR and another serving as a control group without positional change. The protocol specifies measuring the CSA of the IJV via ultrasound as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes will include the success rates of right IJV cannulation. The proposed statistical approach includes the use of t-tests to compare the changes in CSA between the two groups, with a significance threshold set at p<0.05.

Ethics approval

This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Tongren Hospital. All the participants will provide informed consent prior to enrolment in the study. Regarding the dissemination of research findings, we plan to share the results through academic conferences and peer-reviewed publications. Additionally, we will communicate our findings to the public and professional communities, including patient advocacy groups.

Trial registration number

ChiCTR: ChiCTR2400080513.
Development of indicators to measure health system capacity for quality abortion care in 10 countries: a rapid assessment of a measurement framework and indicators
Authors: Johnston Heidi Bart , Rehnstrom Loi Ulrika , Ali Mohamed , Footman Katy , Alinsato Ghislaine Glitho , Aly Eman , Chilanga Asmani , Bansal Shikha , Codjia Laurence , Dkhimi Fahdi , Dlamini-Nqeketo Sithembile , Elamin Hayfa , Gbenou Dina , Gholbzouri Karima , Hedman Lisa , Hemachandra Nilmini , Hien Yelmali , Hyder Md Khurshid Alam , John Theopista , Kansal Amrita , Karna Priya , Läser Laurence , Lavelanet Antonella , Mihretu Belete , Onyiah Pamela Amaka , Ouedraogo Leopold , Qais Sikander , Thom Ellen , Upadhyay Meera , Uzma Qudsia , Zan Souleymane , Ganatra Bela
Published: May 2024

Introduction

A significant gap exists in the availability of indicators and tools to monitor health system capacity for quality abortion care at input and process levels. In this paper, we describe the process and results of developing and assessing indicators to monitor health system capacity strengthening for quality abortion care.

Methods

As part of a 4-year (2019–2022) multicountry project focused on preventing unsafe abortion using a health system strengthening approach in 10 countries, we developed a monitoring framework with indicators and metadata. Through an internal consultative process, we identified a structured list of operational health system capacity indicators for abortion. After implementing the indicators for baseline and annual project monitoring, project staff from 10 teams assessed each indicator using 4 criteria: validity, feasibility, usefulness and importance.

Results

We identified 30 indicators aligning with 5 of the 6 WHO health system building blocks (excluding service delivery): 6 indicators in leadership and governance, 5 in health workforce, 6 in health information, 8 in access to medicines and health products and 5 in health financing. In our assessment of indicators, average scores against the predetermined criteria were lowest for feasibility (7.7 out of 10) compared with importance (8.5), usefulness (8.9) and validity (9.3). Assessors highlighted the need for fewer and less complex indicators, simplified language, clearer benchmarks, for indicators to be abortion-specific, less subjective and for future frameworks to also include service delivery and research and innovation.

Conclusion

We used 30 indicators to monitor health system capacity for quality abortion care in 10 countries and gathered critical feedback that can be used to further strengthen the set of indicators in future work. Establishing core input and process indicators will be critical to inform and support evidence-based policy and programme improvements for quality abortion care.
Better maintenance of enzymatic capacity and higher levels of substrate transporter proteins in skeletal muscle of aging female mice
Authors: Takahashi Kenya , Kitaoka Yu , Hatta Hideo
Published: May 2024

This study investigated sex-specific differences in high-energy phosphate, glycolytic, and mitochondrial enzyme activities and also metabolite transporter protein levels in the skeletal muscles of adult (5 months old), middle-aged (12 months old), and advanced-aged (24 months old) mice. While gastrocnemius glycogen content increased with age regardless of sex, gastrocnemius triglyceride levels increased only in advanced-aged female mice. Aging decreased creatine kinase and adenylate kinase activities in the plantaris muscle of both sexes and in the soleus muscle of male mice but not in female mice. Irrespective of sex, phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities decreased in the plantaris and soleus muscles. Additionally, hexokinase activity in the plantaris muscle and LDH activity in the soleus muscle decreased to a greater extent in aged male mice compared with those in aged female mice. Mitochondrial enzyme activities increased in the plantaris muscle of aged female mice but did not change in male mice. The protein content of the glucose transporter 4 in the aged plantaris muscle and fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 increased in the aged plantaris and soleus muscles of both sexes, with a significantly higher content in female mice. These findings suggest that females possess a better ability to maintain metabolic enzyme activity and higher levels of metabolite transport proteins in skeletal muscle during aging, despite alterations in lipid metabolism. Our data provide a basis for studying muscle metabolism in the context of age-dependent metabolic perturbations and diseases that affect females and males differently.
Current control for a supercapacitor-based battery equalization system
Authors: Zhao Huiyong , Cai Shuo , Liu Kelu , He Yuping , Wang Baohua
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a novel supercapacitor-based energy equalization system and discusses a new equalization current control method. The proposed battery equalization system is composed of a bidirectional boost–buck circuit, a switch matrix, and a supercapacitor, which can realize stable electric current transmission between batteries and supercapacitors. The buck or boost mode of the circuit is triggered automatically based on the threshold of the voltage drop between the battery and the supercapacitor. A modified control logic of the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor is proposed to improve the efficiency of the circuit, and a model predictive control (MPC) algorithm is designed to track the target current. Simulation results indicate that for a conventional electric current transmitting circuit, the current fluctuates violently under a fixed pulse width modulation duty. In contrast, the proposed supercapacitor-based energy equalization system tracks the target current well under the control of the MPC controller. In a wide operating range, the transmission efficiency of the new energy equalization system with the modified control logic is 13.0% higher than that of the conventional electric current transmitting circuit with the original control logic.
Sensitivity analysis of truck tire tread material properties for on-road applications
Authors: Fathi Haniyeh , Ly Alfonse , Pathak Tej , El-Sayegh Zeinab
Published: May 2024

This research delves into the sensitivity analysis of a truck tire rubber compound concerning its impact on tire–road interaction characteristics. Initially, the study employs finite element analysis to model a 315/80R22.5 truck tire, which is subsequently validated through static and dynamic response assessments via various simulation tests. Following validation, the established tire model is utilized to conduct a sensitivity analysis of the tire rubber compound specifically applied on the tread. This analysis encompasses several material definitions, including Mooney–Rivlin, visco-Mooney–Rivlin, linear viscoelastic, and nonlinear viscoelastic materials. By exploring the effects of these material models, the research scrutinizes their influence on tire–road interaction characteristics across diverse operating conditions. The tire–road interaction characteristics include the rolling resistance coefficient, and the cornering force at operating conditions including the longitudinal speed, vertical load, and slip angle. This comprehensive investigation offers insights into the intricate relationship between tire composition and performance, thereby enhancing our understanding of tire behavior and informing potential advancements in tire technology.
Bulk-boundary thermodynamics of charged black holes in higher-derivative theory
Authors: Punia Gurmeet Singh
Published: May 2024

The connection between bulk and boundary thermodynamics in Einstein–Maxwell theory is well established using AdS/CFT correspondence. In the context of general higher-derivative gravity coupled to a U(1) gauge field, we examine the resemblance of the first law of thermodynamics between bulk and boundary, followed by an extended phase space description on both sides. Higher-derivative terms related to different powers of the string theory parameter $$\alpha '$$

α
′

emerged from a consistent truncation in the bulk supergravity action. We demonstrate that one must include the fluctuation of $$\alpha '$$

α
′

in the bulk thermodynamics as a bookkeeping tool to match the bulk first law and Smarr relation with the boundary side. Consequently, the Euler relation and the boundary first law are altered by adding two central charges $$({\texttt{a}}, {\texttt{c}}).$$

(
a
,
c
)
.

To support our general conclusion, we consider the black hole in Gauss–Bonnet gravity and the general four-derivative theory. Finally, we examine the bulk and boundary aspects of the extended phase space description for higher-derivative-corrected black holes.
Angular correlation function from sample covariance with BOSS and eBOSS LRG
Authors: Ferreira Paula S. , Reis Ribamar R. R.
Published: May 2024

The Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are one of the most used probes to understand the accelerated expansion of the Universe. Traditional methods rely on fiducial model information within their statistical analysis, which may be a problem when constraining different families of models. This work aims to provide a method that constrains $$\theta _{BAO}$$

θ

BAO

through a model-independent approach using the covariance matrix from the galaxy sample from thin redshift bins, later validated with a mock sample covariance matrix. We used widths of $$\delta z = 0.002$$

δ
z
=
0.002

separation for all samples as the basis for a sample covariance matrix weighted by the statistical importance of the redshift bin. Each sample belongs to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: BOSS1, BOSS2, and eBOSS, with effective redshift $$z_{eff}$$

z

eff

: 0.35, 0.51, 0.71, and different numbers of bins with 50, 100, and 200. To get $$\theta _{BAO}$$

θ

BAO

, we correct the angular separation from the polynomial fit ($$\theta _{fit}$$

θ

fit

) by comparing each bin correlation function with the correlation function of the whole set, a parameter named $$\tilde{\alpha }$$

α
~

. We also tested such correction by choosing the bin at $$z_{eff}$$

z

eff

and found that for eBOSS $$\theta _{BAO}$$

θ

BAO

is in $$1 \sigma $$

1
σ

agreement with the Planck 18 model. Finally, we found that the sample covariances are noisy compared to the mocks for lower z samples, something expected due to nonlinear effects. Such noise impact can be seen in the parameter constraints but does not affect the eBOSS covariance sample. It is shown that mocks’ results do tend to its chosen fiducial cosmology $$\theta _{BAO}$$

θ

BAO

. BOSS1 and BOSS2 showed agreement with Planck 18 and an agreement with Pantheon + S$$H_0$$

H
0

ES when $$\tilde{\alpha }$$

α
~

is based on the bin $$z=z_{eff}$$

z
=

z

eff

.
Health Capacity to Work among Older Japanese Persons
Authors: OSHIO TAKASHI , SHIMIZUTANI SATOSHI , KIKKAWA AIKO
Published: May 2024

This study examines the health capacity to work among older persons in Japan—that is, how much longer older persons can work based on their health status using nationwide population-based surveys. We first examine how much older persons could work if they worked as much as those with the same mortality rate in the past (Milligan–Wise method). Second, we estimate how much older persons could work if they worked as much as younger persons in similar health (Cutler, Meara, and Richards-Shubik method). The results from both methods underscore a large work capacity among older persons in Japan. In particular, we observe a larger work capacity for the better educated and a negligible difference across regions. Moreover, we find an excess of part-time work, suggesting the need to enhance the flexibility of the choice of working style.
Health Capacity to Work among Older People in Thailand
Authors: ZHAO JIAYING , LAW CHI KIN , PIGGOTT JOHN , YIENGPRUGSAWAN VASOONTARA SBIRAKOS
Published: May 2024

Thailand’s aging population has impacted its labor force. This study examines additional health capacity to work (AHCW) with established methods. Data were obtained from the mortality registry as well as national health, aging, labor force, and welfare surveys. Utilizing the Milligan–Wise method, the estimated AHCW for those aged 50–69 was 1.3 years (an 8.7% increase) for males and 1.9 years (17.8%) for females, based on the 2005 employment–mortality relationship. With the Cutler–Meara–Richards-Shubik method, the estimated AHCW for those aged 60–69 in 2015 ranged from 0.9 years (13.6%) to 2.0 years (31.3%) for males and from 1.2 years (23.2%) to 1.5 years (29.6%) for females. We also found that older informal workers in Thailand need to work to maintain their standards of living due to limited retirement benefits. Effective policy measures should be implemented to protect informal workers’ health, prevent pensioners from being impoverished, facilitate a more flexible working environment, and help workers maintain skills and job competencies.
Analysis of public sector banks on the basis of equity research, determinants of banks profitability and nonperforming assets
Authors: Garg Radhika
Published: May 2024

Nonperforming Assets (NPA) are the major problem for today’s Banking Industry, and it is being beheld that they are growing with time. So, through this study, the variables that lead to NPA are found. For the study, both bank-specific and macroeconomic variables are taken, to see whether the bank-specific too formulate an effect on NPA or they came out to be insignificant. The variables that lead to NPA are Management Efficiency, Asset Management, GDP, REER, NEER, Inflation, Unemployment and Real Interest Rate. The research for banks’ profitability to see if the same variables lead to NPA, moreover, influence profitability, but the result came out to be that there is only Asset Management, which impacts both. In the end, equity exploration on the four significant variables is conducted, to determine which bank has underperformed or overperformed on which variable.
Layer by Layer: Improved Tortuosity in High Loading Aqueous NMC811 Electrodes
Authors: Neidhart L. , Fröhlich K. , Boz B. , Winter F. , Jahn M.
Published: May 2024

Thick electrode production is a key enabler for realizing high energy density Lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the investigation of tortuosity as a crucial limiting parameter was conducted in this work. A thickness threshold (>150 μm) for a drastic increase in tortuosity for aqueous processed LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) electrodes was determined. Symmetrical cells, under blocking conditions, were analyzed via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. To counteract this phenomenon, multi-layer coated electrodes with varying binder concentrations were investigated. This novel coating method, combined with the reduction of binder material, leads to a tortuosity decrease of more than 80%, when compared to high-loading electrodes (>8.5 mAhcm−2) coated with the conventional doctor-blade technique. Additionally, a simplified transmission line model is opposed to a linear fitting method for analyzing the impedance data.
Quantifying Resistive and Diffusive Kinetic Limitations of Thiophosphate Composite Cathodes in All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Yanev S. , Auer H. , Pertsch R. , Heubner C. , Nikolowski K. , Partsch M. , Michaelis A.
Published: May 2024

Increasing the specific capacity and rate performance of thiophosphate composite cathodes is a major challenge in solid-state battery development. Understanding the charge transport kinetics and rate-limiting mechanisms within the cathode is key towards efficient optimization. Herein, we use quantitative analysis of chronoamperometric rate performance data to differentiate between resistive and diffusive rate limitations of NCM811—Li6PS5Cl cathodes with different morphology and composition. We substantiate our findings with separate measurements of the effective ionic conductivity and Li+ diffusion coefficients using impedance spectroscopy and GITT techniques, respectively. Increasing the active material to solid electrolyte ratio is found to increase diffusive limitations, which originate from the small contact area between the active material and solid electrolyte. The diffusive limitation is especially pronounced for single crystal NCM811 cathodes at over 84% AM. Employing fine particle catholyte significantly increases the contact area, alleviates the diffusive limitation, and increases rate performance. These results provide guidelines towards bringing the solid-state battery performance levels closer to practical targets.
Chemically Amplified, Dry-Develop Poly(aldehyde) Photoresist
Authors: Lopez Ninantay Jose , Engler Anthony , Schwartz Jared , Kohl Paul A.
Published: May 2024

The catalytic decomposition of poly(phthalaldehyde) with a photoacid generator can be used as dry-develop photoresist, where the exposed film depolymerizes into small molecules to allow the development of features via controlled vaporization. Higher temperatures enabled shorter dry-development times, but also promoted faster photoacid diffusion that compromised pattern fidelity. Trihexylamine was used as a base quencher to counteract acid diffusion in a phthalaldehyde-propanal co-polymer photoresist. The propanal co-monomer in the polymer improves the vaporization rate because it has a higher vapor pressure than phthalaldehyde. Addition of the base quencher was found to improve the contrast, pattern fidelity, and ease-of-handling of the dry-develop resist in a direct-write UV lithography tool. The dry-development of 4 μm features was achieved with no appreciable residue. For large area features, a spatially variable exposure method was used to direct the residue away from the exposed area. The gradient exposure method was used to produce 100 μm features. Plasma etching after dry-development was also used to achieve residue-free dry-developed patterns. These results show the benefits of incorporating base additives into a dry-develop depolymerizable resist system and highlight the need for addressing residue formation.
Trailblazing in adjuvant research: succinate’s uncharted territory with neutrophils
Authors: Wang Yangyang , Xiu Zhiming , Qu Kuo , Wang Liying , Wang Huiyan , Yu Yongli
Published: May 2024

This study explores the role of succinate as a vaccine adjuvant, revealing its capacity to enhance neutrophil recruitment at immunization sites, which boosts B cell activation through the succinate receptor 1-interferon regulatory factor 5-B cell-activating factor (SUCNR1-IRF5-BAFF) signaling pathway. Results demonstrate succinate’s potential to amplify vaccine-induced antibody responses, highlighting its significance in immunological enhancement and offering new insights into the adjuvant mechanisms of action, particularly in neutrophil-mediated immune responses.
Pregnancy-induced oxidative stress and inflammation are not associated with impaired maternal neuronal activity or memory function
Authors: Bradshaw Jessica L. , Wilson E. Nicole , Gardner Jennifer J. , Mabry Steve , Tucker Selina M. , Rybalchenko Nataliya , Vera Edward , Goulopoulou Styliani , Cunningham Rebecca L.
Published: May 2024

Healthy pregnancy is associated with elevated maternal systemic and brain oxidative stress. During postpregnancy, brain oxidative stress remains elevated whereas systemic oxidative stress is resolved. This sustained maternal brain oxidative stress is associated with learning impairments and decreased anxiety-like behavior during the postpregnancy period.
Biological sex impacts oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in a porcine heat stress model
Authors: Rudolph Tori E. , Roths Melissa , Freestone Alyssa D. , Yap Sau Qwan , Michael Alyona , Rhoads Robert P. , White-Springer Sarah H. , Baumgard Lance H. , Selsby Joshua T.
Published: May 2024

Heat stress is a global threat to human health and agricultural production. We demonstrated that following 7 days of heat stress, skeletal muscle from females was more susceptible to oxidative stress than muscle from males in a porcine model, despite cooler muscle temperatures. The vulnerability to heat stress-induced oxidative stress in females may be driven, at least in part, by decreased antioxidant capacity and calcium dysregulation.