bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levitation of a nonboiling droplet over hot liquid bath
Authors: Mogilevskiy E.
Published: January 2020

We study the behavior of a droplet placed over a liquid bath. We examine water, glycerol, and silicone oil for bath liquids and the same liquids and alcohols for droplets. To extend the study beyond the classical Leidenfrost effect, we test the temperature of the bath below the boiling temperature of the droplet. Depending on liquids, the droplet sinks either immediately after deposition or after staying over the bath surface up to a few tens of seconds without significant change in the size or levitates during a few tens or hundreds of seconds. A levitating droplet gradually evaporates, while its temperature does not significantly change. The convective flow in the bath creates a shear flow in the air that pulls the droplet toward the center of the convective cell and holds air under the droplet, producing the supporting force. We propose a theoretical model for the levitation. The driving force of the process is the convective flow in the bath. The convection determines the liquid velocity and the heat flux from the bath. The droplet finds the position for thermal equilibrium with the surrounding air; the evaporation balances the incoming heat. Unlike the classical Leidenfrost effect, the vapor leaves the droplet not from the lower part but from the whole surface and moves away by diffusion and with the upflowing air. For small droplets, we find shapes of free surfaces and estimate the thickness of the gap between the droplet and the bath surface to have the order from 1 to 10 μm.
A classical first-principles study of depolarization effects in small clusters of field emitters
Authors: de Souza Adson S. , de Assis Thiago A.
Published: January 2020

Depolarization, also called shielding or screening, is a key phenomenon that can reveal the conditions under which a macroscopic emitted current density is optimized in large-area field emitters (LAFEs) or clusters thereof, which are useful for vacuum nanoelectronic technologies. This phenomenon deserves special attention, particularly for the prediction of how the characteristic field enhancement factor (FEF), which quantifies how a characteristic barrier field is magnified with respect to an applied macroscopic field, changes when the emitters are electrostatically interacting. One parameter of interest for studying depolarization is the fractional reduction in the apex FEF, −δ. Surprisingly, existing formulas for −δ do not predict how the aspect ratio (ν≡ the ratio of the longitudinal to the lateral dimensions) influences the depolarization in field emitters and, in turn, the related characteristic FEF. Here, we show by first-principles arguments that ν clearly influences depolarization and, as a by-product, propose an analytical formula for depolarization that contains a prefactor that clearly depends on ν. In addition, for sufficiently large distances between emitters, we present a proof that for any axially symmetric pair of conducting emitters, −δ falls off as a power law of the distance between the emitters with an exponent of −3, in contrast to the exponential-like fitting formulas found in the literature. This finding reinforces the universality of this behavior, as recently claimed.
Oxidation-enhanced Si self-diffusion in isotopically modulated silicon nanopillars
Authors: Kiga Ryotaro , Hayashi Sayaka , Miyamoto Satoru , Shimizu Yasuo , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Endoh Tetsuo , Itoh Kohei M.
Published: January 2020

Silicon (Si) self-diffusivity in a Si nanopillar under dry oxidation was quantitatively evaluated by atom probe tomography of Si isotope heterostructure interfaces. Dry oxidation of a nanopillar with 200 nm diameter at 920 °C for 4 h revealed that the Si self-diffusivity was the same as the one measured for the standard planar oxidation despite the fact that the diffusion region probed in the pillar was surrounded by approximately seven times more oxidation interface areas than the simple planar oxidation case. This finding can be understood by considering the large diffusion length of ∼300 μm of the interstitials for our thermal oxidation condition. The excess interstitials injected by the pillar oxidation as well as those injected by the oxidation of the base (100) plane can easily diffuse through the sample, including interiors of the pillars, making the concentration of the excess interstitials practically equal to those injected for the (100) planar oxidation case.
Nanofibrous thin film with tuned optical properties induced by picosecond plasma ionization
Authors: Shurtleff Olivia , Gaspari Franco , Kiani Amirkianoosh
Published: January 2020

The goal of this paper was to investigate the optical properties of the nanofibrous structures synthesized by plasma ionization at a various number of pulses manipulated by laser frequency and scanning speed. Through experimental analyses, it was determined that more nanofibers were generated at higher frequencies and slower scanning speeds. Also, it was found that generated nanofibers have hybrid structures of both silicon and silicon oxide due to being prepared under ambient conditions and rapid cooling process. Slower scanning speeds produced greater amounts of silicon oxide as the average surface temperature is above the oxidation threshold; however, increasing the pulse numbers via the laser frequency has a reverse effect as at higher frequency, the average surface temperature is lower. This was confirmed through both experimental and theoretical results obtained via computerized simulations.
MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts for chemical-looping oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane
Authors: Novotný Petr , Yusuf Seif , Li Fanxing , Lamb H. Henry
Published: January 2020

MoO3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts containing 0.3–3 monolayer (ML) equivalents of MoO3 were prepared, characterized, and tested for ethane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) in cyclic redox and co-feed modes. Submonolayer catalysts contain highly dispersed (2D) polymolybdate structures; a complete monolayer and bulk Al2(MoO4)3 are present at >1ML loadings. High ethylene selectivity (>90%) in chemical looping (CL) ODH correlates with Mo+VI to Mo+V reduction; COx selectivity is <10% under these conditions. Mo+V and Mo+IV species trigger CH4 production resulting in much higher conversion albeit with <20% selectivity. In CL-ODH, submonolayer catalysts exhibit ethylene selectivities that decrease linearly from 96% at near-zero conversion to 70% at 45% conversion. >1ML catalysts provide higher conversions albeit with 10%–18% lower selectivity and greater selectivity loss with increasing conversion. In co-feed mode, ethylene selectivity drops to <50% at 46% conversion for a 0.6ML catalyst, but selectivity is virtually unaltered for a 3ML catalyst. We infer that at <1ML loadings, small domain size and strong Mo—O—Al bonds decrease 2D polymolybdate reducibility and enhance ethylene selectivity in CL-ODH.
Jetting from an impacting drop containing a particle
Authors: Zhao Weiwei , Lin Shiji , Chen Longquan , Li Er Qiang , Thoroddsen Sigurdur T. , Thoraval Marie-Jean
Published: January 2020

We investigate the dynamics of a drop containing a single solid particle impacting on a solid surface. The particle rebounds through the drop during impact and can separate from the deposited liquid above an impact velocity threshold. We show that this threshold can be predicted by a simple energy balance. Moreover, we discover a new type of liquid jetting ejected above the particle faster than the impact velocity. We demonstrate that this jetting is due to the focusing effect of the liquid on the solid substrate below the rebounding particle. Although the wetting properties of the particle have a minor effect on the separation threshold, they play a key role in the liquid jetting by affecting the immersion depth of the particle at the time of impact.
Master equation model to predict energy transport pathways in proteins
Authors: Valiño Borau Luis , Gulzar Adnan , Stock Gerhard
Published: January 2020

Recent time-resolved experiments and accompanying molecular dynamics simulations allow us to monitor the flow of vibrational energy in biomolecules. As a simple means to describe these experimental and simulated data, Buchenberg et al. [J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7, 25 (2016)] suggested a master equation model that accounts for the energy transport from an initially excited residue to some target residue. The transfer rates of the model were obtained from two scaling rules, which account for the energy transport through the backbone and via tertiary contacts, respectively, and were parameterized using simulation data of a small α-helical protein at low temperatures. To extend the applicability of the model to general proteins at room temperature, here a new parameterization is presented, which is based on extensive nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of a number of model systems. With typical transfer times of 0.5–1 ps between adjacent residues, backbone transport represents the fastest channel of energy flow. It is well described by a diffusive-type scaling rule, which requires only an overall backbone diffusion coefficient and interatom distances as input. Contact transport, e.g., via hydrogen bonds, is considerably slower (6–30 ps) at room temperature. A new scaling rule depending on the inverse square contact distance is suggested, which is shown to successfully describe the energy transport in the allosteric protein PDZ3. Since both scaling rules require only the structure of the considered system, the model provides a simple and general means to predict energy transport in proteins. To identify the pathways of energy transport, Monte Carlo Markov chain simulations are performed, which highlight the competition between backbone and contact transport channels.
Endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors promote vascular normalization and antitumor therapy
Authors: Cartier Andreane , Leigh Tani , Liu Catherine H. , Hla Timothy
Published: January 2020

Significance

Tumor progression is dependent on angiogenesis, which supplies nutrients and enables gas exchange and metastatic dissemination. However, tumor vessels are dysfunctional and immature, which hinders the effectiveness of various therapeutics. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in endothelial cells are essential for developmental angiogenesis and physiological functions such as the maintenance of the vascular barrier and vascular tone. This study shows that endothelial sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors determine the tumor vascular phenotype and maturation and that function of S1P receptor-1 is needed for tumor vascular normalization, which allows better blood circulation and enhances antitumor therapeutic efficacy in mouse models.
Optimization of aPlasmodium falciparumcircumsporozoite protein repeat vaccine using the tobacco mosaic virus platform
Authors: Langowski Mark D. , Khan Farhat A. , Bitzer Alexis A. , Genito Christopher J. , Schrader Andrew J. , Martin Monica L. , Soto Kimberly , Zou Xiaoyan , Hadiwidjojo Sri , Beck Zoltan , Matyas Gary R. , Livingstone Merricka C. , Batchelor Adrian H. , Dutta Sheetij
Published: January 2020

Plasmodium falciparumvaccine RTS,S/AS01 is based on the major NPNA repeat and the C-terminal region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). RTS,S-induced NPNA-specific antibody titer and avidity have been associated with high-level protection in naïve subjects, but efficacy and longevity in target populations is relatively low. In an effort to improve upon RTS,S, a minimal repeat-only, epitope-focused, protective, malaria vaccine was designed. Repeat antigen copy number and flexibility was optimized using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) display platform. Comparing antigenicity of TMV displaying 3 to 20 copies of NPNA revealed that low copy number can reduce the abundance of low-affinity monoclonal antibody (mAb) epitopes while retaining high-affinity mAb epitopes. TMV presentation improved titer and avidity of repeat-specific Abs compared to a nearly full-length protein vaccine (FL-CSP). NPNAx5 antigen displayed as a loop on the TMV particle was found to be most optimal and its efficacy could be further augmented by combination with a human-use adjuvant ALFQ that contains immune-stimulators. These data were confirmed in rhesus macaques where a low dose of TMV-NPNAx5 elicited Abs that persisted at functional levels for up to 11 mo. We show here a complex association between NPNA copy number, flexibility, antigenicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of CSP-based vaccines. We hypothesize that designing minimal epitope CSP vaccines could confer better and more durable protection against malaria. Preclinical data presented here supports the evaluation of TMV-NPNAx5/ALFQ in human trials.
An RNA polymerase ribozyme that synthesizes its own ancestor
Authors: Tjhung Katrina F. , Shokhirev Maxim N. , Horning David P. , Joyce Gerald F.
Published: January 2020

The RNA-based organisms from which modern life is thought to have descended would have depended on an RNA polymerase ribozyme to copy functional RNA molecules, including copying the polymerase itself. Such a polymerase must have been capable of copying structured RNAs with high efficiency and high fidelity to maintain genetic information across successive generations. Here the class I RNA polymerase ribozyme was evolved in vitro for the ability to synthesize functional ribozymes, resulting in the markedly improved ability to synthesize complex RNAs using nucleoside 5′-triphosphate (NTP) substrates. The polymerase is descended from the class I ligase, which contains the same catalytic core as the polymerase. The class I ligase can be synthesized by the improved polymerase as three separate RNA strands that assemble to form a functional ligase. The polymerase also can synthesize the complement of each of these three strands. Despite this remarkable level of activity, only a very small fraction of the assembled ligases retain catalytic activity due to the presence of disabling mutations. Thus, the fidelity of RNA polymerization should be considered a major impediment to the construction of a self-sustained, RNA-based evolving system. The propagation of heritable information requires both efficient and accurate synthesis of genetic molecules, a requirement relevant to both laboratory systems and the early history of life on Earth.
Simple spike dynamics of Purkinje cells in the macaque vestibulo-cerebellum during passive whole-body self-motion
Authors: Laurens Jean , Angelaki Dora E.
Published: January 2020

Theories of cerebellar functions posit that the cerebellum implements internal models for online correction of motor actions and sensory estimation. As an example of such computations, an internal model resolves a sensory ambiguity where the peripheral otolith organs in the inner ear sense both head tilts and translations. Here we exploit the response dynamics of two functionally coupled Purkinje cell types in the vestibular part of the caudal vermis (lobules IX and X) to understand their role in this computation. We find that one population encodes tilt velocity, whereas the other, translation-selective, population encodes linear acceleration. We predict that an intermediate neuronal type should temporally integrate the output of tilt-selective cells into a tilt position signal.
Organelle-specific targeting of polymersomes into the cell nucleus
Authors: Zelmer Christina , Zweifel Ludovit P. , Kapinos Larisa E. , Craciun Ioana , Güven Zekiye P. , Palivan Cornelia G. , Lim Roderick Y. H.
Published: January 2020

Significance

Synthetic nanomaterials are being sought to shuttle therapeutic payloads directly into the cell nucleus as a major target for chemo- and gene-based therapies. However, it remains uncertain whether and how synthetic entities are able to bypass the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) that regulate transport into and out of the nucleus. We have constructed biocompatible polymer vesicles that infiltrate NPCs and resolved their nuclear uptake mechanism in vitro and in vivo. Their ability to deliver payloads directly into cell nuclei is further validated by transmission electron microscopy.
Ontogeny of the anuran urostyle and the developmental context of evolutionary novelty
Authors: Senevirathne Gayani , Baumgart Stephanie , Shubin Nathaniel , Hanken James , Shubin Neil H.
Published: January 2020

Developmental novelties often underlie the evolutionary origins of key metazoan features. The anuran urostyle, which evolved nearly 200 MYA, is one such structure. It forms as the tail regresses during metamorphosis, when locomotion changes from an axial-driven mode in larvae to a limb-driven one in adult frogs. The urostyle comprises of a coccyx and a hypochord. The coccyx forms by fusion of caudal vertebrae and has evolved repeatedly across vertebrates. However, the contribution of an ossifying hypochord to the coccyx in anurans is unique among vertebrates and remains a developmental enigma. Here, we focus on the developmental changes that lead to the anuran urostyle, with an emphasis on understanding the ossifying hypochord. We find that the coccyx and hypochord have two different developmental histories: First, the development of the coccyx initiates before metamorphic climax whereas the ossifying hypochord undergoes rapid ossification and hypertrophy; second, thyroid hormone directly affects hypochord formation and appears to have a secondary effect on the coccygeal portion of the urostyle. The embryonic hypochord is known to play a significant role in the positioning of the dorsal aorta (DA), but the reason for hypochordal ossification remains obscure. Our results suggest that the ossifying hypochord plays a role in remodeling the DA in the newly forming adult body by partially occluding the DA in the tail. We propose that the ossifying hypochord-induced loss of the tail during metamorphosis has enabled the evolution of the unique anuranbauplan.
Modeling the transport of nuclear proteins along single skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Taylor-Weiner Hermes , Grigsby Christopher L. , Ferreira Duarte M. S. , Dias José M. , Stevens Molly M. , Ruas Jorge L. , Teixeira Ana I.
Published: January 2020

Skeletal muscle cells contain hundreds of myonuclei within a shared cytoplasm, presenting unique challenges for regulating gene expression. Certain transcriptional programs (e.g., postsynaptic machinery) are segregated to specialized domains, while others (e.g., contractile proteins) do not show spatial confinement. Furthermore, local stimuli, such as denervation, can induce transcriptional responses that are propagated along the muscle cells. Regulated transport of nuclear proteins (e.g., transcription factors) between myonuclei represents a potential mechanism for coordinating gene expression. However, the principles underlying the transport of nuclear proteins within multinucleated cells remain poorly defined. Here we used a mosaic transfection model to create myotubes that contained exactly one myonucleus expressing a fluorescent nuclear reporter and monitored its distribution among all myonuclei. We found that the transport properties of these model nuclear proteins in myotubes depended on molecular weight and nuclear import rate, as well as on myotube width. Interestingly, muscle hypertrophy increased the transport of high molecular weight nuclear proteins, while atrophy restricted the transport of smaller nuclear proteins. We have developed a mathematical model of nuclear protein transport within a myotube that recapitulates the results of our in vitro experiments. To test the relevance to nuclear proteins expressed in skeletal muscle, we studied the transport of two transcription factors—aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and sine oculis homeobox 1—and found that their distributions were similar to the reporter proteins with corresponding molecular weights. Together, these results define a set of variables that can be used to predict the spatial distributions of nuclear proteins within a myotube.
Control of cellular organization and its coordination with the cell cycle
Authors: Kume Kazunori
Published: January 2020

Cells organize themselves to maintain proper shape, structure, and size during growth and division for their cellular functions. However, how these cellular organizations coordinate with the cell cycle is not well understood. This review focuses on cell morphogenesis and size of the membrane-bound nucleus in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Growth polarity, an important factor for cell morphogenesis, in rod-shaped fission yeast is restricted to the cell tips and dynamically changes depending on the cell cycle stage. Furthermore, nuclear size in fission yeast is proportional to the cell size, resulting in a constant ratio between nuclear volume and cellular volume (N/C ratio). This review summarizes the signaling pathway(s) involved in growth polarity control and key factors involved in N/C ratio control and provides their roles in coordination between cell organization and the cell cycle.
Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of the dynamics of liquid barrels
Authors: Ruiz-Gutiérrez Élfego , Ledesma-Aguilar Rodrigo
Published: January 2020

We study the relaxation towards equilibrium of a liquid barrel—a partially wetting droplet in a wedge geometry—using a diffuse-interface approach. We formulate a hydrodynamic model of the motion of the barrel in the framework of the Navier–Stokes and Cahn–Hilliard equations of motion. We present a lattice-Boltzmann method to integrate the diffuse-interface equations, where we introduce an algorithm to model the dynamic wetting of the liquid on smooth solid boundaries. We present simulation results of the over-damped dynamics of the liquid barrel. We find that the relaxation of the droplets is driven by capillary forces and damped by friction forces. We show that the friction is determined by the contribution of the bulk flow, the corner flow near the contact lines and the motion of the contact lines by comparing simulation results for the relaxation time of the barrel. Our results are in broad agreement with previous analytical predictions based on a sharp interface model.
A highly sensitive laser focus positioning method with sub-micrometre accuracy using coherent Fourier scatterometry
Authors: Kolenov Dmytro , Meng Peiwen , Pereira Silvania
Published: January 2020

We report a novel method of focus determination with high sensitivity and submicrometre accuracy. The technique relies on the asymmetry in the scattered far field from a nanosphere located at the surface of interest. The out-of-focus displacement of the probing beam manifests itself in imbalance of the signal of the differential detector located at the far field. Up–down scanning of the focussed field renders an error S-curve with a linear region that is slightly bigger than the corresponding vectorial Rayleigh range. We experimentally show that the focus can be determined not only for a surface with high optical contrast, such as a silicon wafer, but also for a weakly reflecting surface, such as fused silica glass. Further, for the probing wavelength of 405 nm, three sizes of polystyrene latex spheres, namely 200, 100, and 50 nm in diameter, are tested. Higher sensitivity was obtained as the sphere diameter became smaller. However, due to the fact that the scattering cross-section decreases as the sixth power of the nanosphere diameter, we envision that further size reduction of the studied sphere would not contribute to a drastic improvement in sensitivity. We believe that the proposed method can find applications in bio/nano detection, micromachining, and optical disk applications.
A temperature-dependent multilayer model for direct current carrying HTS coated-conductors under perpendicular AC magnetic fields
Authors: Ma Jun , Geng Jianzhao , Chan Wan Kan , Schwartz Justin , Coombs Tim
Published: January 2020

When a type II superconductor carrying a direct current is subjected to a perpendicular oscillating magnetic field, a direct current (DC) voltage will appear. This voltage can either result from dynamic resistance effect or from flux flow effect, or both. The temperature variation in the superconductor plays an important role in the nature of the voltage, and there has been little study of this so far. This paper presents and experimentally verifies a 2D temperature-dependent multilayer model of the second generation (2G) high temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors (CC), which is based on H-formulation and a general heat transfer equation. The model has coupled the electromagnetic and thermal physics, and it can simulate the behavior of 2G HTS coated conductors in various working conditions where the temperature rise has a significant impact. Representative electromagnetic phenomena such as the dynamic resistance effect and the flux flow effect, and thermal behavior like quench and recovery have been simulated. This thermal-coupled model is a powerful tool to study the thermal-electromagnetic behaviors of 2G HTS coated conductors in different working conditions, especially when the impact of temperature rise is important. This multilayer model is also very useful in analyzing the impact of different layers in the 2G HTS CCs, especially the metal stabilizer layers. It has been proven to be a very powerful tool to help understand more complicated characteristics in the CCs which could not be accurately measured or simulated by previous numerical models. The work is indicative and very useful in designing ac magnetic field controlled persistent current switches and flux pumps, in terms of increasing the off-state resistance, analyzing different sources of losses, minimizing detrimental losses, and enhancing the safety and stability.
Neutron/gamma pulse discrimination analysis of GS10 lithium glass and EJ-204 plastic scintillators
Authors: Hamrashdi H. Al , Monk S.D. , Cheneler D.
Published: January 2020

Two radiation sensitive scintillators known for their dual sensitivity to neutron and gamma-ray fields are investigated for their pulse discrimination abilities; a lithium glass GS10 inorganic scintillator and a fast organic plastic scintillator EJ-204. Each of these scintillators are optically coupled with an 8 × 8-silicon photomultiplier array to act as a photodetector. Pulse height analysis, the charge comparison method and pulse gradient analysis have all been applied here on neutron and gamma-ray events generated by a Cf-252 source. The three discrimination methods were evaluated based on the figure of merit of the probability density plots generated. Within a GS10 crystal, it has been deduced that pulse height analysis and pulse gradient analysis possess greater abilities to discriminate between the two radiation fields compared to the charge comparison method with both showing a figure of merit of over one. The charge comparison method indicated a lower discrimination ability with a figure of merit around 0.3. When the EJ-204 detector was used, it was deduced that only pulse height analysis exhibits discrimination abilities with a figure of merit around 0.6, while the other two discrimination methods presented no distinction between the two radiation fields.
Hydrodynamics modeling with MIKE system in the Semak Daun Lagoon, Seribu Islands Indonesia
Authors: Saenuddin  , Nurjaya I W , Bengen D G , Prartono T , Efendi I
Published: January 2020

At low tide condition, the Semak Daun Lagoon (SDL) barrier reef is drowned during high tide and appeared to the surface during low tide. How are hydrodynamics in low tide and tidal conditions? This study aims to examine the pattern and current velocity in the SDL under four tidal conditions. The two-dimension model is built based on two motion generations namely wind pressure and tides. The discretization of the equation uses the finite volume method. Domain discretization is divided into 14,575 triangular elements with a grid area of 1,000 m2. The results of the model, verified with observational data in the field, show the similarity of tidal patterns and current velocity as indicated by the MAPE value of 7.9%, meaning that the model is well constructed. Current patterns generally move from southwest to northeast at high tide to low tide condition and vice versa at low tide to high tide condition. At low tide, there is a buildup of water mass in the lagoon because the only channel north is functioning as an outlet. This causes a slowing of current flow inside the lagoon and acceleration in the northern canal. Current velocity ranges from 0.02-0.51 m.s−1. The pattern and speed of the current in the lagoon are dominantly influenced by tidal dynamics. Residual current velocity varies in the range of 0.01-0.04 m.s−1.
Seasonal variation of the Sunda Shelf Throughflow
Authors: Apriansyah  , Atmadipoera A S
Published: January 2020

The Sunda Shelf Throughflow (SSTF) is defined as a seasonal reversal shallow current system flowing from the South China Sea to the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region via the Natuna and Java Seas. This current system plays an important role on transferring heat and freshwater fluxes into the ITF system and vice versa. This paper aims to investigate seasonal changes of transport volume in three sections within the Sunda Shelf region (namely Natuna, Karimata and Java section). We used the validated daily ocean circulation model outputs from INDESO configuration between 2008 and 2014. It is shown that mean transport volume of the SSTF is relatively small on the order of -0.5Sv toward the ITF region (1Sv=106m3/s) due to a strong seasonal reversal flow of the SSTF forced by the monsoonal winds. However, on seasonal scale this transport volume strengthens drastically to about 2-3Sv (1-2 Sv) during the northwest (southeast) monsoon period, which is in good agreement with previous studies. Transport estimate in Java section is reduced to about -0.1Sv may be due to a leakage of the flow via Sunda Strait and also a strong recirculation of Makassar ITF into Java Sea.
Bio-fuel algal waste diet effect on growth and histological structure of Wader Pari (Rasbora lateristriata Bleeker, 1854) intestine
Authors: Manganang Y A P , Hananya A , Pujiyati S , Retnoaji B
Published: January 2020

Sufficient availability of good food quality is important for fish aquaculture in order to increase fish production. Microalga is one of alternative protein sources, and one among those is Chorella sp. Protein content of Chlorella sp. is very high, around 51- 58 % and consists of various kinds of essential fatty acids, which is important for fish nutrition. Recently, Algae also prospective source of ethanol biofuel. Ethanol extraction usually produce waste material, which still consist of high protein content, which valuable for fish feed sources. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the effects of fish food derived from algae biofuel-waste on growth and histological structure of wader pari (Rasbora lateristriata) intestine. Fish were divided into 5 groups of control negative (no additional protein), feed with waste algae, waste + Fresh algae, fresh algae and commercial fish food, respectively. The fish morphometry, weight, and intestine histological structure were examine. The results showed that fish feed treatment gave effect on fish growth and instestine histological structure. Algae waste feed showed similar performance to commercial fish feed on fish growth and showed no negatif effect on intestine villi length and goblet cells number, evidenced good prospect of algae waste as fish feed.
Distribution of fishing vessels derived Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Sensor and Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) in the Java Sea
Authors: Lumban-Gaol J , Syah A F , Arhatin R E , Natih N M N , Nurholis  , Kusumaningrum E E
Published: January 2020

We analyzed the distribution of Purse seine fishing vessels using fishing lamps derived from the Day/Night Band Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (DNB-VIIRS) sensor and Vessels Monitoring System (VMS) platform in the Java Sea. The data of fishing vessel distribution derived the DNB-VIIRS sensor and VMS platform was provided by NOAA Center for Environment Information and Global Fishing Watch respectively. The intensity of lights during the fishing operation was measured by a lux meter. The fishing vessel types that used light during fishing operations were small (< 15 units lamps) and large vessels (>15-unit lamps). The intensity of light in the big vessels (> 2,000 Lux) was higher than the small vessels (< 2,000 Lux). The average number of fishing vessels operating during the Southeast monsoon were more than those of the Northwest monsoon. The distribution of fishing vessels derived from the DNB-VIIRS sensor has a similar pattern with the VMS platform. Generally, the fishing vessels are concentrated along the southern coast of Borneo but in the Northwest monsoon shift towards the northwest of Java approaching the island of Sumatra.
Analysis of the area affected by the tsunami in Pandeglang, Banten: a case study of the Sunda Strait Tsunami
Authors: Farahdita W L , Siagian H S R
Published: January 2020

Pandeglang District becomes a concern because one of the locations had an impact on the Tsunami on December 22, 2018. Its position in the western waters and directly facing the Anak Krakatau Volcano is very potentially vulnerable. The Tsunami triggered by the volcanic activity of Anak Krakatau Volcano, mountain avalanche material. Evaluation regarding coastal land affected is also needed to anticipate future disasters. The study of the coastal areas affected by extraordinary events, such as the Tsunami, was carried out by stakeholders in evaluating coastal land to be more responsive to disasters. Three sub-districts with different morphology selected as samples of the affected areas, Labuan, Sumur, and Panimbang. We used highresolution Sentinel 2.0 images and Elevation Model Data (SRTM DEM) with unsupervised classification method to perform analysis of the area affected by Tsunami condition on coastal features. The results showed that the area affected especially the low land, as open land area at Labuan Sub-district was 189,298 Ha, Sumur Sub-district, 144,837 Ha, and Panimbang Sub-district was 282.852 Ha. Varied inundation range 50 - 200 meters from the coastline. The elevation of the three sub-districts shows vulnerable areas with an elevation of <2.5 m to 0.5 m above sea level.
Wetland monitoring through the deployment of an autonomous aerial platform
Authors: Valencia E A , Palma K A , Changoluisa I D , Hidalgo V H , Cruz P J , Cevallos C E , Ayala P J , Quisi D F , Jara N G
Published: January 2020

Wetlands in the Andean region have been altered and have been lost as a result of the agricultural frontier expansion and human activities. The disturbance of the paramo ecosystem by the destruction or alteration of the wetlands modifies the load and endowment of water to the hydrological systems, which provide water to main cities in the highlands. Therefore, the present work focuses on setting up the framework for wetland monitoring in the Andean paramo region using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). For this aim, the study was based on a mission profile using a fixed wing UAV incorporated with a RGB camera in one of the most documented wetlands in the Ecuadorian paramo region, Pugllohuma wetland. Furthermore, to assess the saturation of the wetland, field testing data has been collected to set the range values of saturation for the monitoring system. In the same way, a review regarding multispectral imagery for the assessment of water and vegetation indices is explored and highlighted for future work. This work is a first stage in the monitoring process and hence it aims to set a baseline study for the implementation of a more detailed methodology.
Computer aided design of an aquaculture equipment for the durable development of the marine ecosystem’s biodiversity
Authors: Ene A G , Mihai C
Published: January 2020

Modern aquaculture represents a major innovation in the field of fish production and has been the fastest growing food production sector, reaching an average worldwide growth rate of 6-8% per year. Aquaculture offers important possibilities and generates significant challenges, especially regarding the ecological sustainability of the production, as well as the quality and safety of the products. The epibiont encompass all marine invertebrates that, during the juvenile stages, attach themselves to hard natural supports (rock, submerged rocky platforms) and carry out their entire life cycle [1]. Through the “Strategic guidelines for the sustainable development of aquaculture in the EU”, the European Commission emphasizes the strategic nature of aquaculture production (as well as other productions in the primary sector), so that it can respond to future challenges related to food, natural resources and territories. In order to establish the design parameters of the aquaculture equipment intended for the expansion in space of the group of filtering organisms whose food value and ecological role in maintaining adequate physical, chemical and biological qualities of the seawater are well known, a specialized software was used in order to enable the optimal design and numerical simulation of the conditions in which the equipment operates.
Applied aquaponics to culture high value local species and ultimately reused and recycle the local materials to build the green and sustainable agriculture
Authors: Bich Tran Thi Ngoc , Yi-Ching Chen , Tri Doan Quang , Huynh Dang Khoa
Published: January 2020

Aquaponics is not a new technology including a wide variety of systems, but the interest has grown rapidly in recent years, especially in developing countries. Each system has different types and levels of costs and interest. Aquaponics can be implemented using low-cost materials making it more attractive farmers to diversify their incomes. This article examined the profitability of applied aquaponics in thoroughly reused, recycle local materials and the local species. Three sources of data were considered for the study: (1) commercial local species farms, (2) applied aquaponics farms and (3) published research. The first analysis compares the economics of local farms, traditional aquaponics and applied aquaponics systems under similar operations. Results suggest that the traditional aquaponics system requires higher investment and operating cost compared with the applied aquaponics system and local farms. The second analysis constructed on the aquaponics production of fish and plants as well as the returns. The study found that at the small scale of 1-year operation, applied aquaponics is the most profitable model ($1991.34) at 36 percentage of interest. It is more advantage to develop the economic, social by building environmental sustainability of agriculture to maximize food production through applied aquaponics. The economic efficiency of applied aquaponics in using multiple use of resources, primarily water and nutrients, and recycle certain infrastructural, management and labor costs will keep the aquaponics lasting and expanding to social life.
Comparison performance of machine learning and geostatistical methods for the interpolation of monthly air temperature over Costa Rica
Authors: Méndez M , Calvo-Valverde L.A
Published: January 2020

The performance of three machine learning (ML) methods; cubist regression (CR), random forest (RF) and generalized additive model using splines (GAM) in generating monthly air temperature grids over Costa Rica was evaluated against two heavily used geostatistical methods; ordinary kriging (OK) and kriging with external drift (KED). The skill of the interpolation methods was evaluated using a 10-fold cross-validation technique; selecting the root-mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the Pearson correlation-coefficient (R) as agreement metrics. To this purpose, data from an irregularly-distributed observational-network comprised by 73 weather-stations were selected for the period 1950-1987. Several spatial fields derived from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) were tested as covariants. Results from the 10-fold cross-validation test show that CR yielded the best individual performance followed by KED, whereas GAM performed worst. Elevation on the other hand, was the only covariant ultimately incorporated in the interpolation process, since the remaining spatial fields exhibited poor correlation with temperature or resulted in data redundancy. While the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of CR and KED can be said to be comparable, CR is considered the best approach since the method is unaffected by assumptions on data normality and homoscedasticity.
Perspectives on the Future of Epidemiology: A Framework for Training
Authors: Lau Bryan , Duggal Priya , Ehrhardt Stephan , Armenian Haroutune , Branas Charles C , Colditz Graham A , Fox Matthew P , Hawes Stephen E , He Jiang , Hofman Albert , Keyes Katherine , Ko Albert I , Lash Timothy L , Levy Deborah , Lu Michael , Morabia Alfredo , Ness Roberta , Nieto F Javier , Schisterman Enrique F , Stürmer Til , Szklo Moyses , Werler Martha , Wilcox Allen J , Celentano David D
Published: January 2020

Over the past century, the field of epidemiology has evolved and adapted to changing public health needs. Challenges include newly emerging public health concerns across broad and diverse content areas, new methods, and vast data sources. We recognize the need to engage and educate the next generation of epidemiologists and prepare them to tackle these issues of the 21st century. In this commentary, we suggest a skeleton framework upon which departments of epidemiology should build their curriculum. We propose domains that include applied epidemiology, biological and social determinants of health, communication, creativity and ability to collaborate and lead, statistical methods, and study design. We believe all students should gain skills across these domains to tackle the challenges posed to us. The aim is to train smart thinkers, not technicians, to embrace challenges and move the expanding field of epidemiology forward.
The Target of Exuberant Projections in Development
Authors: Innocenti Giorgio M
Published: January 2020

In addition to neuronal death and elimination of synapses, the production of transient, exuberant axons, and axonal branches is a general phenomenon in development across species and systems. To understand what drives the decision of which axons are maintained and which are eliminated, it is important to monitor the interaction of juvenile axons at their target. As old and more recent work show, unlike what is claimed by Ribeiro Gomez et al. (2019), in the cerebral cortex, both classes of axons branch in the white matter near the target; axons destined to be maintained massively invade the gray matter where they develop terminal arbors and synapses. Axons destined to elimination remain in the white matter although a few transient, exploratory branches can enter the cortex. Axonal behavior and fate seem dictated by positional information probably conveyed by thalamic afferents and activity. Unlike what is suggested by Ribeiro Gomez et al. (2019), axonal selection should not be confused with synaptic reduction, which is a later event with minor or no impact on the topography of the connection.
Immediate dilation in esophageal food impaction is safe and effective but performed infrequently: observations from a large Midwest US cohort
Authors: Kassim Thamer , Gapp Jonathan , Walters Ryan W , Reddymasu Savio , Chandra Subhash
Published: January 2020

This study aimed to determine the rate and safety of immediate esophageal dilation for esophageal food bolus impaction (EFBI) and evaluate its impact on early recurrence (i.e. prior to interval esophageal dilation) from a large Midwest US cohort. We also report practice patterns among community and academic gastroenterologists practicing in similar settings. We identified adult patients with a primary discharge diagnosis for EFBI from January 2012 to June 2018 using our institutional database. Pregnant patients, incarcerated patients, and patients with esophageal neoplasm were excluded. The primary outcome measured was rate of complications with immediate esophageal dilation after disimpaction of EFBI. Secondary outcomes were recurrence of food bolus impaction prior to scheduled interval endoscopy for dilation, practice patterns between academic and private gastroenterologists, and adherence to follow-up endoscopy. Two-hundred and fifty-six patients met our inclusion criteria. Esophageal dilation was performed in 46 patients (18%) at the time of disimpaction. A total of 45 gastroenterologists performed endoscopies for EFBI in our cohort. Twenty-five (62%) did not perform immediate esophageal dilation, and only 5 (11%) performed immediate dilation on greater than 50% of cases. Academic gastroenterologists performed disimpaction of EFBI for 102 patients, immediate dilation as performed in 20 patients and interval dilation was recommended in 82 patients. Of these 82, only 31 patients (38%) did not return for interval dilation. Four patients who did not undergo immediate dilation, presented with recurrent EFBI prior to interval dilation, within 3 months. None of the patients had complications. Complications with immediate esophageal dilation after disimpaction of EFBI are infrequent but are rarely performed. Failure of immediate dilation increases the risk of EFBI recurrence. Given poor patient adherence to interval dilation, immediate dilation is recommended.
Detecting repeating aftershocks in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, Central China
Authors: Tang Chi-Chia , Xu Han , Zhu Lupei , Huang Rong , Luo Yinhe
Published: January 2020

Slippage on a deep fault, which cannot be directly measured, can be inferred from repeating earthquakes. Here, we use a matched filter technique (MFT) to detect missing earthquakes near the Xiannvshan fault in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of Central China. We detected 13 repeating aftershock sequences (RASs) containing 107 events after a Ms 4.4 local earthquake that occurred on 26 March 2014. The RASs occurred in the vicinity of the Ms 4.4 main shock hypocentre and were concentrated within a depth range of 4–7 km. The short-term slip rates estimated from these RASs varied from ∼0.001 to 0.31 mm d–1. The slip rates of the RASs followed an approximately logarithmic decay with RAS duration, suggesting that the deep Xiannvshan fault behaviour tended to follow the logarithmic velocity-strengthening friction law. Relatively high-stress RAS events seemed to influence the occurrence of other RAS events whereas we found no evidence that high-stress nearby events, including a Ms 4.6 local earthquake that occurred on 29 March 2014, triggered the RAS events. We suggest that the fault stress change caused by the Ms 4.4 main shock played a role in triggering the RAS events. Our results demonstrate that the MFT can effectively help identify repeating aftershocks, which could help decipher fault zone rheology.
Introduction
Authors: Owens Patricia , Baylis John , Smith Steve
Published: January 2020

This text offers a comprehensive analysis of world politics in a global era. It examines the main theories of world politics—realism, liberalism, Marxism, social constructivism, poststructuralism, post-colonialism, and feminism. It reviews the main structures and processes that shape contemporary world politics, such as global political economy, international security, war, gender, and race. Furthermore, it addresses some of the main policy issues in the globalized world, including poverty, human rights, and the environment. This introduction offers some arguments both for and against seeing globalization as an important new development in world politics. It also explains the various terms used to describe world politics and the academic field, particularly the use of ‘world politics’ rather than ‘international politics’ or ‘international relations’. Finally, it summarizes the main assumptions underlying realism, liberalism, Marxism, social constructivism, post-structuralism, post-colonialism, and feminism.