bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Гетерогенность популяций и адаптация к технологии содержания домашних свиней: причины формирования
Authors: Князев С. П. , Никитин С. В. , Ермолаев В. И.
Published: October 2021

Проведён анализ результатов исследований популяций домашних свиней за 25-летний период, что позволило рассмотреть ряд положений о роли естественных процессов и стандартизирующего отбора при адаптации популяций к технологическим условиям. Показано, что формирование межпопуляционных различий является результатом естественных генетико-стохастических процессов, а внутрипопуляционные различия (между линиями и семействами) обусловлены соответственно полиморфизмом генов Y-хромосомы и митохондриальной ДНК. Полиморфизм генетических маркеров в популяциях домашних свиней является следствием проводимых человеком скрещиваний при формировании современных пород, но сам набор этих маркеров в каждой породе и популяции изначально случаен. Ассоциации генетических маркеров в популяциях оказываются результатом независимых процессов: естественного догаметного отбора хромосом (на стадии гаметогенеза) и искусственного стандартизирующего отбора. Обнаружено, что частота носителей эндогенных ретровирусов PERV в популяциях свиней связана с условиями внешней среды и отражает уровень благополучия популяции. Построена модель связи гомо- и гетерозиготности популяции свиней с вариацией количественных признаков: развитие гетерозигот может быть нестабильным ввиду наличия у них большего числа степеней свободы при реализации фенотипа. Гены локусов, которые формируют генотипы, соответствующие определению: «генотипу соответствует множество фенотипов, а фенотипу соответствует множество генотипов», названы авторами «генами адаптации». Вклад стандартизирующего отбора растёт по мере прогресса породообразования, при этом увеличивается гетерогенность. Доместикационная часть генома Sus scrofa состоит из консервативной гомозиготной базовой части и зависимой от условий среды гетерозиготной «надстройки». Поэтому в популяциях современных «коммерческих» пород свиней сформированы, на первый взгляд, парадоксальные генетические компаунды, обеспечивающие необходимый адаптационный потенциал. Так, в локусах, регулирующих онтогенез, в гетерозиготном состоянии сохраняются рецессивные аллели, детерминирующие низкую скорость роста, - из-за повышенной приспособленности гетерозигот, у которых аллели, увеличивающие эмбриональную смертность, являются оптимизаторами желательной величины помёта.
Использование авторитетного файла как многофункционального инструмента: опыт Сибирской научной сельскохозяйственной библиотеки - филиала ГПНТБ СО РАН
Authors: Гарке Т. М. , Кретова Е. А.
Published: October 2021

Представлен опыт СибНСХБ по созданию, ведению и многофункциональному использованию в САБ ИРБИС 64 собственного авторитетного файла наименований организаций для авторитетного контроля в процессе машиночитаемой каталогизации, расширения поисковых возможностей информационных ресурсов библиотеки, а также в качестве уникального многоаспектного электронного справочника научных организаций сельскохозяйственного профиля Сибири. Приведены принципы, положенные в основу авторитетного файла. Дана характеристика авторитетного файла СибНСХБ, включающего более 6,6 тыс. авторитетных записей на заголовки постоянных и временных организаций на русском и основных европейских языках, описаны его функции, а также механизм авторитетного контроля. Особое внимание в статье уделено использованию авторитетного файла для ввода и структурирования данных, полученных в рамках научного исследования «Развитие системы информационного обеспечения аграрной науки и образования Сибири с учетом изменений, происходящих в экономической, научной и информационной сфере». Обобщен материал о результатах проведенной авторитетной работы, связанной с изменениями наименований и организационно-правовых форм научных организаций в условиях реорганизации.
Wood Splitting Machine for Tea and Bakery Industries
Authors:   University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Lankapura W.K. , Alahapperuma K.G. ,   University of Moratuwa,  Sri Lanka
Published: October 2021

In Sri Lanka, firewood is regarded as a common conventional fuel, mainly in food preparation purposes. Essentially due to economically availability, firewood has still been using as the main source to lit fire in rural areas. Other than for household food preparation, firewood is still the main source of generating heat in food related rural industries, such as tea factories, bakeries, hotels etc. In tea factories and in some of the bakeries, firewood is used in mass scales. Even tons of fire wood is used in each of them, per day. To make easy burning, the wood logs need to be cut in to small pieces. In almost all such places, wood splitting is done manually. It finds very difficult to split wood logs by using an axe. This needs time and more manpower. On the other hand, an additional cost is involved for workers’ payment. If the wood splitting can be mechanized, it may be huge beneficial for such industries as tea factories and bakeries etc. Therefore, this project is aimed to introduce a wood splitting machine, which has the specific objectives of efficient supply of usable level firewood at a shorter time with lower cost and without much manpower to split firewood logs. Lower maintenance requirement together with lower failure frequencies may be added advantages, when compared to the hydraulic devices [4].
Visual deterioration after endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: causes, treatments, and outcomes
Authors: Carnevale Joseph A. , Babu Christopher S. , Goldberg Jacob L. , Fong Reginald , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Visual deterioration after endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) for sellar and parasellar masses is a rare but serious complication caused by either compressive or ischemic mechanisms. Timely diagnosis and intervention may restore vision if instituted appropriately. The associated risk factors and their relation to the success of intervention are not well understood.

METHODS

The authors examined a series of 1200 consecutive EETS cases performed by the senior author at Weill Cornell/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital from 2010 to 2020. Cases with postoperative visual deterioration were identified. Pre- and postoperative clinical data, mechanism of visual decline, latency to intervention, and long-term visual outcome were retrospectively collected and analyzed with appropriate statistical methods.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients (1.75%) complained of early postoperative visual deterioration. The most common pathology associated with postoperative visual loss was craniopharyngioma (7.69%), followed by meningioma (5.43%) and then pituitary adenoma (1.94%). Timely intervention restored vision in 81% of patients for a 0.33% rate of permanent visual deterioration. Average time to visual deterioration was 28.8 hours, and over 70% of patients experienced vision loss within the first 13 hours. Compressive etiology (n = 11), consisting of either hematoma (n = 8) or graft displacement (n = 3), occurred 7.3 hours and 70.3 hours after surgery, respectively, and was more common in adenomas. Acute postoperative visual deterioration was more common in firm closures (4.78%) compared with soft closures (1.03%; p = 0.0006). Ischemic etiology (n = 10) occurred 10.3 hours after surgery and was more common with craniopharyngiomas and meningiomas (p = 0.08). Sixteen patients (76.2%) underwent early reoperation to explore and decompress the optic apparatus. Vision was restored to baseline after reoperation in all 11 compressive cases, whereas 6/10 ischemic cases improved with supplemental oxygen and hypervolemic hypertensive therapy (p = 0.02). Fluid expansion from 8 to 16 hours (p = 0.034) and systolic blood pressure elevation from 32 to 48 hours (p = 0.05) after surgery were significantly higher in those ischemic patients who recovered some vision compared with those with persistent visual deficits.

CONCLUSIONS

Visual deterioration after EETS is a rare event but can be effectively treated if acted upon appropriately and in a timely fashion. Compressive etiology is reversible with early reoperation. Ischemic etiology can be successfully treated in roughly half of cases with supplemental oxygen and hypertensive hypervolemic therapy but may result in permanent visual deterioration if not instituted appropriately or if delayed with unnecessary exploratory surgery.
Quality metrics in adult spinal deformity surgery over the last decade: a combined analysis of the largest prospective multicenter data sets
Authors: Pellisé Ferran , Serra-Burriel Miquel , Vila-Casademunt Alba , Gum Jeffrey L. , Obeid Ibrahim , Smith Justin S. , Kleinstück Frank S. , Bess Shay , Pizones Javier , Lafage Virginie , Pérez-Grueso Francisco Javier S. , Schwab Frank J. , Burton Douglas C. , Klineberg Eric O. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Alanay Ahmet , Ames Christopher P. , _ _
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

The reported rate of complications and cost of adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery, associated with an exponential increase in the number of surgeries, cause alarm among healthcare payers and providers worldwide. The authors conjointly analyzed the largest prospective available ASD data sets to define trends in quality-of-care indicators (complications, reinterventions, and health-related quality of life [HRQOL] outcomes) since 2010.

METHODS

This is an observational prospective longitudinal cohort study. Patients underwent surgery between January 2010 and December 2016, with > 2 years of follow-up data. Demographic, surgical, radiological, and HRQOL (i.e., Oswestry Disability Index, SF-36, Scoliosis Research Society-22r) data obtained preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery were evaluated. Trends and changes in indicators were analyzed using local regression (i.e., locally estimated scatterplot smoothing [LOESS]) and adjusted odds ratio (OR).

RESULTS

Of the 2286 patients included in the 2 registries, 1520 underwent surgery between 2010 and 2016. A total of 1151 (75.7%) patients who were treated surgically at 23 centers in 5 countries met inclusion criteria. Patient recruitment increased progressively (2010–2011 vs 2015–2016: OR 1.64, p < 0.01), whereas baseline clinical characteristics (age, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, HRQOL scores, sagittal deformity) did not change. Since 2010 there has been a sustained reduction in major and minor postoperative complications observed at 90 days (major: OR 0.59; minor: OR 0.65; p < 0.01); at 1 year (major: OR 0.52; minor: 0.75; p < 0.01); and at 2 years of follow-up (major: OR 0.4; minor: 0.80; p < 0.01) as well as in the 2-year reintervention rate (OR 0.41, p < 0.01). Simultaneously, there has been a slight improvement in the correction of sagittal deformity (i.e., pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch: OR 1.11, p = 0.19) and a greater gain in quality of life (i.e., Oswestry Disability Index 26% vs 40%, p = 0.02; Scoliosis Research Society-22r, self-image domain OR 1.16, p = 0.13), and these are associated with a progressive reduction of surgical aggressiveness (number of fused segments: OR 0.81, p < 0.01; percent pelvic fixation: OR 0.66, p < 0.01; percent 3-column osteotomies: OR 0.63, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The best available data show a robust global improvement in quality metrics in ASD surgery over the last decade. Surgical complications and reoperations have been reduced by half, while improvement in disability increased and correction rates were maintained, in patients with similar baseline characteristics.
Quantification of tumor response of cystic vestibular schwannoma to Gamma Knife radiosurgery by using artificial intelligence
Authors: Huang Chih-Ying , Peng Syu-Jyun , Wu Hsiu-Mei , Yang Huai-Che , Chen Ching-Jen , Wang Mao-Che , Hu Yong-Sin , Chen Yu-Wei , Lin Chung-Jung , Guo Wan-Yuo , Pan David Hung-Chi , Chung Wen-Yuh , Lee Cheng-Chia
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a common treatment modality for vestibular schwannoma (VS). The ability to predict treatment response is important in patient counseling and decision-making. The authors developed an algorithm that can automatically segment and differentiate cystic and solid tumor components of VS. They also investigated associations between the quantified radiological features of each component and tumor response after GKRS.

METHODS

This is a retrospective study comprising 323 patients with VS treated with GKRS. After preprocessing and generation of pretreatment T2-weighted (T2W)/T1-weighted with contrast (T1WC) images, the authors segmented VSs into cystic and solid components by using fuzzy C-means clustering. Quantitative radiological features of the entire tumor and its cystic and solid components were extracted. Linear regression models were implemented to correlate clinical variables and radiological features with the specific growth rate (SGR) of VS after GKRS.

RESULTS

A multivariable linear regression model of radiological features of the entire tumor demonstrated that a higher tumor mean signal intensity (SI) on T2W/T1WC images (p < 0.001) was associated with a lower SGR after GKRS. Similarly, a multivariable linear regression model using radiological features of cystic and solid tumor components demonstrated that a higher solid component mean SI (p = 0.039) and a higher cystic component mean SI (p = 0.004) on T2W/T1WC images were associated with a lower SGR after GKRS. A larger cystic component proportion (p = 0.085) was associated with a trend toward a lower SGR after GKRS.

CONCLUSIONS

Radiological features of VSs on pretreatment MRI that were quantified using fuzzy C-means were associated with tumor response after GKRS. Tumors with a higher tumor mean SI, a higher solid component mean SI, and a higher cystic component mean SI on T2W/T1WC images were more likely to regress in volume after GKRS. Those with a larger cystic component proportion also trended toward regression after GKRS. Further refinement of the algorithm may allow direct prediction of tumor response.
Flexible thecoscopy for extensive spinal arachnoiditis
Authors: Mastorakos Panagiotis , Pomeraniec I. Jonathan , Bryant Jean-Paul , Chittiboina Prashant , Heiss John D.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Chronic adhesive spinal arachnoiditis (SA) is a complex disease process that results in spinal cord tethering, CSF flow blockage, intradural adhesions, spinal cord edema, and sometimes syringomyelia. When it is focal or restricted to fewer than 3 spinal segments, the disease responds well to open surgical approaches. More extensive arachnoiditis extending beyond 4 spinal segments has a much worse prognosis because of less adequate removal of adhesions and a higher propensity for postoperative scarring and retethering. Flexible neuroendoscopy can extend the longitudinal range of the surgical field with a minimalist approach. The authors present a cohort of patients with severe cervical and thoracic arachnoiditis and myelopathy who underwent flexible endoscopy to address arachnoiditis at spinal segments not exposed by open surgical intervention. These observations will inform subsequent efforts to improve the treatment of extensive arachnoiditis.

METHODS

Over a period of 3 years (2017–2020), 10 patients with progressive myelopathy were evaluated and treated for extensive SA. Seven patients had syringomyelia, 1 had spinal cord edema, and 2 had spinal cord distortion. Surgical intervention included 2- to 5-level thoracic laminectomy, microscopic lysis of adhesions, and then lysis of adhesions at adjacent spinal levels performed using a rigid or flexible endoscope. The mean follow-up was 5 months (range 2–15 months). Neurological function was examined using standard measures. MRI was used to assess syrinx resolution.

RESULTS

The mean length of syringes was 19.2 ± 10 cm, with a mean maximum diameter of 7.0 ± 2.9 mm. Patients underwent laminectomies averaging 3.7 ± 0.9 (range 2–5) levels in length followed by endoscopy, which expanded exposure by an average of another 2.4 extra segments (6.1 ± 4.0 levels total). Endoscopic dissection of extensive arachnoiditis in the dorsal subarachnoid space proceeded through a complex network of opaque arachnoidal bands and membranes bridging from the dorsal dura mater to the spinal cord. In less severely problematic areas, the arachnoid membrane was transparent and attached to the spinal cord through multifocal arachnoid adhesions bridging the subarachnoid space. The endoscope did not compress or injure the spinal cord.

CONCLUSIONS

Intrathecal endoscopy allowed visual assessment and safe removal of intradural adhesions beyond the laminectomy margins. Further development of this technique should improve its effectiveness in opening the subarachnoid space and untethering the spinal cord in cases of extensive chronic adhesive SA.
The semisitting position in pediatric neurosurgery: pearls and pitfalls of a 10-year experience
Authors: Teping Fritz , Linsler Stefan , Zemlin Michael , Oertel Joachim
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to investigate the pearls and pitfalls of using the semisitting position in pediatric neurosurgery, with special focus on related morbidity and surgical practicability.

METHODS

All pediatric cases at a single institution were evaluated retrospectively. Those patients who underwent procedures in the semisitting position between December 2010 and December 2020 were included in the final analysis. Results were compared with all children who underwent surgery in the prone position for posterior fossa lesions within the same time frame.

RESULTS

A total of 42 posterior fossa surgeries were performed in 38 children in the semisitting position between December 2010 and December 2020. The mean patient age at the time of surgery was 8.9 years (range 13 months–18 years). The data of 24 surgeries performed in the prone position in 22 children during the same time frame were analyzed in comparison. Three children (7.9%) were diagnosed with a persistent foramen ovale preoperatively. The surgery was completed in all cases. The incidence of venous air embolism (VAE) was 11.9%. There was no VAE-related hemodynamic instability, infarction, or death. Endoscopic techniques were applied safely in 14 cases (33.3%). Postoperative pneumocephalus occurred significantly more frequently in patients who had undergone procedures in the semisitting position (p < 0.05), but without the need for intervention. During 1 surgery (2.4%), the patient experienced a postoperative skull fracture and epidural bleeding due to the skull clamp application. Clinical status of the patients immediately after surgery was improved or stable in 33 of the 42 surgeries (78.6%) performed in the semisitting position.

CONCLUSIONS

With attentive performance and an experienced surgical team, the semisitting position is a safe option for posterior fossa surgery in the pediatric population. With a comparable complication profile, the semisitting position offers excellent anatomical exposure, which is ideal for the application of endoscopic visualization. Careful skull clamp application and appropriate monitoring are highly recommended.
Rates of early complications and mortality in patients older than 80 years of age after surgical treatment of acute traumatic spinal fractures: ankylosing spondylitis versus osteoporosis
Authors: Ishak Basem , Frieler Sven , Rustagi Tarush , von Glinski Alexander , Blecher Ronen , Norvell Daniel C. , Unterberg Andreas , Strot Sarah , Roh Jeffrey , Hart Robert A. , Oskouian Rod , Chapman Jens R.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to analyze the early complications and mortality associated with multilevel spine surgery for unstable fractures in patients older than 80 years of age with ankylosing spondylitis and to compare the results with an age- and sex-matched cohort of patients with unstable osteoporotic fractures.

METHODS

A retrospective review of the electronic medical records at a single institution was conducted between January 2014 and December 2019. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, complications, hospital course, and 90-day mortality were collected. Comorbidities were stratified using the age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

RESULTS

Among 11,361 surgically treated patients, 22 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS group) and 24 patients with osteoporosis (OS group) were identified. The mean ages were 83.1 ± 3.1 years and 83.2 ± 2.6 years, respectively. A significant difference in the mean CCI score was found (7.6 vs 5.6; p < 0.001). Multilevel posterior fusion procedures were conducted in all patients, with 6.7 ± 1.4 fused levels in the AS group and 7.1 ± 1.1 levels fused in the OS group (p > 0.05). Major complications developed in 10 patients (45%) in the AS group compared with 4 patients (17%) in the OS group (p < 0.05). The 90-day mortality was 36% in the AS group compared with 0% in the OS group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients older than 80 years of age with AS bear a high risk of adverse events after multilevel spinal fusion procedures. The high morbidity and 90-day mortality should be clearly discussed and carefully weighed against surgical treatment.
Management of spine fractures in ankylosing spondylitis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a challenge
Authors: Schwendner Maximilian , Seule Martin , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Ankylosing spinal disorders (ASDs) such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) are complex diseases regarding diagnostics, treatment, and patient outcome, especially in trauma. Originating from rigid biomechanics and low bone quality in considerably comorbid patients, serious spinal injury requires thorough and immediate imaging and is frequently missed. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient characteristics as well as procedures in patients with ASD in order to identify the major particularities of treatment.

METHODS

A total of 60 patients aged 78.5 ± 8.9 years were retrospectively included. Preoperative imaging as well as surgical treatment procedures and postoperative patient outcome were analyzed, including 30-day readmissions.

RESULTS

CT imaging of the entire spine was performed within 24 hours after the initial trauma in 73.3% of patients. A delay in diagnostics (> 24 hours) occurred in 41.7% of patients transferred from primary care centers. At admission, 25.0% of patients had fracture-related neurological deficits (American Spinal Injury Association [ASIA] grades A and B in 4 patients, and ASIA grades C and D in 11 patients). A spinal epidural hematoma was found in 21.2% of patients and was symptomatic in 72.7% of those patients. Of the patients with fracture-related neurological deficits, 93.3% were operated on within 48 hours from symptom onset. One patient (1.7%) developed neurological deficits from diagnosis to surgery. Postoperatively, 18.3% of patients had surgical complications, and 76.7% of patients developed further medical issues, with pneumonia (38.3%), pulmonary decompensation (25.0%), and cardiac decompensation (20.0%) being the leading causes. The 30-day mortality rate was high at 10.0%.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment of patients with ASDs is complex. While surgical outcome is usually good, the multimorbid nature of these patients results in a high rate of major medical complications. If an ankylosing disease is suspected, MRI of the entire spine is mandatory. Upon diagnosis, treatment should be performed in centers capable of managing all aspects of the regular complications these patients will develop.
Epidural hematoma in patients with ankylosing spondylitis requiring surgical stabilization: a single-institution retrospective review with literature analysis
Authors: Hanna George , Uddin Syed-Abdullah , Trontis Andrew , Ross Lindsey , Drazin Doniel , Kim Terrence T. , Johnson J. Patrick
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the sacroiliac joints and axial spine that is closely linked with human leukocyte antigen–B27. There appears to be an increased frequency of associated epidural hematomas in spine fractures in patients with AS. The objective was to review the incidence within the literature and a single-institution experience of the occurrence of epidural hematoma in the context of patients with AS requiring spine surgery.

METHODS

Deep 6 AI software was used to search the entire database of patients at a single level I trauma center (since the advent of the institution’s modern electronic health record system) to look at all patients with AS who underwent spinal surgery and who had a diagnosis of epidural hematoma. Additionally, a systemic literature review was performed of all papers evaluating the incidence of epidural hematoma in patients with spine fractures.

RESULTS

A single-institution, retrospective review of records from 2009 to 2020 yielded a total of 164 patients with AS who underwent spine surgery. Of those patients, 17 (10.4%) had epidural hematomas on imaging, with the majority requiring surgical decompression. These spine fractures occurred close to the cervicothoracic or thoracolumbar junction. The patients ranged in age from 51 to 88 years, and there were 14 males and 3 females in the cohort. Eight patients were administered an antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agent, and the rest were not. All patients required surgical stabilization, with 64.7% of patients also requiring decompressive laminectomies for evacuation of the hematoma and spinal cord decompression. Only 1 death was reported in the series. There was a tendency toward neurological improvement after surgical intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

AS has been a well-described pathologic process that leads to an increased risk of three-column injury in spine fracture, with an increased incidence of symptomatic epidural hematoma compared with patients without AS. Early recognition of this entity is important to ensure that appropriate surgical management includes addressing compression of the neural elements in addition to surgical stabilization.
Endoscopic resection through a retrosigmoid transmeatal approach of a large-sized vestibular schwannoma: operative video and technical nuances
Authors: Giovannini Sebastián J. M. , Caffaratti Guido , Centeno Tomas Ries , Ruella Mauro , Villamil Facundo , Marengo Ricardo , Cervio Andrés
Published: October 2021

Surgical management of vestibular schwannomas has improved over the last 30 years. Whereas in the past the primary goal was to preserve the patient’s life, today neurological function safeguarding is the main objective, with numerous strategies involving single resection, staged resections, postoperative radiosurgery, or single radiosurgery.

The retrosigmoid approach remains the primary pathway for surgical access to the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The use of an endoscope has great advantages. It contributes to the visualization and resection of residual tumor and also reduces the need for cerebellar retraction.

The authors present a fully endoscopic resection of a large-sized vestibular schwannoma with facial nerve preservation.

The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID21106
Translabyrinthine resection of NF2 associated vestibular schwannoma with cochlear implant insertion
Authors: Hannan Cathal John , Sharma Priya , Smith Matthew Edward , Glancz Laurence Johann , O’Driscoll Martin , King Andrew Thomas , Hammerbeck-Ward Charlotte , Evans Dafydd Gareth , Rutherford Scott Alexander , Lloyd Simon Kinsella , Freeman Simon Richard Mackenzie , Pathmanaban Omar Nathan
Published: October 2021

The authors present the case of a 24-year-old female with neurofibromatosis type 2. Growth of the left vestibular schwannoma and progressive hearing loss prompted the decision to proceed to translabyrinthine resection with cochlear nerve preservation and cochlear implant insertion. Complete resection with preservation of the facial and cochlear nerves was achieved. The patient had grade 1 facial function and was discharged on postoperative day 4 following suturing of a minor CSF leak. This case highlights the feasibility of cochlear nerve preservation and cochlear implant insertion in appropriately selected patients, offering a combination of effective tumor control and hearing rehabilitation.

The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2021.7.FOCVID21122
Rate of craniometric change following suture release in patients with metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis
Authors: Leclair Nathan K. , Lambert William A. , Knopf Joshua , Stoltz Petronella , Hersh David S. , Martin Jonathan E. , Bookland Markus J.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Craniosynostosis is a congenital disorder resulting from the premature fusion of cranial sutures in the infant skull. This condition results in significant cosmetic deformity and can impede neurodevelopment, if left untreated. Currently, rates of craniometric change following minimally invasive surgery have only been examined for sagittal craniosynostosis. A better understanding of postoperative skull adaptations in other craniosynostosis subtypes is needed to objectively categorize surgical outcomes and guide length of cranial orthosis therapy.

METHODS

Eleven patients with sagittal and 8 with metopic craniosynostosis treated using endoscopic strip craniectomy and postoperative helmet orthoses were retrospectively reviewed. Using semiautomated image analysis of top-down orthogonal 2D photographs, the following craniometrics were recorded before surgery and at postoperative visits: cephalic index (CI), cranial vault asymmetry index (CVAI), anterior arc angle (AAA), posterior arc angle (PAA), anterior-middle width ratio (AMWR), anterior-posterior width ratio (APWR), left-right height ratio (LRHR), sagittal Hu moment (Sag-Hu), and brachycephaly Hu moment (Brachy-Hu). These craniometrics were then normalized to photograph-based measurements of normocephalic patients and the rates of change between metopic and sagittal craniosynostoses were compared.

RESULTS

Patients with sagittal craniosynostosis exhibited significantly lower CI, lower PAA, higher AMWR, higher APWR, lower Sag-Hu, and higher Brachy-Hu preoperatively compared to patients with normocephalic craniosynostosis. Patients with metopic craniosynostosis exhibited lower AAA and AMWR preoperatively compared to normocephalic subjects. Sagittal and metopic patients had a rapid initial change in normalized CI or AAA, respectively. Craniometric rates of change that significantly differed between metopic and sagittal patients were found in AAA (p < 0.001), AMWR (p < 0.001), and APWR (p < 0.0001). Metopic patients had a prolonged AAA change with a significantly different rate of change up to 6 months postoperatively (median at 3 months = 0.027 normalized units/day, median at 6 months = 0.017 normalized units/day, and median at > 6 months = 0.007 normalized units/day), while sagittal CI rate of change at these time points was not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with metopic craniosynostosis have a prolonged rate of change compared to patients with sagittal craniosynostosis and may benefit from longer helmet use and extended postoperative follow-up. Categorizing craniometric changes for other craniosynostosis subtypes will be important for evaluating current treatment guidelines.
Arterial spin labeling as an ancillary assessment to postoperative conventional angiogram in pediatric moyamoya disease
Authors: Lang Shih-Shan , Tucker Alexander M. , Schreiber Craig , Storm Phillip B. , Liu Hongyan , Li Yimei , Ichord Rebecca , Beslow Lauren A. , Sedora-Roman Neda I. , Cox Mougnyan , Nasser Hussein , Vossough Arastoo , Fisher Michael J. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Huh Jimmy W.
Published: October 2021

OBJECTIVE

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is commonly performed after pial synangiosis surgery for pediatric moyamoya disease to assess the degree of neovascularization. However, angiography is invasive, and the risk of ionizing radiation is a concern in children. In this study, the authors aimed to identify whether arterial spin labeling (ASL) can predict postoperative angiogram grading. In addition, they sought to determine whether patients who underwent ASL imaging without DSA had similar postoperative outcomes when compared with patients who received ASL imaging and postoperative DSA.

METHODS

The medical records of pediatric patients who underwent pial synangiosis for moyamoya disease at a quaternary children’s hospital were reviewed during a 10-year period. ASL-only and ASL+DSA cohorts were analyzed. The frequency of preoperative and postoperative symptoms was analyzed within each cohort. Three neuroradiologists assigned a visual ASL grade for each patient indicating the change from the preoperative to postoperative ASL perfusion sequences. A postoperative neovascularization grade was also assigned for patients who underwent DSA.

RESULTS

Overall, 21 hemispheres of 14 patients with ASL only and 14 hemispheres of 8 patients with ASL+DSA were analyzed. The groups had similar rates of MRI evidence of acute or chronic stroke preoperatively (61.9% in the ASL-only group and 64.3% in the ASL+DSA group). In the entire cohort, transient ischemic attack (TIA) (p = 0.027), TIA composite (TIA or unexplained neurological symptoms; p = 0.0006), chronic headaches (p = 0.035), aphasia (p = 0.019), and weakness (p = 0.001) all had decreased frequency after intervention. The authors found a positive association between revascularization observed on DSA and the visual ASL grading (p = 0.048). The visual ASL grades in patients with an angiogram indicating robust neovascularization demonstrated improved perfusion when compared with the ASL grades of patients with a poor neovascularization.

CONCLUSIONS

Noninvasive ASL perfusion imaging had an association with postoperative DSA neoangiogenesis following pial synangiosis surgery in children. There were no significant postoperative stroke differences between the ASL-only and ASL+DSA cohorts. Both cohorts demonstrated significant improvement in preoperative symptoms after surgery. Further study in larger cohorts is necessary to determine whether the results of this study are validated in order to circumvent the invasive catheter angiogram.
Postępowanie w sprawach o naruszenie posiadania, czyli o konieczności ograniczenia ilości postępowań odrębnych w Kodeksie postępowania cywilnego. Wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Góra- Błaszczykowska Agnieszka
Published: October 2021

Podjęcie tematu wynika ze zwiększania liczby postępowań odrębnych w Kodeksie postępowania cywilnego, co powoduje odwrócenie istniejącej uprzednio i naturalnej proporcji między postępowaniem zwykłym, służącym rozpoznawaniu większości spraw, a postępowaniami odrębnymi, mającymi służyć wyłącznie rozpoznawaniu pewnych rodzajów spraw.

Przepisy art. 478 i 479 K.p.c. budzą poważne wątpliwości w praktyce sądów, nie są adekwatne do potrzeb praktyki i nie są w pełni skorelowane z przepisami prawa materialnego. Dlatego postępowanie w sprawach o naruszenie posiadania nie wymaga, zdaniem autorki, odrębnej regulacji i powinno zostać usunięte z Kodeksu.
Umocowanie wspólnika do reprezentowania spółki jawnej a prawo i obowiązek prowadzenia jej spraw
Authors: Bucior Dariusz
Published: October 2021

Artykuł dotyczy relacji między „prawem reprezentowania spółki” (art. 29 § 1 k.s.h.) a „prawem i obowiązkiem prowadzenia spraw spółki” (art. 39 § 1 k.s.h.). Terminy te opisują status wspólników jako zarządców spółki. W pierwszym kroku przedstawiono stanowisko literatury niemieckiej w odniesieniu do takich samych zwrotów użytych w niemieckim kodeksie handlowym; stanowisko nawiązujące do XIX-wiecznej koncepcji P. Labanda rozróżnienia umocowania oraz zlecenia. Następnie poddano krytycznej analizie prezentowane w polskiej literaturze poglądy na temat relacji między „prowadzeniem spraw spółki” a „reprezentacją”. W artykule broniona jest teza, że „prawo reprezentowania spółki” oznacza umocowanie do reprezentowania, zaś przepisy o prowadzeniu spraw spółki stanowią źródło stosunku podstawowego (wewnętrznego) dla umocowania do reprezentowania.
Brak możliwości wypowiadania się przez organ odwoławczy w decyzji kasacyjnej wydanej na podstawie art. 138 § 2 K.p.a. o ewentualnym naruszeniu prawa materialnego lub interesu prawnego strony skarżącej
Authors: Zdyb Przemysław
Published: October 2021

W glosowanym wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego poruszono problem wypowiadania się przez organ odwoławczy w decyzji kasacyjnej wydanej na podstawie art. 138 § 2 K.p.a. w przedmiocie ewentualnego naruszenia prawa materialnego lub interesu prawnego strony skarżącej przez organ pierwszej instancji. NSA słusznie zauważył, że na podstawie tego artykułu organ odwoławczy nie rozstrzyga o meritum sprawy, nie przeprowadza merytorycznej kontroli decyzji wydanej przez organ pierwszej instancji, gdyż wydając decyzję kasacyjną (która ma charakter formalny), wskazuje na konieczność przeprowadzenia w określonym zakresie lub w całości postępowania wyjaśniającego, celem poczynienia ustaleń niezbędnych do prawidłowego rozstrzygnięcia sprawy. W tej sytuacji organ odwoławczy nie może wypowiadać się o ewentualnym naruszeniu prawa materialnego lub interesu prawnego strony skarżącej. Decyzja kasacyjna nie może bowiem spowodować niekorzyści „materialnej” dla strony.
Wariantowanie skalą przedsięwzięcia. Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 23 stycznia 2019 r. , II OSK 3147/18
Authors: Krystek Jacek Joachim
Published: October 2021

Glosa odnosi się do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 23 stycznia 2019 r., II OSK 3147/18, w którym stwierdzono, że zmiana mocy farmy wiatrowej nie jest wariantem alternatywnym, lecz innym rodzajem przedsięwzięcia. Zastosowany przez sąd sposób wnioskowania został poddany wyczerpującej analizie i krytyce. Ustawa z dnia 3 października 2008 r. o udostępnianiu informacji o środowisku i jego ochronie, udziale społeczeństwa w ochronie środowiska oraz o ocenach oddziaływania na środowisko nie wprowadza żadnych wymogów formalnych, jakie w czasie oceny oddziaływania na środowisko muszą spełniać analizowane warianty, za wyjątkiem alternatywności w stosunku do wariantu proponowanego przez wnioskodawcę.
The Term ἀντίψυχος as an Expiatory Sacrifice of Martyrs in the Light of The Fourth Book of Maccabees and Other Ancient Extra-Biblical Literature
Authors: Chrostowski Marcin Tomasz
Published: October 2021

The Fourth Book of Maccabees (4 Macc) in the description of Eleazar's prayer, before he suffered a martyr’s death  (6:29) as well as the martyrdom of seven brothers and their mother who suffered for the nation (17:21), the term ἀντίψυχος  (which means “given in exchange for life”) is used twice. This adjective appears only twice in the Septuagint (LXX), to be precise, in 4 Macc The context of both passages suggests a broader meaning of the term, translated with reference to a sacrifice of life having a propitiatory, expiatory, vicarious and voluntary character, and even atonement for the sins of the Jewish people. In this article, the subject of expiatory martyrdom in 4 Macc will be taken in the context of the biblical, apocryphal and other ancient texts, with reference to the flow of ideas and terminology of Greco-Roman religion, poetry and philosophy. In addition, possible translations of the term ἀντίψυχος will be analyzed, included in the broader context of Greek and other terminologies, so as to show possible connections between the idea of ​​expiatory martyrdom and the ideas described in the New Testament.
Bóg jako źródło moralności. Intuicje św. Augustyna w "Wyznaniach" 7.10–11 w kontekście dyskusji z tradycją starożytną
Authors: Koszkało Martyna Anna
Published: October 2021

W artykule przedstawiam relacje Boga/bogów wobec moralności zarówno w greckiej religii i filozofii, jak i w poglądach św. Augustyna na podstawie rozróżnień uczynionych przez Johna Hare’a. Twierdzę, że intuicje Augustyna istotnie dopełniają koncepcję Boga jako źródła moralności obecną zarówno w starożytnej tradycji filozoficznej, jak i religijnej. W pierwszej części artykułu ukazuję relację bogów greckiej religii ludowej do moralności i stwierdzam, że bycie gwarantem moralności nie wymagało od nich posiadania wzorcowego charakteru moralnego. Następnie pokazuję, że zmiana tego zjawiska miała miejsce w epoce sokratejskiej. Bóg/bogowie Sokratesa, Platona czy Arystotelesa nabierają cech doskonałościowych i to sankcjonuje ich moc kształtowania moralności. W ramach tych koncepcji zrodziła się idea upodobnienia się do Boga/bogów i naśladowania wzorca charakterologicznego poprzez wykonywanie działań, które wykonuje Bóg (poznawanie, doskonałość moralna). Bóg, zwłaszcza rozumiany filozoficznie, był traktowany również jako cel oraz przedmiot uszczęśliwiający. W ostatniej części artykułu analizuję koncepcję św. Augustyna. Pokazuję, że oprócz tego, że Bóg jest prawodawcą oraz uszczęśliwiającym celem ostatecznym z tego powodu, że stwarza istoty do Niego podobne, jest źródłem moralności nie tylko jako wzorzec charakterologiczny, ale przede wszystkim jako istota stwórcza. Ukazuję, że zło moralne jest odwróceniem się sprawcy od Boga i załamaniem ontologicznego porządku. W artykule przedstawiam możliwe interpretacje wyrażenia regio dissimilitudinis oraz tekstualne źródła tego pojęcia. Ukazuję również te aspekty poglądów Augustyna, które istotnie uzupełniają i przekraczają model neoplatoński w Wyznaniach 7.10–11.
„Τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα” (1 Tes 5,23). Stoickie źródła rozumienia ducha w Pierwszym Liście do Tesaloniczan
Authors: Pasterczyk Piotr
Published: October 2021

Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja 1 Tes 5,23 z perspektywy filozofii stoickiej. Ta interpretacja chce dać odpowiedź na dwa następujące pytania: Po pierwsze, dlaczego Paweł z Tarsu odnosi się do trialistycznej konstytucji ludzkiego bytu złożonego z ducha, duszy i ciała, zamiast do dualistycznej konstytucji opartej o złożenie z duszy i z ciała. Po drugie, jakie jest znaczenie terminu „duch” (πνεῦμα) zastosowanego w 1 Tes 5,23. Dotychczasowa egzegeza tego fragmentu wyjaśnia ten termin przede wszystkim w odniesieniu do teologicznego opisu Ducha Świętego, który odzwierciedla hebrajski termin ruah. Taka egzegeza 1 Tes 5,23 wydaje się stać w konflikcie z dualistyczną antropologią (Platon, Arystoteles) stosowaną zwykle przez Pawła w jego listach (napięcie między duchem i ciałem). Ponadto taka interpretacja może być rozumiana jako panteistyczne i monistyczne wyjaśnienie ludzkiego bytu. Zaproponowana w tym artykule odpowiedź jest zakorzeniona w interpretacji terminu πνεῦμα w jego filozoficznych źródłach stoickich. Paweł z Tarsu był bowiem ukształtowany w hellenistycznym Tarsie i mógł mieć kontakt ze stoicką filozofią, która była tradycyjnie nauczana w tym mieście. Taka interpretacja wyjaśnia w wystarczający sposób sens formuły „duch wasz (τὸ πνεῦμα), dusza (ἡ ψυχὴ) i ciało (τὸ σῶμα)”, co jednak nie oznacza, że jej autor rozumiał ludzki byt w świetle materialistycznej interpretacji ducha i duszy filozofii stoickiej. Oznacza jedynie zastosowanie stoickiej formuły antropologicznej dla wyrażenia totalności ludzkiego bytu, która była Pawłowi potrzebna w teologicznym opisie końca (παρουσία) w Pierwszym Liście do Tesaloniczan.
Famine, Affluence, and Amorality
Authors: Sackris David
Published: October 2021

I argue that the debate concerning the nature of first-person moral judgment, namely, whether such moral judgments are inherently motivating (internalism) or whether moral judgments can be made in the absence of motivation (externalism), may be founded on a faulty assumption: that moral judgments form a distinct kind that must have some shared, essential features in regards to motivation to act. I argue that there is little reason to suppose that first-person moral judgments form a homogenous class in this respect by considering an ordinary case: student readers of Peter Singer’s “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”. Neither internalists nor externalists can provide a satisfying account as to why our students fail to act in this particular case, but are motivated to act by their moral judgments in most cases. I argue that the inability to provide a satisfying account is rooted in this shared assumption about the nature of moral judgments. Once we consider rejecting the notion that first-person moral decision- making forms a distinct kind in the way it is typically assumed, the internalist/externalist debate may be rendered moot.
Problematika Penyaluran Bantuan Langsung Tunai Dana Desa (BLT DD) Tahun 2020
Authors: Aseh Suryaningsih , Gafar Tengku Fahrul , Zamhasari Zamhasari
Published: October 2021

The priority for using the Village Fund in 2020 has changed along with the existence of financial policies for handling the dissemination of COVID-19 in the village. Based on this, the Village Fund (DD) is prioritized used for handling the COVID-19, one of the priorities is for Direct Cash Assistance (BLT). In its implementation, the Direct Cash Assistance of the Village Fund (BLT-DD) policy has caused many polemics. Based on these problems, the purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that influence the implementation performance of BLT DD distribution. The method used in this research is qualitative exploratory. Data collection was conducted by means of observation, interviews, and literature study. The results displayed that the factors affecting the implementation performance were caused by; first, the factor of clarity of policy content, village volunteers found it difficult to collect data on BLT-DD Beneficiary Families (KPM) due to the criteria set fluctuated and the number of KPM was limited based on the percentage of The Village Funds received by the village. The second, the Regulatory Inconsistency Factor. The changing regulations made it difficult for the village government to implement the BLT-DD distribution. Third, technical factors. The process of disbursing the BLT-DD was long enough to prevent The Village Government from delivering BLT-DD on time.
Features of the legal regime of environmental disaster zones and emergency zones
Authors: Kozhokar Igor P.
Published: October 2021

The article considers the legal regime of environmental disaster zones and emergency zones. The author refers to the legal regulation of these zones that existed in the 90s of the XX century. Further, a detailed description of the history of the development and consideration of the draft law “On the status of environmental disaster zones and the regulation of economic and other activities on their territory” is given: its advantages and disadvantages are evaluated, and possible reasons for the rejection of this draft law are clarified. The article also analyzes the current Russian environmental legislation, which regulates the basis of the legal regime of environmental disaster zones through migration, registration, environmental protection and criminal law rules. It is concluded that it is absolutely necessary to develop the Federal Law “On Environmental Disaster Zones in the Russian Federation”.
Constitutional control in the subjects of the Russian Federation: how it can be after the abolition of constitutional (statutory) courts
Authors: Kryazhkov Vladimir A.
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of constitutional control in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The article examines its origins related to the formation and functioning of constitutional (statutory) courts at this level, reveals the reasons that did not allow the constitutional justice of the subjects of the Russian Federation to become a full-fledged state legal institution for 30 years. It is shown how, as a result of the constitutional reform, these courts were abolished, and a recommendation of the federal legislator appeared on the creation of constitutional (statutory) councils under the legislative (representative) state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation instead of them. The article analyzes the legal regulation of the organization and activities of such bodies in domestic and foreign practice. Taking this into account and based on the existing constitutional and legal possibilities, proposals are formulated on the status of these councils (their nature, the procedure for their formation and work, powers and decisions), which allows them to be an effective body of constitutional (statutory) control in the subjects of the Russian Federation.