bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Corrosion Properties of Aluminum 2024 Laser‐Textured Surfaces with Superhydrophilic and Superhydrophobic Wettability States
Authors: Zschach Lis Geraldine , Baumann Robert , Soldera Flavio , Méndez Claudia Marcela , Apelt Sabine , Bergmann Ute , Lasagni Andrés Fabián
Published: September 2023

In this work, the mechanism of the corrosion behavior of laser‐treated aluminum is studied. Two different laser techniques are used to fabricate the samples, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) and direct laser writing (DLW), using nanosecond laser sources. The DLIP treatment uses a two‐beam optical configuration producing line‐like periodic structures. The DLW technique is employed to produce non‐periodic structures on the Al‐surface with the same cumulated fluences as in DLIP. The surface topography is analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the formation of oxide layers is investigated by scanning electron microscopy of cross‐sections produced using a focused ion beam. Wetting measurements performed on the laser‐treated samples exhibit a contrasting behavior, leading to either superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic states. In the case of the DLIP treatment, the static water contact angle is increased from 81° up to 158°, while for DLW, it decreases to 3°. Electrochemical tests demonstrate a decreased corrosion rate after laser treatment. Additionally, findings indicate no correlation between wettability and corrosion reduction. Therefore, the improvement in corrosion resistance is mainly attributed to the oxide layer formed by laser treatment. Although similar corrosion rates are achieved for both treatments, surfaces produced with DLIP can be beneficial when additional surface properties are required.
Wafer‐Scale Synthesis of Mixed‐Dimensional Heterostructures via Manipulating Platinization Conditions
Authors: Lim Yi Rang , Jang Seunghun , Bae Garam , Jeon Hye Yoon , Jeon Cheolho , Song Da Som , Kwon Yeong Min , Jang Moonjeong , Yim Soonmin , Myung Sung , Lee Sun Sook , Chang Hyunju , Song Wooseok , An Ki‐Seok , Lim Jongsun
Published: September 2023

2D van der Waals (vdW) hetero integration, which features exotic interplanar interactions derived from mixed‐dimensional heterostructures, is an emergent platform for implementing high‐performance electronics and broadband/wavelength‐tunable photodetectors. However, the production of large‐area 2D spatially homogeneous transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and elucidation of the electrostatic dynamics governing the interlayer interactions are two paramount prerequisites for realizing practical 2D‐TMD‐heterostructure‐based photodetectors. Here, a wafer‐scale synthesis of mixed‐dimensional Pt–MoS2‐based vdW heterostructures is unprecedentedly demonstrated by manipulating the platinization conditions. The rationally designed platinization yields dimensionality‐tailored Pt, including Pt nanofilm, Pt nanoparticles, and Pt atoms, with MoS2 as host platform. From density functional theory calculations, this study insights that Mo vacancy sites on the MoS2 surface are thermo‐dynamically favorable sites for Pt with an adsorption energy of −2.25 eV, then Pt clusters are sequentially formed neighboring the specific Pt‐substituted position with a formation energy of 1.30 eV. Intensive microscopic and spectroscopic analyses reveal the structural, chemical, and electrical features, validating the proposed dynamics‐related mechanism. The dimensionality‐tailored vdW heterostructures exhibit outstanding optoelectrical properties with excellent photoresponsivity (2.04 mA W−1) and highly sensitive detectivity (9.82 × 106 cm Hz1/2 W−1).
Skeleton‐Guided Action Recognition with Multistream 3D Convolutional Neural Network for Elderly‐Care Robot
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Zhang Yanming , Zhou Meng
Published: September 2023

With the arrival of a global aging society, elderly‐care robots are becoming more and more attractive and can provide better caring services through action recognition. This article presents a skeleton‐guided action recognition framework with multistream 3D convolutional neural network. Two parallel dual‐stream lightweight networks are proposed to enhance the feature extraction ability of human action and meanwhile reduce computation. Two different modes of skeleton input video are constructed to improve the recognition accuracy by decision fusion. The backbone networks adopt Resnet‐18, the feature fusion layer and sliding window mechanism are both designed, and two cross‐entropy losses are used to supervise their training. A dataset (named elder care action recognition (EC‐AR)) with different categories of action is built. The experimental results on HMDB‐51 and EC‐AR datasets both demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the existing methods. The developed method is also applied to a prototype of elderly‐care robots, and the test results in home scenarios show that it still has high recognition accuracy and good real‐time performance.
Collaborative Magnetic Agents for 3D Microrobotic Grasping
Authors: Piñan Basualdo Franco N. , Misra Sarthak
Published: September 2023

Untethered microrobotic grasping has enabled the precise manipulation of small components in difficult‐to‐reach environments. However, the fabrication of deformable grasping robots at small scales requires advanced materials and fabrication technologies. Alternatively, multiple microrobots can be used to surround and grasp objects. By collaborating, microrobots can perform complex tasks that they would not be capable of executing individually. The complexity of controlling multiple untethered microrobots has limited the applications of collaborative microrobots to two‐dimensional operations. To fill this gap, this work proposes a collaborative microrobotic system for three‐dimensional grasping operations. The system is based on the control of two magnetic agents and the exploitation of the magnetic interactions between them to grasp, manipulate, and assemble passive components. A custom‐made closed‐loop controller is developed to automatically stabilize the system, achieving pose control of a grasped passive component (of 2 mm in size) with a precision of 300 μm in position and 10° in orientation. The main advantage of the proposed system is its capability to reconfigure the magnetic agents for other operations, as demonstrated by the assembly of a microgear and subsequent reconfiguration to power the assembled mechanism.
Recent Advancements in Synthesis of Phenanthridines via 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls
Authors: Dey Ashutosh , Kumar Vikash , Chatterjee Rana , Behera Ananya , Maurya Rohit Kumar , Burra Amarender Goud , Kumar Shubham , Khatravath Mahender , Dandella Rambabu
Published: September 2023

Phenanthridines are a privileged heterocyclic compound that exists in many natural products and has been known to exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties. In the last few decades, an incredible development has taken place to synthesise this scaffold. In this regard, 2‐isocyanobiphenyl has become one of the most exploited substrates that allow the direct formation of phenanthridine derivatives under various novel and conventional methods. The present review provides an overview of synthetic approaches for the preparation of phenanthridine, and their derivatives form 2‐isocyanobiphenyls′′.
Synthesis of Stereocontrolled Degradable Polymer by Living Cascade Enyne Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Koo Bonwoo , Kim Cheoljae
Published: September 2023

A stereocontrolled degradable polymer was synthesized via living cascade enyne metathesis polymerization. Highly stereodefined N,O‐acetal‐containing enyne monomers were prepared using the Pd‐catalyzed hydroamination of alkoxyallenes and ring‐closing metathesis. The resulting chiral polymer exhibited a narrow dispersity window. Block copolymers were prepared not only by sequentially adding nondegradable and degradable monomers but also by using enantiomerically different monomers to produce stereocontrolled blocks. Owing to the hydrolyzable N,O‐acetal moiety in the backbone structure, the resulting polymer could degrade under acidic conditions generated using various acid concentrations to control the degradation. Additionally, the aza‐Diels–Alder reaction modified the polymer without losing the stereochemistry.
High frequency radar transmittance in bumper and exterior trim parts molded from thermoplastic olefins (TPOs): Part I TPO base resin
Authors: Yang Charlie , Lu Jue , Guan Sabrina
Published: September 2023

An extensive investigation of the interaction of thermoplastic olefin (TPO) compounds with high frequency radar wave has been conducted to understand how TPO materials affect radar sensor efficiency, an important function for vehicle safety and especially the advancement of autonomous vehicles. In this article, the effect of major ingredients of a TPO on its dielectric properties was studied, and then a wide range of TPO compounds were evaluated for their radar transmittance or attenuation. It was demonstrated that the characteristics of polypropylene (PP) resin and rubber have little impact on the dielectric properties of a TPO, thus minimal influence on TPO's radar transparency, while increasing the talc loading in the compound increases the dielectric constant of the TPO. The TPO materials containing talc from 7% up to 34% were found to have dielectric constants ranging from 2.30 to 2.70 and nearly zero dielectric loss. Experiments confirmed that parts molded with these materials are transparent to high frequency radar wave at optimized thicknesses. Some pigments for coloring the materials also affect dielectric properties of TPOs, thus radar transmittance, with metal pigments showing the most impact. Finally, commercial TPO products are shown to have great batch to batch consistency in radar transmittance at a selected part thickness.
Anticancer Properties of Ru and Os Half‐Sandwich Complexes of N,S Bidentate Schiff Base Ligands Derived from Phenylthiocarbamide
Authors: Arshad Jahan Zaib , Tabassum Sana , Kiani Muhammad Shaheer , Arshad Sundas , Hashmi Muhammad Ali , Majeed Imran , Ali Hassan , Shah Syed Shoaib Ahmad
Published: September 2023

The versatile coordinating nature of N,S bidentate ligands is of great importance in medicinal chemistry imparting stability and enhancing biological properties of the metal complexes. Phenylthiocarbamide‐based N,S donor Schiff bases converted into RuII/OsII(cymene) complexes and characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The hydrolytic stability of metal complexes to undergo metal‐halide ligand exchange reaction was confirmed both by the DFT and NMR experimentation. The ONIOM (QM/MM) study confirmed the histone protein targeting nature of aqua/hydroxido complex 2 aH with an excellent binding energy of −103.19 kcal/mol. The antiproliferative activity against a panel of cancer cells A549, MCF‐7, PC‐3, and HepG2 revealed that ruthenium complexes 1 a–3 a were more cytotoxic than osmium complexes and their respective ligands 1‐3 as well. Among these ruthenium cymene complex bearing sulfonamide moiety 2 a proved a strong cytotoxic agent and showed excellent correlation of cellular accumulation, lipophilicity, and drug‐likeness to the anticancer activity. Moreover, the favorable physiochemical properties such as bioavailability and gastrointestinal absorption of ligand 2 also supported the development of Ru complex 2 a as an orally active anticancer metallodrug.
Site‐specific trends in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Grundmann Nina , Voigtländer Sven , Hakimhashemi Amir , Pape Ulrich‐Frank , Meyer Martin , Müller‐Nordhorn Jacqueline
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are rare and heterogeneous epithelial tumors, occurring throughout the body. For gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)‐NEN, rising incidence rates were reported for the last decades, with underlying causes remaining largely unexplained. We evaluated NEN trends stratifying by their histologic subtypes.

Methods

Incident cases of GEP‐NEN diagnosed between 2005 and 2019 were retrieved from the prospective, population‐based Bavarian Cancer Registry. GEP‐NEN were divided in their histologic subtypes, that is, neuroendocrine tumors (NET) G1, NET G2/G3, other NET versus small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), large‐cell NEC, and other NEC. We calculated annual age‐standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 persons for the total of GEP‐NEN, NEN histologic subtypes, and tumor sites. We used an annual percentage change (APC) approach including a joinpoint analysis to investigate NEN incidence trends.

Results

ASIR of GEP‐NEN rose from 2.2 in 2005 to 4.8 in 2019, characterized by a significant increase until 2012 (APC 2005–2012: 10.1%), followed by modest rise (APC 2012–2019: 1.5%). In the last decade, this increase was mainly driven by the rise of NET G1 and G2/G3, while incidence for NEC declined. Over the study period, ASIR increased significantly for all GEP‐sites except the colon. APCs were largest for the stomach, the appendix, the pancreas, and the rectum.

Conclusions

This study found a significant increase in the incidence of GEP‐NET. Though this development may partially be attributable to the increased use of advanced detection techniques and changes in NEN classification, further research should also focus on the identification of NEN risk factors.
A novel prediction model of the risk of pancreatic cancer among diabetes patients using multiple clinical data and machine learning
Authors: Chen Shih‐Min , Phuc Phan Thanh , Nguyen Phung‐Anh , Burton Whitney , Lin Shwu‐Jiuan , Lin Weei‐Chin , Lu Christine Y. , Hsu Min‐Huei , Cheng Chi‐Tsun , Hsu Jason C.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Pancreatic cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Considering the increased global incidence of diabetes cases and that individuals with diabetes are considered a high‐risk subpopulation for pancreatic cancer, it is critical to detect the risk of pancreatic cancer within populations of person living = with diabetes. This study aimed to develop a novel prediction model for pancreatic cancer risk among patients with diabetes, using = a real‐world database containing clinical features and employing numerous artificial intelligent approach algorithms.

Methods

This retrospective observational study analyzed data on patients with Type 2 diabetes from a multisite Taiwanese EMR database between 2009 and 2019. Predictors were selected in accordance with the literature review and clinical perspectives. The prediction models were constructed using machine learning algorithms such as logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting machine, and random forest.

Results

The cohort consisted of 66,384 patients. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) model generated the highest AUROC of 0.9073, followed by the Voting Ensemble and Gradient Boosting machine models. LDA, the best model, exhibited an accuracy of 84.03%, a sensitivity of 0.8611, and a specificity of 0.8403. The most significant predictors identified for pancreatic cancer risk were glucose, glycated hemoglobin, hyperlipidemia comorbidity, antidiabetic drug use, and lipid‐modifying drug use.

Conclusion

This study successfully developed a highly accurate 4‐year risk model for pancreatic cancer in patients with diabetes using real‐world clinical data and multiple machine‐learning algorithms. Potentially, our predictors offer an opportunity to identify pancreatic cancer early and thus increase prevention and invention windows to impact survival in diabetic patients.
Pediatric chance fracture with seatbelt syndrome: A case report
Authors: Hirata Hirohito , Morimoto Tadatsugu , Tsukamoto Masatsugu , Kobayashi Takaomi , Yoshihara Tomohito , Toda Yu , Mawatari Masaaki
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Message

Prompt recognition and accurate diagnosis of seatbelt‐related injuries such as Chance fractures are crucial for pediatric patients. Clinicians should be aware of the unique characteristics of children, including the presence of growth plates, and use advanced imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging to guide appropriate treatment and minimize complications.

Seatbelt‐related injuries, known as the “seatbelt syndrome,” encompass various injuries resulting from automobile accidents, including vertebral fractures, abdominal injuries, and great vessel traumas. Seatbelt signs include bruising or peeling of the anterior chest or abdominal wall, indicating abdominal pressure against the seatbelt. Chance fractures are a type of vertebral fracture characterized by fracture lines through multiple vertebral structures and are often associated with seatbelt injuries in adults. However, the unique features of Chance fractures in pediatric patients, such as the presence of growth plates, require a comprehensive diagnostic approach using advanced imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This case report highlights the complexity of seatbelt‐related injuries in children and emphasizes the importance of accurate diagnosis and multidisciplinary management. Understanding these factors can improve clinical knowledge and outcomes in children with seatbelt‐related injuries.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation with Isocyanates Through Weak Coordinating Groups
Authors: Lai Elisa Y. , Yuan Binbin , Ackermann Lutz , Johansson Magnus J.
Published: September 2023

Introducing amide functional groups under mild conditions has growing importance owing to the prevalence of such moiety in biologically active molecules. Herein, we disclose a mild protocol for the directed ruthenium‐catalyzed C−H aminocarbonylation with isocyanates as the amidating agents developed through high‐throughput experimentation (HTE). The redox‐neutral and base‐free reaction is guided by weakly Lewis basic functional groups, including anilides, lactams and carbamates to access anthranilamide derivatives. The synthetic utility of this transformation is reflected by large‐scale synthesis and late‐stage functionalization.
Early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pilkington Pamela D. , Karantzas Gery C. , Faustino Bruno , Pizarro‐Campagna Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

Background

Emotion regulation is an integral part of the schema therapy model. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to synthesize the evidence on the associations between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), difficulties with emotion regulation and alexithymia.

Method

PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL Complete databases were searched on 28 May 2022 and 3 February 2023 in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses. Included studies were in English, in peer‐reviewed journals and reported on the association between one or more of the 18 EMSs or five schema domains and emotion regulation difficulties or alexithymia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies. Meta‐analyses were conducted to examine difficulties with emotion regulation and alexithymia as correlates of each EMS and domain.

Results

A total of 19 studies published between 2008 and 2022 were included (Pooled N = 5957). Difficulties with emotion regulation were positively correlated with all 18 EMSs (range: entitlement r(7) = .28, 95% CI [.13, .42] to negativity pessimism r(5) = .53, 95% CI [.23, .74]) and schema domains (range: impaired limits r(5) = .34, 95% CI [.08, .56] to disconnection rejection r(5) = .44, 95% CI [.33, .73]). Alexithymia was positively correlated with the other‐directedness domain (r(2) = .40, 95% CI [.09, .64]) and 16 of the 18 EMSs (range: unrelenting standards r(5) = .21, 95% CI [.12, .28] to emotional inhibition r(5) = .50, 95% CI [.34, .63]).

Conclusions

The findings suggested that almost all 18 EMSs are implicated in emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia, particularly those relating to unmet needs for attachment and autonomy.
Dental injuries in Swiss soccer supporters: A comparative study of regular fans, ultras, and hooligans for public health strategies
Authors: Schneider Clarissa , Simonek Michelle , Eggmann Florin , Filippi Andreas
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Violence among soccer supporters continues to pose a significant public health concern in many parts of the world. In Switzerland, hooliganism is largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to examine incidents of violence and associated dental injuries among different groups of soccer supporters, as well as assess the impact of intoxicants on their behavior, using survey data from regular fans, ultras, and hooligans in the Swiss Football League.

Material and Methods

A cross‐sectional survey using a standardized questionnaire was conducted among distinct factions of soccer supporters in the Swiss Football League in 2022. A total of 165 participants self‐identified as belonging to one of three subgroups: “regular fan,” “ultra,” or “hooligan.” Data were gathered on physical altercations, dental injuries, possession of mouthguards, intoxicant use, and medical assistance. Descriptive statistics, logistic regression models, and significance tests were used for data analysis (α = .05).

Results

Hooligans had a higher frequency of dental injuries resulting from fights than ultras and regular fans. Hooligans with 11–20 fights per soccer season had a 9.6 times higher probability of dental trauma than those with 0–5 fights (p = .048). Possession of a mouthguard was associated with a lower risk of dental injuries for hooligans but an increased risk for ultras. Additionally, hooligans were found to differ significantly from other groups in their consumption of amphetamines and cocaine (p < .001).

Conclusions

The study found a strong link between physical altercations and dental injuries among soccer supporters. To promote better prevention, there is a necessity for enhanced educational initiatives facilitated by dentists to amplify the dissemination of mouthguards. Furthermore, it is crucial to raise awareness regarding their proper fitting to minimize the occurrence of combat‐related dental injuries. Health authorities and other stakeholders should take a comprehensive approach to addressing some of the root causes of violent behavior, which include alcohol abuse and illicit substance consumption.
A conceptual review on reconstructive peri‐implantitis therapy: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Chan Hsun‐Liang , Rodriguez Betancourt Amanda , Liu Chun Ching , Chiang Yi‐Chen , Schmidlin Patrick R.
Published: September 2023

Objectives

The current strategies to reconstruct lost peri‐implant tissues due to the disease have been largely unpredictable. The aim of this conceptual review is to discuss relevant biological and biomechanical challenges of applying reconstructive means to treat peri‐implantitis. Additionally, opportunities to improve treatment predictability are presented.

Material and Methods

A narrative review was conducted to fulfill the aim.

Results

The four interrelated negative conditions hampering effective reconstruction are: inferior tissue perfusion, unfavorable bone topography, ineffective surface treatment, and unstable wound. First, peri‐implant tissues resemble scars with reduced cellularity and vascularity, coupled with the absence of the periodontal ligament plexuses and the avascular implant and biomaterials, maintaining primary closure is a challenge, which is critical for regeneration. Second, defect morphology and bone topography surrounding implants determine the reconstructive potential. Unfortunately, noncontained defects are frequently encountered, with a combination of suprabony (horizontal bone loss) and infrabony (vertical usually involving circumferential bone loss) defects. Third, current attempts for implant surface decontamination are insufficient due to inaccessible macrostructure and rough surfaces in the micro‐scale. Histologic evaluation has shown bacteria aggregation and calcified deposits around implants. Lastly, wound stability is difficult to achieve due to inherent soft tissue biomechanical quality and quantity deficiencies and mobile bone particulates. Opportunities to tackle the abovementioned challenges include the use of novel imaging technologies, such as high‐frequency dental ultrasound and laser speckle imaging to evaluate tissue perfusion, soft tissue quality/quantity, and bone topography pre‐surgically. The use of the operating microscope could allow better visualization and removal of etiologic factors. Strategies to improve soft tissue quality may include preoperative control of soft tissue inflammation and the potential use of biologics. Methods such as fixation to stabilize the biomaterials could be beneficial.

Conclusions

A more nuanced understanding of the current challenges and opportunities can lead to more effective preoperative and postoperative care protocols, ultimately improving the success rate of reconstructive procedures.
Evaluation of the effect of nano‐graphene oxide on shear bond strength of conventional and resin‐modified glass ionomer cement
Authors: Ghodrati Parisa , Sharafeddin Farahnaz
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Recently, nano‐graphene oxide (nGO), a material with unique mechanical properties, has been introduced to improve the properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding nGO on the shear bond strength (SBS) of conventional (CGIC) and resin‐modified GIC (RMGIC).

Methods

Sixty intact molars were mounted and their occlusal surface was cut at a depth of 1 mm below the dentinoenamel junction. 1 wt.% and 2 wt.% of nGO (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc.) were added to CGIC and RMGIC (GC Corporation). The samples were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10), including 1: CGIC,  2: CGIC + 1% GO, 3: CGIC + 2% GO, 4: RMGIC, 5: RMGIC + 1% GO, and 6: RMGIC + 2% GO. Plastic molds were placed on the surface of the dentin pretreated with 10% polyacrylic acid (GC Corporation) and filled with prepared cement according to the manufacturer's instruction. After 24 h of storage in an incubator, the SBS test was done by the universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests (p < .05).

Results

In the group of CGIC, mean SBS was significantly lower than all other study groups (p < .001), and groups 5 (RMGIC + 1% GO) and 6 (RMGIC + 2% GO) showed significantly higher values compared to all other study groups (p < .001). However, the difference between groups 2 and 3, as well as the difference between groups 5 and 6, was not significant (p = .999 andp = .994, respectively). RMGI groups had significantly higher SBS than their corresponding CGIC groups.

Conclusions

The addition of 1% and 2% nGO significantly increased the SBS of CGIC and RMGIC to the dentin, which can be considered as a promising point for wider clinical application of this material.
Navigating through the diagnostic minefield of clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue: Lessons from a challenging case with literature review
Authors: Kerkar Aadya , Gupta Parikshaa , Prakash Gaurav , Gupta Nalini , Bal Amanjit , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh
Published: September 2023

Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue (CCSST) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma occurring in young adults with a predilection for deep soft tissues of the distal extremities. Its overlapping morphology and immunohistochemical profile pose a diagnostic challenge. Herein, we present a rare case of CCSST with a unique immunohistochemical profile arising in an uncommon location. A 36‐year‐old male presented with a progressively increasing painful swelling in the left supraclavicular region for the last 2 months. Positron emission tomography showed FDG‐avid lesions in the left supraclavicular and scapular regions. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) followed by core needle biopsy was performed. The cytology smears showed predominantly discohesive sheets of polygonal tumor cells with prominent macronucleoli in a vacuolated background. On immunocytochemistry, tumor cells showed positivity for vimentin, HMB45, and S100, confirming the diagnosis of CCSST. Histopathological examination showed sheets of similar tumor cells that were positive for vimentin, HMB45, melan A, CD38, and CD138, representing a potential diagnostic pitfall in the index case. The index report, besides highlighting the characteristic pathologic features of CCSST and its mimics, is unique due to the diffuse positivity of the tumor cells for CD38 and CD138. It is imperative to be aware of this diagnostic pitfall as it may muddle the diagnosis of CCSST.
“Beyond transcription: How post‐transcriptional mechanisms drive neural crestEMT”
Authors: Guzman‐Espinoza Mariann , Kim Minyoung , Ow Cindy , Hutchins Erica J.
Published: September 2023

The neural crest is a stem cell population that originates from the ectoderm during the initial steps of nervous system development. Neural crest cells delaminate from the neuroepithelium by undergoing a spatiotemporally regulated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) that proceeds in a coordinated wave head‐to‐tail to exit from the neural tube. While much is known about the transcriptional programs and membrane changes that promote EMT, there are additional levels of gene expression control that neural crest cells exert at the level of RNA to control EMT and migration. Yet, the role of post‐transcriptional regulation, and how it drives and contributes to neural crest EMT, is not well understood. In this mini‐review, we explore recent advances in our understanding of the role of post‐transcriptional regulation during neural crest EMT.
Influence of microwave pretreatment on the total phenolics, antioxidant activity, moisture diffusivity, and rehydration rate of dried sweet cherry
Authors: Salehi Fakhreddin , Inanloodoghouz Moein , Ghazvineh Sara
Published: September 2023

The target of this work was to investigate the influence of microwave pretreatments (at five levels of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s) on the total phenolics content, antioxidant potential, mass transfer rate, effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), and rehydration rate of sweet cherries (SC). The drying duration of microwave‐treated SC was shorter than the untreated sample. The average drying time of fresh SC microwaved for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s were 220, 205, 190, 175, and 150 min, respectively. The Deff values, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity of microwave‐treated SC were higher than the untreated sample. In this study, the SC Deff as determined by the second Fick law varied from 8.73 × 10−10 to 1.41 × 10−9 m2/s. The experimental data for the dehydration curves were fitted to different thin‐layer equations, and the Midilli equation using the experimental constants best described the drying rate of SC. As the microwave pretreatment time increased from 0 to 120 s, the total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of dried SC increased from 1491.4 μg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry to 2272.1 μg GAE/g dry, and 54.47%–62.59% (p < .05). The microwave pretreatment enhanced the rehydration rate of dried SC. The rehydration percent of dried SC microwaved for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 s were 127.27%, 136.63%, 136.91%, 137.07%, and 136.72%, respectively.
A review of experimental and clinical studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on oxidative stress and inflammation
Authors: Zamanian Mohammad Yassin , Sadeghi Ivraghi Mehraveh , Khachatryan Lusine G. , Vadiyan Diana E. , Bali Hanie Yavarpour , Golmohammadi Maryam
Published: September 2023

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently linked to metabolic disorders and is prevalent in obese and diabetic patients. The pathophysiology of NAFLD involves multiple factors, including insulin resistance (IR), oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and genetic predisposition. Recently, there has been an emphasis on the use of herbal remedies with many people around the world resorting to phytonutrients or nutraceuticals for treatment of numerous health challenges in various national healthcare settings. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) parts, such as juice, peel, seed and flower, have high polyphenol content and is well known for its antioxidant capabilities. Pomegranate polyphenols, such as hydrolyzable tannins, anthocyanins, and flavonoids, have high antioxidant capabilities that can help lower the OS and inflammation associated with NAFLD. The study aimed to investigate whether pomegranate parts could attenuate OS, inflammation, and other risk factors associated with NAFLD, and ultimately prevent the development of the disease. The findings of this study revealed that: 1. pomegranate juice contains hypoglycemic qualities that can assist manage blood sugar levels, which is vital for avoiding and treating NAFLD. 2. Polyphenols from pomegranate flowers increase paraoxonase 1 (PON1) mRNA and protein levels in the liver, which can help protect liver enzymes and prevent NAFLD. 3. Punicalagin (PU) is one of the major ellagitannins found in pomegranate, and PU‐enriched pomegranate extract (PE) has been shown to inhibit HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition in rats. 4. Pomegranate fruit consumption, which is high in antioxidants, can decrease the activity of AST and ALT (markers of liver damage), lower TNF‐α (a marker of inflammation), and improve overall antioxidant capacity in NAFLD patients. Overall, the polyphenols in pomegranate extracts have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and protective effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD effects on liver enzymes, which can help prevent and manage NAFLD.
Microbial Desalination Cell for Sustainable Water Treatment: A Critical Review
Authors: Aber Soheil , Shi Zhining , Xing Ke , Rameezdeen Raufdeen , Chow Christopher W. K. , Hagare Dharmappa , Jindal Tanu
Published: September 2023

In view of increasing threats arising from the shortage of fresh water, there is an urgent need to propose sustainable technologies for the exploitation of unconventional water sources. As a derivative of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), microbial desalination cell (MDC) has the potential of desalinating saline/brackish water while simultaneously generating electricity, as well as treating wastewater. Therefore, it is worth investigating its practicability as a potential sustainable desalination technology. This review article first introduces the fundamentals and annual trends of MDCs. The desalination of diverse types of solutions using MDCs along with their life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)  and economic analysis is studied later. Finally, limitations and areas for improvement, prospects, and potential applications of this technology are discussed. Due to the great advantages of MDCs, improving their design, building materials, efficiency, and throughput will offer them as a significant alternative to the current desalination technologies.
Aging spinal cord microglia become phenotypically heterogeneous and preferentially target motor neurons and their synapses
Authors: Castro Ryan W , Lopes Mikayla C , De Biase Lindsay M , Valdez Gregorio
Published: September 2023

Microglia have been found to acquire unique region‐dependent deleterious features with age and diseases that contribute to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in the brain. However, it remains unknown whether microglia exhibit similar phenotypic heterogeneity in the spinal cord. Here, we performed a regional analysis of spinal cord microglia in 3‐, 16‐, 23‐, and 30‐month‐old mice. Using light and electron microscopy, we discovered that spinal cord microglia acquire an increasingly activated phenotype during the course of aging regardless of regional location. However, aging causes microglia in the ventral but not dorsal horn to lose their spatial organization. Aged ventral horn microglia also aggregate around the somata of motor neurons and increase their contacts with motor synapses, which have been shown to be lost with age. These findings suggest that microglia may affect the ability of motor neurons to receive and relay motor commands during aging. To generate additional insights about aging spinal cord microglia, we performed RNA‐sequencing on FACS‐isolated microglia from 3‐, 18‐, 22‐, and 29‐month‐old mice. We found that spinal cord microglia acquire a similar transcriptional identity as those in the brain during aging that includes altered expression of genes with roles in microglia‐neuron interactions and inflammation. By 29 months of age, spinal cord microglia exhibit additional and unique transcriptional changes known and predicted to cause senescence and to alter lysosomal and ribosomal regulation. Altogether, this work provides the foundation to target microglia to ameliorate aged‐related changes in the spinal cord, and particularly on the motor circuit.
Comparison of Two Cyclosporine Formulations in Healthy Volunteers: Bioequivalence of the New Sang‐35 Formulation and Neoral
Authors: Schroeder Timothy J. , Cho Moo J. , Pollack Gary M. , Floc'h Robert , Moran Hana Berger , Levy Ralph , Moore Linda W. , Pouletty Philippe
Published: September 2023

This study was conducted to establish bioequivalence between a newly developed oral cyclosporine formulation, Sang‐35 (SangStat Medical Corp., Menlo Park, CA), and the microemulsion formulation Neoral (Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ). In a randomized, open‐label, two‐way crossover study, 36 fasted, healthy male volunteers received a single 500‐mg cyclosporine dose formulated either as Sang‐35 or Neoral. Mean are under the concentration‐time curve to infinity (AUC0‐∞) for Sang‐35 was 13,900 µg‐hr/L compared with 14,000 µg‐hr/L for Neoral, with a 90% confidence interval (CI) of 96% to 103% for the geometric mean ratio of the two formulations. Mean maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1,690 µg/L for Sang‐35 and 1,700 µg/L for Neoral, with a 90% CI of 96% to 103%. Geometric mean ratios for both AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were within the acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80‐125%). Additional studies showed no differences between Sang‐35 and Neoral after high‐fat meals (n = 19), in female volunteers (n = 25) and in black volunteers (n = 7). It is concluded that single doses of the oral cyclosporine formulations Sang‐35 and Neoral are bioequivalent in healthy fasted subjects, after high‐fat meals, in women, and in blacks.
Comparison of Azithromycin and Clarithromycin in Their Interactions with Rifabutin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Apseloff Glen , Foulds George , LaBoy‐Goral Lucia , Willavize Susan , Vincent John
Published: September 2023

A 14‐day, randomized, open, phase I clinical trial was designed to examine possible pharmacokinetic interactions between rifabutin and two other antibiotics, azithro‐ mycin and clarithromycin, used in the treatment of Mycobacteritim avium complex infections. Thirty healthy male and female volunteers were divided into five groups of six participants each: 18 received 300 mg/day of rifabutin, 12 in combination with therapeutic doses of either azithromycin or clarithromycin; the remaining 12 received azithromycin or clarithromycin alone. On day 10 the study was terminated because of adverse events, including severe neutropenia. Fourteen participants who received rifabutin developed neutropenia, including all 12 participants who received azithromycin or clarithromycin concomitantly. Analyses of serum revealed no apparent pharmacokinetic interaction between azithromycin and rifabutin. However, the mean concentrations of rifabutin and 25‐O‐desacetyl‐rifabutin (an active metabolite) in participants who received clarithromycin and rifabutin concomitantly were more than 400% and 3,700%, respectively, of concentrations in those who received rifabutin alone. Physicians should be aware that recommended prophylactic doses of rifabutin may be associated with severe neutropenia within 2 weeks after initiation of therapy, and all patients receiving rifabutin, especially with clarithromycin, should be monitored carefully for neutropenia.
Impact of sarcopenia on the survival of patients undergoing liver transplantation for decompensated liver cirrhosis
Authors: Zhou Da , Zhang Donghua , Zeng Chenghao , Zhang Li , Gao Xuejin , Wang Xinying
Published: September 2023

Background

Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) are prone to skeletal muscle loss, namely, sarcopenia, before liver transplantation (LT). While sarcopenia is reportedly associated with adverse outcomes after LT, these findings are limited owing to mixed diseases and retrospective data. We investigated the association between sarcopenia and 1‐year overall survival (OS) in patients with DC after LT and established and validated a prediction model for postoperative OS based on sarcopenia.

Methods

Overall, 222 consecutive patients who underwent LT at our centre were registered between September 2020 and June 2022. Third lumbar spine skeletal muscle mass index was measured using computed tomography. Patients were divided into sarcopenia and non‐sarcopenia groups according to the skeletal muscle mass index, and baseline data and postoperative outcomes were collected, compared and analysed. The primary outcome was the 1‐year OS after LT. We established a dynamic nomogram of the OS predictive model.

Results

We included 177 DC patients [mean (standard deviation) age, 50.2 ± 9.3 years; 52 women (29.4%)]; 73 (41.2%) had sarcopenia. The mean (standard deviation) body mass index was 22.6 ± 4.5 kg/m2, 28 (15.8%) patients had weight loss ≥5% within 6 months before admission, and the mean (standard deviation) model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score was 18.4 ± 7.9. Patients with sarcopenia had a longer duration of intensive care unit stay (4.1 ± 2.2 vs. 3.1 ± 1.1 days, P = 0.008), higher rate of major complications (45.2% vs. 22.1%, P = 0.001) and higher postoperative mortality (15.1% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.003) than those without sarcopenia. The median 1‐year OS after surgery was shorter in patients with sarcopenia than in those without (P < 0.001). Sarcopenia [hazard ratio (HR), 2.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54–5.63; P = 0.022], weight loss ≥5% (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.39–5.09; P = 0.015) and MELD score (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01–1.09; P = 0.009) were independent risk factors associated with 1‐year OS. The area under the curve of the established dynamic nomogram was 0.774, the calibration curve showed good consistency, and analysis of the decision curve showed more clinical benefits than the MELD score alone. High‐risk patients (>102.9 points calculated using the nomogram) had a significantly reduced survival rate.

Conclusions

Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes after LT in patients with DC. High‐risk patients should be classified by dynamic nomogram upon admission.
A practical protocol for large‐scale copper‐mediated radioiodination of organoboronic precursors: Radiosynthesis of [123I]KX‐1 for Auger radiotherapy
Authors: Zhou Dong , Chu Wenhua , Xu Jinbin
Published: September 2023

Nucleophilic copper‐mediated radioiodination (CMRI) of organoboronic precursors with radioiodides is a promising method of radioiodination. The previously reported CMRI has demonstrated its great potential and scope of labeling for the radiosynthesis of radioiodine‐labeled compounds. However, the reported protocols (using a small amount/volume of radioactivity) are practically not reproducible in large‐scale CMRI, in which the radioactivity was usually provided in a bulk alkaline solution. A large amount of water and a strong base are incompatible with CMRI. To overcome these issues in large‐scale CMRI, we have developed a simple protocol for large‐scale CMRI. The bulk water was removed under a flow of inert gas at 110°C, and the strong base (i.e., NaOH) was neutralized with an acid, pyridinium p‐toluenesulfonate or p‐toluenesulfonic acid. In the model reactions of [123I]KX‐1, a PARP‐1 radioligand for Auger radiotherapy, radiochemical conversions were significantly improved after neutralization of the base, and the addition of additional acids was tolerated and favorable for the reactions. Using this protocol, [123I]KX‐1 was radiosynthesized from 20 mCi (0.74 GBq) of [123I]iodide in high radiochemical yields, high radiochemical purity, and high molar activity. This protocol should be applicable to the radiosynthesis of other compounds with radioiodine via CMRI.
Mid–late Holocene palaeoclimate and biogeochemical evolution of Wular Lake, Kashmir Valley, India
Authors: Shah Rayees Ahmad , Rahman Abdur , Yadava M. G. , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: September 2023

Continuous multiproxy data were generated to understand the mid–late Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of the Kashmir Valley and the biogeochemistry of Wular Lake, India. For this purpose, geochemical and stable isotopic analyses were carried out on sediment samples retrieved from a 160 cm long trench excavated on the eastern bank of Wular Lake located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The chronology of the sediment strata developed using 14C dating by accelerator mass spectrometry covered the last ~5600 yr 
bp. Our results indicated the occurrence of an extended dry climate phase from 4600 to 3800 yr 
bp, which coincided with the widely recognised Meghalayan Stage, when major civilisations like the Harappa and the Akkadian were known to collapse. The lake biogeochemistry revealed dominance of the emergent macrophytes during this stage. Another dry phase was observed between 3100 and 2200 yr 
bp. This dry phase peaked at around 2900 yr 
bp, coinciding with Bond Event 2. Wular Lake faced nutrient limitation due to low runoff around 2500 yr 
bp caused by the persistent dry and cold climate. Geochemical signatures revealed that anthropogenic activities during the last two millennia might have significantly influenced erosion in the catchment area.
Human activities are the key driver of water erosion changes in northeastern China
Authors: Tang Qi , Hua Li , Cao Yunfei , Jiang Long , Cai Chongfa
Published: September 2023

Northeast China is experiencing severe soil erosion, resulting in land degradation and nutrient loss. Among them, water erosion poses the greatest threat to food security. Combining various multi‐source data, we applied the modified soil erosion equation (RUSLE) to evaluate the water erosion modulus in Northeast China (1985–2021). We used the threshold segmentation and residual analysis method to quantify the relative roles of climate change and human activities on water erosion. The outcomes were as follows: (1) In recent decades, the average annual water erosion modulus in northeastern China was 804.78 t·km−2·a−1, decreasing with a slope of −11.114 t·km−2·a−1. In 24% of the study area, the erosion modulus increased significantly, mainly in grassland and farmland, due to grassland degradation and expansion of sloping cropland. In 20% of the study area, erosion modulus decreased significantly, mainly spread in forests, which was attributed to the implementation of important ecological restoration projects by the Chinese government, such as afforestation programs and returning farmland to forest. (2) During the research process, there were spatial variations in water erosion drivers in Northeast China. For areas with significant increases in erosion, 20% of the total study area were caused by anthropogenic factors, and 3% were attributed to natural factors. For areas where erosion had significantly improved, 18% of the total study area was attributed to ecological restoration, and 2% to natural factors. (3) Based on the results of the study, ecological restoration of forests and grasses, management of sloping cropland, and conservation tillage were recommended to reduce soil erosion in Northeast China.
Collaborative seeks consistency in use of quality measures
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: September 2023

A public‐private partnership between the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and America's Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) has updated a series of voluntary performance measures to guide value‐based payment for services, including a set of outpatient behavioral health measures.