bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The latest trend in nano-bio sensor signal analysis
Authors: Teh Yijun , Bahari Jambek Asral , Hashim Uda
Published: July 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss a nanoscale biosensor and its signal analysis algorithms.

Design/methodology/approach

In this work, five nanoscale biosensors are reviewed, namely, silicon nanowire field-effect-transistor biosensors, polysilicon nanogap capacitive biosensors, nanotube amperometric biosensors, gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical biosensors and quantum dot-based electrochemical biosensors.

Findings

Each biosensor produces a different output signal depending on its electrical characteristics. Five signal analysers are studied, with most of the existing signal analyser analyses based on the amplitude of the signal. Based on the analysis, auto-threshold peak detection is proposed for further work.

Originality/value

Suitability of the signal processing algorithm to be applied to nano-biosensors was reported.
The CD147/MMP‐2 signaling pathway may regulate early stage cardiac remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Li Bowei , Zhou Wanxing , Yang Xiaorong , Zhou Yuliang , Tan Yongjing , Yuan Congcong , Song Yulan , Chen Xiao , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2016

Previous studies have reported that decreased matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) is associated with early stage (age 8–16 weeks) ventricular remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We hypothesized that inhibited CD147/MMP‐2 signalling might down‐regulate MMP‐2 expression and augment remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Twenty‐nine male SHR (8 weeks) were randomly assigned to SHR, CD147, and CD147+DOX groups. The control group included eight age‐matched WKY rats. CD147 and CD147+DOX groups received recombinant human CD147 (600 ng/kg in 1.5 mL saline, weekly). The SHR and WKY groups received the vehicle. The CD147+DOX group also received doxycycline, an inhibitor of MMPs (daily, 30 mg/kg in 1.5 mL saline, iG). On day 56 echocardiography and left ventricular mass index (LVWI) measurements were collected and histological sections were stained for cell and collagen content. Myocardium MMP‐2, TIMP‐1, CD147, and collagens types I and III were estimated by western blot. CD147 and the ratio of MMP‐2/TIMP‐1 were lower in SHR than WKY rats (P<.05). Myocyte hypertrophy, partial fibre breaks, plasmolysis, necrosis and collagen content (collagen volume fraction [CVF], I and III) in SHR were above control levels (P<.05). CD147 rats showed CD147, MMP‐2 and MMP‐2/TIMP‐1 were increased (P<.05), CVF, LVWI, and collagen I and III were decreased (P<.05) and myocyte morphology was improved. CD147 levels did not differ between CD147+DOX and CD147 groups, CVF, collagens type I and III and partial fiber breaks were more abundant in CD147+DOX (P<.05). In summary, an inhibited CD147/MMP‐2 pathway was associated with early stage cardiac remodelling, and CD147 supplementation may attenuate this response.
Comparative performance of double‐digest RAD sequencing across divergent arachnid lineages
Authors: Burns Mercedes , Starrett James , Derkarabetian Shahan , Richart Casey H. , Cabrero Allan , Hedin Marshal
Published: July 2016

Next‐generation sequencing technologies now allow researchers of non‐model systems to perform genome‐based studies without the requirement of a (often unavailable) closely related genomic reference. We evaluated the role of restriction endonuclease (RE) selection in double‐digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) by generating reduced representation genome‐wide data using four different RE combinations. Our expectation was that RE selections targeting longer, more complex restriction sites would recover fewer loci than RE with shorter, less complex sites. We sequenced a diverse sample of non‐model arachnids, including five congeneric pairs of harvestmen (Opiliones) and four pairs of spiders (Araneae). Sample pairs consisted of either conspecifics or closely related congeneric taxa, and in total 26 sample pair analyses were tested. Sequence demultiplexing, read clustering and variant calling were performed in the pyRAD program. The 6‐base pair cutter EcoRI combined with methylated site‐specific 4‐base pair cutter MspI produced, on average, the greatest numbers of intra‐individual loci and shared loci per sample pair. As expected, the number of shared loci recovered for a sample pair covaried with the degree of genetic divergence, estimated with cytochrome oxidase I sequences, although this relationship was non‐linear. Our comparative results will prove useful in guiding protocol selection for ddRADseq experiments on many arachnid taxa where reference genomes, even from closely related species, are unavailable.
Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: review of key Phase 2 studies
Authors: Fleischmann Roy , Kremer Joel , Tanaka Yoshiya , Gruben David , Kanik Keith , Koncz Tamas , Krishnaswami Sriram , Wallenstein Gene , Wilkinson Bethanie , Zwillich Samuel H. , Keystone Edward
Published: July 2016

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, the safety and efficacy data from five Phase 2 studies of tofacitinib in patients with RA are summarized. Tofacitinib 1–30 mg twice daily was investigated, as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate, in patients with RA. Tofacitinib 20 mg once daily was investigated in one study. Tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg twice daily were selected for investigation in Phase 3 studies; therefore, the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg twice daily in Phase 2 studies are the focus of this review. Tofacitinib ≥ 5 mg twice daily was efficacious in a dose‐dependent manner, with statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in the signs and symptoms of RA and patient‐reported outcomes. The safety profile was consistent across studies. The efficacy and safety profile of tofacitinib in Phase 2 studies supported its further investigation and the selection of tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily and tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily for evaluation in Phase 3 studies.
Evidence‐based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis for non‐rheumatologists: Integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of the Thai Rheumatism Association
Authors: Katchamart Wanruchada , Narongroeknawin Pongthorn , Chevaisrakul Parawee , Dechanuwong Pornchai , Mahakkanukrauh Ajanee , Kasitanon Nuntana , Pakchotanon Rattapol , Sumethkul Kittiwan , Ueareewongsa Parichat , Ukritchon Sittichai , Bhurihirun Thitirat , Duangkum Kittikorn , Intapiboon Porntip , Intongkam Samanan , Jangsombatsiri Wimol , Jatuworapruk Kanon , Kositpesat Naravadee , Leungroongroj Pawinee , Lomarat Wiyanoot , Petcharat Chonachan , Sittivutworapant Siriluck , Suebmee Patcharawan , Tantayakom Pongchirat , Tipsing Worakan , Asavatanabodee Paijit , Chiowchanwisawakit Praveena , Foocharoen Chingching , Koolvisoot Ajchara , Louthrenoo Worawit , Siripaitoon Boonjing , Totemchokchyakarn Kitti , Kitumnuaypong Tasanee ,   the Thai Rheumatism Association
Published: July 2016

Aim

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease leading to joint damage, functional disability, poor quality of life and shortened life expectancy. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are a principal strategy to improve outcomes. To provide best practices in the diagnosis and management of patients with RA, the Thai Rheumatism Association (TRA) developed scientifically sound and clinically relevant evidence‐based recommendations for general practitioners, internists, orthopedists, and physiatrists.

Methods

Thirty‐seven rheumatologists from across Thailand formulated 18 clinically relevant questions: three for diagnosis, 10 for treatments, four for monitoring, and one for referral. A bibliographic team systematically reviewed the relevant literature on these topics up to December 2013. A set of recommendations was proposed based on the results of systematic reviews combined with expert opinions. Group consensus was achieved for all statements and recommendations using the nominal group technique.

Results

A set of recommendations was proposed. For diagnosis, either American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1987 or ACR/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 classification criteria can be applied. For treatment, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoid, and disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs, including antimalarials, methotrexate and sulfasalazine are recommended. Physiotherapy should be suggested to all patients. Tight control strategy and monitoring for efficacy and side effects of treatments, as well as indications for referral to a rheumatologist are provided.

Conclusions

These evidence‐based recommendations provide practical guidance for diagnosis, fundamental management and referral of patients with RA for non‐rheumatologists. However, it should be incorporated with clinical judgments and decisions about care for each individual patient.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome is associated with significant cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Tezcan Mehmet Engin , Kocer Emine Belgin , Haznedaroglu Seminur , Sonmez Cemile , Mercan Ridvan , Yucel Aysegul Atak , Irkec Ceyla , Bitik Berivan , Goker Berna
Published: July 2016

Aim

Cognitive dysfunction is a neurologic manifestation in primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS). On the other hand, several antibodies are related to cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this study is to assess the cognitive dysfunction of PSS patients via detailed neurologic tests. Moreover, its associations with antibodies were also evaluated.

Method

Twenty‐eight female patients with PSS and 17 healthy controls comprised the study groups. Short‐term memory, long‐term memory, verbal learning, visual memory, visual spatial perception, attention, verbal frequency function, executive functions and information processing speed were evaluated with neurologic tests in both of the study groups. Furthermore, anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) type anti‐glutamate‐receptor antibody, anti‐ribosomal‐p and antiganglioside antibodies were assessed in the study groups.

Results

The attention, data processing speed, verbal learning, short‐term verbal memory and visuo‐spatial perception performances were lower in the patients with PSS when compared to the healthy controls. The difference reached statistical significance in Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (P < 0.01), Serial Digit Learning Test (P < 0.01), clock drawing (P = 0.03), Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate verbal memory (P = 0.01) and Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test (P = 0.03). Even if antiganglioside antibodies were more likely to be present in the PSS group when compared to the healthy controls, no relationship was found between its positivity and cognitive dysfunction.

Conclusion

Results of this study suggest that cognitive dysfunction is quite prevalent in PSS patients without being associated with studied antibodies.
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Dehalobacter UNSWDHB in response to chloroform
Authors: Jugder Bat‐Erdene , Ertan Haluk , Wong Yie Kuan , Braidy Nady , Manefield Michael , Marquis Christopher P. , Lee Matthew
Published: July 2016

Organohalide respiring bacteria (ORB) are capable of utilising organohalides as electron acceptors for the generation of cellular energy and consequently play an important role in the turnover of natural and anthropogenically‐derived organohalides. In this study, the response of a Dehalobacter sp. strain UNSWDHB to the addition of trichloromethane (TCM) after a 50 h period of its absence (suffocation) was evaluated from a transcriptomic and proteomic perspective. The up‐regulation of TCM reductive dehalogenase genes (tmrABC) and their gene products (TmrABC) was confirmed at both transcriptional and proteomic levels. Other findings include the upregulation of various hydrogenases (membrane‐associated Ni‐Fe hydrogenase complexes and soluble Fe‐Fe hydrogenases), formate dehydrogenases, complex I and a pyrophosphate‐energized proton pump. The elevated expression of enzymes associated with carbon metabolism, including complete Wood Ljungdahl pathway, during TCM respiration raises interesting questions on possible fates of intracellular formate and its potential role in the physiology of this bacterium. Overall, the findings presented here provide a broader view on the bioenergetics and general physiology of Dehalobacter UNSWDHB cells actively respiring with TCM.
Documents of indiscipline and indifference: The violence of bureaucracy in a Brazilian juvenile prison
Authors: DRYBREAD K.
Published: July 2016

Beatings and torture are common elements of prison discipline in Brazil. Yet the nation's juvenile inmates also suffer violence at the hands of prison staff and administrators in less obvious ways—through the production and circulation of institutional paperwork. Every relationship an inmate has with a professional who works in the juvenile‐justice system is mediated by documents in which the discursive and the material interact to construct subjectivities, define relationships, and establish values. Ethnographically attending to the production and circulation of such documents reveals the ways that paperwork participates in structural violence: it circumscribes the identities and the futures of institutional subjects and limits the professional trajectories of lower‐level bureaucrats. Moreover, official paperwork may in some cases contribute to the institutional violence that it purports to only record. [bureaucracy, disciplinary institutions, structural violence, youth crime, prison, courts, Brazil]

Tortura e espancamento são estratégias disciplinares freqüentemente utilizadas nas prisões brasileiras. Além disso, adolescentes infratores detidos em unidades de internação permanente também sofrem nas mãos de funcionários e administradores de modo menos aparente—por meio da produção e da circulação de documentação institucional. Cada relação que um adolescente infrator tem com os profissionais da justiça é mediada por documentos nos quais o discursivo e o material interagem na construção de sujeitos, na definição de relações e no estabelecimento de valores. Estudar a produção e circulação desses documentos com um olhar etnográfico revela o modo pelo qual a documentação integra a estrutura da violência: circunscreve as identidades e os futuros dos sujeitos institucionalizados, bem como limita a trajetória profissional de burocratas dos níveis mais baixos. Além disso, os documentos oficiais podem em alguns casos contribuir para a violência institucional que pretendem apenas registrar. [burocracia, instituições disciplinares, violência estrutural, adolescentes infratores, prisão, tribunais, Brasil]
Crimecraft: Journalists, police, and news publics in an Argentine town
Authors: JUSIONYTE IEVA
Published: July 2016

Crime narratives emerge from a collaborative process that involves diverse social groups across different locales. This diffused production of stories is captured by the concept of crimecraft, which helps illuminate the relationship among news media, organized crime, and police violence in postdictatorship Argentina. There, news makers must creatively maneuver between official reports and public secrets by shifting the story's authorship from themselves to their audiences. They do this with online news forums, which provide a space for readers to anonymously criticize brutal police practices, sometimes leading to public protests. Such is the negotiated and shifting relationship between law and violence, as well as the processual and performative character of knowledge production, which crimecraft helps unpack. [police, crime, violence, media, publics, journalism, Argentina]

Relatos del crimen surgen de un proceso de colaboración que involucra a diversos grupos sociales en diferentes sitios. El concepto de crimecraft captura esta producción difusa de historias y ayuda a aclarar las conexiones entre los medios de comunicación, el crimen organizado y la violencia policial en Argentina. Allí, los encargados de noticias deben maniobrar de manera creativa entre los informes oficiales y secretos públicos desplazando la paternidad literaria de la historia de sí mismos a sus audiencias. Lo hacen con los foros de noticias online, que proveen un espacio para que los lectores critiquen prácticas brutales de la policía de forma anónima y que a veces lleva a las protestas públicas. Crimecraft sirve para esclarecer esta relación negociada e inestable entre la ley y la violencia, así como comprender el carácter procesual y performativo de la producción del conocimiento. [policía, crimen, violencia, medios de comunicación, públicos, periodismo, Argentina]
Metabolic response evaluation for colorectal liver metastases and correlation to pathologic response and tumour markers
Authors: Lau Lawrence F. , Murone Carmel , Williams David S. , Standish Richard , Lee Sze Ting , Christophi Christopher , Scott Andrew M. , Muralidharan Vijayaragavan
Published: July 2016

Background

Tumour metabolic response to chemotherapy is increasingly recognized as a prognostic indicator for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). However, its clinical role and the underlying biological mechanism of its prognostic ability are unclear. This study compares metabolic to pathologic response for CRCLM, and correlates metabolic response to tumour expression of six key biomarkers.

Methods

Thirty‐seven patients who had positron emission tomography imaging before and after pre‐operative chemotherapy prior to liver resection for CRCLM were included. Metabolic response was assessed according to the positron emission tomography response criteria in solid tumours (PERCIST) and correlated to recurrence‐free and overall survival. PERCIST was compared to tumour regression grading, computed tomography (CT) response, tumour necrosis and mucin and immunohistochemical expression of Ki‐67, hypoxia inducible factor 1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, p53, p16 and vimentin. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Kaplan–Meier survival, Spearman's correlation (rs
) and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used.

Results

PERCIST correlated significantly to 2‐year mortality (AUC = 0.162, P < 0.01) and 2‐year recurrence (AUC = 0.284, P = 0.03). Metabolically responsive tumours conferred a better overall survival (P = 0.01) and recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.03). Tumour regression grading did not stratify for outcome. Metabolic response was significantly correlated to Ki‐67 and p16 expression (rs
= 0.559 and rs
= −0.549, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed only PERCIST to be correlated to death and recurrence.

Conclusion

Pre‐operative PERCIST assessment of CRCLM was more prognostic than pathologic and CT response assessment. Metabolic non‐response correlated with tumour proliferation and loss of tumour suppression.
Novel routes of albumin passage across the glomerular filtration barrier
Authors: Castrop H. , Schießl I. M.
Published: July 2016

Albuminuria is a hallmark of kidney diseases of various aetiologies and an unambiguous symptom of the compromised integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that albuminuria per se aggravates the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. This review covers new aspects of the movement of large plasma proteins across the glomerular filtration barrier in health and disease. Specifically, this review focuses on the role of endocytosis and transcytosis of albumin by podocytes, which constitutes a new pathway of plasma proteins across the filtration barrier. Thus, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms of albumin endocytosis by podocytes and address the fate of the endocytosed albumin, which is directed to lysosomal degradation or transcellular movement with subsequent vesicular release into the urinary space. We also address the functional consequences of overt albumin endocytosis by podocytes, such as the formation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, which might eventually result in a deterioration of podocyte function. Finally, we consider the diagnostic potential of podocyte‐derived albumin‐containing vesicles in the urine as an early marker of a compromised glomerular barrier function. In terms of new technical approaches, the review covers how our knowledge of the movement of albumin across the glomerular filtration barrier has expanded by the use of new intravital imaging techniques.
Climate, pollution and grazing drive long‐term change in moorland habitats
Authors: Britton Andrea J. , Hester Alison J. , Hewison Richard L. , Potts Jacqueline M. , Ross Louise C.
Published: July 2016

Question

Dwarf shrub moorland dominated by ericaceous plants is a distinctive, internationally important feature of northwest Europe, with its stronghold in Scotland. There have been major declines in its condition and extent. How has moorland composition changed within Scotland over the past ca. 35 yr and what is the role of climate change, pollution and grazing in driving these changes?

Location

Five hundred and forty locations across Scotland, UK.

Methods

We used a long‐term resurvey approach to assess change across Scottish moorlands. We relocated plots sampled ca. 35 yr previously in alpine heath, dry heath, wet heath and bog, and recorded vegetation species composition. We assessed change in species group richness and cover and mean Ellenberg values between surveys, using paired t‐tests. We used CCA with variation partitioning and regression analysis to analyse the vegetation data with spatial data sets on climate, pollution and grazing, to assess the role of each driver in driving vegetation changes.

Results

Significant diversity and compositional changes between surveys were found for all habitat types, particularly alpine heath. Significant associations were found with climate (many variables), pollution (N and S) and herbivore number (primarily deer). Species richness generally increased, but several specialist species declined in cover, especially those associated with higher altitude habitats (e.g. Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi, Salix herbacea and alpine lichens). Many of the most successful species are ubiquitous, e.g. the widespread grazing‐ and pollution‐tolerant graminoids Anthoxanthum odoratum, Juncus squarrosus, Festuca rubra and Nardus stricta and the generalist mosses Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and Hylocomium splendens.

Conclusions

Diversity and composition of moorlands in Scotland have changed significantly over the ca. 35‐yr period studied; the drivers of these changes are complex, with climate, pollution and grazing playing variable roles across habitats. The reduction in specialist species, homogenization of alpine heaths and declines in forb and lichen cover all represent negative changes in the biodiversity value of Scottish moorlands.
Occupying Legality: The Subversive Use of Law in Latin American Occupation Movements
Authors: BRABAZON HONOR
Published: July 2016

The social movement tactic of occupying land, factories, and other workplaces has regained popularity in Latin America over the past decade. These occupations have garnered international attention due to the direct confrontation with neoliberalism that they embody, whilst less attention has been drawn to the particular use of law that underpins this confrontation. Through an examination of the use of law by the Landless Peasants' Movement in Bolivia and by the factory occupation movement in Argentina, this paper explores how these occupation movements have combined both an eschewal and embrace of law in what can be understood as a creative ‘radical legal praxis’. The paper sketches the contours of what a theorisation of this approach might look like and suggests that this particular engagement with law challenges traditional understandings of occupation movements and contains important possibilities for emancipatory resistance to neoliberalism.
Wanted: new allometric equations for large lianas and African lianas
Authors: Miao Zewei , Koerner Sally E. , Medjibe Vincent P. , Poulsen John R.
Published: July 2016

Liana abundance appears to be increasing, possibly to the detriment of trees, but methods for measuring liana biomass are undependable. We show that five commonly used allometric equations produce disparate results and discuss two large information gaps—Central African lianas and large lianas—that currently preclude accurate liana biomass estimation.
Acute endurance exercise lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in Japanese men
Authors: Taniguchi Hirokazu , Tanisawa Kumpei , Sun Xiaomin , Higuchi Mitsuru
Published: July 2016

Objective

The independent effects of acute endurance exercise on FGF21 metabolism are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether acute endurance exercise modulates serum postprandial FGF21 levels in an age‐dependent manner.

Design

Exercise intervention trial.

Patients

Twenty‐eight subjects participated in the experiment, of whom 13 were excluded mainly because of a serum FGF21 level below the limit of detection. Thus, data from seven young (age: 18–22 years) and eight elderly male subjects (age: 62–69 years) were analysed.

Measurements

Participants were asked to perform a cycling exercise for 30 min at 70% maximal oxygen uptake, following carbohydrate intake. Blood samples were collected pre‐exercise and 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, 3 h and 24 h after the cessation of exercise. Serum FGF21 levels were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Higher serum FGF21 was observed in the elderly subjects group throughout the experiment (P < 0·05). There was no significant increase in serum FGF21 levels after the cessation of exercise, whereas serum FGF21 levels were significantly lower 24 h after the exercise compared with those pre‐exercise, 0 min, 30 min and 1 h after the cessation of exercise in both groups (P < 0·01). The response did not differ between the two groups because of no significant group × time interaction.

Conclusions

Acute endurance exercise lowers serum FGF21 levels 24 h following exercise. The results suggest that acute endurance exercise modulates postprandial FGF21 metabolism regardless of age.
Study methodology and diabetes control in patients from the non‐English diabetes management project (NEDMP)
Authors: Dirani Mohamed , Dang Trung M , Xie Jing , Gnanasekaran Sivashanth , Nicolaou Theona , Rees Gwyneth , Fenwick Eva , Lamoureux Ecosse L
Published: July 2016

Background

To describe the clinical characteristics of non–English speaking patients from the Diabetes Management Project (NEDMP), and compare their diabetes management and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) with the English‐speaking DMP sample (EDMP).

Design

A prospective study was conducted on non‐English speaking adults with diabetes who attended the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.

Participants

136 (90.1%) non‐English speaking adults were assessed, with a mean age of 72.2 years (range: 50‐88 years); 74 (54.4%) were male.

Methods

Participants completed interviewer‐administered questionnaires and underwent visual acuity, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, biochemistry and anthropometric measurements. The EDMP assessed 609 patients in 2009 using a similar protocol.

Main Outcome Measures

Type and duration of diabetes, diabetes control and diabetic retinopathy.

Results

A total of 127 (93.4%) and 8 (5.9%) participants reported having type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively, with a median (IQR) duration of 17 (14) years. The proportion of patients with poor diabetes control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) in the NEDMP was similar to the EDMP (64.0% and 68.2%, respectively; P = 0.411). A significantly higher proportion of patients with DR in the NEDMP were found to have poor diabetes control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) compared to those without DR (80.9% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.003). Almost two‐thirds of NEDMP patients (74/118) had DR and 23% (27/115) had diabetic macular edema. The prevalence of DR was similar between the NEDMP and EDMP studies, ranging from 25‐30% and 28‐29%.

Conclusions

The clinical characteristics, diabetes control, and DR severity of English and non‐English‐speaking patients were similar. The high proportion of poor diabetes management in non‐English speaking patients with DR suggests educational and behavioural interventions to improve glycaemic control are warranted.
Self‐reported cochlear implant management skills: development and validation of the self‐administered Cochlear Implant Management Skills (CIMS‐self) survey
Authors: Bennett R.J. , Jayakody D.M.P. , Eikelboom R.H. , Atlas M.D.
Published: July 2016

Objective

A self‐administered device management survey was developed and validated to investigate the ability of cochlear implant recipients to self‐report physical handling and care for their hearing implant device(s) and to identify factors that may influence self‐reported management skills.

Design

Survey development and validation. A prospective convenience cohort design study.

Setting

Specialist hearing implant clinic.

Participants

Forty‐nine post‐lingually hearing impaired, adult cochlear implant recipients, at least 12 months postoperative.

Main outcome measures

Survey test–retest reliability, responsiveness, criterion validity and sensitivity and specificity compared to clinician evaluation of device management skills. Correlations between self‐reported management skills and participant demographic, audiometric, cognitive function, clinical outcomes and device factors.

Results

The self‐administered Cochlear Implant Management Skills survey was developed, demonstrating high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.884, P < 0.001; CI 95%: 0.721–0.952), responsiveness to intervention (management skills training) [t(20) = −3.245, P = 0.004], criterion validity (ICC = 0.765, P < 0.001; CI 95%: 0.584–0.868) and sensitivity (0.89). No associations were found between self‐reported management skills and participant factors.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that a self‐report survey is an effective method for the evaluation of skills required for cochlear implant device management.
Nanofibrous polycaprolactone scaffolds with adhered platelets stimulate proliferation of skin cells
Authors: Vocetkova K. , Buzgo M. , Sovkova V. , Bezdekova D. , Kneppo P. , Amler E.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

Faulty wound healing is a global healthcare problem. Chronic wounds are generally characterized by a reduction in availability of growth factors. New strategies are being developed to deliver growth factors more effectively.

Methods

In this study, we introduced electrospun scaffolds composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers functionalized with adhered platelets, as a source of numerous growth factors. Three concentrations of platelets were immobilized to nanofibrous scaffolds by simple adhesion, and their influence on adhesion, proliferation and metabolic activity of seeded cells (murine fibroblasts, keratinocytes and melanocytes) was investigated.

Results

The data obtained indicated that presence of platelets significantly promoted cell spreading, proliferation and metabolic activity in all the skin‐associated cell types. There were no significant differences among tested concentrations of platelets, thus even the lowest concentration sufficiently promoted proliferation of the seeded cells.

Conclusions

Such complex stimulation is needed for improved healing of chronic wounds. However, the nanofibrous system can be used not only as a skin cover, but also in broader applications in regenerative medicine.
CORRUPTION, PRODUCT MARKET COMPETITION, AND INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE U.S. STATES
Authors: Bologna Jamie
Published: July 2016

This article argues that the effect of corruption on competition is dependent on the institutional environment. When institutions are relatively efficient, observed corruption is likely to be associated with relatively less competition. Conversely, in areas with low quality institutions (e.g., excessively burdensome regulations), corruption may lead to relatively more competition. I employ unique data on competition, corruption, and institutional quality across U.S. states from 1997 to 2009 and report that a higher level of corruption is associated with relatively more competition in states with low levels of institutional quality. However, as institutional quality improves, the effect of corruption worsens. Thus, institutional quality is a fundamental determinant of the corruption‐competition relationship. Improving institutional quality, while at the same time reducing corruption, will increase competition and likely improve economic outcomes. (JEL D73, O17, L26)
FUNDRAISING INTERMEDIARIES INHIBIT QUALITY‐DRIVEN CHARITABLE DONATIONS
Authors: Coffman Lucas C.
Published: July 2016

Charitable donations are frequently raised by an intermediary, which accepts donations and subsequently sends the proceeds to the chairty—for example, a workplace campaign for United Way, a 5‐km walk for Susan G. Komen, or buying cookies from a local troop for the Girl Scouts. These fundraisers can greatly increase donations received by a given charity, but how do they affect what types of charities we support? This article shows intermediary fundraisers can make donors insensitive to differences in charity quality: Unattractive charities can receive the same financial support as an attractive charity. In a series of across‐subject experiments, when donations are framed as going directly to the charity, unattractive charities receive fewer and smaller contributions relative to attractive charities; however, when donations for the same charities are collected by (meaningless) intermediary fundraising campaigns, donations become indistinguishable across charities. The fundraising campaign does not affect donor recall of charity identity or evaluation of charity quality; it simply precludes donors from using these data in the donation decision. Follow‐up experiments suggest the results are driven by information overload. (JEL A13, C91, C93, D61, D64, H41)
Assessing the effects of repeated handling on the physiology and condition of semi‐precocial nestlings
Authors: Watson Hannah , Bolton Mark , Heidinger Britt J. , Boner Winnie , Monaghan Pat
Published: July 2016

Repeated exposure to elevated levels of glucocorticoids during development can have long‐term detrimental effects on survival and fitness, potentially associated with increased telomere attrition. Nestling birds are regularly handled for ecological research, yet few authors have considered the potential for handling‐induced stress to influence hormonally mediated phenotypic development or bias interpretations of subsequent focal measurements. We experimentally manipulated the handling experience of the semi‐precocial nestlings of European Storm PetrelHydrobates pelagicusto simulate handling in a typical field study and examined cumulative effects on physiology and condition in late postnatal development. Neither baseline corticosterone (the primary glucocorticoid in birds), telomere length nor body condition varied with the number of handling episodes. The absence of a response could be explained if Storm Petrels did not perceive handling to be stressful or if there is dissociation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis from stressful stimuli in early life. Eliciting a response to a stressor may be maladaptive for cavity‐dwelling young that are unable to escape or defend themselves. Furthermore, avoiding elevated overall glucocorticoid exposure may be particularly important in a long‐lived species, in which accelerated early‐life telomere erosion could impact negatively upon longevity. We propose that the level of colony‐wide disturbance induced by investigator handling of young could be important in underlining species‐specific responses. Storm Petrel nestlings appear unresponsive to investigator handling within the limits of handling in a typical field study and handling at this level should not bias physiological and morphological measurements.
Characterisation of gelatin nanoparticles encapsulated with Moringa oleifera bioactive extract
Authors: Hani Norziah , Azarian Mohammad Hossein , Torkamani Amir Ehsan , Kamil Mahmood Wan Ahmad
Published: July 2016

This study describes the preparation and characterisation of nanoparticles with gelatin as the wall matrix to encapsulate Moringa oleifera (MO) extract using an electrospraying technique. The electrospraying conditions for voltage, flow rate and emitter/collector distance were 20 kV, 0.5 mL h−1 and 10 cm, respectively. Nanoparticles with encapsulated MO extract (1–5%, w/w) were successfully produced and characterised in relation to spectroscopic, morphological and thermal properties. Increasing amounts of MO extract resulted in a significant decrease in the nanocapsule size (ranging from 140 and 179 nm) produced. Spectroscopic analysis indicated no chemical interactions between core and wall materials. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of MO extract‐loaded nanocapsules obtained was 83.0 ± 4.0%. Surface analysis showed that roughness decreased from 91 nm (empty beads) to 57.5 nm with addition of 3% MO extract. The thermal stability of encapsulated nanoparticles slightly increased and the glass transition temperature (Tg) disappeared due to increase in crystallinity.
Influencing and protective factors of suicidal ideation among older adults
Authors: Huang Li‐Bi , Tsai Yun‐Fang , Liu Chia‐Yih , Chen Ying‐Jen
Published: July 2016

Suicide is a global issue, but few studies have explored the triggers and psychological feelings of suicidal ideation in older adults. A qualitative design with face‐to‐face semistructured interviews examined the experience of suicidal ideation in adults aged 65 years and older. A purposive sampling of 32 outpatients with suicidal ideation from a medical centre in northern Taiwan participated. Interview data identified three themes: triggers for suicidal ideation, contributing psychological changes, and factors of adaptive response. The triggers for suicidal ideation included physical discomfort, loss of respect and/or support from family, impulsive emotions due to conflicts with others, and painful memories. Psychological changes contributed to suicidal ideation: feelings of loneliness, a sense of helplessness, or lack of self‐worth. Participants described adaptive responses that acted as protective factors of suicidal ideation: support from family and friends, control of emotions, establishing a support network, comfort from religion, medication, and focussing on the family. Mental health nurses and clinicians should incorporate evaluations of stressful life events and psychological changes into a screening scale for older adults to improve detection of those at risk for suicide. Teaching coping strategies could provide timely interventions to secure the safety of this older population of adults.
Indications for cone beam computed tomography in children and young patients in a Turkish subpopulation
Authors: İşman Özlem , Yılmaz Hasan Hüseyin , Aktan Ali Murat , Yilmaz Büşra
Published: July 2016

Background

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is widely used in children; however, it remains controversial because of the health effects of radiation.

Aim

This retrospective study investigated the indications forCBCTand dentomaxillofacial pathologies in paediatric patients.

Materials and methods

CBCTimages of 329 paediatric patients (i.e., aged <18 years) were investigated retrospectively.CBCTimages were obtained with five fields of view (FOV).CBCTindications were categorised as surgery and orthodontics. The effects of age, sex, andFOVwere evaluated. The level of significance wasP= 0.05.

Results

The most common orthodontic indications were malocclusion and dentomaxillofacial anomalies (38.5%), followed by the localisation of impacted teeth (33.1%). There was no relationship between sex and indications. There were significant associations between age groups and malocclusion and dentomaxillofacial anomalies, localisation of impacted teeth, and trauma. The face was the most frequently imaged region, followed by the jaws (maxilla and mandible).

Conclusion

The most common indication forCBCTwas malocclusion and dentomaxillofacial anomalies in the primary and permanent dentition age groups, whereas the localisation of impacted teeth was the most common indication in the mixed dentition age group. Generally,CBCTwas indicated in orthodontics and surgery.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 and Large Artery Structure and Function in Young Individuals: The African‐PREDICT Study
Authors: Kriel Johanna I. , Fourie Carla M. T. , Schutte Aletta E.
Published: July 2016

To better understand hypertension development, the authors determined whether monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is associated with arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity [PWV]) and carotid intima‐media wall thickness (cIMT) in a young apparently healthy black and white population (N=403, aged 20–30 years). Carotid‐femoral PWV, central systolic blood pressure, and cIMT were measured, and MCP‐1, reactive oxygen species, inflammatory markers (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor α), and endothelial activation (intercellular adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule) were determined from blood samples. Although carotid‐femoral PWV and cIMT were similar between blacks and whites, black men and women showed higher central systolic blood pressure, MCP‐1, and reactive oxygen species than whites (all P<.05). In addition, black women had higher brachial blood pressure and interleukin 6 (all P<.001). A consistent positive association only in black women between cIMT and MCP‐1 in multiple regression analyses was found (R²=0.151, β=0.248; P=.021). In this model, cIMT was also independently associated with vascular cell adhesion molecule (β=0.251; P=.022). The authors found elevated central systolic blood pressure and MCP‐1 in young blacks, where cIMT was independently associated with MCP‐1 in black women.
European Money in Greece: In Search of the Real Impact of EU Structural Funds
Authors: Huliaras Asteris , Petropoulos Sotiris
Published: July 2016

The impact of EU (European Union) Structural Funds (from the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund, etc.) channelled to Greece and other countries over the last 35 years has been thoroughly evaluated by EU‐commissioned impact reports and relevant academic studies. However, several political consequences of development transfers have been largely neglected. Concepts, methods and conclusions reached by studies of North–South development aid can help greatly to understand the medium‐ and long‐term political impact of EU funds. This article is based on interviews with EU and Greek politicians, officials, beneficiaries and various stakeholders. The conclusion is a less positive – but familiar in other parts of the world – story.
Root coverage procedures improve patient aesthetics. A systematic review and Bayesian network meta‐analysis
Authors: Cairo Francesco , Pagliaro Umberto , Buti Jacopo , Baccini Michela , Graziani Filippo , Tonelli Paolo , Pagavino Gabriella , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: July 2016

Background

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review (SR) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to explore if periodontal plastic surgery procedures for the treatment of single and multiple gingival recessions (Rec) may improve aesthetics at patient and professional levels.

Material and Methods

In order to combine evidence from direct and indirect comparisons by different trials a Bayesian network meta‐analysis (BNM) was planned. A literature search on PubMed, Cochrane libraries, EMBASE, and hand‐searched journals until January 2016 was conducted to identify RCTs presenting aesthetic outcomes after root coverage using standardized evaluations at patient and professional level.

Results

A total of 16 RCTs were selected in the SR; three RTCs presenting professional aesthetic evaluation with Root coverage Aesthetic Score (RES) and three showing final self‐perception using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS Est) could be included in a BNM model. Coronally Advanced Flap plus Connective Tissue Graft (CAF + CTG) and CAF + Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) and Autologous Fibroblasts (AF) were associated with the best RES outcomes (best probability = 24% and 64%, respectively), while CAF + CTG and CAF + CTG + Enamel matrix Derivatives (EMD) obtained highest values of VAS Est score (best probability = 44% and 26%, respectively).

Conclusions

Periodontal Plastic Surgery (PPS) techniques applying grafts underneath CAF with or without the adding of EMD are associated with improved aesthetics assessed by final patient perception and RES as professional evaluation system.
Ingenol mebutate in actinic keratosis: a clinical, videodermoscopic and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Bobyr I. , Campanati A. , Consales V. , Martina E. , Molinelli E. , Diotallevi F. , Brisigotti V. , Giangiacomi M. , Ganzetti G. , Giuliodori K. , Offidani A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a cutaneous intraepithelial neoplasm that typically develops on sun‐damaged skin. The incidence of AK is increasing worldwide, and it is accepted as the most frequent pre‐malignant lesion in humans.

Objectives

To demonstrate that ingenol mebutate gel is effective in the treatment of actinic keratoses because of its clinical, dermoscopic, capillaroscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical treatment outcomes.

Methods

Sixty individuals with multiple non‐hypertrophic AKs were enrolled into this non‐randomized, open‐label, prospective, trial. Acquisition of clinical, dermoscopic and capillaroscopic images at baseline (T0), immediately after treatment on 3rd (trunk and/or extremities) or 4th (scalp and/or face) day (T1), 14 days after the end of the treatment (T2) and at 60 days (T3). A subgroup of 20 patients received a cutaneous biopsy both at baseline and at T3 for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Results

Clinical improvement was observed in 100% of cases: total clearance in 41 patients (68.3%); partial clearance in 19 patients (32.7%). After treatment, dermoscopic improvement of all non‐pigmented and pigmented AK lesions was observed. Most of the dermoscopic features disappeared with treatment. Total disappearance of specific vascular structures or significant reduction in the number and calibre of new blood vessels was capillaroscopically observed in all patients analysed (P ≤ 0.001). The immunohistochemical expression of p63 (P = 0.002), Ki‐67 (P = 0.015) and VEGF (P = 0.016) significantly decreased.

Conclusions

The clinical efficacy of ingenol mebutate on AKs is confirmed by its effect on angiogenesis, stem cell activity and cell proliferation in vivo.