bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Passing Through a Similar Transition
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

Benjamin Mays was a groundbreaking religious intellectual whose theological perspective was shaped by world travel. His work and travel in the 1930s show how the international roots of the civil rights movement were fed by various intellectual streams including theological liberalism, a radical tradition of black God-talk, and the “Howard School,” the extraordinary collection of intellectuals at Howard University during this period. His exposure to India and his later work with the international ecumenical movement revealed to Mays connections between American racism and the experiences of imperialism and colonialism. A Christian theologian, he outlined a justice-oriented black social Christianity, interested in and responsive to social realities. He also demonstrated that comparative religious studies would be an essential tool for American Christians who wanted to use liberative lessons from other cultures and religious traditions in the U.S. context.
An Admixture of Tragedy and Triumph
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

This chapter charts the travel and work of black theologian William Stuart Nelson and his wife, social worker Blanche Nelson, in India in 1946–1947, when they witnessed Gandhi’s failure to curtail fierce interreligious violence in Bengal. Dean of Howard University’s school of religion, Nelson shared with his friends Howard Thurman and Benjamin Mays an abiding interest in the Indian independence movement. But during his sojourn in India, Nelson was confronted by Gandhi’s pessimism and extensive violence throughout the subcontinent. Nelson’s year in India revealed the obstacles to sustaining a nonviolent movement in the face of continued colonial pressure and communal violence. Through the American Friends Service Committee’s work of providing direct service to communities in Bengal and his intellectual engagement with Bengali academics, Nelson became convinced that interreligious learning could be a key feature of social movements.
Moral Leadership of the World
Authors: Azaransky Sarah
Published: June 2017

In the 1950s, Cold War politics made anticolonial alliances between Africans, Asians, and black Americans suspect, as the demands of governing—as opposed to coordinating a freedom movement—redirected energies and attention. Yet India and Ghana, in particular, remained concrete examples for the network at the center of this book. Benjamin Mays returned to India in 1953 to witness the world’s largest democracy composed of people of color. Bayard Rustin went to Ghana in 1959 to coordinate an international antinuclear and antiimperial protest of French nuclear testing in the Sahara desert. Mays and Rustin were both instrumental to the success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which inaugurated Martin Luther King Jr. as a civil rights leader. The decade closed with a new generation of activists and intellectuals taking lessons from the people at the center of this book to spur a mass, nonviolent American freedom movement.
The Neoclassical Economics of Information Was Incubated at Cowles
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

One of the most important contributions of the Cowles Commission in the period 1944 to 1954 was to jump-start the formalization of the orthodox approach to the economics of information. The tension with the neoliberals also housed at the University of Chicago was fruitful. Members such as Jacob Marschak, Leonid Hurwicz, Kenneth Arrow, and Stanley Reiter all struggled to infuse the utility function with some sort of cognitive capacity. Their struggles to make this do political double-duty set the stage for the subsequent evolution of the economics of information.
The Bayes-Nash School of Design
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes the second major school of market design, that primarily associated with the Harsanyi doctrine and game theorists such as William Vickrey and Robert Wilson. In the Bayes-Nash school, they claimed to solve certain perceived problems with target auction formats, such as that of the “winner’s curse,” which this chapter explores. Unlike the other schools, they claimed to taxonomize various auction forms according to their informational properties.
Emergence
Authors: Croasmun Matthew
Published: June 2017

Emergence theory in philosophy of science is introduced, first in modest terms of the emergent properties exhibited by complex wholes that are not exhibited by their constituent parts. Then, emergence is treated as a trans-ordinal theory that stakes out a middle ground between reductionism and dualism. The tension between supervenience and downward causation is described as the generative dialectic of emergence. The coherence of downward causation is debated and ultimately affirmed on account of the prevalence of downward causation in the sorts of accounts produced by fields like systems biology. Racism is treated as a case study of the sorts of causal feedback loops generated by complex causal structures that operate at multiple levels of hierarchy.
Aesthetics of Enlightenment
Authors: Seo Mira
Published: June 2017

Among the intellectual and literary elites of Roman Italy in the late first century CE, Christianity had yet to make significant inroads. The Stoicism of Panaetius and Seneca dominated ethical discourse in the imperial capital, whereas in the Hellenic center of Neapolis (Naples) and surrounding Campania, elites maintained the genteel Epicureanism of Philodemus. This chapter explores the innovative regional poetics and philosophy of the Bay of Naples through the architectural poems of Statius’s Silvae. Statius’s remarkable poetic innovation engages a new rhetorical approach to displays of material wealth and their social significance. In creating a new genre of “real estate” poetry imitated through late antiquity into sixteenth-century Rome and seventeenth-century England, Statius transforms earlier condemnations of lavish architecture and its tropes in philosophical and poetic discourses into ethical panegyrics to wealth. This chapter identifies Statius’s architectural poetics as a catalyst in philosophical and literary approaches to class, wealth, and social identity.
Justin Martyr and Tatian
Authors: Jin Kim Hyun
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the mid-second century AD Christian reactions to Roman persecution and Greek cultural chauvinism. Early Christians were exposed to two different types of pressure: first, the Roman state brutally oppressed their faith and subjected them to physical violence of which Justin Martyr, the earliest Christian apologetic writer, was a victim. Second, dominant Greek culture of the Mediterranean dismissed Christian beliefs as crude, “barbarian” superstition, indulging in cultural imperialism toward the nascent religion. Christian reaction to these pressures was to adopt the barbarians’ position, i.e. of non-Greeks, and to identify themselves with a cultural tradition they claimed was superior and more ancient than the Greeks’: that of the Hebrews. Early Christian apologetic writers such as Justin and Tatian challenged the orthodoxy and anteriority of Greek culture and began the process of Christianizing the Roman intellectual elite, which would culminate in the Christianization of the Roman empire itself in the fourth century.
Honoring the Dead
Authors: Chen Huai-yu
Published: June 2017

One of the most striking features of Buddhism was its impact on Chinese funeral and mortuary culture and practice. For example, the portrait eulogy and its related ritual practice transformed from an indigenous tradition to a hybrid tradition. Although both the posthumous portrait and the portrait eulogy appeared in pre-Buddhist Chinese history, they entered traditional funeral rites and eventually became a Buddhist reinvention due to the efforts of both monks and literati. During the third to the sixth centuries, the portrait eulogy in Chinese society experienced a twofold transformation, from the rhetorical tool of political and social value system to the cultural and religious tool of social and family commemorations, and also from the part of the government-sponsored political practice to the part of private and individual ritual practice.
Buddhism Challenged, Adopted, and in Disguise
Authors: Raz Gil
Published: June 2017

The arrival of Buddhism China during the first centuries of the common-era led to major changes in the Chinese religious landscape. Despite its foreign origins, Buddhism soon found Chinese adherents and by the fifth century was widespread and popular throughput China and among all social classes, from the royal courts to the aristocracy and the commoners. Some Chinese, however, viewed this popularity of Buddhism as challenging the fabric of Chinese society and culture. Indeed, many scholars explain the emergence of Daoism as a communal religion in medieval China as a response to Buddhism. The Chinese who rejected Buddhism emphasized that Buddhism was a religion of the foreign, and it was created by Laozi, the ancient Daoist sage, to “convert the barbarians.” This paper aims to examine a variety of interactions between Buddhists and Daoists in medieval China as they argued and debated their place in Chinese society.
Dating, Hooking Up, and Love
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the modern context of emerging adult dating and cohabitation. Information is provided on the sexual activity, hooking-up, and dating behaviors of emerging adults, and modern trends in each of these areas are discussed. Relationships among emerging adults are more complex than in previous generations. Societal shifts in the acceptability of nonmarital sex and cohabitation have created a space where emerging adults can engage in long-term serial monogamy. The ways in which dating and cohabitation during emerging adulthood have changed in the past 50 years provide the historical context for many of the marriage paradoxes discussed in later chapters.
Marriage Is Important … Just Not That Important
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores beliefs about the importance of marriage. The authors explain how most emerging adults no longer think marriage is a needed institution but struggle describing why or what society would do without it. Marital importance can be divided into three broad categories of beliefs: an individual’s beliefs about the importance of marriage for society, beliefs about the specific importance of marriage in the individual’s own life, and the relative importance of marriage compared with other life goals. Most emerging adults believe that marriage is important, but they vary in the relative importance they place on marriage. When marriage is pitted against education and career importance, significant variation exists. The authors describe how many emerging adults now prioritize career success over marriage during their 20s.
Gender and Gender Role Expectations
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of emerging adults’ views on gender and gender roles. The authors describe their findings regarding who emerging adults believe benefits more from marriage, men or women. Little consensus seemed to exist regarding how emerging adults viewed the connection between gender and marriage; the authors propose that this is a reflection of our current culture, which continues to move toward gender neutrality and the dismissal of gender differences. The authors also explore how emerging adults believe gender roles will play out in their own marriages. A specific paradox whereby emerging adults aspire to an egalitarian role balance yet tend to end up in traditional gender roles is discussed.
Pure Land Ecology
Authors: Kalmanson Leah
Published: June 2017

Pure Land Buddhism uses the term jinen rather than shizen to refer to the supernatural power of Amida’s compassion that facilitates rebirth in the Pure Land. Often dismissed as unreal, irrational, or merely superstitious, the supernatural is rarely a topic of philosophical discourse. Recent scholarship foregrounds Pure Land thought as an overlooked resource for progressive political philosophy, as well as activism, precisely because of, not in spite of, the supernatural power of the Pure Land to intervene in earthly conditions. Building on this work, we see that Pure Land Buddhism has a similarly progressive perspective to contribute within the field of Japanese environmental philosophy.
The Crucial Role of Culture in Japanese Environmental Philosophy
Authors: Kagawa-Fox Midori
Published: June 2017

A hybrid Japanese philosophy, integrating traditional Japanese Buddhist thought with the Western philosophical canon emerged during the twentieth century in response to the program of modernization instituted by the Maiji Restoration. Japanese culture, however, has been as important in shaping Japanese environmental ethics as have Japanese philosophical values. Japan has an extensive cultural heritage that has been built on mythology and folklore, and on religious beliefs and practices, and these ingredients have influenced the Japanese ethical consciousness. The indigenous Shinto religion, which evolved from animism, teaches that the ever-present kami (spirits) bind the Japanese to their environment. Their presence imparts a strong moral consciousness. Thus an understanding of the relationship of the kami to the Japanese people is essential for appreciating Japanese environmental ethics. Most Japanese have an intuitive belief in the kami that has been significant in forming their caring attitude toward the natural world.
Kagura
Authors: Hiroko Goda
Published: June 2017

Cultural anthropology, a branch of anthropology that studies cultural variations among human beings, can illuminate Japanese perspectives on environmental philosophy. By studying the kagura dance performances of the Kyushu regions of Takachiho and Gokase, the environmental anthropology of Japanese mythology can be revealed. The traditional Shinto religious and philosophical ideologies embodied in these ritual dance performances illustrate how the invisible power of divinity can become manifest in the environment. While nature in the Japanese tradition is morally neutral, the human response to the divinity present in nature is not; humans have an obligation to pursue a harmonious relationship with the natural world via the divinity present in it. Kagura stage performances can reveal the indefinite divinity present in the environmental background of Japan.
Law, Literature, and History
Authors: Meyler Bernadette
Published: June 2017

This chapter demonstrates the centrality of the humanities to the core of law school pedagogy today. At the same time, by focusing on two areas within the humanities—literature and history—it tries to show how disciplines still matter, both as engines and impediments. Examining the shifting passions that bind law, literature, and history to each other, it foregrounds the dynamic quality of disciplinary relations as the attraction of fields for each other waxes and wanes. This dynamism itself advances the possibilities for new births of knowledge. Although unstable and of unknown fate, the love triangle of law, literature, and history continues to spawn fertile offspring.
Regulatory Fictions
Authors: Emens Elizabeth F.
Published: June 2017

Same-sex marriage debates in recent years have prompted a broader questioning of the institution of marriage. This chapter argues that we should take this opportunity to imagine the widest possible range of alternatives to our current marriage regime—or what this chapter calls countermarriage regimes. The chapter draws on an unlikely source of legal innovation to expand our thinking about marriage alternatives: literature. Literature offers an array of countermarriage regimes, including exploding marriage, three-strikes marriage, line marriage, renewable marriage, and exculpatory marriage. In addition to opening our minds to countermarriage possibilities, the chapter shows some overlooked synergies between law and literature.
Legal and Literary Fictions
Authors: Stern Simon
Published: June 2017

The term “legal fiction” is often used for doctrines that make the law’s image of the world seem distorted or bizarre. On this view, corporate personhood and civil death are fictional because of their narrative potential: the outlandish premise might yield some as yet unknown result. However, this narrative potential is an ordinary feature of all legal doctrines. If legal fictions resemble literary fictions, that kinship owes more to the ways in which both fictional modes solicit a particular kind of attention than to a shared ability to spin out narrative arrays. To develop these ideas, this chapter considers the doctrine of copyright misuse, the question of whether steamboats are floating inns, the concept of “unnatural narrative” in literary scholarship, and Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain (1917).
Inductive Risk, Deferred Decisions, and Climate Science Advising
Authors: Havstad Joyce C. , Brown Matthew J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the philosophical viability of Ottmar Edenhofer and Martin Kowarsch’s proposed pragmatic-enlightened model of science advising, as well as the practical application of their proposed model to the case of climate science advising. Edenhofer and Kowarsch’s model makes central use of a cartographic metaphor—one in which scientists and policymakers craft and consider different scientific routes to various value-laden ethical, political, and social destinations. But the argument from inductive risk poses a significant challenge to the viability of the metaphor, and hence, to the workability of the model. The chapter opens with a discussion of the challenge that inductive risk poses for the pragmatic-enlightened model, and closes with a discussion of how stakeholder engagement must be reconceived in order to meet that challenge.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Justin E. H.
Published: June 2017

This Introduction takes a broadly focused, global, and comparative view of the concept of embodiment, focusing particularly on some of the ways it has been interpreted outside of the history of European thought. It also provides a general overview of the central concerns and questions of the volume as a whole, such as: What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation?
Beautiful Bodies and Shameful Embodiment in Plotinus’s Enneads
Authors: Williams Lesley-Anne Dyer
Published: June 2017

This chapter explains why it is possible for Plotinus to appreciate the beauty of bodies, including human bodies, even while he was personally ashamed of his own embodiment. It accomplishes this task first by introducing distinctions between body, matter, form, soul, and entelechy that are made in Plotinus’ arguments with the philosophies of materialism, simple hylomorphism, and Gnosticism. For Plotinus, body is distinguished from matter because a body is formed matter. Since form is inherently good in his philosophy, bodies—as formed matter—cannot be evil. Plotinus’ writings seek to harmonize Platonic and Aristotelian accounts of form as found in bodies. Aristotelianism is especially important for him when it comes to his account of the soul as an immanent form in the body, but he follows Plato in having an account of soul in body that is not restricted to this immanent form. He also follows Plato in believing that the beauty of form in bodies can potentially turn the soul towards the Good while simultaneously acknowledging that human embodiment in particular can distract a soul from contemplating the One. These distinctions found in Plotinus’s treatises are then used in the last part of the chapter in order to interpret Porphyry’s stories concerning his teacher’s disconcerted preoccupation with embodiment. It is argued that Plotinus refused to sit for a portrait not because he objected to the imitation of bodily things for their own sake, not because he repudiated art or even bodies per se.
Descartes and Spinoza
Authors: Peterman Alison
Published: June 2017

In the 17th century, Descartes and Spinoza each provided interesting and influential approaches to answering the question: what is the relationship between a mind and its body? Descartes is in large part responsible for undermining the role of the soul in answering this question, formulating the “mind-body problem” in the form that philosophers still grapple with today. Following him, in Spinoza, we find (at least) three different accounts of embodiment, whose ingenuity is attested to by their long reception in the philosophical tradition.
Embodied Geometry in Early Modern Theatre
Authors: Nasifoglu Yelda
Published: June 2017

Reflecting on the anonymous academic comedy Blame Not Our Author written during the Counter-reformation at the English College in Rome, this short piece addresses some of early modern anxieties about embodiment, specifically the uncomfortably close relationship between forms and their definitions. Featuring mathematical shapes and instruments as its characters, and coinciding with academic debates about Euclidean geometry, the play is ostensibly about a hapless square that wants to attain perfection by becoming a circle, willing to even endure torture in the process. The play’s surprising violence reflects the fears of execution attached to the College’s main mission of reconverting England to Catholicism. Despite resulting in the torture and death of dozens of its alumni, martyrdom was equally celebrated with frescoes depicting violent mutilations. The square’s ultimate failure raises questions about the potency of earthly instruments, of geometry or of torture, and the possibility and consequences of bodily transformation.
Britain as Prophecy
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 explores the idea of the “choreography of reform” in performances by the Horace Mann and Horace Greeley. Upon returning from a tour of Britain in 1845, Mann felt compelled to tell his fellow Americans about the failings of the English education system. Five years later, Greeley returned from the 1851 Great Exhibition, proclaiming that he had witnessed the future. They toured the United States over the course of the next decade performing pieces that cast them as seers and oracles, using British futurity as a means of imagining starkly distinct national futures for the republic. In doing so, they transformed their findings into elaborate oratorical tours de force that reveal the blending of social science and sentiment in lecture hall reform rhetoric. This chapter uses their performances to show how transatlantic reformers transitioned not only between print and public speech, but also between strikingly different discourses and registers.
Britain and Kinship
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

During the 1852–53 season Thackeray delivered a series of lectures, “The English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century,” and returned for a more extensive tour during 1855–56, speaking on “The Four Georges” of the Hanoverian dynasty. This chapter charts the controversies that attended his discussion of themes of monarchy, humor, and global “Englishness.” It argues, first, that both series of lectures attempted to reconfigure a usable eighteenth century, and offer a literature and heritage belonging to all Anglophone readers. Second, it explores how Thackeray, as an Indian-born product of empire, embodied ideals of a shared tradition in fascinating and contradictory ways for American audiences. Third, the chapter shows how the American treatment of Thackeray’s performances dovetailed with the dynamics of the midcentury copyright crisis. Finally, the chapter charts the ways in which Thackeray’s mode of genial humor was used to talk about matters of cultural divergence.
Fueling Reconstruction
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyzes food’s role in the dramatic economic growth of both socialist East Germany and capitalist West Germany during the 1950s and 1960s. It explores food’s impact on industrial productivity by looking at the changing role of canteens in German society, highlighting the role played by industrial canteens in the shaping of class relations. It also looks at the relationship between food and the consumer economy by exploring efforts to optimize grocery shopping. This comparative analysis shows that the profoundly gendered activity of shopping for food has shaped women’s economic roles in socialism as well as capitalism. Exploring grocery markets and canteens as gendered and classed sites reveal that food is central to the growth of both socialist and capitalist economies, while at the same time arguing that individual food consumption and production always prove impossible to adequately optimize.
Fighting Fat
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at the obesity epidemic that emerged in East and West Germany during the 1970s and 1980s. It compares the ways in which socialist and capitalist nutritionists and economists diagnosed and attempted to treat the new problem of widespread overweight. Despite expressing different attitudes toward fatness, East Germany and West Germany attempted to solve the problem of obesity using similar strategies, including expanding food options for private purchases and modifying the caloric content of institutional meals, especially in canteens. However, in both states these projects failed to reverse the population’s steady weight gain. When it came to fatness, the two states were more similar than not, despite deeply held beliefs that their populations consumed quite different diets.
Regret
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 explores the rhetoric of witnessing that contemporary Western officials regularly employ as an instrument of national and international statecraft. The idea that civic leaders may improve political affairs and enhance their political legitimacy by encouraging the public to bear witness to past injustice and tragedy is a now-commonplace feature of national as well as international politics. Chapter 3 demonstrates how politicians and political institutions have, in recent decades, adopted the rhetoric of witnessing in political address, particularly in order to demonstrate regret, engage in rites of apologia, or participate in somber commemoration. President George W. Bush’s remarks on transatlantic slavery during a 2003 state visit to Gorée Island, Senegal, includes a virtual compendium of tropes and idioms that political officials customarily employ on such occasions. To examine the details of his address is to examine essential aspects of the regretful appeals and rituals of political witnessing that officials now employ routinely in an effort to demonstrate both moral and political legitimacy.
Beyond Paradigms
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

September 26, 1962, marked the end of a thousand-year religious dynasty in Yemen. Muhammad al-Badr, the last ruling imam, was overthrown and replaced by a weak republic. Over the next six years, Yemen was dominated by a civil war between al-Badr’s royalists and the supporters of the new republic. The conflict in Yemen did not conform to the ideological divides of either the Global Cold War, between the United States and the USSR, or the Arab Cold War, between Saudi-led Arab monarchies and Egypt-led Arab nationalists. Rather, the chaos of the Yemen Civil War opened the doors of this previously isolated country to a combination of international organizations, clandestine operations, and visionary individuals who transformed Yemen into an arena for global conflict.
Recognizing the New Republic
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

The deposed Yemeni Imam Muhammad al-Badr escaped the shelling of his palace in September 1962 and fled north to gather loyal tribal militias. By the time al-Badr’s escape was revealed to the public, two months after the initial assault on Sana’a, most of the world had already recognized the new republic, under the assumption that al-Badr was dead. Egypt and the Soviet Union, which had both developed a close alliance with al-Badr before 1962, were compelled to recognize the republic or risk losing their political, economic, and strategic investments in Yemen. What emerged at the end of 1962 was a civil war between an Imam and his loyal tribesmen and a weak republic supported by Egypt and the Soviet Union.
The UN Yemen Observer Mission (UNYOM)
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

In 1963, the “shuttle diplomacy” efforts of Ellsworth Bunker and Ralph Bunche between Riyadh, Cairo, and Sana’a led to an agreement for the withdrawal of Egyptian and Saudi intervention in the Yemen Civil War. The UN Yemen Observer Mission, which ran from 1963 to 1964, was given the responsibility to oversee this withdrawal. Contemporary and historic perceptions of UNYOM have been tainted by a clash of personalities between the mission leader, Carl von Horn, who embodied the old European leadership of the UN, and Secretary General U Thant, who represented the new Asia-Africa bloc in the UN. UNYOM has been portrayed as the first failure in a new era of “tin-cup peacekeeping” that could scarcely feed and supply UN personnel. The reality, gleaned from interviews in addition to newly available UN and Canadian archives, is starkly different. The mission was in fact a success, limited only by the global conflict that overshadowed UNYOM.
Yemen, Israel, and the Road to 1967
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

Nasser’s decision to completely withdraw from Yemen was brought about by Egypt’s defeat in the June 1967 war with Israel. Egyptian military officials have often blamed their 1967 defeat on Yemen, citing spurious statistics on troop numbers abroad and Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer’s misdirected attention from the Sinai border with Israel. While most of these assertions lack credibility, there was in fact a direct connection between Yemen and June 1967. British mercenaries organized a clandestine group of Israel Air Force pilots and navigators to airlift weapons and supplies to royalist tribal armies behind enemy lines. Israeli decision makers were given front-row seats to Egypt’s expanding air power and weapons capabilities—the use of poison gas in particular—providing further encouragement to preemptively strike Egypt’s air force and avoid the same fate as the northern highlands of Yemen.
The Garden
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: June 2017

At the center of the Song of Songs is a description of a garden. While scholars have focused exclusively on the garden as a metaphor for the young woman’s sexuality, this chapter suggests that the poem itself is more reticent, and focuses the reader’s attention on the garden as an art form. This takes the form of a close reading of Song 4:12–5:1, and its explication draws on contemporary theorizations of the garden to argue that the garden is a potent representation of ideals about the natural world. In particular, this garden exemplifies both order (in enclosure and the exoticism of its plants) and ecstasy (in the coursing wildness of the winds and waters).
Conclusions
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The conclusions chapter discusses the theoretical contribution of the work to the literatures on diasporas, ethnic lobbies, and transnationalism. It references the theoretical model, applicable across a variety of diasporas and contexts, and the multiple ways in which host states utilize diasporas. The theoretical model’s conditions and the testing of the model are discussed. The chapter contains a summary and lessons from each of the eight cases in this book in which the four-factor model was applied. Multiple issues raised by the phenomenon of host-state utilization, including the effect of regime type on host-government use of diasporas, when de-instrumentalization by the host state of the activists occurs, ethical implications of such utilization, and avenues for future research, are also covered.
Sacerdotal Subversion in Saint-Domingue
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

This chapter, “Sacerdotal Subversion in Saint-Domingue,” provides important historical, political, and religious context for understanding the relationship between the priest and the prophetess, between Romaine-la-Prophétesse and Abbé Ouvière. Based on extensive archival research, some of which is entirely original, it does so by first outlining the history of the Jesuit mission in Saint-Domingue and the reasons for which the Society of Jesus was banished from the colony; in a word, because they were perceived by local planters and colonial administrators as fomenting revolt among slaves. It proceeds by closely analyzing the activities of eight French Catholic priests during the 1791–1792 insurgencies, four among rebelling slaves in the North Province and four among insurgent free coloreds in the West. Though scholars have analyzed the four in the North previously, none of those in the West have ever before been the subjects of academic study.
An Abbé’s Atlantic Adventures
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Shortly after the fall of the Trou Coffy insurgency in March 1792, Abbé Ouvière was appointed a delegate of the free colored Confederacy and tasked with returning to France to present their cause before the National Assembly in Paris. The delegation’s chief aim was to secure their full civil rights as French citizens; however, unbeknownst to them, Abbé Ouvière was a royalist who rejected the French Revolution and acted clandestinely to restore the rule of the ancien régime over Saint-Domingue. Several dramatic turns thus ensued when the priest’s papers were seized, including letters from his co-ideologues and his ailing wife, whom he had secretly married two years prior. Forced to flee France because of his political deceit, Ouvière would soon find himself in Jamaica, eventually making an dramatic passage to Philadelphia to embark on a new phase of his life. Chapter 7, “An Abbé’s Atlantic Adventures,” focuses on these events.
The Prophetess in Fantasy and Imagination
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

Methodologically departing somewhat from the strongly empirical chapters that precede it, Chapter 9, “The Prophetess in Fantasy and Imagination,” employs art history, literary analysis, and ethnography to consider the place of Romaine-la-Prophétesse in French and Caribbean fantasy and imagination. Raising the question as to why Romaine does not appear as a figure in Haiti’s celebrated artistic culture, save for brief mention in a single poem, the chapter analyzes his appearance in a novel by Victor Hugo, Bug Jargal, and another by the contemporary Cuban author Maya Moreno, In the Palm of Darkness, to assess imbalances between historical fact and literary imagination. It also considers briefly the prophetess’ subtly emergent status as an icon of both black and LGBT pride and liberation. Processes of racial and sexual identity impelled by Romaine’s historical reality and contemporary appropriation are highlighted in this, the final body chapter of the study.
The Expression of Feeling in Imagination
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

The aesthetic engagement with fictions involves emotional responses of various kinds, and it is often urged that there is a paradox in the idea of emotions directed at what one knows to be a fictional situation or character. This paper examines some of the assumptions about imagination and emotion underlying the sense of paradox here, and critically examines Kendall Walton’s influential account of the problem in terms of his theory of make-believe. The paper argues that original paradox rests on a picture of the activity of imagination as restricted to the representation of states of affairs, and that this suggests an unreal discontinuity between our emotional aesthetic responses and our actual everyday lives. The final section discusses a problem from Hume concerning the phenomenon of moral and emotional resistance in imagination.
Cavell on Recognition, Betrayal, and the Photographic Field of Expression
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

The ideas of expression and expressiveness have been central to Stanley Cavell’s writing from the beginning, joining themes from his more strictly philosophical writing to the role of human expression as projected in cinema. This paper explores a thread running through several different parts of his writing, relating claims he makes about the photographic medium of film and its implications for the question of expression and expressivity in film There is an invocation of notions of necessity and control in the context of cinema that should be understood in the context of related ideas in his writings on Wittgenstein and others. The paper pursues some thoughts about the power of the camera, the themes of activity and passivity in expression, and the human face as the privileged field of such activity and passivity.
Cavell on Outsiders and Others
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

Part IV of Stanley Cavell’s The Claim of Reason is an extended meditation on the similarities and differences between external world skepticism and skepticism about other minds. One contrast between the two forms of skepticism is the irreducible duality of perspectives with respect to minds (“inside” and “outside”) and the fact that the skeptical inquirer necessarily occupies both perspectives. Another aspect of this relation character of the problem of other minds is what Cavell calls the possibility for both “Active” and “Passive” directions for skepticism here; that is, skepticism with respect to the knowability of other minds, and skepticism with respect to the possibility of being known by any other mind. This paper argues that a lesson of this part of Cavell’s discussion is the importance of seeing these two directions for skepticism as comprising one single phenomenon which requires understanding them in terms of each other.
Unfortunate Destiny
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

This book focuses on the imagery and roles of nonhuman animals in premodern South Asian Buddhist literature. Part I examines the animal realm of rebirth in Buddhist doctrine and cosmology and shows that early Buddhist literature depicts the animal rebirth as a most “unfortunate destiny” (Skt. durgati), won through negative karma and characterized by violence, fear, suffering, and a lack of wisdom, moral agency, or spiritual potential. It also shows that although animals are capable of being reborn in heaven, the means by which this occurs are passive in nature, highly dependent upon the physical presence of a buddha, and categorically inferior to the spiritual cultivation unique to human beings alone. In contrast, Part II looks at the thinking, speaking, and highly anthropomorphized animals that populate many previous-life stories of the Buddha (jātakas). Not only do these animals exhibit wisdom and moral agency, they also use their powers of speech to condemn humanity for its moral shortcomings and expose humanity’s rampant abuse and exploitation of the animal world. Part III examines the roles played by major animal characters within the life-story of the Buddha, arguing that certain animal characters can be seen as “doubles” of the Buddha, illuminating the Buddha’s character through comparison with an animal “other.” Throughout the book, the author shows that humanity’s relationship to the animal is forever characterized by a simultaneous kinship and otherness, identity and difference, attraction and repulsion—and that discourse surrounding animals is primarily aimed at illuminating the nature of the human.
Conclusion
Authors: Ohnuma Reiko
Published: June 2017

The potency of the animal as a symbol lies in humanity’s dualistic relationship with the animal. On the one hand, we ourselves are animals; on the other hand, we define ourselves in opposition to all other animals. There is thus both kinship and otherness, identity and difference, attraction and repulsion in humanity’s relationship to the animal. Through this dualistic interplay, animality becomes a fruitful resource for defining what it means to be human. As Buddhism—arguably, more so than any other major religion—is a profoundly human-centered tradition, we should not be surprised to see Buddhist texts from India making ample use of animality in expressing Buddhism’s vision of the project of being human. Animality manifests itself, moreover, through an endless variety of different species (with different qualities, characteristics, and habitats), and thus presents us with an extremely rich pool of symbolic possibilities. The availability and potency of this pool in the world of premodern India is perhaps difficult to imagine from our own vantage point in the modern, industrialized West, where animals are retreating more and more from our everyday view and experience. This book constitutes a very preliminary effort to gain a glimpse of some of the ways in which this pool of symbolic possibilities was employed....
Co-religionist Commerce Is Better Adjudicated in Arbitration
Authors: Broyde Michael J.
Published: June 2017

State and federal courts are available to resolve disputes between co-religionist parties the same way that they are available to all Americans. Religious parties, however, are increasingly choosing to avoid resolving co-religionist conflicts of this kind in traditional courts, instead opting for private dispute resolution methods based on religious principles. This chapter explores this phenomenon by focusing on an argument put forth by Professors Michael A. Helfand and Barak D. Richman that state and federal courts can and should be more willing to engage in resolving co-religionist disputes. This chapter argues that one of the reasons for the increased demand for and importance of religious arbitration is that secular courts are poorly equipped to address such cases in ways that effectively uphold the understandings and expectations of religious parties engaged in co-religionist commercial conflicts.
Cultural Replication
Authors: Urban Greg
Published: June 2017

The (re)-production of an element or aspect of culture, here dubbed cultural “replication,” typically involves two distinguishable facets: copying and response. These two facets stimulate contrasting anthropological understandings of culture. Focusing on copying, older models look at culture through the lens of acquisition, viewing individuals within the group as sharing the same culture. The result is a monological understanding of culture; there is uniformity within the group, with group culture passed down across the generations. Newer models, in contrast, emphasize Bakhtinian dialogism, with culture construed as something to which people respond; these models, hence, emphasize difference. Additionally, it is not just anthropologists who develop monological and dialogical models of culture. This chapter argues that people generally, in their efforts to produce community or society, have recourse to metacultural models based on copying or on response. Those models in turn play an active role in promoting either uniformity or difference at the cultural plane.
Schooling New Media
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

Schooling New Media is an ethnography of children’s music and media consumption practices at a small elementary and middle school in Vermont. It examines how transformations in music technologies influence the way children, their peers, and adults relate to one another in school. Focusing especially on digital music devices—MP3 players—it reveals the key role of intimate, face-to-face relationships in structuring children’s uses of music technologies. It explores how headphones mediate face-to-face peer relationships, as children share earbuds and listen to music with friends while participating in their peer groups’ dense overlap of talk, touch, and gesture. It argues that kids treat MP3 players less like “technology” and more like “toys,” domesticating them within traditional childhood material cultures already characterized by playful physical interaction and portable objects such as toys, trading cards, and dolls that can be shared, manipulated, and held close. Kids use digital music devices to expand their repertoires of communicative practices—like passing notes or whispering—that allow them to maintain intimate connections with friends beyond the reach of adults. Kids position the connections afforded by digital music listening as a direct challenge to the overarching language and literacy goals of classroom education. Schooling New Media is unique in its intensive ethnographic attention to everyday sites of musical consumption and performance. And it is uniquely interdisciplinary, bringing together approaches from music education, ethnomusicology, technology studies, literacy studies, and linguistic anthropology to make integrative arguments about the relationship between consumer technologies, childhood identities, and educational institutions.
Tinkering and Tethering
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers children’s MP3 players from a “material culture” perspective. This approach reveals that children emphasized the tangibility of their MP3 players as objects more than as devices for communication or data storage. Children’s MP3 players were thoroughly domesticated within an intimate and childish material culture already characterized by playful physical interaction and portable objects such as toys, trading cards, and dolls that can be shared, manipulated, and held close, and in a culture of embodied participation that emphasizes touch, physical closeness, and movement. Children’s interest in the materiality of their devices has implications for understanding their conceptions of sound, music, and circulation. It decenters adult values of fidelity in sound recordings. It also provides an important link for understanding how MP3 players are incorporated as authentic elements into existing cultures of childhood and thus inflected with the peer cultural solidarity that characterizes children’s expressive culture in schools.
Intimate Media In and Out of the Classroom
Authors: Bickford Tyler
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers how girls and boys view the conflict between media consumption and learning in class, focusing on uses of portable media in classroom that take place mostly in secret in the classroom. It compares listening practices in school and at home to bring the institutional structure of kids’ listening practices into relief, and it compares kids uses of portable video gamed devices with MP3 players to explore the gendering of kids’ media consumption. The contrast between discourses of “multitasking” that are volunteered differently by boys and girls suggest that each group sees the fine-grained details of their media interactions as deeply tied up in their social identities in school.