bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impulsive choice, alcohol consumption, and pre‐exposure to delayed rewards: II. Potential mechanisms
Authors: Stein Jeffrey S. , Renda C. Renee , Hinnenkamp Jay E. , Madden Gregory J.
Published: November 2014

In a prior study (Stein et al., 2013), we reported that rats pre‐exposed to delayed rewards made fewer impulsive choices, but consumed more alcohol (12% wt/vol), than rats pre‐exposed to immediate rewards. To understand the mechanisms that produced these findings, we again pre‐exposed rats to either delayed (17.5 s; n = 32) or immediate (n = 30) rewards. In posttests, delay‐exposed rats made significantly fewer impulsive choices at 15‐ and 30‐s delays to a larger, later food reward than the immediacy‐exposed comparison group. Behavior in an open‐field test provided little evidence of differential stress exposure between groups. Further, consumption of either 12% alcohol or isocaloric sucrose in subsequent tests did not differ between groups. Because Stein et al. introduced alcohol concentration gradually (3–12%), we speculate that their group differences in 12% alcohol consumption were not determined by alcohol's pharmacological effects, but by another variable (e.g., taste) that was preserved as an artifact from lower concentrations. We conclude that pre‐exposure to delayed rewards generalizes beyond the pre‐exposure delay; however, this same experimental variable does not robustly influence alcohol consumption.
Antifungal effect of essential oil components against Aspergillus niger when loaded into silica mesoporous supports
Authors: Bernardos Andrea , Marina Teresa , Žáček Petr , Pérez‐Esteve Édgar , Martínez‐Mañez Ramón , Lhotka Miloslav , Kouřimská Lenka , Pulkrábek Josef , Klouček Pavel
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Essential oil components (EOCs) are known for their antifungal properties; however, their high volatility limits their application as antimicrobial agents. Strategies used for controlling the volatility of EOCs include encapsulation or loading into porous materials. This study evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of selected EOCs (carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol and thymol) against the fungus Aspergillus niger when loaded into MCM‐41 and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD).

RESULTS

Carvacrol and thymol in Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM‐41) displayed remarkable enhanced antifungal properties in comparison to the pure or β‐CD‐encapsulated EOCs. In fact, carvacrol and thymol were able to maintain antifungal activity and inhibit fungal growth for 30 days, suggesting better applicability of these EOCs as natural preservatives.

CONCLUSIONS

The sustained antifungal effect of EOCs encapsulated into silica mesoporous supports was described. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Understanding the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) Pilgrims
Authors: Kruger Martinette , Saayman Melville
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this research is to analyse the motives and segment the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) pilgrims to the Zion City of Moria in South Africa during Easter according to these motives. Seven motives were identified: spiritual fulfilment, inner peace, inner healing, faith exploration, congregational togetherness, personal fulfilment and religious participation. Based on these motives, pilgrims were grouped into three distinctive clusters namely devotees, explorers and seekers. These clusters differ significantly based on their motives, socio‐demographic and behavioural characteristics, thereby showing that these pilgrims are not a homogeneous market. This research contributes to the knowledge base regarding characteristics and behaviour of these specific and distinctive pilgrims in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized Lorentzian Tensor Approach (GLTA) as a biophysical background for quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Yablonskiy Dmitriy A. , Sukstanskii Alexander L.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a potentially powerful technique for mapping tissue magnetic susceptibility from gradient recalled echo (GRE) MRI. Herein we aim to derive the relationships between GRE signal phase and the underlying tissue microstructure and magnetic susceptibility at the cellular level.

Methods

We use Maxwell's equations and a statistical approach to derive the expression for the magnetic‐susceptibility‐induced MR signal frequency shift of the GRE signal in single‐ and multicompartment systems, in which inhomogeneous magnetic field is induced by the cellular constituents (proteins, lipids, iron, etc.) distributed in intra‐ and extracellular spaces.

Results

We introduce the Generalized Lorentzian Tensor Approach (GLTA) that accounts for both types of anisotropy: the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and the structural tissue anisotropy. In the GLTA the frequency shift due to the local environment is characterized by the Lorentzian tensor
which has a substantially different structure than the susceptibility tensor
. While components of
are simply compartmental susceptibilities “weighted” by their relative volumes, the components of
are weighted by specific numerical factors depending on tissue micro‐symmetry and parameters related to the MR pulse sequence. We also provide equations bridging phenomenological and microscopic considerations.

Conclusion

The GLTA provides a consistent background for deciphering phase data. Magn Reson Med 73:757–764, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Crisis Preparedness Collaboration: Resources, Turbulence and Network Change in Swedish Municipalities
Authors: Nohrstedt Daniel , Bodin Örjan
Published: November 2014

Societal responses to climate change risks and hazards increasingly involve interorganizational collaboration across policy areas, sectors, and levels of government. Different views exist in the literature regarding changes in such collaborative arrangements; whereas some argue that maintaining stability of collaborative networks is a precursor for effective crisis management, others maintain that network adaptation is necessary to cope with complex risks and rude surprises. This controversy turns the spotlight on the more fundamental question of what influences changes in collaborative networks in this area. Using survey data on municipality managers in Sweden, this study presents evidence of a dramatic increase in annual change of interorganizational ties while the total magnitude of ties to different types of actors has essentially remained constant over time. To explain these developments, the study builds from resource dependency theory (RDT) and explores the relationship between resources, environmental turbulence, and network change. The findings suggest that RDT has limited explanatory value in this case; no association was found between resources, turbulence, and network change. An alternative hypothesis is introduced suggesting that changes in networking strategies are a function of outside pressure to collaborate and uncertainty about collaborative practices and the benefits of collaboration, which feed an experimental approach to networking.
Atomic level analysis of carbon fibers by the scanning atom probe
Authors: Nishikawa Osamu , Taniguchi Masahiro
Published: November 2014

Carbon fibers made from polyacrilonitrile and pitch were mass analyzed utilizing the unique capability of the scanning atom probe, atom‐by‐atom mass analysis. The most significant mass peak is COH showing that these fibers contain large amounts of oxygen and hydrogen. Unexpected findings are the detection of C27OH and C50ONH ions from polyacrilonitrile‐based fibers and C27OH and 7 mass peaks from C30OH5 to C37OH5 from pitch‐based fibers. The mass difference of the seven mass peaks is 14 amu possibly because of the number of bound CH2 and nitrogen atom. These mass spectra are not found by analyzing other carbon specimens such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphens. Uniqueness of the mass spectra could be due to the 1different fabrication process. The relation of the mass spectra and the tensile strength and modulus of the fibers is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass analysis by Ar‐GCIB‐dynamic SIMS for organic materials
Authors: Suzuki Masato , Nojima Masashi , Fujii Makiko , Seki Toshio , Matsuo Jiro
Published: November 2014

Generally, dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been mainly used as one of the most powerful tools for inorganic mass analysis. On the other hand, an Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) has been developed and spread as a processing tool for surface flattening and also a projectile for time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS. In this study, we newly introduced an Ar‐GCIB as a primary ion source to a commercially available dynamic SIMS apparatus, and investigated mass spectra of amino acid films (such as arginine and glycine) and polymer films (polyethylene: PE and polypropylene: PP) as organic model samples. As a result, each characteristic fragment peak indicating the original molecular organic structure was observed in the acquired mass spectra. In addition, their own molecular ions of the amino acids were also clearly observed. Mass spectra of PE/PP blended‐polymer films acquired using Ar‐GCIB‐dynamic SIMS could be identified between pure PE and PE:PP = 1:3 mixture by applying principal components analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
R&D investment dynamics in agglomerations under weak appropriability regimes: Evidence from Indian R&D labs
Authors: Lamin Anna , Ramos Miguel A.
Published: November 2014

What are the dynamics of R&D investment when firms agglomerate in environments with weak intellectual property rights protection? Specifically, do foreign and domestic firms present equal opportunities for free riding by domestic firms in such environments? We examine the impact on local firms' R&D investment from knowledge spillovers originating from co‐located foreign and domestic firms within and across industries. Building on fieldwork in India, we predict free riding by local firms on nearby foreign and local firms. Furthermore, we expect local firms to free ride more from other local firms within their industry and from foreign firms across industries. Analyzing a sample of 3,475 R&D lab investment decisions during 2003–2010 in India, we find that local firms free ride from other local firms both within and across industries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term electricity load and price forecasting based on clustering and next symbol prediction
Authors: Jin Cheng Hao , Pok Gouchol , Paik Incheon , Ryu Keun Ho
Published: November 2014

Short‐term electricity load and price forecasting is an important issue in competitive electricity markets. In this paper, we propose a new direct time series forecasting method based on clustering and next symbol prediction. First, the cluster label sequence is obtained from time series clustering. Then a lossless compression algorithm of prediction by partial match version C coder (PPMC) is applied on this obtained discrete cluster label sequence to predict the next cluster label. Finally, the whole time series values of one‐step‐ahead can be directly forecast from the predicted cluster label. The proposed method is evaluated on electricity time series datasets, and the numerical experiments show that the proposed method can achieve promising results in day‐ahead electricity load and price forecasting. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maximum power control system for small wind turbine using predicted wind speed
Authors: Kitajima Takahiro , Yasuno Takashi
Published: November 2014

This paper describes a novel approach of maximum power control for small wind turbines by using predicted wind speed data. Because of the moment of inertia of the wind turbine, when using conventional control method, the time lag of control will occur due to turbulence in the environment. Our proposed control system uses future information, which is the predicted wind speed, for wind turbine control. The control algorithm creates a reference trajectory of the rotational speed of the wind turbine. The advantage of using the predicted data is that the controller can operate the wind turbine efficiently so that the rotational speed of the wind turbine catches up with the reference speed at the maximum power point. Simulation results show improvement of generation efficiency compared to the conventional control method. Then we discuss the influence of the prediction error of wind speed on control performance. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three Heterometallic Coordination Polymers Containing Lead(II): Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Zheng Yan‐Feng , Sun Ya‐Qiu , Xu Yan‐Yan , Gao Dong‐Zhao , Zhang Guo‐Ying
Published: November 2014

Three coordination polymers [Pb2(nipt)2(NiL)2] (1), [Pb(tpt)(NiL)]·2H2O (2), and [Pb2(ipt)2(NiL)2] (3) (ML, H2L = 2, 3‐dioxo‐5, 6, 14, 15‐dibenzo‐1, 4, 8, 12‐tetraazacyclo‐pentadeca‐7, 13‐dien, H2nipt = 5‐nitroisophthalic acid, H2tpt = terephthalic acid, H2ipt = isophthalic acid) were synthesized by solvothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 exhibits a zigzag chain consisting of Pb2Ni2 units with oxamide and 5‐nitro isophthalate bridges, whereas complex 2 possesses a double chain with oxamide and terephthalate bridges. Complexes 1 and 2 have a 2D supramolecular architecture formed by intermolecular interactions and hydrogen bonds. Complex 3 exhibits a two‐dimensional network structures formed by Pb4Ni4 units via oxamide and isophthalate bridges. In complexes 1–3, the arrangement of donor atoms suggest that the coordination around the lead(II) atoms is hemi‐directed. The different steric hindrance of bridged ligands, and lone pair electrons effect of lead(II) ion cooperatively influence nipt, tpt and ipt displaying in diverse connecting modes and further result in different structures. Additionally the fluorescence properties of compounds 1–3 are discussed.
Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Pyridyl‐substituted Nitroxide Radicals
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Bao Xia , Wei Yijun , Wang Fengwu , Wen Guilin
Published: November 2014

Two cobalt(II) radical complexes: [Co(NIT4‐py)2(PNB)2] (1) and [Co(im4‐py)2(PMB)2(H2O)2] (2) [NIT4‐py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide, im4‐py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazole‐1‐oxyl, PNB = p‐nitrobenzoic anion, PMB = p‐methylbenzoic anion] were synthesized and characterized. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows that complex 1 is four coordinated with tetrahedral arrangement, where the CoII ion is located in the central site of the tetrahedron, two radicals and two PNB ligands are trans‐coordinated to the CoII ion. Complex 2 exhibits a six coordinated distorted octahedron, in which two im4‐py radicals, two PMB ligands, and two solvent molecules act as terminal ligands. The magnetic behaviors of complexes 1 and 2 were investigated. Complex 1 shows ferromagnetic interactions between the CoII ion and the NIT4‐py radical, whereas antiferromagnetic coupling dominates between the im4‐py radical and the CoII ion in complex 2. The magnetic properties can be explained by the structures and a magnetic exchange mechanism.
Nonlinear self-excited thermoacoustic oscillations of a ducted premixed flame: bifurcations and routes to chaos
Authors: Kashinath Karthik , Waugh Iain C. , Juniper Matthew P.
Published: November 2014

Thermoacoustic systems can oscillate self-excitedly, and often non-periodically, owing to coupling between unsteady heat release and acoustic waves. We study a slot-stabilized two-dimensional premixed flame in a duct via numerical simulations of a $G$-equation flame coupled with duct acoustics. We examine the bifurcations and routes to chaos for three control parameters: (i) the flame position in the duct, (ii) the length of the duct and (iii) the mean flow velocity. We observe period-1, period-2, quasi-periodic and chaotic oscillations. For certain parameter ranges, more than one stable state exists, so mode switching is possible. At intermediate times, the system is attracted to and repelled from unstable states, which are also identified. Two routes to chaos are established for this system: the period-doubling route and the Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse route. These are corroborated by analyses of the power spectra of the acoustic velocity. Instantaneous flame images reveal that the wrinkles on the flame surface and pinch-off of flame pockets are regular for periodic oscillations, while they are irregular and have multiple time and length scales for quasi-periodic and aperiodic oscillations. This study complements recent experiments by providing a reduced-order model of a system with approximately 5000 degrees of freedom that captures much of the elaborate nonlinear behaviour of ducted premixed flames observed in the laboratory.
Bubble entrainment and liquid–bubble interaction under unsteady breaking waves
Authors: Derakhti Morteza , Kirby James T.
Published: November 2014

Liquid–bubble interaction, especially in complex two-phase bubbly flow under breaking waves, is still poorly understood. In the present study, we perform a large-eddy simulation using a Navier–Stokes solver extended to incorporate entrained bubble populations, using an Eulerian–Eulerian formulation for a polydisperse bubble phase. The volume-of-fluid method is used for free-surface tracking. We consider an isolated unsteady deep water breaking event generated by a focused wavepacket. Bubble contributions to dissipation and momentum transfer between the water and air phases are considered. The model is shown to predict free-surface evolution, mean and turbulent velocities, and integral properties of the entrained dispersed bubbles fairly well. We investigate turbulence modulation by dispersed bubbles as well as shear- and bubble-induced dissipation, in both spilling and plunging breakers. We find that the total bubble-induced dissipation accounts for more than 50 % of the total dissipation in the breaking region. The average dissipation rate per unit length of breaking crest is usually written as $b{\it\rho}g^{-1}c_{b}^{5}$, where ${\it\rho}$ is the water density, $g$ is the gravitational acceleration and $c_{b}$ is the phase speed of the breaking wave. The breaking parameter, $b$, has been poorly constrained by experiments and field measurements. We examine the time-dependent evolution of $b$ for both constant-steepness and constant-amplitude wavepackets. A scaling law for the averaged breaking parameter is obtained. The exact two-phase transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is compared with the conventional single-phase transport equation, and it is found that the former overpredicts the total subgrid-scale dissipation and turbulence production by mean shear during active breaking. All of the simulations are also repeated without the inclusion of a dispersed bubble phase, and it is shown that the integrated TKE in the breaking region is damped by the dispersed bubbles by approximately 20 % for a large plunging breaker to 50 % for spilling breakers. In the plunging breakers, the TKE is damped slightly or even enhanced during the initial stage of active breaking.
Measuring incompleteness: Acoustic correlates of glottal articulations
Authors: Ashby Michael , Przedlacka Joanna
Published: November 2014

The autocorrelation function, a measure of regularity in the speech signal, is applied in demarcating the seemingly diffuse intervals of glottalization which accompany or replace voiceless oral stops in elicited recordings from 22 young speakers of Southern British English. It is shown that a local minimum in autocorrelation characterizes almost all instances heard as intervocalic glottal stops; an annotation procedure is developed and used to gather data on glottalization gestures, including duration, f0, energy and autocorrelation. The same measure is used to assess regularity of vocal fold vibration in an interval just prior to the formation of the total closure for instances of syllable-final /t/, and confirms significantly lower autocorrelation in a group auditorily judged ‘pre-glottalized’. Implications are considered both for normal speech perception and for expert phonetic judgments.
Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 6298: a new witness of the biblical commentaries from the Canterbury School
Authors: Steinova Evina
Published: November 2014

Manuscript Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 6298 contains an as yet unexamined fragment of the second batch of the gospel glosses (EvII) from the biblical commentaries of the Canterbury School inserted as an addition in 3r of the manuscript. In this article, I describe this fragment, and I attempt to contextualize its insertion into the manuscript. It seems likely that the glosses were entered into the manuscript, together with some additional excerpts in the same folio, either in one of the centres in the Anglo-Saxon missionary area in Germany, where the manuscript originated, or at Freising, where the manuscript was kept at a later date.
Reading, writing and resurrection: Cynewulf's runes as a figure of the body
Authors: Clements Jill Hamilton
Published: November 2014

Cynewulf's runic signatures have long been understood as a playful means of preserving the poet's name, resembling Latin anagrams or the scrambled runes of Old English riddles. This essay re-evaluates the signatures' function, arguing that their form graphically enacts the concerns about the body, death and salvation that saturate each of Cynewulf's epilogues. When read through the lens of the common medieval grammatical analogy that equates the word's letters to the body and the word's meaning to the soul, the scattered letters of the signatures become a figure of Cynewulf's broken and sinful body; like the worm-eaten flesh described in the epilogue to Fates, Cynewulf's own name is reduced to its most elemental form. The reader's reassembly and comprehension of the dismembered signature as the name CYN(E)WULF thus create a simulacrum of the reconstituted body and its reunion with the soul at the resurrection, anticipating the salvation that Cynewulf asks his readers to help secure with their prayers.
Estimating seroprevalence of vaccine-preventable infections: is it worth standardizing the serological outcomes to adjust for different assays and laboratories?
Authors: KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , McCONWAY K. J. , ANASTASSOPOULOU C. , BARBARA C. , DE ORY F. , JOHANSEN K. , MOSSONG J. , PROSENC K. , VRANCKX R. , NARDONE A. , PEBODY R. , FARRINGTON P.
Published: November 2014

The aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network 2 (ESEN2) project was to estimate age-specific seroprevalence for a number of vaccine-preventable diseases in Europe. To achieve this serosurveys were collected by 22 national laboratories. To adjust for a variety of laboratory methods and assays, all quantitative results were transformed to a reference laboratory's units and were then classified as positive or negative to obtain age-specific seroprevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the value of standardization by comparing the crude and standardized seroprevalence estimates. Seroprevalence was estimated for measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, varicella zoster and hepatitis A virus (HAV) and compared before and after serological results had been standardized. The results showed that if no such adjustment had taken place, seroprevalence would have differed by an average of 3·2% (95% bootstrap interval 2·9–3·6) although this percentage varied substantially by antigen. These differences were as high as 16% for some serosurveys (HAV) which means that standardization could have a considerable impact on seroprevalence estimates and should be considered when comparing serosurveys performed in different laboratories using different assay methods.
Sociolinguistic correlates of negative evaluation: Variable concord in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Scherre Maria Marta Pereira , Naro Anthony Julius
Published: November 2014

Variable agreement in Brazilian Portuguese is subject to social stigma. It was brought to the general public's attention in 2011 in a heated nationwide sociolinguistic debate triggered by TV Globo, the principal network. In order to isolate objective factors underlying this debate, we examine the variableeducationin a trend study of Rio de Janeiro speech. Relying on logistic modelrelative weightsand their correspondingranges, we usepolarizationto designate the magnitude of these ranges. Polarization of the education variable in 1980 was moderate, whereas in 2000, polarization becomes extreme in an increasingly uneven social distribution of standard marked forms. The increased effect of education is also reflected in a comparison with the statistical effect of mass media: in 1980, media contact had a stronger effect than education did, whereas in 2000, education exhibits a stronger effect. The results reveal objective correlates to speakers' subjective reactions, suggesting that public discussion of linguistic prejudice would be useful to the community, which can profit from results of sociolinguistic research in a humanistic and emancipatory way, as foreseen by Sankoff (1988a).
Socially-mediated syntactic alignment
Authors: Weatherholtz Kodi , Campbell-Kibler Kathryn , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: November 2014

When we interact with one another, we tend to align our behaviors, including the way we talk. Psycholinguistic work has conceptualized alignment as the result of automatic cognitive mechanisms that operate to facilitate processing and communication. Sociolinguistic work has focused on the role of social identity and interactional strategy in explaining linguistic alignment. We draw on these two largely distinct traditions to investigate socially mediated syntactic alignment with the goal of understanding how social perception and cognition influence the mechanisms involved in alignment. A novel web-based paradigm was employed to collect speech data from a large socially heterogeneous sample. Participants listened to one of three speakers, each with a different accent, deliver an ideologically charged diatribe. Participants then completed a picture description task to assess the degree of syntactic alignment. Finally, participants completed a comprehensive social questionnaire designed to assess a wide range of social dimensions, which were tested as predictors of alignment. Our results suggest that syntactic alignment is to some extent automatic, but socially mediated. We found an overall alignment effect across social conditions and independent of social perceptions. However, the degree of alignment was influenced by a number of factors, including the perceived standardness of the passage speaker's accent, participants' perceived similarity to the speaker, and participants' preference for compromise as a conflict management style. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of linguistic alignment and speech production.
From interference to transfer in language contact: Variation in voice onset time
Authors: Newlin-Łukowicz Luiza
Published: November 2014

This study examines cross-generational differences in the realization of an English phonological contrast by bilingual Polish Americans in New York City. I analyze the production of voice onset time (VOT) in underlying stops, as intinandden, and stops derived from interdental fricatives, as in [t]in forthinand [d]en forthen, in an English-only reading task. Generation one exhibits VOT “interference” for both stop types, with a bias toward interference for voiced stops. Generation two “transfers” Polish-like VOTs to derived stops. I argue that the cross-generational progression from theglobaleffects of interference to thefocusedpresence of transfer is filtered through L1 markedness and reflects speakers' growing sensitivity to L2 phonology and social considerations. The observed asymmetries in the distribution of interference/transfer are unaccountable by existing models of L2 acquisition and motivate a view of L1/L2 phonetic categories as governed by a variable grammar with access to phonological and social information.
Expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes is associated with reductions in cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus volumes in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Frodl Thomas , Carballedo Angela , Frey Eva-Maria , O'Keane Veronica , Skokauskas Norbert , Morris Derrek , Gill Michael , Hughes Martina Mary , Harkin Andrew , Connor Thomas
Published: November 2014

Alterations of the glucocorticoid system and of hippocampal volumes have consistently been reported in patients with major depressive disorders (MDD). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes is associated with changes in the cornu ammonis (CA) and dentate gyrus subfields. Forty-three patients with MDD and 43 healthy controls were recruited and investigated with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Hippocampal subfields were measured using freesurfer. Measurement of whole blood mRNA expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5), and glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) was performed. Patients with MDD had significantly smaller volumes of CA1, CA2/3, CA4/DG, and subiculum compared to healthy controls. In the regression analysis, the factor diagnosis had a significant moderating effect on the association of SGK1 and hippocampal volumes. Patients with low expression of SGK1 had significantly smaller CA2/3 and CA4/DG volumes compared to patients with high expression of SGK1 mRNA and to healthy controls with low/high expression of SGK1, respectively. Therefore, a lack of mRNA expression of glucocorticoid inducible genes in patients with MDD that seems to correspond to a blunted cortisol response is associated with smaller hippocampal CA and dentate gyrus volumes. SGK1 seems to be particularly relevant for stress-related mental disorders.
Socially anxious mothers' narratives to their children and their relation to child representations and adjustment
Authors: Murray Lynne , Pella Jeff E. , De Pascalis Leonardo , Arteche Adriane , Pass Laura , Percy Ray , Creswell Catharine , Cooper Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Anxious mothers' parenting, particularly transfer of threat information, has been considered important in their children's risk for social anxiety disorder (SAnxD), and maternal narratives concerning potential social threat could elucidate this contribution. Maternal narratives to their preschool 4- to 5-year-old children, via a picture book about starting school, were assessed in socially anxious (N= 73), and nonanxious (N= 63) mothers. Child representations of school were assessed via doll play (DP). After one school term, mothers (Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL]) and teachers (Teacher Report Form) reported on child internalizing problems, and child SAnxD was assessed via maternal interview. Relations between these variables, infant behavioral inhibition, and attachment, were examined. Socially anxious mothers showed more negative (higher threat attribution) and less supportive (lower encouragement) narratives than controls, and their children's DP representations SAnxD and CBCL scores were more adverse. High narrative threat predicted child SAnxD; lower encouragement predicted negative child CBCL scores and, particularly for behaviorally inhibited children, Teacher Report Form scores and DP representations. In securely attached children, CBCL scores and risk for SAnxD were affected by maternal anxiety and threat attributions, respectively. Low encouragement mediated the effects of maternal anxiety on child DP representations and CBCL scores. Maternal narratives are affected by social anxiety and contribute to adverse child outcome.
Further Validity of the Japanese Version of the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-J)
Authors: Oshio Atsushi , Abe Shingo , Cutrone Pino , Gosling Samuel D.
Published: November 2014

The Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI; Gosling, Rentfrow, & Swann, 2003 ) is a widely used very brief measure of the Big Five personality dimensions. Oshio, Abe, and Cutrone (2012) have developed a Japanese version of the TIPI (TIPI-J), which demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Until now, all studies examining the validity of the TIPI-J have been conducted in the Japanese language; this reliance on a single language raises concerns about the instrument’s content validity because the instrument could demonstrate reliability (e.g., retest) and some forms of validity (e.g., convergent) but still not capture the full range of the dimensions as originally conceptualized in English. Therefore, to test the content validity of the Japanese TIPI with respect to the original Big Five formulation, we examine the convergence between scores on the TIPI-J and scores on the English-language Big Five Inventory (i.e., the BFI-E), an instrument specifically designed to optimize Big Five content coverage. Two-hundred and twenty-eight Japanese undergraduate students, who were all learning English, completed the two instruments. The results of correlation analyses and structural equation modeling demonstrate the theorized congruence between the TIPI-J and the BFI-E, supporting the content validity of the TIPI-J.
Inclusion flotation-driven channel segregation in solidifying steels
Authors: Li Dianzhong , Chen Xing-Qiu , Fu Paixian , Ma Xiaoping , Liu Hongwei , Chen Yun , Cao Yanfei , Luan Yikun , Li Yiyi
Published: November 2014

Channel segregation, which is featured by the strip-like shape with compositional variation in cast materials due to density contrast-induced flow during solidification, frequently causes the severe destruction of homogeneity and some fatal damage. An investigation of its mechanism sheds light on the understanding and control of the channel segregation formation in solidifying metals, such as steels. Until now, it still remains controversial what composes the density contrasts and, to what extent, how it affects channel segregation. Here we discover a new force of inclusion flotation that drives the occurrence of channel segregation. It originates from oxide-based inclusions (Al2O3/MnS) and their sufficient volume fraction-driven flotation becomes stronger than the traditionally recognized inter-dendritic thermosolutal buoyancy, inducing the destabilization of the mushy zone and dominating the formation of channels. This study uncovers the mystery of oxygen in steels, extends the classical macro-segregation theory and highlights a significant technological breakthrough to control macrosegregation.
Photocured Materials: A General Perspective
Authors: Polykarpov Alexander , Tiwari Atul
Published: November 2014

This introductory chapter appends various growing commercially important areas of photocured materials. The first section briefly mentions the use of this technique in areas that are either completely developed or at the stage of intense research. In the second section, the studies accomplished and articles contributed by authors are abstracted. This will provide readers with a concise overview of the contributions in this book.
Inhomogeneous Photopolymerization in Multicomponent Media
Authors: Veltri A. , Sukhov A. V. , Caputo R. , De Sio L. , Infusino M. , Umeton C. P.
Published: November 2014

We present a model for the photoinduced formation of composite materials by means of an inhomogeneous curing pattern. The model assumes that redistribution of molecules is due to mass diffusion and incorporates a realistic kinetic description of polymerization processes. Numerical simulations predict two different kinds of structure that have already been experimentally observed when this procedure was used to produce switchable diffraction gratings in polymer-based liquid-crystalline composite materials. We demonstrate how two parameters, related to diffusion and curing intensity, govern the phenomenon and determine the structure that will be formed after the curing process has been completed.
Microfabrication Processes and Applications of Liquid Photosensitive Materials
Authors: Chen Chin-Tai
Published: November 2014

This chapter comprehensively presents the various microfabrication schemes and applications that are largely based the photosensitive liquid materials over several decades. Nowadays, those types of photosensitivity-based materials are no doubt playing a significant role for precise fabrication of diverse components and devices at the micro- to nanometer scale. Herein the contents are systematically organized as below. First, the intimate fusion of liquid with light and its demands for development of multidisciplinary technologies are introduced in Section 6.1, subsequently followed by review of fundamental principles with characterization of materials, photoinduced polymerization and miniaturization of objects in Section 6.2. Furthermore, Section 6.3 concisely describes several developed schemes of microfabrication existing at present, such as photolithography, soft lithography, light stereolithography and inkjet printing, for implementation of photosensitive liquid materials. Section 6.4 illustrates a variety of industrial applications closely associated with those above schemes, which include microactuators, microsensors, microfluidic components, optical components, medical devices and other complex three-dimensional microsystems. These are promising to be further explored and developed in the 21st century. Finally, we summarize with conclusions and future outlook in Section 6.5.
Photoreactive Polymers For Microarray Chips
Authors: Zhou Di , Sivakumar Ponnurengam Malliappan , Son Tae Il , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: November 2014

A photoimmobilization technology using photoreactive and nonbiofouling polymers was developed for the preparation of microarray biochips. This photoimmobilization enabled the convenient covalent immobilization of various types of biological components. In addition, by using nonbiofouling polymers as matrixes it was possible to reduce the nonspecific interactions with the biological components. Various proteins, allergens, autoantigens, viruses, and cells were microarrayed using this technique. This microarray technology will be useful not only for fundamental investigations of biological interactions, but also for applications in clinical analysis.
UV-Based Dual Mechanism for Crosslinking and Stabilization of PAN-Based Carbon-Fiber Precursors
Authors: Morales Marlon S. , Ogale Amod A.
Published: November 2014

Improvement in the stabilization step during production of carbon fibers is vital to making such high performance fibers cost competitive. This chapter summarizes a potential approach that utilizes a rapid, dual-stabilization route for the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers. A diethylaminobenzophenone was added as an external photoinitiator to PAN solution before the fiber wet-spinning step. After a short UV treatment, which induced partial cyclization and crosslinking at a lower temperature, precursor fibers could be rapidly thermo-oxidatively stabilized and successfully carbonized. Fast-thermal stabilized pure PAN-based carbon fibers showed hollow-core fiber defects due to inadequate thermal stabilization, but such defects were not observed for fast-thermal stabilized fibers that were UV treated (in the presence of the photoinitiator). No deterioration of interplanar spacing or decrease in crystallite size was observed within the experimental carbon fibers containing photoinitiator. Moreover, such fibers retained a higher extent of molecular orientation when compared with that of control fibers and displayed a higher tensile modulus than that measured for other sets derived only from thermal stabilization. These results establish for the first time the reduction of stabilization time and enhancement of modulus afforded by external photoinitiators/UV treatment of PAN-based carbon fibers.
Introduction to Optofluidics for LOC Systems
Authors: Fatoyinbo Henry O.
Published: November 2014

Optofluidics, although extremely broad, is a relatively nascent field where light is coupled with fluids predominantly at the micrometre and nanoscale. This creates a range of innovative systems and optical elements which improve, for instance, sensing operations by reducing limits of detection and enhancing detection rates. The integration of discrete optofluidic technologies gives rise to the possibilities of creating all-optical lab-on-a-chip devices capable of delivering compact and inexpensive routes for sample preprocessing, particle manipulation and analysis/detection. In this chapter, readers are introduced to some recent techniques developed for manipulating light at the micrometre scale and the technologies applied to the creation of planar integrated optical waveguides. In addition, advances in optical particle manipulation (nanoscale and microscale) technologies, such as through near-field photonic systems and optoelectrofluidics will be examined and contrasted with the classical far-field optical tweezers developed over three decades ago.
Structured oligonucleotides for target indexing to allow single-vessel PCR amplification and solid support microarray hybridization
Authors: Girard Laurie D. , Boissinot Karel , Peytavi Régis , Boissinot Maurice , Bergeron Michel G.
Published: November 2014

A structured oligonucleotide is irreversibly digested in the presence of its complementary target during PCR, releasing a short oligonucleotide tag for microarray hybridization in a single vessel and single reaction mixture.
A dipole-assisted solid-phase extraction microchip combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for online determination of trace heavy metals in natural water
Authors: Shih Tsung-Ting , Hsu I-Hsiang , Chen Shun-Niang , Chen Ping-Hung , Deng Ming-Jay , Chen Yu , Lin Yang-Wei , Sun Yuh-Chang
Published: November 2014

A microchip was modified with C–Cl moieties for the development of an on-chip dipole-assisted solid-phase extraction technique.
Stimulated mass enhancement strategy-based highly sensitive detection of a protein in serum using quartz crystal microbalance technique
Authors: Akter Rashida , Jeong Bongjin , Rahman Md. Aminur
Published: November 2014

A quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor is described for highly sensitive detection of interleukin-6 in serum using a magnetic bead-supported bienzyme-catalyzed stimulated mass enhancement strategy.
Novel l-lactic acid biosensors based on conducting polypyrrole-block copolymer nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Chong , Wang Daoying , Zhang Muhan , Ni Yanxiu , Shen Xiaohui , Song Youchao , Geng Zhiming , Xu Weimin , Liu Fang , Mao Chun
Published: November 2014

Novel polypyrrole-Pluronic F127 nanoparticles with conducting and biocompatibility properties were used to construct an l-lactic acid biosensor. This method proposes great potential for the detection and evaluation of meat quality.
Nanoparticle–blood interactions: the implications on solid tumour targeting
Authors: Lazarovits James , Chen Yih Yang , Sykes Edward A. , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: November 2014

This review examines nanoparticle–blood interactions, their implications on solid tumour targeting, and provides an outlook to guide future nanoparticle design.
A twisted intramolecular charge transfer probe for rapid and specific detection of trace biological SO2 derivatives and bio-imaging applications
Authors: Zhu Leiming , Xu Junchao , Sun Zhe , Fu Boqiao , Qin Caiqin , Zeng Lintao , Hu Xichao
Published: November 2014

A highly “reactive” probe showed a ratiometric fluorescence response to HSO3− with fast response and low detection limit (3.0 nM).
Metal-free cascade construction of C–C bonds by activation of inert C(sp3)–H bonds
Authors: Zhang Honglin , Pan Changduo , Jin Ning , Gu Zhangxi , Hu Hongwen , Zhu Chengjian
Published: November 2014

Metal-free catalytic activation of inert C(sp3)–H/elimination of SO2/C–C bond formationviaa free radical process were achieved in sequence.
Facile synthesis of bimetal Au–Ag nanoparticles in a Cu(i) boron imidazolate framework with mechanochromic properties
Authors: Wen Tian , Zhang De-Xiang , Liu Juan , Zhang Hai-Xia , Zhang Jian
Published: November 2014

A new multifunctional Cu(i) boron imidazolate framework shows unusual mechanochromic properties and exceptional reducing ability through the direct loading of Au–Ag nanoparticles.
Hydrogen atom transfer reactions in thiophenol: photogeneration of two new thione isomers
Authors: Reva Igor , Nowak Maciej J. , Lapinski Leszek , Fausto Rui
Published: November 2014

The photochemistry of thiophenol monomers confined in cryogenic argon matrices is dominated by hydrogen atom transfer reactions and leads to the formation of two new thione isomers, which were characterized in this work by infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations.
A new scoring function for protein–protein docking that identifies native structures with unprecedented accuracy
Authors: Moreira Irina S. , Martins João M. , Coimbra João T. S. , Ramos Maria J. , Fernandes Pedro A.
Published: November 2014

Here we present a new, high accuracy, scoring method to discover the native 3D structure of protein–protein (P–P) complexes. This methodology incorporates alanine scanning experimental data previously known. The P–P interface area is also included in the scheme.
Pressure-enhanced surface interactions between nano-TiO2 and ionic liquid mixtures probed by high pressure IR spectroscopy
Authors: Chang Hai-Chou , Jiang Jyh-Chiang , Kuo Meng-Hsiu , Hsu Ding-Tsai , Lin Sheng Hsien
Published: November 2014

The formation of pressure-enhanced C–H⋯nano-TiO2 interactions around the C–H groups was observed.
Removal of micropollutants, facultative pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria in a full-scale retention soil filter receiving combined sewer overflow
Authors: Scheurer Marco , Heß Stefanie , Lüddeke Frauke , Sacher Frank , Güde Hans , Löffler Herbert , Gallert Claudia
Published: November 2014

The contamination of surface waters by combined sewer overflow is reduced by retention soil filters.
JAK2 and AMP-kinase inhibition in vitro by food extracts, fractions and purified phytochemicals
Authors: Martin Harry , Burgess Elaine J. , Smith Wendy A. , McGhie Tony K. , Cooney Janine M. , Lunken Rona C. M. , de Guzman Erika , Trower Tania , Perry Nigel B.
Published: November 2014

A study of 49 foods shows that ellagitannin containing foods inhibit JAK2 and AMPK kinases.
A nano-granular Sn impregnated NiTi alloy matrix anode for high voltage Li-ion pouch cells
Authors: Manikandan P. , Periasamy P. , Jagannathan R.
Published: November 2014

A nano-granular Sn impregnated inactive NiTi alloy matrix has been synthesized through a viable and facile mill-heat method and explained with the schematic illustration of flexibility for active Sn sites(s).
Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of Ag–TiO2 nanoparticulate film
Authors: Ramacharyulu P. V. R. K. , Praveen kumar J. , Prasad G. K. , Srivastava A. R.
Published: November 2014

Ag–TiO2 nanoparticulate film was synthesized by dip coating followed by adsorption and photoreduction. This film has demonstrated enhanced rate of photocatalytic degradation of MP when compared to TiO2 nanoparticulate film.
Enhanced electrochemical performance of Li2NiTiO4 with micro-structural rearrangement via urea treatment
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Wang Haibo , Quan Jinbing , Ma Zheng , Li Decheng
Published: November 2014

After urea-treatment, the voltage platform differences (ΔV) are decreased in the first cycle (0.1 C) and fiftieth cycle (2 C), respectively. Moreover, the rate capability is improved remarkably.
Fabrication of morphology controlled graphene oxide-dye composite films at the air–water interface
Authors: Gür Bahri , Şinoforoğlu Mehmet , Meral Kadem
Published: November 2014

This study presents a facile route for preparing two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide-based composite films using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method.
Protein–surfactant aggregate as a potential corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in sulphuric acid: zein–SDS system
Authors: Roy Pialee , Sukul Dipankar
Published: November 2014

A protein–surfactant aggregate (zein–SDS system) acting as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in H2SO4.