bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundary crossing in school governing bodies: Perspectives from the business community
Authors: Dobson Tom , Rose Anthea , Parton Graham , Hart Melissa
Published: November 2018

Policy changes to school governance have led to Governing Bodies (GBs) increasingly appointing skilled professionals from the business community. Research into these GBs views governors from business as a threat to lay governors and the stakeholder model. Whilst there has been exploration of the contributions of business governors, the ways in which business volunteers develop into their new roles as business governors have not been captured. This article is drawn from an evaluation of Lloyds Banking Group’s (LBG) school governance programme where 18 LBG employees were interviewed throughout the first year in their governor roles. Adapting Young’s categorisation of knowledge as ‘managerial’, ‘educational’ and ‘lay’, this article articulates how LBG governors acquired ‘educational’ and ‘lay’ knowledge to transform their practices and how this was underpinned by ‘authenticity’ associated with the stakeholder model. The article presents perspectives from other GB stakeholders which suggest that the transformation of the LBG governors’ practice has impacted upon GBs, with them crossing boundaries between landscapes of practice. The implications are that, within the context of performativity, the wider business sector has a role to play in school governance. Understanding governor professional development is key to this.
Studying “natural” eye movements in an “unnatural” social environment: The influence of social activity, framing, and sub-clinical traits on gaze aversion
Authors: Mansour Hassan , Kuhn Gustav
Published: November 2018

Experimental psychologists frequently present participants with social stimuli (videos or pictures) and measure behavioural responses. Such designs are problematic in that they remove the potential for social interaction and inadvertently restrict our eyes multifaceted nature as a tool to both perceive and communicate with others. The aim of this study was to develop a new paradigm within which we can easily and reliably measure the influence of top-down processes (belief), social activity (talking and listening), and possible clinical traits (gaze anxiety, and social interaction difficulties) onto gaze behaviours. Participants were engaged in a “real” or pre-recorded Skype conversation. Findings suggest that participants who believed they were engaging in a real conversation spent less time looking at the speaker’s eyes, but no differences were found for dwell time onto the whole face. Within our non-clinical sample, higher levels of gaze anxiety resulted in reduced dwell time onto the whole face but not eyes, whereas social interaction difficulties produced reduced dwell time onto the eyes only. Finally, talking consistently produced reduced dwell time onto the whole face and eyes regardless of any other conditions.
The effect of rapamycin treatment on cerebral ischemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal model studies
Authors: Beard Daniel J , Hadley Gina , Thurley Neal , Howells David W , Sutherland Brad A , Buchan Alastair M
Published: November 2018

Background

Amplifying endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms is a promising avenue for stroke therapy. One target is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase regulating cell proliferation, cell survival, protein synthesis, and autophagy. Animal studies investigating the effect of rapamycin on mTOR inhibition following cerebral ischemia have shown conflicting results.

Aim

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of rapamycin in reducing infarct volume in animal models of ischemic stroke.

Summary of review

Our search identified 328 publications. Seventeen publications met inclusion criteria (52 comparisons: 30 reported infarct size and 22 reported neurobehavioral score). Study quality was modest (median 4 of 9) with no evidence of publication bias. The point estimate for the effect of rapamycin was a 21.6% (95% CI, 7.6%–35.7% p < 0.01) improvement in infarct volume and 30.5% (95% CI 17.2%–43.8%, p < 0.0001) improvement in neuroscores. Effect sizes were greatest in studies using lower doses of rapamycin.

Conclusion

Low-dose rapamycin treatment may be an effective therapeutic option for stroke. Modest study quality means there is a potential risk of bias. We recommend further high-quality preclinical studies on rapamycin in stroke before progressing to clinical trials.
Dropping the Hammer: An Uncommon Case of Right-Hand Pain in a Professional Hockey Player
Authors: Kasitinon Donald , Dimeff Robert J.
Published: November 2018

A 26-year-old, right-handed male professional hockey player presented for a second opinion with dysesthesia of the tips of his right third, fourth, and fifth fingers after 2 previous incidents of hyperextension injuries to his right wrist while holding his hockey stick. Radiographs and computed tomography scans were negative for fracture. After magnetic resonance angiography and Doppler ultrasound imaging, the athlete was diagnosed with hypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS) with ulnar artery aneurysm and thrombosis. He underwent successful surgery with ligation and excision of the aneurysmal, thrombosed ulnar artery and was able to return to hockey 4 weeks after surgery. HHS is thought to be a rare posttraumatic digital ischemia from thrombosis and/or aneurysm of the ulnar artery and was traditionally considered an occupational injury but has been reported more frequently among athletes. There have only been 2 previous case reports of hockey players diagnosed with HHS, and in the previous 2 case reports, both involved repetitive trauma from the hockey stick, which resulted in thrombotic HHS. We present a case of a professional hockey player diagnosed with HHS also due to repetitive trauma from the hockey stick, but this time resulting in aneurysmal HHS with thromboembolism. This case report highlights the importance of keeping HHS in the differential diagnosis in athletes with pain, cold sensitivity, and paresthesia in their fingers with or without a clear history of repetitive trauma to the hypothenar eminence, as HHS is a condition with good outcomes after proper treatment.
Articular Cartilage Injuries of the Knee: Patient Health Literacy, Expectations for Management, and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Cole Brian J. , Redondo Michael L. , Cotter Eric J.
Published: November 2018

Objective

The purpose of this article is to review the orthopedic literature regarding patient understanding of articular cartilage disease, interpret literature reporting patient expectations for surgical management of articular cartilage injuries of the knee, and review patient-reported outcomes and patient satisfaction with management of these injuries.

Design

A retrospective review of the current literature using the PubMed database (1980-current) was performed on July 15, 2017. The search terms used were “patient understanding knee cartilage,” “patient satisfaction knee cartilage,” “patient expectation knee cartilage,” and “patient reported outcomes knee cartilage.” All searches were filtered to human studies and English language only and were reviewed by 2 independent reviewers. Studies not relevant to articular cartilage injury and/or surgical management in the knee were excluded. Additional references were found by backtracing references from obtained articles.

Results

The published study search results for the terms: “patient understanding knee cartilage,” “patient satisfaction knee cartilage,” “patient expectation knee cartilage,” and “patient reported outcomes knee cartilage” displayed a total of 873 studies. Two independent reviewers screen all studies A total of 50 published studies were relevant and included.

Conclusion

The subjective and objective clinical outcomes reported are inconsistently obtained resulting in difficulty drawing comparisons between studies. While the relationship between preoperative patient expectations and patient-reported outcomes and patient satisfaction has yet to be well developed, authors have reported patient and injury specific variables associated with superior and inferior outcomes. In conclusion, more work is needed to correlate patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction for cartilage treatments with preoperative expectations and health literacy.
Data science for social work practice
Authors: Cariceo Oscar , Nair Murali , Lytton Jay
Published: November 2018

Data science is merging of several techniques that include statistics, computer programming, hacking skills, and a solid expertise in specific fields, among others. This approach represents opportunities for social work research and intervention. Thus, practitioners can take advantage of data science methods and reach new standards for quality performances at different practice levels. This article addresses key terms of data science as a new set of methodologies, tools, and technologies, and discusses machine learning techniques in order to identify new skills and methodologies to support social work interventions and evidence-based practice. The challenge related to data sciences application on social work practice is the shift on the focus of interventions. Data science supports data-driven decisions to predict social issues, rather than providing an understanding of reasons for social problems. This can be both a limitation and an opportunity depending on context and needs of users and professionals.
The Multilevel Structure of Daily Emotion-Regulation-Strategy Use: An Examination of Within- and Between-Person Associations in Naturalistic Settings
Authors: McMahon Tierney P. , Naragon-Gainey Kristin
Published: November 2018

Existing structural analyses of emotion-regulation (ER) strategies have relied on retrospective, dispositional assessments, ignoring the within-person structure (i.e., intraindividual strategy groupings based on momentary covariances) and variability in strategy use across time and contexts. We conducted multilevel exploratory factor analyses on self-reported daily use of 11 strategies (i.e., acceptance, behavioral avoidance, distraction, experiential avoidance, expressive suppression, procrastination, reappraisal, reflection, rumination, savoring, social support) in clinical ( N = 129) and student ( N = 109) samples with intensive longitudinal designs. At the between-person level, two factors—Engagement and Avoidance—emerged in both samples. A different structure was found at the within-person level, with four factors in the student sample (i.e., Attentional Shift, Acceptance, Avoidance, Emotional Expression) and three in the clinical sample (i.e., Attentional Shift, Avoidance, Emotional Expression). The validity of these factors was examined via their associations with daily internalizing symptoms and affect. Implications for naturalistic ER strategy use and clinical assessment/intervention are discussed.
Primary umbilical endometriosis with cyclic bleeding
Authors: Wasinghon Phornsawan , Wang Ying-Chi , Huang Kuan-Gen
Published: November 2018

Umbilical endometriosis is a rare clinical entity with unclear pathogenesis. A 36-year-old woman who presented with painless umbilical bleeding during the menstrual period for 9 months, history of dysmenorrhea for 10 years ago without medial used for relieving pain. A painless, 2-cm superficial hyperpigmented dark nodule with an orifice located in an umbilicus had been revealed during physical examination. The ultrasonography showed a 2.6-cm right hypoechogenic ovarian cyst and a 2.37-cm umbilical mass. The operation was umbilical lesion excision, laparoscopic enucleation of right endometrioma and surgical excision of endometriosis at the uterosacral ligament which revealed endometriosis on microscopic examination. The umbilicus had performed for neo-umbilicus suturing. Postoperative was uneventful. The concomitant endometriosis of the umbilicus, right endometrioma and the uterosacral ligament is rarely reported in the literature.
Probleme der Anwendung von Theorien für personalwirtschaftliche Gestaltungsmaßnahmen
Authors: Nienhüser Werner
Published: November 2018

Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Frage: Wie kann man praktische Aussagen (Sozialtechnologien) aus Theorien, vor allen aus verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Theorien, gewinnen, und welche Probleme ergeben sich dabei? Verschiedene Vorschläge zur Entwicklung von praktischen Aussagen werden anhand von Beispielen aus dem Personalwesen erläutert und kritisiert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die weitverbreitete Vorstellung der tautologischen Transformation von Theorien in praktische Aussagen kaum haltbar ist. Um die Mängel der bisherigen Vorschläge zu beheben, wird ein eigenes Entwicklungsschema vorgestellt, das, als Heuristik, dazu dienen soll, theoretisch fundierte, praktische Aussagen zu generieren. Anschließend wird diskutiert, nach welchen Kriterien theoretische Aussagen für praktische Zwecke zu beurteilen sind, welche Wertungsprobleme sich ergeben und wie man Handlungsskizzen entwickeln kann. Abschließend werden einige Konsequenzen für die Personalwirtschaftslehre aufgezeigt.
Mitarbeiterorientiertes Sozialleistungsmanagement
Authors: Schulte Christof , Dycke Axel
Published: November 2018

Aufgrund der veränderten Wertestruktur der Mitarbeiter und der ständig steigenden Personalkosten ergeben sich für das Personalmanagement Konsequenzen bezüglich der Gestaltung der betrieblichen Sozialleistungen. Hierbei setzt sich immer stärker die Erkenntnis durch, daß personal politische Maßnahmen strategische Investitionen darstellen. Mit dem Konzept des mitarbeiterorientierten Sozialleistungsmanagements wird im folgenden versucht, ein Instrumentarium darzustellen, mit dem diesen Entwicklungen Rechnung getragen werden kann.
Personalentwicklung im Rahmen einer strategischen Führung
Authors: Becker Fred
Published: November 2018

Trotz der grundlegenden Bedeutung, die der Personalentwicklung in der Diskussion um die strategische Führung zugesprochen wird, steht die systematische Auseinandersetzung damit, was eine “strategisch-orientierte Personalentwicklung” (SOPE) eigentlich ist, erst in ihrer Anfangsphase. (S. Wunderer 1984, Fombrun/Tichy/Devanna 1984, Lorange/Murphy 1984, Golden/Ramanujan 1985, Ackermann 1985, 1987.) Die vorliegende Abhandlung diskutiert nach einer kurzen Einführung zunächst die Stellung, die Grundbegriffe und die Funktionen der Personalentwicklung im Rahmen einer strategischen Führung von Betrieben. Im Anschluß wird auf die Komponenten des Personalentwicklungssystems und ihre sinnvolle strategisch-orientierte Ausgestaltung eingegangen. Diskutiert werden u.a. die Konzeption, der Entwicklungsbedarf sowie die Lernfelder und -prozesse, die unter strategischen Aspekten von grundsätzlicher Bedeutung sind. Wert gelegt wird insbesondere auf grundlegende Überlegungen zum System der SOPE. Ziel ist es, die Problemvielfalt akzentuierende und strukturierende Aussagen für den noch “weißen” Fleck zu machen.
Halal meat and religious slaughter: From spatial concealment to social controversy – Breaching the boundaries of the permissible?
Authors: Lever John
Published: November 2018

Across the secular West, the slaughter of animals for food has become an almost clandestine activity. Very occasionally however, when slaughter comes into view, social and political controversy emerges. In this paper, I examine two such episodes in England and the controversies subsequently engendered: the controversy over kosher meat and the Jewish method of slaughter ( shechita) in the 19th century, and the contemporary controversy over halal meat and the Muslim method of slaughter ( dhabiha). These controversies are complex and double-edged in that, not only do they involve food, which often invokes anxieties about what is being ingested and what moral boundaries are being crossed, they also involve religion. Both episodes are also linked to periods of rapid migration into the UK, and to concerns about integration and the threats posed to British values and national identity by the food practices of outsiders. However, while concern over kosher meat production and Jewish migrants in the 19th century was largely concealed within the spatial boundaries of Jewish communities, from the late 20th century onwards halal meat has become increasingly visible in line with the demographic expansion of the Muslim population out of racialized community spaces. It is in this context, I contend, in line with a new and emerging geography of religious food practice, that halal meat has breached the boundaries of the permissible to challenge the ‘civilized’ values underpinning the hegemonic food discourse.
Possible Herpetic Viral Association in Cases of Acute Exudative Polymorphous Vitelliform Maculopathy
Authors: Zhang Wenlan , Sharma Sumit , Reichstein David A. , Fekrat Sharon
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

We describe 2 retinopathy cases with a possible herpetic association.

Methods:

Presentation, workup, and clinical course of 2 patients were reviewed and compiled.

Results:

Patients presented with no to mild symptoms and multiple bilateral funduscopic yellow hypopigmented lesions corresponding to outer retinal thickening with submacular fluid on optical coherence tomography. Findings mimicked central serous chorioretinopathy but lacked any leakage or pooling on angiography. Systemic workups were negative and our patients had anatomic resolution following a treatment course of oral valacyclovir.

Conclusion:

These cases suggest a possible viral herpes zoster prodrome in some patients who present with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy.
Bleb-Related Endophthalmitis: A 15-Year Review
Authors: Mukkamala Lekha K. , Xia Tian , Mady Rana , Athwal Lisa , Zarbin Marco A. , Bhagat Neelakshi
Published: November 2018

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to describe the patient characteristics, management, and outcomes of bleb-related endophthalmitis (BRE).

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients who presented to a tertiary care facility from 2001 to 2016 with BRE. Collected data included demographics, medical and ocular history, visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), presence of hypopyon, treatment, microbiology, visual outcomes particularly of VA and IOP, and complications.

Results:

Thirty-six eyes (36 patients: 21 females, mean 66.8 years old, 78% with primary open-angle glaucoma) presented an average of 4.5 years (range, 2 days-33 years) after glaucoma surgery (30 trabeculectomies with mitomycin C, 6 tube shunts) with endophthalmitis. Mean VA and IOP at presentation were hand motion (HM; logMAR 2.1) and 19.9 mmHg, respectively, with 82% displaying hypopyon and 87% with purulent blebitis. Eighteen (50%) eyes (mean VA HM) underwent vitreous tap and injection (T/I) of intravitreal antibiotics (vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 cc and ceftazidime 2.25 mg/0.1 cc), and 18 (50%) eyes (mean VA HM) underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with intravitreal antibiotic injection. Eight (45%) eyes initially treated with T/I required a subsequent PPV, and 5 (28%) eyes treated initially with PPV underwent a second PPV. All patients also received systemic antibiotics (33 intravenous [IV] and 3 oral) and topical medications. Average time to documented resolution was 15 days, with mean VA of HM and IOP of 13.6 mmHg. Thirty-one (86%) eyes had vision worse than 20/200 at resolution, and those presenting with light perception or no light perception (NLP) vision (n = 6) had worse vision final VA (logMAR 2.6) than those with initial vision of HM or better (final VA logMAR 1.7). Three (8.6%) eyes were enucleated, with 4 worsening to NLP during the course of the infection.

Conclusions:

BRE is a visually devastating infection requiring prompt diagnosis and management. Despite aggressive treatment with antibiotics, visual prognosis is poor.
Cloud algorithm-driven oximetry-based diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea in symptomatic habitually snoring children
Authors: Xu Zhifei , Gutiérrez-Tobal Gonzalo C. , Wu Yunxiao , Kheirandish-Gozal Leila , Ni Xin , Hornero Roberto , Gozal David
Published: November 2018

The ability of a cloud-driven Bluetooth oximetry-based algorithm to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) was examined in habitually snoring children concurrently undergoing overnight polysomnography.

Children clinically referred for overnight in-laboratory polysomnographic evaluation for suspected OSAS were simultaneously hooked to a Bluetooth oximeter linked to a smartphone. Polysomnography findings were scored and the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHIPSG) was tabulated, while oximetry data yielded an estimated AHIOXIusing a validated algorithm.

The accuracy of the oximeter in identifying correctly patients with OSAS in general, or with mild (AHI 1–5 events·h−1), moderate (5–10 events·h−1) or severe (>10 events·h−1) OSAS was examined in 432 subjects (6.5±3.2 years), with 343 having AHIPSG>1 event·h−1. The accuracies of AHIOXIwere consistently >79% for all levels of OSAS severity, and specificity was particularly favourable for AHI >10 events·h−1(92.7%). Using the criterion of AHIPSG>1 event·h−1, only 4.7% of false-negative cases emerged, from which only 0.6% of cases showed moderate or severe OSAS.

Overnight oximetry processedviaBluetooth technology by a cloud-based machine learning-derived algorithm can reliably diagnose OSAS in children with clinical symptoms suggestive of the disease. This approach provides virtually limitless scalability and should alleviate the substantial difficulties in accessing paediatric sleep laboratories while markedly reducing the costs of OSAS diagnosis.
Genomics of response to immune checkpoint therapies for cancer: implications for precision medicine
Authors: Conway Jake R. , Kofman Eric , Mo Shirley S. , Elmarakeby Haitham , Van Allen Eliezer
Published: November 2018

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies, which potentiate the body’s natural immune response against tumor cells, have shown immense promise in the treatment of various cancers. Currently, tumor mutational burden (TMB) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression are the primary biomarkers evaluated for clinical management of cancer patients across histologies. However, the wide range of responses has demonstrated that the specific molecular and genetic characteristics of each patient’s tumor and immune system must be considered to maximize treatment efficacy. Here, we review the various biological pathways and emerging biomarkers implicated in response to PD-(L)1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) therapies, including oncogenic signaling pathways, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variability, mutation and neoantigen burden, microbiome composition, endogenous retroviruses (ERV), and deficiencies in chromatin remodeling and DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery. We also discuss several mechanisms that have been observed to confer resistance to ICB, such as loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I/II expression, and activation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathways. Clinical trials testing the combination of PD-(L)1 or CTLA-4 blockade with molecular mediators of these pathways are becoming more common and may hold promise for improving treatment efficacy and response. Ultimately, some of the genes and molecular mechanisms highlighted in this review may serve as novel biological targets or therapeutic vulnerabilities to improve clinical outcomes in patients.
A Comparison of Spinal Anesthesia Versus Monitored Anesthesia Care With Local Anesthesia in Minimally Invasive Fetal Surgery
Authors: Ferschl Marla B. , Feiner John , Vu Lan , Smith Devon , Rollins Mark D.
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND:

Minimally invasive fetal surgery is commonly performed to treat twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome with selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation and twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence using radiofrequency ablation. Although an increasing number of centers worldwide are performing these procedures, anesthetic management varies. Both neuraxial anesthesia and monitored anesthesia care with local anesthesia are used at different institutions. We sought to determine the efficacy and outcomes of these 2 anesthetic techniques for fetal procedures at our institution.

METHODS:

All patients undergoing minimally invasive fetal surgery for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome or twin-reversed arterial perfusion sequence over a 6-year time period (2011–2016) were reviewed. Patients receiving monitored anesthesia care with local anesthesia were compared with those receiving spinal anesthesia in both selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation and radiofrequency ablation fetal procedures. The primary outcome examined between the monitored anesthesia care and spinal anesthesia groups was the difference in conversion to general anesthesia using a noninferiority design with a noninferiority margin of 5%. Secondary outcome measures included use of vasopressors, procedure times, intraoperative fluids administered, maternal complications, and unexpected fetal demise within 24 hours of surgery.

RESULTS:

The difference in failure rate between monitored anesthesia care and spinal was −0.5% (95% CI, −4.8% to 3.7%). Patients receiving monitored anesthesia care plus local anesthesia were significantly less likely to need vasopressors, had a shorter presurgical operating room time, and received less fluid (P < .001). Operative time did not differ significantly.

CONCLUSIONS:

Monitored anesthesia care plus local anesthesia is a reliable and safe anesthetic choice for minimally invasive fetal surgery. Furthermore, it decreases maternal hemodynamic instability and reduces preincision operating room time.
MAGEA1 inhibits the expression of BORIS via increased promoter methylation
Authors: Zhao Jizhong , Wang Yueqing , Liang Qianjin , Xu Yan , Sang Jianli
Published: November 2018

Melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGEA1) and BORIS are members of the cancer testis antigens (CTA) family. Their functions and expression regulation mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we revealed new functions and regulatory mechanisms of MAGEA1 and BORIS in breast cancer cells, which were investigated in parental and genetically manipulated breast cancer cells via gene overexpression or siRNA interference-mediated down-regulation. We identified the interaction between MAGEA1 and CTCF, which was required for the binding of MAGEA1 to BORIS promoter and critical for the recruitment of DNMT3a. A protein complex containing MAGEA1, CTCF and DNMT3a will be formed before or after the conjunction with BORIS promoter. The binding of this complex to the BORIS promoter accounts for the hypermethylation and repression of BORIS expression, which results in cell death in the breast cancer cell lines tested. Multiple approaches are employed, including co-IP, GST-pull down, co-localization, cell death analyses using the Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and caspase3 activation assays, ChIP and bisulfite sequencing PCR assays for methylation. These results have implications in the development of strategies in CTA-based immune therapeutics.
The respiratory mechanics of the yacare caiman (Caiman yacareDaudine)
Authors: Reichert Michelle N. , de Oliveira Paulo R. C. , Souza George M. P. R. , Moranza Henriette G. , Restan Wilmer A. Z. , Abe Augusto S. , Klein Wilfried , Milsom William K.
Published: November 2018

The structure and function of crocodilian lungs are unique compared to other reptiles. We examine the extent to which this, and the semi-aquatic lifestyle of crocodilians affect their respiratory mechanics. We measured changes in intratracheal pressure in adult and juvenile caiman (Caiman yacare) during static and dynamic lung volume changes. Respiratory mechanics of juvenile caiman were additionally measured while floating in water and submerged at 30°, 60°, and 90° to the water's surface. The static compliance of the juvenile pulmonary system (2.89±0.22 mL cmH2O 100g−1) was greater than that of adults (1.2±0.41 ml cmH2O 100g−1), suggesting that the system stiffens as the body wall becomes more muscular and keratinized in adults. For both age groups, the lungs were much more compliant than the body wall, offering little resistance to air flow (15.35 and 4.25 for lungs, versus 3.39 and 1.67 mL cmH2O 100g−1 for body wall, in juveniles and adults respectively). Whole system dynamic mechanics decreased with increasing ventilation frequency (fR), but was unaffected by changes in tidal volume (VT). The vast majority of work of breathing was required to overcome elastic forces, however work to overcome resistive forces increased proportionally with fR. Work of breathing was higher in juvenile caiman submerged in water at 90°, due to an increase in work to overcome both elastic and flow resistive forces. The lowest power of breathing was found to occur at high fR and low VT for any given minute ventilation (V̇E) in caiman of all ages.
Aerobic Exercise Improves Microvascular Function in Older Adults
Authors: HURLEY DAVID M. , WILLIAMS EWAN R. , CROSS JEFF M. , RIEDINGER BRADLEY R. , MEYER RONALD A. , ABELA GEORGE S. , SLADE JILL M.
Published: November 2018

Microvascular function is reduced with age, disease, and inactivity. Exercise is well known to improve vascular health and has the potential to improve microvascular function in aging and disease.

Purpose

The study aimed to assess changes in peripheral microvascular function in sedentary older adults after aerobic exercise training.

Methods

Twenty-three sedentary older adults (67 ± 5 yr, body mass index = 29 ± 5, mean ± SD) successfully completed a randomized 12-wk graded treadmill walking intervention. The exercise group (EX) performed 40 min of uphill walking 4 d·wk−1 at 70% heart rate reserve. The control group (CON) maintained a sedentary lifestyle for 12 wk. Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses of the soleus measured by magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate microvascular function; brief (1 s) maximal plantarflexion contractions were performed. Separately, blood flow in the popliteal artery was measured by ultrasound after brief contraction. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the calf was used to examine muscle oxidative capacity, and whole-body peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak) was used to confirm training-induced cardiorespiratory adaptations.

Results

Peak postcontraction BOLD response increased by 33% in EX (PRE, 3.3% ± 1.0%; POST, 4.4% ± 1.4%) compared with CON (PRE, 3.0% ± 1.3%; POST, 3.2% ± 1.5%), P < 0.05. EX with hypertension tended to show a blunted peak BOLD increase (n = 6, 15%) compared with EX normotensive (n = 7, 50%), P = 0.056. Peak postcontraction blood flow increased by 39% in EX (PRE, 217 ± 88 mL·min−1; POST, 302 ± 167 mL·min−1) compared with CON (PRE, 188 ± 54 mL·min−1; POST, 184 ± 44 mL·min−1), P < 0.05. EX muscle oxidative capacity (k
PCr) improved by 40% (PRE, 1.60 ± 0.57 min−1; POST, 2.25 ± 0.80 min−1) compared with CON (PRE, 1.69 ± 0.28 min−1; POST, 1.76 ± 0.52 min−1), P < 0.05. V˙O2peak increased by 9% for EX (PRE, 19.0 ± 3.1 mL·kg−1·min−1; POST, 20.8 ± 2.9 mL·kg−1·min−1) compared with a 7% loss in CON (PRE, 21.9 ± 3.6 mL·kg−1·min−1; POST, 20.4 ± 3.5 mL·kg−1·min−1), P < 0.05.

Conclusion

Moderate aerobic exercise significantly improved microvascular function of the leg in older adults.
Why Is Pollution from US Manufacturing Declining? The Roles of Environmental Regulation, Productivity, and Trade
Authors: Shapiro Joseph S. , Walker Reed
Published: November 2018

Between 1990 and 2008, air pollution emissions from US manufacturing fell by 60 percent despite a substantial increase in manufacturing output. We show that these emissions reductions are primarily driven by within-product changes in emissions intensity rather than changes in output or in the composition of products produced. We then develop and estimate a quantitative model linking trade with the environment to better understand the economic forces driving these changes. Our estimates suggest that the implicit pollution tax that manufacturers face doubled between 1990 and 2008. These changes in environmental regulation, rather than changes in productivity and trade, account for most of the emissions reductions. (JEL F18, H23, L60, Q52, Q53, Q56, Q58)
Commuting, Migration, and Local Employment Elasticities
Authors: Monte Ferdinando , Redding Stephen J. , Rossi-Hansberg Esteban
Published: November 2018

We provide theory and evidence that the elasticity of local employment to a labor demand shock is heterogeneous depending on the commuting openness of the local labor market. We develop a quantitative general equilibrium model that incorporates spatial linkages in goods markets (trade) and factor markets (commuting and migration). We quantify this model to match the observed gravity equation relationships for trade and commuting. We find that empirically-observed reductions in commuting costs generate welfare gains of around 3.3 percent. We provide separate quasi-experimental evidence in support of the model’s predictions using the location decisions of million dollar plants. (JEL J23, J61, R23, R32, R41)
Time versus State in Insurance: Experimental Evidence from Contract Farming in Kenya
Authors: Casaburi Lorenzo , Willis Jack
Published: November 2018

The gains from insurance arise from the transfer of income across states. Yet, by requiring that the premium be paid up front, standard insurance products also transfer income across time. We show that this intertemporal transfer can help explain low insurance demand, especially among the poor, and in a randomized control trial in Kenya we test a crop insurance product which removes it. The product is interlinked with a contract farming scheme: as with other inputs, the buyer of the crop offers the insurance and deducts the premium from farmer revenues at harvest time. The take-up rate for pay-at-harvest insurance is 72 percent, compared to 5 percent for the standard pay-up-front contract, and the difference is largest among poorer farmers. Additional experiments and outcomes provide evidence on the role of liquidity constraints, present bias, and counterparty risk, and find that enabling farmers to commit to pay the premium just 1 month later increases demand by 21 percentage points. (JEL G22, I32, O13, O16, Q12, Q14)
El legado del constituyente de querétaro: avances y agenda
Authors: Raigosa Luis
Published: November 2018

Este ensayo aborda el análisis de la evolución del constitucionalismo mexicano al cumplirse cien años de vigencia de la Constitución Mexicana, que fue emitida en la Ciudad de Querétaro el 5 de febrero de 1917. El ensayo sostiene que la longevidad de esta Constitución se debe a la intensa actividad de los órganos legislativos mexicanos que ejercen la función de reforma constitucional, lo que ha aportado una gran plasticidad al texto escrito, favoreciendo la adaptación entre la norma fundamental y la evolución de la sociedad mexicana. Al mismo tiempo, el desarrollo del constitucionalismo mexicano, que históricamente había privilegiado la mirada política propia de los mencionados órganos legislativos, ha arribado a un reforzamiento del entendimiento jurídico de la Constitución. Esto conduce a admitir –en un nuevo entendimiento del constitucionalismo mexicano- la coexistencia entre el tradicional entendimiento político, que actúa a través de adaptaciones formales al texto constitucional, junto a una creciente presencia de los órganos judiciales que imprimen un sello claramente jurídico a la constitución mexicana, creando con ello un entorno de diálogos constitucionales entre las funciones de reforma constitucional y el control de la regularidad constitucional.
Barriers to Early Hospital Discharge: A Cross‐Sectional Study at Five Academic Hospitals
Authors: Zoucha Jeff , Hull Madelyne , Keniston Angela , Mastalerz Katarzyna , Quinn Roswell , Tsai Arnold , Berman Jacob , Lyden Jennifer , Stella Sarah A. , Echaniz Marisa , Scaletta Nicholas , Handoyo Karina , Hernandez Estebes , Saini Inderpreet , Smith Aneesah , Young Andrew , Walsh Meghaan , Zaros Mark , Albert Richard K. , Burden Marisha
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

Understanding the issues delaying hospital discharges may inform efforts to improve hospital throughput.

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to identify and determine the frequency of barriers contributing to delays in placing discharge orders.

DESIGN

This was a prospective, cross‐sectional study. Physicians were surveyed at approximately 8:00 AM, 12:00 PM, and 3:00 PM and were asked to identify patients that were “definite” or “possible” discharges and to describe the specific barriers to writing discharge orders.

SETTING

This study was conducted at five hospitals in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS

The study participants were attending and housestaff physicians on general medicine services.

PRIMARY OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Specific barriers to writing discharge orders were the primary outcomes; the secondary outcomes included discharge order time for high versus low team census, teaching versus nonteaching services, and rounding style.

RESULTS

Among 1,584 patient evaluations, the most common delays for patients identified as “definite” discharges (n = 949) were related to caring for other patients on the team or waiting to staff patients with attendings. The most common barriers for patients identified as “possible” discharges (n = 1,237) were awaiting patient improvement and for ancillary services to complete care. Discharge orders were written a median of 43‐58 minutes earlier for patients on teams with a smaller versus larger census, on nonteaching versus teaching services, and when rounding on patients likely to be discharged first (all P < .003).

CONCLUSIONS

Discharge orders for patients ready for discharge are most commonly delayed because physicians are caring for other patients. Discharges of patients awaiting care completion are most commonly delayed because of imbalances between availability and demand for ancillary services. Team census, rounding style, and teaching teams affect discharge times.
CONCEPCIONES Y CREENCIAS DE LOS PROFESORES DE HONDURAS SOBRE LA ENSEÑANZA, APRENDIZAJE Y EVALUACIÓN DE LAS MATEMÁTICAS
Authors: Ramos Palacios Luis Armando , Casas García Luis Manuel
Published: November 2018

El presente trabajo expone los resultados obtenidos de un estudio de investigación orientado a explorar las principales creencias y concepciones de los profesores que enseñan matemáticas en el nivel de secundaria en Honduras (alumnos de 13 a 18 años), en relación con la enseñanza, el aprendizaje y la evaluación de las matemáticas.Los resultados muestran, entre otros aspectos, que para los profesores hondureños el aprendizaje de las matemáticas se logra por la participación del alumno, creencia que está más acentuada en los profesores con formación de licenciatura, y que la evaluación es un proceso que mejora la enseñanza y el aprendizaje, aunque debe tratarse con mucho cuidado por los errores y las imprecisiones existentes.Como conclusiones, destacamos la necesidad de mejorar la formación inicial y continua de los profesores de manera que utilicen recursos que favorezcan la participación de los alumnos, y mejoren los procesos de evaluación.
CONOCIMIENTO ESPECIALIZADO DEL PROFESOR DE MATEMÁTICAS EN EL USO DE LA ANALOGÍA EN LA ENSEÑANZA DEL CONCEPTO DE FUNCIÓN
Authors: Espinoza-Vásquez Gonzalo , Zakaryan Diana , Carrillo Yáñez José
Published: November 2018

Las analogías, frecuentemente usadas para hacer comprensible una idea, al recurrir a un conocimiento o una experiencia anterior, han sido consideradas como un componente del conocimiento didáctico del contenido desde las primeras conceptualizaciones del conocimiento del profesor. En este artículo se aborda el conocimiento especializado del profesor de matemáticas en el uso de la analogía de la función como una máquina, a partir de observaciones de aula de dos profesores de secundaria chilenos y una entrevista posterior. Los hallazgos del estudio respecto al conocimiento especializado del profesor sobre la función en el uso de la analogía permiten establecer relaciones entre los distintos conocimientos manifestados por los profesores en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las funciones y avanzar en la comprensión de su conocimiento.
Methods for System Selection Based on Sequential Mean–Variance Analysis
Authors: Batur Demet , Wang Lina , Choobineh F. Fred
Published: November 2018

We propose two sequential, indifference-zone procedures for the comparison of simulated systems. Comparisons and selection of the best system are based on the mean and variance of a performance metric estimated by simulation. The mean represents the central tendency while the variance is the surrogate for the system’s inherent systematic risk. The first procedure identifies the system(s) with the largest expected value and smallest variance. The second procedure uses the variance of a reference system as a risk threshold, and selects the system with the largest mean from among those with an acceptable level of risk not above the threshold. Numerical experiments demonstrate the validity and efficacy of the proposed procedures.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2018.0808 .
LIMITES AO USO DO FOGO (QUEIMA CONTROLADA) NO CANAVIAL E EM OUTRAS PRÁTICAS AGROPASTORIS OU FLORESTAIS
Authors: Farias Talden , Bim Eduardo Fortunato
Published: November 2018

O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a validade da prática da queima controlada (uso do fogo) em práticas a agropastoris ou florestais no Brasil, com destaque para a mais presente delas – a da palha da cana-de-açúcar. Cuida-se de pesquisa doutrinária e documental, que analisa a relação entre a autorização para a queima e o licenciamento ambiental, a necessidade de EIA e a questão da competência usando não apenas a legislação, mas também a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) sobre a matéria. Essa é uma autorização específica concedida pelo órgão estadual de meio ambiente e que não se confunde com o licenciamento e nem está sujeita à EIA. A queima foi considerada constitucional pelo STF (RE-RG 586.224), contanto que obedecidas as condições do Decreto 2.661/98, ou as do ente local desde que compatíveis com a regulamentação federal, sendo a prática permitida às demais atividades agrossilvipastoris que fizerem uso do fogo.
Os fundamentos do direito da guerra e da paz: as contribuições de Alberico Gentili e Hugo Grócio
Authors: Bedin Gilmar Antonio , Oliveira Tamires De Lima de
Published: November 2018

O reconhecimento de uma ordem jurídica internacionalmente válida e que seja capaz de resolver os conflitos emergentes da sociedade internacional, através da legitimação de um direito acessível a todas as nações, é uma preocupação clássica na história da filosofia do Direito internacional. Tal preocupação reflete-se, principalmente, na doutrina da guerra justa, que tem por expoentes, dentre outros, os jus-filósofos Hugo Grócio e Alberico Gentili, pioneiros no desenvolvimento do conceito de jus gentium, ou direito das gentes, concepção predecessora da noção de Direito Internacional. O presente artigo, através do emprego do método hipotético-dedutivo, objetiva expor, comparativamente, as principais contribuições desses autores, tomando por base suas mais célebres obras. Em um primeiro momento, os autores e suas obras são contextualizados no momento histórico em que viveram. Após, são apresentadas suas teorias a respeito do direito das gentes e da doutrina da guerra justa. Por fim, conclui-se que a maior inovação dos autores está no fato de terem formulado uma noção de direito internacional que retira seu fundamento de validade e legitimação da existência racional humana.
A INCOMPATIBILIDADE ENTRE O MODELO PROCESSUAL DOS JUIZADOS ESPECIAIS CRIMINAIS E A COMPLEXIDADE DA PORNOGRAFIA DE VINGANÇA
Authors: E Silva Artenira Da Silva , Pinheiro Rossana Barros
Published: November 2018

Trata-se de um estudo acerca da incompatibilidade entre a estrutura processual dos juizados especiais criminais estabelecida na Lei 9099/95 e o tratamento da pornografia de vingança, violência de gênero que exige, necessariamente, a aplicação da Lei Maria da Penha e a consequente fixação da competência para conhecimento e julgamento em varas especializadas da mulher e da violência doméstica. Destaca-se a imperícia dos operadores do Direito enquanto fator determinante dessa fixação de competência, que naturaliza as consequências altamente danosas da pornografia de vingança sobre a vida das vítimas, equiparando esse delito a meros crimes de menor potencial ofensivo, logo, desconectados de sua natureza de violência de gênero intrafamiliar. Discutem-se os principais retrocessos dessa fixação de competência no enfrentamento efetivo da violência de gênero, apontando-se a adoção de abordagens transdisciplinares como a melhor forma de compreender e manejar a complexidade da pornografia de vingança, repensando-se a competência jurisdicional para o enfrentamento de tal crime. Para concretização dos fins propostos, foram adotados os seguintes procedimentos de pesquisa: pesquisa de campo, pesquisa documental, pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa normativa, utilizando-se o procedimento de análise de conteúdo para tratamento dos dados obtidos.
DELIMITANDO O ATIVISMO JUDICIAL: ACEPÇÕES, CRÍTICAS E CONCEITOS
Authors: De Andrade Mariana Dionísio , Brasil Clarissa
Published: November 2018

O artigo possui como objetivo realizar uma distinção sistemática entre os conceitos de ativismo judicial e judicialização, presentes no cotidiano jurídico, mas que ainda geram controvérsias pela polissemia típica dos termos. A abordagem metodológica ocorre a partir da análise qualitativa, com base na interpretação de textos e revisão bibliográfica. A perspectiva crítica ocorre pela descrição de conceitos diversos, apresentando distinções e utilidade da definição. Como resultado, apesar da relativa atualização teórica sobre o tema, ainda há questões relevantes sobre a correta aplicação terminológica entre a judicialização e o ativismo. Torna-se fundamental realizar a distinção teórica para que seja possível observar as vantagens, desvantagens e limites dos institutos. Conclui-se que há uma singela distinção entre os institutos. No ativismo judicial, há uma ampliação dos poderes do Judiciário que passa a emitir decisões proativas, que incidirão diretamente nas funções dos demais Poderes, muito comum em matéria de efetivação dos direitos fundamentais. Já na judicialização da política há a substituição de funções, isto é, o poder Judiciário passa a tomar decisões em questões de grande repercussão política que seriam de competência exclusiva dos demais poderes, independente de haver ou não inércia por parte dos demais entes públicos.
CLUSTER – ARRANJO PRODUTIVO LOCAL – COMO INSTRUMENTO PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL
Authors: Oliveira Márcio , Ramos Vinivius
Published: November 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a adequação do modelo de cluster (Arranjo Produtivo Local – APL) como instrumento hábil na promoção do desenvolvimento nacional sustentável e regionalizado. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica descritiva, buscou-se, inicialmente, abordar a amplitude do conceito de sustentabilidade que, além da vertente ambiental, fundamenta-se também no desenvolvimento econômico e no bem-estar social. Nesse ponto, salientou-se que a Constituição brasileira atribui à Federação a função de incentivar e planejar a atividade econômica, cabendo-lhe, portanto, adotar políticas que se alinhem ao princípio do desenvolvimento sustentável e regionalizado. Para tanto, procurou-se demonstrar as características principais dos clusters e o papel da governança no seu aprimoramento, utilizando-se de APLs implementados no Estado de Minas Gerais para ilustrar casos bem-sucedidos de aglomerações industriais dessa espécie. Foram ainda destacadas experiências internacionais com clusters, aludindo-se aos modelos italiano, francês, português e espanhol. Ao final, concluiu-se que os Arranjos Produtivos Locais, se bem organizados e planejados, são um modelo de atividade empresarial que se coaduna com os preceitos do desenvolvimento sustentável e regionalizado, merecendo do Estado a adoção de políticas públicas de incentivo e de planejamento.