bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
„Wer diesen Brif bei sich hat …“ Anmerkungen zu einem „Haus- und Schutzbrief“
Authors: Ficker Friedbert
Published: April 2010

Focusing on a minor element of folk beliefs and superstitions, the article examines the belief, widespread at least until the First World War, that some objects and acts possess magical powers. The author suggests that folk beliefs in the magical power of certain objects have been saturated with Christian faith. The same holds true for supplications and letters of gratitude. Broaching a variety of subjects, most of which relate to the hardships of life, these letters address Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, and saints. Contents of the so-called letters from heaven, household blessings, and letters of protection, all of which were documented as early as the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century, has been ascribed to the Sacred that protects people from harm in their homes, on the road, and during wartime. One of these letters, bearing an inscription „Household Blessing and Protection Letter“, has been found by the author in his father‘s legacy. According to oral data, and in view of the fact that the letter was frayed and quite worn out, his father had been carrying it with him throughout the Sec­ond World War. Its wording indicates a model after which the letter was worded, possibly the Holstein type from the 18th century that was designed for use during wartime.
***
Članek obravnava drobnejšo temo iz ljudskega verovanja oz. praznoverja. Gre za nekdaj (vsaj do 1. svetovne vojne) precej razširjeno prepričanje o čarovni moči predmetov in dejanj. Avtor ugotavlja, da je ljudsko prepričanje v čarno moč predmetov zelo prežeto s krščansko vero, tako tudi v priprošnjih in zahvalnih pismih z izjemno raznovrstno vsebino, ki se večinoma nanaša na tegobe vsakdanjega življenja, nagovarjajo Marijo, Jezusa in svetnike. V t. i. nebeških, hišnih in varovalnih pismih, dokumentiranih že na koncu 15. in začetku 16. stoletja, pa je vsebina pripisana Svetemu, ki varuje posameznike doma, na poti, v vojni. Takšno pismo, z napisom »Hišno in varovalno pismo« je avtor našel tudi v zapuščini svojega očeta; po pripovedovanju in obrabljenosti sodeč ga je oče imel pri sebi skoz vso drugo svetovno vojno. Besedilo kaže na mogočo predlogo, tj. holsteinski tip iz 18. stoletja, namenjen rabi v vojnih časih.
TLR2 Utilization ofBorreliaDoes Not Induce p38- and IFN-β Autocrine Loop-Dependent Expression of CD38, Resulting in Poor Migration and Weak IL-12 Secretion of Dendritic Cells
Authors: Hartiala Pauliina , Hytönen Jukka , Yrjänäinen Heta , Honkinen Maria , Terho Perttu , Söderström Mirva , Penttinen Markus A. , Viljanen Matti K.
Published: April 2010

Lyme borreliosis is a tick-borne bacterial infection that in many cases is limited to the skin. However, in some patients the bacterium evades the immune response and disseminates into various organs. Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to meet invading pathogens in the skin. We have previously shown that CD38, an ectoenzyme involved in the migration of DCs and generally upregulated by microbial stimuli, is not upregulated in Borrelia garinii-stimulated DCs. In this paper, we characterize the cellular events that lead to the absence of CD38 on the DC surface after B. garinii stimulation and investigate the consequences of absent CD38 expression for the migration of DCs in vitro and in vivo. The data show that 1) effective signaling via p38 MAPK (and STAT1 and NF-κB) is needed for CD38 expression and 2) TLR2 stimulation, as opposed to TLR4 stimulation, does not induce IFN-β autocrine loop-dependent expression of CD38 and secretion of IL-12. Further, we show that 3) B. garinii-stimulated DCs do not migrate effectively toward CCL19 and CCL21 and 4) after B. garinii infection of mice, the number of DCs migrating from the infection site to draining lymph nodes is only half that induced by Escherichia coli infection. Our results provide evidence for the first time that different TLR use results in different CD38 expression, which correlates with the migratory potential of DCs.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of PYNOD and Its Mechanism in Humans and Mice
Authors: Imamura Ryu , Wang Yetao , Kinoshita Takeshi , Suzuki Misao , Noda Tetsuo , Sagara Junji , Taniguchi Shun’ichiro , Okamoto Hiroshi , Suda Takashi
Published: April 2010

Many members of the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)- and leucine-rich-repeat–containing protein (NLR) family play important roles in pathogen recognition and inflammation. However, we previously reported that human PYNOD/NLRP10, an NLR-like protein consisting of a pyrin domain and a NOD, inhibits inflammatory signal mediated by caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) in reconstitution experiments using HEK293 cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of PYNOD’s anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and its expression and function in mice. Human PYNOD inhibited the autoprocessing of caspase-1 and caspase-1–mediated IL-1β processing and suppressed the aggregation of ASC, a hallmark of ASC activation. Interestingly, the NOD of human PYNOD was sufficient to inhibit caspase-1–mediated IL-1β secretion, whereas its pyrin domain was sufficient to inhibit ASC-mediated NF-κB activation and apoptosis and to reduce ASC’s ability to promote caspase-1–mediated IL-1β production. Mouse PYNOD protein was detected in the skin, tongue, heart, colon, peritoneal macrophages, and several cell lines of hematopoietic and myocytic lineages. Mouse PYNOD colocalized with ASC aggregates in LPS + R837-stimulated macrophages; however, unlike human PYNOD, mouse PYNOD failed to inhibit ASC aggregation. Macrophages and neutrophils from PYNOD-transgenic mice exhibited reduced IL-1β processing and secretion upon microbial infection, although mouse PYNOD failed to inhibit caspase-1 processing, which was inhibited by caspase-4 inhibitor z-LEED-fluoromethylketone. These results suggest that mouse PYNOD colocalizes with ASC and inhibits caspase-1–mediated IL-1β processing without inhibiting caspase-4 (mouse caspase-11)–mediated caspase-1 processing. Furthermore, PYNOD-transgenic mice were resistant to lethal endotoxic shock. Thus, PYNOD is the first example of an NLR that possesses an anti-inflammatory function in vivo.
TLR9 Blockade Inhibits Activation of Diabetogenic CD8+ T Cells and Delays Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Yiqun , Lee Andrew S. , Shameli Afshin , Geng Xuan , Finegood Diane , Santamaria Pere , Dutz Jan P.
Published: April 2010

Diabetogenic CD8+ T cells are primed in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) by dendritic cells (DCs) carrying islet cell Ags. TLR signaling modifies DC function. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of TLR9 signaling on diabetogenic CD8+ T cell activation and the course of type 1 diabetes. We explored the effects of CpG oligonucleotide, TLR9 antagonists, and genetic TLR9 deficiency on the activation of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells. NOD bone marrow-derived DCs pulsed with freeze-thawed insulinoma cells in the presence of TLR9 agonist CpG and CD40 agonist induced diabetogenic CD8+ T cell activation. The addition of TLR9 antagonist oligodeoxynucleotide or chloroquine inhibited bone marrow-derived DCs activation and CD8+ T cell priming in response to CpG. CpG alone or with CD40 agonist induced CTL activity that triggered diabetes development in 8.3-TCR transgenic NOD mice. Oligodeoxynucleotide treatment of 8.3-TCR transgenic NOD mice delayed spontaneous diabetes development. Chloroquine treatment delayed the spontaneous onset of diabetes in NOD mice, coincident with the decreased activation of PLN DCs. TLR9−/− NOD mice had delayed onset of diabetes compared with TLR9−/+ NOD littermates. TLR9−/− NOD mice had lower levels of IFN-α in PLNs and decreased frequencies of plasmacytoid DCs and diabetogenic CD8+ T cells compared with NOD mice. We propose that TLR9 activation contributes to the spontaneous onset of diabetes in NOD mice by increasing IFN-α and promoting diabetogenic CD8 T cell activation.
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Suppress Mitochondrial Translocation to the Immunologic Synapse and Modulate Calcium Signaling in T Cells
Authors: Yog Rajeshwari , Barhoumi Rola , McMurray David N. , Chapkin Robert S.
Published: April 2010

Recent studies indicate that the process of Ag presentation induces cytoskeleton-dependent mitochondrial redistribution to the immediate vicinity of the immunologic synapse (IS). This redistribution of mitochondria to the IS in T cells is necessary to maintain Ca2+ influx and Th cell activation. Recently, we demonstrated that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) suppress the localization and activation of signaling proteins at the IS. Therefore, we hypothesized that n-3 PUFAs suppress CD4+ T cell mitochondrial translocation during the early stages of IS formation and downmodulate Ca2+-dependent Th cell activation. CD4+ cells derived from fat-1 mice, a transgenic model that synthesizes n-3 PUFA from n-6 PUFA, were cocultured with anti-CD3–expressing hybridoma cells (145-2C11) for 15 min at 37°C, and mitochondrial translocation to the IS was assessed by confocal microscopy. Fat-1 mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced percentage of T cells with mitochondria which translocated to the IS; fat-1 (30%) versus wild type control (82%). Regarding the effect on the mitochondrial-to-cytosolic Ca2+ ratio, wild type cells showed significant increases at the IS (71%) and total cell (60%) within 30 min of IS formation. In contrast, fat-1 CD4+ T cells remained at basal levels following the IS formation. A similar blunting of the mitochondrial-to-cytosolic Ca2+ ratio was observed in wild type cells that were coincubated with inhibitors of the mitochondrial uniporter, RU360 or calcium release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, BTP2. These observations provide evidence that n-3 PUFAs modulate Th cell activation by limiting mitochondrial translocation to the IS and reducing Ca2+entry.
Self-Specific CD8+ T Cells Maintain a Semi-Naive State Following Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation
Authors: Johnson Lisa D. S. , Jameson Stephen C.
Published: April 2010

Upon transfer into T cell-deficient hosts, naive CD8+ T cells typically undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP, also called homeostatic proliferation) and develop the phenotypic and functional characteristics of memory CD8+ T cells. However, the capacity of T cells with self-peptide/MHC specificity to respond in this way has not been intensively studied. We examined pmel-1 TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells that are specific for an epitope from gp100, a protein expressed by melanoma cells and normal melanocytes. Despite their self-specificity, naive pmel-1 cells were inefficient at LIP in typical lymphopenic hosts. In CD132 (common γ-chain)-deficient hosts, pmel-1 CD8+ T cells underwent extensive proliferation, but, surprisingly, the majority of these cells retained certain naive phenotypic traits (CD44low, CD122low) rather than acquiring the expected central-memory phenotype. Following LIP, pmel-1 T cells acquired the capacity to control B16F10 tumor growth, but only in common γ-chain–deficient host mice. Together, these data suggest that LIP does not always favor expansion of self-specific CD8 T cells and that sustained extensive lymphopenia is required for such cells to exhibit tumor control.
Films, Edible
Authors: Krochta John M.
Published: April 2010

Edible films are stand‐alone structures that have appearance and protective functions similar to synthetic polymer film. However, they are comprised of edible proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and/or resins, and other components that render them edible. Thus, they can be consumed with a packaged product, resulting in less packaging that requires disposal. Since edible films are made from renewable resources, they contribute to packaging sustainability. Edible films can also be formed as a coating directly on the surfaces of food and pharmaceutical products, thus, becoming part of the product. Present uses include collagen casings on sausages, pouches for premeasured food and beverage ingredients, gelatin capsules, for pharmaceuticals and to improve product appearance. Edible films used as coatings, for example, include shellac and wax coatings on fruits and vegetables and methyl cellulose and HPMC coatings on fried foods to reduce fat uptake, and on drug tablets to improve appearance and ingestion.

This article reviews the materials, properties, manufacture, applications and trends of edible films. The area of microencapsulation is not covered.
Rearrangements of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: A. Pereira M. Manuela , Santos Pedro Paulo
Published: April 2010

Introduction

The [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements

The [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangements

The Dyotropic Rearrangements

TheBamberger Rearrangements

TheBeckmann Rearrangements

TheNeber Rearrangements

TheLossen Rearrangement

Other Rearrangements
Electrochemistry of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Onomura Osamu
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Cathodic Reduction

Anodic Oxidation

Hydroxylamines and Hydroxamic Acids as Redox Catalysts
Hydroxylamines and Oximes: Biological Properties and Potential Uses as Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Ashani Yacov , Silman Israel
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Hydroxylamines (HAs)

Oximes
Nitroxyl Radicals
Authors: Galli Carlo
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Physicochemical Properties of the Aminoxyl Radicals

Reactivity Studies

Synthetic Applications
Natural and Biomimetic Hydroxamic Acid Based Siderophores
Authors: Shanzer Abraham , Felder Clifford E. , Barda Yaniv
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydroxamate‐Based Siderophores

Iron Metabolism

Biomimetic Chemistry

Natural and Biomimetic Hydroxamic Acid Based Siderophores

Siderophore Conjugates

Biomimetic Siderophores in Health and Disease

Acknowledgments
Hydroxylamine, Oximate and Hydroxamate as α‐Nucleophiles in Dephosphorylation
Authors: Buncel Erwin , Um Ik Hwan , Terrier François
Published: April 2010

Introduction

The α‐Effect of Hydroxylamines, Oximes and Hydroxamic Acids

Ambident Nature of Hydroxylamines and Hydroxamates

Leveling Effect of α‐Nucleophilicity: Brønsted‐Type Plots

Solvent Effect on α‐Nucleophilicity

Acetonitrile–Water VersusDMSO–Water Binary Mixtures

Imbalanced Transition State

Hydroxylamines, Hydroxamates and Oximates as Antidotes for Intoxication by Organophosphorus Toxins (Chemical Warfare Agents) and Organophosphorus Insecticides

Reactions of Oximate and Hydroxamate Nucleophiles in Surfactant Systems

Acknowledgment
The Tree Canopy as Blueprint
Authors: Schwarzer Mitchell
Published: April 2010

As the opportunities for new territories become more limited, the only way is up. Mitchell Schwarzer explores the dizzying heights of the ‘last biotic frontier’ of arboreal architecture with its high platforms, walkways and canopy craft. Challenging in construction and engineering terms, the tree canopy also requires engaging with a different atmospheric and climatic range to those conditions encountered at ground level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ecological Facades of Patrick Blanc
Authors: Gandy Matthew
Published: April 2010

The urban geographer Matthew Gandy explores the work of French botanist Patrick Blanc, who applies his scientific knowledge and preoccupations to urban design. After his invention of the mur végetal (green wall), a botanical and structural system for greening buildings, in 1988, Blanc's work has gone on to transcend the creation of merely living walls. Through his landscape schemes Blanc has recognised the city's rich potential for verdant metamorphosis, transforming fern‐ and moss‐covered streets and buildings into unlikely ravines or rainforests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Material Transformations of AMID (cero9) Social Oxygen Balloons
Authors: Gissen David
Published: April 2010

For Spanish practice AMID (cero9), the proposal for an urban park on a restricted site in the Ventilla district of Madrid offered the chance to reconnect with nature through an experimentation with material metamorphosis. Guest‐editor David Gissen describes how the project Social Oxygen Balloons with its ‘metabolisms’ or matter‐changes, most apparent in the wall structure, stem from Gottfried Semper's concept of Stoffweschel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Living: Surface Tensions
Authors: Geiger Jordan
Published: April 2010

‘Our work begins with the premise of a dynamic world. Political and cultural conditions change: what if the walls and windows morphed in response?’ New York‐based team The Living, led by David Benjamin and Soo‐in Yang, have developed a practice of deep, open‐source interfaces of participation. Jordan Geiger describes how for The Living their home city and its environs is a site of evolving forms of public space whether on land, air or water. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Perils of Historical Geography: On a Pretended Lost Map to a Legendary Sunken Forest
Authors: Eigen Edward
Published: April 2010

Our perception of territory and the geographical terrain continues to be influenced as much by our cultural persuasions and desires as by the reality of hard facts. Edward Eigen trawls the literature of Mont‐Saint‐Michel to reveal the fascinating case of the mythical forest that surfaced on an erroneous 18th‐century map of the abbey and its environs. Could this plot against history have put myth in danger of triumphing over reason? Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local Code: Real Estates
Authors: de Monchaux Nicholas
Published: April 2010

With the employment of a geographical information system (GIS), the city can be revealed and analysed with an alacrity that was never previously imagined possible: vacant sites and spaces between buildings can immediately be located. Nicholas de Monchaux describes his project Local Code: Real Estates, based in San Francisco, which has highlighted the potential and scale of residual spaces situated around highways and industry as a new collective resource for community design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Authors: Watson Howard
Published: April 2010

In November 2009, the Ashmolean Museum opened a new extension that doubled its gallery space on its existing city centre site. Howard Watson looks at how the redevelopment of the museum has been to its benefit curatorially, optimising the display space available for its extensive collections, but also enabling new connections to be made between artefacts in a way that fully tells the stories of civilisations across the globe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antwerp Central and Liège‐Guillemins, Belgium
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: April 2010

David Littlefield describes how Belgian railway company NMBS/SNCB is realising a new holistic vision for high‐speed rail in the country with railway stations that are being envisaged as destinations in themselves that connect their urban contexts. This is epitomised by Jacques Voncke's recently completed renovation and expansion of the fin‐de‐siècle Antwerp Central and Santiago Calatrava's dramatic white canopy for the new station at Liège‐Guillemins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ecoLogicStudio
Authors: Peters Terri
Published: April 2010

From their office in Hackney, in London's East End, Italian duo Claudia Pasquero and Marco Poletto, have established an international reputation as ecoLogicStudio, an innovative practice that fuses digital technologies with environmental design. As Terri Peters explains, the ethos and approach of the studio extends beyond that of finding technological solutions to ecological design projects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relational Interactive Architecture
Authors: Croci Valentina
Published: April 2010

In her concluding ‘Userscape’, Valentina Croci assesses the state of interactive design as it becomes an increasingly mature practice, with over 10 years of activity behind it. Looking at works by some of the most significant designers internationally, she emphasises how this new field of spatial design has enabled new sensory investigation and innovative explorations into the relations between people. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Green Footstep: A Tool for Evaluating a Building's Life‐Cycle Carbon Footprint and Informing Carbon Decisions During the Building Design Process
Authors: Bendewald Michael , Olgyay Victor , Yeang Ken
Published: April 2010

The Green Footstep model provides a valuable set of metrics for ecodesign and masterplanning. Here Michael Bendewald and Victor Olgyay of the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), with Ken Yeang, describe the significance of this new online tool. In addition to supplying the basis for balancing the built environment's engineering systems, the Green Footstep enables efficiency with the use of renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaics (illustrated here). By presenting the critical case for increasing the percentage of new vegetation and trees in new developments, it enhances local biodiversity. Carbon emissions are offset from: on‐site clearance of vegetation, the disturbance of the many constituents of the local ecosystem and the removal of organic rich soil by new construction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MAXXI, Rome: Zaha Hadid Architects
Authors: Garcia Mark
Published: April 2010

Mark Garcia, editor of The Diagrams in Architecture (John Wiley & Sons, 2010), one of the first significant accounts of the diagram in architectural design, provides a unique insight into the diagrammatic form of Zaha Hadid Architects' new MAXXI museum in Rome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting proliferation and differentiation of lepidopteran midgut stem cells
Authors: Loeb Marcia J.
Published: April 2010

Midgut stem cells of last instar larvae and pupae of Heliothis virescens, Lymantria dispar and several other Lepidopteran species have been cultured in vitro and have been induced to proliferate using low titers of ecdysteroids and the 77‐Kda peptide fragment, α‐arylphorin, isolated and identified from pupal fat body tissue. The insulin‐related hormone, Bombyxin, also induced mitosis in cultured midgut stem cells; it appeared to be fast‐acting and quickly inactivated, while α‐arylphorin was slower to act and had a longer lasting effect in vitro, indicating different functions for these proliferation agents. Changes in Calcium ion concentration within or outside the cells discretely affected stem cell differentiation, indicating a role for second messenger participation in peptide regulation of this process. Four different peptides (MDFs 1–4) that induced midgut stem cells to differentiate to mature midgut cell types in vitro were isolated and characterized from conditioned media and hemolymph of H. virescens and L. dispar. However, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) from vertebrate sources induced differentiation to non‐midgut cell types as well. MDF1 was located in basal areas of columnar cells of midgut epithelium, although MDF2 was observed in all of the cytoplasm of columnar cells and in droplets of antibody positive material in the midgut lumen, suggesting a digestive function as well for this peptide. Anti‐MDF‐3 stained the central areas of cultured midgut columnar cells and the bases of columnar cells of midgut epithelium in vivo. Midgut secretory cells stained with anti‐MDF‐4; streams of MFD‐4‐positive material were observed extending from secretory cells facing the epithelial lumen, and as a layer on the hemolymph‐facing side, suggesting an endocrine or paracrine function for this or an immunologically similar peptide. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Agonistic behavior and electrical stimulation of the antennae induces Fos‐like protein expression in the male cricket brain
Authors: Ghosal Kaushik , Naples Scott P. , Rabe Alexander R. , Killian Kathleen A.
Published: April 2010

Immediate early genes (IEG) such as c‐Fos and Fos‐related antigens (FRA) have been used as markers of neuronal activation. In this study, we determined whether the expression of c‐Fos/FRAs is increased in the brains of adult male Acheta domesticus crickets following agonistic interactions. We looked for c‐Fos/FRA proteins in the brain of un‐fought, control male crickets and of dominant and subordinate male crickets sacrificed at different time periods following an agonistic interaction. Using immunoblot analysis, we found four different c‐Fos/FRA‐like proteins in the adult cricket brain. Continuous agonistic interaction increased c‐Fos/FRA protein expression in the brains of subordinate males compared to control and dominant males. In addition, direct electrical stimulation of the male cricket antennae increased c‐Fos/FRA‐like protein in the brain. We identified the specific brain regions that exhibit c‐Fos/FRA‐like immunoreactivity in crickets. We detected c‐Fos/FRA‐like cellular immunoreactivity in different functional regions of the adult brain including the pars intercerebralis, protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and the cortex of the mushroom bodies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of Pyrazole‐based Heterocycles as Antitumor Agents
Authors: Farag Ahmad M. , Mayhoub Abdelrahman S. , Eldebss Taha M. A. , Amr Abdel‐Galil E. , Ali Korany A. K. , Abdel‐Hafez Naglaa A. , Abdulla Mohamed M.
Published: April 2010

Several 4‐cyano‐1,5‐diphenylpyrazoles attached to different heterocyclic ring systems at position 3 were synthesized starting from ethyl 4‐cyano‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylate 1. The newly synthesized compounds were tested in vivo for their anti‐estrogenic effects and evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic properties against estrogen‐dependent tumors. 3‐(5‐Mercapto‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐yl)‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 13 revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with a GI50 value equal to 40 nM against the IGROVI ovarian tumor cell line. It also showed an anti‐estrogen activity 1.6 more effective than the reference drug, in addition to a high tolerable dose. 3‐(5‐(Methylthio)‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 7 was found to have the highest anti‐estrogenic activity, while 1,5‐diphenyl‐3‐[5‐(phenylamino)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl]‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 11 showed the lowest activity. The oral LD50 values revealed that most of the tested compounds are relatively nontoxic.
Behaviors, adverse events, and dispositions: An empirical study of online discretion and information control
Authors: Cheshire Coye , Antin Judd , Churchill Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

In this article, the authors develop hypotheses about three key correlates of attitudes about discretionary online behaviors and control over one's own online information: frequency of engaging in risky online behaviors, experience of an online adverse event, and the disposition to be more or less trusting and cautious of others. Through an analysis of survey results, they find that online adverse events do not necessarily relate to greater overall Web discretion, but they do significantly associate with users' perceptions of Web information control. However, the frequencies with which individuals engage in risky online activities and behaviors significantly associate with both online discretion and information control. In addition, general dispositions to trust and be cautious are strongly related to prudent Internet behavior and attitudes about managing personal online information. The results of this study have clear consequences for our understanding of behaviors and attitudes that might lead to greater online social intelligence, or the ability to make prudent decisions in the presence of Internet uncertainties and risks. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
The relation between Eigenfactor, audience factor, and influence weight
Authors: Waltman Ludo , van Eck Nees Jan
Published: April 2010

We present a theoretical and empirical analysis of a number of bibliometric indicators of journal performance. We focus on three indicators in particular: the Eigenfactor indicator, the audience factor, and the influence weight indicator. Our main finding is that the last two indicators can be regarded as a kind of special case of the first indicator. We also find that the three indicators can be nicely characterized in terms of two properties. We refer to these properties as the property of insensitivity to field differences and the property of insensitivity to insignificant journals. The empirical results that we present illustrate our theoretical findings. We also show empirically that the differences between various indicators of journal performance are quite substantial.
The Origin of the Halogen Effect on the Phthalocyanine Green Pigments
Authors: Lee Sang Uck , Kim Jong Chan , Mizuseki Hiroshi , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2010

The structure and the electronic and optical properties of halogenated copper‐phthalocyanine (nα,mβ(Hal)‐CuPc) molecules are investigated, according to the variation in the substituted halogen‐atom species (Hal=Cl or Br) at the α and β positions of isoindole ring with different numbers (n and m=0, 4, 8, or 16). Our results show that the halogen effect mainly results from a structural deformation rather than caused by electronic effects. A nonplanar deformation of the phthalocyanine chromophore of the nα,mβ(Hal)‐CuPc molecule causes a significant change only in the HOMO and HOMO‐1 levels, rather than in the LUMO levels, which leads to the appearance of a green color arising from the large red‐shifts of the Soret and Q bands. The present result may serve as an important reference point for designing novel halogen‐free green pigments, in accordance with the environmental regulations for the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) in electronic and electrical devices.
Thermodynamic Stability Versus Kinetic Lability of ZnS4 Core
Authors: Picot Delphine , Ohanessian Gilles , Frison Gilles
Published: April 2010

Density Functional Theory and post‐Hartree Fock calculations reveal an unusual energy profile for ZnS and ZnN bond dissociation reactions in several [Zn(SR)4]2− and [Zn(Im)(SR)3]− complexes. The ZnS bond dissociation in tetrathiolate dianions, which is highly exothermic in the gas phase, proceeds through a late transition state which can be rationalized on the basis of an avoided crossing resulting from Coulomb repulsion between the anionic fragments and ligand‐to‐metal charge‐transfer in the [Zn(SR)4]2− complexes. When solvation models for water, DMSO, or acetonitrile are included, some complexes become stable while others are metastable, so this constitutes the first theoretical model which is in full agreement with the experimental data for various [Zn(SR)4]2−, [Zn(SR)3]−, and [Zn(Im)(SR)3]− complexes. The analysis given here indicates that the Zn(Cys)4 and Zn(His)(Cys)3 cores of numerous proteins are metastable with respect to ZnS and ZnN bond dissociation, respectively. This is consistent with the kinetic lability at the zinc‐centers and illustrates that in nature, thermodynamic stability is imparted upon the zinc cores by the protein environment.
Modular Synthesis of Polybenzo[b]silole Compounds for Hole‐Blocking Material in Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ilies Laurean , Sato Yoshiharu , Mitsui Chikahiko , Tsuji Hayato , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: April 2010

A diversity‐oriented synthetic strategy allowed us to design a series of conjugated molecules containing multiple benzosilole units that can be utilized as efficient hole‐blocking materials for phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Some of these compounds showed a performance surpassing that of the current standard, bathocuproine. The new compounds were easily synthesized in a modular fashion from a previously reported 3‐stannyl benzosilole building unit. Studies on the properties of these compounds in solution and in the solid state indicate that they possess high electron affinity, high ionization potential, and form stable amorphous films that show high electron‐drift mobility. The correlation between their molecular properties and the efficiency of the OLED device performance is also investigated.
Recovering Ga(III) from coordination complexes using pyridine 2,6‐dicarboxylic acid chelation ion chromatography
Authors: Staff K. , Brown M.B. , Hider R.C. , Kong X.L. , Friden P. , Jones S.A.
Published: April 2010

Ion exchange chelation chromatography is an effective means to extract metals from coordination complexes and biological samples; however there is a lack of data to verify the nature of metal complexes that can be successfully analysed using such a procedure. The aim of this study was to assess the capability of pyridine 2,6‐dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) to extract and quantify Ga(III) from a range of environments using standard liquid chromatography apparatus. The PDCA chelation method generated a single Ga(III) peak with a retention time of 2.55 ± 0.02 min, a precision of <2% and a limit of detection of 110 μM. Ga(III) hydroxide complexes (highest stability constant 15.66) were used to successfully cross‐validate the chelation method with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The PDCA assay extracted 96.9 ± 1.2% of the spiked Ga(III) from porcine mucus and 100.7 ± 2.7% from a citrate complex (stability constant 10.02), but onlyca50% from an EDTA complex (stability constant 22.01). These data suggest that PDCA chelation can be considered a suitable alternative to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for Ga(III) quantification from all but the most strongly bound coordinated complexes i.e. a stability constant of <15. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral separation of the β2‐sympathomimetic fenoterol by HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis for pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Ullrich Thomas , Wesenberg Dirk , Bleuel Corinna , Krauss Gerd‐Joachim , Schmid Martin G. , Weiss Michael , Gübitz Gerald
Published: April 2010

The development of methods for the separation of the enantiomers of fenoterol by chiral HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is described. For the HPLC separation precolumn fluorescence derivatization with naphthyl isocyanate was applied. The resulting urea derivatives were resolved on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐coated silica gel column employing a column switching procedure. Detection was carried out fluorimetrically with a detection limit in the low ng/mL range. The method was adapted to the determination of fenoterol enantiomers in rat heart perfusates using liquid–liquid extraction. As an alternative a CE method was used for the direct separation of fenoterol enantiomers comparing different cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Adducts Formed in the Reactions of Malonaldehyde–glyoxal and Malonaldehyde–methylglyoxal with Adenosine and Calf Thymus DNA
Authors: Pluskota‐Karwatka Donata , Pawłowicz Agnieszka J. , Bruszyńska Magdalena , Greszkiewicz Aleksandra , Latajka Rafał , Kronberg Leif
Published: April 2010

The reactions of adenosine with malonaldehyde and glyoxal, and with malonaldehyde and methylglyoxal resulted in the formation of one malonaldehyde–glyoxal and one malonaldehyde–methylglyoxal conjugate adduct, respectively. These adducts were isolated and purified by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and structurally characterized by UV, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The malonaldehyde–glyoxal adduct was identified as 8‐(diformylmethyl)‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazo[2,1‐i]purine (M1Gx‐A), while the malonaldehyde–methylglyoxal one as 8‐(diformylmethyl)‐7‐methyl‐3‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazo[2,1‐i]purine (M1MGx‐A). Both adducts were also observed in calf thymus DNA when incubated in the respective aldehydes under physiological pH and temperature. Moreover, in the reaction of methylglyoxal and malonaldehyde with adenosine, an additional adduct was formed. This adduct was found to consist of one unit derived from methylglyoxal and one unit from formaldehyde. The adduct was identified as N6‐(2,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐methylpropanoyl)‐9‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)purine (MGxFA‐A). Formaldehyde was found to originate from the commercial methylglyoxal in which it was present as an impurity.
Antimycobacterial Metabolites from Plectranthus: Royleanone Derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains
Authors: Rijo Patrícia , Simões M. Fátima , Francisco A. Paula , Rojas Rosario , Gilman Robert H. , Vaisberg Abraham J. , Rodríguez Benjamín , Moiteiro Cristina
Published: April 2010

The antimycobacterial activities of eight diterpenes, 1–8, isolated previously from Plectranthus and eleven esters, 9–19, of 7α‐acetoxy‐6β,12‐dihydroxyabieta‐8,12‐diene‐11,14‐dione (5) were evaluated against the MTB strains H37Rv and MDR. Only diterpenoids with a quinone framework revealed anti‐MTB activity. Abietane 5 and its 6,12‐dibenzoyl, 12‐methoxybenzoyl, 12‐chlorobenzoyl, and 12‐nitrobenzoyl esters, 9, 11, 12, and 13, respectively, showed potent activities against the MDR strain with MIC values between 3.12 and 0.39 μg/ml. Cytotoxic activities towards 3T3 and Vero cells were also evaluated. Compound 11, with the best selectivity index, may be a suitable lead for further chemical modifications. The complete structural elucidation of the new esters, 9–14, 16, 18, and 19, as well as the NMR data of known derivatives 15 and 17 are reported.
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils from New Caledonian Citrus macroptera and Citrus hystrix
Authors: Waikedre Jean , Dugay Annabelle , Barrachina Isabel , Herrenknecht Christine , Cabalion Pierre , Fournet Alain
Published: April 2010

The essential oils from the leaves of Citrus macroptera and C. hystrix, collected in New Caledonia, have been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. A total of 35 and 38 constituents were identified, representing 99.1 and 89.0% of the essential oils, respectively. Both essential oils were rich in monoterpenes (96.1 and 87.0%, resp.), with β‐pinene as major component (33.3 and 10.9%, resp.), and poor in limonene (2.4 and 4.7%, resp.). Other main components of C. macroptera oil were α‐pinene (25.3%), p‐cimene (17.6%), (E)‐β‐ocimene (6.7%), and sabinene (4.8%). The essential oil of C. hystrix was characterized by high contents of terpinen‐4‐ol (13.0%), α‐terpineol (7.6%), 1,8‐cineole (6.4%), and citronellol (6.0%). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against five bacteria and five fungi strains. Both oils were inactive against bacteria. However, the C. macroptera leaf oil exhibited a pronounced activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, with a minimal‐inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/ml.
Selenium Derivatization of Nucleic Acids for X‐Ray Crystal‐Structure and Function Studies
Authors: Sheng Jia , Huang Zhen
Published: April 2010

It is estimated that over two thirds of all new crystal structures of proteins are determined via the protein selenium derivatization (selenomethionine (Se‐Met) strategy). This selenium derivatization strategy via MAD (multi‐wavelength anomalous dispersion) phasing has revolutionized protein X‐ray crystallography. Through our pioneer research, similarly, Se has also been successfully incorporated into nucleic acids to facilitate the X‐ray crystal‐structure and function studies of nucleic acids. Currently, Se has been stably introduced into nucleic acids by replacing nucleotide O‐atom at the positions 2′, 4′, 5′, and in nucleobases and non‐bridging phosphates. The Se derivatization of nucleic acids can be achieved through solid‐phase chemical synthesis and enzymatic methods, and the Se‐derivatized nucleic acids (SeNA) can be easily purified by HPLC, FPLC, and gel electrophoresis to obtain high purity. It has also been demonstrated that the Se derivatization of nucleic acids facilitates the phase determination via MAD phasing without significant perturbation. A growing number of structures of DNAs, RNAs, and protein–nucleic acid complexes have been determined by the Se derivatization and MAD phasing. Furthermore, it was observed that the Se derivatization can facilitate crystallization, especially when it is introduced to the 2′‐position. In addition, this novel derivatization strategy has many advantages over the conventional halogen derivatization, such as more choices of the modification sites via the atom‐specific substitution of the nucleotide O‐atom, better stability under X‐ray radiation, and structure isomorphism. Therefore, our Se‐derivatization strategy has great potentials to provide rational solutions for both phase determination and high‐quality crystal growth in nucleic‐acid crystallography. Moreover, the Se derivatization generates the nucleic acids with many new properties and creates a new paradigm of nucleic acids. This review summarizes the recent developments of the atomic site‐specific Se derivatization of nucleic acids for structure determination and function study. Several applications of this Se‐derivatization strategy in nucleic acid and protein research are also described in this review.
Blast Furnace Slag of a Ferrosilicon Firm in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt, as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Merocyanine Dye from Its Aqueous Solution
Authors: Taha Gharib Mahmoud , Mosaed Taghreed Mahmoud
Published: April 2010

The adsorption potential of the blast furnace slag of a ferrosilicon firm in Aswan Governorate, Egypt, to decolorize aqueous solutions of 3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazol‐5‐one 4[2] merocyanine dye (1) was investigated at room temperature. The influence of the solution pH, the quantity of adsorbent, the initial concentration of 1, and the applied contact time were studied with the batch technique. The maximum percentage of removal of 1 was observed at pH 4. The adsorption data were better fitted by the Freundlich than by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, confirming the formation of monolayers of 1 on the adsorbent surface. Kinetic rate constants and the transient behavior at different initial concentrations of 1 were determined with both the Lagergren pseudo‐first‐order and the Ho and McKay pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models. The calculated kinetic parameters revealed that the adsorption of 1 on blast furnace slag followed a second‐order chemisorption process.
Effect of Pedoclimatic Conditions on the Chemical Composition of the Sigoise Olive Cultivar
Authors: Dabbou Samia , Sifi Samira , Rjiba Imed , Esposto Sonia , Taticchi Agnese , Servili Maurizio , Montedoro Gian Francesco , Hammami Mohamed
Published: April 2010

The present work focused on the quality and the chemical composition of monovarietal virgin olive oil from the Sigoise variety grown in two different locations in Tunisia, viz., a sub‐humid zone (Béjaoua, Tunis) and an arid zone (Boughrara, Sfax). In addition to the quality characteristics (acidity, peroxide value, and the spectrophotometric indices K232 and K270) and the chemical composition (content of fatty acids, antioxidants, and volatile compounds) of the oil, the fruit characteristics of the olives were studied. Except for the content of the majority of the fatty acids, there were significant differences observed in the oil composition of olives that were cultivated in different locations. The content of total phenols and lipoxygenase (LOX) oxidation products was higher for olives grown at the higher altitude, whereas that of α‐tocopherol, carotenes, and chlorophylls was higher for olives from the Boughrara region (lower altitude). Moreover, olives produced at the higher altitude showed a higher ripeness index and oil content than those cultivated at the lower altitude.
Variation in Volatile Leaf Oils of 13 Eucalyptus Species Harvested from Souinet Arboreta (Tunisia)
Authors: Elaissi Ameur , Marzouki Hanène , Medini Hanène , Larbi Khouja Mohamed , Farhat Farhat , Lynene Fréderic , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia , Chemli Rachid
Published: April 2010

Hydrodistillation of the dried leaves of 13 species of the genus Eucalyptus L' Hér., viz., E. bicostata Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds, E. cinerea F. Muell. ex Benth., E. exerta F. Muell., E. gigantea Hook. f., E. gunnii Hook. f., E. macarthurii Deane & Maiden., E. macrorrhyncha F. Muell., E. maidenii F. Muell., E. odorata Behr., E. pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel, E. sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls, E. tereticornis Sm., and E. viminalis Labill., harvested from Souinet arboreta (region of Ain Draaham, north of Tunisia) in June 2006, afforded essential oils in yields varying from 0.5±0.2 to 3.9±0.4%, dependent on the species. E. cinerea and E. exerta provided the highest and the lowest percentage of essential oil amongst all the species examined, respectively. Analysis by GC (RI) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 142 components, representing 81.5 to 98.9% of the total oil. The contents of the different samples varied according to the species. The main components were 1,8‐cineole (1), followed by cryptone, spathulenol (4), p‐cymene (2), viridiflorol (6), globulol (7), β‐eudesmol, α‐terpineol (5), limonene (8), D‐piperitone, α‐pinene (3), cuminal, and γ‐eudesmol. The principal component and the hierarchical cluster analyses separated the 13 Eucalyptus leaf essential oils into three groups, each constituting a chemotype.
Prenylated Benzophenone Peroxide Derivatives from Hypericum sampsonii
Authors: Xiao Zhi Yong , Zeng Yi Han , Mu Qing , Shiu Winnie Ka Po , Gibbons Simon
Published: April 2010

Two new prenylated benzophenone peroxide derivatives, peroxysampsones A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with a known compound, plukenetione C (3), were isolated from the roots of the Chinese medicinal plant Hypericum sampsonii, and their structures were elucidated by detailed spectral analysis. These compounds are the unusual peroxides of polyprenylated benzophenone derivatives, containing the unique caged moiety of 4,5‐dioxatetracyclo[9.3.1.19,13.01,7]hexadecane‐12,14,15‐trione. In the biological test, peroxysampsone A (1) showed comparable activity with norfloxacin against a NorA over‐expressing multidrug‐resistant (MDR) strain of Staphylococcus aureus SA‐1199B.
Quantitative Comparison of Ginsenosides and Polyacetylenes in Wild and Cultivated American Ginseng
Authors: Wang Jing‐Rong , Leung Chiu‐Yin , Ho Hing‐Man , Chai Stella , Yau Lee‐Fong , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Jiang Zhi‐Hong
Published: April 2010

Quantitative comparison of seven ginsenosides in wild and cultivated American ginseng revealed that the Rg1/Rd ratio presented a significantly large difference between cultivated and type‐I (one of the defined chemotypes) wild American ginseng, facilitating this ratio as a characteristic marker for differentiating these two groups. Similarly, the ratio (Rg1+Re)/Rd, and the ratio of protopanaxatriol (PPT)‐type ginsenosides to protopanaxadiol (PPD)‐type ginsenosides showed a large difference between these two groups. On the other hand, type‐II wild samples were found to have high Rg1/Rb1 and Rg1/Re ratios and low panaxydol/panaxynol ratio, which is entirely different from Type‐I American ginseng, but is very similar to that of Asian ginseng. This not only suggests that the chemotype should be taken into consideration properly when using these parameters for differentiating American and Asian ginseng, but also indicates that type‐II wild American ginseng may have distinct pharmacological activities and therapeutic effects.
BACE1 (Beta‐Secretase) Inhibitory Phenolic Acids and a Novel Sesquiterpenoid from Homalomena occulta
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Yan , Zhao Ying , Yu Shi‐Shan , Fang Wei‐Shuo
Published: April 2010

Four phenolic acids, namely 2‐[(Z)‐heptadec‐11‐enyl]‐6‐hydroxybenzoic acid (1), 2‐[(6Z,9Z,12Z)‐heptadeca‐6,9,12‐trienyl]‐6‐hydroxybenzoic acid (2), 2‐[(9Z,12Z)‐heptadeca‐9,12‐dienyl]‐6‐hydroxybenzoic acid (3), and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐(12‐phenyldodecyl)benzoic acid (4), and one sesquiterpene, asperpenoid (5), were isolated from the 95% EtOH extract of the roots of Homalomena occulta, among which 1, 2, and 5 represent new compounds. Further, the phenolic acids 1–4 exhibited BACE1 (β‐secretase) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 6.23±0.94, 6.28±0.63, 7.93±0.38, and 7.65±0.62 μM, respectively.