bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of Aspergillus species and other moulds in respiratory samples from Argentinean patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Devoto Tomás Brito , Alava Katherine Stefania Hermida , Pola Santiago J , Pereda Rosana , Rubeglio Etelvina , Finquelievich Jorge L , Cuestas María L
Published: December 2019

In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, fungal colonization of the respiratory tract is frequently found. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most frequently recorded and is associated with loss of pulmonary function and allergic disease (ABPA). The knowledge on prevalence rates of filamentous fungi in CF patients in Latin America is scarce. One hundred and seventy-six fungal isolates recovered from the upper respiratory tract of CF patients from Argentina were identified to species by morphology and DNA sequencing. In total, 90% of CF patients were colonized by Aspergillus sp., followed by Exophiala sp. (14%) and Scedosporium sp. (10%). Among Aspergillus, six species complexes (Fumigati, Flavi, Terrei, Nigri, Usti, and Nidulante) and different cryptospecies were found. Among Scedosporium, three species were observed (Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium aurantiacum and Scedosporium boydii). All Exophiala isolates were identified as Exophiala dermatitidis. Rare filamentous fungi were also found. All cases of ABPA were associated to the presence of A. fumigatus. Mixed colonization with other mould or rare fungi was observed in half of them. To our knowledge, this is the first prospective study of mould species in CF using molecular methods in Latin America. This study shows that Aspergillus sp., E. dermatitidis and Scedosporium sp. have a high frequency in CF patients from Argentina, and by far, A. fumigatus was the most commonly cultured species. Continuous clinical surveillance is required to detect the emergence of new fungal pathogens and to detect resistant or difficult-to-treat species capable of chronic colonizing the airways and of hematogenous dissemination in case of lung transplantation.
Location, orbit, and energy of a meteoroid impacting the Moon during the lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21
Authors: Zuluaga J I , Tangmatitham M , Cuartas-Restrepo P , Ospina J , Pichardo F , López S A , Peña K , Gaviria-Posada J M
Published: December 2019

During lunar eclipse of 2019 January 21, a meteoroid impacted the Moon producing a visible light flash. The impact was witnessed by casual observers offering an opportunity to study the phenomenon from multiple geographical locations. We use images and videos collected by observers in seven countries to estimate the location, impact parameters (speed and incoming direction), and energy of the meteoroid. Using parallax, we achieve determining the impact location at lat.$-29.43^{+0.30}_{-0.21}$, lon.$-67.89^{+0.07}_{-0.09}$, and geocentric distance as 356 553 km. After devising and applying a photometric procedure for measuring flash standard magnitudes in multiple RGB images having different exposure times, we found that the flash, had an average G-magnitude 〈G〉 = 6.7 ± 0.3. We use gravitational ray tracing (GRT) to estimate the orbital properties and likely radiant of the impactor. We find that the meteoroid impacted the moon with a speed of $14^{+7}_{-6}$ km s−1 (70 per cent C.L.) and at a shallow angle, θ < 38.2 deg. Assuming a normal error for our estimated flash brightness, educated priors for the luminous efficiency and object density, and using the GRT-computed probability distributions of impact speed and incoming directions, we calculate posterior probability distributions for the kinetic energy (median Kmed = 0.8 kton), body mass (Mmed = 27 kg) and diameter (dmed = 29 cm), and crater size (Dmed = 9 m). If our assumptions are correct, the crater left by the impact could be detectable by prospecting lunar probes. These results arose from a timely collaboration between professional and amateur astronomers that highlight the potential importance of citizen science in astronomy.
Decoupling the rotation of stars and gas – I. The relationship with morphology and halo spin
Authors: Duckworth Christopher , Tojeiro Rita , Kraljic Katarina
Published: December 2019

We use a combination of data from the MaNGA survey and MaNGA-like observations in IllustrisTNG100 to determine the prevalence of misalignment between the rotational axes of stars and gas. This census paper outlines the typical characteristics of misaligned galaxies in both observations and simulations to determine their fundamental relationship with morphology and angular momentum. We present a sample of ∼4500 galaxies from MaNGA with kinematic classifications which we use to demonstrate that the prevalence of misalignment is strongly dependent on morphology. The misaligned fraction sharply increases going to earlier morphologies (28 ± 3 per cent of 301 early-type galaxies, 10 ± 1 per cent of 677 lenticulars, and 5.4 ± 0.6 per cent of 1634 pure late-type galaxies). For early-types, aligned galaxies are less massive than the misaligned sample whereas this trend reverses for lenticulars and pure late-types. We also find that decoupling depends on group membership for early-types with centrals more likely to be decoupled than satellites. We demonstrate that misaligned galaxies have similar stellar angular momentum to galaxies without gas rotation, much lower than aligned galaxies. Misaligned galaxies also have a lower gas mass than the aligned, indicative that gas loss is a crucial step in decoupling star–gas rotation. Through comparison to a mock MaNGA sample, we find that the strong trends with morphology and angular momentum hold true in IllustrisTNG100. We demonstrate that the lowered angular momentum is, however, not a transient property and that the likelihood of star–gas misalignment at $z$ = 0 is correlated with the spin of the dark matter halo going back to $z$ = 1.
Non-Gaussianity constraints using future radio continuum surveys and the multitracer technique
Authors: Gomes Zahra , Camera Stefano , Jarvis Matt J , Hale Catherine , Fonseca José
Published: December 2019

Tighter constraints on measurements of primordial non-Gaussianity (PNG) will allow the differentiation of inflationary scenarios. The cosmic microwave background bispectrum – the standard method of measuring the local non-Gaussianity – is limited by cosmic variance. Therefore, it is sensible to investigate measurements of non-Gaussianity using the large-scale structure. This can be done by investigating the effects of non-Gaussianity on the power spectrum on large scales. In this study, we forecast the constraints on the local PNG parameter fNL that can be obtained with future radio surveys. We utilize the multitracer method that reduces the effect of cosmic variance and takes advantage of the multiple radio galaxy populations that are differently biased tracers of the same underlying dark matter distribution. Improvements on previous work include the use of observational bias and halo mass estimates, updated simulations, and realistic photometric redshift expectations, thus producing more realistic forecasts. Combinations of Square Kilometre Array simulations and radio observations were used as well as different redshift ranges and redshift bin sizes. It was found that in the most realistic case the 1σ error on fNL falls within the range 4.07–6.58, rivalling the tightest constraints currently available.
The Height of Drop
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

The chapter details how probability designs build the perception of coincidence and surprise by creating a ‘height of drop’ before plot events. It investigates more closely the role of the reader. The perception of the probability of a certain prediction is manipulated along a range of textual devices, which are discussed on the example of Jane Austen’s Pemberley scene in Pride and Prejudice. These manipulations of precision (that is, the perceived reliability of prediction errors), it is argued, also contribute to readers’ (illusory) sense of agency and their explorative mental moves. While readers follow the probability design, they are actively configuring the predictions of the narrative, which is related to phenomena like anomalous suspense and the paradox of tragedy.
Intertextual Precision Expectations
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

In the chapters that follow, the third-order probability design is developed. The third-order probability design revolves around how expectations about second- and first-order predictions are developed through structural patterns yielded by genre (III.1), textual gaps and shadow stories (III.2), and intertextual references to unfamiliar texts (III.3). The final chapter of the section, then, traces the tension between flexibility and constraint in probability designs.
The Cognitive Work of Form
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

The chapter unfolds an alternative to simulation-based accounts of literature’s place in the world. Form, conceptualised as probability designs, it is argued, enables the particularity of literature as a designer environment (see IV.2). The chapter redraws the links between probability designs and the world through a double tilt enabled by the lifting of sensory attenuation in reading (see II.1) and through an enhanced exploration in interoception rather than exteroception. The probability design then enables readers to realise the potential of this double tilt to the full through the thought loops of epistemic active inference and remindings. These deliberations lead to the conclusion that literary form is fundamental to freedom of thought.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Christopher
Published: December 2019

This chapter lays out the scope and intended use of The Classical Guitar Companion. It explores how guitarists and teachers can create unique and distinctive curricula of study for themselves or their students to help them acquire and develop fundamental techniques and foundational knowledge. Included are practice guidelines applicable to each chapter of the book. Because all new learning requires a finely honed foundation of prior knowledge and skill, the introduction presents advice that will help guitarists transform their foundational work into advanced technique and a deeper understanding of the instrument. This work will help guitarists meet the artistic and technical demands of advanced guitar literature. The introduction also explores those best served by the book: those studying the classical guitar (whether novice or advanced); guitarists wishing to fill gaps in their background; new guitar teachers looking for guidance with curricula; and guitarists interested in the rich pedagogical heritage of the instrument.
Learning the Fingerboard
Authors: Berg Christopher
Published: December 2019

“Learning the Fingerboard” presents the means for students to understand the logic of the guitar fingerboard and master its grammar so they will be able to understand more easily and quickly the musical language used by composers. Unlike the piano, which has one location for each note, guitarists can play the same scale, chord, or cadence, in multiple locations. The Segovia scales, however—which are widely used for foundational work—don’t cover large areas of the guitar fingerboard. This section begins with the study of open-position major and minor scales and their associated cadences, major and minor moveable scale forms and related chords, and major and minor long scales, which traverse the length of the fingerboard. Harmony is studied through the working out of triads on each of the four sets of three adjacent strings. The section ends with the first modern edition of cadences in commonly used positions for each key by Franz Bathioli.
Scale Exercises and Studies
Authors: Berg Christopher
Published: December 2019

This section will improve students’ understanding of scale technique by exploring the fingering practices of major 19th-century guitarists—Carulli, Carcassi, Sor, Aguado, Coste, Mertz—including how these practices evolved and their significance when performing music by these composers. Then follow a series of scale pieces in the lower positions suitable for students in their first years of study, followed by scale studies in the upper positions suitable for more advanced students. Pieces from the literature for lute are included to provide music containing scales that is accessible to those starting out. This is followed by advanced upper-position material. The section ends with an exploration of how to develop advanced right-hand fingering practices through the use of three-finger patterns to aid the develop of speed and to solve the problems of fingering nonidiomatic music, such as the more difficult works of J. S. Bach.
Saviors, Tyrants, and the Poetics of Empire
Authors: Brumbaugh Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines ways in which the Hymn to Delos revisits the role of the king as a guard, set out in the first hymn. Here, Kallimachos adds nuance to his earlier characterization by distinguishing between the savior, Apollo, who protects and the tyrant, Hera, who oppresses those who are less powerful. As in the preceding hymns, Kallimachos de-emphasizes aspects of his narrative that could be seen as anti-dynastic, presenting in its place a more whimsical account. Explicitly paralleling the birth, kingship, and universal empire of Apollo and Ptolemy II Philadelphos, Kallimachos effectively replaces Zeus with a new paradigm of ideal kingship. This hymn’s embrace of a pan-Mediterranean stage mirrors, in a way, Philadelphos’ efforts to expand his kingdom into a vast, overseas empire during the first years of his reign. During this period, the honorific title Sōtēr, meaning “Savior,” once again gained currency within diplomatic discourse as a way for independent poleis to laud kings who had saved them from invading Gauls. Not only does Kallimachos incorporate this contemporary dynamic into his hymn, but he also maps the diplomatic traffic in praise onto the reciprocal charis dynamic that traditionally obtains between a hymnist and his honorand.
Uncut Galatians
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 reconsiders the multiple ways Paul’s letter to the Galatians argues with and about bodies and two practices of genital cutting—circumcision and castration. Though it quotes a baptismal tradition (3:28) prized for its scrambling of several embodied factors (Jew/Gentile, slave/free, male/female), it also violently wishes for, even joking about, those seeking circumcision to be castrated, bringing the eunuch as a lingering point of contrast into the foreground of the letter’s argument. Critical reflections on the meaning of modifying bodies with intersex conditions contrast with such uses of eunuch figures, subverting the persistent scholarly focus on Paul focusing on the circumcised penis, a focus that reinstalls a normative view of “member”-ship in the community. The juxtaposition of intersex advocacy with castrated people in antiquity shifts the significance of embodied differences and bodily modifications for the baptized bodies addressed in Galatians.
Assembled Gentiles
Authors: Marchal Joseph A.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 resituates figurations from both Paul’s letter to the Romans and Paul’s first letter to the Corinthians, particularly within the two “clobber” passages more recent users claim condemn homosexuality (in Rom 1:18–32 and 1 Cor 6:9–10). The role of Gentiles in Pauline epistles and interpretations are troubled by the figurations of the barbarian and foreign Other that appear in both of these “bashing” passages, highlighting a larger role for sexual exceptionalism than sexual orientation for understanding these arguments. Pauline repetitions of Roman imperial claims about the sexual aberration and inferiority of barbaric foreigners reflect a recurrent, yet altered significance, particularly given ongoing imperial and colonial tendencies. The unexpected resonances between those people addressed in these passages and named in the conclusion of Romans (16:1–16) and those targeted as especially barbaric or terrorizing today name the racialized stereotypes of monstrous sexuality that frequently accompany empires’ insistence about their own sexual exceptionalism and, then, provide an alternative angle on assembly and the intersecting dynamics that bring contingents together.
Looking Back to Move Forward
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter lays the philosophical groundwork for a new account of hope. It begins with the deep American roots of pragmatist philosophy to show how that tradition aligns with key elements of democracy and American life today. To set a foil for a pragmatist account of political hope, it describes problematic ways in which hope is often understood in more individualist ways by theologians, philosophers, and positive psychologists. Then, using an accessible approach and avoiding jargon, the chapter lays out central elements of pragmatism that build together to form an account of hope. These include inquiry, growth, truth, meliorism, and habits.
Learning How to Hope
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter moves from a broader discussion of quality citizenship education and developing trends among youth to looking specifically at how hope and democratic habits might be taught in schools and civil society. It includes a call to develop communities of inquiry, nurture communication and deliberation, foster criticality and dissent, cultivate imagination and storytelling, view citizenship as shared fate, and build trust. It describes classroom practices and activities that can foster habits of hope, as well as opportunities to employ related skills and dispositions of citizenship. It extends this education beyond schools and youth into adults and civil organizations, where larger impact on today’s democracy may be made.
Blade Runner’s Humanism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: December 2019

Blade Runner is concerned to humanize our social and political relationships, which are in danger of falling into the affective trap that Rousseau outlined in his Letter to D’Alembert. Rousseau described citizens who mistake a theatrical experience for an equal, reciprocal human experience. To understand the problem, we must learn to differentiate, as the characters of Blade Runner do, between mutual surveillance and mutual regard. Surveillance can create in us the illusion of power and freedom that we mistake for real autonomy. Regard for others, which can be interrupted by representation, needs to be sustained for human society to flourish. If we must use representation to have a democracy, we must insure that its tendency toward inequality and surveillance does not come to dominate us.
The Ethics of Joy
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

This book offers a reading of Spinoza’s moral philosophy. Central to the reading the author defends is the view that there is a way of life that is best for human beings, and what makes it best is that it is the way of life that is in agreement with human nature. It is important to note that Spinoza’s moral philosophy does not fit within a framework that takes accountability as an essential function of morality. An ethics of accountability is about what a person deserves. It is a system for assigning credit and debt in the economy of good and evil. The ethics of Spinoza’s Ethics is not about what a person deserves. Rather, it is about how to live joyously and lovingly, not sadly and hatefully. Instead of an ethics of accountability, Spinoza’s is an ethics of joy. It is centered on what, with respect to mental and physical wellness, deserves our attention and what, with respect to mental and physical wellness, does not deserve our attention. Spinoza’s ethics of joy belongs to a philosophical tradition that adheres to a medical model of morality. Accordingly, the purpose of morality is not to assign credit and debt in the economy of good and evil. Its purpose is to heal the sick and empower the vulnerable, which is to say that it is for each and every one of us. Furthermore, Spinoza’s moral philosophy is pluralistic in that there are as many good ways of life as there are ways of living joyously and lovingly. There is a variety of empowered ways of life, and there is a variety of disempowered ways of life.
Spinoza’s Symptomatic Theory of Emotions
Authors: Andrew Youpa
Published: December 2019

This chapter shows that Spinoza believes that an episode of emotion represents a change in the power of the subject’s body in the way that a symptom represents that of which it is symptomatic. On the reading here defended, some emotions symptomatically represent increases in the power of the subject’s body. Others symptomatically represent decreases in power. Regardless of whether it is symptomatic of an increase or a decrease, an episode of an emotion qua mental item is symptomatic of the state of the power of acting of the subject’s body, and an emotion serves as a symptom in virtue of its qualitative character. It represents a change in power by virtue of the way it feels to experience an emotion. While an episode of the qualitative character of joy signals an increase in the body’s power, an episode of the qualitative character of sadness signals a decrease in its power.
Market Competition
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 discusses competition law, which offers one of the most prominent examples of the EU’s global regulatory hegemony. This chapter first introduces the key aspects of EU competition law. It then explains why the EU has chosen to build an extensive regulatory capacity in this area, illustrating how competition law forms a critical dimension of the EU’s broader, single market program. Following that, it offers examples of the de facto and de jure Brussels Effects pertaining to competition regulation. These examples illustrate that the de jure Brussels Effect has been extensive. At the same time, the occurrence of the de facto Brussels Effect often turns to the question of non-divisibility, at times enabling while at times limiting the global effect of EU competition rules.
Environment
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 7 describes a few notable policy areas where the EU has successfully influenced global environmental standards through the Brussels Effect. These include the regulation of hazardous substances and electronic waste, the protection of animal welfare, and the mitigation of climate change through an emissions trading system. The Chapter first examines the origins of the pro-environment attitudes in the EU, explaining how the strigent regulations emerged as a result. It then provides examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect pertaining to these regulatory policies. The discussion reveals how environmental law features some of the strongest examples of the Brussels Effect while also illustrating the limits of the phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter includes the reasons that students drop out of school, a proposed job description for the social worker working as a dropout prevention specialist (DPS), thoughts on going into the school and developing working relationships with staff and students, an explanation of school data and finances and how to use them, and the importance of persevering on behalf of students.
The Importance and Benefits of Teams
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explains the benefits of working as a team, what people like or don’t like about working on teams, and the importance of recognizing everyone’s contribution and perspective.
Case Management
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter defines the practice of “case management” as an empowerment model of practice. It defines the steps of the case management process, the core principles of the case management practice, and the qualifications required by case managers.
Handling Misbehavior
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter looks at how punitive disciplinary practices contribute to students dropping out and how positive relationships, rules, and consequences that are fairly, consistently, and equitably enforced have a positive effect on keeping students in school.
Assessing Learning Levels and Help for Students
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the role of the assessment of student learning by disaggregating data in order to set measurable goals and outcomes based on what is learned.
Ibn Nujaym: The Father of Late Ḥanafism?
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter starts with a discussion of Ibn Nujaym’s legal writings and his contributions to the late Ḥanafī tradition. It explores the characteristics, influences, and authority structure of late Ḥanafī scholarship as expressed in Ibn Nujaym’s works. The chapter examines how Ibn Nujaym relates late Ḥanafī authority and positions to the early opinions of the school. The chapter argues that his writings forged the backdrop against which later Ḥanafī works of the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries were articulated. As a consequence, Ibn Nujaym is a central figure in the crystallization of an Ottoman late Ḥanafī tradition.
If Abū Ḥanīfa Were Here
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the legal writings of Ibn ʿĀbidīn, the “seal” of the late Ḥanafīs (khāṭimat al-muḥaqqiqīn), to capture the full development of the tradition of late Ḥanafism. This chapter argues that by situating Ibn ʿĀbidīn within what the Ḥanafīs themselves call the late Ḥanafī tradition, readers can better understand his strong emphasis on loyalty to early authorities and, at the same time, appreciate the crystallization of the identity, opinions, and authoritativeness of the later Ḥanafī jurists and their revisions of early school opinions. This chapter shows that Ibn ʿĀbidīn maintained the juristic trends of previous generations of Ḥanafīs, such as a distinctive late Ḥanafī identity and the place of sultanic authority in the juristic enterprise. Using the legal devices of necessity (ḍarūra), customary practice (ʿurf), change of time (ikhtilāf ʿaṣr wa-zamān), and others, Ibn ʿĀbidīn was able to change central Ḥanafī doctrines while justifying the changes by appealing to the school’s eponym and founders.
If Models Were Fictions, Then What Would They Be?
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: December 2019

There has been growing interest in the idea that model descriptions should be thought of as similar to stories, and model systems should be thought of as akin to fictional characters. But if model systems were (like) fictional characters, what would they be? Two prominent approaches to fictional discourse have been pursued in the literature on models: realist approaches, which take models to be abstract objects that (in some sense) fit the model descriptions, and anti-realist approaches, which typically hold that the relevant discourse involves pretense in a way that enables us to deny that we ever refer to models. Both of these views have problems well known in the literature on fiction. These problems have motivated a third, increasingly popular approach to the ontology of fiction: an artifactual approach, according to which our (external) discourse about fiction refers to abstract artifacts. This approach has been little considered in the literature on scientific models—but this chapter argues that it has important advantages over the familiar alternatives. Most notably, an artifactualist approach can retain the advantages of the pretense view while giving a far more straightforward account of external historical, theoretical, and critical discourse about models. In short, bearing in mind the full range of discourse about models gives us reason to accept that there are model systems, where these are considered as a kind of abstract artifact. The main perceived drawback to artifactualist views is their supposed “ontological costs.” In closing, the chapter suggests why ontological qualms of this sort should be discounted.
The Fictional Character of Scientific Models
Authors: Friend Stacie
Published: December 2019

Many philosophers have drawn parallels between scientific models and fictions. This chapter is concerned with a recent version of this analogy, which compares models to the imagined characters of fictional literature. Though versions of the position differ, the shared idea is that modeling essentially involves imagining concrete systems analogously to the way that we imagine characters and events in response to works of fiction. Advocates of this view argue that imagining concrete systems plays an ineliminable role in the practice of modeling that cannot be captured by other accounts. The approach thus leaves open what we should say about the ontological status of model systems, and here advocates differ among themselves, defending a variety of realist or anti-realist positions. I argue that this debate over the ontological status of model systems is misguided. If model systems are the kinds of objects fictional realists posit, they can play no role in explaining the epistemology of modeling for an advocate of this approach. So they are at best superfluous. Defenders of the approach should focus on developing an account of the epistemological role of imagining model systems.
Models and Reality
Authors: Yablo Stephen
Published: December 2019

The philosopher Hilary Putnam uses model theory to cast doubt on our ability to engage semantically with an objective world. The role of mathematics for him is to prove this pessimistic conclusion. The present chapter, on the other hand, explores how models can help us to engage semantically with the objective world. Mathematics functions here as an analogy. Among their many other accomplishments, numbers boost the language’s expressive power; they give us access to recondite physical facts. Models, among their many other accomplishments, do the same thing. This is the analogy this chapter attempts to develop.
The Need for Theory
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter establishes the need for theorizing and explores how policy has been conceptually developed in the literature. It traces the relationship between policy thinking and practice, making the case for how theories developed or employed by scholars are used to help, clarify, justify, and explain practice—not to mystify. Further, it develops the notion of policy knowhow placing it within two sides of the same coin, namely, conceptual design and structured action. Last, the chapter delineates distinctions between traditional and progressive views on policy, exploring how these apply to music education policy scholarship.
Policy Beyond Traditional Walls
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter is framed from an entrepreneurship standpoint. The aim is to offer an interpretative view of policy as an ongoing affair that is not only about advice/influence or implementation/resistance but also, and perhaps as important, concerned with the construction and maintenance of relations among stakeholders. The chapter presents entrepreneurship as a kind of grass-roots disposition, demonstrating how it may become an important tool to push back and respond to external pressures, such as intensification of labor and performativity, as they continue to affect educational spaces. The chapter offers an analysis of music entrepreneurship, using multiple examples to highlight how they have acted as policy practices, generating changes in music education language, thinking, and practice.
Small Actions Go a Long Way! The Day-to-Day of Policy-Minded Music Educators
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter suggests that policy practice must be established as a valued, worthy, and feasible arena of daily action for music educators. It argues that we can support this disposition by (a) working to amplify our capacity to “hear” others, (b) strengthening dispositions toward collaborative work and participative action, and (c) fostering a sense of autonomy that allows educators to expand our ability to enact our speech and see that speech rendered credible by others. The chapter is intended as an invitation for educators to think of any outstanding program, any supportive and inviting work environment, or any innovative practice they can remember and ask these questions: How did they get started? What factors led to their establishment? Why did they thrive? Finally, the chapter provides several examples of policy work done by music educators, illustrating how a framing disposition is critical in the enactment of change.
The Music Educator as a Policy Analyst
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter is the most practical and instructive of the book’s chapters. It aims to delineate very concrete ways of looking at accepted tools, spaces, and practices in policy. The chapter presents music educators with an entry point to this policy vocabulary. The chapter admonishes the reader that these are only tools, however, and as such their yield is dependent on our capacity to discern, contextualize, and frame. While the chapter describes policy language, instruments, and tools, it avoids the misperception that technical acuity is a necessary first step, one that allows one to enter the realm of policy. Such a view inevitably delays policy participation and discourages policy thinking. Knowing the context is the only prerequisite for policy engagement.
Refugee Geopolitics
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

Aside from their skills with silk and wine, Huguenots promoted themselves as strategic allies after war came to Europe and America in 1689. As experts on French strategy, the refugees believed their assistance would be invaluable in helping Britain and the Netherlands defeat the Sun King. This belief in the Huguenots’ strategic importance sent more of them to imperial border regions. The chapter focuses on three in particular: the Caribbean basin, the borderlands between New England and New France, and the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. In each case refugees faced discrimination from those who suspected them of being in league with the French enemy, even as they did their best to help the Protestant cause. The chapter ends with the last and most ambitious plan for a Huguenot colony, in Carolana on the Gulf Coast, an ultimately failed design that led to the formation of Manakintown in Virginia.
Introduction
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I.
Published: December 2019

Deference is a concept and practice fundamental to any real-world legal system. It lies at the core of every system of precedent, appellate review, federalism, and separation of powers. Notwithstanding its importance, deference has not heretofore been systematically analyzed, apart from its applications in specific settings. Until 1999, “deference” did not even merit an entry in Black’s Law Dictionary. This book aims to start a conversation about the concept and practice of deference. It hopes to bring the concept of deference to the forefront of legal discussion; to identify, catalogue, and analyze at least the chief among its many manifestations and applications; to set forth the many and varied rationales that can be and have been offered in support of (some species of) deference in different legal contexts; and thereby to provide a vocabulary and conceptual framework that can be employed in future discussions. The book’s methodology is descriptive and inductive: It identifies the actual practices that US federal courts identify as instances of deference and builds its account from that material. Subsequent chapters explore whether and how a definition and vocabulary derived in that manner can be applied in wider contexts.
The Many Faces of Federal Court Deference
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I.
Published: December 2019

US federal courts identify many of their doctrines and activities as acts of deference. This book uses those identifications as the raw material for its inductively derived definition of and framework for deference. Doctrines and practices identified as deference arise in connection with appellate review of findings of fact of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies (including juries); review of legal findings of those bodies; review of policymaking, or discretionary, judgments of those bodies; and review of (or refusals to review) actions of state courts. The scope of deference ranges from total (abstention or absence of review) or near-total (rational basis review of legislative action or jury verdicts) to minimal (so-called Skidmore deference, under which agency legal interpretations receive whatever weight they merit all things considered). Many of the same considerations noted by federal courts appear in legal contexts outside the United States, such as the margin of appreciation doctrine employed by some international tribunals and Wednesbury review in the United Kingdom. This chapter seeks to identify enough instances of deference to allow generalizations about the nature, scope, and reasons for deference that are developed in subsequent chapters.
Extensions
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I.
Published: December 2019

Can a definition of and vocabulary for deference derived inductively from the practices of US federal courts usefully describe other practices, or practices of other institutions? We think so. The basic vocabulary of and framework for deference derived from federal court practice can be used to analyze judicial precedent (which only occasionally is described by courts as a form of deference), the treatment of judicial decisions by legislative and executive actors, the use of both formal and informal precedent in legislative and executive institutions, and the widespread but often controversial practice of judicial deference to decisions of foreign tribunals. All of these activities involve mandatory or discretionary deference, meaning that one actor considers and/or gives weight to prior decisions in carrying out the deferring actor’s legal functions. All of these practices can be explained or justified at least in part by the categories of legitimation deference, epistemological deference, economic deference, signaling deference, or prudential/strategic deference. The framework for deference derived from the practices of federal courts thus proves to have general utility across a broad range of practices and institutions.
The Afterlife of the Beilis Affair
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 explores the place that the claim of Jewish ritual murder held in interwar Soviet society. The Bolsheviks dealt a blow to the blood libel tradition by confronting aggressively the legacy of the Beilis Affair, and prosecuting those responsible for orchestrating the trial. But ritual murder accusations did not wane in Soviet society. In fact, there were numerous cases of criminal investigations of blood libels that involved investigative commissions, medical experts, the press, and the secret police. If for the Bolshevik state, the Beilis case remained the symbol of the tsarist corrupt system, written and oral references to Beilis echoed through the instances of blood libel in the Soviet Union and validated ritual murder. This chapter also examines the Jewish responses to the blood allegation, showing the assertiveness to denounce the ineptness of local authorities at bringing to justice those responsible for spreading the lie.
Myth and Reality
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 maps out the social life of the myth (and reality) centered on the absence of pogroms. It captures the use of the term in calls to reject Jewish political agency and resist Stalin’s policies. While the state stigmatized this form of violence, pogroms did occur on rare occasions. They were an exception to the rule until World War II, which drastically changed the habits and discourses of violence: pogroms reappeared in the context of collaboration with German forces. The return of the unthinkable was triggered by the idiosyncratic contingencies of war: in 1945 a pogrom broke out in Kiev. The myth of Soviet Jewry was temporarily shattered. During the postwar years the state reasserted its monopoly over violence. And while it promoted antisemitism and ignored the complaints of Jews bewildered by the change, it never crossed the line of tolerating eruptions of spontaneous violence against them.
From Cannibalism to Political Murder
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6 reveals the permutations of the blood libel and the emergence of a new notion of Jewish murder. Nazi propaganda exploited the blood libel theme in conjunction with the Judeo-Bolshevik myth. This link persisted also in the aftermath of World War II, but under a more secular vestige. In the midst of a postwar crisis of identity and political power, memories of blood libel could intersect with fears of cannibalism, as it happened in the city of Lvov. Reinforced by the Cold War context, the blood libel then shifted from cannibalism to political murder, and found its shell in the Doctors’ Plot. Not unlike the interwar period, blood libels that occurred in Lithuania, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, intensified in the midst of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s. The recrudescence of antisemitism in the postwar years made it difficult for Jews to rely upon authorities for protection in countering these accusations.
Relative Deprivation Theory
Authors: Smith Heather J. , Pettigrew Thomas F. , Huo Yuen J.
Published: December 2019

Relative deprivation (RD) is the product of an upward comparison that indicates that one’s disadvantaged situation is undeserved coupled with anger and resentment. RD is associated with reduced psychological health and increased individual deviance and collective action. This chapter (a) reviews the history of RD to illustrate its value as a conceptual tool, (b) discusses what is known about the different ways in which people respond to RD, and (c) explores how different comparison types inform the RD experience and its outcomes. If correctly measured, RD illuminates how people’s subjective interpretations of their economic circumstances impacts their health, attitudes and behavior.
Musical Theatre at Girls’ Jewish Summer Camps
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

In the summer musicals take place in the tiny, insular, homogenous culture of girls’ non-Orthodox Jewish summer camps in Maine. Each of these summer camps was founded by Jewish women—all early twentieth-century progressive educators—for socioeconomically privileged Jewish girls. Since the early 1900s, girls who attend the summer camps have participated in theatre as a required activity alongside swimming, volleyball, and arts and crafts, so musical theatre shapes their experiences in profound ways. This chapter visits four of these summer camps in the same state where Stephen Sondheim spent many summers at Androscoggin, an all-boys’ Jewish summer camp. Over the course of their years at camp, most girls perform in seven musicals and see forty more. In this consciously created community, the excitement, pressure, and camaraderie of musical theatre production creates an even more intense bubble in its midst.
Disney Goes to School
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the various ways that the Disney Theatrical Group (DTG), a unit within the Walt Disney Company, engages with local musical theatre for elementary and middle school children. DTG’s involvement in the local musical theatre scene includes the creation of kid-friendly versions of shows with supplementary materials and, since 2011, an ambitious philanthropic program to support musical theatre production in underserved public elementary schools. After New York City, DTG established its first Disney Musicals in Schools Program in Nashville, Tennessee. This chapter visits schools and includes interviews with teachers and kids in Nashville, as well as the staff of the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, which oversees the program. Schools across a range of racial and socioeconomic communities produce Disney musicals like The Little Mermaid JR. and Aladdin JR. By loosening its famously tight grip on its product and allowing schools to produce their shows legally, Disney has at once increased revenue and become an instigator of social change and youth empowerment through musical theatre. DTG president Thomas Schumacher said that Disney’s music “is the new American songbook . . . We are this new era of Broadway.” Disney’s vision accommodates a populist agenda as they balance profit and corporate interests with philanthropy and grassroots artistic activism.
Dinner Theatres
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

This chapter takes a road trip with the author and her sister to four dinner theatres in cities along the Front Range of Colorado. The first part of the chapter summarizes the history of dinner theatres in the United States and the negative response of critics in East Coast newspapers in the early 1970s when dinner theatres were invented and became popular. Critics accused dinner theatres of fostering middlebrow taste in both the theatrical repertoire and the food. Dinner theatres sprouted up in Colorado around ten years later, where they were welcomed by critics and then similarly disdained as proffering bad taste in the food and middlebrow taste in the theatre. Nonetheless, even as dinner theatres have all but disappeared across the United States, a handful of this hybrid form of restaurant and musical theatre remain successful in Colorado. Though many people have heard of dinner theatres, only in certain parts of the country can one experience this unique activity, which combines profit motives with community investment by way of the Broadway musical theatre repertoire. The chapter shows how dinner theatres are a boon to the local artistic community and how actors and audiences appreciate the dinner theatres in their region.
Diagnostic Testing, Screening, and Surveillance
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

Surveillance, diagnostic testing, and screening are central (and related) concepts in epidemiology, and are all addressed together in this chapter. Both description and prediction are also important goals of epidemiology, and these differ in important ways from causal epidemiology. In Chapter 4, the author discusses concepts in diagnostic testing, screening, and active and passive disease surveillance, including concepts of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. Also in this chapter, the author briefly touches on differences between clinical epidemiology and public health epidemiology. The chapter also briefly discusses very basic bias, or sensitivity, analysis.
Final Beginnings
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 6 covers the last three years of Latrobe’s life. After being released from debtor’s prison, he moved to Baltimore. There he completed two major works—the Catholic Basilica and the Merchants Exchange, the latter the cause of a bitter conflict with another expatriate, fellow architect Maximilian Godefroy. Again lacking sufficient commissions, he moved to New Orleans to complete the municipal waterworks that he expected would make him rich. He died of yellow fever before its completion. His wife Mary discovered that Latrobe had put all his available money into the unfinished waterworks, leaving her and the children destitute. Their son John, in his final year at West Point, left school to support his family