bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constrained sampling experiments reveal principles of detection in natural scenes
Authors: Sebastian Stephen , Abrams Jared , Geisler Wilson S.
Published: June 2017

Significance

The visibility of a target object may be affected by the specific properties of the background scene at and near the target’s location, and by how uncertain the observer is (from one occasion to the next) about the values of the background and target properties. An experimental technique was used to measure how several background properties, and uncertainty, affect human detection thresholds for target objects in natural scenes. The thresholds varied in a highly lawful fashion—multidimensional Weber’s law—that is predicted directly from the statistical structure of natural scenes. The results suggest that the neural gain control mechanisms underlying multidimensional Weber’s law evolved because they are optimal for detection in natural scenes under conditions of high uncertainty.
Varying and unchanging whiteness on the wings of dusk-active and shade-inhabiting
Carystoides escalantei
butterflies
Authors: Ge Dengteng , Wu Gaoxiang , Yang Lili , Kim Hye-Na , Hallwachs Winnie , Burns John M. , Janzen Daniel H. , Yang Shu
Published: June 2017

Significance

Whiteness, although frequently apparent on the wings, legs, antennae, or bodies of many species of moths and butterflies, has often escaped our attention. Here, we investigate the nanostructure and microstructure of white spots on the wings of
Carystoides escalantei
, a dusk-active and shade-inhabiting Costa Rican rain forest butterfly (Hesperiidae). We identify two types of whiteness: angle dependent and angle independent. We speculate that the biological functions and evolution of
Carystoides
spot patterns, scale structures, and their varying whiteness are adaptations to the butterfly’s low light habitat and to airflow experienced on the wing base vs. wing tip during flight. Sex and species differences in the location of angle-dependent white spots on the wings may function in both intraspecific and interspecific communication.
DNA cytoskeleton for stabilizing artificial cells
Authors: Kurokawa Chikako , Fujiwara Kei , Morita Masamune , Kawamata Ibuki , Kawagishi Yui , Sakai Atsushi , Murayama Yoshihiro , Nomura Shin-ichiro M. , Murata Satoshi , Takinoue Masahiro , Yanagisawa Miho
Published: June 2017

Significance

Although liposomes and lipid droplets have been used for numerous applications, the fragility of the lipid membrane causes an unintentional collapse, which is problematic for advanced applications. To solve this problem, we constructed an artificial cytoskeleton with DNA nanotechnology (a DNA cytoskeleton). The DNA cytoskeleton is a DNA network formed underneath the membrane of positively charged lipids through electrostatic interactions without the need for special handling. The DNA cytoskeleton significantly improves mechanical stability and, therefore, confers tolerance against osmotic shock to liposomes like the cytoskeleton in live cells. Because of its biocompatibility and the easiness of implementing design changes, the DNA cytoskeleton could become a tool for great stabilizer of liposomes and lipid droplets.
Grc3 programs the essential endoribonuclease Las1 for specific RNA cleavage
Authors: Pillon Monica C. , Sobhany Mack , Borgnia Mario J. , Williams Jason G. , Stanley Robin E.
Published: June 2017

Significance

Ribonucleases are molecular scissors that catalyze the cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds and play essential roles in RNA processing and maturation. Precursor ribosomal RNA (rRNA) must be processed by several ribonucleases, including the endonuclease Las1, in a carefully orchestrated manner to generate the mature ribosomal subunits. Las1 is essential for cell viability, and mutations in the mammalian gene have been linked with human disease, underscoring the importance of this enzyme. Here, we show that, on its own, Las1 has weak activity; however, when associated with its binding partner, the polynucleotide kinase Grc3, Las1 is programmed to efficiently cleave pre-rRNA at the C2 site. Together, Grc3 and Las1 assemble into a higher-order complex exquisitely primed for cleavage and phosphorylation of RNA.
MinE conformational dynamics regulate membrane binding, MinD interaction, and Min oscillation
Authors: Park Kyung-Tae , Villar Maria T. , Artigues Antonio , Lutkenhaus Joe
Published: June 2017

Significance

The Min system is a well-studied biological oscillator that consists of MinC, MinD, and MinE. MinE assembles into a ring that drives a pole-to-pole oscillation of the FtsZ antagonist MinC/MinD to ensure positioning of the Z ring at midcell. To do this, MinE undergoes a remarkable conformational switch, but how it does this is not clear. Here, we use intragenic suppressors of a MinE mutant along with hydrogen–deuterium exchange to elicit the pathway for the conformational switch. The results lead to a multistep model that involves MinD and engenders an appreciation for how the MinE structure is fine-tuned to switch between a form that diffuses in the cytoplasm and a form that binds the membrane and, ultimately, MinD.
Cryo-EM structure of the DNA-PK holoenzyme
Authors: Sharif Humayun , Li Yang , Dong Yuanchen , Dong Liyi , Wang Wei Li , Mao Youdong , Wu Hao
Published: June 2017

Significance

Double-stranded DNA breaks pose a serious threat to the survival of cells. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is a crucial DNA repair pathway in which the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex, a key holoenzyme consisting of the Ku70/80 heterodimer and the catalytic subunit DNA-PKcs, senses DNA breaks and initiates the NHEJ repair pathway. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of the DNA-PK complex. Together with previous structural and biochemical studies, our structures lead to a partial model for the interactions between DNA-PKcs and the Ku70/80 complex, and reveal how the DNA-PK complex may bring free ends of damaged DNA for repair.
Neural mechanism for hypothalamic-mediated autonomic responses to light during migraine
Authors: Noseda Rodrigo , Lee Alice J. , Nir Rony-Reuven , Bernstein Carolyn A. , Kainz Vanessa M. , Bertisch Suzanne M. , Buettner Catherine , Borsook David , Burstein Rami
Published: June 2017

Significance

Many migraineurs report that their need to avoid light is driven mainly by how unpleasant it makes them feel. Seeking to understand why light is unpleasant, we show here that light can trigger the perception of chest tightness, shortness of breath, light-headedness, dry mouth, irritability, sadness, and fear (among other aversive symptoms identified), and that these perceptions are mediated by newly described neuronal pathways through which electrical signals generated by light travel from the eye through the hypothalamus to neurons that regulate autonomic functions and emotions. We conclude that the aversive nature of light during migraine is more complex than its association with headache intensification.
“My life has changed forever!”
Authors: Vásquez Camilla
Published: June 2017

New parodic genres have emerged across diverse forms of digital media. Sometimes these parodies take the form of mock “narratives of personal experience,” with authors drawing on a range of discursive resources to perform particular identities and in doing so, to create texts written from imagined perspectives. In this article, I focus on parodies of user-generated product reviews onAmazon. For over a decade,Amazonusers have contributed thousands of parodies of reviews written about real products. This analysis focuses on a sample from a data set of 100 parodicAmazonreviews written about five different products (which have become the targets of a large number of parody reviews), and demonstrates how authors perform self-disclosure to construct fictional personae. I demonstrate how these discursively-constructed narrative identities are central to the ensuing and improbable narrative events represented in the parodic texts.
Narratives of memories and dialogue in multicultural classrooms
Authors: Baraldi Claudio , Iervese Vittorio
Published: June 2017

This paper presents the analysis of a series of workshops conducted in Italian multicultural classrooms, involving children aged 9–12. The workshops were based on the collection of photos representing the children’s memory and were designed to enhance dialogic facilitation of narratives in the classroom. Starting from the collected photos, a facilitator promoted the interactional production of narratives of memory and identity. The workshops were entirely video-recorded for purposes of analysis. First of all, the paper presents the theoretical background of the analysis, including the concepts of narratives, memory, social use of photography, facilitation of children’s agency, and intercultural communication. Secondly, it includes one example of the analysis conducted on the basis of the transcripts of the video-recorded workshops showing the ways in which narratives of children’s memory have been facilitated during the workshops.
Expressing place in children’s literature
Authors: Čermáková Anna , Chlumská Lucie
Published: June 2017

Place, as one of the most basic semantic categories, plays an important role in children’s literature. This contrastive corpus-based study aims to examine and compare how place, in its widest sense, is expressed in children’s literature in English and Czech. The study is data driven and the main methodological approach taken is through n-gram extraction. At the same time, it aims to further test the method, which in previous applications in contrastive analysis has raised a number of methodological issues: while giving reassuring results when applied to typologically closer languages, it proves to be challenging in the study of typologically different languages, such as English and Czech. The second objective of this study is therefore to further address these issues and explore the potential of this methodology. The analysis is based on both comparable and parallel corpora: comparable corpora of English and Czech children’s literature and a parallel corpus of English children’s literature and its translations into Czech.
locative

at seen through its Swedish and Norwegian equivalents
Authors: Egan Thomas , Rawoens Gudrun
Published: June 2017

At is commonly understood to be one of three basic topological prepositions in English, the other two being in and on. While there are close equivalents in Swedish and Norwegian to both in and on, this is not the case for at. This chapter investigates the choices made by both Swedish and Norwegian translators of physical location predications containing at. It investigates whether the Swedish and Norwegian translation correspondences of the English preposition can aid us in mapping its semantic network. The corpus data for the study comprise all tokens of at coding physical location in the English original fiction texts found in both the English–Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC) and the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC). Roughly 25% of these tokens are translated into Swedish and Norwegian by the on preposition (på/på), 25% by the in preposition (i/i) and 25% by the by preposition (vid/ved). Some 12% are translated by other prepositions and the remainder by divergent constructions. The analysis of these translation correspondences leads to the proposal of a semantic network for at.
Premodification in translation
Authors: Levin Magnus , Ström Herold Jenny
Published: June 2017

The present study concerns English hyphenated premodifiers translated into German and Swedish. The material was collected from the fiction part of the English–Swedish Parallel Corpus and the Oslo Multilingual Corpus, and includes almost 700 instances of translations into both German and Swedish, as well as 500 instances each of translations from German and Swedish into English. In the material, hyphenated premodifiers come in many different forms. However, they are mostly short, often containing nominal heads (head-office (man)), ed-participles (water-filled (ditches)) or adjectives (gray-green (tweed)), and only a few are longer, creative hapaxes ((her) “take-me-seriously-or-I’ll-sue-you” (demeanor)). The translations into English contain less variation than English originals, as predicted by translation theory. When the premodifiers are translated into German and Swedish they are often restructured, and only half are translated into German and Swedish premodifiers. German and Swedish premodifying compound adjectives/participles are the most frequent equivalents of English hyphenated premodifiers. More complex English premodifiers are often rendered as postmodifiers in German and Swedish. As could be expected from the preferred noun-phrase structures in German and Swedish, German translations have a (slightly) stronger preference for premodification (e.g., the all-embracing unit → die alles umschließende Einheit), while Swedish (slightly) more often uses postmodifying clauses and prepositional phrases (fifteen-year-old schoolgirls → skolflickor i femtonårsåldern). German and Swedish postmodifiers are very rarely translated into English hyphenated premodifiers.
Reportive evidentials in English and Lithuanian
Authors: Usonienė Aurelija , Šolienė Audronė
Published: June 2017

The paper is concerned with lexical realizations of reportive evidentiality (Boye and Harder 2009; Celle 2009; Wiemer 2007; Aikhenvald 2008; Wiemer 2010b; Boye 2012) across different discourse types and languages. Our aim is to see how language specific the realizations and conceptualization of indirect reportive evidentiality are by contrasting the findings of the analysis of the data collected from various monolingual and parallel corpora. One of the purposes of this contrastive analysis is to find out what kind of correspondence one can expect when dealing with the reportive sub-domain of the linguistic category of evidentiality. The analysis is focused on the hearsay adverbs in English (reportedly, allegedly, supposedly) and Lithuanian adverbials neva ‘allegedly’, tariamai ‘supposedly’, esą ‘allegedly’ as well as their bi-directionally established translation correspondences (comment clauses, complement-taking predicates, as-parentheticals, etc.). The present study is corpus-based and makes use of quantitative and qualitative methods of research. The Lithuanian data have been drawn from the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian (CorALit) and from the spoken, news and fiction sub-corpora of the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (CCLL). The English data have been extracted from the British National Corpus (BYU-BNC). To establish translation correspondences between the items under study, a parallel bidirectional fiction corpus ParaCorpEN-LT-EN, and a collection of translations from English into Lithuanian of EU documents (Glosbe) have been used. Our findings indicate that both sets of adverbials are mainly used in written language (news and academic discourse in English and news discourse and fiction in Lithuanian); however, there is very weak equivalence in their translation correspondences. The question is raised whether the Lithuanian adverbials can be regarded as reportive evidentials.
Non-prepositional English correspondences of Czech prepositional phrases
Authors: Malá Markéta
Published: June 2017

The study explores overt non-prepositional English translation correspondences of the four most common Czech prepositions, v/ve, na, s/se, and z/ze (‘in, on, with, from’). Some of the divergent counterparts are conditioned lexically or peculiar to one preposition. However, some of the most frequent types appear to be quite systematic and associated with the typological differences between the two languages – inflectional Czech and predominantly analytical English. They reveal the consequences of the word-order principles prevalent in the two languages both at phrasal and clausal level. These are particularly prominent where the Czech adverbial prepositional phrase is paralleled by the English subject noun phrase. The clause-initial position of the subject in English coincides with the unmarked position of the theme, i.e. an element which can convey information on the setting or circumstances of the content of the clause. In English the subject therefore tends to assume ‘adverbial’ semantic roles to a much larger extent than in Czech.
A corpus-based analysis of genre-specific multi-word combinations
Authors: Pizarro Sánchez Isabel
Published: June 2017

English and Spanish minutes both contain two vocabulary sets, one that codifies the ‘field’ and belongs in a given content area, and another that codifies the discursive practices of the genre ‘minutes’. This paper sets out to explore which multi-word combinations can be identified as genre- and step-specific, and what correspondences can be identified across languages. The study draws on an English–Spanish comparable corpus of meeting minutes, tagged on the rhetorical level. A comparable corpus browser with a basic statistic feature has been used to obtain step subcorpora and WordSmith Tools was used to obtain n-grams within rhetorical steps in each language. N-grams were classified as genre-specific, step-specific, field-related, function-word combination or noise. Empirical findings show that for each rhetorical move, irrespective of text ‘field’, a number of n-grams have become readily associated in each of the languages. Since word choice is determined by genre-bound expectations and by context, selections across languages are not obvious and correspondences show different grams and number of grams.
Frequency and lexical variation in connector use
Authors: Rørvik Sylvi
Published: June 2017

The present study investigates the frequency and lexical variation in connector use in argumentative texts in English and Norwegian. The concept of ‘connector’ includes adverbial conjuncts and co-ordinating conjunctions, and the material comprises texts by expert and novice (student) writers. The results indicate that conjunctions are more frequent in English expert texts than in the corresponding Norwegian material, but the opposite tendency is found between the novice writers. In terms of lexical variation, there are two main findings. The first is that much of the observed variation is the result of many items being used only once, and the second is that there are a number of cross-linguistic correspondences in the most frequently used lexical items.
IVIG-mediated effector functions in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Authors: Galeotti Caroline , Kaveri Srini V , Bayry Jagadeesh
Published: June 2017

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a pooled preparation of normal IgG obtained from several thousand healthy donors. It is widely used in the immunotherapy of a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The mechanisms of action of IVIG are complex and, as discussed in this review, experimental and clinical data provide an indicator that the therapeutic benefit of IVIG therapy is due to several mutually non-exclusive mechanisms affecting soluble mediators as well as cellular components of the immune system. These mechanisms depend on Fc and/or F(ab′)2 fragments. A better understanding of the effector functions of IVIG should help in identification of biomarkers of responses to IVIG in autoimmune patients.
A comparison of observed and simulated absorption from H i, C iv, and Si ivaroundz ≈ 2 star-forming galaxies suggests redshift–space distortions are due to inflows
Authors: Turner Monica L. , Schaye Joop , Crain Robert A. , Rudie Gwen , Steidel Charles C. , Strom Allison , Theuns Tom
Published: June 2017

We study H i and metal-line absorption around z ≈ 2 star-forming galaxies by comparing an analysis of data from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey to mock spectra generated from the Evolution and Assembly of Galaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) cosmological, hydrodynamical simulations. We extract sightlines from the simulations and compare the properties of the absorption by H i, C iv, and Si iv around simulated and observed galaxies using pixel optical depths. We mimic the resolution, pixel size, and signal-to-noise ratio of the observations, as well as the distributions of impact parameters and galaxy redshift errors. We find that the EAGLE reference model is in excellent agreement with the observations. In particular, the simulation reproduces the high metal-line optical depths found at small galactocentric distances, the optical depth enhancements out to impact parameters of 2 proper Mpc, and the prominent redshift–space distortions which we find are due to peculiar velocities rather than redshift errors. The agreement is best for halo masses ∼1012.0 M⊙, for which the observed and simulated stellar masses also agree most closely. We examine the median ion mass-weighted radial gas velocities around the galaxies, and find that most of the gas is infalling, with the infall velocity depending on halo rather than stellar mass. From this, we conclude that the observed redshift–space distortions are predominantly caused by infall rather than outflows.
Book of Judith
Authors: Wills Lawrence
Published: June 2017

Judith is one of the books of the Apocrypha, the Jewish texts that were included in the Catholic and Orthodox Old Testaments (including Armenian, Syrian, and Ethiopian Orthodox Bibles), but not in the Protestant Old Testament or Jewish scriptures. Judith was placed with the history texts of the Old Testament, and, more specifically, it was located with Tobit and Esther, texts that were probably also seen as entertaining or didactic history. (The question of why Judith was not canonized as part of the Hebrew Bible is raised in Why Wasn’t the Book of Judith Included in the Hebrew Bible? [Atlanta: Scholars, 1992] and Esther not Judith: Why One Made it and the Other Didn’t (Crawford 2002), [Bible Review 18 [2002]: 22–31, 45] both cited under Texts of Judith and Reviews of Scholarship.) That Judith seemed to be inaccurate “history” was noticed in the ancient church, but the genre is now much discussed. It is sometimes taken as didactic or parabolic history, but it (along with Tobit, Esther, Susanna, and Joseph and Aseneth) is compared also with the developing genre of short and long novels (see Das Buch Judit (Haag 1995) [Dusseldorf, Germany: Patmos, 1995] cited under Commentaries and The Jewish Novel in the Ancient World (Wills 1995) [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press] cited under Comparative).
Environmental Physics
Authors: Unsworth Michael H.
Published: June 2017

In this article, environmental physics is defined as the branch of physics concerned with the measurement and analysis of interactions between organisms and their environment. Most commonly, the organisms are plants and animals, and the environment is the atmospheric or soil environment in which they are surrounded. The term physics is derived from the Greek word meaning “knowledge of nature.” Its precursor, natural philosophy, dating back to the ancient Greeks, involved quantitative reasoning and explanations of natural processes. University departments of natural philosophy existed until well into the 20th century (e.g., at the University of Edinburgh, this author’s alma mater), so environmental physics has a well-established ancient heritage. Physics uses observations, experiments, and mathematical analyses to find quantitative physical laws that apply at all scales. The study of environmental physics requires an understanding of (mostly) classical physics but frequently also draws on knowledge of environmental physiology, that is, how living organisms function and respond to the environment. Environmental physics is often concerned with analyzing interactions in which the environment modifies an organism’s responses, and those responses modify the surrounding environment through feedback processes. Consequently, progress in environmental physics is often made through collaboration between physicists, biologists, atmospheric scientists, and soil scientists.
Racial and Ethnic Descriptive Representation in the United States and its Impact
Authors: Preuhs Robert R.
Published: June 2017

The study of racial and ethnic descriptive representation burgeoned over the last several decades as both the extension of voting rights occurred following passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA) and with the United States’ diversifying demographic context. The sequence of academic research roughly follows from the subsequent increase in black and Latino representatives in all levels of government, their incorporation into legislative bodies, and the effects on both policy and constituent behavior and attitudes. Scholarship on the effects of the VRA and the electoral contexts that increase descriptive representation was the first to emerge. Researchers continue to focus on the degree to which the VRA enhances descriptive representation, the effect of electoral institutions, such as at-large versus ward-based elections, and the degree to which racial redistricting is necessary for the election of descriptive representatives, as well as its effects on the level of substantive representation. Recently, attention has been paid to candidate emergence and attempts to understand how the necessary condition for minority office holding, minority candidates, comes about. The increase in descriptive representation allows for studies of the degree to which descriptive representatives’ behavior departs from those of non-minority office holders. A bulk of this research relies on roll call voting and the conditions that affect dyadic substantive representation, such as party affiliation and the degree to which voting decisions relate to minority interests. A broader conception of substantive representation focuses on a range of legislative activities from committee work to bill sponsorship and constituent services. Topics of study expanded beyond these key formal roles as scholars evaluated a variety of less formal behaviors well documented in more general congressional scholarship. While the scholarship is more parallel than sequential, a natural extension is to ask what effect racial and ethnic diversification exerts on public policy. This literature almost exclusively examines local and state-level policies with significant effects demonstrated at both. An additional line of research encompasses descriptive representatives’ impacts on constituents’ behavior and attitudes, from voter mobilization to affect and trust. Thus, we may conceive of the literature as reflecting four distinct avenues of understanding: the election of descriptive representatives, the varied types of substantive representation of co-racial/ethnic group preferences, descriptive representative’s impact on policy, and finally, the impact of descriptive representatives on the attitudes and behaviors of their constituents.
Focus Groups
Authors: Hoffman Kim , Ponce-Terashima Javier
Published: June 2017

Focus groups are a research method using multi-person interviews to generate qualitative data from participants’ interaction. The purpose is to induce conversation between participants to answer questions relevant to the study goals. In contrast to one-on-one interviews that are also widely used in qualitative research, the source of the data is in the “interaction” between participants, including similarities and differences between their experiences, opinions, and perceptions. This helps researchers understand not just what the participants think about a topic, but also why they think that way. Focus groups can cover a wide range of topics that are skillfully “moderated” by the researcher. The earliest known focus groups can be traced to Bogardus in 1926 and Robert Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld in 1941 but did not take hold as a qualitative method in the social sciences for another twenty-five years. Since then, a significant body of knowledge has been created; since the late 20th century, more than twenty-five thousand peer-reviewed, published articles using focus groups have been published. This article will focus on uses within the realm of published scholarly research although focus groups are routinely used within the field of market and consumer research, and additional gray literature may be found in other sources.
Approaches to Multimodal Discourse Analysis
Authors: Pirini Jesse
Published: June 2017

Culture and society are produced through interactions between people, objects, and environments. Within these interactions it has become clear that the modes of spoken and written language are only some of a diverse range of modes involved in producing meaning and experience. As topics of study, the modes of spoken and written language have been joined by modes like gesture, gaze, composition, and layout. Multimodal discourse analysis names a range of approaches to studying social interaction and meaning as multimodal, that is, produced with and through multiple modes. However, multimodal discourse analysis is not about identifying and studying modes as isolated but rather about understanding the world as multimodal. This understanding is developed through theoretical and methodological developments. Three major theoretical bases are in use in multimodal discourse analysis: (a) Hallidayan systemic functional linguistics (SFL), underpinning a social semiotic and SFL approach; (b) mediated discourse analysis, underpinning a mediated action based approach; and (c) conversation analysis (CA), underpinning a turn-taking based approach. The simple idea of identifying modes beyond language belies the growing complexity of research in this area. The multimodal literature contains significantly different definitions of mode and different foci. For example, systemic functional approaches began by analyzing how meaning is embedded within images and artifacts, and these studies have been extended at times to include studies of interaction. Mediated discourse analysis focuses primarily on interaction and understands images and artifacts through how social actors interact with them, rather than seeking to decode possible meanings from the perspective of the analyst. Conversation analytic approaches also focus on interactions and only engage with images and artifacts as they appear in interaction. All three theoretical bases develop from studies of language. Researchers in CA still often argue that talk remains the most important mode, while social semiotics and mediated discourse analysis dispute this. Multimodal (inter)action analysis builds upon mediated discourse analysis but is the only approach designed specifically for the study of multimodal interaction and multimodal action. The ongoing development of frameworks within multimodal discourse analysis is indicative of intellectual diversity. For some scholars, this is a source of concern, and they attempt to unify multimodality, while for others it is desirable, especially for a research domain that offers applications to so many areas of social life. This bibliography explores central texts under the umbrella of multimodal discourse analysis in five domains: mediated discourse analysis, multimodal (inter)action analysis, social semiotics, systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA), and conversation analytic style multimodality. A sixth area focusing on introductory texts begins the bibliography.
International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Mental and Behavioural Disorders Chapter
Authors: Keeley Jared
Published: June 2017

The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is a codified list of health conditions produced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The purposes of the ICD include, among many others, providing a consensual set of definitions for health conditions used to track disease burden, facilitating access to services, and defining what conditions qualify for subsidized care. The Mental and Behavioural Disorders (MBD) chapter of the ICD has been included since its 6th edition. The eleventh edition was approved in May 2019 with the expectation that countries would start reporting health statistics using it starting in January 2022. Countries may adopt their own timeline for transitioning to the ICD-11, and many still use the ICD-10 as of 2023. The ICD-10 comes in three versions: the Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines are flexibly worded descriptions of all categories intended for mental health practitioners; the Primary Care version is a simplified list of the most important categories for primary care workers; and the Research version has stricter, more operationally defined definitions for research. The ICD-11 will have the same three versions, although the research version may look substantially different from ICD-10’s format because it will be published as a structured interview called the Structured Clinical Interview for ICD-11 (SCII-11); it will be asynchronously released after the other two versions. Relative to other diagnostic classifications, the ICD places a strong focus on cross-cultural applicability and practicality, given that it must be applied in diverse health contexts and world regions.
Use of Stereovision for Intraoperative Coregistration of a Spinal Surgical Field: A Human Feasibility Study
Authors: Lollis S Scott , Fan Xiaoyao , Evans Linton , Olson Jonathan D , Paulsen Keith D , Roberts David W , Mirza Sohail K , Ji Songbai
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

The use of image guidance during spinal surgery has been limited by several anatomic factors such as intervertebral segment motion and ineffective spine immobilization. In its current form, the surgical field is coregistered with a preoperative computed tomography (CT), often obtained in a different spinal confirmation, or with intraoperative cross-sectional imaging. Stereovision offers an alternative method of registration.

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate the feasibility of stereovision-mediated coregistration of a human spinal surgical field using a proof-of-principle study, and to provide preliminary assessments of the technique's accuracy.

METHODS

A total of 9 subjects undergoing image-guided pedicle screw placement also underwent stereovision-mediated coregistration with preoperative CT imaging. Stereoscopic images were acquired using a tracked, calibrated stereoscopic camera system mounted on an operating microscope. Images were processed, reconstructed, and segmented in a semi-automated manner. A multistart registration of the reconstructed spinal surface with preoperative CT was performed. Registration accuracy, measured as surface-to-surface distance error, was compared between stereovision registration and a standard registration.

RESULTS

The mean surface reconstruction error of the stereovision-acquired surface was 2.20 ± 0.89 mm. Intraoperative coregistration with stereovision was performed with a mean error of 1.48 ± 0.35 mm compared to 2.03 ± 0.28 mm using a standard point-based registration method. The average computational time for registration with stereovision was 95 ± 46 s (range 33-184 s) vs 10to 20 min for standard point-based registration.

CONCLUSION

Semi-automated registration of a spinal surgical field using stereovision is possible with accuracy that is at least comparable to current landmark-based techniques.
Short-Term Host Selection Pressure Has Little Effect on the Evolution of a Monoclonal Population of Verticillium dahliae Race 1
Authors: Puri Krishna D. , Gurung Suraj , Short Dylan P. G. , Atallah Z. K. , Sandoya German , Davis R. Michael , Hayes Ryan J. , Subbarao Krishna V.
Published: June 2017

Understanding pathogen evolution over time is vital for plant breeding and deployment of host resistance. In the context of a soilborne pathogen, the potential of host-directed evolution of a Verticillium dahliae race 1 isolate and genotypic variation of V. dahliae associated with two major hosts (lettuce and tomato) were determined. In total, 427 isolates were recovered over 6 years from a resistance screening nursery infested with a single V. dahliae race 1 isolate. In a separate study, an additional 206 isolates representing 163 and 43 isolates from commercial lettuce and tomato fields, respectively, were collected. Analyses of isolates recovered from the screening nursery over 6 years revealed no changes in the race and mating type composition but did uncover seven simple sequence repeat (SSR) variant genotypes. No significant genotypic variation in V. dahliae was observed between or within fields of either lettuce or tomato but pathogen populations were significantly differentiated between these two hosts. Replicated virulence assays of variant SSR genotypes on lettuce differential cultivars suggested no significant difference in virulence from the wild-type race 1 isolate introduced into the field. This suggests that deployed race 1 host resistance will be robust against the widespread race 1 populations in lettuce-growing regions at least for 6 years unless novel pathogen genotypes or races are introduced into the system.
Potato virus Y (PVY) Isolates from Physalis peruviana are Unable to Systemically Infect Potato or Pepper and Form a Distinct New Lineage Within the PVYC Strain Group
Authors: Green Kelsie J. , Chikh-Ali Mohamad , Hamasaki Randall T. , Melzer Michael J. , Karasev Alexander V.
Published: June 2017

Poha, or cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.), is a plant species cultivated in Hawaii for fresh fruit production. In 2015, an outbreak of virus symptoms occurred on poha farms in the South Kohala District of the island of Hawaii. The plants displayed mosaic, stunting, and leaf deformation, and produced poor fruit. Initial testing found the problem associated with Potato virus Y (PVY) infection. Six individual PVY isolates, named Poha1 to Poha6, were collected from field-grown poha plants and subjected to biological and molecular characterization. All six isolates induced mosaic and vein clearing in tobacco, and three of them exhibited O-serotype while the other three reacted only with polyclonal antibodies and had no identifiable serotype. Until now, PVY isolates have been broadly divided into pepper or potato adapted; however, these six PVY isolates from poha were unable to establish systemic infection in pepper and in four tested potato cultivars. Whole-genome sequences for the six isolates were determined, and no evidence of recombination was found in any of them. Phylogenetic analysis placed poha PVY isolates in a distinct, monophyletic “Poha” clade within the PVYC lineage, suggesting that they represented a novel, biologically and evolutionarily unique group. The genetic diversity within this poha PVYC clade was unusually high, suggesting a long association of PVYC with this solanaceous host or a prolonged geographical separation of PVYC in poha in Hawaii.
Open Supracondylar–Intercondylar Fractures of the Femur Treatment With Taylor Spatial Frame
Authors: Sala Francesco , Thabet Ahmed M. , Capitani Paolo , Bove Federico , Abdelgawad Amr A. , Lovisetti Giovanni
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

To evaluate the Taylor spatial frame (TSF) for primary and definitive fixation of open supracondylar–intracondylar femoral (SIF) fractures.

Design:

Retrospective.

Setting:

Level I trauma center.

Patients:

Subset of 20 SIF open fractures treated with TSF extracted from a consecutive series of 80 SIF fractures treated between 2007 and 2013.

Intervention:

Eighteen (90%) fractures underwent definitive fixation with the TSF; 2 were treated primarily within 24 hours of injury. Mean time interval between primary treatment and secondary TSF was 5 days.

Main Outcome Measurements:

Clinical and radiological.

Results:

Complete union was obtained in 17 (85%) fractures without additional surgery at an average of 33 weeks. Three nonunions and 1 malunion occurred. No deep infection occurred. Results based on Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov criteria: 37% excellent, and 63% good for bone outcomes; 5% excellent, 58% good, and 37% fair for functional outcomes. Neer knee scores were 21% excellent, 68% good, and 11% fair. The mechanical lateral distal femoral angle and anatomic posterior distal femoral angle values were within normal range in 80% and 90% of patients, respectively. Abnormal mechanical axis deviation was observed in 4 (20%) cases (2 had associated tibia fractures).

Conclusions:

Primary and definitive fixation with the TSF are effective. Advantages include continuity of device until union, reduced risk of infection, early mobilization, restoration of primary defect caused by bone loss, easy and accurate application, convertibility and versatility, and improved union rate and range of motion for SIF open fractures.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hip Fracture Treatment at Orthopaedic Teaching Hospitals: Better Care at a Lower Cost
Authors: Konda Sanjit R. , Lott Ariana , Manoli Arthur , Patel Karan , Egol Kenneth A.
Published: June 2017

Objective:

To compare the cost and outcomes of patients treated at orthopaedic teaching hospitals (OTHs) with those treated at nonteaching hospitals (NTHs).

Design:

Retrospective study.

Setting:

The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative Systems (SPARCS) database, which includes all admissions to New York State hospitals from 2000-2011.

Patients/Participants:

A total of 165,679 patients with isolated closed hip fracture 65 years of age and older met inclusion criteria. Of them, 57,279 were treated at OTH and 108,400 were treated at NTH.

Intervention:

Admission for the management of a hip fracture.

Main Outcome Measure:

Cost, length of stay (LOS), and inpatient mortality.

Results:

Univariate analysis shows that mean total hospital costs were higher at OTH ($16,576 ± $17,514) versus NTH ($13,358 ± $11,366) (P < 0.001); LOS was equivalent at OTH (8.0 ± 9.0 days) versus NTH (8.0 ± 7.6 days) (P = 0.904); and mortality was lower in OTH (3.4%) versus NTH (4.0%) (P < 0.001). In the multivariate total cost analysis, in addition to demographic differences, we identified total hospital beds and total ICU beds as significant confounding variables. Interestingly, when controlling for these patient and hospital factors, OTH designation was not a significant predictor of cost. In addition, multivariate analysis found that OTH status decreased LOS by 0.743 days (95% confidence interval: 0.632–0.854, P < 0.001) and mortality by 21% (odds ratio 0.794, 95% confidence interval: 0.733–0.859, P < 0.001), confirming the univariate trends.

Conclusions:

While OTH may seem to have higher hospital costs for operative hip fractures on cursory analysis, controlling for patient and hospital factors including hospital bed number negates this effect such that OTH has no additional cost compared with NTH. In addition, OTH status is associated with shorter LOS and lower in-hospital mortality. With the results of this study, health care systems and patients should feel confident that the quality of care at teaching hospitals is no less and potentially better than that at NTH with no added cost.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Treatment Approach for Infection of Healed Fractures After Internal Fixation
Authors: Lawrenz Joshua M. , Frangiamore Salvatore J. , Rane Ajinkya A. , Cantrell William Alex , Vallier Heather A.
Published: June 2017

Objective:

To review the efficacy of a treatment approach for patients with infection and colonized implants after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Level one trauma center.

Patients:

Twenty patients were treated for wound infection with colonized implants after open reduction and internal fixation.

Intervention:

Surgical debridement, removal of implants, and a short postoperative oral antibiotic course.

Main Outcome Measurement:

The course of patients after surgical debridement and removal of implants, including culture results, antibiotic administration, and presence of recurrent clinical infection and radiographic union.

Results:

Twenty patients had clinical presentations, including skin breakdown, serous drainage, purulent drainage and/or exposed implants, most commonly of the tibia (15 of 20). Mean time from index procedure to debridement with implant removal was 19.7 months. At the time of debridement and implant removal, 18 of 20 (90%) patients had a positive intraoperative culture (16 routine cultures and 2 broth cultures). The most common bacteria were Enterobacter cloacae (5/17) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (4/17). All patients had soft tissue healing without signs of recurrent infection after mean follow up of 40 months after implant removal.

Conclusions:

Surgical debridement with implant removal plus a short oral antibiotic course is effective to resolve wound infection with a colonized implant in the setting of healed fracture after internal fixation.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Three-Dimensional Deformities of Nonoperative Midshaft Clavicle Fractures: A Surface Matching Analysis
Authors: Oki Satoshi , Matsumura Noboru , Kiriyama Yoshimori , Iwamoto Takuji , Sato Kazuki , Nagura Takeo
Published: June 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to describe the 3-dimensional deformities of midshaft clavicle fractures, which had been treated nonoperatively, using computed tomography (CT) surface matching.

Methods:

Twenty-one patients with unilateral midshaft clavicle fracture, who had been treated nonoperatively, were enrolled and evaluated retrospectively. The 3-dimensional deformity of the fractured clavicle was evaluated by CT surface matching. CT scans of 21 age- and sex-matched patients with initial traumatic shoulder dislocation or proximal humeral fracture were enrolled as a control group, and the differences in 3-dimensional deformities and lengths of the clavicles between the fracture group and the control group were evaluated. A correlation analysis was also performed between rotational deformities and clavicular length shortening.

Results:

The affected clavicle showed 1.3 ± 6.9 degrees of downward angular deformity, 2.1 ± 8.0 degrees of anterior angular deformity, and 5.0 ± 4.9 degrees of anterior rotational deformity. Compared with the control group, the fractured clavicle showed larger anterior rotational deformity (P = 0.021). Shortening of the clavicle demonstrated negative correlation with anterior axial rotation (R = −0.534, P = 0.013), but no correlation was found between clavicular shortening and the other 2 rotational deformities.

Conclusion:

In cases of midshaft clavicle fracture, the distal fragment usually rotates anteriorly because of its anatomical relationships. Shortening deformity after clavicle fracture was reported to change shoulder kinematics, and anterior rotational deformity might adversely affect scapular motion.
Asynchronous slipped capital femoral epiphysis in a patient with a seizure disorder: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Patterson Diana C. , Price Andrew E.
Published: June 2017

Debate remains about the appropriate treatment of the asymptomatic side following treatment of a unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). A 12-year-old boy with a seizure disorder presented with an unstable SCFE on the left hip following a seizure. He underwent percutaneous pinning of the left only. At 8 months postoperatively, he returned with an unstable slip of the right hip, again following a seizure. No literature discussing the treatment of patients with risk of SCFE and seizure disorders was identified. Further study may identify an increased incidence of contralateral slip following an initial slip in this population. If a greater risk exists, contralateral prophylactic fixation at time of index surgery may be indicated.