bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avoiding bad hires: Using emotional intelligence as a selection tool
Authors: Wasylyshyn Karol M.
Published: October 2010

How to avoid bad hiring decisions persists as a human resource challenge. The use of a role‐customized interview panel designed to probe the subjective factor of behavior fit of managerial‐level job candidates is a potential tool for addressing this challenge. This panel model is based on the integration of competency‐based interviewing, behavior event interviewing, and the four dimensions of emotional intelligence. Details of the panel process, as piloted in five organizations, are presented, along with positive indications and cautions regarding the potential utility of such a hiring tool. Preliminary outcome findings collected between 2004 and 2006 suggest this may be a useful recruitment tool. Future areas for research are also identified.
Antioxidant activity of hard wheat flour, dough and bread prepared using various processes with the addition of different phenolic acids
Authors: Han Hye‐Min , Koh Bong‐Kyung
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of baking process on the antioxidant activity of different phenolic acids. Antioxidant potential was determined using the β‐carotene‐bleaching activity assay, and free phenolic acid levels were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Four phenolic acids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid, were mixed with wheat flour at a concentration of 4.44 µmol/g of flour.

RESULTS: Type of phenolic acid and processing affected antioxidant activity. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid had the most pronounced antioxidant effect. The ranking of phenolic acids in terms of their antioxidant activity in fermented dough and bread was similar to that before processing, i.e. syringic acid < gallic acid < ferulic acid < caffeic acid. The content of ferulic acid was greater than that of the other phenolic acids after baking. Antioxidant activity and free phenolic acid content were reduced by mixing but recovered after fermentation and baking. Phenolic acid recovery after baking was 74–80%.

CONCLUSION: Phenolic acids retain their antioxidant activity after the baking process, which has potential health benefits for consumers. Elucidation of interactions between the baking process and phenolic acids is important for the development of functional foods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The vegetation cover dynamics (1982–2006) in different erosion regions of the Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Miao C. Y. , Yang L. , Chen X. H. , Gao Y.
Published: October 2010

Vegetation significantly influences human health in the Yellow River basin and the plant cover is vulnerable to people. Typical types of erosion in the Yellow River basin include that caused by water, wind and freeze–thaw. In this paper, vegetation cover change from 1982 to 2006 was studied for a number of different erosion regions. The Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GIMMS NDVI) data were employed, while climatic data were also used for analysis of other influencing factors. It was shown that: (1) generally the vegetation cover in different erosion regions displayed similar increasing trends; (2) spatially the vegetation cover was highest in the water erosion region, the second highest was in the freeze–thaw region and the lowest in the wind erosion region; and (3) vegetation cover in the Yellow River basin is influenced by climate factors, especially by temperature. In water erosion regions, the temporal change of vegetation cover seemed complicated by comprehensive climatic and human influences. In wind erosion regions, the vegetation cover had close relations to precipitation. In freeze–thaw erosion regions, the vegetation cover was primarily altered by temperature. In all the three erosion regions, significant change of the vegetation cover occurred from 2000 just after the ‘Grain for Green’ (GFG) programme was implemented throughout China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil loss, soil degradation and rehabilitation in a degraded land area in Guarapuava (Brazil)
Authors: Thomaz E. L. , Luiz J. C.
Published: October 2010

Erosion and soil degradation are environmental impacts recognized worldwide. The degraded areas in the Guarapuava region are small (patchy). However, these areas are important sources of sediment that affects water quality in rural catchments and could threaten farm sustainability because farmers in this region generally have only a small area for cultivation. This paper presents a case study at a field scale that explores key questions concerning the evaluation of soil erosion, the appraisal of soil degradation and area recovery. This study was carried out over seven years (2002–2008). Several different measurement procedures were employed including assessment of soil loss, aggregation distribution, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate water retention and palisade efficiency. The degraded area displayed a very high soil loss (165.2–217.7 t ha−1 y−1). The palisades were efficient for sediment retention because they were able to trap 62–88 per cent of the total sediment that originated in the area during the first year when this management technique was applied. After their installation, the retained sediment was gradually enhanced with respect to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The palisades promoted efficient soil recuperation in spite of the degraded conditions of the degraded area (shallow rills and cohesive soil). The use of palisades together with enclosure of the area was the most efficient method for promoting soil recovery and plant succession. These techniques allowed transformation of the area from a loss system towards an accumulation system with respect to sediment, water, nutrients, organic matter and seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of MT effects on T2 quantification with 3D balanced steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Crooijmans Hendrikus J. A. , Gloor Monika , Bieri Oliver , Scheffler Klaus
Published: October 2010

Signal from balanced steady‐state free precession is affected by magnetization transfer. To investigate the possible effects on derived T2 values using variable nutation steady‐state free precession, magnetization transfer‐effects were modulated by varying the radiofrequency pulse duration only or in combination with variable pulse repetition time. Simulations reveal a clear magnetization transfer dependency of T2 when decreasing radiofrequency pulse duration, reaching maximal deviation of 34.6% underestimation with rectangular pulses of 300 μs duration. The observed T2 deviation evaluated in the frontal white matter and caudate nucleus shows a larger underestimation than expected by numerical simulations. However, this observed difference between simulation and measurement is also observed in an aqueous probe and can therefore not be attributed to magnetization transfer: it is an unexpected sensitivity of derived T2 to radiofrequency pulse modulation. As expected, the limit of sufficiently long radiofrequency pulse duration to suppress magnetization transfer‐related signal modulations allows for proper T2 estimation with variable nutation steady‐state free precession. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging near metal with a MAVRIC‐SEMAC hybrid
Authors: Koch K. M. , Brau A. C. , Chen W. , Gold G. E. , Hargreaves B. A. , Koff M. , McKinnon G. C. , Potter H. G. , King K. F.
Published: October 2010

The recently developed multi‐acquisition with variable resonance image combination (MAVRIC) and slice‐encoding metal artifact correction (SEMAC) techniques can significantly reduce image artifacts commonly encountered near embedded metal hardware. These artifact reductions are enabled by applying alternative spectral and spatial‐encoding schemes to conventional spin‐echo imaging techniques. Here, the MAVRIC and SEMAC concepts are connected and discussed. The development of a hybrid technique that utilizes strengths of both methods is then introduced. The presented technique is shown capable of producing minimal artifact, high‐resolution images near total joint replacements in a clinical setting. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling potential flow using Laurent series expansions and boundary elements
Authors: Dean T.R. , Hromadka T.V. , Kastner Thomas , Phillips Michael
Published: October 2010

The fundamental underpinnings of the well‐known Bernoulli's Equation, as used to describe steady state two‐dimensional flow of an ideal incompressible irrotational flow, are typically described in terms of partial differential equations. However, it has been shown that the Cauchy Integral Theorem of standard complex variables also explain the Bernoulli's Equation and, hence, can be directly used to model problems of ideal fluid flow (or other potential problems such as electrostatics among other topics) using approximation function techniques such as the complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM). In this article, the CVBEM is extended to include Laurent Series expansions about singular points located outside of the problem domain union boundary. It is shown that by including such negatively powered complex monomials in the CVBEM formulation, considerable power is introduced to model potential flow problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 573–586,2012
Co‐occurrence of DISH and HFI in the Terry Collection
Authors: Wilczak C. , Mulhern D.
Published: October 2010

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and hyperostosis frontalis internus (HFI) are both characterised by abnormal bone growth, a late age of onset, and an association with obesity, acromegaly and various metabolic disorders. In this study we examined the co‐occurrence of DISH and HFI in a sample of 406 black and whites aged 40–102 years old from the Terry Collection, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Fisher's exact tests showed the co‐occurrence was significant for females. DISH was present in 19.6% of black and 29.6% of white females with HFI versus 4.76% and 2.38% of control females without HFI. A similar frequency of DISH was seen in males with HFI (20% black and 27.3% white), but this was not significantly different from the male controls without HFI (16.8% and 18.9%). The risk of developing DISH for females with HFI was nearly 8.78 times greater (CI = 2.56–30.1) than for females without HFI. Logistic regression of the female data showed HFI was a significant determinant (p = 0.001) of the presence of DISH but age was not (p = 0.744). We suggest that similar metabolic, genetic and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of the two conditions explain the observed comorbitity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc‐based compounds as smoke suppressant agents for an aerospace epoxy matrix
Authors: Formicola Cristina , De Fenzo Anna , Zarrelli Mauro , Giordano Michele , Antonucci Vincenza
Published: October 2010

Smoke is considered to be the main hazard of fires involving epoxy resins but its production depends on many variables, principally the chemical character and the burning rate of the polymer plus the availability of oxygen. The work reported aimed to study the smoke suppressant effect and flammability performance of zinc‐based compounds (FR system) in epoxy matrix composites used in the aerospace and aeronautical industry. The flammability performance of neat and FR‐loaded systems was screened using microcombustion calorimetry, while smoke generation, in terms of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production, was analysed under dynamic conditions using cone calorimetry. Final results indicate that the dispersion of zinc borate and zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) into epoxy matrices leads to a significant variation in flame retardant properties reducing both total heat release by about 25 and 30%, respectively, and heat release capacity by about 30 and 50%, respectively. The system containing ZHS shows an enhancement in all smoke suppressant properties; both tin compounds (zinc stannate (ZS) and ZHS) give a reduction of CO2/CO ratio from 41 to 25 for ZS and from 41 to 36 for ZHS compared to neat matrix. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Managing management of change
Authors: Chosnek Jack
Published: October 2010

Management of change (MOC) is one of the areas where metrics especially need to be developed. We can ensure quality of the MOC process by recognizing the elements that are crucial to making a good MOC and using a database to accomplish the mechanics, thus freeing personnel to concentrate on the important technical review requirements.

We propose that a good MOC requires three elements to be well executed; the technical description of the change, the safety analysis (which includes its review), and the Pre‐Startup Safety Review. While striving to achieve quality, it is important to manage the process efficiently. This article discusses the requirements of high‐quality MOCs, the necessary workflow to have an efficient process, and the metrics that are necessary to do a good job in managing the MOC process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Bismuth, antimony and tellurium alloy nanoparticles with controllable shape and composition for efficient thermoelectric devices
Authors: Mott Derrick , Mai Nguyen T. , Thuy Nguyen T. B. , Maeda Youjiro , Linh Tran P. T. , Koyano Mikio , Maenosono Shinya
Published: October 2010

The wet chemical synthesis of organic molecule encapsulated BixSbyTe100‐x‐y nanoparticles (NPs) has been demonstrated to be shape and composition controllable as a function of the organic capping species used, the particles serve as intriguing materials towards thermoelectric (TE) devices with enhanced and controllable activity.

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Mixed models for data from thorough QT studies: part 1. assessment of marginal QT prolongation
Authors: Schall Robert , Ring Arne
Published: October 2010

We investigate mixed models for repeated measures data from cross‐over studies in general, but in particular for data from thorough QT studies. We extend both the conventional random effects model and the saturated covariance model for univariate cross‐over data to repeated measures cross‐over (RMC) data; the resulting models we call the RMC model and Saturated model, respectively. Furthermore, we consider a random effects model for repeated measures cross‐over data previously proposed in the literature. We assess the standard errors of point estimates and the coverage properties of confidence intervals for treatment contrasts under the various models. Our findings suggest: (i) Point estimates of treatment contrasts from all models considered are similar; (ii) Confidence intervals for treatment contrasts under the random effects model previously proposed in the literature do not have adequate coverage properties; the model therefore cannot be recommended for analysis of marginal QT prolongation; (iii) The RMC model and the Saturated model have similar precision and coverage properties; both models are suitable for assessment of marginal QT prolongation; and (iv) The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) is not a reliable criterion for selecting a covariance model for RMC data in the following sense: the model with the smallest AIC is not necessarily associated with the highest precision for the treatment contrasts, even if the model with the smallest AIC value is also the most parsimonious model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caudatin‐2,6‐dideoxy‐3‐O‐methy‐β‐d‐cymaropyranoside 1 induced apoptosis through caspase 3‐dependent pathway in human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721
Authors: Peng Yun‐ru , Ding Yong‐fang , Wei Ying‐jie , Shu Bin , Li You‐bin , Liu Xiao‐dong
Published: October 2010

Caudatin‐2,6‐dideoxy‐3‐O‐methy‐β‐d‐cymaropyranoside (CDMC), the C‐21 steroidal glycoside recently extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal plant, the root of Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (Asclepiadaceae), has been shown to possess potent antitumor properties. However, the bioactivities of CDMC are still largely unknown, especially the antitumor effect and its mechanism. This study investigated the CDMC antitumor effects on human hepatoma cell line SMMC7721 cells by analysis of cell viability, cell cycle phases and apoptosis. The results showed that CDMC inhibited the growth of SMMC7721 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner and resulted in cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, CDMC induced SMMC7721 cell apoptosis rather than necrosis through caspase 3 activation, and a caspase 3 inhibitor, Ac‐DEVD‐CHO, could attenuate the apoptosis induced by CDMC. The results suggested that the anticancer activity of CDMC could be attributed partially to its inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis associated with caspase 3 activation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Navigating in a hypercompetitive environment: the roles of action aggressiveness and TMT integration
Authors: Chen Ming‐Jer , Lin Hao‐Chieh , Michel John G.
Published: October 2010

Recognizing that both the hypercompetition and competitive dynamics research streams rely on Austrian economics and its idea of temporary advantage as an intellectual cornerstone, the present study merges these related, but thus far, disparate perspectives. It develops hypotheses that relate the intensity of the hypercompetitive environment and a firm's TMT dynamics to its action aggressiveness, or the volume and speed with which a firm engages its rivals. Using a survey‐based sample of 104 Taiwanese firms, this study's findings show that the hypercompetitive environment and TMT sociobehavioral integration have direct and interacting effects on firms' action aggressiveness. Moreover, action aggressiveness is an important mediator between TMT integration and firm performance, particularly under hypercompetitive conditions. As such, the study contributes to our understanding of temporary advantage by revealing TMT integration and action aggressiveness as two essential organizational mechanisms for navigating in the hypercompetitive context. Finally, reflective of temporary advantage as a defining feature of hypercompetition, our findings show that performance variation is greater within this context. The article contributes to hypercompetition and competitive dynamics research by providing an integrated perspective of competitive behavior within the broad context of hypercompetitive environment, TMT dynamics, and firm performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value from gestalt: how sequences of competitive actions create advantage for firms in nascent markets
Authors: Rindova Violina , Ferrier Walter J. , Wiltbank Robert
Published: October 2010

Research on competitive dynamics and hypercompetition has demonstrated the importance of firm competitive actions for disrupting industry positions and gaining competitive advantage. The effects of competitive actions in disequilibrium environments, such as nascent markets, however, have not been examined. In this paper, we argue that under conditions of high ambiguity, firms can gain competitive advantage from the Gestalt properties present in the sequences of their competitive actions. Such properties, we argue, facilitate investor sensemaking and influence their valuations. Drawing on psychological research on pattern perception and holistic information processing, we investigate the effects of four Gestalt properties—simplicity, predictability, grouping, and motif—on investor valuations of new firms competing in the nascent markets that emerged around the commercialization of the Internet in the mid‐1990s. We find support for our arguments that the dynamic properties of action sequences provide firms with advantages and that simplicity, grouping, and motif are associated with increases in the market value of high‐ambiguity firms, but not of low‐ambiguity ones. Our study advances research on competitive advantage by developing both theory and methods for studying how the dynamic, holistic properties of firms' competitive actions contribute to competitive advantage under varying levels of ambiguity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamic interplay of capability strengths and weaknesses: investigating the bases of temporary competitive advantage
Authors: Sirmon David G. , Hitt Michael A. , Arregle Jean‐Luc , Campbell Joanna Tochman
Published: October 2010

Foundational RBV work suggests that firms possess capabilities that represent strengths and others that represent weaknesses. In contrast, contemporary research has examined capability strengths while largely ignoring weaknesses. Addressing this oversight, we examine the direct and integrated effects of sets of capability strengths and capability weaknesses on competitive advantage and its empirical correlate—relative performance. Additionally, we explore how environmental and firm‐specific factors influence change in these drivers of competitive advantage over time. Results suggest that weakness sets have a negative effect on relative performance, while strength sets have an increasingly positive effect. The integrative effects of strength and weakness sets affect relative performance in a complex manner. For example, while high strength/low weakness firms perform at high levels, firms integrating high strength with high weakness perform well, but experience considerably more variance in their realized outcomes. Lastly, we find that the strength and weakness sets change significantly over time in markets where competition is more intense, thereby undermining the durability of competitive advantage. Our theory and results indicate that achieving temporary advantage is more difficult than previously thought and that the erosion of advantage occurs routinely as a result of dynamic and interactive rivalry. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementarity‐based hypercompetition in the software industry: Theory and empirical test, 1990–2002
Authors: Lee Chi‐Hyon , Venkatraman N. , Tanriverdi Hüseyin , Iyer Bala
Published: October 2010

This study examines the hypercompetition phenomenon within the prepackaged software industry. It theoretically develops and empirically validates the idea that dynamically changing complementarity relationships among software product markets increase industry hypercompetition. The study also explains how dynamic capabilities for the management of complementary product markets can enable an independent software vendor (ISV) to create and renew temporary advantages. Specifically, an ISV can maintain or increase its performance rank in its product markets in three ways: (1) by competing with a portfolio of strongly complementary products; (2) by forming a product market portfolio that has strong complementarity relationships with other product markets in the industry; and (3) by dynamically and purposefully responding to the changing product market complementarities: (a) reconfiguring resource allocations of its products to strengthen the complementarities of its product portfolio and (b) undertaking entry and exit moves that reposition the portfolio in a stronger complementarity position. These dynamic capabilities enable the ISV to coevolve with the changing complementarities, change and improve its performance rank, and trigger new competitive moves by rivals; and accordingly, contribute to the escalation of rivalry in the industry. The study finds support for these ideas in a study of 1,200 ISVs from 1990 to 2002. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion, time compression, and self‐displacement of leaders in hypercompetitive environments
Authors: Pacheco‐de‐Almeida Gonçalo
Published: October 2010

This article examines how leader firms should respond to the erosion of competitive advantages caused by rapid imitation and innovation in hypercompetitive environments. On the one hand, shorter‐lived advantages induce leaders to develop new advantages faster. On the other hand, hypercompetition also erodes the expected returns from new advantages—reducing leaders' incentives to accelerate investments. Since investing faster also raises costs, this article shows that leaders often prefer to renew competitive advantages more slowly in more hypercompetitive industries—thereby increasing the probability of being displaced by competitors. This phenomenon is dubbed self‐displacement. Firms' decision to self‐displace themselves from industry leadership with greater probability is deliberate and rational—not a result of leaders' inability to respond to competitive threats, as previously assumed in the literature. This article also shows that leaders' rule of thumb in more hypercompetitive environments should be to accelerate the development of advantages with high competitive value but low market value. This study is based on a theoretical model and numerical analysis grounded on stylized empirical facts that govern industry competitive macrodynamics and firm investment microdynamics in most industries. Because the model builds on empirically observable constructs, its theoretical propositions are amenable to large sample testing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The age of temporary advantage
Authors: D'Aveni Richard A. , Dagnino Giovanni Battista , Smith Ken G.
Published: October 2010

The creation and management of temporary competitive advantages has emerged as an alternative to sustainable models of competitive advantage in the strategy literature. We review the literature and discuss questions related to the antecedents, consequences and the management temporary advantage in the introduction of this special issue. The overall goal is to ask: What would the field of strategic management look like if sustainable advantages did not exist? We summarize the papers published in this special issue and highlight directions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional development and hypercompetition in emerging economies
Authors: Hermelo Francisco Diaz , Vassolo Roberto
Published: October 2010

This study applies previous analysis on hypercompetition to emerging economies. We propose that development of the institutional context will contribute to generate conditions of hypercompetition in emerging economies. Empirical evidence from Latin America indicates that (1) persistent superior economic performance is possible; (2) the hazard rate for exiting the superior economic performance stratum has increased over time; (3) the development of the institutional context accelerates the rate of exiting the superior economic performance stratum; and (4) domestic firms find it more difficult to remain in the superior economic performance stratum than subsidiaries of multinational corporations and multicountry firms. These findings are consistent with the onset of an age of temporary advantage in emerging economies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood amnesia
Authors: Hayne Harlene , Jack Fiona
Published: October 2010

Childhood amnesia refers to the inability of children and adults to recall events that took place during their infancy and early childhood. Freud originally coined the term on the basis of clinical interviews; subsequent empirical investigations have confirmed many of Freud's original observations, but not his explanation for the phenomenon. Consistent with Freud's view, childhood amnesia is not a unitary phenomenon, but rather consists of at least two separate phases. In this article, we review the evidence for a two‐stage phenomenon and highlight some of the major developmental changes that might contribute to each phase. We reject Freud's repression explanation and argue instead that a comprehensive theory of childhood amnesia will require an understanding of neurological, cognitive, language, and social development.WIREs Cogni Sci2011 2 136–145 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.107

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Systematic error is of minor importance to feedback structure estimates derived from time series of nonlinear population indices
Authors: Tkadlec Emil , Lisická‐Lachnitová Lenka , Losík Jan , Heroldová Marta
Published: October 2010

Most modern population dynamics analyses of time series use simple population indices for ecological inference. These indices, collected for many years for various agricultural pests or game animals, are generally believed not to distort systematically feedback estimates because the assumption of linearity to population size roughly holds. To assess the relative importance of this assumption, we examined the effect of nonlinearity in a burrow index for voles on feedback estimates obtained through autoregressive modeling. We show that the issue of linearity is of less importance to ecological inference because the feedback estimates are routinely obtained on a logarithmic scale. Transforming data to logs has a strong linearization effect, removing most of the nonlinearity observed on the original scale. We conclude that the statistical tools for ecological inference, such as autoregressive log‐linear models, are sufficiently robust to the systematic error imposed by index nonlinearity and that indices are valuable sources of ecological information even in situations when the assumed linear functional forms to population size were not exactly validated. We suggest that for time series modelers, the issue of a large sampling variation in small “noisy” populations is by far a more burning one than the systematic error due to index nonlinearity.
The Efficacy of Compounds with Different Polarities as Antioxidants in Emulsions with Omega‐3 Lipids
Authors: Sørensen A.‐D. M. , Nielsen N. S. , Decker E. A. , Let M. B. , Xu X. , Jacobsen C.
Published: October 2010

According to the so‐called polar paradox hypothesis, the efficacy of an antioxidant in emulsions is highly affected by its polarity and thereby location in the different phases. However, other factors also affect the efficacy of antioxidants in multiphase systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants [ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl CLA and CLA (conjugated linoleic acid)] with different polarities in two different emulsion systems: o/w emulsion (5% oil) and w/o emulsion (98% oil) stabilized with citrem and PGPR, respectively. The efficacy of the antioxidants was compared to their partitioning in an o/w emulsion system and to results obtained from different antioxidant assays: iron reducing power, chelating activity and radical scavenging activity. For the w/o emulsions the efficacy of the antioxidants followed the polar paradox hypothesis: ascorbyl palmitate = ascorbyl CLA > ascorbic acid ≥ CLA > reference. For the o/w emulsion the antioxidative effects were not in accordance with the polar paradox. In the beginning of the storage, ascorbyl palmitate and ascorbic acid were most efficient, however in the end they acted as prooxidants. Ascorbyl CLA was located at the interface but was inactive as an antioxidant. This may be due to impurities or interaction with citrem.
Bifid thumb type IV in children: Transferring an epiphyseal segment of the proximal phalanx with insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis tendon
Authors: Hung Nguyen Ngoc
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and functional results of the surgical treatment of bifid thumb type IV in children.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was undertaken from January 1995 to December 2006. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were made according to Wassel's classification. The patients were performed by transferring an epiphyseal segment of the proximal phalanx with insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis tendon into the radial side of the epiphyseal proximal phalanx of the ulnar thumb. All patients were operated using one of five surgical procedures for bicephalous metacarpus, cartilaginous connection between the radial and ulnar proximal phalanges, the angular deformity of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MPJ) is >20°, and zigzag deformities. The postoperative results of the patients were evaluated for both function and cosmesis according to Tien's modified Tada scoring system.

Results

One hundred and sixty-four patients (102 females, 62 males) were included in this study. The MPJ was stable in 170 thumbs, 15 thumbs had 10° of radial instability, and new collateral ligaments were augmented in 27 thumbs. The alignment was normal in 75 thumbs, with alignment of the interphalangeal joint (IPJ) in 101 thumbs and alignment of the MPJ in 75 thumbs. Postoperatively, there were zigzag deformities in four thumbs (developed zigzag in two thumbs, recurrent zigzag in two thumbs); there was no first web space in those hands. There were four of 185 thumbs with thumb stiffness. The abductor function of 185 thumbs was as follows: >70° in 158 thumbs (85.4%), 50°–70° in 21 thumbs (11.4%), and <50° in six thumbs (3.2%). At the latest follow-up evaluation, no evidence of physeal growth injury or growth arrest was observed in any patient. Overall, we attained good results in 140 thumbs (75.7%), fair results in 36 thumbs (19.4%), and poor results in nine thumbs (4.9%).

Conclusion

We recommend the use of an epiphyseal segment of the proximal phalanx with insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis tendon into the radial side of the epiphyseal proximal phalanx of the ulnar thumb and to restore anatomical insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. The technique is simple, safe, and effective for thumb abductor function in the treatment of bifid thumb type IV in children.
The Empowerment Zone in Boston, Massachusetts 2000–2009: Lessons Learned for Neighborhood Revitalization
Authors: Jennings James
Published: October 2010

First adopted in 1993 at the federal level, the original purpose of Empowerment Zones was to encourage economic development strategies aimed at revitalizing distressed US urban neighborhoods. Such strategies across the country would include four broad goals: to generate economic opportunities for residents living in the empowerment zones; to create sustainable community development; to build broad participation among community-based partners; and to generate a strategic vision for change in the community. This paper examines Boston's Empowerment Zone between 1999 and 2009. The author concludes that this initiative was successful in that it helped to revitalize some of the poorest neighborhood areas in this city. While the rate of poverty was not reduced between 2000 and 2009 inside Boston's Empowerment Zone, there were some notable successes. These include the initiation and completion of major capital projects, including the first Black-owned hotel in New England over several decades; assisting small and neighborhood-based businesses, and helping to expand the capacity of local nonprofits in Boston's distressed areas. These accomplishments increased the level and quality of economic activity in a part of Boston that was essentially overlooked before the initiation of the Empowerment Zone.
Deciding the future of Uganda's tropical forests
Authors: Tabor Gary M. , Johns Andrew D. , Kasenene John M.
Published: October 2010

The FFPS has been involved for some time in conservation activities in the diminishing montane forests of east-central Africa. These montane forests form an upper sector of an even more endangered medium-altitude forest formation. Throughout their distribution, medium-altitude forests have been extensively disturbed by ever-increasing human activities. Extensive areas remain only in eastern Zaire, where there ststus is uncertain, and in Uganda. The Ugandan forests are now the focus of a major internationally financed development programme.
The conservation of steppic birds—a European perspective
Authors: Goriup Paul D. , Batten Leo
Published: October 2010

In the last 45 years the expansion and intensification of agriculture has meant that Europe has lost much of its permanent lowland grassland. Many species associated with this habitat are threatened as a result including several ground-nesting birds. The authors explore the opportunities that exist for conserving them.
The conservation of Spix's macaw
Authors: Juniper Tony , Yamashita Carlos
Published: October 2010

An expedition recently mounted in north-eastern Brazil gathered evidence strongly indicating that Spix's macaw Cyanopsitta spixii is effectively extinct in the wild. The only hope of saving the species from total extinction now rests with the small captive population. Fieldwork suggested that habitat degradation played a part in the decline of the species and it was concluded that habitat conservation should be a major consideration in future efforts to save it. A fully integrated conservation package is proposed that reflects the multiplicity of conservation needs of Spix's macaw.
Mandopop under siege: culturally bound criticisms of Taiwan’s pop music
Authors: MOSKOWITZ MARC L.
Published: October 2010

This article examines the cultural biases embedded in critiques of Mandopop (Mandarin Chinese pop music). Contemporary commercialised Mandopop is generally recognised as beginning around 1980, drawing on musical traditions from the early twentieth century. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan’s popular music swept across China and many in the PRC government reacted to the values embedded in Taiwan’s lyrics with mistrust and disdain, expressing a fear that Taiwan and Hong Kong’s cultural incursion would result in the PRC’s loss of national identity. On the other side of the strait, people in Taiwan complained of Mandopop’s fast pace and changing nature and linked this to similar trends in Taiwan’s society. More recently, several of Taiwan’s scholars have critiqued Mandopop for promoting patriarchal gender roles, and English language publications complain of a lack of individualism in that songs are produced in teams of composers, lyricists and performers. I examine the cultural contexts of these critiques in order to come to a better understanding of the most popular Chinese language music in the world.
‘Problems, Disputes, Questions’: IASPM UK & Ireland Conference, 12–14 September 2008, Glasgow
Authors: Webster Emma
Published: October 2010

Hosted by The University of Glasgow’s Music Department, the biennial IASPM UK & Ireland Conference, entitled ‘Problems, Disputes, Questions’, took place on 12–14 September 2008. The aim was to explore issues that have in recent years concerned and provoked discussion among IASPM members, with the three main themes of the conference being Music and National Identity, Popular Music Theory, and The Musical Experience.
The computational SLR: a logic for reasoning about computational indistinguishability
Authors: ZHANG YU
Published: October 2010

Computational indistinguishability is a notion in complexity-theoretic cryptography and is used to define many security criteria. However, in traditional cryptography, proving computational indistinguishability is usually informal and becomes error-prone when cryptographic constructions are complex. This paper presents a formal proof system based on an extension of Hofmann's SLR language, which can capture probabilistic polynomial-time computations through typing and is sufficient for expressing cryptographic constructions. In particular, we define rules that directly justify the computational indistinguishability between programs, and then prove that these rules are sound with respect to the set-theoretic semantics, and thus the standard definition of security. We also show that it is applicable in cryptography by verifying, in our proof system, Goldreich and Micali's construction of a pseudorandom generator, and the equivalence between next-bit unpredictability and pseudorandomness.
Preface to Special Issue: Theory and Applications of Models of Computation (TAMC 2008–2009)
Authors: AGRAWAL MANINDRA , COOPER BARRY , LI ANGSHENG
Published: October 2010

The Theory and Applications of Models of Computation (TAMC) conference series is both international and interdisciplinary in character, bringing together researchers working in computer science, mathematics (especially logic) and the physical sciences. It is this, together with its predominantly computational and computability theoretic focus, that gives the series its special character.
Systemic venous collateral channel causing desaturation after bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis: percutaneous closure
Authors: Karur Satish , Mahima Jayaranganath , Nanjappa Manjunath Cholenahally
Published: October 2010

An infant with cyanotic cardiac disease that was palliated with a bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt developed progressive and worsening cyanosis 5 years after the surgical procedure. A large venous collateral was found to be decompressing the bidirectional Glenn shunt from the superior caval vein to the inferior caval vein and was percutaneously closed with a vascular plug. The unusually large venous collateral, and the excellent outcome associated with percutaneous procedure are discussed.
Long-term outcome after atrioventricular valve surgery following modified Fontan operation
Authors: Menon Shaji C. , Dearani Joseph A. , Cetta Frank
Published: October 2010

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the early and late results of atrioventricular valve surgery after Fontan operation.

Background

Atrioventricular valve regurgitation is a known perioperative risk factor for Fontan operation. There are limited data on the outcomes of late atrioventricular valve surgery following Fontan operation.

Methods

Patients who underwent atrioventricular valve surgery following Fontan procedure were identified from the Mayo Clinic Fontan database. Medical records were reviewed for pre-operative, operative, and post-operative clinical and haemodynamic data. All patients not known to be deceased were sent health status questionnaires.

Results

A total of 61 patients (28 females) underwent atrioventricular valve surgery following Fontan procedure. The median age at atrioventricular valve surgery was 14 years. The median duration between Fontan and atrioventricular valve surgery was 4.7 years. Median follow-up was 9 years. There were a total of 32 (52%) deaths with 8 (13%) within 30 days of surgery. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year survival rates were 67%, 57%, and 45%, respectively. On follow-up, 44 of 61 (72%) had arrhythmias, 21 of 29 (72%) were symptomatic, and 12 of 61 (20%) developed protein-losing enteropathy. On multivariate analysis, reduced ventricular function and development of protein-losing enteropathy were associated with decreased survival.

Conclusion

Atrioventricular valve surgery after Fontan procedure is associated with substantial late morbidity and mortality. Atrioventricular valve surgery in this cohort of patients portends poor long-term outcome and is associated with a high incidence of protein-losing enteropathy. Reduced ventricular function and development of protein-losing enteropathy were associated with decreased survival.
Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period
Authors: Bosworth C. Edmund
Published: October 2010

The period of Mu'āwiya b. Sufyān, as governor over Syria and al-Jazīra under the caliph 'Uthmān from at least 25–6/646–7, and then as Umayyad caliph in Damascus 41–60/661–80, was crucial for the first impetus of Arab expansion in the eastern Mediterranean. Egypt had been conquered by 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ during 'Umar's caliphate, and the great port of Alexandria passed definitively into Arab hands by 21/642. Alexandria possessed famed dockyards, and had a Greco-Egyptian population which the Arabs were able to press into service for manning their warships operating out of the Egyptian ports and out of the harbours along the Syrian coast, such as Jaffa, Acre, Beirut and Tripoli.
Woman to Woman: Annette, the Princess, and the Bibi
Authors: Scherer M. A.
Published: October 2010

Annette Susannah Beveridge (1842–1929) was one of the outstanding oriental scholars of the early twentieth century. The work which established her reputation is her translation of theBābur-nāma, the autobiographical memoir of the first Mughal emperor, published in 1922 by the Royal Asiatic Society. It was the first English translation from the Chaghatai Turki in which Babur wrote his famous account. A monumental work of scholarship, it is all the more remarkable for having been completed at a time when Chaghatai language studies were in their infancy. The translation is characterized by utter reliability and precision, exhaustive footnotes and numerous appendices: Western and Asian scholars continue to consult it as the standard translation of this classic Timurid text. Yet, despite the stature of her work, little is known about Beveridge herself, an unusual figure in the British orientalist landscape if only because she was a woman who raised four children and learned oriental languages when she was past the age of 50.
Felt and “Tent Carts” inThe Secret History of the Mongols
Authors: Gervers Michael , Schlepp Wayne A.
Published: October 2010

In the final chapter of his novel,The First Circle, Alexander Solzhenitsyn extols the virtues of the felt boot: “A pair of felt boots are the two best friends a prisoner will ever have … Woe then to anyone whose feet are not shod in felt boots! … But the prisoner wearing his own felt boots has not a care in the world.” Solzhenitsyn writes for those unfamiliar with the extremes faced by the society he is describing. Similarly, but far removed in time, we are accustomed to learning a great deal more about the uses of felt among nomadic peoples from travellers who have purportedly visited them than we do from such rare accounts asThe Secret History of the Mongols(SH) which emanate from sources close to the nomads themselves.
A Waghorn Letter Book for 1840
Authors: Searight Sarah
Published: October 2010

The letter book on which this article is based was brought to my attention by postal history dealers Argyll Etkin; I am most grateful to them for giving me generous access to such interesting material. The letter book is for the year 1840, a critical year in the wider political sense and more specifically for one of the chief instigators of the mail route between Britain and India overland through Egypt, Thomas Waghorn. The letters are from Waghom's office in Alexandria, mostly by him to his London office at 39 Cornhill but some to Waghorn during a brief visit he made in mid-year, first to Malta, the halfway station to Alexandria, and subsequently to London. They reveal many aspects of the organisation: details of financing; handling of mail and passengers; means of transport and the preferred route; difficulties with timetables; competition within and without Egypt; as well as the character of Waghorn himself. And all this against a background of the evolving “Eastern Question” – the transfer of European rivalries to the Ottoman Empire that was to obsess the governments of the main European powers for much of the nineteenth century.
Karl Marx
Authors: Ruben David-Hillel
Published: October 2010

Although it was, until recently, unfashionable in certain circles to say this, Marx was not a philosopher in any interesting sense. He was a social theorist. As social theory, I am thinking primarily of two areas (in all social theory, there is also a large body of empirical work, which I am not competent to comment upon): (a) the methodology of social inquiry, and its metaphysical presuppositions, and (b) normative philosophy (ethics and political theory).