bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of BIBN4096BS on cephalic vasodilatation induced by CGRP or transcranial electrical stimulation in the rat
Authors: Petersen Kenneth A , Birk Steffen , Doods Henri , Edvinsson Lars , Olesen Jes
Published: November 2004

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of migraine via activation of CGRP receptors in the trigeminovascular system. The CGRP receptor antagonist, BIBN4096BS, has proven efficacy in the acute treatment of migraine attacks and represents a new therapeutic principle.

We used an improved closed cranial window model to measure changes of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) and cortical pial artery/arteriole diameter (PA) and changes in local cortical cerebral blood flow (LCBFFlux) in anaesthetised artificially ventilated rats.

The ability of BIBN4096BS (i.v.) to prevent the vasodilatatory actions of rat‐αCGRP, βCGRP and endogenously released CGRP following transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) was investigated.

BIBN4096BS was per se without vasoactive effect on any of the measured variables and significantly inhibited the hypotension induced by both types of CGRP (P<0.001).

The αCGRP induced MMA dilatation was reduced from 97.4±14 to 2.1±1.3% (P<0.001) and the βCGRP induced dilatation was fully blocked by BIBN4096BS. ID50 was 5.4±1.6 μg kg−1 for αCGRP and 16.3±1.6 μg kg−1 for βCGRP.

Transcranial electrical stimulation induced a 119.1±6.9% increase in MMA diameter. BIBN4096BS (333 μg kg−1) attenuated this increase (19.8±2.1%) (P<0.001).

Systemic CGRP and TES induced an increase in PA diameter that was not significantly inhibited by BIBN4096BS. The CGRP induced increase in LCBFFlux was similar not prevented by the antagonist.

We suggest that systemic BIBN4096BS exerts its inhibitory action mainly on large dural blood vessels (MMA).

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 697–704. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705966
A Na+ channel agonist: a potential cardiotonic agent with a novel mechanism?
Authors: Endoh Masao
Published: November 2004

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 663–665. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705970
Sympathectomy reveals α1A‐ and α1D‐adrenoceptor components to contractions to noradrenaline in rat vas deferens
Authors: Cleary Linda , Slattery James , Bexis Sotiria , Docherty James R
Published: November 2004

We have previously demonstrated that contractions of rat vas deferens to exogenous noradrenaline involve predominantly α1A‐adrenoceptors, but that contractions to endogenous noradrenaline involve predominantly α1D‐adrenoceptors. In this study, we have examined the effects of sympathectomy on the subtypes of α1‐adrenoceptor in rat vas deferens in radioligand binding and functional studies.

In vehicle‐treated tissues, antagonist displacement of [3H]prazosin binding to α1‐adrenoceptors was consistent with a single population of α1‐adrenoceptors. Binding affinities for a range of α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists were expressed as pKi values and correlated with known affinities for α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes. The correlation was significant only with α1A‐adrenoceptors.

In tissues from rats sympathectomised with 6‐hydroxy‐dopamine (2 × 100 mg kg−1 i.p.), binding affinity for the α1D‐adrenoceptor antagonist BMY 7378 fitted best with a two‐site model.

In functional studies, the potency of noradrenaline at producing total (phasic plus tonic) but not tonic contractions was increased in tissues from sympathectomised rats.

Results obtained from sympathectomised rats suggest that phasic contractions are mainly α1D‐adrenoceptor mediated, whereas tonic contractions are mainly α1A‐adrenoceptor mediated, based on the effects of BMY 7378 and the α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist RS 100329.

It is concluded that the predominant α1‐adrenoceptor in vehicle‐treated rat vas deferens is the α1A‐adrenoceptor, both in terms of ligand binding and contractions to exogenous agonists. The α1D‐adrenoceptor is only detectable by ligand binding following chemical sympathectomy, but is involved in noradrenaline‐evoked contractions, particularly phasic contractions, of rat vas deferens.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 745–752. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705987
Radiative and nonradiative decay rates of a molecule close to a metal particle of complex shape
Authors: Andreussi Oliviero , Corni Stefano , Mennucci Benedetta , Tomasi Jacopo
Published: November 2004

We present a model to evaluate the radiative and nonradiative lifetimes of electronic excited states of a molecule close to a metal particle of complex shape and, possibly, in the presence of a solvent. The molecule is treated quantum mechanically at Hartree–Fock (HF) or density-functional theory (DFT) level. The metal/solvent is considered as a continuous body, characterized by its frequency dependent local dielectric constant. For simple metal shapes (planar infinite surface and spherical particle) a version of the polarizable continuum model based on the integral equation formalism has been used, while an alternative methodology has been implemented to treat metal particles of arbitrary shape. In both cases, equations have been numerically solved using a boundary element method. Excitation energies and nonradiative decay rates due to the energy transfer from the molecule to the metal are evaluated exploiting the linear response theory (TDHF or TDDFT where TD—time dependent). The radiative decay rate of the whole system (molecule+metal/solvent) is calculated, still using a continuum model, in terms of the response of the surrounding to the molecular transition. The model presented has been applied to the study of the radiative and nonradiative lifetimes of a lissamine molecule in solution (water) and close to gold spherical nanoparticles of different radius. In addition, the influence of the metal shape has been analyzed by performing calculations on a system composed by a coumarin-type molecule close to silver aggregates of complex shape.
Parallel replica dynamics with a heterogeneous distribution of barriers: Application to n-hexadecane pyrolysis
Authors: Kum Oyeon , Dickson Brad M. , Stuart Steven J. , Uberuaga Blas P. , Voter Arthur F.
Published: November 2004

Parallel replica dynamics simulation methods appropriate for the simulation of chemical reactions in molecular systems with many conformational degrees of freedom have been developed and applied to study the microsecond-scale pyrolysis of n-hexadecane in the temperature range of 2100–2500 K. The algorithm uses a transition detection scheme that is based on molecular topology, rather than energetic basins. This algorithm allows efficient parallelization of small systems even when using more processors than particles (in contrast to more traditional parallelization algorithms), and even when there are frequent conformational transitions (in contrast to previous implementations of the parallel replica algorithm). The parallel efficiency for pyrolysis initiation reactions was over 90% on 61 processors for this 50-atom system. The parallel replica dynamics technique results in reaction probabilities that are statistically indistinguishable from those obtained from direct molecular dynamics, under conditions where both are feasible, but allows simulations at temperatures as much as 1000 K lower than direct molecular dynamics simulations. The rate of initiation displayed Arrhenius behavior over the entire temperature range, with an activation energy and frequency factor of Ea=79.7 kcal/mol and log A/s−1=14.8, respectively, in reasonable agreement with experiment and empirical kinetic models. Several interesting unimolecular reaction mechanisms were observed in simulations of the chain propagation reactions above 2000 K, which are not included in most coarse-grained kinetic models. More studies are needed in order to determine whether these mechanisms are experimentally relevant, or specific to the potential energy surface used.
First-principles study of C adsorption, O adsorption, and CO dissociation on flat and stepped Ni surfaces
Authors: Li Tao , Bhatia Bhawna , Sholl David S.
Published: November 2004

The adsorption of atomic oxygen and carbon was studied with plane wave density functional theory on four Ni surfaces, Ni(110), Ni(111), Ni(210), and Ni(531). Various adsorption sites on these surfaces are examined in order to identify the most favorable adsorption site for each atomic species. The dependence of surface bonding on adsorbate coverage is also investigated. Adsorption energies and structural information are obtained and compared with existing experimental results for Ni(110) and Ni(111). In addition, activation barriers to CO dissociation have been determined on Ni(111) and Ni(531) by locating the transition states for these processes. Our results indicate that the binding energies of C are comparatively stronger on stepped surfaces than on flat surfaces, and the energy barriers associated with CO dissociation strongly favor reactions occurring near surface steps.
Two-photon two-color nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Eles Philip T. , Michal Carl A.
Published: November 2004

Two-photon excitation has recently been demonstrated to be a practical means of exciting nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals by radio-frequency (rf) irradiation at half the normal resonance frequency. In this work, two-photon excitation is treated with average Hamiltonian theory and shown to be a consequence of higher order terms in the Magnus expansion. It is shown that the excitation condition may be satisfied not only with rf at half resonance, but also with two independent rf fields, where the two frequencies sum to or differ by the resonance frequency. The technique is demonstrated by observation of proton NMR signals at 400 MHz while simultaneously exciting at 30 and 370 MHz. Advantages of this so-called two-color excitation, such as a dramatic increase in nutation rate over half-frequency excitation, along with a variety potential applications are discussed.
Miniaturized impression creep testing of ball grid array solder balls attached to microelectronic packaging substrates
Authors: Pan D. , Marks R. A. , Dutta I. , Mahajan R. , Jadhav S. G.
Published: November 2004

This article reports on the design and implementation of a miniaturized impression creep apparatus for characterizing the creep behavior of tiny solder balls attached to a ball grid array (BGA) microelectronic packaging substrate. The technique requires no special sample preparation, can probe individual solder balls, and proffers high data throughput by allowing numerous creep curves to be obtained from one substrate, as well as by minimizing the time required to achieve steady state creep. The apparatus reported here uses a 100-μm-diameter cylindrical WC punch to characterize the creep behavior of 750-μm-diameter BGA solder balls from ambient temperature to 423 K. A video imaging system facilitates precise alignment and placement of the indenter on the specimen at the test temperature. The possible effect of substrate curvature on the experimental solder creep curves was evaluated and was deemed to be insignificant. Example creep curves and data based on 90Pb-10Sn BGA solder balls are presented. The test is further scalable for testing of smaller flip-chip joints, using a smaller punch. The present work reports on the implementation of impression creep for testing nonbulk specimens.
Histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated neuronal differentiation of multipotent adult neural progenitor cells
Authors: Hsieh Jenny , Nakashima Kinichi , Kuwabara Tomoko , Mejia Eunice , Gage Fred H.
Published: November 2004

It has become apparent that chromatin modification plays a critical role in the regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression. Here, we show that an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, valproic acid (VPA), induced neuronal differentiation of adult hippocampal neural progenitors. In addition, VPA inhibited astrocyte and oligodendrocyte differentiation, even in conditions that favored lineage-specific differentiation. Among the VPA-up-regulated, neuron-specific genes, a neurogenic basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor,
NeuroD
, was identified. Overexpression of
NeuroD
resulted in the induction and suppression of neuronal and glial differentiation, respectively. These results suggest that VPA promotes neuronal fate and inhibits glial fate simultaneously through the induction of neurogenic transcription factors including
NeuroD.
Genetic Analysis of the Neuronal and Ubiquitous AP-3 Adaptor Complexes Reveals Divergent Functions in Brain
Authors: Seong E. , Wainer B. H. , Hughes E. D. , Saunders T. L. , Burmeister M. , Faundez V.
Published: November 2004

Neurons express adaptor (AP)-3 complexes assembled with either ubiquitous (β3A) or neuronal-specific (β3B) β3 isoforms. However, it is unknown whether these complexes indeed perform distinct functions in neuronal tissue. Here, we explore this hypothesis by using genetically engineered mouse models lacking either β3A- or β3B-containing AP-3 complexes. Somatic and neurological phenotypes were specifically associated with the ubiquitous and neuronal adaptor deficiencies, respectively. At the cellular level, AP-3 isoforms were localized to distinct neuronal domains. β3B-containing AP-3 complexes were preferentially targeted to neuronal processes. Consistently, β3B deficiency compromised synaptic zinc stores assessed by Timm's staining and the synaptic vesicle targeting of membrane proteins involved in zinc uptake (ZnT3 and ClC-3). Surprisingly, despite the lack of neurological symptoms, β3A-deficient mouse brain possessed significantly increased synaptic zinc stores and synaptic vesicle content of ZnT3 and ClC-3. These observations indicate that the functions of β3A- and β3B-containing complexes are distinct and divergent. Our results suggest that concerted nonredundant functions of neuronal and ubiquitous AP-3 provide a mechanism to control the levels of selected membrane proteins in synaptic vesicles.
On the Metrical Inscription Found at Pergamum
Authors: Lehnus L.
Published: November 2004

The epigram is remarkable for its metre as well as for the amount of erudition it displays. Thoenias of Sicyon was already known as a later representative of the school of Lysippus; that Dionysodorus was a fellow-citizen of his has not emerged so far, but he is mentioned by Polybius as an admiral and an emissary of Attalus. ‘Frisky’ is known to us from an epigram by Dioscorides, where he guards the tomb of Sositheus, and from a passage of Nonnus; Cornutus, N.D. 30 classified Scirti along with Satyrs and Silens. But the poet remains unnamed: Dionysodorus, a military man, can hardly be credited with such a piece of refined Hellenistic versification.
The urine and the vine: Astyages' dreams at Herodotus 1.107–8
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2004

Astyages, son of Cyaxares, now inherited the throne. A daughter was born to him, whom he called Mandane; and Astyages dreamed that she urinated so much that the urine filled his city, then went on to flood all of Asia. He consulted the dream-experts among the magi, and was alarmed by the details which he heard from them. Later, when this Mandane was already old enough for marriage, he did not give her as wife to any of the Medes who were worthy of him, because he was fearful of the dream; instead he gave her to a Persian named Cambyses, who, he discovered, belonged to a good house and was mild in nature, but was still—he thought—far inferior to a Mede of even middling status.
Aristotle's Knowledge of Athenian oratory
Authors: Trevett J. C.
Published: November 2004

In the Rhetoric Aristotle frequently illustrates the points he is making with examples drawn both from oratory and from other literary genres. Although some of these citations have been used to date the work, they have never been systematically examined. It is the contention of this article that, when Aristotle gives examples from speeches, he quotes exclusively from epideictic works, and that this fact tells us much both about the circulation of written speeches at Athens and about the preoccupations of Aristotle and his pupils.
Propertius 3.7.1–12
Authors: Orlebeke Alison
Published: November 2004

Between the first eight lines of Propertius 3.7, addressed to ‘pecunia’, and the lover's farewell couplet to Aquilo, the narration of Paetus′ shipwreck and death has first bewildered and then inspired generations of readers either to defend the basic order of verses given in the manuscripts or to create a more satisfactory arrangement through transposition. To some, the inherited poem presents a catastrophe equal to Paetus′ own dismemberment: Aquilo blew the pages around, a scribe playing Neptune took pleasure in his own power to change, while the uncontrollable seas of error scattered couplets far and wide and altered the shape of words and letters. To others, the textual problems of 3.7 can be explained with appeals to parallels or to Propertius′ stylistic intentions.
Two conjectures in Horace, Odes
Authors: Jacobson Howard
Published: November 2004

I offer here two emendations of the text of the Odes, in two passages that make perfectly good sense, offer Latin that is unexceptionable, and have apparently never been questioned.
ἂναξ and βασιλεύς in Homer
Authors: Yamagata Naoko
Published: November 2004

ἂναξ and βασιλε⋯ς are the two most important titles applied to the top stratum of Homeric aristocracy., usually translated as ′lord′ or ′master′, and βασιλε⋯ς, usually translated as ′king′, often apply to the same individuals, and can at times appear to be very close in meaning, allowing translators to render ἂναξ as ′king′ and βασιλε⋯ς as ′lord′. There are, however, significant differences between the two. As Lexikon des friihgriechischen Epos (LfrgE) now conveniently summarizes for us, avat; can be divine or human, can be a master of a state, of gods, of men, of animals, or of his household, and can be used as an address in the vocative, whereas fiaoiXevs is only applied to humans in Homer, often in a political context, and is never used in the vocative.
Techniques of reading in classical antiquity
Authors: Gavrilov A. K.
Published: November 2004

It has gradually become accepted among historians of ancient culture that the Greeks and Romans always, or nearly always, read aloud. They did not read to themselves, silently, save in rare and special cases. Either they were not able to read silently, or they felt no need to do so, or they did not enjoy doing it even when they were alone.
A note on Propertius 1.10.3: Iucunda Voluptas
Authors: Arnold P. J.
Published: November 2004

Commentators have generally been content to cite parallels for the phrase iucunda uoluptas at Propertius 1.10.3 without drawing attention to an interesting resonance which it may evoke
An early reference to perfect numbers? Some notes on Euphorion, SH 417
Authors: Lightfoot J. L.
Published: November 2004

Euphorion SH 417 (fr. 36 Van Groningen) deserves to be better known. A curiosity in itself—an apparent poetic reference to number theory—it is also, potentially, one of our earliest references to Euclidean material. On the authority of a late commentator on Aristotle, Euphorion, a mid-third-century b.c. Euboean poet who was also active in Athens and Antioch, is said to have mentioned perfect numbers—i.e. numbers which equal the total of all their factors, including 1 (but obviously excluding the number itself). It is a pity that the context in Euphorion does not survive, and that the line is only preserved, and indeed interpreted, by so late a source. But the wording of the fragment—if Westerink's restoration of its various corruptions (again, a pity) is plausible—would strongly suggest a reference to the notion of perfect number. The fragment has been known since Westerink published it in 1960, and was included both in Van Groningen's edition of Euphorion in 1977 and in Supplementum Hellenisticum (1983). But its implications have still not been discussed, and when David Fowler came to gather the evidence for references to Euclidean material in and after the third century b.c. in The Mathematics of Plato's Academy, his attention, unsurprisingly, was not drawn to it. Euphorion has had a bad press, as a poet of rebarbatively obscure myth and intractable vocabulary; yet he holds some interest, and we may be missing more insights into the intellectual life of the Hellenistic period which the perverse intelligence and baneful wit of the fragments display.
The social function of Attic tragedy
Authors: Griffin Jasper
Published: November 2004

The time is long gone when literary men were happy to treat literature, and tragic poetry in particular, as something which exists serenely outside time, high up in the empyrean of unchanging validity and absolute values. Nowadays it is conventional, and seems natural, to insist that literature is produced within a particular society and a particular social setting: even its most gorgeous blooms have their roots in the soil of history. Its understanding requires us to understand the society which appreciated it, and for which it came into existence. In the particular case of the tragic poetry of Athens, the most influential body of recent criticism focuses on the relation of the drama to the realities of political and social life.
Appreciating Aper: the defence of modernity in Tacitus’Dialogus de oratoribus
Authors: Goldberg Sander M.
Published: November 2004

Nearly a century ago, Friedrich Leo argued with his characteristic acumen that the neo-Ciceronian style of Tacitus'Dialogus de oratoribuswas as much a function of its genre as its subject. ‘The genre’, he observed, ‘demands its style. One who deals with different genres must write in different styles.’ Alfred Gudeman, the target of Leo's review, had therefore missed a key step in the argument for Tacitean authorship when he invoked ‘the influence of subject-matter’ without considering the demands of genre. In hindsight, the point seems almost obvious, and the sophistication of recent work on the date and style of theDialogushas left Gudeman's discussion far behind. The advance in method—if not necessarily in results—has been profound. Leo's success in linking genre and style, however, has also had a second, less happy result: it has encouraged belief in a corresponding link between genre and content, as if Tacitus necessarily embraced Ciceronian values along with his Ciceronian forms. TheDialogusis often thought to accept Cicero's aesthetic agenda and to examine why the orators of succeeding generations failed to maintain its ideals and standards. Perhaps inevitably, its analysis is then read as a rather depressing tale of oratory's literary, social, and moral decline. This view demands reconsideration. To explore, as theDialoguscertainly does, the collapse of Ciceronian values is not necessarily to regret that collapse. We have, I think, too often read our own prejudices into theDialogusby presuming a post-Augustan decline in oratorical standards and, in the process, reducing our sensitivity to important variations in and departures from the generic conventions that Tacitus so deliberately recalls. The result is a significant distortion of theDialogus' view of oratory under the empire.
Some observations on thePersaeof Timotheus (PMG791)
Authors: Hordern J. H.
Published: November 2004

At lines 7–10 the description of the sea-battle appears to involve the destruction of the oars of the enemy ship (accepting Page's ῥηγì[κωπ] ος at 9), with the result that the sailors fall over (9–10 suppl. Danielsson). We would expect lines 11–13 to provide some sort of contrast with this description, since εἰ δέ at 11 contrasts with 7 ảλλ’ εἰμέυ, but the exact sense is not quite clear.
Alexander of Aphrodisias, De Intellectu 110.4: ‘I Heard this from Aristotle’. A modest proposal
Authors: Opsomer Jan , Sharples Bob
Published: November 2004

The treatise De intellectu attributed to Alexander of Aphrodisias can be divided into four sections. The first (A, 106.19–110.3) is an interpretation of the Aristotelian theory of intellect, and especially of the active intellect referred to in Aristotle, De anima 3.5, which differs from the interpretation in Alexander's own De anima, and whose relation to Alexander's De anima, attribution to Alexander, and date are all disputed. The second (B, 110.4–112.5) is an account of the intellect which is broadly similar to A though differing on certain points. The third (Cl, 112.5–113.12) is an account of someone's response to the problem of how intellect can enter the human being ‘from outside’ if it is incorporeal and hence cannot move at all; in the fourth (C2, 113.12–24) the writer who reported Cl criticizes that solution and gives his own alternative one.
The seer Tisamenos and the Klytiadai
Authors: Schachter A.
Published: November 2004

At the battle of Plataia, ‘Ελλησι μέν ισαμενàς ’AντιóΧoυ ἦν ‘θυóμενσ oὗτoς γàρ δ εἴπετo τŵ στρατεúματι τoúτω μάντις τàν ༐óντα ’Hλεîoν καì γένεoς τoû ’Ιαμιδέων κλυτιάδην Λακεδαιμóνιoι ༐̌oιήσαντo λεωσøέτερoν (HerodotOS 9.33.1).
Cleon's hidden appeals (Thucydides 3.37–40)
Authors: Andrews James A.
Published: November 2004

πƤΟƩ ΗΔΟΝΗΝ ΛΕƮΕΙΝ

At 2.65 Thucydides says of Pericles that he did not speak to please (πρòς ήδoνν λέγειν): he had no need of such means for acquiring influence, since he already enjoyed it because of his recognized merits. But his successors were on the same plane as one another, each one striving to establish himself as the man first in influence with the demos. And in this drive for ascendancy, they began to allow the people's pleasures to shape the advice they gave (༐τράπoντo καθ’ ήςoνàς τŵ δήμω καì τà πράγματα ༐νδιδóναι).
The Sicilian expedition was a Potemkin fleet
Authors: Jordan B.
Published: November 2004

The speeches of Nicias and Alcibiades in the debate leading up to the launching of the Sicilian expedition (Thuc. 6.9–14, 6.20–3, 6.16–18) contain a significant number of words, phrases, and themes that recur in Thucydides' later chapters reporting the launching of the expedition and its ultimate fate in Sicily. The verbal and thematic echoes often consist of words of sight and hearing; among the recurring themes are rivalry and competition, the contrast between public and private expenditures, and the desire for acquisition and financial profit.
Joseph Bryennius and the text of Marcus Aurelius’Meditations
Authors: Rees D. A.
Published: November 2004

A neglected source for the text of Marcus Aurelius’Meditationsis to be found in the writings of the Byzantine theologian Joseph Bryennius, who seems to have been born about 1350 (details of his early life are obscure) and to have died before the Council of Florence (1438), probably in 1430/1. He was a monk who was also a scholar, a theologian, and an ecclesiastical diplomat. He spent the years 1382–1402 in Crete (then under Venetian rule), and was sent in 1406 on a mission of ecclesiastical diplomacy to Cyprus. Otherwise the greater part of his life was spent in Constantinople; from about 1402 to 1406 he lived at the monastery of Stoudios, from 1416 to 1427 at that of Charsianeites. He was a court preacher, and as a theologian upheld the claims of the Greek Church against the Roman; among his published works are twenty-oneDiscourses on the Trinitymaintaining the Greek Orthodox position.
The Athena Nike dossier: IG I 35/36 and 64 A–B
Authors: Mattingly Harold B.
Published: November 2004

Stephen Tracy's neat demonstration that IG I3 35—authorizing the building of a temple and appointment of a priestess for Athena Nike—was cut by the man responsible for the Promachos accounts (IG I 435) at first seemed decisive for the traditional c. 448 B.C. against my radical down-dating. Ira Mark then argued that this decree provided for the naiskos and altar of his Stage III in the 440s: the marble temple belonged to Stage IV over twenty years later. Despite these two powerful interventions the matter is not closed. David Gill has, I fancy, convincingly refuted Mark on archaeological and architectural grounds. And there is still more to be said from the epigraphic angle.

IG I 36, cut on the back of the stele, looks like a delayed rider to 35. But just how delayed was it? It arranged for the regular payment of the priestess's salary by the kolakretai in office in the month Thargelion. On the traditional view the gap would be close to a quarter of a century, since 36 is firmly dated 424/3 B.C. This is quite extraordinary, though reasons have been found for it. More serious perhaps is some neglected epigraphic evidence. We have eighteen other examples in fifth-century Attic epigraphy where decrees are followed on the same stone by other texts; but virtually all the gaps are short, never more than a few years. The relevant texts are IG I 4, 11/12, 41, 42/43, 52 A–B, 59, 61, 66, 68, 71, 72, 73, 89, 93, 101, 127/II1, 156, 1454. It is true that 42/43 are dated c. 445–442 and c. 435–427 B.C. in IG I, but this is quite arbitrary.
Video in teacher training: the use of local materials
Authors: Cullen Richard
Published: November 2004

This article discusses two approaches to using video excerpts of real lessons for English language teacher training. The first approach may be described as trainer-directed: the points to be focused on are predetermined by the trainer in the form of a worksheet, which is given to the trainees to complete as they watch the excerpt. The second approach is only semi-directed by the trainer: the trainees themselves decide which points to focus on, on the basis of given background information about the excerpt, while the trainer uses these points as a springboard for further questions for discussion. It is argued that the second approach has the advantage of relating more closely to the trainees' own concerns, although it requires a good deal more flexibility and experience on the part of the trainer. In neither approach is the excerpt set up as a model to follow, but rather as an example of one teacher’ practice for analysis and discussion. The purpose of the analysis is for the trainees to discover the rationale behind a particular procedure, on the principle that the successful adoption of any new technique or procedure must be based on a clear understanding of the reasons for it.
A consciousness-raising approach to the teaching of conversational storytelling skills
Authors: Jones RE
Published: November 2004

Anecdotes and personal narratives are frequently heard in day-to-day human interaction, and it would, therefore, seem reasonable to conclude that the teaching of storytelling skill should feature as a component in second language conversation courses. After outlining the generic features of one frequently heard story type, this paper goes on to describe a consciousness-raising activity involving a picture story and story transcript designed to raise learner awareness of some of the linguistic realizations of these features. We then consider how this activity may be supplemented by other activities which encourage students to make use of this growing awareness, and generate the type of language which will help them develop their own conversational storytelling ability.
The Revival Of The Cult Of Purgatory In France (1850–1914)
Authors: Cuchet Guillaume
Published: November 2004

The cult of souls in purgatory underwent a massive revival in France during the second half of the nineteenth century and recorded, at least down to the Great War, a success that made a stunning contemporary impact. The importance of the cult of the dead, the hopes and fears it aroused among the clergy, the necessity of striking an expiatory balance between the decline of belief in Hell and the hope of going to Heaven, plus the desire to counteract those developments that called into question the Catholic belief in ‘last things’, all help to explain the phenomenon. The nineteenth-century movement, which was situated in the context of a long history of belief in purgatory, was endowed with specific features, on the doctrinal as well as on the devotional and institutional levels. The two most significant innovations were prayers for ‘abandoned souls’, and the recourse to souls in purgatory as intercessors for the living. In welcoming the advent of this thaumaturgical dimension, which had hitherto been lacking, the cult was provided with a solid foundation, which turned the nineteenth century into the age par excellence of the cult of souls in Purgatory.
Romance, Religion and the Republic: Bruno's Le tour de la France par deux enfants
Authors: Strachan John
Published: November 2004

This essay explores how previous understandings of Bruno's most celebrated text have tended to assimilate authorial intent with the traditional interpretation of Republican modernization. Early readings of the Tour de France were coloured by a largely uncritical acknowledgment of the extent to which the Third Republic had revolutionized education and forged a new and durable sense of national identity. But historians emphasize that change rarely took place in the short term, and Bruno is similarly indicative of the complex compromise that was worked out between the Republic and the religious establishment, and between regional and national identity in the years 1870–1914. This essay uses the work of Michelet and others to demonstrate the co-existence in the Tour de France of Romantic, religious and modernist narratives of the nation.
Constantine and the Ancient Cults of Rome: The Legal Evidence
Authors: Curran John
Published: November 2004

The relationship between Constantine and the ancient cults of Roman civilization remains one of the most important and discussed features of late antique history. It is a relationship which has defied those who see in his victory over Maxentius a sudden, monolithic shift in the religious consciousness of the ancient world, because the sources stubbornly refuse to yield to such a tidy interpretation. In this paper I review a body of evidence that reveals Constantine to be a flesh-and-blood emperor, confronting the difficulties of transition and reining in his own passions, sometimes for narrow political reasons and sometimes for what might be taken as statesmanship. What follows is neither exhaustive nor definitive. It is an attempt to gauge the complexity of some of Constantine's problems and assess his skills in dealing with them.
A Grand Tour: Reading Gibbon's Decline and Fall
Authors: Kelly Christopher
Published: November 2004

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire has not always been greeted with applause. On the fly-leaf to Volume IV of his copy, Gibbon's contemporary, the writer, antiquarian, and bibliophile, William Beckford gave vent to near apoplectic rage:
Philo's in Flaccum: Ethnicity and Social Space in Roman Alexandria
Authors: Alston Richard
Published: November 2004

Philo's famous account of anti-semitic rioting in Alexandria in A.D. 38, the InFlaccum, has frequently been exploited by scholars interested in the legal status of the Jewish community within the city and the issue of the constitution of Alexandria. This legalissue lies near the heart of the dispute which leads to some ancient and most modern accounts tracing the roots of the dispute to the Ptolemaic period. It is notable, however, that the first major attested outbreaks of anti-Jewish feeling considerably post-date the Roman conquest, suggestingthat this is a problem of Roman Alexandria with its roots in the Roman administration of the city. Philo also places comparatively little emphasis on legality in the InFlaccum. The account of the persecution concentrates rather on the topography of the dispute. The centrality of spatial factors in the In Flaccum can be illustrated by comparing the persecution of the Jews and the fall of Flaccus. Flaccus was publicly humiliated through a show trial, through the sale of his property at public action, and on his journey into exile, by the crowds in Italy and Greece who flocked to watch him pass. He was excluded from public space, both from his city by decree of the emperor and from the urban spaces of his island exile, prompted in the latter case by his conscience. Finally, while in isolation, he was attacked and murdered. The Jews were robbed and driven from the streets of their city into exile and deprived of access to the theatre and market. Their leaders were humiliated in the most public places in the city and finally they were attacked in their own homes. Although the parallels are not exact, as can be seen in Table 1, they are explicit and thiselaborate structure demonstrates for Philo the justice of God in His persecution of the persecutors.
‘Lighting’ the World of Women: Lamps and Torches in the Hands of Women in the Late Archaic and Classical Periods
Authors: Parisinou Eva
Published: November 2004

This paper is concerned with some of the ‘dark’ aspects of the lives of Athenian women of the Archaic and Classical periods. Through a review of images of women with light in hand and of female activities that were illuminated by lamps and torches, the amount and significance of women's activities which required lighting devices may be traced. These may have taken place in private, inside the oikos – for which our knowledge is limited – or outside the oikos, where women enjoyed a restricted participation in certain socio-religious activities. The kind of females under discussion range from ‘respectable’ wives and daughters of Athenian citizens to hetairai, the professional female entertainers. On the basis of literary and iconographical evidence, I shall seek to identify the nature and timing of those female activities, and to assess whether the type of lighting device chosen for a particular action may possibly reveal other aspects of the life of Athenian women, notably age or social status.
Trajan's Engines
Authors: Morley Neville
Published: November 2004

It was never a foregone conclusion that the Roman Empire should have made any significant use of steam power. The basic principles of the steam engine were certainly known by the mid-first century A.D., as seen in the ‘wind-ball’ (aiölipile) described by Hero of Alexandria in his treatise onPneumatica. Hero's device, in which a copper sphere was made to rotate by jets of stream when the reservoir of water underneath was heated to boiling point, clearly demonstrated that steam could serve as a source of propulsion. It was, admittedly, a very inefficient design: in modern reconstructions, either too much steam escaped through the joints or the joints had to be made so tight that friction became a serious problem. Such deficiencies were by no means insurmountable, and all the other elements necessary for the construction of a working steam engine – pistons, cylinders, an effective valve mechanism – can be found in Hero's writings or in those of his contemporaries.
Cerebellar norepinephrine modulates learning of delay classical eyeblink conditioning: Evidence for post-synaptic signaling via PKA
Authors: Cartford M. Claire , Samec Amy , Fister Mathew , Bickford Paula C.
Published: November 2004

The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) has been shown to modulate
cerebellar-dependent learning and memory. Lesions of the nucleus locus
coeruleus or systemic blockade of noradrenergic receptors has been shown to
delay the acquisition of several cerebellar-dependent learning tasks To date,
no studies have shown a direct involvement of cerebellar noradrenergic
activity nor localized the post-synaptic response to cerebellar
β-noradrenergic receptor signaling. Using ipsilateral, localized
infusions into cerebellar lobule HVI and interpositus (IP), we have
established that blocking β-noradrenergic receptors with propranolol
significantly impairs acquisition of conditioned responses. Furthermore,
interrupting activation of cAMP-dependent PKA in the cerebellum using Rp-cAMPS
completely prevents acquisition. However, neither blocking β-adrenergic
receptors nor blocking PKA activation significantly interferes with
performance of established conditioned responses when administered after the
learned response is formed.
FTIR reveals structural differences between native β‐sheet proteins and amyloid fibrils
Authors: Zandomeneghi Giorgia , Krebs Mark R.H. , McCammon Margaret G. , Fändrich Marcus
Published: November 2004

The presence of β‐sheets in the core of amyloid fibrils raised questions as to whether or not β‐sheet‐containing proteins, such as transthyretin, are predisposed to form such fibrils. However, we show here that the molecular structure of amyloid fibrils differs more generally from the β‐sheets in native proteins. This difference is evident from the amide I region of the infrared spectrum and relates to the distribution of the ϕ/ψ dihedral angles within the Ramachandran plot, the average number of strands per sheet, and possibly, the β‐sheet twist. These data imply that amyloid fibril formation from native β‐sheet proteins can involve a substantial structural reorganization.
Possible role of region 152–156 in the structural duality of a peptide fragment from sheep prion protein
Authors: Megy Simon , Bertho Gildas , Kozin Sergey A. , Debey Pascale , Hui Bon Hoa Gaston , Girault Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2004

The conformational conversion of the nonpathogenic “cellular” prion isoform into a pathogenic “scrapie” protease‐resistant isoform is a fundamental event in the onset of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). During this pathogenic conversion, helix H1 and its two flanking loops of the normal prion protein are thought to undergo a conformational transition into a β‐like structure. A peptide spanning helix H1 and β‐strand S2 (residues 142–166 in human numbering) was studied by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. This peptide in aqueous solution, in contrast to many prion fragments studied earlier (1) is highly soluble and (2) does not aggregate until the millimolar concentration range, and (3) exhibits an intrinsic propensity to a β‐hairpin‐like conformation at neutral pH. We found that this peptide can also fold into a helix H1 conformation when dissolved in a TFE/PB mixture. The structures of the peptide calculated by MD showed solvent‐dependent internal stabilizing forces of the structures and evidenced a higher mobility of the residues following the end of helix H1. These data suggest that the molecular rearrangement of this peptide in region 152–156, particularly in position 155, could be associated with the pathogenic conversion of the prion protein.
Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty
Authors: Adams William. M. , Aveling Ros , Brockington Dan , Dickson Barney , Elliott Jo , Hutton Jon , Roe Dilys , Vira Bhaskar , Wolmer William
Published: November 2004

It is widely accepted that biodiversity loss and poverty are linked problems and that conservation and poverty reduction should be tackled together. However, success with integrated strategies is elusive. There is sharp debate about the social impacts of conservation programs and the success of community-based approaches to conservation. Clear conceptual frameworks are needed if policies in these two areas are to be combined. We review the links between poverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation and present a conceptual typology of these relationships.
Pleistocene Brown Bears in the Mid-Continent of North America
Authors: Matheus Paul , Burns James , Weinstock Jaco , Hofreiter Michael
Published: November 2004

Current biogeographic models hypothesize that brown bears migrated from Asia to the New World ~100 to 50 thousand years ago but did not reach areas south of Beringia until ~13 to 12 thousand years ago, after the opening of a mid-continental ice-free corridor. We report a 26-thousand-year-old brown bear fossil from central Alberta, well south of Beringia. Mitochondrial DNA recovered from the specimen shows that it belongs to the same clade of bears inhabiting southern Canada and the northern United States today and that modern brown bears in this region are probably descended from populations that persisted south of the southern glacial margin during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The Genetic Basis of Singlet OxygenInduced Stress Responses of
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wagner Daniela , Przybyla Dominika , op den Camp Roel , Kim Chanhong , Landgraf Frank , Lee Keun Pyo , Würsch Marco , Laloi Christophe , Nater Mena , Hideg Eva , Apel Klaus
Published: November 2004

Plants under oxidative stress suffer from damages that have been interpreted as unavoidable consequences of injuries inflicted upon plants by toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, this paradigm needs to be modified. Inactivation of a single gene,
EXECUTER1
, is sufficient to abrogate stress responses of
Arabidopsis thaliana
caused by the release of singlet oxygen: External conditions under which these stress responses are observed and the amounts of ROS that accumulate in plants exposed to these environmental conditions do not directly cause damages. Instead, seedling lethality and growth inhibition of mature plants result from genetic programs that are activated after the release of singlet oxygen has been perceived by the plant.
Solid Tools for Visualizing Science
Authors: Brown Julie K.
Published: November 2004

Models
The Third Dimension of Science. Soraya de Chadarevian and Nick Hopwood, Eds. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 2004. 482 pp. $65, £45.95. ISBN 0-8047-3971-4. Paper, $24.95, £17.50. ISBN 0-8047-3972-2. Writing Science.

In chapters on examples drawn from a wide range of disciplines and from the mid-18th through the mid-20th centuries, contributors explore the roles three-dimensional models have played in the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.
Overexpression of a Novel Lymphocyte Population, Positive for an Intracellular CD14-Like Antigen, in Patients Positive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Turner Dan , Hoffman Michael , Yust Israel , Fried Mordechai , Bleiberg Margalit , Tartakovsky Boris
Published: November 2004

CD14, originally recognized as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, has recently been implicated in the process of T-cell suppression and apoptosis. Its soluble form has been shown to bind, in vitro, to human T cells, a process that may carry a negative signal onto these cells. We recently described a novel lymphocyte population in human peripheral blood, a population that expresses an intracellular CD14-like antigen. This novel T-cell population, composed mainly of CD8 cells and of very few CD4 cells, was found to be greatly enhanced in asymptomatic, untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals. In the present study, we further characterized this cell population and found that it differed from other CD8 subpopulations associated with HIV infection such as CD8/CD38. In addition, we followed HIV patients under conditions of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and observed two groups of patients: patients in whom the CD14-like positive-testing T cells returned to normal within 1 to 3 months, and patients in whom it did not, in spite of a significant plasma HIV-RNA viral load decrease. Thus, this new CD14-like positive-testing lymphocyte population may represent an interesting and important component of the cellular events associated with HIV infection. On the basis of its modulation following HAART, we speculate that it may be used, in the future, as a drug-monitoring cellular marker in antiretroviral treatment.