bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Phenolics from the Roots of Symplocos caudata Wall.
Authors: Jiang Jian Shuang , Feng Zi Ming , Wang Ying Hong , Zhang Pei Cheng
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neolignans from Piper futokadsura and Their Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production.
Authors: Konishi Tenji , Konoshima Takao , Daikonya Akihiro , Kitanaka Susumu
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of 1,2,3,12a,12b‐Hexahydrocyclopropa[1,2‐d]benzo[f]pyrrolo [1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐5,7‐dione Related to Duocarmycins and Anthramycin.
Authors: Venkatram Atigadda , Colley Tara , DeRuiter Jack , Smith Forrest
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Enantiopure Isoprenoid Building Blocks: Application in the Synthesis of Apple Leafminer Pheromones.
Authors: van Summeren Ruben P. , Reijmer Sven J. W. , Feringa Ben L. , Minnaard Adriaan J.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Total Synthesis of the Irciniasulfonic Acids.
Authors: Dobbs Adrian P. , Venturelli Alberto , Butler Laura A. , Parker Robert J.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of the C13—C23 Segment of Tedanolide.
Authors: Ehrlich Gunnar , Kalesse Markus
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Inhibitor Against Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells Transcription from Ribes fasciculatum var. chinense.
Authors: Dat Nguyen Tien , Cai Xing Fu , Shen Quanghai , Lee Im Seon , Kim Young Ho
Published: July 2005

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Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Marine Natural Products Untenone A and Plakevulin A.
Authors: Mizutani Hirotake , Watanabe Masayuki , Honda Toshio
Published: July 2005

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The First Synthesis of Cynandione A.
Authors: Kraus George A. , Choudhury Prabir K.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
General Shape Control of Colloidal CdS, CdSe, CdTe Quantum Rods and Quantum Rod Heterostructures.
Authors: Shieh Felice , Saunders Aaron E. , Korgel Brian A.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Revival of the Magnetoelectric Effect
Authors: Fiebig Manfred
Published: July 2005

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Iron Containing Mesoporous Solids: Preparation, Characterisation, and Surface Properties
Authors: Decyk Piotr , Trejda Maciej , Ziolek Maria
Published: July 2005

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Organising Disordered Matter: Strategies for Ordering the Network of Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Perez‐Pariente Joaquin , Diaz Isabel , Agundez Javier
Published: July 2005

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Isomorphous Substitution in Zeolites
Authors: Aiello Rosario , Nagy Janos B. , Giordano Girolamo , Katovic Andrea , Testa Flaviano
Published: July 2005

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Continuum and Statistical Mechanics‐Based Models for Solid—Electrolyte Interphases in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ploehn Harry J. , Ramadass Premanand , White Ralph E. , Altomare Diego , Balbuena Perla B.
Published: July 2005

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Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin and Lead
Authors: Parr J.
Published: July 2005

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Racemic‐to‐Chiral Transformation and the Chirality Inversion Process in Cobaloxime Complex Crystals Only by Photoirradiation
Authors: Ohashi Yuji
Published: July 2005

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The Solid‐State Ionic Chiral Auxiliary Approach to Asymmetric Induction in Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Scheffer John R.
Published: July 2005

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Basic Approach to Development of Environment‐Friendly Oxidation Catalyst Materials: Mononuclear Hydroperoxo Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Yamaguchi Syuhei , Masuda Hideki
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Sugar Analogues Having a Phosphorus Atom in the Pyranose Ring (Phospha Sugar) and Stereoselectivity of C—P Bond Introduction
Authors: Hanaya Tadashi , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: July 2005

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Recent Developments in Palladium‐Catalyzed Heterocycle Synthesis and Functionalization
Authors: Wolfe John P. , Thomas Jennifer S.
Published: July 2005

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A Survey of Interaction in Some Macrocyclic Compounds
Authors: Takemura Hiroyuki
Published: July 2005

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Recent Advances in Metal‐Mediated Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation Reactions: Aziridination and Amidation
Authors: Halfen Jason A.
Published: July 2005

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Ring Cleaving Reactions of Allylic Ethers and Amines
Authors: Fagnou Keith
Published: July 2005

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1,2‐Cycloaddition Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds and Pentaatomic Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: D'Auria M. , Emanuele L. , Racioppi R.
Published: July 2005

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Alkylation of N‐Substituted 2‐Phenylacetamides
Authors: Mijin Dusan Z. , Misic‐Vukovic Milica M. , Petrovic Slobodan D.
Published: July 2005

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Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [5 + 2], [6 + 2], and [5 + 2 + 1] Cycloadditions: New Reactions for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Gamber Gabriel G. , Williams Travis J.
Published: July 2005

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Ionic Liquids: Solvent Properties and Organic Reactivity
Authors: Chiappe Cinzia , Pieraccini Daniela
Published: July 2005

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Hydrocarbon Conversion on Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Stacchiola D. , Calaza F. , Zheng T. , Tysoe Wilfred T.
Published: July 2005

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Tether‐Directed Multiple Functionalization of Fullerene[60]
Authors: Zhou Zhiguo , Wilson Stephen R.
Published: July 2005

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Solid Phase Synthesis Using Organometallic Reagents
Authors: Graden H. , Kann N.
Published: July 2005

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Branched Selective Hydroformylation: A Useful Tool for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Clarke Matthew L.
Published: July 2005

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Recent Advances in Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Olefin Isomerization and Hydroacylation Reactions
Authors: Fu Gregory C.
Published: July 2005

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Strontium Compounds
Authors: Miyoshi N.
Published: July 2005

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Calcium Compounds
Authors: Mochida K.
Published: July 2005

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Alkyl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Oshima K.
Published: July 2005

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Allylic Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yanagisawa A.
Published: July 2005

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Propargylic Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yanagisawa A.
Published: July 2005

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Aryl Grignard Reagents
Authors: Yanagisawa A.
Published: July 2005

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Thallium Compounds
Authors: Marko I. E.
Published: July 2005

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The World of β‐ and γ‐Peptides Comprised of Homologated Proteinogenic Amino Acids and Other Components
Authors: Seebach Dieter , Beck Albert K. , Bierbaum Daniel J.
Published: July 2005

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Subtilisin‐Catalyzed Glycopeptide Condensation
Authors: Tolbert Thomas J. , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Lipidated Peptides
Authors: Heinemann Ines , Volkert Martin , Waldmann Herbert
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Oligonucleotide—Peptide and Oligonucleotide—Protein Conjugates
Authors: Corey David R.
Published: July 2005

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Cyclopentane Construction by Rhodium(II)‐Mediated Intramolecular C—H Insertion
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , Joshi Pramod V.
Published: July 2005

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The Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Alder‐Ene Reaction
Authors: Brummond Kay M. , McCabe Jamie M.
Published: July 2005

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The Development of Novel Ninhydrin Analogues
Authors: Hansen Darren B. , Joullie Madeleine M.
Published: July 2005

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Recent Advances in Rare Earth Metal Triflate Catalyzed Organic Synthesis in Green Media
Authors: Luo Sanzhong , Zhu Lizhi , Talukdar Arindam , Zhang Guisheng , Mi Xueling , Cheng Jin‐Pei , Wang Peng George
Published: July 2005

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Arthrotome: A specific joint forming compartment in the avian somite
Authors: Mittapalli Venugopal Rao , Huang Ruijin , Patel Ketan , Christ Bodo , Scaal Martin
Published: July 2005

Somitocoele cells previously have been shown to form the proximal part of the ribs, the intervertebral discs, and the intervertebral joints (synovial joints). To determine whether the somitocoele cells are necessary for the development of axial skeleton joints, we microsurgically ablated the somitocoele cells in epithelial somites of 2‐day‐old chick embryos. The operated embryos were analyzed after whole‐mount skeletal preparations and in sections. Removal of the somitocoele cells led to two major outcomes: (1) Intervertebral joints failed to develop and resulted in the fusion of the superior articular process and the inferior articular process; (2) Adjacent vertebral bodies fused and lacked the intervertebral disc. These results demonstrate that somitocoele cells specifically give rise to intervertebral joints and discs. Furthermore, these results suggest that neighboring sclerotome cells cannot adapt to form vertebral joints in the absence of the somitocoele compartment. Thus, we provide for the first time experimental evidence for the existence of a joint forming compartment in the somites, which we term the “arthrotome.” Developmental Dynamics 234:48–53, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies to reduce variation in Xenopus regeneration studies
Authors: Nye Holly L.D. , Cameron Jo Ann
Published: July 2005

In this study, we present strategies for experimental design that minimize variation in Xenopus hindlimb regeneration results. We have standardized our laboratory culture conditions for older stage Xenopus tadpoles. We have established a normal tadpole growth curve for our laboratory and characterized normal tadpole behaviors in an effort to eliminate abnormal tadpoles from our experiments. We have used large sample sizes and statistical analysis to establish normal regeneration performances for seven amputation planes in stages 55–57 tadpole hindlimbs. We have demonstrated that regeneration performance of abnormal tadpoles is significantly different than that of normal tadpoles. We have examined the kinetics of ossification in developing Xenopus hindlimbs, and have found that increasing ossification rates and rates of regeneration decline are inversely correlated. Developmental Dynamics 234:151–158, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen chloride evolution from the heating of poly(vinyl chloride) compounds
Authors: Hirschler Marcelo M.
Published: July 2005

The dehydrochlorination and the thermal decomposition of five PVC materials was studied using two techniques: a batch analytical method, combining ion chromatography and atomic absorption and continuous thermogravimetry. The temperatures studied ranged from 60°C to 120°C, over a period of almost one year (50 weeks). It was found that a very large proportion of the soluble chloride emitted early on by the PVC materials into the liquid phase is not hydrogen chloride. None of the five materials tested emitted significant amounts of HCl at temperatures lower than 105°C. The emissions at 90°C after 50 weeks ranged from <0.01 Φg/g to 23.62 Φg/g. Furthermore, one of the materials tested emitted virtually no HCl, even at 105°C, as the amount of HCl measured was almost indistinguishable from the normal background of the analytical instruments (37.30 Φg/g after 50 weeks).

Numerical calculations of kinetic reaction rates and extrapolation of the results to use temperatures (40°C) indicate that properly stabilized PVC compounds will be unlikely to lose 1% of the mass of PVC as HCl until 2 billion years have passed. This number has no physical meaning as such and may be incorrect by a vast margin, but it clearly indicates that a 1% loss of HCl is unlikely to occur during the useful lifetime of a commercial product into which the PVC material has been fabricated. This is a conservative estimate, which ignores the much higher activation energy for dehydrochlorination at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (ca. 85°C). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in Mixed‐Reactant Fuel Cells
Authors: Shukla A. K. , Raman R. K. , Scott K.
Published: July 2005

The mixed‐reactant fuel cell (MRFC) is a new concept, in which a mixture of aqueous fuel and gaseous oxygen (or air) flows directly through a porous anode‐electrolyte‐cathode structure or through a strip‐cell with an anode‐electrolyte‐cathode configuration. These structures can be single cells or parallel stacks of cells and may be in a planar, tubular or any other geometry. Selectivity in the electrocatalysts for MRFCs is mandatory to minimize mixed‐potential at the electrodes, which otherwise would reduce the available cell voltage and compromise the fuel efficiency. MRFC offers a cost effective solution in fuel cell design, since there is no need for gas‐tight structure within the stack and, as a consequence, considerable reduction in sealing, manifolding and reactants delivery structure is possible. In recent years, significant advances have been made in MRFCs, using methanol as a fuel. This paper reviews the status of mixed reactant fuel cells and reports some recent experimental data for methanol fuel cell systems.
Intrafamilial Transmission of Hepatitis C in Egypt *
Authors: Mohamed Mostafa K. , Abdel-Hamid Mohamed , Mikhail Nabiel N. , Abdel-Aziz Fatma , Medhat Ahmed , Magder Laurence S. , Fix Alan D. , Strickland Thomas G.
Published: July 2005

The incidence of hepatitis C (HCV) infection and associated risk factors were prospectively assessed in a cohort of 6,734 Egyptians from 2 rural villages who were negative for antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV). Initial and follow-up sera were tested for anti-HCV by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and possible incident cases were confirmed by using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) and tested for HCV RNA. All follow-up serum samples converting from negative to positive without detectable HCV-RNA were further tested by recombinant immunoblot assay. Over an average of 1.6 years, asymptomatic anti-HCV seroconversion occurred in 33 people (3.1/1,000 person-years [PY]), including 28 (6.8/1,000 PY) in the Nile Delta village (AES), where prevalence was 24% and 5 (0.8/1,000 PY) in the Upper Egypt village (baseline prevalence of 9%). The strongest predictor of incident HCV was having an anti-HCV–positive family member. Among those that did, incidence was 5.8/1,000 PY, compared (

P

< .001) with 1.0/1,000 PY; 27 of 33 incident cases had an anti-HCV–positive family member. Parenteral exposures increased the risk of HCV but were not statistically significant; 67% of seroconverters were younger than 20 years of age, and the highest incidence rate (14.1/1,000 PY) was in children younger than 10 who were living in AES households with an anti-HCV–positive parent.
In conclusion
, young children would especially benefit from measures reducing exposures or preventing infection with HCV. (Hepatology 2005.)
Genomic analysis of Barrett's esophagus after ablative therapy: Persistence of genetic alterations at tumor suppressor loci
Authors: Hage Mariska , Siersema Peter D. , Vissers Kees J. , Dinjens Winand N.M. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Haringsma Jelle , Kuipers Ernst J. , van Dekken Herman
Published: July 2005

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a major predisposing factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Current strategies for treatment of BE, both dysplastic and nondysplastic, include photodynamic therapy (PDT) and argon plasma coagulation (APC). However, the effect of ablative therapy at the genetic level is unclear. We performed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis of BE in baseline and follow‐up biopsy specimens from 21 patients with BE (17 male, 4 female) treated with PDT and/or APC. At baseline, 14 patients had intestinal metaplasia without dysplasia (MET), 4 low‐grade dysplasia (LGD) and 3 high‐grade dysplasia (HGD). LOH was assessed using a panel of 9 polymorphic markers for evaluation of the P53 gene on 17p, P16 on 9p, DCC and SMAD4 on 18q and the APC gene on 5q. The tissue specimens obtained at baseline (t = 0) were analysed, as well as the first (t = 1; mean interval: 4 months) and last (t = 2; mean interval: 8 months) available biopsy with residual or recurrent BE after ablation. At t = 0, allelic loss was detected of 5q in 27%, 9p in 56%, 17p in 31% and 18q in 6% of informative cases. At t = 1 (18 patients with persistent MET and 3 with LGD) and at t = 2 (8 MET, 2 LGD), the LOH patterns were not statistically different from t = 0. Further, multiple genetic lineages before and after therapy were detected in 15 cases illustrating the multiclonal nature of BE. We conclude that recurrent and/or persistent BE after ablative therapy still contains genetic alterations associated with malignant progression to cancer. Therefore, the goal of treatment should be the complete elimination of Barrett's mucosa. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The osteolytic response of macrophages to challenge with particles of Simplex P, Endurance, Palacos R, and Vertebroplastic bone cement particles in vitro
Authors: Ingram Joanne H. , Kowalski Rick , Fisher John , Ingham Eileen
Published: July 2005

The capacity of clinically relevant wear particles from Simplex P, Endurance, Vertebroplastic and Palacos R bone cements to activate macrophages to produce cytokines and bone resorbing activity in vitro was compared. Cement particles were generated aseptically by using a pin on plate rig. The particles were irregular in shape, and there were no significant differences in the particle characteristics of the different bone cement types (mean equivalent circle diameter range 0.225–0.36 μm, mean area range 0.048–0.063 μm2, mean aspect ratio range 1.481–1.593, and mean length 0.412–0.523 μm). The volumetric concentration of particles in the 0.1‐ to 1.0‐μm size range was 85% Palacos R, 82% Endurance, 80% Simplex P, and 77% Vertebroplastic. Particles were cultured with C3H macrophages at 100 μm3 per cell for 24 h. Cytokines were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and bone resorption (BR) measured by Ca45 release from murine calvarias. Particles of Palacos R and Endurance stimulated enhanced production of TNF‐α, IL‐1‐β, and IL‐6 (p < 0.05; ANOVA). Simplex P particles only stimulated IL‐1‐β (p < 0.05; ANOVA). Vertebroplastic particles did not stimulate production of any of the cytokines. Particles of Palacos R generated the highest BR (1.38), but this did not reach statistical significance. The BRs for the other bone cements were no greater than the control. Hence, compared with the same volumetric concentrations, particles of Palacos R and Endurance were the most, and particles of Vertebroplastic were the least biologically reactive. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Graduality and innovation in the evolution of complex phenotypes: insights from development
Authors: Salazar‐Ciudad Isaac , Jernvall Jukka
Published: July 2005

The neo‐Darwinian paradigm benefits from the assumption that phenotypic variation is gradual and that phenotype and genotype have a relatively simple relationship. These assumptions are historically inherited from the times of the neo‐Darwinian synthesis and, consequently, do not include present understanding about development. In this study, understanding about the dynamics of pattern formation is used to explore to that extent phenotypic variation can be expected to be gradual and simply related to molecular variation. Variation in simple phenotypes seems to fit neo‐Darwinian assumptions but variation in complex phenotypes does not. Instead, variation in complex phenotypes would have a tendency to relatively less gradual evolution, even at microevolutionary time scales, that would make phylogenetic reconstructions more difficult. In addition, they will have a tendency to exhibit specific trends in innovation rates over group radiations with early accelerations and late decelerations. This work also explores further consequences of these results in our understanding of phenotypic evolution.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: Regional variations in the corpus callosum and cortical gray matter
Authors: Degaonkar Mahaveer N. , Pomper Martin G. , Barker Peter B.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To evaluate regional variations of metabolite concentrations in normal adult brain cortical gray matter regions, and the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI).

Materials and Methods

Quantitative, multislice proton MRSI (TR/TE = 2000/280 msec) was performed in 12 normal human volunteers (age = 39 ± 6 years, 7 male). Metabolite concentrations in selected cortical gray matter regions and the corpus callosum were estimated using the phantom replacement methodology.

Results

Frontal and parietal gray matter (PGM) showed strong differences in choline‐containing compound (Cho) concentrations; in particular, Cho was higher in mesial frontal gray matter than in both dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.0005) and PGM (P < 0.004). In contrast, both N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) were relatively uniformly distributed in the cortical gray matter regions evaluated. Significant metabolic differences were found between the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Cho concentrations were significantly higher in genu than splenium (P < 0.005), while Cr was lower (P < 0.004). NAA showed a trend to be higher in the splenium than the genu (P = 0.05).

Conclusion

Metabolite concentrations, particularly Cho, showed strong regional variations both within cortical gray matter regions and between the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Mesial frontal regions showed the highest Cho signals. Differences in spectra presumably reflect underlying changes in structure and cellular composition. Normal spectral variations should always be considered when evaluating pathology within those brain regions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:175–179. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA by in situ hybridization in oral mucosa epithelial cells from anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients
Authors: Rodríguez‐Iñigo Elena , Jiménez Esther , Bartolomé Javier , Ortiz‐Movilla Nuria , Bartolomé Villar Begoña , José Arrieta Juan , Manzarbeitia Felix , Carreño Vicente
Published: July 2005

Several in vitro studies have shown that HIV‐1 can infect CD4 negative epithelial cells of different origin including normal human oral keratinocytes, but whether this infection of mucosal epithelial cells occurs in vivo is still unclear. In this report, the presence and cell types infected by HIV‐1 in paraffin embedded oral mucosa biopsies from 17 anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients have been examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. As controls, oral mucosa biopsies from eight patients without HIV‐1 infection markers were also analyzed. The results showed that 8 out of the 17 anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients had HIV‐1 RNA detectable in plasma. Positive hybridization signals were observed in the mucosa biopsies from 14 of the 17 anti‐HIV‐1 patients (82.3%). The mean percentage of cells showing HIV‐1 RNA was 2.64% ± 1.77% (range: 1% to 5.5%). No differences in the mean percentage of HIV‐1 infected cells were found between patients with and without HIV‐1 RNA in plasma (3.01% ± 1.57% vs. 3.4% ± 1.27% respectively), or between untreated patients and patients under antiretroviral therapy (2.83% ± 1.63% vs. 3.42% ± 1.29% respectively). Immunohistochemical detection of S‐100 antigen, cytokeratin and CD4 showed that hybridization signals appeared in cytokeratin positive cells and CD4 positive cells but not in S‐100 positive cells. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that HIV‐1 infects and replicates in oral mucosa epithelial cells in vivo and that these cells could represent a reservoir of the virus that may escape to the currently used antiretroviral therapy. J. Med. Virol. 77:17–22, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depleted skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA, hyperlactatemia, and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV‐infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Haugaard Steen B. , Andersen Ove , Pedersen Steen B. , Dela Flemming , Richelsen Bjørn , Nielsen Jens Ole , Madsbad Sten , Iversen Johan
Published: July 2005

The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), especially stavudine, may deplete mitochondrial (mt) DNA in human tissues by inhibiting the mitochondrial polymerase gamma, a setting, which is associated with hyperlactatemia. The aim of the present study was to examine whether hyperlactatemia is associated with depletion of skeletal muscle (sm)‐mtDNA and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV‐infected patients on NRTI based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and whether HIV infection itself is associated with sm‐mtDNA depletion. Sm‐mtDNA was determined in 42 HIV‐infected patients (35 patients on HAART including at least one NRTI (HIV‐NRTI) and 7 patients never treated with antiretroviral drugs (NAÏVE)) and 14 healthy controls. Whole body oxidative capacity (ΔGOX) was estimated in HIV‐infected patients by indirect calorimetry. Hyperlactatemia (≥2.0 mM) was detected in six HIV‐NRTI, who all used Stavudine (P < 0.01), displayed depleted sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.02) and decreased ΔGOX (P < 0.01) compared with normolactatemic HIV‐NRTI (n = 29). NAÏVE displayed decreased sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.05), increased HIV‐RNA (P < 0.01) and increased plasma TNF‐α (P < 0.05) compared to all HIV‐NRTI (n = 35), in turn displaying decreased sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Thus, hyperlactatemia in HIV‐NRTI may be associated with pronounced depletion of sm‐mtDNA, decreased oxidative capacity and current stavudine therapy. Further, HIV may deplete sm‐mtDNA of NAÏVE, which in part could be mediated through an enhanced pro‐inflammatory response. J. Med. Virol. 77:29–38, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for monitoring hepatitis C virus core protein during interferon‐α2b and ribavirin therapy in patients with genotype 1 and high viral loads
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Tamori Akihiro , Kohmoto Modoka , Habu Daiki , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Takeda Tadashi , Kawada Norifumi , Seki Shuichi , Shiomi Susumu
Published: July 2005

This study evaluated an updated chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein for monitoring viral kinetics during treatment with interferon (IFN)‐α and ribavirin. Using the CLEIA, serum levels of HCV core protein were measured in 17 patients with genotype 1 and high baseline viral loads during the first 4 weeks of combination therapy. HCV RNA was measured by the Amplicor Monitor test for comparison. At the start of therapy, the median HCV level (interquartile range) was 700 (540–940) kIU/ml of viral RNA and 11,310 (5,528–14,238) fmol/L of core protein. HCV RNA was above the upper limit of the linear range of the Amplicor Monitor test in 13 of the 17 patients, while the core protein level was within the linear range of the CLEIA in all patients. During therapy, the proportion of patients with HCV levels below the cutoff values at each time point was less with the Amplicor Monitor test than with CLEIA. Serum HCV core protein level decreased rapidly during the first 24 hr of therapy and more slowly thereafter, with median exponential decays of 1.08 and 0.046 log10/day, respectively. In the second phase, between day 1 and 28, the median decrease in HCV core protein level was higher in four patients with sustained virologic response (0.13 log10/day) than in 13 patients with no response (0.028 log10/day, P = 0.042). The wide linear range of the HCV core protein assay is appropriate for measuring viral loads during therapy with IFN‐α and ribavirin. J. Med. Virol. 77:77–82, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis in a large sample of common warts in Japan
Authors: Hagiwara Keisuke , Uezato Hiroshi , Arakaki Hajime , Nonaka Shigeo , Nonaka Kimiko , Nonaka Hideo , Asato Tsuyoshi , Oshiro Minoru , Kariya Ken‐ichi , Hattori Akira
Published: July 2005

There have been no large‐scale epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution of common warts in Japan. A total of 213 patients with common warts (104 males and 109 females) in Japan were studied to detect HPV genotype distribution by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing analysis. The results were as follows: 94 HPV‐1a (44.1%), 35 HPV‐4 (16.4%), 30 HPV‐65 (14.1%), 13 HPV‐27 (6.1%), 13 HPV‐2a (6.1%), 9 HPV‐57b (4.22%), 3 HPV‐16 (1.41%), 2 HPV‐6a (0.94%), 2 HPV‐63 (0.94%), and 1 case for each of HPV‐3, ‐5, ‐5b, ‐7, ‐10, ‐21, ‐29, ‐47, ‐56, ‐57, ‐62, and ‐92 (0.47%, respectively). Four cases (1.88%) were found in which two different HPV types were detected within the lesions: one case of HPV‐1a with HPV‐16, one case of HPV‐1a with HPV‐65, one case of HPV‐6a with HPV‐8, and one case of HPV‐65 with HPV‐16. There were seven cases of mucosal types (3.3%), that is, two HPV‐6a, three HPV‐16, one HPV‐56, and one HPV‐62, and three cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)‐related types (1.41%), that is, one HPV‐5, one HPV‐5b (both of which belonged to a high‐risk group), and one HPV‐47 (which belonged to a low‐risk group). To date, this is the largest sequencing‐based study of HPV for common warts in Japan. It is said that common warts are induced predominantly by HPV‐2, ‐27, and ‐57 in European population. However, the present results showed that in Japan they were induced mostly by HPV‐1, ‐4, and ‐65. This suggests that regional differences in HPV genotype distribution may exist between European and Japanese populations. J. Med. Virol. 77:107–112, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected detection of simian SA11—human reassortant strains of rotavirus G3P[8] genotype from diarrhea epidemic among tribal children of Western India
Authors: Awachat Pinki S. , Kelkar Shobhana D.
Published: July 2005

This investigation is in continuation with the earlier studies on diarrhea epidemic due to rotavirus, that occurred at Jawhar western India, among tribal children during Dec 2000–Jan 2001 published by National Institute of Virology, Pune. Three rotavirus strains were isolated in cell culture from fecal specimens of affected children. Monoclonal antibody ELISA and RT‐PCR typed the isolates as G3P [8]. Two isolates agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes thereby indicating their animal origin. Antiserum against simian G3, SA11 neutralized both the isolates largely than antiserum against human G3 (YO). Nucleotide sequencing of VP7 gene, nested PCR product of three isolates, and two original fecal specimens showed 100% identity with both simian G3, SA11 prototype and ROSVP7, SA11 strains whereas, lower identity (82%) with human G3 (YO) strain. Partial sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of fecal specimen FS‐006964 & isolate I‐006964 showed 99% identity with G1P[8] strain, while 80% identity with simian G3P[2], SA11 strain. Thus, the strains appeared to be reassortants between human and simian origin. Serological studies further supported the identity of the causative agent as simian G3, SA11 like strains. Neutralizing antibody titers at very low level against simian G3, SA11 as well as human G3 (YO) strains among the population at Jawhar suggested an overall lack of immunity against the virus. Seroconversion against simian G3, SA11 was shown by six out of seven child patients. Thus, simian G3, SA11 like strains are claimed for the first time as etiological agents of diarrhea in humans. J. Med. Virol. 77:128–135, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal records of climatic change in annually laminated tufas: short review and future prospects
Authors: Andrews J. E. , Brasier A. T.
Published: July 2005

Many Recent and fossil freshwater tufa stromatolites contain millimetre‐scale, alternating laminae of dense micrite and more porous or sparry crystalline calcites. These alternating laminae have been interpreted to represent seasonally controlled differences in the biotic activity of microbes, and/or seasonally controlled changes in the rate of calcification. Either way, couplets of these microbially mediated alternating calcified laminae are generally agreed to represent annual seasonality. Combined stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) and trace element (Mg, Sr, Ba) geochemistry from Recent tufa stromatolites show that seasonal climatic information is available from these calcites. Variability in δ18O (and in one case Mg concentration) has been shown to be controlled primarily by stream temperature change, usually driven by solar insolation. In arid climates, seasonal evaporation can also cause δ18O enrichment by at least 1‰. Variability in δ13C results potentially from: (1) seasonal change in plant uptake of 12C‐enriched CO2; (2) seasonal change in degassing of 12C‐enriched CO2 in the aquifer system; and (3) precipitation of calcite along the aquifer or river flow path, a process that increases δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the remaining water. Mechanisms 2 and 3 are linked because calcite precipitates in aquifers where degassing occurs, e.g. air pockets. The latter mechanism for δ13C enrichment has also been shown to cause sympathetic variation between trace element/Ca ratios and δ13C because trace elements with partition coefficients much greater than 1 (e.g. Sr, Ba) remain preferentially in solution. Since degassing in air pockets will be enhanced during decreased recharge when water saturation of the aquifer is lowest, sympathetic variation in trace element/Ca ratios and δ13C is a possible index of recharge and therefore precipitation intensity.

High‐resolution geochemical data from well‐dated tufa stromatolites have great potential for Quaternary palaeoclimate reconstructions, possibly allowing recovery of annual seasonal climatic information including water temperature variation and change in rainfall intensity. However, careful consideration of diagenetic effects, particularly aggrading neomorphism, needs to be the next step. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of freezing/thawing conditions and long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes
Authors: Álvarez M Dolores , Fernández Cristina , Canet Wenceslao
Published: July 2005

The effects of freezing temperature (−80, −40 or −24 °C) and thawing mode (microwave or overnight at 4 °C) on quality parameters of mashed potatoes made from tubers (cv Kennebec) and from potato flakes were examined, as was the effect of long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes were tested for texture profile analysis (TPA) and cone penetration, oscillatory and steady rheometry, colour, dry matter, Brix and sensory analyses. In natural mashed potatoes, TPA hardness and oscillatory parameters showed that processing resulted in a softer product than the fresh control. The parameters were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C than in those thawed by microwave at all the freezing temperatures used, which may be ascribed to gelatinisation of the starch released from damaged cells. Differences from the freshly prepared product decreased when the samples were frozen at −80 °C and thawed by microwave. No difference was found in sensory acceptability between samples frozen at −80 and −40 °C, which probably reflects the panellists' mixed preferences for air‐thawed versus microwave‐thawed samples. Increasing the time in frozen storage led to a natural mash with a firmer texture, higher L*/b* value and Brix; nonetheless, panellists found the samples at 0, 3 and 12 months of frozen storage equally acceptable. In commercial mash, penetration and oscillatory parameters showed that processing made for a firmer product than the fresh control, probably owing to retrogradation of gelatinised starch. Thawing mode had a significant effect on parameters, which were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C. The structure and quality of commercial mash was more detrimentally affected by freezing and, therefore, we would not recommend either freezing or frozen storage of this mashed potato in the used conditions. Natural mash made from Kennebec potatoes should be frozen quickly and thawed by microwave in the conditions described to obtain a product more similar to that freshly made. If the samples are frozen by air blasting at −40 °C, the product can withstand frozen storage for one year. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Capillary electrophoresis separation of a mixture of chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides derivatized using a modified fluorophore conjugation procedure
Authors: Beaudoin Marie‐Eve , Gauthier Julie , Boucher Isabelle , Waldron Karen C.
Published: July 2005

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of small chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides. For detection purposes, the oligomers were derivatized with 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (APTS), a well known fluorophore for oligosaccharides analysis. The detection was performed by laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) with an argon ion laser having an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and with emission monitored at 520 nm. Derivatization parameters such as reaction time and conditions were examined. Separation conditions were also varied by testing a range of buffer pHs and concentrations. The best conditions were found using an 80 mM borate buffer at pH 8.4. This CE‐LIF optimized method was used for the analysis of an enzymatically produced oligo‐chitosan sample composed of a complex mixture and having an average degree of polymerization of 3.7 monomer units and 80% deacetylation. The oligo‐chitosan sample was treated with a chitin deacetylase‐like enzyme, the products were derivatized with APTS, and then analyzed without purification. The goal was to determine whether the deacetylase‐like enzyme could increase the extent of deacetylation of the oligo‐chitosan sample.
Design of an automated multicapillary instrument with fraction collection for DNA mutation discovery by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE)
Authors: Li Qingbo , Deka Chiranjit , Glassner Brian J. , Arnold Kevin , Li‐Sucholeiki Xiao‐Cheng , Tomita‐Mitchell Aoy , Thilly William G. , Karger Barry L.
Published: July 2005

A fundamental goal in genomics is the discovery of genetic variation that contributes to disease states or to differential drug responses. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection has been the focus of much attention in the study of genetic variation over the last decade. These SNPs typically occur at a frequency greater than 1% in the human genome. Recently, low‐frequency alleles are also being increasingly recognized as critical to obtain an improved understanding of the correlation between genetic variation and disease. Although many methods have been reported for the discovery and scoring of SNPs, sensitive, automated, and cost‐effective methods and platforms for the discovery of low‐frequency alleles are not yet readily available. We describe here an automated multicapillary instrument for high‐throughput detection of low‐frequency alleles from pooled samples using constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis. The instrument features high optical sensitivity (1×10–12 M fluorescein detection limit), precise and stable temperature control (± 0.01°C), and automation for sample delivery, injection, matrix replacement, and fraction collection. The capillary array is divided into six groups of four capillaries, each of which can be independently set at any temperature ranging from room temperature to 90°C. The key performance characteristics of the instrument are reported.
GC separation of 2‐substituted ethyl propionate enantiomers on permethylated and 2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐pentyl β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin stationary phases
Authors: Špánik Ivan , Zebrowski Wojciech , Májek Pavel , Skačáni Ivan , Krupčík Ján , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: July 2005

In this work, the capillary gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of eight congeneric compounds with general formulae CH3‐HCX‐COOC2H5 (where X = Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, OC2H5, OC6H5 and NHCOCF3) on four different permethyl‐ and 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐pentyl‐ β‐ and γ‐CD stationary phases has been studied. The separation of enantiomers was evaluated in terms of the interactions of the X substituent of studied derivatives, as well as the nature of the 3‐O‐alkyl group in the 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐alkyl‐CDs and the CDs cavity size. The differences in thermodynamic data [ΔH and –ΔS] obtained for studied compounds and the selectivity of modified β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin phases in gas chromatographic separation were evaluated. ΔH values were compared with a ΔH value of an achiral standard (ethyl propionate, where X = H) in order to obtain the contribution of a particular substituent to the overall interaction energy. It was shown that the variation in the enantiomeric separation with temperature and the retention order of these compounds on a given cyclodextrin capillary column depends on the nature of the substituents bonded to stereogenic carbon atom. It was found that the temperature dependencies of selectivity factors, ln α on 1/T, were both linear as well as non‐linear, inter alia depending on the number of glucopyranose units of the CD derivatives. The enantiospecific thermodynamic data [Δ21(ΔH)] and [–Δ21(ΔS)] which characterize the chiral recognition in the separation system were used to gain more insight into the mechanistic aspects of the enantioseparations on permethylated and 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐pentyl‐β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrins.
Utilization of capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MSn) for the study of anthocyanin dyes
Authors: Bednář Petr , Papoušková Barbora , Müller Lukáš , Barták Petr , Stávek Jan , Pavloušek Pavel , Lemr Karel
Published: July 2005

Hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was utilized for the monitoring of anthocyanins in wine and wine musts. CE/MS was performed in two electrolytes: 1) an acidic one (chloroacetate‐ammonium, pH 2) and 2) a basic one with high selectivity towards derivatives containing vicinal hydroxy groups (borate‐ammonium, pH 9). The setup of MS was optimized and the fragmentation of common anthocyanins was studied in detail. Attention was also focused on the fragmentation of anthocyanidin skeleton. The anthocyanidins substituted with hydroxy groups fragment via a cascade of neutral losses of water and carbon monoxide. Fragmentation of anthocyanidins containing a methoxy group on their B‐ring starts with the cleavage of methane and/or methyl radical. The optimized method was utilized for the monitoring of changes in anthocyanin profile in red wines as well as the process of release of anthocyanins to wine must.
Estimation of partition coefficients by MEKC Part 2: Anthocyanins
Authors: Müller Lukáš , Bednář Petr , Barták Petr , Lemr Karel , Ševčík Juraj
Published: July 2005

The octanol‐water partition coefficients of seven anthocyanins (in neutral form, pH = 7.0) were measured by means of MEKC. A new iterative method for the estimation of migration time of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and micelles in MEKC is presented. This calculation is based on Gauss‐Newton linearization of the dependence between migration indices and migration times of a set of suitable standards and the application of an advanced statistical evaluation procedure. The values of partition coefficients obtained with the aid of an iterative process are compared with values obtained on use of EOF and micelle markers.
Farmers' perceptions of the role of scattered vegetation in wind erosion control on arable land in Burkina Faso
Authors: Leenders J. K. , Visser S. M. , Stroosnijder L.
Published: July 2005

This paper describes the results of a survey on farmers' perceptions of the effect of woody natural vegetation on wind erosion. Sixty farmers were interviewed in three villages in northern Burkina Faso. The farmers mentioned that the presence of woody vegetation between the crops could benefit yield, but feared competition between the natural vegetation and the crop. Vegetation in a field was considered to increase deposition and decrease erosion on that field. The most important vegetative characteristics that affect wind erosion were, according to the farmers, vegetation's shape, porosity, flexibility and arrangement of the vegetation in the field. At present, most farmers do not apply this knowledge to the management of the natural woody vegetation on their fields. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of the southern Mu US desert in north China over the past 50 years: an analysis using proxies of human activity and climate parameters
Authors: Wang X. , Chen F.‐H. , Dong Z. , Xia D.
Published: July 2005

Many previous studies have attributed the degradation in the Mu Us Desert in China to many centuries of human activity. The present study includes analysis of proxies of human activity such as arable land area, population and livestock number, and variations of precipitation, evaporation, temperature, sand‐driving wind and dust events, covering the period since 1950. It is demonstrated that desertification and vegetation rehabilitation during this period were principally related to the climatic variation, especially correlated to sand‐driving winds. It also suggests that the desert evolution in the past 2000 years was controlled by climate change rather than human activity. Although human activity was significant in the desert evolution processes over the past 50 years, the impacts seems to be overestimated in previous studies. Desertification and desert evolution in the Mu Us Desert are mainly in response to climatic trends and fluctuations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.