bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caracterização sócio-econômica do trabalhador temporário da indústria canavieira em Lagoa da Prata, Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Maciel Maria Regina Alves , Fonseca Alysson Rodrigo , Braga Francisco Assis , Corgozinho Batistina Maria de Souza
Published: November 2011

A indústria sucroalcooleira, nos moldes que se apresenta na atualidade brasileira, implica na geração de impactos econômicos, ambientais e sociais. Nesse último ressalta-se a geração de empregos e a constituição do profissional temporário, o cortador de cana. A pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar algumas variáveis sócio-econômicas relativas ao trabalhador temporário da agroindústria canavieira de Lagoa da Prata, Minas Gerais. O trabalho buscou, mediante uma pesquisa documental exploratória de natureza quantitativa e descritiva, caracterizar o perfil sócio-econômico dos trabalhadores temporários da agroindústria canavieira de Lagoa da Prata - MG. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos trabalhadores temporários do setor sucroalcooleiro são migrantes, homens e jovens, com ensino fundamental incompleto, sendo a maioria não sindicalizado. A presença majoritária de jovens evidencia a correlação entre a disposição física e a força muscular exigida pelo trabalho proposto. A maioria sendo migrantes sazonais pode ser explicada pela inibição dos trabalhadores locais diante do baixo salário oferecido, associados ao trabalho pesado e desgastante do corte da cana. A priorização do trabalhador do sexo masculino em detrimento do sexo feminino se justificou pela superioridade biológica natural para o desempenho do trabalho e pela maior oferta de mão-de-obra.
Promoting Transparency in Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Research
Authors: Ross Joseph S. , Gross Cary P. , Krumholz Harlan M.
Published: November 2011

Strong, evidence-based practice requires that objective, unbiased research be available to inform individual clinical decisions, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and expert guideline recommendations.

Industry has used seeding trials, publication planning, messaging, ghostwriting, and selective publication and reporting of trial outcomes to distort the medical literature and undermine clinical trial research by obscuring information relevant to patients and physicians.

Policies that promote transparency in the clinical trial research process, through improved and expanded disclosure of investigator contributions and funding, comprehensive publicly available trial registration, and independent analysis of clinical trial data analysis may address these subversive practices by improving accountability among industry and investigators. Minimizing marketing's impact on clinical trial research and strengthening the science will protect medical literature's integrity and the public's health.
Sexual Compulsivity, Co-Occurring Psychosocial Health Problems, and HIV Risk Among Gay and Bisexual Men: Further Evidence of a Syndemic
Authors: Parsons Jeffrey T. , Grov Christian , Golub Sarit A.
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We evaluated whether sexual compulsivity fits into a syndemic framework, in which sexual compulsivity is one of a number of co-occurring psychosocial health problems that increase HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM).

Methods. In 2003 and 2004, we conducted an anonymous cross-sectional survey of MSM in New York City (n = 669) by approaching attendees at gay, lesbian, and bisexual community events. We analyzed data by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression.

Results. We found strong positive interrelationships among syndemic factors including sexual compulsivity, depression, childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence, and polydrug use. In bivariate analyses, all syndemic health problems except for childhood sexual abuse were positively related to HIV seropositivity and high-risk sexual behavior. Our multivariate models revealed an array of interrelationships among psychosocial health problems. We found amplified effects of these problems on HIV seropositivity and on the likelihood of engaging in high-risk sexual behavior.

Conclusions. Our findings support the conclusion that sexual compulsivity is a component of a syndemic framework for HIV risk among MSM. HIV prevention interventions should consider the overlapping and compounding effects of psychosocial problems, including sexual compulsivity.
Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics
Authors: Brandt Allan M.
Published: November 2011

Confronted by compelling peer-reviewed scientific evidence of the harms of smoking, the tobacco industry, beginning in the 1950s, used sophisticated public relations approaches to undermine and distort the emerging science.

The industry campaign worked to create a scientific controversy through a program that depended on the creation of industry–academic conflicts of interest. This strategy of producing scientific uncertainty undercut public health efforts and regulatory interventions designed to reduce the harms of smoking.

A number of industries have subsequently followed this approach to disrupting normative science. Claims of scientific uncertainty and lack of proof also lead to the assertion of individual responsibility for industrially produced health risks.
Ethical Justification for Conducting Public Health Surveillance Without Patient Consent
Authors: Lee Lisa M. , Heilig Charles M. , White Angela
Published: November 2011

Public health surveillance by necessity occurs without explicit patient consent.

There is strong legal and scientific support for maintaining name-based reporting of infectious diseases and other types of public health surveillance.

We present conditions under which surveillance without explicit patient consent is ethically justifiable using principles of contemporary clinical and public health ethics. Overriding individual autonomy must be justified in terms of the obligation of public health to improve population health, reduce inequities, attend to the health of vulnerable and systematically disadvantaged persons, and prevent harm. In addition, data elements collected without consent must represent the minimal necessary interference, lead to effective public health action, and be maintained securely.
A Decade of Spore-Forming Bacterial Infections Among European Injecting Drug Users: Pronounced Regional Variation
Authors: Hope Vivian D. , Palmateer Norah , Wiessing Lucas , Marongiu Andrea , White Joanne , Ncube Fortune , Goldberg David
Published: November 2011

The recent anthrax outbreak among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Europe has highlighted an ongoing problem with severe illness resulting from spore-forming bacteria in IDUs. We collated the numbers of cases of 4 bacterial illnesses (botulism, tetanus, Clostridium novyi, and anthrax) in European IDUs for 2000 to 2009 and calculated population rates. Six countries reported 367 cases; rates varied from 0.03 to 7.54 per million people. Most cases (92%) were reported from 3 neighboring countries: Ireland, Norway, and the United Kingdom. This geographic variation needs investigation.
Household Food Insufficiency, Financial Strain, Work–Family Spillover, and Depressive Symptoms in the Working Class: The Work, Family, and Health Network Study
Authors: Okechukwu Cassandra A. , El Ayadi Alison M. , Tamers Sara L. , Sabbath Erika L. , Berkman Lisa
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We evaluated the association of household-level stressors with depressive symptoms among low-wage nursing home employees.

Methods. Data were collected in 2006 and 2007 from 452 multiethnic primary and nonprimary wage earners in 4 facilities in Massachusetts. We used logistic regression to estimate the association of depressive symptoms with household financial strain, food insufficiency, and work–family spillover (preoccupation with work-related concerns while at home and vice versa).

Results. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with household financial strain (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 3.21) and food insufficiency (OR = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.10, 4.18). Among primary earners, stratified analyses showed that food insufficiency was associated with depressive symptoms (OR = 3.60; 95% CI = 1.42, 9.11) but financial strain was not. Among nonprimary wage earners, depressive symptoms correlated with financial strain (OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 1.48, 9.01) and work–family spillover (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.11, 9.35).

Conclusions. Household financial strain, food insufficiency, and work–family spillover are pervasive problems for working populations, but associations vary by primary wage earner status. The prevalence of food insufficiency among full-time employees was striking and might have a detrimental influence on depressive symptoms and the health of working-class families.
Wellness Incentives, Equity, and the 5 Groups Problem
Authors: Schmidt Harald
Published: November 2011

Wellness incentives are an increasingly popular means of encouraging participation in prevention programs, but they may not benefit all groups equally.

To assist those planning, conducting, and evaluating incentive programs, I describe the impact of incentives on 5 groups: the “lucky ones,” the “yes-I-can” group, the “I'll-do-it-tomorrow” group, the “unlucky ones,” and the “leave-me-alone” group. The 5 groups problem concerns the question of when disparities in the capacity to use incentive programs constitute unfairness and how policymakers ought to respond.

I outline 4 policy options: to continue to offer incentives universally, to offer them universally but with modifications, to offer targeted rather than universal programs, and to abandon incentive programs altogether.
Social Gradients in the Health of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Shepherd Carrington C. J. , Li Jianghong , Zubrick Stephen R.
Published: November 2011

The pattern of association between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes has primarily depicted better health for those who are higher in the social hierarchy. Although this is a ubiquitous finding in the health literature, little is known about the interplay between these factors among indigenous populations. We begin to bridge this knowledge gap by assessing evidence on social gradients in indigenous health in Australia. We reveal a less universal and less consistent socioeconomic status patterning in health among Indigenous Australians, and discuss the plausibility of unique historical circumstances and social and cultural characteristics in explaining these patterns. A more robust evidence base in this field is fundamental to processes that aim to reduce the pervasive disparities between indigenous and nonindigenous population health.
Hispanic Lesbians and Bisexual Women at Heightened Risk or Health Disparities
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jun , Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I.
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We investigated whether elevated risks of health disparities exist in Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women aged 18 years and older compared with non-Hispanic White lesbians and bisexual women and Hispanic heterosexual women.

Methods. We analyzed population-based data from the Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2003–2009) using adjusted logistic regressions.

Results. Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women, compared with Hispanic heterosexual women, were at elevated risk for disparities in smoking, asthma, and disability. Hispanic bisexual women also showed higher odds of arthritis, acute drinking, poor general health, and frequent mental distress compared with Hispanic heterosexual women. In addition, Hispanic bisexual women were more likely to report frequent mental distress than were non-Hispanic White bisexual women. Hispanic lesbians were more likely to report asthma than were non-Hispanic White lesbians.

Conclusions. The elevated risk of health disparities in Hispanic lesbians and bisexual women are primarily associated with sexual orientation. Yet, the elevated prevalence of mental distress for Hispanic bisexual women and asthma for Hispanic lesbians appears to result from the cumulative risk of doubly disadvantaged statuses. Efforts are needed to address unique health concerns of diverse lesbians and bisexual women.
Disability Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Disparities in Prevalence and Risk
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I. , Kim Hyun-Jun , Barkan Susan E.
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We used population-based data to comprehensively examine disability among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.

Methods. We estimated prevalence of disability and its covariates and compared by sexual orientation by utilizing data from the Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 82 531) collected in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between disability and sexual orientation, after we controlled for covariates of disability.

Results. Findings indicated that the prevalence of disability is higher among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with their heterosexual counterparts; lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults with disabilities are significantly younger than heterosexual adults with disabilities. Higher disability prevalence among lesbians and among bisexual women and men remained significant after we controlled for covariates of disability.

Conclusions. Higher rates of disability among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults are of major concern. Efforts are needed to prevent, delay, and reduce disabilities as well as to improve the quality of life for lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults with disabilities. Future prevention and intervention efforts need to address the unique concerns of these groups.
Repeat Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in California, 2002–2006: Implications for Syphilis Elimination Efforts
Authors: Cohen Stephanie E. , Chew Ng Rilene A. , Katz Kenneth A. , Bernstein Kyle T. , Samuel Michael C. , Kerndt Peter R. , Bolan Gail
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We examined rates of and risk factors for repeat syphilis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in California.

Methods. We analyzed 2002 to 2006 California syphilis surveillance system data.

Results. During the study period, a mean of 5.9% (range: 4.9%–7.1% per year) of MSM had a repeat primary or secondary (PS) syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. There was no significant increase in the annual proportion of MSM with a repeat syphilis infection (P = .42). In a multivariable model, factors associated with repeat syphilis infection were HIV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14, 2.37), Black race (OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.04), and 10 or more recent sex partners (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.12, 3.50).

Conclusions. Approximately 6% of MSM in California have a repeat PS syphilis infection within 2 years of an initial infection. HIV infection, Black race, and having multiple sex partners are associated with increased odds of repeat infection. Syphilis elimination efforts should include messages about the risk for repeat infection and the importance of follow-up testing. Public health attention to individuals repeatedly infected with syphilis may help reduce local disease burdens.
Who Will Deliver on the Promise?
Authors: Northridge Mary E. , Healton Cheryl G.
Published: November 2011

The Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) Core Competency Model aspires to rigorously train future leaders of public health practice to direct and advance societal efforts that address socially rooted causes of health and illness.

Although there is no proven formula for success, 3 principles derived from practice may guide the way forward: (1) institutionalize mutual learning and reciprocity between schools of public health and public health agencies and organizations, (2) capitalize on the full resources of the larger university to enrich the educational experiences of DrPH candidates and public health leaders, and (3) globalize the search for model DrPH programs that may be adapted for US schools.

Schools of public health must ensure that DrPH programs gain the status and resources needed to fulfill their societal mandate.
Acrylonitrile has Distinct Hormetic Effects on Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Mouse Brain and Blood that are Modulated by Ethanol
Authors: Yuanqing He , Suhua Wang , Guangwei Xing , Chunlan Ren , Hai Qian , Wenrong Xu , Rongzhu Lu , Aschner Michael , Milatovic Dejan
Published: November 2011

Acrylonitrile(AN) is a neurotoxin both in animals and humans, but its effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity remain controversial. This study aimed to determine the dose-response effects of AN on AChE activity and the modulatory role of ethanol pretreatment. A total of 144 Kunming mice were randomly divided into 18 groups: nine groups received 5% ethanol in their drinking water, and the remaining nine groups received regular tap water. One week later, both the ethanol and tap water only groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of AN at the following doses: 0 (control), 0.156, 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg AN/kg body weight. AChE activity was determined on whole blood and brain 24 h later. Blood AChE activity was higher in AN-injected mice than in controls at all doses. AChE activity in blood increased in a dose-dependent manner, peaking at 0.156 mg/kg, after which a gradual decrease ensued, displaying a β-typed dose-response relationship. In contrast, brain AChE activity, following a single AN injection, was consistently lower than in control mice, and continued to fall up to a dose of 0.313 mg/kg, and thereafter increased gradually with higher doses. Mice receiving a 20 mg/kg dose of AN exhibited AChE brain activity indistinguishable from that of control mice, demonstrating a typical U-typed dose-response relationship. The activity of AChE in the blood and brain of the AN + ethanol-treated groups displayed a shift to the right, and the magnitude of the decrease in AChE activity induced by AN was attenuated relative to the AN-only group. These results suggest that AN affects AChE activity in both mouse blood and brain in a hormetic manner. Pretreatment with ethanol modifies the effect of AN on AChE, indicating that parent AN has a more prominent role than its metabolites in modulating enzyme activity.
AKI Associated with Macroscopic Glomerular Hematuria
Authors: Moreno Juan Antonio , Martín-Cleary Catalina , Gutiérrez Eduardo , Toldos Oscar , Blanco-Colio Luis Miguel , Praga Manuel , Ortiz Alberto , Egido Jesús
Published: November 2011

Hematuria is a common finding in various glomerular diseases. This article reviews the clinical data on glomerular hematuria and kidney injury, as well as the pathophysiology of hematuria-associated renal damage. Although glomerular hematuria has been considered a clinical manifestation of glomerular diseases without real consequences on renal function and long-term prognosis, many studies performed have shown a relationship between macroscopic glomerular hematuria and AKI and have suggested that macroscopic hematuria-associated AKI is related to adverse long-term outcomes. Thus, up to 25% of patients with macroscopic hematuria–associated AKI do not recover baseline renal function. Oral anticoagulation has been associated with glomerular macrohematuria–related kidney injury. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms may account for the tubular injury found on renal biopsy specimens. Mechanical obstruction by red blood cell casts was thought to play a role. More recent evidence points to cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress induced by hemoglobin, heme, or iron released from red blood cells. These mechanisms of injury may be shared with hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria-induced AKI. Heme oxygenase catalyzes the conversion of heme to biliverdin and is protective in animal models of heme toxicity. CD163, the recently identified scavenger receptor for extracellular hemoglobin, promotes the activation of anti-inflammatory pathways, opening the gates for novel therapeutic approaches.
The Effect of High-Flux Hemodialysis on Hemoglobin Concentrations in Patients with CKD
Authors: Schneider Andreas , Drechsler Christiane , Krane Vera , Krieter Detlef H. , Scharnagl Hubert , Schneider Markus P. , Wanner Christoph
Published: November 2011

Background and objectives

Hemodialysis treatment induces markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, which could affect hemoglobin levels and the response to erythropoietin use. This study sought to determine whether high-flux dialysis would help improve markers of renal anemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress compared with low-flux dialysis.

Design, settings, participants, & measurements

In a prospective, controlled study, 221 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis and receiving darbepoetin-alfa treatment (mean age, 66 years; 55% male) from 19 centers were screened in a 20-week run-in period of low-flux hemodialysis with a synthetic dialysis membrane. Thereafter, 166 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive a synthetic high-flux membrane or to continue on low-flux dialysis for 52 weeks. Data on myeloperoxidase, oxidized LDL, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and the Malnutrition Inflammation Score were collected at baseline and after 52 weeks; routine laboratory data, such as hemoglobin, ferritin, and albumin, and the use of darbepoetin-alfa, were also measured in the run-in period.

Results

After 52 weeks, the low-flux and the high-flux groups did not differ with respect to hemoglobin (mean ± SD, 11.7±0.9 g/dl versus 11.7±1.1 g/dl; P=0.62) or use of darbepoetin-alfa (mean dosage ± SD, 29.8±24.8 μg/wk versus 26.0±31.1 μg/wk; P=0.85). Markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, or nutritional status also did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

Over 1 year, high-flux dialysis had no superior effects on hemoglobin levels or markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutritional status. These data do not support the hypothesis that enhanced convective toxin removal would improve patient outcome.
Timing and Determinants of Erythropoietin Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Mercadal Lucile , Metzger Marie , Casadevall Nicole , Haymann Jean Philippe , Karras Alexandre , Boffa Jean-Jacques , Flamant Martin , Vrtovsnik François , Stengel Bénédicte , Froissart Marc
Published: November 2011

Background and objectives

Anemia in patients with CKD is highly related to impaired erythropoietin (EPO) response, the timing and determinants of which remain unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study measured EPO levels and studied their relation to GFR measured by 51Cr-EDTA renal clearance (mGFR) in 336 all-stage CKD patients not receiving any erythropoiesis-stimulating agent.

Results

In patients with anemia defined by World Health Organization criteria (hemoglobin [Hb] <13 g/dl in men and 12 g/dl in women), EPO response to Hb level varied by mGFR level. EPO and Hb levels were negatively correlated (r=−0.22, P=0.04) when mGFR was >30 ml/min per 1.73 m2, whereas they were not correlated when mGFR was <30 (r=0.09, P=0.3; P for interaction=0.01). In patients with anemia, the ratio of observed EPO to the level predicted by the equation for their Hb level decreased from 0.72 (interquartile range, 0.57–0.95) for mGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 to 0.36 (interquartile range, 0.16–0.69) for mGFR <15. Obesity, diabetes with nephropathy other than diabetic glomerulopathy, absolute iron deficiency, and high C-reactive protein concentrations were associated with increased EPO levels, independent of Hb and mGFR.

Conclusions

Anemia in CKD is marked by an early relative EPO deficiency, but several factors besides Hb may persistently stimulate EPO synthesis. Although EPO deficiency is likely the main determinant of anemia in patients with advanced CKD, the presence of anemia in those with mGFR >30 ml/min per 1.73 m2 calls for other explanatory factors.
A new approach to analysis of accumulation and enrichment of heavy metals in Danube River sediment along the Iron Gate reservoir in Serbia
Authors: Vukovic Zivorad , Vukovic Dubravka , Radenkovic Mirjana , Stankovic Srboljub
Published: November 2011

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) and long-lived radionuclides
(U, Th, Cs) along the Iron Gate reservoir of the River Danube in Serbia were
determined. In years 2005-2009, water and sediments were sampled at six
sites along 200 km of the River Danube from Belgrade to Djerdap (Iron Gate)
hydroelectric power plant. The concentrations of heavy metals in sediment
were found to be in the intervals: 27.9-149.3 mg kg-1 for Cu, 55.2-228.4 mg
kg-1 for Zn, 13.5-71.6 mg kg-1 for Pb , 0.3-25.2 mg kg-1 for Cd, and
4.0-17.5 Bq l-1 for 137Cs. These values are in correlation with
concentrations in river water when expressed by the equilibrium coefficients
(Kd) between solid and liquid phases. The behaviors of heavy metals were
evaluated by applying models for the prediction of pollutants? behavior in
rivers. The fluxes of heavy metals from water to sediment and vice versa
were also determined.
The Contribution of Endothelial Marker Proteins in the Determination of Vascular Angiogenic Potential, in Normal Physiological Conditions and in Neoplasia
Authors: Konwerska Aneta , Janik Beata , Malinska Agnieszka , Witkiewicz Wojciech , Zabel Maciej
Published: November 2011

Recently, the most significant studies in the field of angiogenesis are related to trials concerning the evaluation of the prognostic significance of endothelial markers. By using an estimation of the expression of endothelial cell markers, immunohistochemical studies can assess for the continuity of the vascular intima, as well as allow for the distinction of early, late and mature forms of endothelial cells. The determination of the endothelial cell phenotype using markers such as CD34, CD31, CD133, e-NOS and von Willebrand factor may provide a valuable tool for the monitoring of both normal physiology as well as neoplastic diseases.
New and Rare Species of Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Crimea, Ukraine
Authors: Baranov V.
Published: November 2011

New and Rare Species of Orthocladiinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Crimea, Ukraine

Parorthocladius korneyeviBaranov, sp. n. andProsmittia valentinaeBaranov, sp. n. from the Crimean Peninsula are described and illustrated. Three species of Orthocladiinae:Bryophaenocladius akiensis(Sasa, Shimomura et Matsuo, 1991),Corynoneura lacustrisEdwards, 1924 andMetriocnemus eurynotus(Holmgren, 1883) are recorded for the first time from the Ukraine.
Gravitational field of the homogeneous rotational ellipsoidal body: a simple derivation and applications
Authors: Pohánka Vladimír
Published: November 2011

Gravitational field of the homogeneous rotational ellipsoidal body: a simple derivation and applications

We calculate the gravitational intensity and potential of a homogeneous body with the shape of the rotational ellipsoid. The calculation is performed in ellipsoidal coordinates and uses the properties of harmonic functions expressed as ellipsoidal harmonics. The resulting formulae for the internal and external fields are expressed in ellipsoidal coordinates and (in the case of external field) also in spherical coordinates. The results are used in the calculation of the gravitational field of a layered body whose layer boundaries are rotational ellipsoids with common centre and rotational axis; the density in each layer is constant. The equilibrium of such a layered rotating body is examined: it is found that there is no equilibrium for such a body except the case that the body is homogeneous (thus proving once more the important, but rarely mentioned, fact).
Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves Via Optical Silica Glass Fiber Doped by 7.5% of TiO2 with the Use of Power Sandwich Transducer
Authors: Muc Sylwia , Gudra Tadeusz
Published: November 2011

The possibility of acoustic wave propagation in optical waveguides creates new prospects for simultaneous transmission of laser beams and ultrasonic waves. Combined laser-ultrasonic technology could be useful in e.g. surgical treatment. The article presents the results of experimental studies of transmission of ultrasonic wave in optical fibres, the core of which is doped by 7.5% of TiO2, using a sandwich-type transducer. It also presents amplitude characteristics of an ultrasonic signal propagated in the optical fibre. Authors studied the effect which the length of the fibre has on the achieved output signal amplitudes. They presented the relation of the output signal amplitude from a capacitive sensor to the power applied to the sandwich-type transducer. The obtained results were compared with the results produced when using an optical fibre with a core doped by 3% of GeO2, in order to select optical fibre suitable for simultaneous transmission of ultrasonic waves and laser rays.
Preventing Noise and Vibration During the 60 Years of Activity of the Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute
Authors: Zawieska Wiktor , Pleban Dariusz
Published: November 2011

In 2010, the Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute celebrated the 60th anniversary of its activity. Primary objectives of the Institute have been and continue to be the protection of employees against any hazards at work stations. Among the numerous hazards, vibroacoustic ones are becoming prevailing. Therefore, one can now dare to say that the 60 years of activity of the Central Institute for Labour Protection have also meant 60 years of preventing noise and vibration in the working environment. For those 60 years of activity, Central Institute for Labour Protection has been associated with outstanding acousticians and vibration specialists. The first chairperson of the Scientific Council of the Central Institute for Labour Protection was Professor Ignacy Malecki, one of the most outstanding Polish scientists. Chairpersons of the Council have also included Professor Adam Lipowczan and Professor Zbigniew Engel and the members of the Council have included Professor Stefan Ziemba and Professor Jerzy Sadowski.
An Investigation of Tone Perception and Production in German Learners of Mandarin
Authors: Ding Hongwei , Hoffmann Rüdiger , Jokisch Oliver
Published: November 2011

This study investigates the possible errors related to Mandarin tone perception and production by German speakers. In a preliminary test, 23 German listeners should identify the tones of 186 monosyllables. Results show that exposure to Mandarin Chinese can help to discriminate lexical tones as highly expected. In the main experiment, 17 German subjects were asked to take part in a perception and production test. Stimulus of perception involves 48 monosyllables uttered by a standard professional Chinese speaker; acoustic measures were conducted to analyze the production of 72 monosyllables for each subject. It is found that German speakers have much smallerf0 range than Chinese native speakers. Findings can provide implications for cross language studies and teaching practices.
Megamerinidae (Diptera), a new family for Portugal
Authors: Andrade Rui
Published: November 2011

Megamerinidae (Diptera), a new family for Portugal

Megamerina dolium (Fabricius, 1805), a usually infrequently collected medium-sized fly occurring in forested areas, is the sole known representative of Megamerinidae in Europe, currently recorded for twenty-one countries. In this article the species is reported for the first time in Portugal, and consequently the first time the family is recorded for this country as well. This record represents the westernmost limit of the distribution of this species.
Complex Versus Simple Ankle Movement Training in Stroke Using Telerehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Deng Huiqiong , Durfee William K. , Nuckley David J. , Rheude Brandon S. , Severson Amy E. , Skluzacek Katie M. , Spindler Kristen K. , Davey Cynthia S. , Carey James R.
Published: November 2011

Background

Telerehabilitation allows rehabilitative training to continue remotely after discharge from acute care and can include complex tasks known to create rich conditions for neural change.

Objectives

The purposes of this study were: (1) to explore the feasibility of using telerehabilitation to improve ankle dorsiflexion during the swing phase of gait in people with stroke and (2) to compare complex versus simple movements of the ankle in promoting behavioral change and brain reorganization.

Design

This study was a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Training was done in the participant’s home. Testing was done in separate research labs involving functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multi-camera gait analysis.

Patients

Sixteen participants with chronic stroke and impaired ankle dorsiflexion were assigned randomly to receive 4 weeks of telerehabilitation of the paretic ankle.

Intervention

Participants received either computerized complex movement training (track group) or simple movement training (move group).

Measurements

Behavioral changes were measured with the 10-m walk test and gait analysis using a motion capture system. Brain reorganization was measured with ankle tracking during fMRI.

Results

Dorsiflexion during gait was significantly larger in the track group compared with the move group. For fMRI, although the volume, percent volume, and intensity of cortical activation failed to show significant changes, the frequency count of the number of participants showing an increase versus a decrease in these values from pretest to posttest measurements was significantly different between the 2 groups, with the track group decreasing and the move group increasing.

Limitations

Limitations of this study were that no follow-up test was conducted and that a small sample size was used.

Conclusions

The results suggest that telerehabilitation, emphasizing complex task training with the paretic limb, is feasible and can be effective in promoting further dorsiflexion in people with chronic stroke.
Physical Fitness in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: Comparison With Population Controls
Authors: Halvorsen Silje , Vøllestad Nina K. , Fongen Camilla , Provan Sella A. , Semb Anne G. , Hagen Kåre B. , Dagfinrud Hanne
Published: November 2011

Background

Although flexibility traditionally has been the main focus for physical therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), there is now evidence for an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in this group.

Objective

The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular capacity, flexibility, and balance) in patients with AS and controls and (2) to explore associations between physical fitness and disease activity in the patient group.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Methods

The physical fitness variables were cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill test for estimation of peak oxygen uptake [V̇o2peak]), muscular capacity (push-ups test), balance (30-second single-leg stand and walking in a figure-of-eight pattern), and flexibility (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index [BASMI]). The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) was used to assess disease activity. Group differences and associations were tested with the chi-square test for categorical variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for ordinal variables, and analysis of covariance for continuous variables.

Results

One hundred forty-nine of 250 of the invited patients with AS and 133 of 329 of the invited controls were included in the study. The mean ASDAS score of the patient group was 2.3 (range=0.5–4.7), and the median disease duration was 23 years (range=7–55). The patient group had significantly lower V̇o2 peak values, with a mean difference of −2.7 mL·kg−1·min−1 (95% confidence interval=−4.3, −1.1), and higher BASMI scores, with a mean difference of 1.6 (95% confidence interval=1.5, 1.8), compared with the control group. No group differences were found in balance or muscular capacity. In the patient group, significant inverse associations were found between ASDAS scores and V̇o2peak and muscular capacity.

Limitations

The response rate was lower in the control group (40.4%) than in the patient group (59.6%).

Conclusion

The lower cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced flexibility in the AS group indicate that physical therapy programs should include cardiorespiratory fitness exercises as a basic component to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Development of an Open-Source Toolbox for the Analysis and Visualization of Remotely Sensed Time Series
Authors: Blok Connie A. , Turdukulov Ulanbek D. Turdukulov , Zurita-Milla Raul , Retsios Vasilios , Schouwenburg Martin , Metaferia Mekonnen
Published: November 2011

The GEONETCast data-dissemination system delivers free multi-source raw satellite images and processed products to users worldwide; from these data, users can construct long time series to study dynamic phenomena. To explore these dynamics, using an animation with few controls is common practice. But animations easily produce information overload leading to change blindness, a problem that can be addressed in various ways. We present a combination of analytical and visual functionalities to better support visual exploration of animated time series. Analytical pre-processing functions include slicing and tracking of objects of interest. Results of the slicing and the tracking are input to the visualization environment, which is further enriched by tools to make various time, attribute, and area selections and by options to visually enhance selections relative to their surroundings, visualize the path of moving objects, and multiple layers. The resulting toolbox is dedicated to visual exploration and analysis of dynamic phenomena in time series. A case study demonstrates, with a use scenario, how it works. Early exposure of some visualization functions to users has already led to improvements, but more extensive testing will follow after further enrichment of the toolbox. Directions of future research are described.
Toward Appropriate Representations of Quantitative Data in Virtual Environments
Authors: Bleisch Susanne
Published: November 2011

Displays of quantitative data within three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments are quickly created with today's technological options, but we know little about the appropriateness of such representations. Based on two-dimensional (2D) cartographic knowledge and popular symbolization usage, six potentially appropriate proportional symbols for the display of quantitative data in virtual environments are experimentally tested: 2D bars, 3D bars, and 2D circles, with and without reference frames indicating the largest possible value. The results show that 2D bars are most efficient and effective, as evaluated through two elementary tasks (indicating the larger symbol and comparing symbol sizes); 3D bars are less and 2D circles least efficient and effective. The use of reference frames improves the effectiveness but not the efficiency of task completion.
The Gendered Dimensions of Sexting: Assessing the Applicability of Canada's Child Pornography Provision
Authors: Bailey Jane , Hanna Mouna
Published: November 2011

Des conséquences graves et négatives à court et à long terme peuvent découler du sexting auquel s'adonnent les adolescents et les adolescentes, surtout lorsque des images sont distribuées à d'autres récipiendaires que ceux visés au départ; ces images nuisent à la personne représentée et risquent de nuire aussi à l'ensemble des adolescents, des adolescentes et des enfants. Bien que certains États américains aient poursuivi des adolescents et des adolescentes pour des infractions de pornographie juvénile aussi bien pour du sexting entre deux personnes consentantes que pour la distribution non autorisée d'images sexuelles, on ne rapporte pas beaucoup de poursuites pour sexting au Canada. Même s'il y a plusieurs bonnes raisons pour que les autorités canadiennes n'entament pas de poursuites contre des jeunes du même âge qui font du sexting entre eux avec consentement, les dispositions concernant la pornographie juvénile au Canada pourraient, techniquement, s'appliquer à certains cas de ce genre de sexting tout autant qu'à la distribution non autorisée. L'applicabilité technique des dispositions concernant le sexting entre deux personnes consentantes peut être vécue de façon inégale par les filles, qui semblent déjà plus susceptibles que les garçons d'envoyer une image sexualisée d'elles-mêmes et, ce faisant, de subir des conséquences sociales fâcheuses. Les poursuivants ne devraient pas aggraver les conséquences sociales fâcheuses que les filles subissent déjà de façon disproportionnée en les criminalisant pour sexting avec des partenaires intimes à qui elles ont naïvement fait confiance pour préserver leur confidentialité. Les autorités judiciaires ne devraient pas non plus hésiter à entamer des poursuites à l'égard d'anciens amis intimes qui distribuent ces images sans autorisation lorsque cela concerne les objectifs sous-jacents aux dispositions sur la pornographie juvénile.
Failure to Acknowledge High Suicide Risk among Veterinarians
Authors: Skipper Gregory E. , Williams Jerome B.
Published: November 2011

A high suicide risk has been reported among veterinarians in comparison to the general population. Postulated causes have included depression, substance abuse, work-related stress, reluctance to admit psychiatric problems, and access to lethal drugs and/or familiarity with euthanasia. Members of the Student Chapter of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), all veterinarians licensed in Alabama, and all US veterinary-association executive directors were surveyed regarding their attitudes concerning mental health issues, including veterinarian suicide. Only 10% of veterinary student respondents (N=58) believed that suicide risk is higher among veterinarians than in the general population. Of the 22 state associations' executive directors who participated in the survey, 37% believed that suicide is a significant concern for veterinarians and only 44% indicated that a veterinary wellness program was available in their respective states. Of the 1,455 licensed veterinarians in Alabama, 701 responded to the survey; 11% of respondents believed that suicide among veterinarians was a problem. In addition, 66% of respondents indicated that they had been “clinically depressed,” but 32% of those with depression had not sought treatment. More females (27%) than males (20%) admitted that they had “seriously considered suicide” (p<.01). Female veterinarians were more likely than male veterinarians (15% versus 7%) to indicate that they were “not sure they'd made the right career choice” (p<.001), and 4% of all respondents indicated “definitely not being happy with their career.” It is of concern that veterinarians not only have a higher risk of suicide but that they also have fewer support structures. The wide discrepancies between the published risk of suicide for veterinarians and their own views of their risk suggests an inadequate awareness of their own mental health vulnerability which could put them at higher risk.
A Review of Student Evaluation of Teaching: Applications to Veterinary Medical Education
Authors: Beran Tanya N. , Donnon Tyrone , Hecker Kent
Published: November 2011

Student evaluation of teaching is ubiquitous to teaching in colleges and universities around the world. Since the implementation of student evaluations in the 1970s in the US, considerable research has been devoted to their appropriate use as a means of judging the effectiveness of teaching. The present article aims to (1) examine the evidence for the reliability, validity, and utility of student ratings; (2) provide seven guidelines for ways to identify effective instruction, given that the purpose of student evaluation is to assess effective teaching; and (3) conclude with recommendations for the integration of student ratings into the continuous evaluation of veterinary medical education.
Rafting structure formation during solution treatment in a nickel-based superalloy
Authors: Zhao Kai , Lou Langhong
Published: November 2011

When solution treatment was carried out at 1553 K, a rafting structure formed even above the dissolution temperature of the γ' phase in a liquid metal cooling directionally solidified nickel-based superalloy. This abnormal coarsening behavior may be induced by the phase transformation stress due to the dissolution of non-uniform distribution of the γ/γ' eutectic. Electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the stress.
Effect of welding sequence on residual stress distributions in GTA welding of AA5251 plate
Authors: Kohandehghan A. R. , Serajzadeh S.
Published: November 2011

In this paper, a thermo-mechanical model has been used to predict the temperature history and residual stress distribution in gas tungsten arc welding of AA5251 plates. This model has also been utilized to estimate the residual stresses under different welding sequences, while in the model the effect of temperature on material properties were taken into account. In order to verify the predictions, residual stresses within the welded samples and weld pool geometry were experimentally measured employing hole drilling and macro-examination of weld cross-section, respectively. The comparison between numerical and experimental data shows a reasonable agreement. The predictions show that the welding sequence has a major effect on maximum temperature and temperature distribution as well as stress and plastic strain distributions around the weld.
Craniovertebral junction abnormalities with hindbrain herniation and syringomyelia: regression of syringomyelia after removal of ventral craniovertebral junction compression
Authors: Menezes Arnold H.
Published: November 2011

Object

Hindbrain herniation syndrome, or Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I), occurs frequently with craniovertebral junction (CVJ) abnormalities when there is reduction in the posterior fossa volume. Syringomyelia is often present. Posterior fossa dorsal decompression (PFDD) is typically performed but has adverse results when ventral bone abnormality exists. This paper presents the results of a prospective study on CVJ abnormalities in patients with CM-I and syringomyelia.

Methods

Between 1984 and 2008 (the MR imaging era), 298 patients with CVJ abnormalities and CM-I underwent ventral cervicomedullary decompression. Eighty-four patients had associated syringomyelia (15 with secondary invagination and 69 with primary basilar invagination, os odontoideum, or malunion of fractures). Of these 84 patients with CVJ abnormalities, CM-I, and syringomyelia, 46 had previously undergone PFDD, and 28 had previously undergone PFDD combined with fusion procedures or shunt placements. Of the 84 patients, a cervicothoracic syrinx was observed in 57, thoracic syrinx in 14, and holocord syrinx in 13. Studies included CT, MR imaging, and cine flow studies. All 298 patients who underwent ventral CVJ decompression had irreducible or partially reducible pathology. All 84 with syringomyelia showed brainstem dysfunction, lower cranial nerve symptoms, or myelopathy.

Results

Brainstem signs improved in 66 of the 84 patients, myelopathy improved in 58, and syringomyelia regressed in 64.

Conclusions

Neurological improvement and syringomyelia resolution can occur using only ventral cervicomedullary junction decompression in patients with basilar invagination and basilar impression. This is likely due to the relief of neural encroachment and reestablishment of CSF pathways.