bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Business of Bitcoinsâ€™ Appreciated Allure, with the Glint of Regulation: A Review
Authors: Barry Dr. Todd J.
Published: February 2025

This systematic review article analyzes that a feature missing in the common economic conditions for money is the â€œallureâ€ or â€œappreciationâ€ of it, with specific application to the history of money, the rise of bitcoins, their technological advancement, the potential of future regulation, and the overall future possibilities of money.  Are bitcoins a commodity, an investment, a speculative asset, a fiat currency, or all of the above?  A substantial literature review is first conducted, to scrutinize what is the general scholarly consensus, and whether bitcoins are better suited for such speculation or investment by managers and citizens.  These conceptual questions are then thoroughly surveyed through additional research, using: descriptive statistics; bitcoinsâ€™ celebrity endorsements; and an analysis of bitcoinsâ€™ technological requirements, such as its energy usage, as well as its ability for record keeping, all while considering regulations and future currency development.  The article generally finds, from consensus, and from its own analysis, that due to allure, but also due to traditional standards, that the future economy will use more technological forms and features of money, and that the definition of money itself will become even more complex.
ETHANOL YIELD IN THE PROCESSING OF FERMENTED LEACHATE FROM BASEY AND ORMOC CITY LANDFILL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Edloy Deither , Macaraya Emmanuel , Sebastian Shaquil , BaiÃ±o Rodrigo , Cardoso Evelyn
Published: February 2025

Production of bioethanol from leachate, a byproduct from landfills, has been seen to be a potential solution that minimizes dependence on non-renewable energy resources and the threatening issues associated with environmental pollution due to solid wastes. Municipal solid waste is partly composed of organic matter, which produces ethanol compounds through anaerobic fermentation based on the previous study. This research study, therefore, presents the idea of a comparative analysis of the ethanol yield of fermented leachate from the sampling sites of Basey and Ormoc City in the Philippines. The study used the experimental research design using three different amounts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as formulation variants (150g, 200g, 250g) for both sampling sites. The production of the results showed that 7.045%, 9.39%, and 10.015%, then 6.88%, 7.615%, and 9.52% of average ethanol by volume from Ormoc City and Basey sampling sites, respectively. The result shows in the experiment that potential sugar content has a notable distinction for landfill sites but not the raw leachate. Results show that there is no interaction between the two factors. Moreover, there is a significant difference in the ethanol yield to the landfill sites and the concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, results show that Ormoc sampling site has a better potential for bioethanol production than the Basey landfill. For further studies, the conduct of a comparative study on ethanol yield from leachate collected from different climates is highly encouraged, to further assess whether climate conditions, such as dry and wet seasons, directly affect potential ethanol yield.
POTENTIAL OF KOROT (Dioscorea hispida Dennst.) TUBERS AS A FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Authors: Olaco Ansherina , Amistoso Kristel Grace , Cardoso Evelyn
Published: February 2025

Dioscorea hispida Dennst., locally referred to as "Korot" in some parts of Eastern Visayas, Philippines, is a species of yam known for its intoxicating property due to its reportedly high dioscorine content. Since the present use for food of D. hispida is continuously hampered by the poisonous nature of the tubers, this work investigates the potential of Korot as an alternative bioethanol feedstock. The study followed a specified experimental design in converting Korot starch into bioethanol using three (3) different Korot concentrations (5, 10, 15 % w/w), in dry basis, performed in triplicate. The process consisted of three main phases: gelatinization, liquefaction, and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Samples were gelatinized for sixty (60) minutes, followed by forty (40) minutes of liquefaction with the enzyme Î±-amylase (1000U/g), and 144 h of SSF with enzyme glucoamylase (50,000U/g) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with no enzyme recovery. The bioethanol yield calculation was based on the estimated substrate consumption during SSF.  After 144 hours of SSF, the highest ethanol productivity and bioethanol yield obtained are 0.293 g/Lh-1 and 19.35%, respectively, both observed in the processing of the sample with the highest initial Korot concentration (15% w/w). The ANOVA results showed that there exists a statistical significance (p â‰¤ 0.05) between the initial Korot concentration present in the sample and both the ethanol productivity and bioethanol yield. The results of this study confirmed that Korot is a suitable raw material in producing bioethanol through SSF, and thus has the potential to be an alternative bioethanol feedstock.
LAMBANOG ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION FROM CATALYZED FERMENTATION AND DISTILLATION OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas L.) WITH COCONUT (Cocos nucifera L.) SAP
Authors: Son Mharc Jonaelle , Aboy Ben Arthur , Pastor Nathaniel Jey , Quiza Carl Marvin , Cardoso Evelyn
Published: February 2025

Spirits are alcoholic beverages obtained from distilling fermented wines, usually made from grains, fruits, and other ingredients rich in carbohydrates. In the Philippines, obtaining these materials for local production, especially for the sought-after grape-based wines, are either difficult to grow or expensive to acquire. The country produces liquors known as lambanog and tuba, made from the sap of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) trees. However, coconut is one of the major export products of the Philippines, and tapping the sap will prevent the tree from producing the fruits. Moreover, coconut trees provide various products; thus, lambanog production from the sap poses major competition in the agricultural sector. This study then aims to determine the suitability of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas L.) as alternative raw material for lambanog production through catalyzed fermentation and distillation. The experiment designed formulations A, B, and C using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)-coconut sap suspension ratio of 1:10 (grams, yeast: mL, coconut sap) to 350, 400, and 500 grams of sweet potato, respectively.  Results showed a direct relationship between percent alcohol by volume (% ABV) and the mass of sweet potato. Formulation C (20.95%) has the highest average % ABV compared to A (19.28%) and B (20.49), but all three passed the typical minimum range (15-25% ABV) expected of the first distillation of fermented wines, making the sweet potato liquor suitable to proceed for 2nd distillation for alcohol optimization. For future commercialization, Formulation A is practical in producing a cost-effective but quality lambanog, but formulation C is the best alternative regarding % ABV.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LINK BETWEEN PHILIPPINE INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND THE HIGH SCHOOL STEM TRACK
Authors: Miranda Praksis A.
Published: February 2025

This paper is an initial attempt to emphasize the imperative of the link between the country's industrial policy and the secondary education's Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics or STEM track as necessary for Philippine economic development. Such interconnection reveals why there is a job-skills mismatch between STEM track graduates and actual industry needs. This study utilized comparative content analysis of curricula by juxtaposing the country's high school STEM track with those of industrialized and economically developed countries (e.g. South Korea, India, Japan) secondary education curricula. Initial results show that the secondary education curricula in more developed countries embed actual theoretical and practical skills as required per sector (e.g. in South Korea's curriculum, there is a foundational course on Industrial Chemistry and a practical course on Chemical Materials Management, Maintenance and Operation of Chemical Processes, Plastic Products Manufacturing, etc. for those who want to specialize in Chemical Engineering) as compared with the Philippines' high school STEM curriculum which is relatively broad and not sector- or industry-specific. Also, industrialized countries' secondary education curricula are more advanced in terms of topical coverage and competencies (e.g. a stand-alone subject on artificial intelligence in the curriculum of India), making Filipino STEM track graduates below par. This comparative conceptual exploration will provide policy recommendations on how the Philippines' high school STEM curricula can be improved as well as other related policy insights that link education with economic development.
SCREENING FOR G6PD DEFICIENCY AMONG NEONATES WITH NEONATAL JAUNDICE ADMITTED TO NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT SAIDU GROUP OF TEACHING HOSPITAL SWAT
Authors: Ullah Inam , Kumar Sandeef
Published: February 2025

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic disorder that predisposes affected neonates to hemolysis and severe hyperbilirubinemia, increasing the risk of kernicterus and long-term neurological complications. Early identification is crucial to prevent severe outcomes. Despite its clinical significance, limited local data exist regarding the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among neonates with jaundice in Pakistan. This study aimed to determine the frequency of G6PD deficiency in neonates presenting with neonatal jaundice.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among neonates with neonatal jaundice admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the neonatal nursery of Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital, Swat, from May 2023 to August 2023, following ethical committee approval. Neonates with jaundice and predominant unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia were included, with a serum bilirubin threshold of ≥15 mg/dL for term infants and ≥12 mg/dL for preterm infants. Neonates with conjugated bilirubin >20% of total bilirubin, prior blood transfusion, or prior treatments affecting bilirubin metabolism were excluded. Venous blood samples (2–3 mL) were collected and analyzed for G6PD enzyme activity using whole blood with EDTA as an anticoagulant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, while continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Chi-square test was used to evaluate associations, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Among 208 screened neonates, 171 (82.2%) were term and 37 (17.8%) were preterm. The mean total serum bilirubin was 18.03 ± 13.4 mg/dL, indirect bilirubin was 16.55 ± 2.91 mg/dL, and direct bilirubin was 0.54 ± 0.26 mg/dL. The mean birth weight was 2.7 ± 0.375 kg (range: 2.0–3.6 kg). The mean age at presentation was 4.52 ± 3.04 days (range: 2–17 days). G6PD deficiency was detected in 17 (8%) neonates. No statistically significant association was found between G6PD deficiency and gestational age (p=0.537), age at presentation (p=0.321), indirect bilirubin levels (p=0.220), or birth weight (p=0.310).
Conclusion: G6PD deficiency was identified as a contributing factor in neonatal jaundice, with a prevalence of 8% among the study population. Routine neonatal screening for G6PD deficiency, particularly in high-prevalence regions, may facilitate early diagnosis and timely management to prevent severe complications.
EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF COGNITIVE CONTROL AND DISCRIMINATION ON MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES IN DIVERSE PAKISTANI AND AFGHAN COMMUNITIES
Authors: Syed Gufran Sadiq Zaidi  , Sher Bano  , Muhammad Shahab Khalid  , Zainab Salahuddin  , Syeda Afraah Bukharee  , Muniba Shafique  , Meerab Riaz  , Syeda Kisa Zahra  , Mobeen Arif  , Anaya Zahra Rashid
Published: February 2025

Background: Cognitive control plays a vital role in emotional regulation and decision-making, particularly in marginalized communities facing socio-economic disadvantages and systemic discrimination. These challenges contribute to heightened psychological stress, impacting mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. This study investigates the association between cognitive control, discrimination, and mental health outcomes in diverse Pakistani and Afghan communities, focusing on vulnerable groups including females, transgender individuals, and ethnic minorities.
Objective: To examine the relationship between cognitive control, discrimination, and mental health outcomes and identify how demographic factors like gender, education, ethnicity, and income influence psychological well-being in marginalized populations.
Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed with 147 participants recruited through non-probability purposive sampling from marginalized communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Data were gathered using online surveys between March 2024 and June 2024. The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire, Mental Health Inventory, and Everyday Discrimination Questionnaire were utilized for data collection. Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and regression analysis, were conducted to explore associations between cognitive control, discrimination, and mental health outcomes.
Results: Significant gender differences were observed in cognitive control (p = 0.01), with males (Mean = 139.1, SD = ±19) outperforming females (Mean = 137.5, SD = ±14.2) and transgender participants (Mean = 125.5, SD = ±17.9). Transgender individuals faced the highest discrimination levels (p < 0.001) and severe mental health issues. Education influenced cognitive control (p = 0.03) and mental health (p = 0.01), with participants holding bachelor’s degrees exhibiting better outcomes. Ethnic disparities were significant, with Punjabis and Pashtuns experiencing higher discrimination (p < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed that cognitive control (β = 0.37, p < 0.001) and discrimination (β = 0.154, p < 0.001) accounted for 38% of the variance in mental health outcomes (R² = 0.38, F(2,144) = 45.7, p < 0.001).
Conclusion: The findings highlight the adverse cognitive and emotional impacts of socio-economic disadvantage and discrimination on marginalized groups. Enhanced cognitive control is linked to better mental health, whereas higher discrimination correlates with poorer outcomes. Culturally sensitive interventions are essential for improving mental health equity in these communities.
IMPACT OF PREOPERATIVE ANXIETY ON PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE HEMODYNAMICS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING UROLOGICAL AND GYNAECOLOGICAL PROCEDURES
Authors: Chishti M Ammar Zia , Ullah Ahmad , Nisar Arsalan , Ahmad Waqas , Wajahat Hussain
Published: February 2025

Background: Anxiety is a physical and psychological reaction of a patient to unfamiliar, stressful and dangerous situations associated with distress and dreadful feelings. Anxiety is a typical human response, but if gets excessive or persists beyond appropriate time interval, it may be diagnosed as an anxiety disorder. It can cause hemodynamic changes such as hypertension and tachycardia, leading to complications, delayed recovery, and increased mortality.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative Anxiety on Preoperative and Postoperative Hemodynamic in Patients Undergoing Urological and Gynaecological Procedures
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, following ethical approval and informed consent from participants. Anxiety levels were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire, while hemodynamic parameters (BP, HR, RR, and SPO2) were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. Participants were selected from those undergoing urological and gynaecological procedures.
Results: This study assessed the impact of preoperative anxiety on hemodynamic changes in 300 patients undergoing urological and gynaecological surgeries. Higher anxiety levels, especially in gynaecology patients (23.3% very severe anxiety), significantly affected blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate (p<0.05). Hemodynamic fluctuations were more pronounced in anxious patients but reduced postoperatively. Gender, ASA classification, and anaesthesia type influenced anxiety levels, with females reporting higher anxiety. Preoperative psychological support improved hemodynamic stability and surgical outcomes.
Conclusion: Preoperative anxiety was higher in females, especially during gynaecological procedures, and linked to factors like age, anaesthesia type, and the OT environment. Anxiety was associated with greater hemodynamic instability, particularly in gynaecological surgeries.
A ROBUST MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH USING MOTE AND HYPERPARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR DIABETES PREDICTION USING WEARABLE IOT DEVICE DATA
Authors:   Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, UP, India, Saurabh Kumar , Madhava Tripathi Manish ,   Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, UP, India, Mahapatra Satyasundara ,   Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP, India
Published: February 2025

The introduction of wearable IoT devices to the market has accelerated the speed of continuous health monitoring and early diagnosis of chronic conditions
such as diabetes. This paper proposes a strong machine learning approach to diagnosing diabetes using wearable IoT devices’ data collected. The suggested
method integrates Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) for minority class and features that intrinsically come with medical datasets, and
employs hyperparameter optimization to elevate model performance. By using data preprocessing skills and feature engineering methods, the study is guaranteed to
have the best model input representation. Ensemble learning techniques such as XGBoost and LightGBM are utilized for building robust predictive models that are
further improved by a stacking ensemble. Hyperparameter tuning is done with Randomized SearchCV to perfect the models for maximum accuracy and efficiency
in the medical datasets. Experimental results of the IoT real-world dataset are carried on to the proposal sustaining an accuracy of 88% with other significant
precision and recall values in both diabetic and non-diabetic classes. The research pinpoints the ability of wearable IoT devices to work together with advanced
machine learning algorithms to change diabetes management which can bring about faster treatments and reduced patient income. The findings talk about the
possibility of creating real-time data analytics systems supported by IoT technology for clinical decision-making processes.
Efficient Customer Churn Prediction through Bayesian Support Vector Regression
Authors: Park Jinwoo , Kim Nari , Lee Seojin
Published: February 2025

Efficient Customer Churn Prediction through Bayesian Support Vector Regression is a crucial area of research due to its significance in helping businesses retain customers and enhance profitability. Presently, existing research faces challenges in accurately predicting customer churn and optimizing computational efficiency. This paper introduces a novel approach by proposing Bayesian Support Vector Regression for efficient customer churn prediction. The innovative aspect lies in the integration of Bayesian inference with Support Vector Regression to enhance prediction accuracy while reducing the computational burden. The study showcases the effectiveness of this method through comprehensive experiments and analysis, ultimately demonstrating its potential for improving customer relationship management strategies in various industries.
Non-Destructive Testing in Sustainable Bio Energy: A Critical Review
Authors: Perera Hasith , Hosan K.S  , Priyadarshana H.V.V  , Wijesekara R.J.M.D.D.P  , Koswattage K.R
Published: February 2025

The non destructive  approach has increasingly played its roles in ensuring the set character of sustainability, reliability and safety in recent bio energy system. This review established the contribution that the non destructive methodologies could make in developing environmental sustainability and improving their effectiveness in operations through the evaluation of key developments and their various applications within the sectors. NDT methods such as Thermographic testing ,visual testing, Ultrasonic testing and EDDY current testing have their respective applications that enable the detection of surface and subsurface flows without sacrificing material integrity and hence guarantee continuous production processes .NDT has played a very important role in the evaluation of structural integrity in reactors ,pipelines, and storage systems in the production of biomass and biofuel to minimize the risk of catastrophic failures and environmental non destructive ,Digital twin systems and artificial intelligent constitute  some emergence technologies which will definitely change the real time monitoring and predictive maintenance landscape of NDT .Such developments as wireless solutions and drone based inspections help NDT reach potentially dangerous or inaccessible areas. Despite the gains ,NDT adoption within bioenergy faces a wide array of challenges :Implementation costs, specialized training of personnel and integration within current work flows .These disadvantages ,On the other hand ,present a very fine avenue of study and collaboration for the advancement of the NDT techniques. This analysis underline the strategic importance of NDT for technological innovation ,the increase in sustainability and reduction of environmental impacts inside the bio energy sector ,thus it is one of the mainstays of the energy infrastructure for the future .
Conservation and Greening
Authors: Editor
Published: February 2025

Although forest cover has increased, net ecological benefits have not improved.
(wl-2667)-Identifying Risks of Coal Phase Down
Authors: Pandey Jay Ganesh
Published: February 2025

Climate change is an existential threat that can usher in an era of human catastrophe if not dealt urgently. The climate change mitigation efforts focus excessively on reducing the proportion of Green House Gases from the atmosphere. Coal being the major emitter of these gases is at the center stage of the mitigation scenario. Coal is the bedrock on which lies the growth engines of India which is reflected in India’s high dependency on coal. Given this context, India suffers from energy paradox. This paper aims to highlight the challenges associated with increasing the share of renewables and also identify the risks of phasing down coal in near to mid term future. It is argued that India’s dependence on coal will increase in near to mid term future scenario by 2030 only to be decreased in long term scenario of achieving net zero by 2070.
-wl-6836-Gender Neutrality in Sexual Harassment Laws in India: A Brief Review of Feminist Debates and Judicial Decisions
Authors: Sengupta Atreyee
Published: February 2025

In the Indian legal landscape, feminist and queer interventions have been pivotal in bringing about laws that protect vulnerable genders and sexualities from different kinds of violence such domestic violence and sexual violence. The laws against sexual harassment of women at the workplace are no exception to this. Since the passage of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, there have been several judicial deliberations on whether the laws against sexual harassment can be broadly interpreted to be gender neutral or not. This paper seeks to examine the reasoning used by these judicial deliberations, particularly focusing on Malabika Bhattacharjee v. Internal Complaints Committee, Vidyasagar College and Ors. 2020 and Binu Tamta and Ors v. High Court of Delhi and Ors. 2023, in light of the feminist struggles in this domain. This paper argues that judicial decisions on questions of gender neutrality in the laws against sexual harassment, tend to de-contextualize and selectively draw upon feminist and queer debates on gender neutrality in laws in India. Consequently, even ifwhen petitioners get a favourable outcome, it may set a problematic precedent for the rights of vulnerable persons in the society.
(wl-4307)-Palm Oil and the Politics of Deforestation in Tripura
Authors: Malsom Thomas
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the factors compelling the tribal people to embrace a new emerging monocropping plantations of palm oil in Tripura, amid many resistances against palm oil in the Northeast. It argues that the primary reason for this adoption is centered around tribal-land relations, while the political implications of deforestation and its concomitant factors and the perpetuation of state-private industry control over forest land remain overlooked
BR 90/2023 - wl-1251-Sources of Patel’s Ambiguous Republicanism; A Plain, Blunt Man: The Essential Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel edited by Urvish Kothari, New Delhi: Aleph Book Company, 2023; pp 307, Rs799 (hardcover)
Authors: Prasad Kanha
Published: February 2025

Kothari, Urvish (ed) (2023); A Plain, Blunt Man: The Essential Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, New Delhi; Aleph Book Company; pp xv + 310, Rs 799.
(wl-1706)-Thoughts on the Titular Refrain and Lyrical Subtext in Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey
Authors: Jacob Renu Susan
Published: February 2025

The article analyses the use of songs in the Malayalam film Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey (JJJJH) (Das 2022) to establish the form and tone of satire. Even though the film is not a musical, the article argues that music sequences are essential for the narrative and cater to its reconfiguration of gendered subjectivities. Songs assist the film’s subtle, humorous take on the grim subject of domestic violence. The article relies on B. Shahal’s idea of songs as polysemantic “presences” that transcend their linguistic and referential meanings (2023). The songs in JJJJH map the narrative movement through allusion and parody and by becoming a lyrical subtext for the film’s meaning-making. This lyrical play also allows the film to navigate its portrayal of violence/ “self-defence” as a counter to domestic abuse and placing the responsibility on the survivor. This focused analysis of the play and placement of songs in JJJJH stems from the relevance of film songs in constituting and influencing Indian popular culture and memory.
A Gauze of a Ceasefire
Authors: Editor
Published: February 2025

The quest for lasting peace, justice, and freedom continues till the structures of occupation and settler colonialism are dismantled.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Pentingnya Menjaga Kebersihan Lingkungan Rumah dan Sekolah: Analisis Potensi Media
Authors: Nur Azisah  , Ikhwanul Ikhsan  , Eka Fitri Nurindriana  , Nasharuddin
Published: February 2025

Media interaktif sangat diperlukan di dalam proses pembelajaran karena berdampak positif dalam proses tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk merancang dan mengembangkan media pembelajaran yang bersifat interaktif tentang kesehatan lingkungan, khususnya mengenai menjaga kebersihan rumah dan sekolah serta mengetahui potensinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian pengembangan dengan desain model pengembangan 4D, yang terdiri dari tahap (define, design, develop, dan disseminate). Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah dosen ahli media pembelajaran. Instrumen pada penelitian mencakup validasi oleh dosen ahli. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa media pembelajaran interaktif yang dikembangkan telah memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan validitas dengan skor tinggi dalam aspek keterpaduan materi, tampilan visual, dan interaktivitas. Media ini mendapatkan skor total 90 dari 100, Hal ini membuktikan bahwa media tersebut memiliki kualitas yang sangat baik dan layak untuk digunakan. Presentasi media mendapatkan tanggapan positif dari siswa dan dosen, menunjukkan potensi efektivitasnya dalam meningkatkan pemahaman siswa tentang kebersihan lingkungan. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media interaktif merupakan alat yang berpotensi efektif untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dan pengetahuan siswa dalam menjaga kebersihan lingkungan. Perbaikan ke depan sebaiknya difokuskan pada pengembangan konten yang lebih luas dan penerapan dalam situasi nyata untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa
Peran Guru PAI dalam Membentuk Karakter Disiplin Siswa Melalui Kegiatan Keagamaan di SMP Muhammadiyah 48 Medan
Authors: Jekson Parulian Harahap  , Mardianto  , Enny Nazrah Pulungan
Published: February 2025

Karakter disiplin memiliki dampak yang signifikan dibandingkan IQ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi peran Guru PAI dalam membentuk karakter disiplin siswa melalui kegiatan keagamaan di SMP Muhammadiyah 48 Medan, baik melalui tes maupun non-tes. Sumber data utama penelitian ini adalah para guru PAI dan siswa. Penelitian ini fokus pada tiga aspek: 1) peran guru PAI dalam membentuk disiplin siswa, 2) pengaruh kegiatan keagamaan terhadap pembentukan karakter disiplin, dan 3) tantangan yang dihadapi guru PAI dalam penyelenggaraan kegiatan keagamaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah guru PAI SMP Muhammadiyah 48 Medan. Teknik Pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling. teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Observasi dilakukan untuk mengamati peran guru PAI di lingkungan sekolah dengan menggunakan triangulasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Peran guru PAI dalam membentuk karakter disiplin siswa terbagi menjadi lima aspek, yaitu memberi teladan, memberi nasehat, membiasakan, menegakkan kedisiplinan, serta memberikan motivasi dan dorongan. 2) Penyelenggaraan kegiatan keagamaan di SMP Muhammadiyah 48 Medan mencakup kegiatan rutin dan situasional yang mempengaruhi disiplin siswa. 3) Faktor penghambat terdiri dari faktor internal (kemampuan, usia, minat siswa) dan eksternal (lingkungan keluarga, latar belakang pendidikan, jadwal yang saling bentrok). 4) Tantangan utama guru PAI adalah kurangnya pemahaman siswa tentang disiplin, perilaku siswa yang bervariasi, kurangnya jumlah guru untuk mengawasi siswa, dan kurangnya pengawasan dari lingkungan keluarga.
Interleukin-6 levels in early and late rheumatoid arthritis: their comparison and correlation with clinical and laboratory indicators of disease activity.
Authors: Abdelhakim Nada Hussein
Published: February 2025

Background: An inflammatory condition called rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by persistent inflammation that damages the cartilage and joints. It can result in different levels of osteoarthritis and cause varying degrees of disability and it has been discovered that RA is significantly influenced by interleukin-6 (IL-6). As demonstrated by numerous clinical studies, Tocilizumab, a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, and the first-in-class IL-6 inhibitor, has demonstrated exceptional efficacy in RA. Aim: We aimed to evaluate the level of IL-6 for prediction, diagnosis, and staging for rheumatoid arthritis patients, and reducing joint discomfort and swelling is the main goal of rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Material and methods: The study included 105 patients (aged 20 - 74 yr) divided into three groups. Group I: Involved 30 healthy controls, Group II: involved 15 patients with early RA, and Group III: involved 60 patients with late RA. Routine clinical tests such as Alt, Ast, Creatinine, Urea, Tlc, Hgb, Plt, RF, ESR, and CRP were assayed for all patients. In addition, serum Interleukin-6 levels were quantified using sandwich ELISA. The absolute values of investigated markers were statistically analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: The mean IL-6 level was (8.75 ± 0.56 pg/ml), (17.76 ± 5.32 pg/ml) and (32.71 ± 10.08 pg/ml) for G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Our study found the levels of IL-6 in the serum of patients with late RA and early RA were extremely significant than the normal group (p=0.0001) Conclusion: IL-6 has a greater sensitivity and specificity than other inflammatory markers, making it useful for early detection of RA.
Invited perspective on Research Ethics in Response to “The Right to Read Without Being Read: Research Ethics in the Study of Digital Reading Behaviour”
Authors: Berglund Karl
Published: February 2025

This invited perspective is a response to the position paper “The Right to Read Without Being Read: Research Ethics in the Study of Digital Reading Behaviour”. From the point of view of the researcher behind one of the case studies discussed in the position paper, this paper highlights three perspectives on research ethics: 1) the potential negative effects for individuals of studying book streaming data as in the project design are minimal, and ethics have been discussed continuously in the project; 2) the question whether this kind of data is to be considered sensitive data or not is not simple, and it is important to restrict this label to data that is indeed sensitive; and 3) questions concerning privacy evoked by this kind of reader data are recurrently addressed in the research by the author.
Selection and characterization of probiotic Enterococcus strains isolated from Vietnamese fermented foods
Authors: Nguyen Doai Van , Thi Ta Thu-Hong , Thi Le Lan-Anh , Dang Viet-Huong Thi , Tran Tuan Thanh , Dao Manh Nguyen , Nguyen Tan Ngoc , Thi Bui Lan-Anh
Published: February 2025

Fermented pork rolls and stinky tofu are healthy fermented foods produced in Vietnam for a long time. These foods have proven to be a rich source for probiotic isolation studies. In this study, four Enterococcus strains were isolated from fermented pork roll (F20BA, F26B) and stinky tofu (F53BA, F54BA) using specific selection media. Phylogenetic and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing analysis confirmed that these strains are Enterococcus lactis. Besides, the safety and probiotic properties of these strains were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis confirmed all four strains were vancomycin-susceptible and lacked resistance genes (vanA and vanB). Hemolytic activity was assessed using blood agar plates, verifying the isolates were non-hemolytic. PCR amplification and genome sequencing further indicated that these strains do not contain common virulence-encoding genes. In addition, the isolates exhibit important probiotic properties. They can survive and grow in an de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe medium with low pH (2.5) and in the presence of 1% bile salts. Disk diffusion tests confirmed their ability to inhibit enteropathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria. Additionally, all strains demonstrated cholesterol assimilation ability in in-vitro conditions. These bacterial strains are undergoing further research for potential development into probiotic products.
Efficacy of nefopam in postoperative pain management: A systematic review of opioid consumption
Authors: Bader Nagla Abdelmonim , Al-Ahmad Mohammad M. , Naeem Waiel Al , Amer Mohammed Gamal
Published: February 2025

Previous research assessing the role of nefopam in postoperative pain management has yielded mixed results, with more evidence supporting a beneficial effect. This systematic review examines the efficacy of nefopam in reducing opioid consumption in postoperative patients and includes patient satisfaction measures and the frequency of adverse events. A comprehensive search strategy was performed in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Search terms used included “postoperative pain management” AND “nefopam”, “nefopam” AND “opioid consumption”, and “nefopam” AND “analgesia” OR “postoperative pain management”. Studies involving postoperative adult patients receiving nefopam and compared with a control group were included. A risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane ROB-2 tool. 17 articles passed the inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that nefopam significantly reduces opioid consumption in postoperative patients by an average of 38%. The overall analgesic effect of nefopam was superior to that of opioids alone, with a good margin of safety and a high degree of satisfaction in most patients. Nausea, sweating, and postoperative tachycardia were common in the treatment groups. From the findings, the study concludes that nefopam is an effective adjunctive postoperative analgesic that has a significant positive impact on pain management and reduction of opioid consumption. The study was registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022364446).
Influence of Different Type and Levels of Fertilizer Application on Biomass and Essential oil Yield of Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Lemon Grass) in Togo
Authors: Boni Kansame , Kolani Lankondjoa , Bokobana Essolakina Magnim , Soampa Yendouboame , Ankou Gagnon Koffi , Akantetou Komlan Pikassélé , Koba Koffi , Nadio Abouwaliou , Sanda Komla
Published: February 2025

Due to its biological properties, Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L) Spreng is important in traditional medicine, pharmacology and, more particularly, agronomy as an alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. Controlling the conditions under which it is grown can increase biomass production, and hence essential oil yields. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different doses of organic and mineral fertilizer application on biomass and essential oil yields of C. schoenanthus (L). The plot was set up in a randomized complete block design with five objects in three replications. Treatments consisted of increasing doses of poultry droppings (5 t/ha and 10 t/ha), 46% urea (0.05t/ha and 0.1t/ha) and the absolute. The best yields, in fresh biomass (8.78t/ha), dry biomass (3.21t/ha) and essential oil (69.09l/ha), were obtained with the poultry manure treatment at 10t/ha, then increased at the second and third cuts. Fertilizers did not influence the number of leaves per tillers. On the basis of these results, the use of poultry droppings at a dose of 10t/ha could be recommended in programs to promote C. schoenanthus production.
Effect of Artificial Intelligence (AI-ChatGPT) on Educational Psychology Students’ Engagement, Interest and Achievement in the Institute of Education, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Kumo GIDADO, Bello , Hassan ZUBAIR, Taiye
Published: February 2025

The study examined the effect of artificial intelligence (AI-ChatGPT) on educational psychology students’ engagement, interest and achievement in the Institute of Education, University of Abuja. Six research questions and six hypotheses guided the study. The research employed a quasi-experimental design. The sample of the study was 519. The reliability of the instruments was established using Kuder-Richardson formula (KR-21) which yielded a reliability index of 0.80. The data collected was analyzed using mean scores, standard deviation and the Two-tailed t-test analysis. Findings from the study showed that there was significant difference in the engagement mean scores of 200L students taught Educational Psychology I with AI-ChatGPT and those taught with conventional lecture method. It was also found that there is no significant difference in the interest mean scores of 200L students taught Educational Psychology I with AI-ChatGPT and those taught with conventional lecture method was found. The results further revealed that there was significant difference in the achievement mean scores of 200L students taught Educational Psychology I with AI-ChatGPT and those taught with conventional lecture method; just as a significant difference in the engagement mean scores of 200L male and female students taught Educational Psychology I  with AI-ChatGPT and those taught with conventional lecture Based on the findings, the study recommended that AI-ChatGPT should be incorporated into the education curriculum in higher institution. The essence is to advance effective teaching and learning approaches for teachers and students.
Advancing Financial Inclusion for Small and Medium Enterprises through Generative AI Frameworks in the United States
Authors: Maduka Lauret Kambili
Published: February 2025

Aim: This study examines the role of generative AI in enhancing financial inclusion among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the United States. It explores the potential of AI- driven frameworks in mitigating financial constraints, improving credit accessibility, and streamlining financial processes for SMEs.
Study Design: A systematic review of literature published between 2019 and 2024 was conducted to assess the impact of generative AI technologies on financial services for SMEs. The study specifically focuses on digital lending innovations, AI-driven credit assessment strategies, and their role in advancing financial inclusion.
Methodology: The study employed a systematic literature review approach, sourcing peer- reviewed journal articles and reports from Google Scholar, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and SSRN. Articles were selected based on their direct relevance to generative AI applications in financial inclusion and SME development in the United States. Only studies that explicitly addressed AI-driven financial solutions for SMEs were included in the review.
Results: The findings reveal that generative AI has significantly contributed to reducing financial exclusion among SMEs. Key applications such as automated credit scoring, fraud detection, and AI-powered financial advisory services have shown high potential in improving credit access, operational efficiency, and risk management. However, the adoption of these technologies faces critical challenges, including data privacy concerns, ethical issues, and high implementation costs.
Conclusions: Generative AI has the potential to drive financial inclusion for SMEs in the United States by expanding access to financial services and improving credit assessment methodologies. However, addressing barriers to adoption requires collaborative efforts among policymakers, financial institutions, and technology developers to ensure equitable access, ethical implementation, and long-term sustainability of AI-driven financial solutions.
The Evolution of Consumer Trust in E-Commerce: Exploring Digital Strategies for Enhanced Loyalty
Authors: Younis Karam Kamal , Zeebaree Subhi R. M.
Published: February 2025

This review titled (The Evolution of Consumer Trust in E-Commerce: As evidenced in the article entitled Consumer Trust Dynamics in the Era of Digital Technologies: Uncovering Digital Approaches for Improving Loyalty, the development of consumer trust in e-commerce has emerged as a key influence in the new generation of fragmented business web environments. The research question of this paper is to establish how the use of digital tactics impacts consumer trust and improves loyalty in the growing market of e-commerce industry. The main issue stems from the high level of doubt from the consumers about the safety of their important information and personal data, fraud that affects loyalty towards the online purchase. This study aims at examining various digital communication strategies with the aim of determining which of them facilitates the building of trust; This is achieved through examining transparency in communication, proper addressing of user needs, adequate security measures and efficient management of customers’ feedback.  Methodology My review is researching 30 articles in the period of: (2019 - 2025). Reflecting on the current literature and shopping trends over the last five years, this paper reveals that digital innovation like automation through Artificial Intelligence, blockchain technology, and personalized marketing for a customer have minimized the breach of trust and have encouraged long-term customer relationships. The results imply that, apart from trust, ethical and consumer-oriented strategies enhance the level of customer loyalty. Last but not the least, this research outlines a roadmap for e-commerce organizations to construct a long-lasting ecosystem that is based on trust and reliability.
Unraveling the Mechanisms of Hearing Loss in Lassa Fever: A Pathophysiological and Clinical Perspective
Authors: Saka Sulymon A. , Akhigbe ThankGod , Nwosu Lucky , Iguma-Asaka Faith. I. , Ojo Dele O.
Published: February 2025

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic illness endemic to West Africa that poses a significant public health burden. One of its most debilitating complications is sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), which affects up to 30% of survivors, regardless of the severity of its acute phase. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hearing loss in Lassa fever are not yet fully understood. In this review, we explore four potential mechanisms: direct viral damage to cochlear structures, immune-mediated cochleitis, cochlear neuritis, and vascular compromise. The neurotropic properties of Lassa fever may allow it to directly invade cochlear structures or trigger immune responses that damage auditory tissues. Cochlear inflammation and ischemic damage due to systemic inflammatory response and vascular dysfunction in Lassa fever also contribute to hearing loss. Despite these insights, gaps remain in understanding the exact mechanisms, and further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular and immune profiles associated with hearing loss in Lassa fever. Clinically, early detection and intervention, including routine auditory assessments and timely treatment, are crucial to improve the quality of life for survivors. Further research is needed to develop targeted therapies and implement public health measures to address this neglected complication in endemic regions.
Incidence and Seasonal Pattern of Mumps Parotitis in a Paediatric Clinic, Nigeria
Authors: T.G Okari , U.C Onubogu , S.A Tella-Editang
Published: February 2025

Background: Mumps parotitis, a contagious infection is of public health concern as it can be easily transmitted among cohorts of children in schools, day care centres and religious centres. Although it can be prevented with vaccination, the mumps vaccine is not yet available in the National Immunisation programme in Nigeria. 
Aims and Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the incidence of clinically diagnosed mumps parotitis in the Paediatric Outpatient Clinic (POPC) in our health facility and see if there is a seasonal pattern to this infection in our locality.
Methods: A five-year retrospective study evaluated all clinical diagnosis of mumps parotitis obtained from the medical records of the POPC of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital. Information obtained were the demographic characteristics of the children including date of making the diagnosis and data analyzed with SPSS version 23.
Results: A total of 33,872 patients attended the POPC during the study period. The incidence of clinical mumps parotitis was 3/1000 study population. The infection was more prevalent among males (60.2%) than females and also among under five children (57.1%). The three highest incidence rates occurred in February, March and April and a four-fold increase in annual incidence in 2022. 
Conclusion: The incidence of mumps parotitis in this study although low, is more prevalent among under five children and the early parts of the year. This incidence can be further reduced by vaccinating under five children with the mumps vaccine in Nigeria.