bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study investigating the travel habits and preferences of older Australian adults with a falls risk
Authors: McCluskey Annie , Thurtell Andrew , Clemson Lindy , Kendig Hal
Published: October 2010

Aim:  To investigate the travel habits and preferences of city‐dwelling older Australians with a falls risk, and factors influencing outings.

Methods:  A retrospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 96 community‐dwelling adults with a falls risk.

Results:  The mean age of participants was 78.2 years (SD 5.33). The majority were women (77%). Most (75%) went on five or more outings per week (mean 6.9 outings). Men drove more than women (41% vs 31%). Shopping was the most common reason for outings. Walking was the most frequent mode of travel, and buses were both the easiest and most difficult. Factors that enabled bus travel included bus stop location, good services and cheap fares. Primary reasons for restricting outings were poor health, transport barriers, neighbourhood safety and personal motivation.

Conclusion:  These older adults went out nearly every day. Findings can be used to improve transport services for older people.
EFFECTS OF PACKAGING AND POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS ON THE SHELF‐LIFE QUALITY OF CROWN‐CUT BROCCOLI
Authors: REDDY YETTELLA V. RAMESH , MARCY JOSEPH E. , BRATSCH ANTHONY D. , WILLIAMS ROBERT C. , WATERMAN KIM M.
Published: October 2010

The effects of packaging treatments, postharvest cooling delay and storage duration on color, texture, ascorbic acid content, weight loss and glucosinolate retention in crown‐cut heads of broccoli were studied. Broccoli stored in shrink wrap film lost 3.7% of its original weight, whereas ice packaging resulted in 17.4% weight loss during storage. Long postharvest cooling delay and storage duration negatively affected broccoli color. Broccoli heads stored in shrink wrap packaging retained firmness longer than broccoli stored in ice. Ascorbic acid retention was improved in shrink wrapped broccoli, but retention decreased as postharvest cooling delay and storage duration lengthened. Shrink wrapped broccoli exhibited improved retention of the glucosinolate, glucoraphanin. During storage, “Gypsy” broccoli maintained better quality than “Everest” with respect to color, ascorbic acid retention and weight loss. However, “Everest” retained texture (firmness) better after 35 days of storage. Shrink wrap packaging and shorter postharvest cooling delays preserve broccoli quality and increase shelf life.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Broccoli has the potential to be a high value crop if the shrink wrap packaging technology can be disseminated to the broccoli growers. Typically, farmers use ice for cooling broccoli heads after harvest, which is an expensive and difficult practice. Without icing requirement, broccoli marketing will be easy and opens up significant potential for broccoli producers who can afford relatively inexpensive film wrapping machines (as compared with ice equipment) in conjunction with onsite cooling. Sometimes onsite cooling is not possible and delays may be involved before the harvested produce is cooled. The conclusions reached in this study shows that shrink wrap packaging can be used to improve quality, retain phytochemical content and prolong the shelf life of crown‐cut broccoli.
THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL PROCESSING OF APPLE CIDER: STORAGE QUALITY UNDER EQUIVALENT PROCESS CONDITIONS
Authors: AZHUVALAPPIL ZAREENA , FAN XUETONG , GEVEKE DAVID J. , ZHANG HOWARD Q.
Published: October 2010

Three processing techniques: heat, pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultraviolet (UV) light were optimized to achieve a similar 6 log reduction of inoculated Escherichia coli K12 in apple cider. Microbial populations (total aerobic and yeast and mold), sensory, color and physical properties (pH and°Brix) of processed apple cider were investigated during 4‐week storage at 4C. PEF and thermally processed cider maintained good microbial quality during 4 weeks of storage while UV‐treated cider showed a significant (P < 0.05) growth in yeast and mold after 2 weeks of storage. As a result,°Brix value decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for UV cider after 4 weeks of storage. Apple cider pH was neither affected by any treatment nor by storage. Thermal and UV‐pasteurized ciders faded significantly (P < 0.05) during storage (International Commission on Illumination L*[lightness] and b*[yellow] values increased) compared to PEF cider. Triangle sensory analysis indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in aroma between treatments. PEF‐treated cider was preferred over thermal and UV cider by sensory panelists at the end of the storage period. The results suggested that PEF‐treated apple cider had a longer shelf life than UV‐treated cider and a better aroma and color than thermally processed sample.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Nonthermal processes like pulsed electric field (PEF) and ultraviolet (UV) light are developed as alternative pasteurization technologies to heat for their efficacy to extend shelf life and enhance the safety of fresh juice while preserving organoleptic and nutritional qualities. For fair comparison of the effects on quality of juice, both thermal and nonthermal processes must achieve equivalent reduction in microorganism levels. In the present study, the effect of PEF, UV and thermal techniques on apple cider quality are compared at conditions optimized to achieve equivalent 6 log reductions in Escherichia coli. Our results showed that PEF extended the shelf‐life of apple cider by inactivating spoilage microorganisms compared to UV processing, and better preserved the freshness (aroma and color) over traditional thermal processing. Based on these results, PEF process is the best choice among the three technologies studied.
EFFICACY OF ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING (EO) WATER AND CHLORINATED WATER FOR INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON STRAWBERRIES AND BROCCOLI
Authors: HUNG Y.‐C. , TILLY P. , KIM C.
Published: October 2010

Inoculated strawberries were treated with deionized water (control), electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water (23 and 55 mg/L of residual chlorine), and chlorinated water (55 mg/L of residual chlorine), either with or without ultrasonication. Inoculated broccoli was treated with EO water containing 55 and 100 mg/L of residual chlorine and chlorinated water with 100 mg/L of residual chlorine. Treatments were conducted for 1 and 5 min at temperatures of 4 and 24C, respectively. Dipping strawberries and broccoli into EO water or chlorinated water significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the Escherichia coli O157:H7 counts compared with inoculated controls. Dipping inoculated strawberries with chlorinated water or EO water with ultrasonication reduced E. coli O157:H7 cells by 0.7 to 1.9 log cfu/g depending on the treatment time and treatment solution temperature. Dipping inoculated broccoli into chlorinated water or EO water with ultrasonication for 1 or 5 min reduced the bacterial population by 1.2 to 2.2 log cfu/g. Significant (P < 0.05) reductions in pathogen populations were observed when produce was treated with EO water in conjunction with ultrasonication. Results revealed that EO water was either more than or as effective as chlorinated water in killing E. coli O157:H7 cells on strawberries and broccoli.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water could be used as a washing treatment to help ensure the safety of strawberries and broccoli. EO water is also more effective than chlorinated water with the same residual chlorine content to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries and broccoli.
EFFECT OF DRIED MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM) LEAVES ON RHEOLOGICAL, MICROSTRUCTURAL, NUTRITIONAL, TEXTURAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COOKIES
Authors: DACHANA K.B. , RAJIV JYOTSNA , INDRANI D. , PRAKASH JAMUNA
Published: October 2010

Effect of replacement of wheat flour with 5, 10 and 15% dried moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam) powder (DML) on the rheological, microstructural, nutritional and quality characteristics of cookies was studied. Incorporation of increasing amount of DML from 0 to 15% increased farinograph water absorption and decreased dough stability, amylograph pasting temperature and peak viscosity. Use of DML increased dough hardness and decreased cohesiveness and spread ratio of cookies. Sensory evaluation showed that cookies incorporated with 10% DML powder were acceptable. Microstructure studies showed calcium oxalate crystals in both DML powder and cookies with DML. The starch granules appeared wrapped in cookies with 10 and 15% DML. Protein, iron, calcium, β‐carotene and dietary fiber contents increased with increasing amount of DML from 0 to 15%. The results showed the possibility of utilizing DML to improve the nutritional characteristics of cookies.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a popular, fast‐growing plant widely available in India. The leaves of moringa are used as a vegetable. The leaves are rich in protein, β‐carotene, iron, calcium and fiber. Tender moringa leaves are used in dhal, soup, salad and as a substitute for spinach. The leaves also possess many medicinal properties.

The baking industry in India is growing at a very fast rate and the demand for health bakery products is increasing. Biscuits and cookies generally prepared from refined wheat flour are deficient in proteins, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Use of moringa leaves in cookies not only improves nutritional value but also brings in a familiar taste. The baking industry can exploit moringa leaves as a natural and inexpensive source of nutrients to produce nutritionally superior cookies.
Using the full spectral capacity (six channels) of a real‐time PCR instrument can simplify diagnostic laboratory screening and typing protocols for pandemic H1N1 influenza
Authors: Hopkins Mark J. , Moorcroft Jay F. , Correia Jailson B , Hart Ian J.
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Hopkins et al. (2011) Using the full spectral capacity (six channels) of a real‐time PCR instrument can simplify diagnostic laboratory screening and typing protocols for pandemic H1N1 influenza. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(2), 110–114.

Background  Timely reporting of influenza A virus subtype affects patient management. Real‐time PCR is a rapid and sensitive method routinely used to characterise viral nucleic acid, but the full spectral capability of the instruments is not employed.

Objectives  To evaluate a hexaplex real‐time PCR assay (Flu‐6plx assay) capable of detecting influenza A and B, hMPV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and distinguishing 2008 ‘human’ influenza A/H1 from 2009 pandemic A/H1 subtypes.

Methods  Respiratory specimens (n = 213) were tested using the Flu‐6plx assay and a further four monoplex PCRs targeting hMPV, RSV, influenza A and B. The FDA‐approved ProFlu ST test was used to validate the Flu‐6plx PCR influenza A/H1 subtyping components. Discrepant 2009 pandemic A/H1 results were further tested using the CDC swine H1 assay.

Results  The Flu‐6plx assay had excellent sensitivity identifying 106/106 influenza A RNA–positive samples. The ProFlu ST test was a less sensitive subtyping test, and discrepant analysis could not confirm A/H1 status for four samples resulting in Flu‐6plx PCR specificities of 98% and 95% for human A/H1 and 2009 pandemic A/H1, respectively. Co‐infection affected the sensitivity of the Flu‐6plx PCR hMPV component whereby low‐level hMPV RNA could be masked by much higher concentrations of influenza A virus RNA.

Conclusions  The Flu‐6plx assay is a sensitive and specific test for the universal detection of influenza A infection and determination of A/H1 subtype. Concomitant detection of influenza B, hMPV and RSV demonstrates the utility of hexaplex real‐time PCRs in viral diagnostics.
Rapid detection of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus M gene by real‐time and gel‐based RT‐PCR assays
Authors: Ma Wenjun , Oberst Richard , Li Xi , Clouser Deborah , Hesse Richard , Rowland Raymond , Richt Juergen A.
Published: October 2010

Please cite this paper as: Ma et al. (2010) Rapid detection of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus M gene by real‐time and gel‐based RT‐PCR assays. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 397–403.

Background  Since the first pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pH1N1) virus was isolated from humans, it has also been detected in other mammalian (pigs, cats, dogs, ferrets) and avian (turkey) species, most likely because of cross‐species transmission from humans. The pH1N1 contains six genes derived from swine influenza viruses (SIVs) currently circulating in North America of human‐ (PB1), avian‐ (PB2, PA), and swine‐ (HA, NP, and NS) origin and two genes (NA and M) derived from Eurasian SIVs. The novel genetic composition of pH1N1 necessitates development of novel molecular and serological assays to differentiate the pH1N1 virus from circulating human, swine, turkey, canine, and feline influenza viruses.

Methods  To detect and discriminate the pH1N1 from currently circulating SIVs in North America, we developed and evaluated a TaqMan probe‐based real‐time and a gel‐based RT‐PCR assay, both targeting the pH1N1 matrix gene.

Results  The real‐time and gel‐based RT‐PCR assays were able to specifically detect the pH1N1 M gene and differentiate it from SIVs circulating in North America, including the classical and novel human‐like H1N1 influenza virus as well as H1, H2, and H3 subtype triple reassortant SIVs. Both assays were highly sensitive and specific for the pH1N1 virus.

Conclusions  The newly developed pH1N1‐specific real‐time and gel‐based RT‐PCR assays can be used to detect and differentiate the pH1N1 virus from currently circulating SIVs in North America. We suggest a combinational diagnostic approach where the real‐time RT‐PCR is used for high‐throughput detection of influenza positive or suspect samples and the gel‐based RT‐PCR for confirmation and sequencing of the M‐gene.
Treatment of traumatic tracheal collapse with extraluminal titanium mesh screens
Authors: Graham S. B. , Schilpp D. , Bradley W. M. , Cook G. , Gayle J.
Published: October 2010

A 12‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding presented with a history of exercise intolerance and inspiratory stridor. Physical examination revealed a blunt crush injury to the ventral neck and underlying trachea of unknown duration. Tracheoscopy revealed agrade 3tracheal collapse. Surgical management of the case involved placement of extraluminal titanium mesh screens circumferentially around the trachea for complete support. During the period of hospitalisation, the only post operative complication was seroma formation, which resolved with routine care. Follow‐up after 5 years revealed no further evidence of exercise intolerance, inspiratory dyspnoea or stridor. The horse returned to his previous level of work as a show hunter.
The use of an absorbable bone screw as a transphyseal bridge for the correction of fetlock varus deviations in six foals
Authors: Wall R. A. , Robinson P. , Adkins A. R.
Published: October 2010

This report describes and evaluates the use of a single‐positional absorbable screw (Smart Screw)1as a temporary transphyseal bridge of the lateral aspect of the distal metacarpus in 6 foals with fetlock varus deformities. Using radiographic and visual assessments, an improvement in the severity of the deviation was identified in all cases. There were no complications encountered during screw placement or post operatively.

The use of absorbable screws in the treatment of angular limb deformities in foals has potential and offers several advantages over the use of traditional stainless steel implants.
Episodic collapse in the horse
Authors: Lyle C. H. , Keen J. A.
Published: October 2010

The term ‘collapse’ can be used to describe a variety of incidents in which a horse loses postural tone with or without progression to recumbency and with or without loss of consciousness. Depending on the aetiology of the condition the episode may be self‐limiting and may or may not recur. Alternatively the collapse may be secondary to serious injury or disease and require veterinary intervention. This article mainly discusses investigation of the former scenario of self‐limiting single or multiple episodes of collapse in apparently healthy horses. An overview of the various causes of collapse is followed by a suggested approach to the diagnosis of these challenging cases.
Equus caballuspapillomavirus‐2 (EcPV‐2): An infectious cause for equine genital cancer?
Authors: SCASE T. , BRANDT S. , KAINZBAUER C. , SYKORA S. , BIJMHOLT S. , HUGHES K. , SHARPE S. , FOOTE A.
Published: October 2010

Reasons for performing study:The aetiology of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in horses remains unknown, but the similarity to the disease in man, for which papillomavirus infection has been shown to be a causal factor, requires to be investigated in horses.

Hypothesis:One or more novel papillomaviruses cause equine genital SCC and its associated premalignant lesions.

Methods:DNA was extracted from samples of equine genital SCC and performed rolling circle amplification, in order to identify closed circular DNA viral genomes within the samples. The amplified DNA was subcloned and sequenced and the DNA sequence compared to that of other papillomavirus genomes. Using PCR primers developed from these genomic DNA sequences, studies were then carried out in order to identify the frequency at which the viral DNA could be identified in equine genital cancer samples from horses in both the UK, Australia and Austria. Finally,in situhybridisation using specific probes developed from this DNA sequence were used to confirm the presence of the viral RNA sequences in the neoplastic cells in these lesions.

Results:The full length genome of a novel papillomavirus species was characterised from the equine genital SCC tissue and termedEquus caballuspapillomavirus‐2 (EcPV‐2). Viral DNA and RNA was identified in the genital tumour samples, but not in the adjacent histologically normal tissue. EcPV‐2 DNA could not be identified in equine ocular or nasal carcinomas or within the scrotal skin or in most smegma samples obtained from tumour‐free horses. Sequencing of amplicons, generated from the archived equine genital tumours, identified variations within E1 and E6 on DNA and predicted protein level.

Conclusions:A novel papillomavirus, EcPV‐2, is likely to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of equine genital epithelial tumours.

Potential relevance:Identification of a papillomavirus causal for genital carcinomas in horses may lead to development of a vaccine that could be used to prevent this serious disease in horses. This would be analogous to man, where vaccination against oncogenic papillomavirus species is currently being used to help prevent cervical cancer.
Health knowledge and perception of risks among Chinese smokers and non-smokers: findings from the Wave 1 ITC China Survey
Authors: Yang Jilan , Hammond David , Driezen Pete , Fong Geoffrey T , Jiang Yuan
Published: October 2010

Background

Awareness of health risks of smoking is strongly associated with smoking behaviour. However, there are no population-based studies of smoking-related health knowledge in China.

Objective

The aim of current study was to use a population-based sample from the International Tobacco Control China Wave 1 survey to examine variations between current, former and never smokers' health knowledge about smoking and the impact of health knowledge awareness on smokers' intention to quit.

Methods

A face-to-face interview was conducted with 5986 adult smokers and non-smokers from six cities in China. Respondents were asked whether they believed smoking causes heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer, emphysema, stained teeth, premature ageing in smokers and lung cancer in non-smokers. Current smokers were also asked additional questions on how smoking affects their current and future health as well as whether they had plans to quit smoking and if they believe they would have health benefit from quitting.

Findings

The overall awareness of health risks of smoking in China was low compared to developed countries. Current smokers in China were less likely than non-smokers and former smokers to acknowledge the consequences of smoking. Current smokers who were more aware of the health consequences of smoking were more likely to intend to quit smoking.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the need to increase awareness about the health effects of smoking in China, particularly among current smokers to increase quitting.
Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals
Authors: O'Connor Richard J , Li Qiang , Stephens W Edryd , Hammond David , Elton-Marshall Tara , Cummings K Michael , Giovino Gary A , Fong Geoffrey T
Published: October 2010

Background

China is the home to the world's largest cigarette maker, China National Tobacco Company (CNTC), yet little is known publicly about the design and emissions of Chinese cigarettes. CNTC is currently in the process of consolidating its brands and has ambitions to export its cigarettes. Machine-measured tar yields of many of its cigarette brands have also been reduced, similar to what occurred in Western countries from the 1970s through the 1990s with so-called ‘low-tar’ cigarettes introduced to address consumer concerns about health risks from smoking.

Method

The current study examines the design and physical characteristics, labelled smoke emissions and tobacco metals content of leading brands of Chinese cigarettes from seven cities purchased in 2005–6 and in 2007.

Results

Findings suggest that similar to most countries, tar levels of Chinese cigarettes are predicted primarily by tobacco weight and filter ventilation. Ventilation explained approximately 50% of variation observed in tar and 60% variation in carbon monoxide yields. We found little significant change in key design features of cigarettes purchased in both rounds. We observed significant levels of various metals, averaging 0.82 μg/g arsenic (range 0.3–3.3), 3.21 μg/g cadmium (range 2.0–5.4) and 2.65 μg/g lead (range 1.2–6.5) in a subsample of 13 brands in 2005–6, substantially higher than contemporary Canadian products.

Conclusion

Results suggest that cigarettes in China increasingly resemble those sold in Western countries, but with tobacco containing higher levels of heavy metals. As CNTC looks to export its product around the world, independent surveillance of tobacco product characteristics, including tobacco blend characteristics, will become increasingly important.
Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in selected public places (PM2.5and air nicotine) and non-smoking employees (hair nicotine) in Ghana
Authors: Agbenyikey Wilfred , Wellington Edith , Gyapong John , Travers Mark J , Breysse Patrick N , McCarty Kathleen M , Navas-Acien Ana
Published: October 2010

Background

Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure is a global public health problem. Ghana currently has no legislation to prevent smoking in public places. To provide data on SHS levels in hospitality venues in Ghana the authors measured (1) airborne particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nicotine concentrations and (2) hair nicotine concentrations in non-smoking employees. Quantifying SHS exposure will provide evidence needed to develop tobacco control legislation.

Method

PM2.5was measured for 30 min in 75 smoking and 13 non-smoking venues. Air nicotine concentrations were measured for 7 days in 8 smoking and 2 non-smoking venues. Additionally, 63 non-smoking employees provided hair samples for nicotine analysis.

Result

Compared to non-smoking venues, smoking venues had markedly elevated PM2.5(median 553 [IQR 259–1038] vs 16.0 [14.0–17.0] μg/m3) and air nicotine (1.83 [0.91–4.25] vs 0.03 [0.02–0.04] μg/m3) concentrations. Hair nicotine concentrations were also higher in non-smoking employees working in smoking venues (median 2.49 [0.46–6.84] ng/mg) compared to those working in non-smoking venues (median 0.16 [0.08–0.79] ng/mg). Hair nicotine concentrations correlated with self-reported hours of SHS exposure (r=0.35), indoor air PM2.5concentrations (r=0.47) and air nicotine concentrations (r=0.63).

Conclusion

SHS levels were unacceptably high in public places in Ghana where smoking is allowed, despite a relatively low-smoking prevalence in the country. This is one of the first studies to ascertain SHS and hair nicotine in Africa. Levels were comparable to those measured in American, Asian and European countries without or before smoking bans. Implementing a comprehensive smoke-free legislation that protects workers and customers from exposure to secondhand smoke is urgently needed in Ghana.
Detectability and prevalence ofBrachyspiraspecies in herds rearing health class feeder pigs in Finland
Authors: Heinonen M. , Fossi M. , Jall J‐P. , Saloniemi H. , Tuovinen V.
Published: October 2010

Faeces samples were taken three times at two‐week intervals, from the farrowing units of four herds of knownBrachyspira(formerlySerpulina) status and one of unknownBrachyspirastatus.Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira intermediaandBrachyspiragroup III were isolated from the faecal samples from the weaners in the herds using either a maximum of 50 ppm of olaquindox or no feed additives. The detection rates were relatively consistent. However,B hyodysenteriaewas not detected at one sampling in a known positive herd. The prevalence ofBrachyspiraspecies was also studied in feeder pigs originating from LSO 2000 health class farrowing units, comparable with specific pathogen‐free herds. These farms were free from swine dysentery, sarcoptic mange, swine enzootic pneumonia and progressive atrophic rhinitis. Fifty of 428 herds were sampled once.B hyodysenteriaewas not isolated from any of them, butB intermedia, B pilosicoliandBrachyspiragroup III were isolated from five, 14 and 37 of the herds, respectively. The detection ofBrachyspiraspecies did not relate to the prevalence of diarrhoea in the herds, as judged by the farmers. The herds using carbadox (40 to 50 ppm) had a lower prevalence ofBrachyspiraspecies than those using olaquindox (40 to 50 ppm).
Disposal and disease rates in 340 British dairy herds
Authors: Whitaker D. A. , Kelly J. M. , Smith S.
Published: October 2010

Data derived from 340 dairy herds, mainly in southern England, between April 1998 and March 1999, showed that the average total culling rate was 22.1 per cent, with 5.6 per cent for infertility, 3.6 per cent for mastitis, 1.7 per cent for lameness, 2.0 per cent for poor milk yield, 3.7 per cent for age and 5.5 per cent for miscellaneous reasons which included death. The average annual rate of assisted calvings was 8.7 per cent, of injury 0.9 per cent, digestive disease 1.3 per cent, ketosis 0.4 per cent, hypomagnesaemia 0.7 per cent, hypocalcaemia 5.3 per cent, mastitis 36.6 per cent, and lameness 23.7 per cent. There was a significant association (P<0.001) between higher rates of mastitis in cows housed in straw yards as opposed to cubicles and also between higher rates of lameness in cows housed in cubicles as opposed to yards (P<0.015). However, there were farms with low rates of mastitis in cows kept in straw yards and low rates of lameness in cows kept in cubicles. Larger herds tended to have more problems with lameness and higher bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMscc). There was a positive association between BMScc and mastitis rate.
Resection of the common digital extensor tendon in a gelding
Authors: Booth T. M. , Clegg P. D. , Singer E. R. , Cheeseman M. T.
Published: October 2010

A four‐year‐old gelding was lame owing to a chronic septic common digital extensor tendon and sheath. The horse had been treated by open surgical lavage but the sepsis had recurred after three months. Physical, ultrasonographic, cytological and histological examintions confirmed chronic septic tenosynovitis and tendonitis. The entire intrathecal component of the common digital extensor tendon was resected under general anaesthesia and the synovial lining of the sheath was ablated. Postoperatively the horse regained good limb function and became sound.
Prevalence ofBrachyspiraspecies isolated from diarrhoeic pigs in Brazil
Authors: Barcellos D. E. S. N. , de Uzeda M. , Mathiesen M. R. , Duhamel G. E. , Kader I. I. T. A.
Published: October 2010

Pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes of pigs includeBrachyspira(formerlySerpulina)hyodysenteriae, the cause of swine dysentery, andBrachyspira pilosicoli, the cause of porcine colonic spirochetosis (Pcs). The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance ofBrachyspiraspecies in diarrhoeal disease of growing pigs on farms in southern Brazil. The intensity and pattern of haemolysis, the production of indole and the hydrolysis of hippurate by reference and field porcine intestinal spirochaetes were compared with 16S‐ribosomal RNA (rRNA)‐ and 23S‐rRNA‐based polymerase chain reaction assays for the identification ofB hyodysenteriaeandB pilosicoli. Between July and October 1998, 206 rectal swabs were taken from pigs on 17 farms with a history of diarrhoea developing within 30 days after they had been moved from nursery to growing facilities. Of 49 β‐haemolytic spirochaetes that were cultured, 29 (59.2 per cent) were grown in pure culture for phenotypic and genotypic characterisation, leaving 20 untyped. Of the 29 typed isolates, eight isolates obtained from six farms were identified asB hyodysenteriae, and 15 isolates obtained from seven other farms were identified asB pilosicoli; the remaining six isolates were identified as weakly, β‐haemolytic commensal spirochaetes. There was complete agreement between the results of the phenotypic and genotypic analyses.
Anatomy of the patent ductus venosus in the dog
Authors: White R. N. , Burton C. A.
Published: October 2010

The biplanar umbilical vein portovenograms of 49 newborn puppies and the biplanar mesenteric vein portovenograms, obtained during surgery, of 42 adult dogs with left divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts consistent with a patent dudus venosus (PDv) were reviewed. On the basis of the combined surgical, postmortem and imaging data, the left divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts were consistent, each having a straight vessel which drained into a venous ampulla before draining into the caudal vena cava at the level of the diaphragm. The left phrenic vein and the left hepatic vein both entered the ampulla independently of the shunting vessel. The morphology of the ductus venosus in the pups was similar and consistent with the morphology of the left divisional intrahepatic PDV shunt of the adult dogs. It is concluded that this form of left divisional shunt is correctly named a PDV and is the result of the persistence of the fetal ductus venosus. From the surgical records it is concluded that all the shunts described as a PDV were attenuated by the dired manipulation of the ductus venosus before its entry into the ampulla.
Use of a Rush pin to repair fractures of the distal femur in cats
Authors: Robinson A.
Published: October 2010

Nine fractures of the distal femur in eight cats were repaired by using a 2‐4 mm Rush pin as an intramedullary nail, placed between the condyles via a lateral or medial parapatellar approach to the stifle joint. In all cases the fractures were reduced and stabilised accurately with good postoperative results.
Efficacy of oral calcium pentosan polysulphate for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Innes J. F. , Barr A. R. S. , Sharif M.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of calcium pentosan polysulphate (CaPPS) as a slow‐acting drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint, secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, was tested in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial over a period of one year. Dogs with the deficiency were treated surgically, matched for bodyweight, and randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups. Active treatment began six weeks postoperatively and consisted of 10 mg/kg caPPs orally, once weekly for four weeks, repeated every 12 weeks. The outcome was assessed in terms of function by the dogs' owners, by the radiographical grading of the osteoarthritis, and by the measurement of total sulphated glycosaminoglycans and the 5D4 epitope of keratan sulphate in the synovial fluids of affected joints. There were no differences either in functional outcome or in the radiographical progression of osteoarthritis between the two groups. Fifty‐four weeks after surgery, the concentration of 5D4 in synovial fluid (expressed as change from baseline values) had decreased significantly in the treatment group compared with the placebo group (P=0.03).
Effects of iron dextran injections on the incidence of abomasal bloat, clinical pathology and growth rates in lambs
Authors: Vatn S. , Torsteinbø W. O.
Published: October 2010

A preliminary study revealed significantly lower serum iron concentrations in lambs that developed abomasal bloat about one week later, than in lambs that did not develop bloat. In a subsequent trial, with 754 naturally reared twin lambs from five flocks, iron dextran injections were found to have a preventive effect on the development of abomasal bloat. Clinical signs of abomasal bloat were observed in the placebo‐treated lamb of 16 couples and in the iron‐treated lamb of six couples (P<0.05). In three further couples, both lambs developed bloat. The iron‐treated group had significantly (P<0.001) better average weight gains, both from birth to summer, and from birth to autumn of approximately 0.5 and 1 kg, respectively. There was a reduction in red blood cell values and iron saturation in the placebo groupl4 days after treatment but not in the iron‐treated lambs. In one of the flocks, there was a decrease in the cumulative incidence of abomasal bloat from 37 per cent to 3 per cent during the period of four years after measures such as later lambing, earlier turnout and iron injections were introduced.
Development of vitrified matured caftle oocytes after thawing and culture in vitro
Authors: Le Gal F. , De Roover R. , Verhaeghe B. , Etienne D. , Massip A.
Published: October 2010

Bovine oocytes were partly denuded either at the beginning (to) or six hours (td after the beginning of maturation and vitrified by the open pulled straw method at the end of the maturation process. After warming and fertilisation, their development in vitro and in vivo was assessed. The rates of production of blastocysts achieved in vitro were 3‐4 per cent for the to group and 0‐9 per cent for the t6 group compared with 40‐4 per cent for the control oocytes. After transfer at the blastocyst stage pregnancies have been established in the three groups. Some of these pregnancies originated from vitrified oocytes which were further vitrified at the blastocyst stage before being transferred into synchronised recipients.
GM1 gangliosidosis in shiba dogs
Authors: Yamato O. , Masuoka Y. , Tajima M. , Omae S. , Maede Y. , Ochiai K. , Hayashida E. , Umemura T. , Lijima M.
Published: October 2010

A six‐month‐old shiba dog with a one‐month history of progressive motor dysfunction showed clinical signs of a cerebellar disorder, including ataxia, dysmetria and intention tremor of the head. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies revealed distended neurons packed with membranous cytoplasmic bodies throughout the central nervous system. The activities of lysosomal acid β‐galactosidase in its leucocytes and liver were less than 2 per cent of the control levels, and the compound accumulated in the brain was identified as GM1 ganglioside. A sibling which died immediately after birth was shown to have a β‐galactosidase deficiency in the brain and visceral organs. A family study revealed that the sire and dam of the probands were heterozygotes with approximately half of the normal level of β‐galactosidase activity, suggesting an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.
Evaluation of bacteria isolated from infected eyes of captive, non‐domestic animals
Authors: Williams D. L. , MacGregor S. , Sainsbury A. W.
Published: October 2010

Bacteria isolated from the eyes of captive species with suspected ocular infections at London Zoo were identified by standard methods. The sensitivity of the organisms to several topical antibiotics was determined by using sensitivity discs, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations of chloramphenicol and fusidic acid were determined. Correlations were evaluated between the results from the antibiotic discs and the minimum inhibitory concentrations and, where possible, between the clinical response to treatment and the results of bacteriological sensitivity tests. Unlike the isolates found in cats and dogs Gram‐positive cocd accounted for 54 per cent of isolates but almost half of the bacteria isolated were Gram‐negative organisms.
Cost‐effective antimicrobial drug selection for the management and control of respiratory disease in European cattle
Authors: Barrett D. C.
Published: October 2010

Respiratory disease in growing cattle has both animal welfare and economic implications, but the use of antimicrobial drugs to treat and control it is under public scrutiny owing to concerns that their use in food‐producing animals may be detrimental to human health. This paper outlines criteria for the selection of appropriate and cost‐effective drugs, based on good clinical practice and sound economic principles. It also suggests that these principles should be integrated into quality assurance schemes, and that the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns among known bacterial respiratory pathogens should be improved.
Abomasal bloat, haemorrhage and ulcers in young Norwegian lambs
Authors: Vatn S. , Ulvund M. J.
Published: October 2010

An abomasal syndrome affecting mainly three‐ to four‐week‐old lambs was studied by using a case‐control design involving 88 cases and 85 controls. The principal clinical signs were tympany and colic. The cases were divided into three groups according to the main gross pathological findings in 82 of them. The 28 lambs in group 1 had abomasal tympany, the 29 lambs in group 2 had severe damage to the abomasal mucosa, and the 25 lambs in group 3 consisted mainly of lambs with various other diseases in combination with abomasal changes. The lambs in group 1 had a significantly (P<0.05) lower mean (se) abomasal pH (2.7 [0.19]) than those in group 2 (4.1 [0.32]), group 3 (3.7 [0.39]) or the controls (3.3[0.13]). The ruminal pH values ranged from 3.5 to 7.4 but there were no significant differences between the groups. Lambs with ulcers had a significantly (P<0.05) higher frequency of trichophytobezoars, than the cases without ulcers or the controls. The tympanic lambs in group 1 had a significantly higher mean packed cell volume, and higher mean red and white blood cell counts, and a significantly lower mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration than the healthy control lambs.
Identification of porcine circovirus in tissues of pigs with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
Authors: Rosell C. , Segalés J. , Ramos‐Vara J. A. , Folch J. M. , Rodriguez‐Arrioja G. M. , Duran C. O. , Balasch M. , Plana‐Durán J. , Domingo M.
Published: October 2010

Thirty‐three pigs affected by porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, 30 from Spain and three from the USA, were investigated in order to detect porcine circovirus (Pcv) in their tissues. A standard in situ hybridisation technique using a specific DNA 317‐bp probe based on a well‐conserved sequence of Pcv (which recognises both Pcv‐i and PCV‐2) was applied to formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. Twentyeight of the 30 Spanish pigs and all three American pigs had Pcv in at least one tissue. Viral nucleic acid was detected mainly in lymphoid organs, and especially the lymph nodes. The viral genome was also found, in order of decreasing quantity, in Peyer's patches, tonsil, lung, spleen, kidney, liver, and skin. Viral nucleic acid was located mainly within the cytoplasm of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, including follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, histiocytes and Kupffer cells. No viral nucleic acid was found in damaged glomeruli or arteriolar walls. In frozen samples available from three Spanish pigs, the virus was identified as type 2 by using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Most of the pigs from which serum was available were seropositive against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and PRRSV antigen was detected in the lung of two of the Spanish pigs. These results suggested that Pcv is present in tissues of almost all pigs affected by PDNS, and Pcv has to be considered as a possible agent involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
Comparative study of propofol or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs
Authors: Lerche P. , Reid J. , Nolan A. M.
Published: October 2010

The effects of propofol alone or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs were compared. Thirty healthy dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, then randomly allocated to either treatment. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) (group 1), or propofol and ketamine (2 mg/kg bodyweight of each intravenously) (group 2). Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane, delivered in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (1:2) via a non‐rebreathing Bain circuit. Various cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored at two, five, 10, 15, 20,25 and 30 minutes after induction, and the animals were observed during anaesthesia and recovery, and any adverse effects were recorded. During anaesthesia, the heart rate, but not the systolic arterial pressure, was consistently higher in group 2 (range 95 to 102 beats per minute) than in group 1 (range 73 to 90 beats per minute). Postindudion apnoea was more common in group 2 (11 of 15) than in group 1 (six of 15). Muscle twitching was observed in three dogs in each group. Recovery times were similar in both groups. Propofol followed by ketamine was comparable with propofol alone for the induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.
Anatomical, cytogenetic and behavioural studies of freemartin ewes
Authors: Smith K. C. , Parkinson T. J. , Long S. E. , Barr F. J.
Published: October 2010

The external phenotype and reproductive behaviour of 21 freemartin sheep and two male pseudohermaphrodite sheep were recorded with the aim of identifying any characteristics which might be used to predict a failure to breed. The size and shape of the vulva and clitoris, the length of the vagina, the size of the teats, the presence or absence of inguinal gonads, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the inguinal gonads were recorded. A subjective assessment of the masculinity of each animal's body form was also made, and its behavioural responses to a virile ram and to an oestrus ewe were recorded. A number of physical and behavioural abnormalities were detected but the only consistent finding in all 23 animals was a short vagina which varied in length from 3.1 to 7.0 cm, compared with 10 to 14 cm in normal animals.
Frictional properties of cattle hooves and their conformation after trimming
Authors: Phillips C. J. C. , Chiy P. C. , Bucktrout M. J. , Collins S. M. , Gasson C. J. , Jenkins A. C. , Paranhos da Costa M. J. R.
Published: October 2010

The conformation of the hooves of nine heifers obtained from an abattoir was measured and their coefficient of static friction (p) was determined for movement in forward, backward and sideways directions. The hooves were trimmed by the Dutch method and their conformation and p were measured again. Trimming increased pl, and decreased the length of the digit and the angle between it and the floor. The value of p was considerably greater for movement in a forward or backwards direction than sideways. The relationship between the value of p for sideways movement and hoof conformation was examined by using 52 lower limbs from a variety of cattle breeds. Although p was greater for Belgian blue than other cattle breeds, there were no relationships between p and hoof conformation, including a measure of the roughness of the sole.
Unidentified parasitic cysts in cattle
Authors: van der Logt P. B. , Gottstein B.
Published: October 2010

Between February 18, 1995, and July 1, 1996, 38 cysts derived from New Zealand cattle were subjected to a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PcR) designed to identify genomic Taenia saginata DNA. No Tsaginata.
Central nervous system pathology in 25 dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy
Authors: Johnston P. E. J. , Barrie J. A. , McCulloch M. C. , Anderson T. J. , Griffiths I. R.
Published: October 2010

The neuropathology of 20 German shepherd dogs and five German shepherd dog crosses with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy were analysed by conventional techniques, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. There were previously unrecognised changes in brain nuclei. In the spinal cord, both motor and sensory tracts were involved, principally in their more distal regions. Wallerian degeneration affected the corticorubrospinal pathways in the lateral columns and the ventral funiculi, predominantly in the caudal thoracic and lumbar segments, although more cranial involvement was also observed. The dorsal columns were affected in the caudal lumbar region and the cervical fasciculus gracilis. The regional distribution was variable between cases. Within the brain, abnormalities, including chromatolysis, gliosis and neuronal loss were observed in the red nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus and, occasionally, in the dentate nucleus. The changes in brain nuclei were compared with those found in dogs at various times after a focal spinal injury. The neuronal changes in the brain may be related to the primary site of damage, and possible aetiological mechanisms are discussed.
Assessment of defined antigens for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in skin test‐reactor cattle
Authors: Pollock J. M. , Girvin R. M. , Lightbody K. A. , Neill S.D. , Clements R. A. , Buddle B. M. , Andersen P.
Published: October 2010

The continued use of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is considered to be the main factor which limits the specificity of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB). This study evaluated a whole blood interferon‐gamma (IFN‐y) assay and compared the diagnostic potential of PPD with two tuberculosis‐specific antigens, ESAT‐6 and MPB70. To provide estimates of sensitivity and specificity, responses were measured in 180 skin test‐reacting cattle, of which 131 were confirmed as tuberculous, and in 128 cattle from TB‐free herds. For the skin test reactors, there was a positive correlation between the IFN‐y responses to PPD from Mycobacterium bovis (PPDB) and PPD from Mycobaderium avium (PPDA), indicating cross‐reactivity between these conmplex antigens which are the basis of the skin test. In comparisons of the ESAT‐6 IFN‐y test with a PPD IFN‐y test (using PPDB compared with PPDA), there was a decrease in sensitivity (76‐3 per cent vs 89‐3 per cent), but a clear increase in specificity (99‐2 per cent vs 92‐2 per cent).
Prepartum equine rotavirus vaccination inducing strong specific IgG in mammary secretions
Authors: Sheoran A. S. , Whalen J. W. , Powell D. G. , Timoney J. F. , Karzenski S. S. , Crisman M. V. , Whalen J. W.
Published: October 2010

ROTAVIRUSES are a major cause ofdiarrhoea in young foals and other domesticated species. Prepartum vaccination is widely used as a means of stimulating specific antibodies in mammary secretions to prevent rotaviral infections in suck‐ling calves and piglets through passive immunisation (Saif and Fernandez 1996). The aim of this study was to charac‐terise rotavirus‐specific antibody isotype responses in the colostrum and milk ofvaccinated mares, and their transfer to the blood of foals. The vaccine contained an inactivated H2 strain of equine rotavirus (ERV H2) and a metabolisable oil‐in‐water adjuvant (Fort Dodge Animal Health).