bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fracaso electromecánico inducido por el ejercicio dinámico
Authors: Coarasa Liron de Robles A. , Ros Mar R. , Villarroya Aparicio A.
Published: August 2020

Se investiga el fracaso muscular tras la realización de un ejercicio

dinámico de alto esfuerzo, mediante la determinación de índices

cuantitativos de función contráctil. Cincuenta adultos practican

un test triangular en cicloergómetro bajo control ergoespirométrico,

midiendo en el cuádriceps femoral la variación de la

fuerza generada en la estimulación eléctrica (curva fuerzaflrecuencia),

de lafierza máxima voluntaria y del umbral de intensidad

y la cronaxia. Se observan distintos tipos de fatiga de origen

periférico, cuya magnitud no depende de la intensidad del esfuerzo.

La coincidencia del cambio de la fuerza tetánica, de la fuerza

voluntaria y de la cronaxia apoya la responsabilidad del defecto

excitatorio en la fatiga de alta frecuencia, la cual puede causar la

detención del ejercicio. El límite de la aptitud debe referirse a

una capacidad individual según la modificación de diversos parámetros,

entre los cuales debe incluirse una exploración funcional

muscular
Biometría femoral: Curva diafisaria y longitud anatómica. Estudio de las correlaciones.
Authors: Casteleiro González R. , Castaño Zapatero C. , San Martín Martínez A. , Gómez Pellico L. , Rodríguez Torres R.
Published: August 2020

Estudiamos la relación entre las longitudes anatómicas del fémur y la curvatura en el plano sagital, para lo que hemos medido en 30 fémures humanos secos y pertenecientes a individuos adultos las lóngitudes anatómicas (máxima, cóndilo-cefálica, trócleo-cefálica) y el radio diafisario.

Los valores obtenidos son analizados estadísticamente y estudiadas las correlaciones lineales resultado de comparar cada una de las medidas con las demñas. Con los resultados obtenidos contribuimos a un mejor conocimiento de estos parámetros desde un punto de vista de anatomía básica y de la aplicación clínica de los mismos en el diseño del componente femoral de prótesis de cádera y clavos intramedulares.
Evaluación de la rigidez de diferentes fijadores externos
Authors: Gil F.X. , Ginebra Molins Maria Pau , Morales J. , Fernández Aguado Enrique , Cabo J. , Fernández Sabaté A. , Planell Estany Josep Anton
Published: August 2020

Se ha estudiado la rigidez a compresión, flexión en 3 puntos y torsión de fijadores del tipo Orthofix, Wagner y Hoffmann doble marco con diferentes distancias del clavo al foco de fractura. Se han comparado los resultados que permitirán realizar en la práctica clínica montajes con las carcaterísticas de regidez deseables.
ACL function in the normal knee
Authors: O'connor J. , Zavatsky A.
Published: August 2020

A biomechanical description of the anteroexternal cruciate ligament

of the knee in normal conditions is made.
Conceptos biomecánicos de los clavos «en cerrojo»
Authors: Fernández Fairen Mariano
Published: August 2020

Se pasa revista a las propiedades mecánicas comparativas de

los diferentes montajes alcanzables con los distintos modelos y

concepciones de clavos «en cerrojo*. Es evidente que la rigidez

y resistencia de los clavos macizos y después de los clavos huecos

de sección cerrada es superior a los clavos convencionales

o de primera generación. Igualmente el bloqueo por tornillos o

pernos sobre cortical es mejor que el proporcionado por aletas

u otros artilugios a nivel de la esponjosa.

No cabe duda que los clavos «en cerrojo)) suponen un gran

avance y ventaja en el tratamiento de las fracturas complejas de

la extremidad inferior.
Estudio del apoyo metatarsal en bipedestación mediante podoscopio electrónico de alta resolución.
Authors: Pérez Gracía A.J.M , Tabuenca Sánchez A. , López Soler J.E. , Orrite Uruñela C. , Martinez Villa J. , Herrera Rodriguez A.
Published: August 2020

Con el jin de estudiar el apoyo metatarsal en bipedestación se

han realizado 780 registros en la plataforma PDS 93, correspondientes

a 390 individuos, no seleccionados, sin patología de la

marcha, 234 varones y 156 mujeres, con edades comprendidas

entre 24 y 41 años (edad media de 29,9 años).

En cada registro se ha recogido la presión ejercida por cada metatarsiano,

relacionando la carga obtenida con el peso, conjiguración

mecánica del pie y huella plantar: Los resultados obtenidos se

han procesado estadísticamente por medio del programa SPSS.

El porcentaje de las cargas medias obtenidas para cada metatarsiano

han sido: 16,85, 21,25, 23,88, 20,24 y 17,78%, existiendo

dqerencias sign$cativas para el apoyo de los metatarsianos

centrales (p < 0,001).

Todos los metatarsianos soportan carga en bipedestación, de

acuerdo con las teorías actuales. Sin embargo, aunque la distribución

del peso para el primer metatarsiano se aproxima al doble

de los otros, la carga máxima en g/cm2 se realiza en los metatarsianos

centrales.
Indicativos biomecánicos en el dolor vertebral
Authors: Giménez Salillas L. , Villarroya Aparicio A. , Puertolas Tobias V. , Marco Sanz C.
Published: August 2020

El sufrimiento mecánico de la columna vertebral se manifiesta de forma abudante como dolor lumbar. Universalmente se acepta que el exceso de lordosis y la anteversión sacra son las causas principales de tal padecimiento. Se ha estudiado en 204 radiografías de perfil de pacientes con lumbalgia los valores de los índices de Cunnighan, lumbrosacro y lumbar total, así como de los ángulos lumbar y lumbosacro, para comprobar el papel de la morfología vertebral y discal como indicativos biomecánicos. Se ha realizado un estudio estadístico, mediante el método de Pearson y la "t" de Student, y se ha establecido la correlación múltiple entre todas las variables por el método de Doolitle. Se ha comprobado la tendencia, en las lumbalgias mecánicas, a la lordosis y sacro horizontal, así mismo la importancia que el conjunto de discos vertebrales lumbares y L5-S1 adquieren en el morfotipo vertebral, sobre todo femenino.
Participación del detrusor en las propiedades dinámicas de la pared vesical. Presentación de un nuevo modelo biomecánico
Authors: Virseda Chamorro M. , Salinas Casado J.
Published: August 2020

Se realizó un estudio experimental en orden a valorar la participación del detrusor en la acomodación y biomecánica de la pared

vesical.

Se utilizaron 65 perros machos adultos mestizos. Los animales fueron divididos en 4 grupos de 10 perros (a, b, c y d) y un grupo de 25perros (e). Estos gruposfieron: a) grupo control; b) grupo que recibió 2,s mgkg de atropina i.v. (agente anticolinérgico); c) grupo que recibió 0,7 mgkg i.v. de verapamil (bloqueante de los canales lentos del calcio); d) grupo que recibió O,I mg/min/kg i.v. de nitroprusiato (antagonista del calcio intracelular), y e) grupo que recibió EGTA (quelante del calcio) i.v. a dosis crecientes desde 90 hasta 450 mgkg. Se comprobó que la acomodación vesical depende de la activicontracdad

contráctil tónica (mediada por el calcio intracelular). Aplicando

un modelo matemático adecuado se demostró que las propiedades

viscoelásticas de la pared vesicular dependen de las propiedades contráctiles y que las propiedades elásticas son independientes de la actividad contráctil vesical. Se postula un nuevo modelo biomecánico de la pared vesical.
Procesos de adiestramiento de alambres ortodóncicos con memoria de forma
Authors: Gil Mur Francisco Javier , Libenson Libenson Claudia , Planell Estany Josep Anton
Published: August 2020

Los alambres de ortodoncia de níquel-titanio son suministrados por los diferentes fabricantes con forma de arco estándar. Los procesos de adiestramiento o de "eduación" permiten cambiar las formas del arco dental del alambre. Esta propiedad permitirá que el material a una temperatura tenga una forma y que a una temperatura menor recuerde otra forma diferente. Este doblre efecto memoria de forma proporciona al clínico una mayor versatilidad de los alambres NiTi en el tratamiento ortodóncico.
Ligamiento lateral interno de la rodilla: resistencia mecánica durante su cicatrización. Estudio Experimental
Authors: Proubasta Renart I. , Planell Estany Josep Anton , Escalas Llimona Félix
Published: August 2020

lns autores reproducen en el anímal de experimentacíón (conejo)
lesiones de grados II y de III del LLI para comprobar su comportamiento
mecóníco durante distintos períodos de su cicatrización.
Del estudio se constata que en las fases iniciales e intermedias
de Ia cicatrización del citado ligamento existe una significativa
reducción de su resistencia mecdnica cuando se la compara
con el grupo control, tanto a las 3 como a las 9 y 12 semanas
en lesiones de grado II como de grado III. Especialmente notable
es la dismínución de resistencia en las lesiones de grado III En
consecuencia y, aun cuando los resultadoss e obtienen en un método
experimental en eI animal, cabe advertir que especialmente
en lesiones importantes del ligamento lateral interno la resistencia
es muy por debajo de lo normal durante estas fases de la cicatrización
cuando existe un intervalo de teiido cícatrícial considerable.
Desarrollo de un sistema fotogramétrico tridimensional computerizado no invasivo para el análisis de la columna vertebral humana
Authors: Soto Hermoso Víctor Manuel , Gerona Galdame P. , Gutiérrez Dávila Marcos , Rodríguez Rodríguez L.P.
Published: August 2020

El presente trabajo expone el desarrollo de un sistema fotogramétri-

co tridimensional (3D) no invasivo basado en la utilización de

imágenes radiológicas que permite el análisis de la columna vertebral

humana para su aplicación en el ámbito de la investigctción

básica acerca del comportamiento de la columna y su utilización

práctica para facilitar el diagnóstico clínico en los centros médi-

-cos.

A pártir de Ia información obtenida mediante imágenes radio-

tógicai son aplicadas técnicas fotogramétricas 3D computerizadas

que permiten con una adecuada metodología no invasiva la obtención

de diversos parámetros biomectínicos que permiten detetminar

el comportamiento estático y dinámico de la columna. Asimismo

se desarrollan ciertos algoritmos de representación gráfica tri-

dimensional de la columna vertebral humana que la simulan de

forma realista; esto puede suponer un avance importante para su

utilización en el perfeccionamiento del diagnóstico clínico. El sistema

desarrollado ha sido aplicado de forma práctica sobre una

muestra de pacientes afectados por diversos grados de escoliosis.
Anatomía vascular de los tendones peroneos en el tobillo
Authors: Fernández Berrendero L. , Vásquez Osorio Mª T. , Sanz Hospital F. J. , Murillo González J.A. , Puerta Fonollá A.J.
Published: August 2020

Estudiamos la vasculación de los tendones peroneos en el tobillo de 26 miembros inferiores de fetos humanos a término mediante disección. Previamente sometemos a los especímenes a inyección de látex teñido por arteria femoral y posteriormente fijamos en formaldehído.
Actividad electromiográfica normal en la marcha humana
Authors: Lara Romero M.F. , Angulo Carrere Mª. T. , Llanos Alcázar L.F.
Published: August 2020

La electromiografía dinámica es uno de los medios tecnológicos

usuales en el estudio del movimiento humano; esta técnica

determina cuándo un músculo está activo o inactivo. La revisión

de los datos aportados por la literatura y los dependientes de la

práctica confirman el complejo comportamiento muscular durante

la marcha. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una puesta al

día que aclare y establezca los parámetros normales de la actividad

muscular a lo largo del ciclo completo de la marcha. Los resultados

obtenidos demuestran la existencia de patrones normales

electromiográficos, a partir de los cuales se establecen variaciones

interindividuales dentro de la normalidad.
Prótesis total de cadera con disco a compresión (PDC)
Authors: Merino E. J. , Higuera J. , López Acevedo G. , Prieto J. M. , Ramos M.
Published: August 2020

Se describe en este trabajo, un implante protésico total no

cementado de cadera, sin anclaje intramedular. Se estudia la

biomecánica de la articulación de la cadera, de los implantes

endomedulares y se marcan las características de la prótesis

PDC: transmisión de las fuerzas resultantes de la cadera directamente

al hueso cortical media1 del cuello femoral y la ausencia

de manipulación del canal medular. Por último se realiza una

somera descripción de la técnica de implantación.
Variaciones temporales de los módulos de rigidez torsional de los discos en un modelo de raquis cervical
Authors: Vinciguerra A. , Robles M.
Published: August 2020

Como consecuencia de diferentes investigaciones que han permitido el estudio de los efectos a los que están expuestos los segmentos vertebrales, durante las rotaciones de los mismos alrededor eje céfalo-caudal, se describe un criterio que permite prever la evolución, en función de la edad, de los valores de los módulos de rigidez de torsión de los discos cervicales.
Características musculares y producción de fuerza máxima/explosiva durante acciones isométricas/dinámicas de los músculos extensores de los miembros inferiores en jóvenes no entrenados
Authors: Izquierdo M. , Aguado X. , González J. L. , López J. L. , Ribas T. , Linares F. , Vila L. , Voces J. A. , Álvarez A. I. , Prieto J. G.
Published: August 2020

Participaron en el estudio, de forma voluntaria cinco sujetos de sexo masculino, estudiantes de educación Física (22-26 años). El objetivo fue observar las relaciones entre el test de salto horizontal con los tests de salto vertical con contramovimiento y con flexión previa, tests de fuerza isométrica máxima y la distribución de los tipos de fibras musculares.

Los resultados en la distancia y altura de vuelo conseguidas en los tests de salto horizontal, salto desde flexión previa sin contramovimiento y salto con contramovimiento fueron respectivamente 2,53 m ± 0,17, 0,32 m ± 0,05 y 0,40 m ± 0,05. No se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las fibras tipo I, tipo IIA y tipo IIB y los tests realizados. Tampoco se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre la máxima fuerza, la pendiente de fuerza isométrica y entre la distancia y alturas de salto. Por otro lado, tampoco se encontraron correlaciones entre la fuerza y la potencia en el salto horizontal (2,53 B W ± 0,17 y 63,4 W/kg ± 5,4, respectivamente) y la distancia lograda.

El test de fuerza isométrica máxima se realizó con dos diferentes ángulos de flexión de rodillas: 90" y 120". Tanto el pico de máxima fuerza isométrica como la máxima pendiente de desarrollo de la fuerza fueron superiores al realizar el test con una flexión de rodillas de 120" (2268 N ± 576 y 8962 N/s ± 1945 frente a 1538 N ± 300 y 7398 N/s ± 1557 con 90" de flexión). Por último, no se encontraron relaciones significativas entre la fuerza isométrica máxima y la fuerza explosiva en acciones dinámicas.
Reacción ósea a implantes mixtos cerámico-plásticos. Estudio experimental preliminar
Authors: Clemente de Arriba C. , Echavarri C. , Gómez Pellico L. , López Alonso A. , Fernández-Valencia R.
Published: August 2020

Se estudia la respuesta ósea a un material formado por una cerámica sintética y dos polímeros asociados. Se obtiene con ello un cilindro sólido que se coloca en la cavidad medular del fémur de conejo durante distintos períodos de tiempo. Se realiza un estudio preliminar utilizando un sistema que permite obtener, en la misma preparación histológica, el implante y el tejido óseo sin descalcificar y sin tener que separarlos previamente, lo que permite un mejor estudio de la interfaz hueso-implante. Se concluye que la técnica histológica utilizada es adecuada para la valoración de la interfaz entre el hueso y el tipo de implante estudiado, igualmente dicho material resulta bien tolerado, dadas sus características de dureza, elasticidad y biocompatibilidad, aunque presenta como principal inconveniente el soportar mal las cargas mecánicas.
Calidad y cualidad del titanio para su uso en cirugía ortopédica
Authors: Melini de Paz F.
Published: August 2020

Puesto que en los momentos actuales se está usando el titanio de manera habitual como componente de todas las endoprótesis, y de manera cada vez más importante se está incluyendo en la fabricación de los implantes de osteosíntesis y estabilización osteoarticular, es necesario que los cirujanos ortopédicos nos acerquemos al conocimiento de sus bondades o de sus inconvenientes.

Tratamos por ello de situarlo en sus coordenadas de aplicación clínica, resaltando sus virtudes en los aspectos biomecánicos, en las garantías de biocompatibilidad que permiten que se pueda realizar por parte del hueso receptor el fenómeno de la osteointegración, y en general en la respuesta del huésped ante este metal no desde el punto de vista de la unión al mismo, sino de las reacciones adversas o no, que pueda ocasionar sistémica o localmente. Desde el punto de vista biomecánico, su ductilidad y resistencia y su gran capacidad de autorreparación por el mecanismo de la pasivación inmediata anulando por tanto el fenómeno corrosivo, son sus mejores credenciales. Biológicamente, su compatibilidad con el medio que lo recibe permitiendo el crecimiento hístico a su alrededor sin interferirlo, junto a su baja o nula capacidad de reacción a cuerpo extraño y mucho menos en la producción de fenómenos de sensibilidad son las otras características que avalan su uso. Como material endoprotésico, junto a indudables constataciones clínicas y de laboratorio que le sitúan como el mejor metal proosteointegración, otras tratan de encontrar sombras para su empleo.
Six Hegelian Theses about Technology
Authors: Kislev Shachar Freddy ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

Hegel has long been considered a major thinker of progress. This paper extends Hegel’s philosophy of progress into an outline of a philosophy of technology. It does this not by directly reading the little Hegel wrote on the subject, but by introducing six central Hegelian ideas that bear on the technological thought. It argues that, for Hegel, (1) mankind is destined to change its destiny; (2) that true change involved qualitative change; (3) that true change is conceptual, and not material, change; (4) that history progresses immanently according to its own laws; (5) that history progresses towards ever greater artificiality; and that (6) artificiality is closely linked to freedom. These ideas cohere into a Hegelian metaphysics of technology, which is supportive of the technological enterprise. This paper is meant both to sketch a metaphysical understanding of the technological enterprise, and to trace the intellectual roots of contemporary technological utopianism.
Tax information acquired from foreign jurisdictions in the practice of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation
Authors: Pustovalov Evgenii Vladimirovich
Published: August 2020

The subject of this research is the established in arbitration courts of the Russian Federation practice of implementation of provision of Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters and provisions of the agreements on the avoidance of dual taxation, related to cooperation of fiscal authorities in the form of exchanging tax information. In particular, the author examines the questions of the period of validity of the provisions of international acts; forms information transfer; compliance with the requirements on legalization and apostiling of transferred documents; rights of taxpayers to appeal against the request on them to foreign jurisdiction; correlation between the provisions of international acts on the exchange of tax information and provisions of legislation on personal data protection. A conclusion is formulated that since the exchange of tax information is primarily regulated by the international acts, there is no need in adoption of normative act on the national level that would contain additional regulation, except a separate act for regulating the system of supplementary guarantees of private entities, involved into the exchange of tax information. Summarization of the formulated by courts legal positions on the level of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is relevant.
Confidentiality of SUD records: History and final rule analysis from LAC
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2020

In less than 2 weeks, treatment providers and patients will see what happens to confidentiality. The final rule issued last month on 42 CFR Part 2 (“42 CFR Part 2 final rule: OTP input into PDMP, more law enforcement,” ADAW, July 20, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adaw.32778) will take effect. We talked to the lead private organization on this regulation last week about how we got here and where we're going next.
FDA seeks to encourage more research on cannabis compounds' health effects
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: August 2020

Although federal legislative changes in recent years have created new opportunities for cannabis‐related clinical research, it remains unclear as to when — or even if — more drugs containing cannabis or cannabis‐derived compounds will eventually make it through the federal approval process. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 21 issued a draft guidance document for industry on cannabis‐related research, outlining a complexity of considerations that signal a challenging process for the research community.
Psychodynamic therapy for SUD: Counselor's view
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2020

First of all, psychodynamic psychotherapy as treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) works. Ian McLoone, lead therapist with the Alltyr Clinic in Minneapolis, knows that firsthand — he's in recovery from heroin addiction and is in it himself. And despite the fact that addiction therapists aren't taught psychodynamic theory or psychoanalytic psychotherapy in graduate school, where cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), motivational interviewing (MI) and, to a lesser degree, 12‐Step facilitation are stressed, he became interested in it mainly because of his employer, Mark Willenbring, M.D., a psychiatrist and former medical director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. We talked to McLoone for this story as a follow‐up to our article on the self‐medication hypothesis of addiction, for which we interviewed its developer, Ed Khantzian, M.D. (see “Psychodynamic psychotherapy: When it helps people in recovery,” ADAW, June 22, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.32756).
Smart vibration control of structures with unknown structural parameters using integratedvirtual synchronization method/linear‐quadratic regulatorapproach
Authors: Ghaderi Pedram , Goshtaei Seyed Matin
Published: August 2020

Although vibration control and health monitoring of structures have been treated separately in recent years, it will be beneficial to integrate these two systems and develop a smart structure with its own sensors, processors, and actuators. In this article, an integrated virtual synchronization method/linear‐quadratic regulator (VSM/LQR) approach for system identification and vibration control of structures with unknown physical parameters is proposed. First, based on the measured state of the structure, the unknown structural parameters are estimated using the VSM in a relatively short duration. The estimated parameters are then employed to determine optimal control forces for the purpose of the vibration control. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are numerically examined through the time‐history analysis of two shear‐type frames with unknown stiffness coefficients. The results from the numerical investigation of the example structures demonstrate that the proposed method is effective in the vibration attenuation of structures with unknown parameters. Moreover, it was shown that the proposed VSM/LQR approach is more promising for addressing unknown structural parameters than the recursive least square method and conventional LQR method.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Carbohalogenative 1,2‐Difunctionalization of C−C Multiple Bonds
Authors: Bag Debojyoti , Mahajan Shivangani , Sawant Sanghapal D.
Published: August 2020

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed 1,2‐carbohalo‐functionalization reactions of C−C multiple bonds have emerged rapidly over the past decade as a powerful tool for generating a new carbon‐carbon and carbon‐halogen bond via transposition of an existing carbon‐halogen σ bond. Exploring this highly efficient mode of carbon‐carbon multiple bond difunctionalization, various research groups have established novel strategies for the synthesis of organohalides by utilizing wide variety of transition metal catalysts under mild reaction conditions, avoiding stoichiometric waste of by‐products, and with improved levels of chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivities. Most of the 1,2‐carbohalo‐functionalization reactions involve either the carbon‐halogen reductive elimination mechanism or the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) mechanism. This review summarizes the recent progress in the area of transition‐metal‐catalyzed intra‐ and intermolecular 1,2‐carbohalo‐functionalization reactions of carbon‐carbon multiple bonds and explicates the underlying potentiality and challenges within the field.

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IRF4 in Skeletal Muscle Regulates Exercise Capacity via PTG/Glycogen Pathway
Authors: Zhu Xiaopeng , Yao Ting , Wang Ru , Guo Shanshan , Wang Xin , Zhou Zhenqi , Zhang Yan , Zhuo Xiaozhen , Wang Ruitao , Li John Zhong , Liu Tiemin , Kong Xingxing
Published: August 2020

Exercise‐induced fatigue and exhaustion are interesting areas for many researchers. Muscle glycogen is critical for physical performance. However, how glycogen metabolism is manipulated during exercise is not very clear. The aim here is to assess the impact of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) on skeletal muscle glycogen and subsequent regulation of exercise capacity. Skeletal muscle‐specific IRF4 knockout mice show normal body weight and insulin sensitivity, but better exercise capacity and increased glycogen content with unaltered triglyceride levels compared to control mice on chow diet. In contrast, mice overexpression of IRF4 displays decreased exercise capacity and lower glycogen content. Mechanistically, IRF4 regulates glycogen‐associated regulatory subunit protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) to manipulate glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. Knockdown of PTG can reverse the effects imposed by the absence of IRF4 in vivo. These studies reveal a regulatory pathway including IRF4/PTG/glycogen synthesis on controlling exercise capacity.
Immediate and 6‐week after effects of a rehabilitation program for Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobile type patients: A retrospective study
Authors: Hakimi Adrien , Bergoin Cyrille , Mucci Patrick
Published: August 2020

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of inherited connective tissue disorders with an impaired quality of life in association with fatigue, pain, and kinesiophobia. A retrospective evaluation of the effects of an outpatient rehabilitation program (RP) was performed in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome hypermobile type (hEDS) patients. The 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) was used to evaluate functional capacity. Kinesiophobia, fatigue, pain, and quality of life were self‐evaluated at the start, at the end, and 6 weeks after the end of the RP. The retrospective analysis of patients' records showed significant improvement for the walked distance during the 6MWT (491.8 ± 72.5 vs. 439.4 ± 100.9 m) maintained at 6‐week follow‐up (p = .001), significant improvement for kinesiophobia (p = .033) and the impact of fatigue on activity (p = .01), and significant increase for quality of life with in particular improvements of vitality (p = .001). This retrospective study showed encouraging results of a RP for hEDS patients on functional capacity and quality of life, and prospective studies with long‐term follow‐up are needed to confirm them.
Natural and Synthetic Spirobutenolides and Spirobutyrolactones
Authors: Yadav Pratik , Pratap Ramendra , Ji Ram Vishnu
Published: August 2020

Spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones structural motifs are widespread in various natural products that exhibit a broad array of biological activities. Additionally, their synthetic analogues also serve as biologically active compounds and building blocks of complex molecules. Owing to the wide range of pharmacological activities and structural diversity of the spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones, various efficient synthetic methodologies have been established to construct such interesting scaffolds. In the past decades, numerous total syntheses of spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones containing natural products have been reported. Structurally diverse spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones have been synthesized by using singlet oxygen, Mannich reaction, aldol condensation, rearrangement reaction, Reformatsky reaction, Michael‐addition cyclization, Diels‐Alder reaction, photocyclization reaction, and pericyclic reactions. Recently, metal‐catalyzed cyclization, photocatalyzed radical cyclization, Baylis‐Hillman reaction, asymmetric organocatalysis, NHC catalysis, ring contraction reactions, and hypervalent iodine catalysis have emerged as powerful tools to architect these nuclei. This review gives an overview of advancements in chemically and biologically relevant spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones of natural and synthetic origin. It also covers the newer methodologies for the construction of natural as well as synthetic spirobutenolides and spirobutyrolactones along with their potential applications.
Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions for the Construction of Carbon‐Heteroatom Bonds
Authors: Zhang Juan , Wang Siyu , Zhang Yun , Feng Zhang
Published: August 2020

Carbon‐heteroatom bonds are ubiquitous among pesticides, pharmaceutical agents, and natural products. In recent years, significant progress has been made in transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbon‐heteroatom bond formation. Especially, iron‐catalyzed reactions have become a focused area in organic chemistry owing to their advantages of low cost, economical and environmental benignity. This review intends to summarize the recent advances in the construction of carbon‐heteroatom bonds via cross‐coupling reactions using iron as a catalyst, including the formation of C−N, C−O, C−S, C−B, and C−Si bonds. A series of nucleophilic heteroatoms reagents, reaction classifications, and iron catalytic systems are discussed. In addition, some mechanistic studies have also been described.
Protein‐Controlled Actuation of Dynamic Nucleic Acid Networks by Using Synthetic DNA Translators**
Authors: Bertucci Alessandro , Porchetta Alessandro , Del Grosso Erica , Patiño Tania , Idili Andrea , Ricci Francesco
Published: August 2020

Integrating dynamic DNA nanotechnology with protein‐controlled actuation will expand our ability to process molecular information. We have developed a strategy to actuate strand displacement reactions using DNA‐binding proteins by engineering synthetic DNA translators that convert specific protein‐binding events into trigger inputs through a programmed conformational change. We have constructed synthetic DNA networks responsive to two different DNA‐binding proteins, TATA‐binding protein and Myc‐Max, and demonstrated multi‐input activation of strand displacement reactions. We achieved protein‐controlled regulation of a synthetic RNA and of an enzyme through artificial DNA‐based communication, showing the potential of our molecular system in performing further programmable tasks.
Direct Nanomachining on Semiconductor Wafer By Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Han Lianhuan , Hu Zhenjiang , Sartin Matthew M. , Wang Xiaole , Zhao Xuesen , Cao Yongzhi , Yan Yongda , Zhan Dongping , Tian Zhong‐Qun
Published: August 2020

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is one of the most important instrumental methods of modern electrochemistry due to its high spatial and temporal resolution. We introduced SECM into nanomachining by feeding the electrochemical modulations of the tip electrode back to the positioning system, and we demonstrated that SECM is a versatile nanomachining technique on semiconductor wafers using electrochemically induced chemical etching. The removal profile was correlated to the applied tip current when the tip was held stationary and when it was moving slowly (<20 μm s−1), and it followed Faraday's law. Both regular and irregular nanopatterns were translated into a spatially distributed current by the homemade digitally controlled SECM instrument. The desired nanopatterns were “sculpted” directly on a semiconductor wafer by SECM direct‐writing mode. The machining accuracy was controlled to the sub‐micrometer and even nanometer scales. This advance is expected to play an important role in electrochemical nanomachining for 3D micro/nanostructures in the semiconductor industry.
Recurrent massive pulmonary emboli in a critically ill patient with COVID‐19
Authors: Aaron L. , Welch M. , Shah A. , Thomas T. , McKechnie S. R.
Published: August 2020

We report the haematological management of a critically ill patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), with recurrent massive pulmonary emboli. A previous healthy 56‐year‐old man presented to the emergency department with severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure due to suspected COVID‐19. He required invasive mechanical ventilation and transfer to the intensive care unit for increasing ventilatory requirements and cardiovascular instability. A computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiogram demonstrated large bilateral pulmonary emboli with right heart strain, for which he received intravenous systemic thrombolysis followed by therapeutic weight‐adjusted anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin). Two weeks later, following an acute respiratory deterioration, a repeat CT pulmonary angiogram demonstrated a new saddle embolus with right heart strain requiring another regime of intravenous systemic thrombolysis. This occurred despite anti‐Xa‐guided therapeutic anticoagulation. The dose of therapeutic dalteparin was increased incrementally to an eventual dose of 12,500 units twice daily. A low threshold for radiological imaging should be considered in all COVID‐19 patients with acute cardiorespiratory deterioration. Multidisciplinary team discussions highlighted aspects of balancing the risks of bleeding from anticoagulation vs. risk of death from pulmonary embolism. This report highlights the need for further research into the underlying mechanisms and optimal management of thrombotic complications in COVID‐19.
Species complex delimitations in the genus Hedychium: A machine learning approach for cluster discovery
Authors: Saryan Preeti , Gupta Shubham , Gowda Vinita
Published: August 2020

Premise

Statistical methods used by most morphologists to validate species boundaries (such as principal component analysis [PCA] and non‐metric multidimensional scaling [nMDS]) are limiting because these methods are mostly used as visualization methods, and because the groups are identified by taxonomists (i.e., supervised), adding human bias. Here, we use a spectral clustering algorithm for the unsupervised discovery of species boundaries followed by the analysis of the cluster‐defining characters.

Methods

We used spectral clustering, nMDS, and PCA on 16 morphological characters within the genus Hedychium to group 93 individuals from 10 taxa. A radial basis function kernel was used for the spectral clustering with user‐specified tuning values (gamma). The goodness of the discovered clusters using each gamma value was quantified using eigengap, a normalized mutual information score, and the Rand index. Finally, mutual information–based character selection and a t‐test were used to identify cluster‐defining characters.

Results

Spectral clustering revealed five, nine, and 12 clusters of taxa in the species complexes examined here. Character selection identified at least four characters that defined these clusters.

Discussion

Together with our proposed character analysis methods, spectral clustering enabled the unsupervised discovery of species boundaries along with an explanation of their biological significance. Our results suggest that spectral clustering combined with a character selection analysis can enhance morphometric analyses and is superior to current clustering methods for species delimitation.
Recognition of Latin scientific names using artificial neural networks
Authors: Little Damon P.
Published: August 2020

Premise

The automated recognition of Latin scientific names within vernacular text has many applications, including text mining, search indexing, and automated specimen‐label processing. Most published solutions are computationally inefficient, incapable of running within a web browser, and focus on texts in English, thus omitting a substantial portion of biodiversity literature.

Methods and Results

An open‐source browser‐executable solution, Quaesitor, is presented here. It uses pattern matching (regular expressions) in combination with an ensembled classifier composed of an inclusion dictionary search (Bloom filter), a trio of complementary neural networks that differ in their approach to encoding text, and word length to automatically identify Latin scientific names in the 16 most common languages for biodiversity articles.

Conclusions

In combination, the classifiers can recognize Latin scientific names in isolation or embedded within the languages used for >96% of biodiversity literature titles. For three different data sets, they resulted in a 0.80–0.97 recall and a 0.69–0.84 precision at a rate of 8.6 ms/word.
Digitally deconstructing leaves in 3D using X‐ray microcomputed tomography and machine learning
Authors: Théroux‐Rancourt Guillaume , Jenkins Matthew R. , Brodersen Craig R. , McElrone Andrew , Forrestel Elisabeth J. , Earles J. Mason
Published: August 2020

Premise

X‐ray microcomputed tomography (microCT) can be used to measure 3D leaf internal anatomy, providing a holistic view of tissue organization. Previously, the substantial time needed for segmenting multiple tissues limited this technique to small data sets, restricting its utility for phenotyping experiments and limiting our confidence in the inferences of these studies due to low replication numbers.

Methods and Results

We present a Python codebase for random forest machine learning segmentation and 3D leaf anatomical trait quantification that dramatically reduces the time required to process single‐leaf microCT scans into detailed segmentations. By training the model on each scan using six hand‐segmented image slices out of >1500 in the full leaf scan, it achieves >90% accuracy in background and tissue segmentation.

Conclusions

Overall, this 3D segmentation and quantification pipeline can reduce one of the major barriers to using microCT imaging in high‐throughput plant phenotyping.
Teratogen update: Antithyroid medications
Authors: Romeo Alfred N. , Običan Sarah G.
Published: August 2020

Objective

Thyroid disorders including hyperthyroidism are common during pregnancy. Untreated hyperthyroidism can result in adverse outcomes for pregnancy.

Methods

Iodine, propylthiouracil (PTU), carbimazole (CMZ), and methimazole (MMI) are common medications for hyperthyroidism treatment. The literature regarding antithyroid medication use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is reviewed.

Results

Animal studies for PTU have suggested congenital anomalies while animal studies for MMI have only indicated adverse outcomes at higher doses than used in humans. Epidemiological studies have noted an increased risk of congenital anomalies for PTU less often than CMZ or MMI but the epidemiological evidence remains mixed. A pattern of anomalies has been described for CMZ and MMI, from both case and epidemiological studies, including choanal atresia, aplasia cutis congenita, and other facial, heart, gastrointestinal, and skin anomalies. Closer examination of cases indicates that a few cases of the anomalies have occurred without exposure to CMZ or MMI and outside of the proposed critical period. PTU has a small risk of hepatotoxicity which rarely results in liver transplantation and death. Some authors have suggested that PTU be prescribed in early pregnancy and switched to MMI in late pregnancy. Untreated hyperthyroidism, from either a lack of medications or switching medications during the first trimester, may also increase the chance of congenital anomalies. Multiple case studies and larger epidemiological studies have failed to provide clear, consistent outcomes for the use of PTU, CMZ, and MMI in pregnancy. MMI and PTU both enter the breastmilk in small amounts.

Conclusion

Additional research is needed to assist in the medical management and exposure counseling of pregnant and breastfeeding women with hyperthyroidism.
Microbial Electrosynthesis—An Inventory on Technology Readiness Level and Performance of Different Process Variants
Authors: Fruehauf Hanna M. , Enzmann Franziska , Harnisch Falk , Ulber Roland , Holtmann Dirk
Published: August 2020

The objective of microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is to combine the advantages of electrochemistry and biotechnology in order to produce chemicals and fuels. This combination enables resource‐efficient processes by using renewable raw materials and regenerative energies. In the last decade, different MES processes have been described, for example, MES based on biofilms or mediators, electro‐fermentation, and secondary MES. This review compares the MES technologies with regard to the reached process performances in terms of key process indicators (i.e., coulombic efficiency (CE), product titre, productivity) and technology readiness level (TRL). Often the underlying mechanism of electron transfer in biofilm‐based processes has not been elucidated and can therefore not be optimized. Similarly, technical aspects of electro‐fermentation processes and processes with soluble mediators are under investigation and techno–economic assessments are missing. In contrast, the electrochemical production of microbial substrates in secondary MES or hybrid systems show high key process indicators and TRLs up to 7. In summary, the different types of MES processes offer options for today's industrial use, as well as an exciting and future‐oriented technology that can be applied in a medium‐term perspective.
Anaerobic digestion as a laboratory experiment for undergraduate biochemistry courses
Authors: Shen Jian , Chen Chang
Published: August 2020

Compared to aerobic catabolism, the theories and experiments of anaerobic catabolism are not covered in depth in biochemistry education curricula. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a feasible method for converting common organic compounds to renewable energy‐methane that has drawn a great deal of attention in practical applications. In this study, we designed an AD laboratory experiment for use in undergraduate biochemistry courses to supplement the knowledge of metabolic networks in biochemistry and extend the information presented in biochemistry textbooks. In this laboratory experiment, students explored the methane production performance of wheat straw (WS; a representative and commonly available agricultural waste) and mastered a reasonable method for utilizing this new biochemical reaction to convert organic wastes from renewable resources to methane. Basic experimental procedures, such as a biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay, data analysis, and graphic presentations were organized to provide students with abundant hands‐on experience. Furthermore, calculations of significant parameters, such as total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), experimental methane yield (EMY), maximum theoretical methane production (MMP), and biodegradability (BD), were also performed. From this AD experiment, students learned not only a new series of biochemical reactions but also a novel strategy to achieve cleaner methane production from organic wastes, exhibiting a positive impact for students' learning in biochemistry course.
Online conferencing platform provides opportunity for reciprocal teaching
Authors: Lee Zheng‐Wei , Yeong Foong May
Published: August 2020

The use of online platform to conduct teaching and learning activities has becoming a new norm for teachers and students during this COVID‐19 outbreak. In this commentary, we share our experiences of using online conferencing platform to promote active and interactive learning among students. We also suggest approaches that teachers can use to design their teaching and learning activities by employing reciprocal teaching as a way to engage students online instead of using the platform for didactic teaching by the teacher. The proposed strategy is applicable and transferable to other domains.
LC–DAD/ESI–MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in Rosa canina L. and its protective effect in cells
Authors: Fetni Samira , Bertella Nabil , Ouahab Ammar
Published: August 2020

In an aim to prove the efficiency of polyphenols of Rosa canina fruits in promoting human health. A methanolic extract of R. canina fruits was prepared by successive maceration with solvents of increasing polarity. The polyphenol composition was analyzed by HPLC–DAD–ESI–MS. The biological activity of this extract on SH‐SY5Y cells and HepG2 cells was then studied. The antioxidant activity was tested by various in vitro tests such as DPPH‐radical‐scavenging activity, FRAP assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and total antioxidant capacity. The subacute toxicity of R. canina was tested on female rats by repeated intraperitoneal administration of various doses. The phenolic profiles showed 25 antioxidants distributed into three classes of phenolic compounds: glycosylated and agglomerated flavonoids/isoflavonoids, tannins and phenanthrenes. Qualitative phytochemical analyses showed that this extract lacks alkaloids. The methanolic extract of R. canina fruits has a total antioxidant capacity of 82.69 ± 1.18 μg EAA/mg of methanol extract and the IC50 of the methods used is in the following increasing order: FRAP assay (61.88 μg/ml), then hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (67.45 μg/ml) and then DPPH radical‐scavenging activity (129.81 μg/ml). The extract of R. canina did not cause any phenotypic signs of toxicity or mortality during and after treatment. The LD50 was >5,000 mg/kg, hence, R. canina was considered nontoxic. An in vivo study proved the protective effect of R. canina against cardiac and hepato‐renal toxicities. These results drew the importance of a healthy diet, where diets rich in R. canina fruits can be used as a rich natural source of antioxidants and anticarcinogenic phenolic compounds.
An examination of the effects of mental disorders as mitigating factors on capital sentencing outcomes
Authors: Miley Lauren N. , Heiss‐Moses Ellie , Cochran John K. , Heide Kathleen M. , Fogel Sondra J. , Smith M. Dwayne , Bejerregaard Beth J.
Published: August 2020

Mentally ill and emotionally disturbed offenders comprise a significant component of those whose criminal conduct has swept them into the criminal justice system, including a subset who are tried and convicted of capital murder. The present study employs the population of capital cases advanced to penalty phase in the state of North Carolina (1990–2009) to examine whether presentation to the jury of the statutory mitigators of extreme mental and emotional disturbance and capacity impaired, and specific mental illness diagnoses, often referred to as mental disorders, at the sentencing phase mitigate against a sentence of death. Mental disorders included mood disorders, psychotic disorders, anxiety disorders, brain disorders, multiple mental illness diagnoses, learning disabilities, and personality disorders. Results from these 835 cases indicate that with the exception of one, the diagnosis of a learning disability, the capital jury's acceptance of various mental health conditions does not effectively mitigate against a capital sentence. In addition, jury rejection of a diagnosis of mental illness or the two mental health statutory mitigators, capacity impaired and extreme emotional disturbance, as a mitigating factor has a counter‐mitigating effect in that it significantly increases the odds of a death penalty recommendation by about 85–200%.