bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The NICE UK geographic search filters for MEDLINE and Embase (Ovid): Post‐development study to further evaluate precision and number‐needed‐to‐read when retrieving UK evidence
Authors: Ayiku Lynda , Levay Paul , Hudson Thomas , Finnegan Amy
Published: July 2020

Background

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) United Kingdom (UK) geographic search filters for MEDLINE and Embase (OVID) retrieve evidence in literature searches for UK‐focused research topics with high recall. Their precision and number‐needed‐to‐read (NNR) was examined previously in case studies using a single review. This paper details a larger post‐development study that was conducted to test the NICE UK filters' precision and NNR more extensively.

Methods

The filters' recall of included UK references from 100 reviews was calculated. As reproducible search strategies were not available for every review, the MEDLINE filter's precision and NNR were calculated using strategies from 25 reviews. Strategies from nine reviews were used for the Embase filter.

Results

The MEDLINE filter achieved an average of 96.4% recall for the included UK references from the 100 reviews and the Embase filter achieved an average of 97.4% recall. Compared to not using a filter, the MEDLINE filter achieved an average of 98.9% recall for the 25 reviews. Precision was increased by an average of 7.8 times, reducing the NNR from 357 to 46. The Embase filter achieved an average of 97.1% recall for the nine reviews. Precision was increased by an average of 5.1 times, reducing the NNR from 746 to 146.

Conclusion

There is more evidence to demonstrate that the NICE UK filters retrieve the majority of UK evidence from MEDLINE and Embase while increasing precision and reducing NNR. The filters can save time spent on selecting evidence for UK‐focused research topics.
Management of orthopedic oncology patients during coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Şahbat Yavuz , Buyuktopcu Omer , Topkar Osman Mert , Erol Bulent
Published: July 2020

The new measures implemented in hospitals also altered the operation of orthopedics and traumatology departments. The main purpose of this article is to discuss how orthopedic oncology clinics should be organized during the pandemic and to present the process management scheme for patients requiring orthopedic surgery, including trauma surgery, from diagnosis to treatment, together with our experiences. Instead of thinking about the global emergence of the epidemic, it is time to act decisively. At first glance, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and orthopedics may seem to be unrelated disciplines, but the provision of healthcare services to patients who require them proves that these two fields are parts of the same whole. Our experiences in treating neutropenic, lymphocytopenic, and chemotherapy patients seem to have proven beneficial during this process. We operated on 10 biopsy patients, 15 primary bone sarcomas, 9 soft tissue sarcomas, and 82 trauma patients within this time frame. Only three patients were suspected to have COVID‐19 before admission. The early identification, strict isolation, and effective treatment of these patients prevented any nosocomial infections and disease‐related comorbidities. This success is the result of the multidisciplinary cooperation of the Ministry of Health, our hospital, and our clinic.
Salt‐assisted acetonitrile extraction and HPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS detection for residues of multiple classes of pesticides in human serum samples
Authors: Yin Xue‐feng , Fang Bing , Zhang Xiao‐xu , Li Jin‐wang , Li Yi‐xuan
Published: July 2020

Detecting pesticide residues in human serum is a challenging process. In this study we developed and validated a method for the extraction and recovery of residues of multiple classes of pesticides from serum using one reagent. Salt‐assisted acetonitrile extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight tandem mass spectrometry were used to quantitate 34 pesticides classified in nine groups of chemicals in human serum samples, which are frequently detected in food. The recoveries for 33 of analyzed pesticides ranged from 86 to 112% with relative standard deviations below 15%. The limits of quantitation and linearity of 31 of the pesticides were 1 µg/L and >0.990, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation has been reported in the literature particularly for multi‐classes pesticide mixtures in human serum. The salt–acetonitrile reagent was allowed to achieve good recoveries and detection limits, which could be attributed to salt altering the solvent polarity, preferentially collecting the organic phase in the solution, and promoting the extraction. The developed method was applied for two organophosphate pesticide metabolites, diethylphosphate and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol, in serum from rats that were fed a nonlethal quantity of chlorpyrifos. The concentrations of these two were 252.18 ± 15.47 and 0.63 ± 0.23 µg/L, respectively.
Rapid determination of aflatoxin B1 by an automated immunomagnetic bead purification sample pretreatment method combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Bo , Yu Leitao , Liu Zhenjiang , Lu Hongyang , Fu Xiaoling , Du Daolin
Published: July 2020

We aimed to establish an automated versatile sample preconcentration method based on the modified immunomagnetic beads, which was utilized to enrich for aflatoxin B1 from the matrices. The critical main parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as usage amount of immunomagnetic beads, reaction time, elution time, and blending way were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the content of aflatoxin B1 was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography, the mobile phase consists of water–acetonitrile–methanol (42:18:10, v/v/v), and fluorescence detection was performed with excitation and emission wavelengths at 360 and 440 nm, respectively. Moreover, the performance of preconcentration method was compared with the conventional method based on the immunoaffinity column. The accuracy of two clean‐up methods was within the error range. In addition, the stability and recyclability of the immunomagnetic beads was studied by recycling them five times. The results for the respective analysis in various samples demonstrated that the developed extraction platform provides a promising approach that is simple, rapid, sensitive, and easy to use.
The influence of neophobia and enduring food involvement on travelers' perceptions of wellbeing—Evidence from international visitors to Iran
Authors: Pourfakhimi Shahab , Nadim Zahra , Prayag Girish , Mulcahy Rory
Published: July 2020

This study adopts PERMA as the theoretical lens to analyze the influence of neophobia (reluctance to try new food) and enduring involvement on travelers' perceptions of the contribution of authentic food experiences to their well‐being. Based on a survey of international visitors to Iran, the results show that authentic food experiences are strongly associated with positive emotions and meaningfulness of a trip. Higher food involvement and lower neophobia are associated with stronger perceptions that authentic food experiences contribute to well‐being. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the applicability of the PERMA model for understanding multiple dimensions of well‐being emanating from tourism experiences.
Polarization‐Enabled Steering of Surface Plasmons Using Crossed Reciprocal Nanoantennas
Authors: Tyagi Dhruv , Chen Tzu‐Yu , Huang Chen‐Bin
Published: July 2020

Directional control over optical near‐fields using plasmonic structure is highly desirable for the realization of photonic nanocircuitry. A simple plasmonic nanostructure is designed to allow polarization‐sensitive directional launching and steering of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In the past, polarization‐controlled SPP steering has been limited to wavelength demultiplexing that severely limits the realization of multiple output SPP‐based circuits excited by a monochromatic source. Based on crossed Babinet‐inverted nanoantennas, steering of SPPs in the first quadrant with very high sensitivity to the linear polarization of the exciting source is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. The same device also functions as a power‐splitter under a particular optical polarization. The results of this study can open up a new avenue towards full coherent control of SPPs and should accelerate the pace for the realization of highly functioning next‐generation optical nanocircuits.
Experimental study on the corrosion behavior of X70 steel under asymmetric dynamic DC interference
Authors: Qin Huimin , Du Yanxia , Lu Minxu , Sun Xuepeng , Zhang Yi
Published: July 2020

The corrosion behavior of X70 steel in simulated soil environment under asymmetric dynamic direct current (DC) interference was studied by immersion tests. The experimental results showed that the negatively asymmetric dynamic DC interference would induce localized corrosion. Under the same dynamic period of 160 ±80 s, when the negative half‐wave current density remained stable at −10 mA/cm2 and the positive half‐wave one decreased from 7 to 1 mA/cm2, the equivalent diameters of the localized corrosion zones became smaller and the steel samples demonstrated typical pitting corrosion morphologies. To further explore the effect of asymmetric dynamic DC interference on the localized corrosion behavior of carbon steel, a variety of experimental measurements were carried out including real‐time DC potential monitoring, in‐situ near‐surface pH measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and Mott–Schottky tests. It was found that the localized corrosion behavior was probably related to the breakdown of passive film formed on the metal surface exposed to negatively asymmetric DC current generated high pH conditions.
MASS SPECTROMETRY‐BASED TECHNIQUES FOR DIRECT QUANTIFICATION OF HIGH IONIZATION ENERGY ELEMENTS IN SOLID MATERIALS—CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Gubal Anna , Chuchina Victoria , Sorokina Angelina , Solovyev Nikolay , Ganeev Alexander
Published: July 2020

The determination of nonmetals, first of all, the most electronegative ones—nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, and bromine, poses the highest challenge for element analysis. These elements are characterized by high reactivity, volatility, high ionization energy, and the absence of intensive spectral lines in the optical spectral range. Conventional techniques of their quantification include considerable “wet chemistry” stages so the application of these techniques for the solid sample is highly laborious and prone to uncontrollable uncertainties. Additionally, current development in material science and other areas requires the quantification of the elements at lower levels with good sensitivity. Owing to their robustness and flexibility, mass spectrometry techniques provide vast possibilities for the quantification, spatial and isotopic analysis, including the solutions for direct analysis of solids. The current review focuses on the application of major mass spectrometric techniques for the quantification of N, O, F, Cl, and Br in solid samples. The following techniques are mainly considered: thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), isotope‐ratio MS (IRMS), secondary ion MS (SIMS), inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP‐MS), and glow discharge MS (GDMS); as the most accessible and widely applied for the purpose. General ionization issues, advantages, limitations, and novel methodological solutions are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A Large‐Scale Full GBA1 Gene Screening in Parkinson's Disease in the Netherlands
Authors: den Heijer Jonas M. , Cullen Valerie C. , Quadri Marialuisa , Schmitz Arnoud , Hilt Dana C. , Lansbury Peter , Berendse Henk W. , van de Berg Wilma D.J. , de Bie Rob M.A. , Boertien Jeffrey M. , Boon Agnita J.W. , Contarino M. Fiorella , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Hoff Jorrit I. , van Mierlo Tom , Munts Alex G. , van der Plas Anne A. , Ponsen Mirthe M. , Baas Frank , Majoor‐Krakauer Danielle , Bonifati Vincenzo , van Laar Teus , Groeneveld Geert J.
Published: July 2020

Background

The most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease known is a damaging variant in the GBA1 gene. The entire GBA1 gene has rarely been studied in a large cohort from a single population. The objective of this study was to assess the entire GBA1 gene in Parkinson's disease from a single large population.

Methods

The GBA1 gene was assessed in 3402 Dutch Parkinson's disease patients using next‐generation sequencing. Frequencies were compared with Dutch controls (n = 655). Family history of Parkinson's disease was compared in carriers and noncarriers.

Results

Fifteen percent of patients had a GBA1 nonsynonymous variant (including missense, frameshift, and recombinant alleles), compared with 6.4% of controls (OR, 2.6; P < 0.001). Eighteen novel variants were detected. Variants previously associated with Gaucher's disease were identified in 5.0% of patients compared with 1.5% of controls (OR, 3.4; P < 0.001). The rarely reported complex allele p.D140H + p.E326K appears to likely be a Dutch founder variant, found in 2.4% of patients and 0.9% of controls (OR, 2.7; P = 0.012). The number of first‐degree relatives (excluding children) with Parkinson's disease was higher in p.D140H + p.E326K carriers (5.6%, 21 of 376) compared with p.E326K carriers (2.9%, 29 of 1014); OR, 2.0; P = 0.022, suggestive of a dose effect for different GBA1 variants.

Conclusions

Dutch Parkinson's disease patients display one of the largest frequencies of GBA1 variants reported so far, consisting in large part of the mild p.E326K variant and the more severe Dutch p.D140H + p.E326K founder allele. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Wilson's Disease in Finland: A Nationwide Population‐Based Study
Authors: Sipilä Jussi O.T. , Hietala Marja , Kytö Ville , Kaasinen Valtteri
Published: July 2020

Background

Data on the epidemiology and prognosis of Wilson's disease are scarce, and no clinical data are available from Finland.

Methods

All persons diagnosed and treated for Wilson's disease in Finnish hospitals in 1998 to 2017 were identified. Data were collected from national registries and patient charts.

Results

The point prevalence was 0.45/100,000 (95% confidence interval, 0.29–0.67) on December 31, 2017, but no more than 0.35/100,000 (95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.55) among native Finns. Annual incidence was 0.016/100,000 (95% confidence interval, 0.0093–0.026). Median age at diagnosis was 15.8 years (interquartile range, 8.3–32.2; range, 3.8–48.1 years). Upon presentation, liver damage was observed in 58%, neurological signs and symptoms (most often tremor and dysarthria) in 40%, and 32% of patients were asymptomatic. Patients had poorer long‐term survival (hazard ratio, 2.92 for death; P = 0.005) compared with matched controls.

Conclusions

Wilson's disease is very rare in Finland. Patients have an increased risk of death indicating an unmet treatment need. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Local solvability and a priori estimates for classical solutions to an equation of Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Bürgers type
Authors: Korpusov Maxim O. , Lukyanenko Dmitry V. , Panin Alexander A.
Published: July 2020

We establish the local (in time) solvability in the classical sense for the Cauchy problem and first and second boundary‐value problems on the half‐line for a nonlinear equation similar to Benjamin‐Bona‐Mahony‐Bürgers‐type equation. We also derive an a priori estimate that implies sufficient blow‐up conditions for the second boundary‐value problem. We obtain analytically an upper bound of the blow‐up time and refine it numerically using Richardson effective accuracy order technique.
Indexing Age-0 Walleye Abundance in Northern Wisconsin Lakes before Fall
Authors: Boehm Hadley I. A. , Gostiaux Jason C. , Hansen Gretchen J. A. , Hennessy Joseph M. , Isermann Daniel A.
Published: July 2020

Recruitment of age-0 Walleye Sander vitreus is often indexed using fall electrofishing surveys. However, collecting fish before fall may provide timely information regarding stocking decisions and factors influencing recruitment. We evaluated sampling methods for age-0 Walleye in northern Wisconsin lakes that could be used to assess recruitment in spring and summer. Initial assessments on two lakes indicated surface tows of ichthyoplankton nets at night during May to early June and 0.64-cm-micromesh gill nets set in July provided the highest catches of age-0 Walleye among the methods we evaluated. Additional sampling on 13 lakes over 2 years indicated catch per effort (CPE) of age-0 Walleye using these two methods did not correlate with age-0 CPE in fall electrofishing. However, presence or absence of age-0 Walleye in micromesh gill nets was 92% accurate in predicting whether age-0 CPE in fall electrofishing was ≥15 fish/h, the threshold above which eventual recruitment to the fishery is expected to occur. Micromesh gill netting may provide a useful tool for allocating fingerling Walleye that are stocked in fall, a resource that is often limited due to space and forage constraints associated with propagation. Additionally, our sampling protocol may help to identify timing of potential recruitment bottlenecks occurring in some lakes.
Fluorescent cyclic peptides for cell imaging
Authors: Mendive‐Tapia Lorena , Wang Jinling , Vendrell Marc
Published: July 2020

Fluorescent cyclic peptides are excellent chemical scaffolds to build optical agents for molecular imaging. In addition to their favorable physicochemical properties, they can be modified with multiple organic fluorophores and generate useful probes for biological assays targeting specific proteins, namely receptors or enzymes. In this article, we review recent advances in the synthetic approaches for the preparation of fluorescent cyclic peptides as well as some of their applications in biological imaging, from in vitro live‐cell imaging studies to in vivo characterization of preclinical models.
Analysis and design of covariance inflation methods using inflation functions. Part 1: Theoretical framework
Authors: Duc Le , Saito Kazuo , Hotta Daisuke
Published: July 2020

We propose a unifying theory for covariance inflation (CI) in the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) that encompasses all existing CI methods and can explain many open problems in CI. Each CI method is identified with an inflation function that alters analysis perturbations through their singular values. Inflation functions are usually considered as functions of singular values of background or analysis perturbations. However, we have shown that it is more fruitful if inflation functions are viewed as functions of reduction factors of background singular values after assimilation. These factors indeed comprise the spectra of linear transformations between background and analysis perturbations. To be an inflation function, a function has to satisfy three conditions: (a) the functional condition: all reduction factors must increase, (b) the no‐observation condition: when no observations are assimilated, analysis perturbations are identical to background perturbations, and (c) the order‐preserving condition: inflated analysis singular values must have the same order as background singular values. If the upper‐bound condition, that is, inflated analysis error variances must be less than observation error variances, is imposed, the resulting inflation functions are shown to be equivalent to prior inflation functions which are functions of singular values of background perturbations. This condition is necessary if we want to inflate analysis increments in posterior CI. It turns out that the relaxation‐to‐prior‐spread method and the relaxation‐to‐prior‐perturbation method belong to the class of linear inflation functions. In this class, we also have constant inflation functions, multiplicative inflation functions and parameter‐varying linear inflation functions. More interesting, the Deterministic EnKF is found to belong to the class of quadratic inflation functions. This quadratic class introduces an elegant form for computing analysis perturbations through the Kalman gain. Higher‐order polynomial and non‐polynomial forms of inflation functions are less appealing in practice due to high computation cost and difficulty in determining free parameters.
Dressing‐Controlled Quantum Steering in Energy‐Level Cascaded Parametric Amplified Four‐Wave Mixing Processes
Authors: Liu Yuliang , Li Kangkang , Li Wei , Li Sifan , Cai Yin , Zhang Yanpeng
Published: July 2020

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering for multipartite systems plays an important role in several quantum technologies and applications, e.g., quantum communication and quantum metrology. In this study, an energy‐level cascaded four‐wave mixing (EC‐FWM) process modulated by the dressing effect is proposed to generate three‐ and four‐mode EPR steering in the atomic medium of rubidium. The energy‐level simultaneously cascaded FWM and the energy‐level ordinally cascaded FWM are compared in three‐mode EPR steering, and monogamy relations for Gaussian steerability are also verified. Furthermore, multipartite EPR steerability is controlled by actively adjusting the dressing field. Different types of EPR steerability exhibit different modulation results when the dressing conditions of enhancement and suppression are satisfied. The proposed scheme exhibits advantages such as scalability, flexibility, and simplified experimental setup and can construct controllable large‐scale quantum networks.
Surface analysis of bacterial systems using cryo‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Hagberg Aleksandra , Rzhepishevska Olena , Semenets Anastasiia , Cisneros David A. , Ramstedt Madeleine
Published: July 2020

Surface analysis of biological systems using XPS often requires dehydration of the sample for it to be compatible with the ultrahigh vacuum of the spectrometer. However, if samples are frozen to liquid‐nitrogen temperature prior to and during analysis, water can be retained in the sample and the organization of the sample surface should be preserved to a higher degree than in desiccated samples. This article presents recent developments of cryo‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (cryo‐XPS) for analyses of hydrated biological samples at liquid nitrogen temperature. We describe experiments on bacterial cells, bacterial biofilms, and bacterial outer membrane vesicles using a variety of bacterial species. Differences and similarities in surface chemistry are monitored depending on growth in liquid culture, on culture plates, as well as in biofilms, and are discussed. Two data treatment methods providing decomposition of the C 1s spectra into lipid, polysaccharide, and peptide/peptidoglycan content are used and compared.
Carbon‐Based Adsorbents from Naturally Available Bermuda Grasses: Removal of TDS and Arsenic Ions
Authors: Chini Mrinmoy Kumar , Purohit Smruti , Bheemaraju Amarnath , Chakraborty Tanmoyendu , Singh Kishan Pal , Ivaturi Aruna , Satapathi Soumitra
Published: July 2020

In the present study, we have reported the synthesis of nano porous carbon material (GC) by the thermal treatment of the commonly available Bermuda grasses, and metal oxides doped bio‐compatible polymer chitosan‐GC based porous cross‐linked composites (CHGCCZ) as adsorbent materials for the removal of total dissolved solids (TDS) and efficient removal of arsenic (As(V)) ions from aqueous medium, respectively. The synthesized adsorbents have been characterized by FTIR, PXRD, FESEM, TGA, and the systematic investigations have shown that the incorporation of GCs into cross‐linked matrix makes them porous, more resistant to degradation, and suitable adsorption matrix for the toxic As(V) removal. The presence of As(V) ions is quantified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) measurements. The amount of TDS and arsenic concentration was reduced to the minimum value of 103 ppm (average value∼119 ppm) from 414 ppm and 7.7 ppm from very high concentration of 10.15 ppm, respectively. The recyclability test has also been performed after regeneration of the CHGCCZ and the initial findings has been found to be promising. Therefore, we have systematically investigated the efficacy of TDS removal by GCs and As(V) adsorption properties of metal oxide doped cross‐linked CHGCCZ composite from the aqueous system and demonstrated the regeneration process for CHGCCZ in our study.
Validity and reliability of contingent valuation and life satisfaction measures of welfare: An application to the value of national Olympic success
Authors: Humphreys Brad R. , Johnson Bruce K. , Whitehead John C.
Published: July 2020

The contingent valuation method (CV) has long been used to estimate nonmarket values of environmental and other public goods and amenities. Recently, life satisfaction (LS) measures have been used to estimate nonmarket values. This article empirically compares CV and LS measures of welfare. We elicit willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) estimates for medals won by Canadian athletes and LS measures using Canadian survey data collected before and after the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. These data permit comparative analyses of reliability and validity of CV and LS measures. Both exhibit econometric reliability. CV and LS WTP estimates for medals increase after the Olympics. CV measures of WTP exhibit temporal reliability but LS measures of welfare lack temporal reliability and are significantly greater than CV measures.
Numerical Evaluation of Surface Roughness Influences on Cold Formability of Dual‐Phase Steel
Authors: Wechsuwanmanee Peerapon , Lian Junhe , Liu Wenqi , Münstermann Sebastian
Published: July 2020

DP1000 steel sheets with different surface treatments are taken to three‐point bending tests to evaluate their damage and fracture behavior. It is found that different surface treatments yield different fracture behaviors. Conventional finite‐element (FE) simulation with an uncoupled material model is able to capture the material's response only for the sheets with the perfectly smooth surface condition. A multiscale strategy is introduced to quantitatively include the surface information into the material model. The localization at the microlevel simulation allows adjusting the fracture criterion of the surface elements in the macrolevel simulation. Therefore, a good agreement between FE simulation and experiment is yielded.
Effect of Two Different Drying Methods on Molecular Structure, In Vitro Digestibility and Chemical Properties of Oca Tuber Flour
Authors: Gonzalez‐Cervantes María Eugenia , Palma‐Rodríguez Heidi María , Hernandez‐Uribe Juan Pablo , Guzman‐Ortiz Fabiola Araceli , Vargas‐Torres Apolonio
Published: July 2020

Oca tuber flours (Oxalis tuberosa) are obtained by freeze‐drying (OFFD) and heat‐drying (OFHD), and their physicochemical, thermal, rheological, antioxidant, and structural properties are studied. Amylose content is 16.03% and 18.81% in OFFD and OFHD, respectively. Total starch, resistant starch, and integrated dietary fiber are higher in OFFD. The thermal properties, final viscosity, and pasting temperature of the flours are not affected by the drying process. The use of heat to obtain Oca tuber flour causes a considerable reduction in total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. However, the same process leads to higher digestion rate and glycemic index. Microscopy analysis shows better dispersion of the starch granules (less agglomeration) in OFFD with irregular granule shapes. These results could facilitate the selection of the best method to obtain Oca tuber flour, which could help to expand the use of this tuber as an ingredient in industrial food products.
A new innovation paradigm: European cohesion policy and the retreat of public science in countries in Europe's scientific periphery
Authors: Švarc Jadranka , Dabić Marina , Daim Tugrul U.
Published: July 2020

This article seeks to undertake a critical assessment of the changing position of public science in the entrepreneurial ecosystem of the countries on the periphery of European research. These countries are driven by new innovation paradigm based on entrepreneurship, which are implemented within the European Smart specialization strategy (S3). This article argues that S3 is widely implemented in the cohesion countries and, while it provides substantial resources for science, technology, and innovation, it fails to provide sustainability in the public research sector. This has direct implications for policies concerning innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. In order to prove the thesis, the article provides theoretical argumentation for emergence of a new innovation paradigm, driven by the rise of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, its incorporation into S3, and a consequent retreat of science policy in favor of entrepreneurial policy. The empirical analysis is focused on the funding trends seen in the business and public research sectors over the last decade (2008–2017), which have clearly shown that S3 has not contributed, despite expectations, to an increase in public expenditure for science. This signifies S3's neglect of public research within entrepreneurial ecosystems and challenges the ability of S3 to reduce wide disparities in research and innovation performance across the European Union. This ultimately endangers the innovation potential of the entrepreneurial ecosystem itself.
Retracted: Comparative appraisals of legal and institutional framework governing gas flaring in Nigeria's upstream petroleum sector: How satisfactory?
Authors: Olujobi Olusola Joshua , Olusola‐Olujobi Temilola
Published: July 2020

Retraction: Olujobi, O.J., & Olusola‐Olujobi, T. (2020). Comparative appraisals of legal and institutional framework governing gas flaring in Nigeria's upstream petroleum sector: How satisfactory?. Environmental Quality Management, https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21680

The above article from Environmental Quality Management published online on 3 July 2020 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) in Early View has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor in Chief, Jega Jegatheesan and Wiley Periodicals, LLC. The retraction has been agreed due to unattributed overlap with a previously published article from the same group of authors.
Offshore freshwater aquifers: Toward equitable distribution
Authors: Martin‐Nagle Renée
Published: July 2020

Legal principles and practices for determining ownership and control of seabed resources have been crafted and honed by various parties throughout the 20th century, often on an ad hoc basis to meet specific situations and sectoral needs. The legal landscape for offshore freshwater aquifers consequently spans domestic, regional, and international regimes, making the governance analysis for this untapped resource complex and multilayered. At the apex of ocean governance lies the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), a global treaty with almost universal application. Both LOSC and customary law grant each coastal state exclusive sovereign rights over seabed natural resources in its continental shelf, although those rights are limited by other legal commitments such as obligations to protect the environment. LOSC does not address transboundary resources, but early and sustained demand for offshore hydrocarbons caused that governance gap to be filled through judicial decisions, bi‐lateral treaties, and customary practices. Traditionally, distribution of natural resources has been viewed as a right commensurate with sovereign claims to the resource, but a strong ethical argument can be made for treating water as an exceptional case due to its uniquely life‐giving properties. When offshore freshwater is eventually appropriated for use, humanity will have an opportunity to choose between following old patterns of distribution or crafting a more inclusive system. In a world facing global shortages of freshwater due to pollution, overuse and climate change, policymakers designing a legal regime for untapped reservoirs of a vital resource for which there is no substitute should consider more equitable forms of distribution. Both Roman law and LOSC provide precedents for sharing natural resources, and the emerging trend of benefit‐sharing offers multiple and varied possibilities as well.

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Rights to Water
Validating Deployment of Aerially Delivered Toxic Bait Cartridges for Control of Invasive Brown Treesnakes
Authors: Goetz Scott M. , Yackel Adams Amy A. , Siers Shane R.
Published: July 2020

Aerial application of management tools can provide a cost‐effective means to conserve or control wildlife populations at the landscape scale. Large spatial scales, however, present difficulties when assessingin situreliability and integrity of the devices themselves. We demonstrate application of a distance‐sampling density estimation approach to assess the performance of a newly developed toxicant bait system for the control of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis). Bait cartridges were designed to open in flight to expose the toxicant‐laced bait and tangle in the forest canopy via a plastic ribbon component. Following application of 12,686 bait cartridges from an automated aerial delivery system over a 55‐ha site on Guam, USA, we employed distance sampling techniques to evaluate cartridge performance. We performed 22 line‐transect surveys for a total distance of 10.3 km, during which we recorded all observations of unopened bait cartridges, instances in which the ribbon did not remain attached to the cartridge capsule (i.e., ribbon failure), and carcasses of brown treesnakes and nontarget species. Too few undeployed bait cartridges (n = 6), brown treesnake carcasses (n = 1), or nontarget carcasses (n = 0) were observed during surveys to support additional analysis. We detected 299 instances of ribbon failure. Using standard distance‐sampling analyses, we estimate that ribbon failure occurred in 3,376 ± 351 (estimate ± SE; 95% CL = 2,746–4,150) cartridges or 21.6–32.7% of the total applied. Our results demonstrate the utility of distance‐sampling density estimation techniques to validate performance and reliability of aerially applied management tools. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Wildlife Society Bulletinpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Word Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong
Published: July 2020

Word representation, aiming to represent a word with a vector, plays an essential role in NLP. In this chapter, we first introduce several typical word representation learning methods, including one-hot representation and distributed representation. After that, we present two widely used evaluation tasks for measuring the quality of word embeddings. Finally, we introduce the recent extensions for word representation learning models.
Compositional Semantics
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong
Published: July 2020

Many important applications in NLP fields rely on understanding more complex language units such as phrases, sentences, and documents beyond words. Therefore, compositional semantics has remained a core task in NLP. In this chapter, we first introduce various models for binary semantic composition, including additive models and multiplicative models. After that, we present various typical models for N-ary semantic composition including recurrent neural network, recursive neural network, and convolutional neural network.
Sentence Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong
Published: July 2020

Sentence is an important linguistic unit of natural language. Sentence Representation has remained as a core task in natural language processing, because many important applications in related fields lie on understanding sentences, for example, summarization, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and dialogue system. Sentence representation aims to encode the semantic information into a real-valued representation vector, which will be utilized in further sentence classification or matching tasks. With large-scale text data available on the Internet and recent advances on deep neural networks, researchers tend to employ neural networks (e.g., convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks) to learn low-dimensional sentence representations and achieve great progress on relevant tasks. In this chapter, we first introduce the one-hot representation for sentences and the n-gram sentence representation (i.e., probabilistic language model). Then we extensively introduce neural-based models for sentence modeling, including feedforward neural network, convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network, and the latest Transformer, and pre-trained language models. Finally, we introduce several typical applications of sentence representations.
World Knowledge Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong
Published: July 2020

World knowledge representation aims to represent entities and relations in the knowledge graph in low-dimensional semantic space, which have been widely used in large knowledge-driven tasks. In this chapter, we first introduce the concept of the knowledge graph. Next, we introduce the motivations and give an overview of the existing approaches for knowledge graph representation. Further, we discuss several advanced approaches that aim to deal with the current challenges of knowledge graph representation. We also review the real-world applications of knowledge graph representation, such as language modeling, question answering, information retrieval, and recommender systems.
Network Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong
Published: July 2020

Network representation learning aims to embed the vertexes in a network into low-dimensional dense representations, in which similar vertices in the network should have “close” representations (usually measured by cosine similarity or Euclidean distance of their representations). The representations can be used as the feature of vertices and applied to many network study tasks. In this chapter, we will introduce network representation learning algorithms in the past decade. Then we will talk about their extensions when applied to various real-world networks. Finally, we will introduce some common evaluation tasks of network representation learning and relevant datasets.
Regularizations of action-complexity for a pure BTZ black hole microstate
Authors: Omidi Farzad
Published: July 2020

Abstract

In the action-complexity proposal there are two different methods to regularize the gravitational on-shell action, which are equivalent in the framework of AdS/CFT. In this paper, we want to study the equivalence of them for a pure BTZ black hole microstate. The microstate is obtained from a two-sided BTZ black hole truncated by a dynamical timelike ETW brane. Moreover, it is dual to a finite energy pure state in a two-dimensional CFT. We show that if one includes the timelike counterterms inspired by holographic renormalization as well as the Gibbons-Hawking-York term on the timelike boundary of the WDW patch, which exists in one of the regularizations, the coefficients of the UV divergent terms of action-complexity in the two methods become equal to each other. Furthermore, we compare the finite terms of action-complexity in both regularizations, and show that when the UV cutoff surface is close enough to the asymptotic boundary of the bulk spacetime, action-complexities in both regularizations become exactly equal to each other.
Islands in asymptotically flat 2D gravity
Authors: Hartman Thomas , Shaghoulian Edgar , Strominger Andrew
Published: July 2020

Abstract

The large-N limit of asymptotically flat two-dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to N free matter fields provides a useful toy model for semiclassical black holes and the information paradox. Analyses of the asymptotic information flux as given by the entanglement entropy show that it follows the Hawking curve, indicating that information is destroyed in these models. Recently, motivated by developments in AdS/CFT, a semiclassical island rule for entropy has been proposed. We define and compute the island rule entropy for black hole formation and evaporation in the large-N RST model of dilaton gravity and show that, in contrast, it follows the unitary Page curve. The relation of these two observations, and interesting properties of the dilaton gravity island rule, are discussed.
Swampland conjectures for type IIB orientifolds with closed-string U(1)s
Authors: Rojo Martín Enríquez , Plauschinn Erik
Published: July 2020

Abstract

We study the weak gravity conjecture, the swampland distance conjecture and the emergence proposal for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 orientifold compactifications of type IIB string theory with O3-/O7-planes. We allow for orientifold projections with $$ {h}_{+}^{2,1}\ne 0 $$

h
+

2
,
1

≠
0
which gives rise to closed-string U(1) gauge fields, and our findings show that certain structures present for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 compactifications are not present for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1. In particular, assumptions about stability have to be relaxed and we encounter an ambiguity for the emergence of gauge symmetries associated with the $$ {h}_{+}^{2,1} $$

h
+

2
,
1

sector.
Genetically programmed changes in transcription of the novel progranulin regulator
Authors: Keller Maria , Gebhardt Claudia , Huth Sandra , Schleinitz Dorit , Heyne Henrike , Scholz Markus , Stumvoll Michael , Böttcher Yvonne , Tönjes Anke , Kovacs Peter
Published: July 2020

Progranulin is a glycoprotein marking chronic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies suggested PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) to be a target of genetic variants associated with serum progranulin levels. We aimed to identify potentially functional variants and characterize their role in regulation of PSRC1. Phylogenetic module complexity analysis (PMCA) prioritized four polymorphisms (rs12740374, rs629301, rs660240, rs7528419) altering transcription factor binding sites with an overall score for potential regulatory function of Sall > 7.0. The effects of these variants on transcriptional activity and binding of transcription factors were tested by luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). In parallel, blood DNA promoter methylation of two regions was tested in subjects with a very high (N = 100) or a very low (N = 100) serum progranulin. Luciferase assays revealed lower activities in vectors carrying the rs629301-A compared with the C allele. Moreover, EMSA indicated a different binding pattern for the two rs629301 alleles, with an additional prominent band for the A allele, which was finally confirmed with the supershift for the Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1). Subjects with high progranulin levels manifested a significantly higher mean DNA methylation (P < 1 × 10−7) in one promoter region, which was in line with a significantly lower PSRC1 mRNA expression levels in blood (P = 1 × 10−3). Consistently, rs629301-A allele was associated with lower PSRC1 mRNA expression (P < 1 × 10−7). Our data suggest that the progranulin-associated variant rs629301 modifies the transcription of PSRC1 through alteration of YY1 binding capacity. DNA methylation studies further support the role of PSRC1 in regulation of progranulin serum levels.

Key messages

PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) SNPs are associated with serum progranulin levels.

rs629301 regulates PSRC1 expression by affecting Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1) binding.

PSRC1 is also epigenetically regulated in subjects with high progranulin levels.
Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for failure of revision ACL reconstruction
Authors: Alm Lena , Krause Matthias , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Akoto Ralph
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to carefully analyse the reasons for revision ACLR failure to optimize the surgical revision technique and minimize the risk of recurrent re-rupture. Large studies with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up that clinically examine patients with revision ACLR are rare.

Methods

Between 2013 and 2016, 111 patients who underwent revision ACLR were included in the retrospective study. All patients were examined for a minimum of 2 years after revision surgery (35 ± 3.4 months, mean ± STD) and identified as “failed revision ACLR” (side-to-side difference ≥ 5 mm and pivot-shift grade 2/3) or “stable revision ACLR”.

Results

Failure after revision ACLR occurred in 14.5% (n = 16) of the cases. Preoperative medial knee instability (n = 36) was associated with failure; thus, patients had a 17 times greater risk of failure when medial knee instability was diagnosed (p = 0.015). The risk of failure was reduced when patients had medial stabilization (n = 24, p = 0.034) and extra-articular lateral tenodesis during revision surgery (n = 51, p = 0.028). Increased posterior tibial slope (n = 11 ≥ 12°, p = 0.046) and high-grade anterior knee laxity (side-to-side difference > 6 mm and pivot-shift grade 3, n = 41, p = 0.034) were associated with increased failure of revision ACLR. Obese patients had a 9 times greater risk of failure (p = 0.008, n = 30).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the largest revision ACLR patient group with pre- and postoperative clinical examination data and a follow-up of 2 years published to date. Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for revision ACLR failure. Additionally, high-grade anterior knee laxity, increased PTS and high BMI are risk factors for failure of revision ACLR, while additional medial stabilization and lateral extra-articular tenodesis reduce the risk of failure.

Level of evidence

III.
Solutions for subset sum problems with special digraph constraints
Authors: Gurski Frank , Komander Dominique , Rehs Carolin
Published: July 2020

The subset sum problem is one of the simplest and most fundamental NP-hard problems in combinatorial optimization. We consider two extensions of this problem: The subset sum problem with digraph constraint (SSG) and subset sum problem with weak digraph constraint (SSGW). In both problems there is given a digraph with sizes assigned to the vertices. Within SSG we want to find a subset of vertices whose total size does not exceed a given capacity and which contains a vertex if at least one of its predecessors is part of the solution. Within SSGW we want to find a subset of vertices whose total size does not exceed a given capacity and which contains a vertex if all its predecessors are part of the solution. SSG and SSGW have been introduced recently by Gourvès et al. who studied their complexity for directed acyclic graphs and oriented trees. We show that both problems are NP-hard even on oriented co-graphs and minimal series-parallel digraphs. Further, we provide pseudo-polynomial solutions for SSG and SSGW with digraph constraints given by directed co-graphs and series-parallel digraphs.