bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bladder sensory physiology: neuroactive compounds and receptors, sensory transducers, and target-derived growth factors as targets to improve function
Authors: Gonzalez Eric J. , Merrill Liana , Vizzard Margaret A.
Published: April 2014

Urinary bladder dysfunction presents a major problem in the clinical management of patients suffering from pathological conditions and neurological injuries or disorders. Currently, the etiology underlying altered visceral sensations from the urinary bladder that accompany the chronic pain syndrome, bladder pain syndrome (BPS)/interstitial cystitis (IC), is not known. Bladder irritation and inflammation are histopathological features that may underlie BPS/IC that can change the properties of lower urinary tract sensory pathways (e.g., peripheral and central sensitization, neurochemical plasticity) and contribute to exaggerated responses of peripheral bladder sensory pathways. Among the potential mediators of peripheral nociceptor sensitization and urinary bladder dysfunction are neuroactive compounds (e.g., purinergic and neuropeptide and receptor pathways), sensory transducers (e.g., transient receptor potential channels) and target-derived growth factors (e.g., nerve growth factor). We review studies related to the organization of the afferent limb of the micturition reflex and discuss neuroplasticity in an animal model of urinary bladder inflammation to increase the understanding of functional bladder disorders and to identify potential novel targets for development of therapeutic interventions. Given the heterogeneity of BPS/IC and the lack of consistent treatment benefits, it is unlikely that a single treatment directed at a single target in micturition reflex pathways will have a mass benefit. Thus, the identification of multiple targets is a prudent approach, and use of cocktail treatments directed at multiple targets should be considered.
Metabolomics approach to assessing plasma 13- and 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid and linoleic acid metabolite responses to 75-km cycling
Authors: Nieman David C. , Shanely R. Andrew , Luo Beibei , Meaney Mary Pat , Dew Dustin A. , Pappan Kirk L.
Published: April 2014

Bioactive oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAMs) include 13- and 9-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid (13-HODE + 9-HODE) and have been linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and numerous pathological and physiological states. The purpose of this study was to measure changes in plasma 13-HODE + 9-HODE following a 75-km cycling bout and identify potential linkages to linoleate metabolism and established biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes) and inflammation (cytokines) using a metabolomics approach. Trained male cyclists ( N = 19, age 38.0 ± 1.6 yr, wattsmax304 ± 10.5) engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial on their own bicycles using electromagnetically braked cycling ergometers (2.71 ± 0.07 h). Blood samples were collected preexercise, immediately post-, 1.5 h post-, and 21 h postexercise, and analyzed for plasma cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), F2-isoprostanes, and shifts in metabolites using global metabolomics procedures with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). 13-HODE + 9-HODE increased 3.1-fold and 1.7-fold immediately post- and 1.5 h postexercise (both P < 0.001) and returned to preexercise levels by 21-h postexercise. Post-75-km cycling plasma levels of 13-HODE + 9-HODE were not significantly correlated with increases in plasma cytokines but were positively correlated with postexercise F2-isoprostanes ( r = 0.75, P < 0.001), linoleate ( r = 0.54, P = 0.016), arachidate ( r = 0.77, P < 0.001), 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoate (12,13-DiHOME) ( r = 0.60, P = 0.006), dihomo-linolenate ( r = 0.57, P = 0.011), and adrenate ( r = 0.56, P = 0.013). These findings indicate that prolonged and intensive exercise caused a transient, 3.1-fold increase in the stable linoleic acid oxidation product 13-HODE + 9-HODE and was related to increases in F2-isoprostanes, linoleate, and fatty acids in the linoleate conversion pathway. These data support the use of 13-HODE + 9-HODE as an oxidative stress biomarker in acute exercise investigations.
Modulation of NCC activity by low and high K+ intake: insights into the signaling pathways involved
Authors: Castañeda-Bueno María , Cervantes-Perez Luz Graciela , Rojas-Vega Lorena , Arroyo-Garza Isidora , Vázquez Norma , Moreno Erika , Gamba Gerardo
Published: April 2014

Modulation of Na+-Cl− cotransporter (NCC) activity is essential to adjust K+ excretion in the face of changes in dietary K+ intake. We used previously characterized genetic mouse models to assess the role of Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)4 in the modulation of NCC by K+ diets. SPAK knockin and WNK4 knockout mice were placed on normal-, low-, or high-K+-citrate diets for 4 days. The low-K+ diet decreased and high-K+ diet increased plasma aldosterone levels, but both diets were associated with increased phosphorylation of NCC (phospho-NCC, Thr44/Thr48/Thr53) and phosphorylation of SPAK/oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (phospho-SPAK/OSR1, Ser383/Ser325). The effect of the low-K+ diet on SPAK phosphorylation persisted in WNK4 knockout and SPAK knockin mice, whereas the effects of ANG II on NCC and SPAK were lost in both mouse colonies. This suggests that for NCC activation by ANG II, integrity of the WNK4/SPAK pathway is required, whereas for the low-K+ diet, SPAK phosphorylation occurred despite the absence of WNK4, suggesting the involvement of another WNK (WNK1 or WNK3). Additionally, because NCC activation also occurred in SPAK knockin mice, it is possible that loss of SPAK was compensated by OSR1. The positive effect of the high-K+ diet was observed when the accompanying anion was citrate, whereas the high-KCl diet reduced NCC phosphorylation. However, the effect of the high-K+-citrate diet was aldosterone dependent, and neither metabolic alkalosis induced by bicarbonate, nor citrate administration in the absence of K+ increased NCC phosphorylation, suggesting that it was not due to citrate-induced metabolic alkalosis. Thus, the accompanying anion might modulate the NCC response to the high-K+ diet.
Competitive interactions in sensorimotor cortex: oscillations express separation between alternative movement targets
Authors: Grent-’t-Jong Tineke , Oostenveld Robert , Jensen Ole , Medendorp W. Pieter , Praamstra Peter
Published: April 2014

Choice behavior is influenced by factors such as reward and number of alternatives but also by physical context, for instance, the relative position of alternative movement targets. At small separation, speeded eye or hand movements are more likely to land between targets (spatial averaging) than at larger separation. Neurocomputational models explain such behavior in terms of cortical activity being preshaped by the movement environment. Here, we manipulate target separation, as a determinant of motor cortical activity in choice behavior, to address neural mechanisms of response selection. Specifically, we investigate whether context-induced changes in the balance of cooperative and competitive interactions between competing groups of neurons are expressed in the power spectrum of sensorimotor rhythms. We recorded magnetoencephalography while participants were precued to two possible movement target locations at different angles of separation (30, 60, or 90°). After a delay, one of the locations was cued as the target for a joystick pointing movement. We found that late delay-period movement-preparatory activity increased more strongly for alternative targets at 30 than at 60 or 90° of separation. This nonlinear pattern was evident in slow event-related fields as well as in beta- and low-gamma-band suppression. A comparable pattern was found within an earlier window for theta-band synchronization. We interpret the late delay effects in terms of increased movement-preparatory activity when there is greater overlap and hence less competition between groups of neurons encoding two response alternatives. Early delay-period theta-band synchronization may reflect covert response activation relevant to behavioral spatial averaging effects.
The interplay of seven subthreshold conductances controls the resting membrane potential and the oscillatory behavior of thalamocortical neurons
Authors: Amarillo Yimy , Zagha Edward , Mato German , Rudy Bernardo , Nadal Marcela S.
Published: April 2014

The signaling properties of thalamocortical (TC) neurons depend on the diversity of ion conductance mechanisms that underlie their rich membrane behavior at subthreshold potentials. Using patch-clamp recordings of TC neurons in brain slices from mice and a realistic conductance-based computational model, we characterized seven subthreshold ion currents of TC neurons and quantified their individual contributions to the total steady-state conductance at levels below tonic firing threshold. We then used the TC neuron model to show that the resting membrane potential results from the interplay of several inward and outward currents over a background provided by the potassium and sodium leak currents. The steady-state conductances of depolarizing Ih (hyperpolarization-activated cationic current), IT (low-threshold calcium current), and INaP (persistent sodium current) move the membrane potential away from the reversal potential of the leak conductances. This depolarization is counteracted in turn by the hyperpolarizing steady-state current of IA (fast transient A-type potassium current) and IKir (inwardly rectifying potassium current). Using the computational model, we have shown that single parameter variations compatible with physiological or pathological modulation promote burst firing periodicity. The balance between three amplifying variables (activation of IT, activation of INaP, and activation of IKir) and three recovering variables (inactivation of IT, activation of IA, and activation of Ih) determines the propensity, or lack thereof, of repetitive burst firing of TC neurons. We also have determined the specific roles that each of these variables have during the intrinsic oscillation.
Automatic scan test for detection of functional connectivity between cortex and muscles
Authors: Perel Sagi , Schwartz Andrew B. , Ventura Valérie
Published: April 2014

Postspike effects (PSEs) in averages of spike-triggered EMG snippets provide physiological evidence of connectivity between CMN cells and spinal motoneurons innervating skeletal muscles. They are typically detected by visual inspection of spike-triggered averages (SpTAs) or by multiple-fragment/single-snippet analyses [MFA (Poliakov AV, Schieber MH. J Neurosci Methods 79: 143–150, 1998) and SSA (Perel S, Schwartz AB, Ventura V. Neural Comput 26: 40–56, 2014)]; the latter are automatic tests that yield P values. However, MFA/SSA are only effective to detect PSEs that occur at about 6–16 ms posttrigger. Our first contribution is the scan test, an automatic test that has the same utility as SpTA, i.e., it can detect a wide range of PSEs at any latency, but it also yields a P value. Our second contribution is a thorough investigation of the statistical properties of PSE detection tests. We show that when the PSE is weak or the sample size is small, visual inspections of SpTAs have low power, because it is difficult to distinguish PSEs from background EMG variations. We also show that the scan test has better power and that its rate of spurious detections matches the chosen significance level α. This is especially important for investigators because, when a PSE is detected, this guarantees that the probability of a spurious PSE is less than α. Finally, we illustrate the operational characteristics of the PSE detection tests on 2,059 datasets from 5 experiments. The scan test is particularly useful to identify candidate PSEs, which can then be subject to further evaluation by SpTA inspection, and when PSEs are small and visual detection is ambiguous.
On Lacunary Mean Ideal Convergence in Generalized Randomn-Normed Spaces
Authors: Bakery Awad A. , Mohammed Mustafa M.
Published: April 2014

An idealIis a hereditary and additive family of subsets of positive integersℕ. In this paper, we will introduce the concept of generalized randomn-normed space as an extension of randomn-normed space. Also, we study the concept of lacunary mean (L)-ideal convergence andL-ideal Cauchy for sequences of complex numbers in the generalized randomn-norm. We introduceIL-limit points andIL-cluster points. Furthermore, Cauchy andIL-Cauchy sequences in this construction are given. Finally, we find relations among these concepts.
Symplectic Exact Solution for Stokes Flow in the Thin Film Coating Applications
Authors: Wang Yan , Deng Zi-Chen , Hu Wei-Peng
Published: April 2014

The symplectic analytical method is introduced to solve the problem of the stokes flow in the thin film coating applications. Based on the variational principle, the Lagrangian function of the stokes flow is established. By using the Legendre transformation, the dual variables of velocities and the Hamiltonian function are derived. Considering velocities and stresses as the basic variables, the equations of stokes flow problems are transformed into Hamiltonian system. The method of separation of variables and expansion of eigenfunctions are developed to solve the governing equations in Hamiltonian system, and the analytical solutions of the stokes flow are obtained. Several numerical simulations are carried out to verify the analytical solutions in the present study and discuss the effects of the driven lids of the square cavity on the dynamic behavior of the flow structure.
Burkitt Lymphoma of Thyroid Gland in an Adolescent
Authors: Cooper K. , Gangadharan A. , Arora R. S. , Shukla R. , Pizer B.
Published: April 2014

Burkitt Lymphoma is a highly aggressive form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that in nonendemic areas has abdominal primary sites. We report a very rare case of Burkitt lymphoma of the thyroid gland presenting as a rapidly growing thyroid swelling in a 14-year-old white Caucasian British male with no preexisting thyroid or medical problems. The diagnosis was confirmed by an open wedge biopsy following a fine needle aspiration. The patient was treated according to the Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group guidelines for BL—Group B protocol and currently is in remission.
Phylogenetic Signals from Nepomorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Mouthparts: Stylets Bundle, Sense Organs, and Labial Segments
Authors: Brożek Jolanta
Published: April 2014

The present study is a cladistic analysis of morphological characters focusing on the file of the mandible, the apices of the maxillae, the rupturing device on the maxillae, the internal structures of the mouthparts, and the external morphology of the labial segments as well as the distribution of labial sensilla in true water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera, infraorder Nepomorpha). The study is based on data referring to sixty-two species representing all nepomorphan families (Heteroptera), together with one outgroup species representing the infraorders Gerromorpha (Mesoveliidae). The morphological data matrix consists of forty-eight characters. The present hypothesis supports the monophyly of the Nepomorpha and the monophyly of all families. The new modification in the systematic classification has been proposed: ((Nepidae + Belostomatidae), (Diaprepocoridae + Corixidae + Micronectidae), (Ochteridae + Gelastocoridae), Aphelocheiridae, Potamocoridae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, and (Pleidae + Helotrephidae)).
Calculation of the Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling in Bound Potentials
Authors: Garashchuk Sophya , Gu Bing , Mazzuca James
Published: April 2014

The quantum-mechanical tunneling is often important in low-energy reactions, which involve motion of light nuclei, occurring in condensed phase. The potential energy profile for such processes is typically represented as a double-well potential along the reaction coordinate. In a potential of this type defining reaction probabilities, rigorously formulated only for unbound potentials in terms of the scattering states with incoming/outgoing scattering boundary conditions, becomes ambiguous. Based on the analysis of a rectangular double-well potential, a modified expression for the reaction probabilities and rate constants suitable for arbitrary double- (or multiple-) well potentials is developed with the goal of quantifying tunneling. The proposed definition involves
energy eigenstates of the bound potential and exact quantum-mechanical transmission probability through the barrier region of the corresponding scattering potential. Applications are given
for several model systems, including proton transfer in a HO–H–CH3 model, and the differences between the quantum-mechanical and quasiclassical tunneling probabilities are examined.
Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa in Pregnancy: A Case Report of the Autosomal Dominant Subtype and Review of the Literature
Authors: Colgrove Nicole , Elkattah Rayan , Herrell Howard
Published: April 2014

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited blistering skin diseases that vary widely in their pathogenesis and severity. There are three main categories of EB: simplex, junctional, and dystrophic. This classification is based on the level of tissue separation within the basement membrane zone and this is attributed to abnormalities of individual or several anchoring proteins that form the interlocking network spanning from the epidermis to the dermis underneath. Dystrophic EB results from mutations in COL7A1 gene coding for type VII collagen leading to blister formation within the dermis. Diagnosis ultimately depends on the patient’s specific genetic mutation, but initial diagnosis can be made from careful examination and history taking. We present a pregnant patient known to have autosomal dominant dystrophic EB and discuss the obstetrical and neonatal outcome. The paper also reviews the current English literature on this rare skin disorder.
An Optimal Control Strategy for DC Bus Voltage Regulation in Photovoltaic System with Battery Energy Storage
Authors: Daud Muhamad Zalani , Mohamed Azah , Hannan M. A.
Published: April 2014

This paper presents an evaluation of an optimal DC bus voltage regulation strategy for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system with battery energy storage (BES). The BES is connected to the PV system DC bus using a DC/DC buck-boost converter. The converter facilitates the BES power charge/discharge to compensate for the DC bus voltage deviation during severe disturbance conditions. In this way, the regulation of DC bus voltage of the PV/BES system can be enhanced as compared to the conventional regulation that is solely based on the voltage-sourced converter (VSC). For the grid side VSC (G-VSC), two control methods, namely, the voltage-mode and current-mode controls, are applied. For control parameter optimization, the simplex optimization technique is applied for the G-VSC voltage- and current-mode controls, including the BES DC/DC buck-boost converter controllers. A new set of optimized parameters are obtained for each of the power converters for comparison purposes. The PSCAD/EMTDC-based simulation case studies are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed optimized control scheme in comparison to the conventional methods.
Nanopolycrystalline Diamond Sintered from Onion‐Like Carbon
Authors: Zou Qin , Wang Ming-Zhi , Gong Wen , Yu Qiang-Hua , Li Yan-Guo , Zhao Yu-Cheng
Published: April 2014

The onion‐like carbons (OLCs) annealed at 900–1400°C were used as raw materials to synthesize additive‐free D‐D type nanopolycrystalline diamond (nPCD) compacts in the industrial sintering conditions of 5.5 GPa, 1200°C, and 15 min. The results showed that the OLCs were transformed into additive‐free D‐D type nPCD compacts in industrial sintering conditions. The nPCD compacts contained a large number of nanotwins. The purities and performances of nPCD compacts were homogeneous in three dimensions. The purity and physical and mechanical performances of the nPCD compact (denoted as nPCD11) sintered from the OLCs annealed at 1100°C were the highest. The average Vickers hardness, density, and nanodiamond grain size of nPCD11 were 32 GPa, 2.7 g/cm3, and 12 nm. During sintering process, the graphite layers of OLCs ruptured from inside toward outside forming larger nanodiamond particles. At the same time, the OLCs bonded adjacent to OLCs forming additive‐free D‐D type nPCD compacts.
Emerging Therapies for Noninfectious Uveitis: What May Be Coming to the Clinics
Authors: Maya Jose R. , Sadiq Mohammad A. , Zapata Liz J. , Hanout Mostafa , Sarwar Salman , Rajagopalan Nithya , Guinn Kathleen E. , Sepah Yasir J. , Nguyen Quan Dong
Published: April 2014

Corticosteroids along with other immunomodulatory therapies remain as the mainstay of treatment tor all patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU). However, the systemic side effects associated with the long-term use of these drugs has encouraged the development of new therapeutic agents in recent times. This review article discusses upcoming therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems that are currently being used to treat patients with NIU. These agents mediate their actions by blocking specific pathways involved in the inflammatory process. Agents discussed in this review include full or recombinant monoclonal antibodies against interleukins such as IL-17 (secukinumab), IL-l (gevokizumab), and IL-6 (tocilizumab and sarilumab), antibody fragments against inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α(ESBA 105) and T-cell inhibitors such as fusion proteins (abatacept), and next generation calcineurin inhibitors (voclosporin). In addition, administration of immune modulatory therapies using methods such as iontophoresis (EGP-437) and intravitreal injection (sirolimus) for the treatment of NIU' uveitis has also been discussed.
The Singular Temperley-Lieb Category
Authors: Caprau Carmen , Smith Joel
Published: April 2014

We introduce and study the singular Temperley-Lieb category over ℤ[q,q-1], which is a free pivotal category over two self-dual generators and is an extension of the (classical) Temperley-Lieb category. Our construction is motivated by a state model for the sl(2)  polynomial of an oriented link and provides a categorical perspective to this link invariant. We also construct a couple of polynomial invariants for oriented tangles from category theory point of view.
Electroencephalogram and Alzheimer’s Disease: Clinical and Research Approaches
Authors: Tsolaki Anthoula , Kazis Dimitrios , Kompatsiaris Ioannis , Kosmidou Vasiliki , Tsolaki Magda
Published: April 2014

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by cognitive deficits, problems in activities of daily living, and behavioral disturbances. Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been demonstrated as a reliable tool in dementia research and diagnosis. The application of EEG in AD has a wide range of interest. EEG contributes to the differential diagnosis and the prognosis of the disease progression. Additionally such recordings can add important information related to the drug effectiveness. This review is prepared to form a knowledge platform for the project entitled “Cognitive Signal Processing Lab,” which is in progress in Information Technology Institute in Thessaloniki. The team tried to focus on the main research fields of AD via EEG and recent published studies.
First and Second-Law Efficiency Analysis and ANN Prediction of a Diesel Cycle with Internal Irreversibility, Variable Specific Heats, Heat Loss, and Friction Considerations
Authors: Rashidi M. M. , Hajipour A. , Mousapour A. , Ali M. , Xie Gongnan , Freidoonimehr N.
Published: April 2014

The variability of specific heats, internal irreversibility, heat and frictional losses are neglected in air-standard analysis for different internal combustion engine cycles. In this paper, the performance of an air-standard Diesel cycle with considerations of internal irreversibility described by using the compression and expansion efficiencies, variable specific heats, and losses due to heat transfer and friction is investigated by using finite-time thermodynamics. Artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed for predicting the thermal efficiency and power output values versus the minimum and the maximum temperatures of the cycle and also the compression ratio. Results show that the first-law efficiency and the output power reach their maximum at a critical compression ratio for specific fixed parameters. The first-law efficiency increases as the heat leakage decreases; however the heat leakage has no direct effect on the output power. The results also show that irreversibilities have depressing effects on the performance of the cycle. Finally, a comparison between the results of the thermodynamic analysis and the ANN prediction shows a maximum difference of 0.181% and 0.194% in estimating the thermal efficiency and the output power. The obtained results in this paper can be useful for evaluating and improving the performance of practical Diesel engines.
H∞ Filtering for Networked Systems with Bounded Measurement Missing
Authors: Yang Haibo , Chen Yourong , Ren Tiaojuan
Published: April 2014

This paper is concerned with the H∞ filtering problem
for networked systems with bounded measurement missing.
A switched linear system model is proposed to describe the
considered filtering error system. A sufficient condition is
derived for the filtering error system to be exponentially stable
and achieve a prescribed H∞ filtering performance level.
The obtained condition establishes quantitative relations among
the H∞ performance level and two parameters
characterizing the measurement missing, namely, the measurement
missing rate bound and the maximal number of consecutive
measurement missing. A convex optimization problem is presented to
design the linear H∞ filters. Finally, an illustrative
example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed
results.
Suppression of Face Perception during Saccadic Eye Movements
Authors: Seirafi Mehrdad , De Weerd Peter , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: April 2014

Lack of awareness of a stimulus briefly presented during saccadic eye movement is known as saccadic omission. Studying the reduced visibility of visual stimuli around the time of saccade—known as saccadic suppression—is a key step to investigate saccadic omission. To date, almost all studies have been focused on the reduced visibility of simple stimuli such as flashes and bars. The extension of the results from simple stimuli to more complex objects has been neglected. In two experimental tasks, we measured the subjective and objective awareness of a briefly presented face stimuli during saccadic eye movement. In the first task, we measured the subjective awareness of the visual stimuli and showed that in most of the trials there is no conscious awareness of the faces. In the second task, we measured objective sensitivity in a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) face detection task, which demonstrated chance-level performance. Here, we provide the first evidence of complete suppression of complex visual stimuli during the saccadic eye movement.
Susceptibility ofPorphyromonas gingivalisandStreptococcus mutansto Antibacterial Effect fromMammea americana
Authors: Herrera Herrera Alejandra , Franco Ospina Luis , Fang Luis , Díaz Caballero Antonio
Published: April 2014

The development of periodontal disease and dental caries is influenced by several factors, such as microorganisms of bacterial biofilm or commensal bacteria in the mouth. These microorganisms trigger inflammatory and immune responses in the host. Currently, medicinal plants are treatment options for these oral diseases.Mammea americanaextracts have reported antimicrobial effects against several microorganisms. Nevertheless, this effect is unknown against oral bacteria. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect ofM. americanaextract againstPorphyromonas gingivalisandStreptococcus mutans. For this, an experimental study was conducted. Ethanolic extract was obtained from seeds ofM. americana(one oil phase and one ethanolic phase). The strains ofPorphyromonas gingivalisATCC 33277 andStreptococcus mutansATCC 25175 were exposed to this extract to evaluate its antibacterial effect. Antibacterial activity was observed with the two phases ofM. americanaextract onP. gingivalisandS. mutanswith lower MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration). Also, bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity was detected againstS. mutans, depending on the concentration of the extract, while onM. americanaextract presented only bacteriostatic activity againstP. gingivalis. These findings provide important and promising information allowing for further exploration in the future.
Passenger Flow Prediction of Subway Transfer Stations Based on Nonparametric Regression Model
Authors: Sun Yujuan , Zhang Guanghou , Yin Huanhuan
Published: April 2014

Passenger flow is increasing dramatically with accomplishment of subway network system in big cities of China. As convergence nodes of subway lines, transfer stations need to assume more passengers due to amount transfer demand among different lines. Then, transfer facilities have to face great pressure such as pedestrian congestion or other abnormal situations. In order to avoid pedestrian congestion or warn the management before it occurs, it is very necessary to predict the transfer passenger flow to forecast pedestrian congestions. Thus, based on nonparametric regression theory, a transfer passenger flow prediction model was proposed. In order to test and illustrate the prediction model, data of transfer passenger flow for one month in XIDAN transfer station were used to calibrate and validate the model. By comparing with Kalman filter model and support vector machine regression model, the results show that the nonparametric regression model has the advantages of high accuracy and strong transplant ability and could predict transfer passenger flow accurately for different intervals.
Risk Intelligence: Making Profit from Uncertainty in Data Processing System
Authors: Zheng Si , Liao Xiangke , Liu Xiaodong
Published: April 2014

In extreme scale data processing systems, fault tolerance is an essential and indispensable part. Proactive fault tolerance scheme (such as the speculative execution in MapReduce framework) is introduced to dramatically improve the response time of job executions when the failure becomes a norm rather than an exception. Efficient proactive fault tolerance schemes require precise knowledge on the task executions, which has been an open challenge for decades. To well address the issue, in this paper we design and implement RiskI, a profile-based prediction algorithm in conjunction with a riskaware task assignment algorithm, to accelerate task executions, taking the uncertainty nature of tasks into account. Our design demonstrates that the nature uncertainty brings not only great challenges, but also new opportunities. With a careful design, we can benefit from such uncertainties. We implement the idea in Hadoop 0.21.0 systems and the experimental results show that, compared with the traditional LATE algorithm, the response time can be improved by 46% with the same system throughput.
The Effect of the Transition to Home Monitoring for the Diagnosis of OSAS on Test Availability, Waiting Time, Patients’ Satisfaction, and Outcome in a Large Health Provider System
Authors: Safadi Ahmad , Etzioni Tamar , Fliss Dan , Pillar Giora , Shapira Chen
Published: April 2014

During 2009, the Haifa district of Clalit Health Services (CHS) has switched from in-lab polysomnography (PSG) to home studies for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We assessed the effects of this change on accessibility, waiting time, satisfaction, costs, and CPAP purchase by the patients. Data regarding sleep studies, CPAP purchase, and waiting times were collected retrospectively from the computerized database of CHS. Patients’ satisfaction was assessed utilizing a telephone questionnaire introduced to a randomized small sample of 70 patients. Comparisons were made between 2007 and 2008 (in-lab PSGs) and 2010 and 2011 (when most studies were ambulatory). Of about 650000 insured individuals in the Haifa district of CHS, 1471 sleep studies were performed during 2007-2008 compared to 2794 tests during 2010-2011. The average waiting time was 9.9 weeks in 2007-2008 compared to 1.1 weeks in 2010-2011 (P<0.05). 597 CPAPs were purchased in 2007-2008 compared to 831 in 2010-2011. The overall patients’ satisfaction was similar, but discomfort tended to be higher in the in-laboratory group (4.1 vs 2.7 in a scale of 0–10;P=0.11). Switching to ambulatory diagnosis improved the test accessibility and reduced the waiting times. Patients’ satisfaction remained similarly high. The total direct cost of OSA management was reduced.
Microalgae as a Renewable Source of Energy: A Niche Opportunity
Authors: Jegathese Simon Jegan Porphy , Farid Mohammed
Published: April 2014

Algae are believed to be a good source of renewable energy because of its rapid growth rate and its ability to be cultivated in waste water or waste land. Several companies and government agencies are making efforts to reduce capital cost and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. Algae are the fastest growing plant and theoretically have the potential to produce more oil or biomass per acre when compared to other crops and plants. However, the energy efficiency ratio and carbon and water footprint for algal based biofuels still need to be evaluated in order to fully understand the environmental impact of algal derived biofuels.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Tetramethylguanidinium-Polyethylenimine Polymers as Efficient Gene Delivery Vectors
Authors: Mahato Manohar , Yadav Santosh , Kumar Pradeep , Sharma Ashwani Kumar
Published: April 2014

Previously, we demonstrated that 6-(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidinium chloride)-hexanoyl-polyethylenimine (THP) polymers exhibited significantly enhanced transfection efficiency and cell viability. Here, in the present study, we have synthesized a series of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidinium-polyethylenimine (TP1-TP5) polymers via a single-step reaction involving peripheral primary amines of bPEI and varying amounts of 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU). These polymers were found to interact efficiently with negatively charged pDNA and formed stable complexes in the size range of ~240–450 nm. Acid-base titration profiles revealed improved buffering capacity of TP polymers as compared to bPEI. Transfection and cytotoxicity assays performed with TP/pDNA complexes on HEK293, CHO, and HeLa cells showed significantly higher transfection efficiency and cell viability with one of the complexes, TP2/pDNA complex, exhibited the highest transfection efficiency (~1.4–2.3-fold) outcompeting native bPEI and the commercially available transfection reagent, Lipofectamine 2000. Compared to previously reported THP polymers, the transfection efficiency of TP/pDNA complexes was found to be lower, as examined by flow cytometry. These results highlight the importance of the hydrophobic C-6 linker in THP polymers in forming compact nanostructures with pDNA, which might lead to efficient uptake and internalization of the complexes; however, the projected TP polymers offer an advantage of their rapid and economical one-step synthesis.
On Convergence with respect to an Ideal and a Family of Matrices
Authors: Hardtke Jan-David
Published: April 2014

P. Das et al. recently introduced and studied the notions of strong AI-summability with respect to an Orlicz function F and AI-statistical convergence, where A is a nonnegative regular matrix and I is an ideal on the set of natural numbers. In this paper, we will generalise these notions by replacing A with a family of matrices and F with a family of Orlicz functions or moduli and study the thus obtained convergence methods. We will also give an application in Banach space theory, presenting a generalisation of Simons' sup-limsup-theorem to the newly introduced convergence methods (for the case that the filter generated by the ideal I has a countable base), continuing some of the author's previous work.
RETE-ADH: An Improvement to RETE for Composite Context-Aware Service
Authors: Kim Milhan , Lee Kiseong , Kim Youngmin , Kim Taejin , Lee Yunseong , Cho Sungrae , Lee Chan-Gun
Published: April 2014

We propose a new pattern matching algorithm for composite context-aware services. The new algorithm, RETE-ADH, extends RETE to enhance systems that are based on the composite context-aware service architecture. RETE-ADH increases the speed of matching by searching only a subset of the rules that can be matched. In addition, RETE-ADH is scalable and suitable for parallelization. We describe the design of the proposed algorithm and present experimental results from a simulated smart office environment to compare the proposed algorithm with other pattern matching algorithms, showing that the proposed algorithm outperforms original RETE by 85%.
The Association between Autoantibodies and Peripheral Neuropathy in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Su Yu-Jih , Huang Chi-Ren , Chang Wen-Neng , Tsai Nai-Wen , Kung Chia-Te , Lin Wei-Che , Huang Chih-Cheng , Su Chih-Min , Cheng Ben-Chung , Chang Ya-Ting , Lu Cheng-Hsien
Published: April 2014

Background and Aim. The sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers used for predicting peripheral neuropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and nephritis (SLE-LN) remain unsatisfactory. This study aimed to determine the autoantibodies levels in SLE-LN patients with peripheral neuropathy.Methods. Data of 559 SLE-LN patients were collected retrospectively, including titers of autoantibodies, electrodiagnostic studies, and clinical manifestations.Results. The neurologic manifestations of the SLE-LN patients were diverse and nonspecific. The prevalence rate of peripheral polyneuropathy was 2.68%, of which about 73.33% was mixed sensory-motor polyneuropathy. Numbness and functional gastrointestinal problems were the most prevalent symptoms and these were noted in every subtype of peripheral neuropathy. Among all the serology markers, anti-Ro was significantly associated with neuropathy related to SLE (P=0.009).Conclusion. Peripheral neuropathy among LN patients is rare and may be easily overlooked. This study demonstrated that positive anti-Ro antibody may imply neuropathy in LN patients. Thus, anti-Ro can be considered a biomarker that should be added to the panel of conventional autoantibodies in LN patients.
Model Updating and Structural Optimization of Circular Saw Blades with Internal Slots
Authors: Gau Wei-Hsin , Chen Kun-Nan , Hwang Yunn-Lin
Published: April 2014

Circular diamond saws rotating in high speed are widely used to cut hard materials, and narrow slots on saw blades are sometimes used to reduce the blades' vibration and noise. Sizing optimization of the internal, annular slots on saw blades is investigated in this paper. First, an accurate finite element model representing an actual saw blade is obtained by model updating. Then, sizing optimization on two types of annular slots is performed to maximize the frequency separation between the finite element analysis results and the saw blade's operational speed and to reduce the possibility of structural resonance. Optimization results demonstrate great improvements in frequency separation from the rotating speed of 500 Hz for the optimized models, and stress analyses on the optimized blade models confirm the structural integrity of the designs.
Superhydrophobic Surface by Replication of Laser Micromachined Pattern in Epoxy/Alumina Nanoparticle Composite
Authors: Psarski Maciej , Marczak Jacek , Grobelny Jarosław , Celichowski Grzegorz
Published: April 2014

Superhydrophobic surfaces were obtained by superposition of microstructure—defined by replication of laser micromachined masters, with nanostructure—created by durable epoxy/γ‐Al2O3 nanoparticle composite, used for replication. Hierarchical surface topography thus obtained consisted of hexagonally spaced microcavities and nanoparticle agglomerates, exposed on the replica surface by radio frequency (RF) air plasma etching. Surface topography was further enhanced by rims around the microcavity edges, resulting from nanosecond laser micromachining defects in aluminum masters. Subsequent wet chemical hydrophobization with 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorotetradecyltriethoxysilane (PFTDTES) provided superhydrophobic behavior in replicas with a microcavity spacing of 30 μm, as indicated by a water contact angle of 160° and a sliding angle of 8°. The preparation method is relatively simple, inexpensive, and potentially scalable.
The Three Genetics (Nuclear DNA, Mitochondrial DNA, and Gut Microbiome) of Longevity in Humans Considered as Metaorganisms
Authors: Garagnani Paolo , Pirazzini Chiara , Giuliani Cristina , Candela Marco , Brigidi Patrizia , Sevini Federica , Luiselli Donata , Bacalini Maria Giulia , Salvioli Stefano , Capri Miriam , Monti Daniela , Mari Daniela , Collino Sebastiano , Delledonne Massimo , Descombes Patrick , Franceschi Claudio
Published: April 2014

Usually the genetics of human longevity is restricted to the nuclear genome (nDNA). However it is well known that the nDNA interacts with a physically and functionally separated genome, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that, even if limited in length and number of genes encoded, plays a major role in the ageing process. The complex interplay between nDNA/mtDNA and the environment is most likely involved in phenomena such as ageing and longevity. To this scenario we have to add another level of complexity represented by the microbiota, that is, the whole set of bacteria present in the different part of our body with their whole set of genes. In particular, several studies investigated the role of gut microbiota (GM) modifications in ageing and longevity and an age-related GM signature was found. In this view, human being must be considered as “metaorganism” and a more holistic approach is necessary to grasp the complex dynamics of the interaction between the environment and nDNA-mtDNA-GM of the host during ageing. In this review, the relationship between the three genetics and human longevity is addressed to point out that a comprehensive view will allow the researchers to properly address the complex interactions that occur during human lifespan.
The Significance of Serum Phosphate Level on Healing Index and Its Relative Effects in Skeletally Immature and Mature Patients with Hypophosphatemic Rickets
Authors: Song Sang-Heon , Lee Hanna , Jeong Ji-Min , Cho Woo-In , Kim Sung Eun , Song Hae-Ryong
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to find out the ideal cut-off level of phosphate for safe healing when deformity correction and concomitant lengthening are indicated in the two different skeletal maturity groups of patients with rickets. Thirty-nine hypophosphatemic rickets patients were selected for the study and were divided into two groups: 27 skeletally immature (group IM) and 12 skeletally mature (group M). The outcomes were evaluated with respect to the healing index (HI), laboratory findings, and complications with the mean follow-up of 5.1 years (range, 3.1–7.9). The healing index (HI) of group IM was 1.44 month/cm and HI of group M was 1.68 month/cm. The negative correlation between the level of serum phosphate and HI in group M (coefficient = −0.94) was evaluated to be less than the correlation in group IM (coefficient = −0.50), indicating that the HI is more likely to be affected by serum phosphate in group M than in group IM. Preoperative serum phosphate levels of 2.3 mg/dL and 2.6 mg/dL were analyzed to be the cut-off values of group IM and group M, respectively, in which the cut-off points divided the series into two groups having the most significantly different HI.
The Traditional Kampo Medicine Tokishakuyakusan Increases Ocular Blood Flow in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Takayama Shin , Shiga Yukihiro , Kokubun Taiki , Konno Hideyuki , Himori Noriko , Ryu Morin , Numata Takehiro , Kaneko Soichiro , Kuroda Hitoshi , Tanaka Junichi , Kanemura Seiki , Ishii Tadashi , Yaegashi Nobuo , Nakazawa Toru
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of oral administration of kampo medical formulas on ocular blood flow (OBF). A crossover protocol was used to randomly administer five grams of yokukansan, tokishakuyakusan (TSS), keishibukuryogan, or hachimijiogan to 13 healthy blinded subjects (mean age: 37.3 ± 12.3 years). The mean blur rate, a quantitative OBF index obtained with laser speckle flowgraphy, was measured at the optic nerve head before and 30 minutes after administration. Blood pressure (BP) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were also recorded. No significant changes were observed in mean BP or IOP after the administration of any of the kampo medical formulas. There was a significant increase in OBF 30 minutes after administration of TSS (100% to 103.6 ± 6.9%, P < 0.01). Next, TSS was administered to 19 healthy subjects (mean age: 32.0 ± 11.0 years) and OBF was measured before and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after administration. Plain water was used as a control. OBF increased significantly after TSS administration compared to control (P < 0.01) and also increased from 30 to 60 minutes after administration compared to baseline (P < 0.05). These results suggest that TSS can increase OBF without affecting BP or IOP in healthy subjects.
Feedforward and Feedback Control Performance Assessment for Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Wang Zhiguo , Chen Jun
Published: April 2014

A performance assessment method for nonlinear feedforward and feedback control systems is proposed in this paper. First, the existence of minimum variance performance bound for two nonlinear systems with different structures is analyzed, and the closed-loop model of nonlinear system is obtained with the help of iterative orthogonal least squares identification method. Then, the technology of variance analysis is introduced to establish the variance contributions due to both disturbances and controller. A nonlinear performance index for the feedforward and feedback control systems is estimated using an ANOVA-like variance decomposition method. Finally, a meaningful example is simulated to show the effectiveness of our method.
The Prognostic Value of Lymph Nodes Dissection Number on Survival of Patients with Lymph Node-Negative Gastric Cancer
Authors: Song Wu , Yuan Yujie , Wang Liang , He Weiling , Zhang Xinhua , Chen Chuangqi , Zhang Changhua , Cai Shirong , He Yulong
Published: April 2014

Objective.The study was designed to explore the prognostic value of examined lymph node (LN) number on survival of gastric cancer patients without LN metastasis.Methods.Between August 1995 and January 2011, 300 patients who underwent gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for LN-negative gastric cancer were reviewed. Patients were assigned to various groups according to LN dissection number or tumor invasion depth. Some clinical outcomes, such as overall survival, operation time, length of stay, and postoperative complications, were compared among all groups.Results.The overall survival time of LN-negative GC patients was50.2±30.5months. Multivariate analysis indicated that LN dissection number(P<0.001)and tumor invasion depth(P<0.001)were independent prognostic factors of survival. The number of examined LNs was positively correlated with survival time(P<0.05)in patients with same tumor invasion depth but not correlated with T1 stage or examined LNs>30. Besides, it was not correlated with operation time, transfusion volume, length of postoperative stay, or postoperative complication incidence(P>0.05).Conclusions.The number of examined lymph nodes is an independent prognostic factor of survival for patients with lymph node-negative gastric cancer. Sufficient dissection of lymph nodes is recommended during surgery for such population.