bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Tests for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Authors: LaRue Nicole , Kahn Maria , Murray Marjorie , Leader Brandon T. , Bansil Pooja , McGray Sarah , Kalnoky Michael , Zhang Hao , Huang Huiqiang , Jiang Hui , Domingo Gonzalo J.
Published: July 2014

A barrier to eliminating Plasmodium vivax malaria is inadequate treatment of infected patients. 8-Aminoquinoline–based drugs clear the parasite; however, people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are at risk for hemolysis from these drugs. Understanding the performance of G6PD deficiency tests is critical for patient safety. Two quantitative assays and two qualitative tests were evaluated. The comparison of quantitative assays gave a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7585 with significant difference in mean G6PD activity, highlighting the need to adhere to a single reference assay. Both qualitative tests had high sensitivity and negative predictive value at a cutoff G6PD value of 40% of normal activity if interpreted conservatively and performed under laboratory conditions. The performance of both tests dropped at a cutoff level of 45%. Cytochemical staining of specimens confirmed that heterozygous females with > 50% G6PD-deficient cells can seem normal by phenotypic tests.
Pre-treatment Predictors of Outcome in Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Knight Ashleigh , McLellan Lauren , Jones Michael , Hudson Jennifer
Published: July 2014

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for paediatric anxiety disorders, yet not all children improve following standard treatment protocols. Identifying pre-treatment predictors of poor treatment response is an important area of research to maximise outcomes for children with anxiety disorders. This paper presents a systematic review of pre-treatment predictors of child/adolescent anxiety treatment outcome, including child demographic, child diagnostic and parental factors. Results are based on 47 peer-reviewed articles and 4 dissertations. Results for each predictor are reported according to method of measuring outcome (e.g., endpoint or rate of change). No consistent and clear pre-treatment predictors of paediatric anxiety outcome were identified. Yet, it is worth noting that a number of trends emerged; some significant predictors were identified in more than one study including primary anxiety diagnosis, severity, comorbidity and parental anxiety/psychopathology. With regards to primary anxiety diagnosis, there was emerging evidence that Social Anxiety Disorder predicted poorer treatment response, while GAD predicted better outcome. Greater symptom severity and comorbid externalising symptoms/disorder were also associated with poorer treatment response but not dependably across studies. Some inconsistent evidence also emerged showing that presence of comorbidity, comorbid depression, parental psychopathology, parental anxiety and maternal anxiety were associated with poorer outcomes when outcome was assessed as an endpoint. There were a number of pre-treatment factors that were not related to treatment outcome: age, gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status. Based on a small number of studies, comorbid anxiety, maternal depression, paternal anxiety and paternal depression also failed to predict treatment outcome. Further methodologically strong research is needed to clarify the conclusions made in this review and to investigate a range of predictors considered under preliminary investigation.
ELEFANT: a user-friendly multipurpose geodynamics code
Authors: Thieulot C.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. A new finite element code for the solution of the Stokes and heat transport equations is presented. It has purposely been designed to address geological flow problems in two and three dimensions at crustal and lithospheric scales. The code relies on the Marker-in-Cell technique and Lagrangian markers are used to track materials in the simulation domain which allows recording of the integrated history of deformation; their (number) density is variable and dynamically adapted. A variety of rheologies has been implemented including nonlinear thermally activated dislocation and diffusion creep and brittle (or plastic) frictional models. The code is built on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian kinematic description: the computational grid deforms vertically and allows for a true free surface while the computational domain remains of constant width in the horizontal direction. The solution to the large system of algebraic equations resulting from the finite element discretisation and linearisation of the set of coupled partial differential equations to be solved is obtained by means of the efficient parallel direct solver MUMPS whose performance is thoroughly tested, or by means of the WISMP and AGMG iterative solvers. The code accuracy is assessed by means of many geodynamically relevant benchmark experiments which highlight specific features or algorithms, e.g., the implementation of the free surface stabilisation algorithm, the (visco-)plastic rheology implementation, the temperature advection, the capacity of the code to handle large viscosity contrasts. A two-dimensional application to salt tectonics presented as case study illustrates the potential of the code to model large scale high resolution thermo-mechanically coupled free surface flows.
Job Prospects and Employability in Nursing and Psychology
Authors: Paz-Rodríguez Francisco , Betanzos-Díaz Norma , Uribe-Barrera Noemí ,   Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: describir la empleabilidad de los estudiantes de las carreras de enfermería y psicología respecto a la búsqueda, obtención y expectativas de un trabajo. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, en estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM, Cuernavaca, México), de las carreras de Enfermería y Psicología; el universo muestral fue de 1060 estudiantes, se obtuvo una muestra intencional de 297 estudiantes, 126 de Enfermería y 171 de Psicología; las variables estudiadas fueron: mercado de trabajo, futuro laboral, valoración de un empleo, aportación a la empresa u organización, perfil de trabajo ideal y va- riables sociodemográficas. Se elaboró una encuesta para medir la variable dependiente. Resultados: se observa un mayor predominio de mujeres (74,7 %); el 20,9 % de los graduados trabajan actualmente, de los cuales 18,1 % son psicólogos/as y 24,3 % enfermeros/as (71 % mujeres). En lo referente a la valoración de un empleo, aportación a la empresa u organización y perfil de trabajo ideal, los estudian- tes de la carrera de Enfermería muestran mejores puntajes que los de Psicología. Conclusión: la empleabilidad es un constructo complejo, la formación profesional debe valorar en qué medida su perfil de egreso permite satisfacer las demandas del mercado laboral, que está sujeto a condiciones precarias de empleo, factores culturales, habilidades mostradas y potencial del factor humano.
The Spiritual Needs of Ailing Hospitalized Patients: An Integrative Review
Authors: Castelo Branco Maria Zita , Brito Dalila , Fernandes Sousa Clementina ,   Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
Published: July 2014

La espiritualidad es intrínseca al ser humano y se manifiesta también asociada a la enfermedad, la pérdida o cuando el ser humano se enfrenta con el sufrimiento o la muerte. Como la expresión de las necesidades espirituales no se procesa de igual forma en la per- sona sana o enferma, su atención requiere una intervención rigurosa y profesional. Objetivos: identificar necesidades espirituales de la persona hospitalizada y conceptos de espiritualidad. Método: revisión integrativa de diez estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos sobre necesidades espirituales, publicados en el período del 2004 al 2011 en las bases de datos (EBSCO, MEDLINE, SAGE y B-ON), orientada por las interrogantes: ¿Cuáles son las necesidades espirituales de la persona hospitalizada y los conceptos de espiritualidad utilizados en los estudios seleccionados? Resultados: del análisis de los artículos emergieron las siguientes necesidades espirituales: busca de sentido en la enfermedad y sufrimiento; estar en relación con los otros y con el Ser Superior, lo que señala presencia evidente de valores, creencias espirituales, fe, esperanza y necesidades religiosas, asociadas a los conceptos: sentido de vida, relaciones, transcendencia y prácticas religiosas. Conclusiones: los enfermos pueden expresar sus necesidades espirituales por medio de las formas más sutiles. Los enfermeros deben evaluar las necesidades espirituales de “mente abierta” y ser capaces de proporcionar la asistencia más adecuada.
Women and Contraceptives. Women’s Liberation?
Authors: Cardona-Lozada Danelia
Published: July 2014

El surgimiento de nuevos derechos, en este caso los llamados "sexuales y reproductivos", ha reforzado la legítima conquista de la autonomía femenina, pero ha ocasionado su hipertrofia. Este fenómeno lleva a consecuencias como el uso de métodos anticonceptivos que intentan "liberar" a las mujeres de uno de los fines del ejercicio de la sexualidad: el embarazo. En este escrito se hace una reflexión sobre el origen de la emancipación de la mujer, que va desde la inadecuada interpretación de los textos veterotestamentarios; pasa por los cambios en el papel de la mujer en la vida de la sociedad; la reivindicación de algunos de sus derechos secularmente conculcados; hasta el surgimiento de la llamada liberación femenina. Este itinerario ha cristalizado en la ideología de género, como refinado producto de una liberación sexual, que ha ocasionado en la mujer una desnaturalización de su sexualidad y sus dimensiones biológicas, psicológicas y sociales.
salud de la mujer, derechos sexuales y reproductivos, sexualidad, anticoncepción, género y salud, derechos de la mujer, bioética
Rafał Malczewski and Wiadomości
Authors: Wróbel Elżbieta
Published: July 2014

The main and most important subject of the article is Rafał Malczewski, who in the interwar period belonged to the elite of the Warsaw intelligentsia. He was successful as a painter, writer, and journalist, collaborating with the most prestigious magazines of the time. The article focuses on Malczewski’s literary output in exile following World War II, after he had settled in Montreal in 1942. Relying primarily on Rafał Malczewski’s correspondence with the poet Jan Lechoń and with the editor in chief of the London publication Wiadomości, the article shows the important role in Malczewski’s life of literary work, which saved him from existential apathy and depression. He collaborated with Wiadomości, one of the most important Polish literary magazines published in exile after World War II. The correspondence between Malczewski’s partner of many years, Zofia Mikucka-Malczewska, and Mieczysław Grydzewski, describes the events surrounding the creation of the special issue of Wiadomości devoted to the writer.
Classification of Eucalyptus urograndis hybrids under different water availability based on biometric traits
Authors: Silva Claudia D. , Nascimento Janiele S. , Scarpinati Edimar A. , Paula Rinaldo C.
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: The eucalyptus grows rapidly and is well suitable to edaphic and bioclimatic conditions in several regions of of the world. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of Eucalyptus urograndis hybrids grown under different water availability conditions.Area of study: The study was performed in south-eastern of BrazilMaterial and Methods: We evaluated five commercial hybrids cultivated in pots with the substrate maintained at 65, 50, 35 and 20% maximum water retention capacity. The evaluation was based on the following characteristics: total height (cm), diameter (mm), number of leaves, leaf area (dm2), and dry weight (g plant-1) of leaf, stem + branches,   root, shoot and total and root/shoot ratio.Main results: All the characteristics evaluated were adversely affected by reduced availability of water in the substrate. The hybrids assessed performed differently in terms of biometric characteristics, irrespective of water availability. Water deficit resulted in a greater reduction in the dry weight production compared to number of leaves, diameter and height. Hybrids H2 and H5 have favorable traits for tolerating drought. The hybrid H2 shows a stronger slowdown in growth as soil moisture levels drop, although its growth rate is low, and H5 increases the root/shoot ratio but maintains growth in terms of height, even under drought conditions.Research highlights: The results obtained in our experiment show that productive hybrids sensitive to drought could also perform better under water deficit conditions, maintaining satisfactory growth despite significant drops in these characteristics.Keywords: Eucalyptus urograndis; water deficit; drought tolerance.
Carbon storage in HWP. Accounting for Spanish particleboard and fiberboard
Authors: Canals-Revilla Genoveva G. , Gutierrez-del Olmo Enrique V. , Picos-Martin Juan , Voces-Gonzalez Roberto
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: The study quantifies carbon stock in particleboard and fibreboard, for the period 1990-2006. It is the first accounting made for the Spanish wood industry using industrial accurate data and it could be comparable to other European studies.Area of study: SpainMaterial and Methods: A comparison of the three different approaches (Stock Change Approach, Production Approach, Atmospheric Flow Approach) of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG). Due to the complexity derived from the amount of input variables and the recurrence of the formulas, the Montecarlo simulation method was chosen to compare results.Main results: Between 1990-2006 the carbon stock of the Spanish panel industry has been growing steadily, reaching around 1,000 Gg C in all three approaches studied. During the period 1990-2002, the Stock Change Approach is the one which provides a higher carbon stock accounting. However, since 2002 the Production Approach is the one which presents higher values of carbon stock.Research highlights: The main result of the study shows the important role of carbon stock which play the Spanish wood based panel industry during the period analysed. The results highlight the economic and environmental importance of carbon stock stored in such wood products, as well as its remarkable increase during the study period. They also highlights the importance of good practices such as cascade use of wood resources as well as the need for properly coordination between climate change and forest policies.Key words: climate change; emissions trading system; national greenhouse gas inventories; approach; Monte Carlo; recycled wood; cascade use.
A model for estimating carbon accumulation in cork products
Authors: Dias Ana C. , Arroja Luís
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: This study aims to develop a calculation model for estimating carbon accumulation in cork products, both whilst in use and when in landfills, and to apply the model to Portugal as an example.Area of study: The model is applicable worldwide and the case-study is Portugal.Material and methods: The model adopts a flux-data method based on a lifetime analysis and quantifies carbon accumulation in cork products according to three approaches that differ on how carbon stocks (or emissions) are allocated to cork product consuming and producing countries. These approaches are: stock-change, production and atmospheric-flow. The effect on carbon balance of methane emissions from the decay of cork products in landfills is also evaluated.Main results: The model was applied to Portugal and the results show that carbon accumulation in cork products in the period between 1990 and 2010 varied between 24 and 92 Gg C year-1. The atmospheric-flow approach provided the highest carbon accumulation over the whole period due to the net export of carbon in cork products. The production approach ranked second because exported cork products were mainly manufactured from domestically produced cork. The net carbon balance in cork products was also a net carbon accumulation with all the approaches, ranging from 5 to 81 Gg C eq year-1.Research highlights: The developed model can be applied to other countries and may be a step forward to consider carbon accumulation in cork products in national greenhouse gas inventories, as well as in future climate agreements.Keywords: Atmospheric-flow approach; Greenhouse gas balance; Modelling; Production approach; Stock-change approach.
Is truffle brûlé a case of perturbational niche construction?
Authors: Bragato Gilberto
Published: July 2014

Aim of study: in the context of niche construction theory, the investigation was aimed at assessing if truffle brûlé is a case of niche construction by testing if the disappearance of grasses in the brûlé induces a non-arbitrary perturbation in the soil physical environment and, in that case, which are the physical processes involved.Area of study: a natural truffle bed located in the Italian Apennines inside an experimental truffle-producing area of the University of Perugia.Material and methods: Three aggregate size classes in the soil of a brûlé and of the neighbouring grass-covered area were determined with the wet-sieving technique in accordance with international standards. In the first part of the investigation, the area was sampled according to a systematic sampling design and the spatial patterns of aggregate size classes in the brûlé and in the neighbouring grass-covered area were compared by means of geostatistics. In the second part, the suppression of grasses in the brûlé was mimicked in the laboratory by removing roots from a sample collected in the grass-covered area and the effect of freeze-thaw cycles was tested by comparing a control treatment to other four treatments consisting in sub-samples equilibrated at a water tension of -2.5, -5, -10 and -20 kPa. Samples were submitted to a number of freeze-thaw cycles equal to those recorded in the area, analysed for aggregate size distribution and compared with univariate ANOVA.Main results: The aggregate size classes larger than 0.25mm displayed a spatial pattern comparable to that of the brûlé, with sharp changes along the boundaries of the brûlé itself. The laboratory experiment showed that such changes are attributable to freeze-thaw cycles that in one winter season may produce a significant decrease in aggregate size compared to the grass-covered area. Both results indicate that the disappearance of grasses in the brûlé fulfils the requirement of perturbational niche construction.Research highlights: the observed change of soil aggregation in the brûlé can be useful in delineating soils suitable for truffle farming and in creating suitable soil physical conditions for truffle production by exploiting freeze-thaw cycles after irrigation in winter.Keywords: aggregates; brûlé; niche construction; Tuber, soil structure.
Traumatic glaucoma with features of unilateral pigment dispersion
Authors: Bowler Gordon , Ellul Antony , Gouws Pieter
Published: July 2014

We report a patient with traumatic glaucoma with features of unilateral pigment dispersion. This rare form of secondary glaucoma has only been reported twice previously, with both patients demonstrating angle recession, indicating associated damage to the trabecular meshwork. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in which angle recession was absent.
Who's in the Lead?
Authors: Flores Alfinio
Published: July 2014

The striking results of this coin-tossing simulation help students understand the law of large numbers.
La mobilité au coeur de la francophonie canadienne
Authors: Heller Monica , Bell Lindsay , Daveluy Michelle , Noël Hubert , McLaughlin Mireille
Published: July 2014

L’image dominante associée aux francophones du Canada est celle de la sédentarité de collectivités bien ancrées dans un territoire et s’y reproduisant. Cette vision gomme presque complètement les formes de mobilité, pourtant liées depuis toujours à l’emploi des travailleurs francophones comme main-d’oeuvre de réserve mobile, aussi bien dans le système économique colonial classique que dans l’économie capitaliste mondialisée d’aujourd’hui. Dans ce texte, nous explorons l’interdépendance passée et actuelle de la mobilité et de la sédentarité dans la construction de l’identité des francophones au Canada, à partir des résultats d’une enquête ethnographique reliant les populations francophones de la péninsule acadienne à celles du nord-ouest du pays. Nous montrons que l’effacement des travailleurs mobiles au sein des représentations officielles des francophones au Canada (dont celle de la vitalité) contribue à créer des inégalités, mais que cet effacement est de moins en moins soutenable.
GSK-3 signaling in developing cortical neurons is essential for radial migration and dendritic orientation
Authors: Morgan-Smith Meghan , Wu Yaohong , Zhu Xiaoqin , Pringle Julia , Snider William D
Published: July 2014

GSK-3 is an essential mediator of several signaling pathways that regulate cortical development. We therefore created conditional mouse mutants lacking both GSK-3α and GSK-3β in newly born cortical excitatory neurons. Gsk3-deleted neurons expressing upper layer markers exhibited striking migration failure in all areas of the cortex. Radial migration in hippocampus was similarly affected. In contrast, tangential migration was not grossly impaired after Gsk3 deletion in interneuron precursors. Gsk3-deleted neurons extended axons and developed dendritic arbors. However, the apical dendrite was frequently branched while basal dendrites exhibited abnormal orientation. GSK-3 regulation of migration in neurons was independent of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, phosphorylation of the migration mediator, DCX, at ser327, and phosphorylation of the semaphorin signaling mediator, CRMP-2, at Thr514 were markedly decreased. Our data demonstrate that GSK-3 signaling is essential for radial migration and dendritic orientation and suggest that GSK-3 mediates these effects by phosphorylating key microtubule regulatory proteins.
Enhancement of encoding and retrieval functions through theta phase-specific manipulation of hippocampus
Authors: Siegle Joshua H , Wilson Matthew A
Published: July 2014

Assessing the behavioral relevance of the hippocampal theta rhythm has proven difficult, due to a shortage of experiments that selectively manipulate phase-specific information processing. Using closed-loop stimulation, we triggered inhibition of dorsal CA1 at specific phases of the endogenous theta rhythm in freely behaving mice. This intervention enhanced performance on a spatial navigation task that requires the encoding and retrieval of information related to reward location on every trial. In agreement with prior models of hippocampal function, the behavioral effects depended on both the phase of theta and the task segment at which we stimulated. Stimulation in the encoding segment enhanced performance when inhibition was triggered by the peak of theta. Conversely, stimulation in the retrieval segment enhanced performance when inhibition was triggered by the trough of theta. These results suggest that processes related to the encoding and retrieval of task-relevant information are preferentially active at distinct phases of theta.
On the nonequivalent barotropic structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: An observational perspective
Authors: Phillips H. E. , Bindoff N. L.
Published: July 2014

We examine the vertical structure of the horizontal flow and diagnose vertical velocities in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) near the Kerguelen Plateau using EM‐APEX profiling floats. Eight floats measured horizontal velocity, temperature, and salinity profiles to 1600 dbar, with a vertical spacing of 3–5 dbar four times per day over a period of approximately 3 months. Horizontal velocity profiles show a complex vertical structure with strong rotation of the velocity vector through the water column. The distribution of rotation angles from 1247 profiles is approximately Gaussian and rotations of either sign are equally likely. Forty percent of profiles with speed greater than 5 cm s−1 have a depth‐integrated rotation of less than 15 degrees over 1300 dbar, while the other 60% demonstrate significantly stronger rotation. Consequently, most profiles do not conform to the equivalent barotropic model (deep flow parallel and proportional to the surface flow) used in simplified dynamical models and in Gravest Empirical Mode climatologies of the ACC. Nevertheless, since we find the mean rotation to be zero, an equivalent barotropic assumption is valid to first order. Vertical velocities inferred using conservation of mass and a gradient wind balance in natural coordinates have magnitudes on the order of 100 m/day. We find robust patterns of upwelling and downwelling phase‐locked to meanders in the flow, as found in earlier studies. With the advent of high‐resolution observations such as those presented here, and high‐resolution models, we can advance to a more complete understanding of the rich variability in ACC structure that is neglected in the equivalent barotropic model.
Importance of initial conditions in seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice extent
Authors: Msadek R. , Vecchi G. A. , Winton M. , Gudgel R. G.
Published: July 2014

We present seasonal predictions of Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) over the 1982–2013 period using two suites of retrospective forecasts initialized from a fully coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐sea ice assimilation system. High skill scores are found in predicting year‐to‐year fluctuations of Arctic SIE, with significant correlations up to 7 month ahead for September detrended anomalies. Predictions over the recent era, which coincides with an improved observational coverage, outperform the earlier period for most target months. We find, however, a degradation of skill in September during the last decade, a period of sea ice thinning in observations. The two prediction models, Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) and Forecast‐oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR), share very similar ocean and ice component and initialization but differ by their atmospheric component. FLOR has improved climatological atmospheric circulation and sea ice mean state, but its skill is overall similar to CM2.1 for most seasons, which suggests a key role for initial conditions in predicting seasonal SIE fluctuations.
Hydroacoustic investigation of submarine landslides at West Mata volcano, Lau Basin
Authors: Caplan‐Auerbach J. , Dziak R. P. , Bohnenstiehl D. R. , Chadwick W. W. , Lau T.‐K.
Published: July 2014

Submarine landslides are an important process in volcano growth yet are rarely observed and poorly understood. We show that landslides occur frequently in association with the eruption of West Mata volcano in the NE Lau Basin. These events are identifiable in hydroacoustic data recorded between ~5 and 20 km from the volcano and may be recognized in spectrograms by the weak and strong powers at specific frequencies generated by multipathing of sound waves. The summation of direct and surface‐reflected arrivals causes interference patterns in the spectrum that change with time as the landslide propagates. Observed frequencies are consistent with propagation down the volcano's north flank in an area known to have experienced mass wasting in the past. These data allow us to estimate the distance traveled by West Mata landslides and show that they travel at average speeds of ~10–25 m/s.
On the fine structure of dipolarization fronts
Authors: Balikhin M. A. , Runov A. , Walker S. N. , Gedalin M. , Dandouras I. , Hobara Y. , Fazakerley A.
Published: July 2014

Measurements from the closely spaced Cluster spacecraft are used to study the structure of the magnetic and electric fields within the magnetic ramp of dipolarization fronts (DF) observed close to the neutral sheet and the midnight meridian (YGSM<3RE). The spacecraft separation was small enough (<300 km) to treat the magnetic ramp of the DF front as a planar structure as indicated from variance analysis. The finite value of the magnetic field along the minimum variance direction for the events studied indicates that the dipolarization front structure was distinct from a tangential discontinuity. In addition to the main increase of the magnetic field in the maximum variance component, strong oscillations were observed in the intermediate component. The presence of this oscillatory structure results in an expansion of the region in which a change of magnetic pressure occurs, the size of which is typically an ion Larmor radius or greater. This widening is important in maintaining the pressure balance at the edge of the DF. This phenomenon resembles observations of intense current sheets in the magnetotail and also laboratory experiments of current sheet formation, in which a similar widening of the ramp region has been observed. In this paper we argue against the idea that an electron temperature anisotropy, resulting in electron curvature currents, can explain the formation of the oscillatory structures observed at DFs. These oscillations can be explained as eigenmode waves of the plasma that propagate away from the disturbance (DF) that is moving at subsonic speeds. Oscillations observed within the magnetic ramp indicate field‐aligned currents that are expected to be associated with DF.
Fine‐scale transient arcs seen in a shock aurora
Authors: Motoba T. , Ebihara Y. , Kadokura A. , Weatherwax A. T.
Published: July 2014

We report, for the first time, fine‐scale transient arcs that emerged successively within the initial 1–2 min evolutionary interval of a postnoon shock aurora on 14 July 2012. Data were acquired from ~2 Hz temporal resolution imaging of dayside aurora with a white light all‐sky camera (ASC) at South Pole Station (magnetic latitude = −74.3°, magnetic local time = UT −3.5 h). Just after 1809:50 UT at which the initial response to an interplanetary (IP) shock was detected in the postnoon geosynchronous magnetic field, the ASC observed three successive transient arcs of which the locations shifted equatorward with an abrupt jump by ~0.2° in latitude. All of the transient arcs occurred in a closed field line region, ~1.0°–1.5° equatorward of the polar cap or open/closed field line boundary inferred from the intensity ratio of I630.0/I557.7 but just poleward of the shock‐induced proton and diffuse‐type electron aurorae. Each of the transient arcs had a latitudinal width of ~0.1° and a short lifetime of ~20–30 s. Although the obvious mechanism has still remained unclear, possible interpretations of the fine‐scale transient arc features are discussed in terms of a local process of each of the magnetospheric origin (mode conversion) and ionospheric origin (feedback interaction) that may be induced by IP shock.
The Structubent: A Nanocomposite Solution to Compressed Natural Gas Storage
Authors: Shimizu Steven , Strano Michael S.
Published: July 2014

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is an attractive energy storage and transportation platform over liquefaction as it conserves the heat of vaporization of the fuel. However, the high pressure compression between 200 and 250 bar creates challenges in material design. Adequate reinforcement of the compression vessel at high pressure must yield a minimal hydrocarbon capacity to vessel weight ratio, which is unfavorable for those that are exclusively steel lined. Adsorption beds have been proposed for adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage, but they are not ideal at present due to unfavorable weight to capacity ratios for common adsorbents and kinetic limitations upon discharge. In this work, we develop a model of a structural adsorbent, or structubent, as a reinforcing nanocomposite of the pressure vessel that offset their added volume using hydrocarbon adsorption capacity. Equations are presented that evaluate the stored methane capacity per vessel mass and volume in terms of nanocomposite properties under isothermal conditions. Furthermore, the ratios of mass‐ and volume‐specific capacities of the structubent versus CNG and ANG systems are derived which act as criteria for feasibility. An analysis of common adsorbents and matrix materials are performed, showing the structubent concept to be favorable in intermediate pressure regimes around 10 MPa.
Parahydrophobic Surfaces Made of Intrinsically Hydrophilic PProDOT Nanofibers with Branched Alkyl Chains
Authors: Mortier Claudio , Darmanin Thierry , Guittard Frederic
Published: July 2014

We report the synthesis of original 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) derivatives containing a branched alkyl chain of various sizes and used as monomers for the formation of parahydrophobic (high apparent contact and high sliding angle) nanofibers by electropolymerization. In this work, the size of the branched alkyl chain do not have a significant influence on the surface morphology because the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the polymers is quite the same. Indeed, assemblies of long polymer nanofibers forming micro‐ and nanoporous structures are obtained for each polymer. These surfaces display also very high adhesion of water droplets. Indeed, the penetration of water droplets inside the surface roughness was important due to the presence of these nanofibrous structures and the intrinsically hydrophilicity of the polymers. Such materials are excellent candidates for biosensors or anti‐bioadhesion.
Three‐Dimensional Structures of MoS2 Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Water Reduction
Authors: Geng Xiumei , Wu Wei , Li Ning , Sun Weiwei , Armstrong Johnathan , Al‐hilo Alaa , Brozak Matthew , Cui Jingbiao , Chen Tar‐pin
Published: July 2014

The hydrogen evolution reaction in an alkaline environment using a non‐precious catalyst with much greater efficiency represents a critical challenge in research. Here, a robust and highly active system for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution is reported by developing MoS2 nanosheet arrays vertically aligned on graphene‐mediated 3D Ni networks. The catalytic activity of the 3D MoS2 nanostructures is found to increase by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to the Ni networks without MoS2. The MoS2 nanosheets vertically grow on the surface of graphene by employing tetrakis(diethylaminodithiocarbomato)molybdate(IV) as the molybdenum and sulfur source in a chemical vapor deposition process. The few‐layer MoS2 nanosheets on 3D graphene/nickel structure can maximize the exposure of their edge sites at the atomic scale and present a superior catalysis activity for hydrogen production. In addition, the backbone structure facilitates as an excellent electrode for charge transport. This precious‐metal‐free and highly efficient active system enables prospective opportunities for using alkaline solution in industrial applications.
Nano‐Composites for Water Remediation: A Review
Authors: Tesh Sarah J. , Scott Thomas B.
Published: July 2014

As global populations continue to increase, the pressure on water supplies will inevitably intensify. Consequently the international need for more efficient and cost effective water remediation technologies will also rise. The introduction of nano‐technology into the industry may represent a significant advancement and zero‐valent iron nano‐particles (INPs) have been thoroughly studied for potential remediation applications. However, the application of water dispersed INP suspensions is limited and somewhat contentious on the grounds of safety, whilst INP reaction mechanisms, transport properties and ecotoxicity are areas still under investigation. Theoretically, the development of nano‐composites containing INPs to overcome these issues provides the logical next step for developing nano‐materials that are better suited to wide application across the water industry. This review provides an overview of the range of static, bulk nano‐composites containing INPs being developed, whilst highlighting the limitations of individual solutions, overall classes of technology, and lack of comparative testing for nano‐composites. The review discusses what further developments are needed to optimize nano‐composite water remediation systems to subsequently achieve commercial maturity.
Analytical strategies in human growth research
Authors: Johnson William
Published: July 2014

Human growth research requires knowledge of longitudinal statistical methods that can be analytically challenging. Even the assessment of growth between two ages is not as simple as subtracting the first measurement from the second, for example. This article provides an overview of the key analytical strategies available to human biologists in increasing order of complexity, starting with a review on how to express cross‐sectional measurements of size, before covering growth (conditional regression models, regression with conditional growth measures), growth curves (individual growth curves, mixed effects growth curves, latent growth curves), and patterns of growth (growth mixture modeling). The article is not a statistical treatise and has been written by a human biologist for human biologists; as such, it should be accessible to anyone with training in at least basic statistics. A summary table linking each analytical strategy to its applications is provided to help investigators match their hypotheses and measurement schedules to an analysis plan. In addition, worked examples using data on non‐Hispanic white participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study are used to illustrate how the analytical strategies might be applied to gain novel insight into human growth and its determinants and consequences. All too often, serial measurements are treated as cross‐sectional in analyses that do not harness the power of longitudinal data. The broad goal of this article is to encourage the rigorous application of longitudinal statistical methods to human growth research. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:69–83, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrazelluläre NMR‐ und EPR‐Spektroskopie von biologischen Makromolekülen
Authors: Hänsel Robert , Luh Laura M. , Corbeski Ivan , Trantirek Lukáš , Dötsch Volker
Published: July 2014

Der Traum eines Zellbiologen ist es, biologischen Makromolekülen bei ihrer Arbeit im Inneren von lebenden Zellen zusehen zu können. Dies würde bedeuten, sowohl den Ort als auch die Konformation dieser Makromoleküle mit biophysikalischen Methoden zu beobachten. Die Entwicklung von Fluoreszenztechniken, vor allem von Hochauflösungsfluoreszenzmikroskopiemethoden, hat unsere Möglichkeiten zur Lokalisierung von Proteinen und anderen Molekülen im Inneren von Zellen erheblich erweitert. Die Struktur von Makromolekülen und ihre Konformationsänderungen in lebenden Zellen zu bestimmen, ist hingegen noch immer eine große Herausforderung. Im Prinzip können NMR‐ und EPR‐Spektroskopie diese Informationen liefern. Die Entwicklung von intrazellulären Magnetresonanzmethoden hat die Anwendbarkeit dieser Methoden demonstriert. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir einen Überblick über die relevanten Techniken mit einem Fokus auf die intrazelluläre Flüssig‐NMR‐Spektroskopie, beschreiben ihre Anwendungen und diskutieren die Herausforderungen für die Zukunft.
Eine chemoenzymatische Kupplungsstrategie zur Immobilisierung von Proteinen auf kristalliner Nanocellulose
Authors: Uth Christina , Zielonka Stefan , Hörner Sebastian , Rasche Nicolas , Plog Andreas , Orelma Hannes , Avrutina Olga , Zhang Kai , Kolmar Harald
Published: July 2014

Die Immobilisierung von bioaktiven Molekülen auf Nanocellulose liefert Konjugate, die die biologischen Eigenschaften der gekuppelten Verbindungen mit Vorteilen der Cellulose wie Biokompatibilität, geringe Zytotoxizität und Nanodimension vereinen. Nachteile der klassischen Methoden zur Proteinkonjugation sind häufig ein Mangel an Selektivität, lange Reaktionszeiten, nichtphysiologische pH‐Bereiche oder der Einsatz organischer Lösungsmittel sowie die Notwendigkeit, eine maßgeschneiderte Synthesestrategie für jeden Einzelfall zu entwickeln. Diese Einschränkungen umgeht das hier vorgestellte generische Zweistufenverfahren, das die Vorteile einer hoch effizienten Oximligation mit enzymatischer Proteinkonjugation auf der Oberfläche peptidmodifizierter kristalliner Nanocellulose kombiniert. Es basiert auf effizienten und orthogonalen Transformationen, erfordert keine organischen Lösungsmittel und akzeptiert physiologische Bedingungen. Durch die Orts‐ und Regiospezifität könnte es für die Immobilisierung einer Vielzahl funktioneller Proteine eingesetzt werden.
Chemical Vapor Detection Using a Reconstituted Insect Olfactory Receptor Complex
Authors: Sato Koji , Takeuchi Shoji
Published: July 2014

The sensing of vapor odorants is highly demanded in the field of life and medical sciences. Although olfactory receptors (ORs) have potentials to recognize volatile organic compounds, the interaction of ORs, chemical vapors, and peptide components in olfactory mucus has yet to be analyzed to develop OR‐based sensors. A bioinspired electrophysiology technique is shown to record the response of reconstituted insect ORs to chemical vapors. To mimic the interface between ORs and olfactory mucus, OR expressing spheroids were loaded into a hydrogel microchamber array. A negative extracellular field potential shift of spheroids was successfully observed by the stimulation of their vapor cognate ligand. Importantly, the ligand repertoire of the OR of malaria vector mosquito examined by this method differed from that of in vivo studies. Our method is useful to develop protein‐based gas sensing techniques and to examine the binding of ORs and chemical vapors.
The Hydrophobic Effect Revisited—Studies with Supramolecular Complexes Imply High‐Energy Water as a Noncovalent Driving Force
Authors: Biedermann Frank , Nau Werner M. , Schneider Hans‐Jörg
Published: July 2014

Traditional descriptions of the hydrophobic effect on the basis of entropic arguments or the calculation of solvent‐occupied surfaces must be questioned in view of new results obtained with supramolecular complexes. In these studies, it was possible to separate hydrophobic from dispersive interactions, which are strongest in aqueous systems. Even very hydrophobic alkanes associate significantly only in cavities containing water molecules with an insufficient number of possible hydrogen bonds. The replacement of high‐energy water in cavities by guest molecules is the essential enthalpic driving force for complexation, as borne out by data for complexes of cyclodextrins, cyclophanes, and cucurbiturils, for which complexation enthalpies of up to −100 kJ mol−1 were reached for encapsulated alkyl residues. Water‐box simulations were used to characterize the different contributions from high‐energy water and enabled the calculation of the association free enthalpies for selected cucurbituril complexes to within a 10 % deviation from experimental values. Cavities in artificial receptors are more apt to show the enthalpic effect of high‐energy water than those in proteins or nucleic acids, because they bear fewer or no functional groups in the inner cavity to stabilize interior water molecules.
A Chemoenzymatic Approach to Protein Immobilization onto Crystalline Cellulose Nanoscaffolds
Authors: Uth Christina , Zielonka Stefan , Hörner Sebastian , Rasche Nicolas , Plog Andreas , Orelma Hannes , Avrutina Olga , Zhang Kai , Kolmar Harald
Published: July 2014

The immobilization of bioactive molecules onto nanocellulose leads to constructs that combine the properties of the grafted compounds with the biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity of cellulose carriers and the advantages given by their nanometer dimensions. However, the methods commonly used for protein grafting suffer from lack of selectivity, long reaction times, nonphysiological pH ranges and solvents, and the necessity to develop a tailor‐made reaction strategy for each individual case. To overcome these restrictions, a generic two‐step procedure was developed that takes advantage of the highly efficient oxime ligation combined with enzyme‐mediated protein coupling onto the surface of peptide‐modified crystalline nanocellulose. The described method is based on efficient and orthogonal transformations, requires no organic solvents, and takes place under physiological conditions. Being site‐directed and regiospecific, it could be applied to a vast number of functional proteins.
Pd(II) complexes bearing di‐ and monochelate fluorinated β‐ketonaphthyliminato ligand and their catalytic properties towards vinyl‐addition polymerization and copolymerization of norbornene and ester‐functionalized norbornene derivative
Authors: Tian Jianwen , Zhu Hongyu , Liu Jingyin , Chen Defu , He Xiaohui
Published: July 2014

Fluorinated β‐ketonaphthyliminate ligand CF3C(O)CHC[HN(naphthyl)]CH3 (L1) and Pd(II) complexes with dichelate fluorinated β‐ketonaphthyliminato ligand, {CF3C(O)CHC[N(naphthyl)]CH3}2Pd (C1), as well as with monochelate fluorinated β‐ketonaphthyliminato ligand, {CF3C(O)CHC[N(naphthyl)]CH3}Pd(CH3)(PPh3) (C2), were synthesized and their solid‐state structures were confirmed using X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The Pd(II) complexes were employed as precursors to catalyze norbornene (NB) homo‐ and copolymerization with ester‐functionalized NB derivative using B(C6F5)3 as a co‐catalyst. High activity up to 2.3 × 105 gpolymer molPd−1 h−1 for the C1/B(C6F5)3 system and 3.4 × 106 gpolymer molPd−1 h−1 for the C2/B(C6F5)3 system was exhibited in NB homopolymerization. Moreover, the Pd(II) complexes exhibited a high level of tolerance towards the ester‐functionalized MB monomer. In comparison with the C1/B(C6F5)3 system, the C2/B(C6F5)3 system exhibited better catalytic property towards the copolymerization of NB with 5‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylic acid methyl ester (NB‐COOCH3), and soluble vinyl‐addition‐type copolymers were obtained with relatively high molecular weights (3.6 × 104–7.5 × 104 g mol−1) as well as narrow molecular weight distributions (1.49–2.15) depending on the variation of monomer feed ratios. The NB‐COOCH3 insertion ratio in all copolymers could be controlled in the range 2.8–21.0 mol% by tuning a content of 10–50 mol% NB‐COOCH3 in the monomer feed ratios. Copolymerization kinetics were expressed by the NB and NB‐COOCH3 monomer reactivity ratios: rNB‐COOCH3 = 0.18, rNB = 1.28 were determined for the C1/B(C6F5)3 system and rNB‐COOCH3 = 0.19, rNB = 3.57 for the C2/B(C6F5)3 system using the Kelen–Tüdõs method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the metal ion release from nanoparticles embedded in a polypropylene matrix for antimicrobial applications
Authors: Palza Humberto , Delgado Katherine , Pinochet Ivette
Published: July 2014

Novel antimicrobial materials can be produced by adding copper nanoparticles (CNPs) into a polymeric matrix. To improve the behavior of these systems, the effect of different variables on the dispersion of copper metal nanoparticles embedded in a polypropylene matrix by melt mixing and its ion release was analyzed. The variables studied were predispersion of particles in liquid solvents, polymer molecular weight, melt mixing conditions, addition of a compatibilizer agent, two‐step melt mixing, and surface functionalization of the metal particles. Our results show that by modifying these variables, a significant improvement in the filler dispersion, as quantified by optical microscope, can be obtained. For instance, the original CNP agglomerates can be reduced from an average size of 70 µm to a final average size of 30 µm and a larger amount of nanometric agglomerates by using a compatibilizer or predispersed nanoparticles. Moreover, by using surface‐functionalized CNPs, micrometric agglomerates were not observed. Noteworthy, there is a direct relationship between the filler dispersion and the release of biocide copper ions when improvements were larger than a certain threshold with increases as high as 40%. These findings can be used in the development of antimicrobial materials with tailored behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41232.