bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Reaction between Aluminium Triethyl or Triphenyl and Chromium Acetylacetonate
Authors: Sartori Guido , Costa Giacomo
Published: November 2023

The stoichiometry of the reactions between Al(C2H5)3 or Al(C2H5)3 and Cr(acac)3 is examined by quantitative determination of gaseous reaction products or unreacted reagents as weel as by conductometric titration. Solid reaction products have been isolated and analyzed. From stoichiometry, magnetic measurements and interpretation of I.R. spectra of reaction solutions and of reaction products a reaction mechanism and the structure of a reaction products is suggested. The reaction products is considered as formed essentially by coordination of the organoaluminium compound to the oxygen atomes of the acetylacetonate.
Präzisionsmeßmethoden für den zweiten Virialkoeffizienten
Authors: Lichtenthaler R. N. , Schramm B. , Schäfer K.
Published: November 2023

Es wird über zwei Meßmethoden berichtet, mit denen es möglich ist, den zweiten Virialkoeffizienten von reinen Gasen und von Gasmischungen bei Drucken unterhalb 1 atm sehr genau zu bestimmen. Da es sich um Relativmeßmethoden handelt, wird dabei die Kenntnis der Temperaturabhängigkeit des zweiten Virialkoeffizienten eines Vergleichsgases (Stickstoff) vorausgesetzt.
Optisch‐elektronisches Verfahren zur Messung hoher Gastemperaturen. Teil II: Emissionsverfahren
Authors: Hentschel B. , Huster R. , Kisch D. , Mahnig M.
Published: November 2023

Das in Teil I beschriebene Gerät kann außer für das dort diskutierte Absorptionsverfahren “auch für das Emissionsverfahren” benutzt werden, bei dem die zu messende Temperatur oberhalb des Vergleichsstrahlers liegt. Es werden die Grenzen und Fehler des Verfahrens diskutiert.
Überführungszahlmessungen mit Radioisotopen in wäßrigen Elektrolytlösungen kleinster Konzentration
Authors: Marx G. , Riedel W. , Vehlow J.
Published: November 2023

Es wurde die Überführungszahl der Co2+‐Ionenkomponente in wäßriger CoCl2‐Lösung bei 25 °C im Konzentrationsbereich von 10−1 bis 10−4 n nach der Methode der Grenzflächenwanderung mit Hilfe des Radioisotopenverfahrens ermittelt. Als Radioisotop diente der γ‐Strahler Co‐60, als Indikatorion Li+. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, daß CoCl2/LiCl‐Grenzschichten unterhalb von 10−3 n instabil sind, weshalb die Messungen bei 10−4 n nach der Methode der identischen Lösungen erfolgten. Die Überführungszahl des Co2+‐Ions bei unendlicher Verdünnung beträgt 0,4121, woraus sich die Grenzionenleitfähigkeit des Co2+ zu (53,5 ± 0,1) [cm2Ω−1 val−1]. ergibt. Ein Fehlervergleich des Radioisotopenverfahrens mit den herkömmlichen optischen Verfahren wird durchgeführt.
Zur Ermittlung von Diffusionskoeffizienten in Festkörpern aus Sorptionsdaten. 3. Mitteilung: Die Berechnung von Diffusionskoeffizienten bei variabler Konzentration der äußeren Phase
Authors: Danes Florin , Pilchowski Kurt , Wolf Friedrieb
Published: November 2023

Zur Berechnung von Diffusionskoeffizienten in Festkörpern aus Sorptionsdaten bei variabler Außenkonzentration im geschlossenen System werden verschiedene bekannte sowie neuentwickelte Gleichungen angeführt und hinsichtlich ihrer Genauigkeit untersucht. Die Gültigkeitsbereiche aller Gleichungen im w‐F‐Bereich werden für eine Genauigkeit von 1% angegeben. Weiterhin werden Gleichungen und Diagramme für die Ermittlung von Diffusionskoeffizienten mit 0,5% Genauigkeit im Bereich w < 0,1 vorgeschlagen und Möglichkeiten für eine schnelle Interpolation bei der Berechnung der Diffusionskoeffizienten aufgezeigt.
High Resolution Scanning Microscopy of Biological Specimens
Authors: Crewe A. V.
Published: November 2023

A scanning microscope is described which is capable of a point resolution of 5 Å. We have demonstrated that it can produce the same kinds of micrographs as a conventional microscope. However, by using several detectors to produce signals corresponding to different groups of transmitted electrons we are able to produce an image contrast closely proportional to Z, the atomic number. Such a system is very promising for the study of stained molecules.
Untersuchungen an kubischem Kupfer(I)sulfid (Digenit) III Zum elastischen Entmischungseffekt in Digenit
Authors: Weiss K.
Published: November 2023

Bei 440°C und 460°C ist an einer Digenitprobe der Wechsel‐ und Gleichstromwiderstand in Abhängigkeit vom Kupferdefizit bestimmt worden. Bei Kupferunterschüssen > 2 Mol.‐% ist das Verhältnis von Wechselstrom‐ und Gleichstromwiderstand eine Zahl ≧ 1; aufgrund der Fehlordnungseigenschaften des Digenits sollte man für das Widerstandsverhältnis eine Zahl ≦ 1 erwarten. Diese Diskrepanz wird mit Hilfe des elastischen Entmischungseffektes gedeutet: Bei der Bestimmung des Gleichstromwiderstandes wird die Probe polarisiert, d. h. es stellt sich in der Probe eine Verteilung des Kupferunterschusses ein. Da die Dichte des Digenits vom Metalldefizit abhängt, tritt in der Probe ein Gefälle der elastischen Spannung auf. Der Einfluß der elastischen Deformation auf den Gleichstromwiderstand wird abgeschätzt; die Ergebnisse von Rechnung und Experiment scheinen befriedigend übereinzustimmen.
Polarization Spectra in Stretched Polymer Sheets. V. Excited States of Anthracene and Transition Moment Directions in Aminoanthracenes
Authors: Michl J. , Thulstrup E. W. , Eggers J. H.
Published: November 2023

Linear dichroism in stretched polyethylene has been measured for anthracene and ten substituted anthracenes. The results show mixed polarization in the region of the 1La band which is best ascribed to vibronic mixing with the 1Bb band. A discussion of all available evidence for the often claimed presence of a weak 1Lb band in the region of the 1La band shows that there is no compelling reason to believe that the 1Lb state has ever been observed.

A SCF‐CI PPP calculation for anthracene including systematically selected doubly excited configurations is reported and compared with presently available experimental data. Encouraging agreement is found.

Orientation factors of the symmetrical molecules are simply related to molecular shape in agreement with the previously proposed orientation model. This permits an estimate of orientation factors for the unsymmetrical members of the series. This can be done in a nicely self‐consistent manner. It is found that methyl and fluoro substitution barely affects the polarization directions, while amino substitution has a large effect.

Moment directions for the individual electronic transitions in the three aminoanthracenes obtained from the measurements are compared with SCF‐CI PPP calculations. The latter are used to examine systematically the effect of an electron‐donating mesomeric substituent on the anthracene spectrum as a function of its electronegativity.
Der Einfluß allseitigen Druckes auf die Struktur cholesterischer Mesophasen
Authors: Pollmann P. , Stegemeyer H.
Published: November 2023

Es wurde die Druckabhängigkeit der Ganghöhezder Helix in cholesterischen Mischsystemen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen bis zu 3000 bar untersucht. Der Druckeinfluß aufzwurde über eine Bestimmung der Wellenlänge maximaler Lichtreflektion λRder Mesophasen beobachtet. Immer dann, wenn mit steigendem Druck (bei konstanter Temperatur) eine Annäherung an einen Phasenübergang cholesterisch → smektisch erfolgt, tritt eine extrem hohe, überexponentielle Rotverschiebung von λRein. Als Erklärung für diese Rotverschiebung wird eine Prätransformation angenommen, die primär in einer lokalen Ausbildung von smektischen Clustern zu suchen ist. Die Druckabhängigkeit der Clusterverteilung kann mit Hilfe der allgemeinen Theorie der heterophasigen Fluktuationen von Frenkel beschrieben werden.
Navigating relapsed hepatoblastoma: Predictive factors and surgical treatment strategy
Authors: Espinoza Andres F. , Patel Kalyani R. , Shetty Priya B. , Whitlock Richard S. , Sumazin Pavel , Yu Xinjian , Sarabia Stephen F. , Urbicain Martin , Heczey Andras , Masand Prakash , Woodfield Sarah E. , López‐Terrada Dolores H. , Vasudevan Sanjeev A.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy in childhood. Relapse occurs in more than 50% of high‐risk patients with a high mortality due to ineffective salvage therapies. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for relapsed HB and predictors of survival in a single tertiary referral center.

Methods

A retrospective chart review showed 129 surgically treated HB patients from October 2004 to July 2020. Of the cohort, 22 patients presented with relapsed HB. Relapse was defined as re‐appearance of malignancy after 4 weeks of normalized AFP and disappearance of all tumors on imaging.

Results

Patients with relapsed HB had a 5‐year overall survival (OS) of 45.4% compared to 93.1% in those without relapse (p = 0.001). When comparing PRETEXT IV, microvascular invasion, metastatic disease, and age on multivariate logistic regression, only PRETEXT IV was an independent risk factor for relapsed HB with an OR of 2.39 (95% CI: 1.16–4.96; p = 0.019). Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal HB (12/19, 63.2%) was the most common histology of primary tumors while pure epithelial HB (13/15, 86.6%) was the most common relapsed histology. Combination of surgical and medical therapy for relapsed disease was predictive of survival with an HR of 16.3 (95% CI: 1.783–149.091; p = 0.013) compared to only chemotherapy.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that PRETEXT IV staging is an independent predictor of relapsed disease. The most common relapsed histology was epithelial, suggesting a potential selection or resistance of this component. Surgical resection is a critical component of multimodal therapy for relapsed HB.
Optimal interval timing between transurethral resection of bladder tumors and Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin perfusion
Authors: Cai Tao‐nong , Lu Jiang‐li , Chen Zhi , Liu Zhen‐hua , Liu Zhuo‐wei , Yao Kai , Qin Zi‐ke , Ye Yun‐lin
Published: November 2023

Objective

There is no consensus regarding the best interval time between transurethral resection of a bladder tumor and Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) perfusion. This study was to explore whether the interval time has an impact on the prognosis and adverse effects.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who received BCG intravesical perfusion at Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) from September 2015 to October 2021. Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and progression‐free survival were the primary endpoints. Cox regression was used to explore independent predictors. The association between interval time and adverse effect grade was detected by logistic regression. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed.

Results

A total of 403 patients were enrolled, the median interval time was 24 days (6–163 days), and the follow‐up was 28 months (7–82 months). Eighty‐eight (20.9%) patients relapsed, and 40 patients (10.0%) suffered progression. The multivariate Cox regression analysis confirmed that interval time was an independent predictor of RFS (p = 0.017). Notably, when the interval time was less than or equal to 26 days, there was a trend toward better RFS, PSM resulted in 65 matched pairs in each group, and Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that there was a significant difference in RFS between groups (p = 0.009). The logistic regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between interval time and adverse effects and their grades (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

We considered that the first BCG perfusion could be performed within 2–4 weeks after surgery.
Ablation of cervical inlet patch for the treatment of globus sensation: A case report
Authors: Shah Arnav , Fan Timothy , Jaworek Aaron
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical Message

We present a case of a medically resistant cervical inlet patch causing persistent globus and symptoms of laryngo‐pharyngeal reflux, successfully treated with CO2 laser ablation.
A rare case of Crigler–Najjar syndrome type 2: A case report and literature review
Authors: Rijal Divas , Rijal Prabhat , Bohare Shyam Murti , Chaudhari Ashish Sanjay , Dhungel Mandip , Agarwal Mayank , Bhatta Pramish , Dhakal Tulsi Ram , Bishwokarma Anjali , Kafle Pooja
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical Message

Crigler–Najjar syndrome type 2 should be suspected in any young patient presenting with isolated indirect hyperbilirubinemia where all other common etiologies have been excluded. It is a relatively benign condition that responds to phenobarbitone.

Crigler–Najjar syndrome (CNS) type 2 is an inborn cause of isolated indirect hyperbilirubinemia characterized by a partial deficiency of the enzyme uridine 5′‐diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) responsible for bilirubin conjugation. Typically, this condition is diagnosed based on clinical manifestations, supplemented by enzyme analysis if feasible, and exhibits a significant response to phenobarbitone, known for its enzyme‐inducing properties. In this case, we present a young male patient who had experienced recurrent isolated indirect hyperbilirubinemia since early childhood, with negative results in the hemolytic workup. The patient exhibited a UGT1A1 gene defect and demonstrated a highly favorable response to phenobarbitone treatment. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness among physicians about this benign condition and underscore the importance of avoiding unnecessary investigations.
A successful transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement case with VIABAHN® VBX balloon‐expandable stent‐graft and long Dryseal sheath for challenging access route
Authors: Kawaguchi Tomohiro , Seiyama Kosuke , Ugawa Satoko , Nosaka Kazumasa , Doi Masayuki
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical Message

A combination of long large‐bore sheath and balloon‐expandable stent‐graft can be effective to challenging access route in transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

An 88‐year‐old female with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Multidetector computed tomography demonstrated a small aortic annulus, shaggy aorta, and significant stenosis with heavily calcified atherosclerotic lesions in the bilateral common iliac arteries (CIAs). TAVR with Evolut™ Pro+ via alternative approach was considered; however, our heart team concluded that the patient was unsuitable for the procedure due to anatomical reasons, patient frailty, and medication history. Finally, transfemoral TAVR with endovascular therapy (EVT) and 18Fr‐65 cm‐Dryseal was adopted for the site. Following EVT with VIABAHN® VBX balloon‐expandable stent‐graft (VBX) implantation to the right ostial CIA lesion, 18Fr‐65 cm‐Dryseal was advanced to the ascending aorta through VBX, and Evolut™ Pro+26 mm was successfully implanted without any complication. At the 2‐month follow‐up, the patient reported a significant improvement in shortness of breath and did not present any evidence of atheroembolism. Transfemoral TAVR with 18Fr‐65 cm‐Dryseal to shaggy aorta can be feasible depending on the plaque distribution, and VBX implantation to a heavily calcified ostial CIA lesion was safe and effective for obtaining enough lumen for a large‐bore sheath.
Fulminant endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Brucella melitensis, a case report
Authors: Hosseini Seyedeh Maryam , Baghi Mohammad , Astaneh Mohamadreza Ansari , Motamed Shariati Mehrdad
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical Message

Ocular brucellosis is a potential cause of endogenous endophthalmitis in endemic areas, which can be associated with sight‐threatening complications.

To report a patient with unusual fulminant endogenous endophthalmitis due to Brucella melitensis. A 25‐year‐old woman with a history of fever and right shoulder pain from 4 months ago and a positive Wright test presented with acute panuveitis in her right eye. All laboratory tests were unremarkable except for the positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of the vitreous sample for B. melitensis. Despite the therapeutic efforts, including multiple vitreoretinal surgeries, and intravitreal and systemic antibiotics, the patient's final follow‐up examination after 6 months revealed hand motion vision, hypotonia, and pre‐phthisis bulbi status. The fellow eye was entirely normal. Brucella endogenous endophthalmitis can be fulminant and result in poor visual outcomes. It is suggested to consider ocular brucellosis as a potential cause of endogenous endophthalmitis in endemic areas.
Advances in Inorganic Solid‐State Electrolyte/Li Interface
Authors: Chen Yi , Qian Ji , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: November 2023

The increasing demand for high‐energy‐density and high‐safety energy storage devices has sparked a growing interest in all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). A high‐quality inorganic solid‐state electrolyte (ISE) is a fundamental requirement for ASSLMBs, and an effective ISE/Li interface is a key factor in attaining high‐performance ASSLMBs. In this Concept, we initially summarize the challenges encountered by ISE/Li interfaces and delineate four commonly employed strategies for modifying the ISE/Li interface. Then, we explore the merits and drawbacks of coatings utilized as ISE/Li interfacial phases. We also delve into the commonly employed thermal bonding and innovative cold bonding methods utilized for in situ interface preparation. Lastly, we spotlight future directions for enhancing the functionality of ISE/Li interfaces and achieving high‐performance ASSLMBs.
A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 2′‐O‐Cyanoethylated Nucleotides and Their Application in the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Related RNA Analogs
Authors: Chen Xuan , Xie Long , Zhang Chenglong , Tian Shen , Tang Zeyu , Tian Weiwei , Lu Patrick , Yang Xianbin
Published: November 2023

Although small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a key player among gene inhibition therapeutics, there are many obstacles to the development of siRNA drugs due to inherent properties of oligonucleotides, including the unsatisfactory stability of unmodified siRNA, poor pharmacokinetic distribution, and the toxicity induced by off‐target effects. To maximize treatment potency, chemical modification of siRNA has undoubtedly been the most successful strategy by far. Widely applied modifications include phosphorothioate linkages, 2′‐O‐methyl modifications, and 2′‐fluoro modifications, among others. To extend the family of chemical modifications for oligonucleotides, 2′‐O‐cyanoethylated RNA analogs were developed through the replacement of the 2′‐hydroxyl group with a 2′‐O‐cyanoethyl group (‐OCH2CH2CN). This modification can provide several advantages over unmodified RNA, such as increased stability, improved binding affinity to complementary DNA or RNA strands, and resistance to degradation by cellular nucleases. The 2′‐O‐cyanoethyl‐modified RNAs not only are applied in RNA silencing machinery but also act as research tools for studying RNA structure and function or for developing RNA‐based diagnostics. Therefore, the efficient synthesis, deprotection, purification, and characterization of 2′‐O‐cyanoethylated RNAs deserves more attention. This protocol describes the chemical synthesis of 2′‐O‐cyanoethylated nucleotides and the solid‐phase synthesis, deprotection, and purification of 2′‐O‐cyanoethylated RNAs. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of 6‐N‐dimethylformamidyl‐5′‐O‐dimethoxytrityl‐2′‐O‐cyanoethyl adenosine 3′‐(2‐cyanoethyl N,N‐diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of 4‐N‐acetyl‐5′‐O‐dimethoxytrityl‐2′‐O‐cyanoethyl cytidine 3′‐(2‐cyanoethyl N,N‐diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 3: Preparation of 2‐N‐dimethylformamidyl‐5′‐O‐dimethoxytrityl‐2′‐O‐cyanoethyl guanine 3′‐(2‐cyanoethyl N,N‐diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 4: Preparation of 5′‐O‐dimethoxytrityl‐2′‐O‐2‐cyanoethyl uridine 3′‐(2‐cyanoethyl N,N‐diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

Basic Protocol 5: Solid‐phase synthesis of 2′‐O‐cyanoethylated RNA analogs

Basic Protocol 6: Deprotection and purification of synthesized 2′‐O‐cyanoethyl‐RNAs
Loss of SETD2 aggravates colorectal cancer progression caused by SMAD4 deletion through the RAS/ERK signalling pathway
Authors: Ma Chunxiao , Liu Min , Feng Wenxin , Rao Hanyu , Zhang Wei , Liu Changwei , Xu Yue , Wang Ziyi , Teng Yan , Yang Xiao , Ni Li , Xu Jin , Gao Wei‐Qiang , Lu Bing , Li Li
Published: November 2023

Backgound

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a complex, multistep disease that arises from the interplay genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations. The histone H3K36 trimethyltransferase SET domain‐containing 2 (SETD2), as an epigenetic signalling molecule, has a 5% mutation rate in CRC. SETD2 expression is decreased in the development of human CRC and mice treated with Azoxymethane /Dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS). Loss of SETD2 promoted CRC development. SMAD Family member 4 (SMAD4) has a 14% mutation rate in CRC, and SMAD4 ablation leads to CRC. The co‐mutation of SETD2 and SMAD4 predicted advanced CRC. However, little is known on the potential synergistic effect of SETD2 and SMAD4.

Methods

CRC tissues from mice and SW620 cells were used as research subjects. Clinical databases of CRC patients were analyzed to investigate the association between SETD2 and SMAD4. SETD2 and SMAD4 double‐knockout mice were established to further investigate the role of SETD2 in SMAD4‐deficient CRC. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were isolated for RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP‐seq) to explore the mechanism and the key molecules resulting in CRC. Molecular and cellular experiments were conducted to analyze the role of SETD2 in SMAD4‐deficient CRC. Finally, rescue experiments were performed to confirm the molecular mechanism of SETD2 in the development of SMAD4‐dificient CRC.

Results

The deletion of SETD2 promotes the malignant progression of SMAD4‐deficient CRC. Smad4Vil‐KO; Setd2Vil‐KO mice developed a more severe CRC phenotype after AOM/DSS induction, with a larger tumour size and a more vigorous epithelial proliferation rate. Further mechanistic findings revealed that the loss of SETD2 resulted in the down‐regulation of DUSP7, which is involved in the inhibition of the RAS/ERK signalling pathway. Finally, the ERK1/2 inhibitor SCH772984 significantly attenuated the progression of CRC in Smad4Vil‐KO;Setd2Vil‐KO mice, and overexpression of DUSP7 significantly inhibited the proliferation rates of SETD2KO; SMAD4KO SW620 cells.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrated that SETD2 inhibits the RAS/ERK signaling pathway by facilitating the transcription of DUSP7 in SMAD4‐deficient CRC, which could provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of advanced CRC.
Synthesis and Coordination Behavior of a Hybrid Phosphanylferrocene Amidine Ligand
Authors: Binnani Chinky , Leitner Zdeněk , Císařová Ivana , Štěpnička Petr
Published: November 2023

The combination of different donor moieties often results in unconventional coordination behavior. This contribution describes the synthesis of a new hybrid ligand, phosphanylferrocene amidine Ph2PfcN=CHNMe2 (1; fc=ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl), and its coordination behavior toward the light platinum metals. Reacting compound 1 with [PdCl2(MeCN)2] produced the chelate complex [PdCl2(1‐κ2P,N)] and the bis (phosphane) complex trans‐[PdCl2(1‐κP)2], depending on the ligand‐to‐metal stoichiometry. Halide removal from [PdCl2(1‐κ2P,N)] with Na[BARF] afforded the chloride‐bridged dimer [Pd2(μ‐Cl)2(1‐κ2P,N)2][BARF]2, which was presumably in equilibrium with the mononuclear κ3‐complex [PdCl(1‐κ3Fe,P,N)][BARF] in solution (BARF=tetrakis [3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate). The reactions of 1 with the isoelectronic precursors [(arene)MCl(μ‐Cl)]2 (M/arene=Ru(II)/p‐cymene, and Rh(III)/C5Me5) generated the respective bridge‐cleavage products [(arene)MCl2(1‐κP)], which transformed into the P,N‐chelate complexes [(arene)MCl(1‐κ2P,N)][BARF] when treated with Na[BARF] as a chloride scavenger. All this suggests preferential coordination the phosphane moiety to soft metal ions, while the coordination of the amidine moiety can be induced through changing the reaction stoichiometry or by generating a vacant coordination site at the metal ion. The compounds were characterized using a combination of standard spectroscopic methods (multinuclear NMR, IR, and ESI MS) and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, and compounds 1 and 3 were further studied by cyclic voltammetry.
The purity evolution of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase synthesized by mechanochemical route: The effect of Al content and high‐temperature annealing
Authors: Shahin Nasir , Heidarpour Akbar , Kazemi Shahab
Published: November 2023

This study explores the effects of excess Al and annealing at high temperature on the purity of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase synthesized by the mechanochemical route. In this regard, a constant stoichiometric ratio of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1: 2 along with three blends of nonstoichiometric ratios with excess Al (Ti: Al: C = 3: X: 2, X = 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5) were ball milled. Then, to examine the annealing at high‐temperature effects, the compacted ball‐milled powders were heated at 900 and 1200°C for 1 h. The phase identification revealed that 10 h of ball milling caused a reaction between the elemental powders, and Ti3AlC2 and TiC were formed. The mechanism of the reaction during the high‐energy ball milling process is assigned to a mechanically induced self‐propagating reaction. Addition of excess Al to primary powders caused to increase the purity of Ti3AlC2 significantly. Furthermore, annealing at high temperature leading to complete reactions of the ball‐milled powders and increased Ti3AlC2 purity. The maximum Ti3AlC2 content of 88% was obtained of initial powder of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1.2: 2 ratio after annealing at 1200°C.
Reconstructing basal ice flow patterns of the Last Glacial Maximum Rhine glacier (northern Alpine foreland) based on streamlined subglacial landforms
Authors: Kamleitner Sarah , Ivy‐Ochs Susan , Salcher Bernhard , Reitner Jürgen M.
Published: November 2023

Based on high‐resolution (sub)glacial geomorphological mapping, we present a first digital inventory of streamlined bedforms within the footprint of a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Alpine piedmont glacier. A total of 2460 drumlins were mapped across the Rhine glacier foreland. Glacial lineations and one field of subglacial ribs (ribbed/Rogen moraines) — the first record of this type of subglacial landform on the Alpine foreland—were identified. Two flowsets, associated with (i) the Rhine glacier's LGM maximum advance (Schaffhausen stadial) and (ii) a late LGM readvance (Stein am Rhein stadial), are differentiated. The vast majority of streamlined bedforms occur in fields aligned in a 16‐ to 30‐km‐wide swath upstream of the Stein am Rhein frontal moraines. Orientation and elongation of drumlins and glacial lineations set the basis for the reconstruction of paleo‐ice flow. Basal flow paths of the LGM maximum advance are visually interpreted and restricted to the zone proximal to the former ice front. The flow field reconstructed for the late LGM glacier readvance (Stein am Rhein stadial) extends tens of kilometres upstream and is modelled implementing a recently published kriging routine. The derived basal flow patterns paired with information on ice surface levels from lateral and frontal moraines and combined with relative ice velocity differences inferred from spatial changes in bedform elongation reveal detailed insights on ice flow geometries, particularly during the glacier readvance. Reconstructed flowlines highlight basal flow under shallow ice that is strongly controlled by local topography evidenced by diverging around basal bumps and converging in (narrow) valley sections and troughs, where basal flow velocities, steered by topography, are high. Gained paleo‐ice basal flow patterns offer new insights on landscape evolution of the northern Alpine foreland and provide evidence‐based flow data to validate future physical modelling results.
Cultivating Peace and Health at Community Health Centers
Authors: Neuhaus Carolyn P.
Published: November 2023

Founded on a commitment to social justice and health equity, community health centers in the United States provide high‐quality primary care to underserved populations and address social drivers of health disparities. Through an examination of two books on the history of community health centers, Peace & Health: How a Group of Small‐Town Activists and College Students Set Out to Change Healthcare, by Charles Barber, and Community Health Centers: A Movement and the People Who Made It Happen, by Bonnie Lefkowitz, this essay provides insight into what it takes to center social justice in community‐based health care organizations. As bioethics reorganizes itself around an emphasis on justice, scholars in bioethics have much to learn from colleagues in community health.
Climates of Distrust in Medicine
Authors: Sullivan Laura Specker
Published: November 2023

Trust in medicine is often conceived of on an individual level, with respect to how people rely on particular clinicians or institutions. Yet as discussions of trust during the Covid‐19 pandemic highlighted, trust decisions are not always as individual or interpersonal as this conception suggests. Rather, individual instances of trusting behavior are related to social trust, which is conceived as a willingness to be vulnerable to people in general, based on a sense of shared norms. In this essay, I propose that individual and social trust are connected to each other in what can be termed a “climate of trust.” I explain how masking trends during the pandemic facilitated a “climate of distrust,” and I consider the role that clinicians might play in transforming climates of distrust into climates of trust.
Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite‐titania composites for bone substitutes
Authors: Yin Tony J. , Steyl Samantha K. , Howard Jerry , Carlson Krista , Jeyapalina Sujee , Naleway Steven E.
Published: November 2023

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is commonly used as a bone substitute material, but it lacks mechanical strength when compared to native bone tissues. To improve the efficacy of HA as a bone substitute by improving the mechanical strength and cell growth attributes, porous composite scaffolds of HA and titania (HA‐TiO2) were fabricated through a freeze‐casting process. Three different compositions by weight percent, 25–75 HA‐TiO2, 50–50 HA‐TiO2, and 75–25 HA‐TiO2, were custom‐made for testing. After sintering at 1250°C, these composite scaffolds exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to porous HA scaffolds. Substrate mixing was observed, which helped reduce crystal size and introduced new phases such as β‐TCP and CaTiO3, which also led to improved mechanical properties. The composition of 50–50 HA‐TiO2 had the highest ultimate compressive strength of 3.12 ± 0.36 MPa and elastic modulus 63.29 ± 28.75 MPa. Human osteoblast cell proliferation assay also increased on all three different compositions when compared to porous HA at 14 days. These results highlight the potential of freeze casting composites for the fabrication of bone substitutes, which provide enhanced mechanical strength and biocompatibility while maintaining porosity.
How the other half screens: A model for partnerships between student‐run free clinics and genetic counseling programs to address disparities in hereditary cancer evaluation
Authors: Jordano James O. , Gallion Tielle , Cevan Chloe , Carew Babatunde , Lloyd M. Cooper , Weaver Eleanor O. , Miller Robert F. , Dudek Martha
Published: November 2023

Genetic medicine is considered a major part of the future of preventative care, offering evidence‐based, effective interventions to improve health outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality, especially regarding hereditary cancer screening. Identification of individuals who would benefit from screening is key to improving their cancer‐related healthcare outcomes. However, patients without insurance, of historically underserved races, of lower socioeconomic status, and in rural communities have lower access to such care. Barriers to access lead to populations having higher rates of undetected hereditary cancer, and consequently more severe forms of cancer. With an already‐established reach, student‐run free clinics can work with genetic counseling training programs to incorporate genetic medicine into their workflow. Such partnerships will (1) make genetic care more accessible with goals of improving patient morbidity, mortality, and health outcomes, (2) offer robust educational experiences for genetic counseling learners, particularly in understanding social determinants of health and barriers to care, and (3) actively combat the growing racial and geographic gaps in genetic care. Our study presents how one student‐run free clinic implemented genetic counseling into its primary care workflow to improve access to genetics services. We present two examples of how genetic counseling improved patients' medical care. We also identify obstacles encountered during this program's development, as well as solutions—those we incorporated and possible considerations for other clinics. With the hope that other clinics can use this paper to design similar partnerships, we aim to lessen the gap between sickness and screening.
Diagnostic usefulness of deep learning methods for Helicobacter pylori infection using esophagogastroduodenoscopy images
Authors: Kang Daesung , Lee Kayoung , Kim Jinseung
Published: November 2023

Background and Aims

We aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) for detecting Helicobacter pylori infection in patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Campylobacter‐like organism tests.

Methods

We categorized a total of 13,071 images of various gastric sub‐areas and employed five pretrained DCNN architectures: ResNet‐101, Xception, Inception‐v3, InceptionResnet‐v2, and DenseNet‐201. Additionally, we created an ensemble model by combining the output probabilities of the best models. We used images of different sub‐areas of the stomach for training and evaluated the performance of our models. The diagnostic metrics assessed included area under the curve (AUC), specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.

Results

When training included images from all sub‐areas of the stomach, our ensemble model demonstrated the highest AUC (0.867), with specificity at 78.44%, accuracy at 80.28%, positive predictive value at 82.66%, and negative predictive value at 77.37%. Significant differences were observed in AUC between the ensemble model and the individual DCNN models. When training utilized images from each sub‐area separately, the AUC values for the antrum, cardia and fundus, lower body greater curvature and lesser curvature, and upper body greater curvature and lesser curvature regions were 0.842, 0.826, 0.718, and 0.858, respectively, when the ensemble model was used.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that the DCNN model, designed for automated image analysis, holds promise for the evaluation and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Comparison of the management of gastric variceal bleeding techniques
Authors: Ilyas Fariha , Ali Hassam , Patel Pratik , Shah Nairuti , Ishtiaq Rizwan , Giammarino Alexa , Satapathy Sanjaya K
Published: November 2023

Background and Aim

Managing gastric variceal (GV) hemorrhage is more complicated than managing esophageal variceal (EV) bleeding, resulting in significantly higher morbidity and mortality. We aim to compare the outcomes of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL), transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), and balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) in the management of GV bleeding.

Methods

We utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from January 2016 to December 2019 to include adult patients with GV hemorrhage.

Results

Our study identified 7160 hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of GV hemorrhage who underwent the interventions of interest. EVL was performed in 69.83%, TIPS in 8.72%, and BRTO in 4.88%. Patients with liver cirrhosis had a higher frequency of undergoing BRTO (68.6%), followed by TIPS (64.0%) and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) + TIPS (63.7%) (P < 0.001). Patients with cirrhosis secondary to alcoholism had a higher prevalence of TIPS (62.4%), followed by EGD + TIPS (69.4%) and BRTO (52.9%) (P < 0.001). Overall, the inpatient mortality was 6.5%. Overall inpatient mortality was highest in the TIPS cohort (8.8%), followed by BRTO (7.1%), EGD + TIPS (6.5%), EVL (6.2%), and EGD + BRTO (2.8%) (P < 0.001); However, the Kaplan–Meier graph showed endoscopy with BRTO had the most favorable 30‐day survival, trailed by TIPS alone and BRTO alone.

Conclusion

EVL remains a prominent therapeutic strategy. Remarkably, the combination of endoscopy with BRTO shows promising 30‐day survival outcomes. Considering these observations, although EVL holds its primacy, it is essential to further explore the potential benefits of combined therapies in larger studies to ascertain the best treatment strategies.
Novel synthesis of 11C‐labeled imidazolines via Pd(0)‐mediated 11C‐carbomethoxylation using [11C]CO and arylborons
Authors: Ishii Hideki , Minegishi Katsuyuki , Nagatsu Kotaro , Nengaki Nobuki , Zhang Ming‐Rong
Published: November 2023

A labeling technique was developed for the imidazoline I2 receptor ligand 2‐(3‐fluoro‐tolyl)‐4, 5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazole (FTIMD) using Pd(0)‐mediated 11C‐carbomethoxylation with [11C]CO, followed by imidazoline ring formation with ethylenediamine‐trimethylaluminium (EDA‐AlMe3). To achieve this, [11C]CO was passed through a methanol (MeOH) solution containing 3‐fluoro‐4‐methylphenylboronic acid (1), palladium (II) acetate (Pd [OAc]2), triphenylphosphine (PPh3), and p‐benzoquinone (PBQ). The mixture was then heated at 65°C for 5 min. EDA was introduced into the reaction mixture, and MeOH was completely evaporated at temperatures exceeding 100°C. The dried reaction mixture was combined with an EDA‐AlMe (1:1) toluene solution and heated at 145°C for 10 min. Portions of the reaction mixture were analyzed through high‐performance liquid chromatography, resulting in [11C]FTIMD with 26% (n = 2) decay‐corrected radiochemical yield (RCY). This method could be utilized for various arylborons to produce [2‐11C]imidazolines 4a–h with RCYs ranging from low to moderate. Notably, [2‐11C]benazoline was obtained with a moderate RCY of 65%. The proposed technique serves as an alternative to the Grignard method, which uses [11C]CO to generate a [2‐11C]‐labeled imidazoline ring.
Investigating the effect of natural fermentation in modifying the physico‐functional, structural and thermal characteristics of pearl and finger millet starch
Authors: Gupta Rishibha , Gaur Smriti
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

In recent years, millets are often considered an emerging crop for sustainable agriculture. Therefore, millets can be exploited as an alternative source of starch which has many applications ranging from food, packaging, bioplastics, and others. However, starch is seldom used in its native form and is more often modified to enhance its functional properties. In literature, many traditional millet‐based food recipes often incorporate a fermentation step before cooking. Therefore, using this traditional knowledge fermentation has been explored as a potential method for modifying millet starch.

RESULTS

Pearl millet (PM) and finger millet (FM) flour were allowed to naturally ferment for 24 h followed by starch extraction. Compared to native (N) starch, water/oil holding capacity and least gelation concentration of fermented (F) starch decreased with no significant change in swelling power. The solubility, paste clarity and in vitro digestibility of starch were significantly affected by fermentation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data indicates that after fermentation, crystallinity increased while the A‐type crystalline structure remained intact. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed no deletion or addition of any new functional groups. Thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the enthalpy of gelatinization of PM starch decreased while that of FM starch increased after fermentation.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that 24 h natural fermentation had a significant impact on functional properties of starch without altering the structural architecture of starch granules. Therefore, fermentation can be further explored as a low‐cost alternative for starch modification. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Controlled Degradation and Erosion of Polyrotaxane Solids via the Formation of Multivalent Hydrogen Bonding in Water
Authors: Tanaka Kiyotaka , Ooya Tooru
Published: November 2023

Biodegradable polyrotaxanes (PRXs) are important scaffolds for the development of biomaterials. However, the degradation behavior of PRXs constructed via physical crosslinking remains largely unexplored. Herein, a degradable PRX exhibiting physical hydrogen bonds as crosslinks between α‐cyclodextrins (α‐CDs) as the cyclic molecules is synthesized by introducing hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) containing numerous terminal 1,2‐diols into the α‐CDs with an incorporation ratio of HPG (HPG/PRX) varying from 2 to 19 via anion ring‐opening polymerization of glycidol. Rheological analysis by a frequency sweep test reveals that a typical HPG‐PRX forms hydrogels by physical crosslinking via hydrogen bonding, whereas a low branched degree of HPG in HPG‐PRX weakens the physical crosslinking. The obtained gels recover their original shape upon pulling and releasing, which is consistent with a pulley effect. Degradation and erosion tests in water show that increasing the molecular weight of the introduced HPG changes the degradation behavior from bulk degradation to surface erosion. Owing to its controllable degradation or erosion by tuning the rate of water ingress according to the number of hydrogen bonds and the branched degree, this HPG‐modified PRX paves the way for the development of new biodegradable/erodible gels.
Mean values as nondominated multicriterial points
Authors: Podinovski Vladislav V. , Nelyubin Andrey P.
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we introduce new notions of mean values based on ideas of multicriteria optimization. The distances between the current point to all points in the sample are regarded as elements of a vector estimate. Such vector estimates are usually scalarized, for example, by taking the sum of all components. In contrast, we introduce preference relations on the set of all such vectors, based on the information about the preferences of the decision maker who could be a statistician, analyst or researcher. Such preference relations reflect the distances between points, including the case in which all distances are equally important. We define the mean values as the points whose corresponding vector estimates are nondominated with respect to the defined preference relation, and investigate their properties. Such mean values turn out to be multi‐valued. We further explore the relationship between the new notions of mean values with their conventional definitions and suggest computational approaches to the calculation of the suggested new means. We also outline generalisations of the suggested approach to the case of multidimensional data.
Customer concentration and company risk‐taking: Effective contract or managerial power?
Authors: Zu Yafei , Zheng Que , Qiao Mengyao , Zeng Xiangfei
Published: November 2023

This paper studies the relationship between customer concentration and company risk‐taking and its underlying application scopes. The results show that customer concentration is positively related to company risk‐taking. Additional analyses discuss the moderating effect of customer concentration on company risk‐taking from the perspectives of managers' characteristics and directors' characteristics. The view of effective contract is supported by all these results. This paper not only theoretically clarifies the underlying theoretical relationship between customer concentration and company risk‐taking but also provides empirical application situations for companies to design incentive contract and adjust risk‐taking level.
Design and development of a multi‐epitope vaccine for the prevention of latent tuberculosis infection
Authors: Jiang Fan , Wang Lingling , Wang Jie , Cheng Peng , Shen Jing , Gong Wenping
Published: November 2023

Background

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) often progresses to active tuberculosis, necessitating the development of novel vaccine to prevent LTBI. In this study, we aimed to design a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) vaccine that could elicit a potent immune response to prevent LTBI.

Methods

We used bioinformatics and immunoinformatics techniques to develop a multi‐epitope vaccine (MEV) called C624P. The vaccine contained six cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), two helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and four B‐cell epitopes derived from six antigens associated with LTBI and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis region of difference. We added Toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists and PADRE peptide to the MEV to enhance its immunogenicity. We then analyzed the C624P vaccine's physical and chemical properties, spatial structure, molecular docking with TLRs, and immunological features.

Results

The C624P vaccine displayed good antigenicity and immunogenicity scores of 0.901398 and 3.65609, respectively. The vaccine structure was stable, with 42.82% α‐helix content, a Z‐value of −7.84, and a favored Ramachandran plot area of 85.84% after majorization. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C624P vaccine could bind tightly to TLR2 (−1011.0 kcal/mol) and TLR4 (−941.4 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the C624P vaccine effectively stimulated T and B lymphocytes, resulting in high levels of Th1 cytokines such as IFN‐γ and IL‐2.

Conclusions

The C624P vaccine represents a promising MEV for preventing LTBI. The vaccine's good antigenicity, immunogenicity, stability, and ability to activate immune responses suggest its effectiveness in preventing LTBI. Our study demonstrated the utility of bioinformatics and immunoinformatics techniques in designing safe and effective tuberculosis vaccines.
Stabilization of hybrid stochastic differential equations with multiple delays via intermittent control
Authors: Zhang Bingrui , Wu Ailong
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we study stability of hybrid stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with multiple delays by intermittent control based on time‐varying delay observations. By constructing an auxiliary non‐delayed hybrid stochastic differential equation and using
‐matrix theory, Lyapunov method, and the comparison principle, sufficient criterions to guarantee the
th moment exponential stability and almost sure exponential stability of hybrid SDEs are derived. Finally, a simulation example is shown to illustrate the validity of theoretical results.