bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematic cross‐correlation induces sensory integration across separate objects
Authors: Debats Nienke B. , Ernst Marc O. , Heuer Herbert
Published: October 2017

In a basic cursor‐control task, the perceived positions of the hand and the cursor are biased towards each other. We recently found that this phenomenon conforms to the reliability‐based weighting mechanism of optimal multisensory integration. This indicates that optimal integration is not restricted to sensory signals originating from a single source, as is the prevailing view, but that it also applies to separate objects that are connected by a kinematic relation (i.e. hand and cursor). In the current study, we examined which aspects of the kinematic relation are crucial for eliciting the sensory integration: (i) the cross‐correlation between kinematic variables of the hand and cursor trajectories, and/or (ii) an internal model of the hand‐cursor kinematic transformation. Participants made out‐and‐back movements from the centre of a semicircular workspace to its boundary, after which they judged the position where either their hand or the cursor hit the boundary. We analysed the position biases and found that the integration was strong in a condition with high kinematic correlations (a straight hand trajectory was mapped to a straight cursor trajectory), that it was significantly reduced for reduced kinematic correlations (a straight hand trajectory was transformed into a curved cursor trajectory) and that it was not affected by the inability to acquire an internal model of the kinematic transformation (i.e. by the trial‐to‐trial variability of the cursor curvature). These findings support the idea that correlations play a crucial role in multisensory integration irrespective of the number of sensory sources involved.
A review of genome‐wide transcriptomics studies in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Borrageiro Genevie , Haylett William , Seedat Soraya , Kuivaniemi Helena , Bardien Soraya
Published: October 2017

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Although numerous genetic and environmental factors have been linked to the aetiology of PD the underlying pathobiology remains poorly understood, hampering the development of improved therapies. Transcriptomics has the potential to reveal significant insights into disease processes. In this review, we focused on published transcriptomics studies on PD with the aim of summarizing studies and identifying common biological pathways. A total of 96 articles were identified as follows: 12 meta‐analyses, 21 re‐analyses of existing data and 63 original studies. Of the 63 original studies, 33 were performed on brain tissue, 26 on blood, three on cerebrospinal fluid and one on skin. In the brain studies, altered pathways identified included those involved in dopamine metabolism, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, protein degradation, neuroinflammation, vesicular transport and synaptic transmission. Studies on blood samples revealed alterations in pathways involved in immune function, inflammation, RNA processing, protein chaperones, mitochondrial function and programmed cell death. Limitations of these studies include small sample sizes (generally <40 cases/40 controls) and the application of widely varying statistical analysis and parameters. Only eight studies used the RNA‐Seq technique. This review highlights the need for harmonization of transcriptomic approaches and the statistical analyses, and for the data to be deposited into publicly available databases in a standardized format for meta‐analyses. Notably, the concordance of several pathways such as mitochondrial function, protein degradation and inflammation, identified in both blood and brain tissues, suggests that the disease process is systemic and not restricted to neurological tissues.
Dynamical response properties of neocortical neurons to conductance‐driven time‐varying inputs
Authors: Linaro Daniele , Biró István , Giugliano Michele
Published: October 2017

Ensembles of cortical neurons can track fast‐varying inputs and relay them in their spike trains, far beyond the cut‐off imposed by membrane passive electrical properties and mean firing rates. Initially explored in silico and later demonstrated experimentally, investigating how neurons respond to sinusoidally modulated stimuli provides a deeper insight into spike initiation mechanisms and information processing than conventional F–I curve methodologies. Besides net membrane currents, physiological synaptic inputs can also induce a stimulus‐dependent modulation of the total membrane conductance, which is not reproduced by standard current‐clamp protocols. Here, we investigated whether rat cortical neurons can track fast temporal modulations over a noisy conductance background. We also determined input–output transfer properties over a range of conditions, including: distinct presynaptic activation rates, postsynaptic firing rates and variability and type of temporal modulations. We found a very broad signal transfer bandwidth across all conditions, similar large cut‐off frequencies and power‐law attenuations of fast‐varying inputs. At slow and intermediate input modulations, the response gain decreased for increasing output mean firing rates. The gain also decreased significantly for increasing intensities of background synaptic activity, thus generalising earlier studies on F‐I curves. We also found a direct correlation between the action potentials' onset rapidness and the neuronal bandwidth. Our novel results extend previous investigations of dynamical response properties to non‐stationary and conductance‐driven conditions, and provide computational neuroscientists with a novel set of observations that models must capture when aiming to replicate cortical cellular excitability.
A possible link between KCNQ2‐ and STXBP1‐related encephalopathies: STXBP1 reduces the inhibitory impact of syntaxin‐1A on M current
Authors: Devaux Jérôme , Dhifallah Sandra , De Maria Michela , Stuart‐Lopez Geoffrey , Becq Hélène , Milh Mathieu , Molinari Florence , Aniksztejn Laurent
Published: October 2017

Objective

Kv7 channels mediate the voltage‐gated M‐type potassium current. Reduction of M current due to KCNQ2 mutations causes early onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs). Mutations in STXBP1 encoding the syntaxin binding protein 1 can produce a phenotype similar to that of KCNQ2 mutations, suggesting a possible link between STXBP1 and Kv7 channels. These channels are known to be modulated by syntaxin‐1A (Syn‐1A) that binds to the C‐terminal domain of the Kv7.2 subunit and strongly inhibits M current. Here, we investigated whether STXBP1could prevent this inhibitory effect of Syn‐1A and analyzed the consequences of two mutations in STXBP1 associated with EOEEs.

Methods

Electrophysiologic analysis of M currents mediated by homomeric Kv7.2 or heteromeric Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells coexpressing Syn‐1A and/or STXBP1 or mutants STXBP1 p.W28* and p.P480L. Expression and interaction of these different proteins have been investigated using biochemical and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments.

Results

Syn‐1A decreased M currents mediated by Kv7.2 or Kv7.2/Kv7.3 channels. STXBP1 had no direct effects on M current but dampened the inhibition produced by Syn‐1A by abrogating Syn‐1A binding to Kv7 channels. The mutation p.W28*, but not p.P480L, failed to rescue M current from Syn‐1A inhibition. Biochemical analysis showed that unlike the mutation p.W28*, the mutation p.P480L did not affect STXBP1 expression and reduced the interaction of Syn‐1A with Kv7 channels.

Significance

These data indicate that there is a functional link between STXBP1 and Kv7 channels via Syn‐1A, which may be important for regulating M‐channel activity and neuronal excitability. They suggest also that a defect in Kv7 channel activity or regulation could be one of the consequences of some STXBP1 mutations associated with EOEEs. Furthermore, our data reveal that STXBP1 mutations associated with the Ohtahara syndrome do not necessarily result in protein haploinsufficiency.
Factors associated with the variability of calcineurin inhibitor blood levels in kidney recipients grafted for more than 1 year
Authors: Belaiche Stéphanie , Décaudin Bertrand , Dharancy Sébastien , Gautier Sophie , Noel Christian , Odou Pascal , Hazzan Marc
Published: October 2017

The study of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) blood level variability to evaluate adherence in transplantation has improved over the years. The aim of our study was to assess factors associated with this variability using the coefficient of variation (CV). A cross‐sectional sample of kidney recipients grafted for more than 1 year was recruited. We recorded clinical data, data from a clinical pharmacist interview and from six questionnaires measuring adherence, satisfaction, behaviours, beliefs, perception of the illness and social vulnerability. A total of 408 recipients were enrolled (61.2% male, mean age 54) and divided into two groups: low variability CV < 30% (n = 302), high variability CV ≥ 30% (n = 106). In univariate analysis, hospital‐home distance, cyclosporine, time since transplantation and presence of discrepancies in drug regimen were associated with a greater risk of CV ≥ 30%. In contrast, tacrolimus QD conferred a lower risk of CV ≥ 30%. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of discrepancies remained significant: (OR 3.2 [1.21–9.01]; P = 0.022). Discrepancies in drug regimen appear as the main risk factor associated with CNI blood variability. The clinical pharmacist's input is an accurate and simple way of detecting non‐adherence which is not revealed in self‐report questionnaires.
Both hemispheric influenza vaccine recommendations would have missed near half of the circulating viruses in Madagascar
Authors: Guillebaud Julia , Héraud Jean‐Michel , Razanajatovo Norosoa H. , Livinski Alicia A. , Alonso Wladimir J.
Published: October 2017

Background

Influenza immunization still poses a critical challenge globally and specifically for tropical regions due to their complex influenza circulation pattern. Tropical regions should select the WHO's Northern Hemisphere or Southern Hemisphere recommended vaccine composition based on local surveillance. Analyses of influenza immunization effectiveness have neglected to account for the proportion of circulating viruses prevented from causing infection each year. We investigate this question for Madagascar, where influenza vaccines are not widely available.

Methods

Seventy‐eight Malagasy influenza strains characterized from 2002 to 2014 were challenged with hypothetical scenarios in which the WHO's Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere recommended vaccine compositions were provided to the population. Match between circulating and vaccine strains was determined by haemagglutination inhibition assays. Strain‐specific positive matches were scored assuming 9 months of protection, and scenarios incorporated vaccine delays from zero to 5 months.

Results

Malagasy influenza strains matched 54% and 44%, respectively, with the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere recommended vaccine strains when the vaccine was delivered as soon as available. The matching values further decreased when additional delivery and application delays were considered. Differences between recommended compositions were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Our results showed matching with the Northern Hemisphere vaccine barely above 50%, even in the more favourable scenario. This suggests that if implemented, routine influenza vaccines would not provide an optimal protection against half of the influenza strains circulating in any epidemic season of Madagascar. We suggest that this limitation in influenza vaccine efficacy deserves greater attention, and should be considered in cost/benefit analyses of national influenza immunization programmes.
Reduction of groin wound complications in vascular surgery patients using closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT): a prospective, randomised, single‐institution study
Authors: Pleger Sebastian P , Nink Nadine , Elzien Meshal , Kunold Alexander , Koshty Ahmed , Böning Andreas
Published: October 2017

Groin wound infections in patients undergoing vascular procedures often cause a lengthy process of wound healing. Several clinical studies and case reports show a reduction of surgical site infections (SSIs) in various wound types after using closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT). The aim of this prospective, randomised, single‐institution study was to investigate the effectiveness of ciNPT (PREVENA™ Therapy) compared to conventional therapy on groin incisions after vascular surgery. From 1 February to 30 October 2015, 100 patients with 129 groin incisions were analysed. Patients were randomised and treated with either ciNPT (n = 58 groins) or the control dressing (n = 71 groins). ciNPT was applied intraoperatively and removed on days 5–7 postoperatively. The control group received a conventional adhesive plaster. Wound evaluation based on the Szilagyi classification took place postoperatively on days 5–7 and 30. Compared to the control group, the ciNPT group showed a significant reduction in wound complications (P < 0·0005) after both wound evaluation periods and in revision surgeries (P = 0·022) until 30 days postoperatively. Subgroup analysis revealed that ciNPT had a significant effect on almost all examined risk factors for wound healing. ciNPT significantly reduced the incidence of incision complications and revision procedures after vascular surgery.
Chemical modification at and within nanopowders: Synthesis of core‐shell Al2O3@TiON nanopowders via nitriding nano‐(TiO2)0.43(Al2O3)0.57 powders in NH3
Authors: You Fei , Sun Kai , Yi Eongyu , Nakatani Eitaro , Umehara Noritsugu , Laine Richard M.
Published: October 2017

Here, we demonstrate the potential utility of using chemical modification to reorganize metastable nanoparticles into nanostructured nanoparticles without coincidentally inducing extensive necking/sintering. The motivation for this effort derives from the concept that chemical reduction in a single component in a mixed‐metal nanoparticle will create segregated islands of a second immiscible phase. Given the very high chemical energies inherent in nanoparticles, the formation of even smaller islands of a second phase can be anticipated to lead to extremely high interfacial energies that may drive these islands to diffuse to cores or surfaces to form core‐shell structures that minimize such interfacial energies. Thus, ammonolysis of (TiO2)0.43(Al2O3)0.57 composition nanopowders where both elements are approximately uniformly mixed at atomic length scales, under selected conditions (1000°C) for various periods of time at constant NH3 flow rates leads primarily to the reduction in the Ti species to form TiN or TiON which then appears to diffuse to the surface of the particles. The final products consist of Al2O3@TiON core‐shell nanopowders that remain mostly unaggregated pointing to a new mechanism for modifying nanopowder chemistries and physical properties.
Impact of obesity on annual medical expenditures and diabetes care in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kusunoki‐Tsuji Chisato , Araki Shin‐ichi , Kume Shinji , Chin‐Kanasaki Masami , Osawa Norihisa , Morino Katsutaro , Sekine Osamu , Ugi Satoshi , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Maegawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2017

Aims/Introduction

Diabetes and obesity are important health and economic concerns. We investigated the influence of obesity on diabetes control, the annual medical expenditures and medications in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes who were relatively lean in comparison with those in Western countries.

Materials and Methods

A total of 402 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and their annual medical expenditures investigated. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, according to the obesity classifications from the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity.

Results

A total of 165 patients (41.0%) were classified as obese. The obese group was younger, had poor glycemic control and higher frequency of hypertension than the non‐obese group. The median total annual medical expenditures for all participants was ¥269,333 (interquartile range ¥169,664–437,437), which was equivalent to approximately $US2,450. The annual medical expenditure was significantly higher in patients with obesity than in non‐obese patients (P < 0.001). This difference was mainly attributed to the annual expenditures for medication and hospitalization. In particular, the medication expenditures and the average number of drug classes for hyperglycemia and hypertension were significantly higher in the obese group.

Conclusions

Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity had higher annual medical expenditures and a larger number of medications, but their diabetes control care was insufficient in comparison with those without obesity. Further studies are required to assess the effect of reducing bodyweight on diabetes control and costs.
Life‐history strategies of the rock hind grouper Epinephelus adscensionis at Ascension Island
Authors: Nolan E. T. , Downes K. J. , Richardson A. , Arkhipkin A. , Brickle P. , Brown J. , Mrowicki R. J. , Shcherbich Z. , Weber N. , Weber S. B.
Published: October 2017

Epinephelus adscensionis sampled from Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean, exhibits distinct life‐history traits, including larger maximum size and size at sexual maturity than previous studies have demonstrated for this species in other locations. Otolith analysis yielded a maximum estimated age of 25 years, with calculated von Bertalanffy growth parameters of: L∞ = 55·14, K = 0·19, t0 = −0·88. Monthly gonad staging and analysis of gonad‐somatic index (IG) provide evidence for spawning from July to November with an IG peak in August (austral winter), during which time somatic growth is also suppressed. Observed patterns of sexual development were supportive of protogyny, although further work is needed to confirm this. Mean size at sexual maturity for females was 28·9 cm total length (LT; 95% C.I. 27·1–30·7 cm) and no females were found >12 years and 48·0 cm LT, whereas all confirmed males sampled were mature, >35·1 cm LT with an age range from 3 to 18 years. The modelled size at which 50% of individuals were male was 41·8 cm (95% C.I. 40·4–43·2 cm). As far as is known, this study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the growth and reproduction of E. adscensionis at its type locality of Ascension Island and suggests that the population may be affected less by fisheries than elsewhere in its range. Nevertheless, improved regulation of the recreational fishery and sustained monitoring of abundance, length frequencies and life‐history parameters are needed to inform long‐term management measures, which could include the creation of marine reserves, size or temporal catch limits and stricter export controls.
Relationship Between Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Disability in Older Adults: The Chilean National Health Survey (2009–10)
Authors: García‐Hermoso Antonio , Ramírez‐Vélez Robinson , Ramirez‐Campillo Rodrigo , Izquierdo Mikel
Published: October 2017

This study aimed to examine the relationship between disability and the American Heart Association metric of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in older adults from the 2009–10 Chilean National Health Survey. Data from 460 older adults were analyzed. All subjects were interviewed using the standardized World Health Survey, which includes 16 health‐related questions and assesses the domains of mobility, self‐care, pain and discomfort, cognition, interpersonal activities, vision, sleep and energy, and affect. A person who responds with a difficulty rating of severe, extreme, or unable to do in at least one of these eight functioning domains is considered to have a disability. Ideal CVH was defined as meeting the ideal levels of four behaviors (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet adherence) and three factors (total cholesterol, fasting glucose, blood pressure). Logistic regression analysis suggested that ideal physical activity reduces the odds of disability (odds ratio (OR) = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36–0.85). Moreover, participants with intermediate (3–4 metrics) (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41–0.97) and ideal (5–7 metrics) (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.24–0.97) CVH profiles had lower odds of disability independent of history of vascular events and arthritis disease than those with a poor profile (0–2 metrics). In conclusion, despite the cross‐sectional design, this study suggests the importance of promoting ideal CVH because of their relationship with disability.
Methods for Alleviating Stress and Increasing Resilience in the Midwifery Community: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Wright Erin M. , Matthai Maude Theo , Warren Nicole
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Work‐related stress and exposure to traumatic birth have deleterious impacts on midwifery practice, the midwife's physiologic well‐being, and the midwifery workforce. This is a global phenomenon, and the specific sources of this stress vary dependent on practice setting. This scoping review aims to determine which, if any, modalities help to reduce stress and increase resilience among a population of midwives.

Methods

A scoping review of the literature published between January 2011 and September 2016 using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases was performed. Of the initial 796 reviewed records, 6 met inclusion criteria.

Results

Three of the 6 included studies were quantitative in nature, 2 were qualitative, and one used mixed methods. Countries where studies were conducted include Uganda, Iran, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Australia. Three of the studies used interventions for stress reduction and increased coping. Two of these 3 used a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program resulting in improved stress levels and coping skills. In each study, midwives express a desire for work‐based programs and support from colleagues and employers for increasing coping abilities. These studies focused on stress reduction and/or increasing resilience.

Discussion

While modalities such as mindfulness‐based stress reduction show promise, further studies with a cohort of midwives should be conducted. These studies should include interventions aimed at addressing the needs of midwives to improve psychological outcomes related to employment‐related stress on a global scale and specific to each health care context.
Biomechanical Assessment of Restored Mandibular Molar by Endocrown in Comparison to a Glass Fiber Post‐Retained Conventional Crown: 3D Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Helal Mohammed Abu , Wang Zhigang
Published: October 2017

Purpose

To compare equivalent and contact stresses in a mandibular molar restored by all‐ceramic crowns through two methods: ceramic endocrowns and ceramic crowns supported by fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) posts and core, by using 3D finite element analysis during normal masticatory load.

Materials and Methods

Three 3D models of a mandibular first molar were made and labeled as such: intact molar with no restoration (A); ceramic endocrown‐restored molar (B); ceramic crown supported by FRC posts and core restored molar (C). By using 3D FE analysis with contact components, normal masticatory load was simulated. The mvM stresses in all models were calculated. Maximal mvM stresses in the ceramic of restorations, dentin, and luting cement were contrasted among models and to values of materials' strength. Contact shear and tensile stresses in the restoration/tooth interface around restorations were also calculated.

Results

The highest mvM stress levels in the enamel and dentin for the tooth restored by ceramic endocrown were lower in the crown ceramic than in tooth restored with FRC posts and all‐ceramic crowns; however, in the resin adhesive cement interface it was lower for ceramic crown supported by FRC posts than the in ceramic endocrown restoration. The maximum contact shear and tensile stress values along the restoration/tooth interface of ceramic endocrowns were lower than those with ceramic crowns supported by FRC posts.

Conclusions

Ceramic endocrown restorations presented a lower mvM stress level in dentin than the conventional ceramic crowns supported by FRC posts and core. Ceramic endocrown restorations in molars are less susceptible to damage than those with conventional ceramic crowns retained by FRC posts. Ceramic endocrowns properly cemented in molars must not be fractured or loosen during normal masticatory load. Therefore, ceramic endocrowns are advised as practicable, minimally invasive, and esthetic restorations for root canal treated mandibular molars.
Chitosan‐triclosan particles modulate inflammatory signaling in gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Pavez L. , Tobar N. , Chacón C. , Arancibia R. , Martínez C. , Tapia C. , Pastor A. , González M. , Martínez J. , Smith P. C.
Published: October 2017

Background and Objectives

An important goal of periodontal therapy is the modulation of the inflammatory response. To this end, several pharmacological agents have been evaluated. Triclosan corresponds to an antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory agent currently used in periodontal therapy. Chitosan is a natural polymer that may act as a drug delivery agent and exerts antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory activities. Therefore, an association between both molecules might be useful to prevent inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontal tissues.

Material and Methods

In the present study, we have generated chitosan‐triclosan particles and evaluated their morphology, charge, biocompatibility and gene expression analysis in human gingival fibroblasts.

Results

The chitosan‐triclosan particles size and Z potential were 129 ± 47 nm and 51 ± 17 mV respectively. Human gingival fibroblast viability was not affected by chitosan‐triclosan. A total of 1533 genes were upregulated by interleukin (IL)‐1β. On the other hand, 943 were downregulated in fibroblasts stimulated with IL‐1β plus chitosan‐triclosan particles. Fifty‐one genes were identified as molecular targets upregulated by IL‐1 β and downregulated by the chitosan‐triclosan particles. The gene ontology analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in categories related to biological processes, molecular function and cellular components. Furthermore, using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction beta‐actin, fibronectin, interleukin‐6 and IL‐1b genes were confirmed as targets upregulated by IL‐1β and downregulated by chitosan‐triclosan particles.

Conclusion

Our results show that chitosan‐triclosan particles are able to modulate the inflammatory response in gingival fibroblasts. This effect might be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of inflammation in periodontal diseases.
Possibilities for developing texture‐modified beef steaks suitable for older consumers using fruit‐derived proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Botinestean Cristina , Gomez Carolina , Nian Yingqun , Auty Mark A. E. , Kerry Joseph P. , Hamill Ruth M.
Published: October 2017

Meat intakes in the older population are commonly reduced because the relatively tough texture of meat can impair mastication. Fruit‐derived proteolytic enzymes have been reported to have beneficial effects on tenderness, by causing significant degradation of myofibrillar proteins and collagen. Three treatments including: papain, bromelain, and a 50:50 mixture of papain/bromelain, alongside one control were applied to beef M. semitendinosus steaks. Effects on Warner‐Bratzler shear force, texture parameters, color, and cook loss were determined. Both enzymatic treatments that included papain significantly reduced Warner‐Bratzler shear force values (p < .05) and increased cook loss. Beef steaks tenderized with papain and papain/bromelain offer potential for inclusion in older consumers' diets, but improvement in tenderization may be associated with a reduction in processing yield.

Practical applications

Meat processors have a role to play in enhancing the availability of appropriate foodstuffs for older people, through developing targeted products that will meet the specialized nutritional and chemosensory needs of this cohort. Meat intakes in the older population are commonly reduced because the relatively tough texture of meat can impair mastication. In this study, beef steaks tenderized with papain and papain: bromelain (50:50) were demonstrated to produce more tender meat products, with a lower cook loss compared with tenderization with bromelain alone, which has relevance to the development of texture‐optimized meat products that appeal to older adults with difficulty in mastication. This information could help meat processors to develop strategies for optimization of texture‐modified beef products within their own businesses.
Dissolved Oxygen and Aeration in Ictalurid Catfish Aquaculture
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Torrans Eugene L. , Tucker Craig S.
Published: October 2017

Feed‐based production of ictalurid catfish in ponds is the largest aquaculture sector in the USA. Feed has an oxygen demand, and increases carbon dioxide, ammonia nitrogen, and phosphate inputs to ponds. Major sources of oxygen in ponds are phytoplankton photosynthesis and mechanical aeration; the major sink for oxygen is respiration by fish and by microorganisms in the water column and sediment. Dissolved oxygen concentrations decline when respiration exceeds photosynthesis, and the most crucial time for low dissolved oxygen concentration is at night. Mechanical aeration is applied to avoid nighttime dissolved oxygen concentrations from falling below the critical level for catfish of 3 mg/L. Electrically powered paddlewheel aerators are used by most catfish producers. The oxygen‐transfer efficiency of these aerators is known, but calculations of aeration requirement from stocking and feeding rates are not reliable because of variation in phytoplankton abundance and in weather conditions. Dissolved oxygen concentrations must be monitored, and when measurements suggest that nighttime dissolved oxygen concentration will be unacceptably low, tractor‐powered emergency aerators must be operated to supplement dedicated aeration. Dissolved oxygen concentration also is important in hatcheries, and small aeration systems have been developed for hatchery application.
Multiple hypotheses explain variation in extra‐pair paternity at different levels in a single bird family
Authors: Brouwer Lyanne , van de Pol Martijn , Aranzamendi Nataly Hidalgo , Bain Glen , Baldassarre Daniel T. , Brooker Lesley C. , Brooker Michael G. , Colombelli‐Négrel Diane , Enbody Erik , Gielow Kurt , Hall Michelle L. , Johnson Allison E. , Karubian Jordan , Kingma Sjouke A. , Kleindorfer Sonia , Louter Marina , Mulder Raoul A. , Peters Anne , Pruett‐Jones Stephen , Tarvin Keith A. , Thrasher Derrick J. , Varian‐Ramos Claire W. , Webster Michael S. , Cockburn Andrew
Published: October 2017

Extra‐pair paternity (EPP), where offspring are sired by a male other than the social male, varies enormously both within and among species. Trying to explain this variation has proved difficult because the majority of the interspecific variation is phylogenetically based. Ideally, variation inEPPshould be investigated in closely related species, but clades with sufficient variation are rare. We present a comprehensive multifactorial test to explain variation inEPPamong individuals in 20 populations of nine species over 89 years from a single bird family (Maluridae). Females had higherEPPin the presence of more helpers, more neighbours or if paired incestuously. Furthermore, higherEPPoccurred in years with many incestuous pairs, populations with many helpers and species with high male density or in which males provide less care. Altogether, these variables accounted for 48% of the total and 89% of the interspecific and interpopulation variation inEPP. These findings indicate why consistent patterns inEPPhave been so challenging to detect and suggest that a single predictor is unlikely to account for the enormous variation inEPPacross levels of analysis. Nevertheless, it also shows that existing hypotheses can explain the variation inEPPwell and that the density of males in particular is a good predictor to explain variation inEPPamong species when a large part of the confounding effect of phylogeny is excluded.
The perivascular microenvironment in Epstein–Barr virus positive primary central nervous system lymphoma: The role of programmed cell death 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1
Authors: Sugita Yasuo , Furuta Takuya , Ohshima Koichi , Komaki Satoru , Miyoshi Junko , Morioka Motohiro , Abe Hideyuki , Nozawa Takanori , Fujii Yukihiko , Takahashi Hitoshi , Kakita Akiyoshi
Published: October 2017

It has been shown that high expression of certain immune checkpoint molecules, including those of the programmed death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) axis, can be utilized to regulate immunosuppression in the microenvironment of malignant neoplasms. For the purpose of clarifying the immune‐escape mechanism of primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs), particularly in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive cases, markers for PD‐1, PD‐L1, tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 39 surgical specimens of PCNSLs (17 EBV‐positive, 22 EBV‐negative) were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Staining for PD‐L1 was scored as follows: (−), no staining; (1+), 0–30% positive cells; (2+), 30–60% positive cells; and (3+), >60% positive cells. In EBV‐positive cases, PD‐L1 was detected in both lymphoma cells and TAMs in 12/17 cases, and in TAMs only in 4/17 cases. The mean number of PD‐1, TIA‐1 (a marker for cytotoxic T‐cells), and FOXP3 (a marker for regulatory T‐cells)‐positive TILs in EBV‐positive cases was 36.4 ± 45.9, 390 ± 603, and 9.88 ± 15.1, respectively. In EBV‐negative cases, PD‐L1 was detected in both lymphoma cells and TAMs in 11/22 cases, and in TAMs only in 4/22 cases. The mean of PD‐1, TIA‐1 and FOXP3‐positive lymphocytes in EBV‐negative cases was 67.3 ± 82.0, 158 ± 206 and 9.32 ± 17.5, respectively. We found no significant difference in the number of FOXP3‐positive, lymphocytes between EBV‐positive and negative cases. However, there were significantly higher numbers of PD‐1‐positive lymphocytes in the former, and significantly higher numbers of TIA‐1‐positive lymphocytes in the latter (P < 0.05). The combined data indicate that expression of PD‐L1 by lymphoma cells and TAMs mediate the trafficking of TILs, which may explain the immune‐escape process of PCNSLs. In addition, EBV infection appears to affect the trafficking mechanism of TILs, and may thus play an important role in the microenvironment immunity of these tumors.
The molecular cross talk of the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex
Authors: Gawor Marta , Prószyński Tomasz J.
Published: October 2017

The proper function of skeletal muscles relies on their ability to process signals derived from motor neurons, transmit stimuli along the muscle fibers, contract, and regenerate efficiently after injury. The dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC; also called the dystrophin‐associated protein complex) plays a central role in all of these processes. It acts as a transmembrane platform that anchors the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the intracellular cytoskeleton and makes muscle fibers more resistant to injury. The DGC also contributes to the transmission of contraction‐evoked force from the sarcomere to the ECM. The dysfunction of DGC‐associated proteins can lead to myopathies, including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, manifested by progressive muscle damage and impairments in regeneration. The DGC also plays a pivotal role in the organization of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), where it stabilizes postsynaptic machinery, including receptors for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (AChRs). Here, we focus on the role of the DGC complex in NMJ and skeletal muscle physiology and discuss the novel components that are associated with the complex.
Diabetes training for community health workers on an American Indian reservation
Authors: Policicchio Judith M. , Dontje Katherine
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To improve the knowledge and skills of community health workers (CHWs) on an American Indian (AI) Reservation related to the management of diabetes to allow CHWs, with no prior formal diabetes education to work more effectively with individuals in the community with diabetes. Training was provided in six “face‐to‐face” sessions with the CHWs using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CHW Training Resource on Heart Disease and Stroke.

Design and Sample

This is a quality improvement program guided by the Model for Improvement: Plan, Do, Study, Act and using a pre‐post evaluation design. Ten AI CHWs were recruited for the training.

Measures

Knowledge and attitudes, participation rates, and participant satisfaction were measured.

Results

Knowledge increased overall with largest changes in diabetes, depression and cholesterol. Diabetes attitudes were high and consistent with those found in caregivers who support patient‐centered care. Participants reported learning, liking the class, and finding the materials helpful.

Conclusion

This QI program provided by a public health nurse improved CHW's knowledge of diabetes and the management of diabetes. Next steps include formalizing the Reservation's CHW training program, expanding this training to other AI Health Service areas, and measuring the impact of CHWs in the community.
Contribution of the soil seed bank to the restoration of temperate grasslands by mechanical sward disturbance
Authors: Klaus Valentin H. , Hoever Christina J. , Fischer Markus , Hamer Ute , Kleinebecker Till , Mertens Désirée , Schäfer Deborah , Prati Daniel , Hölzel Norbert
Published: October 2017

The restoration of grasslands is one of the primary targets of nature conservation. An easy tool to stimulate the growth of plant species currently absent from the aboveground vegetation but hidden in the “dark”, is to make use of the soil seed bank. Here, seeds of rare and endangered species may still be present. However, the potential contribution of soil seed banks to effective grasslands restoration still remains unclear, as some but not many valuable species built up a persistent seed bank. To evaluate the potential of the soil seed bank for grassland restoration, we installed an experiment in 73 differently managed grasslands in Germany, where the seed bank was activated by mechanical sward disturbance. We also determined the species richness, the density of viable seeds, and the functional composition of seed banks and monitored the regeneration of the aboveground vegetation over two seasons. Our results show that sward disturbance led to an activation of the soil seed banks, which, however, contributed only little to the revegetation after sward disturbance. In addition, the severe impoverishment of the soil seed bank indicated a restricted potential for the restoration of temperate grasslands. Nevertheless, the activation of the soil seed bank increased not only the richness of arable weeds but also slightly the richness of typical grassland species. We conclude that only in recently improved and strongly species‐impoverished grasslands, sward disturbance alone might be able to slightly increase plant species richness. To achieve a distinct increase in species richness, additional diaspore transfer is needed.
Austerity or welfare state transformation? Examining the impact of economic crises on social regulation in Europe
Authors: Steinebach Yves , Knill Christoph , Jordana Jacint
Published: October 2017

This article provides an encompassing analysis of how economic crises affect social regulation. The analysis is based on an innovative dataset that covers policy output changes in 13 European countries over a period of 34 years (1980–2013) in the areas of pensions, unemployment, and child benefits. By performing a negative binomial regression analysis, we show that economic crises do matter for social policymaking. Our main empirical finding is that crises impinge on social regulation by opening a window of opportunity that facilitates the dismantling of social policy standards. Yet crisis‐induced policy dismantling is restricted to adjustments based on existing policy instruments. We do not find significant variation in policymaking patterns across different macroeconomic conditions for the more structural elements of social policy portfolios, such as the envisaged social policy targets or the policy instruments applied. This suggests that economic crises do not lead to a profound transformation of the welfare state but to austerity.
Long‐Term Reaction Characteristics of CO2–Water–Rock Interaction: Insight into the Potential Groundwater Contamination Risk from Underground CO2 Storage
Authors: Takaya Yutaro , Nakamura Kentaro , Kato Yasuhiro
Published: October 2017

CO2 sequestration into saline aquifers is considered to be one of the most promising options for reducing industrial CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. However, there are still many uncertainties regarding the storage of CO2 in the subsurface because of a lack of knowledge about CO2–water–rock interaction within CO2 reservoirs and the potential risk of CO2 leakage. In this study, we construct a semi‐open type experimental system that can reproduce the interactions under conditions close to those of actual CO2 reservoirs. Using the system, we conduct CO2–water–rock interaction experiments for 8 months to monitor the long‐term reaction and the mobilization of harmful metal elements. Altered tuffaceous rock is used in the experiment because these tuffaceous rock formations (called “Green Tuff”) are a potential candidate for CO2 storage in Japan. The results show that the major‐element water composition will converge to the point where host rock dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation are balanced; then, the interaction will proceed under a certain groundwater composition. In addition, we found that groundwater contamination by some metal elements (Ni, Ba, and Mn) may reach unsafe levels for drinking water as a result of CO2‐water–rock interaction.
On a Generality Condition in Proof‐Theoretic Semantics
Authors: Dicher Bogdan
Published: October 2017

In the recent literature on proof‐theoretic semantics, there is mention of a generality condition on defining rules. According to this condition, the schematic formulation of the defining rules must be maximally general, in the sense that no restrictions should be placed on the contexts of these rules. In particular, context variables must always be present in the schematic rules and they should range over arbitrary collections of formulae. I argue against imposing such a condition, by showing that it has undesirable results and that it is ill‐supported by the arguments brought in its favour.
Demographic and epidemiologic characterization of transfusion recipients from four US regions: evidence from the REDS‐III recipient database
Authors: Karafin Matthew S. , Bruhn Roberta , Westlake Matt , Sullivan Marian T. , Bialkowski Walter , Edgren Gustaf , Roubinian Nareg H. , Hauser Ronald G. , Kor Daryl J. , Fleischmann Debra , Gottschall Jerome L. , Murphy Edward L. , Triulzi Darrell J. ,   for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Blood transfusion is one of the most common medical procedures during hospitalization in the United States. To understand the benefits of transfusion while mitigating potential risks, a multicenter database containing detailed information on transfusion incidence and recipient outcomes would facilitate research.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III) program has developed a comprehensive transfusion recipient database utilizing data from hospital electronic health records at 12 participating hospitals in four geographic regions. Inpatient and outpatient data on transfusion recipients from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014 included patient age, sex, ethnicity, primary diagnosis, type of blood product provided, issue location, pretransfusion and post‐transfusion hemoglobin (Hgb), and hospital outcomes. Transfusion incidence per encounter was calculated by blood product and various patient characteristics.

RESULTS

During the 2‐year study period, 80,362 (12.5%) inpatient encounters involved transfusion. Among inpatients, the most commonly transfused blood products were red blood cells (RBCs; 10.9% of encounters), followed by platelets (3.2%) and plasma (2.9%). Among patients who received transfusions, the median number of RBC units was one, the pretransfusion Hgb level was 7.6 g/dL, and the Hgb increment per unit was 1.4 g/dL. Encounter mortality increased with patient age, the number of units transfused, and the use of platelet or plasma products. The most commonly reported transfusion reaction was febrile nonhemolytic.

CONCLUSION

The database contains comprehensive data regarding transfusion use and patient outcomes. The current report describes an evaluation of the first 2 years of a planned, 4‐year, linked blood donor‐component‐recipient database, which represents a critical new resource for transfusion medicine researchers.
Subcutaneous administration of ciclosporin in 11 allergic cats – a pilot open‐label uncontrolled clinical trial
Authors: Koch Sandra N. , Torres Sheila M. F. , Diaz Sandra , Gilbert Sophie , Rendahl Aaron
Published: October 2017

Background

Oral ciclosporin has been reported to be efficacious for feline inflammatory skin diseases; however, cats are often difficult to medicate orally.

Hypothesis/Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous ciclosporin administered to cats with allergic skin disease.

Animals

Eleven client‐owned cats with nonseasonal clinical signs.

Methods

Prospective open label trial. Ciclosporin 50 mg/mL solution for injection (Sandimune®, Novartis; NJ, USA) was administered subcutaneously for 60 days with initial doses ranging from 2.5 mg/kg once daily (one cat) to every other day (five cats) and 5 mg/kg once daily (four cats) to every other day (one cat). Dosages were adjusted monthly if needed based on clinical response. Clinical response was assessed using a modified FeDESI (feline Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index) and PVAS (pruritus Visual Analog Scale) between days (D) 0, 30 and 60.

Results

Six cats completed the study and four of five cats withdrawn from the study were included in an intention‐to‐treat analysis. There was significant decrease in FeDESI and PVAS scores between D0 and D30, D0 and D60 and D30 and D60 (P < 0.05) in all ten cats.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Ciclosporin administered subcutaneously at initial doses of 2.5‐5 mg/kg, once daily to alternate days, appears to be an efficacious therapy for feline allergic dermatitis and may be an alternative therapy for cats that cannot be treated orally. Randomized and controlled long term studies which include a larger number of cats are needed to confirm these findings.