bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elements of global superiority of The People's Republic of China in the 21st century
Authors: Obradović Žarko
Published: August 2021

The Chinese state has existed for more than five thousand years and in the history of human society it has always presented its own specific civilizational attainment, which exerted a considerable influence on the Asian region. In the years since its creation on October 1, 1949, and especially in the last decade, New China has stepped out beyond the region of Asia onto the global scene. With its economic power and international development projects (amongst which the Belt and Road projects stands out), China has become a leader of development and the promoter of the idea of international cooperation in the interests of peace and security in the world and the protection of the future of mankind. This paper will attempt to delineate the elements of the development of the People's Republic of China in the 21st century, placing a special focus on the realization of the Belt and Road initiative and the results of the struggle against the Covid-19 pandemic, all of which have made China an essential factor in the power relations between great global forces and the resultant change of attitude of the United States of America and the European Union towards China. Namely, China has always been a large country in terms of the size of its territory and population, but it is in the 21st century that the PR of China has become a strong state with the status of a global power. Such results in the organization of society and the state, the promotion of new development ideas and the achievement of set goals, would not have been possible without the Communist Party of China, as the main ideological, integrative and organizational factor within Chinese society. In its activities, the Chinese state sublimates the experiences of China's past with an understanding of the present moment in the international community and the need of Chinese citizens to improve the quality of life and to ensure stable development of the country. The United States and the European Union are taking various measures to oppose the strengthening of the People's Republic of China. These include looking after their interests and preserving their position in the international community, while simultaneously trying, if possible, to avoid jeopardizing their economic cooperation with China.
Foreseeing the Past: Probability and Ancient Greek Decision-Making
Authors: Vădan Paul
Published: August 2021

The article explores the concept of probability in ancient Greece from a non-scientific perspective and shows how ancient decision-makers used historical data to make calculated decisions and speculate about the future. First, the paper considers how quantitative data was used by ancient Greek communities to make economic projections. It then shows how ancient Greek generals used the same conceptual tools to determine their odds of victory by tallying up and comparing the number and composition of armies and resources available to them and their enemy. In the third section, the paper examines how qualitative probability was articulated through the language of hope and likelihood to formulate chances of success in moments of crisis. Finally, the paper shows that ancient decision-makers implemented “power laws” to adapt to changing circumstances and the flow of new information, as they sought to improve their odds of success relative to their rivals.
Referral Review of a SNCU in a District Hospital in Resource Limited Setting: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Gupta Sonika
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Special newborn care units (SNCUs) have been established in several district and subdivisional hospitals to meet the challenges of high neonatal mortality. With single digit target of infant mortality in 2030, we need to review the functioning of these SNCUs in order to strengthen them to reach the target. So this study was undertaken with primary objective to study mortality and referral pattern.

Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in district hospital Udhampur by analysing case records from SNCU admissions over three years from 2017-2019

Results: There were total of 341, 352 and 414 admissions in 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively with a cumulative sex ratio of 702/405(male/female) over these 3 years. Referral rate was 31.31%, 31.31% and 30.19% for 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively, whereas mortality rate was 2.05%, 1.93% and 2.41% for these 3 years respectively. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), sepsis and birth asphyxia were the major causes for referrals.

Conclusion: With stagnant, non decreasing referral rates over 3 years, and ventilatory support as a major cause of referrals, a lot needs to be improved as far as respiratory support at SNCU level is concerned.
Resource Control and Secessionist Movements in Nigeria: Implications for National Unity and Development
Authors: Adeosun Ahmed Babatunde
Published: August 2021

The geographical entity called Nigeria came into existence on January 1, 1914, when the then Northern and Southern protectorates were merged. Since then, successive governments in the country have been trying to unite the diverse elements that make up the country, all to no avail. From the North and South, there have been called for the dismemberment of the country due to the failure of successive administrations to address the national questions.  It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the issues confronting Nigeria’s unity and suggests a way forward. The paper is anchored on elite and frustration-aggression theories and relies on secondary sources of data. The paper contended that injustice, high-handedness, and marginalization of certain sections or regions of the country in the governance of the country accounted for resource control and secessionist movements in the country. The paper suggests justice and inclusiveness of all sections of the country in the affairs of the state, among others.
Differential Pressure, P_D, Capital Parameter in the Determination of Cardiac Health and Prominent Kinetic Indicator of Drugs in the Blood
Authors: Kunyima A. B. , Kunyima P. L.
Published: August 2021

Background: this work is a suite of previous articles where it has been demonstrated that if the differential pressure remains constant, it allows when it is multiplied by cardiac frequency to determine the volumic cardiac power (KUNYIMA equation). Also it has afforded to calculate differential enthalpy (  that is exothermic energy in ejection fraction. In KUNYIMA Formula the differential pressure has allowed to assess in satisfactory way one part of total energy from cellular metabolism (Keith-Flack node) which enable the heart blood to circulate in the organism. In KUNYIMA relations,  made possible the calculation of cardiac exergetic yield nowadays unrecognized by researchers, different from volumic yield defined by ejection fraction. This cardiac exergetic yield has been assimilated to the heart longevity.

Aim and objective: this work gives in detail mathematical useful expressions, rational approaches to be followed when differential pressure substantially changes, for example when the blood contains an injected drug at  initial concentration and when the kinetic of this drug should be followed.

Methodology: Calculations have been our methodology using compartmental analysis.

Results: It is shown hereby the use of differential equations in the determination of kinetic parameters

Conclusion: Physical Cardiochemistry is improved with new theory.
Recurrent Bacteria Involvement in Urinary Tract Infection among Diabetic Female Patients of Sukkur, Sindh
Authors: Tarique Samina , Shar Abdul Hussain , Hussain Syed Fiaz , Ali Akhtar
Published: August 2021

Background: Diabetics are four times more prone to develop Urinary tract infection when compared to healthy individuals, the proposed risk factors behind this increase in susceptibility in diabetics are autonomic neuropathy resulting in incomplete emptying of bladder and glucose in urine which serves as a medium for bacterial growth. The aims of our study are to identify the frequency of recurrent UTI and to document most common prevalent organisms involved in UTI in diabetic females in tertiary care hospital of Sukkur.

Methodology: It was a cross sectional study conducted at Microbiology Department of Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur from January to December 2020. The sample size n=54 was calculated by open epi software. Participants who contented inclusion criteria i.e., female patients of age >18 years with diabetes mellitus for more than 5 years who were presented in OPD with UTI along with history of three positive urine cultures in the previous 12 months or two episodes in the last six months were recruited by simple random sampling technique. The urine samples were collected in sterile containers and the growth of organisms was observed on nutrient agar and MacConkey agar plates.

Results: There was no any significant difference among occurrence of bacteria between both the groups i.e . However, the most associated microbes with uncontrolled HbA1c profile were E. coli (p-value = 0.004) followed by Micrococcus lutes (p-value = 0.021) and Shigella (p-value = 0.001).  Table 1. Shows the frequency and percentages of bacteria associated with controlled and uncontrolled HbA1c levels.

Conclusion: Most of the participants had uncontrolled diabetic profile i.e. HbA1c > 7, the prominent pathogen at our setting were E. Coli, Enterococcus species, Shigella species and Micrococcus lutes.
Pharmacognostical Study, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Evaluation and Establishment of Quality Standards for Certain Traditional Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants
Authors: Shinde Sushilkumar , Chavhan Sarin , Jain Saurabh , Shukla Karunakar
Published: August 2021

Aim: The present work was aimed at evolving pharmacognostical and phytochemical quality standards for certain traditional herbs like Phyllanthus amarus, Glycerrhiza glabra and Piper nigrum. These three plants are reported to possess antidiabetic activity.

Study Design: The plants were collected, authenticated and Macro-morphological, qualitative and quantitative microscopic features as well as physicochemical, fluorescence analysis, phytochemical properties, and thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at College of Pharmacy, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam University, Indore, during 2019-20

Methodology: The material were collected, authenticated and Macro-morphological, qualitative and quantitative microscopic features as well as physicochemical, fluorescence analysis,  phytochemical properties, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile of Phyllanthus amarus, Glycerrhiza glabra and Piper nigrum were determined using standard methods.

Results: The macroscopical and microscopical studies revealed useful diagnostic features. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of secondary metabolites, physicochemical including fluorescence analysis of powdered drug proved useful to differentiate the powdered drug material. Thin layer chromatography analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents such Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, glycerrizin and piperine

Conclusion: The data generated from this study would serve as useful gauge for determining the quality of Phyllanthus amarus, Glycerrhiza glabra and Piper nigrum thereby correct identification and authentification of these plants.

It would also help scientists to utilize such needful information regarding the plants identity and characteristics in building new polyherbal formulations.
Radiation dose for 320‐row dose‐modulated dynamic coronary CT angiography
Authors: Izoe Yukako , Nagao Michinobu , Tokai Mei , Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Tanaka Isao , Chida Koichi
Published: August 2021

Objectives

The area detector 320‐row CT scanner, which can cover the whole heart in one rotation, can aid in reducing radiation exposure during electrocardiography (ECG)‐gated coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Recently, researchers have proposed dose‐modulated dynamic CCTA with a 320‐row scanner for the detection of functional myocardial ischemia. In the present study, we compared and validated the radiation dose of this method with that of the standard CCTA method and the latest diagnostic reference levels (DRLs).

Materials and Methods

The study included a total of 164 consecutive patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent CCTA with a 320‐row scanner. The patients were randomly divided into dynamic and standard CCTA groups, and the CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) calculated by the CT system were compared between the two protocols and with the latest DRL.

Results

Standard and dynamic CCTA scans were performed in 77 and 87 patients, respectively. CTDIvol was significantly higher for standard CCTA than for dynamic CCTA (41 ± 35 mGy vs. 22 ± 7 mGy, p = 0.0014). DLP was also significantly higher for standard CCTA than for dynamic CCTA (864 ± 702 mGy × cm vs. 434 ± 106 mGy × cm, p < .0001). For standard scans, CTDIvol and DLP exceeded the 2020 DRL in Japan in 16% (12/77) and 17% (13/77) of cases, respectively. In contrast, rates for the dynamic scan were only 1% (1/87) for CTDIvol and 0% (0/87) for DLP.

Conclusion

The dose of radiation exposure during dynamic CCTA with a 320‐row scanner does not exceed that of standard CCTA and is sufficient to meet the latest DRL. Thus, our results suggest that the method is safe from the perspective of radiation exposure.
Solution‐Based Approach for the Continuous Fabrication of Thin Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes by Wet Mechanochemical Synthesis and Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Kozawa Takahiro , Zhang Chenning , Uchikoshi Tetsuo , Fukuyama Kayo , Kondo Akira , Naito Makio
Published: August 2021

To use lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) as the energy storage system in wearable smart electronic devices, LIBs must be downsized, particularly with respect to their thickness. To address this need, herein a solution‐based fabrication process for thin LIB electrodes is proposed. This process involves the powder synthesis of precursor materials through a wet mechanochemical reaction, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to coat the current collector, and thermal conversion to attain the final electrode active material. Specifically, the wet mechanochemical synthesis of Li1.81H0.19Ti2O5·xH2O (LHTO) using a planetary ball mill produces a mixture of nanosheet and nanotube particles. These particles are then uniformly coated onto Cu foil through EPD while controlling the film thickness from 5 to 17 μm by varying the applied voltage and coating time. Finally, the LHTO/Cu foils are thermally converted into thin Li4Ti5O12/Cu anodes without added conductive materials. The resulting anodes exhibit a discharge capacity of ≈50 μAh cm−2 and good cycling performance. Wet milling particle synthesis and EPD coating can both be employed in continuous manufacturing processes, thus constituting an efficient route for fabricating electrodes for thin LIBs.
The Improved Mechanical Anisotropy of a Commercial Al–Cu–Mg–Mn–Si (2017) Aluminum Alloy by Cross rolling
Authors: Huang Jiwu , Jiang Yingge , Jiang Fuqing , Xu Chenglong
Published: August 2021

The optimized thermomechanical process is an effective way to improve and control the properties of metallic alloys. Herein, the influence of unidirectional cold rolling and cross cold rolling on the texture and mechanical properties of a commercial AlCuMgMnSi (2017) alloy is investigated. The Al sheets successfully prepared by the three cold rolling methods have different dominant texture components, and show different texture transformation routes during solution and aging treatments. In addition, the influence of the rolling direction on the texture of the 2017 alloy is discussed. The cross‐rolled sheets subjected to artificial aging show the strongest yield strength of ≈366 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of ≈426 MPa, as well as excellent mechanical anisotropy. Its in‐plane anisotropy (IPA), , and Δr values are 0.7%, 0.576, and 0.042, respectively. The effects of texture and precipitates on the anisotropy of aged 2017 alloys are also discussed separately. This work may help to understand the relationship between rolling direction and the mechanical anisotropy of aluminum alloys and provide a basis for industrial production.
Recognizing normal reproductive biology: A comparative analysis of variability in menstrual cycle biomarkers in German and Bolivian women
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J. , Thornburg Jonathan , Spielvogel Hilde , Deschner Tobias
Published: August 2021

The idealized “normal” menstrual cycle typically comprises a coordinated ebb and flow of hormones over a 28‐day span with ovulation invariably shown at the midpoint. It's a pretty picture—but rare. Systematic studies have debunked the myth that cycles occur regularly about every 28 days. However, assumptions persist regarding the extent and normalcy of variation in other cycle biomarkers. The processes of judging which phenotypic variants are “normal” is context dependent. In everyday life, normal is that which is most commonly seen. In biomedicine normal is often defined as an arbitrarily bounded portion of the phenotype's distribution about its statistical mean. Standards thus defined in one population are problematic when applied to other populations; population specific standards may also be suspect. Rather, recognizing normal female reproductive biology in diverse human populations requires specific knowledge of proximate mechanisms and functional context. Such efforts should be grounded in an empirical assessment of phenotypic variability. We tested hypotheses regarding cycle biomarker variability in women from a wealthy industrialized population (Germany) and a resource‐limited rural agropastoral population (Bolivia). Ovulatory cycles in both samples displayed marked but nonetheless comparable variability in all cycle biomarkers and similar means/medians for cycle and phase lengths. Notably, cycle and phase lengths are poor predictors of mid‐luteal progesterone concentrations. These patterns suggest that global and local statistical criteria for “normal” cycles would be difficult to define. A more productive approach involves elucidating the causes of natural variation in ovarian cycling and its consequences for reproductive success and women's health.
Formal [4+1] Cyclization of ortho‐ or para‐Quinone Methides with 3‐Chlorooxindoles: Synthesis of 3,2′‐Tetrahydrofuryl Spirooxindoles
Authors: Tian Xiaochen , Zhang Xiaoli , Hou Xiaohan , Ren Weiwu , Li Xiaoyang , Zhao Fei , Tao Houchao , Wang Yang
Published: August 2021

A base promoted formal [4+1] cycloaddition of ortho‐ and para‐quinone methides with 3‐chlorooxindoles is reported to afford various functionalized 3,2′‐tetrahydrofuryl spirooxindoles in high yields under mild conditions. An unexpected reversal in diastereoselectivity was observed from these two types of reactions. Computational studies have provided insight into the origin of diastereoselection, and different configurations of 1,4‐addition and 1,6‐addition at the oxindole carbanionic center are found to give rise to different diastereomers. The anti‐tumor activity of these structurally unique spirooxindole derivatives is reported.
Chemical Genetics Reveals a Role of Squalene Synthase in TGFβ Signaling and Cardiomyogenesis
Authors: Takemoto Yasushi , Kadota Shin , Minami Itsunari , Otsuka Shinya , Okuda Satoshi , Abo Masahiro , Punzalan Louvy Lynn , Shen Yan , Shiba Yuji , Uesugi Motonari
Published: August 2021

KY02111 is a widely used small molecule that boosts cardiomyogenesis of the mesoderm cells derived from pluripotent stem cells, yet its molecular mechanism of action remains elusive. The present study resolves the initially perplexing effects of KY02111 on Wnt signaling and subsequently identifies squalene synthase (SQS) as a molecular target of KY02111 and its optimized version, KY‐I. By disrupting the interaction of SQS with cardiac ER‐membrane protein TMEM43, KY02111 impairs TGFβ signaling, but not Wnt signaling, and thereby recapitulates the clinical mutation of TMEM43 that causes arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), an inherited heart disease that involves a substitution of myocardium with fatty tissue. These findings reveal a heretofore undescribed role of SQS in TGFβ signaling and cardiomyogenesis. KY02111 may find its use in ARVC modeling as well as serve as a chemical tool for studying TGFβ/SMAD signaling.
Chalkogenide durch Reduktion ihrer Dioxide in ultra‐alkalischen Medien
Authors: Albrecht Ralf , Ruck Michael
Published: August 2021

Aus der Reaktion von Chalkogendioxiden ChO2 (Ch=Se, Te) mit As2O3 in einem 30‐molaren KOH‐Hydroflux bei etwa 200 °C wurden Kristalle von Kaliumtrichalkogeniden K2Ch3 mit Abmessungen bis zu 2 cm erhalten. Arsentrioxid wirkt hierbei als Elektronendonor und wird zu Arsenat(V) oxidiert. Setzt man SeO2 und TeO2 zusammen ein, so bildet sich das neue Heterochalkogenid‐Anion (TeSe2)2−. Die Verbindung K2TeSe2 kristallisiert isotyp zu K2S3 und K2Se3. Sowohl die unerwartete Redoxreaktion als auch die Fällung hygroskopischer Verbindungen aus einer wässrigen Lösung werden auf eine stark reduzierte Aktivität des Wassers zurückgeführt. Die Reaktionen wurden mit Raman‐ und UV/Vis‐Spektroskopie untersucht. Je nach As2O3‐Konzentration dominieren in den Lösungen farblose Monochalkogenide Ch2− oder orangefarbene Se22− und violette Te22− Anionen.
Polymer Topology Reinforced Synergistic Interactions among Nanoscale Molecular Clusters for Impact Resistance with Facile Processability and Recoverability
Authors: Yin Jia‐Fu , Xiao Haiyan , Xu Peidong , Yang Junsheng , Fan Zhiwei , Ke Yubin , Ouyang Xikai , Liu Geng Xin , Sun Tao Lin , Tang Liqun , Cheng Stephen Z. D. , Yin Panchao
Published: August 2021

The intrinsic conflicts between mechanical performances and processability are main challenges to develop cost‐effective impact‐resistant materials from polymers and their composites. Herein, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) are integrated as side chains to the polymer backbones. The one‐dimension (1D) rigid topology imposes strong space confinements to realize synergistic interactions among POSS units, reinforcing the correlations among polymer chains. The afforded composites demonstrate unprecedented mechanical properties with ultra‐stretchability, high rate‐dependent strength, superior impact‐resistant capacity as well as feasible processability/recoverability. The hierarchical structures of the hybrid polymers enable the co‐existence of multiple dynamic relaxations that are responsible for fast energy dissipation and high mechanical strengths. The effective synergistic correlation strategy paves a new pathway for the design of advanced cluster‐based materials.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Biaryls by Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Buchwald–Hartwig Amination
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Xiao‐Mei , Xu Qi , Guo Chang‐Qiu , Wang Peng , Lu Chuan‐Jun , Liu Ren‐Rong
Published: August 2021

N−C Biaryl atropisomers are prevalent in natural products and bioactive drug molecules. However, the enantioselective synthesis of such molecules has not developed significantly. Particularly, the enantioselective synthesis of N−C biaryl atropisomers by stereoselective metal‐catalyzed aryl amination remains unprecedented. Herein, a Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling strategy is presented for the synthesis of N−C axially chiral biaryl molecules. A broad spectrum of N−C axially chiral compounds was obtained with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) and good yields (up to 98 %). The practicality of this reaction was validated in the synthesis of useful biological molecules.
Forrestiacids A and B, Pentaterpene Inhibitors of ACL and Lipogenesis: Extending the Limits of Computational NMR Methods in the Structure Assignment of Complex Natural Products
Authors: Xiong Juan , Zhou Peng‐Jun , Jiang Hao‐Wen , Huang Ting , He Yu‐Hang , Zhao Ze‐Yu , Zang Yi , Choo Yeun‐Mun , Wang Xiaojuan , Chittiboyina Amar G. , Pandey Pankaj , Hamann Mark T. , Li Jia , Hu Jin‐Feng
Published: August 2021

Forrestiacids A (1) and B (2) are a novel class of [4+2] type pentaterpenoids derived from a rearranged lanostane moiety (dienophile) and an abietane unit (diene). These unprecedented molecules were isolated using guidance by molecular ion networking (MoIN) from Pseudotsuga forrestii, an endangered member of the Asian Douglas Fir Family. The intermolecular hetero‐Diels–Alder adducts feature an unusual bicyclo[2.2.2]octene ring system. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, GIAO NMR calculations and DP4+ probability analyses, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. This unique addition to the pentaterpene family represents the largest and the most complex molecule successfully assigned using computational approaches to predict accurately chemical shift values. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent inhibitory activities (IC50s <5 μM) of ATP‐citrate lyase (ACL), a new drug target for the treatment of glycolipid metabolic disorders including hyperlipidemia. Validating this activity 1 effectively attenuated the de novo lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. These findings provide a new chemical class for developing potential therapeutic agents for ACL‐related diseases with strong links to traditional medicines.
Polyoxometalate‐Based Metal–Organic Framework as Molecular Sieve for Highly Selective Semi‐Hydrogenation of Acetylene on Isolated Single Pd Atom Sites
Authors: Liu Yiwei , Wang Bingxue , Fu Qiang , Liu Wei , Wang Yu , Gu Lin , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong
Published: August 2021

Achieving highly selective acetylene semi‐hydrogenation in an ethylene‐rich gas stream is of great industrial importance. Herein, we construct isolated single Pd atom in a polyoxometalate‐based metal‐organic framework (POMOF). The unique internal environment allows this POMOF to separate acetylene from acetylene/ethylene gas mixtures and confine it close to the single Pd atom. After semi‐hydrogenation, the resulting ethylene is preferentially discharged from the pores, achieving a selectivity of 92.6 %. First‐principles simulations reveal that the adsorbed acetylene/ethylene molecules form hydrogen bond networks with oxygen atoms of SiW12O404− and create dynamic confinement regions, which preferentially release the produced ethylene. Besides, at the Pd site, the over‐hydrogenation of ethylene exhibits a higher reaction energy barrier than the semi‐hydrogenation of acetylene. The combined advantages of POMOF and single Pd atom provides an effective approach for the regulation of semi‐hydrogenation selectivity.
A Heteromeric Carboxylic Acid Based Single‐Crystalline Crosslinked Organic Framework
Authors: Liang Rongran , Samanta Jayanta , Shao Baihao , Zhang Mingshi , Staples Richard J. , Chen Albert D. , Tang Miao , Wu Yuyang , Aprahamian Ivan , Ke Chenfeng
Published: August 2021

The development of large pore single‐crystalline covalently linked organic frameworks is critical in revealing the detailed structure‐property relationship with substrates. One emergent approach is to photo‐crosslink hydrogen‐bonded molecular crystals. Introducing complementary hydrogen‐bonded carboxylic acid building blocks is promising to construct large pore networks, but these molecules often form interpenetrated networks or non‐porous solids. Herein, we introduced heteromeric carboxylic acid dimers to construct a non‐interpenetrated molecular crystal. Crosslinking this crystal precursor with dithiols afforded a large pore single‐crystalline hydrogen‐bonded crosslinked organic framework HCOF‐101. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed HCOF‐101 as an interlayer connected hexagonal network, which possesses flexible linkages and large porous channels to host a hydrazone photoswitch. Multicycle Z/E‐isomerization of the hydrazone took place reversibly within HCOF‐101, showcasing the potential use of HCOF‐101 for optical information storage.
Chalcogenides by Reduction of their Dioxides in Ultra‐Alkaline Media
Authors: Albrecht Ralf , Ruck Michael
Published: August 2021

The reaction of chalcogen dioxides ChO2 (Ch=Se, Te) with As2O3 in a 30 molar KOH hydroflux at about 200 °C yielded crystals of potassium trichalcogenides K2Ch3 with dimensions up to 2 cm. Arsenic trioxide acts as electron donor and is oxidized to arsenate(V). The new heterochalcogenide anion (TeSe2)2− formed when starting from SeO2 and TeO2 simultaneously. The compound K2TeSe2 crystallizes isostructural to K2S3 and K2Se3. The unexpected redox reaction as well as the precipitation of hygroscopic compounds from an aqueous solution are attributed to a strongly reduced activity of water. The reactions were studied by Raman and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Depending on the concentration of As2O3, colorless monochalcogenide Ch2− or orange Se22− and purple Te22− anions are dominating the solutions.
Various Stacking Patterns of Two‐Dimensional Molecular Assemblies in Hydrogen‐Bonded Cocrystals: Insight into Competitive Intermolecular Interactions and Control of Stacking Patterns
Authors: Donoshita Masaki , Yoshida Yukihiro , Hayashi Mikihiro , Ikeda Ryuichi , Tanaka Susumu , Yamamura Yasuhisa , Saito Kazuya , Kawaguchi Shogo , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Kitagawa Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

Control over the stacking patterns in 2D molecular assemblies is demonstrated using chemical modification. A target system is a hydrogen‐bonded cocrystal (2:1) composed of 2‐pyrrolidone (Py) and chloranilic acid (CA) (PyCA). X‐ray crystallography showed that weak intersheet interactions give rise to a variety of metastable overlapping patterns comprised of the 2D assemblies mainly formed via hydrogen bonds, affording reversible and irreversible structural phase transitions. We prepared cocrystals of Py and anilic acids bearing different halogens, in which 2D assemblies isostructural with those observed in PyCA exhibit various overlapping patterns. The order of stability for each overlapping pattern estimated using calculations of the intermolecular interactions did not completely coincide with those indicated by our experimental results, which can be explained by considering the entropic effect: the molecular motion of Py as detected using nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy.
Bending for Better: Flexible Organic Single Crystals with Controllable Curvature and Curvature‐Related Conductivity for Customized Electronic Devices
Authors: Chen Yifu , Chang Zewei , Zhang Jiaxing , Gong Junbo
Published: August 2021

Electronic microdevices of self‐bending coronene crystals are developed to reveal an unexplored link between mechanical deformation and crystal function. First, a facile approach towards length/width/curvature‐controllable micro‐crystals through bottom‐up solution crystallization was proposed for high processability and stability. The bending crystal devices show a significant increase beyond seven orders of magnitude in conductivity than the straight ones, providing the first example of deformation‐induced function enhancement in crystal materials. Besides, double effects caused by bending, including the change of π electron level as well as the enhancement of carrier mobility, were determined, respectively by the X‐ray photoelectric spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography to coexist, contributing to the conductivity improvement. Our findings will promote future creation of flexible organic crystal systems with deformation‐enhanced functional features towards customized smart devices.
Crystal Structure Classification of Copper‐Based Sulfides as a Tool for the Design of Inorganic Functional Materials
Authors: Lemoine Pierric , Guélou Gabin , Raveau Bernard , Guilmeau Emmanuel
Published: August 2021

Research focusing on the interplay between structural features and transport properties of inorganic materials is of paramount importance for the identification, comprehension, and optimisation of functional materials. In this respect, Earth‐abundant copper sulfides have been receiving considerable attention from scientists as the urgency remains to discover and improve the efficiency of sustainable materials for energy applications. This proposed classification of copper sulfides, associated with p‐ and/or d‐block elements, is based on their crystallographic features and an analysis of their transport properties. It provides guidelines to help estimate some properties of new materials (type of main charge carriers, thermal conductivity, transport mechanisms, etc.) from consideration of only their chemical composition and crystal structure. The classification relies primarily on recent studies in the fields of thermoelectricity and photovoltaics as well as on crystal‐structure investigations.
Epitaxially Grown Heterostructured SrMn3O6−x‐SrMnO3 with High‐Valence Mn3+/4+ for Improved Oxygen Reduction Catalysis
Authors: Chen Cheng , Wang Xiao‐Tong , Zhong Jia‐Huan , Liu Jinlong , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: August 2021

Heterostructured catalysts show outstanding performance in electrochemical reactions owing to their beneficial interfacial properties. However, the rational design of heterostructured catalysts with the desired interfacial properties and charge‐transfer characteristics is challenging. Herein, we developed a SrMn3O6−x‐SrMnO3 (SMOx‐SMO) heterostructure through epitaxial growth, which demonstrated excellent electrocatalyst performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The formation of high‐valence Mn3+/4+ is beneficial for promoting a positive shift in the position of the d‐band center, thereby optimizing the adsorption and desorption of ORR intermediates on the heterojunction surface and resulting in improved catalytic activity. When SMOx‐SMO was applied as an air‐electrode catalyst in a rechargeable zinc‐air battery, a high output voltage and power density was achieved, with performance comparable to a battery prepared with Pt/C‐IrO2 air‐electrode catalysts, albeit with much better cycling stability.
Photothermal‐Assisted Triphase Photocatalysis Over a Multifunctional Bilayer Paper
Authors: Huang Huining , Shi Run , Zhang Xuerui , Zhao Jiaqing , Su Chenliang , Zhang Tierui
Published: August 2021

Photocatalysis as one of the future environment technologies has been investigated for decades. Despite great efforts in catalyst engineering, the widely used powder dispersion and photoelectrode systems are still restricted by sluggish interfacial mass transfer and chemical processes. Here we develop a scalable bilayer paper from commercialized TiO2 and carbon nanomaterials, self‐supported at gas‐liquid‐solid interfaces for photothermal‐assisted triphase photocatalysis. The photogeneration of reactive oxygen species can be facilitated through fast oxygen diffusion over triphase interfaces, while the interfacial photothermal effect promotes the following free radical reaction for advanced oxidation of phenol. Under full spectrum irradiation, the triphase system shows 13 times higher reaction rate than diphase controlled system, achieving 88.4 % mineralization of high concentration phenol within 90 min full spectrum irradiation. The bilayer paper also exhibits high stability over 40 times cycling experiments and sunlight driven feasibility, showing potentials for large scale photocatalytic applications by being further integrated into a triphase flow reactor.
Fragment‐type 4‐azolylcoumarin derivatives with anticancer properties
Authors: Simic Milena , Petkovic Milos , Jovanovic Predrag , Jovanovic Milos , Tasic Gordana , Besu Irina , Zizak Zeljko , Aleksic Ivana , Nikodinovic‐Runic Jasmina , Savic Vladimir
Published: August 2021

Several coumarin derivatives with a directly attached azole substituent at C‐4 were synthesized and biologically studied for their anticancer properties. The cell lines used for this investigation (HeLa, K‐562, MDA‐MB‐53, and MCF‐7) demonstrated different sensitivities. The best response in the MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) assay was shown by K‐562 cells, with compounds displaying activity (3c, IC50 3.06 μM; 4a, IC50 5.24 μM; 4c, IC50 4.7 μM) similar to that of cisplatin (IC50 ~6 μM), which was used as the standard. The studied azole‐substituted coumarins demonstrated weaker activity toward other cell lines, except for compound 4c, which was equally potent in the case of MCF‐7 cells. Additional biological evaluations supported interference with the cell cycle as a potential mechanism of action and confirmed the absence of toxicity in zebrafish embryos. On the basis of these initial results, 4‐azole coumarins should be explored further. Although their activity would need additional optimization, the fact that these compounds are fragment‐like structures with MW <300 and clog P <3 offers enough flexibility to fine‐tune their drug‐like properties.
Cu Doping‐Induced Transformation from [Ag62S12(SBut)32]2+ to [Ag62−xCuxS12(SBut)32]4+ Nanocluster
Authors: Zhou Jun , Yang Sha , Tan Yesen , Cheng Huaisheng , Chai Jinsong , Zhu Manzhou
Published: August 2021

The change in the valence state of nanocluster can induce remarkable changes in the properties and structure. However, achieving the valence state changes in nanoclusters is still a challenge. In this work, we use Cu2+ as dopant to “oxidize” [Ag62S12(SBut)32]2+ (4 free electrons) to obtain the new nanocluster: [Ag62−xCuxS12(SBut)32]4+ with 2 free electrons. As revealed by its structure, the [Ag62−xCuxS12(SBut)32]4+ (x=10∼21) has a similar structure to that of [Ag62S12(SBut)32]2+ precursor and all the Cu atoms occupy the surface site of nanocluster. It′s worth noting that with the Cu atoms doping, the [Ag62−xCuxS12(SBut)32]4+ nanocluster is more stable than [Ag62S12(SBut)32]2+ at higher temperature and in electrochemical cycle. This result has laid a foundation for the subsequent application and exploration. Overall, this work reveals crystals structure of a new Ag−Cu nanocluster and offers a new insight into the electron reduction/oxidation of nanocluster.
Refined pancreatobiliary UroVysion criteria and an approach for further optimization
Authors: Mettman Daniel , Saeed Azhar , Shold Janna , Laury Raquele , Ly Andrew , Khan Irfan , Golem Shivani , Olyaee Mojtaba , O'Neil Maura
Published: August 2021

Pancreatobiliary strictures are a common source of false negatives for malignancy detection. UroVysion is more sensitive than any other method but remains underutilized because of conflicting sensitivities and specificities due to a lack of standardized cutoff criteria and confusion in interpreting results in the context of primary sclerosing cholangitis. We set out to determine the sensitivities and specificities of UroVysion, brushing cytology, forceps biopsies, and fine needle aspiration (FNAs) for pancreatobiliary stricture malignancy detection. A retrospective review was performed of all biopsied pancreatobiliary strictures at our institution over 5 years. UroVysion was unquestionably the most sensitive method and all methods were highly specific. Sensitivity was highest while maintaining specificity when a malignant interpretation was limited to cases with 5+ cells with the same polysomic signal pattern and/or loss of one or both 9p21 signals. Only UroVysion detected the metastases and a neuroendocrine tumor. In reviewing and analyzing the signal patterns, we noticed trends according to location and diagnosis. Herein we describe our method for analyzing signal patterns and propose cutoff criteria based upon observations gleaned from such analysis.
EGFR‐mutated stage IV non‐small cell lung cancer: What is the role of radiotherapy combined with TKI?
Authors: Liu Bailong , Liu Hui , Ma Yunfei , Ding Qiuhui , Zhang Min , Liu Xinliang , Liu Min
Published: August 2021

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related death globally and poses a considerable threat to public health. Asia has the highest prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the reasonable response and prolonged survival associated with EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy, the acquisition of resistance to TKIs remains a major challenge. Additionally, patients with EGFR mutations are at a substantially higher risk of brain metastasis compared with those harboring wild‐type EGFR. The role of radiotherapy (RT) in EGFR‐mutated (EGFRm) stage IV NSCLC requires clarification, especially with the advent of next‐generation TKIs, which are more potent and exhibit greater central nervous system activity. In particular, the feasible application of RT, including the timing, site, dose, fraction, and combination with TKI, merits further investigation. This review focuses on these key issues, and provides a flow diagram with proposed treatment options for metastatic EGFRm NSCLC, aiming to provide guidance for clinical practice.
Biosynthesis of the Fungal Organophosphonate Fosfonochlorin Involves an Iron(II) and 2‐(Oxo)glutarate Dependent Oxacyclase
Authors: Gama Simanga R. , Stankovic Toda , Hupp Kendall , Al Hejami Ahmed , McClean Mimi , Evans Alysa , Beauchemin Diane , Hammerschmidt Friedrich , Pallitsch Katharina , Zechel David L.
Published: August 2021

The fungal metabolite Fosfonochlorin features a chloroacetyl moiety that is unusual within known phosphonate natural product biochemistry. Putative biosynthetic genes encoding Fosfonochlorin in Fusarium and Talaromyces spp. were investigated through reactions of encoded enzymes with synthetic substrates and isotope labelling studies. We show that the early biosynthetic steps for Fosfonochlorin involve the reduction of phosphonoacetaldehyde to form 2‐hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, followed by oxidative intramolecular cyclization of the resulting alcohol to form (S)‐epoxyethylphosphonic acid. The latter reaction is catalyzed by FfnD, a rare example of a non‐heme iron/2‐(oxo)glutarate dependent oxacyclase. In contrast, FfnD behaves as a more typical oxygenase with ethylphosphonic acid, producing (S)‐1‐hydroxyethylphosphonic acid. FfnD thus represents a new example of a ferryl generating enzyme that can suppress the typical oxygen rebound reaction that follows abstraction of a substrate hydrogen by a ferryl oxygen, thereby directing the substrate radical towards a fate other than hydroxylation.
Tetramethylpyrazine induces the release of BDNF from BM‐MSCs through activation of the PI3K/AKT/CREB pathway
Authors: Chen Bo , An Jing , Guo Yun‐Shan , Tang Juan , Zhao Jing‐Jing , Zhang Rui , Yang Hao
Published: August 2021

Compelling evidences suggest that transplantation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSCs) can be therapeutically effective for central nervous system (CNS) injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. The therapeutic effect of BM‐MSCs mainly attributes to their differentiation into neuron‐like cells which replace injured and degenerative neurons. Importantly, the neurotrophic factors released from BM‐MSCs can also rescue injured and degenerative neurons, which plays a biologically pivotal role in enhancing neuroregeneration and neurological functional recovery. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the main bioactive ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Chuanxiong, has been reported to promote the neuronal differentiation of BM‐MSCs. This study aimed to investigate whether TMP regulates the release of neurotrophic factors from BM‐MSCs. We examined the effect of TMP on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) released from BM‐MSCs and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results demonstrated that TMP at concentrations of lower than 200 μM increased the release of BDNF in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the effect of TMP on increasing the release of BDNF from BM‐MSCs was blocked by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/cAMP‐response element binding protein (CREB) pathway. Therefore, we concluded that TMP could induce the release of BDNF from BM‐MSCs through activation of the PI3K/AKT/CREB pathway, leading to the formation of neuroprotective and proneurogenic microenvironment. These findings suggest that TMP possesses novel therapeutic potential to promote neuroprotection and neurogenesis through improving the neurotrophic ability of BM‐MSCs, which provides a promising nutritional prevention and treatment strategy for CNS injuries and neurodegenerative diseases via the transplantation of TMP‐treated BM‐MSCs.
Cultured human skeletal muscle satellite cells exhibit characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and play anti‐inflammatory roles through prostaglandin E2 and hepatocyte growth factors
Authors: Kim Seongyup , Jung Pil Young , Lee Jin Suk , Hwang Soonjae , Sohn Joon Hyung , Yoon Yongdae , Bae Keum Seok , Eom Young Woo
Published: August 2021

Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SkMSCs) play crucial roles in muscle fiber maintenance, repair, and remodeling; however, it remains unknown if these properties are preserved in cultured SkMSCs. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of cultured SkMSCs and their ability to regulate the activity of M1 macrophages. SkMSCs grew well with an average population doubling time of 26.26 ± 6.85 h during 10 passages (P). At P5, Pax7, MyoD, cluster of differentiation (CD)34, and CD56 were not expressed in SkMSCs, but the MSC markers CD73, CD105, and CD90 were expressed and the cells were differentiated into adipocytes and osteoblasts. When SkMSCs were cocultured with macrophages, interleukin (IL)‐1β secretion was decreased, prostaglandin (PG)E2 was produced in coculture, and cyclooxygenase‐2 protein was induced in an SkMSC‐dependent manner. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was highly secreted by monocultured SkMSCs; interferon‐γ and lipopolysaccharide reduced its expression level. However, HGF expression recovered when SkMSCs and macrophages were cocultured. Although exogenous PGE2 upregulated macrophage pro‐IL‐1β expression, it suppressed the secretion of cleaved IL‐1β. In contrast, HGF decreased active IL‐1β secretion without affecting pro‐IL‐1β expression. Co‐treatment of macrophages with HGF and PGE2 reduced pro‐IL‐1β expression level and active IL‐1β secretion. Our results suggest that SkMSCs lose their satellite cell properties during serial passaging but acquire mesenchymal stem cell properties including the ability to exert an anti‐inflammatory response for macrophages through PGE2 and HGF.
Revealing the Effect of Nickel Nanoparticles for Li Plating and Stripping Processes on Ni−Nx Doped Hollow Carbon Sphere
Authors: Liu Ting , Huang Ying , Zhou Shengqi , Wang Runtong , Lei Jie , Xu Pan , Yuan Ruming , Dong Quanfeng , Chen Jiajia
Published: August 2021

In this work, the effects of the coexistence of Ni−Nx sites and Ni metal nanoparticles of Ni−N−C (nickel‐nitrogen‐carbon) materials on the thermodynamic Li nucleation overpotential (η) and kinetic exchange current density (j0) are systematically studied. Ni‐Nx sites guarantee reduced nucleation resistance on the hollow carbon sphere (HCS) host, while the low amount residual of Ni nanoparticles plays an adverse role. The Li nucleation overpotential was down to 10.6 mV and the exchange current density increased from 1.139 to 2.325 mA cm−2 when the residual Ni nanoparticles in the prepared Ni−N−C composite were removed. As a result, pure Ni‐Nx sites displayed an average CE of 98.4 % over 300 cycles and a stable Li plating/stripping behavior for over 800 h.
A Chiral Molecular Cage Comprising Diethynylallenes and N‐Heterotriangulenes for Enantioselective Recognition
Authors: Míguez‐Lago Sandra , Gliemann Bettina D. , Kivala Milan , Cid María Magdalena
Published: August 2021

Chirality, a characteristic tool of molecular recognition in nature, is often a complement of redox active systems. Scientists, in their eagerness to mimic such sophistication, have designed numerous chiral systems based on molecular entities with cavities, such as macrocycles and cages. In an attempt to combine chirality and redox‐active species, in this contribution we report the synthesis and detailed characterization of a chiral shape‐persistent molecular cage based on the combination of enantiopure diethynylallenes and electron‐rich bridged triarylamines, also known as N‐heterotriangulenes. Its ability for chiral recognition in solution was revealed through UV/vis titrations with enantiopure helicenes.