bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation between a hierarchical set of recruitment sites targets the X chromosome for dosage compensation
Authors: Albritton Sarah Elizabeth , Kranz Anna-Lena , Winterkorn Lara Heermans , Street Lena Annika , Ercan Sevinc
Published: May 2017

In many organisms, it remains unclear how X chromosomes are specified for dosage compensation, since DNA sequence motifs shown to be important for dosage compensation complex (DCC) recruitment are themselves not X-specific. Here, we addressed this problem in C. elegans. We found that the DCC recruiter, SDC-2, is required to maintain open chromatin at a small number of primary DCC recruitment sites, whose sequence and genomic context are X-specific. Along the X, primary recruitment sites are interspersed with secondary sites, whose function is X-dependent. A secondary site can ectopically recruit the DCC when additional recruitment sites are inserted either in tandem or at a distance (>30 kb). Deletion of a recruitment site on the X results in reduced DCC binding across several megabases surrounded by topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries. Our work elucidates that hierarchy and long-distance cooperativity between gene-regulatory elements target a single chromosome for regulation.
HIF-1α is required for disturbed flow-induced metabolic reprogramming in human and porcine vascular endothelium
Authors: Wu David , Huang Ru-Ting , Hamanaka Robert B , Krause Matt , Oh Myung-Jin , Kuo Cheng-Hsiang , Nigdelioglu Recep , Meliton Angelo Y , Witt Leah , Dai Guohao , Civelek Mete , Prabhakar Nanduri R , Fang Yun , Mutlu Gökhan M
Published: May 2017

Hemodynamic forces regulate vascular functions. Disturbed flow (DF) occurs in arterial bifurcations and curvatures, activates endothelial cells (ECs), and results in vascular inflammation and ultimately atherosclerosis. However, how DF alters EC metabolism, and whether resulting metabolic changes induce EC activation, is unknown. Using transcriptomics and bioenergetic analysis, we discovered that DF induces glycolysis and reduces mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human aortic ECs. DF-induced metabolic reprogramming required hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), downstream of NAD(P)H oxidase-4 (NOX4)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). HIF-1α increased glycolytic enzymes and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK-1), which reduces mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Swine aortic arch endothelia exhibited elevated ROS, NOX4, HIF-1α, and glycolytic enzyme and PDK1 expression, suggesting that DF leads to metabolic reprogramming in vivo. Inhibition of glycolysis reduced inflammation suggesting a causal relationship between flow-induced metabolic changes and EC activation. These findings highlight a previously uncharacterized role for flow-induced metabolic reprogramming and inflammation in ECs.
The force-sensing peptide VemP employs extreme compaction and secondary structure formation to induce ribosomal stalling
Authors: Su Ting , Cheng Jingdong , Sohmen Daniel , Hedman Rickard , Berninghausen Otto , von Heijne Gunnar , Wilson Daniel N , Beckmann Roland
Published: May 2017

Interaction between the nascent polypeptide chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel can modulate the rate of translation and induce translational arrest to regulate expression of downstream genes. The ribosomal tunnel also provides a protected environment for initial protein folding events. Here, we present a 2.9 Å cryo-electron microscopy structure of a ribosome stalled during translation of the extremely compacted VemP nascent chain. The nascent chain forms two α-helices connected by an α-turn and a loop, enabling a total of 37 amino acids to be observed within the first 50–55 Å of the exit tunnel. The structure reveals how α-helix formation directly within the peptidyltransferase center of the ribosome interferes with aminoacyl-tRNA accommodation, suggesting that during canonical translation, a major role of the exit tunnel is to prevent excessive secondary structure formation that can interfere with the peptidyltransferase activity of the ribosome.
How a brain keeps its cool
Authors: Yadlapalli Swathi , Shafer Orie T
Published: May 2017

Temperature-sensing neurons in the Drosophila brain cooperate with the central circadian clock to help regulate body temperature.
Osteopathic Medical Students Entering Family Medicine and Attitudes Regarding Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Preliminary Findings of Differences by Sex
Authors: Baker Helen H. , Linsenmeyer Machelle , Ridpath Lance C. , Bauer Laurie J. , Foster Robert W.
Published: May 2017

Context

Factors distinguishing osteopathic physicians from their allopathic counterparts include the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), application of osteopathic principles and practice (OPP), and a greater likelihood of entering primary care, specifically family medicine (FM). In the United States, the percentage of entering osteopathic medical students who were female rose from 14.3% in fall 1977 to 44.3% in fall 2015.

Objectives

To investigate the perspectives of female osteopathic medical students as they relate to osteopathic distinctiveness.

Methods

Students at the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine who were eligible to participate in graduation exercises in 2014 or 2015 were asked to complete the school's standard Exit Survey. The research team chose 5 items from the survey to include in the current analysis. Sex had been self-identified at admission, and residency in first postgraduate year was categorized as FM or other specialty. Graduates entering a transitional year or traditional internship were removed from analysis.

Results

Analysis was conducted for 308 of the 375 students (82%) expected to graduate in 2014 or 2015. χ2 analysis found no difference by sex in the number of graduates entering FM residencies vs other specialties (P=.727). Statistically significant differences were found in 2 survey items: “Use of OMT will enhance my practice” (P=.005) and “What emphasis do you believe OMT will have in your practice?” (P<.001). Graduating female students responded more favorably to OMT on both items. For the latter item, 91.4% of female and 80.3% of male students indicated OMT would have at least some role in their practices. Sex differences remained after statistically controlling for entry into FM.

Conclusion

Female graduating osteopathic medical students were more likely to report that OMT will have at least some role in their practices. Future studies of the attitudes and practice patterns of osteopathic physicians should analyze for differences by sex.
Interferencias morfosintácticas del finés en las producciones en español de escolares bilingües
Authors: Anso Ros Judith
Published: May 2017

En este artículo se analizan las principales interferencias morfosintácticas del finés en las producciones en español de escolares de dos tipos de enseñanza bilingüe: la escuela bilingüe y los cursos de mantenimiento de la lengua materna. La recolección de datos se efectuó en dos periodos distintos, separados por un tiempo de dos años.Los alumnos bilingües de primaria tienen una gran influencia de la lengua dominante, el finés, que se plasma en sus producciones lingüísticas, tanto orales como escritas. El análisis muestra que las principales interferencias morfosintácticas se centran en cuatro tipos distintos: discordancia en género, uso erróneo de preposiciones, uso erróneo de algunos verbos y del tiempo verbal y omisión de artículos. Los resultados muestran como el número de interferencias desciende a través del tiempo, quedando patente la relación inversamente proporcional entre el número de interferencias y competencia, evidenciando una adquisición incompleta de su lengua minoritaria.
A binary approach to Spanish tense and aspect: on the tense battle about the past
Authors: Gonzalez Paz , Verkuyl Henk
Published: May 2017

The present paper aims at accounting for the Spanish Imperfecto, Perfecto, Pluscuamperfecto and the Indefinido by applying three binary tense oppositions: Present vs Past, Synchronous vs Posterior and Imperfect(ive) vs Perfect(ive). For the sixteen Spanish tense forms under analysis a binary approach leads to covering twelve of them. Their relation with the preterital forms outside the range of the three oppositions is accounted for by two surgical operations: (a) the notion of Imperfect(ive) is severed from the notion of ongoing progress by restricting it to underinformation about completion and by seeing continuous tense forms as involving a more complex semantics; (b) the notion of (non-)stative is strictly severed from interference of information coming from the arguments of a verb. These theoretical moves make the way free for a formal-semantic insight into the interaction of Spanish tense and aspect. It also paves the way for a principled distinction between completion and anteriority. Restricted to tense forms pertaining to the past, our analysis sheds light on the struggle for survival of tense forms outside the binary system.
Give me a break: Laughing with colleagues guards against ego depletion
Authors: Scheel Tabea E , Putz Daniel , Kurzawa Christopher
Published: May 2017

Job demands, like time pressure, consume employees’ limited resources, which need to be restored through recovery in order to maintain psychological well-being and work performance. Employees in high-strain jobs need to replenish their emotional resources throughout the work day. This can take place during breaks if employees are able to psychologically detach from the work demands. Given the stress-relieving functions of humour, we hypothesised that affiliative humour during breaks would attenuate affective impairments related to time pressure and would decrease negative emotional spillover from breaks to subsequent work. We conducted moderated mediation analyses with bootstrapping based on a cross-sectional sample of 170 employees working at four retail stores. Time pressure was positively related to affective irritation, which in turn was related to more spillover of negative (and less spillover of positive) mood from breaks to work. Laughing with colleagues during breaks moderated the link between time pressure and affective irritation, such that this relation became nonsignificant when the frequency of joint laughter during breaks increased. Hence, pleasurable social break activities appear to be important for within-workday recovery. Employers should encourage their employees to take their breaks consistently and to socialise with likable colleagues, especially during periods of high work load.
Humour, food and fashion: The use of humour and food in fashion shows
Authors: Sover Arie , Ben-Meir Orna
Published: May 2017

This article is the first study that researches the combination of three components: humour, food and fashion. It is based on an analysis of three unique fashion shows whose designer is the American Jeremy Scott; two under his brand, and the third as an art director for the Italian brand Moschino. The three shows connect these three components, while presenting the culmination of a food-humour theme in contemporary fashion, which had started with Moschino’s brand founder, Franco Moschino, in the nineties. Combining food and fashion is relevant in contemporary culture as it compares consumption of fast food to that of fast fashion. The link between laughter and food is ancient. A few days after birth, there are buds of a smile on a baby’s face, expressing its satisfaction with food. Smiles and even laughter often occur throughout a person’s life in the context of delicious food. The uniqueness of the above-mentioned fashion shows is not humour in itself, but rather its combination with food and fashion, the two seemingly different. The combination of these three components creates a cognitive challenge for the fashion spectators. We thus argue that this threesome constitutes an important, creative breakthrough in fashion. One of humour’s important functions is to challenge social, cultural and aesthetic norms. As thus it has been infiltrated into fashion shows since the 1980s, as a norm-breaker, but also as a marketing strategy. This article discusses the cultural function of food and humour in fashion shows, from a cultural semiotic methodology.
Economia Criativa e Inovação: Pequenas empresas em Porto Alegre
Authors: Ruduit Garcia Sandro
Published: May 2017

O artigo empenha-se em indagar: Como ocorre o processo de crescimento de “pequenas empresas criativas”? A proposta é analisar as estratégias produtivas e tecnológicas desse tipo de empresa e suas implicações nas chances de geração de inovações econômicas.

Com base em entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores de 15 pequenas empresas ligadas a setores da economia criativa na cidade de Porto Alegre, podem-se delinear dois tipos de trajetórias no processo de crescimento: a criação de inovações incrementais e a imitação de inovações. Os empreendedores criativos parecem constituir seus negócios desde a identificação de novos espaços de mercado para produtos criativos, na cidade, no país e mesmo no exterior.
Espaço empreendedor e empreendedores da cultura: notas sobre a transformação urbana da Zona Portuária do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Domingues João , Albinati Mariana
Published: May 2017

O artigo reflete sobre a relação entre empreendedorismo e cultura, tendo a cidade como lócus de discussão. O objetivo geral é perceber correlações entre a forma contemporânea de gestão urbana e as transformações do mundo do trabalho, onde a noção de empreendedorismo se mostra um valor central. O artigo procura analisar como o novo modelo de administração da cidade estimula valores empreendedores como essenciais à vida individual, encontrando no campo cultural ampla difusão na noção de “economia criativa” e “cidade criativa”. Deste patamar, acredita-se que a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em especial sua Zona Portuária, seja um caso por excelência de como a reorganização capitalista do espaço promove uma série de políticas com imbricações entre o campo cultural e os valores empreendedores.
Pleistocene slip rates on the Boconó fault along the North Andean Block plate boundary, Venezuela
Authors: Pousse‐Beltran Lea , Vassallo Riccardo , Audemard Franck , Jouanne François , Carcaillet Julien , Pathier Erwan , Volat Matthieu
Published: May 2017

The Boconó fault is a strike‐slip fault lying between the North Andean Block and the South American plate which has triggered at least fiveMw > 7 historical earthquakes in Venezuela. The North Andean Block is currently moving toward NNE with respect to a stable South American plate. This relative displacement at ~12 mm yr−1in Venezuela (within the Maracaibo Block) was measured by geodesy, but until now the distribution and rates of Quaternary deformation have remained partially unclear. We used two alluvial fans offset by the Boconó fault (Yaracuy Valley) to quantify slip rates, by combining10Be cosmogenic dating with measurements of tectonic displacements on high‐resolution satellite images (Pleiades). Based upon a fan dated at >79 ka and offset by 1350–1580 m and a second fan dated at 120–273 ka and offset by 1236–1500 m, we obtained two Pleistocene rates of 5.0–11.2 and <20.0 mm yr−1, consistent with the regional geodesy. This indicates that the Boconó fault in the Yaracuy Valley accommodates 40 to 100% of the deformation between the South American plate and the Maracaibo Block. As no aseismic deformation was shown by interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis, we assume that the fault is locked since the 1812 event. This implies that there is a slip deficit in the Yaracuy Valley since the last earthquake ranging from ~1 to 4 m, corresponding to aMw7–7.6 earthquake. This magnitude is comparable to the 1812 earthquake and to other historical events along the Boconó fault.
A kinetic model to explain the grain size and organic matter content dependence of magnetic susceptibility in transitional marine environments: A case study in Ria de Muros (NWIberia)
Authors: Mohamed Kais J. , Andrade Alba , Rey Daniel , Rubio Belén , Bernabeu Ana María
Published: May 2017

Magnetic minerals in marine sediments are sensitive indicators of processes such as provenance changes, climatic controls, pollution, and postdepositional geochemical changes. Magnetic susceptibility is the bulk property of the sediments most commonly used to understand the magnetic characteristics of sediments. Before conclusions can be drawn from changes in this parameter, it is important to understand what factors and to what extent control changes in magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of surficial sediments in the Galician Rias Baixas, in NW Spain, has been shown to covary with sediment texture and organic matter content. Downcore, the magnetic properties of these sediments experience drastic changes as a result of strong dissolution caused by early diagenesis. In this paper, we further explore the relationship between these factors and formalize the observed covariations as the result of a simple second‐order kinetic model dependent on the content of organic matter in surficial sediments in the Ria de Muros. The reanalysis of previously reported data from the Rias de Vigo and Pontevedra confirmed the validity of this model and suggested further controls such as wave climate and water depth in the rates at which magnetic susceptibility changes are controlled by organic matter content.
The onset of modern‐like Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at the Eocene‐Oligocene transition: Evidence, causes, and possible implications for global cooling
Authors: Abelson Meir , Erez Jonathan
Published: May 2017

A compilation of benthic δ18O from the whole Atlantic and the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector) shows two major jumps in the interbasinal gradient of δ18O (Δδ18O) during the Eocene and the Oligocene: one at ∼40 Ma and the second concomitant with the isotopic event of the Eocene‐Oligocene transition (EOT), ∼33.7 Ma ago. From previously published circulation models and proxies, we show that the first Δδ18O jump reflects the thermal isolation of Antarctica associated with the proto‐Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC). The second marks the onset of interhemispheric northern‐sourced circulation cell, similar to the modern Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The onset of AMOC‐like circulation slightly preceded (100–300 kyr) the EOT, as we show by the high‐resolution profiles of δ18O and δ13C previously published from DSDP/ODP sites in the Southern Ocean and South Atlantic. These events coincide with the onset of antiestuarine circulation between the Nordic seas and the North Atlantic which started around the EOT and may be connected to the deepening of the Greenland‐Scotland Ridge. We suggest that while the shallow proto‐ACC supplied the energy for deep ocean convection in the Southern Hemisphere, the onset of the interhemispheric northern circulation cell was due to the significant EOT intensification of deepwater formation in the North Atlantic driven by the Nordic antiestuarine circulation. This onset of the interhemispheric northern‐sourced circulation cell could have prompted the EOT global cooling.
Bed failure induced by internal solitary waves
Authors: Rivera‐Rosario Gustavo A. , Diamessis Peter J. , Jenkins James T.
Published: May 2017

The pressure field inside a porous bed induced by the passage of an Internal Solitary Wave (ISW) of depression is examined using high‐accuracy numerical simulations. The velocity and density fields are obtained by solving the Dubreil‐Jacotin‐Long Equation, for a two‐layer, continuously stratified water column. The total wave‐induced pressure across the surface of the bed is computed by vertically integrating for the hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic contributions. The bed is assumed to be a continuum composed of either sand or silt, with a small amount of trapped gas. Results show variations in pore‐water pressure penetrating deeper into more conductive materials and remaining for a prolonged period after the wave has passed. In order to quantify the potential for failure, the vertical pressure gradient is compared against the buoyant weight of the bed. The pressure gradient exceeds this weight for weakly conductive materials. Failure is further enhanced by a decrease in bed saturation, consistent with studies in surface‐wave induced failure. In deeper water, the ISW‐induced pressure is stronger, causing failure only for weakly conductive materials. The pressure associated with the free‐surface displacement that accompanies ISWs is significant, when the water depth is less than 100 m, but has little influence when it is greater than 100 m, where the hydrostatic pressure due to the pycnocline displacement is much larger. Since the pore‐pressure gradient reduces the specific weight of the bed, results show that particles are easier for the flow to suspend, suggesting that pressure contributes to the powerful resuspension events observed in the field.
A
llen,
W
illiam
Authors: Navitsky Joseph
Published: May 2017

William Allen (1532–94) was Tudor England's last Roman Catholic cardinal and principal leader of the English Catholic community for most of Elizabeth I's reign. His impressive record of missionary, academic, and diplomatic attainments was achieved in the service of a single lifelong goal: the restoration of Catholicism in his native land. After he began to organize and train Catholic expatriates in the colleges he founded in Douai (in northern France) and Rome, this tireless – and highly controversial – crusade secured Allen access to courts and dignitaries across Europe. During the attempted Spanish invasion in 1588, which he did much to encourage, Allen stood ready to preside over England's reunion with Rome in the double capacity of archbishop of Canterbury and lord chancellor. Although the Armada's ruin suspended the dreams of the Catholic resistance, Allen continued until his death to press European leaders on the fate of his homeland.
A
ndrewes,
L
ancelot
Authors: Smyth Adam
Published: May 2017

Born in Barking, and one of 12 children, Lancelot Andrewes (1555–1626) might well have followed an apprenticeship in trade – but (according to some accounts) his great academic potential was glimpsed by a master of the local charity school who persuaded Andrewes's parents to keep the boy behind a desk. After an academic career marked equally by success and a remarkable diligence (he mastered 15 languages, ancient and modern, and his only recreation was said to be walking), Andrewes rose to become bishop of Winchester in 1618. He was a crucial figure in the seventeenth‐century articulation of Anglicanism's theology and culture, most centrally through his sermons and his role in the production of the Authorized (or King James) Version of the Bible (1611). Posthumously, Andrewes's importance was perhaps even greater – his
Preces privatae (Private prayers
) has been popular from its first publication in 1648 – and many have turned to his life, writings, and career as exemplary expressions of high Anglicanism.
Anonymity
Authors: North Marcy L.
Published: May 2017

Although English Renaissance print culture granted celebrity status to authors such as William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson, many writers still chose the privacy and discretion of anonymity when they published or circulated their literature. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, anonymity was a well‐known authorial practice, a useful printer's convention, and sometimes simply the condition of a text that had lost its author over time or through manuscript transmission. It was less a bibliographical category and more a set of devices, traditions, expectations, and circumstances that framed and introduced a text. Pseudonyms and ambiguous initials as well as missing names functioned to make a text anonymous. Early readers encountered anonymity every day. Anonymity commonly accompanied ephemeral and cheaply printed literature, but it also introduced readers to some of the more influential and innovative writing of the period, including Bishop John Jewel's
Apologie of the Church of England
(whose 1564 edition was translated by ‘A. B.’—Lady Anne Bacon), the incendiary Catholic publication
A true reporte of the death and martyrdome of M. Campion
(1582), the important revenge prototype
The Spanish tragedie
(1592), and Joseph Swetnam's provocative
Araignment of lewd, idle, froward, and unconstant women
(1615), which reinvigorated an ongoing debate about the worth of women. Among the types of authors likely to publish anonymously, one finds new literary authors awaiting favourable public reception, writers of popular plays, news pamphlets, and other genres composed for profit, and certain elite authors who were reluctant to subject their names to the censure of an increasingly ‘common’ readership. Authors of illegal literature and satire adopted disguises, often for reasons of self‐protection, and parodists found anonymity useful, too, in affecting the voice of another writer. Authors of religious texts might publish anonymously as an act of humility, political self‐protection, or both.
A
skew,
A
nne
Authors: Pender Patricia
Published: May 2017

Protestant martyr Anne Askew (c.1521–46) was burnt at the stake as a heretic, leaving behind the unusual first‐person record of her trials at the hands of Henry VIII's officials.
The examinations of Anne Askew
, first published by John Bale in 1546/47, bear eloquent testimony to her unlawful torture, her defence of the right of women to read and interpret the Bible, and her concerted defiance of Catholic doctrine. She was born c.1521 to Sir William Askew or Ayscough (1498–1541) and Elizabeth Wrottesley in Stallingborough, Lincolnshire, a family with Protestant sympathies. After her elder sister Martha died, Anne was married, apparently against her will, to Martha's fiancé, Thomas Kyme. Askew bore him two children, but her open conversion to Protestantism led Kyme to drive her ‘vyolently’ away, possibly at the urging of the priests at Lincoln. In framing Askew's
Examinations
for publication Bale cites 1 Corinthians 7 (‘If a faytfull woman have an unbelevynge husbande, which wyll not tar‐rye with her, she may leave hym’) as the scriptural authority for Askew's separation from her husband, and relates that she sought to divorce him. It is possible that Askew went first to the bishop's court at Lincoln, and failing to win support there, to the Court of Chancery in London to secure her divorce, although no extant evidence appears to exist (Beilin 1996). Askew herself recounts, however, her provocative reading of the Bible in Lincoln Cathedral, a performance that publicly defied the Act for the Advancement of True Religion which prohibited women and men of lesser rank from reading the Bible in English. Askew relates that the Lincoln priests had expressly warned her against her actions, which she maintained, in the face of their disapproval, for six days.
A
very,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Coolahan Marie‐Louise
Published: May 2017

Elizabeth Avery (
fl
. 1614–53), prophet and author, was a radical religious voice and a significant figure in women's prophecy of the mid‐seventeenth century. She believed herself to be an instrument through which God spoke, and her experiential understanding of the ‘last things’ led her to express a realized eschatology that anticipated Quakerism. Feminist critics have addressed her as a woman writer and recent scholarship has focused on her visionary theology and its contemporary contexts.
A
ylmer,
J
ohn
Authors: Ward Allyna E.
Published: May 2017

John Aylmer (1520/21–94) was bishop of London from 1577 until his death. During Elizabeth's reign, this position was one of the most political in the Church of England and one that most historians, with the exception of John Strype (1821), believe that Aylmer was ill suited to. John Aylmer was born at Aylmer Hall in Tilney, Norfolk, younger brother to Sir Robert Aylmer, to whom their family estate was left. Henry Grey, third marquess of Dorset, and father to Lady Jane Grey, recognized a high level of intellectualism in John and helped him through his studies at Cambridge. Aylmer later attended Oxford University where he took a degree in divinity. In his early twenties he was made chaplain to Grey and appointed as tutor to Lady Jane Grey, also holding positions as the rector of Rodney Stoke and Stoke Gilford (1541) and as the vicar of Wellington (1543).
B
ayly,
L
ewis
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: May 2017

Lewis Bayly (c.1575–1631), bishop of Bangor and author of one of the most popular and enduring manuals of Christian piety, enters literary history as an in‐joke. The ‘shee‐puritan’ or ‘Shee‐precise Hypocrite’ caricatured in John Earle's 1627
Micro‐cosmographie wields
as her weapon to cudgel her maids
The practise of pietie
, Bayly's phenomenally successful guide to living the good life. Often expanded and reissued, the text's initial date of publication is unknown.
B
eaumont,
J
ohn
Authors: Teller Joseph R.
Published: May 2017

Sir John Beaumont (c.1584–1627), baronet and brother of the dramatist Francis Beaumont, was a Catholic devotional and court poet whose output includes an Ovidian satire,
The metamorphosis of tabacco
(1602), and a collection of poems titled
Bosworth‐field
(1629), containing verse on English political history, courtly lyrics to King James, King Charles, and royal favourites, Latin verse translations, and devotional poems on the Christian mysteries. Beaumont also composed the longest English poem on Christ's Passion, a 12‐book epic titled
The crowne of thornes
, preserved in only one extant manuscript (British Library, Additional MS 33392). Though Beaumont's modest popularity waned after the seventeenth century, in his own time he was revered by Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton as a poet encouraging Christian devotion and stoic virtue. Beaumont's use of the heroic couplet and his preference for ‘noble subject[s] which the mind may lift’ (‘To his late Majesty, concerning the true forme of English Poetry’) suggests his stylistic affinity with Jonson as well as his anticipation of John Dryden and Alexander Pope. Though there is relatively little scholarship on Beaumont, his biography and literary output embody a rich synthesis of recusant Catholicism and courtly verse during the politically charged early seventeenth century.
B
ible, The
Authors: Hamlin Hannibal
Published: May 2017

The influence of the Bible on English Renaissance literature can hardly be exaggerated. With the proliferation of vernacular Bible translations following the Protestant Reformation, the Bible itself became the best‐known work of literature in England. It is estimated that the total number of Bibles, New Testaments, and selections from the Bible printed in England between 1526 and 1640 was over two million copies. The principal English Bible translations were the Coverdale Bible (1535), Matthew's Bible (1537), the Great Bible (1539), the Geneva Bible (1560), the Bishops' Bible (1568), and the King James Bible or Authorized Version (1611).
B
iddle,
H
ester
Authors: Malson‐Huddle Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

Hester Biddle (1629/30–97), Quaker writer and itinerant preacher, addressed pugnacious pamphlets to those who persecuted religious dissenters, worshipped in the Anglican Church, or refused to help the poor. Raised in Oxford, she grew up in the Anglican Church; no record of her early life survives but the brief account in her writing. She moved to London, where she mourned the burning of the prayer books and the beheading of Charles I so greatly ‘that I was even weary of life … then did the Lord take away my hearing that I was deaf as to all Teachings of Men for a year’ (
The trumpet of the Lord sounded forth unto these three nations
, 1662). After attending Quaker meetings and being inspired by the preaching of Edward Burrough and Francis Howgill, she converted to Quakerism in 1654. With her husband, Thomas Biddle (d. 1682), a cobbler, she had four sons; after his death, charitable funds from a local Quaker meeting helped to support her. Irrepressible in spite of frequent arrests, imprisonments, even beatings, during the fiercest periods of Quaker persecution, she continued publishing provocative pamphlets and composed
The trumpet of the Lord sounded forth unto these three nations
from Newgate prison in 1662. Like her Quaker sisters Katherine Evans, Sarah Cheevers, and Mary Fisher, Biddle travelled as a missionary not only across England, Ireland, and Scotland but also to the Netherlands, Barbados, Egypt, and finally, in her last years, to France. In her last years, she delivered her message of peace to Louis XIV of France. She died of natural causes in London at the age of 67.
Blundeville,Thomas
Authors: Woodcock Matthew
Published: May 2017

The works of Thomas Blundeville (?1522— 1606) represent two of the most popular and frequently reprinted kinds of books to be published during the Elizabethan period: vernacular translations of classical and contemporary European authorities, and practical manuals of instruction (themselves translations from Continental sources). These are also the kinds of works most commonly overlooked by modern critics of English Renaissance literature.
B
oorde,
A
ndrew
Authors: Sullivan Erin
Published: May 2017

Best known for his vernacular medical treatises and travel writings, Andrew Boorde (c.1490–1549) cuts a picaresque figure in English Tudor history. He began his professional life in 1515 as a Carthusian monk at the London Charterhouse, receiving permission in 1529 to travel to the Continent to study medicine. Upon his return he began practising medicine in England, caring for Thomas Howard, third duke of Norfolk, and possibly for Henry VIII. Having already distanced himself from the strict vegetarianism and austere lifestyle of the Carthusian order, he obtained a full release from his monastic vows after Henry VIII's split from Rome. In contrast to many Carthusians, who were well known for their enduring allegiance to the pope, Boorde took the oath of conformity as required under the Act of Succession of 1534. The following year Thomas Cromwell, Henry's chief reforming minister, employed him as a government informant in Continental Europe and later Scotland, where he reported on public feeling concerning the king and his divorce. During this time Boorde continued to pursue his medical studies, and in the late 1530s, with Cromwell's fall from favour, he began writing and publishing handbooks on the maintenance of health. Although in his writings he presented himself as a committed loyalist, he never fully escaped persecution for his Catholic past (Shrank 2000; 2004; Maslen 2003). In 1547 he was imprisoned, allegedly for engaging the services of prostitutes, and he died in prison in 1549.
B
reton,
N
icholas
Authors: Stewart Alan
Published: May 2017

Nicholas Breton (1554/55–after 1626?) was one of the most prolific writers of Elizabethan and Jacobean England, with almost 120 editions of his multifarious works published by the beginning of the Civil Wars, and more surviving in manuscript form (Robertson 1952; Brennan 2004). Breton's father, William, a wealthy London trader, died in 1559; his mother, Elizabeth, quickly remarried one Edward Boyes, and then in November 1561, though still wed to Boyes, married the poet George Gascoigne. This led in September 1562 (according to diarist Henry Machyn) to ‘a great fray in Redcrosse Street’ between Boyes and Gascoigne and their men, in which ‘divers were hurt’. Elizabeth divorced Boyes, remarried Gascoigne (probably in 1566), and she and her two sons sued to recover the Breton lands from Boyes. Nicholas's whereabouts during this period are uncertain, although he has been placed at Oriel College, Oxford in the late 1560s and early 1570s, which would explain why his
The pilgrimage to paradise
(1592) was addressed ‘To the Gentlemen studients and scholars of Oxforde’, and printed there.
Broadside Ballads
Authors: McAbee Kris
Published: May 2017

The broadside ballad was one of the most popular Renaissance genres of cheap print. In a general sense, a ballad is a story set to song. However, the term ‘ballad’ resists singular definition. Ballads intersect with many literary and artistic genres in the Renaissance, lending the term multiple meanings. In fourteenth‐ and fifteenth‐century references to ballads, it can be difficult to distinguish between the notion of a light, simple song and the more formalballade, a verse form consisting of two or three stanzas composed of seven or eight metrically consistent lines. The ballade form entails an envoy, or refrain, from stanza to stanza, yet many light songs that may be recognized as ballads also employ refrains, further blurring the lines between the two ostensibly distinct terms. Similarly, ballads of the Renaissance were frequently songs that accompanied dances, as in theOxford English dictionary'sexample from John Olde's 1594 translation of Erasmus: ‘That can stirre vs, not to wanton dauncynges or folyshe ballettes’. Because of this practice of joining song and dance, by the seventeenth century ballads can be easily conflated with the choreographed dramatic entertainments known as ‘ballets’. What tends to distinguish ballads from the myriad of musical, theatrical, and verse forms with which they intersect, is the perception of the genre as popular (as opposed to purely elite), if not downright frivolous. However, to think of ballads as merely ‘low’ culture would be to misread their tremendous reach across not only generic boundaries but social ones as well.
B
rome,
A
lexander
Authors: Paleit Edward
Published: May 2017

Alexander Brome (1620–66) was a Royalist poet active mainly during the 1640s and 1650s. The majority of his verse circulated in manuscript or appeared in front of other Royalist publications until
Songs and other poems
(1661) collected most of it. He wrote one comedy,
The cunning lovers
(1654), and also saw
Five new playes
(1653) by Richard Brome (no relation) through the press in 1653. After the Restoration he supervised a multi‐authored translation,
The poems of Horace
(1666), to which he also contributed. He was the brother of Henry Brome, the printer‐publisher. Brome's poetry associates him with several Royalist literary coteries of the period, including Thomas Stanley's circle. It concentrates on the conventional themes of Royalist poetry, especially in defeat – wine, love, friendship, the happy life – alongside some frank, vigorous satires, and distinctively couples verbal and imaginative plainness with metrical diversity.
B
unyan,
J
ohn
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: May 2017

One of the most important writers of religious literature of the later seventeenth century, John Bunyan (1628–88) is famously the author of
The pilgrim's progress
: a book long considered second only to the Bible in terms of worldwide circulation, having been translated into most languages since first publication in 1678. Bunyan's 58 published works, including several volumes of poetry, remain an outstanding collection of late seventeenth‐century writings, his prose being notably rich in the use of metaphor and similitude characteristic of nonconformist scriptural style. These writings also tell us a great deal about the experiences and convictions of nonconformists who suffered persecution following the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. As a result, Bunyan holds a prominent place in the literature and the history of England from the late 1650s to the close of the 1680s, while his imaginative allegories, especially
The pilgrim's progress
, would influence generations of writers, particularly in England and America, from the end of the seventeenth century onwards.
C
artwright,
W
illiam
Authors: Williams Deanne
Published: May 2017

William Cartwright (1611–43) was a poet, playwright, and clergyman. Widely celebrated as a poet, dramatist, and orator, Cartwright is best known for his play
The royall slave
(1636), designed by Inigo Jones and set to music by Henry Lawes, and for
The lady‐errant
(1635), which included female actors. One of the followers of Ben Jonson known as the ‘Sons of Ben’, Cartwright lived in Oxford for most of his life, taking holy orders in 1638, and was admired for his preaching. His poetic and dramatic expressions of royalist ideology emphasize ideals of honour and self‐sacrifice. The dramatic roles performed by women in
The lady‐errant
illustrate the increasing significance of women in Caroline theatre.
C
ary,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Andrea Bernadette
Published: May 2017

Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland (1585–1639), is considered the first English woman to publish an original, rather than a translated, ‘closet’ drama and possibly the first English woman to write an extended history in prose and poetry. She also published a controversial translation of Catholic polemic later in her life. She wrote many other works, most of which remained in manuscript and many of which are considered lost. The quasi‐hagiographical manuscript,
The Lady Falkland, her life
(composed between 1643 and 1650), is significant as the first extended biography to focus on an Englishwoman (Weller & Ferguson 1994; Wolfe 2001). Her daughter Lucy (b.1619) probably composed it with the assistance of her siblings, Mary (b.1622) and Patrick (b.1624), all of whom converted to Catholicism (although Patrick later recanted).
C
avendish,
M
argaret
Authors: Crawford Julie
Published: May 2017

Margaret Cavendish, duchess of Newcastle (1623–73), was the author of a singularly large volume of work. She wrote in multiple genres, including poetry, plays, stories, letters, orations, biography, and autobiography, essays, and natural and political philosophy. Her work was published in 12 large folio volumes (not including subsequent editions), with a great deal of paratextual material that both apologized for and aggressively promoted the books it prefaced, punctuated, and concluded. She was, in a fulsome sense of the term, an author, and deeply invested in both the stature of that identity and the myriad uses of printed books. Born into the Essex gentry in 1623, Margaret Lucas was two when her father died and thereafter her mother ran the large family estate. During the English Civil Wars, the Lucas estate was plundered and (eventually) sequestered. In 1643 Margaret joined Queen Henrietta Maria's court in exile as a maid of honour, first in Oxford, and then in Paris, where she met and married her fellow exile William Cavendish, marquess of Newcastle, a widower, playwright, and former Royalist general 30 years her senior. After their marriage they lived in heavily indebted and culturally rich exile in Paris, Holland, and Antwerp. William and his brother Sir Charles Cavendish were patrons of Thomas Hobbes and René Descartes, among others, and from 1648 to 1660, William and Margaret lived in the Antwerp house that had belonged to Peter Paul Rubens. During Margaret's exile, her mother, eldest brother, and favourite sister all died, and in 1648 her youngest brother, the Royalist lieutenant Sir Charles Lucas, was executed by the Parliamentarian regime. In 1651 she visited England to petition Parliament (without success) for income from her husband's sequestered estates, and there she began her publishing career.
Poems and fancies
, a collection of poems on natural philosophy that was also perhaps the first atomic theory of nature to be published in England, appeared in 1653 while she was still in England, and
Philosophical fancies
appeared shortly thereafter. Cavendish published three more books from exile: a third volume of natural philosophy,
Philosophicall and physical opinions
(1655), and the mixed‐genre volumes
The worlds olio
(1655) and
Natures pictures
(1656).
Chidley,Katherine
Authors: Malson‐Huddle Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

Katherine Chidley (d. c.1653), Leveller activist and religious polemicist, advocated toleration for the Independent churches. No records survive of her life before 1616 when she gave birth to her first child, Samuel; she and her husband, Daniel Chidley, a tailor, had seven more children and participated in the Shrewsbury conventicle in Shropshire. After childbirth, she refused to be churched, a practice she later denounced in her first tract; in 1629 both she and her husband were brought to the consistory court for being absent from church. The Chidley family relocated to London by the end of the 1620s and became involved with Leveller activism and separatist congregations.
C
hute,
A
nthony
Authors: Stewart Alan
Published: May 2017

Anthony Chute (or Chewt) (
fl
. 1593–95) is perhaps now best known as the author of
Tabacco
(1595), an early English treatment of the popular New World import. But during his lifetime his notoriety was as a minor player in the pamphlet quarrel waged by Cambridge academic Gabriel Harvey and popular writer Thomas Nashe, in which Chute supported Harvey. Unfortunately, this means that most of what we think we know about Chute derives from the testimonies of Harvey and Nashe, in
Pierces supererogation
(1593) and
Have with you to Saffron‐Walden
(1596) respectively, two less than reliable sources for biography.
C
linton,
E
lizabeth
Authors: Sullivan Garrett A.
Published: May 2017

Elizabeth Clinton, countess of Lincoln (?1574–?1630), is the author of one known work, a tract in defence of breastfeeding entitled
The countess of Lincolns nurserie
(1622). Daughter of Sir Henry Knevitt of Charlton, Wiltshire, Elizabeth married Thomas Clinton (otherwise Fiennes), Lord Clinton sometime after 21 September 1584. By her own account, Clinton had 18 children, of whom as many as half died during infancy. Clinton attributed at least ‘one or two’ of these deaths to her use of wet nurses instead of breastfeeding the infants herself. Although few details of her life survive, it is known that her son Theophilus, who succeeded his father as earl of Lincoln in 1616, brought a suit in chancery against his mother over the guardianship of his three younger brothers. One of Clinton's daughters, Arabella, emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1620, but died shortly after arriving. Clinton probably died in 1630.
C
onstable,
H
enry
Authors: Stockard Emily E.
Published: May 2017

Henry Constable (1562–1613) not only authored one of the first Elizabethan sonnet sequences, his poems also exemplify both the characteristic sonnet types: amatory and religious. Further, the marked stages in his life, first as a diplomat in the service of Anglican Protestantism, then as a Catholic in exile, coincide respectively with these two styles of verse.
C
orbett,
R
ichard
Authors: Smith Matthew J.
Published: May 2017

Richard Corbett (1582–1635) was a poet who also served as bishop of Oxford and of Norwich. He was born in Ewell, Surrey, and entered Broadgates Hall, Oxford, in 1598 before graduating as a BA (1602) and MA (1605) from Christ Church. Corbett's literary output at Oxford consisted mostly of satires, elegies, and verse epistles, all heavily influenced by the university setting. His reputation as a performer of his own verse seems to have begun as a student. Anthony a Wood represents Corbett's Oxford reputation in terms of his ‘poems, jests, romantic fancies and exploits’ and notes that such wit was ‘perform'd extempore’ in public. These early ‘jests’ include Corbett's ‘Upon mistris Mallett’, also entitled ‘Upon an unhandsome gentlewoman, who made love unto him’, a poem afterwards imitated in form and content by James Smith. In addition to Corbett's adoption of satirical encomium in the style of Erasmus, ‘Mistris Mallet’ also showcases an early propensity towards religious stricture, characterized by open criticism of moments in English Tudor history that swung too close to the extremes of papists and Puritans, following the shrew mistress through
‘Maryes
torrid dayes’ and the downfall of the Spanish Inquisition.
C
oryate,
T
homas
Authors: Aune M. G.
Published: May 2017

Thomas Coryate (?1577–1617), a traveller, writer, and aspirant in the courts of Henry, prince of Wales and James I, is best known for a lengthy first‐person travel narrative,
Coryats crudities
(1611) and several shorter pieces printed posthumously. Until comparatively recently, Coryate and his works, like those of other contemporary travel writers, though well known, were regarded as novelties rather than as literature worthy of study. However, as the definition of literature has expanded and especially since scholars have become interested in travel writing and cross‐cultural relations during the Renaissance, Coryate and his works have attracted greater attention.