bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The N‐terminal amino acid of apolipoprotein D is putatively covalently bound to 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl hexanoic acid, a key odour compound in axillary sweat
Authors: Akiba S. , Arai N. , Kusuoku H. , Takagi Y. , Hagura T. , Takeuchi K. , Fuji A.
Published: February 2011

Synopsis

Axillary sweat is odourless when freshly collected at the surface of human skin, but it contains non‐odoriferous precursors, which can be transformed into odorous substances by bacteria. E‐3‐methyl‐2‐hexanoic acid (3M2H) is one of the key odorous substances, but there are two contradictory reports about its precursor form. One report states that 3M2H linked non‐covalently to apolipoprotein D (apoD) is the precursor, while a second report states that 3M2H–Gln identified in human axillary sweat is the precursor. Recently, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl hexanoic acid (HMHA) and 3‐methyl‐3‐sulfanylhexane‐1‐ol (3M3T) have also been identified and reported as characteristic components found in apocrine sweat. To better understand the formation of axillary odours and the structural relationships between these compounds and apoD, we characterized the linkage between odorous substances and apoD in human axillary secretions. ApoD was purified from human axillary secretions collected from 50 healthy female volunteers and was then digested by trypsin and analysed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. A Mascot search showed that 8 peaks identified in the trypsin‐digested samples correspond to the masses calculated for theoretically digested apoD sequences and the purified protein was assigned as a precursor of apoD [Homo sapiens]. One spectrum corresponded to the theoretical peak of HMHA linked covalently to the N‐terminal fragment of apoD. In contrast, no spectrum corresponded to the theoretical peak of a 3M2H adduct or to an unmodified N‐terminal fragment of apoD. These results indicate a possibility that HMHA binds covalently to the N‐terminal amino acid of apoD in human axillary secretions.
No effect of the ectoparasite Crataerina pallida on reproduction of Common Swifts Apus apus
Authors: WALKER MARK D. , ROTHERHAM IAN D.
Published: February 2011

Previous studies have failed to ascertain negative effects of the Swift Lousefly Crataerina pallida parasitism on Common Swifts Apus apus. Abundances of C. pallida were experimentally manipulated to create broods experiencing either enhanced or reduced parasitism, and host life‐history traits were examined. No significant differences in clutch and brood size, rate of growth, asymptotic and fledging mass and size, or the number of fledglings per nest were observed. Reductions in parasite virulence may have developed due to the connection of C. pallida and host success, or costs may be borne by traits not influencing immediate fledging success.
Beyond Inadvertent Ventriloquism: Caring Virtues for Anti‐paternalist Development Practice
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: February 2011

I argue that the epistemological virtues of concrete thinking, self‐transparency, and narrative understanding developed by care ethicists can help international development practitioners combat their own temptations to engage in “unconscious unjustified paternalism” (UUP). I develop the concept of UUP—a type of paternalism in which one party unjustifiably substitutes her judgment for another's because of difficulty distinguishing her desires for the other from the other's good. I show that the temptation to UUP is endemic to development and that care ethics contains virtues for combating it. Key to my claim is a view of caregiving as a practice of negotiating conflict.
Reconceiving Surrogacy: Toward a Reproductive Justice Account of Indian Surrogacy
Authors: Bailey Alison
Published: February 2011

My project here is to argue for situating moral judgments about Indian surrogacy in the context of Reproductive Justice. I begin by crafting the best picture of Indian surrogacy available to me while marking some worries I have about discursive colonialism and epistemic honesty. Western feminists' responses to contract pregnancy fall loosely into two interrelated moments: post‐Baby M discussions that focus on the morality of surrogacy work in Western contexts, and feminist biomedical ethnographies that focus on the lived dimensions of reproductive technologies and how they are embodied and negotiated in specific cultural contexts. Both approaches have their shortcomings. Uncritically extending Western moral frameworks (for example, liberal feminist political values) to Indian surrogacy work raises the specter of discursive colonialism; with it, worries arise about how Western normative traditions can distort, erase, or misread non‐Western subjects' lived experiences. Feminist biomedical ethnographic approaches correct this, but raise the specter of a weak moral absenteeism; with it, concerns arise about under‐theorizing the structural harms and injustices shaping surrogacy worker's lives. I suggest that we might reduce these shortcomings by framing normative and ethnographic engagement with global surrogacy as questions of reproductive justice.
Against Matricide: Rethinking Subjectivity and the Maternal Body
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: February 2011

In this article I critically re‐examine Julia Kristeva's view that becoming a speaking subject requires psychical matricide: violent separation from the maternal body. I propose an alternative, non‐matricidal conception of subjectivity, in part by drawing out anti‐matricidal strands in Kristeva's own thought, including her view that early mother–child relations are triangular. Whereas she understands this triangle in terms of a first imaginary father, I re‐interpret this triangle using Donald Winnicott's idea of potential space and Jessica Benjamin's idea of an intersubjective space of thirdness. I argue that this space provides a maternal third term: a relation of connection and difference between two, a relation that inherits the affective, mobile, generative qualities of the maternal body as the infant (according to Kristeva) imagines it. This connecting space allows both mothers and children to emerge as subjects in their own right. I then suggest that potential‐maternal space expands into language, so that language intrinsically allows the possibility of a speaking position of connection with the mother. Entrance into language need not entail separation or matricide: the problem is not language as such but the particular way that speech and logos have been defined historically.
Nonleukemic myeloid dendritic cells obtained from autologous stem cell products elicit antileukemia responses in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Serrano‐López Juana , Sanchez‐Garcia Joaquin , Serrano Josefina , Alvarez‐Rivas Miguel A. , Garcia‐Castellano Jose M. , Roman‐Gomez Jose , Rosa Olga de la , Herrera‐Arroyo Concepcion , Torres‐Gomez Antonio
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND: Dendritic cell (DC)‐based immunotherapeutic protocols are being developed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). So far, DCs for clinical use are obtained from leukemic blasts or from monocytes, after 6 to 10 days of ex vivo culture. However, DC precursors are easily driven to DCs in short‐term culture. We tested if DC precursors contained in peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) products obtained from AML patients can be used to induce antileukemia responses.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PBSCs obtained from 30 consecutive AML patients were tested. Myeloid DCs (MDCs) were purified by immunomagnetic selection and screened for cytogenetic and/or molecular abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. MDCs were matured and pulsed with autologous blast lysates and tested for stimulatory capability against AML cells.

RESULTS: A median of 0.62 × 106 MDCs (range, 0.04‐3.25)/mL were quantified in PBSC products. Isolated MDC expressed Class I and II HLA but CD86, CD54, and CCR5 partially. By FISH or PCR assay, these MDCs lacked cytogenetic or molecular abnormalities detected in leukemia cells at diagnosis. MDCs achieved a maturated stage (mature‐MDCs) after 24‐hour ex vivo culture with tumor necrosis factor‐α and autologous blast lysates. These mature‐MDCs were capable of stimulating autologous peripheral blood effectors to exert cytotoxicity against autologous leukemia cells and HL‐60 cell line.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that PBSCs obtained for autologous stem cell transplantation can constitute a novel source of MDCs to design feasible vaccination trials.
Characteristics of post donation information donors and comparison with appropriately deferred donors
Authors: Wilkinson Susan L. , Steele Whitney R. , High Patrick M. , Wright David J. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II)
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND: Post donation information (PDI) is the most frequently reported biological product deviation (BPD) related to donor suitability and the health history screening process. PDI occurs when a deferrable health history known by the donor is not disclosed, but is subsequently disclosed at a future donation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: PDI and appropriately deferred (AD) donors were identified at six US blood centers from July 1, 2006, to June 30, 2007. PDI and AD donors were categorized according to travel, medical, blood disease or exposure, and high‐risk–sexual and high‐risk–nonsexual deferrals. Information was obtained from BPD reports and blood center records. Predictors of PDI were identified using an adjusted logistic regression model controlling for select characteristics.

RESULTS: There were 2059 PDI and 36,512 AD donors. PDI donors were significantly more likely to be male, older, and more educated than AD donors. Medical and high‐risk–sexual PDI donors were more likely to have more than six intervening donations before disclosure of deferrable history. PDI donors with a deferral reason due to high‐risk behaviors (both sexual and nonsexual) were 2.3 and 2.6 times more likely to be PDI than the reference group (travel PDI donors).

CONCLUSIONS: No previous studies have described the characteristics of PDI donors or examined how PDI donors are different from AD donors for the same deferral reasons. We found that PDIs are more likely in older, male donors with higher levels of education when compared to AD donors.
High Ventricular Lead Impedance of a DDD Pacemaker after Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: BASER KAZIM , GURAY UMIT , DURUKAN MINE , DEMIRKAN BURCU
Published: February 2011

Management of electromagnetic interference in the form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with pacemakers (PMs) may be challenging. Serious consequences, especially in PM‐dependent patients, may be encountered. Changes in device programming, asynchronous pacing, heating of the lead tip(s), and increased thresholds or even device dislocation may be experienced. We report of a patient with a DDD PM who underwent an emergent MRI, after which there was an increase in ventricular impedance as well as increased cardiac biomarkers. (PACE 2012; 35:e251–e253)
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Upper Extremity Venous Obstruction in 302 Patients Undergoing First Implantation of Cardioverter Defibrillator
Authors: LINHART MARKUS , SCHWAB JÖRG O. , BELLMANN BARBARA , SCHRICKEL JAN W. , KREUZ JENS , BALTA OSMAN , NAEHLE CLAAS P. , STRACH KATHARINA , SCHNEIDER CHRISTIAN , ESMAILZADEH BAHMAN , FIMMERS ROLF , NICKENIG GEORG , LICKFETT LARS M.
Published: February 2011

Background: Little is known about the prevalence of upper extremity vein obstruction or anomalies in patients before first implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). It remains unclear in which patients contrast venography is warranted before implantation procedure.

Methods: Results of clinical data and contrast venography of 302 consecutive patients scheduled for first ICD implantation were analyzed.

Results: Prevalence of upper vein obstruction was 6.6% (20/302 patients) in a typical patient population undergoing first ICD implantation. Age, left ventricular ejection fraction, underlying heart disease, prior open‐heart surgery, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation were not predictors of obstruction. Patients with previous cardiac pacemaker implantation had a higher rate of obstruction, though this was not statistically significant (20% vs 15.7%, P = 0.54). Persistent left vena cava was found in 0.7%.

Conclusion: There is no clinical parameter sufficient enough to predict upper extremity venous obstruction. Contrast venography may be considered in patients with previous pacemaker placement but should not be a routine diagnostic tool in unselected patients prior to first ICD‐implantation procedure. (PACE 2011; 684–689)
ICD and Neuromodulation Devices: Is Peaceful Coexistence Possible?
Authors: MOLON GIULIO , PERRONE COSIMO , MAINES MASSIMILIANO , COSTA ALESSANDRO , COMISSO JENNIFER , BOI ALIDA , MORO EUGENIO , VERGARA GIUSEPPE , BARBIERI ENRICO
Published: February 2011

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential cross‐talk between implantable cardioverter defibrillator device (ICD) and implantable neuromodulation device (IND) during the implantation procedure and the ventricular fibrillation induction test and in daily life.

Methods: We present two cases of patients with an IND who underwent ICD implantation and one case of a patient implanted with a biventricular ICD who received an IND 6 months later. Two of these patients had a spinal cord stimulator (SCS), while the other had a sacral neuromodulator.

Results: No cross‐talk was recorded in the patient with the sacral neuromodulator and the ICD. Temporary damage to one of the SCSs was observed after multiple ICD shocks.

Conclusions: When implanted contemporarily with sacral or spinal neurostimulators, cardiac devices appear to be safe, as confirmed by the appropriate detection and interruption of arrhythmic episodes. On the other hand, neuromodulation devices could be temporarily or permanently damaged by multiple ICD discharges. It is recommended that the neurostimulator be interrogated after an ICD shock, in order to check the state of the device. (PACE 2011; 690–693)
Programming ICDs in the Modern Era beyond Out‐of‐the Box Settings
Authors: MANSOUR FADI , KHAIRY PAUL
Published: February 2011

Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) improve survival when used as primary or secondary prevention therapy in patients with a broad spectrum of disorders associated with a high risk of sudden death. As indications continue to be refined, attention has increasingly turned to ICD‐related complications and their impact on quality of life. Foremost among these complications are inappropriate shocks. This issue remains a major challenge, despite technological advances with sophisticated recording capabilities and detection algorithms. While pharmacological and catheter‐based interventions represent important adjunctive tools for the reduction of inappropriate shocks, this contemporary review focuses on customizing and optimizing ICD programming. Studies addressing ICD programming beyond “out the box” settings are reviewed for each device manufacturer and special circumstances are considered. We discuss the benefits and pitfalls of strategies such as high cutoff rates, longer detections times, antitachycardia pacing, and discriminators in reducing the incidence of inappropriate shocks and offer practical programming tips. (PACE 2011; 34:506–520)
Assessment of mini‐implant displacement using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Alves Matheus , Baratieri Carolina , Nojima Lincoln Issamu
Published: February 2011

Objectives: To assess, through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the mini‐implants' stability and behaviour when submitted to orthodontic force during upper molars' intrusion.

Material and methods: Forty‐one mini‐implants were divided into two groups: 30 in the buccal and palatal mini‐implants group (BPMI), inserted into buccal and palatal sides, and 11 in the midpalatal mini‐implants group (MPMI), inserted into midpalatal suture. One day after insertion, a 200 gf was applied on the mini‐implants during a 5‐month period. CBCT was performed twice: before force application (CBCT 1) and 5 months later (CBCT 2). For mini‐implant displacement assessment, the distance of mini‐implants' head (HMI) and tail (TMI) to coronal, sagittal and axial planes was measured at CBCT 1 and 2.

Results: For the BPMI group, the displacement rate was statistically significant (P<0.05) in all three dimensions for both the head and the tail. For the MPMI group, the displacement rate was statistically significant (P<0.05) only in the antero‐posterior (head and tail) and vertical (head) dimensions.

Conclusions: Buccal, palatal and midpalatal mini‐implants showed some displacement (mean value ≤0.78) when submitted to force, although they are aimed to provide stable skeletal anchorage.

To cite this article:
 Alves M Jr, Baratieri C, Nojima LI. Assessment of mini‐implant displacement using cone beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 1151–1156. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02092.x
Changing assessment practice through in situ faculty development
Authors: Pickworth G. E. , Snyman W.D.
Published: February 2011

The aim of this article is to describe the process of an in situ staff development process with the objective to influence change in assessment practice. An in situ training course focusing on writing questions for written examinations, but also including some contextual aspects of assessment practice, was therefore developed and implemented. The anticipated change was measured against Kirkpatrick’s four levels for evaluating training programmes. As a whole, the reaction from the participants was positive (Kirkpatrick Level 1), and in a number of instances, learning, which includes changes in attitude, knowledge and skills (Kirkpatrick Level 2) and change in behaviour (Kirkpatrick Level 3), was observed. To conclude, the staff development initiative in the form of in situ assessment training facilitated change resulting in an improvement in assessment practice in the School in a relatively short period of time.
Perceived relevance of oral biology by dental students
Authors: Scheven B. A. A.
Published: February 2011

Objectives:  This study investigated the perception that dental students have regarding the relevance of oral biology (OB) to dental education and dentistry in general. Moreover, this study analysed students’ attitude towards OB learning approaches and resources.

Methods:  A questionnaire based on a Likert scale was used to survey pre‐clinical/second (BDS2)‐ and final/fifth (BDS5)‐year dental students at the School of Dentistry of the University of Birmingham (United Kingdom). In comparison, a small group of postgraduate specialist registrars were surveyed to evaluate the attitudes of practising dentists.

Results:  The results show that all study groups expressed a high level of perceived relevance of OB to dentistry. Students’ perception of OB for dental education, clinical training and practice also scored high. More than 40% of undergraduate students and about 55% of the postgraduates indicated a perceived change in their attitude towards OB with time characterised by increased appreciation of the subject. Lectures were considered as the most important teaching approach, whereas ‘group poster projects’ ranked lowest. Of the different study resources, lecture handouts received the overall highest importance score.

Conclusions:  The results indicate that dental students considered OB relevant for dental education and dentistry and suggest a positive attitude towards the subject. This study also suggested that dental students prefer teacher‐centred/led teaching rather than student‐directed learning of OB. The article addresses the role of OB and science‐related research projects within the dental curriculum and discusses that close integration of basic sciences with dental education may enrich dental education and overall learning experience.
Maintenance of ribosomal protein S19 in plasma by complex formation with prothrombin
Authors: Nishiura Hiroshi , Tanase Sumio , Tsujita Kenichi , Sugiyama Seigo , Ogawa Hisao , Nakagaki Tomohiro , Semba Umeko , Yamamoto Tetsuro
Published: February 2011

We have demonstrated that the cross‐linking of ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) on platelets by activated factor XIII provides chemotactic potency to monocytes/macrophages for a resolution of coagulum. Factor XIII is activated by an active form of prothrombin, thrombin. We here report that RP S19 is present as a complex with prothrombin in the blood stream. Formation of this complex was blocked by a mutation of the glycosaminoglycan‐binding basic cluster (Lys23–Lys29) in RP S19. Prothrombin–RP S19 interaction was enhanced by an absence of Ca2+ and the plasma RP S19 concentration was significantly low in the patient treated with warfarin, indicating participation of the γ‐carboxyl glutamic acid domain of prothrombin making a salt bridge with the basic cluster. The complex formation likely explains why a protein as small as RP S19 can prevent from a filtering system of renal glomeruli at a steady state. The translocation of RP S19 from prothrombin to platelets during blood coagulation seems to be also advantageous for RP S19 from the perspective of oligomerisation by activated factor XIII, which should have been activated by thrombin.
Re‐evaluation of the function of the F420 dehydrogenase in electron transport of Methanosarcina mazei
Authors: Welte Cornelia , Deppenmeier Uwe
Published: February 2011

Methanosarcina mazei is a methanogenic archaeon that is able to thrive on various substrates and therefore contains a variety of redox‐active proteins involved in both cytoplasmic and membrane‐bound electron transport. The organism possesses a complex branched respiratory chain that has the ability to utilize different electron donors. In this study, two knockout mutants of the membrane‐bound F420 dehydrogenase (ΔfpoF and ΔfpoA‐O) were constructed and analyzed. They exhibited severe growth deficiencies with trimethylamine, but not with acetate, as substrates. In cell lysates of the fpo mutants, the F420:heterodisulfide oxidoreductase activity was strongly reduced, although soluble F420 hydrogenase was still present. This led to the conclusion that the predominant part of cellular oxidation of the reduced form of F420 (F420H2) in Ms. mazei is performed by F420 dehydrogenase. Enzyme assays of cytoplasmic fractions revealed that ferredoxin (Fd):F420 oxidoreductase activity was essentially absent in the ΔfpoF mutant. Subsequently, FpoF was produced in Escherichia coli and purified for further characterization. The purified FpoF protein catalyzed the Fd:F420 oxidoreductase reaction with high specificity (the KM for reduced Fd was 0.5 μm) but with low velocity (Vmax = 225 mU·mg−1) and was present in the Ms. mazei cytoplasm in considerable amounts. Consequently, soluble FpoF might participate in electron carrier equilibrium and facilitate survival of the Ms. mazeiΔech mutant that lacks the membrane‐bound Fd‐oxidizing Ech hydrogenase.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND A PREDICTIVE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF BACILLUS CEREUS IN WET NOODLES
Authors: LEE JI‐YOUNG , KIM BO‐YEON , NA BYUNG‐JIN , HA SANG‐DO
Published: February 2011

We examined the growth characteristics and developed a mathematical model to predict the growth kinetics of Bacillus cereus in fresh wet noodles. Noodles were incubated with B. cereus at 5, 10, 20 and 30C. The primary model that we developed to obtain the specific growth rate (SGR) and lag time (LT) fit well (r2 = 0.9621–0.9977) with the Gompertz equation. The SGR of B. cereus increased with increasing temperature. A secondary polynomial model was obtained by SAS regression analysis and calculated as: SGR = −0.0128 + 0.00229*T + 0.0003*T2. The appropriateness of this secondary polynomial model was verified by the mean square error (MSE = 0.0001 for SGR model), bias factor (Bf = 0.9012 for SGR model), accuracy factor (Af = 1.3333 for SGR model) and coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.9955 for SGR). This secondary polynomial model is therefore in good agreement with the validation calculations and may be used as a practical predictive model for the growth of B. cereus in wet noodles as a function of storage temperature.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Wet noodles carry a potential risk of food poisoning by B. cereus. The predictive model developed here can increase confidence and improve the shelf life and safety of foods. Moreover, the results obtained using the predicted model developed here were in good agreement with the observed values. Therefore, the developed model may be used as a practical predictive model for the growth of B. cereus in wet noodles as a function of storage temperature.
Bioattenuation in Groundwater Impacted by Landfill Leachate Traced with δ13C
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Hossein , Clark Ian
Published: February 2011

The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound‐specific measurement of δ13C in carbon species, including CH4, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (∼1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ13CDIC evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (∼10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ13CCH4 measurements in deeper groundwater range down to −51‰ compared with −60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than −40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH4 to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ13C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.
A Review of Thermal Response Test Analysis Using Pumping Test Concepts
Authors: Raymond Jasmin , Therrien René , Gosselin Louis , Lefebvre René
Published: February 2011

The design of ground‐coupled heat pump systems requires knowledge of the thermal properties of the subsurface and boreholes. These properties can be measured with in situ thermal response tests (TRT), where a heat transfer fluid flowing in a ground heat exchanger is heated with an electric element and the resulting temperature perturbation is monitored. These tests are analogous to standard pumping tests conducted in hydrogeology, because a system that is initially assumed at equilibrium is perturbed and the response is monitored in time, to assess the system's properties with inverse modeling. Although pumping test analysis is a mature topic in hydrogeology, the current analysis of temperature measurements in the context of TRTs is comparatively a new topic and it could benefit from the application of concepts related to pumping tests. The purpose of this work is to review the methodology of TRTs and improve their analysis using pumping test concepts, such as the well function, the superposition principle, and the radius of influence. The improvements are demonstrated with three TRTs. The first test was conducted in unsaturated waste rock at an active mine and the other two tests aimed at evaluating the performance of thermally enhanced pipe installed in a fully saturated sedimentary rock formation. The concepts borrowed from pumping tests allowed the planning of the duration of the TRTs and the analysis of variable heat injection rate tests accounting for external heat transfer and temperature recovery, which reduces the uncertainty in the estimation of thermal properties.
Contaminant Plume Classification System Based on Mass Discharge
Authors: Newell Charles J. , Farhat Shahla K. , Adamson David T. , Looney Brian B.
Published: February 2011

Estimation of mass discharge has become an increasingly valuable analysis technique at sites with contaminated groundwater plumes. We propose a simple plume magnitude classification system based on mass discharge comprised of 10 separate magnitude categories, such as a “Mag 7 plume.” This system can be a useful tool for scientists, engineers, regulators, and stakeholders to better communicate site conceptual models, prioritize sites, evaluate plumes both spatially and temporally, and determine potential impacts.
Design and Application of a Direct‐Push Vadose Zone Gravel Permeameter
Authors: Miller Ronald B. , Heeren Derek M. , Fox Garey A. , Storm Daniel E. , Halihan Todd
Published: February 2011

A borehole permeameter is well suited for testing saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) at specific depths in the vadose zone. Most applications of the method involve fine‐grained soils that allow hand auguring of test holes and require a small water reservoir to maintain a constant head. In non‐cohesive gravels, hand‐dug test holes are difficult to excavate, holes are prone to collapse, and large volumes of water are necessary to maintain a constant head for the duration of the test. For coarse alluvial gravels, a direct‐push steel permeameter was designed to place a slotted pipe at a specific sampling depth. Measurements can be made at successive depths at the same location. A 3790 L (1000 gallons) trailer‐mounted water tank maintained a constant head in the permeameter. Head in the portable tank was measured with a pressure transducer and flow was calculated based on a volumetric rating curve. A U.S. Bureau of Reclamation analytical method was utilized to calculate Ksat. Measurements with the permeameter at a field site were similar to those reported from falling‐head tests.
Prescribing for older people in nursing homes: a review of the key issues
Authors: Parsons Carole , Lapane Kate , Kerse Ngaire , Hughes Carmel
Published: February 2011

parsons c., lapane k., kerse n. & hughes c. (2011) Prescribing for older people in nursing homes: a review of the key issues. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 45–54 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00264.x

Prescribing of medication is one of the most common interventions that residents in nursing homes will experience. There is little doubt that medication has greatly contributed to improvements in symptom control, long‐term management of medical conditions and greater longevity. However, the quality of prescribing has also been criticised and this paper outlines the issues that have proved to be most problematic and have been repeatedly highlighted in the literature. There have been numerous reports of over‐use of inappropriate medicines for which there is no clinical indication or for which there is little evidence of effectiveness, and under‐use of medicines that would be indicated for residents with certain medical conditions. Residents may also suffer from adverse drug events and enforced or erratic compliance. Some of these problems may arise because of the difficulties encountered by staff or a breakdown in communication when residents move from one setting to another (e.g. hospital to nursing home or vice versa).
Social Policy in Singapore: Insights from a Social Work Perspective
Authors: Brydon Kerry
Published: February 2011

Social work practice, irrespective of the location of practice, is shaped by local conditions, particularly the laws and policies applicable to the practice. Most governments adopt some form of institutional arrangements pertinent to local conditions to meet local needs, such arrangements in Western contexts commonly being described as the welfare state. In other contexts, notably the East Asian context, the Western welfare state has been deemed inappropriate for meeting local needs. In this discussion there will be a focus on arrangements developed in Singapore, a country in the East Asian region. Although Singapore has eschewed any notion of a welfare state, this discussion will demonstrate that it does have in place a range of policy responses to meet Singaporean needs and that these measures are consistent with the frameworks adopted by emerging Confucian welfare states.
Scheduled Tribes and the Politics of Inclusion in India
Authors: Ambagudia Jagannath
Published: February 2011

As the identification of Scheduled Tribes (STs) is left to the state government – which bases decisions on political considerations rather than the established criteria for identification of STs – there are bound to be emerging demands for inclusion in the list of STs. Meanwhile, in the name of extending welfare projects and affirmative action to tribal people, the state is legitimizing its control over tribal resources. For STs, the important issue is not integration into mainstream society, nor development by any outside agency, but recognition as peoples in their own right, treatment as equal partners, and control over their lands and livelihoods and, through this, the ability to develop themselves.
Evergreen swamp forest in Cambodia: floristic composition, ecological characteristics, and conservation status
Authors: Theilade Ida , Schmidt Lars , Chhang Phourin , McDonald J. Andrew
Published: February 2011

As part of recent field studies, a hitherto undescribed type of evergreen freshwater swamp forest was discovered in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. The swamp forest occurs in at least six disjunct localities and is dominated by hydrophytic trees (Eugenia spp., Ficus spp., Litsea spp., Macaranga triloba, Myristica iners and Pternandra caerulescens). Although these same genera also occur in upland forests, most are represented by different species in the swamps. Livistona saribus emerges from the canopy as an indicator species of this vegetation type while dense stands of other palms (Calamus, Areca, Licuala) and sporadic, dense populations of tree ferns (Cibotium barometz) dominate the understory. Pneumatophores, stilt roots, and aerial roots characterize the hydrophytes. The floristic composition indicates that the forest type is distinct compared to other swamp forests described from the region and worthy of protection based on its rarity and ecological uniqueness.
Clinical research in systemic lupus erythematosus: immediate relevance to clinical practice
Authors: PETRI Michelle
Published: February 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus remains a challenge because of its diverse presentations, variable natural history, and lack of uniform response to treatment. True remission is very rare. Reliance on corticosteroid treatment leads to unwanted long‐term toxicity. Great advances have been made in the early detection of lupus nephritis and in treatment. Greater appreciation of cognitive impairment and of lupus myelitis is now possible. Pregnancy risks are better characterized. However, the greatest unmet challenge remains atherosclerosis.
REVIEWS OF BOOKS
Authors: Jeffrey Arthur
Published: February 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

A NOTABLE SURVEY OF CHINA: The Christian Occupation of China. A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China made by the Special Committee on Survey and Occupation, China Continuation Committee, 1918–1921. Edited by Milton T. Stauffer, assisted by T. C. Wong and M. G. Tewksbury.

A CHINESE DISCUSSES CHINA: China Awakened. By Min‐chien T. Z. Tyau, LL.D.

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS IN KENYA COLONY: Bantu Beliefs and Magic. By C. W. Hobley, C.M.G. With an Introduction by Sir James G. Frazer.

A JESUIT MISSIONARY ON THE CONGO: Etudes Bakongo: Histoire et Sociologie. Bibliothèque Congo. No. 3. By R. P. van Wing, S.J.

MUSICAL ACCENT IN AFRICAN LANGUAGES: The Musical Accent, or Intonation in the Kongo Language. By K. E. Laman, D.D.

GERMAN PROTESTANT MISSIONS IN CHINA AND JAPAN: Aus dem Missionsleben draussen für die Arbeit daheim. Von Missions‐direktor, D. Dr J. Witte.

AN AMERICAN DIPLOMAT IN CHINA: An American Diplomat in China. By Paul S. Reinsch.

A WINTER'S WORK IN INDIA: Report of the Church Missionary Society's Delegation to India

THREE NEW BOOKS ON INDIA: India and Her Peoples. By F. Deaville Walker.

THREE NEW BOOKS ON INDIA: Building with India. By Daniel Johnson Fleming.

THREE NEW BOOKS ON INDIA: The Indian Child's Mother. By A. D.

INDIAN MUSIC: The Music of India. By Herbert A. Popley.

A MISSIONARY HYMN BOOK: A Missionary Hymn Book.
AN EXPERIMENT IN SHARING PERSONNEL
Authors: Rivera Juan Marcos
Published: February 2011

This is the description of an experiment in which two churches from very different traditions were able to cooperate through the good offices of a missionary from a third country. The description points to the multiple and creative possibilities for new approaches to missionary service and the missionary vocation. Editor
MISSION BY THE PEOPLE
Authors: Kinsler F. Ross
Published: February 2011

Where there is no vision, the people perish. Proverbs 29:18

If the trumpet give an uncertain sound, who shall prepare himself to the battle? I Corinthians 14:8
CONFRONTING INJUSTICE
Authors: Evenson John A.
Published: February 2011

When people discuss the role of the church in the life of Namibia, it is not long before the name of Zephaniah Kameeta is spoken with love and admiration. Kameeta, 37, is vice president of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South‐West Africa/Namibia. But his role as pastor, teacher and theologian for the Christians of Namibia is not fully expressed by his official position. Since his days in 1971 at the Lutheran seminary at Otjimbingwe, he has been one of the most forceful preachers for justice and reconciliation in Namibia. Arrested twice by the South Africans for his public activities as a pastor, he is of constant interest to the South African security police. Granted a doctor of divinity degree by Wartburg Seminary, Dubuque, Iowa in June 1983, he returned to Namibia and was promptly denied a passport for future travel. The following interview took place while on that last trip, and the questions come from several different persons. Zephaniah and Elisabeth Kameeta live in Windhoek with their five children.
THE SAN ANTONIO CONFERENCE: SOME ORTHODOX REFLECTIONS
Authors: Lemopoulos George
Published: February 2011

The author of this article is very grateful to all Orthodox participants in the San Antonio conference, the feelings of which he attempts to reflect here. In particular, he would like to thank Fr Alexander Veronis and Fr Cyrill Argentis who kindly shared their reflections (on which this article is based) with CWME staff.
GOSPEL AND CULTURES IN A CIRCULAR RELATIONSHIP — SOME MISSIONARY EXPERIENCES
Authors: Bowers Joyce
Published: February 2011

Controversy and discussion about the relationship of the good news of Jesus Christ to various cultures has been a part of Christian life and faith since the first century. Much of the New Testament was written in response to such questions. In recent decades, the study of anthropology in relation to cross‐cultural mission has focused a great deal of attention upon issues of gospel and culture.

The Division for Global Mission (DGM) of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) offers training to its overseas personnel in order to enhance cross‐cultural skills, and encourages dialogue with partner churches. In 1994, the theme of the annual summer missionary conference was “Gospel and Culture.” Missionaries were asked to write case studies or stories from their own experience and observation that illustrate ways in which the gospel challenges cultures, and how culture enriches and illuminates the gospel. At the conference, Dr Christopher Duraisingh, from the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Geneva, Switzerland, gave a series of lectures to approximately 150 missionaries, staff and guests, and issues of gospel and culture were discussed in small group sessions. Following the conference, missionary writings were compiled as “Gospel and Culture: Essays and Stories from Around the World” and passed on to Unit II of the WCC as a contribution to its multifaceted gospel and culture study. This article is based on the submissions of DGM missionaries, Dr Duraisingh's lectures at the conference, and literature published in connection with the WCC study.
THE COST OF RECONCILIATION
Authors: Pagura Federico E.
Published: February 2011

Earlier this year the “confessions” of General Martin Balza and a number of military chiefs shocked the Argentine people and a great part of Latin America. They confessed to their participation in the death squads during the military dictatorship in Argentina and publicly asked for pardon. Bishop Federico E. Pagura of the Methodist Church of Argentina shares his reflections on these revelations.
Impact of sampling with replacement in occupancy studies with spatial replication
Authors: Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta
Published: February 2011

1. The proportion of sites occupied by a species is a state variable commonly used in ecology. Replicate surveys at sampled sites can be used to address the problem of imperfect detection to obtain an asymptotically unbiased estimator of species occupancy. Replication can be achieved in various ways, including visiting a series of spatial subunits within each surveyed site. Depending on how these spatial subunits are sampled, bias can be induced in the estimator of site occupancy.

2. This paper explores and discusses the consequences of sampling with or without replacement when using spatial replication in occupancy studies and the species is absent from some of the replicates within occupied sites. Simulations are used to illustrate the findings, and results are compared with previously published recommendations.

3. The study shows that sampling without replacement does not induce bias in the estimator of site occupancy when each spatial subunit has a constant probability of occupancy, regardless of the occupancy status of other subunits within the same sampling site.

4. The study further demonstrates that sampling with replacement may in this case induce bias in the site occupancy estimator. It is thus argued that choosing to sample with or without replacement should be based on considerations of the system in question.

5. Synthesis and applications: In some occupancy studies, it may be convenient to obtain the replication required to account for imperfect detection by surveying various spatial subunits within each sampling site. Sampling with replacement has previously been recommended for this scenario. However, this sampling strategy can induce bias in the estimator of occupancy under realistic ecological conditions. The discussion provided here is of special interest for those involved in the design of occupancy studies.
Breadwinner and caregiver: A cross‐sectional analysis of children's and emerging adults’ visions of their future family roles
Authors: Fulcher Megan , Coyle Emily F.
Published: February 2011

Participants were 150 school‐age boys and girls, 58 high school students, and 145 university students drawn from communities in the Southeastern United States. In this cross‐sectional study, family role attitudes and expectations were examined across development. Parental work traditionality (occupational prestige and traditionality, and employed hours) predicted daughters’ social role attitudes and plans for future family roles, such that daughters’ envisioned families resembled that of their parents. Sons’ and daughters’ own attitudes about adult family roles predicted their plans to work or stay home with their future children; however, mothers’ work traditionality predicted daughters’ future plans over and above daughters’ own attitudes. The only exception to this was in the case of university daughters, where university women's attitudes about social roles fully mediated this relationship. It may be that, as young women approach adulthood and the formation of families, they adjust their vision of their future self to match more closely their own attitudes about the caregiving role.
On two examples by Iyama and Yoshino
Authors: Keller Bernhard , Murfet Daniel , Bergh Michel Van den
Published: February 2011

In a recent paper, Iyama and Yoshino considered two interesting examples of isolated singularities over which it is possible to classify the indecomposable maximal Cohen–Macaulay modules in terms of linear algebra data. In this paper, we present two new approaches to these examples. In the first approach we give a relation with cluster categories. In the second approach we use Orlov’s result on the graded singularity category.
Serre weights for quaternion algebras
Authors: Gee Toby , Savitt David
Published: February 2011

We study the possible weights of an irreducible two-dimensional mod p representation of ${\rm Gal}(\overline {F}/F)$ which is modular in the sense that it comes from an automorphic form on a definite quaternion algebra with centre F which is ramified at all places dividing p, where F is a totally real field. In most cases we determine the precise list of possible weights; in the remaining cases we determine the possible weights up to a short and explicit list of exceptions.
A Combination Rule for Circumferential Surface Cracks on Pipe Under Tension Based on Limit Load Analysis
Authors: Kamaya Masayuki
Published: February 2011

The influence of the interaction between two surface cracks on the limit load (LL) was examined by finite element analysis. Circumferential surface cracks were assumed to be on a straight pipe that was subjected to a uniform tensile load. The change in LL due to the relative spacing of cracks and the geometries of the cracks and pipe was investigated. The evaluated LL was equivalent to that of the coalesced crack when the cracks were on the same plane or their offset and horizontal distance were the same, although LL decreased as the offset distance increased in the other cases. It was also revealed that the magnitude of LL depends on the offset distance of the cracks and ratio Rm/t, where Rm is the mean radius of the pipe and t is the thickness of the pipe. Based on these results, combination rules for LL were proposed for integrity assessment of cracked pipes.
Wave-in-Deck Load Analysis for a Jack-Up Platform
Authors: Schellin Thomas E. , Perić Milovan , el Moctar Ould
Published: February 2011

This paper describes the prediction of environmental loads on a typical three-leg jack-up platform under freak wave conditions. Considered were cases where the air gap is small and the hull is subject to impact-related wave-in-deck loads. The technique to predict wave loads was based on the use of a validated CFD code that solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. This code relies on the interface-capturing technique of the volume-of-fluid type to account for highly nonlinear wave effects. It computes the two-phase flow of water and air to describe the physics associated with complex free-surface shapes with breaking waves and air trapping, hydrodynamic phenomena that had to be considered to yield reliable predictions. The Stokes fifth-order wave theory initialized volume fractions of water, velocity distributions in the solution domain, and time-dependent boundary conditions at inlet and outlet boundaries. This paper demonstrates that this technique can be a valuable numerical tool for preliminary designs as well as subsequent safety assessments. In particular, it shows that effects of different operating and design parameters on wave-in-deck loads, such as wave direction, wave height, wave period, and wind speed, can be evaluated with an affordable computing effort.