bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiological studies of human papilloma virus (HPV‐1) infections
Authors: Pfister Herbert , Hausen Harald Zur
Published: February 2007

At least two groups of human papilloma viruses can be distinguished serologically: on the one hand HPV 1‐3, which are closely related but differ in the restriction enzyme pattern of their DNA, and on the other hand HPV‐4. The age distributions of patients with warts induced by HPV 1‐3 or by HPV‐4, respectively, differ markedly. HPV 1‐3 predominates between 5 and 15 years of age, whereas HPV‐4 could be isolated more often between the ages of 20‐25 years. The large number of HPV‐1‐3‐induced warts in children is paralleled by a high percentage of HPV‐1 antibody‐positive sera in the same age group (about 50%). With increasing age the percentage of HPV‐1 antibody‐positive sera declines gradually. This pattern of seroreactivity was compared to that of patients with various papillomas and with several malignant tumors. There is no evidence to suggest a link between HPV 1‐3 and condylomata acuminata, laryngeal papillomas or any of the malignant tumors tested.
Immune response of the draining and distal lymph nodes during the progressive growth of a chemically‐induced transplantable rat hepatoma
Authors: Jones Jean A. , Robinson G. , Rees R. C. , Baldwin R. W.
Published: February 2007

The immunological and histological changes occurring in the lymph node draining the site of a progressively growing intramuscular tumour (D192A) implant were monitored during a 4‐week time course. Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against hepatoma‐D192A and 15‐day rat embryo cell targets, was detected with cells derived from the draining “lumbar” lymph node 4 days after tumour implantation and persisted up to the 2nd week of tumour growth, decreasing rapidly during the 3rd week. The observed lymph‐node anergy demonstrated in cytotoxicity tests correlated with the histological findings, in that an initial marked paracortical (T‐dependent) response also declined towards the end of the 3rd week of tumour growth. The B‐dependent cortex showed active lymphocyte follicles in the 2nd week of the time course, and plasma‐cell production continued until the experiment was terminated These changes were shown to occur with the progressive increase in lymph‐node mass. Serum antibody specific for the developing tumour was detected during the latter stages of tumour growth. The immunological and histological changes displayed by lymph nodes distal to tumour growth were out of phase with those shown by the draining lymph node.
Type‐C virus structural antigens on the surface of the infected cell as determined by a humoral cytotoxicity assay
Authors: Kende Meir , Sass Bernard , Hino Shigeo , Donahoe Robert M. , Kelloff Gary J.
Published: February 2007

Antisera prepared against the major structural polypeptides of Rauscher leukemia virus including gp70, p12, p30, p10 and p15 (E) were tested in a complement‐dependent cytotoxicity assay against cell lines infected with Rauscher murine leukemia virus and with the three known classes of endogenous murine leukemia viruses. gp70 antisera and p12 antisera were active in cytotoxicity showing predominantly type‐specificity to R‐MuLV3, but were shown to cross‐react in varying degrees to the three classes of endogenous type‐C virus(es). This type‐specific and group‐specific activity was confirmed by absorption experiments with both infected cells and concentrated intact and disrupted virus. Immunoprecipitation of highly purified, labelled proteins of the murine type‐C viruses with these antisera yielded a pattern of reactivity that correlated very well with those obtained by humoral cytotoxicity and, further, defined the polypeptide‐specific reactivities of these antisera. Cytotoxic activity obtained with p12 antisera was not well correlated with the intact virus content or the virus‐producing ability of different R‐MuLV shedding mouse cells whereas activity with gp70 antisera was. Cytotoxic activity was not observed with p10 or p30 antisera and virus‐specific cytotoxic activity was not observed with p15(E). Immunization of three strains of mice differing in their endogenous type‐C virus expression with inactivated, disrupted R‐MuLV yielded antisera active in radioimmuno‐assays to the homologous R‐MuLV proteins which were found to be immunologically active on the surface of the virus‐infected cell (gp70 and p12), as well as to the other type‐C viral proteins, p30, p15 and p10. The natural host's ability to respond immunologically to these viral proteins and the in vitro cytolysis of virus‐positive cells with antisera of this specific reactivity led to the conclusion that these viral proteins may play an important role as potential transplantation antigens in naturally occurring tumors.
B‐tropic oncornavirus production by BALB/c methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma cells
Authors: Gillespie G. Yancey , Jensen Fred C. , Russell Stephen W.
Published: February 2007

Six oncogenic cell lines were established from primary sarcomas that had been induced in thymec‐tomized, aged, BALB/cSt mice by the injection of 3‐methylcholanthrene. Of these lines, three produced B‐tropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), i.e. MuLV that would patently infect fibroblasts of BALB/c origin but not those from NIH Swiss mice. One of these lines, M‐138, produced large quantities of virus, permitting the isolation of milligram quantities of B‐tropic MuLV. Neonatal BALB/c mice injected with the M‐138 MuLV developed high plasma levels of the species‐specific virion antigen p30, but during 9 months of observation failed to manifest clinical signs of leukemia. Plasma p30 levels of NIH Swiss mice (non‐permissive host) that were inoculated also as neonates with the same virus preparation, remained undetectable by radioimmunoassay. Xenotropic MuLV, i.e. that which infects cells of species other than the species of origin, was released by one of the three remaining cell lines. Two of the six original lines have remained free of detectable oncornavirus production. Our results suggest that cell lines that are stable sources of large quantities of B‐tropic MuLV may be easily obtainable by the described manipulations. Equally important, however, is the fact that these data re‐emphasize the danger that is inherent in assuming that a cell line is virus‐free simply because it was isolated from a chemical carcinogen‐induced neoplasm.
Movement of human mammary tumour cells in culture: Exclusion of fibroblasts by epithelial territories
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Piggott D. , Riddle P.
Published: February 2007

Time‐lapse cinematography was used to investigate the movement of confronting populations of human mammary epithelium and stromal cells (fibroblasts). Epithelial cell islands from fibro‐adenomas and from normal lacteal secretions completely excluded the fibroblasts, and individual cell territories were maintained even in dense cultures. Electron microscopy of the boundary between epithelium and fibroblasts showed that the two cell types made contact. In contrast, epithelial islands from two carcinomas did not retain territorial integrity and allowed penetration of mammary fibroblasts. Confronting homologous epithelial islands from benign tumours merged, but this was shown to be due to interdigitation rather than free mixing of cells. Epithelial cells moved actively but unlike fibroblasts they retained their neighbour relationships.
Isolation of a human prostate carcinoma cell line (DU 145)
Authors: Stone Kenneth R. , Mickey Don D. , Wunderli Heidi , Mickey George H. , Paulson David F.
Published: February 2007

A long‐term tissue culture cell line has been derived from a human prostate adenocarcinoma metastatic to the brain. The cell line, DU 145, has been passaged 90 times in vitro over a period of 2 years. The cells are epithelial, grow in isolated islands on plastic Petri dishes, and form colonies in soft agar suspension culture. Karyotypic analysis demonstrates an aneuploid human karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 64. Distinctive marker chromosomes (a translocation Y chromosome, metacentric minute chromosomes and three large acrocentic chromosomes) have been identified. Electron microscopy of the original tumor tissue and of the tissue culture cell line show a remarkable similarity in cell organelle structure.
Establishment of paired tumor cells and autologous virus‐transformed cell lines to define humoral immune responses in melanoma and sarcoma patients
Authors: Saxton R. E. , Irie R. F. , Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Morton D. L.
Published: February 2007

Peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from 12 cancer patients were infected with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) or SV40 virus. The EBV‐trans‐formed lymphoblasts and SV40‐transformed fibro‐blasts were grown as continuous cell lines and expressed the same histocompatibility antigens as tumor cell lines established from the same cancer patients. Sera from 350 melanoma and 195 sarcoma patients were tested for antibody reactive with membrane antigens on three of these tumor cell lines (two melanomas and one sarcoma) by immune adherence (IA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IMI) assays. Antibodies to HLA and other non‐tumor‐related antigens were completely removed from the most reactive sera by quantitative absorption with 4 × 107 lymphoblasts or 107 transformed fibroblasts autologous to the tumor target cells. These paired cell lines were used to monitor humoral immune responses in melanoma and sarcoma patients receiving allogeneic tumor cell vaccines.
Mobility of cells from solid tumors
Authors: Gershman Howard , Katzin William , Cook Robert T.
Published: February 2007

The mobility of cells from two established cell lines of hamster origin, NIL B and its SV40 virus‐transformant SV‐NIL, was studied in cellular aggregates maintained in agitated liquid medium. Subcutaneous injection of 5×106 NIL B or SV‐NIL cells into Syrian hamsters resulted in a high frequency of tumor formation—1.00 for SV‐NIL cells and 0.93 for NIL B cells. Cells from five different tumors of NIL B origin were grown in tissue culture and their mobility in cellular aggregates was also studied. The mobilities of the tumor‐derived cells were similar to each other and to that of the SV‐NIL cells, but slightly higher than that of the NIL B cells. In addition, the plating efficiency, saturation density and doubling time of NIL B, SV‐NIL and the tumor‐derived cells were determined in conventional fiat culture. No consistent pattern of saturation density or doubling time was observed in the tumor‐derived cells with respect to each other or to the established lines; however, the plating efficiencies of the tumor‐derived cells were all considerably lower than those of NIL B and SV‐NIL cells. It was concluded that selection for the ability to divide and survive in vivo (i.e. to form tumors) was accompanied by a modest increase in cell mobility in vitro.
Cell surface receptors for ecotropic MULV: Detection and tissue distribution of free receptors in vivo
Authors: de Larco Joseph E. , Rapp Ulf R. , Todaro George J.
Published: February 2007

The expression of available cell surface receptors for binding of the major envelope glycoprotein of Rauscher MuLV, gp71, was studied in freshly prepared tissues of the low‐leukemic mouse strain CBA. The presence of such receptors is a requirement for infection and therefore also for transformation of cells in vitro by ecotropic MuLV. This paper describes the conditions of the binding assay for radiolabelled RLV gp71 and freshly prepared lymphoid cells under which binding occurs as a function of time and cell number. With this assay, available receptors for RLV gp71 were detected in all lymphoid as well as some non‐lymphoid tissues, most notably brain. The lack of binding in other non‐lymphoid tissues was not due to the presence of gp71 specified by endogenous ecotropic MuLV, as was determined by a sensitive group‐specific RIA. These results demonstrate that the distribution of receptor sites necessary for infection by ecotropic MuLV does not directly correlate with the tissue distribution of malignant transformation that is most commonly induced by these endogenous viruses. Therefore, susceptibility to infection by ecotropic MuLV, as determined by the expression of viral receptors, is not sufficient to determine the target organ for MuLV‐induced oncogenesis.
Detection of circulating tumor antigens in mice carrying a highly metastatic pulmonary squamous‐cell carcinoma
Authors: Jamasbi Roudabeh J. , Nettesheim Paul , Kennel Stephen J.
Published: February 2007

Recently we reported that the highly metastatic MSC‐10 (mouse squamous carcinoma) is incapable of inducing transplantation immunity. Studies reported here were undertaken to determine whether or not the tumor is devoid of tumor‐associated antigen. We found that sera from MSC‐10 tumor‐bearing mice contain soluble protein antigens which react with rabbit antisera made against the MSC‐10 tumor, as demonstrated by immuno‐diffusion. Such proteins were not detected in the sera of normal mice or mice bearing fibrosarcomas. A close temporal relationship was demonstrated between the appearance of circulating antigens and the occurrence of lung metastases. Protein components serologically indistinguishable from the circulating antigens were isolated from tumor cells. The molecular weight of these proteins is between 30,000 and 100,000 daltons. Studies with antisera to mouse leukemia virus showed that the MSC‐10 tumor antigens are not viral proteins. The lack of immunogenicity of this tumor for syngeneic hosts as well as its high metastatic activity may be due to the early appearance of soluble antigens in the circulation.
Recent changes in the morphology of gastric cancer in japan
Authors: Nagayo Takeo , Yokoyama Hidekichi
Published: February 2007

The macroscopical and histological features of 4,428 cases of gastric cancer resected surgically between 1953 and 1974 were studied. Of these cases, 81.9% were in an advanced stage and 18.1% in an early stage. The following changes were observed. (1) In the group of advanced cancers, a gradual decrease in the frequency of Borrmann II type was noted. Most of these tumors were well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas. (2) In the group of early cancers, a gradual increase in the proportion of “cancerous erosion” was detected. The majority of these tumors were poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas or infiltrating signet‐ring cell cancers. (3) At intervals of 10 years, 5–10% decrease in the frequency of intestinal metaplasia in resected stomachs was noted.
The effect of mass screening in iceland, 1965–74, on the incidence and mortality of cervical carcinoma
Authors: Johannesson Gudmundur , Geirsson Gunnlaugur , Day Nicholas
Published: February 2007

A clinic for early detection of cancer of the uterine cervix has been in operation in Iceland since 1964, aimed until recently at the age‐group 25–59. More than 85% of women in this age group have been screened at least once. Mortality from cancer of the cervix had been rising in Iceland, and continued to rise during the first few years of operation of the screening clinic. Since 1970, however, a more than two‐fold reduction in mortality has been observed among women aged 25–59. There has been a similar decrease in incidence of tumours of stages II, III and IV. Both deaths and advanced tumours are largely confined to women who have never been screened. Alternative explanations are considered, but the only tenable explanation of the reduction in mortality is that it is a consequence of the introduction of a comprehensive screening programme.
An analysis of conditions allowing corynebacterium parvum to cause either augmentation or inhibition of natural killer cell activity against tumor cells in mice
Authors: Ojo Emmanuel , Haller Otto , Kimura Arthur , Wigzell Hans
Published: February 2007

We have analyzed the impact of in vivo administration of Corynebacterium parvum on the mouse immune system against murine tumors, using the natural cytotoxic ability against tumors of normal mouse lymphoid cells as a baseline. A striking difference was found depending on the route of administration. Intravenous inoculation of bacteria would result in a significant decrease or sometimes complete abolition of natural cytotoxicity toward tumor cells of the spleen cells of treated mice. On the other hand, the intraperitoneal route of administration resulted in a dramatic increase in cytolytic ability of the peritoneal exudate cells. Both routes of treatment had the most significant impacts on the local cell population (IV = spleen, IP = peritoneal exudate cells) with only minor effects on other cell populations. Analysis of the spleen cell population from IV‐treated mice did also demonstrate a significant reduction in the T lymphocyte function, but in contrast to the natural cytotoxicity this could be corrected for by the removal of suppressor cells of an adherent nature. The lytic cells induced in the peritoneal exudate by the Corynebacterium parvum bacteria were all found to be natural killer, NK, cells with no significant activity found amongst macrophages using short‐term cytolytic assays.
Differential growth and transmission in cats of feline leukaemia viruses of subgroups A and B
Authors: Jarrett Oswald , Russell Peter H.
Published: February 2007

The outcome of infecting cats with FeLV of subgroups A (FeLV‐A) or B (FeLV‐B) was different. After FeLV‐A infection, virus was quickly recovered from the blood and oropharynx of most animals. Following infection with FeLV‐B, only a small proportion of cats developed a viraemia, and this after a long interval. There was no evidence that FeLV‐B was transmitted by contact. The result of infecting cats with mixtures of FeLV‐A and B (FeLV‐AB) was that to a large extent each virus operated independently. FeLV‐A was recovered from the plasma first, in a high proportion of the cats, and FeLV‐B appeared later but not in all cats. There was evidence of interaction, however, in that the proportion of cats which were viraemic with FeLV‐B was greater following FeLV‐AB infection than after infection with FeLV‐B alone; also FeLV‐B was transmitted by contact from cats excreting FeLV‐AB. These results help to explain the apparent dependence of FeLV‐B on FeLV‐A under natural conditions and the frequency of occurrence of subgroups A and B in FeLV isolates.
Early detection of tumor‐specific antibodies to mammary carcinoma
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary‐Ann L.
Published: February 2007

BALB/cfC3H female mice which develop mammary tumor virus (MTV)‐induced mammary tumors possess not only serum antibodies directed against virus‐associated antigens which are expressed on mammary tumor cells but also antibodies directed against antigenic specificities which are unique to each tumor. The possible range of unique specificities is considerable; a survey of serum samples from 18 tumor‐bearing females revealed only two which reacted with a tumor‐unique specificity of another isologous MTV‐induced mammary tumor. A retrospective study revealed that in multiparous females, the serum activity against tumor‐unique antigenicity could be detected 1 to 4 months before the tumor was grossly visible. On the other hand, in virgin females, the serum activity was detectable only when the tumor was visible. On the basis of this difference in time of origin of reactivity, we speculate that the mechanism of tumor formation in parous females may involve a longer preneoplastic or latent neoplastic period than in virgin females; in the latter the change from normal to overtly neoplastic appears to be more abrupt.
Circulating immune complexes in rats bearing chemically induced tumors. I. Sequential determination during the growth of tumours at various body sites
Authors: Höffken Klaus , Price Michael R. , McLaughlin P. Jeremy , Moore Valerie E. , Baldwin Robert W.
Published: February 2007

Circulating immune complexes were measured in sequential monitoring studies in rats bearing chemically induced tumours at different body sites. The assay employed were based upon radio‐immunoprecipitation of serum factors with 125I‐C1q or with an indirect test whereby the inhibition of binding of 125I‐C1q to IgG aggregates by tumour‐bearer sera was measured. 125I‐C1q‐binding immune complexes were detected at the initial phase of tumour growth and the level of this activity returned to the normal range after tumour excision. With tumours growing at subcutaneous sites or in the peritoneal cavity, serum‐borne C1q‐binding material, after reaching a maximum level, decreased despite tumour progression and eventually fell into sub‐normal ranges at terminal stages of growth. In contrast, following intravenous tumour cell injection, immune‐complex levels increased until terminal stages of disease. The present findings indicate that the measurement of C1q‐binding serum factors represents a useful method for monitoring the growth and burden of experimental animal tumours.
Accelerated growth of syngeneic tumors in mice treated with methylcholanthrene
Authors: Lill Patsy H. , Jessup J. Milburn , Kripke Margaret L.
Published: February 2007

BALB/c and C3H‐ mice were given a single injection of methylcholanthrene (MCA) and were tested at various times thereafter for immunologic reactivity and resistance to syngeneic tumor challenge. MCA treatment did not affect the rejection of H‐2‐incompatible tumor allografts, the rejection of H‐2‐compatible skin allografts, or the induction of delayed hypersensitivity to DNCB as measured by footpad challenge. In contrast, mice treated with MCA exhibited an increased susceptibility to challenge with several syngeneic ultraviolet‐induced and MCA‐induced fibrosarcomas. These studies demonstrate that in the autochthonous host the measurement of host immune status by in vivo cell‐mediated immune responses to exogenous antigens does not necessarily predict the host response to tumor growth.
The complexity of immunohistochemical staining pattern of hodgkin and sternberg‐reed cells—demonstration of immunoglobulin, albumin, α1‐antichymotrypsin and lysozyme
Authors: Papadimitriou Constantin S. , Stein Harald , Lennert Karl
Published: February 2007

The immunoperoxidase‐bridge technique was applied to 103 lymph‐node and spleen biopsies from Hodgkin's disease to detect intracytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Clg). The plasma cells that stained positively for gamma, mu, alpha, or delta chains varied greatly in number from case to case, depending somewhat on the histologic type of the disease. Hodgkin (H) and Sternberg‐Reed (SR) cells that stained for gamma chains were the most frequent, followed by those positive for delta chains. H and SR cells positive for mu or alpha chains were usually sparse. In 11 cases gamma and delta chains were present simultaneously in single cells. No other combination of heavy‐chain classes could be found in H and SR cells. In five cases of the lymphocytic‐depletion type, the Clg was restricted to one heavy‐chain class and one light‐chain type. Gamma‐chain subtypes were determined in a total of 24 cases. In the cases with one light‐chain type and in four other cases, only gamma, chains were present in the H and SR cells. In many cases the proportion of H and SR cells positive for each gamma‐chain subclass was not the same as that of the surrounding plasma cells. Variable numbers of H and SR cells showed unequivocal positivity for albumin in 12, alpha1‐antichymotrypsin in 12, and lysozyme in one out of the 44 cases tested. In 21 out of these 44 cases only Clg could be detected. The findings presented here are discussed in relation to the possible monocytoid/macrophage or lymphoid B‐cell nature of H and SR cells. Our data provide evidence for both a lymphatic and a macrophage origin of H and SR cells. It is not possible to reconcile these data on the basis of present knowledge.
The use of cryopreserved lymphocytes in the leukocyte adherence inhibition assay. I. Evaluation of specificity of responses in cancer patients
Authors: Waldman Stephen R. , Yonemoto Robert H.
Published: February 2007

Frozen‐stored mononuclear cells were utilized in the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay in studies which were designed to determine (1) the optimal concentration of breast adenocarcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma extracts, (2) the specificity of frozen‐stored cell responses to these extracts, (3) the optimal criteria for defining a positive response, (4) reproducibility of day‐to‐day testing, and (5) comparison of fresh mononuclear cells and frozen‐stored mononuclear cells obtained from individual bleeds. The optimal protein concentration of 3 M KCI extracts was found to be 100 μg/ml. Specificity studies were performed using frozen‐stored cells from cancer patients with positive reactivity to either breast or colon cancer extracts In contrast, normal donor frozen‐stored cells were prepared from blood specimens with no reactivity to breast or colon cancer extracts. In frozen‐stored cells of breast cancer patients a selected breast cancer extract elicited reponses in 27 of 30 cases (90%). In contrast, with these same cells, a colon cancer extract elicited responses in 3 of 13 cases (23%). In cells from colon cancer patients colon cancer extract elicited responses in 13 of 18 cases (72.2%) whereas breast cancer extract elicited responses in 3 of 18 cases (16.6%). One out of the 15 (6.7%) normal donor frozen‐stored cells was positive to breast cancer extract and none out of 12 were positive to colon cancer extract. Two‐way analysis of variance established the reproducibility of day‐to‐day testing in studies of samples obtained from four individual donors. Rank correlation established the dependence between fresh and frozen‐stored cells in studies of 15 individual donors. It is anticipated that studies using replicate frozen‐stored cell aliquots may aid in identifying antigenic activity following fractionation of antigenic extracts or in studying the properties of serum factors which specifically suppress responses to tumor extracts.
Analysis of human ovarian tumor antigens using heterologous antisera: Detection of new antigenic systems
Authors: Imamura N. , Takahashi T. , Lloyd K. O. , Lewis J. L. , Old L. J.
Published: February 2007

Rabbits were immunized with extracts of human ovarian cystadenocarcinomas in an attempt to identify the spectrum of ovarian tumor antigens recognizable by heteroimmune sera. After absorption, the reactivity of the sera with extracts of tumors and normal tissues was examined by double diffusion in agar. Six antigens (OvC‐1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), which could not be detected in normal ovary, were found in a variable proportion of ovarian tumors. Two of these antigens (OvC‐4 and 5) proved to be previously recognized tissue antigens, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the related normal glycoprotein (NGP). A third antigen (OvC‐3) was shown to be identical to pregnancy‐zone protein (PZP, SP3, PAG). It was detected in 20 of 93 epithelial cancers of the ovary and in 20 of 22 sera from ovarian cancer patients. OvC‐6 was an individually specific antigen detectable only in the immunizing tumor. OvC‐1 and OvC‐2 are unrelated to well‐defined tumor antigens. The former was detectable in 48 of 93 epithelial cancers of the ovary, in some cervical, breast, gastric and pancreatic cancers and also in normal kidney and lung. Its presence in cord and pregnancy sera, and in placenta and amniotic fluid, indicates that it may be a new pregnancy‐associated protein. OvC‐2 is confined to ovarian cancers (8/93) and cannot be detected in tumors of other types or in normal adult tissues. Since it is present in placenta, amniotic fluid and fetal intestine it can be considered to be a fetal or differentiation antigen.
Heterogeneity among human lymphocyte effector cells mediating spontaneous lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Vessella Robert L. , Lange Paul H. , Gormus B. J. , Kaplan Manuel E.
Published: February 2007

The spontaneous lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity(SLMC) of lymphocytes from normal individuals was studied using the lymphocyte titration assay. Various techniques were used to study selectively several lymphocyte subpopulations. The activity of these subpopulations was tested in both the antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lymphocyte titration assays. Surface marker studies were performed on each lymphocyte subpopulation. The results from these studies indicate that effector cells mediating SLMC are a heterogeneous lymphocyte population composed of Fc‐receptor‐positive lymphocytes both with and without C3 receptors that consistently segregate with cells that do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Our data suggest that, in many respects, the effector cells in SLMC and ADCC are identical. However, the mechanism appears to be different.
GROWTH OF A LOCAL TUMOR EXERTS A SPECIFIC INHIBITORY EFFECT ON PROGRESSION OF LUNG METASTASES
Authors: Gorelik Eliezer , Segal Shraga , Feldman Michael
Published: February 2007

The effects of local tumor growth on the progression of lung metastasis of two mouse tumors of C57BL origin—the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma and the B‐16 melanoma—were studied. Excision of primary footpad grafts of 3LL or B‐16 resulted in a significant increase in incidence and size of lung metastases. The incidence, but not the size, of lung metastases was found to be a function of size of the local tumor at time of excision. Reinoculation of tumor cells in the left footpad following excision of tumor from the right footpad suppressed the acceleration of growth of lung metastases and their increased incidence. Thus, the progression of the local tumor exerts an inhibitory effect on lung metastasis. The extent of inhibition of accelerated metastatic development by reinoculated tumor cells is a function of size of the cell inoculum or, in fact, of mass of the local tumor. The inhibitory effect of the local tumor on lung metastasis seems to be tumor‐specific. 3LL metastases were not inhibited by local B‐16 or EL4, neither was B‐16 metastasis inhibited by 3LL. The specificity of interactions between the local tumor growth and its metastases may suggest the participation of immunological mechanisms in the control of lung metastasis. The involvement of the lymphoid system in the control of metastatic progression is also supported by the observation that total‐body X‐irradiation was associated with an increase in lung metastasis and that splenomegaly was observed in mice bearing the footpad tumor. Its excision resulted in the prevention of splenomegaly but reinoculation of the tumor, leading to metastatic suppression, was again associated with splenomegaly.
Active immunization against murine radiation‐induced leukemia using a sarcoma virus pseudotype
Authors: Basombrío Miguel Angel , Laguens Rubén
Published: February 2007

Immunization of C57BL/Ka mice against the radiation leukemia virus (Rad LV) markedly reduced their susceptibility to development of leukemia after X‐radiation. The active immunogen used consisted of a sarcoma virus pseudotype of Rad LV which induces regressing sarcomas in young adult mice. These immunized animals were challenged with four weekly 160‐rad X‐ray exposures. The appearance of lymphomas and leukemias resulting from such irradiation was delayed and their incidence significantly decreased. These results indicate that oncornavirus immunization may be used to reduce the incidence of murine leukemias which are triggered by a physical agent.
Characterization of immune complexes from the pleural effusion of a breast cancer patient
Authors: Papsidero L. D. , Harvey S. R. , Snyderman M. C. , Nemoto T. , Valenzuela L. , Chu T. M.
Published: February 2007

Pieural effusion from a patient with adenocarcinoma of the breast was precipitated by 50% ammonium sulfate and chromatographed on Sephadex G‐200. The resulting elution profile consisted of three protein peaks. Fractions were monitored by immunodiffusion and assayed for [125I]C1q binding activity (C1q B.A.). The first protein peak (eluted at the void volume) showed appreciable Clq B.A. and contained immunoglobulin G (IgG) and complement 3 (C3). These data suggested that antigen‐antibody complexes were present in this macromolecular peak. IgG and C3 were also present in the second peak of Sephadex G‐200 gel filtration while the third peak contained the albumin fraction. The known tumor‐associated antigens, carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha‐fetoprotein and ferritin, were not detected in any of the protein fractions as determined fay immunodiffusion analysis. The first Sephadex protein peak which contained high molecular weight IgG was chromatographed on Sepharose 6B. The second protein peak obtained by Sepharose filtration contained IgG and C3 and was further applied to a column of protein A‐Septtarose. Proteins which bound to the immobilized protein A were dissociated with 2.5 M KSCN and chromatographed on Sepharose CL‐6B under dissociating conditions. IgM rheumatoid factor, IgG and four putative antigens were obtained by these dissociation and chromatographic procedures. The isolated IgG exhibited a molecular weight of monomeric IgG and bound to saline extracts of malignant tissue at a greater amount titan to normal or benign breast extracts (p<0 05). The reactive breast tumor protein in these extracts was eluted in the molecular weight region of 67,000, as determined by gel filtration. The four putative pleural fluid antigens which dissociated from the IgG were tested for their ability to recombine with the isolated immunoglobulin. Results from radio‐immunoprecipitation and the [125I]C1q binding assay indicated that the putative antigens bound to the isolated IgG to form immune complexes.
Quantltation of serum complement components and plasma C3d in patients with malignant lymphoma: Relation to the stage of the tumor and circulating immune complexes
Authors: Heier Hans Erik , Godal Tore , Carpentier Nicole A. , Lambert Paul‐Henri
Published: February 2007

Total hemolytic complement activity (CH 50) and complement component levels were measured in 27 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 31 patients with non‐Hodgkin malignant lymphoma. CH 50 values were higher than normal in almost alt the patients. Increased levels of serum C4, C3 and factor B were observed in 62%, 31% and 19% of these patients, respectively. However, plasma concentration of C3d, a breakdown product of C3, was elevated in 29% of the cases. The hypercatabolism of C3 was nat closely associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes, as assessed by the Clq binding assay, nor with the presence of general symptoms in the patients. On the contrary, it appeared to be in relation with the extent of the malignant disease.
Reproductive factors and risk for breast cancer in iceland
Authors: Tulinius Hrafn , Jóhannesson Gudmundur , Bjarnason Ólafur , Day Nicholas E. , Gonzales Maria
Published: February 2007

A previous publication has shown that there has been a great increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Iceland. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the importance of known risk factors connected with the reproductive history of the women. In a prospective investigation of a cohort of 31,453 women we confirmed previous findings of the increased risk following higher age at first pregnancy and for nulliparous women. The age at first pregnancy and the proportion of nulliparous women have decreased with time in the Icelandic population so that these factors should have tended to decrease the risk, making the found increase still more important. The effect of parity is that the risk decreases with larger number of children and this effect is independent of the effect of age at first pregnancy. Lower age at menarche increases the breast cancer risk, but the contribution of that factor to the overall risk is negligible.
Presence of common surface antigen(s) on endodermal tumors and embryonal tissues of rats, hamsters and mice
Authors: Van Hove L. , Delacourt M. , Park B. , Sobis H. , Vandeputte M.
Published: February 2007

Antiserum against yolk‐sac carcinoma of rat was prepared in rabbits. After appropriate absorption in vitro or in vivo this antiserum was examined on different tumors and normal tissues of rat, hamster and mouse. The methods used were indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase staining and cytotoxicity tests. The immune serum was found to react with the cell membrane of different rat and hamster yolk‐sac carcinomas. It reacted also with the cell surface of rat hepatoma cells. By absorption on hyalin and blocking with amniotic fluid it was shown that the antigen was neither a basement membrane component nor α‐fetoprotein. The antiserum was cytotoxic to yolk‐sac carcinoma and hepatoma cells. The immune reaction was limited to the cell membrane, as observed in immunofluorescence and in immunoperoxidase staining. The specificity of the antiserum was proved by cross‐absorptions with various tumor lines and by removing its activity with the soluble fraction of yolk‐sac carcinoma cells. Non‐endo‐dermal rat and hamster tumor lines did not react with the anti‐yolk‐sac carcinoma immune serum. Most normal adult tissues, including spermatozoa, were negative, but a positive reaction was observed in ovaries and on glandular cells of the uterus. In embryonal tissues this surface antigen(s) was detected in the endoderm of 8‐day‐old rat embryos, 7‐day‐old mouse embryos and in yolk‐sac endoderm of both species. The data indicate that the antigen(s) is associated with endodermal differentiation.
The effect in vivo of chemotherapeutic drug—antibody conjugates in two murine experimental tumor systems
Authors: Hurwitz Esther , Maron Ruth , Bernstein Alon , Sela Michael , Arnon Ruth , Wilchek Meir
Published: February 2007

Conjugates of daunomycin covalently coupled, either directly or through a dextran bridge, to antibodies reacting selectively with tumor cells, were tested for their capacity to suppress tumor development in mice. The drug—antibody conjugates, or mixtures of drug and antibody, were compared either to the free drug or to the drug coupled to normal immunoglobulin for their effect on two tumor systems. In the first case, a plasma‐cytoma (PC5), both the drug and the tumor cells were administered by the same route, namely, intraperitoneally (IP). The drug bound to antibody had no advantage over the free drug, but was better than the drug bound to normal immunoglobulin. The best results were obtained in this system when daunomycin was given in a mixture with the anti‐tumor antibody. In the second system, a lymphoma (Yac), the treatment and the tumor were administered by different routes—while the tumor was transplanted IP, the treatment was given intravenously (IV). The extent of conjugation was greatly increased in this system by introducing a dextran bridge between the drug and the antibody. In the Yac system, the anti‐tumor antibodies were purified for some of the in vivo experiments. At high doses, the daunomycin—dextran—anti‐Yac antibody conjugate was superior to the free drug but no better than daunomycin bound to dextran alone or through dextran to normal immunoglobulin. At low doses, an advantage for the binding to specific tumor antibody rather than to normal immunoglobulin was observed. On the basis of these data we believe that further improvement in the conjugation techniques, and the development of antibodies with better specificity towards the tumor cells, could lead towards successful use of antibody carriers in chemotherapy.
Further characterization of a herpesvirus‐positive orang‐utan cell line and comparative aspects of in vitro transformation with lymphotropic old world primate herpesviruses
Authors: Rabin Harvey , Neubauer Russell H. , Hopkins Ralph F. , Nonoyama Meihan
Published: February 2007

An orang‐utan (Pongo pygmaeus) suspension line, CP81, was shown to lack myeloid markers of lysozyme activity and phagocytosis but to be positive for lymphocytic N‐alkaline phosphatase activity, and to release a B‐cell‐tropic herpesvirus. This herpesvirus, termed Herpesvirus pongo, had 30‐40% DNA homology with EBV and was present at 2‐3 genome copies per CP‐81 cell. Gibbon lymphocytes transformed by H. pongo, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), and H. papio (of baboon, Papio hamadryas, origin) were found to be virus antigen‐positive B cells. Gibbon lymphocytes transformed by H. pongo and EBV and transplanted to nude mice by the intracranial (IC) route (had a 75% and a 45% success rate, respectively), while transplants of similar cells transformed by H. papio were only 10% successful. None of these lines transplanted subcutaneously (SC) nor manifested a high degree of colony formation in 0.33% agarose (⩽0.5%), Gibbon lymphocytes transformed by H. pongo were hypodiploid while those transformed by EBV or H. papio were diploid. CP‐81 cells themselves could be transplanted both IC (100%) and SC (70%) and showed a relatively high degree of colony formation in agarose (6.4‐7.6%). B95‐8 cells (marmoset, Saguinus oedipus‐EBV) could be transplanted IC (66%) but not SC and had a low but significant ability to grow in agarose (1.6%).594S (baboon, P. hamadryas‐H. papio) cells could be transplanted IC (25%) but not SC, and grew to very low levels in agarose (0.1%).
Antigenic differences between akr lymphoma and thymus cells leading to the detection of a tumor antigen associated with immunological enhancement
Authors: Laguens R. P. , Colmerauer M. E. M. , Segal A. , Pasqualini C. Dosne
Published: February 2007

The effects of Corynebacterinm parvum and cortisone acetate (CA) on the primary Lewis lung carcinoma and its pulmonary metastases were investigated. C. parvum given IV either on the same day or 7 days after tumour inoculation, reduced primary tumour growth, while 2.5 mg CA (high‐dose) given SC 4 and 11 days after tumour, alone or in combination with C. parvum, administered on day 0, reduced primary tumour growth to the same extent as C. parvum alone. High‐dose CA given on days 2 and 6 had no effect on primary tumour growth or the action of C. parvum, administered on day 7, while 0.05 mg CA (low‐dose) given on days 4 and 11 did not alter tumour growth or the action of C. parvum, given at the same time as tumour. High‐dose CA given 4 and 11 days after tumour caused a significant enhancement in metastases. C. parvum given to these mice on the same day as tumour significantly reduced the pulmonary nodules but only to the level found in control, saline‐treated mice. In mice given C. parvum alone, metastases were significantly reduced when compared with controls. Similarly, high‐dose CA given on days 2 and 6 significantly enhanced metastases, and C. parvum on day 7 reduced their level to that found in control mice. Low‐dose CA had no effect on the number of metastases or the antimetastatic action of C. parvum. The relevance of these results to the clinical situation is discussed.
Tumor immunity to murine plasma cell tumors. V. Demonstration of a unique tumor antigen that is not associated with the myeloma idiotype
Authors: Mackenzie M. R. , Burton R. C. , Warner N. L.
Published: February 2007

A plasma‐cell tumor, Cl.18 of C3H/He derivation, exhibits a unique tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) which is detectable both in vitro and also as a tumor‐associated transplantation antigen (TATA) in vivo. Immunoglobulin idiotypic determinants have been thought to be prominent TATAs. Studies were performed to determine whether the unique TAA of Cl. 18 is its immunoglobulin idiotypic determinant. Mice immunized with CI. 18 myeloma protein (CI.18 MP) exhibit some protection to subsequent challenge with Cl. 18 tumor cells indicating that the CI.18 idiotypic determinant can indeed act as a weak TATA. However, in vitro lysis of CI. 18 tumor cells by cytotoxic T cells induced in vitro to CI. 18‐unique TAA is not blocked by CI. 18 MP, either in soluble form or when bound to sheep red blood cells. Spleen cells from mice immunized to CI. 18 MP in vivo do not undergo a secondary cytotoxic response when stimulated in vitro by CI.18 tumor cells. When C3H mice are immunized with tumor cells they are highly resistant to a subsequent challenge with CI. 18 tumor cells, and spleen cells from these mice show a marked secondary cytotoxic response when stimulated in vitro by CI. 18 tumor cells. Spleen cells from these mice, however, do not mount a secondary cytotoxic response when stimulated with CI.18 MP in vitro. We conclude that the unique TAA present on CI.18 cells is not the idiotypic immunoglobulin determinant, although both antigens can act as TATA in vivo. These studies support the view that although some plasmacytomas may express cell surface immunoglobulin idiotypic antigens, these are not the major surface antigens that act as tumor‐associated antigens.
Substrate activation of cell adhesion factor as a prerequisite for cell attachment
Authors: Pearlstein Edward
Published: February 2007

Cell Adhesion Factor, complexed to insoluble collagen‐coated tissue culture dishes, is required for the attachment of fibroblasts to this substrate. In solution, the factor has no demonstrable affinity for cells in suspension following trypsin‐EDTA removal of cells from monolayer. Cell surface receptors for the factor are present during the assay period since cells allowed to recover for 1 h at 37° C, 4° C or in the presence of 10−6 M cyclo‐heximide show exactly the same kinetics of adhesion as control cells. It is demonstrated that Cell Adhesion Factor acquires affinity for the cell surface only following its binding to collagen.
Azaserine carcinogenesis: Organ susceptibility change in rats fed a diet devoid of choline
Authors: Shinozuka Hisashi , Katyal Sikandar L. , Lombardi Benito
Published: February 2007

In rats, azaserine is primarily a pancreatic carcinogen and only induces hepatomas with a very low incidence. We have investigated the effects of feeding a choline‐devoid (CD) diet upon the carcinogenicity of azaserine. Groups of male Wistar rats were fed a CD or a choline‐supplemented (CS) diet. Azaserine (30 mg/kg in 2 ml of saline) was injected IP twice a week for the first 4 weeks, and once a week thereafter, for a total of 14 injections. Control groups were fed the CD or CS diet and were injected similarly with saline. Four to seven animals from each group were killed, 1, 4 and 6 months after the first azaserine injection, and the liver and pancreas were examined histologically. None of the control animals fed the CD or CS diet and given saline injections developed tumors of the liver or pancreas. No hepatomas were observed in 12 rats fed the CS diet and treated with azaserine. On the other hand, 3 of 5 and 5 of 7 rats killed after 4 and 6 months, respectively, of treatment with azaserine and the CD diet showed multiple hepatomas. Rats treated with azaserine developed multiple atypical acinar cell nodules (AACN) of the pancreas after 4 months irrespective of whether choline was present or absent in the diet. However, the number of AACN in rats fed the CD diet was significantly smaller than in rats fed the CS diet. It is concluded that a diet devoid of choline changes the organ susceptibility to the carcinogenic action of azaserine, enhancing hepatocarcinogenesis and reducing the action of the carcinogen on the pancreas.
Immunological nature of the inhibition of BLV‐induced early polykaryocytosis by bovine sera
Authors: Astier Thérèse , Mamoun Robert , Guillemain Bernard , Parodi André L. , Duplan Jean‐Francois
Published: February 2007

A quantitative in vitro assay (EPI) was developed for the serological detection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in cattle. Positive sera inhibit early polykaryocytosis (EP) induced by BLV. We report herein experiments which demonstrate that BLV‐induced antibodies are responsible for this inhibition. Serum fractionation by gel filtration and affinity chromatography indicate that EP‐inhibiting activity is mediated only by immunoglobulins of the IgG class. Furthermore, on the basis of their ion‐exchange chromatographic behaviour, these antibodies were classified as IgG1. We also ruled out the participation in the EP inhibition reaction of the other compounds such as polypeptides, including serum complement and interferon or DNA and RNA. These results demonstrate that EP inhibition by bovine sera is specific to BLV‐induced antibodies.