bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the fate of wastewater nitrogen discharged to a Canadian river
Authors: Venkiteswaran Jason J. , Schiff Sherry L. , Ingalls Brian P.
Published: July 2019

Addition of nutrients, such as nitrogen, can degrade water quality in lakes, rivers, and estuaries. To predict the fate of nutrient inputs, an understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients is needed. We develop and employ a novel, parsimonious, process-based model of nitrogen concentrations and stable isotopes that quantifies the competing processes of volatilization, biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification in nutrient-impacted rivers. Calibration of the model to nitrogen discharges from two wastewater treatment plants in the Grand River, Ontario, Canada, show that ammonia volatilization was negligible relative to biological assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification within 5 km of the discharge points.
Positioning of the cp rail mount macdonald tunnel
Authors: Lachapelle G. , Dennler M. , Neufeldt D. , Tanaka R.
Published: July 2019

A brief description is presented of the Rogers Pass area where the 9-mile Mount MacDonald Tunnel is being built by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The two phases of the positioning task, which were conducted by Nortech Surveys (Canada) Incorporated, are described. The first phase consisted of the establishment of a surface control network, and was carried out in the summer of 1983. The exceptional positioning problems of this phase, due to the ruggedness of the area, are described together with the methods used for their solutions. The second phase consisted of the underground horizontal and vertical positioning, and was conducted during the period 1984-1987. The vertical positioning was performed using special order leveling techniques. The horizontal positioning was performed using a combination of distance, direction, and precise gyrotheodolite measurements. Related problems encountered, ranging from gyrotheodolite malfunctioning to the presence of unexpectedly large systematic errors during the last few miles of excavation, are described. The results of a post-breakthrough horizontal survey, conducted to further analyze the underground traverses, are described.
Modernizing surveying and mapping education: the programs in geomatics at laval university
Authors: Bédard Yvan , Gagnon Pierre , Gagnon Paul-André
Published: July 2019

Several studies and symposiums have stated that the surveying and mapping profession is evolving rapidly and that post-secondary education should be modernized. Laval University has recently revised its undergraduate curriculum and the result, implemented in the autumn of 1986, is a modern innovative program that leads to a B.A.Sc. in geomatics. In addition, a one-year Certificate in Geomatics presently being prepared is introduced. Finally, the word “geomatics”, widely used in French, is explained and the B.A.Sc. curriculum is given in the annex.
Cadastral plotting by similarity transformation
Authors: Gagnon Roy
Published: July 2019

Cadastral maps generated from digitizing tabloids have too many sources of error to be reliable when plotted at large scales. To improve the 1:1000 cadastral map, three numerical methods were tested during twenty-seven mapping projects. The systems studied were: complex number similarity transformation, simultaneous similarity transformation, and iterative similarity transformation. There were several “human interface” difficulties with the computer routines but all of the programs were found to be reliable, and cost effective. All of the resulting cadastral maps are in daily use. Numerical transformation was found superior to digital methods of cadastral compilation.
Datum definition in the gps era
Authors: Papo Haim B. , Perelmuter Avraham
Published: July 2019

The dramatic changes in geodetic practice brought about by the implementation of GPS may call for a change in our understanding and definition of the geodetic datum. The contribution of GPS measurements is divided into a “datum-definition” component and into a datumless “differential” component. In densification of geodetic control only the datumless component is to be employed. In the establishment of a primary geodetic network both components can be used. However, the datum-definition component serves mainly as a data source for determining the ever-changing relationship between the GPS datum and datum of the geodetic network.
NAD83 SECONDARY INTEGRATION
Authors: Parent C. , Pinch M.C.
Published: July 2019

The Canadian geodetic network that was adjusted with networks of other North American countries, in the July 1986 Continental Adjustment, included only the 8000-station national primary framework. There still remains many thousands of stations contained in regional and local secondary networks to integrate into the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Secondary Integration is a cooperative project organized by member agencies of the Canadian Control Survey Committee (CCSC) which first met in 1982. Since then, members have automated and evaluated secondary network data for approximately 100 000 stations established by conventional, inertial and satellite surveying methods. The task of compiling and testing Helmert blocks for input to the simultaneous adjustment of primary and secondary networks is now underway. This paper describes the plans and progress, and some of the problems that challenge us in the NAD83 Secondary Integration Project.
Le systéme cartospot
Authors: Leclerc André
Published: July 2019

CARTOSPOT is a system which enables us to produce, automatically, digital topographical maps and ground digital models from SPOT images. This paper describes methods, equipment and the different software modules used. The system’s possibilities, performance and advantages are also discussed.

Although the the system is already operational and allows the production of ground digital models, topographical maps and by-products at a reasonable cost, improvements are proposed which should, in the future, allow a reduced realization time of these products and, therefore, their cost, and even improve their quality.
A method of precise trigonometric leveling for deformation surveys
Authors: Teskey W.F. , Wentzel J.F.
Published: July 2019

A method of precise trigonometric leveling, for application in deformation survey networks that are periodically observed, is described. The advantages over precise spirit leveling are outlined and the special observational and analysis procedures required in the method are given. The method is then applied to the Barrier Dam Deformation Survey Network and a comparison is made with precise spirit leveling results. The results indicate that vertical movements of 5 millimeters over lines of observation of 500 meters can be detected.
A cost-scale factor relationship for topographic mapping
Authors: Laroche Sylvie , Hamilton Angus C.
Published: July 2019

An analysis of conventional map production costs such as provided by different organizations has led to the development of a universal relationship between cost and scale factor for topographic mapping: the “Laroche-Hamilton” unit cost function. This function has been established as:

Cn = Ci x EF1.4

in which

Ci = Unit cost per square kilometer (currency or person-hours) for production of topographic mapping; for the 1:50 000 reference scale, Ci is $36 CDN81

Cn = unit cost per square kilometer of any larger scale

EF = scale enlargement factor on a reference scale basis (e.g., if Ci is 1:50 000 and Cn is 1:10 000, then EF is 5).

It is implicit in this relationship that the type of terrain, the quality control and the type of end product are all comparable. For the particular case when the scale factor is doubled, this relationship predicts that the cost will increase by a factor of 2.5.
The contribution of gps to the information society
Authors: Cannon M. Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly becoming an important tool in the surveying community. It is currently being used in a number of applications, ranging from cadastral control point establishment to hydrographic surveying. The emphasis of this paper is on the contribution of GPS to the information society. Fundamental aspects of GPS are presented and the current status of the system is outlined. The advantages of using GPS in the collection of georeferenced data and specifically its impact on Geographic Information Systems are described. Issues such as the establishment of an Active Control System, the development of new surveying techniques and the integration of GPS with other sensors for cost-effective data gathering are addressed. The future role of GPS in the collection of georeferenced information and a discussion of new and exciting opportunities for surveyors being created by GPS, concludes the paper.
An analysis of the 17-th century map ‘novvelle france’
Authors: Heidenreich Conrad E.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents an analysis of the manuscript map ‘Novvelle France’ now located at the Ministry of Defence, Taunton, England. It is one of the few maps of New France that depicts the growth of geographical knowledge between the publication of Champlain’s last map (1632) and those of Nicolas Sanson (1650-57), and it is the earliest surviving map on which an attempt was made to give the locations of native groups. As such, the map is an important historical document that can be used to approximate the human geography of native Canada prior to the dispersal of these groups by 1650. The evidence suggests that the map was drafted late in 1641 using Champlain’s 1632 map, a ‘Huron map’ acquired or compiled by the Jesuit Father Paul Ragueneau in 1639 or 1640, and information supplied by two Frenchmen who had been in the Mohawk country from 1640 to 1641 as captives of the Iroquois. The native locations and names on the map were incorporated on Nicolas Sanson’s maps of 1656 and 1657. Although the author of the map ‘Novvelle France’ is not known, circumstantial evidence points to the surveyor Jean Bourdon who was active in New France from 1634 on.
Integration of surveys in ontario: the response of a task force to the impact of land information systems
Authors: McGrath Gerald , Hamilton Angus
Published: July 2019

For the integration of surveys in Ontario, the Task Force recommends a partnership approach to the establishment and maintenance of a Fully Integrated Land Information System [FILIS] — an up-to-date database system that includes infrastructure and planimetrie features as well as property boundaries.

This is not a theoretical concept; it is a recognition of what is happening in Ontario today. Those municipalities that have acquired GIS hardware and software and are implementing a comprehensive land-related information system are finding that a graphic database that is consistent, complete and current is essential.

As there is no provincial legislation or regulations for integrated surveys, municipalities are improvis¬ing in diverse and ingenious ways. Although there is a consensus that the initiative should remain at the municipal level, there is also a consensus that there should be provincial regulations and standards for the municipalities to follow. Thus the Task Force’s most significant recommendation is that “The Ministry of Natural Resources should, as a matter of urgency, establish a broadly based Working Parly to consider and recommend legislative changes which will enable an Integrated Municipality to be declared at the request of a municipality, and to define standards which will govern integration.”
Where has sable island been for the past 200 years?
Authors: Gray David H.
Published: July 2019

The location of Sable Island (44°N, 60°W) has been positioned by six independent surveys over the past 200 years. This paper correlates the surveys based on the limited number of common points and comments on the surveying methods that were employed and concludes that the various positions are more due to the quality of surveying than to the shifting of the island. The implications, both in terms of hydrographic charting and legal basis of sovereignty of maritime areas, are also discussed.
Logan '92: an expedition to measure the height of canada’s tallest mountain
Authors: Schmidt Michael
Published: July 2019

To mark the 150th anniversary of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC), as well as Canada’s 125th birthday and the 50th anniversary of the Alaska Highway, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, in partnership with the Geological Survey of Canada, the Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Sector (both of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources) and the Canadian Parks Service (Environment Canada) undertook an expedition to determine the exact elevation of Mount Logan. In addition to measuring the elevation of the mountain the expedition also collected rock samples and positioned brass survey markers on the mountain. Since the first recorded sighting of the mountain in 1890 a number of different values for the height of the mountain have been quoted. Most of these values centered around 5950 metres. However a value of 6050 metres was very widely used. The differences in elevation can in large measure be attributed to the difficulties associated with conducting surveys in the extreme remoteness of the Saint Elias Mountains combined with measuring techniques of varying accuracies. The Logan '92 Expedition was the first expedition to attempt to measure the height of Mt. Logan using the Global Positioning System (GPS).
MODIFICATIONS OF THE TELLUROMETER
Authors: Mungall A. G.
Published: July 2019

A modification of the Tellurometer permits operation in heavily wooded areas without the necessity of cutting survey lines. It involves separating the radio antenna from the instrument by two cables and placing it at the top of a mast above tree-top level. Modifications to allow operation at sub-zero temperatures are also described.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERPRETABILITY OF AIR PHOTOS
Authors: Jackson K. B.
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the qualities of photographs best suited to the needs of the photo-interpreter and the photogrammetrist and suggests means of achieving them and methods of abstracting the information such photographs contain.

A description is given of the targets that have been constructed to test the validity of the proposals in actual aerial photography at scales between 1:2400 and 1:15840.
THE MONCTON ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Klinkenberg H.
Published: July 2019

This article gives the derivation of the formulas used in the observation equations in a rigorous geodetic triangulation adjustment in plane rectangular co-ordinates, based on the variation of plane co-ordinates and applied to both directions and tellurometer lengths.
BENCH MARKS IN PERMAFROST AREAS
Authors: Johnston G.H.
Published: July 2019

Available literature on the problem of establishing reliable, permanent bench marks in permafrost areas is reviewed. The factors that influence stability are noted and some of the methods devised to provide reliable bench marks are described. Finally, the design, installation and performance of a bench mark used in the north of Canada by the Division of Building Research is described in detail.
CANADIAN FLIGHT INFORMATION PUBLICATIONS
Authors: Kihl T. H.
Published: July 2019

For the purpose of this review, the 14 series of charts used in air navigation in Canada are dealt with in four groups. For instrument air navigation the pilot has at his disposal the Enroute High Altitude Chart, the Enroute Low Altitude Chart, and the Terminal Air Chart, all of which are revised and distributed to subscribers every 35 days, and the Instrument Approach and Landing Chart, amendments to which are issued every 14 days. For visual air navigation there are available the 1:1,000,000 World Aeronautical Chart and the 1:1,000,000 Aeronautical Route Chart, for use by medium-speed, medium-range aircraft; the 1:500,000 Pilotage Chart, for use by slow-speed, short-range aircraft and for search and rescue; and the new series of 1:500,000 Low Level Pilotage Charts, for use by the RCAF in low-level, high-speed tactical air missions. The third group consists of several series of Plotting Charts, for recording the course of the aircraft on long-range flights, and the fourth is made up of special-purpose charts such as the Aerodrome Obstruction Chart and the Airport and Area Surveillance Chart.
DE L’AVANTAGE POUR UN PROPRIÉTAIRE D’ÉTABLIR UN REGISTRE D’INVENTAIRE DE SA PROPRIÉTÉ FONCIÈRE, BASÉ SUR DES DESCRIPTIONS LÉGALES
Authors: O’Gallagher G. H.
Published: July 2019

The above article is a summary of present procedures relating to records of ownership, presented with the aim of informing the owner, in a practical manner, of the valuable services the surveyor can offer him in establishing an exact register of his title. The main argument is that without an adequate technical description, without a plan and a formal report, much of the value of a legal opinion or a legal document may be lost.

The article treats only the salient points of this extensive subject, making no attempt at a minute discussion of the legal principles or the technical methods relative to the establishment of boundaries.
THE CORNWALL ISLAND PROJECT
Authors: Slessor D. R.
Published: July 2019

Photogrammetric methods were used in the Cornwall Island project with the aim of keeping ground measurements to an absolute minimum, by photogrammetric determination of the co-ordinates of targeted points located at or close to all lot corners and road deflections. The results showed that even though the precision of short distances sometimes fell short of the Division’s standard of 1:2,500, the obsolute accuracy of coordinates was excellent.
SUPER-INFRAGON PHOTOGRAPHY AND AUXILIARY DATA ON A MAPPING PROGRAM FOR NIGERIA
Authors: Zarzycki J. M.
Published: July 2019

Engineers of Canadian Aero Service devised a system of aerial survey using a new combination of the aerial camera with instruments for securing auxiliary data. They also devised a new aerial triangulation method to take full advantage of the auxiliary data provided, and they proved the value of their system in a 1:50,000 mapping project of 28,400 square miles in Nigeria.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL-OPTICAL DESIGN OF THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Parenti G.
Published: July 2019

All four models of the Analytical Plotter produced so far utilize the original AP-1 optical-mechanical measuring system, which proved to be extremely accurate and stable. Only minor variations in the original design of the optical viewing system and in the transmission of the movements were needed to fulfill the requirements of the different Analytical Plotters. This confirms the soundness of the principle and the extreme flexibility of the equipment.
GENERAL CONCEPT OF THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Lesser Burton S.
Published: July 2019

The advanced capabilities of the new Analytical Stereoplotter AP-2 are described. Particular reference is made to the inclusion of greater inputs and additional corrections that can be processed, especially with regard to panoramic photography. The operator’s control panel is described in detail, and the interior, relative, and absolute orientation procedures are discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF THE ANALYTICAL PLOTTER
Authors: Blachut T. J.
Published: July 2019

In spite of the lack of extensive experimental data at this, in a sense, early stage of development, some very interesting indications of the eventual performance of the Analytical Plotter can be seen. The accuracy of the measuring system is very high; monocular grid measurements gave mean square errors of 2.5 - 3.5 μ. The stability is even better, repetition of readings being constant within 2 to 3 μ, that is, within the pointing accuracy. The accuracy of the complete system may be improved by using experimental corrections and proper statistical treatment of redundant observations. Complete relative and absolute orientations can be carried out in 10 to 15 minutes or less with analytical accuracy. Further economical advantages result from the use of the inherent computer capabilities to solve auxiliary problems and to carry out pertinent “real time” operations, such as automatic control of the plotting table.
CADASTRAL SURVEY IN SWEDEN
Authors: Möller Sven G.
Published: July 2019

Some geographical data on Sweden is given to set the Swedish legal survey work in proper perspective. Land survey in Sweden as a state organization dates back to 1628. Through the centuries there have been many changes; the most recent reorganization of Swedish cadastre was in 1960. The education of chartered surveyors and of auxiliary personnel, the land registry system, and surveying procedures and techniques are described.
GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEYING, ESPECIALLY WITH THE GEODIMETER AGA NASM 4, AT THE SWEDISH CADASTRAL AND LAND SURVEY ORGANIZATION
Authors: Möller Sven G.
Published: July 2019

The early control surveys on which Swedish cadastre was based are being replaced by more modern systems. A first-order triangulation net, local nets, vertical control, surveying methods and results obtained by Swedish cadastral and land survey organizations are briefly discussed.
A SIMULTANEOUS SECTION ADJUSTMENT FOR SMALL COMPUTERS
Authors: Therrien J. J.
Published: July 2019

The horizontal section adjustment is a very powerful tool for extending control over wide areas. The solution outlined is designed for smaller computers; it makes it possible to perform the simultaneous adjustment of a large block of sections with a fraction of the storage requirement of the direct numerical solution. The most popular block adjustments in use at the present time are, adjustment of strips by polynomials, the Jerie Analogue method, and the numerical section adjustment. The simultaneous section adjustment of a block of reasonable size has so far been confined to large computers. The method outlined in the paper permits us to perform this adjustment on a small computer without compromise in ease of data handling and without restricting the flexibility of the simultaneous section adjustment.

This article gives the theory behind the solution and an outline of the computer programme.
PROBLEMS OF ASTRONOMIC CONTROL IN HIGH LATITUDES
Authors: Gregerson L.F.
Published: July 2019

The first part of this paper discusses the most convenient means of determining the geodetic azimuth and the deviation of the vertical, in the plane of the prime vertical, in northern latitudes. The second part describes the method of determining longitude in the long northern day by observing stars both on the meridian and at certain known distances on either side, thus making possible many determinations from a single star.
SUGGESTIONS ON THE NORMAL LAW OF ERRORS
Authors: Romanowski M.
Published: July 2019

In this article it is shown that Hagen’s theory of errors is not complete and requires some additional hypotheses. One of these, which is extremely simple and possesses a clear experimental meaning, consists in assuming that, in addition to positive and negative elementary errors (with respective probabilities p and q), there is also a third kind of error, viz. one equal to zero (with probability r). In this article it is assumed, as a working hypotheses, that p = q = r = ⅓. The standard error that results (computed by the method used in the theory of sampling) is about six per cent smaller than in the unmodified theory.

The last section of the article suggests the possibility that statistical analysis of a certain number of cases may lead to establishing a relationship between the standard error of a set of measurements and the resolving power of the measuring method.
TESTS OF DEPARTURE FROM THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FOR THEODOLITE ERRORS OF OBSERVATION
Authors: Stearn J. L.
Published: July 2019

A study of errors of theodolite observations involving 12 samples with a total of 9,420 observations indicates that theodolite observations do not come from a normal population and that the arithmetic mean is not the best value of samples of such observaions.

In the course of the study a comparison was made of the results obtained by the use of the arithmetic mean with those from the use of Jeffreys’s weighted mean. It was concluded that, although the use of the weighted mean does improve the accuracies to some degree, the improvement is not worth the time-consuming labour involved.
CANADIAN CHARTS FOR LOW-LEVEL HIGH-SPEED AIR OPERATIONS
Authors: Kihl T. H. , Long D. E.
Published: July 2019

The Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys has recently undertaken production of a series of special military charts for use in training for low-level, high-speed tactical air operations. Such charts must be satisfactory both for planning and for enroute air navigation and must enable the pilot to obtain a clear mental image of the terrain along the path he intends to fly. This paper describes the series and gives details of the design and production methods, devoting considerable space to the technique of hill shading, the means used to simulate three-dimensional relief.
THE STEREO LINE PLOTTER A NEW THIRD ORDER INSTRUMENT
Authors: Moore R. E.
Published: July 2019

The S.L.P.-1 is a third-order instrument that enables a topographer, using elevations in the four corners of the stereo model as control, to draw contours rapidly on photographs. This it does by the use of a plane of parallel lines that intersects the model and serves as the measuring system. Instead of removing parallax from the model, the operator deforms the plane of lines to fit the deformed surface of the model.

The instrument is inexpensive and can be adapted to a number of special uses.
AERODIST TEST PROJECT
Authors: Yaskowich S. A.
Published: July 2019

In the fall of 1963, a test program was carried out to determine the accuracy of aerodist measurements. Six lines in a quadrilateral were measured. The field work and computations are described briefly and a tabulation of summarized results is included. A comparison of aerodist lengths with those computed from geodetic triangulation data indicates that first-order accuracies were achieved.
GEOMETRY OF INFRARED IMAGERY
Authors: Derenyi Eugene E. , Konecny Gottfried
Published: July 2019

A large portion of infrared radiation can only be recorded photographically with special sensing devices. Such images show much similarity to photographs taken by a continuous strip camera, but have a somewhat different geometry and distortion characteristic. The principal sources of distortions are scanning technique distortion, errors of exterior orientation elements, velocity errors of the aircraft, errors of interior orientation elements, distortions of the optical and electronic system and errors of the recording device. The magnitude of these errors is demonstrated by numerical examples.
PRACTICAL METHODS OF ANALYTICAL BLOCK ADJUSTMENT FOR STRIPS, SECTIONS, AND MODELS
Authors: Schut G. H.
Published: July 2019

This paper gives first a general formulation of the block adjustment of coordinates by the method of least squares. The formulation is then simplified on the ground of practical considerations. Suitable transformation formulae are given for block adjustment of strips, of sections, and of models, and the most practical ways of solving the resulting normal equations are discussed. It is shown that the adjustments can be performed on electronic computers with a storage capacity of 4,000 and even of 2,000 words. Finally, some alternative methods are discussed.
The Transition Period
Authors: Donkersloot J. A. H.
Published: July 2019

This article, although not opposed to the need for better education of the land surveyor, suggests that the transition period will be longer than many anticipate. Therefore, in addition to outlining the present requirements for qualification in Manitoba, it gives some views on what might be accomplished in the meantime.
Gregerson Mean Further Examined
Authors: Oswal H. L. , Tewari R. S.
Published: July 2019

The authors have conducted two statistical tests to help solve the controversy surrounding Gregerson’s mean (or most probable value). One test is similar to Brown’s [1961], the other concerns practical survey measurements. The results of the experiments show that there is no significant difference between the arithmetic mean and Gregerson’s mean, but that the arithmetic mean is to be preferred.
Resolving Power and the Detection of Linear Detail
Authors: Charman W. N.
Published: July 2019

The ability of a photographic system to resolve and detect linear details is discussed in terms of the spatial frequency spectra of the details, the optical transfer function of the system and the threshold of the detector used with the system. It is shown that there is no simple relationship between the resolving power of the system and the size of the linear detail that the system is capable of detecting.
Theoretical Comparison of Triangulation, Trilateration and Traversing
Authors: Chrzanowski Adam , Konecny Gottfried
Published: July 2019

The writers make a theoretical accuracy comparison between triangulation, trilateration, combined triangulation and trilateration and traversing for secondary control survey nets, connecting previously established primary control.
Adjustments of Aerodist Observations
Authors: Evans B. R.
Published: July 2019

Aerodist is a powerful tool for rapidly extending survey control over wide areas. The method of adjustment outlined in this paper is suitable for medium-sized computers with magnetic tape or disk facilities. The paper includes a general outline of a program to perform the adjustment.

The method is developed for aerodist, but can also be used to adjust data from other airborne measuring systems (hiran, shiran, etc.). The paper shows how data from continuous trilateration and data from connecting surveys and azimuth observations can be adjusted simultaneously. The same program can be used for fixing the positions of photo stations when aerodist is used with fixed ground stations.
A Polaris Planisphere
Authors: Bennett G. G.
Published: July 2019

This article describes a graphical method of deriving the azimuth and altitude of Polaris without having to convert standard time to sidereal time.
Integrated Surveys in British Columbia
Authors: Andrews G. S.
Published: July 2019

This report describes in detail recent legislation in British Columbia providing for the proclamation, at the discretion of local authorities, of certain localities as “integrated survey areas”, where all future surveys are to be brought under the provincial coordinate system according to regulations issued by the Surveyor-General. Various aspects in survey integration, such as monumentation, extension of second and third-order horizontal control, establishment of provincial level networks and selection of computational procedures, are discussed and a summary of completed work is given.
Integrated Surveys in New Brunswick
Authors: Roberts Willis F.
Published: July 2019

The progress of survey integration in the province of New Brunswick has been rapid; one fifth of the total land area has now been covered by permanent monumentation. In the course of these surveys, conducted by the Department of Lands and Mines, some of the earlier procedures have been revised and new surveying aids, notably the model 6 geodimeter, adopted. Legislation for compulsory integration of municipal and legal surveys under the provincial coordinate system does not exist in New Brunswick, but a Land Surveys Act has been drafted authorizing agreements with municipalities involving large-scale mapping, the establishment of “integrated survey areas” and certain other regulations.
Survey Control for Municipalities
Authors: Pelton L. E.
Published: July 2019

Municipal control surveys have been carried out by the Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys since 1962. This paper gives some of the benefits that can accrue from such surveys and discusses problems encountered by topographical survey field parties during the establishment of second-order control. Computations, adjustments and coordinate systems are mentioned only briefly as these subjects are well covered in existing papers and textbooks.
A New Type of Quadrilateration
Authors: Kowalczyk Zygmunt
Published: July 2019

In city surveys, the required primary control is obtained most commonly by a local triangulation scheme. In recent years, however, the great progress made in the field of electromagnetic distance measurement, which has resulted in improved and practical versions of both geodimeter and tellurometer systems, has made it possible to employ more flexible configurations of control nets than was possible with the classical triangulation method. One such new method, which is under study in Poland, is described briefly.
Crustal Movement in the Lake St. John Area, Quebec
Authors: Frost N. H. , Lilly J. E.
Published: July 2019

This paper discusses the results of a releveling program undertaken by the Geodetic Survey of Canada in the Lake St. John region of Quebec. From this study, it appears that crustal movement of considerable magnitude has taken place.
Investigations into the Accuracy of the NRC Monocomparator
Authors: Krishnamurty* V. , Smialowski A. J.
Published: July 2019

The NRC monocomparator is described briefly, followed by a detailed discussion of the individual factors that affect comparator measurements. The major error characteristics of the comparator are evaluated from measurements made on a precise glass grid and the resulting corrections are applied to all subsequent measurements. The paper concludes by presenting the results of the tests carried out to assess the overall performance of the NRC monocomparator. It has been proven that very high accuracy can be achieved by a simple and inexpensive instrument of the NRC monocomparator type.
Surveying by Satellite
Authors: Flatman A. J.
Published: July 2019

Two basic methods of surveying by satellite are possible: that of photographing a satellite against the star background and that of range measurements from ground stations to the satellite. The latter method, which is used by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in its SECOR program, is described in this paper. With the SECOR method, distances are measured simultaneously from four ground stations to a satellite equipped with a transponder system. Results of SECOR tests are given and sources of error are discussed.
Weighted Solution of Longitude Equations
Authors: GREGERSON L. F.
Published: July 2019

Most of the error in the determination of longitude is caused by error in pointing, which is a displacement of direction. Only a negligible percentage is due to errors in time observations. Therefore, in the adjustment, the errors must be considered as displacements, expressed in seconds of arc, and not as time which, as a different yardstick of displacement, differs with every star. The use of the Mayer formula by weighting the observation equations by cos2δ is here recommended; this results in a simpler form of the equation, with less work and a more logical estimate of the true value.
Airborne Control
Authors: Hirtle J. G. S.
Published: July 2019

Canada’s newest survey technique, airborne control, was pioneered by David H. Burnett, P. Eng., BCLS, by adapting a hoversight, developed by the United States Geological Survey engineers, to specialized aerial equipment, provided by Okanagan Helicopters Ltd., which owns an exclusive patent on the use of the hoversight. The first application of this equipment and technique to the survey of mineral claims in extremely precipitous terrain was made by Interior Engineering Services Ltd.
Control Surveys as a Foundation for an Integrated Data System
Authors: Konecny Gottfried
Published: July 2019

An adequate environmental data bank must be based on geometrically defined parcels of land. A distinction is made between the description of an area of land and its definition. To define land parcels properly, a network of permanent control points is required. Where such a network is lacking, large-scale maps can serve as substitutes, but the precision of definition will be inferior. The paper gives suggestions for indexing land parcels, the types of files in a data bank and the establishment of a national bank of control survey data.

The author’s final conclusion is that there is no better assurance for the long-term value of a data bank than the use of control surveys for its geometrical foundation.
Orthophotography as a Data Base For Land Descriptions
Authors: Loelkes George L.
Published: July 2019

Property descriptions, based on the use of orthophoto maps having geographic or cadastral grid reference systems and photo-identification of property corners, are compared with traditional methods of monumenting and legal descriptions. The results from test projects in the States of Maryland and Vermont show the validity of the system and also the versatility of the map product for such additional purposes as highway planning, forestry and regional and local planning.
Data Banks and Population Statistics
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: July 2019

The major source of population statistics in Canada is the census, taken every five years.

Data are published for the county or census division, for parts of certain towns, for census tracts and, finally, for enumeration areas, the smallest administrative units. The enumeration area data are available in two forms: in computer printouts and on computer tapes.

For the 1971 census, plans are being made for the geographical coding of places of residence and of work. For this purpose, it is most important to have uniform, unique and standard geo-codes applied at the central statistical organization, particularly because of the intention in 1971 to have a large part of the country covered by self-enumeration.

The system of geo-coding woidd be of enormous benefit if extended to other population statistics, such as registration of births, deaths and marriages, and various forms of registration by local authorities for electoral purposes. Address registers and geo-coding woidd accelerate the availability of census data for user-designated areas. Furthermore, geo-codes have a crucial role in the development of the social sciences.

There is a difference between the type of matching and record linkage in which surveyors are interested and that which social scientists woidd be using. The former is anchored to geo-coded addresses for the matching of events and persons for study purposes; the latter is more concerned with the standard demographic characteristics available on people, which are not tied to geographical location. Of the latter, those with the highest discriminating power are the social insurance number and the birth number. Canada has played a leading role in the development of matching procedures using these characteristics.

Present Canadian legislation, by attempting to safeguard the privacy of individuals, unfortunately restricts the development of data for purposes of social investigation.
Files and Data Banks
Authors: Morley J. D.
Published: July 2019

Computer files may be handled by routine or real-time processes. Routine processes are scheduled, repetitive and well defined, and the activities may be batched. In real-time processes, the edit, update and action cycle may recur transaction by transaction. Routine files should not be encumbered with data not needed by the routine process and should be altered only by routine programs.

Data banks, like other banks, have collection, deposit and withdrawal processes, each with its own special problems. Data collection has both hardware and software problems. Deposit processes involve decisions on editing, organization and data compression. Withdrawal programs are often from a number of sources and must not modify data in the bank.

The use of routine files as data banks is rarely satisfactory. Files are designed for efficiency, timeliness and special purposes; data banks are research and planning tools for storing large amounts of information covering a generally broader range of topics.
The Use of State Plane Coordinates in Reporting Traffic Accidents in Indiana
Authors: Johnson Phillip C. , Stoner John E.
Published: July 2019

A computer-oriented system is being developed in Indiana for analyses of traffic accident data. A detailed description is given of the method by which police officers use a binder of large-scale map sections to scale coordinates of all accidents to the nearest 50 feet on the state plane coordinate system. Plans for a variety of graphic outputs and for correlations with information on road types, road conditions, driver records, etc., are indicated.
Small Areas in the Canadian Census
Authors: Hubert P. J.
Published: July 2019

The spatial framework for which the Census of Canada provides data has evolved, through successive censuses, to meet the need of users.

Because of the changing nature of the electoral districts of the early censuses, a more permanent spatial framework, namely, the county, and an equivalent area called the census division, was introduced in the 1921 and 1931 censuses. After World War II, users of census data requested a smaller spatial framework. In. 1951 data were available at the municipality level and, in 1961, all census data taken on a 100 per cent basis were available at the enumeration area level.

Currently, the ability to provide census data for user-specified areas is being developed through a geocoding system.
Newfoundland and Labrador Water Resources Study
Authors: Swain B.J. , Cadou C.
Published: July 2019

The data bank principle has been used for a study of the water resources of Newfoundland and Labrador. The area was partitioned into squares having sides of 10 kilometers consistent with the UTM grid on the 1:250,000 NTS maps. Data on long-term average temperature and precipitation from the records of meteorological stations in the area were combined with physiographic factors to estimate runoff for each grid element. From these estimates, the total runoff for a watershed was aggregated, checked against gauging-station data and revised by an iterative procedure, where necessary, prior to storing in a master file. As an example of the usefulness of this master file, a set of curves of elevation, flow, hydroelectric potential per kilometer and cumulative hydroelectrlcal potential are presented. An IBM 1130 computer with one model 2315 disk cartridge was used for the systein.
Data Management System
Authors: Cuthill R.R. , Sugar L.
Published: July 2019

This is a technical information system designed for the Metropolitan Toronto Roads and Traffic Department. It consists of a set of programed routines for reading, storing, retrieving, manipulating and reporting data. The routines are quite flexible and may be called repetitively and in any sequence, using code words and parametric data supplied as input by the user. Data manipidation includes correlation, transformation and sorting. Reporting capabilities include printer tabulation, the creation of new data files and automatic plotting. Confidential data are protected by the use of a list of authorized code numbers on retrieval. The authors feel that the system is both flexible and comprehensible to the nonprogramer and is applicable therefore to a wide range of information-handling problems.
Electro-Optical Distance-Measuring Instruments With Particular Reference to the Wild DI 10 Distomat
Authors: Hodges D. J.
Published: July 2019

The use of electro-optical systems is expected to become the prime method of measuring distances in mine surveying in the near future. Important features of a number of such distance-measuring systems that have become available during the past few years are reviewed.

A brief description of the Wild DI 10 distomat and the results of a series of tests carried out on this instrument are given. The investigations have confirmed that the accuracy attainable is well within that claimed by the manufacturers of ± 1 cm and that the speed of operation and, therefore, the economies that can be effected by the use of this instrument are outstanding.
Computational Techniques in the Reduction of Shaft Plumbing and Gyro-Theodolite Observations
Authors: Janisch P. R.
Published: July 2019

Initial transfer of position and bearing through vertical shafts, using shaft plumbing and gyro theodolites, represents the most basic operation in deep-level mine surveying. The necessary field operations can be streamlined by making use of certain computational techniques, especially where digital computers are available. One example described is the adjustment of plumb-line positions on the basis of interline measurements.

In the case of gyro-theodolite work, the use of eccentric setups, more spinups and fewer reversal points in each case would decrease the required time and increase the accuracy. A rigorous non-linear numerical technique for the reduction of reversal point observations is described, and this method can be used to derive a general linear fornmla for use with particular instruments at particular latitudes.
An Investigation of the MOM GiB2 Gyroscopic Theodolite
Authors: Gregerson L.F.
Published: July 2019

In investigations with the MOM GiB2 gyroscope, a definite drift phenomenon was detected, affecting both the spinning and nonspinning gyroscopes. A method of observation and calculation was devised to minimize this drift effect. The internal accuracy of these refined observations was studied, and a field experiment was carried out to determine the attainable external accuracy and the real nature of the obtained gyroscopic azimuth.
An Accurate Method of Airborne Trigonometric Leveling
Authors: Farley D. W.
Published: July 2019

A description is given of a method used in survey operations in Northern Ontario for accurate one-way trigonometric leveling from ground stations to a hovering helicopter. Results indicate a standard error of 0.5 feet in height difference determination over lines 6 to 10 miles in length. The method depends on the application of a modified form of Snell’s Law utilizing dry-bulb temperature and pressure measurements made along the line of sight.
Land Form Suitability for Control Survey Monumentation
Authors: Gray David H. , Bird S. J. Glenn
Published: July 2019

Ideally, a control survey monument should be established so as to remain in its original location. Experience has shown, however, that, if improperly placed, it will move with respect to the underlying ground mass and that the number of types of movement are primarily dependent on the land form. These types of movement, their causes, their effects, particularly on the monuments, and their recognition in both terrestrial and airphoto views are discussed in detail with respect to various land forms. If surveyors know the land forms and the associated problems in the area where they are working, they can apply this knowledge to the survey work, resulting in more permanent and useful survey monumentation.
Resolution of Four Films in a Survey Camera
Authors: Carman P. D. , Brown H.
Published: July 2019

Resolution measurements were made on four films in a Wild RC 8 camera under a variety of controlled conditions. For the scene brightness ranges, common in aerial survey photography, and practical shutter speeds, best resolution is obtained by using a relatively slow high-resolution film, for example, Plus X, and stopping the camera down to f/8 or f/11. The film speed necessary to obtain satisfactory image density under these conditions is obtained by development to the highest gradient appropriate to the scene brightness range.
An Evaluation of the Accuracy of an Autotape Survey
Authors: Pinch M. C.
Published: July 2019

In 1968 the Geodetic Survey of Canada established points approximately 25 kilometers apart on flat terrain near Fort Simpson, NWT, by trilateration methods using autotape equipment and a helicopter. Both line-crossing and hovering techniques were used. Second-order accuracy was anticipated; however, reduction of the field data, using least square adjustments, showed that only third- and fourth-order accuracy had been attained owing mainly to deficiencies in the hovering technique. The methods used to determine when the helicopter was at the zenith of the survey point were inadequate for the high altitude hovering necessary during measurement. If second- or even third-order accuracy between hover points 25 kilometers apart is to be obtained, better methods of hover control will have to be introduced.