bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
General Model for COVID-19 Spreading With Consideration of Intercity Migration, Insufficient Testing, and Active Intervention: Modeling Study of Pandemic Progression in Japan and the United States
Authors: Zhan Choujun , Tse Chi Kong , Lai Zhikang , Chen Xiaoyun , Mo Mingshen
Published: June 2020

Background

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) began to spread in mid-December 2019 from Wuhan, China, to most provinces in China and over 200 other countries through an active travel network. Limited by the ability of the country or city to perform tests, the officially reported number of confirmed cases is expected to be much smaller than the true number of infected cases.

Objective

This study aims to develop a new susceptible-exposed-infected-confirmed-removed (SEICR) model for predicting the spreading progression of COVID-19 with consideration of intercity travel and the difference between the number of confirmed cases and actual infected cases, and to apply the model to provide a realistic prediction for the United States and Japan under different scenarios of active intervention.

Methods

The model introduces a new state variable corresponding to the actual number of infected cases, integrates intercity travel data to track the movement of exposed and infected individuals among cities, and allows different levels of active intervention to be considered so that a realistic prediction of the number of infected individuals can be performed. Moreover, the model generates future progression profiles for different levels of intervention by setting the parameters relative to the values found from the data fitting.

Results

By fitting the model with the data of the COVID-19 infection cases and the intercity travel data for Japan (January 15 to March 20, 2020) and the United States (February 20 to March 20, 2020), model parameters were found and then used to predict the pandemic progression in 47 regions of Japan and 50 states (plus a federal district) in the United States. The model revealed that, as of March 19, 2020, the number of infected individuals in Japan and the United States could be 20-fold and 5-fold as many as the number of confirmed cases, respectively. The results showed that, without tightening the implementation of active intervention, Japan and the United States will see about 6.55% and 18.2% of the population eventually infected, respectively, and with a drastic 10-fold elevated active intervention, the number of people eventually infected can be reduced by up to 95% in Japan and 70% in the United States.

Conclusions

The new SEICR model has revealed the effectiveness of active intervention for controlling the spread of COVID-19. Stepping up active intervention would be more effective for Japan, and raising the level of public vigilance in maintaining personal hygiene and social distancing is comparatively more important for the United States.
Public Health Strategies for the Gradual Lifting of the Public Sector Lockdown in Jordan and the United Arab Emirates During the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: AlQutob Raeda , Moonesar Immanuel Azaad , Tarawneh Mohammad Rasoul , Al Nsour Mohannad , Khader Yousef
Published: June 2020

In this viewpoint, we present public policies and public health strategies for a gradual lockdown lifting during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis in two country cases, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates. While managing pandemics is critical in terms of preparedness, response, and recovery, it is equally vital to ensure that the measures for a lockdown exit are both efficient and effective. It is critical to learn from first-wave lessons to systematize responses during times of crisis and execute appropriate public policies and public health strategies. This viewpoint highlights the importance of the following during lockdown lifting: pandemic control, health care capacity, training, scaling up of resources and systems, and priority setting of public policies by acknowledging challenges, developing policy insights, and setting the policy direction. The systematic approaches and leadership thinking required for lifting lockdowns during a crisis include the three Rs: Readiness, Responses, and Resilience & Recovery.
Evaluation of the Tobbstop Mobile App for Smoking Cessation: Cluster Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (Preprint)
Authors: Pallejà-Millán Meritxell , Rey-Reñones Cristina , Barrera Uriarte Maria Luisa , Granado-Font Esther , Basora Josep , Flores-Mateo Gemma , Duch Jordi
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Mobile apps provide an accessible way to test new health-related methodologies. Tobacco is still the primary preventable cause of death in industrialized countries, constituting an important public health issue. New technologies provide novel opportunities that are effective in the cessation of smoking tobacco.

OBJECTIVE

This paper aims to evaluate the efficacy and usage of a mobile app for assisting adult smokers to quit smoking.

METHODS

We conducted a cluster randomized clinical trial. We included smokers older than 18 years who were motivated to stop smoking and used a mobile phone compatible with our mobile app. We carried out follow-up visits at 15, 30, and 45 days, and at 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Participants of the intervention group had access to the Tobbstop mobile app designed by the research team. The primary outcomes were continuous smoking abstinence at 3 and 12 months.

RESULTS

A total of 773 participants were included in the trial, of which 602 (77.9%) began the study on their D-Day. Of participants in the intervention group, 34.15% (97/284) did not use the app. The continuous abstention level was significantly larger in the intervention group participants who used the app than in those who did not use the app at both 3 months (72/187, 38.5% vs 13/97, 13.4%; P<.001) and 12 months (39/187, 20.9% vs 8/97, 8.25%; P=.01). Participants in the intervention group who used the app regularly and correctly had a higher probability of not being smokers at 12 months (OR 7.20, 95% CI 2.14-24.20; P=.001) than the participants of the CG.

CONCLUSIONS

Regular use of an app for smoking cessation is effective in comparison with standard clinical practice.

CLINICALTRIAL

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01734421; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01734421
Exploring Public Awareness of Overwork Prevention With Big Data From Google Trends: Retrospective Analysis (Preprint)
Authors: Lin Ro-Ting , Cheng Yawen , Jiang Yan-Cheng
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

To improve working conditions and prevent illness and deaths related to overwork, the Taiwanese government in 2015, 2016, and 2018 amended regulations regarding working time, overtime, shifts, and rest days. Such policy changes may lead to a rising public awareness of overwork-related issues, which may in turn reinforce policy development.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate to what extent public awareness of overwork-related issues correlated with policy changes.

METHODS

Policies, laws, and regulations promulgated or amended in Taiwan between January 2004 and November 2019 were identified. We defined 3 working conditions (overwork, long working hours, and high job stress) related to overwork prevention, generated a keyword for each condition, and extracted the search volumes for each keyword on the Google search engine as proxy indicators of public awareness. We then calculated the monthly percentage change in the search volumes using the Joinpoint Regression Program.

RESULTS

Apparent peaks in search volumes were observed immediately after policy changes. Especially, policy changes in 2010 were followed by a remarkable peak in search volumes for both overwork and working hours, with the search volumes for overwork increased by 29% per month from June 2010 to March 2011. This increase was preceded by the implementation of new overwork recognition guidelines and media reports of several suspected overwork-related events. The search volumes for working hours also steadily increased, by 2% per month in September 2013 and afterward, reaching a peak in January 2017. The peak was likely due to the amendment to the Labor Standards Act, which called for “1 fixed and 1 flexible day off per week,” in 2016. The search volumes for job stress significantly increased (P=.026) but only by 0.4% per month since March 2013.

CONCLUSIONS

Over the past 15 years, Taiwanese authorities have revised and implemented several policies to prevent overwork-related health problems. Our study suggests a relationship between the implementation of policies that clearly defined the criteria for overwork and working hours and the rising public awareness of the importance of overwork prevention and shorter working hours.
Smartphone and Mobile Health Apps for Tinnitus: Systematic Identification, Analysis, and Assessment (Preprint)
Authors: Mehdi Muntazir , Stach Michael , Riha Constanze , Neff Patrick , Dode Albi , Pryss Rüdiger , Schlee Winfried , Reichert Manfred , Hauck Franz J
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND

Modern smartphones contain sophisticated high-end hardware features, offering high computational capabilities at extremely manageable costs and have undoubtedly become an integral part in users' daily life. Additionally, smartphones offer a well-established ecosystem that is easily discoverable and accessible via the marketplaces of differing mobile platforms, thus encouraging the development of many smartphone apps. Such apps are not exclusively used for entertainment purposes but are also commonplace in health care and medical use. A variety of those health and medical apps exist within the context of tinnitus, a phantom sound perception in the absence of any physical external source.

OBJECTIVE

In this paper, we shed light on existing smartphone apps addressing tinnitus by providing an up-to-date overview.

METHODS

Based on PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched and identified existing smartphone apps on the most prominent app markets, namely Google Play Store and Apple App Store. In addition, we applied the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) to evaluate and assess the apps in terms of their general quality and in-depth user experience.

RESULTS

Our systematic search and screening of smartphone apps yielded a total of 34 apps (34 Android apps, 26 iOS apps). The mean MARS scores (out of 5) ranged between 2.65-4.60. The Tinnitus Peace smartphone app had the lowest score (mean 2.65, SD 0.20), and Sanvello—Stress and Anxiety Help had the highest MARS score (mean 4.60, SD 0.10). The interrater agreement was substantial (Fleiss κ=0.74), the internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach α=.95), and the interrater reliability was found to be both high and excellent—Guttman λ6=0.94 and intraclass correlation, ICC(2,k) 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.97), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This work demonstrated that there exists a plethora of smartphone apps for tinnitus. All of the apps received MARS scores higher than 2, suggesting that they all have some technical functional value. However, nearly all identified apps were lacking in terms of scientific evidence, suggesting the need for stringent clinical validation of smartphone apps in future. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to systematically identify and evaluate smartphone apps within the context of tinnitus.
How to Fight an Infodemic: The Four Pillars of Infodemic Management (Preprint)
Authors: Eysenbach Gunther
Published: June 2020

UNSTRUCTURED

In this issue of the Journal of Medical Internet Research, the World Health Organization (WHO) is presenting a framework for managing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infodemic. Infodemiology is now acknowledged by public health organizations and the WHO as an important emerging scientific field and critical area of practice during a pandemic.
From the perspective of being the first “infodemiolgist” who originally coined the term almost two decades ago, I am positing four pillars of infodemic management: (1) information monitoring (infoveillance); (2) building eHealth Literacy and science literacy capacity; (3) encouraging knowledge refinement and quality improvement processes such as fact checking and peer-review; and (4) accurate and timely knowledge translation, minimizing distorting factors such as political or commercial influences.
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the United Nations has advocated that facts and science should be promoted and that these constitute the antidote to the current infodemic. This is in stark contrast to the realities of infodemic mismanagement and misguided upstream filtering, where social media platforms such as Twitter have advertising policies that sideline science organizations and science publishers, treating peer-reviewed science as “inappropriate content.”
Stakeholders’ Model in Israeli School
Authors: NATOUR Yumna , MATANI Rana
Published: June 2020

The authors of this paper present a stakeholder model for presenting an Israeli school from the point of view of its stakeholder, especially pupils, teachers, principals and parents. They strive to find solution to teenagers at risk in the Arab sector of Israel.
Расчет передаточной характеристики анизотропного магниторезистивного преобразователя магнитного поля
Authors: Амеличев В.В. , Костюк Д.В. , Жуков Д.А. , Шевченко А.Б. , Касаткин С.И. , Поляков О.П. , Шевцов В.С. , Поляков П.А.
Published: June 2020

Представлена разработанная теоретическая модель одномерной неоднородности (МОН) и описаны основные факторы, влияющие на распределение вектора намагниченности тонкого магниторезистивного элемента анизотропного магниторезистивного преобразователя (АМРП). Получены результаты расчета вольт-эрстедных характеристик АМРП с помощью МОН, которые согласуются с экспериментальными данными.

The developed theoretical model of one-dimensional heterogeneity (MODH) is presented. Described are the main factors affecting distribution of a thin magnetoresistive element magnetization vector of an anisotropic magnetoresistive transducer (AMRT). The calculated
results of AMRT volt-oersted characteristics obtained using MODH are consistent with the experimental data.
Idosos no Museu da Vida — uma experiência que dialoga com a acessibilidade e interação
Authors: Oliveira Denyse , Guimarães Vanessa
Published: June 2020

Este artigo apresenta parte da pesquisa que visa compreender a experiência de visitação de idosos a duas exposições no Museu da Vida, considerando: o contexto físico das exposições, as questões de acessibilidade, as interações sociais e o contexto pessoal dos visitantes, a partir de uma abordagem qualiquantitativa. A metodologia consistiu na análise de observações, dos vídeos das visitas e respostas a um questionário semiestruturado autoaplicado. Os resultados sugerem que os museus de ciência, além de serem locais de lazer e socialização, podem contribuir com saberes e reflexões sobre as questões científicas, dentro da perspectiva de aprendizagem ao longo da vida.
Islamic Corporate Governance and Internal Control Influance on Fraud in Sharia Commercial Banks
Authors: Chairunisa Mariyam
Published: June 2020

This study aims to examine impact of Islamic Corporate Governance and Internal Control on Fraud on sharia Commercial Bank in Indonesia. The unit analysis of this research is Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia which have been registered in the Financial Services Authority (OJK) period 2012 to 2017. This research was done to 11 Islamic commercial banks by using quantitative-descriptive approach. The results of this research showed that Sharia Supervisory Board and Internal Control have negative effect and unsignificant  on Fraud. However, Audit Committee has a positive effect and significant on fraud .
The Role of People's Banking Private Vocational (BPR) Toward Development of MSME in Lebak Banten
Authors: Kusmana Agus , Sumilir Sumilir
Published: June 2020

This study aims to determine the role of BPR in the development of MSMEs. The research method uses a descriptive-qualitative analysis method. The population in this study are rural banks and MSMEs in the Lebak regency of Banten. The type of data used is secondary data and primary data The role of BPR in the development of MSMEs in the Lebak Regency of Banten with credit growth from 2016 - 2018 of 166.88% and MSME growth of 28.05%, the characteristics of MSME actors in the Lebak district of Banten is the age level of 40 -50 years and male sex with the majority of MSMEs married, and educated in high school, with experience managing businesses between 1 to 5 years, business characteristics, in general, financing customers of PT. BPR Lebak Sejahtera has a business in the field of handicraft, a self-owned business with a place of business that is also owned by itself, in running its business it already has an official business license. financing characteristics provided, the customer receives working capital financing with a repayment period of 1 to 3 years.
PECULIARITIES AND RESULTS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE
Authors: Cherevko Heorhii , Smulka Oksana
Published: June 2020

The article considers the essence of innovative activity and presents results of the study of innovative processes, conducted by agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. To detect peculiarities of those processes, the researchers used results of examination of the innovative activity of agricultural enterprises in the Lviv region. The work confirms a rather high level of innovative activity of agricultural enterprises, compared to the enterprises of other branches of the economy of Ukraine. It secures positive transformations in the system of agrarian production of the country. The work demonstrates expansion of some kinds of innovations (in product, process, organization, and marketing) by agricultural enterprises of the Lviv region. The authors of the research have analyzed changes in the expenditures of agricultural enterprises, arguing the dependence of innovative activity on resource attraction. The article suggests perspective directions of some kinds of product innovations at agricultural enterprises.
COMPANY CONSOLIDATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRECARIAT IN POLAND
Authors: Ejsmont Aneta
Published: June 2020

The aim of this article is to present research on consolidation of enterprises, especially units operating in the private sector. The method of comparative analysis and synthesis of the author’s own research results was used in the study, which proved the hypothesis that consolidation of the surveyed enterprises, which operate in the private sector, causes a gradual decrease in the phenomenon of the precariat, mainly due to an increase in the number of indefinite duration employment contracts. The author personally conducted telephone interviews with managers of variously sized companies. The survey covered 1,000 business entities from Poland, including 550 micro enterprises, 280 small enterprises, 120 medium-sized entities and 50 large enterprises, which in the years 2005–2018 were transformed as a result of consolidation processes (mergers or acquisitions). These phone conversations were conducted as free interviews.
UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODESHIP – EFFECTS AND METHODS OF LIMITATIONS
Authors: Kacprzak Marzena
Published: June 2020

Unemployment is an economic phenomenon where part of the working-age population are unable to find jobs despite seeking employment. The actual job search amongst the unemployed can be more or less intense. The Mazowieckie Voivodeship is characterized by high spatial diversity in the standard of living of the inhabitants and the conditions of economic development. On the one hand, the voivodeship boasts the highly economically developed capital of the country, on the other, there are medium or relatively underdeveloped areas. The aim of the article is to indicate the range of the phenomenon of unemployment in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship and to indicate the effects and methods of reducing it. The concept of unemployment is presented, the research methodology is outlined and the unemployment of Mazowieckie Voivodeship is analysed.
THE PROMOTION SYSTEM AS A COMPETITION TOOL ON THE ALLEGRO.PL TRADING PLATFORM
Authors: Strzębicki Dariusz
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the article is to identify the types of promotional tools used and their role in competition between sellers on the B2C and C2C trading platform called Allegro.pl. A case study of this electronic marketplace was carried out. The information needed to develop the case study came primarily from a qualitative content analysis of the Allegro.pl website. The analysis showed that Allegro.pl provides sellers with many different promotional tools to compete within this electronic market while maintaining a high level of user experience (UX). Price is an important tool for competing in this market, but the availability of promotional tools reduces its importance on the platform.
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HOUSEHOLD DEBT-TO-GDP RATIO ACROSS THE OECD COUNTRIES SINCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
Authors: Bolibok Piotr
Published: June 2020

The paper aims to investigate the developments in the household debt-to-GDP ratio across OECD countries over the period 2007–2017 from the standpoint of the individual tendencies in the numerator (household debt) and denominator (GDP) of the ratio, and to identify the groups of countries exhibiting similar patterns in the post-crisis evolution of these variables. The investigation employs a comparative analysis of the average rates of change in household debt and GDP in the sample, as well as k-medians clustering aimed at identifying similarities. The results of the research reveal significant disparities in the development of the household debt-to-GDP ratio across the examined countries in the analysed period driven by the dominant tendencies in its numerator and denominator, which in turn appear to be related to the pre-crisis levels of household sector indebtedness and GDP per capita, as well as the depth of recession that affected each of the particular economies.
SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR OF YOUNG POLISH SINGLES
Authors: Zalega Tomasz
Published: June 2020

This article is a research exercise and refers to the consequences of singlehood in the context of environmental consumer behaviour. It essentially seeks to provide some insight into sustainable consumption in consumer behaviour of young singles in Poland, based on the results of the author’s own research. Following that research, the focus was on verifying whether young people living alone correctly understand sustainable consumption and to what extent they therefore implement its assumptions in their consumer behaviour. In addition, the relationship between lifestyle and environmental consumer behaviour of young singles was analysed, as was their knowledge of eco-labels placed on products. The basis for conclusions is provided by the research material collected in the survey conducted in a sample of 826 young singles.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN CENTRAL POMERANIA AND THEIR PROFITABILITY – PILOT STUDY RESULTS
Authors: Zawadzka Danuta , Strzelecka Agnieszka
Published: June 2020

The aim of the research is to identify the socio-economic features of rural households affecting the probability of obtaining a higher average monthly net income per person based on 100 entities in Central Pomerania, on the basis of pilot studies (direct questionnaire technique) using a logistic regression model. The dependent variable was the probability that the surveyed rural household would receive an average monthly net income per person above the median level for the studied sample. The selection of independent variables was made on the basis of literature studies. The results of the analyses confirmed that the following characteristics had a statistically significant impact on the tested probability: age, education of the head of the household and professional activity of household members. These parameters increase the probability of obtaining a higher average monthly net income per person in rural households of Central Pomerania.
SMALL FARMS IN THE AREA STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Authors: Strojny Jacek
Published: June 2020

In spite of the evolution of the agrarian structure in EU countries (particularly in Western Europe) the problem of small agricultural holdings is still relevant, as this form of farming remains functional. The term ‘small farm’ has an ambiguous character. Thus, the study is based on relatively the most objective criterion for identification of small holdings – farms covering areas below 5 ha. The study employs the statistical method of vector elimination, which enables separation of subgroups with similar, homogeneous agrarian structures from among the studied set. The typology of the agrarian structure by means of the taxonomic technique demonstrates how diverse EU countries are with regard to their small agricultural holdings: Southern European countries, some Central European countries, and other states lying in the north of Europe. Additionally, the structure of small agricultural holdings is distinct in Denmark and in the Czech Republic.
CHANGES IN THE SCALE AND STRUCTURE OF FARM PRODUCTION IN METROPOLITAN AREAS IN POLAND
Authors: Wojewodzic Tomasz , Płonka Aleksandra , Sroka Wojciech
Published: June 2020

The aim of this analyses was to assess the changes in the organisation and scale of plant production of commercial farms located within varying distances from the core of metropolitan areas. The analysis covered a total of 1,854 commercial farms from Pomorskie, Wielkopolskie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, Dolnośląskie and Małopolskie voivodeships that participated in the FADN system over an uninterrupted period between 2004 and 2016. In the study population, entities engaged in production in various functional zones of metropolitan areas (MA) were identified. The study found that in the commercial farms operating in the inner zone of MAs, field cropping and horticulture are gaining importance while livestock production is subject to marginalisation.
Implementation of natural and artificial materials in Portland cement
Authors: Dabic Pero , Barbir Damir
Published: June 2020

For the preparation of modern cement and concrete, supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) have become essential ingredients. The technical, economic and environmental advantages of using SCM have become unquestionable. The main technical reasons for their use are the improvement of the workability of fresh concrete and durability of hardened concrete. Actually, SCM affect almost all concrete properties, while environmental and economic reasons may be more significant than technical reasons. These ingredients can reduce the amount of Portland cement used in cement composites, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. In addition, many of the SCM are industrial by-products, which can otherwise be considered as waste. This paper presents a literature review of the present knowledge on the impact of natural zeolite, waste construction brick and waste container glass on physical, chemical and mechanical properties of Portland cement as the most commonly used cement in the world.
Europas svik mot Bosnia-Hercegovina
Authors: Brekke Torkel
Published: June 2020

EU har gjort en stor feil ved ikke å drive gjennom EU-medlemskap for Bosnia-Hercegovina. De stadige utsettelsene skyldes flere ting, blant annet nasjonale hensyn i EUs medlemsland og en fastlåst politisk situasjon i Bosnia-Hercegovina, som gjør nødvendige reformer vanskelig. Dette har skapt håpløshet i befolkningen og bidrar til fortsatt politisk ustabilitet. Rask integrering i EU og Nato er den eneste sikre veien til fred og utvikling i Bosnia-Hercegovina – og på Vest-Balkan generelt.
Abstract in English: Europe’s Betrayal of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The EU has made a major mistake by not driving through EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constant delays are due to several things, including national considerations in EU member states and a deadlocked political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, making necessary reforms difficult. This has created hopelessness in the population and contributes to continued political instability. Rapid integration in the EU and Nato is the only safe path to peace and development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in the Western Balkans in general.The EU has made a major mistake by not driving through EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The constant delays are due to several things, including national considerations in EU member states and a deadlocked political situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, making necessary reforms difficult. This has created hopelessness in the population and contributes to continued political instability. Rapid integration in the EU and Nato is the only safe path to peace and development in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and in the Western Balkans in general.
Srebrenica 25 år etter – hvordan kunne folkemordet skje?
Authors: Mønnesland Svein
Published: June 2020

Folkemordet i Srebrenica i juli 1995 opprørte en hel verden. Siden 1992, da krigen brøt ut, hadde Bosnia-Hercegovina vært under internasjonalt oppsyn. Artikkelen drøfter hvordan folkemord og grove krigsforbrytelser kunne foregå i årevis uten å bli stanset. Fokus er på den rolle de internasjonale faktorene spilte – FN, EU, Nato og stormaktene. Hvorfor var det så stor motstand mot bruk av makt? Delvis kan det ha vært på grunn av manglende forståelse av hva som skjedde, en oppfatning av at Balkan var preget av århundregammelt hat. Noen vestlige land hadde sine egne interesser i området. For vestlige politikere var det enkleste ikke å gjøre noe. FN sendte fredsbevarende styrker til et land i krig, noe som var katastrofalt for styrkene selv og for FNs prestisje. De tiltakene som ble satt i verk, som Sikkerhetsrådets resolusjoner, økonomiske sanksjoner, våpenembargo, FN-sikrede områder og flyforbud, førte ikke til at krigshandlingene avtok. Også mange norske politikere var sterkt imot militær inngripen. Den serbiske hæren var for sterk, en militær løsning var ikke mulig. Dette viste seg å være feil. Folkemordet i Srebrenica fikk FN og Nato til å gå inn for maktbruk i september 1995. En begrenset militær aksjon var nok til å få slutt på krigen, og reelle fredsforhandlinger kunne begynne.
Abstract in English: Srebrenica 25 Years After – How Could the Genocide Happen?
The genocide in Srebrenica in July 1995 shocked the world. Since 1992, when the war broke out, Bosnia and Herzegovina had been supervised by the international community. The article discusses why genocide and crimes against humanity could happen without being stopped. Focus is on the role of the relevant international participants, the UN, the EU, NATO and the great powers. Why was there a strong opposition against use of force? It was partly due to weak understanding of what was going on, a concept of the Balkans as a region of inherent centuries-old hatred. Some Western states had their own interests in the region. For Western politicians the easiest way was to do nothing. The UN sent peacekeepers to a country at war, which turned out to be a catastrophe for the peacekeepers and for the prestige of the UN. Measures like Security Council resolutions, economic sanctions, arms embargo, safe havens and no-fly zones did not work. Many Norwegian politicians were strongly opposed to military intervention. The Serbian army was too strong, a military solution was not possible. This turned out to be wrong. The genocide in Srebrenica triggered the use of force by the UN and NATO in September 1995. A limited military action was enough to end the war, after which real peace talks could start.
Editorial
Authors: Mortari Katia , Teixeira Alfredo Manuel Matos Alves Rodrigues
Published: June 2020

Este dossiê da REVER acolheu estudos e ensaios sobre o corpo (com particularincidência no tema do corpo em movimento), nas suas práticas e sentidos, como expressão de uma espiritualidade e lugar de abertura à experiência de transcendência.
Movimiento trascendente y contacto comunitario: el cuerpo como templo
Authors: Echeverry Luis Guillermo Jaramillo , Andrade María Verónica Torres
Published: June 2020

Los rostros del contacto son expresiones de la experiencia vivida como un proceso formativo que vivencian los estudiantes al interior del programa de Fisioterapia de la Universidad del Cauca. El objetivo es poner en evidencia la narración de un cuerpo con historia cercano a un entorno familiar y comunitario. En la investigación se abordó la metodología cualitativa desde el enfoque de la teoría fundamentada a fin de comprender este proceso formativo. En los resultados se describe cómo la práctica profesional de los estudiantes lleva a un contacto relacional con las comunidades que no solo responde a un mecanismo funcional sino que se complementa como acontecimento de encuentro trascendente; lo que refiere a un cuerpo en movimiento como acto de entrega puesto al servicio del otro.
A inserção missionária batista para o Brasil Central a partir de 1925: apontamentos e análises de fontes e referências
Authors: Silva Paulo Julião da
Published: June 2020

O objetivo deste texto é trazer apontamentos e análises de fontes e historiografia que contribuam para a compreensão da expansão missionária batista ao Brasil Central a partir do ano de 1925. O artigo foi construído dentro da perspectiva da história cultural das religiões. Após a verificação das fontes e referências, concluiu-se que os batistas aproveitaram o contexto de expansão protestante por toda a América Latina, bem como fizeram uso do discurso da suposta necessidade que os habitantes do interior tinham de receber a mensagem cristã, a fim de justificar a concretização de seus projetos. Acredita-se que as questões aqui elecandas podem contribuir para os debates acerca da temática protestante no Brasil, sobretudo em se tratando do campo da história cultural das religiões.
Da autorrenúncia altruísta ao culto narcisista: uma mudança de paradigma na cultura religiosa midiatizada
Authors: Souza Ronivaldo Moreira de , Miklos Jorge
Published: June 2020

Neste artigo, propomos uma reflexão teórica sobre o surgimento e disseminação da cultura narcisista e sua incorporação às práticas religiosas na contemporaneidade. Tendo como metodologia a pesquisa bibliográfica, observaremos como as narrativas mitológicas antigas que alertavam para a ameaça da hybris e tinham papel pedagógico na regulação da vida em sociedade deram lugar a narrativas que divinizam o EU e estimulam o egocentrismo na sociedade contemporânea midiatizada, regida pela performance e pelo espetáculo. Por fim, analisaremos como a ética protestante, outrora centrada na auto renúncia e no altruísmo, incorporou essa nova cultura mudando seu lugar de atuação para atender a essa demanda emergente de performance e de terapia, típicas da cultura narcisista.
O legado político de Joseph Smith Jr., o fundador da igreja Mórmon
Authors: Castro Douglas De
Published: June 2020

Joseph Smith Jr. foi o fundador e profeta de A Igreja de Jesus Cristo dos Santos dos Últimos Dias nos Estados Unidos, também conhecida como a igreja mórmon. Ele também foi o primeiro candidato a presidente dos Estados Unidos a ser assassinado. Em um país em que a liberdade religiosa fez parte da formação da identidade compartilhada pelos imigrantes europeus e que em 1789 passou a integrar sua Constituição, os episódios de perseguição e exílio a que foram submetidos os membros da igreja mórmon apontam para a causa próxima do engajamento político de seu líder religioso. Desse modo, o presente trabalho tem por finalidade imediata analisar o processo de formação do pensamento político de Joseph Smith Jr., traçando os principais eventos envolvendo sua participação como profeta e os membros da igreja mórmon para garantir sua segurança e liberdade de crença e religião. Os marcos temporais do trabalho abrangem a fundação da igreja mórmon em 1830 e o assassinato de Joseph Smith Jr. na cadeia de Carthage, Illinois em 1844. Como finalidade mediata, pretende contribuir para o conhecimento nas áreas da ciência política e direito de um tema desconhecido nos círculos acadêmicos. Para alcançar este objetivo de pesquisa, adotaremos o caminho metodológico qualitativo de abordagem indutiva e utilização de process-tracing, objetivando traçar as condições necessárias e suficientes para que Joseph Smith Jr. formasse seu pensamento político enquanto líder religioso e profeta e que decidisse concorrer à presidência dos Estados Unidos para proteger a igreja e seus membros da perseguição política e religiosa.
Quando o corpo abre o mundo: provocações antropofágicas para a ciência da religião
Authors: Simões Maria Cecília , Lopes Paulo Henrique
Published: June 2020

O objetivo do presente artigo é levantar a discussão sobre os limites das noções de corpo e humanidade baseadas em uma ontologia fundamental, a partir da antropogênese que dá forma ao pensamento moderno ocidental, performando um caminho provocativo através de noções outras de corpo e humanidade, aqui pautadas pelo Perspectivismo Ameríndio enquanto síntese teórica. Nesse sentido, buscou-se trabalhar a representatividade de dois corpos (o David, de Michelangelo, e o xamã yanomami Davi Kopenawa) e a potencialidade de se pensar humanidades outras por meio das implicações de uma ontologia anímica como exercício (antropofágico) de descolonização do pensamento também para as discussões teórico-epistemológicas da ciência da religião.
Corporalidade e experiência religiosa na igreja Verbo da Vida
Authors: Tavares Anderson Severino de Oliveira , Lopes Júnior Orivaldo Pimentel
Published: June 2020

Neste artigo, analisamos as pedagogias da corporalidade exercitadas na igreja neopentecostal Verbo da Vida. A pesquisa, qualitativa, foi realizada utilizando a observação direta nos cultos e eventos da instituição, bem como realizando entrevista semiestruturada com amostra não aleatória de membros. Ao observarmos os pastores e ministros mobilizando e estimulando os fiéis para o uso da gestualidade no culto, verificamos que estes, ao sentirem a "manifestação da unção” em seus corpos, ativam um conjunto de técnicas corporais. Nisso, os fiéis correm, dançam, pulam, cambaleiam e falam em línguas estranhas, sentindo em seus corpos sensações de “arrepio”, “alegria”, “senso da presença de Deus”, “energia” e “poder”, também associando as sensações aos efeitos de uma “droga” ou de um “energético”.
Da alma imortal ao transhumanismo: o corpo que transcende em movimento
Authors: Soares Marta Genú , Klautau Diego Genu , Klautau Fabiana Dias
Published: June 2020

Este ensaio analisa a relação corpo e movimento para a transcendência a partir de conceitos fundantes sobre a temática corpo - imanência e transcendência. Retoma princípios e ideias de autores clássicos da filosofia e religião, como Platão e Aristóteles, bem como Hegel e Descartes para tratar da materialidade concreta do corpo no percurso histórico-social e que, ao se movimentar, desenvolve a espiritualidade que move e a força psíquica que transcende. Entre os conceitos, aprecia a corporeidade em Merleau-Ponty e seus seguidores e a transcendência humanizada em Manuel Sérgio e os estudiosos deste autor. Aplica como metodologia a revisão de estudos e como procedimento metodológico a classificação de ideias e princípios teóricos categorizados pelas acepções de corpo, movimento, espiritualidade e transcendência nos autores eleitos. Conclui que no movimento consciente, como processo permanente da trajetória humana, ocorre a transcendência de limites corpóreos e de níveis de espiritualidade.
Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry as alternative to laser scanning for 3D modelling of historical monuments
Authors: Al Khalil Omar
Published: June 2020

During the past few years, new developments have occurred in the field of 3D photogrammetric modeling of culture heritage. One of these developments is the expansion of 3D photogrammetric modeling open-source software, such as VisualSfM, and cost-effective licensed software, such as Agisoft Metashape into the practical and affordable world. This type of SfM (Structure from Motion) software offers the world of 3D modelling of culture heritage a powerful tool for documentation and visualization. On the other hand, low-cost cameras are now available on the market. These cameras are characterized by high resolution and good quality lens, which makes them suitable for photogrammetric modelling. This paper reports on the results of the application of a SfM photogrammetry system in the 3D modelling of Safita Tower, a medieval structure in Safita, north-western Syria. The applied photogrammetric system consists of the Nikon Coolpix P100 10 MP digital camera and the commercial software Agisoft Metashape. The resulted 3D point clouds were compared with an available dense point cloud acquired by a laser scanner. This comparison proved that the low-cost SfM photogrammetry is an accurate methodology to 3D modeling historical monuments.
ALTERNATIF PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA YANG EFEKTIF, EFISIEN DAN BERKEADILAN BAGI PERBANKAN SYARIAH
Authors: Abubakar Lastuti , Handayani Tri
Published: June 2020

Effective sharia banking resolution is one of the efforts to maintain public trust in Sharia Bank. Sharia Banking activities are based on the prudential banking principle, economic democracy and sharia principles. The characteristics of Islamic Banking are promoting balance, justice and sustainability to achieve the goal of creating community welfare. Based on analysis of regulations governing Sharia Banking dispute resolution, disputes ca be resolved through alternative dispute resolution or Religious Courts. Mediation is dispute settlement based on goodwill and the wishes of the parties with the help of mediator, resulting in a fair and in accordance with the wishes of the parties. Mediation emphasizes a balance position between the parties in reaching an agreement, so that the goal of achieving justice will be achieved. In line with the characteristics of Sharia banking the mediation will be effective if carried out in with applicable procedures as stipulated in LAPSPI Regulation Number : 01/LAPSPI-PER/2017 concerning Regulations and Mediation Procedures. In addition, the Religious Court can optimize mediation as part of the process of proceedings in resolving efficient, effective and equitable sharia banking.
ETIKA SIKAP ILMIAH DALAM PENDIDIKAN HUKUM KLINIS
Authors: Tedjabuwana Rosa , Septianita Hesti
Published: June 2020

The increasingly swift flow of information enables the public to take and absorb all kinds of news through printed media, social media, television, radio, and all other forms of equipment. This is the culture in which people live today. Not infrequently some members or community groups in Indonesia today are often involved in fraud and defamation cases, both as perpetrators and victims. Rapidly developing technology gives people the power to spread information so rapidly and massively. However, it must be realized, the power implies responsibility, and all forms of information delivery should be done with full responsibility. The large number of people who become victims of crime is caused by the lack of a critical attitude in absorbing, digesting and analyzing the information received. This article is the result of research that seeks to question how scientific attitude ethics can be developed by legal education and how to shape legal education with scientific ethics that are able to prevent victims of crime. Philosophical approaches, conceptual approaches are used here, with technical analysis techniques namely qualitative analysis in the form of deconstruction (philosophical) analysis, system-normative analysis, heuristic analysis (including description of the context of justification of science, criticism of the science paradigm, discovery of new paths, development towards creativity and socio legal analysis, multi-disciplinary analysis.
Labour force participation and family situation of married women
Authors: Ljones Olav
Published: June 2020

In this article we shall primarily discuss relationships between the labour force participation of married women and their family situation. The analysis is based on a theory of choice approach and the framework of such a theory on this approach is outlined. We indicate some special theoretical problems in the analysis of the labour force participation of married women, and comment upon some main types of variables which are assumed to influence this participation. It is customary to assume that the size and composition of the household are important factors in determining the labour force participation of married women. This is confirmed both in the theoretical discussion and in some preliminary observation results from the Norwegian Labour Force Sample Surveys. In the empirical part of this article only one background variable at a time is taken into account; this represents a limitation since it must be assumed that there is an interaction among the different variables included. In the final section we discuss briefly some of the problems concerning the simultaneous treatment of labour force status and number of children.
The development of familys structure in Finland in 1960-1987
Authors: Saari Matti
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the article is to study the development of family structure in Finland in 1960—1987. For the first time, the data provide total coverage of all family types. Cohabitation became increasingly common in the 1970s but has so far not been covered by the data of official family statistics. Further, sample data have only included family data on selected age groups. Statistics Finland has now developed a method by which family and cohabitation data may automatically be derived from information about people’s place of residence, demographic characteristics, and relatives. The family statistics data for 1981 and 1987 have been reproduced. The article describes changes in the numbers of families of different types, families with young children and families of different sizes, as well as developments in the regional family structure during the 1960—1987 period. In addition, developments in the prevalence of living in a family and living in a family with young children are studied with reference to the 1981—1987 period.
Fertility and family planning in India and Kenya
Authors: Raitis Riikka , Saarinen Riitta
Published: June 2020

This article compares the fertility pattern and the attitudes towards family planning in two culturally and geographically different societies, the growing slum area in Calcutta, India and Taita-Taveta, an agricultural area under high population pressure in Kenya. The studies are partly demographic and partly based on in-depth interviews.
Population development in Finland - a challenge for society!
Authors: Nieminen Mauri
Published: June 2020

The most significant factor shaping the Finnish age pyramid has been fertility. After World War II fertility took an unprecedented climb. When fertility was at its highest in 1947, the total fertility rate was 3.46. After this fertility began to drop year by year. Because of the large proportion of the population composed by those of working age, Finland has had a favorable age structure compared to that of other countries. Finland’s working-age population has been one of the highest in the world. But in the future this favorable age structure will change and the proportion of aging population will increase rapidly. In 2030 almost every third person will be over 65 years old in Finland.
Consensual unions and fertility
Authors: Lindgren Jarl , Ritamies Marketta , Miettinen Anneli
Published: June 2020

This article examines how consensual unions affect the childbearing of couples who live in a marriage which has been preceded by premarital cohabitation. The study is focused on women under the age of 30 when they started their first union. It is based on three five-year cohorts who started living together in 1970-1984. The material used is from a survey carried out in 1989. The study deals with the pattern and frequency of giving birth to the first child by comparing the childbearing of the directly married with those whose marriage was preceded by cohabitation. By comparing the total number of children borne by women who have lived in an extra-marital cohabitation with different national means, the effect of pre-marital cohabitation on fertility is estimated. The study has shown that the total number of children in families is related to the length o  premarital cohabitation. The couples who have lived longer without marriage tend to have less children than the directly married.