bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Between Kingdom and Nation: The Metamorphosis of Malay Identity in Malaysia
Authors:   Lian Kwen Fee
Published: April 2008

Conceptions of Malay identity have undergone various transformations in the face of political and economic changes over time. In the pre-colonial period it was centred on personal loyalty and kinship ties within a sultanate. During the colonial years the establishment of territorial jurisdiction and an incipient state by the British extended the basis of the Malay identification. At the same time a pan-Malay consciousness was competitively articulated for the first time between the non-Malay Muslim and Malay Muslim intelligentsia. Decolonization and impending nationhood engendered an exclusive formulation of Malay identity in response to the Chinese presence. As a consequence of the modernization of Malay society and the emergence of a significant Malay middle class, new definitions are being sought to accommodate changing circumstances.
Post-Independence Educational Change, Identity and Huaxiaosheng Intellectuals in Singapore: A Case Study of Chinese Language Teachers
Authors:   Sai Siew Yee
Published: April 2008

The impact of educational changes on the identity of the Chinese-educated or Huaxiaosheng as an analytical social category is examined in this article. Focusing on the Huaxiaosheng intellectuals, specifically the Chinese language teachers, this article seeks to capture the transformation of identity across generations. The fluid sense of identity is defined by the social location of individuals embedded within the larger social category of Huaxiaosheng, which is generation-specific. Identity is ultimately tied to the individual's biography, in this case, educational experiences in a particular medium within a specific social-historical configuration. This article argues that educational experiences in a particular medium, in this case, Chinese education, influence ethnic identity.
"It Really Resembled an Earthly Paradise"
Authors: Busto Rudy V.
Published: April 2008

The 1539 colonial Mexican drama, La caida de nuestros primeros padres ("The Fall of Our First Parents") is known only through a description of the performance by the Spanish Dominican priest Motolinia. A reading of this text alongside other colonial documents and through the pre-Cortesian Nahuatl worldview reveals that despite its biblical theme, a vital and assertive indigenous presence undermines this use of theater as a Christian missionizing tool.
Faithful Reading: Poststructuralism and the Sacred
Authors: Rutledge David
Published: April 2008

In its subversive interrogations of universal values, objective criteria for meaning, canonicity and other hallmarks which distinguish the Literary, poststructuralism appears to confront all that is "sacred" in the privileged texts of Western culture. Particularly in biblical criticism, insofar as the sanctity of the text and the inviolability of its truth claims are held to be unquestionable, poststructuralism is often denounced as anathema, or at least inappropriate, to exegesis. It is argued that if determinate meaning is inaccessible through language, and universal truth a chimera, then according to poststructuralist tenets the Bible is, like all literature, "Just another text." This paper entertains another possibility: that poststructuralism in fact places the Bible in a position of singular significance. If claims for the "sacredness" of certain texts are precisely where poststructuralist critics direct their efforts, then biblical texts, whose claims for sacredness are more insistent and dogmatic than most, should provide poststructuralism's most contentious (and therefore most important) field of operation. Interrogating the sacred, far from being an iconoclastic pursuit, is an inevitable consequence of the reception of sacred texts-indeed, of language-in culture. By way of illustrating this point, I offer a reading of the Garden of Eden story (Gen. 2:4b-3:24) which incorporates insights offered by Jacques Derrida's critique of logocentrism. What poststructuralism demands, in the final analysis, is not the abandonment of meaning but its reconfiguration: notions of faithful reading and respect for the text which embrace difference, ambiguity and an understanding of the sacred as the site not of uncontestable command, but of enquiry and interpretation.
The Undecidability of in the Prologue To Job and Beyond1
Authors: Linafelt Tod
Published: April 2008

In his treatment of the Platonic dialogue, the Phaedrus, Jacques Derrida teases out the striking way in which the dialogue pivots around the undecidability of the word pharmakon, which can (and does) simultaneously carry the two antithetical meanings of "poison" and "cure." In the book of Job, we find a similarly curious phenomenon with the Hebrew root The accepted primary meaning of is "to bless." Four occurrences of in the prologue to Job (1:5, 11; 2:5, 9), however, are commonly taken as euphemisms and rendered in the antithetical sense of "to curse." The assured rhetoric and virtual unanimity of interpreters indicates that they have experienced little difficulty in determining its euphemistic sense in these cases. On closer examination we find that the apparent ease with which the meaning of is settled in these instances is illusory. To begin with, the control group of "euphemistic" uses of outside the book of Job consists only of two occurrences in 1 Kings 21, which prove to be as much a result of narrative artistry as scribal piety. Likewise, in reconsidering the four occurrences in Job, we discover that each may indeed be translated in the primary sense of "to bless" and make sense in the narrative. The point of this exercise in counter-reading is not to prove that always means "to bless" in the prologue to Job, but rather that it is the site of conflicted meaning in each occurrence. Too hastily resorting to "euphemisms"-thereby settling the semantic undecidability - results in an under-reading of the prologue and of the book as a whole. Instead, we find that the faultline within runs much deeper than a single word, extending throughout the book and evincing a fundamental ambivalence about the character of God.
Biblical Criticism and the Rhetoric of Inquiry
Authors: Matlock R. Barry
Published: April 2008

Rhetoric has risen once more to academic prominence, an apparently "postmodern" restoration of (part of) its "premodern" status. One aspect of this resurgence is the recently emerging extension of rhetoric known as "rhetoric of inquiry," according to which "rhetoric" is sought and analyzed in places where, putatively, it ought not be: in academic discourse itself (rhetoric thus wreaking vengeance on "modern" science, the instrument of its former decline). The present study introduces this "rhetoric of inquiry" movement, suggesting some of its possibilities for examining the discipline of biblical studies. A hermeneutical application (hermeneutics, a near relation of rhetoric, having experienced a similar restoration) is sketched in criticizing the objectivist and anti-rhetorical conception of inquiry that has characterized modern biblical criticism; in this connection, classic objectivist statements and alternative critical perspectives are sampled. Also, the question of the possible improvement of the academy and inquiry by a self-consciously rhetorical perspective is raised with reference to scholarly biblical interpretation, and it is suggested that such a perspective can assist interpretive dialogue simply by clarifying differences.
Rembrandt the Etcher: Mission and Commission as Factors in New Testament Interpretation
Authors: Clive Marsh
Published: April 2008

This study examines the content and context of production of Rembrandt's etching Christ Preaching. After an exposition of the etching's key features, consideration is given to the place of the etching in Rembrandt's life and work. Particular attention is paid to Rembrandt's own religious outlook, to the level of his awareness as to the artistic and theological traditions within which he stood, and to the impact upon his work of the dynamics of commissioning and selling the results of his efforts. The study suggests a possible religious dimension to his choice of an etching for this particular image. The significance of the exploration of this "biblical" etching by Rembrandt for the contemporary task of the interpretation of the Gospels is then drawn out in a series of nine points: the relationship between single texts and the "big picture" of Jesus which an interpreter carries; the impact of a variety of interpretative frameworks within which interpreters work; acknowledgement of the inevitability of working with a "canon within the canon"; attention to the specific communities within which one interprets; recognition of a present interest at work; respect for the rhetorical strategies which are operative in the interpretation (as well as the text being interpreted); the need to examine the reasons for the choice of medium through which an interpretation of a text is conveyed; acknowledgement that interpretations are sometimes affected by factors beyond the control of those who fashion them; and consideration of the place of fiction in biblical interpretation.
In the Beginning Was the Word?
Authors: Jasper David
Published: April 2008

Leo Steinberg's republished and much expanded work, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion, argues that the custom in Renaissance paintings of portraying the genitals of the Christ Child has a serious theological purpose which our word-based culture and tradition has consigned to 'oblivion'. His book has profound implications for the status of the visual image in theological reflection and the nature of the 'textuality' of art as it reads, and is read by, the textuality of the Bible. Furthermore, such images contribute to contemporary debates concerning gender and the nature of our response to images which may indicate different associations in different cultural circumstances. Steinberg's book is a major contribution to the interdisciplinary study of theology and art and the importance of 'seeing' what the niceties of 'modern oblivion' and our 'wordy culture' prefer to avoid or cover up.
Early Christianities and the Synoptic Eclipse: Problems in Situating the Gospel of Thomas
Authors: Thatcher Tom
Published: April 2008

This article questions the applicability of traditional Form Criticism to noncanonical gospels. Traditional Form Criticism has relied heavily on assumptions about the evolution of the Jesus tradition which were developed exclusively from observations of the Synoptic Gospels. These assumptions generally relate to the ideological climate in which Jesus materials developed, including issues such as the tradition users' Christology and sense of "history." Because noncanonical gospels developed in contexts of alternate, non-synoptic ideologies, it is unreasonable to presuppose that the surface texts of these gospels developed in ways identical to the development of Synoptic materials. The methodological priority granted to the Synoptic Gospels in NT Form Criticism is described here as "Synoptic Eclipse." This issue is explored by examining Helmut Koester's extensive work on the Gospel of Thomas. It is demonstrated that Koester's consistent advocacy of the value of Gos. Thom. is hindered methodologically as Koester is forced to utilize the tools of traditional NT Form Criticism. Koester is typical in this respect of the recent wave of scholars who seek to learn more about the primitive Jesus tradition by examining noncanonical materials.
Quelques Considérations Sur La Responsabilité Civile En Matière De Vente Et D'Usurpation Chez Les Premiers Hanafīs
Authors: Yanagihashi Hiroyuki
Published: April 2008

On entend, en droit islamique, par damân l'attribution de la perte d'une chose, quelle qu'en soit la cause. En dehors des cas limités où la perte est reconnue comme étant due à un fait dommageable, c'est le propriétaire qui assume la perte, parce que le damān est, en principe, considéré comme un des effets de la propriété. Ce système aboutit souvent à des conclusions peu satisfaisantes: l'acheteur devrait au vendeur le prix même lorsque la chose vendue est arrivée à la perte fortuite avant la prise de livraison, si on tient au principe consensualiste en matière de vente portant sur un corps certain; le propriétaire ne pourrait se faire indemniser par l'usurpateur lorsque la chose usurpée est perdue fortuitement entre les mains de ce dernier. C'est pour éviter ces conséquences injustes que les hanafīs ont recours, dans ces hypothèses, à la technique de l'attribution rétroactive de propriété au détenteur.
Social Groups and Ranking: an Aspect of Ancient Indian Social Life Derived From the Pali Canonical Texts
Authors: Wagle N.K.
Published: April 2008

In summing up, a number of conclusions can be drawn. We have tried on the one hand to establish the various de facto social groups implied in the formulae of address, reference and salutation ascertaining the group affiliation of the persons involved. We have also tried to bring out the meaning of various terms and establish a triple system of ranking. The meaning attached to these terms, we may point out, is specifically interactional, and the proof of its validity lies only in its consistency. We have demonstrated this throughout our presentation of the data as well as the conclusions. Our conclusions mainly indicate a three-fold system of ranking. In the social sphere the brāhmanas successfully maintain their hostile equality with the Buddha. But in the religious and political fields, they are not as successful. In the religious field the Buddhist order more than holds its own and claims several distinguished brāhmanas within its fold. Politically too, the Buddha is less encumbered than the brāhmanas. Unlike them, he is not servile to the king. Despite their actual humility in the king's presence, in their mode of address the brāhmanas recognize no superior in any system of ranking, but at the most only equals. They and the Buddhists have an equal hold on the gahapatis, who represent the secular population, the prizes in the religious struggle. Having analysed the social groupings, we may further comment on them and see if we can relate our "inferred" social ranking of the groups to what is already stated about them in the texts. We may
Official Landscapes in Traditional China
Authors: Leeming Frank
Published: April 2008

This article is arranged in seven sections. In the first section, attention is drawn to the remarkable and extremely extensive rectilinear land layouts which can be deduced from large-scale topographical maps of northern China, to the likelihood of their having been constructed in periods of official land allocation schemes, and to various problems of procedure which arise in the attempt to study them systematically. The second section surveys the chün-t'ien land management systems, as they are known from the traditional historic sources, and a number of special features of these systems, especially the relations between changes in land allocations and changes in the official units in which they were measured. It is argued that the rectilinear forms indicated by the maps could not easily have been set up in chün-t'ien times, because the land was then already closely settled, and that the prominent strip systems which can be found on most of the maps, not always clearly an outcome of the chun-t'ien systems, suggest an earlier origin for these basic rectilinear forms. This reasoning, and even more the study of the dimensions used in the strip systems, leads back to the tradition of ching-t'ien. In the third section, examples are given of military farm layouts, which are a special and local feature of some of the maps. In the fourth section, two examples of contrasting rectilinear layouts are described and analysed as types-one from Anhwei, the other from Shensi. Both appear to be T'ang reconstructions of much older formal layouts, and both are thought to lead back to ching-t'ien through detectable steps in Ch'in or Han time. The fifth section gives three examples of layouts from Shantung, all apparently rebuilt under Northern Ch'i, but all based upon ching-t'ien foundations. The sixth section illustrates and analyses a layout from Honan, apparently reconstructed in Sui times but also apparently built upon ching-t'ien foundations. In the seventh and last section, the salient features of the argument and the interpretations are summarised.
The Inscribed Calculi and the Invention of Writing: the Indus View
Authors: Shendge Malati J.
Published: April 2008

In the earlier layers of Harappa are found small inscribed objects of steatite faience and terracotta whose use is not yet clearly known. They have been named by the excavator M. S. Vats as 'miniature' or 'tiny' seals or 'amulets'. However, with the recent findings on the use of calculi at Susa, it seems that these small inscribed objects at Harappa have to be treated as a part of a reckoning system, as inscribed calculi and not seals. Their tiny size, the different shapes, the not-so-deeply engraved inscriptions, and lastly the signs on one side which seem to be related to the numerical calculi impressions at Susa, give them the character of calculi i.e. pieces recording details of individual transactions1).
Baba Ghor and the Ratanpur Rakshisha
Authors: Francis Peter
Published: April 2008

As the patron saint of the Indian agate bead industry, Baba Ghor is very important in any reconstruction of its history. The facts about him are quite scanty; we can only hypothetically reassemble them and understand his myth. Abbas, or Habash, a scion of the Malwa Ghors, died in a skirmish near Ratanpur in the early 15th century, probably fighting Ahmed Shah of Gujarat. He was buried on the hill which had long been sacred and was once graced with a fine temple of Makkhan Devi, the Mother Goddess. Her temple was likely destroyed by Ahmed's troops, not those of the Malwa Ghors. Ghor's grave became a place of pilgrimage, first serving the waxing Muslim strength in the area by providing an approved focus of worship. In time it became even more important to the Siddis, who appropriated Ghor as one of their own. He gave the Ratanpur Siddis respectability: in turn they serve his memory. The legends of Baba Ghor and the Ratanpur Rakshisha are not mere fantasy, for they serve the truth as symbols. Ghor represents the coming of Islam, the loss of the old gods, the destruction of the temples, and the forgetting of the old ways. A new dispensation came to Ratanpur and the agate bead industry, and as a result the age-old commerce changed its focus as Cambay replaced Limodra as the lapidary center. Ghor is alive for the Siddis and other Muslims in whose hands the industry is still concentrated. In a very real sense Ghor did encounter the Ratanpur Rakshisha. The Indian agate bead industry has never been the same since, nor can it be understood without taking their battle into account.
Milk and Scent: Works About Women in the Shishuo Xlvyu Genre
Authors: Nanxiu Qian
Published: April 2008

"Milk and Scent" presents an interdisciplinary study of two Chinese works about women, both written after the genre of the famed Six Dynasties work, the Shishuo xinyu (A new account of tales of the world), and therefore entitled Nü Shishuo (Women's Shishuo). The two authors, one a man and the other a woman, both lived during the late imperial period and each endeavored to establish a female value system upon their disappointment with men and conventional patriarchal values. Caused by their different gender, social, and cultural positions, their viewpoints about the values of women's life conflicted, coincided, and interacted with each other. Occupying the center of this joint venture were two pivotal elements associated unmistakenably with the female body-milk and scent-the fluid and penetrating essence of which connected the female body to the rest of the world, and hence defined the value relationships in between.
Reflections of Desire: the Poetics of Gender in Dream of the Red Chamber *
Authors: Epstein Maram
Published: April 2008

Woven into the structure of the Dream of the Red Chamber is an exploration of the self-expressive values associated with the late imperial cult of qing and an explicit warning about the self-destructive potential of desire. Rather than being rooted in biological sex, Cao Xueqin's polysemous use of gender reflects the competing visions of Confucian orthodoxy and the cult of qing. This paper analyzes the structural and ideological values associated with masculine and feminine in Dream to argue that manipulation of gendered identities was an explicit aspect of the poetics of eighteenth-century xiaoshuo fiction.
The Mother Earth Conspiracy: an Australian Episode1
Authors: Swain Tony
Published: April 2008

It has become almost a truism in Religious Studies that not only is the belief in a Mother Earth universal but also that this is amongst the most ancient and primordial of all human religious conceptions. Olof Pettersson has criticized the validity of this assumption as a comparative category, whilst Sam Gill has demonstrated the problem in applying the paradigm to Native American traditions. This article extends their re-examination of Mother Earth, taking the particularly revealing case of the Australian Aborigines. It is shown that those academics advocating an Aboriginal Mother Earth have clearly taken this leap beyond the ethnographic evidence with a Classical image in mind, and with either theological or ecologist agendas influencing their thinking. It is further revealed that this scholarly construct has, in only the last decade or so, been internalised and accepted by Aboriginal people themselves. Far from being an ancient belief, it is argued that Mother Earth is a mythic being who has arisen out of a colonial context and who has been co-created by White Australians, academics and Aborigines. Her contours in fact only take shape against a colonial background, for she is a symbolic manifestation of an "otherness" against which Westerners have defined themselves: the autochthonous and female deity of indigenous people against the allegedly world-defiling patriarchy of Western ideology.
F. Max Muller and a. B. Keith: "Twaddle", the "Stupid" Myth, and the Disease of Indology
Authors: Tull Herman
Published: April 2008

Despite the recent scrutinization of the history of Indology (under the guise of its parent Orientalism), Indology in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the period when scholars in the West completed the first serious assessment of the Veda, remains largely unexplored. This period's legacy-dictionaries, critical editions, grammars, translations, and even academic chairs-remains the backbone of Vedic studies to this day. The nature of Indology during this period is reflected with special clarity in the work of F. Max Müller and A. B. Keith. Müller's editio princeps of the Rgvedasamhitā, and Keith's magnum opus, The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, represent the beginning and end points of Indology-with its peculiar emphasis on the Vedic texts-during this period. Müller and Keith are also exemplars of what is perhaps the most curious feature of Indology in the latter half of the nineteenth century, namely, the often begrudging marriage of German and British scholarship. The discomfort that arose from this alliance was sharpened by the subject matter itself, India, into what might be termed the disease (appropriating Müller's term) of Indology. This disease, which combined alternating phases of awe and revulsion toward the Indian tradition, can be seen in the approach Indologists of the last century took to the Vedic texts; by representing the earliest portions of the Vedic tradition as belonging to their own glorified past, they separated it (and further affirmed their appropriation of it) from the later Hindu (beginning with its representation in the Brāhmana-texts) tradition-a tradition they characterized, and abandoned, as nothing more than "twaddle" and "stupid" myths.
Primitive Religion in Dutch Religious Studies
Authors: Leertouwer Lammert
Published: April 2008

In the twentieth century, Dutch religious studies have been decisively influenced by two external factors: the vicissitudes of the Netherlands as a major colonial power and the gradually declining impact of theology upon the intellectual discourse. In this paper, the notion "primitive religion", representing an apposite test-case, is examined, as it is used by four influential scholars in the field: C.P. Tiele, G. Van der Leeuw, Th.P. Van Baaren and F. Sierksma.
You Shall Not Kill. Hierarchies of Norms in Ancient Rome1
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: April 2008

Different kinds of norms regulate the problem of killing in Rome, custom and law being the most important of them. This survey is extended by an analysis of the exceptions to the general ban on killing: capital punishment, killing in sacred contexts and in war. Religion plays a specific legitimizing role in offering models of killing as well as in enciphering hierarchic structures of the Roman society. Stories like the one of the Horatii (Dion. H. 3,12-22) offer an insight into the processes of legitimization and their changing patterns. Furthermore, exempla literature is an important instrument of reflecting-and teaching-the solution of conflicts of norms by narrative hierarchization.
Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire
Authors: Hutter Manfred
Published: April 2008

It is well-known that Mani knew Christian Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism and also a little of Buddhism and used different items from these religions. As we can see from the Šäbuhragän, the central themes of Mani's teachings at the Sasanian court were the "two principles" and the "three times", but he reworked them and brought them close to Zurwanism, because King Šäbuhr did not favour 'orthodox' Zoroastrianism but 'heretical' Zurwanism. Thus Manichaeism could flourish for thirty years within the Sasanian empire. After Šäbuhr's death the Zoroastrian priest Kirdir gained influence at the court, thus Manichaeism -and Zurwanism-met restrictions which finally led to Mani's death. In consequence Manichaeism and Zurwanism, which always favoured universalism, were put aside in order to establish Zoroastrianism as a nationalistic religion in Iran.
Prophets, Seers, and Politics in Greece, Israel, and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Bremmer Jan N.
Published: April 2008

After a short introduction on the study of the history of religions at Groningen, this paper analyses the relationship between prophets (seers) and political power. Concentrating on Greece, Israel and early modern Europe it poses three questions. First, do seers operate independently of political rulers? Secondly, does the influence of prophets change when the political structure changes? Thirdly, does the medium of prophecy remain constant or does it change over time? In Greece, seers were closely connected with the political elite, especially the kings. As their main function was the legitimation of choices, their public influence started to wane with the rise of democracy and public political debate. In Israel we can note the concomitant rise of the king and decline of the prophet, who remains only influential from the margin of society. At the same time, we can see the gradual disappearance of ecstasy among the prophets and the growing influence of writing. After the return from exile the growing importance of the Torah led to a gradual merger of prophets and priests. Finally, in early modern Europe prophecy flourished especially in the Protestant areas, but lost ground in the seventeenth century through the centralisation of power, the introduction of the printing press, and the changing intellectual climate. In my conclusion I stress the importance of the histoire événementielle for the history of religions and ask for more interest in the religious history of Europe.
Ancient Greek and Zulu Sacrificial Ritual a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Lambert Michael
Published: April 2008

In this paper, ancient Greek and Zulu sacrificial ritual are compared in order to test the validity of Burkert's hypothesis about the origins and function of sacrifice. Similarities and differences between the two ritual systems are analysed. The Zulus do not clearly differentiate between Olympian and chthonic deities and sacrifices and seem to sacrifice exclusively to or for the shades or ancestors. The absence of a fully-developed ancestor cult in ancient Greek religion (the cult of heroes and the cult of the dead bear some resemblance to one) seems to reflect the nature of a pólis culture which cuts across the boundaries of tribes and phratries: no such culture is evident amongst the Zulus and ancestor cult thus reflects the lineage and kinship system characterising Zulu life. Burkert believes that sacrifice has its origins in the ritualisation of the palaeolithic hunt. Crucial aspects of the theory do not seem to be validated by Zulu thought-patterns: e.g. there is little or no trace of guilt or anxiety at ritual killings, a guilt which might be expected from a people deeply attached to their animals, often personified in praises addressed to them. Following G.S. Kirk, this paper attempts to illustrate that composite accounts of both ancient Greek and Zulu sacrifice acquire misleading emotional resonances which individual sacrifices might not have. This comparative study does not disprove Burkert's theory, but attempts to demonstrate that explanations offered in terms of origins or formative antecedents are fraught with speculative problems and throw no light on the motivation for sacrifice.
A Venture in Critical Islamic Historiography and the Significance of Its Failure
Authors: Qasim Zaman Muhammad
Published: April 2008

The concern to acquaint the Muslims of India with the earliest history of Islam, and to help them become better Muslims, has characterised the Nadwat alUlamā's historical scholarship since its inception in 1894. This paper concentrates on a monumental study of the life and achievement of the Prophet, the Sīrat al-Nabī, (7 vols., 1918-1980), produced by two distinguished scholars associated with the Nadwa. Planned as an authoritative presentation of the Prophet Muhammad's life, the Sīrat al-Nabī sought to answer Western scholarly criticisms on the Prophet, and remove all religious doubts perceived as having an unsettling effect on Muslims in British India. A clearly reformist concern, viz. to invigorate the Muslims' religious identity by reaffirming their link with their sacred history, guided the conception and execution of the project. Although there initially was a conspicuous concern to maintain high standards of critical historiography, it was gradually nudged out by the reformist outlook. By the time the Siyar-i Sahāba series was initiated in the 1930s-with the purpose of showing how the Prophet's life and conduct shaped those of his Companions, who in their own right could thus serve as moral guides-virtually all pretensions to critical historiography had manifestly been abandoned. Historiography had given way, the more glaringly in the Siyar-i Sahāba, to hagiography. For all its methodological and other deficiencies, however, the Sīra historiography of the Nadwa is of importance for two main reasons: it has served as a vehicle for the expression of reformist concerns, a way of responding to the dilemmas which the authors of these works perceived as confronting Indian Muslims; and it has been a medium through which a continuing effort has been made to acquaint Muslims with their sacred past, and with Islam itself.
The Anti-Individualistic Ideology of Hellenistic Culture1
Authors: Martin Luther H.
Published: April 2008

Historical generalizations are invariably shaped by modern cultural values. One of the dominant values of modern Western culture is individualism, the origins of which tend to be claimed by historians for their own domains of research, with examples extending from sixth-century B.C. Greece through modern Europe. The generalization about a Hellenistic period of history, first made in the nineteenth-century, clearly reflects this value of individualism which became, consequently, part of the scholarly convention about the culture of this period. With reference to the thought, religious practice, and material culture of the period, this article argues to the contrary that neither Hellenistic idea nor ideal can be held to value in any way an individualistic view of the self. Alexander the Great and the Athenian general Alcibiades were typical examples of individualism taken to task by philosophers. Hellenistic ethics seem, rather, to have been dominated by a social principle of "Socratic care". Similarly, Hellenistic religions, including the early Christian associations, defined their raison d'être on the basis of distinctive social claims. One Christian tradition even explicitly employed the Hellenistic ethical principle of "Socratic care" as its distinctive criterion. Finally, the well-known Hellenistic terracotta figurines, often adduced as examples of Hellenistic individualism, were, in fact, mass-produced and were employed in ritual, i.e., collective, contexts. Whereas the socio-political transformations that characterize Hellenistic culture did challenge traditional collective bases for identity, the intellectual, religious and artistic expressions of this culture all confirm an anti-individualistic character for the alternative social strategies of identity produced during this period.
The Politics of Animal Protection: A Research Agenda
Authors: Garner Robert
Published: April 2008

This article seeks to provide a research agenda for the study of animal protection politics. It looks firstly at the animal protection movement's organization and maintenance in the context of Olson's theory of collective action. While existing research suggests that activists tend to be recruited because of the purposive and expressive benefits they offer rather than the material ones emphasized by Olson, these alternative forms of selective incentives can hinder the achievement of the movement's goals. Secondly, the article outlines alternative models of policy-making and shows how they might be operationalized to explain the development of animal welfare policy-making in Britain and the United States. Preliminary observations suggest thatBritain's animal welfare record is more substantial because policy communities have been able to manage and limit change through concessions and cooptation. No such mechanism is available in the American political system where the greater openness and fragmentation often results in severe confrontation and ultimately, stalemate.
Differences and Similarities in Humans' Perceptions of the Thinking and Feeling of a Dog and a Boy
Authors: Lee Rasmussen Jeffrey , Rajecki D.W.
Published: April 2008

College students' perceptions of companion dog mentality were systematically compared with perceptions of human child mentality. Independent groups of respondents rated capacities of a dog or a boy on 12 categories of thinking and 30 items of remorseful feelings for misbehavior. The boy received superior ratings for so-called "complex" (but not "simple") thinking categories and "upper level" (but not "lower level") remorse items. Even so, there were strong associations between dog and boy means across all 12 thinking categories (r = .74) and all 30 remorse items (r = .72). Thus elements of thinking and feeling that were judged likely (or not) for the boy were also relatively likely (or not) for the dog. These several comparisons were taken to indicate that whereas the dog and boy were perceived by subjects as having mentalities that were quantitatively different, those respective mentalities were nevertheless viewed as qualitatively similar. Findings were discussed in terms of social-cognition theories of anthropomorphism.
Personality and Attitudes toward the Treatment of Animals
Authors: Herzog Harold A. , Mathews Steve
Published: April 2008

The authors examined the relationship between personality and attitudes toward the treatment of animals by administering the Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory and the Animal Attitudes Scale to 99 college students. The personality scales were only weakly related to attitudes about animal welfare issues. Two personality factors, sensitivity and imaginativeness, were significantly correlated with attitudes towards animals. Gender and sensitivity explained 25% of the variance in attitudes, with most of the variance accounted for by gender.
Death by Decapitation: A Case Study of the Scientific Definition of Animal Welfare
Authors: Carbone Lawrence G.
Published: April 2008

Assessments of animal experience and consciousness are embedded in all issues of animal welfare policy, and the field of animal welfare science has been developed to make these evaluations. In light of modern studies of the social construction of scientific knowledge, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to date on how crucial evaluations about animals are made. In this paper, I begin to fill that gap by presenting a historical case study of the attempt to define the pain and distress of one common practice in animal research-the use of the tabletop guillotine to decapitate laboratory rodents. I describe the negotiations involved in reaching consensus on the meaning of the available data and caution animal care and use committees that they should always work with the realization that our scientific knowledge of what animals experience is partial and provisional knowledge at best.
Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation
Authors: Munro Lyle
Published: April 2008

This article addresses a countermovement to the animal liberation movement and its campaigns against vivisection, factory farming, and recreational hunting in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. As moderate welfarists, pragmatic animal liberationists (Singer 1975), and radical abolitionists who advocate animal rights, animal protectionists campaign for animals. The countermovement defends acts that animal protectionists decry. Meanwhile, sociologists accord little study to interplay between the movements (Meyer & Staggenborg, 1996). In Buechler's and Cylke's collection of 34 papers on social movements (1997), only one paper focused on countermovements, describing the connection between social movement and countermovement as "a continuous dialect of social change" (Mottl, 1980). Although extensive writings exist on the main campaigns of the animal liberation movement, little scholarly material exists on the defenses mounted by the countermovement. This article examines key elements of a values war, a struggle over moral capital waged by animal protectionists and their countermovement opponents.
New Light On the Mahāyāna-Śraddhotpāda Śāstra
Authors: Liebenthal Walter
Published: April 2008

We have found allusions to the following texts: I. Pre-Bodhiruci translations. 1. Shih-chu tuan-chieh ching T. 309, trsl. Fo-nien. 2. Śrīmālādevī-simhanāda T. 353, trsl. Gunabhadra. 3. Bodhisattva-bhŪmi T. 1581, trsl. Dharmaksema. 4. Nirvāna SŪtra T. 374, trsl. same. 5. Pratyutpanna-samādhi T. 417, trsl. Lokaksema. 6. Samyuktābhidharma-sāra T. 1552, trsl. Sanghavarman *) II. Bodhiruci translations. I. DaśabhŪmika Sāstra T. 1522, trsl. 511.
Studies in the Grammar of Early Archaic Chinese
Authors: Dobson W.A.C.H.
Published: April 2008

1. Wei occurs between formally complete sentences, with equal probability of indicating coordinate or conditioned sequence. (Empirically replaceable without change of reference in LAC by yu or tsê ). 2. Wei introduces Time and Place indications. (Empirically replaceable in EAC without change of reference by tsai ). 3. Wei occurs in delegation of agency. (Empirically EAC "Verb/ Delegating Agent/wei" = LAC "Agent/wei/Agent/Verb"). 4. Wei determines verb for modality "wishing and willing" (cf. subjunctive use of in LAC). 5. Wei occurs as restrictive of nouns, "to the exclusion of all else", only", or verbs "merely", and of post-posited elements via the verb "only" (as also it is preserved unchanged in LAC). 6. Wei occurs as verb "to think of", "ponder over" (cf. szu ) and "to wish for, yearn for" (cf. yüan ) (cf. LAC yi-wei "think of as"). 7. Wei occurs as copula in determinative sentences in regular (A/B), reversed (B/A) and modal forms. (Replaceable by shih in LAC where wei as copula is modal). 8. Wei is polar counterpart of fei "it is not so" contra "it is so"; "it is not because" contra "it is because". (Replaceable by shih in LAC, which does not occur in this usage in EAC). 9. Wei, in cause and consequence sequences, introduces cause, whether cause is distributed as wei/cause/consequence, or consequence/wei/cause, or Agent/wei cause/verb (cf. use of wei in LAC in causal sequences).
T'an-Tz'u andT'an-Tz'u nArratives
Authors: Sung Marina H.
Published: April 2008

This study represents a first attempt to draw attention to the existence of two distinct genres within the corpus of texts commonly labelled t'an-tz'u. It is a call for detailed research into the largely overlooked genre of t'an-tz'u narrative. Evidence has been given that formidable confusion concerning these works in verse and prose clouds even present-day scholarship and literary criticism. Clear distinctions exist between the development of t'an-tz'u scripts as they have come down to us within the art of Chinese storytelling, and the narratives by known authors whose conscious embrace of t'an-tz'u form imbued literary works having much in common with Chinese novels with a Dickensian mass-appeal.
A Study of Deuteronomy Based On Statistical Properties of the Text
Authors: Bee Ronald E.
Published: April 2008

Passages amounting to about 40 % of the text of Deuteronomy, scattered throughout the book, have been analysed and divided into units of text, using methods which have been published in Vetus Testamentum and elsewhere. This article lists the units which have thus been identified, together with certain of their statistical properties. One set of units is shown to be derived from a documentary source and the document in question is identified (adapting a well-known theory) with the law book found by Hilkiah in the Temple and adopted by Josiah as the basis of his reform. Units, both oral and written, composed by a later group of authors who were also responsible for the compiling and editing of the book of Deuteronomy as it now exists, are listed. Evidence for the existence of two further oral strata is also presented. The Decalogue of Dt. v is examined and evidence found for the existence of an earlier and shorter form.
The Case of an Immodest Lady Wrestler in Deuteronomy Xxv 11-12
Authors: Eslinger Lyle
Published: April 2008

11 When men fight with one another, and the wife of the one draws near to rescue her husband from the hand of him who is beating him, and puts out her hand and seizes him by the private parts, 12 then you shall cut off her hand; your eye shall have no pity (RSV).
Song of Songs Iii 6-7
Authors: Dirksen P.B.
Published: April 2008

AB The Anchor Bible; AT An American Translation (1923, 1951 15); A TD Das Alte Testament Deutsch; BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart, 1967/77); BKAT Biblischer Kommentar Altes Testament; COT Commentaar op het Oude Testament; BJér La Bible de Jérusalem (Paris, 1973); Buber M. Buber, Die Schrift verdeutscht (Heidelberg, 1980); CBA The Holy Bible, Translated... by Members of the Catholic Biblical Association of America (Paterson, New Jersey, 1955); GB W. Gesenius and F. Buhl, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament (Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg, 1949 17); GK W. Gesenius/E. Kautzsch, Hebräische Grammatik (Leipzig, 1896 16) ; GNB Good News Bible (London, 1976); HAT Handbuch zum A lten Testament; HkA T Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; JerB The Jerusalem Bible (London, 1966); KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament; KB L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros (Leiden, 1958, 19743); KHkAT Kurzer Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; Moff. J. Moffatt, A New Translation of the Bible (London, 1950); NBE Nueva Biblica Española (Madrid, 1975); NEB The New English Bible (Oxford, 1970); Pl La Bible, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (1959); NV Nieuwe Vertaling (Amsterdam, 1951); RSV Revised Standard Version (New York, 1952); SB La Sainte Bible, Version Synodale (Paris, 1929 3); SBMar La Sainte Bible. Texte intégral établi par les moines de Maredsous (1977).
Psalm Xxvi: a Test of Method1
Authors: Bellinger W.H.
Published: April 2008

Ps. xxvi is a lament, perhaps from a setting of accusation, and yet various persons could easily appropriate the prayer, persons who are part of a community of faith and who face a similar troubling circumstance. The text centers on the "I-Thou" relationship and on the protection Yahweh offers in the face of trouble. I draw the following theological conclusions: 1. In contrast to the death-giving company of evildoers, the I-Thou relationship between worshiper and Yahweh gives life. 2. This relationship has dimensions connected to the renewal found in the worshipping community and to the significant activity of social justice, "integrity" in Ps. xxvi. 3. An honest dialogue of faith nurtures the relationship between worshiper and Yahweh.
Titles and Subtitles of the Policraticus A Proposal
Authors: Van Laarhoven Jan
Published: April 2008

Introduction and Prologue 489 lines Part I. Officials and their ado. total: 6.214 lines Bk. 1. Curial occupations: 1.309 lines a) starting-point 3 ch.: 70 l. b) games 5 ch.: 820 l. c) varieties of magic 5 ch.: 419 l. Bk. 2. The truth of signs: prol.: 14 1. 3.116 lines a) true and false signs 3 ch.: 142 1. b) exc.: Jerusalem A.D. 70 6 ch.: 385 1. c) sequel: signs 5 ch.: 127 l. d) dreams 3 ch.: 386 l. e) a problem 9 ch.: 1.272 l. f) prognostications 3 ch.: 790 l. Bk. 3. The falsehood of flattery: prol.: 26 l. 1.789 lines a) introduction 3 ch.: 194 1. b) flattery 4 ch.: 373 1. c) the theatre of life 2 ch.: 266 1. d) applications 6 ch.: 930 1. Part II. Public functions. total: 6.099 lines Bk. 4. The true sovereign: prol.: 21 1. 1.296 lines a) royal ethics 3 ch.: 258 l. b) a royal mirror from the O.T. 8 ch.: 926 l. c) conclusion I ch.: 91 1. Bk. 5. The body according to Plutarch (1): prol.: 20 l. 2.448 lines a) the comparison with the body 2 ch.: 74 1. b) the soul of the body 3 ch.: 389 1. c) the head of the body 3 ch.: 584 l. d) heart and bowels 1 ch.: 126 l. e) the flanks of the body 1 ch.: 218 l. f) eyes, ears and tongue 7 ch.: 1.037 l. Bk. 6. The body according to Plutarch (2): prol.: 34 1. 2.355 lines a) the hands of the body 19 ch.: 1.482 l. b) the feet of the body 1 ch.: 36 1. c) the commonwealth 4 ch.: 356 1. d) about lese-majesty 4 ch.: 372 1. e) general conclusion 2 ch.: 75 1. Part III. Philosophical reflections. total: 9.319 lines Bk. 7. Philosophy and ethics: prol.: 104 l. 3.716 lines a) which philosophy? 8 ch.: 786 1. b) how to attain a good philosophy? 7 ch.: 979 1. c) money and craving for power 5 ch.: 893 l. d) hypocrisy 3 ch.: 510 l. e) jealousy 2 ch.: 444 1. Bk. 8. Ethics, tyranny, and felicity: prol.: 45 1. 5.603 lines a) thirst for glory 5 ch.: 619 l. b) the five sense-organs 8 ch.: 2.225 l. c) true glory 3 ch.: 468 l. d) tyrannology 7 ch.: 1.858 l. e) conclusion 2 ch.: 388 1. Total: 166 chapters 22.121 lines
Peter Singer's Interpretation of Christian Biblical Environmental Ethics
Authors: Beed Cara , Beed Clive
Published: April 2008

Peter Singer's (1990 and 1993) interpretations of Biblical texts dealing with the natural world are evaluated in the light of recent Biblical scholarship. The texts in question are among those in the Bible relating to Christian ethical teaching about the natural world. The specific texts Singer examined concern the meaning of dominion and the flood of the earth in the book of Genesis in the Old Testament, particular teaching by the apostle Paul in the book 1 Corinthians in the New Testament, and certain actions by Jesus in the New Testament book of Mark. Singer's interpretations have a lengthy pedigree commonly used to hold Biblical teaching partly responsible for adverse Western attitudes to nature. This article argues that such interpretations contradict a deal of recent Biblical scholarship on the texts at issue.