bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scale‐up model of forced air‐integrated gaseous chlorine dioxide for the decontamination of lowbush blueberries
Authors: Lacombe Alison , Antosch Jeremiah G. , Wu Vivian C. H.
Published: March 2020

Gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a promising sanitizer for frozen products because of its efficacy under nonthermal and waterless conditions. A major knowledge gap exists between laboratory trials and effectiveness at the industrial scale. To address this, a pilot study implementing a pallet‐sized fumigation container (60 harvest totes) was designed for gaseous ClO2. Fifty kilograms of blueberries were exposed to initial dose of 57.46 mg/L, representing a treatment of 2.35 mg/g of blueberries. Blueberries remained enclosed for 10 hr. Reduction of all viable cells, coliforms, yeasts, and molds were measured by plating treated samples on Tryptic Soy Agar, Violet Red Bile Agar, and Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar and compared to untreated controls. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction of 1.5 log CFU/g can be achieved against coliforms after ClO2 exposure. Our findings demonstrate a cost‐effective procedure that could be adapted to commercial processing.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Geriatrics and Long‐Term Care: The ABCDs of COVID‐19
Authors: D'Adamo Heather , Yoshikawa Thomas , Ouslander Joseph G.
Published: March 2020

The pandemic of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) is having a global impact unseen since the 1918 worldwide influenza epidemic. All aspects of life have changed dramatically for now. The group most susceptible to COVID‐19 are older adults and those with chronic underlying medical disorders. The population residing in long‐term care facilities generally are those who are both old and have multiple comorbidities. In this article we provide information, insights, and recommended approaches to COVID‐19 in the long‐term facility setting. Because the situation is fluid and changing rapidly, readers are encouraged to access frequently the resources cited in this article. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:912–917, 2020
A Positive Side of Deployment: Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth in U.S. Military Nurses Who Served in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars
Authors: Doherty Mary Ellen , Scannell‐Desch Elizabeth , Bready Jennifer
Published: March 2020

Purpose

To describe vicarious posttraumatic growth in U.S. military nurses who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.

Design

A cross‐sectional descriptive design was used.

Methods

Respondents were asked to complete the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI), and six open‐ended write‐in questions as an electronic survey.

Findings

Appreciation of life and Personal strength were the strongest dimensions on the PTGI. This was also evident in participant responses to the open‐ended questions. The five dimensions of the PTGI were significantly correlated, indicating as growth increased in one dimension, growth increased in all dimensions. The CBI showed moderate to strong positive correlations with all items. Thus, the relationship between the total PTGI scores and the total CBI scores showed a strong, positive correlation, which indicated higher overall core belief scores associated with more growth in total PTGI scores.

Conclusions

This study provided initial evidence that some nurses who served in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars experienced posttraumatic growth. While healthcare providers need to be educated about their vulnerability when exposed to trauma, they also need to be aware of potential growth when caring for casualties.

Clinical Relevance

Nurses preparing to serve in war, as well as those returning, need to pay attention to their physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual health. Following return from war deployment, the military services need to take deliberate and careful measures to ensure that no returning personnel “fall through the cracks” in getting the help they need.
Student Experience of School Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment
Authors: Chadi Nicholas , Levy Sharon , Wisk Lauren E. , Weitzman Elissa R.
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND

Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a clinical guideline that can help delay, prevent or reduce substance use behaviors in youth. We aimed to describe the experiences of middle and high school (MS and HS) students attending a school with an SBIRT program.

METHODS

This was a survey study conducted in 2 school districts that implemented SBIRT programs prior to statewide roll‐out of mandatory school SBIRT in Massachusetts, in which students were asked about past‐year substance use and then received brief counseling by a school professional. Students in grades that received SBIRT were subsequently invited to complete an electronic questionnaire about their SBIRT experience.

RESULTS

A total of 890 students were included in the study (63.7% MS, 36.3% HS). Experiences of school SBIRT were predominantly positive: 74.0% of participants reported that the information received was useful. Students who reported having used substances were less likely to agree that “schools should screen for substance use” than students who did not report substance use (AOR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.29‐0.53).

CONCLUSIONS

Most respondents found SBIRT of value, though students with past‐year substance use were less positive about the experience. More research is needed to optimize SBIRT delivery in schools.
Interleukin 6 as a marker of depression in women with sleep apnea
Authors: Campos‐Rodriguez Francisco , Cordero‐Guevara Jose , Asensio‐Cruz Maria Isabel , Sanchez‐Armengol Angeles , Sanchez‐Lopez Veronica , Arellano‐Orden Elena , Gozal David , Martinez‐Garcia Miguel Angel
Published: March 2020

Depression is common in women with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but objective markers of depression have not yet been explored in such patients. We hypothesized that inflammation and antioxidant biomarkers may be associated with depression in a cohort of OSA women. We conducted a multicentre, cross‐sectional study in 247 women diagnosed with moderate‐to‐severe OSA. Depression was assessed by the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire (HAD‐D) and defined as a score ≥11. Associations between tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), C‐reactive protein (CRP), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plasma levels and depression were assessed. The women had a median (25th‐75th percentiles) age of 58 (51–65) years, body mass index (BMI) of 33.5 (29.0–38.3) Kg/m2, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score of 10 (6–13) and apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of 33.3 (22.8–49.3). Logistic regression analyses revealed that only IL6 levels were associated with the presence of depression (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.34), whereas linear regression further confirmed that IL6 levels were significantly associated with HAD‐D scores (β = .154; 95% CI, 0.03–0.30). Multivariate regression analysis showed that IL6 (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.09–1.36), ESS (OR, 1.10; 95% CI 1.02–1.19) and physical activity <30 min/day (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.25–5.05) were independent predictors of depression. Thus, we conclude that in a cohort of women with moderate‐to‐severe OSA, IL6 levels are independently associated with the presence of depression and correlate with depression scores. Low physical activity and higher ESS scores are also independent indicators of risk of depression in this population.
Incidence of postoperative complications and outcome of 48 dogs undergoing surgical management of insulinoma
Authors: Del Busto Isaac , German Alexander J. , Treggiari Elisabetta , Romanelli Giorgio , O'Connell Erin M. , Batchelor Daniel J. , Silvestrini Paolo , Murtagh Kevin
Published: March 2020

Background

Information regarding outcome of dogs undergoing surgical management for insulinoma is based on studies of a small number of dogs.

Objectives

To report the outcomes of dogs undergoing surgery as treatment for insulinoma, the prevalence of postoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) in this group and to determine if development of DM can be predicted.

Animals

Forty‐eight client‐owned dogs, with a histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma, from three European referral hospitals.

Methods

Retrospective observational study. Dogs were identified from a search of electronic hospital records. Cox's regression was used to determine factors associated with postoperative survival and relapse, and logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the development of DM.

Results

Median survival time (MST) was 372 days (range 1‐1680 days), with dogs with stage I disease having the longest survival time. Stage I dogs had MST of 652 days (range 2‐1680 days), whereas dogs with either stage II or III disease had MST of 320 days (range 1‐1260 days;P =0.045). Postoperative hyperglycemia was identified in 33% (16/48) of the dogs, of which 9 (19% of the total population) developed persistent DM. No factors that could be used as predictors for development of DM were identified.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Stage of disease and postoperative hypoglycemia were associated with greater odds of relapse and decreased survival time; these could be used when discussing prognosis. In this study, postoperative DM developed more commonly than previously reported, but no factors were identified that might be useful predictors.
Concurrently wasted and stunted children 6‐59 months in Karamoja, Uganda: prevalence and case detection
Authors: Odei Obeng‐Amoako Gloria Adobea , Myatt Mark , Conkle Joel , Muwaga Brenda Kaijuka , Aryeetey Richmond , Okwi Andrew Livex , Okullo Isaac , Mupere Ezekiel , Wamani Henry , Briend André , Karamagi Charles Amnon Sunday , Kalyango Joan Nakayaga
Published: March 2020

We assessed prevalence of concurrently wasted and stunted (WaSt) and explored the overlaps between wasted, stunted, underweight and low mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) among children aged 6–59 months in Karamoja, Uganda. We also determined optimal weight‐for‐age (WAZ) and MUAC thresholds for detecting WaSt. We conducted secondary data analysis with 2015–2018 Food Security and Nutrition Assessment (FSNA) cross‐sectional survey datasets from Karamoja. Wasting, stunting and underweight were defined as <−2.0 z‐scores using WHO growth standards. Low MUAC was defined as <12.5 cm. We defined WaSt as concurrent wasting and stunting. Prevalence of WaSt was 4.96% (95% CI [4.64, 5.29]). WaSt was more prevalent in lean than harvest season (5.21% vs. 4.53%; p = .018). About half (53.92%) of WaSt children had low MUAC, and all were underweight. Younger children aged <36 months had more WaSt, particularly males. Males with WaSt had higher median MUAC than females (12.50 vs. 12.10 cm; p < .001). A WAZ <−2.60 threshold detected WaSt with excellent sensitivity (99.02%) and high specificity (90.71%). MUAC threshold <13.20 cm had good sensitivity (81.58%) and moderate specificity (76.15%) to detect WaSt. WaSt prevalence of 5% is a public health concern, given its high mortality risk. All children with WaSt were underweight and half had low MUAC. WAZ and MUAC could be useful tools for detecting WaSt. Prevalence monitoring and prospective studies on WAZ and MUAC cut‐offs for WaSt detection are recommended. Future consideration to integrate WAZ into therapeutic feeding programmes is recommended to detect and treat WaSt children.
Learning the Wisdom to Seize the Moment: How Negotiators Encourage the Learning of Practical Wisdom for Themselves and Others
Authors: Sharpe Kenneth
Published: March 2020

Expert negotiators and mediators need to create, recognize, and seize the moments that are critical for a successful negotiation or mediation. Doing so requires “practical wisdom”—a term that dates back to Aristotle—that cannot be “taught” in any simple or straightforward way. Such wisdom can only be learned through practice. This article considers how the practice of negotiation, and professional practice more generally, can be structured to encourage the learning of practical wisdom. In particular, how do professional negotiators and teachers of negotiation encourage their students and colleagues to learn the character traits and skills necessary to recognize and act well in “critical moments?”
Atypical malignancies after intestinal transplantation in children: A European single‐centre experience
Authors: Gerlach Undine A. , Morland Bruce , Hobin Dave , Nagy Anita , Sharif Khalid , Mirza Darius F. , Gupte Girish L.
Published: March 2020

Background

Post‐transplant malignancies, that is, lymphomas, are a recognized complication in intestinal transplant recipients but are mostly secondary to EBV infection. There is an increased risk for malignancies in unusual sites in intestinal transplant recipients as compared to other solid organ transplants and the general population.

Objective

To evaluate the incidence, course, and outcome of unusual malignancies in children after ITx.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of children who underwent ITx for primary digestive disorders at Birmingham Children's Hospital between January 1989 and December 2017.

Results

Ninety‐eight intestinal transplants were performed in 90 children (49 males and 41 females) with an underlying primary digestive disorder. Median age was 2.7 years (0.6‐16.2), and median weight was 14.5 kg (5.7‐53.2) at the time of transplant. Within this cohort, we identified four cases of unusual malignancies at rare sites of presentation. One patient developed cerebral PTLD, two patients were diagnosed with SMT, located at the stomal orifice and in cervicothoracic paravertebral area, respectively, and the last patient developed a retroperitoneal angiosarcoma. Unfortunately, the overall patient outcome was poor in all but one child with SMT, who currently survives with cytotoxic T‐cell therapy.

Conclusion

Unusual malignancies can occur in approximately 5% of children following ITx. A high index of suspicion is required for a timely diagnosis and adequate treatment.
Epidiatomic diatoms: An insight into interaction specificity
Authors: Roubeix Vincent
Published: March 2020

Little is known about direct interactions between diatoms. In this study, small diatoms attaching onto larger benthic and motile diatoms were considered. This phenomenon is commonly considered as epiphytism (with diatom epiphytes) although the exact nature of this interaction has not been investigated yet. The question that was addressed here is the specificity of the interaction, simply by observing species associations in their natural environment. A comparison of this special form of epiphytism was carried out between two sites, on a Mediterranean river and one of its tributaries. The results showed both host and epiphyte selection, but with some variability in species associations. This excludes the two alternative hypotheses that (i) large diatoms are a neutral substrate for smaller diatoms and that (ii) the interactions are strictly specific between two species.
First report of the potentially toxic marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia simulans (Bacillariophyceae) from the East Australian Current
Authors: Ajani Penelope A. , Lim Hong Chang , Verma Arjun , Lassudrie Malwenn , McBean Katie , Doblin Martina A. , Murray Shauna A.
Published: March 2020

Certain species of the marine diatom genus Pseudo‐nitzschia are responsible for the production of the domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin that can bioaccumulate in the food chain and cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in animals and humans. This study extends our knowledge by reporting on the first observation of the potentially toxic species Pseudo‐nitzschia simulans from this region. One clonal strain of P. simulans was isolated from the East Australian Current and characterized using light and transmission electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses based on regions of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the D1–D3 region of the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear‐encoded ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA), as well as examined for DA production as measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Although this strain was non‐toxic under the defined growth conditions, the results unambiguously confirmed that this isolate is the potentially toxic species P. simulans – the first report of this species from the Southern Hemisphere.
HLA‐B*15:349:02, a novel variant of HLA‐B*15, discovered in a Singaporean Malay bone marrow donor
Authors: Cho Louise , Kaur Ashminder , Cereb Nezih , Lin Py‐Yu , Yang Kuo‐Liang
Published: March 2020

One nucleotide substitution in codon 112 of HLA‐B*15:349:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*15:349:02.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: March 2020

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 8, Number 4 Achara Jivacate, RATCH Group Public Company Limited, ThailandAlphonce John Amuli, ADEM, TanzaniaGianpiero Greco, University of Study of Bari, ItalyJohn Mark Asio, Gordon College, PhilippinesJonathan Chitiyo, University of Pittsburgh Bradford, USAKayla Heffernan, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg, USAKeyla Ferrari Lopes, UNICAMP, BrazilMeral Seker, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, TurkeyMichael Wall, Independent Researcher in Music and Music Education, USAMichail Kalogiannakis, University of Crete, GreeceMustafa Çakır, Marmara University, TurkeyNiveen M. Zayed, MENA College of Management, JordanOzgur Demirtas, Kayseri University, TurkeySadia Batool, Preston University Islamabad, PakistanSandro Sehic, Oneida BOCES, USASelloane Pitikoe, University of Eswatini, EswatiniShu-wen Lin, Sojo University, JapanStamatis Papadakis, University of Crete, GreeceVjacheslav Ivanovich Babich, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Ukraine Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail 1: jets@redfame.comE-mail 2: jets@redfame.orgURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Eddy Current Array Inspection of Damaged CFRP Sandwich Panels
Authors: Underhill P. R. , Rellinger T. , Krause T. W. , Wowk D.
Published: March 2020

The use of eddy current (EC) arrays to detect damage in sandwich panels, such as disbonding of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) face-sheet to the core, is investigated. It is shown that the array is very sensitive to slight core crush and can readily find small dents and disbonds. At the same time, the eddy current array can look much deeper into the honeycomb to detect defects such as tears. The phase map of the EC signal can be used in some cases to distinguish between different types of damage. EC arrays offer the ability to rapidly scan large areas of CFRP panels.
Effect of Conical Profile on the Transmission of Elastic Waves From Cylindrical Waveguide to Bulk
Authors: Zul Karnain Ahmed A. , Rajagopal Prabhu
Published: March 2020

This paper studies the transmission of elastic waves into test specimens for cylindrical waveguide-based ultrasonic transducers. However, to achieve better mode focusing, topographical waveguides with conical profiles were studied. Finite element simulations were used to study wave propagation and transmission into specimen samples using such “transmission horns.” Fundamental longitudinal mode L(0,1) was generated in cylindrical rods. Results from both finite element simulations and experiments show that a 50-deg conical transition profile help achieve better transmission and beam directionality into the specimen and also better reception of the back wall reflections at the waveguide as compared to a simple cylindrical rod waveguide.
An Improved Damage Index for Nondestructive Evaluation of a Disbond in Honeycomb Sandwich Structure Using Guided Waves
Authors: Wang Lifu , Gao Fei , Zhang Yichi , Araque Leonardo , Tai Steffen , Patel Bhav , Mal Ajit
Published: March 2020

Honeycomb sandwich structures (HSS) are widely used in the aerospace industry due to their high strength-to-stiffness ratio. However, these materials are susceptible to damage during manufacturing or service that can cause great loss in the load bearing capacity or even failure. Thus, periodic or continuous nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of HSS is essential for safe operation. Development of effective NDE technique is challenging due to the geometric complexity of the honeycomb core. Guided ultrasonic waves are ideal for large-scale testing because of their large propagation range and high sensitivity to defects in their path. In this paper, an improved NDE method for detecting disbonds at the top and bottom interfaces between the core and facesheets is proposed based on experimental studies. By applying excitation signals at different frequencies, the responses at the top and bottom surface of plate-like HSS component are compared and analyzed. The response in a specific frequency range is further studied by introducing disbonds at the top interface. It is shown that some components of the recorded signal in a specific frequency range are more sensitive for detecting the disbond. In addition, an improvement of the conventional damage index based on the damage feature is proposed, and a systematic procedure for detecting damage inside HSS is conducted on an elevator section of an Airbus 330. The results show that the optimized damage index greatly improves the resolution and adaptability of damage detection in the structures.
Azimuthally Scanned Angled-Beam Pulse-Echo Ultrasound for Characterization of Impact Damage in Composites
Authors: Welter John T. , Sparkman Daniel M. , Aldrin John C. , Zainey David , Lesthaeghe Tyler , Kramb Vicki
Published: March 2020

Characterization of barely visible impact damage (BVID) in polymer matrix composites (PMCs) is necessary to use slow crack growth damage tolerance models and evaluate remaining life of PMC components. Azimuthally scanned angled-beam pulse-echo ultrasound is investigated as a complimentary technique to normal incidence ultrasound inspection of BVID in PMCs to characterize delamination fields. It is found that there is a correlation between signals present in the azimuthally scanned angled-beam pulse-echo ultrasound C-scans and transverse cracks seen in X-ray computed tomography inspection. These transverse cracks are not readily identifiable as transverse cracks in normal incidence C-scan inspection.
Turning Guide Vane Effect on Internal Cooling of Two-Passage Channel With Parallel Ribs
Authors: Saravani Mandana S. , Amano Ryoichi S. , DiPasquale Nicholas J. , Halmo Joseph Wayne
Published: March 2020

The present work investigates the effects of various guide vane designs on the heat transfer enhancement of rotating U-duct configuration with parallel 45-deg ribs. The ribs were installed on the bottom wall of the channel, which has a constant heat flux boundary condition. The channel has a square cross section with a 5.08 cm hydraulic diameter. The first and second passes are 514 mm and 460 mm, respectively. The range of Reynolds number for turbulent flow is up to 35,000. The channel rotates at various speeds up to 600 rpm, which brings the maximum rotation number of 0.75. Several computational fluid dynamics simulations are carried out for this study to understand the effect of guide vanes on flow and heat transfer in serpentine channels under various operating conditions.
Improving Forecast Uncertainty Quantification by Incorporating Production History and Using a Modified Ranking Method of Geostatistical Realizations
Authors: Monfaredi Kazem , Emami Niri Mohammad , Sedaee Behnam
Published: March 2020

The majority of the geostatistical realizations ranking methods disregard the production history in selection of realizations, due to its requirement of high simulation run time. They also ignore to consider the degree of linear relationship between the “ranks based on the ranking measure” and “ranks based on the performance parameter” in choosing the employed ranking measure. To address these concerns, we propose an uncertainty quantification workflow, which includes two sequential stages of history matching and realization selection. In the first stage, production data are incorporated in the uncertainty quantification procedure through a history matching process. A fast simulator is employed to find the realizations with consistent flow behavior with the production history data in shorter time, compared to a comprehensive simulator. The selected realizations are the input of the second stage of the workflow, which can be any type of the realization selection method. In this study, we used the most convenient realization selection method, i.e., ranking of the realizations. To select the most efficient ranking measure, we investigated the degree of the linear correlation between the ranks based on the several ranking measures and the performance parameter. In addition, due to the shortcomings of the traditional ranking methods in uncertainty quantiles identification, a modified ranking method is introduced. This modification increases the certainty in the probability of the selected realizations. The obtained results on 3D close-to-real synthetic reservoir models revealed the capability of the modified ranking method in more accurate quantification of the uncertainty in reservoir performance prediction.
Kinetics of Polyelectrolyte Gels
Authors: Zhang Haohui , Dehghany Mohammad , Hu Yuhang
Published: March 2020

Polyelectrolyte (PE) gels consist of crosslinked polymer networks that are grafted with ionizable groups and ionic solution. Many stimuli-responsive gels, including pH-responsive, electric-responsive, and light-responsive ones, are PE gels. Most soft biological components are also PE gels. Due to the increasing scientific interests and applications of PE gels, a comprehensive model is needed. In PE gels, not only solvent, but also ions and other small molecules all diffuse inside, and the flows of the different components are coupled. This phenomenon is called cross-diffusion, meaning the flow of one species is not only driven by its own chemical potential gradient, but also influenced by the flow of other species. In this work, we develop a rigorous nonequilibrium thermodynamics framework to study the coupled deformation and diffusion of the PE gels where cross-diffusion is emphasized and quantified. Specific forms of free energy and kinetic laws are proposed. A finite element method is developed and implemented into abaqus through a user element subroutine. The model is used to simulate the deformation of biological axon and PE gels.The numerical results are compared with experimental data. It is shown that cross-diffusion generates anomalous effects not only on the flux but also on the deformation of PE gels.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Strengthening Behavior of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Sheets in Hot Forming–Quenching Integrated Process
Authors: Chen Shichao , Gu Ruiying , Liu Qi , Wang Wurong , Wei Xicheng
Published: March 2020

7xxx-Series aluminum alloys have a wide application prospect in the automotive industry due to its higher strength than other series of aluminum alloy. However, little literature has been reported on the formability and strengthening behavior of 7xxx-series aluminum alloys for the structural components of body in white (BIW). In this paper, the formability and strengthening behavior of 7075-T6 were investigated systematically under hot forming–quenching (HFQ) integrated process. First, compound dies with rod-heated blank holder and water-cooled lower punch and upper die were set up for experiment. For low adhesion friction and high cooling rate, the optimum blanking temperature was determined as 400 °C. Second, forming state, thickness distribution, and temperature field were investigated through experiment and finite element simulations. A-pillar reinforcement panel was successfully manufactured based on the simulation results. The simulation data showed that the maximum thinning rate of the whole part is about 14.25%, and the maximum thickening rate is about 1.95%. Third, the formability and quench sensitivity of u7075-T6 were achieved through time–temperature–transformation (TTT) curves and continuous cooling precipitation (CCP) diagrams combined with the thermo-mechanical coupling simulation. Finally, the strengthening was measured by testing the tensile strength and Vickers hardness at different positions of formed parts after artificial aging process. The testing result showed that the strength of the formed parts after artificial aging at 120 °C for 24 h were 162.7–172.2 HV and 505–528 MPa, respectively.
Influence of the Manufacturing Process on the Local Properties of Bronze-Bonded Grinding Tools
Authors: Bouabid Abdelhamid , Denkena Berend , Breidenstein Bernd , Krödel Alexander
Published: March 2020

The process behavior of a grinding tool is defined by the sum of interactions between the active abrasive grains and the workpiece. These interactions depend on the workpiece material, the manipulated parameters of the grinding process, and the tool properties. The tool properties are defined within the tool manufacturing process. In this context, the effects of the abrasive, the bond, and the sinter process on the global properties such as hardness, porosity, and fracture strength of the grinding layer are content of several research works. In contrast to this, the effects on the local properties, which define the grain/bond interface and therefore the process behavior at microscopic scale, have not yet been identified. This paper deals with identifying the influence of the sintering process on the local properties of the grinding layer. This is achieved by investigating the densification as well as the bond microstructure depending on the sintering parameters and on the specification of the initial mixture. As a use case, the bronze bond is considered. The results show that the input parameters have a significant impact on the homogeneity of the grinding layer. Due to the diffusion processes during sintering, there are densification gradients as well as tin concentration gradients in the grinding layer. The local tin concentration gradients imply different local mechanical and thermal properties. For this reason, each abrasive grain has unique interface properties.
Approaches to Predicting the Vertical Transmissibility of a Suspension Seat With a Seated Subject
Authors: Wu Jun , Wang Meihuan , Qiu Yi
Published: March 2020

In this paper, four methods were put forward to predict the transmissibility of an air suspension seat with a seated subject. For characterizing the dynamics of the suspension seat, two of the methods were based on developing a model of the air suspension seat and calibrating the parameters using the transmissibilities of the suspension and complete seat respectively with an inert mass from the experiment. The other two methods substituted the detailed modeling of the seat by two dynamic stiffness connecting in series calculated from two same transmissibilities measured in the experiment. For characterizing the biodynamics of the human body, two of the methods took advantage of the normalized apparent mass from published papers to take the place of the human model, while the other two methods made use of one measured seat transmissibility with a subject to deduce the apparent masses of all the subjects. Good agreement was illustrated between the experiment and model prediction for all the four methods. In addition, it also exhibited that a large discrepancy can be resulted in, especially in the high-frequency range, if the seat model was substituted by one integrated dynamic stiffness.
A New Analytical Path-Reshaping Model and Solution Algorithm for Contour Error Pre-Compensation in Multi-Axis Computer Numerical Control Machining
Authors: Chen Mansen , Sun Yuwen , Xu Jinting
Published: March 2020

Reduction of contour error is crucial for multi-axis computer numerical control (CNC) machining to produce products with required geometric and dimensional accuracy. Although various contour error pre-compensation methods have been developed, few studies are dedicated to five-axis machines when compared with three-axis ones. In this paper, a new contour error pre-compensation method that integrates analytical prediction of contour error, optimal path-reshaping model, and decoupling solution algorithm is proposed for five-axis machining. First, by analyzing the dynamic responses of servo drive to the typical step and ramp signals, linear expression of servo tracking error with respect to the sequence of discrete axis positions is yielded for the prediction of contour error ahead of servo loops. Then, using the Taylor-series expansion and the pseudo-inverse matrix of the Jacobian function, a least-square optimization-based path-reshaping model that implies the satisfaction condition of zero contour error is analytically built. Thus, the complicated nonlinear contour error pre-compensation problem is converted into a simple quadratic programming problem. Concerning the effects of tool orientation reshaping on tool-tip contouring accuracy, a simple yet effective synchronous compensation strategy is subsequently proposed, through which both tool tip and tool orientation contour errors are reduced to near-zero without any iteration. To address the neighbor-dependence of the contour error compensation in adjacent cutter locations, a progressive solution algorithm with linear computational complexity is also briefly presented. Both numerical simulations and laboratorial experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Experimental and Simulation Study on the Response Characteristics of Engine Blades Under Thermo-Acoustic-Vibration Load
Authors: Huang Shouqing , Yao Zemin , Liu Shouwen , Yang Jiang , Liu Dazhi
Published: March 2020

Thermal, acoustic, and vibration loads are important to affect the strength and durability of many aerospace products, especially the compressor blades, solar wings, antennas, etc. In extreme cases, a strong acoustic load combined with vibration and thermal loads may cause blade fatigue damage or even failure. In the study, an experimental device is designed to simulate the thermo-acoustic-vibration comprehensive load. Based on the tested strain data, the response characteristics under the thermo-acoustic-vibration load are investigated experimentally. Besides, a finite element method (FEM) model considering the acoustic-vibration coupling and material parameters dependent on temperature is presented applying software ansys-workbench to calculate stress and strain frequency responses of the blades, and the results agree well with the experimental results. The work will help understand failure mechanism of aerospace products under a comprehensive load of thermo-acoustic-vibration.
Experimental Characterization of High-Amplitude Fluid–Structure Interaction of a Flexible Hydrofoil at High Reynolds Number
Authors: Elbing Brian R. , Young Steven D. , Jonson Michael L. , Campbell Robert L. , Craven Brent A. , Kunz Robert F. , Koudela Kevin L.
Published: March 2020

A fluid–structure interaction (FSI) experiment was performed to study low-frequency (∼10 Hz), high-amplitude (±3.5% of the span) fin motion. This was achieved by placing an Inconel swept-fin at −9.6 deg angle-of-attack within the wake of a roughened cylinder. Speeds between 2.5 and 3.6 m/s produced cylinder diameter-based Reynolds numbers between 190,000 and 280,000, respectively. Detailed descriptions of the geometry, material/structural behavior, fluid properties, and initial conditions are provided to facilitate computational model development. Given the initial conditions, the resulting forced fin behavior was characterized with measurements of the mean and fluctuating velocity upstream of the fin (i.e., within the cylinder wake), fin tip/surface motion, and fin constraint forces/moments. This work provides a detailed experimental dataset of conditions mimicking a crashback event that is also a challenging FSI benchmark problem involving turbulent, vortex-induced structure motion. It has been used as a validation condition for FSI simulations, and it can be used to validate other FSI models as well as identifying strengths and weaknesses of various modeling approaches.
A Model for the Fast Determination of Modal Sound Transmission of Large Rectangular Opening
Authors: Li Jiazhu , Zhang Rui , Chen Shen , Li Can , Chen Jian
Published: March 2020

The existence of openings affects the sound insulation performance of structures significantly. The determination of sound transmission through large rectangular openings is often time-consuming, because of the large number of modes, especially if there is a need to go to high frequencies. A model is proposed and detailed based on three-dimensional wave equations, the transfer matrix method, and modal superposition. The viscous and thermal boundary layer effects have been concerned; hence, the model accuracy for narrow slits was improved. The computational effort is significantly decreased by neglecting the cross-modal sound transmission. The accuracy of this model is validated by comparing it with the existing model, the measurement, and the acoustic finite element method. The study of sound transmission behavior of higher-order modes is performed. The modal sound transmission is predicted and compared for several modes. The phenomenon that is different from that of the plane wave situation is found and discussed.
Experimental Analysis of an Ultra-Compact Combustor Powered Turbine Engine
Authors: Bohan Brian T. , Polanka Marc D.
Published: March 2020

The innovative ultra-compact combustor (UCC) is an alternative to traditional turbine engine combustors and has been shown to reduce the combustor length and offer potential improvements in combustion efficiency. Prior UCC configurations featured a circumferential combustion cavity positioned around the outside diameter (OD) of the engine. This configuration would be difficult to implement in a vehicle with a small, fixed diameter and had difficulty migrating the hot combustion products at the OD radially inward across an axial core flow to present a uniform temperature distribution to the first turbine stage. This study draws from preliminary computational analysis which enabled experimental testing of a new UCC configuration that featured a smaller diameter circumferential cavity that exhausted axially into a dilution zone positioned just upstream of the nozzle guide vanes. The combustor was sized as a replacement burner for the JetCat P90 RXi small-scale turbine engine and fit inside the engine casing. This combustor configuration achieved a 33% length reduction compared to the stock JetCat combustor and achieved comparable engine performance across a limited operating range. Self-sustained engine operation was achieved with a rotating compressor and turbine making this study the first to achieve operation of a UCC-powered turbine engine.
Extended Environmental Contour Methods for Long-Term Extreme Response Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines1
Authors: Chen Xiaolu , Jiang Zhiyu , Li Qinyuan , Li Ye , Ren Nianxin
Published: March 2020

Environmental contour method is an efficient method for predicting the long-term extreme response of offshore structures. The traditional environmental contour is obtained using the joint distribution of mean wind speed, significant wave height, and spectral peak period. To improve the accuracy of traditional environmental contour method, a modified method was proposed considering the non-monotonic aerodynamic behavior of offshore wind turbines. Still, the modified method assumes constant wind turbulence intensity. In this paper, we extend the existing environmental contour methods by considering the wind turbulence intensity as a stochastic variable. The 50-year extreme responses of a monopile-based offshore wind turbine are compared using the extended environmental contour methods and the full long-term method. It is found that both the environmental contour method and the modified environmental contour method, with the wind turbulence intensity included as an individual variable, give more accurate predictions compared with those without. Using the full long-term method as a benchmark, this extended approach could reduce the nonconservatism of the environmental contour method and conservatism of the modified environmental contour method. This approach is effective under wind-dominated or combined wind-wave loading conditions, but may not be as important for wave-dominated conditions.
Temporary hearing threshold shift in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) due to a one-sixth-octave noise band centered at 32 kHz
Authors: Kastelein Ronald A. , Helder-Hoek Lean , Cornelisse Suzanne A. , Huijser Léonie A. E. , Terhune John M.
Published: March 2020

Two female harbor seals were exposed for 60 min to a continuous one-sixth-octave noise band centered at 32 kHz at sound pressure levels of 92 to 152 dB re 1 μPa, resulting in sound exposure levels (SELs) of 128 to 188 dB re 1 μPa2s. This was part of a larger project determining frequency-dependent susceptibility to temporary threshold shift (TTS) in harbor seals over their entire hearing range. After exposure, TTSs were quantified at 32, 45, and 63 kHz with a psychoacoustic technique. At 32 kHz, only small TTSs (up to 5.9 dB) were measured 1–4 min (TTS1–4) after exposure, and recovery was within 1 h. The higher the SEL, the higher the TTS induced at 45 kHz. Below ∼176 dB re 1 μPa2s, the maximum TTS1–4 was at 32 kHz; above ∼176 dB re 1 μPa2s, the maximum TTS1–4 (up to 33.8 dB) was at 45 kHz. During one particular session, a seal was inadvertently exposed to an SEL of ∼191 dB re 1 μPa2s and at 45 kHz, her TTS1–4 was >45 dB; her hearing recovered over 4 days. Harbor seals appear to be equally susceptible to TTS caused by sounds in the 2.5–32 kHz range.
Overlearning of non-native speech sounds does not result in superior consolidation after a period of sleep
Authors: Fuhrmeister Pamela , Smith Garrett , Myers Emily B.
Published: March 2020

Recent studies suggest that sleep-mediated consolidation processes help adults learn non-native speech sounds. However, overnight improvement was not seen when participants learned in the morning, perhaps resulting from native-language interference. The current study trained participants to perceive the Hindi dental/retroflex contrast in the morning and tested whether increased training can lead to overnight improvement. Results showed overnight effects regardless of training amount. In contrast to previous studies, participants in this study heard sounds in limited contexts (i.e., one talker and one vowel context), corroborating other findings, suggesting that overnight improvement is seen in non-native phonetic learning when variability is limited.
Differences in Lower Limb Strength and Structure After 12 Weeks of Resistance, Endurance, and Concurrent Training
Authors: Timmins Ryan G. , Shamim Baubak , Tofari Paul J. , Hickey Jack T. , Camera Donny M.
Published: March 2020

Purpose: To investigate strength and structural adaptations after 12 weeks of resistance, endurance cycling, and concurrent training. Methods: Thirty-two healthy males undertook 12 weeks of resistance-only (RT; n = 10), endurance-only (END; n = 10), or concurrent resistance and endurance training (CONC; n = 12). Biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture, strength (3-lift 1-repetition maximum), and body composition were assessed. Results: Fascicle length of the BFlh reduced 15% (6%) (P < .001) and 9% (6%) (P < .001) in the END and CONC groups postintervention, with no change in the RT group (−4% [11%], P = .476). All groups increased BFlh pennation angle (CONC: 18% [9%], RT: 14% [8%], and END: 18% [10%]). Thickness of the BFlh increased postintervention by 7% (6%) (P = .002) and 7% (7%) (P = .003) in the CONC and RT groups, respectively, but not in the END group (0% [3%], P = .994). Both the CONC and RT groups significantly increased by 27% (11%) (P < .001) and 33% (12%) (P < .001) in 3-lift totals following the intervention, with no changes in the END cohort (6% [6%], P = .166). No significant differences were found for total body (CONC: 4% [2%], RT: 4% [2%], and END: 3% [2%]) and leg (CONC: 5% [3%], RT: 6% [3%], and END: 5% [3%]) fat-free mass. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of RT, END, or CONC significantly modified BFlh architecture. This study suggests that conventional resistance training may dampen BFlh fascicle shortening from cycling training while increasing strength simultaneously in concurrent training. Furthermore, the inclusion of a cycle endurance training stimulus may result in alterations to hamstring architecture that increase the risk of future injury. Therefore, the incorporation of endurance cycling training within concurrent training paradigms should be reevaluated when trying to modulate injury risk.
Nanoparticle interactions with immune cells dominate tumor retention and induce T cell–mediated tumor suppression in models of breast cancer
Authors: Korangath Preethi , Barnett James D. , Sharma Anirudh , Henderson Elizabeth T. , Stewart Jacqueline , Yu Shu-Han , Kandala Sri Kamal , Yang Chun-Ting , Caserto Julia S. , Hedayati Mohammad , Armstrong Todd D. , Jaffee Elizabeth , Gruettner Cordula , Zhou Xian C. , Fu Wei , Hu Chen , Sukumar Saraswati , Simons Brian W. , Ivkov Robert
Published: March 2020

Systemic exposure to nanoparticles induces immune responses that lead to anticancer immune activation.
Emergence of a Neolithic in highland New Guinea by 5000 to 4000 years ago
Authors: Shaw Ben , Field Judith H. , Summerhayes Glenn R. , Coxe Simon , Coster Adelle C. F. , Ford Anne , Haro Jemina , Arifeae Henry , Hull Emily , Jacobsen Geraldine , Fullagar Richard , Hayes Elspeth , Kealhofer Lisa
Published: March 2020

Shift in human settlement patterns and technologies in New Guinea highlands is linked with changing food production strategies.
Forests: Carbon sequestration, biomass energy, or both?
Authors: Favero Alice , Daigneault Adam , Sohngen Brent
Published: March 2020

Woody bioenergy demand and carbon sequestration payments increase forest area and produce net carbon benefits.
Biomimetic human small muscular pulmonary arteries
Authors: Jin Qianru , Bhatta Anil , Pagaduan Jayson V. , Chen Xing , West-Foyle Hoku , Liu Jiayu , Hou Annie , Berkowitz Dan , Kuo Scot C. , Askin Frederic B. , Nguyen Thao D. , Gracias David H. , Romer Lewis H.
Published: March 2020

Biofabricated mass-producible arteries containing layered and aligned cells and matrix exhibit enhanced cellular function.
Topological funneling of light
Authors: Weidemann Sebastian , Kremer Mark , Helbig Tobias , Hofmann Tobias , Stegmaier Alexander , Greiter Martin , Thomale Ronny , Szameit Alexander
Published: March 2020

A topological light funnel

Because most physical systems cannot be totally isolated from their environment, some degree of dissipation or loss is expected. The successful operation of such systems generally relies on mitigating for that loss. Mathematically, such external interactions are described as non-Hermitian. Recent work has shown that controlling the gain and loss in these systems gives rise to a wide variety of exotic phenomena not expected for their isolated Hermitian counterparts. Using a time-dependent photonic lattice in which the topological properties can be controlled, Weidemann
et al.
show that such a structure can efficiently funnel light to the interface irrespective of the point of incidence on the lattice. Such control of the topological properties could be useful for nanophotonic applications in integrated optical chip platforms.

Science
, this issue p.
311