bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Money, Marriage, and Madness
Authors: Nielsen Kim E.
Published: January 2021

Money, Marriage, and Madness is a story of the medical profession, a woman’s wealth and the gendered property laws in which she operated, marital violence, marriage and divorce, institutional incarceration, and an alleged bank robbery. Dr. Anna B. Miesse Ott lived in a legal context governing money, marriage, and madness that nearly all nineteenth-century women shared. She benefited from wealth, professional status as a physician, and whiteness, but they did not protect her from the vulnerabilities generated by sexism and ableism. After an 1856 marriage and divorce, Ott served for nearly twenty years as a physician in Madison, Wisconsin and garnered additional wealth. In 1873, her husband and local physicians testified to her insanity, as well as her legal incompetency, and Ott entered the gates of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane where she remained until her 1893 death. Her decades of institutionalization reveal daily life in a late nineteenth-century asylum and the permeability of its walls. Tracing the stories told of her after her death enables analyses of the impact of the diagnosis of mania and institutionalization on our memory of her. In addition, this book explores historical methods, ethics, and dilemmas confronted when historical sources are limited and come not from the subject but from those with greater power.
American Unemployment
Authors: Stricker Frank
Published: January 2021

This book shows that full employment has been rare in the United States in the last 150 years; excessive unemployment has been the norm. Against prominent economists who argue that unemployment is voluntary choice, it shows by analysis and many stories that being unemployed is painful and not something people choose lightly. It argues that hidden unemployment and a continuing labor surplus help explain why average real wages in 2019 are not much above their level of the early 1970s. The book locates consequential ideas about unemployment on a continuum between two opposing views. The free-market view holds that except for external shocks or government mistakes, significant unemployment is rare. People can always find jobs. But the historical record tells another story. For example, with mostly laissez-faire conditions, there were six major depressions from 1873 through 1933.The opposing view is that the business system naturally generates excessive unemployment, and at times depressions with catastrophic levels of joblessness. The book shows how the second model fits past and present facts. It also argues that the official unemployment rate, whose creation in the 1940s was an advance for economic policy, underestimates real unemployment and lessens the impetus for job-creation programs. And that’s a problem. Because many employers are happy with a labor surplus, and because tax cuts for the rich do not create many good jobs, this book argues that only direct job creation by the federal government—financed partly by taxes on the rich—will bring high-wage full employment.
Discipline for the Unemployed; Laissez-Faire for Business (1873–1920)
Authors: Stricker Frank
Published: January 2021

There was virtually no federal spending to counteract five major depressions or substantial unemployment in between. Unemployed people received almost no public or private assistance, and they were the target of nasty stereotypes. This chapter analyzes those who promoted negative views, including classical economists who claimed that unregulated markets tended to produce full employment, and charity organization leaders like Josephine Shaw Lowell who believed that poor people needed to be disciplined. The chapter also discusses defenders of the working class, including economist John Commons and reformer Jacob Coxey, who wanted public works for the unemployed. Over time more policy-makers gained a compassionate and scientific comprehension of unemployment, but federal policy in 1920 was not very different from what it had been in 1880.
Real Full Employment
Authors: Stricker Frank
Published: January 2021

The chapter argues that deficit spending is useful but scattershot tax cuts are not very effective. Rich people and business owners often do other things with new money than create good jobs. Government should directly create jobs in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors. An umbrella program, such as the proposed Humphrey-Hawkins 21st Century Full Employment and Training Act, must guarantee jobs for all and especially for people in distressed communities. Specific focuses include infrastructure repair, more subsidies for weatherizing low-income dwellings and enlarging Head Start, money for wind farms, affordable housing, and bolstering the Affordable Care Act, which has been a job creator. The chapter uses opinion surveys and analyzes Democratic and Republican values to weigh support levels for programs that guarantee full employment.
Werner Herzog
Authors: Lund Joshua
Published: January 2021

Werner Herzog is the first book-length study of Werner Herzog’s American (in the hemispheric sense) work. It is also the first sustained, book-length study on the question of the political in Herzog’s work. Finally, as part of a series on contemporary directors, it introduces Herzog’s films through the arc of his long career, about 60 films (and counting) over nearly 60 years. The approach is materialist and postcolonial, with systematic attention paid to the historical impulses surrounding the films, both in terms of their history of representation (the stories that the films tell) and their history of production. Special attention is paid to how Herzog upsets our conventional expectations concerning categories such as capital, race, social class, and gender, and to what end. The specific aesthetic grammar of Herzog is essential, especially insofar as it confronts the viewer with political questions of world-historical significance. Although the book deals with dozens of films from across five decades (roughly 1968-2016), its heart is the 1970s and 1980s, and each chapter revolves around a single masterpiece: Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (1972), Stroszek (1977), Fitzcarraldo (1982), and Cobra Verde (1987). Through these films, Herzog challenges the viewer to rethink the foundational traumas of our liberal capitalist modernity, including discovery and conquest; migration and exploitation; resource extraction; and slavery. The book represents both an introduction to Herzog’s work at large, and a new argument about the significance of his films.
Interview with Werner Herzog
Authors: Lund Joshua
Published: January 2021

Werner Herzog politely declined to be interviewed for this book, responding to the author’s invitation as follows: “Thank you for your mail and your work about my films. However, I have shut down all deeper conversations about my films, because I have talked myself empty. Apart from that, knowing everything about a film, or a book, takes the mystery and wonder away from it. It has been very unhealthy in my case.”...
Disability Rights and Religious Liberty in Education
Authors: Dierenfield Bruce J , Gerber David A.
Published: January 2021

In 1988, Sandi and Larry Zobrest became agents in the struggle for disability rights when they sued a suburban Tucson, Arizona, school district to obtain public funding for the signed language interpreter their deaf son Jim needed in high school. Such funding would have been unproblematic under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (later retitled the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) if Jim went to a public high school, but they were intent on his attending a Roman Catholic school. The law was unclear on the legality of public money assisting students with disabilities to attend religiously affiliated schools, but it had long been a general principle of interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment in the U.S. Supreme Court that governments must be cautious about dispensing public resources to religious institutions. Their successful lawsuit represents a classic American clash of rights. This history of the Zobrests’ lawsuit begins well before they went to court. The narrative extends back to Jim’s birth in 1974, a pediatrician’s diagnosis of deafness, and the efforts of his parents, who are not deaf, to seek resources for their son’s education prior to high school. It analyzes their desire to mainstream Jim for preparation for life in the hearing world, not in the Deaf community, and the succession of choices they made to that end.
Into the Mainstream
Authors: Dierenfield Bruce J. , Gerber David A.
Published: January 2021

Chapter 2 examines the Zobrests’ decision-making as they sought opportunities among various school systems available to them for mainstreaming their deaf son, Jim. We follow Jim’s education from the Arizona School for the Deaf and the Blind to the Catalina Foothills public schools in suburban Tucson and analyze the Zobrests’ decision to remove Jim from the public schools and place him in Salpointe Catholic High School. The general attraction of Roman Catholic schools in the cultural and social climate of the 1980s is discussed, as is the expectation that a Catholic high school would offer a deaf-friendly educational and social environment. Jim’s IEPs, his performance in school, and his social situation, as the only deaf student in each educational setting, are analyzed.
Contextual Crossroads
Authors: Dosekun Simidele
Published: January 2021

Arguing that the spectacularly feminine Lagos woman embodies and continues a long, constitutive tradition of African “being-in-the-world,” this chapter historicises changing styles of dress and self-fashioning in Africa, and introduces the city of Lagos as an especially worldly or cosmopolitan crossroads on the continent, with well-established cultures of fashionability and sumptuary display. The chapter also includes a brief historical overview of feminism in Nigeria, to further contextualize the book’s critical approach to postfeminism.
The Question of Interracial Sexual Relationships and Intermarriage
Authors: Gallon Kim T.
Published: January 2021

This chapter details how the Black Press created a black sexual public sphere, which fostered lively discussions about the benefits and consequences of intermarriage for African American advancement. Viewed by African American newspapers and by many readers, as the most racially and sexually charged topic of the 1920s and 1930s, readers responded to coverage with a variety of positions that both countered and supported the views of black leaders. Chapter 4 uncovers an ongoing debate between readers on intermarriage and interracial sexuality, which, appeared in papers through much of the 1930s. The Black Press served as a space for discourse on interracial sexual relationships that was at once entertaining as well as deployed in the fight for civil rights.
The Struggle against Deportations
Authors: Feu Montse
Published: January 2021

España Libre had an unprecedented catalytic role in fostering solidarity for victims of Spanish fascism. After their victory, the Francoist forces began systematically rounding up those who had sided with the Second Spanish Republic. Although borders were sealed, Spaniards continued to clandestinely flee from the brutal political repression and execution sentences. Pro-Republic Spaniards in the United States became people “without a country” with no right to U.S. citizenship and unable to seek the services of Spanish embassies and consulates in the United States. The Confederadas would financially and legally support these refugees by relocating them to visa-granting countries.
Signs of the Spirit
Authors: Perman Tony
Published: January 2021

This book is an ethnography of spirit possession ceremonies and accompanying musical practices in the rural Ndau-speaking communities surrounding Chipinge, Zimbabwe. Collectively called madhlozi, these spirits are the “outsider spirits” of distant social encounters that have shaped Ndau identity and history. The purpose of this book is to explain how musicking during ceremonial life in rural Ndau communities in Zimbabwe is meaningfully experienced during a single spirit possession ceremony. It investigates the immediacy of musical experience and the ways in which the ongoing present of ceremonial performance becomes emotional and socially salient. It provides a model rooted in ethnography and semiotic analysis that illuminates the tight relationship between sound, meaning, experience, and emotion, engaging with three overlapping bodies of knowledge: Ndau spiritual life, semiotics, and studies of emotion and affect. Each chapter in Part II focuses on a specific category of spirits and emphasizes an element of semiotic theory to build a model for exploring affect, emotional experience, and ceremonial efficacy: objects, signs, effects, and continuity. The purpose of the ceremonies I describe and analyze is to transform possibility into actuality, desires into reality. Music is uniquely suited to facilitate experiential transformations such as this. Situated within the historical, spiritual, musical, and political contexts of contemporary Ndau life in Zimbabwe, this book explains how important the experience of meaning is to ceremonial life.
Introduction
Authors: Perman Tony
Published: January 2021

The chapter introduces the Ndau communities at the center of this ethnography, the spirits who populate local ceremonial life, and the histories behind their emergence. The passage of ceremonial time, with the passing presence of one type of spirit to the next, is a truncated representation of the passing of local Ndau history. Madhlozi are spirits of encounter. They are the spiritual embodiment of encounter itself and the trauma, chaos, and violence that define it. Their emergence in ceremonial life is the continual emergence of history, ever unresolved and living in the spirits of the dead. But neither the history represented, the spirits who represent it, nor the practices used to engage with them are static or fixed in time.
Moving Signs
Authors: Perman Tony
Published: January 2021

The chapter explains the theoretical framework that guides the analysis in subsequent chapters and introduces a model for understanding emotional experience rooted in the semiotic phenomenology of C. S Peirce. This model allows for the explication of diverse modes of experience and explains the impact of habits and values in the interpretation of signs during ceremonial performance. As selves and interpersonal relationships are implicated in semiosis, experience becomes affective, linking perceptual, physiological, cultural, and public judgments in ongoing processes and projects of future-oriented flourishing. This four-step sequence---affect, emotion-appraisal, feeling, emotive is grounded in the self and its place in the world.
Early Morning
Authors: Perman Tony
Published: January 2021

In its analysis of young zvaayungu spirits, the chapter looks to the future and the possibility of forming new habits and semiotic domains. Zvaayungu only emerged after Zimbabwe achieved independence in 1980. Their status and identity are ambiguous and contested, but they participate in local engagements with modernity, the stakes of which have yet to be fully understood or realized. The chapter explores the semiotic continuity that shapes how events in the future might unfold as communities strive to flourish, addressing how semiotic instability can shape new realities. The modern becomes historical in the zvaayungu, and thus negotiable. The intersection of progressive time and the historical layering of the ceremony challenges the totalizing implications of progress implicit in discourses of modernity.
Introduction
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

The introduction presents a model for the study of museums. Museums large and small, from grand international and national museums to heritage sites and local galleries, may be examined using a nodal model. Nodes are ideal types based on the organization, goals, and outreach activities of museums at different stages. The chapter outlines five nodal types: the curiosity cabinet, the small gallery space, large edifice modernist museums, postmodern museums, and virtual assemblages. Seismic and gradual institutional shifts occur as museums move across nodes. At a given transformational node, museums may atrophy, disrupt, or disappear giving rise to alternative institutional configurations. Museums of African art in the future have the potential to become nodal sites of excavation and exploration where the past, present, and future collide.
Reaching Out
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines strategies of museum outreach and museum education in the public sphere. It contrasts the mythos and chronos of museum narratives through a content, architectural, and design analysis of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. Case studies of youth interactions explore the ways that museums extend their educational mission. The control that museums seek to establish within their exhibtionary complexes often moves out of their control when diverse publics are involved, and expanded audiences stake their own claims on the representation of heritage. This process has contrasting political implications for diverse populations. Curatorial narratives, the mythos of museum histories, catalogues, outreach programs, and various technological interventions have been deployed to address the communicative gaps between curators and their audiences.
The Theory and Method of Unmixing
Authors: Jules-Rosette Bennetta , Osborn J.R.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the theory and method of unmixing. Unmixing entails the location and separation of semiotic elements that compose an artwork to enable curatorial contextualization, artistic interpretation, and audience perception. These elements may then be activated in digital workstations. By interacting with the stations, audiences learn about the composition and internal structure of artworks. The chapter examines precursors to unmixing, differentiates the method from practices of remix, and presents case studies of unmixed paintings and exhibitions. Unmixing workstations, and digital models more broadly, provide an opportunity to bring artifacts into the realm of experiential learning. Digital copies can be combined and recombined while preserving the authenticity of the original. The unmixing platform provides a valuable interactive learning tool for museumgoers of all ages.
Imagining the Mulatta
Authors: Mitchell Jasmine
Published: January 2021

Imagining the Mulatta: Blackness in U.S. and Brazilian Media demonstrates how mixed-race women of African and European descent are harnessed in popular media as a tool to uphold white supremacy and discipline people of African descent to uphold state policies of antiblackness. Uncovering the racialized and gendered paradigms of U.S. and Brazilian media, the book uses case studies of texts from a broad range of popular culture media—film, telenovelas, television shows, music videos, magazines, newspapers, and Olympic ceremonies—to elucidate how the U.S. mulatta and Brazilian mulata figures operates within and across the United States and Brazil as a response to racial anxieties and notions of white superiority. These shared concepts of race, gender, and sexuality crystallize in the mulatta/mulata figure as representative of interlinked racial projects in Brazil and the United States. Focusing on popular culture and political events of the 2000s, the book demonstrates how the mulatta and mulata figures facilitated multicultural and postracial discourses. Exploring representations, definitions, and meanings of blackness in the context of the Americas, the book traverses the cultural conditions of racializations in the United States alongside Brazil to unveil the workings of pervasive racial and gender inequalities.
Foundations of the Mulata and Mulatta in the United States and Brazil
Authors: Mitchell Jasmine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 1 examines the workings of racial ideologies through constructions of mixed-raceness and blackness in the United States and Brazil from the development of slavery to the 1990s. Through consideration of legal structures, censuses, scientific and academic writing, and cultural productions, the chapter provides the historical context in which the U.S. mulatta and Brazilian mulata figures emerged and the intertwinement of race, gender, sexuality, and national identity. It provides a genealogy of the relationships of representation, racial categorization, and racial ideology. The chapter sets up a framework for how dominant popular media draws on legacies of slavery and colonialism to produce narratives of racial progress, racial democracy, and multiculturalism while upholding white supremacy.
Chinese Charity in Early Chinese American History
Authors: Chen Yong
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines philanthropic activities in early Chinese American history. It reveals the extraordinary prominence of philanthropy in the daily life of Chinese Americans from beginning of Chinese immigration to WWII. The essay illustrates the enormous magnitude of Chinese American philanthropy in the context of the Chinese diaspora and shows the importance of ethnic solidarity in motivating and mobilizing Chinese Americans to give. Such an examination underlines the limitations of the western romantic notions of philanthropy exclusively and simplistically as an act of “voluntary private giving,” motivated by universal love for others. The features of Chinese American giving in the early years can also help us better understand patterns of Chinese American charity today.
Chinese Engagement with the Australian Colonial Charity Model
Authors: Rule Pauline
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the Chinese response to the need of the people of Victoria, in the southeastern corner of Australia, to continually raise funds to support their charitable institutions. Resolved to avoid the taxes associated with a state based system of caring for the sick, elderly and poor, the settlers of Victoria established institutions that required public support. Fund raising was a constant concern resulting in frequent public events for charities, such as processions, fairs and grand bazaars. Chinese communities generously participated in these events and proved to be great assets for fundraising committees. They fashioned a means to utilize western fascination with the splendor of aspects of Chinese culture, to serve Victoria’s need to support its charitable institutions. The costumes, and acrobatic and martial arts traditions of Cantonese opera were publicly displayed and demonstrated to extensive gatherings. Eventually the processing of a Chinese dragon was also used to attract crowds to charity events. Despite the restrictions that the host society placed on Chinese immigration the Chinese in Melbourne and various Victorian country towns readily expended considerable energy and money in responding to frequent calls for their involvement in charity events.
Bullets of a Defeated Nation: The 1946 Shibuya Incident
Authors: Cathcart Adam
Published: January 2021

In this chapter Adam Cathcart turns our attention to the black markets and shattered streets of the city formerly known as Imperial Tokyo. In so doing he zeros in on a violent confrontation and riot in the Shibuya district in July 1946, tracing an expanding historical arc as the ripples of the violent confrontation between Japanese and former imperial subjects (Korean and Taiwanese) radiated out. Drawing on the transnational threads of the incident Cathcart tells a story which provides new insights into the American Occupation, post-1945 Sino-Japanese relations, and highlights how reports of the incident played out across East Asia. In so doing we see the realities of empire’s end on the streets of Tokyo, and gain new insights into the lived experience of multi-ethnic empire. In Cathcart’s hands, the violence of empire is brought to life in the streets and back alleys of occupied and impoverished Tokyo.
Young Men’s Pursuit of Marriage
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

The chapter looks at romance and marriage in China, from the popular portrayal in the reality dating show Feicheng Wurao, to the crucial social pressure for men and women to marry. The subjects of the two ethnographic cases are migrant workers who, although they have broken away from the humble rural backgrounds that would disadvantage them in the marriage market, nevertheless still face challenges finding wives. The chapter explicates an intrinsic tension in the hegemonic ideology of able-responsible man between the traditional values of patriarchy and the requirement that modern men are caring, romantic, and egalitarian. Tensions between money and love, male chauvinism and women’s equality, class differences, and the need for a man to be a good husband, father, and son-in-law, are all shown to affect men’s performance in romantic relationships and marriage.
Responsible Family Men
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

The chapter both stretches out from and synthesizes the husband-wife and father-child dyads. The term 'a real man' is reprised and the different ways this is understood by unmarried partners who combine modern attitudes, such as female rights and independence, with traditional behaviour is contrasted. Men are shown to be simultaneously navigating the roles of father, son/son-in-law, and husband, with big changes in their spousal roles due to ideological changes in women's power, and to enjoy the new role of a more nurturing father. Filial piety is shown to be the single most crucial ideology that governs the parent-child relationship in Chinese culture, both historically and in the present. However, reciprocity now flows both ways and the trend is for prolonged parenting and delayed reciprocation.
Conclusion
Authors: Wong Magdalena
Published: January 2021

The conclusion compares the main features of able-responsible man with representations of the ideal man in different cultural, and transnational, settings. The roles of physical strength and sex are considered. There is a critical review of the status of femininity and gender equality in Nanchong, and the culture of emulating exemplary norms in China. Filial piety and a general sense of duty to the nation provide the environment in which the able-responsible man is expected to carry responsibilities for the family, society and nation. Although the hegemonic model identified in Nanchong is coercive and denigrates marginalized men, the nature of the able-responsible man is shown to be essentially positive. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the extent to which the empirical discovery of the able-responsible man is influenced by the ethnographer herself.
What Price Hollywood?
Authors: Helford Elyce Rae
Published: January 2021

A prolific director of classic Hollywood cinema, George Cukor was known for his romantic comedies and dramas and his work with difficult leading ladies. For such work, he was labeled a “woman’s director.” He did build or enhance the careers of many strong, independent actresses, including Katharine Hepburn, Greta Garbo, Judy Holliday, Judy Garland, and Marilyn Monroe. However, the tag was also derogatory, referencing the fact of Cukor’s homosexuality. He was also called an “actor’s director,” for he emphasized his connections with his stars to draw out compelling performances even within his less effective films. Taking a queer feminist approach to these labels, the director, and his directing style, this volume explores issues of gender and sexuality within groups of Cukor pictures. Chapters reach across and among eras and genres to study small groups of films by theme, nuanced by ethnicity, class, and race. Topics covered include female friendships, the male alcoholic, domesticity and ethnic assimilation, gender performance, drag acts, and queer musical excess.
The Turkish Arms Embargo
Authors: Goode James F.
Published: January 2021

This broad-ranging study examines the complex factors leading to the US imposition of the Turkish arms embargo (1974–1978), which marked a major turning point in relations between the two NATO allies. Focusing on domestic politics, the work draws on newly available archival materials at presidential libraries and from a broad array of rarely used personal papers of key senators and congressmen to provide new details and insights into the struggle between the executive and Congress. It reveals the constant interaction and complex maneuvering required to fashion successful strategies away from the public view, giving considerable attention to the neglected yet critical role of the Republican minority in Congress. It analyzes the pervasive influence of both the drug crisis and Turkophobia in initiating and prolonging the embargo and reveals how local ethnic lobbyists across the country organized to encourage grassroots support for Cyprus and opprobrium toward Turkey. The book elaborates on the contemporary context in the eastern Mediterranean and how the governments of Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus worked to influence American policy, often with remarkable success. And it reflects on the conflicted response of Israel and its American supporters to the extended crisis. Many issues analyzed in this study still concern us today, and its insights can provide guidance for future bilateral policy.
A Higher Mission
Authors: Hill Kimberly D.
Published: January 2021

Throughout the first three decades of the twentieth century, alumni and students from historically black colleges and universities contributed to the American Protestant mission movement in West Africa. Those contributions extended beyond the manual labor endeavors promoted by Booker T. Washington and the Phelps Stokes Fund; African American missionaries also adapted classical studies and self-help ideology to a transnational context. This book analyzes the effects and significance of black education strategies through the ministries of Althea Brown and Alonzo Edmiston from 1902 to 1941. Brown specialized in language, music, and cultural analysis while her husband engaged in preaching, agricultural research, and mediation on behalf of the American Presbyterian Congo Mission in what became the Belgian Congo. Personal and professional partnership motivated the two missionaries to interpret their responsibilities as a combination of training from Fisk University, Tuskegee Institute, and Stillman Institute. Each of these institutions held a symbolic meaning in the contexts of the Southern Presbyterian Church and European colonialism in Africa. Denominational administrators and colonial officials understood African American missionaries as leaders with the potential to challenge racial hierarchies. This perception influenced the shifting relations between African Christians and black missionaries during the development of village churches. The Edmistons’ pedagogical interest in adapting to local conditions encouraged Presbyterian converts and students to promote their interests and their authority within the Congo Mission. At the same time, occasional segregation and expulsion of African American missionaries from overseas ministry enabled them to influence early civil rights activities in the American South.
Parleying with the Devil
Authors: Trifković Gaj , Schmider Klaus
Published: January 2021

The Second World War in Yugoslavia is notorious for the brutal struggle between the armed forces of the Third Reich and the communist-led Partisans. Less known is the fact that the two sides negotiated prisoner exchanges virtually since the beginning of the war. Under extraordinary circumstances, these early contacts evolved into a formal exchange agreement, centered on the creation of a neutral zone—quite possibly the only such area in occupied Europe—where prisoners were regularly exchanged until late April 1945, saving thousands of lives. The leadership of both sides used the contacts for secret political talks, for which they were nearly branded as traitors by their superiors in Berlin and Moscow. This book is the first comprehensive analysis of prisoner exchanges and the accompanying contacts between the German occupation authorities and the Yugoslav Partisans. Specifically, the book will argue that prisoner exchange had a decisive influence on the POW policies of both sides and helped reduce the levels of violence for which this theater of war became infamous. It will also show that the contacts, contrary to some claims, did not lead to collusion between these two parties against either other Yugoslav factions or the Western Allies.
Genomic Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in Persian Gazelle
Authors: Amiri Dehnoyi Mahnaz , Mokhtari Azam
Published: January 2021

Background: Numerous studies have shown that a variety of animal species can be the hosts of the hepatitis E virus. In addition to pigs, wild boars, deer, and rats, new types of hepatitis E virus have been found in ferrets and bats. Objectives: Due to the limited reports of virus identification in deer and the potential role of this animal as a reservoir in maintaining the virus, in the present study, the genome of the virus was investigated in the samples of feces and gastrointestinal swabs of Gazelle. Methods: Samples were collected from 50 Gazelle in the protected area of Moteh and the lands around Maymeh City from winter, 2017 to winter, 2019. After RNA extraction and reverse transcription reaction, the genomic identification of the virus was performed by RT-PCR. Results: The results of the present study showed that out of 50 samples taken, three samples were positive for the hepatitis E virus, including one sample from female Gazelle under one year of age and two samples from female animals over one year of age. Conclusions: No statistically significant relationship was found between hepatitis E infection, age, and sex using statistical tests. The present study indicated the contamination of Iranian wildlife animals and the importance of these animals as the potential reservoirs of the disease.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in the Animals, Food Products, and Human Clinical Specimens in Iran During 2004 - 2017: A Review Study
Authors: Moradi Farhad , Akbari Maryam , Zandi Hengameh , Rouhi Jahromi Reyhaneh
Published: January 2021

Context: Several studies reported that the prevalence and antibiotic-resistant of Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) are on the rise in Iran. To explain the prevalence and antibiotic-resistant of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni, we reviewed related studies published from 2004 to 2017 in Iran. Methods: We systematically searched biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of sciences) to identify relevant studies from 2004 to 2017, either in English or in Persian. Out of 65 identified articles, 47 were published during 2004 - 2017. Results: We found an increase in the prevalence of C. coli and C. jejuni in the animals (34.71%, 68.73%), food products (42.18%, 72%), and different clinical human samples (7.77%, 25.84%), respectively. This comprehensive review showed that C. jejuni is the foremost species in Iran. Accordingly, antimicrobial resistance studies performed during 2004 - 2017 reported a high rate of resistance to several antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline, with the exception of gentamicin, neomycin, and chloramphenicol that had a low resistance rate. Conclusions: According to the results, novel prevention and treatment strategies against C. coli and C. jejuni infections are recommended, and these data may help in revising treatment guidelines in aviculture, stockyard and decreasing the antimicrobial resistance in human society.
The Effect of Captopril and Losartan on Tacrolimus-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Poormoosavi Seyedeh Mahsa , Ghorbanzadeh Behnam , Behmanesh Mohammad Amin , Ghobadi Kooshan , Amirgholami Reza
Published: January 2021

Background: Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug broadly used to avoid rejection of tissue transplantation. Some studies suggest that tacrolimus has destructive effects on the male reproductive system due to activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and inflammation. Objectives: The present study aimed at determining the toxic effects of tacrolimus on testis and evaluating the blocking effects of captopril and losartan on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin receptors, respectively, in rats. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted on 36 adult male Wistar rats (weighing 200 ± 20 g) randomly divided into six groups and treated based on the experimental design for 30 days. At the end of the intervention, the rats were anesthetized and their blood samples were obtained to measure the serum levels of testosterone and ACE2 enzyme. Also, both testes were removed for histopathological examinations after scarifying. Results: Tacrolimus decreased testosterone and ACE2 levels significantly. The ACE2 levels were lower in the groups treated with a combination of tacrolimus and losartan or captopril compared to the control group while testosterone level significantly increased in the groups receiving a combination of tacrolimus and captopril. The epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubules and the number of primary spermatocytes significantly decreased in the rats only receiving tacrolimus compared to the groups that received captopril and losartan, along with tacrolimus. Conclusions: According to the findings, the administration of captopril or losartan, along with tacrolimus, can decrease its testicular toxicity. Captopril and losartan act through blocking RAS but cannot improve ACE2 level; therefore, the recovery of testicle tissue might not be attributed to the ACE2 approach but to the anti-inflammatory effect.
Choosing to Wait: Waiting as a Possible Part of Projects of Action
Authors: Krampe Karsten , Reinhardt Svenja , Weste Sebastian ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

In this paper we examine the concept of waiting from a phenomenological point of view. In order to do so, we start with a definition from Andreas Göttlich and contextualize it within the theoretical framework provided by Alfred Schutz, Thomas Luckmann and Peter L. Berger. Additionally, we discuss waiting on the basis of our previous research, specifically within the context of a field extract from an earlier life-world analytical ethnography on the parents of pre-adolescent, non-professional soccer players. The field vignette depicts a mother who has problematic possibilities of conflicting preferences due to the apperception of her soccer playing child, who was injured during the match. This negotiation within projects of action will be outlined as a specific facet of waiting.
Mapping the theme of Creativity in Cornelius Castoriadis’s and Paul Ricoeur’s Social Imaginaries
Authors: Sarantoulias George ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

This paper elucidates the notion that action is creative through the social imaginaries perspective. Hans Joas’s critique of sociological theories on action developed in The Creativity of Action (1996 [1992]) argued that creativity is an essential concept to better understand social action. Cornelius Castoriadis and Paul Ricoeur employ an understanding of action as being inextricably connected to the social imaginary and capable of bringing forth historically novel forms of being and doing. An elucidation of Castoriadis’s dichotomy between the instituted and instituting imaginaries and Ricoeur’s distinction of the ideological and utopian poles of the cultural imagination bring to the surface points of convergence and divergence in their respective understandings of the social imaginary and historical novelty. Inspired by Joas’s critique of sociological theories of action through pragmatism, which is underlined by a critique of the philosophical anthropological assumptions held by structuralism, this essay argues that Castoriadis’s and Ricoeur’s distinct insights on the creative dimension of social action and the way in which social reality emerges can elucidate further an anti-structuralist philosophical anthropology that can help inform sociological theories of action.
Traversing Life and Thought
Authors: Sabolius Kristupas ,   Zeta Books
Published: January 2021

Simondon’s poorly examined theory of imagination reveals a number of interesting possibilities. On the one hand, by grounding the function of images within the idea of a cycle, it provides an attempt of reconciliation between the assumptions that privilege either reproduction or creativity. On the other hand, his view might also be conceived as a serious alternative to various theoretical stances that characterize the problem of imagination strictly within a dichotomy between individual subject and social imaginaries. The paper proposes a reading of Simondon’s lectures given between 1965 and 1966 in Sorbonne in the broader context of his philosophy and outlines the role of imagination that exceeds imagining subject as well as establishing the mode of correlation with associated milieu, which performs the conditioning of its potentiality. Rejecting the primacy of representation, Simondon’s take enables one to draw the conclusion that imagination can be attributed to all living beings and conceived as the function of life.
Keel-bone fractures are associated with bone quality differences in laying hens
Authors: Wei HD , Chen YJ , Zeng XY , Bi YJ , Wang YN , Zhao S , Li JH , Li X , Zhang RX , Bao J
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between bone quality in terms of metabolism, homeostasis of elements, bone mineral density (BMD), and microstructure and keel-bone fractures in laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). One hundred and twenty 17 week old Lohmann White laying hens with normal keel bones were individually housed in furnished cages for 25 weeks. Birds were then euthanased and dissected to assess keel-bone status at 42 weeks. Serum and keel-bone samples from normal keel (NK) and fractured keel (FK) hens were collected to determine the previously mentioned bone quality parameters. The results showed FK hens to have higher levels of the components of osteocalcin, greater alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and keel bones, and greater tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in keel bones, compared to NK hens. Additionally, FK hens also had higher concentrations of Li, B, K, Cu, As, Se, Sn, Hg, and Pb, but lower concentrations of Na, P, and Ca. Moreover, FK hens showed decreased bone microstructural parameters including bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular number, degree of anisotropy, connectivity density, and BMD, but increased trabecular separation. Meanwhile, no differences were detected in serum TRAP activity, trabecular thickness, bone surface, or bone surface/bone volume. Results showed laying hens with keel-bone fractures to have differences in bone metabolism, elements of home-ostasis, bone microstructure parameters, and BMD. These results suggest that keel-bone fractures may be associated with bone quality.
Implementation of Louis Lankford’s techniques in analysis of the work of Egon Schiele “Levitation” (1915)
Authors: Epifanova Irina Gennadevna
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the work of the Austrian expressionist painter Egon Schiele “Levitation” (1915). Emphasis is placed on the phenomenological dimension of this work, for which was adapted and implemented the methodology of American phenomenologist Louis Lankford. This technique allows analyzing the work of visual art using the art criticism and phenomenological means simultaneously.  It includes five successive stages: receptiveness, vectoring, bracketing (phenomenological analysis), interpretive analysis, and synthesis of acquired information. The research is of interdisciplinary nature, combines the methods of art criticism and methods of philosophical science. The conclusion is made that Lankford’s methodology allows analyzing the works of visual art from phenomenological perspective, being adjusted to the composition under review. This case requires the increased role of audience in post-artistic communication. At the same time, special attention should be given to the body as a medium for the information contained in the painting, and to the information received and interpreted by the audience.
Jewelers who were commissioned by the tsar in Russia during the time of Peter the Great: biography, work organization, and stylistics
Authors: Bykova Iuliia Igorevna
Published: January 2021

The goal of this research consists in comprehensive examination of all groups of gold, silver and diamond jewelers who were commissioned by the tsar in Moscow and Saint Petersburg in the late XVII – early XVIII centuries (their biographies, work organization, and artworks), as well as in analysis of stylistic evolution in the artistic image of items made of precious metals of that period. The research is based on the combination of art and historical-cultural approaches. The object this work the jewelry art of the time of Peter the Great. For achieving the set goal, the author refers to the unpublished archival documents and monument of decorative and applied art from the collections of Russian museums. Summary and analysis are conducted on the published material dedicated to the work of jewelers of that time; new records on the jewelers are introduced into the scientific discourse. The research demonstrates that that in the early XVIII century, tsar’s order was carried out by several teams of jewelers from Moscow and Saint Petersburg, who were simultaneously public servants and “free” artisans. The analysis of archival documents allowed specifying the nationality of foreign specialists, as well as the time of their arrival to Russia. The author suggests correlation between attitude of the monarch-commissioner towards court culture and the stylistics of works of decorative and applied art.
Culturological meaning of the metaphor of “home” in the works Of Michel Houellebecq: “old” and “new” France
Authors: Korolev Andrey
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of conceptual metaphor in the works of Michel Houellebecq. Leaning on the cognitive theory of metaphor, the author traces the methods of conceptualization of “new identity” within cultural identity of a modern Frenchman. The article highlights the metaphor of “home”, and reveals the methods of conceptualization of “new identity” (“new” France as a “new home”) in its relation to the cultural tradition (“old” France as an “old home”). M. Houellebecq's criticism of the political myth of “pan-European identity” is followed on the basis of the metaphor of “home”; the reasons of Houellebecq's objections against the simplified division of the levels of such identity into local, national, and pan-European are determined. The goal of this research lies in identification of various aspects of cultural reality of the “new” France reflected in the works of M. Houellebecq using the metaphor of “home” (sorrows of the object of threat on disruption of cultural tradition, unification of lifestyle, and crisis of values). The relevance of culturological analysis is defined by the ability to observe the process of conceptualization of “European identity” in French artistic culture as a moment of cultural dynamics. Reference to the texts Of M. Houellebecq revealed the cognate concepts used for realization of the metaphor of “home” (“old France”/ “old home”, “castle”; “new France” / “hotel”, “high-rise building”, “tower”, ”poultry farm”); as well the predicates that disclose certain aspects of conceptualization (“empty”, “old”, “confined”, “rural”, “destroyed”, “awful”, “disgusting”). The novelty lies in substantiation of heuristic potential of consideration of the image created By M. Houellebecq as a cultural metaphor, which not only reflects social moods, but also designs cultural reality. “Home” manifests as the antithesis to the actual feeling of homelessness on the background of achievements of industrial civilization; it becomes a slogan that fills “emptiness” of everyday existence with cultural meaning. The main result is the substantiation of the writer's contribution to the development of conceptual model of identity of a modern Frenchman using the metaphor of home”.