bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colour variation and alternative reproductive strategies in females of the common lizard Lacerta vivipara
Authors: VERCKEN E. , MASSOT M. , SINERVO B. , CLOBERT J.
Published: September 2006

Within‐sex colour variation is a widespread phenomenon in animals that often plays a role in social selection. In males, colour variation is typically associated with the existence of alternative reproductive strategies. Despite ecological conditions theoretically favourable to the emergence of such alternative strategies in females, the social significance of colour variation in females has less commonly been addressed, relative to the attention given to male strategies. In a population of the common lizard, females display three classes of ventral colouration: pale yellow, orange and mixed. These ventral colours are stable through individual's life and maternally heritable. Females of different ventral colourations displayed different responses of clutch size, clutch hatching success and clutch sex‐ratio to several individual and environmental parameters. Such reaction patterns might reflect alternative reproductive strategies in females. Spatial heterogeneity and presence of density‐ and frequency‐dependent feedbacks in the environment could allow for the emergence of such alternative strategies in this population and the maintenance of colour variation in females.
Inheritance of progeny sex ratio inUrtica dioica
Authors: GLAWE G. A. , DE JONG T. J.
Published: September 2006

Seed samples collected from femaleUrtica dioicaplants in the field showed considerable inter‐family variation in the sex ratio (faction of males). To investigate the inheritance pattern of the sex ratio trait, crosses were performed between individual male and female plants from different sex ratio families. Our results suggest, at least for the families studied here, that maternal parents strongly contribute to the variation in the primary sex ratio. Furthermore, progeny sex ratios from reciprocal crosses were significantly different and resembled the sex ratios produced by their maternal parents. We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying maternal control.
Correlated responses to artificial body size selection in growth, development, phenotypic plasticity and juvenile viability in yellow dung flies
Authors: TEUSCHL Y. , REIM C. , BLANCKENHORN W. U.
Published: September 2006

Most life history traits are positively influenced by body size, whereas disadvantages of large body size are poorly documented. To investigate presumed intrinsic costs of large size in the yellow dung fly (Scathophaga stercoraria; Diptera: Scathophagidae), we established two replicates each of three body size laboratory selection lines (small, control and large; selection on males only), and subjected flies of the resulting extended body size range to various abiotic stresses. Response to selection was symmetrical in the small and large lines (realized h2 = 0.16–0.18). After 24 generations of selection body size had changed by roughly 10%. Female size showed a correlated response to selection on male size, whereas sexual size dimorphism did not change. Development time also showed a correlated response as, similar to food limited flies, small line flies emerged earlier at smaller body size. At the lowest larval food limit possible, flies of all lines emerged at the same small body size after roughly the same development time; so overall phenotypic plasticity in body size and development time strongly increased following selection. Juvenile mortality increased markedly when food was extremely limited, large line flies showing highest mortality. Winter frost disproportionately killed large (line) flies because of their longer development times. Mortality at high temperatures was high but size‐selective effects were inconsistent. In all environments the larger males suffered more. Initial growth rate was higher for males and at unlimited food. Small line individuals of both sexes grew slowest at unlimited larval food but fastest at limited larval food, suggesting a physiological cost of fast growth. Overall, extension of the natural body size range by artificial selection revealed some otherwise cryptic intrinsic juvenile viability costs of large size, mediated by longer development or faster growth, but only in stressful environments.
Coping with Conflict during Initial Encounters in Chimpanzees
Authors: Baker Kate C. , Aureli Filippo
Published: September 2006

When strangers meet, conflict is likely to arise from incompatibilities in motivations and expectations, as well as from the absence of predictability in interactions. This study explores the mechanisms that mitigate aggression, permit mutual evaluation, establish tolerance, and facilitate the development of social bonds between unfamiliar chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data collected during the initial half‐hour of the introduction of 33 unfamiliar pairs (16 female‐male and 17 female‐female) at the Yerkes Primate Center and Detroit Zoo were used to assess the sequence of events during initial encounters and the function of different behaviour patterns in the formation of relationships. Initial encounters followed a regular sequence of interactions (i.e. a ‘species‐typical etiquette’), commencing with agonistic behaviour, followed by brief friendly touches, and finally allogrooming. Brief friendly touches, which are associated with conciliatory and tension‐reducing functions in established relationships, appeared to serve an evaluative function related to status differentiation during initial interactions. In fact, individuals more closely matched in competitive ability (inferred from their eventual dominance rank distance) exchanged friendly touches at higher rates than those more obviously mismatched. These evaluative touches may represent a safer alternative to more assertive interactions when assessments of competitive ability are required in situations likely to escalate. Allogrooming promoted the development of tolerance and relaxed proximity; it was, in fact, effective in reducing agonism and negative‐outcome approaches. Allogrooming may take on a particularly important role in reducing agonism because it begins the commerce of benefits that balance the dispersive competitive forces and enable cohesive social groupings.
The influence of dietary linoleic and α‐linolenic acid on body composition and the activities of key enzymes of hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in mice*
Authors: Javadi M. , Geelen M. J. H. , Lemmens A. G. , Lankhorst Æ. , Schonewille J. T. , Terpstra A. H. M. , Beynen A. C.
Published: September 2006

We have recently suggested that feeding the C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid, α‐linolenic acid (ALA), instead of linoleic acid (LA) reduced body fat in mice. However, the difference in body fat did not reach statistical significance, which prompted us to carry out this study using more animals and diets with higher contents of ALA and LA so that the contrast would be greater. The diets contained either 12% (w/w) LA and 3% ALA or 12% ALA and 4% LA. A low‐fat diet was used as control. The diets were fed for 35 days. The proportion of body fat was not influenced by the type of dietary fatty acid. Plasma total cholesterol and phospholipids were significantly lower in ALA‐fed mice than in mice fed LA. Activities of enzymes in the fatty acid oxidation pathway were significantly raised by these two diets when compared with the control diet. α‐Linolenic acid vs. LA did not affect fatty acid oxidation enzymes. In mice fed the diet with LA activities of enzymes of de novo fatty acid synthesis were significantly decreased when compared with mice fed the control diet. α‐Linolenic acid vs. LA feeding did not influence lipogenic enzymes. It is concluded that feeding mice for 35 days with diets either rich in LA or ALA did not significantly influence body composition.
Assessment of zinc and copper status in weaned piglets in relation to dietary zinc and copper supply
Authors: Carlson D. , Beattie J. H. , Poulsen H. D.
Published: September 2006

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of weaning and the effect of increasing dietary zinc concentrations on the zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 1) and to study the effect of high concentrations of dietary zinc and/or copper on zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 2). Study 1 included 54 piglets (six litters of nine piglets). One piglet from every litter was killed 1 day before weaning. The remaining 48 piglets were allocated at weaning (28 days) to four dietary zinc treatments (100, 250, 1000 or 2500 ppm) and subsequently killed 1–2, 5–6 or 14–15 days after weaning. Study 2 included 48 piglets (six litters of eight piglets) allocated to four dietary treatments, consisting of low or high dietary zinc (100 or 2500 ppm) in combination with low or high dietary copper (20 or 175 ppm). All piglets in study 2 were killed 5–7 days after weaning. In both studies, the trace mineral status was assessed by zinc and copper concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in plasma and mucosal tissue. In study 2, lymphocyte metallothionein (MT) mRNA and intestinal mucosa MT mRNA concentrations were included as zinc status markers. The results showed that the zinc status, measured as zinc in plasma and mucosa, was not affected by weaning of the piglets. Plasma copper concentrations decreased during the first 2 weeks after weaning. High dietary copper concentrations did not affect the concentration of copper in plasma, but increased the concentration of copper in mucosa and the concentration of zinc in plasma. The dietary zinc treatments increased the zinc concentration in plasma as well as the zinc and MT mRNA concentration in mucosa. Lymphocyte MT mRNA concentrations did not reflect the differences in dietary zinc supplementation.
Blood vitamin concentrations in privately owned dogs fed non‐standardized commercial diets and after intake of diets with specified vitamin concentrations
Authors: Tran J. L. , Horvath C. , Krammer S. , Höller U. , Zentek J.
Published: September 2006

The objective was to investigate in a survey study the blood vitamin concentrations in healthy dogs fed non‐specified commercial complete diets and in an intervention study to determine the effects of defined dietary vitamin intakes on blood vitamin levels and hair and skin condition. Sixty‐four privately owned dogs, aged from 1 to 8 years, without history of skin or coat problems were included. All animals were fed commercial complete diets with uncertain vitamin concentrations before enrolment. The animals were assigned, according to weight and gender, to four groups with graded vitamin intakes. The blood vitamin levels and skin and coat quality of the dogs were investigated at days 0 and day 122. Coat and hair condition was not influenced by the experimental diets. The retinol concentrations were reduced at the end of the experiment compared with the baseline levels, retinyl esters were not influenced. 25‐Hydroxycholecalciferol decreased in all groups, α‐tocopherol was constant or tended to decrease. Ascorbic acid, thiamine pyrophosphate and riboflavin concentrations were not affected by treatment, flavin adenine dinucleotide and pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate were partially reduced on day 122. Cobalamin, pantothenate and biotin concentrations increased with higher dietary intakes, folate levels in tendency. In conclusion, this study gives a survey of blood vitamin concentrations in healthy dogs and provides a data base for the evaluation of the vitamin status in health and disease.
Effect of energy restriction and re‐alimentation in Belgian Blue double‐muscled beef cows on digestibility and metabolites
Authors: Fiems L. O. , Vanacker J. M. , De Boever J. L. , Van Caelenbergh W. , Aerts J. M. , De Brabander D. L.
Published: September 2006

Four groups of five non‐lactating and non‐pregnant Belgian Blue double‐muscled (BBDM) cows were used to investigate the effect of energy level (E) on digestion, and blood and urine metabolites. The energy levels of the groups, applied indoors during a 140‐day restriction period, were 100%, 90%, 80% or 70% of their energy requirements (E100, E90, E80, E70) respectively. Afterwards, animals grazed on the same swards for 203 days (re‐alimentation period). Balance trials were conducted at the end of the restriction period (BT1) and at the end of the re‐alimentation period (BT2). Blood was sampled at the end of these trials. Diets consisted of maize silage and straw (80/20 on a dry matter basis) and a mineral–vitamin premix, fed at the appropriate E during BT1, or maize silage and a mineral–vitamin premix, fed at 125% of the maintenance requirements, during BT2. Significant increases of the digestibility coefficients were found during BT1 when E decreased, resulting in a better net energy capture of 7% for E70 compared with E100 (p < 0.05). Slightly, but non‐significantly higher digestibility coefficients were observed for decreasing E during BT2. Plasma concentrations of glucose and creatinine did not differ between treatments during BT1, while differences were found for triacylglycerols and α‐amino nitrogen. A tendency for a linear increase was observed for non‐esterified fatty acids with decreasing E. Differences in blood metabolite concentrations disappeared in BT2. Urinary creatinine excretion was not affected by E, while body nitrogen loss increased linearly with energy restriction in BT1. No differences were found during BT2, suggesting that non‐lactating and non‐pregnant BBDM cows are able to adapt to a cyclic change of body weight and body reserves. These data show that restricted cows mobilized body fat as well as body protein. It is concluded that the qualitative aspects of metabolism during energy restriction are comparable in double‐muscled cows with those in non‐double‐muscled animals, although the magnitude of the effects may be different.
Evidence for Effects of Testis and Epididymis Expressed Genes on Sperm Quality and Boar Fertility Traits
Authors: Lin C , Tholen E , Jennen D , Ponsuksili S , Schellander K , Wimmers K
Published: September 2006

Contents

Retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4), androgen receptor (AR), relaxin (RLN), acrosin (ACR) and osteopontin (polymorphism in intron 6 named OPNin6; polymorphism in promoter region named OPNprom) were addressed as functional candidate genes for sperm quality and boar fertility and investigated for their association with sperm concentration, motility, semen volume per ejaculate, plasma droplets rate, abnormal spermatozoa rate as well as non‐return rate and number of piglets born alive. Therefore 356 AI boars of the purebred Pietrain (PI) and crossbred Pietrain × Hampshire (PI × HA) were genotyped at these loci. Analysis of variance revealed significant associations of RBP4 (p < 0.05), ACR (p < 0.01), and OPNin6 (p < 0.05) with sperm motility. OPNin6 (p < 0.05) was also associated with number of piglets born alive. Moreover, AR (p < 0.05) and OPNprom (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with abnormal spermatozoa rate. For RLN (p < 0.01) there was evidence for effects on sperm volume and ACR significantly affected sperm concentration (p < 0.05) as well as non‐return rate (p < 0.05). No significant effects of any locus on plasma droplets rate were observed.
Factors Affecting Fertility in Loosely Housed Sows and Gilts: Vulvar Discharge Syndrome, Environment and Acute‐phase Proteins
Authors: Oravainen J , Heinonen M , Seppä‐Lassila L , Orro T , Tast A , Virolainen JV , Peltoniemi OAT
Published: September 2006

Contents

The effect of vulvar discharge syndrome (VDS) on sow and gilt fertility was studied on 26 farms. Of 824 animals inspected in 21 randomly selected and five VDS problem farms, 19 (2.3%) were afflicted with VDS. Altogether 542/799 of the examined animals (67.8%) farrowed thereafter. Nine of the 19 VDS animals (47.4%) and 533/780 non‐VDS animals (68.3%) farrowed at the first chance after the examination (p = 0.05). None of the unmated gilts in this study had VDS. Environmental and individual factors likely to be associated with fertility and VDS were tested. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with farrowing were VDS, reproductive status, availability of roughage and confinement to individual stalls. None of the variables tested was associated with VDS. However, all of the VDS problem farms were overcrowded and had concrete, partly slatted floors with little or no bedding. The median value of haptoglobin (Hp) was 2.5 (range 1.3–3.1) g/l in VDS animals and 2.3 (0.5–4.3) g/l in controls (p = 0.6). The median C‐reactive protein (CRP) in VDS animals was 30.3 (3.3–171.3) mg/l and in controls 25.9 (3.3–361.1) mg/l (p = 0.7). In conclusion, VDS decreased fertility of gilts and sows in the absence of a systemic acute‐phase response, as indicated by stable concentrations of Hp and CRP.
Effect of Cloprostenol Treatment at Artificial Insemination on Sow Fertility
Authors: Kirkwood RN , De Rensis F , Silva P , Gherpelli M , Alegre B , Dominguez JC
Published: September 2006

Contents

In two experiments, we examined the effect of administration of cloprostenol at artificial insemination on fertility of multiparous sows. Lactation length was 21 days and only sows exhibiting estrus by 7 days after weaning were included. Cloprostenol was administered by IM injection (175 μg; n = 126) or supplemented in the semen dose (525 μg; n = 129). Control sows (n = 130) received no hormone. In either experiment, there was no effect of any treatment on subsequent litter sizes. In experiment 1, there was no effect of treatment on farrowing rate, but in experiment 2, farrowing rate was higher (p < 0.05) in sows receiving cloprostenol by injection. Taken together, these results indicate no consistent effect of cloprostenol administration by intramuscular injection or by inclusion in the semen dose on sow fertility and so its routine use is not warranted.
Cellular Composition and Viability of Cloned Bovine Embryos Using Exogene‐Transfected Somatic Cells
Authors: Lee S‐L , Kumar BM , Kim J‐G , Ock S‐A , Jeon B‐G , Balasubramanian S , Choe S‐Y , Rho G‐J
Published: September 2006

Contents

The present study compared the efficiency of transgenic (TG) cloned embryo production by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with fetal‐derived fibroblast cells (FFCs) which were transfected with pEGFP‐N1 to in vitro‐fertilized (IVF), parthenogenetic and SCNT counterparts by evaluating the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation, apoptosis rate at different developmental stages, cell number, ploidy and gene expression in blastocysts. In SCNT and TG embryos, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of IVF controls, but it did not differ between SCNT and TG embryos. In IVF control, 86.7% embryos displayed diploid chromosomal complements and the rates were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of SCNT and TG embryos. Most TG embryos (79%) with FFCs expressed the gene by both PCR and under fluorescence microscopy. The expression of apoptosis by TUNEL was first detected at six to eight cell stages in all embryos of IVF, SCNT and TG groups, but the expression rate at each developmental stages was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in SCNT and TG embryos than in IVF counterparts. The expression rate in inner cell mass (ICM) of TG embryos was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in SCNT and IVF embryos. These results indicate that the high occurrence of apoptosis observed in SCNT and TG embryos compared with IVF counterparts might influence the developmental competence. Moreover, the SCNT embryos derived using non‐transfected donor cells exhibited a lower apoptosis expression in ICM cells than in TG embryos derived using pEGP‐N1‐transfected donor cells suggesting a possible role of negative gene effect in TG embryos.
Comparative IFN‐τ Secretion after Hatching by Bovine Blastocysts Derived Ex Vivo and Completely Produced In Vitro
Authors: Neira JA , Tainturier D , L'Haridon RM , Martal J
Published: September 2006

Contents

The interferon‐tau (IFN‐τ) secretion levels after hatching by bovine blastocysts derived from in vitro maturated oocytes (Group A) and from in vivo (Group B) were investigated considering embryo quality. Only very homogeneous blastocysts of excellent or good quality were considered from day 7 of culture (Group A) and day 7 after artificial insemination with frozen‐thawed from the same bull used for in vitro fertilization (Group B). All embryos were individually cultured into a 50 μl droplet of synthetic oviduct fluid medium with 10% fetal calf serum. After 24‐h culture both Group A (n =44) and B (n = 40) secreted <54 pm IFN‐τ. After 48‐, 72‐, 96‐ and 120‐h culture, Group A daily secreted 143 ± 24 pm IFN‐τ (n = 19) vs 85 ± 12 pm IFN‐τ (n = 21) for Group B (p < 0.01), 491 ± 128 pm IFN‐τ (n = 29) vs 216 ± 37 pm IFN‐τ (n = 23) (NS), 499 ± 135 pm IFN‐τ (n = 26) vs 353 ± 93 pm IFN‐τ (n = 21) (NS), 559 ± 136 pm IFN‐τ (n = 22) vs 333 ± 75 pm IFN‐τ (n = 20) (NS), respectively. Taken all together during 5 days, Group A produced per embryo 1690 ± 290 pm IFN‐τ (n = 22) vs 982 ± 182 pm IFN‐τ (n = 20) for Group B (p < 0.05). For all culture time there were sizable percentages of embryos that did not produce concentrations of IFN‐τ above a certain cut‐off level, and as such were not used to compute the means. In respect of the embryo quality whatever the groups after days 7–12 of culture, IFN‐τ secretions were 1815 ± 453 pm (n = 10) for the embryos of excellent quality vs 1356 ± 200 pm (n = 28) for those of good quality (NS) and 360 ± 188 pm (n = 4) (p < 0.05) for embryos of fair quality. A positive relationship between IFN‐τ production and in vitro development of quality I embryos was observed, whatever the embryos origins and, the embryos completely produced in vitro secreted more IFN‐τ than the embryos produced in vivo.
Membrane type 1‐matrix metalloproteinase is involved in the migration of human monocyte‐derived dendritic cells
Authors: Yang Mei‐Xiang , Qu Xun , Kong Bei‐Hua , Lam Queenie LK , Shao Qian‐Qian , Deng Bi‐Ping , Ko King‐Hung , Lu Liwei
Published: September 2006

Dendritic cells (DC) are highly mobile APC. The trafficking of both immature and mature DC is crucial for their functions, which depends mainly on chemotactic attraction and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity. MMP that are in a transmembrane form belong to membrane type (MT)‐MMP, among which MT1‐MMP has been shown to possess strong proteolytic activity that is capable of degrading extracellular matrix molecules. Although it is well established that MMP are zinc‐dependent endopeptidases that collectively degrade most components of the extracellular matrix, relatively little is known about MT‐MMP‐mediated matrix degradation during DC migration. In this study, we showed that MT1‐MMP was expressed in human monocyte‐derived immature and mature DC by semi‐quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting analyses. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopic studies showed that MT1‐MMP was expressed on the membrane surface of DC. Blocking of MT1‐MMP activity greatly reduced the invasion capacity of immature DC in Matrigel, whereas mature DC mobility was not affected. Taken together, our results show a novel functional link between MT1‐MMP and DC motility and suggest that MT1‐MMP may play an important role in modulating the migration of immature DC.
Reserpine‐induced model of stress suppresses mucosal immunity
Authors: Bao Shisan , Fei Jian , Shen Jie , Gong Sheng J , Fang Huang , Husband Alan J
Published: September 2006

Stress contributes significantly to the development of many diseases. In clinical studies, a strong correlation between depression and immune dysfunction has been shown. Our previous studies indicated that sympathetic innervation can regulate intestinal mucosal immunity through sympathetic synapses, but the mechanism in stress/depression‐induced intestinal immune deficiency was unclear. Using a mouse model in which behavioural stress/depression is chemically induced by reserpine, it is found that there is a substantial deficiency of intestinal local humoral and particularly specific antibody response to the antigen stimulation in reserpine‐treated group. No significant difference of CD4+, CD8+ or Mac1+ cells between reserpine‐treated and control groups was detected in the intestine. This deficiency is closely correlated with stress/depression. A possible correlation between stress, cytokine secretion and humoral immunity in vivo is postulated.
Preventive role of genistein in an experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis model
Authors: Yalniz Mehmet , Bahcecioglu Ibrahim Halil , Kuzu Nalan , Poyrazoglu Orhan Kursat , Bulmus Ozgur , Celebi Selman , Ustundag Bilal , Ozercan Ibrahim Hanefi , Sahin Kazim
Published: September 2006

Background and Aim:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preventive role of genistein, a phytoestrogen with a wide variety of pharmacological effects, in an experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model.

Methods:  Thirty‐six Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into three groups. Group 1 (control) received only a standard rat diet, group 2 (placebo) was given a high fat diet (HFD) plus 0.5 mL/day saline subcutaneously, and group 3 (genistein group) a HFD plus subcutaneous genistein injection at dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks. All rats were killed after 6 weeks. Serum aminotransferases, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and plasma and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Additionally, steatosis, ballooning degeneration and inflammation of the liver were examined histopathologically.

Results:  Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.001 for each), plasma and liver tissue MDA and plasma TNF‐α levels (P < 0.001, <0.001, <0.01, respectively) were found to be higher in the placebo group than in the control group. TGF‐β levels, however, were comparable in the placebo and control groups (P > 0.05). Histopathologically, steatosis, inflammatory cells per mm2 and ballooning degeneration were significantly higher in the placebo group than in the control group (P < 0.001 for each). Nevertheless, AST and ALT (P < 0.05 for each), plasma and liver tissue MDA (P < 0.05 for each) and plasma TNF‐α levels (P < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the genistein group compared to the placebo group. Histopathologically, steatosis (P < 0.05), inflammatory cells per mm2 and ballooning degeneration (P < 0.01 for each) in the genistein group were also significantly lower than in the placebo group.

Conclusions:  Genistein, a strong antioxidant agent, significantly decreased the plasma TNF‐α level and remarkably prevented the emergence of NASH by improving the biochemical and histopathological abnormalities via attenuating oxidative stress.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY IN CROHN’S DISEASE
Authors: Morita Eijiro , Tanaka Torao , Nakamura Tetsuya , Terabe Fumitaka , Hirata Ichiro , Katsu Kenichi , Takazoe Masakazu , Terano Akira
Published: September 2006

Background and Aims:  Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become increasingly important as a simple method for observing the entire small intestine. The indications for VCE are obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and investigation of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the correlation between endoscopic findings obtained by VCE and clinical findings in known cases of CD is not clear, and we therefore investigated this in the present study.

Patients and methods:  In 30 patients with known CD (Crohn’s disease activity index [CDAI] 0–420; median = 158.3), double contrast enteroclysis (ENT) was performed 1–3 weeks prior to VCE. The relationship between the VCE findings and hematological analysis/CDAI was examined.

Results:  In 17 of 30 patients, the entire small intestine could be investigated by VCE, whereas in the remaining 13 patients the terminal ileum could not be investigated. The following exhibited positive correlations: total lesions and CDAI (correlation coefficient values: rs = 0.661, adjusted P < 0.0061), ulcers and C‐reactive protein (CRP) (rs = 0.607, adjusted P < 0.0061), total lesions and CRP (rs = 0.604, adjusted P < 0.0061).

Conclusions:  Analysis with VCE suggests that CDAI and CRP indicate the activity of intestinal lesions in patients with known CD, and that CRP, in particular, is associated with the activity of ulcerative lesions of the intestine. This may contribute to revised guidelines for VCE in the future.
EFFICACY OF HIGH‐LEVEL DISINFECTANTS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPE DISINFECTION AGAINST STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
Authors: Hirata Tetsuo , Kishimoto Kazuto , Uchima Nobufumi , Kinjo Nagisa , Hokama Akira , Kinjo Fukunori , Fujita Jiro
Published: September 2006

Background:  Guidelines for high‐level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes have been published in many countries; however, none of them have a statement for disinfection against the parasite Strongyloides stercoralis. To establish a method for gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection against Strongyloides stercoralis, we examined the disinfection efficacy of high‐level disinfectants (3% glutaraldehyde, 0.55% ortho‐phthalaldehyde, and 0.3% peracetic acid) and 70% ethanol by in vitro tests.

Methods:  Strongyloides stercoralis larval suspension (0.05 mL) was added to 0.95 mL of each disinfectant and disinfection time measured under low magnification microscopy.

Results:  Among the high‐level disinfectants, peracetic acid was more efficacious for disinfection against Strongyloides stercoralis than glutaraldehyde and ortho‐phthalaldehyde. Ethanol was also efficacious for parasite killing.

Conclusion:  These results suggested that peracetic acid be recommended for gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection in regions with endemic Strongyloides stercoralis.
IMPACT OF ENDOSCOPIC TRANSPAPILLARY NASO‐GALLBLADDER DRAINAGE AFTER ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS AND CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
Authors: Itoi Takao , Sofuni Atsushi , Itokawa Fumihide , Kurihara Toshio , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Moriyasu Fuminori
Published: September 2006

Aim:  To evaluate prospectively the efficacy of endoscopic transpapillary naso‐gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in patients with acute cholecystitis with choledocholithiasis.

Patients:  Twenty‐six patients with acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis, but without pericholecystic liver abscess, were evaluated. After ES and extraction of stones, ETGBD was performed immediately.

Results:  In 24 of the 26 patients with ES, complete bile duct clearance was achieved. In the other two cases treated with ES, stones could be completely removed in an additional session after ETGBD. ETGBD was successfully performed in 23 patients (88%). In three patients with unsuccessful ETGBD, a percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) was performed. Of the 23 patients that underwent ETGBD, a positive clinical response at 72 h was seen in 22 (96%) patients. In one patient who did not show a clinical response at 72 h, catheter drainage was continued and a positive clinical response was seen 5 days after the procedure. In three patients treated with PC, a clinical response at 72 h was seen in all cases (100%). No major procedure‐related complications occurred.

Conclusions:  ETGBD after ES proved useful in the management of acute cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis.
EFFICACY OF AN ACCELERATED COLONOSCOPY TRAINING WEEK: AUDIT FROM ONE NATIONAL COLONOSCOPY TRAINING CENTER IN THE UK
Authors: Suzuki Noriko , Thomas‐Gibson Siwan , Vance Maggie , Fraser Chris , Swain David , Schofield Gillian , Saunders Brain P.
Published: September 2006

Background:  Poor performance and inadequate training in colonoscopy in the UK has been reported. Several centers across the UK run intensive hands‐on training courses but their efficacy has not been established.

Methods:  To assess the benefit of the accelerated colonoscopy training course, an audit was conducted for the 50 trainees who individually attended the course. The course objectives were to increase core knowledge and improve the basic hand skills required for colonoscopy on a one‐to‐one basis. This includes three microteaching, two computer simulator and four hands‐on training sessions within 4 days. They performed two multiple‐choice question (MCQ) papers. Performance parameters measured at the beginning and end of the course were the Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) using visual analog scales for all aspects of colonoscopy technique.

Results:  The MCQ score significantly increased: mean score 57%vs 66% (P < 0.0001). DOPS demonstrated an improvement in clinical skills. Pre‐ and post‐course mean scores were: general approach 75 vs 81 (P = 0.007), basic handling technique 59 vs 67 (P = 0.002), understanding and control of looping 54 vs 67 (P < 0.0001), cecal/ileal intubation 61 vs 76 (P < 0.0001) and extubation technique 65 vs 77 (P < 0.0001), respectively. All trainees had a high level of satisfaction and found the hands‐on training most beneficial.

Conclusion:  This intensive course improves core knowledge and clinical skills in colonoscopy, which maximizes hands‐on training, which may accelerate the learning curve.
ENDOSCOPIC APPROACH TO THE MINOR DUODENAL PAPILLA: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ENDOSCOPIC MANAGEMENT ON PANCREAS DIVISUM
Authors: Kamisawa Terumi
Published: September 2006

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the minor duodenal papilla including standardized technique was reviewed. In cases in which a pancreatogram is not achieved or those in which only a small portion of the ductal anatomy is visualized via the major duodenal papilla, cannulation of the minor papilla provides a second route of access to the ductal system. Successful minor papilla cannulation requires meticulous attention to technique. As the orifice of the minor papilla is usually of pinpoint size, needle‐tipped catheters are useful. As minor papilla cannulation in pancreas divisum carries the risk of severe pancreatitis, the procedure should be performed with more caution. In some patients with pancreas divisum, an increased resistance to flow across the small orifice results in dorsal pancreatic duct hypertension and clinical symptoms including acute recurrent pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic‐type pain. Pancreas divisum patients with acute recurrent pancreatitis are the best candidates for endoscopic management for dorsal‐duct decompression including endoscopic minor papilla sphincterotomy and stenting.
Metabolic syndrome in older people in Taiwan: a hospital‐based study
Authors: Lai S.‐W. , Liao K.‐F. , Li T.‐C. , Lin H.‐F. , Lin W.‐Y. , Lin C.‐H.
Published: September 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in older people in Taiwan.

Methods: This was a hospital‐based, cross‐sectional study. We retrospectively analysed subjects receiving self‐referred health examination at one medical centre in Taiwan from 2000 to 2004. In all, 696 older people without any acute illness were enrolled in this study, 352 men (50.6%) and 344 women (49.4%). The mean age was 70.2 ± 4.6 years (age range 65–87). Metabolic syndrome was estimated according to the criteria proposed by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III in 2001 and by International Diabetes Foundation in 2005, with the cut‐off values of the waist circumference greater than or equal to either 90 or 80 cm for men or women, respectively.

Results: Among this group, 94% of the individuals presented with at least one condition of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III was 44.1% and was higher in women than in men (52.6 vs 35.8%, P < 0.001). Defined by International Diabetes Foundation, the prevalence was also 44.1% and was higher in women than in men (55.5 vs 33.0%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome remains relatively high in Taiwanese older people.
Myeloid sarcoma of the uterus presenting as vaginal bleeding
Authors: Pitz M. W. , Maslyak O. , Morales C. , Seftel M. D.
Published: September 2006

Extramedullary relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia may occur in sites such as the central nervous system, testes, and skin. Presentations in the female genital tract are uncommon and usually asymptomatic. In contrast, symptomatic uterine myeloid sarcoma is very rare. Treatment of this is generally unsuccessful, but is improved when systemic therapies are used. We study a case of a uterine relapse of acute myeloid leukaemia presenting as vaginal bleeding and successfully managed by local irradiation. The mechanism of preferential infiltration of uterine tissue requires further study.
Lead nephropathy: early leads from descriptive studies
Authors: Chow K. M. , Liu Z. C. , Szeto C. C.
Published: September 2006

Chronic lead exposure is recognized as a potential cause of hyperuricaemia, kidney damage and hypertension. The fascinating story of lead poisoning and nephrotoxicity illustrates the utility of descriptive studies in the early elucidation of a new disease entity. The pursuit towards understanding lead nephropathy is presented as a successful illustration of human occupational and public health.
Archaeal diversity in two thermophilic chalcopyrite bioleaching reactors
Authors: Mikkelsen Deirdre , Kappler Ulrike , McEwan Alastair G. , Sly Lindsay I.
Published: September 2006

This study used a culture‐independent molecular approach to investigate the archaeal community composition of thermophilic bioleaching reactors. Two culture samples, MTC‐A and MTC‐B, grown with different concentrations of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), a copper sulfidic ore, at a temperature of 78°C and pH 1.6 were studied. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA genes revealed that both cultures consisted of Archaea belonging to the Sulfolobales. The 16S rRNA gene clone library of MTC‐A grown with 4% (w/v) chalcopyrite was dominated by a unique phylotype related to Sulfolobus shibatae (69% of total clones). The remaining clones were affiliated with Stygiolobus azoricus (11%), Metallosphaera sp. J1 (8%), Acidianus infernus (2%), and a novel phylotype related to Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis (10%). In contrast, the clones from MTC‐B grown with 12% (w/v) chalcopyrite did not appear to contain Sulfolobus shibatae‐like organisms. Instead the bioleaching consortium was dominated by clones related to Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis (73.9% of total clones). The remaining microorganisms detected were similar to those found in MTC‐A.
Biochemical prey recognition by planktonic protozoa
Authors: Wootton Emma C. , Zubkov Mikhail V. , Jones D. Hugh , Jones Ruth H. , Martel Claire M. , Thornton Catherine A. , Roberts Emily C.
Published: September 2006

Planktonic flagellates and ciliates are the major consumers of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in aquatic environments, playing a pivotal role in carbon cycling and nutrient regeneration. Despite certain unicellular predators using chemosensory responses to locate and select their prey, the biochemical mechanisms behind prey reception and selection have not been elucidated. Here we identify a Ca2+‐dependent, mannose‐binding lectin on the marine dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, which is used as a feeding receptor for recognizing prey. Blocking the receptor using 20 μM mannose‐BSA inhibited ingestion of phytoplankton prey, Isochrysis galbana, by 60%. In prey selection studies, O. marina ingested twice as many 6 μm diameter beads coated with mannose‐BSA as those coated with galNac‐BSA. When pre‐incubated with mannose‐BSA, O. marina was no longer able to discriminate between different sugar‐coated beads. Thus, these findings reveal molecular mechanisms of protozoan prey recognition. Our results also indicate the functional similarity between cellular recognition used by planktonic protozoa to discriminate between different prey items, and those used by metazoan phagocytic blood cells to recognize invading microorganisms.
Analysis of anomalies of the epididymis and processus vaginalis in human fetuses and in patients with cryptorchidism treated and untreated with human chorionic gonadotrophin
Authors: Favorito Luciano A. , Costa Waldemar S. , Sampaio Francisco J.B.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the incidence of epididymal anomalies and the structure of the processus vaginalis (PV) in patients with cryptorchidism treated or not with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and to compare these findings with human fetuses with testes in the scrotum.

PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

We assessed 24 fetuses with a gestational age of 23–35 weeks, and 114 cryptorchid patients (mean age 10.3 years). The patients were divided into two groups of those who used hCG (55, 65 testes) and those who did not (59, 75 testes). The sample was divided into six groups of possible anatomical relationships between the testis and the epididymis, according to a previous classification. Two situations were considered to analyse the PV: (a) total obliteration between the internal inguinal ring and the upper pole of the testis; and (b) total patency.

RESULTS

Epididymal anomalies were found in 35% of patients with cryptorchidism and in only 4% of normal fetuses. Of the 47 cases of epididymal anomalies in patients with cryptorchidism 23 (49%) were treated with hCG and 24 (51%) were not. The PV was patent in 58% of patients with cryptorchidism and in only 5% of fetuses. Considering the three groups, the epididymal anomalies were more frequent when the PV was patent.

CONCLUSIONS

Patency of the PV and the incidence of epididymal anomalies were more frequent in patients with cryptorchidism. The existence of epididymal anomalies did not influence testicular migration in patients treated with hCG.
Impact of surgical treatment on nocturia in men with benign prostatic obstruction
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Gardener Nikki , Abraham Lucy , Boddi Vieri , Abrams Paul , Bartoletti Riccardo
Published: September 2006

Several important topics are presented in this section, including the impact of surgical treatment on nocturia in men with BPH, pelvic floor exercises for stress urinary incontinence, chronic prostatitis in puberty, introital ultrasonography, and a systematic review published work on a stent for managing BPH.

OBJECTIVES

To validate the International Consultation on Incontinence Nocturia Quality‐of‐life (NQoL) questionnaire in Italian (IT‐NQoL) and use it to evaluate the impact of surgical treatment on nocturia in men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction (LUTS/BPO).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All men attending one urological unit between November 2004 and April 2005 were enrolled in the study. They were assessed in two groups; those with and with no LUTS/BPO. An Italian translation of the NQoL was devised, and patients then completed this and validated Italian versions of the International Prostate System Score (IPSS), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Clinical, laboratory and instrumental data from each patient were recorded. The patients with LUTS/BPO then had surgical treatment, and 6 months later those with LUTS/BPO were asked to complete all the questionnaires again to evaluate the test sensitivity to change.

RESULTS

Of the 109 patients enrolled in the study, 61 were affected by LUTS/BPO and 48 were not. Cronbach’s α for the IT‐NQoL was 0.943 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.922–0.959; P < 0.001) and the intra‐class correlation coefficient was 0.999 (95% CI 0.998–0.999; P < 0.001) for the total IT‐NQoL score. The correlation between the test and the re‐test was statistically significant (P < 0.001; r = 0.999) for all items. The mean (sd) IT‐NQoL score showed an improvement in QoL from before, at 23.4 (10.1), to after treatment, at 3.09 (2.48) (P < 0.001). In the LUTS/BPO group, the IT‐NQoL correlated with the number of times when waking to urinate (Pearson’s coefficient 0.80, P < 0.001). There was also a correlation for ESS (0.796) and for the seven PSQI subscales (0.614, both P < 0.001). The decrease in sleep quality, duration and efficiency resulted in an increase in daytime sleepiness (r = 0.639, 0.642). At the 6‐month follow‐up, all questionnaire results were statistically different from those before treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The IT‐NQoL is the first validated translation of the primary instrument into another language. This version is easy to use and has the same characteristic validity as the English version. Using the IT‐NQoL showed that surgical treatment determines a decrease in the nocturia rate and an increase in QoL. There was also a significant increase in QoL after treatment as assessed by all the other questionnaires.
Identification of the retrotrigonal layer as a key anatomical landmark during robotically assisted radical prostatectomy
Authors: Tewari Ashutosh , El‐Hakim Assaad , Rao Sandhya , Raman Jay D.
Published: September 2006

Associate Editor

Ash Tewari

Editorial Board

Ralph Clayman, USA

Inderbir Gill, USA

Roger Kirby, UK

Mani Menon, USA

OBJECTIVE

To define the gross and microscopic anatomy, and the surgical significance, of the newly described retrotrigonal layer of the bladder neck, as an aid during robotic radical prostatectomy (RRP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data for this study were obtained from five fresh cadaveric dissections and 100 consecutive RRPs. Five male cadavers with no previous pelvic or urethral surgery were dissected to expose the posterior bladder neck and identify the retrotrigonal layer. This same layer was reproducibly identified in all 100 RRPs. The gross appearance of this layer, and its relationship to neighbouring structures, was documented using still photographs and intraoperative video. The microscopic composition of this layer was assessed using routine haematoxylin and eosin stains, and special staining for smooth muscle (desmin), neural tissue (S‐100), and elastin.

RESULTS

Grossly, the retrotrigonal layer is a well‐defined midline strip located posterior to the bladder neck, that extends from the trigone (superiorly) to the base of the prostate (inferiorly). Microscopically, this layer was predominantly composed of smooth muscle with intervening connective tissue. The retrotrigonal layer serves as a key anatomical landmark to facilitate posterior prostatic dissection, particularly in men with large prostates, prominent median lobes, or previous transurethral prostatic surgery. Further, in our practice, this layer marks the posterior limit of dissection in which electrocautery is still used. Finally, the retrotrigonal layer serves to buttress the posterior layer of the urethrovesical anastomosis.

CONCLUSION

The retrotrigonal layer is a key landmark during the posterior bladder neck dissection in the antegrade technique of RRP.
The role of the lymphatic system and its specific growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor C, for lymphogenic metastasis in prostate cancer
Authors: Trojan Lutz , Rensch Florian , Voß Martin , Grobholz Rainer , Weiss Christel , Jackson David G. , Alken Peter , Michel Maurice S.
Published: September 2006

OBJECTIVE

To compare prostate carcinoma, with and with no lymph node metastasis, to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue for lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and the expression of the lymph‐endothelial specific growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF‐C), to determine their role in lymphogenic metastasis.

PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS

Lymphatic vessels were stained using lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 and assessed in standard areas. The expression of VEGF‐C was assessed by the number of positive epithelial cells. The data were compared with the clinical staging.

RESULTS

The lowest LVD was found in tumorous areas as opposed to periphery and nontumorous tissue (P = 0.007; P < 0.001). The highest LVD was in BPH tissue (P < 0.001). There was no correlation with clinical staging. There was more VEGF‐C staining in pN1 than in pN0 and in BPH specimens (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

LVD is not a prognostic variable for the process of lymphogenic metastasis in prostate cancer. VEGF‐C is up‐regulated in prostate cancer and its correlation with lymph node status suggests a role for the development of lymph node metastasis, e.g. via an increased permeability of lymphatic vessels.