bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of sports on school adaptability, resilience and cell phone addiction tendency of high school students
Authors: Zhang Li-Qiang , Gao Hui-Na
Published: August 2023

Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder (RCBD) is a phase of bipolar disorder defined by the presence of ≥ 4 mood episodes in a year. It is a common phenomenon characterized by greater severity, a predominance of depression, higher levels of disability, and poorer overall outcomes. It is resistant to treatment by conventional pharmacotherapy. The existing literature underlines the scarcity of evidence and the gaps in knowledge about the optimal treatment strategies for RCBD. However, most reviews have considered only pharmacological treatment options for RCBD. Given the treatment-refractory nature of RCBD, nonpharmacological interventions could augment medications but have not been adequately examined. This review carried out an updated and comprehensive search for evidence regarding the role of nonpharmacological therapies as adjuncts to medications in RCBD. We identified 83 reviews and meta-analyses concerning the treatment of RCBD. Additionally, we found 42 reports on adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments in RCBD. Most of the evidence favoured concomitant electroconvulsive therapy as an acute and maintenance treatment. There was preliminary evidence to suggest that chronotherapeutic treatments can provide better outcomes when combined with medications. The research on adjunctive psychotherapy was particularly scarce but suggested that psychoeducation, cognitive behavioural therapy, family interventions, and supportive psychotherapy may be helpful. The overall quality of evidence was poor and suffered from several methodological shortcomings. There is a need for more methodologically sound research in this area, although clinicians can use the existing evidence to select and individualize nonpharmacological treatment options for better management of RCBD. Patient summaries are included to highlight some of the issues concerning the implementation of adjunctive nonpharmacological treatments.
MINIMALLY INVASIVE TOOTH EXTRACTIONS- THE NEWER ADVANCEMENTS TO THE CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: SAHITHI KONDA PRAGNYA
Published: August 2023

Dental extractions are considered to be one of the procedures that can make a patient quite anxious. However, newer advancements have come to the rescue. Most of the extractions that are being done involve some extent of soft tissue trauma. Due to the damage that occurs to the adjacent tissues while removing the tooth, the rehabilitation and restoration of the tooth has become quite difficult and time consuming. From the crux of the traditional techniques, surgeons realised the importance of preserving the soft tissue and dentofacial complex in the course of tooth implantation. This led to the evolution of the new idea, the Minimally invasive dentistry and the Minimally invasive extraction. Few minimally invasive atraumatic extractions, certain methodsdeveloped are already being used by the clinicians to extract the teeth such as Periotome, Piezotome, Benex vertical extractor, rubber band extraction, extraction using implant drills. Easy Xtrac system is one such procedure which is claimed to be based on cork screw principle is used in tooth extractions. Keywords: Atraumatic Extraction, Preservation of alveolar bone, Absolute healing, Minimally invasive technique, Mucoperiosteal flap elevation.
Malware Detection A Framework for Reverse Engineered Android Application through Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: M Pallavi
Published: August 2023

This smartphone operating system is rapidly gaining popularity. Consequently, Android has emerged as an attractive focus for malicious attackers. They are concealing harmful algorithms in complex ways within Android apps, making it challenging for security firms for the purpose of recognizing and categorizing these apps as malware. The evolution pertaining to Android malicious software has reached a point where it can avoid typical detection methods due to its uniqueness. Machine learning-based approaches have surfaced as a more effective solution to address the issue complexity of emerging Android threats. These approaches the actions exhibited by existing malware patterns and use this data for the purpose of differentiation between known dangers and new risks. This study focuses on identifying vulnerabilities in mobile apps by utilizing Backward Designed Android. Key Words: SVM, AdaBoost, Ransomware, Android, Machine Learning
Fostering Security Providing Leadership: A Resource to Safeguard Against Employee Burnout
Authors: Panda Akankhya
Published: August 2023

In work settings, different leadership styles significantly impact employee well-being, potentially leading to improved health or heightened stress levels. This research posits that leadership focused on providing security can serve as a crucial asset in mitigating employee job burnout. The study explores the correlation between employees' perceptions of their leaders' security-oriented leadership and their experience of job-related burnout. This research explores how security- providing leaders impact burnout, highlighting the mediating roles of organizational climate (psychological safety) and organizational dehumanization. The study surveyed 655 Spanish employees (53.7% women) through non- discriminative snowball sampling. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), results confirm a negative link between security-providing leadership and burnout. The study also finds that this relationship is influenced by psychological safety climate and organizational dehumanization. These findings support attachment-based leadership, indicating ways to create better organizational environments. Leaders focusing on security enhance employee well-being by promoting psychological safety and reducing organizational dehumanization, thus mitigating job burnout. Key Words: leadership; attachment theory; security provider; organizational climate; organizational dehumanization, burnout.
PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN SHOPEE PAYLATER DAN PROMO HARBOLNAS (HARI BELANJA ONLINE NASIONAL) TERHADAP IMPULSE BUYING PENGGUNA SHOPEE DI KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Panjaitan Simon Partahi , Marpaung Nicholas
Published: August 2023

This study aims to analyze the influence of Use Of Shopee PayLater and Harbolnas promos on Shopee users in Medan. The influence between Shopee PayLater and the Harbolnas promo will be analyzed partially and simultaneously on impulse buying for Shopee Users in Medan City. The research method used in this research is quantitative research with an associative approach. Sampling was carried out using a non-probability sampling technique, and the method used was purposive sampling with 100 respondents as a sample. The data collection method used in this study was primary data obtained through questionnaires through Google form, while secondary data was obtained through library research. The analytical method used is the validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. The results of the research conducted show that the Use Of Shopee PayLater variable (X1) and the Harbolnas promo (X2) have a partial and significant effect on Impulse Buying (Y), the Use Of Shopee PayLater variable (X1) and the Harbolnas promo (X2) also have a simultaneous and significant effect on Impulse. Buying (Y), the value of this coefficient shows the relationship between Use Of Shopee PayLater (X1) and the Harbolnas promo (X2) to Impulse Buying (Y) is very strong with an R value of 0.724 or 72.4%. It is also known that the Adjusted R Square value of Use Of Shopee PayLater (X1) and Harbolnas promos (X2) can explain the Impulse Buying variable by 51.4%. At the same time, the rest is influenced by other variables not discussed in this study.
PENGARUH ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET TERHADAP MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN BERWIRAUSAHA
Authors: Ramdani Gilang , Sadiah Ati , Srigustini Astri
Published: August 2023

The research aims to assess the impact of Entrepreneurial Mindset on Interest in Entrepreneurship and the subsequent implications for Entrepreneurial Decisions. The research methodology employs a survey approach with a descriptive design. The targeted population comprises students from Siliwangi University FKIP, who belong to the 2019-2022 batch, totaling 6,700 individuals. Non-probability sampling, specifically the purposive sampling technique, was used to select a sample size of 376 participants based on the researcher's considerations. Questionnaires were utilized for data collection, and path analysis was employed as the statistical method, encompassing both direct and indirect hypotheses. The study's findings reveal the following: 1) Direct hypothesis calculations indicate that Entrepreneurial Mindset significantly influences Entrepreneurial Decisions, as well as Entrepreneurial Mindset's impact on interest in entrepreneurship and interest in entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial decisions. 2) Indirect hypothesis calculations demonstrate that Entrepreneurial Mindset indirectly influences entrepreneurial decisions through its effect on interest in entrepreneurship.
Đánh giá kết quả hoạt động của chi nhánh Văn phòng Đăng ký đất đai thị xã Phú Mỹ, tỉnh Bà Rịa – Vũng Tàu giai đoạn 2016-2021
Authors: Long Nguyễn Bá , Anh Phạm Ngọc
Published: August 2023

Nghiên cứu nhằm đề xuất giải pháp nâng cao kết quả hoạt động của Chi nhánh Văn phòng Đăng ký đất đai (CNVPĐKĐĐ) thị xã Phú Mỹ. Phương pháp phỏng vấn ngẫu nhiên để chọn 100 người sử dụng đất (NSDĐ) đến làm việc tại VPĐKĐĐ thị xã Phú Mỹ, 40 cán bộ có kinh nghiệm trên 5 năm, sử dụng thang đo 5 mức của Likert để đánh giá hoạt động của CNVPĐKĐĐ. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tốc độ hồ sơ đăng ký biến động tăng bình quân là 27,05%/năm, hồ sơ chuyển nhượng, tặng cho chiếm chủ yếu (36,36%) của cả giai đoạn 2016-2021. Tổng thu của CNVPĐKĐĐ đạt 25.965,38 triệu đồng, chiếm 15,05% tổng nguồn thu của VPĐKĐĐ tỉnh. Đa số người dân hài lòng với hoạt động của CNVPĐKĐĐ ở mức độ trung bình; mức thu thuế, lệ phí được đánh giá là hợp lý nhất trong các tiêu chí, nhưng khả năng tiếp cục dịch vụ thuận lợi, mức độ công khai thủ tục hành chính, thời gian giải quyết đúng hạn, sự phối hợp giữa CNVPĐKĐĐ với cơ quan thuế, ngân hàng được đánh giá thấp nhất trong 12 tiêu chí nghiên cứu. Các thủ tục hành còn phức tạp, mức độ công khai chưa cao, năng lực cán bộ, khả năng ứng dụng công nghệ để phục vụ đăng ký đất đai được đánh giá là mức thấp nhất trong các tiêu chí. Để nâng cao hiệu quả, VPĐKĐĐ cần cải cách thủ tục hành chính, tăng cường công khai, minh bạch khi đăng ký đất đai; tăng cường kỹ năng ứng dụng công nghệ thông tin; hoàn thiện cơ chế phối hợp các cơ quan liên quan; bổ sung phòng làm việc và máy tính.
PR-261-123602-R01 Evaluation of the Corrosiveness of Glycol-Water Mixtures in Dry Gas Transmission Lines
Authors: Yan
Published: August 2023

This report provides a review of the state-of-the-art knowledge on glycol-water mixtures carried over to dry gas transmission pipelines, i.e., physical properties, the causes of entry, and the corrosiveness. Findings obtained from literature include:

Glycol-water mixtures can be potentially accumulated in dry gas transmission pipelines. Operation conditions of the dehydration unit should be optimized to control the amount and corrosiveness of glycol-water being carried over into transmission lines.
The glycol-water hold-up in dry gas transmission pipelines contain high glycol content, i.e., greater than 95%. The accumulated glycol-water requires removal by direct drain from liquid traps, or by pigging either with methanol or water.
For transmission pipelines transporting natural gas containing CO2, the most likely corrosion mechanism associated with glycol-water mixtures is general corrosion. The corrosion rate has been proven to be low, i.e., much lower than 0.1mm/year.
For sour gas transmission pipelines, although general corrosion has been ruled out as a major concern, localized corrosion and HIC can occur in glycol-water mixtures. The rate of localized corrosion and HIC remains undefined.

The list of recommendations to minimize the amount of glycol-water mixtures being carried over to dry gas transmission lines and to reduce the corrosion risks is developed. More research is required to study the potential corrosion mechanisms, i.e., pitting and HIC, of pipeline steels in glycol-water mixtures with high glycol content ( greater than 95%) under sour gas conditions.
L52324 Characterization of Anisotropic Pipe Steel Stress-Strain Relationships Influence On Strain Demand
Authors: Hart  , Zulfiqar
Published: August 2023

This report summarizes a PRCI research project aimed at evaluation of the effects of anisotropy and the shape of pipe steel stress-strain relationships on pipeline strain demand for X80 and X100 UOE pipe. The research included: a review of pipeline industry literature on the subject matter; a discussion of pipe steel plasticity concepts for UOE pipe; characterization of the anisotropy and stress-strain curve shapes for both conventional and high strain pipe steels; development of representative analytical X80 and X100 stress-strain relationships; and evaluation of a large matrix of ground-movement induced pipeline deformation scenarios to evaluate key pipe stress-strain relationship shape and anisotropy parameters.

One goal of this research was to apply the findings toward guidance for supplemental pipe material specifications aimed at minimizing undesirable effects of anisotropy and stress-strain curve shape on pipe deformations under displacement-controlled loads.
L00250 Using Foaming Agents to Remove Liquids from Gas Wells
Authors: Olsen  , Willson
Published: August 2023

The chemical stimulation of gas production from natural reservoirs and underground storage projects is rapidly expanding. Such stimulative methods commonly use energy available in the reservoir to perform operations that previously were done mechanically with external energy. Therefore, chemical methods often require less personnel and equipment than corresponding mechanical methods. No completely satisfactory theory of foam formation has been developed.

Using foam agents has been tested in the laboratory and field, and suitable agents have been selected for use under many conditions. A large number of agents have been tested to determine their utility and to establish general guidelines for selecting agents for this use. The field-test results illustrate the usefulness of the dynamic laboratory method and show that brines, mixtures of oil and brines, and hydrocarbon condensates may be removed effectively from wells completed with a wide variety of casings and tubing combinations and under various operating conditions. Besides removing liquids, foam treatments also may clean solid particles from the well bore.
L52288 Investigative Ultrasonic Meters in Heavy Oil Service
Authors: Harvey
Published: August 2023

Investigation into the status of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement in heavy oil service, specifically in fiscal measurements. The objective of the study was to determine the status of current technology, its limitations and gaps, affecting Ultrasonic Flow Measurement performance and to provide direction for future research and initiatives. Result: The first task completed was an industry standard survey of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement vendors. This survey required the research of existing publications, interviewing operators of existing installations and interviewing qualified ultrasonic meter vendors. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to the vendors for completion, operators identified and supplied with the identical questionnaire and the results inputted within a comparison matrix which was used for rating the various vendors and status indicators of ultrasonic flow measurement technology in heavy oil service. The second task completed was a compilation of the survey results including the detailed responses and summary of all findings. Benefit: The report identified several barriers preventing the expanded use of ultrasonic flow meters in heavy oil service. The report also includes recommendations on who best to overcome these barriers for expanded use and identified future research required to broaden the adoption of ultrasonic flow measurement for heavy oil service (crudes).
L41020 Gas Hydrates and Their Relation to the Operation of Natural-Gas Pipe Lines
Authors: McGaughy
Published: August 2023

It became generally recognized that "freezing"� of natural gas pipeline was caused by the formation of gas hydrates, which are crystalline compounds formed by the chemical combination of natural gas and water and which form under pressure at temperatures considerably above the freezing point of water.Benefit: Hydrate equilibrium data are presented for a number of natural gases, certain constituent gases, and synthetic mixtures of these gases, showing the temperature and pressures at which hydrates form. The ratios of gas to water in the gas-hydrate molecules are given. Data on pipeline and underground temperatures and their seasonal temperature variations are presented. Remedial measures to remove or prevent "freezes"� in pipelines are discussed. Water is necessary for hydrates to form, the removal of water from natural gases is an effective way of combating the hydrate freezing of pipe lines. Dehydration plants of various types for drying natural gases are described, as well as the chemicals used in the drying processes. Methods and equipment for determining the water-vapor content of natural gases under pressure are described, and data are given on the water content of water-saturated natural gases under pressure.
L52322 Effects of Methanol on Gas Measurement
Authors: Savidge
Published: August 2023

Upstream natural gas and related fluid operations often require the injection of methanol to prevent flow line constrictions and blockages caused by water and natural gas hydrates. Both the constrictions and methanol have a significant impact on measurement accuracy. Natural gas chromatographic analysis and related measurement practices do not account for constrictions or methanol in natural gas streams. API 14.2, A.G.A. Report No.8, A.G.A. Report No.10, ISO 12213, ISO 20765 and GPA 2172 do not account for methanol. Measurement and operation practices rely on accurate information to reduce errors.

This report analyzes the effect of methanol on gas measurement physical properties. It establishes the relative effect of methanol on the physical properties by applying the Gas Research Institute's high accuracy equation of state for natural gases as distributed by API, A.G.A, ISO and others as API MPMS Chapter 14.2, A.G.A. Report No.8, A.G.A. Report No.10, ISO 12213 Part 2, and ISO 20765. It applies GPA 2172 for the analysis of the sensitivity of the heating value to methanol.
L00140 Phase Relations of Gas-Condensate Fluids-Test Results Apparatus and Techniques - Volumes 1 and 2
Authors: Eilerts
Published: August 2023

This monograph consists essentially of two parts. One part reports the results of test, and the other presents correlations of data from the tests. The correlations are designed for computing significant properties of fluids, using data from relatively simple and inexpensive tests as guides. Usually more certain results can be obtained by applying correlations to information from more thorough tests. For this reason, two or more correlations of important properties have been presented, so the engineer may choose between a correlation that may be applied readily and one that gives greater certainty at the expense of additional testing.

Although the monograph is intended primarily for application to problems related to the production of gas-condensate fluids, it can be useful in most recovery operations that require mixture of natural gas or processed gas with reservoir oil. These properties are important in an operation that involves the return of gas to a reservoir to obtain gaseous solutions or mobile liquids that will flow through the formation to producing wells. As gas-condensate fluids represent one-fourth or more of the domestic reserves of gas and as nearly one-half of the oil discovered each year is likely to be abandoned ultimately unless improved means are found to move it from its place in the formation to producing wells, the results of research presented in the monograph can have many applications.
L11577 Development of Techniques for Improving Downhole Inspection of Steel Pipe Casing
Authors: Wilson  , Meister
Published: August 2023

Steel pipe casing used in underground gas storage is subject to corrosion primarily on the outside pipe surface. Corrosion in the form of pitting and wall thinning can cause serious maintenance and operational problems. Early detection and characterization of corrosion in downhole pipe casing used in underground gas storage can provide considerable savings for the gas industry. Current magnetic and alternating current methods available from inspection service companies do not provide the desired defect definition and size characterization for making decisions regarding repairing, replacing, or abandoning the string.

The purpose of this program was to investigate techniques of improving downhole inspection tools using the latest state-of-the-art eddy current technology. Major areas of investigation centered on (1) use of multiple frequencies rather than a single frequency for coil excitation and signal output, (2) improvements and additions to signal processing, and (3) incorporation of a side coil in the downhole inspection tool. Results of this study indicate that MFEC data can be processed to remove unwanted pipe variables (e.g., magnetic variations) to provide increased sensitivity compared to raw single frequency data. A comparison of results obtained with the side receiver coil with those obtained with an annular receiver coil show that the side coil is more sensitive topitting.

Recommendations are made to well logging companies and or technology companies interested in designing and developing a downhole inspection tool incorporating these improvements having the highest potential into an existing well logging tool for field evaluation and further development of the most promising approaches for developing an improved field inspection device.
L51539 Improved Methods for Inspecting Gas Storage Well Downhole Casing
Authors: Swanson  , Santos De Los , Miller
Published: August 2023

A considerable background of prior work indicates that corrosion damaged casing in gas storage wells is largely due to the development of individual corrosion pits, which occur either on the inside or outside wall of the casing. Such pits are inevitably the result of electrochemical potentials, which are established between unlike conductive materials in an electrolyte. Damage is the result of localized loss of metal, which can be assessed in terms of the size of these individual corrosion flaws. Magnetic corrosion logging has been available for at least 25 years, but has not received wide acceptance as a basis for making intelligent repair decisions. An earlier PRCI-sponsored research study concluded that the best approach to short term improvement in the performance of current corrosion logging practice was the application of modern digital data acquisition techniques to one specific type of magnetic logging, namely, flux leakage or magnetic perturbation measurements.

In this research program, experimental equipment of this type has been developed and demonstrated in conjunction with a cooperative effort with one of the logging companies (Dresser-Atlas). This equipment replaces the electronics assembly in the commercial instrument with a new package which samples each of the 12 (or 24) analog flux leakage sensor signals at a rate of either 86.8 or 173.6 samples per second, depending upon whether 24 of the sensors or only 12 are being sampled. The signals are digitized at this rate under the control of a downhole microprocessor, which formatsthe digital data into a serial bit stream and transmits it to the surface over standard logging cable. The data transmission system uses Manchester encoding and performs the data transfer at a maximum rate of 40,000 bits per second.
L51619 Effects of Loading on the Growth Rates in Deep Stress-Corrosion Cracks
Authors: Bubenik  , Nestleroth
Published: August 2023

With the development of improved techniques for detection of stress corrosion cracks in existing pipelines, the pipeline industry is faced with the problem of estimating the growth rates of these cracks. Current efforts in model development are addressing the problem but, in order to verify these models, accurate average crack velocity data are needed (average crack velocity being defined as the average rate of crack growth with time, crack velocity is the instantaneous rate of crack tip dissolution.) Currently available data are limited and are based primarily on either slow-strain rate tests or tapered tensile tests. The loading conditions in the former are unrepresentative of actual operating conditions while the crack depths in the latter are much shallower than those observed in service. Some fracture mechanics data also are available for this system but the specimen and crack geometry used in these tests are not similar to the geometry of the field failures*. In addition, results of recent PRCI research suggest that the stress intensity parameter, K, which is used to relate different cracking geometries, is a poor crack driving force parameter for SCC in line pipe steels.

The overall objective of this work is to obtain accurate average crack velocity data as a function of crack depth and loading conditions. The program is divided into two tasks: Task 1 - Effect of Crack Depth and Cyclic Loading Conditions on Crack Growth and Task 2 - Inhibition of Crack Growth.
PR-015-13603-R01 Meter Station Design Procedures to Minimize Pipe Flow-Induced Pulsation Error
Authors: George
Published: August 2023

This project explored the sources of flow-induced pulsations in natural gas meter stations and the detrimental effects the pulsations have on the measurement capabilities of three types of gas custody transfer meters: orifice meters, turbine meters, and ultrasonic meters. To supplement the PRCI-funded research on the effect of compressor pulsations on ultrasonic flow measurement, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has performed a study to identify best practices for meter station piping design that avoid generating or amplifying flow-induced pulsations. This study involved a literature review to identify features of meter station piping that (1) generate pulsations independently of compressors or (2) amplify pulsating flows entering station piping. Where possible, the study also worked to quantify the effect of flow-induced pulsations on meter accuracy. This information has been used to create best practices and methodologies for minimizing metering errors caused by pulsation. As a result of this research, various design techniques able to reduce or eliminate pulsations in meter station piping systems have been compiled. Mitigation practices specific to obstructions, flow restrictions, piping geometries, gaps, acoustically-induced pulsation, and flow-induced turbulence are discussed. Additionally, common methods of filtering high-frequency pulsations are discussed in detail.
PR-164-114512-R02 CRA Weld Overlay Pipes for Subsea Application Report on Phase 2 - Part 1 Investigations
Authors: Kumar Vinod
Published: August 2023

PRCI commissioned TWI to carry out a project for developing guidelines for qualification of CRA weld overlay pipes with a scope as specified in PRCI Project MATS-1-1 CRA Weld Overlay Pipes for Subsea Application. TWI completed phase 1 of this project during 2011-2013 and the results of these investigations were submitted to PRCI via report Catalogue No. PR-164-114512-R01. TWI carried out further investigation as Phase 2, addressing the criticalities of the manufacture and inspection of full length weld overlay pipes. This report describes the details of the manufacture of pipe samples, inspection, testing, and the results obtained.
L51633 Investigation of WIC Test Variables
Authors: Hayes
Published: August 2023

The Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) has developed a test for pipelines which determine threshold preheat levels necessary to avoid hydrogen cracking in the root region of circumferential welds. This test is simple to perform, reproducible and reasonably inexpensive. Experience has shown, however, that preheat levels determined by the WIC test are typically higher than normally required to achieve, sound, crack-free welds in the field.

Consequently, there is a need to characterize the WIC test in more detail even though significant work was performed by other researchers. Through further characterization, pipeline operators will be able to formulate safe and economical welding procedures with more accurate preheat levels. The following report describes the experimental approach, the processes used for analysis, the results, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations for future work.
L51728 Feasibility of a Pipeline Field Weld Real-Time Radiography (Radioscopy) Inspection System
Authors: Tucker
Published: August 2023

Inspection of pipeline field girth welds during pipeline construction is accomplished by film radiographic: methods. Film radiography of materials is a 70 year old technology. There have been many advances in that 70 year history in equipment and films, but the process of making the radiograph is essentially the same. The film radiography process is time-consuming, costly, environmentally impacting and very operator (inspector) dependent. There are recent and almost daily advances in technologies using x-ray imaging other than film. Double-jointed pipe welds at pipe mills and at double-joint operations have been inspected with stationary real-time radioscopic systems for many years. This electronic imaging technology, known as "�radioscopy"�, has the potential to significantly improve pipeline project schedules and cost by eliminating some of the shortcomings of film radiography. Radioscopy is currently accepted for use by many nationally accepted standards including API-SL, Specification for Line Pipe, and API-1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities.

Most of the real-time systems in use today are fixed installations in pipe mills, foundries or fabrication shops. The ability to produce the required image sensitivity with real-time has been established by these fixed installations. These systems have proven to be very cost effective. In the course of conducting this study, QCC attended several conferences, including the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) Conference in Boston, contacted several hundred potential vendors of radioscopic and radiographic equipment, witnessed demonstrations on existing radioscopic imaging systems and conducted several breadboard system demonstrations. The enclosed exhibit section contains a list of vendors that have products applicable to a radioscopic system.
L51712 Fracture Behavior of Large-Diameter Girth Welds - Effect of Weld Metal Yield Strength Part II
Authors: Denys R. M.
Published: August 2023

Fitness for purpose girth defect assessments assume the presence of a single defect. This assumption is not always fulfilled. Welds may contain many small defects. These defects, when considered individually and without interaction, are generally innocuous. However, this may be a false conclusion as to the true strength or deformation capacity of the weld because neighbouring imperfections or defects may interact and may be more severe than each individual imperfection. When non-destructive examinations reveal multiple defects, a defect recategorisation procedure has to be applied to determine whether neighbouring defects will interact other under load. The interaction criteria of BS PD6493, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI and the Japanese fitness-of-purpose code WES 2805 are based on a combination of linear elastic fracture mechanics calculations and engineering judgement. The PD6493 and ASME XI rules are based on the principle that the increase in the stress intensity magnification caused by interaction of neigbouring defects should be limited to 20% (PD 6493) and 6% (ASME XI), whereas the WES criterion is based on the principle that the stress intensity magnification or CTOD value of the interacting neighbouring defects should be limited to 20% of the shortest defect. As the fracture behaviour of line pipe girth welds differs from linear elastic behaviour, it is expected that the existing rules are not necessarily applicable for elastic-plastic or plastic material behaviours. This consideration suggests that there exist a need for developing criteria which permit plasticity effects to be incorporated. The mathematical treatment of multiple defects under elastic-plastic and or plastic fracture conditions is a complex issue because it is not possible to predict yielding behaviour and make a distinction between local and ligament collapse. Because of this limitation, it is thus necessary to employ large scale tensile tests in which the interaction effects can be reproduced. In persuing this approach, it is further possible: (a) to verify and establish the conservatism built into the existing interaction criteria. (b) to formulate alternative interaction criteria for elastic-plastic or plastic behavior. The goal of this study was to obtain information on the failure behavior of girth welds containing two coplanar fatigue pre-cracked defects. The results were correlated with tests on welds containing a single crack to determine the engineering significance of existing defect interaction rules under elastic-plastic and plastic fracture conditions.
L51697 Obstacle Detection to Facilitate Horizontal Directional Drilling
Authors: Iseley D. T. , Cowling D. H.
Published: August 2023

The horizontal directional drilling (HDD) technique is specially suited for pipeline crossings of waterways, beaches, roads, vulnerable natural regions, railroads and airports. The HDD method is a two-stage process consisting of navigating a drill stem underground along a predetermined design route and the pulling back of the product pipe through the prepared hole. One of the major problems faced in HDD projects is subsurface exploration and locating of existing underground obstacles. HDD equipment must avoid these obstacles if at all possible. This study was conducted to: 1. Determine the state-of-the-art for obstacle detection in horizontal directional drilling technology. 2. Examine all possible techniques for obstacle detection. 3. Evaluate the most promising and suitable techniques for further development. 4. Determine further work necessary to reach a 100-foot (30 m) target. 5. Make recommendations for HDD contractors.
L00007 Steady Flow in Gas Pipelines
Authors: Uhl
Published: August 2023

This report presents the results of extended investigations into aspects of steady flow in gas pipelines. The essential problem under study was the accurate specification of flow behavior in operating pipelines. Coupled with the information of previously existing analytic theory and the results of extensive laboratory experiments, this effort could then be considered to furnish the third essential element of substantiation of a fully general picture of pipeline flow behavior.

To accurately evaluate the nature of the transmission factor, an extensive experimental program was initiated in which tests were run and data gathered on the friction encountered by gas flowing in seamless pipe sections and in tubes with specially prepared interiors. There are three main areas of investigation. First, procedures for line performance testing are established which will permit an analysis of line performance or flow behavior to the same degree of accuracy as the flow metering technique employed. Recommendations are made concerning the use of test equipment. Techniques are given for the evaluation of the accuracy of all test data and calculated results. Second, the use of tracers for flow measurement is discussed. Two more accurate tracer metering techniques are presented. Third, a review of flow behavior theory, a summary of laboratory experiments on flow behavior, and the results of the analysis on over 40 pipeline tests is discussed. This material is used to develop a pair of pipeline flow equations valid for operating conditions in contemporary American transmission systems.
L51845 Database of Mechanical and Toughness Properties of Pipe
Authors: Leis
Published: August 2023

�The lower-strength grades of steel used for transmission pipelines into the 60s were much like those used in other steel construction in that era. These steels gained strength by traditional hardening mechanisms through chemistry changes, largely involving carbon and manganese additions. Improvement of these grades, primarily through control of ingot chemistry and steel processing, became necessary when running brittle fracture was identified as a failure mechanism in gas-transmission pipelines in the late 50s. Eventually, this avenue to increasing strength was exhausted for pipeline applications because this approach causes increased susceptibility to hydrogen-related cracking mechanisms as strength increases. For this reason, modern steels differ significantly from their predecessors in several ways, with the transition from traditional C-Mn ferrite-pearlite steels beginning in the mid 60s with the introduction of high-strength-low-alloy (HSLA) steels.

This report presents the results of projects, PR-3-9606 and PR-3-9737, both of which were planned as multi-year projects. The first of these projects initially was conceived to provide broad evaluation of the fitness-for-service of wrinkle bends while the second was conceived to generate mechanical and fracture properties data for use in the integrity analysis of both the pipe body and weld seams in modern gas-transmission pipeline systems. As possible duplication between a joint industry project and the PRCI project became apparent, this project was scaled back to focus on properties of steels used in construction involving wrinkle bends. Consideration also was given to a more modern steel such as might be found in ripple bends, which are formed in bending machines that now have become widely used. The second project likewise was reduced in scope, with a focus on only the pipe body. Because both projects ended being centered on mechanical and fracture properties, both are presented in this combination report.
L51968 Improved Methods for the Assessment of the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines (Phase 4)
Authors: Groeneveld  , Grube  , Elsea
Published: August 2023

The project has been aimed at improving the approach for assessing the remaining strength of pipelines containing corrosion metal loss defects. Phase 1 of the project consisted of a comprehensive review of existing assessment methods, together with a collection of results from relevant experimental tests.Phase 2 of the project, provided a Guidance Document recommending methods to be used for assessing the integrity of corroded pipelines. A PC based software program (CORAM - Corrosion Assessment Methods for Pipelines) for applying the assessment methods recommended in the Guidance Document was completed for Phase 3 of the project.
L51725 Drilling Fluids in Pipeline Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling-Practical Applications
Authors: Hair
Published: August 2023

Drilling fluid plays a key role in the installation of a pipeline by horizontal directional drilling (HDD) and accounts for the majority of the associated environmental impact. An improper drilling fluid program can result in stuck pipe. Uncontrolled discharge of drilling fluid downhole can damage or undermine adjacent structures.The cost of drilling fluid involved with pipeline installation, particularly when disposal costs are considered, can be substantial.

This manual is the principal product of PRC project PR-227-9321. Its purpose is to increase the level of technical sophistication relative to drilling fluids used in the installation of pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD). It is anticipated that this increase will benefit the natural gas industry through reductions in HDD installation costs and environmental impact. The manual contains six sections which address the following general topics: 1 . The HDD installation process, the specific functions of drilling fluids in pipeline installation by HDD, and the composition of drilling fluids; 2. Characteristics of drilling fluid flow, pertinent properties of drilling fluids, and calculation methods relative to drilling fluid flow circuits; 3. Standard classification of soil and rock structures and soil and rock properties relative to drilling fluid flow; 4. The behavior of soil and rock structures relative to drilling fluid flow, general drilling fluid criteria, and general solutions to drilling problems; 5. Methods for estimating drilling fluid quantities, methods for disposing of excess drilling fluids, the environmental impact of drilling fluids used in HDD, and construction specifications relative to drilling fluids; and 6. Materials used drilling fluids.
L51802 Cost Effective Leak Mitigation at Natural Gas Transmission Compressor Stations
Authors: Touche  , Kantamaneni  , Jones
Published: August 2023

A reciprocating compressor facility with seven to eight compressors could be expected on average to develop new leakage at standard components of 2,700 Mcf/yr. Approximately 75% of the total new leak volume occurs at compressor components even though they only comprise approximately 30% of the total components at a site. The cost of follow-up surveys can be reduced by focusing on the compressor areas. A centrifugal compressor facility with two compressors could be expected to develop new leakage at standard components of approximately 100 Mcf/yr. The results are indicative of the fact that these facilities do not experience the type of vibrational stresses typically encountered at reciprocating compressor stations.

This report describes a cooperative study sponsored by PRCI, GRI, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine the most cost effective ways to mitigate leaks at natural gas compressor stations. Leak rate measurements were initially made at thirteen compressor stations starting in September of 1995 until the end of 1997. Ten of these sites were selected for four quarters of surveys. This report presents the emission factors for natural gas compressor stations, the trends in leak rates over time, and a cost benefit analysis of leak mitigation.
L51791 Environmental Low-pH SCC-Effects on Crack Propagation
Authors: Zheng
Published: August 2023

This is the final report of a research project, PR-230-9413, funded by PRCl on the environmental effects on the propagation of transgranular stress corrosion cracks (TGSCC) of linepipe steels in soil environments of near-neutral pH. Supervision by the Ad Hoc Group on this project, chaired initially by Matt Cetiner of TransCanada PipeLines and then by Paul Wong of NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd., set the objectives and the scope of the work and was an integral component in the completion of this research. Three full-size ERW pipes, 508 mm (20 inches) diameter, hot-rolled Grade 359 (X-52), and a gravel-type soil were used. The pipe had been manufactured in the late 1950s and had been in service in a natural gas transmission pipeline for about 38 years. Crack growth was measured as a function of environmental variables and of loading severity, at the free corrosion potential (F. C. P.), at potentials anodic to F.C.P. and at cathodic potentials. At the free corrosion potential, the crack growth rate was found to be influenced by carbon dioxide. Growth rates of cracks with direct carbon dioxide admission tended to be higher than growth rates of other cracks.
PR-261-103605-R01 Investigation on the Dormancy of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Cracks
Authors: Xie  , Yazdanfar  , Given
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this research were to investigate SCC dormancy and re-activation behavior in term of 1) effect of low frequency (= 10-5 Hz) and cyclic stress typical of pressure fluctuation (R = 0.8) and 2) the inhibitive effect of organics on the growth rate of SCC cracks. The project tasks included 1) Summary of literature on the dormancy of SCC cracks; 2) Literature results of near neutral pH SCC of X65 steels; 3) Upgrade and calibration of potential drop technique; 4) Crack growth rate measurements under steady cycle fluctuation of loading; 5) Crack growth rate measurements under fluctuating loading conditions; 6) Effect of organics.

The dormancy of near neutral pH SCC has been investigated using potential - drop technique to measure crack growth rates under constant cyclic loading and fluctuating loading conditions.
L51911 Conditions that Lead to the Generation of Stress Corrosion Cracking Environments - A Review
Authors: Ramsingh  , Revie
Published: August 2023

Current knowledge of the conditions leading to generation of environments that cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of high-pressure pipelines was reviewed, and a database of references was compiled. In addition to the surface preparation of the steel pipe and the type of coating that is used, the level of cathodic protection (CP) reaching the pipe surface and the partial pressure of CO2 in the ground water are important factors. The balance between the level of CP reaching the surface and the CO2 partial pressure in the ground water is critical in determining the pH at the steel surface, and hence, whether high-pH SCC, near-neutral-pH SCC, or neither, occurs. Corrosion at pits and other localized sites may be a part of the SCC pre-initiation process. Under ground water conditions that simulate those of near-neutral-pH SCC, hydrogen enters and permeates line pipe steels. The findings of a review on conditions that lead to generation of stress corrosion cracking environments is presented in this report. The literature citations have been organized using Reference Manager, a searchable database of references. About 1,600 citations to references available in the literature as well as to industry reports are listed in the Reference Manager, covering all aspects of stress corrosion cracking, including issues relevant to generation of environments that cause SCC, such as coatings. Selected items from the Reference Manager database are listed in the Appendix of this report.
NR198102 NO to NO2 Conversion Rates in Compressor Station Stack Effluents
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

One of the key issues associated with assessing the air quality impact of point sources is the effect of primary nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions on the downwind concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Since most of the NOx emitted from stationary combustion sources is in the form of nitric oxide (NO), it is therefore necessary to predict the formation rate of NO2. This report summarizes the results of a filed program conducted in 1979 and 1980 by Engineering-Science (ES) directed at understanding the NO to NO2 conversion processes which occur in the plumes downwind from natural gas-fired compressor station engines. Also from the examination of the field study data, what in-stack, air quality or meteorological factors were most important to the NO to NO2 oxidation reactions.

Conclusions drawn from report include: thermal conversion was found to be relatively unimportant to the overall oxidation of NO to NO2; the total conversion method was found to be a poor predictor; the exponential method was found to be a poor predictor; the ozone limiting method was found to have merit but still had deficiencies; the algebraic photostationary state method was found to have merit as a predictive model; and the integrated chemistry method proved to be a little better predictor of NO2 values than the ozone limiting or photostationary state method.