bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
As condições de vida e saúde de pessoas acima de 50 anos com deficiência e seus cuidadores em um município paulista
Authors: Marin Maria José Sanches , Lorenzetti Débora , Chacon Miguel Claudio Moriel , Polo Mariana Colbachini , Martins Vinicius Spazzapan , Moreira Simone Alves Cotrin
Published: July 2013

Pessoas com deficiência, ao se tornarem idosas, muitas vezes apresentam problemas mais complexos, devido às dificuldades de inserção social ativa. Este estudo se propõe a caracterizar as condições sociodemográficas e de saúde de pessoas com deficiência com idade acima de 50 anos, e de seus respectivos cuidadores. Trata-se de estudo descritivo realizado por meio de entrevistas com 43 idosos com deficiência e 39 cuidadores. Constatou-se que as pessoas com deficiência vivem com algum familiar, 51,2% não frequentaram o ensino formal, 69,8% sobrevivem da aposentadoria, 46,5% utilizam três medicamentos ou mais e 69,8% não realizam exame preventivo de câncer de mama/útero ou próstata. Dos cuidadores, 79,5% são do gênero feminino, 84,7% têm pouca ou nenhuma escolaridade, sendo irmão(a) ou sobrinho(a), são cuidadores há dez anos ou mais, não recebem ajuda de outros parentes e não têm atividade regular de lazer. Entre eles, 18% relatam três ou mais problemas de saúde e 44% fazem uso de três ou mais medicamentos. As pessoas acima dos 50 anos, com deficiência, apresentam algumas características semelhantes a outros idosos dependentes, mas sua condição de dependência é de longa duração, o que demanda ações de saúde diferenciadas tanto para esse idoso como para o cuidador.
Acurácia das intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em consulta ambulatorial
Authors: Scain Suzana Fiore , Franzen Elenara , Santos Luciana Batista dos , Heldt Elizeth
Published: July 2013

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a acurácia das intervenções de enfermagem a partir dos diagnósticos de enfermagem (DE) de pacientes que consultaram no Programa de Educação em Diabetes, em ambulatório de hospital universitário, relacionando-os com as características sociodemográficas e as comorbidades. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de 136 pacientes com DM tipo 2 (DM2), sendo 77 (57%) mulheres, com média de idade de 66±9,38 anos, presença de comorbidades em 97 (71%) e em uso de medicações. Foi encontrada associação significativa entre os DE e as intervenções mais frequentemente prescritas: "Aconselhamento nutricional" (n = 99; 73%), "Promoção do exercício" (n = 64; 47%) e "Ensino: cuidados com os pés" (n = 48; 35%), porém, não com as características sociodemográficas ou comorbidades. As intervenções de maior ocorrência prescritas em consulta de enfermagem evidenciaram acurácia para os DE nos domínios Promoção da Saúde e Nutrição, que estão relacionados aos princípios do tratamento para DM2: alimentação saudável, exercício físico e educação para a saúde.
Construção de uma tecnologia educacional para o ensino de enfermagem sobre punção venosa periférica
Authors: Frota Natasha Marques , Barros Lívia Moreira , Araújo Thiago Moura de , Caldini Luana Nunes , Nascimento Jennara Cândido do , Caetano Joselany Áfio
Published: July 2013

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a construção de um curso sobre punção venosa periférica utilizando as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica, desenvolvida na Universidade Federal do Ceará, de janeiro a março de 2012. As etapas de construção constituem-se em análise, desenho e desenvolvimento de acordo com o referencial teórico de Galvis-Panqueva. Na análise, foram delimitados os objetivos, o conteúdo, o público-alvo, o ambiente de estudo e a infraestrutura tecnológica. Na fase do desenho, foi avaliado o ambiente, a estrutura de navegação e a interface do curso. O desenvolvimento consiste na materialização de todo o desenho elaborado na fase anterior. Realizadas as três fases de construção do curso, este foi disponibilizado no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem SOLAR. O produto final do curso apresenta-se como suporte aos estudantes de enfermagem e, consequentemente, na formação de futuros enfermeiros na sua prática assistencial sobre punção venosa periférica.
Fatores associados à participação de idosos em atividades educativas grupais
Authors: Dias Flavia Aparecida , Tavares Darlene Mara dos Santos
Published: July 2013

Estudo que objetivou caracterizar os idosos e a sua participação em atividades educativas grupais, verificar os fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde associados à não participação. O inquérito transversal foi realizado com 2.142 idosos. Utilizou-se análise descritiva, teste t-Student e regressão logística (p < 0,05). A maioria, em ambos os grupos, era do sexo feminino, 60├70 anos, casados e com renda de um salário mínimo. Os idosos participativos apresentaram, predominantemente, 1├4 anos de estudo e os não participativos, 4├8. As morbidades mais referidas pelos idosos que participavam de atividades educativas foram hipertensão arterial e problemas de visão. Entre os não participativos, prevaleceram os problemas de visão e problemas de coluna. Em ambos os grupos, o maior percentual foi para 1├3 incapacidades. A faixa etária de 80 anos e mais esteve associada à maior chance de não participação nas atividades. Faz-se necessário planejar ações que favoreçam a participação, contribuindo para o acompanhamento das suas condições de saúde.
O programa de controle da tuberculose em Pelotas/RS, Brasil: investigação de contatos intradomiciliares
Authors: Lima Lílian Moura de , Schwartz Eda , Cardozo Gonzáles Roxana Isabel , Harter Jenifer , Lima Julyane Felipette de
Published: July 2013

Objetivou-se avaliar as ações de investigação dos contatos intradomiciliares dos casos índices de tuberculose (TB) no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (PCT), de Pelotas/RS - Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com dados do prontuário dos casos índices. A amostra foi constituída por 163 contatos de 68 indivíduos com TB pulmonar em tratamento no PCT, entre junho e agosto de 2009. Os contatos eram, predominantemente, do sexo feminino, com idade acima dos 10 anos e filhos dos casos índices. Os exames solicitados foram a radiografia de tórax e a baciloscopia. Verificou-se a presença da doença ativa em 1,8% dos contatos. Os resultados evidenciam que a atenção à TB, em Pelotas/RS - Brasil, centralizada em um único serviço especializado, dificulta a investigação dos contatos intradomiciliares, necessitando envolver a atenção primária, para aproximar os profissionais da família e facilitar o diagnóstico precoce e a interrupção da cadeia de transmissão da TB em tempo oportuno.
Divergência genética de populações de Piper hispidinervum C. DC. com base em caracteres morfoagronômicos
Authors: Negreiros Jacson Rondinelli da Silva , Miqueloni Daniela Popim
Published: July 2013

Com o intuito de gerar informações para o programa de melhoramento de pimenta longa (Piper hispidinervum), no Estado do Acre, avaliou-se a divergência genética entre quinze populações coletadas em diferentes regiões do Estado. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres morfoagronômicos: largura e comprimento da folha, comprimento e diâmetro do pecíolo, volume de copa, rendimento de óleo essencial e teor de safrol (componente majoritário deste óleo essencial). Foram aplicadas análises de agrupamento, pelos métodos de otimização de Tocher e do vizinho mais próximo, além da análise de variáveis canônicas. Houve diferenças significativas em todas as características estudadas. O agrupamento pelo método de Tocher permitiu identificar três grupos de divergência. As três primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 76% da variância original dos dados, resultando em quatro grupos, que corroboraram, em grande parte, os resultados da análise anterior. As duas variáveis de maior importância, na discriminação dos grupos, foram o teor de safrol e o rendimento de óleo essencial, que se mostraram básicos, para a seleção de genótipos superiores. Os grupos de similaridade ou de divergência permitiram identificar populações com características de interesse para programas de melhoramento da espécie.
Crescimento de mudas de pau-ferro sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento
Authors: Lenhard Nádia Regina , Paiva Neto Vespasiano Borges de , Scalon Silvana de Paula Quintão , Alvarenga Amauri Alves de
Published: July 2013

A obtenção de mudas nativas requer informações sobre a época de coleta das sementes, condições de armazenamento e luminosidade, germinação e tipos de substrato, dentre outras. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as exigências de luminosidade no crescimento inicial de mudas de pau-ferro [Caesalpinia ferrea Mart. ex. Tul. var. leiostachya Benth (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae)] submetidas a diferentes níveis de sombreamento, aos 60 dias após o transplante (DAT). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (três níveis de sombreamento: 0%, 50% e 70%; e cinco épocas de avaliação: 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 DAT), com quatro repetições de 10 mudas por unidade experimental. Plantas cultivadas sob 70% de sombreamento apresentaram maiores teores de clorofila total (38,79 µg cm-2), razão de área foliar (51,54 g cm-2), taxa de crescimento relativo (0,0322 g g-1 dia-1) e razão de peso foliar (0,2708 g g-1). Os maiores valores para altura (110,34 cm), diâmetro (9,3 mm) e massa seca da raiz (11,13 g), da folha (5,59 g) e da parte aérea (16,05 g), bem como para área foliar (705,25 cm²), foram observados nas plantas cultivadas sob 50% de sombreamento. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao crescimento da raiz, peso específico foliar, taxa assimilatória líquida e área foliar específica, em relação aos diferentes níveis de luminosidade testados (médias de 9,3 cm; 0,0082 g cm-2; 0,0006 g cm-2 dia-1; e 186,24 g cm-2, respectivamente). As mudas de pau-ferro apresentaram melhor desempenho de crescimento quando cultivadas sob 50% de sombreamento.
Tolerância de linhagens de arroz de terras altas à seca
Authors: Terra Thiago Gledson Rios , Leal Tarcísio Castro Alves de Barros , Borém Aluízio , Rangel Paulo Hideo Nakano
Published: July 2013

O estresse por deficiência hídrica pode acarretar sérios danos à cultura do arroz de terras altas, principalmente na redução da produtividade. Por isto, a seleção de genótipos mais adaptados a esta condição faz-se necessária. Este trabalho avaliou as características agronômicas e temperatura foliar, em linhagens F7 de arroz de terras altas submetidas a duas condições de irrigação (com e sem estresse de deficiência hídrica), no sentido de possibilitar a seleção de materiais mais tolerantes a este estresse abiótico. Em 142 linhagens endogâmicas e seus dois genitores, Bico Ganga Curto e Chorinho, foram avaliados a temperatura foliar (ºC), dias até o florescimento, número de perfilhos e de panículas por metro linear, esterilidade das espiguetas (%), altura da planta (cm), massa de mil espiguetas (g) e produtividade (kg ha-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o látice triplo 12x12, com e sem estresse de deficiência hídrica. Foram selecionadas 15 linhagens, por meio do Índice de Susceptibilidade à Seca, as quais foram comparadas com seus genitores, pelo teste Tukey. Verificou-se que houve aumento no número de dias para o florescimento e para a esterilidade das espiguetas, em condições de deficiência hídrica. Nesta mesma condição, houve redução na altura da planta e número de perfilhos e de panículas por metro linear. Dentre as linhagens, destacou-se a 51, que apresentou boa produtividade, em ambas as condições de cultivo.
Formulation and evaluation of CFC free inhalers for beclomethasone dipropionate
Authors: Talasila Gopala Krishna Murthy , Mukkala Bala Vishnu Priya , Vattikuri Satyanarayana
Published: July 2013

Beclomethasone dipropionate CFC free inhalation formulations were developed with a view to treat asthma prophylactically. Dry powder inhalers (DPI) for beclomethasone dipropionate were prepared with different grades of lactose monohydrate. The influence of carrier and overages on performance of DPI was studied. Metered dose inhalers (MDI) with HFA based propellants were formulated with various doses, overages and different concentrations of alcohol. Formulated DPI and MDI were evaluated for various official and unofficial quality control tests. The influence of over doses on valve delivery, effect of overages on emitted dose and influence of alcohol on spray pattern from MDI were studied. The better fine particle fraction and emitted dose were obtained from the DPI formulated with 10:90 ratio of fine lactose: coarse lactose and with 20% w/w overages. The studies on MDI revealed that the 15% of overdoses are required for effective valve delivery and 20% overages are required for 100% drug delivery. 5-10%v/v alcohol was found to be preferable to get optimum emitted dose and fine particle fraction.
A qualitative study exploring perspectives towards rational use of medicines in Pakistan's Malaria Control Program (MCP)
Authors: Malik Madeeha , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Shafie Asrul Akmal , Hussain Azhar
Published: July 2013

Malaria is one of the most important global public health problems threatening the health of the population owing to prevailing socio-economic conditions and epidemiological reasons in Pakistan. This qualitative study has focused on the perspectives held towards the rational use of medicine intervention among malaria control program officials. Eight semi-structured interviews with all officials working for the malaria control program in Islamabad were conducted. The interviews, which were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim, were evaluated by thematic content analysis and by all authors. All respondents agreed on successful implementation of the malaria control program in Pakistan for controlling malaria by improving diagnostic and treatment facilities and promoting rational case management through training of prescribers. However, funding is still the major challenge faced by the program for its future implementation.
Comparison of dissolution profile of extended-release oral dosage forms - two one-sided equivalence test
Authors: Lourenço Felipe Rebello , Ghisleni Daniela Dal Molim , Yamamoto Rosa Noriko , Pinto Terezinha de Jesus Andreoli
Published: July 2013

The aim of this work is to present the two one-sided test (TOST) as an alternative approach to compare dissolution profiles of extended-release dosage forms. The dissolution profiles of oxycodone extended-release tablets containing 10 mg, 20 mg and 40 mg (reference and generic) were evaluated according to the requirements described in United States Pharmacopeia. These dissolution profiles were compared using the conventional similarity factor (f2) and the proposed TOST as an equivalence test. TOST is a simple and alternative approach to compare dissolution profiles of extended-release dosage forms. It allows us to identify the time-point (or time-points) that did not show similarity. We concluded that the two one-sided test performed at a significance level of 5% and defined as D = 10 showed results comparable to those obtained by the conventional similarity factor (f2).
Development and stability assessment of liquid paediatric formulations containing sildenafil citrate
Authors: Roque Fátima , Rama Ana Cristina , Sousa João José , Pina Maria Eugénia
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop and improve oral liquids formulations of sildenafil citrate for paediatric use. Four different formulations were developed, which are as follows: two aqueous solutions of sildenafil citrate (2.5 mg/mL), with or without preservatives, and two other solutions of sildenafil in simple syrup (1.25 mg/mL), with or without preservatives. All of the formulations were physically, chemically and microbiologically stable for three months. The results of the stability studies allowed for the optimisation of formulations without preservatives due to their simplicity and their similar stable conditions when compared to the formulations containing antimicrobials. The shelf life of both formulations was three months; however, upon opening, aqueous solutions should be used within 10 days and kept refrigerated, and syrup solutions should be used within 14 days in a hospital setting.
Interpartner Violence Among Latinos: Community Perceptions on Help Seeking and Needed Programs
Authors: Falconier Mariana K. , McCollum Eric , Austin Jennifer , Wainbarg Monica , Hasburn Gianina , Mora Sonia
Published: July 2013

Applying a community-based participatory research approach and with the aim of developing a culturally competent program to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) in the Latino population, 3 focus groups were conducted with Latino health promoters and male and female community members. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data collected on help-seeking behaviors and needed programs for IPV. Results reflect the need for more prevention and intervention programs that are consistent with Latinos’ cultural values such as their strong family and spiritual orientations. Limitations of the study are also addressed.
Functional variable method to study nonlinear evolution equations
Authors: Eslami Mostafa , Mirzazadeh Mohammad
Published: July 2013

The functional variable method is a powerful solution method for obtaining exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. This method presents a wider applicability for handling nonlinear wave equations. In this paper, the functional variable method is used to construct exact solutions of Davey-Stewartson equation, generalized Zakharov equation, K(m, n) equation with generalized evolution term, (2 + 1)-dimensional long-wave-short-wave resonance interaction equation and nonlinear Schrödinger equation with power law nonlinearity. The obtained solutions include solitary wave solutions, periodic wave solutions.
Anaerobic wastewater treatment using anaerobic baffled bioreactor: a review
Authors: Hassan Siti , Dahlan Irvan
Published: July 2013

Anaerobic wastewater treatment is receiving renewed interest because it offers a means to treat wastewater with lower energy investment. Because the microorganisms involved grow more slowly, such systems require clever design so that the microbes have sufficient time with the substrate to complete treatment without requiring enormous reactor volumes. The anaerobic baffled reactor has inherent advantages over single compartment reactors due to its circulation pattern that approaches a plug flow reactor. The physical configuration of the anaerobic baffled reactor enables significant modifications to be made; resulting in a reactor which is proficient of treating complex wastewaters which presently require only one unit, ultimately significant reducing capital costs. This paper also concerns about mechanism, kinetic and hydrodynamic studies of anaerobic digestion for future application of the anaerobic baffled reactor for wastewater treatment.
Challenges beyond F-Value, Water Activity and Glass Transition Concept in Determining Food Stability
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Safiur
Published: July 2013

Theoretical concepts of F-value, water activity and glass transition are the most successful in determining food stability during food processing and storage. The water activity and glass transition concepts are progressed by combining these concepts in a stability map named as state diagram. The first part of this paper provides stability criteria based on Fvalue, water activity, glass transition and state diagram. The second part explains the recently proposed macro-micro region concept in the state diagram. In this concept, 13 micro-regions are mapped and then relative stability criteria between the micro-regions are postulated. Final part presents real challenges in combing different hurdles in food preservation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15858 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 48-52
Recycled Polymer Materials as Aggregates for Concrete and Blocks
Authors: Rahman Md Mostafizur , Islam Md Akhtarul , Ahmed Mainuddin , Salam Md Abdus
Published: July 2013

The potential of recycled waste polymeric materials as a substitute for aggregates in concrete has been investigated in the study. Two different types of waste polymer, namely polyurethane formaldehyde (PUF) based packaging waste and high density polyethylene (HDPE) were recycled and used in the experiment. Concrete and masonry poly block specimens were prepared using recycled polymer materials, and test specimens were characterized. The effects of waste polymer materials on the mechanical, physical and morphological properties of concrete and poly blocks have been investigated. The result shows that the inclusion of waste polymer materials decreases density, porosity and water absorption of concrete and poly blocks significantly. Polyurethane formaldehyde (PUF) based block exhibited lower density than that of HDPE-based concrete. Due to exceptionally low density, recycled polymer modified blocks and concrete can be used in non-load bearing structures, floating structures and where light weight materials recommended. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15859 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 53-57
Synthesis and Characterization of Janus Magnetic Nanoparticles and its Application as an Adsorbent
Authors: Shawon Zayed Bin Zakir
Published: July 2013

A simple and quick method to synthesize Janus magnetic particles in the nano-sized range was conducted. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with diameters in the range of 10-15 nm were prepared by the co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ precursors under alkaline and inert condition. The Pickering Emulsion method was used for the immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles onto the surface of paraffin wax balls via water-molten wax emulsion. Silanization of the exposed side of the immobilized magnetic particles was carried out with APTES and the waxes were subsequently dissolved to obtain free Janus nanoparticles. Characterization tests such as TGA, SEM-EDX, TEM and FTIR were performed to ascertain the partial coating of the Janus nanoparticles. Moreover, adsorption capacity of the Janus nanoparticles on Hg2+ ions was found to be intermediate between those using the uncoated and fully coated nanoparticles indicating successful synthesis of Janus nanoparticles DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v27i1.15861 Journal of Chemical Engineering, IEB Vol. ChE. 27, No. 1, June 2012: 64-68
Hydrogenation of the Exocyclic Olefinic Bond at C-16/C-17 Position of ent-Kaurane Diterpene Glycosides of Stevia rebaudiana Using Various Catalysts
Authors: Chaturvedula Venkata , Prakash Indra
Published: July 2013

Catalytic hydrogenation of the exocyclic double bond present between C16 and C17 carbons of the four ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides namely rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside C, and rebaudioside D isolated from Stevia rebaudiana has been carried out using Pt/C, Pd(OH)2, Rh/C, Raney Ni, PtO2, and 5% Pd/BaCO3 to their corresponding dihydro derivatives with 17α and 17β methyl group isomers. Reactions were performed using the above-mentioned catalysts with the solvents methanol, water, and ethanol/water (8:2) under various conditions. Synthesis of reduced steviol glycosides was performed using straightforward chemistry and their structures were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, including a comparison with reported spectral data.
Response of Differentiated Human Airway Epithelia to Alcohol Exposure and Klebsiella pneumoniae Challenge
Authors: Raju Sammeta , Painter Richard , Bagby Gregory , Nelson Steve , Wang Guoshun
Published: July 2013

Alcohol abuse has been associated with increased susceptibility to pulmonary infection. It is not fully defined how alcohol contributes to the host defense compromise. Here primary human airway epithelial cells were cultured at an air-liquid interface to form a differentiated and polarized epithelium. This unique culture model allowed us to closely mimic lung infection in the context of alcohol abuse by basolateral alcohol exposure and apical live bacterial challenge. Application of clinically relevant concentrations of alcohol for 24 h did not significantly alter epithelial integrity or barrier function. When apically challenged with viable Klebsiella pneumoniae, the cultured epithelia had an enhanced tightness which was unaffected by alcohol. Further, alcohol enhanced apical bacterial growth, but not bacterial binding to the cells. The cultured epithelium in the absence of any treatment or stimulation had a base-level IL-6 and IL-8 secretion. Apical bacterial challenge significantly elevated the basolateral secretion of inflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and TNF-α. However, alcohol suppressed the observed cytokine burst in response to infection. Addition of adenosine receptor agonists negated the suppression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Thus, acute alcohol alters the epithelial cytokine response to infection, which can be partially mitigated by adenosine receptor agonists.
Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Iridium(III) Azide- and Triazole-Bisterpyridine Complexes
Authors: Goldstein Daniel , Peterson Joshua , Cheng Yuen , Clady Raphael , Schmidt Timothy , Thordarson Pall
Published: July 2013

We describe here the synthesis of azide-functionalised iridium(III) bisterpyridines using the “chemistry on the complex” strategy. The resulting azide-complexes are then used in the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition “click chemistry” reaction to from the corresponding triazole-functionalised iridium(III) bisterpyridines. The photophysical characteristics, including lifetimes, of these compounds were also investigated. Interestingly, oxygen appears to have very little effect on the lifetime of these complexes in aqueous solutions. Unexpectedly, sodium ascorbate acid appears to quench the luminescence of triazole-functionalised iridium(III) bisterpyridines, but this effect can be reversed by the addition of copper(II) sulfate, which is known to oxidize ascorbate under aerobic conditions. The results demonstrate that iridium(III) bisterpyridines can be functionalized for use in “click chemistry” facilitating the use of these photophysically interesting complexes in the modification of polymers or surfaces, to highlight just two possible applications.
Vitamin D Deficiency and the Lung: Disease Initiator or Disease Modifier?
Authors: Foong Rachel , Zosky Graeme
Published: July 2013

Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health problem and has been associated with an increased incidence and severity of many diseases including diseases of the respiratory system. These associations have largely been demonstrated epidemiologically and have formed the basis of the justification for a large number of clinical supplementation trials with a view to improving disease outcomes. However, the trials that have been completed to date and the ongoing experimental studies that have attempted to demonstrate a mechanistic link between vitamin D deficiency and lung disease have been disappointing. This observation raises many questions regarding whether vitamin D deficiency is truly associated with disease pathogenesis, is only important in the exacerbation of disease or is simply an indirect biomarker of other disease mechanisms? In this review, we will briefly summarize our current understanding of the role of vitamin D in these processes with a focus on lung disease.
MARKET READINESS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR GREEN BUILDINGS: CASE STUDY FROM HONG KONG
Authors: Gou Zhonghua , Lau Stephen Siu-Yu , Prasad Deo
Published: July 2013

This study is to assess developers' market readiness to green construction including their ideas on green construction, their understanding of current green building policies, their awareness and familiarity with green building and related industries, and the barriers they are facing for implementing green building projects. By eleven face-to-face semi-structured interviews with locally-based developers, the study finds that the Green Building Market in Hong Kong is basically ready in technology level. However, the motivation for green development is confined to commercial buildings for lease. Legislation is agreed by developers as an effective motivator to green building development. An effective mechanism to provide incentives for market players to adopt green voluntarily is explored in this paper. Expedited permits and density bonus are thought to be major incentives.
Public Spending and the Paradox of Supermajority Rule
Authors: Lee Dongwon , Borcherding Thomas E. , Kang Youngho
Published: July 2013

This article examines the paradox that a supermajority rule in a legislature promotes excessive government spending. We propose a simple conjecture: If rent‐seeking coalitions dominate legislative politics and if individual legislators' demands for rent‐seeking activities are price‐inelastic, a change of legislative rules from simple majority to a supermajority will lead to greater public spending, other things equal. Using data from U.S. state legislatures, 1970 to 2007, we find that the adoption of a supermajority rule has a robust, positive impact on various types of tax revenues and government expenditures.
The Effect of the Tipped Minimum Wage on Employees in the U.S. Restaurant Industry
Authors: Even William E. , Macpherson David A.
Published: July 2013

According to federal law in 2013, employers can take a credit of up to $5.12 for tips received by workers in satisfying the minimum‐wage requirement of $7.25. This article uses interstate variation in laws regarding tip credits and minimum wages to identify the effects of reducing or eliminating the tip credit on employment, hours, and earnings in the U.S. restaurant industry. Using data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages and the Current Population Survey, we find that a reduction in the tip credit increases weekly earnings but reduces employment in the full‐service restaurant industry and for tipped workers. The results are robust to controls for spatial heterogeneity in employment trends and are supported by a series of falsification tests.
Altern ist Leben – Ist es auch finanzierbar?
Authors: Tichy Gunther
Published: July 2013

The ageing of the European population gave rise to heated discussions. Most participants recommended severe reductions of public pensions, a shift towards a funded system and increased savings of the current generation to reduce the burden of the next one. The paper elaborates five counterarguments: (1) The total burden will not increase much, as the additional pensioners are partly compensated by a reduced number of unemployed. (2) Even with 1 percent growth per capita GDP will be some 60 percent higher in 2050, which should suffice to increase the living standard of the old and the young. (3) The real burden cannot be shifted, and a shift of the financial burden can prove counterproductive. (4) The pay-as-you-go system should not be abandoned, as it covers wider and more severe risks than a funded one. (5) Surveys show clearly that the population appreciates a public pension scheme and prefers higher contributions to reduced pensions.
Australia's ethical framework for when animals are used for scientific purposes
Authors: Rose M , Grant E
Published: July 2013

The basic tenet of theAustralian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes(the Code) is that there is an ethical imperative in our decisions as to if and how animals are used in these circumstances. The Code provides a framework for ethical review which incorporates a set of guiding principles and establishes institutional Animal Ethics Committees with responsibilities for oversight of these activities; the nexus between animal welfare and scientific outcomes and the recognition that such ethical decisions are not matters for the scientific community alone but must involve the wider community are notions central to the effective implementation of the Code. The Code identifies the responsibilities of the parties involved such that arrangements within which individuals exercise their responsibilities are clarified and processes for accountability are transparent. First published in 1969 as an initiative of the scientific community under the auspices of the National Health and Medical Research Council, the seventh edition of the Code was published in 2004. The Code is a living document with changing community views and scientific developments reflected in each revision. The time course of the development of the Code provides a background to examine the way in which policies governing the use of animals for scientific purposes have evolved in Australia. This paper will provide an overview of these developments and discuss the influences which have shaped the key elements of this approach.
Attitudes towards catch-and-release recreational angling, angling practices and perceptions of pain and welfare in fish in New Zealand
Authors: Muir R , Keown AJ , Adams NJ , Farnworth MJ
Published: July 2013

Although there is still some debate regarding whether fish have the capacity to feel pain, recent scientific research seems to support the notion that fish can indeed suffer. However, the continued scientific discourse has led to questions regarding how members of the public perceive issues of pain and welfare in fish. A questionnaire was developed and randomly distributed to 700 members of the general public in New Zealand. Questionnaires gathered basic demographic information, information regarding respondents’ participation in and opinions on angling practice, and opinions about fish welfare and pain. The response rate was 62.4% (437/700). The primary aim of the study was to assess public concerns for the impact of catch-and-release angling (CRA) on the welfare of fish. Most respondents indicated a belief that fish are capable of feeling some pain although older respondents scored the capacity of fish to feel pain lower than younger respondents. Likewise, most respondents believed that CRA causes pain and compromises survival in fish. Principle Component Analysis identified two major components within responses. These were: i) importance placed on good fishing techniques; and ii) concern for pain and survival of fish. Female respondents showed more concern about angling practices and their impact on pain and survival of fish than male respondents. Respondents who participate in CRA and considered it acceptable showed less concern for pain and survival in fish than both respondents who do not participate and those who considered CRA unacceptable. The majority of respondents considered angling an acceptable pastime (65%; 284/435) but also indicated support for the introduction of guidelines and regulations to improve fish welfare in the future (76.4%; 334/434). Those respondents that did not believe regulations were necessary provided statistically lower importance scores for both pain and survival in fish and good angling practices than respondents that did. Education about good angling practices may provide the best route by which fish welfare can be improved.
Statistical power, effect size and animal welfare: recommendations for good practice
Authors: Hawkins D , Gallacher E , Gammell M
Published: July 2013

Despite the particular relevance of statistical power to animal welfare studies, we noticed an apparent lack of sufficient information reported in papers published inAnimal Welfareto facilitatepost hoccalculation of statistical power for use in meta-analyses. We therefore conducted a survey of all papers published inAnimal Welfarein 2009 to assess compliance with relevant instructions to authors, the level of statistical detail reported and the interpretation of results regarded as statistically non-significant. In general, we found good levels of compliance with the instructions to authors except in relation to the level of detail reported for the results of each test. Although not requested in the instructions to authors, exactP-values were reported in just over half of the tests but effect size was not explicitly reported for any test, there was no reporting ofa prioristatistical analyses to determine sample size and there was no formal assessment of non-significant results in relation to type II errors. As a first stage to addressing this we recommend more reporting ofa prioripower analyses, more comprehensive reporting of the results of statistical analysis and the explicit consideration of possible statistical power issues when interpretingP-values. We also advocate the calculation of effect sizes and their confidence intervals and a greater emphasis on the interpretation of the biological significance of results rather than just their statistical significance. This will enhance the efforts that are currently being made to comply with the 3Rs, particularly the principle of reduction.
Loading density and welfare of goat kids during long distance road transport
Authors: Hindle VA , Reimert HGM , van der Werf JTN , Lambooij E
Published: July 2013

Many goat kids(Capra aegagrus hircus)are transported live from The Netherlands for slaughter in France or Spain. Current standards indicate that goats (<35 kg) should have sufficient space at 0.2-0.30 m2per animal (approximately 5 goats per m2). Research was devised to assess behaviour and physiological responses of goat kids transported at different space allowances. After weaning, goat kids were fed milk for six weeks using a lambar-type feeder and then transported to Spain(circa1,400 km). These kids (8-10 kg, maximum eight weeks old) were transported at space allowances of 0.2, 0.13 and 0.1 m2per animal (ie loading densities 5, 7.5 or 10 animals per m2, respectively) in three journeys. Before loading and upon arrival, six goats per compartment were weighed, blood sampled and had rectal temperature measured. Three goats per compartment were equipped with ECG loggers. On average, kids lost approximately 4% in bodyweight and rectal temperature fell 0.2°C during 20 h transport. Heart rate ranged between 100-190 bpm irrespective of loading density during actual transport. All animals stood at the beginning but were never all recumbent independent of loading density. Kids tended to huddle together at lower loading densities. High loading density restricted movement. Blood concentrations of haemoglobin and haematocrit increased, as did osmolality indicating dehydration. It is recommended that water be supplied using a drinking system to which animals are accustomed. Since movement was restricted it is recommended that kids be transported at nine animals per m2(maximum).
Development and testing of an on-farm welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats
Authors: Muri K , Stubsjøen SM , Valle PS
Published: July 2013

To ensure that farm animal welfare issues are identified and addressed appropriately, there is a need for robust on-farm welfare assessment protocols. This paper describes the development of a comprehensive welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats(Capra hircus)and its testing on 30 commercial dairy goat farms in Norway. The protocol combines animal-based welfare indicators with measures of husbandry provisions to enable the identification of welfare problems and challenges inherent to the production system. The study also includes a first report of group level qualitative behavioural assessments (QBA) of goats. Due to reliability and validity issues related to behavioural assessments of human-animal interactions, indices of stockperson attitudes were incorporated as a complementary assessment of stockmanship. The most prevalent physical conditions observed were ocular discharge, skin lesions, udder asymmetry, calluses on knees and hocks, and overgrown claws. Moreover, fear levels appeared to be of particular concern in some herds. Significant associations were found between qualitative behavioural assessments and measures of health and stockmanship. Floor type was associated with four animal-based welfare outcomes. Reliability and validity of goat welfare indicators need to be further tested, and intervention plans and thresholds need to be determined so that advice can be tailored to the specific problems identified on each farm. We conclude that the protocol can work as a tool to identify welfare issues in dairy goat herds, and that this study may be a valuable contribution to the development of a much-needed welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats.
4‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase Inhibitors in Combination with Safeners: Solutions for Modern and Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Ahrens Hartmut , Lange Gudrun , Müller Thomas , Rosinger Chris , Willms Lothar , van Almsick Andreas
Published: July 2013

Inhibitors of 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) prevent plant carotenoid pigment formation, which in turn leads to chlorophyll degradation. This “bleaching” herbicide mode of action provides weed‐control products for various crops, such as rice, corn, and cereals. Combinations with suitable safeners allow the full exploitation of the potential of this compound class to selectively control major weed problems, including rapidly increasing cases of resistance against other important herbicide classes.
Tropical cyclogenesis induced by ITCZ breakdown in association with synoptic wave train over the western North Pacific
Authors: Cao Xi , Chen Guanghua , Chen Wen
Published: July 2013

Compared to the eastern Pacific and eastern Atlantic, tropical cyclogenesis associated with breakdown of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) was less documented over the western North Pacific (WNP). A typical case in boreal summer 2006 over the WNP, in which tropical cyclogenesis is induced by ITCZ breakdown in association with synoptic‐scale wave train (SWT), is examined through observation analysis and numerical simulations. Observational analysis displays that a northwest–southeast‐oriented SWT developed and propagated northwestward several days prior to ITCZ breakdown. Furthermore, the comparisons of simulation results reveal the role of the SWT in ITCZ breakdown. On one hand, the SWT within the ITCZ region is conducive to break down the ITCZ by enhancing the potential vorticity (PV), strengthening the meridional PV gradient and producing an evident sign reversal of PV gradient. On the other hand, the anomalous anticyclonic circulation related to the SWT north of ITCZ can reduce the meridional scale of PV band and thus increase the meridional PV gradient to accelerate ITCZ breakdown.
The self‐association of the cyclotide kalata B2 in solution is guided by hydrophobic interactions
Authors: Rosengren K. Johan , Daly Norelle L. , Harvey Peta J. , Craik David J.
Published: July 2013

The cyclotides are a family of small head‐to‐tail cyclic plant defense proteins. In addition to their cyclic backbone, cyclotides comprise three disulfide bonds in a knotted arrangement, resulting in a highly cross‐braced structure that provides exceptional chemical and proteolytic stability. A number of bioactivities have been associated with cyclotides, including insecticidal, antimicrobial, anti‐viral and cytotoxic, and these activities are related to an ability to target and disrupt biological membranes. Kalata B2 and to a lesser extent kalata B1, isolated from Oldenlandia affinis, self‐associate to tetramers and octamers in aqueous buffers, and this oligomerization has been suggested to be relevant for their ability to form pores in membranes. Here we demonstrate by solution NMR spectroscopy analysis that the oligomerization of kalata B2 is concentration dependent and that it involves the packing of hydrophobic residues normally exposed on the surface of kalata B2 into a multimeric hydrophobic core. Interestingly, the hydrophobic surface that is “quenched” has previously been shown to be responsible for the ability of kalata B2 to insert into membranes. Thus, it seems unlikely that the oligomers observed in aqueous solution are related to any multimeric state present in a membrane environment, and responsible for the formation of pores. The ability to self‐associate might alternatively provide a mechanism for preventing self‐toxicity when stored at high concentrations in intracellular compartments. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 453–460, 2013.
Regioselective Deacetylation of Disaccharides via Immobilized Aspergillus niger Esterase(s)‐catalyzed Hydrolysis in Aqueous and Non‐aqueous Media
Authors: Bavaro Teodora , Torres‐Salas Pamela , Antonioli Nicola , Morelli Carlo F. , Speranza Giovanna , Terreni Marco
Published: July 2013

Purified lipase fractions from crude commercial extract of Aspergillus niger lipase (ANL) were selectively immobilized on hydrophobic supports. A significant percentage of esterase activity remains in the supernatant, derived from esterase(s) unable to become adsorbed onto the employed matrices. These residual proteins were covalently immobilized on epoxy‐acrylic resin. Immobilized hydrolases were tested in the hydrolysis of acetylated disaccharides in water‐cosolvent systems. ANL‐Esterase was able to catalyze regioselective deprotection of acetylated β‐O‐methyl lactoside in C‐2 position and β‐O‐methyl lactosaminide in C‐3′ position. The hydrolyzed products, never reported before, can be considered new building blocks for the synthesis of oligosaccharides of biological relevance. Furthermore, preparative hydrolyses were also performed in tert‐butanol. This solvent is compatible with ANL‐esterase stability and it appears to be a novel and promising approach because of its green status.
Diarylprolinol in an Asymmetric, Direct Cross‐Aldol Reaction with Alkynyl Aldehydes
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Kojima Masahiro , Yasui Yusuke , Kanda Yuta , Mukaiyama Takasuke , Shomura Hiroki , Nakamura Daichi , Ritmaleni  , Sato Itaru
Published: July 2013

The direct cross‐aldol reaction of alkynyl aldehydes catalyzed by a trifluoromethylated diarylprolinol provides a practical route for the highly enantioselective synthesis of chiral β‐alkynyl‐β‐hydroxy aldehydes. Good anti selectivity and excellent enantioselectivity were obtained in the reactions of silylpropynals, which afford synthetically useful chiral building blocks.
Sorption Kinetics of Cd(II) Species on Humic Acid‐Based Sorbent
Authors: Santosa Sri Juari
Published: July 2013

A new sorption kinetic model has been developed and applied to quantify the sorption rate constant (ks) of cadmium(II) (Cd(II)) and humic acid–complexed Cd(II) (dissolved HA–Cd(II)) sorbed on solid humic acid (HA) sorbent. In a medium containing both Cd(II) and dissolved HA–Cd(II) at a relatively comparable initial concentration, the ks value of Cd(II) was half of that of dissolved HA–Cd(II). This lower ks value for Cd(II) may be attributed to the presence of competition between the solid HA sorbent and the dissolved HA fraction in attracting Cd(II). Under these conditions, the developed sorption kinetic model provided better correlation to the experimental data than the pseudo‐first order kinetic known as Lagergren model. The developed model, in comparison to the Lagergren and Ho pseudo‐second order sorption models, was also used to treat the data of Cd(II) sorption on a sorbent of HA and chitin (HA–chitin) hybrid at a wide range of ratios of the initial moles of Cd(II) to the weight of the HA–chitin sorbent from 8.90 to 154.12 × 10−6 mol/g. At this ratio range, the developed model satisfactorily gave constant values of ks, but the Lagergren and Ho models yielded inconstant β (the pseudo‐first order sorption rate constant) and k (the pseudo‐second order sorption rate constant), respectively. While the correlation of the developed model to the experimental data at that ratio range was satisfactory, the correlation of the Lagergren model to the experimental data decreased as the ratio decreased and that of the Ho model improved.