bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation Development and Characterization of Darunavir and Ritonavir Immediate Release Tablets using Quality by Design approach
Authors: Dhaval Patel , Kumar A. Patel Hitesh , Patel J. K.
Published: May 2021

Darunavir is a nonpeptidic inhibitor of protease and is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes. It is usually Coad ministered with low-dose ritonavir (Darunavir/r). Ritonavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A isoenzymes and pharmacologically enhances Darunavir which leads to increased plasma concentrations of darunavir and allows for daily lower dose. Here, we have developed combination IR formulation of Darunavir and Ritonavir and evaluated. In vitro drug release of all formulations was carried out in dissolution medium 900ml of pH 3.0 0.05 M Sodium Phosphate Buffer + 2% Tween 20 for 75 Min USP II apparatus (paddle). The results shown that, all the formulations of matrix tablets shown the good release of drug from trialed formulations however all formulations were not releasing the drug in enough amount. In matrix tablets F8, the release of drug shows 99%. So, the formulation F8 has been considered as suitable for the immediate release of Darunavir and Ritonavir. Tablets were also evaluated for physic chemical properties, dissolution studies and though Quality by Design (QbD) method.
Formulation, Design and In-Vitro Characterization of Clopidogrel Bisulphate Nanosponge Tablets for Oral Administration
Authors: S. Gedam Shweta , D. Basarkar Ganesh
Published: May 2021

Poor bioavailability by the oral route is noticeable with the majority of new active pharmaceutical ingredients due to its dissolution rate limited absorption. A second-generation thienopyridine antiplatelet drug, though, it is BCS class II drug results in poor oral bioavailability. The present investigation was undertaken to prepare polymeric nanosponges to achieve improved solubility of clopidogrel bisulphate. Nanosponges using ethyl cellulose as a polymer and glutarldehyde as a cross-linker were prepared successfully by emulsion solvent diffusion method. Drug polymer compatibility study were performed by FTIR and DSC. To obtain optimized batch, 32 factorial designs were performed and all batches were evaluated. C1-C9 batches yields particle size (nm) between 87.28-183(nm), % drug content between 71.073±1.066 -88.663 ±0.549, % entrapment efficiency between 51.719±0.775- 81.765±0.506, % drug release 75.120±0.407-97.416±0.336. Optimized batch exhibited particle size 87.28nm, % drug content 88.663 ±0.549, % entrapment efficiency 81.765±0.506, % drug release 97.416±0.336. An SEM and TEM image of optimized batch shows spongy and spherical nature of nanosponges. The optimized nanosponge formulations were converted into tablets to achieve immediate release drug delivery for oral route. These tablets were prepared using crospovidone and pregelatinised starch. All nine tablet batches were evaluated and F3 batch shows good results i.e. hardness (kg/cm2) 3.71±0.04, in- vitro disintegration time (min) 3.21±0.025 and % drug release 99.18±1.38. In vitro dissolution studies indicate that percent cumulative drug release follows zero order kinetics. Accelerated and long term stability data revealed no significant change in drug content and drug release at the end of 6 months. In conclusion, nanosponges could be a newly emerging approach to enhance aqueous solubility of BCS Class II drugs.
Flow of cement slurry through an eccentric annulus
Authors: Jawad Riayde Hussein
Published: May 2021

A step by step procedure has been developed to design cement hydraulic during cement jobto minimize non cemented channels or bad cement job by taking into consideration thenon-flow area throughout the eccentric annulus. Since cement slurry exhibit non-Newtonian rheological behavior, a good description of the slurry rheology is required inorder to estimate accurately the velocity profile across the annulus. To achieve this goal,six rheological models have been adopted: Power-law, Robertson-Stiff, Bingham, Casson,Modified Power-law, and Modified Robertson-Stiff Models. Using the last five rheologicalmodels, new frictional pressure gradient equations for laminar flow of cement slurrythrough an eccentric annulus have been derived by the author based on slit-approachapproximation.
3D Petrophysical Model for Mansouriya Gas Field/Jeribe Formation by using Petrel
Authors: Azeez Hasan Saleh , Al-Dabaj Dr. Abdul Aali , Lazim Dr.Samaher Abdil-Rasool
Published: May 2021

Mansuriya Gas field is an elongated anticlinal structure aligned from NW to SE about 25km long and 5-6 km wide. The Jeribe formation considered the main reservoir, contains gascondensate fluid, has a uniform thickness about 60 m. The reservoir is significantly overpressured.In this study, the 3D geological model for Jeribe Formation in Mansuriya Gas Field is setupby using Petrel. Jeribe Formation represents the most important reservoir in MansuriyaGas Field. Four vertical wells (Mn-1, Mn-2, Mn-3 and Mn-4) were drilled in MansuriyaGas Field and used to set-up water saturation and porosity models represented by a 3Dstatic geological model in three dimensions. The main reservoir, Jeribe Formationcarbonate, is subdivided into 8 zones namely J1 to J8, according mainly to porosity log(RHOB and NPHI) trend, DT trend and saturation trend. Petrophysical model (porosity andwater saturation) for Jeribe Formation was set-up from values of porosity and watersaturation using Sequential Gaussian Simulation algorithm. According to data analyses andthe results from modeling the units (J1, J3, J4, J5, J6 and J8) are considered as high-qualityreservoir units due to the high PHIE, low water saturation and no shale content. Units (J2and J7) are considered as non-pay units because of very high-water saturation. Crosssections of petrophysical model were conducted to show the vertical and horizontaldistribution of porosity and water saturation between wells in the field.
Study the Preparation of Polymeric Coatings Supported by Nanomaterials to Inhibit Corrosion in the Oil Tanks
Authors: Jasim Omar A. , Al-Sarraf Abdulhameed Raheem
Published: May 2021

In order to determine the most suitable composite coatings to inhibit corrosion inthe oil tanks, the protection method was studied by the method of multiple layers ofprotection. Where there were three layers of protection, the base layer is a phosphateprocess using zinc phosphate, the second layer is a base painting (Hydrazine Hydratewith an epoxy zinc coating), while the top layer was a composite coating matrix ofunsaturated polyester and epoxy supported by different fraction weight ofnanomaterials. The top layer was supported by nano kaolin with 1% weight fraction,nano magnesium oxide with 3% weight fraction and nano zinc oxide with 5% weightfraction. The three layers were painted on metal pieces (1.5cm*1.5cm) of corrodedtanks used to store diesel fuel. The hardness of the metal parts was studied before andafter the phosphate process, where the results showed that the sample surface hardnesswas 123 HB and after the phosphate process was 131 HB.The chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion test were carried out for agroup of samples that were painted only once with a topcoat and again with three layersof paint. The results showed that the best protection against corrosion is the sample thatpainted with three layers of coating, and the top coating supported by a nanomagnesium oxide, it has lowest corrosion current value (162.59 nA/cm2). Furthermore,the adhesion test showed that the coating supported by nanomaterials have higher

adhesion strength than those that are not supported by nanomaterials. Where the highestadhesion strength was (776 Psi) for magnesium oxide nanoparticle coating.
الإنتاج في الوقت المحدد وأثرة على تخفيض التكاليف وتحسين نوعية المنتج
Authors: الاسدي زينة جهاد جاسم
Published: May 2021

نظام معاصر من أنظمة التكنولوجيا الحديثة التي تطبق في ،(just in time) ان نظام الإنتاج في الوقت المحددالمنشات الصناعية المحلية والعالمية، الهدف الأساسي من تطبيقه، هو تخفيض تكاليف الإنتاج إلى أقصى حدوالعمل على تحسين نوعية السلع المنتجة بما ينسجم ومتطلبات ورغبات ألمستهلك.ولأجل تطبيق النظام يجب إتباع طرق وأساليب، منها بث روح التعاون والعمل كفريق واحد داخل المنشأة، إعداددورات وورش عمل تثقيفية للفنيين والإداريين ليكونوا على دراية كافية بالأمور الخاصة بتطبيق النظام، زيادةالقدرات التنافسية للمنشاة مع المنشات الصناعية الأخرى وتلبية متطلبات المستهلكين في المواعيد المحددة لتحقيقالأهداف المنشود من النظام، إصدار التعليمات والقرارات من قبل الهيأة التشريعية التي تحكم عمل الشركاتوتقديم كل التسهيلات الواجبة لتطبيق النظام بالشكل الذي يتطلبه للوصول إلى اهدافه في تقليل كلف الإنتاجوتحسين نوعيته، التوجيه إلى تنظيم إدارة الوقت وإدارة المواد الأولية في العملية الإنتاجية، والقضاء على الوقتالضائع وارتفاع نسب التالف من المواد، التركيز على إدارة المحزون وتطوير سياسة المخزون الصفري وذلكعن طريق التزويد المباشر من الموردين وتقليل كمية المخزون من المواد الأولية.تناولنا ذلك بشكل مختصر من خلال تقسيم البحث إلى فصلين تضمن الفصل الأول الإطار النظري للإنتاج فيالوقت المحدد، وقسم هذا الفصل إلى مبحثين تضمن الأول مفهوم وخصائص وأهداف وعناصر نظام الإنتاج فيالوقت المحدد، أما الثاني تضمن مستلزمات وفوائد استخدام نظام الإنتاج في الوقت المحدد.والفصل الثاني تضمن أثار النظام على تخفيض التكاليف وتحسين نوعية المنتج، وقسم إلى مبحثين الأول مجالاتتخفيض تكاليف الصناعات في ظل نظام الإنتاج في الوقت المحدد، إما الثاني تضمن أهمية تطبيق نظام الإنتاجفي الوقت المحدد.
Improvement of Antiknocking Characteristics of Iraqi Gasoline
Authors: Abid Mohammad Fadhil , Ibrahim Mohammad , Saaid Ahlam
Published: May 2021

Tetraethyl lead (TEL), which is a common additive to the Iraqi pool gasoline, is usually classified- among the most toxic selective additive even when it is added at low doses (~ 1.5-2.0 %v/v). The present work was devoted to prepare and investigate the effect of phenyl tert-butyl ether as an alternative selective additive to the Iraqi pool gasoline produced in Doura Refinary-Midland Refineries Co. Comparing with other additives-except TEL-, it was found that phenyl tert-butyl ether increased RON of  Doura pool gasoline by (5.7 to 10%) at a dose of 5%v/v and it increased RON by (4.5 to 11.9%) at a dose of 8%v/v. Moreover, it appears to have no adverse human health effects which make the suggested additive promising for increasing the anti-knocking characteristic of Iraqi gasoline.
تأثير النفط الخام والمشتقات النفطية على الخرسانة المتصلبة
Authors: بابير يوسف امير
Published: May 2021

يعتبر النفط الخام المصدر الاساسي للطاقة في جميع أنحاء العالم ونتيجة لارتفاع تكاليف صناعة وصيانة الخزانات المعدنية فقد بدا التفكير في مواد أخرى غير الحديد لخزن النفط الخام ومشتقاته ، ومن  هذه المواد الخرسانة المسلحة . أهتمت البحوث السابقة بدراسة تأثير المشتقات النفطية بصورة عامة على خواص الخرسانة  بمختلف اشكالها ، أما بالنسبة للبحث الحالي فيتناول دراسة خاصية النفاذية بالاضافة الى الخواص الميكانيكية للخرسانه المتصلبة المعرضة الى النفط الخام والمشتقات النفطية بناءاً على نتائج وفحوصات  مختبرية لبحوث عملية . يستعرض هذا البحث دراسة تاثير النفط الخام على مقاومة الانضغاط (Compressive Strength ) ومقاومة الشد الانفلاقي  (Splitting Tensile Strength ) ومعامل المرونة Modulus of Elasticity )) ومعامل التصدع Modulus of Rupture) )[3]  .

لقد اعتمـدنا ستـة انـواع مـن المـواد السائلة فـي عملـيــة دراســة المـتغيرات (Parametric Study ) لهذا البحث وهي ( الماء ، زيت الغاز ،المشتقات النفطية الاخرى اضافة الى النفط الخام ومن مختلف الحقول ) من اجل المقارنة الموضوعية . كما تم خلال هذا البحث استخلاص بعض الاستنتاجات المفيدة في هذا المجال لتؤخذ بنظر الاعتبار عند تعرض الخرسانة للمشتقات النفطية.

  ووجدنا من التجارب العملية تعرض الخرسانة المتصلبة الى المشتقات النفطية يؤدي الى نقصان مقاومة انضغاطها بحدود  19-3.5))% ونقصان مقاومة الشد بمقدار (19) % كما وجدنا زيادة  مستمرة في مقاومة الانضغاط لنماذج الخرسانه المعرضة للماء وأن نسبة الزيادة هي (22.4) % لغاية (360 يوم ) . ووجدنا  أنخفاض معامل المرونه ومعامل الانفلاق للخرسانه المعرضه لمختلف المشتقات النفطية ولمدة (120) يوم  فما فوق  وبنسب مختلفة وحسب نوع المشتق النفطي .

  كما وجدنا بان الخزانات الخرسانية ذات الجدران المسلحة والحاوية على الماء بحاجة الى قيم شد طوقي (Hoop Tension) واجهاد قص مقاوم (Shear Stress Resistance) أكبر من بقية الخزانات الحاوية على المشتقات النفطية .وكنتيجة لذلك فأن كمية التسليح الطوقي(Hoop Reinforcement) المطلوبة للخزانات الحاوية على المشتقات النفطية هي اقل بكثير من تلك الحاوية على الماء.لقد تراوح مقدار التسليح لجدران الخزانات النفطية بين  (67-57)% كنسبة مئوية من جدران الخزانات المائية ولخزانات ذات احجام معتدلة ولقد تبين ان الوزن النوعي للمادة السائلة له الاثر الكبير على تحديد مقدار سمك جدران الخزانات ذات الحجم الواحد فمثلا السمك المطلوب لجدران الخزانات المائية كانت بحدود (1.9-3.9) مرة و(2.2-4.9) مرة من السمك المطلوب لجدران الخزانات الحاوية على زيت الغاز والنفط الخام على التوالي.

  واستنادا الى النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها في هذا البحث فقد وجدنا بأن خسائر المشتقات النفطية لليوم الواحد تعتمد وبشكل اساسي على معامل النفاذية (Coefficient of permeability) ونوع المادة السائلة المخزونة .
An Analytical Study on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination in the Urban Environment of Basra City, Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Hassen Shukri I. , Al-Saad Hamid T. , Al-Rubaiay Dawod J.
Published: May 2021

The present study aims to analyze the spatial and seasonal variations in levels of petroleum hydrocarbons at the urban environment of Basra City. This is made by determination of their concentrations in water, ambient air, and soils. Several samples were collected from different sampling stations during 2009. The determination of hydrocarbons in water samples was carried out using the procedure of UNESCO, and the hydrocarbons in ambient air were measured by the portable gas detector of Drager CMS, whereas the determination of hydrocarbons in soils was conducted as described in Al-Saad. The findings demonstrated that seasonal variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were increased during winter for both water and soil samples, while increased during summer for ambient air samples. Moreover, there were spatial variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were significantly higher at the sampling stations located within the urban center in comparison with those in the suburbs. The recorded values were ranged from 0.11 to 190.5 µg/l in water samples, from ≥ 20 to 29.3 ppm in ambient air samples, and from 0.56 to 41.58 µg/gmdry weight in soil samples. Some concentrations lies within high levels of exposure, which may give rise to adverse health consequences.
Environmental Impact Asessment of 3D Seismic Acquisition in The Badra Oilfield , Iraq
Authors: Hussain Dr. Mohammad N. , Zaidan Jamal A. , Ali Abbas M. , Khazaal Rusul M.
Published: May 2021

This study represents the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of 3D Seismic Acquisition in the Badra oilfield, Wasit province, Iraq. Seismic acquisition is part of works under the contract for the development of the Badra oilfield, with a planned capacity of 2 billion barrels of oil, and its associated linear facilities to be located in Wasit, 160 km southeast of Baghdad, Iraq. The study was prepared for the Company – Gazprom Neft Badrah B.V. (GPN) in 2010.

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study was prepared to identify and assess the potential environmental effects of seismic operations, and in order to accomplish that goal, a baseline environment study was conducted first to illustrate the climate, geology, topography, natural resources, industrial activities, social and natural environment ( flora and fauna) of the region based on field visit and desktop history.

 Based on the baseline study, mitigation measures forming Environmental Management Plan was proposed aiming to minimize environmental and socio-economic adverse effects such as waste water, solid wastes, air pollution and to maximize positive ones.

The study also illustrated all related national and international laws and regulations to force the company to oblige them during work on the Iraqi land. It also detailed the national and international limits of air emission and liquid effluent quality not to be exceeded.
Date Palm leaves Fiber Utilization as sorbent for Crude Oil Spill Cleanup and the Temperature Effect
Authors: Khairallah Ihsan Ali , Abass Zina Abed Al-Ameer , Nasir Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim
Published: May 2021

Crude oil spill are a global concern due to the environmental and economic impact as well as harm the beauty of the polluted sites. Date Palm leaves fiber (DPLF) as a natural agricultural fiber, which is environmentally materials, biodegradable, renewable, abundant, and cheap. A hollow cellulosic material like DPLF is a potential sorbent to counter the oil spill pollution. The oil sorption capacity (OSC) of fresh and weathered oils into DPLF as a sorbent was studied. The effects of contact time and temperature on sorption were studied in simulated tap water as well as salty water. The OSC increases with increasing the contact time. The DPLF has given oil sorption capacity of 4.534-7.985 g oil/g sorbent for a contact time of 5-90 min for fresh oil (tap water, at room temperature). This OSC are considered  to be good for a sorbent  considering  it is locally available and not expensive. Fresh oil is having higher OSC at room temperature at all the experimental times (5-120 min). At lower temperature, e.g. 15 °C the adsorption of oil having greater role in increasing OSC, since at low temperature the oil having high viscosity and that will increase the adherence of oil onto the surface of the fibers and within the capillary during drainage.  At room temperature and little higher e.g. 25 & 30 °C , the oil will have less viscosity and more diffusion and that will increase the absorption within the internal capillary and lumens of the fibers and that increase the OSC. There is decrease in viscosity at higher temperature e.g. 45 & 60 °C that will increase the diffusion in the oil and increase the segmental mobility of the fibers as well as increasing the penetration of oil into the pores and lumens of the fibers. That will increase the OSC, but much oil will come out during the drainage time (5 min).
Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Oil Pipelines
Authors: Alsultani Dr.Kadhim F. , Jasem Dr.Ahmed A. , Ali Duaa Amer
Published: May 2021

The research aims at investigating the corrosion behavior of low Carbone steel  pipelines welds and  mechanical properties of weldment . The corrosion behavior was investigated in crude oil and water extraction from oil to study the effect of water chemistry on corrosion employing electrochemical and weight loss measurements.                                                                                                                                

Corrosion and erosion-corrosion have important role in oil fields especially in oil pipelines . The experimental work tests of erosion- corrosion  were done using special device which was designed and manufactured according to (G 73) ASTM . The work tests were achieved using traditional weight loss technique to measure weight loss rates in (mpy) Unit, the  tests above were done in pumped media and pumped media had constant pressure of 1 bar, flow rate Q = 36 L/min, temperature ≈25 ºC and pH = 6.56 for erosive-corrosive media.                

Weight loss method was used in which test specimens of carbonsteel, with a known weights, were immersed in the oil for a total exposure time of 60 days. The weight loss was measured at an interval of 10 days, whereas in water specimens immersed for 30 day at an interval 2 days.  The corrosion rate was determined using (mpy) unit.                                                                                                                                    Metallographic observations and micro-hardness measurements were also performed on specimens taken from the parent metal, heat affected zone and weld metal. The obtained results clearly indicate a degradation of the mechanical properties of steel welds.
A New Integrated Technique for Saturation Height Function Modeling based on Modified EQR Method
Authors: Saemi Mohsen , Askari Amir abbas
Published: May 2021

Equivalent Radius (EQR) is a relatively new normalized capillary pressure method for modeling of the saturation height function. In this method petrophysical data such as well logs, special and routine core analysis have been used in an integrated manner.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate dynamic behavior of the fluid flow through porous media with a new integrated technique for saturation height function modeling. Amongst different methods, EQR method that originally developed by Engstrom in 1996 has been selected for further study. Although this method can model the initial water saturation with high accuracy but it only can be applicable for low permeability formations.  However, there is still an incomplete understanding its application for other rock units with higher degree of porosity and permeability.  For this purpose, we present a Modified EQR (MEQR) based on iterative curve fitting procedure.  To demonstrate the capabilities of MEQR method, one of the Iranian oil field data located in southwest of Iran with quite high degree of permeability in its porous sandstone layers has been used.

It is shown that this technique can accurately predict the initial water saturation in all rock types and in each cell of the reservoir with very good correlation coefficient achieved in comparison with interpreted saturation well logs.
Batch and Column Extraction of Lead from Al-Doura Oil Refinery Soil
Authors: Gzar Dr. Hatem Asal , Gatea Israa Mohammed
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to investigate the extraction of lead (Pb) from soil of Al-Doura oil refinery in Baghdad/Iraq. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were used as extractants. Soil washing method was practiced in two ways, batch extraction and column extraction experiments. A set of batch experiments were carried out at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time, pH and agitation speed. From  the batch experiments,  the maximum removal percentages of Pb that have been obtained were  70 % using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , agitation speed 200 and at equilibrium time 4 hours and 65 %  using  HCl (1M) at  pH 1.08 , agitation speed 200 at equilibrium time 5 hours.                

     Column experiments were conducted at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time and flow rate. The maximum removal percentages of Pb were 78% using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , flow rate 30 ml/hr and equilibrium time  8 hours   and 75%  using HCl (1M) at pH 1.08, flow rate  20 ml/hr and equilibrium time 10 hours. 

     The column extraction proved that the extractant volume required to achieve high removal efficiency is less than that of the batch extraction, but requires a longer contact time.

            The experimental data of batch and column extraction were applied in four kinetic models; first order, parabolic diffusion, two constant and Elovich model to find best fit model for extraction system. For batch extraction, the parabolic diffusion and two-constant models gave the best correlation {coefficient of determination (R2)} with experimental data using HCl and Na2EDTA respectively. While for column extraction, Elovich model gave good correlation with experimental data.
Petrophysical Characteristics and Reservoir Modeling of Mishirf Formation at Noor Oil Field, South of Iraq
Authors: Al-Najm Fahad M. , Al-Shahwan Muwafaq F. , Al-Beyati Fawzi M.
Published: May 2021

Petrophysical properties of the Mishrif reservoir at Noor oil field have been done. Based on the interpretation of the open hole data from wells (No-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) .Which have been calculated total porosity, effective and secondary porosity, water and hydrocarbon saturation (moveable and residual hydrocarbon) in invaded and uninvaded zones. Depends on the calculated of petrophysical properties, Mishrif Formation can be divided into eight reservoir units (RU-1 to 8), separated by eight caped rock units (barrier) (Bar-1 to Bar8). Three-dimensional reservoir model of oil saturation was constructed using the Petrel Software, (2009). Distribution of these petrophysical properties for each reservoir unit within the studied field has been done. The results showed that the best reservoir units are the second, fourth and first reservoir unit. It’s worth mentioned here that the heterogeneity of the thicknesses of these units and its individual direction. In addition, observed that the oil saturation increases towards the north of the field at the well (No-5) and the center of the field at the well (No-4).
المحتويات الشمعية في النفوط الخام لحقول شركة نفط الشمال (وسط وشمال العراق) والعوامل المؤثرة عليها
Authors: القيسي د. عادل طالب , عبد الرزاق وداد نعمان
Published: May 2021

اعتمد البحث الحالي على تحاليل مختبرية للنفط الخام في حقول شركة نفط الشمال وقد تم اختيار 20 حقلا تتوفر فيها التحاليل المطلوبة، وقد توخينا دراسة اربعة محاور رئيسية هي:

1- نسب الشمع في النفوط الخام لحقول شركة نفط الشمال ونشأته وتوزيعه الجغرافي.

2- العلاقة بين نسب الشمع والصخور المولدة (نوعية المادة العضوية ونضوجها الحراري)

3- تأثير عمليات الهجرة والفصل الوزني على نسب الشمع.

4- تأثير عمليات التدني(الالتهام البكتيري والغسل المائي والاكسدة الهوائية) على نسب الشمع.

وقد تم تحديد نسب الشمع للعصرين الثلاثي والطباشيري في النفوط الخام للحقول قيد البحث.

ان المحتوى الشمعي قد يعكس تأثير نوع معين من المواد المصدرية، وقد تكون الشموع الواقية لاوراق النباتات الخضرية القارية هي الاسلاف الاساسية للشمع البارافيني المتواجد في النفوط الخام للحقول قيد الدراسة.

ان نسب الشمع في النفط الخام للحقول قيد الدراسة وللعصرين الثلاثي والطباشيري تتراوح ما بين 0.75% و 6.00% وان هذه النسب وبصورة عامة تقل من الشرق الى الغرب ومن الشمال الشرقي باتجاه الجنوب والجنوب الغربي وصولا الى نهر دجلة.

ان اختلافات نسب الشمع قد تكون ناتجة عن العوامل التالية:

1- الصخور المولدة ونضوجها الحراري.

2- الهجرة والفصل الوزني.

3- عمليات التدني (الاكسدة الهوائية والغسل المائي والالتهام البكتيري)
Effect of Soil on Refinery Buried Cooling Water Pipe
Authors: Afan Kareem B. , Noaman Riyadh M. , Shnaihj Kareem T. , Asli Hussam A. , Majeed Aqbal A. , Ali Najwa S.
Published: May 2021

This work is focused to investigate soil parameters (resistivity, PH, sulfate, moisture) that affect the corrosive nature of soil toward the buried cooling water pipe carbon steel used to supply the water to refinery units and the work include on line survey of this unprotected pipe to measuring the potential at each unit of refinery to evaluate the pipe coating.The soil resistivity measuring at two depth (2&4) meter at many sites, it is found that the soil resistivity at the depth (2) meter (pipe depth) either slightly corrosive or moderately corrosive and other soil parameters were measured at summer and winter seasons, found they change seasonally.The average pipe potential at each unit of refinery is around (-410mV) and that is mean the carbon steel pipe coating is poor.
Review on Applications of Nanocatalyst in Refineries and petrochemicals
Authors: Abdul Hamza Taha Mahdi
Published: May 2021

In the nanoscience where all the devices and technologies are going to smaller in size with improved properties, catalysis is an important field of application. In recent years, nanocatalysis has become more emerging field of science due to its high activity, selectivity and productivity. In this mini-review, we are trying to summarize data reported in literature for application of nano sized catalyst in Refineries and petrochemicals industries. By decreasing the size of the catalyst, advantages such as large surface area would be exposed to the reactant. Main applications of nanocatalysts in steam reforming, bio diesel production, and several other point of application are discussed here in detail.
Energy Losses Resulting from the Flaring of the Associated Gases of the (North&South) Jambour Oil Fields
Authors: Baker Sinan A.
Published: May 2021

This research includes a study of the components of the associated gases in Jambour fields (North and South) using Gas Chromatography instrument type (Varian cp-3800),The associated gases of The Southern Jambour contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) and it is a sweet gas, while the associated gasesof Northern Jambour field is much higher up to 4 % Mole according to the analysis that has done on the associated gas for both fields by (GC), also the results of the analysis show that methane ratio is 80% for both fields gases (north, south) and can take advantage of the associated gas of Southern Jambour fields to feed the operating units in North Oil Company, North Gas Company, and Mulla Abdulla Power plant. The productivity of Southern Jambour field at the present time of the associated gas is (130 MMSCF/day) while the production of Northern Jambour field is (60 MMSCF/day) and can take advantage of the associated gas of SouthernJambour field to operate gas stations, because it is asweetgas.The amount of the associated gas burned in (flare) of Jambour fields is (1-4 MMSCF / day), and assuming the density of the associated gas rate is 0.00086 gm / cm3) where (mgas = ρgas * vgas), the (1 MMSCF) of gas equivalent to (25 ton), the flaring associated gas rate in Jambour fields equivalent to (25 ton/ day).
Studying The Effect of Low Temperature on Adhesion Strength of Internal Lining Coating for Steel Liquid Gas Storage Tanks
Authors: Kader Dr. Niveen Jamal Abdul kader , Yousif Dr. Hussain mohammed Yousif , Hashim Dr. Ahmed Mudafer Hashim , Zainalabdeen Dr. Ahmed Ameed Zainalabdeen , Abd Allah Aseel Mahmood Abd Allah
Published: May 2021

Metal storage tanks for liquid gas are unstable at low temperature (below zero degreecentigrade), because the metal tends to be brittle and susceptible to crack. In this researchstudying some physical properties such as shrinkage, adhesion force and coating layer thicknessof aluminum powder with ethyl silicate as a binder were performed. The results shown, that thecoating with such layer has excellent resistance to low temperature and impermeable to liquidgas for example, propane, methane and nitrogen a suitable coating layer thickness is (5mm). Thedata and results were optimized by using Taguchi / ANOVA Technique
Edge Water Breakthrough in each of the major zones within Mishrif reservoir in West Qurna phase 1
Authors: Abdullah Rafea Ahmed Abdullah , Al-Jorany Khudhair Al-Jorany , Mohsin Firas Mohsin , Imad Ahmed Imad , Abdulrazaq Massara Abdulrazaq
Published: May 2021

The Mishrif reservoir (Upper Cretaceous) considered the main discovered and developedreservoir at West Qurna I field in southern Iraq and has been on production intermittently since1999. Mishrif reservoir has been deviated into six main zones from youngest to oldest are mA,CRI, mB1, CRII, mB2 & mC.The West Qurna Phase I Field (WQI) has pressure depletion since production commenced in1999. More than 450 wells penetrated Mishrif Formation, to date, almost all of the productionhas been from the Mishrif formation (2180 to 2505 m true vertical depth, subsea) with minor oilproduction from the Lower Cretaceous Zubair formations. Geoscientist and reservoir engineersare looking for producing dry oil especially there are limited surface facilities at West Qurnaphase 1, for that purpose and as part of Reservoir Management, It was very important to monitorthe Formation & injection water movement across Mishrif reservoir with the time. Cased holelogs (Saturation logs & Production logs) and Open hole logs for new drill wells are beingintegrated to describe the water encroachment in Mishrif in order to Study behavior of aquifermovement and water injection, Validate the geologic reservoir model, assess the vertical andhorizontal water sweep & enhance perforation strategies.In West Qurna 1 (from 2010 to date) have been ran more than 500 PLTs (Production logs)and 300 PNLs (Saturation logs) and open hole logs for new drill wells, all these logs have beenanalysis and interpreted (using Geolog &Emeraude software) then were created different watermovement maps for each main productive zone mA, mB1 & mB2 in 2013, 2014 & 2016 (byPetrel).

Different water encroachment behavior among the different zones due to heterogeneity inreservoir rock quality, Integrating production rate allocated by zone with water encroachmentmaps shows excellent relationship between production and flood front by zone, the maps showedthat quicker water movement in the Meshrif reservoir compared to the model, these maps areusing for perforation strategy, and the maps will be updated periodically every 12 months.
Computation of cementation factor and saturation exponent for selected oil fields in southern Iraq
Authors: Handhal Amna M. Handhal , Al-Atabi Abdulhuseein N. Shnawa Al-Atabi , Majeed Fadia Waleed Majeed
Published: May 2021

This study aims to calculate cementation factor and water saturation exponent for fourdifferent lithological formations from different oil fields in south of Iraq and compare theresults with typical values of these reservoir parameters. The formations that being selectedfor this study are: Yamama Formation in West Quran (WQ-60 well), Zubair Formation insouth Rumaila (Ru-64 well), Nahr Umr Formation in Luhais oil field (Lu-5 well), andMishrif Formation in Tuba oil field (Tu-4 well). The cementation factor for clasticformations (Zubair and Nuhr Umr) was calculated via Wyllie (1949) and He (2005)empirical equations. It is found that the value of this parameter is estimated to be 1.1 and1.90 m for the Zubair formation using Wyllie equation and is equal to 2.4 and 1.6 m forNahr Umr Formation according to the He equation. For the carbonate formations (Yamamaand Mishrif), the cementation factor was estimated using Borai (1987) and Focke andMunn (1987) equations. This parameter was equal to 1.3 for both formations according toFocke and Munn (1978) and estimated to be 1.95 and 1.98 for Yamama and Mishrifformations according to equation developed by the Borai. The calculated saturationexponent was 2.5, 2, 2.21 and 0.5 in Zubair, Nahr Umr, Mishrif, and Yamama formations,respectively. The new calculated values were then applied in the Archi equation to estimatewater saturation. The obtained results were compared with that calculated in laboratory(from core). Results showed that Wyille equation is better than the He equation. The finalresult confirmed that Wyllie equation is more accurate than He equation for calculatingcementation factor in sandstone, while Borai equation was more accurate than Focke andMunn equations for the cementation factor in limestone rocks.
Improving the Performance of Drilling Fluid Using MgO Nano Particles
Authors: Falih Ghufran Falih , Alwasiti Asawer A. Alwasiti , Alzubaidi Nada S. Alzubaidi
Published: May 2021

One of the most important factors that cause formation damage is drilling fluidinvasion caused by mud filtration. Hence, it is essential to minimize the mud filtration inorder to reduce its damage to the formation using drilling fluid additives that control andminimize the filtration rate. Magnesium Oxide (MgO) nanoparticles at different masses(0.01, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1, and 0.2) gm with water base mud have been investigated in thisresearch to measure its effect on the filtration rate. Four types of drilling fluid are used inthis research; API water base mud WBM, Saturated salt water mud, DURA THERM mudand polymer mud. Filtration rate was tested under high temperature high pressure (HTHP)conditions; at (75 and 100) C and (500 psi), and at room temperature and pressure at (100psi). The viscosity of all drilling fluid types is measured using a rotational viscometer atroom temperature and atmospheric pressure. In general, the results showed that addingMgO nano particle helped in reducing the filtration rate of drilling fluid, the best resultswere gained in DURA THERM mud and Saturated Salt Water Mud at MgOconcentrationof 0.07gm and 0.2gm, respectively; where the filtrate reduction 60% at 100C. Also, MgO addition improves rheological properties and drilling fluid stability
Corrosion Inhibition of Low Carbon Steel in Hydrochloric Acid By Cardaria Draba Leaves Extracts
Authors: Abd Ahmed N. Abd , Khadom Anees A. Khadom , Ahmed Nagham Arif Ahmed
Published: May 2021

The corrosion inhibition of mild carbon steel in
حساب معامل الانكسار للنفوط المكمنية للتنبؤ بالضغوط المكمنية التي يحدث عندها ترسب الاسفلتينات
Authors: الهيد Aliaa , رضا Selma
Published: May 2021

الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد مديات الضغوط المكمنية التي يحدث فيها ترسب للاسفلتينات ومكان حدوثها    وذلك من خلال ايجاد معامل الانكسار للنفط الخام والنفط الحي باستخدام نتائج الفحوصات الفيزياوية للنفط المكمني PVT و موديلات ومعادلات رياضية خاصة وايجاد الحلول المناسبة لمشكلة الترسب.

تعاني ابارحقول المنطقة الشمالية ( كركوك, خباز , جمبور) من مشكلة ترسب الاسفلتينات مما يسبب مشاكل عديدة منها انسدادات في انابيب و معدات الانتاج حيث تعالج الانسدادات بالتنظيف باستخدام والوسائل الميكانيكية وما يتطلب ذلك من جهد و وقت و خسارة في الانتاج.

تم اخذ نماذج من النفط  الخام من رأس البئر ونماذج من الترسبات و اجريت الفحوصات و التجارب عليها و استخدم احد الموديلات الرياضية الخاص بقياسات معامل الانكسار، وكذلك معادلات خاصة للوصول الى ظروف ترسب الاسفلتينات، كما تم اجراء تجارب عديدة على ترسبات الاسفلتينات الصلبة و معالجتها بمذيبات عضوية كثيرة و الوصول الى افضل مذيب.

     تم تحديد مديات الضغوط المكمنية لانتاج النفط الخام التي عندها يحدث ترسب الاسفلتينات ومكان حدوثها حيث ان احتمالات حدوثها عديدة, فقد تحدث في الطبقة المكمنية او انبوب الانتاج  او معدات رأس البئر او المعدات السطحية بل حتى الخزانات وحسب ظروف النفط  الخام المنتج وذلك من خلال ايجاد معامل الانكسار للنفط الخام  والنفط الحي باستخدام موديلات ومعادلات رياضية  وبالاعتماد على تسحيح النفط الخام الميت مع مذيبات كالبنتان او النورمال هبتان في الظروف الاعتيادية  ومراقبة تجمع الاسفلتينات تحت المجهروتحديد قابلية الاذابة و بدأ الترسب في النفط الخام حيث يمكن تحديدها من خلال قياس معامل الانكسارعند درجة حرارة 20C◦ للنفط الخام ولنماذج من خليط من النفط الخام وأحد المذيبات بنسب مختلفة وعندها يمكن قياس معامل الانكسار الذي يحدث فيه ترسب للاسفلتينات ويسمى (FRI) وهو دالة معامل الأذابة (δ)، و من خلال علاقات تجريبية تم ايجاد مديات الضغط التي يحدث فيها الترسب وايجاد افضل مذيب وهو التولوين شرط أتخاذ أجراءات السلامة الخاصة به (يعتبر التولوين من المواد الخفيفة المتطايرة). كما يفضل استخدام تقنية الانابيب الملفوفة  وفي حالة عدم توفر مادة التولوين فمن الممكن استخدام مادة الكيروسين او الريفورميت أو الصفوة البيضاء.
The Evaluation of Petro-physical and Geological Properties of the Southern Asmari Reservoir / Fauqi oil field Southeastern Iraq
Authors: Al-Saad Huda F. , Al-Shahwan Muwafaq F.
Published: May 2021

The wire line logs of five wells from Fauqi field are studied to delineate petro-physical properties, and also the shale volume and porosities are calculated and corrected from the effect of shale in this work. It is found that the formation of water resistivity is equal to 0.0145 Ω. m, which is calculated from the SP method (through the relationship between SSP and Rw).                                                                                                                                                                                                              

It is observed that the type of crude oil of the Asmari reservoir in Fauqia oil field is heavy. The Four units of oil reservoir within the Asmari Formation penetrated by the wells are delineated: A-B1-B2-C. The case study shows that the units (B1, B2) belongs to the formation of the upper Kirkuk, which is one of the main reservoir units producing oil in Asmari
Structural geology and petrophysics analysis to Injection wells of Mishrif Formation in Shuaiba Dome – Zubair Oil Field
Authors: Lazim Aymen Adil , Dawood Hussain Sakban
Published: May 2021

Mishrif formation is the one of the most important reservoir in Southern – Iraq   and the injection water important to support the reservoir pressure. The current study combined the interpretations of PLT, structural geology and petro-physics to understand the distribution of the injection rate for nine injection wells to the  Mishrif Formation in Shuaiba Dome (or culmination) - Zubair Oil Field. PLT analysis calculated injection rate for Mishrif Formation, structural analysis included geometric and genetic analysis, whereas petrophysics analysis used open hole logs interpretation and core data for the injection wells to determine the petro-physics characteristics (especially the distribution of porosity and permeability). The current study concluded that the injection rate, porosity and permeability of Mishrif Formation distributed unequally across it. This variation is almost regular, whereas the Upper Mishrif more than Lower Mishrif, while Middle Mishrif get the least value. The thickness of Lower Mishrif more than Upper Mishrif. This may affected by a folding mechanism due to tectonic activity (reactivated basement faults and Hormuz salt structures).
Portraying EFL Students Individual Different in Learning English
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto , Defitranita Defitranita , Apriani Eka , Syafryadin Syafryadin
Published: May 2021

The objectives of this research are to find out the low and high achiever students’ individual differences in learning English . in this study, the researcher used qualitative methods study.The population and the subject of this research were consisted of three low achiever student and three high achiever student at TBI which are the total number six students. In this study, the researcher took purposive sampling and the instrument used is interview. The individual differences consisted of age, sex, aptitude, motivation, learning styles, learning strategies, personality. The data showed that the low achiever student motivation is to obtain sarjana degree, use more cognitive strategies, preffer to study with friend, choose the extrovert way in learning, use to fight with the inhibition, and having the anxiety in learning English. while the high achiever wanted to be the native like, using less cognitive strategies, preffer to study alone, use the introvert way in acquiring language, and let the inhibition win. There some similarities between both student such as they couldnt comprehend the material in relatively shortime, they plan monitor and evaluate their English, like to watch english stuff and listen to song to improved their English, they both prefer learning with the phsycally activities involved, like solving problem while learning English,  their confidence built by their experienced in learning English and the last their prefer the democratic classs than the traditional one because the same reason.
The Learning Strategies in English Subject of Islamic Study Program at IAIN CURUP
Authors: Meilinda Sri , Noviyenty Leffy , Apriani Eka
Published: May 2021

The research objective was to find out the PAI students‟ strategies in learning English. The design of the research was presented in quantitative descriptive. The subject of this research was 2nd semester of PAI department students. To know what strategies used, the researcher used Stern theory about Language learning strategies which are divided into five categories namely management and planning, cognitive, communication, interpretational and affective. In collecting the data, the researcher used close-ended questionnaire. The result show that PAI students who got A score used 4 strategies in learning English they are management and planning strategies, cognitive strategies communicative strategies and affective strategies. But affective strategy is more dominant 83.7% as a strategy in learning English. PAI students who got B scores used 3 strategies in learning English they are management and planning strategies, cognitive strategies and affective strategies. Management and planning strategy is more dominant 74.4% as a strategy in learning English. PAI student who got C score 3 strategies in learning English they are cognitive strategies communicative strategies and affective strategies. But cognitive is more dominant 76% as a strategy in learning English.
PAI student who got E score used 2 strategies in learning English they are interpretational strategies and affective strategies. But affective strategy is more dominant 90% as a strategy in learning English. Although, the strategies used by student who got A score and E score are alike, however students who got E score do not attend the class, the UTS and UAS properly.
Response of Domestic Prices to Exchange Rate Movements in Argentina
Authors: Hsing Yu
Published: May 2021

Based on an extended IS-LM-AS model, this study finds that if the Argentine peso depreciates 1% versus the U.S. dollar, the consumer price in Argentina would increase by 0.2518%. In addition, more structural fiscal deficit as a percent of potential GDP, more M2 supply, a higher U.S. price level, and a higher expected price level would raise Argentina’s consumer price level. Therefore, partial exchange rate pass-through is confirmed for Argentina.
Examining food insecurity and areas with unmet food needs during COVID-19: A geospatial, community-specific approach
Authors: Janda Kathryn , Hood Raven , Price Amy , Night Samantha , Marty William , Rohlich Amanda , Hanson Kacey , Espinoza Marianna , van den Berg Alexandra
Published: May 2021

Food insecurity is a public health issue that has increased in the U.S. since the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding how this increase occurs locally is crucial in informing appropriate food insecurity-related responses. Analyzing 2-1-1 call data is one way to examine food insecurity-related needs at a zip code level. The purpose of this work was to: (1) examine overall call trend data to 2-1-1 from March through July 2019 and March through July 2020, (2) examine changes in food need call volume to 2-1-1 during COVID-19 by zip code, and (3) identify areas with unmet food needs dur¬ing COVID-19 in central Texas. Data for 2-1-1 calls from Travis County zip codes for March through July 2020 were compared to calls for March through July 2019 and categorized by rea¬son for calling. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to analyze food need calls by zip code and mapped using ArcGIS. Communities with high food call volume and no emergency food assets located within the zip code were categorized as areas with unmet food needs. Results indicated there were more overall calls to 2-1-1 in 2020 (N=37,572) than in 2019 (N=28,623), and signifi¬cantly more food need calls in 2020 than in 2019 (p<0.01). Eastern Travis County, a racially and ethnically diverse and lower-income area, had the largest increase in food need calls. Two zip codes were identified as having unmet food needs, which informed the strategic placement of emergency food assets. This study illustrates how 2-1-1 data can result in rapid translation of research to policy and program implementation.
IL SUMEROGRAMMA IR NEI TESTI ITTITI
Authors: Pisaniello Valerio
Published: May 2021

This paper aims at offering a new hypothesis about the origin of the meaning ‘to ask, to wish’ for the Sumerogram IR in Hittite texts, according to the Sumero-Akkadian correspondences in the Mesopotamian lexical lists.
POTTERS’ WHEELS FROM KHIRBET AL-BATRAWY: A RECONSIDERATION OF SOCIAL CONTEXTS
Authors: Fiaccavento Chiara
Published: May 2021

Nel “Palazzo delle asce di rame” della città del Bronzo Antico IIIB (2500-2300 a.C.) di Khirbet al-Batrawy sono stati rinvenuti tre dischi superiori di tornio da vasaio, una delle maggiori innovazioni tecnologiche del IV-III millennio a.C. Questa scoperta ha portato ad una riconsiderazione dello strumento in tutti i contesti noti del Bronzo Antico palestinese al fine di indagarne i risvolti socio-economici all’interno della società sud-levantina del periodo
A GROUP OF METAL WEAPONS FROM TELL EL-‘AJJUL IN THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
Authors: Massafra Angela
Published: May 2021

Il contributo prende spunto dall’identificazione di un piccolo lotto di armi in metallo conservate nei magazzini dell’Hunterian Museum presso l’Università di Glasgow. I materiali, studiati a partire dai documenti originari conservati presso lo stesso istituto, sono stati in seguito analizzati tipologicamente, identificandone al contempo i contesti di rinvenimento per una più puntuale categorizzazione tipologica e funzionale. Lo studio delle armi vuole essere punto di partenza per più ampie considerazioni sulla Palestina meridionale tra la fine del III e la metà del II millennio a.C.