bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plans to save born-digital news content examined
Authors: McCain Edward
Published: October 2015

This paper reports the deliberations of a November 2014 “Dodging the Memory Hole” forum of scholars, librarians, archivists, technologists, lawyers and journalists at the University of Missouri to address the problems of preserving born-digital news. To dodge the memory hole, the paper suggests the urgency of resolving copyright and financial barriers to the preservation of news content.
Retaining hardcopy papers still important in digital age
Authors: Silverman Randy
Published: October 2015

Preservation librarian Randy Silverman makes the case for preserving hardcopy newspapers in the digital age. He faults the U.S. Newspaper Program that resulted in copying and destroying original historic newspapers while converting 60 million pages to microfilm, and he argues for the maintenance of the originals to support historical research.
Motivational Factors in Career Decisions Made by Chinese Science Museum Educators
Authors: Ji Jiao , Anderson David , Wu Xinchun
Published: October 2015

Conceptualized by the self-determination theory, this interpretive study examined 23 museum educators’ perspectives from five Chinese science museums to understand their work motivation in relation to their professional practice of working in museums. Research outcomes showed that, Chinese science museum educators’ work motivation followed a common extrinsic–intrinsic pattern, in which extrinsic motivation was valued and seemed to be more influential in career decisions than intrinsic motivational factors. This finding was found to be different in a number of ways to most museum educator studies conducted in Western cultural contexts. Furthermore, sociocultural factors regarding museum educators’ backgrounds and experiences as well as their institutional contexts had differential impacts on extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. This study has implications for museum-education-related researchers, policy makers, and administrators to reconsider the recruitment criteria, in-service motivating mechanism, and professional training system for museum educators in China and beyond.
Increased Serum Phthalates (MEHP, DEHP) and Bisphenol A Concentrations in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kardas Fatih , Bayram Ayse Kacar , Demirci Esra , Akin Leyla , Ozmen Sevgi , Kendirci Mustafa , Canpolat Mehmet , Oztop Didem Behice , Narin Figen , Gumus Hakan , Kumandas Sefer , Per Huseyin
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between autism spectrum disorders development and exposure to mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA), 1 of the endocrine disruptors, among phthalates. The study included 48 children with autism spectrum disorder (27 boys, 21 girls) and 41 healthy subjects (24 boys, 17 girls) as controls. Serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA levels were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Children with autism spectrum disorder had significantly increased serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA concentrations (0.47 ± 0.14 µg/ml, 2.70 ± 0.90 µg/ml, 1.25 ± 0.30 ng/ml) compared to healthy control subjects (0.29 ± 0.05 µg/ml, 1.62 ± 0.56 µg/ml, 0.88 ± 0.18 ng/ml) respectively ( P = .000). The fact that higher serum MEHP, DEHP, and BPA were found levels in the autism spectrum disorder group compared to healthy controls suggests that endocrine disruptors may have a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders.
Gut Microbiome
Authors: Cresci Gail A. , Bawden Emmy
Published: October 2015

Within the last decade, research regarding the human gut microbiome has exploded. While the gastrointestinal tract was once regarded simply as a digestive organ, new technologies have led the science world to wonder about the impact that the gut microbiota may have on human health and disease. The gut microbiome is now becoming known for its role in metabolism, immune defense, and behavior. From in utero variations to those that rapidly occur post partum, our gut microbiome changes with age, environment, stress, diet, and health status as well as medication exposure. This article reviews what is currently known regarding various influences on the gut microbiome and is meant to encourage the reader to further explore the unknown.
Coming together or growing apart? Globalization, class and redistributive preferences
Authors: Schöneck Nadine M , Mau Steffen
Published: October 2015

Globalization refers to a growth in international trade, the integration of financial markets and investment flows as well as greater labour mobility. It is also associated with greater market volatility and intensified competition. The general question we address is, does globalization strengthen or weaken public support for governmental redistribution? However, rather than assuming that globalization undermines or buffers welfare state support generally, we suppose that this effect might be class-specific. It might lead to a reduction in welfare state support for better-off classes while those at the lower end of the social strata may call for more governmental intervention. We test this hypothesis on the basis of cross-sectional data from the fourth round of the European Social Survey (ESS) (fielded 2008/2009). The results of multilevel analyses of 31 countries indicate that while welfare state support is generally lower in globalized countries, class cleavages in welfare attitudes are neither intensified nor diluted under conditions of globalization.
In-work poverty and labour market trajectories: Poverty risks among the working population in 22 European countries
Authors: Halleröd Björn , Ekbrand Hans , Bengtsson Mattias
Published: October 2015

Is in-work poverty a low-wage or an unemployment problem, and is it the same problem all across Europe? Because of the definitional ambiguity, we really do not know. In this article, we use longitudinal European Union-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data from 22 countries and derive a set of distinct clusters of labour market trajectories (LMTs) from information about monthly labour market position from a 36-month observation window and estimate in-work poverty risk for each LMT. The results show that in-work poverty is a problem that affects the self-employed and people in a marginal labour market position, that is, those who for different reasons move in and out of employment. Hence, in-work poverty is mainly an unemployment problem, not a low-wage problem. Besides the fact that the size of LMTs varies between countries, we also expected to find systematic country differences in the effect of LMTs. The analysis did not support that assumption.
Acting otherwise: Resistance, agency, and subjectivities in Milgram’s studies of obedience
Authors: Hoffman Ethan , Myerberg N. Reed , Morawski Jill G.
Published: October 2015

In this account of the Obedience to Authority experiments, we offer a richer and more dynamic depiction of the subjects’ acts and reactions. To paraphrase Milgram, our account tries to examine the central elements of the situation as perceived by its research subjects. We describe a model of the experimenter–subject system that moves beyond experimentalism and humanism, positing instead a model that considers experimenter–subject relations and extends both spatially and temporally past the experiment’s traditionally assumed limits: the walls of the laboratory and its canonical methods. Following Butler and Krause, we propose an approach that attends to quotidian, subtle, and unregistered ways of acting otherwise. Taking the Yale archive’s collection of Milgram’s subject files, audio recordings, and notes as historical traces of the experimenter–subject system, our analysis introduces a grounded understanding of how Milgram’s cut between obedience and disobedience renders invisible all but the most explicit manifestations of resistance or ways of acting otherwise. Investigating Milgram’s work through an experimenter–subject systems model illuminates previously undocumented affective and temporal dimensions of laboratory life and serves as a template for assessing other experimental situations.
Predecisional Information Distortion and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Early Preferences in Choice
Authors: DeKay Michael L.
Published: October 2015

When a decision maker begins to favor a particular choice option, this tentative preference often shifts the evaluation of subsequent information in a manner that benefits the early leader. This ubiquitous bias, called predecisional information distortion, can create a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the decision maker is especially likely to choose the initially preferred option. Recent evidence has indicated that information distortion occurs in risky choices as well as riskless choices, that distortion also occurs in choices with more than two options, and that distortion can both enhance the leading option and degrade the trailing option(s). The effects of information distortion on choice and related variables are often sizable and cannot be attributed to individual differences in people’s “undistorted” assessments of the information. Although several issues are not yet resolved, incorporating information distortion into theories and models of the choice process should be a high priority for decision science.
Educating Intuition
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Weldon Rebecca B. , McCormick Michael
Published: October 2015

Risky decision making, especially in adolescence, is a major public health problem. However, fuzzy-trace theory suggests that bad outcomes are preventable by changing thinking and, therefore, feelings about risks. The theory aligns with new findings and has been shown to be effective in experiments on decreasing sexual risk taking, increasing medication adherence, and tailoring genetic testing. Despite the vulnerabilities of the adolescent brain, decision processes can be modified by applying evidence-based theory.
The Role of Intergroup Emotions in Political Violence
Authors: Matsumoto David , Frank Mark G. , Hwang Hyisung C.
Published: October 2015

Emotions can drive intergroup behavior, including intergroup violence. We propose that anger, contempt, and disgust (ANCODI) work together in combination to motivate action, devaluation of the other group, and then elimination of their members. We tested the ANCODI hypothesis by examining speeches given by leaders of extreme political groups prior to major events or rallies that either turned violent (e.g., Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany) or did not (e.g., Gandhi’s Salt March in India). Three studies assessed these speeches in the year prior to the critical event and coded for verbal and nonverbal emotional and emotional-appraisal content in references to the nemesis group. Amounts of all three of the ANCODI emotions and their precursor appraisals, in text or video, were elevated 3 months prior to violent events, whereas only anger was elevated prior to nonviolent events. These results suggest that leaders using the ANCODI emotions can generate violence against others, and that identifying this combination prior to an event may facilitate interventions to reduce intergroup violence.
Disseminated mycobacteriosis manifesting as paraplegia in two Parma wallabies (Macropus parma) naturally exposed to Mycobacterium avium
Authors: Robveille Cynthia , Albaric Olivier , Gaide Nicolas , Abadie Jérome
Published: October 2015

Two captive female Parma wallabies ( Macropus parma) died after a history of flaccid paraplegia. On postmortem examination, granulomatous and suppurative osteomyelitis involving the left ischium and the lumbosacral region, with meningeal extension at the cauda equina, and caseonecrotic mastitis were the most significant changes. Multiple small nodules in the liver and spleen, and an enlargement of some lymph nodes with central caseous necrosis were also observed. Microscopically, a disseminated granulomatous inflammation with numerous multinucleate giant cells was seen. Numerous acid-fast bacilli were detected in macrophages, in multinucleated giant cells, and free in the central necrosis and suppurative exudate. After culture, polymerase chain reaction assays were carried out to detect the 65-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp65) and insertion sequences (IS)1245 and IS900. The causative agent was identified as Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium.
A Social Movements’ Perspective on Human Rights Impact of Mining Liberalization in the Philippines
Authors: Aytin Andrew
Published: October 2015

When it comes to minerals like gold, copper, or nickel, the Philippines ranks among the world’s richest countries, but it has continued to perform poorly in terms of human and economic development. In the belief that foreign investments will bring development, the government in 1995 liberalized its mining industry allowing full foreign ownership and control of the mining activities. After almost two decades of mining liberalization, the country has never achieved its goal of development but is now reeling from the adverse impacts of large-scale corporate mining on the environment and lives of mining-affected communities. Moreover, human rights violations against anti-mining activists and environmental advocates have escalated at an alarming rate making the country one of the most dangerous places for land and environmental defenders. But social movements are now taking big steps to empower the people, especially the mining-affected communities, to confront the adverse impacts of corporate mining and to reverse the current path of the mining industry to one that aims to achieve national industrialization where national development is prioritized over transnational corporations’ interests.
Generalized Maxwell model for micro-cracked viscoelastic materials
Authors: Nguyen ST , Vu M-H , Vu MN , Nguyen TN , Gasser Alain , Rekik Amna
Published: October 2015

This paper aims to model the effective viscoelastic properties of micro-cracked materials based on the homogenization micro-macro approach. The isotropic case with random orientation and parallel distribution of micro-cracks in Burger and generalized Kelvin non-ageing linear viscoelastic solids was recently considered. To complete these works, this paper develops a model to estimate viscoelastic properties of materials that are constituted of two phases: a non-cracked phase described by Generalized Maxwell model and micro-cracks. The methodology consists in an approximation by using the same Generalized Maxwell model of the non-cracked phase for the overall cracked material. The crucial advantage of this technique is to avoid the complexity of the inverse Laplace–Carson (LC) transform. The approximation is carried out in short- and long-term behaviors in the LC space and validated in transient situation with exact solution obtained from the inverse LC transform in simple loading condition. Useful explicit formulas are provided for calculation of effective viscoelastic properties of isotropic micro-cracked media.
Outcome of Joint-Preserving Arthroplasty for Rheumatoid Forefoot Deformities
Authors: Fukushi Jun-ichi , Nakashima Yasuharu , Okazaki Ken , Yamada Hisakata , Mawatari Taro , Ohishi Masanobu , Oyamada Akiko , Akasaki Yukio , Iwamoto Yukihide
Published: October 2015

Background:

Along with the recent advances in the pharmacological management of rheumatoid arthritis, there is a trend toward the use of joint-preserving surgery in the treatment of rheumatoid forefoot deformities. However, the clinical outcomes of joint-preserving surgery for rheumatoid forefoot deformities have not been assessed in comparison to resection arthroplasty.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated 23 feet in 17 patients with rheumatoid forefoot deformities who underwent surgery between January 2010 and December 2013. The patients included 1 male (1 foot) and 16 females (22 feet), with a mean age of 62 years. The mean length of follow-up was 28 months. The patients were treated by 3 surgeons. One surgeon performed joint-preserving procedures (JP group) to the feet in which (1) no pain with motion existed, and (2) the range of motion in the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint was greater than 30 degrees (n = 10); otherwise, resection arthroplasty with arthrodesis of the first MTP joint was performed (n = 3). The other surgeons performed resection arthroplasty in all cases (n = 10) (RA group, n = 13 in total). The clinical outcomes of the patients were evaluated using the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) hallux and lesser toe scales.

Results:

There were no significant differences in the preoperative total JSSF scores for either the hallux (54.5 and 61.4 points) or the lesser toe (45.2 and 57.4 points) between the RA and JP groups, respectively. Postoperatively, the total JSSF scores for both the hallux (79.4 and 88.2 points) and lesser toes (73.6 and 87.7 points) showed significant improvement in both the RA and JP groups, respectively; however, the JP group showed a greater postoperative improvement. The scores relating to the function category on the hallux scale and the alignment category on the lesser toe scale were significantly higher in the JP group.

Conclusion:

With regard to the function of the hallux and the alignment of the lesser toes, the joint-preserving procedures for rheumatoid forefoot deformities resulted in better clinical outcomes than resection arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative case series.
Epigenetic Basis of Mental Illness
Authors: Nestler Eric J. , Peña Catherine J. , Kundakovic Marija , Mitchell Amanda , Akbarian Schahram
Published: October 2015

Psychiatric disorders are complex multifactorial illnesses involving chronic alterations in neural circuit structure and function as well as likely abnormalities in glial cells. While genetic factors are important in the etiology of most mental disorders, the relatively high rates of discordance among identical twins, particularly for depression and other stress-related syndromes, clearly indicate the importance of additional mechanisms. Environmental factors such as stress are known to play a role in the onset of these illnesses. Exposure to such environmental insults induces stable changes in gene expression, neural circuit function, and ultimately behavior, and these maladaptations appear distinct between developmental versus adult exposures. Increasing evidence indicates that these sustained abnormalities are maintained by epigenetic modifications in specific brain regions. Indeed, transcriptional dysregulation and the aberrant epigenetic regulation that underlies this dysregulation is a unifying theme in psychiatric disorders. Here, we provide a progress report of epigenetic studies of the three major psychiatric syndromes, depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. We review the literature derived from animal models of these disorders as well as from studies of postmortem brain tissue from human patients. While epigenetic studies of mental illness remain at early stages, understanding how environmental factors recruit the epigenetic machinery within specific brain regions to cause lasting changes in disease susceptibility and pathophysiology is revealing new insight into the etiology and treatment of these conditions.
The Cardioprotective Effects of Late-Phase Remote Preconditioning of Trauma Depends on Neurogenic Pathways and the Activation of PKC and NF-κB (But Not iNOS) in Mice
Authors: Song Y. , Ye Y. J. , Li P. W. , Zhao Y. L. , Miao Q. , Hou D. Y. , Ren X. P.
Published: October 2015

Background:

A superficial abdominal surgical incision elicits cardioprotection against cardiac ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice. This process, called remote preconditioning of trauma (RPCT), has both an early and a late phase. Previous investigations have demonstrated that early RPCT reduces cardiac infarct size by 80% to 85%. We evaluated the cardioprotective and molecular mechanisms of late-phase RPCT in a murine I/R injury model.

Methods:

Wild-type mice, bradykinin (BK) 2 receptor knockout mice, 3M transgenic mice (nuclear factor κB [NF-κb] repressor inhibitor of nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha [IκBα(S32A, S36A, Y42F)]), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout mice were analyzed using a previously established I/R injury model. A noninvasive abdominal surgical incision was made 24 hours prior to I/R injury and the infarct size was determined at 24 hours post-I/R injury.

Results:

The results indicated that a strong cardioprotective effect occurred during late-phase RPCT (58.42% ± 1.89% sham vs 29.41% ± 4.00% late RPCT, mean area of the infarct divided by the mean area of the risk region; P ≤ .05; n = 10). Furthermore, pharmacological intervention revealed the involvement of neurogenic signaling in the beneficial effects of late RPCT via sensory and sympathetic thoracic nerves. Pharmacological experiments in transgenic mice-implicated BK receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, protein kinase C, and NF-κB but not iNOS signaling in the cardioprotective effects of late RPCT.

Conclusion:

Late RPCT significantly decreased myocardial infarct size via neurogenic transmission and various other signaling pathways. This protective mechanism differentiates late and early RPCT. This study describes a new cardiac I/R injury prevention method and refines the concept of RPCT.
Comparison of Prompting Techniques to Teach Children With Autism to Ask Questions in the Context of a Conversation
Authors: Swerdan Matthew G. , Rosales Rocío
Published: October 2015

An adapted alternating treatments design was used to compare the efficacy of echoic and textual prompts to teach three students with autism (ages 8–15) to ask questions related to two pre-selected topics of conversation. Participants were first required to answer questions related to the topics to determine whether accurate responses were within their repertoire. This was followed by a transfer of stimulus control procedure to teach participants to ask relevant questions to the experimenter on the same topics. Probes with a novel conversation topic were conducted in the natural environment with a peer, and follow-up probes were conducted after training. Results indicate questions taught using an echoic prompt were acquired in fewer trials to criterion than questions taught using a textual prompt for two of the three participants. Limitations and implications for future research will be discussed.
Effects of Tact Prompts on Acquisition and Maintenance of Divergent Intraverbal Responses by a Child With Autism
Authors: Feng Hua , Chou Wan-Chi , Lee Gabrielle T.
Published: October 2015

This study investigated the effects of tact prompts on the acquisition and retention of divergent intraverbal responding to categorical questions involving conditional discriminations. A 6-year-old boy with autism participated in the study. A multiple probe design across behaviors was used. A tact-prompt procedure was implemented. The results suggested that the tact-prompt procedure was effective to establish and increase the number of divergent intraverbal responses to questions across two categories. The child spontaneously emitted novel responses during training and generalization probe sessions, indicating occurrences of response generalization after divergent intraverbal training. Maintenance probes showed that divergent intraverbal responses were maintained at high levels for all target categorical questions 3 weeks after the completion of training.
Bovine herpesvirus 4 DNA is not detected in free-ranging domestic cats from California, Colorado or Florida
Authors: Chiu Elliott , Troyer Ryan M , Lappin Michael R , VandeWoude Sue
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Several studies have reported that domestic cats can be naturally infected with bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4). Cats experimentally inoculated with BHV4 developed clinical signs involving the urinary tract, leading to the hypothesis that natural infection with BHV4 may be associated with feline lower urinary tract diseases. However, the question of whether BHV4 infection is common in cats remains equivocal. In this study, we sought to determine whether BHV4 is a common natural infection of domestic cats in the USA.

Methods

We used a sensitive nested PCR protocol specific to the BHV4 thymidine kinase gene to screen free-ranging domestic cat blood DNA samples (n = 101) collected from California, Colorado and Florida.

Results

Cats within this cohort were positive for seven other common pathogens of domestic cats, demonstrating the relatively high exposure of this population to endemic feline infections. In contrast, all domestic cat blood samples were negative for BHV4, while BHV4-containing tissue culture extracts were strongly positive.

Conclusions and relevance

BHV4 has been detected in tissues of latently infected cattle, though viral DNA is typically also detected in peripheral blood cells throughout infection. Our results suggest that persistent presence of BHV4 DNA in the blood of domestic cats is either rare or non-existent. We thus conclude that BHV4 is unlikely to be a major pathogen of cats.
A model for the reflection of shear ultrasonic waves at a thin liquid film and its application to viscometry in a journal bearing
Authors: Schirru Michele M , Dwyer-Joyce Rob S
Published: October 2015

The apparent viscosity of oils in the thin layers that exist in machine elements such as gears and bearings is very different to that in the bulk. In addition, oils in lubricating layers are characterized by non-Newtonian behaviour due to the severe thermodynamic conditions that arise. It is this viscosity that determines the film thickness in lubricated mechanical components. This paper describes a novel methodology based on an ultrasonic approach to determine viscosity in situ in a lubricated contact. The methodology considers the lubricant at the solid boundary as a Maxwell viscoelastic fluid and determines its response to an ultrasonic wave. This approach is then compared with existing methodologies in both a static contact and in a rotating journal bearing. The obtained results have shown that the algorithm proposed in this study is most suitable to study lubricants in the range of 0.3–3 Pas and the measurement error has been found to be less than 10%. This viscosity range is common in components such as cam-follower, CVT transmissions and highly loaded journal bearings. At lower viscosities, the measurement method suffers from excessive error caused by the acoustic mismatch between the bearing component and the oil film and the resulting difficulty in obtaining a high enough signal-to-noise ratio.
Tribological behaviors of diamond films and their applications in metal drawing production in water-lubricating condition
Authors: Chen Sulin , Shen Bin , Sun Fanghong , Zhang Zhiming , Guo Songshou
Published: October 2015

The frictional and wear performance of the microcrystalline diamond (MCD), nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) and MCD/diamond-like carbon (DLC) bi-layered film are comparatively investigated under water-lubricating conditions. A full factorial experimental plan is conducted with four sliding velocities ranging from 0.126 to 0.503 m/s and four normal loads from 2 to 8 N. The duration of each sliding process is 24 h. The results show that although the MCD/DLC film shows the lowest stable coefficient of friction ranging from 0.025 to 0.12, the top-layered DLC film does not show beneficial effect on enhancing the sliding stability of single-layered diamond films. Comparatively, the MCD film exhibits the superior sliding stability and wear resistance, which are regarded as the more critical characters that determinate the lifetime and performance of a metal drawing die. Therefore, a drawing production of aluminum pipes is conducted in the water-lubricating condition using the MCD-coated drawing die. A novel drawing device is designed for the water-lubricating metal drawing production. It is capable of providing a fully immersed drawing environment for the metal pipe and thus guarantee the lubrication and cooling effects. The result of the drawing production shows that utilizing the diamond-coated drawing die in the water-lubricating condition could elevate the production of a drawing die by over 100 times compared with using the tungsten carbide drawing dies in oil-lubricating condition. Moreover, good surface quality and geometrical precision could also be obtained by the diamond-coated drawing dies in the water-lubricating drawing.
Using theories of change in the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
Authors: Mayne John , Johnson Nancy
Published: October 2015

Theories of change are increasingly being discussed and referenced in development evaluation even while the elements of what a theory of change consist of differ widely among applications. Equally, examples of actual use of theories of change other than as overview illustrations of interventions are rare. In this article, we present generic models of theories of change for both straightforward and more complex interventions. A number of examples of evidence-based theories of change in the area of agriculture research for nutrition and health are discussed, as is the need for different versions of a theory of change for different purposes. We also discuss the use and analysis of these models in the planning, managing and assessing of research-related interventions, illustrating the practical usefulness of well-developed theories of change.
Integrating quasi-experimental and inductive designs in evaluation: A case study of the impact of free bus travel on public health
Authors: Green Judith , Roberts Helen , Petticrew Mark , Steinbach Rebecca , Goodman Anna , Jones Alasdair , Edwards Phil
Published: October 2015

Evaluations of ‘natural experiments’ in public policy are typically considered ‘weak’ evidence. Challenges include: making credible claims for causal inference (internal validity); generalizing beyond the case (external validity); and providing useful evidence for decision makers. In public health, where experimental evidence is encouraged by funders and enjoys a degree of rhetorical favour, in theory if not practice, current guidance for evaluating natural experiments focuses largely on methods for strengthening internal validity. Using a case study of the evaluation of free bus travel for young people in London, UK, we demonstrate a pragmatic approach to strengthening both internal and external validity in evaluations through integrating the logic of quasi-experimental methods with inductive qualitative analysis. Combining theoretical and inductive analysis in this way to address questions of policy interest through evaluations of natural experiments may be fruitful, and have methodological advantages over randomized designs.
Ritual practices and wrapped objects: Unpacking prehispanic Andean sacred bundles
Authors: Brown Vega Margaret
Published: October 2015

Collections of objects wrapped in containers, called bundles, are known throughout the Americas. Drawing upon ethnographic literature, especially descriptions of bundle use in the Andes, this article unravels the social context and practices involved in the creation and deposition of an archaeological bundle. The author presents an analysis of a bundle offering excavated from within the prehispanic fortification of Acaray, located on the Central Coast of Perú in the Huaura Valley. Careful attention to the configuration of the bundle offering, the contents, and their qualities permits a sophisticated interpretation of the offering’s broader meaning. The assemblage and deposition of the bundles solidified social bonds among people and powerful spirits. Through the bundling of people and place (Acaray), the building of physical defenses, and the calling of animated selves for spiritual defense through bundle ceremonies, new identities were made, and the dangers of war could be unmade, in the Huaura Valley.
A simple controller to overcome the lack of correlation between forward and inverse dynamic analysis of human motion tasks
Authors: Quental C , Folgado J , Ambrósio J , Silva MT
Published: October 2015

The majority of biomechanical analyses of human motions, including those with musculoskeletal models, use inverse dynamic approaches due to its ability to deal with experimentally acquired kinematic and kinetic data. Yet, a forward dynamic approach can be more powerful and provide better insights on the transmission of forces in the internal biomechanical systems and structures of the human body. Although both approaches may use the same biomechanical model the results achieved do not necessarily correlate with each other. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the source of the lack of correlation between inverse and forward dynamics methodologies providing, in the process, insights on how to overcome such differences. Two types of problems involving the biomechanics of the spatial human motion are used to evaluate the correlation between the forward and inverse dynamic approaches: a gait analysis of a deterministic biomechanical model of the lower limbs, and, a full musculoskeletal model of the upper limb, which is characterised by the solution of a redundant muscle force sharing problem. For that purpose, an inverse dynamic model is applied to estimate the forces responsible for two experimentally acquired motions that are, afterwards, given as input to the forward dynamics model, which is used, in turn, to compute the kinematics of the biomechanical model. The comparison between the reference kinematics, acquired experimentally, and that resulting from the forward dynamic analysis supports that a lack of correlation between the inverse and forward dynamic analysis is always observed. It is proposed here, and demonstrated, that a controller implemented in a feedback loop is able to enhance numerical stability of the forward dynamics solution, leading to the ability of the forward dynamics approach to successfully simulate the acquired motions.
Strong, active women: (Re)doing rural femininity through equestrian sport and leisure
Authors: Dashper Katherine
Published: October 2015

Horse riding is a popular leisure activity within rural Britain. Straddling two masculinized social contexts – rural, land-based society and sport/physical recreation – horse riding is a feminized, yet mixed-sex, milieu. This article presents data from an ethnography of the social world of horse riding to consider how women within this context do and redo gender in ways that may begin to challenge ideas about what women are, and what they are capable of, within rural and sporting contexts. Women’s active leisure in the countryside has been rendered largely invisible for decades, yet women’s sport/physical recreation forms an important part of rural leisure worlds. This ethnographic study of women and horse riding offers examples of how feminine identities help shape the rural leisure landscape in ways that begin to redefine gender relations and gender identities within the British countryside in small, yet potentially significant, ways.
Thermodynamic investigation of different natural gas combustion processes on the basis of a heavy-duty engine
Authors: Barnstedt Klaus , Ratzberger Reinhard , Grabner Peter , Eichlseder Helmut
Published: October 2015

The main challenges in engine development are the compliance to the stringent and constantly tightened emission limits and the reduction in the CO2 release. Natural gas as fuel offers one possible way of CO2 reduction. Several research projects on gas engine investigations of different engine size are executed at the Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics at the TU Graz. In one of these projects, a single-cylinder-research-engine was derived from a heavy-duty Diesel engine. This single-cylinder-research-engine was then adapted for the combustion of natural gas and equipped with a spark ignition system for the underlying investigations. Different cylinder head and piston configurations were tested for the evaluation of charge motion, combustion chamber geometry and compression ratio, which was varied from 11.8 to 16.5. The engine displacement of the single-cylinder-research-engine of 2 dm3 represents a typical heavy-duty size. Four different combustion concepts of natural gas were realized and analysed, namely, spark ignition compressed natural gas stoichiometric, spark ignition compressed natural gas lean burn, Diesel pilot ignition compressed natural gas lean burn and Diesel pilot ignition compressed natural gas/H2-mixture lean burn. For the compressed natural gas/H2 gas mixture, it is also referred to as hythane. These concepts were compared concerning thermodynamic behaviour and emissions. Therefore, a part load point and a high load point were chosen for evaluation, since these are of special interest for heavy-duty emissions legislation. The focus of the investigation is put on a thermodynamic loss analysis, which allows the subdivision of losses starting at the ideal engine. The losses of a natural gas engine show significant differences to those of a Diesel engine, which are taken as reference. As requirement for the combustion concepts, the fulfilment of the emissions legislation EURO VI under the consideration of realistic conversion rates of an exhaust aftertreatment system had to be guaranteed. Additionally, sufficiently stable combustion was required. The engine efficiency was then optimized under these boundaries. For the investigation of the Diesel pilot ignition concept, five parameters were defined for variation which are air–fuel ratio, exhaust gas recirculation-rate, mass fraction burnt 50% hythane proportion and the hythane composition.
Scalable turbocharger performance maps for dynamic state-based engine models
Authors: Bell Clay , Zimmerle Daniel , Bradley Thomas , Olsen Daniel , Young Peter
Published: October 2015

Adapting turbocharger performance maps to a form suitable for dynamic simulations is challenging for the following reasons: (1) the amount of available data is typically limited, (2) data are typically not provided for the entire operating range of the compressor and turbine and (3) the performance data are non-linear. To overcome these challenges, curve fits are typically generated using the performance data individually for each device. The process, however, can take un-economical amounts of effort to implement for a range of compressors and turbines. This article introduces a method to implement non-dimensional performance maps thereby allowing a range of turbochargers to be modeled from the same performance data, reducing the effort required to implement models of different sizes. The non-dimensional maps seek to model the performance of compressor and turbine families in which the geometry of the rotor and housing are similar and allow the turbocharger to be scaled for simulation in much the same way used to design customized sizes of turbochargers. A method to match the non-dimensional compressor map to engine performance targets by selecting the compressor diameter is presented, as well as a method to match the turbine to the selected compressor.
Perceptions of a cognitive rehabilitation group by older people living with cognitive impairment and their caregivers: A qualitative interview study
Authors: Moebs Isabelle , Gee Susan , Miyahara Motohide , Paton Helen , Croucher Matthew
Published: October 2015

Cognitive rehabilitation has been developed to improve quality of life, activities of daily living and mood for people with cognitive impairment, but the voice of people with cognitive impairment has been underrepresented. This study aimed to understand the experience of people living with cognitive impairment, as well as their caregivers who took part in a cognitive rehabilitation intervention programme. Twelve individuals with cognitive impairment and 15 caregivers participated in individual qualitative interviews. The interview data were analysed in three steps: 1) familiarisation of the transcripts; 2) identification of themes; 3) re-interpretation, refinement and integration of themes with methodological auditors. Both participants living with cognitive impairment and caregivers valued the comfortable environment with friendly, caring and supportive group leaders who taught practical tips and strategies. The participants living with cognitive impairment enjoyed socialising with like others. Caregivers benefited from learning about memory problems and sharing their challenges with other caregivers. The participants living with cognitive impairment emphasised the benefits of relational and practical aspects, whereas the caregivers valued the informational and emotional support. In conclusion, both participants living with cognitive impairment and caregivers found the cognitive rehabilitation group useful.
Intermediary Beings in Late Antique Judaism: A History of Scholarship
Authors: Ronis Sara
Published: October 2015

Recent years have seen a steady rise in the scholarly interest in intermediary beings in Late Antique Judaism. The present article traces developments in the academic study of intermediary beings, and surveys scholarly approaches to angels, demons, and other intermediary beings in (1) rabbinic literature, (2) Late Antique Jewish liturgy, (3) Hekhalot literature, and (4) material artifacts such as metal amulets and clay bowls. It traces a shift from a nineteenth-century discomfort with intermediary beings and a concomitant suggestion that such beings are a foreign import and corruption, to a more recent interest in examining how intermediary beings functioned within a dynamic and transcultural Late Antique Jewish world. The article concludes by proposing new and continued areas of interest for scholars of Late Antique Judaism.
Female pathways to crime and prison: Challenging the (US) gendered pathways perspective
Authors: Nuytiens An , Christiaens Jenneke
Published: October 2015

Because the gendered pathways perspective was developed and tested primarily in the United States, the applicability of the model in European contexts remains questionable. Also, it is unclear how adult-onset female offenders fit the pathways perspective. In this article we explore the life histories and the pathways to crime and prison of female prisoners in Belgium. Because many participants were late starters, our findings are particularly informative for female adult-onset pathways. These adult-onset pathways show both similarities to and differences from the US gendered pathways perspective. Hence, this pathway might be considered as another gendered pathway to crime and prison, alongside those put forward in mainly US research.
Acne vulgaris
Authors: Shrewsbury Duncan
Published: October 2015

Acne vulgaris is a common, and potentially disfiguring, chronic skin condition. It mainly affects people in their second and third decade with a peak of an estimated 85% of the population between the ages of 15 and 17 years, but can also occur at other ages. The main features of acne are comedones, pustules and inflammation, predominantly on the face and trunk. Treatment approaches can be wide-ranging and effective, and it is important to recognise the effects that acne can have on a patient’s mental health and life at work and home.
Surgical Management of Complex Lower-Extremity Trauma With a Long Hindfoot Fusion Nail
Authors: Jain Nickul S. , Lopez Gregory D. , Bederman S. Samuel , Wirth Garrett A. , Scolaro John A.
Published: October 2015

High-energy injuries can result in complete or partial loss of the talus. Ipsilateral fractures to the lower limb increase the complexity of surgical management, and treatment is guided by previous case reports of similar injuries. A case of complex lower-extremity trauma with extruded and missing talar body and ipsilateral type IIIB open tibia fracture is presented. Surgical limb reconstruction and salvage was performed successfully with a single orthopaedic implant in a manner not described previously in the literature. The purpose of this case report is to present the novel use of a single orthopaedic implant for treatment of a complex, open traumatic injury. Previous case reports in the literature have described the management of complete or partial talar loss. We describe the novel use of a long hindfoot fusion nail and staged bone grafting to achieve tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis for the treatment of complex lower-extremity trauma.

Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case study
Spinal tuberculosis: Our experience and a review of imaging methods
Authors: Rauf Fareeha , Chaudhry Umair Rashid , Atif Mohammad , ur Rahaman Mujib
Published: October 2015

We share our experience of 2000 spinal tuberculosis (TB) cases, including both typical and atypical presentations. The aim of the study is to estimate the incidence and types of spinal TB referred to our department for diagnosis. 2000 patients were selected by convenience sampling from January 2006 to September 2010. Study design was descriptive and among 2000 mostly unknown cases without evidence of symptoms of systemic TB (1080 males and 920 females). MRI without and with IV contrast, CECT with MPR, and in some cases not fit for MRI, CT myelography, were performed. Out of 2000 cases of tuberculous spine, 1080 (54%) were male and 920 (46%) were female. Their age ranged from 8–60 years. About 90% of patients were below the age of 40 years. Peak age among the males and females was 20–29 years and 14–35 years, respectively. The most common site of involvement was dorsal spine (45%) followed by lumbo-sacral spine (33%), cervical spine (10%) and at multiple levels (12%). Biopsies were done in 240 (12%) cases. Spinal TB should always be suspected when radiographs demonstrate a destructive spinal process. Awareness and prompt management of TB spine will help in reducing the continuing morbidity of this disease.
“It’s Only a Pastime, Really”: Young People’s Experiences of Social Media as a Source of News about Public Affairs
Authors: Sveningsson Malin
Published: October 2015

Western democracies have seen a decreased participation in activities traditionally associated with political participation. One aspect of participating politically is to keep up-to-date with what happens in society, for example, by following the news. Here, youth have been found to be less active than older generations. The decline in young people’s consumption of news media does not necessarily mean that they are disinterested in news or politics; they may get their information from other sources, for example, social media. Using a qualitative multi-method approach, this article investigates how young people who are interested in civic and political issues, and who regularly access news from various sources, experience and understand, specifically, Facebook and Twitter as sources of news about public affairs. The participants appreciated the immediateness of social media news, and felt that it could provide insights into new perspectives and make news stories feel more relevant. However, it was also experienced as one-sided, fragmented, and subjective, giving a biased, or even false, image of what happens in society. The consumption of news was strongly related to the idea of being a “good” citizen. However, since the participants did not regard social media news as “real news,” their image of themselves as citizens suffered. If young people in general resemble our participants in this respect, research that asks about their news consumption runs a risk of getting answers that underestimate it, thus reinforcing the idea that young people are less interested and informed about public affairs than is actually the case.