bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Utilization of Adrenalectomy in the United States: Have Indications Changed?
Authors: Saunders Brian D. , Wainess Reid M. , Dimick Justin B. , Upchurch Gilbert R. , Doherty Gerard M. , Gauger Paul G.
Published: October 2004

Minimally invasive approaches have dramatically reduced morbidity associated with adrenalectomy. There has been concern that an increased frequency of adrenal imaging along with the advantages of less morbidity could influence the indications for adrenalectomy. We tested the hypothesis that adrenalectomy has become more common over time and that benign diseases have been increasingly represented among procedural indications. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was utilized to determine the incidence of adrenalectomy and the associated surgical indications in the United States between 1988 and 2000. All discharged patients were identified whose primary ICD‐9‐CM procedure code was for adrenalectomy, regardless of the specific surgical approach (laparoscopic adrenalectomy was not reliably coded). This subset was then queried for associated ICD‐9‐CM diagnostic codes. Linear regression and t‐tests were utilized to determine the significance of trends. The total number of adrenalectomies increased significantly, from 12.9 per 100,000 discharges in 1988 to 18.5 per 100,000 discharges in 2000 (p = 0.000003). The total number of adrenalectomies with a primary ICD‐9‐CM code for malignant adrenal neoplasm did not increase significantly: from 1.2 per 100,000 discharges in 1988 to 1.6 per 100,000 discharges in 2000 (p = 0.47). The total number of adrenalectomies with a primary ICD‐9‐CM diagnostic code for benign adrenal neoplasm increased significantly, from 2.8 per 100,000 discharges in 1988 to 4.8 per 100,000 discharges in 2000 (p = 0.00002). The average percentage of adrenalectomies performed for malignant neoplasm was significantly higher during the period 1988–1993 when compared to 1994–2000 (11% vs. 9%; p = 0.002). The average percentage of adrenalectomies performed for benign neoplasm was significantly lower during 1988–1993 when compared to 1994–2000 (25% vs. 28%; p = 0.015). Adrenalectomy is being performed with increasing frequency. This is associated with an increase in the proportion of adrenalectomies performed for benign neoplasms. Assuming no significant change in disease prevalence during the study period, these data suggest that indications for adrenalectomy may have changed somewhat over that period.
Depression and associated organic diseases: are there any specific depressive symptoms? Results from the dialogue-2 survey
Authors: Guelfi J.D. , Rousseau C. , Lancrenon S.
Published: October 2004

The objective of the survey was to compare depressive symptoms in depression with and without a concomitant organic disease. The results based on the HAD and CES-D scales showed that, compared to those with an isolated depression, the patients with an associated chronic organic disease have a higher score on two items on the HAD. Three variables on the CES-D scale also helped to differentiate the two groups of depressed patients. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of anxiety or cognitive symptoms, fatigue or feelings of disability. Our results do not indicate any symptom that is specific to a combination of depression and somatic diseases. Guilt and hostility showed a lower level in depression associated with a concomitant somatic disease than in isolated depression.
Evolutional insights on uncharacterized SARS coronavirus genes
Authors: Inberg Alex , Linial Michal
Published: October 2004

The complete genome of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) and many of its variants has been determined by several laboratories. The genome contains fourteen predicted open reading frames (ORFs). However, a function had been clearly assigned for only six of these ORFs, in the viral replication, transcription and structural constituents. The others are herein referred to as uncharacterized ORFs (UC‐ORFs). Here, we try to provide a relational insight on those UC‐ORFs, suggesting that a number of them are remotely related to structural proteins of coronaviruses and other viruses infecting mammalian hosts. Surprisingly, several of the UC‐ORFs exhibit considerable similarity with other SARS‐CoV ORFs. These observations may provide clues on the evolution and genome dynamics of the SARS‐CoV.
Blue fluorescent protein from the calcium‐sensitive photoprotein aequorin is a heat resistant enzyme, catalyzing the oxidation of coelenterazine
Authors: Inouye Satoshi
Published: October 2004

Blue fluorescent protein from the calcium‐sensitive photoprotein aequorin (BFP‐aq) was prepared and determined to be a heat resistant enzyme, catalyzing the luminescent oxidation of coelenterazine (luciferin) with molecular oxygen as a general luciferase. After treatment with excess ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to remove Ca2+ from BFP‐aq, the blue fluorescence shifted to a greenish fluorescence. This greenish fluorescent protein (gFP‐aq) was identified as a non‐covalent complex of apoaequorin with coelenteramide (oxyluciferin) in a molar ratio of 1:1. By incubation with coelenterazine in the absence of reducing reagents, gFP‐aq was converted to aequorin at 25 °C. BFP‐aq and gFP‐aq possessing both fluorescence and luminescence activities may work as novel reporter proteins.
The carboxy‐terminus of the hepatitis B virus X protein is necessary and sufficient for the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α
Authors: Yoo Young-Gun , Cho Sayeon , Park Sun , Lee Mi-Ock
Published: October 2004

Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) of the hepatitis B virus is strongly implicated in angiogenesis and metastasis during hepatocarcinogenesis. Previously, we reported that HBx enhances activity of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), a potent transactivator that induces angiogenic factors. Here, we delineate the structural region of HBx that potentiates HIF‐1α. The carboxy‐terminus of HBx increased the stability of HIF‐1α protein, probably through inhibiting interaction with von Hippel‐Lindau protein. Further, the carboxy‐terminus of HBx enhanced the transactivation function of HIF‐1α by enhancing its association with CREB binding protein (CBP). Finally, we demonstrated the physical association of HBx with the basic helix–loop–helix/PER–ARNT–SIM domain, the inhibitory domain, and the carboxy‐terminal transactivation domain of HIF‐1α in vivo.
Conserved transcriptional regulation of a cone phototransduction gene in vertebrates
Authors: Viczian A.S. , Verardo M. , Zuber M.E. , Knox B.E. , Farber D.B.
Published: October 2004

cGMP‐phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a key component in visual phototransduction. Rod and cone photoreceptors each produce their unique cGMP‐PDE subunits. The α′ catalytic subunits are believed to be cone‐specific. In this study, we report that transfection of the −132 to +139 sequence in the upstream region of the human α′‐PDE gene fused to luciferase cDNA gives the highest level of reporter gene transcription in cultured retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Transgenic Xenopus laevis carrying this sequence fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed GFP in cones, suggesting a conserved regulatory mechanism for α′‐PDE transcription in both human and frog.
Identification of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene for cardiolipin synthase located in mitochondria
Authors: Katayama Kenta , Sakurai Isamu , Wada Hajime
Published: October 2004

Cardiolipin (CL) is an anionic phospholipid with a dimeric structure. In eukaryotes, it is primarily localized in the inner membranes of mitochondria. Although the biosynthetic pathway of CL is well known, the gene for CL synthase has not been identified in any higher organisms. In this study, the CLS gene for a CL synthase has been identified in a higher plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. We have shown that the CLS gene encodes a CL synthase by demonstrating its ability to catalyze the reaction of CL synthesis from CDP‐diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and that CLS is targeted into mitochondria. These findings demonstrate that CLS is a CL synthase located in mitochondria.
Spatial structure and geometry of schools of sardine (Sardinops sagax) in relation to abundance, fishing effort, and catch in northern Chile
Authors: Castillo Jorge , Robotham Hugo
Published: October 2004

We analysed the interrelationships of morphological, energetic, and relational descriptors of schools of sardines in the winter seasons of 1984–1990. A surface occupation index was used to measure the space covered by sardine. These descriptors were then related to catch, fishing effort, and catch per unit effort (cpue). We found that the greater the distance between the schools and the smaller the surface occupation index for schools, the smaller their size, biomass, and density. However, these descriptors were weakly related to the number of schools. The annual catch, fishing effort, and cpue were significantly and directly related to surface occupation index and inversely with the distance between schools. These fishery indices were weakly related to school area, school density, and school biomass. The change in the space occupied by sardine affected their catchability, as shown by the logarithmic relationship between the cpue and the acoustic biomass. The lack of linearity can be corrected by taking into consideration the index of surface occupation of the stock so as to produce a corrected cpue (cpue*) value, which is directly proportional to stock biomass.
Performance of precautionary reference points in providing management advice on North Sea fish stocks
Authors: Piet G.J. , Rice J.C.
Published: October 2004

For 17 stocks in the North Sea, the performance and effectiveness of management advice using precautionary reference points was evaluated. Three criteria were used to identify whether a stock was within safe biological limits: SSB < Bpa, F > Fpa, or SSB < Bpa and F > Fpa. Four scenarios were considered, comparing the advice in the assessment year with what is retrospectively (2002 assessment) known to be the status of the stock at that time: (1) stock outside safe biological limits, advice to reduce fishing; (2) stock outside safe biological limits, advice for status quo harvesting; (3) stock within safe biological limits, advice to reduce fishing; and (4) stock within safe biological limits, advice for status quo (or increased) harvesting. Signal Detection Theory was applied to these scenarios, and the proportion of Hits (1 and 4), Misses (2), and False Alarms (3) were determined for each year as the proportion of the stocks for which the respective scenarios applied. Using both Bpa and Fpa was deemed the approach with the lowest error rate, and it resulted in about the same proportion of Hits in management advice as when Bpa alone was used (62%), but the proportion of Misses was slightly lower (24% vs. 26%). Therefore, the suggested EcoQ element would be the proportion of commercial fish stocks within safe biological limits (i.e. SSB > Bpa, F < Fpa), and the Ecological Quality Objective (EcoQO) should be that this EcoQ should be at or above a desired level. This desired level is a societal/political decision relative to the EcoQ reference level (i.e. where the anthropogenic influence on the ecological system is minimal), which by definition is 100%. At present, probably <10% of North Sea fish stocks are within safe biological limits, despite the relatively high Hit rate of >60%. A possible explanation is that most of these stocks (e.g. flatfish and roundfish) are caught in a mixed fishery, for which TAC management is less effective.
p38 MAPK and COX2 inhibition modulate human chondrocyte response to TGF‐β
Authors: Studer Rebecca K. , Chu Constance R.
Published: October 2004

These studies compare actions of p38 MAPK inhibition and COX2 inhibition to modulate human arthritic chondrocyte responses to TGF‐β and FCS under basal and IL‐1 activated conditions.

Chondrocytes isolated from arthritic human femoral condyle cartilage obtained at total knee replacement were grown to 80% confluence. Proteoglycan synthesis and proliferation were measured with and without IL‐1 activation in the presence and absence of growth factors and with and without inhibition of p38 MAPK or COX2 activity. Experiments to evaluate TIMP‐1 production under these conditions were done using cartilage organ cultures.

Neither p38 MAPK inhibitors nor COX2 inhibition affected basal proliferation. However both inhibitors enhanced the proliferative response to TGF‐β and FCS in IL‐1 activated chondrocytes. TGF‐β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was decreased by p38 MAPK inhibition, however COX2 inhibition restored the response to TGF‐β in IL‐1 activated cells. In contrast, COX2 inhibition did not modulate TIMP‐1 production while p38 MAPK inhibitors potentiated TGF‐β stimulated production of TIMP‐1 in IL‐1 activated cartilage.

p38 MAPK inhibition and COX2 inhibition have unique and similar abilities to counteract some of the effects of IL‐1 on human chondrocyte/cartilage metabolism. Both will partially restore the proliferative response to growth factors. p38 MAPK inhibition blunts TGF‐β stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis, but increases TIMP‐1 synthesis. COX2 inhibition can restore the proteoglycan synthetic response to TGF‐β, but has no effect on cartilage TIMP‐1 production. Use of these inhibitors to minimize cartilage damage in arthritic and mechanically stressed joints should reflect these characteristics. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
DECENTRALIZED AND PARTICIPATORY COTTON BREEDING IN BENIN: FARMER-BREEDERS' RESULTS ARE PROMISING
Authors: LANÇON J. , LEWICKI S. , DJABOUTOU M. , CHAUME J. , SEKLOKA E. , ASSOGBA L. , TAKPARA D. , MOUSSE B. I. OROU
Published: October 2004

Institutional changes in Benin have brought to light farmers' demand for varieties better suited to local growing conditions than existing ones. In response, we initiated a participatory cotton breeding experiment in 1996 to evaluate the relevance of such a methodology for the improvement of a commercial crop grown under rain-fed, semi-intensive cropping systems. This paper compares the performance of the first four mass-selection cycles, implemented by three farmer-breeders (F-B) and one formal breeder, with the original population and two commercial controls over three sites and two years. First results show that genetic changes occurred in all the F-B populations. The highest yielding F-B population (Savalou) was also more exuberant and later maturing than the others. Within the relatively narrow range of environments considered in the trial, there is no evidence that decentralized breeding results in better local adaptation. In Benin, participatory cotton breeding may be considered as complementary to formal on-station breeding and useful for enlarging the genetic variability offered to the farmers. Although the farmers want the approach to be scaled-up, its sustainability relies on a formal partnership between research and farmers institutions.
IMPLICATIONS OF HILL FARMERS' AGRONOMIC PRACTICES IN NEPAL FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT IN MAIZE
Authors: TIWARI T. P. , BROOK R. M. , SINCLAIR F. L.
Published: October 2004

An agro-ecological analysis of the maize component of an agroforestry system in the eastern mid-hills of Nepal was conducted in 1999. The aim of the study was to understand farmers' current maize cultivation practices as a prerequisite to development of maize varieties that are better adapted to local conditions than the improved varieties currently on offer from conventional maize breeding programmes in Nepal. Practices of 50 smallholder farmers were surveyed in three villages, and the response of the maize crop was recorded. The study revealed great variability in agronomic practices, and in particular, farmers' maize husbandry differed markedly from national recommendations for plant population, agronomic inputs and genotypes used. Farmers regularly employed practices that were not even officially recognised by the national research and extension services, such as thinning of maize for livestock fodder, growing the crop in association with trees for fodder, and relay cropping with finger millet, their priority being to optimize overall output of the farming system rather than maximizing maize productivity. Reasons for deviations from recommended practices are analysed and implications for maize crop improvement for heterogeneous conditions are discussed.
INCORPORATING SHORT-SEASON LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURE CROPS INTO MAIZE-BASED SYSTEMS IN THE MOIST GUINEA SAVANNA OF WEST AFRICA
Authors: FRANKE A. C. , SCHULZ S. , OYEWOLE B. D. , BAKO S.
Published: October 2004

A three-year trial was conducted on a degraded soil in the moist Guinea savanna of northern Nigeria to assess the possibility of improving productivity and economic viability of maize-based systems by incorporating short-season legumes and green manure crops into the cropping pattern. Treatments included double cropping legume-maize systems, full-season sole maize receiving various amounts of nitrogen, green manure crop mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) followed by sole maize and a legume-maize system receiving additional rice mill waste. In comparison with full-season maize, the use of early-season cowpea followed by maize improved productivity as well as economic returns of the cropping system, while the use of mucuna, grown as an early-season crop or full-season crop, resulted in poor overall productivity of the system. The addition of rice mill waste as a soil amendment in cowpea–maize systems stimulated maize yields and rice mill waste can form a cheap source of organic inputs for farmers living nearby rice mills. Given the limited growing season of the northern Guinea savanna, it is concluded that timing of field operations is crucial for the successful application of double cropping systems. In addition, high labour requirements are a serious constraint for wide-scale adoption of double cropping systems by small-scale farmers, stressing the need to reduce soil cultivation operations, for example by maintaining a uniform ridge distance for all crops in the rotation.
Picturesque Burma: British Travel Writing 1890–1914
Authors: Keck Stephen L.
Published: October 2004

With the end of effective resistance to British rule after the Third Anglo-Burmese War, Burma experienced significant economic growth, which led to larger numbers of foreign travellers going there. This article traces the publications of three travel writers – Mrs Ernst (Alice) Hart, R. Talbot Kelley and V. C. Scott O'Connor – by investigating the ways in which they relied on the concept of ‘picturesque’ to understand Burmese landscapes.
Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Malaya: the Case of Eu Tong Sen
Authors: Fee Lian Kwen , We Koh Keng
Published: October 2004

This article is critical of the culturalist perspective as an explanation for the development of Chinese entrepreneurship. Drawing on Eu Tong Sen's business strategies and career between 1897 and 1920 as case study, it identifies the endogenous and exogenous conditions affecting Chinese business activities in colonial Malaya. Alfred Chandler's work on the rise of the modern business enterprise is argued to be particularly relevant for an economic history of Chinese business in Southeast Asia.
Domestic Service in Thailand: Reflection of Conflicts in Gender, Class and Ethnicity
Authors: Muttarak Raya
Published: October 2004

This study discusses paid domestic service employment in Thailand. Disparities in income distribution in the country and elsewhere in Southeast Asia provide a supply of domestic workers. Despite being commonly known as an exporter of domestic workers, Thailand is in fact a primary importing country as well. Domestic service is an arena in which gender, class and ethnicity collide.
Tohari's Trilogy: Passages of Power and Time in Java
Authors: Cooper Nancy I.
Published: October 2004

Ahmad Tohari's trilogy of novels conjures up national demons of Indonesia's darkest historical moment. In reading across the grain of anti-communism and pro-moral reform, this article analyses a wealth of gender imagery. Javanese complementarity, although unequal, recognises a kind of dramatic feminine power that need not be threatening as long as men exercise self-restraint. Although modernisation tends to dichotomise persons into ‘castes’ of the sinful and virtuous, alternative modernities drawn from Javanese cultural sensibilities are also conceivable.
Epibiotic barnacles and crabs as indicators of Caretta caretta distribution and movements in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Casale Paolo , Freggi Daniela , Basso Roberto , Argano Roberto
Published: October 2004

The occurrence of barnacles and crabs on Caretta caretta specimens found in the waters around Italy was analysed. In the seas surrounding Italy balanomorph barnacles occur mainly on turtles frequenting shallow waters and crabs display a strong west–east gradient. Patterns of turtle distribution and movements are proposed. The abundance of turtle-specific barnacles may be dependent on, and so an indicator of, turtle density.
The Royal Marines on Franklin's last expedition
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Ralph
Published: October 2004

Using methods developed by family history researchers, it is possible to discover a remarkable amount about the individual lives of many men involved in Sir John Franklin's last fatal attempt to discover a Northwest Passage. This work constitutes what might be called ‘the social history’ of Franklin studies, relevant to that voyage in particular, and the early Victorian navy in general. Light is shed upon the lives of the Royal Marines aboard both HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, men who sailed and died with Franklin.
Biogeography of the Byrranga Mountains, Taymyr Peninsula, Russian Arctic
Authors: Pospelova Elena B. , Pospelov Igor N. , Zhulidov Alexander V. , Robarts Richard D. , Zhulidova Olga V. , Zhulidov Daniel A. , Gurtovaya Tatyana Yu.
Published: October 2004

The Byrranga Mountains (Gory Byrranga) are the most northern mountainous massif of the Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyr) in the Russian Arctic. Although studies of them began in 1736, they are one of the least studied areas of the Arctic. The region has no population, is remote, and has difficult access. As a result, the mountainous tundra ecosystems are preserved practically in a pristine state. The mountains are composed of siltstones and intrusive rocks of neutral composition; vast areas along all the mountain chain are occupied by exposed limestone. Rivers flow in deep intermontane depressions while lakes are found mainly in faults. The climate is an extremely severe continental type. Microclimatic areas provide some relief and support a rich and diverse flora. There have been 391 species and subspecies of vascular plants recorded, but no reliable data on the number of species of mosses and lichens are available. Relict thickets of tall willows are found in protected valleys of piedmont brooks, whereas relict alder-tree thickets occur on warm slopes. The mountain fauna includes nine mammal and 56 bird species. Intermontane depressions serve as corridors for seasonal migrations of wild reindeer that usually spend summers in the southern piedmont areas. Northern piedmonts and wide intermontane depressions are places where herds of musk-ox, introduced in the 1970s, concentrate. The bird fauna of relict willow thickets is highly specific and the fish fauna is quite diverse (16 species), but some species in Taymyr Lake (Ozero Taymyr) have been overexploited. This paper provides the first detailed biogeographical description of the Byrranga Mountains in English.
Ecological studies toward the management of an Antarctic tourist landing site (Penguin Island, South Shetland Islands)
Authors: Pfeiffer Simone , Peter Hans-Ulrich
Published: October 2004

Increasing tourism in the Antarctic Peninsula region concerns scientists, policy-makers, and tourist companies with its potential negative effects on wildlife. Site-specific ecological studies have been initiated to examine differences in population dynamics and distribution of animals as well as their behavioural and physiological reactions to humans. Penguin Island (southeast of King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) is frequently visited by tourists due to its high species diversity and aesthetic value. In two seasons, the authors conducted a bird census and studied behaviour and heart-rate changes of southern giant petrels and skuas relating to tourist visits on Penguin Island. Management recommendations are given, based on the study results. The protection of southern giant petrels should be increased by having a minimum distance of 50 m for all visitors. The eastern, southern, and western parts of the island should not be visited and should serve as refuge areas. The wildlife experience for tourists can still be enjoyed by concentrating visits to the northern and central part of Penguin Island. Use of a specific path to localise impacts in a prescribed area is recommended.
A group intervention which assists patients with dual diagnosis reduce their drug use: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: JAMES W. , PRESTON N. J. , KOH G. , SPENCER C. , KISELY S. R. , CASTLE D. J.
Published: October 2004

Background. There is a well-recognized association between substance use and psychotic disorders, sometimes described as ‘dual diagnosis’. The use of substances by people with psychosis has a negative impact in terms of symptoms, longitudinal course of illness and psychosocial adjustment. There are few validated treatments for such individuals, and those that do exist are usually impracticable in routine clinical settings. The present study employs a randomized controlled experimental design to examine the effectiveness of a manualized group-based intervention in helping patients with dual diagnosis reduce their substance use.

Method. The active intervention consisted of weekly 90-min sessions over 6 weeks. The manualized intervention was tailored to participants' stage of change and motivations for drug use. The control condition was a single educational session.

Results. Sixty-three subjects participated, of whom 58 (92%) completed a 3-month follow-up assessment of psychopathology, medication and substance use. Significant reductions in favour of the treatment condition were observed for psychopathology, chlorpromazine equivalent dose of antipsychotics, alcohol and illicit substance use, severity of dependence and hospitalization.

Conclusions. It is possible to reduce substance use in individuals with psychotic disorders, using a targeted group-based approach. This has important implications for clinicians who wish to improve the long-term outcome of their patients.
Enlarged amygdala volume and reduced hippocampal volume in young women with major depression
Authors: LANGE C. , IRLE E.
Published: October 2004

Background. Evidence is increasing that amygdala and hippocampus show significant structural abnormalities in affective disorders. Two previous studies found enlarged amygdala size in subjects with recent-onset major depression.

Method. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were assessed in 17 young women with major depressive disorder and 17 healthy matched control subjects by use of three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.

Results. Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had significantly larger (+13%) amygdala volumes and significantly smaller (−12%) hippocampal volumes. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were not significantly correlated with disorder-related variables.

Conclusions. Our results are consistent with previous findings of structural abnormalities of amygdala and hippocampus in subjects with recent-onset major depression. It may be suggested that the size of the amygdala is enlarged in the first years of the disorder, and may decrease with prolonged disorder duration.
Cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy, graded exercise and usual care for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care
Authors: McCRONE P. , RIDSDALE L. , DARBISHIRE L. , SEED P.
Published: October 2004

Background. Chronic fatigue is a common condition, frequently presenting in primary care. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET), and to compare therapy with usual care plus a self-help booklet (BUC).

Method. Patients drawn from general practices in South East England were randomized to CBT or GET. The therapy groups were then compared to a group receiving BUC recruited after the randomized phase. The main outcome measure was clinically significant improvements in fatigue. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using the net-benefit approach and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.

Results. Costs were available for 132 patients, and cost-effectiveness results for 130. Costs were dominated by informal care. There were no significant outcome or cost differences between the therapy groups. The combined therapy group had significantly better outcomes than the standard care group, and costs that were on average £149 higher (a non-significant difference). Therapy would have an 81·9% chance of being cost-effective if society were willing to attach a value of around £500 to each four-point improvement in fatigue.

Conclusion. The cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise were similar unless higher values were placed on outcomes, in which case CBT showed improved cost-effectiveness. The cost of providing therapy is higher than usual GP care plus a self-help booklet, but the outcome is better. The strength of this evidence is limited by the use of a non-randomized comparison. The cost-effectiveness of therapy depends on how much society values reductions in fatigue.
Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy
Authors: DOLAN M. , FULLAM R.
Published: October 2004

Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.

Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.

Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.

Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.
A missing element in reports of divine encounters
Authors: JOHNSON RONALD R.
Published: October 2004

Many people claim to have had direct perceptual awareness of God. William Alston, Richard Swinburne, Gary Gutting, and others have based their philosophical views on these reports. But using analogies from our encounters with humans whose abilities surpass our own, we realize that something essential is missing from these reports. The absence of this element renders it highly unlikely that these people have actually encountered a divine being.
Omniscience and maximal power
Authors: METCALF THOMAS
Published: October 2004

This essay examines a conflict between God's omnipotence and His omniscience. I discuss our intuitions regarding omnipotence and omniscience and describe a method by which we can decide whether a being is omnipotent. I consider the most promising versions of omnipotence and argue that they produce a genuine conflict with omniscience. Finally, I suggest that we can take the example of omniscience and generalize it to several of God's essential properties and thereby reveal incompatibilities that result even from sophisticated conceptions of divine attributes.
The postmodern realism of Barth's ethics
Authors: Haddorff David W.
Published: October 2004

In light of current discussions in theological ethics, Karl Barth's ethics can be understood within the dialectical relationship of ‘postmodern’ and ‘realism’. Barth shifts theological ethics beyond anthropocentric Kantian or naturalist inspired ‘modern realism’ on the one hand, and a nihilist or deconstructionist inspired ‘postmodern antirealism’ on the other. Beginning with the centrality of the Word of God, Barth deconstructs modern (anthropocentric) moral realism, while at the same time reestablishing this same moral realism on theological grounds, which ironically moves it beyond the claims of postmodernism itself. What makes Barth's thought post-modern, then, is not his similarity to antirealist and deconstructionist thought, but his departure from its secular and anti-theological assumptions. Barth's ‘postmodern realism’, therefore, not only provides a way for contemporary theological ethics to dialectically be critical and hopeful, deconstructive and constructive, decentering and centering, but does so from the anti-anthropocentric and anti-secular standpoint of the Word of God.
Karl Barth's ecclesiology reconsidered
Authors: Healy Nicholas M.
Published: October 2004

The essay begins by noting some of the things Karl Barth might have said to defend himself against Stanley Hauerwas's criticisms, in the otherwise largely appreciative discussion in With the Grain of the Universe, of Barth's anthropology and pneumatology and the consequent problems in his ecclesiology. I then discuss some issues that Barth himself might have wanted to raise with regard to Hauerwas's own ecclesiology, especially in reference to its comparative lack of emphasis upon divine action and the difference that makes to an account of the church's witness. I argue that Barth and Hauerwas differ to some degree in their understanding of the gospel and of Christianity, with Hauerwas emphasizing rather more than Barth the necessity and centrality of the church's work in the economy of salvation. Barth, on the other hand, sees the need rather more than Hauerwas of situating the church's activity within a well-rounded account of the work of the Word and the Spirit. I offer some concluding remarks to suggest that this particular aspect of Barth's ecclesiology is worth preserving as an effective way of responding to modernity.
MESSIAEN'S CHORD TABLES: ORDERING THE DISORDERED
Authors: Wai-Ling Cheong
Published: October 2004

When Heinrich Ströbel commissioned Olivier Messiaen to write a new piece for the Donaueschingen Festival, he took care to specify that the piano and the ondes martenot were to be strictly forbidden. (‘Attention, Messiaen! Cette-fois-ci, pas d'onde, pas de piano!’) Such a specification is liable to be read as a measure taken to guard against any possible revival of the sound-world of Turangalîla-symphonie (1946–8). In an effort to surpass the achievements of Turangalîla, however, Messiaen had moved rapidly and decisively in the intervening years. Brief periods of teaching at Darmstadt and Tanglewood led to an obvious surge of experimental works, followed by Réveil d'oiseaux (1953), Oiseaux exotiques (1955–6) and Catalogue d'oiseaux (1956–8), his first attempts at composing primarily with bird songs. With the completion of Chronochromie (1959–60), the aesthetic stance of most of the ensuing works was firmly in place.
COMPOSER IN INTERVIEW: ROBIN HOLLOWAY
Authors: Hewett Ivan
Published: October 2004

Robin Holloway this year turns 60, the age when most composers feel able to relax a little, and graciously accept the marks of status – honorary degrees, birthday profiles, retrospective festivals and so on. But there's no sign of Holloway easing into a settled status and self-image. It has to be said this is partly because the traditional marks of status are not much on offer. The birthday commissions and tributes are thin on the ground, which he tries to be philosophical about. But you get the sense that if they were on offer, he wouldn't feel comfortable with them. Provisionality self-doubt, a permanent restlessness are the hallmarks of the man. That's true of any real composer rather than a career-composer, but it's especially true of Robin Holloway. Everything about him refutes his age and seniority, as if to acknowledge it in any way – even in unconscious things like body-language – would be a sort of betrayal. He has exactly the same slender frame he had when he arrived in Cambridge as a fellow of Gonville and Caius College in 1969, the same lean, delicately chiselled features, always registering a pained sensitivity as if the world is too bright or loud.
WHAT THEORY SAYS AND WHAT MUSICIANS DO – SOME THOUGHTS ON THE GEORGE RUSSELL EVENT
Authors: Silverman Julian
Published: October 2004

George Russell is 80. He is a band-leader. No, Tempo is not doing what everybody else is doing: dumbing down or getting on the bandwagon of cheap popularity. Nor are we in the least affected by the recent decisions of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music and their ilk, to try do to jazz what they have been trying to do to classical music: replace musicians with trained dogs. George Russell is one of a very rare company of the most serious musician/misfits, one of the most innovative of jazz composers and theorists.
Aldeburgh Festival, 2003
Authors: Service Tom
Published: October 2004

Mauricio Kagel's Eine Brise, a ‘fleeting action’ for 111 cyclists, was one of the signature events of the Aldeburgh Festival this year, a bizarre procession along the beach front, creating an evanescent, mobile performance of honking, whistling, and singing. It was a brilliantly absurdist gesture – and typical Kagel, you might think. But Eine Brise, composed in 1996, was the exception in Aldeburgh's focus on Kagel's recent music. Their mini-retrospective of his music of the last couple of decades revealed how the surrealist master of the 1960s and 70s has developed into a more complex figure, at once more conventional and more elusive.
MacMillan and MacRae piano music
Authors: Johnson Stephen
Published: October 2004

MACMILLAN: Piano Sonata; in angustiis… I; Birthday Present; Barncleupédie; Lumen Christi; For Ian; A Cecilian Variation for JFK; Angel. MACRAE: Piano Sonata. Simon Smith (pno). Delphian DCD 34009
Tubin the Symphonist
Authors: Sutherland Roger
Published: October 2004

TUBIN: Symphonies Nos. 1–10. Gothenberg Symphony, Swedish Radio Symphony, Bamberg Symphony &Bergen Philharmonic c. Neeme Järvi. BIS 1402/1404(5-CDset)
GATHERED FROM THE FIELD: TREVOR HOLD (1939–2004), COMPOSER AND POET
Authors: Foreman Lewis
Published: October 2004

The composer and writer Trevor Hold, who died on 28 January, was an occasional contributor to Tempo over the years; perhaps his most substantial article being the meticulously researched ‘Grieg, Delius, Grainger and a Norwegian Cuckoo’ in Tempo 203 (January 1998). His latest contributions, a book review and CD review, appeared as recently as the January issue of this year, a few days before his death.
MESSAGE OF ‘LIGHT’: GOETHE, STOCKHAUSEN AND THE NEW ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: Maconie Robin
Published: October 2004

At sixty-five a new and sustained inspiration had set him off writing poems in emulation of the fourteenth-century Persian lyricist Hafiz. … Reflection and evocation sometimes have an almost mystical intensity as past insight and experience are concentrated in fresh perceptions of beauty. The poet can see the woman he loves in every shape and stimulus of the sensible world … In loving her, he loves the world and whatever god is immanent in it; none of these loves is merely a derivate of any other, they compose a single embracing reverence…. He also discovers a sense of unity across historical time…. Life resolves into archetypes. Even so, the freshness and value of each new occasion stays intact. Archetype, recurrence, myth – the perspective they offer never blurs or attenuates the single instance.
THE MUSIC OF ANTHONY GILBERT (PART 2)
Authors: Jarman Douglas
Published: October 2004

The influence of the rhythmic and harmonic ideas derived from Anthony Gilbert's study of birdsong made itself apparent in his works of the mid and late 1970s, firstly in the radio opera The Chakravaka-Bird, many sections of which are based on overlapping short figurations (Gilbert calls them ‘mantras’) that, like the calls of a large body of different birds singing together, are repeated at measured intervals to produce larger rythmic cycles; and then in Towards Asâvari, which was written in Australia in the spring (that is to say the Australian spring – between August and December) of 1978.
Schoenberg's String Quartets
Authors: Graubart Michael
Published: October 2004

SCHOENBERG: String Quartets Nos.1–4; String Quartet in D major; Presto in C major; Scherzo in F major. Aron Quartet (Ludwig Müller, Barna Kobori, Georg Hamann, Christophe Pantillon) with Anna Maria Pammer (sop). Preiser Records PR 90572 (3-CD set).
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
Authors: Wintle Christopher
Published: October 2004

My admiration for Michael Graubart's probing review of Hans Keller's Music and Psychology (Tempo Volume 58, No.227) is, I have to say, a little qualified by some of his censures over my editing. However, I agree that there are real issues at stake, and that some of these go beyond his own demonstrable errors: HK's piece on capital punishment on p. 31, for instance, is not appended ‘without explanation’, for the provenance is explained barely an inch above the text; the translators (Irene Auerbach and myself) are not ‘not named’, but are acknowledged on p. xix; and the New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) will tell him that a ‘congress’ is not just ‘a meeting’ (the Congress of Vienna), but also a place of assembly (the US Congress) and a political movement (Trades Union Congress): from this last point of view ‘Zionist Congress’ is far from ‘misleading’.
Tigran Mansurian
Authors: Quinn Peter
Published: October 2004

MANSURIAN: Monodia. Viola Concerto (‘…and then I was in time again’); Violin Concerto; Lachrymae; Confessing with Faith. Kim Kashkashian (via), Leonidas Kavakos (vln), Jan Garbarek (ss), The Hilliard Ensemble, Münchener Kammerorchester c. Christoph Poppen. ECM New Series 472 7842 (2-CD set).
London, Sadler's Wells: Penderecki's ‘Ubu Rex’
Authors: Wee Cecilia
Published: October 2004

A multimedia explosion of musical styles, political satire and dramatic intrigue, the Polish National Opera ended their trio of Polish operas in April 2004 at Sadler's Wells with Krzysztof Penderecki's Ubu Rex. Based on Alfred Jarry's absurdist play, Ubu Roi – in other words Poles (1888), Ubu Rex (1991) resonates well with Poland's political situation in 2004, prompting us to read the opera as an insightful exploration into the identity of a nation navigating the legacy of Soviet rule and its emerging future in Europe.
London, Royal College of Music: Britten's ‘Plymouth Town’
Authors: Matthews David
Published: October 2004

Although much of the best of Britten's unperformed early music has come to light since his death, there are still a number of substantial works to be discovered. The latest to emerge – appropriately premièred at the Royal College of Music where Britten was a student – is the ballet score Plymouth Town, which he composed during his summer holidays in 1931, following his first year at the College. The idea for a ballet was suggested by Violet Alford, an authority on folklore and particularly Basque dancing, who in July 1931 was a fellow lodger in the house in Bayswater where Britten had a room.
Geirr Tviett's ‘Baldur's Dreams’
Authors: Johnson Bret
Published: October 2004

TVEITT: Baldur's Dreams (complete)1; Telemarkin.21Solveig Kringelborn (sop), 2Trine Øien (mezzo), 1Ulf Øien (ten), 1Magne Fremmerlid (bass), 1,2Jon Eikemo (reciter), Stavanger Symphony Orchestra c. Ole Kristian Ruud. BIS 1337/1338 (2-CD set).
Los Angeles: the Walt Disney Concert Hall and New Music
Authors: French Gil
Published: October 2004

What better event to proclaim the potential of Los Angeles's new Walt Disney Concert Hall than a bicentennial celebration of the birth of Berlioz with Simon McBurney's Theatre de Complicité of London and Esa-Pekka Salonen's Los Angeles Philharmonic?
Olga Neuwirth's ‘Bählamms Fest’
Authors: Whittall Arnold
Published: October 2004

NEUWIRTH: Bählamms Fest. Klangforum Wien, c. Johannes Kalitske. Kairos 00 123 42KAI (2-disc set).
Brighton: Denis ApIvor's String Quartets Nos. 2 and 3
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: October 2004

Denis ApIvor, who died at the age of 88 on 27 May 2004, was one of the most versatile composers of his generation. Just over a month before his death, though gravely ill, he attended a New Music Brighton concert at Brighton Unitarian Church featuring the world première of his Second and Third String Quartets, given by the Kingfisher Quartet. His presence lent a special significance to the event and the image of the ailing composer, his wheelchair stationed directly at the feet of the players, experiencing the first readings of his own works is one that resonates in the memory.
IAN WILSON
Authors: Johnson Tim
Published: October 2004

IAN WILSON: from the Book of Longing; BIG; Drive; Verschwindend; Spilliaert's Beach; For Eileen, after rain; Lim; A Haunted Heart. Hugh Tinney (pf), Catherine Leonard (vn). Riverrun RVRCD65.
CORIGLIANO ROUSE HIGDON
Authors: Stein Robert
Published: October 2004

CORIGLIANO: Symphony No. 2; The Mannheim Rocket. Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra c. John Storgårds. Ondine ODE10392

ROUSE: Violin Concerto1; Rapture; Der gerettete Alberich2. 1Cho-Liang Lin (vln), 2Evelyn Glennie (perc), Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra c. Leif Segerstam. Ondine ODE10162

HIGDON: Concerto for Orchestra; City Scape. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra c. Robert Spano. Telarc. CD80620 (Super Audio version SACD60620)
James Wood
Authors: Stadlen Shoël
Published: October 2004

JAMES WOOD: Crying Bird, Echoing Star. GORDON McPHERSON: Explore Yourself. EDWARD DUDLEY HUGHES: The Sibyl of Cumae. ROWLAND SUTHERLAND: Timeless Odyssey. ROLF HIND: The Horse Sacrifice. The New Music Players: Rowland Sutherland (fls), Fiona Cross (cls), Mieko Kanno (vln), Michael Atkinson (vlc), Richard Casey (pno), Tim Palmer (perc,), Louise Mott (mezzo); Paul Sherman (db), c. Patrick Bailey and Roger Montgomery. London Independent Records LIR003