bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cloud computing system in windows azure platform for data analysis of crystalline materials
Authors: Xing Qi , Blaisten‐Barojas Estela
Published: July 2012

Cloud computing is attracting the attention of the scientific community. In this paper, we develop a new cloud‐based computing system in the Windows Azure platform that allows users to use the Zeolite Structure Predictor (ZSP) model through a Web browser. The ZSP is a novel machine learning approach for classifying zeolite crystals according to their framework type. The ZSP can categorize entries from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database into 41 framework types. The novel automated system permits a user to calculate the vector of descriptors used by ZSP and to apply the model using the Random Forest™ algorithm for classifying the input zeolite entries. The workflow presented here integrates executables in Fortran and Python for number crunching with packages such as Weka for data analytics and Jmol for Web‐based atomistic visualization in an interactive compute system accessed through the Web. The compute system is robust and easy to use. Communities of scientists, engineers, and students knowledgeable in Windows‐based computing should find this new workflow attractive and easy to be implemented in scientific scenarios in which the developer needs to combine heterogeneous components. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary ocean warming and freshwater conditions are related to later sea age at maturity in Atlantic salmon spawning in Norwegian rivers
Authors: Otero Jaime , Jensen Arne J. , L'Abée‐Lund Jan Henning , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Storvik, Geir O. , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn
Published: July 2012

Atlantic salmon populations are reported to be declining throughout its range, raising major management concerns. Variation in adult fish abundance may be due to variation in survival, growth, and timing of life history decisions. Given the complex life history, utilizing highly divergent habitats, the reasons for declines may be multiple and difficult to disentangle. Using recreational angling data of two sea age groups, one‐sea‐winter (1SW) and two‐sea‐winter (2SW) fish originated from the same smolt year class, we show that sea age at maturity of the returns has increased in 59 Norwegian rivers over the cohorts 1991–2005. By means of linear mixed‐effects models we found that the proportion of 1SW fish spawning in Norway has decreased concomitant with the increasing sea surface temperature experienced by the fish in autumn during their first year at sea. Furthermore, the decrease in the proportion of 1SW fish was influenced by freshwater conditions as measured by water discharge during summer months 1 year ahead of seaward migration. These results suggest that part of the variability in age at maturity can be explained by the large‐scale changes occurring in the north‐eastern Atlantic pelagic food web affecting postsmolt growth, and by differences in river conditions influencing presmolt growth rate and later upstream migration.
Socio‐demographic factors and shared leadership behaviors in dispersed teams: Implications for human resource management
Authors: Muethel Miriam , Gehrlein Sarah , Hoegl Martin
Published: July 2012

Companies increasingly make use of geographically dispersed teams to capture knowledge residing at different locations. In this context, shared leadership is considered a key enabler of team performance. Taking a functional perspective on shared leadership, we thus investigate the relationship between shared leadership behaviors and team performance in dispersed teams. Furthermore, we analyze how socio‐demographic factors that are characteristic for dispersed teams (i.e., high female‐to‐male ratio, high mean age, and high levels of national diversity) affect shared leadership behaviors. Based on data from 96 dispersed teams, we show that shared leadership behavior fosters team performance. Further, we find the socio‐demographic characteristics typical for dispersed teams to foster shared leadership. Theoretical and managerial implications for human resource management are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate changes and their impacts on water resources in semiarid regions: a case study of the Wei River basin, China
Authors: Zhao Guangju , Mu Xingmin , Tian Peng , Wang Fei , Gao Peng
Published: July 2012

Understanding the impacts of climate change and human activity on the hydrological processes in river basins is important for maintaining ecosystem integrity and sustaining local economic development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of climate variability and human activity on mean annual flow in the Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform were applied to detect the variations of hydrometeorological variables in the semiarid Wei River basin in the northwestern China. The identifications were based on streamflow records from 1958 to 2008 at four hydrological stations as well as precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data from 21 climate stations. A simple method based on Budyko curve was used to evaluate potential impacts of climate change and human activities on mean annual flow. The results show that annual streamflow decreased because of the reduced precipitation and increased PET at most stations. Both annual and seasonal precipitation and PET demonstrated mixed trends of decreasing and increasing, although significant trends (P < 0.05) were consistently detected in spring and autumn at most stations. Significant periodicities of 0.5 and 1 year (P < 0.05) were examined in all the time series. The spectrum of streamflow at the Huaxian station shows insignificant annual cycle during 1971–1975, 1986–1993 and 1996–2008, which is probably resulted from human activities. Climate variability greatly affected water resources in the Beiluo River, whereas human activities (including soil and water conservation, irrigation, reservoirs construction, etc.) accounted more for the changes of streamflow in the area near the Huaxian station during different periods. The results from this article can be used as a reference for water resources planning and management in the semiarid Wei River basin. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Under the influence: An examination of men's fears of women leaders
Authors: Swope Alan J.
Published: July 2012

Although the number of women leaders in organizations has increased, devaluation of women leaders by men is a persistent problem. The roots of this devaluation are typically discussed in terms of stereotypes and social hierarchy. In this article, I attempt to augment our understanding of this phenomenon by suggesting a psychological explanation, one that posits men's underlying fear of women as a source of devaluation. I draw from studies of men in psychotherapy and research on femiphobia (Kierski & Blazina, 2009) to flesh out the picture of how fears of the feminine still seem to affect men today. I then offer the psychological defense of devaluing and mistrusting those we fear as a tool for understanding male attitudes toward women leaders. Last, I review research on changing men's attitudes and offer a perspective on the modern workplace that integrates the social and psychological perspectives.
Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships
Authors: Hernez‐Broome Gina
Published: July 2012

By Daniel Goleman

New York: Bantam Dell, 2006. 403 pp. ISBN 978‐0‐553‐38449‐9. $14.00

Reviewed by Gina Hernez‐Broome, PhD
Dual cytoprotective effects of splenectomy for small-for-size liver transplantation in rats
Authors: Kuriyama Naohisa , Isaji Shuji , Kishiwada Masashi , Ohsawa Ichiro , Hamada Takashi , Mizuno Shugo , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Tabata Masami , Yamada Tomomi
Published: July 2012

The problems associated with small-for-size liver grafts (ie, high mortality rates, postoperative complications, and acute rejection) remain critical issues in partial orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In association with partial OLT, splenectomy (SP) is a procedure used to reduce the portal pressure. However, the precise effects of SP on partial OLT have been unclear. In this study, using small-for-size liver grafts in rats, we examined the cytoprotective effects of SP on OLT. Liver grafts were assigned to 2 groups: a control group (OLT alone) and an SP group (OLT after SP). SP significantly increased animal survival and decreased liver damage. SP exerted the following cytoprotective effects: (1) it improved hepatic microcirculation and prevented increases in the portal pressure after OLT, (2) it suppressed the hepatic infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages through the direct elimination of splenic inflammatory cells before OLT, (3) it decreased the hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6, (4) it attenuated sinusoidal endothelial injury, (5) it decreased plasma endothelin 1 levels and increased hepatic heme oxygenase 1 expression, (6) it suppressed hepatocellular apoptosis through the down-regulation of hepatic caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity, and (7) it increased hepatic regeneration. In conclusion, SP for small-for-size grafts exerts dual cytoprotective effects by preventing excessive portal vein hepatic inflow and eliminating splenic inflammatory cell recruitment into the liver; this in turn inhibits hepatocellular apoptosis and improves liver regeneration. Liver Transpl, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
RNA polymerase II transcriptional silencing in growing and fully grown germinal vesicle oocytes isolated from gonadotropin‐stimulated and non‐stimulated gilts
Authors: Barnetova Irena , Morovic Martin , Strejcek Frantisek , Østrup Olga , Hyttel Poul , Niemann Heiner , Laurincik Jozef , Fulka Josef , Fulka Helena
Published: July 2012

Global transcription silencing occurs in the oocyte during its final phase of growth. The particular mechanism of this silencing is not well understood. Here, we investigated the silencing of RNA polymerase II transcription in porcine oocytes. First, we investigated the transcriptional activity of germinal vesicle oocytes derived from stimulated and non‐stimulated gilts, but no transcriptional activity was observed. Second, we focused on the fate of RNA polymerase II in growing and fully grown oocytes. Active and inactive forms of RNA polymerase II were detected in growing oocytes by immunofluorescence and Western blots. In contrast, only the inactive form of RNA polymerase II was detected in fully grown oocytes. To evaluate if the inactive form of RNA polymerase II is released from DNA, the oocytes were subsequently permeabilized and fixed in one step. After this modified fixation protocol, the immunofluorescent labeling was negative in fully grown oocytes, but remained unchanged (positive) in growing oocytes. These results indicate that the inactive form of RNA polymerase II is not bound to DNA during the oocyte growth. Finally, based on Western blot analysis of different stages of oocyte maturation, the inactive form of RNA polymerase II was detected in metaphase I but not in metaphase II. Our study confirmed the global transcription silencing of fully grown oocytes. Compared with other mammalian species (e.g., mouse), the mechanism of RNA polymerase II silencing in porcine oocytes seems to be similar, despite some differences in dynamics. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 697–708, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multi‐professional UK wide survey of undergraduate continence education
Authors: McClurg D. , Cheater F.M. , Eustice S. , Burke J. , Jamieson K. , Hagen S.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Findings from national audits and enquiries continue to report that care for patients with continence problems is often substandard and inadequate education is often cited as one of the probable causes. These factors combined with the forecasted increase in the number of people with incontinence prompted us to undertake a survey of all UK Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) to establish the amount of undergraduate continence education within relevant healthcare programs—medical, adult nursing, mental health nursing, learning disabilities nursing, children's nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, and occupational therapy.

Design

An on line questionnaire targeted course program leads (n = 362) in all 86 HEIs in which undergraduate professional healthcare programs were provided (n = 362).

Main Outcome Measure

Eighty‐six HEIs were approached, 85 agreed to participate in the survey. A response rate of 81% (n = 294/362 programs) was obtained: 14% (n = 42) of respondents reported that there was no continence‐related education within their undergraduate program. The mean number of hours was 4.7 (SD 4.3), and ranged from 2.5 (SD 3.5) hr (Occupational Therapy) to 7.3 (SD 4.8) hr (Adult Nursing).

Conclusion

The survey results indicate that the amount of undergraduate education has changed little. Further research is needed to identify the most appropriate methods of delivering continence education and translate knowledge into improved patient outcomes. Adequate undergraduate continence education directed by the General Medical Council, Royal Colleges and Health Professional Council is required. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 224–229, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Battery explantation after sacral neuromodulation in the medicare population
Authors: Cameron Anne P. , Anger Jennifer T. , Madison Rodger , Saigal Christopher S. , Clemens J. Quentin ,   the Urologic Diseases in America Project
Published: July 2012

Aims

To determine sacral neuromodulation battery life and the patient and provider risk factors for early explantation in a population‐based sample.

Methods

A 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries from 1997 to 2007 served as the data source. All patients who had a sacral neuromodulation device implanted in that time period were included. Variables included in a multivariate analysis of risk factors for removal included gender, age, race, diagnosis, type of test phase, provider specialty, and volume. The number of device reprogramming events was also recorded in this time period.

Results

Mean follow‐up was 60.5 months. Patients on average had 2.15 reprogramming episodes in their first year, with that number decreasing over subsequent years. Out of the 558 batteries implanted 63 (11.3%) were explanted. Of the 19 implanted individuals who carried the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC), 11 (57.9%) had the battery removed. This was the only variable that predicted early removal, with an odds ratio of explantation of 10.5 (95% CI: 3.9–28.4).

Conclusion

Very few sacral neuromodulation batteries, once implanted, are removed prematurely. Patients with IC, however, are at very high risk of requiring premature battery removal. Neurourol. Urodynam. 32: 238–241, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of a 24‐hour infusion of trabectedin (Yondelis®, ET‐743) in children and adolescents with relapsed or refractory solid tumors
Authors: Chuk Meredith K. , Aikin Alberta , Whitcomb Trish , Widemann Brigitte C. , Zannikos Peter , Bayever Eliel , Balis Frank M. , Fox Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

Background

The objectives of this phase I study were to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, and pharmacokinetics of a 24‐hour continuous intravenous infusion of trabectedin administered to children and adolescents with refractory or relapsed solid tumors.

Procedure

Patients between the ages of 4 and 16 years old with refractory solid tumors received trabectedin as a 24‐hour infusion every 21 days. Dexamethasone and prophylactic growth factor support were administered with each cycle. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted during cycle 1.

Results

Patients (n = 12) median (range) age 14.5 (8–16) years received trabectedin at 1.1 (n = 3), 1.5 (n = 6), or 1.7 (n = 3) mg/m2. At the 1.5 mg/m2 dose level, one patient had dose limiting anorexia and fatigue. At 1.7 mg/m2, two patients experienced dose limiting toxicity, dehydration, and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase elevation. Non‐dose limiting toxicities included elevated serum transaminases, myelosuppression, nausea, emesis, and fatigue. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to historical data in adults. One partial response was observed in a patient with neuroendocrine carcinoma. Stable disease (≥6 cycles) was achieved in three patients (osteosarcoma n = 2, desmoplastic small round cell tumor n = 1).

Conclusions

The MTD of trabectedin in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors is 1.5 mg/m2 IV over 24 hours every 21 days. Dexamethasone to ameliorate hepatic toxicity and prophylactic growth factor support are required. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 865–869. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐depth analysis of low abundant proteins in bovine colostrum using different fractionation techniques
Authors: Nissen Asger , Bendixen Emøke , Ingvartsen Klaus Lønne , Røntved Christine Maria
Published: July 2012

Bovine colostrum is well known for its large content of bioactive components and its importance for neonatal survival. Unfortunately, the colostrum proteome is complicated by a wide dynamic range, because of a few dominating proteins that hamper sensitivity and proteome coverage achieved on low abundant proteins. Moreover, the composition of colostrum is complex and the proteins are located within different physical fractions that make up the colostrum. To gain a more exhaustive picture of the bovine colostrum proteome and gather information on protein location, we performed an extensive pre‐analysis fractionation of colostrum prior to 2D‐LC‐MS/MS analysis. Physical and chemical properties of the proteins and colostrum were used alone or in combination for the separation of proteins. ELISA was used to quantify and verify the presence of proteins in colostrum. In total, 403 proteins were identified in the nonfractionated colostrum (NF) and seven fractions (F1‐F7) using six different fractionation techniques. Fractionation contributed with 69 additional proteins in the fluid phase compared with NF. Different fractionation techniques each resulted in detection of unique subsets of proteins. Whey production by high‐speed centrifugation contributed most to detection of low abundant proteins. Hence, prefractionation of colostrum prior to 2D‐LC‐MS/MS analysis expanded our knowledge on the presence and location of low abundant proteins in bovine colostrum.
Extracting gluino endpoints with event topology patterns
Authors: Pietsch Niklas , Reuter Jürgen , Sakurai Kazuki , Wiesler Daniel
Published: July 2012

Abstract

In this paper we study the gluino dijet mass edge measurement at the LHC in a realistic situation including both SUSY and combinatorial backgrounds together with effects of initial and final state radiation as well as a finite detector resolution. Three benchmark scenarios are examined in which the dominant SUSY production process and also the decay modes are different. Several new kinematical variables are proposed to minimize the impact of SUSY and combinatorial backgrounds in the measurement. By selecting events with a particular number of jets and leptons, we attempt to measure two distinct gluino dijet mass edges originating from wino
$\widetilde{g} \to jj\widetilde{W}$
and bino
$\widetilde{g} \to jj\widetilde{B}$
decay modes, separately. We determine the endpoints of distributions of proposed and existing variables and show that those two edges can be disentangled and measured within good accuracy, irrespective of the presence of ISR, FSR, and detector effects.
Spatially correlated environmental factors drive synchronisation in populations of the Dalmatian Pelican
Authors: Doxa Aggeliki , Theodorou Konstantinos , Crivelli Alain J. , Hatzilacou Dionyssia , Catsadorakis Giorgos , Malakou Myrcini , Nazirides Theodoros , Robert Alexandre
Published: July 2012

Spatial synchrony in population dynamics has been documented recently across a range of taxa, and a number of hypotheses about the mechanisms driving spatial synchrony and the consequences of this phenomenon for the persistence of populations have emerged. Spatial environmental covariance is one of the principal factors influencing this synchrony on a large scale. However, most studies focus on population abundances, and little evidence exists on the spatial synchrony of demographic parameters. We used a 15‐year dataset from two populations of a vulnerable bird species, the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus), to identify local and global environmental factors that cause population synchrony. We show that survival rates were temporally synchronised between the studied populations and that a large part (>50 % for both populations) of this covariation was driven by local environmental conditions. Several components of the North Atlantic Oscillation index were correlated with local climatic conditions, but not all of these components can be used as informative proxies for future variation in survival. We also present evidence that an individual's future survival can be strongly influenced by the conditions occurring during the early period of its life. Environmental factors such as water level and food availability had similar influences on breeding success and juvenile survival. Juvenile survival was lower during dry years and years of low food availability. This finding indicated that intra‐specific competition may act as a limiting factor for species demography, especially in large populations. Estimating the strength of synchrony is important and should be considered in population and metapopulation analyses and in relationship to conservation measures.
Development of in vitro gene delivery system using ORMOSIL nanoparticle: Analysis of p53 gene expression in cultured breast cancer cell (MCF-7)
Authors: Rejeeth Chandrababu , Kannan Soundarapandian , Muthuchelian Krishnasamy
Published: July 2012

This article reports on the application of organically modified silica (ORMOSIL) nanoparticles as an efficient in vitro gene delivery system in the recent years. Based on that prime objective, the present study addresses the possible ways to reduce cancers incidence at cellular level. In this context, ORMOSIL nanoparticles had been synthesized and incubated along with pCMV–Myc (3.8 kb) plasmid vector construct carrying p53gene, and transfected into the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the p53 protein was significantly expressed in breast cancer cell upon transfection. The confocal and electron microscopic studies further confirmed that the nanoparticles were accumulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cancer cells transfected with p53 gene. Interesting agarose gel electrophoresis studies revealed that the nanoparticles efficiently complex with pCMV–Myc vector. The anti-cancer properties of p53 were demonstrated by assessing the cell survival and growth rate which showed a positive linear correlation in cancer cells. Whereas, the growth rate was significantly reduced in ORMOSIL/p53/pCMV–Myc transfected breast cancer cells compared to the growth rate of non-transfected cells. The results of this approach using ORMOSIL nanoparticles as a non-viral gene delivery platform have a promising future for use as effective transfection agent for therapeutic manipulation of cancer cells and targeted cancer gene therapy in vivo.
A687V EZH2 is a gain‐of‐function mutation found in lymphoma patients
Authors: Majer Christina R. , Jin Lei , Scott Margaret Porter , Knutson Sarah K. , Kuntz Kevin W. , Keilhack Heike , Smith Jesse J. , Moyer Mikel P. , Richon Victoria M. , Copeland Robert A. , Wigle Tim J.
Published: July 2012

Heterozygous point mutations at Y641 and A677 in the EZH2 SET domain are prevalent in about 10–24% of Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Previous studies indicate that these are gain‐of‐function mutations leading to the hypertrimethylation of H3K27. These EZH2 mutations may drive the proliferation of lymphoma and make EZH2 a molecular target for patients harboring these mutations. Here, another EZH2 SET domain point mutation, A687V, occurring in about 1–2% of lymphoma patients, is also shown to be a gain‐of‐function mutation that greatly enhances its ability to perform dimethylation relative to wild‐type EZH2 and is equally proficient at catalyzing trimethylation. We propose that A687V EZH2 also leads to hypertrimethylation of H3K27 and may thus be a driver mutation in NHL.
Capital Structure and the Financial Development of the U.S. Sugar-Refining Industry, 1875–1905
Authors: Doyle William M.
Published: July 2012

In this article I develop a taxonomy of financial practices based on whether financial activity is intended to fund new capital investment or to create new financial structures to accommodate planned changes in the structure of an industry's existing capital stock. The taxonomy is then applied to the financial development of the U.S. sugar-refining industry between 1875 and 1905. The taxonomy provides an explanation of the rise of the large, widely held industrial corporation in the United States that is more consistent with the historical record than are the conventional “financial strain” or “asset liquidation” hypotheses.
Diets Versus Diseases: The Anthropometrics of Slave Children
Authors: Coelho Philip R. P. , McGuire Robert A.
Published: July 2012

What were the living standards of American slaves? According to Robert W. Fogel and Stanley Engerman in their monumental study,Time on the Cross, the material standard of living of slaves compared favorably with that of other nineteenth-century agricultural laborers. More recently, utilizing anthropometric data that allow them to construct ageheight profiles for slaves, economic historians have cast doubts upon this view as it applies to particular age cohorts. They question the validity of the earlier assessment of living standards as it applies to slave newborns, infants, and children.
Integration and Disintegration in North China's Grain Markets, 1738–1911
Authors: Li Lillian M.
Published: July 2012

An analysis of grain prices from Zhili (Hebei) province in North China for the period from 1738 to 1911 demonstrates that while the province's local grain markets gradually fragmented, the provincial market as a whole simultaneously grew more closely integrated with external markets, first with Fengtian (Manchuria) and later with the Lower Yangzi region. The Qing state's food policies, the deterioration of transport routes, and the condition of rural markets provide a context for understanding these seemingly paradoxical trends.
Education and Income in the Early Twentieth Century: Evidence from the Prairies
Authors: Goldin Claudia , Katz Lawrence F.
Published: July 2012

We present the first estimates of the returns to years of schooling before 1940 using a large sample of individuals (from the 1915 Iowa State Census). The returns to a year of high school or college were substantial in 1915—about 11 percent for all males and in excess of 12 percent for young males. Education enabled individuals to enter lucrative white-collar jobs, but sizable educational wage differentials also existed within occupational groups. Returns were substantial even for those in farming. We find, using U.S. census data, that returns to education decreased between 1915 and 1940 and again during the 1940s.
Declining Industries and the Persistence of Government Support Programs: The Quiet Decline of Gum Naval Stores Production in the United States
Authors: Johnson Ronald N.
Published: July 2012

Understanding industrial decline is important from both historical and policy perspectives. The United States was the world's leading producer of gum naval stores in the early twentieth centuiy, but by the late 1970s production had all but ceased. Evidence presented here indicates that changing relative prices induced forest owners, the key stakeholders, to shift production towards other forest products. Nevertheless, the federal government continued to provide transfers to this industry even as political support for it vanished. The demise of this once-great American industry lends support to the received notion that once instituted, transfer programs tend to persist.
Classification and counter-classification of language on Saint Barthélemy
Authors: Pressman Jon F.
Published: July 2012

This article analyzes the use of metapragmatic description in the ethnoclassification of language by native speakers on the Franco-Antillean island of Saint Barthélemy. A prevalent technique for metapragmatic description is facilitated by the differential formation of honorific registers in the island's indigenous languages, so that speakers essentialize honorific pronouns as tropes of whole languages and classify the languages in such terms. This process reflects the varied geolinguistic and generational attributes of these speakers, whose register or social-dialectal calculations are all based ultimately on folk ideologies of honorification. (Classification, language ideology, French Creole, metapragmatics, Caribbean sociolinguistics)
Oceanography and inshore hydrography of the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Ellett D. J. , Edwards A.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The chief physical processes encountered in Inner Hebridean waters are described, including the tidal and current regimes, temperature and salinity variations, and stratification in the sea and sea-lochs. Although information on some of these topics is sparse, available data are used to provide order of magnitude estimates for the volume transport of the coastal current and run-off water and to indicate expected ranges of the major parameters of the marine environment. The islands are shown to be important as a region of tidal mixing of coastal water.
Libman–Sacks endocarditis as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in an adolescent, with a review of the literature
Authors: Sharma Jayendra , Lasic Zoran , Bornstein Abraham , Cooper Rubin , Chen Jonathan
Published: July 2012

Libman–Sacks endocarditis is rare in children and adolescents, more so as a first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Currently, sterile verrucous lesions of Libman–Sacks endocarditis are recognised as a cardiac manifestation of both systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. They are clinically silent in a majority of the cases. The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with three times higher prevalence of mitral valve nodules and significant mitral regurgitation. We present the case of isolated mitral regurgitation with abnormal looking mitral valve, detected in early childhood, which deteriorated to a severe degree in the next decade and was diagnosed as Libman–Sacks endocarditis after surgical repair from histopathology. The full-blown clinical spectrum of systemic lupus erythematosus with antiphospholipid antibodies was observed several weeks after cardiac surgery. We discuss the atypical course of Libman–Sacks endocarditis with follow-up for 10 years, along with a review of the literature.
Painted Turtle Cortex is Resistant to an in Vitro Mimic of the Ischemic Mammalian Penumbra
Authors: Pamenter Matthew Edward , Hogg David William , Gu Xiang Qun , Buck Leslie Thomas , Haddad Gabriel George
Published: July 2012

Anoxia or ischemia causes hyperexcitability and cell death in mammalian neurons. Conversely, in painted turtle brain anoxia increases γ-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic suppression of spontaneous electrical activity, and cell death is prevented. To examine ischemia tolerance in turtle neurons, we treated cortical sheets with an in vitro mimic of the penumbral region of stroke-afflicted mammalian brain (ischemic solution, IS). We found that during IS perfusion, neuronal membrane potential ( Vm) and the GABAA receptor reversal potential depolarized to a similar steady state (–92 ± 2 to −28 ± 3 mV, and −75 ± 1 to −35 ± 3 mV, respectively), and whole-cell conductance ( Gw) increased > 3-fold (from 4 ± 0.2 to 15 ± 1 nS). These neurons were electrically quiet and changes reversed after reperfusion. GABA receptor antagonism prevented the IS-mediated increase in Gw and neurons exhibited enhanced electrical excitability and rapid and irreversible rundown of Vm during reperfusion. These results suggest that inhibitory GABAergic mechanisms also suppress electrical activity in ischemic cortex. Indeed, after 4 hours of IS treatment neurons did not exhibit any apparent damage; while at 24 hours, only early indicators of apoptosis were present. We conclude that anoxia-tolerant turtle neurons are tolerant of exposure to a mammalian ischemic penumbral mimic solution.
Novel tetracarboxylatoplatinum(iv) complexes as carboplatin prodrugs
Authors: Varbanov Hristo P. , Valiahdi Seied M. , Kowol Christian R. , Jakupec Michael A. , Galanski Mathea S. , Keppler Bernhard K.
Published: July 2012

The lipophilic character of novel carboplatin prodrugs was controlled by the choice of the axial ligand also influencing their cytotoxicity.
Mach-Zehnder recording systems for pulsed power diagnostics
Authors: Miller E. K. , Abbott R. Q. , McKenna I. , Macrum G. , Baker D. , Tran V. , Rodriguez E. , Kaufman M. I. , Tibbits A. , Silbernagel C. T. , Waltman T. B. , Herrmann H. W. , Kim Y. H. , Mack J. M. , Young C. S. , Caldwell S. E. , Evans S. C. , Sedillo T. J. , Stoeffl W. , Grafil E. , Liebman J. , Beeman B. , Watts P. , Carpenter A. , Horsfied C. J. , Rubery M. S. , Chandler G. A. , Torres J. A. , Smelser R. M.
Published: July 2012

Fiber-optic transmission and recording systems, based on Mach-Zehnder modulators, have been developed and installed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), and are being developed for other pulsed-power facilities such as the Z accelerator at Sandia, with different requirements. We present the design and performance characteristics for the mature analog links, based on the system developed for the Gamma Reaction History diagnostic at the OMEGA laser and at NIF. For a single detector channel, two Mach-Zehnders are used to provide high dynamic range at the full recording bandwidth with no gaps in the coverage. We present laboratory and shot data to estimate upper limits on the radiation effects as they impact recorded data quality. Finally, we will assess the technology readiness level for mature and developing implementations of Mach-Zehnder links for these environments.
Complex magnetic states of the heavy fermion compound CeGe
Authors: Haines C. R. S. , Marcano N. , Smith R. P. , Aviani I. , Espeso J. I. , Gómez Sal J. C. , Saxena S. S.
Published: July 2012

The intermetallic compound CeGe exhibits unusual magnetic behavior owing to the interplay between Kondo and antiferromagnetic coupling. This system is interesting because the Kondo temperature is close to the Néel temperature, so there is a close competition between the low-temperature interactions, which can be tuned by varying external parameters such as pressure and applied magnetic field. Interestingly, magnetization measurements up to 12 kbar reveal that the Néel temperature is not affected by pressure. Measurements of the electrical resistivity show, however, that the sharp upturn below TN is sensitive to pressures up to 15 kbar. This suggests that pressure may change the complex antiferromagnetic spin structure. The validity of an explanation based on the magnetic superzones seen in the rare earths is discussed here.
Linear-response theory for Mukherjee's multireference coupled-cluster method: Static and dynamic polarizabilities
Authors: Jagau Thomas-C. , Gauss Jürgen
Published: July 2012

The formalism of response theory is applied to derive expressions for static and dynamic polarizabilities within the state-specific multireference coupled-cluster theory suggested by Mukherjee and co-workers (Mk-MRCC) [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6171 (1998)]. We show that the redundancy problem inherent to Mk-MRCC theory gives rise to spurious poles in the Mk-MRCC response functions, which hampers the reliable calculation of dynamic polarizabilities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in the case of a symmetry-breaking perturbation a working response theory is obtained only if certain internal excitations are included in the responses of the cluster amplitudes. Exemplary calculations within the singles and doubles approximation (Mk-MRCCSD) are carried out on aryne compounds to illustrate the impact of a multireference ansatz on the polarizability.
A comprehensive study of the vibrationally resolved S 2p−1 Auger electron spectrum of carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Sekushin V. , Püttner R. , Fink R. F. , Martins M. , Jiang Y. H. , Aksela H. , Aksela S. , Kaindl G.
Published: July 2012

High-resolution normal Auger-electron spectra of carbonyl sulfide subsequent to S 2p−1 photoionization at photon energies of 200, 220, and 240 eV are reported along with corresponding photoelectron spectra. In addition, theoretical results are presented that take the core-hole orientation of the various spin-orbit-split and molecular-field-split S 2p−1 states into account. Auger transitions to eight metastable dicationic final states are observed and assigned on the basis of the theoretical results. From Franck-Condon analysis, assuming Morse potentials along the normal coordinates for seven of the observed quasi-stable dicationic final states, information on the potential-energy surfaces is derived and compared with theoretical results from the literature.
Quasi-diabatic representations of adiabatic potential energy surfaces coupled by conical intersections including bond breaking: A more general construction procedure and an analysis of the diabatic representation
Authors: Zhu Xiaolei , Yarkony David R.
Published: July 2012

The analytic representation of adiabatic potential energy surfaces and their nonadiabatic interactions is a key component of accurate, fully quantum mechanical descriptions of nonadiabatic dynamics. In this work, we describe extensions of a promising method for representing the nuclear coordinate dependence of the energies, energy gradients, and derivative couplings of Nstate adiabatic electronic states coupled by conical intersections. The description is based on a vibronic coupling model and can describe multichannel dissociation. An important feature of this approach is that it incorporates information about the geometry dependent interstate derivative couplings into the fitting procedure so that the resulting representation is quantifiably quasi diabatic and quasi diabatic in a least squares sense. The reported extensions improve both the rate of convergence and the converged results and will permit the optimization of nonlinear parameters including those parameters that govern the placement of the functions used to describe multichannel dissociation. Numerical results for a coupled quasi-diabatic state representation of the photodissociation process NH3+hv → NH2+H illustrate the potential of the improved algorithm. A second focus in this numerical example is the quasi-diabatic character of the representation which is described and analyzed. Special attention is paid to the immediate vicinity of the conical intersection seam.
Anisotropy in pair dispersion of inertial particles in turbulent channel flow
Authors: Pitton Enrico , Marchioli Cristian , Lavezzo Valentina , Soldati Alfredo , Toschi Federico
Published: July 2012

The rate at which two particles separate in turbulent flows is of central importance to predict the inhomogeneities of particle spatial distribution and to characterize mixing. Pair separation is analyzed for the specific case of small, inertial particles in turbulent channel flow to examine the role of mean shear and small-scale turbulent velocity fluctuations. To this aim an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach based on pseudo-spectral direct numerical simulation (DNS) of fully developed gas-solid flow at shear Reynolds number Reτ = 150 is used. Pair separation statistics have been computed for particles with different inertia (and for inertialess tracers) released from different regions of the channel. Results confirm that shear-induced effects predominate when the pair separation distance becomes comparable to the largest scale of the flow. Results also reveal the fundamental role played by particles-turbulence interaction at the small scales in triggering separation during the initial stages of pair dispersion. These findings are discussed examining Lagrangian observables, including the mean square separation, which provide prima facie evidence that pair dispersion in non-homogeneous anisotropic turbulence has a superdiffusive nature and may generate non-Gaussian number density distributions of both particles and tracers. These features appear to persist even when the effects of shear dispersion are filtered out, and exhibit strong dependency on particle inertia. Application of present results is discussed in the context of modelling approaches for particle dispersion in wall-bounded turbulent flows.
Determination of hydrogenated amorphous silicon electronic transport parameters and density of states using several photoconductivity techniques
Authors: Longeaud C. , Ventosinos F. , Schmidt J. A.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we show that the combination of different characterization techniques based on the photoconductivity of hydrogenated amorphous silicon can be a tool to investigate on the density of states and transport parameters of this material. We insist mainly on two techniques in which one records a photocurrent resulting from the movement of an interference grating onto a sample. We describe the experimental set-ups and provide a theoretical explanation of the observed behaviors of these photocurrents. We demonstrate that a density of state spectroscopy can be done with these techniques. Additionally, comparing this spectroscopy to that performed with modulated photocurrent experiment, we show that it is possible to derive a good order of magnitude estimate of the electron capture coefficient of the conduction band tail states as well as the electronic extended states mobility. The derived parameters are compared with previous results.
Probing the structures and chemical bonding of boron-boronyl clusters using photoelectron spectroscopy and computational chemistry: B4(BO)n− (n = 1–3)
Authors: Chen Qiang , Zhai Hua-Jin , Li Si-Dian , Wang Lai-Sheng
Published: July 2012

The electronic and structural properties of a series of boron oxide clusters, B5O−, B6O2−, and B7O3−, are studied using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra are obtained, yielding electron affinities of 3.45, 3.54, and 4.94 eV for the corresponding neutrals, B5O, B6O2, and B7O3, respectively. Structural optimizations show that these oxide clusters can be formulated as B4(BO)n− (n = 1–3), which involve boronyls coordinated to a planar rhombic B4 cluster. Chemical bonding analyses indicate that the B4(BO)n− clusters are all aromatic species with two π electrons.
Coexistence of phage and bacteria on the boundary of self-organized refuges
Authors: Heilmann Silja , Sneppen Kim , Krishna Sandeep
Published: July 2012

Bacteriophage are voracious predators of bacteria and a major determinant in shaping bacterial life strategies. Many phage species are virulent, meaning that infection leads to certain death of the host and immediate release of a large batch of phage progeny. Despite this apparent voraciousness, bacteria have stably coexisted with virulent phages for eons. Here, using individual-based stochastic spatial models, we study the conditions for achieving coexistence on the edge between two habitats, one of which is a bacterial refuge with conditions hostile to phage whereas the other is phage friendly. We show how bacterial density-dependent, or quorum-sensing, mechanisms such as the formation of biofilm can produce such refuges and edges in a self-organized manner. Coexistence on these edges exhibits the following properties, all of which are observed in real phage–bacteria ecosystems but difficult to achieve together in nonspatial ecosystem models: (
i
) highly efficient virulent phage with relatively long lifetimes, high infection rates and large burst sizes; (
ii
) large, stable, and high-density populations of phage and bacteria; (
iii
) a fast turnover of both phage and bacteria; and (
iv
) stability over evolutionary timescales despite imbalances in the rates of phage vs. bacterial evolution.
Economic Values for Saltwater Sport Fishing in Alaska: A Stated Preference Analysis
Authors: Lew Daniel K. , Larson Douglas M.
Published: July 2012

The knowledge of how anglers value their fishing opportunities is a fundamental building block of a sound marine policy, especially for stocks for which there is conflict over allocation between different uses (e.g., allocation between recreational and commercial uses and conservation goals). This paper reports on how recreational saltwater anglers value their catches, and the regulations governing them, of Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and coho salmon O. kisutch off the coast of Alaska using stated preference choice experiment data from 2007. Using data from a stated preference survey, we estimated the economic value, or willingness to pay, anglers place on saltwater boat fishing trips in Alaska and assess their response to changes in the characteristics of fishing trips. The results show that Alaska resident anglers had mean trip values ranging from US$246 to $444, while nonresidents had much higher values ($2,007 to $2,639), likely reflecting the fact that their trips are both less common and considerably more expensive to take. Nonresidents generally had significant positive values for increases in the number of fish caught, bag limit, and fish size, while Alaska residents valued size and bag limit changes but not catch increases. The economic values are also discussed in the context of allocation issues, particularly as they relate to the sport fishing and commercial fishing sectors for Pacific halibut, which is a current issue facing Alaska marine fisheries managers.

Received September 8, 2011; accepted March 22, 2012
Attentional set protects visual marking from visual transients
Authors: Osugi Takayuki , Kawahara Jun I.
Published: July 2012

When some distractors (old items) appear before others (new items) in an inefficient visual search task, the old items are excluded from the search (visual marking). Previous studies have shown that changing the shape of old items eliminates this effect, suggesting that shape identity must be maintained for successful visual marking. However, the contribution of top-down target knowledge to the maintenance of visual marking under shape change conditions has not been systematically examined. The present study tested whether the vulnerability of visual marking to shape change is contingent on observers' attentional set, by manipulating compatibility of the set and the domains in which the change occurs. The results indicated that visual marking survived shape changes when the observer's attentional set was consistent with critical features between the old and new items. This protection was observed when the set was based on explicit instructions at the beginning of the experiment, and when the task set was implicitly carried over from the previous task. These results suggest that top-down processes play a role in maintaining memory templates by enhancing the grouping and suppression processes during visual search, despite disruptive bottom-up signals.
Rehabilitation
Authors: Bowker Lesley K , Price James D , Smith Sarah C
Published: July 2012

Introduction 72

The process of rehabilitation 74

Aims and objectives of rehabilitation 75

Measurement tools in rehabilitation 76

Measurement instruments 78

Selecting patients for inpatient rehabilitation 80

Patients unlikely to benefit from rehabilitation 82

HOW TO . . . Plan a complex discharge 83

HOW TO . . . Conduct a MDT meeting ...