bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Birth Spacing on Maternal, Perinatal, Infant, and Child Health: A Systematic Review of Causal Mechanisms
Authors: Conde‐Agudelo Agustín , Rosas‐Bermudez Anyeli , Castaño Fabio , Norton Maureen H.
Published: June 2012

This systematic review of 58 observational studies identified hypothetical causal mechanisms explaining the effects of short and long intervals between pregnancies on maternal, perinatal, infant, and child health, and critically examined the scientific evidence for each causal mechanism hypothesized. The following hypothetical causal mechanisms for explaining the association between short intervals and adverse outcomes were identified: maternal nutritional depletion, folate depletion, cervical insufficiency, vertical transmission of infections, suboptimal lactation related to breastfeeding–pregnancy overlap, sibling competition, transmission of infectious diseases among siblings, incomplete healing of uterine scar from previous cesarean delivery, and abnormal remodeling of endometrial blood vessels. Women's physiological regression is the only hypothetical causal mechanism that has been proposed to explain the association between long intervals and adverse outcomes. We found growing evidence supporting most of these hypotheses.
Migration Experience and Premarital Sexual Initiation in Urban Kenya: An Event History Analysis
Authors: Luke Nancy , Xu Hongwei , Mberu Blessing U. , Goldberg Rachel E.
Published: June 2012

Migration during the formative adolescent years can affect important life‐course transitions, including the initiation of sexual activity. In this study, we use life history calendar data to investigate the relationship between changes in residence and timing of premarital sexual debut among young people in urban Kenya. By age 18, 64 percent of respondents had initiated premarital sex, and 45 percent had moved at least once between the ages of 12 and 18. Results of the event history analysis show that girls and boys who move during early adolescence experience the earliest onset of sexual activity. For adolescent girls, however, other dimensions of migration provide protective effects, with greater numbers of residential changes and residential changes in the last one to three months associated with later sexual initiation. To support young people's ability to navigate the social, economic, and sexual environments that accompany residential change, researchers and policymakers should consider how various dimensions of migration affect sexual activity.
Rethinking Respite Policy for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Chan Jeffrey , Merriman Brian , Parmenter Trevor , Stancliffe Roger
Published: June 2012

Respite care is one of a range of support services typically available to carers of people with dependencies who need a break from caring, and the factors that influence the need for respite care are generally similar irrespective of the nature of the dependencies. Hence, the expectations of families potentially have policy and service provision implications regardless of the jurisdiction. However, there is considerable variability in the provision of services, not only between jurisdictions, with differing levels of service development, but also within jurisdictions. The history of disjointed service provision suggests the need for a rethink of respite policy. The authors discuss the conceptual framework and prevalent thinking on respite policy such as a shared understanding of respite care among stakeholders. In turn, this shared understanding is seen as generating a move toward integrated service development, recasting respite as part of a continuum of family support services in which funding policies give families more control. The authors conclude that respite care provided in an integrated framework moves beyond the basic function of a break in caring to one of supporting family coping and resilience.
Mapping Future Research in Disabilities—Research Initiatives in Intellectual Disabilities in India: Report of a National Interdisciplinary Meeting
Authors: Cohen Libby , Brown Roy I.
Published: June 2012

A meeting organized under the auspices of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities (IASSID) Academy on Education, Teaching and Research was held in March 2011 at the India International Centre in New Delhi, India, with the explicit purpose of helping establish a road map for future research in intellectual disabilities (ID) in India and to forge alliances among like‐minded researchers and practitioners to move forward on countrywide research. The participants were drawn from nongovernmental and governmental groups, private consultancies, psychology, researchers, and policymakers, and they were interested in research dissemination, research methodologies, and research ethics. The participants developed a framework for research strategies and defined important areas for further research in ID for India. Based on the discussions, the following research strategy areas were identified: prevalence studies, human ethics, human rights, prevention, interventions, research syntheses of existing research that has been conducted in India, dissemination of existing research, building research capacity, and disaster preparedness. As each priority area required further discussion and feedback, agreement was achieved that such further discussions and collaborations would follow. The follow‐up is a process which involves the simultaneous and synergistic development of policies and practices at the application and governmental levels.
Impact of Dementia‐derived Nonpharmacological Intervention Procedures on Cognition and Behavior in Older Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A 3‐year Follow‐up Study
Authors: De Vreese Luc P. , Mantesso Ulrico , De Bastiani Elisa , Weger Elisabeth , Marangoni Annachiara C. , Gomiero Tiziano
Published: June 2012

Dementia appears at a higher rate among some adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and this potentially poses a greater risk of nursing home admission. Yet, to date, there is no evidence on the efficacy of general dementia‐derived environment‐, personnel‐, and patient‐oriented intervention strategies in delaying onset of dementia or in slowing down its rate of progression in this population. To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of a multicomponent nonpharmacological approach, the authors studied a sample of 14 adults with worsening cognition and everyday functioning who were no longer manageable by their family or staff in day centers or group homes, and who were relocated in a model special care unit (SCU) designed to proactively accommodate the needs of people with ID and dementia. Baseline level and rate of decline across a 3‐year period were assessed by means of the Dementia Questionnaire for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities and compared to two control groups not in dementia‐capable programs matched for age, sex, and severity of ID. After 3 years, the authors found some improvement in cognition and stabilization in everyday functioning and behaviors in the SCU residents and a worsening in the control groups. The authors noted that enrollment in a dementia‐capable program facilitated daily practice of residents' residual skills and abilities, enhancing their memory and verbal communication, that the prosthetic environment contributed to activity maintenance and appropriate intellectual challenges, and that the greater participation on an individual level added to the skill maintenance. Although the interpretation of these positive findings is not straightforward, they confirm the validity of this “in‐place progression” model and provide a platform for continuing progress in person‐centered services and care for aging persons with ID.
Taking the pressure off in the Emergency Department: evaluation of the prophylactic application of a low shear, soft silicon sacral dressing on high risk medical patients
Authors: Cubit Katrina , McNally Bernadette , Lopez Violeta
Published: June 2012

Pressure injuries are key clinical indicators of care standard. In Australia, pressure injuries increase length of hospital stay by 4·31 and cost $285 million annually. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of sacral dressing in reducing the prevalence of pressure injuries in older, high‐risk patients. A non randomised one‐sample experimental design was used in this study comprising of four phases. Of the 51 patients recruited to the study, one patient developed a sacral pressure injury compared to six patients identified in a known group with similar demographics who were not approached to participate in the study. The results indicated that patients in the known group were 5·4 times more likely to develop a pressure injury than the intervention group. Findings suggest that applying a protective sacral dressing with a low shear backing as part of a simple standardised prevention injury prevention regime commencing in the Emergency Department was beneficial in the prevention of pressure injury in older ‘at high risk’ medical patients.
Role of Apheresis and Dialysis in Pediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation: A Single Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Sanada Yukihiro , Mizuta Koichi , Urahashi Taizen , Ihara Yoshiyuki , Wakiya Taiichi , Okada Noriki , Yamada Naoya , Koinuma Toshitaka , Koyama Kansuke , Tanaka Shinichiro , Misawa Kazuhide , Wada Masahiko , Nunomiya Shin , Yasuda Yoshikazu , Kawarasaki Hideo
Published: June 2012

In the field of pediatric living donor liver transplantation, the indications for apheresis and dialysis, and its efficacy and safety are still a matter of debate. In this study, we performed a retrospective investigation of these aspects, and considered its roles. Between January 2008 and December 2010, 73 living donor liver transplantations were performed in our department. Twenty seven courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed for 19 of those patients (19/73; 26.0%). The indications were ABO incompatible‐liver transplantation in 11 courses, fluid management in seven, acute liver failure in three, renal replacement therapy in two, endotoxin removal in two, cytokine removal in one, and liver allograft dysfunction in one. Sixteen courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed prior to liver transplantation for 14 patients. The median IgM antibody titers before and after apheresis for ABO blood type‐incompatible liver transplantation was 128 and eight, respectively (P < 0.05). Eleven courses of apheresis and dialysis were performed post liver transplantation for 10 patients. The median PaO2/FiO2 ratio before and after dialysis for fluid overload was 159 and 339, respectively (P < 0.05). No bleeding or technical complications attributable to apheresis and dialysis occurred. The 1‐year survival rate of the patients was 100%. Apheresis and dialysis in pediatric living donor liver transplantation are effective for antibody removal in ABO‐incompatible liver transplantation, and fluid management for acute respiratory failure.
Associations between adolescent nutrition behaviours and adolescent and parent characteristics
Authors: WILLIAMS Susan L. , MUMMERY W. Kerry
Published: June 2012

Aim:  This study examined adolescent nutrition behaviours and associations with a range of adolescent and parent characteristics to underpin the development of key objectives for focus in the development of school‐based interventions for the prevention of adolescent overweight/obesity.

Methods:  Three hundred and sixty‐two adolescents from six secondary schools completed questionnaires regarding their nutrition behaviours, physical activity and sedentary activities, and 349 parents completed questionnaires to report their height and body weight, nutrition behaviours, physical activity, and values of adolescent obesity‐related behaviours. Adolescent height and body weight were objectively measured for calculation of body mass index. Logistic regression (P < 0.05) and Pearson chi‐square analyses of 295 matched adolescent and parent questionnaires were conducted to examine associations.

Results:  Adolescent healthy nutrition behaviours were negatively associated with time spent in small screen recreation (odds ratio 0.48, P= 0.02) and positively associated with time spent in sedentary education (odds ratio 2.44, P= 0.004) and physical activity (odds ratio 2.53, P= 0.03). Gender differences were found. No associations were found between adolescent healthy nutrition behaviours and adolescent body mass index, parent body mass index, parent nutrition behaviours or parent values of adolescent health behaviours.

Conclusions:  Interventions to promote adolescent healthy nutrition behaviours should be gender‐specific and include action around a range of obesity‐related health behaviours including physical activity and time spent in small screen recreation.
Sugary drink consumption behaviours among young adults at university
Authors: O'LEARY Fiona , HATTERSLEY Libby , KING Lesley , ALLMAN‐FARINELLI Margaret
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Sugary drink consumption is associated with weight gain, and young adults are the highest consumers. To inform a university healthy beverage intervention, we studied the settings and the types and amounts of sugary drinks consumed by a sample drawn from the student population.

Methods:  Fifty university students (24 male) were recruited to keep records of all beverages consumed over four consecutive days. The records were analysed by gender, drink category and consumption setting.

Results:  Males drank marginally more sugary drinks than females (median daily intake of 526 mL compared with 300 mL, P = 0.06). Median energy intake from sugary drinks was 928 kJ for males and 481 kJ for females. Carbonated soft drinks and fruit‐based drinks accounted for 64% of energy from sugary drinks for males; and fruit and sweetened milk‐based drinks accounted for 68% of energy for females. Half of all sugary drink consumption occurred at home followed by social settings.

Conclusion:  Health promotion programmes aiming to reduce sugary drink consumption in this group would benefit from gender‐differentiated strategies with respect to types of drinks consumed with a focus on the home and social settings.
Agreement of anthropometric equations with the 4‐component model in the prediction of body fat in obese schoolchildren
Authors: VASQUEZ Fabian , DIAZ Erik , LERA Lydia , VASQUEZ Loretta , ANZIANI Alyerina , BURROWS Raquel
Published: June 2012

Aim:  To evaluate the agreement between body fat determined by the 4‐component (4C) model and anthropometric equations in obese schoolchildren.

Methods:  The sample included 61 obese children (body mass index ≥ p 95) of both sexes, aged 8 to 13 years, from families with a history of chronic non‐transmissible disease, recruited from a school in a district of the city of Santiago. The multidimensional determination of body composition (not carried out in a Chilean population) included isotope dilution, air‐displacement plethysmography and radiographic absorption. Body fat was calculated using the Fuller 4C model. The results of this model were compared with the anthropometric equations generated by Slaughter, Ellis, Huang, Johnston and Deurenberg. This comparison was performed using Lin's agreement coefficient and the Bland and Altman method.

Results:  The anthropometric equation that best correlated with the four reference components was Slaughter for males (r = 0.94; p < 0.0001) and Ellis equation (r = 0.96; p < 0.0001) in the females. The Slaughter equation underestimated body fat in males by −0.93 (−6.81 4.96) kg. In females, all of the anthropometric equations underestimated body fat, while Ellis showed the closest difference of 1.12 (−2.92 5.17) kg.

Conclusions:  The Slaughter equation for obese boys and the Ellis equation in obese girls allowed an adequate estimation of total body fat, applicable to clinical and public health situations.
Anal glands of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris: A potential source of chemosensory signal expression
Authors: Bills Meghan L. , Samuelson Don A. , Larkin Iskande L. V.
Published: June 2012

Abstract

In all vertebrate species examined, anal glands have been observed. These glands can be found anywhere along the anal canal and are generally a combination of apocrine and sebaceous adenomeres. They are used for signal expression in both terrestrial and aquatic settings. The goal of this study was to determine the morphology of the anal glands in the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris, and suggest functional hypotheses through comparison to other species. Samples were collected from manatees of varying ages, during all seasons, and from both sexes (six females and five males). The glands were examined grossly and microscopically. They are present in fetal, juvenile, and adult male and female manatees and are found in clusters on each side of the anal canal within the sphincter muscles. Unlike in other species, the glands are solely apocrine without a sebaceous component. Branched tubules empty into collecting ducts and enter the anal canal at the anorectal junction. The secretion is mucus, protein, and lipid‐rich. The large size and productive nature of the glands suggest that, like anal glands in other species, these may be used for signal transmission. This is the first detailed description of anal glands in a fully aquatic mammal.
Increased Exposure of Vitamin A by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Extract in Rat Was Not via Induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2B1
Authors: Wang Ping , Pan Xian , Chen Guanming , Li Jia , Liu Li , Liu Xiaodong , Jin Shi , Xie Lin , Wang Guangji
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat (CM) extract on the pharmacokinetics of retinol and activities of cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) related to retinoid metabolism. Rats were treated with CM extract for 15 d. Plasma concentrations of retinol were measured following oral administration of retinol (45 mg/kg). Basal levels of retinol and retinoic acid in serum and liver were also measured. 7‐Ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase activity, phenacetin‐O‐deethylase activity, and 7‐pentoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase activities were used to assay the activities of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2B1 in hepatic microsomes of rats, respectively. Protein expressions of the 3 CYP450s were measured by western blot. Our studies demonstrated that CM extract dose‐dependently increased basal level of retinol in serum. In pharmacokinetic experiment, CM extract dose‐dependently increased plasma concentrations of retinol after oral administration of retinol to rats treated with CM extract. But activities and expressions of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP2B1 in hepatic microsomes of rats were also induced by CM extract.
Optimization of Enzymatic Clarification of Green Asparagus Juice Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Chen Xuehong , Xu Feng , Qin Weidong , Ma Lihua , Zheng Yonghua
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Enzymatic clarification conditions for green asparagus juice were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The asparagus juice was treated with pectinase at different temperatures (35 °C–45 °C), pH values (4.00–5.00), and enzyme concentrations (0.6–1.8 v/v%). The effects of enzymatic treatment on juice clarity and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging capacity were investigated by employing a 3‐factor central composite design coupled with RSM. According to response surface analysis, the optimal enzymatic treatment condition was pectinase concentration of 1.45%, incubation temperature of 40.56 °C and pH of 4.43. The clarity, juice yield, and soluble solid contents in asparagus juice were significantly increased by enzymatic treatment at the optimal conditions. DPPH radical‐scavenging capacity was maintained at the level close to that of raw asparagus juice. These results indicated that enzymatic treatment could be a useful technique for producing green asparagus juice with high clarity and high‐antioxidant activity.

Practical Application:  Treatment with 1.45% pectinase at 40.56 ° C, pH 4.43, significantly increased the clarity and yield of asparagus juice. In addition, enzymatic treatment maintained antioxidant activity. Thus, enzymatic treatment has the potential for industrial asparagus juice clarification.

Practical Application:  Treatment with 1.45% pectinase at 40.56 ° C, pH 4.43, significantly increased the clarity and yield of asparagus juice. In addition, enzymatic treatment maintained antioxidant activity. Thus, enzymatic treatment has the potential for industrial asparagus juice clarification.
Effect of HPMC on the Quality of Wheat‐Free Bread Made from Carob Germ Flour‐Starch Mixtures
Authors: Smith B.M. , Bean S.R. , Herald T.J. , Aramouni F.M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Carob germ proteins have been shown to have functional properties similar to wheat gluten enabling formulation and production of yeast leavened gluten‐free baked goods from a true dough rather than a stiff batter. The purpose of this research was to optimize the production of wheat‐free bread containing carob germ flour, corn starch, NaCl, sucrose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and H2O. A key criterion was to formulate viscoelastic dough similar to wheat dough. To that end, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal levels of carob germ flour, H2O, and HPMC. Components varied as follows: 4.94%–15.05% for carob germ flour, 0.05%–3.75% HPMC, and 65.25%–83.75% H2O (percents are on a flour basis, where carob germ flour in combination with maize starch equals 100%). Sucrose, NaCl, and yeast were held constant at 2%. Bread parameters evaluated were specific volume and crumb hardness, where the largest specific volume and the lowest value for crumb hardness were considered most desirable. The optimum formula as determined by RSM consisted of 7% carob germ flour, 93% maize starch, 2% HPMC, and 80% H2O with predicted crumb hardness of ∼200 g of force and a specific volume of ∼3.5 cm3/g. When proof time was optimized, a specific volume of ∼5.6 ml/g and crumb hardness value of ∼156 g of force was observed. Carob germ flour may be used as an alternative to wheat flour in formulating viscoelastic dough and high quality gluten‐free bread.

Practical Application:  Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the world's population. Sufferers of the disease must consume a gluten‐free diet. Currently, gluten‐free baked products are made from batters and lack the ability to be made from dough based systems which limits the overall processability and product variety. This research is aimed at the utilization of carob germ protein and its ability to form dough to produce an optimal gluten‐free bread formulation. This will help to alleviate problems in processability and product variety associated with gluten‐free baked goods.
Use of UV‐C Treatments to Maintain Quality and Extend the Shelf Life of Green Fresh‐cut Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Rodoni Luis M. , Concellón Analía , Chaves Alicia R. , Vicente Ariel R.
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  The objective of this work was to select a Ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) treatment for fresh‐cut mature green bell pepper, and to evaluate the effect of its combination with refrigeration on quality maintenance. Bell pepper sticks were treated with 0, 3, 10, or 20 kJ/m2 UV‐C in the outer (O), inner (I), or both sides of the pericarp (I/O) and stored for 8 d at 10 °C. During the first 5 d of storage, all UV‐C treatments reduced deterioration as compared to the control. The treatment with 20 kJ/m2 I/O was the most effective to reduce deterioration, and was used for further evaluations. In a second group of experiments, mature green bell pepper sticks were treated with 20 kJ/m2 I/O, stored at 5 °C for 7 or 12 d and assessed for physical and chemical analysis, and microbiological quality. UV‐C‐treated fruit showed lower exudates and shriveling than the control. UV exposure also reduced decay, tissue damage, and electrolyte leakage. After 12 d at 5 °C, UV‐C irradiated peppers remained firmer and had higher resistance to deformation than the control. The UV‐C treatments also reduced weight loss and pectin solubilization. UV‐C exposure decreased the counts of mesophile bacteria and molds, and did not affect acidity or sugars. UV‐C‐treated fruit stored for 0 or 7 d at 5 °C did not show major differences in antioxidants from the control as measured against DPPH• or ABTS•+ radicals. Results suggest that UV‐C exposure is useful to maintain quality of refrigerated fresh‐cut green pepper.

Practical Application:  Exposure to UV‐C radiation before packing and refrigeration could be a useful nonchemical alternative to maintain quality and reduce postharvest losses in the fresh‐cut industry.
Effects of collecting serial tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples in healthy Standardbred horses
Authors: Tee SY , Dart AJ , MacDonald MH , Perkins NR , Horadagoda N , Jeffcott LB
Published: June 2012

Objective To evaluate the effect of collecting serial tracheal aspirate (TA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples obtained from horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease.

Study design Experimental.

Study population Six healthy Standardbred horses.

Methods Endoscopically‐guided TA samples, and BAL samples collected using the blind field technique were obtained from the six horses on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 17. On day 17, horses were sampled three times: at baseline and at 2.5 h and 4 h apart. The differential cytology of the fluid samples collected at each time point was expressed as percentages and compared statistically.

Results There was a significant increase in neutrophil percentage in the TA samples taken at day 17 (at 2.5 h but not at 4 h apart). There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the TA samples when repeated samples were taken ≥24 h apart. There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the BAL fluid at any collection point. There were inconsistent changes in the percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in the BAL fluid over time, but these remained within normal reference ranges and were considered clinically insignificant.

Conclusions Serial TA and BAL samples can be taken at 24 h intervals without affecting the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples collected using the techniques described.
Diferencias de evolución en el seguro de salud público del Japón y de la República de Corea: comparación entre el sistema de múltiples fondos y el sistema de fondo único
Authors: Jeong Hyoung‐Sun , Niki Ryu
Published: June 2012

El Japón y la República de Corea establecieron un seguro de salud de cobertura universal para sus poblaciones en 1961 y 1989, respectivamente. En la actualidad, el Japón aún cuenta con un sistema de seguro social de salud de múltiples fondos, mientras que la República de Corea ha estructurado el seguro nacional de salud en torno a un fondo único. Este artículo analiza la influencia de la economía política en las diferencias observables en las políticas de estos dos sistemas de seguro de salud de inspiración bismarckiana. Los temas abordados incluyen las diferencias de poder político, la influencia del sector de negocios en las políticas, el alcance de la autonomía regional y de la preservación de las características regionales, el grado de democratización política, la forma de conducción política y el estado de desarrollo del sistema de seguro de salud. El artículo presenta lecciones de política a partir de la experiencia de ambos países.
Deuda implícita de los planes de pensiones del sector público: una comparación internacional
Authors: Ponds Eduard , Severinson Clara , Yermo Juan
Published: June 2012

La mayor parte de los países tienen planes de pensiones separados para los empleados del sector público. La carga fiscal futura de estos planes puede ser importante, ya que el gobierno es, por lo general, el mayor empleador, los compromisos de pensiones en el sector público tienden a ser relativamente generosos y los pagos futuros proceden, de modo directo, de los ingresos estatales (según el método de reparto) o se realizan mediante planes por capitalización (fondos de pensiones) que tienden a estar insuficientemente financiados. La valoración y la publicación de información relativa a estos compromisos de pensiones son poco transparentes en algunos países, lo que puede ocultar enormes obligaciones fiscales que podrían pasar a generaciones futuras de trabajadores. Para poder realizar una comparación equitativa entre países en lo relativo a la carga fiscal de sus planes de pensiones del sector público, en este artículo se recomienda utilizar un procedimiento uniforme para valorar y publicar la información sobre las obligaciones de pensión no capitalizadas, que permita mejorar la transparencia y la formulación de las políticas. Se ha realizado una estimación del valor razonable neto de las obligaciones no capitalizadas a finales de 2008 en una muestra de países miembros de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Esta carga fiscal también se puede interpretar como la deuda implícita de pensiones en términos de su valor razonable.
¿Una idea cautivadoramente sencilla? Obstáculos prácticos en la aplicación de la renta básica universal
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Stirton Lindsay
Published: June 2012

En el presente artículo se estudia la aplicación de la renta básica universal, un asunto al que no se ha prestado atención en las investigaciones sobre la renta básica. Definimos y examinamos tres importantes obstáculos que pueden impedir que una renta básica alcance el objetivo de la universalidad que desean y proclaman sus defensores: a) el establecimiento de un censo de posibles solicitantes que abarque toda la población con derecho a ella y garantice el máximo número de beneficiarios; b) la creación de mecanismos de pago efectivos para que lleguen a todos los beneficiarios previstos, y c) la planificación de un mecanismo eficaz de supervisión para insertarlo dentro de un contexto político que excluya, de modo explícito, el seguimiento de los clientes. Sostenemos que la aplicación de una renta básica universal afronta problemas únicos que sus defensores deben estudiar atentamente.
WHEN THINKING HESITATES: PHILOSOPHY AS PROSTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATIVE VISION
Authors: AL‐SAJI ALIA
Published: June 2012

abstract

In this essay, I draw on Henri Bergson and Maurice Merleau‐Ponty to interrogate what philosophy is and how it can continue to think. Though my answer is not reducible to the views of either philosopher, what joins them is an attempt to elaborate philosophy as a different way of seeing. In this light, I propose a view of philosophy as prosthesis—as a means and a way for seeing differently. Rather than a simple tool, philosophy as prosthesis is a transformative supplement, one that our bodily perception calls for and wherein that perception is recast. Rather than a fixed or assured view, this prosthesis holds open the interval in which thinking can take place. Philosophy, I argue, must wait. It sees and thinks hesitatingly, for the temporality it inscribes is not a foreseeable development but the unfolding of life as tendency, as that which creates its own possibility as it comes into existence.
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY: BACK TO THE FUTURE
Authors: WOOD DAVID
Published: June 2012

abstract

In its many interwoven traditions, continental philosophy has a distinctive focus on what escapes the concept—experience, change, agency, responsibility, the future, the Other. The challenges that face us in the future are many: reaffirming and renewing what has already been thought and needs repeating, responding to emergent questions. None could be more urgent than the question of the animal and the fate of the planet. Addressing each of these requires that we suspend our normal conceptual assurances and think anew.
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY: THINKING THE CORPOREAL WITH THE POLITICAL
Authors: DIPROSE ROSALYN
Published: June 2012

abstract

This paper provides a genealogy of the emergence of one thread of continental philosophy—“thinking the corporeal with the political”—from its roots in the “French readings” of key philosophers during the 1960s and 1970s to its development outside of Europe. This involves characterizing continental philosophy as a style of thinking that is historical, creative, and ontological. As the genealogy takes in the French readings of Nietzsche and a range of developments such as corporeal feminisms, biopolitical analysis, and conceptions of political community, the analysis demonstrates that continental philosophy, even when confined to one line of inquiry, is a collaborative effort energized by Anglophone philosophy and that it is multifaceted, dynamic, and fecund.
THE SELF AND THE OTHERS: COMMON TOPICS FOR HUSSERL AND WITTGENSTEIN
Authors: HEINÄMAA SARA
Published: June 2012

abstract

Several commentators have argued that Husserl's phenomenological project is compromised or even destroyed by Wittgenstein's critical inquiries into our use of psychological concepts. In contrast to oppositional interpretations, this paper explicates certain crucial connections between Husserl's phenomenology and Wittgenstein's late thinking—shared views that concern the embodied nature of selfhood and our relations to other selves. In line with certain recent contributions, I argue that there are important similarities between Husserl's analysis of these phenomena and Wittgenstein's remarks on our use of language and that these connections, when noticed and explicated, can help us avoid simplified, barren contrasts and get clear about our actual philosophical alternatives.
NEW PHENOMENOLOGY IN FRANCE
Authors: TENGELYI LÁSZLÓ
Published: June 2012

abstract

Phenomenology is a basic philosophical movement belonging to what is called “continental philosophy.” Recently, a new phenomenology has emerged in France. In the period from Levinas and Henry to Marion and Richir, it has become evident that the phenomenon as such cannot be reduced to a mere constitution by intentional consciousness; rather, it must be considered as an event of appearing that establishes itself by itself. This fundamental insight entails important consequences: on the one hand, a new concept of the subject has been elaborated; on the other hand, a new approach to effective reality and objectivity has been developed. Idealism is overcome, transcendentalism is revised and reinterpreted. These changes will certainly have an impact on the destiny of continental philosophy.
IN THE FUTURE PHILOSOPHY WILL BE NEITHER CONTINENTAL NOR ANALYTIC BUT SYNTHETIC: TOWARD A PROMISCUOUS MISCEGENATION OF (ALL) PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS AND STYLES
Authors: THOMSON IAIN
Published: June 2012

abstract

In this paper, I suggest that the important philosophy of the future will increasingly be found neither in the “continental” nor in the “analytic” traditions but, instead, in the transcending sublation of (all) traditions I call “synthetic philosophy.” I mean “synthetic” both in a sense that encourages the bold combinatorial mélange of existing styles, traditions, and issues, and also in the Hegelian sense of sublating dichotomous oppositions, appropriating the distinctive insights of both sides while eliminating their errors and exaggerations, and thereby creating new syntheses in which the old oppositions are transcended.
THE ELEMENTAL TURN
Authors: SALLIS JOHN
Published: June 2012

abstract

By referring to the present environmental “crisis,” this essay presents the turn to elemental nature as a task that thinking must undertake. What this turn involves is clarified by means of a series of distinctions between things and natural elements.
REFLECTIONS ON THE LEGACY AND FUTURE OF THE CONTINENTAL TRADITION WITH REGARD TO THE CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF RACE
Authors: GINES KATHRYN T.
Published: June 2012

abstract

The legacy and future of continental philosophy with regard to the critical philosophy of race can be seen in prominent canonical philosophical figures, the scholarship of contemporary philosophers, and recent edited collections and book series. The following reflections highlight some (though certainly not all) of the contacts and overlaps between a select number of continental philosophers and the critical philosophy of race. In particular, I consider how the continental tradition has contributed to the development of the critical philosophy of race by offering tools from existentialism, phenomenology, and genealogy to emphasize questions of existence, facticity, lived experience, and historicity as they relate to analyses of race, racism, slavery, and colonialism.1 I argue that these tools have been used both implicitly and explicitly in the writings of contemporary continental philosophers who theorize about race and that the critical philosophy of race has impacted and expanded continental philosophy in significant ways.
Simulations of Multiphase Particle Deposition on a Showerhead With Staggered Film-Cooling Holes
Authors: Lawson Seth A. , Thole Karen A. , Okita Yoji , Nakamata Chiyuki
Published: June 2012

The demand for cleaner, more efficient energy has driven the motivation for improving the performance standards for gas turbines. Increasing the combustion temperature is one way to get the best possible performance from a gas turbine. One problem associated with increased combustion temperatures is that particles ingested in the fuel and air become more prone to deposition with an increase in turbine inlet temperature. Deposition on aero-engine turbine components caused by sand particle ingestion can impair turbine cooling methods and lead to reduced component life. It is necessary to understand the extent to which particle deposition affects turbine cooling in the leading edge region of the nozzle guide vane where intricate showerhead cooling geometries are utilized. For the current study, wax was used to dynamically simulate multiphase particle deposition on a large scale showerhead cooling geometry. The effects of deposition development, coolant blowing ratio, and particle temperature were tested. Infrared thermography was used to quantify the effects of deposition on cooling effectiveness. Although deposition decreased with an increase in coolant blowing ratio, results showed that reductions in cooling effectiveness caused by deposition increased with an increase in blowing ratio. Results also showed that effectiveness reduction increased with an increase in particle temperature. Reductions in cooling effectiveness reached as high as 36% at M = 1.0.
Design of Reset Control Systems: The PI + CI Compensator
Authors: Baños Alfonso , Vidal Angel
Published: June 2012

Reset compensation has been used to overcome limitations of linear and time invariant (LTI) compensation. In this work, a new reset compensator, referred to as proportional and integral (PI) + CI (Clegg integrator), is introduced. It basically consists of adding a Clegg integrator to a PI compensator, with the goal of improving the closed loop response by using the nonlinear characteristic of this element. It turns out that by resetting a percentage of the integral term in a PI compensator, a significant improvement can be obtained over a well-tuned PI compensator in some relevant practical cases, such as systems with dominant lag and integrating systems. The work is devoted to the development of PI + CI tuning rules for basic dynamic systems in a wide range of applications, including first and higher order plus dead time systems.
Effect of Recirculation Device With Counter Swirl Vane on Performance of High Pressure Ratio Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Tamaki Hideaki
Published: June 2012

Centrifugal compressors used for turbochargers need to achieve a wide operating range. The author has developed a high pressure ratio centrifugal compressor with pressure ratio 5.7 for a marine use turbocharger. In order to enhance operating range, two different types of recirculation devices were applied. One is a conventional recirculation device. The other is a new one. The conventional recirculation device consists of an upstream slot, bleed slot and the annular cavity which connects both slots. The new recirculation device has vanes installed in the cavity. These vanes were designed to provide recirculation flow with negative preswirl at the impeller inlet, a swirl counterwise to the impeller rotational direction. The benefits of the application of both of the recirculation devices were ensured. The new device in particular, shifted surge line to a lower flow rate compared to the conventional device.
Heat-Transfer Characteristics of a Non-Rotating Two-Pass Rectangular Duct With Various Guide Vanes in the Tip Turn Region
Authors: Lee Dong Myeong , Park Jun Su , Lee Dong Hyun , Lee Sanghoon , Soo Kim Beom , Cho Hyung Hee
Published: June 2012

The present study investigated convective heat transfer inside a two-pass rectangular duct with guide vanes in the turning region. The objective was to determine the effect of the guide vanes on blade-tip cooling. The duct had a hydraulic diameter (Dh) of 26.67 mm and an aspect ratio (AR) of 5. The duct inlet width was 80 mm, and the distance between the tip of the divider and the tip wall of the duct was also 80 mm. Various guide vane configurations were used in the turning region. The Reynolds number (Re), based on the hydraulic diameter, was held constant at 10,000. The naphthalene sublimation technique was used to determine the detailed local heat-transfer coefficients, using the heat-and mass-transfer analogy. The results indicate that guide vanes in the turning region enhance heat transfer in the blade-tip region. The guide vane on the second-pass side of the turning region had higher heat transfer than the guide vane on the first-pass side. Strong secondary flow enhanced heat transfer in the blade-tip region. Dean vortices induced by the guide vanes pushed the high-momentum core flow toward the tip wall, and heat transfer was increased in the turning region, but decreased in the second passage. Consequently, a guide vane on the second-pass side of the turning region generates high-heat-transfer rates on the tip surface, and can also increase the thermal performance factor in a two-pass duct.
Heat Convection Within an Eccentric Annulus Heated at Either Constant Wall Temperature or Constant Heat Flux
Authors: Mahfouz F. M.
Published: June 2012

Natural heat convection within an annular annulus bounded by two horizontal vertically eccentric long cylinders has been investigated. The annulus inner wall has been heated and maintained at either constant wall temperature CWT or constant heat flux CHF while the outer wall is cooled and maintained at constant temperature. The induced buoyancy driven flow and the associated heat convection are predicted through solving numerically the full conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy using Fourier spectral method. Beside Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, the heat convection process in the annulus depends on the annulus radius ratio and eccentricity (normalized by the radius difference). The study considered a moderate range of Rayleigh numbers up to 105 while Prandtl number is fixed at 0.7. The radius ratio is considered up to 3.2 while the eccentricity is varied between − 0.65 and + 0.65. The study has revealed that at certain radius ratio for a given Rayleigh number and eccentricity, the heat transfer is minimum in case of CWT and the mean inner wall temperature is maximum in case of CHF. The study has also shown, in the range considered for controlling parameters, that multiple convection cells only exist in case of CWT and only for positive eccentricity. Moreover, the study has shown that the present numerical solution of the pure conduction problem is almost identical with the newly presented analytical solution which confirms the high accuracy of the numerical solution.
Volumetric Heat Capacity Enhancement in Thin Films of Amorphous Fluorocarbon Polymers
Authors: Tian Hongxiang , Ghossoub Marc G. , Baris Oksen T. , Ma Jun , Tirumala Murli , Sinha Sanjiv
Published: June 2012

Plasma deposited amorphous fluorocarbon polymers find use in biopassivation, and as low-friction coatings, adhesion promoters, and interlayer dielectrics. Here, we exploit their ease of deposition into ultrathin layers (<50 nm thick) to explore their potential as thermal storage elements. We design and fabricate a microcalorimeter for measuring the heat capacity of thin fluorocarbons. Conventional thin film calorimetry assumes adiabatic conditions that lead to large errors as film thickness decreases. We propose a new data analysis procedure that incorporates a one-dimensional solution of the transient heat diffusion equation to account for conduction losses. The data for films with thicknesses in the range 12–27 nm reveal a lowering of the melting point and an increase in the volumetric heat capacity with decreasing thickness. We attribute this to change in the carbon to fluorine ratio in the films’ composition. The volumetric heat capacity approximately doubles at room temperature as the film thickness decreases from 27 nm to 12 nm.
Dynamics and Control of the Shoot-the-Moon Tabletop Game
Authors: Xu Peng , Groff Richard E. , Burg Timothy
Published: June 2012

The classic tabletop game Shoot-the-Moon has interesting dynamics despite its simple structure, consisting of a steel ball rolling on two cylindrical rods. In this paper, we derive the equations of motion for Shoot-the-Moon using a Lagrangian approach and examine the underactuated, nonlinear, and nonholonomic dynamics. Two ball position controllers are designed, one using a local linearization and another using the nonlinear dynamics. Simulations of both controllers are performed, showing that the ball converges to the setpoint position for the linearized controller and continuous signals can be tracked by the nonlinear controller. Finally, the experimental results are presented for the nonlinear controller applied to a physical implementation of Shoot-the-Moon. The effect of the nonholonomic constraint relating the ball’s linear and angular position is demonstrated. This system has rich dynamics that can provide a challenging problem for control design and serve as a new educational example.
Nonlinear Attitude Control of Flexible Spacecraft With Scissored Pairs of Control Moment Gyros
Authors: Fan Jixiang , Zhou Di
Published: June 2012

Dynamic equations describing the attitude motion of flexible spacecraft with scissored pairs of control moment gyroscopes are established. A nonlinear controller is designed to drive the flexible spacecraft to implement three-axis large-angle attitude maneuvers with the vibration suppression. Singularity analysis for three orthogonally mounted scissored pairs of control moment gyros shows that there exists no internal singularity in this configuration. A new pseudo-inverse steering law is designed based on the synchronization of gimbal angles of the twin gyros in each pair. To improve the synchronization performance, an adaptive nonlinear feedback controller is designed for each pairs of control moment gyros by using the stability theory of Lyapunov. Simulation results are provided to show the validity of the controllers and the steering law.