bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of mud shale under water-bearing conditions and its applications
Authors: Fang Xinxin , Feng Hong , Li Fengling , Wang Hao
Published: June 2022

Mud shale, used in drilling engineering, is prone to hydration and expansion, resulting in creep deformation that leads to wellbore shrinkage and pipe sticking incidents. Studying the creep characteristics of mud shale is significant for designing a reasonable well structure and determining the lower limit of drilling fluid density. The influence of moisture content on rock strength and creep mechanical properties were studied using water absorption, uniaxial compression, and creep tests. Test results show that with an increase in the moisture content, the mud shale was damaged and softened; moreover, the elastic modulus decreased with increase in moisture content. Under the same load level, the instantaneous strain increased with increasing moisture content. Under different loading stresses, the creep of the rock had nonlinear characteristics, which could be divided into three different creep stages: attenuation, second, and accelerated creep. A new improved creep model based on the Nishihara model was established to describe the accelerated creep characteristics of mud shale under different moisture contents. The ageing degradation and water-bearing weakening effects were introduced. The Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least-squares method was applied to invert the creep parameters. The results show that the simulated creep curves, generated using the new creep model, conform to the experimental ones. The relationship between the drilling fluid density and wellbore shrinkage ratio can be defined using this model; it provides a reference for reasonably determining the drilling fluid density.
The cause of acute lethality of mice exposed to a laser-induced shock wave to the brainstem
Authors: Yamamura Koji , Kiriu Nobuaki , Tomura Satoshi , Kawauchi Satoko , Murakami Kaoru , Sato Shunichi , Saitoh Daizoh , Yokoe Hidetaka
Published: June 2022

Air embolism is generally considered the most common cause of death within 1 h of a blast injury. Shock lung, respiratory arrest, and circulatory failure caused by vagal reflexes contribute to fatal injuries that lead to immediate death; however, informative mechanistic data are insufficient. Here we used a laser-induced shock wave (LISW) to determine the mechanism of acute fatalities associated with blast injuries. We applied the LISW to the forehead, upper neck, and thoracic dorsum of mice and examined their vital signs. Moreover, the LISW method is well suited for creating site-specific damage. Here we show that only mice with upper neck exposure, without damage elsewhere, died more frequently compared with the other injured groups. The peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) of the former mice significantly decreased for < 1 min [p < 0.05] but improved within 3 min. The LISW exposure to the upper neck region was the most lethal factor, affecting the respiratory function. Protecting the upper neck region may reduce fatalities that are related to blast injuries.
Aptamer-based biosensing through the mapping of encoding upconversion nanoparticles for sensitive CEA detection
Authors: Xu Zihui , Wang Chunnan , Ma Rui , Sha Zhou , Liang Fuxin , Sun Shuqing
Published: June 2022

An aptamer-based assay through the mapping and enumeration of encoding UCNPs for digital detection of CEA is reported.
Accelerating quantitative 13C NMR spectra using an EXtended ACquisition Time (EXACT) method
Authors: Al-Aasmi Zahra H. , Shchukina Alexandra , Butts Craig P.
Published: June 2022

Accurate quantitative 13C NMR spectra can be accelerated by using EXACT (EXtended ACquisition Time) NMR methods which reduce Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE) during the FID.
Mixed-metal calix[8]arene complexes: structure, and ring opening polymerisation studies
Authors: Xing Tian , Derbyshire Max , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Redshaw Carl
Published: June 2022

Combinations of group V alkoxides or tungsten oxyalkoxide salts with p-tert-butylcalix[8]areneH8 afford mixed-metal calixarenes capable of the ROP of ε-caprolactone.
Amorphous calcium carbonate monohydrate containing a defect hydrate network by mechanochemical processing of mono-hydrocalcite using ethanol as auxiliary solvent
Authors: Maslyk Marcel , Mondeshki Mihail , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

Calcium carbonate monohydrate-like ACC was made by ball-milling with ethanol as auxiliary solvent. IR and solid-state NMR, diffraction and total scattering show that defects of the hydrate network due to partial displacement of water by ethanol are crucial for amorphization.
Tailoring the charge transport characteristics in ordered small-molecule organic semiconductors by side-chain engineering and fluorine substitution
Authors: Kuznetsov Ilya E. , Anokhin Denis V. , Piryazev Alexey A. , Sideltsev Maxim E. , Akhkiamova Azaliia F. , Novikov Artyom V. , Kurbatov Vladimir G. , Ivanov Dimitri A. , Akkuratov Alexander V.
Published: June 2022

Thermal post-treatment of thin films of small molecules strongly affects their microstructure and morphology, resulting in remarkable improvement of the charge transport properties.
Interfacial charge transfer complex formation between silver nanoparticles and aromatic amino acids
Authors: Sredojević Dušan , Stavrić Srđan , Lazić Vesna , Ahrenkiel S. Phillip , Nedeljković Jovan M.
Published: June 2022

Interfacial charge transfer complex formation takes place between silver nanoparticles and aromatic amino acids tryptophan and histidine.
A porphyrin(2.1.2.1) bis-boron complex as a deep-red AIE luminophore induced by intermolecular F–π interaction
Authors: Liu Ningchao , Lv Xiaojuan , Xiao Bentian , Kuzuhara Daiki , Mei Peifeng , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Qiu Fengxian , Pan Jianming , Xue Songlin
Published: June 2022

Four novel boron complexes were synthesized from saddle-shaped porphyrins(2.1.2.1) as new cyclic ligands. The saddle shape confers unique structure-dependent photophysical properties, especially in emission.
Cluster self-assembly and anion binding by metal complexes of non-innocent thiazolidinyl–thiolate ligands
Authors: Riffel Madeline N. , Siegel Lukas , Oliver Allen G. , Tsui Emily Y.
Published: June 2022

Self-assembled thiolate-bridged trimers supported by a redox-active and proton-switchable ligand can hydrogen-bond anions.
Identification of chlorpyrifos-degrading microorganisms in farmland soils via cultivation-independent and -dependent approaches
Authors: Lian Luning , Xing Yi , Zhang Nana , Jiang Bo
Published: June 2022

This study shows a feasible cultivation-independent method by MMI coupled with high-throughput sequencing to identify in situ microbes actively, various microbes were recognized for the first time, the OPH genes were involved in CPF metabolism.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of α-RuCl3 – a time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopy study
Authors: Wagner Julian , Sahasrabudhe Anuja , Versteeg Rolf , Wang Zhe , Tsurkan Vladimir , Loidl Alois , Hedayat Hamoon , van Loosdrecht Paul H. M.
Published: June 2022

We present time-resolved magneto-optical spectroscopy on the magnetic Mott–Hubbard-insulating Kitaev spin liquid candidate α-RuCl3 to investigate the nonequilibrium dynamics of its antiferromagnetically ordered zigzag groundstate after photoexcitation.
Photoinduced synthesis of functionalized oxetanes via diradical-mediated ring contraction
Authors: Qi Dan , Bai Jinrui , Zhang Haoxiang , Li Bin , Song Zhuoheng , Ma Na , Guo Lin , Song Lijuan , Xia Wujiong
Published: June 2022

A photochemical ring contraction is reported for the synthesis of oxetanes from dihydrofurans and diazo compounds under catalyst-free conditions.
Plasmonic metal oxides and their biological applications
Authors: Hu Yihong , Zhang Bao Yue , Haque Farjana , Ren Guanghui , Ou Jian Zhen
Published: June 2022

Doped metal oxide nanostructures with tunable plasmonic features enable a variety of high-performance biological applications.
Multicomponent encapsulation into fully degradable protein nanocarriers via interfacial azide–alkyne click reaction in miniemulsion allows the co-delivery of immunotherapeutics
Authors: Hüppe Natkritta , Schunke Jenny , Fichter Michael , Mailänder Volker , Wurm Frederik R. , Landfester Katharina
Published: June 2022

Fully biodegradable protein nanocarriers were prepared by metal-free click reaction in inverse miniemulsion and loaded in situ with up to four different cargo molecules to achieve a synergistic therapeutic treatment.
Self-supported and defect-rich CoP nanowire arrays with abundant catalytic sites as a highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting
Authors: Du Bing , Zhao Jinxiu , Tian Liang , Wang Qiangqiang , Ren Xiang , Sun Xu , Wei Qin , Li Yuyang , Wu Dan
Published: June 2022

In 1.0 M KOH, p-CoP/NF shows outstanding HER and OER activity. Furthermore when p-CoP/NF is assembled into a two-electrode cell, a voltage of only 1.55 V is needed to achieve 10 mA cm−2, and it can maintain long-term stability.
Catalytic asymmetric Michael/cyclization reaction of 3-isothiocyanato thiobutyrolactone: an approach to the construction of a library of bispiro[pyrazolone-thiobutyrolactone] skeletons
Authors: Liu Ren-Ming , Zhang Min , Han Xiao-Xue , Liu Xiong-Li , Pan Bo-Wen , Tian You-Ping , Peng Li-Jun , Yuan Wei-Cheng
Published: June 2022

Here, we demonstrate the first example of 3-isothiocyanato thiobutyrolactone serving as a useful building block in the Michael/cyclization reaction.
Solvent-controlled base-free synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)-cyclopropanes and -pyrazolines via cycloaddition of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-enynes with 2,2,2-trifluorodiazoethane
Authors: Ma Zhihong , Deng Yupian , He Jingjing , Cao Song
Published: June 2022

A highly efficient solvent-controlled synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropanes and bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolines via a [2 + 1] or [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-conjugated enynes with CF3CHN2 was developed.
Role of chain architecture in the solution phase assembly and thermoreversibility of aqueous PNIPAM/silyl methacrylate copolymers
Authors: Linn Jason D. , Liberman Lucy , Neal Christopher A. P. , Calabrese Michelle A.
Published: June 2022

Thermoresponsive polymers with localized reactive inorganic groups demonstrate controlled structure formation, unique optical responses, and improved thermoreversibility during heating/cooling.
Light induced ammonia synthesis by crystalline polyoxometalate-based hybrid frameworks coupled with the Sv-1T MoS2 cocatalyst
Authors: Li Fengrui , Liu Hongru , Chen Weichao , Su Ying , Chen Weilin , Zhi Jingjing , Li Yangguang
Published: June 2022

A series of crystalline polyoxometalate-based hybrid frameworks coupled with rich sulfur vacancy 1T MoS2 through the hydrothermal growth strategy are presented towards light induced ammonia synthesis.
Nickel-catalysed SET-reduction-based access to functionalized allenes via 1,4-carbohydrogenation of 1,3-enynes with alkyl bromides
Authors: Lei Wan , Liu Hong , Li Yan , Fang Yewen
Published: June 2022

Allene synthesis: Using reductive radical–polar crossover as the strategy, functionalized allenes could be easily accessed via the reactions of 1,3-enynes with alkyl bromides enabled by nickel catalysis.
Correction: Residue-based propensity of aggregation in the Tau amyloidogenic hexapeptides AcPHF6* and AcPHF6
Authors: Dangi Abha , Balmik Abhishek Ankur , Ghorpade Archana Kisan , Gorantla Nalini Vijay , Sonawane Shweta Kishor , Chinnathambi Subashchandrabose , Marelli Udaya Kiran
Published: June 2022

Correction for ‘Residue-based propensity of aggregation in the Tau amyloidogenic hexapeptides AcPHF6* and AcPHF6’ by Abha Dangi et al., RSC Adv., 2020, 10, 27331–27335, https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03809A.
Unveiling the interplay between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic mechanisms in copper–iron nanoparticles working under chemically relevant tumour conditions
Authors: Bonet-Aleta Javier , Encinas-Gimenez Miguel , Urriolabeitia Esteban , Martin-Duque Pilar , Hueso Jose L. , Santamaria Jesus
Published: June 2022

This work studies in depth the interplay between glutathione (GSH) and a copper–iron oxide nanocatalyst. We describe the activation and interplay of homogeneous and heterogeneous processes that induce a cascade of reactions against cancer cells.
Direct synthesis of triphenylamine-based ordered mesoporous polymers for metal-free photocatalytic aerobic oxidation
Authors: Zhu Yin , Li Shengyu , Yang Xiaorong , Wang Shutao , Zhang Yuan
Published: June 2022

Triphenylamine functionalized ordered mesoporous polymers were synthesized by an evaporation induced self-assembly (EISA) approach and were used as reusable heterogeneous photocatalysts for metal-free photocatalytic aerobic oxidation.
A DNA–Cu nanocluster and exonuclease I integrated label-free reporting system for CRISPR/Cas12a-based SARS-CoV-2 detection with minimized background signals
Authors: Xie Siying , Qin Cheng , Zhao Furong , Shang Zhaoyang , Wang Pei , Sohail Muhammad , Zhang Xing , Li Bingzhi
Published: June 2022

A fluorogenic reporter integrating a DNA–Cu nanocluster and Exo I was developed for CRISPR/Cas12a-based SARS-CoV-2 detection with minimized background signals.
Cadherin-dependent adhesion modulated 3D cell-assembly
Authors: Han Wenjie , He Miao , Zhang Yunhan , Zhou Junxiang , Li Zhigang , Liu Xiaoyu , Sun Xiaoyun , Yin Xue , Yao Dongbao , Liang Haojun
Published: June 2022

Cadherins are widely expressed in mammalian cells. By regulating the expression of different subtypes of cadherin and regulating the proportion of added cells, three-dimensional cell assemblies with special structures were assembled.
Conducting polymers with redox active pendant groups: their application progress as organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries
Authors: Liu Er-Tai , Mei Shi-Lin , Chen Xian-He , Yao Chang-Jiang
Published: June 2022

This review summarizes the application progress of conducting redox polymers with energy storage capability for different types of rechargeable batteries.
A resource saving FPGA implementation approach to fractional Kalman filter
Authors: Xu Bo , Bai Libing , Chen Kai , Tian Lulu
Published: June 2022

The efficiency of the hardware implementations of fractional Kalman filter (FKF) heavily relies on the efficiency of realising the fractional‐order derivative operator. In this paper, a generic software and hardware implementation of the FKF based on the Grunwald–Letnikov approximation is proposed and verified on a field‐programmable gate array. The main advantage of this particular realisation is its resource saving capability on both software and hardware components (e.g. digital signal processing chips), and this enables fast and efficient real‐time computation of the FKF. Furthermore, the performance of the FKF is evaluated via studying the mean square boundedness of the filtering error. At last, a mass‐spring‐damper example is implemented via Matlab simulations to verify the applicability of the proposed approach and moreover, a hardware experiment is also conducted to demonstrate the advantage of resource saving.
Four sub-Jovian-mass planets detected by high-cadence microlensing surveys
Authors: Han Cheongho , Kim Doeon , Gould Andrew , Udalski Andrzej , Bond Ian A. , Bozza Valerio , Jung Youn Kil , Albrow Michael D. , Chung Sun-Ju , Hwang Kyu-Ha , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shin In-Gu , Shvartzvald Yossi , Yee Jennifer C. , Zang Weicheng , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Chung-Uk , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W. ,   (The KMTNet Collaboration), Mróz Przemek , Szymański Michał K. , Skowron Jan , Poleski Radosław , Soszyński Igor , Pietrukowicz Paweł , Kozłowski Szymon , Ulaczyk Krzysztof , Rybicki Krzysztof A. , Iwanek Patryk ,   (The OGLE Collaboration), Abe Fumio , Barry Richard K. , Bennett David P. , Bhattacharya Aparna , Fujii Hirosane , Fukui Akihiko , Hirao Yuki , Itow Yoshitaka , Kirikawa Rintaro , Koshimoto Naoki , Kondo Iona , Matsubara Yutaka , Matsumoto Sho , Miyazaki Shota , Muraki Yasushi , Olmschenk Greg , Okamura Arisa , Ranc Clément , Rattenbury Nicholas J. , Satoh Yuki , Silva Stela Ishitani , Sumi Takahiro , Suzuki Daisuke , Toda Taiga , Tristram Paul J. , Vandorou Aikaterini , Yama Hibiki ,   (The MOA Collaboration)
Published: June 2022

Aims. With the aim of finding short-term planetary signals, we investigated the data collected from current high-cadence microlensing surveys.

Methods. From this investigation, we found four planetary systems with low planet-to-host mass ratios, including OGLE-2017-BLG-1691L, KMT-2021-BLG-0320L, KMT-2021-BLG-1303L, and KMT-2021-BLG-1554L. Despite the short durations, ranging from a few hours to a couple of days, the planetary signals were clearly detected by the combined data of the lensing surveys. We found that three of the planetary systems have mass ratios on the order of 10−4 and the other has a mass ratio that is slightly greater than 10−3.

Results. The estimated masses indicate that all discovered planets have sub-Jovian masses. The planet masses of KMT-2021-BLG-0320Lb, KMT-2021-BLG-1303Lb, and KMT-2021-BLG-1554Lb correspond to ~0.10, ~0.38, and ~0.12 times the mass of the Jupiter, and the mass of OGLE-2017-BLG-1691Lb corresponds to that of the Uranus. The estimated mass of the planet host KMT-2021-BLG-1554L, Mhost ~ 0.08 M⊙, corresponds to the boundary between a star and a brown dwarf. Besides this system, the host stars of the other planetary systems are low-mass stars with masses in the range of ~[0.3–0.6] M⊙. The discoveries of the planets fully demonstrate the capability of the current high-cadence microlensing surveys in detecting low-mass planets.
Machine learning algorithms for prediction of penetration depth and geometrical analysis of weld in friction stir spot welding process
Authors: Bahedh Abdulbaseer S. , Mishra Akshansh , Al-Sabur Raheem , Jassim Ahmad K.
Published: June 2022

Nowadays, manufacturing sectors harness the power of machine learning and data science algorithms to make predictions of the optimization of mechanical and microstructure properties of fabricated mechanical components. The application of these algorithms reduces the experimental cost beside leads to reduce the time of experiments. The present research work is based on the depth of penetration prediction using supervised machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines (SVM), random forest algorithm, and robust regression algorithm. A friction stir spot welding (FSSW) was used to join two specimens of AA1230 aluminum alloys. The dataset consists of three input parameters: rotational speed (rpm), dwelling time (s), and axial load (kN), on which the machine learning models were trained and tested. The robust regression machine learning algorithm outperformed the rest algorithms by resulting in the coefficient of determination of 0.96. The second-best algorithm is the support vector machine algorithm, which has a value of 0.895 on the testing dataset. The research work also highlights the application of image processing techniques to find the geometrical features of the weld formation. The eroding and dilating procedures were carried out by the kernel size (3, 3) of type int 8. The results showed that the used algorithms can be considered to calculate the area, major/minor axis lengths, and the perimeter of the FSSW samples.
Lebenssituation und Versorgung von Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus: Ein Scoping Review zu den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland
Authors: Friedrichs Paula , Hauner Hans , Schmidt Kerstin
Published: June 2022

Die vorliegende Arbeit dient als Bestandsaufnahme der Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Lebens- und Versorgungssituation von Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus in Deutschland. Dazu wurde eine systematische Recherche nach Art eines Scoping Reviews durchgeführt. Zum einen wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche in wissenschaftlichen Datenbanken nach empirischen Studien und mit anderen Suchinstrumenten nach nicht-empirischen Publikationen durchgeführt. Zum anderen wurden Routinedaten (z.B. GKV-Routinedaten, Daten aus Patientenregistern, vertragsärztliche Abrechnungs- und Arzneiversorgungsdaten) bei Krankenkassen, Patientenregistern oder anderen Institutionen angefragt, um Rückschlüsse auf die Versorgungssituation von Menschen mit Diabetes zu gewinnen.

Bei der Literaturrecherche wurden insgesamt 53 Veröffentlichungen (12 empirische Studien und 41 andere Publikationen) identifiziert und in die Datenextraktion eingeschlossen. Die empirischen Studien wurden zudem qualitativ bewertet. Aufgrund der geringen Anzahl empirischer Studien und ihrer niedrigen Qualität sind die Evidenzlücken zu den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Versorgung von Menschen mit Diabetes groß. Allerdings liefern die empirischen Studien Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass sich die Pandemie auf die Inanspruchnahme von diabetesspezifischen Leistungen negativ ausgewirkt hat. Die Studien zeigen weniger Neu- und Wiedereinschreibungen in Disease-Management-Programme (DMP) für Diabetes; weniger Änderungen bei Verordnungen von blutglukosesenkenden Medikamenten; weniger Diabetes-Diagnosen und eine höhere Rate von diabetischen Ketoazidosen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Weiter zeigte sich, dass die COVID-19-Pandemie die Nutzung digitaler Möglichkeiten bei der Versorgung von Menschen mit Diabetes gefördert hat. Die Recherche nach Routinedaten blieb hingegen ergebnislos. Zusammenfassend fanden sich nur wenige belastbare Daten zu den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf die Versorgung von Menschen mit Diabetes in Deutschland.
Evolving Trends in Breast-Implant-Based Procedures in Israel: A National Survey
Authors: Yaacobi Dafna Shilo , Shachar Tal , Olshinka Asaf , Lvovsky Alex , Amir Avraham , Ad-El Dean , Grush Andrew E. , Meshulam-Derazon Sagit
Published: June 2022

Rare reports linking textured breast implants to anaplastic large-cell lymphoma have generated controversies regarding their relative advantage over smooth implants. To evaluate trends in implant use in Israel, we sent a seven-item questionnaire to all active board-certified breast plastic surgeons in the country. About half responded. Approximately 60% of responders reported a moderate-to-considerable decrease in both the relative number of augmentation mammoplasty procedures and the use of implants during mastopexies in the last year. Nearly 40% had switched from textured to smooth implants to some extent. More than 40% still used textured implants for aesthetic procedures, and reconstructive procedures. Surgeons with more experience demonstrated a greater preference for smooth implants. The uncertainty regarding the safety of textured breast implants has led to a partial transition to the use of smoother implants and, importantly, to a general reduction in all breast-implant-based procedures.
An Evidence-Based Roadmap for the Provision of More Equitable Telemedicine
Authors: Jelinek Ryan , Pandita Deepti , Linzer Mark , Engoang Jeremy Bikah Bi Nguema , Rodin Holly
Published: June 2022

Objective During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, as a safety-net organization with a substantial percentage of patients of color and with limited English proficiency (LEP), we were wary of furthering health disparities in our community. We analyzed gaps in telemedicine (telephone and video) delivery in our communities, quantified the effects of our tests of change, and began the process of accumulating evidence to create a road map for other organizations.

Methods We leveraged Lean problem-solving strategies to identify modifiable gaps across multiple domains that could inhibit equity in telemedicine. We implemented tests of change across domains of community engagement, technology, education, and access. We observed the proportion of telemedicine encounters across races and languages between April and November, 2020. Regression analyses tested the impact of race and language on telemedicine controlling for age, gender, insurance, and time.

Results Several rounds of changes and enhancements were associated with changes in telemedicine use of +5.5% (p < 0.0001) for Hispanic, +4.0% (p < 0.0001) for Spanish-speaking, −2.1% for Black (p < 0.05), and −4.4% for White patients (p < 0.001). African-American, Hispanic, and non-English-speaking patients had between 2.3 and 4.6 times the odds of preferring telephone to video encounters (p < 0.0001), with increases in preferences for video use over time (p < 0.05).

Conclusion Our roadmap to improve equitable delivery of telemedicine was associated with a significant improvement in telemedicine use among certain minority populations. Most populations of color used telephone more often than video. This preference changed over time and with equity-focused changes in telemedicine delivery.
Analysis of a new decoherence channel reveals nano-object interferometry is possible
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: June 2022

A Stern-Gerlach interferometer is used to quantify the channel of internal phonons.
Quantum efficiency of InGaN–GaN multi-quantum well solar cells: Experimental characterization and modeling
Authors: Caria Alessandro , Nicoletto Marco , De Santi Carlo , Buffolo Matteo , Huang Xuanqi , Fu Houqiang , Chen Hong , Zhao Yuji , Meneghesso Gaudenzio , Zanoni Enrico , Meneghini Matteo
Published: June 2022

InGaN-based multi-quantum well (MQW) solar cells are promising devices for photovoltaics (e.g., for tandem solar cells and concentrator systems), space applications, and wireless power transfer. In order to improve the efficiency of these devices, the factors limiting their efficiency and stability must be investigated in detail. Due to the complexity of a MQW structure, compared with a simple pn junction, modeling the spectral response of these solar cells is not straightforward, and ad hoc methodologies must be implemented. In this paper, we propose a model, based on material parameters and closed-formula equations, that describes the shape of the quantum efficiency of InGaN/GaN MQW solar cells, by taking into account the layer thickness, the temperature dependence of the absorption coefficient, and quantum confinement effects. We demonstrate (i) that the proposed model can effectively reproduce the spectral response of the cells; in addition, (ii) we prove that the bulk p-GaN layer absorbs radiation, but the carriers photogenerated in this region do not significantly contribute to device current. Finally, we show that (iii) by increasing the temperature, there is a redshift of the absorption edge due to bandgap narrowing, which can be described by Varshni law and is taken into account by the model, and a lowering in the extraction efficiency due to the increase in recombination (mostly Shockley–Read–Hall) inside the quantum wells, which is also visible by decreasing light intensity.
Large deviations, central limit, and dynamical phase transitions in the atom maser
Authors: Girotti Federico , van Horssen Merlijn , Carbone Raffaella , Guţă Mădălin
Published: June 2022

The theory of quantum jump trajectories provides a new framework for understanding dynamical phase transitions in open systems. A candidate for such transitions is the atom maser, which for certain parameters exhibits strong intermittency in the atom detection counts and has a bistable stationary state. Although previous numerical results suggested that the “free energy” may not be a smooth function, we show that the atom detection counts satisfy a large deviations principle and, therefore, we deal with a phase crossover rather than a genuine phase transition. We argue, however, that the latter occurs in the limit of an infinite pumping rate. As a corollary, we obtain the central limit theorem for the counting process. The proof relies on the analysis of a certain deformed generator whose spectral bound is the limiting cumulant generating function. The latter is shown to be smooth so that a large deviations principle holds by the Gärtner–Ellis theorem. One of the main ingredients is the Krein–Rutman theory, which extends the Perron–Frobenius theorem to a general class of positive compact semigroups.
A laboratory-based, low-energy, multi-modal x-ray microscope with user-defined resolution
Authors: Esposito Michela , Massimi Lorenzo , Buchanan Ian , Ferrara Joseph D. , Endrizzi Marco , Olivo Alessandro
Published: June 2022

We report on the development of a low-energy x-ray phase-based microscope using intensity-modulation masks for single-shot retrieval of three contrast channels: transmission, refraction, and ultra-small-angle scattering or dark field. The retrieval method is based on beam tracking, an incoherent and phase-based imaging approach. We demonstrate that the spatial resolution of this imaging system does not depend on focal spot size nor detector pixel pitch, as opposed to conventional and propagation-based x-ray imaging, and it is only dependent on the mask aperture size. This result enables the development of a multi-resolution microscope where multi-scale samples can be explored on different length scales by adjusting only the mask aperture size, without other modifications. Additionally, we show an extended capability of the system to resolve periodic structures below the resolution limit imposed by the mask apertures, which potentially extends dark-field imaging beyond its conventional use.
Progress toward fusion energy breakeven and gain as measured against the Lawson criterion
Authors: Wurzel Samuel E. , Hsu Scott C.
Published: June 2022

The Lawson criterion is a key concept in the pursuit of fusion energy, relating the fuel density n, pulse duration τ or energy confinement time τE, and fuel temperature T to the energy gain Q of a fusion plasma. The purpose of this paper is to explain and review the Lawson criterion and to provide a compilation of achieved parameters for a broad range of historical and contemporary fusion experiments. Although this paper focuses on the Lawson criterion, it is only one of many equally important factors in assessing the progress and ultimate likelihood of any fusion concept becoming a commercially viable fusion-energy system. Only experimentally measured or inferred values of n, τ or τE, and T that have been published in the peer-reviewed literature are included in this paper, unless noted otherwise. For extracting these parameters, we discuss methodologies that are necessarily specific to different fusion approaches (including magnetic, inertial, and magneto-inertial fusion). This paper is intended to serve as a reference for fusion researchers and a tutorial for all others interested in fusion energy.
The cusp plasma imaging detector (CuPID) cubesat observatory: Instrumentation
Authors: Atz Emil , Walsh Brian , O’Brien Connor , Collier Michael , Berman Ariel , Billingsley Lisa , Blake J. Bernard , Broll Jeffery , Chornay Dennis , Crain William , Cragwell Thompson , Dobson Norman , Kujawski Joseph , Kuntz Kip , Naldoza Van , Nutter Rousseau , Porter F. Scott , Sibeck David , Simms Kenneth , Thomas Nicholas , Turner Drew , Weatherwax Allan , Yousuff Ajmal , Zosuls Aleks
Published: June 2022

The Cusp Plasma Imaging Detector (CuPID) CubeSat observatory is a 6U CubeSat designed to observe solar wind charge exchange in magnetospheric cusps to test competing theories of magnetic reconnection at the Earth’s magnetopause. The CuPID is equipped with three instruments, namely, a wide field-of-view (4.6° × 4.6°) soft x-ray telescope, a micro-dosimeter suite, and an engineering magnetometer optimized for the science operation. The instrument suite has been tested and calibrated in relevant environments, demonstrating successful design. The testing and calibration of these instruments produced metrics and coefficients that will be used to create the CuPID mission’s data product.
Enhancement of the ferroelectricity by interface engineering observed by in situ transmission electron microscope
Authors: Luo Chen , Yu Zhihao , Ning Hongkai , Dong Zuoyuan , Wang Chaolun , Sun Litao , Wu Xing , Wang Xinran , Chu Junhao
Published: June 2022

Hafnia-based ferroelectrics with excellent scalability and complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology compatibility are potential materials for next-generation memory and logic devices. Stabilizing the metastable ferroelectric phase in hafnia-based ferroelectrics is critical for realizing technological applications. Interface engineering is a critical method to stabilize the ferroelectric phase. However, the role played by the interface between the metal electrode and the hafnia-based ferroelectrics oxide remains unclear. In this work, a typical Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) ferroelectric oxide film sandwiched between the metal electrode and the silicon substrate was fabricated with and without the interfacial layer. By using the in situ transmission electron microscope, the atomistic structure evolution of the HZO film ferroelectric phase was studied under electrical stimuli. It is found that the phase transition from ferroelectric (FE) orthorhombic phase (O-phase) to dielectric monoclinic phase (M-phase) occurs from the interface between the HZO and the metal electrode. While in the one with Al2O3 as an interfacial layer between the HZO and the metal electrode, the FE O-phase could remain without phase transition. This work shows the microscopic view to enhance the ferroelectric evolution in HfO2-based devices.
Microcompartment assembly around multicomponent fluid cargoes
Authors: Tsidilkovski Lev , Mohajerani Farzaneh , Hagan Michael F.
Published: June 2022

This article describes dynamical simulations of the assembly of an icosahedral protein shell around a bicomponent fluid cargo. Our simulations are motivated by bacterial microcompartments, which are protein shells found in bacteria that assemble around a complex of enzymes and other components involved in certain metabolic processes. The simulations demonstrate that the relative interaction strengths among the different cargo species play a key role in determining the amount of each species that is encapsulated, their spatial organization, and the nature of the shell assembly pathways. However, the shell protein–shell protein and shell protein–cargo component interactions that help drive assembly and encapsulation also influence cargo composition within certain parameter regimes. These behaviors are governed by a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic effects. In addition to elucidating how natural microcompartments encapsulate multiple components involved within reaction cascades, these results have implications for efforts in synthetic biology to colocalize alternative sets of molecules within microcompartments to accelerate specific reactions. More broadly, the results suggest that coupling between self-assembly and multicomponent liquid–liquid phase separation may play a role in the organization of the cellular cytoplasm.
On the relative contributions of point defect clusters to macroscopic swelling of metals
Authors: Jourdan T. , Nastar M.
Published: June 2022

Swelling of metals under irradiation is commonly assessed by calculating the volume fraction of voids, which appear at temperatures where vacancies are mobile. However, other clusters are formed, which may also have an impact on swelling. In particular, interstitial loops have recently been considered to give a significant contribution to swelling owing to their large relaxation volume. In this work, we perform calculations in nickel, based on interatomic potentials, to estimate the contributions of the various point defect clusters. We show that voids produce much more swelling than loops and stacking fault tetrahedra, whose contribution is essentially due to the dislocation core field, inducing a dilatation per unit length of around 1b2, where b is the Burgers vector. Evaluation of swelling should indeed be done by summing formation volumes, not relaxation volumes, the latter being related to lattice parameter change as measured by x-ray diffraction. We also discuss the case of “lattice swelling” occurring when vacancies are immobile. When self-interstitial atoms cluster as dislocation loops, this swelling mode turns out to be nothing but “void” swelling in a regime where vacancy mobility is so low that vacancies do not cluster appreciably, leaving only interstitial loops visible in transmission electron microscopy.
Low-frequency and broadband muffler via cascaded labyrinthine metasurfaces
Authors: Liu Chenkai , Wang Huijun , Liang Bin , Cheng Jian-chun , Lai Yun
Published: June 2022

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate an approach to design a kind of broadband muffler with functionalities of sound insulation and ventilation at low frequencies. By using a bypass space coiling tunnel connected to a central open hole, a large bandgap at low frequencies is discovered in the periodic system. Due to the tunability of the tunnel, the labyrinthine metasurface possesses a strong ability to control the performance and the bandwidth of sound insulation. Through a cascaded array of the metasurfaces, the muffler can exhibit the properties of large transmission loss (TL) with broad bandwidth. A cylindrical muffler of height 15.6 cm and diameter 10 cm composed of a simple array of metasurfaces with exactly the same parameters is observed to produce broadband transmission loss (TL) with a peak of 75 dB at 300 Hz. Through optimization in different metasurfaces, TL in the whole spectrum from 198 to 412 Hz can be enhanced to be over 15 dB. This theory is verified by both band structure analysis and acoustic experiment. Our findings open an approach for low-frequency and wideband noise control in general exhaust systems.
Geoffrey Burnstock 1929–2020
Authors: North R. Alan , Costa Marcello
Published: June 2022

Geoffrey Burnstock was a biomedical scientist who gained renown for his discovery that adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) functions as an extracellular signalling molecule. Born in London and educated at King’s and University Colleges, he did postdoctoral work at Mill Hill and Oxford. He moved in 1959 to the Department of Zoology at the University of Melbourne because he sensed there a greater freedom to challenge established thinking in physiology. His group found that transmission from sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic nerves to smooth muscle was in some places not mediated by the accepted chemical messengers (noradrenaline and acetylcholine). He amassed evidence that ATP was this non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitter, using biochemical, histological and electrophysiological approaches: heretically, he styled this ‘purinergic transmission’. Geoff further upset dogma in the 1970s by proposing ‘co-transmission’ in which some nerves released ATP in addition to either noradrenaline or acetylcholine. He distinguished pharmacologically P1 receptors (activated best by adenosine and blocked by xanthines) and P2 receptors (activated best by purine nucleotides such as ATP) and he proposed in 1985 that the latter embraced P2X (ion channel) and P2Y (G protein-coupled) subtypes: about ten years later these categories were substantiated by cDNA cloning. From 1975 until his retirement in 1997, Geoff was head of Anatomy and Embryology at University College London (UCL), which he developed energetically into a large and strong research department. Later, as head of the Autonomic Research Institute at the Royal Free (part of UCL), he continued to collaborate extensively, and founded several journals and international professional societies. He widely sought clinical benefit for his discoveries, and both P2X and P2Y receptors have been developed as the targets of useful therapeutics (gefapixant, clopidogrel). Geoff was proud of his modest, rather humble, background and eschewed formality. He may have smiled when his early discoveries were met with cynicism, even ridicule (‘pure-imagine’ transmission noted one amusing critic), but this just reinforced his resolve and encouraged his encyclopaedic oeuvre.
Systematic revision of the Indo-West Pacific bubble-snails of the genus
Authors: Oskars Trond R. , Malaquias Manuel António E.
Published: June 2022

The genus Haloa includes dull-coloured species of haminoeid snails inhabiting tidal and shallow waters of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-West Pacific. This paper reports on the diversity and systematics of Haloa based on the phylogenetic hypothesis generated by Oskars and Malaquias (2019) and on the morphological study of specimens. Shells, external features and anatomical characters from the jaws, radula, gizzard plates and male reproductive system were studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The molecular species delimitation method Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, using DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, was implemented to aid delimiting candidate species. Thirteen species were recognised as valid, including two new to science, namely Haloa cobbi, sp. nov. and Haloa eora, sp. nov., and one unnamed species herein referred to as Haloa sp. 1. Species depict intraspecific variability in their colouration and little character displacement in their anatomy. Shells are of limited taxonomic use; only details of the male reproductive system (e.g. fundus) and the DNA were truly diagnostic. Three species have an Indo-West Pacific distribution and three are restricted to the Indian Ocean. The remaining seven species occur in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, three of them having geographical ranges restricted to offshore islands.
Highly reversible Zn metal anode enabled by sustainable hydroxyl chemistry
Authors: Ma Lin , Vatamanu Jenel , Hahn Nathan T. , Pollard Travis P. , Borodin Oleg , Petkov Valeri , Schroeder Marshall A. , Ren Yang , Ding Michael S. , Luo Chao , Allen Jan L. , Wang Chunsheng , Xu Kang
Published: June 2022

Rechargeable Zn metal batteries (RZMBs) may provide a more sustainable and lower-cost alternative to established battery technologies in meeting energy storage applications of the future. However, the most promising electrolytes for RZMBs are generally aqueous and require high concentrations of salt(s) to bring efficiencies toward commercially viable levels and mitigate water-originated parasitic reactions including hydrogen evolution and corrosion. Electrolytes based on nonaqueous solvents are promising for avoiding these issues, but full cell performance demonstrations with solvents other than water have been very limited. To address these challenges, we investigated MeOH as an alternative electrolyte solvent. These MeOH-based electrolytes exhibited exceptional Zn reversibility over a wide temperature range, with a Coulombic efficiency > 99.5% at 50% Zn utilization without cell short-circuit behavior for > 1,800 h. More important, this remarkable performance translates well to Zn || metal-free organic cathode full cells, supporting < 6% capacity decay after > 800 cycles at −40 °C.
Ultrafast Modulation of the Molten Metal Surface Tension under Femtosecond Laser Irradiation
Authors: Li Chenhao , Liang Hongtao , Yang Yang , Yu Zhiyong , Zhang Xin , Ma Xiangming , Lu Wenliang , Sun Zhenrong , Cheng Ya
Published: June 2022

We predict ultrafast modulation of the pure molten metal surface stress fields under the irradiation of the single femtosecond laser pulse through the two-temperature model molecular-dynamics simulations. High-resolution and precision calculations are used to resolve the ultrafast laser-induced anisotropic relaxations of the pressure components on the time-scale comparable to the intrinsic liquid density relaxation time. The magnitudes of the dynamic surface tensions are found being modulated sharply within picoseconds after the irradiation, due to the development of the nanometer scale non-hydrostatic regime behind the exterior atomic layer of the liquid surfaces. The reported novel regulation mechanism of the liquid surface stress field and the dynamic surface tension hints at levitating the manipulation of liquid surfaces, such as ultrafast steering the surface directional transport and patterning.
PROSPECT-II physics opportunities
Authors: Andriamirado M , Balantekin A B , Band H R , Bass C D , Bergeron D E , Bowden N S , Bryan C D , Carr R , Classen T , Conant A J , Deichert G , Delgado A , Diwan M V , Dolinski M J , Erickson A , Foust B T , Gaison J K , Galindo-Uribari A , Gilbert C E , Grant C , Hans S , Hansell A B , Heeger K M , Heffron B , Jaffe D E , Jayakumar S , Ji X , Jones D C , Koblanski J , Kunkle P , Kyzylova O , Lane C E , Langford T J , LaRosa J , Littlejohn B R , Lu X , Maricic J , Mendenhall M P , Meyer A M , Milincic R , Mueller P E , Mumm H P , Napolitano J , Neilson R , Nikkel J A , Nour S , Palomino J L , Pushin D A , Qian X , Rosero R , Searles M , Surukuchi P T , Tyra M A , Varner R L , Venegas-Vargas D , Weatherly P B , White C , Wilhelmi J , Woolverton A , Yeh M , Zhang C , Zhang X , Collaboration) (The PROSPECT
Published: June 2022

The precision reactor oscillation and spectrum experiment, PROSPECT, has made world-leading measurements of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines. In its first phase, conducted at the high flux isotope reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PROSPECT produced some of the strongest limits on eV-scale sterile neutrinos, made a precision measurement of the reactor antineutrino spectrum from 235U, and demonstrated the observation of reactor antineutrinos in an aboveground detector with good energy resolution and well-controlled backgrounds. The PROSPECT collaboration is now preparing an upgraded detector, PROSPECT-II, to probe yet unexplored parameter space for sterile neutrinos and contribute to a full resolution of the reactor antineutrino anomaly, a longstanding puzzle in neutrino physics. By pressing forward on the world’s most precise measurement of the 235U antineutrino spectrum and measuring the absolute flux of antineutrinos from 235U, PROSPECT-II will sharpen a tool with potential value for basic neutrino science, nuclear data validation, and nuclear security applications. Following a two-year deployment at HFIR, an additional PROSPECT-II deployment at a low enriched uranium reactor could make complementary measurements of the neutrino yield from other fission isotopes. PROSPECT-II provides a unique opportunity to continue the study of reactor antineutrinos at short baselines, taking advantage of demonstrated elements of the original PROSPECT design and close access to a highly enriched uranium reactor core.
Systematic shell model study for N = 82 and N = 126 isotones and nuclear isomers
Authors: Bhoy Bharti , Srivastava Praveen C
Published: June 2022

In the present work, we have done a systematic shell model study of N = 82 and N = 126 isotones. For the N = 82 isotones, we have performed calculations using SN100PN interaction, while for N = 126 isotones, we have used KHPE interaction. Similarities between these two isotonic chains have been reported, using the strong resemblance between the high-j orbitals. Apart from the nuclear spectroscopic properties, we have also explained different isomeric states in these two regions. In the N = 82 region, we have mainly discussed the properties of the 6+ and 17/2+ isomers, while in the N = 126 region for 8+, 11−, 21/2− and 29/2+ isomers. We have reported B(E2), B(E3), g-factor, and quadrupole moments of the isomeric states for comparison in these two isotonic chains.
Approximating the ground state eigenvalue via the effective potential
Authors: Chenn Ilias , Wang Wei , Zhang Shiwen
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we study 1D random Schrödinger operators on a finite interval with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We are interested in the approximation of the ground state energy using the minimum of the effective potential. For the 1D continuous Anderson Bernoulli model, we show that the ratio of the ground state energy and the minimum of the effective potential approaches

π

2

8

as the domain size approaches infinity. Besides, we will discuss various approximations to the ratio in different situations. There will be numerical experiments supporting our main results for the ground state energy and also supporting approximations for the excited states energies.