bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guilt: Yours, Ours, and Theirs
Authors: Weber Theodore R.
Published: September 2018

On June 9, 1968, the New York Times Magazine published an article by Dr. Michael Halberstam that raised and examined the question, “Are You Guilty of Murdering Martin Luther King?” The question was addressed to all white Americans, and it presupposed a concept of collective or corporate white guilt. It was prompted by a. particular event, but its application was not limited to that event. As the question itself implied and Halberstam's argument made clear, the question applied to problems of white guilt and white racism as collective phenomena in the whole history of black-white relationships.

The question was not unique at that time, for collective guilt had emerged as a fairly common aspect of social protest.
Who Pays for Brazil's “Economic Miracle”?
Authors: Ary Dillon Soares Glaucio
Published: September 2018

Although there are minor technical disagreements about the exact rate of economic growth in Brazil, few dispute that it has been very high, far above that of the years immediately before the 1964 coup and far above the average of other Latin American countries during the same period. The rate of growth, plus the political stability achieved by coercive and other means since 1969, has made Brazil something of a model for conservatives elsewhere. Before the September, 1973, coup I visited Chile twice and often heard the expression “the Brazilian miracle” or “the Brazilian model” used by the old Chilean elites dissatisfied with the equalitarian policies of Salvador Allende.
A Subversive Agent From Colombia
Authors: Goulet Denis
Published: September 2018

In a letter to a friend in the United States dated May 16, 1969, a leading Colombian sociologist declared:

I have been trying to disattach myself from portions of the North American heritage which I had received, and with which I find myself increasingly at odds. For this reason, I cannot identify myself with any institution of the United States that would uphold or sustain the present economic and social policies pursued toward the Nations of the Third World.
What China Expects—and Plans For
Authors: Lee Hongkoo
Published: September 2018

It is, of course, a matter of judgment whether or not one believes the current international situation is, as the Chinese put it, one characterized by a great disorder on earth—“the wind sweeping through the tower heralds a rising storm in the mountains.” But the general trends seem to be quite clear: a disintegration of the cold war coalitions, the emergence of nonsecurity issues as die essence of international politics, and a change toward new power configurations. In such a transitional context the current Chinese posture in international politics seems to be based on one of self-assured “providential statesmanship” exploiting all the possibilities in the “great disorder under heaven.”
Messianic Pacificism
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley
Published: September 2018

Pacifists are sometimes taken seriously, but pacifism rarely. I mean pacifism as a coherent intellectual and social-ethical position. The theologians of liberation and revolution, for example, are extremely critical of ethical Realism, yet they continue to accept Realism's rejection of pacifism. The dogmatic assumption that Niebuhr's arguments against pacifism were and are decisive has almost precluded serious intellectual attention to pacifism. Our socialethical reflection and options are the poorer because of this lack. John Howard Yoder, however, has formulated a pacifist position that provides a rationale and form for a Christian social ethic that actively engages the world. Yoder's highly creative work should stimulate a renewed interest in this traditional option.
Attacking on Two Fronts
Authors: Forell George W.
Published: September 2018

Except for the diatribe by the panreligious secular citizen Harvey Cox, the critiques of the Hartford Appeal published in the May issue of Worldview seemed to me constructive and tended to move the discussion ahead. Unfortunately, Cox's response appeared simply to be a wild exaggeration. To recall Torquemada, the Index, and the Scopes trial because some people have taken a dim view of the theological mishmash hawked by the mod-theologians and so dramatically exemplified by Cox's The Seduction of the Spirit seems a little extreme. Even a modtheologian should not expect constant adulation. But the other writers seemed to raise some important issues.
Criticism and Culture
Authors: Becker John E.
Published: September 2018

The urgency of our times has engendered demands for action, and action has followed: economic, political, diplomatic. We are concerned for the technical competence of those who are acting. But surely there are other and even more fundamental concerns. Action too easily distracts from the assumptions on which action is based. Many of those assumptions are born in that dark region of the popular imagination where nations define themselves in terms of basic myths of national mission and national identity. We are tempted by, and too easily succumb to, oversimple versions of those myths. Urgent as is our need for action, we need reflection more.

The basic instrument of reflection on national identity and mission is literature, and ours is incredibly rich, Literature has helped both to shape and to reveal that obscure popular imagination and has criticized the ways it has shaped itself.
The Human Rights of Amerasians
Authors: Olsen Edward A.
Published: September 2018

Amerasians are the forgotten people of America's vaunted human rights policy. Amerasians are the unwanted product of illicit liaisons between American servicemen and Asian women, primarily bar girls. It is difficult to estimate accurately the number of neglected Amerasians left behind in Asia. Many thousands were born in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. Precise figures are hard to get because neither the Asian families nor the governments involved like to advertise what is for them a matter of shame. In one country, Cambodia, it is unlikely that any Amerasians survived the genocidal Khmer Rouge purification campaign. Fortunately, American forces were not in Cambodia long enough for them to produce large numbers of Amerasians.
The Great Powers Triangle
Authors: Choudhury G.W.
Published: September 2018

There are two major triangular relationships in contemporary world politics: Washington-Moscow-Peking, and USA-European Economic Community (EEC)-Japan. The first, the two superpowers and the emerging superpower of China (PRC), is characterized by a lack of mutual trust, ideological affinity, or common interests in global security or economic matters. The USA-EEC-Japan relationship, on the other hand, is based on common trust, common security and economic interests, common ideological factors, and on cultural affinities between the U.S. and the EEC.

It is the great powers triangle of Washington- Moscow-Peking that has the greater importance and significance for global peace and for the avoidance of any nuclear war. Its impact is considerable in such parts of the Third Wbrld as the Middle East, East Asia, South and Southeast Asia, Southern Africa, and in many other regions.
Reply to the Critics
Authors: Gastil Raymond D.
Published: September 2018

Upon careful examination it is clear the responses essentially support the purposes of the “Survey of Freedom.” Both Quigley and Goulet appear to believe that political and civil rights are valuable social assets and that their suppression is seldom justified. Major disagreement comes from their belief that I should take more seriously other factors that relate to “freedom.”
Religion by Permission of the Government
Authors: Patton Frank
Published: September 2018

In a 1970 decision the United States Supreme Court approved the exemption of church property from city real estate taxes, noting that “separation of church and state” was thereby well served (Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York). The Court stated:

The exemption creates only a minimal and remote involvement between church and state and far less than taxation of churches. It restricts the fiscal relationship between church and state, and tends to complement and reinforce the desired separation, insulating each from the other.
The Devil and the Pornography of Modern Consciousness
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2018

He is very old and he comes from far away. Probably of Iranian origins (Ahriman, ruler in the dominion of darkness), he appears in the Bible as Satan, God's antagonist, seducer and liar. He has had many names—Beelzebub, Abaddon, Diabolos, Lucifer, Deoful—down to the English Devil. He has had a lot to put up with in his long history—the leering intimacies of hysterical witches, the cold hatred of inquisitors, the feverish fantasies of romantic poets, and, last but not least, the supercilious mockery of enlightened intellectuals.
The Promise of Zimbabwe
Authors: Suarez Rafael
Published: September 2018

A Rhodesian revisiting the city he knew as Salisbury could probably make his way around Harare, Zimbabwe, a lot better than a Portuguese revisiting what is now Maputo, Mozambique, or a Belgian returning to Kinshasa, Zaire. Harare still has broad boulevards, flowering jacarandas, clean public parks, orderly traffic circles, and even some city streets with familiar colonial names. But there are also street signs to bewilder the returnee—avenues named for Julius Nyerere, Tanzania's postindependence leader, and for Samora Machel, president of the People's Republic of Mozambique. And our visitor would look in vain for the statue of Cecil Rhodes, now an empty pedestal.
René Dubos: A Despairing Optimist
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

In 1878 the young Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore was on his first trip as a student from India to England. Though only seventeen, he was fascinated by the combination of charm and productivity he saw in the European countryside. And he feasted on it as he traveled by railroad from Brindisi to Calais. It was, in his words, a case of “perfect union of man and.nature, not only through love but also through active communication.” He was filled with wonder and admiration at the sight of a continent “flowing with richness under the age-long attention of her chivalrous lover, western humanity.” The shaping of the continent by human labor was a “heroic love-adventure of the West, the active wooing of the earth.”
Pluralist Democracy and the Third World
Authors: Gastil Raymond D.
Published: September 2018

In a century of unexampled economic and technological progress, with the most educated and sophisticated population ever known, much of the world still writhes under the torture, brutality, and forced labor exacted by tyrants of both Right and Left. In more than half the world's nations governments are masters and people are subjects, and to seriously criticize the masters is dangerous to both life and limb. This world needs a great many things, including a more adequate distribution of food, energy, and medical care, but surely a high priority must be given to the eradication of tyranny. The opinion leaders of the democracies must strive as dedicatedly to, end public enslavement in the twentieth century as their predecessors strove to end private enslavement in the nineteenth.
In Defense of Japan
Authors: Barnett Robert W.
Published: September 2018

Threats to the security of Japan and the world are manifold, but for Japan the "enemy" is war.

For thirty years a United States bearing global strategic responsibility and a Japan committed to "no war/no collective security" have, despite apparent differences and frequent setbacks, collaborated so successfully that East Asia has become the growth miracle of the developing world. During these years the backdrop for Japan's strategic calculations—and its hesitations—has been its concept of "Comprehensive National Security." It is important, then, for us in the West to understand just what this concept means.
To the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Instrumentality of the U.S. Department of Defense
Authors: Machiavelli Niccolò
Published: September 2018

Greetings: As you are a practical group, yet with a philosophical turn of mind, you have sought my opinion on basic questions of government. I answer that leaders have but two duties: internally, to promulgate just laws and maintain order; externally, to provide for the security of the state in defending it from strangers. Of these two, I turn my attention in this testimony to the problem of maintaining the security of the state, for without this all other questions of government are moot. The first question, therefore, is how best to maintain the security of the state, whether through arms or by some other means.

To answer this one must look to the very nature of men. The history of all nations has been conflict and warfare. Therefore at all times and in all places men have found it necessary to arm themselves for defense against the attacks of their enemies.
Lebanon: Shattered Nation in the Middle East
Authors: Olson Robert K.
Published: September 2018

Lebanon is the most recent example of an all too frequent modern tragedy, the small nation rent by internal division and external intervention: Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Uganda. And as with all tragedies, the agony is both unique and universal.

Understandably, Americans are deeply troubled by the latest chapter in Lebanon's ordeal, for we have a religious, moral, political, and, for millions of Lebanese-Americans, profound familial investment in the country. America's involvement is older by far than the modern state of Lebanon, having originated in the early nineteenth century and grown stronger with American relief efforts during the Christian-Druse battles of 1860 and the establishment of the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in 1864.
Inter-American Security: Lessons From the South Atlantic
Authors: Vaky Viron P.
Published: September 2018

The Falklands conflict left in its wake a remarkable amount of psychological and conceptual disarray—even consternation— in both Latin American and U.S. policy-making circles. As a consequence, there is a good deal of stock-taking on all sides regarding the nature of hemispheric relationships and where to go from here. This has occurred not because the Falklands crisis itself created substantially new facts or circumstances but because it made explicit certain international trends and new realities that up to now have been implicit and only partially understood.

The conflict demonstrated, for example, the persistence and primacy of national interests in motivating individual Latin American countries, and also how discontinuous such interests can be with larger global issues.
The Memoirs of Richard III
Authors: Baldwin Louis
Published: September 2018

A word of explanation. Amid some controversy, historians have generally presented King Richard All of England as a thoroughly evil man who clawed his way to power over the corpses of his many victims and who was killed finally in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. These recently discovered memoirs reveal, however, that the crowned and ironclad man who died in that famous battle was really a loyal double on special assignment. Richard himself lived, not to fight another day, but to write his memoirs during his final years of secluded retirement in Cornwall, on the west coast.

The memoirs also make it perfectly clear that Richard was a man of exalted integrity, unimpeachable intentions, and sterling virtues, a hero whose reputation was irreparably blackened by malevolent and irresponsible chroniclers.

The brief but significant excerpts that follow are presented essentially unaltered, although the language has been modernized for easier reading and some of the gamier expletives have been deleted.
The Mideast: Figures in the Carpet
Authors: Olson Robert K.
Published: September 2018

It is not a joking matter, but the state of Middle East politics is nothing if not absurd. Which is to say that, to the Westerner at least, the most recent rearrangement of alliances, conflicts, and rivalries follows no readily apparent pattern of loyalty or consistency—either religious or political. The Iran-Iraq war seems to have crystalized the fragmented Arab world into two opposing blocs, those siding with non-Arab Iran and those backing Saddam Hussein. But Libya and Syria, the two most pro-Soviet countries, have sided with anti-Communist, anti-Soviet Khomeini. On the other hand the Imam is opposed by the two anti-Soviet monarchies of lordan and Saudi Arabia and the non-Communist Gulf states led by pro-Soviet Iraq. The two monarchies might be expected to oppose Iran's revolutionary regime but hardly to ally themselves with a regime no less revolutionary in its own way than Iran. Not to put too fine a point on it, it was the 1958 Iraq revolution that murder ed King Faisal II, ruler of Iraq and cousin to King Hussein. We find Sunni Libya, which has sought to embarrass Alawite president of Syria Assad by stirring up opposition among the Sunni majority of Syria, united with Assad to give aid and comfort to the Shiite leader of Iran. Syria and Iraq, which are hostile to each other, are ruled by the two extant leaders of thp Baath or Renaissance party dedicated to the unity of the Arab peoples. We find Soviet-client Iraq allied with the most proAmerican states, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, against the most anti-American state, Iran. Soviet weaponry provides the security of the Arab axis against American weaponry provided to the shah. Meanwhile, Iran credits the U.S. with starting the war, even though Iran is being attacked with Soviet weaponry.
Afghanistan: Hard Choices for the U.S.
Authors: Sonnenfeldt Helmut
Published: September 2018

There is no doubt that the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan is a crisis, and a different sort of crisis than the kind we have been accustomed to over the years of the cold war and the period that came to be known as detente. The condition that we now confront is unlikely to be confined in time and space in the same manner that many of the postwar crises had been. The Berlin crises were serious and worrisome, but they came and went and some degree of normality was restored.
Human Rights in the Two Irans
Authors: Brown Rhonda
Published: September 2018

A comparison of conditions in Iran in the last years of Pahlavi control and in the first year of the Ayatollah Khomeini's Islamic government illustrates nothing better than the difficulties inherent in governing a developing nation as diverse as Iran despite a leader's good intentions. A review of State Department reports on human rights in Iran for 1977 and 1978, in conjunction with the observations of private groups monitoring basic rights, indicates that the country was then in a period of transition. In response to international and domestic pressure the shah's extremely authoritarian administration had initiated the first series of measures aimed at ultimately liberalizing the nation's political climate. Ironically, these very reforms aided the shah's opposition in mounting the challenge that drove him from power in January, 1979.
Educating Heroes
Authors: Becker John E.
Published: September 2018

“The real world.” How our students love the phrase! An ex-linguist of my acquaintance, bitter from years of mistreatment in English departments, has come to rest at last behind a very large oak desk in a generously appointed office at a large university. She is coordinator of business-writing programs, and a sense of authority informs her words now as she talks of “those of us who work in the real world.” Meanwhile the benighted rest of us, left behind on university faculties, complacently accept the givenness of that extrauniversity “real world.” At graduation rituals we sit smiling under our tassels and hear each speaker, from the head of student government to the chancellor, from professor to famous guest, tell our students that they are about to enter the “real world.”
A New “German Library”
Authors: Gilman Sander L.
Published: September 2018

In 1911, Kuno Francke, professor of German at Harvard and an officially recognized spokesman of Wilhelminian Germany for cultural affairs, edited a multivolume pendant to President Eliot's “Five-Foot Shelf” of World Literature. Francke's presentation of all of German culture is still to be found in almost every college, university, and public library in America. The volumes are never checked out. Even a casual browser in the library stacks cannot but be struck by their datedness. The trauma of two world wars, wars, in which the U.S. viewed Germany in all of its manifestations as the enemy, is part of the reason. But even more it is Francke's hidden agenda that marks their age.
A Musician's Diary A Story
Authors: Fei Chiu
Published: September 2018

This was Wednesday, another day of intolerable heat. When I awoke, the sun was already high in the sky— it must have been well past eight o'clock. I looked at my watch, but, alas, it had stopped again during the night. This broken watch I have worn the last seven-eight years now is long overdue for a cleaning-but that would cost two-and-a-half yuan! Never mind, my stomach knows the time, anyway. When it begins to mumble-grumble, it is mealtime. It never goes wrong.
A Public Policy for Plant Genetic Resources
Authors: Weiskel Timothy C.
Published: September 2018

Tropical rain forests have long been recognized as a rich repository of plant species, but it is only relatively recently that scientists have understood their crucial role in maintenance of the world's biotic diversity. Ecologists now estimate that the tropical rain forests harbor fully a fourth of the world's species of plantsmore than any other single ecosystem —and it is for this reason that concern is mounting over the recent devastation of tropical forests.
Equality—an American Dilemma
Authors: DeMarco Joseph P. , Richmond Samuel A.
Published: September 2018

Americans are committed by Constitutional ideals to political equality. On the other hand, our economic ideals are libertarian and permit inequalities. Court decisions and federal legislation in the 1950's and '60's created a strong commitment to the practical realization of political and social equality. Yet we have come to see in the 1970's that economic inequalities make this achievement very difficult. The pressures for economic equality are relatively recent, because both poor and rich in Amerjca have in the past assumed the plight of the poor can be relieved most quickly through increases in total production rather than through a change in the distribution of what is produced. The prospect of limited economic growth in the future, or even no growth, dramatically shifts the pressures for economic improvement of the poor away from increased production toward greater equality in distribution.
Dependent Israel: The two Options
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark , Singer Israel
Published: September 2018

Rarely have Israelis felt more frustrated and alone.“ Newspapers are filled with such reports—this one from the New York Times following the U.S.-Israel feud over PLO attendance at the Security Council Middle East “debate” and the lingering bitterness over the “Saunders document.” At this moment Geneva seems distant and the Saunders statement more of a beginning than anyone will admit, even if there might be a respite until after the American election. Following a visit to the U.S., Knesset member Aharon Yariv, formerly the Minister of Information, is back in Israel publicly warning that U.S. support for Israel's political posture is waning and that America is moving toward recognition of the PLO and possible advocacy of a Palestinian state.
The Asian Experience & Caribbean Development
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2018

It may well be a tendency rooted in human nature that both individuals and larger collectivities, when faced with an intractable problem, like to think that someone, somewhere, must have the definitive solution. This tendency has certainly been visible in the area of Third World development. When this area was first brought into public consciousness in the years following World War II, there was the widespread assumption (by no means limited to North Americans and Europeans) that the advanced industrial societies of the West had discovered the secret of development. They constituted the model; the problem for other societies was how to follow this model as rapidly and painlessly as possible. This was the time when Talcott Parsons, for example, could refer to the United States as the "lead society," sincerely believing that this designation reflected sober social-scientific analysis rather than messianic nationalism. Then came the great ideological upheaval of the late 1960s and early '70s. The success of the Western model was either challenged in toto—as was done by Marxists of various denominations—or at least deemed to be negative in its effects on non-Western societies— as in the perspective of the more moderate versions of "dependency theory." The American "lead society" model was replaced by miscellaneous "vanguard societies," ranging from China to Tanzania, that had little in common except a commitment to a socialist development strategy.
In Conversation With Sanjay Gandhi
Authors: Buultjens Ralph
Published: September 2018

Scott Reynolds ndia, the world's largest democracy, held its eighth national election in the first week of January. It was an election surrounded by extraordinary excitement: the failure of two governments to secure the confidence of the Lok Sabha, the House of Representatives; disputed constitutional decisions by India's head of state, President Sanjiva Reddy; a midterm dissolution of Parliament; an unusually long period of caretaker government between last August's dissolution and the January polls. The results were equally exciting: an overwhelming victory for Indira Gandhi—and, not incidentally, a complementary victory for Sanjay Gandhi.

As the election date drew near, Sanjay Gandhi had become the most controversial public personality for one-sixth of the world's population, the 650 million people of India. In the labyrinthine world of Indian politics, where images are often etched in the muted tones of consensus appeal, Sanjay stands in bold relief; neutrality is an emotion he rarely evokes.
Trade & Jobs: The Brazilian Connection
Authors: Levinson Marc
Published: September 2018

"Borrowers should pay their debts." Most Americans would agree with this maxim and would probably apply it to debtor countries as well. There is little sympathy in evidence for the debtors, and even less for the money-center banks whose capital is badly at risk in Latin America. The discussions of such esoterica as International Monetary Fund loans, special drawing rights, and debt refinancing bring yawns. Undoubtedly, the Reagan administration's view that debt is a private matter, to be resolved between debtor countries and their creditor banks, enjoys wide public support.
The Future of Jacques Chirac and, Maybe, of Europe
Authors: Robinson Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

When the French were preparing for their legislative elections in spring ‘78 … when it looked like the Left could sneak past the Right and take over … Jacques Chirac set up offices in the only real skyscraper in Paris, the Tour Montparnasse.

He needed a lot of room, and he wanted everything new and modern. Women sat around tables opening letters, receipting contributions, stuffing printed speeches into envelopes. Men in grey suits moved from office to office at a pace that made one think there was something very urgent happening. Phones rang constantly. The walls were covered with photos and posters of Jacques Chirac. Pencil holders on desks were plastic cups with Chirac's picture. His name and face were everywhere. The scene was reminiscent of Richard Nixon's campaign headquarters in 1968. The only difference was that Nixon had the presidency at stake then and Chirac didn't… at least he wouldn't say he did.
A Black American Looks at African Theology
Authors: Cone James H.
Published: September 2018

As s a black North American whose theological consciousness was shaped in the historical context of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's and the subsequent rise of Black Power during the 1960's, I find it difficult to speak about the future of African theology without relating it to the struggle for freedom in the United Stales of America. The concern to accent the distinctiveness of the African context has led many African theologians to separate African theology, not only from traditional European theology, but also from American black theology.
Organizing Morality
Authors: Harrington Michael
Published: September 2018

My first reaction to James Reston's remarks is to marvel at their naiveté Here is an exceedingly sophisticated working journalist, the author of that extraordinary series on Mao's China who conducted a brilliant interview with Chou, indulging himself in a banal sadness. So I would respond initially by saying "of course."

Of course history is and has been immoral. It has always been the scene of self-interested conflicts between classes and nations. Of course people of religious faith kill one another, usually reserving the greatest enthusiasm for a slaughter conducted in the name of different interpretations of the same God, as in Ulster, but also avenging one deity against another, as in West Pakistan's genocidal attack on the Hindu minority of Bangladesh. I would add only that these theologically inspired enormities are usually based upon a substratum of class or national interest too.
America's Obligation to Indochinese Refugees
Authors: Neuhaus Richard
Published: September 2018

One day last February Ian Smith, head of the Rhodesian Government, sat down with three black leaders and signed an agreement that is designed to bring a majority-ruled Zimbabwe into being by the end of this year. After signing, Smith extended his hands upward and shrugged his shoulders, as though to signal his resignation to the inevitable. The black leaders were jubilant. Much of the rest of the world expressed relief that one of the nastiest conflicts in a race-conscious universe was apparently on its way to peaceful resolution. Resignation, jubilation, relief—but these are not the only reactions to what has come to be called “the internal settlement.” In Africa and elsewhere, especially at the United Nations, the settlement has been condemned by many as a sellout to continued white racism. Because it is important to understand the objections to the settlement, we will begin there.
Great Britain and the United States: Two nations divided
by an attitude?
Authors: Ebner Carmen
Published: September 2018

Having studied attitudes towards usage problems such as the notorious
split infinitive or the ubiquitous literally in
British English as part of my doctoral thesis, I was intrigued by
the sheer lack of scientific studies investigating such attitudes.
What was even more intriguing was to discover that the same field
and the same usage problems seem to have received a different
treatment in the United States of America. While my search for
previously conducted usage attitude studies in Great Britain has
largely remained fruitless, besides two notable exceptions which I
will discuss in detail below (see Section 3), a similar search for
American usage attitude studies resulted in a different picture.
Considerably more such studies seem to have been conducted in the US
than in Great Britain. On top of cultural and linguistic differences
between these two nations, it seems as if they also hold different
attitudes towards studying attitudes towards usage problems. Now the
following question arises: why do we find such contradictory
scientific traditions in these two countries? In this paper, I will
provide an overview of a selection of American and British usage
attitude studies. Taking into account differences between the
American and British studies with regard to the number of usage
problems studied, the populations surveyed and the methods applied,
I will attempt to capture manifestations of two seemingly diverging
attitudes towards the study of usage problems. By doing so, I will
provide a possible explanation for the lack of attention being paid
to usage attitudes in Great Britain.
Does Doing More Result in Doing Better? Exploring Synergies in an Integrated Population, Health and Environment Project in East Africa
Authors: Sellers Samuel
Published: September 2018

Population, health and environment (PHE) projects are an increasingly popular strategy for addressing lack of access to healthcare and livelihood opportunities in settings with threats to biodiversity loss. PHE projects integrate services and messaging from different development sectors, including health (particularly family planning), conservation and livelihoods. However, a question remains: do such projects produce value-added outcomes; that is, synergistic effects as a result of integration across sectors? Using qualitative data to explore value-added outcomes resulting from a PHE project serving communities along Lake Victoria in Kenya and Uganda, this study explores several theories about why this integrated project may be generating value-added outcomes, including changes in established gender roles, as well as substitution of time and investment of new income into sustainable livelihood activities, particularly among women. Integration led to several value-added benefits, particularly for women, although long-term sustainability of project outcomes remains a key concern.
Sperm abnormalities in matrinxã Brycon amazonicus after hormonal treatment with carp pituitary extract and Ovaprim™
Authors: de Oliveira Rosilane Gomes de Souza , de Oliveira Arley Faria José , Villacorta Correa Marle Angélica
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate if hormonal treatment causes changes in the morphology of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus spermatozoa. Twelve males were randomized into three treatment groups: 1, Ovaprim™ (0.5 ml/kg); 2, carp pituitary extract (CPE; 2.0 mg/kg); and 3, NaCl solution 0.9% – control group (0.5 ml/kg); with four replicates. Morphological sperm analysis was performed using an optical and scanning electron microscope. The percentage of normal spermatozoa (49.6±4.6% to 60.8±2.8%), with primary (26.1±6.4% to 45.3±4.5%) and secondary abnormalities (4.4±2.9% to 13.9±3.5%) did not differ significantly between treatment groups. There were no significant differences between treatments in relation to the primary abnormalities found in the head (10.5±3.8% to 25.5±6.3%), the midpiece (0.1±0.1% to 0.2±0.2%) and in the flagellum (18.9±3.8% to 15.5±3.1%), as well as in the secondary abnormalities, located in the head (0.8±0.4% to 7.8±4.6%) and in the flagellum (2.2±1.1% to 6.1±1.5%). When each abnormality was evaluated individually, only the percentage of degenerated head was higher in the CPE-induced group (24.9±5.9%) than the control group (7.2±3.1%). We concluded that the use of pituitary extract of carp or Ovaprim™ under the conditions of this experiment does not influence the percentage of sperm abnormalities in B. amazonicus.
Germination Ecology of Two Australian Populations of African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungii)
Authors: Mahajan Gulshan , Matloob Amar , Walsh Michael , Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: September 2018

African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungiiO. E.Schulz) is an emerging problematic broadleaf weed of the northern grain region of Australia. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, salinity, pH, seed burial depth, and the amount of wheat crop residue on germination and emergence of two AustralianS. thellungiiweed populations (population C, cropped area; population F, fence line). Both populations behaved similarly across different environmental conditions, except in the residue study. Although the seeds of both populations ofS. thellungiicould germinate under complete darkness, germination was best (~95%) under light/dark conditions at the 20/10 C temperature regime. Both populations ofS. thellungiigerminated over a wide range of day/night temperatures (15/5, 20/10, 25/15, and 30/20 C). Osmotic stress had negative effects on germination, with 54% seeds (averaged over populations) able to germinate at −0.1MPa. Complete germination inhibition for both populations was observed at −0.8MPa osmotic potential. Both populations germinated at sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 mM, beyond which germination was completely inhibited. There were substantial reductions in seed germination, 32% (averaged over populations) under highly acidic conditions (pH 4.0) as compared with the control (water: pH 6.4). Seed germination of both populations on the soil surface was 77%, and no seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 1 cm. The addition of 6 Mg ha−1of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) residue reduced the emergence of the C and F populations ofS. thellungiiby 75% and 64%, respectively, as compared with the control (no residue). Information gathered from this study provides a better understanding of the factors favorable for germination and emergence ofS. thellungii, which will aid in developing management strategies in winter crops, especially wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), and chick pea (Cicer arietinumL.).
Over-the-Counter Drugs and Other Substances Used in Attempted Suicide Presented to Emergency Departments in Montreal, Canada
Authors: Mikhail Alexandre , Tanoli Omaid , Légaré Gilles , Dubé Pierre-André , Habel Youssef , Lesage Alain , Low Nancy C. P. , Lamarre Suzanne , Singh Santokh , Rahme Elham
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics are frequently used in suicide attempts. Accessibility, toxicity, and unsupervised acquisition of large amounts may be facilitators. Aims: To identify patient characteristics associated with OTC drug use as a suicide attempt method among adults. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using chart review of all individuals who presented to the emergency department (ED) of two adult general hospitals following a suicide attempt during 2009–2010 in Montreal, Canada. Results: Among the 369 suicide attempters identified, 181 used overdosing, 47% of whom used OTC drugs. In logistic regression, women and those with medical comorbidity were more likely to use overdosing, while those with substance use disorders were less likely to do so. Among those who overdosed, women were more likely to use OTC drugs, while those who were Caucasian, had children, comorbidities, diagnoses with substance use disorders, and made attempts in the Fall were less likely to do so. Substances most frequently used were: acetaminophen among OTC drugs (30%); antidepressants (37%), anxiolytics (30%), opioids (10%), and anticonvulsants (9%) among prescription drugs; and cocaine (10%) among recreational drugs. Limitations: Reasons for the suicide method choice were not available. Conclusion: OTC drugs, in particular acetaminophen, are frequently used in suicide attempts. Accessibility to these drugs may be an important contributor.
How to Evaluate Remote Tower Metrics in Connection With Weather Observations
Authors: Friedrich Maik , Möhlenbrink Christoph
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Owing to the different approaches for remote tower operation, a standardized set of indicators is needed to evaluate the technical implementations at a task performance level. One of the most influential factors for air traffic control is weather. This article describes the influence of weather metrics on remote tower operations and how to validate them against each other. Weather metrics are essential to the evaluation of different remote controller working positions. Therefore, weather metrics were identified as part of a validation at the Erfurt-Weimar Airport. Air traffic control officers observed weather events at the tower control working position and the remote control working position. The eight participating air traffic control officers answered time-synchronized questionnaires at both workplaces. The questionnaires addressed operationally relevant weather events in the aerodrome. The validation experiment targeted the air traffic control officer’s ability to categorize and judge the same weather event at different workplaces. The results show the potential of standardized indicators for the evaluation of performance and the importance of weather metrics in relation to other evaluation metrics.
Global Ice Monitoring Satellite to Launch as Early as This Week
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2018

The soon-to-launch satellite will measure the height and thickness of sea ice, glaciers, ice sheets, and permafrost around the world to an unprecedentedly high precision.
Using Tectonic Tremor to Constrain Seismic Wave Attenuation in Cascadia
Authors: Littel Geena F. , Thomas Amanda M. , Baltay Annemarie S.
Published: September 2018

Tectonic tremor can be used to constrain seismic wave attenuation for use in ground motion prediction equations in regions where moderately sized earthquakes occur infrequently. Here we quantify seismic wave attenuation by inverting tremor ground motion amplitudes in different frequency bands of interest, to determine frequency dependence of and spatial variations in seismic wave attenuation in Cascadia. Due to the density of tremor data, we are able to resolve along‐strike variations in the attenuation parameter. We find that tectonic tremor exhibits the frequency dependence expected for attenuation, as determined from ground motion prediction equations developed from moderate‐to‐large magnitude earthquakes. This implies that attenuation along these paths is independent of the source mechanism. This study demonstrates that tectonic tremor can be used to provide insight into the physical factors responsible for attenuation and to refine estimates of attenuation for ground motion prediction, thus having important implications for hazard assessment and engineering seismology.
Grid Mapping the Northern Plains of Mars: Geomorphological, Radar, and Water‐Equivalent Hydrogen Results From Arcadia Plantia
Authors: Ramsdale Jason D. , Balme Matthew R. , Gallagher Colman , Conway Susan J. , Smith Isaac B. , Hauber Ernst , Orgel Csilla , Séjourné Antoine , Costard Francois , Eke Vince R. , van Gasselt Stephan A. , Johnsson Andreas , Kereszturi Akos , Losiak Anna , Massey Richard J. , Platz Thomas , Reiss Dennis , Skinner James A. , Swirad Zuzanna M. , Teodoro Luis F. A. , Wilson Jack T.
Published: September 2018

A project of mapping ice‐related landforms was undertaken to understand the role of subsurface ice in the northern plains. This work is the first continuous regional mapping from CTX (ConTeXt Camera, 6 m/pixel; Malin et al., ) imagery in Arcadia Planitia along a strip 300 km across stretching from 30°N to 80°N centered on the 170°W line of longitude. The distribution and morphotypes of these landforms were used to understand the permafrost cryolithology. The mantled and textured signatures occur almost ubiquitously between 35°N and 78°N and have a positive spatial correlation with inferred ice stability based on thermal modeling, neutron spectroscopy, and radar data. The degradational features into the LDM (latitude‐dependent mantle) include pits, scallops, and 100‐m polygons and provide supporting evidence for subsurface ice and volatile loss between 35 and 70°N in Arcadia with the mantle between 70 and 78°N appearing much more intact. Pitted terrain appears to be much more pervasive in Arcadia than in Acidalia and Utopia suggesting that the Arcadia study area had more widespread near‐surface subsurface ice and thus was more susceptible to pitting or that the ice was less well buried by sediments. Correlations with ice stability models suggest that lack of pits north of 65–70°N could indicate a relatively young age (~1 Ma); however, this could also be explained through regional variations in degradation rates. The deposition of the LDM is consistent with an air fall hypothesis; however, there appears to be substantial evidence for fluvial processes in southern Arcadia with older, underlying processes being equally dominant with the LDM and degradation thereof in shaping the landscape.
Dynamic genomic architecture of mutualistic cooperation in a wild population of Mesorhizobium
Authors: Porter Stephanie S , Faber-Hammond Joshua , Montoya Angeliqua P , Friesen Maren L , Sackos Cynthia
Published: September 2018

Research on mutualism seeks to explain how cooperation can be maintained when uncooperative mutants co-occur with cooperative kin. Gains and losses of the gene modules required for cooperation punctuate symbiont phylogenies and drive lifestyle transitions between cooperative symbionts and uncooperative free-living lineages over evolutionary time. Yet whether uncooperative symbionts commonly evolve from within cooperative symbiont populations or from within distantly related lineages with antagonistic or free-living lifestyles (i.e., third-party mutualism exploiters or parasites), remains controversial. We use genomic data to show that genotypes that differ in the presence or absence of large islands of symbiosis genes are common within a single wild recombining population of Mesorhizobium symbionts isolated from host tissues and are an important source of standing heritable variation in cooperation in this population. In a focal population of Mesorhizobium, uncooperative variants that lack a symbiosis island segregate at 16% frequency in nodules, and genome size and symbiosis gene number are positively correlated with cooperation. This finding contrasts with the genomic architecture of variation in cooperation in other symbiont populations isolated from host tissues in which the islands of genes underlying cooperation are ubiquitous and variation in cooperation is primarily driven by allelic substitution and individual gene gain and loss events. Our study demonstrates that uncooperative mutants within mutualist populations can comprise a significant component of genetic variation in nature, providing biological rationale for models and experiments that seek to explain the maintenance of mutualism in the face of non-cooperators.
Genome-wide association study of seasonal affective disorder
Authors: Ho Kwo Wei David , Han Shizhong , Nielsen Jakob V. , Jancic Dubravka , Hing Benjamin , Fiedorowicz Jess , Weissman Myrna M. , Levinson Douglas F. , Potash James B.
Published: September 2018

Family and twin studies have shown a genetic component to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). A number of candidate gene studies have examined the role of variations within biologically relevant genes in SAD susceptibility, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to date. The authors aimed to identify genetic risk variants for SAD through GWAS. The authors performed a GWAS for SAD in 1380 cases and 2937 controls of European-American (EA) origin, selected from samples for GWAS of major depressive disorder and of bipolar disorder. Further bioinformatic analyses were conducted to examine additional genomic and biological evidence associated with the top GWAS signals. No susceptibility loci for SAD were identified at a genome-wide significant level. The strongest association was at an intronic variant (rs139459337) within ZBTB20 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63, p = 8.4 × 10−7), which encodes a transcriptional repressor that has roles in neurogenesis and in adult brain. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that the risk allele “T” of rs139459337 is associated with reduced mRNA expression of ZBTB20 in human temporal cortex (p = 0.028). Zbtb20 is required for normal murine circadian rhythm and for entrainment to a shortened day. Of the 330 human orthologs of murine genes directly repressed by Zbtb20, there were 32 associated with SAD in our sample (at p < 0.05), representing a significant enrichment of ZBTB20 targets among our SAD genetic association signals (fold = 1.93, p = 0.001). ZBTB20 is a candidate susceptibility gene for SAD, based on a convergence of genetic, genomic, and biological evidence. Further studies are necessary to confirm its role in SAD.