bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AnIn VitroBiomechanical Comparison of an Interlocking Nail System and Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Ostectomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: Lopez Mandi J. , Wilson David G. , Vanderby Ray , Markel Mark D.
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo compare the mechanical properties of two stabilization methods for ostectomized equine third metacarpi (MC3): (1) an interlocking nail system and (2) two dynamic compression plates.

Animal or Sample PopulationTen pairs of adult equine forelimbs intact from the midradius distally.

MethodsTen pairs of equine MC3 were divided into two test groups (five pairs each): caudocranial four‐point bending and torsion. Interlocking nails (6 hole, 13‐mm diameter, 230‐mm length) were placed in one randomly selected bone from each pair. Two dynamic compression plates one dorsally (12 hole, 4.5‐mm broad) and one laterally (10 hole, 4.5‐mm broad) were attached to the contralateral bone from each pair. All bones had 1 cm mid‐diaphyseal ostectomies.

Five construct pairs were tested in caudocranial four‐point bending to determine stiffness and failure properties. The remaining five construct pairs were tested in torsion to determine torsional stiffness and yield load. Mean values for each fixation method were compared using a pairedt‐test within each group. Significance was set atP< .05.

ResultsMean (±SEM) values for the MC3‐interlocking nail composite and the MC3‐double plate composite, respectively, in four‐point bending were: composite rigidity, 3,454 ± 407.6 Nm/rad and 3,831 ± 436.5 Nm/rad; yield bending moment, 276.4 ± 40.17 Nm and 433.75 ± 83.99 Nm; failure bending moment, 526.3 ± 105.9 Nm and 636.2 ± 27.77 Nm. There was no significant difference in the biomechanical values for bending between the two fixation methods. In torsion, mean (±SEM) values for the MC3‐interlocking nail composite and the MC3‐double plate composite were: composite rigidity, 124.1 ± 16.61 Nm/rad and 262.4 ± 30.51 Nm/rad; gap stiffness, 222.3 ± 47.32 Nm/rad and 1,557 ± 320.9 Nm/rad; yield load, 94.77 ± 7.822 Nm and 130.66 ± 20.27 Nm, respectively. Composite rigidity, gap stiffness, and yield load for double plate fixation were significantly higher compared with interlocking nail fixation in torsion.

ConclusionsNo significant differences in biomechanical properties were identified between an interlocking nail and double plating techniques for stablilization of ostectomized equine MC3 in caudocranial four‐point bending. Double plating fixation was superior to interlocking nail fixation in torsion.

Clinical RelevanceDouble plate fixation is biomechanically superior to interlocking nail fixation in vitro in ostectomized equine MC3 bones.
AnIn VitroBiomechanical Comparison of Two Fixation Methods for Transverse Osteotomies of the Medial Proximal Forelimb Sesamoid Bones in Horses
Authors: Wilson David A. , Keegan Kevin G. , Carson William L.
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveThis study compared the mechanical properties of the normal intact suspensory apparatus and two methods of fixation for repair of transverse, midbody fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones of adult horses: transfixation wiring (TW) and screws placed in lag fashion (LS).

Study DesignAnin vitro,paired study using equine cadaver limbs mounted in a loading apparatus was used to test the mechanical properties of TW and LS.

Animal or Sample PopulationSeventeen paired (13 repaired, 4 normal) equine cadaver limbs consisting of the suspensory apparatus third metacarpal bone, and first and second phalanges.

MethodsThe two methods of repair and normal intact specimens were evaluated in single cycle‐to‐failure loading. Yield failure was defined to occur at the first notable discontinuity (>50 N) in the load‐displacement curve, the first visible failure as evident on the videotape, or a change in the slope of the moment‐fetlock angle curve. Ultimate failure was defined to occur at the highest load resisted by the specimen. Corresponding resultant force and force per kg of body weight on the suspensory apparatus, fetlock joint moment, and angle of fetlock dorsiflexion were calculated by use of specimen dimensions and applied load. These were compared along with specimen stiffness, and ram displacement.

ResultsLoad on the suspensory apparatus, load on the suspensory apparatus per kg of body weight, moment, applied load, and angle of fetlock dorsiflexion at yield failure were significantly greater for the TW‐repaired than for the LS‐repaired specimens. A 3 to 5 mm gap was observed before yield failure in most TW‐repaired osteotomies.

ConclusionsTransfixation wiring provided greater strength to yield failure than screws placed in lag fashion in single cycle load‐to‐failure mechanical testing of repaired transverse osteotomized specimens of the medial proximal forelimb sesamoid bone.

Clinical RelevanceOur study indicates the initial strength of repair is greater following transfixation wiring than for lag screw fixation. Knowledge of the mechanical properties of these methods of fixation should aid the surgeon contemplating repair of mid‐body fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones.
Tenoscopic Examination and Proximal Annular Ligament Desmotomy for Treatment of Equine “Complex” Digital Sheath Tenosynovitis
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Nixon Alan J. , Ducharme Norm G. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Yeager Amy
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo determine the outcome of horses with “complex” digital tenosynovitis treated by tenoscopic proximal annular ligament desmotomy and resection of synovial masses or adhesions, or both, within the digital sheath.

Study DesignRetrospective evaluation.

Animals or Sample PopulationTwenty‐five horses with a clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis of palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament constriction and ultrasonographic evidence of synovial masses or adhesions within the digital tendon sheath.

MethodsEach horse had tenoscopic surgery for annular ligament desmotomy combined with adhesiolysis and/or synovial mass resection. Mean follow‐up time was 3.4 years. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess the relationship between functional outcome or cosmetic results and preoperative variables including duration of clinical signs, digital sheath synovial fluid total protein concentration and nucleated cell count, thickness of the palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament (PAL), severity of adhesions, severity of synovial masses, degree of synovial distention, or limb affected.

ResultsA total of 18 (72%) horses returned to athletic soundness, 4 were improved but not sound, and 3 were not improved. Cosmetic outcome was normal in 10 horses, improved but not normal in 12, and not improved in 3 horses. Cosmetic and functional outcome were significantly adversely affected by the duration of clinical signs and the severity of synovial masses.

ConclusionsWith appropriate tenoscopic surgical attention, horses with complex tenosynovitis syndrome characterized by synovial masses, adhesions, or both adhesions and masses, and PAL constriction, have a good prognosis for return to athletic soundness.

Clinical RelevanceHorses with PAL constriction and additional digital tendon sheath pathology such as adhesions and synovial masses have a 72% chance of returning to sound athletic performance, however 60% of horses retain some degree of cosmetic blemish in the affected limb. There is an inverse relationship between the duration of clinical signs and outcome, and therefore, prompt surgical attention is advised.
Comparison of Incisional Bursting Strength of Simple Continuous and Inverted Cruciate Suture Patterns in the Equine Linea Alba
Authors: Magee Ashley A. , Galuppo Larry D.
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo determine the bursting strength of ventral median abdominal incisions closed by either simple continuous or inverted cruciate suture patterns.

Study DesignExperimental.

Animal or Sample PopulationTwelve equine cadavers.

MethodsA 25 cm ventral median incision was made through the linea alba and a 200 L polyurethane bladder was placed within the abdomen. Either a simple continuous or an inverted cruciate pattern using 3 polyglactin 910 with a bite size and suture interval of 1.5 cm was used to close linea incisions. Closure time was recorded for each pattern. The bladder was inflated with air at 40 L/min, and the pressure at body wall failure recorded. The length of suture used for wound closure and the wound failure modes were recorded. Deviation from the linea (cm), total suture length (cm), suture length to wound length ratio (SL:WL), closure time (min), bursting pressure (mm Hg), and failure modes were compared between groups using Welch‐Aspint‐tests. The effects of independent subject variables were assessed for possible effects on bursting strength using analysis of covariance.

ResultsMean bursting pressure was significantly greater for the simple continuous pattern than for the inverted cruciate pattern (P= .01). Significantly less suture material (P= .0002) was required with the continuous pattern than with the inverted cruciate pattern. Mean closure time, SL:WL, deviation from the linea, and failure modes were not significantly different between groups. No significant effects were noted for independent variables in both groups on bursting strength.

ConclusionsIn this model, a simple continuous closure pattern for ventral median abdominal incisions was stronger than an inverted cruciate pattern. A simple continuous pattern leaves less foreign material in the wound, which may be of benefit in reducing incisional complications.

Clinical RelevanceUse of a continuous closure pattern for the linea alba may offer greater wound security during episodes of increased intra‐abdominal pressure in horses.
Growth Characteristics of Fibroblasts Isolated From the Trunk and Distal Aspect of the Limb of Horses and Ponies
Authors: Miller Christy Bacon , Wilson David A. , Keegan Kevin G. , Kreeger John M. , Adelstein Edward H. , Ganjam Venkataseshu K.
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine if there is a difference in in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. To determine the effects of a corticosteroid and monokine on in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies.

Study Design—Growth of fibroblasts from tissues harvested from the trunk and limb were compared from horse and pony samples grown in control media and control media with triamcinolone or monokine added.

Animals or Sample Population—Dermal and subcutaneous tissue from 22 horses and 17 ponies of various ages and breeds.

Methods—Fibroblast growth was assessed by tritiated thymidine uptake using standard cell culture techniques. The effect of a monokine or triamcinolone plus control media were compared with control media for fibroblast growth.

Results—Fibroblast growth from tissues isolated from the horse limb was significantly less than growth from the horse trunk and the limb and trunk of ponies. Monokine was more effective than triamcinolone in suppressing fibroblast growth from tissues isolated from the trunk and limb in both horses and ponies.

Conclusions—There are growth differences in fibroblasts isolated from the limb of horses compared with those isolated from the trunk and from the limb and trunk of ponies.

Clinical Relevance—The difference in fibroblast growth from tissues isolated from the trunk and limb of horses and ponies may provide evidence for the difference reported in the healing characteristics of limb wounds in horses and ponies. Influencing fibroblast growth may provide a key to controlling the development of exuberant granulation tissue in horses and ponies.
Surgical Treatment of Lumbosacral Instability Caused by Discospondylitis in Four Dogs
Authors: Auger J. , Dupuis J. , Quesnel A. , Beauregard G.
Published: April 2004

Objective— To describe a surgical technique involving distraction and stabilization of the lumbosacral vertebral segment using an external skeletal fixator in dogs with lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis.

Study Design— Retrospective clinical study.

Animals— Four client‐owned dogs.

Methods— Medical records of all dogs diagnosed with discospondylitis from 1994 to 1997 were identified and reviewed. Four dogs with lumbosacral discospondylitis requiring surgical treatment were then specifically studied. Surgical technique, clinical signs, preoperative diagnostic investigation, radiographic findings, and the results of short‐term and long‐term reevaluations were recorded.

Results— Twelve dogs with discospondylitis were identified, 4 of which had lumbosacral discospondylitis. These 4 dogs underwent surgical distraction and stabilization because they failed to respond to medical treatment. Three dogs received a cancellous bone graft between L7 and S1 and had rapid interbody fusion of this vertebral segment. The dog that did not receive a graft did not have interbody fusion at the time of fixator removal. This did not affect the final clinical outcome. Lumbosacral pain and neurological deficits present before surgery rapidly subsided after the procedure. All dogs received concurrent antibiotic treatment for a minimum of 4 weeks. All dogs were clinically normal at the time of fixator removal and all continued to do well during the follow‐up period (8–48 months; mean, 27.5 months).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance— Lumbosacral discospondylitis may not respond well to conservative treatment because of the mobility of the affected space. Surgical treatment involving distraction and stabilization to obtain intervertebral fusion is very effective in treating lumbosacral instability caused by discospondylitis.
Perioperative Stress Response in the Dog: Effect of Pre‐Emptive Administration of Medetomidine
Authors: Benson G. John , Grubb Tamara L. , Neff‐Davis Carol , Olson William A. , Thurmon John C. , Lindner Donna L. , Tranquilli William J. , Vanio Outi
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine the effect of medetomidine on the stress response induced by ovariohysterectomy in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Study Design—Prospective randomized study.

Animals—Twelve healthy adult female purpose‐bred dogs, weighing 16.8 to 25 kg.

Methods—Two treatments were randomly administered to each of twelve dogs at weekly intervals: (1) Saline injected IM followed in 15 minutes by isoflurane anesthesia (ISO) induced by mask and maintained at an end‐tidal concentration of 1.8% for 60 minutes; and (2) Medetomidine, 15 μg/kg IM followed in 15 minutes by isoflurane anesthesia (ISO & MED) induced by mask and maintained at an end‐tidal concentration of 1.0% for 60 minutes. One week after completion of these two treatments, all dogs were ovariohysterectomized, six receiving each treatment (SURG and SURG&MED). Central venous blood samples (10 mL) were obtained immediately before medetomidine or saline (baseline) and at 30, 75, and 195 minutes and 24 hours after administration of medetomidine or saline in ISO and ISO&MED. In SURG and SURG&MED, samples were obtained immediately prior to injection of medetomidine or saline (baseline) and at 30 (before skin incision), 45 (after severence of the ovarian ligament), 75 (after skin closure), 105 (30 minutes after skin closure, dog recovered and in sternal recumbency), 135, 195, 375 minutes, and 24 hours after the initial sample. Samples were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, insulin, and glucose. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and where significant differences were found, a least significant difference test was applied.

Results—Premedication with medetomidine prevented or delayed the stress response induced by ovariohysterectomy in isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Conclusions—The stress response induced by ovariohysterectomy, although significant, is of short duration. Medetomidine safely and effectively reduced surgically‐induced stress responses.

Clinical Relevance—Surgically induced stress responses can be obtunded or prevented by administration of medetomidine.
The Recovery of Horses From Inhalant Anesthesia: A Comparison of Halothane and Isoflurane
Authors: Donaldson L.L. , Dunlop G.S. , Holland M.S. , Burton B.A.
Published: April 2004

Objective—Recovery is one of the more precarious phases of equine general anesthesia. The quality and rate of recovery of horses from halothane and isoflurane anesthesia were compared to determine differences in the characteristics of emergence from these commonly used inhalant anesthetics.

Experimental Design—Prospective, randomized blinded clinical trial.

Sample Population—A total of 96 Thoroughbred and 3 Standardbred racehorses admitted for elective distal forelimb arthroscopy.

Methods—All horses were premedicated with intravenous xylazine, induced with guaifenesin and ketamine, and maintained on a large animal circle system fitted with an out of the circle, agent specific vaporizer. Recoveries were managed by a blinded scorer with a standardized protocol. A 10 category scoring system was used to assess each horse's overall attitude, purposeful activity, muscle coordination, strength and balance from the time of arrival in recovery to standing. Times to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Median recovery scores and mean times to extubation, sternal and standing were compared using the Mann‐Whitney U test and student's t test, respectively.

Results—The median score for horses recovering from halothane was lower (20.0; range, 10 to 57) than that for horses recovering from isoflurane (27.5; range, 10 to 55). Horses in the two groups were extubated at similar mean times (halothane, 11.3 ± 5.5 and isoflurane, 9.5 ± 5.2 minutes) but horses recovering from isoflurane achieved sternal recumbency (halothane, 37.7 ± 12.1 and isoflurane, 24.7 ± 8.8 minutes) and stood (halothane, 40.6 ± 12.9 and isoflurane, 27.6 ± 9.6 minutes) sooner than those recovering from halothane.

Conclusions—The recovery of horses from isoflurane anesthesia was more rapid but less composed than that from halothane.

Clinical Relevance—The quality of recovery following isoflurane was worse than after halothane anesthesia using the criteria chosen for this study. However, the range of recovery scores was similar for both groups and all horses recovered without significant injury.
Determination of the Minimum Anesthetic Concentration and Cardiovascular Dose Response for Sevoflurane in Chickens During Controlled Ventilation
Authors: Naganobu Kiyokazu , Fujisawa Yutaka , Ohde Hirotaka , Matsuda Yoshiko , Sonoda Tatsunobu , Ogawa Hiroyuki
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine the minimum anesthetic concentration for sevoflurane and effects of various multiples of minimum anesthetic concentration on arterial pressure and heart rate during controlled ventilation in chickens.

Study Design—Prospective experimental study.

Animals—Seven healthy chickens, 6 to 8 months old, weighing 1.6 to 3.4 kg.

Methods—A rebreathing, semiclosed anesthetic circuit was used. Anesthesia was induced by mask with sevoflurane in oxygen. Each chicken was endotracheally intubated, then controlled ventilation was started and the end‐tidal CO2partial pressure was maintained at 30 to 40 mm Hg. Body temperature was maintained at 39.5° to 41.0°C. The inspired and end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration were monitored with a multigas monitor. Minimum anesthetic concentration was determined as the minimal end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration which prevented gross purposeful movement in response to clamping a toe for 1 minute. After the determination, the cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 times the minimum anesthetic concentration were determined.

Results—The minimum anesthetic concentration for sevoflurane was 2.21%+ 0.32% (mean ± SD). Mean arterial pressure and heart rate at minimum anesthetic concentration were 84 ± 13 mm Hg and 150 ± 58 beats/min, respectively. There was a dose‐dependent decrease in arterial pressure. The heart rate did not change significantly over the range 1 to 2 × minimum anesthetic concentration. No cardiac arrhythmias developed throughout the experiments.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The minimum anesthetic concentration for sevoflurane in chickens was within the range of minimum alveolar concentration reported in mammals. When the concentration of sevoflurane is increased during controlled ventilation in chickens, decrease in arterial pressure should be expected.
Perioperative Management of Calves Undergoing Implantation of a Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Wilson D.V. , Kantrowitz A. , Pacholewicz J. , Salat O. , Paules B.R. , Zhou Y. , Dawe E.J.
Published: April 2004

Objective—To describe perioperative management of calves that underwent left lateral thoracotomy, aortic cross‐clamping, partial left heart bypass and implantation of a left ventricular assist device.

Sample Population—A total of 43 healthy castrated male calves, weighing 121 ± 24 kg.

Results—Diazepam (mean ± SD,0.26 ± 0.07 mg/kg), ketamine (5.9 ± 2.17 mg/kg) and isoflurane were used in the anesthetic management of calves undergoing implantation of a left ventricular assist device in the descending thoracic aorta. Other adjunctive agents administered were fentanyl (11 ± 5.4 μg/kg), lidocaine (4.9 ± 3.19 mg/kg), bupivacaine (0.75%) and butorphanol (0.49 ± 0.13 mg/kg). None of the calves regurgitated at induction or during intubation. A tube was used to drain the rumen and prevent bloat during the procedure.

Partial left heart bypass was used to perfuse the caudal half of the body during the period of aortic cross clamp and device implantation. Initial mean systemic blood pressure was 96 ± 25 mm Hg, and pressures measured in the auricular artery increased during aortic cross‐clamping and bypass. Vasoconstrictor therapy was required to treat caudal arterial hypotension during the procedure in 9 calves. Mean systemic arterial pressures returned to baseline values by the end of the anesthetic period. Initial mean pulmonary arterial pressures(PAP) were 22 ± 3 mm Hg. A significant but transient increase in pulmonary arterial pressure occurred after both heparin and protamine administration.

Conclusions—The described anesthetic protocol was effective for thoracotomy and implantation of an intra‐aortic left ventricular assist device in normal calves. Partial left ventricular bypass was a useful adjunct during the period of aortic cross clamp. The doses of heparin and protamine administered were effective. Responsibility to monitor oxygenation of the cranial half of the animal continues during the bypass period as hypoxemia due to pulmonary dysfunction will not be detected by the perfusionist.
Gene Therapy in Epilepsy
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria
Published: April 2004

The generation of viral vectors, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) and lentivirus, which are capable of stable transduction of neurons, offers an attractive strategy for introducing novel genes into the brain, resulting in a long-lasting production of specific proteins. An alternative approach to achieving transgene expression in brain is to graft cells that are genetically engineered to produce neuroactive substances. Neuroactive peptides, adenosine, and γ-aminobutyric acid, are agents that can be delivered by gene and cell therapy with potential utility in epilepsy therapy.
Timing of Angiography and Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndromes:
Authors: McCULLOUGH PETER A. , GIBSON C. MICHAEL , DIBATTISTE PETER M. , DEMOPOULOS LAURA A. , MURPHY SABINA A. , WEINTRAUB WILLIAM S. , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , KHANAL SANJAY , CANNON CHRISTOPHER P. ,   TACTICS‐TIMI‐18 INVESTIGATORS
Published: April 2004

Background: In aggregate, published randomized trials of invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with unstable angina and non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction support an invasive strategy, but the optimal timing of an invasive approach is not fully established. The Treat Angina with Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy (TACTICS) Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)‐18 Trial treated all patients with upstream intravenous tirofiban and heparin for 48 hours or until revascularization, and randomized subjects to an invasive or conservative approach. We hypothesized that patients who underwent earlier intervention in the invasive arm would have improved outcomes.

Methods: We evaluated 1,078 participants from the invasive arm, who underwent angiography stratified by time after randomization to the procedure. The composite outcome was death, myocardial infarction (MI), or rehospitalization.

Results: At 6 months, the rates of the composite outcome were 15.4 and 19.5% for those undergoing catheterization before and after 48 hours after randomization, respectively, P = 0.34. Rates of individual endpoints were similar except MI, which occurred in 2.9 versus 6.5%, in those who underwent angiography before or after 48 hours, respectively, P = 0.08.

Conclusion: We could not identify a benefit to early intervention on hard endpoints. There were level time‐dependent risks of cardiac events during a period of 48 hours prior to cardiac catheterization possibly due to the effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition. Considering that the groups were not randomized based on time and the potential selection bias in this analysis, these data should be considered only hypothesis generating. A prospective, randomized trial is warranted to explore whether immediate invasive strategy is better than an early invasive strategy in the setting of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:81–86)
“No‐Option” Patients:
Authors: HENNEBRY THOMAS A. , SAUCEDO JORGE F.
Published: April 2004

(J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:93–94)
Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya`aqov, Israel
Authors: Goren-Inbar Naama , Alperson Nira , Kislev Mordechai E. , Simchoni Orit , Melamed Yoel , Ben-Nun Adi , Werker Ella
Published: April 2004

The presence of burned seeds, wood, and flint at the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya`aqov in Israel is suggestive of the control of fire by humans nearly 790,000 years ago. The distribution of the site's small burned flint fragments suggests that burning occurred in specific spots, possibly indicating hearth locations. Wood of six taxa was burned at the site, at least three of which are edible—olive, wild barley, and wild grape.
Predictive Thresholds for Plague in Kazakhstan
Authors: Davis Stephen , Begon Mike , De Bruyn Luc , Ageyev Vladimir S. , Klassovskiy Nikolay L. , Pole Sergey B. , Viljugrein Hildegunn , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Leirs Herwig
Published: April 2004

In Kazakhstan and elsewhere in central Asia, the bacterium
Yersinia pestis
circulates in natural populations of gerbils, which are the source of human cases of bubonic plague. Our analysis of field data collected between 1955 and 1996 shows that plague invades, fades out, and reinvades in response to fluctuations in the abundance of its main reservoir host, the great gerbil (
Rhombomys opimus
). This is a rare empirical example of the two types of abundance thresholds for infectious disease—invasion and persistence— operating in a single wildlife population. We parameterized predictive models that should reduce the costs of plague surveillance in central Asia and thereby encourage its continuance.
THE RESIDUAL-FREE BUBBLE NUMERICAL METHOD WITH QUADRATIC ELEMENTS
Authors: ASENSIO M. I. , RUSSO A. , SANGALLI G.
Published: April 2004

In this paper we analyze the Residual-Free Bubble (RFB) method applied to the linear diffusion–advection–reaction problem. We propose a new a priori error analysis for the method and for its practical implementation in a quite general context, which allows, e.g. linear or quadratic elements on the resolvable scales. We also perform some numerical tests, showing in both cases the advantages of the method.
GENETIC REGULATION OF TIME TO FLOWER IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
Authors: Komeda Yoshibumi
Published: April 2004

▪ Abstract  In Arabidopsis thaliana, the initiation of flowering is carried out by four genetic pathways: gibberellin, autonomous, vernalization, and light-dependent pathways. These processes are integrated by the function of the genes FD, FE, FWA, PDF2, SOC1, and FT at the integration pathway. The integrated signal of the floral induction is transmitted to the floral meristem identity genes LFY and AP1, and floral morphogenesis is performed.
SERENDIPITOUS MEANDERINGS AND ADVENTURES WITH MOLECULAR BEAMS
Authors: Toennies J. Peter
Published: April 2004

▪ Abstract  This is the story of a native-born American who came as a postdoc to the country of his parents, Germany. There, by good fortune, he could participate in the revival and the rebuilding of the physical sciences following the ravishments of the Second World War, becoming at the age of 38, the director of a Max-Planck-Institut in Göttingen. Working under nearly ideal conditions, he carried out basic research using molecular beams. Aided by many active, youthfully impulsive, yet perceptive and imaginative, students and experienced knowledgeable guest scientists from many countries, he enjoyed exciting adventures into unknown landscapes in the fields of molecular gas-phase interactions and solid-surface phenomena and, most recently, in the realms of quantum liquids and solids.
Imaging Microdomain Ca
2+
in Muscle Cells
Authors: Wang Shi-Qiang , Wei Chaoliang , Zhao Guiling , Brochet Didier X.P. , Shen Jianxin , Song Long-Sheng , Wang Wang , Yang Dongmei , Cheng Heping
Published: April 2004

Ca
2+
ions passing through a single or a cluster of Ca
2+
-permeable channels create microscopic, short-lived Ca
2+
gradients that constitute the building blocks of cellular Ca
2+
signaling. Over the last decade, imaging microdomain Ca
2+
in muscle cells has unveiled the exquisite spatial and temporal architecture of intracellular Ca
2+
dynamics and has reshaped our understanding of Ca
2+
signaling mechanisms. Major advances include the visualization of “Ca
2+
sparks” as the elementary events of Ca
2+
release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), “Ca
2+
sparklets” produced by openings of single Ca
2+
-permeable channels, miniature Ca
2+
transients in single mitochondria (“marks”), and SR luminal Ca
2+
depletion transients (“scraps”). As a model system, a cardiac myocyte contains a 3-dimensional grid of 10
4
spark ignition sites, stochastic activation of which summates into global Ca
2+
transients. Tracking intermolecular coupling between single L-type Ca
2+
channels and Ca
2+
sparks has provided direct evidence validating the local control theory of Ca
2+
-induced Ca
2+
release in the heart. In vascular smooth muscle myocytes, Ca
2+
can paradoxically signal both vessel constriction (by global Ca
2+
transients) and relaxation (by subsurface Ca
2+
sparks). These findings shed new light on the origin of Ca
2+
signaling efficiency, specificity, and versatility. In addition, microdomain Ca
2+
imaging offers a novel modality that complements electrophysiological approaches in characterizing Ca
2+
channels in intact cells.
Meteorological Research Needs for Improved Air Quality Forecasting: Report of the 11th Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program*
Authors: Dabberdt Walter F. , Carroll Mary Anne , Baumgardner Darrel , Carmichael Gregory , Cohen Ronald , Dye Tim , Ellis James , Grell Georg , Grimmond Sue , Hanna Steven , Irwin John , Lamb Brian , Madronich Sasha , McQueen Jeff , Meagher James , Odman Talat , Pleim Jonathan , Schmid Hans Peter , Westphal Douglas L.
Published: April 2004

The U.S. Weather Research Program convenes expert working groups on a one-time basis to identify critical research needs in various problem areas. The most recent expert working group was charged to “identify and delineate critical meteorological research issues related to the prediction of air quality.” In this context, “prediction” is denoted as “forecasting” and includes the depiction and communication of the present chemical state of the atmosphere, extrapolation or nowcasting, and numerical prediction and chemical evolution on time scales up to several days. Emphasis is on the meteorological aspects of air quality.

The problem of air quality forecasting is different in many ways from the problem of weather forecasting. The latter typically is focused on prediction of severe, adverse weather conditions, while the meteorology of adverse air quality conditions frequently is associated with benign weather. Boundary layer structure and wind direction are perhaps the two most poorly determined meteorological variables for regional air quality prediction. Meteorological observations are critical to effective air quality prediction, yet meteorological observing systems are designed to support prediction of severe weather, not the subtleties of adverse air quality. Three-dimensional meteorological and chemical observations and advanced data assimilation schemes are essential. In the same way, it is important to develop high-resolution and self-consistent databases for air quality modeling; these databases should include land use, vegetation, terrain elevation, and building morphology information, among others. New work in the area of chemically adaptive grids offers significant promise and should be pursued. The quantification and effective communication of forecast uncertainty are still in their early stages and are very important for decision makers; this also includes the visualization of air quality and meteorological observations and forecasts. Research is also needed to develop effective metrics for the evaluation and verification of air quality forecasts so that users can understand the strengths and weaknesses of various modeling schemes. Last, but not of least importance, is the need to consider the societal impacts of air quality forecasts and the needs that they impose on researchers to develop effective and useful products.
Institutional Investor Power and Heterogeneity
Authors: Ryan Lori Verstegen , Schneider Marguerite
Published: April 2004

This article examines the implications of the escalation in institutional inves power and heterogeneity for two dominant theories of corporate governanceagency theory and stakeholder theory. From this analysis, a new view of the agency relationship between institutional investors and their portfolio firms emerges, which recognizes the institutions’ market power, complex role as financial intermediaries, and possible involvement in simultaneous and opposing agency contracts. We also conclude that stakeholder theorists should reconsider these newly empowered shareholders’moral standing in relation to their portfolio firms, and they should reexamine the identities and goals of these modern investors. To that end, we demonstrate that a novel, intragroup application of Mitchell, Agle, and Wood’s stakeholder framework to heterogeneous institutional investors illuminates their varying levels of stakeholder salience.
A Model of the Global and Institutional Antecedents of High-Level Corporate Environmental Performance
Authors: Sharfman Mark P. , Shaft Teresa M. , Tihanyi Laszlo
Published: April 2004

Stories of firms that exceed local compliance requirements in their environmental performance appear routinely. However, we have limited theoretical explanations of what propels these firms to exceed compliance. Our theory suggests that global competitive and institutional pressures lead multinational firms to develop highlevel, environmental management systems (EMS) that make them more competitive. For economic and other reasons, select firms make the choice to rationalize their collective environmental performance to the highest common denominator rather than the lowest. Regulations around the world differ widely and are a moving target in many settings. The need to comply with such myriad, shifting rules leads to firms creating EMS to help stay ahead of regulations worldwide. Using institutional and internationalization theories as our basis, we offer a propositional model concerning global competitive/institutional pressures and their effects on corporate environmental performance. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the implications of the model.
Mood and Behaviour Problems Associated with Seasonal Changes in Britain and Ireland
Authors: McConville Chris , McQuaid Martin , McCartney Anne , Gilmore William
Published: April 2004

Background: Research from across the world has shown that rates of seasonal mood disturbances may vary according to such factors as geographical location, age and gender. Little is known of the nature of these problems within representative community samples in UK and Ireland.

Aims: In two studies we examined the extent to which winter disrupts mood and behaviour among random samples of British and Irish adults.

Methods: In the first study, 533 adults randomly chosen from electoral data from four towns spread across 50-58°N completed the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). In the second study, 498 adults from two towns in Northern Ireland (54°N) completed the SPAQ.

Results: Although the combined response rate across the two studies was low (20.5%), the prevalence rates were similar to several other western European sites. The rate of SAD and S-SAD averaged across the six centres as determined from strict SPAQ criteria, was 6.7% and 10.5% respectively. There was some variability in rates from town to town, with one Northern Irish town presenting rates more associated with areas at much lower latitudes, although most differences between towns were not significant. As in most other studies, females of reproductive age tended to supply the higher number of incidences.

Conclusion: This report from community samples across six sites confirms earlier suggestions that rates of seasonal disturbance in mood and behaviour deserve serious consideration by mental health practitioners throughout the region.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of an Educational Intervention for Depression among Asian Women in Primary Care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jacob K. S. , Bhugra Dinesh , Mann A. H.
Published: April 2004

Objective: To determine the effect of patient education on patient perspectives and outcome of depression in a sample of Asian women in primary care.

Design: A randomised, clinical trial of “patient education” versus “usual care”.

Setting: A general practice in London, which has a high proportion of Asians.

Subjects: Seventy patients with psychiatric morbidity (a score of 3 or more on the General Health Questionnaire 12) were recruited for the trial.

Outcome measures: Patient's explanatory models of illness (the patient's perspective on depression; recognition of depression as illness and recommend a medical intervention for this condition) and psychiatric morbidity at follow-up after two months were the primary outcome measures.

Results: One hundred and fifty-five women of Asian decent were contacted. One hundred and forty-eight (95.5%) agreed to take part in the study. Seventy (47.3%) were classed as cases of common mental disorder using the General Health Questionnaire 12. Thirty-five were randomly allocated to receive education about the nature, causes, prevalence and treatment of depression, 35 did not receive such information. There were no statistical differences between the two groups on baseline characteristics. Sixty-six (94.3%) subjects were followed up at two months. An intention to treat analysis showed that there was no difference in explanatory model measures between the two groups at the end of the study. However, more patients who received education were no longer cases (a score of 2 or less on the GHQ) (15/35; 42.9%) compared to controls (7/35; 20%) ( p < 0.05) as did those with lower GHQ scores at entry ( p < 0.03). Receipt of educational intervention (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.01, 11.5) and lower GHQ scores at entry (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.05, 30.2) remained significantly associated with recovery after adjusting for baseline variables using logistic regression.

Conclusions: Patients with common mental disorders, especially those with milder forms of the condition, who received the educational material had a higher recovery rate than patients who do not receive such education. The mechanism for this improvement was unclear, not being reflected in patient's apparent understanding of depression nor explained by change in general practitioner's response. The results of this study need to be replicated.
Depression and Quality of Life: Results of a Follow-Up Study
Authors: Angermeyer M. C. , Holzinger A. , Matschinger H. , Stengler-Wenzke K.
Published: April 2004

Background: Although there is sufficient evidence that the quality of life of people suffering from depression is reduced hardly anything is known about their quality of life after the remission of a depressive episode.

Aims: We therefore set out to study the quality of life of patients with depression (ICD-10 F32, F33) one, four and seven months after discharge from hospital. For comparison, a random sample of the general population was studied in addition.

Method: Quality of life was assessed by means of the WHOQOL-100, a self-administered questionnaire developed by WHO.

Results: Although, shortly after discharge, quality of life of patients whose depression remitted was better than that of patients with persisting depression it was still slightly worse than that of the general population. During the subsequent six months, there was no further improvement of quality of life, i.e. even at the end of the follow-up period there was a slight lack of quality of life, especially as concerns the level of independence, spirituality/religion/personal beliefs and physical health.

Conclusions: Thus, what already had been reported based on the objective assessment of quality of life, namely that depression implies a persisting impairment of social functioning and living conditions, can be replicated to some extent from the point of view of the patients themselves.
A Mutual-Aid Group for Psychiatric Rehabilitation of Mental Ex-Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Yip Kam-Shing
Published: April 2004

Background: Mutual-aid group and self-directed group are recognized as important interventions for anti-oppression of disadvantaged groups in our society.

Method: In this paper, the writer describes a mutual-aid group implemented in a psychiatric half-way house in Hong Kong. Members in this group were free to set their own agenda for discussion and to invite guest speakers. In terms of various stages of this group, the writer discusses how different group activities facilitated the development of mutual-aid and self-directed natures of mental ex-patients.

Results: The findings show that this group can have an impact on the wider community and aid in improving the self-image of mental ex-patients and the perception of them as contributing positively to that community, hence lessening negative stereotypes.
Suicide amongst Irish Migrants in Britain: A Review of the Identity and Integration Hypothesis
Authors: Aspinall Peter J.
Published: April 2004

Background: Studies have consistently reported higher rates of suicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain than in the population as a whole. Leavey offers a hypothetical model to explain such rates that incorporates lack of social cohesion and integration meshed with the inability to establish an authentic identity and other contributory factors.

Material: Systematic review methodologies are used to examine the central tenets of this explanatory framework. Some of the macro-level ecological associations in the model are critically evaluated in the context of findings from the 1991 Census and government social and household panel surveys.

Discussion: The evidence base suggests that statements on social isolation and reluctance to use health care services are questionable and Irish migration is shown to be much more heterogeneous than the model suggests. Only small positive, and as yet unreplicated, associations have been established between identity and health behaviour in a non-representative sample and evidence is lacking of Irish stoicism and anti-Irish racism as putative risk factors. Epidemiological studies show that adjusting suicide rates for social class explains virtually none of the excess in Irish migrants, although higher risks for unmarried persons are reported. Explanations in the literature for higher rates of migrant suicide are discussed.

Conclusions: Studies based on individual-level analysis and record linkage are urgently needed to explain the high rates.
Dynamic Performance of a Peel Stopper for Composite Sandwich Ship Structures
Authors: Wonderly Christopher , Grenestedt Joachim
Published: April 2004

Devices known as peel stoppers were manufactured in composite sandwich panels and tested under dynamic conditions. Peel stoppers aim to arrest peeling or debonding of the composite skin from the core in composite sandwich ship hulls. The present work addresses the effectiveness of the peel stopper when faced with dynamic peeling of the skin. Several ship panels were produced and tested. Some tests to investigate whether the debonding could behave in a way that could defeat the peel stopper were also performed. Various issues surrounding the manufacture of the device were addressed. Original contributions include the manufacturing procedure of sandwich panels with multiple peel stoppers, the testing of panels (as opposed to beams) containing peel stoppers, and dynamic testing of peel stoppers.
Management of Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Authors: Caeti Tory J. , Hemmens Craig , Cullen Francis T. , Burton Velmer S.
Published: April 2004

Legislatively and philosophically, the juvenile justice system in the United States is becoming more punitive. There has been a variety of research assessing the attitudes of adult correctional administrators and personnel. However, relatively few studies have examined juvenile correctional administrators. A national survey of juvenile correctional facility directors was conducted to assess their attitudes on several issues in juvenile corrections and their managerial problems and issues. Comparisons are made with adult prison wardens on several dimensions including demographics, job satisfaction, correctional orientation, and correctional programming emphasis and operation. Results show striking differences between perceptions of juvenile facility directors and those of directors of adult facilities. Several other managerial issues such as job-related stress, confidence in staff, role conflict, and attitudes toward juveniles and juvenile corrections are also discussed.
Exploring the Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Its Impact on HIV/AIDS Risk-Taking Behavior among Women Prisoners
Authors: Mullings Janet L. , Marquart James W. , Hartley Deborah J.
Published: April 2004

This study examines contextual measures of childhood sexual abuse and their relationship to HIV/AIDS riskbehavior s using a sample of 1,198 newly admitted female prisoners in 1998-1999. Analyses revealed that sexually abused prisoners were more likely to have experienced childhood neglect, come from one-parent families, and had parents with drug and/or alcohol and psychiatric problems. Sexually abused women reportedly engaged in more high-riskdrug and sexual activities than nonabused counterparts. Additionally, inmates involved in risk-taking behaviors were more likely to have prior prison incarcerations. The findings suggest that prison-based programs are needed to assist women prisoners, especially those sexually abused as children.
Just the Facts: A Descriptive Analysis of Inmate Attitudes toward Capital Punishment
Authors: Wilcox Norma , Steele Tracey
Published: April 2004

Surveys from 309 inmates at a close-security prison in southwest Ohio revealed that the death penalty attitudes of prison inmates are as considered as they are diverse. Results indicated that 43% supported the death penalty but that support softened considerably when alternatives such as “true” life were offered. Based on their personal experiences, much of the opposition to capital punishment (53%) stemmed from the inmates’ beliefs that executions do not deter violent crime. However, that opposition dropped to 34% when the respondents were asked if the death penalty should apply to the physical and sexual abuse of children.