bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensemaking training in preparation for effective mission command in the African battlespace
Authors: O'Neil Sumari , O'Neil Johnny
Published: September 2022

The South African National Defence Force (SANDF), as a member state of the United Nations, the African Union and the Southern African Development Community, has certain continental and regional responsibilities. It is foreseen that the main areas of influence and operations of the SANDF will be situated in Africa and are referred to as the African battlespace, which holds challenges for deploying military commanders. We argue that the elevated levels of complexity and uncertainty in this context make mission command, as a command approach, especially relevant. The conceptual study on which this article is based, found that mission command is highly suitable to promote a command culture that is flexible yet robust, fosters unity of command at all levels, and simultaneously provides subordinate commanders with the freedom to act decisively when new opportunities are identified. For mission command to be applied in the African battlespace, sensemaking is an important cognitive skill that should form an integral part of the psychological preparation and training of commanders. Recommendations are made for sensemaking development in the current training of commanders in the SANDF.
Fables for the Anthropocene: Illuminating Other Stories for Being Human in an Age of Planetary Turmoil
Authors: Celermajer Danielle , Winter Christine J. ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: September 2022

In A Climate of History Dipesh Chakrabarty locates Kant’s speculative reading of Genesis as “the Enduring Fable” furnishing the background for human domination and earthly destruction. Writing from the fable’s “ruins,” Chakrabarty urges the elaboration of new fables that provide the background ethics and meanings required to recast relations between humans and the natural world. Responding to Chakrabarty’s challenge, we outline two “fables” based first in the oft ignored Genesis 2, and second, in Matauranga Māori. Although marginalised, these extant fables provide the imaginary for radically other ways of being human in a more-than-human world in turmoil.
Success Stories
Authors: Stroshane Eric
Published: September 2022

SchoolsLibraries
Targets of the Censor
Authors: Stroshane Eric
Published: September 2022

Targets of the Censor, Spring 2022
Physical activity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic: changes in physical activity prevalence in Germany
Authors: Beck F , Siefken K , Reimers AK
Published: September 2022

Problem: Physical activity (PA) is a vital component for promoting physical and mental health and for preventing disease. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged populations from around the world on various levels to maintain and increase overall PA and subsequently led to a shift in physical activity and its health outcomes. This paper synthesizes the current literature on PA during the COVID-19 pandemic in the German population. Methods: In a rapid review we identified 31 studies that examined PA behavior in children, adolescents, young adults and adults from Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Findings indicate predominantly a decline in PA among all age groups. PA levels in children and adolescents increased in a few studies predominantly during the first lockdown. Types of sports and intensities changed within the German population during the pandemic. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed a lack of adequately reported PA measures as well as a lack of sufficiently reported study results. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to lower PA levels overall in the German population. Furthermore, the PA inequality has been exacerbated. With the uncertainty of the duration of the pandemic, the continuous and cross-agency efforts of PA promotion across all population groups is key. Key Words: Exercise, Sport, Lockdown, SARS-CoV-2
Editorial
Authors: Lohn Reinaldo Lindolfo , Arend Silvia Maria Fávero , Cunha Maria Teresa Santos
Published: September 2022

Editorial: Volume 14, Número 36, Ano 2022
Feridas abertas e processos inconclusos: o fantasma da guerra civil e os eventos de janeiro de 2021 nos Estados Unidos
Authors: Rocha Luciano Daudt da , Duwe Ricardo
Published: September 2022

Este artigo discute o evento da invasão do Capitólio em 06 de janeiro de 2021 e o relaciona à permanência, no tempo presente, dos traumas coletivos da Guerra de Secessão e da posterior Reconstrução. A pesquisa analisa esses processos como inconclusos e, portanto, como “feridas abertas” na memória política e na organização social dos Estados Unidos que, tendo atravessado os tempos, acabaram por determinar o caráter excludente da democracia representativa e por perpetuar a violência física, psicológica e institucional contra as pessoas negras do país. A pesquisa teve como principais fontes primárias os discursos inaugurais dos presidentes do país, analisados em perspectiva de longa duração e relacionados a debates historiográficos sobre democracia, segregação racial e Guerra Civil. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que, tanto no desfecho da Guerra Civil quanto do processo de Reconstrução, os acordos entre as elites brancas dos estados prevaleceram em detrimento da ampliação da cidadania para a população negra, o que tem impactado diretamente na permanência de ideias supremacistas e antidemocráticas no seio da sociedade estadunidense.
Collection methods for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth IQ recordings in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands with low-cost software defined radios
Authors: Tschimben Stefan , Subray Siddhartha , Sanders Aric , Wunderlich Adam
Published: September 2022

This report documents collection methods for radio frequency in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) recordings of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth emissions in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz unlicensed bands using low-cost software defined radios. The aim of this effort was to acquire datasets that could be used to aid the development of computational models for emissions from real-world communication hardware. The complete datasets are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-2731.
El difícil tránsito a la condición de socio-trabajador en las cooperativas de trabajo asociado
Authors: Escribano Gutiérrez Juan
Published: September 2022

Las cooperativas de trabajo asociado han demostrado su resistencia a la destrucción del empleo. En un contexto económico como el actual, en el que los niveles de desempleo continúan persistentemente altos, habría de facilitar el tránsito hacia modelos de autoempleo colectivo. Además, dicha facilitación redundaría en el cumplimiento del mandato del art. 129.2 CE. No obstante, el examen de los diferentes mecanismos de adquisición colectiva de la empresa por parte de los trabajadores nos hace concluir que no son suficientes para garantizarla y ello a pesar de que se generaliza, con relación a la adquisición de la condición de socio, la aplicación de la mayor parte de las medidas de fomento del empleo recientemente aprobadas.
Los centros portuarios de empleo: una entidad mutualista
Authors: Costas Comesaña Julio
Published: September 2022

Los centros portuarios de empleo (CPE) son la respuesta normativa del Gobierno a la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, por la que se declaró el sistema español de gestión de la cesión de los trabajadores portuarios incompatible con la libertad de establecimiento en el mercado interior. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución histórica de este sistema, las razones por las que se declaró contrario al Derecho de la Unión Europea, y la legislación que se ha ido aprobando para conciliar, por una parte, los objetivos de interés general de regularidad, continuidad y calidad del servicio de estiba portuaria y de protección de los trabajadores portuarios, con, por otra parte, la libertad de contratación y de competencia en los mercados de servicios portuarios. Y como la naturaleza mutualista de estos centros puede ser la clave que permita conciliar tales objetivos con la libertad de competencia.
El contenido de la impugnación del inventario en el concurso de acreedores de una cooperativa de viviendas. Comentario de la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo 364/2021, civil, de 26 de mayo (ROJ: STS 2137/2021)
Authors: Campuzano Ana Belén
Published: September 2022

La cuestión que aborda la Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo 364/2021, de 26 de mayo, es la relativa al alcance del contenido de la impugnación del inventario de la masa activa en el concurso de acreedores de una cooperativa de viviendas, que la legislación concursal regula señalando que la impugnación del inventario podrá consistir en la solicitud de la inclusión o de la exclusión de bienes o derechos, o del aumento o disminución del avalúo de los incluidos. Lo que se discute es si dicha previsión legal permite que por este cauce puedan resolverse cuestiones jurídicas previas a la impugnación que se pretende o si por esta vía sólo cabe solicitar estrictamente la inclusión o exclusión de bienes o derechos o el aumento o disminución del avalúo de los incluidos.
Socios trabajadores de cooperativas de trabajo asociado: a vueltas con su naturaleza jurídica y la resolución de cuestiones contenciosas. Comentario conjunto de la sentencia núm. 848/2021, de 20 de diciembre, del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Aragón, en relación con la sentencia núm. 1002/2021, de 26 de enero de 2022 del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid
Authors: Tomás Mataix David
Published: September 2022

Ciertamente, las cooperativas de trabajo asociado constituyen una forma genuina de participación de las personas trabajadoras dentro del seno de esta, es por ello por lo que de tal situación se deriva la necesidad de clarificar la naturaleza jurídica del vínculo que une al socio de trabajo con la cooperativa de trabajo asociado. Así pues, la determinación de la naturaleza jurídica del vínculo no resulta baladí puesto que de la misma se desprenderá la condición jurídica del socio trabajador, así como si la citada relación se rige por la Ley 27/1999, de 16 de julio, de Cooperativas y por la normativa autonómica dictada en tal materia, por la normativa interna de la cooperativa o, por el contrario, por la normativa sustantiva y procesal laboral.
Revisión actual de la explotación comunitaria de la tierra: condicionamientos de su fiscalidad
Authors: Pastor del Pino María del Carmen
Published: September 2022

La explotación comunitaria de la tierra como instrumento mediante el cual los titulares de derechos de explotaciones agrarias aúnan esfuerzos para mejorar su rendimiento y lograr objetivos de arraigo económico y social recobra relevancia en el actual contexto multifuncional de la política agraria común. En este contexto en el que no sólo resulta importante la competitividad comercial sino también la revitalización y el progreso rural, es donde adquieren relevancia las actuaciones de explotación comunitaria de la tierra desarrolladas especialmente mediante fórmulas asociativas de economía social. Planteada esta cuestión preliminar que sustenta el enfoque, el presente trabajo analiza la forma en que la fiscalidad puede condicionar el empleo de los principales instrumentos de explotación en común de la tierra.
Higher-order unimodal olfactory sensory preconditioning in Drosophila
Authors: Martinez-Cervantes Juan , Shah Prachi , Phan Anna , Cervantes-Sandoval Isaac
Published: September 2022

Learning and memory storage is a complex process that has proven challenging to tackle. It is likely that, in nature, the instructive value of reinforcing experiences is acquired rather than innate. The association between seemingly neutral stimuli increases the gamut of possibilities to create meaningful associations and the predictive power of moment-by-moment experiences. Here, we report physiological and behavioral evidence of olfactory unimodal sensory preconditioning in fruit flies. We show that the presentation of a pair of odors (S1 and S2) before one of them (S1) is associated with electric shocks elicits a conditional response not only to the trained odor (S1) but to the odor previously paired with it (S2). This occurs even if the S2 odor was never presented in contiguity with the aversive stimulus. In addition, we show that inhibition of the small G protein Rac1, a known forgetting regulator, facilitates the association between S1/S2 odors. These results indicate that flies can infer value to olfactory stimuli based on the previous associative structure between odors, and that inhibition of Rac1 lengthens the time window of the olfactory ‘sensory buffer’, allowing the establishment of associations between odors presented in sequence.
The compliment sandwich
Authors: Marder Eve
Published: September 2022

What is the best way to ensure that scientific criticism is heard and understood?
The chamfered bend two, four and eight-way SIW power dividers analysis for millimeter wave applications using the quick finite element method
Authors: Fellah B. , Cherif N. , Abri M. , Badaoui H.
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we propose three kinds of substrate-integrated waveguide (SIWs) based chamfered bend power divider junctions provide equal power distribution to all output ports while maintaining high isolation and operating in the 54 GHz to 60 GHz frequency band. The advantages of the SIW technology are ease of design, fabrication and low form and full integration with planar printed circuits. In this case, the concept of the SIW H-plane power divider is implemented using a rigorous two-dimensional quick finite element method (2D-QFEM) programmed by MATLAB software. The numerical performance of this method is the Quick simulation time for using the mesh with Delaunay regularization in two dimensions, if we increase the mesh the FEM gives better results. This paper presents the transmission coefficient, return loss and the electric field distribution. The results obtained from QFEM were compared with those provided by HFSS for validation. When using the discretization with the Delaunay procedure only in two dimensions, we notice that the calculated simulation time decreases with good precision.
RNA sequencing-based identification of microRNAs in the antler cartilage of Gansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis)
Authors: Chen Yanxia , Zhang Zhenxiang , Zhang Jingjing , Chen Xiaxia , Guo Yuqin , Li Changzhong
Published: September 2022

Background

The velvet antler is a complex mammalian bone organ with unique biological characteristics, such as regeneration. The rapid growth stage (RGS) is a special period in the regeneration process of velvet antler.

Methods

To elucidate the functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) at the RGS of antler development in Gansu red deer (Cervus elaphus kansuensis), we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze miRNA expression profiles in cartilage tissues of deer antler tips at three different growth stages.

Results

The RNA-seq results revealed 1,073 known and 204 novel miRNAs, including 1,207, 1,242, and 1,204 from 30-, 60-, and 90-d antler cartilage tissues, respectively. To identify key miRNAs controlling rapid antler growth, we predicted target genes of screened 25 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) and specifically expressed miRNAs (SEMs) in 60 d and annotated their functions. The KEGG results revealed that target genes of 25 DEMs and 30 SEMs were highly classified in the “Metabolic pathways”, “Pathways in cancer”, “Proteoglycans in cancer” and “PI3K-Akt signaling pathway”. In addition, a novel miRNA (CM008039.1_315920), highly enriched in “NF-kappa B signaling pathway”, may need further study.

Conclusions

The miRNAs identified in our study are potentially important in rapid antler growth. Our findings provide new insights to help elucidate the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms involved during velvet antler development in C. elaphus kansuensis.
Risk for Mood, Anxiety, and Psychotic Disorders in Individuals at High and Low Genetic Liability for Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: September 2022

Importance

The nature of the genetic relationship between major depression and bipolar disorder remains unclear and might be clarified by considering disorders outside of the mood spectrum.

Objective

To better understand the relationship between genetic liabilities for major depression (MD) and bipolar disorder (BD).

Design, Setting, and Participants

A cohort study was conducted with data for individuals born in Sweden to Swedish parents from 1960 to 1990, with follow-up through December 31, 2018. The data included family genetic risk scores for MD and BD and International Classification of Diseases codes for a range of disorders as reported in primary care, specialist, and hospital registries. Data analysis was conducted from April 2022 to July 2022.

Exposures

High and low genetic liability were defined as being in the upper and lower 2 risk deciles. Risk was compared in individuals at high genetic liability to (1) MD only, (2) BD only, and (3) both MD and BD and those at (4) high genetic liability to BD and low genetic liability to MD and (5) high genetic liability to MD and low genetic liability to BD.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Risk for nonpsychotic MD and BD, psychotic MD and BD, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizoaffective disorder (SAD), schizophrenia, and other nonaffective psychosis.

Results

Data were included for 2 736 950 individuals with a mean (SD) age at follow-up of 43.9 (9.1) years. High genetic liability to only BD increased risk for nonpsychotic BD, psychotic BD, and SAD. High genetic liability to only MD augmented risk for nonpsychotic MD, anxiety disorders, and nonpsychotic BD. High genetic liability to both BD and MD had the strongest association with risk for nonpsychotic BD, anxiety disorders, and nonpsychotic MD. High genetic liability to BD and low genetic liability to MD increased risk for psychotic BD, nonpsychotic BD, and SAD with no increased risk for nonpsychotic MD or anxiety disorders. High genetic liability to MD and low genetic liability to BD increased risk for nonpsychotic MD, nonpsychotic BD, and anxiety disorders with no increased risk for psychotic BD.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, hypotheses that BD and MD are either genetically distinct or genetically closely interrelated were not supported. Both BD and MD were associated with a genetic vulnerability to mood disorders, but even that liability was partially selective. However, compared with individuals at high liability to MD, those at elevated genetic liability for BD had a substantially increased risk for psychosis. Compared with individuals at elevated genetic liability to BD, those at high genetic risk for MD had a considerably augmented risk for anxiety disorders. Clarifying genetic relationships between psychiatric syndromes can be substantially aided by the consideration of profiles of risk for a range of disorders.
Unusual Phase Formation in Reactively Sputter‐Deposited La—Co—O Thin‐Film Libraries
Authors: Piotrowiak Tobias Horst , Zehl Rico , Suhr Ellen , Banko Lars , Kohnen Benedikt , Rogalla Detlef , Ludwig Alfred
Published: September 2022

La‐based perovskites are versatile materials that are of interest for solid oxide fuel cells and electrocatalytic water splitting. During fabrication of composition spread thin‐film libraries of La—Co‐based oxide systems, an unusual phase formation phenomenon is observed: instead of the expected continuous composition gradient, single‐phase regions with homogeneous composition form (La2O3 or stoichiometric La‐perovskite). This phenomenon, which occurs during reactive cosputtering, is independent of the used substrate. However, a dependency on the O2‐portion in the process gas and the substrate temperature is observed. It can be described as a self‐organized growth, where excess transition metal cannot be incorporated into the lattices of the forming single‐phase regions, and therefore, not into the growing film. It is hypothesized that due to the high reactivity of La and the significantly low formation energies of La2O3 and La‐perovskites, the reactive sputter deposition of La‐based oxide films, which is a physical vapor deposition process, can turn partially—regarding film growth—into a chemical vapor deposition‐like process. The described single‐phase regions form and lead to a discontinuous composition spread, with preferred growth of the thermodynamically most stable phases. This phenomenon can be leveraged for the exploration of multinary perovskite thin‐film libraries, where the B‐site atoms of La‐perovskites are systematically substituted.
Microenvironment‐Tailored Catalytic Nanoprobe for Ratiometric NIR‐II Fluorescence/Photoacoustic Imaging of H2O2 in Tumor and Lymphatic Metastasis
Authors: Chen Tao , Chen Zhaolin , Zhou Qianting , Ding Hongye , Gong Peng , Wang Jun , Cai Huilan , Ao Rujiang , Yu Meili , Song Jibin , Lin Lisen , Yang Huanghao
Published: September 2022

In vivo H2O2 visualization is crucial for disease diagnosis. Catalytic reaction‐based probes show potential in H2O2 detection, yet their in vivo application remains challenging because catalysts always require a specific pH to function and cellular glutathione (GSH) may suppress signaling by depletion of hydroxyl radicals and oxidized substrates. Here, a microenvironment‐tailored catalytic nanoprobe (MTCN) comprising Fe2+, citric acid (CA), 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and downconversion nanoparticles in the liposomal cavity as well as a reference dye in the lipid membrane is reported, which utilizes the selective permeability of the liposomal membrane to offer a favorable pH for Fe2+ catalyst with the aid of CA and to avoid GSH‐triggered signal loss by preventing entry of GSH into the cavity. The MTCN displays a large NIR‐II fluorescence (FL) ratio between 1550 and 1080 nm (FL1550Em,808Ex/FL1080Em,980Ex), but a small photoacoustic (PA) ratio between 808 and 1048 nm (PA808/PA1048). Upon exposure of MTCN to H2O2, catalytic conversion of ABTS into its oxidized form ABTS·+ with 808 nm absorption causes a noticeable increment in PA808/PA1048 accompanied by an apparent decrement in FL1550Em,808Ex/FL1080Em,980Ex, enabling bimodal ratiometric imaging of H2O2 in the tumor and lymphatic metastasis.
Chiral Rashba Ferroelectrics for Circularly Polarized Light Detection
Authors: Fan Chang‐Chun , Han Xiang‐Bin , Liang Bei‐Dou , Shi Chao , Miao Le‐Ping , Chai Chao‐Yang , Liu Cheng‐Dong , Ye Qiong , Zhang Wen
Published: September 2022

Direct detection of circularly polarized light (CPL) is a challenging task due to limited materials and ambiguous structure–property relationships that lead to low distinguishability of the light helicities. Perovskite ferroelectric semiconductors incorporating chirality provide new opportunities in dealing with this issue. Herein, a pair of 2D chiral perovskite ferroelectrics is reported, which have enhanced CPL detection performance due to interplays among lattice, photon, charge, spin, and orbit. The chirality‐transfer‐induced chiral&polar ferroelectric phase enhances the asymmetric nature of the photoactive sublattice and achieves a switchable self‐powered detection via the bulk photovoltaic effect. The single‐crystal‐based device exhibits a CPL‐sensitive detection performance under 430 nm with an asymmetric factor of 0.20 for left‐ and right‐CPL differentiation, about two times that of the pure chiral counterparts. The enhanced CPL detection performance is ascribed to the Rashba–Dresselhaus effect that originates from the bulk inversion asymmetry and strong spin–orbit coupling, shown with a large Rashba coefficient, which is demonstrated by density functional theory calculation and circularly polarized light excited photoluminescence measurement. These results provide new perspectives on chiral Rashba ferroelectric semiconductors for direct CPL detection and ferroelectrics‐based chiroptics and spintronics.
Carbon Surface Chemistry: New Insight into the Old Story
Authors: Ding Yuxiao , Qiao Zhen‐An
Published: September 2022

The enormous complexity of the carbon material family has provoked a phenomenological approach to develop its potential in different applications. Although the electronic, chemical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of carbon materials have been widely discussed based on defect control engineering, there is still a lack of fundamental understanding of the carbon surface chemistry, which leads to many controversial conclusions. Here, by analyzing various defects on carbon surface, some commonly neglected aspects and misunderstandings in this field are pointed out, clarifying how surface chemistry affects the chemical behaviors of carbon in some specific chemical reactions. With this full‐scale consideration of the carbon surface chemistry, the behaviors of carbon materials with various functions can be well defined, which is indispensable for their scalable applications. Perspectives on future developments of carbon surface chemistry are also provided to enable practically accessible design of advanced carbon in those applications.
Interface Capture Effect Printing Atomic‐Thick 2D Semiconductor Thin Films
Authors: Li Lihong , Yu Xiaoxia , Lin Zhaoyang , Cai Zhenren , Cao Yawei , Kong Wei , Xiang Zhongyuan , Gu Zhengkun , Xing Xianran , Duan Xiangfeng , Song Yanlin
Published: September 2022

2D semiconductor crystals offer the opportunity to further extend Moore's law to the atomic scale. For practical and low‐cost electronic applications, directly printing devices on substrates is advantageous compared to conventional microfabrication techniques that utilize expensive photolithography, etching, and vacuum‐metallization processes. However, the currently printed 2D transistors are plagued by unsatisfactory electrical performance, thick semiconductor layers, and low device density. Herein, a facile and scalable 2D semiconductor printing strategy is demonstrated utilizing the interface capture effect and hyperdispersed 2D nanosheet ink to fabricate high‐quality and atomic‐thick semiconductor thin‐film arrays without additional surfactants. Printed robust thin‐film transistors using 2D semiconductors (e.g., MoS2) and 2D conductive electrodes (e.g., graphene) exhibit high electrical performance, including a carrier mobility of up to 6.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio of 2 × 106 at 25 °C. As a proof of concept, 2D transistors are printed with a density of ≈47 000 devices per square centimeter. In addition, this method can be applied to many other 2D materials, such as NbSe2, Bi2Se3, and black phosphorus, for printing diverse high‐quality thin films. Thus, the strategy of printable 2D thin‐film transistors provides a scalable pathway for the facile manufacturing of high‐performance electronics at an affordable cost.
Narrow Bandgap Inorganic Ferroelectric Thin Film Materials
Authors: Wu Li , Yang Ya
Published: September 2022

Harvesting solar energy to solve the energy crisis and environmental pollution is a research hotspot in the photovoltaic industry today. Conventional ferroelectric materials have a bandgap between 3.0 and 3.8 eV, and their low absorption coefficients and photocurrent densities limit the photovoltaic applications of ferroelectric materials. Inorganic ferroelectric thin film materials with narrow bandgap (1.1–2.0 eV) have high optical absorption coefficient and broad spectral response, wide bandgap tuning range (1.2–3.0 eV), as well as high photocurrent density and switchable ferroelectric photoelectric effect, which have great potential for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications in solar cells, photodetection, photocatalysis. This review summarizes the recent developments of narrow bandgap inorganic ferroelectric thin‐film materials and aims to stimulate research interest and efforts in ferroelectric photovoltaic materials.
Shape‐Memorable, Self‐Healable, Recyclable, and Full‐Color Emissive Ultralong Organic Phosphorescence Vitrimers with Exchangeable Covalent Bonds
Authors: Sun Zhibo , Deng Huangjun , Mao Zhu , Li Zhongyu , Nie Kaixuan , Fu Kexin , Chen Jifeng , Zhao Juan , Zhu Pengli , Chi Zhenguo , Sun Rong
Published: September 2022

Polymeric materials displaying ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) have drawn much attention in the fields of optoelectronics, bioimaging, and information encryption. However, it is challenging to realize polymeric UOP materials with variable mechanical strength, self‐healing, and superior processability. This work presents a low‐cost strategy to achieve polymeric UOP with full‐color‐emission (doping vitrimers with different phosphorescent emitters) by introducing exchangeable covalent cross‐linked bonds. These amorphous polymers show ultralong lifetimes up to 1.75 s under ambient conditions. Impressively, bright afterglow can be observed after soaking the different color films in water for 4 weeks. Furthermore, the polymeric UOP with exchangeable links exhibits self‐healable, recyclable, and shape memory features due to the dynamic covalent networks. These results outline a fundamental strategy to construct multifunctional polymers and pave a way to expanding polymeric phosphorescence materials and their applications.
Oxidative Cyclization of Aryl Ynones with NaNO2 for the Divergent Synthesis of NO2‐Containing Spiro[5.5]trienones, Indenones and Thioflavones
Authors: Yang Wen‐Chao , Shen Liu‐Yu , Li Jun‐Nan , Feng Jian‐Guo , Li Pinhua
Published: September 2022

A K2S2O8‐promoted nitration/spirocyclization of biaryl ynones using inexpensive NaNO2 as nitro source has been described. This cascade reaction is triggered by nitration of alkyne and followed by 6‐exo‐trig spirocyclization, dearomatization, forming the NO2‐containing spiro[5.5]trienones in 63–85% yields. The present reaction also provides a practical method for the synthesis of nitrated indenones and thioflavones with 58–85% yields.

magnified image
Electrocaloric Effect of Perovskite High Entropy Oxide Films
Authors: Son Yeongwoo , Zhu Wanlin , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan E.
Published: September 2022

This paper describes two perovskite high entropy oxide (PHEO) compositions: Pb(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Mn0.2)O3 (Mn PHEO) and Pb(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Al0.2)O3 (Al PHEO). Powders are prepared by conventional solid state sintering by first pre‐reacting the B‐site oxides, then adding PbO. Phase pure Mn PHEO powder is obtained following calcination of the mixed powders at 750 °C for 240 min; however, secondary phases persisted in Al PHEO for heat treatments from 750 °C to 1200 °C. The Mn PHEO undergoes an entropy‐driven phase transformation. Thin films of these compounds are synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on a lead zirconate titanate seed layer on Pt‐coated SiO2/Si. The dielectric response of the Mn PHEO films show some contribution from space charge polarizability; in contrast, the Al PHEO films show a slim ferroelectric hysteresis loop and relaxor‐like characteristics. The Al PHEO has a dielectric permittivity of ≈2000 with a loss tangent <0.05 from 100 Hz to 100 kHz; it has a dielectric maximum at 105 ±  0.5 °C and a Burns’ temperature of 234 ± 0.5 °C. Indirect measurements based on the Maxwell‐relations yielded a maximum electrocaloric temperature change of 8.4 K at 180 °C under the applied electric field of 1186 kV cm−1.
Local adaptation of seed and seedling traits along a natural aridity gradient may both predict and constrain adaptive responses to climate change
Authors: Christie Kyle , Pierson Natalie R. , Lowry David B. , Holeski Liza M.
Published: September 2022

Premise

Variation in seed and seedling traits underlies how plants interact with their environment during establishment, a crucial life history stage. We quantified genetic‐based variation in seed and seedling traits in populations of the annual plantPlantago patagonicaacross a natural aridity gradient, leveraging natural intraspecific variation to predict how populations might evolve in response to increasing aridity associated with climate change in the Southwestern U.S.

Methods

We quantified seed size, seed size variation, germination timing, and specific leaf area in a greenhouse common garden, and related these traits to the climates of source populations. We then conducted a terminal drought experiment to determine which traits were most predictive of survival under early‐season drought.

Results

All traits showed evidence of clinal variation—seed size decreased, germination timing accelerated, and specific leaf area increased with increasing aridity. Populations with more variable historical precipitation regimes showed greater variation in seed size, suggestive of past selection shaping a diversified bet‐hedging strategy mediated by seed size. Seedling height, achieved via larger seeds or earlier germination, was a significant predictor of survival under drought.

Conclusions

We documented substantial interspecific trait variation as well as clinal variation in several important seed and seedling traits, yet these slopes were often opposite to predictions for how individual traits might confer drought tolerance. This work shows that plant populations may adapt to increasing aridity via correlated trait responses associated with alternative life history strategies, but that trade‐offs might constrain adaptive responses in individual traits.
Homo naledi lumbar vertebrae and a new 3D method to quantify vertebral wedging
Authors: Williams Scott A. , Zeng Iris , Guerra Jordan S. , Nalla Shahed , Elliott Marina C. , Hawks John , Berger Lee R. , Meyer Marc R.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

In humans and known fossil hominins, lumbar lordosis is produced by vertebral body wedging and other bony and soft tissue features such as the shape of the intervertebral discs. Current techniques for quantifying the wedging of vertebral bodies are limited in utility, especially when analyzing incomplete fossil material. Here, we introduce a 3D method to quantify vertebral body wedging angles that yields the angles between two “best fit” planes in the software GeoMagic Wrap (3D Systems).

Materials and Methods

To test that this new method is repeatable with existing methods, we measure the wedging of 320 lumbar vertebrae representing 64 modern human individuals. For each vertebra, wedging angles were calculated from linear measurements taken with calipers and compared with estimates generated from the 3D best fit plane method. We also apply the 3D plane method to fossil hominin lumbar vertebrae, including newly described lumbar vertebrae of Homo naledi, the majority of which do not preserve the four landmarks necessary to calculate wedging angles using the traditional approach.

Results

The results of the two methods are highly and significantly correlated (r2 = 0.98, p < 0.0001). The 3D plane method was successfully applied to nearly all of the fossil hominin specimens included in the study.

Discussion

The new 3D plane method introduced here is repeatable with the traditional linear measurement method and allows for the estimation of wedging angles in incomplete material. When applied to Homo naledi lumbar vertebrae, similarities to other fossil hominins and modern humans are found.
Poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) based ultra‐strong and tough thermoplastic polyurethane‐urea with multi‐urea segments and oriented microstructures
Authors: Li Qin , Zhang Hao , Guo Mingyu
Published: September 2022

Although poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLA) has been widely studied and used in biomedical areas because of its well‐known biocompatibility, degradability and renewability, its potential application is still greatly limited by its brittleness and poor ductility. In this work, we, for the first time, reported a series of multi‐urea linkage segmented ultra‐strong thermoplastic polyurethane‐urea (PUU) copolymers using PLA and poly(ε‐caprolactone) as the mixed soft segments and water as an indirect in situ chain extender. The tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus of the obtained PUU copolymers are 45–52 MPa, 380–540% and 180–430 MPa, respectively. After a simple one‐step uniaxial tensile deformation was applied to these PUU copolymers, their tensile strength and tensile modulus could be dramatically increased to 200 and 630 MPa, respectively, while maintaining enough good ductility (elongation at break >50%). Scanning electron microscope and Wide‐angle X‐ray Diffraction results showed that the dramatically improved mechanical performance should be mainly attributed to their more oriented microstructures. This study provided an easy strategy to pursuing synthetic PLA based biopolymers combining with ultrahigh mechanical strength and biocompatible and degradable properties.
Effect of carbon fiber on the properties of polymer cement based building sealant
Authors: Wang Zhihang , Bai Erlei , Ren Biao , Huang He , Ren Weibo
Published: September 2022

The working property, bond property, and mechanical property of five kinds of polymer cement based building sealant (PCBS) with different carbon fiber content were tested. The effect of carbon fiber on the properties of PCBS was discussed by analyzing the variation of the leveling performance, consistency, low temperature flexibility, surface dry time, elastic recovery rate, tensile mechanical property, and shear mechanical property of PCBS with carbon fiber content. And the modification mechanism of carbon fiber on PCBS was interpreted using scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques. The results shows that PCBS still has good working property and bonding property with carbon fiber addition. As the carbon fiber content increases, the leveling performance and low temperature flexibility of PCBS are unaltered., the consistency increases, while the surface drying time and elastic recovery rate decrease. The tensile and shear mechanical properties of PCBS can be improved by adding carbon fiber. With the increase of carbon fiber content, the strength performance indexes of PCBS increase, while the energy consumption performance indexes first increased followed by a decrease. When the carbon fiber content is 0.1%, the properties of PCBS is the best. The pore structure of PCBS gradually deteriorates, and the total porosity and the percentage of macropores increase with carbon fiber addition. Carbon fiber primarily exerts cracking resistance and internal deterioration effects in PCBS.
Stone‐flaking technology at Leang Bulu Bettue, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Perston Yinika L. , Moore Mark W. , Suryatman n.f.n. , Burhan Basran , Hakim Budianto , Hasliana n.f.n. , Agus Oktaviana Adhi , Lebe Rustan , Mahmud Irfan , Brumm Adam
Published: September 2022

Approximately 50000 stone artefacts have been recovered from the prehistoric site of Leang Bulu Bettue (LBB), on the Wallacean island of Sulawesi, in Indonesia. This large assemblage offers the opportunity to produce a large‐scale, comprehensive model of the early lithic technologies of South Sulawesi. Through the analysis of half of this assemblage, this study identifies a technological shift between the artefacts produced ca.50–40 thousand years ago (ka) – the “Lower Industry” – and the “Upper Industry” artefacts produced ca.40–16 ka. The majority of the assemblage belongs to the Upper Industry, and these artefacts are associated with portable art, ornamentation, and theHomo sapiensremains reported in previous works. These Upper Industry artefacts are largely made on chert that was brought to the site, sometimes in the form of large flake blanks, which was further reduced within the cave and used for ochre and plant processing. Artefact reduction was strategic during this period, and the bipolar method was frequently used for controlled reduction of flakes of various sizes. This represents a shift from the technology seen on the small number of Lower Industry artefacts, recovered from the deeper deposits. The oldest lithic artefacts yet reported from the site were made on immediately available limestone pieces, which were reduced through least‐effort and non‐intensive flake removal dictated by the available platforms. This study is compared to an analysis of Pleistocene artefacts at the nearby site of Leang Burung 2, where a similar technological shift has been observed.
Water‐based Formuation of Inkjet Inks Using Jute Stick‐derived Submicron Carbon Particles
Authors: Aziz Md. Abdul , Shah Syed Shaheen , Reza Shamim , Hakeem Abbas S. , Mahfoz Wael
Published: September 2022

Biomass pyrolysis generates significant amount hazardous gases (such as CH4, CO, and H2) which are counted as highly environmental pollutants. The utilization of these gases as fuel during pyrolysis could be a suitable choice for protecting the environment. Hence, we pyrolyzed biomass, jute sticks, using a customized pilot furnace, which recycled the generated gases as fuel. We further ball‐milled the obtained carbon to make submicron carbon particles. The formation of submicron carbon particles was confirmed with field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, and thermogravimetric analysis. The zeta‐potential studies confirmed the high negative surface zeta potential of the prepared submicron carbon that was due to its polar functional groups (−OH, COOH, and CO), which were confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. These polar functional groups facilitate their dispersion in the aqueous solution of biocompatible ethylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol to form water‐based environment‐friendly inkjet inks. The printing test of the developed ink was performed using a Canon printer (PIXMA; model: G3420) and compared with the performance of commercial inkjet black ink. The results indicate that the performance of the developed inkjet ink is similar to the commercial one.
Uncovering sex/gender differences of arithmetic in the human brain: Insights from fMRI studies
Authors: Chang Ting‐Ting , Chen Nai‐Feng , Fan Yang‐Teng
Published: September 2022

Over the long run, STEM fields had been perceived as dominant by males, despite that numerous studies have shown that female students do not underperform their male classmates in mathematics and science. In this review, we discuss whether and how sex/gender shows specificity in arithmetic processing using a cognitive neuroscience approach not only to capture contemporary differences in brain and behavior but also to provide exclusive brain bases knowledge that is unseen in behavioral outcomes alone. We begin by summarizing studies that had examined sex differences/similarities in behavioral performance of mathematical learning, with a specific focus on large‐scale meta‐analytical data. We then discuss how the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach can contribute to understanding neural mechanisms underlying sex‐specific effects of mathematical learning by reviewing structural and functional data. Finally, we close this review by proposing potential research issues for further exploration of the sex effect using neuroimaging technology. Through the lens of advancement in the neuroimaging technique, we seek to provide insights into uncovering sex‐specific neural mechanisms of learning to inform and achieve genuine gender equality in education.
New insights into the pathogenesis and management of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jin Shangyi , Zhao Jiuliang , Li Mengtao , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: September 2022

Over the past few decades, understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has improved substantially. Insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in RA have enabled the discovery of new therapeutic targets and led to the development of biologics and targeted synthetic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. In parallel with the improvement in therapies, the evolution of strategies in the management of RA has also contributed considerably to better outcomes in patients. Major changes include the development of disease activity measures, formulation of the treat‐to‐target principles as well as increased attention to comorbidities. The presence of comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases may increase the mortality of RA patients, affect their treatment strategies and result in worse outcomes. Therefore, prevention and management of certain high‐risk comorbidities have become increasingly important in the long‐term treatment of RA. In this study, we summarized new insights into the pathogenesis and management of rheumatoid arthritis and associated comorbidities, with a special focus on the 2021 update of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for RA and key reports presented at the 2021 ACR convergence.
Carbodicarbenes and Striking Redox Transitions of their Conjugate Acids: Influence of NHC versus CAAC as Donor Substituents
Authors: Dolai Ramapada , Kumar Rahul , Elvers Benedict J. , Pal Pradeep Kumar , Joseph Benson , Sikari Rina , Nayak Mithilesh Kumar , Maiti Avijit , Singh Tejender , Chrysochos Nicolas , Jayaraman Arumugam , Krummenacher Ivo , Mondal Jagannath , Priyakumar U. Deva , Braunschweig Holger , Yildiz Cem B. , Schulzke Carola , Jana Anukul
Published: September 2022

Herein, a new type of carbodicarbene (CDC) comprising two different classes of carbenes is reported; NHC and CAAC as donor substituents and compare the molecular structure and coordination to Au(I)Cl to those of NHC‐only and CAAC‐only analogues. The conjugate acids of these three CDCs exhibit notable redox properties. Their reactions with [NO][SbF6] were investigated. The reduction of the conjugate acid of CAAC‐only based CDC with KC8results in the formation of hydrogen abstracted/eliminated products, which proceed through a neutral radical intermediate, detected by EPR spectroscopy. In contrast, the reduction of conjugate acids of NHC‐only and NHC/CAAC based CDCs led to intermolecular reductive (reversible) carbon–carbon sigma bond formation. The resulting relatively elongated carbon–carbon sigma bonds were found to be readily oxidized. They were, thus, demonstrated to be potent reducing agents, underlining their potential utility as organic electron donors and n‐dopants in organic semiconductor molecules.
Poröse Feststoffe
Authors: Schubert Ulrich
Published: September 2022

Porosität hat großen Einfluss auf die physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Feststoffen. Poröse Stoffe haben vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in sehr unterschiedlichen Bereichen. Größe, Form, Anordnung und Zugänglichkeit der Poren sind wichtige Charakteristika, ebenso Größe und Beschaffenheit der inneren Oberfläche. An ausgewählten typischen Beispielen – festen Schäumen, porösem Aluminiumoxid, SiO2 mit geordneter Mesoporosität, Vycor®‐Glas und Aerogelen – werden Materialien mit unterschiedlichen Porenstrukturen vorgestellt und Herstellungsstrategien diskutiert.