bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Pest Management Using Biodegradable Apitoxin-Loaded Calcium-Alginate Microspheres
Authors: Lemic Darija , Orešković Matej , Mikac Katarina M. , Marijan Marijan , Jurić Slaven , Vlahoviček-Kahlina Kristina , Vinceković Marko
Published: May 2021

Alternatives and replacements for synthetic chemical-based plant protectants are required. In this study biopolymeric microspheres containing arthropod-derived apitoxin are explored as a possible novel environmentally friendly formulation for plant protection. Here we document the optimization process for microencapsulation of apitoxin into a stable formulation, for ready use in agricultural applications. Efficacy trials were carried out on three different beetle species at various developmental stages (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say, 1824.), Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus, 1758.), Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758.)). The encapsulated apitoxin has a steady initial and long residual effect, due to the slow release of apitoxin which is one of its main advantages over other conventional control methods. Microspheres loaded with apitoxin have a detrimental effect on insects, of which it is significantly better gastric compared to contact action (due to pH). The results showed that the highest and fastest mortality was obtained when the highest concentrations (0.6%) were applied, chosen to be economically acceptable. These important findings contribute to knowledge on the application and development of encapsulated apitoxin formulations, and their effectiveness, as an alternative eco-friendly control method in agricultural production.
Understanding the Purchasing Behavior of Consumers in Response to Sustainable Marketing Practices: An Empirical Analysis in the Food Domain
Authors: Mancuso Ilaria , Natalicchio Angelo , Panniello Umberto , Roma Paolo
Published: May 2021

Sustainability has become an important driver in defining business strategies, affecting most critical corporate functions and changing the way in which value is created, communicated, and distributed. This is increasingly impacting marketing practices, in particular, through promoting the development of sustainable marketing in the food sector. In line with this, our study aimed to investigate if and how sustainable marketing practices affect consumer loyalty to a specific brand. To answer our research questions, we relied on the results of a survey submitted to a sample of 907 Italian consumers of biscuits. Results showed that the consumers’ attention to sustainable issues (in the absence of adequate information that can guide them in choosing a brand) did not result in brand loyalty. The same outcome was found when consumers were overloaded by marketing campaigns, which had the effect of confusing users and making them unfaithful. Ultimately, when consumers showed both engagement with sustainable concerns and sensitivity to marketing initiatives (i.e., they are sensitive to sustainable marketing practices), a positive effect on brand loyalty was observed. Our results contribute to the emerging stream of literature discussing the relevance and potential impact of sustainable marketing.
Expanding Policy for Biodegradable Plastic Products and Market Dynamics of Bio-Based Plastics: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Moshood Taofeeq , Nawanir Gusman , Mahmud Fatimah , Mohamad Fazeeda , Ahmad Mohd , Abdul Ghani Airin
Published: May 2021

Bio-plastics are rapidly growing in popularity, and many new techniques and approaches are emerging as a result of intensive research and development (R&D) activities. Many industries worldwide are installing their new production capability. Bio-plastics have attracted political leaders’ interest, especially in light of the evolving bio-economic orientation, through their use of renewable resources and their effects on sustainable growth. Related market determinants are defined, classified, and used as a base for their own estimates. The evolution of global production capacity is modeled annually for the timeframe up to 2030 by applying a system dynamics strategy. For a long-term forecast to catch the inherent volatility, various scenarios are identified and added to the model to represent different trends in the price of gross domestic product (GDP), oil, and bioplastic feedstock. Thus, our findings show the sensitivity in the macro-economic climate of the bioplastics sector. The simulations are completed by a debate on the regulatory environment and its future effect on industry development at the European level. The findings show considerable potential for development but are vulnerable to political and economic impacts.
Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR) on the Example of Polish Champion Oil, Gas and Mining Companies
Authors: Suska Magdalena
Published: May 2021

The author uses empirical research to assess the environmental practices of the Polish champion oil, gas and mining companies to show that they are involved in Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR). This paper investigates the tools such companies apply to implement the ECSR and the actions they undertake to reduce their environmental footprint. The community and environmental impact are inherent in the business activities of such companies. The author analyses the annual integrated reports published by Polish leading oil, gas and mining companies—PKN ORLEN, PGNiG and KGHM Polska Miedź—published in 2014–2019 in terms of environmental and climate responsibility. The ECSR initiatives undertaken by these companies are analyzed with regard to four categories: (1) water and wastewater management, (2) air emissions, (3) waste management and circular economy concept, and (4) energy management. All analyzed companies identify, supervise and monitor environmental issues, apply environmentally friendly technologies and techniques to reduce emissions to the environment and the amount of waste and wastewater, enable the effective use of natural resources in order to meet the new environmental challenges in the circular economy, and participate in R & D projects regarding new technologies.
BIM for Smart Hospital Management during COVID-19 Using MCDM
Authors: Lin Chih-Lung , Chen James K. C. , Ho Han-Hsi
Published: May 2021

In context of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, smart hospitals’ contributions to pre-medical, remote diagnosis, and social distancing has been further vetted. Smart hospital management evolves with new technology and knowledge management, which needs an evaluation system to prioritize its associated criteria and sub-criteria. The global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic further necessitates a comprehensive research of smart hospital management. This paper will utilize Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) within Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to establish a smart hospital evaluation system with evaluation criteria and sub-criteria, which were then further prioritized and mapped to BIM-related alternatives to inform asset information management (AIM) practices. This context of this study included the expert opinions of six professionals in the smart hospital field and collected 113 responses from hospital-related personnel. The results indicated that functionalities connected to end users are critical, in particular IoT’s Network Core Functionalities, AI’s Deep Learning and CPS’s Special Network Technologies. Furthermore, BIM’s capability to contribute to the lifecycle management of assets can relate and contribute to the asset-intensive physical criteria of smart hospitals, in particular IoT, service technology innovations and their sub-criteria.
The European Green Capital Award—Is It a Dream or Reality for Belgrade (Serbia)?
Authors: Pantić Marijana , Milijić Saša
Published: May 2021

An agreement of cooperation and transmission of knowledge regarding the nomination for the European Green Capital Award (EGCA) was signed between the mayors of Belgrade and Ljubljana (EGCA 2016 winner) in September 2018. The candidacy of Belgrade was finally realized in October 2019. Great hope was placed in this endeavour because internationally recognized awards, such as the EGCA, represent enormous capital for both the city and the state. The EGCA requires serious preparation and significant fulfilment of preconditions. Many economically strong and environmentally responsible cities competed for the award, but did not win. On the other hand, the capital of Serbia does not appear to be an obvious winning candidate, especially as it is differentiated from the previous winners by being a non-EU city and by the fact that it is still undergoing an intense urban transformation, characteristic of transitional countries. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to present a review of the current state of Belgrade’s environmental qualities and its comparison with the EGCA criteria and with Grenoble as one of the winning competitors. The article gives a full overview of the EGCA requirements with certain details on required indicators, gives relevant insight into the procedure, which could be of use for any future candidacy, and discusses potential benefits for winners, losers and repeat candidacies.
Distribution-Based Entropy Weighting Clustering of Skewed and Heavy Tailed Time Series
Authors: Mattera Raffaele , Giacalone Massimiliano , Gibert Karina
Published: May 2021

The goal of clustering is to identify common structures in a data set by forming groups of homogeneous objects. The observed characteristics of many economic time series motivated the development of classes of distributions that can accommodate properties, such as heavy tails and skewness. Thanks to its flexibility, the skewed exponential power distribution (also called skewed generalized error distribution) ensures a unified and general framework for clustering possibly skewed and heavy tailed time series. This paper develops a clustering procedure of model-based type, assuming that the time series are generated by the same underlying probability distribution but with different parameters. Moreover, we propose to optimally combine the estimated parameters to form the clusters with an entropy weighing k-means approach. The usefulness of the proposal is shown by means of application to financial time series, demonstrating also how the obtained clusters can be used to form portfolio of stocks.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface in Wireless-Powered Interference-Limited Communication Networks
Authors: Odeyemi Kehinde , Owolawi Pius , Olakanmi Oladayo
Published: May 2021

The commercialization of future wireless communication systems faces crucial problems in terms of reduced network cost of deployment and high power consumption. As a result, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been suggested as a promising approach to overcome these existing challenges. In this paper, the performance of RIS in a wireless-powered interference-limited communication network is investigated. In this network, an energy-constrained access point (AP) is powered by a dedicated multiantenna power beacon (PB) and communicates to a destination limited-interference node via the RIS. It is assumed that the RIS experiences generalized-K fading distribution while the PB and interferers links are subjected to Nakagami-m fading distributions. To evaluate the system performance, the analytical closed-form expression of the probability distribution function (PDF) for the concerned system is derived. Through this, the exact closed-form expressions of the systems outage probability, average delay-tolerance throughput and average bit error rate are obtained. The analysis quantifies the effects of the number of reflecting elements in the RIS, number of interferer nodes, fading parameters on the AP and interferer links and number of antennas on the PB. It is deduced from the results that there is a kind of symmetry relationship between the analytical and simulation results. Additionally, the results illustrate that the proposed system with an RIS outperforms the conventional system without an RIS. Finally, the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions is validated through a Monte-Carlo simulation.
Bright–Dark Soliton Waves’ Dynamics in Pseudo Spherical Surfaces through the Nonlinear Kaup–Kupershmidt Equation
Authors: Khater Mostafa M. A. , Akinyemi Lanre , Elagan Sayed K. , El-Shorbagy Mohammed A. , Alfalqi Suleman H. , Alzaidi Jameel F. , Alshehri Nawal A.
Published: May 2021

The soliton waves’ physical behavior on the pseudo spherical surfaces is studied through the analytical solutions of the nonlinear (1+1)–dimensional Kaup–Kupershmidt (KK) equation. This model is named after Boris Abram Kupershmidt and David J. Kaup. This model has been used in various branches such as fluid dynamics, nonlinear optics, and plasma physics. The model’s computational solutions are obtained by employing two recent analytical methods. Additionally, the solutions’ accuracy is checked by comparing the analytical and approximate solutions. The soliton waves’ characterizations are illustrated by some sketches such as polar, spherical, contour, two, and three-dimensional plots. The paper’s novelty is shown by comparing our obtained solutions with those previously published of the considered model.
On Certain Differential Subordination of Harmonic Mean Related to a Linear Function
Authors: Dobosz Anna , Jastrzębski Piotr , Lecko Adam
Published: May 2021

In this paper we study a certain differential subordination related to the harmonic mean and its symmetry properties, in the case where a dominant is a linear function. In addition to the known general results for the differential subordinations of the harmonic mean in which the dominant was any convex function, one can study such differential subordinations for the selected convex function. In this case, a reasonable and difficult issue is to look for the best dominant or one that is close to it. This paper is devoted to this issue, in which the dominant is a linear function, and the differential subordination of the harmonic mean is a generalization of the Briot–Bouquet differential subordination.
An Application of the Principle of Differential Subordination to Analytic Functions Involving Atangana–Baleanu Fractional Integral of Bessel Functions
Authors: Alb Lupaş Alina , Cătaş Adriana
Published: May 2021

The aim of this paper is to establish certain subordination results for analytic functions involving Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral of Bessel functions. Studying subordination properties by using various types of operators is a technique that is widely used.
On the Roots of the Modified Orbit Polynomial of a Graph
Authors: Ghorbani Modjtaba , Dehmer Matthias
Published: May 2021

The definition of orbit polynomial is based on the size of orbits of a graph which is OG(x)=∑ix|Oi|, where O1,…,Ok are all orbits of graph G. It is a well-known fact that according to Descartes’ rule of signs, the new polynomial 1−OG(x) has a positive root in (0,1), which is unique and it is a relevant measure of the symmetry of a graph. In the current work, several bounds for the unique and positive zero of modified orbit polynomial 1−OG(x) are investigated. Besides, the relation between the unique positive root of OG in terms of the structure of G is presented.
A Review of Reductionist versus Systems Perspectives towards ‘Doing the Right Strategies Right’ for Circular Economy Implementation
Authors: Balanay Raquel , Halog Anthony
Published: May 2021

This systematic review examines the importance of a systems/holistic approach in analyzing and addressing the footprints/impacts of business-as-usual activities regarding the development of a circular economy (CE). Recent works on why current CE approaches have to be examined in terms of reductionist vs. systems perspectives are reviewed to tackle questions pertaining to the right or the wrong way of CE implementation. ‘Doing the right thing right’ is essential for sustainability—the ultimate goal of a CE, which must be viewed as a system to begin with. The limited reductionist approach overlooks and thus cannot prognosticate on the formidable unintended consequences that emerge from ‘doing the right things wrong’, consequences that become too costly to undo. The systems approach, being holistic, is complicated and difficult to pursue but open to exciting opportunities to integrate innovations in CE analysis and implementation. Complexity is an inherent downside of the systems approach. However, both approaches are complementary, as reductionist models can be combined to create a system of comprehensive analysis to correct the approach towards implementation of current CE initiatives. This review reports that advancements in systems analytical frameworks and tools are highly important for creating general guidelines on CE analysis and implementation.
Biosynthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Petroselinum crispum Leaf Extract Mitigate Lead-Acetate-Induced Anemia in Male Albino Rats: Hematological, Biochemical and Histopathological Features
Authors: El-Bahr Sabry M. , Elbakery Amal M. , El-Gazzar Nashwa , Amin Aziza A. , Al-Sultan Saad , Alfattah Mohammed A. , Shousha Saad , Alhojaily Sameer , Shathele Mohammad , Sabeq Islam I. , Hamouda Ahlam F.
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) prepared from leaf extract of Petroselinum crispum compared to those prepared using a chemical method in lead-acetate-induced anemic rats. Twenty rats were divided into four groups (five rats each). Throughout the experimental period (8 weeks), the rats in group 1 were not given any therapy. The rats in groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 400 ppm lead acetate orally for 2 weeks to make them anemic. Following that, these rats were either left untreated, given 27 ppm of chemical IONPs orally or given 27 ppm of natural IONPs orally for the remaining 6 weeks of the experiment. TEM analysis indicated that the chemically and naturally prepared IONPs had sizes of 6.22–9.7  and 64–68 nm, respectively. Serum ferritin and iron concentrations were reduced, whereas the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ALT, AST, urea and creatinine were significantly increased in the non-treated lead-acetate-induced anemic rats compared to those of the control. In addition, congestion, hemorrhage, necrosis, vacuolation and leukocytic infiltration in the kidneys, liver and spleen were observed in non-treated lead-acetate-induced anemic rats compared to the control. The effects of lead acetate were mitigated by IONPs, particularly the natural one. In conclusion, IONPs produced from Petroselinum crispum leaf extract can be used as an efficient and safe therapy in lead-acetate-induced anemic rats.
Analytical Separation of Carcinogenic and Genotoxic Alkenylbenzenes in Foods and Related Products (2010–2020)
Authors: Dang Huynh N. P. , Quirino Joselito P.
Published: May 2021

Alkenylbenzenes are potentially toxic (genotoxic and carcinogenic) compounds present in plants such as basil, tarragon, anise star and lemongrass. These plants are found in various edible consumer products, e.g., popularly used to flavour food. Thus, there are concerns about the possible health consequences upon increased exposure to alkenylbenzenes especially due to food intake. It is therefore important to constantly monitor the amounts of alkenylbenzenes in our food chain. A major challenge in the determination of alkenylbenzenes in foods is the complexity of the sample matrices and the typically low amounts of alkenylbenzenes present. This review will therefore discuss the background and importance of analytical separation methods from papers reported from 2010 to 2020 for the determination of alkenylbenzenes in foods and related products. The separation techniques commonly used were gas and liquid chromatography (LC). The sample preparation techniques used in conjunction with the separation techniques were various variants of extraction (solvent extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, liquid-phase microextraction, solid phase extraction) and distillation (steam and hydro-). Detection was by flame ionisation and mass spectrometry (MS) in gas chromatography (GC) while in liquid chromatography was mainly by spectrophotometry.
Degradation of the Indospicine Toxin from Indigofera spicata by a Mixed Population of Rumen Bacteria
Authors: Gilbert Rosalind A. , Netzel Gabriele , Chandra Kerri , Ouwerkerk Diane , Fletcher Mary T.
Published: May 2021

The leguminous plant species, Indigofera linnaei and Indigofera spicata are distributed throughout the rangeland regions of Australia and the compound indospicine (L-2-amino-6-amidinohexanoic acid) found in these palatable forage plants acts as a hepatotoxin and can accumulate in the meat of ruminant livestock and wild camels. In this study, bovine rumen fluid was cultivated in an in vitro fermentation system provided with Indigofera spicata plant material and the ability of the resulting mixed microbial populations to degrade indospicine was determined using UPLC–MS/MS over a 14 day time period. The microbial populations of the fermentation system were determined using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and showed distinct, time-related changes occurring as the rumen-derived microbes adapted to the fermentation conditions and the nutritional substrates provided by the Indigofera plant material. Within eight days of commencement, indospicine was completely degraded by the microbes cultivated within the fermenter, forming the degradation products 2-aminopimelamic acid and 2-aminopimelic acid within a 24 h time period. The in vitro fermentation approach enabled the development of a specifically adapted, mixed microbial population which has the potential to be used as a rumen drench for reducing the toxic side-effects and toxin accumulation associated with ingestion of Indigofera plant material by grazing ruminant livestock.
Mimosa tenuiflora Aqueous Extract: Role of Condensed Tannins in Anti-Aflatoxin B1 Activity in Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Hernandez Christopher , Cadenillas Laura , Maghubi Anwar El , Caceres Isaura , Durrieu Vanessa , Mathieu Céline , Bailly Jean-Denis
Published: May 2021

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogenic mycotoxin that contaminates numerous crops pre- and post-harvest. To protect foods and feeds from such toxins without resorting to pesticides, the use of plant extracts has been increasingly studied. The most interesting candidate plants are those with strong antioxidative activity because oxidation reactions may interfere with AFB1 production. The present study investigates how an aqueous extract of Mimosa tenuiflora bark affects both the growth of Aspergillus flavus and AFB1 production. The results reveal a dose-dependent inhibition of toxin synthesis with no impact on fungal growth. AFB1 inhibition is related to a down-modulation of the cluster genes of the biosynthetic pathway and especially to the two internal regulators aflR and aflS. Its strong anti-oxidative activity also allows the aqueous extract to modulate the expression of genes involved in fungal oxidative-stress response, such as msnA, mtfA, atfA, or sod1. Finally, a bio-guided fractionation of the aqueous extract demonstrates that condensed tannins play a major role in the anti-aflatoxin activity of Mimosa tenuiflora bark.
Effective String Description of the Confining Flux Tube at Finite Temperature
Authors: Caselle Michele
Published: May 2021

In this review, after a general introduction to the Effective String Theory (EST) description of confinement in pure gauge theories, we discuss the behaviour of EST as the temperature is increased. We show that, as the deconfinement point is approached from below, several universal features of confining gauge theories, like the ratio Tc/σ0, the linear increase of the squared width of the flux tube with the interquark distance, or the temperature dependence of the interquark potential, can be accurately predicted by the effective string. Moreover, in the vicinity of the deconfinement point the EST behaviour turns out to be in good agreement with what was predicted by conformal invariance or by dimensional reduction, thus further supporting the validity of an EST approach to confinement.
Probing Dense Nuclear Matter in the Laboratory: Experiments at FAIR and NICA
Authors: Senger Peter
Published: May 2021

The poorly known properties of high-density strongly-interacting matter govern the structure of neutron stars and the dynamics of neutron star mergers. New insight has been and will be gained by astronomical observations, such as the measurement of mass and radius of neutron stars, and the detection of gravitational waves emitted from neutron star mergers. Alternatively, information on the Nuclear Matter Equation-of-State (EOS) and on a possible phase transition from hadronic to quark matter at high baryon densities can be obtained from laboratory experiments investigating heavy-ion collisions. Detector systems dedicated to such experiments are under construction at the “Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research” (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany, and at the “Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility” (NICA) in Dubna, Russia. In heavy-ion collisions at these accelerator centers, one expects the creation of baryon densities of up to 10 times saturation density, where quark degrees-of-freedom should emerge. This article reviews the most promising observables in heavy-ion collisions, which are used to probe the high-density EOS and possible phase transition from hadronic to quark matter. Finally, the facilities and the experimental setups will be briefly described.
Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses
Authors: Nguyen Thi-Quyen , Rollon Rare , Choi Young-Ki
Published: May 2021

Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model—including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates—for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.
Temperate Bacteriophages—The Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions
Authors: Cieślik Martyna , Bagińska Natalia , Jończyk-Matysiak Ewa , Węgrzyn Alicja , Węgrzyn Grzegorz , Górski Andrzej
Published: May 2021

Bacteriophages are natural biological entities that limit the growth and amplification of bacteria. They are important stimulators of evolutionary variability in bacteria, and currently are considered a weapon against antibiotic resistance of bacteria. Nevertheless, apart from their antibacterial activity, phages may act as modulators of mammalian immune responses. In this paper, we focus on temperate phages able to execute the lysogenic development, which may shape animal or human immune response by influencing various processes, including phagocytosis of bacterial invaders and immune modulation of mammalian host cells.
Applications of Deep Mutational Scanning in Virology
Authors: Burton Thomas D. , Eyre Nicholas S.
Published: May 2021

Several recently developed high-throughput techniques have changed the field of molecular virology. For example, proteomics studies reveal complete interactomes of a viral protein, genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens probe the importance of every single human gene in aiding or fighting a virus, and ChIP-seq experiments reveal genome-wide epigenetic changes in response to infection. Deep mutational scanning is a relatively novel form of protein science which allows the in-depth functional analysis of every nucleotide within a viral gene or genome, revealing regions of importance, flexibility, and mutational potential. In this review, we discuss the application of this technique to RNA viruses including members of the Flaviviridae family, Influenza A Virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. We also briefly discuss the reverse genetics systems which allow for analysis of viral replication cycles, next-generation sequencing technologies and the bioinformatics tools that facilitate this research.
Structural and Biophysical Characterization of the HCV E1E2 Heterodimer for Vaccine Development
Authors: Toth Eric A. , Chagas Andrezza , Pierce Brian G. , Fuerst Thomas R.
Published: May 2021

An effective vaccine for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major unmet medical and public health need, and it requires an antigen that elicits immune responses to multiple key conserved epitopes. Decades of research have generated a number of vaccine candidates; based on these data and research through clinical development, a vaccine antigen based on the E1E2 glycoprotein complex appears to be the best choice. One bottleneck in the development of an E1E2-based vaccine is that the antigen is challenging to produce in large quantities and at high levels of purity and antigenic/functional integrity. This review describes the production and characterization of E1E2-based vaccine antigens, both membrane-associated and a novel secreted form of E1E2, with a particular emphasis on the major challenges facing the field and how those challenges can be addressed.
Neutralising Antibodies against Enterovirus and Parechovirus in IVIG Reflect General Circulation: A Tool for Sero-Surveillance
Authors: Couderé Karen , van der Straten Karlijn , Brouwer Lieke , Koen Gerrit , van Eijk Hetty , Pajkrt Dasja , Murk Jean-Luc , Wolthers Katja C.
Published: May 2021

Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and parechoviruses (PeV) are widespread pathogens that cause significant morbidity. Surveillance is based on culturing or genotyping of virus strains found in clinical samples. Sero-surveillance, by measuring neutralising antibodies (nAb) through virus neutralisation assays (VNA), could provide additional information as it offers a more comprehensive overview of exposure to circulating types in the general population. In our study we evaluated Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) to generate sero-surveillance data. We performed VNA of nineteen NPEV and PeV with Dutch IVIG batches from two different time points (2010 and 2017) and an IVIG batch from Vietnam (2011). We compared our findings with geno- and sero-surveillance data and evaluated changes over time and between the two countries. Our findings show a good correlation with what is known from geno-surveillance data. The highest nAb titres were found against strains from Enterovirus B, while we did not observe nAb titres against strains belonging to Enterovirus C. In conclusion, we demonstrated that sero-surveillance by means of IVIG can be used to obtain insight into circulation of EV and PeV genotypes. This is of particular interest for public health, to evaluate changes over time and population susceptibility to emerging genotypes.
Characterization of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variant with Distinct Spike Protein Mutations
Authors: Gladkikh Anna , Dolgova Anna , Dedkov Vladimir , Sbarzaglia Valeriya , Kanaeva Olga , Popova Anna , Totolian Areg
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in Wuhan (Hubei, China), has been ongoing for about a year and a half. An unprecedented number of people around the world have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Despite the fact that the mortality rate for COVID-19 is relatively low, the total number of deaths has currently already reached more than three million and continues to increase due to high incidence. Since the beginning of the pandemic, a large number of sequences have been obtained and many genetic variants have been identified. Some of them bear significant mutations that affect biological properties of the virus. These genetic variants, currently Variants of Concern (VoC), include the so-called United Kingdom variant (20I/501Y), the Brazilian variant (20J/501Y.V3), and the South African variant (20H/501Y.V2). We describe here a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant with distinct spike protein mutations, first obtained at the end of January 2021 in northwest Russia. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the dynamics of its spread among patients with COVID-19, as well as to study in detail its biological properties.
Genetic Insights into Feline Parvovirus: Evaluation of Viral Evolutionary Patterns and Association between Phylogeny and Clinical Variables
Authors: Tucciarone Claudia Maria , Franzo Giovanni , Legnardi Matteo , Lazzaro Elena , Zoia Andrea , Petini Matteo , Furlanello Tommaso , Caldin Marco , Cecchinato Mattia , Drigo Michele
Published: May 2021

Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV evolution deserves attention, especially since outbreaks of particular severity are currently reported. This apparently different virulence needs monitoring from genetic and clinical points of view. This manuscript explored FPV molecular epidemiology at both Italian and international levels and the possible association between viral phylogeny and disease severity. Sequences from clinical cases of feline panleukopenia in Italy were obtained from 2011 to 2019, and the etiological agent was characterized, distinguishing FPV from CPV. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were conducted on Italian and international sequences. Moreover, the association between the viral sequence and clinical variables was evaluated on a group of highly characterized patients. After its origin in the 1920s, FPV showed a constant population size until a more recent expansion since 2000. Few long-distance introduction events characterized FPV spreading, however, most of its evolution occurred locally. Although without a strong statistical association, several clinical variables appeared influenced by viral phylogeny, suggesting a differential virulence potentially characterizing FPV strains. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and its repercussions on the disease clinical aspects.
Requirement of Fc-Fc Gamma Receptor Interaction for Antibody-Based Protection against Emerging Virus Infections
Authors: Keeler Shamus P. , Fox Julie M.
Published: May 2021

Identification of therapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viruses remains a continued priority that is only reinforced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation, characterization, and production make it a viable option for rapid treatment development. While mAbs are traditionally screened and selected based on potency of neutralization in vitro, it is clear that additional factors contribute to the in vivo efficacy of a mAb beyond viral neutralization. These factors include interactions with Fc receptors (FcRs) and complement that can enhance neutralization, clearance of infected cells, opsonization of virions, and modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies, primarily using mouse models, that identified a role for Fc-FcγR interactions for optimal antibody-based protection against emerging and re-emerging virus infections.
RuvB-Like Protein 2 Interacts with the NS1 Protein of Influenza A Virus and Affects Apoptosis That Is Counterbalanced by Type I Interferons
Authors: Wang Yimeng , Zhou Jianhong , Mackintosh Samuel G. , Du Yuchun
Published: May 2021

The NS1 protein of influenza A virus (IAV) plays important roles in viral pathogenesis and host immune response. Through a proteomic approach, we have identified RuvB-like proteins 1 and 2 (RuvBL1 and RuvBL2) as interacting partners of the NS1 protein of IAVs. Infection of human lung A549 cells with A/PR/8/34 (PR8) virus resulted in reductions in the protein levels of RuvBL2 but not RuvBL1. Further studies with RuvBL2 demonstrated that the NS1-RuvBL2 interaction is RNA-independent, and RuvBL2 binds the RNA-binding domain of the NS1. Infection of interferon (IFN)-deficient Vero cells with wild-type or delNS1 PR8 virus reduced RuvBL2 protein levels and induced apoptosis; delNS1 virus caused more reductions in RuvBL2 protein levels and induced more apoptosis than did wild-type virus. Knockdown of RuvBL2 by siRNAs induced apoptosis and overexpression of RuvBL2 resulted in increased resistance to infection-induced apoptosis in Vero cells. These results suggest that a non-NS1 viral element or elements induce apoptosis by suppressing RuvBL2 protein levels, and the NS1 inhibits the non-NS1 viral element-induced apoptosis by maintaining RuvBL2 abundance in infected cells in the absence of IFN influence. In contrast to Vero cells, infection of IFN-competent A549 cells with PR8 virus caused reductions in RuvBL2 protein levels but did not induce apoptosis. Concomitantly, pretreatment of Vero cells with a recombinant IFN resulted in resistance to infection-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the infection-induced, RuvBL2-regulated apoptosis in infected cells is counterbalanced by IFN survival signals. Our results reveal a novel mechanism underlying the infection-induced apoptosis that can be modulated by the NS1 and type I IFN signaling in IAV-infected cells.
Surveillance for Babesia odocoilei in Hunter-Harvested Wild-Elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) from Pennsylvania, USA (2016–2017)
Authors: Calvente Elizabeth Jean , Steber Clay , Brown Justin , Brown Holly , Banfield Jeremiah , Chinnici Nicole
Published: May 2021

Babesia odocoilei is a tick-borne protozoal parasite which infects the erythrocytes of members of the families Cervidae and Bovidae. Infection can result in hemolytic anemia, lethargy, anorexia, and death. The reservoir host of B. odocoilei is the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); however, infections with overt disease have only been documented in reindeer (Rangider tarandu tarandus), caribou (Rangider tarandu caribou) and captive elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis). Infected elk may remain asymptomatic, creating the risk for dissemination of the pathogen when elk are relocated. Additionally, infected asymptomatic elk may contribute to the spread of B. odocoilei in the local wildlife/captive population via feeding ticks. Information regarding endemic regions of B. odocoilei infection is limited due to frequent asymptomatic infections and a lack of targeted surveillance of B. odocoilei in wildlife. To obtain data on B. odocoilei infection in wild elk in Pennsylvania, we tested blood samples collected from 190 hunter-harvested wild elk between 2016 and 2017. Of the 190 blood samples tested, 18.4% (35/190) tested positive for Babesia spp. Genetic sequencing of the positive samples showed a 98.0–100.0% match for B. odocoilei. No other Babesia species were identified. Results of this study documents B. odocoilei infection within hunter-harvested wild elk from Pennsylvania.
Modelling the Quality of Bathing Waters in the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Ferrarin Christian , Penna Pierluigi , Penna Antonella , Spada Vedrana , Ricci Fabio , Bilić Josipa , Krzelj Maja , Ordulj Marin , Šikoronja Marija , Đuračić Ivo , Iagnemma Luca , Bućan Martin , Baldrighi Elisa , Grilli Federica , Moro Fabrizio , Casabianca Silvia , Bolognini Luigi , Marini Mauro
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study is to develop a relocatable modelling system able to describe the microbial contamination that affects the quality of coastal bathing waters. Pollution events are mainly triggered by urban sewer outflows during massive rainy events, with relevant negative consequences on the marine environment and tourism and related activities of coastal towns. A finite element hydrodynamic model was applied to five study areas in the Adriatic Sea, which differ for urban, oceanographic and morphological conditions. With the help of transport-diffusion and microbial decay modules, the distribution of Escherichia coli was investigated during significant events. The numerical investigation was supported by detailed in situ observational datasets. The model results were evaluated against water level, sea temperature, salinity and E. coli concentrations acquired in situ, demonstrating the capacity of the modelling suite in simulating the circulation in the coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea, as well as several main transport and diffusion dynamics, such as riverine and polluted waters dispersion. Moreover, the results of the simulations were used to perform a comparative analysis among the different study sites, demonstrating that dilution and mixing, mostly induced by the tidal action, had a stronger effect on bacteria reduction with respect to microbial decay. Stratification and estuarine dynamics also play an important role in governing microbial concentration. The modelling suite can be used as a beach management tool for improving protection of public health, as required by the EU Bathing Water Directive.
A Review of How Uncertainties in Management Decisions Are Addressed in Coastal Louisiana Restoration
Authors: Freeman Angelina M. , Pahl James W. , White Eric D. , Langlois Summer , Lindquist David C. , Raynie Richard C. , Sharp Leigh Anne
Published: May 2021

Louisiana has lost over 4800 km2 of coastal land since 1932, and a large-scale effort to restore coastal Louisiana is underway, guided by Louisiana’s Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast. This paper reviews science-based planning processes to address uncertainties in management decisions, and determine the most effective combination of restoration and flood risk reduction projects to reduce land loss, maintain and restore coastal environments, and sustain communities. The large-scale effort to restore coastal Louisiana is made more challenging by uncertainties in sediment in the Mississippi River, rising sea levels, subsidence, storms, oil and gas activities, flood-control levees, and navigation infrastructure. To inform decision making, CPRA uses structured approaches to incorporate science at all stages of restoration project planning and implementation to: (1) identify alternative management actions, (2) select the management action based on the best available science, and (3) assess performance of the implemented management decisions. Applied science and synthesis initiatives are critical for solving scientific and technical uncertainties in the successive stages of program and project management, from planning, implementation, operations, to monitoring and assessment. The processes developed and lessons learned from planning and implementing restoration in coastal Louisiana are relevant to other vulnerable coastal regions around the globe.
Cultivation and Molecular Studies to Reveal the Microbial Communities of Groundwaters Discharge Located in Hungary
Authors: Toumi Marwene , Abbaszade Gorkhmaz , Sbaoui Yousra , Farkas Rózsa , Ács Éva , Jurecska Laura , Tóth Erika
Published: May 2021

In the present study 12 water samples of five sampling sites (Tatabánya, Dandár, Szentendre, Szent Flórián and Ciprián groundwaters) known as nutrient-depleted aquatic environments were studied using amplicon sequencing (NGS) and cultivation techniques. Diversity indices and cell counts were determined to assess the species richness in relation to the cell counts within the samples, and the oligocarbophile growth capability of the isolated bacteria was tested in microtiter plates. Altogether, 55 bacterial phyla were identified from the samples by amplicon sequencing. The microbial communities of the different sampling times of the same sites did not differ significantly. Patescibacteria and Proteobacteria were present in all samples. Ciprián sample was dominated by Bacteroidetes, while in Dandár sample a high ratio of Chloroflexi was detected. Rokubacteria and WOR-1 dominated Szent Flórián sample and Tatabánya had a high number of Epsilonbacteraeota. Nine archaeal phyla were also detected; the samples were characterized by the presence of unclassified archaea and Nanoarchaeota, among them Woesearchaeia, as the most dominant. Crenarchaeota and Altiarchaeota were detected in high ratios in Dandár water samples. Among Thaumarchaeota the family Nitrosopumilaceae, and orders of Nitrosotaleales and Nitrososphaerales appeared in Szent Flórián and Tatabánya samples. Key organisms of the different biogeochemical cycles were discovered in these nutrient-depleted environments: methanogenic archaea, methanotrophic bacteria, ammonia oxidizer, nitrate reducers, diazotrophs, sulfate reducers, and sulfur oxidizer. Diversity indices and cell counts of the samples show negative correlation in case of bacteria and positive in case of archaea in Ciprián sample. The high diversity indices in Szentendre samples are connected to low cell counts, most probably due to the vulnerability of the groundwaters to the external environment factors which lead to the infiltration of soil microbes and contaminants to the water. The isolated bacteria were affiliated into four phyla, most of them belonging to Proteobacteria (59%) followed by Actinobacteria (21%), Firmicutes (17%) and Verrucomicrobia (1%). The members of the facultative chemolithotrophic genera of Sphingobium, Sphingomonas, Sphingopyxis were characterizing only Szentendre, Szent Flórián and Tatabánya samples. Only 10% of the isolated species showed an obligate oligocarbophile character. From the samples, a high number of novel bacterial taxa were cultivated. As a conclusion, our results confirmed the predominance of unclassified and unknown taxa in subsurface water, pointing to the importance and necessity of further studies to characterize these microbial populations.
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Water Body Changes and Their Influencing Factors in the Seasonal Lakes of the Poyang Lake Region
Authors: Liu Hai , Yuan Hongmeng , Wang Shimian , Zheng Liang , Liao Ming
Published: May 2021

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, an internationally important wetland and the largest migratory bird habitat in Asia. There are numerous seasonal lakes in the Poyang Lake region, and these lakes create a complex and diverse wetland landscape and serve as the main activity area for migratory birds. Seasonal lakes have significant effects on hydrological and ecological processes and are highly susceptible to various changes, but research on seasonal lakes is relatively limited. Based on long-term remote sensing images, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of seasonal lakes and their influencing factors and ecological effects. The conclusions were as follows: the average water area of seasonal lakes showed a unimodal change during the year, reaching a maximum in July and a minimum in January. The interannual water area fluctuated greatly, and the overall water area showed a small downward trend. In terms of spatial variation, the seasonal lakes were connected with the main lake in the wet season and separated from the main lake in the dry season. Among the natural factors, the influences of temperature, evaporation, and rainfall on the water area of the seasonal lakes were successively reduced. In addition, the incoming water from the Yangtze River had an important influence. Among the human factors, the traditional fishing method “enclosing sublakes in autumn” had the greatest impact on the water area in a specific period, followed by the indirect impact of the Three Gorges Project.