bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the growth and behaviour of axenic strains ofEntamoeba invadensRodhain, 1934
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. Axenic strains ofEntamoeba invadenscan be maintained indefinitely, by serial culture, in saline containing a slice of liver. Growth in this medium is poor, the amoebae are vacuolated, and few cysts are formed.

2. The optimum concentration of NaCl for amoebic growth in this medium is 0·75–1·0%, and the optimum pH is 5·7–6·1.

3. The source of the liver tissue in the medium is unimportant, but, of several tissues tested, liver was the only one which supported amoebic growth in serial culture.

4. Suspensions of minced liver also supported amoebic growth, but the growth-promoting activity of the liver was removed completely by centrifugation, autoclaving, and Seitz- or glass-filtration. Heat treatment at 50–60° C. and prolonged storage at 8° C. partially inactivated the liver.

5. Growth in axenic saline-liver medium does not affect the ability ofE. invadensto grow and undergo mass encystation when reassociated with suitable bacteria.
A comparison of the structure of the scolex of Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller 1776) and Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rud. 1819) and the mode of attachment of the scolex to the intestine of the host
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. Two Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller) and Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rud.), have been obtained from Scophthalmus maximus (L.) and Merluccius merluccius (L.) respectively, from fishing grounds to the west of the British Isles.

2. The musculature of the scolex in both has been compared relative to the form and mode of function of that organ. All the major groups of muscles are present in both, but their arrangement is modified in C. crassiceps, due to the presence of hemispherical bothria, instead of open grooves, and a sphincter muscle around the bothrial opening.

3. The mode of attachment is discussed briefly in C. crassiceps, and in more detail in B. scorpii, where the structure of the scolex was found to be admirably suited to the form of the host's mucosa. The effect on the mucosa is slight, due to the absence of very powerful muscles and of other specialized adhesive structures.

4. The nervous system of the scolex in both species has been compared, and a fundamental similarity has been found. Modifications in C. crassiceps are associated with shortening of the scolex and the difference in form of the bothria.

5. The excretory system shows the same correlation with the form of the scolex.
Cercaria diplostomi phoxini (Faust), a furcocercaria which develops into Diplostomulum phoxini in the brain of the minnow
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. A fork-tailed cercaria Cercaria diplostomi phoxini (Faust) has been found to develop in sporocysts in 3·9 % of Lymnaea pereger var. ovata (Drapanaud) in Fron Goch Pool near Aberystwyth.

2. The cercaria is described in detail. The arrangement of spines on the body is characteristic and there is a double row of seventy-two spines on the ventral sucker. The flame cell formula is given.

3. The cercaria is compared with seven closely related types.

4. Infestation experiments show that Cercaria diplostomi phoxini develops into Diplostomulum phoxini in the brain of the minnow.

5. The early stage of infestation of the brain of the minnow is described and compared with an infestation of long standing.
Leptomonas serpens n.sp., parasitic in the digestive tract and salivary glands of Nezara viridula (Pentatomidae) and in the sap of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and other plants
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J.
Published: June 2009

A leptomonad parasite was found in the sap of the tomato and in one unidentified plant, but it has not yet been seen in several others on which the insect feeds.

Interesting characteristics of this Leptomonas are (a) its extreme polymorphism, (b) the development of metacyclic forms in the salivary glands of its insect host, and (c) its alternation between insect and plant host.
The male of Ixodes thompsoni Arthur, 1955
Authors: Arthur Don. R.
Published: June 2009

Ixodes thompsoni was established on three females collected from a cat on Lundy Island (Arthur, 1955). Further collections on Lundy from a cat since that date suggest that the species is relatively common on the Island and we now have the following specimens: cat, Lundy Island, 16. iii. 1955 (1955/81), two females; cat, Lundy Island, 20. iv. 1955 (1955/30), two females with two males in copula; cat, Lundy Island, 31. iii. 1955 (1955/46), five females with four males copulating and one free male.
A microscopic study ofPasteurella tularensisin the human body louse
Authors: Price Roger D.
Published: June 2009

1.P. tularensismay be abundant in the midgut lumen, the epithelial cells of the anterior third of the midgut, and the haemolymph of the louse. Multiplication is extracellular in the lumen and the haemolymph and intracytoplasmic in the gut cells.

2. The multiplication of the tularemia organisms in the midgut epithelium eventually leads to the disruption of these cells and the break-through of the organisms into the body cavity. The growth of these organisms in the haemocoele results in the death of the louse in 4–7 days.

3. Lice vary greatly in their susceptibility to infection. Some lice show complete resistance to infection; others are capable of retaining the infection essentially for their normal life span, i.e. 35 days; still others apparently succumb to a rapid increase of the organisms in a relatively brief time after infection.

4. The behaviour ofP. tularensiswithin the louse presents interesting similarities to infection of lice with the rickettsiae pathogenic to humans.
Chloromyxum pristiophori, a New Species of Myxosporidia Parasitic in the Gall-Bladder of Pristiophorus cirratus (Saw-Shark)
Authors: Woolcock Violet
Published: June 2009

Within recent years a considerable amount of work has been done on the Myxosporidia, especially, as pointed out by Kudo (1919), in North America, Asia, and to a lesser degree in Japan (Fugita, 1912, 1913, 1925). Few investigations, however, have been carried out in Australia, and consequently very little is known concerning the distribution of the group in this country. There appear to be as yet only two contributions to the subject, papers by T. Harvey Johnston and M. J. Bancroft (1918, 1919). As far as can be ascertained, my paper is the first report concerning Myxosporidia from fishes of Southern Australian waters, and contains the first record of a species of Chloromyxum from Australia.
The Seasonal Occurrence of Harvest Mites (Trombicula autumnalisShaw) on Voles and Mice near Oxford
Authors: Elton Charles , Keay Gladys
Published: June 2009

1. Examination of monthly quotas ofApodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, andMicrotus hirtus, for parasites over a period of 21 months, enabled the seasonal occurrence ofTrombicula autumnalislarvae to be determined.

2. All three species are infested during the summer and autumn months, andClethrionomysthroughout the following winter and spring also. Shrews were not parasitised.

3. The mites occupy different positions on different hosts.

4.Clethrionomysand rabbits (Oryctolagus) are of importance in maintaining the stock of harvest mites on some areas in the south of England.
The Biology of Autogenous and Anautogenous Races of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M.
Published: June 2009

1. An English anautogenous race and three European strains of the autogenous race of Culex pipiens have been studied comparatively for 3 years under laboratory conditions.

2. Prolonged illumination has an activating influence on females of the anautogenous race, both hibernating and laboratory bred, and greatly stimulates gorging.

3. With the aid of artificial light during the winter months the anautogenous race has been kept breeding in the laboratory throughout the year for eleven generations without the occurrence of cyclical hibernation (asthenobiosis). Consequently it is suggested that the length of daylight may be a factor of importance in controlling the natural hibernation of females of this race.

4. Females of the English anautogenous race, whether of hibernating, or of active generations, laid normally after one blood meal and did not exhibit gonotrophic dissociation. They also oviposited readily after being artificially fed on bird blood.

5. Unfed females lived for a maximum of 19 days and never accumulated fat-body autotrophically.

6. Females, if fed on apple for 5 weeks, accumulated sufficient reserves to enable a small percentage of them to survive 15 weeks of starvation.

7. In the anautogenous race pairing always begins in the air although it may be completed on the ground. The females do not lay without a blood meal, and they show little tendency to bite man but bite birds voraciously.

8. Strains of the autogenous race of C. pipiens were obtained from rural areas in Greece, Malta and Hungary and have been maintained in the laboratory for over 3 years.

9. Continuous breeding under autogenous conditions (no blood meals) for several years and through forty-five to forty-nine generations has had no deleterious eflect on these autogenous strains.

10. Spanogyny, or the gradual decrease in the numbers of females produced in succeeding generations, does not necessarily follow prolonged autogeny if the cultures are kept under favourable conditions.

11. Males of the autogenous race pair with resting females, so that pairing can take place in very small areas.

12. Cross-mating was easily obtained between the two races, autogenous and anautogenous, in both directions: male autogenous + female anautogenous; and male anautogenous + female autogenous. Stenogamy and autogeny are hereditary characters. Stenogarny always appears in the F1 generation, but autogeny sometimes appears in the F1 generation and sometimes not until the F2 generation.

13. Eggs are quickly killed by temperatures below freezing-point; and young larvae die within 24 hours at 0° C. Adults, even hibernating females, die within 4 days at −16° C.
Crepidobothrium fragile n.sp., a Tapeworm of the Channel Catfish
Authors: Essex Hiram E.
Published: June 2009

While investigating the species of Corallobothrium (Essex, 1928) I examined the intestinal parasites of 180 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) taken in Rock River (Illinois). Only six of these fish harboured tapeworms that could not be assigned to the genus Corallobothrium. From the six fish, besides the species of Corallobothrium, I found fifteen adult Cestodes belonging to the genus Crepidobothrium. A study of these parasites has shown that they constitute a new species for which I propose the name Crepidobothrium fragile, because of the ease with which the strobila is broken. The members of this genus have been reported previously only from amphibians and reptiles. This is, so far as I am aware, the first recorded occurrence of a species of Crepidobothrium from a fish host. Nybelin (1917) has shown that the genus Ophiotaenia (La Rue, 1911) is synonymous with Crepidobothrium. It has been pointed out by Woodland (1925, 1925a) that the characters used by La Rue (1914) as the basis for the separation of the genera of Proteocephalids have been unreliable because of their inconstancy. He has proposed that all the genera of the family Proteocephalidae be placed in the genus Proteocephalus. Meggitt (1927) has indicated that this procedure is too sweeping and if followed would make “a most heterogeneous assemblage of some 100 species.” Therefore, he has placed all these species under four genera, namely, Corallobothrium, Crepidobothrium, Gangesia and Ichthyotaenia (= Proteocephalus), all of which have been well established for a number of years, and greater confusion of the literature may be avoided if they are retained until some worker, in the light of more complete knowledge, again makes a revision of the entire family. Since there yet remains some doubt as to the characters that will ultimately prove trustworthy in the classification of the Proteocephalids, descriptions of new species should be as complete as possible. Although there is much variability in the measurements of a given species of Cestode, yet the fact should not be overlooked that the range of size of the organism and its parts is of considerable aid in classification. It is admitted that there is great variability in size in a given species of Cestode, but if the extremes are known the size becomes of significant value.
On two new species of tick
Authors: Turk Frank A.
Published: June 2009

Both species of tick which are described in the present paper are members of insular faunas and demonstrate remarkably well the tendency, shown by these parasites in geographical isolation, to species formation. In this connexion it is perhaps worth quoting what Cooley & Kohls (1945) say concerning this subject in their recent work on the genus Ixodes: ‘These studies’, they write on p. 1 of their introduction, ‘have revealed in considerable measure the more useful specific characters and the importance of a real appreciation of the significance of geographical range and variation in the differentiation of species.… In determination of species limits we have considered not only morphologic but also biologic factors such as host relationships and geographic distribution. No subspecies are recognized.’ There is little doubt but that geographical distribution will be found to play an almost equally important role in the genus Amblyomma.
The transmission of spirochaeta duttoni Novy & Knapp by Pediculus humanus corporis de Geer
Authors: Heisch R. B. , Garnham P. C. C.
Published: June 2009

1. Cyclical development of Spirochaeta duttoni in lice was observed in seven experiments. In the last four, the same strain was transmitted through four successive batches.

2. The resultant infections in animals behaved exactly like S. duttoni even after the fourth transmission through the abnormal host.
Observations upon Embadomonas intestinalis in Culture
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. Embadomonas intestinalis has been cultivated on an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with Ringer egg-white or with inactivated horse-serum diluted 1:10 in 0·5 NaCl solution, at 17–20° C. as well as at 37° C.

2. Attempts to infect tadpoles of Bufo vulgaris, bred free from Protozoa, with E. intestinalis have failed.

3. In the division of E. intestinalis there is duplication of the basal granules and flagella with the formation of a centrodesmose between one granule of each pair. The cytostome disappears and new ones are formed when nuclear division is complete. No spindle fibres are formed but the nucleus becomes spindle-shaped and discrete chromatin granules are present.

4. Double individuals occur but they do not represent a stage in normal division. Long observation failed to reveal division of such individuals.

5. Cysts of E. intestinalis have been found in cultures at all temperatures studied. The nuclear membrane and peripheral chromatin is elongated and stains intensely, and the two basal granules are prominent. A siderophilic mass in the centre probably represents the karyosome. There is no evidence that division occurs in the cyst.
On Coitocaecum Anaspidis SP.Nov., A Trematode Exhibiting Progenesis in the Fresh-Water Crustacean Anaspides tasmaniae Thomson
Authors: Hickman V. V.
Published: June 2009

1. Coitocaecum anaspidis sp.nov. is a Trematode which exhibits precocious genital activity whilst encysted as a metacercaria in the Tasmanian Mountain Shrimp, Anaspides tasmaniae Thomson.

2. Eggs are laid by the Trematode whilst in the encysted condition, and in some cases the eggs hatch in the cyst giving rise to miracidia which swim freely in the contained fluids.

3. Two hundred specimens of Anaspides tasmaniae were examined and one hundred and twenty-seven found to contain the encysted Trematode.

4. A systematic description of the Trematode is given.
Some Parasitic Worms from Australia
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

In this paper short descriptions are given of three new species (two Cestodes and a Nematode) contained in a collection kindly entrusted to the writer by Prof. G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., for determination. The material was collected in Queensland by Mr F. H. S. Roberts, and forwarded to Prof. Nuttall by Mr Robert Veitch, Chief Entomologist, Department of Agriculture and Stock, Brisbane.
On a Collection of Parasitic Worms from Malay
Authors: Robinson V. C.
Published: June 2009

The present paper deals with a collection of parasites from Malay, kindly sent to Prof. Keilin at the Molteno Institute by G. B. Purvis, F.R.C.V.S., to whom the writer wishes to express his appreciation of the painstaking and scientific way in which the collection was carried out. The specimens were all very carefully sorted and clearly labelled, and the majority extremely well preserved.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis): V. Host specificity
Authors: Dobson Colin
Published: June 2009

1. The mouse is more susceptible to infection than the rat.

2. The male in both the rat and the mouse is more susceptible to infection than the female.

3. The development of the worm is slower in the male rat than in the female. This relationship does not occur in the mouse.

4. The ecological position of the adult parasite was different in the mouse and rat, the worms living further down the intestine in the rat.

5. The effects of host species on infection ofN. dubiusare discussed.
Ixodes heinrichi, sp.nov. from Angola
Authors: Arthur Don R.
Published: June 2009

During an investigation into the tick fauna of Africa, Dr H. Hoogstraal sent me a specimen of a female Ixodes tick collected from Angola, which was deposited in the Chicago Natural History Museum. This is a new species which I describe below under the name of I. heinrichi.
On the search for hosts and the egg distribution of some chalcid parasites of the knapweed gall-fly
Authors: Varley G. C.
Published: June 2009

1. The egg distributions of five chalcid parasites of the knapweed gall-fly have been studied in a small area.

2. A distinction is made between search for hosts by random movements, and random search in the sense of Nicholson; these terms are defined. Random movements may give rise to a distribution of parasitism different from that expected if search were purely random.

3. The species discussed do not all distribute their eggs at random amongst the hosts. Some species superparasitize the hosts more, and one (Eurytoma curta) much less than would be expected if the egg distribution were purely random, owing to peculiarities in oviposition behaviour.

4. Parasitism by E. curta is unevenly distributed in space, being higher in areas of high host density. This suggests that search is not exactly random, but is also concentrated in space. A tentative explanation is advanced based on the assumption that search is by random movements.

5. Parasitism by E. robusta is very patchy. This non-random distribution is attributed to random movements performed by a very few parasites.

6. It is concluded that these spatial discrepancies do not seriously affect the numerical accuracy of the assumption that search is random in small areas, and that the theory of Nicholson & Bailey may be accurate to a first approximation.
Studies on populations of head-lice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura)
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

1. In three previous papers (1936, 1938b, 1940a) the author has discussed the distribution of head-lice among their human hosts, his material being nearly 3000 complete crops of hair. The present paper deals with the strictly entomological side of the inquiry, that is to say, with the study of the populations of head-lice themselves. The total amount of material is the lice from 858 infestations from six places; from each of four places there were less than 100 infestations.

2. In about two-thirds of the infestations there were ten lice or less, the proportion of low infestations varying considerably from place to place (Table 1). Infestations over 100 never formed more than 10% of all the infestations in a place.

3. In a single head the proportion of the sexes is often far from equal; indeed, in light infestations it is common to find that all the adults are of one sex. Taking all the heads from one place, the total number of males and females differs significantly from equality, an excess of males occurring in one place, of females in another (Table 2). In all heads from one place the coefficient of correlation between the number of males and females is high, about 0·8–0·9. As the density of the louse population, does not generally affect the sex ratio, the correlation is approximately linear. But when the density is unusually high, as it is in some heads from Colombo, the proportion of males rises progressively. This is the only case known, in spite of much searching, in which sex ratio of the louse is affected by an environmental factor.

4. In the matter of the number of larvae per female, there are great individual differences between heads, though the coefficient of correlation, worked on all the heads from one place is as high as 0·7 or 0·9. Taking all the heads from one place, the mean number of larvae per female ranges between 5·4 and 10·9; many of the differences between places are significant. I have failed to find any explanation of these differences, and they do not seem to be affected by any environmental factor. The fact that the larvae are always more numerous than the females, indicates that there is a high mortality during the course of larval life; the author has failed to make a more precise estimate of the proportion which die.

5. A small part of the material was specially examined, and every larva referred to its instar. In this sample of 502 larvae it was found that the death-rate was higher in the third instar than in the other two, a state of affairs the reverse of what occurs in body-lice reared in boxes.
Further studies on the ultrafiltration of plant viruses
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , MacClement W. D.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of ultrafiltration studies with 9 plant viruses. It is shown that 3 of these viruses filter in a consistent manner and appear to have approximately spherical particles. These three areLycopersicum virus4 (tomato bushy stunt virus),Nicotiana virus11 (tobacco necrosis virus) andNicotiana virus12 (tobacco ringspot virus). The filtration end-point of 40 mμ is the same in each case and from this a particle diameter of 13–20 mμ is calculated. There is a peculiarity, however, in the filtration curve of tobacco necrosis virus which shows itself in a “bench” or “shelf” and which suggests either a polydisperse system or some degree of dissymmetry of particle shape.

Great difficulty was experienced in filteringNicotiana virus1 (tobacco mosaic virus) and its strains. A value of 13–20 mμ was obtained for the particle diameter of the type virus and this agrees well with measurements obtained by other methods. The filtration results, however, suggest that the infective units are not of the same length and that this variability may be considerable. Similar difficulty was experienced in filteringSolanum virus1 (potato virus X), another rod-shaped virus; the end-point was found to be 100 mμ, from which a particle diameter of 33–50 mμ is calculated. It was not possible to obtain a definite filtration end-point forCucumis virus1 (cucumber mosaic virus), probably because of the low initial concentration of virus in the extracted sap.
The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.

2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.

3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.

4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.
The scolex of Aporhynchus norvegicus (Olss.)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The following is an account of the anatomy of the scolex of Aporhynchus norvegicus (Olss.) involving details of the musculature and nervous and excretory systems. The anatomy of the strobila has been described by Nybelin (1918). The specimens, mostly young complete strobilae, were obtained from the intestine of Spinax spinax caught in the deep-sea fishing grounds to the west of Ireland. Until recently the species had only been recorded from the coast of Norway, but in 1936 Joyeux & Baer found it in French waters. It was first described as Tetrarhynchus norvegicus by Olsson (1867), the genus Aporhynchus being created by Nybelin (1918) for the single species.
Some parasitic nematodes from mammals of South China
Authors: Chen H. T.
Published: June 2009

The following is a report on a collection of four species of parasitic nematodes from some mammals of Kwangtung Province, South China.
Parasitic copepods of fish from Ceylon. II
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

In this second contribution to the study of parasitic copepods of fish from Ceylon eight species are described, four of which are new. The male of one species, namely that of Euryphorus nordmanni Milne-Edwards, is described for the first time. Of the three remaining species, Caligodes laciniatus Kröyer has only been recorded once (Heller, 1865) since it was originally described in 1863 and the comparison of Caligus alalongae Kröyer and C. tenax Heller makes it easier to identify the males of these two forms.
The helminths of the intestinal canal of man in Mauritius; and a first record of Trichostrongylus axei locally
Authors: Webb J. Lewis
Published: June 2009

1. Systematic measurements of all hookworm-like eggs from time faeces of 336 patients in Mauritius led to the finding of 8 per cent Trichostrongyle, 0·9 per cent Ternidens deminutus, and 0·9 per cent Ancylostoma braziliense-like eggs.

2. This percentage of Trichostrongyle eggs includes one case from an inhabitant of the French colony, Réunion.

3. Hookworm eggs of a very small size, possibly Ancylostoma braziliense were found unassociated with the typical Necator americanus eggs, in the faeces of an inhabitant of Rodriguez; the adult worms appeared drug-resistant.

4. A partial eradication of the Trichostrongyles was obtained in one case, and an apparently complete eradication in another, of 6 patients treated with carbon tetrachloride.

5. The Trichostrongyles expelled by one of the patients were identified as Trichostrongylus axei (Cobbold, 1879) Railliet & Henry (1909).

6. No particular symptoms which could be ascribed to the action of the Trichostrongyles were observed in any of the affected patients.

7. Drugs administered orally to a patient passing Ternidens deminutus-like eggs failed to dislodge any of his worms.
The attachment of the monogeneanDiscocotyle sagittataLeuckart to the gills ofSalmo truttaL.
Authors: Llewellyn J. , Owen I. L.
Published: June 2009

The monogenetic trematodeDiscocotyle sagittataattaches itself to the gills ofSalmo truttawith its long axis inclined to the long axis of the primary lamella to which it is attached, the direction of inclination being determined by the incidence of the gill-ventilating current of the host. The inclination is to some extent brought about by an asymmetrical disposition of the posterior adhesive organs, butDiscocotyleappears to retain a primitive unspecialized character in that the asymmetrical disposition is facultative and not obligatory and permanent as inAxine.

The adhesive apparatus consists of four pairs of clamps and one pair of hooks. The hooks appear to be the persistent posterior hooks of the larva.

Each clamp is operated by an extrinsic muscle-tendon-fair-lead-hinged-jaws system generally similar but possibly less efficient than the corresponding system inPlectanocotyle gurnardi.Scheuring's and Sproston's interpretations of the clamp-closing mechanism ofDiscocotyleas a spring system are wrong.
A comparative account of the tracheal system of larvae of the horse bot-fly,Gasterophilus intestinalis(De Geer), and of some other dipterous larvae
Authors: Tatchell R. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The tracheal systems of first, second and third instar larvae ofGasterophilus intestinalisare described.

2. The homologies of the conical tracheae of the tracheal organ are demonstrated and explain the apparent disappearance of a complete tracheal metamere.

3. Anomalies in the tracheal system of the anterior segments ofGasterophilusled to an investigation of the tracheal systems ofDrosophila, Eristalis, Calliphora, ScatopseandAëdes.

4. The anterior tracheal system of larval Diptera has been re-interpreted; that of the Cyclorrhapha can be derived from that of the Nematocera without the formation of new tracheae other than a large trachea from the lateral longitudinal trunk to the antero-lateral musculature.
Trematode parasites of snails from Edgbaston Pool: the life history of the strigeidCotylurus brevisDubois & Rausch, 1950
Authors: Nasir P.
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle ofCotylurus brevisDubois and Rausch, from the cercaria to the adult, has been investigated for the first time by using laboratory-bred primary, secondary and definitive hosts. The holometabolic metamorphosis with the formation of a tetracotyle stage in a second intermediate host has been described in detail.

2. The cercaria ofC. brevisobtained fromLymnaea stagnalisin Edgbaston Pool has been found to be identical withCercaria helvetica XXXIVDubois from Lake Neuchâtel. The total number of flame cells in the cercaria is twenty, as opposed to the fourteen in the cercaria ofCotylurus cornutusRudolphi (= ‘Strigea tarda’ described by Mathias (1925), Harper (1929, 1931) and Wesenberg-Lund (1934)).

3. In nature the second intermediate host ofCotylurus brevisisLymnaea stagnalis. Under experimental conditionsL. peregerandL. auriculariawere also found to act as second intermediate hosts, but neitherPlanorbis corneus, P. carinatusnor various leeches could act as second intermediate hosts.

4. The tetracotyle stage ofCotylurus brevisis morphologically indistinguishable from the corresponding stage of other species ofCotylurus.
A study upon passive immunity in experimental trichiniasis
Authors: Culbertson James T. , Kaplan Samuel S.
Published: June 2009

Protection against infection with Trichinella spiralis is conferred upon mice by the passive transfer to them of a specific immune serum from rabbits. A smaller percentage of mice treated with the immune serum die, and fewer larvae invade the muscles of the treated mice than among control animals. The action of the antibody of the immune serum appears to be directed specifically against the ingested larvae which are maturing to adult worms in the intestine of the infected animals. The results obtained thus far indicate that an immune serum would have little therapeutic value in the later stages of the disease.
On a nematode, Pseudaspidodera jnanendrae n.sp., from the peafowl (Pavo cristatus)
Authors: Chakravarty Girindra Kumar
Published: June 2009

The genus Pseudaspidodera was founded by Baylis & Daubney (1922). Recently I had an opportunity of examining a collection of worms of this genus from the gut of two Indian peafowls, Pavo cristatus. I am grateful to Mr K. K. Banerjee of the Bengal Veterinary College, Calcutta, for kindly placing the material at my disposal. Three species of the genus Pseudaspidodera have so far been described, viz. P. pavonis Baylis & Daubney (1922) from Pavo cristatus and Pavo muticus, and later from Argusianus argus; P. voluptuosa Chandler (1926) from Argusianus argus and Rollulus roulroul and P. spinosa Maplestone (1932) from Argusianus argus. The parasites under consideration cannot be assigned to any of the species referred to above. The separation of the cephalic cordons in P. pavonis, the presence of spines along the cephalic cordons in P. spinosa, and the longer left spicule in P. voluptuosa are sufficient to distinguish these worms from my specimens. I take this opportunity of recording my sincere thanks to Dr Baini Prashad and Mr M. N. Datta of the Zoological Survey of India for giving me facilities for examining the type specimens of P. pavonis and P. voluptuosa. I am indebted also to Prof. P. A. Maplestone of the School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Calcutta, for kindly lending me the co-types of P. spinosa. The species has been named after one of my colleagues, Mr Jnanendra Lal Bhaduri, M.Sc., who has helped me with many helpful suggestions.
Studies on the physiology of the nematodes of the alimentary canal of sheep
Authors: Davey D. G.
Published: June 2009

An investigation was made of certain aspects of the physiology of nematodes from the alimentary canal of sheep.

Cellulose digestion has apparently no effect on the nematodes.

The composition and concentration of a physiological saline solution suitable for Ostertagia circumcincta—and possibly for the other species—was determined.

The effect of acidity on the intestinal worms showed that they could not live in the abomasum because the acidity in this chamber would be too great. O. circumcincta could not inhabit the stomach of horses, and carnivores, or the abomasum of cattle, in all of which the acidity reaches a level lethal to this species.

A graph is given showing the distribution of the nematodes in the small intestine of the sheep. After a study of the effect of bile salts on the different species its influence in determining this distribution is discussed.

A discussion of the evidence relating to the food of nematodes of the alimentary tract led to the conclusion that even species with rudimentary buccal capsules might suck blood; on the other hand, the results from the benzidine tests and spectroscopic examinations indicate that the haemoglobin demonstrated in nematodes is synthesized by them.

It was shown that O. circumcincta does not probably feed on abomasal contents. Bacterial difficulties hampering these experiments were overcome by using an apparatus whereby the contents of the abomasum could be percolated over the worms. The latter had been surface-sterilized with acriflavine solution.

All attempts to feed the nematodes on serum, defibrinated blood, and blood digests failed. Bacteria again constituted a difficulty, but it is suggested that the failure is not entirely due to them, and that perhaps the tissues of the host must be incorporated into the media.
Sterile culture of the free-living stages of the sheep stomach worm,Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Glaser R. W. , Stoll Norman R.
Published: June 2009

The effect of an efficient bactericidal solution on the hatching ofHaemonchuseggs was studied and it was found that a large proportion remained viable. Based on former work, a medium was devised in which the bacteria-free eggs hatched and the larvae developed to the infective stage. These larvae were morphologically and otherwise normal, except that they were slightly smaller than faecal-grown specimens, although the size ranges overlapped. Infection tests proved thatHaemonchuslarvae grown under conditions of sterility were normally infective for, and produced normal adults in, a susceptible lamb.
Further observations upon Entamoeba aulastomi Nöller
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

1. In Entamoeba aulastomi excystation does not occur in vitro until the glycogen and chromatoids have been absorbed.

2. The product of excystation is a quadrinucleate amoeba.

3. The amoeba escapes through a minute pore in the cyst wall.

4. No evidence of sexual phenomena has been obtained during the metacystic cycle.

5. The excysted quadrinucleate amoeba undergoes a series of nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. These divisions do not necessarily synchronize or alternate with one another, but by them 8 uninucleate amoebulae containing daughter nuclei are ultimately produced from every cyst. Amoebae containing 6, 7 or 8 nuclei may appear in the course of the metacystic development.
Rhipicephalus pravus Dönitz, 1910
Authors: Walker Jane B.
Published: June 2009

The adults of Rhipicephalus pravus were first described very briefly by Dönitz, in 1910, from specimens collected from buffalo, giraffe and various antelopes on the Masai Steppe in Tanganyika. He did not designate any specific specimens as types. He compared the species with R. oculatus, but stated that the difference in the structure of the eyes of the two forms, which he described in detail, was so marked that he considered it to be specific. He also commented on the fact that the males of R. pravus are often strikingly narrow anteriorly, but added that this is not a decisive character. Zumpt (1942) redescribed the adults in detail from material collected in the Tanganyika highlands (Arusha, Kilimatinde, Kondoa-Irangi, Mkalama, Morogoro and Mpwapwa), in Kenya (Mt. Nyro and Mt. Loroghi) and in Abyssinia (Diredawa). Theiler & Robinson (1953) gave descriptions of adults collected at Fairmount, Edenburg, Orange Free State and of nymphae and larvae bred from them in the laboratory. They also discussed the biology, distribution and synonymy of the species. The following descriptions of the adults, nymph and larva are based on laboratory-bred specimens, the progeny of a female collected at Kima, approximately 90 miles south-east of Nairobi.
The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) showing that the sexes are not entirely separate as hitherto believed
Authors: Williams H. Harford
Published: June 2009

The anatomy of Köllikeria filicollis (Rudolphi, 1819), Cobbold, 1860 (Trematoda: Digenea) is described in detail.

An account is given of the integument and musculature of the worm and the structure of the cyst in which it is found, followed by a discussion of the body wall in other digenetic trematodes. The alimentary canal, excretory system, nervous system and genitalia are also described.

The study shows that the sexes are not entirely separate in all members of the genus Köllikeria as hitherto believed.

The systematic position of K. filicollis is discussed and a specific diagnosis is given for the species.
Taxonomy, life cycle, development, and habits of two new species of Allantonematidae (Nematoda) parasitic in drosophilid flies
Authors: Welch Harold E.
Published: June 2009

1. Two species of Allantonematidae were found parasitizing five of twelve species of Drosophila collected at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England.

2. H. aoronymphium sp.nov. was found in 20·8 % of D. phalerata and 4·3 % of D. kuntzei examined. Parasitylenchus diplogenus sp.nov. was found in about 5 % of D. subobscura, D. obscura, and D. silvestris examined.

3. The type species and taxonomy of the genus Parasitylenchus are discussed.

4. The life history of H. aoronymphium is typical of most allantonematids except that the female is fertilized when she is a fourth-stage larva. P. diplogenus has two sexual generations per cycle.

5. Both nematodes have a precocious development of the male and a retarded development of the female genital system. Both destroy host gonads.

6. The specificity of the nematodes is not a result of dissimilar ovipositing habits of the hosts, but shows a similarity to the taxonomic assignment of the hosts to subgenera.
On two little-known microsporidia of marine fishes
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: June 2009

Parasites of marine fishes have attracted, comparatively speaking, but little attention among scientists. This is true especially for the parasites of those fishes which live in the open seas, and are therefore less accessible to investigation than their relatives inhabiting coastal waters. On many occasions, when chance has brought such a parasite to the attention of a research worker, the scarcity of data allowed no more than mere recording of the existence and a brief description of the parasitic species. Now, when investigations into the parasite fauna of marine fishes are being intensified, it is possible to add to our knowledge of such forgotten species of parasites, in order to appreciate more clearly their possible importance to their hosts and, indirectly, to the economics of the stocks of our food fishes.
The life history and development ofToxascaris leonina(von Linstow 1902) in the dog and cat
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The nomenclature and host specificity ofToxascaris leoninais reviewed and the conclusion reached that this parasite occurs in a wide range of feline and canine hosts. Notice is given of application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, for the suppression ofAscaris leptopteraRudolphi 1809 andA. micropteraRudolphi, 1819, which appear to be senior synonyms ofToxascaris leonina. The synonyms and hosts ofT. leoninaare tabulated.

2. The distribution and growth of the larvae ofT. leoninain experimentally infected mice, cats, and dogs is reported. A feline and a canine strain were used for these infections and infection of cats and dogs was produced both by feeding the eggs containing second-stage larvae and by feeding mouse tissues containing third-stage larvae.
Studies on blood group substances associated withAscaris lumbricoides
Authors: Soulsby E. J. L. , Coombs R. R. A.
Published: June 2009

Human anti-A and anti-B and pig anti-A agglutinins were neutralized byAscaris lumbricoidesmaterials.

The infection of pigs withA. lumbricoidesstimulated the production of anti-A agglutinin but this agglutinin appeared to have no protective action.

Oesophagostomum dentatuminfection in pigs did not affect the anti-A agglutinin levels.
Some cytochemical observations on Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dasgupta B. , Kulasiri C.
Published: June 2009

A positive Feulgen reaction has been seen in all stages of Toxoplasma gondii. The intense basophilia seen in the intracellular and the extracellular stages is removable by treatment with ribonuclease. Granules which reacted positively with the periodic acid-Schiff technique were found in abundance in the cytoplasm of the cysts, whereas the same granules were not universally present in the intracellular and the extracellular stages at all days of infection. The cyst wall stained with this technique with varying degree of intensity.

It is thought that the variations seen in the individual parasites may be attributed to various causes, for example, strain differences, differences in the reaction of the host to the parasite, differences in the period of infection or to other unknown causes.
On the invasion of the central nervous system by nematodes I. The Incidence and pathological significance of nematodes in the central nervous system
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

A wide variety of nematode species have been observed to invade the central nervous system. They may be located in the meningeal spaces or may penetrate into the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

The pathological changes resulting from invasion of the central nervous system are influenced by the route of entry, the size and the mobility of the parasite. They may be diffuse or focal and may include haemorrhage, degenerative changes, cellular infiltration and glial proliferation. Such changes may or may not be observed in close association with the parasite.

Symptoms indicating involvement of the central nervous system have long been associated with nematode infections outside the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is obscure, but they may possibly be of allergic origin.

The direct pathological effects on the central nervous system are mainly the result of trauma and are directly proportional to the size and activity of the parasite. The possibility that nematodes may transport viruses into the central nervous system is briefly discussed.
Studies on the bovine filariid Setaria cervi (Rudolphi, 1819)
Authors: Williams Holman E.
Published: June 2009

Wild Stomoxys calcitrans flies were dissected in search of developmental larvae of Setaria cervi without success.

S. cervi worms were implanted intraperitoneally into rabbits and live microfilariae were recovered from the blood.

Morphological descriptions are given of the larvae from the blood of rabbits and of the adult worms taken from slaughtered cattle.
Contributions to the genus Paradilepis Hsü, 1935
Authors: Mahon June
Published: June 2009

The genus Paradilepis Hsü, 1935 syn. Meggittiella Lopez-Neyra, 1942, is defined as follows (Hsü, 1935, p. 536): ‘Dilepididae. Rostellum armed with a double crown of hooks. External segmentation little marked. Genital pores unilateral. Genital ducts pass dorsal to excretory vessels and to nerve. Testes few in number, situated to either side of the female glands. Uterus sacciform, little lobed. Parasites of birds.’
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms II. worm egg counts in lambs
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

This work started in May 1950 and is part of a wider study of parasite populations on lowland pastures.

An account of observations made on ewes has already been given (Crofton, 1954), and the present paper deals with observations made on lambs from the same flocks. It is realized that a proper approach to parasite problems in sheep entails consideration of the flock as a whole, but for convenience, the observations made on different age groups have been described separately. It is for convenience, also, that pasture contamination is only considered briefly here. Later an attempt will be made to consider parasite populations on a lowland farm as a dynamic system of interacting factors.
Some new and little-known mites of the genus Myocoptes Claparède (Acarina: Listophoridae)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

Claparède (1869) established the genus Myocoptes for a mite, found upon a house-mouse (Mus musculus musculus L., 1758), which had been described by C. L. Koch (1844) under the name Sarcoptes musculinus (syn. Listrophorus larisi Vorobiov, 1938). In this genus sexual dimorphism is pronounced; the female has legs iii and iv modified and provided with processes with which it can maintain a firm grasp on the fur of its host. In the male this modification is only present on legs iii.
Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys II. Maintenance in the laboratory
Authors: Hawking Frank , Webber Winfrith A. F.
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of the stages of the life history of Dirofilaria aethiops which take place in the monkey and of the transmission of the infection in the laboratory.

2. The microfilariae exhibit nocturnal periodicity in the blood; the number of microfilariae at midday was usually less than 1% of the number at midnight.

3. Aëdes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on monkeys during the evening when there were many microfilariae in the blood. Larvae developed in these mosquitoes and they were ultimately transferred to fresh monkeys by injection of a saline suspension of mosquitoes and infective larvae. In this way six Cercopithecus aethiops and one Macaca mulatto, monkey were successfully infected; seven other Cercopithecus aethiops, one Cebus apella, and one Cercocebus monkey were inoculated, but the worms failed to establish themselves.

4. In the infected monkeys microfilariae appeared in the blood 11 months after the injection of infective larvae. The number of microfilariae then increased for 8–12 months. Subsequently, it decreased to one-tenth of the maximum in 2 years from the first appearance.

5. Post-mortem examination showed that the adult worms live in the fascial tissues on or between the muscle bundles, especially those of the thighs. Tissue reaction to the worms is slight and in these monkeys there was no other pathogenic effect of the infection.

6. Adult worms from three of the monkeys were transplanted to two normal monkeys. Microfilariae were found in the blood of one of these and persisted for over 2 years.