bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inpatient Cross-Cover Consensus Recommendations for Medical and Surgical Residents: A Delphi Analysis
Authors: Heidemann Lauren A. , Fitzgerald James T. , Hughes David T. , Hartley Sarah
Published: April 2019

Background

Residents regularly care for hospitalized patients for whom they are not the primary provider (cross-cover), often without guidance.

Objective

We identified and defined components of safe cross-cover care.

Methods

Sixty medical and surgical faculty physicians and chief residents from the Midwest were invited to participate in a Delphi study analyzing the appropriateness of cross-covering residents evaluating patients at bedside, deferring issues to the primary team, documenting a note, contacting the attending, and communicating with nurses. The first survey was free text, and responses were categorized. In the second survey, physicians rated categorized responses based on appropriateness using a 5-point Likert scale. High consensus was defined as ≥ 80% agreement, approaching consensus as 51% to 79% agreement, and nonconsensus as ≤ 50% agreement. Results were analyzed by specialty and cross-cover experience in the past year using Pearson χ2 test or Fisher exact test.

Results

Forty respondents (67%) completed the first survey and 30 (50%) completed the second. Responses led to 46 categories. Twenty-eight items (60%) achieved high consensus, 8 (17%) approached consensus, and 10 (22%) did not achieve consensus, with no difference based on specialty or experience. Responses with 100% consensus included: residents should evaluate a patient at bedside whenever asked by the nurse; documentation should occur for change in level of care, death, code, or rapid response team activation; and physician-nurse communication should be respectful and closed loop.

Conclusions

This regional physician panel reached consensus on 28 elements important in cross-cover care, which can be used for training and future studies.
Characterization of nighttime formation of particulate organic nitrates based on high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry in an urban atmosphere in China
Authors: Yu Kuangyou , Zhu Qiao , Du Ke , Huang Xiao-Feng
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Organic nitrates are important atmospheric species that
significantly affect the cycling of NOx and ozone production. However,
characterization of particulate organic nitrates and their sources in
polluted atmosphere is a big challenge and has not been comprehensively
studied in Asia. In this study, an aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight
aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed at an urban site in
China from 2015 to 2016 to characterize particulate organic nitrates in
total nitrates with a high time resolution. Based on the cross-validation of
two different data processing methods, organic nitrates were effectively
quantified to contribute a notable fraction of organic aerosol (OA), namely
9 %–21 % in spring, 11 %–25 % in summer, and 9 %–20 % in autumn, while contributing a very
small fraction in winter. The good correlation between organic nitrates and
fresh secondary organic aerosol (SOA) at night, as well as the diurnal trend
of size distribution of organic nitrates, indicated a key role of nighttime
local secondary formation of organic nitrates. Furthermore, theoretical
calculations of nighttime SOA production of NO3 reactions with volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) measured during the spring campaign were performed,
resulting in three biogenic VOCs (α-pinene, limonene, and camphene)
and one anthropogenic VOC (styrene) identified as the possible key VOC
precursors to particulate organic nitrates. The comparison with similar
studies in the literature implied that nighttime particulate organic
nitrate formation is highly relevant to NOx levels. This study proposes
that unlike the documented cases in the United States and Europe, modeling
nighttime particulate organic nitrate formation in China should incorporate
not only biogenic VOCs but also anthropogenic VOCs for urban air pollution,
which needs the support of relevant smog chamber studies in the future.
Deriving stratospheric age of air spectra using an idealized set of chemically active trace gases
Authors: Hauck Marius , Fritsch Frauke , Garny Hella , Engel Andreas
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Analysis of stratospheric transport from an observational
point of view is frequently realized by evaluation of the mean age of air values
from long-lived trace gases. However, this provides more insight into
general transport strength and less into its mechanism. Deriving complete
transit time distributions (age spectra) is desirable, but their deduction
from direct measurements is difficult. It is so far primarily based on model
work. This paper introduces a modified version of an inverse method to infer
age spectra from mixing ratios of short-lived trace gases and investigates
its basic principle in an idealized model simulation. For a full description
of transport seasonality the method includes an imposed seasonal cycle to
gain multimodal spectra. An ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric
Chemistry (EMAC) model simulation is utilized for a general
proof of concept of the method and features an idealized dataset of 40
radioactive trace gases with different chemical lifetimes as well as 40
chemically inert pulsed trace gases to calculate pulse age spectra. It is
assessed whether the modified inverse method in combination with the
seasonal cycle can provide matching age spectra when chemistry is
well-known. Annual and seasonal mean inverse spectra are compared to pulse
spectra including first and second moments as well as the ratio between them
to assess the performance on these timescales. Results indicate that the
modified inverse age spectra match the annual and seasonal pulse age spectra
well on global scale beyond 1.5 years of mean age of air. The imposed seasonal
cycle emerges as a reliable tool to include transport seasonality in the age
spectra. Below 1.5 years of mean age of air, tropospheric influence intensifies
and breaks the assumption of single entry through the tropical tropopause,
leading to inaccurate spectra, in particular in the Northern Hemisphere. The
imposed seasonal cycle wrongly prescribes seasonal entry in this lower
region and does not lead to a better agreement between inverse and pulse age
spectra without further improvement. Tests with a focus on future application
to observational data imply that subsets of trace gases with 5 to 10 species
are sufficient for deriving well-matching age spectra. These subsets can also
compensate for an average uncertainty of up to ±20 % in the knowledge
of chemical lifetime if a deviation of circa ±10 % in modal age
and amplitude of the resulting spectra is tolerated.
Annual variability of ice-nucleating particle concentrations at different Arctic locations
Authors: Wex Heike , Huang Lin , Zhang Wendy , Hung Hayley , Traversi Rita , Becagli Silvia , Sheesley Rebecca J. , Moffett Claire E. , Barrett Tate E. , Bossi Rossana , Skov Henrik , Hünerbein Anja , Lubitz Jasmin , Löffler Mareike , Linke Olivia , Hartmann Markus , Herenz Paul , Stratmann Frank
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Number
concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (NINP) in the Arctic
were derived from ground-based filter samples. Examined samples had been
collected in Alert (Nunavut, northern Canadian archipelago on Ellesmere
Island), Utqiaġvik, formerly known as Barrow (Alaska), Ny-Ålesund
(Svalbard), and at the Villum Research Station (VRS; northern Greenland). For
the former two stations, examined filters span a full yearly cycle. For VRS,
10 weekly samples, mostly from different months of one year, were included.
Samples from Ny-Ålesund were collected during the months from March until
September of one year. At all four stations, highest concentrations were
found in the summer months from roughly June to September. For those stations
with sufficient data coverage, an annual cycle can be seen. The spectra of
NINP observed at the highest temperatures, i.e., those obtained
for summer months, showed the presence of INPs that nucleate ice up to
−5 ∘C. Although the nature of these highly ice-active INPs could
not be determined in this study, it often has been described in the
literature that ice activity observed at such high temperatures originates
from the presence of ice-active material of biogenic origin. Spectra observed
at the lowest temperatures, i.e., those derived for winter months, were on
the lower end of the respective values from the literature on Arctic INPs or
INPs from midlatitude continental sites, to which a comparison is presented
herein. An analysis concerning the origin of INPs that were ice active at
high temperatures was carried out using back trajectories and satellite
information. Both terrestrial locations in the Arctic and the adjacent sea
were found to be possible source areas for highly active INPs.
Towards a definitive historical high-resolution climate dataset for Ireland – promoting climate research in Ireland
Authors: Flanagan Jason , Nolan Paul , McGrath Ray , Werner Christopher
Published: April 2019

Abstract. There is strong and constant demand from various sectors (research, industry
and government) for long-term, high-resolution (both temporal and spatial),
gridded climate datasets. To address this demand, the Irish Centre for
High-End Computing (ICHEC) has recently performed two high-resolution
simulations of the Irish climate, utilising the Regional Climate Models
(RCMs) COSMO-CLM5 and WRF v3.7.1. The datasets produced contain hourly
outputs for an array of sub-surface, surface and atmospheric fields for the
entire 36-year period 1981–2016. In this work, we list the climate variables
that have been archived at ICHEC. We present preliminary uncertainty
estimates (error, standard deviation, mean absolute error) based on Met
Éireann station observations, for several of the more commonly used
variables: 2 m temperature, 10 m wind speeds and mean sea level pressure at
the hourly time scale; and precipitation at hourly and daily time scales.
Additionally, analyses of 10 cm soil temperatures, CAPE 3 km, Showalter
index and surface lifted index are presented.
Global whole-rock geochemical database compilation
Authors: Gard Matthew , Hasterok Derrick , Halpin Jacqueline
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Dissemination and collation of geochemical data are critical to promote rapid, creative and accurate research and place new results in an appropriate global context. To this end, we have assembled a global whole-rock geochemical database, with other associated sample information and properties, sourced from various existing databases and supplemented with numerous individual publications and corrections. Currently the database stands at 1,023,490 samples with varying amounts of associated information including major and trace element concentrations, isotopic ratios, and location data. The distribution both spatially and temporally is quite heterogeneous, however temporal distributions are enhanced over some previous database compilations, particularly in terms of ages older than ~ 1000 Ma. Also included are a wide range of computed geochemical indices, physical property estimates and naming schema on a major element normalized version of the geochemical data for quick reference. This compilation will be useful for geochemical studies requiring extensive data sets, in particular those wishing to investigate secular temporal trends. The addition of physical properties, estimated by sample chemistry, represents a unique contribution to otherwise similar geochemical databases. The data is published in .csv format for the purposes of simple distribution but exists in a format acceptable for database management systems (e.g. SQL). One can either manipulate this data using conventional analysis tools such as MATLAB®, Microsoft® Excel, or R, or upload to a relational database management system for easy querying and management of the data as unique keys already exist. This data set will continue to grow, and we encourage readers to contact us or other database compilations contained within about any data that is yet to be included. The data files described in this paper are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2592823 (Gard et al., 2019).
Assessing the Impacts of Hydrologic and Land Use Alterations on
Water Temperature in the Farmington River Basin in Connecticut
Authors: Yearsley John R. , Sun Ning , Baptiste Marisa , Nijssen Bart
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Aquatic ecosystems can be significantly altered by the construction of dams and modification of riparian buffers and the effects are often reflected in spatial and temporal changes to water temperature. To investigate the implications for water temperature of spatially and temporally varying riparian buffers and dam-induced hydrologic alterations, we have implemented a modeling system (DHSVM-RBM) that couples a spatially distributed land surface hydrologic model, DHSVM, with the distributed stream temperature model, RBM. The basic modeling system has been applied previously to several similar-sized watersheds. However, we have made enhancements to DHSVM-RBM that simulate spatial heterogeneity and temporal variation (i.e. seasonal changes in canopy cover) in riparian vegetation, and we included additional features in DHSVM-RBM that provide the capability for simulating the impacts of reservoirs that may develop thermal stratification. We have tested the modeling system in the Farmington River basin in the Connecticut River system that includes varying types of watershed development (e.g. deforestation and reservoirs) that can alter the streams’ hydrologic regime and thermal energy budget. We evaluated streamflow and stream temperature simulations against all available observations distributed along the Farmington River basin. Results based on metrics recommended for model evaluation compare well to those obtained in similar studies. We demonstrate the way in which the model system can provide decision support for watershed planning by simulating a limited number of scenarios associated with hydrologic and land use alterations.
Simple rules to minimise exposure to coseismic landslide hazard
Authors: Milledge David G. , Densmore Alexander L. , Bellugi Dino , Rosser Nick J. , Watt Jack , Li Gen , Oven Katie J.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Landslides constitute a hazard to life and infrastructure and their risk is
mitigated primarily by reducing exposure. This requires information on
landslide hazard on a scale that can enable informed decisions. Such
information is often unavailable to, or not easily interpreted by, those who
might need it most (e.g. householders, local governments and non-governmental organisations). To
address this shortcoming, we develop simple rules to minimise exposure to
coseismic landslide hazard that are understandable, communicable and
memorable, and that require no prior knowledge, skills or equipment to
apply. We examine rules based on two common metrics of landslide hazard,
(1) local slope and (2) upslope contributing area as a proxy for hillslope location
relative to rivers or ridge crests. In addition, we introduce and test two
new metrics: the maximum angle to the skyline and the hazard area, defined
as the upslope area with slope >40∘ from which
landslide debris can reach a location without passing over a slope of
<10∘. We then test the skill with which each metric can
identify landslide hazard – defined as the probability of being hit by a
landslide – using inventories of landslides triggered by six earthquakes
that occurred between 1993 and 2015. We find that the maximum skyline angle
and hazard area provide the most skilful predictions, and these results form
the basis for two simple rules: “minimise your maximum angle to the
skyline” and “avoid steep (>10∘) channels with many steep
(>40∘) areas that are upslope”. Because local slope
alone is also a skilful predictor of landslide hazard, we can formulate a
third rule as “minimise the angle of the slope under your feet, especially on
steep hillsides, but not at the expense of increasing skyline angle or
hazard area”. In contrast, the upslope contributing area has a weaker and more
complex relationship to hazard than the other predictors. Our simple rules
complement but do not replace detailed site-specific investigation: they
can be used for initial estimations of landslide hazard or to guide
decision-making in the absence of any other information.
De processuele positie van de aansprakelijk gestelde bestuurder
Authors: Vetter H.J.
Published: April 2019

De processuele positie van de aansprakelijk gestelde bestuurder

Recente rechtspraak roept de vraag op welke verweermogelijkheden een op grond van art. 2:11 BW aansprakelijk gestelde bestuurder heeft als de rechtspersoon-bestuurder onherroepelijk is veroordeeld. En hoe is de positie van een op grond van onrechtmatige daad aansprakelijk gestelde bestuurder die zich wil verweren tegen de omvang van de schade van een crediteur van de rechtspersoon, als de rechtspersoon zelf is veroordeeld bij in kracht van gewijsde gegaan vonnis? In deze bijdrage wordt met een beroep op het leerstuk van het gezag van gewijsde bepleit dat de bestuurder meer ruimte voor verweer heeft dan wel wordt aangenomen.
Bevoegde rechter en toepasselijk recht bij de actio pauliana
Authors: van Asperen P.
Published: April 2019

Bevoegde rechter en toepasselijk recht bij de actio pauliana

In oktober 2018 heeft het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie (hierna: HvJ) duidelijk gemaakt in welke lidstaat partijen een vraagstuk over de actio pauliana aan een rechter kunnen voorleggen. In eerdere arresten gaf het HvJ vooral aan wat niet mogelijk was. Volgens het HvJ volgt de bevoegdheid van een rechter mede uit de contractuele relatie tussen schuldeiser en schuldenaar. Dit betekent dat de schuldeiser veelal in de eigen lidstaat naar de rechter kan stappen. De schuldeiser heeft de mogelijkheid van forum shopping. Het HvJ zegt niets over het toepasselijke recht. Aannemelijk is dat het recht dat de actio pauliana beheerst, wordt bepaald door het recht dat op de benadelende rechtshandeling van toepassing is.
Natur als Widerspruch
Authors: Dürnberger Christian
Published: April 2019

Green genetic engineering is one of the most controversial technologies in recent history. On the basis of a qualitative content analysis of German position papers criticising this technology, this book clarifies three questions: Why is the controversy so vehement and emotional? Why is there no prospect of a compromise on this matter? And what ideas of the relationship between humans and nature play a role in the dispute?

‘Nature’ is omnipresent and dazzling, but how is this term used in current social debates? What concrete interpretations is ‘nature’ associated with?

This study understands the controversy over green genetic engineering as an exemplary controversy that exposes fundamental aspects of the modern age and its relationship to nature.
The properties of composites based on NR/CSM rubber blend and waste rubber powder
Authors: Marković Gordana , Cincović Milena , Jovanović Vojislav , Kojić Dejan , Vukić Nevena , Samaržija-Jovanović Suzana , Budinski-Simendić Jaroslava
Published: April 2019

The use of reclaiming scrap waste rubber is of great ecological interest due to itssignificant influence to the environment. Powdered waste rubber (WRP) can be used asa filler in mixtures with rubbers, thermoplastics, and as modifiers for asphalt. In this workthe composites based on natural rubber (NR) and chlorosufonated polyethylene (CSM)filled with different content of WRP were prepared on a laboratory-size two-roll mixingmill. The curing by sulfur was done at 160º C. The mechanical properties, namely tensilestrength, tensile modulus at 100% elongation, elongation at break and hardness have beenfollowed up as a function of irradiation dose (100; 200; 300; 400 kGy), as well as wasterubber powder content (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; 100 phr). It was assessed that the addition of20 phr waste rubber has improved the properties of obtained elastomeric materials. Theimprovement of composites mechanical properties is in correlation with homogeneousWRP distribution which has been assigned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Employee Welfare Package and Its Impact on Productivity (A Case Study of Roesons Industries Ltd Enugu-Ukwu, Anambra State, Nigeria)
Authors: Theresa Ufoaroh, Ebere , Annulika Udemezue, , Anthony O. Anyadufu,
Published: April 2019

In the study, Employee Welfare Package and its Impact on Productivity were investigated to properly determine how welfare package of a company for its employees can affect their productivity level. The researchers sourced their data from two sources which are primary and secondary sources. The company under-study has a population of 42 employees and the population was adopted as the sampling size due to their small figure. Properly constructed questionnaires were administered to the respondents of which all were completely answered and returned. The descriptive statistical method was used to analyze the data to determine their mean, range, standard deviations etc. These were further helped by tables showing questions from the questionnaire, the Yes response and No response with their percentages. The correlation analysis was used to test the relationship between the two responses/variables while goodness-of-fit statistical analysis was used to test and validate the significance of the responses/variables. This research study shows that the productivity level of any employee depends on the welfare package available to him/her. In other words, a highly motivated worker is a highly productive worker as observed from this research.
Microlasers Enabled by Soft‐Matter Technology
Authors: Ta Van Duong , Wang Yue , Sun Handong
Published: April 2019

Soft‐matter microlasers are an interesting part of soft‐matter photonics, which are based on liquids, liquid crystals, polymers, biological materials, and fabricated mainly by solution‐processing approaches. Soft‐matter microlasers comprehend a multitude of attractive features, including low‐cost, mechanical flexibility, wide range wavelength tunability and, in some cases, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. As such, they are recognized as versatile candidates for efficient light sources with enhanced performances and applications as ultrasensitive physical, chemical, and biological sensors. Here, the recent developments of soft‐matter microlasers are reviewed in time and the prospect in this field is provided. First, the characteristics of the representative soft‐matter microlasers are discussed with focus on their laser structures, lasing mechanisms, fabrication approaches, and gain material origins, followed by an introduction about the current cutting‐edge soft‐technologies that are applied in soft‐matter microlasers. Afterward, their potential applications as wavelength tunable sources, sensors, and displays are highlighted. Finally, the work is summarized and the prospect of soft‐matter microlasers for expanding this emerging research field is presented.
The use of M@p(4‐VP) and M@p (VI) (M:Co, Ni, Cu) cryogel catalysts as reactor in a glass column in the reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol under gravity
Authors: Sahiner Nurettin , Demirci Sahin
Published: April 2019

In this study, metal@p(4‐Vinyl pyridine) (M@p(4‐VP)) and metal@p (vinyl imidazole) (M@p (VI)) (M: Co, Ni, and Cu) cryogel catalysts as continuous reactor were used in reduction of p‐nitrophenol (p‐NP) to p‐amino phenol (p‐AP). The aqueous solution of p‐NP passed through these super porous cryogel catalysts under gravity, and reaction kinetic for p‐AP generation was investigated. The effect of metal species, amount of p‐NP solution, amount of metal nanoparticle (increased by loading/reducing cycles), and temperature on the reduction reaction for p‐NP to p‐AP catalyzed by M@p(4‐VP) and M@p (VI) cryogel catalysts were investigated. It was found that Co@p(4‐VP) and Co@p (VI) cryogel catalysts provided the best catalytic performances than the other used metal species with 2.19 and 1.37 mol p‐NP/(mol catalyst.min)−1 turn‐over frequency (TOF) values. Furthermore, in addition better TOF values, low Ea values of the prepared Co@p(4‐VP) and Co@p (VI) cryogel catalysts with the values of 18.9 ± 1.3, and 25.4 ± 1.8 kJ/mol were found to be better than most of the similar works reported in the literature.
Variability in Antinuclear Antibody Testing to Assess Patient Eligibility for Clinical Trials of Novel Treatments for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Pisetsky David S. , Thompson Dana Kathryn , Wajdula Joseph , Diehl Annette , Sridharan Sudhakar
Published: April 2019

Objective

In the development of novel therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus, antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity represents a criterion for trial eligibility. Since as many as 30% of patients enrolled in trials have been ANA negative, we evaluated the performance characteristics of immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) for ANA determinations for screening.

Methods

This study used 5 commercially available IFAs to assess the ANA status of 181 patients enrolled in a phase II clinical trial for an anti–interleukin‐6 antibody. Enrollment included a detailed review of medical records to verify a historical ANA value. IFA results were related to various clinical and serologic features at enrollment.

Results

While the frequency of ANA negativity assessed by the central laboratory was 23.8% in a cohort of 181 patients, the evaluated IFA kits demonstrated frequencies of negativity from 0.6 to 27.6%. With 2 IFA kits showing a significant frequency of ANA negativity, positive and negative samples differed in levels of anti–double‐stranded DNA, C3, and presence of other ANAs as well as the frequency of high interferon (IFN) expression.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that, when used for screening, IFAs can vary because of performance characteristics of kits and thus can affect determination of trial eligibility. With kits producing a significant frequency of ANA negativity, ANA status can be associated with other serologic measures as well as the presence of the IFN signature, potentially affecting responsiveness to a trial agent.
Risk Factors for Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Phase III and Long‐Term Extension Studies of Tofacitinib in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Charles‐Schoeman Christina , DeMasi Ryan , Valdez Hernan , Soma Koshika , Hwang Lie‐Ju , Boy Mary G. , Biswas Pinaki , McInnes Iain B.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Tofacitinib is an oral JAK inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to evaluate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with RA receiving tofacitinib.

Methods

Data were pooled from patients with moderately to severely active RA receiving ≥1 tofacitinib dose in 6 phase III and 2 long‐term extension studies over 7 years. MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular death) were independently adjudicated. Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations between baseline variables and time to first MACE. Following 24 weeks of tofacitinib, changes in variables and time to future MACE were evaluated after adjusment for age, baseline values, and time‐varying tofacitinib dose. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

Fifty‐two MACE occurred in 4,076 patients over 12,873 patient‐years of exposure (incidence rate 0.4 patients with events per 100 patient‐years). In univariable analyses of baseline variables, traditional cardiovascular risk factors and glucocorticoid and statin use were associated with MACE risk; disease activity and inflammation measures were not. In subsequent multivariable analyses, baseline age, hypertension, and the total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio remained significantly associated with risk of MACE. After 24 weeks of treatment, an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decrease in the total to HDL cholesterol were associated with decreased MACE risk; changes in total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and disease activity measures were not. Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates trended with increased future MACE risk.

Conclusion

In this post hoc analysis, after 24 weeks of tofacitinib treatment, increased HDL cholesterol, but not increased LDL cholesterol or total cholesterol, appeared to be associated with lower future MACE risk. Further data are needed to test the cardiovascular safety of tofacitinib.
Space use and social association in a gregarious ungulate: Testing the conspecific attraction and resource dispersion hypotheses
Authors: Peignier Mélissa , Webber Quinn M. R. , Koen Erin L. , Laforge Michel P. , Robitaille Alec L. , Vander Wal Eric
Published: April 2019

Animals use a variety of proximate cues to assess habitat quality when resources vary spatiotemporally. Two nonmutually exclusive strategies to assess habitat quality involve either direct assessment of landscape features or observation of social cues from conspecifics as a form of information transfer about forage resources. The conspecific attraction hypothesis proposes that individual space use is dependent on the distribution of conspecifics rather than the location of resource patches, whereas the resource dispersion hypothesis proposes that individual space use and social association are driven by the abundance and distribution of resources. We tested the conspecific attraction and the resource dispersion hypotheses as two nonmutually exclusive hypotheses explaining social association and of adult female caribou (Rangifer tarandus). We used location data from GPS collars to estimate interannual site fidelity and networks representing home range overlap and social associations among individual caribou. We found that home range overlap and social associations were correlated with resource distribution in summer and conspecific attraction in winter. In summer, when resources were distributed relatively homogeneously, interannual site fidelity was high and home range overlap and social associations were low. Conversely, in winter when resources were distributed relatively heterogeneously, interannual site fidelity was low and home range overlap and social associations were high. As access to resources changes across seasons, caribou appear to alter social behavior and space use. In summer, caribou may use cues associated with the distribution of forage, and in winter caribou may use cues from conspecifics to access forage. Our results have broad implications for our understanding of caribou socioecology, suggesting that caribou use season‐specific strategies to locate forage. Caribou populations continue to decline globally, and our finding that conspecific attraction is likely related to access to forage suggests that further fragmentation of caribou habitat could limit social association among caribou, particularly in winter when access to resources may be limited.
Calculation of optimum insulation thickness of external walls in residential buildings by using exergetic life cycle cost assessment method: Case study for Turkey
Authors: Guven Sengul
Published: April 2019

Energy is one of the most fundamental event of the universe and it is impossible to imagine an area where energy is not used. The energy demand is also increasing with the ever‐increasing population of the world. We also use energy to meet our heating and cooling needs. Heat loss from the exterior walls of buildings is important, so thermal insulation on the wall is very critical. In this study, optimum insulation thickness is determined for four provinces and two different insulation materials selected from four different climatic regions of Turkey. In order to calculate insulation thicknesses, the number of the degree‐day and exergetic environmental impact factor have been used. Natural gas is used as fuel. By using exergetic life cycle cost assessment method for rock wool and glass wool as insulation materials, the changes of CO2 emission values, the environmental impact factor, and energy saving values are determined for optimum insulation thickness. The optimum insulation thickness, which are calculated by using the number of the degree‐day and exergetic environmental impact factor for glass wool and rock wool is 0.1103 m and 0.04375 m for Antalya, 0.1667 m and 0.07292 m for Isparta, 0.1667 m and 0.0625 m for Bursa, and 0.2188 m and 0.1021 m for Erzurum, respectively. The reduction of carbon dioxide emission values for glass wool and rock wool 86% and 64% for Antalya, 90% and 76% for Isparta, 92% and 82% for Erzurum, and 90% and 73% for Bursa, respectively. Net exergetic environmental impact saving values for glass wool and rock wool: 589 mPts/m2‐yr and 342 mPts/m2‐yr for Antalya, 1,318 mPts/m2‐yr and 642 mPts/m2‐yr for Bursa, 1,315 mPts/m2‐yr and 878 mPts/m2‐yr for Erzurum, and 2,248 mPts/m2‐yr and 1,687 mPts/m2‐yr for Isparta, respectively.
Myeloid malignancies with isolated 7q deletion can be further characterized by their accompanying molecular mutations
Authors: Hartmann Luise , Haferlach Claudia , Meggendorfer Manja , Kern Wolfgang , Haferlach Torsten , Stengel Anna
Published: April 2019

Deletions in the long arm of chromosome 7 (del(7q)) are recurrent cytogenetic aberrations in myeloid neoplasms. They occur either isolated or as part of a complex karyotype and are associated with unfavorable prognosis in certain disease entities. We performed detailed cytogenetic analysis, molecular analysis, and array comparative genomic hybridization in a cohort of 81 patients with a variety of myeloid malignancies and del(7q) as sole chromosomal alteration. In 70% (57/81) of patients, we identified a commonly deleted region (size: 18 Mb) involving the genomic region 101 912.442 (7q22.1)‐119 608.824 (7q31.31). Furthermore, in 80 patients, we analyzed 17 genes commonly mutated in myeloid neoplasms and identified high mutation frequencies in ASXL1 34% (27/80), TET2 33% (26/80), RUNX1 25% (20/80), DNMT3A 25% (20/80), while TP53 was rarely affected (5%, 4/80). ASXL1 and TET2 showed similar mutation frequencies across all analyzed entities while RUNX1, CBL, and JAK2 were specifically mutated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and myeloproliferative neoplasms, respectively. We detected a significantly higher frequency of RUNX1 (42% vs 13%, P = .0001) and ASXL1 (32% vs 14%, P = .008) mutations in AML patients with del(7q) compared to other AML patients in the Medical Research Council unfavorable risk group (n = 464), indicating a cooperative leukemogenic potential. Our data provide further insight into the pathomechanism of this cytogenetic subgroup.
Fourier transform infrared and Raman‐based biochemical profiling of different grades of pure foetal‐type hepatoblastoma
Authors: Duan Peng , Li Junyi , Yang Weiyingxue , Li Xiandong , Long Manman , Feng Xiaobing , Zhang Yuge , Chen Chunling , Morais Camilo L.M. , Martin Francis L. , Luo Jianbin , Liu Dameng , Xiong Chengliang
Published: April 2019

The biomolecular events resulting from the progression of hepatoblastoma remain to be elucidated. Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies are capable of noninvasively and accurately capturing the biochemical properties of biological tissue from its pathological status. Our aim was to probe critial biomolecular changes of liver accompanying the progression of pure foetal hepatoblastoma (PFH) by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies. Herein, biochemical alterations were both evident in the FTIR spectra (regions of 3100‐2800 cm−1 and 1800‐900 cm−1) and the Raman spectra (region of 1800‐400 cm−1) among normal, borderline and malignant liver tissues. Compared with normal tissues, the ratios of protein‐to‐lipid, α‐helix‐to‐β‐sheet, RNA‐to‐DNA, CH3 methyl‐to‐CH2 methylene, glucose‐to‐phospholipids, and unsaturated‐to‐saturated lipids intensities were significantly higher in malignant tissues, while the ratios of RNA‐to‐Amide II, DNA‐to‐Amide II, glycogen‐to‐cholesterol and Amide I‐to‐Amide II intensities were remarkably lower. These biochemical alterations in the transition from normal to malignant have profound implications not only for cyto‐pathological classification but also for molecular understanding of PFH progression. The successive changes of the spectral characteristics have been shown to be consistent with the development of PFH, indicating that FTIR and Raman spectroscopies are excellent tools to interrogate the biochemical features of different grades of PFH.
Comparative light and scanning electron microscopy in authentication of adulterated traded medicinal plants
Authors: Ahmed Sidra N. , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Rashid Sofia , Yaseen Ghulam , Sultana Shazia , Siddiq Zafar , Kilic Omer , Ozdemir Fethi A. , Kayani Sadaf
Published: April 2019

The medicinal plants are utilized globally considering the cheap and chemical free source, but their correct identification and authentication is prerequisite for safety and efficacy of plant‐based medicines. The present study encompassed traded medicinal plants (16) with high therapeutic value from diverse families like Brassicaceae, Berberidaceae, Malvaceae, Salicaceae, Myrtaceae, Papilionaceae, Ascelpiadaceae, Colchicaceae, Violaceae, and Vitaceae for detailed microscopic study of characters that is, morphology, pollen shape and sizes, P/E ratio, pore length and width, spine length, colpi dimensions, and exine sculpture pattern. The plants showed noteworthy differences in microscopy of Wattakaka volubilis having pollinia, translator and corpusculum like structures while pores were visible in Colchicum luteum, Alcea rosea, and Hibiscus syriacus. The spines were observed in Centipeda minima, A. rosea, and H. syriacus being dimorphic spines in A. rosea and monomorphic in H. syriacus. The exine sculpturing pattern was reticulate in mostly studied plants however distinctive exine pattern was noted in Berberis aristata and Berberis lyceum. The highest polar diameter, equatorial diameter and exine thickness among studied plants were observed in H. syriacus (161 μm), C. luteum (50 μm) and Vitis jacquemontii (1.10), respectively. Thus, microscopy of medicinal plants in addition to other taxonomic evidence offers a supportive skill in authentication, consequently utilization by local consumers and pharmaceutical industries.
A discrete information coding matrix algorithm based on image features for tracking circulation of commodities
Authors: Wan Guo Chun , Zhou Fo Zhi , Gao Chuang , Tang Ling Yi , Tong Mei Song
Published: April 2019

For fast‐consumed‐commodities industry, it is usually difficult for producers to track the commodities in their circulation process, especially, when their labels have been damaged. In this paper, we develop a novel method based on channel coding theory of forward error correction (FEC) to prevent the flooding of counterfeit products with a very low cost and easy implementation. This anti‐interference matrix information coding method has a strong ability to resist damage and high recovery rate, and can produce a large number of nonrepeated codes in terms of different characteristics of demand, yielding a great enhancement of anti‐counterfeiting trace capacity. However, the process of reading information strongly relies on artificial means that requires a high cost and reduces the efficiency. For this reason, we propose an efficient approach for image feature extraction based on discrete information coding matrix. It takes the advantage of wearing perspective clipping method to obtain the revised image with printed matrix information and then extract the regions of interest (ROI) that carry the information about the coding matrix by working out its row and column coordinates with the center of gravity method. The matrix code recognition software is implemented. The simulation and experimental results show that the method is effective and robust.
A new method to study inhomogeneities in climate records: Brownian motion or random deviations?
Authors: Lindau Ralf , Venema Victor
Published: April 2019

Climate data are affected by inhomogeneities due to historical changes in the way the measurements were performed. Understanding these inhomogeneities is important for accurate estimates of long‐term changes in the climate. These inhomogeneities are typically characterized by the number of breaks and the size of the jumps or the variance of the break signal, but a full characterization of the break signal also includes its temporal behaviour. This study develops a method to distinguish between two types of breaks: random deviations from a baseline and Brownian motion. Strength and frequency of both break types are estimated by using the variance of the spatiotemporal differences in the time series of two nearby stations as input. Thus, the result is directly obtained from the data without running a homogenization algorithm to estimate the break signal from the data. This opens the possibility to determine the total number of breaks and not only that of the significantly large ones. The application to German temperature observations suggests generally small inhomogeneities dominated by random deviations from a baseline. U.S. stations, on the other hand, also show the characteristics of a strong Brownian‐motion‐type component.
High efficiency heavy metal free QD‐LEDs for next generation displays
Authors: Ippen Christian , Guo Wenzhuo , Zehnder Don , Kim Daekyoung , Manders Jesse , Barrera Diego , Newmeyer Benjamin , Hamilton Dylan , Wang Chunming , Hotz Charlie , Ma Ruiqing , Bin Jong‐Kwan , Kim ByungGeol , Kim KyuNam , Jang KyungKook , Park Jaehyun , Lee Taeyang , Kim Wy‐Yong , Lee JounHo
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we report on our progress on developing heavy metal free (or Cd‐free) QD‐LEDs for all three colors. With improvement in synthesis, we have developed high quantum yield heavy metal free quantum dots (more than 95% for red and green and more than 80% for blue), with peak wavelengths suitable for BT.2020. Building upon these high‐performance quantum dots and through novel device structure design and optimization we have demonstrated high efficiency heavy metal free QD‐LEDs with EQE = 16.9%, 13%, 9% for red, green, and blue, respectively. Specifically, we report a systematic study on the impact of shell thickness to the device efficiency performance.
High‐efficiency OLED microdisplay with microlens array
Authors: Motoyama Yosuke , Sugiyama Kouhei , Tanaka Hideyuki , Tsuchioka Hiroaki , Matsusaki Koji , Fukumoto Hirohide
Published: April 2019

A high‐efficiency organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) microdisplay has been developed with some new technologies including microlens array. We focused on the improvement of the out‐coupling efficiency and achieved three times higher efficiency as compared with conventional OLED. By using our developed technologies, it is possible to improve the maximum luminance from 1600 to 5000 cd/m2 while maintaining same lifetime.
Comparative Analysis of Detonation Growth Characteristics between HMX‐ and TATB‐based PBXs
Authors: Bai Zhiling , Duan Zhuoping , Wen Lijing , Zhang Zhenyu , Ou Zhuocheng , Huang Fenglei
Published: April 2019

This paper offers a new method for calculating the reaction rate based on the pore collapse “hot‐spot” ignition mechanism in multi‐component polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), and proposes a mesoscopic reaction rate model that allows us to predict the shock initiation and detonation behaviors of multi‐component PBXs with any explosive component proportion and explosive particle size. The pressure‐time histories in PBXC03 (87 % HMX, 7 % TATB, and 6 % Viton by weight) and PBXC10 (25 % HMX, 70 % TATB, and 5 % Kel‐F800 by weight) are calculated by using the new mesoscopic reaction rate model, and the numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the shock initiation and detonation behaviors of PBXC03 with the dominant component of HMX is mainly controlled by the hot‐spot ignition. The subsequent combustion reacts fast once the hot‐spot is ignited and shows an accelerated reaction characteristic. While, with the dominant component of insensitive TATB, the critical initiation pressure of PBXC10 is high enough to make almost saturated reactive hot spots just behind the precursory shock‐wave front, and the shock initiation behavior is basically determined by the combustion reaction, which is characterized by a stable reaction due to the slow combustion‐wave velocity.
Nordic Higher Education in Flux: System Evolution and Reform Trajectories
Authors: Pinheiro Rómulo , Aarrevaara Timo , Berg Laila Nordstrand , Fumasoli Tatiana , Geschwind Lars , Hansen Hanne Foss , Hernes Helge , Kivistö Jussi , Lind Jonas Krog , Lyytinen Anu , Pekkola Elias , Pulkkinen Kirsi , Stensaker Bjørn , Söderlind Johan
Published: April 2019

This chapter provides a brief description of how the four national systems included in this study—Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—are currently organised and structured. In doing so, it illuminates several specific features such as the types and sizes of the institutions, enrolment patterns, performance measures, and funding. In addition, the chapter gives a snapshot of how higher education systems have evolved historically by shedding light on policy dynamics from the late 1990s to 2013, the baseline period for the FINNUT comparative study, the research project that provides the basis for this edited volume. This is followed by a section describing the aim, methods, theoretical framework, and conceptual and analytical backdrops underpinning the study. The chapter concludes with an overview of the volume’s structure and key insights from the individual contributions.
Volatility and Expected Option Returns
Authors: Hu Guanglian , Jacobs Kris
Published: April 2019

We analyze the relation between expected option returns and the volatility of the underlying securities. The expected return from holding a call (put) option is a decreasing (increasing) function of the volatility of the underlying. These predictions are supported by the data. In the cross section of equity option returns, returns on call (put) option portfolios decrease (increase) with underlying stock volatility. This finding is not due to cross-sectional variation in expected stock returns. It holds in various option samples with different maturities and moneyness, and is robust to alternative measures of underlying volatility and different weighting methods.
Camera trapping reveals a diverse and unique high-elevation mammal community under threat
Authors: Pillco Huarcaya Ruthmery , Beirne Christopher , Serrano Rojas Shirley Jennifer , Whitworth Andrew
Published: April 2019

The Cerros del Sira in Peru is known to hold a diverse composition of endemic birds, amphibians and plants as a result of its geographical isolation, yet its mammalian community remains poorly known. There is increasing awareness of the threats to high-elevation species but studying them is often hindered by rugged terrain. We present the first camera-trap study of the mammal community of the Cerros del Sira. We used 45 camera traps placed at regular elevational intervals over 800–1,920 m, detecting 34 medium-sized and large mammal species. Eight are listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List, three are categorized as Data Deficient and one is yet to be assessed. Although other authors have reported that the upper elevations of the Cerros del Sira are free from hunting, we found evidence of hunting activity occurring above 1,400 m, and inside the core protected area. In addition to this direct evidence of hunting, recent information has identified significant amounts of canopy loss in the northern reaches of the core zone. Despite widespread ecological degradation in the surrounding lowlands, the high-elevation areas of the Cerros del Sira still maintain a unique assemblage of lowland and highland tropical rainforest mammals. It has been assumed that the Cerros del Sira and other similar remote locations are safe from disturbance and protected by their isolation but we suggest this is an increasingly dangerous assumption to make, and secure protection strategies need to be developed.