bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal‐stem‐cell bioactive materials on porcine embryo development
Authors: Park Hyo‐Young , Kim Eun‐Young , Lee Seung‐Eun , Choi Hyun‐Yong , Moon Jeremiah Jiman , Park Min‐Jee , Son Yeo‐Jin , Lee Jun‐Beom , Jeong Chang‐Jin , Lee Dong‐Sun , Riu Key‐Jung , Park Se‐Pill
Published: October 2013

Human adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAT‐MSCs) secrete bioactive materials that are beneficial for tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we characterized human hAT‐MSC bioactive material (hAT‐MSC‐BM), and examined the effect of hAT‐MSC‐BM on porcine embryo development. hAT‐MSC‐BM was enriched with several growth factors and cytokines, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), and interleukin 6 (IL6). Among the various concentrations and days of treatment tested, 10% hAT‐MSC‐BM treatment beginning on culture Day 4 provided the best environment for the in vitro growth of parthenogenetic porcine embryos. While the addition of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) increased the hatching rate and the total cell number of parthenogenetic porcine embryos compared with the control and hAT‐MSC culture medium group, the best results were from the group cultured with 10% hAT‐MSC‐BM. Mitochondrial activity was also higher in the 10% hAT‐MSC‐BM‐treated group. Moreover, the relative mRNA expression levels of development and anti‐apoptosis genes were significantly higher in the 10% hAT‐MSC‐BM‐treated group than in control, hAT‐MSC culture medium, or 10% FBS groups, whereas the transcript abundance of an apoptosis gene was slightly lower. Treatment with 10% hAT‐MSC‐BM starting on Day 4 also improved the development rate and the total cell number of in vitro‐fertilized embryos. This is the first report on the benefits of hAT‐MSC‐BM in a porcine embryo in vitro culture system. We conclude that hAT‐MSC‐BM is a new, alternative supplement that can improve the development of porcine embryos during both parthenogenesis and fertilization in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 1035–1047, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Threefold Logic of Papua‐Melanesia: Constitution‐writing in the Margins of the Indonesian Nation‐State
Authors: Timmer Jaap
Published: October 2013

Clashes over the status of West Papua and the political future of the territory proliferated markedly following the end of Indonesia's New Order regime in 1998. Amid a wide variety of demands for justice and independence, and a series of demonstrations, mass gatherings and prayers, only a few Papuans mused on how Papua could become a state and what would constitute its nature as being distinctly Papuan and/or Melanesian. One exception is the work put into the Constitution for West Papua entitled Basic Guidelines, State of West Papua, a document edited by Don A.L. Flassy, a bureaucrat, writer and thinker, with a preface by late Theys H. Eluay, then chairman of the Papuan Council. In this article I analyse this Constitution to show how a combination of Christianity and local customs, and a mimicry of elements of Indonesian nation building and symbols of the Indonesian nation‐state are reshaped to oppose Indonesian nation‐building agendas. The Constitution shows that when Papuans imagine an independent state, forms of vernacular legality play a central role. ‘The state’ has journeyed to Papua and encouraged faith in ‘the law,’ and Basic Guidelines is partly the effect of this growing vernacular legality. My analysis shows that it is essential to see how legal mobilisations and imaginations of the state articulate with other normative systems and practices – in particular Christianity and custom (adat) – and how they mutually allow for and invite strategies.
Codrington,Keesing, and CentralMelanesianmana: Two Historic Trajectories ofPolynesian Cultural Dissemination
Authors: Kolshus Thorgeir
Published: October 2013

Much has been said aboutmanasinceRobertHenryCodrington's 1891 exegesis based mainly on ethnography from theBanksIslands in northernVanuatu. InPolynesian contexts, mana has been regarded as a cultural common denominator, with comparatively minor differences within the vastPolynesian cultural area. InMelanesian scholarship, however, consistent with the general emphasis on cultural diversity within the region, it remains a matter of considerable debate whether there is much to gain from approaching mana with generalising ambitions. In his seminal contributions to the discussion,RogerKeesing insists thatCodrington mistook mana for a noun and consequently derailed scholarship onMelanesian mana. ButCodrington's work is mainly based in the language of the island ofMota, whereCodrington spent several years during his almost three‐decade long tenure as a pioneer linguist and missionary with theAnglicanMelanesianMission. And in theMota language, mana is nominalised. In this article,Iargue that this is attributable to regular visits from thePolynesian outlier Tikopia in pre‐Christian times, intensified by the proclivity of theMaori‐speaking first leaders of theMelanesianMission to identify concepts that were phonemically familiar in their search for adequate translations of theological notions related to spiritual agency. When the language ofMota was chosen as thelingua francaof theMelanesianMission in the 1860s, theBanksIslands' version of mana, soon explicitly associated with the powers of theChristianGod, was disseminated through large parts of the south and centralSolomonIslands and northernVanuatu – includingTikopia. This has provided the islands exposed to Anglicanism with relatively new notions of agency and efficacy and created some common cultural denominators.
Enhancing heterogenous crystallization resistance in a bead‐spring polymer model by modifying bond length
Authors: Mackura Mark E. , Simmons David S.
Published: October 2013

Linear bead‐spring chain models have been widely employed to study the glass‐formation of polymer melts due to their apparent resistance to homogenous crystallization. In this article, we present simulation data demonstrating that, in contrast to their bulk behavior, widely used bead‐spring models are subject to rapid heterogenous nucleation and crystallization when exposed to rigid crystalline walls. We propose a modified bead‐spring model, employing the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic bond, and show that it exhibits robust glass‐formation in the presence of crystalline walls. This new model will enable study of supercooled polymers in the presence of rigid, atomistically structured walls, with application to study of nanoscale confinement effects on the glass transition. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 52, 134–140
Coating and Functionalization of Carbon Fibres Using a Three‐Step Plasma Treatment
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Dai Xiujuan J. , Lamb Peter R. , du Plessis Johan , de Celis Leal David Rubin , Magniez Kevin , Fox Bronwyn L. , Wang Xungai
Published: October 2013

A three‐step plasma treatment—activation, functionalization and polymerization—has been used to deposit a thin plasma polymer with amine groups on carbon fibres (CFs). This plasma polymer has strong adhesion to the CF surface and the amine groups enable strong bonding to a matrix. The CFs were first treated by Ar plasma to activate and clean the surface, followed by O2 plasma to incorporate oxygen‐containing functional groups, and finally a heptylamine thin film was deposited using combined continuous wave and pulsed plasma polymerization. Strong adhesion between the plasma polymer and the CF was observed. The fibre strength was not affected by the treatment.
Time‐resolved spectroscopy of luminescence in Cu‐ and Cr‐doped β‐Ga2O3
Authors: Nakazawa Akira , Yasukawa Dai , Wakai Hirofumi , Oda Hisaya , Yamanaka Akio
Published: October 2013

Time‐resolved spectroscopy of photoluminescence has been studied in single‐crystals of transition‐metal doped β‐Ga2O3, particularly focusing on Cu‐ and Cr‐doping effects on donor‐acceptor recombination. Cr‐doped β‐Ga2O3 still exhibits the photoluminescence due to the radiative recombination of donor‐acceptor pairs but its temporal evolution is greatly suppressed, resulted from non‐radiative decay channels through the d‐d transitions in Cr3+ ions. The most of 3d transition metals give similar effects. On the other hand, in Cu‐doped β‐Ga2O3 the luminescence spectrum and its temporal evolution are less sensitive to doping, reflecting no Cu‐induced state inside of the band gap. The optical absorption spectrum also indicates that the most of 3d transition metals, except for Cu and Cr, greatly reduce the number of conducting carriers. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High growth rates of AlN and AlGaN on 8″ silicon wafer using metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy reactor
Authors: Ubukata Akinori , Yano Yoshiki , Yamaoka Yuya , Kitamura Yuichiro , Tabuchi Toshiya , Matsumoto Koh
Published: October 2013

We have developed a large‐scale metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor. The growth rates of AlN and AlGaN were compared with those calculated using the parasitic chemical reaction model. The calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental results over the entire 8″ wafer. To experimentally investigate the extent of the gas‐phase prereaction between the precursors and ammonia, the results of epitaxy were compared with those for a 6″‐type reactor. The growth of AlN and AlGaN at relatively high rates without any significant gas‐phase prereaction was demonstrated. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and properties of Li, Ta modified (K,Na)NbO3 lead‐free piezoelectric single crystals
Authors: Huo Xiaoqing , Zheng Limei , Zhang Shujun , Zhang Rui , Liu Gang , Wang Rui , Yang Bin , Cao Wenwu , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: October 2013

Li, Ta modified (K,Na)NbO3 single crystals with the size of 18 mm × 18 mm × 10 mm were successfully grown by top‐seeded solution growth method, with orthorhombic–tetra‐gonal phase transition temperature ∼79 °C and Curie temperature ∼276 °C. The electromechanical coupling factors k33 and kt were found to be ∼88% and ∼65%, respectively. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 for the [001]c poled crystals reached 255 pC/N. In addition, the electromechanical coupling factor exhibited high stability over the temperature range of –50 °C to 70 °C, making these lead free crystals good candidates for electromechanical applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Panax notoginseng Attenuates Experimental Colitis in the Azoxymethane/Dextran Sulfate Sodium Mouse Model
Authors: Wen Xiao‐Dong , Wang Chong‐Zhi , Yu Chunhao , Zhao Lei , Zhang Zhiyu , Matin Adiba , Wang Yunwei , Li Ping , Xiao Shu‐Yuan , Du Wei , He Tong‐Chuan , Yuan Chun‐Su
Published: October 2013

Patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease are at a high risk of developing colorectal cancer. To assess the anticancer potential of botanicals, in this study, we evaluated the effects of Panax notoginseng on azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis. One week after A/J mice received azoxymethane, the animals received DSS for 8 days or were supplemented with P. notoginseng extract, at 30 or 90 mg/kg. DSS‐induced colitis was scored with the disease activity index. The severity of the inflammatory lesions was evaluated by a colon tissue histological assessment. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) were also explored. We observed that the effects of P. notoginseng on the reduction of colon inflammation, expressed in disease activity index score, were in a dose‐related manner (p < 0.01). P. notoginseng inhibited the reduction of the colon length and the loss of bodyweight in dose‐related manner (all p < 0.05). The histological assessment of the colitis and inflammatory‐related immunohistochemical data also supported the pharmacological observations. Our data suggest that P. notoginseng is a promising candidate in preventing and treating colitis and inflammation‐associated colon carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of δ18O and δ2H values of fluid inclusion water in speleothems using cavity ring‐down spectroscopy compared with isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Arienzo Monica M. , Swart Peter K. , Vonhof Hubert B.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

The hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analyses (δ2H and δ18O values) of water trapped within speleothem carbonate (fluid inclusions) have traditionally been conducted utilizing dual‐inlet isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) or continuous‐flow (CF)‐IRMS methods. The application of cavity ring‐down spectroscopy (CRDS) to the δ2H and δ18O analysis of water in fluid inclusions has been investigated at the University of Miami as an alternative method to CF‐IRMS.

METHODS

An extraction line was developed to recover water from the fluid inclusions consisting of a crusher, sample injection port and an expansion volume (either 100 or 50 cm3) directly connected to the CRDS instrument. Tests were conducted to determine the reproducibility of standard water injections and crushes. In order to compare results with conventional analytical methods, samples were analyzed both at the University of Miami (CRDS method) and at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (CF‐IRMS method).

RESULTS

The analytical reproducibility of speleothem samples crushed on the Miami Device demonstrates an average external standard deviation of 0.5 and 2.0 ‰ for δ18O and δ2H values, respectively. Sample data are shown to fall near the global meteoric water line, supporting the validity of the method. Three different samples were analyzed at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the University of Miami in order to compare the performance of each laboratory. The average offset between the two laboratories is 0.7 ‰ for δ18O and 2.5 ‰ for δ2H.

CONCLUSIONS

The advantage of CRDS is that the system is a low‐cost alternative to CF‐IRMS for fluid inclusion isotope analysis. The CRDS method demonstrates acceptable precision and good agreement with results from the CF‐IRMS method. These are promising results for the future application of CRDS to fluid inclusion isotope analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of isotopic variability in proteinaceous tissues of a domesticated herbivore: a baseline for zooarchaeological investigation
Authors: von Holstein I. C. C. , Hamilton J. , Craig O. E. , Newton J. , Collins M. J.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

A variety of metabolic, dietary and climatic influences on isotopic variation have been established in mammalian hair. The relevance of these factors to collagen isotopic composition is unknown, but would be of great interest to zooarchaeological analyses of faunal skeletal tissue.

METHODS

The relationships between carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), non‐exchangeable hydrogen (δ2H) and oxygen (δ18O) values of defatted, demineralised and gelatinised bone collagen and defatted wool keratin from two sheep flocks (n = 20, 5) in the UK were investigated, including testing for the effects of nutritional plane, sex, pregnancy and season of sample collection. The sulfur composition (δ34S values) was also investigated for tissues from the smaller flock.

RESULTS

Bulk collagen was enriched in 13C over bulk keratin by 2.0 − 2.7‰ and in 2H by 29 − 40‰ but depleted in 18O relative to keratin by 1.8‰. Differences in δ15N values were within experimental error. The collagen samples were generally more enriched in 34S than keratin, but this was very variable. Pregnancy, sex and season, but not nutritional plane, significantly affected isotope values but did not change overall keratin‐collagen relationships.

CONCLUSIONS

This dataset provides a baseline measure of variability and comparability for isotopic investigations into origin and husbandry conditions in archaeological sheep tissues, both collagen and keratin. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic optimization of ion‐pairing agents and hexafluoroisopropanol for enhanced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides
Authors: McGinnis A. Cary , Grubb E. Claire , Bartlett Michael G.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

New methods to enhance the electrospray ionization (ESI) signals are essential for low‐level analysis of oligonucleotides. We report a systematic evaluation comparing 13 ion‐pairing agents with and without hexafluoroisopropanol to understand their effect on the ion abundance of hetero‐oligonucleotides.

METHODS

A Waters Synapt G2 HDMS quadrupole time‐of‐flight instrument was used to compare oligonucleotide signal intensity with 13 alkylamine ion‐pairing agents at varying concentrations. The alkylamines that yielded the highest signal intensity were further evaluated with hexafluoroisopropanol at concentrations between 5 and 100 mM. The chemical properties of the solution components and analytes were evaluated to identify key factors in predicting optimal mobile phase conditions for different classes of oligonucleotides.

RESULTS

We identified a series of optimized mobile phase systems using diisopropylamine, tripropylamine, dimethylbutylamine, methyldibutylamine, and dimethylhexylamine along with 25 to 50 mM hexafluoroisopropanol that yielded significantly higher MS signal intensity for both siRNA and DNA compared with the traditionally used triethlyamine/hexafluoroisopropanol system. We explored charge state reduction, adduct formation and ESI mechanisms and identify the Henry's Law constant k aq/g as a key chemical property in predicting alkylamines that will increase oligonucleotide ion intensity. We also find that the hydrophobicity of the oligonucleotide plays a major role in choosing ion‐pairing agents that will increase ion abundance.

CONCLUSIONS

This comprehensive and systematic optimization finds that the hydrophobicity of the oligonucleotide was a key factor in choosing alkylamine ion‐pairing agents to increase ESI abundance. We identified that diisopropylamine and tripropylamine combined with lower concentrations of hexafluoroisopropanol yielded the highest signal intensity for these oligonucleotides. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and corrosion resistance of pure Mg modified by micro‐arc oxidation using phosphate electrolyte with/without NaOH
Authors: Li Long‐Hao , Sankara Narayanan T. S. N. , Kim Yu Kyoung , Kang Ji Yeon , Park Il Song , Bae Tae Sung , Lee Min Ho
Published: October 2013

Magnesium and its alloys have been suggested as potential absorbable implant materials due to their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. Current researchers focus on reducing the rapid corrosion rate of Mg and its alloys by alloying and surface modification. To improve the corrosion resistance, pure Mg is modified by micro‐arc oxidation (MAO) in phosphate electrolyte containing sodium hydroxide and its properties are compared with those formed using only phosphate or sodium hydroxide as electrolytes. A uniform and stable coating layer is formed on Mg after MAO treatment in phosphate electrolyte containing sodium hydroxide. The corrosion resistance of MAO‐coated Mg is evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization study and immersion test. The results reveal that MAO coating enables a good improvement in corrosion resistance, and among them, coatings treated using phosphate electrolyte containing sodium hydroxide offer the best performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of fetal cardiomyopathy in early‐stage twin–twin transfusion syndrome: comparison between commonly reported cardiovascular assessment scores
Authors: Villa C. R. , Habli M. , Votava‐Smith J. K. , Cnota J. F. , Lim F.‐Y. , Divanovic A. A. , Wang Y. , Michelfelder E. C.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To assess the relationship between commonly reported fetal cardiomyopathy scoring systems in early‐stage twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods

We reviewed retrospectively 100 cases of Quintero Stages I and II TTTS referred to our center for evaluation from 2008 to 2010. The cases were divided into groups of 25, representing each of four grades of TTTS cardiomyopathy as assessed by Cincinnati stage: no cardiomyopathy, Stage IIIa, Stage IIIb and Stage IIIc. Spearman correlation (rs) was calculated between the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) score, cardiovascular profile score (CVPS), Cincinnati stage and myocardial performance index (MPI).

Results

There was a weak correlation between the Cincinnati stage and the CHOP score (rs = 0.36) and CVPS (rs = −0.39), while correlation was strong between the CHOP score and CVPS (rs = −0.72). MPI elevation was concordant with Cincinnati stage more frequently (82% of cases) than were ventricular hypertrophy (43%) or atrioventricular valve regurgitation (28%). 51% of fetuses with minimally elevated CHOP score (0–1) and 48% of fetuses with minimally depressed CVPS (9–10) had significant elevation (Z‐score ≥ +3) in right ventricular or left ventricular MPI.

Conclusions

MPI has a strong influence on grading the severity of fetal cardiomyopathy using the Cincinnati stage among fetuses with mild TTTS. Furthermore, significant elevation of the MPI is common among fetuses with mild disease as assessed by the CHOP score and CVPS. These differences should be understood when assessing and grading cardiomyopathy in TTTS, particularly in early (Quintero Stages I and II) disease. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Reliability of assessing the coronal curvature of children with scoliosis by using ultrasound images
Authors: Chen Wei , Lou Edmond H. M. , Zhang Phoebe Q. , Le Lawrence H. , Hill Doug
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To investigate the intra- and inter-observer reliability of the coronal curvature asymmetry of children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using the center of lamina (COL) method on ultrasound (US) images.

Methods

A cadaver spinal column phantom which was manipulated to present 30 scoliotic curves of varying severity of scoliotic deformities was scanned using both the US and laser scanner (LS) systems. Three observers of varying experience and skill measured the coronal curvature using the Cobb method on the LS images and the COL method on the US images. All of the measurements were performed twice, with a 1-week interval to reduce memory bias. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the mean absolute differences (MAD), and the error index (EI) were calculated to determine the agreement on selecting the end vertebrae. In addition, five AIS subjects were scanned using the US system. One observer measured the coronal curvature on the US images twice, and the measurements were compared with the Cobb angle reported in the clinical records.

Results

In the phantom study, the COL method showed high intra- and inter-observer reliabilities, with all ICC values >0.88. The maximum MAD of the COL measurements between different sessions among all observers was <4.1°. The EI values of the US method had similar end-vertebra selections as the LS method. The results of the pilot study showed a high intra-reliability for the US measurements. The measured difference between the Cobb and COL methods was 0.7° ± 0.5°.

Conclusions

The COL method using US images appears to be a very reliable method for measuring the coronal curvature in AIS without the need to expose the patient to radiation.
Site‐directed mutagenesis of a fatty acid elongase ELO‐like condensing enzyme
Authors: Hernandez-Buquer Selene , Blacklock Brenda J.
Published: October 2013

The condensation step of fatty acid elongation is the addition of a C2 unit from malonyl‐CoA to an acyl primer catalyzed by one of two families of enzymes, the 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA synthases and the ELO‐like condensing enzymes. 3‐Ketoacyl‐CoA synthases use a Claisen‐like reaction mechanism while the mechanism of the ELO‐catalyzed condensation reaction is unknown. We have used site‐directed mutagenesis of Dictyostelium discoideum EloA to identify residues important to catalytic activity and/or structure. Mutation of highly conserved polar residues to alanine resulted in an inactive enzyme strongly suggesting that these residues play a role in the condensation reaction.
Protein engineering strategies for the development of viral vaccines and immunotherapeutics
Authors: Koellhoffer Jayne F. , Higgins Chelsea D. , Lai Jonathan R.
Published: October 2013

Vaccines that elicit a protective broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response and monoclonal antibody therapies are critical for the treatment and prevention of viral infections. However, isolation of protective neutralizing antibodies has been challenging for some viruses, notably those with high antigenic diversity or those that do not elicit a bNAb response in the course of natural infection. Here, we discuss recent work that employs protein engineering strategies to design immunogens that elicit bNAbs or engineer novel bNAbs. We highlight the use of rational, computational, and combinatorial strategies and assess the potential of these approaches for the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutics.
Revisiting Agathocles
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: October 2013

This article traces Machiavelli's indebtedness to Sallust in his discussion of Agathocles the Sicilian in chapter 9 of The Prince. In distinguishing between virtù and glory, Machiavelli was influenced by Sallust's discussion of Catiline and Caesar, and of true and false glory, in the Bellum Catilinae. Writing to Caesar at the height of his power, Sallust needed to negotiate a delicate political situation that was in some ways analogous to Machiavelli's own difficult position vis-à-vis the Medici. Just as, in addressing Caesar, Sallust points up the difference between Caesar as he was and as he might have been, so in the example of Agathocles Machiavelli presents the Medici with a choice between mere virtù and the glory achieved by the really excellent men. It was the prospect of this glory that Machiavelli held out to the Medici in the concluding chapter of The Prince.
Machiavelli and the Republican Conception of Providence
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: October 2013

Machiavelli often seems to advocate a conception of religion as an instrument of political rule. But in the concluding chapter ofThe PrinceMachiavelli adopts a messianic rhetoric in which politics becomes an instrument of divine providence. Since the political project at stake inThe Prince, especially in this last chapter runs against both the interests and the ideology of the Catholic Church in Italy, some commentators have argued that Machiavelli appeals to providence merely in order to fool the Church and the Medici. This article argues that it is not necessary to appeal to such exoteric readings of the 26thchapter ofThe Princeif one envisages the possibility that Machiavelli may have drawn upon an alternative, non-Christian conception of divine providence coming from medieval Arabic and Jewish sources that is more compatible with his desire to return to Roman republican principles than is the Christian conception of divine providence.
Notes from the Cyclades
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The following notes deal partly with some results of our first season in Melos, partly with Ægean objects in English collections. Mr. Cecil Smith and Mr. Edgar have given me help which I gratefully acknowledge. Incidentally some progress has been made with the task, which Dümmler deemed hopeless, of identifying the scattered contents of the tombs at Phylakopi. Much remains to be done by the comparative study of objects on museum shelves. Still more necessary is the systematic excavation of cemeteries, a branch of research which Greek archæologists have too often left to peasants in the pay of dealers.
An Epigraphic Miscellany
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: October 2013

The following inscription, which I have the privilege of publishing here, is said to have been found in Plakka (the quarter of Athens near the Arch of Hadrian); it is at present in the library of the British School at Athens.
A Marble Relief from the African Tripolis
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The sculptured slab represented on Pl. XIV. was found recently somewhere in the hills about Tarhuna, namely, in the eastern section of the line of high ground which lies about a day's journey from the sea behind the coast desert between Oea (Tripoli) and Leptis Magna (Khoms or Lebda). It was seen in private possession at Khoms in 1896 by Mr. H. Swainson Cowper, has since been acquired by him, and is now in his house, Yew Field Castle, Outgate, Ambleside. He has figured and briefly described it already in his recent account of his journeys in the province of Tripoli; but has kindly permitted the reproduction of it here, from a fresh photograph, and with a rather fuller commentary, in the preparation of which a number of valuable references and suggestions have been very kindly placed at the disposal of the writer by M. P. Perdrizet, Member of the French School of Archæology in Athens.
Remarks on Three Sectile Pavements in Greece
Authors: Poynter Ambrose M.
Published: October 2013

A complete, or nearly complete, pavement of opus sectile, that is, a pavement of variously shaped slabs of ornamental marbles laid in a pattern, is one of the rarest remains of classical antiquity. In the whole of Italy not a single complete pavement of that description is believed to exist, with the exception, of course, of the pavement of the Pantheon in Rome, and one or two insignificant examples at Pompeii; so that we have to judge of the extent to which the beauties of pattern, colour, and execution were carried in this class of decoration from remains seldom containing more than a few superficial feet, and consider ourselves fortunate that so much is left. A large and very fine piece has, it is true, been recently uncovered in the Forum of Nerva; but as it is at present unprotected from the weather and, moreover, used (with the permission of the municipality of Rome) as an asylum for stray cats, it will not be long before it is disintegrated by damp and frost.
Exploration in Asia Minor during 1898: First Report
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: October 2013

A scheme of exploration in the central and eastern parts of Asia Minor was inaugurated last year by a series of journeys in Phrygia, the main results of which have been published in the Journal of Hellenic Studies (for 1897 and 1898). During the present season I had the good fortune to be accompanied by Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, to whom the opportunity was afforded by the liberality of the supporters of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund, and our energies were devoted chiefly to the exploration of Galatia, a country which has received but scant attention from archaeological or other travellers. But on our way thither, we did a piece of preliminary work in the shape of re-examining two difficult inscriptions which I had copied last year and visiting an unknown corner of Phrygia on the north of Mt. Dindymos (Murad Dagh). In the following paper we propose to give a full account of this preliminary excursion, and a brief sketch of our work in Galatia which will indicate in detail the routes we followed, and so impart a good deal of information that will be of use to future travellers, but cannot be conveniently repeated in our detailed discussion of the district.
Notes upon late Anatolian Art
Authors: Crowfoot J. W.
Published: October 2013

Phrygia is remarkable for the variety (and number) of its funeral monuments: in one place the sarcophagus, in another the altar, in a third the stele. The last named was fashionable in the land of the Praipenissians, whose ancient centre was Soa in the neighbourhood of Altyn Tash. The Phrygian stele was often of considerable size, six feet or more in height, and fixed upright in the ground or in a socket by a wedge-like tongue, which still remains in some cases.

The central field is filled sometimes by figures of the deceased, often more than life-size, never by ridiculous little dolls such as are found further east. The place of the figures is sometimes taken by a door: in this case the busts of the departed are occasionally sculptured in an arch-shaped pediment above (cf. Texier, Description de I'Asie Mineure, Pls. 38, 51). Otherwise the pediment is filled by various symbolic or decorative subjects—two lions with a prostrate bull or merely its head between them, an eagle with wings “displayed,” dolphins with small fishes in their mouths, and in one case Herakles and Cerberus.
Excavations in Melos, 1899: C. The Pottery
Authors: Edgar C.C.
Published: October 2013

In a report which appeared in the last number of the British School Annual I gave a short description, in chronological order, of the main classes of pottery found at Phylakopi, and tried to indicate their place in the history of Aegean art. I shall not attempt in the present paper to write a fuller and more accurate account on the same lines. The proper place for that will be in the final publication. All I propose to do now is to make a few desultory notes of a general character on the finds of this last season.

The supply of pottery was as abundant this year as ever. To give an idea of how closely the soil is packed with it, I find on a rough calculation that an average day's work yielded somewhere between ten thousand and twenty thousand fragments. The experience gained in the preceding season made this large daily harvest much more easy to deal with.
Excavations at Naukratis: B. The Inscribed and Painted Pottery
Authors: Edgar C.C
Published: October 2013

§ 1.—All archaeological scholars are familiar with the splendid find of Greek pottery which we owe to Mr. Petrie and Mr. Gardner, and with the incised dedications on which are preserved the handwriting and names of the early inhabitants of Naukratis. Those interested in either subject will find in the following pages some additional material selected from the results of the recent excavation.
The pre-Hellenic inscriptions of Praesos
Authors: Conway R. S.
Published: October 2013

§ 1. There follow two transliterations, in the first of which I have put down only those letters which seem to me now absolutely certain (from the photograph, the impression, and Mr. Bosanquet's notes); the letters underlined are slightly injured but still clear. In the second I have indicated all the readings which seem to me to be reasonably probable from the indications of the impression, corrected by Mr. Bosanquet's reading of the stone wherever he felt it was certain. Where his repeated examination left him still in some doubt, it seems wisest to leave the text suggested by the impression, as giving at least possible alternatives. In the second transcription only those letters are underlined which appear to me open to some degree of doubt.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1910: § 2.—The Mycenaean City near the Menelaion
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Last year's report contained an account of the excavation of the building on the hills to the east of the Eurotas, which has been identified with the Menelaion, the shrine of Menelaos and Helen mentioned by Herodotus and Pausanias. Besides the numerous archaic objects which were then published, this work produced a few sherds of Mycenaean pottery and fragments of Mycenaean terracottas, always at a lower level than the deposits of Laconian and Geometric ware. A further clue was afforded by a Mycenaean house, which was found by a trial-pit on the eastern peak of the hill, and Tsountas' report that Mycenaean sherds were to be found on the surface in the neighbouring fields was also verified.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1910: § 4.—Artemis Orthia: The Excavation of 1910
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Although it was thought in 1909 that no more work was required at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, a few men were employed there this year, mainly in testing outlying parts of the site. In this way a series of pits was made at the foot of the cliff which rises to the south of the hieron, and the ground behind the temple was further explored; the former yielded no results, and the latter only confirmed the conclusions already reached as to the history of this region. The only finds were pottery, a number of lead figurines, and some pieces of carved bone, all of the kind found in previous years in similar deposits of the sixth century. Below them there was, as usual, a little Laconian I and Geometric pottery.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1910: § 5.—Artemis Orthia; The History of the Sanctuary
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The small piece of work reported above concluded the excavation of the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, and although the majority of objects found remain for future publication, a full account of the excavation and of the successive buildings in the Sanctuary has now been given in the series of reports, which began in Vol. XII and ends in this present Annual. The few points in which earlier views required reconsideration in the light of more complete knowledge, have been for the most part already corrected, and in this way, although fuller study of the finds and records has thrown a good deal of fresh light upon some points, it would be possible for a reader to construct from these reports a consecutive history of the site. This history is however, from the necessities of the case, imbedded in the reports in the order of discovery, and further, as digging proceeds from the surface downwards and has to pass through what is late to reach what is early, this order is in general precisely opposite to the chronological.
Some New Fragments of Attic Building-Records
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

Two of the three inscriptions here published are fragments of the Building-record of the Parthenon, and the third is from that of the Propylaea; they are not without interest as they contribute to some extent, towards furnishing completer texts and fuller restorations of these important stelai. The most ambitious attempt at a reconstruction of the Parthenon-accounts appeared recently from the pen of M. E. Cavaignac, but, as my notes will show, this cannot be the final exposition of the subject, since his version of the shape of the original stele is not borne out by the evidence of the fragments which have survived.
Terra Lemnia
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

In ancient medical practice several sorts of natural earths, found at various places in the Levant and described in detail by Pliny and other writers, had recognised curative properties, being employed for the most part as astringents and desiccatives in the treatment of wounds and internal haemorrhages. Pliny's list includes the earths of Chios, Kimolos, Eretria, Lemnos, Melos, Samos, and Sinope. The use of many of these persisted into quite modern times, but none was so generally esteemed either by ancients or moderns as the Lemnian, which was set apart in the first place by its alleged miraculous power against poisons (especially the bites of venomous reptiles) and later against plague, and in the second by the religious accompaniments and the various artificial restrictions of its production.
North Greek Festivals and the Worship of Dionysos
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

During the course of travel and exploration that we have carried out during the last three years in Thessaly, and South Macedonia, Mr. M. S. Thompson and myself have discovered that in these regions a carnival play similar to that seen by Mr. Dawkins in Thrace is still performed on certain occasions. It is surprising that these festivals have for so long escaped the notice of travellers, for the area in which they occur is a large one, and they were more extensively celebrated in days gone by. Mr. G. F. Abbott seems to be the only traveller who has noticed them, and even he has misunderstood them.
I. The Palace
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: October 2013

The site of ancient Knossos, which lies near the present village of Makryteichos, about four miles inland from Candia, is shut in by higher hills in three directions. Somewhat South however of the scanty remains of the Roman City, the ground gradually rises into a rounded hill generally known as Kephala or in its fuller form τοῦ Τσελεβῆ ἡ Κεφάλα—“the Squire's Knoll,” from the fact that it belonged to a local Bey or landowner whose country house stands by the stream below. This hill lies at the confluence of a tributary stream with the ancient Kairatos (now, Κατσαμπᾶς), and descends somewhat steeply towards these channels on the South and East.
A Beast-dance in Scyros
Authors: Lawson J. C.
Published: October 2013

The strict Lenten fast of the Greek Church is preceded by a carnival of a fortnight's duration. The week from Septuagesima Sunday to Sexagesima is celebrated with feasting and merriment subject to no religious restrictions; in the second week, although similar festivities continue, heightened rather than abated, no meat may be eaten; and on the morrow of Quinquagesima (for Monday is the first day of the Greek Lent), the full regulations as to fasting come into operation, not only meat, but fish, eggs, milk, cheese and oil being almost universally prohibited. None the less a free use of wine makes the Monday the climax of the carnival.
Notes from Karpathos
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

These notes are for the most part devoted to questions of phonetics, dealing more with Lautlehre than with Formenlehre, and do not pretend to give a complete account of the dialect. I have thought this side of the subject most worth developing, because it is that which native collectors, excellent from the sides of lexicography and literature, are apt to neglect.

The dialect of Karpathos belongs to the south-eastern or south-Sporadic group of modern Greek dialects, which extends over Cyprus, Rhodes, Kos, Kalymnos, and other islands as far north as Chios. Its connexion with Cretan has also been recognized.
The Keftiu-Fresco in the Tomb of Senmut
Authors: Hall H. R.
Published: October 2013

The subjoined photograph, Fig. 1, very kindly taken for me by Mr. E. R. Ayrton, is, as far as I am aware, the first published of the important fresco of Keftiu (Minoan Cretans?) in the tomb of the architect Senmut at Egyptian Thebes. The three left-hand vases from this fresco were reproduced in colour (not altogether correctly) by Prisse D'Avennes in his monumental work on the History of Ancient Egyptian Art (Art Industriel: Vases des Tributaires de Kafa, 9, 2), and tracings of his drawings were published by Prof. Steindorff, Arch. Anz. 1892, by Mr. W. M. Müller in his Asien und Europa, p. 349, and by me in my Oldest Civilization of Greece, pp. 53, 54. Other tracings of Prisse d'Avennes' reproductions have also appeared. In my article on Keftiu and the Peoples of the Sea in the eighth volume of the Annual of the British School at Athens, pp. 172, 173, Figs. 4–8, I published drawings of four of the vases shewn in this photograph and a fragment of a fifth (which does not appear in it), from sketches made by me at Thebes three years ago.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 3.—Blocks κ and λ
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

A little west of the town-site lies a hillock called τὸ Kεφαλάκι or τοῦ Kονᾶ τὸ Kεφάλι the Kονᾶδες being a family living at Karýdhi, to whom the land formerly belonged. The west side and top of the hillock are rocky, but on the better covered east and north slopes ancient walls crop up above the surface. The owner of the field on the south side was known to have improved his land by pulling out blocks of stone, but enough ground was left on the east and north with traces of walls to make it plain that a group of houses lay beneath the surface.
Boundary and Mortgage Stones from Attica
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The following inscriptions are all in the National Museum at Athens The writer wishes heartily to thank Professor Adolf Wilhelm, then Secretary of the Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens, for calling his attention to the stones, and Dr. Leonardos, Ephor of the Epigraphical Department, for leave to publish them and for much help besides. The inscriptions are given from the writer's own copies and impressions made in May and June 1905.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 1.—The Season's Work
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Work began on March 29th, and continued, with the usual break for Easter, until June 17th, with an average of about sixty to seventy workmen. Mr. W. A. Kirkwood of the University of Toronto was present for the first few weeks, rendering valuable assistance, and later Mr. C. H. Hawes of Trinity College, Cambridge, in the course of a journey in Crete undertaken for anthropological work, came and superintended the excavation of a Middle Minoan ossuary and some larnax-burials at Sarandári, of which his report is given below (§ 7). At the end of the season Mr. Guy Dickins of New College, Oxford, came, and, besides other work, undertook the laborious task of packing the finds for transport to the Candia Museum and there unpacking them.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 2.—Neolithic Settlement at Magasá
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Of the various antiquities found from time to time in the district, which we have been accustomed from the beginning of the excavation to buy for the Candia Museum, by far the greater number have always been neolithic stone axes, some entire, some broken, but nearly all bearing marks of weathering due to exposure on the surface. Thus in 1902 six, in 1903 twenty-one, in 1904 twenty-eight were acquired in this way, and this year, when the habit of noticing them was well established, forty-three. From the first it was noticed that nearly all came from the high limestone plateau that rises south of Palaikastro and forms the centre of the easternmost section of Crete.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: § 8.—The Temple of Dictaean Zeus
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The Temple Area, mentioned several times in these reports, was cleared in the course of our third and fourth seasons. Of the temple itself not a stone was found standing and almost the whole of its materials had been removed, but from fragments of architectural details we may recover some notion of its proportions and decoration. Only one inscription came to light, but that—the Hymn to Dictaean Zeus—is of capital importance, not only as enabling us to identify the remains with those of the temple mentioned in the Praisos-Itanos frontier-award and to restore to Palaikastro its ancient name of Heleia (Dittenberger, Sylloge 929, 1. 78), but as illustrating an obscure side of local religion and ritual.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 1.—The Season's Work
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Continuing the lines laid down in 1906, the campaign of 1907 was confined entirely to the site of Sparta itself. Our thanks must again be expressed to the Hellenic Government and the Ephor-General of Antiquities for their continuous support. This year we have especially to mention the enlargement of the Sparta Museum. The number of our finds had made this necessary, as the two rooms and entrance-hall of the old Museum were quite full when our work began. Two rooms have now been added to the right and left of the old building, doubling its original capacity. These rooms we have found most useful for purposes of study, and for arranging and repairing the finds, and we are especially grateful for the speed with which this improvement has been carried out.
I.–Excavations At Sparta, 1907§ 4.—The Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The continuation of the work at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia was the main objective of the season's campaign, and on it the greater part of our money and time were expended. Work was carried on continuously from the beginning of the season on March 18th to its close on May 31st, with the exception of the three weeks from April 5th to 25th, when the Director, who was in charge throughout, was absent at Athens. The number of men employed varied from about fifty to as few as twenty-five or thirty at the end of the season, when the work consisted mostly of slow digging with knives, at which it was not possible to employ more than a very limited number.