bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light and electron microscopic localization of B‐50 (GAP43) in the rat spinal cord during transganglionic degenerative atrophy and regeneration
Authors: Knyihár‐Csillik E. , Csillik B. , Oestreicher A. B.
Published: May 2005

Crush or transection of a peripheral nerve is known to induce transganglionic degenerative atrophy (TDA) in the segmentally related, ipsilateral Rolando substance of the spinal cord. When the lost peripheral connectivity is reestablished, the consecutive regenerative synaptoneogenesis results in restoration of the circuitry in the formerly deteriorated upper dorsal horn. Enhanced expression of the growth‐associated protein (GAP43) B‐50 occurs during neuronal differentiation, axon outgrowth, and peripheral nerve regeneration. This study documents changes in immunocytochemical distribution of B‐50 in the regions of the lumbar spinal cord which are segmentally related to the axotomized sciatic nerve.

At the light microscopic level, a weak B‐50 immunoreactivity (BIR) is present in the neuropil of the upper dorsal horn of control animals. After unilateral transection and ligation of the sciatic nerve, BIR increased in the ipsilateral upper dorsal horn at 17 days postinjury, but decreased again after 24 days with respect to the contralateral side. Differences between effects of crush and transection were prominent in combined crush‐cut experiments as well (i.e., after unilateral crush and contralateral transection and ligation of the sciatic nerve). Electron microscopic studies show that in the uninjured and injured spinal cord, BIR is detected in axons and axon terminals, but not all are stained. After transection of the sciatic nerve, BIR is found in afflicted primary sensory axon terminals, including those contacting substantia gelatinosa neurons and in axon terminals undergoing glial phagocytosis. The localization of BIR seen after crushing the sciatic nerve is similar. However, at 24 days after crush, BIR is detected also in axonal growth cones.

In the ventral horn of control animals, synaptic boutons impinging upon motor neurons exhibited weak BIR. At 17 days after unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve, the pericellular BIR surrounding motor neurons is decreased at the ipsilateral with respect to the contralateral side, whereas 24 days after crush injury it increased considerably.

Our results show that peripheral nerve injury inducing TDA also affects BIR distribution in the spinal gray matter. Successful regeneration of the peripheral nerve after crush lesion is associated with enhanced expression of B‐50 in growth cones of sprouting central axons. The neuroplastic response of B‐50 is in line with a function of B‐50 in axonal sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐I counteracts bFGF‐induced survival of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐positive spinal cord neurons after target‐lesion in vivo
Authors: Blottner Dieter , Baumgarten H. G.
Published: May 2005

We have used nitric oxide synthase (NOS) histochemistry as a perikaryal viability marker to trace the retrograde reaction of spinal cord intermediolateral (IML) sympathoadrenal projection (SAP)‐neurons to target‐removal, i.e., selective adrenomedullectomy and local administration of either insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or a combination of both. Counting of NOS‐positive preganglionic spinal cord neurons 4 weeks post surgery indicated that more than 80% of stained neurons were lost from the IML‐cell column. This percentage loss corresponds to the numerical loss of NOS‐stained SAP‐neurons labeled retrogradely with Fast‐blue prior to adrenomedullectomy. Basic FGF‐supplementation at the site of lesion resulted in maintenance of the majority of NOS‐positive IML‐neurons, a finding confirmed by the survival rate of Fast‐blue prelabeled SAP‐neurons. Thus, besides maintenance of the structural integrity of SAP‐neurons, bFGF prevents loss of intracellular NOS‐activity which may reflect unaltered cell metabolism (and function) of these neurons following target‐removal in vivo. By contrast, IGF‐I failed to alter the rate of disappearance of NOS‐staining and labeling index of neurons within the IML‐cell column postlesion, suggesting that IGF‐I is not neurotrophic for SAP‐neurons by itself. Combined treatment with both factors resulted in a more widespread loss of NOS‐stained and Fast‐blue‐prelabeled SAP‐neurons than registered after bFGF‐only treatment. No co‐trophic effect of bFGF and IGF‐I was evident; rather, the pronounced bFGF‐induced rescuing effect was significantly suppressed by exogenous IGF‐I in vivo, supporting the idea that this or another molecule induced by the treatment enhances rather than prevents retrograde degeneration and neuronal death within the adult lesioned IML‐adrenal pathway. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionic dependence of a P2‐purinoceptor mediated depolarization of cultured astrocytes
Authors: Magoski's N. S. , Walz W.
Published: May 2005

The membrane potential of cultured mouse astrocytes was recorded to assess the effects of extracellular adenosine 5′‐triphospate (ATP) and related Hpurines on astrocyte electrophysiology. The purines were applied with or without the presence of barium, which blocks the high resting K+ conductance in astrocytes. The response to ATP alone was a moderate depolarization; however, the response to ATP in the presence of barium was a large, dose dependent depolarization. The ED50 was approximately 10 μM. The effect of adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP), in the presence of barium, on membrane potential was less than that of ATP. Adenosine, with or without barium, had no effect on membrane potential; furthermore, adenosine agonists in barium produced no response. The results of applying various ATP analogues indicate that the response is mediated via a P2‐purinoceptor. Ion replacement studies reveal a complicated response to ATP that has serveral components and involves Na+ and K+. These results show that astrocytes respond with ionic changes to very small, physiological concentrations of extracellular ATP. We suggest that ATP plays a role in interactions between neurons/endothelial cells and glial cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental acute traumatic injury of the adult rat spinal cord by a subdural inflatable balloon: Methodology, behavioral analysis, and histopathology
Authors: Martin D. , Schoenen J. , Delrée P. , Gilson V. , Rogister B. , Leprince P. , Stevenaert A. , Moonen Gustave
Published: May 2005

We describe an experimental model to produce closed traumatic injuries to the spinal cord of adult rats. This model uses an inflatable balloon that is introduced in the dorsal subdural space and moved to a location rostral to the laminectomy site. The spinal cord trauma can be graded by varying either the duration of compression or the volume of saline used to inflate the balloon. The locomotor deficit of animals with various degrees of injury has been assessed at increasing delays after trauma. The parameters generating transient or definitive deficits of varying intensity were defined. Some injured animals underwent nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Detailed histopathological studies demonstrated that the extent of the spinal lesion was significantly correlated with the physical parameters of compression and with the severity of the behavioral deficit. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal cells mature faster on polyethyleneimine coated plates than on polylysine coated plates
Authors: Lelong Isabelle H. , Petegnief V. , Rebel G.
Published: May 2005

Cell morphology, protein/DNA ratio, ganglioside analysis, taurine uptake, and the activity of neurone specific enolase showed that neuronal cells mature faster when grown on polyethyleneimine coated plates compared to cells grown on polylysine coated plates. Our results also show higher protein/DNA ratio and total and neuron specific enolase activities in cells grown in serum supplemented medium, when compared to their counterparts grown in synthetic medium. Moreover, our results show that only some specific markers can be used to determine the early and late events of cell maturation, whereas other markers continuously vary with time. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sub‐chronic exposure to opiates in the rat: Effects on brain levels of substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide during dependence and withdrawal
Authors: Tiong G. K. L. , Pierce T. L. , Olley J. E.
Published: May 2005

Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) are putative transmitters in the central and peripheral (sensory) nervous systems. In this study, we examined the effects of dependence on and withdrawal from morphine and methadone on brain SP and CGRP content. Female Long Evans rats (70–100 g) were provided with plain drinking water or solutions containing opiate. No choice of drinking fluid was allowed. The maintenance level of each opiate (0.8 and 0.4 mg/ml for morphine and methadone, respectively) was continued for 4 days. Following an injection with naloxone (10 mg/kg i.p.) or saline, animals were decapitated 0, 20, or 60 min later and regional brain peptide content was measured by specific radioimmunoassays. SP and CGRP content in opiate‐maintained and naive animals were similar following saline injection. However, following naloxone injection in morphine‐maintained animals, SP content was elevated in the hypothalamus and midbrain at 20 min, but by 60 min was no longer distinguishable from basal (0 min) level. CGRP content was increased in the medulla oblongata and followed a comparable time course but, unlike SP, was not altered in the hypothalamus or midbrain. No alterations were observed in methadone‐maintained animals. These results correlated with the peak of the behavioral morphine withdrawal syndrome and were consistent with the comparatively milder abstinence encountered in methadone medication. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of periaxolemmal and axolemmal enriched membrane fractions from the rat central nervous system
Authors: Sapirstein V. S. , Durrie R. , Cherksey B. , Beard M. E. , Flynn C. J. , Fischer I.
Published: May 2005

In this report, we describe the fractionation of crude axolemmal fractions from rat lower brainstem into subfractions enriched in markers for either periaxolemmal myelin or axolemma. These subfractions were isolated on density gradients as bands layering on 0.8M and 1.0M sucrose. Both subfractions consisted of unilamellar vesicles. Relative to myelin purified from the same starting material, the 0.8M subfraction was enriched in MAG, CNPase, carbonic anhydrase and Na+, K+ ATPase but was extremely low in PLP and MBP. In addition, this fraction exhibited a protein profile distinct from myelin. The 1.0M fraction was also highly enriched in Na+, K+ ATPase and had an overall composition similar to the 0.8M subfraction. However, it differed from the 0.8M subfraction by being low in MAG, CNPase, and carbonic anhydrase, but enriched in voltage‐dependent Na+ channel, axon‐specific fodrin, and MAP‐1B. Based on these characteristics we concluded that the 0.8M and 1.0M subfractions were highly enriched in periaxolemmal myelin and axolemmal membrane, respectively. Plasmolipin10 was unique with equally high levels in myelin and in the 0.8M and 1.0M subfractions. Both subfractions were enriched, relative to myelin, in the alpha subunit of the GTP binding protein, Go, and the alpha subunit common to all G proteins, GA/1. Electrophysiology with membrane subfractions fused to lipid bilayers showed that both membranes contained sets of K+ and Cl− channels, which based on channel sizes and open times, are largely distinct from one another. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Platelet‐activating factor antagonists reduce excitotoxic damage in cultured neurons from embryonic chick telencephalon and protect the rat hippocampus and neocortex from ischemic injury in vivo
Authors: Prehn Jochen H. M. , Krieglstein J.
Published: May 2005

The neuroprotective effects of the platelet‐activating factor (PAF) antagonists BN 52020 and BN 52021 were determined in a temperature‐controlled model of transient forebrain ischemia in the rat (occlusion of both common carotid arteries combined with lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure to 40 mm Hg for 10 min). After 7 days of recirculation, the ischemic neuronal damage was evaluated histologically within the hippocampus and neocortex. Combined pre‐ and post‐treatment with the PAF antagonists (2 × 25 mg/kg, s.c.) significantly reduced the resulting neuronal damage of the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subfields and of the occipital and parietal cerebral cortex. The two PAF antagonists were also tested for their neuroprotective activity in primary neuronal cultures isoalted from embryonic chick telencephalon. Since an excessive activation of excitatory amino acid receptors is discussed to be of importance for the ischemic brain damage, the cultured neurons were exposed to the excitatory amino acid L‐glutamate (1 mM) for a period of 60 min. Twenty hours after the excitotoxic insult, BN 52020‐ and BN 52021‐ treated cultured (1–100 μM) showed both a better preserved morphology, as well as a dose‐dependent increase in cell viability and protein content compared to the control cultures. Our results demonstrate that the PAF antagonists BN 52020 and BN‐52021 have the capacity to protect brain tissue against ischemic neuronal damge independent of hypothermic effects and are also capable of reducing excitotoxic damage of telencephalic neurons from chick embryos cultured in the absence of glial or endothelial cells. We thus propose that PAF plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic/excitotoxic neuronal injury via a direct action on neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain glutathione reductase induction increases early survival and decreases lipofuscin accumulation in aging frogs
Authors: López‐Torres M. , Pérez‐Campo R. , Fernandez A. , Barba C. , De Quiroga G. Barja
Published: May 2005

Brain catalase was continuously depleted throughout the life span starting with a large population of initially young and old frogs. Free radical‐related parameters were measured in the brain tissue once per year after 2.5, 14.5, and 26.5 months of experimentation. Brain lipofuscin accumulation was observed after 14.5 and 26.5 months, and survival was continuously followed during 33 months. The age of the animal did not decrease endogenous antioxidants nor increase tissue peroxidation either in cross‐sectional or longitudinal comparisons. Continuous catalase depletion similarly affected young and old animals, inducing glutathione reductase, tending to decrease oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio, decreasing lipofuscin accumulation in the brain, and increasing survival from 46% to 91% after 14.5 months. At 26.5 months of experimentation the loss of the glutathione reductase induction in catalase‐depleted animals was accompanied by the presence of higher lipofuscin deposits than in controls and was followed by a great increase in mortality rate. Even though the maximal life span (7 years) was the same in the control and treated animals which were already old (4.2 years) at the beginning of the experiment, the treated animals showed a strong reduction in the rates of early death. It is proposed that the maintenance of a high antioxidant/prooxidant balance in the vertebrate brain greatly increases the probability of the individual to reach the final segments of its species‐specific life span. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocyte proteoglycans: Modulation by cell‐substratum adhesion
Authors: Yim S. H. , Sherin J. E. , Szuchet S.
Published: May 2005

The signals that trigger the cytodifferentiation of oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are largely unknown. Using as a model system cultures of pure OLGs, we have shown that adhesion to a substratum initiates myelinogenesis (Yim SH, Szuchet S, Polak PE, J Biol Chem 261:11808–11815, 1986). It was of interest to investigate whether components such as proteoglycans (PGs) play any role in the biology of OLGs as it pertains to myelinogenesis. We set out to determine first, whether OLGs carry PGs; second, the nature of the association of these components with OLG plasma membrane; and third, if and how these PGs are modulated by OLG–substratum interaction. We compared the expression and characteristics of PGs extracted with different solvents from nonattached (B3.f) and attached (B3.fA) OLGs. B3.f and B3.fA OLG cultures were labeled with carrier‐free 35SO42− in serum‐free medium. After removing excess label, OLGs were treated with heparin to extract susceptible components. Pellets were then exposed to 1% Triton X‐100 plus 0.1 M NaCl and subsequently to 4 M guanidine‐HCl plus 0.5 M NaCl. Solutions containing extracted material were characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography, SDS‐PAGE, and enzymatic degradation. Herein we report that (1) OLGs display [35S]PGs on their surface within 24 hr of substratum adhesion, and (2) these PGs can be operationally classified as peripheral and integral. We further show that the peripheral PGs are of high and intermediate size as assessed by size‐exclusion chromatography and are segregated within the plasma membrane in such a way that the species with intermediate mass are extracted while OLGs remain adhered, whereas the high‐molecular‐weight species are only extracted after OLGs have been detached. Heparin also dislodges a number of sulfated proteins/Gps. Only a single class—high molecular weight—of integral PGs was identified; this PG requires guanidine‐HCl for extraction. All PGs belong to the heparan sulfate class as evidenced by their degradation with heparitinase and their lack of susceptibility to chondroitinase ABC. The common theme of our findings is that these macromolecules have basal levels of expression in the nonadhered OLGs but undergo an adhesion‐induced enhancement in their syntheses. We postulate that these PGs (1) play a role in OLG‐substratum adhesion and hence myelinogenesis, and (2) may be determinants in establishing OLG polarity. Such polarization is the first overt sign of OLG functional differentiation and occurs prior to any morphological differentiation, e.g., extension of processes does not occur until 48 hr later when the plasma membrane is already polarized. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of bFGF and FGF‐receptor in the developing nervous system of the embryonic and newborn rat
Authors: Weise B. , Janet T. , Grothe Claudia
Published: May 2005

We examined the localization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the developing embryonic and newborn rat nervous system using 2 anti‐bFGF antibodies. Embryonic (E13, E14, E15, E16, E17, and E18) and newborn tissues were examined. Between E16 and E17 strong bFGF immunoreactivity (IR) was detectable in the cortex and striatum and, in addition, in almost all neurons of the brainstem, spinal cord, and spinal ganglia. In contrast, in the newborn rat bFGF‐IR was found in neuronal subpopulations of brainstem nuclei, ventral spinal cord, and spinal ganglia as it is known for the respective postnatal/adult parts of the nervous system. At E16 7.0 kb and 3.7 kb bFGF mRNA were present. The identification of bFGF‐responsive cells was performed using immunocytochemistry (anti‐flg antibody) and 125I bFGF for binding studies. The neuronal localization of FGF‐receptor suggests that bFGF mediates its effects in an autocrine or paracrine manner. At the time of strongest bFGF‐staining (E16/17), proliferation of neurons is almost completed in most of the nervous system areas. Therefore, it could also be suggested from previous biological experiments that the physiological functions of bFGF could include trophic and/or differentiating effects on developing neurons rather than mitogenic effects. The change of the bFGF‐staining pattern after birth could indicate a change in the physiological function of bFGF, i.e., different bFGF effects in the immature and mature nervous systems. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures
Authors: Murphy Eric J. , Anderson D. K. , Horrocks L. A.
Published: May 2005

The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid compositions of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures are reported. The phospholipid composition was primarily comprised of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (44.8%) and choline glycerophospholipids (43.5%). Plasmalogens made up 29.1% of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (13.0% of the total phospholipids) and 4.5% of the choline glycerophospholipids (1.9% of the total phospholipids). Other phospholipids ranged from 2.9% for sphingomyelin to 1.0% for phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate. The fatty acid compositions of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, choline glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol were also determined. The choline glycerophospholipids were the most saturated and contained the smallest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were the most unsaturated and contained the highest amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The phospholipids contained minimal amounts of 20:3 n‐9 (Mead acid) and are not considered polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient. Thus, for the mixed neuronal spinal cord cultures, the phospholipid fatty acid compositions were not polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient and contained a large amount of polyenoic fatty acids of both the n‐3 and n‐6 series. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor selectively rescues mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons from 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylalanine‐induced injury
Authors: Skaper Stephen D. , Negro A. , Facci L. , Toso R. Dal
Published: May 2005

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supports the survival of sensory neurons as well as retinal ganglion cells, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, and mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in vitro. Here we examined the ability of BDNF to confer protection on cultured dopaminergic neurons against the neurotoxic effects of 6‐hydroxyDOPA (TOPA or 2,3,5,‐trihydroxyphenylalanine), a metabolite of the dopamine pathway suggested to participate in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Cells prepared from embryonic day 14–15 rat mesencephalon were maintained with 10–50 ng/ml BDNF for 7 days prior to addition of TOPA (10–30 μM) for 24 hr. In BDNF‐treated cultures, the extensive loss ( >90%) of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive cells was virtually (<10%) eliminated, while the equally drastic loss (>90%) of the overall cell population was limited to only a 25–30% recovery. Furthermore, the monosialoganglioside GM1 (1–10 μM), although inactive alone, acted synergistically with subthreshold amounts of BDNF to rescue tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive cells against TOPA neurotoxicity. These results add impetus to exploring the therapeutic potential of gangliosides and BDNF in Parkinson's disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of phorbol myristate acetate and dexamethasone on protein kinase C activity and eicosanoids production in cultured rat astrocytes
Authors: Boneh A. , Shohami E. , Brenner T.
Published: May 2005

The effects of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and dexamethasone on protein kinase C (PK‐C) activity and eicosanoid production were characterized in primary cultures of rat glial cells. PMA (1,000 ng/ml) treatment for 2 hr resulted in a maximal effect (a 4‐fold increase in PGE2 production). Longer exposure to PMA (up to 96 hr) resulted in attenuation of PGE2 production. Down‐regulation of PK‐C activity was assessed in glial cell homogenates under these conditions. Although a 70% inhibition of PK‐C activity was measured upon staurosporine treatment, PGE2 production was not affected both under basal conditions and following PMA activation. The production of thromboxane B2 did not change following exposure to PMA. Pretreatment of the cultures with dexamethasone markedly inhibited the PMA‐stimulated production of PGE2 but had only a moderate (approximately 26%) inhibitory effect on PGE2 production under basal conditions. Dexamethasone had no effect on basal or PMA‐stimulated PK‐C activity. Forskolin, which activates adenylate cyclase, did not affect PGE2 production. These data may suggest that activation of PGE2 production by PMA in glial cells is not unequivocally mediated by PK‐C activation. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the PMA‐stimulated synthesis of PGE2 supports previous findings that glucocorticoids are more effective in inhibiting stimulated rather than basal PGE2 production. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use‐dependent modification of a slow NMDA receptor‐mediated synaptic potential in rat amygdalar slices
Authors: Gean Po‐Wu , Chang F.‐C. , Hung C.‐R.
Published: May 2005

A single stimulus applied to the endopyriform nucleus evoked in 35 of the 101 basolateral amygdaloid (BLA) neurons a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (s‐EPSP) of varying latencies. The s‐EPSP could be graded by changing the stimulus intensity and, on reaching the threshold, triggered action potentials. At stimulus intensity just subthreshold for evoking a spike, the s‐EPSP has an average amplitude of 16.3 ± 1.4 mV, a time to peak of 25.7 ± 3.8 ms, and a duration of 124 ± 14 ms. The s‐EPSP was reversibly blocked by DL‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleate (DLAPV) or ketamine, indicating its mediation through N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. However, the s‐EPSP was not able to follow stimulus frequency of 1 Hz, suggesting that APV‐sensitive s‐EPSP is probably generated by a polysynaptic pathway. The s‐EPSP was greatly enhanced by synaptic stimulation in the presence of bicuculline or in Mg++‐free solution leading to the genesis of paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS). The s‐EPSP can undergo robust long‐term potentiation (LTP) following tetanic stimulation. These results suggest that the NMDA receptor‐mediated s‐EPSP may play an important role in epileptogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the amygdala. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of intermittent mild hypoxia and drug treatment on synaptosomal nonmitochondrial ATPase activities
Authors: Benzi G. , Gorini A. , Arnaboldi R. , Ghigini B. , Villa R.
Published: May 2005

Synaptosomal nonmitochondrial ATPases linked to the energy‐utilizing systems were evaluated in cerebral cortex from normoxic rats and rats submitted to mild intermittent normobaric hypoxia [12 hr daily exposure to N2:O2 (90:10) mixture for 4 weeks]. The activities of Na+, K+‐ATPase; high‐ and low‐affinity Ca2+‐ATPase; basal Mg2+‐ATPase; and Ca2+, Mg2+‐ATPase were assayed in synaptosomes and synaptosomal subfractions, namely, synaptosomal plasma membranes and synaptic vesicles. The evaluations were performed either in normoxic rats or in hypoxic rats submitted to 4‐week treatment with saline (controls) or a vasodilator agent (papaverine), an energy‐metabolism interfering agent (theniloxazine), a calcium blocker (nicardipine), and a lipidmetabolism interfering agent (phosphatidylcholine) in order to define the plasticity and the selective changes in individual ATPases. In synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex, the enzyme adaptation to the daily mild intermittent hypoxia for 4 weeks was characterized by an increase in the activity of Mg2+‐ATPase, concomitant with a decrease in the activities of Na+, K+‐ATPase, high‐affinity Ca2+‐ATPase, and Ca2+, Mg2+‐ATPase. In hypoxic rats the enzyme adaptation to the 4‐week treatment with phosphatidylcholine was characterized by an increase in Ca2+, Mg2+‐ATPase activity and a decrease in Mg2+‐ATPase activity. The action involves the enzymatic form located in the synaptic plasma membranes.

In hypoxic rats the adaptation to the 4 week treatment with nicardipine was characterized by an increase in high‐affinity Ca2+‐ATPase activity, while the 4‐week‐treatment with theniloxzine induced an increase in Na+, K2+‐ATPase activity. The actions of both nicardipine and theniloxazine were related to the enzymatic forms located in the synaptic plasma membranes. The effects on the biophase induced by the sequential cycles of hypoxia/normoxia and the treatment with the various agents tested should also be related to the changes induced in the activity of some synaptosomal ATPases. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of axotomy‐induced alteration of neuropeptide mRNAs in dorsal root ganglion neurons with special reference to neuropeptide Y mRNA and the effects of neonatal capsaicin treatment
Authors: Noguchi K. , de León M. , Nahin R. L. , Senba E. , Ruda M. A.
Published: May 2005

Alteration in mRNA expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons encoding 5 neuropeptides was quantitatively compared in normal rats and in those neonatally treated with capsaicin, a selective neurotoxin which destroys a subpopulation of DRG neurons with unmyelinated axons. Adult rats received a unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve and were killed 7 days later. Oligonucleotide probes specific for the genes encoding neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), somatostatin (SOM), and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) were used for in situ hybridization and RNA blot analysis. Following the nerve cut, RNA blot analysis demonstrated a dramatic induction of NPY, VIP, and GAL mRNA levels from the undetectable constitutive level of expression. Conversely, CGRP and SOM mRNAs, which are constitutively expressed, were reduced 55% and 70%, respectively, following the nerve cut. A unimodal size distribution for neurons expressing NPY mRNA was determined, with a mean cross‐sectional area of 1700 μ2 representing 24.4% of DRG neurons ipsilateral to the nerve cut. Neurons expressing VIP mRNA were mainly small sized, with a cross‐sectional area of approximately 700 μ2, while those expressing GAL mRNA were both small (∼700 μm2) and medium (∼1,300 μm2) sized. The percentages of neurons expressing VIP or GAL mRNA were 19.9% and 33.7%, respectively. In neonatal capsaicin‐treated rats, there was a 10% reduction in neurons expressing NPY mRNA, a 37% reduction for VIP, and a 27% for GAL mRNA compared to vehicle‐treated rats after nerve cut. Capsaicin‐sensitive neurons comprised 37% of CGRP neurons and 83% of SOM neurons. These observations suggest that NPY is primarily induced in myelinated primary afferent neurons, while VIP and GAL mRNA induction occurs in a mixed population, a sizeable percentage of which has unmyelinated axons. Additionally, SOM mRNA expression is associated mainly with unmyelinated primary afferents. Published 1993 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selection rules for pure rotation and vibration‐rotation hyper‐Raman spectra
Authors: Stanton L.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes a general study of the selection rules for pure rotation and vibrationrotation hyper‐Raman spectra. The investigation encompasses the selection rules for the rotational quantum numbers J, K and M for molecules of any symmetry executing any type of allowed vibration. For molecules in which K is not a good quantum number a parity analysis is described. A complete tabulation of allowed K transitions is given for the common point groups. Coriolis effects and their selection rules for degenerate vibrations are discussed for linear and symmetric rotors.
High resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases with laser sources. VII: The rotational spectrum of cyclohexane‐C6H12 and C6D12
Authors: Peters Ralph A. , Walker William J. , Weber Alfons
Published: May 2005

The pure rotational Raman spectra of cyclohexane‐d0 and cyclohexane‐d12 have been photographed under high resolution using a single mode argon laser as the exciting source. The spectra consist of reasonably sharp lines which form well developed R‐ and S‐branches. The molecular constants found from the analysis of the spectra are, for C6H12: B0 = 0.143429 ± 2 × 10−6 cm−1, DJ = (1.56 ± 0.03) × 10−8 cm−1 and, for C6D12: B0 = 0.109469 ± 1 × 10−6 cm−1 and DJ = (0.61 ± ± 0.01) × 10−8 cm−1. These results and possible molecular structures are discussed in terms of the results of recent electron diffraction studies of cyclohexane.
Rotational structure of hyper‐Rayleigh scattering by linear molecules
Authors: Bancewicz T. , Ożgo Z. , Kielich S.
Published: May 2005

The effect of rotational motion of linear molecules on their hyper‐Rayleigh scattering spectra is calculated from angular momentum theory. The expressions derived for the intensities of the hyper‐Raman rotational lines are used to calculate the rotational structure of the hyper‐Rayleigh line of gaseous CO.
Hemoglobin resonance Raman excitation profiles with a tunable dye laser
Authors: Strekas Thomas C. , Spiro Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra have been obtained for oxy hemoglobin within the α absorption band, corresponding to the first π – π* transition, using a tunable dye (Rhodamine 6 G) laser. The excitation profiles demonstrate resonance at the electronic origin (0–0), as well as at the vibronic side‐band (0–1) frequency, as predicted by theory. The wavelength dependence of the Raman intensity follows the molar absorptivity, rather than its square. It is suggested, however, that this form of the wavelength dependence may be an artifact of the transition from resonance to pre‐resonance scattering.
Tunable laser resonance Raman spectroscopy of the visual process. I: The spectrum of rhodopsin
Authors: Lewis Aaron , Fager Roger S. , Abrahamson E. W.
Published: May 2005

Tunable laser resonance Raman spectra have been obained of a solution of bovine rhodopsin. The spectra were obtained without causing the cis‐trans isomerization of the retinylidene chromophore which is the primary photochemical act in vision. The spectra appear to be sensitive to the structure, the environment and the interactions of the retinylidene chromophore in its opsin matrix. The ease with which the spectra were obtained, the experimental flexibility of Raman spectroscopy and the apparent sensitivity of the spectra suggests a wide range of possible applications for resonance Raman spectroscopy in the elucidation of the principal molecular steps in vision.
Raman and infrared spectra of ferroelectric (CH3NH2CH2COO)3 CaCl2
Authors: Acharya P. Kumara , Narayanan P. S.
Published: May 2005

Raman spectrum of Tris‐sarcosine Calcium chloride has been recorded both in the para and ferroelectric phases using λ = 2537 Å of mercury as exciting radiation. The infrared absorption spectrum has been recorded both above and below the Curie temperature, in the region 400 to 4000 cm−1. From the observed splitting of the infrared bands it is concluded that the second order ferroelectric phase transition at 127K is due to a dynamical ordering of sarcosine molecules which exist in zwitteron configuration. Raman spectrum shows eight lattice lines which do not exhibit any anomaly as the crystal undergoes phase transition.
Circularly polarized Raman spectroscopy: Direct determination of antisymmetric scattering in the resonance Raman spectrum of ferrocytochrome c
Authors: Nestro James , Spiro Thomas G.
Published: May 2005

An apparatus is described for measuring Raman backscattering with both linearly and circularly polarized light. All four polarization components, parallel, perpendicular, corotating and contrarotating, can be directly compared and used to determine the relative magnitudes of the three invariants of the non‐symmetric Raman tensor for randomly oriented molecules. The method has been applied to the resonance Raman spectrum of ferrocytochrome c. Antisymmetric scattering, previously detected through anomalous depolarization ratios, has been confirmed by direct measurement of the antisymmetric tensor invariant. In addition to the four anomalously polarized bands, two bands with normal polarizations have been shown to exhibit significant antisymmetric scattering. This result implies a reduction from four‐hold symmetry for the heme chromosphere.
Raman and infrared spectra of BaCrO4 and BaSeO4
Authors: Scheuermann W. , Schutte C. J. H.
Published: May 2005

The vibrational spectra of BaCrO4 and BaSeO4 were recorded at 295K and 77K. The Raman spectrum of BaCrO4 melt was also recorded, using the energy of an argon laser beam as a heat source. The spectra of the two compounds proved to be remarkably different, although they belong to the same space group and are said to have the same structure. Evidence was found that the principles of mutual exclusion and inversion doubling are effective in both compounds; these are due to rather strong interionic coupling. An assignment could only be made for the most prominent bands.
Raman spectra and crystal structure of sodium periodates
Authors: Poulet H. , Mathieu J. P.
Published: May 2005

The complete set of fundamental frequencies of NaIO4 (tetragonal crystals) has been determined. Raman spectra of NaIO4, 3H2O (trigonal crystals) show that the structure proposed by Burgers is erroneous; a more plausible one is suggested. The angular dispersion of the polar phonons was also studied.
Raman spectra of orthorhombic sulfate single crystals I: K2SO4, Rb2SO4, Cs2SO4 and Tl2SO4
Authors: Montero S. , Schmölz R. , Haussühl S.
Published: May 2005

In order to confirm the assignment of the Raman active internal modes of K2SO4 and structurally related crystals, the Raman spectra of oriented cyrstals have been recorded. Using the relative integrated intensities of the bands as data, the transferability of the Raman tensors of the free SO ion to the crystals was investigated with, in general, good agreement between the calculated and measured intensity distribution. A linear dependence between the frequencies of the internal modes of the K2SO4, Rb2SO4 and Cs2SO4 crystals and the electronegativity of the cations could be observed. Also, a brief discussion about the nature of the lattice modes of these crystals is included.
Resonance Raman spectra of protohemin and protohemin‐imidazole complex
Authors: Verma A. L. , Bernstein H. J.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of protohemin and its complex with imidazole have been obtained using several exciting lines from Ar+ and HeCd lasers. The effects of different axial ligands to iron in hemin are reflected in the resonance Raman spectra of their respective complexes. Within experimental limits, hemin does not show any anomalously polarized bands (Q1 > ¾) while its complex with imidazole shows several such bands when excitation is in the α and β absorption regions. When excitation is in the Soret region, a polarized band ∼ 1500 cm−1 appears in the spectra of hemin‐imidazole complex and heme proteins. It is proposed as a spin state marker as well as to characterize the position of the iron ion relative to the porphyrin plane.

Excitation profiles for some of the bands of hemin confirm the assigment of the α band near 5300 Å in the unresolved visible absorption spectrum.
Vibrational spectra and structure of crystalline 1–3 dinitrobenzene
Authors: Bobrov A. V. , Mathieu J. P. , Poulet H.
Published: May 2005

The analysis of Raman and infrared spectra of the H and D forms of m dinitrobenzene in solution and in the cyrstalline state allows a tentative assignment of most of the observed bands. It gives no evidence for intermolecular dynamical coupling or for hydrogen bonding and favours Archer's structure. No angular dispersion is noticeable, but polaritons are observed.
Gas phase Raman spectra of cyclopropane‐h6 and cyclopropane‐d6
Authors: Daunt Stephen J. , Shurvell H. F.
Published: May 2005

The gas phase Raman spectra of normal and perdeutero‐cyclopropane have been recorded at medium resolution. The band contours of the E′ and E″ degenerate modes have been observed and computer simulation of them has allowed determination of the ζiz values. This analysis was possible for ν9, ν11, ν12, ν13, and ν14 of C3H6 and for ν9, ν10, ν11, ν12, ν13, and ν14 of C3D6. The gas phase spectrum of C3D6 is reported for the first time and assigned. The agreement between our results and the IR data on the E′ modes is good. Predicted parameters for the E″ modes from force field calculations are also in good agreement with the data reported here.
Resonance Raman effect of octahedral complex ions, PtBr and PtI
Authors: Hamaguchi Hiro‐O , Harada Issei , Shimanouchi Takehiko
Published: May 2005

The rigorous resonance Raman effect was observed for the octahedral PtBr and PtI ions. The enhancement of the Raman intensity occurred for the totally symmetric ν1 band and for the non‐totally symmetric ν2 band simultaneously in both cases of the two ions. The overtone bands of ν2 appeared in the spectra in addition to the ordinary long overtone progression of the ν2 vibration. The results are discussed in relation to the two closely lying electronic levels of the ions.
Novel Raman spectra of metal surfaces
Authors: Linnett J. W. , Barron L. D. , Bhattacharya A. K.
Published: May 2005

A series of very sharp bands at ca. 50 cm−1 have been observed in the low frequency surface Raman spectra of tungsten and nickel in air and in vacuum (10−5 torr) which probably originate in a surface layer of adsorbed molecules.
Resonance Raman studies of 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octamethylporphin, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethylporphin, and mesotetraphenylporphin and its Ni‐, Cu‐, and Pd‐chelates
Authors: Mendelsohn R. , Sunder S. , Bernstein H. J.
Published: May 2005

Resonance Raman spectra are reported for 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octamethylporphin, 1,3,5,7‐tetramethylporphin and mesotetraphenylporphin and its Ni‐, Cu‐, and Pd‐chelates. Comparison of infrared and Raman data for the non‐metallo compounds provides evidence that mesotetraphenylporphin loses its centre of symmetry in the solid state while the other two molecules retain theirs.

Depolarization ratio measurements for Ni‐tetraphenylporhin in CS2 solution reveal the presence of several anomalously polarized vibrations (ϱ > ¾). Evidence is presented to show that the symmetry of the molecule in solution has been reduced from D4h.
Resonance Raman scattering from isotopically pure and natural bromine vapor
Authors: Baierl P. , Kiefer W.
Published: May 2005

We have recorded high‐resolution resonance Raman spectra of the bromine molecule in its natural abundance and as pure isotopic molecules 79Br2 and 81Br2 with excitation by light which is in resonance with the continuum of the B(3Π)‐state. The observed spectra are characterized by a progression of vibrational lines up to the tenth harmonic. These lines display complex structure which can be explained in terms of Q branches, S band heads, unresolved O branches and vibrational ‘hot’ bands. The assignment of all observed lines is based on Fortrat diagrams which have been calculated by using spectroscopic constants derived from high resolution absorption spectra and on depolarization measurements. The vibrational constants ωe, ωexe and ωeye and the rotational constants Be and αe for the X (1Σ)‐state of bromine were determined independently from the Raman spectra. Variations of the spectral band shape of the fundamental and the overtones were observed using five different exciting lines of the argon ion laser. The band shapes were also studied while changing the laser power which affects the spectroscopic temperature. A qualitative discussion of the observed changes is given.
Raman spectroscopy study of powdered [Ni(NH3)6] X2 compounds
Authors: Janik J. M. , Janik J. A. , Pytasz G. , Sokołowski J.
Published: May 2005

Ten out of eleven Raman active modes were detected in [Ni(NH3)6] X2 powders, apart from internal modes of the X− ions. The Raman active lattice mode happens to agree fairly well with the predictions of a model based on the electrostatic potential field of point charges. The X = Cl compound showed evidence of losing ammonia during irradiation with the laser beam. Two modes (the NNiN angle deformation and the lattice vibration) are especially sensitive to the NH3− vacancies thus created.
Raman and infrared spectra of K2PtCl6:Ir4+ crystals
Authors: Kuan T. S.
Published: May 2005

The low temperature Raman and far‐infrared (IR) spectra of solution‐grown crystals of K2PtCl6:Ir4+ have been studied. In addition to the strong absorptions of the host compound, a number of weak features were observed. The Raman band at 278 cm−1 has been assigned to ν2(Eg) of IrCl. An IR‐ and Raman‐active band, observed at 236 cm−1 when K2IrBr6 was used as the dopant, has been assigned to ν(Pt‐Br), A1g′ of [PtCl4Br2]2−. The symmetry of the host compound was lowered by the presence of the dopant ions, resulting in a splitting of some of the IR‐active degenerate modes. Preliminary Raman experiments with K2PtCl6:Os4+ indicated that ν2 of OsCl was at 271 cm−1.
A new technique in matrix isolation spectroscopy: Infra‐red and Raman spectra from the self‐same matrix
Authors: Grzybowski J. M. , Carr B. R. , Chadwick B. M. , Cobbold D. G. , Long D. A.
Published: May 2005

The design of a single experimental system which allows for the first time, the acquisition of the infra‐red and the Raman spectra from the self‐same matrix is reported. To illustrate the performance of the system the infra‐red and Raman spectra of the matrix systems ICN/N2 (M/S = 400) and S2Br2/Ar (M/S ⋍ 1000) are presented and discussed briefly.
Digital processing of spectra
Authors: Arthur J. W.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes a simple numerical method for the smoothing and differentiation of digitally collected Raman spectra. This is applied to a peak finding program suitable either for batch processing of data or real time application with a computer controlled spectrometer. A basis for the implementation of such programs is given, and their limitations are discussed.
Resonance Raman spectra of a peroxotitanium (IV) cation in aqueous solution
Authors: Peruzzo V. , Hester R. E.
Published: May 2005

The resonance Raman spectrum of a Ti(IV)H2O2 complex in acidic (H2SO4) aqueous solution is shown to consist of bands at 623, 1236 and 1852 cm−1. Excitation with three different lines of an argon ion laser showed the higher two Raman bands to be overtones of the 623 cm−1 fundamental, this arising from the symmetric TiO stretching mode, ν2, of a TiO2 species with C2ν symmetry. No ν(O  O) resonance enhancement was observed. Depolarization data and Raman intensity – molar absorbtivity relationships are established.
Resonance Raman intensities of 1,1,4,4‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐butadiene and normal modes of vibrations in its electronic ground and excited states
Authors: Suzuki Ei‐Ichiro , Hamaguchi Hiro‐O , Harada Issei , Matsuura Hiroatsu , Shimanouchi Takehiko
Published: May 2005

The relative intensities of the resonance‐enhanced Raman bands and the solvent effect on these intensities were quantitatively studied for 1,1,4,4‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐butadiene. The results were interpreted on the basis of the normal coordinate treatment in combination with Albrecht's theory of Raman intensities. The vibrational structure of the electronic absorption band was interpreted simultaneously. Information on the molecular structure and normal modes of vibrations in the electronic excited state was obtained. The importance of the normal coordinate treatment in the analysis of the resonance Raman spectra is emphasized.