bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heritage versus Big Business: Lessons from The YUKOS Affair
Authors: Zhukovskaya Natalia
Published: March 2011

Two antagonistic forces confronted each other on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia in 2002. One of them was YUKOS, an international petroleum company, the other the Tunka National Park, a legally protected nature reserve of national importance. The essence of the conflict was the intention of YUKOS to build a pipeline from Angarsk (a town in the Irkutsk province of Russia) to Daqing (a city in the Heilongjian province in China) directly through the territory of the national park, though the law forbade it. The mighty YUKOS, supported by the Government and President of Buryatia, faced resistance from Buryat ecologists, the administration and personnel of the national park, and the rank-and-file of Tunka district – cattle-breeders, farmers, teachers, doctors, pensioners – all of whom understood that the ecology of the park would suffer irretrievably, compromising both its natural riches and beauty, and many cultural and historical objects: archaeological sites, sacred groves, clan cemeteries, places of shamanist and Buddhist worship, etc. The practitioners of the local religions, such as shamans, Buddhist lamas and divinators of mountain spirits, united to organise special rituals and prayers around the places of worship and sacred objects, asking the local deities and spirits to defend their worshippers, their land, and their sanctuaries. Although the final collapse of YUKOS was determined politically, the experience of Tunka has demonstrated that oil magnates should not arrogantly disregard the populations and cultures of the territories they intend to utilise for their business activities.
Thebaid 2.239, 2.729 and the Problem of Aracynthus
Authors: McClure Jason
Published: March 2011

The first section of this paper examines an allusion to Propertius 3.15 at 2.239 of Statius’ Thebaid. Here Statius refers to a certain Mount Aracynthus in the context of the double marriage of Argia and Deipyle to Polynices and Tydeus. Invoked in Latin poetry as we have it a scant three times, Statius’ Aracynthus recalls Propertius 3.15.42, where the mountain is the site of Amphion’s paean celebrating the victory over Dirce, whose jealous pursuit of Antiope wrought her own destruction. Invoked in the midst of the wedding of Polynices, whose own jealousy over Eteocles will bring about his downfall, Aracynthus casts a pall over the otherwise idyllic description of the two brides and further hints at the doomed nature of their union to the two exiles, Polynices and Tydeus.The second section of this paper examines an implied reference to another Aracynthus at 2.729. This second Aracynthus, however, is Aetolian and not the Boeotian mountain of Propertius. Statius’ two Aracynthi draw us in to an obscure debate, ancient and modern, concerning the location(s) of this (or these) mountain(s) and may suggest something about his engagement with his literary models.
The Beginning of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor
Authors: Satterfield Brian
Published: March 2011

“The Beginning and End of the Iliad: The ‘Contradictions’ of the Proem and the Burial of Hektor” treats three ‘discrepancies’ between the story apparently promised in the proem of the Iliad and the story that the poem goes on to tell. Discussed extensively by the Analysts of the past century, these discrepancies were construed as evidence of the Iliad’s origins in multiple sources. More recently, oral theorists have seen them as signs of a singer composing rapidly and relatively unreflectively in performance, indifferent to self-contradiction. The present article argues instead that we can approach the proem as a prayer, addressed by Homer to the Muse—and the main story of the poem as her answer. On such a reading, we can construe the contradictions as evidence for the view that while Homer has asked for one story, the Muse has given him another slightly different story. While this suggestion has had advocates in the literature, none has attempted to work it out with reference to the discrepancies between the Iliad’s proem and main story. The article argues that once we examine the discrepancies, we find that they point us toward a new interpretation of the significance of Hektor’s burial.
Money and the Poet: The First Stasimon of Pindar Isthmian 2
Authors: Cairns Francis
Published: March 2011

The first stasimon of Pindar Isthmian 2 has long been problematic: it appears to privilege past over present poetry and to stigmatise contemporary poets, including Pindar himself, as mercenary. This paper summarises previous solutions to this problem, none fully satisfactory, and, after modifying the logic of the first stasimon, proposes the following new solution. Pindar’s ‘past poetry’ (contrary to the view of earlier scholarship) does not consist of monodic love songs but of choric paidikal enkômia performed at low cost by amateur choruses of fellow paides, whereas his ‘present poetry’ is performed by professional choruses and musicians who were expensively costumed and trained and highly paid. The issue, then, is not the poets’ fees (for poets were always remunerated) but the high costs of contemporary choric performance. Those costs do not stigmatise Pindar as greedy, but they do further emphasise the patron’s generosity in funding Isthmian 2 and its performances.
Perspectives on Violence in Euripides’ Bacchae
Authors: Perris Simon
Published: March 2011

Abstract

This paper examines the treatment of violence in Euripides’Bacchae, particularly in spoken narrative.Bacchaeis essentially a drama about violence, and the messenger-speeches establish a dialectic between spectacle and suffering as different conceptions of, and reactions to, violence. The ironic deployment of imagery and allusion, particularly concerning Pentheus’ body and head, presents violence as ambiguous. Theexodosthen provides a model of compassion, in which knowledge of guilt does not preclude sympathy, nor does ambivalence towards violence. Finally, it is concluded that the paradoxicalhumanitasof this Dionysiac tragedy is grounded in its presentation of violence as a source first of pleasure, then of pain, allowing spectators to be both entertained and shocked.
La zoogonie de la Haine selon Empédocle: retour sur l’ensemble ‘d’ du papyrus d’Akhmim*
Authors: Rashed Marwan
Published: March 2011

This article aims at reconstructing the most damaged part of the Strasbourg papyrus of Empedocles (fragment f-d), by taking into account all the parameters at our disposal: palaeography, metre and, of course, content. According to this attempt, Empedocles would be describing the very moment in the phase of increasing Strife when the whole-natured creatures (the ολοφυ) were split into male and female beings. Thus, the first part of the fragment becomes very similar, in its content, to fr. 62 D.-K. and to Plato’s parody of Empedocles in Aristophanes’ myth in the Symposium, while its second part emerges as containing new details of the process by which double creatures were split into two. If this reconstruction is accepted, its implication will be that Aetius’ presentation of Empedocles’ cosmic cycle as a fourfold continuous process is deeply inadequate.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Longidorus pius (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Barsi László , De Luca Francesca
Published: March 2011

Topotypes of Longidorus pius from the Republic of Macedonia are briefly described and illustrated. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analyses of the ITS region were carried out to molecularly characterise L. pius. The sequence of the analysed ITS region is the shortest ITS region described so far for Longidorus species. Pairwise comparisons of the ITS sequence of L. pius along with those of L. arthensis, L. raskii, L. elongatus, L. macrosoma, L. helveticus and L. profundorum from the GenBank database displayed a high nucleotide dissimilarity ranging from 17.8 to 33.8%.
Hatching of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, under the influence of temperature and host
Authors: Pudasaini Mahesh P. , Viaene Nicole , Moens Maurice
Published: March 2011

The influence of temperature and root diffusates from different plants on the
hatching behaviour of Pratylenchus penetrans was studied. Diffusates were
obtained from maize (cv. Husar), carrot (cv. Masei), black salsify (cv.
Omega), pea (cv. Alouette), bean (cv. Polder) and marigold (cv. Single Gold)
at different plant ages. Soil leachate was used as a control treatment.
Hatching was also examined in 10% dilutions of the root diffusates and the
soil leachate. Hatching was monitored at 5-day intervals until 60 days at
most. Test solutions were refreshed at the same intervals. Pratylenchus
penetrans hatched more at 20°C than at 10, 15 or 25°C. Hatching was
stimulated by all host diffusates, as well as marigold; it was highest in
maize and bean diffusates (ca 50%). Except for carrot diffusate and soil
leachate, hatching activity decreased with increasing plant age. It also
decreased in 10% diluted root diffusates, except for pea, black salsify and
soil leachate. There was no evidence for the presence of hatching inhibitors
in the diffusate of any host.
Incidence and control of the citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, in the north of Iran
Authors: Tanha Maafi Zahra , Damadzadeh Mahmoud
Published: March 2011

A survey of citrus orchards of northern Iran revealed that the citrus
nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, was present in 89% of soil and root
samples collected. The number of juveniles and females averaged 6490/250 ml
soil and 214/g root, respectively, in infested samples, and the mean numbers
of juveniles and females in soil and root samples of sweet orange and sour
orange rootstocks were greater than the damage threshold level in most
regions. Population patterns of citrus nematode on sour orange Citrus
aurantium and Poncirus, Poncirus trifoliata, rootstocks were monitored for 2
successive years. Nematode population densities peaked once a year during
July-August and declined to lower levels during autumn and winter on both
rootstocks. The duration of the life cycle of T. semipenetrans was 8 and 9
weeks on sour orange C. aurantium and Troyer citrange, C. sinensis × P.
trifoliata, seedlings, respectively, at 24 ± 2°C. In glasshouse experiments,
T. semipenetrans was controlled on sour orange seedlings by the granular
nematicides, fenamiphos and cadusafos, the doses 4 and 8 ppm having the
greatest effect when applied simultaneously with nematodes, whereas the
nematicides Vydate and fenamiphos at 8 ppm showed greatest effects on
nematodes in roots when applied 6 weeks after nematodes had been added to
the soil. The effects of granular fenamiphos and cadusafos (10G) on T.
semipenetrans population densities were also investigated in infested citrus
orchard with rates 1.0 and 2.0 g a. s. of nematicides/m2 for 1 year.
Although the nematicide treatments reduced nematode population densities in
soil and roots, fruit weight and size was not affected by these
treatments.
Description and molecular characterisation of Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. and P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Spain
Authors: Palomares-Rius Juan E. , Subbotin Sergei A. , Landa Blanca B. , Vovlas Nicola , Castillo Pablo
Published: March 2011

Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n., a new bisexual species of the genus, is
described and illustrated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
and molecular studies from specimens collected in a coastal sand dune soil
around roots of lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus L.) from Zahara de los Atunes
(Cadiz), southern Spain. Paralongidorus litoralis sp. n. is characterised by
the large body size (7.5-10.0 mm), a rounded lip region, clearly offset from
the body by a collar-like constriction, and bearing a very large
stirrup-shaped, amphidial fovea, with conspicuous slit-like aperture, a very
long and flexible odontostyle ca 190 μm long, guiding ring located at 35 μm
from anterior end, and males with spicules ca 70 μm long. In addition,
identification data of a Spanish population of P. paramaximus Heyns, 1965
recovered from sandy soil of a commercial citrus orchard at Alcala de
Guadaira (Seville), southern Spain, agree very well with the original
description of the species from South Africa. The 18S rRNA and D2 and D3
expansion regions of 28S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for P. litoralis
sp. n. and P. paramaximus. Phylogenetic analyses of P. litoralis sp. n. and
P. paramaximus rRNA gene sequences and of Longidoridae sequences published
in GenBank were done using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In
trees generated from the 18S data set Paralongidorus clustered as an
external clade from Longidorus, and in trees generated from D2-D3 of 28S
dataset Paralongidorus was monophyletic and nested within Longidorus.
Maximum likelihood test supported the hypothesis of validity of the
Paralongidorus genus.
Predator-prey relationship between the cyclopoid copepod Diacyclops bicuspidatus and a free-living bacterivorous nematode
Authors: Muschiol Daniel , Marković Mirjana , Threis Ilka , Traunspurger Walter
Published: March 2011

The potential of copepods as predators of free-living nematodes was tested by
presenting Diacyclops bicuspidatus, a common holarctic cyclopoid copepod,
with Panagrolaimus sp. as prey in the laboratory. Diacyclops bicuspidatus
readily fed on nematodes of all size classes, including prey longer than
itself. No size preference was observed. Handling times varied between a few
seconds and several minutes, depending on the size of the prey. At different
prey densities, the feeding rates of D. bicuspidatus followed a type II
functional response. Starved D. bicuspidatus consumed up to 45.1 nematodes
in 2 h, equivalent to 43.5% of the copepod's body mass. Indications that
nematophagous nutrition is common among freshwater copepods are
discussed.
Fecundity and lifespan manipulations in Caenorhabditis elegans using exogenous peptides
Authors: Davies Keith G. , Hart John E.
Published: March 2011

In this study using Caenorhabditis elegans, we have been able to suppress
(>60%) and enhance (>40%) fecundity (number of offspring) while
extending lifespan by a fifth, by administering synthetic peptides to the
aqueous medium in which the nematodes were maintained. Untreated control
adults fed live bacteria had significantly more offspring (17 vs 10 larvae
each) than those fed dead bacteria. Average lifespan and time for 50% of the
worms to die were the same at approximately 10 days, but there was a
significant difference in terms of 100% mortality (28 vs 19 days). A
reduction in fecundity of 30-40% occurred when a 14-mer peptide, EPL030, was
administered to the worms' aqueous medium. The effect was dose-dependent
across the range 0.1-10 μM day–1 of medium, but since the worms were fed
live bacteria interpretation was problematic: was the effect direct or
indirect? However, the anti-fecundity effect was reproduced in worms fed
dead bacteria, when the test compound was administered at 1 μM day–1 of
aqueous medium. The mean number of larvae produced in three groups:
untreated controls, EPL030 and EPL001 (an anagrammatical version of EPL030
used as a comparator), were, respectively, 17, 6 (−64%) and 24 (+43%).
Average lifespans were 8.7, 10.7 (+23%) and 10.3 days (+18%). Fluorescence
localisation studies using a close analogue of the fecundity-suppressing
EPL030 revealed a distribution that was generalised and uninformative. The
fecundity-enhancing EPL001 concentrated in the genital tract. Caenorhabditis
elegans is a potentially useful testbed for fecundity and lifespan studies
using exogenous agents. The use of an aqueous medium and dead bacteria as
food simplifies both the protocol and interpretation of results.
Al-Hakīm's Equilibrium under the Microscope. A Study in al-Hakīm's Philosophy through his plays
Authors: Khoury Jeries
Published: March 2011

The Egyptian playwright Tawfīq al-Hakīm assumes the philosophy of Equilibrium/equivalency (al-Ta'āduliyya) as a lifestyle and center of art. He looks at the phenomena of nature and life through this philosophy in an attempt to point out its importance and intervention in the details of people's life, behavior, primary needs, and the essence of their existence. From al-Hakīm's writing about this philosophy, we see that he is fully persuaded that this philosophy is the best logical explanation of all the existing pheno-mena. In his view, it controls the aspects of this universe and imposes itself as the best integrated theory that introduces an interpretation to all phenomena of human life. However, this apparent conviction is discovered to be not fully established and its foundations collapse if we investigate al-Hakīm's theatrical works and compare them with his theorizations in this field. Researcher Mahmūd Amīn al-'Ālim hints at the existence of a flaw and contradiction in al-Hakīm's concepts of equilibrium, but he does not elaborate or discuss his argument profoundly or analyze this aspect thoroughly in al-Hakīm's plays.This modest study attempts to trace al-Hakīm's theory as he introduces it. It surveys some of his major plays in an attempt to reveal the flaws in this equilibrium, and discusses their reasons and results. Finally, I will point out the paradoxical aspects between al-Hakīm's art and his theorization. The study deals with and refers to the plays that are most representative of al-Hakīm's theory of equilibrium with a specific focus on his play Pygmalion.
L’héritage ésotérique du chiisme: un livre sur l’exégèse de la sourate 97
Authors: Ansari Hassan
Published: March 2011

Le livre d'Ibn al-Harīš sur «la Nuit de la Destinée» (laylat al-qadr) est un des textes fondamentaux du «chiisme ésotérique» (bātinī). Cet ouvrage, aujourd'hui perdu mais dont de larges extraits ont été transmis par la littérature duodécimaine ultérieure, a été écrit dans la première moitié du IIIe/IXe siècle sous l'imamat du neuvième imam de chiisme duodécimain. À cette époque, le chiisme imamite se formait progressivement tandis que, pour des raisons politico-historiques, des courants ésotériques (ġulāt) se développaient en son sein. En effet, pendant cette période qui dura jusqu'à l'Occultation du douzième imam en 260/873-4 et se prolongea peu après, plusieurs courants chiites ésotériques apparurent parmi les imamites, dont un des plus importants fut celui des Nusayriyya. Le livre d'Ibn al-Harīš que nous allons présenter dans cet article, montre une proximité incontestable avec les idées des nusayris concernant «la Nuit de la Destinée».
La diffusion de la doctrine nusayrie au IVe/Xe siècle d’après le Kitāb Khayr al-Sanī‘a du cheikh Husayn Mayhūb Harfūš
Authors: Paoli Bruno
Published: March 2011

Le Kitāb Khayr al-Sanī‘a fī mukhtasar tārīkh ġulāt al-šī‘a du šaykh Husayn Mayhūb Harfūš (1890-1959) consacre aux disciples d'al-Husayn b. Hamdān al-Hasībī (m. 358/969) et de Muhammad b. Alī l-Ğillī (m. 399/1009) de courtes notices biographiques qui nous fournissent de précieuses informations sur la diffusion de la doctrine nusayrie au IVe/Xe siècle: une diffusion à grande échelle, sur toute l'étendue de l'Orient musulman et dans toutes les couches de la société, y compris parmi les élites de l'époque, au prix d'un prosélytisme dont les nombreuses conversions de chrétiens et de juifs illustrent l'efficacité. Ces notices témoignent aussi de l'implantation précoce des «Nusayris» dans la montagne côtière de Syrie, prélude à une phase de repli et de regroupement de clans et de tribus d'origines diverses qui dura jusqu'au milieu du VIIe/XIIIe siècle et fut aussi une période d'intense activité de préservation du patrimoine: contrairement aux disciples d'al-Hasībī, qui s'attachèrent d'abord à diffuser la doctrine, ceux d'al-Ğillī firent surtout œuvre de transmetteurs et de copistes, mémorisant et recopiant les œuvres de leurs maîtres, comme celles des ġulāt des générations précédentes, au premier rang desquels figurait Muhammad b. Nusayr.
La Loi Spirituelle (al-šar'īa l-rūhāniyya) druze selon Hamza b. 'Alī: textes canoniques et apocryphes
Authors: De Smet Daniel
Published: March 2011

Dans ses épîtres appartenant aux Rasāil al-hikma, le corpus des écrits canoniques qui forment la base de la religion druze, Hamza b. ‘Alī ébauche assez sommairement les principes d'une « loi spirituelle » censée remplacer la šarī‘a musulmane abrogée par al-Hākim, et il y préconise une juridiction spécifiquement druze. Il dit avoir traité de cette loi dans un écrit intitulé al-Šarī‘a l-rūhāniyya fī ‘ilm al-latīf wa-l-basīt wa-l-kathīf, qui toutefois ne figure pas dans le Canon, bien que les Druzes actuels en possèdent des manuscrits. Or, il s'agit à coup sûr d'un texte apocryphe, de date incertaine mais de loin postérieure à Hamza. En contradiction avec la doctrine développée dans les écrits canoniques, le druzisme y est présenté comme une religion révélée et scripturaire, à forte teneur « hermétique ».
Le Kitāb Durrat al-tāğ wa-sullam al-mi'rāğ d’Ibn Nasr: un éloge de Ğamāl al-Dīn 'Abd Allāh al-Tanūkhī (820/1417-884/1479)
Authors: Halabi-Halawi Wissam
Published: March 2011

L'œuvre de Abd Allāh al-Tanūkhī (m. 884/1479) est considérée comme une rupture avec la ğāhiliyya (antéislam) druze dans laquelle sa communauté vivait depuis la fin de la da‘wa (prédication) en 435/1043. Dans l'imaginaire de ses coreligionnaires, il est le « grand réformateur » et l'instaurateur de valeurs doctrinales et juridiques aussi pures et justes que celles établies par les hudūd (dignitaires) durant la période initiatique. Repenser la construction identitaire druze et la formation communautaire du druzisme, nécessite de replacer al-Tanūkhī au sein de cette double évolution: serait-il le continuateur d'un courant réformateur, ou l'initiateur d'enseignements, rejetés de son vivant, ayant réussi à s'imposer ultérieurement? Dans cet article, nous proposons une traduction annotée du récit de son disciple-biographe, Ibn Nasr (m. 898/1492), qui dévoile et dissimule simultanément des éléments clés dans la vie de son maître.
News & Views Ethical Standards For Clinical Trials Conducted In Third Countries: The New Strategy of the European Medicines Agency
Authors: Altavilla Annagrazia
Published: March 2011

Clinical trials increasingly occur on a global scale as industry and government sponsors in wealthy countries move trials to low- and middle-income countries. The globalization of clinical research raises important questions about the economical and ethical aspects of clinical research and the translation of trial results to clinical practice: which ethical standards are applied? Are trials results accurate and valid, and can they be extrapolated to other settings? This article provides an overview of the strategy approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to clarify ethical standards for clinical research conducted outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and included in Marketing Authorization Applications. Reference to the EMA Reflection paper is made.
News & Views Transplantation of Organs and Tissues and Some Reflections on the “Solidarity” of the Human Cadaver in Portugal
Authors: Pereira André
Published: March 2011

The article presents the legal situation of transplantation medicine in Portugal and presents some interesting statistical data. The author defends the opting-out system and presents an argument in favour of such solution, taking into account the mandatory nature of forensic autopsies.
Provision of Health Services to Irregular Migrants with a Special Focus on Children
Authors: Søvig Karl Harald
Published: March 2011

All European countries are now facing a situation where a part of the population consists of migrants without a permit to stay or reside. These persons may have health problems, and the question then rises regarding health services to irregular migrants. Normally, welfare benefits are offered those with a relationship to the country concerned, as citizen, asylum seeker, tourist, etc. Irregular migrants are outside the society, and it could be suggested that they therefore should be denied health services. On the other hand, common European standards of humanity lay obligations on the States, for example, where situations are life-threatening. This contribution gives an overview of relevant legal instruments, both from the UN, Council of Europe and the European Union. Although there are many similarities, the instruments have their differences, and there may even be some tensions regarding the underlying values.
Staying the Return of Aliens from Europe through Interim Measures: The Case-law of the European Commission and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Haeck Yves , Herrera Clara Burbano
Published: March 2011

The Strasbourg case-law demonstrates a clear tendency to protect aliens through interim measures in case of imminent deportation. Usually but not uniquely those persons claim(ed) before the supervisory organs to be in a situation of extreme gravity in case of forcible return to their country of origin because they can be subject to the death penalty, life imprisonment, persecution for their political activities, deprived of medicine/adequate medical treatment. This contribution explores which typologies of cases have led the European Commission and Court to apply interim measures in those situations, as well as which rights and freedoms have been protected thereby.
Free Movement of Students and the Protection of National Educational Interests: Reflections on Bressol and Chaverot
Authors: van der Mei A.P.
Published: March 2011

Free movement of students is one of EU law’s most important achievements, but it cannot be denied that its beneficiaries are in fact free-riders who enjoy education to the financing of which they do not significantly contribute. The legitimacy of EU law is at stake when it condones situations in which 50%, 60%, 70% and sometimes even more of the chairs in lecture halls and classrooms are occupied by non-resident students. Bressol and Chaverot demonstrates that the ECJ has an eye on national educational interests, but suggests that these can only justify restrictions on non-residents’ access in exceptional circumstances.
Legal Analysis of the New Saudi Procurement Regulations
Authors: Alhudaithy Ibrahim
Published: March 2011

Improving procurement and developing better products and services have been priority aims for the Saudi government since the 1990s. In the late 1990s, the government began to introduce several economic and legislative changes with the intention of developing the public sector. Among the main aims of this approach were simplification and modernization of the Saudi public procurement regulations and opening up the competitiveness of the market place. This article explores public procurement regulations in Saudi Arabia and focuses in particular on analyzing the New Procurement Regulations and comparing the New with the Old Code.
An Examination of the Principles of Corporate Governance from an Islamic Perspective: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Aysha Shafat
Published: March 2011

This article attempts and establishes a positive and direct link between Islamic law and the principles of corporate governance, using practical examples from the banking and finance industry. Several theoretical approaches are implemented to analyse the subject of corporate governance. Commentators have previously linked theories to explain the elements of corporate governance and its essential principles, ranging from board activities to internal control mechanisms such as auditing. Once proven that there is a link, this research attempts to analyse how well or how this Islamic approach to corporate governance is enriched within organisations based in Pakistan. However, at the same time, despite the Islamic element involving accountability to God and individual responsibilities under Islam as a religion, one finds immense similarities to the types of internal and external control mechanisms. There is a similarity in the way an Islamic organisation is counselled by the Shariah Supervisory Board just as a conventional Board would perform their actions. Similar problems are associated in organisations implementing Islamic principles of corporate governance. The main difference unearthed by this research is the element of religious beliefs. Pakistan as a country exemplifies how the development of corporate governance code is more inclined towards the Anglo-Saxon model than towards the Islamic perspective, despite a strong Islamic law background. However, this does not mean that one perspective is better than the other. It just illustrates the flexibility of the subject of corporate governance and its principles. The task to choose the type of principles to adhere to is entirely up to the region, culture, and the corporate structure.
Observations on the Biblical Miniatures in Spanish Haggadot
Authors: Mann Vivian B.
Published: March 2011

This essay discusses the last two centuries of medieval Spanish art, and demonstrates that cooperative relations existed between Christians and Jews who worked either independently or together to create art both for the Church and the Jewish community. Artists of different faiths worked together in ateliers such as that headed by Ferrer Bassa (d. 1348), producing both retablos (altarpieces) as well as Latin and Hebrew manuscripts.The work of such mixed ateliers is of great significance when considering the genesis ca. 1300 of illuminated haggadot with prefatory biblical cycles and genre scenes that were produced in Spain until ca. 1360. These service books for Passover have always been viewed as a unique phenomenon within the Jewish art of Spain, their origins inexplicable. When the biblical scenes, however, are viewed in the context of contemporaneous Spanish art for the Church, their sources become more transparent.
Illustration, allusion, and commentary: Choosing the four sons in 1695
Authors: Frankel David
Published: March 2011

The Amsterdam Haggadot of 1695 and 1712 had exceptional influence on subsequent manuscript copies and printed editions, not least because of the copperplate illustrations by Abraham ben Jacob. A reanalysis of the sources from which the figures of the Four Sons were taken reveals that these were not selected at random but that they involve specific allusions to both Jewish and non-Jewish events, providing a form of additional commentary. Their selection demonstrates the visual and historical knowledge and understanding of disparate material on the part of those responsible for choosing these and other images.
Idolatry and the Civil Covenant of Photography: On the Practice of Exhibiting Images of Suffering, Degradation, and Death
Authors: Simon Roger I.
Published: March 2011

Exhibiting perpetrator photographs of suffering and death presents a series of curatorial problems for museums and galleries. Unlike photojournalist images taken to inform a social conscience, the initial creation and circulation of such photographs have historically been implicated in the violence they depict. Beyond skepticism as to photography’s capacity to arouse a moral impulse, exhibitions of perpetrator photographs have been criticized for promoting voyeurism and extending suffering through the reiteration of images of human degradation. I consider how a problem central to Jewish theology might speak to such curatorial concerns, specifically the question of what constitutes the practice of idolatry. In this context I explore issues related to the ethics of visuality, developing the implications of Leora Batnitzky’s reading of Franz Rosenzweig’s cultural writings for my own concerns regarding the museological practice of public history.
Visions of the tenement: Jews, photography, and modernity on the lower east side
Authors: Blair Sara
Published: March 2011

Scholars have recently begun to focus on the problem of explaining a signal phenomenon: the preponderance of Jews (the so-called “people of the book”) in the development of modern photography. Against identitarian readings, this essay stresses the embeddedness of photography’s developing interests in a specific site in which both Jewishness and modernity were being made and remade: the variably iconic Lower East Side. Long imagined as a world apart, that space embodied the most profound and urgent paradoxes of historicity; it became a proving-ground for the powers of the camera to document new urgencies of social experience, and the experience of historicity itself. In particular, the built landscape and the iconography of its distinctive form, the tenements, became a resource for photographers of various affiliations for new stylistics and registers of response. Focusing on the difference the Lower East made to photographic practice, this essay aims to bring into view the importance of that site to the emergence of postwar photography, and to account more richly for the complex relations between Jewishness and visual practices.
Mock Aqedah or Mashiah? Imagining Herod in Sepher Yosippon
Authors: Bowman Steven
Published: March 2011

In 1978, David Flusser presented his long awaited critical edition of Sepher Yosippon; two years later his extended commentary to the text appeared. To date this seminal work has not been subject to the scholarly enquiry it deserves; especially given the reputation earlier editions have received by scholars. This paper reintroduces the importance of Sepher Yosippon and explores several facets of the book's treatment of Herod in the context of the ‘Binding of Isaac’ and its relationship to the Jesus tradition and the book's treatment of the terms messiah and meshuah milhamah. The paper also looks at the author's use of parody and polemic as aspects of his secular historiography.
Profit or Exploitation? The Production of Private Ramesside Tombs Within the West Theban Funerary Economy
Authors: Cooney Kathlyn
Published: March 2011

Existing economic models for Egyptian craft activity are currently dominated by theories of state redistribution, to the extent that market driven economic systems, as evidenced in the ancient texts themselves, may have been overlooked. This article examines New Kingdom textual material from western Thebes, reconsidering how private tomb production might fit updated economic models – models that allow for private sector, pre-modern and pre-capitalist market activity within any redistributive state economic context.
Regarding the Eisagogeus (εισαγωευς) At Ptolemaic Law Courts
Authors: Allam Schafik
Published: March 2011

In viewing the documents relative to the Ptolemaic jurisdiction we come across an official with a title transcribed into Demotic, but which apparently corresponds to the Greek designation εισαγωευς. This official is mentioned in conjunction with judicial proceedings. His functions were to introduce cases before the judges and to take actions in concert with them; and his bailiff was empowered to enforce judicial decisions. Since the eisagogeus represented the central administration, we may postulate that he was regarded as a royal functionary acting as a liaison man with the law courts. My concern is to point out an official in the pre-Ptolemaic administration who had to play the same role. In the judicial machine of Pharaonic times many a scribe played an active part, not only in writing down the records. In reality he used to act in legal proceedings from start to finish. In grave situations he had to communicate directly with the highest office in the State (that of the vizier); and even at the great council (qnbt) held by the vizier, the scribe officiated sometimes as prosecutor. We come to the conclusion that it is likely that the position of the Hellenistic eisagogeus was no more than the continuation of a much older Pharaonic institution.
Some Remarks on the Foreign Policy of Psammetichus II in the Levant (595–589 B.C.)
Authors: Kahn Dan'el
Published: March 2011

Since it is commonly held that Psammetichus II abstained from aggressive activity against Babylonia, I want to reconsider his policy (595-589 B.C.) toward the Levant and the Babylonian Empire. No new data exists, leaving us only the (re)interpretation of the facts. In this article I shall review: 1. The Babylonian presence and activity in the Levant; 2. The anti-Babylonian conference in the fourth year of Zedekiah, King of Judah (most probably 593 B.C.); 3. Alleged Judean involvement in Psammetichus II's campaign against Kush; 4. Psammetichus II's campaign to Kush in his third year of reign (593 B.C.); 5. The Effect of the Egyptian Campaign to Kush on the Levant; 6. The campaign of Psammetichus to the land of Kharu in his fourth regnal year.
Ideals of a Life: Words for “Transgression” in the Stela of Baki
Authors: Guerry Eve
Published: March 2011

This study is a lexical analysis of the words for “deviant behaviour” found in the Dynasty 18 stela of Baki (Turin 156). The text contains numerous praises that are formulated as disclaimers against wrongdoing and it therefore provides a fertile ground to examine members of the “transgression” word-field. Many of these words, including isf.t, hww, dw, iwh, wn and sp hsy are not sufficiently differentiated by current dictionaries, where they are generally translated as “Böses” or “Sünde.” An examination of the way these synonyms are used in the stela of Baki reveals distinctions in meaning and allows insight into what may govern the selection of one word over another in certain contexts. This enhances our understanding of the meaning of these words and illuminates the structure of the word-field they belong to as well as the corresponding concept in the Egyptian thought-world.
The Late Middle Kingdom (Thirteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties): The Chronological Framework
Authors: Franke Detlef
Published: March 2011

The article summarizes the state of the art in chronology of the late Middle Kingdom, which the author takes to also encompass the so-called Second Intermediate Period. Moving from the king-list of the Turin Royal Canon and from Kim Ryholt's investigation, the study focuses on the internal chronology of Dynasties 13–17 by drawing upon historical data from commemorative inscriptions and seals, with a strong attention to sources from Dynasties 13 and 16. Dynasty 13 is to be divided into two halves and four parts of different length: the second part marks the zenith of the period, the end of the third part corresponds to the beginning of the so-called Second Intermediate Period, while the end of the fourth part witnesses the dynastic shift from the North to Thebes. Ryholt's Upper-Egyptian “Abydos Dynasty” contemporary with the Theban 16th Dynasty, as well his idea of a short-time conquest of Thebes by the Hyksos are dismissed. The article ends with remarks on the sequence of kings during Dynasty 17 as well as a chronological table of the Middle Kingdom.
Flowers of Persian Song and Music: Davud Pirniā and the Genesis of the Golhā Programs
Authors: Lewisohn Jane
Published: March 2011

This article examines the 'Flowers of Persian Song and Music' (golhā) radio programs broadcast during the third quarter of the 20th century on the Iran National Radio. These programs—some 1,400 of which the author has collected and deposited in the British Library—constitute an unrivalled encyclopaedia of classical Persian music and poetry. The golhā programs introduced to the general public over 250 poets from the ancients to the moderns, and it preserved Persian classical music and fostered its future development. The seminal role played by Dāvud Pirniā in founding and producing these programs is examined and explored, while highlighting the various artists, poets, musicians, vocalists and scholars who performed in them.
The Salience of Political Ethic in the Spread of Persianate Islam
Authors: Amir Arjomand Saïd
Published: March 2011

Persianate Islam developed in close connection with the rise of independent monarchies and state formation in Iran from the last decades of the ninth century onward. Political ethic and norms of statecraft developed under the Sāmānids and Ghaznavids, and constituted a major component of Persianate Islam from the very beginning. When Islam spread to India under the Delhi Sultanate in the thirteenth century and to the Sultanates in Malaysia and Indonesia after the fifteenth, Persianate political ethic was one of its two salient components, Sufism being the other. The immigrating Persian bureaucratic class engaged in state formation for Indian rulers became the carriers of this political ethic, importing it in its entirety and together with symbols and institutions of royalty and justice. With the continued eastward expansion of Islam, Persianate political ethic and royal institutions spread beyond India into the sprawling Malay world.
Persian Rap: The Voice of Modern Iran's Youth
Authors: Johnston Sholeh
Published: March 2011

Persian Rap, or Rap-e Farsi, is the latest craze in contemporary underground Iranian music, both with Iran and its extensive Diaspora. In Iran, rap is met with strong opposition from the Islamic government, but continues to enjoy immense popularity amongst web-savvy Iranian youths who consume the songs online through internet chat forums, websites, blogs and radio. This article examines the development of Persian Rap from an imitation of Afro-American "Gangsta" Rap, to a unique style of fusion rap with a distinctly Iranian identity, grounded in cultural tradition and a powerful social conscience.
Liesborn in Amsterdam. Jacob de Wits Porträt des Liesborner Abtes Gregor Waltmann von 1716
Authors: Priever Andreas
Published: March 2011

In 1971 the Museum Abtei Lieborn of the Warendorf area came into possession of a remarkable and qualitative Portrait of Gregor Waltmann (1661-1739), who had been the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Liesborn between 1698 and 1739. During its restoration, the portrait could be identified as a signed work of the Amsterdam painter Jacob de Wit (1695-1754), dated 1716. To this day the only known portrait of De Wit was the Portrait of Pater Aegidius de Glabbais of 1718 (collection Commissie Monumentenzorg Minderbroeders Franciscanen Nederland).This article reconstructs the provenance of the Portrait of Gregor Waltmann, which was most likely assigned to Jacob de Wit by Gregor's brother Jan Woltman in Amsterdam. Most likely the abbot himself never saw his portrait; there is no account of a journey to Amsterdam in 1716, nor is there evidence that Gregor Waltmann knew the catholic painter personally. De Wit returned to Amsterdam from Antwerp in 1715 and devoted himself with success to portrait painting and was initially supported by the catholic community.In the early nineteenth century the portrait was still owned by the Woltman family, who had emigrated to Amsterdam from Lüdinghausen, Westfalen in the 1690s and who over generations had run the soap factory De Vergulde Hand. While the name of the painter over the course of time became forgotten, the catholic family kept the memory of the in 1739 deceased abbot alive with a memorial note.Hardly known outside the county of Münster the signed and dated portrait is an important prerequisite for the determination of further, possibly still preserved portraits of Jacob de Wit.
Samenwerking tussen Alexander Keirincx en Cornelis van Poelenburch belicht
Authors: Wolters Margreet , Sluijter-Seijffert Nicolette
Published: March 2011

Collaboration between two painters was a common occurrence in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century. To date, sixteen examples are known to have resulted from the partnership of the Antwerp landscape painter, Alexander Keirincx, and the Utrecht Italianate master, Cornelis van Poelenburch (see appendix). The paintings usually combine a wooded landscape by the hand of Keirincx with a few figures added by Van Poelenburch. Two of the works are signed by both artists, one by Van Poelenburch only, and most of the others by Keirincx alone.A few of these paintings have been analyzed using infrared reflectography, which revealed that Keirincx meticulously executed his underdrawing of the landscape, without any indication for the staffage. Next, Keirincx painted the landscape, sometimes deviating slightly from his preliminary underdrawing. After that, Cornelis van Poelenburch added figures and animals, here and there inserting small brush strokes to the landscape immediately around the figures.Although Van Poelenburch may have included his staffage without consulting Alexander Keirincx, an addition by Keirincx in one of his compositions, seems to indicate a closer contact between the artists. While they lived near each other in Utrecht (1632-1636) and London (1637-1641), their collaboration did not only occur during those years, as can be concluded from two dated works (1629, 1630).A unique instance of their collaboration is the Landscape with Cimon and Iphigenia (Utrecht; replica or copy in Leipzig, figs 17 and 26). IRR analysis unequivocally confirms that the landscape and the figure zone initially were painted by Van Poelenburch, after which Keirincx added the large tree at the left. A differently prepared plank was attached to the lower part, maybe especially for that purpose. The Leipzig version lacks this feature, as well as some minor adjustments to the composition, thus indicating that it was executed after the Utrecht panel.
Een manuscript van Jan van Mieris, met daarin gedichten over zijn vader Frans van Mieris I
Authors: van der Hut Margreet
Published: March 2011

The Dutch painter Jan van Mieris (Leiden 1660-Rome 1690) was twenty years old when his father, the famous painter Frans van Mieris the Elder (1635-1681) died. Jan van Mieris was not only a painter but also a poet; he translated the play Aminta by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso and wrote some poems. Three of these poems concern his father: one is about his fathers painting The old lover and in two other poems Jan mourns his father's death. These poems and the translation of the play, discussed in this article, are part of a manuscript kept in the University Library in Leiden (nr. LTK 522).
The (ir)resistible temptation of privatizing security: A Dutch perspective
Authors: van Staden Alfred
Published: March 2011

The use of private contractors in peace support operations may involve a large variety of services. However, there is a conspicuous lack of information and transparency in general regarding the number of PMC personnel employed, the tasks they perform and the sums of money that are at stake. The employment of private military companies can be looked at from three different perspectives, the economic, the military-operational and the legal (as well as ethical) perspective. In the recently published report Employing Private Military Companies two recommendations are made. First, the Dutch government is advised to make the level of its political ambitions with regard to participation in peace support operations dependent on the structural capacity of the armed forces, including basic logistics. Second, the government is urged to provide as much information as possible concerning all relevant aspects of the employment of private companies that render services to the Dutch armed forces in operational areas. Finally, the government is urged to raise the whole issue in the ESDP discussions of the European Union.
The West and RussiaNo more diplomacy of lost opportunities: Response by Erik Holm
Authors: Holm Erik
Published: March 2011

Dr Holm and Ambassador De Vos van Steenwijk discuss the state of affairs between the West and Russia. They argue that it is much worse and antagonistic than would have been necessary. They blame this largely on mistakes in American and European policies towards the Soviet Union/Russia, but disagree on the causes and motivations of those policies. Holm and De Vos van Steenwijk offer thoughts on how matters could be rectified or at least improved.
The West and Russia Western Europe and European Security: Rational actions and obvious mistakes
Authors: Holm Erik
Published: March 2011

Dr Holm and Ambassador De Vos van Steenwijk discuss the state of affairs between the West and Russia. They argue that it is much worse and antagonistic than would have been necessary. They blame this largely on mistakes in American and European policies towards the Soviet Union/Russia, but disagree on the causes and motivations of those policies. Holm and De Vos van Steenwijk offer thoughts on how matters could be rectified or at least improved.