bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Study of Physiological Evaluation by Paired Comparison Test and Heart Rate Variability: The Effect of Chromatic Lights on Living Organisms
Authors: Nomoto Yohei , Ohmuta Takao , Ohya Tetsuya , Sawai Kei , Koyama Hironori , Kawasumi Masashi
Published: October 2014

The popularization of LEDs and the development of light control technology have provided chromatic lights such as red, blue, and green. Chromatic lights are attracting attention in connection with the psychology and physiological effects of color. It is predicted that chromatic lights will result in favorable innovations in life spaces. This investigation studied chromatic lights as related to heart rate variability (HRV), using a psychological methodology, that is, the paired comparison test. The subjects of the paired comparison test were 14 healthy participants (age 21.9 ±3.7 years). The HRV subjects were seven healthy participants (age 24.0 ± 3.9 years). We examined the experimental results from two viewpoints. (1) In the results of the paired comparison test, the scores for white‐ice, yellow, and green were higher than those for the other colors, and the scores for blue, red, and pink were lower than those for the other colors. (2) In the results for HRV, the mean high‐frequency (HF) values for white‐ice, yellow, and green were higher than those for the other colors, and the mean HF values for blue, red, and pink were lower than those for the other colors. It is concluded that by using physiological parameters and a questionnaire it is possible to analyze the effect of chromatic lights on living organisms.
Pro‐glacial lake sedimentation from jökulhlaups (GLOF), Blåmannsisen, northern Norway
Authors: Xu Mengzhen , Bogen Jim , Wang Zhaoyin , Bønsnes Truls E. , Gytri Stine
Published: October 2014

Outburst floods from glacier‐dammed lakes are major events associated with glacier thinning and volume reduction. This paper investigates jökulhlaups emanating from the glacier‐dammed lake Øvre Messingmalmvatn at Rundvassbreen, an outlet glacier of the Blåmannsisen ice cap in northern Norway. Since 2001, the lake has several times been observed to drain suddenly, causing jökulhlaup outbursts into the pro‐glacial lake Rundvatnet. Varve analysis and lead‐210 (210Pb) dating were used to date sediment cores taken from Rundvatnet. It was found that sedimentation from jökulhlaups is recognizable in the lake as distinct sand layers embedded in the varved silt‐clay sequence which represents the normal lake sedimentation. Sand fractions were carried in suspension because of the extreme hydraulic conditions of jökulhlaups. The thickest sand layer was deposited during the 2001 jökulhlaup which lasted three days and had a total volume of 40 ×106 m3. Jökulhlaups were also recorded in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2010; they each resulted in a sand layer. Annual sediment accumulation in Rundvatnet increased up to 10‐fold during the years with jökulhlaup outburst floods, from a normal value of 1–2 mm yr−1 to 8–10 mm yr−1. Five other jökulhlaups were identified from the 1910–1930 sedimentation interval, in addition to those observed in 2001–2010; there appear to have been none for 70 years during 1931–2000. Each jökulhlaup was preceded by a period when the glacier thinned to a critical volume and could no longer withstand the hydrostatic pressure of Øvre Messingmalmvatn; consequently a tunnel developed beneath the glacier, leading to a jökulhlaup. Statistical analyses of the correlations between the pro‐glacial sedimentation rate and temperature and precipitation suggested that although climate conditions are expected to influence sedimentation in the pro‐glacial catchment, a host of other interacting factors moderate the availability and delivery of sediment to the pro‐glacial system, making the processes responsible for changes in pro‐glacial sedimentation to remain uncertain. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of forest precipitation water storage measurement methods
Authors: Friesen Jan , Lundquist Jessica , Van Stan John T.
Published: October 2014

Precipitation intercepted by forests plays a major role in more than one‐fourth of the global land area's hydrologic cycle. Direct in situ measurement of intercepted precipitation is challenging, and thus, it is typically indirectly estimated through comparing precipitation under forest cover and in the open. We discuss/compare measurement methods for forest precipitation interception beyond classical budgeting and then recommend future directions for improving water storage estimation. Comparison of techniques shows that methods submerging tree components produce the largest water storage capacity values. Whole‐tree lysimeters have been used with great success at quantifying water storage for the integrated system yet are unable to separate trunk versus canopy storage. Remote sensing, particularly signal attenuation, may permit this separation. Mechanical displacement methods show great promise and variety of techniques: pulley/spring system, branch strain sensors, trunk compression sensors and photography. Relating wind sway to water storage also shows great promise with negligible environmental disruption yet is currently at the proof‐of‐concept stage. Suggested future directions focus on development of common features regarding all discussed methods: (i) measurement uncertainties or processes beyond interception influencing the observed signal, (ii) scaling approaches to move from single tree components to the single‐tree and forest scales and (iii) temporal scaling to estimate the relevance of single‐interception components over longer timescales. Through addressing these research needs, we hope the scientific community can develop an ‘integrated’ monitoring plan incorporating multiple measurement techniques to characterize forest‐scale water storage dynamics while simultaneously investigating underlying (smaller‐scale) components driving those dynamics across the spectrum of precipitation and forest conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shared Affect and Dyadic Synchrony Among Secure and Insecure Parent–Toddler Dyads
Authors: Lindsey Eric W. , Caldera Yvonne M.
Published: October 2014

The present investigation explored the role of shared affect in parent–child dyadic synchrony during toddlerhood and examined if patterns of dyadic synchrony and shared affect differ for secure and insecure parent–child dyads. Data were collected from 128 families with toddler age children (67 girls and 61 boys) during a laboratory assessment. Mother–toddler and father–toddler interactions were coded for shared positive and negative affect, as well as dyadic synchrony. Attachment status was assessed using the Strange Situation. Data revealed that securely attached parent–toddler dyads spent more time in synchronous interaction, and less time in asynchronous interaction, than insecurely attached parent–toddler dyads. Parent–toddler synchronous interaction among both securely and insecurely attached dyads was characterized by shared positive affect. Among insecure dyads, shared negative affect was more predominate in asynchronous than in synchronous interaction. The role of individual differences in the manifestation of synchronous interaction among securely and insecurely attached parent–toddler dyads is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of video modeling with embedded instructions to teach implementation of stimulus preference assessments
Authors: Rosales Rocío , Gongola Leah , Homlitas Christa
Published: October 2014

A multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of video modeling with embedded instructions on training teachers to implement 3 preference assessments. Each assessment was conducted with a confederate learner or a child with autism during generalization probes. All teachers met the predetermined mastery criterion, and 2 of the 3 demonstrated skill maintenance at 1‐month follow‐up.
Observation in the Growth of Selenium Nanoparticles
Authors: Lin Zong‐Hong , Lin Fu‐Chu , Wang C. R. Chris
Published: October 2014

A mild chemical reduction method was developed to synthesize selenium nanoparticles. The observation of the particle growth within a five‐minute time frame at an elevated temperature is achieved, and it was evidenced by analyzing the particle sizes from electron micrographs. The samples at individual growth stages were taken after the reaction was quenched by cooling to stop further particle growth. The nucleation and growth processes dominate different reaction time regimes under the experimental condition. We demonstrate the size evolution of the selenium nanoparticles from 30 nm to about 200 nm.
Polydimethylsiloxane Soft Template Assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles via Vapor‐Solid Reaction Growth
Authors: Hsia Chih‐Hao , Yen Ming‐Yu , Chiu Hsin‐Tien , Lee Chi‐Young
Published: October 2014

A new route to synthesize silver nanoparticles via vapor‐solid reaction growth (VSRG) is reported. Employing AgCl to react with (Me3Si)4Si in a sealed tube (433–673 K) generates silver particles (diameter ≥ 10 μm). Addition of polydimethylsiloxnae (PDMS) to the reaction dramatically reduces the particle size (diameter 60–1200 nm). Moreover, formation of silver nanorods and nanocubes was discovered in some reaction conditions. Adding PDMS and varying the reaction temperature were the key factors influencing the Ag particle size.
Utility of N‐[4‐(N‐Substituted Sulfamoyl)Phenyl] Cyanothioformamides in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: El‐Gaby Mohamed S. A. , El‐Sharief Ahmed M. Sh , Atalla Ahmed A. , El‐Adasy Abu‐Bakr A. A. M.
Published: October 2014

The novel cyanothioformamides 2a‐d were prepared by treatment of isothiocyanatosulfonamides 1a‐d with potassium cyanide at room temperature. Cyclocondensation of compounds 2b,c with phenyl isocyanate as electrophile furnished the corresponding imidazolidines 3a,b. The reactivity of compound 3a towards some nitrogen nucleophiles was investigated. Thus, the thiosemicarbazone 4 and imidazo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline 6 were synthesized by condensation of compound 3a with thiosemicarbazide and o‐phenylenediamine, respectively. Treatment of 3a with hydrochloric acid afforded compound 7. Our investigation was extended to include the reactivity of cyanothioformamide 2 towards o‐aminophenol, anthranilic acid, and o‐phenylenediamine and yielded the corresponding heterocycles 9, 11 and 13 derivatives, respectively. Structures of the synthesized compounds were established by their elemental analysis and spectral data.
A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Telluroesters
Authors: Li Xue , Zhang Songlin , Zhang Yongmin
Published: October 2014

Diaryl ditellurides were conveniently reduced by a system consisting of cerium trichloride and samarium intetrahydrofuran to produce the aryltellurolates. This “living” tellurolate anion species reacted smoothly with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides to afford telluroesters in good yields under mild and neutral conditions.
Micellar Effect on the Reaction of Chromium(VI) Oxidation of L‐Sorbose in the Presence and Absence of Picolinic Acid in Aqueous Acid Media: A Kinetic Study
Authors: Saha Bidyut , Das Mahua , Mohanty Rajani K. , Das Asim K.
Published: October 2014

The kinetics and mechanism of chromic acid oxidation of L‐sorbose in the presence and absence of picolinic acid (PA) have been studied under the conditions, [L‐sorbose]T » [PA]T » [Cr(VI)]T, at different temperatures. In the absence of PA, the monomeric chromic acid undergoes esterification with the substrate followed by the acid catalysed redox decomposition of the Cr(VI)‐substrate ester through glycol splitting to formaldehyde and the lactone of C5‐aldonic acid and Cr(IV) which subsequently participates in the faster reactions. In the presence of PA, the Cr(VI)‐PA complex produced in a pre‐equilibrium step experiences a nucleophilic attack by the substrate to produce a ternary complex which decomposes through glycol splitting giving rise to the organic products and Cr(IV)‐PA complex. Both the uncatalysed and PA‐catalysed paths show the first‐order dependence on [L‐sorbose]T and [Cr(VI)]T. The PA‐catalysed path is first‐order in [PA]T and it shows a fractional order in [H+]. The uncatalysed path shows a second‐order dependence on [H+]. In the presence of the surfactants like N‐cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, a cationic surfactant) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, an anionic sulfate), the reaction orders remain unchanged. CPC has been found to inhibit both the uncatalysed and PA‐catalysed paths while SDS shows the rate accelerating effect for both the uncatalysed and PA‐catalysed paths. The observed micellar effects have been rationalised by considering the distribution of the reactants between the micellar and aqueous phases in terms of the proposed reaction mechanism.
New Sesquiterpenes from Ligulariopsis Shichuana
Authors: Wang Wen‐Shu , Gao Kun , Jia Zhong‐Jian
Published: October 2014

A thorough investigation of Ligulariopsis shichuana afforded five new sesquiterpenes, including 1β,10β‐epoxy‐3α‐angeloyloxy‐9β‐acetoxy‐8α,11β‐dihydroxybakkenolide (1), 1β,7‐dihydroxy‐3β‐acetoxy‐noreremophil‐6(7),9(10)‐dien‐8‐one (2), 8α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxoeremophil‐1(2),7(11),9(10)‐trien‐8β(12)‐olide (3), 1β,10β‐dihydroxy‐3β‐acetoxyeremophil‐7(11),8(9)‐dien‐8(12)‐olide (4) and 1β,10β‐epoxy‐8,12‐dihydroxy‐3β‐acetoxy‐9β‐angeloyloxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐8,12‐disemiketal (5). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and 2D NMR techniques. In addition, bakkenolide (1) and eremophilenolides (5) showed antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
New Prenylated Flavones from the Roots of Ficus Beecheyana
Authors: Lee Ching‐Kuo , Lu Chung‐Kuang , Kuo Yuen‐Hsiung , Chen Jian‐Zhi , Sun Guang‐Zhong
Published: October 2014

Two new prenylated flavanones, ficubee A and ficubee B, respectively, as 7,8‐(2,2‐dimethylpyrano)‐6‐prenyl‐5,3′,4′‐trihydroxyflavone and 6,7‐(2,2‐dimethylpyrano)‐8‐prenyl‐5,3′,4′‐trihydroxyflavone were isolated from the roots of Ficus beecheyana together with twelve known compounds: β‐sitosterol, 5‐stigmasten‐3β,7α‐diol, 5‐stigmasten‐3β,7β‐diol, 3β‐hydroxystigmast‐5‐en‐7‐one, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde, 1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐ethanone, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzoic acid, 4‐hydroxy‐cinnamic acid, seseline, xanthyletin, and psoralene. The structures of these secondary metabolites were determined by spectroscopic means and in comparison with published data.
Chemical Constituents from the Stems of Mahonia Japonica
Authors: Hsieh Tian‐Jye , Chia Yi‐Chen , Wu Yang‐Chang , Chen Chung‐Yi
Published: October 2014

A new dihydroberberine alkaloid, 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐methoxyberberine (1), along with six known compounds including two dihydroberberine alkaloids, 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐hydroxyberberine (2) and oxyberberine (3) and four protoberberine alkaloids, berberine (4), palmatine (5), jatrorrhizine (6) and columbamine (7), were isolated from the stems of Mahonia japonica. These compounds were characterized and identified by physical and spectral evidence.
Effects of zirconium content on the catalytic performance of BiMoZrx in the oxidative dehydrogenation of 1‐butene to 1,3‐butadiene
Authors: Wan Chao , Cheng Dang‐guo , Chen Fengqiu , Zhan Xiaoli
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of 1‐butene has been considered as a potential process for manufacturing 1,3‐butadiene (BD). The introduction of metal oxides to pure bismuth molybdate, a promising catalyst for the ODH reaction, can be expected to improve the catalysts performance. In this work, multicomponent bismuth molybdate oxide (BiMoZrx) catalysts for ODH of 1‐butene were prepared by a co‐precipitation method with variation of zirconium content (x = 0–0.5), and the influence of zirconium on catalytic performance was investigated.

RESULTS

The zirconium content has a significant effect on the structure and performance of the catalyst. The conversion of 1‐butene and the BD yield over BiMoZrx catalysts display volcano curves with respect to zirconium content. Among the catalysts tested, BiMoZr0.4 exhibits superior activity.

CONCLUSION

1‐butene temperature‐programmed re‐oxidation (TPRO) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations demonstrate that zirconium content is related to the oxygen mobility of BiMoZrx catalysts, and oxygen mobility is a crucial factor determining catalytic performance in the ODH reaction. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Photoelektronenspektren organischer Verbindungen IX. Sterisch fixierte Bicyclopropyle
Authors: Asmus Peter , Klessinger Martin
Published: October 2014

Die Mono‐und Dispirocyclopropylderivate 1‐4 des Norbornans und des Bicyclo [2,2,2]Octans wurden durch direkte Cyclopropanierung der entsprechenden exo‐Methylenverbindungen dargestellt und mit Hilfe der 13C‐NMR‐Spektren charakterisiert. Die Photoelektronenspektren lassen eine ausgeprägte Wechselwirkung zwischen den antisymmetrischen Walsh‐Orbitalen der sterisch fixierten Bicyclopropylsysteme von 2 und 4 erkennen.
Borverbindungen XXXVII. An der Vinylgruppe substituierte, (Z/E)‐isomere Diäthyl‐(vinyloxy)borane aus Triäthylboran und Vinylcarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Fenzl Wolfgang , Köster Roland , Zimmermann Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2014

Die 1,4‐Addition von Triäthylboran an Methylacrolein (1a), Methylketon (1b), Iso‐Propenylmethylketon (1c). Phenylvinylketon (1d)und Isopropenylphenylketon (1e) führt zwischen −78 und −100°C bei stark unterschiedlicher Stereoselektivität in Ausbeuten von 50‐85% zu den (Z/E)‐Isomeren von an der Vinylgruppe substituierten Diäthy(vinyloxyboranen Ät2BO(R1)C‐CH2Ät 2a e. Deren Strukturen und Konfigurationen ließen sich 1H‐NMR ‐und 13C‐NMR‐spektroskopisch ermitteln, bei (Z E)‐2b und (Z)‐2d zusätzlich nach Umwandeln in (r‐4‐cit‐5.6)‐trisubstituierte 1.3.2‐ Dioxaborinanderivate 4 über die erythro/threo‐3‐Diäthylboryloxyketone 3.
Synthese von C‐3‐verzweigten Steroiden der Cardenolidreihe
Authors: Albrecht Hans P. , Kunz Bernhard
Published: October 2014

Durch Addition von LiR (R = CH3, C2H5, CHCH2, C6H5) and NaCCH an Digitoxigenon (2) werden die an C‐3 verzweigten Cardenolide 4a‐e and 5a‐e erhalten. Reaktion von 2 mit Dimethylsulfoxoniummethylid gibt das Oxiran 8, während bei der Umsetzung mit Dimethylsulfoniummethylid 9 gebildet wird. Wittig‐Reaktion von 2 mit Methylentriphenylphosphoran liefert das Olefin 10, das durch Epoxidierung mit H2O2 in Acetonitril in 9 übergeführt werden kann.
Katalyse durch Phthalocyanine, XVIII. Autoxidation von Cumol und Photooxidation von α‐sowie β‐Pinen in Gegenwart von Magnesiumphthalocyanin
Authors: Kropf Heinz , Kasper Barbara
Published: October 2014

Die Autoxidation von Cumol (bei 80 und 100°C) wird durch Magnesiumphthalocyanin beschleunigt, wobei der Katalysator im Verlauf der Reaktion ausbleicht. Die lineare Abhängigkeit der Initialgeschwindigkeit von der Konzentration des Magnesiumphthalocyanins bei 80°C zeigt, daβ eine Aktivierung des molekularen Sauerstoffs erfolgt. Die lineare Abhangigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten ks im Bereich der ansteigenden Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von der reziproken Katalysatorkonzentration wird als eine Reaktion des Magnesiumphthalocyanins mit Alkylperoxylradikalen gedeutet. — Bei 100°C ist die Initialgeschwindigkeit von der Konzentration an Magnesiumphthalocyanin unabhängig, liegt jedoch über der der nicht katalysierten Reaktion. Der ks‐Wert steigt mit der Katalysatorkonzentration an. Der Mechanismus der Autoxidation wird vor allem im Zusammenhang mit Ergebnissen bei der Autoxidation von 1.1‐Diphenylathan in Gegenwart von Kupfer‐ und Nickelphthalocyanin diskutiert. — α‐ und β‐Pinen werden in Gegenwart von Magnesiumphthalocyanin photosensibilisiert (Ne‐Lampe, 30°C, 2‐Propanol als Lösungsmittel) zu 2(10)‐Pinen‐3‐yl‐hydroperoxid bzw. 2‐Pinen‐10‐ylhydroperoxid oxidiert.
Synthese und Reaktionen von 3‐Alkyl‐4‐amino‐l,2,4‐triazin‐5‐onen
Authors: Draber Wilfried , Timmler Helmut , Dickoré Karlfried , Donner Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

3‐Alkyl‐4‐arnino‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one 4 sind aus Acylhydrazonen von α‐Ketocarbonsäuren oder deren Ester 1 durch direkte Umsetzung mit Hydrazin, zum Teil über die Zwischenstufe der Hydrazide 3 oder über die Hydrazidchloride 2 herstellbar. Die Umsetzung von 2 mit primären Aminen oder substituierten Hydrazinen ist eine allgemein anwendbare Synthese für die Triazinone 5. Reduktion mit Natriumtetrahydroborat ergibt die 5‐Hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydrotriazine 8. Die Azomethine 7 werden durch Natriumtetrahydroborat abhängig von R4, R5 entweder zu den 4‐Amino‐5‐hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydrotriazinen 8f und g oder den Azomethinen 8h reduziert. CNDO/2‐Berechnungen der 4‐Aminotriazinone 4 zeigen, daß das N‐2 das nucleophilste Ringatom ist.
1,2‐Dithiacyclopentene, XXX)Thiomalonsaurederivate aus 5‐(N‐Alkylanilino)‐4‐chlor3H‐1,3‐onen
Authors: Boberg Friedrich , Schröder Jürgen , Schardt Richard
Published: October 2014

5‐(N‐Alkyl‐N‐arylamino)‐4‐chlor‐3H‐1,2‐dithiole 1 reagieren mit Grignard‐Verbindungen 2 zu [N‐Alkyl‐N(aryl)thiocarbamoyl] Chlorthioessigsäure‐S‐estern 5.[N‐Aryl‐N‐(Methyl)thiocarbamoyl] chlorthioessigsäure‐S‐ester 5a h liefern mit den Aminen 6[N‐Aryl‐N‐(methyl)‐thiocarbamoyl]chlorthioessigsäurederivate und Chloressigsäurederivate 7 bzw. 8.
1,2‐Dithiacyclopentene, XXXI)3‐Methyl‐2‐methylenbenzothiazoline aus Chlor(N‐methyl‐N‐(pheny1)thiocarbamoyll thioessigsäure‐S‐phenylester, Versuche zur Darstellung eines Thiirens
Authors: Boherg Friedrich , Schröder Jürgen , Schardt Richard
Published: October 2014

Chlor[N‐methyl‐N‐(phenyl)thiocarbamoyl]thioessigsäure‐S‐phenylester (1) reagiert in alkoholischem Medium unter intramolekularer HCl‐Abspaltung zu (3‐Methylbenzothiazolin‐ 2‐yliden)thioessigsäure‐S‐phenylester (5) und ‐essigsäure‐alkylestern 7a, b. Zwischenprodukte werden diskutiert.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in anisotropic metamaterial waveguides
Authors: Fathallah Wyssem , Sakli Hedi , Aguili Taoufik
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we present the formalism of the transverse operator method (TOM). A rigorous study of propagation in anisotropic and multi‐layer medium using the tensor character of the permeability and permittivity is presented. With the application of the Galerkin method, the propagating modes in metallic rectangular waveguides filled with anisotropic metamaterial are exploited. The results are compared with those previously published and show a good agreement. The complex modes have been obtained.

The advantages of the techniques used in this paper lie in the proper analytical formulation of the problem studied, on the one hand, and the speed of convergence, on the other hand. TOM offers a fast convergence of the propagation constant. This shows the effectiveness of our numerical model. As such, the formulation of the transverse operator could be a useful tool for microwave engineers. This type of materials known as metamaterial is widely used and needed by industries and information technology, especially in microwave and radiofrequency devices such as patch antennas, antennas waveguides, resonators, circulators, isolators, phase shifters, and filters. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological and nutritional properties of blackcurrant berries (Ribes nigrum L.) under conditions of shading nets
Authors: Djordjevic Boban , Šavikin Katarina , Djurovic Dejan , Veberic Robert , Mikulič Petkovšek Maja , Zdunić Gordana , Vulic Todor
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

Changes of environmental factors, created under the influence of various shading nets, could significantly affect the biological characteristics of plants grown in such conditions as well as biosynthesis of primary metabolites and ascorbic acid. Five blackcurrant cultivars – 'Ben Sarek', 'Ben Nevis', 'Ben Lomond', 'Ometa' and 'Čačanska Crna' – were cultivated in the shade of two green polyethylene nets and exposed to direct sunlight during two experimental seasons.

RESULTS

In the control treatment, all cultivars contained the highest amounts of soluble solid content and number of flower buds per shoot in both years of cultivation. The bushes exposed to direct sunlight had the highest sunburn damage to the berries and leaves, and loss of yield. The greatest yield loss caused by berry damage in the present study during the experimental period was in cultivar 'Ben Sarek': 9.0% in 2010 and 15.4% in 2011. Growing in the shade of light‐green net contributed the highest content of ascorbic acid. Control bushes and those shaded by light‐green net had significantly higher radical scavenging activity, with values between 1.15 and 1.22 mg mL−1.

CONCLUSION

Plants shaded by nets in both years of cultivation had lower damage to leaves and berries and percentage of loss of yield, and usage of the net would be economically advantageous to growers. Fruit of blackcurrant cultivars grown in shading conditions still represent a good source of valuable nutritive and biologically active compounds. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel on‐line column extraction apparatus coupled with binary peak focusing for high‐performance liquid chromatography determination of rifampicin in human plasma: A strategy for therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Li Wei , Peng Min , Long Minghui , Qiu Ximin , Yang Liping
Published: October 2014

In order to develop a method that is completely suitable for the routine therapeutic drug monitoring, a sensitive and fully automated on‐line column extraction apparatus in combination with high‐performance liquid chromatography allowing binary peak focusing was developed and validated for the determination of rifampicin in human plasma. Rifapentine was used as an internal standard. The analytical cycle started with the injection of 100 μL of the sample pretreated by protein precipitation in a Venusil SCX extraction column. After the elution, the analytes were transferred and concentrated in an Xtimate C18 trap column. Finally, the trapped analytes were separated by an Xtimate C18 analytical column and were analyzed by an ultraviolet detector at 336 nm. With this new strategy, continuous on‐line analysis of the compounds was successfully performed. The method showed excellent performance for the analysis of rifampicin in plasma samples, including calibration curve linearity (All r were larger than 0.9996), sensitivity (lowest limit of quantification was 0.12 μg/mL), method accuracy (within 6.6% in terms of relative error), and precision (relative standard deviations of intra‐ and interday precision were less than 7.8%). These results demonstrated that the simple, reliable, and automatic method based on on‐line column extraction and binary peak focusing is a promising approach for therapeutic drug monitoring in complex biomatrix samples.
Rational representations and robust stabilization in the behavioral framework
Authors: Gottimukkala Sasanka V. , Trentelman Harry L.
Published: October 2014

In this paper, we study the problem of robust stabilization for linear differential systems in the behavioral framework. We study the existence of controllers that regularly stabilize all plants in a given neighborhood around a certain nominal plant. We call such controllers robustly stabilizing controllers. This problem was studied in the behavioral framework by Trentelman, H.L et al. In contrast to their work, however, in the present paper, we study the problem considering neighborhoods that are defined entirely representation free. These neighborhoods are induced by different kinds of concepts of distance between behaviors. As one of our main results we obtain that a given controller regularly stabilizes all plants in one of these neighborhoods if and only if it regularly stabilizes all plants in all of the other neighborhoods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of starch hydrolysates following in vitro oral digestion: Effect of botanical source of starch and hydrothermal treatments
Authors: Nantanga Komeine K. M. , Bertoft Eric , Seetharaman Koushik
Published: October 2014

Digestion of starch in humans occurs progressively in the gut. However, the literature is scant on the structures of the starch digestion products along the gut from the mouth to the small intestines – products that impact glucose homeostasis. This submission focuses on the first step of starch digestion, i.e., impact of human salivary amylase on the structure of hydrolysis products obtained from cooked starches from different botanical sources. Normal corn (NCS), normal wheat (NWS), and normal potato (NPS) starches were cooked at 1:0.7 (T0.7) or 1:2 (T2) starch:water ratios. Cooked starches were subjected to salivary amylase at conditions mimicking oral digestion. Extent of hydrolysis was lower at T0.7 compared to T2, but the amount of carbohydrates in different fractions and the MW profiles within each treatment showed no apparent differences between starches from different botanical sources. However, debranching of the hydrolysates revealed structural differences between the different starches with regards to extent of amylose hydrolysis and the amount and profile of lower MW fractions. Therefore, the structures of hydrolysates that are likely the substrate for subsequent hydrolysis in the gut are different based on cooking condition or botanical source of starch, with potential consequence for glucose homeostasis.
Morphology, physical, chemical, and functional properties of starches from cereals, legumes, and tubers cultivated in Africa: A review
Authors: Emmambux M. Naushad , Taylor John R. N.
Published: October 2014

In Africa a variety of indigenous cereals, legumes, and tubers are cultivated as starchy food crops. These include sorghum, millet species including pearl millet, finger millet, teff, and white and black fonio, and African rice as cereals; cowpea, Bambara groundnut, African yambean and West African locust bean as legumes; and Zulu round potato and the Livingstone potato as tubers. Many of these plants are considered as “lost crops of Africa.” This paper critically reviews the literature on the physical, chemical, and functionality of their starches. Information is essentially limited to the native starches of sorghum, some millets, and cowpea. Livingstone potato starch information is essentially absent. Notable characteristics of African starches include that teff and finger millet have compound starch granules. Some of the starches have unique properties which could be valuable. The very small granular size of teff and its functional properties can be exploited as a fat replacer. The high retrogradation of cowpea starch has potential in gluten‐free pasta and noodles. Nonfood applications for the African starches should be considered in the growing mining and oil industries in Africa.
Octupolar Molecules for Nonlinear Optics: From Molecular Design to Crystals and Films with Large Second‐Harmonic Generation
Authors: Jeong Mi‐Yun , Cho Bong Rae
Published: October 2014

We summarize the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of octupolar molecules, crystals, and films developed in our laboratory. We present the design strategy, structure–property relationship, and second‐order NLO properties of 1,3,5‐trinitro‐ and 1,3,5‐tricyano‐2,4,6‐tris(p‐diethylaminostyryl)benzene (TTB) derivatives, TTB crystals, and films prepared by free‐casting TTB in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The first hyperpolarizability of TTB was fivefold larger than that of the dipolar analogue. Moreover, the TTB crystal showed unprecedentedly large second‐harmonic generation (SHG). While TTB crystal films (20 wt% TTB/PMMA) on various substrates showed appreciable SHG values, the cylinder film exhibited much larger SHG values and large electro‐optic (EO) coefficients. The large SHG values and EO coefficients, as well as the high thermal stability of the cylinder film, will make it a potential candidate for NLO device applications.
Esophageal Cancer Management: Preoperative CA19.9 and CEA Serum Levels May Identify Occult Advanced Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Scarpa Marco , Noaro Giulia , Saadeh Luca , Cavallin Francesco , Cagol Matteo , Alfieri Rita , Plebani Mario , Castoro Carlo
Published: October 2014

Background

Esophagectomy is contraindicated in case of advanced cancer (i.e., carcinomatosis, distant metastasis, and invasion of other organs). In some cases, preoperative imaging may fail to identify advanced neoplasm and esophagectomy is inappropriately planned. The aim of the study was to identify preoperative biomarkers of occult advanced disease that force surgeons to abort the planned esophagectomy.

Methods

From 2008 to 2014, 244 consecutive patients were taken to the operative room to have esophagectomy for cancer in our department. All of them had blood test at admission and their preoperative biomarker data were retrieved. Their medical history was collected and the intraoperative findings and outcome were recorded. Non parametric tests, multiple regression analysis, and ROC curves analysis were performed.

Results

In our study group, 14 (5.7 %) patients, scheduled for esophagectomy, were discovered to have occult advanced disease at laparotomy/laparoscopy or at thoracotomy. Six of them had peritoneal carcinomatosis, three had advanced tumor invading other organs, three had small liver metastasis, and two pleural carcinomatosis. In all these cases, esophagectomy was aborted and a feeding jejunostomy was placed. In patients with unresectable esophageal cancer, CA19.9 and CEA serum levels were significantly higher than patients who could have esophagectomy (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). CA19.9 and CEA resulted to be accurate biomarkers of occult advanced disease (AUC = 85 %, p < 0.001 and AUC = 73 %, p = 0.002, respectively).

Conclusions

Preoperative CEA and CA19.9 serum levels should be taken in consideration when evaluating patients candidate to esophagectomy for esophageal cancer to prevent inappropriate laparotomy or thoracotomy. If any doubt arises minimally invasive exploration is warranted.
BAYESIAN CHAIN LADDER MODELS
Authors: Taylor Greg
Published: October 2014

The literature on Bayesian chain ladder models is surveyed. Both Mack and cross-classified forms of the chain ladder are considered. Both cases are examined in the context of error terms distributed according to a member of the exponential dispersion family. Tweedie and over-dispersed Poisson errors follow as special cases. Bayesian cross-classified chain ladder models may randomise row, column or diagonal parameters. Column and diagonal randomisation has been largely absent from the literature until recently. The present paper allows randomisation of row and column parameters. The Bayes estimator, the linear Bayes (credibility) estimator, and the MAP estimator are shown to be identical in the Mack case, and in the cross-classified case provided that the error terms are Tweedie distributed. In the Mack case the variance structure is generalised considerably from the existing literature. In the cross-classified case the model structure differs somewhat from the existing literature, and a comparison is made between the two. MAP estimators for the cross-classified case are often given by implicit equations that require numerical solution. Recursive formulas are given for these in the general case of error terms from the exponential dispersion family. The connection between the cross-classified case and Bornhuetter-Ferguson prediction is explored.
Ebola Outbreak Response: The Role of Information Resources and the National Library of Medicine
Authors: Love Cynthia B. , Arnesen Stacey J. , Phillips Steven J.
Published: October 2014

The US National Library of Medicine (NLM) offers Internet-based, no-cost resources useful for responding to the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak. Resources for health professionals, planners, responders, and researchers include PubMed, Disaster Lit, the Web page “Ebola Outbreak 2014: Information Resources,” and the Virus Variation database of sequences for Ebolavirus. In cooperation with participating publishers, NLM offers free access to full-text articles from over 650 biomedical journals and 4000 online reference books through the Emergency Access Initiative. At the start of a prolonged disaster event or disease outbreak, the documents and information of most immediate use may not be in the peer-reviewed biomedical journal literature. To maintain current awareness may require using any of the following: news outlets; social media; preliminary online data, maps, and situation reports; and documents published by nongovernmental organizations, international associations, and government agencies. Similar to the pattern of interest shown in the news and social media, use of NLM Ebola-related resources is also increasing since the start of the outbreak was first reported in March 2014 (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-4)
Excess body iron and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nested case–control in the PREDIMED (PREvention with MEDiterranean Diet) study
Authors: Arija Victoria , Fernández-Cao José C. , Basora Josep , Bulló Mònica , Aranda Nuria , Estruch Ramón , Martínez-González Miguel A. , Salas-Salvadó Jordi
Published: October 2014

A prospective nested case–control study within the PREvention with MEDiterranean Diet (PREDIMED) was conducted to evaluate the relationship between excess body Fe (measured as serum ferritin (SF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR:ferritin ratio) and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a Mediterranean population at a high risk of CVD, without T2DM at the start of the study. The study contained 459 subjects, 153 with incident T2DM (cases) and 306 without incident T2DM (controls). The follow-up period was for 6·0 (interquartile range 3·9–6·5) years. For each incident diabetic subject, two subjects were selected as controls who were matched broadly for age as well as for sex, intervention group and BMI. We observed a relationship between SF values >257 μg/l in males and >139 μg/l in females and the risk of T2DM, following adjustment in the conditional logistic regression model for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fasting glucose and other components of the metabolic syndrome (OR 3·62, 95 % CI 1·32, 19·95;P= 0·022). We also found an association between low sTfR:ferritin ratio levels and the incidence of T2DM (OR 3·02, 95 % CI 1·09, 8·39;P= 0·042), but no association with sTfR (OR 1·29, 95 % CI 0·51, 3·23;P= 0·722). Oxidative stress has been hypothesised to contribute to the development of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, the two key events in the clinical development of T2DM. Following adjustment for other risk factors for T2DM, excess body Fe (measured as SF and sTfR:ferritin ratio) was associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM in a Mediterranean population at a high risk of CVD.
Can rapeseed oil replace olive oil as part of a Mediterranean-style diet?
Authors: Hoffman Richard , Gerber Mariette
Published: October 2014

The present narrative review compares evidence from experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies of the health benefits of rapeseed oil (RO) (known as canola oil) and olive oil (OO) in order to assess whether rapeseed oil is suitable as a sustainable alternative to OO as part of a Mediterranean-style diet in countries where olive trees do not grow. From epidemiological studies, the evidence for cardiovascular protection afforded by extra-virgin OO is ‘convincing’, and for cancers ‘limited-suggestive’, especially oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but more studies are required in relation to cognitive impairment. Evidence for RO is limited to short-term studies on the biomarkers of risk factors for CVD. Any benefits of RO are likely to be due to α-linolenic acid; however, it is prone to oxidation during frying. We conclude that due to a lack of evidence from observational or intervention studies indicating that RO has comparable health benefits to extra-virgin OO, RO cannot currently be recommended as a suitable substitute for extra-virgin OO as part of a Mediterranean-style diet.
Do Finite Duration Provisions Reduce International Bargaining Delay?
Authors: Bearce David H. , Eldredge Cody D. , Jolliff Brandy J.
Published: October 2014

This research note hypothesizes that international agreements including a finite duration provision or with a shorter expected duration should take less time to negotiate. Using a random sample of agreements across different issue areas, it finds statistical support for this hypothesis. Agreements without a finite duration provision experienced a bargaining phase that was twice as long as agreements including a finite duration provision and otherwise short-term agreements. This result not only offers empirical support for the theoretical proposition that a longer shadow of the future leads to increased bargaining delay—it also has important policy implications. International negotiators can include a finite duration provision when they prefer a shorter bargaining phase to a potentially more durable agreement, and they can avoid this feature when they prefer a more durable agreement, although this decision comes with the cost of additional bargaining delay. By treating finite duration provisions as an independent variable, this result also addresses a critique of the research program on the rational design of international institutions that it moves backward by considering only design features as dependent variables.
Effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery on chronic rhinosinusitis resistant to medication
Authors: Li H , Zhang X , Song Y , Wang T , Tan G
Published: October 2014

Objective:

To evaluate the therapeutic effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who were unresponsive to medical treatment.

Methods:

A total of 232 patients were divided into 2 groups: a functional endoscopic sinus surgery group (n = 162) and a conservative therapy group (n = 70). Efficacy was assessed in terms of Lund–Kennedy endoscopy scores and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 symptom scores.

Results:

In the functional endoscopic sinus surgery group, Lund–Kennedy and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 scores were significantly lower at 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery compared with baseline scores. In the conservative therapy group, both sets of scores were significantly lower at 3 months, but not at 12 months. In this latter group, the Lund–Kennedy scores decreased only slightly and the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 scores significantly decreased at six months compared with initial scores, indicating disparity between the subjective and objective measures. Patient-reported symptom improvement was better in the functional endoscopic sinus surgery group than in the medication group at 12 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that functional endoscopic sinus surgery has better efficacy over a longer period compared with conservative therapy.
Cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy: mechanisms of action and clinical applications
Authors: Marrone Amanda , Tran William T.
Published: October 2014

Background

The combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is rooted in its ability to help achieve locoregional and systemic control, therefore increasing the overall disease-free survival of patients. Understanding the mechanistic actions of cytotoxic agents and their targets on the cell cycle, as well as the governing pharmacokinetic principles can improve treatment delivery. The adjuvant treatment setting can overcome barriers such as hypoxia and genetically driven treatment resistance.

Purpose

The purpose of this review is to present theoretical frameworks behind the chemoradiation paradigm and to describe current chemoradiation practices in radiation oncology.

Methodology

A review was conducted using the US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health database (PubMed) using the following search keywords: chemoradiation, spatial cooperation, chemotherapeutic agents, pharmacokinetics, anti-vascular agents, tumour vasculature and tumour hypoxia.

Results and conclusions

Current research has reported several rationales for the beneficial combination of radiation and chemotherapy to eradicate oncological diseases. Mechanisms of action and biological approaches are showing that concurrent treatments, as well as novel agents such as anti-vascular and anti-angiogenic agents may benefit improved treatment outcomes by reducing micro hypoxic environments in tumours. In addition, chemotherapy administered in tandem with radiation enhances cell-killing effects by targeting the cell cycle.
Meaning-centered dream work with hospice patients: A pilot study
Authors: Wright Scott T. , Grant Pei C. , Depner Rachel M. , Donnelly James P. , Kerr Christopher W.
Published: October 2014

Objective:

Hospice patients often struggle with loss of meaning, while many experience meaningful dreams. The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary exploration into the process and therapeutic outcomes of meaning-centered dream work with hospice patients.

Method:

A meaning-centered variation of the cognitive–experiential model of dream work (Hill, 1996; 2004) was tested with participants. This variation was influenced by the tenets of meaning-centered psychotherapy (Breitbart et al., 2012). A total of 12 dream-work sessions were conducted with 7 hospice patients (5 women), and session transcripts were analyzed using the consensual qualitative research (CQR) method (Hill, 2012). Participants also completed measures of gains from dream interpretation in terms of existential well-being and quality of life.

Results:

Participants' dreams generally featured familiar settings and living family and friends. Reported images from dreams were usually connected to feelings, relationships, and the concerns of waking life. Participants typically interpreted their dreams as meaning that they needed to change their way of thinking, address legacy concerns, or complete unfinished business. Generally, participants developed and implemented action plans based on these interpretations, despite their physical limitations. Participants described dream-work sessions as meaningful, comforting, and helpful. High scores on a measure of gains from dream interpretation were reported, consistent with qualitative findings. No adverse effects were reported or indicated by assessments.

Significance of Results:

Our results provided initial support for the feasibility and helpfulness of dream work in this population. Implications for counseling with the dying and directions for future research were also explored.
ALFRED FOUILLÉE BETWEEN SCIENCE AND SPIRITUALISM
Authors: MCGRATH LARRY S.
Published: October 2014

This essay examines the rapprochement between science and metaphysics that the French philosopher Alfred Fouillée staged in his writings from 1872 up until his death in 1912. Amidst the influx of new research in scientific psychology inundating France in the late nineteenth century, Fouillée's thought stands out for its creative effort to advance a new spiritualist philosophy on the basis of positive scientific advancements. Fouillée's work is significant for intellectual historians of thought in thefin de sièclebecause it challenges the common historiographical narrative, initially presented in H. Stuart Hughes'sConsciousness and Society, which erroneously frames spiritualist thinkers, Henri Bergson chief among them, as leading a “revolt against positivism.” Fouillée throws into stark relief a new spiritualist current that incorporated research in the natural and human sciences from across Europe in order to craft an updated understanding of consciousness. This essay treats Fouillée's work as a historical window onto a distinctly new spiritualism whose proponents sought to overcome the old spiritualism of Victor Cousin's eclectic school, which shunned any naturalist underpinning of metaphysics. While Fouillée has already been widely historicized as a social and political thinker, this essay introduces original archival materials that help to resituate Fouillée as a leading figure of the new spiritualism animating French philosophy in the final quarter of the nineteenth century.