bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient's therapeutic skill acquisition and response to psychotherapy, alone or in combination with medication
Authors: MANBER R. , ARNOW B. , BLASEY C. , VIVIAN D. , McCULLOUGH J. P. , BLALOCK J. A. , KLEIN D. N. , MARKOWITZ J. C. , RISO L. P. , ROTHBAUM B. , RUSH A. J. , THASE M. E. , KELLER M. B.
Published: May 2003

Background. We tested the hypotheses that the addition of medication to psychotherapy enhances participation in the latter by: (1) speeding the acquisition of the psychotherapy's targeted skill; and (2) facilitating higher skill level acquisition.

Method. Participants were 431 chronically depressed patients who received Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), alone (N=214) or in combination with nefazodone (N=217), as part of a randomized chronic depression study (Keller et al. 2000). CBASP, developed specifically to treat chronic depression, uses a specific procedure, ‘situational analysis’ to help patients engage in more effective goal-oriented interpersonal behaviours. At the end of each session, therapists rated patients on their performance of situational analysis. Outcome on depressive symptoms was assessed with the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.

Results. Although reductions in depression were significantly greater in combined treatment compared to CBASP alone, there were no between-group differences in either the rate of skill acquisition or overall skill level at the end of treatment. Proficiency in the use of the main skill taught in psychotherapy at treatment midpoint predicted outcome independently of medication status and of baseline depressive severity.

Conclusions. Effective participation in CBASP, as reflected by proficiency in the compensatory skill taught in psychotherapy, is not enhanced by the addition of medication and does not mediate the between-group difference in depression outcome.
Assessment and diagnosis of social phobia in the clinic and the community
Authors: HEIMBERG RICHARD G.
Published: May 2003

I have been asked to comment on the three articles on social phobia in this issue of Psychological Medicine. The three papers in one way or another concern themselves with important issues in the assessment and diagnosis of social phobia (also known as social anxiety disorder; Liebowitz et al. 2000). I do so with the caveat that I am an author on one of the papers and do not claim the same degree of objectivity in examining my own work as I do in examining the work of others. The three papers concern the psychometric evaluation of a modified version of the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) (Guy, 1976) in a sample of persons with social phobia (Zaider et al. 2003), the development of a self-report screening questionnaire for social phobia (Newman et al. 2003) and the characteristics of social phobia in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB) (Lampe et al. 2003).
Jonathan Edwards on divine simplicity
Authors: CRISP OLIVER D.
Published: May 2003

In this article I assess the coherence of Jonathan Edwards's doctrine of divine simplicity as an instance of an actus purus account of perfect-being theology. Edwards's view is an idiosyncratic version of this doctrine. This is due to a number of factors including his idealism and the Trinitarian context from which he developed his notion of simplicity. These complicating factors lead to a number of serious problems for his account, particularly with respect to the opera extra sunt indivisa principle. I conclude that Edwards sets out an interesting and subtle version of the doctrine, but one which appears mired in difficulties from which he is unable to extract himself.
Inclusion and Incarnation: a reply to Sturch
Authors: BAYNE TIM
Published: May 2003

I make three points in response to Richard Sturch's comments on my paper: I defend my interpretation of the Morris–Swinburne (M–S) account of the Incarnation; I argue that the M–S model appears to undercut the view that the unity of consciousness can be explained in terms of the self; and third, I argue that M–S model seems to entail that God has false beliefs.
Nonideality effects on temperature relaxation
Authors: GERICKE D.O. , MURILLO M.S. , SCHLANGES M.
Published: May 2003

The relaxation of two-temperature electron–ion systems
is investigated. We apply a quantum kinetic approach which is
suitable to treat strong electron–ion coupling and avoids
any ad hoc cut-off procedures. A comparison with the usual
Landau–Spitzer formula gives good agreement for Coulomb
logarithms larger than three, whereas larger relaxation rates
were found for strongly coupled plasmas. It is shown that the
Landau–Spitzer theory can be greatly improved considering
hyperbolic orbits. Numerical results for the energy transfer
rates and the temporal behavior of the electron temperature
are shown.
Theoretical models of hot dense plasmas for inertial confinement
fusion
Authors: ORLOV N.Y.
Published: May 2003

Results are presented for a theoretical model, known as the
ion model (IM), recently elaborated to calculate the radiative
opacity of a hot dense plasma. The density functional theory
is used to obtain the general set of self-consistent field
equations that describe the state of the whole ensemble of plasma
atoms and ions. Theoretical features of the
Hartree–Fock–Slater model, the detail configuration
account, and the IM are considered. The IM is used for optimal
selections of compound chemical compositions for laser and heavy
ion target designs.
Space-resolved analysis of highly charged radiating target
ions generated by kilojoule laser beams
Authors: ROSMEJ F.B. , RENNER O. , KROUSKY E. , WIESER J. , SCHOLLMEIER M. , KRASA J. , LASKA L. , KRALIKOVA B. , SKALA J. , BODNAR M. , ROSMEJ O.N. , HOFFMANN D.H.H.
Published: May 2003

Correlations of Doppler shifted line shapes with time-of-flight
spectra of fast ions has been established for nanosecond-laser
pulses. Fast ion energies of different velocity groups have
been established in the large interval of Iλ2
= 4 × 1012–5 × 1016
W/cm2 μm2. The obtained scaling
relations differ markedly from those reported by Gitomer
et al. (1996).
Mesh refinement for particle-in-cell plasma simulations:
Applications to and benefits for heavy ion fusion
Authors: VAY J.-L. , COLELLA P. , McCORQUODALE P. , VAN STRAALEN B. , FRIEDMAN A. , GROTE D.P.
Published: May 2003

The numerical simulation of the driving beams in a heavy ion
fusion power plant is a challenging task, and simulation of
the power plant as a whole, or even of the driver, is not yet
possible. Despite the rapid progress in computer power, past
and anticipated, one must consider the use of the most advanced
numerical techniques, if we are to reach our goal expeditiously.
One of the difficulties of these simulations resides in the
disparity of scales, in time and in space, which must be resolved.
When these disparities are in distinctive zones of the simulation
region, a method which has proven to be effective in other areas
(e.g., fluid dynamics simulations) is the mesh refinement
technique. We discuss the challenges posed by the implementation
of this technique into plasma simulations (due to the presence
of particles and electromagnetic waves). We present the prospects
for and projected benefits of its application to heavy ion fusion,
in particular to the simulation of the ion source and the final
beam propagation in the chamber. A collaboration project is
under way at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory between the
Applied Numerical Algorithms Group (ANAG) and the Heavy Ion
Fusion group to couple the adaptive mesh refinement library
CHOMBO developed by the ANAG group to the particle-in-cell
accelerator code WARP developed by the Heavy Ion
Fusion–Virtual National Laboratory. We describe our progress
and present our initial findings.
Bends and momentum dispersion during final compression in
heavy ion fusion drivers
Authors: LEE EDWARD P. , BARNARD JOHN J.
Published: May 2003

Between the accelerator and fusion chamber, the heavy ion beams
are subject to a dramatic but vital series of manipulations,
some of which are carried out simultaneously and involve large
space charge forces. The beams' quality must be maintained
at a level sufficient for the fusion application; this general
requirement significantly impacts beam line design, especially
in the considerations of momentum dispersion. Immediately prior
to final focus onto a fusion target, heavy ion driver beams
are compressed in length by typically an order of magnitude.
This process is simultaneous with bending through large angles
to achieve the required target illumination configuration. The
large increase in beam current is accommodated by a combination
of decreased lattice period, increased beam radius, and increased
strength of the beamline quadrupoles. However, the large
head-to-tail momentum tilt (up to 5%) needed to compress the
pulse results in a very significant dispersion of the pulse
centroid from the design axis. General design features are
discussed. A principal design goal is to minimize the magnitude
of the dispersion while maintaining approximate first order
achromaticity through the complete compression/bend system.
Configurations of bends and quadrupoles, which achieve this
goal while simultaneously maintaining a locally matched
beam-envelope, are analyzed.
Progress in the development of superconducting quadrupoles
for heavy ion fusion
Authors: FALTENS A. , LIETZKE A. , SABBI G. , SEIDL P. , LUND S. , MANAHAN B. , MARTOVETSKY N. , GUNG C. , MINERVINI J. , SCHULTZ J. , MYATT L. , MEINKE R.
Published: May 2003

The heavy ion fusion program is developing single aperture
superconducting quadrupoles based on NbTi conductor, for use
in the High Current Experiment at Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory. Following the fabrication and testing of prototypes
using two different approaches, a baseline design has been selected
and further optimized. A prototype cryostat for a quadrupole
doublet, with features to accommodate induction acceleration
modules, is being fabricated. The single aperture magnet was
derived from a conceptual design of a quadrupole array magnet
for multibeam transport. Progress on the development of
superconducting quadrupole arrays for future experiments is
also reported.
Effects of preneutralization on heavy ion fusion chamber transport
Authors: WELCH D.R. , ROSE D.V. , SHARP W.M. , OLSON C.L. , YU S.S.
Published: May 2003

Beams for heavy ion fusion are likely to require at least partial
neutralization in the reactor chamber. Present target designs
call for higher beam currents and smaller focal spots than most
earlier designs, leading to high space-charge fields. Focusing
is complicated by beam stripping in the low-pressure background
gas expected in chambers. One method proposed for neutralization
is passing an ion beam through a plasma before the beam enters
the chamber. In this article, the electromagnetic particle-in-cell
code LSP is used to study the effectiveness of this form of
preneutralization for a range of plasma and beam parameters.
For target chamber pressures below a few milliTorr of flibe
gas, preneutralization is found to significantly reduce the
beam emittance growth and spot size in the chamber.
Elementary tritium diffusion to the atmosphere in heavy ion
inertial fusion reactors
Authors: VELARDE M. , PERLADO J.M.
Published: May 2003

The emissions to the atmosphere, by a heavy ion inertial fusion
reactor in accidental and normal operations, are in form of
tritium gas with two chemicals forms of tritium: HT and HTO.
Emissions of 100% HT have been analyzed in this work, and their
consequences in the dosimetry. The primary phase of the emission
depends on the atmospheric conditions. As a consequence, the
tritium is dispersed far from the source. The HT can be oxidized
in the stratosphere or in the surface by microbiological action
to convert it to HTO, and back to the air in a reemission process
or penetrate into the subground. In the form of HT, the effective
dose equivalent (EDE) is important in the case of intake
(inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion), because tritium
is a beta emitter of low energy and the dose by external uptake
is not considerable. Thus, the dose by ingestion contributes
the most to the total dose in the case of HT rather than HTO.
It constitutes 98% of the total EDE, in contrast with the
contribution to the total dose by HTO, which is only 40%.
Stopping power for strong beam–plasma coupling
Authors: GERICKE D.O.
Published: May 2003

The coefficients Ai, that enter the fit
formula for the stopping power (6), are given incorrectly in table 1. The
table gives expressions for the quantities
Ai2, rather than the coefficients
Ai as printed. Therefore, the square root of
the given expressions should be computed to obtain
Ai. The given accuracy of the fit is
reported correctly since it was obtained using the correct coefficients.
Smart devices for manufacturing equipment
Authors: Bayart M.
Published: May 2003

Smart devices used in continuous system, benefit from the addition of microelectronics and software that runs inside the device to perform control and diagnostic functions. Very small components, such as inputs/outputs blocks and overload relays, are too small to integrate data processing for technical-economic reason. However, it's possible to develop embedded intelligence and control for the smallest factory floor devices. In the paper, a generic model of smart equipment with reconfiguration functions is proposed. The interest of this functional model is that it can be used for smart devices but it can also be developed in modules for the nearest possible of the inputs and outputs in manufacturing equipment. This solution is economic for a great number of applications because it allows one to realise modular design and to standardise part of system in order to re-use it.
1. LANGUAGE RIGHTS AND POLITICAL THEORY
Authors: Kymlicka Will , Patten Alan
Published: May 2003

After years of neglect, political theorists in the last few years have started to take an interest in issues of language policy, and to explore the normative issues they raise. In this chapter, we examine why this interest has arisen and provide an overview of the main approaches that have been developed. A series of recent events has made it clear that language policy is central to many of the traditional themes and concepts of political theory, such as democracy, citizenship, nationhood, and the state. The rise of ethnolinguistic conflict in Eastern Europe, the resurgence of language-based secessionist movements in Catalonia, Flanders, and Quebec, the backlash against immigrant multiculturalism, and the difficulties in building a pan-European sense of European Union citizenship—in all of these cases, linguistic diversity complicates attempts to build stable and cohesive forms of political community. In the past, political theorists have often implicitly assumed that this sort of linguistic diversity would disappear, as a natural concomitant of processes of modernization and nation-building. However, it is now widely accepted that linguistic diversity is an enduring fact about modern societies. As a result, political theorists have started to explore the justifications for minority language rights claims, and to consider how different models of language rights relate to broader political theories of justice, freedom, and democracy.
5. RELIGION AS A SITE OF LANGUAGE CONTACT
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: May 2003

Until recently, the interaction between language and religion as topics relevant to bilingualism or multilingualism has been relatively little explored, although there is an extensive body of research on religious language. This chapter first provides an overview of earlier work, much of it on the translation of sacred texts into various languages. Past research has also identified the linguistic consequences of the spread of various religions, particularly with respect to choice of ritual language and orthographic systems. The language use patterns and practices historically characteristic of different religious traditions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Quakerism, are reviewed. The chapter then describes the linguistic effects of missionary activity in several postcolonial settings, concentrating mainly on those pertaining to Christian groups. Other recent research has examined the linguistic consequences of linkages between regionally prominent languages and dialects and religious practice in diverse international locations. Relationships between immigration and language maintenance and shift in religious domains are also discussed. The chapter concludes by noting that recent political events, interest in conversion efforts of religions other than Christianity, and growing recognition of the academic legitimacy of the field of language and religion predict a likely increase in applied linguistic research in this area.
12. PIDGINS AND CREOLES AS MODELS OF LANGUAGE CHANGE: THE STATE OF THE ART
Authors: McWhorter John H.
Published: May 2003

The interface between creole studies and language change has been a tumultuous area since the late 1990s. Evidence has been found confirming that children created Hawaiian Creole English; the “decreolization” approach to the creole continuum has become largely obsolete; work on creoles and grammaticalization has expanded beyond its former concentration on Tok Pisin; creolists working within the generative syntax tradition have questioned whether creolization is a distinct process at all; other work argues that creoles are synchronically as well as sociohistorically definable; and the very centrality of plantation contexts' sociology to creole genesis has been questioned. Concepts often taken as assumptions ten years ago are now widely questioned, even the very definition of creole itself.
The Hazards of Navigating The Dover Strait (Pas-de-Calais) Traffic Separation Scheme
Authors: Squire David
Published: May 2003

The Chairman of the Sea Safety Group has most kindly agreed to the publication of this definitive paper on the hazards to be encountered by mariners when transiting the Dover Strait. The paper brings together the deliberations of the SSG Navigation Panel and the best information available to them sent from all quarters of the sharp end of the marine industry to produce a paper which provides a centre for discussion on this difficult and controversial issue. The Sea Safety Group retains the copyright.
An Adaptive Kalman Filter Based on Sage Windowing Weights and Variance Components
Authors: Yang Yuanxi , Xu Tianhe
Published: May 2003

In this paper a brief review of Sage adaptive filtering is followed by an analysis of the shortcomings of covariance matrices formed by windowing residual vectors, innovation vectors and correction vectors of the dynamic states. A new adaptive Kalman filter is developed by combining the Sage filter and the variance components and its use tested against various other schemes.
Vulnerability Assessment of the U.S. Transportation Infrastructure that Relies on the Global Positioning System
Authors: Carroll James V.
Published: May 2003

During the course of its development for military use and more recent extension to many civilian uses, vulnerabilities of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) – in the United States the Global Positioning System (GPS) – have become apparent. The vulnerabilities arise from natural, intentional, and unintentional sources. Increasing civilian and military reliance on GNSS brings with it a vital need to identify the critical vulnerabilities to civilian users, and to develop a plan to mitigate these vulnerabilities. This paper summarizes the findings of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) vulnerability study that addresses these issues. The key findings are that satellite navigation users are vulnerable to several classes of disruption that affect all transportation modes and related infrastructure; but also that the vulnerabilities can be mitigated by awareness, planning, and using independent backup systems and/or alternate procedures in safety-critical applications. To gain the full benefits of GNSS, it will be necessary to analyse safety-of-life vulnerabilities in detail, and to determine the means and costs of reducing these risks to acceptable levels. The complete assessment report, of which this paper is a synopsis, was released to the public on September 10, 2001. Although the basic findings apply to all GNSS, the assessment focused on the GPS, in response to the enabling Presidential Decision Directive.
Theory was interesting… but now we have work
Authors: Speaks Michael
Published: May 2003

Spurred on by the post-'69 generation, theory in architecture reached its high-point in the '80s and '90s. Continental European tracts were welcomed as a ‘wondrous new mode of contemporary thought’. Derrida and Deconstruction dominated. The journals filled their pages with philosophy. Today, the theoreticians find themselves outfaced by the ‘intellectual entrepreneurs and managers of change’ confronting the highly competitive forces of globalization. Michael Speaks writes from a Californian perspective.
(Re)examining the Citicorp Case: ethical paragon or chimera?
Authors: Kremer Eugene
Published: May 2003

The 59-story, nearly 1.6 million gross square foot, Citicorp Center tower completed during
1977 in mid-town Manhattan was designed by the much-celebrated architect Hugh Stubbins of
Cambridge, Massachusetts. The tower incorporated an array of notable technological features
including doubledecker elevator cabs to reduce the number of elevator shafts and thereby
increase the usable floor area, alternative energy source and reclamation systems, and
low-brightness lighting that helped render the tower some 42% more energy efficient than
comparable structures designed to conventional standards
(http://www.loringengineers).
Architectural modelling as a form of research
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: May 2003

Models are increasingly used in exhibitions on historical themes.
However, far from being merely an aid to representation, architectural
modelling invariably acts as a highly effective aid to research.
Time in Japanese architecture: tradition and Tadao Ando
Authors: Veal Alex
Published: May 2003

The expression of time is pervasive in Japanese culture and
architecture. At the Chapel on Mount Rokko, Tadao Ando draws on
native traditions to articulate a range of temporal phenomena.
Three views on the RAE Design and the computer. Theory is still alive…
Authors: Leach Neil
Published: May 2003

In his article, ‘No hope, no fear’ (arq 6/3, pp209–212), Michael Speaks presents what appears to be an ‘anti-theory theory’, a piece of eloquent theoretical writing in which he maintains that theory in architecture has come to an end.
Three views on the RAE Design and the computer. The ‘S’ word
Authors: Hawkes Dean
Published: May 2003

I am grateful to Tom Woolley (arq 6/3, pp198–199) for taking the trouble to point out that David Lea's pottery buildings at Cheriton can be used to demonstrate a thesis on sustainability. In doing so he adds further weight to my general argument that small-scale, tightly budgeted projects may lead to architecture of substance. But the central point of my article (arq 6/2, pp130–143) was, as is clear from its title, to explore the relationship between ‘Necessity and Poetry’. In pursuing this I took Lea's proposition, quoted in the article, that, ‘Light, Surface, Material and Space are the four basic elements of architecture’, as my reference and worked with these in elaborating my theme. It was my judgement that the point was well enough made. To have raised, explicitly, the question of sustainability would have confused the issue.
INDETERMINACY AND INVESTMENT ADJUSTMENT COSTS: AN ANALYTIC RESULT
Authors: Kim Jinill
Published: May 2003

It has been widely known that neoclassical growth models with sufficient increasing returns in production may feature indeterminacy. This note analytically shows that investment adjustment costs increase the required degree of increasing returns for indeterminacy to arise. Under empirically plausible levels of investment adjustment costs, we need an implausibly large degree of increasing returns to generate indeterminacy.
INTERACTIVE-AGENT ECONOMIES: AN ELUCIDATIVE FRAMEWORK AND SURVEY OF RESULTS
Authors: Verbrugge Randal
Published: May 2003

This paper is helpful for understanding interactive-agent economies. It presents a user-friendly framework for exploring the implications of economic interaction, and demonstrates its wide applicability. Agents repeatedly face binary choices and receive i.i.d. shocks; payoffs depend upon one's own action and shocks, as well as upon the actions of a subset of other agents. Simulations explore how properties change as the number of agents, the number of neighbors, and the degree of interaction change. Key results in this framework include the following: The law of large numbers can readily be postponed or defeated, stationarity and ergodicity are trivial to deduce, any equilibrium distribution may be attained in “globally interactive” economies, continuous- and discrete-time analogues generally behave very similarly, dynamics can be sensitive to details of the interaction structure (implying that popular mean-field approximations are not always appropriate), and substantial persistence is typical.
Really transfer?
Authors: MÜLLER NATASCHA
Published: May 2003

From the beginning of this century fascinating work has been carried out on the simultaneous acquisition of two languages from birth in the form of diary studies for example, that by Ronjat (1913). Many aspects of monolingual language acquisition have been studied in the same way, whereby researchers generally observed their own children, for example, Stern and Stern (1928). The modern research strategy is to audiotape or videotape the speech of young children at fixed intervals. Of course, a quantitative analysis can be carried out for both diary studies and more recent types of longitudinal study. However, researchers such as Ronjat (1913) do not provide us with exact quantitative results. Notwithstanding, these studies deserve to be taken seriously and I think it is possible to interpret some of the observations they contain as good and “reliable” evidence and compare these with results from modern longitudinal studies, where exact quantification is an important issue. I therefore think that the quantitative results of my review of existing studies on the acquisition of German subordinate clauses in bilingual children can be taken seriously, although I agree with François Grosjean and Elizabeth Lanza, who object that the quantitative differences between monolingual and bilingual children's errors are perhaps artefacts of the setting in which the children have been recorded. That I considered diary studies as well disappointed one commentator, Annick De Houwer, who would have preferred a comparison of modern studies only.
Mikro- und Makrofaktoren eines Angebot-Nutzungsmodells von Schulleistungen
Authors: Fend Helmut
Published: May 2003

Editorial: Micro- and Macro-Factors in a Supply-Usage Model of School Achievement: The Key Position of Educational Psychology in Explaining Between-Country Differences in School Achievement
Persönliche Ziele von Mathematikern beim Berufseinstieg
Authors: Abele Andrea E. , Stief Mahena , Krüsken Jan
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: In dieser Studie wurden persönliche Ziele von 609 Diplommathematikern über offene und geschlossene Verfahren erhoben. Der Beitrag untersucht drei Fragestellungen: (1) Die inhaltliche Struktur der Ziele, (2) die konvergente Validität der beiden Erfassungsmethoden sowie (3) den Zusammenhang der Ziele mit berufsbezogenen Kriteriumsvariablen, d.h. Erwartungen und gegenwärtige berufliche Situation. Die postulierte Struktur der Zielinhalte ließ sich auffinden. Offen und geschlossen erfasste Zielinhalte lassen sich u.a. in ergebnis- (z.B. Karriere) und prozessorientierte (z.B. berufliches Lernen) berufliche Ziele differenzieren. Im Sinne konvergenter Validität hängen ähnliche Zielinhalte über die Verfahren hinweg zusammen. Allerdings sind die Zusammenhänge niedrig. Sie reflektieren die unterschiedlichen Spezifitätsebenen der Erfassung. Beide Erhebungsverfahren differenzieren gleichermaßen hinsichtlich beruflichen Erwartungen sowie der Berufseinstiegssituation. Entsprechend unserem Modell beruflicher Entwicklung differenzieren insbesondere die ergebnisorientierten Karriereziele als auch die prozessorientierten Wachstums- bzw. Lernziele, nicht aber andere z.B. emotionale oder beziehungsorientierte berufliche Ziele.
Statistische Artefakte bei Kontexteffekten in der pädagogisch-psychologischen Forschung
Authors: Lüdtke Oliver , Robitzsch Alexander , Köller Olaf
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: Viele Fragestellungen der pädagogischen Psychologie beziehen sich auf Einflüsse von Variablen der Lernumwelt auf individuelle motivationale, affektive und kognitive Merkmale. Nicht selten werden dabei Schüler direkt nach Kontextmerkmalen befragt und anschließend werden die Angaben aller Schüler auf Klassen- oder Schulebene aggregiert um ein Maß für den Klassenkontext zu gewinnen. In weiteren statistischen Analysen - z.B. auf der Basis von Mehrebenenmodellen - werden die aggregierten Maße als potenzielle Prädiktoren auf Klassen- oder Schulebene behandelt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird formal und anhand einer Simulationsstudie gezeigt, dass die Regressionsgewichte solcher aggregierten Merkmale in Mehrebenenanalysen als bloßes statistisches Artefakt auftreten können. Die Stärke des Artefakts steigt mit der Unreliabilität der Messungen auf Individualebene und mit der Zunahme der Intraklassenkorrelation des betrachteten Merkmals. Ergänzend werden Daten aus einer Studie von Köller und Baumert (2001) verwendet, um post-hoc abzuschätzen, inwieweit die dort berichteten Kontexteffekte eventuell statistische Artefakte darstellen. Implikationen für zukünftige Studien zu Kontexteffekten werden diskutiert.
Wirksamkeit eines sozialen Problemlösetrainings bei entwicklungsverzögerten Vorschulkindern
Authors: Beelmann Andreas
Published: May 2003

Zusammenfassung: In der vorliegenden Studie werden Implementation und Wirksamkeit eines soziales Problemlösetrainings bei Vorschulkindern mit kognitiven und sozialen Entwicklungsdefiziten untersucht. 32 Kinder (je 16 in Trainings- und Kontrollgruppe) wurden vor, einen Monat nach und vier Monate nach dem Training mit Hilfe von Daten eines sozialen Problemlösetests und anhand von Verhaltensbeurteilungen durch Erzieherinnen miteinander verglichen. Die Umsetzung des Trainings wurde über Verhaltenseinschätzungen der Kinder während der Trainingssitzungen beurteilt. Dabei ergaben sich sehr gute Implementationswerte, da die Kinder weit überwiegend programmbezogenes Verhalten zeigten. Hinsichtlich der Programmeffekte konnten substanzielle Wirkungen sowohl im Hinblick auf die sozialen Problemlösefertigkeiten der Kinder als auch bei den Verhaltensbeurteilungen der Erzieherinnen festgestellt werden. Diese Wirkungen blieben auch im Follow-up erhalten und zeigen sich in Verbesserungen des prosozialen Verhaltens der Kinder und in geringeren internalisierenden und externalisierenden Problemscores. Diese Effekte decken sich mit bisherigen Ergebnissen der anglo-amerikanischen Forschung, die einen Einsatz des Programms im Rahmen der selektiven Prävention als Regelversorgung in Kindergärten nahelegen.
‘Eruptive syringoma’: a misnomer for a reactive eccrine gland ductal proliferation?
Authors: Guitart J. , Rosenbaum M. M. , Requena L.
Published: May 2003

Background:  Syringomas have traditionally been categorized as benign neoplasms of the eccrine gland ductal epithelium. However, the variety of clinical presentations reported in the literature and some cases recently observed by the authors cast doubt upon the neoplastic nature of eruptive syringomas. Our goal is to challenge the traditional notion that eruptive syringomas are neoplastic lesions.

Results:  We observed two patients who presented with an eczematous process, which resolved leaving residual lesions. Biopsies of the late lesions showed features of eccrine syringoma. Yet a biopsy obtained from an incipient lesion in one of the cases showed a lymphocytic inflammatory reaction of the superficial portion of the eccrine duct resulting in tortuous hyperplastic changes.

Conclusion:  Based on our observations, some of the so‐called ‘eruptive syringoma’ may represent a hyperplastic response of the eccrine duct to an inflammatory reaction rather than a true adnexal neoplasm. We proposed the term ‘syringomatous dermatitis’ for such cases.
Cutaneous vasculitis: a review
Authors: Crowson A. Neil , Mihm Jr Martin C. , Magro Cynthia M.
Published: May 2003

As the skin is commonly involved in systemic vasculitic disorders as well as those hypersensitivity states whose expression is largely skin‐confined, cutaneous vasculitic lesions offer a window to diagnosis and a ready source of accessible tissue for biopsy. In this review, we discuss the pathologic manifestations of chronic vasculitic syndromes such as granuloma faciale and erythema elevatum diutinum; IgA‐associated vasculitis including Henoch‐Schonlein purpura; vasculitis seen in the setting of cryoglobulinemia and hypergammaglobulinemia of Waldenstrom, hereditary deficiencies of complement, and IgA deficiency; those leukocytoclastic vasculitides resulting from hypersensitivity reactions to drug, chemical and foodstuff ingestion; and those vasculitides seen in patients with systemic diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, relapsing polychondritis, Behcet's disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, and allergic granulomatosis of Churg and Strauss.
Microphthalmia‐Associated Transcription Factor in the Wnt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Saito Hideo , Yasumoto Ken‐Ichi , Takeda Kazuhisa , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Shibahara Shigeki
Published: May 2003

Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) contains a basic helix‐loop‐helix and leucine‐zipper (bHLH‐LZ) structure and consists of many isoforms with different N‐termini. Melanocyte‐specific MITF isoform (MITF‐M) is of particular interest, because a heterozygous mutation in the MITF gene is associated with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) that is characterized by deafness and hypopigmentation because of lack of melanocytes in the inner ear and skin. Expression of MITF‐M is under the regulation of the melanocyte‐specific promoter (M promoter) of the MITF gene, and transcription from the M promoter is induced by Wnt signals through a nuclear mediator, lymphoid‐enhancing factor 1 (LEF‐1). In addition, functional cooperation of MITF‐M with LEF‐1 could lead to transcriptional activation of the M promoter and the dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) gene, an early melanoblast marker. The bHLH‐LZ region of MITF‐M is responsible for the physical interaction with LEF‐1, and β‐catenin is required for the collaboration between LEF‐1 and MITF‐M. Importantly, MITF‐M could function as a non‐DNA‐binding co‐factor for LEF‐1. These results suggest that MITF‐M may function as a self‐regulator of its own expression to maintain a threshold level of MITF‐M at a certain sensitive stage of melanocyte development, which could account for the dominant inheritance of WS2. MITF‐M therefore plays dual roles in the Wnt signaling pathway; MITF‐M represents a downstream target and a nuclear mediator of Wnt signals in melanocytes.
Ethanol withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness mediated by NMDA receptors in spinal cord motor neurons
Authors: Li Hui‐Fang , Kendig Joan J
Published: May 2003

Following ethanol (EtOH) exposure, population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (pEPSPs) in isolated spinal cord increase to a level above control (withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness). The present studies were designed to characterize this phenomenon and in particular to test the hypothesis that protein kinases mediate withdrawal.

Patch‐clamp studies were carried out in motor neurons in rat spinal cord slices. Currents were evoked by brief pulses of glutamate, alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA).

Of 15 EtOH‐sensitive neurons in which currents were evoked by glutamate, four (27%) displayed withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness in the washout period. Mean current area after washout was 129.6±5% of control.

When currents were evoked by AMPA, two of 10 neurons (20%) displayed withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness, with a mean current area 122±8% of control on washout.

Of a group of 11 neurons in which currents were evoked by NMDA, nine (82%) displayed withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness. Mean increase in current area at the end of the washout period was to 133±6% of control (n=9, P<0.001). When NMDA applications were stopped durithe period of EtOH exposure, mean area of NMDA‐evoked responses on washout was only 98.0±5% of control (n=6, P>0.05).

The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (10–20 μM) blocked withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness. Of six EtOH‐sensitive neurons, the mean NMDA‐evoked current area after washout was 89±6% of control, P>0.05.

The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor Rp‐cAMP (20–500 μM) did not block withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness. On washout, the mean NMDA‐evoked current area was 124±6% of control (n=5, P<0.05).

Two broad‐spectrum specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, GF‐109203X (0.3 μM) and chelerythrine chloride (0.5–2 nM), blocked withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness. Responses on washout were 108±7%, n=5 and 88±4%, n=4 of control, respectively, P>0.05.

NMDA activation during EtOH exposure is necessary for withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness. Both tyrosine kinase and PKC, but not PKA, appear to be essential for EtOH withdrawal hyper‐responsiveness mediated by postsynaptic NMDA receptors in spinal cord motor neurons.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 73–80. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705198
Effects of the neutral endopeptidase inhibitor thiorphan on cardiovascular and renal function in cirrhotic rats
Authors: Park K S , Li Y , Zhang Y , Gerbes A L , Liu H , Swain M G , Lee S S
Published: May 2003

Cirrhosis is associated with cardiovascular and renal dysfunction including sodium retention. Many vasoactive peptides such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) are degraded by neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP). We investigated the hemodynamic and renal effects of thiorphan, a NEP inhibitor, in a rat cirrhosis model.

Cirrhosis was induced by chronic bile duct ligation, and controls had sham operation. Systemic and renal hemodynamics in conscious, restrained animals were determined using radiolabeled microspheres, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by 3H‐inulin clearance. Plasma ANP and ET‐1, and renal cGMP and Na+ – K+ ATPase activity were assayed. These variables were measured at baseline and after intravenous infusion of thiorphan (0.5 mg kg−1 loading dose followed by 0.1 mg kg−1 min−1 × 30 min).

Thiorphan significantly decreased cardiac output, and increased systemic vascular resistance in controls, whereas in cirrhotic rats these variables were unchanged.

Compared to the controls, cirrhotic rats showed a decreased baseline GFR and urine sodium excretion, and the latter was significantly increased by thiorphan.

Thiorphan increased plasma ET‐1 levels in controls, but not cirrhotic rats. ANP levels were not significantly increased in either group by thiorphan.

Thiorphan significantly increased cGMP concentrations and decreased Na+ – K+ ATPase activity of renal medulla but not cortex in cirrhotic rats; no effect was observed in the control rats.

We conclude that thiorphan induces natriuresis in cirrhotic rats by a direct renal medullary mechanism via cGMP and Na+ – K+ ATPase, without affecting systemic hemodynamics. This may potentially be useful in patients with ascites.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 81–88. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705219
A novel rat lipoxin A4 receptor that is conserved in structure and function
Authors: Chiang Nan , Takano Tomoko , Arita Makoto , Watanabe Shiro , Serhan Charles N
Published: May 2003

Lipoxin (LX) A4 and aspirin‐triggered‐LX (ATL) are endogenous lipid‐derived mediators that regulate leukocyte trafficking via specific LXA4 receptors (ALX), and are involved in endogenous anti‐inflammation and resolution. Both LXA4 and ATL are produced by rat tissues in vitro as well as in vivo. In rats, LXA4 and ATL exhibit potent physiological and pathophysiological roles. Thus, we set out to determine whether ALX is expressed in rat tissues and its potential role in modulating leukocyte trafficking with LXA4 and ATL.

In rats, a stable analog of ATL, when given intravenously with two consecutive doses at approximately 60 μg kg−1 each injection, significantly inhibited neutrophil infiltration (∼43%) and protein extravasation (∼42%) in a casein‐induced peritonitis.

The rat orthologue of ALX was cloned from peripheral blood leukocytes encoding a putative G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR). It gave ∼74 and ∼84% homology, respectively to the deduced amino‐acid sequences of the human and mouse ALX.

Tissue distribution analysis by RNase protection revealed that this rat receptor is expressed in tissues/cells, where LXA4 displays physiological and pathophysiological roles, namely, lung, kidney and leukocytes.

The rat orthologue of ALX gave specific radioligand binding with [3H]LXA4 and [125‐Tyr]‐annexin 1‐derived peptide with apparent Kd values of 5 and 820 nM, respectively, that are at levels comparable to those of the human ALX.

Activation of rat ALX inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha‐mediated nuclear factor kappaB activity in a ligand‐dependent manner utilizing a luciferase reporter gene system.

Together, these results are the first demonstration of a rat ALX that is conserved in both structure and function suggesting that ALX plays key roles in regulating effector immune responses from murine to human species.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2003) 139, 89–98. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705220
A DNA‐priming protein‐boosting regimen significantly improves type 1 immune response but not protective immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a highly susceptible mouse strain
Authors: Vasconcelos José Ronnie C , Boscardin Silvia B , Hiyane Meire I , Kinoshita Sheila S , Fujimura Adriana E , Rodrigues Mauricio M
Published: May 2003

BALB/c or C57Bl/6 mice immunized with plasmids containing Trypanosoma cruzi genes developed specific immune responses and protective immunity against lethal parasitic infection. In contrast, in the highly susceptible mouse strain A/Sn, DNA vaccination reduced the peak parasitemia but promoted limited mouse survival after challenge. In the present study, we tested whether the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccination could be improved by combining DNA and recombinant protein immunization regimens. A/Sn mice immunized with plasmid p154/13 which harbours the gene encoding Trypanosoma cruzi trans‐sialidase developed a predominant type 1 immune response. In contrast, immunization with the recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi trans‐sialidase protein adsorbed to alum generated a typical type 2 immune response. Simultaneous administration of both p154/13 and recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi trans‐sialidase protein also led to a predominant type 2 immune response. Sequential immunization consisting of two priming doses of p154/13 followed by booster injections with recombinant Trypanosoma cruzi trans‐sialidase protein significantly improved specific type 1 immune response, as revealed by a drastic reduction of the serum IgG1/IgG2a ratio and by an increase in the in vitro interferon‐gamma secretion by CD4 T cells. Our observations confirm and extend previous data showing that a DNA‐priming protein‐boosting regimen might be a general strategy to enhance type 1 immune response to DNA vaccines. Upon challenge with Trypanosoma cruzi, no improvement in protective immunity was observed in mice immunized with the DNA‐priming protein‐boosting regimen when compared to animals that received DNA only. Therefore, our results suggest that in this experimental model there is no correlation between the magnitude of type 1 immune response and protective immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
Dynamics of dendritic cell development from precursors maintained in stroma‐dependent long‐term cultures
Authors: Wilson Heather L , O'Neill Helen C
Published: May 2003

Two distinct subsets of dendritic cells are produced within the non‐adherent cell population of the stroma‐dependent long‐term culture system. These are the small subset containing dendritic cell precursors and their progeny, large long‐term culture‐dendritic cells, which resemble immature CD11c+CD11b+MHCIIloCD8α− dendritic cells. The replicative and developmental potential of cells produced in long‐term culture were investigated as a model for production of dendritic cells from progenitors. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined by labelling with bromodeoxyuridine and Annexin‐V, respectively. The developmental potential of cells was analysed following transfer on to stromal monolayers or into in vitro colony and transwell assays. Results demonstrate that small long‐term culture‐dendritic cells are stromal cell‐dependent. In the absence of stroma, they become apoptotic and die. Furthermore, direct contact with stromal cells is necessary for the differentiation and proliferation of small precursor cells. The small cell subset contains no long‐term self‐renewing cells, but instead appears to contain cells committed to developing into large long‐term culture dendritic cells. The large long‐term culture dendritic cell subset also contains dividing cells. Survival of large long‐term culture‐dendritic cells is dependent on soluble stroma‐derived factor(s) and not direct contact with the stromal layer. All data suggest that the long‐term culture system supports dendritic cell development from a self‐renewing progenitor population resident within the stroma that gives rise to committed dendritic cell precursors and immature dendritic cells.
Iron status in anemic pregnant women
Authors: Thinkhamrop Jadsada , Apiwantanakul Somnuk , Lumbiganon Pisake , Buppasiri Pranom
Published: May 2003

Aim:  A descriptive study at a tertiary care center was carried out to assess the prevalence of iron status in anemic pregnant women and to determine the appropriate iron supplement.

Methods:  Eligible subjects were pregnant women with a hemoglobin concentration <11 g/dL. Pregnant women who received antenatal vitamin and/or iron supplements before blood testing and women with an underlying chronic disease were excluded. Hemoglobinopathy was defined by hemoglobin typing other than HbA2A, percentage of HbA2 >4%, and HbF >1.1%. We diagnosed iron deficiency and iron depletion if their serum ferritin were <12 and 20 ng/mL, respectively, whereas anemia from undetermined causes was defined by hemoglobin typing, namely: A2A, HbA2 <4% and HbF <1.1%, and serum ferritin>20 ng/mL.

Results:  Among the 137 anemic pregnant women recruited, 67 (49.8%) had HbA2A, 47 (34.3%) HbEA, 15 (10.9%) HbEE, 3 (2.2%) HbCSA2A, 2 (1.5%) HbCSEA, 1 (0.7%) HbCSA2A Bart’s, 1 (0.7%) HbEA Bart’s, and 1 (0.7%) β‐thalassemia. Among the 67 women with normal hemoglobin (HbA2A), 14 (20.9%) had iron deficiency, and 12 (17.9%) iron depletion. Among the 70 women with hemoglobinopathy, 6 (8.6%) had iron deficiency, and 10 (14.3%) iron depletion.

Conclusions:  Anemic pregnant women with hemoglobinopathy could also be iron deficient so will need iron supplementation, as other pregnant women do, and some iron replacement therapy.