bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repayment and revenge
Authors: Hough Carole
Published: March 2014

Links between the semantic fields of repayment and of revenge occur in many languages. As the usual pattern of metaphorical sense development is from concrete to abstract, repayment has been taken as the source domain, with revenge as the target. However, the relationship does not conform to that usual in metaphor. Revenge is not understood in terms of repayment; and both in Old English and later stages of the language, the semantic field of revenge includes not only polysemous but monosemous terms. The explanation may lie in the early legal system, which constructed links between the domains of revenge and restitution to provide an alternative to the blood feud. From a diachronic perspective, the domains were so closely related that the semantic link may represent metonymy rather than metaphor. A diachronic perspective also suggests that revenge was the more concrete concept, acting as source domain, with repayment as the target.
Oriented -ingly adjuncts in Late Modern English
Authors: Broccias Cristiano
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates the history of -ingly adjuncts (such as warningly and sneeringly) which are obtained from present participles and which occur mainly with verbs of saying, watching and motion. Such adverbs can be used in two different ways, depending on the content of their verbal bases. They can refer to a subjective evaluation of a perceptual input (e.g. warningly), thus triggering a manner interpretation. Alternatively, they can describe an independent event which is simultaneous with the main clause event (e.g. sneeringly). In either case, such -ingly adjuncts are classifiable as oriented adverbs since they can be predicated (through their verbal bases) of the main clause subject (in active sentences). On the basis of corpus evidence drawn from the Helsinki Corpus, ARCHER, CLMETEV and the LOB family corpora, it is shown that, although -ingly adjuncts in general became common in the Early Modern English period, the specific verb-based, oriented typed investigated here increased dramatically in fiction writing in the first half of the 19th century and has remained relatively constant since then. Finally, the rise of -ingly adjuncts is related to Swan’s adverbialization process.
Politeness strategies in Late Middle English women’s mystical writing
Authors: Yoshikawa Fumiko
Published: March 2014

This paper analyzes Late Middle English women’s mystical writing from the viewpoint of the Politeness Theory proposed by Brown & Levinson (1987). The main focuses of this study are address forms, requests and commands occurring in direct speech in Julian of Norwich’s Revelations of Divine Love and The Book of Margery Kempe. These texts are usually assigned to the same genre, mystical writing, but they have some differences in the strategies of building the structure of their text to communicate their intention of writing to the readers. By the analysis of these texts, we examine what types of politeness strategies are frequently used in the texts by the authors or others in direct speech in order to reduce the effect of face-threatening acts.
Emergence of the tone system in the Sanjiazi dialect of Manchu
Authors: Wang Haibo
Published: March 2014

In Sanjiazi Manchu, the pitch of unaccented syllables can be predicted, but accented syllables show four different kinds of pitch (high, low, rising and falling) which cannot be predicted. Therefore, four tonemes will be set up for the pitches of the accented syllables. The emergence of the low tone is very likely to have been caused by accent shift, which made unaccented syllables with a non-high pitch acquire accent without changing their pitch. The accent shift is likely to have been caused by two factors: (i) the difference in sonority between the formerly accented syllable and the currently accented syllable, or (ii) the fusion of the two syllables.
Analogy as a source of suppletion
Authors: Juge Matthew L.
Published: March 2014

Analogy is often seen as a force that restores morphological patterns disrupted by regular sound change, but analogy also plays a nearly unexamined role in the creation of the most extreme kind of irregularity – suppletion. Fisterran Galician ir ‘go’ has analogical past imperfective forms based on the semantically linked verb vir ‘come’. Regular loss of -n- in certain forms and palatalization in others facilitated a proportional analogy: vir : viña :: ir : X, X = iña, with a non-etymological nasal creating weak suppletion. Analogy not only sometimes fails to promote regularization but in fact runs counter to it. Analogy is a key factor in suppletion and highlights important semantic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic considerations in the development of suppletion.
The rise and demise of possessive classifiers in Austronesian
Authors: Lichtenberk Frank
Published: March 2014

Some Austronesian languages make a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession, with further distinctions in alienable possession. While the rise of the alienable–inalienable contrast may be due to contact with Papuan languages, the development of the contrasts within alienable possession is internal to Austronesian. Similar complex systems of possessive constructions are found in some languages spoken in other parts of the world. In one subgroup of Austronesian the contrasts within alienable possession have been lost and only the alienable–inalienable distinction persists. The paper reviews the claim of Papuan–Austronesian contact, and argues that grammatical contrasts in alienable possession are cognitively/functionally motivated and that there are no such motivating factors in inalienable possession.
Immediate-future readings of universal quantifier constructions
Authors: Hoeksema Jack
Published: March 2014

Sentences such as The train may arrive any minute (now) have a special non-universal interpretation. Similar types of sentences exist in Dutch, French, Spanish and elsewhere. I argue that they constitute a special construction, involving a universal quantifier, a temporal noun, optionally a preposition (in some languages), an achievement predicate and a modal context. Other properties are negative: The construction may not be negated, and the temporal noun may not be modified. I discuss the origin of the construction in contexts of expectation, using corpus data from Dutch and English, and describe the semantic change from universally quantified statement to a claim about the immediate-future as a change by which an implicature becomes the main assertion.
Integrating local languages and cultures into the education system of French Guiana
Authors: Migge Bettina , Léglise Isabelle
Published: March 2014

In this paper we present and critically assess three programs that are currently running in French Guiana. They aim to integrate some local languages and cultures into the local education system that is otherwise identical to that of Metropolitan France. We discuss and compare their emergence, development and the premises, assumptions and approaches on which they are based. The paper argues that while all three initiatives make an important contribution towards questioning the educational monopoly of French and towards adapting the education system to the local context, their impact currently remains limited. This is in large part due to a lack of a concerted will on the part of the education system to undertake far-reaching change and program-inherent problems. Keywords: French Guiana; local languages; bilingual education; language awareness; educational programs; evaluation
Swimming against the tide
Authors: Carpenter Karen , Devonish Hubert
Published: March 2014

In implementing its Bilingual Education Project (BEP), involving the use of Jamaican Creole and English, the Jamaican Language Unit (JLU) has sought to meet the criteria set out by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Culture in Jamaica for teaching in the home language (MOEYC 2001). The Ministry and the general public needed to be convinced that the pilot BEP did not (i) do academic harm to the children involved, (ii) has produced an improvement in the children’s competence in English, and (iii) has produced improved results in the bilingually taught content subjects. This paper is a midstream evaluation of the success indicators, focusing on the children’s performance in standardised tests in both Jamaican and English, and other content subjects. Keywords: bilingual education; creole; English; models; language research; research in education
Introducing French Creole as a language of instruction in education in St. Lucia
Authors: Simmons-McDonald Hazel
Published: March 2014

This chapter presents a general background to the language situation and language use in St. Lucia, and discusses the model and rationale for use of French Creole in instruction. It also summarises the results of a pilot project in using French Creole in instruction, to show the effects of such a model with older students who were unable to learn English after five years of schooling. Subsequent work in preparation for wider implementation of the models is also presented. A description of the materials preparation as well as the other issues that need to be considered before implementation on a wider scale is also given and a summary of the current status of the project is provided. Keywords: French Creole; Kwéyòl; English Lexicon Vernacular; SLEV; education
Bilingual education among the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono
Authors: Ferreira Jo-Anne S.
Published: March 2014

Kheuól or Amazonian (or Amapá or Amerindian) French Creole (AFC) is spoken by the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono, indigenous Brazilians who also belong to the wider Caribbean French Creole-speaking world. They are bilingual in AFC and Portuguese to varying degrees, and language attitudes vary among groups and villages. Working alongside government agencies, religious organisations have been promoting a three year bilingual education primary school programme among these AFC speakers. It is through bilingual education that many Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono are exposed to Portuguese, the offi cial language and medium of secondary education. The paper offers an overview of bilingual education among these groups, considering the opportunities and challenges for language maintenance, government policies and the materials in use. Keywords: French Creole; Karipúna; Galibi-Marwono; Bilingual Education; Amazonia
Cape Verdean in education
Authors: Baptista Marlyse , Brito Inês , Bangura Saidu
Published: March 2014

This paper illustrates how the Cape Verdean language evolved from being oral to gaining written representation, a necessary step before integrating the educational realm. We report three sociolinguistic surveys showing the gradual shift in attitudes by native speakers towards the Cape Verdean language. We also examine the evolution of orthographic conventions in Cape Verde and demonstrate that they correlate with creole identity and reflect a complex interplay of social, symbolic and political factors. We describe the challenges the language has encountered in gaining a footing in education including dialectal variation and inadequate linguistic description. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations (including teacher training and parental outreach) to be implemented to help the language gain its place in education. Keywords: Cape Verdean language; Cape Verdean Creole Institute; UNESCO position papers on Education; ALUPEC; orthographic choices
Mindanao Chabacano and other ‘mixed creoles’
Authors: Grant Anthony P.
Published: March 2014

Mindanao Chabacano owes many of its features (including over 10% of its basic and more of its non-basic lexicon) to the influence of Philippine languages, and some of its typological features, such as the basic VSO constituent order, typify Philippine languages but atypical of Ibero-Asian creoles as a whole. Its sizeable component of basic Philippine-derived vocabulary and its incorporation of structural features which cannot be traced back simply to Spanish, allow us to classify it as a mixed creole. In this paper I examine the extent to which various structural features of Mindanao Creole Spanish and other mixed and sometimes less mixed creoles (including Saramaccan, Angolar, Korlai Portuguese, and also the recently extinct Berbice Dutch, most with a sizeable Iberoromance lexical component) parallel one another as to the derivation of sets of features from sources other than their chief lexifier language. I also examine the degree to which structural transfers in these creoles coexist with typically ‘creole’ features and with etymologically mixed lexica, and compare some aspects of mixing in mixed or intertwined languages and mixed creoles.
The addressee in the recipe
Authors: Fischer Kerstin
Published: March 2014

Texts may be adjusted to their target audiences to different degrees. Recipes are a highly conventionalized text-type, which leaves little room for variation; nevertheless, cookbooks are often tuned to particular audiences. The current study investigates how the addressee may be oriented to in recipes; the methods identified in the different cookbooks analyzed can be instructive for audience design in instructional texts in general.
Navajo landscape and its contexts
Authors: Topaha Camelita
Published: March 2014

This essay, which began as an audio-recorded interview, reviews some of the ways in which particular features of the landscape are embedded in Navajo tradition and culture. Also discussed are some of the complications of integrating modern life in the USA with traditional beliefs and practices.
Navigating regional landscapes with Jicarilla personal narrative
Authors: Lynch Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2014

Interpretation of how prehistoric hunter-gatherers may have charted the landscape they inhabited is often based on the physical materials left behind. The potential exists to interpret Jicarilla narratives as providing mental templates for movement through and perception of their environments. Personal narratives may have facilitated remembering significant paths and passing this knowledge on to others. These narratives are rich resources that inform our understanding of how the Jicarilla, and perhaps prehistoric plains people before them, may have perceived and travelled through the complex eco-corridors that buffered the Pueblos, extending onto the plains of northern New Mexico and southeastern Colorado. This chapter examines whether specific Jicarilla Apache narratives encoded navigation patterns within oral tradition. Personal hunting narratives are examined as pathfinding mechanisms. Creation stories and ceremonial landmarks mentioned in the text are treated as points of significance on the landscape. Cognitive maps were developed that reveal a series of patterned movements, which may prove insightful in interpreting prehistoric movement and spatial construction.
Ontology of landscape in language
Authors: Kuhn Werner
Published: March 2014

I make the case for ontology of landscape in language, addressing a series of concerns that are hindering a broader take-up of ontology as a tool for intra- and cross-linguistic research. The bottom line of my argument is that ontologies, as formal specifications of vocabularies, address a core need of language studies and that the complications arising from different philosophical views on ontology are largely irrelevant for the practical task of studying landscape in language. I propose a view of ontologies as systems of constraints on interpretations of vocabularies, allowing language researchers to describe conceptualizations partially, but down to an arbitrarily fine level of detail. Foundational ontologies help to structure such specifications and to link them across languages and domains.
The role of geospatial technologies for integrating landscape in language
Authors: Sieber Renée , Wellen Christopher
Published: March 2014

Advances in the semantic web allow indigenous peoples to seek a greater voice on the Internet that reflects how they structure their knowledge of landscape. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – computerized mapping and spatial databases – is used to develop a culturally protected area for the Cree in northern Quebec, Canada. We first characterize GIS and then describe several GIS applications, many of which related to epistemologies and ontologies of the land. We focus on one specific application: geospatial ontologies for hydrography. We found that GIS could store and organize landscape related language and this storing and organizing allowed for mapping and modeling information. GIS was useful for ontology representation, but its utility depended on the stage of ontology development.
Stress in Yucatec Maya
Authors: Kidder Emily
Published: March 2014

Yucatec Maya (YM) is an indigenous language of Mexico which displays phonemic tonal distinctions and phonemic vowel length. These features are primarily associated with the phonetic cues of pitch and duration, which are also considered the primary correlates of stress in language. Though scholars have noted the existence of stress or accent since it was first documented centuries ago, no detailed account of stress as either a separate or related entity to tone or length has been made. In this paper, I analyze the phonetic changes evident in a series of loan words into YM from Spanish, a language without tone or length distinctions, found in elicited and conversational data as an initial step in diagnosing stress patterns in YM.
How can a language with 7 million speakers be endangered?
Authors: Orcutt-Gachiri Heid
Published: March 2014

The stable trilingualism characteristic of older Kenyans is not shared by many young Kenyans. The shift away from Kenyan indigenous languages is affecting even large languages such as Gĩkũyũ. Where other scholars have been dismissive, claiming there is no threat to Gĩkũyũ, Jane Hill has strongly supported this research and has noted that the case of Gĩkũyũ shows the prescience of Krauss’s (1992) point that the only safe languages are those that have institutional support. Using Lieberson and McCabe’s (1982) domains of use in an analysis of Kenyan language ideologies in the discourses of nationalism, education, and development, I show how constellations of language repertoires that exclude indigenous languages have contributed to the striking shift to bilingualism among young Kenyans. Keywords: indigenous languages; language endangerment; languages of Kenya
Uptake (un)limited
Authors: Cole Deborah , Pellicer Régine
Published: March 2014

This chapter analyzes the “language panic” (Hill 2008) following Hillary Clinton’s register-shifting performance of the gospel song “I Don’t Feel No Ways Tired” during the U.S. presidential campaign in 2007. We observe that mediatization (Agha 2011b) creates and maintains the conditions by which some messages and uptake patterns remain unavailable to wider audiences while others are continuously recycled and increasingly accessible. We argue that the maintenance of unequal divisions of semiotic labor can be facilitated by mediatization as currently practiced. We observe that value projects attached to mediatized fragments work to maintain the hierarchy of perduring semiotic registers (Goebel 2010) in U.S. public discourse in which Standard (Hill 2008) continues to dominate all others.
“He beat her so hard she fell head over heels”
Authors: Tolton Laura
Published: March 2014

This chapter focuses on the discursive strategy of normalisation as one way wife abuse is legitimated in Colombia, exploring specific cultural aspects of this strategy and relating them to a more universal patriarchal ideology about violence against women. This study lies at the intersection of research concerning violence against women, discourse analysis, and Colombian culture. Critical discourse analysis (van Dijk 1993, 2001) and grounded theory (Corbin and Strauss 2008) are brought together to form a methodology for examining the legitimation (Pardo Abril 2007; van Leeuwen 2007) of violence against women in newspaper internet forums. The data set consists of internet forum discussions in the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo about a case of wife abuse. Drawing on sayings, metaphors, euphemisms, and jokes, this chapter shows how wife abuse is normalised in these El Tiempo forums. The postings employ discourses which suggest that violence is an acceptable and even important part of intimate partner relationships. The data analysed in this chapter elucidates part of an ideology in which masculinity is linked to authority, abuse is related to love, and suffering is part of femininity, in this way illustrating the connection between a centuries-old patriarchal ideology (Fernández Poncela 2002) and the normalisation of wife abuse in contemporary Colombian society.
Snippa – a new word for girls’ genitals in Swedish
Authors: Milles Karin
Published: March 2014

In standard Swedish there has been no neutral, colloquial word for the female
genitalia. This problem attracted considerable attention in the 1990s.
Different words were proposed, with the word snippa soon emerging as the most popular alternative. The word now seems to be one of the most common words to denote girls’ genitals and is included in dictionaries and children’s books. This article uses various methodological approaches within the framework of language planning theory to make a critical analysis and evaluation of the reform. Three primary explanations are given for the success of the reform: first, the time and place of the reform were favourable – Sweden at the end of the 20th century was one of the world’s most gender-equal countries; second, the strategies adopted by agents of the change gave the initiative momentum; and third, on a formal level, the word is in line with the cultural understanding of gender. This calls into questions whether the word snippa contributes to the struggle for gender equality. The article ends with a discussion of what this language planning project can tell us about the function of feminist language planning in the ongoing work to end patriarchy in Sweden and around the world.
Gendered discourse(s)
Authors: Diabah Grace
Published: March 2014

Politics is one field in which patriarchy has enjoyed some level of acceptance
over the years. For instance, some researchers (Gidengil and Everitt 1999; Sapiro 1993;
Atanga 2007) have indicated that many people have always perceived politics as the field
for ‘men’. Accordingly, women who subscribe to the ‘ideals’ of womanhood should not
engage in politics. This does not only constrain women’s political ambitions, but it
also constructs them as politically weak and unfit for such ‘serious’ business.
This assumption has however been challenged by the changing roles of women as they construct multiple identities. In this paper, I discuss two texts (profiles of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and George Weah) from the BBC produced on the Liberian election in 2005, which represent both the traces and changes in patriarchal practices in Africa. Important to this election was that Mrs Johnson-Sirleaf (if elected) was going to be the first female African president – a role perceived as inconsistent with socio-cultural roles of (African) women. So, to what extent was gender (rather than experience) considered a major factor in the BBC’s profiles? The results show that this political discourse is gendered because a man and a woman are the major aspirants. However, the issue of ‘gender’ becomes ‘omni-relevant’ (Holmes 1997) and explicit only in Mrs Johnson-Sirleaf’s profile. This, I argue, is because the text producers perceive her to be ‘the deviant’ one. In this way, her political ambition is presented as a challenge to patriarchy.
Stereotyping gender
Authors: Lassen Inger
Published: March 2014

This paper takes its starting point in the problem faced by a specific Danish bank that women are grossly underrepresented in management positions, in spite of the great measure of initiatives taken over more than a century to ensure equal opportunities in Denmark. Danish women got the vote in 1915. Since then emancipation has been encouraged through public policy, symbolized more recently by the establishment of a Ministry for Equal Opportunities in 1999 and the passing of the Act of Equal Opportunities in 2002. However, although these initiatives have led to a situation of formal gender equality, there is still some way to go before genuine gender equality and emancipation may become reality, in spite of Denmark’s image as egalitarian society. To try to explain this paradox, the paper explores gender perceptions by analysing how men and women talk about gender in focus group discussions and how the two gender categories evaluate themselves and the Other in their quest for social identities. Analysis of the focus group data indicates that, more often than not, the interviewees resort to stereotyping in their construction of identities. Using the Appraisal framework (Martin and White 2005) for analysing stereotypical categorizations made by the interviewees, the article argues that employees in the bank tend to reproduce and perpetuate a patriarchal management system in spite of various forces pulling in a new post-patriarchal direction where gender is just one of many identities.
Chapter 6. Political satire dies last
Authors: Popa Diana Elena
Published: March 2014

The present study reinforces the claim that humour can hardly work as a corrective for poor political behaviour and cannot inspire reform. Subsequently, it can merely function as a medium for protest and critique, which are incontestable inherent elements for a democratic society. Therefore, the study would like to bring forth the role of political satire in the media, which can be overtly or covertly expressed, and argue that its disappearance is dangerous, potentially leading to lack of public participation and political apathy, which, in turn, could erode the democratic health of a fairly young post-Communist society, such as Romania. The data under analysis is extracted from an original Romanian satirical animated cartoon sitcom The Animated Planet Show.
Chapter 3. The multiple symbolism of 3 May in Poland after the fall of
communism
Authors: Hałas Elżbieta
Published: March 2014

The chapter shows the complex symbolism associated with 3 May, wherein secular and religious elements interact. In 3 May, two holidays coincide: the state National Holiday of May Third and the church Feast of Our Lady, Queen of Poland. The National Holiday of May Third commemorates the anniversary of proclaiming the 3 May Constitution in 1791. This event is considered a cornerstone of Polish political symbolism, on which the entire construction of modern Polish national and state identity is founded. The analysis, done from a symbolic constructionist perspective, focuses on discursive symbolism and its use in symbolic politics after the fall of communism in Poland. Rhetorical categories such as genres and topoi, as well as Kenneth Burke’s dramatistic pentad are employed. In terms of Burke’s dramatistic pentad, it is pointed out that president Lech Wałęsa focused on the acting “agent,” with the nation as a collective subject; in President Aleksander Kwaśniewski’s rhetoric, the “act” became central, whereas in President Kaczyński’s rhetoric, the “purpose” moved to the foreground. The chapter presents how Polish presidents and church dignitaries used discursive symbolism to shape state and national identity. It shows the complex interaction of civic, national, and religious identities in the context of Poland’s most important holiday.
Chapter 4. “Dan skuplji vijeka,” ‘A day more precious than a century’
Authors: Felberg Tatjana Radanović
Published: March 2014

This chapter describes how one version of Montenegrin identity was constructed in the Montenegrin newspaper Pobjeda online (Victory online). This construction was analyzed in connection with commemorations of the Montenegrin Dan nezavisnosti (Independence Day), 21 May, from 2006 to 2009. The elements analyzed within a social semiotic approach are layout, photographs, verbal text, and discourse models. The results of the analysis suggest that Montenegrin identity was constructed as a continuation of independence achieved in the past, and then unwillingly interrupted. The results indicate, moreover, that identity was also constructed as having been achieved through conflict with both internal and external enemies, and through concepts like independence, democracy, modernity, and European values.
On what is not said and who said it
Authors: Didriksen Anders Alvsåker , Gjesdal Anje Müller
Published: March 2014

This chapter will propose a model for the analysis of argumentative connectives (thus, therefore, but etc.) in political discourse. While argumentative connectives have traditionally been analysed as text cohesion devices (Halliday) or pragmatic markers (Schiffrin, Blakemore) in an Anglo context, we propose to analyse them as a closed set of expressions that code logical and argumentative relations between clauses, performing the double function of text cohesion and argument coding, inspired by linguistic polyphony (Ducrot, etc.). In this chapter we demonstrate the relevance of linguistic polyphony for the analysis of political discourse through a case study of the use of argumentative connectives in Nicolas Sarkozy’s speeches to the European Parliament. The study shows that argumentative connectives contribute to rhetorical effects such as naturalisation of discourse, the representation of shared European values as well as the involvement of the audience in a co-construction of argumentation.
The heart of Europe
Authors: Musolff Andreas
Published: March 2014

The chapter analyses the development of the heart-of-Europe metaphor in British political discourse during the past two decades and in the wider context of conceptual history. On the basis of a corpus of media texts from 1990 to 2010, we chart the discursive career of programmatic statements by successive governments “to put Britain at the heart of Europe” and the metaphor’s changing cognitive import and pragmatic function. We compare this micro-history of the heart of Europe-phrase with the macro-perspective of long-term developments of political metaphors based on heart concepts, which form an important strand of the body politic tradition in European political thought. The combination of discourse history and conceptual history complements and to some extend corrects, an ahistoric cognitive analysis of body-related metaphors which views them as being grounded mainly or exclusively in “primary” (physiological) experiences.
Risky readings
Authors: Svensson Peter , Stenvoll Dag
Published: March 2014

In this chapter we take issue with the widespread view that overinterpretations and speculations are signs of weak research and tendentious treatment of data. This view is damaging to the study of political discourse as it encourages the reproduction of common sense and normalcy. In this chapter we therefore argue for the necessity of speculative readings and overinterpretations in studies of political discourse. Extreme and speculative readings of political language – readings that do too much to the data and that read too much into the texts – are crucial for the fine-grained analysis of the intricate ways in which soft power is exercised through discourse. Overinterpretations and speculations are, we suggest, essential for the political analysis of political discourse.
Chapter 8. Macro and micro, quantitative and qualitative
Authors: Malkmus Thorsten
Published: March 2014

The aim of this work is to present an integrative approach for analyzing discursive strategies in political speeches and for characterizing British and German election night speeches as a subgenre of political speech on the generic, discursive and cross-cultural level. The study deals with Blair’s speech after winning the British General Election of 1997 and Schröder’s speech after the German Bundestagswahlen in 1998. The quantitative and qualitative analyses focus on the interplay of the following linguistic macro- and micro-phenomena with regard to van Dijk’s “ideological square”: speech acts, pronouns, metaphors, evaluative expressions, rhetorical formats/applause. The analysis demonstrates that cross-cultural similarities on the micro level do not have to correspond to similarities on the macro level. The numerous implicit messages identified illustrate the hybrid character of the genre of election night speeches.
Chapter 15. “Finn Mac Cool in his mind was wrestling with his people”: Polyphonic dialogues in Flann O’Brien’s comic writing
Authors: Coulouma Flore
Published: March 2014

Flann O’Brien’s novels and chronicles are characterised by their exuberant conversations. Whether they involve two or more explicit speakers, O’Brien’s dialogues reflect a keen linguistic sense of the multiplicity of voices within any given speech. Based on the analysis of two examples from O’Brien’s satirical novels, this study examines the workings of his consciously polyphonic dialogues, and their consequences on a literary level and from the point of view of Conversation Analysis. My analysis of polyphony in Flann O’Brien’s fictional dialogues enables us to understand his representation of dialogue, not as a fixed structure of linguistic interaction between speakers, but rather as a series of constant readjustments resulting from the interaction between assenting and dissenting voices.
Dialogue as a possibility for knowledge in organizations
Authors: Marchiori Marlene R. , Contani Miguel Luiz , Buzzanell Patrice M.
Published: March 2014

Taking dialogue to be a social practice within organizations, we reflect and ask ourselves: Under what circumstances does dialogue work as a process that can promote or hinder knowledge development in organizations? In response, we extend organizational perspectives by situating knowledge construction through interactions, especially dialogue and conversation. The key issue is that humans communicatively constitute knowledge by way of interaction and social practices that vary according to their social-historic contexts (see Ashcraft, Kuhn & Cooren 2009; Putnam & Nicotera 2009). We present the case of a Brazilian Innovation unit charged by the government to incorporate knowledgedialogue dynamics in organizational change processes. Through this case, we illuminate ways in which communication constructs and upgrades knowledge within organizational environments.
Socrates as character, Socrates as narrator
Authors: Ortega Máñez María J.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we tackle Plato’s Dialogues from a theatrical and philosophical point of view. We question in this manner the relationship between dialogue – as writing form- and representation – as notion meaning, in a literary work, “to make present”. Starting from the contradiction between theory and use of mimesis in Plato, we analyze the different situations of enunciation of each dialogue, and the different roles played in within by Socrates, in particular as character and as narrator. We end up in a link between both terms that points out the common presence in dialogue and representation of intermediary elements, through which the reader reaches the work. Keywords:﻿﻿ dialoguel; representation; Plato; Socrates character; narrator; mimesis
2. Common features and variations in the use of personal pronouns in two types of monologic academic speech
Authors: Okamura Akiko
Published: March 2014

This study aims to investigate how speakers employ personal pronouns (we, you, I) in two types of monologic academic speech, undergraduate lectures and public lectures, through analysis of the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE). Not only the frequency of instances of personal pronouns but also two linguistic environments were examined: words placed before and after the pronoun. The results show both common features and variations in the two types of academic speech. “You” was the most common personal pronoun in both undergraduate and public lectures. Variations seem to be related to the purpose of the speech and the relationship between the speaker and the audience.
10. From letters to guidebooks
Authors: Del Lungo Camiciotti Gabriella
Published: March 2014

A concern of Ruskin, guidebook writing, has remained relatively marginal to critical discourse. Yet, he produced a well-known work addressed to travellers to Italy, Mornings in Florence, that can be termed a ‘guidebook’. The paper analyses this text with a view to investigating how heritage sites and places are construed from the writer’s point of view in the context of the development of modern travel guides from diaries and personal notes to works addressing a wide audience of tourists. It is here assumed that the perception and textual construction of space varies in accordance with shifting cultural frameworks and world views. To investigate the text in electronic form the phraseological approach developed by Francis and Hunston (2000), Stubbs (2001) and Hunston (2008) has been be adopted.
16. It’s always the same old news!
Authors: Clark Caroline
Published: March 2014

The present diachronic study compares two large contemporary corpora of British quality newspapers with the aim of investigating the increased popularisation of newspaper register. The study focuses on those examples which are highlighted by a quantitative comparative overview of the two corpora based on a series of analyses using keyword and concordancing tools. Results show that a shift in presentation and style is indeed present, with an increased ‘familiarisation’ of language, in particular the use of spoken forms. Given the high keyness of these words, and their preference for direct speech, it was expected that this increase would be reflected in a similar increase in frequency of quotes. However, this was not found.
2. Dialogues within oral narratives
Authors: Camargo-Fernández Laura
Published: March 2014

The objective of this chapter is to analyze ‘constructed dialogues’ in the spoken discourse of conversational narratives. These sequences, formed by quotations that represent past, possible, or imaginary dialogues in an unrehearsed and non-literal presentation, are contextually and pragmatically dependent by nature. First, the structure and organization of constructed dialogues are analyzed, followed by their relationship with certain social variables. Based on an analysis of two corpora of oral Spanish, the present study illustrates the need to examine language-in-use structures in real spoken language, thus emphasizing the advantages of corpus linguistics to deal with highly-contextualized linguistic phenomena.
5. Evaluation, interpersonal meaning and co-construction in oral narratives by Mexican adolescents
Authors: Fonte Irene , Williamson Rodney
Published: March 2014

In oral narratives of personal experience, speakers must resort to a number of interpersonal devices to maintain the interest of their listeners during long conversational turns. Dialogue and the co-construction of meaning between speaker and listener take a rather different shape in these narrative environments than in the more balanced turn-taking of ordinary conversation. We propose that dialogue is implicitly codified in specific interpersonal features in the narrative (e.g., forms of address, onomatopoeia, swear words and other expressive vocabulary). This study examines the variety of these resources and their function at different moments of the narrative sequence in selected texts from a corpus of spontaneous oral narratives from Mexico City.
7. Backchannels as a realization of interaction
Authors: Bravo Cladera Nadezhda
Published: March 2014

The use of Mm and Mhm, as ‘linguistic feedback items’ (LFI), is explored in the interactions of Spanish-speaking Swedish bilingual adolescents. Results show that these LFI support the realization of the dialogue and function to continue the interaction and the acknowledgement of what is said by the interlocutor when pronounced with a flat or rising intonation, or to continue confirmation of questions or orders. The quantitative analysis shows that its use is more frequent with the bilingual youth than with the monolinguals in Spanish. This result could be interpreted as the transfer of the use of these items in Swedish to the Spanish interactions.
9. Conflict resolution
Authors: Czerwionka Lori
Published: March 2014

This research examines politeness strategies used by Spanish speakers from Spain and Mexico in six situations involving contradictory monetary information. Twenty participants attempted to repair contradictory information in 120 responses that were classified based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-threatening act (FTA) strategies and analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative and qualitative analyses considered social power, distance and imposition. Significant differences between the two groups indicated that Mexicans were minimally affected while Spaniards were significantly affected by social power and distance. This research indicates less attention paid to social hierarchies by Mexicans and more attention given to negative politeness by Spaniards than previously indicated in the literature. Direct strategies were frequently used, suggesting that direct FTAs are appropriate in these situations for both groups
Fostering early literacy learning using dual language books
Authors: Naqvi Rahat , McKeough Anne , Thorne Keoma J. , Pfitscher Christina M.
Published: March 2014

In light of the importance of early literacy achievement to long term academic and economic success, educators urgently need to comprehend the sociocultural complexities manifested in learning contexts that involve multilingual students. Dual language books (DLBs; i.e., books written in English and another language) are one tool that can be used to examine these complexities as they allow teachers and students to identify and express cultural and linguistic assets and, in so doing, access and benefit from the cultural and linguistic capital of multilingual learners. As such, DLBs allow first languages to function as a cultural amplifier (i.e., a culturally invented tool or technology that advances development). In this chapter we present vignettes from teaching sessions in which researchers and volunteers focus on linguistic and cultural diversity while reading DLBs with first grade students. Our analyses of the sessions highlight children’s engagement in the literacy experiences, application of cultural knowledge, and growing metalinguistic awareness.
Heteroglossia in English complementary schools
Authors: Blackledge Adrian , Creese Angela
Published: March 2014

In this chapter we propose that Bakhtin’s understanding of voicing as heteroglossia offers rich potential in our analysis of contemporary linguistic practice. In and around Mandarin and Cantonese community language classrooms in an English city we show how participants’ voices are infused with the historical flow of social relationships, struggles, and meanings. Adopting a linguistic ethnographic approach we engaged in ethnographically informed observations in classrooms; closer observation and audio-recording of selected students in each school/class; collection and analysis of texts used in the classrooms; interviews with students, teachers, parents, and school administrators. Analysis of interactional data revealed that teachers and students constructed their identities not in terms of apparent or visible categories, but rather as emic positions which were shifting rather than stable, and subject to contingencies of time and space. That is, identities were neither fixed nor unitary, but bound up with overlapping histories, as teachers and students alike negotiated identity positions.
Detecting historical continuity in a linguistically diverse urban area
Authors: Davydova Julia
Published: March 2014

The paper explores the problems involved in detecting historical continuity in new (post-colonial) forms of English emerged in settings marked by complex linguistic and sociocultural heterogeneity. In doing so, it describes the relationship between modern Singapore English and one of its historical input varieties, Irish English, in the area of the present perfect marking. Working through the methods and the model for contact-induced change employed in the quantitative branch of sociolinguistics, the study shows which indicators should be considered the right type of evidence for establishing historical continuity between New Englishes and earlier forms of English. The paper also argues for a careful examination of the details of the historical context accompanying the emergence of a new form of language in a linguistically diverse urban area as they oftentimes demarcate the exact role played by a given superstrate.
Four decades of study of synchronic variation in varieties of Dutch. A sketch
Authors: Hinskens Frans L.
Published: March 2014

This contribution addresses three of the most influential general tendencies in the recent history of the linguistic study of synchronic language variation in the Dutch language area: the social turn, the re-orientation on theoretical debates in linguistics and, thirdly, the improvement and miniaturization of recording equipment along with the rapid rise of digital research techniques. A section each will be dedicated to each of these tendencies and their impact in the Low Countries. An additional section will be devoted to the incipient widening of the research object to include externally motivated variation. Unlike the preceding sections, which have the form of succinct overviews, this last one goes into some depth in that a recent research project is outlined, along with a brief discussion of some preliminary findings. In the introduction it will be pointed out that there is only a partial overlap between the studies which are (for the most part briefly and shallowly) discussed here and sociolinguistics at large. The latter is considerably wider and more varied in scope, orientation and approach, while not all of the studies which are sketched in this contribution are sociolinguistic in topic, research question and method.
Case marking in child L1 and early child L2 German
Authors: Schönenberger Manuela , Rothweiler Monika , Sterner Franziska
Published: March 2014

We examine case marking in spontaneous production data from four successive bilingual children and in experimental data from 21 successive bilingual and 14 monolingual children. A clear difference surfaces between spontaneous production data and experimental data. Based on the spontaneous production data, we conclude that the four successive bilingual children behave like the monolingual children studied by Eisenbeiss, Bartke & Clahsen (2006). They rarely produce structural case errors and often produce lexical case errors. But under experimental conditions, successive bilingual and monolingual children produce a large number of structural case errors, in particular with structural dative. Our experimental findings from the monolingual children are in stark contrast to those in Eisenbeiss et al., which are based on spontaneous production data only.
Wh-questions in Dutch
Authors: Strik Nelleke
Published: March 2014

This study investigates cross-linguistic influence in Dutch wh-questions in bilingual Dutch-French and trilingual Dutch-French-Italian acquisition. Five and seven year-old bilingual and trilingual children as well as monolingual children and adult controls (N = 49) participated in an elicited production task. In addition to target-like wh-fronted questions with subject-verb inversion, the majority of responses, the multilingual children produced two qualitatively different structures: wh-in-situ questions and wh-fronted questions without inversion. These structures are argued to result from transfer from French, and in the case of non-inversion with the wh-word why in the trilingual group from transfer from Italian. It is proposed that a theory of transfer based on derivational complexity can best account for these data.