bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displacement measurements of three slow moving landslides at Almenningar, north Iceland. A feature tracking application.
Authors: Ninuson Elias Arnar , Sæmundsson Þorsteinn , Hennig Benjamin
Published: February 2023

In 1968 the Siglufjarðarvegur road was built in north Iceland, serving as the only whole year road connecting the remote town of Siglufjörður with the capital city of Reykjavík. This road cuts through the area of Almenningar where three active slow moving landslides are situated, these are the Tjarnadalir, Þúfnavellir and Hraun landslides. The constant activity of these landslides affect a 5-6 km long stretch of the road that has been a problem both for the road authorities as well as travellers in terms of safety and maintenance. All three landslides have been mapped and studied before and the northernmost area of Tjarnadalir has gained the most attention as rate of movement is considered to be up to 1 m/yr for some periods. This is also the case for the southernmost Hraun landslide (0.83 m/yr) but the Þúfnavellir landslide in the middle is moving much slower with an estimated rate of 0.17 m/yr. The movement rate is constant with shorter periods of increased activity and there is strong evidence that the rate of movement is directly linked with weather patterns as more water in the landslide systems seems to cause increased activity. Ever since the year 1977, the road authorities have conducted GPS displacement measurements on a yearly basis with a limited number of points that are all situated along the road. Little is known about the different movement rates within the landslide bodies themselves but this study extends these displacement measurements through the application of remote sensing. Aerial photogrammetry comparison will be conducted with the feature tracking method in order to estimate the rate of movement throughout the entirity of all three landslide bodies. Available data extends back to the year 1954 to present day, giving an unprecedented insight into the temporal and spatial dynamics of the landslides.
Atrazine removal from river water using direct current and solar-powered electrocoagulation
Authors: Biswas Bishwatma , Goel Sudha
Published: February 2023

Atrazine is one of the most frequently found pesticides in groundwater and surface water. Under natural light, the half-life of this herbicide in aqueous medium is around 250 days. Atrazine has shown the potential to alter food webs, decrease diversity, and can interfere with species composition. In the current study, electrocoagulation powered by solar energy was used to eliminate atrazine from the aqueous solution. Aluminum and copper electrodes were used to investigate the effect of different operating parameters such as contact time (10-60 min), applied voltage (5-25 V), initial pH (3-11) of the feed water, types and concentration of supporting electrolyte like NaCl, Na2SO4 (100-500 mg/L) on the removal of atrazine. The loss of electrode mass and sludge generation were also evaluated. The effect of the initial concentration of atrazine was observed in the range of 3-15 mg/L. The pH of feed water solutions in all the experiments increased, indicating the necessity for neutralization after electrocoagulation.The possible mechanisms of atrazine removal were explored using several techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The particle size, surface structure, and shape of dried sludge particles were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The energy consumption and operating cost calculations of the electrocoagulation process infer that this technique is not energy-demanding. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that atrazine removal followed first-order rate kinetics. Removal of atrazine from real river water matrices was also assessed in the current research. Current work indicated that solar-powered electrocoagulation is a promising approach for the elimination of atrazine in the treatment of water and wastewater in decentralized mode. 
Intensification mechanisms of tropical cyclones
Authors: Polesello Andrea , Muller Caroline J. , Pasquero Claudia , Meroni Agostino N.
Published: February 2023

Wind Induced Surface Heat Exchange (WISHE) mechanism is considered very important for tropical cyclone intensification in a large part of the scientific literature([1], [2], [3] ): heat flux from the ocean increase with increasing wind speed, building up a positive feedback on the intensification.Simple WISHE-based models of tropical intensification predict that tropical cyclones intensify up to a steady state at the Potential Intensity (PI), obtained from the balance of heat supply rate from the ocean and dissipation rate in the boundary layer and dependent on boundary conditions only ([1]). The main problem of such models is the fact that they typically drastically simplify the convective motion within the cyclone, assuming a troposphere neutral to moist convection. ([4]).In our work we tested these predictions in idealized numerical experiments performed using the non-hydrostatic, high-resolution model System for Atmospheric Modelling (SAM). The results showed a significantly different intensity evolution, with the cyclone undergoing a oscillation in surface wind speed with peak intensity significantly lower than the PI. This intensity evolution was related to that of the environmental conditions along the whole air column: convective heating exports latent and sensible heat in the middle-upper troposphere, increasing environmental air buoyancy and so reducing CAPE. Radiative heating from the clouds further stabilizes the upper troposphere, weakening convection and thus cyclone intensity. After the intensity decay phase the upper level air surrounding the cyclone cools down through radiation emission: entrainment of cold air by the cyclone itself rebuilts CAPE and triggers a new intensification. Despite this work showed some limits in the predictivity of WISHE theory, WISHE feedback itself was proved to be fundamental for tropical cyclone intensification with a sensitivity numerical experiment. [1]  K. Emanuel et al., “Tropical cyclones,” Annual review of earth and planetary sciences, vol. 31,no. 1, pp. 75–104, 2003[2]  K. A. Emanuel, “An Air-Sea Interaction Theory for Tropical Cyclones. Part I: Steady-StateMaintenance.,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 43, pp. 585–605, Mar. 1986.[3]  C. J. Muller and D. M. Romps, “Acceleration of tropical cyclogenesis by self-aggregationfeedbacks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 115, no. 12, pp. 2930–2935, 2018.[4]  K. A. Emanuel, “The behavior of a simple hurricane model using a convective scheme basedon subcloud-layer entropy equilibrium,” Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, vol. 52, no. 22,pp. 3960 – 3968, 1995.
South-to-North Water Diversion weaken groundwater depletion in Beijing: insight from downscaling GRACE/GRACE Follow-on data
Authors: Hu Ying , Chao Nengfang , Wang Jiangyuan , Liu Zheng , Zou Kaihui
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Groundwater depletion is a serious threat to agriculture and economic development, with an adverse impact on the ecological environment in Beijing. With the successful implementation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP), groundwater (GW) depletion is expected to be alleviated. Here, we bridged the gap of the monthly terrestrial storage anomaly (TWSA) observations of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its successor GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions, then downscaled the spatial resolution of GW storage anomaly (GWSA) from 0.5°×0.5° to 0.25°×0.25° in Beijing using deep learning (DL) method, and precisely quantified the characteristics and causes of GWSA before and after the SNWDP, including that 1)  reconstructed 0.5°×0.5° TWSA in Beijing during 2004 to 2021 using three DL architectures (Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)); 2) selected the optimal performance of DL for downscaling GWSA from 0.5°×0.5° to 0.25°×0.25°; 3) quantitatively analyzed of GWSA characteristics before and after the SNWDP basing on Random Forest (RF). The results indicated that the trend of downscaled GWSA was consistent with in-situ grounder water level measurements, while the seasonal amplitude differed. Before the SNWDP (2004-2014), the GW in Beijing showed a declining trend with a rate of -20.8 mm/yr, of which human factors contributed 75.7% (21.9% and 21.1% for domestic water and agricultural water, respectively), and climatic factors accounted for 24.1%. After the SNWDP (2015-2021), GW gradually increased by 39.3 mm/yr, and GW was significantly restored, of which the human factors accounted for 59.2% (30.7% and 14.2% for domestic water and water diverted to Beijing by the SNWDP, respectively). Our research could provide a new reliable theoretical support and technical reference for GRACE/GRACE-FO dynamic monitoring of groundwater.Keywords: Beijing GW storage; spatial resolution downscaling; DL; GRACE/GRACE-FO; SNWDP
Monitoring present-day Saharan dust above and below the ocean surface
Authors: Stuut Jan-Berend , Guerreiro Catarina , Matzenbacher Blanda , Van der Does Michèlle
Published: February 2023

Mineral dust plays an important role in the ocean’s carbon cycle through the input of nutrientsand metals which potentially fertilise phytoplankton, and by ballasting organic matter from the surface ocean to the sea floor. However, time series and records of open-ocean dust deposition fluxes are sparse. Here, we present a series of Saharan dust collected between 2015 and 2022 by dust-collecting buoys that are monitoring dust in the equatorial North Atlantic Ocean, as well as by moored sediment traps at the buoys' positions at ~21°N/21°W and ~11°N/23°W directly below the major dust Saharan-dust plume offshore northwest Africa. We present dust-flux data as well as particle-size distribution data, and make a comparison of the dust collected from the atmosphere at the ocean surface with the dust settling through the ocean and intercepted by the submarine sediment traps.See: www.nioz.nl/dust
The great potentiality of Swarm three-satellite mission for detecting pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies
Authors: Cianchini Gianfranco , De Santis Angelo , Calcara Massimo , A. Campuzano Saioa , D'Arcangelo Serena , De Caro Mariagrazia , Di Mauro Domenico , Fidani Cristiano , Nardi Adriano , Orlando Martina , Perrone Loredana , Sabbagh Dario , Soldani Maurizio
Published: February 2023

The Swarm three-satellite mission by ESA was initially designed with its original configuration to monitor and study the geomagnetic field and the state of the ionosphere and magnetosphere. For the first time, in 2017, the Swarm satellites detected some pre- and post-earthquake magnetic field anomalies on occasion of the 2015 Nepal M7.8 earthquake. Interestingly, the cumulative number of satellite anomalies and the cumulative number of earthquakes behaved similarly with the so-called S-shape, providing an empirical proof on the lithospheric origin of the satellite anomalies (De Santis et al., 2017; doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.037). Following the same approach, other promising results were obtained for 12 case studies in the range of 6.1-8.3 earthquake magnitude, in the framework of the SAFE (SwArm For Earthquake study) project funded by ESA (De Santis et al., 2019a; doi:10.3390/atmos10070371). In 2019, almost five years of Swarm magnetic field and electron density data were analysed with a Superposed Epoch and Space approach and correlated with major worldwide M5.5+ earthquakes (De Santis et al. 2019b; doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56599-1). The analysis verified a significant correlation between satellite anomalies and earthquakes above any reasonable doubt, after a statistical comparison with random simulations of anomalies. The work also confirmed the Rikitake (1987) law, initially proposed for ground-based data: the larger the magnitude of the impending earthquake, the longer the precursory time of anomaly occurrence in ionosphere from satellite. A more recent investigation (Marchetti et al. 2022; doi:10.3390/rs1411264) over a longer time series of data, i.e. 8 years, confirmed the same results. Furthermore, we demonstrated in several case studies (e.g., Akhoondzadeh et al. 2019; doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2019.03.020; De Santis et al. 2020; doi:10.3389/feart.2020.540398) that the integration of Swarm satellite data with other kinds of measurements from ground, atmosphere and space (e.g., CSES-01 satellite data) reveals a chain of processes before the mainshocks of many seismic sequences. 
Differential cooling in lakes
Authors: Bouffard Damien , Doda Tomy , Ramón Cintia , Ulloa Hugo
Published: February 2023

We present the results of a project on differential cooling in lakes. This project aimed at quantifying the cross-shore convective circulation induced by differential cooling, also known as the thermal siphon (TS). Our case study was a small peri-alpine wind-sheltered lake (Rotsee, CH), where we studied the seasonal evolution of  TS over a year using a combination of field observations and high-resolution RANS and LES models. We found that TS  is a frequent cross-shore transport process which can be predicted using laboratory-based scaling formulae. We also observed that penetrative convection modifies the dynamics of the cross-shore flow, which has implications for the littoral-pelagic connectivity. In addition, we quantified the TS-induced lateral transport of dissolved gases, including oxygen and methane. We extended our findings to other lakes in order to improve the prediction of TS occurrence and intensity and we developed a procedure for predicting TS-induced transport based on factors such as lake bathymetry, meteorological forcing (including wind and cooling), and the vertical thermal structure of the lake.
Novel Application of Receiver Function Analyses Dependent on Splitting Measurement: Crustal Anisotropy along the NAFZ
Authors: Keleş Derya , Eken Tuna , Wang Pan , Huang Zhouchuan , Taymaz Tuncay
Published: February 2023

Crustal scale deformation along the fault zone and dipping Moho structures can be constrained by azimuthal seismic anisotropy. Reliable knowledge of the geometry of fault and its vertical extent in the crust and uppermost mantle that often controls observed seismic anisotropy parameters is of great importance for proper seismic hazard assessments in active tectonic settings. The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) extending from Karlıova Triple Junction in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west poses actively deforming areas. To elucidate the crustal anisotropy along the NAFZ we will apply a novel receiver function method that simultaneously measures the Moho orientation and average bulk crustal anisotropy. It employs an algorithm in which transverse polarization component minimization (TPCM) applied on the Pms (Moho converted phase) is being integrated into a joint objective method (JOF). The method is advantageous as it restrains the random and coherent noise in the data. Prior to raw data-based anisotropic parameter estimations, we performed synthetic tests mainly considering two hypothetic models devised to be analogous to the NAFZ case. Model-1 assumes S-anisotropy in the crust oriented along N45°E with 4% of strength with flat Moho. The Model 2 involves the same anisotropic properties but with 25° of dipping Moho. Our synthetic tests show that this new approach is able to exactly resolve true model parameters assumed for Model 1 resulting in a 0.987 per cent of model accuracy. The resultant 0.225 s of time delay corresponds to ~4% of anisotropic strength considering a crustal thickness with 30 km and 4.8 km/s average isotropic S-wave velocity for the medium. Our results obtained for Model-2 still tend to converge the true model parameters but show slight discrepancies, in particular, for anisotropic parameters resolved with 0.3 s of time delay and N40°E oriented fast wave azimuth. The test for Model-2 achieves 27.5° as the dipping angle of Moho which is fairly close to its true model parameter. We observe relatively low model accuracy with 0.710 per cent in the case of Model-2. At the further stage of this work, we will utilize digital waveforms of teleseismic earthquakes recorded at the KOERI and AFAD permanent seismic station networks along the NAFZ.   
Species richness and drought-tolerance traits explain opposing tree growth and δ13C responses to climate extremes
Authors: Schnabel Florian , Barry Kathryn E. , Eckhardt Susanne , Guillemot Joannès , Geilmann Heike , Kahl Anja , Moossen Heiko , Bauhus Jürgen , Wirth Christian
Published: February 2023

The increasing occurrence and intensity of climate extremes, such as droughts, threaten forests and the many services they provide to society. Mixed-species forests are promoted as a forest management strategy for climate change adaptation, but whether they are generally more resistant to drought than monospecific forests remains unresolved. Particularly, the trait-based mechanisms driving tree resistance to drought remain elusive, making it difficult to predict which functional identities of species best improve tree growth and decrease tree physiological water stress under drought.Here, we investigated tree growth and physiological stress responses (i.e. increase in wood carbon isotopic ratio; δ13C) to changes in climate-induced water availability (wet-to-dry years) along gradients in neighbourhood tree species richness and drought-tolerance traits. For this purpose, we sampled tree cores in a large-scale forest biodiversity experiment (BEF-China experiment). We tested the overarching hypothesis that neighbourhood species richness increases growth and decreases δ13C. We further hypothesized that the abiotic (i.e. climatic conditions) and the biotic context modulate these biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. We characterized the biotic context using drought-tolerance traits of focal trees and their neighbours. These traits are related to cavitation resistance vs. resource acquisition and stomatal control.We found that tree growth increased with neighbourhood species richness. However, we did not observe a universal relief of water stress in species-rich neighbourhoods, nor an increase in the strength of the relationship between richness and growth and between richness and δ13C from wet-to-dry years. Instead, these relationships depended on both the traits of the focal trees and their neighbours. At either end of the resistance-acquisition and stomatal control trait gradient, species responded in opposing directions during drought and non-drought years.We report that the biotic context can determine the nature of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in experimental tree communities. We derive two key conclusions: (1) drought-tolerance traits of focal trees and their neighbours can explain divergent tree responses to drought and diversity, and (2) contrasting, trait-driven responses of tree species to wet vs dry climatic conditions can promote forest community stability. Mixing tree species with a range of drought-tolerance traits may therefore increase forest productivity and stability but may not universally relieve drought stress.
Impacts of extreme wind speeds and other factors on tree fall alongside railway lines
Authors: Lorenz Rike , Becker Nico , Ulbrich Uwe
Published: February 2023

High wind speeds are a major cause for tree fall. However, the impact of wind on trees can depend on other co-occurring or antecedent meteorological conditions. Tree fall can also have an impact on surrounding infrastructure like the railway system. Here, it may damage railway infrastructure and lead to train disruptions. The intensity and frequency of windstorms and other meteorological factors is expected to change in the course of a changing climate. Thus, their impacts on trees and tree damage might change as well. To understand these changes an examination of impact-relevant weather factors and sequences is needed.We obtained a dataset for tree and branch fall events alongside German railway lines from the Deutsche Bahn for the years 2017 to 2021. We use logistic regression to model tree fall probabilities and to identify relevant current and antecedent weather factors, their combinations and their impact on tree fall risk during winter. We use meteorological predictors derived from the ERA5 reanalysis and RADOLAN radar data.High wind speed is identified as the strongest risk increasing factor. However, high daily precipitation and high soil water volume during the tree fall event as well as an antecedent year with high precipitation also increase tree fall risk. A small decreasing effect was found for warm and wet soil conditions in the three preceding months. We found no or only minor effects for daily mean air temperature, storm duration and wind direction.In further steps these factors and their combinations will be assessed in terms of their effect on occurrence probabilities of tree fall events under recent and future climate conditions based on regional climate simulations.
Determining SISALv2-speleothem growth rates during the Holocene
Authors: Buehler Janica C. , Novello Valdir F. , Weitzel Nils , Scholz Denis , Rehfeld Kira
Published: February 2023

Speleothems are terrestrial paleoclimate archives that occur abundantly in the low and mid latitudes. They archive changes in the past hydroclimate in many ways, including the rate of calcium carbonate accumulation – their growth rate. However, determining speleothem growth rates, and in particular growth rate changes, is challenging due to speleothem inherent features such as growth hiatuses, and large and abrupt growth rate changes. Low dating resolution poses an additional problem, as the U/Th measurements that allow for precise dating are time-consuming and expensive.Here, we analyze speleothem growth rates during the Holocene – an ideal period for method testing due to the high abundance of speleothem records in the SISALv2 database. In particular, we compare speleothem growth rates in the early (12-8 kyr BP), mid (8-4 kyr BP) and the late Holocene (4-0 kyr BP). Using synthetically-modelled stalagmites, we test the strengths and weaknesses of state-of-the-art age-depth modelling methods to determine a set of necessary requirements to quantify speleothem growth rates and growth rate changes. Using these, we find slightly higher growth rates in the early Holocene within speleothems that cover at all periods. Comparing growth rates of speleothems that cover only one of the respective periods in the Holocene did not distinguish any period of highest or lowest growth rate. Detailed regional studies and comparison to model data are used to further interpret these results. Reliably determining growth rate changes in the Holocene may help in further understanding and characterizing hydroclimate changes as archived in speleothems also beyond the Holocene.
Evolution of Stromboli basaltic plumbing system via magma recharges and mush rejuvenation.
Authors: Petrone Chiara Maria , Mollo Silvio , Gertisser Ralf , Buret Yannick , Scarlato Piergiorgio , Del Bello Elisabetta , Andronico Daniele , Ellis Ben , Pontesilli Alessio , De Astis Gianfilippo , Giacomoni Pier Paolo , Coltorti Massimo , Reagan Mark
Published: February 2023

Basaltic volcanoes can remain active for tens to thousands of years with the continual presence of magma, requiring storage and transport conditions that can sustain persistently eruptible melt. Magma storage conditions beneath these volcanoes may significantly change with time, leading to sudden and dramatic changes in explosivity. Determining the rates and causes of these changes and how they modulate eruptive style over societally relevant timescales is of paramount importance for evaluating potential hazards. In June-August 2019, one major explosion and two paroxysms occurred at Stromboli volcano (Southern Italy) within only 64 days offering a unique opportunity to study the short-term variations in a basaltic plumbing system that can lead to paroxysmal events.Stromboli is an active open conduit basaltic volcano well-known for its persistent mild (normal) Strombolian activity occasionally interrupted by sudden, short-lived events ranging in size and intensity from major (violent Strombolian) to paroxysmal explosions. Strombolian activity, effusive eruptions and major explosions, all involve a degassed, highly porphyritic (hp) magma from a shallow reservoir. Deep-seated more mafic and, volatile-rich low-porphyritic (lp) magma is erupted, alongside hp-magma, during paroxysms, and in smaller quantities during some of the major explosions. Both lp- and hp-magmas were erupted during the 3 July and 28 August 2019 paroxysms, whereas only hp-magma was erupted during the major explosion on 25 June 2019.Via a multifaceted approach using clinopyroxene from the summer 2019 paroxysms, we reveal a key role for batches of volatile-rich lp-magma recharge arriving in the shallow reservoir up to a few days before these events. Our data indicate a rejuvenated Stromboli plumbing system where the extant crystal mush is efficiently permeated by recharge lp-magma with minimum remobilisation promoting a direct linkage between the deeper (lp) and shallow (hp) reservoirs. This sustains the current variability of eruptive styles with near immediate eruptive response to mafic magma recharge. The remarkable agreement between our calculated recharge timescales and the observed variation in time of various monitoring signals strongly supports such a model.Our approach provides vital insights into magma dynamics and their effects on monitoring signals demonstrating that detailed petrological studies integrated with volcano monitoring signals are fundamental for a fast response during a volcanic unrest phase or crisis.This work has been published in Nature Communication: Petrone, C.M., Mollo, S., Gertisser, R. et al. Magma recharge and mush rejuvenation drive paroxysmal activity at Stromboli volcano. Nat Commun 13, 7717 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35405-z.
Evidence of tectonic inversion in the Northern Apennines Hinterland basins, the example of the Valdera-Volterra basin (Central Tuscany)
Authors: Poneti Giovanni , Scarselli Nicola , Benvenuti Marco , Craig Jonathan
Published: February 2023

Hinterland basins are low-lying and often heavily populated areas at the back of orogenic belts which have significant economic and infrastructural importance. The tectonic-stratigraphic and regional characterisation of hinterland basins is fundamental for evaluating their subsurface utilisation and potential geohazards.This study focuses on the origin and development of the Tuscan hinterland basins of the Northern Apennines. These basins have been associated with a compressional regime lasting until the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene during which out-of-sequence thrusts and back-thrusts in the inner portion of the chain accommodated the compressive stress accumulated in the frontal zones. An alternative interpretation considers the evolution of these basins in an extensional regime as an effect of large-scale back-arc processes or gravitational collapse of thickened crust following the Apennine orogeny since the Early Miocene. In this tectonic regime, the basins have been interpreted as graben, half-graben or bowl-shaped basins evolving into graben.Our work aims to determine the tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the Valdera-Volterra Basin through the analysis of  ~271.8 km of 2D seismic reflection profiles and wireline logs from two exploration wells. The Valdera-Volterra Basin basin is an NW–SE oriented depocenter ~60 km long ~30 km wide filled with a clastic succession of Miocene-Pleistocene fluvial-lacustrine to marine deposits up to ~2 km thick.The analysis has revealed a polyphased tectonic history of the basin with a Messinian-Zanclean compressional phase deforming the basin-infill as indicated by seismic imaging of synformal geometries and strongly tilted unconformities. Such deformation is tentatively associated with E/NE vergent blind thrusts and SW vergent blind back-thrusts. During the Piacenzian, the activity of normal border faults and the presence in their hanging wall of associated sedimentary wedges thickening towards NE suggest an extensional phase following the earlier Messinian-Zanclean compression. Broad folding of the shallow Piacenzian units in the hangingwall of the normal faults suggests the occurrence of mild positive inversion at the end of the Piacenzian/Lowermost Pleistocene?.This tectonic history has been associated with crustal shortening in the Northern Apennines hinterland, accommodated by thrusting, that occurred discontinuously until the end of the Pliocene/Lowermost Pleistocene?. The formation of the border faults during the Piacenzian has been related to a prolongated phase of tectonic quiescence that led to the collapse of the sedimentary pile and the Pre-Neogene substrate. In this setting, the positive inversion occurred at the end of the Piacenzian/Lowermost Pleistocene? represents the last compressive event related to crustal shortening.
An automated algorithm to retrieve the location and depth of supraglacial lakes from ICESat-2 ATL03 data
Authors: Liang Qi , Xiao Wanxin , Hui Fengming , Zheng Lei , Cheng Xiao
Published: February 2023

Supraglacial lakes are widespread on the surface of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and Greenland Ice Sheet due to global warming. Estimating the location and depth of supraglacial lakes is critical for evaluating the impact of surface meltwater on ice dynamics. The accuracy of traditional image-based methods is limited, especially when supraglacial lakes are deep. Recently, Ice, Clouds, and land Elevation Satellite-2 data have been used to develop algorithms to measure the depth of supraglacial lakes. The ICESat-2-based methods are currently either semiautomated or sensitive to noise, which makes them less efficient and less accurate in detecting supraglacial lakes. In this study, we develop an automated algorithm for the retrieval of the location and depth of supraglacial lakes using ICESat-2 ATL03 data. We investigated 10 supraglacial lakes as case studies over Antarctica and Greenland (4 lakes on the Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica and 6 lakes in southwestern Greenland). The results show that our algorithm can detect supraglacial lakes at depths up to 8.25 m. The RMSE for the lake depth retrievals in Antarctica is approximately 0.30 m and that of the lakes in Greenland is approximately 0.32 m. Our algorithm reveals high robustness and accuracy, especially in shallow areas. Additionally, the fully automated algorithm does not require prior knowledge and guarantees efficiency when there is an extensive study area. This result implies that our algorithm has the potential to address large amounts of data and may even be useful to estimate meltwater volumes across the surface of the entire ice sheet.
Surface waves can much improve ocean to climate models
Authors: Qiao Fangli
Published: February 2023

As the time and spatial scales of surface waves are several seconds and hundreds meters, which are much smaller than those of ocean circulation and climate, months and thousands kilometers or even bigger. As a result, ocean surface wave models are separated from ocean circulation models and climate models as different streams. During the past 2 decades, we find that surface waves play dominant role in the vertical mixing of the upper ocean, and heavily modulate the air-sea momentum and heat fluxes. (1) By including surface waves into ocean general circulation models (OGCMs), the ever-standing simulated shallow mixed layer and over-estimated sea surface temperature (SST) especially in summer faced by nearly all OGCMs are dramatically reduced, 80-90% common errors can be removed from OGCMs; (2) Although the forecasting error of Tropical Cyclone (TC) track is reduced by about half during the past 3 decades, the forecasting of TC intensity has no much progress. By including surface waves, the TC intensity error is reduced by about 40%; (3) SST is a crucial parameter in climate system. All climate models have huge SST simulation bias which has last for half century. By including surface wave, the SST bias can be reduced by about half. All above suggests that surface waves should be included in ocean, TC and climate models for improving our forecasting ability on ocean, TC and climate.
Spectral Resolution of the Oceans Lorenz Energy Cycle
Authors: Dettmer Jan Niklas
Published: February 2023

Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and the conversion terms of the Lorenz energy cycle are estimated from an eddy-resolving global ocean model and resolved spectrally per horizontal wavenumber. The baroclinic conversion term (BC) exhibits a dipolar structure, where it is a source for EKE at scales close to the first baroclinic Rossby radius and a sink for EKE at larger scales close to the Rhines scale. The geographical and vertical distributions of the BC term are explored. It is found that in the ocean interior negative BC is limited to regions poleward of approximately 30° north and south. It is suggested that the cause for this distribution is the transfer of eddy energy to Rossby waves and zonal jets equatorward of 30°. It removes eddy energy before it cascades up to the scale where negative BC takes place. Equatorward of 30° the existence of a closed energy loop is suggested. Positive BC produces EKE which cascades upscale where it is converted to available eddy potential energy (EAPE) by negative BC, which cascades downscale again. The sink of EKE partly balances the EKE produced by baroclinic instability. The energy loop traps a certain amount of energy. Finally, the baroclinic conversion term is explored further in idealized model setups. The goal of the idealized setups is to test the robustness of the diagnostic methods and gain physical understanding of the negative baroclinic conversion.
Comparison of soil erosion rates by wind and water in a semi-arid loess soil
Authors: Katra Itzhak , Tanner Smadar , Ben Hur Meni
Published: February 2023

Soil erosion is a significant process in the loss of soil/land resources, degradation and desertification. Traditionally, wind and water erosions have been studied and modelled separately. A quantitative sediment flux measure from a specific soil due to both water and wind erosion is lacking. The study aimed to drive such erosion rates in a semi-arid loess soil that is subjected to both forces of erosion. Soil samples from top-and sub-layers of the soil were analyzed for physical and chemical properties, including characteristics of soil aggregation. We performed targeted laboratory experiments using a boundary layer wind-tunnel for wind erosion and rainfall simulator for water erosion. Rates of sediment flux that were calculated for the topsoil and the subsoil revealed an opposite trend between water and wind erosion. This indicates that soil erodibility strongly depends on the erosional force applied rather than a certain soil property. The study conducted in a semi-arid region and may serve as a case study under climate change scenarios, in which more (non-arid) regions will be subjected to increase soil erosion.    
Estimating the impact of the radiative feedback from atmospheric methane on climate sensitivity
Authors: Stecher Laura , Winterstein Franziska , Dameris Martin , Jöckel Patrick , Ponater Michael
Published: February 2023

Methane (CH4), the second most important greenhouse gas directly emitted by human activity, is removed from the atmosphere via chemical degradation.In this study we assess the radiative feedback from atmospheric CH4 resulting from changes in its chemical sink, which is mainly the oxidation with the hydroxyl radical (OH) and, which is influenced by temperature and the chemical composition of the atmosphere.We present results from numerical simulations with the chemistry-climate model EMAC perturbed by either CO2 or CH4 increase.The essential innovation in the simulation set-up is the use of CH4 emission fluxes instead of prescribed CH4 concentrations at the lower boundary. This means that changes in the chemical sink can feed back on the atmospheric CH4 concentration without constraints.For both forcing agents, CO2 and CH4, we explore so called rapid radiative adjustments in simulations with prescribed sea surface temperatures, as well as slow radiative feedbacks and the climate sensitivity in respective simulations using an interactive oceanic mixed layer.To quantify individual physical and chemical radiative adjustments and feedbacks we use the partial radiative perturbation method in offline simulations with a radiative transfer model consistent with the one used in the online simulations.First results show a negative feedback of atmospheric CH4 in a warming and moistening troposphere. As water vapour is a precursor of OH, increased humidity leads to increasing OH mixing ratios. This leads in turn to a shortening of the CH4 lifetime and a reduction of the CH4 mixing ratios accordingly. This decrease in CH4 also affects the response of tropospheric ozone (O3) leading to a less pronounced increase of O3 in the tropical upper troposphere compared to previous studies of the O3 response following a CO2 perturbation (Dietmüller et al., 2014;Nowack et al., 2015;Marsh et al., 2016).
Multi-Scalar analysis of Terrace use and Abandonment in Soave, northern Italy.
Authors: Fallu Daniel , Cucchiaro Sara , Lang Andreas , Albert Rosa Maria
Published: February 2023

Agricultural terraces preserve evidence of human action and subsistence strategies from the smallest scales of soil chemistry to the scale of their geographic extent, often hectares. These soils are subject to processes of reworking, both through their construction, use and maintenance by humans and by natural slope processes and pedogenesis. Changes in use, either through abandonment or re-purposing, affect the pedogical and sedimentological processes on the slope, often resulting in partial or toal collapse of the terrase walls. Recent research into soil organic carbon storage makes the understanding of terrace anthrosols an important aspect of modern environmental monitoring and Anthropocene landscape transformations.Here, we attempt to demonstrate the integration of chemical, micromorphological, stratigraphic, and topographic data for construction, use and abandonment of terraces into three study areas (Soave Castle, Fornace Michelon and Belloca )in Veneto, northern Italy (45.420198°N, 11.255179°E). Soil geochemical data, microbotanical evidence (including phytoliths and soil DNA), luminescence data (both pOSL and OSL dating, radiocarbon, and topographical information are integrated to produce a socio-environmental synthesis which is compared to the known archaeological, historical and environmental records for the region during the past 3000 years. In particular, erosion risk and soil volumes calculated from surface models and test pits aid in understanding how the slope has been modified over time, and how intensity of human activity has impacted soil development and loss. This integrated data provides us a robust platform for assessing the understanding actions taken by farmers to alter the slope and make it more suitable for cultivation, as well as the effects of abandonment and reuse. 
Earthquake-Triggered Tsunamis: Impact of the Uncertainty in the Rupture Slip Distribution on the Resulting Tsunami Wave Heights and Flow Velocities
Authors: Nievas Cecilia I. , Androsov Alexey , Weatherill Graeme
Published: February 2023

The estimation of expected damage and losses from natural hazards requires that uncertainties in the modelling and knowledge of future events be quantified and taken into consideration. This is true not only in a fully probabilistic context but also in future scenario calculations, particularly when looking at two or more cascading hazards in which the link between them is not univocal. An offshore earthquake that triggers a tsunami would be one such case. Even if the moment magnitude and rupture size and location of the earthquake were fully defined, it is not possible to know a priori the slip distribution along the rupture and the subsequent co-seismic topographic displacements. Many feasible slip distributions can be associated with the same moment magnitude and dimensions of the rupture, and these lead to a distribution of subsequent topographic displacements and, with that, a diversity of tsunami outcomes. Exactly how much variety exists in the resulting tsunamis, in terms, for example, of maximum wave height or maximum flow velocity at points of interest, and, ultimately, damage to buildings and losses, is the question driving the present study, which is part of the “risk workflow for CAScading and COmpounding hazards in COastal urban areas” (CASCO) project. The ultimate objective is to understand the relevance of this uncertainty and whether it needs to be modelled in the whole damage/loss calculation chain.To investigate this, 500 realisations of stochastically generated rupture slip have been produced for the 1908 Mw 7.1 Messina earthquake, whose rupture source is taken from the Italian Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS). The subsequent realisations of ground surface deformation (at the bottom of the sea and on land) were used as input to run realisations of the resulting tsunami in the Strait of Messina, eastern Sicily and western Calabria with the TsunAWI software. Maximum wave heights, maximum absolute velocities and maximum flux can vary significantly for selected observation points along the coast and within the Messina Strait. While a weak correlation has been identified between these tsunami outputs and inputs such as the maximum initial co-seismic vertical displacement, a stronger correlation has been observed with respect to the distance to the centroid of rupture slip. So far, results indicate that the uncertainty in the co-seismic slip along the rupture and the subsequent vertical displacements has a relevant impact on the resulting tsunami, suggesting that this source of uncertainty should not be entirely neglected in models. Using these tsunami outputs to estimate damage to buildings in the area allows us to understand the ultimate final impact on damage and loss calculations, and to develop and test strategies to reduce the resulting computational demand.
Garnet granulites from the Lapland Granulite Belt, arctic Finland
Authors: Pownall Jonathan , Cutts Kathryn
Published: February 2023

The Lapland Granulite Belt is an arcuate Paleoproterozoic (c. 1910–1880 Ma) granulite-facies metamorphic complex spanning arctic Finland, Norway, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia.  It has been interpreted as a core zone to the larger Lapland–Kola orogen that formed between the colliding Kola and Karelian Archean continents at 1930­­–1910 Ma (Daly et al., 2006; Lahtinen & Huhma, 2019).  The granulite complex comprises grt + crd + sill pelitic migmatites hosting centimetre- to kilometre-thick enderbitic (qtz + pl + opx ± cpx) and noritic (pl + opx ± hbl) sheets emplaced as mafic intrusions (Tuisku et al., 2006).  Along the granulite belt’s southwest margin is a large anorthosite body, the Angeli Anorthosite. The tectonic mechanism for granulite-facies metamorphism and melting is unresolved, with both the enderbite and anorthosite bodies as potential heat sources.  It is also unclear if the orogen formed in a modern-style arc setting, or in a more ‘Archean-type’ collision zone (Lahtinen & Huhma, 2019).  Previous pressure-temperature estimates for peak metamorphism are 850°C and 5­–9 kbar (Tuisku et al., 2006).  Spinel + quartz inclusions in garnet also hint at high (> 850°C) peak temperatures.  However, there has been relatively little published on the metamorphic history of the orogen in recent decades, and, until now, sample-specific phase equilibria modelling has yet to be applied to the region. Here we present preliminary fieldwork, petrographic observations, and geochemical data for a suite of garnet-bearing granulites from the Lapland Granulite Belt focussed on the Inari, Ivalo, and Kárášjohka valley regions.  Electron probe micro-analyser (EPMA) data have been acquired by the new JEOL JXA-iSP100 Superprobe at HelLabs, University of Helsinki.  Preliminary EPMA data analysis by XMapTools (Lanari et al., 2019) is introduced. References:Daly, J. S., Balagansky, V. V., Timmerman, M. J. & Whitehouse, M. J., 2006. The Lapland-Kola Orogen: Paleoproterozoic collision and accretion of the northern Fennoscandian lithosphere. In: Gee, D., G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds.), European Lithosphere Dynamics: Geological Society Memoirs 32, 579–598.Lahtinen, R. & Huhma, H., 2019. A revised geodynamic model for the Lapland-Kola Orogen. Precambrian Research 330, 1­–19.Lanari, P., Vho, A., Bovay, T., Airaghi, L., & Centrella, S., 2019. Quantitative compositional mapping of mineral phases by electron probe micro-analyser. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 478, 39–63.Tuisku, P., Mikkola, P. & Huhma, H., 2006. Evolution of Migmatitic Granulite Complexes: Implications from Lapland Granulite Belt, Part I: Metamorphic geology. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 78, 71–105.
Estimation of mean areal precipitation based on dual-polarization radar using copula function and Its use for urban drainage modeling
Authors: Kim Ho-Jun , Jung Min-Kyu , Cho Hemie , Kwon Hyun-Han
Published: February 2023

Urban flooding is a critical disaster resulting in the malfunction of the city and the loss of properties. Furthermore, urban flood prediction often requires a combined modeling process due to the complicated drainage system. In this study, the water levels and relevant inundation areas were estimated by the radar rainfall estimations and the SWMM model. Regarding the radar rainfall estimation, the joint relationship between reflectivity, phase (i.e, ZH, ZDR, KDP) of dual-polarization radar and ground rainfalls was explored through the copula function. The copula is a function that effectively joins marginal distribution functions to form a multivariate distribution function. Finally, the water level and inundation areas of Gangnam district were estimated using hourly mean areal precipitation (MAP) through radar rainfall estimations and the coupled 1D/2D urban hydrological model. The coupled model consists of a 1D conduit network model based SWMM (i.e., the RUNOFF and EXTRAN modules) and a 2D overland flow model, which links the surcharging flows at the manholes of the 1D sewer network model. AcknowledgementThis work was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through the Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Research Program, funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE). (No. 2021003030001)