bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring trust in supply chain partners' relationships
Authors: Laeequddin Mohammed , Sahay B.S. , Sahay Vinita , Abdul Waheed K.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a context dependent, multi perspective multilevel trust measurement instrument to measure supply chain members' trust.

Design/methodology/approach

Since trust is a context dependent phenomenon and the level of trust between partners cannot be measured easily, a conceptual framework is developed to measure supply chain partners' trust from risk perspective (i.e. risk related to characteristics, rational and institutions/security) considering the relationship as “Risky”, “Risk‐worthy” and “Not risky” and translated them in terms of trust perspectives as “No trust”, “Trust worthy” and “Trust”.

Findings

Although the research on trust emphasizes to focus on a member's characteristics such as benevolence, integrity, ability, reliability, credibility, etc, decision to trust require multiple judgments therefore trust should be measured from various context dependent perspectives at multiple levels in relationship from trustor's perceptions and calculations. The key perspectives of trust in supply chain relationship are; characteristics trust, rational trust (cost and benefit, dynamic capabilities, technology) and institutional trust/security system. An important argument of this concept is that trust can only be dyadic.

Research limitations/implications

Researchers on trust have repeatedly confirmed that trust is a multifaceted and context dependent concept. However the business context may not remain the same in the dynamic business environment, therefore this conceptual framework can be used as generalized trust measurement tool.

Practical implications

This paper has attempted to develop a simple and practical multi level trust measurement tool for the complex multi‐dimensional construct of supply chain partners' relationship trust.

Originality/value

This study may be one of the first to develop a multi level trust measurement concept from risk perspectives.
Using performance measures in public organisations: challenges of Italian public administrations
Authors: Sole Francesco , Schiuma Giovanni
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main challenges related to the use of performance measures in public organisations in order to identify the factors affecting the adoption and implementation of performance measurement systems. The empirical analysis is focused on the Italian Institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a two‐stage research process. First a systematic literature review has been carried out with the aim of identifying the factors enabling and hampering the adoption of performance measures in public organisations. Second on the basis of the results of the desk analysis a survey‐based investigation has been implemented involving Italian public institutions.

Findings

The paper provides a twofold contribution. It analyses the factors affecting the adoption and implementation of performance measures in public organisations. On the other hand it presents the descriptive statistical results of the survey highlighting the position of Italian institutions with regard to the use of performance measures. This allows an assessment of the cultural, political and rational factors influencing the deployment of measures in Italian institutions.

Research limitations/implications

The conceptual analysis has a general validity, whilst the empirical investigation is focused on the Italian context. The framework proposed in this paper allows the identification of the factors affecting the exploitation of performance measures in public organisations. It can be applied in any public organisational context. The empirical evidence is context‐specific and related, in particular, to the Italian local governments. Some main managerial implications are addressed that can support managers to apply performance measurement systems in public organisations.

Originality/value

The paper sheds light on a fundamental issue related to the implementation of performance measurement systems in public organisations. It addresses what are the factors that matter in order to make sure that performance measures are effectively employed to run everyday working activities. Indeed in many public organisations PMSs are something nice to have, but with little practical application.
The impact of changes in firm performance and risk on director turnover
Authors: Asthana Sharad , Balsam Steven
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show that director turnover varies in predictable and intuitive ways with director incentives.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a sample of 51,388 observations pertaining to 13,084 directors who served 1,065 firms during the period 1997‐2004. The data are obtained from RiskMetrics, Compustat, Execu‐Comp, CRSP, IBES, and the Corporate Library databases. Portfolio analysis, logit, and GLIMMIX regression analysis are used for the tests.

Findings

The paper provides evidence that directors are more likely to leave when firm performance deteriorates and the firm becomes riskier. While turnover increasing as firm performance deteriorates is consistent with involuntary turnover, directors are also more likely to leave in advance of deteriorating performance. The latter is consistent with directors having inside information and acting on that information to protect their wealth and reputation. When inside and outside director turnover is contrasted, the association between turnover and performance is stronger for inside directors.

Research limitations

Since data are obtained from multiple databases, the sample may be biased in favor of larger firms. The results may, therefore, not be applicable to smaller firms. To the extent that the story is unable to differentiate between voluntary and involuntary director turnover, the results should be interpreted with caution.

Originality/value

Even though extant research has looked extensively at the determinants of CEO turnover, little has been written on director turnover. Director turnover is an important topic to study, since directors, especially outside directors, possess a significant oversight role in the corporation.
The value relevance of a non‐GAAP performance metric to the capital markets
Authors: Albring Susan M. , Cabán‐García María T. , Reck Jacqueline L.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The study is driven by concerns raised by standard setters and others about the usefulness of performance reporting under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Of primary interest is whether explicitly defining what information should be included in earnings results in an earnings measure that is more relevant than operating earnings computed according to current GAAP. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether reducing management discretion in the reporting of performance adds to the value relevance of the performance measures reported to capital markets.

Design/methodology/approach

The value relevance of this non‐GAAP earnings measure is examined by estimating market valuation and returns models for 518 US firms included in the Standard & Poor's 500 Index over the time period 2002‐2007.

Findings

Results show that the explicitly defined non‐GAAP measure used is significantly associated with equity market values and returns and is significantly more value‐relevant than the GAAP measure.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to accounting literature assessing the relevance of earnings in setting equity market value. More specifically, it provides evidence consistent with prior results that non‐GAAP performance measures are more useful in valuation than GAAP earnings. However, in contrast with prior studies, the more explicit performance measure the paper examines removes some of the classificatory discretion pervasive in other non‐GAAP earnings metrics.
The wealth effects of investing in information technology
Authors: Jory Surendranath R. , Peng Jacob , Ford Caroline O.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

Section 404 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX 404) requires auditors to attest to, and report on, management's assessment and effectiveness of the company's internal control systems. This paper aims to examine investor reaction to companies' announcements of new information technology (IT) or improved existing IT to satisfy requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a sample of 124 SOX‐related IT announcements from 2003 to 2007, an event study measuring market reactions using average cumulative abnormal return is undertaken. Additionally, the cross‐sectional variation in the marketplace is analyzed to test the effect of firm‐specific factors on market responses.

Findings

The empirical results suggest that the stock market reacts favorably to corporations that invest in SOX 404‐related IT. The reaction is more favorable toward companies without prior reported internal control deficiencies/weaknesses. Additionally, the results marginally support the notion that firms with higher risk and poorer financial reporting quality can demonstrate their commitment to improve internal control over financial reporting by investing in IT for SOX 404 compliance.

Originality/value

The findings will influence companies' IT investment decisions, particularly IT decisions that are SOX Section 404‐related. Potential benefits of SOX 404 IT investments include favorable market returns. Additionally, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of SOX for standard‐setting and regulation bodies examining past rulings and preparing for future regulation.
The value impact of analyst coverage
Authors: Dhiensiri Nont , Sayrak Akin
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the value of analyst coverage on the covered firms.

Design/methodology/approach

To isolate the value impact of analyst coverage, the study focuses on a unique set of firms that receive analyst coverage for the first time after having been traded in an exchange for at least one year. Event study and ordinary least square regressions are used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

There is a significant and positive price reaction at the time of the announcement of analyst coverage initiations. However, unlike the coverage initiations around the initial public offers (IPOs), the price impact is not related to the reputation of the analyst firm, the exchange listing or whether the analyst firm is also the IPO underwriter. The sample firms do not experience significant reduction in the level of information asymmetry but experience a significant increase in liquidity. The increase in liquidity only occurs after the coverage initiations. The increase in liquidity is not explained by the increase in institutional investors' interest. Finally, the price impact around a coverage initiation is positively related to the change in liquidity.

Practical implications

The findings suggest that firms benefit from analyst coverage through an improvement in liquidity.

Originality/value

This is the first study to focus on the analysts' first‐time coverage initiations. It argues that focusing on the first‐time coverage initiations provides a better analysis of the effects of analyst activities on the firm value.
Weather derivatives, price forwards, and corporate risk management
Authors: Wang Mulong , Wen Min‐Ming , Yang Charles C.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The paper aims to examine theoretically valuation of weather derivatives and their hedging roles in corporate risk management.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper introduces an extended financial market model in which the weather risk is included as an independent random process and examines the effectiveness of weather derivatives and traditional price forwards in a unified theoretical framework. It also provides a no‐arbitrage approach to price weather derivatives, which theoretically combines the actuarial and financial paradigms.

Findings

The results document that corporate leverage level is an essential factor determining the choice between price forwards and weather derivatives. In some cases; weather derivatives outperform price forwards, while in some other cases; a joint use of both instruments is optimal, depending on the firm's risky leverage level. Interestingly, the paper identifies the case when the leverage level is very high, the positive roles of both instruments diminish and the firm is unhedgeable.

Originality/value

The paper provides important insights to investors and hedgers and extends the literature on corporate risk management.
Transferring home price risk to investors from individual borrowers
Authors: Sharma Dhruv
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline a new approach to risk management that will create an innovative marketplace mechanism to deal with risk.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses current risk management practice and proposes a novel new approach to risk management with an example.

Findings

This paper proposes the creation of a restructured mortgage product to transfer the home price volatility risk explicitly to investors and portfolio managers.

Originality/value

This paper proposes product innovation to transfer risk. The idea is original and is a conceptual viewpoint aimed at urging the industry to implement the concept. The recent credit crisis highlights the problem of unhedged home price volatility born by individual borrowers. As borrowers are not equipped to hedge this risk, it is important to restructure the mortgage to explicitly transfer the risk of home price volatility to investors and mortgage lenders.
Towards an integrative reflexivity in organisational research
Authors: Tomkins Leah , Eatough Virginia
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to offer a more integrative and inclusive conceptualisation of reflexivity as a way of identifying, understanding and managing some of the risks associated with reflexivity's potentially solipsistic “inward turn”.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on the authors' experience of empirical qualitative research with working carers. This experience is grounded within the traditions of interpretative phenomenology and critical epistemology.

Findings

Two reflexive risks: an unintended focus on researcher rather than participant; and process at the expense of substance are discussed and the first of these, reflexive narcissism, is associated with the recognition of biographical similarity between researcher and participant, and the second, a kind of reflexive “process‐ism”, with certain research designs involving meta‐reflection with participants on the research experience. The paper advocates the use of multiple reflexivities and an intrinsic sensibility to reflexive possibility throughout the duration of a research programme.

Research limitations/implications

The paper offers an alternative model of reflexivity and some practical guidelines, which may be of value to researchers working across a range of different qualitative methodologies.

Practical implications

The paper makes some preliminary observations about the phenomenon of the working carer, which may be of value to organisational practitioners.

Originality/value

The approach to reflexivity outlined in this paper helps to clarify some of the issues and difficulties associated with the reflexive thesis, and in particular, will help less experienced qualitative researchers to avoid some common pitfalls of reflexive practice.
Advancing a pragmatist epistemology in organisational research
Authors: Ruwhiu Diane , Cone Malcolm
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the utility of a pragmatist epistemology as a viable methodological avenue for addressing the challenges associated with the normative models of science that dominate organisational management. At the same time, theorisation of a paradigm grounded in a pragmatic epistemology is presented.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper seeks to explore the different assumptions guiding a pragmatist epistemology, based on the development of an alternative philosophic framework, such as an indigenous paradigm that draws its logic from a Māori worldview. In doing so, it counters the ideological tension created by the disjunction of applying an epistemological perspective that aligns with what we conceptualise as a mainstream Western view of knowledge creation and maintaining the integrity of taking an indigenous worldview.

Findings

In the paper, we argue that kaupapa Māori research, as an indigenous paradigm draws from a pragmatist epistemology, providing a platform for a culturally attuned response to mainstream organisational research.

Originality/value

The paper is of use to qualitative researchers, in and beyond indigenous contexts, as it grounded in a methodological approach that draws from a pragmatic epistemology offering insightful, more richly contextualised research avenues in organisation and management.
Understanding and meeting the needs of students from low socioeconomic status backgrounds
Authors: Ramburuth Prem , Härtel Charmine E.J.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight factors that facilitate or hinder the entry and academic achievement of students from low socioeconomic status into higher education, and facilitate understanding about how such students can be supported in their learning at university.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors draw on the literature on social inclusion, social exclusion, social identity and education, and link key aspects to the access, participation and learning success of students from low socioeconomic status backgrounds in higher education.

Findings

The paper identifies socioeconomic factors that impact on student learning and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding, supporting and addressing the needs of students from the target group.

Practical implications

The findings and discussion will contribute to the knowledge and teaching resource base required for institutions, academic and support staff to formulate and implement effective strategies for increased participation in higher education by students from low socioeconomic status backgrounds.

Originality/value

Most discussion and research on social inclusion and exclusion tends to relate to factors that lead to social disadvantage in general, but there is a growing need to consider the disadvantage in terms of access to higher education and the creation of learning opportunities that lead to success and educational advancement.
Integrating geospatial technologies, action research, and curriculum theory to promote ecological literacy
Authors: Agnello Mary Frances , Carpenter Penny
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine and report on the impact of integrating geospacial technology and ecological literacy into an educational leadership Master's class block comprised of action research and curriculum theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Action and teacher research informed by environmental issues framed an action research and curriculum theory course block in a Master's Educational Leadership program. A phenomenological study captured what transpired at a rural campus in Summer 2009. Teachers in Cohort VII investigated environmental relationships through observation, data collection, and analysis. The use of geospatial technologies built on place‐based educational pedagogies through the experience of kayaking on the Llano River to examine ecological social contexts as they relate to environmental issues.

Findings

Data reveal great interest in geospatial technologies but need for more professional development.

Practical implications

This action research engaged future school administrators in considering how to integrate spatial technology building on local geographic resources to enhance ecological literacy.

Originality/value

Research in the area of education administrators and public school students utilizing geospatial technology is very limited. The value added to the curriculum with geospatical technology is embraced by the masters students. They also began to comprehend how environmental literacy, as well as outdoor educational experiences, can be integrated into the school curriculum effectively.
Online advertising effectiveness: a cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: Brettel Malte , Spilker‐Attig Andrea
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The internet has gained enormous importance as an advertising medium. At the same time, the question of marketing accountability has become one of the top areas of research for researchers and practitioners who aim at optimal marketing budget allocations. This paper aims to show that national culture has an impact on how consumer behavior is influenced by online advertising.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper compares the effectiveness of internet advertising in the USA and France by analyzing a real data sample with more than 1.2 million transactions using partial least squares and structural equation modeling.

Findings

It is found that on‐demand channels have a stronger effect on short‐term success than push‐channels and that this effect is strongly moderated by the culture. It is recommended that spending and efforts in the various advertising channels be adjusted to reflect the product offered and the customers to whom it is offered, as customers in both countries should be targeted by advertising in different ways. The channel effectiveness of affiliate price comparison sites and search engines has significantly different impacts on customer behavior in the USA and France.

Originality/value

Until now, most companies have utilized a suboptimal allocation of resources to advertising channels because of missing and misleading data. Focusing on this problem, the paper suggests that advertisers apply the methodology to identify the total effect of clicks in each advertising channel. Combining these total effects with the associated costs allows practitioners to optimize their online advertising spending.
E‐formity: consumer conformity behaviour in virtual communities
Authors: Park JungKun , Feinberg Richard
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The paper aims to explore the structure of both normative and informational consumer conformity in an online virtual community. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a conceptual model of e‐formity in virtual communities.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected online from consumers who belonged to at least one virtual community. A total of 2,000 customers were drawn from a list of online consumer panels maintained by an online research company. Overall, 14.8 percent of those invited replied to the survey and were analyzed with structure equation modelling.

Findings

The results from the analysis indicate that both dimensions of conformity are distinct and have separate antecedents. Normative consumer conformity is influenced by internal consumer characteristics, whereas informational consumer conformity is related to external virtual community characteristics.

Research limitations/implications

Although this paper found evidence for e‐formity, the full nature and scope of e‐formity must be held to the classic findings of experimental versions of conformity research. There are broad implications for e‐formity in consumer behaviour and retailing. Retailers or manufacturers must realize that virtual communities and consumers' e‐formity behaviour are a valuable source of helping or hurting the sale and promotion of their products.

Practical implications

At the very least, the influence of e‐formity suggests that it is crucial for them to monitor closely the purposeful and nonpurposeful influences these virtual communications may have.

Originality/value

Given the scarcity of literature in the online conformity research area, this paper shows conformity in virtual communities does not change its influences on consumers' behaviour. As in the studies of traditional communities, e‐formity has found influence on virtual communities within two aspects. Virtual communities not only have inherited the social functions of traditional communities, but also have differences in antecedents.
Sources of brand equity for online companies
Authors: Rios Rosa E. , Riquelme Hernan E.
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purposes of this paper are to test sources of brand equity for online companies and to examine the role of selective internet marketing activities on the brand equity sources.

Design/methodology/approach

These objectives were pursued by testing the nomological validity of the model using structural equation modelling.

Findings

The paper finds evidence for the proposed sources of brand equity for online companies based on brand awareness and recognition, brand association (trust) and loyalty. The investigated antecedents namely functionality, fulfilment and customer service on line, significantly influence the sources of brand equity.

Research limitations/implications

The study is cross‐sectional, the dimensions to measure sources and antecedents of brand equity may not be comprehensive enough. The stimuli represent only a few online retailers.

Practical implications

Businesses are well advised to invest resources in creating brand recognition, customer loyalty and trust. Both of these can be achieved by developing internet marketing efforts around functionality, fulfilment of the promise and customer service support.

Originality/value

The nomological validity of the measurement and structural models for companies that operate on the internet, constitute a modest contribution. It is believed that a model, which integrates both, creates a more systemic view of brand equity. Apart from this one, there is no other study measuring the impact of internet marketing activities on brand equity sources.
E‐service quality perceptions: a cross‐cultural comparison of American and Korean consumers
Authors: Kim Jung‐Hwan , Kim Chungho
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the e‐service quality perceptions of US and South Korean consumers in relation to overall e‐service quality, e‐satisfaction, and e‐loyalty to understand geographic and cultural differences in relation to the international expansion of e‐business.

Design/methodology/approach

The data for the study were collected from college‐age internet users in the USA and Korea. A total of 361 questionnaires were deemed as usable for data analysis. Regression analyses were used to test the conceptual model.

Findings

Privacy and efficiency significantly affected overall e‐service quality and e‐satisfaction for respondents in both Korea and the USA. As for Korean respondents, system availability and fulfillment were significant factors that affected overall e‐satisfaction. The relationships among overall e‐service quality, e‐satisfaction, and e‐loyalty were positively significant between the two countries.

Practical implications

Using two sets of data from the USA and Korea, the paper examined important e‐service quality dimensions in producing overall e‐service quality and e‐satisfaction which in turn influence e‐loyalty based on respondents' actual shopping experience. The dimensions identified in the study are based on a full assessment of an e‐service experience. Global e‐retailers can use the dimensions identified by the paper to better assess their service performance on an international level.

Originality/value

The paper is unique in that it is one of the first cross‐cultural examinations of how consumers in two different countries perceived e‐service quality using e‐SQ scale developed by Parasuramanet al.
Creative tourism and emotional labor: an investigatory model of possible interactions
Authors: Salman Duygu , Uygur Duygu
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether creative tourists can transform the service encounter in city hotels in a way that can reduce the amount of emotional labor required from service employees and its negative consequences.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on current definitions of creative tourism, on the literature of culture, culture's relation to emotions and emotional labor, the researchers develop a conceptual spatial model for the city. The model aims to understand how creative tourists can influence the hospitality industry as they move between creative and standardized spaces.

Findings

The spatial model conceptualizes the city as having two divergent spaces for creative tourists. The model suggests that differently constructed characteristics of these spaces interrupt the continuity of the creative tourism experience. Therefore, the possibility of a transitive relationship between these spaces may benefit both creative tourists, by providing unity to their experiences, and service employees, by reducing the amount of organizational control on their emotional displays during service encounters.

Research limitations/implications

The paper offers a preliminary model. Therefore, empirical research is obligatory to understand whether this proposed spatial model and the related consequences have equivalence in real life situations.

Practical implications

The model can bring about various practical implications for human resources processes of hotels ranging from selection to training.

Originality/value

The study offers a model proposing a continuity of creative tourist experiences in different spaces. It also constitutes an effort to question the requirement of emotional labor from hospitality employees.
Cultural tourism and creative regeneration: two case studies
Authors: Sepe Marichela , Di Trapani Giovanni
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of the creative city, the factors conditioning creativity in cities and how they stimulate urban innovation and local development. Furthermore, by way of examples, the paper aims to illustrate two emblematic case studies and the main elements which were considered for the sustainable urban regeneration.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper gives both a theoretical contribution on the relationship between the creative regeneration and cultural tourism, and empirically illustrates two cases for comparative study. The case studies are explained taking care to present information and figures of interest for the purposes of the work, with useful data to implement project descriptions and draw appropriate conclusions.

Findings

The research found that, in order to achieve the long‐term success of urban and cultural regeneration, the involvement and integration of the local community at all levels throughout the process, and the need to enhance and consolidate place identity, all in respect of economic, social and environmental sustainability, are critical factors.

Originality/value

The theoretical and empirical contribution of the paper is organized so as to emphasize the interdisciplinary relationships between some aspects of creative projects that are considered of particular importance to boost cultural tourism such as: place identity, sustainable development, urban regeneration and involvement of the population.
Assessing Istanbul competitiveness: a multidimensional approach
Authors: Minghetti Valeria , Montaguti Federica
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic competitive profile of Istanbul and to compare it to ten other European cities by using a multidimensional approach.

Design/methodology/approach

Starting from a review of existing competitiveness models, the paper develops a methodology that takes into account the complex shifting nature of the network of “mobilities” interacting within and around the destination.

Findings

The proposed approach proves to be effective in designing a dynamic competitive profile of every city and in identifying the factors that drive competitiveness within and between different competitive clusters of cities.

Originality/value

The new approach presents several original elements, since it embeds the evolution of the system of diverse intersecting tourism and non tourism “mobilities” that characterize an urban destination, and integrates different dimensions and disciplinary points of view.
Mixed‐income housing development strategy
Authors: Okechukwu Onatu George
Published: August 2010

Purpose

High rates of urbanization have concentrated housing needs in urban areas. This has resulted in a large‐scale housing and service backlog. The rapid growth in housing demand represents a mammoth task for both the present and future housing policy in South Africa. Local government in an effort to address this challenge has placed a high premium on informal settlement formalization and mixed‐income housing development. The rationale behind these two approaches is to address urban poverty, segregation and redevelopment. The purpose of this paper is to appraise mixed‐income housing development with the objective of integration along racial and social grounds and to denounce the negative perception that the poor and rich cannot live side by side, as well as to provide evidence‐based public‐private partnership (PPP) in development.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation will be based on primary and secondary data with great emphasis on the analysis of the findings of Shift, an NGO, in reviewing the success and challenges of mixed‐income housing development. Both published and unpublished literatures were used equally in the study, as well as focus group discussion and interviews with the beneficiaries as well as the principal developers and City of Johannesburg representatives. These findings will be contextualized to Cosmo City in Johannesburg because this happens to be one of the municipalities with a high rate of migration and attendant housing shortage.

Findings

Integration of the poor into the urban system is achievable with effective and efficient PPP. This investigation also finds that the mixed‐income housing development can lead to an inclusive city and bring about change in the paradigm of criminalization of the poor as being not suitable to live side by side with the rich. Poverty and marginalization can be addressed through carefully planned housing typology.

Originality/value

For mixed‐income housing development to be successful and sustainable, this paper shows there is a need for interactive participation of the end user or beneficiaries. Integration along social and racial lines can be achieved through appropriate housing typology. There is a need for inter‐sectoral collaboration and partnership between the public and private sectors in addressing informal settlement challenge and urban poverty in developing countries.
The Ghanaian transaction‐based residential indices
Authors: Anim‐Odame Wilfred K. , Key Tony , Stevenson Simon
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide technically robust indicators of housing market performance from the records held by the Ghana Land Valuation Board, through the construction of the first ever residential price and rent indices for the aggregate and disaggregate markets.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach involved time series produced from hedonic models using 3,250 transaction‐based data, running from 1992 to 2007, and documents on movements in capital and rental values in Accra and Tema, the dominant commercial conurbations in the country.

Findings

The paper makes a major contribution to knowledge and understanding of housing market dynamics in Ghana. The results suggest that the derived price and rent indices look, at first sight, reasonably plausible with cyclical trends showing weak and strong patches.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on the development of formal housing markets through a detailed case study of Ghana, and provides findings and models of a wider application in other emerging economies.
Vertical segregation and gender practices. Perspectives of analysis and action
Authors: Poggio Barbara
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the persistence of vertical segregation in the European labour market, suggesting an interpretation of the phenomenon (and a consequent basis for intervention) based on the concept of gender practice.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is theoretical in nature. It consists of a brief survey of the main explanations proposed in the literature and of the approaches most frequently used to counteract vertical gender segregation. It then focuses on a practice‐based approach.

Findings

The paper describes the opportunities offered by an approach based on an interpretation of gender as practice.

Originality/value

The paper intends to provide the debate on gender and management with insights derived from adoption of an interpretative perspective emergent from both the theoretical point of view and that of managerial action and policy.
Gendered scripts: studying hidden assumptions in business contexts
Authors: Hanappi‐Egger Edeltraud , Kauer Alexandra
Published: August 2010

Purpose

The paper's aim is to make the a priori gender scripts visible in order to discuss their role in decision‐making processes in business contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to get access to hidden and unconscious gender scripts, an innovative qualitative method, called mind‐scripting, was applied. Mind‐scripting is a discursive method based on “memory work” and allows for analyzing and deconstructing implicit assumptions in social interactions.

Findings

The selected results show on the one side that people are steadily using their hidden assumptions and scripts to make sense out of specific social situations. On the other side it could be shown that the application of sex‐based stereotypes does not depend on the sex of the person alone, but depends strongly on the gendered construction of the interaction. In the case of bargaining it could be shown that bargaining is (still) a rather masculine construction with respect to manly connoted scripts and schemata.

Social implications

The paper gives a substantial incentive to change the perspective of bargaining research related to gender issues: instead of simply searching for sex differences or for sex‐based stereotypes it is necessary to have a closer look at the gendered constructions of the according social interactions.

Originality/value

The method of mind‐scripting is used to analyze gender scripts in a bargaining context. Furthermore, the paper is the first which deals with a combination of gendered scripts and schemata and sex‐related stereotypes in this way.
The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of the Mammalia.‐III. Family 2. Cercopithecidæ: with notes on the comparative physiology of the tongues and stomachs of the Langurs.
Authors: Sonntag Charles F.
Published: August 2010

The tongues of the Cercopithecidæ do not contain many pigmented forms, and those which are coloured vary in the distribution of the pigment. The tongue of Cercopithecus patas may be yellow or colourless.

The conical and fungiform papillæ, with few exceptions, exhibit the usual type of arrangement. Only in Cercopithecus cethiops was it different.

The vallate papillae form a triangle, V, or double pair, but the pattern is not characteristic in any genus.

The lateral organs appear as rows of sulci and flat laminae, or as rows of oval or rod‐like bodies.

The frenal lamella is entire or bifid, even in different examples of the same species, so it is not of value for purposes of classification.

The glands on the base of the tongue are largest in the Langurs, in which they occupy a large area. They are not very prominent in the Cercopitheques nor in the Macaques; in the former the duct orifices are larger than in the latter. In the Mangabeys and Baboons they form prominent masses with large orifices on the sides of the base of the tongue. These structures are, therefore, of the greatest value in classifying the tongues of the Cercopithecidse.

Plicæ fimbriatæ, lytta, foramen caecum, and Apical Gland of Nuhn or Blandin are absent in the adult tongue. Plicæ fimbriatee may, however, be present in very young tongues.
The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of the Mammalia.—VII. Cetaeea, Sirenia, and Ungulata.
Authors: Sonntag Charles F.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The tongues of the Cetacea have their glandular organs better developed, but their gustatory and mobile functions are less, than in other Mammalia.

The tongues of the Mystacoceti agree with those of the Odontoceti as follows:—1. Filiform papillæ are scanty or absent. 2. The mucosa is more or less corrugated. 3. There is no trace of foramen cecum, Iptta, frenal lamella, lateral organs, and apical gland of Nuhn.

The tongues of the Mystacoceti and Odontoceti differ in the following points:—
Lecturer inHygiene, University of Bristol.
Authors: COTT HUGH B.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Ocypoda ceratophthalma belongs to the biological group of animals which, burrow for safety, but which must expose themselves above ground for feeding purposes. At these times the crabs are subject to attacks of predatory enemies. Such conditions place a premium upon speed, invisibility, and alertness. The high attainment of the first is as remarkable in these forms as is their fossorial activity on the one hand, and their extreme mental alertness and intelligence on the other. Correlated with this mode of life is the cryptic colouring, which is of protective value by day, and the nocturnal habit, which affords a measure of protection and invisibility by night. It is noteworthy that in many respects the Racing‐Crab occupies among the Brachyura a biological position analogous to that held by the rabbit among the Rodentia.
Analysis of the Relative Growth of the Pacific Edible Crab, Cancer magister.
Authors: Weymouth Frank W. , Mackay Donald C. G.
Published: August 2010

An analysis by the method of Huxley of approximately 4000 measurements made on about 1800 individuals of Cancer magister from the Pacific coast of North America is here presented.

Slight heterogony has been found in the growth of the majority of its parts. In all aspects of relative growth it is extremely conservative.

Changes in form indicate that sexual maturity in the female occurs at a carapace width of about 10 cm. This is confirmed by the size of ovigerous females and by observations of the development of the ovary.

The sudden change in the length‐width proportions indicates that sexual maturity is usually attained by a single moult.

The size at which male crabs become mature could not be inferred with certainty from the present data.

After sexual maturity has been attained the legs of male crabs grow more rapidly than the body and the legs of females continue to grow less rapidly than the body. As a consequence the legs of mature males are longer than those of mature females of corresponding carapace width.

A change in the ratio of length to width of the sixth abdominal segment of females has been noted at a carapace width of 7 cm. No other change is known to occur at this size. It is possible that this is a precocious change associated with the approaching sexual maturity.

Crabs from south‐eastern Alaska, both male and female, were found to be a little shorter in proportion to their width than the corresponding Boundary Bay crabs.

It has been pointed out that most organisms display some heterogony and that bizarre forms must exhibit it to a greater degree than more conservative forms.

It has further been pointed out that a strong negative correlation seems to exist between the degree of heterogony and the maximum size of a species. Unfortunately no data justifying speculation upon the causal relationships are available.

Cancer magister in all aspects of relative growth displays great conservatism; no high values for k were found for this large and abundant species.
25. The Duration and Phases of the Menstrual Cycle in Primates
Authors: Zuckerman S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Data regarding the menstrual cycle of various Primates are summarized in Table II.

In animals which undergo a sexual‐skin cycle the phase of swelling (folli‐cular phase) is generally longer and more variable than the phase of quiescence (luteal phase). This finding is related to the well‐established view that the luteal phase in the human menstrual cycle is generally less variable than the pre‐ovulation phase.

Various issues concerning the sexual skin, including the sexual coloration of some male monkeys, are considered.
Venous Valves in the Giraffe, Okapi, Camel and Ostrich.
Authors: Amoroso E. C. , Edholm O. G. , Rewell R. E.
Published: August 2010

The jugular and the limb veins of the Giraffe, Okapi, Camel and Ostrich have been examined. Certain arrangements of valve cusps at the orifices of the larger tributaries of these veins have been found in the Giraffe, Okapi and Camel, the cusps being arranged in various ways one above the other along the axis of the main vessel.

The term Bicuspid or Tricuspid SERIED Valves is suggested to describe these.

Experiments have shown that these valves are efficient in preventing backflow of blood into the tributaries when a sudden rise of pressure occurs in the main vein, unless the pressure in both is very low to start with. Once closed, the valves will withstand high pressures, even with negative pressure in the tributary.

Seried Valves are not found at the mouths of small tributaries. Thus they are absent from the jugular vein of the Giraffe which receives only small vessels.
A Revision of the Genus Merioes.
Authors: Chaworth‐Musters J. L. , Ellerman. J. R.
Published: August 2010

The British Museum, Natural History, has lately received from the staff of the Middle East Anti‐Locust Unit a large series of specimens of the genus Meriones from Arabia. Examination of this material led the authors to a complete revision of the genus as represented in the British Museum collection.
The Generic Names of the Mandrill and Baboons, with Notes on some of the Genera of Brisson, 1762.
Authors: Hopwood A. Tindell
Published: August 2010

Two kinds of Baboon are included among the fossil mammals found in the middle Pleistocene deposits of Olduvai, Tanganyika Territory. One belongs to the extinct genus Simopithecus Andrews; it is closely related to the Gelada. The other was referred to Papio by Pohle, who did not give the author of the genus, but it may be assumed that he used the name as of Erxleben, 1777. This usage, now of long standing, was fixed by J. A. Allen (1925).
Observations on some physiological variations in frogs and toads, with special reference to the gastric mucosa.
Authors: BRADFORD NORAH M. , CRANE E. E. , DAVIES R. E.
Published: August 2010

Methods are described for the maintenance of captive frogs and toads in a normal healthy condition in an outdoor froggery, and for feeding them. Toads were kept in a prime condition much more easily than frogs.

Dimensions and structural details are given of a convenient travelling box for these amphibia.

Many more males than females were captured: 73 per cent. of the frogs and 84 per cent. of the toads used for experiments were male.

Seasonal and sexual variations of the body weight and of the dry and wet weights of gastric mucosae, and their relations, are described. While the body weights of male and female frogs were highest just before and after hibernation, the gastric mucosae weight was highest in early summer.

Results are given for the rate of respiration and the rate of hydrochloric‐acid secretion by isolated frog and toad gastric mucosa and of their variations. The average rates of respiration and of acid secretion of isolated frog gastric mucosae were lowest in winter. The percentage of these mucosae which secreted acid was greatest in spring and autumn. The average rate of respiration of isolated toad gastric mucosae was about the same as that of isolated frog gastric mucosae, but the average rate of acid secretion was nearly twice as great.

The incidence is given of stomach nodules, parasitic infections of the stomach and gastric ulcers, for both male and female frogs and toads.