bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and support needs during recovery in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors
Authors: Lee Christie M , Herridge Margaret S , Matte Andrea , Cameron Jill I
Published: September 2009

Introduction

There is a limited understanding of the long-term needs of survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as they recover from their episode of critical illness. The Timing it Right (TIR) framework, which emphasizes ARDS survivors' journey from the ICU through to community re-integration, may provide a valuable construct to explore the support needs of ARDS survivors during their recovery.

Methods

Twenty-five ARDS survivors participated in qualitative interviews examining their needs for educational, emotional and tangible support for each phase of the TIR framework. Transcripts were analyzed using framework methodology.

Results

ARDS survivors' support needs varied across the illness trajectory. During the ICU stay, survivors were generally too ill to require information. The transfer to the general ward was characterized by anxiety surrounding decreased surveillance and concern for future health and treatment. Information needs focused on the events surrounding the acute illness, while physical and emotional needs revolved around physical therapy and psychological support for depression and anxiety. As patients were preparing for hospital discharge, they expressed a desire for specific information about the recovery and rehabilitation process following an episode of ARDS (e.g., outpatient physiotherapy, long-term sequela of the illness). Once in the community, survivors wanted guidance on home care, secondary prevention, and ARDS support groups.

Conclusions

Our findings support the need for future educational and support interventions to meet the changing needs of ARDS survivors during their recovery.
Induction of Th1/Th17 immune response by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of dectin-1, mannose receptor, and DC-SIGN
Authors: Zenaro Elena , Donini Marta , Dusi Stefano
Published: September 2009

Dectin-1 engagement by Mycobacterium tuberculosis enables dendritic cells to induce Th1/Th17 response, whereas DC-SIGN and mannose receptor co-stimulation limits Th17 generation and favors Th1 response.

Mtb influences DC activity and T cell-mediated immune responses. We show that the treatment of immature monocyte-derived DC with Mtb elicited the formation of mature DC, producing TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23 and instructing CD4+ cells to secrete IFN-γ and IL-17. Mtb-induced cytokine release by DC depended on dectin-1 receptor engagement, whereas MR or DC-SIGN stimulation inhibited this process. A selective dectin-1 binding by the receptor agonist glucan was sufficient to enable DC to generate Th1/Th17 lymphocytes, showing features comparable with those induced by Mtb-treated DC. Interestingly, DC-SIGN or MR engagement inhibited Th17 and increased Th1 generation by glucan- or Mtb-treated DC. Our results indicate that Mtb modulates the lymphocyte response by affecting DC maturation and cytokine release. Dectin-1 engagement by Mtb enables DC to promote a Th1/Th17 response, whereas DC-SIGN and MR costimulation limits dectin-1-dependent Th17 generation and favors a Th1 response, probably by interfering with release of cytokines.
A nonproteolytic proteasome activity controls organelle fission in yeast
Authors: Hofmann Line , Saunier Rémy , Cossard Raynald , Esposito Michela , Rinaldi Teresa , Delahodde Agnès
Published: September 2009

To understand the processes underlying organelle function, dynamics and inheritance, it is necessary to identify and characterize the regulatory components involved. Recently in yeast and mammals, proteins of the membrane fission machinery (Dnm1-Mdv1-Caf4-Fis1 in yeast and DLP1-FIS1 in human) have been shown to have a dual localization on mitochondria and peroxisomes, where they control mitochondrial fission and peroxisome division. Here, we show that whereas vacuole fusion is regulated by the proteasome degradation function, mitochondrial fission and peroxisomal division are not controlled by the proteasome activity but rather depend on a new function of the proteasomal lid subunit Rpn11. Rpn11 was found to regulate the Fis1-dependent fission machinery of both organelles. These findings indicate a unique role of the Rpn11 protein in mitochondrial fission and peroxisomal proliferation that is independent of its role in proteasome-associated deubiquitylation.
Efungumab: A Novel Agent in the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis
Authors: Karwa Rakhi , Wargo Kurt A
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To review the use of efungumab as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of invasive candidiasis (IC) and to provide guidance on formulary placement.

Data Sources:

Searches of MEDLINE (1966–June 2009) and EMBASE (1974–June 2009) were conducted using the terms efungumab, Mycograb, heat shock protein 90, and invasive candidiasis. Other resources included www.clinicaltrials.gov and article bibliographies.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All studies and case reports evaluating efungumab use in IC were included. Literature review was limited to the English language.

Data Synthesis:

Efungumab is a monoclonal antibody targeted against heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90). It binds to HSP 90, preventing a conformational change needed for fungal viability. In vitro data show that HSP 90 inhibition may decrease resistance against antifungal agents and increase antifungal activity. Efungumab shows activity against Candida spp. when used alone and synergism when combined with fluconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B. A randomized controlled trial evaluated combination therapy of efungumab 1 mg/kg twice daily and liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B therapy alone. At day 10, a favorable response was seen in 84% of patients in the efungumab group compared with 48% of patients in the placebo group (OR 5.76; 95% CI 2.4 to 13.8). Mortality at day 33 was also lower in the efungumab group, 4% versus 18%, respectively (OR 0.168; 95% CI 0.036 to 0.797). Although adverse effects were similar in this trial (10% vs 7%), case reports revealed an increased incidence of blood pressure fluctuations. Cytokine release syndrome has also been linked to efungumab use, warranting further exploration of its safety.

Conclusions:

Efungumab is a new antifungal agent with a novel mechanism of action. Available clinical data and synergy studies support the use of efungumab in combination with other antifungal agents for the treatment of IC. Further safety data are needed before formulary recommendations can be made.
Birds of a feather bully together: Group processes and children's responses to bullying
Authors: Jones Sian E. , Manstead Antony S. R. , Livingstone Andrew
Published: September 2009

Recent research has shown that a group‐level analysis can inform our understanding of school bullying. The present research drew on social identity theory and intergroup emotion theory. Nine‐ to eleven‐year olds were randomly assigned to the same group as story characters who were described as engaging in bullying, as being bullied, or as neither engaging in bullying nor being bullied. Participants read a story in which a bully, supported by his or her group, was described as acting unkindly towards a child in a different group. Gender of protagonists and the bully's group norm (to be kind or unkind to other children) were varied. Identification affected responses to the bullying incident, such that those who identified more highly with each group favoured this group. Moreover, children's group membership predicted the group‐based emotions they reported, together with the associated action tendencies. Implications for understanding the processes underlying bullying behaviour are discussed.
Parathyroid hormone regulates fetal-placental mineral homeostasis
Authors: Simmonds Charlene S , Karsenty Gerard , Karaplis Andrew C , Kovacs Christopher S
Published: September 2009

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays an essential role in regulating calcium and bone homeostasis in the adult, but whether PTH is required at all for regulating fetal-placental mineral homeostasis and skeletal development is uncertain. We hypothesized that despite its low circulating levels during fetal life, PTH plays a critical role in regulating these processes. To address this, we examined two different genetic models of PTH deficiency. Pth null mice have enlarged parathyroids that are incapable of making PTH, whereas Gcm2 null mice lack parathyroids but have PTH that arises from the thymus. Pth nulls served as a model of complete absence of PTH, whereas Gcm2 nulls were a model of severe hypoparathyroidism. We determined that PTH contributes importantly to fetal mineral homeostasis because in its absence a fetal hypoparathyroid phenotype results with hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, low amniotic fluid mineral content, and reduced skeletal mineral content. We also determined that PTH is expressed in the placenta, regulates the placental expression of genes involved in calcium and other solute transfer, and may directly stimulate placental calcium transfer. Although parathyroid hormone–related protein (PTHrP) acts in concert with PTH to regulate fetal mineral homeostasis and placental calcium transfer, unlike PTH, it does not upregulate in response to fetal hypocalcemia. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Concept maps in the design of an accessible CinemaSense service
Authors: Raike Antti , Hakkarainen Kai
Published: September 2009

The purpose of the study was to produce accessible web-based study material concerning cinematic expression, entitled CinemaSense (http://elokuvantaju.uiah.fi),
suited to those of diverse backgrounds. The design of the web service in question took place in collaboration with two groups of students in two universities. The first Novice Group consisted of seven deaf teacher-training students who use Finnish Sign Language as their first language; they
were education majors in a five-year MA programme, preparing them for the primary-level classroom. They were engaged in a two-year web-based study concerning cinematic expression, culminating in making their own documentary. The second Expert Group consisted of five Finnish-speaking students
majoring in film who followed their own art school-based curriculum. The participants were asked to draw concept maps concerning cinematic expression several times during the design experiment. The conceptions and structures of the participants' concept maps significantly affected the design
of CinemaSense's map-like user interface and assisted in validating design decisions across three iterative cycles. Multi-level evidence gathered at the end of the experiment indicated that the participants in the Novice Group adopted a novice film-maker's perspective on films rather
than a film-viewer's perspective. Implications of creating more accessible learning environments are discussed.
Performance-Related Sustained and Anticipatory Activity in Human Medial Temporal Lobe during Delayed Match-to-Sample
Authors: Olsen Rosanna K. , Nichols Elizabeth A. , Chen Janice , Hunt Jack F. , Glover Gary H. , Gabrieli John D. E. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: September 2009

The medial temporal lobe (MTL)—hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortical areas—has long been known to be critical for long-term memory for events. Recent functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological data in humans performing short-delay tasks suggest that the MTL also contributes to performance even when retention intervals are brief, and single-unit data in rodents reveal sustained, performance-related delay activity in the MTL during delayed-non-match-to-sample tasks. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between activation in human MTL subregions and performance during a delayed-match-to-sample task with repeated (non-trial-unique) stimuli. On critical trials, the presentation of two faces was followed by a 30 s delay period, after which participants performed two-alternative forced-choice recognition. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant delay period activity in anterior hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex over the 30 s retention interval, with the magnitude of activity being significantly higher on subsequently correct compared with subsequently incorrect trials. In contrast, posterior hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and fusiform gyrus activity linearly increased across the 30 s delay, suggesting an anticipatory response, and activity in parahippocampal cortex and hippocampus was greater during the probe period on correct compared with incorrect trials. These results indicate that at least two patterns of MTL delay period activation—sustained and anticipatory—are present during performance of short-delay recognition memory tasks, providing novel evidence that multiple processes govern task performance. Implications for understanding the role of the hippocampus and surrounding MTL cortical areas in recognition memory after short delays are discussed.
A Critical Period for Activity-Dependent Synaptic Development during Olfactory Bulb Adult Neurogenesis
Authors: Kelsch Wolfgang , Lin Chia-Wei , Mosley Colleen P. , Lois Carlos
Published: September 2009

New neurons integrate in large numbers into the mature olfactory bulb circuit throughout life. The factors controlling the synaptic development of adult-born neurons and their connectivity remain essentially unknown. We examined the role of activity-dependent mechanisms in the synaptic development of adult-born neurons by genetic labeling of synapses while manipulating sensory input or cell-intrinsic excitability. Sensory deprivation induced marked changes in the density of input and output synapses during the period when new neurons develop most of their synapses. In contrast, when sensory deprivation started after synaptic formation was complete, input synapses increased in one domain without detectable changes in the other dendritic domains. We then investigated the effects of genetically raising the intrinsic excitability of new neurons on their synaptic development by delivering a voltage-gated sodium channel that triggers long depolarizations. Surprisingly, genetically increasing excitability did not affect synaptic development but rescued the changes in glutamatergic input synapses caused by sensory deprivation. These experiments show that, during adult neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb, synaptic plasticity is primarily restricted to an early period during the maturation of new neurons when they are still forming synapses. The addition of cells endowed with such an initial short-lived flexibility and long-term stability may enable the processing of information by the olfactory bulb to be both versatile and reliable in the face of changing behavioral demands.
Motoneuron Transplantation Rescues the Phenotype of SMARD1 (Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Respiratory Distress Type 1)
Authors: Corti Stefania , Nizzardo Monica , Nardini Martina , Donadoni Chiara , Salani Sabrina , Del Bo Roberto , Papadimitriou Dimitra , Locatelli Federica , Mezzina Nicoletta , Gianni Francesca , Bresolin Nereo , Comi Giacomo P.
Published: September 2009

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is a fatal form of infantile motoneuron disease. There is currently no effective treatment, although motor neuron replacement is a possible therapeutic strategy. We transplanted purified motor neurons into the spinal cord ofnmdmice, an animal model of SMARD1. We also administered pharmacological treatment targeting the induction of axonal growth toward skeletal muscle target. At the end stage of the disease, donor-derived motor neurons were detected in thenmdanterior horns, extended axons into the ventral roots, and formed new neuromuscular junctions. These data correlated with improved neuromuscular function and increased life spans. The neuroprotective effect was associated with a reduction in proinflammatory molecules in treated spinal cords. This is the first report that functional restoration of motor units with transplanted motoneurons is feasible in an animal model of a human motoneuron disease, opening up new possibilities for therapeutic intervention.
Encoding and Decoding Bursts by NMDA Spikes in Basal Dendrites of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Polsky Alon , Mel Bartlett , Schiller Jackie
Published: September 2009

Bursts of action potentials are important information-bearing signals in the brain, although the neuronal specializations underlying burst generation and detection are only partially understood. In apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons, calcium spikes are known to contribute to burst generation, but a comparable understanding of basal dendritic mechanisms is lacking. Here we show that NMDA spikes in basal dendrites mediate both detection and generation of bursts through a postsynaptic mechanism. High-frequency inputs to basal dendrites markedly facilitated NMDA spike initiation compared with low-frequency activation or single inputs. Unlike conventional temporal summation effects based on voltage, however, NMDA spike facilitation depended mainly on residual glutamate bound to NMDA receptors from previous activations. Once triggered by an input burst, we found that NMDA spikes in turn reliably trigger output bursts underin vivo-like stimulus conditions. Through their unique biophysical properties, NMDA spikes are thus ideally suited to promote the propagation of bursts through the cortical network.
Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit der Wassermengenmessung mit ZählernExperimental Research to the Accuracy of Water Measurements with Meters
Authors: Adunka Franz
Published: September 2009

Wasser hat eine fundamentale Bedeutung für das Leben. Daher war es auch bereits in der Antike wichtig, mit Trinkwasser sorgsam umzugehen und den Verbrauch messtechnisch zu erfassen. Es wurden bereits damals Messverfahren entwickelt, die durchaus vernünftige Messergebnisse lieferten. An dieser Stelle sei auf die Arbeiten von Frontinus hingewiesen (97 bis 103 n. Chr.), der unter den Kaisern Nerva und Trajan als curator aquarum für die Wasserversorgung der Stadt Rom verantwortlich war [1]. Aber nicht nur Trinkwasser wird messtechnisch erfasst, die Wassermessung ist auch u. a. für die Wärmeenergiemessung und für die Erfassung von Abwässern wichtig. Während im ersten Fall das Medium “sauber” vorliegt, ist sowohl bei der Wärmeenergie- und der Abwassermessung die Qualität des Wassers und auch dessen Temperatur eine wichtige Einflussgröße. Im folgenden Beitrag wird die Frage untersucht, welche Messgenauigkeiten prinzipiell und welche unter realistischen Randbedingungen bei Wassermengenmessungen erreichbar sind. Die erste Frage interessiert wohl die Versorgungsunternehmungen und die Nutzer, die zweite Frage wendet sich wegen des grundsätzlichen Charakters an “Nationale Metrologie-Institute”, kurz NMIs genannt (z. B. PTB in Deutschland und BEV in Österreich).
Structures of three (2R,3S)-4-(arylmethyl)-1-(4-phenyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-butyl)-piperazine derivatives, potential anti-malarial agents
Authors: Cunico Wilson , Gomes Claudia R. B. , Harrison William T. A. , Moreth Marcele , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V.
Published: September 2009

Selected (2R,3S)-4-(arylmethyl)-1-(4-phenyl-3-substituted-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)piperazine derivatives have anti-malarial activity. The crystal structures of active tert-butyl (2S,3R)-4-(4-benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylcarbamate, (1), nonactive (2S,3R)-4-(4-nitrobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-(4-toluenesulfonamido)butane, (2), and the active dihydrated salt, (2S,3R)-4-(4-(benzo[d]-[1,3]dioxol-5-ylmeäthyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-2-(4-toluenesulfonamido)butane.dihydrogen chloride, (3) are reported. Biological studies indicated the importance of the OH, the benzyl group and the methylene substituents, at the piperazinyl nitrogens, for generating activity. The bond distances in 1 and 2 and the two independent dications of 3, involving these units, do not correlate with activities. However, the molecular conformation adopted by 2, was different from that in 1 and the dications of 3. Both 1 and 2 possess O(1)—H(1)—O(1) and N—HN—O intermolecular H-bonds: in both cases, the O—H—O hydrogen bonds involve the hydroxyl oxygen atom, while the N—H—O interaction for 1 involves the carbonyl oxygen and that for 2, a sulfonyl oxygen. The dications of 3 are not directly connected by H-bonds, but each independent dication is linked via chloride anions and water molecules into chains. Three-dimensional networks are obtained for 1–3 from intermolecular C—H-π and or intermolecular C—H—O and C—H-π interactions.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and X-ray structure analyses of two uranyl complexes
Authors: Hazra Dipak K. , Dinda Subhajit , Helliwell Madeleine , Bhattacharyya Ramgopal , Mukherjee Monika
Published: September 2009

The synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structures of two uranyl complexes, [UO2(SALEN)(DMF)] (1) and [UO2(BPHA)2(DMF)] (2) {SALEN = N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylimine), DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide, BPHA = N-phenyl benzohydroxamate} are described. The coordination geometry around the metal center in the mononuclear complexes can be best described as distorted pentagonal bipyramidal with an almost linear uranyl moiety. In addition to the van der Waal´s interactions, the crystal packing in the complexes is stabilized by weak intermolecular C–H…O hydrogen bonds involving the uranyl oxygen atoms, so generating two-dimensional arrays in both crystal structures.
Determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in human urine by LC-MS-MS
Authors: Kumar Anil , Basavaiah Kanakapura , Tharpa Kalsang , Vinay Kanakapura
Published: September 2009

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method was developed to determine raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) in human urine. After a solid-phase extraction with SPE cartridge, the urine sample was analyzed on a C18 column (Symmetry 3.5?m; 50 mm?4.6 mm i.d) interfaced with a triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometer. A positive electrospray ionization was employed as the ionization source. The mobile phase consisted of ammonium acetate (pH 4.0)-acetonitrile (60:40, v/v).The method was linear over a concentration range of 20-1000 ng mL-1. The lower limit of quantitation was 20 ng mL-1. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviation across three validation runs over the entire concentration range was <10.5%. The accuracy determined at three concentrations (50, 500 and 850 ng mL-1 RLX) was within ?0.84% in terms of relative errors.
Economic evaluation of herb extraction using supercritical fluid
Authors: Shariaty-Niassar Mojtaba , Aminzadeh Behdad , Azadi Pouya , Soltanali Saeed
Published: September 2009

Due to the climate diversity in different parts of Iran, a variety of plants grow across the country, many of them having pharmaceutical applications. At present, only a few companies are producing herbal essence, all of them are technically based on conventional methods of extraction such as steam distillation and others. Because of the current serious concern with respect to the environmental conservation law the use of green technology seems imperative. The supercritical fluid extraction is considered as a practical and procedural method which has become under serious consideration in recent years. For this, an economical analysis is made of herb extractions using a supercritical fluid. The results of such a survey can clarify the new methods to be of great concern. The aim of this paper is to present the feasibility studies of supercritical fluid extraction units used for producing a different plant extract and especially that of rosemary.
The effects of some agrotechnical measures on the uptake of nickel by maize plants
Authors: Zarkovic Branka , Blagojevic Srdjan
Published: September 2009

Nickel is a non-essential element in the nutrition of the majority of plant species and can be toxic to plants when its concentration in soils is high. Several soil properties have an effect on the uptake of this heavy metal by plants. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of fertilization, soil acidification and liming on the uptake of Ni by maize plants grown on some alluvial soils. A pot experiment with maize plants grown on soils having various properties and elevated content of Ni was set up. The experiment lasted six weeks. The roots and shoots were analyzed for the concentration of Ni. From the results of the experiment, it can be concluded that the roots had higher concentrations of Ni than the shoots. The addition of mineral fertilizers (without application of other measures) mainly decreased the concentration and uptake of Ni by the roots and the transport of Ni to the shoots. Soil acidification (to pH 4.5) caused an increase in the Ni concentration in the plants and in its removal from the soil. Liming of acid soils had a positive effect on the uptake of Ni by young maize plants. The obtained results are important from the standpoint of reducing the pollution of plants by potentially toxic heavy metals.
Spectroscopic, thermal and antibacterial studies on Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes derived from thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Chandra Sulekh , Tyagi Monika , Refat Moamen
Published: September 2009

Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes having the general composition [M(L)2X2] (where L = 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, M = Mn(II) and Co(II), X = Cl- and - NO3 ) were synthesized. All the metal complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, mass, IR, EPR, electronic spectral studies and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Based on the spectral studies, an octahedral geometry was assigned for all the complexes. Thermal studies of the compounds suggest that the complexes are more stable than the free ligand. This fact was supported by the kinetic parameters calculated using the Horowitz-Metzger (H-M) and Coats-Redfern (C-R) equations. The antibacterial properties of the ligand and its metal complexes were also examined and it was observed that the complexes are more potent bactericides than the free ligand.
Spectrophotometric determination of nitrite based on its catalytic effect on the reaction of nuclear fast red and potassium bromate
Authors: Mousavi Zavvar , Shirkhanloo Hamid
Published: September 2009

A highly selective and sensitive catalytic spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nitrite in water samples. The method is based on its catalytic effect on the nuclear fast red-potassium bromate redox reaction in acidic medium. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the change in the absorbance at 518 nm of nuclear fast red 5 min after initiation of the reaction. In this study, the experimental parameters were optimized and the effects of other cations and anions on the determination of nitrite were examined. The calibration graph was linear in the range 2.0-45 ?g mL-1 of nitrite. The relative standard deviations for the determination of 15 and 30 ?g mL-1 of nitrite were 3.1 and 1.75 %, respectively (n = 8). The detection limit calculated from three times the standard deviation of the blank 3Sb was 0.7 ?g mL-1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite in spiked tap, natural and wastewater samples.
Design of experiment approach for sintering study of nanocrystalline SiC fabricated using plasma pressure compaction
Authors: Bothara M.G. , Vijay P. , Atre S.V. , Park S.J. , German R.M. , Sudarshan T.S. , Radhakrishnan R.
Published: September 2009

Plasma pressure compaction (P2C) is a novel sintering technique that enables the consolidation of silicon carbide with a nanoscale microstructure at a relatively low temperature. To achieve a high final density with optimized mechanical properties, the effects of various sintering factors pertaining to the temperature-time profile and pressure were characterized. This paper reports a design of experiment approach used to optimize the processing for a 100 nm SiC powder focused on four sintering factors: temperature, time, pressure, and heating rate. Response variables included the density and mechanical properties. A L9 orthogonal array approach that includes the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to optimize the processing factors. All of the sintering factors have significant effect on the density and mechanical properties. A final density of 98.1% was achieved with a temperature of 1600?C, hold time of 30 min, pressure of 50 MPa, and heating rate of 100?C/min. The hardness reached 18.4 GPa with a fracture toughness of 4.6 MPa?m, and these are comparable to reports from prior studies using higher consolidation temperatures.
Study of Nd-Fe-B alloys with nonstoichiometric Nd content in optimal magnetic state
Authors: Cosovic V. , Talijan N. , Grujic A. , Stajic-Trosic J. , Zák T. , Lee Z. , Radmilovic V.
Published: September 2009

Characterization of two rapid-quenched Nd-Fe-B alloys with nonstoichiometric Nd content in the optimized magnetic state was carried out using the X-ray diffractometry (XRD), 57Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopic phase analysis (MS), electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HREM) and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) magnetometer. The experimental results demonstrate the fundamental difference in the structure and magnetic properties of the two investigated alloys in the optimized magnetic state. The Nd-Fe-B alloy with the reduced Nd content (Nd4.5Fe77B18.5) was found to have the nanocomposite structure of Fe3B/Nd2Fe14B and partly ?-Fe/Nd2Fe14B, with mean grain size below 30 nm. On the other side, the overstoichiometric Nd14Fe79B7 alloy has almost a monophase structure with the dominant content of the hard magnetic phase Nd2Fe14B (up to 95 wt. %) and a mean crystallite size about 60 nm, as determined by XRD and TEM analysis. The results of magnetic measurements on SQUID magnetometer also suggest the nanocomposite structure of the Nd-low alloy and nanocrystalline decoupled structure of the Nd-rich alloy after the optimal heat treatment.
Education as the Cornerstone to Providing Infusion Therapy in the Home
Authors: Parry Ann Marie
Published: September 2009

With the growing demand for home infusion therapy and the limitations being placed on the home care agencies, it is becoming increasing important for the home care nurse to have a clear method for addressing the needs of these patients. Education of the nurses, the patient, and caregiver(s) and carefully listening to determine their needs, fears, strengths, and weaknesses are critical. In addition, adaptation of the plan of care and teaching techniques to best meet the learners' needs, without compromising the quality of the care provided, are important to help ensure the safe and successful provision of home infusion therapy.
Education from the Manufacture's Perspective: A Changing Environment
Authors: Offner Barbara J. , Thornhill Mary Ann
Published: September 2009

When new products are introduced into the medical environment, the necessary education is best handled as a collaborative effort between the manufacturer and the institution purchasing the product. This education has been dramatically impacted by safety legislation and the advent of the safety-engineered devices that are now required as health care facilities work to protect health care workers from sharps injury and blood/body fluid exposure. The authors address this changing environment, as well as responsibilities for both the manufacturer and the facility when new products are introduced.
Writing for a Scholarly Journal
Authors: Costa Nancy , Dean Stephanie , Eddins Julie , Moureau Nancy , Richardson Deborah , Rosenthal Kelli
Published: September 2009

Writing a manuscript for a scholarly journal is considered by many a daunting and uncomfortable task. This article unravels some of the mystery of developing one of the more difficult types of manuscript for scholarly publication, that is, the classic “research paper”. The goal of this article is to dispel fears surrounding scholarly publishing and guide the reader through the basic tenets of writing a manuscript. This article breaks down each section of a research article and discusses tips and typical elements of a manuscript.
Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Two Topical Antiseptic Products: Chlorhexidine Gluconate + Isopropyl Alcohol and Povidone- Iodine + Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Art Greg
Published: September 2009

While antiseptic products containing a combination of chlorhexidine gluconate and isopropyl alcohol (CHG+IPA) have gained in popularity over the past several years in preparing and maintaining vascular access sites, the data used to support their use over products containing povidone-iodine (PVP-I) have been based solely on comparisons of aqueous CHG or CHG+IPA to aqueous PVP-I alone. No studies have compared aqueous CHG or CHG+IPA to PVP-I+IPA or aqueous PVP-I preceded by IPA. When compared using methods established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), the safety and efficacy of PVP-I+IPA was found to be less irritating and faster acting than CHG+IPA; both PVP-I+IPA and CHG+IPA demonstrated persistence for 7 days.
A Study of the Relationship of the Superior Vena Cava to the Bony Landmarks of the Sternum in the Supine Adult: Implications for Magnetic Guidance Systems
Authors: Claasz Antonia A. , Chorley Don P.
Published: September 2009

This study was a retrospective investigation of computed tomography (CT) images of an Australian adult hospital population. These images were used to evaluate the spatial relationships of the superior vena cava (SVC) to the midsagittal line, the sternal paracoronal plane, and commonly used landmarks of the sternum. Consistent relationships were found between the long axis of the SVC and both the midsagittal line and sternal paracoronal plane. When the sternal paracoronal plane was used as the plane of reference, the angle of Louis was found to approximate the SVC in 99.5% of cases, and the right 2nd intercostal space approximated the SVC in 94% of cases. Constraints on the use of landmarks are discussed with regard to magnetic guidance systems for catheter tracking.
Successful Disinfection of Needleless Access Ports: A Matter of Time and Friction
Authors: Kaler Wendy , Chinn Raymond
Published: September 2009

Background: There is controversy as to whether the design of the needleless access port or the method used to clean it prior to access impacts successful disinfection. The authors studied the disinfection effectiveness for needleless access ports. Method: The ports of 4 models of needleless access ports were inoculated with bacteria. The ports were disinfected for 15 seconds with 70% alcohol alone or 3.15% chlorhexidine/70% alcohol (Chlorascrub, PDI, Orangeburg, NY). Saline flush solutions were collected and cultured. Results: Disinfection with either 70% alcohol alone or with 3.15% chlorhexidine/70% alcohol for 15 seconds was effective. Conclusions: All models of needleless access ports were effectively disinfected using these two methods.
Innovative Teaching Strategies: Educating Student Nurses on Vascular Access Management
Authors: Mundy Cynthia A.
Published: September 2009

Emerging technology has changed the way nurse educators teach students about the use and management of vascular access devices. The current generation of students expects engagement and immersion in their learning experience. This article focuses on methods for teaching basic and advanced skills involving vascular access and discusses the equipment and technology used to enhance the learning experience. Patient safety, competency assessment and the transition into clinical practice are important concepts that are also presented.
Elder Patients - What is the Best Vascular Hemodialysis Access?
Authors: Kawecka Aleksandra , Król Ewa , Przekwas Magdalena , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja , Rutkowski Bolesław
Published: September 2009

Background: The incidence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) has increased in recent years. Elderly patients constitute the most rapidly growing group who need renal replacement therapy. In 2003, persons over 65 comprised 35% of all hemodialysed patients in Poland, and by the end of 2005 more than 44%.

Methods: From January 1984 through July 2004, patients 65 or older (n=133) starting hemodialysis (HD), were considered. The study group consisted of 80 men and 53 women (mean age 71.8±4.9years). Patients' survival probability, primary, primary-assisted, and secondary patency of the vascular access (VA) were calculated using Kaplan-Mayer curves and log-rank analysis. Cox's proportional-hazards model was used to assess the influence of risk factors on VA patency.

Results: A total of 196 VAs were created. Of the 108 native arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) created, 24 were radiocephalic (RCAVF), 15 were brachiobasilic (BBAVF), and 64 were brachiocephalic (BCAVF). Arteriovenous grafts (AVG) were used in 35 patients and permanent tunneled cuffed catheters (PTCC) in 53. Secondary patency at 1-year was: 49% for native AVF, 62% for AVG, and 19% for PTCC. The survival rate of the 133 elderly patients was 63% at 1-year, 50% at 2 years, and 26% at 5 years.

Conclusion: People 65 and older are a predominant population in whom HD can preserve life. In elderly patients AVG had the best secondary patency. When limited life expectancy was taken into consideration AVGs were a good alternative for vascular access in hemodialysis.
A Retrospective Review of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Persons with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Loupus Donna , Schuetrumpf Susan , Vazquez Laura F.
Published: September 2009

Introduction: Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs) are a proven and cost effective alternative to traditional short term central venous catheters inserted via subclavian or jugular vein routes. It has been theorized that persons with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) are more prone to upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) post PICC insertion. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine if there is a statistically significant increase in the incidence of PICC-related upper extremity thrombosis in persons with quadriplegia as compared to other patient populations. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 56 PICC insertions, performed on 44 patients, was conducted to identify risk factors associated with symptomatic upper extremity DVTs. Results: The overall incidence of symptomatic DVTs was 7.1% per PICC line insertion (95% CI 2.8% - 17.0%) and 9.1% per patient (95% CI 3.6% - 21.2%) and the number of DVTs per 1,000 catheter days was 3.14. DVT diagnosis was not significantly associated with any of the patient or PICC-related characteristics examined. The incidence of symptomatic DVTs per PICC line insertion was not significantly different than the lowest incidence of thrombosis reported in the scientific literature among all patients receiving PICCs. Conclusions: Results from this study do not suggest that persons with cervical spinal cord injuries are at increased risk for developing upper-extremity DVTs related to PICC insertion. Due to the retrospective nature of the present study and small sample size, prospective studies are recommended to further examine DVTs in patients' with spinal cord injuries. Estimates from the present study can be used in planning prospective studies.
The EKG Method for Positioning the Tips of PICCs: Results from Two Preliminary Studies
Authors: Pittiruti Mauro , Scoppettuolo Giancarlo , La Greca Antonio , Emoli Alessandro , Brutti Alberto , Migliorini Ivano , Dolcetti Laura , Taraschi Cristina , De Pascale Gennaro
Published: September 2009

Two preliminary studies were conducted to determine feasibility of using the electrocardiography (EKG) method to determine terminal tip location when inserting a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). This method uses the guidewire inside the catheter (or a column of saline contained in the catheter) as an intracavitary electrode. The EKG monitor is then connected to the intracavitary electrode. The reading on the EKG monitor reflects the closeness of the intracavitary electrode (the catheter tip) to the superior vena cava (SVC). The studies revealed that the EKG method was extremely precise; all tips placed using the EKG method and confirmed using x-ray were located in the superior vena cava. In conclusion, the EKG method has clear advantages in terms of accuracy, cost-effectiveness, and feasibility in conditions where x-ray control may be difficult or expensive to obtain. The method is quite simple, easy to learn and to teach, non-invasive, easy to reproduce, safe, and apt to minimize malpositions due to failure of entering the SVC.
Observational study of SorbaView® 2000, SorbaView® Ultimate and SecureView® Port AFZ Dressings used on Central Venous Catheters in Eleven Italian Oncology, Hematology and Pain Centers
Authors: Orsino L. , Bargelli A. , Cappucciati L. , Fanchin G. , Galati G. , Manzin F. , Marceca F. , Pignatelli A. , Peluffo L. , Vendemiati S. , Verzè A.
Published: September 2009

Observational study of SorbaView® 2000, SorbaView® Ultimate and SecureView® Port AFZ dressings used on Central Venous Catheters in 11 Italian Oncology, Hematology and Pain Centers.

Dressing care is one of the nursing challenges that is more and more frequent in the management of central venous catheters (CVCs). Our intention with this observational study was to study the efficacy and tolerability of the latest generation devices recently introduced in Italy. The study was performed on 435 patients; including 293 carriers of totally implantable CVCs and 142 carriers of tunneled and non-tunneled CVCs. In 90% of 311 patients with scheduled therapy of greater than seven days, the dressing adhered completely, at the end of seven days and up to 10 days. In 10% of all 435 patients the dressing became partially detached at between greater than one day and less than 10 days, but not enough to justify dressing change. Of the 10% that partially detached with dwell time greater than one day and less than four days, most occurred in Hematology. A cumulative total of 1,391 dressings were applied.

At the conclusion of the study, 84% of patients reported that they were satisfied with the use of the SorbaView 2000, SorbaView Ultimate and SecureView Port AFZ dressings.
The Risk of Central Venous Catheter Placement Ipsilateral to the Permanent Pacemaker
Authors: Pacana Charlita L. , Durand Jean-Bernard
Published: September 2009

Purpose: The use of a central venous catheter is essential in the delivery of chemotherapy and other necessary intravenous treatments for oncology patients. This paper reviews the published reports of venous complications associated with an implanted cardiac pacemaker, and suggests some important considerations when planning to insert a central venous catheter through a peripheral approach.

Review of Literature: The subclavian venous system in the chest is the most common site for implanting pacemaker leads in patients with underlying heart problems. Venous complications after pacemaker implantation, such as stenosis, hematoma, thrombophlebitis, and thrombosis, can occur with or without the known associated local symptoms.

Discussion: No published case reports were found describing pacemaker leads displacement after insertion of central venous catheters, including peripherally inserted central catheters.

Implications for Clinical Practice: Prior to inserting a central venous catheter, a thorough assessment should include the patient's history of any implanted medical device, in the context of understanding the clinical manifestations associated with the signs and symptoms of venous obstruction.
Theoretical construction of stable traversable wormholes
Authors: Kuhfittig Peter
Published: September 2009

It is shown in this paper that it is possible, at least in principle, to construct a traversable wormhole that is stable to linearized radial perturbations by specifying relatively simple conditions on the shape and redshift functions.
Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry – Joint German-Swiss Meeting on Medicinal Chemistry: Heidelberg, Germany, March 15–18, 2009
Authors: Neidhart Werner , Märki Hans Peter , Mohr Peter
Published: September 2009

'Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry 2009' was organized as a joint German-Swiss meeting at the University of Heidelberg. It covered the areas of kinases and nuclear hormone receptors, inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis and neuropsychiatry. Special sessions were dedicated to new technologies
in nanomedicine, proteomics and drug targeting. A session on highlights in medicinal chemistry completed the program. The lectures covered a broad range of interdisciplinary topics including molecular design and lead optimization programs, development and application of new technologies in
proteomics, drug delivery & chemical synthesis.
Upper-air model of summer balance on Mount Rainier, USA
Authors: Rasmussen L.A. , Wenger J.M.
Published: September 2009

In 2003–07 summer balance was measured at altitudes between 1700 and 3382 m a.s.l. on two glaciers on Mount Rainier, Washington State, USA (46.85° N,121.72° W; 4400 m a.s.l.): south-facing Nisqually Glacier and east-northeast-facing Emmons Glacier. Upper-air temperatures at the nearest gridpoint in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database are used in a distributed (over altitude) positive-degreeday (PDD) model. For each glacier the model used the same coefficients at all altitudes, for all years. The rms model error was 0.65 (r2= 0.87) and 0.78 m a−1w.e. (r2= 0.93) for Nisqually and Emmons Glaciers, respectively. Although PDD work generally uses different coefficients for snow and ice surfaces, and the duration of exposure of those surfaces varies with altitude, error in this single-coefficient model is nearly uncorrelated with altitude. Values of coefficients obtained are within the range of those found in other PDD work. The degree-day coefficient, however, differs markedly between the two glaciers, and is shown to be controlled by the difference between them in vertical gradient of measured summer balance. It is smaller for Nisqually Glacier, where solar radiation is a stronger contributor to melt; and larger for Emmons Glacier, where it is a weaker contributor. Over 1948–2007, when the model calibrated over 2003–07 was applied to the upper-air temperatures, estimated summer balance was ∼0.4 m a−1less negative over 1962–83 than before and ∼0.6 m a−1less negative than after, corresponding roughly with changes of the northeast Pacific sea-surface temperatures.
Development, Methodology and Potential of the New Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) for Caries Detection and Diagnosis
Authors: Kühnisch Jan , Goddon Inka , Berger Susanne , Senkel Helga , Bücher Katharina , Oehme Thomas , Hickel Reinhard , Heinrich-Weltzien Roswitha
Published: September 2009

Given the limitations of adjunct caries detection and diagnostic tools, e.g., imperfect validity and reproducibility, as well as the difficulties in controlling all possible confounding factors, the need for an objective visual caries detection and diagnosis system has become evident. Our work has therefore aimed at systematizing caries lesions with the Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) for occlusal and smooth surface lesions, which can be used for primary and permanent teeth, as well as under clinical, epidemiological, public health and laboratory conditions. Besides the description of the development and methodology of UniViSS, it is shown that UniViSS allows an accurate and reproducible classification of caries lesions on occlusal surfaces.