bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Steroid injection in addition to macular laser grid photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema: a systematic review
Authors: Steijns Daan , Duijvesz Diederick , Breedijk Marja A. , Van Der Heijden Geert J. M. G.
Published: March 2010

Objectives:  This study aimed to evaluate the evidence for the effects of steroid injection in addition to macular laser grid (MLG) photocoagulation versus those of MLG photocoagulation alone on visual acuity (VA) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO).

Methods:  An extensive literature search in Medline (PubMed), Experta Medica (EMBASE) and the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) using synonyms for MLG photocoagulation, steroid injection and DMO found 181 articles. Of the articles that met selection criteria, three studies in which patients receiving MLG photocoagulation were randomized to additional pretreatment with steroids provided the best available evidence. In addition to VA, central foveal thickness (CFT) was measured at baseline and at 6 months in all three studies.

Results:  Two studies, with total populations of 73 and 42 eyes, respectively, reported no additional effect of steroid injection on VA. One study, with a total of 41 eyes, reported a beneficial effect of pretreatment with steroids on VA of − 0.21 ETDRS logMAR units. All three studies reported larger reductions in CFT in eyes pretreated with steroids, the smallest of which was 64 μm.

Conclusions:  Although there is a greater reduction in CFT in eyes pretreated with steroids, this does not consistently result in higher VA. The literature search does not provide sufficiently strong evidence to recommend steroid injection before MLG photocoagulation in DMO.
A Novel Approach to Transplanting Bone Marrow Stem Cells to Repair Human Myocardial Infarction: Delivery via a Noninfarct‐relative Artery
Authors: Yang Zhijian , Zhang Fumin , Ma Wenzhu , Chen Bo , Zhou Fang , Xu Zhaoqiang , Zhang Yuqing , Zhang Dingguo , Zhu Tiebing , Wang Liansheng , Wang Hui , Ding Zhijian , Zhang Yuyan
Published: March 2010

Bone marrow stem cells are able to repair infarcted human myocardium following intracoronary transplantation via the infarct‐relative artery. However, traditional reperfusion strategies fail to open the artery in some patients, making effective delivery impossible. Our previous study demonstrated a safe and efficient approach to delivering bone marrow stem cells via a noninfarcted artery in an animal myocardial infarction model. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation via such an approach in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Sixteen patients with anterior AMI who had successfully undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in this pilot, randomized study. Three weeks after PCI, cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the myocardium via either the infarct‐relative artery (left anterior descending branch artery, LAD) or a noninfarct‐relative artery (right coronary artery, RCA). The safety and feasibility of the cell infusion were evaluated during the procedure and during 6 months of follow‐up. In addition, 2D echocardiography, technetium‐99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc‐MIBI) and 18F‐deoxyglucose single photon emission computed tomography were employed to examine cardiac function, myocardial perfusion, and viable cardiomyocytes, respectively, at day 4 after PCI and 6 months after the cell infusion. There were no arrhythmia and any other side‐effects, including infections, allergic reactions or adverse clinical events, during, immediately after, or 6 months after cell transplantation. Cardiac function and myocardial perfusion had improved 6 months after PCI/bone marrow stem cells transplantation. Viable cardiomyocytes metabolism was detected in the infarcted areas in both groups after the cell infusion, as demonstrated by 18F‐deoxyglucose. Intracoronary infusion of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via a noninfarct‐relative artery appears safe and feasible in the treatment of patients with AMI.
Structural biomass partitioning in regrowth and undisturbed mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa): implications for bioenergy uses
Authors: ANSLEY R. JAMES , MIRIK MUSTAFA , CASTELLANO MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2010

Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) which grows on grasslands and rangelands in southwestern USA may have potential as a bioenergy feedstock because of existing standing biomass and regrowth potential. However, regrowth mesquite physiognomy is highly different from undisturbed mesquite physiognomy and little is known regarding growth rates and structural biomass allocation in regrowth mesquite. We compared canopy architecture, aboveground biomass and relative allocation of biomass components in regrowth (RG) trees of different known ages with undisturbed (UD) trees of similar canopy height to each RG age class. RG trees in most age classes (2–12 years old) had greater canopy area, leaf area, basal stem number, twig (<0.5 cm diameter) mass and small stem (0.5–3 cm diameter) mass than UD trees of the same height. Large stem (>3 cm diameter) mass was similar between RG and UD trees in all height classes. Ages of UD trees were determined after harvest and further comparisons were made between age, canopy structure and biomass in RG and UD trees. Relationships between age and total mass, age and height, and age and canopy area indicated a faster growth rate in RG than in UD trees. Large stem mass as a percentage of total tree mass accumulated more rapidly with age in RG than UD trees. Leaf area index and leaf : twig mass ratio were maintained near 1 in all RG and UD trees. Regrowth potential may be one of the most important features of mesquite in consideration as a bioenergy feedstock.
Identification of neoplastic cells in blood using the Sysmex XT‐2000iV: a preliminary step in the diagnosis of canine leukemia
Authors: Gelain Maria Elena , Rossi Gabriele , Giori Luca , Comazzi Stefano , Paltrinieri Saverio
Published: March 2010

Background: Classification of leukemias requires specialized diagnostic techniques. Automated preliminary indicators of neoplastic cells in blood would expedite selection of appropriate tests.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the capacity of the Sysmex XT‐2000iV hematology analyzer to identify neoplastic cells in canine blood samples.

Methods: Blood samples (n=160) were grouped into 5 categories: acute leukemia (n=30), chronic leukemia (n=15), neoplasia without blood involvement (n=41), non‐neoplastic reactive conditions (n=31), and healthy dogs (n=43). WBC counts, WBC flags, scattergrams, percentages of cells with high fluorescence intensity, and percentages of cells in the lysis‐resistant region were evaluated alone or in combination to establish a “leukemic flag.” Sensitivity, specificity, negative (LR−) and positive (LR+) likelihood ratios, and the number of false‐negative (FN) and false‐positive (FP) results were calculated, and receiver operating characteristic curves were designed for numerical values.

Results: Among single measurements and parameters, only the evaluation of scattergrams minimized FN and FP results (sensitivity 100%, specificity 94.8%, LR+ 19.17, and LR− 0.00), although their interpretation was subjective. The more objective approach based on the generation of a “leukemic flag” had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 87.0%, LR− of 0.00, and LR+ of 7.67.

Conclusion: Using a novel gating strategy the Sysmex XT‐2000iV may be used effectively to screen canine blood for hematopoietic neoplasia.
Platelet Aggregation in Feline Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Helenski Cecelia A. , Ross James N.
Published: March 2010

Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was evaluated in 16 healthy cats and in 10 cats with cardiomyopathy. The minimum threshold concentration of ADP required to induce irreversible (2nd‐phase) aggregation was determined in each cat. The minimum ADP concentration needed for 2nd‐phase aggregation in platelets from healthy cats ranged from 1 μM to 100 μM ADP, with 56% (9/16) requiring 100 μM ADP. Of the remaining seven normal cats, three had platelets responding irreversibly to 10 μM ADP, and four had platelets responding to 1 μM ADP. In cats with cardiomyopathy, the threshold concentrations ranged from 0.01 μM ADP to 10 μM ADP. Two cats had platelets responding irreversibly to 0.01 μM ADP, whereas another cat had a threshold response at 0.1 nM ADP. Platelets from the remaining seven cats with cardiomyopathy exhibited 2nd‐phase aggregation in response to 1 μM ADP (five cats) or 10 μM ADP (two cats).

Platelet counts ranged from 210,000/mm3to 630,000/mm3in healthy cats and from 218,000/mm3to 624,000/mm3in cats with cardiomyopathy. There was no apparent correlation between the platelet count and the magnitude of the threshold aggregation response, as measured by lag phase and slope of the aggregation curves.

The results indicate that some cats with cardiomyopathy have platelets that are hyperaggregable to ADP in vitro.
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in the Dog
Authors: Morrison Wallace B. , Wilsman Norman J. , Fox Leslie E. , Farnum Cornelia E.
Published: March 2010

Electron microscopy was used to diagnose primary ciliary dyskinesia in a litter of English pointer dogs and in a golden retriever dog. A technique of membrane solubilization, fixation, and negative staining with glutaraldehyde tannic acid identified abnormally constructed central and B microtubules in respiratory cilia from dogs with primary ciliary dyskinesia. Shortened outer dynein arms commonly associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia actually represents the absence of a specific subset of the three most peripheral components of the whole outer dynein arm structure.
Fine‐Needle Aspiration of the Spleen as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Splenomegaly
Authors: O'Keefe Deborah A. , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: March 2010

Results from transabdominal fine‐needle aspiration of the spleen in 28 dogs and 5 cats are reported. Splenomegaly was present in 79% of these patients, and splenic masses were present in 15%. Extramedullar hematopoiesis, the most common cytologic diagnosis, was found in 24% of the patients and was associated with a variety of diseases including immune hemolytic anemia, hemangiosarcoma, and bone marrow hypoplasia. Hematopoietic neoplasms including lymphosarcoma, plasmacytoma, myelogenous leukemia, and systemic mastocytosis were diagnosed in 24% of the patients. Other diagnoses included malignant neoplasia of undetermined cell type and lymphoreticular hyperplasia. Splenic aspirates were considered normal in 18% of the animals. Two (6%) of the aspirates contained liver tissue rather than spleen. Histologic evaluation of splenic tissue was performed in 42.5% of the patients. All cytologic diagnoses correlated well with their final histologic diagnoses. Complications from the aspiration procedure were not observed, even in thrombocytopenic patients.
Whole‐Body Hyperthermia
Authors: Page R. L. , Thrall D. E. , Dewhirst M. W. , Meyer R. E.
Published: March 2010

Whole‐body hyperthermia is the controlled elevation of systemic temperature for therapeutic purposes. Historically, this treatment has been used for symptomatic control of many diseases. Recently, the potential therapeutic benefit of whole‐body hyperthermia in the management of neoplastic disease has been investigated vigorously. The rationale for improved tumor control is based on heat‐induced enhancement of the antineoplastic effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Although the complex biologic interaction of heat and radiation has been studied for many years, chemotherapy combined with hyperthermia has been studied less thoroughly. Despite a lack of adequate long‐term laboratory and clinical investigation, use of whole‐body hyperthermia with chemotherapy and radiotherapy is a logical and potentially powerful therapeutic strategy for neoplasia.

Relevant issues regarding the application of whole‐body hyperthermia with more traditional modes of therapy are being studied in preliminary clinical trials involving dogs and humans. Identification of optimal timing and sequencing of adjunctive therapy, proper cytotoxic drug application, methods to further minimize toxicity, and heat‐sensitive tumor types will lead to expanded clinical use of whole‐body hyperthermia.

The historical development, clinical rationale, and application of whole‐body hyperthermia for the control of disseminated or refractory neoplasia in humans and dogs is reviewed.
Comparison of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli Strains From Humans and Dogs With Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Nolan L. K. , Wooley R. E. , Brown J. , Blue J. L. , Camp M.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare virulence factors and antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs and humans with urinary tract infections. Factors studied included resistance to antibiotics and the transferability of R‐plasmids to a recipient E. coli; production of colicins, hemolysins, beta‐lactamase, and urease; hemagglutination of erythrocytes; and fermentation of dulcitol.

The canine E. coli isolates had a wider range of antibiotic resistance and a higher R‐plasmid trans‐missibility rate. A higher percentage of the canine isolates produced colicins (40% vs. 24%), hemolysins (44% vs. 16%), beta‐lactamase (52% vs. 4%), and fermented dulcitol (84% vs. 80%) as compared with the human isolates. The human isolates had a greater ability to hemagglutinate erythrocytes as compared with the canine isolates (24% vs. 8%). None of the isolates produced urease.
Evaluation of Two Reagent Strips and Three Reflectance Meters For Rapid Determination of Blood Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Joseph Richard J. , Allyson Kay , Graves Thomas K. , Rondeau Mark J. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: March 2010

We evaluated three reflectance meters (Accu‐Chek II, Glucometer II, and Glucoscan 2000) and two reagent strips (Chemstrip bG and Glucostix) for accuracy and precision in determining blood glucose concentrations in the dog. To evaluate accuracy, we compared results of blood glucose determinations performed on 95 samples using the various strips and meters vs. the glucose concentrations obtained using the glucose‐oxidase method on a Beckman Glucose Analyzer. Accuracy was evaluated statistically using least squares regression analysis. To evaluate precision, samples in various ranges of blood glucose concentration were tested repeatedly (20 times within a 1‐hour period) on the same reflectance meter. Coefficient of variation (CV) was determined to evaluate reproducibility of results. Overall, there were significant correlations (P < 0.001) between the laboratory glucose values and the blood glucose concentrations obtained with Chemstrip bG (r = 0.976), Glucostix (r = 0.904), Accu‐Chek II (r = 0.986), Glucometer II (r = 0.911) and Glucoscan 2000 (r = 0.944). In the precision study, all three meters had excellent CVs in the normal range (3.6% to 4.9%). However, Accu‐Chek II was found to be more precise in the hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic ranges (3.6% and 2.6%, respectively) than either Glucometer II (8.8% and 5.4%) or Glucoscan 2000 (7.8% and 8.2%). The results of this study indicate that all of the meters and reagent strips tested are highly accurate in determining blood glucose concentrations in the dog. However, both in terms of accuracy and reproducibility of results, Accu‐Chek II and Chemstrip bG, gave the highest correlation coefficients and, as such, are probably of the greatest clinical value.
Central Nervous System Infection Associated With Anaerobic Bacteria in Two Dogs and Two Cats
Authors: Dow Steven W. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Henik Rosemary A. , Jones Robert L. , Poss Mary L.
Published: March 2010

Central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by anaerobic bacteria (includingBacteroides, Fusobac‐terium, Peptostreptococcus, andEubacterium)was diagnosed in two dogs and two cats. In one dog there was extensive meningomyeloencephalitis, presumably the result of hematogenous spread of bacteria from lung abscesses and bacterial endocarditis. Subdural empyema of unknown origin was found in a second dog and two cats. Clinical signs in all four animals included mental depression and focal neurologic deficits, without fever. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:171–176)
Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy Plus Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Dog
Authors: Brooks Marjory B. , Matus Robert E. , Leifer Connie E. , Alfieri Alan A. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: March 2010

The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy and combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy in 22 dogs with advanced canine tonsillar carcinoma (World Health Organization [WHO], T2‐3 primary tumor with infiltration into surrounding tissues) was evaluated. There were four treatment groups of at least five dogs each. Combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs reported to have activity against squamous cell carcinoma in humans and dogs (doxorubicin, cisplatin, vinblastine, and cyclophosphamide) were administered after tonsillectomy. Radiation therapy (orthovoltage type, external beam) was combined with chemotherapy in one treatment group. The dogs that had combination radiation therapy and chemotherapy had higher response rates and significantly longer survival times. However, most dogs died of progression of disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1988; 2:206–211)
Factors Affecting Prognosis and Conversion in Equine Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Levitan Chelsie W. , Spencer Pamela A.
Published: March 2010

Sixty‐seven horses presented with atrial fibrillation (AF) from January I, 1980 to August 1, 1986. All horses were evaluated for the type and severity of the underlying cardiac disease and the probable duration of the arrhythmia. Fifty‐two (78%) of the horses were treated with quinidine sulfate and/or digoxin. The response to treatment was assessed in each horse. Horses were followed for periods extending from 8 months to 7 years.

Standardbreds, young horses, and males predominated in the study group. There were more male horses (stallions and geldings) than mares. Most horses with AF had no evidence of other cardiac disease (56.7%). All performance horses without other cardiac disease were treated, and return to performance was significantly associated with conversion to sinus rhythm. Horses that did not convert with quinidine sulfate therapy, whose arrhythmia recurred, and that had side effects from quinidine sulfate therapy, had a longer history of poor performance. Tachycardia (heart rate > 60 beats/min) was significantly associated with the existence of congestive heart failure. The horses with congestive heart failure had a poor prognosis for life (7.7% survived) and a poor conversion to normal sinus rhythm (23.1 %).

Mitral regurgitation (19 horses) was the most common underlying cardiac disease. Tricuspid regurgitation (15 horses), aortic regurgitation (3 horses), myocardial dysfunction (3 horses), and atrial septal defect (1 horse) also were diagnosed. Congestive heart failure was common in this group of horses with underlying cardiac disease.
Antibodies toEhrlichia canis, Ehrlichia platys, and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Louisiana Dogs
Authors: Hoskins Johnny D. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Gaunt Stephen D. , French Tracy W. , Burgdorfer Willy
Published: March 2010

Antibodies toEhrlichia canis, Ehrlichia platys,and spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sera from 27 ill individually owned thrombocytopenic dogs (platelet concentrations less than 200,000 platelets/μl) and 59 healthy kenneled dogs located in southern Louisiana. Platelet concentrations less than 100,000 platelets/ were detected in 63% of ill thrombocytopenic dogs and 6.8% of healthy kennel dogs. One ill thrombocytopenic dog had intracytoplasmicE platysmorulae detected within platelets. The prevalence of increased serum antibody titers toE canisandE platyswas 25.9% and 40.7% for the ill thrombocytopenic dogs and 20.3% and 54.2% for the healthy kennel dogs, respectively. All dogs with seropositivity toE canishad increased antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:100 toE platys.Simultaneous examination of increased serum antibody titers (greater than or equal to 1:64) to four SFG rickettsiae indicate thatRickettsia rhipicephaliandRickettsia montanaaccounted for the majority of the antibodies detected in these dogs. Of 86 dogs tested, 44.2% were seronegative toE canis, E platys,and SFG rickettsiae.
Canine Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: DVM Beth A. Valentine , Cooper Barry J. , Dietze Amy E. , Noden Drew M.
Published: March 2010

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, affecting both sexes, was present in five of 27 puppies from three father‐daughter matings. A purebred Golden Retriever was the common sire. The defect occurred in the left dorsolateral portion of the diaphragm, suggesting failure of closure of the left pleuroperitoneal canal during embryonic development. These findings, and a previous report of a similar defect in neonatal puppies, are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance of canine diaphragmatic defects.
Nutritional Management of Idiopathic Chronic Colitis in the Dog
Authors: Nelson Richard W. , Stookey Laura J. , Kazacos Evelyn
Published: March 2010

Idiopathic chronic colitis was diagnosed in 13 dogs. Owners sought veterinary care because of semi‐formed to liquid feces, fresh blood and/or mucus in the feces, tenesmus, increased frequency of defecation, vomiting, weight loss, and flatulence in their dogs. A lymphocytic, plasmacytic infiltration in the colonic lamina propria was found on colonic biopsy specimens. Signs resolved in all 13 dogs after they were fed a low residue, easily assimilated, relatively hypoallergenic diet. In 11 dogs, two commercial diets not previously fed to these dogs were successfully substituted for the initial test diet, without causing recurrence of signs. Only two of these 11 dogs subsequently tolerated a switch to diets that had been fed at the time of onset of signs of colitis. All 13 dogs have been successfully managed from 2 months to 28 months following the initiation of dietary therapy. The results of these dietary challenges strongly suggest a dietary role in the pathogenesis of this disorder, and also illustrate the importance of dietary therapy in the management of idiopathic chronic colitis.
Radioactive Iodine Treatment of a Functional Thyroid Carcinoma Producing Hyperthyroidism in a Dog
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kintzer Peter P. , Hurley James R. , Becker David V.
Published: March 2010

Radioactive iodine (13II) was used in the treatment of a 12‐year‐old female dog with hyperthyroidism resulting from a large, unresectable (and metastatic) thyroid carcinoma associated with signs of severe inspiratory stridor and dyspnea. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, nervousness) and high basal serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations, as well as thyroid radioiodine kinetic studies that showed a high radioiodine uptake into the thyroid (% thyroid uptake) and markedly increased serum concentrations of protein‐bound iodine‐131 (PBI31I) afterU>I tracer injection. Thyroid imaging revealed diffuse radionuclide accumulation by the tumor, which involved both thyroid lobes. The dog was treated with three large doses of radioiodine (13,I), ranging from 60 to 75 mCi, given at intervals of 5 to 7 months. The dog became euthyroid, and the size of the tumor decreased by approximately 25% after each131I treatment, improving the severe inspiratory stridor and dyspnea, but both the hyperthyroid state and breathing difficulty recurred within a few months of each treatment. The dog was euthanatized 5 months after the last treatment because of progressive tracheal compression and pulmonary metastasis. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:20–25)
Propionibacterium acnes Immunotherapy in Chronic Recurrent Canine Pyoderma
Authors: Becker A. M. , Janik A. , Smith E. K. , Sousa C. A. , Peters B. A.
Published: March 2010

In a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, dogs with chronic recurrent pyoderma were treated with antibiotics plus intravenous injections of either Propionibacterium acnes or placebo. Responses (an increase, decrease, or clearing of lesions) were measured and evaluated statistically. Eighty percent (12 of 15) of the dogs treated with antibiotics and P acnes compared with 38% (five of 13) of the dogs treated with antibiotics and placebo responded with significant improvement or complete remission of lesions at the end of the 12‐week treatment schedule (P < 0.05).
Doppler Echocardiographic Evaluation of Congenital Cardiac Disease
Authors: Moise N. Sydney
Published: March 2010

M‐mode and two‐dimensional echocardiography have greatly enhanced the evaluation of animals with congenital cardiac disease. Structural abnormalities can be seen and hemodynamic alterations inferred, e.g., ventricular wall concentric hypertrophy indicating pressure overload to the respective ventricle. Interrogation of the diseased heart by Doppler echocardiography allows acquisition of more direct hemodynamic information without cardiac catheterization, which enables the clinician to give a more precise description of a congenita) abnormality. The purpose of this study is to illustrate and describe abnormal blood‐flow patterns in selected congenital cardiac defects in animals. Basic background information concerning Doppler echocardiographic principles, flow patterns, and calculations will be briefly discussed. For more detailed descriptions other references should be sought. Interpretation of Doppler echocardiography in animals is based primarily on data derived from human studies since studies involving measurable numbers of veterinary patients have not yet been completed. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:195–207)
Probable Essential Thrombocythemia in a Dog
Authors: Hopper Patrick E. , Mandell Carol P. , Turrel Jane M. , Jain Nemi C. , Tablin Fern , Zinkl Joseph G.
Published: March 2010

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) in an 11‐year‐old dog was characterized by persistently high platelet counts (range, 4.19 × 106/μl to 4.95 × 106/μl), abnormal platelet morphology, marked megakaryocytic hyperplasia in the bone marrow, absence of circulating megakaryoblasts, and history of splenomegaly and gastrointestinal bleeding. Increased numbers of megakaryocytes and megakaryoblasts (15% to 20%) in the bone marrow were confirmed by a positive acetylcholinesterase reaction. Another significant finding was the presence of a basophilia in blood (4,836//tl) and bone marrow. The marked persistent thrombocytosis, absence of reactive (secondary) thrombocytosis, abnormal platelet morphology, and quantitative and qualitative changes in the megakaryocytic series in the bone marrow suggested the presence of a myeloproliferative disease. Cytochemical and ultrastructural findings aided in the diagnosis of ET. The dog was treated with radiophosphorus. The result was a rapid decline in the numbers of megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and platelets and basophils in the peripheral blood. The dog died unexpectedly of acute necrotizing pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus before a complete remission was achieved.
Half‐Body Radiotherapy
Authors: Laing Elizabeth J. , Fitzpatrick Peter J. , Norris AIan M. , Mosseri AIlen , Rider Walter D. , Binnington AIlen G. , Baur Angela , Valli V. E.
Published: March 2010

Eight healthy mongrel dogs were treated with half‐body irradiation (HBI) in a pilot study to evaluate the technique and radiotolerance of different organs. Cranial and caudal half‐body fields were established using the 13th thoracic vertebra as the dividing point. Under general anesthesia, either 7 or 8 Gray (Gy) were delivered to one half of the body using opposing radiation portals. The other half of the body was similarly treated 28 days later. The dogs were monitored for 12 months. Significant radiation effects included transient bone marrow suppression and radiation sickness. There were no serious or life‐threatening problems, but the 8 Gy group consistently showed more severe clinical signs and histologic changes than the 7 Gy group. Total body irradiation in two fractions of 7 or 8 Gy given 1 month apart appears to be a safe treatment that can be developed for therapy in veterinary oncology.
Half‐Body Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Canine Lymphoma
Authors: Laing Elizabeth J. , Fitzpatrick Peter J. , Binnington AIlen G. , Norris AIan M. , Mosseri AIlen , Rider Walter D. , Valli V. E. , Baur Angela
Published: March 2010

In a Phase I–II study, half‐body radiotherapy was used to treat 14 dogs with multicentric lymphoma. Using this technique, a radiation dose of 7 Gray (Gy) was delivered to one half of the body in a single exposure. The other half of the body was treated approximately 28 days later. Of 14 treated dogs, 11 (79%) had a measurable decrease in tumor size. Five dogs achieved a complete or partial remission with a mean duration of 102 and 54 days, respectively. In predicting response to therapy, poor prognostic factors included large tumor burdens, advanced disease stage, and chemotherapy‐resistant tumors.
Clinical Feline Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Greene Craig E. , Winston Susan , Toll Sharon L. , Epstein Mark E.
Published: March 2010

Clinical toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 15 cats by correlating serologic evidence of infection and clinical signs to either response to therapy or histopathologic demonstration of the organism. Ophthalmic manifestations, primarily involving the anterior segment, were common. Other common physical examination abnormalities included muscle hyperesthesia, fever, and weight loss. Response to therapy was variable, but administration of clindamycin hydrochloride resulted in resolution of all clinical signs not involving the eyes in surviving animals. This drug, alone or in combination with corticosteroids, led to total resolution of clinical signs in four of four cats with active retinochoroiditis and in six of nine cats with anterior uveitis. Four of the 15 cats had concurrent infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Feline leukemia virus antigen or antibodies to feline infectious peritonitis virus were not detected.
Hypophosphatemia
Authors: DVM S. Dm Forrester , Moreland Karen J.
Published: March 2010

Severe hypophosphatemia (i.e., serum phosphorus concentration below 1 mg/dl) occurs infrequently in veterinary patients. It is most often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis in small animals. Phosphate is necessary for the production of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP); both are important for normal cellular metabolism. Consequences of severe hypophosphatemia may include hemolytic anemia, seizures, altered mentation, cardiomyopathy, and skeletal muscle weakness. Parenteral phosphate therapy is necessary in most cases of severe hypophosphatemia.
Splenomegaly in Dogs
Authors: Johnson K. A. , Powers B. E. , Withrow S. J. , Sheetz M. J. , Curtis C. R. , Wrigley R. H.
Published: March 2010

Splenomegaly confirmed by surgery or necropsy in 100 dogs was diagnosed histologically as benign neoplasia (n = 1), primary splenic malignancy (n = 59), neoplastic metastases (n = 6), and nonneoplastic disease (n = 34). Dogs with known systemic disease, such as lymphoma and mast cell tumor, that caused splenomegaly were not included in the study. Hemangiosarcoma was the most common splenic disease (43 cases). Overall mean age of the dogs was 10.7 years, the most common breed was German Shepherd dog, and 72 of the dogs weighed more than 21 kg. Dogs with anemia, nucleated red blood cells, abnormal red blood cell morphology, or splenic rupture had a significantly greater chance of having splenic neoplasia (P< 0.002). A multivariate logistic regression analysis found that the presence of anemia and splenic rupture in dogs with splenomegaly was up to 69% accurate in predicting presence of splenic neoplasia. After splenectomy, the median survival time of dogs with splenic neoplasia was 13 weeks. For dogs with nonneoplastic splenomegaly it was at least 36 weeks.
Pancreatic Polypeptide and Insulin‐Secreting Tumor in a Dog With Duodenal Ulcers and Hypertrophic Gastritis
Authors: Zerbe Carole A. , Boosinger Timothy R. , Grabau J. H. , Pletcher J. M. , O'Dorisio Thomas M.
Published: March 2010

A 7‐year‐old spayed female Cocker Spaniel was hospitalized with a history of chronic vomiting, anorexia, and weight loss. Laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, metabolic alkalosis, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Gastroscopy and ultrasonography revealed multiple gastric masses and a possible pancreatic mass, respectively. Examination of tissues obtained at necropsy showed a pancreatic adenocarcinoma with hepatic metastasis, gastric hypertrophy, and multiple duodenal ulcers. Immunocytochemical staining of the neoplasia was positive for pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and insulin and negative for gastrin, calcitonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), serotonin, L‐enkephalin, chromagranin, glucagon, and somatostatin. Subsequent serum gastrin and PP assays showed a fasting hypergastrinemia with a normal response of gastrin to provocative testing and extremely increased PP values. The high PP values may have resulted in the vomiting and gastrointestinal ulceration. A PP‐secreting tumor has not previously been reported in the dog.
Tumor‐Associated Erythrocytosis in a Dog With Nasal Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Couto C. G. , Boudrieau R. J. , Zanjani E. D.
Published: March 2010

Erythrocytosis (hematocrit, 79%) was diagnosed in an 8‐year‐old, neutered female, mixed‐breed dog with an intranasal fibrosarcoma. Both serum and tumor erythropoietin (Ep) activities were elevated, as determined by the polycythemic exhypoxic mouse model, and the Ep activity was neutralized in that model by rabbit anti‐Ep antibodies. Tumor resection normalized the hematocrit.
Long‐Term Survival of a Cat Receiving a Renal Allograft From an Unrelated Donor
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Gourley I. M. , Broaddus T. W. , Christy W. C. , Mayer C. R.
Published: March 2010

A 6‐year‐old, spayed female Persian cat in terminal renal failure was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for renal transplantation. An allograft from an unrelated donor was placed in the right iliac fossa and cyclosporine and prednisolone were administered as immunosuppressive agents. More than 18 months after surgery the cat was clinically normal and azotemia was absent. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:1–3)
Therapy of Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Jans Heather E. , Armstrong P. Jane , Price G. Sylvester
Published: March 2010

Fifteen dogs with immune mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT) were studied retrospectively. All dogs had a thrombocyte count below 50,000/μl when response to therapy was studied. Platelet counts greater than 50,000/μl were present in all dogsl within 2–9 days of initiating medical therapy. Eight dogs experienced a single episode of thrombocytopenia and seven dogs relapsed over the following 5 to 24 months. Clinical parameters from dogs that experienced a single episode of IMT were compared with data from dogs that relapsed to determine whether any information would identify dogs that were prone to relapse. Signalment, severity of thrombocytopenia, and time to achieve a platelet count above 50,000/μl were found not to differ (P> 0.05) between these two groups.

Five of the seven dogs with relapsing IMT were splenectomized after 2 to 4 episodes (mean, 2.8 ± 0.8) of thrombocytopenia over 2 to 14 months. The postoperative progress of these five dogs was followed for 6 to 17 months. Platelet counts were sustained above 200,000/μ1 in 4/5 after splenectomy and it was possible to discontinue medical therapy in these dogs. In comparison, the 2 relapsing IMT cases that were not splenectomized continued to require intermittent immunosuppressive therapy.

We conclude that signalment and routine pretreatment laboratory test results are not useful in distinguishing dogs with relapsing IMT from those that will experience one episode of IMT. Seemingly, splenectomy is useful in the management of dogs with relapsing IMT. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:4–7)
Partial Masking of the Canine Electroretinogram by Oscillatory Potentials
Authors: Sims Michael H.
Published: March 2010

Recording the electroretinogram (ERG) in dogs has become a standard procedure in clinical ophthalmology. The ERG provides highly objective information about retinal function that is otherwise unobtainable from dogs. However, problems may be encountered in measuring the latencies and amplitudes of the a and b waves, depending upon the amplifier bandwidth used to record the potential. Superimposed on the canine ERG are other complex retinal potentials, some of which have higher frequency spectra than those that give rise to a and b waves. Whereas an amplifier bandwidth of 1.0 to 100 Hz or more insures that the slower components of the ERG are recorded, it also allows higher frequency oscillatory potentials (OP) to be recorded on the b wave. The OP cause a notching in the peak of the b wave thus necessitating a decision about how to measure the b wave. Bandwidth characteristics of the ERG and OP are presented and some possible methods for measuring the OP‐contaminated ERG are discussed. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:40–42)
Single‐Drug Chemotherapy of Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor With Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, or Vincristine
Authors: Amber E. I. , Henderson R. A. , Adeyanju J. B. , Gyang E. O.
Published: March 2010

During a 21‐month period, 48 dogs with spontaneous canine transmissible venereal tumor (clinical stage, T1‐T3) were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, and were divided into one control and four treatment groups to test the efficacy of single‐agent chemotherapeutic drugs. The dogs were not randomly assigned to groups because each chemotherapeu‐tic agent was not continuously available during the test period. Group Iconsisted of four dogs that received oral cyclophosphamide (50 mg/M2 body surface area [BSA]) on the first four days for six weeks. No therapeutic response was noted in any of the four dogs. Group II consisted of ten dogs that received intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide (50 mg/M2 BSA) for four consecutive days per week for six weeks. Two of the ten had a partial remission. Group III consisted of eight dogs that received oral methotrexate (2.5 mg/M2 BSA) every other day for six weeks. No therapeutic response was noted in any of the eight dogs. GroupIV consisted of 20 dogs that were administered IV vincristine sulfate (0.5 mg/M2 BSA) weekly until a response was noted. Complete remission occurred in each of the 20 dogs. One dog had recurrence within 12 months. Group V was the untreated control group, consisting of six dogs among which no spontaneous remission was seen. Instead, tumor progression was noted. Adverse responses to medication, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss were seen only with dogs treated with cyclophosphamide and methotrexate. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:144–147)
Effect of Intestinal Resection on Two Juvenile Horses With Granulomatous Enteritis
Authors: Schumacher J. , Moll H. D. , Spano J. S. , Barone L. M. , Powers R. D.
Published: March 2010

Two horses were presented with lethargy, weight loss, anorexia, and swelling of the limbs and ventral body wall. One horse, a 12‐month‐old American Paso Fino colt, also had acute abdominal pain. The other horse, a seven‐month‐old Tennessee Walking Horse (TWH) filly passed diarrheic stools during the initial examination. Each horse had low serum protein, neutropenia, and a normal packed cell volume (3.2 g/dl, 1300 cells/ul, and 38%, respectively, for the colt, and 2.4 g/dl, 696 cells/ul, and 44%, respectively for the filly). After intravenously administering plasma, the colt's PCV dropped to 23%, and the filly's dropped to 30%. During exploratory surgery, 3.5 and 2.0 meters of thickened terminal small intestine were removed from the colt and filly respectively, and a jejunocecostomy performed. The results of histologic examination of resected intestine were consistent with a diagnosis of equine granulomatous enteritis (EGE). Both horses showed clinical improvement within two days after surgery. The colt developed a neutrophilia (20,500 cells/ul) within 24 hours of surgery. Serum protein concentrations remained stable and gradually elevated to normal or near normal values of 7.0 g/dl (colt) and 5.8 g/dl (filly) by two weeks. The colt was killed four months after surgery because of signs of abdominal pain. Postmortem examination revealed a small intestinal volvulus associated with an adhesion. The TWH filly remains clinically normal 13 months after surgery. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:153–156)
Pulmonary Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis in Seven Dogs (1976–1987)
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Moore Peter F. , Thomas William P. , Sisson David , Koblik Philip D.
Published: March 2010

Seven dogs with pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis were reviewed. The disease occurred in six large‐breed and one small‐breed dogs. The dogs were five to 14 years old (mean, 8.4; median, 7), and four of seven dogs were males. Three dogs had been previously treated with adulticide therapy for canine dirofilariasis. Clinical histories included a progressive respiratory disease characterized by varying degrees of cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and weight loss. Thoracic radiographic features included hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary masses of varying sizes, and mixed pulmonary patterns of lobar consolidation with ill‐defined interstitial and alveolar pulmonary infiltrates. Cardiovascular changes compatible with chronic dirofilariasis were present in three dogs. The clinical course was usually progressive and fatal. The survival time ranged from six days to four years (mean, 12.5 mos; median, 3 mos). Gross and histologic features included mass lesions with areas of necrosis that replaced normal pulmonary architecture. Cytologically, these lesions were characterized by infiltration with pleomorphic, angioinvasive mononuclear cells that often resulted in vascular obliteration. The infiltrating cells resembled large lymphoid cells that possessed large hyperchromatic nuclei and small amounts of cytoplasm. Systemic lymphoid neoplasia with peripheral lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in two dogs. In both cases, lymph‐node cytology was similar to the cellular infiltrates found in the lungs and consistent with a diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. These features are compared with previously reported cases of canine lymphomatoid granulomatosis and those features identified in a similar disease described in man. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:157–166)
An Update on the Serodiagnosis of Canine Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Greene Russell T.
Published: March 2010

The first report of canine Lyme borreliosis was published in 1984, and since that time there have been numerous reports. Clinical manifestations have varied, and serology is often used to make the diagnosis. This review is designed to inform veterinary clinicians about the current serologic tests and their limitations. In endemic areas, the fact that up to 50% of the canine population can be asymptomatic, yet seropositive, suggests that positive antibody titers do not necessarily indicate the presence of disease. Instead, the presence of a positive antibody titer should be considered evidence of exposure to the agent. Many dogs apparently are exposed to the agent of Lyme borreliosis but do not come down with the disease. Immunoblots are not able to distinguish between infection versus exposure. Newer diagnostic tests, such as antigen assays, are being evaluated. However, the fact that spirochetes have been isolated from 8% of asymptomatic dogs living in an endemic area is evidence that these tests will also need to be cautiously interpreted. Our inability to characterize the relationship between clinical signs and serology has hampered our understanding of canine Lyme disease. Presently, the diagnosis should be one of exclusion. A diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis should be considered confirmed only when other diseases are completely ruled out. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:167–171)
Canine Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Padrid Philip A. , Hornof William J. , Kurpershoek C. J. , Cross Carroll E.
Published: March 2010

Eighteen dogs with chronic bronchitis were studied using physiologic, radiologic, microbiologic, and pathologic techniques. Twelve of these dogs were evaluated before and after two weeks of oral broncho‐dilator administration. Thoracic radiographs, tidal breathing flow‐volume loops, radioaerosol ventilation scans, airway appearance at bronchoscopy, and airway pathology were abnormal in the majority of dogs studied. There was a significant relationship between abnormal ventilation scans and abnormal results for PaO2and end‐tidal airflow. Bronchoscopy revealed excessive mucus and inflammation of airway mucosa in all 16 dogs undergoing this procedure. Endoscopically obtained aerobic bacterial cultures grew mixed bacterial flora in only three dogs. Increased numbers of neutrophils in 14 dogs were detected by airway lavage cytology. A large number of eosinophils were seen in airway lavages obtained from two dogs; these two dogs also had evidence for eosinophilic bronchitis on endobronchial biopsy. Oral bronchodilator administration resulted in clinical and expiratory airflow improvements in most dogs, but had no effect on PaO2or on the radioaerosol‐scan abnormalities. The presence of both the physiologic and pathologic airway abnormalities of chronic bronchitis in dogs presented to a veterinary hospital with chronic unexplained cough was confirmed, suggesting that aerobic bacteria do not play an etiologic role in most cases. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:172–180)