bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The blue paradox: Preemptive overfishing in marine reserves
Authors: McDermott Grant R. , Meng Kyle C. , McDonald Gavin G. , Costello Christopher J.
Published: August 2018

Most large-scale conservation policies are anticipated or announced in advance. This risks the possibility of preemptive resource extraction before the conservation intervention goes into force. We use a high-resolution dataset of satellite-based fishing activity to show that anticipation of an impending no-take marine reserve undermines the policy by triggering an unintended race-to-fish. We study one of the world’s largest marine reserves, the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), and find that fishers more than doubled their fishing effort once this area was earmarked for eventual protected status. The additional fishing effort resulted in an impoverished starting point for PIPA equivalent to 1.5 y of banned fishing. Extrapolating this behavior globally, we estimate that if other marine reserve announcements were to trigger similar preemptive fishing, this could temporarily increase the share of overextracted fisheries from 65% to 72%. Our findings have implications for general conservation efforts as well as the methods that scientists use to monitor and evaluate policy efficacy.
Methylglyoxal-derived posttranslational arginine modifications are abundant histone marks
Authors: Galligan James J. , Wepy James A. , Streeter Matthew D. , Kingsley Philip J. , Mitchener Michelle M. , Wauchope Orrette R. , Beavers William N. , Rose Kristie L. , Wang Tina , Spiegel David A. , Marnett Lawrence J.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Chromatin comprises the approximately 3 billion bases in the human genome and histone proteins. Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) regulate chromatin dynamics and protein transcription to expand the genetic code. Herein we describe the existence of Lys and Arg modifications on histones derived from a glycolytic by-product, methylglyoxal (MGO). These PTMs are abundant modifications, present at similar levels as those of modifications known to modulate chromatin function and leading to altered gene transcription. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we show that the deglycase DJ-1 protects histones from adduction by MGO. These findings demonstrate the existence of a previously undetected histone modification and provide a link between cellular metabolism and the histone code.
Multiproxy evidence for leaf-browsing and closed habitats in extinct proboscideans (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Central Chile
Authors: González-Guarda Erwin , Petermann-Pichincura Alia , Tornero Carlos , Domingo Laura , Agustí Jordi , Pino Mario , Abarzúa Ana M. , Capriles José M. , Villavicencio Natalia A. , Labarca Rafael , Tolorza Violeta , Sevilla Paloma , Rivals Florent
Published: August 2018

Significance

The multiproxy approach represents a novel methodology and a unique opportunity to obtain a more detailed view of ancient resource use. Our multiproxy study, carried out on gomphotheres from Chile, widens potential occupied habitats to closed-canopy forests. This habitat variability supports the hypothesis that the diet of gomphotheres appears to be more constrained by resource availability than by the potential dietary range. We strongly recommend the use of a multiproxy approach, where morphology analyses are complemented by other sources of information. This approach prevents misleading conclusions about the origin of the proxy’s signal from arising, such as a leaf-browsing diet inferred from the dental calculus and microwear not necessarily being indicative of humidity.
β-Subunit of the voltage-gated Ca
2+
channel Cav1.2 drives signaling to the nucleus via H-Ras
Authors: Servili Evrim , Trus Michael , Maayan Daphne , Atlas Daphne
Published: August 2018

Significance

The L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2 mediates depolarization-triggered signaling cascades that regulate neuronal-specific transcription factors such as CREB and immediate-early genes. We demonstrate that the interaction of the intracellular β-subunit of the channel with H-Ras is indispensable for depolarization-triggered gene activation. The binding of the recombinant β-subunit to H-Ras and H-Ras pulldown assays confirms the ability of H-Ras to physically interact with the β-subunit. We show that gene transcription also requires the binding of Ca
2+
to the channel pore and is calcium-influx independent. These results delineate Cav1.2–H-Ras interaction by extracellular signaling as a mode of rapid induction of gene transcription. They expand the repertoire of Cav1.2 metabotropic signaling triggered by depolarization-induced conformational changes, which require channel-pore occupancy and are calcium-influx independent.
Screening for genes that regulate the differentiation of human megakaryocytic lineage cells
Authors: Zhu Fangfang , Feng Mingye , Sinha Rahul , Seita Jun , Mori Yasuo , Weissman Irving L.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs), derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), play major roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and vascular biology through generating platelets. However, the regulatory factors involved in MkP differentiation from HSCs are largely unknown. Here, we utilized a unique genomic approach, including the microarray gene expression commons platform, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene deletion, lentivirus-mediated gene overexpression, as well as multicolor flow cytometry and functional assays, and identified 10 genes that are highly expressed in MkPs and required for and can promote MkP generation from HSCs. In addition, we found inhibition of histone deacetylase activity increased MkP differentiation. Our results will not only shed light on the regulations of MkPs, but also facilitate efficient generation of MkPs and platelets for clinical applications.
Entropic forces drive clustering and spatial localization of influenza A M2 during viral budding
Authors: Madsen Jesper J. , Grime John M. A. , Rossman Jeremy S. , Voth Gregory A.
Published: August 2018

Significance

For influenza virus to release from the infected host cell, controlled viral budding must finalize with membrane scission of the viral envelope. Curiously, influenza carries its own protein, M2, which can sever the membrane of the constricted budding neck. Here we elucidate the physical mechanism of clustering and spatial localization of the M2 scission proteins through a combined computational and experimental approach. Our results provide fundamental insights into how M2 clustering and localization interplay with membrane curvature, membrane lateral stresses, and lipid bilayer phase behavior during viral budding to contribute to virion release.
Structure of a patient-derived antibody in complex with allergen reveals simultaneous conventional and superantigen-like recognition
Authors: Mitropoulou Alkistis N. , Bowen Holly , Dodev Tihomir S. , Davies Anna M. , Bax Heather J. , Beavil Rebecca L. , Beavil Andrew J. , Gould Hannah J. , James Louisa K. , Sutton Brian J.
Published: August 2018

Significance

We have discovered that a human antibody can simultaneously bind two molecules of antigen, in this case a grass pollen allergen, one in a conventional manner and the other unconventionally. The two allergen molecules also bridge two identical antibodies. These observations challenge the dogma that one antibody recognizes only a single antigen/allergen epitope. The mechanism of antibody cross-linking seen here may explain the potency of certain allergens in triggering an allergic reaction, extending our understanding of the nature of allergenicity and informing the design of hypoallergenic molecules for allergen immunotherapy. This dual reactivity and potential for cross-linking surface immunoglobulin on B cells suggests mechanisms by which human autoimmune and other diseases might be initiated.
Palmitoylation enables MAPK-dependent proteostasis of axon survival factors
Authors: Summers Daniel W. , Milbrandt Jeffrey , DiAntonio Aaron
Published: August 2018

Significance

Neurons extend long structures called axons that are highly susceptible to damage and undergo degeneration in many neurological disorders. One strategy for treating these diseases is by elevating the abundance of axon survival factors that suppress axon death. Herein, we describe a protein homeostasis network that regulates axon degeneration by tuning the local levels of axon survival factors. In particular, we find that small-molecule inhibitors targeting a MAPK stress pathway protect axons from pathological degeneration by elevating the local abundance of axon survival factors NMNAT2 and SCG10. Furthermore, we discover that intracellular location imparts sensitivity to distinct protein homeostasis networks. Inactivating multiple nodes in this protein homeostasis network confers maximal therapeutic potential in diseases of axon degeneration.
Mechanisms of enhanced drug delivery in brain metastases with focused ultrasound-induced blood–tumor barrier disruption
Authors: Arvanitis Costas D. , Askoxylakis Vasileios , Guo Yutong , Datta Meenal , Kloepper Jonas , Ferraro Gino B. , Bernabeu Miguel O. , Fukumura Dai , McDannold Nathan , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Improved penetration along with accurate prediction and mechanistic understanding of anticancer agent delivery across the blood–brain/blood–tumor barrier (BBB/BTB) are essential for the rational development of effective therapeutic strategies in intracranial malignancies. In this study, we provide insights in drug pharmacokinetics in brain metastases after focused ultrasound-induced BBB/BTB disruption by integrating quantitative microscopy with mathematical modeling. We demonstrate that focused ultrasound-induced BBB/BTB disruption contributes to enhanced interstitial convective transport in solid tumors, in addition to alleviating vascular barriers, and provide evidence of improved penetration of nontargeted and antibody-targeted chemotherapies. Together, our work provides a unified framework for prospective, quantitative, and mechanistic investigation of the penetration of anticancer drugs across the BBB/BTB in brain tumors.
Cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 are critical for initiation, but not for progression of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sonntag Roland , Giebeler Nives , Nevzorova Yulia A. , Bangen Jörg-Martin , Fahrenkamp Dirk , Lambertz Daniela , Haas Ute , Hu Wei , Gassler Nikolaus , Cubero Francisco Javier , Müller-Newen Gerhard , Abdallah Ali T. , Weiskirchen Ralf , Ticconi Fabio , Costa Ivan G. , Barbacid Mariano , Trautwein Christian , Liedtke Christian
Published: August 2018

Significance

The two E-type cyclins E1 and E2 are known to interact with Cdk2 and are thought to trigger cell cycle activity in carcinogenesis. However, the individual contributions of cyclin E1, cyclin E2, and Cdk2 for initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown. In the present study, we discovered that only cyclin E1—but not cyclin E2—is essential for initiation of liver cancer and requires Cdk2. Unexpectedly, advanced liver cancer progression can be mediated in presence of any E-cyclin, but in a Cdk2-independent manner. We identified the specific expression profiles of cyclin E1-dependent and cyclin E1-independent hepatoma cells. These signatures are useful for predicting patient prognosis and for developing novel cyclin E-based HCC therapies.
Adjuvant effect of the novel TLR1/TLR2 agonist Diprovocim synergizes with anti–PD-L1 to eliminate melanoma in mice
Authors: Wang Ying , Su Lijing , Morin Matthew D. , Jones Brian T. , Mifune Yuto , Shi Hexin , Wang Kuan-wen , Zhan Xiaoming , Liu Aijie , Wang Jianhui , Li Xiaohong , Tang Miao , Ludwig Sara , Hildebrand Sara , Zhou Kejin , Siegwart Daniel J. , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Zhang Hong , Boger Dale L. , Beutler Bruce
Published: August 2018

Significance

Adjuvants enhance adaptive immune responses, sometimes through unknown mechanisms, and can be used to augment both humoral and cellular responses to cancer antigens. We report the immunological effects of the synthetic chemical adjuvant Diprovocim, which targets the innate immune receptor TLR1/TLR2 in mice and humans. Diprovocim displayed strong adjuvant activity in mice, particularly abetting cellular immune responses. Immunization against a genetically engineered tumor-specific antigen, ovalbumin, when adjuvanted with Diprovocim, inhibited growth of B16 melanoma and prolonged survival in the presence of immune checkpoint blockade by anti–PD-L1; 100% of mice responded to treatment. Our data suggest Diprovocim boosts the success of anti–PD-L1 treatment by increasing the number and activation of tumor-specific CTLs capable of responding to this checkpoint inhibitor.
Protein evolution speed depends on its stability and abundance and on chaperone concentrations
Authors: Agozzino Luca , Dill Ken A.
Published: August 2018

Significance

Some biological evolution is slow (millions of years), and some is fast (months to years). The speed at which a protein evolves depends on how stable a protein’s folded structure is, how well it avoids aggregation, and how well-chaperoned it is. What are the mechanisms? We compute fitness landscapes by combining a model of protein-folding equilibria with sequence-change dynamics. We find that adapting to a new environment is fastest for proteins that are least stably folded, because those sit on steep downhill parts of fitness potentials. The modeling shows that cells should adapt to warmer environments faster than to colder ones, explains why increasing a protein’s abundance slows cell evolution, and explains how chaperones accelerate evolution by mitigating this effect.
医患互动研究
Authors: Li Fang
Published: August 2018

抽象

医患互动历来被认为是医疗保健与健康传播的核心，近年来逐渐成为人文社科跨学科研究热点。目前国际范围内医患互动研究已经取得了一定的成果，但同时也展现出新的问题和挑战。本文对过去50年间的海内外医患互动研究进行了梳理和回顾，旨在呈现主要研究方法与视角、发展阶段、以及重要发现与成果。文章分别回顾了国外和国内医患互动研究，分析了国内研究尚存在的不足，并基于此对未来研究提出了建议和展望。主要发现有：（1）国外医患互动研究从1960年代起步，研究视角和方法呈现多元化趋势，相关研究可以被细化分类为：宏观“行为”研究、微观“话语”研究和会话分析研究。（2）国内相关研究始于1980年代后期，经历了萌芽、起步和成熟等三个发展阶段；语言学视角下的相关研究独树一帜，做出独特的贡献。（3）对比发现，国内研究在研究范式、内容和方法等方面有待进一步完善。本文希望能够为相关领域的研究者提供参考，助力学界围绕医患互动展开更深入、系统、具体的理论和实践探讨。
‘Come what come may, Time, and the Houre, runs through the roughest Day’
Authors: Bondi Marina , Sezzi Annalisa
Published: August 2018

The paper maps the lexico-grammatical resources of the representation of time inMacbeth,looking in particular at the way futurity is portrayed. The study is based on concordance analysis of the top full lexical items in frequency lists and of time-related keywords (generated using the other Shakespearian tragedies as a reference corpus). Paying particular attention to the occurrences in Macbeth and his wife’s speeches, the analysis centres on the collocations and semantic preferences of the items identified. The top full lexical items in the wordlist are shown to be related to the notion of time, especially contrasting the present and the future, hence contributing to the pace of the plot in the play. Keywords highlight the connection of the notion of time with the notion of fear and with the impossibility of predicting the future. In general, the analysis depicts a conceptual space in which time and futurity are not connected to hope but to fear, thus creating a menacing universe that has its origins in the protagonist himself, in the tension between deceitful prediction and frustrated volition.
Progressive or not progressive?
Authors: Rautionaho Paula , Deshors Sandra C.
Published: August 2018

This multifactorial analysis of progressive marking contrasts native English to two Asian Englishes and Dutch English. Specifically, we (i) model writers’ constructional choices (progressive vs. non-progressive) across Englishes based on several linguistic predictors simultaneously, (ii) assess how those factors impact the progressive vs. non-progressive alternation, (iii) how several linguistic factors determine, simultaneously, writers’ constructional choices and (iv) how those choices differ across varieties and genres. Based on 4,661 verb constructions from five comparable multi-genre corpora, we ran a logistic regression analysis to determine which factors cause English-speaking populations to differ in their constructional choices and in which specific contexts. While the model strongly predicts speakers’ choices, within individual genres, tense and modality are found to influence speakers’ choices differently. Overall, our results yield nuanced insights into the (dis)similarities among and within ESL/EFL varieties and contribute to the broader issue of the native-foreign-second language continuum across genres.
The progressive form and its functions in spoken learner English
Authors: Meriläinen Lea
Published: August 2018

Present-day English manifests ongoing changes in the frequency and semantic range of the progressive form, which presents a
challenge for foreign language learners. This study examines the frequencies and semantic functions of the progressive in the
Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage with the aim of finding out to what extent
learners are adopting the ongoing changes. This study analyses the effects of an exposure-rich learning environment by comparing
learners from countries where English is used in varying degrees outside formal educational contexts and by examining intra-corpus
variation between learners who have vs. have not spent time in English-speaking countries. The results reveal that exposure to
English in the home country explains some of the variation in the progressive frequencies, but most of all it shows in the extent
to which the learners have adopted its new semantic uses. By contrast, stay in English-speaking countries was not found to be an
influential variable for all learner groups.
The use of stative progressives by school-age learners of English and the importance of the variable context
Authors: Fuchs Robert , Werner Valentin
Published: August 2018

Previous studies indicate that even advanced learners of English as a Foreign Language and speakers of English as a Second Language extend the progressive to stative verbs, contrary to the predictions of the Aspect Hypothesis (AH). We test this claim based on a corpus of beginning and lower intermediate learner writing produced by speakers of three languages with and three without a progressive. In contrast to previous studies, we measure the frequency of stative progressives using the variable context method, which is frequently used in research on dialectal variation. Results reveal that stative progressives are very rare at the beginning/lower intermediate level, regardless of the presence of a progressive in the learners’ L1, confirming the claim of the AH for beginning and lower intermediate learners. Moreover, stative progressives mostly occur in contexts that are grammatical in native usage, especially in the interlanguage of learners with a progressive in their L1.
La traducció castellana quatrecentista del Llibre de paraules e dits de savis e filòsofs de Jafudà Bonsenyor
Authors: Conca Maria , Guia Josep
Published: August 2018

En aquest treball, contrastem els vuit manuscrits catalans que han transmès l’obra original de Jafudà Bonsenyor amb la seva traducció castellana del segle xv, a fi d’esbrinar el model que s’ha utilitzat per a la traducció. Estudiem i comparem el text traduït atenent elements paratextuals i textuals, des d’un enfocament lingüístic i paremiològic, per determinar la seva qualitat i per valorar la competència lingüística del traductor. També ens ocupem del fet que la crítica espanyola s’ha mostrat reticent, durant molt de temps, a reconèixer que el text castellà prové d’un text català, així com les altres obres en prosa que l’acompanyen al mateix còdex.
L'univers literari femení de l'edat moderna a l'àmbit català: textos i llengües de l'esfera monàstica
Authors: Gómez Verònica Zaragoza
Published: August 2018

En aquest article es pretén reflexionar al voltant d’un aspecte interessant per a la
història literària catalana completament desatès per la crítica: les diferents tries
lingüístiques de les escriptores del domini lingüístic català en l’època moderna,
que són bàsicament, el castellà i el català. L’objectiu del treball és aportar dades provisionals i incitar a la reflexió sobre els possibles factors que pogueren determinar la llengua de les religioses, conforme a la funcionalitat i l’especificitat d’uns textos que, segons el context de producció conventual, majoritàriament no havien d’assolir la impremta.
Sobre fractures traumàtiques i ideològiques: la guerra en "El carro dels morts" de Joan Santamaria
Authors: Brotons Antoni Maestre
Published: August 2018

La intenció d’aquest capítol és explorar la funció del trauma en els usos de la memòria històrica i el passat, concretament en el conte titulat “El carro dels morts”, de Joan Santamaria. A partir del concepte del trauma com a fractura, analitze les seqüeles personals que la guerra té en el protagonista del conte –fractura interna o personal–, a més de la ruptura que es produeix entre el personatge i la societat – fractura social i cultural. D’altra banda, des d’un punt de vista col·lectiu, el trauma també genera una discontinuïtat en la història de la comunitat –fractura històrica. Tanmateix, el concepte de fractura traumàtica resulta ambivalent, ja que en discursos dissidents com el de Santamaria, el trauma de la guerra no constitueix un punt de cohesió nacional al voltant del dolor compartit, sinó que representa al contrari una esquerda en el discurs patriòtic –fractura política– que desacredita l’ús de la violència.
Els quaderns de camp d'Antoni M. Alcover en l'era digital
Authors: Perea Maria-Pilar
Published: August 2018

Aquest article té l’objectiu de descriure el procés de cartografia a Internet de la
base de dades resultant de la informatització dels 65 quaderns que Alcover va
recopilar durant els nombrosos viatges que va dur a terme. Aquests quaderns
contenen una quantitat considerable d’informació dialectal de característiques
diferents. S’han classificat un total de 74.000 registres en les categories següents: 5.351 corresponent a fonètica; 9.967, a la morfologia; 3.435, a la sintaxi; 59.150, al lèxic; i 1.676 al folklore. Actualment, la base de dades s’allotja a la pàgina web de l’Institut d’Estudis Catalans (Portal d’Antoni M. Alcover = http://alcover.iec.cat /) així com els diferents mapes que se n’han derivat. En aquest treball es descriurà el procés de creació de diversos tipus de mapes i s’explicaran les conseqüències de la selecció i l’adaptació dels materials lingüístics a partir de la base de dades. També es mostrarà com llocs i zones geogràfiques específiques es poden combinar per aconseguir una representació visual més acurada. La cartografia de les dades dels quaderns de camp ofereix una nova visualització dels materials lingüístics i en facilita l’explotació i interpretació tant des d’un punt de vista sincrònic –que
mostra les dades dialectals d’un període determinat– com diacrònic –a través de la comparació amb dades actuals.
La paraula digital i els usos lingüístics escrits
Authors: Serrano Neus Nogué
Published: August 2018

Aquest text té l’objectiu de reflexionar sobre la concepció que tenen dels usos
lingüístics escrits els usuaris del que encara anomenem noves tecnologies, tant en l’àmbit privat com en el públic, i dins d’aquest últim, tant des d’una perspectiva general com des del punt de vista dels professionals de la llengua (revisió de textos, traducció i edició de textos periodístics, bàsicament). La tecnologia fa molt més fàcil que mai la comunicació escrita immediata (pública i privada), la revisió dels textos i l’autoedició. També ha provocat, en contrapartida, l’aparició –i a vegades l’assumpció com a “normals”– d’errors no desitjats en contextos comunicatius formals. I en el rerefons de tot plegat, una pregunta que només el temps i l’evolució dels avenços tecnològics mateixos permetran, potser, respondre: ¿com s’hauran d’adaptar les normes que regulen l’escrit a les noves condicions de producció i recepció en què s’insereixen els usos de la paraula digital?
Neologia verbal i tendències del canvi lingüístic
Authors: Casafont Mercè Lorente
Published: August 2018

Tot i que la creació de nous verbs és reduïda al costat de la de substantius i
adjectius, la neologia verbal documentada per l’Observatori de Neologia de la
Universitat Pompeu Fabra ens permet detectar tendències en els processos de
formació, ja que els nous verbs segueixen només alguns dels processos morfològics disponibles, i reconsiderar la noció mateixa de neologicitat, per tal com els parlants poden concebre més o menys neològics aquests verbs d’acord amb la predictibilitat gramatical. En la revisió de les dades sobre neologia verbal de l’Observatori de Neologia, comprovem la productivitat de certs processos de formació, distingim la neologia verbal predictible d’altres casos d’innovació lèxica i correlacionem les tendències neològiques principals amb principis del canvi lingüístic.
“I wanna be a toy”
Authors: Webster Lexi
Published: August 2018

The paradigmatic transgender woman is often negatively oversexualised, pornographised and fetishised in mainstream
conceptualisations and discourses. However, self-sexualisation by transgender individuals is often portrayed as a (sex-)positive
social phenomenon. Little research has been conducted that analyses the self-sexualisation strategies of the multiple
instantiations of gender-variant identity, including transmasculine and non-binary social actors. This paper uses a corpus-informed
socio-cognitive approach to critical discourse studies to identify differences between the self-sexualisation strategies and
underpinning cognitive models of different gender-variant user-groups on Twitter. 2,565 users are coded into five categories: (1)
transfeminine; (2) transmasculine; (3) transsexual; (4) transvestite; (5) non-binary. Findings show that transvestite- and
transsexual-identifying users most closely fit the pornographised and fetishised conceptualisation, whilst non-binary users are the
least self-sexualising user-group.
Corpus linguistics in language and sexuality studies
Authors: Motschenbacher Heiko
Published: August 2018

As an introduction to the special issue, this paper presents an overview of previous corpus linguistic work in the field of language and sexuality and discusses the compatibility of corpus linguistic methodology with queer linguistics as a central theoretical approach in language and sexuality studies. The discussion is structured around five prototypical aspects of corpus linguistics that may be deemed problematic from a poststructuralist, queer linguistic perspective: quantification and associated notions of objectivity, reliance on linguistic forms and formal presence, concentration on highly frequent features, reliance on categories, and highlighting of differences. It is argued that none of these aspects rules out an application of corpus linguistic techniques within queer theoretically informed linguistic work per se and that it is rather the way these techniques are employed that can be seen as more or less compatible with queer linguistics. To complement the theoretical discussion, a collocation analysis of sexual descriptive adjectives in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) is conducted in an attempt to address some of the issues raised. The concluding section makes suggestions for future research.
Discourses of marriage in same-sex marriage debates in the UK press 2011–2014
Authors: Paterson Laura L. , Coffey-Glover Laura
Published: August 2018

This paper interrogates media representations of same-sex marriage debates in the UK using a combination of corpus linguistics
tools and close reading, and drawing on Queer Linguistics. Following related work by Bachmann
(2011), Baker (2004), and Love and Baker
(2015), we analyse a 1.3 million-word corpus of UK national newspaper texts compiled for the Discourses of Marriage
Research Group. Our corpus stretches from September 2011 and the announcement of a government consultation on same-sex marriage,
to April 2014 when the first same-sex marriages took place. Using a top-down approach we investigate the discourses drawn upon in
same-sex marriage debates (as indexed by keywords and key semantic fields) and uncover the binary social categories used to
normalise social structures and hold the same-sex marriage debate in place. We also consider which social actors are (not) given a
voice and/or agency and discuss how (same-sex) marriage is constituted.
Nonnative accent and the perceived grammaticality of spoken grammar forms
Authors: Ruivivar June , Collins Laura
Published: August 2018

Scholars advocate for more classroom attention to be paid to spoken grammar which deviates from commonly taught rules of writing.
However, these recommendations have not considered potential barriers that learners may encounter when using spoken grammar with
L1 speakers. We investigate one such challenge: the effect of learners’ accents and degree of accentedness on how their use of
these forms is subjectively perceived by L1 speakers. Ten non-expert raters rated the grammatical acceptability of four frequent
spoken grammar forms, read out by 15 speakers (10 L1 Tagalog, 5 L1 English) rated as having heavy, moderate, or no accents. A
one-way ANOVA revealed a significant effect of accent on grammaticality scores. Post-hoc tests showed a strong correlation between
accent and perceived grammaticality, with more accented speakers scoring significantly lower on grammaticality. The discussion
considers implications for spoken grammar teaching, and future research on the relationship between accent and perceived
grammaticality.
Meta-analysis in second language acquisition research
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: August 2018

Meta-analysis has become increasingly popular in second language acquisition research (SLA) and has provided valuable summative
information about a number of key areas. There are, however, dangers. This article examines a number of key issues that need to be
considered in conducting a meta-analysis – inclusiveness, the heterogeneity of language learners, the definition of the
independent and dependent variables, the need to consider alternative explanations of observed effects, the importance of
examining the quality of the studies included in the analysis, and the apples and oranges problem. These issues are illustrated in
a discussion of number of SLA meta-analyses (e.g. Norris and Ortega, 2000; Plonsky, 2011; Qureshi, 2016; Spada and Tomita, 2010). The article concludes by suggesting a number of factors that
need to be considered in deciding whether to conduct a meta-analysis and when carrying one out. I argue the need for systematic
reviews but suggest that these can often best present their findings in narrative form rather than statistically. I also suggest
that a preliminary narrative account of the findings of s systematic review can indicate whether a meta-analysis is
appropriate.
On over- and underuse in learner corpus research and multifactoriality in corpus linguistics more generally
Authors: Gries Stefan Th.
Published: August 2018

This paper critically discusses how corpus linguistics in general, but learner corpus research in particular, has been dealing with all sorts of frequency data in general, but over- and underuse frequencies in particular. I demonstrate on the basis of learner corpus data the pitfalls of using aggregate data and lacking statistical control that much work is unfortunately characterized by. In fact, I will demonstrate that monofactorial methods have very little to offer at all to research on observational data. While this paper is admittedly very didactic and methodological, I think the discussion of the empirical data offered here – a reanalysis of previously published work – shows how misleading many studies potentially and provides far-reaching implications for much of corpus linguistics and learner corpus research. Ideally/maximally, this paper together with Paquot & Plonsky (2017,Intntl. J. of Learner Corpus Research) would lead to a complete revision of how learner corpus linguists use quantitative methods and study over-/underuse; minimally, this paper would stimulate a much-needed discussion of currently lacking methodological sophistication.
Le pronomyaccusatif en français régional et dans les dialectes galloromans
Authors: Avanzi Mathieu
Published: August 2018

Le but de cet article est de porter un regard nouveau sur le pronomyaccusatif dit « neutre » dans le français et dans les dialectes galloromans de la région de Lyon (di-m-z-i = dis-moi-z-y ; d’i sé ben = j’y sais bien). L’examen de données bibliographiques et atlantographiques rarement sollicitées jusque-là permet en effet de montrer que (i) les premières attestations deyaccusatif remontent plus ou moins à la même époque en patois qu’en français ; que (ii) en patois comme en français, il est fort vraisemblable que le pronomyait acquis le statut d’accusatif à la suite de la réanalyse de la valence de verbes qui présentaient des ambiguïtés de construction (p.ex.le/y croire ; le/y penser), et que c’est la généralisation de ces ambiguïtés qui a favorisé son installation ; (iii) que la formey(< HIC) s’est substituée aux formes héréditaires de neutre à des époques différentes selon les régions : l’élimination progressive des aboutissants de HOC parys’est faite au fur et à mesure que l’usage du patois reculait, et que le français gagnait de l’ampleur.
Patterns of 1st and 3rd person marking in Oïl-Galloromance
Authors: Massot Benjamin
Published: August 2018

This article is a contribution to the long-standing discussion of subject marking in Romance. Its originality lies in its systematically considering data from Oïl-Galloromance dialects, i.e. non-pro-drop varieties, which had been ignored because they were thought to pattern like French. On the contrary, a detailed survey of the means of 1sgand 3sg.m. Marking in these dialects reveals that the obligatoriness of the subject clitics in all grammatical persons does not guarantee the absence of ambiguous marks, since cases of syncretism between these two persons were found, besides cases of marking even more redundant than in French. I then conclude that it is yet another refutation of the now generally abandoned wisdom according to which the subject pronouns exactly compensate the loss of verb endings. Moreover, the results make the pro-drop parameter and parametric theory hard to maintain, as has been observed from other microvariational studies. I also argue against a functionalist interpretation of the correlation between the different means of subject marking based on the assumption of avoidance and repair strategies underlying language change/dialectal fragmentation. My own analysis then relies on the assumption of a strong and stable typological property of accusative languages like Romance, called here the principle of recovery of the subject. The surface microvariation within (Oïl)-(Gallo)romance is simply seen as the result of non-deterministic properties of language change/dialectal fragmentation.
Increasing multilingualism in schoolscapes
Authors: Menken Kate , Pérez Rosario Vanessa , Guzmán Valerio Luis Alejandro
Published: August 2018

In this qualitative research study, we examine changes made in 23 New York City schools that participated in a project for which
participating schools were asked to regard bilingualism as a resource in instruction and develop a multilingual linguistic
landscape. Findings document efforts made by schools to change their linguistic landscape in ways that recognize students’ many
languages and cultures, significant corresponding ideological shifts by school leaders from monolingual to multilingual views of
language and language learning, educators’ incorporation of students’ home languages in instruction, and new formal language
education policies resulting from these efforts. We document the impact of all of these changes on students and their families and
suggest that research on linguistic landscape conducted in schools should consider not only the physical landscape but also its
connections to pedagogy, programming, and language policies.
Itineracy immobilised
Authors: Leimgruber Jakob R. E.
Published: August 2018

A famous element in Singapore’s food culture is the hawker centre, consisting of a large collection of individually-run stalls
selling various kinds of foods and drinks. These centres, which dot the island and its public housing estates, were built on
government initiative beginning in the 1970s, with the prime objective of sedentarising the large number of erstwhile itinerant
street hawkers, based on a discourse of promoting ‘cleanliness’ inherent to the entire nation-building narrative of the country.
The sedentarised hawkers, now divorced from their earlier way of life and often from their earlier neighbourhoods, had to start
naming their businesses overtly. Some did so by including references to the geographical location of their earlier area of street
hawking. The linguistic landscape of stall signboards in a hawker centre exhibits various attempts to come to terms with this
immobilised itineracy.
Lexis and grammar as complementary discourse systems for expressing stance and evaluation
Authors: Biber Douglas , Egbert Jesse , Zhang Meixiu
Published: August 2018

Although ‘stance’ and ‘evaluation’ are closely related theoretical constructs, stance is normally investigated through corpus-based methods focusing on the use of lexico-grammatical features, while evaluative language, being regarded as more context-dependent, has been investigated through the use of particular words and phrases in individual texts. This study explores the possibility that these two linguistic systems are partially complementary, with some registers relying on lexico-grammatical stance features and others on evaluative lexis. We compare the linguistic discourse styles of three opinionated/persuasive web registers: ‘Opinion Blogs’ (OB), ‘Reviews’ (RV), and ‘Descriptions-with-intent-to-Sell’ (DS). We show that OB and RV use grammatical stance devices more but DS considerably less than most other web registers. However, our detailed study of the lexical keywords found in these three registers reveals the opposite pattern of use.
A contrastive study on mitigation of criticism in English and Chinese book reviews
Authors: Qian Yubin
Published: August 2018

The present article is a corpus-based contrastive study on mitigation of criticism in linguistic book reviews in English and in Chinese. It is based on the face theory of Brown and Levinson (1987) and follows the framework of Johnson and Roen (1992). The present article shows the following results: (1) at the local level, there are thirteen mitigation devices in the corpus, of which only six have been introduced by previous studies; devices of ‘generalization’ and ‘metaphorical statement’ are specific to the English sub-corpus, whereas ‘omission’ is only found in Chinese; (2) at the global level, English writers maintain an overall supportive tone with praise largely distributed in both openings and closings, whereas their Chinese counterparts sound much impartial. Differences in findings are then explained from perspectives of cultural values and functions of book reviews.
Percepción del lenguaje político en Twitter
Authors: Martín José Segovia
Published: August 2018

En el presente trabajo proponemos un acercamiento cuantitativo al discurso político en la red demicrobloggingTwitter. El objetivo principal de esta investigación consistió en determinar algunos de los factores que pueden estar influyendo en la percepción del lenguaje político en esta red. El análisis estadístico de los datos recogidos, a partir de 100 tuits y 100 encuestados, permitió evidenciar que las variablesRE/C(P = 0,0081) ytema discursivo(P < 0.0001) están relacionadas significativamente con eldestaquede los tuits. Asimismo, eldestaque(P = 0,0186) está relacionado con elrecuerdo(MLP) de los tuits, si bien el modelo explica solo un leve porcentaje de la variabilidad.
The use of L3 English articles by Basque-Spanish bilinguals
Authors: Gutiérrez-Mangado María Juncal , Martínez-Adrián María
Published: August 2018

In this paper we compare the data from a group of L1 Basque-Spanish bilingual learners of L3 English with a matching group of L1 Spanish learners of L2 English. The results show that the bilinguals omit articles and overuse ‘the’ more than the L1 Spanish group. The pattern of omissions by the bilinguals shows that one subgroup omitted heavily while the other produced only sporadic omissions. With respect to overuse, the bilinguals consistently overused ‘the’ in indefinite contexts, while ‘a’ overuse was practically absent. The results from the bilingual group pattern with findings from [−article] L1 learners, a pattern which would fit with an analysis of Basque as a language without articles (Manterola 2012, 2015). The finding that the bilinguals do not transfer article semantics from Spanish, unlike the learners in the L1 Spanish group, suggests that recency may be determining the language of transfer in the bilingual learners tested.
Lactation Outcomes in More Than 3500 Women Following Primary Augmentation: 5-Year Data From the Breast Implant Follow-Up Study
Authors: Jewell Mark L , Edwards Michael C , Murphy Diane K , Schumacher Andrew
Published: August 2018

Background

Women with breast implants may have concerns about their ability to successfully breast-feed. The Breast Implant Follow-up Study (BIFS-001) is a large, 10-year observational study evaluating the performance and safety of Natrelle round silicone gel-filled breast implants.

Objectives

This analysis compared lactation outcomes in women enrolled in BIFS-001 who gave birth after they underwent primary augmentation with Natrelle round silicone implants or saline implants.

Methods

At baseline and annually after surgery (>5-year visit window), patients completed questionnaires regarding pregnancy and lactation. Comparisons were made using summary statistics and odds ratios with 90% confidence intervals (OR [90% CI]).

Results

A total of 4679 subjects gave birth at least once after primary augmentation for a total of 5736 live births during the study (silicone, 3695 births; saline, 2041 births). Of these, 3715 (79.4%) women breast-fed at least 1 child, resulting in 80.0% (silicone) and 75.9% (saline) of babies being breast-fed. The most common complication was insufficient milk production, which was reported for 19.6% (silicone) and 19.8% (saline) of single births (OR, 0.94 [0.83, 1.06]). Complications occurred at similar rates in each group when evaluated by incision type, implant size, pocket location, and age.

Conclusions

In this large group of women who gave birth after primary breast augmentation with Natrelle round silicone implants or saline implants, most were able to breast-feed their infants without complications. Lactation complications were comparable between the silicone and saline cohorts, and the incidence was comparable to reports in the general population of women who breast-feed.

Level of Evidence: 2
Designing a wrist-worn sensor to improve medication adherence: accommodating diverse user behaviors and technology preferences
Authors: Marquard Jenna L , Saver Barry , Kandaswamy Swaminathan , Martinez Vanessa I , Simoni Jane M , Stekler Joanne D , Ganesan Deepak , Scanlan James
Published: August 2018

Objectives

High medication adherence is important for HIV suppression (antiretroviral therapy) and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy. We are developing sensor-based technologies to detect pill-taking gestures, trigger reminders, and generate adherence reports.

Materials and Methods

We collected interview, observation, and questionnaire data from individuals with and at-risk for HIV (N = 17). We assessed their medication-taking practices and physical actions, and feedback on our initial design.

Results

While participants displayed diverse medication taking practices and physical actions, most (67%) wanted to use the system to receive real-time and summative feedback, and most (69%) wanted to share data with their physicians. Participants preferred reminders via the wrist-worn device or mobile app, and summative feedback via mobile app or email.

Discussion

Adoption of these systems is promising if designs accommodate diverse behaviors and preferences.

Conclusion

Our findings may help improve the accuracy and adoption of the system by accounting for user behaviors, physical actions, and preferences.
Assessing the Civil Society’s Role in Refugee Integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a New Typology
Authors: Sunata Ulaş , Tosun Salіh
Published: August 2018

After the Syrian refugee influx in Turkey, the aspect of civil society in integration needs further clarification and categorization. Therefore, in this study, we aim to develop a general typology of NGOs (non-governmental organizations) that are active in immigration and immigration-related areas (NGO-R; non-governmental organizations—refugees). Our findings show that NGO-Rs play crucial roles in helping the refugees to access the rights provided by state, in integrating them into society at the local level by creating new social spaces and in sending humanitarian aid to the people of concern in Syria. Additionally, we claim that the refugee crisis facilitated the opportunities both for active citizenship as demanded and for new mobilization to manage the humanitarian and integration assistance towards the Syrians. Lastly, our fieldwork shows that religious and belief motives are the main factors playing a large part in the creation and maintenance of the NGO-R activities and refugee community organizations (RCOs) can have a distinctive integrative function by preferring to stay outside the mainstream channels.
Hypoxic preconditioning attenuates necroptotic neuronal death induced by global cerebral ischemia via Drp1‐dependent signaling pathway mediated by CaMKIIα inactivation in adult rats
Authors: Zhan Lixuan , Lu Zhiwei , Zhu Xinyong , Xu Wensheng , Li Luxi , Li Xinyu , Chen Siyuan , Sun Weiwen , Xu En
Published: August 2018

Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) alleviates the selective and delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region induced by transient global cerebral ischemia (tGCI). This type of cell death may include different programmed cell death mechanisms, namely, apoptosis and necroptosis. Although apoptotic signaling is well defined, the mechanisms that underlie neuronal necroptosis are yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated whether HPC protects neurons from cerebral ischemia‐induced necroptosis. We observed that tGCI up‐regulated the expression of receptor‐interacting protein (RIP) 3 and increased the interaction of RIP1‐RIP3 in CA1 at the early stage of reperfusion. The pretreatment with HPC or necrostatin‐1 decreased the expression of RIP3 and the formation of RIP1–RIP3 after tGCI. We also found that HPC decreased the expression and the activity of caspase‐8 in CA1 after tGCI, and notably, the pretreatment with Z‐VAD‐FMK, a pan‐caspase inhibitor, did not trigger necroptosis but attenuated the tGCI‐induced neuronal damage. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HPC decreased the activation of calcium‐calmodulin kinase (CaMK) IIa and the interaction of RIP1 and CaMKIIα induced by tGCI. Intriguingly, the pretreatment with a CaMKs inhibitor KN‐93 before tGCI resulted in significantly reduced RIP1–3 interaction and tGCI‐induced neuronal damage. Finally, we ascertained that HPC prevented the dephosphorylation of dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1)–Ser637 (serine 637) and inhibited the translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria induced by tGCI. Importantly, the treatment with a Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi‐1 or necrostatin‐1 before tGCI also abolished Drp1 dephosphorylation at Ser637 and mitochondrial translocation. Taken together, our results highlight that HPC attenuates necroptotic neuronal death induced by tGCI via Drp1‐dependent mitochondrial signaling pathways mediated by CaMKIIα inactivation.—Zhan, L., Lu, Z., Zhu, X., Xu, W., Li, L., Li, X., Chen, S., Sun, W., Xu, E. Hypoxic preconditioning attenuates necroptotic neuronal death induced by global cerebral ischemia via Drp1‐dependent signaling pathway mediated by CaMKIIα inactivation in adult rats. FASEB J. 33, 1313–1329 (2019). www.fasebj.org