bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Debates over Restorative Justice: Concept, Definition and Practice
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Hayes Hennessey
Published: July 2018

Since its emergence, restorative justice (RJ) has attracted scholars, practitioners and policy-makers from around the world. At the same time, however, such popularity has also generated confusion and a lack of consensus on what is RJ. Different people have proposed different notions of what qualifies as RJ. This article aims to contribute to such an ongoing debate by providing an overall picture of RJ. In this commentary, consideration is given to three aspects of RJ: concept, definition and practice.
The Gender Pray Gap: Wage Labor and the Religiosity of High-Earning Women and Men
Authors: Schnabel Landon
Published: July 2018

Social scientists agree that women are generally more religious than men, but disagree about whether the differences are universal or contingent on social context. This study uses General Social Survey data to explore differences in religiosity between, as well as among, women and men by level of individual earned income. Extending previous research, I focus on high earners with other groups included for comparison. Predicted probabilities based upon fully-interacted models provide four key findings: (1) There are no significant gender differences among high earners; (2) high-earning women are less religious than low-earning women; (3) high-earning men are more religious than low-earning men; and (4) differences among women and among men at different earnings levels are just as large as average differences between women and men. Further analyses demonstrate that the relationship between gender, earnings, and religiosity varies by race. The findings demonstrate the utility of intersectional approaches for understanding gender differences in religiosity. Beyond the implications specific to the gender differences in religiosity literature, this study also indicates that religion is an important, yet often under-emphasized, aspect of our intersectional selves.
Professional Competition in Global Tax Reform: Transparency in Global Wealth Chains
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin
Published: July 2018

In the wake of the Great Recession, international corporate taxation has risen to the top of the global political agenda. With states seeking to shore up national fiscal systems, the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project has emerged as the key response in this regard. Among 15 action points, Action 13 on corporate tax transparency has been particularly prominent. By shaping the feasibility of corporate tax strategies and the information resources available to national tax authorities, the Action 13 policy recommendations will fundamentally reconfigure the context of corporate tax behaviour and global wealth chains, i.e. strategies and structures for wealth creation and protection in the global economy. How did these new critical rules come about? Unfortunately, little is known about the micro-level process, dynamics and actors of the BEPS project. This paper provides an original case study of the changing international tax system and the regulatory context of global wealth chains, based on an investigation of the professionals engaged in global tax reform. Drawing on observations, interviews and sequence analysis of professional careers, it studies the dynamics of the professional policy environment and identifies distinct career and knowledge trends. The paper shows that professional competition for prestige and knowledge played a central role in the complex, transnational policy process. Operating within a technical policy environment, far removed from high-level politics, professionals seeking to make their mark on new standards for corporate tax transparency mobilised expertise and network capital, shaping what could be discussed, the criteria for accepted arguments, and who was listened to in the policy process, thus critically affecting the final policy outcomes.
About Taking Criticism
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

About Taking CriticismPamela OliverPamela.oliver@wisc.eduThis was originally published as a blog post at https://scatter.wordpress.com/2018/06/07/about-taking-criticism/AbstractThis essay is about constructive ways for responding to criticism about how your style as a person of power or privilege may be hurting others in your teaching or advising. Along the way it addresses the broader problems of taking criticism in general and of cultural differences in interaction styles. The punchline is about trying to be who you are (no personality transplants) in a way that respects both yourself and others and helps make your environment feel inclusive for more marginalized people. Sections discuss five issues: (1) Pay attention to issues of power and privilege. (2) Let people know you are open to criticism, including suggestions for classroom strategies. (3) Respect cultural and personal differences in interaction style and look for ways to communicate across these differences with attention to have this interacts with issues of power and privilege. (4) Learn general principles of taking criticism, including staying calm, listening for understanding, asking for time to think and reflect on critiques. (5) Pay attention to the problem of destructive criticism, including destructive relationships and bad classroom dynamics. The conclusion emphasizes that including formerly marginalized groups inevitably produces cultural conflict. Openness to criticism is a way forward for bridging differences in cultural and personal styles.
Population policies, government programs, and fertility: A comparison between Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Potter Joseph E
Published: July 2018

Title in Spanish: Políticas de población, programas gubernamentales y fecundidad: Una comparación entre el Brasil y MéxicoAbstract: The Government of Mexico implemented family planning programmes beginning in the 1970s, unlike the Brazilian Government, which has implemented no population policies. This article estimates the impact of those policies on trends in fertility among women in various segments of society, using statistical models which incorporate municipal and individual variables. Both rich and poor states were considered in both Brazil and Mexico, using census data, information from civil registries, and health and demographic surveys. Differences in fertility by socio-economic group are sharper in the Brazilian states than in the Mexican ones. The poorest Brazilian states also show marked differences, but to a lesser degree than poor Mexican states because the latter show high percentages of home births, and as a result women have limited access to family planning programmes. The study concludes that family planning policies reduce the differences in fertility among women of different socio-economic groups. Furthermore, those policies would be more effective if women in the poor Mexican states also had easy access to public hospitals and clinics. The high coverage of hospital births in Brazil appears to counteract the absence of large-scale state programmes, particularly in the poorest states.Resumen: El gobierno mexicano puso en práctica programas de planificación familiar desde los años setenta, en contraposición al gobierno brasileño que no ha implementado políticas de población. En este artículo se estima la influencia de dichas políticas en las tendencias de fecundidad de mujeres de diferentes segmentos sociales, con modelos estadísticos que incorporan variables municipales e individuales. Se analizaron estados pobres y ricos, tanto del Brasil como de México, usando datos de censos, estadísticas del registro civil y encuestas de salud y demografía. Las diferencias de fecundidad por grupo socioeconómico son más acentuadas en los estados brasileños que en los mexicanos. Los estados brasileños más pobres también presentan diferencias marcadas, pero en menor grado que los estados mexicanos pobres porque en estos, un alto porcentaje de partos ocurre en los hogares, debido a lo cual se limita la accesibilidad de las mujeres a los programas de planificación familiar. Se concluye que las políticas de planificación familiar disminuyen las diferencias de fecundidad entre mujeres de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Más aún, estas políticas serían más eficaces si las mujeres de estados mexicanos pobres también tuvieran fácil acceso a hospitales y clínicas públicos. La gran cobertura del parto en hospitales en el Brasil parece contrarrestar la ausencia de programas gubernamentales de gran alcance, sobre todo en los estados más pobres.
Dialogic Struggle in the Becoming of the Cultural Revolution: Between Elite Conflict and Mass Mobilization
Authors: Xu Xiaohong
Published: July 2018

This article addresses the becoming of contentious political events through the case of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966). The conditional theory of structural causa- tion and the rational choice conception of agency that have complemented each other in current scholarship have left missing links between elite conflict and mass mobilization. Examining the dialogic struggle among various actors involved in the process helps to overcome the teleological explanation of the rise of the Cultural Rev- olution and brings to light the politics of interpretation in constructing its meaning. The perspective shows ideological contradictions in the status quo ante to be important sources for change in an uncertain and destabilizing situation. The event thus did not result from the realization of actors’ fixed goals but was an emergent process of the disarticulation of structural contradictions, in which actors’ active appropriation and changing deployment of cultural repertoires were critical.
Admissions Impossible. David Ho and Margaret M. Chin with the East Coast Asian Student Union
Authors: Chin Margaret May
Published: July 2018

This short paper reviews admissions data that was collected among the East Coast Asian Student Union membership colleges. It discusses stereotypes of Asian American college applicants and advocates for Asian Americans to be included in undergraduate minority diversity and affirmative action programs.
The Social Lives of Plants, in Space
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P.
Published: July 2018

Oman-Reagan, Michael P. 2015. “The Social Lives of Plants, in Space.” Astrosociological Insights 4 (2): 4–8.
Measuring Perceived Value of External Incentives & Their Impact On EWOM
Authors: Argeband Ben
Published: July 2018

Marketers and companies today seek multiple avenues to incentivize customers & users to post positive EWOM about their companies. This study seeks to quantify the investment per external incentive, per user, per social action, to generate successful EWOM.This is important because business ranging from small to multi-national corporations should better understand how and what motivates their customers, users and audience in terms of EWOM. Marketers and businesses alike will use this information to create better campaigns, boost their audience reach, and create better user experience thus ultimately resulting in higher revenue if applying these findings.In the literature review we discuss motivations for EWOM as well as what makes EWOM credible. In the Discussion section, we discuss the differences in value perception between the sexes. We also discuss social channel use amongst local populations and their impact this has for marketers to better understand relevant external motives and perception.
Exploring the Role of Teacher Talk in Saudi EFL Classroom: Importance of F-Move in developing Students’ Spoken Skill
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alanazi Mohammed Judaya M , Widin Jacquie
Published: July 2018

English language teaching in Saudi Arabia faces several challenges from both teacher and students’ perspective. Teacher Talk (TT) is one of the areas of teaching and learning which is often neglected in classroom research even with its high importance in student learning. Identifying the literature gap on TT in specific sociocultural contexts, this study aims to investigate different types of f-moves in Teacher Talk and their impact on developing students’ dialogic skills in English as Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in Saudi Arabia. The IRF sequence (initiation, response, feedback or F-move) is considered a common sequence of TT in Saudi EFL classrooms. This study uses Cullen’s (2002) analytical framework which focuses on the third sequence of the IRF and Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theory to explore the emerging themes of TT in Saudi Arabian secondary classrooms. The methodology of the study is a qualitative case study, and the participants of the study are 18 secondary school teachers all share Arabic as their first language. The data was collected through classroom observation, audio-recording of forty-five-minute classroom lessons, and semi-structured teacher interviews. The analysis focused on the discoursal and evaluative role of F-Move. The data analysis shows three F-Move types 1) F-Move Repetition Discoursal 2) F-Move Evaluative 3) F-Move Elaborative Discoursal. The findings point out that these F-Moves may increase student-teacher interaction, identification, and correction of errors, and maintain and guide dialogic conversation/interaction between teacher and students if it is correctly oriented. The data analysis shows examples in which TT promotes students’ involvement and increases their dialogic skills while, on the other hand, when TT reduces students’ potential to participate and consequently reduces the students’ spoken output.
Why People Overestimate Medicine's Value: The File Drawer Problem in Lay Health Communication
Authors: de Barra Mícheál
Published: July 2018

*Objectives*. People often hold unduly positive expectations about theoutcomes of medical treatment. The objective to test the followingexplanation: People who have a positive outcome tend to tell more peopleabout their disease/treatment than people with poor or average outcomes.Akin to the file drawer problem in science, this systematically andpositively distorts the information available to others. *Design. *Acomparison of average health outcomes in clinical trials with averageoutcomes in online health product reviews. *Methods*. If people with goodoutcomes are more inclined to tell other people, then they should also bemore inclined to write online medical product reviews. Therefore averageoutcomes in these reviews should be more positive than those found in RCTs.Data on duration of treatment and outcome (weight or cholesterol change)was extracted from user-generated health product reviews on Amazon.com andcompared to RCT data for the same treatments using ANOVA. The sample included1,675 reviews of cholesterol reduction (Benecol, CholestOff) and weightloss (Orlistat) treatments and the primary outcomes were Cholesterol change(Bencol and CholestOff) or weight change (Orlistat). *Results*. In threeindependent tests, average outcomes reported in reviews were substantiallymore positive that outcomes reported in the medical literature (η2: .01 to.06; p: .04 to .001). For example, average cholesterol change following useof Benecol is - 14mg/dl in RCTs and -45mg/dl in online reviews.*Conclusions*. People with good outcomes are more inclined to shareinformation and this distorts the information available to others. Patientswho select treatments based on word of mouth, electronic or otherwise, arelikely to have unduly positive expectations.
Trademarks and Consumer Search Costs on the Internet
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

In theory, trademarks serve as information tools, by conveying productinformation through convenient, identifiable symbols. In practice, however,trademarks have increasingly been used to obstruct the flow of informationabout competing products and services. In the online context, inparticular, some courts have recently allowed trademark holders to blockuses of their marks that would never have raised an eyebrow in abrick-and-mortar setting - uses that increase, rather than diminish, theflow of truthful, relevant information to consumers. These courts havestretched trademark doctrine on more than one dimension, both by expandingthe concept of actionable "confusion" and by broadening the classes ofpeople who can face legal responsibility for that confusion. And they havebased their decisions not on the normative goals of trademark law, but onunexplored instincts and tenuous presumptions about consumer expectationsand practices on the Internet. We argue that this expansionist trend inInternet trademark cases threatens to undermine a central goal of theLanham Act - to promote fair and robust competition through reducingconsumer search costs.
The Tied Migrant Employment Penalty: Public Perceptions of Military Spouses Seeking Work
Authors: Dernberger Brittany
Published: July 2018

People who move to support the employment prospects of their spouses are tied migrants, and military spouses experience tied migration repeatedly: active duty military personnel move about once every two years, twice as often as civilian families. This frequent geographical disruption directly affects the career trajectories of military spouses. Previous research established military spouses experience worse employment outcomes than their civilian peers, but less is known about the specific characteristics that lead to this difference. Do military spouses have worse employment outcomes because of being a tied migrant, or is there a separate effect because of their status as a military spouse? This article analyzes original data from a factorial vignette survey in which respondents evaluated fictitious job applicant profiles. Results suggest (1) Military spouses receive a premium as job applicants, they are evaluated as more warm, competent, reliable, and social, but receive lower evaluations on perceived longevity; (2) Military spouses with a stable geographic history are evaluated higher than civilians, but that premium switches to a penalty for military spouses with a history of moving frequently, in which case they are evaluated more harshly than civilians who have moved frequently; and (3) Neither tied migration nor military spouse status influence starting salary offers. As many careers require employees to move as part of their training or to seek advancement opportunities, understanding the employment-related challenges and opportunities military spouses face can lead to implications that may affect other tied migrants.
Analiza relacji głosów na ogólnomiejskie projekty w stosunku do głosów rejonowych we Wrocławskim Budżecie Obywatelskim
Authors: Szymański Piotr
Published: July 2018

Celem niniejszej pracy jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania związane z relacjami między głosami na projekty rejonowe a ogólnomiejskie we Wrocławskim budżecie obywatelskim: czy zwycięską strategią działania jest wspieranie przez głosy rejonowe projektów ogólnomiejskich - czy odwrotnie? A może nie zachodzi żadne powiązanie? Jak wygląda wpływ głosów pojedynczych - w tym przypadku rozumianych jako głosy oddane tylko na projekty ogólnomiejskie.
Profesores y tecnologia: repensar Ia digitalizacion de Ia labor docente
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, No.104, pp.27-36Este articulo revisa los cam bios que acarreaIa digitalizacion al trabajo de los profesores. Discute como,junto a las posibilidades que se supone que ofrecenpara facilitar Ia labor docente, pueden lastecnologias digitales complicar y dificultar su practicaprofesional, examinando cinco tendencias que presentael trabajo del docente con tecnologia.
Neighborhood Boundaries and Violent Crime. An Introduction to Boundary Detection Methods in R
Authors: Legewie Joscha
Published: July 2018

Neighborhood boundaries are a defining aspect of highly segregated urban areas. Yet, few studies examine the particular challenges and spatial processes that occur at the bordering region between two neighborhoods. This guide introduces readers to different methods to measure neighborhood boundaries. It illustrates the use of boundary detection methods in the social science based on the R package 'BoundaryDetection'. The analysis example estimates the relationship between violent crimes and racial neighborhood boundaries in Chicago.
Antitrust and the Internet Standardization Problem
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

This article evaluates the economics of the Internet and Internet-relatedsoftware markets, which are heavily driven towards standardization. Itsuggests that a traditional section 2 antitrust analysis will fail toeffectively regulate competition in such a market, particularly if it isdirected at structural relief. Instead, the article recommends that section2 play a limited role in regulating conduct in a standards competition. Thearticle also suggests that private standard-setting may play aprocompetitive role in the Internet context, and that section 1 should berelaxed in order to permit such joint activity (within certain limits).
A model for U.S. tornado casualties involving interaction between damage path estimates of population density and energy dissipation
Authors: Elsner James , Fricker Tyler , Berry William D.
Published: July 2018

A recent study showed the importance of tornado energy as a factor in a model for tornado deaths and injuries (casualties). The model was additive under the assumption of uniform threat. Here we test two explicit hypotheses designed to examine this additive assumption. The first hypothesis concerns energy dissipation's effect conditional on population density and the second concerns population's effect conditional on energy. Both hypotheses are tested using a regression model that contains the product of population density and energy dissipation. Results show that the elasticity of casualties with respect to energy dissipation increases with population density. That is, the percentage increase in casualties with increasing energy dissipation {\it increases} with population density. Similarly, the elasticity of casualties with respect to population density increases with energy dissipation. That is, the percentage increase in casualties with increasing population density {\it increases} with energy dissipation. Allowing energy and population elasticities to be conditional rather than constant provides a more complete description of how tornado casualties are influenced by these two important factors.
Data & Civil Rights: Criminal Justice Primer
Authors: Rosenblat Alex , Wikelius Kate , boyd danah , Gangadharan Seeta Peña , Yu Corrine
Published: July 2018

Discrimination and racial disparities persist at every stage of the U.S. criminal justice system,from policing to trials to sentencing. The United States incarcerates a higher percentage of its population than any of its peer countries, with 2.2 million people behind bars. The criminal justice system disproportionately harms communities of color: while they make up 30 percent of the U.S. population, they represent 60 percent of the incarcerated population. There has been some discussion of how “big data” can be used to remedy inequalities in the criminal justice system; civil rights advocates recognize potential benefits but remained fundamentally concerned that data-oriented approaches are being designed and applied in ways that also disproportionately harms those who are already marginalized by criminal justice processes.Like any other powerful tool of governance, data mining can empower or disempower groups. The values that go into an algorithm, and the metrics it optimizes for, are baked into its design. Data could be used to identify discrimination in current practices, or to predict where certain combinations of data points are likely to lead to an erroneous conviction. When algorithms are designed to improve how law enforcement regimes are deployed, the question that data analytics raises is, which efficiencies are we optimizing for? Who are the stakeholders, and where do they stand to gain or lose? How do these applications intersect with core civil rights concerns? Where can we use big data techniques to improve the structural conditions criminal justice system that lead to disparate impacts on marginalized communities? How do we measure that impact, and the factors that lead to it?
Feminism and Dualism in Intellectual Property
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Intellectual property law constitutes one of the primary policy tools by which society influences the development and design of new technologies. However, the underlying philosophical basis for this system of rewards has gone largely unexamined. For example, implicit in the intellectual property system is a strong element of mind/body dualism that informs the incentives for technological development. In copyright, the work created and owned by an author is idealized as an intangible form, which may be embodied or fixed in a tangible medium of expression. The parallel patent law doctrine of inventorship shows an even more striking pattern of dualism. In the United States patent priority is decided primarily on the basis of conception of the invention in the mind of the inventor; the actual building or reduction to practice of the invention is held largely irrelevant.Similarly, both patent and copyright doctrine entail a strong element of nature/culture dualism. In patent law, this manifests as the product of nature doctrine, holding that only the products of human effort are patentable, and not discoveries drawn from nature. In copyright, facts and other natural occurrences are excluded from copyright as being unoriginal, that is, not originating from the creativity of an author. Both systems assume that facts or properties embedded in the fabric of reality can be separated from the human activity that observes and defines such facts and properties.
Specialization and Career Dynamics: Evidence from the Indian Administrative Service
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Hasan Sharique
Published: July 2018

In this article, we attempt to resolve the tension between two sets ofconflicting hypothesizes about the role of specialization in workers’careers. Some scholars argue that specialization is a net benefit thatallows workers to get ahead, while others argue that broad experienceacross several domains is the only way to be truly exceptional. We useremarkably rich longitudinal data on the careers of Indian AdministrativeService officers, members of the Republic of India’s elite bureaucraticservice, to test both these hypotheses. We find that specializationbenefits officers throughout their career. However, multiple theoreticalaccounts are consistent with this effect. One account suggests thatspecialization benefits workers because it gives them skills that make themmore productive, while another suggests that specialization is a signal ofability and promise. Our analysis indicates that both accounts are valid,but apply at different stages of officers’ careers. The skills acquiredthrough specialization matter more in the later career; in the earlycareer, specialization is mainly a signal.
Living Under Surveillance: Gender, Psychological Distress, and Stop-Question-and-Frisk Policing
Authors: Sewell Alyasah Ali
Published: July 2018

A growing body of research is highlighting the collateral consequences of mass incarceration, including stop-and-frisk policing tactics. Living in a neighborhood context characterized by aggressive policing may affect one's mental health, especially for men who are the primary targets of police stops. We examine whether there is an association between psychological distress and neighborhood-level aggressive policing structures (i.e., frisking and use of force by police) and whether that association varies by gender. The 2009-2011 New York City (NYC) Stop, Question, and Frisk Database is aggregated to the neighborhood level (N=34) and merged with individual data from the 2012 NYC Community Health Survey (N= 8,066) via the United Hospital Fund neighborhood of respondents' residence. Weighted multilevel generalized linear models are used to assess main and gendered effects of neighborhood exposures to aggressive police stops on psychological distress measured with Kessler-6 items. The neighborhood stop rate exhibits inconsistent associations with psychological distress; however, neighborhood-level frisk and use of force densities are linked to higher levels of non-specific psychological distress among men, but not women. Specifically, men exhibit higher levels of nervousness, effort, worthlessness, and severe distress in aggressively surveilled neighborhoods. Male residents are affected by the escalation of stop-and-frisk policing in a neighborhood. Living in a context of aggressive policing should be considered an important risk factor that contributes to men's health.-Abigail A. Sewell, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of SociologyEmory University1555 Dickey Dr.Atlanta, GA 30322Vice Provost's Postdoctoral FellowPopulation Studies CenterUniversity of Pennsylvania3718 Locust Walk239 McNeil BuildingPhiladelphia, PA 191014Email: abigail.a.sewell@emory.eduWebsite: www.abigailasewell.com________________________________This e-mail message (including any attachments) is for the sole use ofthe intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privilegedinformation. If the reader of this message is not the intendedrecipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distributionor copying of this message (including any attachments) is strictlyprohibited.If you have received this message in error, please contactthe sender by reply e-mail message and destroy all copies of theoriginal message (including attachments).
Challenges of Implementing Restorative Justice for Intimate Partner Violence: An Islamic Perspective
Authors: Islam Md. Jahirul , Suzuki Masahiro
Published: July 2018

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is currently recognized as a critical public health concern and a human rights issue. Not surprisingly, Muslims – a religiously and socio-culturally diverse faith-based populace – are not an exception. To address this complex area of criminal justice and social policy, some scholars advocate implementing restorative justice (RJ) approaches. While RJ approaches have been traditionally used in Islamic cultures for conflict resolutions, to date, few studies have investigated how RJ operates in dealing with IPV in Muslim countries and communities. This article explores how RJ approaches towards IPV operate in some Muslim countries/communities, and offers insights into developing culturally and religiously appropriate ways of implementing RJ in IPV situations among Muslims. Given the prevalence of IPV among Muslims, the question is particularly important and timely. Taking exclusively limited examples of RJ approaches that have been used to mediate IPV cases in Muslim countries and communities, this paper found one significant challenge in the RJ approaches among Muslims: inappropriate norms/understandings about IPV. To reduce IPV in Muslim society, it is necessary to develop treatment models and techniques that meet cultural and religious needs. This paper found that since RJ is not alien to Islamic teachings, RJ approaches can be implemented effectively in dealing with IPV among Muslims by ensuring justice and equity of the abused woman. The findings of this paper will assist policymakers, practitioners, and service providers in providing religiously and culturally appropriate care when addressing IPV issues among Muslims.
E-cigarette use among students and e-cigarette specialty retailer presence near schools
Authors: Bostean Georgiana
Published: July 2018

Objective. This study examined the association between presence of e-cigarette specialty retailers near schools and e-cigarette use among middle and high school students in Orange County (OC), CA.Methods. The OC subsample of the 2013-2014 California Healthy Kids Survey (N=67,701) was combined with geocoded e-cigarette retailers to determine whether a retailer was present within one-quarter mile of each public school in OC. Multilevel logistic regression models evaluated individual-level and school-level e-cigarette use correlates among middle and high school students.Results. Among middle school students, the presence of an e-cigarette retailer within one-quarter mile of their school predicted lifetime e-cigarette use (OR = 1.70, 95% CI=1.02, 2.83), controlling for confounders but no effect for current use. No significant effect was found for high school students.Conclusions. E-cigarette specialty retailers clustered around schools may be an environmental influence on student e-cigarette experimentation.
The City Centre Fifty Years On: Functional Regions in London Redefined from Taxi Flows
Authors: Reades Jonathan
Published: July 2018

[Note to SocArXiv: this article was reviewed twice by Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers and ultimately rejected by the editors since 1 of the 4 reviewers felt that it didn’t merit acceptance. So, technically, this is not a pre-print as we’re currently considering where to send it for a second go. We *could* put it on an institutional archive but felt that contributing to the growth of SocArXiV (many of us have made use of ArXiv) was a worthwhile cause.]In 1970 John Goddard published an analysis of taxi journeys in central London which had been collected from a 10% sample of journey logs completed by black cab taxi drivers for one week as part of the 1962 London Traffic Survey. Goddard used the pattern of taxi flows between origins and destinations to extract functional regions from London’s city centre, providing a sense of how the centre was differentiated with respect to its spatial structure. In 2011, we were able to gain access to 3 full months’ worth of taxi journeys captured by GPS across a much wider area. We speculated that these two data sets could be compared, providing a unique opportunity to see how Goddard’s analysis had withstood the test of time.We come to four conclusions: first, that the complexity of the centre has increased significantly since 1962, although its generic spatial structure still exists; second, that Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a robust method for identifying spatial structure and is perhaps more important as a spatial analysis technique now than it was in the 1960s; third, that spatial structure can be articulated as overlapping regions, something that was only implicit in Goddard’s work but which has become much more significant since; and fourth, that despite large differences between the two flow data sets, it is changes in travel behaviour that account for much of the increasing diversity and poly-nucleation of the centre of London over the last 50 years.
The Rise of Self-Defense in Gun Advertising: The American Rifleman, 1918-2017
Authors: Yamane David , Ivory Sebastian L. , Yamane Paul
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines changes in American gun culture through a content analysis of advertisements in The American Rifleman magazine for every year from 1918 to 2017. We understand the changing themes in these ads as a specific measure of a change from what gun journalist Michael Bane calls Gun Culture 1.0, rooted in hunting and recreational target shooting, to Gun Culture 2.0, centering on personal protection through armed citizenship. Central to Gun Culture 2.0 is the legal carrying of concealed weapons, mostly handguns, in public by ordinary Americans. After briefly reviewing the history of American gun culture, we discuss our analytical approach to studying gun culture through advertising and explain the specific data and methods employed here. Our analysis of this advertising data documents the pattern of decline of Gun Culture 1.0 over the past 100 years and the ongoing rise of Gun Culture 2.0. We also identify the point at which the two centers of gravity in gun culture cross paths.
THE PROCESS OF CLOSING DOWN RURAL LANDFILLS CASE STUDY: NEAMT COUNTY
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Landfilling is the main method for municipal waste disposal in Romania.Access to sanitation services are limited on rural territory and that leadstouncontrolled waste disposal with negative implications on the geosystem.Implementation of EU acquis on waste disposal from rural areas requireslocalauthorities to close the landfills by July 16, 2009 . Following thisdeadline,municipalities are obliged to provide waste collection and transportationto theexisting urban landfills. Under these conditions,this article is proposinga territorialreview of closing and rehabilitation of rural landfills from Neamt county.Also, thispaper analyzed the existing environmental dysfunctions supported by fieldobservations.
From Horizontal to Vertical: An Intermediary Liability Earthquake in Europe
Authors: Frosio Giancarlo
Published: July 2018

As part of its Digital Single Market Strategy, the European Commission would like to introduce vertical regulations, replacing — or better conflicting with — the well-established eCommerce Directive horizontal intermediary liability regime. An upcoming revision of the Audio-visual Media Services Directive would ask platforms to put in place measures to protect minors from harmful content and to protect everyone from incitement to hatred. Meanwhile — under the assumption of closing a ‘value gap’ between rightholders and online platforms allegedly exploiting protected content — the Draft Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market would implement filtering obligations for intermediaries. Finally, the EU Digital Single Market Strategy has also endorsed voluntary measures as a privileged tool to curb illicit and infringing activities online. Each of these actions will erode the eCommerce intermediary liability arrangement by bringing in — in a way or another — proactive monitoring obligations and causing a systemic shift from a negligence-based to a strict liability regime for hosting providers. This systemic shift would apparently occur against public consensus and absent any justification based on empirical evidence. Nonetheless, it will bring about dire consequences by pushing privatization of enforcement online through algorithmic intelligence, based on murky, privately-enforced standards, rather than transparent legal obligations. This reform might cause a policy earthquake that will shake and crack EU law’s systemic consistency, due process and fundamental rights online.
Narrating imagined crises: Stress tests, post-crisis regulation, and cultural reform in banking
Authors: Coombs Nathan , Morris John Hogan
Published: July 2018

The scholarly consensus is that the regulatory response to the 2007-9 financial crisis has proven a historic missed opportunity for bringing about transformative reforms. This article argues that the critical evaluation risks missing how regulators’ new tools and procedures are helping them to improve the governance of financial institutions. The focus is on the most significant novelty of the post-crisis period: regulatory stress testing. Guided by 13 interviews with regulators and financial practitioners involved in the Bank of England’s stress tests, the article addresses its ‘qualitative review’ component, which informs the supervision of the UK’s largest bank holding groups. Our findings suggest that the requirement for banks to provide a narrative account of their modelling and governance practices is changing those practices and also weakening the boundaries between banks’ epistemic subcultures. We then reflect on how the pushback against the tests points to the limits of Jens Beckert’s theorisation of the politics of expectations and requires scholars to evaluate judiciously post-crisis regulatory reforms.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Monetary Theory and Cameralist Economic Management, c. 1500-1900 A.D.
Authors: Rössner Philipp
Published: July 2018

More than England and other states the German principalities were, in the preindustrial period, hampered by silver outflow and persistent pressures on the balance of payments which led to idiosyncratic models and strategies of economic development usually but not entirely helpfully called “Cameralism”. It is less well understood how Cameralism as a policy of order and development and monetary theory went together. The present paper will attempt a sketch of these working mechanisms as well as provide a few angles for new perspectives and future research. A first section after the brief introduction studies general issues of development in relation to balance of payment constraints (II), followed by the discourses on whether the domestic currency ought to remain stable in terms of intrinsic (silver) value (III), or whether it may be debased so as to raise domestic exports and competitiveness (IV). Both options were considered, at times and by varying actors, as valid strategies of promoting economic development, especially export-led growth, although most contemporaries viewed coin debasement as harmful to the economy. A fifth section discusses an alternative to the aforementioned strategies, by raising effective monetary mass through increasing velocity. Since the middle ages and into the nineteenth century the German economic tradition had a clear understanding of how velocity could be managed and the common weal stimulated by an increase in “vivacity” of circulation (V). Upon hindsight it appears that we find here a powerful programme towards promoting economic development and Europe’s rise towards capitalism. A conclusion will offer some thoughts for further research (VI).
Privacy and Advertising Mail
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *In this paper, we consider why Americans may frame the generation and receipt of unsolicited advertising mail as a privacy violation. We then present data from our nationwide survey showing that a very large majority of Americans, across all ideologies, educational attainment levels, age, and income levels, support the creation of a do-not-mail mechanism similar to the popular Telemarketing Do Not Call Registry. We discuss our results in light of the fact that direct advertising mail now makes up more than half of all mailpieces sent by the United States Postal Service (USPS).Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2183417
Desinstitucionalización del sistema de partidos en Colombia, reformas políticas y consecuencias sobre los pequeños partidos de izquierda
Authors: Izquierdas Revista
Published: July 2018

La primera parte de este artículo está constituida por el marco teórico donde se toma como referencia la hipótesis de Levitsky, Loxton y Dyck (2016) según la cual existe un impacto limitado del diseño institucional sobre la construcción de partidos en América Latina, hipótesis que se busca contrastar para el caso colombiano. Para ello se analizan las causas y consecuencias de la desinstitucionalización del sistema de partidos, las reformas políticas de 2003 y posteriores y la manera como éstas incidieron en particular sobre los partidos de izquierda más pequeños.
Dolly and Alice
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

The opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, In re Roslin Institute, rejecting patent claims to mammals cloned from somatic cells, was rendered about a month before the United States Supreme Court's decision in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International. The Alice opinion explicitly sets out the standard for determining whether an invention falls within statutory patentable subject matter. Thus one is thus left to wonder what the Roslin opinion might have looked like had it been decided only a few weeks later, after the Alice decision was published, with the benefit of the Supreme Court's further direction on patentable subject matter. In this essay I explore whether in hindsight the Alice standard might have dictated a different outcome in Roslin, suggesting how the two-part test articulated by the Supreme Court in Alice might apply to a "products of nature" analysis for cloned mammals. Drawing on that analysis, I then use the Roslin case as a vehicle to highlight certain issues with the Supreme Court's current subject matter jurisprudence as applied to biotechnology. By juxtaposing Dolly with Alice, it becomes clear that the Supreme Court has revivified a number of dormant biotechnology patent problems in the guise of subject matter analysis.
Coverage and Agreement of Administrative Records and 2010 American Community Survey Demographic Data
Authors: Luque Adela , Bhaskar Renuka , Rastogi Sonya , Noon James
Published: July 2018

The U.S. Census Bureau is researching possible uses of administrative records in decennial census and survey operations. The 2010 Census Match Study and American Community Survey (ACS) Match Study represent recent efforts by the Census Bureau to evaluate the extent to which administrative records provide data on persons and addresses in the 2010 Census and 2010 ACS. The 2010 Census Match Study also examines demographic response data collected in administrative records. Building on this analysis, we match data from the 2010 ACS to federal administrative records and third party data as well as to previous census data and examine administrative records coverage and agreement of ACS age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin responses. We find high levels of coverage and agreement for sex and age responses and variable coverage and agreement across race and Hispanic origin groups. These results are similar to findings from the 2010 Census Match Study.
Prison Gangs
Authors: Freire Danilo
Published: July 2018

Although widely seen as unruly and predatory, prison gangs operate as quasi-governments in many American correctional facilities. Inmate groups enforce property rights, regulate illicit markets, and promote cooperation when the state is unable or unwilling to act. Prison gangs are relatively new to the United States, and are best understood as unintended consequences of recent shifts in inmate demographics and the gradual erosion of the convict code. The impact of prison gangs on street-level criminal activities and directions for further research are also discussed.
New Players, New Game: The role of the public and political debate in the development of action on international tax issues
Authors: Christensen Rasmus Corlin , Forstater Maya
Published: July 2018

The last few years have seen an enormous rise in public concern and dissatisfaction with the taxation of multinational companies (MNCs). In the wake of the financial crisis, public and political interest in corporate taxation rose significantly, with debt-challenged states looking to shore up national fiscal systems, and attention focused on corporate tax practices deemed overly aggressive or immoral. International tax rules as a matter of ‘front page’ public debate is an unusual situation; while taxation itself is always and everywhere a political topic, the fine workings of international taxation has largely been the domain of technical debates between experts. This is no longer the case: issues such as tax havens, transfer pricing, and structures like the “Double Irish Dutch Sandwich” have become topics of popular debates and campaigns. These issues have gone from being solely the subject of technical expert debates to being topics of public interest and popular media reporting. In consequence, new political initiatives have also progressed at an unexpectedly high pace. How has this rapid and unexpected change come about? Existing accounts of international tax change have emphasised the role played by international state relations, International Organisations’ standard-setting, the influence of transnational elites or the role of leaks in driving lawmaking. These analyses have often emphasised formal policymaking processes. Some accounts have zoomed in on the role of activists, in particular the Tax Justice Network, analysing the tactics and strategy of individual ‘outsider’ organisations in changing public and policy debates. This paper offers a complementary narrative of the dynamics of international tax change, looking at the role of various actors in shaping popular debates on international tax issues.