bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aging, Obsolescence, and Organizational Innovation
Authors: Sørensen Jesper B. , Stuart Toby E.
Published: April 2006

This paper investigates the relationship between organizational aging and innovation processes to illuminate the dynamics of high-technology industries, as well to resolve debates in organizational theory about the effects of aging on organizational functioning. We test hypotheses based on two seemingly contradictory consequences of aging for organizational innovation: that aging is associated with increases in firms' rates of innovation and that the difficulties of keeping pace with incessant external developments causes firms' innovative outputs to become obsolete relative to the most current environmental demands. These seemingly contradictory outcomes are intimately related and reflect inherent tradeoffs in organizational learning and innovation processes. Multiple longitudinal analyses of the relationship between firm age and patenting behavior in the semiconductor and biotechnology industries lend support to these arguments.
Culture and Procedural Fairness: When the Effects of What You Do Depend on How You Do it
Authors: Brockner Joel , Chen Ya-Ru , Mannix Elizabeth A. , Leung Kwok , Skarlicki Daniel P.
Published: April 2006

Previous research has shown that procedural fairness and outcome favorability interactively combine to influence people's reactions to their social exchanges. The tendency for people to respond more positively when outcomes are more favorable is reduced when procedural fairness (how things happen) is relatively high. This paper evaluates whether cultural differences in people's tendencies to view themselves as interdependent or independent (their self-construal) moderate the interactive relationship between procedural fairness and outcome favorability. In three studies, participants indicated their reactions to an exchange with another party as a function of the other party's procedural fairness and the outcome favorability associated with the exchange. In Study 1, participants' national culture was treated as a proxy for their self-construal. In Study 2, people's national culture and self-construal were assessed. In Study 3, participants were classified on the basis of their self-construals. Converging evidence across studies showed that the interactive relationship between procedural fairness and outcome favorability was more pronounced among participants with more interdependent forms of self-construal.
Firm Strategy and Age Dependence: A Contingent View of the Liabilities of Newness, Adolescence, and Obsolescence
Authors: Henderson Andrew D.
Published: April 2006

Unlike prior research on organizational age dependence, which has described entire populations as exhibiting a liability of newness, adolescence, or obsolescence, this study adopts a contingent view by considering the interactive effects of age and technology strategy. Distinctions are drawn between proprietary strategists, who use internally developed, firm-specific technologies, and standards-based strategists, whose technologies conform with open and publicly available specifications. Results of a study of the firms in the U.S. personal computer industry show that technology strategy had two important influences on aging. First, age dependence varied across strategies. For example, standards-based strategists exhibited a liability of adolescence in their failure rates, while proprietary strategists exhibited a liability of obsolescence. Second, the joint effects of age and strategy produced long-term trade-offs across different performance outcomes. For instance, rates of sales growth increased with age for proprietary strategists, yet so did their risks of failure. Overall, this study suggests that multiple patterns of age dependence may simultaneously exist within a single population.
Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Stuart Toby E. , Hoang Ha , Hybels Ralph C.
Published: April 2006

This paper investigates how the interorganizational networks of young companies affect their ability to acquire the resources necessary for survival and growth. We propose that, faced with great uncertainty about the quality of young companies, third parties rely on the prominence of the affiliates of those companies to make judgments about their quality and that young companies “endorsed” by prominent exchange partners will perform better than otherwise comparable ventures that lack prominent associates. Results of an empirical examination of the rate of initial public offering (IPO) and the market capitalization at IPO of the members of a large sample of venture-capital-backed biotechnology firms show that privately held biotech firms with prominent strategic alliance partners and organizational equity investors go to IPO faster and earn greater valuations at IPO than firms that lack such connections. We also empirically demonstrate that much of the benefit of having prominent affiliates stems from the transfer of status that is an inherent byproduct of interorganizational associations.
Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams
Authors: Edmondson Amy
Published: April 2006

This paper presents a model of team learning and tests it in a multimethod field study. It introduces the construct of team psychological safety—a shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk taking—and models the effects of team psychological safety and team efficacy together on learning and performance in organizational work teams. Results of a study of 51 work teams in a manufacturing company, measuring antecedent, process, and outcome variables, show that team psychological safety is associated with learning behavior, but team efficacy is not, when controlling for team psychological safety. As predicted, learning behavior mediates between team psychological safety and team performance. The results support an integrative perspective in which both team structures, such as context support and team leader coaching, and shared beliefs shape team outcomes.
Boundary Management Tactics and Logics of Action: The Case of Peer-Support Providers
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , Bamberger Peter , McKinney Valerie
Published: April 2006

From a qualitative study of flight attendants volunteering as support providers in a peer-based employee assistance program, we derive a typology of the boundary management tactics used by peer-support providers to maintain a comfortable distance from help recipients and propose a grounded theory explaining providers' selection of tactics. After identifying two factors associated with tactic selection (personal experience and social structure), we demonstrate that support providers' cognitive orientations, or logics of action, mediate the relationship between these factors and tactic selection. We identify four types of support providers' logics of action and show how a provider's logic may predict his or her preference for a particular boundary management tactic.
The Lessons We (Don't) Learn: Counterfactual Thinking and Organizational Accountability after a Close Call
Authors: Morris Michael W. , Moore Paul C.
Published: April 2006

We investigate how individuals learn from imagined might-have-been scenarios. We hypothesize that individuals are more likely to learn when they have responded to an event with upward-directed, self-focused counterfactual thoughts, and, additionally, that this learning process is inhibited by accountability to organizational superiors. Support for these hypotheses was obtained in two studies that assessed learning by aviation pilots from the experience of near accidents. Study 1 analyzed counterfactual thoughts and lessons in narrative reports filed by experienced pilots after actual dangerous aviation incidents. Study 2 involved laboratory experiments in which college students operated a flight simulator under different conditions of organizational accountability.
Sanctioning Systems, Decision Frames, and Cooperation
Authors: Tenbrunsel Ann E. , Messick David M.
Published: April 2006

Three studies are used to examine how surveillance and sanctioning systems affect cooperative behavior in dilemma situations. The first two studies demonstrate that a weak sanctioning system results in less cooperation than no sanctioning system; furthermore, results from the second study suggest that sanctions affect the type of decision people perceive they are making, prompting them to see it as a business rather than an ethical decision. The results from these studies are used to develop a theoretical model that postulates that the relationship between sanctions and cooperation is due to both a signaling effect, in which sanctions influence the type of decision that is perceived to be made, and a processing effect, in which the decision processing, including whether or not the strength of the sanction is considered, depends on the decision frame evoked. A third study provides support for the processing-effect hypothesis.
Management Fashion: Lifecycles, Triggers, and Collective Learning Processes
Authors: Abrahamson Eric , Fairchild Gregory
Published: April 2006

This theory-development case study of the quality circle management fashion focuses on three features of management-knowledge entrepreneurs' discourse promoting or discrediting such fashions: its lifecycle, forces triggering stages in its lifecycle, and the type of collective learning it fostered. Results suggest, first, that variability in when different types of knowledge entrepreneurs begin, continue, and stop promoting fashions explains variability in their lifecycles; second, that historically unique conjunctions of forces, endogenous and exogenous to the management-fashion market, trigger and shape management fashions; and third, that emotionally charged, enthusiastic, and unreasoned discourse characterizes the upswings of management fashion waves, whereas more reasoned, unemotional, and qualified discourse characterizes their downswings, evidencing a pattern of superstitious collective learning.
Embeddedness, Social Identity and Mobility: Why Firms Leave the NASDAQ and Join the New York Stock Exchange
Authors: Rao Hayagreeva , Davis Gerald F. , Ward Andrew
Published: April 2006

Organizations derive their social identity from membership in formal groups and strive to maintain a positive social identity. When their social identity is threatened and group boundaries are permeable, organizations defect to other groups. This paper suggests that organizations receive identity-discrepant cues when in-group members defect to an out-group, but how organizations respond to such cues hinges on their social affiliations to the in-group, out-group, and defectors. A study of organizations that migrated from the NASDAQ stock market to the New York Stock Exchange reveals that strong ties to in-group members (NASDAQ members) reduced the impact of identity-discrepant cues and diminished defections. Conversely, strong ties to out-group members (NYSE members) enhanced the impact of identity-discrepant cues and increased defection. Proximity to defectors increased cross-overs—organizations followed defectors to whom they had direct ties. Implications for the study of embeddedness are outlined.
How Experience and Network Ties Affect the Influence of Demographic Minorities on Corporate Boards
Authors: Westphal James D. , Milton Laurie P.
Published: April 2006

This study examines how the influence of directors who are demographic minorities on corporate boards is contingent on the prior experience of board members and the larger social structural context in which demographic differences are embedded. We assess the effects of minority status according to functional background, industry background, education, race, and gender for a large sample of corporate outside directors at Fortune/Forbes 500 companies. The results show that (1) the prior experience of minority directors in a minority role on other boards can enhance their ability to exert influence on the focal board, while the prior experience of minority directors in a majority role can reduce their influence; (2) the prior experience of majority directors in a minority role on other boards can enhance the influence of minority directors on the focal board, and (3) minority directors are more influential if they have direct or indirect social network ties to majority directors through common memberships on other boards. Results suggest that demographic minorities can avoid out-group biases that would otherwise minimize their influence when they have prior experience on other boards or social network ties to other directors that enable them to create the perception of similarity with the majority.
Decoupling Policy from Practice: The Case of Stock Repurchase Programs
Authors: Westphal James D. , Zajac Edward J.
Published: April 2006

This study examines firms' decoupling of informal practices from formally adopted policies through analysis of the implementation of stock repurchase programs by large U.S. corporations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when firms were experiencing external pressures to adopt policies that demonstrate corporate control over managerial behavior. We develop theory to explain variation in the responses of firms to such pressures, i.e., why some firms acquiesce by actually implementing stock repurchase programs, while others decouple formally adopted repurchase programs from actual corporate investments, so that the plans remain more symbolic than substantive. Results of a longitudinal study of stock repurchase programs over a six-year time period show that decoupling is more likely to occur when top executives have power over boards to avoid institutional pressures for change and when social structural or experiential factors enhance awareness among powerful actors of the potential for organizational decoupling. The study has implications for future research on decoupling, organizational learning, and corporate governance.
Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ahuja Gautam
Published: April 2006

To assess the effects of a firm's network of relations on innovation, this paper elaborates a theoretical framework that relates three aspects of a firm's ego network—direct ties, indirect ties, and structural holes (disconnections between a firm's partners)—to the firm's subsequent innovation output. It posits that direct and indirect ties both have a positive impact on innovation but that the impact of indirect ties is moderated by the number of a firm's direct ties. Structural holes are proposed to have both positive and negative influences on subsequent innovation. Results from a longitudinal study of firms in the international chemicals industry indicate support for the predictions on direct and indirect ties, but in the interfirm collaboration network, increasing structural holes has a negative effect on innovation. Among the implications for interorganizational network theory is that the optimal structure of interfirm networks depends on the objectives of the network members.
Competing for Attention in Knowledge Markets: Electronic Document Dissemination in a Management Consulting Company
Authors: Hansen Morten T. , Haas Martine R.
Published: April 2006

The relatively recent explosion of information available in electronic forms makes attention, rather than information, the scarce resource in organizations. In this paper, we theorize about how suppliers of electronic information compete for this resource and use data on document database use in a management consulting company to show that document suppliers that occupied a crowded segment of the firm's internal knowledge market gained less attention from employees (measured as monthly use of their database) but were able to combat this negative competitive effect by being selective and concentrated in their document supply. This result reveals a paradox of information supply in competitive information markets: the less information a supplier offered, the more it was used, because the supplier developed a reputation for quality and focus. We suggest that this view of competition for attention can also be applied to the competition among Web sites in external information markets.
Challengers, Elites, and Owning Families: A Social Class Theory of Corporate Acquisitions in the 1960s
Authors: Palmer Donald , Barber Brad M.
Published: April 2006

This paper analyzes data on 461 large U.S. industrial corporations to determine the factors that led large firms to participate in the wave of diversifying acquisitions that peaked in the late 1960s. We elaborate and test a class theory of corporate acquisitions, maintaining that firms pursued acquisitions in this period when they were commanded by well-networked challengers who were central in elite social networks but relatively marginal with respect to social status, isolated from the resistance of established elites, and free from control of owning families. We also consider a wide range of factors highlighted by alternative accounts of acquisition likelihood, including resource dependence, institutional pressures, and principal-agent conflicts. The results provide support for our main theoretical arguments, even when controls related to alternative explanations are taken into account.
The Social Networks of High and Low Self-Monitors: Implications for Workplace Performance
Authors: Mehra Ajay , Kilduff Martin , Brass Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

This article examines how different personality types create and benefit from social networks in organizations. Using data from a 116-member high-technology firm, we tested how self-monitoring orientation and network position related to work performance. First, chameleon-like high self-monitors were more likely than true-to-themselves low self-monitors to occupy central positions in social networks. Second, for high (but not for low) self-monitors, longer service in the organization related to the occupancy of strategically advantageous network positions. Third, self-monitoring and centrality in social networks independently predicted individuals' workplace performance. The results paint a picture of people shaping the networks that constrain and enable performance.
The “Simple Bone Point” of the Shell-Heaps of the Northeastern Algonkian Area and Its Probable Significance
Authors: Tyzzer E. E.
Published: April 2006

In the study of a material culture, it appears that the rarer, more striking or more elaborate objects are often given undue weight while the more common and hence more widely used articles are too frequently neglected. Although the bone point of the type to be considered is by far the most common artifact found in the shell-heaps of Maine and Nova Scotia, only casual and incomplete descriptions are available. There is no general recognition of it as a distinct type, and the interpretations of its usage which are offered are made without serious consideration of available evidence.
Relations between Ethnology and Archaeology in the Southwest
Authors: Parsons Elsie Clews
Published: April 2006

In a recent paper in American Antiquity, Steward and Setzler have pointed out that appreciation and use of certain ethnological concepts would serve to direct archaeologists and to enrich archaeology. I would like to shake hands with them on this and as an ethnologist add a word or two about the interdependence of these two branches of anthropology, particularly among Pueblo cultures.

It is hardly necessary to make a general brief for the kind of interdependence that prevails in our Southwest, where extant cultures are historically related to cultures under archaeological research. There is no dispute that the living culture has light to throw upon the buried one. Theoretically no dispute; practically we are constantly surprised to find Southwestern archaeologists, even seasoned students, unfamiliar with the ethnological record and having to leave to the ethnologist interpretation of their data: plums for the ethnologist but a loss to the man who has been doing the work.
A Further Note on the Squibnocket Cliff Shell Heap
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

In the recently published paper Two Sites on Martha's Vineyard, the section devoted to the Squibnocket Cliff site included speculation as to the manner of accumulation of the midden deposit, and included a statement that of the portion of the site remaining, the most complicated in structure lay near the edge of the cliff. It was further implied that the center of the deposit had vanished into the sea, and that only the outer fringes remained.

Doubtless these passages created an impression that the authors felt that there was a center of occupation on which the site grew up, perhaps not in concentric layers, for it was specified that horizontal overlapping of strata occurred, but in eccentric overlapping layers. Certainly the cross section through the site shown in our Fig. 13 suggests that the center of occupation had been in the south end of the trench, shown in the upper part of the figure.
The Preservation of Textile Remains
Authors: Laudermilk J. D.
Published: April 2006

In the course of certain investigations on the identification of cloth ash, it became necessary to develop a technique whereby relatively large (5 to 15 cm.) fragments of ashed cloth of all types woven from vegetable fiber could be permanently preserved.

The requirements were that the preparations should be capable of withstanding the relatively rough handling of the laboratory. They should show the textile remains displayed flat with the yarns of the warp and weft in their original relations.
Flint Chipping
Authors: Bixby Lawrence B.
Published: April 2006

One day, in the spring of 1937, while looking at some Indian artifacts in Peabody Museum at Harvard University, I saw a card of flaked stone objects that had been made by Mr. F. R. Whitney of Tacoma, Washington. The card stated that more information concerning these pieces might be obtained in the Museum Library. I promptly went to the Librarian and asked about them. She told me that if I were interested in the manufacture of stone arrow points I should get in touch with Mr. Charles E. Snow, who was then a student of anthropology at the University.
Some Sculptured Artifacts from Eastern Montana
Authors: Mulloy William , Lewis Oscar
Published: April 2006

Three peculiar carved stone objects from eastern Montana merit mention, because carved biomorphic forms are otherwise almost entirely absent from this area (Fig. 27).

One was found on the surface about twenty miles south of Glendive, Montana. It is a vaguely trapezoidal piece of rather hard pumice 4.7 inches high, 5.1 inches wide, and 3.5 inches thick, which had been smoothed throughout, apparently with a rubbing stone, though on the back and sides many irregularities remain. A large, flat area has been smoothed on the bottom, apparently to provide a base. On one side an excellent representation of a bison head has been carved in bas-relief. The background has been so reduced that the head is elevated .3 inch above it. The whole has been well smoothed and rounded and only a few striations remain which suggest that the work was probably done with a stone chip or similar tool. Each eye has been accentuated with a daub of what appears to be pitch.
Perforated Elk Teeth: A Functional and Historical Analysis
Authors: Kidder A.V
Published: April 2006

In 1955 an archaeological field party from the State Historical Society of North Dakota recovered 2 perforated elk teeth from a village site, 32SI4, on the Missouri River in North Dakota. The excavations at this site were directed by Alan R. Woolworth and the writer. In an attempt to determine the significance of these specimens the writer searched the literature for data on their distribution in archaeological and ethnographic contexts and hints as to their function among socio-linguistic groups.
Development of Peruvian Coastal Tiahuanacoid Styles
Authors: Stumer Louis M.
Published: April 2006

In many works on Peruvian archaeology with their necessary emphasis on pottery styles as diagnostic elements of cultural development and change, one is often struck by the seeming confusion and number of styles in the Tiahuanacoid or Middle periods, and the resulting number of conflicting names for chronologically affiliated strains. This paper is an attempt to clarify in part this confusion and also an attempt to explain why it should exist and undoubtedly will continue to exist for some time to come, or at least until a great deal more field research has been completed on the coast of Peru.
Fluted Points and Geochronology of the Lake Michigan Basin
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

Fluted projectile points of chipped flint have been found occasionally in Michigan and Wisconsin. Most, if not all of these, closely resemble the Clovis style of fluted point found in the west. There is some evidence indicating that the western Clovis points belong to a period older than 8000 B.C. A number of archaeologists, myself included, have assumed that the eastern varieties of fluted points are of approximately the same order of antiquity as the western points.
The Atrisco Sites: Cochise Manifestations in the Middle Rio Grande Valley
Authors: Campbell John Martin , Ellis Florence Hawley
Published: April 2006

Since the excavation of Bat Cave and the location of Cochise implements in situ along the banks of Wet Leggett Wash in western New Mexico, it has seemed likely that one or more of the Cochise periods might be represented in the Middle Rio Grande area where living conditions would have appeared very attractive to hunters and gatherers. In 1949 Bruce T. Ellis collected a series of artifacts, spalls, and cores in and along the surface of a wash in the Atrisco Grant, lying some 3 to 5 miles west of the city of Albuquerque. Most of the 72 possible implements were of such irregular and haphazard design that both Ellis and E. B. Sayles (who examined a representative group of specimens) felt that their identification as objects of human manufacture was open to considerable question. But the remaining group of pressure flaked blades and scrapers, the single point, a slab metate of volcanic scoria with slightly concave surface, and a number of one-handed grinding stones led to hope that further search might locate such materials in position, with the small manos, especially, suggesting Cochise affiliations.
Radiocarbon Dates for the Bull Brook Site, Massachusetts
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

Descriptive articles (Eldridge and Vaccaro 1952; Byers 1954, 1955, 1956) have discussed various aspects of the Bull Brook site. Byers (1955) describes in considerable detail the conditions under which certain artifacts were recovered. In August and September, 1957, crumbs of charcoal were found in another part of the site by W. A. Eldridge and the Vaccaros; Byers was notified and in September he personally recovered charcoal under conditions which confirmed previous reports about its occurrence.
Part II, An Archaeological Evaluation of the Method
Authors: Evans Clifford , Meggers Betty J.
Published: April 2006

Dating archaeological sites, cultures or phases by the obsidian method is still experimental, but shows promise provided the archaeologists understand the present limitations. Two categories of factors cause possible dating errors: the technical or geological aspect discussed by Friedman and Smith, and the archaeological context. For the establishment of valid rates of hydration and for the archaeological evaluation of the method, preferred samples are those datable by independent means, such as radiocarbon, dendrochronology, historical records, rates of refuse accumulation, contemporary calendars, or correlated positively with complexes or seriated sequences that are so dated. A few samples used in the preliminary part of the study do not meet these rigid standards and make the method look poorer than it is, but a table contains the raw data on all specimens tested to date. The principal source of potential error at our present state of knowledge is the frequency with which artifacts of older manufacture were re-used by a younger (more recent) culture. Evaluations of the data presented in the table and most of the results are discussed by geographical area. For the tropical region where the annual temperature range is minimal and where large obsidian samples from village refuse are available, the hydration rate appears to be a fairly accurate method of dating. Lack of conformity of obsidian dates with archaeological dates for the Maya region and the Southwest, however, emphasizes the need for further research using larger series of artifacts and for a continued examination of technical factors. Objects of modern manufacture can be identified with little difficulty, offering a simple means of detecting fakes or copies.
Winter Archaeology: To Freeze or not To Freeze
Authors: Cotter John L.
Published: April 2006

Once in a while in American archaeology, funds limited by an expiration date or a pressing need for information before site destruction demand carrying on field operations during winter months. When either or both emergencies occur — both did in the 1954-55 winter at historic Jamestown, in Colonial National Historical Park — certain questions arise as to what type of excavating may be efficiently carried on under adverse weather conditions. Possibly the answers gained from experience here may be of interest and value outside of the National Park Service.
An Archaeological Reconnaissance in South-Central Quebec, 1950
Authors: Rogers Edward S. , Bradley Roger A.
Published: April 2006

During the summer of 1950, from June through August, the authors made an archaeological reconnaissance in south - central Quebec. All traveling was done by canoe. This work was made possible by grants from the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Andover, Massachusetts and from Stephen Phillips of Salem, Massachusetts. The survey was started at Senneterre, Quebec (Fig. 54) and carried northward by way of Lac Parent and the Bell River to Lake Mattagami. At this point, we began working upstream by way of the Waswanipi River to Lake Waswanipi, passing through Lakes Olga and Goeland. After spending a few days looking about Lake Waswanipi, we continued on our way to Lake Mistassini. The route took us through Lakes Puskitamika, Malouin, Lichen, and Opawica. We then ascended the Opawica River to Lakes Doda and Bras Coupé. From Kere, we crossed the height of land to Lac Presqu'ile and continued up the Obatogamau River to Lake Muscocho.
Radiocarbon Dating in the Arctic
Authors: Collins Henry B.
Published: April 2006

Radiocarbon dates for the Arctic thus far determined by Arnold and Libby represent four time levels. The latest dates are for the Eskimo period. These are derived from wood samples from five sites in northern and northwestern Alaska ranging in age from 912 ± 170 (Ipiutak) to 2258 ± 230 years (Okvik). Johnson's site in Yukon Territory, Canada, dated at 1519±150 years, would also fall within this period if the assigned date is correct; however, the site is probably considerably older than this. Next in age is an early site in the Aleutian Islands with a date, from charcoal samples, of 3018±230 years. The age of the Trail Creek cave on Seward Peninsula is given as 5993±280 years. This is a pre-Eskimo site related to the Denbigh Flint complex; the latter has not as yet been dated. Two dates have been obtained from the Pleistocene muck deposits near Fairbanks, one sample at 12,622±750, and another at over 20,000 years (Arnold and Libby, 1951).
Twined Water Bottles of the Cuyama Area, Southern California
Authors: Mohr Albert , Sample L. L.
Published: April 2006

Although the basketry of many parts of California is known ethnographically and a few archaeological descriptions are appearing, the textiles of the Santa Barbara region remain relatively unknown. The ethnographic information available on the historic occupants, the Chumash, has been limited by the early missionization and subsequent disintegration of native culture, and most archaeological reports of basketry from this area have been sketchy. It is hoped that the following discussion of twined water bottles from archaeological sites in northern Santa Barbara County will supply some needed information and indicate the relation of these water bottles to twined ones of the Great Basin and Southwest.

A few of the specimens described herein have been pictured by Kroeber (1925: 561, PL 53) with a mention of some weaves employed in their manufacture.

With one possible exception, all of the specimens are from the Sierra Madre Mountains of northern Santa Barbara County. This range, stretching in a general northwest-southeast direction, is bounded on the north by the arid Cuyama Valley and on the south by the precipitous Sisquoc Canyon.
Some Hypotheses on the Development of Early Civilizations
Authors: Adams Robert M.
Published: April 2006

Gross parallels in patterns of development of early civilizations have long invited closer inspection. Attempts to formulate these processes of growth into a single general statement of cause and effect have been out of fashion in anthropology for many years now, but interest has remained high in the general problem of comparison. Leaving aside studies concerned particularly with progressive changes in styles or technologies, the greatest promise seems to attach currently to studies focused on the growing network of formal, supra-kin institutions which characterized each of the early civilizations for which archaeological or historic documentation exists.

The approach taken here has much in common with that of V. Gordon Childe (1942, 1952), and certainly leans heavily on the rich store of archaeological insight he has made available for the Old World.
The Old Copper Complex: An Archaic Manifestation in Wisconsin
Authors: Wittry Warren L. , Ritzenthaler Robert E.
Published: April 2006

It seems appropriate, particularly in the light of the recent radiocarbon dates for an Old Copper site, that the accumulated information about the Old Copper complex be summarized for the use of those interested in the prehistory of the Northeast. While some of the data presented here have been previously published in greater descriptive detail, they are briefly reviewed because they represent the factual basis for the definition of the complex as a local cultural variant in the Archaic period. The radiocarbon dates and certain new data add materially to the basis for the interpretation of the remains of these early inhabitants of Wisconsin. We use the term “Archaic” to refer to a time period rather than a cultural assemblage, although we shall discuss the cultural traits that appear to fit into this time period in the locale under discussion.
Unfired Clay Objects from Waterfall Ruin, Northeastern Arizona
Authors: Byers Douglas S. , Morss Noel
Published: April 2006

Waterfall Ruin (N.A. 2676), a cave ruin in the Chinlee Valley about 12 miles south of Poncho House, has been briefly described by Guernsey (1931: 32–6) and was the subject of further excavation by Peabody Museum parties led by Oliver La Farge in 1924 and by the senior author in 1933. A number of modeled clay objects obtained in 1933 are of interest as tending to bridge the gap between the Basketmaker III clay complex and certain later manifestations. The earliest structures at the site are Ba.sketmaker III. The main occupation, characterized by continuous building and rebuilding, was in Pueblo I to early Pueblo II, the pottery being predominantly Deadman's Black-on-red and Kana-a Gray and Black-on-white, with some Black Mesa Black-on-white and all-over corrugated ware.
A Fluted Point Site in Utah
Authors: Gunnerson James H.
Published: April 2006

The Statewide Archeological Survey of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Utah was recently informed of a site 12 miles east of Ferron, Utah, which has yielded at least one fluted point. Homer Behunin, the local collector who reported the site, found the point (Fig. 137 a) protruding from the wall of Silverhorn Wash about 15 feet below the surface.

The Silverhorn Site (42EM8) proved, upon examination, to be a shallow rock shelter in a protected bend of the wash. The shelter contains at least 12 occupation levels separated by sterile alluvial deposits. The upper-most occupation level is covered by about 10 feet of hard, compact alluvium which reaches to within about a foot of the shelter roof. The occupation levels are easily detected through the presence of small pieces of charcoal which have been somewhat disturbed by the inundations which brought in the alluvial materials.
Organic Tempering in Northeast Asia and Alaska
Authors: Chard Chester S.
Published: April 2006

Alaskan pottery techniques are distinguished by considerable use of a variety of organic tempering materials, in marked contrast to the rest of aboriginal North America. So pronounced a focus on the threshhold of the New World would suggest that the practice might have been borrowed from Asia. It will therefore be of interest to ascertain the status of organic tempers in northeastern Asia as compared with Alaska.
An Archaeological Survey of Caves in Washington
Authors: Swanson Earl , Bryan Alan
Published: April 2006

During a long period of the time when archaeological research was in progress in other areas of North America, the Columbia Plateau and western Washington lay relatively untouched and unknown. Only recently have systematic studies been undertaken by the University of Washington.

The archaeological survey of cave sites in Washington, during the summer of 1952, is a part of those studies. The plan was to locate as many caves as possible, to determine if they had been occupied aboriginally, and to evaluate them with an eye to future excavation.

Prior to the field work, reports had been received of caves in various parts of Washington, but the total was small, and we had little expectation of swelling the known number. Many of these had been learned of through newspaper clippings and letters, and from amateur activities. The problem, then, was not simply to examine a few choice caves for testing and excavation, but of surveying a large area in order to initiate an immediate program of excavation to save what remained. In addition to the survey of the caves, the University provided money for the examination of private collections.
The Interpretation of Tree-Ring Dates
Authors: Bannister Bryant
Published: April 2006

Four types of error are commonly associated with the basic problem of the time relationship that exists between the date of a tree-ring specimen and the archaeological manifestation being dated. These errors may sometimes be discovered and amended by using the clustering of dates and the clustering of archaeological traits. A secondary problem arises when lost exterior rings produce non-cutting dates in contrast to cutting dates. Tree-ring data may also be employed in deriving information of a non-chronological nature.
Early Lithic Industries of Western South America
Authors: Lanning Edward P. , Hammel Eugene A.
Published: April 2006

Sequences of preceramic cultures or well-defined artifact assemblages are now known for the Ecuadorian highlands, the central and southern highlands of Peru, the entire coast of Peru, western and southwestern Bolivia, northern Chile, highland Argentina, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego. The known lithic industries of the area can be organized into a scheme of five periods, based on the long sequence at Lauricocha in the central Peruvian highlands and defined by the occurrence of widely diffused artifact types. Periods I and II, estimated at 10,000-8000 B.C. and 8000-6000 B.C., are known only from scattered finds of hunting camps. The earliest evidence of seed-grinding tools and field-stone house foundations is found in central Argentina and north Chile during Period III, 6000-3000 B.C. While nomadic hunters continued to occupy the southern part of the continent until historic times, agriculture was well established in Peru during Period IV (3000-1200 B.C.). Period V, from 1200 B.C. until the extinction of the stone-using Indians of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in the 20th century, saw the introduction of ceramics to Peru and the southward spread of agriculture, pottery-making, and related activities to Chile and Argentina.
Fixing Site Locations by Radio-Direction Finder at Mesa Verde
Authors: Hayes Alden , Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

The development and use of a radio-direction finder system for site location in areas where other methods may fail has been successfully accomplished by the National Park Service's Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project. A brief, non-technical statement concerning the equipment and its use is given.
Early Point Types from Acasta Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Forbis Richard G.
Published: April 2006

A small collection of stone artifacts from an esker-ridge site at the edge of the Barren Lands, which includes an Agate Basin point and two Lerma points, but apparently no microblades, may be the earliest so far recognized in the Canadian tundra.
Miniature Mushroom Stones from Guatemala
Authors: Borhegyi Stephan F. de
Published: April 2006

A cache of nine miniature mushroom stones and nine miniature metates with manos from the Verbena cemetery at Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala, date from the Verbena subphase of the Miraflores phase of the Preclassic, 1000-500 B.C. All of the mushroom stones are of Type B with a circular groove around the base of the cap. This type has been found in a Verbena tomb in Mound E-III-3 at the same site. The cache of nine miniatures demonstrates considerable antiquity for the “mushroom-stone cult,” and suggests a possible association with the nine lords of the night and gods of the underworld, as well as the possible existence of a nine-day cycle and nocturnal count in Preclassic times. The association of the miniature mushroom stones with the miniature metates and manos greatly strengthens the possibility that at least in some areas in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica metates were used to grind the sacred hallucinatory mushrooms to prepare them for ceremonial consumption.
The Platonic Source of Utopia's ‘Minimum Religion’
Authors: Miles Leland
Published: April 2006

All the studies of the influence of Plato on the Utopia of St. Thomas More, even such excellent discussions as J. H. Lupton's introduction to his edition of Utopia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895), Ernest Barker's Greek Political Theory (London: Methuen, 1918), and the article by Lina Beger, entitled ‘Thomas More und Plato: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Humanismus’, in the Zeitschrift für die gesamten Staatswissenschaften XXXV (1879), have little to say about the religious thought of the Utopians.

Such cursory treatment of the religious passages in Utopia would seem to be due to the assumption that the Renaissance work and its major classical source are primarily politico-economic treatises.
The Direct Source of Wyatt's Epigram: In Dowtfull Brest…
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G.
Published: April 2006

Every reader of Wyatt's poems will, I am sure, have no difficulty in recalling the epigram, In dowtfull brest…, which he himself furnished with the caption: ‘Of the mother that eat her childe at the siege of Jerusalem’. I quote from the Egerton manuscript version as given by Kenneth Muir, the latest editor of his verse, in Collected Poems of Sir Thomas Wyatt (Cambridge, Mass., 1949), p. 61.

In dowtfull brest, whilst moderly pitieWith furyous famyn stondith at debate,Sayth thebrew moder: O child vnhappye,Retorne thi blowd where thow hadst milk of late.Yeld me those lymns that I made unto thi,And entre there where thou wert generate,For of on body agaynst all natureto a nothr must I mak sepulture.
French News of Great Britain, 1574-1603
Authors: Roelker Nancy L.
Published: April 2006

The Palais de Justice, on the He de la Cité in Paris, was the hub of the universe for the officers of the crown, the upper segment of the French bourgeoisie, which really formed a separate class, the noblesse de la robe. They ranked well above the rest of the middle class in dignity and influence, yet clearly below the ancient noblesse de l'épée, whose position rested on their ancient titles and lands. The hierarchy of the royal courts was crowned by the Parlement de Paris itself, whose présidents often held important executive offices from the king as well. Parlement's traditional right to protest before the registration of royal edicts gave it frequent opportunities to modify national policy, a privilege which it sometimes carried to the point of outright refusal to register.
'Il non finito', 'Nothing', and 'Second Nature' in Joseph Gantner's 'Leonardo's Visionen'
Authors: Schumacher Joachim
Published: April 2006

Our obligations to Gantner, keeper of the Woelfflin legacy and lively educator at Basle University, are considerable. Not only has he spotted neglected issues in the thought and work of Leonardo, but the very faults of his recent book tend to give new impetus to our thinking about Leonardo. It is not to lessen but to specify Gantner's merits, if one feels that, as distinct from the dedicated philology and presentation of the relevant materials, which he has handled beautifully, there remain questions of proportion, of adequacy and philosophy in the interpretation of these documents.

Every age, nation, generation, and representative mouthpiece selects from the cultural heritage the materials and viewpoints most nearly like itself. Thus it comes about that we have that many Platos, Shakespeares (especially Hamlets), and now according to Gantner the ‘fourth Leonardo’, his own.
Filippo Villani and his ‘Vita’ of Guido Bonatti
Authors: Selby Talbot R.
Published: April 2006

By twentieth-century American standards, or fourteenth-century Florentine standards, Filippo Villani, nephew of the more famous Giovanni Villani, was a successful man. As early as 1361 he held a chair of jurisprudence in the Studio at Florence, was appointed chancellor of the Commune of Perugia in 1377, which position he held for five or six years, and in the latter years of his life spent a very pleasant old age as public reader of Dante at Florence.

In addition to his public duties, he wrote in Latin and published in 1381-82 a work in two books on the history of Florence and the lives of her famous citizens, which gained the approval as well as the corrections and comments of the learned Coluccio Salutati, chancellor of the Commune of Florence. We may well imagine that Filippo, as a chronicler, following in the footsteps of his uncle Giovanni and his father Matteo, was infected by the brilliant revival of Latin letters set in motion by Petrarch and spurred on by Salutati.
Rebelais and the Renaissance Idea of Progress
Authors: Keller Abraham C.
Published: April 2006

The genesis of Rabelais' conception of progress illustrates the coming to terms of two divergent points of view in the sixteenth century, the humanists' belief in the past and the artisans' belief in the future. That a belief in the progress of knowledge played a significant role in the thought of certain fifteenth and sixteenth century precursors of the scientific movement has been well established. It seems equally certain that the idea of progress, though increasingly common among men who were engaged in the practical arts, had little appeal for most of the humanists of the time of Erasmus and before, preoccupied as they were with classical learning as the ne plus ultra. By the end of the sixteenth century the progressive view, which had received its main impetus from the side of the technological writers, had become part of the intellectual equipment of many classically educated men, and the scientific movement, heralded by Bacon and exemplified by Gilbert and Galileo, was in full swing.