bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Couple’s Marital Disharmony and its Psychological Effects on their Children during the HIV Disclosure Process in Kenya
Authors: Gachanja G.
Published: July 2015

Limited published data exists on how HIV-positive parents perform disclosure to all their children. A couple’s HIV disclosure experience to all their children is presented. They participated in a larger study conducted to understand the lived experiences of HIV-positive parents and their children during the disclosure process. Each underwent individualized in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were transcribed and transferred into NVivo 8 for analysis using the Van Kaam method. Three themes emerged including HIV testing, full disclosure delivery accompanied by marital disharmony, and post-disclosure psychological effects on the family. Marital disharmony and non-involvement of the father caused the mother to fully disclose their illnesses to their four oldest children. All children were affected by disclosure, one had a delayed emotional outburst, and another was still angry and withdrawn years later. HIV-positive parents with poor relationships within the families need intense counseling and support pre, during, and post-disclosure to improve outcomes.
Promoting Mental Health and Community Participation: A study on participatory arts practice, creativity and play in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Bang C. L.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze a participative health experience involving art, creativity and play, in articulation with the strategy of Comprehensive Primary Health Care focused on mental health. This experience is conducted by a network of institutions in Buenos Aires City.This is an exploratory and descriptive case study based on qualitative research methodologies. From an ethnographic perspective, the fieldwork revolved around interviews and participant observation records. The systematization process followed qualitative analysis content techniques. The outcomes describe a practice cored in intersectoral work, community participation, occupation of public space, creation of community gathering spaces and conformation of solidarity ties for addressing complex psychosocial issues. The main participatory processes focused on community organization and collective artistic creations are described. It is concluded that this experience shows great transforming potential, creating community conditions suitable for joint decision making on the health- illness care process itself.
Thomas Aquinas and Muhammad al-Shaybani on War, Law, and Statecraft An Experiment of Theory and Method in Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Zehr Nahed Artoul
Published: July 2015

This essay is an exploration of method through a comparative study of Thomas Aquinas and Muhammad al-Shaybani on war, law, and statecraft. Through a close read of a select number of texts, it seeks to establish two points. First, that both Aquinas and al-Shaybani's positions on war are entrenched within their respective positions on statecraft and the law. And second, to initiate the conceptual and theoretical framework that will help illume the moral wisdom (both shared and contested) contained in each tradition that can generate a baseline for additional research related to contemporary problems in the ethics and law of war.
Islam Observed Another Neglected Classic of Comparative Religion and Ethics
Authors: Davis G. Scott
Published: July 2015

Despite the appearance of disagreement, John Kelsay and I agree on the continuing importance of Max Weber for work in comparative religion and ethics. My objections to “grand theory” are those of C. Wright Mills, who worries about the professionalization of work in the social sciences stifling “the sociological imagination.” I go on to argue that Clifford Geertz's Islam Observed is a valuable paradigm of how to do comparative ethics diachronically and continue to argue that Kelsay's worries about the “third wave” in comparative ethics are exactly the worries that would be singled out by thinkers such as Mills and Geertz.
Seeing Power in Just War Reasoning
Authors: Kellison Rosemary B.
Published: July 2015

Feminist philosophers Judith Butler and Margaret Urban Walker suggest an approach to the study of ethics that allows for critical attention to the role of power—something critics like Talal Asad argue has been missing from modern ethics—while preserving the possibility of normative argument. In this paper, I consider how this approach might be employed in relation to the tradition of just war reasoning. In particular, I focus on the just war criteria of right authority, just cause, and discrimination between combatants and noncombatants. I argue that recognition of the influence of power on just war reasoning suggests new ways of acting to fulfill these criteria in order to achieve a fair distribution of responsibilities and vulnerabilities.
Use of self-selected nicknames by female Kuwaiti students and their perceptions of the impact of nicknames upon their learning in the classroom
Authors: Koehn Steven C.
Published: July 2015

While numerous studies have been conducted on the impact of nicknames on students, these studies have focused on the effects of nicknames students have received in their lives. This study adopted a very unique and different design and asked female Kuwaiti university students to self-select a nickname of their own choice to be used in the classroom instead of their proper name. The students who volunteered to self-select nicknames and the students who did not were administered a structured questionnaire that was designed to gather data regarding the perceptions of the effects the self-selected nicknames had upon classroom performance. The analysis of the surveys revealed that the female students who selected nicknames reported that it improved their classroom performance. In addition, the females who did not select a nickname reported that it appeared to improve the classroom performance of those who choose a nickname.
A Source for Callahan’s Wynema, a Child of the Forest
Authors: NADER JENNIFER M.
Published: July 2015

In early 1891, S. Alice Callahan’s Wynema, a Child of the Forest appeared from the press of H. J. Smith and Co. of Chicago. While its exact moment of publication remains unknown, the novel contains a publisher’s preface dated April 1, 1891, soon after the massacre at Wounded Knee in December 1890.1 According to Callahan’s father, the novel “had a great run for a year or so, after it was placed on the market,”2 but sales declined. Though Carolyn Thomas Foreman acknowledged in a short article in 1955 that “it was a great surprise to discover” Wynema, as it had “escaped all Oklahoma bibliographers,”3 the novel was virtually lost to scholarship until A. LaVonne Ruoff edited it for publication in 1997.4 Though scholars have discussed a number of issues related to the text,5 there is general agreement that Wynema is the “first novel written in Oklahoma”6 and the “first known novel written by an American Indian woman.”7
Influência do Cosmopolitanismo na Formação da Imagem de um Destino: Uma Análise da Cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Bedran Felipe Nasrallah , Strehlau Vivian Iara , Moraes Sergio Garrido , Melhado Tatiana Terabayashi
Published: July 2015

O presente trabalho buscou descobrir como o cosmopolitanismo influencia na formao da imagem de destino. Foram investigados estrangeiros que conhecem a cidade de So Paulo, escolhida por sua importncia nacional e internacional. Buscou-se levantar o estado da arte dos estudos sobre o cosmopolitanismo, que indica a caracterstica do cosmopolita em querer conhecer outras culturas, alm da sua nativa, que o leva a viajar por outras regies, pases, para se aprofundar em outra forma de sociedade e tentar se misturar a ela. Assim ele tem caractersticas prprias, que influenciam na forma como ele vive e consome produtos. A imagem de destino um constructo utilizado nos estudos sobre turismo e por profissionais de marketing que querem desenvolver um local como possvel destino de viagens. Para entender como o comportamento descrito acima influencia na formao da imagem de destino, foram utilizadas duas abordagens metodolgicas para a obteno de melhores resultados. Foram feitas entrevistas com representantes da organizao de marketing de destino de So Paulo, bem como entrevistas pessoais com turistas estrangeiros, com anlise de contedo na etapa qualitativa e uma survey, com 205 estrangeiros na etapa quantitativa. Os dados foram analisados com a utilizao de estatstica uni e multivariada, com ANOVA e modelagem de equaes estruturais. O resultado da pesquisa demonstrou que o cosmopolitanismo, alm da renda, influenciam no aspecto afetivo da formao da imagem do destino So Paulo, enquanto que o objetivo da estada influencia no aspecto cognitivo e seu tempo de permanncia influencia nos dois aspectos da imagem deste destino.
Os Pop-up Ads estão entre Nós: A Invasão desse Placement Televisivo e seus Efeitos sobre o Consumidor com Auxílio da Tecnologia do Eye Tracking
Authors: Petroll Martin De La Martinière , Prado Paulo Henrique Müller
Published: July 2015

Atualmente, empresas investem exponencialmente na insero de seus produtos e marcas em shows televisivos, o chamado placement. nesse sentido que se insere o presente artigo, um ensaio emprico sobre os efeitos da prominncia e da congruncia do placement do tipo pop-up ad sobre a ateno visual, memria, atitudes e inteno de compra da marca pelo consumidor. A partir de uma etapa exploratria e de outra causal realizadas em uma universidade norte-americana e com auxlio da tecnologia chamada Eye Tracking, descobriu-se que a proeminncia afeta significativamente a ateno visual do consumidor, mas no h efeitos significativos para os demais construtos.
Expression Polygons
Authors: Foster Colin
Published: July 2015

Solving linear equations, an important mathematical technique at the core of the Algebra 1 curriculum, forms an essential foundation for more advanced work. Too often, developing fluency with linear equations entails plowing through pages of repetitive exercises. How can students master this topic while using their mathematical sense-making faculties?
Avoid the Five Deadly Sins of Scada and Process Control Systems
Authors: George Bob
Published: July 2015

Most cybersecurity guidance focuses on what you should do, identifying ways to improve security over time. Let's shift the focus to look at things you shouldn't do to avoid introducing security threats.
On k-visibility graphs
Authors: Babbitt Matthew , Geneson Jesse , Khovanova Tanya
Published: July 2015

We examine several types of visibility graphs in which sightlines can pass through k objects. For k ≥ 1 we bound the maximum thickness of semi-bar k-visibility graphs between ⎡2/3(k + 1) ⎤ and 2k. In addition we show that the maximum number of edges in arc and circle k-visibility graphs on n vertices is at most (k+1)(3n−k−2) for n > 4k+4 and (n 2) for n ≤ 4k+4, while the maximum chromatic number is at most 6k+6. In semi-arc k-visibility graphs on n vertices, we show that the maximum number of edges is (n 2) for n ≤ 3k+3 and at most (k+1)(2n−(k+2)/2) for n > 3k+3, while the maximum chromatic number is at most 4k+4.
Ultrasound‐Guided Intratendinous Injections With Platelet‐Rich Plasma or Autologous Whole Blood for Treatment of Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy
Authors: Davenport Kathleen L. , Campos Jose Santiago , Nguyen Joseph , Saboeiro Gregory , Adler Ronald S. , Moley Peter J.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

To compare the effects of ultrasound‐guided platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood (WB) injections in patients with chronic hamstring tendinopathy.

Methods

In a prospective double‐blind randomized controlled trial, PRP or WB was injected under ultrasound guidance into the proximal hamstring tendon in a cohort of patients with clinically suspected hamstring tendinosis. Questionnaires were administered before injection and 2, 6, and 12 weeks and 6 months after injection. Pain and function outcomes were measured via the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS), Hip Outcome Scores for activities of daily living (ADL) and sport‐specific function, and International Hip Outcome Tool 33 (IHOT‐33). Diagnostic ultrasound was used to compare preinjection and 6‐month postinjection tendon appearances.

Results

The WB group showed greater improvements in pain and function over the PRP group before 12 weeks, whereas the PRP group showed improved outcomes over WB at 6 months. None of these between‐group outcome measures, except 6‐week IHOT‐33, showed statistical significance. Comparing preinjection and 6‐month scores, the PRP group showed significant improvements in ADL (P = .018) and IHOT‐33 (P = .28) scores, whereas the WB group showed no significant improvements from baseline. The WB group showed significantly decreased pain with 15‐minute sitting (P= .008) at 6 months. Ultrasound imaging showed no significant differences between PRP and WB group tendon appearances.

Conclusions

Both PRP and WB groups showed improvements in all outcome measures at 6 months. The PRP group showed significant improvements in 6‐month ADL and IHOT‐33 scores. The WB group reached significance in 15‐minute sitting pain. No significant between‐group differences were observed at any time point.
A Cost‐effective, Gelatin‐Based Phantom Model for Learning Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration Procedures of the Head and Neck
Authors: Richardson Clare , Bernard Stewart , Dinh Vi Am
Published: July 2015

The rise in popularity of ultrasound imaging has seen a corresponding increase in demand for effective training tools such as phantom models. They are especially useful for teaching and practice of invasive procedures, such as fine‐needle aspiration of lesions of the head and neck. We have created 2 gelatin models out of inexpensive, commonly available materials that can be used in sequence to learn head and neck fine‐needle aspiration. Fundamental skills can be learned first on the flat, rectangular model, whereas the second, cylindrical model more closely represents human anatomy and can be used to develop more advanced technique.
Recent Amazon climate as background for possible ongoing and future changes of Amazon humid forests
Authors: Gloor M. , Barichivich J. , Ziv G. , Brienen R. , Schöngart J. , Peylin P. , Ladvocat Cintra B. Barcante , Feldpausch T. , Phillips O. , Baker J.
Published: July 2015

Recent analyses of Amazon runoff and gridded precipitation data suggest an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the past few decades in the following sense: wet season precipitation and peak river runoff (since ∼1980) as well as annual mean precipitation (since ∼1990) have increased, while dry season precipitation and minimum runoff have slightly decreased. There has also been an increase in the frequency of anomalously severe floods and droughts. To provide context for the special issue on Amazonia and its forests in a warming climate we expand here on these analyses. The contrasting recent changes in wet and dry season precipitation have continued and are generally consistent with changes in catchment‐level peak and minimum river runoff as well as a positive trend of water vapor inflow into the basin. Consistent with the river records, the increased vapor inflow is concentrated to the wet season. Temperature has been rising by 0.7°C since 1980 with more pronounced warming during dry months. Suggestions for the cause of the observed changes of the hydrological cycle come from patterns in tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Tropical and North Atlantic SSTs have increased rapidly and steadily since 1990, while Pacific SSTs have shifted during the 1990s from a positive Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) phase with warm eastern Pacific temperatures to a negative phase with cold eastern Pacific temperatures. These SST conditions have been shown to be associated with an increase in precipitation over most of the Amazon except the south and southwest. If ongoing changes continue, we expect forests to continue to thrive in those regions where there is an increase in precipitation with the exception of floodplain forests. An increase in flood pulse height and duration could lead to increased mortality at higher levels of the floodplain and, over the long term, to a lateral shift of the zonally stratified floodplain forest communities. Negative effects on forests are mainly expected in the southwest and south, which have become slightly drier and hotter, consistent with tree mortality trends observed at the RAINFOR Amazon forest plot network established in the early 1980s consisting of approximately 150 regularly censused 1ha plots in intact forests located across the whole basin.
Incipient motion of surf zone sediments
Authors: Frank Donya , Foster Diane , Sou In Mei , Calantoni Joseph
Published: July 2015

Incipient motion experiments were conducted with natural gravel, acetate beads, and coarse‐gravel‐sized electronic grains called Smart Sediment Grains in a Small‐Oscillatory Flow Tunnel. Measurements of fluid velocity were made using Particle Image Velocimetry. The strength of the fluid shear stresses and the pressure gradients were examined for a range of oscillatory flow conditions at the onset of motion of the sediment particles to determine which mechanism had induced particle motion. The three sediment types utilized in these experiments facilitated an assessment of the effects of sediment grain size diameter, shape, and density on incipient motion. Results suggested that the onset of sediment motion was dominated by the pressure gradients for flows with small orbital excursion amplitudes, by the shear stresses for flows with large orbital excursion amplitudes and by the combined effects for intermediate flows. The denser, angular gravel required greater free‐stream accelerations to trigger sediment motion than the spherical, less dense acetate beads, and Smart Sediment Grains. A combined parameter for incipient motion that accounts for the simultaneous effects of both shear stresses and pressure gradients while depending on the static coefficient of friction and the packing concentration of the mobile bed layer was evaluated for accuracy using a range of sediment types. The results suggested that the combined parameter may be a better indicator of sediment mobilization under oscillatory flows than the typically assumed shear stress criterion.
MODIS comparisons with northeastern Pacific in situ stratocumulus microphysics
Authors: Noble Stephen R. , Hudson James G.
Published: July 2015

Vertical sounding measurements within stratocumuli during two aircraft field campaigns, Marine Stratus/stratocumulus Experiment (MASE) and Physics of Stratocumulus Top (POST), are used to validate Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud optical thickness (COT), cloud liquid water path (LWP), and cloud effective radius (re). In situ COT, LWP, and re were calculated using 5 m vertically averaged droplet probe measurements of complete vertical cloud penetrations. MODIS COT, LWP, and re 1 km pixels were averaged along these penetrations. COT comparisons in POST showed strong correlations and a near 1:1 relationship. In MASE, comparisons showed strong correlations; however, MODIS COT exceeded in situ COT, likely due to larger temporal differences between MODIS and in situ measurements. LWP comparisons between two cloud probes show good agreement for POST but not MASE, giving confidence to POST data. Both projects provided strong LWP correlations but MODIS exceeded in situ by 14–36%. MODIS in situ re correlations were strong, but MODIS 2.1 µm re exceeded in situ re, which contributed to LWP bias; in POST, MODIS re was 20–30% greater than in situ re. Maximum in situ re near cloud top showed comparisons nearer 1:1. Other MODIS re bands (3.7 µm and 1.6 µm) showed similar comparisons. Temporal differences between MODIS and in situ measurements, airplane speed differences, and cloud probe artifacts were likely causes of weaker MASE correlations. POST COT comparison was best for temporal differences under 20 min. POST data validate MODIS COT but it also implies a positive MODIS re bias that propagates to LWP while still capturing variability.
Hidden carbon sink beneath desert
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Yu‐Gang , Houghton R. A. , Tang Li‐Song
Published: July 2015

For decades, global carbon budget accounting has identified a “missing” or “residual” terrestrial sink; i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2) released by anthropogenic activities does not match changes observed in the atmosphere and ocean. We discovered a potentially large carbon sink in the most unlikely place on earth, irrigated saline/alkaline arid land. When cultivating and irrigating arid/saline lands in arid zones, salts are leached downward. Simultaneously, dissolved inorganic carbon is washed down into the huge saline aquifers underneath vast deserts, forming a large carbon sink or pool. This finding points to a direct, rapid link between the biological and geochemical carbon cycles in arid lands which may alter the overall spatial pattern of the global carbon budget.
On the lognormality of historical magnetic storm intensity statistics: Implications for extreme‐event probabilities
Authors: Love Jeffrey J. , Rigler E. Joshua , Pulkkinen Antti , Riley Pete
Published: July 2015

An examination is made of the hypothesis that the statistics of magnetic storm maximum intensities are the realization of a lognormal stochastic process. Weighted least squares and maximum likelihood methods are used to fit lognormal functions to −Dst storm time maxima for years 1957–2012; bootstrap analysis is used to established confidence limits on forecasts. Both methods provide fits that are reasonably consistent with the data; both methods also provide fits that are superior to those that can be made with a power‐law function. In general, the maximum likelihood method provides forecasts having tighter confidence intervals than those provided by weighted least squares. From extrapolation of maximum likelihood fits: a magnetic storm with intensity exceeding that of the 1859 Carrington event, −Dst ≥ 850 nT, occurs about 1.13 times per century and a wide 95% confidence interval of [0.42, 2.41] times per century; a 100 year magnetic storm is identified as having a −Dst ≥ 880 nT (greater than Carrington) but a wide 95% confidence interval of [490, 1187] nT.
Evidence of Wadati‐Benioff zone triggering following theMw7.9 Little Sitkin, Alaska intermediate depth earthquake of 23 June 2014
Authors: Macpherson Kenneth A. , Ruppert Natalia A.
Published: July 2015

The 23 June 2014Mw=7.9 earthquake that struck the Rat Islands region of Alaska was a rare intermediate‐depth event followed by a vigorous aftershock sequence. The earthquake's location within a regional network has allowed us to study it in rich detail. Double‐difference relocations of aftershocks and static stress modeling reveal some intriguing features; most aftershocks are not located on the main shock rupture plane, but are concentrated in the adjacent Wadati‐Benioff zone in areas of increased stress. Further, a secondary plane of seismicity aligns well with a moderately dipping nodal plane reported by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Project, and the separation of these locations and the main shock hypocenter from the slab indicates that the main shock ruptured into the oceanic mantle.
Evidence for a seasonally dependent ring plasma in the region between Saturn's A Ring and Enceladus' orbit
Authors: Persoon A. M. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Groene J. B. , Faden J. B.
Published: July 2015

Equatorial electron density measurements from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science experiment are derived from the upper hybrid resonance frequency from Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004 through 21 May 2013. These densities are used to determine the characteristics of the plasma in the inner magnetosphere of Saturn between the outer edge of the A Ring and the orbit of Enceladus. Electron densities obtained when Cassini first arrived at Saturn on 1 July 2004 showed a plasma distribution decreasing radially outward from Saturn in the direction of Enceladus, the expected distribution of a centrifugally driven plasma expanding radially outward from a source in the main rings. We examine equatorial electron densities in the region between 2.4 and 4.0 Rs and show that the density measurements in this region exhibit a strong seasonal dependence resulting from photon‐induced decomposition of icy particles on the ring surfaces, a decomposition process which is controlled by the solar incidence angle. This seasonal dependence will have plasma density implications for Cassini when the spacecraft returns to the region just beyond the A Ring in 2016.
Dipolarization fronts as earthward propagating flux ropes: A three‐dimensional global hybrid simulation
Authors: Lu San , Lu Quanming , Lin Yu , Wang Xueyi , Ge Yasong , Wang Rongsheng , Zhou Meng , Fu Huishan , Huang Can , Wu Mingyu , Wang Shui
Published: July 2015

Dipolarization fronts (DFs) as earthward propagating flux ropes (FRs) in the Earth's magnetotail are presented and investigated with a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global hybrid simulation for the first time. In the simulation, several small‐scale earthward propagating FRs are found to be formed by multiple X line reconnection in the near tail. During their earthward propagation, the magnetic field Bz of the FRs becomes highly asymmetric due to the imbalance of the reconnection rates between the multiple X lines. At the later stage, when the FRs approach the near‐Earth dipole‐like region, the antireconnection between the southward/negative Bz of the FRs and the northward geomagnetic field leads to the erosion of the southward magnetic flux of the FRs, which further aggravates the Bz asymmetry. Eventually, the FRs merge into the near‐Earth region through the antireconnection. These earthward propagating FRs can fully reproduce the observational features of the DFs, e.g., a sharp enhancement of Bz preceded by a smaller amplitude Bz dip, an earthward flow enhancement, the presence of the electric field components in the normal and dawn‐dusk directions, and ion energization. Our results show that the earthward propagating FRs can be used to explain the DFs observed in the magnetotail. The thickness of the DFs is on the order of several ion inertial lengths, and the electric field normal to the front is found to be dominated by the Hall physics. During the earthward propagation from the near‐tail to the near‐Earth region, the speed of the FR/DFs increases from ~150 km/s to ~1000 km/s. The FR/DFs can be tilted in the GSM (x, y) plane with respect to the y (dawn‐dusk) axis and only extend several Earth radii in this direction. Moreover, the structure and evolution of the FRs/DFs are nonuniform in the dawn‐dusk direction, which indicates that the DFs are essentially 3‐D.
Nanomechanics of Cells and Biomaterials Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Kilpatrick Jason I. , Revenko Irène , Rodriguez Brian J.
Published: July 2015

The behavior and mechanical properties of cells are strongly dependent on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of their microenvironment. Thus, understanding the mechanical properties of cells, extracellular matrices, and biomaterials is key to understanding cell function and to develop new materials with tailored mechanical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an indispensable technique for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials and cells with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity within physiologically relevant environments and timescales in the kPa to GPa elastic modulus range. The growing interest in this field of bionanomechanics has been accompanied by an expanding array of models to describe the complexity of indentation of hierarchical biological samples. Furthermore, the integration of AFM with optical microscopy techniques has further opened the door to a wide range of mechanotransduction studies. In recent years, new multidimensional and multiharmonic AFM approaches for mapping mechanical properties have been developed, which allow the rapid determination of, for example, cell elasticity. This Progress Report provides an introduction and practical guide to making AFM‐based nanomechanical measurements of cells and surfaces for tissue engineering applications.
Laboratory and field methods for stable isotope analysis in human biology
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J.
Published: July 2015

Stable isotope analysis (SIA; carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen) of human tissues offers a means for assessing diet among living humans. Stable isotope ratios of broad categories of food and drink food vary systematically, and stable isotope ratios in consumer tissues represent a composite of the isotopic ratios of food and drink consumed during an individual's life. Isotopic evidence for diet is independent of errors in informant recall, and accrues during time periods when researchers are absent. Beyond diet reconstruction, tissue stable isotope ratios are sensitive to excursions from homeostasis, such as starvation and rapid growth. Because of their relationship to diet, geographic location, hydration, and nutritional status, stable isotope signatures in human tissues offer a window into human biocultural adaptations, past and present. This article describes methods for SIA that may be usefully applied in studies of living humans, with emphasis placed on carbon and nitrogen. Some of the ecological, physiological, and evolutionary applications of stable isotope data among living humans are discussed. By incorporating SIA in research, human biologists facilitate a productive dialog with bioarchaeologists, who routinely use stable isotope evidence, mingling different perspectives on human biology and behavior. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:593–604, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic risk factors for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Brazilian population with high African ancestry
Authors: do Rego Borges Andrea , Sá Jamile , Hoshi Ryuichi , Viena Camila Sane , Mariano Lorena C. , de Castro Veiga Patricia , Medrado Alena Peixoto , Machado Renato Assis , de Aquino Sibele Nascimento , Messetti Ana Camila , Spritz Richard A. , Coletta Ricardo D. , Reis Silvia R. A.
Published: July 2015

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL ± P) is the most common orofacial birth defect, exhibiting variable prevalence around the world, often attributed to ethnic and environmental differences. Linkage analyses and genome‐wide association studies have identified several genomic susceptibility regions for NSCL ± P, mostly in European‐derived or Asian populations. Genetic predisposition to NSCL ± P is ethnicity‐dependent, and the genetic basis of susceptibility to NSCL ± P likely varies among populations. The population of Brazil is highly admixed, with highly variable ancestry; thus, the genetic determinants of NSCL ± P susceptibility may be quite different. This study tested association of 8 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously identified by genome‐wide studies in other populations, with NSCL ± P in a Brazilian population with high African ancestry. SNPs rs560426, rs642961, rs1530300, rs987525, rs3758249, rs7078160, rs17085106, and rs13041247 were genotyped in 293 Brazilian patients with NSCL ± P and 352 unaffected Brazilian controls. Each sample was also genotyped for 40 biallelic short insertion/deletion polymorphic markers to characterize genetic ancestry. The average African ancestry background was 31.1% for the NSCL ± P group and 36.7% for the control group. After adjustment for ancestry and multiple testing, the minor alleles of rs3758249 (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.25–2.01, P = 0.0001) and rs7078160 (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.21–2.07, P = 0.0002) were significantly associated with risk of NSCL ± P. Polymorphisms located in IRF6 (rs642961) and 8q24 (rs1530300 and rs987525) showed marginal associations in this Brazilian population with high African ancestry. These results indicate that rs3758249 at 9q22 and rs7078160 at 10q25.3 represent risk loci for NSCL ± P in the Brazilian population with high African ancestry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravenous bevacizumab for complications of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a review of the literature
Authors: Arizmendez Natalia P. , Rudmik Luke , Poetker David M.
Published: July 2015

Background

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a multisystem disease that is marked by mutations regulating vasculature formation. Epistaxis is the most commonly reported symptom, but gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, hepatic issues, and pulmonary disease are also common. There is a growing body of evidence in the literature concerning using the monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bevacizumab, in patients with HHT. This treatment is gaining support for managing HHT because it directly inhibits the VEGF proteins that can be elevated as a result of the HHT mutations. We reviewed the current literature on the outcomes from intravenous bevacizumab treatment for HHT with a focus on epistaxis outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed using Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane databases. English citations, both national and international, were reviewed and filtered for relevance.

Results

Eighteen studies were included in this review. The majority of citations were case reports. All studies reported improvements. Specifically, 14 reported improvements in epistaxis, and 11 reported hemoglobin improvement following intravenous (IV) bevacizumab. Lack of uniformity in data presentation prevented a meta‐analysis.

Conclusion

This is the first systematic review analyzing the data involving HHT patients treated with bevacizumab. The results show that patients treated with bevacizumab have global improvements as well as specific improvements in hemoglobin levels. Although all of the studies reported improvements, there are several limitations, including inconsistencies in outcome reporting. A large, randomized, controlled study is needed to further investigate hemorrhage and epistaxis outcomes in HHT patients treated with intravenous bevacizumab.
In Vitro Inhibition of Human Placental Glutathione S‐Transferase by 3‐Arylcoumarin Derivatives
Authors: Alparslan Mustafa Muhlis , Danış Özkan
Published: July 2015

Glutathione S‐transferases (EC: 2.5.1.18, GSTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of various electrophilic compounds to glutathione (GSH), thus usually producing less reactive and more water soluble compounds. However, there is evidence that elevated expression of GSTs, especially GSTP1, is involved in the resistance of tumor cells against chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we synthesized and investigated the inhibitory effects of differently substituted 3‐arylcoumarin derivatives on human placental GST, identified as GSTP1‐1, using 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene as a substrate. A known potent inhibitor of GST, ethacrynic acid was used as a positive control. Among the tested compounds, 6,7‐dihydroxy substituted coumarin derivatives exhibited the highest inhibitory activity (IC50 = 13.50–20.83 μM). These results suggest that 6,7‐dihydroxy‐3‐arylcoumarins may represent a new promising scaffold to discover potent GST inhibitors.
Conflict‐free time‐based trajectory planning for aircraft taxi automation with refined taxiway modeling
Authors: Zhang Tianci , Ding Meng , Wang Bangfeng , Chen Qian
Published: July 2015

To mitigate airport congestion caused by increasing air traffic demand, the trajectory‐based surface operations concept has been proposed to improve surface movement efficiency while maintaining safety. It utilizes decision support tools to provide optimized time‐based trajectories for each aircraft and uses automation systems to guide surface movements and monitor their conformance with assigned trajectories. Whether the time‐based trajectories can be effectively followed so that the expected benefits can be guaranteed depends firstly on whether these trajectories are realistic. So, this paper first deals with the modeling biases of the network model typically used for taxi trajectory planning via refined taxiway modeling. Then it presents a zone control‐based dynamic routing and timing algorithm upon the refined taxiway model to find the shortest time taxi route and timings for an aircraft. Finally, the presented algorithm is integrated with a sequential planning framework to continuously decide taxi routes and timings. Experimental results demonstrate that the solution time for an aircraft can be steadily around a few milliseconds with timely cleaning of expired time windows, showing potential for real‐time decision support applications. The results also show the advantages of the proposed methodology over existing approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divergence and gene flow among Darwin's finches: A genome‐wide view of adaptive radiation driven by interspecies allele sharing
Authors: Palmer Daniela H. , Kronforst Marcus R.
Published: July 2015

A recent analysis of the genomes of Darwin's finches revealed extensive interspecies allele sharing throughout the history of the radiation and identified a key locus responsible for morphological evolution in this group. The radiation of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos archipelago has long been regarded as an iconic study system for field ecology and evolutionary biology. Coupled with an extensive history of field work, these latest findings affirm the increasing acceptance of introgressive hybridization, or gene flow between species, as a significant contributor to adaptive evolution. Here, we review and discuss these findings in relation to both classical work on Darwin's finches and contemporary work showing similar evolutionary signatures in other biological systems. The continued unification of genomic data with field biology promises to further elucidate the molecular basis of adaptation in Darwin's finches and well beyond.
Noncoding RNA‐guided recruitment of transcription factors: A prevalent but undocumented mechanism?
Authors: Lee Nara , Steitz Joan A.
Published: July 2015

High‐fidelity binding of transcription factors (TFs) to DNA target sites is fundamental for proper regulation of cellular processes, as well as for the maintenance of cell identity. Recognition of cognate binding motifs in the genome is attributed by and large to the DNA binding domains of TFs. As an additional mode of conferring binding specificity, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been proposed to assist associated TFs in finding their binding sites by interacting with either DNA or RNA in the vicinity of their target loci. However, a well‐documented example of such a mechanism was lacking until we recently reported that a ncRNA made by Epstein‐Barr virus uses an RNA–RNA interaction with nascent transcripts generated from the viral genome to facilitate the recruitment of an interacting TF, PAX5, to viral DNA. This proof‐of‐principle finding suggests that cellular ncRNAs may likewise function in guiding interacting TFs to chromatin target sites.
Mechanoluminescence properties of SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor by combustion synthesis
Authors: Bisen D. P. , Sharma R.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, europium‐doped strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4:Eu2+) phosphors were synthesized using a combustion method with urea as a fuel at 600°C. The phase structure, particle size, surface morphology and elemental analysis were studied using X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The EDX and FTIR spectra confirm the elements present in the SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor. The optical properties of SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphors were investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and mechanoluminescence (ML). The excitation and emission spectra showed a broad band with peaks at 337 and 515 nm, respectively. The ML intensities of SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor increased proportionally with the increase in the height of the mechanical load, which suggests that this phosphor could be used in stress sensors. The CIE colour chromaticity diagram and ML spectra confirm that the SrAl2O4:Eu2+ phosphor emitted green coloured light. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learn practical tips for collaborating with student affairs to tackle Title IX issues
Authors: Bennett Laura , Tejada Adán
Published: July 2015

The most recently updated regulations for the Clery Act (released Oct. 20, 2014) require colleges and universities to describe any formal memorandums of understanding that may exist between campus law enforcement and local law enforcement.
Build community on and off campus for an effective unit
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2015

In 15 years working for a municipal police force, Sean T. Asbury did a little of everything — from working in the detective division on violent crimes to being a road supervisor for patrols — as he worked his way up to deputy chief. When the chief of police position was posted at Columbus State Community College in 2008, he was intrigued. He had had a good experience as a student officer at a community college, and he was eager to take on the challenges colleges face.
Improving O2/N2 Selective Filtration Using Carbon Nanotube‐Modified Mixed‐Matrix Membranes
Authors: Zeinali Sedigheh , Aryaeinezhad Mohammad
Published: July 2015

A modified mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) was designed in order to improve O2/N2 selective filtration. The fabricated MMM consist of purified and functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and polyethersulfone. Characterization of the prepared membranes and the functionalized MWCNT was done by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis methods. The permeabilities and selectivities of the membranes were improved using modified MWCNT as MMM filler. The effects of the solvent, the carbon nanotube types and dosage, the polymer dosage, the casting method, and the applied pressure in both the membrane fabrication and gas separation processes were investigated.
Hyaluronic Acid‐Gadolinium Complex Nanospheres as Lymphatic System‐Specific Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wu Guangyu , Zhang Huajuan , Zhan Zufeng , Lu Qing , Cheng Jiejun , Xu Jianrong , Zhu Jun
Published: July 2015

A novel MRI contrast agent, hyaluronic acid gadolinium complex (HA‐Gd‐DTPA) nanospheres, is prepared by the synthesis of hyaluronic acid gadolinium complexes and their assembly. The physicochemical properties are characterized, and the lymphatic targeting in vitro and in vivo are also evaluated. The results show that the HA‐Gd‐DTPA nanospheres with suitable and stable physicochemical properties could be used for in vivo lymphatic targeting studies. Furthermore, the HA‐Gd‐DTPA nanospheres have obviously higher relaxation efficiency and MRI contrast between blood vessel and lymph vessel in rabbit than that of Magnevist. Thus, the novel MRI contrast agent can be taken up selectively by lymphatic system and used as a potential MRI contrast agents in lymphatic system.
Trial design innovations: Clinical trials for treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Cummings J , Zhong K
Published: July 2015

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Recent progress has been made with clinical trials, advancing new therapies for psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD), agitation in AD, and apathy in AD. Definitions have emerged for agitation and apathy in patients with cognitive impairment, facilitating recruitment of clinical trial populations. Progress in clinical trial design and the agents being assessed promise to advance therapies for disabling symptoms and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Polystyrene microspheres enable 10‐color compensation for immunophenotyping of primary human leukocytes
Authors: Byrd Tiara , Carr Karen D. , Norman John C. , Huye Leslie , Hegde Meenakshi , Ahmed Nabil
Published: July 2015

Compensation is a critical process for the unbiased analysis of flow cytometry data. Numerous compensation strategies exist, including the use of bead‐based products. The purpose of this study was to determine whether beads, specifically polystyrene microspheres (PSMS) compare to the use of primary leukocytes for single color based compensation when conducting polychromatic flow cytometry. To do so, we stained individual tubes of both PSMS and leukocytes with panel specific antibodies conjugated to fluorochromes corresponding to fluorescent channels FL1‐FL10. We compared the matrix generated by PSMS to that generated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Ideal for compensation is a sample with both a discrete negative population and a bright positive population. We demonstrate that PSMS display autofluorescence properties similar to PBMC. When comparing PSMS to PBMC for compensation PSMS yielded more evenly distributed and discrete negative and positive populations to use for compensation. We analyzed three donors' PBMC stained with our 10‐color T cell subpopulation panel using compensation generated by PSMS vs.PBMC and detected no significant differences in the population distribution. Panel specific antibodies bound to PSMS represent an invaluable valid tool to generate suitable compensation matrices especially when sample material is limited and/or the sample requires analysis of dynamically modulated or rare events. © 2015 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow cytometry analysis of CD4+IFN‐γ+ T‐cells for the diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Papageorgiou Chrysovalantis V. , Anastasopoulos Andreas , Ploussi Maria , Leventopoulos Michail , Karabela Simona , Fotiadis Kyriakos , Papavasileiou Apostolos , Vogiatzakis Evangelos , Ioakeimidis Dimitrios , Gritzapis Angelos D. , Poulakis Nikolaos
Published: July 2015

Background

CD4+ cells expressing Interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), following stimulation with specific mycobacterial antigens, identified with flow cytometry (FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+), is a new method for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ in comparison with tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon TB Gold In‐Tube (QFT‐G‐IT) in the diagnosis of latent MTB infection (LTBI), in close contacts and in patients with rheumatic diseases under treatment with anti‐TNFa and other biologic agents.

Methods

TST, QFT‐G‐IT, and FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ were performed in 56 immunocompetent close contacts and in 65 medically immunosuppressed patients under biologic treatment.

Results

In close contacts, 63% were FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ ESAT‐6(+), 70% FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ PPD(+), 41% QFT‐G‐IT(+) and 57% TST(+). FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ ESAT‐6 was the only test that was strongly correlated to the exposure time to infection. In the immunosuppressed group, 49% were FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ ESAT‐6(+), 62% FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ PPD(+), 4.6% QFT‐G‐IT(+), and 18% TST(+).

Conclusion

FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ assays are more sensitive than QFT‐G‐IT and TST for the diagnosis of LTBI in close contacts and in immunosuppressed patients under anti‐TNF‐a treatment. FCM‐CD4+IFN‐γ+ is not affected by the chronic use of biologic agents. © 2015 International Clinical Cytometry Society