bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haptoglobin Types in Alzheimer's Disease and Senile Dementia
Authors: Op den Velde W. , Stam F. C.
Published: August 2008

There is much neuropathological evidence that Alzheimer's Disease and senile dementia are essentially identical disorders (Stam, 1962; McMenemey, 1963; Jamada and Mehraein, 1968; Lauter, 1970; Torvik, 1970). Family and genetic studies also give support to this opinion, for there appears to be a tendency for both senile dementia and Alzheimer's Disease towards familial aggregation (Zerbin-Rüdin, 1967; Pratt, 1970). An extensive Swedish study has given evidence that senile dementia is determined by a single autosomal dominent gene (Sjögrenet al., 1952). The difference in concordance rates between identical and non-identical twins with senile dementia is in agreement with this hypothesis (Kallmann, 1956). Furthermore, a number of families in which Alzheimer's Disease is transmitted as a regularly dominant trait have been described (Pratt, 1970). For the sporadic cases of Alzheimer's disease a cumulative polygenic action has been assumed (Larssonet al., 1963). Chromosome analysis of patients with Alzheimer's Disease and senile dementia has revealed certain abnormalities (Nielsen, 1968; Bergener and Jungklaass, 1970). Wheelan (1959) found that the MNSs blood groups appear to segregate with Alzheimer's Disease: however, another investigation failed to confirm a significant linkage between blood group genes and Alzheimer's Disease (Feldman, 1969).
Myasthenia Gravis and Schizophrenia — a Rare Combination
Authors: Gittleson N. L. , Richardson T. D. E.
Published: August 2008

The effect of emotional stress in myasthenia gravis is well known, and moreover Meyer (7) has shown that psychiatric problems make a considerable contribution to the mortality of the disease. It has been estimated that there are at least 1,100 diagnosed myasthenics in England and Wales with many more undiagnosed (5). Considering the close medical supervision myasthenics receive it is striking that in 677 cases of myasthenia subjected to psychiatric scrutiny only 2 schizophrenia-like reactions were observed, despite the similar age of onset of the two conditions.
Patterns of Hypochondriasis: A Principal Components Analysis
Authors: Bianchi G. N.
Published: August 2008

Hypochondriasis, though recognized as common and important, has not been accorded the study that its ubiquity and prominence might be thought to require. It is not long since anecdotes and uncontrolled observations masqueraded as knowledge.
Propranolol in Neurotic and Thyrotoxic Anxiety
Authors: Ramsay Ian , Greer Steven , Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2008

D-L-propranolol has been reported as having a beneficial effect in anxiety (Granville-Grossman and Turner, 1966; Wheatley, 1969; Suzman, 1971). The effect is believed to be due to the drug's (β-adrenergic blocking action which suppresses many of the somatic manifestations of anxiety, such as tachycardia (Turner, Granville-Grossman and Smart, 1965) and tremor (Marsden, Gimlette, McAllister, Owen and Miller, 1968). Although the peripheral manifestations of anxiety may be ameliorated by propranolol it is not clear whether the drug has any effect on the subjective, central feelings of anxiety experienced by the patient (Marsden, 1971).
A Case of Acromegaly and Gigantism with Depression
Authors: Avery T. L.
Published: August 2008

This single case history is reported because scant information is available in textbooks of psychiatry and medicine on depression in acromegaly and gigantism. Attention is drawn to relevant recent articles.
Concurrent Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis in Monozygous Twins Suffering from CNS Disorder
Authors: West Albert
Published: August 2008

Twin studies and investigations into the relationship between schizophrenia-like psychosis and cerebral dysfunction are of considerable interest. Refinement in twin studies has led to less emphasis being placed upon the genetic factor, but the pitfalls surrounding twin techniques, especially with regard to monozygous pairs and the similarity of their environment, have led Penrose (1971) to the opinion that twin study ‘is especially useful, not for genetical researches but in assessing the effects of environmental influences which lead to discordance in identical twin pairs'.
Phenomenological Aspects of Obsessional Patients Treated with Clomipramine
Authors: Capstick N. , Seldrup J.
Published: August 2008

In an open clinical trial of clomipramine (chlorimipramine, Anafranil, Geigy), the phenomenological aspects and the response to treatment of twenty-five patients suffering from obsessional disorders were studied. The criterion for admission was the presence of distressing obsessional symptoms. Thirteen of the patients were diagnosed as suffering from a true obsessional state, six from depression, four from schizophrenia; one was an epileptic, and one was of uncertain classification. The drug technique has been described (Capstick, 1971a).
An Epidemiological Survey of Parasuicide (‘Attempted Suicide’) in General Practice
Authors: Kennedy Peter , Kreitman Norman
Published: August 2008

Hospital-treated parasuicides∗ have been studied intensively in recent years, and on the basis of these hospital studies aetiological theory is advancing and expensive endeavours in prevention are being put into operation. Yet hospital studies can be misleading because cases selected for admission may not be representative. This prospective survey, based on general practice in Edinburgh, was carried out to study the prevalences of parasuicide uncontaminated by factors influencing hospital referral.
A Further Study of Psychiatric Out-patient Services in Manchester
Authors: Johnson D. A. W.
Published: August 2008

In a recent survey of the psychiatric outpatient services at three Manchester Hospitals (Johnson, 1973), the diagnoses, treatments and disposals of new patients were discussed. The survey concentrated on the psychiatrist's role in the out-patient department, whereas in fact two other important viewpoints are involved, that of the referring doctor (usually the general practitioner), and the patient. Despite the importance of these viewpoints they have been largely neglected in the psychiatric literature. Only the study of Kaeser and Cooper (1971) attempts to investigate the out-patient department from all points of view, and their findings are likely to be atypical in certain respects since 60 per cent of their patients sample were referred to an emergency clinic, and dealt with by non-consultant medical staff. The present study attempts to answer the following questions about patients referred to the psychiatric outpatient department of a provincial teaching hospital.
Inconsistency, Loose Construing and Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: Haynes Elsie T. , Phillips J. P. N.
Published: August 2008

Bannister (1960, 1962) found that thought-disordered schizophrenics had significantly lower scores on a repertory grid test of the intensity of the relationships between their constructs than did non-thought disordered schizophrenics, normals, neurotics and (in the 1962 study only) depressives. This finding has been confirmed, sometimes in slightly different ways, by a number of subsequent studies (vide infra). On the basis of his results, Bannister put forward the theory that schizophrenic thought disorder is characterized by ‘loosened construing’, which can account for all its clinical signs, and which stems from repeated invalidations of construing. This theory has been followed up in a number of subsequent investigations (Bannister, 1963, 1965; Bannister and Salmon, 1966).
The Effect of Videotape Feedback on the Self-Assessments of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Griffiths R. D. , Hinkson J.
Published: August 2008

The use of feedback techniques as therapeutic tools has increased quite considerably during the last decade (Berger, 1970). Techniques such as videotape and tape recorder playback have been used with a wide rage of patients, and to secure effects such as ‘overcoming resistance’, ‘evoking insight’, ‘increasing motivation for psychotherapy’ and ‘shocking alcoholics back to reality’. The general strategy has involved making a recording of the patient's behaviour, or a sample of therapeutic interaction; the recording is then played back to the participants and often used as a basis for discussion and further treatment. In spite of the enthusiasm about the value of these techniques, empirical and scientific evidence for their efficacy is almost entirely absent (Bailey and Sowder, 1970).
A Follow-up Study of Psychiatric Disturbance in a Cape Coloured Community
Authors: Gillis L. S. , Stone G. L.
Published: August 2008

Longitudinal studies of psychiatric disturbance in communities are important in order to determine the natural history of mental disorders. Most studies have focused on the prevalence of known psychiatric disorders and response to treatment, but only a few on the follow up of a population not previously recognized as psychiatrically ill (Beiser (1), Hagnell (5), Helgason (6), Myers and Bean (10)). The present study is an attempt to do this, and also to follow up untreated disorder within a community.
Longitudinal Studies of Diurnal Variations in Depression: A Sample of 643 Patient Days
Authors: Stallone F. , Huba G. J. , Lawlor W. G. , Fieve R. R.
Published: August 2008

Diurnal variations in symptom intensity have long been recognized as a characteristic feature of depression, and have always had a prominent place in clinical descriptions of the illness. A worsening of depression in the morning has classically been associated with endogenous depression, while a worsening in the evening has been described as characteristic of reactive or neurotic depression (Kiloh and Garside, 1963; Winokur, Clayton and Reich, 1969). Yet, in spite of the widely held belief of the diagnostic relevance of diurnal patterns, little systematic research on these patterns has been reported.
The Delineation and Measurement of Study Difficulty in University Students
Authors: Crown Sidney , Lucas C. J. , Supramaniam S.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric disturbances in a student population span a broad spectrum and include overt illness, a heterogeneous group of psychosocial problems with varied and changing symptomatology and normal crises of development. Complaints of work difficulty often form part of the symptomatology of all these groups, and not infrequently may be the presenting symptom. Quantification is difficult because the symptoms vary in degree and form, and change over time. They may be unreported or voiced only to friends or tutors. Their prevalence and significance is therefore hard to assess. In a cohort study spanning a four year period, Lucas (unpublished data) found that of the 15 per cent of the cohort who received brief psychotherapy, more than three-quarters had a work difficulty of some kind. Of the 26 per cent of the cohort who never attended the Student Health Centre nearly half replied ‘yes' to a question asking whether they had experienced recurring work difficulty.
A Negative Correlation between Improved Production in Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Social Behaviour Outside
Authors: Walker L. G. , Adamson F. , Alexander D. A. , Stöffelmayr B. E.
Published: August 2008

One of the major problems encountered in rehabilitating psychiatric patients is that work motivation cannot be assumed but must often be created (Benney, 1964). Several investigations (e.g. Goldin, Margolin and Stotsky, 1968) have suggested that staff approval can be a particularly powerful incentive for some patients' rehabilitation. Wing and Freudenberg (1961) have shown that even some chronic schizophrenics improve their production level when staff encouragement is made contingent upon work behaviour. Although it has been suggested that a number of variables, such as age and diagnosis, are related to the magnitude of the increase in production, very little is known about the actual significance of these factors; in particular, virtually nothing has been written about the possible relevance of contemporary social interactions outside the rehabilitation setting. In most treatment regimes attention is focused on the present situation and past life experiences to the exclusion of a systematic consideration of the nature and quality of social relationships outside the treatment situation. Clearly, it would be of great value if it could be established which social environments were conducive to success within a given therapeutic regime. This study attempts to correct this imbalance by using systematic observational techniques to explore the interaction between response to social reinforcement in a rehabilitation unit and social relationships outside it.
Psychiatric Aspects of Aphasia
Authors: Benson D. Frank
Published: August 2008

Aphasia is frequently combined with or mistaken for other behavioural abnormalities, and the psychiatrist is often asked to see patients with aphasia. Recognition and appropriate diagnosis alone present a considerable challenge; in addition, a variety of behavioural disturbances occur in aphasie individuals which need the attention of the psychiatrist. Despite the frequent appearance of aphasie symptoms in medial practice, the disorder remains poorly understood by many medical practitioners, and the specific psychiatric aspects have received very little recognition. These conditions will be the subject of this presentation.
Practical Aspects of the Use of Some Psychological Tests of Anxiety in a Situation of Stress
Authors: Bridges P. K.
Published: August 2008

There is an increasing use of psychological tests designed to measure anxiety in both psychological and psychiatric research. Yet the theoretical bases upon which the various questionnaires have been constructed in relation to their practical application remain less than clear. For example, the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) (Taylor, 1955), was developed from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory as a more specific measure of manifest anxiety. The TMAS has repeatedly been shown to correlate highly significantly with the neuroticism score of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964). The EPI is purported to measure personality in a general way in two dimensions, one of neuroticism and the other of extraversion-introversion. The association between these two tests, therefore, suggests that either both relate to a general personality variable of emotional instability, or they both more specifically measure a tendency to experience anxiety. It could also mean that these two aspects, one measured by each test, involve a personality characteristic in common.
Adult Psychiatric Patients on whom Information was Recorded during Childhood
Authors: Mellsop G. W.
Published: August 2008

It is widely believed that knowledge of an adult patient's childhood is of great assistance in understanding the development of his illness. It has been thought that with advances in the understanding of psychogenesis of illnesses, where this is a major pathogenetic mechanism, it would eventually be possible to predict specifically who will develop which particular adult illness; a further hope would be that these adult illnesses could then be prevented.
A Trial of Bendrofluazide in Depression
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2008

There is evidence that depression may be associated with retention of sodium, and on recovery electrolyte changes return to normal (Shaw, 1966; Elithorn et al., 1966). In the premenstrual syndrome, psychiatric symptoms commonly occur, particularly depression; together with fluid retention. Thiazide diuretics, which cause excretion of water, potassium and sodium, are an effective form of treatment of the syndrome. In consequence, it would seem logical to assess the effects of a thiazide diuretic given to depressed patients.
Prediction of Outcome in Anxiety States and Depressive Illnesses
Authors: Kerr T. A. , Roth Martin , Schapira Kurt
Published: August 2008

In a number of previous papers in this series (Roth et al., 1972; Gurney et al., 1972; Kerr et al., 1972; Schapira et al., 1972) evidence was adduced to suggest that depressive illnesses and anxiety states could be clinically differentiated from one another. It was shown also that with the aid of appropriate statistical techniques patients exhibiting these disorders could be separated into two distinct groups with relatively little overlap. The possibility that these findings were due to diagnostic preconceptions or other forms of bias was excluded by the results of follow-up studies conducted over an average period of 3.8 years in which the outcome of the entire patient population was evaluated by independent observers. The clinical picture found was consistent over the period of observation, with little diagnostic interchange between the groups. Moreover, the outcome of the depressions was significantly better than that of the anxiety states, and this provided external and independent validation of the view that the groups initially separated with the aid of clinical observation were indeed distinct from one another.
Difetarsone (‘Bemarsal’) and other Anthelminthic Drugs in the Treatment of Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) Infestation in a Subnormality Hospital
Authors: Boyce J. M. H. , Fitzgerald T. G. , Gregg R.
Published: August 2008

The incidence of Trichuris trichiura infestation in the United Kingdom appears to be particularly high in hospitals for the mentally subnormal (Lynch et al., 1972) and amongst immigrant children (Thompson et al., 1972). Whether or not these, mainly light to moderate, infestations are harmful appears to be in doubt, but in view of the recommendations of the WHO Expert Committee (1964), the possibility of spread of the infestation to ward attendants, and the publicity (Western Mail, 1970) which may attend attempts to eliminate the parasite from the environment of a subnormality hospital, treatment is desirable if not obligatory.
Adolescents and Work Difficulties
Authors: Evans John , Moloney Lawrie
Published: August 2008

As the staff in a psychiatric adolescent service become more experienced, they invariably develop hunches and hypotheses about the young people referred to them. These ideas, which are essentially clinical in origin, can often be tested if relevant information is systematically collected; previously unsuspected associations may also be found in such a body of data. For these reasons, the Young People's Unit adopted the routine use of a pre-coded assessment form.
Depression in Hospital and in General Practice: A Direct Clinical Comparison
Authors: Fahy T. J.
Published: August 2008

A prospective study (Fahy, 1974) found that depressed patients referred to psychiatrists by family doctors differed from depressives not so referred in being more often difficult to reassure, diffusely anxious and subjectively retarded. Single men were selectively referred. Absence of hypochondriacal features characterized prompt referrals only. Generally, psychiatric referrals were obviously depressed in mood and showed a wealth of psychiatric symptoms, predominantly of ‘endogenous' type and not associated with overt physical stress-at-onset. For lack of data with a direct bearing on reliability, the repeatability of this study was uncertain and the question of a possible qualitative difference between depression in hospital and in general practice was left unanswered.
Effects of Right and Left Unilateral Ect on Naming and Visual Discrimination Analysed in Relation to Handedness
Authors: Annett Marian , Hudson P. T. W. , Turner Ann
Published: August 2008

The use of unilateral ECT as a method of exploring differences between the functions of the cerebral hemispheres has been suggested by Pratt et al. (1971). These authors found a greater impairment on a test of naming and a tendency to slower return to consciousness after left-sided than after right-sided treatments. Assuming that these effects depend on left hemisphere language specialization, they went on to use them as possible indicators of cerebral dominance for speech in left handers. The present enquiry was designed to explore these differences further by comparing patients immediately after right-sided and left-sided ECT for their ability to name objects and to make visual discriminations and for their time of recovery. Handedness was assessed through a measure of relative manual speed as well as by the usual questions of preference and family handedness. The speed differences give a continuous measure of degrees of right and left handedness which can be correlated with measures of differences between the effects of right-sided and left-sided ECT.
A Study of Refractory Cases of Depressive Illnesses and their Response to Combined Antidepressant Treatment
Authors: Sethna E. R.
Published: August 2008

Opinions differ on the effectiveness and the risk involved in treating depressive illnesses with combinations of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants. Some authorities, including the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, the former Witts Committee in this country, and the pharmaceutical firms producing antidepressants, have given serious warnings against combining MAOIs with tricyclic antidepressants. These warnings have been repeated more recently by Beck (1967), Malitz (1966) and Shepherd et al. (1968).
The Estimation of Psychological Genetic Differences between Classes and Races
Authors: Moran P. A. P.
Published: August 2008

For genetic characteristics controlled by a single locus which are such that the degree of dominance is not dependent on the environment, statistical methods of determining the mode of inheritance and the gene frequencies are now well understood in principle. If, however, there is incomplete penetrance, depending on the environment (taken in the wide sense), the problem becomes much more difficult, especially in human genetics. The situation is even worse if the character is dependent on several or many loci and such characteristics are often very dependent on environmental factors. This seems to occur in man in some psychiatric diseases and is certainly the case for intelligence. The genetical analysis of such phenomena is very difficult, and it is essential that the mathematical and statistical bases of such investigations be carefully understood by anyone who undertakes such work.
A Token Economy Project with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Baker Roger , Hall John N. , Hutchinson Keith
Published: August 2008

The token economy is an application of operant conditioning theory which is particularly relevant to the treatment of patients in institutions. The basic idea is to motivate the patient to behave more appropriately and constructively by giving him tokens whenever he behaves in such a way. The tokens have an incentive function, as the patient can cash them in for a number of different things, such as pleasant single room accommodation, cigarettes, magazines, TV viewing, drinks etc., depending upon what is programmed into the token economy. The theory of operant conditioning is that not only does the token motivate the patient to behave in certain ways, but ‘reinforces' his behaviour. Such reinforced behaviour should eventually become an integral part of the ‘way he is', continuing even when the token is removed.
A Blind Evaluation of a Penile Ring—A Sex Aid for Impotent Males
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: August 2008

Of the many diverse treatments for impotence (Cooper, 1971) perhaps in some ways the most novel are the various mechanical devices which to date have never been adequately tested; although there are reasons to believe that they would be safer (even if no more effective) than many drugs in present use. A modern innovation of the penile splint (Lydston, 1908) is the Blakoe ‘Energiser’ Ring which is made of ebonite, with five small metal plates on opposite inner surfaces. It opens on a swivel so that the lower half can be placed high up under the scrotum and when the upper part is swung around, closing the ring, the penis, scrotum and testicles are enclosed within it, but hang freely below.
Sedative or Tranquillizer? A Comparison of the Hypnotic Effects of Chlordiazepoxide and Amylobarbitone Sodium
Authors: Perkins Richard , Hinton John
Published: August 2008

Lader and Wing (1965) compared amylobarbitone sodium and chlordiazepoxide as daytime sedative drugs in anxious patients. Using a formal bioassay technique they found that 65 mg. of amylobarbitone sodium was equivalent to 9 mg. of chlordiazepoxide. Essential differences in the physiological and clinical actions of the drugs were not demonstrated, and the incidence of side effects, including drowsiness, was similar in each case.
Are There Two Maternal Age Groups in Down's Syndrome?
Authors: Moran P. A. P.
Published: August 2008

Penrose and Smith (1966) have reviewed the literature on Down's syndrome in great detail, and this has been followed by an important recent review by Richards (1973). In Chapters 10 and 11 of Penrose and Smith's book they discuss the remarkable frequency distribution of the ages of mothers of patients, compared with that of the general population at the corresponding place and time, and they summarize the large number of studies made on this subject. The mean age of the mothers is shifted upwards by amounts which vary in different countries from about 6 to 8 years. The remarkable feature, however, is that there appear to be two bumps in the curve. These are usually (but not always) not large enough to make the curve bimodal, and J. B. S. Haldane therefore coined the term ‘bitangentiality’ for this phenomenon, which appears in most published studies and in the group of all sample cases (9,441) given by Penrose and Smith, Fig. 76. Collmann and Stoller (1962) make a complete survey of all mongol births in Victoria, Australia, from 1942 to 1957 and here there is a distinct bimodality.
Prolactin and Mental Illness
Authors: Horrobin D. F.
Published: August 2008

It has not previously been suggested that prolactin may be involved in mental illness. Yet virtually every drug used in psychiatry either stimulates or suppresses prolactin secretion (Fluckiger, 1972). Prolactin causes renal sodium, potassium and water retention (Horrobin, 1973). It is bound to cerebral tissue and alters hypothalamic activity (Turkington and Frantz, 1972; Clemens, Gallo, Whitmoyer and Sawyer, 1971). Prolactin levels up to 100 ng./ml. potentiate the responses of smooth muscle cells to noradrenaline, while higher levels inhibit the responses: preliminary studies suggest that nerve cells behave in a similar way (Manku, Nassar and Horrobin, 1973). Emotional stress, surgery and drugs such as phenothiazines, reserpine and methyldopa can elevate human plasma prolactin levels into the 50–200 ng./ml. range (Frantz, Kleinberg and Noel, 1972; Friesen, Belanger, Guyda and Hwang, 1972).
Effects of Hypnotics on Anxious Patients
Authors: Malpas Ann , Legg N. J. , Scott D. F.
Published: August 2008

The sedative effects of single doses of hypnotic drugs in normals are still detectable on behavioural tests 13 hours after administration, and on the electroencephalogram (EEG) at 18 hours (Malpas et al., 1970), and similar results have been noted by other workers (Lader and Walters, 1971). Using measures of driving skill, Betts et al. (1972) have also found that normal subjects may be impaired after five doses of amylobarbitone sodium taken over the preceding 36 hours. However, the relevance of all these results to the prediction of effects in patients for whom the drugs are prescribed is uncertain, as our preliminary report indicated (Legg et al., 1973). Here we present the more detailed results of a study carried out on anxious out-patients, using behavioural and EEG measures to determine whether or not persistent effects were present following a course of 7 days treatment with hypnotic drugs.
Bromazepam, Medazepam, Chlordiazepoxide in treatment of Neurotic Anxiety
Authors: Kerry R. J. , McDermott C. M. , Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

A new benzodiazepine, bromazepam, 6 mg. three times a day was compared in a double-blind trial with medazepam, 10 mg. three times a day and with chlordiazepoxide, 10 mg. three times a day. Each drug was given for two weeks. The first 50 cases attending the out-patient department were selected. All were suffering from neurotic anxiety and were comparable to those patients for whom sedation is commonly and properly prescribed in general practice. There was no selection for either age or sex.
Poisoning Cases: Suicide or Accident
Authors: Barraclough B. M.
Published: August 2008

The accurate classification of causes of death is fundamental to progress in preventive medicine. Classifying death by poisoning may be specially difficult because the exact distinction between deliberate and accidental poisoning is inherently difficult for the coroner to make. Thus figures for suicidal poisoning are likely to be under-estimated because of ambiguous evidence and because of the stringent legal definition of suicide which coroners must apply. An examination of the drugs involved in poisoning cases, comparing their frequencies in the suicide and accident categories, may throw some light on the validity of coroners' present methods of classifying and provide evidence about the limits of error of under-estimation of the suicide rate.
Personality Variables and Alpha Enhancement: A Correlative Study
Authors: Travis Terry A. , Kondo C. Y. , Knott J. R.
Published: August 2008

Investigations into possible relationships between EEG and personality traits began in 1935 (Lemere, 1935), and have continued sporadically (Saul et al., 1937; Gottlober, 1938; Lindsley, 1938; Henry and Knott, 1941). More recently there has been a controversial British exchange (Savage, 1964; Fenton and Scotton, 1967; Broadhurst and Glass, 1969; Young et al., 1971).
Psychiatrists: Background, Career and Career Alternatives of a Group of Recently Appointed Consultants
Authors: Brook Peter
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the finding of one section of the third of a series of surveys on the training and background of a group of recently appointed consultant psychiatrists. The original survey was a postal enquiry primarily concerned with training, which was circulated to every consultant psychiatrist in the United Kingdom who had been appointed to a post in general psychiatry, with at least 6 N.H.S. sessions, between 1 October 1963 and 30 September 1966 (Royal Medico-Psychological Association, 1969). The second survey, using a different form of questionnaire, and enquiring more closely into background and motives for going into the specialty, was circulated to consultants appointed between the 1 October 1966 and 30 September 1969 (Brook, 1972; Brook, 1973).
The Home Behaviour of Schizophrenic Patients Living in the Community and Attending a Day Centre
Authors: Byrne Louis , O'Connor Teresa , Fahy T. J.
Published: August 2008

With large numbers of psychotic patients now living in the community, there is growing appreciation of the influence of family life on the long-term social outcome of chronic schizophrenia. From the work of Brown, Birley and Wing (1972) it appears that to achieve and maintain optimum clinical stability in ‘typical’ chronic schizophrenia, it is desirable that face-to-face contact between patients and emotional relatives should be held to a minimum and that phenothiazine drugs should be used to soften the impact on the patient of sudden and stressful life changes. Reviewing the many social problems which accrue from this general treatment approach, Stevens (1973) noted a distinct lack of evaluative study of psychotic patients who actually live in the community.
The Leucocyte Antigenic System HL-A as a Possible Genetic Marker of Schizophrenia
Authors: Cazzullo C. L. , Smeraldi E. , Penati G.
Published: August 2008

Many inheritance models of schizophrenia have been proposed, in view of its variable age at onset, variable familial occurrence and the relevant influence of a great number of environmental factors (Gottsman and Shields, 1967; Heston, 1970; Ödegård, 1972). However, the real genetic predisposition to schizophrenia has not yet been experimentally verified, and genetic markers have to be looked for, i.e. we need some character, genetically determined, whose transmission is associated with schizophrenia transmission: the more polymorphous the character, the greater will be the probability of finding such associations.
A Comparison Between the Personality Changes in Certain Forms of Psychomotor and Grand-Mal Epilepsy
Authors: Kristianson Per
Published: August 2008

Some controversy exists regarding the notion that personality disturbance is specifically related to temporal-lobe epilepsy. A number of investigators have found no psychometric or psychiatric differences between psychomotor epileptics with a temporal-lobe focus and non-temporal epileptics with ‘centrencephalic’ or diffuse epilepsy or jacksonian sensorimotor epilepsy. But it is possible that the ‘negative’ findings in these studies may be explained by the reported acute psychoses caused by changes in anti-epileptic medication, or by the use of groups that were too heterogeneous or institutionalized and the use of less well-defined psychiatric and psychological variables. However, Janz (1969) has described a more primary, homogeneous, common and not serious form of grand-mal epilepsy, ‘Aufwach’ epilepsy, with psychiatric and Rorschach-test characteristics of a kind different from the corresponding characteristics of ‘Schlaf’ grand-mal epilepsy and psychomotor epilepsy. Furthermore, Meier and French (1965) obtained certain results with the MMPI test for a group of psychomotor epileptics with bilateral EEG temporal-lobe abnormalities. A separate analysis of this group showed that the presence of independent bitemporal EEG abnormalities was associated with the most and highest scale elevations.
Sex Differences in the Aetiology of Antisocial Disorders in Children in Long Term Residential Care
Authors: Wolkind S. N.
Published: August 2008

One of the most important contributions of child psychiatry to the general raising of standards of child care has been the identification of various abnormal life experiences which appear to be harmful to healthy emotional development. Two outstanding contributions, the descriptions of ‘institutionalization’ (Goldfarb, 1944; Bender and Yarnell, 1941) and ‘maternal deprivation’ (Bowlby, 1951) have had considerable impact on the organization of children's homes and the setting up of services designed to prevent family breakdown.
Differential Effects of Psychotherapy and Behavioural Techniques in a Case of Acute Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Lambley Peter
Published: August 2008

The current status of the psychotherapy of obsessive-compulsive conditions is somewhat confusing. For many years the condition has been regarded as resistant to psychotherapeutic intervention, but recently some success has been claimed by both behaviour therapists (for example Boulougouris et al., 1971; Rackensperger and Feinberg, 1972) and psychodynamic therapists (for example Barnett, 1972; Suess, 1972). The confusion arises because despite the plethora of published work we seem little closer to an understanding of why the techniques have worked.
The Sensitivity of the Beck Depression Inventory to Changes of Symptomatology
Authors: Johnson D. A. W. , Heather B. B.
Published: August 2008

Despite the popularity of the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), only Salkind (1969) has attempted to validate this instrument for a general practice population. For some purposes, particularly clinical research, measurement of change in a depressive mood is more important than an absolute measure. So far only Little and McPhail (1973) have considered this aspect of use.
An Evaluation of a Drug Administration System in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Ballinger Brian R. , Simpson Elliott , Stewart Michael J.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies have shown that in-patients in psychiatric hospitals may not always take prescribed drugs reliably (Hare and Wilcox, 1967; Wilson and Enoch, 1967; Irwinet al., 1971).
Electroencephalographic Examination in the XYY Syndrome and in Klinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Tsuboi Takayuki
Published: August 2008

Previous electroencephalographic studies of persons with sex chromosome aberrations have indicated that there might be more electroencephalographic aberrations in males with double Y and double X than in the general population. A survey of these studies has recently been made by Fenton et al. (1971).
Surreptitious Ingestion of Warfarin
Authors: Forbes C. D. , Prentice C. R. M. , Sclare A. B.
Published: August 2008

Surreptitious ingestion of anticoagulant drugs is a rare condition which presents as an obscure bleeding tendency associated with gross depletion of the vitamin K dependent factors (factors II, VII, IX and X). In all previously reported cases the patients have denied taking drugs but chemical analysis of the plasma has shown the presence of members of the coumarin or indanedione groups.
The Control of Deviant Sexual Behaviour by Drugs
Authors: Bancroft John , Tennent Gavin , Loucas Kypros , Cass James
Published: August 2008

Drugs have been used to control deviant sexual behaviour in recidivist sexual offenders for over 20 years. Oestrogens have been most widely used (Golla and Hodge, 1949; Whittaker, 1959; Scott, 1964) and generally have been considered to be effective though limited by their side effects, in particular nausea, vomiting and feminization. A further uncommon but grave complication has been carcinoma of the breast (Symmers, 1968). Recently, oestradiol implants have been used (Field and Williams, 1970). A similar libido-reducing effect has been claimed with some tranquillizers, notably thioridazine (Litkey and Feniczy, 1967; Bartholomew, 1964), fluphenazine enanthate (Bartholomew, 1964) and a new butyrophenone, benperidol (Sterkmans and Geerts, 1966; Field, 1973). Progestogens have been recognized for some time as having libido reducing qualities in both males and females (Helleret al., 1958; Kupperman, 1963; Money, 1970). The use of medroxyprogesterone in treating sexual deviants has recently been reported (Money, 1970); it was found not only to be effective in controlling behaviour but also to produce marked reduction in circulating androgen. Currently, much interest is being shown in the use of an anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate, for this purpose (Laschet and Laschet, 1969; Briggs and Briggs, 1971; Cooperet al., 1972).
A Re-analysis of the Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Spitzer Robert L. , Fleiss Joseph L.
Published: August 2008

Classification systems such as diagnosis have two primary properties, reliability and validity. Reliability refers to the consistency with which subjects are classified; validity, to the utility of the system for its various purposes. In the case of psychiatric diagnosis, the purposes of the classification system are communication about clinical features, aetiology, course of illness and treatment. A necessary constraint on the validity of a system is its reliability. There is no guarantee that a reliable system is valid, but assuredly an unreliable system must be invalid.
Life Crisis, Social Diagnosis, and Social Therapy
Authors: Morrice J. K. W.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Morrice, 1973a) an account was given of a day hospital run as a therapeutic community. Emphasis was laid upon the way staff had learned to diagnose and treat patients not only according to conventional labels but also in terms of their disturbed social relationships—so-called social diagnosis and social prescription. At that time also an attempt was begun to identify life events which appeared to have precipitated the patients’ referral to psychiatric care. This paper considers the data derived from 266 consecutive admissions to the day hospital. Information obtained in each case was discussed by the staff group and noted on a standard form (Fig. 1) according to agreed principles.
Glucose and Adenosine Triphosphate Level in Normal Subjects
Authors: Mora J. Damas , Vlissides D. , Jenner F. A.
Published: August 2008

In Orthomolecular Psychiatry; Treatment of Schizophrenia, edited by David Hawkins and Linus Pauling (1973), Beebe and Wendel (pp. 278–302) report a high correlation coefficient of r = 0.99 (which we calculate gives N = 42, p very much lower than 0.001) between whole blood glucose and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This relationship they claim is no longer maintained in schizophrenics with anxiety, r = 0.16 (N = 62, p > 0.1). Erban and Hanzlicek (1966), Hansen (1972) and Hansen and Dimitrakoudi (1974) have suggested a possible significance of whole blood ATP in psychoses, and Naylor, Dick, Dick, Le Poidevin and Whyte (1973) have implicated red cell Na/K ATPases. The mechanisms involved in controlling blood ATP seemed therefore worthy of study especially if they are so dependent on glucose.
Evaluation of Ward Group Meetings in a Psychiatric Unit of a General Hospital
Authors: Maratos Jason , Kennedy Margaret J.
Published: August 2008

Since the beginning of the century, group methods have played an increasingly important role in the treatment of patients suffering from psychological or physical disorders.
Acute Toxic Psychosis in Two Children Treated with Benzhexol Hydrochloride (Artane)
Authors: Black Dora , Woollacott Susan
Published: August 2008

Although there have been reports of psychotic reactions to benzhexol hydrochloride in adults we have not found any reports of adverse reactions in children. Recently, at the in-patient psychiatric unit of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, we have seen two children who developed acute psychotic reactions when treated with benzhexol hydrochloride given to prevent extra-pyramidal side effects. In both cases, complete recovery occurred rapidly when benzhexol was discontinued.
Diminution of Anterograde Amnesia Following Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Squire Larry R. , Miller Patricia L.
Published: August 2008

The memory loss that follows a series of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments has been well documented. The amnesia appears to involve an impairment in the ability to acquire new memories, an impairment of memory for events that occurred shortly before ECT (Dornbush, 1972; Williams, 1966), and an impairment in the ability to recall material from remote memory (Janis, 1950; Squire, 1974a). Several characteristics of the anterograde amnesia produced by ECT have been the subject of contradictory reports. For example, it has been reported that memory functions can improve markedly or even return to pre-ECT levels within hours after the last of a short series of treatments (Brengelmann, 1959; Zinkin and Birtchnell, 1968; Zirkle, 1956). Yet, it has also been found that amnesic effects of a short series of treatments can be detected for weeks (Cronin, Bodley, Mather, Gardner and Tobin, 1970; Halliday, Davison, Browne and Krieger, 1968). Moreover, some reports suggest that memory recovers at the same rate following each of the first few treatments in a series (Brengelmann, 1959; Zinkin and Birtchnell, 1968), whereas other reports demonstrate that the effects of the first few treatments on memory can be cumulative (Bidder, Strain and Brunschwig, 1970). One explanation for such variant findings is that different memory tests have been employed in these studies. To obtain accurate estimates of the effects of ECT on memory, tests used to assess memory should be as sensitive as they can be to memory impairment. This point is particularly relevant, of course, to the evaluation of long-term effects of ECT on memory. Patients who had sustained partial temporal lobectomy could perform normally in tests of immediate reproduction from memory, but were markedly impaired in tests that imposed long delays between learning and retention (Milner, 1958). Apparently tests involving delayed reproduction from memory are a more sensitive index of organic memory dysfunction than tests that involve immediate reproduction. The present study assessed the ability of patients receiving ECT to retain newly learned material for 30 minutes and 24 hours. The results of these delayed retention tests demonstrate that recovery from anterograde amnesia is quite gradual and that the effects of the first few ECT treatments on memory are cumulative; and underscore the value of such tests as sensitive indicators of possible long-term effects of ECT on memory.
The Biological Significance of Mongolism
Authors: Smith George F. , Berg Joseph
Published: August 2008

Professor Penrose turned his attention to the subject of mongolism at a very early stage in his professional career and retained an undiminished interest in all facets of the problem for more than 40 years. His first publication in this sphere was in 1931 (1) and was entitled ‘The creases on the minimal digit in mongolism’. The observations he made in this publication are typical of some of his later ones. It reflected a mind alert to useful detail, in this case the fact that in some mongols there is only one flexion crease on the fifth digit instead of two. This peculiarity rarely occurs in the normal population and therefore provides an additional diagnostic criterion for mongolism. Particularly at a time when chromosomal examination could not be undertaken, this direct simple observation helped in the clinical delineation of a condition which is not always easily recognized.
Case and Kindred in Mental Deficiency
Authors: Richards B. W.
Published: August 2008

The analysis of family data in the hope of detecting a recognizable pattern in the distribution of disease may be of value in respect of cause and of prevention. The recognition of classical Mendelian ratios, for instance, is both a partial explanation and an opportunity for genetic counselling which may lead relatives to take eugenic measures. In mentally subnormal populations, however, the occurrence of disease in families often shows more complicated distributions. From knowledge of the relationship between cause and distribution models may be constructed with which empirical data may be compared, for instance, in maternal-foetal incompatibility in respect of some antigen, or in polygenically determined diseases showing threshold effects in liability to disease.
Empiricism in Psychotherapy: Behavioural Specification and Measurement
Authors: Moss Gene Richard , Liberman Robert Paul
Published: August 2008

Psychotherapy can borrow an empirical base from behaviour technology, a discipline which involves the control and prediction of behaviour through environmental manipulation. Fundamental to the achievement of control and prediction is measurement.
Nitrazepam (Mogadon) Dependence
Authors: Misra P. G.
Published: August 2008

Evidences suggest that the predisposed individual can develop dependence to various tranquillizers even to the extent of physical dependence similar to that seen with the barbiturates. Dependence can develop to benzodiazepine derivatives, and cases have been reported mainly for chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and oxazepam. These drugs can also produce withdrawal reactions (Hollister et al., 1963; Barten, 1965; Krypsin-Exner, 1966; Bakewell and Wikler, 1966; Essing, 1966; Gordon, 1967; Ewing and Bakewell, 1967; Hanna, 1972).
Independent Transmission of IQ and Schizophrenia
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Offord David R.
Published: August 2008

IQ, appears to play a major role in the development and course of schizophrenia. Patients with low IQ tend to have an earlier onset (Pollack, 1960; Belmont, Birch, Klein and Pollack, 1964; Offord and Cross, 1971), to stay in hospital longer (Offord and Cross, 1971) and improve less while there (Pollack, 1960), to remit less often (Stotsky, 1952) and to make a poorer post-hospital adjustment (Pollack, Levenstein and Klein, 1968) than patients with normal or high IQ. In addition, schizophrenics, particularly the men, tend to have lower childhood IQs than their siblings (Lane and Albee, 1965; Offord, 1974).