bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Function of the Heart-Body in Polychaetes
Authors: Kennedy G. Y. , Phillips Dales R.
Published: May 2009

The heart-bodies and some other tissues of a number of polychaetes have been examined chemically, and the porphyrin pigments from these tissues described. Coproporphyrin III was shown to be present in relatively large concentration in all the heart-bodies, together with traces of coproporphyrin I, a tricarboxylic porphyrin and protohaematin. The body wall of light (pink) and dark (brown) colouredArenicolaand ofAmphitritealso contained these pigments in varying amounts. Other non-porphyrin pigments were also seen in the body wall of some animals, the most remarkable being a colourless compound with a bright blue-fluorescence occurring inFlabelligera. Evidence is presented which supports the view that the heart-body is an haematopoietic organ, and the significance of this is discussed. Parallels are drawn between the occurrence of free porphyrins in marine animals and the occurrence of such pigments in porphyrias in man.
Luminescence in Polynoids IV. Measurements of Light Intensity
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

The light energy emitted in a flash by single elytra of two polynoid worms has been measured, viz. Acholoë astericola and Lagisca extenuata. Maximal emission occurs at 515 mμ. Mean values for light intensity per flash from 1 elytrum are: Lagisca, 1·8 × 10−10 μJ/cm2 receptor surface at I m ; Acholoë, I·II × 10−8 μJ/cm2 receptor surface at I m. The light emitted in I flash by a single photocyte of Lagisca is 0·12 × 10−12 μJ/cm2 receptor surface at I m. It is estimated that the light from I elytrum of Lagisca could be seen by the dark-adapted human eye at 1·2 m in air.
The Modes of Action of Toxic Agents III. Mercuric Chloride and N-Amylmercuric Chloride on Crustaceans
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Rigler F. H.
Published: May 2009

Experiments have been carried out with 203Hg-labelled n-amylmercuric chloride (n-C5H11HgCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) to study the modes of action of these compounds as poisons to some crustaceans.

Differences between the susceptibilities of Artemia salina and Elminius modestus to the poisons do not reflect differences between the quantities of these compounds which the animals can tolerate in their tissues, but are directly related to the rates at which the poisons are accumulated. Thus, experiments with either species have shown that Hg is taken up at approximately the same rate from equitoxic solutions of the two poisons; and the rates at which Hg is accumulated by the two species from equitoxic solutions of either poison are of the same order.

Experiments with reduced glutathione have given results consistent with the view that most of the Hg taken up by either species penetrates into the tissues of the test animals and does not act simply by becoming attached to their surfaces.

Direct evidence of the penetration of Hg compounds into a crustacean has
been obtained from experiments with Leander serratus. Considerable amounts of Hg have been detected in the antennary glands.
Observations on Cochlodesma Praetenue (Pulteney) [Eulamellibranchia]
Authors: Allen J. A.
Published: May 2009

Cochlodesma praetenue is well adapted for a sedentary life in sheltered conditions in soft substrata at low-water mark to a depth of 60 fathoms.

The habits, morphology and ciliary feeding and cleansing mechanisms are described and compared with those of members of the related families Thraciidae, Pandoridae and Lyonsiidae.

The complex ligament is described. The mantle edges are extensively fused. The detailed structure of the siphons is described and related to their function of laying down mucus-lined inhalant and exhalant tubes.

The morphology and ciliary currents of the stomach show modifications similar to those previously described for Pandora. These modifications involve the extent of the major typhlosole and the replacement of an intestinal groove by lateral rejection grooves.

Analysis of three large samples shows that Cochlodesma from the Northumberland coast live for a maximum of 5 years. These animals become mature in their third year, spawning in early November.
The Localization of Organically Bound Iodine in the Endostyle of Amphioxus
Authors: Barrington E. J. W.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of some features of the organization of the endostyle of Amphioxus, with particular reference to the distribution of sites of mucus secretion as indicated by positive responses to tests for acid mucopolysaccharides. Autoradiography shows that the centre of distribution of organically-bound iodine is associated with the tips of the mucus-secreting cells of zone 5, and not with the glandular tracts. Mucus secretion also occurs elsewhere in the endostyle (although not in the dorsal glandular tracts), but as it is not associated with any accumulation of bound iodine it is concluded that the binding in zone 5 is a specialized property of the cells of that particular zone. The results are discussed in the light of recent work on the protochordates and the ammocoete larva, and it is concluded that in Amphioxus, as in the Tunicata, there is reason for supposing that the iodination process is a biochemical specialization and that its product must therefore be of some physiological significance to the organism. Attention is also drawn to the evolutionary interest of the association of iodine-binding with a mucin rather than with a glycoprotein.
The Chemistry of ethylenediamine Tetra-Acetic acid in sea water
Authors: Spencer C. P.
Published: May 2009

A general formula has been derived for the quantitative treatment of systems involving a number of interdependent equilibria. The formula has been applied specifically to the equilibria set up between metallic cations and their chelates when EDTA is added to sea water. This system involves competition for the fully dissociated quadrivalent anion of EDTA (the principal ion of EDTA which forms complexes) by the metallic cations and by the hydrogenions present. The equilibrium concentration of a metallic cation in any particular case will depend upon the equilibrium concentration of the quadrivalent anion of EDTA, in the sense that the higher the concentration of this ion the lower will be the concentration of the metallic cation. The general formula allows the calculation of the equilibrium concentration of the quadrivalent EDTA anion, and from this the concentrations at equilibrium of each metallic cation can be readily found.
The Behaviour of Littorina Littorea (L.) Under Natural Conditions and its Relation to Position on the Shore
Authors: Newell G. E.
Published: May 2009

On the flat shore at Whitstable the population of common winkles is distributed appreciably at random over a variety of substrata ranging from wooden groynes, through shingle to muddy sand, between tidal levels corresponding to H.W.N.-E.L.W.S. but with a maximum density near M.T.L., although aggregations tend to occur in wetter situations and where planking joins vertical groyne posts.

Observations on winkles marked with a dab of paint of distinctive colour
show that they tend to remain in approximately the same position for many weeks.

For most of each tidal period winkles remain settled in situations such as stones or groynes, which provide good holding ground, but as the tide recedes or the incoming tide reaches them, they become activated to crawl, feeding meanwhile. These feeding migrations are recorded in the sand by roughly U-shaped tracks and can be seen under favourable circumstances as similar tracks in the vertical plane for winkles on groynes. By such excursions the animals are enabled to move, feed and return to approximately the place from which they started and this serves to explain how they maintain their station on the shore.

When settled on vertical surfaces, winkles always orientate with the head uppermost, when the foot may be withdrawn and the animal become attached by a film of dried mucus.

When crawling the eyes are exposed and the tentacles bend to test the substratum, but only that part of the tentacle distal to the eye bends so that the optical axis of the eye maintains a constant angle to the body axis.
Sabellaria Colonies At Duckpool, North Cornwall, 1961–1970
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

Between May 1961 and November 1970 almost monthly visits were made to Duckpool, an exposed shore on the north coast of Cornwall, where Sabellaria alveolata (L.) is the dominant organism on low-level rocks uncovered only by spring tides. Massive colonies several feet across and up to some 2 ft thick, formed mainly of shell particles cemented together by the worms, as well as many smaller colonies and single tubes, here reach their maximum development in south-west England.

Selected sites and colonies were photographed and some measured at frequent intervals over long periods of time. comparative studies of long series of colour transparencies examined closely with a binocular microscope have proved invaluable in elucidating the manner and rate of growth of varied types of colonies, their lengths of life and the manner of their ultimate destruction. Detailed histories of these selected colonies are given in this paper and reveal much that was previously unknown or only guessed.

A short spawning period every year in July initiates each new generation. Experimental work, already published, had shown that individuals develop at different rates, the final stage with ability to settle being reached at any time from 6 weeks to 6 or more months, and when reached the ability can be retained for some weeks. This accords with observations on the shore, where settlement takes place in any month between late August and the following early May, or rarely June. The intensity of settlement varies enormously from year to year, there being none in some years, with slight or moderate or heavy settlements in others.
The Biochemical Composition ofEuphausia Superba
Authors: Raymont J. E. G. , Srinivasagam R. T. , Raymont J. K. B.
Published: May 2009

Proximate analyses of deep-frozen samples ofEuphausia superbaDana obtained in December and January showed that protein was the major constituent, averaging just over 50% of the dry body weight. Lipid was much more variable; extreme limits of variation were from 6 to 33% dry weight, though the lipid content during January was distinctly higher than in December (means 27 and 13% dry weight respectively). This increase probably reflects a more intensive grazing by krill during the Antarctic summer. Increased lipid appears to be associated with some reduction in water content and in ash. Carbohydrate is low, the mean value for December being just under 5% dry body weight, but the content is slightly higher than that found for most zooplankton and may reflect the herbivorous habit ofE. superba.The proximate biochemical composition of krill is similar to that of the boreal euphausiid,Meganyctiphanes norvegica.
Further Observations on the Occurrence of ‘Teeth’ in the Dog-WhelkNucella Lapillus
Authors: Crothers J. H.
Published: May 2009

The formation of ‘teeth’ in immatureNucella lapillus(L.) is indicative of a stoppage in growth. Along the western coasts of southern Britain the proportion of individuals showing these growth disturbances is predictably related to the exposure of the shore to wave action. Farther east the proportion is much higher but not obviously so related. Sharp discontinuities separate eastern and western populations. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed and it is concluded that great care must be exercised when applying information about this species derived from the one coast to situations on the other. The potential value of this species as an indicator of environmental change is considered.
The Biology of Praunus Flexuosus and P. Neglectus [Crustacea, Mysidacea]
Authors: Mauchline J.
Published: May 2009

The biology of Praunus flexuosus (Müller) is closely similar to that of P. neglectus (G. O. Sars). In both species the over-wintering population matures and breeds in the early spring and summer to produce a spring generation of young which are evident in the population in May or June. The members of the over-wintering population die off in July or August. Some members of the spring generation become sexually mature and breed in the early autumn. The progeny of this autumn breeding, along with the bulk of the spring generation, form the over-wintering population. These species are omnivorous feeding on animal and plant debris and also preying on small crustaceans, very frequently harpacticid copepods. The maximum brood size found in P. flexuosus was 63 and in P. neglectus was 81. The biology of the populations on the west coast of Scotland is briefly compared with that of populations in Port Erin, Isle of Man, in Norway and at Roscoff.
The Biology of Schistomysis Kervillei [Crustacea, Mysidacea]
Authors: Mauchline J.
Published: May 2009

Schistomysis kervillei (G. O. Sars) is a common species in Loch Ewe, Gairloch and Gruinard Bay in north-west Scotland and a rare species in the Firth of Clyde. It breeds throughout the year but most intensely in the spring and summer, to produce a spring and summer generation of young. The maximum number of young found in a marsupium was 47. The species is omnivorous. Its biology is briefly compared with that of S. spiritus (Norman) and S. ornata (G. O. Sars).
Changes in Light Intensity and Diel Vertical Migration: a Comparison of Marine and Freshwater Environments
Authors: Ringelberg J.
Published: May 2009

Proximate aspects of diel vertical migration in the freshwater and marine environment are compared using data from the literature. Examples of migrations in both environments are presented, from which it is concluded that relative changes in light intensity before sunrise and after sunset are primary causes of migrations. Experiments have shown that photoreactive behaviour is enhanced in the presence of predators but inhibited by shortage of food. These factors are called secondary causal factors. A hierarchy of causal factors is proposed. In lakes fish exudates suffice but in marine biotopes like bays, it is possible that fish have to be actually present for enhancement to take effect. To what extent the presented stimulus-response mechanism holds for mesopelagic animals in oceans is discussed on the basis of vertical distributions of euphausiids.
Movement Patterns and Migrations in Crabs: Telemetry of Juvenile and Adult Behaviour in Callinectes Sapidus and Maja Squinado
Authors: Hines A.H. , Wolcott T.G. , González-Gurriarán E. , González-Escalante J.L. , Freire J.
Published: May 2009

Late stage juveniles and adults of Callinectes sapidus in Chesapeake Bay, USA, and Maja squinado off the Ria de Arousa, Spain, were compared for ontogenetic changes in movement patterns (speed, distance, orientation) and habitat selection (depth, substrate) using ultra-sonic telemetry and published information. After settling in submerged grass beds in the lower Bay, 20-mm juvenile C. sapidus disperse long distances into low salinity sub-estuaries to feed and grow to maturity in two years. Within the Rhode River sub-estuary, juvenile C. sapidus moved with a mean speed of 12 m h1 in nearshore shallows (1·1 m); whereas adults averaged 24 m h·1 in the deeper (2·9 m) channel areas and moved freely in and out of the main estuary. Individuals of both life stages exhibited a pattern of slow meandering (juveniles, 2 m h1, adults 10 m h·1) within a limited area, alternating with faster, directionally-oriented movement (both stages >50 m h·1) between meandering sites. Juvenile and adult males over winter in deeper water nearby, while inseminated females migrate long distances into high salinity areas to incubate the eggs. Callinectes sapidus completes the migration cycle only once per 2·5-y generation. Maja squinado settles on rocks in shallow kelp forests in the coastal zone, where they grow to maturity in 2 y. Juveniles moved slowly (0·5 m h·1) while meandering without directional orientation on shallow (4 m) small patch reefs during summer. After the pubertal moult in summer, adults also meandered slowly (1 m h·1) mostly on rocks at slightly greater depth (7 m). In late summer and autumn, newly mature and older adults moved with directional orientation into deeper (10·40 m) water for the winter, until migrating back to the shallows for the summer; whereas juveniles remained inshore on rocks for the winter. Adult M. squinado live several years after puberty and complete the seasonal migratory cycle several times during their lives.
The Bacterial Endosymbiosis of the Gutless Nematode,Astomonema Southwardorum: Ultrastructural Aspects
Authors: Giere Olav , Windoffer Reinhard , Southward Eve C.
Published: May 2009

The recently described gutlessAstomonema southwardorumAusten, Warwick & Ryan 1993, from North Sea methane seeps lives in symbiosis with oval, extracellular bacteria completely filling the lumen of a modified gut. The bacterial strand is tightly lined by a thin layer representing very long intestinal cells of the host. The bacteria are 5.5–6.0 µm in maximum length and 3.5–4.0 µm in width. In the anterior body the alimentary tract is completely reduced. The structure and size of the symbiotic prokaryotes, as well as their extracellular location in the lumen of a non-functional gut, differ substantially from those inA. jenneri, the single species of this genus thoroughly studied electron-microscopically (Ott et al., 1982). These structural discrepancies suggest a careful reassessment of the genusAstomonema.
Occurrence in the English Channel of a Warm-Water Cirripede, Solidobalanus Fallax
Authors: Southward A.J.
Published: May 2009

A species of balanomorph barnacle with solid plates and basis, Solidobalanus fallax, is recorded for the first time in the English Channel off Plymouth, at 44–56 m depth. It occurs exclusively on the valves of the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis. Only one out of 15 scallops carries the barnacle. Morphological details of the species are re-described in comparison with Balanus crenatus and B. spongicola, with which it co-occurs. Solidobalanus fallax ranges from Angola through West Africa and Morocco to Algeria but has not been reported previously from Europe. Some specimens were incubating embryos in late May, indicating a potential for local recruitment. Solidobalanus fallax is unlikely to be a recent immigrant but its abundance may have increased as a result of changing climate.
The Development of Integumental Pore Signatures in the GenusPleuromamma(Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Park Jeung Sook
Published: May 2009

Most studies on the pore signature of calanoid copepods have been made on adult femalessemicolon very little is known of the ontogenetic development of the pore signatures and their sexual differences. Males, females and copepodids of five species in the metridinid genusPleuromammaare examined. Interspecific differences in the pore signatures occur as early as copepodid III. Differences in the signatures of the copepodids arise from two sources: (1) species-specific rates of development of the adult signaturesemicolon (2) development of the species-specific components of the adult signature. The cephalosomal signature is complete in copepodid V, and the metasomal and urosomal signatures are complete in copepodid VI, the adult stage. Sexual differences in the pore signature are found in copepodid IV and are primarily evident in the urosome of the adult. The species-specific components of the urosomal signature are greater in the female than in the male.
Dr G. A. Steven F.R.S.E.
Authors: Wilson D.P.
Published: May 2009

George Alexander Steven was born at Freshwick, Caithness, on 13 April 1901. His boyhood was spent among crofter fisherfolk, and fishing and boats were part of his youthful environment. During 1924–28 he studied Zoology in the University of Edinburgh, being Vans Dunlop Scholar in 1926. After graduation he came to Plymouth, first as student probationer and then, a year later in 1929, he was appointed to the permanent staff of the laboratory. In 1931 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1952 was awarded the Doctor of Science degree of the University of Edinburgh. After a long illness he died on 7 April 1958 at his home in Yelverton, Devon, leaving a widow and two sons.
The biology of Nicothoë astaci Audouin and Milne Edwards
Authors: Mason James
Published: May 2009

Nicothoë astaci is a choniostomatid copepod (Gurney, 1929) parasitic on the gills of the lobster, Homarus vulgaris Milne Edwards. In view of the possible effect of Nicothoë on the lobster, which is of considerable commercial importance in Scotland, a programme of work was instituted on the biology of the parasite.

Nicothoë attaches itself by means of its suctorial mouth to a gill filament of the lobster, and the wall of the filament is pierced by the sharp, styliform mandibles. The host's blood is sucked by means of a muscular gullet leading to the stomach. Nicothoë often occurs in groups, especially near the bases of the gills. The adult parasite is incapable of any movement except a slight lateral displacement of the abdomen and, once attached, probably remains in the same position throughout its life. Little is known of the life cycle, and all individuals so far definitely recognized have been females.
The larval and post-larval stages of Gymnammodytes semisquamatus (Jourdain)
Authors: Cameron Jane
Published: May 2009

In the course of investigations (1955–8) into the Ammodytidae of the south of the Isle of Man, five species of sand eel were identified: Gymnammodytes semisquamatus (Jourdain, 1879), the Smooth Sand Eel; Ammodytes lanceolatus Lesauvage, 1825, the Greater Sand Eel; A. immaculatus Corbin, 1950; A. tobianus Linnaeus, 1758 ( = A. lancea Cuvier), the Lesser Sand Eel; A. marinus Raitt, 1934.

Five different types of post-larvae were obtained and investigated. Four of these were the post-larvae of the above four Ammodytes species and the fifth type proved to be Gymnammodytes semisquamatus.
The occurrence of Microcharon in the Plymouth offshore bottom fauna, with description of a new species
Authors: Spooner G. M.
Published: May 2009

In September 1958, Prof. J. E. Harris, F.R.S., treated freshly collected Eddystone shell gravel with a magnesium sulphate solution and so produced a rich sample of the microfauna. This has never been adequately investigated, though the macrofauna is well known. The animals collected were mostly small Malacostraca, in which Amphipoda predominated, and Prof. Harris kindly passed on to me the whole sample to examine. I have found in it thirty-four species of amphipods, isopods, tanaids and cumaceans of which no fewer than fifteen are additions to the Plymouth fauna list (see Marine Biological Association, 1957). Some indeed are new to British waters, three or four being evidently undescribed species. One of the most striking of these is described here. The collection as a whole will be reported on later.
On the metamorphosis of the visual pigments of Anguilla anguilla (L.)
Authors: Carlisle D. B. , Denton E. J.
Published: May 2009

The retinae of all the species of deep-sea fish which have been studied have been shown to contain golden coloured pigments, chrysopsins, which are especially suited to the light found in their natural environment (Denton & Warren, 1957; Munz, 1958). Amongst fish caught in shallow coastal waters this characteristic colour of retinal pigment is found only in the conger eel Conger conger (by Denton & Walker, 1958), and amongst freshwater fish only in the silver eel Anguilla anguilla (by Carlisle & Denton, 1957, referred to by Denton & Warren, 1957). Both these fish are species of Apodes, a group of which the vast majority of species are deep-water forms. Both species, more- over, begin their life in the deep sea and return to it again when mature to spawn and may therefore, in one sense, be regarded as deep-sea fish. Since immature conger eels in shallow coastal waters already have a retinal pigment characteristic of a deep-sea fish, it seems very unlikely that on returning to deep water they would change away from the deep-sea form which they already possess. It is probable therefore that the conger retains a deep-sea form of retinal pigment throughout the whole of its life.
Experiments on some effects of certain environmental factors on Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss
Authors: Jones W. Eifion
Published: May 2009

At an early stage of an autecological study of Gracilaria verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss it seemed possible that the best growth of the plants occurred in places, such as the Achill Sound and the Church Island Channel in the Menai Straits, where, in the absence of heavy wave action, strong currents flowed over the plants. Experiments were carried out, in the sea, to investigate the effect of currents on the growth rate; the apparatus used and described here would probably be suitable for the investigation of current effects on other sedentary marine organisms.

These experiments also led to some observations on the effects of illumination on the pigmentation and growth rate of the plants which were supplemented by laboratory experiments. High intensity illumination in the laboratory also demonstrated positive phototropism in the plant.
Studies on marine flagellates. V. Morphology and microanatomy of Chrysochromulina strobilus sp. nov.
Authors: Parke Mary , Manton Irene , Clarke B.
Published: May 2009

The new species to be described here is very common in the English Channel, though like other members of this genus it is so fragile that it needs to be cultured to be effectively detected. This particular species has been under observation for some years, but publication has been deferred until sections of it could be made available. The observations involved in the taxonomic description have been based on two early isolates numbered 4 and 43 in the Plymouth collection. More recently, however, it has been encountered frequently in routine sea-water samples brought into temporary culture to record the nanoplankton forms present, and we are therefore able for the first time to give tables of seasonal and depth distributions for the incidence of the species, at various stations. In Table i of Appendix (p. 187) its occurrences are listed, all being from water-bottle samples, except those taken on 23 August 1950 and 6 November 1957 (fine tow-net) and on 19 June 1957 (very fine tow-net). Table 2 (p. 188) gives densities at different depths sampled on one day at Hydrographic Station E 1.
On the biology of Pandalus borealis Krøyer, with reference to a population off the Northumberland coast
Authors: Allen J. A.
Published: May 2009

The deep sea prawn, Pandalus borealis Krayer, is fished extensively in Norwegian, Swedish and Greenland waters, some 4000 metric tons being caught annually, having a value of about £800,000. Its biology has been investigated by various workers in these countries. Comprehensive accounts have been given by Wollebaek (1903), Hjort & Ruud (1938), Rasmussen (1953)and Horsted & Smidt (1956). Despite this, relatively few populations have been sampled at regular intervals throughout a year. In high latitudes where much work has been carried out, ice, for varying lengths of time, prevents stocks from being sampled. Rasmussen (1942, 1949, 1953) has shown that the life history of P. borealis varies with locality in a range from southern Norway to Spitsbergen. When P. borealis was found in numbers in deep water off the Northumberland coast advantage was taken to investigate the biology of the species at the southern limit of its eastern Atlantic distribution and to compare the results with those of other workers. Knowledge of the biology of the prawn now covers the whole of its north-south distribution and some account of this is given. In addition, the study gives information on a population that has not been fished commercially and provides a more complete picture of sex reversal than has been obtained hitherto.
Gametogenesis and spawning in a hermaphroditic population ofGolfingia minuta(Sipuncula)
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

Breeding and development have been studied in a number of sipunculans, includingGolfingia elongata(Keferstein),G. vulgaris(de Blainville),G. minuta(Keferstein),G. pugettensisFisher,Phascolosoma agassiziKeferstein,Phascolopsis gouldi(Pourtalès),Themiste pyroides(Chamberlin),Phascolion strombi(Montagu) andSipunculus nudusL. (see Åkesson, 1958, 1961; Gerould, 1903, 1904, 1906; Hatschek, 1884; Rice, 1967; Selenka, 1875). However, the annual cycle of gametogenesis has been investigated in very few sipunculans, notablyG. vulgaris(Gonse, 1956a, b, 1957a, b) andP. agassizi(Towle & Giese, 1966, 1967).
New observations on a little-known species ofLumbrineris(Polychaeta) living on various cnidarians, with notes on its recent and fossil scleractinian hosts
Authors: Zibrowius H. , Southward E. C. , Day J. H.
Published: May 2009

In a short paper presented to the 12th International Congress of Zoology in Lisbon in 1935, L. Fage described a new species of polychaete,Lumbriconereis flabellicola, living on a coral of the genusFlabellumin 450–600 m off Morocco (Fage, 1936) (PI. VIII, c). The dissolution of the calcareous coral skeleton to form a groove beneath the tube of the worm was well described and figured by Fage, who noted a report of a similar scleractinianpolychaete association from 489 m, off Spanish Sahara by Marenzeller (1904). Subsequently, palaeontologists have shown interest in the association described by Fage, but it has remained largely unknown to biologists, though mentioned in check lists (Hartman, 1951, 1959; Amoureux,1973b) and in Grasse'sTraite de Zoologie(Fauvel, 1959). The generic nameLumbrinerisBlainville, 1828, has priority overLumbriconereisGrube, 1840, and is now in general use.
Cytological features of the giant neurons controlling electric discharge in the ray,Torpedo
Authors: Roberts B. L. , Ryan K. P.
Published: May 2009

‘Giant’ nerve cells have always attracted considerable interest because of the technical possibilities they offer to experimental biologists, for as well as being easy to impale with microelectrodes they can be dissected away from non-nervous tissues and used for bio-chemical analyses.
Vertical distribution of cephalopods at 40°N, 53°N and 60°N at 20°W in the North Atlantic
Authors: Lu C. C. , Clarke M. R.
Published: May 2009

Little work on vertical distribution of cephalopods was possible before the development, in the 1960s, of sophisticated opening-closing devices usable on midwater trawls such as the 10 ft Isaacs Kidd trawl (IKMT; Foxton, 1963; Aron et al. 1964) and the series of rectangular midwater trawls developed by the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (previously the National Institute of Oceanography) (Clarke, 1969 a; Baker et al. 1973). These developments have resulted in three papers on vertical distribution of cephalopods in the North Atlantic (Clarke, 1969 ft; Gibbs & Roper, 1970; Clarke & Lu, 1974) and one for the Mediterranean (Roper, 1972). The present paper describes the vertical distribution of cephalopods caught at 40° N 20° W, 53° N 20° W and 60° N 20° W in the North Atlantic based upon day and night series of horizontal hauls between the surface and 2000 m using the RMT combination net (Baker et al. 1973).
Aggregation behaviour of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis
Authors: Broom D. M.
Published: May 2009

Dense aggregations of echinoderms on the sea bed have been described from various parts of the world. Reese (1966) considered that such an aggregation ‘is a response to one or more essential environmental factors such as food or substratum, and does not reflect social behaviour per se’ Observations by Warner (1969, 1971) and by Brun (1969) suggested that, in aggregations of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis, individuals may respond to conspecifics rather than solely to food or the substratum. On an apparently uniform substratum, some areas are covered with a dense bed of brittle-stars while other adjacent areas are devoid of brittle-stars. Warner (1971) pointed out that the aggregations are advantageous to the species so it seems possible that the animals might aggregate actively rather than coming to a suitable feeding area by chance. The aims in this study were to investigate the responses shown by Ophiothrix fragilis to its physical surroundings, to some of the other organisms living near it and, especially, to conspecifics. The animals studied are in dense aggregations off Berry Head in Southern England and all observations were made underwater in the natural habitat.
Suspension-feeding in the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis
Authors: Warner G. F. , Woodley J. D.
Published: May 2009

Basket-stars are suspension-feeders and suspension-feeding by other brittle-stars was suspected long ago on circumstantial grounds, but it is only in the last twenty years that it has been actually demonstrated, and detailed descriptions of suspension-feeding behaviour are still available for only a handful of species. Blegvad (1914) pointed out that Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) and other species lead sedentary lives and feed largely on detritus on, or near, the sea-floor. Wintzell (1918) explicitly suggested tha and Ophiopholis aculeata (L.) are suspension-feeders, primarily on the grounds that they are commonly found in current-swept localities where plankton is rich, in association with known suspension-feeders such as Modiolus, Lima and Alcyonium. The same suggestion was made by Vevers (1952) who noted the occurrence of dense aggregations of O. fragilis in offshore, current-washed areas near Plymouth, and who later observed suspension-feeding behaviour in that species and in Ophiocomina nigra (Abildgaard) (Vevers, 1956). This was only the second time that suspension-feeding had been documented for any (ophiurid) brittle-star, but now it has been described in about a dozen species and suspected in others, mostly members of the Amphiuridae, Ophiactidae, Ophiothricidae and Ophiocomidae (MacGinitie, 1949; Kuznetsov & Sokolova, 1961; Moore, 1962; Magnus, 1964; Buchanan, 1964; Fontaine, 1965; Fricke, 1970; Pentreath, 1970).
Factors affecting deposition of the shell in Balanus balanoides (L.)
Authors: Bourget Edwin , Crisp Dennis J.
Published: May 2009

The growth of littoral and sublittoral barnacles has been studied in some detail using linear, surface or volumetric measurements (see Barnes & Barnes, 1959). The growth curve in terms of linear dimension generally included an extended straight section which implies, assuming a constant shape, that the volume is increasing with time in proportion to the area (Crisp, 1960). Hence a plot of basal diameter against time is the simplest characteristic of the growth during most of the life of an isolated specimen. In most studies the shells are measured at daily, weekly or monthly intervals and the effect of different factors on growth evaluated. Thus, it has been claimed experimentally that many factors influence directly the growth of barnacles. These factors and their effects are outlined in Table 1.
The distribution of epizoites on the hydroid Nemertesia antennina (L.)
Authors: Hughes R. G.
Published: May 2009

Studies on the distribution of epifaunal species on their host have concentrated on those of plants, particularly laminarian algae (Fowell, 1939; Ebling, Kitching, Purchon& Bassindale, 1948; Sloane, Ebling, Kitching & Lilly, 1957; Scarratt, 1961, Ph.D. Thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth; Norton, 1971), Sargassum algae (Kato et al., 1961; Nishihira, 1971; Ryland, 1974) and eel grasses (Nishihira, 1968; Nagle, 1968). Recently, however, the distributions of the animals living on ascidians Microcosmus sp. (Monniot, 1965) and the bryozoan Flustra foliacea (L.) (Stebbing, 1971) have been investigated.
Development, hatching and brood size in Bathyporeia pilosa and B. pelagica (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: Fish J. D.
Published: May 2009

The haustoriid amphipods Bathyporeia pilosa and B. pelagica are common in intertidal sand deposits around the British Isles. Both species live in the surface sediments and B. pilosa is typically a high-shore species, while B. pelagica is restricted to beach levels below the high-water mark of neap tides. Gravid females are readily identified by the presence of blue-pigmented eggs held in the brood pouch where they undergo direct development. The extent of the breeding season varies with locality (Salvat, 1967; Fish & Preece, 1970) and on the west coast of Wales B. pilosa breeds throughout the year and B. pelagica from March to October (Fish & Preece, 1970). At this locality, however, the breeding cycles of the two species are similar in that they show reproductive peaks in spring and autumn and it has been suggested that the spring peak is caused by breeding of the overwintering generation, the progeny of which mature to reproduce in the autumn of the same year (Fish & Preece, 1970). In common with many amphipod species, brood size of Bathyporeia is related to body length. Salvat (1967) has shown that the brood size of B. pelagica on the west coast of France doubles from February to April, but apart from his study adequate data on brood size are lacking. This paper describes embryonic development, hatching and brood size of overwintering and summer generations of both species.
The effect of concentration of suspension and inert material on the assimilation of algae by three bivalves
Authors: Foster-Smith R. L.
Published: May 2009

Assimilation efficiencies reported for bivalves vary, but different experimental conditions, in particular the concentration of the suspension at which the animals are fed, may affect the values found. Widdows & Bayne (1971) determined the assimilation efficiency forMytilus eduliswhen fedTetraselmisand they found that efficiencies decreased with increasing concentration of cells. Allen (1962) fed radioactively labelledPhaeodactylumtoMya arenariaandVenus striatulaand suggested that the amount of P recovered in the faeces was proportional to the amount of algae ingested rather than to concentration of suspension directly. However, Winter (1969) concluded that forArctica islandicaandModiolus modiolusthere was no relation between assimilation efficiency and concentration of algae.
A comparison of the strength of echinoderm spines and mollusc shells
Authors: Currey J. D.
Published: May 2009

The echinoderm skeleton is interesting because its material is so different from that of other invertebrates. It is full of interconnecting cavities, and each piece of skeleton seems to be made of a single crystal of rather impure calcite (Nichols & Currey, 1968). An obvious question for a biologist is whether echinoderm skeleton is in some way better mechanically than other, more conventional, skeletal materials.
Environmental influences upon the expression of shell form inRissoa parva(da Costa). [Gastropoda: Prosobranchia]
Authors: Wigham G. D.
Published: May 2009

The classification of the Rissoidae has been, and continues to be, based largely upon shell characters. In a group of small animals of variable form this has resulted in a state of considerable taxonomic confusion. Ponder (1965, 1967, 1968), in his works on the New Zealand Rissoidae, attempted to clarify, what he termed, the existing ‘pigeon-hole classification’ in the light of more detailed anatomical investigation. He observed (Ponder, 1967) that ‘many wrong assumptions can be drawn from the study of the shell alone’. In an earlier work Johansson (1939) had also tried to relate the taxonomy of the Rissoidae to anatomical features.
A study of the morphology, fine structure and histochemistry of the foot of the pediveliger ofMytilus edulisL.
Authors: Lane D. J. W. , Nott J. A.
Published: May 2009

The development of the planktonic veliger larva ofMytilus edulisL. culminates in a swimming crawling stage during which the foot is of considerable importance in the selection of a settlement site. This stage has been described for many other bivalves (see Bayne, 1965) and has been given the term ‘pediveliger’ by Carriker (1961). The pediveliger ofMytilus edulisis negatively phototactic and positively geotactic during velar swimming (Bayne, 1964b) and is usually confined to water layers close to the substratum. The foot may be protruded during swimming and if it comes into contact with the substratum it adheres and a period of crawling commences. During crawling the larva progresses on the ventral or posterior surface of the foot by means of ciliary and muscular action. Crawling may result in attachment by secretion of the first byssus thread or alternatively the foot is withdrawn and velar swimming is continued until the next exploratory crawling phase.Mytiluslarvae attach most readily to filamentous substrates in the field (Blok & Geelen, 1958; Bayne, 1964a).
Comparison between three Methods of measuring underwater illumination in coastal waters
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

Three methods of determining extinction coefficients of light in sea water have been compared: (a) on water samples contained in a Pulfrich photometer, (b) from brightness profiles determined by aerial photographic survey, and (c) by photoelectric underwater measurements. The ratios of extinction coefficients for green and red light as determined in 1945 by the Pulfrich photometer and by the brightness profile method are given in Table 3, columns 9 and 10. For green light the ratio is about i-8 and for red light 1-3.

The departure from unity is attributed to the geometry within a confined tube and, within the Pulfrich measuring assembly, of light rays scattered forward by particles present in sea-water samples. In the following year, 1946, comparisons were made between the Pulfrich method and the submarine photometric method of Atkins and Poole. The discrepancies were variable and even larger, the ratios averaging 3-8 for green light and 2-0 for red light.

The brightness profile and submarine photometric methods have not been directly compared, but, by comparing the two sets of determinations against the Pulfrich photometer, it would seem that extinction coefficients determined with the brightness profile method are about 2-2 times those determined by the submarine photometer in green light and about 15 times in red light.
The behaviour of polydora ciliata (Johnst.). Tube-building and burrowing
Authors: Dorsett D. A.
Published: May 2009

Polydora ciliata is a spionid polychaete found below mid-tidal level burrowing in a variety of rocks all of which contain calcium carbonate. It can also penetrate some non-calcareous materials such as rotten wood. It excavates a U-shaped burrow which it lines with a tube composed of mucoprotein and sand grains. This tube has a smooth inner lining of mucoprotein. Both food and tube-building material is collected by the palps and it is suggested that discrimination is made chiefly on size of the particle. Selection is made between the limits of 003-0-05 mm, the smaller particles passing down the gut whilst the larger are used in construction of the tube. A particle selection mechanism is suggested. The function of the segmental mucus glands is to provide the inner lining of the tube.

The problem of chemical penetration of rocks by animals is discussed. P. ciliata uses both mechanical and chemical methods. No acid has been identified, and the use of a sequestering or chelating agent linked with the biochemistry of mucus is suggested.
The ultra-violet absorption of sea water
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Boalch G. T.
Published: May 2009

Measurements of the ultra-violet absorption spectra between 200 and 400 mix, have been made with a spectrophotometer. At short wave-lengths natural sea water has double the absorbancy of artificial sea water. The difference in samples from shallow depths is ascribed to organic material, of which part may be the Gelbstoff of Kalle. Regional variations have been found, coastal waters having higher U.V. absorptions. A small seasonal effect with an increase in absorbancy in summer in the English Channel has been seen. In deep Atlantic water increased absorption below 235 m/x may be due to its high nitrate concentration. At longer wave-lengths absorbancies were less than in surface waters. Measurements of U.V. absorption may supplement other physical methods of characterizing water masses.
Observations onEcheneibothrium maculatum(Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)
Authors: Williams H. Harford
Published: May 2009

Forty-five specimens ofRaia montaguiFowler were recently examined for their cestode parasites and twenty-seven of these containedEcheneibothrium maculatumWoodland, 1927, a species which has not been found in any other elasmobranch. In addition to its well-marked specificity to this host there is an indication thatE. maculatumprefers to attach itself to a particular region of the intestine. The cestode was not recognized as a valid species by Baylis (1948) and is included as a synonym ofE. dubiumVan Beneden 1858 in the Plymouth Fauna List (Marine Biological Association, 1957), but Williams (1958a) and Euzet (1959) were not in agreement with these views. For this and other reasons a re-investigation ofE. maculatumwas undertaken.

Materials And Methods

The specimens ofRaia montaguiwere trawled off Plymouth by R. V. ‘Sula’ during August and September, 1958 and 1959. The rays were kept alive in the large sea-water tanks outside the laboratory and were examined for their cestode parasites as soon as possible, usually within a period of 24 h. This was found to be necessary because elasmobranchs kept alive under these conditions, presumably without food, have shown a strong tendency to lose their intestinal parasites. It is hoped to discuss this phenomenon more fully elsewhere.

The intestines of some of the fishes were removed from the freshly killed hosts and opened with scissors following the course indicated by the arrowed broken lines in Text-figure 2. Having been opened in this manner they could be quickly examined as a flat piece of tissue for their cestode parasites (Text-fig. 3).
On the failure of the Plymouth herring fishery
Authors: Cushing D. H.
Published: May 2009

An hypothesis has been erected to account for the failure of the Plymouth herring fishery and the associated biological events in the early thirties. It was found that the quantity of winter phosphorus was inversely related to the quantity of pilchard eggs 6 months earlier and directly to the quantity of herring recruits a year earlier. It is thought that the differences in quantities of winter phosphorus have represented differences in numbers of 6-month-old pilchard larvae; the winter phosphorus provides the link between herring recruitment and numbers of pilchard eggs, suggesting that there has been competition between the herring and pilchard stocks, in their juvenile stages. Thus it is suggested that the Plymouth herring fishery failed in competition with the pilchard stock and that the other biological events which took place in the early thirties were a consequence of this postulated competitive change.