bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Double Responsibility of the Foreign-Language Teacher: Proficiency in the Language and Mastery of the Literature and Culture
Authors: Brée Germaine
Published: February 2007

It is with some misgiving that I consider the title of this address: all this in twenty minutes! The word responsibility too makes me a little nervous. I am one of those who, in our profession, find themselves handicapped in discussions concerning our aims, hopes, and interests, by the peculiar combination of pseudoscientific jargon and moralistic preachment which any allusion to methods seems to generate. Whoever fails to refer to “structured situations,” “feedback,” “triggered nonthoughtful responses,” “batteries of tests,” “standards” and “values” gives serious intimations of professional immorality. Nonetheless I should have preferred another word, privilege, strength, or even, yes, why not, pleasure. “No man can exist without pleasure,” said Aquinas, nor without it, it seems to me can he learn, mature, or teach well.
The MLA FL Program in 1962
Authors: Walsh Donald D.
Published: February 2007

I am happy to report once again on the year's foreign-language activity. It is varied and vigorous, and it is by no means exclusively sponsored by our FL Program. Our first large production of 1962 was, in fact, a joint MLAAAT enterprise, the Selective List of Materials for Teachers of Modern Foreign Languages in Elementary and Secondary Schools, whose short title, Selective List of Materials, we further abbreviated to S.L.O.M., or simply SLOM. Produced under contract with the U. S. Office of Education, and accompanied by elaborate criteria for evaluating various categories of teaching materials, it gives detailed ratings of materials in ten foreign languages. As part of our contract, we distributed 53,000 free copies to administrators and high-school teachers. In the eight months since publication we have sold only three thousand copies. Our profession seems to be divided into teachers who already have a free copy of SLOM and teachers who have never heard of it. Perhaps the present plug may act as a hearing aid. And despite its full title, this bibliography has value for college teachers as well as for school teachers. It has 128 pages of useful information and it costs only one dollar.
Preparation of College and University Language Teachers
Authors: Stein Jack M.
Published: February 2007

The improvement of foreign language teaching in America in the past ten years under the dynamic leadership of the Foreign Language Program of the MLA is a fact in which we can all rejoice. The added impetus, financial and otherwise, provided recently by the National Defense Education Act, has made it possible for the Program, instead of retrenching after the period of Foundation endowment was ended, to expand with unprecedented vigor and effectiveness. The FLP has been active over a broad spectrum of foreign language teaching and learning, but there are areas where its influence has not yet been felt. One of these is the preparation of college and university language teachers.
Certification Requirements for Modern Foreign Language Teachers in American Public Schools (1959–60)
Authors: Balakian Anna
Published: February 2007

This three-part survey of modern foreign language certification requirements and practices, made under a contract with the United States Office of Education authorized under the National Defense Education Act of 1958, utilizes information supplied by Education Department officials on the state and municipal levels. The qualifications here reported and analyzed relate only to the foreign language concentration and do not include academic degree and professional education requirements except in the case of the certification of teachers of foreign languages in the elementary schools (FLES) when the secondary school certificate is especially endorsed for FLES by the addition of training in professional education. Inquiries concerning other information about conditions of certification may be addressed to the Certification Officers listed in this report. The total and wholehearted cooperation which I received from them in conducting this study is gratefully acknowledged.
A Concept of Human Destiny in Western Literature
Authors: Holthusen Hans Egon
Published: February 2007

My contribution to this year's conference of the Modern Language Association is an inquiry which can hardly be reduced to concrete terms: Meaning and Destiny in Western Literature. And yet our attention is to be engaged by five concrete literary figures—symbolic not only of the spirit of the people in whose languages they originated, but of the spirit and soul of the European community as a whole. They have been familiar to you from your youth—as familiar as the skyline of your native mountains, or your cities, or as any landmark in the town of your childhood: Oedipus, Hamlet, Don Quixote, Don Juan, and Faust.
The Foreign Language Program in Title III of the National Defense Education Act
Authors: Ludington John R.
Published: February 2007

Only fifteen months ago the President signed the National Defense Education Act into Law. Many of you here know what went into getting that legislation in the form necessary for acceptance by Congress. It is no exaggeration to say that without the Modern Language Association there may never have been an NDEA. Certainly, languages would not have received the attention they deserved without the strong support, research, and testimonial efforts of the MLA and its members.
The Role of the College and University in the Preparation of Foreign Language Teachers
Authors: Babbidge Homer D.
Published: February 2007

When your distinguished Secretary invited me to speak to you today, we spoke casually of a factual report on the language development feature of the National Defense Education Act. It is tempting to rehearse for you what this Act has already done and what it shows certain promise of doing for the development of modern foreign language study in the United States; to report to you that only a year after the Act's passage, more than 50,000 youngsters are getting better instruction as a consequence of institute training for their teachers; that the so-called “neglected” languages have been given so much attention that French, German, and Spanish now feel distinctly neglected; and that more money has been committed for research in the teaching of modern foreign languages in this past year than has been spent for this purpose in all recorded history. But all of this can be read (or told to you by the Prophet Mildenberger and his disciples, who, so far as I can see, are stationed at every corner of this hotel) and I prefer to direct my remarks to a single aspect of the complex language development program in which we are jointly engaged; one that I trust has great common interest for this audience, and one that in its implications suggests some weighty responsibilities for your profession: the role of the college and university in the preparation of language teachers.
The MLA FL Program in 1959
Authors: Walsh Donald D.
Published: February 2007

The year began uneasily, with the Director of the FL Program, Kenneth Mildenberger, on loan as a consultant to the U. S. Office of Education, a loan so long extended that it has practically become a gift, our loss and the country's gain, for Ken, succeeding Bill Parker, is now Chief of the Language Development Section of the Division of Higher Education of the Office of Education of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. This series, duly extended, ends, as all admirers of “Our Town” will remember, in “The Mind of God.”
Languages and the National Interest
Authors: Murphy Franklin D.
Published: February 2007

Probably never in our national history has there been such a positive interest in the study of foreign languages. I use the word positive deliberately, for I am sure all of us can identify points of negative interest in this matter, even in our recent past, to the extent that, in some quarters, the disappearance of foreign language study in this country was actually considered inevitable and desirable.
The Teaching of English in Finnish High Schools
Authors: de Gorog Ralph Paul
Published: February 2007

Unlike the other countries of northern Europe, Finland has two official languages, Finnish and Swedish, a fact which is reflected in the emphasis placed on languages in the high-school curriculum. In the coastal communities from Lovisa to Turku (Åbo) on the southern shore, as well as in the towns from Pori (Björneborg) to Pietarsaari (Jakobstad), Swedish influence is stronger than anywhere else in Finland, and in many of these towns and villages only Swedish is spoken. In these communities and in the national capital itself, therefore, government workers and employees of business and industry are required to be fluent in both official languages. As in other bilingual countries, the use of two languages can be observed not only in official government documents, currency, postagestamps, and the like, but also in such things as signposts, advertisements, menus in restaurants, and time-tables. There are radio and television programs in both languages, and foreign films appear with two sets of subtitles on the same film, one in Finnish and one in Swedish. Thus whatever one's first language is, there is always ample opportunity to hear and see the other official language written. It should be mentioned, however, that ninety per cent of the population speaks Finnish as the first language and that very little Swedish can be heard in northern and in eastern Finland (except, of course, on the radio), but even in those Finnish-language areas, people are exposed to written Swedish on the label of virtually every product they buy, if nowhere else.
Space—The New Frontier
Authors: Menzel Donald H.
Published: February 2007

When, some months ago. President Kennedy stated that, in his opinion, the United States should “shoot the moon,” the chorus of dissenters would have reached the moon itself, except for the unquestioned but often overlooked scientific fact that sound does not travel in a vacuum. Various of my friends have directed their dissensions at me, chiefly, I suspect, because I have long declared in favor of a strong, national program of space research.
Does the Foreign-Language Teacher Have to Teach English Grammar?
Authors: Twaddell W. F.
Published: February 2007

This topic was formulated by Win Stone and Don Walsh, and it shows it. There are at least three questions buried—not very deeply—inside it, and there are booby-traps buried inside each of those three questions.

First : Why should a foreign-language teacher teach grammar?

Second: If he should teach grammar, why English grammar?

Third: If he has to teach English grammar, why didn't his students' English teacher teach them English grammar? These three questions are interlocked, and we may admire the Stone-Walsh rhetoric which has homogenized them through a skilful use of noun-modifiers and verb-phrase structure. Nevertheless, let us at least begin by examining the three questions in order, and with some degree of separateness.
The MLA FL Program in 1961
Authors: Walsh Donald D.
Published: February 2007

I am happy to report to you that the Report of Surveys and Studies in the Teaching of Modern Foreign Languages has at last been published. It is 326 pages long, a foot high and a foot wide; our printer and staff have affectionately subtitled it “The Monster.” The fullest and most varied report on foreign-language activities produced in our time, it contains twenty-one of the twenty-eight surveys and studies that the MLA undertook in 1959-61 under contract with the U. S. Office of Education through the National Defense Education Act. Here are a few of its highlights. From the 1959-60 FLES survey report, we know that over a million and a quarter children were studying a foreign language from Kindergarten through Grade 8, nearly a million of them below Grade 7. A little over two thirds of these (671,000) were studying in regular programs, with the classroom teacher or a visiting specialist as the model. The remainder (327,000) were learning from a television teacher. Spanish and French accounted for 95% of the enrollments, Spanish with over three-fifths of the total and French with a little over a third.
II. The Position of the Soliloquy “to be or not to be” in Hamlet
Authors: Mott Lewis F.
Published: February 2007

Among the points of superiority which distinguish the plays of Shakespeare from those of most Elizabethan dramatists, none is more obvious and more easily demonstrable than the firmly built plan, the clear construction which sets in strong relief a dominant dramatic idea. In the poet's mature tragedies, this dominant idea is always a development of what Professor Dowden calls “the fatality of character.” The protagonist is hurried to the catastrophe, not so much by the irresistible force of external events, as by some defect, or some enfeebling excess in his own spiritual constitution. From the analogy of the other plays, therefore, we should expect in Hamlet to find little or no emphasis laid upon external hindrances to the execution of the prescribed revenge, but rather the accentuation of a purely subjective hesitancy inherent in the emotional and intellectual habits of the man himself.
III.—Le Cercle D'amour
Authors: Kerr W. A. R.
Published: February 2007

Some twenty years ago M. Émile Picot had occasion to edit a group of sixteenth century French moralities, two of which were signed by the device “Rien sans l'Esprit.” He discovered that this curious pseudonym veiled a certain Pierre Duval, a poet of Rouen. On following up his researches, the learned Paris scholar found that Duval was the centre of a little group of poets who produced several modest volumes of verse during the last decade of the reign of Francis I.
IV.—The Essential Difference Between a Chanson De Geste and A Roman D'Aventure
Authors: Comfort William Wistar
Published: February 2007

The national epic poems of France offer a vast body of literature in which we may study the development of French ideals from the eleventh to the fourteenth century. During so long a period at a critical epoch in European civilization influences of all kinds are of course reflected in this poetry. These influences may be described as literary, political, social and religious.

It is with but one of the literary forces which came to bear upon the chansons de geste that we are concerned just now. This external force is that exerted by the matièdre de Bretagne, popularized in France about the middle of the twelfth century. The admirably brief statement of Mr. Alfred N utt (in Celtic and Mediaeval Romance, pp. 15-18) leaves little to be desired as regards the influence of the Breton matter upon the matièdre de France. Mr. Nutt's account of the change in literary ideals during the twelfth century recommends itself to anyone who is conversant with the period.
V.—The Relation of the Seventeenth Century Character to the Periodical Essay
Authors: Baldwin Edward Chauncey
Published: February 2007

To say that the seventeenth century Character holds an important place in the development of prose fiction is a commonplace of criticism. That it was through the periodical essay of the eighteenth century that it influenced the development of fiction is equally well known. But the Character of the periodical essay, written by men more interested in the individual than in the type, was quite different from the old formal Character of the beginning of the seventeenth century. Through what changes it passed in the course of its development; and why it was through the periodical essay, rather than in its own proper form, that it came to exert the influence it did, are two questions which I shall attempt to answer.
The Scansion of Prose Rhythm
Authors: Scott Fred Newton
Published: February 2007

Listening to an orator delivering a speech or to a reader reciting good prose, we may notice, running through the speaker's utterances, a characteristic and persistent tune. The voice rises and falls, increases and diminishes, moves now slowly, now rapidly, throws emphasis upon one phrase and takes it away from another, not waywardly and erratically but in accordance with some underlying pattern or scheme of movement. It is this tune or pattern, in some of its simpler and more obvious features, that I mean to consider in this paper. The pattern is the rhythm of prose, and to chart it and discover its law is to effect for prose what metrical scansion does for verse.
XV.—The Legend of Saint George; Its Development Into a Roman d'Aventure
Authors: Matzke John E.
Published: February 2007

It is a well known fact that the ground-work of the story of Saint George as told by Richard Johnson in his Seven Champions of Christendom is represented by the Old French, or better the Early English, story of Sir Beves of Hamtoun. The object of this article is to determine the history of the fusion of the two traditions.

When Saint George had become the champion of the English knights during the third crusade, the official sanction being given at Oxford in 1222, it is not difficult to understand why the story of his life should have passed into a new phase of its development. Before the crusades only the legend of his martyrdom was known in Western Europe. There, however, he had always been represented as a warrior, ‘miles egregius,’ and now during these expeditions he became the battle saint, whose timely aid brings victory to the Christian armies.
XIV.—Michael Drayton as a Dramatist.
Authors: Whitaker Lemuel
Published: February 2007

Contemporary allusions to Drayton's contact with the Elizabethan drama are not very numerous. We know that he had some contact; and during the year 1598 he did a great deal of dramatic work. In his Elegy to Reynolds (1627), wherein he speaks of “poets and poesie,” there are reminiscent suggestions of Marlowe, Nashe, Shakspere, Jonson, Chapman, and Beaumont. But the strain of this very poem seems to hint that his memory was more tenacious of epic and lyric associations. In 1598, Meres iu his Palladis Tamia puts Drayton among the writers “best for tragedie,” along with Marlowe, Peele, Kyd, Shakspere, Chapman, Dekker, and Jonson. Drayton's dramatic period paralleled the dramatic incident called “The War of the Theatres.” Mr. Fleay finds Drayton in the current of this strife. Dr. Penniman, however, in his careful survey, does not associate Drayton with this dramatic contest.
XVII.—The Religion of Friedrich Schiller
Authors: Carruth W. H.
Published: February 2007

In his German Culture and Christianity, London, 1882, Joseph Gostwick says apologetically of Schiller: “As regards his unbelief, he must be classed with the more respectable rationalists.” And of his middle life he says: “The poet, naturally a proud man, learned to look down with contempt on everything that in his boyhood had been believed.” And as a sort of final judgment: “When the saying is once more repeated, that for Schiller independent culture takes the place of religion, the truth of the conclusion is obvious, though it may require some qualification.” This qualification is found in the statement at the end of the chapter on Schiller, that “there may be found passages in his later prose writings to support our opinion that near the close of his life he was led to think with reverence of religion.” This judgment of Gostwick's may stand as a fair sample of the conservative view of Schiller's religion, and this by one who is partial to the poet and would fain count him as a fellow-believer.
XVIII.—A Definition of the Pastoral Idyll
Authors: Shackford Martha Hale
Published: February 2007

The history of the pastoral is a long history; perhaps no other manner of writing has exerted so wide an influence or held so deep a fascination. The words pastoral, idyllic, Arcadian still move us; they surround us with an atmosphere of charm; they encourage those moments that are unstrenuous; they recall us to an early and almost outgrown freshness of feeling. Yet, oftentimes, the poets of the Golden Age are regarded as mere literary alchemists by critics who cannot yield themselves to genuine poetic illusion, failing to recognize in that distant world the embodiment of really existent beauty. Pastoral has, in many cases, justly been a word of reproach and ridicule, a synonym for insipid creations, unreal in feeling, affected in style; but whether good art or bad it has appeared, Proteus-like, in numerous forms. Music, sculpture, and painting have used the pastoral motif; the Good Shepherd has been for twenty centuries, in the Christian church, a tender symbol of Divine Care; and in literature the pastoral has never really faded away, but has come back again and again with persistent appeal. It seems, therefore, that there must be in it some inherent beauty, some elemental greatness which deserves investigation and acknowledgment.
XIX.—The Prologue to the Legend of Good Women as Related to the French Marguerite Poems, and the Filostrato
Authors: Lowes John L.
Published: February 2007

In 1775 Tyrwhitt, speaking of the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women, suggested that “it is possible that le dit de la fleur de lis et de la Marguerite by Guillaume de Machaut … and the Dittié de la flour de la Margherite by Froissart … might furnish us with the true key to those mystical compliments, which our poet has paid to the Daysie-flower.” This suggestion of Tyrwhitt has been echoed and reëchoed by succeeding editors and commentators, but has never been seriously put to the test. Godwin, in his Life of Chaucer, called attention to the story told in Froissart's Dittié, of the birth of the daisy from the tears shed by Herés on the grave of Cepheï, but did not connect it with the transformation of Alcestis into the daisy. Mr. Skeat, in his discussion of the Prologue in the Oxford Chaucer, pointed out three specific passages in Froissart and Machault which are more or less closely parallel with certain lines of Chaucer. Vollmer added to Mr. Skeat's observations a reference to the balade at the close of Froissart's Paradys d'Amours. Beyond similar instances to these, no examination has apparently been made of Chaucer's indebtedness, in the Prologue, to the poems referred to. Yet such an examination seems to come very near doing just what Tyrwhitt suggested it might do, besides throwing welcome light on certain other problems connected with the poem.
The Character Types in the Old French Chansons de Geste
Authors: Comfort William Wistar
Published: February 2007

“Le moyen age forme un anneau indispensable dans la chaîne de la transmission littéraire à travers les siècles.”—Gaston Paris, Cosmopolis, Sept., 1898.

Three-quarters of a century has elapsed since the mediæval epic literature of France first attracted the attention of scholars. This interval has been marked by an uninterrupted succession of texts discovered and edited. The value of these texts to the student of language is great; their value to the historian of politics and society is considerable; but their literary bearing has not been sufficiently emphasized. To this day the general public has but a vague idea of the character and significance of that national epic of which the Chanson de Roland is the highest expression and which Léon Gautier strove so bravely to render popular. The mediæval literature of France has not yet completely recovered from the reputation of vulgarity given to it by the Renaissance.
The Relation of Hauff's Lichtenstein to Scott's Waverley
Authors: Carruth W. H.
Published: February 2007

In a paper read before the Modern Language Association of America in 1899 (Americana Germanica, vol. iii, pp. 386–392), Dr. C. W. Eastman presented evidence that seemed to him to warrant the conclusion that Hauff modeled his historical romance Lichtenstein upon Scott's Ivanhoe. His contention is well supported and does not lack plausibility. But inasmuch as I had been accustomed for several years to set my students in the Criticism of the Novel the practice-task of hunting for the similarities in Lichtenstein and Waverley, which seem to me quite obvious, I was not disposed to let the claim of Dr. Eastman pass without closer examination.
The President's Address: Concerning the Unwritten History of the Modern Language Association of America
Authors: Bright James Wilson
Published: February 2007

This is the twentieth annual meeting of our Association, and it has been thought of as a suitable event for marking off a first period of our history. A score of years is a sufficiently conventional unit of measure to assure the form and the significance of a celebration of that character, and the nearness to the hyphen of the centuries would also lend appropriateness to our first comprehensive retrospection. But these thoughts have not been ‘submitted’ regularly to the Association; they have, on the contrary, not spread much beyond the few individual minds of their spontaneous and coincident birth, and therefore no authorized historic sketch has been prepared, no tablet has been inscribed, no bronze is to be unveiled.
Montaigne: The Average Man
Authors: Trueblood Ralph W.
Published: February 2007

We are accustomed to associate with the names of the great men of all times and in all lines of activity, certain dominant characteristics and traits of personality, which, though usually merely coincident and contributing factors, serve none the less as the tangible facts whereby the mind is enabled to grasp and gauge their power. It is a criterion whose insufficiency becomes evident only in the isolated instances wherein such natural indices of character are made conspicuous chiefly by their absence. There are characters in history upon which the test of time has set its seal of greatness, but which, considered abstractly and apart from their achievements, seem merely negative and colorless. Their work remains as the tangible evidence of their genius, yet any effort to establish the relation of cause and effect between that work and the intrinsic personality of its author is uniformly unsatisfactory in its results.
The Syntax of Antoine de la Sale
Authors: Shepard William Pierce
Published: February 2007

The chief prose works of the fifteenth century in France, by common consent, are the long pseudo-chivalric romance entitled Le Petit Jehan de Saintré, the satire on women called Les Quinze Joyes de Mariage and the collection of tales known as Les Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles. The author of the first work alone names himself: it is Antoine de la Sale, a native of Provence, known also as the author of several didactic works, La Salade, La Salle, Le Réconfort, etc. The author of the Quinze Joyes has hidden his identity in a riddle which has not yet been satisfactorily deciphered. Not even a hint as to the author or editor of the Cent Nouvelles is contained in the manuscript. Led astray by an erroneous interpretation of the riddle, Pottier in 1830 ascribed the Quinze Joyes to La Sale. Le Roux de Lincy did the same for the Cent Nouvelles, in 1841. The first scientific attempt to prove these ascriptions was made by L. Stern in 1870. Stern sought to establish La Sale's authorship of the Cent Nouvelles by a comparison of certain details of style and by the fact, noticed more in detail later, that a “conte” addressed to La Sale appears as one of the hundred tales. This was followed immediately by the paper of E. Gossart, which gave special attention to the Quinze Joyes. Gossart showed that La Sale, in La Salle and in Saintré, had made use of St. Jerome's paraphrase of Theophrastus, also cited in the prologue of the Quinze Joyes. However, as M. Raynaud has pointed out, this epistle of Jerome, with that of Valerius, also cited in the Quinze Joyes, was the chief source of most of the diatribes against marriage in the Middle Ages.
Vondel's Value as a Tragic Poet
Authors: van Steenderen F. C. L.
Published: February 2007

Joost van den Vondel is one of the few Dutch poets who have attained to anything approaching international fame. To him is attributed a rather noteworthy influence on Milton. As long ago as 1854 A. Fischel demonstrated in his Life and writings of Joost van den Vondel that Milton knew and made use of Vondel's works. Gosse, in his Studies in the Literatures of Northern Europe, pointed out that this influence came only from Vondel's Lucifer and was restricted to the sixth book of Paradise Lost. Edmunson, however, in his Milton and Vondel: A Curiosity of Literature (London, 1885), showed that not only in Books 1, 2, 4, and 9 of Paradise Lost, but also in Paradise Regained and in Samson Agonistes fragments are imitated from Joannes den Boetgezant (John the Messenger of Repentance), Adam in Ballingschap (Adam in Exile), Samson of the Heilige Wraak (Samson or the Sacred Vengeance), and from Bespiegelingen van God en Godsdienst (Reflections about God and Religion). Among the other discussions the most important are that of Masson in his Life of Milton, that of Professor Moltzer in Noord en Zuid (vol. 9), and that of Van Noppen in the introduction to his translation of Vondel's Lucifer.
Tydorel and Sir Gowther
Authors: Ravenel Florence Leftwich
Published: February 2007

Attention has often been called to the extraordinary parallelism which exists between Sir Gowther, a fifteenth century English version of Robert the Devil, and the so-called Breton Lay of Tydorel. The latter is one of five anonymous romances published by Gaston Paris according to the manuscript in the National Library, which includes also the lays of Marie de France.
Some Observations Upon the Squire's Tale
Authors: Jones H. S. V.
Published: February 2007

Among unfinished stories the Squire's Tale holds a prominent place. Milton, in a familiar passage, lamented its fragmentary condition, and all other lovers of good literature have shared his regret. Two persons have attempted to finish the tale “half told.” Spenser's completion is well-known. Well known, and somewhat notorious, too, is the laborious ambition of John Lane. His dull lines, having neither anything in common with Chaucer nor any native worth, can be of only curious interest to students of literature. They but remind us that the story of “Cambuscan” will never be wholly told.
I.—Jean Paul Friedrich Richter and E. T. A. Hoffmann
Authors: Fife Robert Herndon
Published: February 2007

Friedrich Rochlitz, who as editor of the Leipsic Musikalische Zeitung first introduced E. T. A. Hoffmann to the German reading public, relates an interesting interview with the author soon after the appearance of the first volume of the Fantasiestücke in Callot's Manier. In reviewing the work for his paper, Rochlitz had declared, “was,” to quote his words, “kein Mensch verkennen konnte—er (Hoffmann) ahme im Stile und einigermaszen in der Form überhaupt, dem Jean Paul nach.” Hoffman was enraged, and poured out his feelings in the vigorous and excited fashion, so well known to those who had in any way excited his ill will.
IV.—Italian Prototypes of the Masque and Dumb Show
Authors: Cunliffe John W.
Published: February 2007

As the Italian origin of the Masque has been questioned in the latest and most elaborate investigation of the subject (R. Brotanek, Die Englischen Maskenspiele, Wien und Leipzig, 1902), it seems worth while to examine the history of the word and the circumstances of its introduction into English. Brotanek thinks that it came from the French, but it is to be borne in mind in the first place that the form masque is not found in sixteenth century English; and in the second place, that the French masque has never meant the performance but always the performer or the domino worn. Cotgrave gives masque as the synonym for “a maske for a woman,” but for “maske” without this qualification “masquerade, masquerie, barboire,” just as he gives for “mummery or mumming” “mommerie, masquerade, barboire.” Littré cites only one example of the use in French of masque for a form of entertainment, and that is from a modern author, with special reference to the English masques, which are elaborately described.
The Ballad of The Bitter Withy
Authors: Gerould Gordon Hall
Published: February 2007

It is so unusual a circumstance at this late day for an entirely new English ballad to come to light that we are justified in hailing its appearance as an event of general interest to the world of English scholarship. From the completion of Professor Child's magnificent work up to the present no ballad has been discovered, which would merit insertion under a new title in that corpus. Variants of ballads already known continue to be unearthed with gratifying frequency, but so well did the great collector glean the field that it can seldom fall to the lot of any follower to bring to light a new specimen. The honor due for such a discovery belongs, however, to Mr. Frank Sidgwick, who printed in 1905 a ballad called The Withies, or The Bitter Withy in Notes and Queries.
Elizabeth Barrett's Influence on Browning's Poetry
Authors: Cunliffe John W.
Published: February 2007

There are many well-established cases of the influence of an earlier on a later poet—of Marlowe on Shakspere, of Spenser on Keats, of Keats on Tennyson, for instance; but it is not often that we have so clear an example of interaction between contemporaries as that of Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. In these days of minute scholarship, it seems strange that so remarkable an instance should (so far as I am aware) have escaped detailed examination, in spite of the unwearying activity of graduate schools and Browning Societies. Both for its human and for its literary interest, the case seems worth presenting, at any rate in broad outline.
The Date of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Lowes John Livingston
Published: February 2007

In the twenty-fifth stanza of the first book of the Troilus occurs a passage which is puzzling in more respects than one. The stanza is as follows:

Among thise othere folk was Criseyda,In widewes habite blak; but nathelees,Right as our firste lettre is now an A,In beautee first so stood she, malcelees;Hir godly looking gladede al the prees.Nas never seyn thing to ben preysed derre,Nor under cloude blak so bright a sterre.
Some Texts of Liturgical Plays
Authors: Young Karl
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the following pages is merely to present several unpublished texts of liturgico-dramatic offices. Certain of these texts require no special comment, and will take their places naturally alongside similar texts already published. Certain others will, I hope, be welcomed for the new details they offer to the student of mediæval dramatic origins.

The writers who have given us our best accounts of the liturgical plays for Epiphany seem to have overlooked a complete and charming Officium Stellae found in a manuscript in the Bibliothèque Mazarine in Paris. To this text my attention was first called by the article of Monsieur A. Gastoué, Un petit drame liturgique parisien pour Pâques, in the course of which he writes,

“En dehors des coutumes décrites par Léon Gautier et qui variaient suivant les localités, il est encore d'autres ‘intéressantes. Tel, dans le ms. 1270 de la Mazarine, le ravissant Offices de l'Étoile, représenté à Nevers, au Xie siècle, le matin de l'Epiphanie, qui, au reste, a attiré déjà l'attention des chercheurs (cf. Catalogue des mss. de la Bibliothèque Mazarine).”
Fortune's Wheel in The Roman De La Rose
Authors: Galpin Stanley Leman
Published: February 2007

The wheel as an attribute of Fortune is of Roman origin, and, together with the globe which often takes its place, signifies the inconstancy of the goddess. In Roman art the wheel or globe is. represented as being held in the hand of the goddess, or lying at her feet; she is sometimes represented as standing on the globe. Motion of the wheel is not implied in its postures.

In Latin literature previous to the middle ages the references to the globe or wheel as attributes of Fortune are few in number, the earliest of them being seemingly that of Pacuvius (second century B. C.): “Fortunam insanam esse et cæcam et brutam perhibent philosophi saxoque instare in globoso prædicant volubili.” Cicero (first century B. C.) writes in Piso, 10, 22: “cumque ipse nudus in convivio saltaret in quo cum illum saltatorium versaret orbem ne turn quidem fortunæ rotam pertimescebat.”
XIII.—History and Relations of the Tail–Rhyme Strophe in Latin, French, and English
Authors: Strong Caroline
Published: February 2007

No one well acquainted with mediæval literature will deny that the tail-rhyme strophe was a favorite stanza form in English poetry of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. When we meet, in any period of literature, such a fashionable garb of thought, an interest is roused to discover, if possible, whence it comes, and why it prevails. For instance the heroic couplet, darling of the eighteenth century, has had many students. That had its vogue in an age we know well, and we can easily discover its origin and the cause of its popularity, but it is quite otherwise with the tail-rhyme strophe. Although recognized as important, it has never been discussed in all its bearings, nor has its origin and history ever been generally acknowledged or established. In the following paper, an effort is made to bring together and examine the various theories of its origin, to investigate its forms and history in Latin, French and English poetry, and to trace the connections, if any, of the form in the three literatures. In brief, it aims to be the biography of the tail-rhyme strophe.
XV.—The English Comedians in Germany Before the Thirty Years' War: The Financial Side
Authors: Harris Charles
Published: February 2007

Perhaps no portion of the chapters of Moryson's Itinerary, published in 1903 under the somewhat unexpected title of “Shakespeare's Europe,” has aroused more interest than his brief passage about the so-called English comedians, whom he saw at the Frankfort fair in September, 1592. Of the few contemporary accounts known to us his is the only one from an English source and probably the only one written by a man whose previous acquaintance with the theater fitted him in any way to judge of the merits of such performances.
XVII.—De Quincey and Carlyle in Their Relation to the Germans
Authors: Durand Walter Y.
Published: February 2007

What is the importance of De Quincey in comparison with Carlyle in introducing German literature and thought into England? In dealing with this question I shall speak of the field of German writing from which De Quincey drew the material that he presented to his English audience; of the value of that material; of his method of presenting it; and of his attitude toward his work.
XX.—Studies in the Influence of the Romance of the Rose Upon Chaucer
Authors: Cipriani Lisi
Published: February 2007

The influence of the Romance of the Rose upon Chaucer has been generally recognized, Chaucer scholars differ, however, concerning the extent and the time of this influence. The relatively older view (represented by Mr. E. G. Sandras in his Étude sur Chaucer, Paris, 1859) that Chaucer is an imitator of the Romance of the Rose who has never freed himself sufficiently from this influence to appreciate the greater art of his Italian model, seems now generally put aside by those who, following the lead of Mr. ten Brink, bring the English poet before us as having not only fully grasped the value of his Italian models, but as having actually surpassed at least some of them.
A Literary Link between Thomas Shadwell and Christian Felix Weisse
Authors: Richards Alfred E.
Published: February 2007

Witchcraft in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was a subject upon which the dramatists from Marlowe to Shadwell seized with the greatest avidity. There was material of the most pliable sort; it could be moulded into a magnificent tragedy or distorted into the wildest buffoonery. In the sixteenth century it was the darker side of magic which we find in the drama, and though we note as early as 1604 the effort to brighten up Marlowe's tragedy of Doctor Faustus by the introduction of broadly comic scenes taken from the prose tale, yet one can well believe that the theatre audiences from 1590 to 1610 remembered too vividly the cruelties of the witch trials in 1590 to appreciate the buffoonery of Ralph in the comic scenes as deeply as they felt the dark despair of the protagonist Faustus.
Impressionist versus Judicial Criticism
Authors: Babbitt Irving
Published: February 2007

We are told that Louis XIV once submitted a sonnet he had written to the judgment of Boileau, who said, after reading it: “Sire, nothing is impossible for your Majesty. You set out to write some bad verses and you have succeeded.” The point of this story for the modern reader lies not so much in the courage of the critic as in the meekness of the king. With the progress of democracy one man's opinion in literature has come to be as good as another's—a deal better too, the Irishman would add—and such words as deference and humility are in a fair way to become obsolete. We can scarcely conceive to what an extent men once allowed their personal impressions to be overawed and held in check by a body of outer prescriptions. Only a century ago an Edinburgh reviewer could write: “Poetry has this much at least in common with religion, that its standards were fixed long ago by certain inspired writers whose authority it is no longer lawful to question.” Racine tells us that the audience did not dare laugh at the first performance of his comedy Les Plaideurs for fear that “it might not laugh according to the rules.”
The Authorship of the De Ortu Waluuanii and the Historia Meriadoci
Authors: Morriss Margaret Shove
Published: February 2007

It is now ten years since a Latin romance dealing with the history of Gawain was published for the first time by Professor Bruce from the Cottonian ms. Faustina B. VI. Two years later he printed a second romance from the same manuscript, which he believed, no doubt correctly, to be the work of the same author. As to who this author was, Professor Bruce hazarded no opinion, but he dated the romances, on grounds which will be discussed later in this article, in the second quarter of the 13th century.
A Study of Thomas of Erceldoune
Authors: Burnham Josephine M.
Published: February 2007

The Romance and Prophecies of Thomas of Erceldoune is a poem dealing with the adventures of a Scottish prophet in fairyland, and with the predictions concerning Scotch history which it was his privilege to hear from the fairy queen. Of this poem the graceful “romance” occupies the first fytt, and the prophecies the remaining two fytts.
Ami et Amile.
Authors: Potter M. A.
Published: February 2007

It is not so very many years ago that students of Folk-Lore who felt that the indebtedness of Europe to the East in the matter of stories had been exaggerated were greatly interested and pleased by Bédier's work on the French Fabliau. The same scholar is now publishing the results of his investigations in the field of the French epic, results extremely suggestive, not to say exciting. What more startling than to be told that if, because of illness or accident, William of Toulouse had died before he was able to enter the monastery of Aniane and found the monastery of Gellone, not one of the chansons de geste, not one of the legends of the cycle of Orange would exist; and not one of these chansons nor one of these legends would exist, if by chance, three or more centuries after the death of this man in the Abbey of Gellone, the monks of the abbey had not been anxious to attract to his relics the pilgrims of Saint Gilles de Provence and Santiago of Compostela? Whether such a radical theory meets with general acceptance or not, it was well that some one, instead of trying to reconstruct the French epic postulated as existing before the documents which we possess, should examine the latter anew and pay especial attention to what is an interesting phenomenon in nearly every mass of epic literature, the relations of the religious bodies to these great narrative works. No one could have done this more brilliantly than Bédier. No one henceforth will forget how intimate these relations were in France. Nevertheless, it is hard to give up without a struggle what we have fancied were intermediate steps in the evolution of the French epic, when we remember what has gone on in other countries participating in epic activity, and one may well hesitate to attribute to the church so great a rôle as does this latest theorist. Doubts become especially insistent when one reads his remarks upon the Ami and Amile legend, in its three forms, the eleventh century Latin poem on friendship by Raoul le Tourtier, the chanson de geste, and the Vita sanctorum Amici et Amelii of the twelfth century. To do Bédier entire justice, his own words will be quoted as far as possible, even his summary of the legend, with which it is well to start.
A Source of Mundus et Infans
Authors: MacCracken Henry Noble
Published: February 2007

The morality of Mundus et Infans exists in a print dated 1522, from Wynkyn de Worde's press, and is styled by him a ‘new production.‘ The word must be taken for what it is worth, but it should be remembered that Wynkyn was not afraid to print old works, and call them such. In his print of Ragmannes Rolle, Wynkyn adds an envoy attributing the faults of the poem to “Kynge Ragman holly, whiche dyde the make many yeres ago.” The printer is therefore entitled to some confidence, especially since certain internal evidence points to the same fact.
Christian Wernicke, A Predecessor of Lessing
Authors: Howard William Guild
Published: February 2007

In the history of the development of good literary taste in Germany, Christian Wernicke has long held an honorable position. The praise of Johann Ulrich König, of Bodmer, of Hagedorn, and Ramier; the commendation, the more impressive for being qualified with criticisms, of Lessing and Herder; and the tendency of historians of literature to maintain groups and relationships once established, have all contributed to secure to Wernicke the title of a redoubtable opponent of the so-called second Silesian school of poets. Until recently, however, little more has been known about his personal character and career than what he himself incidentally disclosed in his verses and in his unusually frank and circumstantial foot-notes. Koberstein, with accustomed succinctness, summarized Wernicke's critical opinions; Gervinus, in one of his famous parallels, contrasted Wernicke unfavorably as a man and as a poet with Logau; Scherer barely mentioned him; Francke did not mention him at all; Ludwig Fulda, without adding much to our knowledge, set forth in an excellent brief essay the proper bearing of the facts that were then known, and corrected thereby the somewhat distorted presentation of Gervinus; but not until the investigations and fortunate discoveries of Julius Elias and Leonhard Neubaur had brought a host of new facts to light was an adequate estimate of either the personal or the literary character of Wernicke possible. We now have such an estimate by Erich Schmidt. Looking eagerly forward to the reprint of Wernicke's epigrams promised by Elias, E. Schmidt says of the epigrammatist, “philosophisch reichgebildet, in alter und moderner Literatur ungemein belesen, huldigt er, mit Boileau vom Dichter vollständige Kenntnis der Welt, zumai des Hofes fordernd, einer vornehmen Poetik; ” and adds, “wir kennen vor Liscow, ja vor Lessing keinen klareren, gescheiteren Kopf.” The question, therefore, how far Wernicke is to be regarded as a predecessor of Lessing in the development of a critical theory of poetry appears to deserve serious attention.