bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noves estratègies per a un raonament crític sobre la ciutat
Authors: Franquesa Sànchez Jordi
Published: November 2017

La intervenció sobre els entorns urbans i sobre la ciutat en termes generals requereix, a més de disposar d'una específica capacitat de lectura i comprensió de la mateixa, l'habilitat per trobar la resposta adequada que implica, necessàriament, una interpretació subjectiva i una aportació personal de l'arquitecte en el disseny urbà. Aquest escrit pretén mostrar una efectiva estratègia docent, l'e-portafoli, per poder garantir que l'alumne obté les competències específiques i també les transversals necessàries per a poder abordar un projecte urbà amb un suficient background instrumental i cognitiu davant la complexitat urbana que ha d'afrontar.

The intervention in urban environments and the city in general need, we also have a special ability to read and understand it, the ability to find the right answer that necessarily implies a subjective interpretation and personal contribution of the architect in urban design. This paper aims to show an effective teaching strategy, e-portfolio, to ensure that students get the specific skills and transversal necessary in order to address an urban project with a sufficient background instrumental and cognitive complexity facing urban must confront.
Diario de una arquitecta: formas para la disidencia en la Universidad de Alicante
Authors: Francés Verónica , Nieto Fernández Enrique José , Torres Nadal José Maria
Published: November 2017

Desde su aparición, el Proyecto Fin de Carrera (PFC) se ha constituido en un documento fundamental para la articulación entre escuelas, estudiantes y la propia arquitectura en su calidad de materia universitaria. La Universidad de Alicante ha trabajado en la definición de un PFC que abandone progresivamente su papel pacificador par asumir el potencial crítico y creativo que su condición de falsa frontera entre el momento universitario y el profesional le otorgan. Aparece así la idea del Proyecto Inicio de Carrera (PIC). Esto implica una transformación arriesgada tanto de los modos docentes como de los sistemas de evaluación. También exige el diseño de debates en torno a los límites de la institución
universitaria o el papel del estudiante en su proceso formativo. Se presenta como estudio de caso el PFC de Verónica Francés, titulado Diario de una Arquitecta, con calificación de Matrícula de Honor en la convocatoria de
septiembre 2013.

Since its appearance, the Final Career Project (FCP) has become a key document in the articulation between schools, students and the architecture in its condition of matter of concern. The University of Alicante has worked on the definition of a FDP that progressively abandons its peacekeeping role just to assume the critical and creative potential that imposes the false condition of iterface between university and professional time. In this way appears the idea of an Early Career Project (ECP). This transformation involves risky methodologies and evaluation systems. It also requires the design of debates about the boundaries of the university or the student's role in their learning process. It is presented as a case study the PFC of Veronica Francés, entitled Diary of a Woman Architect qualified with Honors in September 2013.
Be aware: Elevate your news evaluation: Emphasizing media literacy, one library’s initiative
Authors: Squibb Sara Davidson
Published: November 2017

The following article outlines the University of California-Merced Library’s unfolding news evaluation campaign,1 shares our strategies, and reflects on our efforts. The impetus for this campaign came when a colleague shared Vanessa Otero’s News Quality Chart, a graphic that places news sources on X and Y axes, representing quality and partisan bias.2 Otero’s work, combined with increasing public concern and conversation about the legitimacy of news, propelled my colleagues and I to start discussing how we might emphasize media literacy, especially news evaluation. We started our discussion just prior to the spring semester, and we launched our campaign a few weeks later. Though this meant limited time for planning, we wanted to capitalize on this opportunity to promote information literacy by initiating and participating in a broader campus conversation about news evaluation.
Grants and Acquisitions
Authors: Galloway Ann-Christe
Published: November 2017

Arizona State University (ASU) has been awarded a $450,000 grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation for a three-year project designed to build and expand community-driven collections, in an effort to preserve and improve ASU’s archives and give voice to historically marginalized communities. Under the leadership of ASU Library Archivist Nancy Godoy and coinvestigators Sujey Vega and Lorrie McAllister, the project—titled “Engaging, Educating, and Empowering: Developing Community-Driven Archival Collections”—will implement Archives and Preservation Workshops and Digitization and Oral History Days, as well as digitize and make publicly accessible existing archival collections from the ASU Library Chicano/a Research Collection and Greater Arizona Collection. In 2012, the Arizona Archives Matrix Project, a statewide initiative to gather data about local archives, identified several historically marginalized communities in Arizona, including LGBT, Asian American, African American, and the Latino community, which make up 30 percent of Arizona’s population but is represented in less than 2 percent of known archival collections. With the aim to address this inequity, the ASU project will build on Godoy’s previous work coestablishing the Arizona LGBT History Project and collaborating with ASU faculty members Vega and Vanessa Fonseca on an ASU School of Transborder Studies seed grant, which implemented archives and preservation workshops statewide and helped to assess community needs and interests.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Malnutrition among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Addi Harush Eritrean Refugees Camp, Tigray Region, North Ethiopia
Authors: Befekadu Ejigu  , Tesfaye Girma Legesse  , Daniel Haile Chercos
Published: November 2017

Malnutrition is a serious medical condition marked by a deficiency of energy, essential proteins, vitamins, and minerals in a diet. In Refugee situations where the population is often extremely dependent on the humanitarian assistance and food aid; the value of the food is greatly determine their nutritional status. That is why under nutrition is a critical public health problem among refugee children aged 6-59 months. Institutional based cross- sectional study was conducted from March to June, 2015 in Addi Harush Refugee camp, Northern Ethiopia. The data was collected using interview administered questioners, observational and Anthropometric measurement. Among the total of 372 planed participants 367 of them were enrolled in the study with a response rate of 98.7%. This had identified 69 (18.80%) of stunting and 36 (9.81%) of wasting. Children who fed exclusive breast feeding for the duration of six months were 0.04 times less likely to be wasted. Children, those who used bottle feeding were 6.067 times more likely to be affected with acute malnutrition (wasting). Children who had been vaccinated with BCG were 0.037 times less likely to be wasted. While generally immunized children were 0.013 times less likely to be wasted and 0.054 times less likely to be stunted. Both stunting and wasting are remaining public health nutrition problem in the refugee. Wasting is observed to be affected by immunization practice behavior, duration of exclusive breast feeding, BCG vaccination and bottle feeding. Stunting is observed to be affected by hand washing practice before serving food and immunization practice behaving. Bottle feeding should be avoided, Exclusive breast feeding till six months should be strengthen, Child immunization should be encouraged more than the current and Awareness towards cause and prevention of stunting and wasting should be increased at a refugee communities level.
Communication Styles of Primary School Teachers During Teaching
Authors: Stavropoulou Eleni , Stamatis Panagiotis J.
Published: November 2017

In international literature, teacher communication style (TCS) is defined as the teacher's ability to effectively communicate, verbally and nonverbally, with his/her students in order to improve their academic performance and manage their behavior. Surveys in educational environments show that each teacher may display a primary communication style during classroom teaching with recurring other styles of communication, which can change according to the audience and the situations he/she has to deal with. This combination of communication styles enables individuals not to feel confined to the way they communicate, but to become flexible and capable of choosing communication strategies according to the variety of situations they are faced with.
Within this framework, the present study deals with the phenomenon of human communication and focuses on the communication style of teachers. More specifically, the study explores the communication style of primary school teachers during teaching process, utilizing modern Greek and international typology and teachers’ communication strategies according to Jay Lemke and behaviors related to verbal and nonverbal immediacy during teaching. Those communication styles shaping the school climate and contribute in interpersonal relationship development among teachers, students and parents.
Detecting Non Verbal and Vocal Expressions of Bullying in Kindergarten
Authors: Ntouka Afrodite
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine the aggressiveness which is expressed by infants in kindergarten and is manifested as school bullying. More specifically, this paper is aiming in recording main bibliographic references of non verbal and vocal expression of preschoolers in anger situations and how those references are substantiated through surveys. Bibliography claims that school bullying does not occur unexpectedly, but instead there are apparent signs in behavior of preschoolers, that can be prevented before they occur.
Throughout this paper however, what is in parallel aimed is the recording of the reasons that positively contribute to the expression of aggressive behavior in preschoolers. In this way, knowing the reason of causing an attitude, it could become easier and more efficient to prevent and efface that attitude. Many researchers conclude that parents and teachers have to cooperate and constantly communicate each other in order to significantly help preschoolers who, appear (show) aggressive behavior, to change its (their) behavior for the rest of their lives. Conclusions like that are under a new review in present study.
Specialised Dictionaries of Economics and Translation
Authors: Fuertes-Olivera Pedro A.
Published: November 2017

This article describes the “Dictionary of Economics” in terms of the Function Theory of Lexicography. It defends the thesis that such information tools must be designed for assisting specific users to solve the specific needs they have in a translation situation. In particular, I will focus on the solutions offered for individualising data retrieval, which will in turn eliminate the so-called information stress or information death produced when users retrieve so much data that they cannot cope with it. This process is illustrated in two recent online dictionaries, the Diccionario Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Traducción (Fuertes-Olivera et al. 2012a) and the Diccionario Inglés-Español de Contabilidad: Traducción de Frases y Expresiones (Fuertes-Olivera et al. 2012b). They are especially suitable when translating English accounting texts into Spanish. These two dictionaries are considered high quality 21st Century dictionaries, e.g., as candidates for assisting in the training of professional translators within the field of Economics, one of the topics discussed in this Special Issue of Hermes.
Så kommer det et lite pling … Internett og sosiale mediers betydning for eldres hverdagsliv [Then there's a little pling ... The significance of the Internet and social media for older adult's everyday lives]
Authors: Lie Malene Paulsen
Published: November 2017

Quantitative studies show that older adults are the main consumers of traditional mass media, but also that their use of the Internet and social media increases every year. Despite these developments in the media usage of older adults, only a few studies have inquired into the ways in which older adults use the Internet and social media in everyday life. The current study is based on semi-structured, long interviews with older Internet users. The empirical material documents that usage of the Internet plays a significant role for the participants' experience of time and place. However, the descriptions of the everyday rhythm of media useage differs between those who use social media and those who do not. While the non-users adhere to a more linear "media rhythm" with fixed times of use, those who do use social media show a more dynamic and interactive everyday rhythm. For instance by being contineously drawn into new conversations and discussions by Facebook notifications. The study indicates that the use of Facebook, and the Internet in general, plays a transformative role for the everyday life of older adults and their relations with others.
A New Method to Detect Driver Fatigue Based on EMG and ECG Collected by Portable Non-Contact Sensors
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Hong , Jiang Xin
Published: November 2017

Recently, detection and prediction on driver fatigue have become interest of research worldwide. In the present work, a new method is built to effectively evaluate driver fatigue based on electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) collected by portable real-time and non-contact sensors. First, under the non-disturbance condition for driver’s attention, mixed physiological signals (EMG, ECG and artefacts) are collected by non-contact sensors located in a cushion on the driver’s seat. EMG and ECG are effectively separated by FastICA, and de-noised by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Then, three physiological features, complexity of EMG, complexity of ECG, and sample entropy (SampEn) of ECG, are extracted and analysed. Principal components are obtained by principal components analysis (PCA) and are used as independent variables. Finally, a mathematical model of driver fatigue is built, and the accuracy of the model is up to 91%. Moreover, based on the questionnaire, the calculation results of model are consistent with real fatigue felt by the participants. Therefore, this model can effectively detect driver fatigue.
An Event-based Simulation Model for Analysing the Utilization Levels of a Railway Line in Urban Area
Authors: Singhania Vatsal , Marinov Marin
Published: November 2017

This paper offers a simulation model for analysing the utilization levels of a section of a railway line between Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Queen Street. Specifically, a segment of this line situated in the urban area of Edinburgh has been simulated using SIMUL8 to study the impacts of further inclusion of freight trains on the scheduled passenger trains. The utilisation levels of this segment have been observed in three scenarios: utilisation existing state where all scheduled passenger trains and a few freight trains are observed; utilisation in future state where more freight trains are input in available time gaps running at their actual speed; and utilisation future state where freight trains are input in available time gaps running at speed equivalent to a passenger train. A decomposition approach is implemented. The results suggest that extra freight trains can be input into the current timetables without impeding the current scenario, allowing a reasonable increase in utilisation of the rail line.
53BP1 and BRCA1 control pathway choice for stalled replication restart
Authors: Xu Yixi , Ning Shaokai , Wei Zheng , Xu Ran , Xu Xinlin , Xing Mengtan , Guo Rong , Xu Dongyi
Published: November 2017

The cellular pathways that restart stalled replication forks are essential for genome stability and tumor prevention. However, how many of these pathways exist in cells and how these pathways are selectively activated remain unclear. Here, we describe two major fork restart pathways, and demonstrate that their selection is governed by 53BP1 and BRCA1, which are known to control the pathway choice to repair double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Specifically, 53BP1 promotes a fork cleavage-free pathway, whereas BRCA1 facilitates a break-induced replication (BIR) pathway coupled with SLX-MUS complex-mediated fork cleavage. The defect in the first pathway, but not DSB repair, in a 53BP1 mutant is largely corrected by disrupting BRCA1, and vice versa. Moreover, PLK1 temporally regulates the switch of these two pathways through enhancing the assembly of the SLX-MUS complex. Our results reveal two distinct fork restart pathways, which are antagonistically controlled by 53BP1 and BRCA1 in a DSB repair-independent manner.
The formation of the light-sensing compartment of cone photoreceptors coincides with a transcriptional switch
Authors: Daum Janine M , Keles Özkan , Holwerda Sjoerd JB , Kohler Hubertus , Rijli Filippo M , Stadler Michael , Roska Botond
Published: November 2017

High-resolution daylight vision is mediated by cone photoreceptors. The molecular program responsible for the formation of their light sensor, the outer segment, is not well understood. We correlated daily changes in ultrastructure and gene expression in postmitotic mouse cones, between birth and eye opening, using serial block-face electron microscopy (EM) and RNA sequencing. Outer segments appeared rapidly at postnatal day six and their appearance coincided with a switch in gene expression. The switch affected over 14% of all expressed genes. Genes that switched off were rich in transcription factors and neurogenic genes. Those that switched on contained genes relevant for cone function. Chromatin rearrangements in enhancer regions occurred before the switch was completed, but not after. We provide a resource comprised of correlated EM, RNAseq, and ATACseq data, showing that the growth of a key compartment of a postmitotic cell involves an extensive switch in gene expression and chromatin accessibility.
Composition, diversity and function of intestinal microbiota in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at different culture stages
Authors: Zeng Shenzheng , Huang Zhijian , Hou Dongwei , Liu Jian , Weng Shaoping , He Jianguo
Published: November 2017

Intestinal microbiota is an integral component of the host and plays important roles in host health. The pacific white shrimp is one of the most profitable aquaculture species commercialized in the world market with the largest production in shrimp consumption. Many studies revealed that the intestinal microbiota shifted significantly during host development in other aquaculture animals. In the present study, 22 shrimp samples were collected every 15 days from larval stage (15 day post-hatching, dph) to adult stage (75 dph) to investigate the intestinal microbiota at different culture stages by targeting the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene, and the microbial function prediction was conducted by PICRUSt. The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was assigned at 97% sequence identity. A total of 2,496 OTUs were obtained, ranging from 585 to 1,239 in each sample. Forty-three phyla were identified due to the classifiable sequence. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Tenericutes, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi. OTUs belonged to 289 genera and the most abundant genera were Candidatus_Xiphinematobacter, Propionigenium, Synechococcus, Shewanella and Cetobacterium. Fifty-nine OTUs were detected in all samples, which were considered as the major microbes in intestine of shrimp. The intestinal microbiota was enriched with functional potentials that were related to transporters, ABC transporters, DNA repair and recombination proteins, two component system, secretion system, bacterial motility proteins, purine metabolism and ribosome. All the results showed that the intestinal microbial composition, diversity and functions varied significantly at different culture stages, which indicated that shrimp intestinal microbiota depended on culture stages. These findings provided new evidence on intestinal microorganism microecology and greatly enhanced our understanding of stage-specific community in the shrimp intestinal ecosystem.
Reducing the consumption of fresh water in the process of alginate extraction using Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta, Laminariales), by recirculating the residual liquids from the pre-extraction and precipitation
Authors: Reyes-Tisnado R , Hernández-Carmona G , Hernández-Valenzuela R
Published: November 2017

The recirculation of the residual liquid from the pre-extraction stage and precipitation using samples of Macrocystis pyrifera was studied to reduce the consumption of fresh water in the process of alginate extraction in the laboratory. An average yield of 28.44% was obtained with three recirculations in the pre-extraction stage, with a saving of 25% in the consumption of fresh water and of 56.25% in the consumption of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The consumption of fresh water was reduced by 50% with three recirculations of the residual liquid from the precipitation in the alkaline extraction stage, with an average yield of sodium alginate of 33.45%. The sodium alginates obtained had high viscosity and pH values within the maximum stability range (pH 5-9).
The crabs of Todos Santos Bay, Baja California. Part II. Grapsidae, Pinnotheridae and Ocypodidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)
Authors: Bonfil R , Carvacho A , Campos E
Published: November 2017

In this, the second work of the series, we have included the families Grapsidae (three species in the bay), Pinnotheridae (seven species) and Ocypodidae (one species). Bioecological data based on monthly field observations are presented together with a revision of the literature for each species. An identification key (Appendix 1) is provided as well as an original figure for each species. The field work was based on monthly collections from the supralittoral to 25 m depth at 31 stations during a one year campaign. The collections were made by hand, SCUBA diving and using a beam trawl.
Exploitation and mortality rates of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), for the period 1974 to 1989
Authors: Pedrín-Osuna OA , Granados-Gallegos ML , Cota-Villavicencio A
Published: November 2017

En este artículo se describe la estructura por edad de los desembarques comerciales de anchoveta (Engraulis mordax) durante el periodo 1974-1989, en Ensenada, Baja California, México. Se observó una menor presencia de adultos y una mayor ocurrencia de individuos de 0 años. A partir de 1982, tanto la disponibilidad del recurso como la talla promedio han tenido fluctuaciones con tendencia decreciente. Lo anterior se considera que refleja una desestabilización de la población adulta debida a la pesca y cambios ambientales; en consecuencia, en los últimos años la pesca ha dependido más de los individuos jóvenes. Como medida de rehabilitación del recurso se propone una veda de septiembre a marzo.
Probability distribution of wave height in Todos Santos Bay, B.C., Mexico
Authors: Martínez-Díaz-de-León A , Coria-Méndez P
Published: November 2017

The significant wave height of waves recorded from August 1986 to July 1989, at a station located in Todos Santos Bay, B.C., Mexico, is analysed. The results show a seasonal variation. The maximum value (2.4 m) occurred in winter and the minimum (0.2 m) in summer. The probability distribution of significant wave height is tested with the theoretical distributions of Fisher-Tippett I, Weibull and Rayleigh. The best fit is shown by the Fisher-Tippett I probability density function. This function is also used to estimate the significant wave height of 50 and 100-year return periods, giving 3.41 and 3.76 m, respectively.
Optimum control of a bioeconomic system. The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishery in the eastern Pacific ocean
Authors: Dreyfus-León MJ , Manzo-Monroy HG
Published: November 2017

The present value objective function of the fishery is maximized with the use of optimum control theory and information from 40,000 fishing sets of the Mexican tuna fishing fleet dating from 1980 to 1990. These data were used to obtain standard fishing days (SFD) as a measure of effort of the international fleet in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The Schnute model (1977) was modified and population growth rate, environmental carrying capacity and catchability coefficient were estimated. Operative costs, severa1 prices for the tuna caught and discount rates were used to obtain optimum biomass level (state variable) and effort (control variable). A constant catchability coefficient and a variable one, as an inverse function of biomass level, were considered. In any case, the effort being applied recently is almost double with rcspect to the economic optimum calculated in this work.
Validation of otolith age determination of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in La Paz bay and adjacent waters, B.C.S., Mexico
Authors: Rocha-Olivares A , Gómez-Muñoz VM
Published: November 2017

Otoliths were found for be useful for determining the age of the Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru. This was concluded from the inspection of otoliths from 717 Pacific red snapper collected from March 1989 to March 1991. Otolith and fish growth were correlated using a power model. The monthly percentage of otoliths with translucent margin showed that growth marks are formed once a year (mainIy from May to September) during the period of reproductive activity, as indicated by the gonadosomatic index. Both the index and the percentage of translucent margins peaked in July. Measurement of annuli radii showed that the otolith marking pattern was consistent in fishes of different ages and reflected the variation of the fish growth rate.
Feeding behavior and dietary composition of the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax Girard (Pisces: Engraulidae), off Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Chiappa-Carrara X , Gallardo-Cabello M
Published: November 2017

Feeding behavior and dietary composition of northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, off the west coast of Baja California are analyzed. The visual field for prey detection is 104 mm and the basal area of the vision cone is 125 cm2. The mean number of gill rakers in the first lower branchial arch is 41; gill raker gap increases as fish grows. Diatoms, anchovy eggs, crustaceans, dinoflagellates and protozoans are the major by-number contributors to the diet of E. mordax. Filtering mechanism acts over a 0.05 to 1.50 mm range of prey length, while selective particulate feeding occurs from 1.51 to 5.00 mm prey size spectrum. The morphometric relationship between intestine length and fish length is expressed by potential functions, and the number of curvatures varies as fish grows. Although phytoplankton is the principal by-number component of the stomach contents, zooplankton prey are consistently the major source of carbon in the diet. Prey size increases as predator grows.
Hydrographic Variability In Bahia Vizcaino, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Mancilla-Peraza M , Palacios-Hernández E , López-Castillo G
Published: November 2017

The outstanding hydrographic variations in Bahía Vizcaíno, Baja California, were analyzed from temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data collected during the ECONER-0391 oceanographic cruise (March 18-22, 1991) and from similar data obtained from a data bank (Banco de Datos e Información Oceanográfica) of the Secretaría de Marina (1960-1968). In winter the vertical distribution of water properties was almost homogeneous and less stable, while in summer it was stratified into three main layers owing to seasonal warming and the annual mean upwelling event. The lower layer had its origin in the Equatorial Transformed Water Mass, which is characterized by Iow dissolved oxygen content (< 3 ml/l). The top layer had higher temperature and dissolved oxygen (> 5.5 ml/l). In general, the intermediate layer or thermocline was associated to a minimum in salinity of Subarctic Pacific Water Mass origin. At the end of the fall the vertical three-layered structure weakened and, during the winter, heat and other water properties were nearly homogeneous in the water column. The propagation of heat from the surface layer and the annual upwelling event controlled the annual variability in temperature in the lower Ievels (>30 m). Consequently, the surface temperature was on phase with the normal annual atmospheric cooling and warming cycle, and lower levels cooled in summer and warmed in winter. The main processes affecting the hydrographic variability in the bay were: the annual upwelling event, the seasonal warming and cooling, the water advection from the upwelling period (September), the convergence of waters to the South of the bay and the intrusions of the Subarctic Pacific Water Mass and Equatorial Transformed Water Mass.
Relationship between surface chlorophyll and chlorophyll in the euphotic zone of the Gulf of California: possible application to estimate primary production with data obtained by remote sensors
Authors: Cervantes-Duarte R , Gaxiola-Castro G , Valdez-Holguín JE
Published: November 2017

The vertical distribution of pigments (chlorophyll a) in the study area showed maximum surface chlorophyll to the north of line 240, subsurface and deep chlorophyll maxima to the South of line 320 and both kinds of distribution between lines 240 and 320. Surface chlorophyll was positively correlated with integrated chlorophyll within the euphotic zone (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). We found a higher linear correlation between the chlorophyll concentration presumably measured by remote sensing and the integrated chlorophyll (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). The estimation of integrated chlorophyll in the euphotic zone from surface chlorophyll was complicated because of the variability of the vertical profiles of pigments for this season. Therefore, we propose a mean normalized profile of pigments for the use of primary production models based on light and phytoplankton biomass. From the mean normalized chlorophyll profile, during winter the Gulf of California can be classified as a mesotrophic region, with a not very prominent subsurface chlorophyll maximun.
Studies on marine Streptomyces nigrifaciens (P-9). I. Taxonomy and standardization of antibiotic production
Authors: Balagurunathan R , Subramanian A
Published: November 2017

A strain of Streptomyces nigrifaciens (p-9) was isolated from marine sediments. Morphological, cultural, biochemical and cell wall analyses were made to identify the strain. Glycerol, glucose, sucrose, lactose and maltose as carbon sources, and soybean meal, yeast extract, malt extract, peptone and sodium nitrate as nitrogen sources were used to select the best medium for maximum production of antibiotics. Glucose and soybean meal were the best carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for maximum antibiotic production. Ethyl acetate, n-butanol, dichloromethane, petroleum spirit and benzene were used for extraction. Ethyl acetate extract showed significant activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Streptomyces nigrifaciens (p-9) differs significantly from the type strain in antibacterial activity.
Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate fluxes across the sediment-water interface in a tropical lagoon
Authors: Valdés D , Real E
Published: November 2017

The sediments of Chelem Lagoon, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, north of the Yucatán Peninsula, were studied measuring the nutrient concentrations in the interstitial water. The average values were: ammonium 459 ± 281 µM, peaking up to 1,045 µM; nitrite 1.8 ± 1.8 PM, with a maximum of 5.3 µM; nitrate 8.2 ± 10.3 µM, reaching 34.7 µM, phosphate 0.4 ± 0.4 µM, with a maximum of 1.1 µM. Fluxes were estimated with Fick’s first law equation. In al1 cases, the mean flux of the 14 samples from the lagoon were from the sediment to the water column; these values were 182 µmol/m2h for ammonium, 0.5 µmol/m2h for nitrite, 1.9 µmol/m2h for nitrate and 0.03 µmol/m2h for phosphate. In order to determine denitrification rates, incubations of the sediments were carried out under anaerobic conditions with water from the lagoon enriched with nitrate; denitrification was found to be active in five of the 14 samples, with the highest rate in sample No. 8 (16.07 µmol/m2h), which had the greatest content of organic matter (9.2%) and the highest nitrate flux (from the water to the sediment). The calculation of the net flux in the Chelem area showed an important supply from the sediment to the water column of the four nutrients studied, greatest in ammonium.
Sources of beach sand at creciente island, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Fourier grain-shape analysis
Authors: Murillo JM , Osborne RH , Gorsline DS
Published: November 2017

Fourier grain-shape analysis (FGSA) of detrital quartz grain was used to identify local sources for medium-grained (0.25 to 0.50 mm) sand in Creciente barrier island, which is located on the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. A total of 52 samples from Creciente Island and vicinity were analyzed. The results of FGSA include mean values of harmonic amplitude values, which may be employed to characterize the shape composition for each sample. These values were used as for statistical procedures used to identify sand sources. Factor analysis (BMDP 4M), based on mean harmonic amplitude values for each sample, was used to identify sample groups, which, in turn, served to define the probable sources. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated how much of the shape information was explained by each factor or variable, and was also used to facilitate the sedimentologic interpretation of one factor (roughness). Levine’s F-test was used to determine whether or not the explained variance for each of the 23 shape variables (harmonics) is statistically significant. Levine’s F-test also was used to measure the difference between sample values resulting from analysis of variance. Discriminate function analysis was used to estimate the percentage of sand derived from each of the potential sources. The beach sand at Creciente Island has two primary sources. The first is the inner continental shelf, which contributed from approximately 50 to 57% of the sand in observed samples. The second source is the nearby rivers, which contributed from 43 to 50%.
Impact and Implementation of Higher‐Order Ionospheric Effects on Precise GNSS Applications
Authors: Hadas T. , Krypiak‐Gregorczyk A. , Hernández‐Pajares M. , Kaplon J. , Paziewski J. , Wielgosz P. , Garcia‐Rigo A. , Kazmierski K. , Sosnica K. , Kwasniak D. , Sierny J. , Bosy J. , Pucilowski M. , Szyszko R. , Portasiak K. , Olivares‐Pulido G. , Gulyaeva T. , Orus‐Perez R.
Published: November 2017

High precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning and time transfer require correcting signal delays, in particular higher‐order ionospheric (I2+) terms. We present a consolidated model to correct second‐ and third‐order terms, geometric bending and differential STEC bending effects in GNSS data. The model has been implemented in an online service correcting observations from submitted RINEX files for I2+ effects. We performed GNSS data processing with and without including I2+ corrections, in order to investigate the impact of I2+ corrections on GNSS products. We selected three time periods representing different ionospheric conditions. We used GPS and GLONASS observations from a global network and two regional networks in Poland and Brazil. We estimated satellite orbits, satellite clock corrections, Earth rotation parameters, troposphere delays, horizontal gradients, and receiver positions using global GNSS solution, Real‐Time Kinematic (RTK), and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques. The satellite‐related products captured most of the impact of I2+ corrections, with the magnitude up to 2 cm for clock corrections, 1 cm for the along‐ and cross‐track orbit components, and below 5 mm for the radial component. The impact of I2+ on troposphere products turned out to be insignificant in general. I2+ corrections had limited influence on the performance of ambiguity resolution and the reliability of RTK positioning. Finally, we found that I2+ corrections caused a systematic shift in the coordinate domain that was time‐ and region‐dependent and reached up to −11 mm for the north component of the Brazilian stations during the most active ionospheric conditions.
Modeling North Atlantic Nor'easters With Modern Wave Forecast Models
Authors: Perrie Will , Toulany Bechara , Roland Aron , Dutour‐Sikiric Mathieu , Chen Changsheng , Beardsley Robert C. , Qi Jianhua , Hu Yongcun , Casey Michael P. , Shen Hui
Published: November 2017

Three state‐of‐the‐art operational wave forecast model systems are implemented on fine‐resolution grids for the Northwest Atlantic. These models are: (1) a composite model system consisting of SWAN implemented within WAVEWATCHIII® (the latter is hereafter, WW3) on a nested system of traditional structured grids, (2) an unstructured grid finite‐volume wave model denoted “SWAVE,” using SWAN physics, and (3) an unstructured grid finite element wind wave model denoted as “WWM” (for “wind wave model”) which uses WW3 physics. Models are implemented on grid systems that include relatively large domains to capture the wave energy generated by the storms, as well as including fine‐resolution nearshore regions of the southern Gulf of Maine with resolution on the scale of 25 m to simulate areas where inundation and coastal damage have occurred, due to the storms. Storm cases include three intense midlatitude cases: a spring Nor'easter storm in May 2005, the Patriot's Day storm in 2007, and the Boxing Day storm in 2010. Although these wave model systems have comparable overall properties in terms of their performance and skill, it is found that there are differences. Models that use more advanced physics, as presented in recent versions of WW3, tuned to regional characteristics, as in the Gulf of Maine and the Northwest Atlantic, can give enhanced results.
What Controls Springtime Fine Dust Variability in the Western United States? Investigating the 2002–2015 Increase in Fine Dust in the U.S. Southwest
Authors: Achakulwisut Pattanun , Shen Lu , Mickley Loretta J.
Published: November 2017

We use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to investigate the role of meteorology in controlling the interannual variability of fine dust concentrations in the western United States during 2002–2015 March–May. We then develop a prediction model to explore the causes of an observed increase in fine dust concentrations during March in the Southwest. For each spring month, 54–61% of the total variance in fine dust anomalies can be explained by the first two leading EOF modes, which consist of a coherent pattern of covariability across the West and a dipole northwest‐southwest pattern. We identify the key meteorological controlling factors to be regional precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture, which are in turn mostly driven by large‐scale changes in sea surface temperature and/or atmospheric circulation patterns, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In addition, fluctuations in the trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust likely contribute to fine dust variability in March and April. We find that March fine dust concentrations have increased from 2002 to 2015 in the Southwest (0.06 ± 0.04 μg m−3 a−1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that these increases are associated with the following: (1) regionally drier and warmer conditions driven by constructive interference between ENSO and PDO, (2) soil moisture reductions in areas spanning the North American deserts, and (3) enhanced trans‐Pacific transport. Our results provide an observational basis for improving dust emission schemes and for assessing future dust activity under climate change.
Estimates of the Size Distribution of Meteoric Smoke Particles From Rocket‐Borne Impact Probes
Authors: Antonsen Tarjei , Havnes Ove , Mann Ingrid
Published: November 2017

Ice particles populating noctilucent clouds and being responsible for polar mesospheric summer echoes exist around the mesopause in the altitude range from 80 to 90 km during polar summer. The particles are observed when temperatures around the mesopause reach a minimum, and it is presumed that they consist of water ice with inclusions of smaller mesospheric smoke particles (MSPs). This work provides estimates of the mean size distribution of MSPs through analysis of collision fragments of the ice particles populating the mesospheric dust layers. We have analyzed data from two triplets of mechanically identical rocket probes, MUltiple Dust Detector (MUDD), which are Faraday bucket detectors with impact grids that partly fragments incoming ice particles. The MUDD probes were launched from Andøya Space Center (69°17'N, 16°1'E) on two payloads during the MAXIDUSTY campaign on 30 June and 8 July 2016, respectively. Our analysis shows that it is unlikely that ice particles produce significant current to the detector, and that MSPs dominate the recorded current. The size distributions obtained from these currents, which reflect the MSP sizes, are described by inverse power laws with exponents of k∼ [3.3 ± 0.7, 3.7 ± 0.5] and k∼ [3.6 ± 0.8, 4.4 ± 0.3] for the respective flights. We derived two k values for each flight depending on whether the charging probability is proportional to area or volume of fragments. We also confirm that MSPs are probably abundant inside mesospheric ice particles larger than a few nanometers, and the volume filling factor can be a few percent for reasonable assumptions of particle properties.
A Dynamic Enhancement With Background Reduction Algorithm: Overview and Application to Satellite‐Based Dust Storm Detection
Authors: Miller Steven D. , Bankert Richard L. , Solbrig Jeremy E. , Forsythe John M. , Noh Yoo‐Jeong , Grasso Lewis D.
Published: November 2017

This paper describes a Dynamic Enhancement Background Reduction Algorithm (DEBRA) applicable to multispectral satellite imaging radiometers. DEBRA uses ancillary information about the clear‐sky background to reduce false detections of atmospheric parameters in complex scenes. Applied here to the detection of lofted dust, DEBRA enlists a surface emissivity database coupled with a climatological database of surface temperature to approximate the clear‐sky equivalent signal for selected infrared‐based multispectral dust detection tests. This background allows for suppression of false alarms caused by land surface features while retaining some ability to detect dust above those problematic surfaces. The algorithm is applicable to both day and nighttime observations and enables weighted combinations of dust detection tests. The results are provided quantitatively, as a detection confidence factor [0, 1], but are also readily visualized as enhanced imagery. Utilizing the DEBRA confidence factor as a scaling factor in false color red/green/blue imagery enables depiction of the targeted parameter in the context of the local meteorology and topography. In this way, the method holds utility to both automated clients and human analysts alike. Examples of DEBRA performance from notable dust storms and comparisons against other detection methods and independent observations are presented.
Do Lateral Flows Matter for the Hyperresolution Land Surface Modeling?
Authors: Ji Peng , Yuan Xing , Liang Xin‐Zhong
Published: November 2017

Hyperresolution land surface modeling provides an unprecedented opportunity to simulate locally relevant water and energy cycle, but lateral surface and/or subsurface flows that are essential at fine scale are often neglected by most one‐dimensional land surface models (LSMs). To analyze effects of lateral flows across scales, a Conjunctive Surface‐Subsurface Process model, which considers soil moisture‐surface flow interaction and quasi‐three‐dimensional subsurface flow, is implemented over a mountainous HyperHydro test bed in southwestern USA at different resolutions. Validation over more than 70 International Soil Moisture Network stations shows that there are significant improvements in soil moisture simulations from 30 km to 4 km as finer soil property and precipitation data are used, with correlation increased by 5%–16% and error decreased by 5%. Lateral surface flow has a significant influence on surface soil moisture and ground evaporation even at coarse resolution. Effect of lateral subsurface flow on soil moisture is nontrivial at 1 km or finer resolution especially over wet areas. At 100 m resolution, topography‐induced lateral subsurface flow causes drier peaks and wetter valleys, decreases latent heat by 8% at peaks, while increases it by 12% at valleys. Furthermore, influences of lateral subsurface flow on ground evaporation and vegetation transpiration are more significant during dry season due to a stronger coupling between soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Therefore, it is worthy to incorporate lateral flow processes in hyperresolution LSMs to better represent water and energy heterogeneity even with limited hyperresolution meteorological and surface data.
Metal‐Free Decarboxylative Trichlorination of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids: Synthesis of Trichloromethyl Ketones
Authors: Jayaraman Aravindan , Cho Eunjeong , Irudayanathan Francis Mariaraj , Kim Jimin , Lee Sunwoo
Published: November 2017

2,2,2‐Trichloroacetophenone derivatives were synthesized via decarboxylative trichlorination from arylpropiolic acids and trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA). The reaction was performed in the presence of water at room temperature, and the desired products were obtained in good yields. The reaction showed good functional group tolerance towards halide, cyano, nitro, ketone, ester and aldehyde groups. In addition, the 2,2,2‐trichloroacetophenone derivatives were readily transformed into esters, amides, and hydrazides. Based on experiments with H218O (water‐18O), we proposed a cationic reaction pathway as the mechanism and suggested two different pathways for producing aryl‐ and alkyl‐substituted propiolic acids.

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Site‐Specific Pre‐Swelling‐Directed Morphing Structures of Patterned Hydrogels
Authors: Wang Zhi Jian , Hong Wei , Wu Zi Liang , Zheng Qiang
Published: November 2017

Morphing materials have promising applications in various fields, yet how to program the self‐shaping process for specific configurations remains a challenge. Herein we show a versatile approach to control the buckling of individual domains and thus the outcome configurations of planar‐patterned hydrogels. By photolithography, high‐swelling disc gels were positioned in a non‐swelling gel sheet; the swelling mismatch resulted in out‐of‐plain buckling of the disc gels. To locally control the buckling direction, masks with holes were used to guide site‐specific swelling of the high‐swelling gel under the holes, which built a transient through‐thickness gradient and thus directed the buckling during the subsequent unmasked swelling process. Therefore, various configurations of an identical patterned hydrogel can be programmed by the pre‐swelling step with different masks to encode the buckling directions of separate domains.