bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrolytically and Reductively Degradable High‐Molecular‐Weight Poly(ethylene glycol)s
Authors: Braunová Alena , Pechar Michal , Laga Richard , Ulbrich Karel
Published: October 2007

Reductively degradable multiblock polymers for gene and drug delivery were synthesised by oxidative polycondensation of poly(ethylene glycol)‐cysteine derivatives containing ester or urethane bonds. Hydrolysis of the polymers at pH = 5.5, 7.4 and 8.0 and reductive degradation with glutathione and dithiothreitol were studied. The hydrolysis rate of polymer esters increased with increase in pH; the hydrolysis of polymer urethanes was negligible. Chemical substitution of the pendant COOH or NH2 groups significantly affected the rate of the polymer degradation. Surface modification of poly(L‐lysine)‐DNA complexes with PEG‐cystine multiblocks led to the formation of reductively degradable nanoparticles.

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Synthesis and Properties of 6FDA‐MDA Copolyimide Membranes: Effects of Diamines and Dianhydrides on Gas Separation and Pervaporation Properties
Authors: Xiao Shude , Feng Xianshe , Huang Robert Y. M.
Published: October 2007

6FDA‐MDA‐based polyimides were synthesized from a one‐step polycondensation of 6FDA and MDA with other diamines and dianhydrides. The polyimides were characterized by GPC, FT‐IR and NMR, and dense membranes were prepared from their solutions for gas separation and pervaporation. Gas separation and pervaporation properties were investigated using the linear moiety contribution method. The moiety contribution factors were used to analyze the effects of the dianhydride and diamine monomers on gas permselectivity and pervaporation permeation flux. It was shown that the steric effects and flexibility of the monomers and the interactions between the membrane and the penetrants accounted for the differences in separation properties.

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Synthesis of Hydroxy Group‐Containing Poly(N‐Propargylamides): Examination of the Secondary Structure and Chiral‐Recognition Ability of the Polymers
Authors: Sanda Fumio , Fujii Toru , Tabei Junichi , Shiotsuki Masashi , Masuda Toshio
Published: October 2007

Optically‐active, novel N‐propargylamides bearing hydroxy groups: (S)HCCCH2NHCOCH(CH3)OH (1), (S)HCCCH2NHCOCH(CH3)CH2OH (2), (S)HCCCH2NHCOCH[CH(CH3)2]OH (3), (S)HCCCH2NCOCH[CH2CH(CH3)2]OH (4), (S)HCCCH2NHCOCH(C6H5)OH (5), and (S)HCCCH2NHCOCH(CH2C6H5)OH (6) were synthesized and polymerized with [(nbd)RhCl]2–Et3N as a catalyst to obtain the corresponding polymers with moderate molecular weights ($\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 8 400 to 32 000) in 45 to 86% yields. Polarimetric, circular dichroism (CD), and UV‐vis spectroscopic analyses revealed that poly(1) and poly(6) took a helical structure with, predominantly, a one‐handed screw sense. On the other hand, poly[(S)HCCCH2OCOCH(CH3)OH] [poly(1′)], an ester analogue of poly(1), and poly(2)–poly(5) did not take a predominantly one‐handed helical structure.

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Encapsulation of Organic Pigment Particles Via Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: Steiert Nico , Landfester Katharina
Published: October 2007

Different organic yellow, magenta, and blue pigment nanoparticles can be efficiently encapsulated by cosonicating pigment dispersions and monomer miniemulsions in the pigment to monomer weight ratio of 80:20, followed by polymerization. As polymers polystyrene, different polyacrylates or copolymers could be used. Efficient encapsulation was proven by means of ultracentrifugation, electron microscopic methods, and streaming potential titration. Comparing the reaction kinetics of a typical styrene miniemulsion polymerization with the corresponding “ad‐miniemulsion polymerizations” proceeding on the surface of pigment particles, an influence of the pigments' molecular structure was observed.

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A year of unprecedented progress in Down syndrome basic research
Authors: Reeves Roger H. , Garner Craig C.
Published: October 2007

The years 2006 and 2007 saw the publication of three new and different approaches to prevention or amelioration of Down syndrome effects on the brain and cognition. We describe the animal model systems that were critical to this progress, review these independent breakthrough studies, and discuss the implications for therapeutic approaches suggested by each. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2007;13:215–220.
Reliability of a novel neurostimulation method to study involuntary muscle phenomena
Authors: Minetto Marco Alessandro , Botter Alberto , Ravenni Roberta , Merletti Roberto , De Grandis Domenico
Published: October 2007

Experimental methods involving painful electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve showed the existence of a minimum stimulation frequency capable of inducing cramp, termed “threshold frequency” (TF). Our aim was to test an alternative method to induce fasciculations and cramps electrically. Two daily sessions of electrical stimulation of the abductor hallucis muscle were performed in 19 volunteers on 3 days: stimulation trains of 150 monophasic square pulses (duration 152 μs) of increasing frequency (current intensity 30% higher than maximal; frequency of the first trial, 4 pps; recovery between trials, 1 min) were delivered to the main muscle motor point until a cramp developed. Once a cramp was induced the protocol was repeated after 30 min. To verify by electromyography that cramp occurred, a surface electrode array was placed between the motor point and the distal tendon. Ambient and skin temperature were kept constant in all sessions. Fasciculations and cramps were elicited in all subjects. We observed the following median (interquartile range) values of TF: day 1 (session 1), 13 (6) pps; day 1 (session 2), 16 (4) pps; day 2 (session 1), 16 (6) pps; day 2 (session 2), 18 (6) pps; day 3 (session 1), 17 (4) pps; day 3 (session 2), 18 (8) pps. TF intersession intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.82, 0.92, and 0.90 for days 1, 2, and 3, respectively. TF interday intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85. The absence of pain due to the stimulation and the demonstration of TF reliability support the use of our method for the study of involuntary muscle phenomena. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Ulnar sensory nerve impairment at the wrist in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Ginanneschi Federica , Milani Paolo , Mondelli Mauro , Dominici Federica , Biasella Alessia , Rossi Alessandro
Published: October 2007

In previous studies, changes in impulse transmission of ulnar motor axons have been documented in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We examined ulnar sensory conduction in 144 CTS hands. In particular, conduction parameters of the dorsal ulnar cutaneous branch (DUC) running outside Guyon's canal were compared with those of the superficial sensory branches (U4 and U5) passing through the canal. U4 and U5 response amplitudes and U5 conduction velocity were significantly lower than in controls. Conduction parameters of the DUC were similar in both groups. Patients with more severely impaired median conduction had smaller ulnar sensory action potentials. We propose that the ulnar nerve may be subject to compression in Guyon's canal as a consequence of high pressure in the carpal tunnel of CTS patients. This may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying extra‐median spread of sensory symptoms in CTS patients. Muscle Nerve, 2007
A palaeopathological case of a right maxilla's cemento‐ossifying fibroma
Authors: Colard T. , Gabart N. , Blondiaux J.
Published: October 2007

Cemento‐ossifying fibromas (COFs) are rare benign tumours affecting the maxilla and the mandible. The COF, of nonodontogenic origin, consists of a heterogeneous mixture of bone tissues and cementum. The skeleton of burial 154 excavated from the site of Magnicourt‐ en‐Comté (Pas‐de‐Calais) has been studied palaeopathologically. The cemetery is dated from the Merovingian period (6th–7th century AD) and included 262 burials. In this study, we focus on the differential diagnosis of cemento‐ossifying fibroma and other dyplastic and cystic lesions. Various macroscopic, radiological and histological aspects enable us to make a positive diagnosis of COF. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependency on elementary school caregivers: The role of parental intrusiveness and children's separation anxiety
Authors: Wood Jeffrey J. , Kiff Cara , Jacobs Jeffrey , Ifekwunigwe Muriel , Piacentini John C.
Published: October 2007

A theoretical model of children's dependency on teachers and other caregivers in elementary school was tested and supported in this study. Based on attachment theory and social‐cognitive theory, parental intrusiveness and children's separation anxiety were hypothesized to heighten dependent behaviors with school caregivers. Families of children in Grades K–5 participated. Parent‐ and child‐report measures with good psychometric properties were employed. Parental intrusiveness and children's separation anxiety were associated with clingy, dependent relationships with school caregivers in cross‐informant correlational analyses. Intrusiveness and separation anxiety jointly accounted for 18%–29% of the variance in dependency scores. Results are consistent with attachment models of continuity between parent–child relationships and relations with other caregivers. Practice recommendations for teachers and school providers are given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 823–837, 2007.
Kinetic features of ethylene polymerization over supported catalysts [2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl iron dichloride/magnesium dichloride] with AlR3 as an activator
Authors: Mikenas Tatiana B. , Zakharov Vladimir A. , Echevskaya Lyudmila G. , Matsko Mikhail A.
Published: October 2007

The effects of polymerization temperature, polymerization time, ethylene and hydrogen concentration, and effect of comonomers (hexene‐1, propylene) on the activity of supported catalyst of composition LFeCl2/MgCl2‐Al(i‐Bu)3 (L = 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenylimino)ethyl] pyridyl) and polymer characteristics (molecular weight (MW), molecular‐weight distribution (MWD), molecular structure) have been studied. Effective activation energy of ethylene polymerization over LFeCl2/MgCl2‐Al(i‐Bu)3 has a value typical of supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts (11.9 kcal/mol). The polymerization reaction is of the first order with respect to monomer at the ethylene concentration >0.2 mol/L. Addition of small amounts of hydrogen (9–17%) significantly increases the activity; however, further increase in hydrogen concentration decreases the activity. The IRS and DSC analysis of PE indicates that catalyst LFeCl2/MgCl2‐Al(i‐Bu)3 has a very low copolymerizing ability toward propylene and hexene‐1. MW and MWD of PE produced over these catalysts depend on the polymerization time, ethylene and hexene‐1 concentration. The activation effect of hydrogen and other kinetic features of ethylene polymerization over supported catalysts based on the Fe (II) complexes are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5057–5066, 2007
Water‐soluble conjugated polymers: Synthesis and optical properties
Authors: Xie Baohan , Bagui Mahuya , Guo Ruirun , Li Kun , Wang Qing , Peng Zhonghua
Published: October 2007

Two sets of water‐soluble poly(phenylene vinylene)s were synthesized and their optical properties were studied. The aqueous solubility of all these polymers is rendered by pendant sulfonate groups. One set of polymers (polymer I series) contains, in addition to the sulfonate pendants, dimethoxy substituents, while the other (polymer II series) contains oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. Within each set, polymers containing lithium (Ia and IIa), sodium (Ib and IIb), and potassium (Ic and IIc) counter ions were prepared. The two sets of polymers showed different properties from physical appearance (fiber vs film) to thermal properties and to optical properties. It was found that set I polymers, with shorter side chains, exhibit stronger aggregation in aqueous solutions than set II polymers, which led to their lower fluorescence quantum yields and lower polymer‐to‐MV2+ quenching efficiencies. Within each set, the effect of counter ions on optical properties was noted. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5123–5135, 2007
Effect of the terminal substituent of azobenzene on the properties of ABA triblock copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Tang Xinde , Gao Longcheng , Fan Xinghe , Zhou Qifeng
Published: October 2007

The effect of the terminal substituent of azobenzene on the properties of ABA triblock copolymers was investigated. For this study, three kinds of azobenzene‐containing monomers with different terminal substituents—6‐[4‐(4‐methoxyphenylazo)phenoxy] hexyl methacrylate, 6‐[4‐(4‐ethoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate, and 6‐[4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate—were used to synthesize ABA triblock copolymers PMMAzo25–PEG13–PMMAzo25/PMMAzo12–PEG13–PMMAzo12, PEMAzo14–PEG13–PEMAzo14, and PNMAzo14–PEG13–PNMAzo14, respectively, by atom transfer radical polymerization (PMMAzo is poly{6‐[4‐(4‐methoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}, PEMAzo is poly{6‐[4‐(4‐ethoxyphenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}, and PNMAzo is poly{6‐[4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate}). These copolymers were characterized with 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography and exhibited controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. Differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy showed that these copolymers had mesophases. PMMAzo25–PEG13–PMMAzo25 and PMMAzo12–PEG13–PMMAzo12 had a smectic mesophase and a nematic mesophase, whereas both PEMAzo14–PEG13–PEMAzo14 and PNMAzo14–PEG13–PNMAzo14 had a nematic mesophase. This demonstrated that the liquid‐crystalline properties of these copolymers highly depended on the terminal substituent of azobenzene. The photoresponsive behavior of these copolymers was also investigated in tetrahydrofuran solutions, and the influence of the terminal substituents attached to azobenzene was studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5190–5198, 2007
Screening of the active site from water by the incoming ligand triggers catalysis and inhibition in serine proteases
Authors: Shokhen Michael , Khazanov Netaly , Albeck Amnon
Published: October 2007

The pKa of the catalytic His57 NεH in the tetrahedral complex (TC) of chymotrypsin with trifluoromethyl ketone inhibitors is 4–5 units higher relative to the free enzyme (FE). Such stable TC's, formed with transition state (TS) analog inhibitors, are topologically similar to the catalytic TS. Thus, analysis of this pKa shift may shed light on the role of water solvation in the general base catalysis by histidine. We applied our QM/SCRF(VS) approach to study this shift. The method enables explicit quantum mechanical DFT calculations of large molecular clusters that simulate chemical reactions at the active site (AS) of water solvated enzymes. We derived an analytical expression for the pKa dependence on the degree of water exposure of the ionizable group, and on the total charge in the enzyme AS, Q(A) and Q(B), when the target ionizable functional group (His57 in this study) is in the acidic (A) and basic (B) forms, respectively. Q2(B) > Q2(A) both in the FE and in the TC of chymotrypsin. Therefore, water solvation decreases the relative stability of the protonated histidine in both. Ligand binding reduces the degree of water solvation of the imidazole ring, and consequently elevates the histidine pKa. Thus, the binding of the ligand plays a triggering role that switches on the cascade of catalytic reactions in serine proteases. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The emerging field of chemical genetics: potential applications for pesticide discovery
Authors: Walsh Terence A
Published: October 2007

The use of small molecules to probe biological systems, generally described as ‘chemical genetics’, has grown considerably in the past 7 years, especially in areas related to human biology and therapeutics. This review describes some aspects of chemical genetics technologies that can be usefully applied to pesticide target discovery and lead generation. The chemical genetics approach (consisting of a phenotype screen, a chemical library and a robust target identification methodology) is compared with conventional and target‐based screening. The outcomes of a chemical genetics approach are novel protein targets coupled with in vivo‐active chemical ligands. The ‘chemistry‐first’ paradigm of the chemical genetics approach can circumvent some of the obstacles that have emerged for the exploitation of novel but chemically unvalidated targets identified from genetic or genomic screens. Some of the advantages and challenges in using chemical genetics approaches are reviewed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of insecticide exposure on movement and population size estimates of predatory ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Prasifka Jarrad R , Lopez Miriam D , Hellmich Richard L , Prasifka Patricia L
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: Estimates of arthropod population size may paradoxically increase following insecticide applications. Research with ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) suggests that such unusual results reflect increased arthropod movement and capture in traps rather than real changes in population size. However, it is unclear whether direct (hyperactivity) or indirect (prey‐mediated) mechanisms produce increased movement.

RESULTS: Video tracking of Scarites quadriceps Chaudior indicated that brief exposure to lambda‐cyhalothrin or tefluthrin increased total distance moved, maximum velocity and percentage of time moving. Repeated measurements on individual beetles indicated that movement decreased 240 min after initial lambda‐cyhalothrin exposure, but increased again following a second exposure, suggesting hyperactivity could lead to increased trap captures in the field. Two field experiments in which ground beetles were collected after lambda‐cyhalothrin or permethrin application attempted to detect increases in population size estimates as a result of hyperactivity. Field trials used mark–release–recapture methods in small plots and natural carabid populations in larger plots, but found no significant short‐term (<6 day) increases in beetle trap captures.

CONCLUSION: The disagreement between laboratory and field results suggests mechanisms other than hyperactivity may better explain unusual changes in population size estimates. When traps are used as a primary sampling tool, unexpected population‐level effects should be interpreted carefully or with additional data less influenced by arthropod activity. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of dextromethorphan in preventing cholecalciferol‐induced poison shyness and sickness‐induced anorexia in the laboratory Norway rat
Authors: Gould Elaine M , Holmes Selena J
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: Overcoming bait and poison shyness is critical to the success of pest control operations against rats and other rodents. The authors hypothesized that the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor blocker, dextromethorphan, could prevent the acquired memory of sickness and sickness‐induced anorexia resulting from rodents eating poisoned bait.

RESULTS: Cholecalciferol (1/4 LD50) was mixed with dextromethorphan and fed to rats on two 2 day sessions, with an 18 day break in between. Dextromethorphan did not prevent poison shyness; during the second poisoning period, both the cholecalciferol only and the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan groups had lower intakes of the bait compared with the control and dextromethorphan only groups. In addition to the previously recorded symptoms of cholecalciferol poisoning, the rats in this trial were observed to have nose bleeds, weepy eyes, laboured breathing and, in the case of the cholecalciferol only treated group, a period of decreased water intake followed by a period of increased water intake. There was also a period of increased water intake in the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan group.

CONCLUSION: Dextromethorphan failed to prevent poison shyness and the anorectic effect of cholecalciferol. However, it did reduce anorexia from 17 days in the cholecaliferol group to 8 days in the cholecalciferol plus dextromethorphan group. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Construction of atomic arrangement for carbon nanotube junctions
Authors: László I.
Published: October 2007

An algorithm will be presented for constructing Descartes coordinates for carbon atoms in a junction of three nanotubes of any chirality. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electro‐optical characterization of carbon nanotube‐based coatings under CO2 laser irradiation
Authors: Castro M. R. S. , Veith M. , Oliveira P. W.
Published: October 2007

Conductive coatings made from very thin functionalized (–NH2) multi‐walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in a TiO2‐based sol were irradiated with CO2 laser using different intensities. It was observed that the electrical and optical properties of the film have changed. Laser‐treated films present lower resistivity than the original non‐irradiated coating. We attribute this behavior to a better densification of the nanotubes with the assist of the laser. Films irradiated with CO2 presented a higher refractive index than non‐irradiated coatings, showing the susceptibility of the films in optic‐electronic devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neubau der ÖBB‐Salzachbrücke – ein innovatives, einzigartiges Ingenieurbauwerk in Salzburg
Authors: Scholz Ulrich , Fila Roman , Fink Josef
Published: October 2007

Die neue Eisenbahnbrücke über die Salzach ist mehr als ein Brückenbauwerk für die neue S‐Bahn in Salzburg. Ihre gestalterische Formgebung, mit ihrer Stützenteilung und ihrer extrem schlanken Konstruktion sowie die umfangreichen Bauphasen machen die Brücke zu einem einzigartigen Architektur‐ und Ingenieurbauwerk. Nach Fertigstellung wird das Bauwerk zusätzlich zur Leistungssteigerung für die Österreichischen Bundesbahnen auch noch eine wesentlich verbesserte Hochwassersicherheit für die Stadt Salzburg bieten.

Die Salzachbrücke ist das umfangreichste Brückenbauwerk zur Realisierung des S‐Bahn‐Projektes und überführt sowohl den Nahverkehr als auch den Personen‐ und Güterfernverkehr. Darüber hinaus ist sie ein wichtiger Baustein für den Ausbau des Eisenbahn‐Hochleistungskorridors Paris–Budapest. Bereits heute verkehren bis zu 300 Züge pro Tag in diesem Streckenabschnitt, weshalb eine sehr detaillierte Bauphasen‐ und sehr enge Terminplanung zu berücksichtigen war.

Bernard Ingenieure schaffte in guter Zusammenarbeit mit allen am Bau Beteiligten für die ÖBB und die Stadt Salzburg den Spagat zwischen der Realisierung des architektonisch einzigartigen Brückenkonzeptes des Architekturbüros Halle 1, in dem es keine Regeldetails gibt, und den Grundlagen eines statisch‐konstruktiv hochwertigen Brückenbauwerkes.
The management of Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy following treatment with methotrexate—a clinical challenge
Authors: Deb S. , Clewes J. , Hewer C. , Raine‐Fenning N.
Published: October 2007

We present a case of Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy, complicated by the persistence of clinical symptoms despite a rapid and complete biochemical response to a single systemic injection of methotrexate. A 34‐year‐old woman with three previous Cesarean sections was diagnosed with a Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy following @ in‐vitro fertilization treatment. The diagnosis was suggested by three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound scan and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Management involved administration of a single systemic injection of methotrexate and follow‐up with serial ultrasound assessments and serum beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) measurements. The main challenge was the persistence of clinical symptoms despite adequate medical treatment, as judged by complete resolution of biochemical trophoblastic activity, which resulted in repeated admissions to the hospital. Serial transvaginal ultrasound scans showed an initial increase in the size of the mass, which led to increasing anxiety in the couple. Eventually, 15 weeks after the administration of methotrexate, the couple requested surgical intervention. An uneventful surgical resection of the abnormal area, which showed appearances suggestive of trophoblastic tissue, was undertaken to good effect. In summary, despite a rapid normalization of serum β‐hCG following the administration of methotrexate, the patient remained symptomatic and had ultrasound appearances suggestive of incomplete resorption of trophoblast, necessitating surgical intervention. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultra‐precision Surface Finishing by Ion Beam Techniques
Authors: Hänsel T. , Frost F. , Nickel A. , Schindler T.
Published: October 2007

Ion beam etching based ultra precision surface finishing is a versatile technology with a high degree of predictability due to the high stability of state of the art ion sources and the acquired knowledge of the physics of beam surface interaction. The independent control of the ion energy and the ion current density over wide ranges and the possible additional use of chemical reactive species in combination with physical sputter removal allow solving tasks in a wide variety of applications. The paper summarizes the present status of more than 20 years of development of ion beam finishing technology in IOM. It gives an overview on the equipment and the components developed for production purposes and on the ion beam technologies developed to achieve nanometer and sub‐nanometer depth accuracies over the entire spectrum of spatial surface wavelength from the full aperture size down to the microroughness level of only micrometer lateral feature size. Results of the finishing of high‐end optical surfaces shown demonstrate the outstanding performances of the techniques with topography and roughness control on the atomic scale.
Einsatz von Vakuumpumpen bei der Herstellung von Photovoltaik‐Modulen
Authors: Kuhn Monika , Mossoloff Elke
Published: October 2007

Durch den Einsatz von trocken verdichtenden Schraubenpumpen des Typs SCREWLINE SP 630/250 können die Betriebskosten an Kristallziehanlagen und an Laminatoren deutlich gesenkt werden. Die konstruktive Gestaltung der Getrieberaum‐Abdichtungen, der einfache Aufbau der Pumpe, der Service vor Ort und die Verwendung von Gasballast erlauben einen sehr zuverlässigen Betrieb und lange Wartungs‐ und Service‐Intervalle bei gleichzeitigem Verzicht von saugseitigen Staubabscheidern im Falle des Kristallziehens.
Is Preoperative Transarterial Chemoembolization Needed for a Resectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Authors: Choi Gi‐Hong , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kang Chang‐Moo , Kim Kyung‐Sik , Choi Jin‐Sub , Lee Woo‐Jung , Kim Byong‐Ro
Published: October 2007

Background

Whether preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has the therapeutic benefits in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains uncertain.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively investigated the influence of preoperative TACE on both disease‐free survival and the pattern of recurrence after curative resection. From March 1998 to January 2005, a series of 273 patients who underwent curative resection for HCC were reviewed. Altogether, 120 patients underwent preoperative TACE, and 153 patients did not. We compared disease‐free survival and the recurrence patterns between TACE and non‐TACE groups, as well as between subgroups, stratified with regard to initial tumor size (≤3 cm, 3–5 cm, >5 cm) and pathologic tumor stage (stage I‐II and stage III‐IVa). We also compared disease‐free survival and the pattern of recurrence among the three groups: complete necrosis, incomplete necrosis, non‐TACE groups.

Results

The 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 76.0%, 57.7%, and 51.3%, respectively, in the TACE group and 70.9%, 53.8%, and 46.8%, respectively, in the non‐TACE group. No significant difference was observed in disease‐free survival or the pattern of recurrence between the TACE and non‐TACE groups. Further analysis of disease‐free survival and the pattern of recurrence between subgroups according to initial tumor size and tumor stage showed no significant differences. Complete necrosis of tumor was recognized in only 33 patients of the TACE group (p = 0.001). Among the three complete necrosis, incomplete necrosis, and non‐TACE groups, no significant difference was observed in disease‐free survival or the pattern of recurrence.

Conclusions

Preoperative TACE did not significantly improve the disease‐free survival or the pattern of recurrence after curative resection of HCC. Even though this study is a retrospective analysis, preoperative TACE cannot be recommended as a routine procedure before hepatectomy for a resectable HCC.
Outcome After Hepatic Resection of Solitary Liver Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer in the Caudate Lobe
Authors: Saiura Akio , Yamamoto Junji , Koga Rintaro , Kokudo Norihiro , Seki Makoto , Oya Masatoshi , Ueno Masashi , Kuroyanagi Hiroya , Fujimoto Yoshiya , Natori Takeshi , Yamaguchi Toshiharu , Muto Tetsuichiro
Published: October 2007

Background

The prognosis of solitary liver metastasis involving the caudate lobe is unclear. This study analyzed the outcomes after resection of the caudate lobe for solitary colorectal liver metastasis.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 114 cases in which potentially curative hepatectomy were performed for solitary colorectal liver metastasis. Solitary liver metastasis involving the caudate lobe was seen in 14 cases (Caudate group). The outcomes were compared with those of the remaining 100 cases with metastasis in a site other than the caudate lobe (Other group).

Results

No hospital deaths occurred. The 5‐year survival rate for all cases was 61%. Recurrence‐free and cumulative survivals were similar in the two groups, as were the intraoperative blood loss, duration of operation, and postoperative hospital stay. The distance of the surgical margin was significantly shorter in the Caudate group than in the Other group (0.6 mm vs. 6.6 mm; p = 0.001). A concomitant resection of the inferior vena cava was performed in four patients in the Caudate group but in no patients in the Other group (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Despite a minimal surgical margin, the resection of solitary colorectal liver metastasis offers favorable short‐ and long‐term outcomes comparable to those for colorectal liver metastasis at other sites.
Estradiol Favors the Formation of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (20:5n‐3) and n‐3 Docosapentaenoic Acid (22:5n‐3) from Alpha‐Linolenic Acid (18:3n‐3) in SH‐SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Alessandri Jean‐Marc , Extier Audrey , Langelier Bénédicte , Perruchot Marie‐Hélène , Heberden Christine , Guesnet Philippe , Lavialle Monique
Published: October 2007

Whether neurosteroids regulate the synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in brain cells is unknown. We examined the influence of 17‐β‐estradiol (E2) on the capacity of SH‐SY5Y cells supplemented with α‐linolenic acid (ALA), to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Cells were incubated for 24 or 72 h with ALA added alone or in combination with E2 (ALA + E2). Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl) and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). Incubation for 24 h with ALA alone increased EPA and DPA in EtnGpl, by 330 and 430% compared to controls (P < 0.001) and DHA by only 10% (P < 0.05). Although DHA increased by 30% (P < 0.001) in ALA + E2‐treated cells, the difference between the ALA and ALA + E2 treatments were not significant after 24 h (Anova‐1, Fisher's test). After 72 h, EPA, DPA and DHA further increased in EtnGpl and PtdCho of cells supplemented with ALA or ALA + E2. Incubation for 72 h with ALA + E2 specifically increased EPA (+34% in EtnGpl, P < 0.001) and DPA (+15%, P < 0.001) compared to ALA alone. Thus, SH‐SY5Y cells produced membrane EPA, DPA and DHA from supplemental ALA. The formation of DHA was limited, even in the presence of E2. E2 significantly favored EPA and DPA production in cells grown for 72 h. Enhanced synthesis of ALA‐elongation products in neuroblastoma cells treated with E2 supports the hypothesis that neurosteroids could modulate the metabolism of PUFA.
Acute stress response and recovery after whiplash injuries. A one‐year prospective study
Authors: Kongsted Alice , Bendix Tom , Qerama Erisela , Kasch Helge , Bach Flemming W. , Korsholm Lars , Jensen Troels S.
Published: October 2007

Chronic whiplash‐associated disorder (WAD) represents a major medical and psycho‐social problem. The typical symptomatology presented in WAD is to some extent similar to symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder. In this study we examined if the acute stress reaction following a whiplash injury predicted long‐term sequelae. Participants with acute whiplash‐associated symptoms after a motor vehicle accident were recruited from emergency units and general practitioners. The predictor variable was the sum score of the impact of event scale (IES) completed within 10 days after the accident. The main outcome‐measures were neck pain and headache, neck disability, general health, and working ability one year after the accident. A total of 737 participants were included and completed the IES, and 668 (91%) participated in the 1‐year follow‐up. A baseline IES‐score denoting a moderate to severe stress response was obtained by 13% of the participants. This was associated with increased risk of considerable persistent pain (OR=3.3; 1.8–5.9), neck disability (OR=3.2; 1.7–6.0), reduced working ability (OR=2.8; 1.6–4.9), and lowered self‐reported general health one year after the accident. These associations were modified by baseline neck pain intensity. It was not possible to distinguish between participants who recovered and those who did not by means of the IES (AUC=0.6). In conclusion, the association between the acute stress reaction and persistent WAD suggests that post traumatic stress reaction may be important to consider in the early management of whiplash injury. However, the emotional response did not predict chronicity in individuals.
Lumbar transplantation of immortalized enkephalin‐expressing astrocytes attenuates chronic neuropathic pain
Authors: Xu Ying , Tian Xue‐bi , An Ke , Yang Hui , Tian Yu‐Ke
Published: October 2007

Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom in clinical practice and patients with chronic pain are subject to a greatly impaired quality of life. Grafted genetically‐modified cells secreting enkephalin have been considered an encouraging treatment for chronic pain. Importantly, the transplanted cell as a therapeutic agent should be reproducible, safe, and controllable. In this study, by combining a tetracycline‐controlled (Tet‐on) gene expression system and immortalized astrocytes, we attempted to engineer an immortalized astrocyte line carrying the human preproenkephalin gene (IASL/hPPE) under the transcriptional control of doxycycline. These cells were then implanted into the subarachnoid space of chronic constrictive injury (CCI) rats and their analgesic potential was investigated by behavioral tests. The results showed that the secretion of enkephalin from IASL/hPPE cells could be switched on and off under the regulation of doxycycline in a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI was significantly alleviated during the 2–7week period after grafts of IASL/hPPE cells and the analgesic effect could be regulated by doxycycline. Moreover, spinal enkephalin level could be modulated by the presence or absence of doxycycline in drinking water. Taken together, these data suggest that regulatable release of enkephalin from transplanted cells near the spinal dorsal horn was able to reverse the development of chronic neuropathic pain. Although improvements in the Tet‐on system are necessary, this may provide an alternative approach for ex vivo cell transplantation to treat chronic pain.
3D forward modeling of vector field for induction logging problems
Authors: Epov M.I. , Shurina E.P. , Nechaev O.V.
Published: October 2007

TEM responses in an inhomogeneous medium are modeled in 3D using the vector finite element method for induction logging in petroleum wells. The algorithm is applied to HFIL diagrams obtained in wells that tap thinly laminated formations with regard to the true position of logging tools.
Detailed biostratigraphy of Triassic deposits in the Lena lower reaches (northern Yakutia)
Authors: Konstantinov A.G. , Sobolev E.S. , Yadrenkin A.V.
Published: October 2007

Triassic sections of the Lena lower reaches (northern Yakutia) were studied. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Triassic deposits were refined and described in detail, and their age was constrained by different fauna groups. The first detailed local Triassic biostratigraphic scheme is reported, which includes ammonoid, nautiloid, and bivalve zones and subzones and foraminifer beds. The scheme is compared with the Canadian Triassic Zonal and Standard (International) Scales.
Enhancement of edges of Sidi Chennane phosphate “disturbances” using sunshading responses of resistivity data
Authors: Bakkali Saad
Published: October 2007

Sunshading is a powerful tool for the enhancement of edges in images. Given the azimuth and elevation of a source illumination, it calculates the reflectance from a surface which is composed of the data to be interpreted. It is a standard tool used in the interpretation of geophysical potential field data. In the great Oulad Abdoun phosphate basin, inclusions of sterile hardpan — so-called “disturbances” — are hard to detect as they interfere with phosphates. Their resistivity is above 200 Ohm⋅m against 80 to 150 Ohm⋅m for a phosphate-rich mineral. A Schlumberger resistivity survey over an area of 50 hectares was carried out. The geologic setting was successfully modeled on the basis of sunshaded maps of disturbances. A new field procedure was tested to deal with the extended edges of anomalous zones of phosphate deposit disturbances. Phosphate reserves were estimated more reliably.
Stratotype of the Chaya Formation of the Akitkan Group in the North Baikal volcanoplutonic belt: age and time of sedimentation
Authors: Donskaya T.V. , Mazukabzov A.M. , Bibikova E.V. , Gladkochub D.P. , Didenko A.N. , Kirnozova T.I. , Vodovozov V.Yu. , Stanevich A.M.
Published: October 2007

With U-Pb zircon dating, we determined the age of rhyodacites composing sedimentary covers among coarse-terrigenous rocks of the lowermost Chaya Formation of the Akitkan Group (North Baikal volcanoplutonic belt). These rocks are considered to have formed during the sedimentation. The dates (1863±9 Ma) permitted estimation of the age of basal beds of the Chaya Formation and substantiate the age boundary between the Khibelen and Chaya Formations of the Akitkan Group. The determined age and earlier dates of igneous rocks intruding the Chaya Formation deposits suggest that the latter accumulated for ~10 Myr.
The use of ‘bomb spike’ calibration and high-precision AMS 14C analyses to date salt-marsh sediments deposited during the past three centuries
Authors: Marshall William A. , Gehrels W. Roland , Garnett Mark H. , Freeman Stewart P.H.T. , Maden Colin , Xu Sheng
Published: October 2007

A combination of ‘bomb spike’ calibration and conventional calibration of AMS 14C dating has been used to determine a detailed age-depth model for a 1-m sediment section collected from a salt marsh in Poole Harbour, southern England. These data were compared with the chronology obtained from 210Pb analysis and 137Cs age markers. We report post bomb values of over 1.46 F14C (> 146% modern 14C), and both the rising and falling limbs of the atmospheric ‘bomb spike’ are identified. Five pre-bomb samples were analysed using multi-target high-precision 2‰ AMS analysis, and after the replicates were combined the one-sigma uncertainty was as low as ± 9 14C yr on some ages. These data, and an additional three normal-precision pre-bomb 14C samples, were calibrated using CALIB 5.0 and the chronology constrained using the ‘prior knowledge’ of independent age markers obtained from the analysis of pollen and spheroidal carbonaceous particle (SCPs). No agreement was found between the 14C ‘bomb spike’ dates and the CRS 210Pb chronology modelled for this sequence. In addition, poor agreement was found between the signal of the 1960s weapons test fallout indicated by the 14C ‘bomb spike’ dates and the timing suggested by the 137Cs data. This disagreement is attributed to the influence of the local discharge of 137Cs from the former UKAEA site at Winfrith. We use our new chronology to confirm the existence of an acceleration in sedimentation rates in Poole Harbour during the last 100 yr previously reported for this site by Long et al. (Long, A.J., Scaife, R.G., Edwards, R.J. 1999. Pine Pollen in intertidal sediments from Poole Harbour, UK; implications for late-Holocene sediment accretion rates and sea-level rise. Quaternary International, 55, 3–16.), and conclude that ‘bomb spike’ 14C calibration dating may offer a more robust alternative to the use of 210Pb chronologies for dating sediment deposition in salt-marsh environments. In addition, we demonstrate how the use of high-precision AMS analysis has the potential for reducing some of the uncertainties involved in the high-resolution dating of recent salt-marsh sediments.
How adolescents are reported in the British press
Authors: Porteous M.A. , Colston N.J.
Published: October 2007

British press coverage of events involving adolescents shows a heavy emphasis on violence and crime, both perpetrated on and committed by young people. A true reflection of the reality of young people's lives is lacking and a distorted picture emerges. Thus the expectations of youth and the prejudices of older people towards the young are likely to be affected in a negative way.
The results of a fllow‐up study of suicidal adolescents
Authors: Nardini‐Maillard Deanna , Ladame François G.
Published: October 2007

This paper is an account of personality functioning being encountered in adult patients who had attempted suicide at least six years earlier while adolescents.
Nutrition Discussion Forum
Authors: Wood Peter J. , Tosh Susan M.
Published: October 2007

Concerning the effects of oat and barley β-glucan and molecular weight on blood lipids
The -675 4G/5G polymorphism at the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene modulates plasma Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 concentrations in response to dietary fat consumption
Authors: Pérez-Martínez P. , Adarraga-Cansino M. D. , Fernández de la Puebla R. A. , Blanco-Molina A. , Delgado-Lista J. , Marín C. , Ordovás J. M. , López-Miranda J. , Pérez-Jiménez F.
Published: October 2007

The objective of the study was to determine whether Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 (PAI-1) -675 4G/5G polymorphism is associated with the response of functional plasma PAI-1 concentrations to changes in the amount and quality of dietary fat in healthy subjects. PAI-1 is the major inhibitor of fibrinolysis, and a lower level of fibrinolytic activity could be implicated in an increased risk of IHD. Fifty-nine healthy Spanish volunteers (ten 4G/4G homozygotes, twenty-eight heterozygotes 4G/5G and twenty-one 5G/5G homozygotes) consumed three diets for periods of 4 weeks each: a SFA-rich diet (38 % fat, 20 % SFA), followed by a carbohydrate-rich diet (30 % fat, 55 % carbohydrate) and a MUFA-rich diet (38 % fat, 22 % MUFA) according to a randomized crossover design. At the end of each dietary period plasma lipid and functional plasma PAI-1 concentrations were determined. Subjects carrying the 4G allele (4G/4G and 4G/5G) showed a significant decrease in PAI-1 concentrations after the MUFA diet, compared with the SFA-rich and carbohydrate-rich diets (genotype ×  diet interaction:P = 0·028). 5G/5G homozygotes had the lowest plasma PAI-1 concentrations compared with 4G/4G and 4G/5G subjects (genotype:P = 0·002), without any changes as a result of the amount and the quality of the dietary fat. In summary, no differences in plasma PAI-1 concentration response were found after changes in dietary fat intake in 5G/5G homozygotes, although these subjects displayed the lowest concentrations of PAI-1. On the other hand, carriers of the 4G allele are more likely to hyper-respond to the presence of MUFA in the diet because of a greater decrease in PAI-1 concentrations.
Time trend analysis of otological procedures performed in England, 1989 to 2005
Authors: Hari C K , Powell R , Weiner G M
Published: October 2007

Objective:

To observe trends in the number of major otological procedures performed in England, in the context of advances in the understanding of disease.

Methods:

The data used were obtained from the Hospital Episode Statistics statistical database, published by the UK Department of Health, for England, 1989 to 2005. Specific otological procedures were identified using the Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures system (fourth revision) of the Office of Population, Censuses and Surveys. Trend analysis of different procedures was performed using exponential smoothing (using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 13 software).

Results:

Our study did not confirm any reduction in the number of surgical procedures performed for cholesteatoma or otosclerosis. We noted a sharp decline in the number of endolymphatic sac surgical procedures performed, probably attributable to the increased use of intratympanic therapy.

Conclusion:

The number of major otological procedures (other than endolymphatic sac surgery) was consistent over the period examined. The generally perceived reduction in the number of procedures performed by individual surgeons may be due to a dilutional effect. This can only support the need for subspecialisation, particularly regarding the training of junior surgeons.
Gorlin's syndrome presenting with myolipoma of tongue base
Authors: Barker L , Lo S , Sudderick R
Published: October 2007

Objective:

We report the first case of tongue base myolipoma associated with Gorlin's syndrome.

Method:

Case report and review of world literature.

Results:

A 39-year-old man with known Gorlin's syndrome presented with progressive dysphagia. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging scan and biopsy confirmed the rare diagnosis of myolipoma arising from the tongue base. In view of the benign nature of this mass, it was debulked rather than completely excised in order to preserve swallowing function.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of two rare conditions in an atypical fashion. This case appears to represent a new variant in the broad spectrum of features of Gorlin's syndrome.
Primary B-cell lymphoma presenting as bilateral ear lobule swelling
Authors: Sharma A K , Chatterjee S , Sharma V L
Published: October 2007

We report a rare case of primary B-cell lymphoma presenting as bilateral ear lobule swelling. A 56-year-old white man presented with a one-year history of painless swelling of both ear lobules. An excision biopsy confirmed B-cell lymphoma. Detailed systemic investigation confirmed the primary nature of the tumour. This tumour is rare in the ear lobule. A review of the English literature revealed no previously reported case of bilateral primary ear lobule involvement. Clinicians should be aware that this tumour can present as a primary in the ear lobules.