bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative studies on the effect of a protein‐synthesis inhibitor on aluminium‐induced secretion of organic acids from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench and Cassia tora L. roots
Authors: YANG JIAN LI , ZHENG SHAO JIAN , HE YUN FENG , YOU JIANG FENG , ZHANG LEI , YU XUE HUI
Published: December 2005

Aluminium (Al)‐induced secretion of organic acids from plant roots is considered a mechanism of Al resistance, but the processes leading to the secretion of organic acids are still unknown. In the present study, a protein‐synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM), was used to investigate its effect on Al‐induced organic acid secretion in a pattern I (rapid exudation of organic acids under Al stress) plant buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and a pattern II (exudation of organic acids was delayed by several hours under Al stress) plant Cassia tora L. A dose–response experiment showed that the secretion of oxalate by buckwheat roots was not affected by CHM when added in the range from 0 to 50 µm, with or without exposure to 100 µm Al, but the secretion of citrate was completely inhibited by 30 µm CHM in C. tora. A time‐course experiment showed that even prolonged exposure to 20 µm CHM did not affect oxalate secretion in buckwheat, but significantly inhibited citrate secretion in C. tora. However, citrate synthase (CS) activity in C. tora was not affected during 12 h exposure to 100 µm Al when compared with that in control roots, although CHM can inhibit CS activity effectively. These results indicated that CS activity was not related to Al‐regulated citrate efflux in C. tora. The total protein was decreased by 14.0% and 32.3% in C. tora and buckwheat root tip, respectively, after 3‐h treatment with 20 µm CHM. A 3‐h pulse with 20 µm CHM completely inhibited citrate efflux in C. tora during the next 6‐h exposure to Al, although a small amount of citrate was exuded after 9‐h exposure. However, oxalate efflux in buckwheat was not influenced by a similar treatment. In buckwheat, a 3‐h pulse with 100 µm Al maintained oxalate secretion at a high level during the next 9 h, with or without CHM treatment. Conversely, in C. tora a 6‐h pulse with 100 µm Al induced significant secretion of citrate which was inhibited by the CHM. Taken together, these findings suggest that both de novo synthesis and activation of an anion channel are needed for Al‐induced secretion of citrate in C. tora, but in buckwheat the plasma membrane protein responsible for oxalate secretion pre‐exists.
Characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina, the charcoal rot pathogen of cluster bean, using conventional techniques and PCR‐based molecular markers
Authors: Purkayastha S. , Kaur B. , Dilbaghi N. , Chaudhury A.
Published: December 2005

Phenotypic and genetic diversity of 59 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates collected from various host species growing in or near cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) fields in four states of north and north‐west India were characterized using RAPD and PCR–RFLPs of the ITS region. These isolates, and 11 from various hosts from culture collections, were classified into three mycelial phenotypes: dense, feathery and restricted, based on variable growth patterns on nutrient agar containing 120 mm chlorate. Pathogenicity of isolates was evaluated by measuring the length of stem lesions 21 days post‐inoculation on the susceptible cluster bean genotype FS 277. Isolates showed considerable variation in aggressiveness, with the isolates from cluster bean with dense chlorate phenotype producing relatively higher lesion lengths on cluster bean plants. The results of the RAPD assay clearly distinguished the isolates on the basis of chlorate phenotype and host origin. Isolates from a single host were generally similar to each other, but differed distinctly from those from other hosts. Chlorate‐sensitive isolates were distinct from chlorate‐resistant isolates within a given host. A high degree of polymorphism in restriction patterns of the ITS region, including part of 25S rDNA, has been reported for the first time in the charcoal rot fungus.
Mucosal Leishmaniasis Patients Display an Activated Inflammatory T‐cell Phenotype Associated with a Nonbalanced Monocyte Population
Authors: Gaze S. T. , Dutra W. O. , Lessa M. , Lessa H. , Guimarães L. H. , De Jesus A. R. , Carvalho L. P. , Machado P. , Carvalho E. M. , Gollob K. J.
Published: December 2005

Leishmania braziliensis is a parasite that can induce at least two clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). In humans, the specific mechanisms that determine which form will develop following infection are not well established. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 17 CL and 9 ml patients were compared both ex vivo and after culture with soluble leishmania antigen (SLA). Patients with ML presented a higher frequency of activated T cells as measured by ex vivo frequencies of CD4+CD69+, CD4+CD28–, CD4+CD62L– and CD8+CD69+ than those with CL. Moreover, after stimulation with SLA, patients with ML presented a higher frequency of TNF‐α‐producing CD4+ and CD14+ cells than CL individuals. While CL patients displayed a positive correlation between the frequency of IL‐10 and TNF‐α‐producing monocytes, the ML patients did not. This lack of a positive correlation between IL‐10‐producing and TNF‐α‐producing monocytes in ML patients could lead to a less controlled inflammatory response in vivo. These results corroborate with a model of an exacerbated, unregulated, immune response in ML patients and point to key immunomodulatory leucocyte populations and cytokine networks that may be involved in the development of immunopathology in ML patients.
Gastritis in Neonatal BALB/cCrSlc Mice Induced by Immunization Without Adjuvant can be Transferred to Syngeneic nu/nu Recipients
Authors: Greenwood D. L. V. , Sentry J. W.
Published: December 2005

The popularly exploited murine neonatal thymectomy experimental autoimmune gastritis (nTx:EAG) model requires the animal to be in a state of lymphopenia. Here we report on a novel murine immunization (without adjuvant) model that can establish a lasting gastritis. We demonstrate that the immunization model (imm:EAG) results in a bona fide autoimmune disease and define the resulting pathology and serology observed and compare it with that reported for human autoimmune gastritis. Immune cells present in the stomachs of imm:EAG gastritic mice include CD8 T cells, CD11b and Gr1 (granulocytes/monocytes) and B cells. We detected circulating antibodies of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass, with some IgG2a and IgG2b reactive to stomach membranes and the parietal cell proton pump. The class and subclass of autoreactive antibodies resulting from imm:EAG suggest a T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response. We establish that both self‐reactive T and B cells from BALB/cCrSlc imm:EAG gastritic mice have the potential to induce a gastritis in BALB/c syngeneic nu/nu recipients. We conclude that this model is likely to be superior to the currently popularly exploited nTx:EAG and provide insight into and an understanding of the mechanisms of and remedies for autoimmunity in an intact immune system.
Effect of X‐ and Y‐Box Deletions on the Development of Diabetes in H‐2Eα‐Chain Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: O'Shea H. , Yousaf N. , Altmann D. , Fehervari Z. , Tonks P. , Hetherington C. , Harach S. , Bland C. , Cooke A. , Lund T.
Published: December 2005

The development of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is influenced by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. The NOD‐E transgenic mouse, which expresses H2‐E as a result of the introduction of an Ead gene, is protected from development of type 1 diabetes. While the mechanism of protection remains unclear, the effect has been regarded as a model system for MHC protection from autoimmunity. We have investigated the effect of deletions of the Ea promoter region, which, in turn, affect H2‐E expression patterns in transgenic NOD mice. We have constructed transgenic NOD mice where the X (ΔX) and Y (ΔY) boxes of the Ead gene have, respectively, been functionally deleted. Previous reports, using X‐ or Y‐box‐deleted H2‐E transgenic mice, made by crossing the appropriate transgenes onto the NOD background from C57BL/6 transgenic mice, indicated that promoter mutation abrogated the H2‐E‐mediated protection seen in NOD‐E. The NOD ΔX and NOD ΔY transgenic mice generated in the present study differ in susceptibility to diabetes from wild‐type NOD mice. NOD ΔY1 animals are protected from diabetes development, while ΔX mice remain susceptible, albeit to a lesser extent than the parental NOD strain.
Transport and accumulation of actinide elements in the near‐shore environment: field and modelling studies
Authors: MARSDEN OLIVIA J. , ABRAHAMSEN LIAM , BRYAN NICHOLAS D. , PHILIP DAY J. , KEITH FIFIELD L. , GENT CLARISSA , GOODALL PHILLIP S. , MORRIS KATHERINE , LIVENS FRANCIS R.
Published: December 2005

Nuclear facilities in coastal locations often discharge low‐level liquid wastes into the sea and the radioisotopes in these discharges are of interest both in assessing possible environmental impacts and as tracers for coastal processes. The distributions of a range of artificial radionuclides, derived from the authorized discharges from British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) Sellafield, have been determined in the sediments of an intertidal salt marsh in the Esk Estuary, Cumbria, UK. Where published discharge histories exist (for 137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am), the sediment core‐profile distributions of these radionuclides have been compared with the releases from Sellafield, and consistent values of the accumulation rate (0·226 ± 0·007 g cm−2 yr−1) are obtained. A quantitative model has been developed, describing association of radionuclides with suspended particulate material, which is then accumulated and mixed in an offshore mud patch before resuspension and deposition in the salt marsh. The model has been used to describe radionuclide distributions observed in both the mud patch and the salt marsh, and to identify isotopes for which post‐depositional remobilization or solution transport from the discharge point are important. The behaviour of the commonly studied isotopes (137Cs, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Am) is similar to that observed at this and other nearby locations. The activation product isotope 236U is enhanced in these sediments over the natural baseline by four to eight orders of magnitude, and the results suggest that Sellafield‐derived uranium is comparably mobile to 137Cs in these sediments although the processes governing the behaviour of these two elements may be different. In situ production of 241Am by decay of its 241Pu parent has generated only 17% of the current sediment inventory of this isotope, insufficient to account for the increase over the last 20–25 years, and suggesting that the input material for these sediments is preferentially enriched in Am relative to Pu during transport from the offshore mud patch. The discharge history of 244Cm, which is unknown, has also been reconstructed from the sediment profile and the model.
Direct triggers for ulceration in patients with venous insufficiency
Authors: Shai Avi , Halevy Sima
Published: December 2005

Background  More than 80% of leg ulcers are caused by venous insufficiency. The actual causes of venous ulcers, beyond the presence of venous insufficiency, are rarely referred to in the literature. This study evaluates the direct triggers for ulceration in patients with venous insufficiency.

Methods  Sixty‐four patients with 110 chronic venous ulcers, treated in the Chronic Wounds Clinic of Soroka University Medical Center from 1999 through 2002, were included in the study. In each patient, the actual trigger of ulceration was determined by history taking and reviewing of the medical chart.

Results  The actual triggers of ulceration, based on data for 64 patients with an overall total of 110 ulcers, were identified as follows: cellulitis (or erysipelas), 17 ulcers (15.4% of 110 ulcers); penetrating injury, 13 ulcers (11.8%); contact dermatitis, 12 ulcers (10.9%); rapidly aggravating leg edema, 12 ulcers (10.9%); burn wound, seven ulcers (6.3%); dry skin with subsequent scratching, six ulcers (5.4%); blunt trauma, five ulcers (4.5%); deliberately self‐inflicted trauma, five ulcers (4.5%); insect bite, two ulcers (1.8%); bleeding from a supeficial varicose vein, two ulcers (1.8%). In 29 ulcers (26.3%) no specific trigger was identified.

Conclusions  The development of a cutaneous ulcer is not necessarily “spontaneous” and should not be attributed solely to the presence of venous insufficiency. In many cases, it is possible to identify a specific trigger that causes the ulceration. Clinical implementation of the above findings in routine examination and treatment of patients with venous insufficiency may prevent the development of venous ulcers.
Supertree analyses of the roles of viviparity and habitat in the evolution of atherinomorph fishes
Authors: Mank J. E. , Avise J. C.
Published: December 2005

Using supertree phylogenetic reconstructions, we investigate how livebearing and freshwater adaptations may have shaped evolutionary patterns in the Atherinomorpha, a large clade (≈1500 extant species) of ray-finned fishes. Based on maximum parsimony reconstructions, livebearing appears to have evolved at least four times independently in this group, and no reversions to the ancestral state of oviparity were evident. With respect to habitat, at least five evolutionary transitions apparently occurred from freshwater to marine environments, at least two transitions in the opposite direction, and no clear ancestral state was identifiable. All viviparous clades exhibited more extant species than their oviparous sister taxa, suggesting that transitions to viviparity may be associated with cladogenetic diversification. Transitions to freshwater were usually, but not invariably associated with increased species richness, but the trend was, overall, not significant among sister clades. Additionally, we investigated whether livebearing and freshwater adaptations are currently associated with elevated risks of extinction as implied by species’ presence on the 2004 IUCN Red List. Despite being correlated with decreased brood size, livebearing has not significantly increased extinction risk in the Atherinomorpha. However, freshwater species were significantly more likely than marine species to be listed as endangered.
Good reinnervation of motoneurons but poor recovery of gait after delayed as well as immediate sciatic nerve transplant in rats
Authors: Barham M. , Andermahr J. , Lee J. , Neiss W. F.
Published: December 2005

Surgeons agree that interrupted peripheral nerves should be reconstructed ‘soon’ to enable neural regeneration. Delayed nerve repair will result in impaired outcome, but experimental data on such detriment due to delay are scarce. In a quantitative study we transected the right sciatic nerve of 80 adult female Lewis rats (LEW/SsNHsd), transflected the proximal nerve stump into a muscle pouch and let the animals wait 0 (immediate repair), 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after axotomy, until reconstruction was performed with a 5‐mm long allograft from congenic age‐matched donors. All hosts were studied with two different methods. First, the functional outcome of sciatic nerve reconstruction was evaluated 4–12 weeks after transplant by walking track analysis, calculating de Medinaceli's Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Second, 12 weeks after transplantation the fibular communal nerve and the soleus branch of the tibial nerve close to its muscle entry were cut and the proximal stumps labelled with the retrograde neuronal tracers DiI or Fast‐Blue. Fourteen days later the rats were perfused with formaldehyde, and the numbers of fluorescently labelled motoneurons were counted in 50 μm serial vibratome sections of the spinal cord. All measurements were done on coded material and codes broken only at the end of the study. Our results are clear‐cut and deeply disappointing. The SFI was around 0 (normal value) in all rats before transection of the sciatic nerve; expectedly dropped to −85 to −125 after denervation, but stayed at −108 to −130 up to 12 weeks after transplantation. No improvement of gait at all occurred after sciatic nerve transplant performed immediately or 3, 6, 9 or 12 months after denervation.

This failure of functional recovery is not due to lack of regeneration, as the numbers of labelled motoneurons prove. In normal rats we have labelled 549 ± 83 motoneurons by DiI and Fast‐Blue. After immediate nerve repair we counted 533 ± 95 labelled motoneurons; after repair delayed for 12 months we still counted 474 ± 108 motoneurons that had regenerated. In all rats the labelled motoneurons were randomly interspersed with a complete lack of myotopic distribution. This misdirection of reinnervation sadly prevents recovery of motor function.
How do we define non‐cardiac chest pain?
Authors: KACHINTORN UDOM
Published: December 2005

Abstract:  Noncardiac chest pain (NCCP) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with substantial health‐care costs and resource utilization. NCCP is defined by recurrent episodes of substernal chest pain in patients lacking a cardiac cause after a comprehensive evaluation. The magnitude of the problem is quite high because of fear of serious or life‐threatening heart diseases. Patients with chest pain who present for the first time to ambulatory care or to the emergency room, only 11% to 39% are ultimately diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The likely causes of NCCP are numerous and often overlap. Diagnosing NCCP is difficult because NCCP remains a diagnosis of exclusion that encompasses heterogeneous patient populations. First, cardiac ischemic must be excluded and coronary angiography remains the gold standard. Once cardiac causes have been ruled out, a diagnosis of NCCP is made. Mostly, the source for NCCP originates in essence from the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal diseases present in patients with NCCP. An initial empiric trail of high‐dose acid suppression is the most cost‐effective measure in the management of these patients. When a diagnostic workup is chosen, it centers on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 24‐hr esophageal pH monitoring and esophageal manometry.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF VALUE THEORY: B. F. SKINNERS SCIENCE OF VALUES
Authors: Rottschaefer William A.
Published: December 2005

The thesis that the sciences are value neutral has recently been criticized severely. However, both the critics of the value‐neutrality thesis and its upholders share the separatist position that there is a fundamental dichotomy between fact and value, differing only on the degree to which science is impregnated with values. Skinner's claim that the science of operant behavior is the science of values rejects this dichotomy and is opposed to both the value‐neutrality thesis and criticisms of it. I examine Skinner's claim that psychology is value‐laden in the radical sense of providing a foundation for a theory of values and conclude that Skinner is arguing for an ethics and theory of values which is naturalistic, teleological, and both substantively and methodologically objective.
SENSES OF REALITY IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION: A NEUROEPISTEMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: D'Aquili Eugene G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The phenomenology of certain mystical states is contrasted with the sense of “baseline” reality in an exploration of primary senses of reality. Nine theoretical and eight actual primary senses of reality are described. A neurophysiological model is presented to account for these states, and their possible adaptive significance is considered from an evolutionary perspective. Finally the state of absolute unitary being is contrasted with baseline reality, and their competing claims for primacy are evaluated in an epistemological context.
POLANYI'S VIEW OF RELIGION IN PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE: A RESPONSE TO RICHARD GELWICK
Authors: Prosch Harry
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This paper shows from a close textual study that, although Michael Polanyi used the term “reality” in a generically similar way for what provided the external pole in the natural sciences, mathematics, art, and religion, he consistently made, in Personal Knowledge as well as in later published and unpublished works, a distinction between realities existing independently of our articulate systems in the natural sciences and those existing only in the articulate systems of mathematics, art, and religion. This difference is shown to be the basis for a controversy as to whether or not he should be regarded as a Christian.
FREE WILL HAS A NEURAL SUBSTRATE: CRITIQUE OF JOSEPH F. RYCHLAK'S DISCOVERING FREE WILL AND PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Glassman Robert B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Ably marshalling ideas from theology, philosophy, and neurology, personality theorist Joseph F. Rychlak criticizes mechanistic psychologists' neglect of will and responsibility; these human qualities involve dialectically considering alternatives. I disagree with Rychlaks suggestion of fundamental mystery in the minds transcendence of the body and believe transcendent mind is intimately related to biological evolution and the brain. For example, dialectics, seen in simpler forms in lower animals, may require neural inhibition, feedback circuits, and topographic mappings. However, epistemologically speaking, neuroscientists strongly need the human insights of work such as Rychlak's to understand the alternatives, in planning investigation at more microscopic levels.
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY AS RITUAL PROCESS: AN INITIAL RECONNAISSANCE
Authors: Moore Robert L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Instead of attempting to reduce rituals of healing to so‐called primitive psychotherapy this essay raises the question of whether contemporary psychotherapies might not fruitfully be viewed as ritual processes through which a small segment of modern society receives ritual leadership in times of crisis. Selected phenomena in contemporary psychotherapeutic practice are analyzed in an attempt to discern the ritual processes which are manifest in them. It is concluded that most modalities of contemporary psychotherapy manifest elements of ritualized submission, containment, and enactment.
THEOLOGY, DECONSTRUCTION, AND RITUAL PROCESS
Authors: Winquist Charles E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Victor Turner's comparative symbology provides a description of liminality, marginality, and liminoid genres that can be usefully applied to positioning theology in a theory of practice, determining its social location, and assessing its future meaning. This paper argues not only that theological marginality is a result of the secularization of culture but also that the breach with theology's pubiics reflects a more significant internal breach that is essential to theology as a liminoid form of public reflexivity. The paper draws from deconstructionist philosophy and defines the interpretive task of theology as a deconstructionist hermeneutic.
PERSONS AND HUMANS: REFASHIONING OURSELVES IN A BETTER IMAGE AND LIKENESS
Authors: Engelhardt H. Tristram
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This article argues that there are neither moral considerations that in principle forbid the development or use of recom‐binant DNA technology, nor grounds to hold that its application is likely to cause more harm than good. A defensible moral position would enjoin a prudent assessment of consequences, rather than an absolute prohibition. The technology may remain controversial because it presupposes the difference between being a person, an entity who can evaluate and manipulate its own biological structure, and human‐ness as a biological structure likely to be the subject of engineering over the long‐range future.
GOD AND CHAOS: THE DEMIURGE VERSUS THE UNGRUND
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The human quest for meaning is an attempt to bring experience into conjunction with illuminating concepts. The second law of thermodynamics is of wide human concern, because it touches experience which is existentially charged and therefore which humans must interpret in broad metaphysical terms. Five types of experience have been incorporated into the second law: running down, degeneracy, mixed‐up‐ness, irreversibility of time, and emergence of new possibilities. The dominant Western tradition (Plato) places these experiences within a metaphysical scheme that evaluates them negatively, whereas a minority tradition (Berdyaev) evaluates them positively. The former makes entropy anti‐God; the latter places entropy within God.
FRAGMENTATION AND WHOLENESS IN RELIGION AND IN SCIENCE
Authors: Bohm David
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This paper starts with a discussion of the nature of religion and of science, viewing them both as embodying a search for wholeness, although each does so in its own way. Attention is called to the fact that science and religion have both become fragmented and that this fragmentation has a deeper origin in the structure of the ego itself. The source of fragmentation in the ego is discussed. Finally, a possible way for the religious attitude and the scientific attitude to work together is proposed, which involves a common approach to ordering the fragmentary divisive structure and activity of the ego.
BOHM AND WHITEHEAD ON WHOLENESS, FREEDOM, CAUSALITY, AND TIME
Authors: Griffin David Ray
Published: December 2005

Abstract. David Bohm's developing postmodern thought (combining precision and wholeness) is seen to contain two tendencies. One is a vision of “underlying wholeness,” in which all causation is vertical, and the implicate‐explicate relation is ubiquitous. This provides a possible solution to certain problems, but creates many others involving freedom, causation, and time. Second, many of Bohm's statements suggest that his deepest intuitions could be formulated without those problems in terms of the distinctions developed in Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy of “prehensive wholeness,” in which the ubiquity of creativity would require a more restricted use of the implicate‐explicate relation.
DAVID BOHM, POSTMODERNISM, AND THE DIVINE
Authors: Peters Ted
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This is an exposition and critique of physicist David Bohm's theory of wholeness and the implicate order in light of the wider emerging postmodern consciousness. Postmodernity is defined primarily as advocacy for wholistic thinking over against the alleged fragmentation characteristic of the modern mind since Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton. When Bohm attempts to unite all things in the explicate order with his implicate “multidimensional ground,” theological questions are raised and, in this article, addressed. The thesis is advanced that there is no whole which presently exists, meaning that the future is presently open, and that the unity of the cosmos awaits the eschatological act of God.
IMAGING THE FUTURE: NEW VISIONS AND NEW RESPONSIBILITIES
Authors: Cauthen Kenneth
Published: December 2005

Abstract. History may be pregnant with a new paradigm centering around the organic features of systems in four areas: the global‐ecological, the national‐social, the organizational‐institutional, and the individual‐psychological. Key terms are holistic, synergy, harmony, interdependence, and synthesis. A transition is occurring in each of these realms that has great potential for human fulfillment, if the shift can be successfully managed. Movements in theology can be similarly illuminated by this analysis at three points: the global conversation between liberation and establishment theologies, the renewed discussion among Christian theologians regarding other world religions, and the current influence of process theology.
BRAIN, MIND, AND SOUL
Authors: Gillett Grant R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. We view a human being as a mental and spiritual entity and also as having a physical nature. The essence of a person is revealed in our thinking about personal identity, quality of life, and personal responsibility. These conceptions do not fare well in a Cartesian or dualist picture of the person as there are deep problems with the idea that the mind is an inner realm. I argue that it is only as we see the thoughts, actions, and interactions of persons as necessarily involving physical entities in the world whose nature is not completely captured in scientific descriptions that we can understand our existence as mental and spiritual beings.
ENCOUNTER WITH NEUROBIOLOGY: THE RESPONSE OF RITUAL STUDIES
Authors: Turner Edith L. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Knowledge of the working of the brain is of prime importance to anthropologists studying ritual and symbol. The play between the neocortical hemispheres can be inferred from the varying styles at different stages of ritual: one can begin to hypothesize archetypes for general processes such as self‐healing social dramas that are at the roots of ritual: the concept of preparedness as a genetic endowment residing in the brain appears to confirm the fundamental importance of image making; while the shamanic skills of inhibition and disinhibition, releasing latent religious powers, can be grasped for what they are.
PEACE, JUSTICE, FREEDOM, AND COMPETENCE
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Peace, justice, and freedom are hard to define, but closely related. Peace has many meanings; an important one is “inclusive peace,” defined by dividing total human activity into war and “not war.” Justice is an elusive concept related to the legitimacy of property and the structure of equality. Freedom “to,”“from,” and “of” have different meanings, all related to the boundaries and legitimacy of property. The market has the virtue of economizing agreement and consensus. The existence of public goods necessitates government. Peace, justice, and freedom are unlikely to be achieved without competence, which fortunately can be learned.
EVOLUTION AND THE MEANING OF LIFE
Authors: Grey William
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The last century has witnessed a succession of revolutionary transformations in the discipline of biology. However, the rapid expansion of our understanding of life and its nature has had curiously little impact on the way that questions about life and its significance have been discussed by philosophers. This paper explores the answers that biology provides to central questions about our existence, and it examines why the substitution of causal explanations for teleological ones appears natural and satisfying in the case of physical theory but meets widespread resistance in the case of biology.
WIEMAN'S MISUNDERSTANDING OF DEWEY: THE CHRISTIAN CENTURY DISCUSSION
Authors: Shaw Marvin C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. An important issue in the development of the American school of philosophy known as critical naturalism was whether the naturalistic vision implied a humanistic or a theistic interpretation of religion. Is the divine a creativity within nature but more than human effort, or is it the human vision of ideal possibilities and the effort to realize them? This issue is clarified through a study of the concept of the divine developed by the leading naturalist John Dewey in A Common Faith, the misunderstanding of this book by Henry Nelson Wieman, and the discussion of this misunderstanding in the pages of Christian Century. The essay concludes that Wieman's misunderstanding of Dewey is instructive in that it reveals unintended possibilities in Dewey's thought.
THEOLOGICAL NATURALISM AND THE NATURE OF RELIGION: ON NOT BEGGING THE QUESTION
Authors: Hardwick Charley D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Too many theologies beg the question about the nature of religion by building metaphysically substantive assumptions into its description. Typically these assumptions are: the object of religious devotion must be both absolute and personal, final causality must be true, and there must be a cosmic conservation of value. Theological naturalism, exemplified in the thought of Henry Nelson Wieman, articulates an entirely formal, yet not substantively empty, conception of religion which does not beg these questions and which is consequently more descriptively adequate to the nature of religion. It cannot therefore be assumed, without begging the question, that religious adequacy requires the metaphysical falsity of philosophical naturalism.
THE CREATIONISTS
Authors: Numbers Ronald L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. As the crusade to outlaw the teaching of evolution changed to a battle for equal time for creationism, the ideological defenses of that doctrine also shifted from primarily biblical to more scientific grounds. This essay describes the historical development of “scientific creationism” from a variety of late–nineteenth– and early–twentieth–century creationist reactions to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, through the Scopes trial and the 1960s revival of creationism, to the current spread of strict creationism around the world.
RELIGION AND SCIENCE IN AN ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC CULTURE
Authors: Gilkey Langdon
Published: December 2005

Abstract. These are reflections on the Arkansas creationist trial by a witness for the American Civil Liberties Union. The following points are stressed: First, religion took the lead in defending science at the trial. Second, the appearance of creation science is a function not only of Protestant fudamentalism but also of the establishment of science in our wider culture. It represents a “deviant science” in such a culture. Third, our century has manifested many such bizarre unions of ideological religion and modern science. This shows that science is dependent upon its humanistic, moral, and religious matrix for its social and historical health. Fourth, part of the cause of the rise of creation science has been the power, status, and self–assurance of science that it represents “the only form of truth.” Fifth, religion in turn tends both to increase and to become fanatical in advanced and precarious cultures; religion, therefore, needs rational and moral criticism if it would help in the creation of social health.
THE CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY INRELIGION AND SCIENCE, AND ZYGON: JOURNAL OFRELIGION AND SCIENCE‐A TWENTY‐YEAR VIEW
Authors: Burhoe Ralph Wendell
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This essay gives a brief history and presents an analysisof the aims and accomplishments of the two institutions as seen bythe author. The analysis seeks to describe and justify some of theirbasic presuppositions. Primary has been their belief that scientifi‐cally informed understandings of religion do enrich our apprecia‐tion of and faith in it. For instance, religion's recently discoveredroles in the evolution and development of sociocultural systemsand personalities provide new credibility and importance for reli‐gious heritage. Recent translations between contemporary scien‐tific and ancient religious concepts give new hope for religiousreform, revitalization, and effectiveness for human salvation in anage of science.
THE DOCTRINE OF CREATION AND MODERN SCIENCE
Authors: Pannenberg Wolfhart
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In contrast to Christian theology that has ignored science, this essay suggests that a credible doctrine of God as creator must take into account scientific understandings of the world. The introduction of the principle of inertia into seventeenth‐century science and philosophy helped change the traditional idea of God as creator (which included divine conservation and governance) into a deist concept of God. To recapture the idea that God continually creates, it is important to affirm the contingency of the world as a whole and of all events in the world. Reflecting on the interrelationship of contingency and natural law provides a framework for relating scientific theories of a universal field, the concept of emergent evolution, and the theological concept of eternal divine spirit active in all creation.
CONTINGENCY IN PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY: A CRITIQUE OF THE THEOLOGY OF WOLFHART PANNENBERG
Authors: Russell Robert John
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The concept of contingency serves to bridge the doctrine of creation and natural science in Wolfhart Pannenberg's theology. My paper first analyzes the relation of creatio ex nihilo and creatio continua. Next I suggest three categories of contingency: global, local, and nomological. Under each category I assess Pannenberg's use of physics, cosmology, and philosophy of science. Although I agree with Pannenberg's emphasis on continuous creation and on the role of science in renewing the doctrine of creation, I argue for a shift in the discussion from Pannenberg's topics to others, such as the anthropic principle, quantum physics, and thermodynamics.
FANTASY WORLDS AND SELF‐MAINTENANCE IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN LIFE
Authors: Caughey John L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Because actual social experience is often damaging to conceptions of self, individuals in all societies engage in identity work beyond ordinary social interaction. For people in religious groups, identity work may involve the subjective experience of interactions with spirit beings as in altered states of consciousness such as dreams, reverie, or trance. In memories, anticipations, and fantasies, secular Americans, too, may experience gratifying imaginary social interactions when they gain recognition and acclaim from imagined others. Unlike spirit relations these fantasies are not culturally defined as “real.” However, like spirit relations, they may have very real effects on self‐maintenance.
THEOLOGY'S TRUTH AND SCIENTIFIC FORMULATION
Authors: Hefner Philip
Published: December 2005

Abstract. One of the basic intentions of theology is to extend the explanatory function of the community's faith beyond the community to the realm of wider human experience. In this sense, theology may be called “scientific,’and it will benefit from conforming as much as possible to the characteristics of scientific theory formation. Using the work of Karl Popper and Imre Lakatos as a guide, the following theological theory is proposed: Homo sapiens is God's created co‐creator, whose purpose is the stretching/enabling of the systems of nature so that they can participate in Gods purposes in the mode of freedom. It is argued that this research program produces new knowledge in relating the Christian faith to scientific views of human being as comprised of both genes and cultures to a theory of technological civilization; to freedom, determinism, and natural selection; and to credible notions of human purpose. Traditional Christian doctrines are related to this research program.
FROM CRITICAL REALISM TO A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH: RESPONSE TO ROBBINS, VAN HUYSSTEEN, AND HEFNER
Authors: Murphy Nancey C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Critical realism is a problematic philosophical doctrine that unnecessarily complicates attempts to relate theology and science. A more satisfactory approach employs the scientific methodology of Imre Lakatos for the reconstruction of theology along scientific lines. Theological research programs would automatically include auxiliary hypotheses of both theological and scientific origin.
SCIENCE EDUCATION AND MORAL EDUCATION
Authors: Rolston Holmes
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Both science and ethics are embedded in cultural traditions where truths are shared through education; both need competent critics educated within such traditions. Education in both ought to be directed although moral education demands levels of responsible agency that science education does not. Evolutionary science often carries an implicit or explicit understanding of who and what humans are, one which may not be coherent with the implicit or explicit human self‐understanding in moral education. The latter in turn may not be coherent with classical human self‐understandings. Moral education may enlighten and elevate the human nature that has evolved biologically.
HUXLEY'S EVOLUTION AND ETHICS IN SOCIOBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Williams George C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract.T. H. Huxley's essay and prolegomena of 1894 argued that the process and products of evolution are morally unacceptable and act in opposition to the ethical progress of humanity. Modern sociobiological insights and studies of organisms in natural settings support Huxley and justify an even more extreme condemnation of nature and an antithesis of the naturalistic fallacy: what is, in the biological world, normally ought not. Modern biology also provides suggestions on the origin of the human moral impulse and on tactics likely to be effective in the combat against nature urged by Huxley.
SOCIAL DARWINISM AND NATURAL THEODICY
Authors: Oates David
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Despite the harsh scientific basis of Social Darwinism, its followers strove to unify nature with humane feelings—for world views necessarily attempt such reconciliations. To answer the difficult “problem of evil” posed by natural selection and survival of the fittest, Social Darwinists such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Herbert Spencer resorted to three kinds of theodicy: sentimental denial of the problem, belief in progress, and belief in perfection. Spencer's writings particulary display at different times both a rigid individualism and a softer organicism. Eventually, however, T. H. Huxley would abandon the attempt, acknowledging in effect that no complete world view was possible.
NATURE, REALITY, AND THE SACRED: A MEDITATION IN SCIENCE AND RELIGION
Authors: Gilkey Langdon
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Many scientists now recognize the participation of the knower in the known. Not many admit, however, that scientists rely upon intuitions about reality commonly attributed to philosophy and religion: that sensory experience relates us to an order in nature congruent with our minds and of value congruent with our fulfilled being. Nature has disclosed itself to scientists—albeit fragmentarily—as power, life, order, and unity or meaning. In science these remain limit questions, raised but unanswered. In the unity of these qualities, assumed by science, the sacred begins to appear. Addressing the limit questions, not only of scientific but of human experience, is the province of philosophy and religion.
THE HUMAN BRAIN AND HUMAN DESTINY: A PATTERN FOR OLD BRAIN EMPATHY WITH THE EMERGENCE OF MIND
Authors: Ashbrook James B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The human brain combines empathy and imagination via the old brain which sets our destiny in the evolutionary scheme of things. This new understanding of cognition is an emergent phenomenon—basically an expressive ordering of reality as part of “a single natural system.” The holographic and subsymbolic paradigms suggest that we live in a contextual universe, one which we create and yet one in which we are required to adapt. The inadequacy of the new brain—specially the left hemisphere's rational view of destiny—is replaced by a view of a new relatedness in reality in which human destiny comes from and depends upon the mutual interchange between the new brain (cultural knowledge) and the old brain (genetic wisdom) for the survival of what is significant to the whole systemic context in which we live.
DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Sivaraksa Sulak
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Western‐style modernization and economic development have devastated the once fertile lands of Southeast Asia and impoverished and demoralized its people. Recently, however, indigenous movements in the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia suggest a return to a notion of development based on core values of Hinduism, classical and Zen Buddhism, and Taoism. These traditions preserve an alternative understanding of the relation between humanity and nature and promote a simpler but dignified economy and lifestyle in harmony with the environment—notions which Western nations must begin to take seriously if the “global village” is to have any real future.
EAST AND WEST IN THE FACE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
Authors: Dupuis Marc R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Technological changes affect Western culture in three ways: the ratio between the lifetimes of technologies and the human lifetime is inverted; the three principal realms of human life (the home, the workplace, and leisure activity), as well as political systems, are affected; and the cohesion of the social body is threatened. The impact on Eastern culture is softened by a clearer role assigned to school, the resulting level of education, and the influence of Confucian ethics. However, acculturation will vary among countries, depending on the communication ability in the respective societies and the degree of development of social cellular structures, which are the most able to manage complexity.
HUMANITY IN NATURE: CONSERVING YET CREATING
Authors: Peters Karl E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Developing a scientifically grounded philosophy of cosmic evolution, and using the moral norm of completeness as dynamic harmony, this paper argues that humans are a part of nature in both its conserving and emergent aspects. Humans are both material and cultural, instinctual‐emotional and rational, creatures and creators, and carriers of stability and change. To ignore any of the multifaceted aspects of humanity in relation to the rest of nature is to commit one of a number of fallacies that are grounded in a dualistic‐conquest mentality. Examples of some new developments in philosophy and theology, metaphorical images, and ritual show how to overcome dualism in favor of a dynamic harmony of humanity within nature.
MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Authors: Segal Robert A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Scholars in religious studies, or “religionists,” often mischaracterize the social‐scientific study of religion. They assume that a social‐scientific analysis of the origin, function, meaning, or truth of religion either opposes or disregards the believer's analysis, which religionists profess to present and defend. I do not argue that the social sciences analyze religion from the believer's point of view. I argue instead that a social scientific analysis is more akin and germane to the believer's point of view than religionists assume. I single out seven mischaracterizations of the social sciences typically held by religionists.
SCIENTISM, INTERPRETATION, AND CRITICISM
Authors: Gorski Philip S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. What is the relationship between natural science, social science, and religion? The dominant paradigm in contemporary social science is scientism, the attempt to apply the methods of natural science to the study of society. However, scientism is problematic: it rests on a conception of natural science that cannot be sustained. Natural scientific understanding emerges from an instrumental and objectifying relation to the world; it is oriented toward control and manipulation of the physical world. Social‐scientific understanding, by contrast, must begin with a practical and meaningful relation to the world: it is oriented toward the mediation of values and objective possibilities in the social world. Social science is therefore a form of practical reason based on objective claims. But while social‐scientific understanding starts with interpretation, its possibilities by no means end there. In particular, by developing abstract and objectified models of society as a system, social science opens existing social organization to critical reflection. Religion, by contrast, is a form of speculative reason about ultimate values, based on subjective claims of religious experience. Social science nevertheless shares with religion an orientation toward values and concern with the “good life.”
RAISING DARWIN'S CONSCIOUSNESS: FEMALES AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Authors: Hrdy Sarah Blafler
Published: December 2005

Abstract Early studies of primate social behavior were distorted by observational, methodological, and ideological biases that caused researchers to overlook active roles played by females in the social lives of monkeys. Primatology provides a particularly well documented case illustrating why research programs in the social and natural sciences need multiple studies that enlist researchers from diverse backgrounds