bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of corporate social responsibility in Hong Kong small and medium enterprises
Authors: Lee-Wong Brenda YW , More Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to advance our knowledge in how small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) communicate corporate social responsibility (CSR). It forms part of a larger research study that investigated how CSR-award-winning SMEs interpret, manage and communicate CSR practices, as well as drivers for and barriers to engaging in CSR. The objective is to develop an integrated CSR best practice management and communication model for SMEs so as to assist companies in managing and communicating CSR more effectively and strategically.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected through qualitative in-depth interviews with 28 CSR-award-winning SMEs in Hong Kong and from a wide range of company information, websites, award applications and other relevant public documents. The data presented in this study were collected between 2012 and 2014.

Findings

CSR communication in Hong Kong SMEs was largely informal, direct, non-strategic and internally-focused. Both implicit and explicit approaches were identified. Some SME exemplars demonstrated use of strategic CSR communication by proactively communicated CSR practices and achievements to both internal and external stakeholders as a strategy to enhance their competitive advantage. In addition to traditional channels, many SMEs used social media and different forms of symbols such as award logos, stories, celebrations and CSR identity, with owners playing the role of CSR icons and advocates.

Research limitations/implications

The research subjects were purposefully drawn from the population of CSR award winners, with the results being biased towards best practice of CSR. This was done intentionally, to meet the research objective of understanding and building best-practice cases and the CSR model. The findings supported the proposed model that CSR communication played a dominant role in CSR management, serving as a driver, facilitator and enabler between the other themes of the model, and within the organization. The implications for SMEs were focused on integrating CSR communication within the organization instead of treating it as an afterthought.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the existing limited body of knowledge of CSR communication in SMEs, particularly in Hong Kong. The integrated CSR best practice management and communication model for SMEs, developed as part of this study, may help SMEs to manage and communicate CSR more effectively and strategically.
Plant genotypic variation and intraspecific diversity trump soil nutrient availability to shape old‐field structure and function
Authors: Souza Lara , Stuble Katharine L. , Genung Mark A. , Classen Aimee T.
Published: October 2016

Individual plant genotypes as well as genotypic diversity can shape the structure and function of ecosystems; however, the abiotic environment may modify these genotypic influences on ecosystem‐level responses.

To explore how the interactions between plant genotype, genotypic diversity and soil nutrient availability affect the structure and function of a temperate grassland ecosystem, we manipulated the genotypic diversity of a common perennial herbaceous plant, Solidago altissima (single genotype monoculture and diversity plots) and soil nutrient availability (+nitrogen, +phosphorus, +nitrogen and +phosphorus, unmanipulated control) in a common garden setting. We tracked temporal changes in ecosystem structure (e.g. leaf area index and net primary productivity) as well as a variety of ecosystem functions (e.g. net ecosystem carbon and water exchange and soil carbon efflux) over a growing season.

We found that variation in plant genotype identity consistently shaped ecosystem structure (above‐ground net primary productivity) while it inconsistently altered several ecosystem functions across time. For instance, variation in plant genotype identity influenced net ecosystem carbon dynamics early in the growing season while it influenced water dynamics later in the growing season. The strength of the relationship between genotypic diversity and ecosystem function declined over the season and the relationship between ecosystem structure (above‐ground net primary productivity) and function (net ecosystem carbon and water exchange) varied across treatments. Overall, there was a strong correlation between ecosystem structure and function across monoculture genotype plots but a weak relationship between ecosystem structure and function across mixed genotype plots. Surprisingly, soil nutrients did not influence ecosystem structure and had minimal impacts on carbon and water flux.

Our data suggest that plant genetic variation, and to some extent plant genotypic diversity, strongly influence ecosystem structure and function in an old‐field ecosystem, but nutrient availability did not directly or interactively influence ecosystem structure or function.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Do we need demographic data to forecast plant population dynamics?
Authors: Tredennick Andrew T. , Hooten Mevin B. , Adler Peter B.
Published: October 2016

Rapid environmental change has generated growing interest in forecasts of future population trajectories. Traditional population models built with detailed demographic observations from one study site can address the impacts of environmental change at particular locations, but are difficult to scale up to the landscape and regional scales relevant to management decisions. An alternative is to build models using population‐level data that are much easier to collect over broad spatial scales than individual‐level data. However, it is unknown whether models built using population‐level data adequately capture the effects of density‐dependence and environmental forcing that are necessary to generate skillful forecasts.

Here, we test the consequences of aggregating individual responses when forecasting the population states (percent cover) and trajectories of four perennial grass species in a semi‐arid grassland in Montana, USA. We parameterized two population models for each species, one based on individual‐level data (survival, growth and recruitment) and one on population‐level data (percent cover), and compared their forecasting accuracy and forecast horizons with and without the inclusion of climate covariates. For both models, we used Bayesian ridge regression to weight the influence of climate covariates for optimal prediction.

In the absence of climate effects, we found no significant difference between the forecast accuracy of models based on individual‐level data and models based on population‐level data. Climate effects were weak, but increased forecast accuracy for two species. Increases in accuracy with climate covariates were similar between model types.

In our case study, percent cover models generated forecasts as accurate as those from a demographic model. For the goal of forecasting, models based on aggregated individual‐level data may offer a practical alternative to data‐intensive demographic models. Long time series of percent cover data already exist for many plant species. Modelers should exploit these data to predict the impacts of environmental change.
Adiposity rebound from three to six years of age was associated with a higher insulin resistance risk at eight‐and‐a‐half years in a birth cohort study
Authors: Mo‐suwan L , McNeil E , Sangsupawanich P , Chittchang U , Choprapawon C
Published: October 2016

Aim

The association between adiposity rebound and insulin resistance in middle childhood has seldom been studied. We examined the effect of body mass index (BMI) velocity and early adiposity rebound on the insulin resistance of prepubertal children.

Methods

BMI data from a longitudinal follow‐up of a birth cohort in Thailand were used. The homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was calculated from 12‐hour fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin at eight‐and‐a‐half years of age. BMI velocity was calculated from four periods: zero to one, one to three, three to six and six to eight‐and‐a‐half years of age. A multiple linear regression model was used to assess the association of BMI velocity during these four periods and insulin resistance at the age of eight‐and‐a‐half years.

Results

In 814 children – 76.7% of the initial cohort – BMI velocities between years one to three, three to six and six to eight‐and‐a‐half years were positively associated with HOMA‐IR levels after adjusting for demographic, behavioural and socio‐economic factors. Children who had BMI gains between three and six years had mean HOMA‐IR values that were 43% higher than those who did not.

Conclusion

BMI velocity during early and middle childhood, and early adiposity rebound between three and six years, was associated with a higher insulin resistance risk at eight‐and‐a‐half years.
Effect of soy lecithin on total cholesterol content, fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics in the Longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers (Korean native cattle)
Authors: Li Xiang Zi , Park Byung Ki , Hong Byuong Chon , Ahn Jun Sang , Shin Jong Suh
Published: October 2016

This study aims to investigate the effect of soy lecithin on the total cholesterol content, the fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics in the Longissimus dorsi in Hanwoo steers. Hanwoo steers (24 head) were fed two diets: Control (CON) (concentrate + alcohol‐fermented feed (AFF)) and soy lecithin treatment (CON + soy lecithin at 0.5% of the AFF). Soy lecithin treatment increased average daily gain, serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol in the blood. A lower cholesterol concentration was found in the Longissimus dorsi for the soy lecithin diet compared to the CON diet. With respect to the marbling score and quality grade of Longissimus dorsi, soy lecithin supplementation significantly increased the C20:5n3, C22:4 and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents compared to the CON diet. Soy lecithin supplementation would alter the total cholesterol content, polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and meat quality of Longissimus dorsi.
Evolution of robot‐assisted orthotopic ileal neobladder formation: a step‐by‐step update to the University of Southern California (USC) technique
Authors: Chopra Sameer , de Castro Abreu Andre Luis , Berger Andre K. , Sehgal Shuchi , Gill Inderbir , Aron Monish , Desai Mihir M.
Published: October 2016

Objective

To describe our, step‐by‐step, technique for robotic intracorporeal neobladder formation.

Patients and Methods

The main surgical steps to forming the intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder are: isolation of 65 cm of small bowel; small bowel anastomosis; bowel detubularisation; suture of the posterior wall of the neobladder; neobladder–urethral anastomosis and cross folding of the pouch; and uretero‐enteral anastomosis. Improvements have been made to these steps to enhance time efficiency without compromising neobladder configuration.

Results

Our technical improvements have resulted in an improvement in operative time from 450 to 360 min.

Conclusion

We describe an updated step‐by‐step technique of robot‐assisted intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder formation.
Snapshot: implications for melatonin in endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis
Authors: Hu Wei , Ma Zhiqiang , Di Shouyin , Jiang Shuai , Li Yue , Fan Chongxi , Yang Yang , Wang Dongjin
Published: October 2016

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important intracellular membranous organelle. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ER is responsible for protein folding and trafficking, lipid synthesis and the maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Interestingly, the morphology and structure of the ER were recently found to be important. Melatonin is a hormone that anticipates the daily onset of darkness in mammals, and it is well known that melatonin acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the body. Notably, the existing evidence demonstrates that melatonin is involved in ER homeostasis, particularly in the morphology of the ER, indicating a potential protective role of melatonin. This review discusses the existing knowledge regarding the implications for the involvement of melatonin in ER homeostasis.
The SPARC protein: an overview of its role in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis and its potential role in chronic airways disease
Authors: Wong Sharon L I , Sukkar Maria B
Published: October 2016

The SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) protein is matricellular molecule regulating interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). This protein thus governs fundamental cellular functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. SPARC also regulates the expression and activity of numerous growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases essential for ECM degradation and turnover. Studies in SPARC‐null mice have revealed a critical role for SPARC in tissue development, injury and repair and in the regulation of the immune response. In the lung, SPARC drives pathological responses in non‐small cell lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by promoting microvascular remodelling and excessive deposition of ECM proteins. Remarkably, although chronic airway conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involve significant remodelling in both the airway and vascular compartments, the role of SPARC in these conditions has thus far been overlooked. In this review, we discuss the role of SPARC in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as potential mechanisms by which it may contribute to the disease process in asthma and COPD.
Physiologically relevant binding affinity quantification of monoclonal antibody PF‐00547659 to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule for in vitro in vivo correlation
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Kussrow Amanda K , Ocana Mireia Fernandez , Chabot Jeffrey R , Lepsy Christopher S , Bornhop Darryl J , O'Hara Denise M
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose

A monoclonal antibody (PF‐00547659) against mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), expressed as both soluble (sMAdCAM) and trans‐membrane (mMAdCAM) target forms, showed over 30‐fold difference in antibody‐target KD between in vitro (Biacore) and clinically derived (KD,in‐vivo) values. Back‐scattering interferometry (BSI) was applied to acquire physiologically relevant KD values which were used to establish in vitro and in vivo correlation (IVIVC).

Experimental Approach

BSI was applied to obtain KD values between PF‐00547659 and recombinant human MAdCAM in buffer or CHO cells and endogenous MAdCAM in human serum or colon tissue. CHO cells and tissue were minimally processed to yield homogenate containing membrane vesicles and soluble proteins. A series of binding affinities in serum with various dilution factors was used to estimate both KD,in‐vivo and target concentrations; MAdCAM concentrations were also measured using LC–MS/MS.

Key Results

BSI measurements revealed low KD values (higher affinity) for sMAdCAM in buffer and serum, yet a 20‐fold higher KD value (lower affinity) for mMAdCAM in CHO, mMAdCAM and sMAdCAM in tissue. BSI predicted KD,in‐vivo in serum was similar to clinically derived KD,in‐vivo, and the BSI‐estimated serum sMAdCAM concentration also matched the measured concentration by LC–MS/MS.

Conclusions and Implications

Our results successfully demonstrated that BSI measurements of physiologically relevant KD values can be used to establish IVIVC, for PF‐00547659 to MAdCAM despite the lack of correlation when using Biacore measured KD and accurately estimates endogenous target concentrations. The application of BSI would greatly enhance successful basic pharmacological research and drug development.
The Impact of Early Social Interactions on Later Language Development in Spanish–English Bilingual Infants
Authors: Ramírez‐Esparza Nairán , García‐Sierra Adrián , Kuhl Patricia K.
Published: October 2016

This study tested the impact of child‐directed language input on language development in Spanish–English bilingual infants (N = 25, 11‐ and 14‐month‐olds from the Seattle metropolitan area), across languages and independently for each language, controlling for socioeconomic status. Language input was characterized by social interaction variables, defined in terms of speech style (“parentese” vs. standard speech) and social context (one‐on‐one vs. group). Correlations between parentese one‐on‐one and productive vocabulary at 24 months (n = 18) were found across languages and in each language independently. Differences are highlighted between previously published monolingual samples, which used the same methods as the current study of bilingual infants. The results also suggest cultural effects on language input and language development in bilingual and bicultural infants.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux and herpes simplex virus type 2 are possible risk factors for adult‐onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (prospective case–control study)
Authors: Formánek M. , Jančatová D. , Komínek P. , Matoušek P. , Zeleník K.
Published: October 2016

Objective

The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Although HPV prevalence is high, the incidence of papillomatosis is low. Thus, factors other than HPV infection probably contribute to RRP. This study investigated whether patients with papillomatosis are more often infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 and chlamydia trachomatis (ChT) and whether laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) occurs in this group of patients more often.

Design

Prospective case–control study.

Setting

Department of Otorhinolaryngology of University Hospital.

Participants

The study included 20 patients with adult‐onset RRP and 20 adult patients with vocal cord cyst and no pathology of laryngeal mucosa (control group).

Main outcome measures

Immunohistochemical analysis of pepsin, HPV, herpes simplex virus type 2 and ChT was performed in biopsy specimens of laryngeal papillomas and of healthy laryngeal mucosa (control group) obtained from medial part of removed vocal cord cyst during microlaryngoscopy procedures.

Results

Pathologic LPR (pepsin in tissue) was diagnosed in 8/20 (40.0%) patients with papillomatosis and in 0/20 control patients (P = .003). Herpes simplex virus type 2 was present in 9/20 (45.0%) patients with papillomatosis and in 0/20 control patients (P = .001). Five specimens were positive for both pepsin and herpes simplex virus type 2. No samples were positive for ChT. There were no significant differences between groups for age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus and gastrooesophageal reflux disease. Tobacco exposure was not more frequent in RRP group either (P = .01).

Conclusions

Results show that LPR and herpes simplex virus type 2 are significantly more often present in patients with RRP. LPR and herpes simplex virus type 2 might activate latent HPV infection and thereby be possible risk factors for RRP.
Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of conservation
Authors: Manfredo Michael J. , Bruskotter Jeremy T. , Teel Tara L. , Fulton David , Schwartz Shalom H. , Arlinghaus Robert , Oishi Shigehiro , Uskul Ayse K. , Redford Kent , Kitayama Shinobu , Sullivan Leeann
Published: October 2016

The hope for creating widespread change in social values has endured among conservation professionals since early calls by Aldo Leopold for a “land ethic.” However, there has been little serious attention in conservation to the fields of investigation that address values, how they are formed, and how they change. We introduce a social–ecological systems conceptual approach in which values are seen not only as motivational goals people hold but also as ideas that are deeply embedded in society's material culture, collective behaviors, traditions, and institutions. Values define and bind groups, organizations, and societies; serve an adaptive role; and are typically stable across generations. When abrupt value changes occur, they are in response to substantial alterations in the social–ecological context. Such changes build on prior value structures and do not result in complete replacement. Given this understanding of values, we conclude that deliberate efforts to orchestrate value shifts for conservation are unlikely to be effective. Instead, there is an urgent need for research on values with a multilevel and dynamic view that can inform innovative conservation strategies for working within existing value structures. New directions facilitated by a systems approach will enhance understanding of the role values play in shaping conservation challenges and improve management of the human component of conservation.
Monitoring of Lawsone, p‐phenylenediamine and heavy metals in commercial temporary black henna tattoos sold in Turkey
Authors: Aktas Sukuroglu Ayca , Battal Dilek , Burgaz Sema
Published: October 2016

Background

Henna has a very low allergic potential, and severe allergenic contact dermatitis is mainly caused by p‐phenylenediamine (PPD), which is added to temporary black ‘henna tattoos’, and potentially also by some heavy metals.

Objective

To determine the presence of, and quantify, Lawsone, PPD and heavy metal contaminants (cobalt, nickel, lead, and chromium) in commercial temporary black henna tattoo mixtures (n = 25) sold in Turkey.

Methods

Lawsone and PPD concentrations were analysed with high‐performance liquid chromatography, and heavy metal quantification was performed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Results

PPD was found in all 25 black henna tattoo samples purchased from tattoo shops; levels varied between 3.37% and 51.6%. Lawsone was detected (0.002–88.2%) in 21 of the 25 temporary black henna tattoo samples analysed. Heavy metal contaminant levels were 0.44–3.11 ppm for Co, 1.13–2.20 ppm for Ni, 1.59–17.7 ppm for Pb, and 35.0–76.9 ppm for Cr.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that commercial temporary black henna mixtures containing PPD levels up to 51.6% pose a risk of contact sensitization and severe allergic contact dermatitis among users. It is important to identify both the additives and metallic contaminants of black henna tattoo products; the significance of metal contaminants has still to be assessed.
Acute effects of aerobic exercise intensity on arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion in young men
Authors: Kobayashi Ryota , Hashimoto Yuto , Hatakeyama Hiroyuki , Okamoto Takanobu
Published: October 2016

Arterial stiffness increases after glucose ingestion. Acute low‐ and moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise decreases arterial stiffness. However, the acute effects of 30 min of cycling at low‐ and moderate‐intensity [25% (LE trial) and 65% (ME trial) peak oxygen uptake, respectively] on arterial stiffness at 30, 60 and 120 min of a postexercise glucose ingestion. Ten healthy young men (age, 22·4 ± 0·5 years) performed LE and ME trials on separate days in a randomized controlled crossover fashion. Carotid–femoral (aortic) pulse wave velocity (PWV), femoral–ankle (leg) PWV, carotid augmentation index (AIx) and carotid blood pressure (BP) (applanation tonometry), brachial and ankle BP (oscillometric device), heart rate (HR) (electrocardiography), blood glucose (UV‐hexokinase method) and blood insulin (CLEIA method) levels were measured at before (baseline) and at 30, 60 and 120 min after the 75‐g OGTT. Leg PWV, ankle pulse pressure and BG levels significantly increased from baseline after the 75‐g OGTT in the LE trial (P<0·05), but not in the ME trial. Insulin levels and HR significantly increased from baseline after the 75‐g OGTT in both trials (P<0·05). Aortic PWV, carotid AIx, brachial BP and carotid BP did not change from baseline after the 75‐g OGTT in both trials. The present findings indicate that aerobic exercise at moderate intensity before glucose ingestion suppresses increases leg arterial stiffness after glucose ingestion.
Indications for endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐guided biliary intervention: Does EUS always come after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography?
Authors: Nakai Yousuke , Isayama Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Natsuyo , Matsubara Saburo , Kogure Hirofumi , Mizuno Suguru , Hamada Tsuyoshi , Takahara Naminatsu , Uchino Rie , Akiyama Dai , Takagi Kaoru , Watanabe Takeo , Umefune Gyotane , Ishigaki Kazunaga , Tada Minoru , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: October 2016

Background and Aim

Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD), first reported as an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), is increasingly reported as a primary procedure without failed ERCP. The present study aims to evaluate the outcomes of therapeutic biliary ERCP and to compare the safety and effectiveness of primary EUS‐BD with those of ERCP, rescue EUS‐BD and PTBD.

Methods

We retrospectively studied therapeutic biliary ERCP as well as subsequent rescue PTBD and EUS‐BD. Additionally, indications, safety and technical success of primary EUS‐BD were evaluated.

Results

Between August 2013 and September 2015, a total of 520 therapeutic biliary ERCP with a native papilla were analyzed. We encountered 23 cases with inaccessible papilla and 22 cases with failed cannulation, which were rescued by 21 PTBD, 16 EUS‐BD and two repeat ERCP. Additionally, 40 primary EUS‐BD were carried out during the same period as a result of 10 recurrent cholangitis cases after transpapillary drainage, five outside failed cannulation, four altered anatomy, two history of ERCP‐related adverse events (AE), two technical difficulties in stenting under enteroscopy‐assisted ERCP and 17 on study protocol. Technical success and AE rates were 95.6% and 14.5% in ERCP, 90.5% and 33.3% in rescue PTBD, 93.8% and 18.8% in rescue EUS‐BD, and 95.0% and 22.5% in primary EUS‐BD, respectively.

Conclusions

Rescue EUS‐BD was used in 3.1% among all ERCP. Given the comparable technical success and AE rates of both primary and rescue EUS‐BD, primary EUS‐BD without failed ERCP can be a treatment option if it provides advantages over ERCP.
The Security–Development Nexus in European Union Foreign Relations after Lisbon: Policy Coherence at Last?
Authors: Furness Mark , Gänzle Stefan
Published: October 2016

One of the 2009 Lisbon Treaty's objectives was to enhance the coherence of EU‐level foreign relations by improving collective action. Policy‐level innovations included ‘comprehensive’ and ‘joined‐up’ approaches linking EU instruments and actors, especially the Commission and the new European External Action Service. Have these reforms improved policy coherence? We focus on a key EU policy domain illustrating Europe's engagement with the changing global context: the security–development nexus. Although we find that collective action has improved somewhat since 2010, decision‐making is affected by bureaucratic actors catering to specific constituencies. Accordingly, the coherence of security and development policies remains challenged. The EU institutions lack strategic direction, which is unavoidable in a system that lacks clear hierarchy.
Evolution of host acceptance and its reversibility in a seed beetle
Authors: MESSINA FRANK J. , GOMPERT ZACHARIAH
Published: October 2016

1. Adapting to a low‐quality plant may require modification of an insect's digestive physiology, oviposition behaviour, or other host‐use traits. If colonising a marginal host entails a cost, a decay in adaptation would be expected after selection is relaxed, i.e. if populations on a novel host are reverted to their high‐quality ancestral host.

2. Replicate lines of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) rapidly adapted to lentil seeds; larval survival rose from approximately 1 to ≥ 90%, and oviposition on lentil increased more than two‐fold. This study compared egg‐laying behaviour in lines that either remained on lentil or were reverted to the ancestral host, mung bean, for 22–62 generations.

3. Consistent with the trade‐off hypothesis, females from two reverted sublines showed decreased oviposition on lentil (estimated as lifetime fecundity), but host acceptance in a third subline was unchanged. In a short‐term assay, acceptance of lentil by newly emerged females was lower in each reverted subline than in the corresponding non‐reverted one. Because effective population sizes (determined from genome resequencing) were large throughout the experiment, this decline in host acceptance is unlikely to be explained solely by genetic drift.

4. Variation among replicates in the magnitude of the reversion effect was also observed in a previous study of larval survival. However, the pattern of variation for survival was not congruent with the pattern of variation for host acceptance in this study. Thus, genes mediating improved performance on lentil appear to be largely independent of those responsible for increased oviposition.
Belowground carbon flux links biogeochemical cycles and resource‐use efficiency at the global scale
Authors: Gill Allison L. , Finzi Adrien C.
Published: October 2016

Nutrient limitation is pervasive in the terrestrial biosphere, although the relationship between global carbon (C) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles remains uncertain. Using meta‐analysis we show that gross primary production (GPP) partitioning belowground is inversely related to soil‐available N : P, increasing with latitude from tropical to boreal forests. N‐use efficiency is highest in boreal forests, and P‐use efficiency in tropical forests. High C partitioning belowground in boreal forests reflects a 13‐fold greater C cost of N acquisition compared to the tropics. By contrast, the C cost of P acquisition varies only 2‐fold among biomes. This analysis suggests a new hypothesis that the primary limitation on productivity in forested ecosystems transitions from belowground resources at high latitudes to aboveground resources at low latitudes as C‐intensive root‐ and mycorrhizal‐mediated nutrient capture is progressively replaced by rapidly cycling, enzyme‐derived nutrient fluxes when temperatures approach the thermal optimum for biogeochemical transformations.
Biotic resistance buffers the effects of nutrient enrichment on the success of a highly invasive aquatic plant
Authors: Teixeira Mariana C. , Bini Luis M. , Thomaz Sidinei M.
Published: October 2016

Biotic resistance theory predicts that the presence of a species‐rich native community is able to inhibit the establishment of invasive species. On the other hand, disturbed environments, for example, through eutrophication, tend to be more easily invaded.

We investigated the effect of biotic resistance on the establishment success of the aquatic grass Urochloa arrecta in nutrient‐enriched and non‐enriched mesocosms so as to test the hypothesis that the effects of biotic resistance on invader success depend on ecosystem trophic state.

Invader success, measured as plant biomass and length, increased with nutrient enrichment in treatments without biotic resistance, whereas there was no difference between the success of the invader in enriched or non‐enriched mesocosms in the presence of biotic resistance.

Our results suggest that eutrophication enhanced the resistance offered by the native community and thereby reduced the establishment of invaders. The results underscore the importance of native communities as biotic filters to invasion, especially in environments that are subjected to anthropogenic impacts such as nutrient enrichment.
Flexible mating patterns in an obligate brood parasite
Authors: Bolopo Diana , Canestrari Daniela , Martínez Juan Gabriel , Roldan María , Macías‐Sanchez Elena , Vila Marta , Soler Manuel , Baglione Vittorio
Published: October 2016

Polygamous mating is expected to occur in obligate avian brood parasites because the lack of parental care reduces the need for a stable reproductive bond. Unlike nesting species, an absence of the constraints resulting from raising offspring might also favour a flexible mating system that adjusts to changing ecological conditions. Information on brood parasites' mating systems and their spatio‐temporal variation is, however, still scant. Here we analysed the genetic mating patterns of Great Spotted Cuckoos Clamator glandarius in two populations in northern and southern Spain and compared the results with those of previous studies. Parentage analyses showed high levels of polygamy in both populations that contrast with a prevalence of monogamy previously reported in the southern population. We suggest that the differences arise from an increase in population density, which in turn increases the probability of intraspecific encounters and therefore opportunities for mating. We also found that a greater number of mates increased the number of offspring produced, both in males and in females. The increase in offspring production in females might be the result of enhanced fertilization success during the lengthy laying period. Our data, combined with previous reports, demonstrate plasticity in the genetic mating patterns of the Great Spotted Cuckoo that may be associated with large fluctuations in population density.
Welcome to the Glass Age
Authors: Morse David L. , Evenson Jeffrey W.
Published: October 2016

Glass is one of the world's most transformative materials. Featuring tremendous versatility and distinctive technical capabilities, glass has been responsible for numerous cultural and scientific advancements from windows to optical fiber. Today, the pace of glass innovation is accelerating, thanks to scientists' deep understanding of glass physics and chemistry, combined with modern analytic and control technologies. We believe that the world has entered the Glass Age. We have an unprecedented opportunity to harness the unique capabilities of glass to solve some of our world's most urgent challenges, such as more effective healthcare, cleaner energy and water, and more efficient communication. Realizing the potential of the Glass Age will require collaboration, resources, and support, but it is an opportunity we cannot afford to waste.
Experiences of caring for a sibling with schizophrenia in a Chinese context: A neglected issue
Authors: Yang Cheng‐I , Hsieh Min‐Yun , Lee Li‐Hung , Chen Shu‐Ling
Published: October 2016

Adult clients with schizophrenia are primarily cared for by their ageing parents. When the parents become ill or die, siblings are considered to be responsible for taking over the caregiving role. However, little is known about caregiving for a sibling with schizophrenia, and no studies have explored this phenomenon in an Asian context. The aim of the present descriptive, qualitative study was to understand the experiences of being the primary caregiver of a sibling with schizophrenia. Data were collected from 10 siblings of currently‐hospitalized patients diagnosed with schizophrenia using semistructured, in‐depth interviews. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed by qualitative content analysis. This analysis identified four themes: (i) stepping forward to become caregiver; (ii) challenges of caregiving; (iii) need for support; and (iv) worries about future care. Our findings suggest that mental health‐care professionals should involve all family members, including siblings, in the care plan for the person with schizophrenia, and provide appropriate psychoeducation for all family members to reduce not only the tension and stress of current caregiving, but also anxieties about future care.
Determining the Optimal Dose of Adenosine for Unmasking Dormant Pulmonary Vein Conduction Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT‐AF Study
Authors: PRABHU SANDEEP , MACKIN VINCENT , MCLELLAN ALEX J.A. , PHAN TUONG , MCGLADE DESMOND , LING LIANG‐HAN , PECK KAH Y. , VOSKOBOINIK ALEXANDR , PATHIK BUPESH , NALLIAH CHRISHAN J. , WONG GEOFF R. , AZZOPARDI SONIA M. , LEE GEOFFREY , MARIANI JUSTIN , TAYLOR ANDREW J. , KALMAN JONATHAN M. , KISTLER PETER M.
Published: October 2016

The DORMANT‐AF Study: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT‐AF Study

Introduction: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT‐AF Study

The significance of adenosine induced dormant pulmonary vein (PV) conduction in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation remains controversial. The optimal dose of adenosine to determine dormant PV conduction is yet to be systematically explored.

Methods and Results: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT‐AF Study

Consecutive patients undergoing index AF ablation received 3 adenosine doses (12, 18, and 24 mg) in a randomized blinded order, immediately after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Electrophysiological (PR prolongation, AV block (AVB) and PV reconnection) and hemodynamic (BP) parameters were measured. A total, 339 doses (113/dose) assessed 191 PVs in 50 patients (66% male, 72% PAF, 52% hypertensive). Dormant PV conduction occurred in 28% of patients (16.5% [32] of PVs). All cases were associated with AVB (AVB: PV reconnection vs. no PV reconnection 100% vs. 83%, P = 0.007). AVB occurred more frequently at 24 mg versus 12 mg (92% vs. 82%, P = 0.019) but not versus 18 mg (91%, P = 0.62). AVB duration progressed between 12 mg (12.0 ± 8.9 seconds), 18 mg (16.1 ± 9.1 seconds, P = 0.001), and 24 mg (19.0 ± 9.3 seconds, P < 0.001) doses. MBP fell further at 24 mg (ΔMBP: 27 ± 12 mmHg) and 18 mg (26 ± 13 mmHg) doses compared to 12 mg (22 ± 10 mmHg vs., P < 0.001). A significant reduction in AVB in patients >110 kg (65% vs. 91% in 70–110 kg group, P < 0.001) in response to adenosine was seen.

Conclusion: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT‐AF Study

An adenosine dose producing AVB is required to unmask dormant PV conduction. AVB is significantly reduced in patients >110 kg. Weight and dosing variability may in part explain the conflicting results of studies evaluating the clinical utility of adenosine in PVI.
Proportion of Patients With Hypertension Resolution Following Adrenalectomy for Primary Aldosteronism: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Benham Jamie L. , Eldoma Maysoon , Khokhar Bushra , Roberts Derek J. , Rabi Doreen M. , Kline Gregory A.
Published: October 2016

Unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA) is often treated with adrenalectomy, but hypertension resolution rates are variable. A valid estimate of the postoperative normotension rate is necessary to inform the utility of PA testing and treatment. The authors searched MEDLINE In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Prospective adult cohort studies with surgically treated PA that reported resolution of hypertension without the aid of medications were included. Among 2620 abstracts identified by the search, 25 studies in the systematic review with data on 1685 patients were investigated. The pooled proportion of normotension following adrenalectomy was 52% (95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.60). Meta‐regression demonstrated a significant negative association between length of follow‐up and proportion of normotension, with normotension dropping by 6.7% per year of follow‐up (coefficient −0.006; 95% confidence interval, −0.01 to 0.002). Overall, approximately half of the patients experienced hypertension resolution, although this outcome may not be durable in all patients.
Do EU Member States Apply Food Standards Uniformly? A Look at Fruit and Vegetable Safety Notifications
Authors: Tudela‐Marco Lorena , Garcia‐Alvarez‐Coque Jose Maria , Martí‐Selva Luisa
Published: October 2016

The hypothesis that six EU Member States show a common behaviour on the implementation of food safety standards on fruit and vegetables imports is examined. To do so, we analyzed food border notifications recorded by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Path dependence and reputation effects of past border notifications were explored for the whole period 2001–13, and for sub‐periods 2001–07 and 2008–13. Negative binomial (NB) and zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distributions were used to deal with over‐dispersion and excess of zero counts. Our findings suggest that the EU cannot be considered as a single unit when non‐tariff measures are studied, although there are some signs that Member State behaviour is becoming more uniform in the most recent period.
Renal mucous production in Australian freshwater plotosid and ariid catfishes
Authors: Kelly E. , Gibson‐Kueh S.
Published: October 2016

This study reports the presence of large mucous cells lining the large renal collecting ducts and opisthonephric ducts of the Australian freshwater catfishes Tandanus tandanus and Tandanus tropicanus. Histologic examination of the renal tissue from four other species of Australian freshwater catfishes suggests that this feature is unique to the two species of Tandanus studied. The potential functions of renal mucous secretion in T. tandanus and T. tropicanus are discussed.
Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Summary of Process Research
Authors: Franklin Cynthia , Zhang Anao , Froerer Adam , Johnson Shannon
Published: October 2016

This article presents a systematic review of the process research on solution‐focused brief therapy (SFBT). We searched published and unpublished studies in English across five databases, five major journals, two book chapters, and four websites to locate studies that investigate why and how SFBT works. Thirty‐three studies that used various research methods were located and included for further analysis using a meta‐summary approach. The findings supported the significance of the co‐construction process within SFBT and the effects of specific types of SFBT techniques. The most empirical support was found for the strength‐oriented techniques in comparison to the other techniques and for the co‐construction of meaning. Current studies require replications with larger samples and experimental designs that study SFBT process in relationship to outcomes.
Molecular Detection of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene(s) in 115 Wheat Cultivars (lines) from the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region
Authors: Li Qian , Wang Baotong , Chao Kaixiang , Guo Juan , Song Jianrong , Yue Weiyun , Li Qiang
Published: October 2016

Stripe rust (yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease of wheat worldwide, including China. Growing resistant cultivars is the most cost‐effective and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. To assess the stripe rust resistance in commercial wheat cultivars and advanced lines in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Wheat Region, 115 wheat cultivars (lines) collected from 13 provinces in this region were evaluated with the most prevalent Chinese Pst races CYR32, CYR33 and the new race V26 at seedling stage. In addition, these wheat entries were inoculated with the mixed races of CYR32 and CYR33 at the adult‐plant stage in the field. The results indicated that 53 (46.1%) cultivars (lines) had all‐stage resistance to all the three races, and 16 (13.9%) cultivars (lines) showed adult‐plant resistance. The possible stripe rust resistance genes in these entries were postulated by the closely linked markers of all‐stage resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr26 and adult‐plant resistance gene Yr18. Molecular analysis indicated that resistance genes Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr18 and Yr26 were found in 5 (4.3%), 38 (33.0%), 1 (0.9%), 2 (1.7%) and 8 (7.0%) entries, respectively. No entry was found to carry the Yr15 gene. In future breeding programs, Yr5, Yr15 and Yr18 should be used to pyramid with other effective genes to develop wheat cultivars with high‐level and durable resistance to stripe rust, whereas Yr9, Yr10 and Yr26 should not be used or used in a limited way due to the virulent races present in China.
Red Light Increases Suppression of Downy Mildew in Basil by Chemical and Organic Products
Authors: Patel Jaimin S. , Zhang Shouan , McGrath Margaret T.
Published: October 2016

Basil is an economically important herb in the United States and in the world. Recent epidemics of basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, have significantly affected basil production in the United States. ProPhyt (potassium phosphite), Actigard (acibenzolar‐S‐methyl) and Organocide (sesame oil) were evaluated in the greenhouse in the presence or absence of red light for their effects on the severity of downy mildew and sporangial production by P. belbahrii. Red light at intensity of 12 μmol photons/m2/s significantly (P < 0.05) reduced severity of downy mildew in basil. ProPhyt‐treated basil plants had the lowest disease severity irrespective of red light exposure. Basil plants treated with Actigard and Organocide under red light had significantly lower disease severity compared to plants under dark conditions with the same fungicide treatments 14 and 13 days after inoculation (DAI) in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Red light significantly reduced AUDPC in the treatments of Actigard and Organocide in both experiments. Basil plants treated with Actigard and Organocide under red light had significantly reduced number of P. belbahrii sporangia than those under dark conditions receiving the same fungicide treatments. This is the first report demonstrating red light in combination with Actigard and Organocide for improved management of downy mildew in greenhouse‐grown basil.
Manganese Phosphite in Coffee Defence against Hemileia vastatrix, the Coffee Rust Fungus: Biochemical and Molecular Analyses
Authors: Monteiro Ana Cristina Andrade , de Resende Mário Lúcio Vilela , Valente Thaís Cainã Teixeira , Ribeiro Junior Pedro Martins , Pereira Vanessa Foresti , da Costa Josineide Rodrigues , da Silva Joyce Alves Goulart
Published: October 2016

Phosphites (Phi) are inorganic salts of phosphorous acid that have been used as resistance elicitors to activate mechanisms underlying plant defence. This study assessed the effectiveness of manganese phosphite (MnPhi) for the management of rust (Hemileia vastatrix) on coffee seedlings. The effect of this compound on the induction of resistance was also measured by the expression of defence‐related genes such as POX (peroxidase), CAT (catalase), GLU (β‐1.3‐glucanase) and PAL (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase) and by the activity of defence enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Foliar sprayings of MnPhi on coffee seedlings provided 63% control of rust severity. This compound induced defence responses in seedlings with increased transcription of genes POX, CAT, GLU and PAL in non‐inoculated plants and increased activity of APX, SOD and PPO enzymes in plants inoculated with H. vastatrix and in non‐inoculated plants. It is suggested that MnPhi can induce resistance in coffee seedlings.
Identification and Characterization of two new Fungal Pathogens of Polygonatum odoratum (Angular Solomon's seal) in Italy
Authors: Karimi Kaivan , Khodaei Sima , Rota‐Stabelli Omar , Arzanlou Mahdi , Pertot Ilaria
Published: October 2016

Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce (Angular Solomon's seal) is a well‐known ornamental plant and herbal drug, which is used in traditional medicine. Severe leaf spots were observed in wild Angular Solomon's seal plants in a public park in Trento, Italy. A combination of morphological and molecular characteristics, including sequence data of ITS‐rDNA, large subunit (LSU), beta tubulin (TUB) and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) led to identification of two species, namely Phoma odoratissimi and Colletotrichum dematium s. str., isolated from these leaf spots. Pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed on wounded leaves of Po. odoratum; indeed, both species induced leaf spot symptoms on inoculated leaves within 10 days of inoculation. This is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by Ph. odoratissimi and C. dematium s. str. on Po. odoratum, which can be considered a new host for both the species examined in this study. In addition, isolation of Ph. odoratissimi represents a new record for the mycobiota of Italy.