bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel and convenient to substituted imidazoles
Authors: Chang Yu‐An , Chang Hsiang
Published: November 2009

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A one‐pot synthesis of imidazoles has been established from the addition of azides to 2‐amidoacrylates, and this synthetic method demonstrates an efficient synthesis of imidazole‐4‐carboxylates. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Ethyl‐3,4‐diaroyl‐2‐cyanobutyrate: A Synthon for novel heterocycles
Authors: Padmaja Adivireddy , Payani Thalari , Mahesh Konda , Padmavathi Venkatapuram
Published: November 2009

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A new class of aminopyrazolones, aminoisoxazolones, aminopyrimidinones, and thioxopyrimidinones were synthesized from Michael adduct, ethyl‐3,4‐diaroyl‐2‐cyanobutyrate, on reaction with different nucleophiles, hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and urea derivatives. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Synthesis of new pyridazine derivatives as potential anti‐HIV‐1 agents
Authors: Ferro Stefania , Agnello Stefano , Barreca Maria Letizia , De Luca Laura , Christ Frauke , Gitto Rosaria
Published: November 2009

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We herein report conventional and microwave‐assisted methods for the synthesis of a series of compounds containing some bivalent ion chelating requirements useful to exert potential HIV‐1 integrase (IN) enzyme inhibition activity. The biological screening highlighted that only derivative 5 proved to be a strand‐transfer step inhibitor of the virus integration process at micromolar concentration. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Laut und in Farbe
Authors: Lippold Björn
Published: November 2009

Experimente, Vorträge, Reportagen, Interviews und Vorlesungen erobern als Hörbeiträge und Videos das Internet. So erleben Chemiker und die Öffentlichkeit die Welt der Chemie ganz neu.
Milde Stickstofffixierung:Was sagt die Theorie?
Authors: Reiher Markus
Published: November 2009

Stickstoff bei Normaldruck und Raumtemperatur katalytisch zu reduzieren, bleibt eine Herausforderung für die Chemie. Es gibt zwar synthetische Fortschritte, noch sind aber viele Fragen offen. Die Quantenchemie kann helfen, einige von ihnen zu beantworten.
AAS, ICP‐OES oder Röntgenfluoreszenz
Authors: Garnebode Nils
Published: November 2009

Um Kinderspielzeug auf giftige Schwermetalle zu untersuchen, bieten sich atomspektroskopische Methoden an. Für Stichproben eignet sich auch die Röntgenfluoreszenz, für die keine Probenvorbereitung erforderlich ist.
Startschuss für das Kunststoffzeitalter
Authors: Koßmehl Gerhard
Published: November 2009

Erkner, eine Kleinstadt östlich von Berlin, markiert einen Meilenstein der Chemiegeschichte. Im Jahr 1909 wurde hier das erste vollsynthetische Kunstharz der Welt im industriellen Maßstab hergestellt: Bakelit.
Ribosom, Telomerase und Lichtleitung
Authors: Beckmann Roland , Famulok Michael
Published: November 2009

Dreimal dreigeteilter Nobelpreis: In Chemie werden Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz und Ada E. Yonath ausgezeichnet. Der Preis für Medizin geht an Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider und Jack W. Szostak. Den Physik‐Nobelpreis teilen sich Charles K. Kao, Willard S. Boyle und George E. Smith.
A case study of learning to become a PD facilitator: ‘Climbing the tree’
Authors: van der Zijpp Teatske Johanna , Dewing Jan
Published: November 2009

This article describes and relates to classic and emerging theory, and the journey of one person, based at a Dutch university (Fontys University of Applied Sciences), towards becoming a facilitator concerned with transformational teaching practice. Following on from some background on facilitation within the context of practice development, the article summarizes and offers illustrations from a critical conversation between the two authors. Three themes relevant to climbing the tree were identified as (1) working with clarified values and beliefs; (2) movement: moving from technical single issues to working with complex questions and multiple practice development principles and (3) construction and reconstruction of a personalized embodied facilitation framework. These are used as a structure for the discussion. The case study concludes that becoming a facilitator, rather than the technical application of facilitation techniques and tools, is a continuous journey, with personal or internal dimensions where the person/facilitator is part of the learning process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of nicotine on the alpha‐7 and beta‐2 nicotinic acetycholine receptor subunits in the developing piglet brainstem
Authors: Browne Cherylea J. , Sharma Nidhi , Waters Karen A. , Machaalani Rita
Published: November 2009

Exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). We tested the hypothesis that nicotine increases expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α7 and β2 in a piglet model. Piglets exposed to 2 mg/kg/day nicotine for 14 days postnatally (n= 14) were compared to non‐exposed controls (n= 14), (equal gender proportions). Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify and quantify changes in, α7 and β2 nAChR subunits in 8 nuclei of the medulla at both the rostral and caudal levels. Compared to controls, nicotine exposed piglets had decreased α7 in the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (rDMNV) (p= 0.01), and increased β2 in the caudal DMNV (cDMNV) (p= 0.05), caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (cNSTT) (p= 0.03) and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) (p= 0.04). Analysis by gender showed that in the control group, compared to males, females had higher β2 in the caudal hypoglossal (cXII) (p< 0.01) and caudal inferior olivary (p= 0.04) nuclei, while in the nicotine group females had higher β2 in the cDMNV (p= 0.02). Compared to control males, nicotine exposed males had lower β2 in the cXII (p< 0.01). Overall, changes in α7 were specific to nicotine exposure with no gender differentiation. Changes in β2 were more widespread but showed gender‐specific effects. These findings provide evidence that early postnatal exposure to nicotine significantly affects nAChR subunit expressions in the developing brainstem.
Ontogeny of the HPA axis of the CD1 mouse following 24 h maternal deprivation at pnd 3
Authors: Enthoven L. , Schmidt M.V. , Cheung Y.H. , van der Mark M.H. , de Kloet E.R. , Oitzl M.S.
Published: November 2009

One of the striking characteristics of the developing neuroendocrine system of rats and mice is the stress hypo‐responsive period (SHRP), i.e. low basal corticosterone secretion and the inability to increase corticosterone in response to mild stressors during the first 2 weeks of life. However, immediately after 24 h of deprivation from maternal care the response of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to mild stressors is enhanced. This study examines in CD1 mouse pups the recovery pattern of markers of HPA axis (re)activity from maternal deprivation (once for 24 h from postnatal days (pnds) 3 to 4). As expected, deprivation induced a profound corticosterone response to novelty immediately after deprivation. In contrast, 1 day after reunion with the mother (pnd 5), this effect was abolished, lasting for at least 3 days. Basal corticosterone remained even below control levels. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was suppressed for 2 days, exceeded control levels at pnds 7 and 8, and subsequently followed the gradual decline observed in controls until pnd 12. Delayed and rather short‐lasting changes were found for adrenocorticotropic hormone (low at pnd 5), and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression (decreased in the PVN at pnd 4, and in the hippocampal CA1 area at pnd 5). Hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression was unaffected. From pnds 9 to 13, both deprived and control pups gradually emerged from the SHRP in a similar temporal pattern. In conclusion, maternal deprivation at pnd 3 augments hypo‐responsiveness of corticosterone secretion to mild stress for several days, but does not affect the duration of the SHRP. Whether CRH and glucocorticoid receptor changes are cause or consequence remains to be established.
Comparisons of telomere lengths in peripheral blood and cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lukens J. Nicholas , Van Deerlin Vivianna , Clark Christopher M. , Xie Sharon X. , Johnson F. Brad
Published: November 2009

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have been reported to have shorter telomeres in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) than age‐matched control subjects. However, it is unclear if PBL telomere length reflects brain telomere length, which might play a more direct role in AD pathogenesis. We examined the correlation between PBL and cerebellum telomere length in AD patients, and compared telomere lengths in cerebella from individuals with AD versus age‐matched control subjects.

Methods

Mean telomere lengths were measured using quantitative telomere polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA prepared from matched PBL and cerebellum samples from 29 individuals with pathologically confirmed sporadic AD. Telomere length was also measured in cerebellum samples of 30 AD patients versus 22 unaffected age‐matched control subjects.

Results

The PBL and cerebellum telomere lengths were directly correlated in individuals with AD (r = 0.42, P = 0.023). Nonetheless, cerebellum telomere lengths were not significantly different in AD patients and age‐matched control subjects.

Conclusions

Reduced PBL telomere length in AD might not reflect reduced telomere length in bulk brain tissue, but may be a marker of changes in a subset of brain tissues or other tissues that affect the pathogenesis of AD.
PMA license valuation: A Bayesian learning real options approach
Authors: Miller Luke T.
Published: November 2009

This paper develops aBayesian learning real option(BLRO) by merging the Bayesian decision‐making process with the real options framework. The BLRO approach is then used to value a parts manufacturing approval (PMA) license for an aerospace firm in the maintenance, repair, and overhaul industry. The model combines statistical decision theory with options pricing to evaluate strategic capital expenditures assuming a decision time horizon and posturing costs. Real option attributes are discussed in a decision analytic context and thresholds are identified for improved decision‐making. In contrast to other models in the real options literature in which new information is passively introduced during the delay period, our approach encourages active information acquisition and quantifies its impact on the decision.
Party Capability Theory and Appellate Success in the Supreme Court of Canada, 1949–1992
Authors: McCormick Peter
Published: November 2009

Now that the advent of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has made the fact of judicial power so obvious, it is important to develop the conceptual vocabulary for describing and assessing this power. One such concept that has been applied to the study of United States and British appeal courts is the notion of “party capability theory,” which suggests that different types of litigant will enjoy different levels of success, as both appellant and respondent. Using a data base derived from all reported decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada between 1949 and 1992, this article applies party capability theory to the performance of Canada's highest court, and compares the findings with similar studies of American and British courts.
The Media's Persuasive Effects: The Priming of Leadership in the 1988 Canadian Election
Authors: Mendelsohn Matthew
Published: November 2009

This article examines the effect of the media during the 1988 Canadian election. Using National Election Study data, three questions are investigated: do those with different patterns of media exposure change their vote intentions at different times; do those with higher media exposure remain more stable in their vote intentions, and do the media prime leadership? The article argues that patterns of media exposure have an effect: those with higher exposure to the media lead the opinion of others by about one week, they are more stable in their vote intentions, and they are more likely to vote on the basis of their trust in the leaders than on issue positions (in this case, the Free Trade Agreement) or party identification. However, there were few differences between those who relied on television as opposed to print for their information.
Learning and Change in the British Columbia Forest Policy Sector: A Consideration of Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition Framework
Authors: Lertzman Ken , Rayner Jeremy , Wilson Jeremy
Published: November 2009

This article uses British Columbia forest policy to test our ability to distinguish between policy change and policy learning using the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) developed by Paul Sabatier. The authors find the ACF a useful way of approaching policy change in this sector, but argue that finer discriminations are needed to detect policy learning. They argue that Sabatier underestimates the extent to which the legitimation function of key ideas forces dominant advocacy coalitions to respond to criticisms in ways that promote learning. They conclude that, in this case, adaptive strategies undertaken by a dominant advocacy coalition in response to criticism has resulted in policy-oriented learning that may cause a major policy shift without an externally induced crisis in the forest policy sector.
The Ideological Contours of “New Politics” in Canada: Policy, Mobilization and Partisan Support
Authors: Nevitte Neil , Bakvis Herman , Gibbins Roger
Published: November 2009

Evidence from other advanced industrial societies indicates that the traditional ideological contours of old states are being reshaped by the advance of a new political agenda. Using attitudinal survey data, this article explores the ways in which “new politics” has shaped the political belief systems of a segment of the Canadian population born after 1945. Findings indicate the presence of postmaterialist orientations among the young and a structuring capacity of postmaterialism versus left/right with respect to attitudes in different policy domains. Postmaterialism is also linked to greater mobilization potential and, among left identifiers, is shown to predict New Democratic party versus Liberal party support.
A Comparison of Press Coverage in Canada and the United States of the 1982 and 1984 Salvadoran Elections
Authors: Soderlund Walter C.
Published: November 2009

This article investigates press coverage in Canada and the United States of the 1982 and 1984 Salvadoran elections employing the concept of the “demonstration election,” which posits that some elections occur not to select governments and solve problems but rather to confer international legitimacy on the government holding the election. The press plays a vital role in creating this aura of legitimacy. There is some evidence that the American press played a legitimizing role in the elections. While the elections received twice as much coverage in the American press as they did in the Canadian press, with the exception of some differences in leader evaluation and emphasis on issues, Canadians received essentially the same media portrayal of the elections as did Americans.
Forty Years of United Nations General Assembly Voting
Authors: Holloway Steven
Published: November 2009

Studies of bloc voting in the United Nations have appeared periodically since the early 1960s. This article examines the evolution of UN voting in its first four decades using multidimensional scaling, which is compared to factor analysis and found to be superior for representation and interpretation. UN voting is important for showing how world politics is reflected in that body, hence the frequent use of UN votes as a dependent variable in the analysis of foreign policy behaviour.
L'impact mécanique du vote alternatif au Canada: une simulation des élections de 1997
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine
Published: November 2009

Discussions over the debate on the electoral system in Canada typically contrast the actual distribution of legislative seats held by the parties resulting from the first-past-the-post system with what the outcome would have been with proportional representation. But the debate could consider another option, namely, the alternative vote. What would electoral outcomes have been in the 1997 Canadian election with the alternative vote? According to a simulation, 10 per cent of the members of parliament in Ottawa would have been different. The Liberals and the Conservatives would have benefited from the new distribution of votes while the Bloc Québécois and the Reform party would have fewer seats.
La classification canadienne des occupations pendant l'entre-deux-guerres: réflexion sur un cas d'indépendance statistique
Authors: Beaud Jean-Pierre , Prévost Jean-Guy
Published: November 2009

During the first decades of this century, British and United States census officials constructed social classifications based upon the opposition between intellectual and manual occupations, the former being ordered according to their more or less professional character and the latter according to skills. Logically, one would have expected Canadian statisticians to follow the same path: but the “professional” model never took root in Canada. When census officials here developed a classification of occupations, they did not attempt to create a unilinear scheme of large homogeneous classes using occupation as privileged criterion; following the definitions of classical political economy, they rather set upon themselves to measure the extent of the division of labour. This article seeks to explain the peculiarity of the Canadian case by relating it to three conjoined factors: first, the highly centralized character of Canada's statistical system; second, the important role played by nascent Canadian political economy as the intellectual milieu of statisticians; finally, the fact that the Canadian economy was characterized at that time by the persistence of an important correlation between industry and occupation.
Cultural Diversity and Theories of Political Integration
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: November 2009

Plusieurs«théories»ont été consacrées à l'intégration politique: les théories du nationalisme, de l'édification nationale, de l'intégration régionale (internationale ou intranationale), du développement politique, de la stabilité politique, du fédéralisme. Toutes s'entendent à considérer une forte homogénéité culturelle comme nécessaire à l'intégration politique. Même celles de Ernst Haas et Amitai Etzioni sur l'intégration régionale ou d'aucunes relatives au fédéralisme n'expriment, à cet égard, qu'une apparente dissidence.

Plus fondamentale est l'objection de la théorie dite«consociétale»qui affirme la possible intégration d'une société culturellement fragmentée, à condition que les chefs des différentes sous-cultures qui s'y rencontrent combattent délibérément et conjointement les effets désintégrateurs de la diversité culturelle. Le«consociétalisme»n'est pas qu'une explication structurée; c'est aussi un schème normatif applicable à plusieurs pays fragmentés et dont il faut admettre les coûts, financiers ou autres, tout comme les réels bénéfices politiques.
Consensus and Conflict in Functionalism: Implications for the Study of International Integration
Authors: Miller A. J.
Published: November 2009

Partant de Mitrany, l'article effectue un survol rapide du fonctionnalisme et débouche sur l'examen approfondi de deux courants de pensée, concurrents mais majeurs en ce domaine, et qui ne sont qu'obscurément traités dans la littérature. Le premier de ces courants présente le fonctionnalisme comme une progression consentie vers l'intégration mondiale; le deuxième, secondaire et peu touché par Mitrany, écarte le consentement au profit de la controverse, comme procès d'intégration. L'auteur développe ensuite ce dernier point qu'il confronte à la « prè-théorie » de la politique étrangère élaborée par James Rosenau et dont il retient surtout les concepts de « système perméable » et de « champs-problèmes ». Ces concepts, imaginés pour l'étude de la politique étrangère, semblent, d'après l'auteur, idoines à l'analyse de l'intégration internationale.
Aristotle on Acquisition
Authors: Ambler Wayne H.
Published: November 2009

Aristotle is reputed to be a thinker for whom nature is a standard which enables political judgments to avoid being arbitrary. By examining his discussion of acquisition in the Politics, this article reconsiders whether and how this reputation is deserved. Although Aristotle's discussion seems to represent a classic case in which theoretical reflections on nature issue in a moral condemnation of limitless acquisition, a subsequent distinction between theory and practice limits the practical consequences of his remarks on nature. This observation invites a rethinking of Aristotle's position on the relationship between nature and political life.
Hayek and Schmitt on the Rule of Law
Authors: Cristi F. R.
Published: November 2009

abstract

According to Hayek the rule of law constitutes the foundation of liberalism's political and legal theory. General and abstract laws, as opposed to concrete measures, protect individual freedom from prerogative and arbitrariness (normativism versus decisionism). Hayek maintains that Carl Schmitt's decisionism explains his attacks on liberalism and the prominent role he played in support of Hitler's regime. Two general observations should shorten the distance that Hayek seeks to establish between his posture and that of Schmitt. Firstly, Schmitt's critique is primarily aimed against the tendency that neutralizes the state and makes it vulnerable to democratic pressures. Secondly, Hayek's normativism is seen to contain a decisionist potential.
Towards a More Simplified Party System in France
Authors: Thorburn H. G.
Published: November 2009

La simplification du régime de parti en France

Depuis 1958, la France délaisse les factions politiques irréconciliables en faveur d'une entente autour de deux blocs capables de former un gouvernement. Cette évolution est en partie dûe à la fin de la guerre d'Algérie aussi bien qu'à la décolonisation subséquente qui privèrent l'extrême droite de ses thèmes, La retrait de l'organisation militaire de l'OTAN et la politique de rapprochement avec les pays socialistes, effectués par la France, eurent pour effet de terminer l'affrontement est-ouest dans la politique intérieure de ce pays et d'y légitimer le parti communiste. Telle est la base de cette entente.

De Gaulle et la nouvelle constitution imposèrent ce dualisme au pays: le premier, parce qu'il devint le principe majeur de division entre les partis; la seconde, parce que l'élection du président au suffrage universel réduit la confrontation aux deux candidats les plus sérieux. Ce passage, d'une culture politique de partis irrédentistes à une pratique sociale d'accommodement, ne peut s'expliquer que par l'avènement d'une consommation de masse, axée sur une technologie avancée: des doctrines abstraites, l'intérêt de la nation s'est reporté sur des problèmes concrets, susceptibles de solutions techniquement identifiables. Cette évolution est rendue explicite par la nouvelle tendance de l'opinion publique à accepter les communistes comme parti politique légitime. Entre les positions traditionnelles de la droite et de la gauche, l'écart diminue, alors que les accommodements sociaux s'accroissent en nombre et que la tradition cartésienne perd peu à peu de son emprise.
Canadian Participation in Parliamentary Associations
Authors: Levy Gary
Published: November 2009

A parliamentary association is an international body composed of persons who are members of a legislature in their own country, state, or province. Although such bodies are sometimes consultative assemblies established by treaty and having an organic link with an intergovernmental organization (the European Parliament for example), most associations are informal bodies with no status in international law. Canadian parliamentarians belong to six informal organizations designed to promote international understanding through personal contacts at regular meetings. While a check of traditional textbooks on Canadian government will fail to uncover a single line acknowledging the existence of such associations, nevertheless they do constitute an additional element in the total political equipment available to nations and individuals for the conduct of public affairs.
Analyse stratégique du choix d'un candidat dans une circonscription urbaine
Authors: Crète Jean
Published: November 2009

Strategic analysis is used in this article to report on a case study of candidate choice in an urban constituency. Several concepts are presented first. During a game, several agents, pursuing the objectives of a partisan organization, interact. It sometimes happens that the rules of the game do not anticipate completely the actions that ought to be advanced by the agents. There exists then a zone of uncertainty. If the agents come into conflict over the action to be taken there is a “crisis point.” Around a “crisis point” there occurs a particular play that can lead to several results. The agents have preferences regarding the results and they try, with the help of their resources, to impose their preferences on others. In order to leave nothing to chance, these rational agents establish strategies that guide their actions.

The game described in this article has at stake the choice of a candidate for legislative elections. The agents are activists (or groups of activists) of the partisan constituency association. At the outset of the study there is one aspirant to the candidature; certain activists, for diverse reasons, reject the aspirant as candidate. They form a coalition and present another candidate. The two aspirants and their organizations campaign among members of the association who will decide the choice of candidate. In the course of the campaign several “crisis points” emerge: the two rival organizations oppose each other.

Conclusions were drawn about the utility of case studies when they are made within a certain theoretical framework such as strategic analysis.
Parliamentarianism among the French Working Class
Authors: Pitts Ruth Ann
Published: November 2009

L'auteur analyse la conscience politique des travailleurs français en se servant de l'appareil conceptuel de Weber plutôt que de celui de Marx. Selon elle, la nature de la conscience politique des travailleurs dépend de leur mode de vie, lequel est grandement influencé par le niveau de leur éducation. Ainsi, les travailleurs qui possèdent une éducation de niveau secondaire sont plus susceptibles d'appuyer des partis de droite alors que ceux qui n'ont pas dépassé le niveau primaire de même que ceux qui ont acquis une spécialisation technique tendent à appuyer des partis de gauche. De l'intériorisation de la mythologie politique de droite ou de gauche dépend l'attitude des travailleurs à l'égard du système parlementaire. Dans la mesure où la mythologie gaulliste implique une diminution des pouvoirs de l'Assemblée Nationale, les travailleurs possédant une éducation de niveau secondaire sont amenés à perdre confiance dans le parlementarisme. Il appert cependant que pour les travailleurs dont le niveau d'éducation est inférieur ou supérieur au niveau secondaire, ce soit la confiance en eux-mêmes et en leur bonne intégration sociale qui les amène à partager la mythologie de gauche à l'effet que l'individu possède une réelle influence sur le gouvernement grâce au système parlementaire. Ainsi, le travailleur qui n'a pas dépassé le niveau primaire et qui perçoit la société comme nuisible à son mode de vie, perçoit également le gouvernement comme un organisme qui lui est étranger et souhaite que le parlement ne possède de pouvoirs que dans la mesure où le Parti Communiste peut les exercer. Par contre, l'ouvrier spécialisé, conscient du pouvoir qu'il a d'influencer les autorités en vertu de sa position dans le processus de production, donne un plus large appui au système parlementaire. D'où l'auteur conclut que le radicalisme de la nouvelle classe des travailleurs spécialisés détenteurs d'une éducation technique visera à transformer lo'exercice du pouvoir plus par l'élection d'un parti socialiste à l'Assemblée Nationale que par des moyens non parlementaires.
A Guide to the Interpretation of Locke the Political Theorist
Authors: McDonald Virginia
Published: November 2009

Le paradigme égalitaire et libéral proposé par Locke s'oppose à celui non égalitaire soutenu par les auteurs qui lui sont contemporains. Cette opposition se retrouve non seulement entre ces deux paradigmes mais aussi chez Locke lui-même qui tente de concilier les exigences morales et intellectuelles de son nouveau paradigme avec celles, économiques, sociales et culturelles, du paradigme en vogue à son époque. La pensée théorique de Locke en matière politique doit être interprétée à la lumière de cette double confrontation.

Il existe une polarisation parmi les interprètes contemporains de Locke entre les tenants du constitutionalisme libéral et ceux du marxisme, les premiers mettant surtout l'accent sur ses écrits égalitaires et libéraux et les seconds sur les passages qui reflètent les préoccupations sociales contemporaines à Locke. L'auteur croit qu'il vaut mieux reconnoître et expliquer les contradictions inhérentes à l'œuvre de Locke que de tenter de les résoudre en faveur de l'un ou l'autre pôle. Selon lui, Locke, tout en faisant intellectuellement et moralement siennes la plupart des idées égalitaires, conservait néanmoins une certaine sympathie pour le courant normatif de son époque. Il jut ainsi amené à céder devant les exigences pratiques du paradigme contemporain toutes les fois qu'elles entraient en contradiction avec ses convictions égalitaires. En l'absence d'une telle contradiction cependant, Locke approfondit les implications égalitaires du paradigme libéral.
The Recruitment of Local Decision-Makers in Five Canadian Cities: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Long J. Anthony , Slemko Brian
Published: November 2009

In recent years a significant beginning has been made in the investigation into the processes of recruitment of authorities within the Canadian political system. The focus of these studies has been on elective offices at the federal and provincial levels and on party activists. Only limited research has been devoted to the processes by which local decision-makers are recruited. Other than the partial analysis of local leadership selection by Harold Kaplan in his study of Toronto politics and the cursory treatment of this subject by J.G. Joyce and H.A. Hosse in their general survey of city councillors throughout Canada, empirical data about the recruitment of Canadian local decision-makers is confined to the level of social back ground analysis. The remainder of our information about local leadership selection tends to be in the form of hypotheses derived from data generated by the more extensive research on the recruitment of city councilmen in American cities. Although these propositions are useful because of certain shared structural characteristics between Canadian urban political systems and their American counterparts, they remain largely untested in the Canadian urban context and we run the risk of ignoring possible differences in the recruitment processes caused by factors endemic to each system.
Comment: The Filling of Wine Bottles Is Not Easy
Authors: Jenson Jane
Published: November 2009

Concepts do not travel; theories do. The distinction is an important one because the concept party identification and its measurement in different contexts provides students of voting with one of a class of problems in comparative analysis. Comparative analysis implies a search for and the development of general laws about human behaviour, laws which are valid across political systems. The way that this search is carried out is through the development, confirmation, and modification of theory. One such theoretical exchange has involved explanations of voting and a major concept in these theories has been “party identification.” The concept is controversial to the extent both that different theories describe it and its role differently and that variations have been observed in patterns of the relationship between some aspects of party identification and political behaviour. However, the role of theory and its status in analysis is problematical in David Elkins' “Party Identification: A Conceptual Analysis.” Comparative analysis requires, first and foremost, that the theory within which any concept is located be specified.
Ilya Ehrenburg vs l'orthodoxie, 1958–1962
Authors: Duhamel Luc
Published: November 2009

In this work, the author has sought to examine the political role of Ilya Ehrenburg in the strategy of détente pursued by Khruschchev from 1958 to 1962. The approach taken by the Soviet intellectual in support of the initiatives of his leader is put in its true perspective: a struggle between the conservatives and the liberals who, in the USSR as in the midst of the international communist movement, seek to thwart the efforts of the Soviet Party's first secretary. The opposing tactics to the latter are outlined: encouragement is shown to those who, in Moscow as among the other communist parties, subscribe to the plans of the Kremlin's chief. Finally, an attempted explanation for the failure of Ehrenburg's initiatives in favour of the policies of Khrushchev is outlined.
Life in Print: Citation of Articles Published in Volumes 1–10 of the Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique
Authors: Courtney John C. , Kawchuk Karman B. , Spafford Duff
Published: November 2009

The Social Sciences Citation Index was canvassed for citations of all articles, notes, review articles, comments and replies published in volumes 1–10 of the Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique. The data show that nearly three-quarters of the 335 items published between 1968 and 1977 were cited at least once, with a greater likelihood of the citation appearing in non-Canadian than in Canadian publications. English-language items were cited four times as frequently as French-language ones, on the average, and those with at least some Canadian content were cited nearly twice as frequently, on the average, as those with no Canadian content.
Theatre Nuclear Weapons and European Security
Authors: Buteux Paul
Published: November 2009

Suite à la reprise du débat concernant le rôle des armements nucléaires tactiques déployés en Europe occidentale sous l'é;gide de l'OTAN, cet essai analyse les fonctions stratégiques et politiques de ces armements à la lumière des récents arguments contenus dans la littérature et les documents officiels et tente d'évaluer jusqu' à quel point ces arguments sont comparables à ceux évoqués lors des précédents débats des années cinquante et soixante.
Alcibiades and the Question of Tyranny in Thucydides
Authors: Palmer Michael
Published: November 2009

Alcibiade et la question de la tyrannie chez Thucydide

Selon Thomas Hobbes, Thucydide est « le plus politique de tons les historiographes ». Neanmoins, la plupart de ses commentateurs considèrent toujours son livre comme une oeuvre essentiellement « historique »; le moins que l'on puisse dire, c'est que son caractère « très politique » n'a pas reçu suffisamment d'attention. En qualifiant d'histoiré son ouvrage inachevé, nous affirmons implicitement qu'il n'offre pas une étude d'ensemble du politique. Je crois que cette interprétation est fausse.

En quoi Thucydide est-il le plus politique des historiographes? Hobbes répond que par son choix des sujets et leur ordonnance, il permet an lecteur d'en tirer lui-même les leçons. Les réticences de Thucydide à commenter son propre texte sont universellement reconnues, mais comme l'affirme Hobbes, Thucydide s'adresse directement à ses lecteurs via son choix des sujets et l'ordre de leur présentation. Ce procédé ainsi que chaque remarque qu'il s'attribue sont particulièrement typiques de la méthode de Thucydide: pensons à ces passages dans lesquels il insère des « digressions », surtout lorsqu'il interrompt brusquement sa narration des événements. A partir de cette interprétation de Hobbes l'auteur étudie la présentation de Thucydide des événements entourant le rappel d'Alcibiade à Athènes lors de son expédition sicilienne, sa défection en faveur de Sparte et ses conséquences désastreuses pour Athènes et ses soi-disantes digressions surlafin de la tyrannie à Athènes. Le but de l'auteur est de préciser quelles lecons les lecteurs de Thucydide pensaient tirer de ses narrations.
La question du pouvoir chez Foucault: espace, stratégie et dispositif
Authors: Olivier Lawrence
Published: November 2009

Michel Foucault's framework has substantially changed the manner in which we understand power. His analysis substitutes for theoretical representations a study of complex mechanisms of production like strategy, tactic, apparatus, technologies, and so forth. Those terms are not simply figures of speech or analogies. The archaeology of knowledge brings a new perspective of study for social analysis: space. That concept shapes Foucault's approach from L'Histoire de la folie to Souci de soi. From that point of view, it is less important to linger on his notion of power than to inquire about his general theory of productions developped through the archaeological analysis of madness, jail, sexuality or subjectivity. It is in this fashion that Michel Foucault's work will contribute to modify social and human sciences' practices
La politique fédérale canadienne au singulier et au pluriel
Authors: Laflamme Simon
Published: November 2009

Comment peuvent s'expliquer la différence et la ressemblance entre les différents partis politiques au Canada? Voilà la question à laquelle nous tentons de répondre dans cet article en comparant les positions des trois partis politiques dominants sur cinq thèmes: l'avortement, la peine capitale, le chômage, le déficit, le gel de l'armement nucléaire. Les relations que les partis politiques entretiennent entre eux et avec les populations qu'ils veulent représenter, puis les exigences de la vie en société contraignent le discours politique à s'uniformiser. Cette homogénéisation n'empêche pas toutefois l'émergence de philosophies et de stratégies politiques originates.
The Effect of Visual Deprivation on the Organization of Conceptual Knowledge
Authors: Marques J. Frederico
Published: November 2009

The present paper evaluates the effect of visual deprivation on the organization and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. The experimental study used the release from proactive interference (PI-release) paradigm. Early onset blind (EOB) and sighted (S) subjects were tested with this task and additional visual and nonvisual property retrieval cues. PI-release results showed that the visual cue was less effective for EOB individuals than for S individuals, whereas the nonvisual cue was similarly effective for EOB individuals and S individuals. Results support a grounded view of cognition where the organization of conceptual knowledge depends on the role that sensory and motor channels play in its acquisition.
Auditory Warning Signals Affect Mechanisms of Response Selection
Authors: Fischer Rico , Plessow Franziska , Kiesel Andrea
Published: November 2009

Irrelevant tone (accessory) stimuli facilitate performance in simple and choice reaction time tasks. In the present study, we combined accessory stimulation with a selective attention paradigm in order to investigate its influence on mechanisms of response selection. In the framework of a spatial stimulus-response compatibility task (Simon task), we tested whether accessory stimuli selectively affect bottom up triggered response activation processes (e.g., direct route processing), processing of task-relevant stimulus features (indirect route processing), or both/none. Results suggest a two-component effect of accessory stimuli within this selective attention task. First, accessory stimuli increased the Simon effect due to beneficial direct route processing. Second, accessory stimuli generally decreased reaction times indicating facilitation of indirect route processing.
Similarity and Confidence in Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Tunney Richard J.
Published: November 2009

Three experiments examined the relationship between similarity ratings and confidence ratings in artificial grammar learning. In Experiment 1 participants rated the similarity of test items to study exemplars. Regression analyses revealed these to be related to some of the objective measures of similarity that have previously been implicated in categorization decisions. In Experiment 2 participants made grammaticality decisions and rated either their confidence in the accuracy of their decisions or the similarity of the test items to the study items. Regression analyses showed that the grammaticality decisions were predicted by the similarity ratings obtained in Experiment 1. Points on the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for the similarity and confidence ratings were closely matched. These data suggest that meta-cognitive judgments of confidence are predicated on structural knowledge of similarity. Experiment 3 confirmed this by showing that confidence ratings to median similarity probe items changed according to the similarity of preceding items.
Lexical Access Problems Lead to Disfluencies in Speech
Authors: Hartsuiker Robert J. , Notebaert Lies
Published: November 2009

A picture naming experiment in Dutch tested whether disfluencies in speech can arise from difficulties in lexical access. Speakers described networks consisting of line drawings and paths connecting these drawings, and we manipulated picture name agreement. Consistent with our hypothesis, there were more pauses and more self-corrections in the low name agreement condition than the high name agreement condition, but there was no effect on repetitions. We also considered determiner frequency. There were more self-corrections and more repetitions when the picture name required the less frequent (neuter-gender) determiner “het” than the more frequent (common-gender) determiner “de”. These data suggest that difficulties in distinct stages of language production result in distinct patterns of disfluencies.
Top-Down Modulation of Motor Priming by Belief About Animacy
Authors: Liepelt Roman , Brass Marcel
Published: November 2009

There is recent evidence that we directly map observed actions of other agents onto our own motor repertoire, referred to as direct matching (Iacoboni et al., 1999). This was shown when we are actively engaged in joint action with others’ (Sebanz et al. 2003) and also when observing irrelevant movements while executing congruent or incongruent movements (Brass et al., 2000). However, an open question is whether direct matching in human beings is limited to the perception of intentional agents. Recent research provides contradictory evidence with respect to the question whether the direct matching system has a biological bias possibly emerging from perceptual differences of the stimulus display. In this study all participants performed a motor priming task observing the identical animation showing finger lifting movements of a hand in a leather glove. Before running the experiment we presented either a human hand or a wooden analog hand wearing the leather glove. We found a motor priming effect for both human and wooden hands. However, motor priming was larger when participants believed that they interacted with a human hand than when they believed to interact with a wooden hand. The stronger motor priming effect for the biological agent suggests that the “direct matching system” is tuned to represent actions of animate agents.
Reduced Summation with Common Features in Causal Judgments
Authors: Glautier Steven , Redhead Edward , Thorwart Anna , Lachnit Harald
Published: November 2009

In three experiments human participants received training in a causal judgment task. After learning which patterns were associated with an outcome, participants rated the likelihood of the outcome in the presence of a novel combination of the patterns. The first two experiments used two conditions in which two visual patterns were associated with the outcome. In one condition these patterns shared a common feature. The third experiment only used the common feature condition. According to an elemental theory ( Rescorla & Wagner, 1972 ) the response to the novel test pattern should have exceeded that made to the individual training patterns, a summation effect, and this effect should have been reduced by the addition of a common feature. Summation was observed but since the common feature condition abolished, rather than merely reduced, summation the results were not consistent with the Rescorla-Wagner Model (RWM) nor with a configural alternative ( Pearce, 1994 ). Instead, it is necessary to consider models which allow the possibility of both elemental and configural strategies in causal learning. The Replaced Elements Model ( Wagner, 2003 ) is a development of the RWM which can best predict the patterns of summation and summation failure in these experiments.
Tactile Capture of Auditory Localization Is Modulated by Hand Posture
Authors: Bruns Patrick , Röder Brigitte
Published: November 2009

It is well known that spatial discrepancies between synchronized auditory and visual events can lead to mislocalizations of the auditory stimulus toward the visual stimulus, the so-called ventriloquism effect. Recently, a similar effect of touch on audition has been reported. This study investigated whether this audio-tactile ventriloquism effect depends on hand posture. Participants reported the perceived location of brief auditory stimuli that were presented from left, right, and center locations, either alone or with concurrent tactile stimuli to the fingertips situated at the left and right sides of the speaker array. Compared to unimodal presentations, auditory localization was biased toward the side of the concurrent tactile stimulus in the bimodal trials. This effect was reduced but still significant when participants adopted a crossed-hands posture. In this condition a partial (incomplete) localization bias was observed only for large audio-tactile spatial discrepancies. However, localization was still shifted toward the external location of the tactile stimulus, and not toward the side of the anatomical hand that was stimulated. These results substantiate recent evidence for the existence of an audio-tactile ventriloquism effect and extend these findings by demonstrating that this illusion operates predominantly in an external coordinate system.
Form-Specific Repetition Priming for Unfamiliar Faces
Authors: Martin Douglas , Cairns Susan A. , Orme Elizabeth , DeBruine Lisa M. , Jones Benedict C. , Macrae C. Neil
Published: November 2009

It has frequently been demonstrated that repeated presentation of a stimulus can result in facilitated processing of the item, an effect termed repetition priming. Questions remain, however, regarding the boundary conditions of this effect, particularly for faces. For example, is repetition priming for unfamiliar faces dependent on the presentation of identical stimuli at study and test? This question was explored in three experiments in which the pose (i.e., frontal vs. ¾) and perceptual distance from the original facial identity (i.e., 100%, 75%, 50%, or 25% of original person) were manipulated between the testing phases of a standard repetition-priming paradigm. The results revealed that priming did not persist following any change to a face between study and test, thereby suggesting that repetition priming for unfamiliar faces is form specific. The theoretical implications of this finding are considered.