bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urinary Bladder Incisions in Dogs Comparison of Ventral and Dorsal
Authors: II JOSEPH P. DESCH , WAGNER STANLEY D.
Published: February 2008

The occurrence of postoperative adhesions following ventral (20 dogs) or dorsal (12 dogs) urinary bladder incisions was evaluated. The bladder incisions were sutured with 3–0 polydioxanone suture material in a two‐layer closure. Laparotomy (no urinary bladder incision) was performed in four dogs, which served as controls. The surgical sites were examined 1 (30 dogs) and 2 weeks (6 dogs) after surgery. Omental adherence to the urinary bladder was a frequent finding, but none of the urinary bladders was adhered to the ventral abdominal wall incision.
Static and Dynamic Cerclage Wire Analysis
Authors: BLASS CHARLES E. , PIERMATTEI DONALD L. , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , SCOTT ROBERT J.
Published: February 2008

A new type of double loop cerclage wire, conventional single wire loop cerclage, and twist‐type cerclage were evaluated. The double loop cerclage was applied using the Osteo Systems double loop tightener. Two groups of single wire loop cerclage were applied using the Osteo System loop tightener and the Richards loop tightener. Two groups of twist‐type cerclage were applied using the Kirschner wire twister and side‐cutting pliers. The test system allowed determination of the static tension produced by each wire, as weH as its ability to resist distraction. The double loop cerclage wires were the most effective in producing static tension and in resisting distraction. While the conventional single loop cerclage wires produced more static tension than the twist cerclage wires, they were less effective in resisting distraction.
Physeal Fractures in the Horse II. Management and Outcome
Authors: EMBERTSON ROLF M. , BRAMLAGE LARRY R. , GABEL ALBERT A.
Published: February 2008

Seventy physeal fractures in horses were initially managed by euthanasia (18), stall confinement (25), application of a cast (7), or internal fixation (20). Of the 52 physeal fractures initially managed with stall confinement, a cast, or internal fixation, 23 (44%) healed and 13 (25%) of these horses became sound. The number of horses less than 4.5 months of age with pressure physeal fractures that became sound was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the number of horses greater than 4.5 months of age. The number of horses with functional, pain‐free limbs (sound horses) or functional limbs (lame horses) was not significantly different (p > 0.05) for Salter‐Harris Type I, II, III, or IV pressure physeal fractures; however, critical examination for growth disturbances was not performed. The number of horses with pressure or traction physeal fractures of less than 5 days duration prior to presentation that healed or became sound was not significantly different (p > 0.05) when compared with those horses with fractures of greater than or equal to 5 days duration.
Partial Invagination of the Canine Stomach for Treatment of Infarction of the Gastric Wall
Authors: MacCOY DOUGLAS M. , KNELLER STEPHEN K. , SUNDBERG JOHN P. , HARARI JOSEPH
Published: February 2008

A technique was evaluated for the management of infarction of a portion of the canine gastric fundus and body by invagination of the compromised gastric wall with a double layer of inverting sutures. Two methods of potentially producing vascular compromise of the gastic wall were developed and studied. In the first method (ten dogs plus three control dogs), the first three short gastric arteries and veins were ligated and divided; vascular compromise was not produced. In the second method (eight dogs), an area of the gastric fundus was isolated by a strangulating suture in addition to the division of the short gastric vessels; this method did produce vascular compromise. The invagination procedure caused melena for several days in four dogs. Complete healing of the gastric wall had not occurred at 2 weeks.
Resurfacing Canine Femoral Trochleoplasties with Free Autogenous Periosteal Grafts
Authors: HULSE DON A. , MILLER DOUG , ROBERTS DON , SHIRES PETER , SHOJI H.
Published: February 2008

Femoral trochleoplasties resurfaced with autogenous free periosteal grafts in six dogs were compared to femoral trochleoplasties performed without grafts in six dogs. The grafts produced cartilage as early as 4 weeks after surgery; however, it was fibrocartilage rather than normal hyaline articular cartilage. The trochleoplasties not resurfaced with periosteum also healed with fibrocartilage but not until 40 weeks postoperatively. The grafted stifles had less patellar cartilage damage when compared to trochleoplasties left to heal without resurfacing.
Interpositional Materials for Feline Stifle Implant Arthroplasty
Authors: POWERS DENNIS L , MAZANTI LAURA E.
Published: February 2008

Xenogenic cartilage grafts and Dacron were tested as interpositional materials between osteotomy surfaces and a silicone rubber prosthesis to protect it from wear, fragmentation, and eventual failure. The histologic appearance of healing adjacent to interpositional materials was compared to that of unprotected silicone prostheses. Prosthetic wear and lipid uptake were quantitated using extraction and gravimetric techniques. Both interpositional materials were found to reduce prosthetic wear and the accompanying tissue reaction to the silicone wear products compared to unprotected prostheses. Both interpositional materials were equally effective in providing a thick interface. Interpositional cartilage was being replaced by fibrous tissue, whereas macrophages and giant cells were unable to degrade the Dacron, and therefore persisted in the pores of the material. However, the advantages of using Dacron outweighed those of fresh xenogenic cartilage.
Effect of Four Antimicrobial Lavage Solutions on the Tarsocrural Joint of Horses
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , McILWRAITH C. WAYNE , POWERS BARBARA E. , RADIN M. JUDITH
Published: February 2008

Three concentrations of povidone‐iodine (0.1% w/v, 0.2% w/v, 0.5% w/v) and one concentration of chlorhexidine (0.5% w/v) were selected as antimicrobial joint lavage solutions. Through‐and‐through joint lavage was performed with one of these antimicrobial solutions on a tarsocrural joint of 12 horses. The contralateral tarsocrural joints (control limbs) were lavaged with a balanced electrolyte solution (BES). The effect of the lavage solution on the joints was evaluated with respect to lameness, foot flight pattern, soreness to joint palpation, articular and periarticular enlargement, and synovial fluid composition on Day 1,4, and 8 postlavage. On Day 8 postlavage, all horses were euthanized and the tarsocrural joints were examined.

All solutions induced a synovitis. Based on clinical assessment, synovial fluid protein levels, color, clarity, mucin clot forming ability, gross appearance of the joint at necropsy, and synovial membrane histologic evaluation, a similar, mild, transient, synovitis was induced by the BES and 0.1% povidone‐iodine (PI) solution. The 0.2% PI solution induced a more prolonged neutrophilic response and poorer mucin clot forming ability in the synovial fluid as compared to the BES.

The 0.5% PI and 0.5% chlorhexidine solutions produced severe lameness, soreness to joint palpation, and limb enlargement. The elevated synovial fluid total protein content persisted significantly longer (p < 0.05) than the corresponding control (BES) solution. Histologic evaluation of the synovial membrane confirmed the presence of a moderate to severe neutrophilic synovitis in these treatment groups.
Partial Arytenoidectomy in Horses
Authors: SPEIRS V. C.
Published: February 2008

Unilateral partial arytenoidectomy was performed in 22 horses. Six horses had arytenoid chondritis, 14 horses had idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia (11 of which had been treated unsuccessfully by insertion of a laryngeal abductor muscle prosthesis), and two horses had laryngeal hemiplegia resulting from perivascular injection of an irritant drug. After surgery, eight horses (36%) developed a nasal discharge of food and/or water that was of clinical significance in only two of them. The operation resulted in marked improvement in exercise tolerance in all 20 horses tested, although two could not work because of severe exercise‐associated coughing. Mild inspiratory stertor was present in eight horses and was excessive in one. It was concluded that the high incidence of problems related to swallowing rendered the method unacceptable. Modification of partial arytenoidectomy by silicon augmentation produced improvement in one horse.
The Effects of Skin Graft Thickness on Graft Viability and Change in Original Graft Area in Dogs
Authors: BAUER MICHAEL S. , POPE ERIC R.
Published: February 2008

The viability and change in original graft area of full thickness grafts (FTG) and split thickness skin grafts (STG) placed on fresh and granulating recipient beds were evaluated. Two 6 × 6 cm skin grafts were placed on each side of the trunk in ten dogs. Grafting procedures included FTG and STG on fresh and granulating wounds. Graft viability was determined on the 10th postoperative day by visual inspection. The change in original graft area was evaluated by comparing the original surface area of the grafts with the surface areas of the grafts at 10, 30, 60, and 90 days after surgery. The means graft viability for FTG and STG on fresh beds was 81% and 55%, respectively. FTG and STG on granulating beds had a mean graft viability of 58% and 47%, respectively. The mean percentage of original graft area at 90 days for FTG and STG on fresh beds was 82% and 97%, respectively. FTG and STG on granulating beds had an overall percentage of original graft area of 105% and 130%, respectively. There were no statistical differences found when comparing FTG with STG placed on fresh beds or granulating beds. However, the general trend indicated that FTG had a greater percentage of viability and contracted more than STG in dogs. This is contrary to previous findings.
Intraocular and Cardiopulmonary Effects of Low‐dose Mannitol in the Dog
Authors: GILROY BEVERLY ANN
Published: February 2008

Fatal complications have been reported during anesthesia in dogs that received a standard (1–2 g/kg IV) dose of mannitol during intraocular surgery. A lower dose (0.25 g/kg IV), which had been shown to reduce intracranial pressure in humans, was evaluated during halothane anesthesia in dogs. There were no significant changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) or cardiovascular variables. This lower dose (0.25 g/kg IV) did not reduce IOP and would not be of benefit in dogs undergoing intraocular surgery.
Efficacy of Polycaprolactone in Maintenance of Bone Defects in Ulnar Osteotomies
Authors: RUNNELS CHRISTINE M. , RUNYON CAROLINE L. , MERKLEY DAVID F.
Published: February 2008

Polycaprolactone (PCL), a synthetic polyester, was investigated as an interpositional material to delay bone healing following partial ulnar osteotomies. Bone healing did not occur in 6 of 10 osteotomy sites 8 to 24 weeks following surgery in which a PCL cap was placed over the proximal cut end of the ulna, or in four of six ostectomy sites filled with melted PCL that hardened into a plug. Bone healing occurred in ulnectomy sites in which technical problems in positioning and stabilizing the polymer implants occurred. The PCL was well tolerated by the dogs and was an effective mechanical barrier to tissue bridging when adequately stabilized.
Scapular Sequestrum in a Horse A Case Report
Authors: PARKS ANDREW H. , NICKELS FRANK A.
Published: February 2008

A 15‐year‐old Morgan mare presented with a draining tract associated with osteomyelitis and sequestration of the medullary cancellous bone of the right scapula. Moderate lameness and muscle atrophy were present. Partial resection of the lateral cortex allowed exploration and debridement of the medullary cavity of the scapula. The mare returned to soundness, the muscle mass returned, but a small discharging sinus persisted.
High‐Frequency Ventilation A Review
Authors: BJORLING DALE E.
Published: February 2008

High‐frequency ventilation (HFV) is a form of artificial ventilation that uses higher rates and smaller tidal volumes than those used with conventional mechanical ventilation (intermittent positive pressure ventilation [1PPV]). HFV is divided into three categories based on the rate and type of equipment used: 1) high‐frequency positive pressure ventilation administered through a system with low internal compliance having an expiratory valve to maintain positive airway pressure during expiration and rates of 60 to 120/minute; 2) high‐frequency jet ventilation delivered through an open system or a system with an expiratory valve at rates of 120 to 400/minute; and 3) high‐frequency oscillation using open systems and rates of 400 to 2400/minute. All forms of HFV provide adequate ventilation in normal animals at lower peak and mean airway pressures, resulting in less cardiovascular depression than that associated with 1PPV. HFV provides adequate ventilation with less cardiovascular depression and risk of barotrauma than 1PPV in the presence of pulmonary disease. The exact mechanism of gas exchange during HFV is not clearly understood, but enhanced diffusion as a result of turbulent gas flow appears to be a major factor.
Colopexy of the Left Large Colon to the Right Large Colon in the Horse
Authors: MARKEL MARK D. , FORD TROY S. , MEAGHER DENNIS M.
Published: February 2008

Three colopexy techniques were examined in 11 normal horses to determine which would prevent recurrence of targe colon displacement and volvulus. The medial free band of the left ventral colon was sutured to the medial free band of the right ventral colon (technique A). The free band of the left dorsal colon was sutured to the free band of the right dorsal colon (technique B). In technique C, both the ventral and dorsal colon were sutured as in techniques A and B, and the pelvic flexure was sutured to the mesocolon between the right dorsal and right ventral colon. Absorbable (surgical gut) and nonabsorbable (polypropylene) suture material were compared.

One horse from each group was euthanized 2 weeks and 6 months after surgery. The position of the colon and the integrity of the colopexy were examined. At necropsy, attempts were made to produce displacement and volvulus of the colon. In the remaining horses, exploratory celiotomy 1 year after surgery was used to examine the integrity of the colopexy.

Although all horses initially lost weight after surgery, all but one began gaining weight 2 to 4 weeks later and had attained their preoperative weight by 6 months. The horse that continued to lose weight was euthanized 2 months after surgery. Numerous small colon, omental, and large colon adhesions were found at necropsy.

For all colopexy techniques, the colopexy adhesion remained short and intact at polypropylene suture sites. At surgical gut sites, the adhesion had lengthened by 6 months and was absent at 1 year. At necropsy, all colopexies prevented manual displacement of the large colon and volvulus of the colon at the sternal and diaphragmatic flexures. The colopexies did not prevent manual creation of volvulus at the base of the colon. Technique A was the easiest to perform.
A Modified Parainguinal Approach for Cryptorchidectomy in Horses An Evaluation in 107 Horses
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , REINERTSON ERIC L.
Published: February 2008

A modified parainguinal approach was used to castrate 119 abdominal cryptorchid horses. The operative time ranged from 10 to 30 minutes. Follow‐up information was obtained for 107 horses. Swelling, more severe than that expected in routine castrations, was reported in six horses. An incisional abscess had to be drained in one horse and one horse died of unexplained causes 3 days after the surgery.
Experimental Large Colon Resection at the Cecocolic Ligament in the Horse
Authors: BERTONE ALICIA L. , STASHAK TED S. , SULLINS KENNETH E. , RALSTON SARAH L.
Published: February 2008

Ten normal horses had approximately 95% of the length of the large colon resected with a side‐to‐side anastomosis between right ventral and right dorsal colon performed with surgical stapling equipment. Four horses died shortly after surgery of colitis (1 horse) or failure of the TA 90 transection staple line (3 horses). Another horse died 4 months after surgery from disseminated streptococcal infection but had recovered well from the colon resection. Five horses survived long term (18 months) with no clinical evidence of adverse effects of the resection. Surviving horses had weight loss and soft fecal consistency for 3 to 12 weeks after surgery but returned to preoperative values within 12 months. At a second surgery 1 year later (5 horses) or at necropsy 4 months later (1 horse), fibrous omental adhesions were present over the transection staple line in four horses and over the anastomotic staple line in two horses. Omental adhesions to the everted staple line were moderate but not associated with any clinical sequellae. An incisional hernia was present in one horse. The anastomotic stomata measured between 8 and 9 cm, which was 60% of the size of the original surgically created stomata. Failure of the transection staple line occurred in the first three of five horses in which the procedure was attempted due to improper configuration of the staples or crushing of the tissue between the staples. Experience corrected this complication.
Scalpel Blade Contamination with Skin Bacteria During Orthopedic and Neurosurgical Procedures in Dogs
Authors: STRAW R. C. , TOMLINSON JAMES L , FALES W. H.
Published: February 2008

Skin incision and internal incision scalpel blades used during 40 clean canine orthopedic or neurologic operations were cultured. A biopsy of skin was taken from the incision edge and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Culture of five skin blades, eight skin biopsies, and nine deep dissection blades resulted in bacterical growth. Results indicate that the skin blade does not add significantly to bacterial inoculum contaminating clean wounds.
Prosthetic Replacement of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament Under Arthroscopic Guidance: A Pilot Project
Authors: PERSON MYRON W.
Published: February 2008

A prosthetic replacement for the cranial cruciate ligament was successfully implanted under arthroscopic guidance in four canine cadavers and seven normal dogs. Several strands of size 2 braided polyester were implanted in the cadavers and one normal dog, and a copolymer coated tow of 10,000 carbon fibers was implanted in six normal dogs. The average time required to surgically implant the carbon fiber prosthetic ligaments was 60 minutes. All of the dogs had slight to no drawer sign postoperatively. Five of the dogs were bearing more weight 3 weeks postoperatively than after transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. The surgical technique for implantation was successful for elimination of the cranial drawer sign, but carbon fibers were broken prematurely and instability reoccurred.
Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy of the Equine Shoulder Joint
Authors: NIXON ALAN J.
Published: February 2008

An arthroscopic technique for examination and surgical treatment of conditions of the shoulder joint was evaluated in eight normal horses and two horses with osteochondrosis lesions. A single arthroscope entry point caudal to the infraspinatus tendon allowed inspection of the cranial, lateral, and caudal surfaces of the shoulder joint. With the humeral head and glenoid cavity distracted by a curved forceps, the entire cartilage surface of the shoulder could be examined. The caudomedial portion of the humeral head was seen better with a 70° angled arthroscope. Instruments for intra‐articular manipulation were introduced through a separate skin incision 2 to 4 cm caudal to the arthroscope entry point. Two horses with osteochondrosis lesions of the shoulder were examined arthroscopically and debrided with instrument triangulation. Five normal horses and both horses with osteochondrosis lesions were euthanized immediately after the procedure and a necropsy was performed. Minor iatrogenic damage to the cartilage surfaces and joint capsule resulted from the technique. Three horses recovered from anesthesia and were killed 3, 30, or 60 days after surgery. Subcutaneous fluid that accumulated during surgery had resorbed by 3 days and lameness was evident for 12 to 24 hours. Gross examination and histopathologic findings of specimens collected at 30 and 60 days showed several small nonhealing partial‐thickness cartilage defects attributed to instrument insertion. Arthroscopy is a satisfactory method to examine the joint surfaces and to evaluate and treat osteochondrosis lesions of the shoulder joint in horses.
Accessory Carpal Bone Fractures in the Racing Greyhound: Classification and Pathology
Authors: JOHNSON KENNETH A.
Published: February 2008

Fractures of the accessory carpal bone in 35 racing Greyhounds were classified into five types. Type I fractures (27 fractures) involved the distal articular surface of the accessory carpal bone, type II (6 fractures) were of the proximal articular margin, type III (1 fracture) were at the origin of the accessorometacarpal ligaments, type IV (6 fractures) were avulsion fractures at the tendon of insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, and type V (3 fractures) were comminuted fractures.
Osteosarcoma at the Site of a Cortical Bone Allograft in a Dog
Authors: VASSEUR P. B. , STEVENSON S.
Published: February 2008

An osteosarcoma developed in the proximal femur of a 9‐year‐old female Great Dane. The femur had been fractured 5 years previously and was stabilized with plate fixation with the incorporation of a frozen cortical bone allograft. The dog recovered without complications after the surgery and had normal use of the leg before the osteosarcoma developed. The tumor had metastasized to the lungs, spleen, and ipsilateral popliteal lymph node.
The Effect of Epidural and General Anesthesia on the Healing of Colonic Anastomoses
Authors: BLASS CHARLES E. , KIRBY BARBARA M. , WALDRON DON R. , TURK MARGARET A. , CRAWFORD M. PAT
Published: February 2008

Colonic anastomoses were performed on two groups of 13 dogs each. Epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia were performed in one group and general anesthesia only in the other. Intraoperatively, the epidural‐general anesthesia dogs tended to bleed less, making the anastomosis less difficult. Histologic comparisons showed healing to be more advanced in the epidural‐general anesthesia dogs compared to the general anesthesia dogs 24 hours and 7 days postoperatively. Differences were not noticed 14 and 28 days postoperatively. Bursting pressures were determined 24 hours after surgery. Differences between the groups were not noticed. Leakage occurred at 72% of the pressure determined to cause leakage in normal colons.
Treatment of Chronic Back Pain in Horses Stimulation of Acupuncture Points with a Low Powered Infrared Laser
Authors: JR BENSON B. MARTIN , KLIDE ALAN M.
Published: February 2008

Fourteen horses that could not perform at their expected standards due to chronic back pain of 4 to 48 months duration, and had not obtained lasting improvement from other forms of therapy, were treated by stimulating nine acupuncture points using a low powered infrared laser (300 μw, 904 nm). The treatments were performed weekly, and consisted of stimulating each point for 2 minutes with a pulse frequency of 360 pulses per second. After completion of a mean of 11 treatments, clinical signs of back pain were alleviated in 10 of the 14 horses, there was no change in three, and one was lost to follow‐up. Of the 10 horses who were training and competing, four won. One year after treatment was discontinued, 9 of these 10 horses continued to perform at a standard acceptable to the owner.
Proximal Urethral Reconstruction Using a Distally Based Ventral Bladder Tube Flap An Experimental Study
Authors: FOWLER J. D. , HOLMBERG D. L.
Published: February 2008

Reconstruction of the proximal urethra using a distally based tube flap mobilized from the ventral bladder wall was performed on 12 clinically normal dogs after total prostatectomy and resection of 2 cm of membranous urethra. One dog was euthanized at 6 hours and one at 36 hours after surgery because of surgical complications. Five dogs were euthanized at 10 days, two dogs at 6 weeks and three dogs at 12 weeks. Advancement of the tube flap allowed for tension‐free anastomosis to the membranous urethra. Vascular integrity was maintained in all flaps. Intermittent to continuous postoperative urinary incontinence occurred in 7 of 10 dogs. The incontinence was transient in all 6 and 12 week dogs except one in which a persistent stress incontinence developed. Mild to severe dysuria was noted in 8 of 10 dogs, but was also transient in all of the 6 and 12 week dogs, with the exception of one dog. Postoperative urethral closure pressure profilometry revealed decreased tone in the membranous urethra in all 6 and 12 week dogs. It was concluded that proximal urethral reconstruction, using a ventral bladder tube flap, is a viable technique that may permit functional urodynamic recovery in dogs with significant proximal urethral loss.
Immediate Split‐Thickness Autogenous Skin Grafts in the Horse Case Reports on the Treatment of Equine Sarcoids in 3 Horses
Authors: WILSON DAVID G. , PEYTON LLEWELYN C. , WOLF GREGORY
Published: February 2008

Three horses with equine sarcoids were treated with radical surgical excision and immediate split‐thickness skin grafts. Graft take ranged from 50 to 100%, and the epithelial coverage attained resulted in an early functional repair. In no instance was there a recurrence of the sarcoid.
Research Training of Surgical Residents as Studied from the Resident's Forum
Authors: RAWLINGS CLARENCE A.
Published: February 2008

Participants in the Resident's Forum were surveyed to gain an appreciation of their impression of their research training. The vast majority believed that adequate resources and supervision had been available for their research. The resident generally was the principal investigator, the primary writer of the grant to fund the study, and developed the experimental design. Supervision was usually by a diplomate who took an active role in the project. Projects were funded by several different sources for widely varying amounts. The most common duration of the studies was more than 4 months, and most residents conducted at least one other study during their residency. Ninety per cent stated that the study and its presentation at the Resident's Forum increased their enthusiasm for research, in contrast to the less than one half who, at the start of their residency, were planning on doing research during their career.
Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture A Retrospective Analysis of 14 Dogs
Authors: JOHNSON A. L. , OLMSTEAD M. L.
Published: February 2008

Fourteen dogs were presented with caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) rupture without concurrent cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture. The history usually included moderate to severe trauma. Presenting signs included lameness, positive drawer sign, and additional orthopedic injuries. A final diagnosis of CaCL rupture was made during surgical exploration of the joint in 12 of the dogs. In nine of the dogs, this diagnosis was not included in the preoperative differential diagnoses, and seven of the dogs were misdiagnosed as sustaining CrCL rupture. Methods of treatment included intracapsular and extracapsular stabilization. Follow‐up time ranged from 3 weeks to 7 years. Function of the limbs was good regardless of surgical procedure chosen and did not appear to depend upon stifle stability.
Effect of Fascial Closure Technique on Strength of Healing Abdominal Incisions in the Dog A Biomechanical Study
Authors: ROSIN EBERHARD , RICHARDSON STEVE
Published: February 2008

Load‐deformation data were used to determine the strength of healing abdominal incisions in dogs at 7, 14, and 21 days after wounding. The breaking energy of paramedian incisions closed by suturing the internal and external leaves of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle vs. incisions closed by suturing the external leaf only was similar in the 12 dogs studied. Closure of abdominal incisions by suturing only the external leaf of the rectus sheath provided wound strength comparable to the traditional method.
A Surgical Approach to the Canine Olfactory Bulb for Meningioma Removal
Authors: KOSTOLICH MARILYN , DULISCH MARY L.
Published: February 2008

Olfactory bulb lesions were diagnosed in four dogs presented for generalized seizure disorders. Surgery was performed on each dog using a transfrontal craniotomy. A free fascial‐fat graft was used to cover the dural defect resulting from surgery. No major complications were observed during the immediate postoperative period. The histopathologic diagnosis in each case was meningioma. Generalized seizures recurred in all dogs, and three dogs were euthanized for this reason from 9 to 29 weeks postoperatively. One dog was euthanized 12 weeks after surgery due to pancreatitis and pneumonia. Necropsy showed that two dogs had recurrent olfactory bulb meningiomas, one dog had a meningioma of the opposite olfactory bulb, and one dog was tumor free.
Arthroscopic Surgery for the Treatment of Osteochondrosis in the Equine Shoulder Joint
Authors: BERTONE A. L. , McILWRAITH C. W. , POWERS B. E. , TROTTER G. W. , STASHAK T. S.
Published: February 2008

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and subchondral cyst‐like lesions in 13 shoulders of 11 horses were treated arthroscopically by curettage and lavage. Lameness decreased in all 11 horses. Nine horses were sound, five of them athletically sound, after 5 to 20 months. Complications included the development of subchondral cyst‐like lesions and signs of degenerative joint disease. Arthroscopic surgery of the equine shoulder can be done through two portals, one for the arthroscope and one for an instrument. A few hand instruments such as a probe, Ferris‐Smith rongeurs, and small, large, and right‐angled curettes are needed to debride most lesions. Motorized equipment can expedite the process.
Gastric Drainage Procedures: Effects in Normal Dogs II. Clinical Observations and Gastric Emptying
Authors: PAPAGEORGES MARC , BRETON LUC , BONNEAU NORBERT H.
Published: February 2008

Complete gastric emptying time using barium sulfate mixed with commercial canned dog food was measured radiographically in 29 mature mixed breed dogs before and 3 to 4 weeks after Fredet‐Ramstedt pyloromyotomy (FRP) (6 dogs), Heineke‐Mikulicz pyloroplasty (HMP) (6 dogs), Finney pyloroplasty (FP) (6 dogs), Jaboulay's gastroduodenostomy (JG) (6 dogs), and antral gastrojejunostomy (AG) (5 dogs). The dogs were observed for clinical evidence of side effects. Postoperative endoscopic examination and double contrast gastrography were performed to subjectively evaluate the diameter of the gastrointestinal communication and the amount of enterogastric reflux. Although none of the procedures significantly (p < 0.05) altered gastric emptying time, the overall tendency was toward slowing down gastric emptying time. The severity of gastrointestinal side effects and enterogastric reflux appeared to be related to the size and/or location of the gastrointestinal opening.
Feline Thyroidectomy A Comparison of Postoperative Hypocalcemia Associated with Three Different Surgical Techniques
Authors: FLANDERS JAMES A. , HARVEY H. J. , ERB HOLLIS N.
Published: February 2008

Three bilateral thyroidectomy techniques used in 41 hyperthyroid cats over a 7 year period were compared for rates of postoperative hypocalcemia. Extracapsular dissection of the thyroid glands resulted in an 82% rate of postoperative hypocalcemia. An intracapsular dissection technique produced a 36% rate of postoperative hypocalcemia. The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia was reduced to 11% when bilateral thyroidectomies were done asynchronously (staged), 3 to 4 weeks apart. Immediate postoperative treatment with dihydrotachysterol did not reduce the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia. Because the incidence of hypocalcemia did not differ significantly between intracapsular and staged intracapsular dissection, the authors concluded that staged bilateral thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats had limited benefit over simultaneous bilateral thyroidectomy.
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Dog An Experimental Study
Authors: DONNER GAYLE S. , ELLISON GARY W. , ACKERMAN NORMAN , SENIOR DAVID F. , CAMPBELL GREGORY
Published: February 2008

Percutaneous nephrostomies (PN) were created with teflon fascial dilators under fluoroscopic guidance, to implant stones bilaterally into the renal pelves of five dogs weighing 7 to 35 kg. Between one and seven stones of 0.25 to 1.00 cm diameter were implanted into each renal pelvis. Two to 4 weeks later, PN tracts were recreated, and the implanted renal stones were successfully removed under fluoroscopic and endoscopic visualization. Results of gross and histopathologic evaluation of the kidneys 2,7,14, 30, and 90 days after stone removal showed minimal, localized renal parenchymal trauma. Complications, although infrequent, included proximal ureteral tears and hemorrhage. Difficulty was encountered in maneuvering equipment around large or numerous stones. Canine percutaneous nephrolithotomy was successful despite great variation in kidney size, as well as variations in the number, size, and shape of stones in the upper urinary tract.
lleocolostomy A Technique for Surgical Management of Equine Cecal Impaction
Authors: Craig D. R. , PANKOWSKI R. L. , CAR B. D. , HACKETT R. P. , ERB H. N.
Published: February 2008

Several surgical alternatives have been described for the management of cecal impaction in the horse, but none has met with consistently successful results. This study was done to evaluate a surgical bypass of the cecum by anastomosis of the ileum to the right ventral colon (ileocolostomy). A ventral midline celiotomy was performed on nine adult ponies (155–350 kg) and a mechanically stapled 10 cm side‐to‐side ileocolostomy was created. In five ponies a complete cecal bypass (CCB) was created by transecting the ileum distal to the anastomosis. In the other four, an incomplete cecal bypass (ICB) was created with no interruption of the ileum. Six horses with clinical cecal impaction also underwent cecal bypass procedures. Five had a CCB and one had an ICB. All the ponies maintained body weight, had no change in consistency of the feces and had no abdominal pain during the 6 month observation period. At necropsy, the lengths of the lateral cecal band, lateral free band of the colon, and the diameter of the anastomotic stoma were compared to measurements made at surgery. The lateral cecal band length decreased significantly more in the CCB ponies than in the ICB ponies (p = 0.008). The anastomotic stoma diameter was significantly larger in the ICB group than in the CCB group (p = 0.032). Five of the six clinical cases recovered and returned to their previous activity. CCB by an ileocolostomy resulted in removal of the cecum from the functional flow of ingesta without complication in the ponies, and was successful in five clinical cases of cecal impaction.
Diagonal Paramedian Approach for Removal of Ovarian Tumors in the Mare
Authors: MOLL H. DAVID , SLONE DONNIE E. , JUZWIAK JAMES S. , GARRETT PHILLIP D.
Published: February 2008

A diagonal paramedian approach to the abdomen was used for unilateral ovariectomy in 15 mares. In each case, surgery was performed for removal of a granulosa cell tumor. All horses recovered from surgery with minimal complications. Surgical exposure of the affected ovary was adequate to allow exteriorization and ligation. Other advantages of this approach were ease of closure and lack of postsurgical complications.
Osseous Sequestration in the Horse A Review of 68 Cases
Authors: CLEM M. F. , DEBOWES R. M. , YOVICH J. V. , DOUGLASS J. P. , BENNETT S. M.
Published: February 2008

Sixty‐eight cases of cortical bone sequestration in 67 equine patients were reviewed with regard to the clinical presentation, method of treatment, and outcome. All lesions were located in skeletal areas with minimal soft tissue coverage, with 53% of them in the metatarsal and metacarpal bones. At the time of admission, 60% of the patients with limb lesions were lame; the majority improved with therapy. After sequestrectomy, there was a trend for surgical wounds which could be managed by primary closure to heal more rapidly (3.8 weeks) than wounds which required second intention healing (6.4 weeks). The appearance of healed wounds, as evaluated by owners, was acceptable in 45 cases. Dissatisfaction with the appearance of the healed wounds in 22 cases suggested a need to address the issue of cosmetic results.
Retrospective Assessment of Dobutamine Therapy for Hypotension in Anesthetized Horses
Authors: DONALDSON LYDIA L
Published: February 2008

Dobutamine was infused (1.7 μg/kg/minute) into 200 anesthetized horses as treatment for hypotension. The horses had been premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia was induced with guaifenesin and ketamine and maintained with halothane. One hundred fifty‐seven horses (79%) responded with an average increase in systolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg within 10 minutes. A cardiac arrhythmia developed in 56 horses (28%) after dobutamine administration: 34 with sinus bradycardia, 18 with atrioventricular block, 2 with premature atrial contractions, and 2 with atrioventricular dissociation. Dobutamine intravenous infusion was effective treatment for hypotension in horses anesthetized with halothane.
Relationship of Femoral Intramedullary Pins to the Sciatic Nerve and Gluteal Muscles after Retrograde and Normograde Insertion
Authors: PALMER ROSS H. , ARON DENNIS N. , PURINTON PAUL T.
Published: February 2008

An anatomic analysis of retrograde and normograde intramedullary (IM) pinning of proximal, midshaft, and distal femoral fractures was performed in 28 canine cadavers. For all fracture locations, normograde pins were significantly more cranial in the middle gluteal muscle than retrograde pins (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between pinning techniques in craniocaudal position of the IM pin in the superficial gluteal muscle. In distal fractures, normograde pins were placed significantly more lateral than retrograde pins in the superficial gluteal muscle (p < 0.01). One of 15 normograde pins and 9 of 13 retrograde pins were located in the medial half of the trochanteric fossa. Normograde pins were significantly more lateral in the trochanteric fossa than were retrograde pins in midshaft fractures (p < 0.01). Normograde pins were significantly (p < 0.01) farther from the sciatic nerve than retrograde pins when the hip was positioned at coxofemoral flexion angles of 85° in midshaft and 110° in distal fractures. Seven of 13 retrograde pins, but none of 15 normograde pins, contacted the sciatic nerve. Normograde pinning of the femur may be less likely to induce sciatic nerve injury, particularly in midshaft and distal fractures.
Equine Large Intestinal Volvulus A Review of 124 Cases
Authors: HARRISON IAN W.
Published: February 2008

The average age of 122 horses with ascending colon volvulus was 6.6 ± 0.4 years. Gastric reflux was a presenting sign in 35% of the cases. Peritoneal fluid protein levels had a mean of 2.54 ± 0.14 g/dl and 20 horses had grossly normal peritoneal fluid at the time of presentation. Ascending colon volvulus was most commonly found at the level of the cecocolic fold with the initial ventral colon movement in a dorsomedial direction about the ascending mesocolic axis. The overall survival rate was 34.7% with a recurrence rate of only 4.9%.
Introduction to the Quantitative Technique of Closed Circuit Anesthesia in Dogs
Authors: MOENS Y.
Published: February 2008

In humans, anesthetic uptake in a closed system with constant arterial concentration has been shown to be inversely proportional to the square root of time. A practical method for quantitative dosage of volatile anesthetic was derived from this. The method was evaluated in nine dogs anesthetized with a closed circle system using halothane and isoflurane. A unit dose (UD) of anesthetic was calculated in milliliters of vapor which was converted to milliliters of liquid and repeatedly administered into the expiratory limb between the squares of integer units of time (0–1, 1–4, 4–9 minutes, etc.). The UD was derived as follows: UD = 2 f MAC ×λB/G× 2 (kg)3/4, where f MAC was the desired alveolar concentration, λB/G the blood‐gas partition coefficient, and 2 (kg)3/4 was an approximation of cardiac output. The method resulted in a stable plane of anesthesia and permitted continuous monitoring of O2 consumption. There was no significant difference between predicted and measured values of O2 consumption, cumulative doses, or alveolar concentrations at 9 and 16 minutes of anesthesia.
A Retrospective Evaluation of the Rectal Pull‐through Technique Procedure and Postoperative Complications
Authors: ANSON L. W. , BETTS C. W. , STONE E. A.
Published: February 2008

Ten animals (8 dogs and 2 cats) with distal rectal lesions were treated by surgically resecting the affected segment of the rectum by the rectal pull‐through technique. There were four malignant tumors, three benign tumors, two inflammatory lesions, and one malignant tumor that extended histologically to the margins of a previous surgical excision. Postoperative complications were tenesmus (7 animals), fecal incontinence (4 animals), rectal bleeding (4 animals), and abscess formation (1 animal). Dehiscence and stricture were not observed. The four animals with malignant tumors survived less than 12 months after surgery. One of the four animals still living has persistent fecal incontinence. The rectal pull‐through technique is described and illustrated.
Gas Exchange during Xylazine–ketamine Anesthesia in Neonatal Calves
Authors: BLAZE C. A. , HOLLAND R. E. , GRANT A. L.
Published: February 2008

Ten neonatal calves were anesthetized with xylazine and ketamine intramuscularly and breathed air spontaneously. Drug injection was repeated after 45 minutes. Each injection resulted in a rapid and sustained increase in respiratory rate, but arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) increased, indicating hypoventilation. Arterial hypoxemia, primarily caused by hypoventilation, developed within 15 minutes of each injection, but gradually disappeared. Acidemia was primarily respiratory in origin. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure decreased for the duration of anesthesia (90 minutes). This form of anesthesia is a satisfactory alternative to inhalation anesthesia of neonatal calves.
Billroth II Gastrojejunostomy in Dogs Stapling Technique and Postoperative Complications
Authors: AHMADU‐SUKA FAISAL , WITHROW STEPHEN J. , NELSON A. WENDELL , HUSTED PAUL W. , GILLETTE EDWARD L. , WHITEMAN C. E.
Published: February 2008

Billroth II gastrojejunostomy was performed with surgical staplers in 6 dogs that were not irradiated and in 11 dogs that subsequently received radiation to the pancreas and proximal part of the duodenum. The dogs were monitored clinically for 135 days and then euthanatized and necropsied. Each gastrojejunostomy site was preserved in formalin and the stomal diameter was measured. No mechanical complications were encountered with the use of surgical staplers and no leakage was observed at the staple closure sites before abdominal closure. All dogs vomited approximately 100 ml of coagulated blood 4 to 8 hours after surgery, and 300 to 400 ml of brown fluid after approximately 24 hours. Vomiting was the most common clinical finding after the first 24 hours. Vomiting was subjectively graded from 1 to 3 with grade 1 representing the least severe problem and grade 3 the most severe. Grade 1 vomiting occurred in 12 of 16 dogs that survived 135 days; in the other four dogs, vomiting was classified as grade 2 or 3. All dogs with grade 1 vomiting had stomal diameters of 1.7 to 2.9 cm (mean, 2.2 ± 0.4 cm standard deviation). Dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting had stomal diameters of 2.2 to 4.0 cm (mean, 3.2 ± 0.8 cm standard deviation). The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.005). The percentage of weight gained or lost was recorded for each dog. Two nonirradiated dogs gained body weight, whereas the other nonirradiated dogs and all irradiated dogs lost body weight. The overall mean loss of body weight of dogs with grade 1 vomiting was 16.7 ± 12.0% (± standard deviation), compared with 35.5 ± 6.6% (± standard deviation) for dogs with grade 2 or 3 vomiting; the difference was significant (p < 0.01).

Routinely scheduled clinical laboratory test results were within normal limits in nonirradiated dogs. Clinical problems other than vomiting and weight loss were anorexia, gastric dilatation, and diarrhea. One nonirradiated dog died on day 56 after rupture at the gastric stump staple line.
Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy in the Dog A New Technique
Authors: NIEBAUER GERT W. , EVANS SYDNEY M.
Published: February 2008

A technique for localizing the canine hypophysis regardless of the shape or size of a dog's skull was evaluated. Using known anatomic landmarks, the approximate location of the hypophysis was estimated, and three small self‐threading screws were placed as radiographic markers in the exposed sphenoid bone. A cranial sinus venogram was performed and the hypophysis was outlined by the contrast‐filled cavernous sinus. A circular osteotomy was centered over the hypophysis, using the previously placed screws as reference points. The technique was evaluated in eight dogs in a nonsurvival procedure. In seven dogs, hypophysectomy was complete and the osteotomy sites were centered precisely over the hypophysis.
A Combined Tension Band and Lag Screw Technique for Fixation of Olecranon Osteotomies
Authors: PALMER ROSS H. , ARON DENNIS N. , CHAMBERS JONATHAN N.
Published: February 2008

A combined tension band and lag screw technique for fixation of olecranon osteotomies was used in six canine clinical patients weighing 4.5 to 19 kg. After the proximal part of the ulnar shaft was exposed, a screw hole was drilled and tapped just cranial to the caudal cortex of the olecranon. An osteotomy was performed and the hole in the olecranon fragment was overdrilled to form a gliding hole. For reconstruction, the olecranon was reduced anatomically and compressed with a screw placed in lag fashion. With the trochlear notch exposed, a Kirschner wire was inserted cranial to the screw, using care not to enter the elbow joint. A double‐twist figure‐eight tension band wire was placed around the Kirschner wire in five dogs and around the screw in one dog. In this dog, a spiked washer was used with the screw because a small olecranon fragment had been produced by incorrect osteotomy position. A painful soft tissue swelling over the prominent washer, which resolved after implant removal, was the only complication attributed to the technique. The combined tension band wire and lag screw technique was a rapid and reliable method for fixation of olecranon osteotomies.
The Effects of Fixation of the Ulna to the Radius in Young Foals
Authors: CLEM MICHAEL F. , DeBOWES RICHARD M. , DOUGLASS JAMES P. , LEIPOLD HORST W. , CHALMAN JAMES A.
Published: February 2008

The effects of radioulnar fixation were studied in 21 Quarter horse foals by applying a bone plate to the caudal aspect of the proximal part of the ulna, with screws engaging both the radius and the ulna. The plates were applied at 1 month of age in six foals (group I), 5 months of age in six foals (group II), and 7 months of age in three foals (group III). Six foals underwent sham operations at 1 month of age to serve as controls (group IV). Ulnar dysplasia and elbow subluxation developed in all treated foals. The magnitude of ulnar dysplasia was inversely related to the patient's age at fixation and was accompanied by degenerative joint disease and lameness in foals undergoing fixation at 1 and 5 months of age. Removal of the fixation appliances 16 weeks after implantation in three foals from each of groups I and II failed to reverse the degree of ulnar dysplasia. Although foals undergoing fixation at 7 months of age (group III) were not lame, radiographic evidence of subluxation and subtle degenerative changes in the articular cartilage of the treated elbow did develop. Recommendations for avoidance of radioulnar fixation were developed from these observations.