bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Polyphenol Content in Sawo Fruit (Manilkara zapota) Based on Geographical Location
Authors: Kamaruddin Harni Sartika , Angriani Angriani , Sabandar Carla Wulandari
Published: July 2021

Background: Sawo fruit (Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen) is rich in antioxidant compounds like polyphenols, and has long been used to treat diarrhea and thypoid by natives of Toari and Langori villages of Kolaka district of Southeast Sulawesi Province. Both villages located at different geographical location according to their altitudes from the sea level. The polyphenols content of sawo fruit from these villages that has a correlation with its antioxidant activity has yet investigated and thus need more research. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the content of polyphenols in sawo fruit based on geographical growth difference, that are Toari and Langori villages. Material and Methods: The fruits were collected from two locations of the Kolaka district that are Langori and Toari villages. The polyphenols content in the methanol extract of Sawo fruit was determined qualitatively using FeCl3 and quantitatively using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent measured by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Gallic acid was used as the standard polyphenol of the assay. Results: The polyphenols content of sawo fruit from Langori found to be 1.48113 mg/g, while fruits from Toari contained 1.55747 mg/g of polyphenolics. Conclusion: The study showed that there was an influence of the geographical growth on the content of polyphenolics of sawo fruits.
Analisis Faktor Penyebab Cost Overruns Pada Proyek Konstruksi Pembangunan Rumah Dan Ruko Di Kota Bandung Dan Cimahi
Authors: Soekiman Alvin Prayogo , Soekiman Anton
Published: July 2021

Dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan proyek konstruksi sering terjadi pengeluaran biaya yang melebih anggaran yang telah direncanakan. Kelebihan biaya yang dikenal dengan cost overruns ini akan membebani pihak pelaksana jasa konstruksi terutama untuk kontrak Lumpsum Fixed Price. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada proyek konstruksi rumah tinggal dan rumah toko (ruko) dengan kontrak lumpsum di Indonesia dengan ruang lingkup penelitian di Kota Bandung dan Cimahi. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya cost overruns dalam pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi rumah tinggal kecil-menengah dan rumah toko serta memodelkan hubungan sebab akibat dari faktor-faktor yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya cost overruns tersebut dengan metode analisis jalur atau sering dikenal dengan metode Path Analysis. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dengan sasaran utama sebagai respondennya adalah para kontraktor atau minimal berada dijajaran Project Manager dalam sebuah proyek. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan bahwa faktor terkait kelengkapan desain merupakan faktor utama dalam terjadinya cost overruns  sehingga semakin lengkap desain awal perencanaan maka semakin kecil kemungkinan terjadinya cost overruns Sementara jalur yang memiliki pengaruh paling dominan yaitu: cost overruns dipengaruhi oleh faktor terkait kinerja hasil pekerjaan, yang sebelumnya dipengaruhi oleh faktor terkait tenaga kerja, yang sebelumnya oleh faktor terkait kondisi hukum, sosial dan ekonomi, yang sebelumnya oleh faktor terkait kelengkapan desain. Sehingga dapat dilihat bahwa sumber permasalahan utama dari jalur yang paling dominan adalah faktor-faktor terkait kelengkapan desain.
Perubahan Nilai Kuat Tekan Lempung Lunak Distabilisasi Dengan Kapur dan Limbah Pembakaran Batubara
Authors: Zulnasari Azra , Nugroho Soewignjo Agus , Fatnanta Ferry
Published: July 2021

Suatu bangunan infrastruktur yang akan dibangun terkait langsung dengan aspek yang paling penting yaitu tanah pendukung, karena berfungsi sebagai menerima dan menahan beban struktural diatasnya. Dalam kenyataannya, tidak semua tanah mempunyai perilaku fisik dan mekanis yang baik, salah satu contohnya ditandai dengan kadar air yang tinggi serta kuat tekan maupun daya dukung tanah yang rendah. Untuk mengevaluasi kemungkinan terjadinya kondisi tersebut maka dilakukan stabilisasi terhadap tanah agar memenuhi persyaratan teknis yang diperlukan. Stabilisasi tanah yang akan ditelaah yaitu perbaikan tanah lempung dengan dicampur zat aditive yaitu kapur, abu terbang serta abu dasar. Kapur dan geopolimer abu batubara, yaitu abu terbang abu dasar, sudah banyak digunakan untuk meningkatkan kuat geser dan daya dukung tanah. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengamati perilaku tanah lempung dengan kembang susut tinggi yang distabilisasi dengan kapur, abu terbang dan abu dasar. Perilaku yang diamati adalah peningkatan kekuatan tanah dengan pengujian laboratorium, yaitu nilai kuat tekan bebas Tanah. Pada penelitian ini pengujian kuat tekan dilakukan dengan 6 perlakuan yaitu:  tanpa pemeraman dan tanpa perendaman; tanpa pemeraman dengan perendaman; pemeraman 7 hari dengan tanpa perendaman; pemeraman 7 hari dan perendaman; pemeraman 28 hari dan  tanpa perendaman, serta pemeraman 28 hari dan perendaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kuat tekan tersebut akan semakin meningkat seiring dengan lamanya waktu pemeraman. Begitu juga dengan semakin bertambahnya persentase zat aditif maka nilai kuat tekan juga cenderung semakin meningkat. Sedangkan dengan perlakuan pemeraman terhadap sampel mengakibatkan penurunan nilai kuat tekan. Nilai kuat tekan tertinggi berada pada Variasi VI sebesar 1506,158 kPa pada kondisi pemeraman 28 hari dan tanpa perendaman dimana persentase bahan tambah yang terkandung yaitu 25% abu terbang, 15% abu dasar dan 5% kapur. Sedangkan nilai Kuat Tekan Bebas terendah pada Variasi III sebesar 120,442 kPa pada kondisi tanpa pemeraman dan perendaman dengan persentase bahan tambah yang terkandung yaitu 10% abu terbang, 15% abu dasar dan 5% kapur.
Analisis Pengaruh Konfigurasi Menara Pada Jembatan Cable Stayed Akibat Beban Gempa
Authors: Siahaan Yessi Stani Beata , Andayani Relly
Published: July 2021

Perkembangan teknologi jembatan cable stayed khususnya untuk jembatan bentang panjang berkembang sangat pesat. Jembatan cable stayed merupakan pilihan yang tepat karena desain geometri struktur yang relatif ringan, ekonomis dan lebih kaku dibandingkan dengan jembatan gantung. Analisis beban gempa yang terjadi dalam perhitungan struktur jembatan cable stayed sangat penting, karena sistem menara jembatan bersentuhan langsung dengan tanah keras sebagai media pelepasan energi sesaat saat terjadi gempa bumi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis struktur menara jembatan cablye stayed dengan konfigurasi bentuk menara jembatan yang berbeda dalam memikul beban akibat beban gempa sehingga didapatkan bentuk menara yang memiliki gaya dalam minimum. Perencanaan bentuk menara bervariasi antara lain menara tipe A, menara tipe H, menara tipe berlian, menara tipe inverted Y, dan menara tipe X. Penyusunan kabel menggunakan Konfigurasi Semi Fan dan metode analisis dinamis menggunakan Time History Analysis. Bentuk struktur jembatan menara cable stayed sangat mempengaruhi kinerja dari struktur jembatan secara keseluruhan karena menara merupakan komponen utama jembatan yang menenerima gaya tekan dan momen yang besar. Hasil analisis diperoleh menara yang mengalami perpindahan minimum adalah menara tipe Inverted Y. Hasil analisis diperoleh semakin banyak tarikan kabel yang ditopang menara, semakin sedikit tumpuan pada menara dan geometri pada puncak menara yang tidak menyatu maka semakin besar gaya-gaya dalam yang dialami menara. Menara yang mengalami gaya-gaya dalam yang minimum yang dapat direkomendasi untuk digunakan pada jembatan cable stayed adalah menara tipe A, tipe H dan tipe Inverted Y.
Effectiveness of Competency-Based Training for construction Labor in West Sumatra
Authors: Jumas Dwifitra Yenti , Ariani Vivi , Asrini Asirini
Published: July 2021

The issuance of Minister Regulation of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR) No. 24/ PRT/ M/ 2014 concerning Competency-Based Training Guidelines in the Construction Services Sector is a strong effort by the government to increase the capacity of sustainable construction human resources in order to produce productive and competent human resources. Therefore, the workforce must-have requirements and a series of specific competencies to carry it out effectively and efficiently. Moreover, these competencies must be under the work they will do. The Kirkpatrick Model is used to evaluate the results of training and learning programs and rates against four levels of criteria: reaction, learning, behavior, and results. This research aims to find out what variables affect the effectiveness of competency-based training based on Kirkpatrick's four levels and see whether the competency training activities effectively increase human resources in construction services. A total of 64 questionnaires were then distributed to relevant respondents who attended the competency-based training held in West Sumatera during the 2017-2018 periods. From the results, there are 4 Kirkpatrick level variables that affect the effectiveness of training, namely the level of reaction (21 indicators), learning (6 indicators), behavior (7 indicators), and results (11 indicators). The variable that shows the most effective results is the variable level of learning as much as 47.51%, followed by results (44.56%), learning (47.51%), and behavior (29.27). It can be concluded that  the workforce competency training conducted in West Sumatera from 2017 to 2018 was still less effective.
Hemşirelerin “Hemşirelik Bakımına Duyarlı Kalite Göstergeleri” Hakkındaki Görüşleri
Authors: IRMAK Burçin , BULUT Hülya
Published: July 2021

Giriş: Hemşireliğe duyarlı kalite göstergeleri, hemşirelik uygulamalarını görünür kılmıştır. Amaç: Araştırma, hemşirelerin “hemşirelik bakımına duyarlı kalite göstergeleri” hakkındaki görüşlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma, Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan bir üniversite ile bir devlet hastanesinin dahili ve cerrahi kliniklerinde çalışan toplam 144 hemşire ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma verileri 15 Şubat-15 Mayıs 2018 tarihleri arasında toplanmıştır. Araştırmaya başlamadan önce etik kurul izni, kurum izni ve hemşirelerden sözel onam alınmıştır. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen anket formu aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler ve nonparametrik testler kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan hemşirelerin bakım kalite göstergeleri tanımlamalarının %46.4’ü hemşirelik, %38.1’i sağlık kurumu ve %15.5’i hasta ile ilgilidir. Hemşireler tarafından en fazla belirtilen hemşirelik bakımına duyarlı kalite göstergeleri; enfeksiyon oranı (%76.8), basınç yaralanması oranı (%59.4), hasta düşme oranı (%44.9), hasta memnuniyet düzeyi (%33.3) ve hemşire memnuniyet düzeyidir (%15.9). Hemşirelere bazı kalite göstergelerinin hemşirelik bakımına duyarlı olup olmadığı sorulduğunda; hemşire eğitim düzeyi (8.09±2.69), hasta memnuniyeti (8±2.28) ve hasta bakımına ayrılan süre (7.72±3.09) en fazla bakım kalitesi ile ilişkilendirilen göstergeler olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Araştırmada hemşirelerin çoğunun hemşirelik bakımına duyarlı kalite göstergeleri hakkında görüş sahibi olduğu ve bazı ilave kalite göstergeleri önerdikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre sağlık kurumlarında hemşirelik bakım uygulamalarının etkinliğinin düzenli olarak değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.
INCREMENTO DE LA VULNERABILIDAD DE LOS DERECHOS DE LA MUJER DURANTE LA PANDEMIA: ESCENARIO ECUATORIANO Y PERUANO
Authors: Gonzales Herrera Jesús Manuel , Molina Castro Ruth Esther
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo busca analizar los efectos de la COVID-19 en relación a la situación de la mujer en el primer año de confinamiento en el contexto ecuatoriano y peruano. Se consideran el enfoque cualitativo; la recolección de información se la realizó mediante la utilización de bases de datos. Se revisaron otras referencias bibliográficas, como los diarios de mayor circulación, informes de organismos internacionales con agencias en ambos países, organismos no gubernamentales, y notas científicas. La pandemia desencadenada por la COVID-19, agravó las problemáticas sociales presentes en nuestra sociedad, entre estás, las desigualdades que las mujeres históricamente han enfrentado, evidenciándolas no solo con el aumento de la violencia de género, sino también en la sobrecarga de trabajo de cuidados, inestabilidad laboral, deficiente acceso a la salud, y dificultades para la generación de recursos económicos.  La crisis sanitaria ha demostrado que los Estados no están preparados para enfrentar estos tipos de emergencia, y esto ha obligado a implementar e implantar planes nacionales preventivos que estén vinculadas con sus políticas de Estado, considerando atención prioritaria a la violencia de género, ya que se confirmó que las desigualdades entre géneros se agravaron con la presencia de la pandemia COVID-19 en ambos países.
LA EUTANASIA, UN DERECHO A SER RECONOCIDO
Authors: Cueva Ruesta Jimmy Ernesto , Chávez Ramos Nicole Paula
Published: July 2021

El presente artículo tiene como problema de investigación el siguiente, ¿la eutanasia debería ser legalizada en casos especiales como enfermos terminales y paciente agónico en el Perú?, el problema en relación de la vulneración al derecho a morir dignamente, por consiguiente, el objetivo principal fue, establecer si la eutanasia debe ser legalizada en casos especiales como enfermos terminales y desahuciados en el Perú, donde la metodología es de enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo-propositivo, al describir el caso de Ana Estrada, los tipos de eutanasia  y proponer su legalización. La conclusión del presente es que, si se legaliza la eutanasia en el Perú, se convertirá en la base legal para promover el reconocimiento del derecho a morir con dignidad a nivel constitucional, en beneficio de las personas con enfermedades terminales.
LA CORRUPCIÓN Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS INGRESOS PER CÁPITA Y LA LIBERTAD ECONÓMICA
Authors: Ruesta Bregante Irma Marcela , Cueva Ruesta Jimmy Ernesto
Published: July 2021

No hay una visión general con referencia a la corrupción, tanto es así que para algunos autores indican que mitiga los efectos de las políticas públicas, otros que entorpecen la regulación y su efectividad, y para los expertos del derecho, la corrupción afecta la administración de justicia, también es considerada como la otra pandemia, que no permite la reducción de la pobreza y desigualdad, independiente si la misma es grande o mínima, por lo cual el problema de investigación es, ¿Existe relación entre el nivel de ingresos per cápita, y libertad económica con la corrupción?, cuyo objetivo fue¸ determinar la relación entre las variables expuestas, teniendo como metodología al enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional, al describir la relación entre las variables de índice de corrupción, libertad económica e ingresos per cápita de 48 países, concluyendo que, a mayores ingresos per cápita, menor será la percepción de corrupción, y en aquellos países con exceso de regulación, barreras burocráticas e intervención en la economía, son una fuente generadora de corrupción.
Validity and reliability of a questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, practice and
perception (KAP2) towards food poisoning and its prevention during dining out
among consumers in Terengganu
Authors: M.Z. Nur Afifah , Asma' A. , Raihana N.I. , Malina O. , Chee H.Y. , Misni N. , Sukeri S. , Chin C.P.Y.
Published: July 2021

Having adequate knowledge, attitude, practice, and realistic perception (KAP2) of food
poisoning prevention will minimize the risk of food poisoning while dining out. However,
there is no validated KAP2 questionnaire on the prevention of food poisoning during
dining out, notably among consumers. Throughout the current research, a validated KAP2
questionnaire on food poisoning and prevention during dining was developed. A crosssectional pilot survey was conducted among 30 selected consumers in Kuala Nerus,
Terengganu. Convenience sampling was applied to the recruitment of consumers based on
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The KAP2 questionnaire comprised the knowledge
section (42 questions), attitude (15 questions), practice (13 questions) and the perception
(15 questions). Knowledge questions were analysed using difficulty and discrimination
index, while attitude, practice, and perception were analysed by construct validity and
reliability analysis. The difficulty index with less than 0.3 is considered as difficult,
between 0.30-0.70 as an acceptable value, and more than 0.70 as easy. The discrimination
index below than 0.2 is considered poor, between 0.2-0.24 as good, more than 0.35 as
excellent items. The construct validity was conducted by referring to the value of
Cronbach's alpha, inter-item correlation (˃ 0.30), item-total correlation (˃ 0.30), and
Cronbach's alpha if item deleted. The results were found from 42 knowledge items, 29
easy items, ten acceptable items and three difficult questions. The discrimination index
revealed that 25 items were poor, 11 items were excellent, three items had a good
discrimination index and three items needed to be revised. Based on construct validity,
five attitude’s items, three practice’s items and ten perception’s items were removed due
to inter-item correlation and item-total correlation value < 0.30. The reliability analysis of
the attitude portion was 0.848 which is a good reliability, 0.780 practice, and 0.611
perceptions to be found an acceptable value of reliability. Overall, the developed KAP2
questionnaire is a valid and reliable questionnaire that can serve as an evaluation tool for
measuring knowledge, attitudes, practice and perception in the prevention of food
poisoning during dining out among consumers.
Evaluation of microorganisms associated with vended frozen fish in Ado Ekiti locality
Authors: Olagbemide P.T. , Akharaiyi F.C.
Published: July 2021

Fishes are world widely consumed by all categories of works of life because of their
richness in protein, readily available and affordable by all. The basic nutrient of protein in
fish that is so important in man’s diet also attracted microorganisms for their growth and
multiplication. Meanwhile, the association of microorganisms in fishes depend on the
environment of culture and their proliferation due to inadequate storage facilities. The aim
of this study was focused on the isolation and identification of microorganisms from four
frozen fish species sold in the Ado Ekiti metropolis. Frozen fish samples of Scomber
scombrus (Atlantic Mackerel), Clupea harengus (Atlantic herring), Urophycis tenuis
(White hake or mud hake) and Trachurus trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel) from two
markets in Ado Ekiti were microbiologically analyzed for possible microbial
contamination. On the fish samples, the total heterotrophic count (THC) was 3.5×104
–
5.6×104 CFU/g, total coliform count (TCC) was 2.4×104
– 5.1×104 CFU/g, total
Salmonella/Shigella count (TSSC) was 1.3×104
– 3.5×104 CFU/g, total Vibrio count
(TVC) was 1.1×104
– 2.3×104 CFU/g and total fungal count (TFC) was 1.3×103
– 2.3×103
Spore/g were analyzed by cultural methods. There were variations in microbial loads
among the fish species in the surveyed markets. The microorganisms identified with their
percentage occurrence were Bacillus cereus (11.54%), Streptococcus faecium (13.46%),
Alcaligenes faecalis (5.77%), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (5.77%), Micrococcus
luteus (9.62%), Vibrio cholerae (7.69%), Aerococcus viridans (3.85%), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (7.69%), Xanthomonas fragariae (7.69%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.54%),
Clostridium butyricum (7.68%), Escherichia coli (7.69%), Aspergillus fumigatus
(11.11%), Aspergillus flavus (24.44%), Aspergillus clavatus (8.89%), Aspergillus
fishcheri (6.69%), Aspergillus terreus (8.89%), Mucor mucedo (17.78%), Penicillium
digitatum (13.33%) and Aspergillus parasiticus (8.89%). The results emphasized the
microbial contamination of the fishes. The results obtained could serve as an awareness to
consumers that microbial infection is possible from frozen fishes and as data for future
reference in epidemiology or outbreak of disease from eating frozen fish.
Identification of yeasts in different rubber leaf (Hevea brasiliensis) clones and their effects on the physical properties of fermented glutinous rice tapai
Authors: Mohd Zin Z. , Azman N.I. , Abd Razak S.B. , Ibrahim K. , Rusli N.D. , Zainol M.K.
Published: July 2021

Tapai is one of the most popular traditional desserts in Malaysia and other Asian
countries. Traditionally, tapai is wrapped in a rubber leaf to enhance the smell and
increase its palatability. The study focused on identifying the yeasts present before and
after the production of glutinous rice tapai wrapped in different rubber leaves clones,
namely RRIM 2025, RRIM 2002, PB 260 and PB 350. The identification of the yeast was
carried out using API 20C AUX test strips for all rubber leaves clones, glutinous rice tapai
wrapped in RRIM 2025, RRIM 2002, PB 260, PB 350 and in a container (control). The
results showed that Crytococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa 2, Candida famata,
Rhodotorula minuta were present in rubber leaf clones. While the yeasts that had been
identified in tapai wrapped in rubber leaf were Candida guilliermondii, Rhodotorula
mucilaginosa 2, Candida parapsilosis and Trichosporon mucoides and only C.
guilliermondii was found in the container. The physical properties of the tapai that are
wrapped in rubber leaves have a difference in texture, pH value and total soluble solids
content compared to the control sample. The tapai sample wrapped in RRIM 2025 and
RRIM 2002 had a high total soluble solid content of 45.8±0.14% and 45.78±0.16% °Bx,
respectively. Meanwhile, the control sample has the highest pH value and the hardest rice
kernels, which were 4.71±0.05 and 218.19±25.39 N, respectively. The results showed that
the different yeasts present in the rubber leaf may cause changes in the physical properties
of glutinous rice tapai.
Evaluation of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, germination power, and yield of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) sprouts elicited using various Naalginate levels with different elicitation duration
Authors: Ariviani S. , Hapsari K.C. , Fauza G. , Ishartani D. , Atmaka W. , Khasanah L.U. , Siswanti
Published: July 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of
elicited pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) sprouts prepared using various Na-alginate
concentrations at different elicitation durations. The germination power and yield of the
sprouts were also examined. Elicitation proved capable to improve the antioxidant
capacity of legumes sprouts but the yield and germination rates were decreased due to the
elicitation stress. In this study, elicitation conducted by immersing pigeon pea seeds in Na
-alginate solutions (250, 300, and 350 ppm) for various duration (16, 20, and 24 hrs). The
seeds were then germinated for 48 hrs to produce Na-alginate elicited pigeon pea sprouts.
The results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (Trolox
equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) of
elicited pigeon pea sprouts were significantly increased along with the increasing
elicitation duration in all Na-alginate levels. The higher Na-alginate levels produce a
higher level of TPC, TEAC, and FRAP values. On the other hand, germination power and
the yield of the sprouts were significantly decreased along with increasing Na-alginate
levels and elicitation duration. Elicitation using 350 ppm Na-alginate with an elicitation
duration of 24 hrs produces elicited pigeon pea sprouts with the highest TPC and
antioxidant activity, but lowest germination power and yield. These results have an
important consequence in developing an elicitation technique to improve the antioxidant
capacity of leguminous.
Changes to the chemical and microbiological characteristics of Leucaena leucocephala seeds during tempeh fermentation in Pacitan, East Java
Authors: Ishartani D. , Sistiani D. , Sari A.M. , Nursiwi A. , Zaman M.Z.
Published: July 2021

Lamtoro tempeh is a traditional Indonesian fermented food made from lamtoro (Leucaena
leucocephala). In Pacitan, it is usually fermented using usar (a traditional tempeh
inoculum made from senggani leaves). The fermentation process takes 42 hrs and during
this period, there are changes in the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the
lamtoro seeds. To study these changes, samples were collected and tested for chemical
characteristics (water content, ash content, dissolved protein, pH, and total acid titration)
and microbiological characteristics (the number of fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria)
every 6 hrs during the 42 hrs fermentation. During fermentation, the water content
increased significantly in the initial 6 hrs of fermentation and then tended to stabilize until
the 42-hour. The ash content increased, while the dissolved protein content increased from
the 0-hour to the 36-hour of fermentation but dropped at the 42-hour. The pH level of the
lamtoro tempeh decreased from 0-hour until 30-hour and then increased until the end of
the fermentation period. However, the level of total acid titration increased during the
lamtoro tempeh fermentation. The growth of fungi, yeast and lactic acid bacteria initially
declined but then gradually increased until the end of fermentation (42-hour). The
fermentation time was found to affect both the number of microbes and the chemical
characteristics of the lamtoro tempeh from the Pacitan area.
Synthesis of margarine fat from sesame oil and palm stearin by chemical interesterification
Authors: Siswanti  , Hastuti P. , Supriyanto  , Anandito R.B.K.
Published: July 2021

The production of margarine fat is not only intended to be free from Trans Fatty Acid
(TFA) but is also expected to have a higher quality from a nutritional aspect. In this
research, margarine fat from sesame oil (SO) and palm stearin (PS) by a chemical
interesterification was synthesized. Chemical interesterification is one of the processes
used to modify the physico-chemical characteristics of oils and fats. An attempt to
chemical-restructure palm stearin and sesame oil to form margarine fat which is suitable
for margarine was investigated using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. The effect ratio of
PS/SO in color, slip melting point, solid fat index, texture and triacylglycerols (TAGS)
profile of margarine fat were studied in research. This research was conducted by three
major stages; characterization of sesame oil and palm stearin, synthesis of margarine fat
by physical blending and chemical interesterification, and characterization of margarine
fat. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the
ratio of sesame oil and palm stearin. Margarine fat produced with different variations of
the raw material concentration (% w/w SO:PS = 30:70; 40: 60; 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30).
Chemical interesterification caused: rearrangement of triacylglycerols, reduction of S3 and
U3 and increase in S2U and U2S type TAGs content of all blend, resulting in lowering of
melting point, solid fat index and increase texture. Margarine fat in the % ratio of SO:PS =
60:40, has a similar characteristic (texture, slip melting point, solid fat index, and TAGS
profiles) which margarine commercial, so has the potential to be developed in the
manufacture margarine industry
Measurement of Patchouli oil vapor using array of MOS gas sensors in various adulteration substances and concentrations
Authors: Sudarmaji A. , Margiwiyatno A. , Sulistyo S.B. , Saparso
Published: July 2021

Indonesia is one of the main suppliers of Patchouli oil in the world market. It has high
economical value. Indonesian Patchouli oil is mostly produced by SMEs using the
distillation technique. However, the high demand and price of Patchouli oil led to the
fraud of adulteration. SMEs intentionally mixed Patchouli oil with cheaper oils. This
paper presented the vapor measurement of Patchouli oil by using an array of metal oxide
semiconductor gas sensors (MOS) which may apply to indicate the presence of
adulteration substance in Patchouli oil. A total of nine MOS gas sensors were tested. All
MOS are driven with temperature modulation technique. We built an acquisition unit
based on the PSoC device to acquire the MOS outputs to a computer. We tested two
adulteration substances (palm oil and biodiesel oil), and two compositions (1:3 and 1:5) on
two levels of Patchouli oil. Individual response of MOS was examined. The Principle
Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to show the classification performance to
distinguish the adulteration types in Patchouli oil. We found that there was no single MOS
that able to distinguish the adulteration individually, and there were many overlapping
responses to adulteration substances and compositions. The PCA results showed that on
each level of Patchouli oil, nine MOS gas sensors can distinguish clearly between the with
and without adulteration substances (palm oil and biodiesel oil).
“Apa salahku?”: Interrogating social policy problem representations of domestic violence within Singapore's Malay/Muslim population
Authors:   , Binte Abdul Rahman Nabilah Husna
Published: July 2021

What’s the problem of domestic violence (DV) represented to be in Singapore’s social policy? This thesis interrogates the social policy responses to DV by looking at its discursive effects on Singapore’s Indigenous Malay/Muslim population. Undergirding the study is a theoretical understanding of structural intersectionality, which allows for a recognition of the unique identity of the Malay/Muslim population in Singapore. Such an approach contextualises Malay/Muslim women’s experiences of DV against the backdrop of Singapore’s colonial history and its current Anglo-Chinese political hegemony, which adopts a neoliberal, patriarchal and authoritarian form of governance.

Through qualitative interviews with seven professional advocates working in the social sector and public service, and in-depth analysis of policy documents and first-hand accounts, I examined the ways in which the problem of DV has been imagined and, thus, remedied. Using thematic analysis and taking some inspiration from Carol Bacchi’s post-structuralist “What’s the problem represented to be?” analytical tool, I identified the representations of DV that are found in the interviews and first-hand accounts by survivors and uncover the implicit problematisations within the discourses. These representations show that DV within the Malay/Muslim population is seen as experiences of patriarchal and religious authoritarianism, housing and income insecurity, inadequacies with informal strategies of resistance, and limitations of formal forms of resistance. Then, using the WPR mode of questioning more conventionally, I analysed policy documents and solutions, such as counselling, public education and criminal justice solutions, to reflect on the parameters and limits of how DV has been problematised and where policies fall short in addressing Malay/Muslim women’s experiences according to discourse.

The study concludes that social policy solutions define DV within the Malay/Muslim population largely as cultural problems, divorced from the historical and structural context it operates within. Problem representations also mute the overarching ideological position of Singapore’s governance.

The findings urge advocates and policy-makers to commit to a structural intersectional framework that actively dismantles the neoliberal capitalist systems and patriarchal ideologies legitimised by the State, which underpin and intensify experiences of DV among Malay/Muslim women and other marginalised groups.
A Systematic Review of Machine Learning Algorithms in Cyberbullying Detection: Future Directions and Challenges
Authors: Arif Muhammad
Published: July 2021

Social media networks are becoming an essential part of life for most of the world’s population. Detecting cyberbullying using machine learning and natural language processing algorithms is getting the attention of researchers. There is a growing need for automatic detection and mitigation of cyberbullying events on social media. In this study, research directions and the theoretical foundation in this area are investigated. A systematic review of the current state-of-the-art research in this area is conducted. A framework considering all possible actors in the cyberbullying event must be designed, including various aspects of cyberbullying and its effect on the participating actors. Furthermore, future directions and challenges are also discussed.
Digital Forensic Methodology for Detection of Abnormal Flight of Drones
Authors: Moon Hyunji , Jin Euihyun , Kwon Hyeon , Lee Sangeun , Kim Gibum
Published: July 2021

When a drone accident has occurred, it is difficult to decide whether it is due to a crime, malfunction, mistake, or external force. Although the cause of the accident is elucidated through analysis of artifacts or flight data, there are many limitations. In this study, we present a method for detecting an abnormal flight using the motor current values and controller direction values of a drone. The experimental result revealed that, in the case of a normal flight, the current values of four motors were similar in hovering state and the current value of rear motors were increased when the drone was flying forwards. In the case of an abnormal flight, when the drone moved rightwards due to external force in hovering state, the current values of the two motors on the right side were increased greatly. After a period of time following the movement to the right side, the current values of all the motors converged to 0. In the future, motor current values and controller direction values may be used to determine whether an abnormal flight in a drone accident has occurred because of external force by wind, birds, persons, or the like.
Defense mechanisms against Distributed Denial of Service attacks: Comparative Review
Authors: Alatawi Fahad
Published: July 2021

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) remains a big concern in Cybersecurity. DDoS attacks are implemented to prevent legitimate users from getting access to services. The attackers make use of multiple hosts that have been compromised (i.e., Botnets) to organize a large-scale attack on targets. Developing an effective defensive mechanism against existing and potential DDoS attacks remains a strong desire in the cybersecurity research community. However, development of effective mechanisms or solutions require adequate evaluation of existing defense mechanism and a critical analysis of how these methods have been implemented in preventing, detecting, and responding to DDoS attacks.
This paper adopted a systematic review method to critically analyze the existing mechanisms. The review of existing literature helped classify the defense mechanism into four categories: source-based, core-router, victim-based, and distributed systems. A qualitative analysis was used to exhaustively evaluate these defense mechanisms and determine their respective effectiveness. The effectiveness of the defense mechanisms was evaluated on six key parameters: coverage, implementation, deployment, detection accuracy, response mechanism, and robustness. The comparative analysis reviewed the shortcomings and benefits of each mechanism.
The evaluation determined that victim-based defense mechanisms have a high detection accuracy but is associated with massive collateral as the detection happens when it is too late to protect the system. On the other hand, whereas stopping an attack from the source-end is ideal, detection accuracy at this point is too low as it is hard to differentiate legitimate and malicious traffic. The effectiveness of the core-based defense systems is not ideal because the routers do not have enough CPU cycles and memory to profile the traffic. Distributed defense mechanisms are effective as components can be spread out across the three locations in a way that takes advantage of each location.
The paper also established that the rate-limiting response mechanism is more effective than packet filtering method because it does not restrict legitimate traffic. The analysis revealed that there is no single defense mechanism that offers complete protection against DDoS attacks but concludes that the best defense mechanism is the use of distributed defense because it ensures that defense components are placed on all locations.
The Status Quo of Information Security from the Perspective of Information Technology Staff in Jordanian University Libraries
Authors: Naser Taha Nasharawan , Mohammed Almasalha Hussam , Abumqibl Amnah
Published: July 2021

This study aims to explore the status quo of information security from the perspective of information technology (IT) staff in Jordanian university libraries and to discuss the most prominent difficulties they face. Moreover, it aims to identify the effect of the variables (years of experience, type of university, job level, and specialization) on the staff estimation of the status quo of information security and the difficulties they face. The study population consisted of all (96) staff members of the IT departments in the libraries of public and private Jordanian universities for the academic year 2015-2016, of whom (84) responded. To answer the study questions, a questionnaire that examines the status quo of information security was adopted, it consisted of five themes. The questionnaire also included questions to study the difficulties facing IT staff. The results indicated that the respondents’ estimation of the status quo of information security in Jordanian universities libraries was at medium level, as the item “procedures for the protection of computer systems and networks” and the item “access control to information systems” were ranked first in the study fields with a high rating. Results also indicated that the overall level of difficulties attained a medium level, and that the most prominent difficulties facing IT staff in universities libraries are the shortage of personnel specialized in information security and the lack of budget allocated to information security in university libraries. The study also showed a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (α≤0.05) for the variables of “job level” and “specialization” in the staff estimation of the status quo of information security. Also, a statistically significant difference was found in the staff estimation of the difficulties they face related to the specialization variable. The study recommends paying more attention to the various aspects of information security in libraries, such as the infrastructure in regard to technology and the existence of a precise policy to ensure information security and to increase the number of human resources specialized in the field of information security.
Comparative Study and Analysis on Integrity of Data Files Using Different Tools and Techniques
Authors: Raychaudhuri Kumarshankar , Christopher M. George , Abbas Hamdani Nayeem
Published: July 2021

Digital forensic investigation is the scientific process of collection, preservation, examination, analysis, documentation and presentation of digital evidence from digital devices, so that the evidence is in compliance with legal terms and acceptable in a court of law. Integrity of the digital evidence is an indispensable part of the investigation process and should be preserved to maintain the chain of custody. This is done through hashing technique using standardized forensic tools. However, while handling the evidences , lack of knowledge might lead to unintentional alteration of computed hash. This violates the chain of custody and makes the evidence inadmissible in a court of law. In this paper, our objective is to determine the different conditions under which the original hash value of a digital evidence changes. For this, we create different scenarios using sample data files and compute their hash values. A comparative study and analysis are done to determine in which scenario the original hash value of the data file changes. The results of the research will prove useful and essential for Criminal Justice Functionaries in gaining knowledge about various conditions leading to the change in hash value of digital evidence and therefore, avoid its accidental alteration during forensic investigation/examination.
Overview of the Impact of Human Error on Cybersecurity based on ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management
Authors: El-Bably Amar Yasser
Published: July 2021

Information security is the practice of protecting information by mitigating the risk of cyber-attack, and typically includes preventing or reducing the possibility of unauthorized/inappropriate access to data, unlawful use, disclosure, disruption. This concept of information security covers as well various procedures aiming at minimizing the negative effects of such incidents and threats. These threats might be originated from the human behavior which may lead to a wide damage of the organization data assets. Thus, the primary focus of information security is on the balanced protection of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data while maintaining an effective use of the organizations' systems. International standards related to information security such as ISO/IEC 27001 emphasis on effective implementation of the information security policies and applications without hampering the productivity of the organization. This research seeks to draw a set of practical rules to be established within an organization to preserve cybersecurity objectives and protect dada specifically from human errors incidents. The drawn rules are based on ISO/IEC 27001 and its application within organizations will rise the employee’s awareness about their behavior to reduce the impact of such incidents on the organization' systems and data.
Cyberthreats on Implantable Medical Devices
Authors: Nour A. Sabra Mohammed
Published: July 2021

The significant and rapid technological development in the field of medical care, and Implanted Medical Device, clearly lead to improve the quality of care and effectiveness of treatment for numerous diseases that were previously difficult to be controlled. Technological growth has accompanied by a marked fear of academics and researchers during the past ten years from cyber threats that may lead to breaking the goal of creating these devices. Cyberspace risks and threats would expose many patients who use these devices to health complications and then endanger their lives. The risks and the vulnerability of these devices raised the curiosity to search and audit concerns that were purely theoretical and not associated with practical experience. The rapidity of change in the structure of the implanted medical device works as a barrier and reducing the possibility of their exposure to cyber threats. However, create comprehensive policy parallel with raising the awareness of the health care providers are the proactive steps to stop such threats and will be barriers from the cyber threats, therefore, no complete and comprehensive protection from cyberspace threats without ignoring that the Cyber threats will remain in places.
THE FIVE PARAMETER LOGISTIC (5PL) FUNCTION AND COVID-19 EPIDEMIC IN ICELAND
Authors: Pal Pinaki
Published: July 2021

Right now, investigations are rigorously carried out on modeling the dynamic progress of (Covid-19) pandemic around the globe. Here we introduce a simple mathematical model for analyzing the dynamics of the Covid-19, considering only the number of cumulative cases. In the present work, the 5PL function is applied to study the Covid-19 spread in Iceland. The cumulative number of infected persons C(t) has been accurately fitted with the 5PL equation, giving rise to different epidemiological parameters. The result of the current examination reveals the effectiveness and efficacy of the 5PL function for exploring the Covid 19 dynamics in Iceland. The mathematical model is simple enough such that practitioners knowing algebra and non-linear regression analysis can employ it to examining the pandemic situation in different countries.
STRESS AND FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION OF THE H-TYPE DARRIEUS VERTICAL AXIS TURBINE FOR MICRO-HYDROPOWER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Ali Intizar
Published: July 2021

The present study aims to analyze the structural behavior of the Darrieus Hydro-kinetic turbine at different upstream velocity values and rotational rates. For that purpose, one-way fluid-structure interaction is performed to predict stresses, deformation and fatigue life of the turbine. To determine real-time fluid loads three-dimensional fluid flow simulations were performed, the obtained fluid loads were transferred to the structural finite element analysis model. CFD simulation results were validated with experimental results from literature where the close agreement was noticed. Structural analysis results revealed that the highest stresses are produced in the struts and at the joint where the shaft is connected with struts. Moreover, it was also found that the stress produced in the turbine is highly non-linear against Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) i.e inflow water velocity. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results showed that maximum values of stresses were found in the turbine strut having a value 131.99MPa, which lower than the yield strength of the material, the fatigue life of 117520 cycles and factor of safety 1.89. The study also found that increased inflow velocity results increase in stress and deformation produced in the turbine. Additionally, the study assumed Aluminum Alloy as turbine blade material, further; it was found that the blade which confronts flow, experience higher stresses. Moreover, the study concluded that strut, blade-strut joint and strut-shaft joint are the critical parts of the turbine, require careful design consideration. Furthermore, the study also suggests that the turbine blade may be kept hollow to reduce turbine weight; hence inertia and turbine struts and shaft should be made of steel or the material having higher stiffness and strength.
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION USING RANDOMLY GENERATED FINITE GRIDS AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL FRACTIONAL-ORDER LEGENDRE FUNCTION
Authors: Mastoi Sanaullah
Published: July 2021

There are various methods to solve the physical life problem involving engineering, scientific and biological systems. It is found that numerical methods are approximate solutions. In this way, randomly generated finite difference grids achieve an approximation with fewer iterations. The idea of randomly generated grids in cartesian coordinates and polar form are compared with the exact, iterative method, uniform grids, and approximate solutions in a generalized expansion form of two-dimensional fractional-order Legendre functions. The most ideal and benchmarking method is the finite difference method over randomly generated grids on Cartesian coordinates, polar coordinates used for numerical solutions. This concept motivates the investigation of the effects of the randomly generated meshes. The two-dimensional equation is solved over randomly generated meshes to test randomly generated grids and the implementation. The feasibility of the numerical solution is analyzed by comparing simulation profiles.
A NOVEL FUZZY ENTROPY MEASURE AND ITS APPLICATION IN COVID-19 WITH FUZZY TOPSIS
Authors: Sharif Razia
Published: July 2021

Fuzzy sets (FSs) are an important tool to model uncertainty and vagueness. Entropy is being used to measure the fuzziness within a fuzzy set (FS). These entropies are used to find multicriteria decision-making. For measuring uncertainty with TOPSIS techniques an axiomatic definition of entropy measure for fuzzy sets is also given in this paper. The proposed entropy is provided to satisfy all the axioms. Several numerical examples are presented to compare the proposed entropy measure with existing entropies. The corresponding results show that the newly proposed entropy can be computed easily and give reliable results. Finally, the decision-making algorithm TOPSIS (Techniques of ordered preference similarity to ideal solution) is utilized to solve multicriteria decision-making problems (MCDM) related to daily life. In the current situation, COVID-19 has no proper medical treatment. We use TOPSIS technique to suggest an effective medicine for this pandemic. Numerical results and practical examples show the effectiveness and practical applicability of the proposed entropy.