bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A terbium(iii)-based coordination polymer for selective and sensitive sensing of nitroaromatics and ferric ion: synthesis, crystal structure and photoluminescence properties
Authors: Feyisa Bogale Raji , Chen Yanzhen , Ye Junwei , Zhang Siqi , Li Yiwen , Liu Xigang , Zheng Ting , Rauf Abdul , Ning Guiling
Published: October 2017

A Tb(iii)-based coordination polymer has been synthesized and it is a visually selective and sensitive sensor for the detection of 4-nitrophenol and Fe3+ ion.
The chemistry and biology of guanidine natural products
Authors: Berlinck Roberto G. S. , Bertonha Ariane F. , Takaki Mirelle , Rodriguez Julie P. G.
Published: October 2017

The chemistry and biology of natural guanidines isolated from microbial culture media, from marine invertebrates, as well as from terrestrial plants and animals, are reviewed.
A simple neridronate-based surface coating strategy for upconversion nanoparticles: highly colloidally stable125I-radiolabeled NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@PEG nanoparticles for multimodalin vivotissue imaging
Authors: Kostiv Uliana , Lobaz Volodymyr , Kučka Jan , Švec Pavel , Sedláček Ondřej , Hrubý Martin , Janoušková Olga , Francová Pavla , Kolářová Věra , Šefc Luděk , Horák Daniel
Published: October 2017

Synthesis of highly colloidally stable upconversion nanoparticles for multimodalin vivotissue imaging.
Theory of the thermodynamic influence of solution-phase additives in shape-controlled nanocrystal synthesis
Authors: Qi Xin , Fichthorn Kristen A.
Published: October 2017

Though many experimental studies have documented that certain solution-phase additives can play a key role in the shape-selective synthesis of metal nanocrystals, the origins and mechanisms of this shape selectivity are still unclear.
Visible-light induced di- and trifluoromethylation of N-benzamides with fluorinated sulfones for the synthesis of CF2H/CF3-containing isoquinolinediones
Authors: Zou Guanglong , Wang Xuelin
Published: October 2017

A photocatalytic radical di- or trifluoromethylation/cyclization of methacryloyl benzamides with fluorinated sulfones provided an efficient route to CF2H/CF3-containing isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones.
Synthesis of diblock copolymer nano-assemblies by PISA under dispersion polymerization: comparison between ATRP and RAFT
Authors: Wang Ke , Wang Yixin , Zhang Wangqing
Published: October 2017

PHPMA-b-PBzMA diblock copolymer nano-assemblies were synthesized by ATRP dispersion polymerization and were compared with those obtained by RAFT dispersion polymerization.
Synergistic charring effect of triazinetrione-alkyl-phosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives in epoxy thermosets
Authors: Fang Youyou , Qian Lijun , Huang Zhigang , Tang Shuo , Qiu Yong
Published: October 2017

The component synergistic charring effect of a TAHP/TAD system caused more balanced flame-retardant actions in the gaseous phase and condensed phase.
Efficient cross-effect dynamic nuclear polarization without depolarization in high-resolution MAS NMR
Authors: Mentink-Vigier Frédéric , Mathies Guinevere , Liu Yangping , Barra Anne-Laure , Caporini Marc A. , Lee Daniel , Hediger Sabine , G. Griffin Robert , De Paëpe Gaël
Published: October 2017

The mixed trityl-TEMPO biradical TEMTriPol-1 provides excellent MAS NMR sensitivity with DNP while avoiding nuclear depolarization.
A practical and scalable system for heteroaryl amino acid synthesis
Authors: Aycock R. A. , Vogt D. B. , Jui N. T.
Published: October 2017

Here, we describe a highly-effective catalytic method for the synthesis of heteroarene-containing unnatural amino acids.
Collective sedimentation of squirmers under gravity
Authors: Kuhr Jan-Timm , Blaschke Johannes , Rühle Felix , Stark Holger
Published: October 2017

Microswimmers collectively sediment under gravity. They form densely packed layers followed by an exponential density profile and exhibit large-scale convection flow.
Effects of structural imperfection on the electronic properties of graphene/WSe2 heterostructures
Authors: Sun Minglei , Chou Jyh-Pin , Yu Jin , Tang Wencheng
Published: October 2017

Our investigations revealed that the structural imperfection greatly influences the electronic properties of G/WSe2 vdW heterostructures.
Selective photonic sintering of Ag flakes embedded in silicone elastomers to fabricate stretchable conductors
Authors: Oh Youngsu , Yoon In Seon , Lee Chihak , Kim Sun Hong , Ju Byeong-Kwon , Hong Jae-Min
Published: October 2017

Stretchable conductors have recently attracted much attention because of rapid developments in wearable and deformable electronics.
Current Concept in Adult Peripheral Nerve and Brachial Plexus Surgery
Authors: Rasulic Lukas
Published: October 2017

Peripheral nerve injuries and brachial plexus injuries are relatively frequent. Significance of these injuries lies in the fact that the majority of patients with these types of injuries constitute working population. Since these injuries may create disability, they present substantial socioeconomic problem nowadays. This article will present current state-of-the-art achievements of minimal invasive brachial plexus and peripheral nerve surgery. It is considered that the age of the patient, the mechanism of the injury, and the associated vascular and soft-tissue injuries are factors that primarily influence the extent of recovery of the injured nerve. The majority of patients are treated using classical open surgical approach. However, new minimally invasive open and endoscopic approaches are being developed in recent years—endoscopic carpal and cubital tunnel release, targeted minimally invasive approaches in brachial plexus surgery, endoscopic single-incision sural nerve harvesting, and there were even attempts to perform endoscopic brachial plexus surgery. The use of the commercially available nerve conduits for bridging short nerve gap has shown promising results. Multidisciplinary approach individually designed for every patient is of the utmost importance for the successful treatment of these injuries. In the future, integration of biology and nanotechnology may fabricate a new generation of nerve conduits that will allow nerve regeneration over longer nerve gaps and start new chapter in peripheral nerve surgery.
Optical imaging of nanosized structures by using plasmonically excited cascade near-field coupling with a carbon nanotube probe
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Tachizaki Takehiro , Nakata Toshihiko
Published: October 2017

Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) overcomes the diffraction limit, thereby realizing a spatial resolution far beyond the wavelength of light used. However, NSOM still has a problem in repeatable imaging at the high spatial resolution and high contrast with conventional aperture or apertureless probes that are needed for practical applications. Here, we describe an optical imaging technique based on plasmonically excited cascade near-field coupling that has the potential to achieve single-nanometer spatial resolution with high imaging repeatability. This technique makes use of a plasmon waveguide coupled with a high-stiffness carbon nanotube optical probe. Through the action of surface plasmon polaritons, the input far-field light is converted into an optical near field that is used as an excitation source. This excitation near field is strongly enhanced and concentrated on the probe tip such that it generates a second near field as a nanosized probe spot on the apex of the tip. Extremely high-resolution optical imaging is accomplished by scanning the sample surface with the probe spot. At a wavelength of 850 nm, a 5-nm-wide metallic striped pattern on a cross-sectional superlattice sample was clearly resolved as a permittivity distribution.
On the use of nonrigid-molecular symmetry in nuclear motion computations employing a discrete variable representation: A case study of the bending energy levels of CH5+
Authors: Fábri Csaba , Quack Martin , Császár Attila G.
Published: October 2017

A discrete-variable-representation-based symmetry adaptation algorithm is presented and implemented in the fourth-age quantum-chemical rotational-vibrational code GENIUSH. The utility of the symmetry-adapted version of GENIUSH is demonstrated by the computation of seven-dimensional bend-only vibrational and rovibrational eigenstates of the highly fluxionally symmetric CH5+ molecular ion, a prototypical astructural system. While the numerical results obtained and the symmetry labels of the computed rovibrational states of CH5+ are of considerable utility by themselves, it must also be noted that the present study confirms that the nearly unconstrained motion of the five hydrogen atoms orbiting around the central carbon atom results in highly complex rotational-vibrational quantum dynamics and renders the understanding of the high-resolution spectra of CH5+ extremely challenging.
Restricted lithium ion dynamics in PEO-based block copolymer electrolytes measured by high-field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation
Authors: Huynh Tan Vu , Messinger Robert J. , Sarou-Kanian Vincent , Fayon Franck , Bouchet Renaud , Deschamps Michaël
Published: October 2017

The intrinsic ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based block copolymer electrolytes is often assumed to be identical to the conductivity of the PEO homopolymer. Here, we use high-field 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation and pulsed-field-gradient (PFG) NMR diffusion measurements to probe lithium ion dynamics over nanosecond and millisecond time scales in PEO and polystyrene (PS)-b-PEO-b-PS electrolytes containing the lithium salt LiTFSI. Variable-temperature longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) 7Li NMR relaxation rates were acquired at three magnetic field strengths and quantitatively analyzed for the first time at such fields, enabling us to distinguish two characteristic time scales that describe fluctuations of the 7Li nuclear electric quadrupolar interaction. Fast lithium motions [up to O(ns)] are essentially identical between the two polymer electrolytes, including sub-nanosecond vibrations and local fluctuations of the coordination polyhedra between lithium and nearby oxygen atoms. However, lithium dynamics over longer time scales [O(10 ns) and greater] are slower in the block copolymer compared to the homopolymer, as manifested experimentally by their different transverse 7Li NMR relaxation rates. Restricted dynamics and altered thermodynamic behavior of PEO chains anchored near PS domains likely explain these results.
Stability of the tungsten diselenide and silicon carbide heterostructure against high energy proton exposure
Authors: Walker Roger C. , Shi Tan , Jariwala Bhakti , Jovanovic Igor , Robinson Joshua A.
Published: October 2017

Single layers of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) can be used to construct ultra-thin, high-performance electronics. Additionally, there has been considerable progress in controlled and direct growth of single layers on various substrates. Based on these results, high-quality WSe2-based devices that approach the limit of physical thickness are now possible. Such devices could be useful for space applications, but understanding how high-energy radiation impacts the properties of WSe2 and the WSe2/substrate interface has been lacking. In this work, we compare the stability against high energy proton radiation of WSe2 and silicon carbide (SiC) heterostructures generated by mechanical exfoliation of WSe2 flakes and by direct growth of WSe2 via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). These two techniques produce WSe2/SiC heterostructures with distinct differences due to interface states generated during the MOCVD growth process. This difference carries over to differences in band alignment from interface states and the ultra-thin nature of the MOCVD-grown material. Both heterostructures are not susceptible to proton-induced charging up to a dose of 1016 protons/cm2, as measured via shifts in the binding energy of core shell electrons and a decrease in the valence band offset. Furthermore, the MOCVD-grown material is less affected by the proton exposure due to its ultra-thin nature and a greater interaction with the substrate. These combined effects show that the directly grown material is suitable for multi-year use in space, provided that high quality devices can be fabricated from it.
Numerical modeling of repetitive nanosecond discharge in air
Authors: Rassou S. , Packan D. , Labaune J.
Published: October 2017

A repetitively pulsed nanosecond glow discharge in a flow of atmospheric pressure air at 2000 K is numerically modelled in the framework of plasma assisted combustion. The plasma is modelled in quasi-neutral approximation with fluid transport and diffusion. In our simulations, 16 species and 115 reactions are considered to model the discharge and the post discharge in air flow, and each phase operates at different time scales. The steady-state regime is reached over 200 cycles from the initial composition at thermodynamic equilibrium. The shape and the electron density of the simulated discharge compare well with experimental measurements.
Analytical model for the extent of the heat-affected zone occurring during overlap laser welding of dissimilar materials
Authors: Jarwitz M. , Weber R. , Graf T.
Published: October 2017

An analytical model to predict the extent of the heat-affected zone in laser-welded dissimilar materials with strongly differing thermal properties is presented. The model applies to the joining of two materials, where the heat-affected zone occurs in the joining partner with low thermal responsivity. Heat is supplied to the joining partner with high thermal responsivity and heat conduction is the only mechanism of heat transfer. The model is applied to the laser welding of solid nickel sheets to sheets of nickel foam. With a deviation of less than 1.5%, the extent of the heat-affected zone predicted by the model is in excellent agreement with the ones determined experimentally.
Photovoltage responses of graphene-Au heterojunctions
Authors: Li Kai , Ying Xiangxiao , Wang Juan , Wang Jun , Jiang Yadong , Liu Zhijun
Published: October 2017

As an emerging 2D material, graphene’s several unique properties, such as high electron mobility, zero-bandgap and low density of states, present new opportunities for light detections. Here, we report on photovoltage responses of graphene-Au heterojunctions, which are made of monolayer graphene sheets atop Au electrodes designed as finger-shape and rectangle-shape, respectively. Besides confirming the critical role of space charge regions located at the graphene-Au boundary, photovoltage responses are measured in the visible to infrared spectral region with a cut-off wavelength at about 980 nm, which is likely imposed by the Pauli blocking of interband transition in the contact-doped graphene. The photoresponsivity is shown to decrease with increasing wavelength. A band diagram of the graphene-Au heterojunction is proposed to understand the photoresponse mechanism.
Vacuum isolating, blow up threshold, and asymptotic behavior of solutions for a nonlocal parabolic equation
Authors: Li Xiaoliang , Liu Baiyu
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we consider a nonlocal parabolic equation associated with initial and Dirichlet boundary conditions. First, we discuss the vacuum isolating behavior of solutions with the help of a family of potential wells. Then we obtain a threshold of global existence and blow up for solutions with critical initial energy. Furthermore, for those solutions that satisfy J(u0)≤d and I(u0)≠0, we show that global solutions decay to zero exponentially as time tends to infinity and the norm of blow-up solutions increases exponentially.
Observation of reflected electrons driven quasi- longitudinal (QL) whistlers in large laboratory plasma
Authors: Sanyasi A. K. , Awasthi L. M. , Srivastava P. K. , Mattoo S. K. , Sharma D. , Singh R. , Paikaray R. , Kaw P. K.
Published: October 2017

This paper reports experimental and theoretical investigations on plasma turbulence in the source plasma of a Large Volume Plasma Device. It is shown that a highly asymmetrical localized thin rectangular slab of strong plasma turbulence is excited by loss cone instability. The position of the slab coincides with the injection line of the primary ionizing energetic electrons. Outside the slab, in the core, the turbulence is weaker by a factor of 30. The plasma turbulence consists of oblique [θ=tan−1(k⊥/k||)≈87°] Quasi-Longitudinal (QL) electromagnetic whistlers in a broad band of 40kHz<f≤80 kHz with k⊥∼1.2 cm−1 and k||∼0.06cm−1. Experimental observations suggest that the primary agent for the turbulence is not driven by primary ionizing energetic electrons but by the loss cone feature in the velocity distribution of reflected energetic electrons. A magnetic mirror is formed in the Electron Energy Filter when it is energized. It is shown that it is this mirror which is responsible for both reflection of the energetic electrons and imposing loss cone feature on it. Theoretical framework is based upon Oblique whistler approximation by Sharma and Vlahos [Astrophys. J. 280, 405 (1984)] and Verkhoglyadova et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 115, A00F19 (2010)] and Quasi Longitudinal (QL) whistlers by Booker and Dyce [Radio Sci. J. Res 69D (1965)] for excitation of the plasma turbulence in the magnetosphere.
Closed pseudo-Riemannian Ricci solitons
Authors: Jamreh Maryam , Nadjafikhah Mehdi
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we consider the Ricci soliton structure on closed and orientable pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. We construct examples of non-trivial, i.e., non-Einstein steady Lorentzian Ricci solitons on indecomposable closed Lorentzian 3–manifolds admitting a parallel light-like vector field with closed orbits. These non-trivial examples that are not gradient show that in the pseudo-Riemannian case unlike the Riemannian, closed Ricci solitons are not necessarily gradient and also they are not necessarily Einstein manifolds in the steady case. However, we give examples of classes of closed and orientable pseudo-Riemannian Ricci solitons that are necessarily trivial. We show that Ricci solitons on indecomposable closed Lorentzian 3–manifolds admitting a parallel light-like vector field with non-closed leaves are Einstein manifolds. Also, Ricci solitons are necessarily trivial when we consider n–dimensional, n≥3, conformally flat pseudo-Riemannian tori which are invariant under the action of an (n − 1)–dimensional translation group. In particular, we prove that two-dimensional Lorentzian Ricci solitons are necessarily flat Lorentzian tori.
Low voltage ride-through capability improvement of photovoltaic systems using a novel hybrid control
Authors: Yang Wei , Deng Changhong , Zheng Feng
Published: October 2017

This paper proposes an advanced hybrid control method to enhance low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of grid connected photovoltaic (PV) power plants. Using the proposed method, when a low voltage fault occurs at the point of common coupling, the grid connected inverter overcurrent and its DC-link overvoltage can be effectively suppressed by tuning the PV array output power and triggering the flux coupling fault current limiters (FCLs). The AC-side voltage sag of the inverter can be significantly mitigated by generating reactive power from the inverter and injecting this into the FCLs. Employing the proposed method can also reduce the regulating quantity of output power from the grid inverter and effectively improve PV system dynamic recovery. DC-link voltage fluctuations can also be significantly smoothed by the application of feed forward compensation and the FCLs. Related theoretical derivation and simulation analysis under various scenarios, including asymmetric faults, confirm that the proposed control method can not only enhance the LVRT capability but also strengthen the transient performance of PV systems.
Absence of coupled thermal interfaces in Al2O3/Ni/Al2O3 sandwich structure
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Park Wonjun , Chen Yong P. , Ruan Xiulin
Published: October 2017

Sandwich structures of aluminum oxide, nickel, and aluminum oxide films are fabricated by atomic layer deposition to study thermal interfacial resistance between a metal and a dielectric material and the interfacial coupling effect across a thin metal layer. Thermal resistance of a thin nickel layer as well as two interfaces is measured using the 3ω method. Experimental results show interfacial resistance between nickel and aluminum oxide to be 6.8×10−3mm2 K/W at 300 K, with a weak dependence on the metal thickness and temperature. A two-temperature model and a detailed diffuse mismatch model have been used to estimate interfacial resistance theoretically, and the results agree reasonably well with experiments. Estimations from the two temperature model indicate that in the overall thermal interfacial resistance, the phonon-phonon interfacial resistance dominates over the resistance due to the electron-phonon coupling effect and inside the metal layer. Also, the phonon-phonon interfacial resistance does not vary as the metal layer thickness decreases below the electron-phonon cooling length, indicating that the two adjacent interfaces are not thermally coupled.
Possible involvement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NAD-malic enzyme in response to drought stress. A case study: a succulent nature of the C4-NAD-ME type desert plant, Salsola lanata (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: Wen Zhibin , Zhang Mingli
Published: October 2017

The co-ordination between the primary carboxylating enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and the further decarboxylating enzymes is crucial to the efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in C4 plants, and investigations on more types of C4 plants are needed to fully understand their adaptation mechanisms. In this study we investigated the effect of drought on carboxylating enzyme PEPC, and the further decarboxylating NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) of Salsola lanata Pall. (Chenopodiaceae) – an annual succulent C4-NAD-ME subtype desert plant. We investigated enzyme activity at the transcriptional level with real-time quantitative PCR and at the translational level by immunochemical methods, and compared S. lanata with other forms of studied C4 plants under drought stress. Results showed that only severe stress limited PEPC enzyme activity (at pH 8.0) of S. lanata significantly. Considering that PEPC enzyme activity (at pH 8.0) was not significantly affected by phosphorylation, the decrease of PEPC enzyme activity (at pH 8.0) of S. lanata under severe stress may be related with decreased PEPC mRNA. The suggestion of increased phosphorylation of the PEPC enzyme in plants under moderate stress was supported by the ratio of PEPC enzyme activity at pH 7.3/8.0, as PEPC enzyme is inhibited by L-malate and the evidence of the 50% inhibiting concentration of L-malate. NAD-ME activity decreased significantly under moderate and severe stress, and coincided with a change of leaf water content rather than the amount of α-NAD-ME mRNA and protein. Leaf dehydration may cause the decrease of NAD-ME activity under water stress. Compared with other C4 plants, the activities of PEPC and NAD-ME of S. lanata under drought stress showed distinct features.
Intensification and focusing
Authors: Ghesquière Lobke
Published: October 2017

Intensification or degree modification by means of adverbs and adjectives has been the object of linguistic study for many years, yet there is still a need for clear delineation of this functional category. This study focuses on the differences and similarities between the functional domains of intensification and focusing. The latter function has mainly been described for adverbs, with little attention to its adjectival realizations and to its relation to intensification. By means of corpus studies of pure, purely, mere and merely, it is shown that intensification and focusing are similar to some extent, both engaging in interpersonal modification (McGregor 1997), yet also distinct with intensification being semantically scalar, attitudinal and inherently subjective and focusing being only potentially pragmatically scalar, rhetorical and textually intersubjective.
Noun classification in Kiswahili
Authors: Castagneto Marina
Published: October 2017

The evaluation strategies in Kiswahili display an ambiguous status between inflection (as it was in Proto-Bantu, where classes 12–13, 19 expressed diminution, and classes 20–23 intensification) and derivation. In Modern Kiswahili these classes are lost, and the evaluative category arises by means of a highly productive derivational rule shifting a noun stem to another class: to class 5 for augmentatives, to class 7 for diminutives, because of the semantics of these classes.

The morpheme (−)ji-, originally the prefix marker of class 5, is actually admitted also within a word after another class prefix, sanctioning the birth of noun derivational morphology in Kiswahili: in most cases it has become a morpheme of intensification, but sometimes it can mark a change in size, either augmentative or diminutive.
Intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite
Authors: Dardano Paola
Published: October 2017

The present paper aims to describe intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite, a member of the Anatolian sub-branch of the extensive Indo-European family. Particular attention will be devoted to the following two questions: (i) Which are the most widespread means of intensification in Hittite? and (ii) Which linguistic levels are involved in the expression of intensification (phonological, grammatical, lexical, pragmatic or textual)? Using a corpus-based approach, the study integrates both quantitative and qualitative observations from a theoretical perspective that provides a semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic account of the intensification markers in different documented texts and genres in Hittite.
Intensifiers between grammar and pragmatics
Authors: Fiorentini Ilaria , Sansò Andrea
Published: October 2017

Intensification is a more pervasive phenomenon than usually thought, involving modification and scaling at different levels. Besides adjectives and adverbs, also the epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of speech acts can be modulated (Bazzanella et al. 1991; Ghezzi 2013). The strategies speakers use to weaken or intensify the speaker’s epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of the utterance include the class of so-called discourse markers (Bazzanella 1995, 2006), such as, for instance, hedges and boosters, which are hearer-oriented and “work as social and politeness markers” (Bazzanella 2006: 463), and modalizers, which modify the speaker’s commitment towards the propositional content. This article aims to investigate these strategies in a specific language contact situation, which turns out to be a privileged vantage point to tease out the manifestations of intensification in everyday language use. We will focus on the Ladin-Italian (and German) contact area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Northern Italy), with a view to identifying the strategies that bilingual speakers adopt to express intensification in their speech. The results of the investigation show that there are different borrowability rates in the adoption of intensifiers from the pragmatically dominant languages (Italian and German), whereby intensifiers with a strong intersubjective function such as those modifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are borrowed more easily than intensifiers operating at lower (i.e. propositional or subjective) levels.
Stress and tones as intensifying operators in German
Authors: Cosentino Gianluca
Published: October 2017

Unlike the classic, most widely studied phenomena, prosody has been insufficiently investigated as form of linguistic intensification. This paper attempts to look upon some prosodic features as independent means of intensification in German. Accents, tones and contour choice may open up the possibility of distinguishing between intensified and unintensified predicates, however this differentiation cannot be described within a gradually increasing system, but it is only measurable within a bipolar, two-dimensional scale.
English exclamative clauses and interrogative degree modification
Authors: Siemund Peter
Published: October 2017

I here explore the relationship between interrogative degree modification (What a mess!; How awful!) and exclamative clauses like What a wonderful conference we had or How wonderful this conference was. The former are usually viewed as derived from the latter by means of ellipsis. The ellipsis account is based on the prerogative of clausal over non-clausal structures, a silent assumption behind much of contemporary grammatical reasoning. My study provides quantitative evidence that this reasoning may well have to go into the opposite direction. It is based on the British National Corpus and the International Corpus of English, British Component.
Intensifying structures of adjectives across German and Italian
Authors: Malloggi Patrizio
Published: October 2017

Grading and intensifying are primary cognitive operations that have an important expressive function. This paper analyses examples of composition, prefix‑ and suffix-derivation as adjective formation methods that intensify the meaning of adjectives in the German (e.g. eiskalt, blitzschnell, steinreich, erzfrech, urgesund, superelegant etc.) and Italian (e.g. ricco sfondato, stanco morto; strafelice, straricco etc.) language. Both languages have wide range of possibilities for intensifying the meaning of adjectives: In the German language, research literature (Fleischer & Barz 1995; Eichinger 2000; Kirschbaum 2002) states that composition and prefix-derivation are the most used methods of adjective intensification. Italian, like other Romance languages, intensifies adjectives through the absolute superlative with the Latin-derived suffix ‑issimo or with some intensifying prefixes derived from Greek, Latin or English (iperattivo, ultranazionale, supergentile etc.) (Rainer 1983; Costa 1997; Serianni 2006). This paper focuses on the argument that even if German and Italian are two languages belonging to a different language family, they share some means to express intensity in adjectives. The data used for this analysis will be mainly extracted from the most relevant monolingual encyclopaedic dictionaries as comparative databases.
Ways to intensify
Authors: Napoli Maria , Ravetto Miriam
Published: October 2017

Intensification has traditionally been regarded as a category that is closely related to the concept of degree, i.e., to gradability (since Bolinger 1972). However, as has been shown by, among others, Paradis (2001, 2008), intensifiers are used not only with gradable bases (as adjectives typically are), but also with non-gradable bases, including nouns and verbs. The nature of the modified base – gradable vs. non-gradable, but also bounded vs. unbounded – may influence the value of the intensifiers, which as a result do not represent a homogenous category. Italian and German confirm this state of affairs in their use of some evaluative prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, with different kinds of base and different semantic and pragmatic functions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the most representative of these prefixes using a corpus-based approach. We will try to illustrate how the values assumed by Italian and German prefixes cannot be accounted for only in terms of degree modification, as related to the quantity and/or quality dimensions of intensification, since these forms show an increase in their subjectivity and expressive strength, which leads them to lose their semantic specificity and to assume a more general intensifying (and emphasizing) function.
Augmentatives in Italian and German
Authors: Costa Marcella
Published: October 2017

The present paper deals with Italian and German augmentation, analyzed both from a contrastive linguistic and translational perspective. It explores the Italian suffixes ‑one and ‑accio as well as German formatives conveying similar meaning (AUG and PEJ) paralleling the presentation of the Italian augmentation features in their formal, semantic features and pragmatic-interactive dimensions with the equivalent features in German in order to work out similarities and differences between the two languages. In a second step the analysis focuses the parole-level and investigates the bidirectional translation strategies of augmentatives (Italian-German; German-Italian) in bilingual lexicography and in an Italian-German translation corpus. The goal is to verify what happens on the parole-level, checking different possible solutions to translate and express augmentatives in context and contrasting them with the findings of the contrastive analysis on the langue-level.
Transitivity and valency-changing operations in Huasteca Nahuatl
Authors: Peregrina Llanes Manuel , Álvarez González Albert , Estrada-Fernández Zarina
Published: October 2017

This paper focuses on valency-changing operations in Huasteca Nahuatl. Regarding valency-increasing operations, it is shown that the suffix -lti/-ti/-tia is used for causativization of intransitive verbs, and that applicativization is marked by the suffix -lia/-li/-l. Regarding valency-decreasing operations, the prefix mo- shows a wide range of functions, covering reflexive, reciprocal, middle, impersonal and passive meanings. This paper also demonstrates that valency-changing operators in Huasteca Nahuatl can be used without changing the valency of the base verb, thus indicating that these markers are in fact transitivity-changing operators, not always valency-changing operators. The processes of autocausativization, antipassivization and noun incorporation in Huasteca Nahuatl are also addressed, particularly their effects on transitivity and valency.
The antipassive marking in Mocoví
Authors: Juárez Cristian , Álvarez González Albert
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the two different antipassive markers (suffixes -(a)ɢan and -(a)taɢan) that can be observed in Mocoví, addressing both their forms and functions. Besides the morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic features that are synchronically involved in Mocoví antipassive constructions, the study considers the functional overlaps between these two antipassive markings and causative, aspectual and agentive nominal meanings. Based on these characteristics, it will be proposed that the primary functions of both suffixes are to highlight the predicate activity and to downgrade the object/patient participant and thereby, as a consequence, to focus on the participant that carries out this activity, that is, the subject/agent. As Mocoví is a non-ergative language, this paper also contributes to the typological discussion about the relation between antipassives and ergativity, confirming that the marked antipassive construction is not exclusive of ergative languages.
Avison and his Subscribers: Musical Networking in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Fleming Simon D.I.
Published: October 2017

One of the most important and valuable resources available to researchers of eighteenth-century social history are the lists of subscribers that were attached to a wide variety of publications. Yet, the study of this type of source material remains one of the areas most neglected by academics. These lists shed considerable light on the connections that an author or composer had with other like-minded individuals and the support that they received from members of the middle and upper classes. In cases where a single composer published a series of works by subscription, there is an opportunity to gain an insight into the growth of the public's appreciation of the composer and the contacts he or she forged over the course of a lifetime. Charles Avison is one of the best known British composers from the eighteenth century. He issued six works by subscription between 1740 and 1767 and they together provide a unique insight into his growth into one of this country's leading native musicians. Although a respectable number of the associations discussed are already known through other sources, this study not only reinforces the importance of these associations, but additionally gives an insight into those links for which there is no other known evidence. This research ultimately reveals that Avison's location in the North-East of England did not significantly impact on his ability to forge connections across Britain and beyond.
FiloQuant reveals increased filopodia density during breast cancer progression
Authors: Jacquemet Guillaume , Paatero Ilkka , Carisey Alexandre F. , Padzik Artur , Orange Jordan S. , Hamidi Hellyeh , Ivaska Johanna
Published: October 2017

Defective filopodia formation is linked to pathologies such as cancer, wherein actively protruding filopodia, at the invasive front, accompany cancer cell dissemination. Despite wide biological significance, delineating filopodia function in complex systems remains challenging and is particularly hindered by lack of compatible methods to quantify filopodia properties. Here, we present FiloQuant, a freely available ImageJ plugin, to detect filopodia-like protrusions in both fixed- and live-cell microscopy data. We demonstrate that FiloQuant can extract quantifiable information, including protrusion dynamics, density, and length, from multiple cell types and in a range of microenvironments. In cellular models of breast ductal carcinoma in situ, we reveal a link between filopodia formation at the cell–matrix interface, in collectively invading cells and 3D tumor spheroids, and the in vitro invasive capacity of the carcinoma. Finally, using intravital microscopy, we observe that tumor spheroids display filopodia in vivo, supporting a potential role for these protrusions during tumorigenesis.
HCFC2 is needed for IRF1- and IRF2-dependent Tlr3 transcription and for survival during viral infections
Authors: Sun Lei , Jiang Zhengfan , Acosta-Rodriguez Victoria A. , Berger Michael , Du Xin , Choi Jin Huk , Wang Jianhui , Wang Kuan-wen , Kilaru Gokhul K. , Mohawk Jennifer A. , Quan Jiexia , Scott Lindsay , Hildebrand Sara , Li Xiaohong , Tang Miao , Zhan Xiaoming , Murray Anne R. , La Vine Diantha , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Takahashi Joseph S. , Beutler Bruce
Published: October 2017

Transcriptional regulation of numerous interferon-regulated genes, including Toll-like receptor 3 (Tlr3), which encodes an innate immune sensor of viral double-stranded RNA, depends on the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF2 transcription factors. We detected specific abrogation of macrophage responses to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) resulting from three independent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mutations in host cell factor C2 (Hcfc2). Hcfc2 mutations compromised survival during influenza virus and herpes simplex virus 1 infections. HCFC2 promoted the binding of IRF1 and IRF2 to the Tlr3 promoter, without which inflammatory cytokine and type I IFN responses to the double-stranded RNA analogue poly(I:C) are reduced in mouse macrophages. HCFC2 was also necessary for the transcription of a large subset of other IRF2-dependent interferon-regulated genes. Deleterious mutations of Hcfc2 may therefore increase susceptibility to diverse infectious diseases.
Phylogeny, Plant Species, and Plant Diversity Influence Carbon Use Phenotypes AmongFusariumPopulations in the Rhizosphere Microbiome
Authors: LeBlanc Nicholas , Essarioui Adil , Kinkel Linda , Kistler H. Corby
Published: October 2017

Carbon use by microorganisms in the rhizosphere microbiome has been linked to plant pathogen suppression and increased mineralization of soil nutrients for plant uptake; however, factors that influence carbon use traits are poorly understood for most microbial groups. This work characterized the relationships of phylogeny, plant species, and plant diversity with carbon use among fungi in the genus Fusarium from rhizosphere soil. Eighty-four randomly collected Fusarium isolates were cultured from the rhizosphere of the perennial plants Lespedeza capitata and Andropogon gerardii, maintained as long-term monocultures or growing in 16-plant species polycultures. For each isolate, a portion of the RPB2 locus was sequenced for phylogenetic analyses and growth on 95 carbon substrates was measured using Biolog SF-P2 plates. Similarity in carbon use among isolates decreased with increasing genetic distance and there were differences in niche width (i.e., number of carbon substrates used) and growth on preferred substrates (i.e., mean growth on the five carbon substrates supporting the greatest growth) among isolates within two predominant phylogenetic clades. Carbon use also varied with plant species and the diversity of the surrounding plant community. Within each of the two predominant clades, niche width was greater among Fusarium isolates from the rhizosphere of L. capitata than A. gerardii. The correspondence of phylogeny with carbon use suggests changes in Fusarium community composition may lead to the differential use of carbon substrates in the rhizosphere, while the effects of plant species and diversity suggest variation in plants communities may also correspond to variation in carbon use by these fungi. In addition, the consistent effect of plant species on niche width within different clades provides evidence that the rhizosphere environment of the two plants selects for particular traits, rather than promoting the presence of clades with those traits. Overall, this research shows the dynamics of plant and fungal communities are likely to influence carbon use in the rhizosphere and consequently processes related to this phenotype, such as soil nutrient cycling and competition for carbon among soil microbes.
Evaluating Headline Fungicide on Alfalfa Production and Sensitivity of Pathogens to Pyraclostrobin
Authors: Samac Deborah A. , Halfman Bill , Jensen Bryan , Brietenbach Fritz , Behnken Lisa , Willbur Jaime , Undersander Daniel , Blonde Greg , Lamb JoAnn F. S.
Published: October 2017

Headline fungicide was recently registered for management of foliar diseases on alfalfa. The effect of disease control on yield, forage quality, and potential return on investment for fungicide application was determined for field experiments conducted at five locations in 2012, three in Wisconsin and two in Minnesota. Headline reduced defoliation in 12 out of 14 harvests and increased forage yield and return on investment in 5 out 12 harvests compared to the untreated control. Headline plus the insecticide Warrior II reduced defoliation in 10 out of 14 harvests and increased yield and return on investment in four harvests compared to Warrior II alone. Two common foliar pathogens were highly sensitive to pyraclostrobin, the active ingredient in Headline. For Phoma medicaginis, the in vitro EC50 was 2.3 ng pyraclostrobin/ml and for Stemphylium globuliferum the EC50 was 52 ng pyraclostrobin/ml. The results indicate that fungicide application can increase yields under higher disease pressure and increase crude protein when the crop is harvested at later developmental stages.

Accepted for publication 25 June 2013. Published 17 September 2013.
Weed Species Not Impaired by Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita Relationships that Damage Chile Pepper
Authors: Sanogo S. , Schroeder J. , Thomas S. , Murray L. , Schmidt N. , Beacham J. , Fiore C. , Liess L.
Published: October 2017

The chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) crop is affected by several pests, pathogens, and weeds including Verticillium dahliae, Meloidogyne incognita, spurred anoda (Anoda cristata), Wright groundcherry (Physalis acutifolia), and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea). These weed species are unimpaired hosts to V. dahliae and M. incognita. Chile plants have been found co-infected with V. dahliae and M. incognita in commercial fields. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the relationships among V. dahliae, M. incognita, and each of the four aforementioned plant species. Plants were either non-inoculated or inoculated with V. dahliae, M. incognita, or V. dahliae plus M. incognita. Six weeks after inoculation, plant infection by V. dahliae, M. incognita reproduction, plant height and biomass were measured. Three relationships were identified: V. dahliae was recovered from 100% of all four inoculated plant species, irrespective of M. incognita treatment; V. dahliae and M. incognita enhanced or had no effect on weed biomass but were pathogenic to chile; and co-infection by V. dahliae had no effect on nematode reproduction in the first M. incognita generation on the crop or weeds. These biological relationships suggest that the competitive impact of the weeds may increase and pathogen diversity may be affected in infested fields, ultimately impacting the efficacy of our common IPM tools.

Accepted for publication 17 July 2013. Published 20 September 2013.
Ceratobasidium Root Rot: A New Disease of Watermelon in Arizona
Authors: Nischwitz Claudia , Chitrampalam Periasamy , Olsen Mary
Published: October 2017

To our knowledge, Ceratobasidium species have never been previously reported as a pathogen of watermelon anywhere in the United States. Because of the recent reports in Italy and confirmed incidences in major watermelon production areas in Arizona, this disease should be recognized as a potential problem in watermelon.

Accepted for publication 13 November 2013. Published 25 November 2013.
Differential effect of motor cortex stimulation on unit activities in the ventral posterior lateral thalamus in cats
Authors: Kobaïter-Maarrawi Sandra , Maarrawi Joseph , Saadé Nayef , Garcia-Larrea Luis , Magnin Michel
Published: October 2017

Although motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is being increasingly used to treat chronic refractory neuropathic pain in humans, its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Studies in animals have suggested the involvement of subcortical structures, in particular, the thalamus. Most of these studies have been performed in rats, a species presenting significant differences in thalamic anatomy and function relative to primates, in particular, a very limited number of thalamic GABA interneurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MCS on single-unit activities of the thalamic ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus in cats, which contains substantial numbers of GABA interneurons. Spontaneous and evoked activities of VPL units were studied before and after MCS. Motor cortex stimulation induced significant depression of the wide-dynamic-range (WDR) cells' firing rate, concomitant with activity enhancement of nonnociceptive (NN) units. More than half of WDR cells showed a significant decrease in the firing rate, while a similar proportion of NN units exhibited the opposite after-effect. Maximal firing attenuation of WDR cells occurred when the MCS location matched somatotopically their receptive field. Repetition of MCS runs led to an accentuation of WDR depression. After peripheral stimulation, evoked activity in each cell showed MCS effects similar to those observed in spontaneous activity. These data demonstrate a selective top–down inhibition by MCS of nonspecific nociceptive (WDR) cells, enhanced by somatotopic concordance and stimulation repetition, in parallel to facilitation of NN cells. These 2 outcomes may play a role in the complex analgesic effect of MCS observed in neuropathic pain conditions.