bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cinefluoroscopic study of long‐term changes of bolus position and chewing cycle duration after fixed prosthetic treatment
Authors: KARLSSON STIG , CARLSON BILL R. , CARLSSON GUNNAR E. , YONTCHEV EVTIM
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Some chewing parameters were studied in 12 patients with a complete maxillary denture and a 12‐unit fixed mandibular denture anchored to the two canines. Registration by means of fluoroscopy were made before, 1 month after, and in four patients 13 yr after treatment. The mean velocity of the mandible during chewing increased after the prosthetic treatment and remained stable for meat during the observation period. At the first registration, before treatment, the bolus was most frequently located in the anterior region. After completion of the prosthetic rehabilitation, the bolus was mainly located to the lateral segments during chewing of the test foods, namely meat and bread. The recordings were almost identical 13 yr later. Despite a very reduced periodontal support, posterior cantilevered segments were satisfactorily used in comminution and the patients seemed to be unaware of the forces exerted on the remaining teeth.
Systematic analysis of gingival s‐tate and salivary variables as predictors of caries from 5 to 7 years of age
Authors: SULLIVAN ASA , SCHRÖDER ULLA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The aim was to assess the caries predictive ability of gingival state, salivary counts of lactobacilli and S. mutans, salivary secretion rate and buffer capacity of the saliva from the ages of 5 to 7 yr. The material comprised 105 children who were examined once a year. All available screening levels were systematically tested for the single variables as well as for combinations of two or three variables. The screening levels were set where the highest possible sensitivity and specificity were reached simultaneously. The predictive values for positive and negative tests were then calculated. The S. mutans count turned out to have the best combination of sensitivity (0.41) and specificity (0.83). The single variables gingival state and S. mutans had constant screening levels, while the values for lactobacilli and buffer capacity varied. The saliva secretion rate could not be measured at 5 yr of age. Systematic analyses of predictive ability of combinations of two or three variables were then performed and did not result in any clinically significant improvements of the predictive ability. The observed low predictive ability might be explained by the fact that 1) many children changed their habits during the period of investigation and 2) they were examined and treated once a year according to their individual needs, which meant variations in conservative as well as in preventive treatment.
Clinical precision of paralleling instruments
Authors: MÖLLERSTEN LENNART
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A method for measuring pin‐ or pinhole‐deviation was developed and tested on nine consecutive bridge cases with parallel pin retention, in order to assess paralleling precision of guiding instruments used clinically. Measurements were performed on rubber base impressions including pinholes, involving the use of a stereomicroscope. The maximum pinhole error angle for the bridges investigated ranged between 5.9 and 16.1 degrees. The corresponding interval for abutments was 1.3–10.8 degrees. The experimental observations concerning the rather large values for the greatest pinhole deviation of fitting bridges could be satisfactorily explained theoretically. The results indicated that the magnitude of the largest permissible angular deviation for a restoration with parallel pin retention was significantly larger than that previously presented in the literature. Compared with results from a previously performed model study carried out during ideal preparatory conditions, the current investigation sugn ted that the paralleling precision of guiding instruments used clinically in fact decreases considerably, remaining, however, at an acceptable level.
Hypersensitivity reactions to dental materials in a referred group of patients
Authors: STENMAN EVERT , BERGMAN MAUD
Published: October 2007

Abstract – 151 patients referred to the Department of Oral Diagnosis, University of Umeå, for investigation regarding potential side‐effects of dental materials were subjected to epicutaneous testing at a dermatology clinic. Twelve persons in this group had oral mucosal changes. Among the 151 patients 39 women and 7 men had positive skin reactions to one or more of the test substances used. The majority of the positive reactions were related to metals, particularly nickel, but a number of positive reactions to organic test substances were also noted. In many cases the substance which caused the positive skin reaction was also a known constituent of the restorative or prosthetic materials present in the oral cavity of the patient concerned. The clinical relevance of such findings should, however, be evaluated with great caution and this and connected problems are discussed.
Frequent sugar intake – then and now: interpretation of the main results
Authors: NEWBRUN ERNEST
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The Vipeholm Study is a unique diet‐caries interventional study that has earned its place as a citation classic. One of the findings, that quantity of sugar consumed at meals in a non‐sticky form had little influence on caries rate, has often been misinterpreted, as it is based on an institutional population under supervised dietary control. The other main finding, that sugary foods consumed in a sticky form at high frequency between meals are highly cariogenic, is generally accepted. Although the Vipeholm Study has been criticized on ethical grounds, relatively fewer teeth were extracted for caries than are currently extracted in an adult population. The results of two modern studies in Northumberland, UK, and Michigan, USA, on the relationship between dietary habits and caries increments in children have been compared with the Vipeholm findings. Currently the correlations between dietary habits and caries increments are low because of the low caries increments and relatively small differences in dietary patterns in non‐interventional conditions. High frequency of snacking is uncommon and use of topical fluoride agents (dentifrices, rinses) is widespread. However, for the caries‐susceptible person, between‐meal consumption of sugary foods is still a risk factor.
Microbial aspects of frequent intake of products with high sugar concentrations
Authors: CRLSSON JAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The Vipeholm Study showed that a frequent intake of products with high sugar concentrations increases caries activity. This effect of sugar was explained by the acid production of bacteria on the teeth. In the following 40 yr many microbial characteristics have been described, which are important in the pathogenesis of dental caries. This contribution focuses on one characteristic of the cariogenic bacteria; their acidurance. Compared to other oral bacteria the cariogenic lactobacilli and mutans streptococci have enzymes with greater resistance to acid, and greater capacities of the cells to extrude protons from the cytoplasm. The most important enzyme for the extrusion of protons is a membrane‐bound proton‐translocating ATPase. This enzyme is found in higher amounts and is working at lower pH in the cariogenic bacteria. Another important characteristic of the cariogenic bacteria is their production of lactic acid when they are exposed to high concentrations of sugar. Lactic acid has a pK of 3.8, while other carboxylic acids have a pK of 4.8. The bacterial cell membrane is permeable to undissociat‐ed carboxylic acids. These undissociated acids act as carriers to bring protons back into the cytoplasm. Bacteria with lactic acid as fermentation product have therefore the possibility to grow and produce acids at one pH unit lower than bacteria with, for example, acetic, propionic, or butyric acid as fermentation product.
Distribution of mutans streptococci in populations with different levels of sugar consumption
Authors: CARLSSON PETER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The observations in the Vipeholm Study regarding sugar consumption and oral lactobacillus counts were reviewed in relation to recent data on the epidemiology of mutans streptococci. The mutans streptococci were not present in higher counts in a population with high level of sugar consumption compared to two populations with a low level. As expected, differences were found in the caries prevalence between the different populations. An association between bacterial count and dental caries status could be demonstrated at the low level of sugar consumption and caries prevalence. Strains of mutans streptococci isolated in a population with extremely low caries prevalence were shown to be cariogenic in the hamster model. It is apparent that the observations made in the Vipeholm Study and the present findings have similarities, although different bacteria are studied. It was concluded that the difference in diet between the populations or groups were not sufficient to affect the counts of lactobacilli or mutans streptococci, but may have been sufficient to create the differences in caries prevalence.
Sugar substitutes – one consequence of the Vipeholm Study?
Authors: BIRKHED DOWEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – One of the main conclusions from the Vipeholm Study is that consumption of sticky sugar‐containing between meal products can be associated with high caries activity. Another important result from this study is that there is a great variation in the caries development between different individuals, for example among those who consume 24 toffees a day. Thus, the answer to the question that was raised in the title of this, paper: “Sugar substitutes – one consequence of the Vipeholm Study?” is “Yes” for those products that are consumed frequently and “Yes” for those individuals who have a high risk for dental caries, but “No” for those products that are not consumed frequently and “No” for those individuals who do not have a high risk for dental caries. There are many substitutes available on the market today, both non caloric and caloric, which have a low or even no cariogenic potential. Even if some of these products have economic, technologic and toxicologic shortcomings, sugar substitution is an important part of the caries prevention.
Effects of phosphonoformic and phosphonoacetic acids on developing enamel of rat molars
Authors: CARACATSANIS MICHAIL , FOUDA NASSER , HAMMARSTRÖM LARS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effect of a single subcutaneous injection of different dosages of phosphonoformic or phosphonoacetic acid on the developing dental tissues of the rat molar was studied. The substances were injected at different rat ages and effects on the developing teeth were analyzed by means of histochemistry of frozen sections and scanning electron microscopy. Molars of rats injected at the age of 10 or 15 days showed no pathologic changes. Administration of phosphonoacetic acid in a dosage of 10 or 20 mg P/kg b.w. had no demonstrable effect on the dental tissues in any of the animals. Phosphonoformic or phosphonoacetic acid in a dosage of 10 or 30 mg P/kg b.w. respectively induced subameloblastic cysts 24 h after injection to 4–7‐day‐old rats. The cysts were mainly localized on the mesial sides of the cusps under ameloblasts in the late secretory stage. Calcified depositions were seen in the ameloblastic layer lining the cystic cavities. A thin zone, the staining of which indicated a high mineral content, was seen in. the outermost enamel layer under the cysts, A few days later, enamel hypoplasias were seen in areas previously occupied by cysts. A lightly stained line was observed in the enamel matrix demarcating the amount of enamel matrix formed before and after the injection. Hypoplastic lesions were also noted in the enamel surface of newly erupted molars. These findings suggest that the two injected monophosphonates can induce pathologic changes in the developing enamel organ and hypoplasias in the enamel.
Subgingival microflora, dental and periodontal conditions in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance
Authors: SAXÉN LEENA , JOUSIMIES‐SOMER HANNELE , KAISLA AKI , KANERVO ARJA , SUMMANEN PAULA , SIPILÄ ILKKA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare autosomally recessive disease which leads to severe hypoglycemia. The fructose‐free diet of these patients apparently influences dental health. Half of the patients are free of caries, but there are no reports on their periodontal condition nor on the composition of their subgingival microflora. Therefore 18 patients with HFI were examined for the following parameters: radiographic bone loss, caries rate, gingival bleeding, occurrence of calculus, pocket depths, salivary flow rate, buffer capacity and pH from paraffin wax‐stimulated saliva. Salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli were also enumerated. Specific antibody titers from whole saliva and serum to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga ochracea were determined with ELISA. Finally the subgingival plaque was analyzed by culture. Altogether 196 anaerobic or microaerophilic isolates representing 29 different species were obtained from the HFI patients and 164 isolates of 26 species from the controls. The frequency of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, and Wolinella recta in the HFI patients was significantly high. The DMF‐indices were lower in the study group than in the controls and so was the occurrence of S. mutans and lactobacilli in the saliva. Of the periodontal parameters examined, the only difference found was an increased incidence of gingival bleeding and calculus formation in the HFI patients. The results suggest that in the HFI patients the common gingival bleeding is associated with the more frequent occurrence of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Veillonella parvula, and Wolinella recta.
Immunohistochemical distribution of keratin proteins in clinically healthy human gingival epithelia
Authors: JUHL M. , REIBEL J. , STOLTZE K.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – In clinically healthy/subclinically inflamed biopsies of marginal gingiva, the immunohistochemical distribution of keratin proteins was studied in junctional (JE), sulcular (SE), oral gingival (OGE) and in a few samples of alveolar mucosal epithelium (AE) by means of various mouse monoclonal anti‐keratin antibodies in an indirect fluorescence technique. All regions stained in a nearly similar way with AE3 (keratins 1–8, all cells) and BE 14 (keratin 5, basal and supra/parabasal cells). AE8‐staining (keratin 13, supra/parabasal and spinous cells) was primarily confined to the stratified, nonkeratinized epithelia SE and AE, but also a variable part of JE and less frequently OGE were positive. The parakeratinized OGE was distinct in showing a homogeneous staining with AE2 (keratins 1/2, 10) and AE5 (keratin 3) throughout spinous cell layers. These antibodies did not stain JE and AE whereas SE stained in a scattered way with AE5 and sometimes also with AE2. The latter finding might indicate initial keratinization at molecular level. The JE was distinct in retaining basal characteristics throughout the epithelium with PKK2 (keratin 7, 16, 17, 19) and BE14 (keratin 5) although some initial suprabasal maturation, as observed with AE8, cannot be excluded. Differences in keratin staining of gingival epithelia and the AE was found with respect to AE 1 ‐reactivity (keratins 10, 14–16, 19) which was suprabasal in JE, SE and OGE but basal in AE.
Salivary immunoglobulins, lysozyme, pH, and microbial counts in children receiving anti‐neoplastic therapy
Authors: PAJARI ULLA , POIKONEN KARI , LARMAS MARKKU , LANNING MARJATTA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Salivary immunoglobulins, lysozyme, pH, and microbial counts were determined in 55 children with cancer diseases (37 cured subjects and 18 acute ones) and 103 healthy subjects. 5–10 ml unstimulated whole saliva was collected and pH, immunoglobulins and lysozyme were measured. Chairside dip‐slide cultivations were used for microbiologic cultures. Reduced salivary pH and an increased amount of lysozyme were found in the saliva of those children who had been cured of their cancer diseases, but ongoing cancer disease or the treatment provided for it reduced pH and increased the amounts of lysozyme, lactobacillus, Streptococcus mutans and some immunoglobulins. These findings suggest that children with childhood cancer may be more susceptible to dental diseases than healthy ones.
Tetracycline as a marker in hard tissue research: effects on enamel formation in rat maxillary incisors
Authors: RANGGÅRD LOTTA
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Tetracycline in low dose is often used as a marker in hard tissue research. A low dose effect on enamel formation has never been proven despite well known toxic reactions in enamel after higher doses. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate enamel formation in maxillary incisors of rats given a single low dose of a tetracycline with low toxicity, commonly used in research. Eight young rats received an intraperiotonal injection of 2 mg oxytetracycline per 100 g. The rats were terminated after periods between 1 h until 5 days. Undemineralized ground sections were prepared and studied under fluorescence microscopy. Microradiograms were taken to study the degree of mineralization. A diffuse uptake was seen within enamel in areas corresponding to late secretory stage and incisally in maturing enamel with a low mineralization degree. Tendencies of enamel aberrations were seen in all rats. These appeared as splittings within the formed enamel. In conclusion, low toxicity tetracycline disturbs normal amelogenesis, even if administered in low doses. It should therefore be avoided in hard tissue research where enamel formation is studied.
Occlusal anomalies in 45, X/46,XX‐ and 46, Xi(Xq)‐women (Turner syndrome)
Authors: HARJU MERJA , LAINE TELLERVO , ALVESALO LASSI
Published: October 2007

Abstract— A total of 20 individuals with X‐chromosome aberrations, 14 45,X/46,XX‐women and six 46,Xi(Xq)‐women, were examined for occlusal anomalies. The controls were first‐degree woman relatives and population women. The results showed that the most common type of malocclusion in both study groups was lateral cross bite. Also distal molar occlusion, increased maxillary overjet and in 45,X/46,XX‐women open bite was found. 45,X/46,XX‐women's occlusion seems to be more affected than that of 46,Xi(Xq)‐women. Compared to 45,X‐women, the present study groups show milder expression of malocclusion. One might speculate that enamel genes of the X‐chromosome are involved in occlusal development.
Effects of variously processed starch on pH of human dental plaque
Authors: LINGSTRÖM PETER , HOLM JÖRGEN , BIRKHED DOWEN , BJÖRCK INGER
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of starch in various cereal products on pH of human dental plaque in vivo as compared to availability to the alpha‐aniylase of starch in vitro. Three separate experimental series were performed including: 1) rye and wheat products, 2) wheat products processed under both mild and severe conditions, and 3) wheat products with and without added sucrose. The pH drop in dental plaque was studied after a mouthrinse in groups of 10 subjects. Solutions of glucose or sucrose were used as references. No differences were found between boiled rye and boiled wheat, nor between rye bread and wheat bread. Severely popped wheat resulted in the greatest pH drop, followed, in order, by drum‐dried and extrusion‐cooked products. Mildly steam‐flaked and mildly dry‐autoclaved products induced comparable small pH falls. Sucrose‐sweetened wheat products resulted in lower plaque pH values compared to unsweetened products. This effect was most pronounced with a mildly processed sample. In all three series, the glucose and sucrose reference solutions showed the greatest pH drop. In conclusion, all processing methods increased the fermentability of starch in human dental plaque in vivo. Thus, the more severe the processing conditions the more prominent the pH falls. The pH drop in plaque in vivo correlated (r = 0.96 in Series 1 and r = 0.92 in Series 2) with the rate of starch hydrolysis with alpha‐amylase in vitro.
Sucrose consumption and salivary sucrase activity in a 2‐year longitudinal study
Authors: KARJALAINEN S. , HANNULA P. , SÖDERLING E. , HÄMÄLÄINEN M. , MÄKINEN K. , SCHEININ A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Sucrose consumption data of the sucrose group (n =33) of a 2‐yr longitudinal study was plotted against salivary sucrase activity values obtained during this 2‐yr period. The correlation coefficients varied between 0.194 and 0.551. The subjects were divided into high (≥ 10 μmol × min −1× (10−3) and low (<10) sucrase activity subgroups. There were significant differences in the sucrose consumption and in intake frequency between these two subgroups. These findings give further support for the possibility of using sucrase activity for the estimation of the level of individual sugar consumption.
Simplified method to estimate salivary buffer capacity
Authors: ERICSON DAN , BRATTHALL DOUGLAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract— A new and simplified method to estimate the salivary buffer capacity was tested. The method, Dentobuff Strip, consists of a pH indicator paper that has been impregnated with acid. A small volume of saliva is added to the strip and after 5 min the color of the strip is compared with a chart. The colors have been chosen to indicate low, medium, or good buffer capacity. The buffer capacity of stimulated saliva samples from 62 subjects was measured with the new method and compared with two commonly used clinical methods, Dentobuff, and an electrometric method. The three methods correlated well, and patients with a low salivary buffer capacity (final pH≤4), according to the electrometric method, were readily identified with the new Dentobuff Strip method.
Gingival crevicular fluid fibronectin degradation in periodontal health and disease
Authors: TALONPOIKA JUHA , HEINO JYRKI , LARJAVA HANNU , HÄKKINEN LARI , PAUNIO KEIJO
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The molecular forms of fibronectin (FN) in gingival crevicular fluid of five subjects with at least two sites exhibiting clinical signs of inflammation and pockets of at least 4 mm (test group) and five subjects with clinically healthy periodontium (control group) were investigated. Samples were collected with standard filter paper strips. In the test group samples from both diseased and healthy sites were collected. After collection the test group received one episode of periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing). The sampling and clinical recordings were repeated for the diseased sites after about 2 wk. The crevicular fluid FN was analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis followed by western blotting with polyclonal antibodies against FN. Both intact FN and FN fragments were found in all samples. A larger proportion of FN was in degraded form in the diseased sites than in the healthy or the treated sites. FN was also degraded into smaller peptide fragments in the diseased than in the treated sites. These results suggest that crevicular fluid FN is partially degraded both in periodontal health and disease and that the degree of degradation of FN increases with periodontal inflammation and decreases with periodontal treatment.
Smoking, alcohol consumption and dental health behavior among 25–44‐year‐old Danes
Authors: PETERSEN POUL ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract— The purpose of this investigation was to describe smoking and alcohol habits of an adult Danish population and to study whether these habits are influenced by living conditions. Moreover, the purpose was to test the hypothesis of unidimensionality of health behavior. The study comprised 749 persons in the age group 25–44 yr (82% of original sample) and data on smoking, alcohol consumption, diet, and dental health behavior were collected by interviews. Fifty‐one percent of the interviewed persons were current smokers, 58% among men and 44% among women. One‐fifth of the males and about one‐tenth of the females were classified as heavy smokers consuming more than 15 cigarettes per day. Fifty‐eight percent reported to have alcoholic drinks weekly, 71% of men and 47% of women. All in all, 65% of the study group had a weekly consumption of lager beer, 6% of strong beer, 52% of red or white wine, 12% of dessert wine, and 27% of spirits. Alcohol consumption as well as smoking was more frequent among workers than officials. Multivariate regression analyses showed that smoking and alcohol habits varied according to sex, urbanization, education, shift work, and number of children in family. Correlations between alcohol habits, smoking, and perceived dental health were observed. Furthermore, smoking and dental health behavior were negatively associated. In factor analysis of variables on diet, smoking, alcohol, and dental health behavior, two factors were isolated: 1) alcohol consumption, and 2) active dental care. Only a small proportion of the total variance was explained and, thus, the hypothesis of unidimensionality of health behavior was not confirmed. Because of the multidimensionality different strategies and methods in health education may be needed to modify or change the various types of negative health behavior.
Norwegian dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning the HIV
Authors: WISBORG TORBEN , BRATTEBÖ GUTTORM
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Knowledge about routes of HIV transmission and attitudes to HIV antibody testing was studied in a group of Norwegian dentists. Personal protection by gloves was also recorded. Eighty‐three of 120 (69%) dentists in Bergen (private practitioners) completed a postal questionnaire. More than half of these considered themselves to be in potentially infectious situations daily. Overall knowledge was good, although one fifth gave wrong answers about the relation between antibody status and infectivity. About half the respondents had attitudes to antibody testing not consistent with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines. These dentists scored significantly lower on the knowledge questions. Seventy‐five (92%) reported consequent use of gloves. A low knowledge score was found among non‐users. The present study indicates that lack of knowledge is related to non‐recommended attitudes and behavior. The study underlines the need for continuous education and information about HIV.
Soap pH and the effectiveness of alcoholic hand antiseptics
Authors: MYKLEBUST STALE
Published: October 2007

Abstract— This study was done to investigate if the pH‐value of a soap used for handwashing had any effect on the immediate and the prolonged effectiveness of alcoholic hand disinfectants. One acidic soap (pH = 3.5) and one alkaline soap (pH = 8.5) were tested in combination with 70% and 90% ethanol and alcoholic chlorhexidine. Bacterial counts from the hands of 26 test persons were obtained using the fingerprint method. The fingerprints were taken before and after handwashing, after hand disinfection and after 3 h of wearing sterile latex gloves. The results showed that soap pH did not influence significantly the effectiveness of a subsequent hand disinfection. The combined use of alkaline soap and alcoholic chlorhexidine showed a tendency to smaller variation in bacterial reduction and greater effectiveness. This combination was the only one that led to an increased bacterial reduction after 3 h.
Anevac‐D, a new system for close scavenging of anesthetic gases in dental practice
Authors: ANDERSSON‐WENCKERT INGRID , HÄGGMARK SÖREN , JOHANSSON GÖRAN , LINDKVIST ROBERT , REIZ SEBASTIAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract— Anevac‐D, a new system for close scavenging of anesthetic gases in dental practice is described. It consists of a rubber nose mask surrounded by an outer rigid shell and a chin scavenger. A vacuum in the slot between the nose masks provides scavenging of gases escaping from the inner mask. Gases escaping from the mouth are evacuated mainly by the skin scavenger. The efficiency of this system was assessed in healthy volunteers using argon as a tracer gas. Mass spectrometry was used for measurement of inspired, expired, and scavenged gas concentrations. The scavenging efficiency of the complete system was around 80% and was not affected by poor patient cooperation. It decreased to about 65% when the chin scavenger was removed. The dentist's exposure was measured by sampling of argon in the breathing zone by a Saran system. The average 4‐min exposure varied between 90 and 250 ppm depending on system configuration and patient cooperation. Patient acceptance and clinical applicability were judged good. It is concluded that the Anevac‐D system provides excellent scavenging properties and exposure levels well within the official recommendations by the Swedish Board of Occupational Safety and Health.
Dental care habits and knowledge of oral health in insulin‐dependent diabetics
Authors: THORSTENSSON HELENE , FALK HANNE , HUGOSON ANDERS , KUYLENSTIERNA JÖRGEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The aim of this study was to investigate dental care habits and knowledge of oral health in age‐ and sex‐matched adult long and short duration insulin‐dependent diabetics and non‐diabetics. Ninety‐four long and 86 short duration diabetics and 86 non‐diabetics, aged 20–70 years, participated in the study. All subjects answered a questionnaire with 38 questions about dental visits, attitudes to and knowledge of dental diseases, toothcleaning, dietary and smoking habits, and oral sensations. Among the diabetics there was a rather large group that did not visit a dentist annually. The diabetics also required more emergency dental care and were not as willing as the non‐diabetics to spend time and money on their teeth. The compliance with dietary advice was poor among the diabetics. Oral discomfort such as prickling and burning sensations, metallic and bad taste was rare in both diabetics and non‐diabetics. In the diabetics, however, a feeling of mouth dryness was common.
Folate treatment of diphenylhydantoin‐induced gingival hyperplasia
Authors: BÄCKMAN NILS , HOLM ANNA‐KARIN , HÄNSTRÖM LENNART , BLOMQUIST HANS K:SON , HEIJBEL JAN , SÄFSTRÖM GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – It has recently been reported that folic acid supplementation reduced DPH‐induced gingival hyperplasia in cat and in a pilot study also in man. The present study was performed to further evaluate this therapy in man. Twenty‐three children with DPH‐treatment for more than 1 yr, and eight children with short‐time DPH‐treatment were randomly assigned to groups with and without daily supplementation of folic acid (5 mg Folacin) for 1 yr. Although the DPH‐levels were in many cases below the lower reference value, the seizure control of the children was good before and during the year of study. The plasma and red cell folate levels were within or above the given reference values in all but one child. There were no significant changes in the size of the gingival hyperplasias after 1 yr of folate supplementation. Nine severely mentally retarded DPH‐treated adults were also given supplementation with folic acid. Their serum DPH‐levels were above the higher reference values both at the start and during the study. Their plasma and red cell folic acid levels were below the reference value at the start of the study, but as a consequence of the Folacin supplementation these values rose. The size of the gingival hyperplasias was significantly reduced. Seizure control was unchanged. Folate levels should be checked and supplementation with folic acid considered in patients on long‐term anticonvulsive multipharmacy therapy.
Antimicrobial and antiplaque effects of a chlorhexidine and Triton X‐100 combination
Authors: GIERTSEN ELIN , SCHEIE ANNE AAMDAL , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effect and in vivo plaqueinhibiting capacity of chlorhexidine (CH) combined with the nonionic detergent Triton X‐100. Synergistic inhibition was observed by the combination of Triton X‐100 and CH on in vitro growth of S. sobrinus OMZ 176 and of S. sanguis 10556. In the clinical experiments, 10 subjects rinsed twice dally with 10 ml aqueous solutions of 11.6 mM Triton X‐100, and 0.55 mM CH, and with a combination of the two agents. All mechanical oral hygiene was suspended during the test periods. Sucrose enhanced plaque accumulations were recorded after 4 days of rinsing. The combination of CH‐Triton X‐100 decreased plaque accumulations significantly compared to placebo, but was less effective than CH alone (P<0.05). Thus no beneficial clinical effect was gained by combining the nonionic agent Triton X‐100 with the cationic agent CH. The results also clearly demonstrate that additions which increase the antibacterial activity of CH do not necessarily coincide with improved in vivo antiplaque efficacy.
Oral mucous membrane lesions in children treated with bone marrow transplantation
Authors: DAHLLÖF GÖRAN , HEIMDAHL ANDERS , MODÉER THOMAS , TWETMAN SVANTE , BOLME PER , RINGDÉN OLLE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Oral mucous membrane lesions were studied in 54 children below 12 yr of age treated with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation mainly because of hematological malignancies. Sixty‐two percent of the children exhibited a wide range of oral side effects during therapy. Lesions observed during the first 2 wk prior to engraftment of the donor marrow were related to the chemo‐ and radiotherapy given. Oral ulcerations were seen in 34% of the children. Children given methotrexate as graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis exhibited oral ulcerations significantly (P<0.05) more often than those given cyclsporin. Oral lesions related to acute GVHD were only observed in two patients. Reactivating herpes simplex virus infection was seen in 35% of the children who were seropositive prior to BMT. An extensive oral candidiasis was observed in 15% of the patients. All six children with a chronic GVHD exhibited changes in the oral mucosa 2–4 yr after transplantation such as erythma of the mucous membranes, tongue atrophy and also lichenoid changes in the buccal mucosa.
Relation between sucking habits and dental characteristics in preschoolchildren with unilateral cross‐bite
Authors: LINDNER ANDERS , MODÉER THOMAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The relationship between sucking habits and dental characteristics of unilateral cross‐bite in 4‐yr‐old children (n= 76) was studied. The cross‐bites were classified on the variables “number of teeth involved”, incisor “overjet” and “overbite”, “terminal plane shift”, “midline shift”, “asymmetric maxillary dental arch” and “max./mand. arch width difference”. Type of sucking habit (dummy, finger) and its duration and intensity were analyzed from a questionnaire answered by the parents. The “max./mand. arch width difference” in the canine region was found to be negatively related to the intensity and duration of the sucking habit, and also negatively related to sucking a dummy compared to finger sucking. The study indicates that the “duration” and “intensity” of the sucking habit have a negative influence by reducing the transverse width of the maxillary arch in children with a unilateral cross‐bite. Dummy sucking was more detrimental to the transverse dimension in the canine region than finger sucking.
Effect of intravenous administration of corticosteroids on dentin formation in the adult rat molar
Authors: NÄSSTRÖM KARIN , PETERSSON ARNE , KONRAD PETER
Published: October 2007

Abstract – This study describes the effects of intravenously given corticosteroids on dentin formation in adult rat molars. Six rats twice a day received corticosteroids 20 mg/kg for 8 days, 10 mg/kg for 13 days, and 5 mg/kg for 19 days. Six rats given a heterotopic heart transplant received 10 mg/kg of corticosteroids twice a day for 40–64 days. Six rats were used as controls. Tetracycline was given at the start of the experiment and after 3 wk of treatment. After 40–46 days the rats were killed. Light microscopic examination of the molars showed no differences in the dentin formation or in the predentin zone between the experimental and control rats. In the ultraviolet light microscope two lines of tetracycline were visible along the root canal walls in both experimental groups. There was an obvious distance between the two lines, which indicated formation of new dentin. In the control group no formation of dentin was visible.
Microradiographic study of amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: BÄCKMAN BIRGITTA , ANNEROTH GÖRAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A material of 22 primary and 4 permanent teeth from 22 children with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) were examined by microradiographic techniques. The children were part of a patient material earlier examined in genetical and clinical studies. The results were compared with corresponding data from two non‐affected control groups and correlated with the available clinical and genetical data. Teeth were examined from seven of the eight different variants of AI seen in the clinical study. In most cases both hypoplasias and areas of hypomineralization were observed in the same tooth, indicating that both the secretory and the maturation phases of the amelogenesis are affected in AI. In teeth from children with the same clinical variant but different inheritance patterns, no specific finding could be related to a specific inheritance pattern. The findings in the one boy with AI as an X‐linked trait were unique in this material. In all control teeth except one, no hypoplasias or areas of hypomineralization were found in the enamel. In conclusion, the subclassification of AI into different forms can be questioned. Variations in clinical and histologic characteristics connected with the same inheritance pattern suggest that the genetic defect, in conjunction with a large biological variation, could explain the multiplicity in clinical expressivity that characterizes AI.
Current‐induced effects on growth and adhesion properties of Streptococcus mutans in vitro
Authors: SÖDERLING EVA , SAMOOJA PEKKA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Current‐induced effects on the growth and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans were studied. The spontaneous currents formed between gold‐amalgam pairs showed starting current peaks of approximately 200 μA followed by constant currents of approximately 15 μA. The presence of the gold‐amalgam pair had no effect on the growth of S. mutans, which was unaffected even when constant potentials of 1000 mV and 2000 mV were used to produce extreme experimental conditions. Three volts or more was needed to inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Organic acids produced by S. mutans during growth had also little or no effect on the magnitudes of the spontaneous currents formed between the gold‐amalgam pairs. Adhesion of S. mutans, grown with or without added sucrose, appeared unaffected by spontaneous currents induced by the metal combinations.
Buccal mucosa fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells perturbed by tensile stimuli in vitro
Authors: NORTON L. A. , ANDERSEN K. L. , MELSEN B. , BINDSLEV D. ARENHOLT , CELIS J. E.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Human buccal mucosa fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells grown in tissue culture were subjected to tensile forces approximating those used for orthodontic bodily tooth movement. The cells were synchronized into pre S phase and positively tested for response to nonmechanical physical stimuli. Two‐dimensional gel analysis and immunohistochemical analysis of the three cytoskeletal components showed a lack of response. Similar negative results were found when the cells were perturbed in the presence of substance P. We hypothesize that perhaps these cells respond more readily to injury, a secondary effect of the forces of tooth movement, than to tensile forces.
A 10‐year follow‐up of patients treated for dental fear
Authors: HAKEBERG MAGNUS , BERGGREN ULF , CARLSSON SVEN G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Different types of treatment have been used in trying to reduce dental anxiety in adult patients with severe fear and avoidance behavior. However, there is an obvious shortage in long‐term treatment follow‐up. The present investigation reports results over a period of 10 yr of 14 patients treated for dental fear in a specialized dental fear treatment and research clinic. The aims of this project were to evaluate patients' regularity in dental behavior between 1977 and 1987, changes in and present level of dental fear and other long‐standing positive/negative effects of the respective initial treatments. The 14 dental phobic patients were assigned to two treatment groups, one receiving Systematic Desensitization and one Premedication with valium before dental treatment. Pre‐ and posttreatment status as well as the 10‐yr follow‐up were evaluated by psychometric (Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and a Mood Adjective Checklist) and physiological (Skin Conductance Response) measurements. A majority of patients (100% SD, 63% P) reported regular dental care during the period 1977–87. Positive side‐effects were reported by seven patients. A significant reduction of dental fear (DAS) was found with a better effect for the SD‐group. This was paralleled by a rise in mood (MACL). The SCR figures were non‐significant. In conclusion, the results revealed long‐standing effects with regard to a high degree of regular dental care and reduction of dental fear. In addition, positive side‐effects were reported.
Filler leachability during water storage of six composite materials
Authors: SÖDERHOLM KARL‐JOHAN M.
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Six different dental composite materials were investigated regarding leaching of filler elements such as silicon, barium, and zinc. The leaching was conducted by storing the samples in distilled water at 60°C for half a year. The results could not prove that the leaching behavior of filler elements in most of the investigated cases decreases with time. The practical implications, of this study could be important. If other elements follow the same leaching pattern, therapeutic elements such as fluoride could be incorporated in filler particles. The tendency of composites to leach filler elements almost linearly with time, could be used to generate a constant release rate of such therapeutic elements over time. Such an application could have a major impact on controlling caries adjacent to composite restorations and sealants.
Scanning electron microscope observations on collagen fibers in human dentin and pulp
Authors: SÖGAARD‐PEDERSEN BO , BOYE HANS , MATTHIESSEN MARTIN EBBE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Human permanent teeth were examined in the scanning electron microscope after demineralization and exposure to preparative procedures based on hydrogen peroxide, trypsin, and EDTA. These substances removed the inorganic material, the cellular structures, the homogeneous connective tissue ground substance, and interfibrillar matrix. The remaining tissue components comprised a network of distinct collagen fibers whose organization was related to the type of tissue in which these were incorporated. A similar or identical method has not been developed or applied to teeth previously. Dentin and predentin comprised a compact mass of fibers which basically were parallel to the continuously growing interior surface of the predentin, or arranged at an acute angle to this plane. Collagen fibers in the pulp were numerous, but lacked any particular orientation in most areas. Interodontoblastic fibers crossed the odontoblastic zone at a right angle to the pulp chamber wall and mingled with collagen fibers in predentin. When previously published findings of ours are taken into account, it is possible to conclude that other factors than the organization of the collagen fibers are responsible for the stainability of these fibers in predentin and in interglobular dentin with silver methenamine, and that aldehyde groups on collagen fibers in predentin may be actively and directly involved in the mineralization of the dentin.
Caries and consumption of sweets in 15‐ and 18‐year‐olds interviewed with visualization.
Authors: SUNDIN BIRGITTA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The aim of this study was first to investigate the relationship at group level between approximal caries, restorations in posterior regions and consumption of sweets during the past 3 yr in 15‐yr‐old schoolchildren selected for different caries experience. An interview method was used with the sweets on display. Secondly, the aim was to reinterview the subjects as 18‐yr‐olds using the same method in order to study the correlation between caries incidence and consumption of sweets during the past 3 yr. Seventy‐five individuals from three groups, 30 with 0, 25 with 4‐6, and 20 with 12‐15 approximal DFS, were selected for the first interview. Sixtynine of them were reinterviewed 3 yr later. Caries incidence during the 3‐yr period was expressed as a percentage of the number of caries‐free approximal surfaces of premolars and molars at the age of 15. The results showed no statistically significant differences in mean number of intakes of sweets per day (2.2, 2.2, and 2.8) between the original DFS groups. The correlation coefficient between caries incidence and number of intakes of sweets in the second part of the study was 0.25 (p<0.05). After correction for the modifying effect of oral hygiene, the coefficient was 0.51 (P<0.01) in the less favorable fraction and 0.11 (P>0.05) in the favorable fraction.
Experimental sports drinks with minimal dental erosion effect
Authors: MEURMAN JUKKA H. , HÄRKÖNEN MATTI , NÄVERI HANNU , KOSKINEN JARI , TORKKO HEINI , RYTÖMAA INKERI , JÄRVINEN VARPU , TURUNEN RAIJA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effects of new experimental sports drinks on dental enamel were studied in vitro using bovine tooth specimens. Profilometric analysis was used to measure the loss of tooth material after immersion of the specimens in the drinks. Thereafter the specimens' surface hardness was measured and scanning electron microphotographs were taken. In addition, 13 commercial sports drinks and experimental drinks containing either citric acid or malic acid were tested for their capacity to dissolve hydroxyapatite in vitro. The erosive effect increased markedly with decreasing pH. The citric acid containing drinks were more erosive than malic acid containing drinks. No erosion was observed with the malic acid containing drink (pH 5.90) but the drink of similar composition containing citric acid caused an erosion 1.3± 1.1μm deep and a commercial citric acid containing drink caused a lesion 12.3± 4.5μm deep after 120 min immersion. Softening of enamel was greater in specimens immersed in citric acid than in those immersed in malic acid containing drink. The in vitro hydroxyapatite dissolving effect of the commercial sports drink samples studied (all having a pH under 4.22) was markedly greater (0.48–4.38 mmol/l) than that of the malic acid containing experimental drink (pH 5.50, Ca++ concentration in the supernatant 0.19 mmol/l) and of the similar citric acid containing drink (0.35 mmol/l). The hydroxyapatite dissolving effect of both drinks started to be marked at a pH level of about 5.0 but increased thereafter exponentially with decreasing pH. At pH levels above 4.0 the hydroxyapatite dissolving effect of citric acid containing drinks was greater than that of malic acid containing drinks.