bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Strategic Nets
Authors: Möller Kristian , Svahn Senja
Published: August 2003

This conceptual article focuses on the management of strategic business networks. Networks are seen to offer firms collective benefits beyond those of a single firm or market transaction. We aim to contribute to the development of the emerging theory of network management by integrating notions from the Industrial Network Approach, strategic management, and the Dynamic Capabilities View. Our starting premise is that the characteristics of the task that organizations try to accomplish through forming a specific strategic net, influence the management of that net and thus the capabilities required. In other words, we expect different types of strategic nets to require different managerial skill sets or capabilities. On the basis of this premise, we suggest a classification system for different types of strategic nets, identify key management issues that arise in operating in a network context, and consequently identify the basic capabilities required in managing different types of strategic nets.
MIM and nonlinear least‐squares inversions of AEM data in Barataria basin, Louisiana
Authors: Bryan Melissa Whitten , Holladay Kenneth W. , Bergeron Clyde J. , Ioup Juliette W. , Ioup George E.
Published: August 2003

An airborne electromagnetic survey was performed over the marsh and estuarine waters of the Barataria basin of Louisiana. Two inversion methods were applied to the measured data to calculate layer thicknesses and conductivities: the modified image method (MIM) and a nonlinear least‐squares method of inversion using two two‐layer forward models and one three‐layer forward model, with results generally in good agreement. Uniform horizontal water layers in the near‐shore Gulf of Mexico with the fresher (less saline, less conductive) water above the saltier (more saline, more conductive) water can be seen clearly. More complex near‐surface layering showing decreasing salinity/conductivity with depth can be seen in the marshes and inland areas. The first‐layer water depth is calculated to be 1–2 m, with the second‐layer water depth around 4 m. The first‐layer marsh and beach depths are computed to be 0–3 m, and the second‐layer marsh and beach depths vary from 2 to 9 m. The first‐layer water conductivity is calculated to be 2–3 S/m, with the second‐layer water conductivity around 3 to 4 S/m and the third‐layer water conductivity 4–5 S/m. The first‐layer marsh conductivity is computed to be mainly 1–2 S/m, and the second‐ and third‐layer marsh conductivities vary from 0.5 to 1.5 S/m, with the conductivities decreasing as depth increases except on the beach, where layer three has a much higher conductivity, ranging up to 3 S/m.
Transient field solution for a layer of finite thickness on a resistive basement
Authors: Singer Bension Sh. , Green Andrew
Published: August 2003

A closed‐form asymptotic solution is derived for the magnetic field of the currents induced by a transient airborne magnetic source in a conductive layer of finite thickness. The conductive layer rests on top of a resistive half‐space. Like the well‐known solution found by J. C. Maxwell for a thin conductive sheet surrounded by an insulator, the secondary magnetic field is expressed in terms of an image source receding from the layer. However, the new solution also accounts for the layer thickness h and the conductivity of the half‐space.

One of the conclusions from the new solution is that the mirror plane that specifies the position of the image is located below the upper interface of the conductive layer at depth h/3. This indicates the correct position at which the equivalent thin sheet should be placed when Maxwell's solution is applied to a layer of finite thickness.

If the basement that underlies the layer is highly resistive, Maxwell's solution becomes accurate when induced currents are almost uniformly spread across the layer. It remains accurate as long as currents induced in the basement can be neglected. Eventually, the secondary magnetic field of these currents will prevail over the field of currents in the layer. Maxwell's solution loses its accuracy long before this occurs. Depending on parameters of the model, the validity time range of Maxwell's solution may be narrow or even nonexistent.

The generalized image solution is applicable in the time range h/vs < t < (σs/σb)(h/vs), where vs is the image recession speed, and σs and σb are the layer and basement conductivities, respectively. This range is significantly wider than that of Maxwell's solution. At early times, the secondary magnetic field is controlled by the position of the nearest interface of the conductive layer. Accounting for this observation, a simple modification of the new solution may be used to extend the applicability range towards even earlier times. The generalized solution is faster by several orders of magnitude than a numeric solution based on successive wavenumber‐to‐space and frequency‐to‐time domain fast Hankel transforms.
Crosshole seismic inversion with normalized full‐waveform amplitude data
Authors: Zhou Bing , Greenhalgh Stewart A.
Published: August 2003

We investigate a simple scheme for full‐waveform amplitude spectrum inversion of crosshole seismic data with an unknown source wavelet. The method is based on our 2D/2.5D finite‐element method of acoustic‐wave modeling. The normalized amplitude data, defined as the spectral ratio of the original trace amplitude to the average amplitude for the entire common shot gather, are used for full‐waveform inversion in the frequency domain. In essence, the normalization of amplitudes removes the source wavelet and is easily carried out in the time domain or frequency domain from crosshole seismic surveying. Two synthetic models, simulating, respectively, a dipping fracture model and a complicated sedimentary structure, are examined with the inversion scheme. The numerical results show that clear images of the targets can be obtained by using the single‐ and multiple‐frequency data. For comparison, two other amplitude inversion schemes in which the source signatures are known and estimated with an iterative procedure were carried out for the same models. The results show that the iteratively source‐estimated procedure also produces satisfactory images of the velocity structure and yields an approximate amplitude of the source wavelet. With the multifrequency data, three such schemes yield very competitive results.
Tau migration and velocity analysis: Theory and synthetic examples
Authors: Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: August 2003

Prestack migration velocity analysis in the time domain reduces the velocity‐depth ambiguity usually hampering the performance of prestack depth‐migration velocity analysis. In prestack τ migration velocity analysis, we keep the interval velocity model and the output images in vertical time. This allows us to avoid placing reflectors at erroneous depths during the velocity analysis process and, thus, avoid slowing down its convergence to the true velocity model. Using a 1D velocity update scheme, the prestack τ migration velocity analysis performed well on synthetic data from a model with a complex near‐surface velocity. Accurate velocity information and images were obtained using this time‐domain method. Problems occurred only in resolving a thin layer where the low resolution and fold of the synthetic data made it practically impossible to estimate velocity accurately in this layer. This 1D approach also provided us reasonable results for synthetic data from the Marmousi model. Despite the complexity of this model, the τ domain implementation of the prestack migration velocity analysis converged to a generally reasonable result, which includes properly imaging the elusive top‐of‐the‐reservoir layer.
3D ray+Born migration/inversion—Part 1: Theory
Authors: Lambaré Gilles , Operto Stéphane , Podvin Pascal , Thierry Philippe
Published: August 2003

Prestack ray+Born migration/inversion can be split in two steps : the computation of common image gathers (CIGs) and their weighted stack (the migration stack). The choice of the domain for the CIGs (shot, offset, angle, etc.) has a direct impact on the resolution of the migration stack. This resolution can be studied easily in the frame of ray+Born migration/inversion theory resulting into improved migration/inversion formulas according to the acquisition geometry. This paper is devoted to this analysis in the cases of a simple 2D acquisition and of a 3D swath acquisition, both corresponding to classical data sets from the SEG/EAGE 3D overthrust experiment. We show that the migration formula originally designed for 3D marine acquisition is not adaptable to the 3D swath acquisition. Finally, we propose a new formula for this specific acquisition, which improves the resolution of the final migrated image. The relevance of this new formula is illustrated in the frame of the SEG/EAGE experiment in the companion paper.
Load compensation in targeted limb movements of an insect
Authors: Matheson Tom , Dürr Volker
Published: August 2003

The task of a multi-jointed limb making an aimed movement towards a target requires that the movement is regulated against external perturbations such as changing load. In particular, loading one part of a limb leads to altered static forces on all proximal segments, and to additional dynamic joint interaction forces when the limb moves. We have addressed the question of load compensation in an insect preparation in which a locust makes aimed scratching movements with a hind leg in response to tactile stimulation of a wing.

We show that loading the femur or tibia with the equivalent of 8.5 times the mass of the tibia (corresponding to an increase of up to 11.6 times the rotational moment of inertia at the femur–tibia joint) does not impair the animal's ability to make well-coordinated, aimed movements of that leg towards different targets. The kinematics of the movements are the same, and animals aim the same part of their distal tibia at the target, regardless of loading. The movements are carried out with equal accuracy and at the same initial velocity under all load conditions. Because loading of the leg does not change the behavioural performance, there is no indication of a change in aiming strategy. This implies high leg joint stiffness and/or the existence of high gain proprioceptive control loops. We have previously shown that in the unloaded condition, movements elicited by stimuli to different places on the wing are driven by a single underlying movement pattern that shifts depending on stimulus location along the wing surface. Our present data show that leg proprioceptive inputs are also integrated into the leg motor networks,rendering hind limb targeting robust against large changes in moment of inertia.
The effect of colour vision status on the detection and selection of fruits by tamarins (Saguinusspp.)
Authors: Smith Andrew C. , Buchanan-Smith Hannah M. , Surridge Alison K. , Osorio Daniel , Mundy Nicholas I.
Published: August 2003

The evolution of trichromatic colour vision by the majority of anthropoid primates has been linked to the efficient detection and selection of food,particularly ripe fruits among leaves in dappled light. Modelling of visual signals has shown that trichromats should be more efficient than dichromats at distinguishing both fruits from leaves and ripe from unripe fruits. This prediction is tested in a controlled captive setting using stimuli recreated from those actually encountered by wild tamarins (Saguinus spp.). Dietary data and reflectance spectra of Abuta fluminum fruits eaten by wild saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached(Saguinus mystax) tamarins and their associated leaves were collected in Peru. A. fluminum leaves, and fruits in three stages of ripeness,were reproduced and presented to captive saddleback and red-bellied tamarins(Saguinus labiatus). Trichromats were quicker to learn the task and were more efficient at selecting ripe fruits than were dichromats. This is the first time that a trichromatic foraging advantage has been demonstrated for monkeys using naturalistic stimuli with the same chromatic properties as those encountered by wild animals.
A regulatory role for cortisol in muscle glycogen metabolism in rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissWalbaum
Authors: Milligan C. Louise
Published: August 2003

To test the hypothesis that cortisol has a regulatory role in fish muscle glycogenesis post-exercise, rainbow trout were treated 1 h prior to exercise with either saline (control) or metyrapone (2-methyl-1,2-di-3-pyridyl-1-propanone) to block cortisol synthesis. Following exercise(time 0), half of the metyrapone-treated fish received a single injection of cortisol, to mimic the post-exercise rise usually observed. Muscle glycogen and the relative activities of glycogen phosphorylase a (Phos a) and glycogen synthase I (GSase I), regulatory enzymes for glycogen resynthesis, were monitored 4 h post-exercise. Metyrapone treatment succeeded in blocking the post-exercise rise in plasma cortisol(17±2 vs 118±13 ng ml–1 in controls at time 0), and cortisol injection resulted in a larger and more prolonged cortisol increase than in controls (159±22 vs 121±14 ng ml–1 in controls at 1 h). Muscle glycogen was completely restored in the metyrapone-treated fish within 2 h after exercise(8.3±0.6 vs 8±0.7 μmol g–1pre-exercise), only partially restored in control fish at 4 h (5.4±01.4 vs 8.8±1.3 μmol g–1 pre-exercise), and not at all in cortisol-treated fish (1.0±0.5 μmol g–1at 4 h). The rapid glycogen resynthesis in the metyrapone-treated fish was associated with a more rapid inactivation of Phos a and stimulation of GSase I compared to controls. In cortisol-treated fish, Phos a activity persisted throughout 4 h post-exercise; there was also a significant stimulation of GSase I activity. As a consequence of dual activation of Phos a and GSase I, glycogen cycling probably occurred, thus preventing net synthesis. This explains why the post-exercise elevation of cortisol inhibits net glycogen synthesis in trout muscle.
Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients
Authors: Altshuler Douglas L. , Dudley Robert
Published: August 2003

Hovering flight is one of the most energetically demanding forms of animal locomotion. Despite the cost, hummingbirds regularly hover at high elevations,where flight is doubly challenging because of reduced air density and oxygen availability. We performed three laboratory experiments to examine how air density and oxygen partial pressure influence wingbeat kinematics. In the first study, we experimentally lowered air density but maintained constant oxygen partial pressure. Under these hypodense but normoxic conditions,hummingbirds increased stroke amplitude substantially and increased wingbeat frequency slightly. In the second experiment, we maintained constant air density but decreased oxygen partial pressure. Under these normodense but hypoxic conditions, hummingbirds did not alter stroke amplitude but instead reduced wingbeat frequency until they could no longer generate enough vertical force to offset body weight. In a final combined experiment, we decreased air density but increased oxygen availability, and found that the wingbeat kinematics were unaffected by supplemental oxygen.

We also studied hovering and maximally loaded flight performance for 43 hummingbird species distributed along a natural elevational gradient in Peru. During free hovering flight, hummingbirds showed increased stroke amplitude interspecifically at higher elevations, mirroring the intra-individual responses in our first laboratory experiment. During loaded flight,hummingbirds increased both wingbeat frequency and wing stroke amplitude by 19% relative to free-flight values at any given elevation. We conclude that modulation of wing stroke amplitude is a major compensatory mechanism for flight in hypodense or hypobaric environments. By contrast, increases in wingbeat frequency impose substantial metabolic demands, are only elicited transiently and anaerobically, and cannot be used to generate additional sustained lift at high elevations.
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in adult sockeye(Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon following critical speed swimming
Authors: Lee C. G. , Farrell A. P. , Lotto A. , Hinch S. G. , Healey M. C.
Published: August 2003

The present study measured the excess post-exercise oxygen cost (EPOC)following tests at critical swimming speed (Ucrit) in three stocks of adult, wild, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and used EPOC to estimate the time required to return to their routine level of oxygen consumption (recovery time) and the total oxygen cost of swimming to Ucrit. Following exhaustion at Ucrit,recovery time was 42–78 min, depending upon the fish stock. The recovery times are several-fold shorter than previously reported for juvenile,hatchery-raised salmonids. EPOC varied fivefold among the fish stocks, being greatest for Gates Creek sockeye salmon (O. nerka), which was the salmon stock that had the longest in-river migration, experienced the warmest temperature and achieved the highest maximum oxygen consumption compared with the other salmon stocks that were studied. EPOC was related to Ucrit, which in turn was directly influenced by ambient test temperature. The non-aerobic cost of swimming to Ucrit was estimated to add an additional 21.4–50.5%to the oxygen consumption measured at Ucrit. While these non-aerobic contributions to swimming did not affect the minimum cost of transport, they were up to three times higher than the value used previously for an energetic model of salmon migration in the Fraser River, BC, Canada. As such, the underestimate of non-aerobic swimming costs may require a reevaluation of the importance of how in-river barriers like rapids and bypass facilities at dams, and year-to-year changes in river flows and temperatures,affect energy use and hence migration success.
A cost comparison of telepathology and a visiting pathologist service
Authors: Moser Patrizia L , Stadlmann Sylvia , Heinzle Günther , Pollheimer Jürgen , Mikuz Gregor , Sögner Peter , Lorenz Ingo H , Kolbitsch Christian
Published: August 2003

We compared the costs of a dynamic, robotic telepathology service for intraoperative frozen sections with the cost of a once-weekly visiting pathologist service established between the small Reutte Hospital, located in north-western Tyrol, and the department of pathology of the University of Innsbruck. Telepathology required either 15 min or 30 min per case in order to make a diagnosis, depending on the type of tissue and the operator's experience in handling the telepathology system. Costs were calculated for a five-year period. The main costs of the telepathology service were for set-up, whereas the main costs of the visiting pathologist service concerned personnel. The threshold at which telepathology was cheaper than the visiting pathologist service was 46 cases per month (15 min for diagnosis) or 135 cases per month (30 min for diagnosis). The present case-load (eight cases per month) at the study hospital was below this threshold.
A portable diagnostic workstation based on a Webpad: implementation and evaluation
Authors: Pagani Luca , Jyrkinen Lasse , Niinimäki Jaakko , Reponen Jarmo , Karttunen Ari , Ilkko Eero , Jartti Pekka
Published: August 2003

A wireless hand-held Webpad device was used to review a sample set of cranial computerized tomography (CT) studies to assess its diagnostic capabilities and its feasibility as a portable diagnostic workstation for radiology. The data-set consisted of 30 head CT studies of emergency cases. Two neuroradiologists and a senior radiologist participated in the evaluation of the portable workstation. They used a Web-based viewer that we developed, which provided all the major functionalities required for radiological image review. The reported radiological findings and diagnoses were compared with a gold standard, comprising a set of diagnoses previously formulated by a consensus panel of radiologists who had reviewed the original studies. The diagnoses made using the Webpad were correct (no major discrepancies) in 82 out of 90 interpretations (91%), which is comparable to the accuracy reported in image review with a conventional radiological workstation. The average total working time per diagnosis was 5 min 25 s (range 2–12 min). The simplicity of use of the system and its low cost make it suitable for distributing radiological studies within hospital facilities.
The cost of allied health assessments delivered by videoconference to a residential facility for elderly people
Authors: Hassall Stacey , Wootton Richard , Guilfoyle Clare
Published: August 2003

We calculated the cost of providing allied health assessments to high-dependency residents of a rural facility for elderly people. The costs of conducting assessments via videoconferencing were compared with the costs of conducting assessments face to face. The observed costs in a three-month pilot trial were used to estimate the annual costs. Given an annual workload of 1000 occasions of service, each videoconference assessment would cost $84.93, compared with $90.25 for face-to-face assessments. Allied health assessments delivered by videoconferencing became cheaper at workloads of approximately 850 occasions of service annually. Additional increases in the workload further improved the financial viability of this approach to service delivery.
Clinical Pharmacology of Flavopiridol following a 72-Hour Continuous Infusion
Authors: Rudek Michelle A , Bauer Kenneth S , Lush Richard M , Stinson Sherman F , Senderowicz Adrian M , Headlee Donna J , Arbuck Susan G , Cox Michael C , Murgo Anthony J , Sausville Edward A , Figg William D
Published: August 2003

Background

Flavopiridol, a novel flavone derivative, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase-1. We initiated a Phase I trial in patients with refractory solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose and characterize the adverse effect profile.

Objective

To characterize the clinical pharmacology of flavopiridol.

Methods

Serial plasma samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC using electrochemical detection. The pharmacokinetics were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. Enterohepatic recirculation was studied by analyzing fecal samples, with an attempt to correlate cholecystokinin and post-infusional peak concentrations. The plasma protein binding was studied using equilibrium dialysis.

Results

Seventy-six patients were treated with flavopiridol at 13 dose levels for a total of 504 cycles of treatment. The average steady-state concentration was 26.5 and 253 nM at 4 and 122.5 mg/m2, respectively. The clearance ranged from 49.9 to 2943 mL/min, with nonlinearity at doses >50 mg/m2/d. A post-infusional increase in plasma flavopiridol concentrations was noted in a subset of patients and generally occurred between 3 and 24 hours after the end of infusion. Flavopiridol was found in fecal matter, suggesting enterohepatic recirculation. There was nonsaturable plasma protein binding of flavopiridol (fu = 6%).

Conclusions

The dose-limiting toxicity for the Phase I trial of flavopiridol was secretory diarrhea. We failed to identify a clear relationship between dose or concentration and diarrhea. At 50 and 78 mg/m2/d, the mean steady-state plasma concentrations were 278 and 390 nM. These concentrations were well above those noted for in vitro antiproliferative activity. Nonlinear elimination was observed at doses above 50 mg/m2/d, and postinfusional peaks appear to be related to enterohepatic recirculation.
Locked‐in syndrome after central pontine myelinolysis, an outstanding outcome of two patients
Authors: Chabert Maïlys , Dauleac Corentin , Beaudoin‐Gobert Maude , De‐Quelen Mélaine , Ciancia Sophie , Jacquesson Timothée , Bertrand Simon , Vivier Emmanuel , De‐Marignan Donatien , Jung Julien , Andre‐Obadia Nathalie , Gobert Florent , Cotton François , Luauté Jacques
Published: January 2024

Objective

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare demyelinating disease that affects the pons and which can cause extreme disabilities such as locked‐in syndrome (LIS) in the initial phase. The aim of the study was to describe the evolution over a 12‐month period of two patients with CPM causing an initial LIS.

Method

We retrospectively report the unexpected clinical outcome of these two patients in relation with the anatomical damages documented by brain MRI, associated with diffusion tensor imaging and reconstruction of corticospinal tracts in tractography. The following clinical parameters systematically assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months: muscle testing on 12 key muscles (Medical Research Council), prehension metrics (box and block test and purdue pegboard), and independence for acts of daily living (functional independence measure).

Results

Both patients showed a progressive recovery beginning between 2 and 3 months after the onset of symptoms, leading to almost complete autonomy at 12 months (FIM > 110), with motor strength greater than 4/5 in all joint segments (MRC > 50/60). On brain MRI with tractography, CST appeared partially preserved at pons level.

Interpretation

The possibility of a near‐complete functional recovery at 12 months is important to consider given the ethical issues at stake and the discussions about limiting care that may take place initially. It seems to be the consequence of reversible myelin damage combined with partially preserved neurons. Development of collateral pathways or resolution of conduction block may explain this recovery. MRI comprising DTI and tractography could play a key role in the prognosis of motor recovery.
An adaptive trajectory tracking control scheme for a novel fully actuated multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle without using velocity signals
Authors: Shu Panfeng , Xie Xiaomin , Li Feng , Jia Lijuan , Xu Wenjia , Oya Masahiro
Published: January 2024

This paper introduces a novel fully actuated multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and develops an adaptive control scheme for it without relying on velocity signals. Conventional multirotors are limited by their strong coupling between translation and rotation motion, which makes it difficult to operate one motion without affecting the other. However, this novel multirotor's fully actuated design allows for independent translation and rotation motion, leading to better operational performance and expanded application scope. Additionally, velocity measurement signals can be prone to noise pollution and signal drift, making them unreliable for control purposes. Therefore, this proposed control scheme is developed without using velocity signals. The study utilizes a control performance improving method and guarantees stability of the closed‐loop system using the direct Lyapunov method. Finally, numerical simulations are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Electrically Programmed Doping Gradients Optimize the Thermoelectric Power Factor of a Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Liu Jian , Craighero Mariavittoria , Gupta Vandna K. , Scheunemann Dorothea , Paleti Sri Harish Kumar , Järsvall Emmy , Kim Youngseok , Xu Kai , Reparaz Juan Sebastián , Koster L. Jan Anton , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Kemerink Martijn , Martinelli Anna , Müller Christian
Published: January 2024

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are widely explored in the context of inorganic thermoelectrics, but not yet in organic thermoelectrics. Here, the impact of doping gradients on the thermoelectric properties of a chemically doped conjugated polymer is studied. The in‐plane drift of counterions in moderate electric fields is used to create lateral doping gradients in films composed of a polythiophene with oligoether side chains, doped with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). Raman microscopy reveals that a bias voltage of as little as 5 V across a 50 µm wide channel is sufficient to trigger counterion drift, resulting in doping gradients. The effective electrical conductivity of the graded channel decreases with bias voltage, while an overall increase in Seebeck coefficient is observed, yielding an up to eight‐fold enhancement in power factor. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of graded films explain the increase in power factor in terms of a roll‐off of the Seebeck coefficient at high electrical conductivities in combination with a mobility decay due to increased Coulomb scattering at high dopant concentrations. Therefore, the FGM concept is found to be a way to improve the thermoelectric performance of not yet optimally doped organic semiconductors, which may ease the screening of new materials as well as the fabrication of devices.
Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors
Authors: Lee Jeng‐Hun , Cho Kilwon , Kim Jang‐Kyo
Published: January 2024

With the commercialization of first‐generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next‐generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast‐emerging technology.
Engineered Surfaces That Promote Capture of Latent Proteins to Facilitate Integrin‐Mediated Mechanical Activation of Growth Factors
Authors: Dhawan Udesh , Williams Jonathan A. , Windmill James F. C. , Childs Peter , Gonzalez‐Garcia Cristina , Dalby Matthew J. , Salmeron‐Sanchez Manuel
Published: January 2024

Conventional osteogenic platforms utilize active growth factors to repair bone defects that are extensive in size, but they can adversely affect patient health. Here, an unconventional osteogenic platform is reported that functions by promoting capture of inactive osteogenic growth factor molecules to the site of cell growth for subsequent integrin‐mediated activation, using a recombinant fragment of latent transforming growth factor beta‐binding protein‐1 (rLTBP1). It is shown that rLTBP1 binds to the growth‐factor‐ and integrin‐binding domains of fibronectin on poly(ethyl acrylate) surfaces, which immobilizes rLTBP1 and promotes the binding of latency associated peptide (LAP), within which inactive transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) is bound. rLTBP1 facilitates the interaction of LAP with integrin β1 and the subsequent mechanically driven release of TGF‐β1 to stimulate canonical TGF‐β1 signaling, activating osteogenic marker expression in vitro and complete regeneration of a critical‐sized bone defect in vivo.
ML‐Augmented Bayesian Optimization of Pain Induced by Microneedles
Authors: Abdullah Ahmed Choukri , Tasoglu Savas
Published: January 2024

Microneedles (MNs) have emerged as a promising solution for drug delivery and extraction of body fluids. Pain is an important physiological attribute to be examined when designing MNs. There is no known representation of pain with geometric features of a MN despite the focus on experimental work. This study focuses on optimizing MN designs with the aim of minimizing pain through means of machine learning, finite element analysis, and optimization tools. Three distinct approaches are proposed. The first approach involves training multiple regression models on data obtained through finite element analysis in COMSOL. The second approach uses COMSOL's built‐in nonlinear optimization solver. Finally, the third approach utilizes the LiveLink interface between COMSOL and MATLAB, combined with Bayesian optimization. Each approach presents unique strengths and challenges, with the third approach demonstrating significant promise due to its efficiency, practicality, and time‐saving.
Mapping racial and ethnic healthcare disparities for persons living with dementia: A scoping review
Authors: Hinton Ladson , Tran Duyen , Peak Kate , Meyer Oanh L. , Quiñones Ana R.
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCTION

We set out to map evidence of disparities in Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias healthcare, including issues of access, quality, and outcomes for racial/ethnic minoritized persons living with dementia (PLWD) and family caregivers.

METHODS

We conducted a scoping review of the literature published from 2000 to 2022 in PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. The inclusion criteria were: (1) focused on PLWD and/or family caregivers, (2) examined disparities or differences in healthcare, (3) were conducted in the United States, (4) compared two or more racial/ethnic groups, and (5) reported quantitative or qualitative findings.

RESULTS

Key findings include accumulating evidence that minoritized populations are less likely to receive an accurate and timely diagnosis, be prescribed anti‐dementia medications, and use hospice care, and more likely to have a higher risk of hospitalization and receive more aggressive life‐sustaining treatment at the end‐of‐life.

DISCUSSION

Future studies need to examine underlying processes and develop interventions to reduce disparities while also being more broadly inclusive of diverse populations.
Comparison of plasma biomarkers and amyloid PET for predicting memory decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals
Authors: Jack Clifford R. , Wiste Heather J. , Algeciras‐Schimnich Alicia , Weigand Stephen D. , Figdore Dan J. , Lowe Val J. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Ramanan Vijay K. , Knopman David S. , Mielke Michelle M. , Machulda Mary M. , Fields Julie , Schwarz Christopher G. , Cogswell Petrice M. , Senjem Matthew L. , Therneau Terry M. , Petersen Ronald C.
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND

We compared the ability of several plasma biomarkers versus amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to predict rates of memory decline among cognitively unimpaired individuals.

METHODS

We studied 645 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants. Predictor variables were age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, amyloid PET, and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)181, neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p‐tau217. The outcome was a change in a memory composite measure.

RESULTS

All plasma biomarkers, except NfL, were associated with mean memory decline in models with individual biomarkers. However, amyloid PET and plasma p‐tau217, along with age, were key variables independently associated with mean memory decline in models combining all predictors. Confidence intervals were narrow for estimates of population mean prediction, but person‐level prediction intervals were wide.

DISCUSSION

Plasma p‐tau217 and amyloid PET provide useful information about predicting rates of future cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals at the population mean level, but not at the individual person level.
Photo‐Induced Disproportionation‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: Simultaneous Oxidation of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Generation of Superoxide Radicals
Authors: Teng Kun‐Xu , Zhang Dongsheng , Liu Bin‐Kai , Liu Zheng‐Fei , Niu Li‐Ya , Yang Qing‐Zheng
Published: January 2024

We herein present an approach of photo‐induced disproportionation for preparation of Type‐I photodynamic agents. As a proof of concept, BODIPY‐based photosensitizers were rationally designed and prepared. The photo‐induced intermolecular electron transfer between homotypic chromophores leads to the disproportionation reaction, resulting in the formation of charged intermediates, cationic and anionic radicals. The cationic radicals efficiently oxidize the cellularimportant coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and the anionic radicals transfer electrons to oxygen to produce superoxide radicals (O2−⋅). One of our Type‐I photodynamic agents not only self‐assembles in water but also effectively targets the endoplasmic reticulum. It displayed excellent photocytotoxicity even in highly hypoxic environments (2 % O2), with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.96 μM, and demonstrated outstanding antitumor efficacy in murine models bearing HeLa tumors.
Nucleophilic Reaction‐Enabled Chloride Modification on CsPbI3 Quantum Dots for Pure Red Light‐Emitting Diodes with Efficiency Exceeding 26 %
Authors: Feng Yifeng , Li Hongjin , Zhu Meiyi , Gao Yun , Cai Qiuting , Lu Guochao , Dai Xingliang , Ye Zhizhen , He Haiping
Published: January 2024

High‐performance pure red perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with an emission wavelength shorter than 650 nm are ideal for wide‐color‐gamut displays, yet remain an unprecedented challenge to progress. Mixed‐halide CsPb(Br/I)3 emitter‐based PeLEDs suffer spectral stability induced by halide phase segregation and CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) suffer from a compromise between emission wavelength and electroluminescence efficiency. Here, we demonstrate efficient pure red PeLEDs with an emission centered at 638 nm based on PbClx‐modified CsPbI3 QDs. A nucleophilic reaction that releases chloride ions and manipulates the ligand equilibrium of the colloidal system is developed to synthesize the pure red emission QDs. The comprehensive structural and spectroscopic characterizations evidence the formation of PbClx outside the CsPbI3 QDs, which regulates exciton recombination and prevents the exciton from dissociation induced by surface defects. In consequence, PeLEDs based on PbClx‐modified CsPbI3 QDs with superior optoelectronic properties demonstrate stable electroluminescence spectra at high driving voltages, a record external quantum efficiency of 26.1 %, optimal efficiency roll‐off of 16.0 % at 1000 cd m−2, and a half lifetime of 7.5 hours at 100 cd m−2, representing the state‐of‐the‐art pure red PeLEDs. This work provides new insight into constructing the carrier‐confined structure on perovskite QDs for high‐performance PeLEDs.
Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala and colocalization with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Authors: Salamanca G. , Tagliavia C. , Grandis A. , Graïc J. M. , Cozzi B. , Bombardi C.
Published: January 2024

The amygdaloid complex, also known as the amygdala, is a heterogeneous group of distinct nuclear and cortical pallial and subpallial structures. The amygdala plays an important role in several complex functions including emotional behavior and learning. The expression of calcium‐binding proteins and peptides in GABAergic neurons located in the pallial and subpallial amygdala is not uniform and is sometimes restricted to specific groups of cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in specific subpopulations of GABAergic cells in the amygdala. VIP immunoreactivity has been observed in somatodendritic and axonal profiles of the rat basolateral and central amygdala. However, a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of VIP immunoreactivity in the various pallial and subpallial structures is currently lacking. The present study used immunohistochemical and morphometric techniques to analyze the distribution and the neuronal localization of VIP immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala. In the pallial amygdala, VIP‐IR neurons are local inhibitory interneurons that presumably directly and indirectly regulate the activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons. In the subpallial amygdala, VIP immunoreactivity is expressed in several inhibitory cell types, presumably acting as projection or local interneurons. The distribution of VIP immunoreactivity is non‐homogeneous throughout the different areas of the amygdaloid complex, suggesting a distinct influence of this neuropeptide on local neuronal circuits and, consequently, on the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and endocrine activities mediated by the amygdala.
Identification and assessment of new PIM2 inhibitors for treating hematologic cancers: A combined approach of energy‐based virtual screening and machine learning evaluation
Authors: Chen Xi , Zhao Jingyi , Chen Roufen , Shen Liteng , Lu Jialiang , Guo Yu , Chi Xinglong , Geng Shuangshuang , Zhang Qingnan , Pan Zhichao , He Xinjun , Xu Lei , Shen Zheyuan , Yang Haiyan , Lei Tao
Published: January 2024

PIM2, part of the PIM kinase family along with PIM1 and PIM3, is often overexpressed in hematologic cancers, fueling tumor growth. Despite its significance, there are no approved drugs targeting it. In response to this challenge, we devised a thorough virtual screening workflow for discovering novel PIM2 inhibitors. Our process includes molecular docking and diverse scoring methods like molecular mechanics generalized born surface area, XGBOOST, and DeepDock to rank potential inhibitors by binding affinities and interaction potential. Ten compounds were selected and subjected to an adequate evaluation of their biological activity. Compound 2 emerged as the most potent inhibitor with an IC50 of approximately 135.7 nM. It also displayed significant activity against various hematological cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia, mantle cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the binding mode of compound 2 with PIM2, offering insights for drug development. These results highlight the reliability and efficacy of our virtual screening workflow, promising new drugs for hematologic cancers, notably ALCL.
How hermeneutics can guide grading in integrated STEAM education: An evidence‐informed perspective
Authors: DeLuca Christopher , Dubek Michelle , Rickey Nathan
Published: January 2024

Addressing calls to develop assessment theories for integrated teaching and learning, we propose an evidence‐informed perspective on grading in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM) education. We leveraged a qualitative collective case study design to generate rich profiles of three exemplary STEAM teachers' grading approaches and practices. Data sources included semi‐structured interviews and artefacts of teachers' instruction and assessment practice. We analysed qualitative data from interviews and artefacts using a general inductive approach. The teachers in our study pushed back against ‘objective’ views of grading, whereby grades are composites of summative assessments, in favour of informed and contextualised grading, which aims to document and support a negotiated understanding of each student's learning journey. Teachers' grading practices aligned with a hermeneutic approach to classroom assessment validity: the teachers (a) collected and interpreted a wide range of evidence of student (re)learning; (b) centred students' perspectives and evidences; and (c) employed their professional judgement to determine students' grades. Teachers characterised grading as a process of accounting for all available evidence, blurring the boundaries between formative and summative assessment. Documenting the learning process, rather than focusing on products, can support deeply integrated learning. Importantly, the teachers supported students in documenting their own learning and negotiating their grades with reference to self‐generated evidence. This practice stands to reduce power imbalances between students and teachers and foster students' self‐regulated learning. Our findings inform a framework which STEAM educators can use to guide grading in integrated classrooms, an enduring challenge for integrated learning.
A novel experimental method to determine substrate uptake kinetics of gaseous substrates applied to the carbon monoxide‐fermenting Clostridium autoethanogenum
Authors: Allaart Maximilienne T. , Korkontzelos Charilaos , Sousa Diana Z. , Kleerebezem Robbert
Published: January 2024

Syngas fermentation has gained momentum over the last decades. The cost‐efficient design of industrial‐scale bioprocesses is highly dependent on quantitative microbial growth data. Kinetic and stoichiometric models for syngas‐converting microbes exist, but accurate experimental validation of the derived parameters is lacking. Here, we describe a novel experimental approach for measuring substrate uptake kinetics of gas‐fermenting microbes using the model microorganism Clostridium autoethanogenum. One‐hour disturbances of a steady‐state chemostat bioreactor with increased CO partial pressures (up to 1.2 bar) allowed for measurement of biomass‐specific CO uptake‐ and CO2 production rates (, ) using off‐gas analysis. At a pCO of 1.2 bar, a of −119 ± 1 mmol g−1X h−1 was measured. This value is 1.8–3.5‐fold higher than previously reported experimental and kinetic modeling results for syngas fermenters. Analysis of the catabolic flux distribution reveals a metabolic shift towards ethanol production at the expense of acetate at pCO  0.6 atm, likely to be mediated by acetate availability and cellular redox state. We characterized this metabolic shift as acetogenic overflow metabolism. These results provide key mechanistic understanding of the factors steering the product spectrum of CO fermentation in C. autoethanogenum and emphasize the importance of dedicated experimental validation of kinetic parameters.
Corporate digitalization and green innovation: Evidence from textual analysis of firm annual reports and corporate green patent data in China
Authors: Fang Liting , Li Zhaohua
Published: January 2024

We investigate the effect of corporate digitalization capabilities on green innovation among Chinese‐listed firms. Using a panel dataset of 2908 companies from 2011 to 2020, we use textual analysis and entropy weighting on corporate annual reports to construct a yearly corporate digitalization index. Our findings show that corporate digitalization promotes green innovation, as evidenced by patent applications and grants. This relationship is stronger for firms with fewer financial constraints and in provinces with strong intellectual property protection. We also find the national digital policy of the “Internet Plus” strategy has a stronger positive effect on corporate green innovation for corporations with a higher degree of digitalization. Our results are robust to various alternative measures, econometric models, and different samples.
Exploring the potential of blockchain‐enabled smart contracts for achieving net‐zero emissions: An empirical study
Authors: Bag Surajit , Rahman Muhammad Sabbir , Routray Susmi , Shrivastav Santosh Kumar , Agrawal Soni
Published: January 2024

A sustainable future entails addressing net‐zero emissions, which balances greenhouse gas emissions, thereby mitigating climate change. This study explores the relationship between the information quality, system quality, and service quality of blockchain‐enabled smart contracts (BSCs) with collaboration quality to achieve net‐zero emissions. The study further explores the role of collaboration quality in influencing the intention‐to‐use BSC and organizational satisfaction. The study employed the revised DeLone and McLean model and validated it with data from 434 respondents using structural equation modeling. The results validate all the hypotheses derived from the updated DeLone and McLean information system (IS) success model. There exist significant relationships between information quality, system quality, and service quality in the BSCs leading to collaboration quality to achieve net‐zero emissions. The study establishes the significant role of collaboration quality which positively impacts usage behavior and organizational satisfaction, mediated by the intention to use. The findings of this study offer insights for organizations and policymakers seeking to harness blockchain for environmental sustainability.