bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Wingbeat Frequency on Hummingbirds using a No-labeling Learning Computer Vision Approach
Authors: Bastidas-Rodriguez Maria Ximena , Fernandes Ana Melisa , Espejo Uribe María José , Abaunza Diana , Roncancio Juan Sebastián , Gutierrez Zamora Eduardo Aquiles , Pai Cristian Flórez , Smiley Ashley , Hurme Kristiina , Clark Christopher J. , Rico-Guevara Alejandro
Published: October 2024

Synopsis

Wingbeat frequency estimation is an important aspect for the study of avian flight, energetics, and behavioral patterns, among others. Hummingbirds, in particular, are ideal subjects to test a method for this estimation due to their fast wing motions and unique aerodynamics, which results from their ecological diversification, adaptation to high-altitude environments, and sexually selected displays. Traditionally, wingbeat frequency measurements have been done via “manual” image/sound processing. In this study, we present an automated method to detect, track, classify, and monitor hummingbirds in high-speed video footage, accurately estimating their wingbeat frequency using computer vision techniques and signal analysis. Our approach utilizes a zero-shot learning algorithm that eliminates the need for labeling during training. Results demonstrate that our method can produce automated wingbeat frequency estimations with minimal supervision, closely matching those performed by trained human observers. This comparison indicates that our method can, in some scenarios, achieve low or zero error compared to a human, making it a valuable tool for flight analysis. Automating video analysis can assist wingbeat frequency estimation by reducing processing time and, thus, lowering barriers to analyze biological data on fields such as aerodynamics, foraging behavior, and signaling.
Targeted Degradation of MYC2 through MPK6 Phosphorylation Reveals Mechanisms and Implications for Jasmonic Acid Signaling
Authors: Im Jong Hee , Son Seungmin , Jung Man-Young , Ko Jae-Heung , Han Kyung-Hwan
Published: October 2024

MYC2 is a key regulator in the Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, yet the mechanisms governing its stability remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that MYC2 is degraded by MPK6 under JA signaling. Through yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays, andin vitrokinase assay, we show that MPK6 directly interacts with and phosphorylates MYC2. Additionally, MYC2 transcriptional activity is enhanced in thempk6mutant. Further, MPK6 phosphorylates MYC2 at threonine 328, leading to its degradation. These findings suggest that MPK6 drives MYC2 degradation by specifically phosphorylating threonine 328 within the JA signaling pathway.
Impact of Optogenetic Activation of the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus on Sleep Architecture in Mice
Authors: Arai Mayuko , Tok Sean , Kent Brianne A
Published: October 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide and is often accompanied by significant sleep disturbances, such as sleep fragmentation, early awakenings, decreased sleep efficiency, and insomnia. It has been suggested that the alterations in activity of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) are closely associated with sleep disruptions in AD. Evidence suggests that activating neurons expressing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) within the TRN may enhance sleep quality and potentially ameliorate neuropathology associated with AD. However, the precise mechanisms through which TRN influences sleep disruptions and AD pathophysiology remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether activating GABAergic TRN neurons could alter sleep architecture in wild-type mice. Utilizing optogenetic stimulation, we observed that activation of these neurons did not significantly alter sleep state durations or delta wave power, a key indicator of Slow Wave Sleep (SWS). Furthermore, the application of a two-virus strategy inadvertently led to non-specific opsin expression beyond the targeted TRN area. We discuss the potential factors that contributed to these outcomes, providing directions for future investigations to better delineate the role of the TRN in sleep and AD.
A genotype-first approach identifies variants for orofacial clefts and other phenotypes in dogs
Authors: Buckley Reuben M , Bilgen Nüket , Harris Alexander C , Savolainen Peter , Tepeli Cafer , Erdoğan Metin , Serres Armero Aitor , Dreger Dayna L , van Steenbeek Frank G , Hytönen Marjo K , Hale Jessica , Lohi Hannes , Çınar Kul Bengi , Boyko Adam R , Ostrander Elaine A
Published: October 2024

Dog breeding promotes within-group homogeneity through conformation to strict breed standards, and also drives between-group heterogeneity in pursuit of characteristic breed traits. There are over 350 recognized dog breeds that provide the foundation for investigating the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity. Typically, breed standard phenotypes such as stature, fur length, and craniofacial structure are analyzed in genetic association studies. However, such analyses are limited to the assayed phenotypes, leaving difficult to measure phenotypic subtleties potentially overlooked. In this study, the genotype-first approach was adapted to the dog genome to investigate coding variation from over 2000 dogs, leading to discoveries of new mutations related to craniofacial morphology and stature. Breed-enriched variants were prioritized according to gene constraint, which was calculated using a mutation model derived from trinucleotide substitution probabilities in the dog. Among the discovered variants was a splice-acceptor mutation inPDGFRAassociated with bifid nose, a characteristic trait of Çatalburun dogs, implicating the gene’s role in midline closure, and a frameshift mutation inLCORLassociated with large canine body size, thus highlighting the importance of allelic heterogeneity in selection for breed traits. Most priority variants were not associated with genomic signatures for breed differentiation, as these regions were enriched for constrained genes intolerant to nonsynonymous variation, suggesting a model of breed phenotype diversification based on regulatory changes to essential genes. Identification of trait-associated variants in dogs informs new biological roles for genes. Improved collection of breed disease risk data, along with increased breed representation, will drive further discoveries.
Droplet microfluidic screening to engineer angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catalytic activity
Authors: Okal Evelyn F , Romero Philip A. , Heinzelman Pete
Published: October 2024

Background

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a crucial peptidase in human peptide hormone signaling, catalyzing the conversion of Angiotensin-II to Angiotensin-(1-7), which activates the Mas receptor and elicits vasodilation, increased blood flow, reduced inflammation, and decreased pathological tissue remodeling. This study leverages protein engineering to enhance ACE2’s therapeutic potential for treating conditions such as respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and diabetes. Surrogate substrates used in traditional high-throughput screening methods for peptidases often fail to accurately mimic native substrates, leading to less effective enzyme variants. Here, we developed an ultra-high-throughput droplet microfluidic platform to screen peptidases on native peptide substrates. Our assay detects substrate cleavage via free amino acid release, providing a precise measurement of biologically relevant peptidase activity.

Results

Using this new platform, we screened a large library of ACE2 variants, identifying position 187 as a hotspot for enhancing enzyme activity. Further focused screening revealed the K187T variant, which exhibited a fourfold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) over wild-type ACE2.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates the potential of droplet microfluidics for therapeutic peptidase engineering, offering a robust and accessible method to optimize enzyme properties for clinical applications.
Electrogenic Dynamics of Biofilm Formation: Correlation Between Genetic Expression and Electrochemical Activity inBacillus subtilis
Authors: Yavarinasab Adel , He Jerry , Mookherjee Abhirup , Krishnanc Nikhil , Pestana Luis Ruiz , Fusco Diana , Bizzotto Dan , Tropini Carolina
Published: October 2024

Bacterial biofilms are structured microbial communities that play a big role in diverse processes such as nutrient cycling and bacterial pathogenesis. Biofilms are known for their electron transfer properties which are essential for metabolic processes, microbial survival, and maintaining redox balance. In this study, we investigated the electrogenic properties ofBacillus subtilis, a bacterial producer of electron-donating biofilms. Interdigitated gold electrodes were utilized to continuously measure the electrochemical activity of biofilm-formingB. subtiliscells as well as genetic mutants unable to create them (biofilm-deficient), over three days of growth. The formation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and filamentous appendages was monitored via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chronoamperometry was used to assess electrochemical activity, which showed fluctuations in electrical current at specific time points in biofilm-forming cells. In contrast, biofilm-deficient cells showed no corresponding changes in current. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) revealed significant differences between the voltammograms of biofilm-forming and biofilm-deficient cells that were hypothesized to be a result of the reduction of secreted flavodoxin only in biofilm-forming cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was also performed at various intervals and analyzed using an equivalent circuit model. We identified the presence of a charge transfer resistance (Rct) exclusively in biofilm-forming cells which correlated to the time of increased electrochemical activity measured using choronoamperometry. Finally, through confocal microscopy, we found that the expression of a gene involved in biofilm matrix formation,tasA, was correlated with the time where electrochemical charge transfer was measured. Altogether, these results indicate that electrochemical activity is primarily present in biofilm-forming cells rather than in biofilm-deficient mutants. By combining electrochemical and microscopic methods, a methodology was developed to continuously monitor the stages of biofilm formation through measurement of electrochemical activity, substantiating a correlation between the expression of biofilm genes and their electrochemical or redox activities. These data show that electrochemical activities within biofilms vary over time and there is a temporal relationship between these processes and the expression of genes responsible for biofilm development.
Prevalence and Dynamics of Genome Rearrangements in Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Martinez-Gutierrez Carolina A. , Bobay Louis-Marie
Published: October 2024

The genetic material of bacteria and archaea is organized into various structures and set-ups, attesting that genome architecture is dynamic in these organisms. However, strong selective pressures are also acting to preserve genome organization, and it remains unclear how frequently genomes experience rearrangements and what mechanisms lead to these processes. Here, we assessed the dynamics and the drivers of genomic rearrangements across 121 microbial species. We show that synteny is highly conserved within most species, although several species present exceptionally flexible genomic layouts. Our results show a rather variable pace at which genomic rearrangements occur across bacteria and archaea, pointing to different selective constraints driving the accumulation of genomic changes across species. Importantly, we found that not only inversions but also translocations are highly enriched near the origin of replication (Ori), which suggests that many rearrangements may confer an adaptive advantage to the cell through the relocation of genes that benefit from gene dosage effects. Finally, our results support the view that mobile genetic elements—in particular transposable elements—are the main drivers of genomic translocations and inversions. Overall, our study shows that microbial species present largely stable genomic layouts and identifies key patterns and drivers of genome rearrangements in prokaryotes.

Significance statement

Bacterial and archaeal genomes display stable architectures which ensures the preservation of fundamental cellular processes. However, large genomic rearrangements occasionally occur. Although most of these events are thought to be highly deleterious, they have the potential to lead to adaptive events. Here, we examined the general trends of the dynamic of prokaryotic genomes by exploring the occurrence of genome rearrangements across a broad diversity of bacterial and archaeal species. We find that genomes remain highly syntenic in most species over short evolutionary timescales, although some species appear particularly dynamic. Rearrangements are strongly biased, and most gene blocks are relocated near the origin of replication. We also measured remarkably variables rates at which genome rearrangements occur across species, and transposons and other mobile genetic elements appear to be the main drivers of these variations. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive picture of the dynamic of genome architecture across many microbial species.
Heterogeneous distribution of inhibitory inputs among motor units as a key mechanism for motor adaptations to pain
Authors: Hug François , Dernoncourt François , Avrillon Simon , Thorstensen Jacob , Besomi Manuela , van den Hoorn Wolbert , Tucker Kylie
Published: October 2024

Pain significantly influences movement, yet the precise neural mechanisms underlying the wide range of observed motor adaptations remain unclear. This study combined experimental data andin silicomodels to investigate the contribution of inhibitory and neuromodulatory inputs to motor unit behaviour during submaximal contractions performed in the presence of pain. Specifically, we aimed to unravel the distribution pattern of inhibitory inputs to the motor unit pool. Seventeen participants performed isometric knee extension tasks under three conditions: Control, Pain (induced by injecting hypertonic saline into the infra-patellar fat pad), and Washout. We identified large samples of motor units in the vastus lateralis (up to 53/participant) from high-density electromyographic signals, which led to three key observations. First, while motor unit discharge rates significantly decreased during Pain, a substantial proportion of motor units (14.8-24.8%) did not show this decrease and, in some cases, even exhibited an increase. Second, using complementary approaches we showed that pain did not alter the amplification and prolongation effects of persistent inward currents on motor unit discharge, providing evidence that neuromodulatory drive to motor neurons remained unchanged. Third, we observed a significant reduction in the proportion of common inputs to motor units during Pain. To explore potential neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these experimental results, we simulated the behaviour of motor unit pools with varying distribution patterns of inhibitory inputs. Our simulation supports the hypothesis of a non-homogeneous distribution of inhibitory inputs, independent of motor unit size, as a key neural mechanism underlying motor adaptations to experimental pain.

Significance statement

Our study challenges the traditional view of homogeneous inhibition of motor units during noxious stimulation and strongly supports contemporary pain theories that propose a non-homogeneous distribution of inhibitory inputs across the motor unit pool. Although previous research has observed differential motor unit responses to pain - some with decreased discharge rates and others with increased discharge rates - these findings alone cannot distinguish between homogeneous and non-homogeneous inhibition. By combining experimental data within silicomodelling, we provide compelling evidence of increased inhibition that is non-uniformly distributed across motor units, independent of motor unit size, as a key neural mechanism underlying motor adaptations to pain.
Automated, Stress-Free, and Precise Measurement of Songbird Weight in Neuroscience Experiments
Authors: Bonneh Yuval , Tuval Avishag , Ben-Shitrit Ido , Goffer Lilia , Cohen Yarden
Published: October 2024

Monitoring the health and well-being of research animals is essential for both ethical and scientific purposes. In songbirds, body weight is one of the main indicators for their overall condition, yet traditional weighing methods can be intrusive and stress-inducing, which could decrease their song rate. We developed a novel, automated system designed to continuously monitor the weight of untethered and tethered birds without disrupting their natural behavior in neuroscience experiments. We used the system to track weight fluctuations in six canaries over several weeks, revealing physiological patterns such as overnight weight loss, with one bird losing approximately 5.17% of its body weight during a 9.5-hour period of inactivity. Our system’s high sensitivity detected weight changes below 1% of body mass, validating its reliability for long-term studies. Control experiments confirmed that weight fluctuations observed were physiological rather than due to equipment deviations. By eliminating the need for manual handling, this system offers a non-invasive, hands-free approach that reduces stress and improves the accuracy of health assessments. This study demonstrates the system’s potential for expanding research on how environmental factors, diet, and other variables influence bird physiology and behavior. Future applications could integrate additional health metrics, providing a more comprehensive understanding of animal welfare in neuroscience and behavioral studies.
Seasonal dynamics in microbial trace metals transporters during phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kong Yanhui , Zhang Rui , Blain Stéphane , Obernosterer Ingrid
Published: October 2024

Trace metals are required as cofactors in metalloproteins that are essential in microbial metabolism and growth. The microbial requirements of diverse metals and the capabilities of prokaryotic taxa to acquire these metals remain poorly understood. We present here results from metagenomic observations over an entire productive season in the region off Kerguelen Island (Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean). We observed seasonal patterns in the abundance of prokaryotic transporters of seven trace elements (zinc [Zn], manganese [Mn], nickel [Ni], molybdenum [Mo], tungsten [W], copper [Cu] and cobalt [Co]) and the consecutive spring and summer phytoplankton blooms were strong drivers of these temporal trends. Taxonomic affiliation of the functional genes revealed that Rhodobacteraceae had a broad repertoire of trace metal transporters (Mn, Zn, Ni, W and Mo) and a more restricted set was observed for other prokaryotic groups, such as Flavobacteriaceae (Zn), Nitrincolaceae (Ni and W) and Thioglobaceae (Mo). The prevalence of trace metal transporters within a prokaryotic group, as determined on the family level, was overall confirmed in representative metagenome‐assembled genomes. We discuss the potential involvement of prokaryotic groups in processes related to organic matter utilisation that require these metals and the consequences on carbon and trace metal cycling in surface waters of the Southern Ocean.
Variations in media framing of movements in China, France, and the U.S.: An intersectional approach
Authors: Li Yao , Cassard Marion , Holmes Brooke , Wu Huixuan
Published: October 2024

Current literature often links contentious protests with media hostility, showing that news outlets typically portray protests involving disruption or violence in a negative light. Contesting this literature, this work introduces an intersectional approach—focusing on geopolitics, protest goals and actions—to theorize divergences in the media framing of protests that entail violence. To illustrate these divergences, we use mixed methods—network analysis and content analysis—to examine an original dataset on U.S. media coverage of three large movements in different countries. These movements share similarities in their anti‐status quo goals and contentious actions but differ in geopolitical locations: one taking place in the U.S., the second in a U.S. ally country, and the third in a non‐ally country. As the first to apply network analysis in movement‐media studies, this comparative study contributes to a systematic examination of media framing variations both within and across social movements. This work also complicates our understanding of violence and media representation by introducing a theoretically‐informed approach that considers multiple factors simultaneously.
Application of nondestructive techniques for peach (Prunus persica) quality inspection: A review
Authors: Qi Hengnian , Luo Jiahao , Wu Xiaoping , Zhang Chu
Published: October 2024

Peaches are highly valued for their rich nutritional content. Traditional fruit quality accessing methods (i.e., manual squeezing the fruit for firmness) are both subjective and destructive, which tend to diminish the integrity of fruit samples, consequently undermining their market value. Compared to traditional detection methods, nondestructive technology offers efficient and noninvasive solutions for rapidly and accurately assessing internal external quality of peaches. This can significantly enhance product classification and quality assurance while reducing the need for extensive human resources and minimizing potential physical damage to peaches. This review provided a comprehensive overview of nondestructive techniques for peach quality evaluation, including visible/near‐infrared spectroscopy, machine vision technology, hyperspectral imaging, dielectric and optical properties, fluorescence spectroscopy, electronic nose/tongue, and acoustic vibration methods. It also evaluates the effectiveness of each technique in assessing internal quality, maturity, and disease detection of peaches. The advantages and limitations of each method were also summarized. This study focuses specifically on peaches and encompasses all existing nondestructive testing methods, providing valuable insights and references for future studies in the field of peach quality analysis using nondestructive testing methods.
Enhancement of exercise‐induced fatigue alleviation and liver selenium regulation through in situ nanoselenium synthesis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus cells, empowered by Ganoderma lucidum spore loading
Authors: Shi Dingyu , Xu Fengqin , Li Yinghui , Shang Xinzhe , Liao Ning , Jin Han , Liu Guanwen , Shao Dongyan
Published: October 2024

Given the increasing awareness of the negative effects of fatigue on daily activities, mental health, and quality of life, antifatigue supplements are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. Selenium has been found to have antifatigue potential in high dosage, but may cause toxicity effects to the body. In this study, inorganic selenium was first converted to nanoselenium particles via in situ synthesis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus SHA113 (Se‐LRS), and then loaded by Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS). The resulting products were not only assessed for their antioxidant activities, but also the antifatigue potential in mice. As a result, both Se‐LRS and the Se‐LRS/GLS complex exhibited higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities in simulated gastrointestinal fluids compared to isolated selenium nanoparticles. The Se‐LRS/GLS complex demonstrated sustained release of selenium in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and showed significant alleviation of exercise‐induced fatigue indicators, but relatively lower liver selenium accumulation in the mice, surpassing the effects of isolated nanoselenium. No toxicity was found to Caco‐2 cells for Se‐LRS/GLS complex at 2 µg/mL. This is a novel approach to enhance the antifatigue potential of selenium without causing extra toxicity.
Enhancing dietary analysis: Using machine learning for food caloric and health risk assessment
Authors: Adjuik Toby A. , Boi‐Dsane Naa Adzoa A. , Kehinde Bababode A.
Published: October 2024

In the wake of growing concerns regarding diet‐related health issues, this study investigates the application of machine learning methods to estimate the energy content and classify the health risks of foods based on the USDA National Nutrient Database. The caloric content of foods was estimated using the nutritional composition (i.e., carbohydrates, protein, total lipid, and total sugar content) and classified based on their weighted health risks, considering their carbohydrate, lipid, and glycemic index levels. The algorithms used for modeling include multiple linear regression (MLR), K‐nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest regression (RFR), gradient‐boosted regression, decision trees (DT), and deep neural networks. The MLR model demonstrated high accuracy on the training dataset (R2 = 0.99, mean absolute error [MAE] = 7.71 kcal, and root mean squared error [RMSE] = 17.89 kcal) and testing dataset (R2 = 0.99, MAE = 7.75 kcal, and RMSE = 18 kcal) in energy estimation, indicating its effectiveness in dietary assessment. The RFR and DT models were useful in categorizing foods into low‐health‐risk foods, but their performance was reduced in medium and high‐health‐risk groups. This research contributes to developing tools that could aid in personalized dietary planning and public health interventions to mitigate diet‐related health risks.

Practical Application

This study applies machine learning to estimate how many calories are in food and to understand the health risks different foods might have. By investigating the fats, cholesterol, and sugars in food items listed in a public database, we can better plan diets or develop apps that help people make healthier eating choices. This work aims to improve public access to nutritional information, supporting efforts to combat diet‐related diseases through educational materials and applications that guide dietary choices in various settings.
Optimization of microbial consortia and materials composition enhances gluconic acid content in kombucha
Authors: Jeong Ah‐Young , Hong Seong‐Jin , Jang Da‐Eun , Kim Eunhye , Ko Sugju , Kim Young‐Min
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to optimize the microbial and ingredient composition of kombucha for enhanced production of gluconic acid (GA). Fourteen strains of Komagataeibacter spp. and one yeast strain of Dekkera sp. were isolated from kombucha. Among them, Komagataeibacter swingsii SS1 (SS1) and Komagataeibacter saccharivorans SS11 (SS11) were selected for their high GA production. A rapid reduction of pH, high GA content relative to acetic acid, and high cellulose production were observed in the tea infusion fermented by the microbial consortium (SS1 + SS11 + Dekkera bruxellensis Y24). From the correlation between the materials composition and quality indicators of kombucha, the decrease in pH was the most critical quality indicator of kombucha and the most closely related to GA content. Maximal GA production (11.7 mg/mL) was obtained under the conditions of 1% (w/v) tea extract, 8.5% (w/v) glucose, and 1.5% (v/v) ethanol through the optimization of materials composition by response surface methodology. The GA content of kombucha was enhanced threefold in comparison to general kombucha by fermentation with Komagataeibacter spp. and optimization of the composition of the ingredients. Overall, this study showed that a specific microbial consortium and materials composition could be established by correlation analysis among the ingredients, which results in increased GA levels in kombucha. These findings offer valuable foundational data for both commercial production and quality control of kombucha.
Whole cell affinity for 4‐amino‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐methylpyrimidine (HMP) in the marine bacterium CandidatusPelagibacter st. HTCC7211 explains marine dissolved HMP concentrations
Authors: Brennan Elizabeth , Noell Stephen , Davis Edward W. , Giovannoni Stephen J. , Suffridge Christopher P.
Published: October 2024

Vitamin B1 is a universally required coenzyme in carbon metabolism. However, most marine microorganisms lack the complete biosynthetic pathway for this compound and must acquire thiamin, or precursor molecules, from the dissolved pool. The most common version of Vitamin B1 auxotrophy is for thiamin's pyrimidine precursor moiety, 4‐amino‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐methylpyrimidine (HMP). Frequent HMP auxotrophy in plankton and vanishingly low dissolved concentrations (approximately 0.1–50 pM) suggest that high‐affinity HMP uptake systems are responsible for maintaining low ambient HMP concentrations. We used tritium‐labelled HMP to investigate HMP uptake mechanisms and kinetics in cell cultures of Candidatus Pelagibacter st. HTCC7211, a representative of the globally distributed and highly abundant SAR11 clade. A single protein, the sodium solute symporter ThiV, which is conserved across SAR11 genomes, is the likely candidate for HMP transport. Experimental evidence indicated transport specificity for HMP and mechanistically complex, high‐affinity HMP uptake kinetics. Km values ranged from 9.5 pM to 1.2 nM and were dramatically lower when cells were supplied with a carbon source. These results suggest that HMP uptake in HTCC7211 is subject to complex regulation and point to a strategy for high‐affinity uptake of this essential growth factor that can explain natural HMP levels in seawater.
Within‐episode relations among simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use and continued drinking: The role of momentary subjective responses, craving, and drinking context
Authors: Waddell Jack T. , Corbin William R. , Grimm Kevin J. , Metrik Jane , Lee Christine M. , Trull Timothy J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use is associated with riskier daily drinking. However, little research has tested momentary mechanisms through which simultaneous use predicts continued drinking during acute drinking episodes. The current study tested whether simultaneous use moments predicted within‐episode increases in subjective responses, craving, and continued drinking, and whether these relations were potentiated in social versus solitary settings.

Methods

Emerging adults who co‐use alcohol and cannabis (N = 85) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessment with event‐contingent reports during drinking episodes. Three‐level multilevel models tested whether simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments indirectly predicted subsequent, continued drinking through subjective responses (i.e., high‐arousal positive/stimulant, high‐arousal negative/aggression, low‐arousal positive/relaxation, low‐arousal negative/impairment) and alcohol craving, and whether relations differed by social versus solitary contexts.

Results

Within drinking episodes, simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments were associated with increased stimulation, which was indirectly associated with continued drinking through increased alcohol craving. Additionally, the relation between simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use and stimulating effects was potentiated during solitary drinking moments, whereas the relation between stimulating effects and craving was potentiated during social drinking moments. However, stimulating effects were higher in social contexts across all moments. Finally, simultaneous (vs. alcohol‐only) use moments were associated with increased relaxation, which was indirectly associated with a lower likelihood of continued drinking through lesser craving.

Conclusions

Simultaneous use predicted both continued within‐episode drinking and cessation of drinking, with acute subjective effects and craving as mechanisms, dependent upon context. Just‐in‐time interventions should consider targeting affect, craving, and context in event‐specific interventions.
Systematic scoping review of ageing in place strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand: A comparative analysis
Authors: Satchanawakul Nattanee , Liangruenrom Nucharapon , Thang Leng Leng , Satchanawakul Napaphat
Published: October 2024

Objective

Given the differing cultural contexts and service needs of older persons in the west and the east, programs or policies should be thoughtfully redesigned to accommodate these diverse societies. This paper presents a systematic scoping review of ageing in place (AIP) strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand, emphasising how they are tailored to address the unique challenges of ageing populations in Asia.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted through seven databases. Empirical, peer‐reviewed studies in English that discussed AIP‐related programs or policies involving aged populations in the target countries were included. Themes were identified using the policy triangle framework, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of AIP across the countries.

Results

Three key components of AIP, place, support network and workforce, were identified from 44 included studies. Each country exhibits distinctive approaches to implementing these components. Japan has extensive AIP systems with comprehensive services and strong community and family support. Singapore offers innovative aged care with significant government involvement, though on a smaller scale. Thailand's localised initiatives focus on community health care and age‐friendly city assessments, with a less developed AIP infrastructure.

Conclusions

The study proposes a comprehensive framework for developing ageing policies in Asia, emphasising the need for a person‐centred approach in developing AIP strategies that cater to the diverse needs of ageing populations, and underscores the importance of integrating health‐care services, community support and home environment modifications. The three AIP elements advocate for a person‐centred approach, providing valuable insights for policymakers to effectively manage challenges of rapidly ageing populations.
Cost‐utility of sirolimus in the treatment of vascular malformations
Authors: Li Grace Xiaoying , Sebaratnam Deshan Frank
Published: October 2024

Sirolimus is being increasingly employed to manage specific vascular anomalies. We performed an exploratory cost‐utility analysis to evaluate sirolimus as a treatment for vascular malformations from the Australian healthcare system perspective. Over a one‐year time horizon, sirolimus treatment was associated with an increased expenditure of AU$2832.80 and a gain of 0.08 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) when compared to supportive care, resulting in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of AU$35,410/QALY. By most metrics, sirolimus would be considered a cost‐effective treatment for vascular malformations.
Media Attention and Labor Investment Efficiency*
Authors: Park Sohee , Cho Meeok
Published: October 2024

This study investigates whether firms make efficient labor investment decisions in response to media attention. The results show that media attention lowers labor investment efficiency, not through over‐firing but through over‐hiring, under‐firing, or under‐hiring. We interpret these findings as firms' intentional adjustment of their labor resources to recover from or preempt reputational damage. Overall, the media's pressure effects on labor investment efficiency suggest that media coverage can serve as friction in firms' labor investment decisions, highlighting the relatively unexplored role of the media compared with its monitoring function.
Characterising umbrella reviews in paediatrics: A systematic analysis
Authors: Kuitunen Ilari
Published: October 2024

Aim

To characterise typical practices in conducting and reporting umbrella reviews in paediatrics.

Methods

PubMed database was searched for umbrella reviews focusing on children (0–18 years) published from 1 January 2020 to 15 June 2024, regardless of the speciality. The included studies were assessed for reporting practices, result summarisation and critical appraisal methods.

Results

Ninety‐nine eligible umbrella reviews were included, of which 49 focused on interventions and 50 focused on epidemiology. The median number of included reviews in the umbrella reviews was 18 (range = 3–302), and statistical synthesis was performed in 32 studies. The most frequently used tool for critical appraisal of the included reviews was the updated Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR‐2) tool (n = 56); the original AMSTAR‐1 tool was used in seven reviews, and the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool was used in 12 reviews. Evidence certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework in 14 reviews and by the Ioannidis criteria in 18 reviews.

Conclusion

Umbrella reviews have heterogeneous characteristics in terms of reporting practices. Greater adherence to guidelines on conducting and reporting umbrella reviews is needed, particularly for improving critical appraisal methods.
Letter: Allostatic load and adverse prognosis in inflammatory bowel disease—Need more evidence
Authors: Xu Lingyu , Guan Chen , Zhao Long , Xu Yan
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Zhao et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18217 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18303
Editorial: Predictive Factors and Survival Outcome of Conversion Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Receiving Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab: Comparative Analysis of Conversion, Partial Response and Complete Response Patients
Authors: Gorgulho Joao , von Felden Johann
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Hatanaka et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18237 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18319.
Editorial: Distinct Challenges of Paediatric From Adult‐Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Implications of Aggressive Disease Phenotypes and Early Biologic Therapy in Children
Authors: Molinaro Alessandro , de Ridder Lissy
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Granot et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18264 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18310.
Letter: Allostatic Load and Adverse Prognosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Need More Evidence. Authors' Reply
Authors: Zhao Jianhui , Xue Erxu , Liu Zhanju , Li Xue
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Zhao et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18217 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18249.
Editorial: Distinct Challenges of Paediatric From Adult‐Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Implications of Aggressive Disease Phenotypes and Early Biologic Therapy in Children—Authors' Reply
Authors: Granot Maya , Weiss Batia , Haberman Yael
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Granot et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18264 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18299.
Network Meta‐Analysis: Histologic and Histo‐Endoscopic Improvement and Remission With Advanced Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Estevinho Maria Manuela , Sousa‐Pinto Bernardo , Moreira Paula Leão , Solitano Virginia , Mesquita Pedro , Costa Catarina , Peyrin‐Biroulet Laurent , Danese Silvio , Jairath Vipul , Magro Fernando
Published: October 2024

Background

Histology has prognostic value in ulcerative colitis (UC). However, direct comparisons of histological endpoints are lacking.

Aim

To perform a network meta‐analysis (NMA) to compare histological endpoints with biologics and small molecules.

Methods

We searched four databases up until July 2024 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on advanced therapies for moderate‐to‐severe UC reporting histological endpoints. Outcomes included histological improvement or remission, and histo‐endoscopic improvement after induction or during maintenance. We used a random‐effects frequentist model and have reported outcomes as relative risk and 95% confidence interval. We estimated relative drug efficacy with the P‐score. We conducted subgroup analysis by trial phase and evaluated risk of bias and evidence certainty.

Results

We included 24 RCTs (15 therapies, 8874 patients). Nineteen provided data on induction and 10 on maintenance; outcome definitions were similar. Etrasimod 2 mg/day ranked highest in achieving histologic improvement (P‐score 0.98) and remission (P‐score 0.90) following induction. Globally, guselkumab 200–400 mg ranked first for histo‐endoscopic improvement, while etrasimod 2 mg/day and upadacitinib 45 mg/day were superior in the subgroup analysis. During maintenance, upadacitinib 30 mg/day was superior in achieving histologic improvement and remission (P‐score 0.88 for both) and histo‐endoscopic improvement (P‐score 0.94). Etrasimod 2 mg/day ranked second for histologic remission (P‐score 0.70) and histo‐endoscopic improvement (P‐score 0.73), while mirikizumab 200 mg/month ranked second for histologic improvement.

Conclusion

These results support the ability of small molecules to achieve stringent endpoints in moderate‐to‐severe UC. Histological outcome data for biologics was sparser, particularly during maintenance. Head‐to‐head RCTs are imperative to better inform clinical practice.
Editorial: Predictive Factors and Survival Outcome of Conversion Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Receiving Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab: Comparative Analysis of Conversion, Partial Response and Complete Response Patients. Authors' Reply
Authors: Hatanaka Takeshi , Kakizaki Satoru , Hiraoka Atsushi , Tada Toshifumi , Kumada Takashi
Published: October 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Hatanaka et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18237 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.18296.
Health Interventions to Improve Work and Well‐Being Among Child Welfare Workers: A Scoping Review
Authors: Olaniyan Oyeniyi Samuel , Hetland Hilde
Published: October 2024

The work environment among child welfare workers (CWW) has often been described as intensive and complex, filled with uncountable negative experiences for CWW. Several authors have also pointed out that measures should be in place to curb these negative workplace experiences. Since most recent publications within the field points to the impact of psychosocial risks on the health and well‐being on CWW, the current scoping review explored the literature to investigate existing intervention studies and provide recommendations for future research. We employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis extension for scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) checklist as a guide for reporting findings. The authors explored five databases and identified a total of nine primary studies investigating health and well‐being intervention among CWW in the review. Based on the intervention focuses of the included studies, three overarching thematic categories were constructed: design team‐based interventions, colleagues/peer interventions, and individual‐centered interventions. Findings showed that more health and well‐being intervention research tailored to the needs of CWW is needed within the field.
Real‐world evidence of avatrombopag for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia intolerant or ineffective to eltrombopag/hetrombopag
Authors: Tian Hong , Zhou Lu , Dai Jia‐wen , Li Yun , Gu Cheng‐Yuan , Kong Dan‐Qing , Yu Zi‐Qiang , Liu Xiao‐fan , Yin Jie
Published: October 2024

Due to the limited real‐world research on the application of avatrombopag (AVA) for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in China, we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of AVA in clinical practice. We included 121 adult ITP patients treated with AVA across three medical centres. Based on the reasons for choosing AVA, these patients were divided into eltrombopag (ELT)/hetrombopag (HET) intolerance group (IG), and ELT/HET unresponsive group (UG). Compared with UG, more patients in IG had a history of liver disease and received fewer treatments before AVA. Amongst all patients, 83% had platelet response (≥30 × 109/L) after AVA and 62% achieved complete response (≥100 × 109/L, CR). Sixty‐two percent in IG and 56% in UG were able to discontinue more than one concomitant ITP medication. A total of 17 patients underwent multiple switches of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs), resulting in an 88% platelet response rate. Sixty‐three patients discontinued AVA, 27% were due to unaffordability. AVA was well tolerated in most patients. In the ITP population, AVA proved effective and safe, particularly in patients intolerant or unresponsive to ELT/HET. Patients benefited from TPO‐RAs switches, particularly those undergoing multiple switches. However, many patients struggled with the long‐term financial burden of AVA.
Orthographic character complexity modulates dynamic neural activity in skilled handwriting
Authors: Pei Leisi , Sommer Werner , Ouyang Guang
Published: October 2024

Handwriting is an outstanding case of a highly complex and efficient fine motor skill. However, little is known about its neural underpinnings during continuous handwriting production. In the present study, we examined the effects of orthographic character complexity (i.e. the stroke number of a Chinese character) on both neural and behavioural activities during an EEG‐based naturalistic fluent sentence‐handwriting task from 102 adult Chinese native speakers. For each written character, the interval between finishing the preceding character and its onset (inter‐character interval) as well as the amplitudes of the onset‐synchronized event‐related potential (ERP) in pre‐ and post‐onset time windows was defined as dependent variables. The effects of character complexity and other confounding factors were analysed with linear mixed models. Character complexity increased the inter‐character interval and significantly affected ERP amplitudes in both pre‐ and post‐onset time windows. The ERP pattern in the pre‐event time window exhibited a dipole‐like activation in the left motor cortex, and its amplitude increased with character complexity in line with the documented relationship between the lateralized readiness potential and motor complexity. This study demonstrates the feasibility of studying neurocognitive processes in complex naturalistic motor tasks and extends our knowledge about the dynamic pattern of handwriting‐related neural activities.