The Fundamental Discussion between Newton and Einstein
Authors: Vegt Wim 
Published: August 2021

Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein lived in fundamentally different time frames. An interesting question would be: “Who would win the fundamental discussion about the interaction between gravity and light”? Einstein or Newton? Einstein with the fundamental concept of a “curved space-time continuum” within a gravitational field. Or Newton with the fundamental “3rd law of equilibrium between the forces (force-densities)”. It is still the question who was right? Einstein or Newton? Einstein assumes a deformation of the space-time continuum because of a gravitational field. But in general a deformation of any medium will be caused by the change of the energy density within the medium. Like the speed of sound will increase/ decrease when we change the air pressure. However, the speed of sound (which became higher or lower) will still be the same in any direction. The change of the speed of sound will be omni-directional.A gravitational field contains a gravitational energy-density. For that reason the change in the speed of light will be omni-directional within a gravitational field (with a omni-directional gravitational energy density). Einstein however assumes a one-directional change in the speed of light, (only in the direction of the gravitational field). When the change of the speed of light was omni-directional, a beam of light would never be deflected by a gravitational field which is in contradiction with what we measure. Only the absolute value of the speed of light would change omni-directional.The theory of Newton however results in the theory of a 2-directional inertia of photons. The inertia of photons equals zero only in the direction of propagation. Perpendicular to the direction of propagation the mass density of photons is according Einstein’s E = m c^2).The inertia of photons in the direction of propagation will not change within a gravitational field. Gravity can only interact with mass (inertia). Because the mass of the photons in the direction of propagation equals zero, there will ne no interaction with the gravitational field and the photon in the direction of propagation. The speed of light in the direction of propagation will remain unaltered. But according Newton, the photon will have inertia (mass) in the directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation and for that reason the photon will interact with the gravitational field and the photon will be deflected, only in the direction of the gravitational field.And that leads to the consequence that photons will be deflected within a gravitational field when the direction of the gravitational field is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the photons.To find fundamental mathematical evidence for this concept, we have to make use of Quantum Light Theory. Quantum Light Theory (QLT) is the development in Quantum Field Theory (QFT). In Quantum Field Theory, the fundamental interaction fields are replacing the concept of elementary particles in Classical Quantum Mechanics. In Quantum Light Theory the fundamental interaction fields are being replaced by One Single Field. The Electromagnetic Field, generally well known as Light. To realize this theoretical concept, the fundamental theory has to go back in time 300 years, the time of Isaac Newton to follow a different path in development. Nowadays experiments question more and more the fundamental concepts in Quantum Field Theory and Classical Quantum Mechanics. The publication “Operational Resource Theory of Imaginarity“ in “Physical Review Letters” in 2021 (Ref. [2]) presenting the first experimental evidence for the measurability of “Quantum Mechanical Imaginarity” directly leads to the fundamental question in this experiment: How is it possible to measure the imaginary part of “Quantum Physical Probability Waves”? This publication provides an unambiguously answer to this fundamental question in Physics, based on the fundamental “Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction” force densities. The “Quantum Light Theory” presents a new “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” describing Electromagnetic Field Configurations which are simultaneously the Mathematical Solutions for the Quantum Mechanical “Schrodinger Wave Equation” and more exactly the Mathematical Solutions for the “Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation”. The Mathematical Solutions for the “Gravitational-Electromagnetic Equation” carry Mass, Electric Charge and Magnetic Spin at discrete values.