bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Dynamic Inspection for Decreasing the Losses and Costs Caused by Accidents of Fixed Equipment in Petrochemical Plants
Authors: Cong Guang Pei , Gao Jin Ji , Hou Bing , Zhu Jing , Zhang Bao Wei
Published: December 2012

The risk- and condition-based dynamic inspection proposed to decrease losses and costs caused by accidents which is not only a decision-making and optimal method for inspection strategies, but is also a soft measurement system for fixed equipment safety status. In the risk- and condition-based dynamic inspection method, data collection is standardized to decrease the impact of personal factors on the data. Moreover, a procedure in which experts approve the data collected from plants is supplemented to amend error and supplement omission of data in time. A relevant inspection strategy is adopted based on the different damage types and its initiation and growth for the aspect of inspection decision-making. In the meantime, the cost-risk efficiency of the inspection is regarded as an objective function to optimize inspection strategies according to the risk status of equipment. Finally, a model is established to assess the frequency of in-service inspection and ensure equipment safety during the end of equipment life based on the fitted linear relationship between the corrosion rate and stress energy.
Wavelet-Based Identification Method of Li-Ion Battery Model for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Mu Da Zhong , Jiang Jiu Chun
Published: December 2012

Online parameters identification is one of the major functions of model-based battery management system (BMS), which can be used to monitor the working status of battery, such as state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH). This paper proposed a wavelet-based identification method of Li-ion battery model for Electric Vehicles (EVs). The main idea is to decompose the measured terminal voltage and current data at multiple scales, and then recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is used to extract the model parameters at a suitable scale. The proposed method is shown to have good robustness to measured noise and thus enhances the estimation accuracy by taking advantage of the noise removal ability and signal approximation properties of wavelet decomposition.
Coordination Controlling of Micro-Grid with EVs
Authors: Xu Xin , Bao Guang Qing
Published: December 2012

Electric vehicles (EVs) play dual roles in micro-grids. They can be seen as a Vehicle to Grid load when in charge. While their powers are enough for moving, they can be seen as power supplies. In this paper, the optimization of distributed energies is discussed in a micro-grid, basing on multi-agent system (MAS). The result shows that the micro-grid with electric vehicles can not only make the most optimal use of renewable energies in the premise of keeping the voltage stability, but also reduces the investment of energy storage equipment. And with reasonable energy exchange prices, the electric vehicle owners can save their costs.
Geotechnical Approach to Use Paper in Soil
Authors: Chegenizadeh Amin , Nikraz Hamid
Published: December 2012

Reinforced soil has been among the most effective soil modification materials. Its use has been expanded rapidly into civil engineering, geotechnical engineering and pavement engineering. Reinforcing subgarde in pavement systems has always been an issue. This study focuses on effect of paper inclusion on the modulus of elasticity of subgrade material. Paper was used for this investigation. Paper contents and aspect ratio have been changed during these tests. The paper percentage varied from 0 % (for unreinforced samples) to 30%. Clay was used as sub grade material. Unconfined compression tests were carried out to investigate behaviour of the composite under different condition. The paper reinforcment length and paper reinforcment content found to play important rule on the modulus of elasticity of paper reinforced samples. Furthermore it was observed that ductility of sample increased by paper inclusion.
Flexural and Impact Properties of Bamboo-Aluminum Sandwich Composites
Authors: Osman Syaiful , Ahmad Mansur
Published: December 2012

Investigations have been conducted on the mechanical properties of bamboo-aluminum sandwich composites prototype fabricated in laboratory. Mechanical properties studied were flexural properties and impact properties. The failure mode related to each mechanical property was also observed and reported in this study.
Paper Reinforcement and Soil
Authors: Chegenizadeh Amin , Nikraz Hamid
Published: December 2012

Composite soils have been extensively used in civil engineering applications, especially in slopes, embankment dam and landfills. This paper aims to investigate effect of paper reinforcement inclusion on compaction characteristic of composite soil (i.e. clay composite). A series of laboratory tests performed to assess reinforcement effect on optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of composite soils. Clay was selected as soil part of the composite and paper was used as reinforcement. The paper reinforcement parameters differed from one test to another, as paper length varied from 15 mm to 40mm and paper content were selected as 5% and 10%. For each test, compaction curved derived and the results were compared. The results proved that inclusion of paper affected compaction behaviour of samples so that increasing in paper content and length caused increasing in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and slightly decreased maximum dry unit weight.
Implementation of Mathematical Modeling for Wire Rope Strands
Authors: Wang Xiao Yu , Meng Xiang Bao , Wang Ji Xin , Gao Ke
Published: December 2012

Modeling for complex spiral wire rope structures, on which the mechanical performances largely depend, are paramount to finite element analysis application. Three mathematical modeling thoughts were brought out to create the geometric models of wire rope strands. The first one was presented based on the centerline times of the helical structures, as the centerline times can be decreased through transitional coordinate system. For the second, the centerlines of the wire rope were formed by the helical movement of predefined point. In the third one, a local coordinate system which can be transformed into the world coordinate system by their relationship was employed. The above three ideas were implemented by different kinds of derivation. The geometric parameter equations were presented to express the accurate wire rope models. These approaches are beneficial for parametric modeling and analysis of wire rope strands.
Photovoltaic Arrays MPPT Based on Improved Incremental Conductance Method
Authors: He Xuan , Li Wen Yi , Li Xiu , Guo Li , Wang Yan , Lv Wei Sheng
Published: December 2012

This paper analyzes advantages and disadvantages of different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods based on mathematical model of photovoltaic cell and its characteristic analysis. According to output characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) array, this paper puts forwards an improved increment conductance (INC) method which can improve the efficiency of photovoltaic cell by increasing power tracking speed under the premise of ensuring stability of the system. This method is verified by means of MATLAB/Simulink.
Research on the Overlying Strata and Grouting Range Structural Mechanics Model of Abscission Layer Grouting
Authors: Lv Wen Yu , Zhang Zhi Hui
Published: December 2012

Abscission layer grouting is a new filling technology of surface subsidence control, it can protect environment because of using mine waste as filling materials, The paper establishes the overlying strata structural mechanics model of abscission layer grouting, it analyzes the main influence factors of overlying strata abscission layer development and the relationship between overlying strata structure and abscission layer, it also establishes and studies the grouting range structural mechanics model of abscission layer grouting.
Performance Evaluation of a Dual-Function Solar Collector Integrated with Building in Water Heating Mode
Authors: Luo Cheng Long , Xiong Ji Hai , Fan Min
Published: December 2012

The study is for the water heating mode of a novel building integrated solar thermal system named as building-integrated dual-function solar collector. The novel system avoids summer overheating in hot climate and water-freezing in cold climate, meanwhile remains low operating cost as passive solar heating system. For the novel system at the water heating mode, experiment study was carried out in a hotbox, and dynamic numerical model has been established. The experimental and numerical results show that the characteristic thermal efficiency of the collector achieves 47.386% in water heating mode.
Application Status and Development Strategies of Biomass Energy in China
Authors: Cao Yu Bao
Published: December 2012

Biomass energy is abundant on earth, inexhaustible renewable energy only. Development and utilization of biomass energy is one important way to solve the world's energy and environmental issues. Development of biomass energy application technology has become a world focus. In this paper, we summarized the development and utilization technologies of biomass energy, reviewed the status of biomass energy utilization at home and abroad, analyzed the situation facing and problems existing in utilization of biomass energy development at home and proposed development strategies of biomass energy. In order to ensure China's energy "independence" and "security", we must develop practical biomass energy development strategies consistent with China's national conditions; promote vigorously the development and utilization of biomass energy technology industrialized and effort to improve our level.
Influence of Micro-Emulsified Biodiesel on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Turbocharged Diesel Engine
Authors: Wu Qi Min , Sun Ping , Mei De Qing , Chen Zhen
Published: December 2012

In this paper, two kinds of micro-emulsified biodiesel containing 5.6% and10% water are prepared. The effects of micro-emulsified biodiesel on engine’s power, combustion and emission characteristics are investigated in a DI diesel engine. The results show that under the rated speed and full load operating conditions, the maximum pressure rise rate and peak heat release rate for micro-emulsified biodiesel increase dramatically, while the ignition delay is prolonged and the combustion duration becomes shorter. Compared to base diesel, the HC, CO and smoke emissions from the engine fueled with biodiesel decrease sharply, except for a 9% increased NOx at large loads. However, micro-biodiesel could significantly reduce the NOx and smoke emissions, except for the higher HC and CO emissions at low and medium loads. When fuelled with 10%MB, the NOx and smoke emissions are 9% and 90% lower than that of diesel, respectively. Results reported here suggest that the application of micro-emulsified biodiesel in diesel engines has a potential to improve combustion process and reduce NOx, PM emissions simultaneously.
Influences of Solid Particles on Photo-Thermal Performance of Heat Conduction Oil under Solar Irradiation
Authors: Gao Lin Chao , Shen Sheng Qiang , Hao Qing Ying , Liu Cun Xiang , Yue Feng
Published: December 2012

The photo-thermal performance tests of heat conduction oil were made in an all-glass evacuated solar collector tube under solar irradiation. The influences of solid particles (carbon powder, copper foil, aluminum foil) with different mass fraction and sizes on insolation temperature and irradiation were investigated. The mechanism of convective heat transfer enhancement of solid particles in oil was discussed. The results show that copper foil particles oil can improve average insolation temperature 14°C. The carbon powder-oil insolation temperature is the highest, it is 3.3°C higher than copper foil-oil’s and 7°C higher than aluminum foil-oil’s in the same mass fraction; The appropriate mass fraction of copper foil particles is 3%-3.2%, and continue to increase particles mass fraction the temperature did not change significantly.Within millimeter-scale range,the convective heat transfer enhancement is related to particle size, the effect of different sizes copper foil particles on oil temperature is 1-4°C; Solar irradiation of carbon powder-oil and copper foil-oil are lower and their photo-thermal conversion properties show better than that of aluminum foil-oil in the insolation experiment.
Rational Use of Residential Digesters for Sewage Treatment with Carbon Credits
Authors: Godoy Junior Ederaldo , Camargo José Rui , Mariano Da Silva João Lucio , De Jesus Ricardo Osmar , Silveira José Luz , Bertoncello Danieletto José Roberto
Published: December 2012

The present work aims at decentralization of sewage treatment and eco-efficient way of enabling the deployment of residential digesters to treat only the water with high organic load without overloading the system, avoiding the drag of sludge and effluent untreated into the urban network of collection. For this purpose we developed a low-cost technology that treats sewage in the house of the citizen, thus avoiding that large stations aerobic treatment of sewage and its result regarding the large demands for energy and area: the generation and disposal of biogas smelly collection networks in urban, high production and disposal costs aerobic sludge, the disposal of sewage in fresh water bodies causing eutrophication of waters and spread of diseases hydro transmitted. The system proposed digester residential removes about 80% of the organic load of sewage without the use of any electromechanical element, and also allows to collect the biogas produced subsequently be used for energy or simply be burned to hygiene and / or crediting of carbon . Basically, the system comprises three anaerobic digesters in upflow sludge bed, arranged in series forming cascade phase separator with solid-liquid gas-shaped coil. Used to treat wastewater with high organic load coming from the toilet and the kitchen sink. Then the waters with low organic load coming from the baths, sinks and laundry, are used to dilute and improve the quality end of the anaerobically treated effluent in a sustainable manner. Social and environmental technology developed aligns with the guidelines of the National Water Agency and the Kyoto Protocol, whose goal is to reduce greenhouse gases.
Estimation of Viscosity of Biodiesel-Diesel Blends with near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Wei Bo , Wu Ming Ming
Published: December 2012

Biodiesel is one of the most important substitutes for diesel oil. This work reports the use of near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) to estimate the kinematic viscosity value of biodiesel-diesel blends. Partial least squares models were developed using data of different spectra regions and different pre-processing methods were employed for developing the calibration models. The results indicate that NIR can be used in biodiesel-diesel blends properties detecting.
Aqueous Extraction of Chinese Tallow Seeds Oil
Authors: Ma Wen , Liu Yu Huan , Ruan Prof. Roger , Jiang Xiang Mei , Wang Yun Pu , Wan Yi Qin , Wu Xiao Dan , Li Yun
Published: December 2012

three oil extraction ways of microwave assisted, conventional and high-pressure oil extraction are compared, we select the high-pressure as the aqueous oil extraction method to carry on the experimental study of the relevant technology and discuss the solid-liquid ratio, baking time, baking temperature, pH value and high-pressure steam processing time on oil yield.
Textural Characteristics of Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbons with Steam Activation
Authors: Wang Xin Ying , Li Dan Xi , Yang Bao Min , Li Wei
Published: December 2012

Activated carbons were prepared from coconut shells by using carbonization at 600 °C for 2 h followed by water steam activation. Effects of activation temperature, hold time and water steam amount on the yield, BET surface area and micropore volume of activated carbons were evaluated. The pore structure of the activated carbon was characterized by N2 adsorption at 77K. Surface area, micropore volume and pore size distribution (PSD) of the carbons were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation, Dubinin–Astakhov (DA) and the Non-Local Density Functional Theory (NLDFT) methods, respectively. The results show that activated carbons with specific surface area of 1500 m2/g and pore size lower than 2 nm can be produced at 900 °C for 1~2 h. Hold time could be reduced by increasing steam amount and activation temperature, but micropore was enlarged and yield was decreased. Increasing hold time could produce more micropores when steam amount and activation temperature were more appropriate. Pore size distribution shows that activated carbons are microporous dominant.
Experimental Study on Potential of Biogas Fermentation with Lily Straw
Authors: Yang Hong , Zhang Wu Di , Zhao Xing Ling , Liu Jing , Chen Yu Bao , Liu Shi Qing , Yin Fang , Xu Ling
Published: December 2012

This paper studies on the biogas production yield of which use the lily straw as raw material and the fermentation is batch by batch at 30°C. In the third day of fermentation, fermented liquid became acidic. But it can be back to normal with the action of the anaerobic microbe. Its biogas yield is higher than the other group to adjust pH value. So gas production potential of the lily straw is 475ml/gTS and 573ml/gVS with 31 days of anaerobic digestion. The volumetric biogas production rate reaches 0.19ml/ml/d.
Recent Progress in Biomass Tar Catalytic Cracking Method Research
Authors: Tao Jun , Lu Qiang , Dong Chang Qing , Du Xiao Ze
Published: December 2012

A major problem in the current biomass gasification systems is the formation of tar. The condensed tar at low temperatures may cause blockage and pollution of downstream equipments, as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, the removal and conversion of tar are the key issues for biomass gasification. At present, the common methods of tar removal are mainly mechanism methods, thermal cracking and catalytic cracking. In this paper, the catalytic cracking method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Comparison of the Frequency Control Strategy of Wind Turbines and its Optimization Scheme
Authors: Tian Xin Shou , Huang Yue Hui , Xu Xiao Yan , Wang Wei Sheng
Published: December 2012

In order to improve the frequency stability of grid, new control strategy for wind turbines need to be developed with high wind power penetration. This work analyzes the requirements of frequency control for wind turbines in some countries, and the characteristics and methods of typical frequency control strategy are analyzed. To meet the requirements of frequency control of wind turbine and to improve wind energy utilization efficiency, a method of optimization scheme of frequency control on wind turbine is given in the paper, and the operating curve of wind turbine with the control method is determined, at the same time this work gives a general method about how to determine some key parameters.
An Investigation of the Low Voltage Ride through Function of GE DFIG Wind Turbines for Electro-Mechanical Simulations
Authors: Meng Zhao Jun
Published: December 2012

Doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine has become the most widely used wind turbine in wind farms, since it presents noticeably advantages such as decoupled controls of active and reactive powers, and the use of a power converter with a rated power of 25% of total system power. As the penetration of wind power in power system increases, it is required that the wind turbine remained connected and actively contributed to the system stability during and after faults and disturbance. One common approach for a DFIG to obtain such low voltage ride through (LVRT) function is to install a crowbar circuit across its rotor terminals, which short circuit the rotor side converter when over-current is detected in the rotor. A detailed model of LVRT function normally requires electromagnetic simulations. However, the time consuming computational process is prohibitive for the studies of the integration of wind farms into large scale power systems. Electromechanical simulations are more suitable for such engineering applications. GE has incorporated the LVRT function into its recently released DFIG wind turbine model for Electro-mechanical simulations. This paper has implemented this model and verified the effectiveness of the LVRT function.
Study of Wind Power Forecasting Assessment Standard Based on Unit Commitment and Spinning Reserve Optimization Model
Authors: Gao Chun Jie , Wang Peng
Published: December 2012

After large-scale wind power integrate into the system, there is a great impact for the system dispatching operation and the unit maintenance and repair of the wind power , so it's extremely necessary to forecast wind power output and assess its level of forecasting. This paper mainly focusing on the containing wind power system, studies the wind power output fluctuation in the demand for system reserve, and analyse the rationality of the wind power forecasting assessment standard in North China area wind power integration operation management implementing regulations by combining with the status of wind power in North China area, that is, whether the assessment mechanism can promote wind farms raising the forecasting level.
Comparison of the Extreme Learning Machine with the BP Neural Network for Short-Term Prediction of Wind Power
Authors: Zhang Yi Hui , Wang He , Hu Zhi Jian , Zhang Meng Lin , Gong Xiao Lu , Zhang Cheng Xue
Published: December 2012

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a new and effective single-hidden layer feed forward neural network learning algorithm. Extreme learning machine only needs to set the number of hidden layer nodes of the network, and there is no need to adjust the neural network input weights and the hidden units bias, and it generates the only optimum solution, so it has the advantage of fast learning and good generalization ability. And the back propagation (BP) neural network is the most maturely applied. This paper has introduced the extreme learning machine into the wind power prediction. By comparing the wind power prediction method using the BP neural network. Study shows that the extreme learning machine has better prediction accuracy and shorter model training time.
Study on the Influence of DFIG Units with Additional Frequency Control on Power System Emergency Control
Authors: Hou Yao Fei , Li Guang Kai , Ding Jian , Shen Jie , Teng Song
Published: December 2012

The variable-speed doubly-fed wind turbines (DFIG) were able to participate in frequency regulation by adding an additional frequency control. The influences exerted by the additional frequency control of DFIG units and conventional units governors on system frequency emergency control measures were analyzed. When the power shortage is small, it is recommended to consider the DFIG units to participate in frequency regulation, While a large power shortage it is not recommended.
Global Utilization and Development of Wind Energy
Authors: Zhang Xiao Chun , Ma Chun , Chen Wei Ping , Gu Song
Published: December 2012

Wind energy is an important strategic energy over the world. Wind power is a useful form of energy conversed from wind energy. The main conversion of wind energy is using wind turbines to make electricity. Generally, studies focus on the specific technology of wind energy. There is, however, little qualitative information on status of wind energy utilization and development. This research tended to focus on systematic analysis of global utilization and development of wind energy, rather than on particular technology. The results shown that from 1997 to 2010, the global cumulative installed wind turbine capacity is exponential growth with years. The top eleven wind energy utilization countries account for 87.7% of total. The global utilization of wind energy increased 24.6% in 2010. The highest increasing country is Romania with an increasing rate of 264.3%. The cumulative installed wind turbine capacity has increased by 73.2% in China, which is the largest cumulative installed wind turbine capacity country. US increased by 14.5% in 2010 as the second cumulative installed wind turbine capacity country.
Control Strategy of Wind Power Converter under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Condition
Authors: Jiang Chen Hui , Wang Zhi Xin
Published: December 2012

Traditional control strategy for wind power converter is dual closed-loop under balanced voltages.With the development of the control theory. The problems of the wind power converter under unbalanced voltages have been considered. This paper analyzes the impact of wind power converter under unbalanced grid fault and propose a new control method.This improved method contains positive and negative sequence current trace under their own synchronous axis.The improved method has good performance under unbalanecd voltages.It shows regulation in DC voltage and sinusoidal in AC current.
Design of Icing Prober Configuration for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Yi Xian , Chen Kun , Wang Kai Chun , Ma Hong Lin
Published: December 2012

A design approach of ice detection system for wind turbine is presented in this paper. Basic steps for design are proposed. Numerical arithmetic used for design configuration and shape of the icing prober is given. The arithmetic is composed of the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method to calculate flowfield of air, a Lagrangian method to compute droplet trajectories and a technique for fast computing ice accretion. Icing prober configuration for a 1.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine is then obtained with the approach. The state of wind turbine icing can be reflected by the prober in real time. All these achievements build a good base for future research.
A Review of Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Gearbox Using Signal Processing
Authors: Xu Zhi Qiang , Zhang Jian Hua , Ji Jing Fang , Yu Xiang Jun
Published: December 2012

Due to gearbox is one of the high failure rate component in the wind turbine, the research of it has been paid wide attention in recent years. This paper reviewed the two aspects about the wind turbine gearbox. First, some signal process methods including how to determine the threshold were summarized. Then, the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of gearbox were reviewed using the measured signals. These researches are benefited for reducing economic losses which is caused by the gearbox failure. Based on the above reviews, this paper gives some developmental direction.
Chosen of Strength Criterion for Different Region of Blade
Authors: Tian De , Li Qi , Zhang Jian Mei , Zhang Xiao Dong , Wang Ning Bo
Published: December 2012

Use software Pro/E to build a blade model based on 1.5MW wind turbine, analyze stress characteristics of different regions including spar cap, webs and trailing edge of the dangerous section of blade at related loads by using different strength criteria to make finite element analysis to check the strength, through comparing the F.I.(fatigue index) and stress bringing about the idea that using different strength criteria to analyze different material of different regions can ensure the security and reliability of the designed blade at large extent.
Short-Term Wind Speed Combination Prediction Model of Neural Network and Time Series
Authors: Zheng Hao , Tian Jian Yan , Wang Fang , Li Jin
Published: December 2012

This paper uses neural network combined with time series to establish rolling neural network model to predict short-term wind speed in the wind farm. In order to improve wind speed prediction accuracy, this paper analyzes effects of wind direction on wind speed by gray correlation analysis and obtains the correlation coefficient between wind speed at next moment and current wind direction is the largest by calculating. Then wind direction at current moment, historical wind speed and residuals which determined by time series are used as input variables to establish wind prediction model with rolling BP neural network. The simulation results show that neural network combined with time series which considers wind direction could improve the prediction accuracy when wind speed fluctuation is large.
Summary and Analysis on the Low Voltage Ride through Reformation of the Wind Power Turbine
Authors: Hou Gui Xin , Liu Qi Hui , Yu Fang , Li Ying
Published: December 2012

As the increasing of the wind power capability， in order to ensure the stability of the grid while the voltage dips， the LVRT ability of the wind power turbine has become necessary. Realizing LVRT， is not only the question the built and will build wind power system are facing, but also the challenge of the will build and operating ones. Actually, many connected operating wind power system can’t meet the LVRT, this is why the large scale wind power off-grid events happened frequently, so the reformation of the wind power system LVRT is an emergency question to be solved. This paper introduced the main methods for LVRT reformation, based on this, some LVRT reform equipment was summarized for the wind turbine; and further, some reform methods were introduced for wind farm.
Adequacy Evaluation of Wind-PV-ES Hybrid Power System
Authors: Lei Dong , Qin Lv , Tianjiao Pu , Haiming Zhou
Published: December 2012

Renewable energy resources such as wind, wave, solar and biomass are becoming more important, and Wind-PV-ES hybrid power system is a promising and efficient utilization of renewable energy. Based on the sequential Monte-Carlo simulation approach, an evaluation model of Wind-PV-ES hybrid generation system is built, and storage time series model is optimized. Lastly, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model is verified by a practical example, and the system impacts of PV penetration level, energy storage capacity and rated output power are illustrated.
Analysis on Operation Characteristics of Wind Source Heat Pump System
Authors: Zhang Yong Zhi , Gu Jie
Published: December 2012

This article describes the wind source heat pump system. The heat energy gained by the wind turbine as a heat pump heat source. Use of a 300kw wind turbine induced heat. In order to calculate wind-induced heat efficiency, collected the data of wind speed and direction within a year. Using the WAsP software simulated the wind power density. Output power from wind turbine is 71kw. If using wind turbine to power generation,can only get 35.7kw. Compared the efficiency of wind-induced heat and wind power generation,obtained wind-induced heat enhanced the wind energy utilization.
Synthesis and Properties of Self-Crosslinking Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Quaternary Poly(arylene Ether Sulfone)s
Authors: Fang Shi Chao , Zhang Hongliang , Wang Feilong , Bi Hui Ping , Hu Zhao Xia , Chen Shou Wen
Published: December 2012

A series of anion exchange membranes based on poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (PAES) have been prepared through condensation polymerization, chloromethylation and quaternization. The membrane using N, N, N’,N’-tetramethylhexyldiamine both as the quaternization and crosslinking reagent had self-crosslinking structure, and their properties have been compared with those using trimethylamie as the quaternization reagent, including ion exchange capacity, solubility, water uptake, dimensional change, hydrolytic stability and ion conductivity. The self-crosslinking membranes showed improvement in durability towards common organic solvents, dimensional stability and ion conductivity.
Manufacture New Catalyst PtCuCeOx for Fuel Cells by IBS and Modified by Post-Processing
Authors: Hao Xin Yu , Yang Bin , Shen Ming Zhe , Huang Neng
Published: December 2012

Seeking for reducing the cost of hydrogen energy fuel cells, one of the key points is reduce Pt loading in Pt/C catalytic electrode. Meanwhile, there is no negative impact about efficiency of electrode reactions. We manufactured PtCuCeOx catalyst for fuel cell by Ion Beam Sputtering (IBS). In this paper, the electrodes were processed by different annealing temperature and acid treatment temperature for post-processing. An appropriate amount of Cu dopant can reduce the Pt loading, and the catalytic performance won't reduce. Doping CeOx refined PtCu alloy crystal particle, active surface area of the electrode was improved. It had shown that Pt atoms accounted for 72%, Pt load 0.0618mg/cm2 by SEM + EDS and ICP-AES data. Performance of electrochemistry was increased by 40.5%. It showed the characteristics had low Pt loading with high performance of hydrogen evolution.
Design and Simulation on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates with Hilbert Patterns
Authors: Wu Mao Liang , Gu Zhu Jun , Cao Shou Feng
Published: December 2012

Polymer Electrolyte Membrane fuel cell converts directly electrochemical energy into electricity. Channels in bipolar Plate, a critical component of fuel cell, is designed with Hilbert pattern, which are obtained through offsetting Hilbert curves to both sides according to working size. Polarization curve expresses the same characteristics between Hilbert channel and traditional serpentine and parallel channel. Output current densities of Hilbert channel are equivalent to that of the serpentine channel but larger than that of parallel channel. Simulation demonstrates that fluid flowing states in Hilbert channel are similar to that in serpentine channel and investigates that pressure drop changes with composite Hilbert channel arrangement. Temperature is an important factor influencing fuel cell performance and optimal temperature is close to 333K in this research.
Cost Comparison of Three Hydrogen Production Processes in HFCVs Infrastructure Based on H2A Model
Authors: Ma Tao , Chen Ming Qi , Jia Xiao Hui , Zhang Xue , Ma Ping
Published: December 2012

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVs) represent a promising solution to reduce overall green house gas emissions and ensure sustainable mobility. The cost of the alternative production processes should be thought about in the frame of the whole infrastructure chain in HFCVs commercialization. This paper focuses on comparing three hydrogen production technologies to serve an emerging HFCVs market. The H2A model has provided the DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program with a technology neutral cost calculator. Given the basic framework and the assumptions, the estimation outputs have been accomplished in H2A model. We conclude three points: Production costs and production capacity are closely linked; at the same scale of production, to adopt a different mode of production, the cost requirement is not the same; natural gas and electricity, especially electricity costs account for a large proportion of the cost in the hydrogen infrastructure construction.
Experimental Study on the Multiple Energy Assisted Heat Pump
Authors: Zhang Dong , Zhou Xiao Dong , Wang Lin Jun , Zhao Qin Tong , Wei Tao Min
Published: December 2012

A multiple energy assisted heat pump (MEAHP) system for radiant floor heating was proposed, which integrated a domestic air-assisted heat pump with a solar water heater. The system mainly employed a vacuum tube solar collector with a surface area of 7.44 m2, an electrical rotary-type hermetic compressor, two capillary tubes and three heat exchangers. All operation modes have functioned successfully in Lanzhou city, China. The experimental data of air-source heat pump (Mode 2) and double-source heat pump (Mode 3) have been discussed. The results show that the coefficient of performance (COP) of the MEAHP system and the COP of the space heating system (COPs) are around 2.2 and 1.9 with the room air at 19 °C, respectively, and the temperature difference of the inlet and outlet of the radiant floor heating pipes is 2.8 °C. Some methods to improve the system performance are put forward.
Effects of Interaction between PAMAM and Polyoxometalates on Catalytic Performance for Oxidation of Isobutyraldehyde
Authors: Song Qian Qian , Zhang Xiaofeng , Huang Qiu Feng , Lin Shen
Published: December 2012

G1.0 (Generation1.), G2.0, G3.0, G4.0 polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers-supported Na5CoII(H2O)PW11O39 (PW11Co) were prepared by co-precipitation method. They were characterized by UV-Vis, XPS, XRD, and TEM. It is suggested that as the generation of the PAMAM dendrimers increased, the interaction between PW11Co and PAMAM dendrimer enhanced and the particle size of PW11Co decreased. The catalytic activities for the oxidation of isobutyraldehyde (IBA) to isobutyric acid (IBAc) by PW11Co-PAMAM(G1.0, G2.0, G3.0, G4.0) were examined.
A Model to Determine the Location of Heavy Metal Contaminant Source
Authors: Wang Zhi Jia , Wang Hu , Gao Hai Lang , Zhang Peiai
Published: December 2012

We conducted a tracing model which was based on the process of dopamine diffusion in human brains, taking the diffusion coefficients and absorption coefficients into consideration. By combining with the spatial distributions of heavy metals plotted by ArcGIS, we can determine the contaminant sources and the results have high accuracy. Besides, we made an improvement in consideration of different transmission modes of heavy metal contaminants and the corresponding dilution factors.
Spatial Variability of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wetland Soils of the Yellow River Delta, China
Authors: Huang Chen , Bai Jun Hong , Wang Jun Jing , Lu Qiong Qiong , Zhao Qing Qing , Ye Xiao Fei , Gao Haifeng
Published: December 2012

Spatial variability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the Yellow River Delta was investigated using geostatistical method. Our results showed moderate variation in TN and TP and high variations in NH4+-N and AP. The best semi-variogram model for each nutrient was identified. The model parameters suggested that the structure variance dominated the total variance of TN, TP and NH4+-N, while the spatial variability of AP was relatively random. The spatial variation scales of soil nitrogen and phosphorus are similar.
Experimental Investigation for Tunnel Thermal Environment
Authors: Shi Ling , Chen Hong Mei , Yu Xin Ming
Published: December 2012

A set of simulation device was built on the head end of tunnel. Experiments on the thermal environment of the tunnel were conducted by adjusting the parameters of the supply air and the supply air distance. Experimental results are presented at different layout of the ventilation duct. The range of supply air is at 0.02 cubic meters per second to 0.06 cubic meters per second and the supply air distance is at 0.7m to 3.5m. Experiment results show that the tunnel temperature may be regulated blow 28°C only using ventilation for the virgin rock temperature near 45°C. Experiment result and theory prediction both is basically consistent. Experiment results have provided a direction for the select of cooling design and strategy.
Effects of Roof Insulation on the Thermal Conditions of a Medium Scaled Tropical Enclosed Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Hatchery
Authors: Kamarudin Ahmad Kamil , Kamarudin Mohd Salleh , Ahmad Sabarinah Sh , Salleh Elias
Published: December 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of roof thermal insulation on the indoor thermal environment of an existing enclosed giant freshwater prawn hatchery in relation to human thermal comfort and the thermal requirement for optimal larval growth. A typical medium scaled enclosed hatchery in Ipoh, Malaysia was chosen for this study. Thermal performances of five thermal insulation materials installed on the roof of the building were studied using Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) Virtual Environment software. Results showed no significant differences for indoor air temperatures reduction among the insulation materials. However, the installation of roof insulation gave a cooler indoor thermal environment and provided a suitable water temperature/ improved water thermal condition for the prawn larviculture. The study also suggested the aluminium foil was the best insulation for the partially transparent roof of the building.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of Offshore Drill Cuttings Management Options
Authors: Ding Xiao , Li Hong Yuan , Xiong Shan Gao
Published: December 2012

The disposal of the drill cuttings is a complex environmental problem. In the paper, two offshore drill cuttings management options are evaluated using life cycle inventory analysis, namely offshore reinjection and onshore solidification. Environmental burdens of the two management options are calculated. Results indicated that: a) From the life cycle perspective, treating 1 m3 drill cuttings, onshore solidification generate more CO2, CO, NOx, COD, TOC and Ammonia nitrogen than reinjection. On the contrary, reinjection generate more PM 2.5, PM10, SOx, Nitrate, and SS than solidification. Which option has less environmental impact needs further assessment. b) Selecting an environment-friendly curing agent is necessary for solidification process to reduce CO2 emissions.
Research on Bridge Maintenance Decision-Making Based on Sustainable Development
Authors: Wu Yu Meng , Wu Yu Zhe
Published: December 2012

As number of aged bridges increases, determining how to generate bridge maintenance strategy gradually becomes a research hotspot. Markov process was used to analyze bridge maintenance cost according to its characteristics during serving period. A kind of maintenance decision-making method was put forward based on OWA and OWGA from the angle of sustainable development. And this method was proved applicable by an example.
Grape Growing Factors Analysis Based on Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Chen Qing Kui , Zhang Gang
Published: December 2012

Aim at the problems generated by facility agriculture such as low automation and ineffective environment regulation and control in the grape growing process, the paper proposes grape information collecting and monitoring system based on Crossbow eKo wireless sensor network (WSN), the system collects environmental parameters such as real-time temperature, light intensity, soil moisture and relative humidity and regulates parameters according to the best growing conditions in real-time. The experiment shows that the grape monitored and controlled by eKo system which compared to grapes planted by traditional technology is much improved in some respects such as output, size, luster and taste.
Contents and Distributions of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments from Northern Beibu Gulf
Authors: Li Yue Han , Zheng Ai Rong , Ma Zhi Kai
Published: December 2012

Contents and distributions of heavy metals in surface sediments from the northern Beibu Gulf were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd were 14.22～26.68, 31.85～54.59, 60.19～90.93, 29.95～67.95 and 0.030～0.130 µg•g–1, respectively, and average were 18.21, 38.88, 78.00, 48.46 and 0.09µg•g–1. The reducing environments in northern Beibu Gulf were attributed to organic matters and sulfide. The distributions of heavy metals showed the trend of higher along the coastal area and lower in the offshore area, generally controlled by terrestrial inputs, as well as hydrological conditions, depositional environments and so on.
Plant-Microorganism Combined Remediation for Sediments Contaminated with Heavy Metals
Authors: Chen Su , Chao Lei , Sun Li Na , Sun Tie Heng
Published: December 2012

In order to investigate the effects of four heavy metal tolerant microorganisms, Staphylococcus pasteuri (X1), Agrobacterium tumefaciens (X2), Penicillium chrysogenum (Z1) and Paecilomyces lavender (Z2), on heavy metals uptake by the heavy metal tolerance plant-maize and the cadmium hyperaccumulator plant-Beta vulgaris var. cicla L., a pot experiment with sediments was conducted. Through comparing the overall situations of four microorganisms’ role in enhancing maize and Beta vulgaris var. cicla L. to gather cadmium, lead, copper and zinc, plant biomasses, and enrichment characteristics, the combination of bacterium X2, fungus Z2 and these two plants can effectively repair these four heavy metals in sediments.
Mass Transfer Process in Nonporous Tubular Membrane for Extraction of Phenol with Caustic Stripping Solution
Authors: Xiao Min , Hu Xiao Jun , Li Shi Feng
Published: December 2012

Mass extraction process of phenol from aqueous solution to a caustic solution through nonporous silicone rubber membrane was investigated. The effects of liquid flow status, pH of stripping solution, initial phenol concentration, transmembrane pressure, and system temperature on mass transfer coefficient were discussed. Based upon the resistance-in-series model, the overall mass transfer coefficient (OMTC) across membrane was calculated. The experiment results showed OMTCs presented logarithmic relation to the Reynolds number, while the changes of flow status had little effect on OMTCs at the higher Reynolds numbers (Ret>86.5 and Res>2000), which indicated that mass transfer of phenol was dominated by membrane resistance for nonporous membrane system (3.72×10-7m•s-1). The presence of transmembrane pressure went against permeability of phenol. Moreover, OMTC was linearly proportional to the initial phenol concentration in the range of 5,000-7,500 mg•l-1, and reached a plateau value at higher phenol initial concentration. OMTC was directly proportionate to the temperature in this process. Mass transfer of phenol through nonporous membrane was scarcely affected by pH value of the stripping solution.
Study on Removal of Phosphorus by Constructed Infiltration Pond with Shale Ceramsite Fillers
Authors: Xu Bing , Pei Hai Yan
Published: December 2012

The research was conducted at east area of Jinan, the capital of Shandong province, China. The pilot-experiment was carried from June, 1, 2009 to October, 1, 2011. Schoolyard sewage was pumped to constructed infiltration pond. Some conclusions were found by pilot experiment: the characteristics of shale ceramsite would changed when the temperature of roast was changed; shale ceramsite had large adsorbed capacity to phosphorus; when the particle diameter was 5-10mm, the removal of phosphorus was the highest
Environmental Capacity Study for Hangzhou Urban Agglomeration
Authors: He Cheng Long , Liu Wen Li , Wu Xin Guo , He Xian Jun
Published: December 2012

Hangzhou urban agglomeration (HzUA) plays a decisive role in Zhejiang province and even in the Changjiang delta. Whose core is Hangzhou, the main body is Hangzhou district and Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing city is the vice center. It is an important subject to evaluate sustainability of the HzUA quantitatively.The article constructs the city ecological efficiency index (CEI) with the emergy analysis theory, analyzes quantitatively the resources supply and environmental capacity of the HzUA. The case study shows that the CEIs of the four major cities are all not high, among 0.15-0.19. Especially, the CEI of Jiaxing is the minimum, although whose renewable natural resources of unit area is the maximum. It is worth attention. To realize the HzUA steady, harmonious and healthy development, two aspects measures must be adopted, namely, adjust industrial structure and strengthen environmental protection.
A Pilot Study of Municipal Wastewater Treatment by Integrated AmOn Process
Authors: Shen Jun , Dong Min , Liu Chang Qing , Kang Xing Sheng , Zhang Yan Hao , Wang Meng
Published: December 2012

This pilot study discussed the treatment efficiency of municipal wastewater with an integrated AmOn process. Referential data basis were given to develop integrated AmOn Process with high efficiency, reliability, and low energy consumptions. Results show that the efficiency of CODCr and NH3-N removal in pilot-scale system is higher than that in bench-scale test when the water temperature of influent is above 15°C. When the water temperature is below 15°C, the efficiency of CODCr and NH3-N removals of integrated AmOn process become lower, but the treatment efficiency of TN and TP is not affected by lower temperature. However, the whole process can be updated to an A-AmOn system by adding an anaerobic zone before the AmOn process. Hence, the nitrification, denitrification and dephosphorus in the new system could be enhanced, as well as the CODCr removal. The optimal sludge recycle ratio in the A-AmOn system was also studied in this paper. Results indicate that dephosphorus in this system become high when sludge recycle ratio is 3.0; when the ratio is 2.0, the denitrification is higher than that of 3.0. Sludge recycle ratio has less effect on CODCr and NH3-N removal in A-AmOn system.