bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF DREGEA SINENSIS HEMSL. PROTEASE ON THE QUALITY OF MOZZARELLA CHEESE FROM BUFFALO MILK
Authors: Wang Hongyan , Wang Yujing , Huang Aixiang
Published: November 2017

Dregea sinensis Hemsl. protease, a new enzyme source, is described with the characteristics of milk curd. However, cheese processing with this protease has yet to be described. In this study, a protease called chymosin was extracted and purified from D. sinensis Hemsl. stalk. Calf rennet and microbial chymosin were used as the control group in the production of mozzarella cheese to investigate the effect of this plant species on the quality of cheese. Results: SDS-PAGE revealed that D. sinensis Hemsl. protease can be used to process cheese because this enzyme elicits a degradation effect on α-casein in mozzarella cheese. Fresh and sweet glutamic acid and histidine are the dominant free amino acids in mozzarella cheese (P<0.5). Fifty-two flavor substances were detected through GC-MS. Volatile acids and carbonyl compounds are the main sources of the flavor of mozzarella cheese. Texture profile analysis indicated that the produced cheese was more restorative and flexible. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the produced cheese was smooth, as indicated by the small pore cross-section diameter of mozzarella cheese and its close net structure. Therefore, D. sinensis Hemsl. can be applied to process cheese.
THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS USED FOR THE TRADITIONAL DISH SARMA IN TURKEY: NATURE, GARDEN AND TRADITIONAL CUISINE IN THE MODERN ERA
Authors: Dogan Yunus , Nedelcheva Anely , Pieroni Andrea
Published: November 2017

The selection of leaves for sarma is the result of human experience and observation, and the transmission of traditional knowledge in areas with different species richness. Seventy-three taxa whose leaves are used to prepare sarma in Turkey are reported. The prevalent species are from Rumex (11), Salvia (5), Beta and Malva, (4), Alcea, Arum, Brassica, Morus, and Plantago (3). Wild herbaceous plants (69.5%) dominate. Trees (8) and shrubs (2) mostly belong to the Rosaceae, Moraceae, Betulaceae and Malvaceae. Grapevine and cabbage predominate, together with beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, lime tree, bean, and spinach. The use of leaves of three endemics was recorded: Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and Rumex olympicus. Some toxic plants are used after preliminary treatment, including those of Arum, Convolvulus, Tussilago and Smilax species. Colocasia esculenta is a novel sarma plant that has been involved to the cuisine in the last decade, following its introduction into Turkey.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID AND PEPSIN SOLUBLE COLLAGENS FROM THE SCALES OF GOLDEN CARP (PROBARBUS JULLIENI)
Authors: Ali Ali Muhammed Moula , Benjakul Soottawat , Kishimura Hideki
Published: November 2017

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were isolated from the scales of golden carp (Probarbus jullieni). Both ASC and PSC, identified as type I collagen, contained α- and β-chains as the dominant constituents. ASC and PSC had the yields of 0.42 and 1.16 g 100 g‒1 (dry weight basis), respectively. Amino acid composition revealed that glycine constituted 1/3 of total amino acid residues and no cysteine was found. ASC and PSC had imino acid contents of 197 and 202 residues/1000 residues, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated high integrity of the triple helical structure of both collagens. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ASC and PSC had Tmax of 37.67 and 37.83 °C, respectively. Both collagens exhibited high solubility in acidic pH range (1‒3) and the decrease in solubility was found in the presence of NaCl at concentrations above 30 g L‒1. The overall results demonstrated that scales of golden carp could serve as another source of collagen.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF PASSIFLORA EDULIS F. FLAVICARPA AGROINDUSTRIAL WASTE
Authors: Chóez-Guaranda Ivan , Ortega Arnold , Miranda Migdalia , Manzano Patricia
Published: November 2017

The study of the chemical composition of essential oils of shells and seeds of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa is discussed. The essential oils were obtained by microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) as extraction method using Clevenger apparatus. The compounds were separated and identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). There were no significant differences of essential oil yields between samples. 20 compounds were detected altogether. Ionol was the main compound in shells (13.15%) and seeds (12.10%). Nevertheless, some fatty acid methyl ester, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and other terpenes were found in minor quantities. These results have not been informed previously and allow adding value to this agroindustrial waste.
PLOUGH PAN IMPACTS MAIZE GRAIN YIELD, CARBON ASSIMILATION, AND NITROGEN UPTAKE IN THE CORN BELT OF NORTHEAST CHINA
Authors: Cao Qing Jun , Li Gang , Yang Fen Tuan , Jiang Xiao Li , Diallo Lamine , Chen Feng Xi
Published: November 2017

This study aims to investigate the responses of carbon assimilation, grain yield, leaf stay-green rate, nitrogen uptake and distribution to soil compaction in the hard plow pan caused by repeated use of tractor-driven cultivator in Northeast China. The typical hybrid maize variety “Zhengdan 958” was exposed to two treatments of simulated plow pan (SP) and simulated subsoiling (SS, control) in pot experiments from 2012 to 2014. Compared with SS, SP significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) during growth stage, leading to a decrease in dry matter accumulation (DMA) and grain yield (GY) in three consecutive experimental years. Leaf stay-green degrees (LSD), which showed a fast descending trend from 20 days after silking (DAS), significantly decreased in the later filling stage under SP treatment. The translocation eﬃciency of the stored N (TEN) in stalk and leaf to the grain during pre-silking was enhanced, whereas leaf and grain N concentration (LNC/GNC), together with N accumulation amounts at maturity were significantly reduced under SP treatment. Also, plough pan reduced the N distribution to the organs of stalk, leaf and grain. In conclusion, subsoiling is a possible way to delay leaf senescence and achieve higher DMA and GY, and increased grain N in the corn belt of Northeast China.
EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKING ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY PROPERTIES OF POTATO STARCH
Authors: Heo Hyemi , Lee Yun-Kyung , Chang Yoon Hyuk
Published: November 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and in vitro digestibility properties of potato starch cross-linked using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)/ sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). These properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, analysis of the swelling factor and light transmittance, and in vitro digestibility tests for rapid digestible starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that cross-linking with STMP/STPP occurred primarily in the amorphous regions and did not change the crystalline region of the potato starch granules. The swelling factor and light transmittance of the cross-linked potato starch (CLPS) was significantly lower than that of the native potato starch (NPS). The in vitro digestibility results showed that cross-linking with STMP/STPP decreased the RDS contents significantly and increased the RS contents significantly compared with those of NPS. The RS contents of potato starch increased significantly with the increasing degree of crosslinking. Potato starch cross-linked using STMP/STPP can be used a source of dietary fiber in the food industry.
OPTIMATION OF ENRICHMENT AND PURIFICATION OF POLYPHENOLS FROM BLUEBERRIES (VACCINIUM SPP.) BY MACROPOROUS RESINS XAD-7HP
Authors: Jiao Xinyao , Li Bin , Zhang Xiuyan , Zhang Qi , Gao Ningxuan , Meng Xianjun
Published: November 2017

Introduction: Blueberries are rich sources of phenolic compounds and exhibit strong antioxidant activities and a wide variety of biological activities. Methods: Polyphenols were extracted from blueberry by solvent extraction method using ethanol solution. The purification of polyphenols from blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) by macroporous resin XAD-7HP was optimized by adsorption and desorption tests. The cellular antioxidant activities of the purified polyphenols were investigated. Results: The adsorption data indicated that the process was best explained by the Langmuir isotherm model. The best conditions were determined as: blueberry polyphenols concentration, 2.00 mg/g; pH 2.0; ethanol desorption solution concentration, 70 % (v/v); flow rates for feeding and elution, 1 and 2 bed volume (BV)/h, respectively; and a water wash volume of 3 BV. Under these conditions, the purity of the blueberry polyphenols was improved from 46.3 to 86.48 %. The EC50 (concentration for 50 % of maximal effect) and CAA (cellular antioxidant activity) values of the blueberry polyphenols were 151.58 mg/mL and 6.39 µmol QE /100 g sample, respectively.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that purification of polyphenols by macroporous resins XAD-7HP will provide foundation for the development of large-scale separation of blueberry polyphenols in industry.
The Grand St Bernard‐Briançonnais Nappe System and the Paleozoic Inheritance of the Western Alps Unraveled by Zircon U‐Pb Dating
Authors: Bergomi M. A. , Dal Piaz G. V. , Malusà M. G. , Monopoli B. , Tunesi A.
Published: November 2017

The continental crust involved in the Alpine orogeny was largely shaped by Paleozoic tectono‐metamorphic and igneous events during oblique collision between Gondwana and Laurussia. In order to shed light on the pre‐Alpine basement puzzle disrupted and reamalgamated during the Tethyan rifting and the Alpine orogeny, we provide sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe U‐Pb zircon and geochemical whole rock data from selected basement units of the Grand St Bernard‐Briançonnais nappe system in the Western Alps and from the Penninic and Lower Austroalpine units in the Central Alps. Zircon U‐Pb ages, ranging from 459.0 ± 2.3 Ma to 279.1 ± 1.1 Ma, provide evidence of a complex evolution along the northern margin of Gondwana including Ordovician transtension, Devonian subduction, and Carboniferous‐to‐Permian tectonic reorganization. Original zircon U‐Pb ages of 371 ± 0.9 Ma and 369.3 ± 1.5 Ma, from calc‐alkaline granitoids of the Grand Nomenon and Gneiss del Monte Canale units, provide the first compelling evidence of Late Devonian orogenic magmatism in the Alps. We propose that rocks belonging to these units were originally part of the Moldanubian domain and were displaced toward the SW by Late Carboniferous strike‐slip faulting. The resulting assemblage of basement units was disrupted by Permian tectonics and by Mesozoic opening of the Alpine Tethys. Remnants of the Moldanubian domain became either part of the European paleomargin (Grand Nomenon unit) or part of the Adriatic paleomargin (Gneiss del Monte Canale unit), to be finally accreted into the Alpine orogenic wedge during the Cenozoic.
Pollination Signals and Flower Senescence
Authors: Woodson William R.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Pollination‐Induced Senescence

Ethylene Biosynthesis

Pollination‐Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis

Primary Pollination Signals

Secondary Pollination Signals and Interorgan Communication

Model for Interorgan Communication in Carnation Flower

Acknowledgements
Cell Cycle Control and Fruit Development
Authors: Chevalier Christian
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fruit Development: A Matter of Cell Number and Cell Size

Cell Cycle Gene Expression and Fruit Development

Altering the Cell Cycle towards Endoreduplication: A Key Feature for Fruit Growth

Genetic Control of Fruit Size

Metabolic Control of Fruit Development and Growth

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Paradigms and Networks for Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Plant Cells
Authors: Luan Sheng
Published: November 2017

Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger in all eukaryotes. A challenging question is how the cation serves as a messenger for numerous signals and confers specificity to cellular responses. Recent studies have established a concept called “calcium signature” that specifies calcium changes triggered by each signal. Along with this concept comes the “decoding” of calcium signatures—how cells recognize and translate the signatures (codes) into the correct cellular responses. The initial step in the decoding process involves sensor proteins that bind calcium and change their conformation, leading to activation or inactivation of the downstream target molecules thereby regulating the specific biochemical and physiological processes. In this chapter, studies on the major groups of calcium sensors including calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulin (CaM), and calcineurin B‐like proteins (CBLs) will be summarized and general paradigms and networks of calcium signaling processes will be discussed. I will particularly focus on the more recent studies that have advanced our understanding on calcium signal transduction in plants.
Reactive Oxygen Signaling in Plants
Authors: Miller Gad , Coutu Jesse , Shulaev Vladimir , Mittler Ron
Published: November 2017

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) control many different processes in plants, including growth, development, and response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, as toxic molecules ROS are also capable of causing cell injury or death. How this conflict is resolved in cells is largely unknown. Nonetheless, it is clear that the steady‐state level of ROS in cells needs to be tightly regulated. In the flowering plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
, a network of more than 150 genes is involved in managing the level of ROS in cells. This network is highly dynamic and redundant, and encodes for ROS sensing, scavenging, and producing proteins. Although recent studies unraveled some of the key players of the ROS network, many questions related to its mode of regulation, its protective roles, and its modulation of signaling networks that control growth, development, and stress responses remain unanswered. This chapter gives an overview of the ROS network in plants and discusses its complexity and the challenges it poses for researchers attempting to study basic processes in plant biology.
Lipid‐Mediated Signaling
Authors: Boss Wendy F. , Lynch Daniel V. , Wang Xuemin
Published: November 2017

Membrane lipids preserve the integrity of cells and organelles in a constantly changing environment. They modulate protein structure and function and can transduce signals from one side of the membrane to the other. For cells to survive the lipid bilayer must maintain a dynamic flux as it responds and adjusts to both chemical and physical cues. Additional burdens are imposed by their sessile lifestyle as plants survive in a constantly changing environment. To understand how plants adjust to their environment it is essential that we understand how they respond and adjust to environmental cues by altering their lipid chemistry and biochemistry. In this chapter, we have focused on the plant‐specific features of phospholipid and sphingolipid signaling.
The Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction: Role and Regulation of Plant Actin‐ And Microtubule‐Binding Proteins
Authors: Hussey Patrick J. , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: November 2017

The plant cytoskeleton governs plant cell morphogenesis and it is composed of microtubules and actin filaments, and a plethora of associated proteins that serve to anchor, cross‐bridge, or otherwise regulate this fibrous network. These associated proteins are involved in competitive and/or cooperative interactions within cells to adjust the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton. These associated proteins are often stimulus responsive and are effectors of signaling cascades. This system has evolved so that normally sedentary plant cells can respond to developmental and environmental cues in order to proliferate and grow, to maximize energy production, to take up nutrients from the soil, to reproduce, and to protect from pathogen invasion. In all these cases the cytoskeleton has to respond to signals and reorganize so that cells can divide and expand, generate organelle movement, polarize cell growth, and thicken the cell wall. This chapter will describe the main players in the control of cytoskeletal organization in plant cells and explain their involvement in signal transduction cascades.
Guard Cell Signaling
Authors: Wu Yan
Published: November 2017

A pair of guard cells forms a stomatal pore in the epidermis of plant aerial tissues. Stomatal pores can open and close to regulate gas exchange in response to environmental stimuli, such as the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), water status, temperature, and light conditions, CO2exchange between plants and the atmosphere, and bacterial invasion. For example, elevated ABA and CO2levels induce stomatal closure, whereas blue light causes stomatal opening. It is hypothesized that guard cells possess signaling mechanisms that integrate multiple environmental signals to persuade stomatal movement and to regulate plant survival under various conditions. Recent integrated approach has allowed us to gain a glimpse of the network of signal transduction mechanisms in the modulation of stomatal movement. Molecular genetic studies together with cell biological analysis have revealed many signaling components and pathways involved in the regulation of stomatal movement. Genomics‐ and systems‐based approaches have led to the generation of models of the signaling network in guard cells. This chapter focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of guard cell signaling and the interaction of multiple signals to modulate guard cell movement.
A Personal Perspective of the Last 40 Years of Plant Pathology: Emerging Themes, Paradigm Shifts and Future Promise
Authors: Heath Michele C.
Published: November 2017

The last 40 years of experimental research have resulted in a remarkable increase in our understanding of plant disease resistance to microbial pathogens, with a recent surge of clarity primarily provided by the application of molecular genetics to pathogen interactions withArabidopsis thaliana. Research foci have changed over time with the availability of new techniques and the ability to identify genes, proteins, signalling systems and defensive biochemicals involved in plant resistance. In hindsight, early concepts were generally simplistic. Although some have been supported by subsequent data, others, such as the basis for the gene‐for‐gene phenomenon, have changed dramatically and it is now clear that plant–microbe interactions are sophisticated and complex. Much is left to discover: the role of the hypersensitive response is still enigmatic, the interplay of recognition events and defensive factors that control host or non‐host resistance is still not clear and the number of well‐studied pathosystems is still few. The future promises more attention to the spatial organisation of disease resistance at the cellular level, and new insights into the evolution of disease resistance and pathogen pathogenicity. Particularly urgent is the need for unequivocal data to prove which plant genes and processes involved in disease resistance are primarily responsible for the restriction of pathogen growth. Disappointingly, our considerable progress in understanding plant–microbe interactions in the last 40 years has not translated into comparable progress in developing novel, widespread and effective methods of disease control in the field, and this remains a significant challenge for the future.
Pseudomonas SyringaeTypeIII‐Secreted Proteins and Their Activities and Effects on Plant Innate Immunity
Authors: Jeong Byeong‐Ryool , van Dijk Karin , Alfano James R.
Published: November 2017

Bacterial pathogens of both plants and animals use type III protein secretion systems (T3SSs) to inject bacterial proteins called type III effectors into host cells to alter host physiology and favor the pathogen. The bacterial plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaeis dependent on the Hrp T3SS to cause disease on plants. It has become apparent over the past several years that a primary target forP. syringaetype III effectors is the plant innate immune system. The innate immune system of plants and animals use specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize conserved molecules of microorganisms called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induce a basal defense now known as PAMP‐triggered immunity (PTI). SeveralP. syringaetype III effectors have been shown to suppress PTI. A second tier of the plant innate immune system uses resistance (R) proteins to detect pathogen effectors, including bacterial type III effectors, and induce an immune response now known as effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). SeveralP. syringaetype III effectors can also suppress ETI. The existence of R protein‐recognized type III effectors and type III effectors that suppress ETI and PTI have produced a molecular arms war of sorts in which the bacterial pathogen has evolved an assortment of offensive type III effectors that suppress plant immunity and plants a myriad of defensive PRRs and R proteins that detect the presence of pathogens. This chapter covers what is known about proteins that are secreted by theP. syringaeT3SS. In addition to type III effectors, type III‐secreted helper proteins assist in type III effector delivery. Since a primary target of type III effectors is the plant innate immune system, an introduction to it is also included. Recent progress suggests thatP. syringaetype III effectors can be used as tools to identify new components of plant immunity. Increasing our understanding of the activities and targets of type III effectors will likely reveal how plants defend themselves against bacterial invasion.
Marshalling the Troops: Intracellular Dynamics in Plant Pathogen Defense
Authors: Palma Kristoffer , Wiermer Marcel , Li Xin
Published: November 2017

Plants have evolved sophisticated defense systems against pathogen infection. Initiation of induced defense signaling involves recognition of invading pathogens at the plant cell surface, followed by rapid transcriptional reprogramming and focused transport and delivery of antimicrobial products to the site of infection. This review chapter summarizes recent findings of the importance of intracellular dynamics in the plants defense against microbial pathogens. We first discuss events at the cell wall and apoplast, the ‘front line’ of defense against the invader. It is clear that some defense peptides and molecules secreted by the plant cell host have antimicrobial activity – until recently relatively little was known about the regulation and coordination of directed accumulation to sites of attempted pathogen attack. Molecular genetic studies on the breakdown of resistance to non‐adapted fungi have highlighted the role of proteins involved in exocytic vesicle fusion and their possible regulation by transmembrane MLO proteins. Another key process in perception and defense at the cell periphery in eukaryotes is ligand‐stimulated endocytosis of receptors for microbial proteins; an example in plants is the flagellin receptor FLS2. The second part of this chapter focuses on the role of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking across the nuclear pore complex in plant innate immunity. Current work highlights the dynamic regulation of defense proteins and the role of specific components of the nuclear pore complex and the nuclear import and export machinery in response to pathogens. The unexpected recent discovery of NB‐LRR immune receptors from different species in the nucleus points to a condensed and rapid pathway of communication between the site of perception and activation of defense genes. While the details on spatial and temporal control of these dynamic intracellular processes remain to be elucidated, it is currently an area of intense research.
Role of Plant Secondary Metabolites at the Host–Pathogen Interface
Authors: Bednarek Paweł , Schulze‐Lefert Paul
Published: November 2017

Plants synthesise and accumulate a large number of structurally diversified small molecules, usually derived from amino acids or some other end products or intermediates of plant primary metabolism. Some groups of these ‘secondary metabolites’ possess in vitro antimicrobial activities, typically through inhibition of essential microbial enzyme activities or disintegration of cellular compartments. This suggests a potential functional significance of plant secondary products as executors of plant immune responses. Consistent with this, impairment of the capacity of pathogens to metabolise/detoxify such compounds often increases virulence. Defence‐related phytochemicals are often classified on the basis of their in planta mode of biosynthesis and accumulation as phytoalexins or phytoanticipins. Their synthesis and/or activation are typically coordinated in time and space with other defence responses upon microbial colonisation attempts. Single plant cells are capable to target resistance responses with subcellular precision to incipient microbial entry sites. One function of this process appears to enable high local concentrations of toxic metabolites. Traditional plant breeding revealed that disease resistance correlates in some cases positively with the ability of plants to synthesise particular secondary products. This is corroborated by transgenic plants that fail to either accumulate phytoalexins or synthesise novel pathogen‐inducible toxic metabolites.
Lipid Signals in Plant–Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Shah Jyoti , Chaturvedi Ratnesh
Published: November 2017

Lipids influence multiple stages of plant–pathogen interactions including communication between the host and the microbe, activation and implementation of plant defenses, and the pathogen life cycle. Some pathogens recognize plant lipid‐derived signals to identify an appropriate host. Other pathogens depend on the host for lipids as essential molecules or as developmental signals. In contrast, plants have evolved mechanisms to recognize microbial lipids and this can lead to elicitation of defense responses. In several cases, lipid modifications target plant signaling proteins and microbial elicitors to plant cell membranes where defense signaling is initiated. The membrane also provides a reservoir from which biologically active signaling lipids, or their precursors, are released by a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. A large number of lipid‐modifying enzymes are involved in the synthesis of signaling lipids. This chapter focuses on progress made in recent years on lipids, lipid signaling, lipid‐modifying enzymes and lipid‐transfer proteins that influence the outcome of plant–pathogen interactions.
The Evolution of Body Form in Bryophytes
Authors: Goffinet Bernard , Buck William R.
Published: November 2017

Bryophytes compose a paraphyletic group of land plants that mark the successful transition to land and paved the way for the evolution of plants with highly differentiated vascular tissues and multiple sporangia. Like all embryophytes, bryophytes follow a life cycle of alternating haploid and diploid generations, and hence, rely on the same fundamental set of genetic tools to develop their body. The vegetative plant of bryophytes is always the sex‐bearing gametophyte, and upon fertilization, the embryo develops into a short‐lived, unbranched sporophyte that remains attached to the maternal plant. Over the last 400 million years, bryophytes have undergone continuous and sometimes rapid diversification, leading to nearly 20 000 species exhibiting a broad range of vegetative architecture based on a simple modular Bauplan and critical innovations enhancing spore dispersal through time and space, and thereby insuring their persistence and ecological success.
The Role of Interfaces in Polyethylene/Metal‐Oxide Nanocomposites for Ultrahigh‐Voltage Insulating Materials
Authors: Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Olsson Richard T. , Hedenqvist Mikael S.
Published: November 2017

Recent progress in the development of polyethylene/metal‐oxide nanocomposites for extruded high‐voltage direct‐current (HVDC) cables with ultrahigh electric insulation properties is presented. This is a promising technology with the potential of raising the upper voltage limit in today's underground/submarine cables, based on pristine polyethylene, to levels where the loss of energy during electric power transmission becomes low enough to ensure intercontinental electric power transmission. The development of HVDC insulating materials together with the impact of the interface between the particles and the polymer on the nanocomposites electric properties are shown. Important parameters from the atomic to the microlevel, such as interfacial chemistry, interfacial area, and degree of particle dispersion/aggregation, are discussed. This work is placed in perspective with important work by others, and suggested mechanisms for improved insulation using nanoparticles, such as increased charge trap density, adsorption of impurities/ions, and induced particle dipole moments are considered. The effects of the nanoparticles and of their interfacial structures on the mechanical properties and the implications of cavitation on the electric properties are also discussed. Although the main interest in improving the properties of insulating polymers has been on the use of nanoparticles, leading to nanodielectrics, it is pointed out here that larger microscopic hierarchical metal‐oxide particles with high surface porosity also impart good insulation properties. The impact of the type of particle and its inherent properties (purity and conductivity) on the nanocomposite dielectric and insulating properties are also discussed based on data obtained by a newly developed technique to directly observe the charge distribution on a nanometer scale in the nanocomposite.
Voltage‐Controlled On/Off Switching of Ferromagnetism in Manganite Supercapacitors
Authors: Molinari Alan , Hahn Horst , Kruk Robert
Published: November 2017

The ever‐growing technological demand for more advanced microelectronic and spintronic devices keeps catalyzing the idea of controlling magnetism with an electric field. Although voltage‐driven on/off switching of magnetization is already established in some magnetoelectric (ME) systems, often the coupling between magnetic and electric order parameters lacks an adequate reversibility, energy efficiency, working temperature, or switching speed. Here, the ME performance of a manganite supercapacitor composed of a ferromagnetic, spin‐polarized ultrathin film of La0.74Sr0.26MnO3 (LSMO) electrically charged with an ionic liquid electrolyte is investigated. Fully reversible, rapid, on/off switching of ferromagnetism in LSMO is demonstrated in combination with a shift in Curie temperature of up to 26 K and a giant ME coupling coefficient of ≈226 Oe V−1. The application of voltages of only ≈2 V results in ultralow energy consumptions of about 90 µJ cm−2. This work provides a step forward toward low‐power, high‐endurance electrical switching of magnetism for the development of high‐performance ME spintronics.
Acid/Base‐Co‐catalyzed Direct Oxidative α‐Amination of Cyclic Ketones: Using Molecular Oxygen as the Oxidant
Authors: Li Yi‐Jin , Zhang Lu , Yan Na , Meng Xiang‐He , Zhao Yu‐Long
Published: November 2017

A novel acid/base‐co‐catalyzed direct intermolecular α‐amination of various cyclic ketones has been developed for the first time. The reaction employs molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant under metal‐free conditions. The reaction tolerates a wide range of various anilines, especially primary diamine derivatives, and provides a simple and efficient method for the constructions of α‐amino enones and benzodiazepine derivatives in a single step.

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Selective Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of α‐Substituted Acetophenones with Bifunctional Oxo‐Tethered Ruthenium(II) Catalysts
Authors: Yuki Yamato , Touge Taichiro , Nara Hideki , Matsumura Kazuhiko , Fujiwhara Mitsuhiko , Kayaki Yoshihito , Ikariya Takao
Published: November 2017

A practical method for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of α‐substituted ketones was developed utilizing oxo‐tethered N‐sulfonyldiamine‐ruthenium complexes. Reduction by HCO2H and HCO2K in a mixed solvent of EtOAc/H2O allowed for the selective synthesis of halohydrins from 2‐bromoacetophenone (98%) and 2‐chloroacetophenone (>99%), leading to suppressed undesired side reactions stemming from formylation under the typical reaction conditions using an azeotropic 5:2 mixture of HCO2H and Et3N. A range of functional groups, such as halogens, methoxy, nitro, dimethylamino, and ester groups, were well tolerated, highlighting the potential of this method. Nearly complete selectivity with a preferable ee was maintained even with a substrate/catalyst (S/C) ratio of 5000. This catalyst system was also effective for the asymmetric reduction of α‐sulfonated ketones without eroding the leaving group.

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Tensile and impact properties of cost‐effective hybrid fiber metal laminate sandwich structures
Authors: Dhar Malingam Sivakumar , Jumaat Faizal Azli , Ng Lin Feng , Subramaniam Kathiravan , Ab Ghani Ahmad Fuad
Published: November 2017

Hybrid composite materials, which combine two or more types of fiber in a single matrix, have currently drawn the interest of researchers. This research investigates the tensile and impact properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced metal laminates (FMLs) with different fiber orientations and stacking configurations. FMLs were formed by sandwiching the annealed aluminum 5052 sheets to the composite laminates using hot press molding compression technique. The tensile test was performed at a quasi‐static rate of 2 mm/min with reference to ASTM E8 whereas Charpy impact test was conducted using impact pendulum tester according to ASTM E23. Results showed that improvement in tensile and impact strength was observed in hybrid FMLs compared to kenaf fiber reinforced FMLs. Fiber orientation of ±45° reduced the tensile strength but increased the impact strength of FMLs in comparison with fiber orientation of 0°/90°. Overall, hybrid FMLs incorporated with a fiber stacking sequence of glass/kenaf/glass showed superior characteristic in tensile and impact performance.
Costs of reproduction are reflected in women's faces: Post‐menopausal women with fewer children are perceived as more attractive, healthier and younger than women with more children
Authors: Marcinkowska Urszula M. , Little Anthony C. , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Nenko Ilona , Klimek Magdalena , Jasienska Grazyna
Published: November 2017

Objectives

The costs associated with reproduction (i.e., gestation, lactation, childcare) have long‐term negative consequences by elevating risk of disease and reducing lifespan. We tested the hypotheses that high parity, and thus high reproductive costs bear by women, is perceived by other people when they evaluate facial appearance of health, attractiveness and age of mothers.

Materials and Methods

Using computer software we created average facial images based on real photographs of post‐menopausal women with varying number of children; 3 parity categories were created (1–2, 4–5, and 7–9 children). Study participants (N = 571) were asked to choose the face they perceived as more attractive, younger and healthier via two‐alternative forced choice questions asked in three randomized blocks.

Results

Women who had given birth to fewer children were judged both by men and women as more attractive, younger and healthier than women with more children. In each category the lowest scores were received by women from highest parity category (7–9 children).

Discussion

Mechanisms behind the observed variation in facial appearance are not known but higher levels of oxidative stress among women with high parity may explain their faster aging and lower attractiveness in older age. These results suggest that costs of reproduction might affect women's physical appearance.
Equivalence in outcomes between Draf 2B vs Draf 3 frontal sinusotomy for refractory chronic frontal rhinosinusitis
Authors: Patel Vishal S. , Choby Garret , Shih Liang‐Chun , Patel Zara M. , Nayak Jayakar V. , Hwang Peter H.
Published: November 2017

Background

Endoscopic Draf 2B and Draf 3 frontal sinusotomies are frequently performed for chronic refractory frontal rhinosinusitis. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes between Draf 2B and Draf 3 procedures.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing patients undergoing bilateral Draf 2B vs Draf 3 procedures from 2000 to 2016. Patients with neoplasia, dysplasia, mucocele, cystic fibrosis, or ciliary dyskinesia were excluded. Preoperative disease parameters included number of prior surgeries, presence of polyps, preoperative 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) score, frontal Lund‐Mackay score, anterior‐posterior diameter of the frontal ostium, and Global Osteitis Scoring Scale (GOSS). Postoperative outcomes included SNOT‐22 score, neo‐ostium patency, surgical revision rates, and complications.

Results

A total of 21 patients with bilateral Draf 2B and 17 patients with Draf 3 surgeries were compared. Mean follow‐up time was 15.6 months. No significant differences were seen between groups for any preoperative disease parameter. Both cohorts showed statistically significant (p = 0.0001 [Draf 2B]; p = 0.0001 [Draf 3]) and clinically meaningful (Δ = 24.1; Δ = 24.9) improvements in SNOT‐22 at last follow‐up vs preoperatively. The Draf 2B group had greater improvement in SNOT‐22 score than the Draf 3 group at 1 to 3 months (p = 0.003), but the magnitude of improvement equalized at 5 to 9 months (p = 0.66) and last follow‐up (p = 0.90). No significant differences were noted between groups regarding patency, revision rates, or complications.

Conclusion

Both Draf 2B and Draf 3 procedures offer durable symptomatic improvement for patients with refractory frontal CRS. The Draf 2B is associated with earlier postoperative symptom improvement and overall shows comparable long‐term outcomes to the Draf 3 sinusotomy.
Magnetic Actuation of Drops and Liquid Marbles Using a Deformable Paramagnetic Liquid Substrate
Authors: Vialetto Jacopo , Hayakawa Masayuki , Kavokine Nikita , Takinoue Masahiro , Varanakkottu Subramanyan Namboodiri , Rudiuk Sergii , Anyfantakis Manos , Morel Mathieu , Baigl Damien
Published: November 2017

The magnetic actuation of deposited drops has mainly relied on volume forces exerted on the liquid to be transported, which is poorly efficient with conventional diamagnetic liquids such as water and oil, unless magnetosensitive particles are added. Herein, we describe a new and additive‐free way to magnetically control the motion of discrete liquid entities. Our strategy consists of using a paramagnetic liquid as a deformable substrate to direct, using a magnet, the motion of various floating liquid entities, ranging from naked drops to liquid marbles. A broad variety of liquids, including diamagnetic (water, oil) and nonmagnetic ones, can be efficiently transported using the moderate magnetic field (ca. 50 mT) produced by a small permanent magnet. Complex trajectories can be achieved in a reliable manner and multiplexing potential is demonstrated through on‐demand drop fusion. Our paramagnetofluidic method advantageously works without any complex equipment or electric power, in phase with the necessary development of robust and low‐cost analytical and diagnostic fluidic devices.
Glycosyltransferase cascades made fit for chemical production: Integrated biocatalytic process for the natural polyphenol C‐glucoside nothofagin
Authors: Schmölzer Katharina , Lemmerer Martin , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: November 2017

Glycosyltransferase cascades are promising tools of biocatalysis for natural product glycosylation, but their suitability for actual production remains to be shown. Here, we demonstrate at a scale of 100 g isolated product the integrated biocatalytic production of nothofagin, the natural 3′‐C‐β‐D‐glucoside of the polyphenol phloretin. A parallel reaction cascade involving coupled C‐glucosyltransferase and sucrose synthase was optimized for the one‐pot glucosylation of phloretin from sucrose via an UDP/UDP‐glucose shuttle. Inclusion complexation with the highly water soluble 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin pushed the phloretin solubility to its upper practical limit (∼120 mM) and so removed the main bottleneck on an efficient synthesis of nothofagin. The biotransformation thus intensified had excellent performance metrics of 97% yield and ∼50 gproduct/L at a space‐time yield of 3 g/L/hr. The UDP‐glucose was regenerated up to ∼220 times. A scalable downstream process for efficient recovery of nothofagin (≥95% purity; ≥65% yield) was developed. A tailored anion‐exchange chromatography at pH 8.5 was used for capture and initial purification of the product. Recycling of the 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin would also be possible at this step. Product precipitation at a lowered pH of 6.0 and re‐dissolution in acetone effectively replaced desalting by size exclusion chromatography in the final step of nothofagin purification. This study therefore, reveals the potential for process intensification in the glycosylation of polyphenol acceptors by glycosyltransferase cascades. It demonstrates that, with up‐ and downstream processing carefully optimized and suitably interconnected, a powerful biocatalytic technology becomes available for the production of an important class of glycosides difficult to prepare otherwise.
Electron shuttling to ferrihydrite selects for fermentative rather than Fe3+—reducing biomass in xylose—fed batch reactors derived from three different inoculum sources
Authors: Popovic Jovan , Finneran Kevin T.
Published: November 2017

Reports suggest that ferric iron and electron shuttling molecules will select for Fe3+—reducer dominated microbial biomass. We investigated the influence of the redox mediators anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate (AQDS) and riboflavin using xylose as the sole fermentation substrate, with or without ferric iron. Electron shuttling to insoluble ferrihydrite enhanced solventogenesis, acidogenesis, hydrogen production, and xylose consumption, relative to the cells plus xylose controls in fermentations inoculated with woodland marsh sediment, wetwood disease, or raw septic liquid, over multiple transfers in 15‐day batch fermentations. 16S rRNA gene based community analyses indicated that ferrihydrite alone, and AQDS/riboflavin plus ferrihydrite, immediately shifted native heterogeneous communities to those predominantly belonging to the Clostdridiales, rather than stimulating Fe3+ respiring populations. Data were similar irrespective of the inoculum source, suggesting that Fe3+ and/or electron shuttling compounds select for rapid proliferation of fermentative genera when fermentable substrates are present, and increases the extent of xylose consumption and solvent production.
Genome‐wide identification of tolerance mechanisms toward p‐coumaric acid in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Calero Patricia , Jensen Sheila I. , Bojanovič Klara , Lennen Rebecca M. , Koza Anna , Nielsen Alex T.
Published: November 2017

The soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 has gained increasing biotechnological interest due to its ability to tolerate different types of stress. Here, the tolerance of P. putida KT2440 toward eleven toxic chemical compounds was investigated. P. putida was found to be significantly more tolerant toward three of the eleven compounds when compared to Escherichia coli. Increased tolerance was for example found toward p‐coumaric acid, an interesting precursor for polymerization with a significant industrial relevance. The tolerance mechanism was therefore investigated using the genome‐wide approach, Tn‐seq. Libraries containing a large number of miniTn5‐Km transposon insertion mutants were grown in the presence and absence of p‐coumaric acid, and the enrichment or depletion of mutants was quantified by high‐throughput sequencing. Several genes, including the ABC transporter Ttg2ABC and the cytochrome c maturation system (ccm), were identified to play an important role in the tolerance toward p‐coumaric acid of this bacterium. Most of the identified genes were involved in membrane stability, suggesting that tolerance toward p‐coumaric acid is related to transport and membrane integrity.
Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in pleomorphic lobular breast carcinoma of the breast: a SEER population‐based study
Authors: Yang Li‐Peng , Sun He‐Fen , Zhao Yang , Chen Meng‐Ting , Zhang Nong , Jin Wei
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the clinicopathological features and survival outcome of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) of breast, we identified 131 PLC patients and 460,109 invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database. PLCs presented with increased lymph node involvement, older age, higher AJCC stage and grade, and lower median survival months (PLC 84 ± 51.03 vs. IDC 105.2 ± 64.39 P < 0.01). Compared to IDC patients, PLC patients were more inclined to be treated with mastectomy. In univariate analysis, PLC patients showed a worse disease‐specific survival (DSS) than that of IDC patients (hazard ratio = 0.691, 95% confidence interval 0.534–0.893, P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, we took into account other prognostic factors and found that the histology types were no longer an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.120). DSS have no difference between matched IDC and PLC groups (P = 0.615). This result may be due to PLCs presenting higher tumor stage, higher tumor grade, and higher rate of LN metastasis than IDCs. Our conclusion is that PLC and IDC have many different characteristics, but there is not enough difference on the DSS.
Hypoglycemia and severe lactic acidosis in a dog following metformin exposure
Authors: Barrella Nicole , Eisenberg Beth , Simpson Stephanie Nicole
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis are rare complications with metformin use in humans. As metformin is not commonly used in veterinary medicine, severe adverse effects secondary to exposure are not known. Awareness of potentially life‐threatening complications with metformin exposure is an important addition to the veterinary literature.
Zeolite‐Catalyzed Formaldehyde–Propylene Prins Condensation
Authors: Vasiliadou Efterpi S. , Gould Nicholas S. , Lobo Raul F.
Published: November 2017

Prins condensation of formaldehyde with propylene to form 3‐buten‐1‐ol is investigated using microporous solid acid catalysts. Zn/H‐beta shows high conversion but leads to a broad product distribution composed primarily of pyrans. Mechanistic studies revealed that 3‐buten‐1‐ol reacts via Prins cyclization or dehydrate to 1,3‐butadiene that further reacts with formaldehyde via a hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction. These secondary reactions are suppressed over ZSM‐5 catalysts: 3‐buten‐1‐ol is the predominant product over H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite under all conditions investigated. 3‐Buten‐1‐ol selectivity of up to 75 % is achieved. In a second step 3‐buten‐1‐ol dehydrates at temperatures as low as 423 K, forming 1,3‐butadiene. Although Brønsted acid sites are the primary catalytic sites, ion exchange of ZnII increases the overall rate and 3‐buten‐1‐ol selectivity. H‐ZSM‐5 showed significant differences in reactivity and selectivity as a function of the Si/Al ratio; optimal catalytic properties were observed within Si/Al=40–140.