bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The beliefs and practices used to promote physical and mental health in youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, or queer plus (LGBTIQ+) experiencing housing insecurity: An integrative review
Authors: Poskin Mary , Turk Melanie , Nolfi David , Klotzbaugh Ralph , Dietz Craig
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this integrative review was to explore the beliefs and practices used to promote physical and mental health among youth ages 18–25 years, identifying as LGBTIQ+ experiencing housing insecurity.

Method

The approach used strategies described by Whittemore and Knafl. Peer‐reviewed, published research articles in English were identified using eight electronic databases. Eighteen research reports using qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods were identified. Articles were evaluated for quality using the American Association of Critical Care Nurses Evidenced‐Level Hierarchy evaluation tool. Data were analyzed and synthesized using Braun and Clarke's method.

Findings

Four themes related to the purpose were extracted: pervasive experiences of stigma and discrimination, constantly attuned to navigating risks, inconsistent engagement in health information and care, and inner strength developed through personal and community experiences.

Discussion

There are strong implications for future research, public health nursing practice, and health policy. Public health nurses should incorporate social determinants of health (addressing harmful social processes such as homophobia and racism) as well as a strength‐based upstream approach in research, education, and health care practices. More research must also be done to assess engagement in physical and mental health information and care.
Insights into Bacillus zanthoxyliHS1‐mediated systemic tolerance: multifunctional implications for enhanced plant tolerance to abiotic stresses
Authors: Barghi Anahita , Jung Ho Won
Published: August 2024

Abiotic stresses significantly impact agricultural productivity and food security. Innovative strategies, including the use of plant‐derived compounds and plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are necessary to enhance plant resilience. This study delved into how Bacillus zanthoxyli HS1 (BzaHS1) and BzaHS1‐derived volatile organic compounds (VOC) conferred systemic tolerance against salt and heat stresses in cabbage and cucumber plants. Direct application of a BzaHS1 strain or exposure of BzaHS1‐derived VOC to cabbage and cucumber plants promoted seedling growth under stressed conditions. This induced systemic tolerance was associated with increased mRNA expression and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), or ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.1), leading to a reduction in oxidative stress in cabbage and cucumber plants. Plants co‐cultured with BzaHS1 and exposed to BzaHS1‐derived VOC triggered the accumulation of callose and minimized stomatal opening in response to high salt and temperature stresses, respectively. In contrast, exogenous treatment of azelaic acid, a well‐characterized plant defense primer, had no significant impact on the seedling growth of cabbage and cucumber plants grown under abiotic stress conditions. Taken together, BzaHS1 and its VOC show potential for enhancing plant tolerance responses to salt and heat stresses through modulation of osmotic stress‐regulatory networks.
Beyond Reverse Racism: A Research Note on How White College Students Construct the Myth of Silencing in the Classroom
Authors: Ortiz Stephanie M. , Bennet Carley , Rizzo Nicholas , Guerrero Breanny
Published: August 2024

The popular rhetoric of “reverse racism” suggests that white students are victimized by racism, but it is unclear what contemporary white college students specifically find negative about their experiences in race classrooms. Analyzing interviews and open‐ended survey data from 54 white undergraduates at a predominantly white university in the Northeast, this research note shows that “reverse racism” is not the primary framework through which respondents interpret their negative classroom experiences. Instead, respondents rely on racist tropes about people of color to position themselves as silenced in these settings. We show how respondents (1) describe hypothetical scenarios involving explosive professors and students of color, and (2) view the race classroom as a space for learning “different perspectives,” in order to (3) claim that their whiteness renders them ineligible to participate in class discussions. Amidst political and academic condemnation of “cancel culture” and the perpetuation of myths that left‐wing activists of color unjustly target free speech, white students may incorporate these concerns into their meaning‐making. Although respondents do not explicitly invoke “reverse racism,” we argue that these narratives still reinforce the existing racial structure. These preliminary findings suggest the need for further exploration of white students' complex reactions to race classes in the current sociopolitical context.
Automated external defibrillator location selection considering myocardial infarction risk and medical resources
Authors: Yao Yao , Shao Ledi , Yin Hanyu , Xu Changwu , Guo Zihao , Chen Honghuang , Cheng Junyi , Zhang Xiaotong , Xie Jiteng , Feng Chenqi , Guan Qingfeng , Luo Peng
Published: August 2024

The effective deployment of medical emergency equipment, such as automated external defibrillator (AED), is essential to myocardial infarction (MI) patients. However, there are shortcomings in current studies that simultaneously consider the risk of MI and the availability of medical resources when siting the AEDs. In this study, an AED site recommendation framework was proposed to address the lack of consideration for both the MI risk and medical resources when siting the AEDs. It conducts the AED sitting under different scenarios considering the spatial distribution of MI risk and healthcare accessibility in Chinese cities. First, an automated machine learning framework data is proposed to estimate the MI risk at the community scale based on multi‐source spatio‐temporal. Second, the accessibility of medical resources was calculated by an improved Gaussian two‐step moving search algorithm. Finally, the AED siting in multiple scenarios is conducted based on the coverage model. The performance of the AED siting model was evaluated at Wuhan city. The results show that MI risk is impacted by both socioeconomic and cultural characteristics (municipal utilities, streetscape environment, educational and commercial facilities). There is a strong spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of both MI risk and medical resources in Wuhan, and an unreasonable match between the two was detected in some regions. Medical resources need to be strengthened in some high‐risk areas, such as rural areas and tourist attractions. In addition, 1015 AED candidate sites were identified by the location set covering problem model, with a 15‐min accessibility rate of 96.5%. Given the limited resources, mobile AEDs which have about 15‐min service range can be deployed based on the maximum covering location problem model to meet the demand in central urban areas efficiently. This study can contribute to more rational selection of AED sites and the prevention of myocardial infarction among residents, particularly when supported by policies that promote balanced regional development of pre‐hospital medical emergency networks.
Trends and correlates in HIV viral load monitoring and viral suppression among adolescents and young adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Rugemalila Joan , Kunambi Peter P. , Amour Maryam , Sambu Veryeh , Kisonjela Fikiri , Rugarabamu Angelica , Mahande Michael , Sando David , Sudfeld Christopher R. , Sunguya Bruno , Nagu Tumaini , Aboud Said
Published: August 2024

Background

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) living with HIV have been shown to have lower rates of viral load testing and viral suppression as compared to older adults. We examined trends over time and predictors of HIV viral load monitoring and viral suppression among AYA in a large HIV treatment programme in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Methods

We analysed longitudinal data of AYA aged 10–24 years initiated on antiretroviral therapy between January 2017 and October 2022. Trend models were used to assess changes in HIV viral load testing and viral suppression by calendar year. Generalised estimating equations were used to examine the relationship of sociodemographic and clinical factors with HIV viral load testing and viral suppression.

Results

Out of 15,759 AYA, the percentage of those who received a 6‐month HIV viral load testing increased from 40.6% in 2017 to 64.7% in 2022 and, a notable annual increase of 5.6% (p < 0.001). A higher HIV viral load testing uptake was observed among 20‐ to 24‐year‐olds (87.7%) compared to 10‐ to 19‐year‐olds (80.2%) (p < 0.001). The likelihood of not receiving an HIV viral load test within 12 months of antiretroviral therapy initiation was higher among 10‐ to 19‐year‐olds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.4–2.0), advanced HIV disease (aOR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.12–1.53), normal nutrition status at enrolment aOR 2.6 (95% CI = 1.59–4.26) and initiation of non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors regimen aOR 1.2 (95% CI = 1.08–1.34). The proportion of AYA with viral suppression increased from 83.0% in 2017 to 94.6% in 2022. Notably, the overall trend in viral suppression increased significantly at 2.4% annually. The risk of not achieving viral suppression was greater among 10‐ to 14‐year‐olds (aOR = 2; 95% CI = 1.75–2.43) and 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.24–1.58) as compared to 20–24 years; being male (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02–1.32); undernourished (aOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.17–1.99); in WHO Stage II (aOR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.02–1.33) and III (aOR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.03–1.42) and being on an non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors regimen (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.18–1.48).

Conclusion

HIV viral load testing uptake at 6 months of antiretroviral therapy initiation and viral suppression increased from 2017 to 2022; however, overall HIV viral load testing was suboptimal. Demographic and clinical characteristics can be used to identify AYA at greater risk for not having HIV viral load test and not achieving viral suppression.
Producing Power: Dennis Hume Wrong’s Perspective on Gender in Contemporary Indonesian Cinema
Authors: Widyasari Widyasari , Afifulloh M.
Published: August 2024

This article seeks to uncover some of the ramifications of Dennis Hume Wrong's perspective on power in contemporary Indonesian cinema. The cinema is considered as a discursive medium that comprises a series of relationships between the characters, according to this idea of power and gender relations. The targeted films are Ali & Ratu-Ratu Queens (2021), Generasi 90an: Melankolia (2020), dan Imperfect (2019). The three films were made as a screen adaptation of a literary plot in the drama-romance genre. The findings demonstrate that the power relations in the films are legitimized by two consequences: intended and unintended power. Intended power is legitimized by force, manipulation, persuasion, and authority. Meanwhile, the unintended power is legitimized via a process in which power domination is implicitly assumed because everyone is aware of their position. Through these power relations, gender is conceived as a fluid and unstable notion in contemporary Indonesian cinema. The male and female binary is constructed by the flexibility and hybridity of gender identity, which dictates how they should act, feel, and function in society. Women already have an equal bargaining position with men, particularly in the workplace, yet the stereotype of femininity persists due to Indonesian society's belief in ideal gender rather than the modern mainstream of feminism's practice of new stereotypes.
Scrap(ping) it Together: Scrapbooking as Data Generation in Research and Teaching
Authors: Safron Carrie
Published: August 2024

This paper details the potential of scrapbooking as an arts-based approach to data generation in health, fitness, and physical education contexts. I organize the paper to resemble a scrapbook, with its ‘pages’ unfolding in five parts. I start with an introduction and background on scrapbooking before turning to illustrate two examples of scrapbooking used in my research and teaching. The ‘final’ part brings these scraps (or fragments) together—as well as some newer scraps—to emphasize the personal, dynamic, and multifaceted nature of the scrapbooking process and the scrapbook itself. In framing the paper like a scrapbook, I urge readers to engage in a playful and critical exploration as they ‘turn the pages’ to imagine the possibilities of scrapbooking as a methodological and pedagogical approach in health, fitness, and physical education-related fields.
Nutrition users’ guides: systematic reviews part 1 –structured guide for methodological assessment, interpretation and application of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of non-randomised nutritional epidemiology studies
Authors: Zeraatkar Dena , de Souza Russell J , Guyatt Gordon H , Bala Malgorzata M , Alonso-Coello Pablo , Johnston Bradley C
Published: August 2024

Due to the challenges of conducting randomised controlled trials (randomised trials) of dietary interventions, evidence in nutrition often comes from non-randomised (observational) studies of nutritional exposures—called nutritional epidemiology studies. When using systematic reviews of such studies to advise patients or populations on optimal dietary habits, users of the evidence (eg, healthcare professionals such as clinicians, health service and policy workers) should first evaluate the rigour (validity) and utility (applicability) of the systematic review. Issues in making this judgement include whether the review addressed a sensible question; included an exhaustive literature search; was scrupulous in the selection of studies and the collection of data; and presented results in a useful manner. For sufficiently rigorous and useful reviews, evidence users must subsequently evaluate the certainty of the findings, which depends on assessments of risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision, indirectness, effect size, dose-response and the likelihood of publication bias. Given the challenges of nutritional epidemiology, evidence users need to be diligent in assessing whether studies provide evidence of sufficient certainty to allow confident recommendations for patients regarding nutrition and dietary interventions.
Inequalities in lifespan and mortality risk in the US, 2015–2019: a cross-sectional analysis of subpopulations by social determinants of health
Authors: Bergeron-Boucher Marie-Pier , Callaway Julia , Strozza Cosmo , Oeppen Jim
Published: August 2024

Objective

To quantify inequalities in lifespan across multiple social determinants of health, how they act in tandem with one another, and to create a scoring system that can accurately identify subgroups of the population at high risk of mortality.

Design

Comparison of life tables across 54 subpopulations defined by combinations of four social determinants of health: sex, marital status, education and race, using data from the Multiple Cause of Death dataset and the American Community Survey.

Setting

United States, 2015–2019.

Main outcome measures

We compared the partial life expectancies (PLEs) between age 30 and 90 years of all subpopulations. We also developed a scoring system to identify subgroups at high risk of mortality.

Results

There is an 18.0-year difference between the subpopulations with the lowest and highest PLE. Differences in PLE between subpopulations are not significant in most pairwise comparisons. We visually illustrate how the PLE changes across social determinants of health. There is a complex interaction among social determinants of health, with no single determinant fully explaining the observed variation in lifespan. The proposed scoring system adds clarification to this interaction by yielding a single score that can be used to identify subgroups that might be at high risk of mortality. A similar scoring system by cause of death was also created to identify which subgroups could be considered at high risk of mortality from specific causes. Even if subgroups have similar mortality levels, they are often subject to different cause-specific mortality risks.

Conclusions

Having one characteristic associated with higher mortality is often not sufficient to be considered at high risk of mortality, but the risk increases with the number of such characteristics. Reducing inequalities is vital for societies, and better identifying individuals and subgroups at high risk of mortality is necessary for public health policy.
Predictive signature of murine and human host response to typical and atypical pneumonia
Authors: McCravy Matthew , O’Grady Nicholas , Khan Kirin , Betancourt-Quiroz Marisol , Zaas Aimee K , Treece Amy E , Yang Zhonghui , Que Loretta , Henao Ricardo , Suchindran Sunil , Ginsburg Geoffrey S , Woods Christopher W , McClain Micah T , Tsalik Ephraim L
Published: August 2024

Background

Pneumonia due to typical bacterial, atypical bacterial and viral pathogens can be difficult to clinically differentiate. Host response-based diagnostics are emerging as a complementary diagnostic strategy to pathogen detection.

Methods

We used murine models of typical bacterial, atypical bacterial and viral pneumonia to develop diagnostic signatures and understand the host’s response to these types of infections. Mice were intranasally inoculated with
Streptococcus pneumoniae
,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
, influenza or saline as a control. Peripheral blood gene expression analysis was performed at multiple time points. Differentially expressed genes were used to perform gene set enrichment analysis and generate diagnostic signatures. These murine-derived signatures were externally validated in silico using human gene expression data. The response to
S. pneumoniae
was the most rapid and robust.

Results

Mice infected with
M. pneumoniae
had a delayed response more similar to influenza-infected animals. Diagnostic signatures for the three types of infection had 0.94–1.00 area under the receiver operator curve (auROC). Validation in five human gene expression datasets revealed auROC of 0.82–0.96.

Discussion

This study identified discrete host responses to typical bacterial, atypical bacterial and viral aetiologies of pneumonia in mice. These signatures validated well in humans, highlighting the conserved nature of the host response to these pathogen classes.
Medical education needs a new model for global leadership
Authors: Rashid Mohammed Ahmed , Naidu Thirusha
Published: August 2024

Background

Like other fields in medicine, medical education relies on collaboration and cooperation between countries and regions of the world, although no single institution or position unifies the global medical education community in the way that the WHO does in public health, for example. Recent research in medical education has drawn attention to many injustices that exist in the field, where power and influence is held in relatively few Global North countries, although most practice happens in Global South countries.

Methods

In this article, we examine three positions that hold global prominence in medical education, including the presidents of the World Federation for Medical Education and the Association for Medical Education in Europe, and winners of the Karolinska Institutet Prize for Research in Medical Education.

Findings

We highlight that these positions have problematic histories and have perpetuated the current power disparities in the field. We argue that an alternative model for global leadership is required that should be determined democratically by those involved in medical education all around the world. Such a model should prioritise diversity and inclusivity, empowering leaders from countries who have previously been peripheral to the decision-making platforms in the field.

Conclusion

Given the shortcomings of existing leadership positions and organisations, we suggest that a new institution is required to realise this new vision, and that the principles that govern it should be determined through debate and democracy, with a focus on inviting those voices that have not previously been heard in global medical education circles.
Benchmark of deep-inelastic-scattering structure functions at $$\mathcal {O}\left( \alpha _s ^3\right) $$
Authors: Bertone Valerio , Karlberg Alexander
Published: August 2024

We present a benchmark comparison of the massless inclusive deep-inelastic-scattering (DIS) structure functions up to $$\mathcal {O}(\alpha _s ^3)$$

O
(

α
s
3

)

in perturbative QCD. The comparison is performed using the codes apfel++ and hoppet within the framework of the variable-flavour-number scheme and over a broad kinematic range relevant to the extraction of parton distribution functions. We provide results for both the single structure functions and the reduced cross sections in both neutral- and charged-current DIS. Look-up tables for future reference are included, and we also release the code used for the benchmark.
Stability analysis of charged neutron stars and Darmois junction conditions
Authors: Gul M. Zeeshan , Sharif M. , Arooj Adeeba , Jami A. Rehman , Dayanandan Baiju
Published: August 2024

This research article examines the impact of $$f({\mathcal {Q}},{\mathcal {T}})$$

f
(
Q
,
T
)

theory on the geometry of charged neutron stars filled with anisotropic matter configuration. Here, $${\mathcal {Q}}$$
Q
represents non-metricity and $${\mathcal {T}}$$
T
denotes the trace of energy-momentum tensor. We use a particular functional form of this modified theory to reduce the system’s complexity and derive explicit relations of the energy density and pressure components. Further, we consider viable non-singular solutions to analyze the internal structure of the charged neutron stars. The unspecified parameters in the metric coefficients are evaluated through Darmois junction conditions, which ensures consistency between interior and exterior solutions of the stellar objects. These parameters are then used to explore different physical characteristics such as the behavior of energy density, pressure components, anisotropy, energy bounds, equation of state parameter, compactness and redshift function in the interior of charged neutron stars. The stability and equilibrium states of the charged stellar objects are discussed using the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation and the speed of sound, respectively. Our results suggest that the charged neutron stars are viable and stable in the presence of dark source terms.
Drilling data-calibrated shale compaction models for pore pressure evaluation from geophysical well logs in the North Alpine Foreland Basin, SE Germany
Authors: Shatyrbayeva Indira , Duschl Florian , Drews Michael C.
Published: August 2024

This paper combines quality-controlled pore pressure measurements and indicators with geophysical well logs from 310 deep wells to evaluate the pore pressure distribution in the overpressured North Alpine Foreland Basin in SE Germany. Previous studies relied chiefly on low-resolution check shots and vertical seismic profiles calibrated to only a few pore pressure measurements. The current study, based on sonic and electrical resistivity logs, indicates that more than one shale normal compaction trend is required to appropriately assess pore pressure from geophysical well logs. Thereby, the necessary adjustments of the derived compaction trends apply to both sonic and resistivity data, which possibly reflect a gradual change in the mineralogical composition with decreasing clay content or progressing cementation from north to south or an increase in horizontal loading-driven compaction towards the North Alpine Thrust Front. The newly derived compaction-based pore pressure distribution is combined with drilling data-based pore pressure evaluations and offers a comprehensive update of previous pore pressure investigations in the North Alpine Foreland Basin. Our study is therefore of key importance for optimized well planning and cost-effective drilling in the course of the recent expansion of deep geothermal energy exploration in the overpressured North Alpine Foreland Basin.
Assessment of Thrombectomy versus Combined Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Medium Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Dmytriw Adam A. , Ghozy Sherief , Salim Hamza Adel , Musmar Basel , Siegler James E. , Kobeissi Hassan , Shaikh Hamza , Khalife Jane , Abdalkader Mohamad , Klein Piers , Nguyen Thanh N. , Heit Jeremy J. , Regenhardt Robert W. , Cancelliere Nicole M. , El Naamani Kareem , Amllay Abdelaziz , Meyer Lukas , Dusart Anne , Bellante Flavio , Forestier Géraud , Rouchaud Aymeric , Saleme Suzana , Mounayer Charbel , Fiehler Jens , Kühn Anna Luisa , Puri Ajit S. , Dyzmann Christian , Kan Peter T. , Colasurdo Marco , Marnat Gaultier , Berge Jérôme , Barreau Xavier , Sibon Igor , Nedelcu Simona , Henninger Nils , Marotta Thomas R. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Rabinov James D. , Ota Takahiro , Dofuku Shogo , Yeo Leonard L. L. , Tan Benjamin Y. Q. , Martinez-Gutierrez Juan Carlos , Salazar-Marioni Sergio , Sheth Sunil , Renieri Leonardo , Capirossi Carolina , Mowla Ashkan , Adeeb Nimer , Cuellar-Saenz Hugo H. , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula I. , Jabbour Pascal , Khandelwal Priyank , Biswas Arundhati , Clarençon Frédéric , Elhorany Mahmoud , Premat Kevin , Valente Iacopo , Pedicelli Alessandro , Filipe João Pedro , Varela Ricardo , Quintero-Consuegra Miguel , Gonzalez Nestor R. , Möhlenbruch Markus A. , Jesser Jessica , Costalat Vincent , ter Schiphorst Adrien , Yedavalli Vivek , Harker Pablo , Chervak Lina M. , Aziz Yasmin , Gory Benjamin , Stracke Christian Paul , Hecker Constantin , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Killer-Oberpfalzer Monika , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Thomas Ajith J. , Hsieh Cheng-Yang , Liebeskind David S. , Radu Răzvan Alexandru , Alexandre Andrea M. , Tancredi Illario , Faizy Tobias D. , Fahed Robert , Weyland Charlotte S. , Lubicz Boris , Patel Aman B. , Pereira Vitor Mendes , Guenego Adrien ,   The MAD-MT Consortium
Published: August 2024

This international multicenter study found that adjunctive intravenous thrombolysis may not provide benefit to mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke caused by distal and medium vessel occlusion.
Automated Comprehensive CT Assessment of the Risk of Diabetes and Associated Cardiometabolic Conditions
Authors: Chang Yoosoo , Yoon Soon Ho , Kwon Ria , Kang Jeonggyu , Kim Young Hwan , Kim Jong-Min , Chung Han-Jae , Choi JunHyeok , Jung Hyun-Suk , Lim Ga-Young , Ahn Jiin , Wild Sarah H. , Byrne Christopher D. , Ryu Seungho
Published: August 2024

In a cohort of Korean adults who underwent health screening with 18F fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT, automated multiorgan CT analysis identified individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and associated cardiometabolic comorbidities.
Hepatic steatosis and not type 2 diabetes, body mass index, or hepatic fibrosis associates with hyperglucagonemia in individuals with steatotic liver disease
Authors: Kjeldsen Sasha A. S. , Werge Mikkel P. , Grandt Josephine , Richter Michael M. , Thing Mira , Hetland Liv E. , Rashu Elias B. , Jensen Anne-Sofie H. , Winther-Sørensen Marie , Kellemann Jesper Sloth , Holst Jens J. , Junker Anders E. , Serizawa Reza R. , Vyberg Mogens , Gluud Lise Lotte , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai J.
Published: August 2024

Individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) present with increased plasma levels of glucagon (hyperglucagonemia), irrespective of body mass index (BMI) and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, MASLD and the resultant hyperglucagonemia may act as a diabetogenic risk factor. Notably, hepatic steatosis was a significant contributor to the hyperglucagonemia in MASLD, potentially unveiling a pathway for the hyperglucagonemia in some patients with type 2 diabetes.
Enhanced glycolysis causes extracellular acidification and activates acid-sensing ion channel 1a in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Tuineau Megan N. , Herbert Lindsay M. , Garcia Selina M. , Resta Thomas C. , Jernigan Nikki L.
Published: August 2024

In pulmonary hypertension, a metabolic shift to aerobic glycolysis drives a hyperproliferative, apoptosis-resistant phenotype in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. We demonstrate that this enhanced glycolysis induces extracellular acidosis and activates the proton-gated ion channel, acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). Although multiple H+ transport/secretion mechanisms are upregulated in PHTN and likely contribute to extracellular acidosis, inhibiting glycolysis with 2-deoxy-d-glucose or syrosingopine effectively prevents extracellular acidification and ASIC1a activation, revealing a promising therapeutic avenue.
Obesity impairs ciliary function and mucociliary clearance in the murine airway epithelium
Authors: Tanaka Yuko , Fujisawa Tomoyuki , Yazawa Shusuke , Ohta Isao , Takaku Yasuharu , Ito Masahiko , Inoue Yusuke , Yasui Hideki , Hozumi Hironao , Karayama Masato , Suzuki Yuzo , Furuhashi Kazuki , Enomoto Noriyuki , Setou Mitsutoshi , Inui Naoki , Suzuki Tetsuro , Suda Takafumi
Published: August 2024

Our study shows that obesity impairs airway mucociliary clearance (MCC), an essential physical innate defense mechanism for viral infection. Mechanically, this is likely due to the obesity-induced downregulation of cilia-related genes and attenuation of extracellular ATP release. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms driving the higher susceptibility and severity of viral respiratory infections in individuals with obesity.
Predictive Assessment of the Antiviral Properties of Imperata cylindrica against SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Tatsing Foka Frank Eric , Tumelo Mufhandu Hazel
Published: August 2024

The omicron variant and its sublineages are highly contagious, and they still constitute a global source of concern despite vaccinations. Hospitalizations and mortality rates resulting from infections by these variants of concern are still common. The existing therapeutic alternatives have presented various setbacks such as low potency, poor pharmacokinetic profiles, and drug resistance. The need for alternative therapeutic options cannot be overemphasized. Plants and their phytochemicals present interesting characteristics that make them suitable candidates for the development of antiviral therapeutic agents. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potential of Imperata cylindrica (I. cylindrica). Specifically, the objective of this study was to identify I. cylindrica phytochemicals that display inhibitory effects against SARS‐CoV‐2 main protease (Mpro), a highly conserved protein among coronaviruses. Molecular docking and in silico pharmacokinetic assays were used to assess 72 phytocompounds that are found in I. cylindrica as ligands and Mpro (6LU7) as the target. Only eight phytochemicals (bifendate, cylindrene, tabanone, siderin, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐[2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one, maritimin, 5‐methoxyflavone, and flavone) displayed high binding affinities with Mpro with docking scores ranging from −5.6 kcal/mol to −9.1 kcal/mol. The in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological assays revealed that tabanone was the best and safest phytochemical for the development of an inhibitory agent against coronavirus main protease. Thus, the study served as a baseline for further in vitro and in vivo assessment of this phytochemical against Mpro of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern to validate these in silico findings.
Figure 3 from Exosomal Thomsen–Friedenreich Glycoantigen: A New Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Lung and Breast Cancer Diagnoses
Authors: Hsu Chang-Chieh , Su Yafei , Rittenhouse-Olson Kate , Attwood Kristopher M. , Mojica Wilfrido , Reid Mary E. , Dy Grace K. , Wu Yun
Published: August 2024

ROC analysis to evaluate diagnostic performance of exosomal TF-Ag-α in lung cancer. ROC curves of comparisons between all patients with lung cancer (n = 40) and normal controls (n = 41; A); early-stage lung cancer (stage I/II, n = 18) and normal controls (n = 41; B); late-stage lung cancer (stage III/IV, n = 22) and normal controls (n = 41; C); NSCLC (n = 30) and normal controls (n = 41; D); and SCLC (n = 10) and normal controls (n = 41; E). Normal controls included 20 low-risk patients and 21 high-risk patients. The sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), AUC, and cutoff values of exosomal TF-Ag-α for each comparison are summarized in F.
Figure 2 from Exosomal Thomsen–Friedenreich Glycoantigen: A New Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Lung and Breast Cancer Diagnoses
Authors: Hsu Chang-Chieh , Su Yafei , Rittenhouse-Olson Kate , Attwood Kristopher M. , Mojica Wilfrido , Reid Mary E. , Dy Grace K. , Wu Yun
Published: August 2024

Evaluation of exosomal TF-Ag-α in lung cancer diagnosis. A, The expression of TF-Ag-α was significantly higher in exosomes from A549 NSCLC and DMS-114 SCLC cells than those from BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelial cells at an exosome concentration of 4 × 1010 exosomes/mL. B, The expression of exosomal TF-Ag-α in serum samples from a training set of patients with lung cancer and normal controls was measured. Exosomal TF-Ag-α expression was significantly higher in serum samples from patients with lung cancer at all stages (n = 40; stage I/II: n = 18; stage III/IV: n = 22) than normal controls (n = 41; low risk: n = 20; high risk: n = 21). C, Exosomal TF-Ag-α expression was significantly higher in serum samples from NSCLC (n = 30) and SCLC (n = 10) than normal controls (n = 41). **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant.
Spontaneous Emergence of Robustness to Light Variation in CNNs With a Precortically Inspired Module
Authors: Petkovic J. , Fioresi R.
Published: August 2024

The analogies between the mammalian primary visual cortex and the structure of CNNs used for image classification tasks suggest that the introduction of an additional preliminary convolutional module inspired by the mathematical modeling of the precortical neuronal circuits can improve robustness with respect to global light intensity and contrast variations in the input images. We validate this hypothesis using the popular databases MNIST, FashionMNIST, and SVHN for these variations once an extra module is added.
Du neutre, ici en français mais également là(-bas) en arabe
Authors: Sartori Manuel
Published: August 2024

Cet article ambitionne d’interroger, pour l’arabe, les emplois neutres du point de vue du genre de réalités qui ne le sont pas forcément du point de vue grammatical. Il montre que certaines formes dites « masculines » ont en fait un emploi neutre du point de vue du genre, faisant fonctionnellement de ce « masculin » un neutre par défaut. Ceci rappelle qu’il n’y a pas de relation biunivoque entre genre grammatical d’une part et identité sexuée d’autre part. Pour ce faire, plusieurs exemples sont pris qui illustrent à la fois des emplois neutralisés du point de vue du genre, mais aussi des formes de neutralisation où le masculin originel a été amputé de sa marque spécifique de masculin, et qui rappellent enfin l’existence de formes intrinsèquement neutres. L’article montre particulièrement par le biais des démonstratifs d’éloignement (ḏālika, ...) et des déictiques « là » (hunāka) et « là-bas » (hunālika), qui sont tous formés par l’adjonction du kāf al-ḫiṭāb (« kāf d’adresse ») et qui connaissaient tous originellement une flexion (ḏāliki, hunākumā, hunālikum, etc.), que nous voyons à l’œuvre le figement en -ka de ce kāf al-ḫiṭāb. Ce figement n’est pas l’écrasement du féminin et du non-singulier au profit du seul masculin singulier, mais le résultat d’un emploi neutralisé, par recours à la forme la moins marquée du système. La fin est d’éviter une flexion en genre et nombre en fonction de celui (désormais neutre) à qui l’on s’adresse.
Imagining Other Childhoods: Dolls and the Museum of Childhood as an Imperial Space
Authors: Ellis Catriona
Published: August 2024

This article considers how museums of childhood in Britain were imagined as racialized spaces, designed to simultaneously project both a notion of universal childhood and of racial hierarchies. The legacies of this work matter for efforts today to decolonize museums. The case study is the ethnographic doll collections of Edward Lovett (1852–1933), an amateur folklorist best known for his collection of home-made dolls. The ways in which these dolls were collected, described, cataloged, and displayed reveals the racialized assumptions of British imperialism in the early 20th century, including the infantilization of other cultures and the widely held belief in evolutionary biology. These doll collections are still displayed for children, and this article considers how contemporary museums negotiate the conflicting impetuses to decolonize museums, to teach today’s young people about the prejudices of their ancestors, and to engage with the widely accepted idea that all childhoods are defined by play.
Antibiotics Within One Hour for Pediatric Open Lower Extremity Fractures May Not be Warranted as a Quality Metric
Authors: Jacobo Marlene , Grigorian Areg , Swentek Lourdes , Goodman Laura F. , Guner Yigit , Delaplain Patrick T. , Nahmias Jeffry
Published: August 2024

Background

Open fractures have been associated with a higher risk of infection if antibiotics are not administered within 1 h of presentation in adult trauma patients. Time to antibiotic administration for open fractures is frequently used as a quality metric for trauma centers, but there have been no large studies evaluating this topic for pediatric patients.

Methods

The 2019 Trauma Quality Improvement Program dataset was queried for patients ≤ 16 years old with isolated open femur or tibia fractures undergoing operative intervention after blunt trauma. Patients transferred from another hospital were excluded. Pediatric patients receiving early antibiotics (EA) within 1 h were compared to patients receiving delayed antibiotics (DA) greater than or equal to 1 h from arrival. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate risk of surgical site infection (SSI).

Results

There were 150 patients with open lower extremity fractures: 98 (64.9%) EA vs 52 (34.4%) DA. There was no difference in the rate of SSI between the 2 groups (EA: 1.0% vs DA: 1.9%, P = 0.65). There remained similar associated risk of infection after adjusting for lower extremity abbreviated injury scale >3, blood transfusion requirement, and vital signs on arrival (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.04-10.24, P = 0.74).

Conclusions

Most pediatric trauma patients with open lower extremity fracture received antibiotics within 1 h of presentation. However, SSI was rare and the risk of SSI was not associated with antibiotic administration within 1 h. Therefore, timing of antibiotic administration for pediatric open lower extremity fractures should be re-evaluated as a quality metric. Level of Evidence: Level III
Sustaining Situational Assessment in Electrical Network Power Control
Authors: Wiggins Mark W. , Auton Jaime C. , Sturman Daniel , Morrison Ben W. , Molesworth Brett R. C.
Published: August 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine contributions to sustained situational assessment over an extended period in the context of electricity transmission control.

Background

The electricity industry is engaged in a period of unprecedented change in the transition to renewable sources of energy. Changes in the nature and function of electricity transmission risks a reduction in situational assessment as network controllers place increased reliance on advanced technology to identify and diagnose changes in the system state.

Method

Transmission network controllers from three organisations completed an assessment of their situational assessment on two occasions, one year apart.

Results

Multiple regression revealed a statistically significant model in which the variance in Year 2 was predicted by a combination of performance in Year 1, the recency of formal training, and the extent to which controllers perceived their job as exciting. No relationship was evident for years of experience as a network controller.

Conclusion

The results suggest that a combination of recent formal training and perceptions of job excitement may have implications in maintaining the capacity for situational assessment over an extended period in the context of electricity network control.

Application

The outcomes of the present study suggest that changes in situational assessment can be monitored and that strategies, including formal training and job design, may sustain situational assessment over an extended period in advanced technology settings.
An efficient pre-analysis and optimization generation method for reference curves of automated fiber placement path planning
Authors: Yang Fuhong , Xiao Hong , Duan Yugang , Wang Feng , Lou Jiahua , Yang Feng , Tang Shanshan , Wang Haojun
Published: August 2024

Complex curved composite components often rely on multiple reference curve algorithms for path planning in automated fiber placement. However, the reference curves are typically manually drawn. Moreover, designing the reference curves follows an iterative planning-analysis-improvement process, which can be inefficient. A new approach for the automatic pre-analysis and optimized generation of reference curves for fiber placement is proposed in this paper to enhance the efficiency of reference curve analysis and generation. Firstly, a pre-analysis algorithm for reference curves based on triangular meshes is proposed. This algorithm analyzes the theoretical geodesic curvature and angular deviation of the path before its planning. Subsequently, a comprehensive evaluation index for reference curve generation is formulated based on the pre-analysis algorithm, and the reference curve is optimized using genetic algorithms. The results demonstrate that the pre-analysis algorithm accurately computes the steering radius distribution of the path. Areas with over-limit steering radius can be eliminated while maintaining angular deviations within 10° by utilizing optimized reference curves for path planning.
Building resilience: A specialty clinic tailored to older adults at risk for violence and abuse
Authors: Hernandez-Tejada Melba A. , Little Deborah M. , Bruce Madeline J. , Butte Sarly , Burnett Jason , Wood Leila , Acierno Ron
Published: August 2024

Objective

Both structural (e.g., ageism) and personal (e.g., stigma) barriers hinder older adults' access to and engagement with mental health care. These barriers are particularly problematic for those vulnerable to interpersonal violence and abuse (e.g., due to social isolation). This study presents a quality improvement program aimed at older adults who have experienced significant stressful events, particularly elder mistreatment, within a larger trauma specialty clinic. Leveraging home-based telemedicine, the clinic provides evidence-based psychotherapy tailored to the needs of older adults.

Methods

From 2021 through 2023, the authors retrospectively examined treatment initiation, engagement, completion, and clinical outcomes among 231 older adults age 60+ who reported trauma that met DSM-5 criterion A criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or other mental health comorbid conditions related to their traumatic event. The clinic uses an automated measurement-based care approach that facilitates Quality Improvement projects, allowing the tracking of treatment initiation, engagement, completion, and clinical outcomes for all patients.

Results

The results indicated high treatment completion, high engagement with telemedicine-delivered interventions, and, most importantly, significant changes in clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the importance of expanding telemedicine-based mental health services for older adults, challenging ageist norms, and prioritizing older adults' mental health needs by providing tailored services to this patient population.
Roles of Loneliness, Stress, and Religiosity in Suicide Ideation Among Nigerian Older Adults
Authors: Ebulum Genevieve Chimaoge , Eze John E. , Ezeihuoma Obinna Paschal , Njoku Crystal , Chukwuorji JohnBosco Chika
Published: August 2024

Suicidal behavior in older adults is a fundamental public health problem globally and the highest suicide rates occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, there is limited research on suicidality among older adults, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to find out whether loneliness, stress and religiosity would be associated with suicide ideation in a sample of sub-Saharan African older adults ( N = 500; aged 51–70 years, Mage = 58.97, SD = 6.16; 45.6% women). They completed the Beck Suicidal Ideation Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale—version 3, Perceived Stress Scale, and Religiosity Scale. Regression results showed that whereas suicidal ideation could be increased by loneliness and stress, religious older adults were less likely to report suicidal ideation. Interventions aimed at managing and protecting the mental health of older adults during their transition to late adulthood should guard them against loneliness and buffer their resilience and coping strategies with the connectedness that religiosity offers.
What and how? Or why and for whom? A content analysis of middle school general music literature
Authors: Bylica Kelly , Bauman-Field Betty
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this content analysis is to analyze available peer-reviewed middle school general music literature to determine the ways in which middle school general music has been conceived of in extant literature in the United States. The researchers performed a content analysis of peer-reviewed empirical and practitioner articles relating to middle school general music ( N = 45), creating a coding scheme of categorical clusters that related to the Association of Middle Level Education’s position paper: This We Believe. Content coding revealed curricular content (78%) and pedagogical practice (42%) as the most common topics. Several topics were underrepresented in the literature including student opinion/voice (11%), inclusive practice (18%), adolescent development (20%), cultural awareness (18%), classroom culture (20%), and teacher preparation and development (16%). These findings may have important implications for preservice music teacher educators preparing teachers for the context of middle school general music, as well as for researchers within this domain.
Lessons for the Future of NAMs from History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Science
Authors: Ankeny Rachel A. , Davies Gail F. , Kirk Robert G.W. , Whittaker Alexandra L. , Johnson Jane
Published: August 2024

This paper explores what we can learn from the humanities and social sciences about how standards operate in and around science, in order to understand more about how ‘the gold standard’ can be shifted away from the use of animals in research and testing, and toward New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). These fields allow us to consider potential futures of NAMs as alternatives, replacements, or complements to animal use in testing and research. As we demonstrate, the questions that we pose and how they are framed are as important as the answers that result. Rather than asking how to ‘redefine the gold standard’, norms and expectations for NAMs must be actively debated and transparently defined. These considerations would be based, in part, on what has been learned in the past from non-human animal models and systems, but also use the norms within the fields from which the NAMs derive in light of the rich broader contexts within which they are being developed. As we argue, notions such as ‘a gold standard’ are limited and must be replaced by contextualised standards that depend on the scientific, sociocultural and other factors that contribute to our understanding of a particular method (new or otherwise) as ‘good’ for a particular purpose.