bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A molecular dynamics investigation on the cross-linking and physical properties of epoxy-based materials
Authors: Tam Lik-ho , Lau Denvid
Published: July 2014

This study presents a new development of a dynamic cross-linking algorithm which is capable of constructing a highly cross-linked network of SU-8 epoxy photoresist, and predicting the physical properties in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Dissociative electron attachment to the complexation ligands hexafluoroacetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone and acetylacetone; a comparative experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Ómarsson Benedikt , Engmann Sarah , Ingólfsson Oddur
Published: July 2014

Influence of fluorination on the negative ion resonances and dissociation dynamics in electron attachment to acetylacetone, trifluoroacetylacetone and hexafluoroacetylacetone are explored through calculations and experiments.
Study on the interaction between emodin and ethyl violet by resonance Rayleigh scattering technique
Authors: Wang Ernv , Yang Jidong , Yu Donghai
Published: July 2014

EV-EMO system. CEMO(1–8) 0, 0.4, 1.0, 1.5, 2.3, 3.2, 3.8, 4.2 μg mL−1; CEV: 1.2 × 10−5 mol L−1; pH 7.0.
An attempt to fabricate a photocatalytic and hydrophobic self-cleaning coating via electrospinning
Authors: Ragesh Prathapan , Nair Shantikumar V. , Nair A. Sreekumaran
Published: July 2014

Fluorinated POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, F-POSS) was blended with PVDF (poly (vinylidene fluoride)/TiO2 (titanium dioxide) composite by stirring overnight and the resultant solution was electrospun to obtain F-POSS/PVDF/TiO2 micron- and nanofibers with self-cleaning capacity.
High surface area DPA-hematite for efficient detoxification of bisphenol A via peroxymonosulfate activation
Authors: Oh Wen-Da , Lua Shun-Kuang , Dong Zhili , Lim Teik-Thye
Published: July 2014

DPA-hematite was synthesized for bisphenol A detoxification via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. Correlation between the initial oxone dosage, apparent rate constant and surface area was obtained. Acute toxicity study was conducted. The function of DPA in mediating the PMS activation is schematically illustrated.
Arginine infusion in patients with septic shock increases nitric oxide production without haemodynamic instability
Authors: Luiking Yvette C. , Poeze Martijn , Deutz Nicolaas E.
Published: July 2014

Arginine deficiency in sepsis may impair nitric oxide (NO) production for local perfusion and add to the catabolic state. In contrast, excessive NO production has been related to global haemodynamic instability. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the dose–response effect of intravenous arginine supplementation in post-absorptive patients with septic shock on arginine-NO and protein metabolism and on global and regional haemodynamics. Eight critically ill patients with a diagnosis of septic shock participated in this short-term (8 h) dose–response study. L-Arginine-HCl was continuously infused [intravenously (IV)] in three stepwise-increasing doses (33, 66 and 99 μmol·kg−1·h−1). Whole-body arginine-NO and protein metabolism were measured using stable isotope techniques, and baseline values were compared with healthy controls. Global and regional haemodynamic parameters were continuously recorded during the study. Upon infusion, plasma arginine increased from 48±7 to 189±23 μmol·l−1 (means±S.D.; P<0.0001). This coincided with increased de novo arginine (P<0.0001) and increased NO production (P<0.05). Sepsis patients demonstrated elevated protein breakdown at baseline (P<0.001 compared with healthy controls), whereas protein breakdown and synthesis both decreased during arginine infusion (P<0.0001). Mean arterial and pulmonary pressure and gastric mucosal-arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide difference (Pr-aCO2) gap did not alter during arginine infusion (P>0.05), whereas stroke volume (SV) increased (P<0.05) and arterial lactate decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, a 4-fold increase in plasma arginine with intravenous arginine infusion in sepsis stimulates de novo arginine and NO production and reduces whole-body protein breakdown. These potential beneficial metabolic effects occurred without negative alterations in haemodynamic parameters, although improvement in regional perfusion could not be demonstrated in the eight patients with septic shock who were studied.
Low‐complexity 2D central DOA estimation of coherently distributed sources with cross‐correlation matrix
Authors: Yang Xuemin , Li Guangjun , Zheng Zhi , Zhong Lang
Published: July 2014

A low‐complexity estimator for two‐dimensional (2D) central direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple coherently distributed sources is proposed, which is based on applying the singular value decomposition method to the cross‐correlation matrix of the received signals at double parallel uniform linear arrays. The proposed estimator is performed with automatic parameter pairing. Simulation results confirm the efficacy of the proposed estimator.
Management and Prognosis of Primary Cerebral Melanocytic Tumors. A Case Report and Systematic Review
Authors: Splavski Bruno , Muzevic Dario , Kovacevic Marko , Splavski Brano , Bajek Goran
Published: July 2014

Primary melanocytic cerebral tumors form a spectrum of different lesions that range from benign to extremely malignant, such as an intracranial melanoma. This article points out some characteristics of primary melanocytic cerebral tumors and discusses their management and prognosis, based on a systematic literature review and a case of primary cerebral malignant melanoma.

Because the biological characteristics of primary melanocytic cerebral tumors remain unclear, it appears that total surgical resection of the tumor followed by oncologic treatment is the mainstay of the management. The prognosis still depends on the degree of malignancy.
Oxyhalogen–Sulfur Chemistry: Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of Tiopronin by Acidified Bromate and Aqueous Bromine
Authors: Mbiya Wilbes , Adigun Risikat , Tran Thai , Htwe Yadana , Simoyi Reuben H.
Published: July 2014

N-2-(Mercaptopropionyl)glycine (MPG) is a free-radical scavenger, a detoxicating synthetic aminothiol which also acts as an antioxidant with a wide range of clinical applications. The oxidation of MPG by aqueous bromine and acidified bromate has been studied by spectrophotometric techniques. The stoichiometry for the reaction of acidic bromate with MPG is 1 : 1, HS(CH3)CH(=O)N(H)CH2COOH + BrO3– → HO3S(CH3)CH(=O)N(H)CH2COOH + Br–, with reaction occurring only at the thiol centre. The involvement of thiyl radicals in the oxidation of MPG competes with a non-radical pathway involving two-electron oxidations of the sulfur centre. A bimolecular rate constant of 5.68 (±0.94) × 103 M–1 s–1 for the direct reaction of MPG with bromine was determined. Electrospray ionization spectral data show that MPG is oxidized through its sulfinic acid, by-passing the unstable sulfenic acid. A simplified reaction network consisting of 19 reactions was simulated and it gave a very good fit to the experimental data.
Preparing ... for what? Developing multi-dimensional measures of community wildfire preparedness for researchers, practitioners and households
Authors: Dunlop Patrick D. , McNeill Ilona M. , Boylan Jessica L. , Morrison David L. , Skinner Timothy C.
Published: July 2014

In an effort to reduce wildfire risk to community members, researchers and practitioners have sought to identify the factors that are most effective in motivating community members to engage in preparatory behaviours. Quantitative research in this area has been hampered, however, by a lack of consistency in, and validation of household wildfire preparedness assessments. Consequences have included a difficulty in comparing results across quantitative studies, a poor collective understanding of how existing preparedness assessments were developed and an inability to ascertain how specific preparedness actions are tied to householders’ responses to wildfire. We propose to resolve these issues by (1) presenting a definition of wildfire preparedness for adoption as the standard in quantitative studies, (2) developing a typology of wildfire preparedness that distinguishes between household wildfire goals (i.e. safe evacuation, effective active defence and improving the fire resistance of a property in the absence of an active defender), (3) constructing two new standardised measures of preparedness and (4) undertaking a community survey to investigate the validity of the measures. The development of the new measures will facilitate the standardisation of future research into wildfire preparedness, while differentiating between types of preparedness, and is expected to yield practical benefits.
Investigation of the decline in reported smoking-caused wildfires in the USA from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Butry David T. , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Thomas Douglas S.
Published: July 2014

The number of smoking-caused wildfires has been falling nationwide. In national forests in 2011, smoking-caused wildfires represented only 10% of their 1980 level. No other cause of wildfire has experienced this level of decline. For 12 states, we evaluate the rate of smoking-caused wildfires and find it is a function of weather, other ignitions, the number of adult smokers, the presence of improved wildfire cause-determination methods, and whether a state required the sale of less fire-prone cigarettes. We find the decline in adult smoking rates has led to a reduction of smoking-caused fires by 9%. The finding that less fire-prone cigarettes appear successful at limiting wildfire starts – by 23% – is a likely unintended benefit of a technology aimed at reducing fire fatalities in residences. We also find that the improvements in wildfire cause determination have resulted in a reduction in smoking-classified fires by 48%. Although improved wildfire cause-determination methods do not necessarily reduce the number of wildfires, they ensure that the causes of wildfire are accurately tracked. Accurate wildfire cause determination can, however, result in targeting wildfire-prevention programs to specific fire-cause categories, which can lead to a reduction in the overall number of wildfires.
Exploring the language of the popular in American and British newspapers 1833–1988
Authors: Conboy Martin
Published: July 2014

As of 24 April 2015, this article is available as Open Access under a CC-BY license.
The emergence of the news paradigm in the English provincial press
Authors: Matthews Rachel
Published: July 2014

This study suggests a time frame for the emergence of a modern news writing style in a mass-market English provincial newspaper. A qualitative analysis of a sample of theMidland Daily Telegraphbetween 1895 and 1905 demonstrates the process by which news becomes increasingly presented according to the conventions of the inverted pyramid by identifying key shifts in writing style. This methodology draws on the research carried out by Pottker (2003). At the same time elements of editorial innovation (namely developments in the labelling and organisation of content, an increased emphasis on sport, the organisation and presentation of advertisements and the paper’s promotion of itself as an advertising medium) are identified to demonstrate that this evening paper is developing rapidly as a commercial product. As such it supports Pottker’s (2003, 501) suggestion that news writing is one method by which a paper improves its “communicative quality” with its readers in order to improve its commercial impact.
Heckling — A mimetic-interpersonal perspective
Authors: Kádár Dániel Z.
Published: July 2014

The present paper aims to model the interactional operation of heckling, which has received little attention in impoliteness and interaction studies, despite the fact that studying this phenomenon has various advantages for the analyst. In order to fill this knowledge gap, I approach heckling by combining Turner’s (1982) anthropological framework with my interaction-based relational ritual theory (e.g. Kádár 2012, 2013; Kádár and Bax 2013). Following Turner, I define heckling as a ‘social drama’, which is evaluated by its watchers as ‘judges’. In accordance with my relational ritual framework I argue that heckling is a mimetic ritualistic mini-performance, which is inherently interactional as it operates in the adjacent action pair of the heckler’s performance and the public speaker/performer’s counter-performance. Adopting Turner’s terminology, heckling is a ritualistic performance of ‘anti-structure’, i.e. it upsets the regular social — and consequently interactional — structure of a setting. Successful counter-performance is a ritual of ‘structure’, which restores the normal social structure of the event, as the public speaker/performer regains control over the interaction. Through the social actions of performance and counter-performance the heckled and the heckler aim to affiliate themselves with the audience, who are ‘metaparticipants’ of the ritualistic interaction, and with the watchers/listeners in the case of video/audio-recorded interactions, who can be defined as ‘lay observers’ (cf. Kádár and Haugh 2013). Approaching heckling as a theatrical type of relational ritual helps us capture various complexities of this phenomenon, such as its relationship with certain interactional settings and metaparticipant expectations/evaluations, and its interface with related phenomena such as impoliteness.
The United States’ reaction to the Arab Spring
Authors: Alaghbary Gibreel Sadeq
Published: July 2014

This study explores ideological embedding in US presidential rhetoric on aggression and conflict. Specifically, it examines President Obama’s first official statement on each of the 2011 popular uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Bahrain and Syria. The first statements are sampled because they are often carefully timed and phrased to project position and perspective. The objective of the study is to examine how Obama’s speeches on the Arab Spring articulate US ideological assumptions about the pro-reform protests (and protestors), the aggressive responses of the embattled regimes and the conflict which developed as a result. The methodology of analysis is constituted by the analytical framework of Critical Stylistics. Findings from the analysis reveal the ways in which value systems and sets of beliefs may be structured in the language of aggression and conflict, and, more specifically, the ways in which Obama’s ideological attitudes and assumptions are embedded in the structure of his statements. Obama’s construction of the different unrests, for example, is evident in the naming conventions, his evaluation of the revolutionaries and their oppressors is reflected in the transitivity patterns, and the US regional priorities are signposted by the structural subordination options.
The twisting path of runes from the Greek alphabet
Authors: Fairfax Edmund
Published: July 2014

This paper argues that the direct source for the creation of Germanic runes was the Greek alphabet as used in Gaul around the middle of the last century BC, a period that saw a significant influx of Germani into that area. A number of the departures from the source are accordingly due to the influence of specifically Gaulish rather than purely Greek usage, while other features are due to the adapter’s own independent treatment. The adapter was likely a well-born Germanus who learnt the Greek alphabet from a literate Gaul resident in Gaul or Germania.
On Gothic in the computer age
Authors: Rauch Irmengard
Published: July 2014

The Gothic language spoken some 1500 years ago in the area west and north of the Black Sea remains the darling of the older Germanic languages, as well as the preferred Germanic representative in Comparative Grammar. In the computer age researchers have readily accessible digitized Gothic texts, grammars, glossaries, bibliographies, as well as tagged corpora studies. In demonstrating the family resemblance of the inflectional morphology of the Gothic demonstrative pronoun, the strong adjective, and the third person pronoun, this paper makes use of the concept of inheritance networks, developed in computer linguistics, and of underspecification theory.
How Cnut became Canute (and how Harthacnut became Airdeconut)
Authors: Porck Thijs , Mann Jodie E.V.
Published: July 2014

This article discusses the development of the spelling for the name of Cnut the Great, Viking king of England from 1016 to 1035, from  to . The origin of this polysyllabic spelling is uncertain and has been attributed to taboo deflection, the simplification of the consonant cluster /kn/ in English and even a pope’s inability to pronounce the name Cnut. A survey of both documents contemporary to Cnut the Great and later chronicles, however, suggests that the polysyllabic spelling is found first in sources of Norman origin. As such, the polysyllabic spelling  should be considered a romanisation. This conclusion has important implications for a recently found, early tenth-century coin, bearing the inscription “AIRDECONUT”.
Request complexity is no more a problem when the requests are ironic
Authors: Aguert Marc , Laval Virginie
Published: July 2014

Although the topic has been extensively studied, many issues about understanding of indirect requests in children are still unsolved. Our contribution is to distinguish genuine and ironic hints, focusing on the latter. We examined the understanding of ironic hints and ironic imperatives in 5- to 9-year-old children and in adults, in various situational contexts (neutral or ironic). The main result of this study was that ironic hints were more difficult to understand than ironic imperatives only when the context was neutral. When the context was ironic, there was no significant difference. Discussion highlights how context enables young children to understand very indirect requests like ironic hints.
Going to the zoo
Authors: M. Pereira Gerardine
Published: July 2014

This paper reports on an investigation of gaze patterns and other non-verbal behavior in dyadic, problem-solving based interactions. In a planning activity, participants are given an instruction sheet and a physical map of a zoo. Both participants must coordinate their actions to find a common solution to the problem. This paper aims at examining how activity-based interactions vary from other interactions, such as everyday conversation and story-telling (Goodwin 1980; Bavelas et al. 2002, 2007). The findings of this paper suggest that participants’ non-verbal behavior, such as smiling, nodding and in particular gaze, varies according to the interactional organization. In egalitarian interactions gaze directed at the other person occurs together with meta-task utterances, for example personal and humorous remarks. This paper highlights the role of gaze in task-based interactions to show that gaze is an integral part of stance taking, as it enables participants to position themselves in a joint activity.
Il corpo della volpe e del lupo nelle miniature del codice Leidense di Ademaro di Chabannes
Authors: Bertini Ferruccio
Published: July 2014

Il monaco Ademaro di Chabannes, vissuto, tra la fine del X e la prima metà dell’XI secolo tra il monastero di Saint-Cybard ad Angoulême e quello di Saint-Martial a Limoges, è autore delle 67 favole esopiche di origine prevalentemente fedriana contenute nei ff. 195-203v del ms. Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Voss. Lat. 8° 15 (sec. XI). Di mano dello stesso Ademaro sono anche le illustrazioni che su questo codice accompagnano il testo dei singoli apologhi, intersecandosi disordinatamente a esso. L’A. si concentra in particolare sulle raffigurazioni delle favole 28 e 40, che hanno entrambe come protagonisti un lupo e una volpe. Particolarmente interessante è soprattutto la seconda, che, con una tecnica fumettistica ante litteram, fonde insieme tre distinti momenti del racconto.
“Se science est un ars de tel maniere”
Authors: Chapuis Benoît
Published: July 2014

Prenant pour objet d’étude les branches X, Renart médecin, et XXII, Coment Renart parfit le con (dans sa version du manuscrit M) et en se basant sur les éléments scientifiques montrés par le texte comme représentation des savoirs quotidiens des récepteurs du XIIIe siècle, cet article explore la manipulation par Renart de la médecine et de la chirurgie. Au service de lui-même, et visant le report de ses condamnations, le goupil joue avec le corps du roi comme avec celui de sa prétendue épouse selon les modes opératoires bien connus. Le voyage initiatique de Renart, médicinal ou magique, inventé ou réel, n’occulte pas la supériorité du goupil en ces fonctions scientifiques. Les transgressions et satires sont sous cet angle absentes ou plus exactement portées par d’autres personnages que le maître ès ruses.
Thomas de Cantimpré et l’Orient
Authors: Clesse Grégory
Published: July 2014

Les ouvrages encyclopédiques offrent un riche corpus textuel en vue de l’étude des rapports culturels entre Orient et Occident. Plus particulièrement, le Liber de natura rerum de Thomas de Cantimpré accorde une place importante au recensement et à la description des espèces animales. Dès lors, son examen permet de recueillir une série de données objectivables, quantitativement et qualitativement, sur la circulation et l’intégration d’éléments arabes au sein des connaissances répandues au XIIIe siècle en Occident. Un premier relevé des sources arabes utilisées par le compilateur permet de rendre compte d’une interaction dynamique entre les savoirs orientaux et occidentaux. La relation Orient-Occident peut aussi s’exercer de façon plus indirecte, comme lors de la réception du De animalibus d’Aristote au travers de la traduction arabo-latine réalisée par Michel Scot. Or, en prenant cet intermédiaire en considération, plusieurs zoonymes repris par Thomas de Cantimpré dont la consonance laissait perplexe peuvent être éclairés et l’organisation du recensement des espèces animales réalisé par le compilateur peut être étudiée sous un angle nouveau. Enfin, sur la question de l’identification de l’Experimentator, cité par Thomas de Cantimpré, de nouveaux éléments de réponse sont apportés en ce qui concerne la langue de composition, la datation et le mode rédactionnel de cet ouvrage.
La rappresentazione del corpo animale nei manoscritti di favole esopiche latine
Authors: Mordeglia Caterina
Published: July 2014

L’ampia diffusione e la ricca presenza di soggetti zoomorfi hanno favorito per tutta l’Antichità e il Medioevo il proliferare di una ricca tradizione figurativa della favola esopica in ambito artistico, soprattutto scultoreo, ed editoriale, spesso frammentata e non sempre riconducibile a un modello letterario o iconografico specifico. La produzione di manoscritti miniati di favole esopiche latine prende invece campo in maniera consistente solo nel Tardo Medioevo. Prima di questa data i codici caratterizzati da un ciclo figurativo completo e strutturato pervenutici sono pochi. In questo saggio vengono esaminate le raffigurazioni animali contenute in alcuni di essi, molto celebri per la testimonianza iconografica che ci offrono o per la loro raffinatezza stilistica, rapportandole con le eventuali fonti letterarie che possono averle influenzate. Oggetto dell’indagine sono, nell’ordine, i mss.: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, nouv. acq. lat. 1132 (sec. IX); Leiden, Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, Voss. lat. 8° 15 (Section XI); Bologna, Biblioteca Universitaria, 1213 (Section XIV); Udine, Biblioteca Arcivescovile, Codice Bartolini 83 (Section XV).
Social Inequalities in the Choice of Secondary School
Authors: Panichella Nazareno , Triventi Moris
Published: July 2014

The main aim of this work is to examine the long-term trends in the association between social class of origin, enrolment in upper secondary education and the choice of high school track. In the first part, we describe the Italian education system and the main educational reforms which occurred in the second half of the twentieth century. We also discuss several theories which can help to make predictions on the expected trends in vertical and horizontal inequalities in secondary education. We used binomial and multinomial logistic regression models on data from the Italian Households Longitudinal Survey to test our hypotheses. In line with the maximally maintained inequality argument, we found that absolute inequalities in the probability of enrolling in upper secondary education declined but relative inequality persisted. As predicted by the ‘effectively maintained inequality’ thesis, the association between social class of origin and the choice of the academic track grew over time (both in absolute and in relative terms). This is because children from the upper classes became increasingly likely to attend the academic track, while those from the working class were more likely to attend the technical and vocational schools. The educational reforms played a negligible role in reducing social inequalities in school prosecution after lower secondary education, while they had a side effect of boosting horizontal inequality in track choice.
AGO3 Slicer activity regulates mitochondria–nuage localization of Armitage and piRNA amplification
Authors: Huang Haidong , Li Yujing , Szulwach Keith E. , Zhang Guoqiang , Jin Peng , Chen Dahua
Published: July 2014

In Drosophila melanogaster the reciprocal “Ping-Pong” cycle of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA)–directed RNA cleavage catalyzed by the endonuclease (or “Slicer”) activities of the PIWI proteins Aubergine (Aub) and Argonaute3 (AGO3) has been proposed to expand the secondary piRNA population. However, the role of AGO3/Aub Slicer activity in piRNA amplification remains to be explored. We show that AGO3 Slicer activity is essential for piRNA amplification and that AGO3 inhibits the homotypic Aub:Aub Ping-Pong process in a Slicer-independent manner. We also find that expression of an AGO3 Slicer mutant causes ectopic accumulation of Armitage, a key component in the primary piRNA pathway, in the Drosophila melanogaster germline granules known as nuage. AGO3 also coexists and interacts with Armitage in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, AGO3 acts in conjunction with the mitochondria-associated protein Zucchini to control the dynamic subcellular localization of Armitage between mitochondria and nuage in a Slicer-dependent fashion. Collectively, our findings uncover a new mechanism that couples mitochondria with nuage to regulate secondary piRNA amplification.
The general amino acid control pathway regulates mTOR and autophagy during serum/glutamine starvation
Authors: Chen Rui , Zou Yilong , Mao Dongxue , Sun Daxiao , Gao Guanguang , Shi Jingwen , Liu Xiaoqing , Zhu Chen , Yang Mingyu , Ye Wanlu , Hao Qianqian , Li Ruiqiang , Yu Li
Published: July 2014

Organisms have evolved elaborate mechanisms to adjust intracellular nutrient levels in response to fluctuating availability of exogenous nutrients. During starvation, cells can enhance amino acid uptake and synthesis through the general amino acid control (GAAC) pathway, whereas nonessential cellular contents are recycled by autophagy. How these two pathways are coordinated in response to starvation is currently unknown. Here we show that the GAAC pathway couples exogenous amino acid availability with autophagy. Starvation caused deactivation of mTOR, which then activated autophagy. In parallel, serum/glutamine starvation activated the GAAC pathway, which up-regulated amino acid transporters, leading to increased amino acid uptake. This elevated the intracellular amino acid level, which in turn reactivated mTOR and suppressed autophagy. Knockdown of activating transcription factor 4, the major transcription factor in the GAAC pathway, or of SLC7A5, a leucine transporter, caused impaired mTOR reactivation and much higher levels of autophagy. Thus, the GAAC pathway modulates autophagy by regulating amino acid uptake and mTOR reactivation during serum/glutamine starvation.
Targeting potassium channels in cancer
Authors: Huang Xi , Jan Lily Yeh
Published: July 2014

Potassium channels are pore-forming transmembrane proteins that regulate a multitude of biological processes by controlling potassium flow across cell membranes. Aberrant potassium channel functions contribute to diseases such as epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and neuromuscular symptoms collectively known as channelopathies. Increasing evidence suggests that cancer constitutes another category of channelopathies associated with dysregulated channel expression. Indeed, potassium channel–modulating agents have demonstrated antitumor efficacy. Potassium channels regulate cancer cell behaviors such as proliferation and migration through both canonical ion permeation–dependent and noncanonical ion permeation–independent functions. Given their cell surface localization and well-known pharmacology, pharmacological strategies to target potassium channel could prove to be promising cancer therapeutics.
The Effect of 2,4-D Drift Rates on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Growth and Yield
Authors: Sciumbato Audie S. , Senseman Scott A. , Steele Greg L. , Chandler James M. , Cothren Joe T. , Kirk I. W.
Published: July 2014

Research comparing the effects of five reduced 2,4-D rates on cotton growth, node development, and yield after herbicide exposure at the 4- to 6-leaf stage was conducted at the Texas A&M Field Laboratory near College Station, Texas in 2001, 2002, and 2003. These data were used with those from previous research quantifying 2,4-D injury to correlate yield loss. Yearly environmental conditions during the three-year study had significant effects on much of the data. Plants exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10-4 kg a.i./ha showed no reduction in height during 2001 or 2002, but stunting was observed in 2003. The highest 2,4-D rates, 5.3×10-2 and 2.7×10-1 kg a.i./ha, had no effect on the number of plant nodes but decreased bolls on reproductive growth and increased bolls on vegetative growth during 2001 and 2003. Vegetative boll production was unaffected in 2002. Plots exposed to 2,4-D rates as high as 5.3×10-3 kg a.i./ha experienced no yield reduction. The ability to predict yield loss after early-season 2,4-D injury seems possible, with high correlations between total plant injury and yield during 2002 and 2003 (R2 = 0.82 and 0.80, respectively). The correlation between injury and yield was lower in 2001 (R2 = 0.50).

Accepted for publication 16 February 2014. Published 2 June 2014.
Resistance of Kansas Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Isolates to Thiophanate-Methyl and Determination of Associated β-Tubulin Mutation
Authors: Ostrander Jesse C. , Todd Richard B. , Kennelly Megan M.
Published: July 2014

Eighty-two isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from 12 sites in Kansas were evaluated for in vitro sensitivity to the methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicide thiophanate-methyl at the discriminatory dose of 10 μg/ml. Seventeen isolates were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl and the remaining isolates were resistant. Of the 65 isolates from golf course putting greens, two isolates were sensitive and the remaining 63 isolates were resistant. Six resistant and five sensitive isolates were also evaluated in greenhouse assays on fungicide-treated plants. The isolates that were sensitive to thiophanate-methyl in vitro did not cause any disease on thiophanate-methyl-treated plants, and those that were resistant in vitro caused blighting on treated plants equivalent to the nontreated controls. The entire β-tubulin gene was sequenced for four resistant and four sensitive isolates. The resistant isolates all harbored a substitution of alanine for glutamic acid at codon 198 (E198A). These results provide a starting point for further surveys and monitoring of fungicide sensitivity.

Accepted 7 April 2014. Published 6 June 2014.
Noncoding origins of anthropoid traits and a new null model of transposon functionalization
Authors: del Rosario Ricardo C.H. , Rayan Nirmala Arul , Prabhakar Shyam
Published: July 2014

Little is known about novel genetic elements that drove the emergence of anthropoid primates. We exploited the sequencing of the marmoset genome to identify 23,849 anthropoid-specific constrained (ASC) regions and confirmed their robust functional signatures. Of the ASC base pairs, 99.7% were noncoding, suggesting that novel anthropoid functional elements were overwhelmingly cis-regulatory. ASCs were highly enriched in loci associated with fetal brain development, motor coordination, neurotransmission, and vision, thus providing a large set of candidate elements for exploring the molecular basis of hallmark primate traits. We validated ASC192 as a primate-specific enhancer in proliferative zones of the developing brain. Unexpectedly, transposable elements (TEs) contributed to >56% of ASCs, and almost all TE families showed functional potential similar to that of nonrepetitive DNA. Three L1PA repeat-derived ASCs displayed coherent eye-enhancer function, thus demonstrating that the “gene-battery” model of TE functionalization applies to enhancers in vivo. Our study provides fundamental insights into genome evolution and the origins of anthropoid phenotypes and supports an elegantly simple new null model of TE exaptation.
Empirical tests of harvest‐induced body‐size evolution along a geographic gradient in Australian macropods
Authors: Prowse Thomas A. A. , Correll Rachel A. , Johnson Christopher N. , Prideaux Gavin J. , Brook Barry W.
Published: July 2014

Life‐history theory predicts the progressive dwarfing of animal populations that are subjected to chronic mortality stress, but the evolutionary impact of harvesting terrestrial herbivores has seldom been tested. In Australia, marsupials of the genus Macropus (kangaroos and wallabies) are subjected to size‐selective commercial harvesting. Mathematical modelling suggests that harvest quotas (c. 10–20% of population estimates annually) could be driving body‐size evolution in these species.

We tested this hypothesis for three harvested macropod species with continental‐scale distributions. To do so, we measured more than 2000 macropod skulls sourced from wildlife collections spanning the last 130 years. We analysed these data using spatial Bayesian models that controlled for the age and sex of specimens as well as environmental drivers and island effects.

We found no evidence for the hypothesized decline in body size for any species; rather, models that fit trend terms supported minor body size increases over time. This apparently counterintuitive result is consistent with reduced mortality due to a depauperate predator guild and increased primary productivity of grassland vegetation following European settlement in Australia.

Spatial patterns in macropod body size supported the heat dissipation limit and productivity hypotheses proposed to explain geographic body‐size variation (i.e. skull size increased with decreasing summer maximum temperature and increasing rainfall, respectively).

There is no empirical evidence that size‐selective harvesting has driven the evolution of smaller body size in Australian macropods. Bayesian models are appropriate for investigating the long‐term impact of human harvesting because they can impute missing data, fit nonlinear growth models and account for non‐random spatial sampling inherent in wildlife collections.
Anorexia runs in families: is this due to genes or the family environment?
Authors: Dring Greg
Published: July 2014

Anorexia runs in families. This, together with the high level of concordance between identical twins, has led many authorities in the field to argue that genetic factors pay a substantial part in its aetiology. The decoding of the human genome has made possible research on the genetics of anorexia. This has failed to confirm the expected relationship. A number of leaders in the field of family therapy advocate the idea that family relationships do not cause anorexia. However, the failure of genetic explanations draws attention back to the possible role of family factors. These include family attitudes to eating and weight, attachment difficulties, problems with the expression and resolution of conflict and parental psychological control. This article briefly summarizes the current state of the genetic findings and highlights some areas of research on the family, eating disorders and anorexia that are of relevance to the practice of family therapy.

Practitioner points

Family therapists need not allow theories about the genetic origins of anorexia to distract them from their customary curiosity about family processes.

Family therapists' understanding of the way that family relationships impact on adolescent development remains highly relevant.

Recognition of some of the difficulties that are faced by girls who develop anorexia may help therapists to support patients in expressing their own needs, feelings, and views.
Assessment of Oligogalacturonide from Citrus Pectin as a Potential Antibacterial Agent against Foodborne Pathogens
Authors: Wu Ming‐Chang , Li Hui‐chin , Wu Po‐Hua , Huang Ping‐Hsiu , Wang Yuh‐Tai
Published: July 2014

Foodborne diseases are an important public health problem in the world. The bacterial resistance against presently used antibiotics is becoming a public health issue; hence, the discovery of new antimicrobial agents from natural sources attracts a lot of attention. Antibacterial activities of oligogalacturonide from commercial microbial pectic enzyme (CPE) treated citrus pectin, which exhibits antioxidant and antitumor activities, against 4 foodborne pathogens including Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was assessed. Pectin hydrolysates from CPE hydrolysis exhibited antibacterial activities. However, no antibacterial activity of pectin was observed. Citrus oligogalacturonide from 24‐h hydrolysis exhibited bactericidal effect against all selected foodborne pathogens and displayed minimal inhibitory concentration at 37.5 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, and S. Typhimurium, and at 150.0 μg/mL for S. aureus.
Quantification of Pizza Baking Properties of Different Cheeses, and Their Correlation with Cheese Functionality
Authors: Ma Xixiu , Balaban Murat O. , Zhang Lu , Emanuelsson‐Patterson Emma A.C. , James Bryony
Published: July 2014

The aim of this study is to quantify the pizza baking properties and performance of different cheeses, including the browning and blistering, and to investigate the correlation to cheese properties (rheology, free oil, transition temperature, and water activity). The color, and color uniformity, of different cheeses (Mozzarella, Cheddar, Colby, Edam, Emmental, Gruyere, and Provolone) were quantified, using a machine vision system and image analysis techniques. The correlations between cheese appearance and attributes were also evaluated, to find that cheese properties including elasticity, free oil, and transition temperature influence the color uniformity of cheeses.
Effect of Sorghum Flour Addition on In Vitro Starch Digestibility, Cooking Quality, and Consumer Acceptability of Durum Wheat Pasta
Authors: Khan Imran , Yousif Adel M. , Johnson Stuart K. , Gamlath Shirani
Published: July 2014

Whole grain sorghum is a valuable source of resistant starch and polyphenolic antioxidants and its addition into staple food like pasta may reduce the starch digestibility. However, incorporating nondurum wheat materials into pasta provides a challenge in terms of maintaining cooking quality and consumer acceptability. Pasta was prepared from 100% durum wheat semolina (DWS) as control or by replacing DWS with either wholegrain red sorghum flour (RSF) or white sorghum flour (WSF) each at 20%, 30%, and 40% incorporation levels, following a laboratory‐scale procedure. Pasta samples were evaluated for proximate composition, in vitro starch digestibility, cooking quality, and consumer acceptability. The addition of both RSF and WSF lowered the extent of in vitro starch digestion at all substitution levels compared to the control pasta. The rapidly digestible starch was lowered in all the sorghum‐containing pastas compared to the control pasta. Neither RSF or WSF addition affected the pasta quality attributes (water absorption, swelling index, dry matter, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, and springiness), except color and hardness which were negatively affected. Consumer sensory results indicated that pasta samples containing 20% and 30% RSF or WSF had acceptable palatability based on meeting one or both of the preset acceptability criteria. It is concluded that the addition of wholegrain sorghum flour to pasta at 30% incorporation level is possible to reduce starch digestibility, while maintaining adequate cooking quality and consumer acceptability.
Maria, ou Le Malheur d'être femme: Translating Mary Wollstonecraft in Revolutionary France
Authors: Kirkley Laura
Published: July 2014

Translations of Wollstonecraft's works gave her a distinctive literary ‘afterlife’ on the European continent. This article takes as a case study Basile‐Joseph Ducos's translation of Maria, or the Wrongs of Woman (1798). Ducos's translational choices, which subdue radical aspects of Wollstonecraft's feminism, stem from the moral climate and gender ideology of the Directoire, French sentimental literary conventions and his interpretation of ambiguities or innovations in Wollstonecraft's unfinished text. The article focuses on Wollstonecraft's adaptation of sentimental conventions to her feminist agenda, arguing that Ducos suppresses her conception of erotic experience as a catalyst for imaginative insight and personal growth.
An Anatomy of Accountability at the WTO
Authors: Wolfe Robert
Published: July 2014

Accountability is fundamental to democratic governance and good administration, but its multiple meanings and claimants challenge international organizations. Whoisaccountable implies whocanbe accountable, and the matters for which some process exists to hold them accountable through some effect on their behavior. The answers to those questions in the World Trade Organization (WTO) will differ depending on who is asking and on the values to be promoted, from international order, procedural fairness, prosperity and justice to sustainable development. An anatomy of accountability in the WTO finds many possible ‘accountability regimes’, illuminating the tension between vertical and horizontal accountability (domestic responsiveness and international obligation) and the challenge in choosing among horizontal accountability regimes (promise keeping by members): efforts to satisfy any one accountability claim can make achieving the others more difficult.
Transmitting species‐interaction data from animal‐borne transceivers through Service Argos using Bluetooth communication
Authors: Lidgard Damian C. , Bowen William D. , Jonsen Ian D. , McConnell Bernie J. , Lovell Phil , Webber Dale M. , Stone Tim , Iverson Sara J.
Published: July 2014

Interactions between upper trophic‐level predators and their prey remain poorly understood due to their inaccessibility during foraging at sea. This uncertainty has fuelled debate on the impact of predation by species such as the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) on fish stocks.

The Vemco Mobile Transceiver (VMT) has provided us with new knowledge on interactions between pinnipeds and fish species. However, the necessity to recover the VMT for data retrieval has limited deployments to locations where confidence in instrument recovery is high, and has thus restricted both species and geographical sampling.

To overcome these limitations, a Bluetooth link was integrated into the VMT and GPS satellite‐linked transmitter. The two‐unit design allows data collected by the VMT to be transmitted via Bluetooth to the satellite transmitter, which relays the interaction data to the ARGOS satellite system for retrieval.

To evaluate in‐situ performance, units were deployed on two adult female grey seals on Sable Island, NS in October 2012 and recovered during the subsequent breeding season. Data archived by the VMT were compared with data uploaded via ARGOS.

The deployment periods were 76–84 days. The total number of valid detections archived was 179. All detections archived by the first unit (n = 66) were transmitted via ARGOS, while all but two of the 113 archived detections from the second unit were transmitted. Detections recovered from both units were from other VMT‐tagged grey seals (n = 173) and moored V13 transmitters on Middle Bank, Eastern Scotian Shelf (n = 6).

These preliminary results are proof‐of‐concept that integrated Bluetooth VMTs can be used on a broader variety of marine predators to collect data on species interactions in otherwise inaccessible environments and without the need to recover instruments.
Cervical cancer screening at crossroads
Authors: Lynge Elsebeth , Rygaard Carsten , Baillet Miguel Vazquez‐Prada , Dugué Pierre‐Antoine , Sander Bente Braad , Bonde Jesper , Rebolj Matejka
Published: July 2014

Cervical screening has been one of the most successful public health prevention programmes. For 50 years, cytology formed the basis for screening, and detected cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN) were treated surgically to prevent progression to cancer. In a high‐risk country as Denmark, screening decreased the incidence of cervical cancer from 34 to 11 per 100 000, age‐standardized rate (World Standard Population). Screening is, however, also expensive; Denmark (population: 5.6 million) undertakes close to half a million tests per year, and has 6–8 CIN‐treated women for each prevented cancer case. The discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the cause of cervical cancer dramatically changed perspectives for disease control. Screening with HPV testing was launched around 1990, and preventive HPV vaccination was licensed in 2006. Long‐term randomized controlled trials (RCT) demonstrated that HPV testing provides better protection against cervical cancer than cytology, but it requires extra repeated testing. HPV vaccination RCTs, furthermore, have proved that HPV vaccination protects against vaccine‐type high‐grade CIN in women vaccinated prior to sexual activity, but less so in women vaccinated later. The challenge now is therefore to find an algorithm for screening of a heterogeneous population including non‐vaccinated women; women vaccinated prior to start of sexual activity; and women vaccinated later.
Local resection of early rectal cancer
Authors: Baatrup Gunnar , Qvist Niels
Published: July 2014

The introduction of the National Danish screening programme for colorectal cancer will result in the detection of more early rectal cancers (ERC), which may be considered for local excision. For the low risk ≤T1 cancer, the oncological outcome at local excision in smaller patient series has shown similar results to conventional surgery, but with a significantly lower rate of serious complications, morbidity and mortality. The challenge is correct preoperative staging, and a meticulous systematic histopathological staging of the excised specimen to distinguish the low risk from high‐risk cases, where rescue surgery may be considered. The establishment of a regional or national clinical database is necessary to improve the local treatment of ERC.