bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bipolarity and Bipolarization in the Cold War Era
Authors: Rapkin David P. , Thompson William R. , Christopherson Jon A.
Published: March 2007

There is little consensus and some degree of confusion over the meanings of the polarity and polarization concepts. An argument is advanced for viewing these phenomena as distinctly separate with polarity referring to the distribution of power among states and polarization referring to the tendency for actors to cluster around the system's most powerful states. An analysis of indicators constructed to operationalize the two concepts reveals that the global political system was characterized by military bipolarity throughout the 1948-1973 period but that the level of bipolarization gradually declined from "high" to "moderate" to "low" until 1972, at which point the constructed indexes indicate the absence of bipolarization. These findings confirm the paper's premise that the condition of bipolarity need not imply the presence of bipolarization.
How a War Ends
Authors: Wittman Donald
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the necessary conditions for two countries at war to come to a settlement and explores how domestic and military costs, time preferences and attitudes toward risk affect the timing and the outcome of the peace. It views the termination of war as a process of rational calculations by the participants; unless both sides believe that they can be made better off by a settlement, the war will continue. An important result of this approach is that a reduction of hostilities may reduce the probability of a settlement taking place and thus prolong the war. It is also shown that increasing the probability of winning may not increase the probability of a settlement and that a country which only values the present need not be at a disadvantage in the negotiation.
Northern Ireland and Theories of Ethnic Politics
Authors: Dutter Lee E.
Published: March 2007

This article is an application to Northern Ireland of theoretical ideas about ethnic politics. Four sets of ideas are relevant: (1) the theory developed by Rabushka and Shepsle (1972); (2) "pluralist" theory, developed by a number of scholars; (3) "consociational democracy," developed by Lijphart (1977a, 1975a, 1969); and (4) "mobilization" theory, developed by Wolfinger (1965) and modified by Peleg and Peleg (1977). It is found that, on the whole, the Rabushka-Shepsle theory is the best of the four. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that the prospects for a political solution to the Northern Irish conflict in the foreseeable future are, at best, slim. While this conclusion could be drawn from unsystematic observation, we engage in theoretically informed discussion which places it on a much firmer logical foundation.
The Conflict Process
Authors: Lichbach Mark Irving , Gurr Ted Robert
Published: March 2007

This article proposes and tests a self-generative theory of conflict processes within nations. We dissect the "conflict breeds conflict" truism into three hypotheses: (1) the present extent of conflict simultaneously determines its intensity, while the present intensity of conflict determines its future extent; (2) the present extent of protest determines the present extent of rebellion and vice versa; and (3) the extent and intensity of both protest and rebellion persist over time. Our principal findings are: (1) man-days of protest is a weak positive and linear function of simultaneous man-days of rebellion and lagged man-days of protest; (2) deaths from protest is a strong curvilinear function of simultaneous man-days of protest; (3) man-days of rebellion is a weak positive and linear function of simultaneous man-days of protest and lagged man-days of rebellion, and a U-shaped function of lagged deaths from rebellion; (4) deaths from rebellion is a strong exponential function of present man-days of rebellion, and a linear and positive function of lagged deaths from protest and from rebellion. We conclude that the self-generative model provides a less-than-sufficient explanation of variations in internal conflict.
An Analysis of Conflict Resolution Techniques
Authors: Hill Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, researchers investigating conflict resolution processes have developed various problem-solving workshops. These workshops serve two functions: research of the participant-observer variety, allowing researchers to observe real-world conflict behavior; and service, providing insight and training to the conflict participants regarding peaceful resolution of their conflict. They are a form of experiment in international communication and rose from a belief that conventional methods of third-party intervention in international disputes were not very successful. This article analyzes the workshops developed by Burton, Doob, and Kelman, and suggests how we might progress from “pretheories” to theories of conflict and its resolution.
Beyond Economic Man
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Oppenheimer Joe , Bond Pat , Boschman Irvin
Published: March 2007

The existence and prevalence of behavior inconsistent with economists' definition of self-interest is measured in an experimental context. Experimental situations involving choices with monetary payoffs are designed to induce preferences. The subjects' behaviors are used to measure the existence and intensity of various forms of motivation based on “interactive preference functions.” Explicitly, we test for altruistic, egalitarian, and difference maximizing behaviors. Attempts to explain the nonself-interested choices by psychological and ideological constructs are not successful but statistical relationships between these choices and partisan political preferences are found.
The Relationship between Defense Spending and Inflation
Authors: Starr Harvey , Hoole Francis W. , Hart Jeffrey A. , Freeman John R.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between defense spending and inflation has been of interest to scholars and policymakers throughout much of the post-World War II era. Yet there is no agreement as to the exact nature of the relationship. We attempt to shed some light on this matter by identifying the alternative conceptualizations of the relationship between defense spending and inflation that appear in the literature and subjecting them to empirical examination using data for the 1956-1979 era from four major Western powers. No significant relationship between defense spending and inflation is discovered in the cases of the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas defense spending and inflation are found to be mutually related in the cases of France and the Federal Republic of Germany.
Optimal Search in Negotiation Analysis
Authors: Lax David A.
Published: March 2007

A negotiator's reservation price or “bottom line” depends directly on the value of the no-agreement alternative to a proposed negotiated agreement. Often, one's no-agreement alternatives are uncertain and finding them requires a costly search, as in the case of a seller who must expend effort, time, and money in finding potential buyers. The value of the search should determine the seller's bottom-line or reservation price in dealings with a prospective buyer. Optimal search and stopping theory suggest useful procedures and heuristics for evaluating one's reservation price in negotiation and for searching among alternatives.
In the Narrows of the 1960s U.S. Black Rioting
Authors: Carter Gregg Lee
Published: March 2007

This article develops the hypothesis that the underlying processes generating the 1960s black rioting differed by time frame. More specifically, the idea is developed that local situations of blacks mattered least during the rioting explosion immediately following the assassination of Martin Luther King. To test this hypothesis, two subpopulations of cities were defined: those experiencing black rioting during April 1968 (N = 130), and those that had riots outside of April 1968 (N = 267). Indicators of the local situations of blacks (e.g., racial inequality) were then regressed on riot severity measurements developed for each subpopulation of cities. The results of this and other analyses supported the basic hypothesis of a rupture in the process generating riot activity immediately after the murder of King. These results are interpreted as fitting a common historical pattern of ebbs and peaks during eras of collective violence, wherein peaks reflect supralocal levels of an aggrieved group's collective consciousness and rage.
Military Burden, Security Needs, and Economic Growth in the Middle East
Authors: Lebovic James H. , Ishaq Ashfaq
Published: March 2007

Economic theory and existing empirical studies do not unambiguously indicate whether higher military expenditures retard or promote economic growth, nor have there been systematic attempts to discern the sources of military spending to help determine how much of that spending can realistically be reduced. This article examines the theoretical link between military spending and economic growth, explores the domestic and regional causes of this spending, and tests a model incorporating a simultaneous relationship between military spending and economic growth in a pooled time-series cross-sectional analysis on various groupings of Middle Eastern states. While the analysis is shown sensitive to assumptions about causality and the numerous problems of pooled data, the results indicate that higher military spending has suppressed economic growth in the Middle East region even when alternative measures of the military burden are used.
Decision Making during International Crises
Authors: Herek Gregory M. , Janis Irving L. , Huth Paul
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the hypothesis that high-quality decision-making procedures during crises are associated with better crisis outcomes than are defective decision-making procedures. Presidential decision making during 19 international crises since World War II was examined for seven symptoms of defective decision making proposed by Janis and Mann (1977). Crisis outcomes were rated by outside experts in terms of their effect on U.S. vital interests and on international conflict. Results indicated that crisis outcomes tended to have more adverse effects on U.S. interests and were more likely to increase international conflict when the decision-making process was characterized by a large number of symptoms. Alternative explanations are considered and the implications of these results for improving decision makers' procedures are discussed.
A Twist of Truth
Authors: Morrow James D.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the effects of arms races on the occurrence of wars. Existing evidence on the link between arms races and wars suggests that arms races do not necessarily cause wars, but that some arms races end in war and others do not. Why? This article proposes an answer to this question by examining the motivations of each racing nation to go to war by expressing those motivations in utility terms. Swings in military superiority between the racing powers provoked by the race create a motivation for war to exploit temporary advantages. Risk-acceptant actors are more likely to initiate arms race wars, and risk-averse actors are more likely to resist their threats. The conclusions of the argument are tested and supported robustly but not strongly.
Automata Simulation of N-Person Social Dilemma Games
Authors: Akimov Vladimir , Soutchanski Michail
Published: March 2007

Collective behavior of N players in a social dilemma game is simulated by automata exhibiting cooperative behavior. In his models of simple biological systems, Tsetlin assumed minimum information available to the players. The automata in this study were somewhat more sophisticated, using Markov strategies in their interactions. The authors investigated relationships between information received by the automata and the emergence of cooperation in a simulated evolution process. In some ways, this approach is similar to that of Axelrod. However, instead of determining the most successful strategy, the authors seek surviving strategies in a social dilemma environment. Previous results showed that cooperation could be established asymptotically under partially centralized control. In this model there is no such control. The main result is that more sophisticated behavior of self-seeking automata compensates for the absence of such control. Moreover, cooperation is established more rapidly when more information is available to the automata.
The State, Civil Society, and Democratic Transition in South Africa
Authors: Kotzé Hennie , Du Toit Pierre
Published: March 2007

The presence of civil society is widely recognized as a crucially important component of the foundation of stable democracy. Divided societies can be expected to be lacking in this attribute. Yet claims have been made for the existence of a civil society in South Africa, which is usually typified as a leading example of a deeply divided society. The importance of this claim for the consolidation of democracy lies in the fact that negotiators were able to converge on a new set of constitutional rules of the game, to hold a founding election, and to establish a Government of National Unity to replace the apartheid state and regime. The question is whether these steps toward securing democracy after apartheid are buttressed by the presence of a civil society or are taken in its absence. If the latter applies, then the immediate task of the new government will have to be both to democratize the state and regime and to civilize society. This article addresses this question by reporting on data that bear on the attitudes of elites to the state and to a wide variety of civic bodies in South Africa.
How to Cope with Noise in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Wu Jianzhong , Axelrod Robert
Published: March 2007

Noise in the form of random errors in implementing a choice is a common problem in real-world interactions. Recent research has identified three approaches to coping with noise: adding generosity to a reciprocating strategy; adding contrition to a reciprocating strategy; and using an entirely different strategy, Pavlov, based on the idea of switching choice whenever the previous payoff was low. Tournament studies, ecological simulation, and theoretical analysis demonstrate (1) a generous version of tit-for-tat is a highly effective strategy when the players it meets have not adapted to noise; (2) if the other players have adapted to noise, a contrite version of tit-for-tat is even more effective at quickly restoring mutual cooperation without the risk of exploitation; and (3) Pavlov is not robust.
Transmission, Barriers, and Constraints
Authors: Kadera Kelly M.
Published: March 2007

This article offers a systemic and dynamic model of the spread of civil and interstate war. The model is based on three components: transmission mechanisms, barriers, and resource constraints. Trasmission mechanisms and barriers are based on our existing notions about the contagious effects of alliances and borders. Resource constraints are designed to capture the social welfare trade-off associated with military spending. Deductions from the model include a positive equilibrium value for the amount of war and the level of resources devoted to war fighting and preparations, the finding that additional transmission mechanisms increase the equilibrium level as well as the speed at which the equilibrium level is approached, and the conclusion that extraordinarily high levels of war will eventually decrease. Recommendations for decreasing a high-war equilibrium focus on the strengths of constraints relative to barriers.
Congress, the President, and the End of the Cold War
Authors: Wittkopf Eugene R. , McCormick James M.
Published: March 2007

Many analysts believe that the end of the cold war will spark greater conflict between Congress and the president on foreign issues, thus further undermining the nation's political mythology that politics stops at the water's edge. The authors test that hypothesis using House of Representatives' support of presidents' foreign policy bids on prerogative power and defense budgeting issues during the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton Congresses (1983-1996). They also examine the votes of members of Congress whose careers bridged the cold war divide, asking whether the cold war's end shocked them into new forms of behavior. The authors conclude that conflict between Congress and the president has heightened in the post-cold war era, but the impact of the cold war's end is a less important explanation of executive-congressional contestation than members' role responsibilities and ideological preferences. Thus, the agenda of foreign policy issues may have changed with the end of the cold war, but the process of policy making has not.
Cost Sharing in a Volunteer's Dilemma
Authors: Weesie Jeroen , Franzen Axel
Published: March 2007

Many interesting situations of public good provision such as a bystander's decision to help a victim, a committee member's decision to veto, or a company's decision to develop innovative products can be described by the volunteer's dilemma (VOD). The authors analyze a variant of the VOD in which the costs of producing a public good are shared equally among the volunteers rather than paid in full by each of the volunteers. The game theoretic solution predicts that the probability of volunteering is larger under the condition of sharing than when each volunteer pays the full cost. It is predicted that, even when cost sharing, the individual probability to volunteer decreases with group size, and larger groups still underproduce the public good. Predictions are tested using data collected via a mailed questionnaire to students of Berne University. The quantitative predictions of the game-theoretic models do not describe the data well, even when the models are extended with risk preferences. However, the less informative qualitative prediction that cost sharing increases the individual probability to volunteer is supported by the data.
Intercultural Contact and Intergenerational Transmission in Immigrant Families
Authors: Nauck Bernhard
Published: March 2007

The impact of intergenerational transmission processes on the intercultural contact and ethnic identification of second generation adolescents is studied in five different groups of migrant families: Italian, Greek, and Turkish work migrants, German repatriates from Russia, and Russian Jewish immigrants in Israel. In each group, 400 same-sex dyads of parents and adolescents were interviewed by means of a standardized questionnaire in the language of origin or of the receiving society. Four possible outcomes of intercultural contact are distinguished: integration, assimilation, segregation, and marginalization. An explanatory model is proposed that systematically relates these possible outcomes to the availability of social and cultural capital in migrant families and to intergenerational transmission processes. The empirical analysis using structural equation modeling compares the results for each migrant group. It reveals considerable variability between migrant groups that cannot be explained by classical assimilation theory, thus demonstrating the adequacy of the suggested model.
Correlates of Authoritarian Parenting in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and Implications for Understanding the Transmission of Values
Authors: Rudy Duane , Grusec Joan E.
Published: March 2007

Measures of authoritarianism, collectivism, warmth, anger, attributions for children’s misbehavior, and parental feelings of control over failure were administered to Egyptian Canadian and Anglo-Canadian men and women living in Canada. The Egyptian Canadians were higher on authoritarianism, collectivism, anger, and the men were higher on perceived control over failure. The best predictor of authoritarian parenting for the Egyptian Canadian group was collectivism. For the Anglo-Canadian group, the best predictors were collectivism and lack of warmth. Differences in the meaning of authoritarianism in collectivist and individualist groups and their meaning for the transmission of values are discussed: Higher levels of authoritarianism are not necessarily accompanied by overall lower levels of warmth; more negative (dispositional) attributions about children; or more automatic, maladaptive, and inflexible processing of information. Thus, the conditions that promote transmission of values—warmth and benign ways of thinking—are just as likely to be present in groups using authoritarian parenting.
Feeding Practices and Expectations among Middle-Class Anglo and Puerto Rican Mothers of 12-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Schulze Pamela A. , Harwood Robin L. , Schoelmerich Axel
Published: March 2007

Beliefs and practices regarding infant feeding were examined among middle-class Puerto Rican and Anglo mothers of 12-month-old infants. In particular, Anglo mothers in Connecticut and Puerto Rican mothers in San Juan were interviewed regarding their expectations for the attainment of selected feeding-related milestones and observed in an actual feeding situation with their infants. Results indicate that the two groups of mothers demonstrate coherent clusters of beliefs and practices with regard to infant feeding at 12 months. In particular, Anglo mothers reported earlier attainment of self-feeding milestones and a greater emphasis on child-rearing goals related to self-maximization, whereas Puerto Rican mothers reported later attainment of self-feeding and a greater emphasis on child-rearing goals related to proper demeanor. Findings are interpreted as providing evidence for the existence of coherent patterns of beliefs and behaviors within each group, with Puerto Rican mothers’ patterns differing from those more commonly found among Anglo, middle-class mothers.
Chinese and Canadian Adults’ Categorization and Evaluation of Lie- and Truth-Telling about Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors
Authors: Fu Genyue , Lee Kang , Cameron Catherine Ann , Xu Fen
Published: March 2007

This study examined cross-cultural differences in Chinese and Canadian adults’ concepts and moral evaluations of lying and truth-telling about prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Although Canadian adults categorized lies concealing one’s prosocial deeds as lies, their Chinese counterparts did not. Also, Chinese adults rated deception in such situations positively while rating truth-telling in the same situations negatively. These cross-cultural differences appear to reflect differential emphases on the virtue of modesty in the two cultures.
Cultural Values, Sources of Guidance, and their Relevance to Managerial Behavior
Authors: Smith Peter B. , Peterson Mark F. , Schwartz Shalom H.
Published: March 2007

Data are presented showing how middle managers in 47 countries report handling eight specific work events. The data are used to test the ability of cultural value dimensions derived from the work of Hofstede, Trompenaars, and Schwartz to predict the specific sources of guidance on which managers rely. Focusing on sources of guidance is expected to provide a more precise basis than do generalized measures of values for understanding the behaviors that prevail within different cultures. Values are strongly predictive of reliance on those sources of guidance that are relevant to vertical relationships within organizations. However, values are less successful in predicting reliance on peers and on more tacit sources of guidance. Explaining national differences in these neglected aspects of organizational processes will require greater sensitivity to the culture-specific contexts within which they occur.
Differential Perceptions of Elementary School Children Representing Distinct Socio-Cultural Backgrounds
Authors: La Belle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

The difference in meaning of ten school-related concepts for 882 fifth grade students representing three socio-economic status levels (SES), two ethnic groups, two sex groups, and three levels of achievement was studied through the use of the semantic differential technique. Ninety three-way analyses of variance tests were run within and between the two ethnic groups. It was concluded: (1) high achievers do not necessarily perceive school-related concepts more positively, potently, and actively than do middle and low achievers; (2) Anglo-and Spanish-American fifth graders perceive school related concepts more similarly than differently; (3) middle and high SES level students perceive school-related concepts more positively, potently, and actively than do low SES level students; (4) females view school related concepts more positively than do males but males tend to view concepts related to self-identity more potently and actively.
National Role Evocation as a Function of Cross-National Interaction
Authors: Bochner Stephen , Perks Ray W.
Published: March 2007

The hypothesis that a cross-national interaction increases ethnic role salience was investigated in a laboratory setting. Subjects and confederates engaged in free social interaction, and sub-sequently Ss were required to describe the other person, how they thought the other person perceived them, and how they saw themselves. The experiment was run under three conditions: a) Australian Ss interacting with an Australian confederate (C); b) Australian Ss interacting with an Asian C; and c) Asian Ss interacting with an Australian C. The frequency of ethnic or racial references in the three response categories constituted the dependent variable. More ethnic responses occurred in the two cross-national conditions than in the nationally homogeneous group; and in the cross-national conditions, Asian Ss gave more ethnic responses than Australian Ss, this effect being mainly accounted for by differences in perceived ethnic role attribution. The implications of heightened national role awareness on race relations were briefly discussed.
Infants Around the World: Cross-Cultural Studies of Psychomotor Development from Birth to Two Years
Authors: Werner Emmy E.
Published: March 2007

Comparisons were made of the findings of fifty cross-cultural studies of psychomotor development, from birth to two years, of contemporary groups of infants on five continents. The effects of ethnicity, amount and type of caretaker stimulation, and nutritional status were discussed. African infants showed the greatest early acceleration, Caucasian infants the least, while Latin American and Asian infants ranked intermediate. Within each ethnic group, "traditionally" reared, rural infants showed greater motor acceleration than "Westernized, " urban infants in the first six to twelve months, and a greater decline, after weaning, in adaptive and language development, in the second year. Within both traditional and Westernized samples of the same ethnic groups, infants with higher birthweight were more accelerated.
Ethnic Variations in the Phenomenology of Emotions
Authors: Marsella Anthony J. , Murray Michael D. , Golden Charles
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger series of investigations on ethnic variations in the connotative meaning of emotions, Americans of Japanese, Chinese and European ancestry were administered a twenty-scale semantic differential for various emotions including shame. Results were factor analyzed and yielded the following dimensions: evaluative, dynamism, synesthesia, awareness, arousal, and intensity. Ethnic group differences were found in the endorsement pattern of the different scales and in the factorial structures. The concept of "shame" was discussed and related to the cultural traditions of the various ethnic groups studied. The importance of understanding ethnic variations in the phenomenology of emotions such as shame was pointed out, especially with respect to its implications for ethnopsychiatry.
Prediction of School Performance in Developing Countries
Authors: Drenth Pieter J.D.
Published: March 2007

A comparison is made between two different kinds of predictors of school performance: previous school records and intelligence tests. It is shown that both predictors have their weaknesses, from a theoretical/psychometric as well as from a practical/ethical point of view. It is further demonstrated that a number of objections are particularly pertinent in developing countries. In this respect, special attention is paid to the negative effect on educational objectives and discrimination of less advantaged subgroups in the population. It is argued that, generally, school records may suffer more from these weaknesses than certain psychological tests, provided that the latter have been constructed carefully and have been adapted to the particular population. In the summary, therefore, an optimal "division of tasks" between school records and psychological tests is recommended.
Acculturation and Educational Achievement in American Samoan Adolescents
Authors: Baldauf Richard B. , Ayabe Harold I.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of educational achievement to overt (the directly observable) and covert (the psychological) measures of acculturation was explored for 190 high school seniors from American Samoa using canonical variate analysis. Three statistically significant and situationally interpretable relationships were found to exist between the overt and covert sets of variables, indicating that multiple acculturative approaches were operating simultaneously within Samoan adolescent culture. Educational achievement was found to be related mainly to the modern man approach to acculturation, the only approach to cross-validate. The study emphasized the probable multivariate nature of the acculturation process and the importance of verifying hypotheses through cross-validation.
Effects of Turkish Language Reform on Person Perception
Authors: Cüceloğlu Doan , Slobin Dan I.
Published: March 2007

As a result of Turkish language reform, modern Turkish spans a range of styles from traditional to reformed. This range has political implications, in that traditional vocabulary is preferred by right-wing, traditionalist, and religious sectors of the population, while reformed terms are preferred by left-wing, modernist, and secular sectors. Turkish students were presented with matched pairs of paragraphs, differing only in use of traditional or reformed vocabulary, with the task of rating the authors on a variety of attitudinal and semantic differential scales. Students evaluated the two styles differently, and attributed attitudes and values to writers on the basis of vocabulary choice alone. In addition, such attributions and evaluations were related to the student's own political position.
Children's Television Selections
Authors: Liss Marsha B.
Published: March 2007

The same-race hypothesis of identification and modeling was examined with respect to children's television preferences. Subjects were 80 children, equally represented by two grades (third and sixth), two sexes, and two races (Black and White), who were presented with two television programs differing by race of central characters. Children chose either same-race or opposite-race programs and characters for viewing. As predicted, children chose same-race programs significantly more often. No grade or sex effects were found. The results show that children prefer to watch same-race characters and models, implying that same-race individuals may command more attention from children and serve as effective models for them. Results of this study and its implications concerning the limited number of minority characters available in the media are discussed.
Problem Behavior in Chinese Adolescents in Taiwan
Authors: Yang Kuo-Shu
Published: March 2007

This study was primarily designed to provide an empirical basis for a better structural definition of problem behavior in Chinese adolescents. Anonymous self-ratings of 130 problem behaviors were obtained for 2432 male and 2723 female students drawn from 14 junior high schools in the Taipei area. In analyzing the data, the 130 behaviors were first classified into 16 categories through content analysis by two personality psychologists. Category scores were then computed by unweighted summation of self-ratings over the problem behaviors in each category to generate 16 composite variables. Separate factor analyses of the composite variables were finally conducted, one for each sex. Two major unrotated factors emerged with substantial cross-sex invariance and were labeled General Maladjustment and Outward-Inward Orientation. Through oblique rotation, two psychologically meaningful factors were identified and named as Delinquent Behavior (further divided into two subgroups, namely, Pleasure-Seeking and Rule-Violating Delinquent Behavior) and Neurotic Behavior.
Imposed-Etic and Emic Measures of Intelligence as Predictors of Early School Performance of Rural Philippine Children
Authors: Church A. Timothy , Katigbak Marcia S.
Published: March 2007

Emic and imposed-etic strategies were applied to the assessment of intelligence in rural Philippine children. Emic (culture-specific) measures assessed children's "intelligence" as conceptualized by rural adults. We concluded that Western-type (imposed-etic) tests measure a concept of intelligence that only partially overlaps emic conceptions. The imposed-etic measures were better than the emic measures as predictors of school performance, which could be viewed as an imposed-etic criterion. Most indigenous (emic) competencies showed no relationship to school performance. Thus what is "intelligent" in everyday barrio functioning ("everyday intelligence') is distinct from "academic intelligence."
Causal Attribution and Depression
Authors: Crittenden K. S. , Lamug C. B.
Published: March 2007

In a study using American college students, Seligman, Abramson, Semmell, and Baeyer (1979) found support for the learned helplessness model of depression. A replication with Filipino college students points to the possible confounding influence of overall attributional style. Restated in such a way as to isolate and remove this confounding factor, the learned helplessness model is supported by the Philippine data, and the model holds for affective and somatic as well as psychological symptoms. We applied the restated model to a new sample of American college students and found results consistent with those in the Seligman study. However, the predictability of the model for our American sample extends to affective and psychological, but not somatic, symptoms of depression.
A Framework for Structuring Cross-Cultural Research in Risk and Decision Making
Authors: McDaniels Timothy L. , Gregory Robin S.
Published: March 2007

The article develops a framework for structuring research activities in cross-cultural risk and decision making (CCRDM). It begins with a taxonomy that explores the influence of cultural characteristics on decision making under uncertainty at the individual, organizational, and governmental levels, and the relationships between these levels. Next, a brief synthesis is provided of previous work in three areas of individual decision making in cross-cultural contexts: the use of probability, business decision making, and risk perception. The article then discusses potential new research topics in CCRDM, emphasizing the need for improved research designs and greater emphasis on prescriptive rather than descriptive questions. The article concludes by stressing the potential role of research in CCRDM to help facilitate difficult negotiations between nations regarding global issues such as climate change.
A Comparative Study of the Value Priorities of Australians, Australian Baha'is, and Expatriate Iranian Baha'is
Authors: Feather N. T. , Volkmer R. E. , McKee I. R.
Published: March 2007

This research examines value differences in three samples: expatriate Iranian Baha'is (35 males, 30 females) resident in Australia, 59 Australian Baha'is (22 males, 37 females), and 66 unselected Australians (35 males, 31 females). Subjects rated a set of 30 terminal values and 26 instrumental values for importance, using the Schwartz Value Survey. Values were classified into domains in terms of the Schwartz and Bilsky (1987) analysis of their universal content and structure. The results showed that the two Baha'i groups rated values concerned with restrictive conformity, tradition, and spirituality as relatively more important and values concerned with hedonism, self-direction, and stimulation as relatively less important, when compared with the unselected Australian sample. Other group differences in value priorities were also obtained when groups were compared two at a time. Men assigned more relative importance than women to values from the hedonism, achievement, power, and stimulation domains. Women rated values from the benevolence and spirituality domains as relatively more important.
A Measure of Adjustment Strain in International Students
Authors: Crano Suellen L. , Crano William D.
Published: March 2007

To develop a measure of the adjustment strains for international students, more than 250students of high school age, from five South American countries, were assessed twice during their yearlong sojourn in the United States. The Inventory of Student Adjustment Strain (ISAS) was developed and administered twice during the students' sojourn, along with a standard measure of self-concept, which had also been administered prior to students' departure to the United States. Six psychologically meaningful subscales of high internal consistency were derived from the ISAS. Sociodemographic data were collected, as were students' perceptions of their exchange experience. Students' host families reported on the adjustment and integration of the students into family, school, and American life. These auxiliary data pointed to the utility and validity of the ISAS.
Self-Concepts Across Two Cultures
Authors: Dhawan Nisha , Roseman Ira J. , Naidu R. K. , Thapa Komilla , Rettek S. Ilsa
Published: March 2007

This study compared the self-concepts of college students in India to those in the United States by administering the Twenty Statements Test. Self-statements were analyzed in terms of five categories (social identity, ideological beliefs, interests, ambitions, and self-evaluations) and a numberof subcategories (e.g., self-identity, group identity, gender role identity). Results indicated differential use of the categories and subcategories in the two cultures. For example, Americans made more self-evaluation statements, whereas Indians responded more in terms of social identity. Women in both cultures made more frequent use of stereotypical gender characteristics in describing themselves; men had a larger proportion of responses in the self-identity category. However, cross-cultural differences were much greater than gender differences. These findings shed light on major components of the self-concept and underline its culture-specific determinants.
Two Peoples in One Land
Authors: Rubinstein Gidi
Published: March 2007

Altemeyer's (1988) Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (RWA) was translated into Hebrew and Arabic and tested for reliability and validity. Seven hundred and eight Jewish undergraduate students, and 120 Moslem Palestinian students studying at a university in the occupied territories, completed the RWA and a demographic questionnaire. RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters, and scores of secular subjects in both societies were lowest. RWA scores of right-wing subjects remained significantly higher than those of left-wing subjects when religiosity was controlled. The results confirm the validity of the RWA, tested here in two languages in two societies that for years have been involved in bloody conflict. RWA scores and religiosity levels were lower in the Jewish Israeli society than in the Moslem-Palestinian one. The results are discussed within the sociopolitical context of the two societies.
Adolescent Intimacy
Authors: Elbedour Salman , Shulman Shmuel , Kedem Peri
Published: March 2007

This study examined and compared perceptions of intimacy in friendships among Israeli Jewish and Israeli Bedouin adolescents. Questionnaires assessing perceived intimacy and self-disclosure in close friendships were completed by 288 Jewish and 327 Bedouin 7th-, 9th-, and 11th-grade students. Overall, results showed that intimacy was perceived to reflect a balance between closeness and individuality in close friendships. Yet Jewish and Bedouin adolescents reported on distinctive patterns of balancing closeness and individuality. Jewish adolescents, as opposed to Bedouin adolescents, perceived less of a need to control or to try to be similar to each other in friendships. Bedouin adolescents tended to emphasize control of and conformity to friends. Age and sex differences in the Jewish and Bedouin cohorts reflected the interplay of developmental and cross-cultural aspects of intimacy in adolescence. The results underscore the salience of intimacy for peer relations during the adolescent years and indicate the importance of understanding close friendships within this cultural context.
Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L. , Chae Joon-Ho
Published: March 2007

Increasing interest is being directed toward demonstrating the cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality. This report outlines the development and initial validation of a Korean version of the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R), a commercially available instrument designed to capture these five major dimensions. Study 1 involved Korean nationals (320 men and 334 women) and documented the reliability and structural validity of the new translation. Correlations with the Korean version of the MBTI and Impostor Phenomenon Scale provided preliminary validity evidence. Study 2 included 57 men and 59 women who were bilingual Korean expatriates living in the United States. These individuals took both the Korean and English versions of the NEO PI-R. Results indicated that the Korean version can be considered a parallel form to its English counterpart. The etic and emic implications of these results are discussed.
The Role of Culture, Violence, and Personal Factors Affecting Dream Content
Authors: Punamaki Raija-Leena , Joustie Marja
Published: March 2007

The impact of culture, violent environment, gender, and age on dream content was studied among 205 children in three groups: a Palestinian group living in a violent environment (n = 80), and Palestinian (n = 45) and Finnish (n = 80) groups living in peaceful areas. They were matched for age (7-12) and gender. The method used was a 7-day dream diary in which the participants recorded the dreams they recalled every morning. Results showed that living in a violent environment affected dream content more than did culture and personal factors. The results confirmed our hypothesis that a violent and dangerous environment was associated with mundane, intensive, and vivid dreams incorporating persecution and aggression themes. As an indication of individualistic versus collective dream characteristics, results showed that the dreams of the Palestinian children from Gaza incorporated more "external scenes" of anxiety, whereas the Finnish children's dreams had more "inner anxiety scenes."
Assessment of Humanistic, Transpersonal, and Spiritual Constructs: State of the Science
Authors: Macdonald Douglas A. , Friedman Harris L.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the current status of psychometric testing as it pertains to the measurement and assessment of constructs relevant to humanistic and transpersonal psychologies. In so doing, information is provided on available instruments and associated empirical research findings exploring the relation of humanistic/transpersonal phenomena/concepts to human functioning. The article concludes with a listing of recommendations for investigators who wish to employ standardized assessment instruments in humanistic and/or transpersonal research.
Positive Psychology: A Clinical Behavior Analytic Perspective
Authors: Follette William C. , Linnerooth Peter J. N. , Ruckstuhl L. E.
Published: March 2007

Psychology has focused too much on reducing symptoms of distress and ameliorating behavioral problems rather than attending to the rewarding, engaging, and good side of human life. This article offers a radical behavioral view of some of the epistemic issues relevant to the design of this new area of research, and it proposes a rapprochement between humanistic and behavior analytic psychology. Examples drawn from both humanistic and behavior analytic research are given to illustrate the utility of a deterministic view for a generative science of positive psychology and to offer an alternative conceptualization of control. The article considers how to design environments that evoke positive behavior from those within them and how to give individuals the skills to control their own behavior and circumstances in ways that will maximize their quality of life.
Toward an Ecological Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Kuhn James L.
Published: March 2007

In attempting to understand the dynamics of what distinguishes humans as a unique species, the author argues that humanistic psychology has limited itself to too narrow a definition of the human experience. From its beginning, it struggled with separation from the ideology of humanism and the question as to whether the transpersonal experience is a valid inquiry within its domain. Now it is time to tackle a different aspect of being fully human—our psychological relationship with our environment. This article attempts to explicate how the principles of humanistic psychology—self-actualization, awareness, responsibility, and authenticity—can address our environmental crisis through the concepts and practice of empathy, unconditional positive regard, and a wider identification beyond humankind to include the natural world. An ecological-humanistic psychology and worldview includes humans as part of the environment, not separate from it.
Shamanic Experiences: A Developmental Analysis
Authors: Walsh Roger
Published: March 2007

The nature of the experiences induced by shamans has long been a topic of considerable controversy. The experiences occurring during one of the major shamanic techniques, the shamanic journey, have been described in terms of various psychopathologies or as identical to the transcendent experiences of Buddhism and yoga. Despite such claims, careful analysis reveals that shamanic journey experiences are distinct on several phenomenological dimensions. This article uses developmental analyses to assess whether shamanic experiences represent experiences at similar or different developmental stages as yogic and Buddhist experiences, and concludes that although there is some overlap, there are also significant differences. The article then turns to current theories about the evolution of human consciousness. Different views of evolution are summarized, the possible evolution of transpersonal techniques and experiences is outlined, and the possible place of shamanic practitioners in this scheme is suggested.
A Way to Help People by Holding Theory Lightly: A Response to Bozarth, Merry and Brodley, and Sommerbeck
Authors: Kahn Edwin
Published: March 2007

The author does not think Rogers wanted to make judgments about who is or who is not client centered, as some of his followers seem to do. Rogers wanted to develop a flexible theory to help people, where the human quality of the interaction was most important. In the therapeutic relationship, the author finds that on occasion, he offers a response from his framework, such as a tentative empathic interpretation. The author believes these responses reflect the three attitudes and the nondirective intent described by Rogers. These responses often help the therapeutic dialogue become more alive and real for both participants. The author continues to think of himself as person-centered because he values the ideals of this approach.