bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The mood stabilizer valproic acid improves defective neurite formation caused by charcot‐marie‐tooth disease‐associated mutant Rab7 through the JNK signaling pathway
Authors: Yamauchi Junji , Torii Tomohiro , Kusakawa Shinji , Sanbe Atsushi , Nakamura Kazuaki , Takashima Shou , Hamasaki Hajime , Kawaguchi Shogo , Miyamoto Yuki , Tanoue Akito
Published: July 2010

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequent peripheral neuropathy affecting the Schwann cells and neurons. CMT disease type 2 (CMT2) neuropathies are characterized by peripheral nerve aberrance. Four missense mutations of Rab7, a small GTPase of the Rab family involved in intracellular vesicular trafficking, are associated with the CMT2B phenotype. Despite a growing body of evidence concerning the gene structures responsible for genetically heterogenous CMT2B and other CMT2 neuropathies, little is known about the in vitro neuropathy model and how CMT2B‐associated mutation‐caused aberrant neuritogenesis is properly reversed. Here, we show that valproic acid (VPA), a classical mood‐stabilizing drug, improves defective neurite formation in N1E‐115 neuroblastoma cells regardless of which CMT2B‐associated Rab7 mutant protein is expressed. The effect is mediated by c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, but not by deacetylase inhibition activity of VPA itself. Furthermore, VPA has similar effects in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons expressing any of the four mutant Rab7 proteins. Thus, VPA has a previously unknown potential to improve defective neuritogenesis associated with CMT2B in vitro, indicating that JNK should be a potential therapeutic target for treatments aimed at improving neuritogenesis. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADHD in a representative sample of the Brazilian population: estimated prevalence and comparative adequacy of criteria between adolescents and adults according to the item response theory
Authors: Polanczyk Guilherme , Laranjeira Ronaldo , Zaleski Marcos , Pinsky Ilana , Caetano Raul , Rohde Luis Augusto
Published: July 2010

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a clinically significant disorder in adulthood, but current diagnostic criteria and instruments do not seem to adequately capture the complexity of the disorder in this developmental phase. Accordingly, there are limited data on the proportion of adults affected by the disorder, specially in developing countries.

Method: We assessed a representative household sample of the Brazilian population for ADHD with the Adult ADHD Self‐report Scale (ASRS) Screener, and evaluated the instrument according to the Rasch model of item response theory.

Results: The sample was comprised by 3007 individuals, and the overal prevalence of positive screeners for ADHD was 5.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.8–7.0]. Rasch analyses revealed the misfitt of the overall sample to expectations of the model. The evaluation of the sample stratified by age revealed that data for adolescents showed a signficant fittnes to the model expectations, while items completed by adults were not adequated.

Conclusions: The lack of fitness to the model for adult respondents challenges the possibility of a linear transformation of the ordinal data into interval measures and the utilization of parametric analyses of data. This result suggests that diagnostic criteria and instruments for adult ADHD must take into account a developmental perspective. Moreover, it calls for further evaluation of currently employed research methods in light of modern theories of psychometrics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of anticalcification treatments and hydration on the molecular dynamics of bovine pericardium collagen as revealed by 13C solid‐state NMR
Authors: deAzevedo E. R. , Ayrosa A. M. I. B. , Faria G. C. , Cervantes H. J. , Huster D. , Bonagamba T. J. , Pitombo R. N. M. , Rabbani S. R.
Published: July 2010

This article describes a solid‐state NMR (SSNMR) investigation of the influence of hydration and chemical cross‐linking on the molecular dynamics of the constituents of the bovine pericardium (BP) tissues and its relation to the mechanical properties of the tissue. Samples of natural phenetylamine‐diepoxide (DE)‐ and glutaraldehyde (GL)‐fixed BP were investigated by 13C cross‐polarization SSNMR to probe the dynamics of the collagen, and the results were correlated to the mechanical properties of the tissues, probed by dynamical mechanical analysis. For samples of natural BP, the NMR results show that the higher the hydration level the more pronounced the molecular dynamics of the collagen backbone and sidechains, decreasing the tissue's elastic modulus. In contrast, in DE‐ and GL‐treated samples, the collagen molecules are more rigid, and the hydration seems to be less effective in increasing the collagen molecular dynamics and reducing the mechanical strength of the samples. This is mostly attributed to the presence of cross‐links between the collagen plates, which renders the collagen mobility less dependent on the water absorption in chemically treated samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure elucidation and NMR assignments of two unusual monoterpene indole alkaloids from Psychotria stachyoides
Authors: Pimenta Antonia Torres Ávila , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Delprete Piero Giuseppe , de Souza Elnatan Bezerra , Silveira Edilberto Rocha , Lima Mary Anne Sousa
Published: July 2010

Two unusual monoterpene indole alkaloids, stachyoside (1) and nor‐methyl‐23‐oxo‐correantoside (2), have been isolated from the aerial parts of Psychotria stachyoides. The structural elucidation of both compounds was performed by the aid of HRESIMS, FT‐IR, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques including COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified pulsed continuous arterial spin labeling for labeling of a single artery
Authors: Dai Weiying , Robson Philip M. , Shankaranarayanan Ajit , Alsop David C.
Published: July 2010

Imaging the contribution of different arterial vessels to the blood supply of the brain can potentially guide the treatment of vascular disease and other disorders. Previously available only with catheter angiography, vessel‐selective labeling of arteries has now been demonstrated with pulsed and continuous arterial spin labeling methods. Pulsed continuous labeling, which permits continuous labeling on standard scanner radiofrequency hardware, has been used to encode the contribution of different vessels to the blood supply of the brain. Vessel encoding requires a longer scan and a more complex reconstruction algorithm and may be more sensitive to fluctuations in flow, however. Here a method is presented for single‐artery selective labeling, in which a disk around the targeted vessel is labeled. Based on pulsed continuous labeling, this method is achieved by rotating the directions of added in‐plane gradients. Numerical simulations of the simplest strategy show good efficiency but poor suppression of labeling at large distances from the target vessel. Amplitude modulation of the rotating in‐plane gradients results in better suppression of distant vessels. In vivo results demonstrate highly selective labeling of individual vessels and a rapid falloff of the labeling with distance from the center of the labeling disk, in agreement with the simulations. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative magnetization transfer in in vivo healthy human skeletal muscle at 3 T
Authors: Sinclair Christopher D. J. , Samson Rebecca S. , Thomas David L. , Weiskopf Nikolaus , Lutti Antoine , Thornton John S. , Golay Xavier
Published: July 2010

The value of quantitative MR methods as potential biomarkers in neuromuscular disease is being increasingly recognized. Previous studies of the magnetization transfer ratio have demonstrated sensitivity to muscle disease. The aim of this work was to investigate quantitative magnetization transfer imaging of skeletal muscle in healthy subjects at 3 T to evaluate its potential use in pathological muscle. The lower limb of 10 subjects was imaged using a 3D fast low‐angle shot acquisition with variable magnetization transfer saturation pulse frequencies and amplitudes. The data were analyzed with an established quantitative two‐pool model of magnetization transfer. T1 and B1 amplitude of excitation radiofrequency field maps were acquired and used as inputs to the quantitative magnetization transfer model, allowing properties of the free and restricted proton pools in muscle to be evaluated in seven different muscles in a region of interest analysis. The average restricted pool T2 relaxation time was found to be 5.9 ± 0.2μs in the soleus muscle and the restricted proton pool fraction was 8 ± 1%. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging of muscle offers potential new biomarkers in muscle disease within a clinically feasible scan time. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy presenting with isolated axial myopathy and bent spine syndrome
Authors: Kottlors Michael , Kress Wolfram , Meng Gerhard , Glocker Franz X.
Published: July 2010

Several subtypes of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) with atypical clinical presentation have been described. We report a new, distinct phenotype with progressive bent spine syndrome solely affecting the paraspinal muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging study of the lumbar spine revealed marked atrophy of the paraspinal muscles. The diagnosis was confirmed by DNA testing, which revealed shortened restriction fragments of the D4Z4 repeat on haplotype A in connection with a positive family history. Muscle Nerve 42:273–275, 2010
Utility of electrodiagnostic testing in evaluating patients with lumbosacral radiculopathy: An evidence‐based review
Authors: Cho S. Charles , Ferrante Mark A. , Levin Kerry H. , Harmon Robert L. , So Yuen T.
Published: July 2010

This is an evidence‐based review of electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing of patients with suspected lumbosacral radiculopathy to determine its utility in diagnosis and prognosis. Literature searches were performed to identify articles applying EDX techniques to patients with suspected lumbosacral radiculopathy. From the 355 articles initially discovered, 119 articles describing nerve conduction studies, electromyography (EMG), or evoked potentials in adequate detail were reviewed further. Fifty‐three studies met inclusion criteria and were graded using predetermined criteria for classification of evidence for diagnostic studies. Two class II, 7 class III, and 34 class IV studies described the diagnostic use of EDX. One class II and three class III articles described H‐reflexes with acceptable statistical significance for use in the diagnosis and confirmation of suspected S1 lumbosacral radiculopathy. Two class II and two class III studies demonstrated a range of sensitivities for use of muscle paraspinal mapping. Two class II studies demonstrated the utility of peripheral myotomal limb electromyography in radiculopathies. Muscle Nerve 42:276–282, 2010
A ‘new’ palaeolithic dog from central Europe
Authors: Napierala Hannes , Uerpmann Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2010

Kesslerloch Cave in Switzerland is one of the major Magdalenian sites in Central Europe. During a recent reanalysis of the faunal remains, we identified a cranial fragment and teeth of the domestic dog. The large maxillar fragment was directly dated to 12.225±45 bp (KIA‐33350) or c. 14.100‐14.600 BP. The finds are metrically well below the natural variability of wolves from both Palaeolithic and recent times and even show slight morphological differences to the wild wolves from the site. We argue that the maxilla fragment must now be considered the earliest indisputable directly dated evidence of a domestic dog. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanism of charge recombination and IPCE in ZnO dye‐sensitized solar cells having I−/I and Br−/Br redox couple
Authors: Rani Seema , Suri Poonam , Mehra Ram Mohan
Published: July 2010

The influence of intensity and wavelength variation on the solar cell parameters of two different ZnO‐based liquid state DSSCs named as Cell (A) ZnO/EosinY/LiI and Cell (B) ZnO/EosinY/LiBr was studied. It was found that Voc and Isc depend logarithmically and linearly on light flux, respectively, which indicates that light absorption and carrier diffusion do not limit the solar cell efficiency. The data was analyzed to ascertain the charge recombination mechanism between conduction band electrons and the electrolytes. The regeneration of dye due to I−/I3 and Br−/Br redox couple was examined by studying the wavelength dependence of IPCE. An estimation of series and shunt resistance is made using two methods: (i) different illumination method (ii) single I–V curve, for the two cells in order to understand the role of the electrolyte in controlling the solar cell parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High efficiency screen printed bifacial solar cells on monocrystalline CZ silicon
Authors: Yang L. , Ye Q.H. , Ebong A. , Song W.T. , Zhang G.J. , Wang J.X. , Ma Y.
Published: July 2010

We present industrialized bifacial solar cells on large area (149 cm2) 2 cm CZ monocrystalline silicon wafers processed with industrially relevant techniques such as liquid source BBr3 and POCl3 open‐tube furnace diffusions, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiNx deposition, and screen printed contacts. The fundamental analysis of the paste using at boron‐diffused surface and the bifacial solar cell firing cycle has been investigated. The resulting solar cells have front and rear efficiencies of 16.6 and 12.8%, respectively. The ratio of the rear JSC to front JSC is 76.8%. It increases the bifacial power by 15.4% over a conventional solar cell at 20% of 1‐sun rear illumination, which equals to the power of a conventional solar cell with 19.2% efficiency. We also present a bifacial glass–glass photovoltaic (PV) module with 30 bifacial cells with the electrical characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A gel‐free quantitative proteomics approach to investigate temperature adaptation of the food‐borne pathogen Cronobacter turicensis 3032
Authors: Carranza Paula , Grunau Alexander , Schneider Thomas , Hartmann Isabel , Lehner Angelika , Stephan Roger , Gehrig Peter , Grossmann Jonas , Groebel Katrin , Hoelzle Ludwig E. , Eberl Leo , Riedel Kathrin
Published: July 2010

The opportunistic food‐borne pathogen Cronobacter sp. causes rare but significant illness in neonates and is capable to grow at a remarkably wide range of temperatures from 5.5 to 47°C. A gel‐free quantitative proteomics approach was employed to investigate the molecular basis of the Cronobacter sp. adaptation to heat and cold‐stress. To this end the model strain Cronobacter turicensis 3032 was grown at 25, 37, 44, and 47°C, and whole‐cell and secreted proteins were iTRAQ‐labelled and identified/quantified by 2‐D‐LC‐MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS. While 44°C caused only minor changes in C. turicensis growth rate and protein profile, 47°C affected the expression of about 20% of all 891 identified proteins and resulted in a reduced growth rate and rendered the strain non‐motile and filamentous. Among the heat‐induced proteins were heat shock factors, transcriptional and translational proteins, whereas proteins affecting cellular morphology, proteins involved in motility, central metabolism and energy production were down‐regulated. Notably, numerous potential virulence factors were found to be up‐regulated at higher temperatures, suggesting an elevated pathogenic potential of Cronobacter sp. under these growth conditions. Significant alterations in the protein expression profile and growth rate of C. turicensis exposed to 25°C indicate that at this temperature the organism is cold‐stressed. Up‐regulated gene products comprised cold‐shock, DNA‐binding and ribosomal proteins, factors that support protein folding and proteins opposing cold‐induced decrease in membrane fluidity, whereas down‐regulated proteins were mainly involved in central metabolism.
Towards a two‐dimensional proteomic reference map of Bradyrhizobium japonicum CPAC 15: Spotlighting “hypothetical proteins”
Authors: da Silva Batista Jesiane Stefânia , Torres Adalgisa Ribeiro , Hungria Mariangela
Published: July 2010

The economic and ecological importance of the symbiosis of soybean with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains is significant in several countries, particularly Brazil; however, up to now, only one complete and a draft genome for this species are available. In this study, we have obtained a proteomic reference map of B. japonicum strain CPAC 15 (=SEMIA 5079) – used in commercial inoculants for application to soybean crops in Brazil – grown under in vitro conditions. CPAC 15 belongs to the same serogroup as strain USDA 123, and both are known as the soybean bradyrhizobial strains with highest competitive and saprophytic known so far. To increase the precision of the proteomic map, we compared whole‐cell 2‐D protein gel‐electrophoresis profiles of CPAC 15 and of two related strains. One‐hundred and seventy representative spots, selected from the three profiles, were analyzed by MS. In total, 148 spots were successfully identified as cytoplasmic and periplasmic proteins belonging to diverse metabolic pathways, several of them related to the saprophytic and competitive abilities of CPAC 15. We attributed probable functions to 26 hypothetical proteins, including those involved in polyhydroxybutyrate metabolism, β‐lactamase, stress responses and aromatic compound degradation, all with high probability of being related to the saprophytic ability of CPAC 15. In addition, by providing valuable information about expressed proteins in B. japonicum in vitro, our results emphasize the importance of accurate functional annotation of uncharacterized expressed proteins, improving considerably our understanding of the legume–rhizobia symbiosis.
Creation of an antibody‐based subcellular protein atlas
Authors: Lundberg Emma , Uhlén Mathias
Published: July 2010

An important part for understanding the complex machinery of living cells is to know the spatial distribution of proteins all the way from organ to organelle levels. An equally important part of proteomics is to map the subcellular distribution of all human proteins. Here, we discuss methodologies for systematic subcellular profiling with emphasis on the antibody‐based approach performed as a part of the Human Protein Atlas project. The considerations made when creating the subcellular protein atlas and critical parameters of this approach are discussed.
Functional genomic profiling of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm reveals enhanced production of the mycotoxin gliotoxin
Authors: Bruns Sandra , Seidler Marc , Albrecht Daniela , Salvenmoser Stefanie , Remme Nicole , Hertweck Christian , Brakhage Axel A. , Kniemeyer Olaf , Müller Frank‐Michael C.
Published: July 2010

The opportunistic pathogenic mold Aspergillus fumigatus is an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromized and in part immunocompetent patients. A. fumigatus can grow in multicellular communities by the formation of a hyphal network encased in an extracellular matrix. Here, we describe the proteome and transcriptome of planktonic‐ and biofilm‐grown A. fumigatus mycelium after 24 and 48 h. A biofilm‐ and time‐dependent regulation of many proteins and genes of the primary metabolism indicates a developmental stage of the young biofilm at 24 h, which demands energy. At a matured biofilm phase, metabolic activity seems to be reduced. However, genes, which code for hydrophobins, and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were significantly upregulated. In particular, proteins of the gliotoxin secondary metabolite gene cluster were induced in biofilm cultures. This was confirmed by real‐time PCR and by detection of this immunologically active mycotoxin in culture supernatants using HPLC analysis. The enhanced production of gliotoxin by in vitro formed biofilms reported here may also play a significant role under in vivo conditions. It may confer A. fumigatus protection from the host immune system and also enable its survival and persistence in chronic lung infections such as aspergilloma.
Analysis conditions for proteomic profiling of mammalian tissue and cell extracts with antibody microarrays
Authors: Alhamdani Mohamed Saiel Saeed , Schröder Christoph , Hoheisel Jörg D.
Published: July 2010

Antibody microarrays are a developing tool for global proteomic profiling. A protocol was established that permits robust analyses of protein extracts from mammalian tissues and cells rather than body fluids. The factors optimized were buffer composition for surface blocking, blocking duration, protein handling and processing, labeling parameters like type of dye, molar ratio of label versus protein, and dye removal, as well as incubation parameters such as duration, temperature, buffer, and sample agitation.
Nucleolar proteomics and viral infection
Authors: Hiscox Julian A. , Whitehouse Adrian , Matthews David A.
Published: July 2010

Recent advances in proteomics have been combined with traditional methods for isolation of nucleoli from mammalian and plant cells. This approach has confirmed the growing body of data showing a wide role for the nucleolus in eukaryotic cell biology beyond ribosome generation into many areas of cell function from regulation of the cell cycle, modulation of the cell stress response to innate immune responses. This has been reflected in the growing body of evidence that viruses specifically target the nucleolus by sequestering cellular nucleolar proteins or by targeting viral proteins to the nucleolus in order to maximise viral replication. This review covers those key areas and looks at the latest approaches using high‐throughput quantitative proteomics of the nucleolus in virus infected cells to gain an insight into the role of this fascinating compartment in viral infection.
Evaluation of Plasma Modified Polycaprolactone Honeycomb Scaffolds by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured in Vitamin D Differentiation Medium
Authors: Formosa Fabio , Sánchez‐Vaquero Vanessa , Rodríguez‐Navas Carmen , Muñoz‐Noval Álvaro , Tejera‐Sanchez Nuria , Silván Miguel Manso , García‐Ruiz Josefa Predestinación , Marletta Giovanni
Published: July 2010

Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with a honeycomb (hc) microstructure have been prepared, modified at surface level by plasma processes and evaluated with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Thin scaffolds were fabricated by self‐assembly of PCL in the presence of an amphiphilic copolymer under controlled humidity. The surface of the so formed PCLhc scaffolds was modified by Ar and ArO2plasma discharges and by plasma deposition of allylamine (ALA). Such modification induces composition changes and microstructure modifications as determined by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As a consequence of these treatments, the hydrophobic character of PCLhc scaffolds is rectified as derived from water contact angle measurements. The hMSC cytocompatibility of these scaffolds was initially assayed under proliferation conditions evaluating surface–cell interactions by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Most relevant behaviour was observed for hMSCs cultured onto ALA modified scaffolds in view of the cytoskeleton polarization. These modified surfaces were further explored for differentiation of hMSCs in the presence of vitamin D, giving rise to secreting vesicles and increased extension of the cytoskeleton. These results are promising for the development of cell monolayer tissue regenerating platforms.

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The Development of a New Synthesis Process for 3,3′‐Diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan (DAAF)
Authors: Francois Elizabeth G. , Chavez David E. , Sandstrom Mary M.
Published: July 2010

Process optimization studies were performed for the preparation of the high explosive 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan (DAAF). These process studies were pursued to address issues such as problematic waste generation products, particle size, impurities, and manufacturability. This paper describes the original synthesis method and inherent issues. An optimization process was designed to investigate the issues with purity and manufacturability. Particle size effects were addressed by adding a recrystallization step to the synthesis. Ultimately, a complete solution to all observed issues was found with a new synthesis process, which now allows DAAF to be prepared without any impurities, with good particle size and without the need for recrystallization. Importantly, the new synthesis process can be performed in an environmentally friendly manner, with the production of non‐hazardous waste.
Green building project management: obstacles and solutions for sustainable development
Authors: Hwang Bon‐Gang , Tan Jac See
Published: July 2010

Green building construction is earning a place in Singapore's construction industry, and, with augmenting cognizance of environmental issues and growing concern over climate change, sustainable construction is gradually being put forth globally. However, construction of green buildings in Singapore still encounters impediments, as there is a lack of proper project management framework for such projects. Based on survey and interview results from 31 industry experts, this study aims to identify common obstacles encountered during management of green construction projects, ultimately proposing some solutions to overcome the barriers. The findings from this study reveal that, although project cost is the paramount barrier among others in green building construction management, there is no paucity in sustainable knowledge in Singapore's construction industry. To deal with the cost related problem, the coverage of government incentives should be widened to include the usage of green products and technologies. Furthermore, a project management framework for green building construction should be developed to overcome the barriers, possibly promoting adoption of sustainable construction in future projects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Assessment of the ductus venosus, tricuspid blood flow and the nasal bone in second‐trimester screening for trisomy 21
Authors: Stressig R. , Kozlowski P. , Froehlich S. , Siegmann H. J. , Hammer R. , Blumenstock G. , Kagan K. O.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To examine the prevalence of reversed a‐wave in the ductus venosus, tricuspid regurgitation and absent nasal bone, in a second‐trimester population undergoing amniocentesis, after exclusion of major fetal defects and to estimate the performance in screening for trisomy 21 based on maternal age and these markers in a general population.

Methods

This was a retrospective study involving pregnancies undergoing amniocentesis due to increased risk for trisomy 21, mainly because of advanced maternal age. Before the invasive procedure, an ultrasound examination was carried out to exclude major fetal defects and to examine the ductus venosus, tricuspid blood flow and the presence of the fetal nasal bone. Modeling techniques were used based on 20 000 euploid pregnancies and 20 000 pregnancies with trisomy 21 to assess the screening performance in a general population.

Results

The study population consisted of 3613 euploid pregnancies and 35 cases with trisomy 21. In the euploid group, reversed flow in the ductus venosus, tricuspid regurgitation and an absent nasal bone was observed in 1.7%, 1.5% and 0.1% of cases, respectively. In the trisomic group, these markers were found in 14.3%, 11.4% and 14.3% of cases, respectively. For a 5% false‐positive rate, the detection rate in screening for trisomy 21, based on maternal age and either ductus venosus, tricuspid blood flow or nasal bone would be 33.8%, 32.4% or 31.4%, respectively. Screening by maternal age alone would detect 29.0% of the fetuses with trisomy 21. Receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis showed a slight but significant improvement in screening performance for trisomy 21 based on the inclusion of these markers.

Conclusion

Second‐trimester ultrasound screening for trisomy 21 based on maternal age with additional assessment of the ductus venosus, tricuspid blood flow and the fetal nasal bone in otherwise normal‐appearing fetuses is only marginally better than is screening by maternal age alone. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Accuracy of 18[F]‐Fluoro‐2‐Deoxy‐d‐Glucose‐Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography, Ultrasonography, and Enhanced Computed Tomography Alone in the Preoperative Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Morita Shinya , Mizoguchi Kenji , Suzuki Masanobu , Iizuka Keiji
Published: July 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography, ultrasonography, and enhanced computed tomography alone in the preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Methods

In a prospective study performed between January 2007 and December 2009, 74 patients with a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma confirmed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy were referred to our institution for surgery. Preoperative assessment of metastasis in the central and lateral cervical lymph nodes was done using [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography, ultrasonography, and enhanced computed tomography. The results for each level of cervical node assessed using these methods were correlated with the pathology reports after surgery. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of the three methods for all levels of cervical lymph node.

Results

There were no significant differences in the diagnostic results obtained by [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography and enhanced computed tomography. However, ultrasonography images gave significantly better results than either [18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography or enhanced computed tomography alone in identifying metastases on the basis of the level of cervical lymph node. In addition, the overall diagnostic accuracy tended to be higher for the lateral compartment than for the central compartment.

Conclusions

Preoperative assessment by ultrasonography of metastases in the central and lateral cervical lymph nodes might be the best methodology for determining the extent of surgical resection required to remove metastatic lymph nodes adequately in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Reduction of salt: will iodine intake remain adequate in The Netherlands?
Authors: Verkaik-Kloosterman Janneke , van 't Veer Pieter , Ocké Marga C.
Published: July 2010

Salt is the main vehicle for iodine fortification in The Netherlands. A reduction in salt intake may reduce the supply of iodine. Our aim was to quantify the effect of salt reduction on the habitual iodine intake of the Dutch population and the risk of inadequate iodine intake. We used data of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1997–8) and an update of the food composition database to estimate habitual salt and iodine intake. To take into account uncertainty about the use of iodised salt (industrial and discretionary) and food supplements, a simulation model was used. Habitual iodine and salt intakes were simulated for scenarios of salt reduction and compared with no salt reduction. With 12, 25 and 50 % salt reduction in industrially processed foods, the iodine intake remained adequate for a large part of the Dutch population. For the extreme scenario of a 50 % reduction in both industrially and discretionary added salt, iodine intake might become inadequate for part of the Dutch population (up to 10 %). An increment of the proportion of industrially processed foods using iodised salt or a small increase in iodine salt content will solve this. Nevertheless, 8–35 % of 1- to 3-year-old children might have iodine intakes below the corresponding estimated average requirement (EAR), depending on the salt intake scenario. This points out the need to review the EAR value for this age group or to suggest the addition of iodine to industrially manufactured complementary foods.
Radical Motherhood: Narcissism and Empathy in Russell Banks's The Darling and Dana Spiotta's Eat the Document
Authors: VARVOGLI ALIKI
Published: July 2010

This article discusses constructions and representations of motherhood in Russell Banks's The Darling and Dana Spiotta's Eat the Document. It argues that the theme of motherhood has a long, if often overlooked, presence in American literature, and that the two novelists use the figure of the mother in order to engage with the themes of empathy and community. The novels participate in familiar postmodernist practices, such as multiple, fragmented viewpoints and narratives, unreliable narrators, non-chronological storytelling and the mingling of fact and fiction. However, they do not wholeheartedly embrace two key postmodern issues: irony and loss of affect. Instead, they seek to move away from some of the postmodern novel's more excessive decathecting tendencies, and they achieve that through their representations of mothers who, in not acquiescing to society's norms, challenge gender roles and cultural assumptions. The two fictional mothers under discussion share a past as Weather Underground activists, and in giving voice to them and refusing to demonize them as “bad” mothers, their creators also seek to expose other American narratives that reinforce dominant ideology and suppress the margins.
Investigation of the subgrid-scale fluxes and their production rates in a convective atmospheric surface layer using measurement data
Authors: CHEN QINGLIN , LIU SHUAISHUAI , TONG CHENNING
Published: July 2010

The subgrid-scale (SGS) potential temperature flux and stress in the atmospheric surface layer are studied using field measurement data. We analyse the mean values of the SGS temperature flux, the SGS temperature flux production rate, the SGS temperature variance production rate, the SGS stress and the SGS stress production rate conditional on both the resolvable-scale velocity and temperature, which must be reproduced by SGS models for large-eddy simulation to reproduce the one-point resolvable-scale velocity–temperature joint probability density function (JPDF). The results show that the conditional statistics generally depend on the resolvable-scale velocity and temperature fluctuations, indicating that these conditional variables have strong influences on the resolvable-scale statistics. The dependencies of the conditional SGS stress and the SGS stress production rate, which are partly due to the effects of flow history and buoyancy, suggest that model predictions of the SGS stress also affect the resolvable-scale temperature statistics. The results for the conditional flux and the conditional flux production rate vectors have similar trends. These conditional vectors are also well aligned. The positive temperature fluctuations associated with updrafts are found to have a qualitatively different influence on the conditional statistics than the negative temperature fluctuations associated with downdrafts. The conditional temperature flux and the temperature flux production rate predicted using several SGS models are compared with measurements in statistical a priori tests. The predictions using the nonlinear model are found to be closely related to the predictions using the Smagorinsky model. Several potential effects of the SGS model deficiencies on the resolvable-scale statistics, such as the overprediction of the vertical mean temperature gradient and the underprediction of the vertical temperature flux, are identified. The results suggest that efforts to improve the LES prediction of a resolvable-scale statistic must consider all the relevant SGS components identified using the JPDF equation and the surface layer dynamics. This study also provides impetus for further investigations of the JPDF equation, especially analytical studies on the relationship between the JPDF and the SGS terms that govern its evolution.
Where would we be without rules? A virtue ethics approach to foreign policy analysis
Authors: GASKARTH JAMIE
Published: July 2010

Recent decades have seen a heightened interest in the ethics of foreign policymaking. This literature has overwhelmingly explored the ethical dilemmas faced by policymakers in terms of situations and the structures – either political/economic, normative and/or linguistic – that shape actions. The subjective experience of ethical decisionmaking in this arena and the character of the individuals making policy choices have been largely neglected. However, the apparently greater scope for moral action in the post-Cold War era, combined with the growth in global institutions designed to enforce individual accountability – such as the International Criminal Court – suggest that more effort should be placed on understanding ethics in terms of the individual. This article seeks to combine the work of political and social psychologists with the philosophical literature on virtue theory to see what new insights these might offer into the ethics of foreign policy. It argues that virtue ethics provide an effective means to critique the morality of foreign policy decisions. This is evinced by an exploration of Tony Blair's decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003.
Antitumoural activity in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthic organisms
Authors: Taboada Sergi , García-Fernández Luis Francisco , Bueno Santiago , Vázquez Jennifer , Cuevas Carmen , Avila Conxita
Published: July 2010

A prospecting search for antitumoural activity in polar benthic invertebrates was conducted on Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos in three different areas: Bouvet Island (sub-Antarctic), eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) and the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). A total of 770 benthic invertebrate samples (corresponding to at least 290 different species) from 12 different phyla were assayed to establish their pharmacological potential against three human tumour cell lines (colorectal adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast adenocarcinoma). Bioassays resulted in 15 different species showing anticancer activity corresponding to five different phyla: Tunicata (5), Porifera (4), Cnidaria (3), Echinodermata (2) and Annelida (1). This appears to be the largest pharmacological study ever carried out in Antarctica and it shows very promising antitumoural activities in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic benthos.
Tectonic and petrologic evolution of the Kodiak batholith and the trenchward belt, Kodiak Island, AK: Contact fault juxtaposition?
Authors: Farris David W.
Published: July 2010

Two fore‐arc magmatic belts exist in Kodiak Island, the granitic Kodiak batholith and the basaltic trenchward belt. Both are part of the 2100 km long Sanak‐Baranof belt, interpreted to result from trench‐ridge‐trench (T‐R‐T) triple‐junction migration. In this hypothesis, trenchward belt basaltic rocks formed as the spreading ridge first entered the accretionary prism, and the larger Kodiak batholith resulted from a slab window at depth. However, radiometric dates between the two belts differ in age by up to 1–3 Ma. Kodiak batholith U/Pb zircon ages range from 59.2 to 58.4 ± 0.2 Ma (SW‐NE), whereas trenchward belt ages range from 62.6 ± 0.6 (K‐Ar) to 60.15 ± 0.86 (Ar/Ar whole rock) SW‐NE. This suggests that both fore‐arc magmatic belts did not form from a single triple‐junction passage, because at 60–62 Ma the triple junction was several hundred kilometers west of Kodiak Island. Multiple explanations exist for the age disparity between the two belts, including oblique ridge subduction, Contact fault tectonic juxtaposition, slab window thermal lag, multiple triple‐junction passages, or off‐axis ridge magmatism. Geochemical data such as rare earth metal (REE) curves and Zr/Nb of >30 indicate the trenchward belt rocks have a mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB)–like character. Major and trace element modeling indicate that trenchward belt rocks resulted from assimilation‐fractional‐crystallization of MORB with Ghost Rocks Formation argillite, whereas the Kodiak batholith formed via partial melting and en masse mobilization of Kodiak Formation metasedimentary rocks with a small basaltic component and subsequent equilibrium‐crystallization and restite separation. The petrologic origin of both belts is compatible with spreading ridge subduction. Fault zone structural data suggest the Kodiak batholith/trenchward belt age differential resulted from oblique ridge subduction and Contact fault displacement.
It takes three to tango: 2. Bubble dynamics in basaltic volcanoes and ramifications for modeling normal Strombolian activity
Authors: Suckale Jenny , Hager Bradford H. , Elkins‐Tanton Linda T. , Nave Jean‐Christophe
Published: July 2010

This is the second paper of two that examine numerical simulations of buoyancy‐driven flow in the presence of large viscosity contrasts. In the first paper, we demonstrated that a combination of three numerical tools, an extended ghost fluid type method, the level set approach, and the extension velocity technique, accurately simulates complex interface dynamics in the presence of large viscosity contrasts. In this paper, we use this threefold numerical method to investigate bubble dynamics in the conduits of basaltic volcanos with a focus on normal Strombolian eruptions. Strombolian type activity, named after the famously episodic eruptions at Stromboli volcano, is characterized by temporally discrete fountains of incandescent clasts. The mildly explosive nature of normal Strombolian activity, as compared to more effusive variants of basaltic volcanism, is related to the presence of dissolved gas in the magma, yielding a complex two‐phase flow problem. We present a detailed scaling analysis allowing identification of the pertinent regime for a given flow problem. The dynamic interactions between gas and magma can be classified into three nondimensional regimes on the basis of bubble sizes and magma viscosity. Resolving the fluid dynamics at the scale of individual bubbles is not equally important in all three regimes: As long as bubbles remain small enough to be spherical, their dynamic interactions are limited compared to the rich spectrum of coalescence and breakup processes observed for deformable bubbles, in particular, once inertia ceases to be negligible. One key finding in our simulations is that both large gas bubbles and large conduit‐filling gas pockets (“slugs”) are prone to dynamic instabilities that lead to their rapid breakup during buoyancy‐driven ascent. We provide upper bound estimates for the maximum stable bubble size in a given magmatic system and discuss the ramifications of our results for two commonly used models of normal Strombolian type activity, the rise‐speed‐dependent model and the collapsing foam model.
Threshold changes in storm runoff generation at a till‐mantled headwater catchment
Authors: Detty J. M. , McGuire K. J.
Published: July 2010

A small research watershed in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire was equipped with a spatially distributed instrument network designed to continuously monitor hydrometric responses in the shallow subsurface. We analyzed rainfall events during seasonal wet up from late summer through autumn to investigate the mechanisms of runoff generation and the patterns of rainfall‐runoff response at the catchment outlet. Our results show that storm quick flow depths displayed a threshold relationship with two independently measured soil moisture indices: a maximum water table height index and the sum of gross precipitation and antecedent soil moisture. Quick flow depths during events with below‐threshold criteria were not significantly correlated with either index, while quick flow depths during events with above‐threshold criteria were strongly correlated with both indices (r ≥ 0.98). The effective runoff contributing area (estimated by event runoff ratios) also changed significantly between above‐ and below‐threshold conditions, as did the synchronicity between groundwater fluctuations and streamflow. Below the threshold, we inferred that catchment runoff was generated primarily in the near‐stream zones, while above the threshold the contributing area likely expanded laterally onto neighboring hillslopes. Our results show that the effective saturated hydraulic conductivity appeared to increase significantly during runoff events with above‐threshold conditions, possibly owing to water tables rising into highly transmissive near‐surface soils. We believe the observed threshold pattern may partially be explained as a transmissivity feedback mechanism and/or preferential flows through macropore networks which allowed for a rapid expansion of the runoff contributing area onto hillslopes, resulting in increased runoff yields.
Moisture source temperatures and precipitation δ18O‐temperature relationships across the United States
Authors: Vachon R. W. , Welker J. M. , White J. W. C. , Vaughn B. H.
Published: July 2010

Understanding and modeling precipitation isotope (δ18O and δD) patterns for large regions of the globe requires quantifying processes governing continental‐scale climatology and hydrology. In this study, we have evaluated the extent to which inclusion of monthly moisture source temperature and moisture source locations in the Rayleigh distillation model aid in reproducing the relationships between monthly time series of precipitation isotope (δ18O) values and temperature across the contiguous United States. The steepest isotope‐temperature slopes (0.5‰–0.6‰ δ18O/°C) and greatest δ18O value correlations with temperature (r2 = 0.5–0.8), derived from 5 continuous years of the data from the United States Network for Isotopes in Precipitation, occurred in the high altitudes of the Rocky Mountains and the upper Great Lakes region. The isotope‐temperature slopes derived from the site‐specific time series were consistently lower along the coastal regions of the United States as were the coefficients of determination. The low coastal isotope‐temperature slopes are not easily explained by the simple Rayleigh model that uses condensation temperatures as the primary driver of precipitation isotopes. However, the Raleigh model equipped with moisture source temperatures defined by seasonal temperature oscillations and migrating moisture source locations provides a robust replication of the δ18O‐temperature slopes along coastal regions. These findings emphasize the importance of moisture sources conditions when interpreting palaeoclimate proxies (i.e., tree rings, ice cores, etc.), and argue that moisture source dynamics should always be included in models that use isotopes as diagnostic tools in testing hydrologic models.