bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3242 Stressful experiences and adherence to HIV care among Black Women Living with HIV: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Lambert Crystal Chapman , McDavid Chastity , Thomas Tammi F. , King Kiko , Azuero Andres , Holstad Marcia , Raper James L. , Turan Janet M. , Mugavero Michael J.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our primary objective was to understand the relationship between incident or recent stressful events and adherence to HIV care in the context of other person, environment, and HIV-specific stressors in a sample of Black women living with HIV (WLWH). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted with Black women living with HIV who receive care at an academic HIV primary care clinic in the Southern region of the United States to elicit stressful events influencing adherence to HIV care. Semi-structured interview guides were used to facilitate discussion regarding stressful events and adherence to HIV care. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were independently coded using a theme-based approach by two experienced coders, findings were compared, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants described frequently experiencing incident stressful events including death or serious illness of a close friend or family member, and relationship, financial, and employment difficulties. Furthermore, participants reported experiencing traumatic events such as sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adolescents. While experiencing traumatic events such as sexual and physical abuse during childhood and adolescence may be distressing, these events did not influence adherence to HIV care. However, incident stressful events as defined above did influence adherence to HIV care for some participants, but not for others. For participants who reported that stressful events did not influence adherence to HIV care, factors such as personal motivation, access to social support, and adaptive coping strategies facilitated their engagement in care. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Experiencing stressful events, incident or traumatic, is common among Black WLWH and have the potential to negatively influence adherence to HIV care. Thus, Interventions aimed at identifying and addressing stress, social support, and coping are essential to improve adherence to HIV care behaviors.
3528 Common Mechanisms Underlying Epilepsy and Tauopathy
Authors: Cloyd Ryan Adam , Abisambra Joe , Smith Bret
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Neurologic disorders are among the most significant health challenges facing society today. Although different neurologic disorders are often thought to be distinct from one another, evidence suggests similar processes may contribute to pathology in different diseases. Previous studies suggest that common disease mechanisms contribute to the development of epilepsy and tauopathy. The purpose of this study is to better characterize this relationship and explore potential therapeutic avenues to slow disease progress. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This study uses the pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy to explore the effect of severe seizures on tau pathology. Brains were collected from mice at 6 or 24 hours after induced status epilepticus. Homogenates were analyzed via Western blot to look for changes in tau phosphorylation or activity of two major regulators of tau phosphorylation, GSK3β and PP2A. These data show that changes in tau phosphorylation dynamics occur at a much earlier time point after status epilepticus than has previously been described. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: GSK3β activity increased within 6 hours and remained elevated by 24 hours. PP2A activity initially decreased but returned to normal by 24 hours. These data show that changes in tau phosphorylation dynamics occur at a much earlier time point after status epilepticus than has previously been described. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The current project supports previous observations that seizures promote tau phosphorylation in vivo, but suggests that changes begin much earlier than previously thought. Further work is needed to understand how post-seizure changes in tau phosphorylation develop over longer periods of time. Additionally, future work will characterize the effect of tauopathy on electrical activity in vivo and in vivo.
3372 Developing a REDCap Database to Understand Partnership Cultivation Efforts
Authors: Robles-Schrader Grisel M. , Curry Gina , Serrato Josefina , Brown Jen , Herzog Keith A
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS:.Outline the development and purpose of the partnership brokering database in REDCap. Provide an overview of the tool and how it works. Discuss how this tool facilitates partnership-brokering activities and discuss plans for future use METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) is a secure, web-based application developed at Vanderbilt University to assist with systematic data management of small and medium sized projects. CCH utilized REDCap to build a custom data management warehouse entitled the Partnership Brokering Tool. Information compiled in various formats (handwritten notes, spreadsheets, etc.) over the past 10 years by CCH staff, was then systematically organized and entered into the Partnership Brokering Tool. The tool captures information such as individual contact information, organizational affiliation (academic, community, faith, government etc.), research interests (35 categories - asthma, diabetes, heart disease, etc.), communities of foci (children, elderly, LGBTQ, ethnicity, etc.), and target geographic community served (Chicago north, south, suburban, Illinois, etc.). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Data was compiled on 451 community groups and organizations and 77 partners in academia thus far. Community organizations represent a range of community sectors including advocacy and policy groups, community-based, faith-based organizations, foundations, media, schools, etc. throughout the Chicagoland area. Data analysis activities are underway, however, results will also be shared regarding characteristics of the communities these organizations serve including:. Age range. Special populations (as defined by the CSTI grant). Underrepresented racial and ethnic communities. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The Partnership Brokering Tool has provided a format for CCH to systematically gather information about the relationships staff have cultivated with community groups and organizations. Unlike an email management system, this REDCap project is highly useful in capturing the parameters of our partner pool, identifying partnership gaps, and matching individuals interested in collaborating with researchers or community organizations that have a particular skill set or research interest. The Partnership Brokering Tool has also facilitated stakeholder engagement dedicated to guiding the centers’ overall goals, objectives, and programming. Finally, utilizing REDCap has streamlined efforts in reporting quantitative and qualitative data about these organizations. In the next phase of this project, CCH will utilize the database to assess the nature of the relationship between CCH and community groups and organizations.
3417 Impact of Protein-Energy Malnutrition on Outcomes of Heart Failure Hospitalizations
Authors: Adejumo Adeyinka Charles , Ogundipe Olumuyiwa
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Chronically elevated cytokines from un-abating low-grade inflammation in heart failure (HF) results in Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM). However, the impact of PEM on clinical outcomes of admissions for HF exacerbations has not been evaluated in a national data. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From the 2012-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) patient’s discharge records for primary HF admissions, we identified patients with concomitant PEM, and their demographic and comorbid factors. We propensity-matched PEM cohorts (32,771) to no-PEM controls (1:1) using a greedy algorithm-based methodology and estimated the effect of different clinical outcomes (SAS 9.4). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There were 32,771 (~163,885) cases of PEM among the 541,679 (~2,708,395) primary admissions for HF between 2012 and 2014 in the US. PEM cases were older (PEM:76 vs. no-PEM:72 years), Whites (70.75% vs. 67.30%), and had higher comorbid burden, with Deyo-comorbidity index >3 (31.61% vs. 26.30%). However, PEM cases had lower rates of obesity, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. After propensity-matching, PEM was associated with higher mortality (AOR:2.48[2.31-2.66]), cardiogenic shock (3.11[2.79-3.46]), cardiac arrest (2.30[1.96-2.70]), acute kidney failure (1.49[1.44-1.54]), acute respiratory failure (1.57[1.51-1.64]), mechanical ventilation (2.72[2.50-2.97]). PEM also resulted in higher non-routine discharges (2.24[2.17-2.31]), hospital cost ($80,534[78,496-82,625] vs. $43,226[42,376-44,093]) and longer duration of admission (8.61[8.49-8.74] vs. 5.28[5.23-5.34] days). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In the US, PEM is a common comorbidity among hospitalized HF subjects, and results in devastating health outcomes. Early identification and prevention of PEM in heart failure subjects during clinic visits and prompt treatment of PEM both in the clinic and during hospitalization are essential to decrease the excess burden of PEM.
3050 Engagement in Out-Patient Services among Pregnant and Postpartum Women with Opioid Addiction: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Peacock-Chambers Elizabeth , Paterno Mary T. , Kiely Daniel , Fioroni Tinamarie , Friedmann Peter D.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study aims to understand the factors influencing engagement with out-patient services from pregnancy to 1 year postpartum among women in recovery from opioid use disorders (OUD). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews and a brief survey with 20 mothers in OUD recovery recruited from health care and community organizations in Western MA. Transcripts were coded by two independent coders and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The average duration of any addiction treatment among the 20 participants was 5.6 years with 80% receiving medication-assisted treatment during a pregnancy. Approximately two-thirds experienced relapse during pregnancy or the first year postpartum. We identified 3 themes elucidating women’s experiences around service engagement: “How I see myself” (personal development), “How services see me” (service delivery quality), and “Are you with me?” Personal development included response to past trauma, coping strategies and self-advocacy, and adjusting to parenthood. Service delivery quality was influenced by service design, efficacy of individual providers, and cultural norms (organizational and societal). In the final theme, intersection of individual and service-level factors influenced the degree and quality of the women’s experience engaging with services. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Women describe successful engagement when they experience service providers as being emotionally supportive, delivering relevant services, and advocating on their behalf. To best support and engage families affected by OUD, relevant and timely services should be linked with compassionate delivery.
3345 Group Concept Mapping of Stakeholder’s Ideas to Increase the Quantity and Quality of Clinical and Translational Research in Rhode Island
Authors: Kogut Stephen , Fede Jacquelyn , Hayward Anthony , Stevenson John
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We sought to solicit and synthesize stakeholders’ ideas for how the Advance-CTR program can best increase the quality and quality of clinical and translational research in Rhode Island, and to apply these findings to address barriers and strengthen research capabilities across our partner institutions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized a Group Concept Mapping approach, involving university and Institution-based researchers and administrators. The process was conducted using the web-based concept mapping application CS Global Max (Concept Systems, Inc). Respondents were asked to provide their best ideas for promoting clinical and translational research in RI. These ideas were then organized by our project team into a set of unique items for consideration by attendees of an Advance-CTR retreat. Participants were tasked with sorting these ideas by theme (cluster), and were also asked to rate each idea according its importance and feasibility. Using the online software, these clusters and ratings were analyzed to identify key themes and to explore differences among sub-groups. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The Group Concept Mapping exercise yielded 150 statements that were edited down to 78 unique ideas, and clustered into nine themes (e.g., institutional collaboration, training). Fifty-seven retreat participants completed the sorting and rating tasks of the concept mapping exercise. Overall, ideas rated as highly important and highly feasible included “providing seed grants to encourage new collaborations across basic science,” and “connecting researchers with common interests.” Top rated items varied across institutions and according to respondent demographics, allowing us to consider the unique issues relevant to particular groups. Relative rankings of clusters across groups revealed notable differences, such as higher importance placed on community engagement among administrators as compared with researchers, and differences in needs for internal support for research between universities. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Group Concept Mapping was an effective and insightful participatory approach to engage our program’s stakeholders in developing ideas and identifying challenges to enhancing clinical and translational research in Rhode Island. Our results have implications for project decision-making and initiatives to facilitate translational research in RI. Thus, results have been presented to the Advance-CTR community via webinar, as well as Advance-CTR project leadership and advisory committees.
3025 Individual Anesthesia Provider Performance Assessment
Authors: Maman Stephan , Andreae Michael
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: We developed a multilevel hierarchical statistical model which describes the association of prophylactic interventions to patient PONV risk, and provides an intuitive summary for anesthesiologists to understand how well they are adhering to PONV guidelines. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Accepted PONV risk factors as well as preventative interventions to reduce the PONV risk, (e.g. total intravenous anesthesia or pharmacological prophylaxis) are retrieved from the electronic medical record (EMR). Risk is regressed against interventions. Fig 1, Panel A visualizes adherence for an individual provider by plotting anesthesia cases, with PONV risk in the x-axis and the number of interventions in the y-axis. Fig 1, Panel B shows a “Jitterplot”, jittering individual cases, which would otherwise plot onto the same coordinates (Panel A). The distribution of the number of interventions in each risk category is better summarized in Fig 1 Panel C by overlaying a violin plot onto the “Jitterplot”. Finally, a fitted regression line provides a summary measure for the individual provider’s risk-adjusted utilization of PONV prophylaxis in Fig 1, Panel D. The model can control for confounders and interactions, such as patient or procedure characteristics, such as supervision by attending physicians, institutional culture, and surgical procedure. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Fig. 2, Panel A demonstrates good adherence. The provider responded to increased risk with additional interventions leading to a steep regression line. Less discriminate administration of prophylaxis is shown in Fig 2, Panel B. The graphical representation of our proposed measure of individual provider performance is intuitive, allowing us to compare adherence of two distinct groups of providers (light lines) and institutional averages (dark lines) as shown in Fig 2, Panel C. Controlling for known risk factors and potential confounders renders the assessment irrepudiable. The rigorous statistical approach allows for multi-level modeling and comparative effectiveness research, realistically evaluating process changes and interventions like CDS in the hierarchical structure of contemporary healthcare delivery. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The strength of our novel measure of individual provider performance is its generalizability to other care settings, as well as the intuitive graphical representation of risk-adjusted individual performance. However, accuracy, precision and validity, sensitivity to system perturbations (like the implementation of CDS), and acceptance among providers remain to be evaluated. Fig 1. Risk-Adjusted Utilization of Antiemetic Prophylaxis Fig 2. Comparing Performance between Provider Groups
3201 Patient Perceptions of Healthcare Provider Interactions among Higher-Weight Women with Eating Disorders: Opportunities for Earlier Screening, Improved Referral, and Increased Clinician Rapport
Authors: Harrop Erin Nicole
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objective: Identify barriers and facilitators of positive patient-provider interactions for AAN patients. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Methods: Using a mixed-methods, longitudinal, patient-interview design, N = 29 (to date) women with a history of AAN have been enrolled. Each patient completed a diagnostic interview and standardized surveys to establish ED diagnosis, severity, and associated psychopathology. Transcribed, semi-structured qualitative interviews are assessed for common themes using content analysis methods. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Anticipated Results: Patients aged 18 to 74 (M = 36.3, SD = 12.0), with mean BMI = 39.8 (22.7-61.1; SD = 11.3), and mean weight suppression (lbs) during their illness = 119.41 (SD = 69.3). Women reported a mean=12.75 years (0-37 years, SD = 10.5) treatment delay. Qualitative analysis revealed the following barriers in healthcare provider interactions: 1) experiences of provider weight-bias, 2) low specificity in ED screening questions, 3) lack of indicated screening procedures/diagnostic tests (orthostatic screening, EKG, food log, labs), and 4) provider praise of ED behaviors. Facilitators: 1) lower BMI at presentation, 2) provider education in EDs, 3) community-provider collaboration, and 4) patient self- and family- advocacy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Discussion: Unfortunately, while early intervention best predicts positive outcomes, higher-weight patients in this study experienced significant treatment delay. Translationally, it is taking too long for AAN patients to receive the right treatment at the right time. However, findings indicate that interventions at the provider level (increasing ED education, building community partnerships, increased adherence to screening protocols) could improve screening, diagnostic, and referral practices—and ultimately long-term outcomes for this unique patient population.
3579 The role of CypD/mPTP during osteogenic differentiation - a potential target to prevent bone loss
Authors: Sautchuk Rubens , Shares Brianna H. , Eliseev Roman A.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The study aims to further investigate how cyclophilin D (CypD), the key mPTP opening regulator, affects BMSCs fate and to determine potential regulatory mechanisms involved in CypD regulation during osteogenesis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We evaluated CypD mRNA expression in mouse BMSCs and in osteogenic-like (OL) cells during the course of OB differentiation. CypD protein level was also probed. Moreover, BMSCs had their mPTP activity recorded during osteoinduction. We further analyzed the effect of CypD genetic deletion on osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. For our in vivo model, we performed the ectopic bone formation assay to asses differences in ossicle formation when CypD KO BMSCs were transplanted compared to wild type littermate BMSCs. In our in vitro model, we transfected OL cells with either CypD gain of function or CypD loss of function vector and measured their osteogenic differentiation potential. Additionally, we treated BMSCs with CypD inhibitor and compare to non-treated BMSCs for mineralization level. To determine potential regulatory mechanisms involved in CypD regulation, we analyzed the CypD gene (Ppif) promoter for potential transcription factor (TF) binding sites and found multiple Smad-binding elements within this promoter. Smads (Smad1, 5, 8) are TFs downstream from Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway that transmit cell differentiation signaling, and exert either activating or inhibitory effects on a variety of genes. We also transfect OL cells with Smad1 vector and analyzed for CypD mRNA levels. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: - Our data showed that CypD mRNA levels decreased in both primary cells and OL cells at day 7 and day 14 in osteogenic media. - Osteogenic induction also decreased mPTP activity. - In vivo ectopic bone formation assay showed increased ossicle fo DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our data suggest that downregulation of CypD increases OB differentiation due to improved OxPhos activity led by mPTP closure. Our results corroborate reports of CypD downregulation and mPTP closure during neuronal differentiation in developing rat brains as well as in cardiomyocyte differentiation in developing mouse hearts. Our studies also suggest a yet unknown mechanism linking differentiation signaling with mitochondrial function – BMP/Smad mediated downregulation of CypD transcription. As initially mentioned, in a previous study, our lab showed that CypD KO mice present higher mitochondrial function and osteogenicity in aged BMSCs and less osteoporosis burden. Taken together, these results suggest that CypD can be a potential target to prevent bone loss in aging.
3213 Unraveling the role of Phospholamban (PLN) in humans via the characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Cardiomyocytes (CM) derived from carriers of a lethal PLN mutation
Authors: Trivieri Maria Giovanna , Stillitano Francesca , Ceholski Delaine , Turnbull Irene , Costa Kevin , Weber Thomas , Fish Kenneth , Kranias Evangelia , Hajjar Roger
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To study the biology of Phosholamban (PLN) in a human relevant model. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: State of the art stem-cell technologies using iPSC-CMs derived from carriers of a lethal PLN mutation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary data demonstrate that this particular PLN mutation (L39) results in reduced expression and mis-localization of PLN as well as increased incidence of early after depolarization in isolated iPSC-CMs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Phospholamban (PLN) is a critical regulator of Ca++ homeostasis yet many uncertainties still remain regarding its role in humans. Our study will provide unique insights into the pathophysiology of this protein in HF.
3199 Effect of OSAS on Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Risk in PCOS Adolescents
Authors: Underland Lisa , Kenigsberg Lisa , Arens Ranaan , Heptulla Rubina
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study seeks to evaluate the role of PCOS in insulin resistance and sleep apnea in adolescents. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 37 adolescent patients 13-21 with PCOS (27 obese, 11 lean), along with 8 controls ages 18-21 were recruited. Subjects underwent a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp study and a proportion of the PCOS subjects also underwent polysomnography. Baseline parameters were compared and M/I (index of insulin sensitivity), and GIR were compared. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: M/I was only statistically significantly different between obese PCOS subjects vs control (0.056 vs 0.17, p=0.0061). GIR was higher in the obese PCOS group compared to the lean PCOS group (2.48 vs 6.79, p=0.0001). There were no differences in GIR between the lean PCOS subjects and control (6.79 vs 9.08, p=0.30). 21 obese PCOS subjects and 10 lean PCOS underwent polysomnography. None of the lean PCOS subjects had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). 8 of the obese subjects had OSA. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: More studies are needed to assess insulin sensitivity and sleep apnea in adolescents with lean PCOS. Our study did not find more insulin resistance in adolescents with PCOS compared to lean controls apart from what would be expected from obesity. Of adolescent obese subjects with PCOS, OSA seems quite prevalent and providers should consider screening and referral for these patients.
RANDOM MATRICES WITH SLOW CORRELATION DECAY
Authors: ERDŐS LÁSZLÓ , KRÜGER TORBEN , SCHRÖDER DOMINIK
Published: March 2019

We consider large random matrices with a general slowly decaying correlation among its entries. We prove universality of the local eigenvalue statistics and optimal local laws for the resolvent away from the spectral edges, generalizing the recent result of Ajankiet al.[‘Stability of the matrix Dyson equation and random matrices with correlations’,Probab. Theory Related Fields173(1–2) (2019), 293–373] to allow slow correlation decay and arbitrary expectation. The main novel tool is a systematic diagrammatic control of a multivariate cumulant expansion.
Labouring Transformations of Amphibious Monsters: Exploring Early Modern Globalization, Diversity, and Shifting Clusters of Labour Relations in the Context of the Dutch East India Company (1600–1800)
Authors: van Rossum Matthias
Published: March 2019

Early modern globalization depended on labour-intensive production and transport of global commodities. Throughout the Dutch Empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries labour was mobilized through a variety of different labour relations (especially casual, contract, slave, and corvée labour). The mobilization of these workers often entailed movements over short, but more often long, distances. Port cities were crucial nodal points connecting various sites of production and circuits of distribution. Furthermore, these ports were themselves also important working environments (ranging from transport and storage, to production and security). As a result, workers from various regional, social, and cultural backgrounds worked in the same environments and were confronted with each other – as well as with the legal and disciplining regimes of early modern urban and corporate authorities. This article studies the development of labour relations in the port work of the Dutch Asian empire, looking at the mobilization and control of labour for dock work (loading and unloading of ships) and transport in its urban surroundings. It will analyse and compare the development of the need for labour, the employment of different sets of labour relations, and the mechanisms of control that developed from it. As the largest trading company active in Asia (up to the 1750s), the case of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) is crucial in understanding the impact of early imperial and capitalist development in changing global social and labour relations.
Zoonotic approach to Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli: integrated analysis of virulence and antimicrobial resistance in ruminants and humans
Authors: Oporto B. , Ocejo M. , Alkorta M. , Marimón J. M. , Montes M. , Hurtado A.
Published: March 2019

In 2014–2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 115 sheep, 104 beef and 82 dairy cattle herds to estimate Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) prevalence, and collected data on human clinical cases of infection. Isolates were characterised (stx1,stx2,eae,ehxA) and serogroups O157 and O111 identified by PCR, and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles were determined by broth microdilution. STEC were more frequently isolated from beef cattle herds (63.5%) and sheep flocks (56.5%) than from dairy cattle herds (30.5%) (P< 0.001). A similar but non-significant trend was observed for O157:H7 STEC. In humans, mean annual incidence rate was 1.7 cases/100 000 inhabitants for O157 STEC and 4.7 for non-O157 STEC, but cases concentrated among younger patients. Distribution of virulence genes in STEC strains from ruminants differed from those from human clinical cases. Thus,stx2 was significantly associated with animal STEC isolates (O157 and non-O157),ehxA to ruminant O157 STEC (P= 0.004) andeaeto human non-O157 STEC isolates (P< 0.001). Resistance was detected in 21.9% of human and 5.2% of animal O157 STEC isolates, whereas all non-O157 isolates were fully susceptible. In conclusion, STEC were widespread in ruminants, but only some carried virulence genes associated with severe disease in humans; AMR in ruminants was low but profiles were similar to those found in human isolates.
Entire solutions of the Fisher–KPP equation on the half line
Authors: LOU BENDONG , LU JUNFAN , MORITA YOSHIHISA
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we study the entire solutions of the Fisher–KPP (Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov) equation ut = uxx + f(u) on the half line [0, ∞) with Dirichlet boundary condition at x = 0. (1) For any $c \ge 2\sqrt {f'(0)} $, we show the existence of an entire solution ${{\cal U}^c}(x,t)$ which connects the traveling wave solution φc(x + ct) at t = −∞ and the unique positive stationary solution V(x) at t = +∞; (2) We also construct an entire solution ${{\cal U}}(x,t)$ which connects the solution of ηt = f(η) at t = −∞ and V(x) at t = +∞.
How full is your glass? Portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits at home in the Netherlands
Authors: de Beukelaar Myrthe FA , Janse Marion L , Sierksma Aafje , Feskens Edith JM , de Vries Jeanne HM
Published: March 2019

Objective

Alcohol consumption may be wrongly estimated because of inaccurate information on actual portion sizes. We compared portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits poured at home with the Dutch standard drink sizes.

Design

Participants measured portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits at home up to a maximum of three times and reported these via an online survey. Average portion sizes (in millilitres) were compared with the Dutch standard drink sizes. Portion sizes were compared between subgroups of gender, age, BMI and level of education, and for different glass types.

Setting

Wageningen and surroundings, the Netherlands.

Participants

Adults (N 201) living in the Netherlands and consuming wine and/or straight spirits at home at least once per week.

Results

Participants poured on average 129·4 ml white wine and 131·7 ml red wine, which is significantly more than the standard of 100 ml. For fortified wine, the average poured amount was 94·0 ml, significantly more than the standard of 50 ml; also for straight spirits the poured amount was significantly more than the standard (47·0 v. 35 ml).

Conclusions

Participants’ portion sizes of wine, fortified wine and straight spirits poured at home were on average larger than the Dutch standard drink sizes. This suggests that at-home alcohol consumption in the Netherlands is underestimated.
Physician perceptions of the types of roles interpreters play in limited English proficient pediatric encounters and how they evaluate the quality of interpretation
Authors: Schwei Rebecca J. , Guerrero Natalie , Small Alissa L. , Jacobs Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand different roles that interpreters play in a pediatric, limited English proficient (LEP) health care encounter and to describe what factors within each role inform physicians’ assessment of the overall quality of interpretation.

Background

Language barriers contribute to lower quality of care in LEP pediatric patients compared to their English-speaking counterparts. Use of professional medical interpreters has been shown to improve communication and decrease medical errors in pediatric LEP patients. In addition, in many pediatric encounters, interpreters take on roles beyond that of a pure language conduit.

Methods

We conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with pediatricians and family medicine physicians in one health system. Transcripts were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We analyzed our data using directed content analysis. Two study team members coded all transcripts, reviewed agreement, and resolved discrepancies.

Findings

Physicians described four different interpreter roles: language conduit, flow manager, relationship builder, and cultural insider. Within each role, physicians described components of quality that informed their assessment of the overall quality of interpretation during a pediatric encounter. We found that for many physicians, a high-quality interpreted encounter involves multiple roles beyond language transmission. It is important for health care systems to understand how health care staff conceptualize these relationships so that they can develop appropriate expectations and trainings for medical interpreters in order to improve health outcomes in pediatric LEP patients.
A community engaged primary healthcare strategy to address rural school student inequities: a descriptive paper
Authors: Jones Debra , Ballard Jacqueline , Dyson Robert , Macbeth Peter , Lyle David , Sunny Palatty , Thomas Anu , Sharma Indira
Published: March 2019

Aim

This descriptive paper aims to describe the design and implementation of a community engaged primary healthcare strategy in rural Australia, the Primary Healthcare Registered Nurse: Schools-Based strategy. This strategy seeks to address the health, education and social inequities confronting children and adolescents through community engaged service provision and nursing practice.

Background

There have been increasing calls for primary healthcare approaches to address rural health inequities, including contextualised healthcare, enhanced healthcare access, community engagement in needs and solutions identification and local-level collaborations. However, rural healthcare can be poorly aligned to community contexts and needs and be firmly entrenched in health systems, marginalising community participation.

Methods

This strategy has been designed to enhance nursing service and practice responsiveness to the rural context, primary healthcare principles, and community experiences and expectations of healthcare. The strategy is underpinned by a cross-sector collaboration between a local health district, school education and a university department of rural health. A research framework is being developed to explore strategy impacts for service recipients, cross-sector systems, and the establishment and maintenance of a primary healthcare nursing workforce.

Findings

Although in the early stages of implementation, key learnings have been acquired and strategic, relationship, resource and workforce gains achieved.
An Investigation of Hydrate Formation in Unsaturated Sediments Using X‐Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Lei Liang , Liu Zhichao , Seol Yongkoo , Boswell Ray , Dai Sheng
Published: March 2019

Physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments are often correlated with hydrate saturation with little or no information on hydrate distribution uniformity in the specimens. This study focuses on water redistribution and sediment skeleton shift depending on various hydrate formation conditions in unsaturated systems, as well as on the resulting hydrate distribution patterns. Using X‐ray computed tomography, we investigate the factors such as fines content and the pressure‐temperature path on mass migration during carbon dioxide hydrate formation. The experiments show water migration, preferential hydrate formation toward the core periphery, localized patchy hydrate distribution, and sediment particle movement toward the core center. Sediment particle movement can be impeded in densely packed specimens. The overall mass migration due to hydrate formation can be significantly suppressed by adding 5% by mass of kaolinite. Hydrate formation initiated by pressurization and then cooling causes less mass migration than the cases where hydrate is formed using cooling followed by pressurization or pressurizing frozen cores followed by heating methods. Freezing can induce water migration and particle pushing in a similar manner as hydrate formation. Image analyses show that the pressure‐temperature path and the rates of heat transfer during hydrate nucleation and growth govern the uniformity of hydrate distribution in sediments.
Topography and Microclimate Shape Tree Ring Growth
Authors: Sidder Aaron
Published: March 2019

Wizened bristlecone pines in California reveal past climate trends, and new research shows how slight variations in landscape position drive different growth patterns in trees’ annual rings.
Deciphering the chronology of copy number alterations in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Aktas Samur Anil , Minvielle Stephane , Shammas Masood , Fulciniti Mariateresa , Magrangeas Florence , Richardson Paul G. , Moreau Philippe , Attal Michel , Anderson Kenneth C. , Parmigiani Giovanni , Avet-Loiseau Hervé , Munshi Nikhil C. , Samur Mehmet Kemal
Published: March 2019

Multiple myeloma (MM) and its precursor condition MGUS are characterized by chromosomal aberrations. Here, we comprehensively characterize the order of occurrence of these complex genomic events underlying MM development using 500 MGUS, and MM samples. We identify hyperdiploid MM (HMM) and non-HMM as genomically distinct entities with different evolution of the copy number alterations. In HMM, gains of 9,15 or 19 are the first and clonal events observed as clonal even at MGUS stage. These events are thus early and may underlie initial transformation of normal plasma cells to MGUS cells. However, CNAs may not be adequate for progression to MM except in 15% of the patients in whom the complex subclonal deletion events are observed in MM but not MGUS. In NHMM, besides the driver translocations, clonal deletion of 13 and 1q gain are early events also observed in MGUS. We combined this information to propose a timeline for copy number alteration.
Author Correction: Increased lactate dehydrogenase activity is dispensable in squamous carcinoma cells of origin
Authors: Flores A. , Sandoval-Gonzalez S. , Takahashi R. , Krall A. , Sathe L. , Wei L. , Radu C. , Joly J. H. , Graham N. A. , Christofk H. R. , Lowry W. E.
Published: March 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the authors J. H. Joly and N. A. Graham, which were incorrectly given as J. Jolly and N. Graham. Additionally, the affiliation of both authors with ‘Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089’ and N. A. Graham with 'Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089' was inadvertently omitted. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Modeling magnetic-field-induced domain wall propagation in modulated-diameter cylindrical nanowires
Authors: Fernandez-Roldan J. A. , De Riz A. , Trapp B. , Thirion C. , Vazquez M. , Toussaint J.-C. , Fruchart O. , Gusakova D.
Published: March 2019

Domain wall propagation in modulated-diameter cylindrical nanowires is a key phenomenon to be studied with a view to designing three-dimensional magnetic memory devices. This paper presents a theoretical study of transverse domain wall behavior under the influence of a magnetic field within a cylindrical nanowire with diameter modulations. In particular, domain wall pinning close to the diameter modulation was quantified, both numerically, using finite element micromagnetic simulations, and analytically. Qualitative analytical model for gently sloping modulations resulted in a simple scaling law which may be useful to guide nanowire design when analyzing experiments. It shows that the domain wall depinning field value is proportional to the modulation slope.
Tunable Schottky barrier in graphene/graphene-like germanium carbide van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Wang Sake , Chou Jyh-Pin , Ren Chongdan , Tian Hongyu , Yu Jin , Sun Changlong , Xu Yujing , Sun Minglei
Published: March 2019

The structural and electronic properties of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructrue constructed by graphene and graphene-like germanium carbide were investigated by computations based on density functional theory with vdW correction. The results showed that the Dirac cone in graphene can be quite well-preserved in the vdW heterostructure. The graphene/graphene-like germanium carbide interface forms a p-type Schottky contact. The p-type Schottky barrier height decreases as the interlayer distance decreases and finally the contact transforms into a p-type Ohmic contact, suggesting that the Schottky barrier can be effectively tuned by changing the interlayer distance in the vdW heterostructure. In addition, it is also possible to modulate the Schottky barrier in the graphene/graphene-like germanium carbide vdW heterostructure by applying a perpendicular electric field. In particular, the positive electric field induces a p-type Ohmic contact, while the negative electric field results in the transition from a p-type to an n-type Schottky contact. Our results demonstrate that controlling the interlayer distance and applying a perpendicular electric field are two promising methods for tuning the electronic properties of the graphene/graphene-like germanium carbide vdW heterostructure, and they can yield dynamic switching among p-type Ohmic contact, p-type Schottky contact, and n-type Schottky contact in a single graphene-based nanoelectronics device.
Hydrogen-terminated diamond field-effect transistor with AlOx dielectric layer formed by autoxidation
Authors: Wang Yan-Feng , Wang Wei , Chang Xiaohui , Zhang Xiaofan , Fu Jiao , Liu Zhangcheng , Zhao Dan , Shao Guoqing , Fan Shuwei , Bu Renan , Zhang Jingwen , Wang Hong-Xing
Published: March 2019

Fabrication of hydrogen-terminated diamond (H-diamond) field-effect transistor (FET) with AlOx dielectric layer has been successfully carried out. The AlOx layer was formed by auto-oxidizing 6 nm Al film in the air at room temperature, and a FET without AlOx dielectric layer has also been fabricated for comparison. For both FETs, 100 nm Al layers were deposited as the gate electrodes, respectively. The leakage current density in FET with AlOx dielectric layer was four magnitude orders lower than that without AlOx dielectric layer at VGS = −5 V, indicating that AlOx dielectric layer could effectively reduce leakage current and prevent reverse ID in ID − VDS caused by defects on diamond surface. Distinct pinch-off characteristic with p-type channel was observed in ID − VDS measurement. The threshold voltage was −0.4 V at VDS = −15 V.
Local-Field Corrections as a Regularization Method for the Spin-Boson Model
Authors: Crosse J. A.
Published: March 2019

The decoherence rate of a ‘central spin’ in a bosonic bath of magnetic fluctuations is computed using the spin-boson model. The magnetic fluctuations are treated in a fully quantum mechanical way by using the macroscopic quantum electrodynamics formalism and are expressed in terms of the classical electromagnetic Green’s function of the system. The resulting frequency integral formally diverges but it can be regularized by applying real-cavity, local-field corrections to the location of the ‘central spin’. This results in a cut-off function in terms of the magnetic permeability of the background material that leads to convergence at both high and low frequencies. This cut-off function appears naturally from the formalism and thus removes the need to rely on ad-hoc arguments to justify the form of the cut-off function. Furthermore, the magnetic permeability and the nature of interactions in quantum electrodynamics illuminate the connection between the two main models of ‘central spin’ decoherence, the spin-boson model and the spin-bath model, demonstrating how the two very different models are able to correctly model the same underlying physics.
Unveiling a Scaling and Universal Behavior for the Magnetocaloric Effect in Cubic Crystal Structures: A Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Alzate-Cardona J. D. , Salcedo-Gallo J. S. , Rodríguez-Patiño D. F. , Acosta-Medina C. D. , Restrepo-Parra E.
Published: March 2019

The magnetocaloric effect and the universal character for the magnetic entropy change regarding the cubic crystal structures (SC, BCC, FCC) were investigated, in a qualitative way, using Monte Carlo simulations. A classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian with nearest neighbors, and next nearest neighbors interactions was implemented. In order to compute the critical temperature of the system depending on the coordination number, it was calculated the dependence of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature. Magnetic field dependence on the magnetization for isothermal processes was performed considering a magnetocrystalline anisotropy term. In this way, the magnetic entropy change (ΔSm) was computed. Results show that the rescaled ΔSm as well as the exponent (n) characterizing the field dependence of the magnetic entropy change curves, collapse onto a single curve for the studied crystal structures. By this reason, it can be assured that ΔSm exhibits a universal behavior regarding the strength and contribution of the magnetic exchange energy to the total magnetic energy.
A plasmonic refractive index sensor with an ultrabroad dynamic sensing range
Authors: Cheng Yu-Chieh , Chang Ya-Ju , Chuang Yu-Ching , Huang Bo-Zhi , Chen Chii-Chang
Published: March 2019

Refractive index sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) promise to deliver high sensitivities. However, these sensitivities depend on the derivative of the monitored SPR parameters near resonance, so this dependency leads to a relatively narrow detection range for refractive index changes. Herein, we introduce an idea to improve the detection range refractive index through a high-contrast-index curved waveguide surrounded with an outer gold ring. The proposed detection technique, based on the output power measurement of the curved waveguide, offers a linear response over an ultrabroad range of the refractive index for a surrounding medium from n = 1 to 2.36. Meanwhile, an theoretically ultrahigh refractive index resolution (RIU) of 4.53 × 10−10 could be accessible for such a broad testing range, available for both gas and aqueous chemical sample refractive indices Furthermore, the power detection approach enables an integrated photodetector for a lab-on-chip sensor platform, revealing a high potential for a multifunctional, compact, and highly sensitive sensor-on-chip device.
Effects of sublethal doses of clothianidin and/or V. destructor on honey bee (Apis mellifera) self-grooming behavior and associated gene expression
Authors: Morfin Nuria , Goodwin Paul H. , Hunt Greg. J. , Guzman-Novoa Ernesto
Published: March 2019

Little is known about the combined effects of stressors on social immunity of honey bees (Apis mellifera) and related gene expression. The interaction between sublethal doses of a neurotoxin, clothianidin, and the ectoparasite, Varroa destructor, was examined by measuring differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in brains, deformed wing virus (DWV) and the proportion and intensity of self-grooming. Evidence for an interaction was observed between the stressors in a reduction in the proportion of intense groomers. Only the lowest dose of clothianidin alone reduced the proportion of self-groomers and increased DWV levels. V. destructor shared a higher proportion of DEGs with the combined stressors compared to clothianidin, indicating that the effects of V. destructor were more pervasive than those of clothianidin when they were combined. The number of up-regulated DEGs were reduced with the combined stressors compared to clothianidin alone, suggesting an interference with the impacts of clothianidin. Clothianidin and V. destructor affected DEGs from different biological pathways but shared impacts on pathways related to neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer’s, which could be related to neurological dysfunction and may explain their negative impacts on grooming. This study shows that the combination of clothianidin and V. destructor resulted in a complex and non-additive interaction.