bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sjögren’s syndrome in children
Authors: Ivkina S. S. , Bubnevich T. E. , Bilskaya N. L.
Published: February 2022

Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic inflammatory systemic autoimmune disease mainly affecting the exocrine and, particularly, the salivary and lacrimal glands. The immune-mediated attack on the salivary and lacrimal glands leads to the development of dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), which takes place in association with lymphocytic infiltration of the glands. That inflammatory process eventually severely damages or destroys the glands. Sjögren’s syndrome can affect people of either sex and of any age, but most cases occur in women. The average age for the onset is late forties, but in rare cases, Sjögren’s syndrome is diagnosed in children.
Modern and advanced APPLICATION of echocardiography TOGETHER with tissue Doppler sonography in assessMENT OF structural and functional state of THE myocardium in patients with combined pathology of coronary heart disease and TYPE 2 diabetes mellitus (literature review)
Authors: Naumenko E. P. , Adzerikho I. E.
Published: February 2022

The review contains information about the application of echocardiography together with tissue Doppler sonography in the assessment of structural and functional state of the myocardium in patients with combined pathology of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have analyzed the latest achievements in noninvasive diagnostics of atherosclerotic process of coronary arteries, which makes it possible to diagnose the disease at a subclinical level. The article presents up-to-date possibilities and prospects of the application of tissue Doppler method in early diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes.
PROBLEMS OF THERAPY OF nosocomial infections caused by ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII (literature review)
Authors: Palkovsky O. L. , Novogran L. I. , Polonskaya I. O.
Published: February 2022

The microorganism Acinetobacter baumannii is a common cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in wards of resuscitation and intensive care. The problem of treatment for these infections is the extremely good resistance of the microorganism to antimicrobial agents. The present article deals with the problems of epidemiology and rational antimicrobial therapy for infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii.
RISK FACTORS FOR TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN MALES
Authors: Rebko A. A.
Published: February 2022

Men all over the world sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) 2-3 times more often than women. This review presents and summarizes the 14 key risk factors affecting the TBI prevalence in men. The greatest risks for TBI arise as a result of the effect of the modifiable factors.
MEDICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN ANOPHTHALMIC SYNDROME
Authors: Barash A. N. , Sharshakova T. M. , Malinovsky G. F.
Published: February 2022

National and foreign literature on the problem of anophthalmic syndrome and social adaptation of people with this pathology has been surveyed. The article describes bases of formation of a qualitative support-motor eyeball stump with the following achievement of cosmetic effect by means of eye prosthetics.
AFM DIAGNOSTICS OF ERYTHROCYTE PATHOLOGY BASED ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL IMAGE OF CELL SURFACE
Authors: Starodubtseva M. N. , Voropayev E. V. , Petrenyov D. R. , Mitsura V. M. , Yegorenkov N. I.
Published: February 2022

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) makes it possible to create not only the geometrical image of the surface of an object but also its physical and mechanical image composed from a number of AFM parameters. Changes of the physical and mechanical AFM image of the erythrocyte surface in patients with infectious respiratory diseases and hepatocirrhosis as well as in the process of erythrocyte ageing have been studied in vitro . The AFM images are based on data obtained during its scanning in the contact mode and include fractal dimension and statistical parameters for the cell surface distribution of lateral forces along the cell surface (sliding friction forces between the point of the AFM probe and the cell surface). The obtained data have shown the effectiveness of the application of the physical and mechanical image of erythrocyte surface in the early detection of their function changes and prognosis of possible circulatory disturbances.
Kadastro Güncelleme Çalışmalarında Yaşanılan Sorunlar, Eksiklikler ve Giderilmesinde Alternatif Öneriler
Authors: AYDURAN Ersin , UYAN Mevlüt
Published: February 2022

Tapulama ve kadastro çalışmaları sonucunda, değişik ölçek ve hassasiyette, farklı altlık ve sistemlerde çizgisel olarak üretilen haritaların zamanla güncelliğini kaybetmesi, zemini yansıtmaması, vatandaş ile kamu kurum ve kuruluşlarının taşınmaz üzerindeki tasarruf ve planlamalarının aksaması sonucunda ihtilafların artmasına, yatırımın gecikmesine ve mahkemelerin yıllarca meşgul edilmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kadastro verilerinin güncelliğini koruyabilmesi için mevzuat çerçevesinde parsellerin kesin koordinata kavuşturulması, pafta zemin uyumsuzluklarının giderilmesi ve kadastral paftaların sayısal ortama aktarılması büyük bir önem arz etmektedir. Kadastro Güncelleme Yönetmeliği hükümleri doğrultusunda yapılacak kadastro güncelleme çalışmalarının yapım ve kontrollerini standarda bağlamak ve uygulama birliği sağlamak üzere bu kapsamdaki usul ve esasları belirlemek amacıyla Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Kadastro Güncelleme Çalışmaları Uygulama Genelgesini yayınlamıştır. Bu çalışmada 21.12.2018 tarihinde yayınlanan Kadastro Güncelleme Çalışmaları Uygulama Genelgesi ile yenileme çalışmalarına eklenen yenilikler, yaşanılan eksiklikler ile alternatif çözüm önerileri açıklanmıştır.
Mixing state of refractory black carbon at different atmospheres in China
Authors: Zhao Gang , Tan Tianyi , Hu Shuya , Du Zhuofei , Shang Dongjie , Wu Zhijun , Guo Song , Zheng Jing , Zhu Wenfei , Li Mengren , Zeng Limin , Hu Min
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles exert a significant influence on the earth's climate system. However, large uncertainties remain when estimating the radiative forcing by BC because the corresponding microphysical properties have not been well addressed. Knowleadge of the BC mixing states of different aging degree can help better characterise the corresponding environmental and climate effects. In this study, the BC size distributions were studied based on three different field campaigns at an urban site, a suburban site, and a background site in China using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) in tandem with a differential mobility diameter. Measurements from the SP2 indicate that the BC particles were composed of either fresh or aged aerosols. The mean number fractions of the fresh BC aerosols were 51 %, 67 %, and 21 % for the urban, suburban, and background sites, respectively. The corresponding mobility diameters of these aged (fresh) BC-containing aerosols were 294 nm (193 nm), 244 nm (161 (nm), and 257 nm (162 nm). The measured aged (fresh) BC core number median diameters were 115 nm (114 nm), 107 nm (95 nm), and 127 nm (111 nm) for urban, suburban, and background sites, respectively. The corresponding aged (fresh) core mass median diameters were 187 nm (154 nm), 182 nm (146 nm), and 238 nm (163 nm) respectively. The mean diameter of the aged BC-containing aerosols was larger than that of the fresh BC-containing aerosols, while the mean BC core diameter of the aged BC-containing aerosols was smaller than that of the fresh BC-containing aerosols. About 10 % of the BC-containing aerosols with the BC core were attached to the other non-BC components, which were mainly generated by coagulation between the BC and non-BC components. The measurement results in our study can help better understand the BC size distributions and mixing status in the different atmospheres in China and can be further used in modeling studies to help constrain the uncertainties of the BC radiative effects.
Urban inland wintertime N2O5 and ClNO2 influenced by snow-covered ground, air turbulence, and precipitation
Authors: Kulju Kathryn D. , McNamara Stephen M. , Chen Qianjie , Kenagy Hannah S. , Edebeli Jacinta , Fuentes Jose D. , Bertman Steven B. , Pratt Kerri A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The atmospheric multiphase reaction of dinitrogen
pentoxide (N2O5) with chloride-containing aerosol particles
produces nitryl chloride (ClNO2), which has been observed across the
globe. The photolysis of ClNO2 produces chlorine radicals and nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), which alter pollutant fates and air quality. However,
the effects of local meteorology on near-surface ClNO2 production are
not yet well understood, as most observational and modeling studies focus on
periods of clear conditions. During a field campaign in Kalamazoo, Michigan,
from January–February 2018, N2O5 and ClNO2 were measured
using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, with simultaneous measurements
of atmospheric particulate matter and meteorological parameters. We examine
the impacts of atmospheric turbulence, precipitation (snow, rain) and fog,
and ground cover (snow-covered and bare ground) on the abundances of
ClNO2 and N2O5. N2O5 mole ratios were lowest during
periods of lower turbulence and were not statistically significantly
different between snow-covered and bare ground. In contrast, ClNO2 mole
ratios were highest, on average, over snow-covered ground, due to saline
snowpack ClNO2 production. Both N2O5 and ClNO2 mole
ratios were lowest, on average, during rainfall and fog because of
scavenging, with N2O5 scavenging by fog droplets likely
contributing to observed increased particulate nitrate concentrations. These
observations, specifically those during active precipitation and with
snow-covered ground, highlight important processes, including N2O5
and ClNO2 wet scavenging, fog nitrate production, and snowpack
ClNO2 production, that govern the variability in observed atmospheric
chlorine and nitrogen chemistry and are missed when considering only clear
conditions.
Long-term fluxes of carbonyl sulfide and their seasonality and interannual variability in a boreal forest
Authors: Vesala Timo , Kohonen Kukka-Maaria , Kooijmans Linda M. J. , Praplan Arnaud P. , Foltýnová Lenka , Kolari Pasi , Kulmala Markku , Bäck Jaana , Nelson David , Yakir Dan , Zahniser Mark , Mammarella Ivan
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The seasonality and interannual variability of
terrestrial carbonyl sulfide (COS) fluxes are poorly constrained. We present
the first easy-to-use parameterization for the net COS forest sink based on the
longest existing eddy covariance record from a boreal pine forest, covering 32 months
over 5 years. Fluxes from hourly to yearly scales are reported, with the aim
of revealing controlling factors and the level of interannual variability.
The parameterization is based on the photosynthetically active radiation,
vapor pressure deficit, air temperature, and leaf area index. Wavelet
analysis of the ecosystem fluxes confirmed earlier findings from
branch-level fluxes at the same site and revealed a 3 h lag between COS
uptake and air temperature maxima at the daily scale, whereas no lag between
radiation and COS flux was found. The spring recovery of the flux after the
winter dormancy period was mostly governed by air temperature, and the onset
of the uptake varied by 2 weeks. For the first time, we report a significant
reduction in ecosystem-scale COS uptake under a large water vapor pressure
deficit in summer. The maximum monthly and weekly median COS uptake varied by
26 % and 20 % between years, respectively. The timing of the latter varied
by 6 weeks. The fraction of the nocturnal uptake remained below 21 % of
the total COS uptake. We observed the growing season (April–August) average
net flux of COS totaling −58.0 g S ha−1 with 37 % interannual
variability. The long-term flux observations were scaled up to evergreen
needleleaf forests (ENFs) in the whole boreal region using the Simple Biosphere
Model Version 4 (SiB4). The observations were closely simulated using
SiB4 meteorological drivers and phenology. The total COS uptake by boreal
ENFs was in line with a missing COS sink at high latitudes pointed out in
earlier studies.
Long-range prediction and the stratosphere
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Baldwin Mark P. , Butler Amy H. , Charlton-Perez Andrew J. , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Garfinkel Chaim I. , Hardiman Steven C. , Haynes Peter , Karpechko Alexey Yu , Lim Eun-Pa , Noguchi Shunsuke , Perlwitz Judith , Polvani Lorenzo , Richter Jadwiga H. , Scinocca John , Sigmond Michael , Shepherd Theodore G. , Son Seok-Woo , Thompson David W. J.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Over recent years there have been concomitant advances in the
development of stratosphere-resolving numerical models, our understanding of
stratosphere–troposphere interaction, and the extension of long-range
forecasts to explicitly include the stratosphere. These advances are now
allowing for new and improved capability in long-range prediction. We present an
overview of this development and show how the inclusion of the stratosphere
in forecast systems aids monthly, seasonal, and annual-to-decadal climate
predictions and multidecadal projections. We end with an outlook towards the
future and identify areas of improvement that could further benefit these
rapidly evolving predictions.
Surface ozone impacts on major crop production in China from 2010 to 2017
Authors: Li Dianyi , Shindell Drew , Ding Dian , Lu Xiao , Zhang Lin , Zhang Yuqiang
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Exposure to elevated surface ozone is damaging to crops. In this
study, we performed an analysis of temporal and spatial distributions of
relative yield losses (RYLs) attributable to surface ozone for major crops
in China from 2010 to 2017, by applying AOT40 metrics (hourly ozone
concentration over a threshold of 40 ppbv during the growing season)
simulated using a chemical transport model. The major crops in China include
wheat, rice (including double early and late rice, and single rice), maize
(including north and south maize), and soybean. The aggregated production
and associated economic losses in China and major provinces were evaluated
by combing annual crop production yields and crop market prices. We
estimated that the national annual average AOT40 in China increased from
21.98 ppm h in 2010 to 23.85 ppm h in 2017, with a peak value of 35.69 ppm h
in 2014, as simulated with the model. There is significant spatial
heterogeneity for the AOT40 and RYLs across the four crops due to the
seasonal ozone variations. We calculated that national mean RYLs for wheat,
rice, maize, and soybean were 11.45 %–19.74 %, 7.59 %–9.29 %,
0.07 %–3.35 %, and 6.51 %–9.92 %, respectively, from 2010 to 2017. The
associated crop yield losses were estimated at 13.81–36.51, 16.89–20.03, 4.59–8.17, and 1.09–1.84 million metric
tons (Mt) respectively,
which accounted for annual average economic loss of USD 9.55 billion,
USD 8.53 billion, USD 2.23 billion, and USD 1.16 billion individually over the
8 years. Our study provides the first long-term quantitative estimation of
crop yield losses and their economic cost from surface ozone exposure in
China before and after the China Clean Air Act in 2013, and improves
understanding of the spatial sensitivity of Chinese crops to ozone impacts.
Comparison of six approaches to predicting droplet activation of surface active aerosol – Part 1: moderately surface active organics​​​​​​​
Authors: Vepsäläinen Sampo , Calderón Silvia M. , Malila Jussi , Prisle Nønne L.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Surface active compounds (surfactants) are frequently found in atmospheric aerosols and droplets. As they adsorb to the surfaces of microscopic systems, surfactants can decrease aqueous surface tension and simultaneously deplete the bulk concentration. These processes may influence the activation of aerosols into cloud droplets and investigation of their role in cloud microphysics has been ongoing for decades. In this work, we have used six different models documented in the literature to represent surface activity in Köhler calculations of cloud droplet activation for particles consisting of one of three moderately surface active organics (malonic, succinic or glutaric acid) mixed with ammonium sulfate in varying mass ratios. For each of these organic acids, we find that the models predict comparable activation properties at small organic mass fractions in the dry particles, despite large differences in the predicted degree of bulk-to-surface partitioning. However, differences between the model predictions for the same dry particles regarding both the critical droplet diameters and supersaturations increase with the organic fraction in the particles. Comparison with available experimental data shows that models assuming complete bulk-to-surface partitioning of the moderately surface active component (total depletion of the bulk) do not adequately represent the droplet activation of particles with high organic mass fractions. When reduced droplet surface tension is also considered, these predictions somewhat improve.
Models that consider partial bulk-to-surface partitioning of surface active components yield results comparable to experimental supersaturation data, even at high organic mass fractions in the particles, but predictions of the degree of organic bulk–surface partitioning strongly differ. This work highlights the need to use a thermodynamically consistent model framework to treat the surface activity of atmospheric aerosols and for firm experimental validation of model predictions across a wide range of droplet states relevant to the atmosphere.
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity analysis of low-hygroscopicity aerosols using the aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC)
Authors: Gohil Kanishk , Asa-Awuku Akua A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) is a novel instrument that size-selects aerosol particles based on their mechanical mobility. So far, the application of an AAC for cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity analysis of aerosols has yet to be explored. Traditionally, a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is used for aerosol classification in a CCN experimental setup. A DMA classifies particles based on their electrical mobility. Substituting the DMA with an AAC can eliminate multiple-charging artifacts as classification using an AAC does not require particle charging. In this work, we describe an AAC-based CCN experimental setup and CCN analysis method. We also discuss and develop equations to quantify the uncertainties associated with aerosol particle sizing. To do so, we extend the AAC transfer function analysis and calculate the measurement uncertainties of the aerodynamic diameter from the resolution of the AAC. The analysis framework has been packaged into a Python-based CCN Analysis Tool (PyCAT 1.0) open-source code, which is available on GitHub for public use. Results show that the AAC size-selects robustly (AAC resolution is 10.1, diffusion losses are minimal, and particle transmission is high) at larger aerodynamic diameters (≥∼ 85 nm). The size-resolved activation ratio is ideally sigmoidal since no charge corrections are required. Moreover, the uncertainties in the critical particle aerodynamic diameter at a given supersaturation can propagate through droplet activation, and the subsequent uncertainties with respect to the single-hygroscopicity parameter (κ) are reported. For a known aerosol such as sucrose, the κ derived from the critical dry aerodynamic diameter can be up to ∼ 50 % different from the theoretical κ. In this work, we do additional measurements to obtain dynamic shape factor information and convert the sucrose aerodynamic to volume equivalent diameter. The volume equivalent diameter applied to κ-Köhler theory improves the agreement between measured and theoretical κ. Given the limitations of the coupled AAC–CCN experimental setup, this setup is best used for low-hygroscopicity aerosol (κ≤0.2) CCN measurements.
Evaluation of Aeolus L2B wind product with wind profiling radar measurements and numerical weather prediction model equivalents over Australia
Authors: Zuo Haichen , Hasager Charlotte Bay , Karagali Ioanna , Stoffelen Ad , Marseille Gert-Jan , de Kloe Jos
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Carrying a laser Doppler instrument, the Aeolus satellite was launched in 2018, becoming the first mission for atmospheric wind profile measurements from space. Before utilizing the Aeolus winds for different applications, evaluating its data quality is essential. With the help of ground-based wind profiling radar measurements and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model equivalents, this study quantifies the error characteristics of Aeolus L2B (baseline-11) near real time horizontal line-of-sight winds across Australia by using both inter-comparison and triple collocation analysis. The results of the inter-comparison analysis indicate that both Rayleigh-clear winds and Mie-cloudy winds are in good agreement with the ground-based radar measurements with overall absolute mean biases smaller than 0.7 m s-1 and correlation coefficients larger than 0.9. Moreover, taking radar measurements as reference data set, Mie-cloudy winds are shown to be more precise than Rayleigh-clear winds with an overall random error of 5.81 m s-1 for Rayleigh-clear winds and 4.14 m s-1 for Mie-cloudy winds. Similar results were also found from triple collocation analysis, with error standard deviations of 5.61 m s-1 and 3.50 m s-1 for Rayleigh-clear winds and Mie-cloudy winds, respectively. In addition, the Mie channel is shown to be better capable of capturing the wind in the planetary boundary layer (< 1,500 m). The findings of this study demonstrate the good performance of space-borne Doppler lidar for wind profiling and provide valuable information for data assimilation in numerical weather prediction.
Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s
Authors: Hirano Junpei , Mikami Takehiko , Zaiki Masumi
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. Daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries can provide useful information on the historical occurrences of snowfall days. Here, this information was combined with recently recovered
early daily instrumental temperature data collected during the 19th century
to reconstruct the occurrence of winter monsoon outbreak days (WMDs) from
the 1840s to the early 1850s in Japan. Analyses of interannual and
intra-seasonal variations in WMDs revealed active winter monsoon outbreaks
in the early 1840s. In 1840/41 and 1841/42, these synchronously occurred
with extreme snow events reported in central and southern China. However,
winter monsoon outbreaks were absent during the middle to late winters of the
mid-1840s and 1853/1854. Freezing records of Lake Suwa in central Japan
showed that it did not freeze during 1844/1845 and 1853/1854, which was in
agreement with our finding of inactive winter monsoons in these years.
Comparing the occurrences of WMDs with early instrumental surface pressure
data revealed that WMDs were associated with the active phases of the winter monsoon, as represented by an east–west surface pressure gradient over East Asia.
INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC AND LASER SCANNING DATA FOR FRESCOES RESTORATION
Authors: Bruno N. , Mikolajewska S. , Roncella R. , Zerbi A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The integration of photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) techniques is often desirable for Cultural Heritage digitization, especially when high metric and radiometric accuracy is required, as for the documentation and restoration of frescoed spaces. Despite the many technological and methodological advances in both techniques, their full integration is still not straightforward. The paper investigates a methodology where TLS and photogrammetric data are processed together through an image matching process between RGB panoramas acquired by the scanner’s integrated camera and frame imagery acquired through photographic equipment. The co-registration is performed without any Ground Control Point (GCP) but using the automatically extracted tie points and the known Exterior Orientation parameters of the panoramas (gathered from TLS data original registration) to set the ground reference. The procedure allowed for effective integrated processing with the possibility of take benefit from TLS and photogrammetry pros and demonstrated to be reliable even with low overlap between photogrammetric images.
TOWARDS CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF ARCHITECTURE. TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC PHASES OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Campi M. , Falcone M. , Sabbatini S.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In recent decades, the significant advances in digital technologies applied to cultural heritage have led to profound transformations in the activities of protection, conservation and enhancement. A current field of experimentation concerns 'rapid mapping' survey techniques with mobile mapping system (MMS). The use of these methodologies is increasingly widespread for the diagnostic and monitoring phases of the architectures. The potential of these techniques are manifold: these systems record, in a short time, a large number of information with a rather high level of accuracy. In particular, the research presented here has studied an 'innovative' Lidar mobile mapping methodology, NavVis VLX, with experimental perspectives, for the survey of the Cripta of the Cathedral of San Matteo in Salerno (Italy).
TRAPEZOIDAL AND APSIDAL RIBBED VAULTS SMART 3D RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Capone M. , Palomba D. , Scandurra S. , Lanzara E.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The automatic generation of structured 3D model from point clouds is a primary focus for a lot of researches in the area of 3D modelling and HBIM. The use of procedural modelling techniques, based on set of geometric rules, is spreading the construction of parametric objects and processes for survey data mapping. In this research field one of the most common methodological approach consists in testing different procedures based on use of specific data from point cloud. One of the main problem to solve is to define the best parameters to use in relation to geometric features of different architectural element and what are the data to extract from point cloud. Starting from shape grammar approach, the main goal of our research is to define 3D parametric models for ribbed vaults suitable to generate 3D smart model for different uses. Most researches in this area deal the case of rectangular or square plan vaults, we addressed the case of trapezoidal vaults and different rules used for apsidal vaults tracing. Our aim is to define an adaptive parametric model that we can use to generate a 3D ideal model or a mixed reality based model. In order to evaluate our tool we compared two 3D models with point clouds: the first is based on geometric rules from sources, the second is based on some specific data from point cloud. Testing the tool on two gothic churches in Naples, the church of S. Lorenzo and the church of S.Maria di Donnaregina, we are going to improve it.
PROCEDURAL MODELLING FOR HBIM OF ITALIAN RAILWAYS IRON BRIDGES
Authors: Di Donato D. , Morganti R. , Tosone A. , Abita M.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The development of the railways network in the 19th century represented a significant scenario for the technological advancement of the entire Italian building sector; consequently, it produced a relevant renewal of construction techniques. Icons of this robust infrastructure building program were the railway bridges built over the Po river; their construction represented an arduous technological challenge. Unfortunately, in the years following the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy the national industry was disorganized and unprepared to face this ambitious challenge; indeed, the first four bridges were built by foreign companies that could guarantee the necessary technological know-how. However, the industrial scenario immediately changed and the last two bridges were designed and built by Italian engineers and steelwork companies. The railway bridges over the River Po are now lost; the changing needs of railway traffic or bombings during the Second World War unavoidably led to their demolition. Their enhancement through 3d modelling and virtual representation is fundamental for the rediscovering of the role they played not only in the construction of the national infrastructural system but also in the life of the young state. To this aim, the paper proposes the outcomes of research that explores the potentialities of 3d software with Visual Programming Language (VPL), in order to create modelling tools useful for the disclosure and dissemination of the historical value of this lost heritage.
HBIM FROM A FIRST CENTURY ICONOGRAPHY
Authors: Gonizzi Barsanti S. , Lillo Giner S. , Rossi A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Protecting and enhancing inherited assets is a duty of every age; ours requires disclosure through the services of the interconnected network, the only one, to date, capable of reaching a wide audience and with it attracting adequate economic resources for the implementation of programs. In keeping with the international definition of "Cultural Heritage", the paper describes the methodology that guided the construction in 3D of the monumental building sculpted in the iconographies between 52 and 62 AD on the marble slab now preserved at the archaeological museum of Perugia. An informative workflow on what has been collected is proposed to then discuss the potential of its uses. The focus lies in particular on the possibility of the model to act as an interoperable collector to compare the reconstructive hypotheses.The final objective looks at the opportunity to create multimedia, multimodal and cross modal collaboration spaces to remedy aspects that, by affecting a wider audience of users, encourage socio-economic policies.
MACHINE LEARNING CLUSTERING FOR POINT CLOUDS OPTIMISATION VIA FEATURE ANALYSIS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Gujski L. M. , di Filippo A. , Limongiello M.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The paper presents an innovative approach that can assist survey methods by applying AI algorithms to improve the accuracy of point clouds generated from UAV images. Firstly, the work individually analyses several photogrammetric accuracy parameters, including reprojection error, angle of intersection between homologous points, number of cameras for single Tie Point calculation, verifying that a single parameter is not sufficient to filter noise from a photogrammetric point cloud. Therefore, some of the calculated parameters were analysed with the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and a K-means, to check the impact of the precision parameters for reducing the noise associated with the definition of the 3D model. In the case study, in both machine learning clustering algorithms used, it was observed that the parameter that most influences noise in photogrammetric point clouds is the angle of intersection.
VIRTUAL REALITY FOR LOST ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE VISUALIZATION UTILIZING LIMITED DATA
Authors: Günay S.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The process of building digital models of architectural heritage has become increasingly complex and accordingly this enables the potential of utilizing digital techniques as a tool in the context of research. Depending on the objective of the research, there are various tools and outcomes. Ranging from information management projects by using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technologies, to providing Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) by using smart technologies for visualization of architectural heritage, there is an increasing demand because of their fast developing technological abilities. Additionally, the digitization processes also becoming less dependent to the information coming from the building and as a result the subject of such research includes buildings that have disappeared without various archival data or other types of historical information.This paper investigates the different visualization techniques and tools for lost architectural heritage examples in post-conflict societies with limited available data, focusing on the VR mobile applications and their implementations.
RELIABILITY OF DTMS OBTAINED WITH MOBILE FAST SURVEYS TECHNIQUES
Authors: La Placa S. , Doria E.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The contribution addresses the issue of the integrated survey aimed at three-dimensional modeling for the documentation of different types of terrain through the analysis of two case studies located in the province of Pavia - Italy. The techniques of aerial photogrammetric acquisition SfM (UAVs), Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Mobile (MLS) are now consolidated and widely used, managing to meet the needs of documentation of land levelling, monitoring, and analysis of landslide volumes. The two case studies present difficulties due to a strong inclination of the land and extensive presence of vegetation in the first case and to a strong presence of agricultural canalizations in the second case. The data processing phase focused on the comparison between MLS and close-range photogrammetry, while the acquisitions from TLS were used as control data. This acquisition method allows avoiding the process of approximation and reconstruction of the DTM under the vegetation, ensuring the correctness of the data relating to the ground course. The database allows the generation of highly reliable DTMs using specific point cloud modeling and processing software. Fast survey instruments are ideal in large areas or in hilly areas where sub-vertical sections and covered by vegetation are often present, difficult to detect only with close-range photogrammetry.
AN EXPEDITIOUS PARAMETRIC APPROACH FOR CITY INFORMATION MODELING AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: La Russa F. M. , Intelisano M. , Galizia M. , Caliò I. , Santagati C.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The mitigation of seismic risk passes through the assessment of seismic hazard of urban fabrics on a given territory. Statistical methods and damage probability matrices are currently used to facilitate seismic safety knowledge and assessment operations. These methods, despite being fast and low cost, often return results that differ from reality and prone to the expertise of the operator. Indeed, in order to have more accurate information it is necessary to conduct Finite Element Analysis (FEA). However, this type of analysis requires considerable surveying and modeling time and therefore are not easily applied to the urban scale. The key to implement this analysis at the territorial scale lies in the way of acquisition of urban data (geometric and informative) and their management within appropriate modeling environments that allow their treatment. Currently, the information modeling paradigms used for urban data collection and management are either time and resource consuming (HBIM) or overly simplified (GIS). In this research we investigate the potential of City Information Modeling (CIM) in a parametric environment (with reference to CityGML standards) combined with urban survey procedures. Aim of the work presented here is the definition of a parametric modeling protocol that allows, in a short time, the acquisition, modeling and finite element structural analysis of urban aggregates.
DETECTION OF RESTORATION WORK BY APPLYING THE RANSAC ALGORITHM TO THE POINT CLOUD DATA FROM LASER SCANNING: CASE STUDY AT OSTIA
Authors: Lim Y. B. , Ogawa T. , Hori Y.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In Ostia, the huge range of excavation carried out by Guido Calza under Mussolini (1938–1942), the zone of contiguous city blocks unearthed in those massive campaigns. From 2012, new survey by a Japanese team of standing remains using laser scanners formed the basis for an analysis of building history, and for a reconstruction of the original building. There is a considerable amount of undocumented reconstruction work in the upper part of the structure which has been identified from analysis of the surface of the walls. The seam and the absence of coursing between the original walls and the later restored works sometimes including in the Roman phase, and sometimes modern using original part of the walls, make difficult to identify which part of walls were original and which were restorations or re-use 80 years later from the excavation. In this paper, the case that the seams are invisible, but its existence is known from the photographic record of the progress of the excavations. The detection by applying the RANSAC algorithm to the point cloud data from laser scanning relies on several cases of invisible seams running on the surfaces. Additionally, this method allows us without any special knowledge and experience to find detailed characteristics on the surface of the walls, such as slight unevenness or weathering parts, to extrapolate the building history.
DEVELOPMENT OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING SIMULATOR
Authors: Luhmann T. , Chizhova M. , Gorkovchuk D. , Popovas D. , Gorkovchuk J. , Hess M.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Within the project VRscan3D, funded by DAAD, a terrestrial laser scanner simulator has been developed as educational tool for learning and teaching laser scanning processes. The main goal of the VirScan3D project is to cover engineering digitisation and will be solved through the development of a virtual system that allows users to create realistic data in the absence of a real measuring device in a modelled real-life environment (digital twin). The implementation of the virtual laser scanner is realised within a game engine, which allows for fast and easy 3D visualisation and navigation. Real-life buildings and urban surroundings can be digitised, modelled and integrated into the simulator, thus creating a digital copy of a real-world environment. This article describes the technical realization of the simulator and its evaluation as well as usability testing results conducted by independent users from university courses.
DIGITAL HUMANITIES: A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO CLASSIFY YELLOW COFFINS
Authors: Mainieri S. , Mandelli A. , Rossi C.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The Faces Revealed Project takes its lead from innovative research trends that see the combination of different but interconnected skills and competences. It aims at contributing to the study of ancient Egyptian coffins by developing a new and efficient methodology based on fast, simple, cost-effective, and portable technique allowing the acquisition of precise and accurate gemetric data. This technology will provide further insights into the manufacture, production, workshops, and possibly the ancient reuse of the Yellow Coffins and may also constribute to the creation of a new way of classifying these coffins.
FROM MULTI-VIEW TO POINT CLOUD SEGMENTATION: THE CASE STUDY OF VILLA ROBERTI BRUGINE
Authors: Masiero A. , Guarnieri A. , Coppa U. , Tucci G.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Point cloud semantic segmentation is a key step for automatically deriving an informative building model from the 3D data reconstruction obtained by 3D surveying tools, such as laser scanners and photogrammetry. Such representation increases the richness of the information available of the represented building, leading to an at least rough interpretation of the scene, and, in particular, a discrimination between the different constitutive elements of the building. The growing interest in semantic building models recently motivated the development of several approaches aiming at obtaining an automatic semantic segmentation of a building point cloud. Such methods are usually either based on the direct segmentation of the point cloud, or on the segmentation of images of the building, then back-projecting the obtained segmentation on the point cloud. Similarly to the latter approach, this work assumes that a proper neural network is available in order to compute the semantic segmentation of building images, and it compares two different strategies for transferring such semantic information from the 2D images to the 3D point cloud. The results obtained in the case study of villa Roberti Brugine (Brugine, Padua, Italy) show that transferring the semantic information can be done quite effectively with the proposed, even when dealing with a certain amount of misclassified points. In particular, best results are obtained in our tests when determining a point class as the most popular classification of such point once projected on all the images where it is visible.
TRIPPING THE LIGHT FANTASTIC: USING LIGHT-BASED TECHNIQUES TO DIGITALLY DOCUMENT MEGALITHIC ARCHITECTURE
Authors: Meegan E. , Murphy M. , Corns A. , Shaw R. , Ní Lionáin C. , Keenaghan G.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This paper presents and discusses the preliminary results of a small scale visualisation project as part of which the low-cost LiDAR scanner that now comes as standard with the iPad Pro was used in conjunction with both the Arctec Leo structured light scanner and photogrammetric survey methods to record, analyse and present the recently excavated remains of a Neolithic passage tomb at Dowth Hall, Co, Meath, Ireland. It considers the ease and speed with which the small to medium scale structural components found here can be scanned or photographed, meshed, and textured using each approach and further explores whether the outputs produced in each case might be used to support and enhance each other.
SCALABLE AR FOR BIM ON TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK SITES
Authors: Palma V. , Spallone R. , Cicone G. , Lops G. , Rinauro R.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. A growing number of research works, experiments and applications is investigating the potential at the intersection of augmented reality (AR) and the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Project management, project communication, collaborative design, maintenance and construction progress documentation, construction site safety, and training are some of the cases that can benefit from blending real and virtual views through mobile devices. In recent years, research also highlighted how mixed reality and building information modeling (BIM) could cooperate to provide effective communication between multiple agents and closer interaction between digital information and the building site. Nevertheless, consolidated applications in these fields are still limited, especially when compared to other areas of AR adoption. This paper presents the development of an AR-based mobile app for exploring telecommunications tower sites and interacting with a related BIM database. The project aims to provide easy-to-use tools to maintain both the physical assets and an up-to-date model. We discuss critical issues in developing a scalable and interoperable application, supporting the feasibility study of similar solutions in the AEC sector.
A SEMANTICALLY ENRICHED MULTIMODAL IMAGING APPROACH DEDICATED TO CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION STUDIES
Authors: Pamart A. , Roussel R. , Hubert E. , Colombini A. , Saleri R. , Mouaddib E. M. , Castro Y. , Le Goïc G. , Mansouri A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. For the past decades, Cultural Heritage (CH) is commonly documented by digital-based imaging and analytical techniques. This documentation is used as a support by heritage scientists to study and help the preservation of CH objects. Multiple techniques or modalities are usually required and applied to complete the documentation and the possible diagnostic from it. In this paper we explored multimodal imaging strategies to survey, analyse and share semantically enriched digital replicas. Three challenging case-studies from the SUMUM research project aims to illustrate efficient multi-source approaches in multi-scalar, multi-temporal and multi-spectral contexts. From multimodal data acquisitions, a photogrammetric-based registration method (TACO) has been developed in order to exploit a 2D/3D semantic annotation process implemented into a CH oriented collaborative web platform (AIOLI). In the exemples showed, the structure and the content of the annotations work is based from condition reports provided by conservation and restoration experts. To this end, all the documentation gathered on CH objects are either directly merged by image based registration while complementary analysis can be spatially anchored to annotations as linked resources. The dissemination part is explored by built-in AIOLI’s collaborative features or external Potree-based viewer, to enhance the accessibility of the final 3D annotated scenes for further expertises or wide-public events and purposes.
DEVELOPING A VR TOOL FOR 3D ARCHITECTURAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Papadopoulou A. , Kontos D. , Georgopoulos A.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Virtual Reality technology has already matured and is capable of offering impressive immersive experiences. AT the same time head mounted devices (HMD) are also offering many possibilities along with the game engine environments. So far, all these impressive technologies have been implemented to increase the popularity of on-line visits and serious games development, as far as their application in the domain of Cultural Heritage is concerned. In this paper we present the development of a set of VR tools, which enable the user to perform accurate measurements within the immersive environment. In this way we believe that these tools will be very helpful and appeal to experts in need of these measurements, as they can perform them in the laboratory instead of visiting the object itself. This toolbox includes measuring the coordinates of single points in 3D space, measuring three-dimensional distances and performing horizontal or vertical cross sections. The first two have been already presented previously (Kontos & Georgopoulos 2020) and this paper focuses on the evaluation of the performance of the toolbox in determining cross sections. The development of the tool is explained in detail and the resulting cross sections of the 3D model of the Holy Aedicule are compared to real measurements performed geodetically. The promising results are discussed and evaluated.
AN IMAGE-BASED DEEP LEARNING WORKFLOW FOR 3D HERITAGE POINT CLOUD SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION
Authors: Pellis E. , Murtiyoso A. , Masiero A. , Tucci G. , Betti M. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The interest in high-resolution semantic 3D models of historical buildings continuously increased during the last decade, thanks to their utility in protection, conservation and restoration of cultural heritage sites. The current generation of surveying tools allows the quick collection of large and detailed amount of data: such data ensure accurate spatial representations of the buildings, but their employment in the creation of informative semantic 3D models is still a challenging task, and it currently still requires manual time-consuming intervention by expert operators. Hence, increasing the level of automation, for instance developing an automatic semantic segmentation procedure enabling machine scene understanding and comprehension, can represent a dramatic improvement in the overall processing procedure. In accordance with this observation, this paper aims at presenting a new workflow for the automatic semantic segmentation of 3D point clouds based on a multi-view approach. Two steps compose this workflow: first, neural network-based semantic segmentation is performed on building images. Then, image labelling is back-projected, through the use of masked images, on the 3D space by exploiting photogrammetry and dense image matching principles. The obtained results are quite promising, with a good performance in the image segmentation, and a remarkable potential in the 3D reconstruction procedure.