bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of protatranes on the germination of wheat and triticale seeds after their long-term storage
Authors: Filipenko G. I. , Adamovich S. N. , Oborina E. N. , Rozentsveig I. B. , Safina G. F.
Published: July 2021

The article studies the chemical compounds of a number of protatranes as biostimulants of the germination of wheat and triticale seeds after their long-term storage. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to restore the germination of unique samples of grain crops from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) (Saint Petersburg). The research objects were the seeds of different years of reproduction with various levels of original germination, as well as those with an initially high germination and subjected to accelerated aging. The experiments were conducted in the presence of the following physiologically active non-toxic protatranes 2-Me-C6H4OCH2COO- • HN+(CH2CH2OH)3 (1) and 4-Cl-C6H4SCH2COO-•HN+(CH2CH2OH)3 (2) across a wide range of concentrations (1•10-2 – 1•10-9M). At the first stage, the effect of protatrane 1 on the germination of soft spring wheat was investigated. It was observed that, under the influence of protatrane 1 at concentrations from 10-4 to 10-9 M, the seed germination and the germination energy increased by 8.7-20.0% and 4.7-8.0%, respectively. The use of protatrane 1 at higher concentrations (10-2M) resulted in a decrease in germination. Subsequently, experiments were carried out on 3 samples of soft winter wheat seeds stored for 52 years and having the germination of 19-26%. The 20-hour exposure of seeds to water solutions of protatrane 1 at concentrations of 5 • 10-7-10-9 M increased their germination by 3.7-10.0%. The best stimulating effect was achieved at a concentration of 5 • 10-7 M. At the next stage, the seeds with a high original germination (86-96%) and subjected to accelerated aging were investigated. The treatment of such samples with protatrane 1 at concentrations of 10-6 and 10-4 M turned out to be less effective: the germination and its energy either remained the same or increased insignificantly (by 3.5% and 7.5%, respectively). The treatment of triticale seeds with pro-tatranes 1 and 2 at a concentration of 5 • 10-7 M was carried out in a similar manner. It was shown that the action of protatranes 1 and 2 led to an increase in the germination by 3-7% and a significant increase in the germination energy by 7-45%. By further optimising the production process and selecting the most active protatranes, the described approach can provide for a significant recovery of seed germination.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva by RT-LAMP During a Screening of Workers in Brazil, Including Pre-Symptomatic Carriers
Authors: dos Santos Carlos , de Oliveira Kézia , Mendes Geovana , Silva Lívia , de Souza Jr. Marcio , Estrela Paulo Felipe , Guimarães Rafael , Silveira-Lacerda Elisângela , Duarte Gabriela
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus pandemic has been causing damage to many nations, as public and private health systems deteriorate by the increasing demand. Some infected patients have culturable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) even though not presenting any symptoms, and therefore, are probably able to transmit it. Correctly diagnosing and isolating infected patients is an important step towards preventing new infections. Current diagnostic methods rely mainly on reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Methods such as reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) have risen as viable alternatives, as they are cheaper and require less infrastructure, they have the potential to be applied in low-resource scenarios and even at point-of-care. Here we report a colorimetric RT‑LAMP assay capable of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in ribonucleic acid (RNA) from saliva. In some cases, the test was able to detect viral RNA before symptom onset and even in a self-reported asymptomatic carrier. It had a limit of detection of 300 copies per reaction and showed a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 100%, a general accuracy of 99.59%, and a Cohen’s kappa of 0.887. The possibility of detecting positive cases even before the clinical manifestation shows great potential and can contribute to controlling the pandemic.
TCT (Trash Can Talk) Berbasis Arduino dengan Sistem Solar Cell untuk Sarana Pembelajaran Anak
Authors: Afriliana Ida , Setiawan Andi , Taftazani Andre Juan , Navita Heki Rahayu , Bukhari Imam
Published: July 2021

Sometimes, some people do not throw trash in their place because they are lazy, so it happens to children. Many children prefer to throw trash at anywhere and become one of the problems in the school or community environment. . This is a bad habit because there is no awareness to keep the environment clean. This research is to produce an Arduino-based TCT (Trash Can Talk) rubbish bin with a solar cell system for learning tools for orderly behavior of garbage disposal in children. TCT was made using an arduino uno R3 microcontroller, a PIR sensor to detect the presence of children so that the trash can emit 2 sounds from the DF mini mp3 player through the speaker alternately to attract the attention of children and "open" voice commands detected by the voice recognition sensor to open the trash can automatically and the "close" voice command to close the trash can then make a third sound from the DF mini mp3 player through speakers for children who have disposed of garbage in an orderly manner. The fourth sound from the DF mini mp3 player through the speaker as a full notification and the trash can can't open.
Prototipe Manajemen Keamanan Jaringan di Pesantren (Study Kasus Pesantren Madinatunnajah)
Authors: Majid Abdul
Published: July 2021

Saat ini jaringan merupakan suatu layanan yang sangat dibutuhkan. Masalah yang ada antara  lain adalah otentikasi user, manajemen user hotspot, pengaturan bandwidth,  serta adanya penyusup yang  tidak diinginkan. Maka perlu pengembangan sistem jaringan yang dapat memberi keamanan otentikasi bagi user dan pengelolaan bandwidth. Pengembangan jaringan berarti menyusun sistem baru dan akan menggantikan sistem lama atau memperbaiki system yang telah ada. Khususnya masalah otentikasi dan bandwidth. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Applied Research dengan pengembangan  sistem menggunakan metode NDLC (Network Development Life Cycle). Metode Pengumpulan data menggunakan Wawancara, Observasi dan studi kepustakaan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan sistem keamanan jaringan memiliki kualitas baik dengan prosentase sebesar 82,5% dan memenuhi kebutuhan organisasi di Pondok Pesantren Madinatunnajah.
Increasing The Capacity of Headstega Based on Bitwise Operation
Authors: Hasmawati Hasmawati , Barmawi Ari Moesriami
Published: July 2021

Headstega (Head steganography) is a noiseless steganography that used email headers as a cover for concealing messages. However, it has less embedding capacity and it raises suspicion. For overcoming the problem, bitwise operation is proposed.  In the proposed method, the message was embedded into the cover by converting the message and the cover into binary representation based on a mapping table that was already known by the sender and the receiver. Furthermore, XOR bitwise operations were applied to the secret message and cover bits based on random numbers that were generated using a modular function. Moreover, the result was converted into characters that represent the secret message bits. After embedding the message into the cover, an email alias was generated to camouflage the secret message characters. Finally, the sender sends the embedded cover and the email alias to the recipient. Using the proposed method, the embedding capacity is 89% larger than using the original Headstega. For reducing the adversary’s suspicion, the existing email address was used instead of creating a new email address.
Student Academic Mark Clustering Analysis and Usability Scoring on Dashboard Development Using K-Means Algorithm and System Usability Scale
Authors: Amalia Nur Laita Rizki , Supianto Ahmad Afif , Setiawan Nanang Yudi , Zilvan Vicky , Yuliani Asri Rizki , Ramdan Ade
Published: July 2021

Learning activities are one of the processes of delivering information or messages from teachers to students. SMPN 4 Sidoarjo is a State Junior High School (JHS) located in Sidoarjo Regency. During the learning process, the collected academic score data were still not well organized by teachers and school principals in monitoring student learning performance. The score data is from Bahasa Indonesia subject from a teacher with 222 data included at 2019/2020 school year. The method used in student clustering is K-Means. The number of clusters are determined using the elbow method and displayed in graphic form. Clustering result can be used as a reference for teachers in determining study groups and determining the best treatment for each cluster. The best clustering results are proven by validation score using Davies-Bouldin Index, Silhouette Width, and Calinski-Harabasz Index. Three clusters were obtained for each class level of data, while the cluster ranges from two to five for the data for each study group. The dashboard is used in order to visualize the clustering result. Usability testing using System Usability Scale (SUS) has a score value of 87.5, which means that the dashboard can be accepted by SMPN 4 Sidoarjo.
Control of desalination plants using sliding mode scheme with state observer
Authors: Phuc Bui Duc Hong , You Sam-Sang , Kim Hwan-Seong , Lee Sang-Do
Published: July 2021

This paper deals with real-time control with observer to manipulate desalination plants as well as to monitor system states for smart operations. The controller plays an important role in achieving stabilization of reverse osmosis (RO) systems to guarantee the desired water product and concentration. The super-twisting (STW) sliding mode control (SMC) algorithm guarantees performance while reducing chattering. Supposing that all the state variables are not available by sensors, the observer is implemented to provide state estimation. Since smart operations depend on control algorithm and sensor availability, the proposed strategy provides robustness to ensure the water productivity even under uncertainties or under failure of sensors. The robustness is guaranteed by active controller where 80% of disturbance is eliminated in product water flow and that of product water quality is approximately 95%. As well, the state observer can produce precise predictions of the unmeasured states. Sliding mode control with observer provides the system with stability, while assuring better performances against uncertainties. Finally, the active controller with state estimator can guarantee a robust control strategy and monitoring system to extend the life of the filters and membranes, while ensuring sustainability. This control strategy is highly recommended for smart operations of desalination plants.
Application of temporal convolutional network for flood forecasting
Authors: Xu Yuanhao , Hu Caihong , Wu Qiang , Li Zhichao , Jian Shengqi , Chen Youqian
Published: July 2021

Rainfall–runoff modeling is a complex nonlinear time-series problem in the field of hydrology. Various methods, such as physical-driven and data-driven models, have been developed to study the highly random rainfall–runoff process. In the past 2 years, with the advancement of computing hardware resources and algorithms, deep-learning methods, such as temporal convolutional network (TCN), have been shown to be good prospects in time-series prediction tasks. The aim of this study is to develop a prediction model based on TCN structure to simulate the hourly rainfall–runoff relationship. We use two datasets in the Jingle and Kuye watersheds to test the model under different network structures and compare with the other four models. The results show that the TCN model outperforms the Excess Infiltration and Excess Storage Model (EIESM), artificial neural network, and long short-term memory and improves the flood forecasting accuracy at different foreseeable periods. It is shown that the TCN has a faster convergence rate and is an effective method for hydrological forecasting.
Orchidaceae Flora of Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Authors: Werner Siebje Mancinelli  , Karin Esemann-Quadros
Published: July 2021

The objective of this work was to conduct a floristic study of Orchidaceae in the municipality of Joinville (Santa Catarina, Brazil), which occurred from 2006 to 2015. The municipality is mainly covered with Atlantic Forest between 0 and 1,335 m elevation. For the family, 211 species within 90 genera were recorded. The richest genera are Epidendrum (17 spp.), Pabstiella (15 spp.), Acianthera (14 spp.), Anathallis (8 spp.) and Octomeria (8 spp.). The majority of the species are epiphytes (82%), 11% are terrestrial, and the remaining 7% are hemi-epiphytes, rupicolous or myco-heterotrophic. Two species, Grobya guiselii and Homalopetalum joinvillense, are known only from Joinville.
(S,R)3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-Dihydro-5-Isoxazole Acetic Acid Methyl Ester Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Through TGF-β/Smad4 Axis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Qibing , Wang Yan , Li Fen , Cheng Xiang , Xiao Yu , Chen Shiming , Xiao Bokui , Tao Zezhang
Published: July 2021

Background:

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally reported as an inflammation regulating
molecule, is elevated in various cancer cells, which may promote carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, ISO-1 is a potent
small molecular inhibitor of MIF, which has not been investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), hence the
impact of ISO-1 on NPC cells remains to be illustrated.

Objective:

This study intended to explore the biological function of ISO-1 in NPC cells in vitro and prove a possibility
of ISO-1 being a novel agent in NPC treatments.

Methods:

Gene expression of MIF in Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma was obtained from The Cancer Genome
Atlas (TCGA) database. Nasal pharyngeal tissues were collected from adult patients undergoing nasopharyngeal
biopsy for MIF level detection. Proliferation of NPC cell lines 5-8B and 6-10B was studied using Cell Counting Kit-8
(CCK-8) assay and plate-colony-formation assay, apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining,
migration and invasion capacities were measured by wound-healing assay and transwell assay, all to explore the function
of ISO-1 in NPC cells in vitro. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) level of NPC cells was determined by
Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assay.

Results:

Transcript level of MIF was significantly higher in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Protein MIF was
overexpressed in human NPC tissues compared to non-cancerous ones, and its expression could be compromised by
ISO-1 in vitro. 100μM ISO-1 significantly hindered NPC cells' migration and invasion capacities in vitro but acted
relatively poorly on proliferation and apoptosis. Immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting implied a downregulated
EMT level through TGF-β/Smad4 axis in ISO-1 treated NPC cells compared to the vehicle

Conclusion:

This study indicated that MIF antagonist ISO-1 holds an impact on NPC progression by influencing the
migration and invasion of NPC cells ISO-1 inhibits the EMT process of NPC cells through TGF-β/Smad4 axis, supporting
that prudent application of ISO-1 may be a potential adjuvant treatment for NPC.
Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Apoptotic Profile of New Derivatives from the Meta Stable Benzoxazinone Scaffold
Authors: El-Sayed Amira A. , El-Hashash Maher A. , El-Sayed Wael M.
Published: July 2021

Background:

Cancer exerts a huge strain on the health system. The emerging resistance to the current chemotherapies
demands the continuous development of new anticancer agents with lower cost, higher efficacy, and
greater specificity.

Objective:

This study aimed at developing selective small molecules as targeted anticancer agents.

Methods:

The behavior of benzoxazinone 2 towards nitrogen nucleophiles, such as hydrazine hydrate, formamide,
ethanolamine, aromatic amines, and thiosemicarbazide, was described. The behavior of the amino quinazolinone 3
towards carbon electrophiles and P2S5 was also investigated. The antiproliferative activity of 17 new benzoxazinone
derivatives was examined against the growth of three human cancer cell lines; liver HepG2, breast MCF-7, and colon
HCT-29, in addition to the normal human fibroblasts WI-38, and the selectivity index was calculated. The possible
molecular pathways, such as the cell cycle and apoptosis, were investigated.

Results:

Derivatives 3, 7, 8, 10, 13, and 15 had a significant (less than 10 μM) antiproliferative activity against the
three cancer cell lines investigated. Derivative 7 showed the best antiproliferative profile comparable to that of doxorubicin.
The selectivity index for all the effective derivatives ranged from ~5-12 folds, indicating high selectivity against
the cancer cells. Derivative 15 caused ~ 7-fold and 8-fold inductions in the expression of p53 and caspase3, respectively.
It also caused a ~ 60% reduction in the expression of both topoisomerase II (topoII) and cyclin-dependent
kinase 1 (cdk1). Derivatives 3, 7, and 8 had a similar profile; ~ 6-8-fold increased in the expression of p53 and
caspase3 but these compounds were devoid of any significant effect on the expression of topoII and cdk1. Derivatives
10 and 13 were also similar and resulted in a ~6-fold elevation in the expression of caspase3, and more than 60%
downregulation in the expression of topoII. The results of the gene expression of topoII and caspase 3 were confirmed
by the measurement of the topoII concentration and caspase3 activity in the HepG2 cells.

Conclusion:

Six derivatives exerted their antiproliferative activity by arresting the cell cycle (decreasing cdk1), preventing
the DNA duplication (downregulating topo II), and inducing apoptosis (inducing p53 and caspase3). One
common feature in all the six active derivatives is the presence of a free amino group. These compounds have merit for
further investigations.
Sociocultural Factors, Sensation Seeking, and Risk of Exposure to Substance Abuse Among Egyptian and Saudi Undergraduates
Authors: Kamel Neama F. , Hassan Nagia I. , Hashem Wafaa E. , Alqahtani Friyal Mubarak , AlAmer Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Background:

Substance abuse is a major public health issue worldwide, particularly manifesting during the late adolescent and early adult period. Each culture has distinct beliefs and unique ways of raising children. Cultural differences in parenting beliefs and behaviors are an interesting area that enhances understanding of the nature of differences across cultures. Substance abuse risk may be related to family sociocultural factors; however, there are limited studies that address the relationships between pertinent variables.

Objective:

To examine and compare family sociocultural factors, sensation seeking, and risk of drug involvement among Egyptian and Saudi university students.

Methods:

The study employed a comparative correlational descriptive design using two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires distributed to students enrolled in Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) in Saudi Arabia and Damanhur University (DU) in Egypt.

Results:

The study showed that Egyptian and Saudi students with a higher percentage of supportive parent relationships have less risk of drug involvement. In both countries, cigarette smoking was the first substance used. Moreover, factors predicting the risk of drug involvement and regression analysis revealed that male students had five times more risk of drug involvement than their female peers, keeping all other factors constant (OR = 5.734; 95%CI:3.231-10.174), while highly supportive paternal relationship reduced the risk of drug involvement by 85% (OR = 0.148; 95% CI: 0.045-0.489).

Conclusion:

The risk for substance abuse in both cultural settings was moderate, and smoking was the most common substance used. Moreover, a highly supportive paternal relationship reduced the risk of drug involvement by 85%.
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with Psoriasis
Authors: Nguyen Hao Trong , Vo Phuong Thi Doan , Pham Nhi Thi Uyen , Bui Thang Anh , Nghiem Thao Phuong
Published: July 2021

Introduction:

Since the early 20th century, findings have demonstrated that psoriasis is frequently associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) is a surrogate marker of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the CIMT in patients with psoriasis and investigate its correlation with the clinical features.

Methods:

The present case-control study involved 70 patients with psoriasis who visited Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Dermato-Venereology from September 2018 to April 2019 and 35 healthy subjects. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were measured in both groups. Linear Doppler scanning was performed to evaluate the CIMT of the common, internal, and external carotid arteries and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques.

Results:

The mean CIMT value in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than that of controls [0.59 mm (0.53 - 0.71) vs. 0.54 mm (0.52 - 0.62), respectively, p = 0.036]. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the CIMT and age (p = 0.043) and CIMT and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the mean number of atherosclerotic plaques in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than that in controls [0.27 ± 0.68 vs. 0.03 ± 0.17, respectively, p = 0.035].

Conclusion:

Elderly patients with severe psoriasis should be evaluated carefully regarding CIMT and atherosclerotic plaques, as these signs are representative of increased cardiovascular risk.
Da Criação Literária Universitária como Contra-hegemonia ao Estado Novo: O Caso da Via Latina (1958-1962)
Authors: Réquio Pedro
Published: July 2021

This article aims to evaluate the creation and literary dissemination of students from the Academic Association of Coimbra (AAC) during the period between 1958 and 1962. The chronological limits are justified by Humberto Delgado’s candidacy to the 1958 presidential elections, which brings with it the politicization of different sectors of society, and the first academic crisis, in 1962. During the period mentioned in the AAC magazine, Via Latina, many short stories and literary essays by university students were published. This production denotes a clear influence of the artistic currents that dominated the Portuguese cultural panorama at the time. Inspired by neo-realism and existentialism, as well as by democratizing political opportunities, these authors carried out a transformation of the university and Coimbra’s cultural panorama. For a richer analysis, Via Latina is compared with other academic journals of the time. This article has used interviews with members of the magazine.
Gonçalo Cadilhe nos trilhos de Santo António em Portugal: Intimidades de um Olhar em Por Este Reino Acima. No Primeiro Trekking da História de Portugal
Authors: Soares Maria Dulce
Published: July 2021

A well-known figure on the stage of contemporary Portuguese travel literature with already fifteen published works, Gonçalo Cadilhe focuses on issues of identity, imagology, space, textual and ontological nature, almost always using the format of the journalistic chronicle, among other brief forms. In fact, this is an author whose writing emerges from a work with a structural spatial referentiality in the travelogue, as a look that comes to rest on a physical and human geography. Thus, starting from the work Por este reino acima. No primeiro trekking da História de Portugal (2020), I intend to problematize the author's gaze on the interior of Portugal today, along his walk in the footsteps of young Santo António, aiming to collect, not only the current images of the country, but also to underline his debut through the webs of fictional narrative. Above all, the book focuses on the first trekking of a Portuguese travel writer through national geographic territories and historiographic metafiction, on the recreation of the biography of Santo António on a journey through the textual space where a porous writing arises, betting on the convergence between the real and the fiction or just a “frictional literature” (Ette 2003:31)
Dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies
Authors: Makarenko S. I. , Mamonchikova A. S.
Published: July 2021

Problem setting.The development of the information theory conflicts is connected with the need to form new models that take into account new factors and features of real actions of conflicting parties in the information area. Currently, a fairly developed scientific and methodological apparatus for study of information conflict are models in the formalism of the Markov theory processes and game theory. At the same time, models based on dynamic systems are not sufficiently developed, and dynamic models of multilateral conflicts are not available in well-known publications.Target.The purpose of the work is to form a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies.Results.The research results in a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies. The elements of the model scientific novelty are: the conflict formalization in the form of differential equations system, which are based on the original modification of the Lotki-Voltera model equations; nine strategies for action by parties to a multilateral conflict with varying degrees of conflict; each strategy formalization in the form of coefficients or complex functions with the modeling possibility of their application and change in duel conflicts between each pair of sides.Practical significance.The model presented using in the article allows: to study the dynamic of changes in the conflict parties resources; identify local wins and losses in transition mode; to make conclusions about global wins and losses of the parties over the conflict duration; to make recommendations about party-specific strategies choice and parameters of their strategies usefulness for achieving global wins. These studies may be useful to those skilled special purpose information systems field, electronic warfare or information warfare.
Improving the process of “input control” at the enterprises of military-industrial complex as a way to reduce the cost of reclamation work
Authors: Aleshkin A. P. , Tkachenko T. L. , Karpova I. R.
Published: July 2021

Problem statement.The predominance of effective innovation industries, where scientific developments are the main driving force of the economy is a distinguisher of the manufacturing process in a postindustrial society. Estimate for management efficiency of a high-tech enterprise in the conditions of active innovation activity becomes relevant.The purpose.The article consider military-industrial complex enterprises of the Russian Federation, which work in constantly changing conditions of resource, legislative or other restrictions. The manufacturing of small-scale products with a given quality and reliability with limited financial resources is one of the features of such enterprises. The article examine the methodology for analyzing the enterprise performance indicators that produces special-purpose products and works in accordance with the requirements [1] of manufacturing and usage of serial products.Results.The article considered the estimate options for complex performance indicator of the product quality and reliability management system, evaluating the effectiveness of the input control, [serial products] usage and manufacturing processes.Practical relevance.The proposed method allows identifying the maximum number of product defects, with a glance of the practical development of the technology for their creation and the manufacturing process organizational and technical features.
Problems of ensuring the confidentiality of documents in the corporate information system of an industrial enterprise
Authors: Lachikhina A. В. , Petrakov A. A.
Published: July 2021

Problem statement. Currently, the issue of controlling the confidentiality of information in documents created, processed, transmitted and stored in the corporate information system (after of the documents open) is one of the most acute in ensuring the information security of an industrial enterprise.The purpose. Detection of rational ways to prevent the leakage of electronic documents, which are printed or opened on the computer screens of the corporate information system.Results. The article provides examples of classical methods for information protection from violation of its confidentiality. In the paper note the inefficiency of such techniques for opened on screens or printed documents. The authors propose labeling as a possible mechanism for maintaining the confidentiality of corporate documentation. There are considering modern technologies intended for marking of electronic documents, offered in the Russian market of information protection means. The principles of their work, advantages and disadvantages are given. The analysis allow drawing a conclusion about the possibility of considered technologies usage for investigation of electronic or printed documents leakage incidents and identifying violators.Practical relevance. The authors suggested that electronic document labeling may affect (indirect) on reducing the number of violations within the corporate information system.
Distances entre partis et clivages en Belgique : Le cas des trois Régions : Wallonie, Flandre et Bruxelles
Authors: Frognier A.P.
Published: July 2021

Cet article a pour but de représenter les distances «psychologiques» ou «culturelles» entre les partis politiques belges telles que les perçoivent les électeurs, dans chacune des trois regzons belges (Wallonie, Flandre, Bruxelles). La représentation de ces distances dans un espace multidimensionnel permet d'interpréter les dimensions comme des clivages.La méthode est inspirée des travaux de Rokeach et de Converse et Valen,  mais la technique d'analyse multidimensionnelle est spécifique («analyse factorielle des correspondances»).
Bilan des groupes et du processus de décision dans la communauté des six
Authors: Sidjanski Dusan , Ayberk Ural
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to study the structure of interest groups and their role in the EEC decision making process. The paper consists of two parts ; the first deals with the historical pattern of emergence of these groups, white the second part concentrates on the their contemporary participation in the EEC decision making process.In the first part six empirical topics are developed :1. the creation of interest groups at the Community on regional level;2. the chronological study of these groups and their activities ;3. their geographical distribution across the Community's member states ;4. the functional areas covered and interests represented by these groups at the EEC level ;5. the role of national interest groups and their representation in the interest groups operating at the Community level;6. the distribution of leadership posts in regional interest groups by nationality.A s for the second part, it is in turn divided into two sections. The first discusses the participation of interest groups in the EEC decision making process; whereas, the second section deals with the recent trends in the EEC decision making process.
Politicization of bureaucracy : A framework for measurernent
Authors: Jain R.B.
Published: July 2021

The idea that bureaucracy is a «rational» and «depoliticized» instrument in the conduct of public affairs, has recently come under severe criticism. Assuming the inevitable trend towards «politicization», modern bureaucracies can possibly be classified info four different categories, i.e. : «De-politicized», «Semi-politicized», «Committed» and «Fully-politicized». Such a classification is based on the operationalization of certain indices on four different dimensions viz. a) Degree of Bureaucracy's Influence in Decision-making; b) Degree of its Involvement in Political Activities; c) Degree of Political Interference in its Work and d) its Image in the Public. The extent of «politicization» of any bureaucratic system and its actual deviation from the defined categories will, however, depend upon the available pattern of the characteristic indices in that particular society. Notwithstanding certain difficulties in the operationalization of such indices, the model should be helpful in providing a framework for a comparative analysis and measurement of «politicization» of bureaucracies in different political systems.
De lijstensamenstelling in de BSP
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

Until 1971 the Belgian Socialist Party (BSP) was the only political, party that closely and systematically involved its members in the designation of socialist candidates for parliamentary elections. This was achieved through a system of pre-elections within the party («polling»).The trend away from «polling», already perceptible in 1971, has asserted itself in 1974. Hardly 56 % of the elected members of Parliament owe their seat to their place on the candidate-list at the «poll».More than 40 % of them were designated by a party-congress. This change is noticeably true in Flanders.Nevertheless the choice between a «poll» and a congress as a  decisionmaking technique is not relevant as to the renewal of parliamentary groups. This renewal is mainly due to the introduction of an age-limit (65) and of a gain in seats. Research also showed a growing lack of interest of party members in the composition of candidate-lists : participation has again slightly declined.
Overeenkomst en tegenstelling in de verkiezingsplatformen : Een analyse van de verkiezingsprogramma's via de techniek van het programmogram
Authors: Tegenbos Guy
Published: July 2021

This article aims to present a framework for comparative analysis ofelectoral programs.A content analysis of the programs of the last Belgian elections delivered a number of program items, classified in policy sectors : financial, cultural, social, economic, internal and foreign policy. For each item of each party was checked up if each other party agreed or disagreed with it, or didn't give an opinion upon it. These data were the basis to calculate the  consensus and dissension between the parties.These data were also the basis to construct the programmogram, a graph representing the extent of the programs of the parties, their originality, the importance attached to each policy sector, and the consensus and dissension between the parties.
Does France have an arms export policy?
Authors: Manor Yohanan
Published: July 2021

Although taking place mainly in the private sector, the French arms industry is a very tightly controlled activity, and decision making on arms exports are made within a genera! framework which takes info account the chief aspects of France global policy.Mercantile considerations are not the main factor in French arms exports.  Actually, France has used very counsciously and systematically its arms exports to further its global policy, especially its ambition to build Europe around itself.However, the effective contribution of these arms exports to the attainment of France main goals has been rather dubious and volatile.
De samenvoeging van de gemeenten : Studie van het besluitvormingsproces
Authors: Maes Rudolf
Published: July 2021

In the years 1975-1976 the Belgian government has given high priority to the restructuring of local government, resp. by the means of mergers of communes : the number of communes has decreased by that way from 2,359 to 596.In the decision-making emphasized were the initiatives taken by the Minister of the Interior as wel! on the domain of the elaboration of the proposals to delimitate the territory of the new communes as on the domain of the defining of the terms of execution with regard to the personnel, the finances, the transition of goods, etc.  About the proposals on the delimitation of the territory the local governmentscould only give advice ; they have been sanctioned by the legislative assemblees at the end of 1975 after rather difficult and heated debates.During this period an important resistance developed : on the one side from the communal milieu itself and on the other side from the opposition parties, esp. the Belgian Socialist Party not participating in the government that had made the drawing of the new map of communes according to a broad plan to its aim.Nevertheless, the decision-making also has to be seen from the fact that the opposition parties agreed with the principle of the mergers : they mainly contested the way in which the mergers were executed.The abolition of the federations of communes around the Brussels agglomeration, decided in the same context, has to be seen in the light of the typical Belgian problem of the coexistence of different linguistic groups.
De lijstensamenstelling in de Belgische Socialistische Partij
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

Until 1971 the Belgian Socialist Party (BSP) was the only Belgian party that consulted its members on the composition of candidate-lists for the parliamentary elections.  Internal pre-elections were organized for this purpose.Since 1971 however there is a clear trend to abandon this procedure and to make a party-congres the deciding factor.In 1971 and 1974 this trend became predominant in Flanders; it is now also clearly noticeable in Wallonia. Only one out of seventeen Dutch-speaking federations (Antwerp), and seven of the thirteen Frenchspeaking federations organized pre-elections. As they were held in the large federations which send large numbers of members to parliament, there are still more French-speaking candidates in  parliament through pre-elections than through a congres appointed list.
Strategie van de vrouwenbeweging bij parlementsverkiezingen
Authors: Nysmans Mia
Published: July 2021

The problem of political apathy and poor representation of women in the Belgian parliament bas been focused and seriously challenged with the 1974  parliamentary elections. Two different strategies hereby have been developed: on the one hand a separate, exclusive feminist party ; on the other hand a strategy of female candidates on the more conventional ballots. The effects of both strategies are quite remarkable : whereas the newcoming feminist party was struggling with breakthrough problems, the female candidate strategy strongly effected the amount of female candidates, elected women, as well as the votes given to women, compared to previous elections. The accurate relationship between the women's campaign and its election effect can hardly be determined for the election determinant is too complex. The propaganda however, was an attempt to change the traditional image of women and to increase the political participation and emancipation of women via the instrument of parliamentary elections. The 1977 results, however, hardly equated the optimistic prospects of 1974 : the feminist party didn't survive its second participation and the candidate strategyurgently needs permanent action and political sensibilisation.
Les élections législatives du 17 avril 1977 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William
Published: July 2021

The Parliamentary Elections of 17 April 1977 revealed a great stability of the body of electors and largely confirmed the result of the communal elections of 1976. On the 393 seats in Parliament (House of Representatives and Senate), only 38 went to another political family.Nevertheless, this stability does not exclude movements; in this context should be noted the severe set-back of the «Rassemblement Wallon» which looses nearly half of its voters. lts defeat principally benefits the Liberals and the Christian Democrats and, to a lesser extent, the Socialists.  In the Flemish region, the Socialists strengthen their position, whereas the Christian Democrats gain ground. Unexpected is the Liberals's setback.  The «Volksunie» slightly recedes.In Brussels, PDF is undeniably successful and even exceeds its 1971 result. Communists are losing ground all over the country.In these elections which have been characterized by rather limited vote variations, the «communal tickets» (i.e. those based upon a single cultural group) recede, on the whole, to the benefit of the traditional parties which received a serious blow in 1971, but showed signs of a recovery as soon as 1974.
Simulatie van een meerderheidsstelsel in België
Authors: Holvoet Luc
Published: July 2021

Based upon the electoral results from the 17/4/1977 general election this study examines how the introduction of a system of single majoritarian representation (as in Great-Britain) might «reshuffle the cards» among the various politica! parties.Furthermore, one has examined which might be the consequences of the introduction of majoritarian representation for the over-all functioning of the Belgian political system. One bas also explored the possibilities to counterbalance the possible negative consequences of such a representation system.
De vertekening van de uitspraak van het kiezerskorps bij de verwerking Analyse van de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 10 oktober 197 6
Authors: Senaeve Patrick
Published: July 2021

The method for calculating the distribution of seats in Belgium in local elections (called the Imperiali-method) is known as a method that favours stronger lists of candidates and is prejudicial to weaker lists. An exhaustive comparison was made between the results - in terms of distribution of seats - of the local elections of 10 October, 1976 and those that would have resulted from a distribution based upon the D'Hondt-method (which is used for all other elections in Belgium). This comparison shows that the distribution of seats would differ in more than two thirds of the communes. In more than one fourth of the communes parties do not obtain any representative under the present system, whereas they would under the D'Hondt system. Local and leftist parties are primarily prejudiced by the present system, whereas the big christian-democratic party is hardly hampered by it. The court of mayor and aldermen - the commune' s executive - is elected by the local councillors, and as a consequence, the majority in the council obtains all seats in the court. At present, these courts consist of representatives of one single list in 61 % of the communes and of representatives of two or more lists (executive coalition) in 39 % of the communes. On the basis of the D'Hondt-method, existing homogeneous ( i.e., one party-)courts would have to be replaced by coalitions between parties in more than 10 % of the communes.
Belgian socialism at the liberation 1944-1950
Authors: Kramer Steven Philip
Published: July 2021

The period 1944-1950 witnessed the successful reconstruction of the Belgian Socialist Party. Despite some modifications of structure and leadership personnel, the party retained many of its pre-war characteristics.  There was no significant modernization of doctrine. In particular, its role as a party of government was accentuated. The PSB played amajor role in increasing social welfare programs and restoring the Belgian economy, but made few structural reforms. Despite opposition to a division of the world into blocs, it was eventually forced into the American camp. The PSB's main political accomplishment was preventing the return to the throne of Leopold. By the end of this period, the PSB had largely become a party of the status quo.
De ontwikkeling van de particratie vóór de Tweede Wereldoorlog
Authors: Balthazar Herman
Published: July 2021

The theses of the preponderating impact of the political parties in Belgian polities in the «interbellum» stems from definite political sources in that period. It has to be critically analysed. For the political parties, although the most observerd decision-makers, are in many respect not the sole nor the most prominent ones.
Organizing Belgian Cabinets : Governments in Turmoil
Authors: Van Gassel Hugo
Published: July 2021

The internal organization of Belgian governments is described. Several ministerial committees for the preparation of governmental decisions have been institutionalized. The ministers and state secretaries who are members are chosen according the functional competence, region or community association, and party or faction affiliation.A core cabinet for general policy, which is chaired by the prime minister, and in which are represented the most important members of each coalition partner, tends to take over the role of the council of ministers on crucial matters as an instrument of collegial decision-making.This trend does not contribute to the consolidation of the prime minister's power.The existing ministerial committees, one for each community or region, developed into governments.The article deals also with the internal organization-charts and party distribution among members of subunits of the Belgian governments from 1972 to 1981.
Het beleid inzake de staalnijverheid in België en Europa
Authors: Dillewijns Jozef , Pauwels Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2021

The european steel crisis is due to the steel production overcapacity in regard of a decline in demand, leading to a fierce price competition, with prices 15 to 20 % lower than in the USA and Japan.  Measures were taken by the Commission of the European Communities and by the steel companies, consisting of imposing or proposing selling prices, limiting the deliveries, reducing import from third countries, closing down obsolete capacities, increasing productivity. Moreover, most governments have granted financial aid.In the second half of 1980, the market situation has deteriorated rapidly, which fact has led the Council of the European Communities to adopt Art. 58 of the ECSC-Treaty and to set obligatory production quotas. This has proved not to be sufficient. There is a strong tendency within the Commission towards a drastic reduction of overcapacity,as well as a decrease in state aid, the latter being considered as only allowed temporarily as a means of achieving the necessary restructuring and capacity reduction.It can be expected that, given the dramatic market situation, these measures wilt effectively be put into practice in the period to come. At the same time, voluntary agreements concerning production and prices are being discussed among steel producers (Eurofer 2).
De nationale zeehavenpohtiek
Authors: Van Rompuy Vic
Published: July 2021

On august 9th 1980 the Belgian government took a number of important decisions with relation to the ports of Zeebrugge and Antwerp. The author takes this occasion to analyse and to evaluate the existing seaport policy in Belgium. The first section tries to give an answer to the question : why do public authorities intervene in port activities ? Subsequently the article deals with the fundamental data for a port policy until 2000 and with the institutional organisation of this policy. The two last sections present an analysis of the general orientation as far as investment, competition, employment, environment and international relations are concerned. The author arrives at the conclusion that seaport policy in Belgium has to be prepared in a more systematic way and coordinated with other branches of transport, energy and economic policy.