bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibodies against Sulphoquinovosyl-diacyl glycerol and their Reactions with Chloroplasts
Authors: Radunz Alfons , Berzborn Richard
Published: February 2015

Using immunological techniques we tried to determine the localization and orientation of the sulpholipid of diloroplasts in thylakoids. During immunization of rabbits with lamellar systems of chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus antisera were obtained which precipitated sulpholipid emulsions. Antibodies against the sulpholipid were not detected until a second series of intravenous injections.

By immunizing purified sulpholipid of Fucus serratus, adsorbed to methylated bovine serum albumin, sulpholipid antisera were acquired. These antisera and the antisera against lamellar systems of Antirrhinum majus reacted with preparations of sulpholipid from widely different plant species. The sulpholipid antisera did not react with emulsions of the mono- or digalactosyl-diacyl glycerol, of lecithin or the anionic phosphatide phosphatidyl glycerol. Lamellar systems isolated without osmotic shock on a sucrose gradient were not agglutinated by sulpholipid antisera directly, but an indirect agglutination could be achieved in a Coombs-test or in a mixed antigen agglutination after Uhlenbruck. Broken chloroplasts, however, were agglutinated directly by sulpholipid antisera, as well lamellar systems which had been disrupted in a French-press or by ultrasonic treatment.

From agglutination and agglutination inhibition experiments with lamellar systems prepared by different methods it is concluded that the determinant groups of the sulpholipid are accessible for antibodies in the lamellar system of chloroplasts. But probably the sulpholipid molecules are located inside the thylakoids.
Untersuchungen zur Temperaturabhängigkeit charakteristischer IR- und NMR-Absorptionen, XV
Authors: Sterk H. , June H. , Remp W.
Published: February 2015

The hindered rotation around the C -N-axis of 2-aminomethylen-,3-indandiones 1 - 6 was investigated by NMR-spectroscopy at variable temperatures. The conformation of the compounds is discussed.
Biochemical Effects in the Rabbit of Repeated Administration of a Mixture of DDT, Carbaryl, and Parathion
Authors: Hassan A. , Cueto C.
Published: February 2015

Some biochemical effects of the repeated administration to rabbits of DDT (5 mg/kg), carbaryl (5 mg/kg), and parathion (0.5 mg/kg) were studied during 222 days. No significant changes were found in the blood or urine levels of amino acids. The tubular phosphorus reabsorption remained unaltered. The blood coagulation time was considerably shortened in the treated animals. The urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (VMA) was higher in treated animals as compared to that of controls, indicating an increased rate of metabolism of serotonin and catecholamines, respectively. This increased metabolism is in turn believed to be a consequence of increased biosynthesis and release of biogenic amines caused by a “stress mechanism” induced by the administered pesticides. The amounts of 5-HIAA and VMA returned to normal 45 days after cessation of treatment.
Wirkung von Antikörpern gegen die Ferredoxin-NADP-Reduktase aus Spinat auf photosynthetische Reaktionen in einem zellfreien System aus der Blaualge Anacystis nidulans / Effect of Antibodies against Ferredoxin-NADP-Reductase from Spinach on Photosynthetic Reactions in a Cell-free System of Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Bothe Hermann , Berzborn Richard J.
Published: February 2015

Particles from Anacystis nidulans were obtained which - similar to preparations from spinachwere deficient in ferredoxin or in both ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP-reductase. The photosynthetic NADPH2-formation in these particles could be restored by addition of both these factors. The ferredoxin-NADP-reductase isolated from Anacystis closely ressembled in its enzymatical behaviour that enzyme from spinach. As previously described antibodies prepared against the spinach ferredoxin-NADP-reductase always inhibited the activities of the enzyme in spinach chloroplasts, regardless of whether the enzyme is bound to particles or made soluble. Contrary to this, in Anacystis these antibodies only affected the activities of the solubilized, but not of the particle-bound enzyme. Hence the reductase must be at least as tightly bound in the photosynthetic structure of Anacystis as it is in chloroplasts. The antibodies did not affect the ferredoxin-catalysed cyclic photophosphorylation in spinach and in Anacystis; this indicates that at least in spinach the ferredoxin-NADP-reductase is not involved in cyclic photophosphorylation.
Unterschiede in der Kastendetermination zwischen den Hummelarten Bombus hypnorum und Bombus terrestris / Differences in the Caste Determination between the Bumblebee Species Bombus hypnorum and Bombus terrestris
Authors: Röseler Peter-Frank
Published: February 2015

In colonies of Bombus hypnorum reared in captivity all intermediate body sizes between worker and queen are produced, the body size being determined by the amount of food for the larvae. Queens are produced, if the larvae are fed sufficiently. In captivity queens are produced at every time of the colony development, if one worker has to feed only two larvae in the maximum. In experiments where queens founded a colony together with workers, the larvae of the first brood also developed into queens.

In Bombus terrestris the castes are more differentiated. Workers have a maximal body size and there are no intermediate sizes to the queen size. Larvae are determined alternatively to be workers or queens in the first 3½ days of the development. Experiments with fences show that the queen produces a pheromon which inhibits the workers from rearing new queens. Workers are not able to pass the inhibiting factor from one to another. The inhibition by the queen terminates near the end of the colony development.
Infrarot-Spektren Trimethylelement(IVb)-substituierter Methylamin-Derivate
Authors: Schumann H. , Schumann-Ruidisch I. , Ronecker S.
Published: February 2015

Es werden Synthese und Eigenschaften von Trimethylelement-IVb-Derivaten des tert.-Butylmethylamins beschrieben und deren IR- und 1H-NMR-Spektren im Zusammenhang mit den spektroskopischen Daten entsprechender Trimethylelement-IVb-Derivate von Trimethylsilyl-, Trimethylgermyl- und Trimethylstannyl-methvlamin zugeordnet und diskutiert.
Zur Kenntnis des μ-Amido-μ-peroxo-bis[bis(äthylendiamin)-kobalt(III)]-Kations und seiner Salze / On the μ-Amido-μ-peroxo-bis [bis (ethylenediamine) cobalt (III)] Cation and Its Salts
Authors: Thewalt Ulf
Published: February 2015

The μ-amido-μ-peroxo-bis[bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)] cation, [(en)2Co·μ(NΗ2,O2) · Co(en)2]3⊕

(C) is an intermediate species in Werner's preparation of the corresponding μ-amido-μ-superoxo and the μ-amido-μ-hydroperoxo complexes. Preparations of racemic salts of (C) containing the anions I⊖, SCN⊖, and S2O6
2⊖ respectively are described. By means of an X-ray structure analysis of the thiocyanate of (C) the O2 bridge was proved to be a true peroxo group.
Einfluß von Effektoren auf Molekulargewicht und Aktivität von Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GluDH) aus Rinderleber in vitro / The Influence of Various Effectors on Molecular Weight and Activity of Bovine Liver
Authors: Kempfle M. , Mosebach K.-O. , Blanke C.
Published: February 2015

The activities of GluDH against glutamic acid (α-oxoglutarate) and against alanine (pyruvate) were compared unter various conditions. Diethylstilbestrole (DES) inhibited the oxidative deamination of glutamic acid at all enzyme concentrations investigated but its effect on the oxidative deamination of alanine was different. At small enzyme concentrations (<0.01 mg/ml) where there are only monomers of the enzyme (mol.-weight 310 000) DES inhibited analogously to its behaviour in the glutamic acid reaction. At high concentrations where almost only aggregated enzyme molecules are present, DES stimulated the deamination of alanine and the reductive amination of pyruvate, respectively. These observations are interpreted without assuming different conformations of the monomers obtained either by simple dilution or by treatment with DES. An interpretation is possible by conceiving the inhibition and liberation of the active sites to be events influencing the encymatic activity contrarily.
Röntgenkleinwinkelstudien an verdünnten Lösungen von Helix pomatia Hämocyanin
Authors: Pilz I. , Kratky O. , Moring-Claesson I.
Published: February 2015

Das Hämocyanin der Schnecke Helix pomatia wurde mit Hilfe der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung in reinem Wasser und in 0,05 M Boratpuffer bei pH 8,2 untersucht.

In Wasser lagen homodisperse Lösungen des ganzen Hämocyaninmoleküles vor; das Mol.-Gew. betrug 8,95 · 106. Die Streukurve zeigt zahlreiche Nebenmaxima, die eindeutig auf die Gestalt eines Hohlzylinders hinweisen. Der Streumassenradius betrug 164 A; ein Formvergleich mit theoretischen Streukurven von Hohlzylindern ergibt die beste Übereinstimmung für folgende Achsenverhältnisse: Innenradius zu Außenradius 0,45 : 1 und Zylinderhöhe zu Außendurchmesser 1,1 : 1. Aus diesen Achsenverhältnissen und dem Streumassenradius errechnen sich für den streuungsäquivalenten Hohlzylinder die Dimensionen: Höhe = 360 A, Außendurchmesser 330 Å und Innendurchmesser 150 A. Das ermittelte Volumen (1,74 · 107 Å3) und der Quellungsgrad (1,6) sind relativ groß und weisen darauf hin, daß das Hämocyanin aus Untereinheiten aufgebaut sein muß.

Bei pH 8,2 lagen Bruchstücke des Hämocyanins vor, deren Mol.-Gew. etwa ein Zehntel des ganzen Teilchens betrug; häufig wurden durch Anteile von noch kleineren Bruchstücken auch niedrigere M-Werte gefunden.
Immunological evidence for the presence of latent Ca2⊕ dependent ATPase and carboxydismutase on the thylakoid surface
Authors: Kannangara C. Gamini , Wyk Doris van , Menke Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

Antibodies were prepared against carboxydismutase and latent Ca2⊕ dependent ATPase (coupling factor) purified from Nicotiana tabacum. The antibodies against carboxydismutase inhibit the enzymatic activity of the purified protein, while those against coupling factor inhibit the Ca2® dependent ATPase activity of the protein as well as the photophosphorylation of the chloroplasts. The antisera against these two proteins agglutinate the isolated lamellar systems of chloroplasts. The lamellar systems after repeated washes with ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid loose their capacity to agglutinate with the antibodies. So treated lamellar systems regain their capacity to agglutinate when preincubated with purified coupling factor and carboxydismutase. It is concluded that coupling factor and carboxydismutase molecules are present on the outer surface of the thylakoids. The antisera against the proteins isolated from Nicotiana show cross reactions with preparations of Antirrhinum. Coupling factor and carboxydismutase are non-uniformly distributed on the surface of thylakoids. Electron microscopy shows no evidence that coupling factor represent knobs attached to the surface of the thylakoids.
Preliminary Report on the Protection from Ehrlich Ascites Tumor with Tumor Cells Photoinactivated in the Presence of Psoralen or 8-Methyl-Psoralen
Authors: Musajo Luigi , Visentini Pier Antonio , Baccichetti Francarosa
Published: February 2015

Cells of the Ehrlich ascites tumor irradiated with long wavelength ultraviolet (365 nm) in the presence of psoralen or 8-methyl-psoralen induce protection from the tumor in two strains of mice.
Extractives from Heartwoods: Part II. Isolation of Gmelinol and n-Octacosanol from Gmelina arborea
Authors: Joshi Krishna C. , Singh L. B.
Published: February 2015

From the aqueous extract of the heartwood of Gmelina arborea (N.O.: Verbenaceae), a lignan has been isolated and identified as gmelinol on the basis of its chemical and spectral analysis. From the benzene extract of the same heartwood, n-octacosanol has been isolated as one of the constituents.
Die Reaktivitäten des Porphins, Chlorins, Bacteriochlorins und Phlorins. Ladungsdichten, Freie Valenzen und Außenelektronendichten / The Reactivities of Porphin, Chlorin, Bacteriochlorin, and Phlorin. Electron Densities, Free Valences and Frontier Orbital Densities
Authors: Knop J. V. , Fuhrhop J.-H.
Published: February 2015

The π-electron densities, bond orders, free valences, and reactivity indices according to Fukui's “frontier orbital”-model were calculated for all reactive centers of porphin, chlorin, bacteriochlorin and phlorin by means of Self Consistent Field (SCF) calculations using the approxima tiaons of Pariser, Parr, and Pople. The results were compared with known experimental facts. The relative reactivities of different reactivity centers (e. g. methine-bridges and β-pyrrolic carbon atoms) are well predicted by calculated π-electron densities, whereas the characteristics of similar reactivity centers (e. g. the different methine-bridges in chlorin) are better reflected in the reactivity indices of the “frontier orbital’ model. Reasons for the partial inadequacies of the models used are shortly discussed.
Zur Reaktion von Diboran mit Grignard-Verbindungen in Gegenwart von Äthern / Concerning the Reaction of Diborane with Grignard-Reagents in Ether Solutions
Authors: Ewerling J. , Nöth H.
Published: February 2015

The reaction between diborane and solutions of RMgX (R = CH3, C2H5, C6H5CH2; X = Cl, Br, J) in ether or tetrahydrofurane (THF) has been studied. The magnesium halide tetrahydridoborates are formed which can be readily isolated from THF solutions as the crystalline solvates MgX (BH4) · 2 THF. Species of the type RBH3
⊖ and R2BH2
⊖ but not R3BH⊖ can be detected by means of 11B nmr spectroscopy in solutions containing excess RMgX; they represent intermediates in the BH4
⊖ producing steps. However, contrary to the literature, no hydridomagnesiumhalides, HMgX, could be isolated in a pure state and only for the case X = Cl was it possible to obtain mixtures of MgCl2 with MgH-containing species, both solvated. from THF solutions.
The Effects of Linolenic Acid and Extracts of Ricinus Leaf on System I and System II
Authors: Brody Seymour Steven
Published: February 2015

The action of extracts of Ricinus communis leaf (RLE) and of linolenic acid (LINO) on System I and System II of corn and spinach chloroplasts were investigated by an amperometric method.

RLE induced a time dependent decrease in the rate of oxygen production by corn chloroplasts (half time about one hour) at low white light intensity (900 ergs/cm2 sec.). At high white light intensity (7 x 103 ergs/cm2 sec.) the maximum value of the oxygen gush, V0, was observed to decrease with time in the presence of RLE; the steady state rate of oxygen production, Vm, also decreased under these conditions. The ratio, V0/Vm, decreased immediately upon addition of RLE, then increased with time. The effect of RLE on System I was much more rapid than on System II. In less than one hour all activity of System I disappeared.

At high white light intensity addition of 1.6 x 10-4 M LINO to spinach chloroplasts induced a time dependent decrease of V0 and increase of Vm. The latter effect is indicative of uncoupling of phosphorylation. The ratio V0/Vm decreased both with time of incubation and concentration of LINO. On the other hand, at concentrations less than 10-4 M, LINO has little effect on System I.

It is concluded that both RLE and LINO may be acting on the reaction center of System II. It appears that RLE contains a fraction that specifically acts to immediately reduce the number of System I reaction centers.
Advanced Initiation of Synchronous Mitoses in Physarum polycephalum Following UV-irradiation
Authors: Sachsenmaier W. , Dönges K. H. , Rupff H. , Czihak G.
Published: February 2015

Irradiation of multinuclear synchronous plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum with UV-light (2000 to 7000 ergs/mm2, λ max 2537 Å) at any time during the first two thirds of the mitotic cycle (S-period and early G2-period) delays the onset of the next nuclear mitosis by 1 to 3 hours (10 to 30% of the normal cycle). The initial delay of the mitotic schedule is overcompensated by the advanced initiation of subsequent mitoses. This remarkable shortening of the nuclear division cycle very likely is related to the selective destruction of some irradiated nuclei during the first postirradiation S-period. Since the increase of total protein is little affected, the ratio of protein/DNA (cytoplasm/nuclei) is increased after the UV treatment. A model is discussed suggesting that the onset of nuclear mitosis is controlled by a cytoplasmic factor which accumulates during interphase at a rate proportional to the increase of the total plasmodial mass.
Effect of Ring Asymmetry on Pseudorotation at Five-Coordinate Phosphorus in Phosphadiazetidinones
Authors: Dunmur R. E. , Murray M. , Schmutzler R. , Gagnaire D.
Published: February 2015

Non-equivalence of fluorine atoms has been observed in the 19F n.m.r. spectra of 1-alkyl-1,1-difluoro-N-methyl-N′-phenyl-1,2,4-phosphadiazetidin-3-ones at -40°C but not in the spectra of analogous N,N′-dimethyl compounds and a mechanism for pseudorotation in these compounds is proposed to explain this difference.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen in den Systemen MeUO4 — ThO2 mit Me = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb und Y
Authors: Kemmler-Sack Sibylle , Rüdorff Walter
Published: February 2015

Spektroskopische Untersuchungen in den Systemen (Me0,5 - x/2U0,5 - x/2Thx) O2 mit Me = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb und Y zeigen, daß die Termaufspaltung des Urans nicht mit dem Vorliegen einer würfelförmigen Sauerstoffkoordination in Einklang zu bringen ist. Als eine mögliche Deutung des experimentellen Materials wird die Annahme von Uranylgruppen, UO2
®, diskutiert.
The Watersplitting System of Photosynthesis I. A Postulated Model
Authors: Renger G.
Published: February 2015

For the natural donor of photosynthetic photosystem II an operational model is postulated. This model combines a definite structural pattern of two types of electron donors (octahedral arrangement of 6 secondary donors around a primary donor) with conformational state dependent electron transfer probability. It is shown that the model provides an explanation of many experimental data, especially the kinetics of the “priming” reactions of the watersplitting system can be quantitatively described.
Eine Komplementbindungsreaktion zum Nachweis der bei Leukämieviren verschiedener Säuger vorkommenden gemeinsamen antigenen Komponente
Authors: Schäfer Werner , Lange Jens , Pister Liselotte , Seifert Eveline , Noronha Fernando de , Schmidt Friedrich-Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

By immunization of a rabbit with purified gs-antigen from mouse leukemia virus (MLV) a potent antiserum (R-gs-serum) was obtained, which reacts specifically with gs-antigen of MLV.

In cat leukemia virus (KLV) two types of antigens, probably both group specific, could be demonstrated with anti-KLV-sera by Ouchterlony test. One of these was shown with MLV-sera to be identical with a MLV-gs-antigen component. This antigen occurring in both viruses is called gsinterspecies (interspec.) antigen.

R-gs-serum allowed to detect gs-interspec. antigen also by the more sensitive CF-test. [Lispa (leukemia virus interspec. antigen) CF-test]. Preliminary experiments with this test indicated that bovine leukosis as well as human cancer cells can produce an agent in tissue culture which is serologically related to MLV.
UV-induzierte Brüche in 5-Bromuracil-substituierter DNS des Phagen T1 / UV-Induced Strand Breaks in 5-Bromouracil Substituted DNA of Phage T1
Authors: Stephan G. , Miltenburger H. G. , Hotz G.
Published: February 2015

Phage Tl and BU-Τ1 (phage DNA substituted with 5-bromouracil) were inactivated by UV-light (2537 A). After irradiation DNA was extracted and its sedimentation behaviour studied by zone centrifugation in neutral and alkaline sucrose gradients, respectively. In the DNA of unsubstituted phage no double-strand breaks and only a small number of single-strand breaks per inactivation dose could be detected after high UV-doses. However, after irradiation of phage BU-T1 double- and single-strand breaks were observed at an increased rate. UV-irradiation in the presence of a radical scavenger (0.01 M cysteamine) prevented the occurrence of double- but not of single strand breaks. The relevance of these breaks attributable to BU-incorporation for the biological activity (plaque forming ability) of the phage and the site of action of cysteamine are discussed.
Struktur und Schwingungsspektren von Titan(III)-halogeno-Komplexverbindungen / Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Titanium (III) -halo-complexes
Authors: Fritz H. P. , Griffith W. P. , Stefaniak G. , Tobias R. S.
Published: February 2015

The infrared spectra of polycrystalline pyridinium hexahalo titanates (III), (C5H6N) 3 [TiX6] (X = Cl, Br), show a slight deviation of the complex ions from the form of a regular octahedron, as previously found for K2Na [TiF6]. The spectra can be interpreted by assuming D4h symmetry. The difference between the axial and the equatorial TiX bond lengths is estimated by calculation of the force constants; it is in the order of about 0,01 A.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften von β-Alkoxypropionsäureestern des Cholesterins
Authors: Gross D. , Böttcher B.
Published: February 2015

Es werden die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften von β-Alkoxypropionsäure-Cholesterinestern beschrieben und mit denen der entsprechenden Fettsäuren verglichen. Die Schmelzpunkte nehmen mit einer steigenden Zahl von Ätherfunktionen ab. Alle untersuchten Verbindungen durchlaufen die cholesterinische Phase nur beim Abkühlen. Smektische Phasen wurden nicht beobachtet.
Mittlerer Aktivitätskoeffizient von KCl in Zytoplasma-Fraktionen aus Kalbsleberzellen
Authors: Pfister H.
Published: February 2015

Die Kenntnis der chemischen Potentiale der Salze im Zytoplasma gibt Aufschluß darüber, ob die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Komponenten des Zytoplasmas mit dem Modell einer kompliziert zusammengesetzten, konzentrierten makromolekularen Lösung zu beschreiben sind oder ob im Zytoplasma ein hydratisiertes makromolekulares Netzwerk vorliegt, in dem die Salzionen durch starke Wechselwirkungen zum Teil immobilisiert werden, wie in der Sorptionstheorie von Troshin oder der Association-Induction-Hypothese von Ling angenommen wird.

Als Modell für das Zytoplasma dienten konzentrierte Zytoplasma-Fraktionen aus Kalbsleber, deren Salze vollständig durch KCl in physiologischer lonenstärke ersetzt wurden. Als Maß für das chemische Potential wurde neben den lonenkonzentrationen der mittlere Aktivitätskoeffizient von KCl über EMK-Messungen an einer Dreikompartment-Meßzelle mit einer Kationen- und einer Anionenaustauscher-Membranelektrode bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der mittlere Aktivitätskoeffizient von KCl in den Zytoplasma-Fraktionen mit steigender Makromolekülkonzentration abnimmt, aber nur geringfügig gegenüber dem Wert in reinen KCl-Lösungen gleicher Konzentration erniedrigt wird. Das gilt auch dann, wenn man bei der Berechnung der Ionenkonzentrationen etwa 0,4 g gebundenes Wasser pro g Makromolekül-Trockengewicht als non-solvent-Wasser berücksichtigt. Bei einer Bindung oder Immobilisierung der Salzionen in dem makromolekularen System wäre dagegen eine starke Erniedrigung der mittleren Aktivitätskoeffizienten zu erwarten.
Die Permeation von Ionen als Bewegung durch eine elektrostatische Barriere / Membrane Structure in Plants: Permeation of Ions as a Movement across an Electrostatic Barrier
Authors: Weigl Josef
Published: February 2015

Efflux of ions across the plasmalemma of root cells was studied in order to understand how the plasmalemma acts as a barrier to passive ion distribution.

High external concentrations of salts (KCl, CaSO4 etc.) were found to increase the permeability of the plasmalemma to Cl⊖. The decrease in resistance of the plasmalemma to anion permeation was suggested to be due to binding of cations to negatively charged groups of the membrane. We have stressed the significance of binding of cations (Ca2⨁, H⨁, K⨁, Na⨁) to phospholipid films10 for the mechanism of ion permeation across the plasmalemma of plant cells1-4. H○-efflux from salt-loaded roots is likely to be stimulated with increasing external salt concentration. Efflux of Cl⊖ was stimulated by externally applied H2SO4. The different effect of Ca2⨁-salts on Cl⊖- and Rb® (K®)-permeability of salt-loaded roots suggests that it is not only he H⨁-ions which decrease the charge density of the membrane but also the Ca2O-ions (and monovalent cations at sufficient concentrations?). Thus Ca2⨁ increases passive anion permeability by decreasing the density of negative charges of the membrane and decreases passive (nonspecific) monovalent cation permeability. Ca2⨁ and H⨁ (K⨁, Na⨁) appear to act synergistically on Cl⊖-permeability and antagonistically on monovalent cation permeability.

The high Rb® (K®)-efflux across the plasmalemma (fig. 1) may contribute to the electric conductance and potential of the plasmalemma. The plasmalemma is to be expected to depolarize as the pH of the medium is lowered. However, this would not unequivocally point to H⨁-conductance as a major component f plasmalemma conductance (KITASATO 16), since permeability of the plasmalemma to Cl⊖(PCl) appears o be increased as the pH is lowered.

It is concluded that the plasmalemma of plant cells acts as an electrostatic barrier against anion diffusion. The lipid of the membrane favours the permeability to apoiar molecules as suggested by OVERTON 5 and COLLANDER 6. The general barrier action to the movement of polaf and charged molecules is believed to arise from a compact arrangement of cholesterol and apoiar hydrocarbon chains of phospholipids (and apoiar amino acid residues). Small polar molecules penetrate the lipid lattice easier than big polar molecules. However, the charged groups of the phospholipids play an important role in permeability to ions rather than the plasmalemma being an electrically neutral lipid filter.
Interferon Action:Effect on the Formation of Poxvirus Specific Polysomes and Viral RNA
Authors: Horak I. , Hilfenhaus J. , Siegert W. , Jungwirth C. , Bodo G. , Palese P.
Published: February 2015

Treatment of chick embryo fibroblast cells or mouse L-cells with homologous interferon resulted in a reduced formation of poxvirus specific polysomes and of viral RNA. In chick cells infected with cowpox virus the reduced formation of viral polysomes and virus-specific RNA after pretreatment of cells with interferon was observed at all timepoints studied (1 - 6 hours p. i.). Exposure of cells to poly I: poly C caused a similar effect. In mouse L-cells infected with vaccinia WR virus pretreatment with interferon did not result in a reduced formation of viral polysomes or virus-specific RNA up to 1 hour p. i. At about 45 min even a slight increase of the formation of viral polysomes and RNA was observed. At later stages of infection (2 -4 hours p. i.) a reduced synthesis of viral polysomes and RNA was seen, similar to that found in the chicken fibroblast system.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Schwefels 100
Authors: Fehér F. , Gladden T. , Kurz D.
Published: February 2015

Aryl-, Benzyl- und Alkyl-Schwefelverbindungen wurden bei tiefer Temperatur photolysiert und die dabei erhaltenen Reaktionsprodukte mit Hilfe von UV-Absorptions- und ESR-Messungen sowie gaschromatographisch identifiziert. Die Existenz freier, zum Teil stabiler Thiylradikale konnte nachgewiesen werden.
Massenspektrometrische Fragmentierung von trifluoracetylierten Terpenolen / Fragmentation Patterns of Terpenols by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ebbighausen Wilhelm , Breitmaier Eberhard , Jung Günther , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Several trifluoroacetylated aromatic, aliphatic, monocyclic and bicyclic terpenols have been investigated by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fragmentation patterns of these compounds are discussed.
The Synthesis of 5-Ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
Authors: Bishop M. J.
Published: February 2015

The title compound has been synthesised by Dieckmann cyclisation of 2-ethoxycarbonylethyl 1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-propylmethylamine, followed by reduction and dehydration.
Strahlenchemie von alkoholen XV
Authors: Sonntag C. v. , Thoms E.
Published: February 2015

In the γ-radiolysis of aqueous N2O-saturated solutions of ethylene glycol (0,1 M) the following products (G-values at 20°C) were found: succinaldehyde (1,7S), glycolaldehyde (1,05), acetaldehyde (1,2), 3,4-dihydroxybutanal (0,22), and erythritol (0,15). Radicals from the water radiolysis (H˙ and ˙OH) attack ethylene glycol and yield ˙CHOH -CH2OH radicals. These radicals readily split off water yielding ˙CH2- CHO radicals [reaction (3)]. All products can be explained by disproportionation or dimerization of these two radicals. Material balance of products formed with respect to the primary yields of ˙H and ˙OH radicals from water radiolysis was obtained.

˙CHOH-CH2OH -+ CHO-CH2˙ +H2O. (3)

CHO-CH2˙+CH2OH-CH2OH→CHO-CH3+˙CHOH-CH2OH. (9)

In contrast to the yields of the other products the acetaldehyde yield depends strongly on ethylene glycol concentration and temperature. With increasing temperature and ethylene glycol concentration the chain (3) - (9) - (3) becomes more and more important
Kinetik der Reaktion von katalytisch aktiven Imidazol-SH-Verbindungen mit Bromacetamid
Authors: Ziegler E. , Wenck H. , Schneider F.
Published: February 2015

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten zweiter Ordnung für die Reaktion einfacher SH-Verbindungen sowie Imidazol-SH-Verbindungen mit Bromacetamid bei pH 7 und verschiedenen Temperaturen wurden bestimmt und daraus die Aktivierungsenergien sowie mit Hilfe der pKSH-Werte die pH-unabhängigen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die nucleophile Reaktivität von SH-Gruppen durch ideal benachbarte Imidazolreste erhöht werden kann. Der Mechanismus dieser Aktivierung wird kurz diskutiert. - Eine nähere Untersuchung der Reaktivität von 4-Brom-5-nitroimidazol, das in der Literatur als Alkylierungsmittel vorgeschlagen wurde, zeigte, daß diese Verbindung unter den gewählten Bedingungen nicht mit SH-Gruppen reagiert
Chemie nucleophiler Carbene XIX
Authors: Walentowski Rüdiger , Wanzlick Hans-Werner
Published: February 2015

Das C-5-Proton 1.4-disubstituierter 1.2.4-Triazoliumsalze ist sehr beweglich. Der beobachtete große Einfluß 3-ständiger Substituenten auf die nichtklassische C-H-Acidität wird mit der Acceptorwirkung des N-2-Atoms erklärt
Über die Reaktion von Kohlenmonoxid mit Corrinoiden
Authors: Friedrich Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

Aquocob (III) alamin (B12a) reagiert mit Kohlenmonoxid in alkoholischen Lösungen zu Kobaltalkyloxycarbonyl-cobalaminen. Die Reaktion läuft bei Zimmertemperatur ab, wird jedoch durch Wärme beschleunigt. Die Struktur der genannten Corrinoide ergibt sich daraus, daß diese auch aus Cob (I) alamin (B12s) durch die Reaktion mit den entsprechenden Chlorkohlensäureestern erhalten werden können. Die dargestellten Corrinoide haben erwartungsgemäß ein gemeinsames Absorptionsspektrum, welches dem des Cyanocobalamins ähnelt
Avidity of Folic Acid for Carcinogenic Metal Ions, Aluminium(III), Chromium(III), Beryllium(II), Lead(II) and Uranium(VI)
Authors: Nayan Ram , Dey Arun K.
Published: February 2015

Stepwise formation constants of folic acid, N-[p-[[ (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-pteridyl) methyl] amino] benzyl] glutamic acid, with the carcinogenic metal ions, aluminium (III), chromium (III), beryllium (II), lead (II) and uranium (VI) have been determined at 30 °C, and at various ionic strengths, viz. 0.01 ᴍ, 0.05 ᴍ, 0.10 ᴍ, maintained by potassium nitrate solution. The formation of the chelate is evident from the shift between the (i) ligand and (ii) ligand and metal titration curves. From the values for the stepwise protonation constants and metal-ligand stability constants at various ionic strengths, thermodynamic formation constants were evaluated by extrapolation to zero ionic concentration. Logarithms of the overall thermodynamic stability constants (log Kμ=0) are: 20.40 for H-; 15.15 for Al-; 10.10 for Cr-; 9.35 for Be-; 6.50 for Pb-; 9.00 for U-chelates. Corresponding free energy changes (ΔF0) are -28.47, -21.14, -14.09, -13.05, -9.07, -12.56 K · Cal · mol-1 respectively
Einfluß von Tetraphenylborat auf die Feinstruktur von Zellen der Maiswurzelspitze / Influence of Tetraphenylboron on Fine Structure of Cells of Corn Root Tips
Authors: Hecht-Buchholz Charlotte , Marschner Horst
Published: February 2015

Treatment (1-3h) of corn root tips with 5 × 10-5ᴍ tetraphenylboron (TPB) caused characteristic changes of the membrane structure in the outer layers of the root cortex cells. The mitochondria had lost their inner structure. At the double membrane of the mitochondria and at the membrane plasmalemma, tonoplast, and endoplasmatic reticulum there appeared numerous osmiophilic globuli (ca. 50 nm). The permeability of the membranes seemed to be increased extremely. It is suggested that the lipoproteine complex of the membranes was destroyed by interaction of TPB with ammonium groups of the membrane constituents
Der Einfluß von Sulfoxylaten auf die Photoleitfähigkeit chemisch hergestellter Bleisulfidschichten / The Influence of Sulfoxylates on the Photoconductivity of Chemically Deposited Lead Sulfide Layers
Authors: Kunze O. A. , Malan O. G. , Büger P. A. , Fink W.
Published: February 2015

In addition to the procedure of partial oxidation of lead sulfide layers in order to increase their photoconductivity it was found that reduction may have a similar effect.

When used as additives to the conventional thiourea-plumbite solution, the compounds aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid (1), rongalite or sodium dithionite, which all may form sulfoxylate in aqueous solution, enhance the photoconductivity of the deposited layers.

Addition of H2O2 or PbO2 has a similar, less pronounced effect, which may also be ascribed to the intermediate oxidation of thiourea to 1.
Physikalische und biologische Halbwertzeit von radiochemisch reinem 59Fe / Physical and Biological Half-Life of Radiochemically Pure 59Fe
Authors: Heinrich H. C. , Gabbe E. E. , Whang D. H.
Published: February 2015

At delivery commercial 59Fe-preparations contain up to 1% contamination by 60Co, 65Zn, 54Mn, 46Sc, 134Cs, etc., so that the physical half-life of such preparations is not constant and starts to increase permanently after about 100 days. Anion exchange chromatography was used to prepare 59Fe with a radiochemical purity of ≧ 99.999999% as demonstrated by analytical anion exchange chromatography, paper- and thin-layer chromatography, and γ-spectroscopy. The physical half-life of radiochemically pure 59Fe was found to be constant over 500 days with 44.52 ± 0.016 days (λ= 0.015568 ± 0.0000056 [d-1]).

The whole-body retention of radiochemically pure 59Fe was measured in man over one year with a 4 π-geometry whole-body radioactivity detector and utilized for the estimation of the effective half-life of 59Fe. The correct physical half-life of radiochemically pure 59Fe was used for the calculation of the biological half-life. Normal male subjects showed an effective half-life of 43.6 ± 0.34 days and a biological half-life of 2136 ± 807 days. This means a whole-body-59Fe-turnover rate of 0.032 ± 0.012%/d equivalent to 1.25 ± 0.46 mg Fe/d (for a whole-body iron pool of 3850 mg in a 70 kg man). Menstruating females were observed to have effective half-lives of 43.1 ± 0.22 days and therefore biological half-lives of 1389 ± 224 days. Their whole-body-59Fe-turnover rate is higher (than in males) with 0.050 ± 0.008%/d. For an optimal whole-body iron pool of 3300 mg (in 60 kg female) this would mean an iron loss of 1.65 ± 0.26 mg/d. Non-menstruating females were quite similar to males. They showed effective and biological 59Fe-half-lives of 43.5 ± 0.48 and 1833 ± 857 days, respectively. Their whole-body-59Fe-turnover rate was calculated to be 0.038 ± 0.018%/d or 1.25 ± 0.59 mg Fe/d (60 kg female with 3300 mg Fe-pool). These experimental data are the first direct and reliable proof for the magnitude of daily iron loss and iron requirements in man.
Rotational Isomerism in Bis-[p-(3-Methyl-butyloxy)-phenyl]-thiourea
Authors: Csonka-Horvai J. , David A. , Horváth G. , Náray-Szabó G.
Published: February 2015

It was found that bis- [p- (3-methyl-butyloxy) -phenyl] -thiourea, (applied in the therapy under the name of Thiocarlidum * as a tuberculo- and leprostatic) has two modifications in the solid state. By the aid of thermoanalitical, spectroscopical and X-ray studies it was shown, that the phase transformation arises as a result of the change in the conformtion of the molecule.
Kinetics of the Oxidation of methyl n-propyl ketone by manganese(III) sulphate
Authors: Banerji K. K. , Nath P. , Bakore G. V.
Published: February 2015

The oxidation of methyl n-propyl ketone by Mn (III) sulphate in aq. acetic acid is first order with respect to the ketone and Mn (III). The rate is independent of acidity and solvent composition. The activation parameters for oxidation and enolisation were evaluated. Oxidation is faster than enolisation under similar conditions. A mechanism involving an attack on the keto-form by Mn (III) is proposed.
Oxydativ-reduktive Wechselwirkung zwischen Oestrogenen und Androgenen in Leberschnitten von Ratten
Authors: Pollow Kunhard , Pollow Barbara
Published: February 2015

Oestradiol fungiert als spezifischer Wasserstoffdonator bei der Hydrierung von 17-ständigen Oxo-Gruppen zu Hydroxy-Gruppen von Δ4-C19-Steroiden (s. frühere Untersuchungen)1–5. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, aus den Ergebnissen von Leber-Schnittversuchen durch quantitative Analyse der oxydativ wie auch reduktiv entstandenen Metabolite die wechselseitigen reduktivoxydativen Beziehungen zwischen Oestrogenen und Androgenen zu charakterisieren. Die durch die Leberzelle hydroxylierten Metabolite werden in summa durch Messung der Bildung „hochpolarer“ Metabolite festgestellt, während die reduktiv veränderten Metabolite in möglichst breitem Spektrum identifiziert werden.
Zur Pleiotropie des wh- und el-Locus bei Habrobracon juglandis / Concerning Pleiotropism of wh and el Locus in Habrobracon juglandis
Authors: Leibenguth Friedrich
Published: February 2015

The two autonomously manifesting mutations, eyeless (el) and white eyes (wh), of Habrobracon juglandis were compared phenotypically with the wild-type.

Eyeless reduces the compound eyes in size. The penetrance is 100%, while expressivity ranges from point-shaped ommochrome crumbs over individual facets to a small eye with abundant facets.

There is no correlation between the sizes of left and right eyes. The head capsule is more deformed when the eye is smaller. The homozygote ♀♀ of wild-type have smaller eyes than the hemizygote ♂♂. This gene dose effect is still stronger in el. wh causes white eye colour which remains throughout lifetime.

With regard to the amount of eye pigment the three stocks can be arranged in the following sequence: wild type >el>wh. The concentrations of ommochrome precursors, however, do not agree with this sequence.

The amount of 3-hydroxykynurenine in el is the same as in wild-type; although in pupal stage the peak in the former appears earlier.

The kynurenine concentration in el increases at the time of pupation and induces the beginning of pigmentation earlier than in wild-type; further this process is terminated in el earlier.

In wh and in wild-type the amount of kynurenine is also the same. However, there is much less 3-hydroxykynurenine in wh than in wild-type. This is presumably due to a lower kynurenine hydroxylase activity. During the entire postembryonal development there is more xanthurenic and kynurenic acid in wh; in pupal stage, even, there is a second peak.

Pupae and adults of wh have a higher kynurenine and presumably also a higher 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase activity than wild-type.

The influence of the mutation wh on the differential rates of hydroxylation and transamination is discussed in relation to the results obtained with mutants of the white locus in Drosophila.
Tiefschmelzende nematische Eutektika / Low Melting Nematic Eutectics
Authors: Steinsträsser Ralf , Pohl Ludwig
Published: February 2015

Binary mixtures of homologous nematic N- (p-alkyloxybenzylidene) -p′-acyloxyanilines always show the same eutectic composition of 2 moles of lower melting and 1 mole of higher melting component. The melting point of such eutectics is more depressed with respect to the melting point of the individual components than their clearing point. This results in a marked broadening of the nematic range towards lower temperatures. It is therefore possible to obtain nematic liquid crystaline systems with melting points below 0 °C and mesophases of up to 120 °C.
Hämoproteinoide mit peroxidatischer und katalatischer Aktivität / The Peroxidatic and Catalatic Activity of Hemoproteinoids
Authors: Dose Klaus , Zaki Laila
Published: February 2015

Hemoproteinoids related to contemporary porphyrin-dependent peroxidases were synthesized under simple conditions. The peroxidative activity of hematin increased by a factor of 50 if the hematin was bound to proteinoids whereas the catalatic activity of hematin decreased rather under the same conditions. The peroxidative activity of hemoproteinoids particularly increased with their lysine content whereas the catalatic activity especially decreased in proteinoids with high phenylalanine content. The isoelectric points of the lysine-rich peroxidic hemoproteinoids were about 8. Their relatively broad pH-activity optimum was about pH 7.0. The molecular weights were a little below 20 000. Hematin content and amino acid composition of the synthetic materials were varied greatly. The substrate specificity appeared as broad as that of biogenous peroxidases, e. g., horseradish peroxidase. Among the many substrates was NADH. The possible importance of the peroxidative oxidation of NADH-type coenzymes by primitive heterotrophic organisms or prebiological systems in an anaerobic environment is discussed.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung der oxydativen Ringöffnung von Furan, Thiophen und Pyrrol / Pulsradiolytic Investigations of the Oxydativ Ring Scission of Furan, Thiophen and Pyrrol
Authors: Lilie J.
Published: February 2015

The OH-radical adds to furan, thiophene and pyrrole in diffusion controlled reaction. The rate constants of these reactions and the spectra of the products were determined. The OH-addition products of furan and thiophene dissociate in alkaline solutions. The anions undergo ring scission:

In the case of pyrrole, the addition product picks up a proton and the cation undergoes scission:

The pK values and rate constants have the following values:

(1) pK = 9.9; k = 1,4·106 s-1,

(2) pK = 9,2; k = 5,3 · 10105 s-1,

(3) pK = 4,5; k = 2,2 -103
-1.

The radicals formed by ring scission disappear by mutual interaction.
Zur kinetischen Analyse mit Hilfe der formalen Integration
Authors: Mauser Heinz , Hezel Ute
Published: February 2015

The application of “formal integration” to general reaction kinetics is described. Its advantages are demonstrated by using photoisomerization of azobenzene. The greater significance of this kind of analysis compared with graphical methods is pointed out. A computer program was set up for numerical calculation. For photokinetical experiments a special irradiation unit had to be constructed.
Mangel an C2-Fragmenten im Intermediärstoffwechsel embryonaler Rattenzellen in Kultur / Deficiency of C2-Fragments in the Metabolism of Embryonic Rat Cells in Culture
Authors: Frank Werner
Published: February 2015

For optimal growth of embryonic rat cells in tissue culture the amino acid serine is essential. It can be substituted by equimolar amounts of glyoxylic acid; radioactivity from 1-14C-glyoxylic acid is incorporated into various amino acids among which serine is also found. The presented experiments show that there must be a deficiency of C2-fragments in the metabolism of embryonic rat cells.
Untersuchungen der kernmagnetischen Resonanz von Phosphorverbindungen XXIV
Authors: Heckmann Gernot , Fluck Ekkehard
Published: February 2015

Solvent effects of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of white phosphorus in n-paraffins, substituted and cyclic paraffins, as well as in benzene, and some amines are discussed. The largest chemical shifts were caused on the one hand by dispersion interactions of dissolved phosphorus and solvent molecules and on the other hand by interaction of different phosphorus molecules; the latter influence may shift the resonance signal of white phosphorus about 35 ppm towards higher field relative to solid white phosphorus. Specific interactions between dissolved phosphorus and halogen atoms increased in the series Cl, Br, I. Phosphorus acted as an electron donor. Electron acceptor properties in amines as solvents were not found. Shifts towards lower field in the order of magnitude of 1 ppm were caused by highly polar solvents (Stark effect). By comparing dilute solutions of phosphorus in 1,3-cyclohexadiene and benzene, respectively, the influence of the diamagnetic anisotropy on the resonance of phosphorus could be estimated to result in a shift of about 1 ppm towards higher field, whereby the different dispersion interactions, were taken into account.
Neue Synthesen Mit Ubergangsmetallkomplexen, X. Mitt / New Syntheses With Transition Metal Complexes, X.
Authors: Müller Eugen , Langer Ernst , Jäkle Harald , Muhm Helmut , Hoppe W. , Graziani R. , Gieren A. , Brandl F.
Published: February 2015

The X-ray determination (W. HOPPE and coworkers) of the structure of the Rh-complex from tris- [triphenylphosphin] -rhodiumchloride and 1.2-bis- [phenylpropinoyl] -benzene (synthesized by E. MÜLLER and coworkers) shows a molecular structure with a metallocyclopentadiene system formed by both C≡C groups and the Rh atom by ring closure. The coordination number of rhodium is 5. The reaction path leading to the complex is discussed, and it is pointed out that the complex does not reacting with typical dienophiles but with acetylenes.
γ-Radiolyse wäßriger, sauerstoffhaltiger Lösungen von 5-Brom-2′-desoxyuridin (II) / γ-Radiolysis of Aqueous Solutions of 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine in Presence of Oxygen II
Authors: Kourim P. , Bors W. , Schulte-Frohlinde D.
Published: February 2015

In the γ-radiolysis of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) in neutral aqueous O2-saturated solution OH radicals react both with the base and the sugar moiety of BUdR to an approx. equal amount. At low BUdR concentrations solvated electrons (e⊖) and H radicals are scavenged by O2. At high BUdR concentrations e⊖ and H radicals react with BUdR. These two species preferentially react with the base, Br® and isodialuric acid deoxyriboside being the major products. Similarities with the γ-radiolysis of 5-bromouracil are discussed.
Änderungen der Feinstruktur im Komplexauge von Formica polyctena bei der Helladaptation / Ultrastructural Variations during Light Adaptation in the Complex Eye of Formica polyctena
Authors: Menzel Randolf , Lange Gisela
Published: February 2015

The dark adapted rhabdom is surrounded lengthwise by a wide margin of large vacuoles (“palisades”). The pigment granula within the retinula cells are uniformly distributed in the plasma outside of the palisades. Illumination of the eye with white light from a xenon-arc (15 · 10 -4 cal/cm2 · min) caused the pigment granula in the retinula cells to wander distally and to accumulate close to the rhabdom. The vacuole margin remained more proximal but was separated from the rhabdom by a wider plasma zone. After long-time illumination (30 min) the long pigment-cells expanded while the retinula cells simultaneously became thinner. Reference is made to the functional significance of these variations.