bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Input data needed for a risk model for the entry, establishment and spread of a pathogen (Phomopsis vaccinii) of blueberries and cranberries in the EU
Authors: van Bruggen A.H.C. , West J.S. , van der Werf W. , Potting R.P.J. , Gardi C. , Koufakis I. , Zelenev V.V. , Narouei‐Khandan H. , Schilder A. , Harmon P.
Published: February 2018

International trade in live plant materials has increased worldwide over the last four decades. This has led to a dramatic increase in the introduction, establishment and spread of non‐native plant pathogens. Regulatory authorities need advice on measures that may mitigate these adverse consequences of trade. Risk models may be used to underpin such advice. In this review, we give a systematic overview of the data needed for a quantitative risk model for Phomopsis vaccinii, which causes stem and fruit infections on Vaccinium species, and sometimes death, potentially also on native wild Vaccinium species in the EU. P. vaccinii is a quarantine organism worldwide, except for North America, where it is endemic. Despite extensive knowledge of the aetiology of the diseases caused by this pathogen and its taxonomy, quantitative data on transportation and detection of infected plants for planting and berries are scarce, and quantitative assessment of the future introduction, establishment and spread of P. vaccinii is difficult. Estimation of the potential impact of this pathogen in production fields and wild Vaccinium stands is even more difficult. P. vaccinii is not unique in this respect, and this review indicates the need for more and better quantitative data for assessment of the risks posed by newly introduced plant pathogens in areas where they are not endemic.
How blind are they? Phototactic responses in stygobiont diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from calcrete aquifers of Western Australia
Authors: Langille Barbara L , Tierney Simon M , Austin Andrew D , Humphreys William F , Cooper Steven J B
Published: February 2018

Subterranean water beetles endemic to groundwater calcretes of Western Australia exhibit convergent traits typical of troglomorphic arthropods, including loss of eyes, pigmentation and wings. As these dytiscid species are estimated to have been isolated underground in permanent darkness for over three million years, it is predicted that they will completely lack phototactic responses. We tested this hypothesis by analysing the behaviour of six subterranean beetle species within an observational arena with dark and light hemispheres. Scan samples at 1 min intervals and total time spent on each hemisphere were recorded over a 20 min period, testing at least 15 individuals per species. We quantified behaviour as an index (dark ratio) so that individual species in this, and future, studies can be consistently compared. Results analysed as both categorical and absolute proportion of time spent in each hemisphere suggest negative phototaxis in Paroster macrosturtensis. The remaining five species did not display any preference for either light or dark hemispheres. These results raise the possibility that some ancestral Paroster species may have exhibited negative phototactic behaviour prior to subterranean colonization. The retention of such a behavioural trait in lightless environments could represent the maintenance for some unknown pleiotropic function. Alternatively, it is possible that insufficient time has passed for neutral processes to render photoreception genes and phototactic behaviours non‐functional. Our study adds to a growing body of evidence that implies highly troglomorphic animals may have evolved from ancestral species that exhibited negative phototaxis as a preadaptation to living in permanent darkness.
“All There Is”: The Reconciliatory Poetics of a Singing Voice
Authors: Taylor‐Neu Robyn
Published: February 2018

In this article, I argue that popular representations of Tanya Tagaq, an Indigenous Canadian musician, shore up a reconciliatory project by mobilizing voice ideologies within densely poetic texts. I trace how commonly held presuppositions and fantasies about Indigeneity in the Canadian multicultural context emerge through and are reinforced by formal aspects of music‐critical discourse. By analyzing how discourse on cultural production figurates reconciliation at various scales, this article contributes to critical understandings of liberal multicultural politics of reconciliation. In so doing, it offers insight into an entanglement of voice, language, and media ideologies in popular journalistic discourse on cultural difference. [voice, reconciliation, semiotics, Indigeneity, Canada]
Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and effects on urinary electrolyte excretion of AZD9977, a novel, selective mineralocorticoid receptor modulator
Authors: Erlandsson Fredrik , Albayaty Muna , Chialda Ligia , Ericsson Hans , Amilon Carl , Nelander Karin , Jansson‐Löfmark Rasmus , Wernevik Linda , Kjaer Magnus , Bamberg Krister , Hartleib‐Geschwindner Judith
Published: February 2018

Aims

AZD9977 is the first mineralocorticoid receptor modulator in clinical development exerting similar organ protection as eplerenone with minimal urinary electrolyte effects in preclinical studies. The aim was to perform the initial clinical assessment of AZD9977.

Methods

A first‐in‐human trial explored doses from 5 to 1200 mg. To study effects on urinary electrolyte excretion an additional randomized placebo controlled cross‐over four‐period clinical trial was performed. Twenty‐three healthy volunteers were administered fludrocortisone alone or in combination with AZD9977, eplerenone or both. AZD9977/eplerenone combination was given to assess if AZD9977 can attenuate eplerenone induced natriuresis.

Results

AZD9977 at doses from 5 to 1200 mg was safe and well tolerated and pharmacokinetics were compatible with further development. AZD9977 exhibited similar effects on urinary ln [Na+]/[K+] as eplerenone when using fludrocortisone as mineralocorticoid receptor agonist, and the combination had an additive effect on ln [Na+K+].

Conclusions

The results in man contradict the results in rodent models driven by aldosterone, in which AZD9977 has minimal electrolyte effects. Future clinical studies with AZD9977 should be performed in presence of endogenous or exogenous aldosterone to assess potential benefit of AZD9977 in patients.
Response and survival for primary therapy combination regimens and maintenance rituximab in Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Gustine Joshua N. , Meid Kirsten , Dubeau Toni E. , Severns Patricia , Xu Lian , Yang Guang , Hunter Zachary R. , Treon Steven P.
Published: February 2018

Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) is a rare and incurable lymphoma. Comparative studies evaluating the efficacy of primary therapy in symptomatic WM patients have not been performed. In this study, we compared response and survival outcomes in WM patients who received primary therapy with cyclophosphamide‐dexamethasone‐rituximab (CDR), bortezomib‐dexamethasone‐rituximab (BDR) and bendamustine‐rituximab (Benda‐R), as well as maintenance rituximab following primary therapy. Analyses were adjusted for relevant clinical factors associated with response and survival. Maintenance rituximab was analysed as a time‐varying covariate. Our study included 182 patients, of which 57 (31%) received Benda‐R, 87 (48%) BDR and 38 (21%) CDR; 116 (64%) received maintenance rituximab. The median time to best response was shorter for Benda‐R and BDR than CDR (18, 20 and 30 months, respectively). Benda‐R and BDR were associated with better median progression‐free survival (PFS) than CDR (5·5, 5·8 and 4·8 years, respectively), and better 10‐year overall survival rates (OS; 95%, 96% and 81%, respectively). Maintenance rituximab was associated with higher rates of major response (97% vs. 68%), and better median PFS (6·8 years vs. 2·8 years) and 10‐year OS rate (84% vs. 66%) when compared to not receiving maintenance. Benda‐R, BDR and maintenance rituximab associate with higher response rates and longer survival in WM patients than CDR and no maintenance, respectively.
The diagnostic value of cell blocks in Liquid‐Based Cytology of bronchial aspiration and bronchial brushing materials
Authors: Sadullahoğlu C. , Yaman B. , Veral A. , Nart D.
Published: February 2018

Introduction

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is used for the diagnosis and treatment of several pulmonary diseases. Conventional smear and Liquid‐based cytology (LBC) methods are applied to cytology samples of various bronchoscopic techniques. If the cytology sample is sufficient for evaluation, a cell block (CB) can be prepared from the remaining material. The aim of this study is to identify the diagnostic value of conventional smear, LBC and CB methods in bronchial cytological specimens.

Methods

A retrospective review of 329 samples from 240 patients was made and, of these, 144 patients were found to have neoplasia. A blind review of the specimens was performed and all were reclassified individually. The endoscopic findings of the 144 patients with neoplasia were analysed retrospectively. The cytological diagnoses were then compared with the final diagnosis or the endoscopic findings of patients with neoplasia. The sensitivity was calculated for each method, both separately and together.

Results

It was determined that CB led to a 10.1% increase in the diagnostic sensitivity for bronchial aspiration (BA) specimens, while no significant increase was seen in bronchial brush specimens. In BA specimens of neoplasia patients with normal bronchoscopic findings, while three methods were applied together with an increase in the number of cases diagnosed as malignant cytology, there was no significant increase in bronchial brush specimens.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that adding cell block to CB and LBC seemed to contribute the cytological diagnosis in BA materials significantly. Another advantage of CB is the opportunity of applying advanced methods such as immunocytochemical and molecular techniques.
Pathogen spillover during land conversion
Authors: Faust Christina L. , McCallum Hamish I. , Bloomfield Laura S. P. , Gottdenker Nicole L. , Gillespie Thomas R. , Torney Colin J. , Dobson Andrew P. , Plowright Raina K.
Published: February 2018

Pathogen spillover from wildlife to domestic animals and humans, and the reverse, has caused significant epidemics and pandemics worldwide. Although pathogen emergence has been linked to anthropogenic land conversion, a general framework to disentangle underlying processes is lacking. We develop a multi‐host model for pathogen transmission between species inhabiting intact and converted habitat. Interspecies contacts and host populations vary with the proportion of land converted; enabling us to quantify infection risk across a changing landscape. In a range of scenarios, the highest spillover risk occurs at intermediate levels of habitat loss, whereas the largest, but rarest, epidemics occur at extremes of land conversion. This framework provides insights into the mechanisms driving disease emergence and spillover during land conversion. The finding that the risk of spillover is highest at intermediate levels of habitat loss provides important guidance for conservation and public health policy.
GATA6‐positive lung adenocarcinomas are associated with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma morphology, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α expression, and KRAS mutations
Authors: Nakajima Naoki , Yoshizawa Akihiko , Nakajima Tomoyuki , Hirata Masahiro , Furuhata Ayako , Sumiyoshi Shinji , Rokutan‐Kurata Mariyo , Sonobe Makoto , Menju Toshi , Miyamoto Ei , Chen‐Yoshikawa Toyofumi F , Date Hiroshi , Haga Hironori
Published: February 2018

Aims

GATA6 is known to play a role in lung development. However, its role in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer is not well studied. The aim of this study was to analyse GATA6 expression in lung adenocarcinomas (LAs) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in order to define its association with clinicopathological characteristics.

Methods and results

IHC analysis of GATA6 was performed with tissue microarray slides containing 348 LAs. The association between GATA6 expression and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated. GATA6 expression in epithelial tumours other than lung cancer was also evaluated. GATA6 expression was found in 47 LAs (13.5%). This occurred more frequently in younger patients (P = 0.005), and was associated with the absence of lymph node metastasis (P =0.024), well‐differentiated to moderately differentiated tumours (P < 0.001), the absence of lymphatic invasion (P = 0.020), and the absence of vascular invasion (P = 0.011). GATA6 expression was associated with mucin production (P < 0.001), the invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma subtype (P < 0.001), KRAS mutations (P = 0.026), expression of MUC2 (P < 0.001), CDX2 (P = 0.049), and MUC5AC (P < 0.001), and absence of expression of TTF‐1 (P = 0.002). GATA6 expression was also associated with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) expression (P < 0.001). GATA6 expression tended to indicate better prognoses, whereas patients with HNF4α expression had significantly worse prognoses (P = 0.033). Of 270 tumours other than lung cancer, 110 expressed GATA6.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that GATA6 might interact with HNF4α and contribute to the development of mucinous‐type LAs.
Erdheim–Chester disease: description of two illustrative cases involving the lung
Authors: Zanelli Magda , Smith Maxwell , Mengoli Maria C , Spaggiari Lucia , De Marco Loredana , Lococo Filippo , Puma Francesco , Ascani Stefano
Published: February 2018

Aim

Erdheim–Chester disease represents a clonal systemic proliferation of histiocytes. Bone is the most common site of involvement, although almost any organ, including the lungs, can be affected.

Methods and results

The diagnosis of Erdheim–Chester disease can be difficult, owing to its rarity and protean presentation. Correlation between clinical, radiological and histological findings is mandatory for identification of the disease. Foamy histiocytes, lacking Langerhans cell markers, represent the typical histological findings, although their absence does not rule out Erdheim–Chester disease. Identification of BRAF mutation can be helpful in making the diagnosis, and allows for the development and application of targeted therapies in this setting.

Conclusions

Herein, we describe two cases presenting with lung involvement and vertebral lesions, lacking the more typical long‐bone involvement. One case histologically mimicked Rosai–Dorfman disease. However, both cases harboured the pathognomonic BRAFV600E mutation.
Formulaic Transparency: The Hidden Enabler of Exceptional U.S. Securitization
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: February 2018

Why does the securitization of residential mortgages, credit cards, auto loans, and other such consumer debt in the U.S. exceed the securitization of such debt in Europe by several trillion dollars? The author points out that lemon problems do not stop the sale of used cars but they do prevent the operation of a market in which buyers place sight‐unseen bids for used cars offered by unknown sellers. Buyers prefer to know who the seller is and test‐drive vehicles. Similarly until the 1980s, creditors were willing to forgo the information they could secure in private transactions to get tradability mainly in the case of bonds issued by governments or a few blue‐chip companies.

U.S. government policy encouraged the securitization of trillions of dollars of loans made to millions of borrowers. U.S. rules—rather than new financial or information technologies—have strongly encouraged originators of mortgages and other consumer loans to rely on credit scores (commonly referred to as FICO scores) produced by credit bureaus. And reliance on scores that loan originators use but don’t produce helps overcome the information asymmetry problems that would otherwise constrain securitization.

The argument turns the usual concern about securitization on its head: transferring risks to investors is normally expected to discourage careful screening of borrowers, but the author’s analysis suggests that formulaic, FICO‐based screening actually enables risk transfer by reducing information asymmetry problems. Moreover, while limiting screening reduces the upfront costs of lending, it also increases loans made to uncreditworthy borrowers.

And because increasing loans made to bad borrowers raises the rates good borrowers have to pay (to compensate investors for higher defaults), U.S. rules that sacrifice information for more “complete” markets may be a bad bargain.
Family management of childhood atopic dermatitis
Authors: Son Hae Kyoung , Kim Dong Hee , Lee Hyejung , Kim Heejung , Chung Kyongmee , Kim Hee‐Soon
Published: February 2018

Aims

To identify the variables that affect family management of childhood atopic dermatitis and establish a prediction model based on Bandura's self‐efficacy theory.

Background

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic recurrent skin disease and common health problem in childhood. It is necessary to use an approach that includes parental factors when considering the effective management of childhood atopic dermatitis.

Design

A cross‐sectional study design.

Methods

A convenience sample, comprising 168 Korean mothers caring for a child with atopic dermatitis under the age of 13, was recruited from the paediatric outpatient departments of two general hospitals in Seoul, South Korea. Data were collected using structured self‐reported questionnaires including severity, antecedents, effort, self‐efficacy and family management of childhood atopic dermatitis from 1 November 2015–28 February 2016. Descriptive statistics about the participants and variables were examined and data were analysed using structural equation modelling.

Results

The hypothetical model had an adequate fit to the data, indicating that severity, antecedents, effort and self‐efficacy influenced family management of childhood atopic dermatitis.

Conclusion

These results suggest that strategies to support children with atopic dermatitis and their family should consider the influence of such variables.
Flexible parents: joint effects of handicapping and brood size manipulation on female parental care inNicrophorus vespilloides
Authors: Ratz Tom , Smiseth Per T.
Published: February 2018

Parental care is highly variable, reflecting that parents make flexible decisions in response to variation in the cost of care to themselves and the benefit to their offspring. Much of the evidence that parents respond to such variation derives from handicapping and brood size manipulations, the separate effects of which are well understood. However, little is known about their joint effects. Here, we fill this gap by conducting a joint handicapping and brood size manipulation in the burying beetleNicrophorus vespilloides. We handicapped half of the females by attaching a lead weight to their pronotum, leaving the remaining females as controls. We also manipulated brood size by providing each female with 5, 20 or 40 larvae. In contrast to what we predicted, handicapped females spentmoretime provisioning food than controls. We also found that handicapped females spent more time consuming carrion. Furthermore, handicapped females spent a similar amount of time consuming carrion regardless of brood size, whereas controls spent more time consuming carrion as brood increased. Females spent more time provisioning food towards larger broods, and females were more likely to engage in carrion consumption when caring for larger broods. We conclude that females respond to both handicapping and brood size manipulations, but these responses are largely independent of each other. Overall, our results suggest that handicapping might lead to a higher investment into current reproduction and that it might be associated with compensatory responses that negate the detrimental impact of higher cost of care in handicapped parents.
Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in healthy Indian school‐going adolescents from rural and urban localities and its relationship with various anthropometric indices: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Chopra M. , Mani K. , Giri A. K. , Banerjee P. , Sahni N. S. , Siddhu A. , Tandon N. , Bharadwaj D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Micronutrient deficiency is a global health burden, especially among developing countries. The present cross‐sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in healthy Indian school‐going adolescents, based on area of residence, sex and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, the relationship of serum B12 concentration with dietary vitamin B12 intake and anthropometric indices was assessed among adolescents from rural and urban India.

Methods

A total of 2403 school‐going adolescents (11–17 years) from National Capital Region and rural areas of Haryana, India were selected. Serum B12 concentrations were estimated using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Dietary assessments were conducted on 65% of total participants (n = 1556) by two 24‐h diet recalls.

Results

The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in the total study population was 32.4% (rural: 43.9% versus urban: 30.1%, P < 0.001; male: 34.4% versus female: 31.0%, P < 0.05; normal weight: 28.1%, versus overweight: 39.8%, versus obese: 51.2%, P < 0.001). More than half (51.2%) of obese adolescents were vitamin B12 deficient. On multiple linear regression analysis, serum B12 in rural adolescents was associated with age (β = −0.12, P < 0.05). Among urban adolescents, serum B12 was associated with BMI (β = −0.08, P < 0.05) and adjusted dietary vitamin B12 intake (β = 0.14, P < 0.001). Serum vitamin B12 levels were found to be lower in rural females (β = −0.12, P = 0.030) and urban males (β: 0.11, P < 0.001) compared to their respective contemporaries.

Conclusions

Vitamin B12 deficiency was higher among rural school‐going adolescents. Boys had a higher B12 deficiency than girls. Inverse associations of serum B12 with adiposity indices were observed. Serum B12 levels were positively associated with dietary vitamin B12 intake.
Pathways to Youth Behavior: The Role of Genetic, Neural, and Behavioral Markers
Authors: Trucco Elisa M. , Cope Lora M. , Burmeister Margit , Zucker Robert A. , Heitzeg Mary M.
Published: February 2018

Neural and temperamental mechanisms through which a genetic risk marker in the γ‐amino butyric acid α2 receptor subunit (GABRA2) impacts adolescent functioning were investigated. Participants (N = 80; 29 female) completed an emotional word task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Behavioral control, negative emotionality, and resiliency temperament constructs were assessed. Externalizing and internalizing problems were the outcomes. Those with the GABRA2 minor allele had reduced activation to positive words in the angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and cerebellum, and to negative words in frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices. Reduced activation in the angular gyrus predicted greater negative emotionality and, in turn, elevated externalizing problems. Reduced activation in the inferior parietal cortex predicted greater resiliency and, in turn, low externalizing problems.
Connecting Theory and Methods in Adolescent Brain Research
Authors: Beltz Adriene M.
Published: February 2018

Networks are often implicated in theories of adolescent brain development, but they are not regularly examined in empirical studies. The aim of this article is to address this disconnect between theory and quantitative methodology, using the dual systems model of adolescent decision making as a prototype. After reviewing the key task‐related connectivity methods that have been applied in the adolescent neuroimaging literature (seed‐based correlations, psychophysiological interactions, and dynamic causal modeling), a novel connectivity method is introduced (extended unified structural equation modeling). The potential of this method for understanding adolescent brain development is showcased with a simulation study: It creates person‐specific networks that have direct and time‐lagged connections that can be modulated by behavior.
Adolescent Brain Development: Implications for Understanding Risk and Resilience Processes Through Neuroimaging Research
Authors: Morris Amanda Sheffield , Squeglia Lindsay M. , Jacobus Joanna , Silk Jennifer S.
Published: February 2018

This special section focuses on research that utilizes neuroimaging methods to examine the impact of social relationships and socioemotional development on adolescent brain function. Studies include novel neuroimaging methods that further our understanding of adolescent brain development. This special section has a particular focus on how study findings add to our understanding of risk and resilience. In this introduction to the special section, we discuss the role of neuroimaging in developmental science and provide a brief review of neuroimaging methods. We present key themes that are covered in the special section articles including: (1) emerging methods in developmental neuroscience, (2) emotion–cognition interaction, and (3) the role of social relationships in brain function. We conclude our introduction with future directions for integrating developmental neuroscience into the study of adolescence, and highlight key points from the special section's commentaries which include information on the landmark Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.
Outcomes of paediatric critical care asthma patients
Authors: Rampersad Neeta , Wilkins Barry , Egan Jonathan R
Published: February 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to characterise patients with asthma admitted to an Australian paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Methods

This was a retrospective review of patients with asthma admitted to a university‐affiliated, 23‐bed, tertiary PICU between January 2000 and December 2011, with a subset of pharmacotherapy and biochemical data from patients admitted between July 2007 and December 2011.

Results

A total of 589 admissions (501 patients) with asthma over 12 years constituted 4.4% of all PICU admissions. Three patients died (0.6%). Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) was used in 104 (17.7%) admissions, and 41 (7%) were invasively ventilated. On 12 (2%) occasions, patients received both NIV and invasive ventilation. Over 12 years, there was a significant trend to increased use of NIV, 11–39% (P < 0.0001), and invasive ventilation, 6–14% (P < 0.001). All received steroids and nebulised β2‐agonists. A total of 92% received intravenous (IV) β2‐agonists, 65% of these for less than 12 h. PICU and hospital stay were proportional to the duration of IV β2‐agonist infusion (P < 0.0001). A total of 47.1% received IV magnesium sulphate, increasing from 19 to 75% (P < 0.001). The majority (48%) were transferred directly to PICU from other hospitals. Median PICU stay was 1.04 days (0.72–1.63); hospital stay was 3.16 days (2.29–4.71), and both were unchanged.

Conclusions

Intensive care length of stay (LOS) was unchanged over 12 years. Both invasive and NIV and IV magnesium sulphate use increased. LOS was directly related to the duration of IV β2‐agonist. Asthma patients admitted to PICU typically have a brief stay and have a fairly predictable course. Prospective studies could explore the contribution of IV agents and the role of NIV.
Assessment of Canine Pancreas‐Specific Lipase and Outcomes in Dogs with Hemodialysis‐Dependent Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Takada K. , Palm C.A. , Epstein S.E. , Cowgill L.D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Renal replacement therapies can be life‐saving for dogs with severe acute kidney injury (AKI), however, comorbidities including pancreatitis might affect outcome.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of pancreas‐specific lipase (Spec cPL) measurements consistent with pancreatitis (≥400 μg/L) in dogs undergoing intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) for treatment of AKI and to determine whether there were associations between 30‐days outcomes and Spec cPL measurements.

Animals

Fifty‐three client‐owned dogs presented to teaching hospitals between November 2008 and September 2016 that underwent IHD.

Methods

Retrospective medical record review from dogs that received IHD for management of AKI and also had a Spec cPL measurement. Association between survival, dialysis‐dependency, and Spec cPL measurements was assessed.

Results

Forty of 53 (76%) dogs were alive at 30‐days and 33/53(62%) had a Spec cPL result ≥400 μg/L. Spec cPL was not significantly different either between surviving (635.5 μg/L, range 29–1,001) and nonsurviving dogs (860 μg/L, range 56–1,001; P = 0.75) or between dialysis‐dependent (1,001 μg/L, range 177–1,001) and nondialysis‐dependent dogs (520 μg/L, range 29–1,001; P = 0.08). Spec cPL ≥400 μg/L was not significantly associated either with survival (P = 0.74) or dialysis‐dependency (P = 0.33).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Results revealed a high prevalence of Spec cPL ≥400 μg/L in dogs with AKI treated with IHD. No significant associations between Spec cPL and survival or dialysis‐dependency in dogs with AKI at 30 days were identified in the current study, however, the latter could be due to lack of power in this study.
Effect of Feeding Frequency on Growth, Food Consumption, Proximate Composition, and Blood Chemistry of Juvenile Dark‐banded Rockfish, Sebastes inermis
Authors: Oh Sung‐Yong , Venmathi Maran B. A. , Park Jin W.
Published: February 2018

The effects of feeding frequency on growth, food consumption, body composition, and blood chemistry of dark‐banded rockfish, Sebastes inermis, were investigated for 70 d. A total of 30 rockfish each (initial mean body weight of 13.7 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed to twelve 75‐L tanks. Fish were hand‐fed to satiation with a commercial diet (51.0% protein) under one of four different feeding frequency treatments (one, two, or three meals per day or one meal for 2 d). At the end of the experiment, fish fed with two and three meals per day exhibited the highest weight gain, specific growth, and feeding rates. Feed efficiency and size variation were not significantly affected by feeding frequency (P > 0.05). The maximum food consumption occurred during the last meal (1700 h) of the two and three meals per day treatments. As feeding frequency increased, whole‐body protein and lipid, as well as plasma total cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol contents also significantly increased (P < 0.05). We concluded that the juvenile dark‐banded rockfish weighing from 10 to 40 g can achieve the best growth performance when they are fed two meals per day under our experimental conditions.
Lost in diversity: the interactions between soil‐borne fungi, biodiversity and plant productivity
Authors: Mommer Liesje , Cotton T. E. Anne , Raaijmakers Jos M. , Termorshuizen Aad J. , van Ruijven Jasper , Hendriks Marloes , van Rijssel Sophia Q. , van de Mortel Judith E. , van der Paauw Jan Willem , Schijlen Elio G. W. M. , Smit‐Tiekstra Annemiek E. , Berendse Frank , de Kroon Hans , Dumbrell Alex J.
Published: February 2018

There is consensus that plant species richness enhances plant productivity within natural grasslands, but the underlying drivers remain debated. Recently, differential accumulation of soil‐borne fungal pathogens across the plant diversity gradient has been proposed as a cause of this pattern. However, the below‐ground environment has generally been treated as a ‘black box’ in biodiversity experiments, leaving these fungi unidentified.

Using next generation sequencing and pathogenicity assays, we analysed the community composition of root‐associated fungi from a biodiversity experiment to examine if evidence exists for host specificity and negative density dependence in the interplay between soil‐borne fungi, plant diversity and productivity.

Plant species were colonised by distinct (pathogenic) fungal communities and isolated fungal species showed negative, species‐specific effects on plant growth. Moreover, 57% of the pathogenic fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) recorded in plant monocultures were not detected in eight plant species plots, suggesting a loss of pathogenic OTUs with plant diversity.

Our work provides strong evidence for host specificity and negative density‐dependent effects of root‐associated fungi on plant species in grasslands. Our work substantiates the hypothesis that fungal root pathogens are an important driver of biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning relationships.
Efficacy of routine catheter tip culture in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Kitano Taito , Takagi Kumiko , Arai Ikuyo , Yasuhara Hajime , Ebisu Reiko , Ohgitani Ayako , Kitagawa Daisuke , Oka Miyako , Masuo Kazue , Minowa Hideki
Published: February 2018

Background

Routine catheter tip cultures are not recommended because some cases of colonization, such as with Staphylococcus aureus, can lead to subsequent bacteremia. To evaluate the safety of colonization without antimicrobial treatment, as well as the effectiveness of routine catheter tip cultures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), we performed a retrospective data analysis in a Japanese community hospital.

Methods

We reviewed all peripherally inserted central venous catheter tip culture results from the NICU ward between April 2012 and June 2017 and noted outcome (i.e. antimicrobial treatment or subsequent infection). We then performed a cost analysis for routine catheter tip culturing on patients who were symptom free during the study period.

Results

Of the 93 positive cases in 80 patients from 1,051 catheter tip cultures, seven patients had suspected infection and were treated with antimicrobials. The other 73 symptom‐free, positive patients had no subsequent or exacerbated symptoms indicative of an infection, and did not have antimicrobial treatment. The total cost for catheter tip culturing during the study period was ¥548 731. After excluding patients with symptoms of infection at the time of culture, the efficacy of routine catheter tip cultures on symptom‐free patients was estimated to be zero.

Conclusion

Symptom‐free colonization did not affect clinician management in this study, and all colonized patients without suspected infection were safely managed without antimicrobials. Furthermore, routine catheter tip culturing was not cost‐effective; therefore, this practice may be no longer recommended in the NICU.
The use of feed and water additives for live fish transport
Authors: Vanderzwalmen Myriam , Eaton Lewis , Mullen Carrie , Henriquez Fiona , Carey Peter , Snellgrove Donna , Sloman Katherine A.
Published: February 2018

The transport of live fish for aquaculture, either for food or as companion animals, presents a major issue for animal welfare. The stressors associated with live transportation are well documented with a focus on maintaining water quality during transport to reduce stress. Far less considered is our ability to enhance health and welfare during transport through the use of dietary and water additives prior to and during transport. With increasing interest in the use of plant essential oils as feed additives in food fish aquaculture and the increased availability of products claiming to alleviate stress in ornamental species, there is a need for scientific investigation into these potential welfare‐promoting methods. Here, we summarise current knowledge on the use of food additives, water conditioners, antibiotics, antimicrobials and probiotics to promote fish health during transport. This review aims to highlight the gaps in our knowledge surrounding promising ways of promoting fish health during transport and to stimulate new research in this area.
Identification of the novel allele, HLA‐A*01:234, in the mother of a German cord blood donor
Authors: Strobel J. , Hauck‐Dlimi B. , Dullinger K. , Weisbach V. , Zingsem J.
Published: February 2018

HLA‐A*01:234 was identified by next‐generation sequencing and confirmed by Sanger sequencing.
Explaining the Saving Behavior of Households’ in Ethiopia, Africa
Authors: Asare Eric , Segarra Eduardo , Gertrude Nakakeeto , Asiseh Fafanyo
Published: February 2018

Savings have been shown to have a positive impact on economic growth at the macroeconomic level. But, the micro-level analysis of households’ savings behavior is limited, especially in Sub-Saharan African economies. This study contributes to the understanding of the savings behavior of households in Africa, by modeling the savings behavior of households’ in Ethiopia with the two-part model. The results of the study reveal that number of extension contacts and access to market information have significant positive effects on the likelihood that a household would save. Moreover, land holdings (bad production season last year) have significant positive (adverse) impact on the expected amount of money a household would save. Based on the results of this study, policies are recommended to increase savings in Ethiopia.
Irrational Beliefs in Romantic Relationships as the Predictor of Aggression in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Gündoğdu Rezzan , Yavuzer Yasemin , Karataş Zeynep
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine irrational beliefs in romantic relationships as the predictor of aggression in emerging adults. The study is a quantitative study done using the relational survey model. The study group is composed of 351 fourth-year students, 201 females and 150 males, who were attending three universities in Central Anatolia during the 2016-2017 academic year. In order to collect the study data, 23-item “KAR-YA Aggression Scale with four sub-dimensions (Physical Aggression, Hostility, Anger, Verbal Aggression) was used. 30-item “Irrational Romantic Relationship Beliefs Inventory” with six dimensions (Over Expectations, Use of Social Time, Mind Reading, Different Thinking, Physical Intimacy, Gender Differences) was used to determine the irrational beliefs in romantic relationships. Also, “Personal Information Form” was used to obtain the participants’ personal and socio-economic information. The data collected was analyzed using the SPSS 18 package program. T-test analysis was conducted to find the correlation and the gender differences between aggression and irrational beliefs in romantic relationships, and multi-hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to determine whether irrational beliefs in romantic relationships predict aggression or not. When the study findings are examined, it is seen that males’ aggression levels and their irrational expectation regarding the social and free time activities are higher. In addition, in explaining emerging adults’ aggression sex is a significant predictor of different thinking and gender differences variables from the IRBI sub-dimensions.
Endocrinology and Pediatric Exercise Science—The Year That Was 2017
Authors: Eliakim Alon
Published: February 2018

The Pediatric Exercise Science “Year That Was” section aims to highlight the most important (to the author’s opinion) manuscripts that were published in 2017 in the field of endocrinology and pediatric exercise science. This year’s selection includes studies showing that 1) in pubertal swimmers, there is a decrease in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) during intense training (a catabolic-type hormonal response) with an anabolic “rebound” characterized by a significant increase of these growth factors during training tapering down. Moreover, it was shown that changes of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 paralleled changes in peak and average force but not with endurance properties, showing decreases during intense training and increases during tapering; 2) a meta-analysis showing that growth hormone administration elicits significant changes in body composition and possible limited effect on anaerobic performance but does not increase either muscle strength or aerobic exercise capacity in healthy, young subjects; and 3) short-term exercise intervention can prevent the development of polycystic ovary syndrome in a dose-dependent manner in letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model with high-intensity exercise being most effective. The implication of these studies to the pediatric population, their importance, and the new research avenues that were opened by these studies is emphasized.
A surface-display biohybrid approach to light-driven hydrogen production in air
Authors: Wei Wei , Sun Peiqing , Li Zhen , Song Kuisong , Su Wenyin , Wang Bao , Liu Yangzhong , Zhao Jing
Published: February 2018

A bioinorganic hybrid system based on bacterial surface display and biomimetic silicification for hydrogen production.
Structural principles that enable oligomeric small heat-shock protein paralogs to evolve distinct functions
Authors: Hochberg Georg K. A. , Shepherd Dale A. , Marklund Erik G. , Santhanagoplan Indu , Degiacomi Matteo T. , Laganowsky Arthur , Allison Timothy M. , Basha Eman , Marty Michael T. , Galpin Martin R. , Struwe Weston B. , Baldwin Andrew J. , Vierling Elizabeth , Benesch Justin L. P.
Published: February 2018

Putting distance between protein relatives

Many proteins form complexes to function. When the gene for a self-assembling protein duplicates, it might be expected that the related proteins (paralogs) would retain interfaces that would allow coassembly. Hochberg
et al.
show that the majority of paralogs that oligomerize in fact self-assemble. These paralogs have more diverse functions than those that coassemble, implying that maintaining coassembly would constrain evolution of new function. The authors experimentally investigated how two oligomeric small heat-shock protein paralogs avoid coassembly and found that flexibility at regions outside of the interaction interfaces played a key role.

Science
, this issue p.
930
Response to Comment on “The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming”
Authors: Hicks Pries Caitlin E. , Castanha C. , Porras R. , Phillips Claire , Torn M. S.
Published: February 2018

Temperature records and model predictions demonstrate that deep soils warm at the same rate as surface soils, contrary to Xiao
et al
.’s assertions. In response to Xiao
et al
.’s critique of our Q
10
analysis, we present the results with all data points included, which show Q
10
values of >2 throughout the soil profile, indicating that all soil depths responded to warming.
Breakup of last glacial deep stratification in the South Pacific
Authors: Basak Chandranath , Fröllje Henning , Lamy Frank , Gersonde Rainer , Benz Verena , Anderson Robert F. , Molina-Kescher Mario , Pahnke Katharina
Published: February 2018

CO
2
escaped from the deep

Why did the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide rise so much and so quickly during the last deglaciation? Evidence has begun to accumulate suggesting that old, carbon-rich water accumulated at depth in the Southern Ocean, which then released its charge when Southern Ocean stratification broke down as the climate there warmed. Basak
et al.
present measurements of neodymium isotopes that clearly show that the deepwater column of the glacial southern South Pacific was stratified, just as would be necessary for the accumulation of old, carbon-rich water. Their data also show that North Atlantic processes were not the dominant control on Southern Ocean water-mass structure during that interval, as has been thought.

Science
, this issue p.
900
Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses
Authors: Gaunitz Charleen , Fages Antoine , Hanghøj Kristian , Albrechtsen Anders , Khan Naveed , Schubert Mikkel , Seguin-Orlando Andaine , Owens Ivy J. , Felkel Sabine , Bignon-Lau Olivier , de Barros Damgaard Peter , Mittnik Alissa , Mohaseb Azadeh F. , Davoudi Hossein , Alquraishi Saleh , Alfarhan Ahmed H. , Al-Rasheid Khaled A. S. , Crubézy Eric , Benecke Norbert , Olsen Sandra , Brown Dorcas , Anthony David , Massy Ken , Pitulko Vladimir , Kasparov Aleksei , Brem Gottfried , Hofreiter Michael , Mukhtarova Gulmira , Baimukhanov Nurbol , Lõugas Lembi , Onar Vedat , Stockhammer Philipp W. , Krause Johannes , Boldgiv Bazartseren , Undrakhbold Sainbileg , Erdenebaatar Diimaajav , Lepetz Sébastien , Mashkour Marjan , Ludwig Arne , Wallner Barbara , Merz Victor , Merz Ilja , Zaibert Viktor , Willerslev Eske , Librado Pablo , Outram Alan K. , Orlando Ludovic
Published: February 2018

Revisiting the origins of modern horses

The domestication of horses was very important in the history of humankind. However, the ancestry of modern horses and the location and timing of their emergence remain unclear. Gaunitz
et al.
generated 42 ancient-horse genomes. Their source samples included the Botai archaeological site in Central Asia, considered to include the earliest domesticated horses. Unexpectedly, Botai horses were the ancestors not of modern domestic horses, but rather of modern Przewalski's horses. Thus, in contrast to current thinking on horse domestication, modern horses may have been domesticated in other, more Western, centers of origin.

Science
, this issue p.
111
Ultrafast optical ranging using microresonator soliton frequency combs
Authors: Trocha P. , Karpov M. , Ganin D. , Pfeiffer M. H. P. , Kordts A. , Wolf S. , Krockenberger J. , Marin-Palomo P. , Weimann C. , Randel S. , Freude W. , Kippenberg T. J. , Koos C.
Published: February 2018

Miniaturized optical ranging and tracking

Light detection and ranging systems are used in many engineering and environmental sensing applications. Their relatively large size and cost, however, tend to be prohibitive for general use in autonomous vehicles and drones. Suh and Vahala and Trocha
et al.
show that optical frequency combs generated by microresonator devices can be used for precision ranging and the tracking of fast-moving objects. The compact size of the microresonators could broaden the scope for widespread applications, providing a platform for miniaturized laser ranging systems suitable for photonic integration.

Science
, this issue p.
884
, p.
887
Modeling the Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: an Analytical Solution for the Minimum Selection Concentration
Authors: Greenfield Ben K. , Shaked Shanna , Marrs Carl F. , Nelson Patrick , Raxter Ian , Xi Chuanwu , McKone Thomas E. , Jolliet Olivier
Published: February 2018

Environmental antibiotic risk management requires an understanding of how subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations contribute to the spread of resistance. We develop a simple model of competition between sensitive and resistant bacterial strains to predict the minimum selection concentration (MSC), the lowest level of antibiotic at which resistant bacteria are selected. We present an analytical solution for the MSC based on the routinely measured MIC, the selection coefficient (
sc
) that expresses fitness differences between strains, the intrinsic net growth rate, and the shape of the bacterial growth dose-response curve with antibiotic or metal exposure (the Hill coefficient [κ]). We calibrated the model by optimizing the Hill coefficient to fit previously reported experimental growth rate difference data. The model fit varied among nine compound-taxon combinations examined but predicted the experimentally observed MSC/MIC ratio well (
R
2
≥ 0.95). The shape of the antibiotic response curve varied among compounds (0.7 ≤ κ ≤ 10.5), with the steepest curve being found for the aminoglycosides streptomycin and kanamycin. The model was sensitive to this antibiotic response curve shape and to the
sc
, indicating the importance of fitness differences between strains for determining the MSC. The MSC can be >1 order of magnitude lower than the MIC, typically by the factor
sc
κ
. This study provides an initial quantitative depiction and a framework for a research agenda to examine the growing evidence of selection for resistant bacterial communities at low environmental antibiotic concentrations.