bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing Patient-Derived Cancer Cell Cultures and Xenografts in Biliary Tract Cancer
Authors: Kang Jihoon , Lee Ji-Young , Lee Sunmin , Kim Danbee , Lim Jinyeong , Jun Ha Ra , Jeon Seyeon , Kim Young-Ae , Park Hye Seon , Kim Kyu-pyo , Chun Sung-Min , Lee Hee Jin , Yoo Changhoon
Published: April 2022

PurposeBiliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare and show a dismal prognosis with limited treatment options. To improve our understanding of these heterogeneous tumors and develop effective therapeutic agents, suitable preclinical models reflecting diverse tumor characteristics are needed. We established and characterized new patient-derived cancer cell cultures and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models using malignant ascites from five patients with BTC.Materials and MethodsFive patient-derived cancer cell cultures and three PDX models derived from malignant ascites of five patients with BTC, AMCBTC-01, -02, -03, -04, and -05, were established. To characterize the models histogenetically and confirm whether characteristics of the primary tumor were maintained, targeted sequencing and histopathological comparison between primary tissue and xenograft tumors were performed.ResultsFrom malignant ascites of five BTC patients, five patient-derived cancer cell cultures (100% success rate), and three PDXs (60% success rate) were established. The morphological characteristics of three primary xenograft tumors were compared with those of matched primary tumors, and they displayed a similar morphology. The mutated genes in samples (models, primary tumor tissue, or both) from more than one patient were TP53 (n=2), KRAS (n=2), and STK11 (n=2). Overall, the pattern of commonly mutated genes in BTC cell cultures was different from that in commercially available BTC cell lines.ConclusionWe successfully established the patient-derived cancer cell cultures and xenograft models derived from malignant ascites in BTC patients. These models accompanied by different genetic characteristics from commercially available models will help better understand BTC biology.
Iberopora bodeuri GRANIER & BERTHOU 2002 (incertae sedis) from the Plassen Formation (Kimmeridgian–Berriasian) of the Tethyan Realm
Authors:   University Leoben, Institute for Geosciences, Germany, Schlagintweit Felix
Published: April 2022

Iberopora bodeuri GRANIER & BERTHOU 2002, formerly knownas “crust problematicum” (SCHMID, 1996) is described from thePlassen Formation (Kimmeridgian–Berriasian) of the NorthernCalcareous Alps (NCA). Here, it occurs either as an incrustation oncorals/stromatoporoids or it forms nodular masses (“solenoporoidmorphotype”). It is typically found in the fore-reef facies of theplatform margin, and (upper) slope deposits where autochthonousdasycladales are absent. Water turbulence appears to control themorphological development of Iberopora. Thus, flat crusts appear inless agitated settings. The crusts are almost always accompanied bycalcareous sponges/sclerosponges and abundant micro-encrusters,mostly Koskinobullina socialis CHERCHI & SCHROEDER and“Tubiphytes” morronensis CRESCENTI. The stratigraphic rangeof Iberopora known to date is Oxfordian–Berriasian. In additionto the Northern Calcareous Alps, it has been reported from theepicontinental area of NW-Germany, the northern margin of thePenninic and Tethyan ocean (Slovakia, Switzerland, Spain, Poland,Portugal) and the southern Tethyan domain (Greece, Romania,Yugoslavia). Until other morphological elements (e.g. reproductiveorgans or protoconch) are found, its systematic position remainsuncertain. Currently, it is considered questionably to be an ancestralrhodophyceae or acervulinid-like foraminifera.
The “Orešje” Laramian Structure in the NE part of Medvednica Mt. (Croatia)
Authors:   Croatian Geological Survey, Zagreb, Croatia, Jamičić Domagoj
Published: April 2022

Structural features of Upper Triassic and Upper Cretaceous carbonaterocks of the Donje Orešje quarry were formed by tectonic deformationin temporally separated deformational events. The main structureis the complex Orešje structure with a N–S strike and E vergence. It iscomposed of several overturned anticlines in which either similar ordifferent structural forms were observed. The structure was formed byLaramian movements during the Alpine orogeny when the main stresswas oriented E–W. During the youngest Tertiary and Quaternarymovements, the Orešje structure was influenced by a N–S orientedstress whch resulted in folding and rotation of the main structural form.
Microstructures in Two Alkali Feldspar Megacrysts from the Papuk Mt., Croatia
Authors:   Department of Mineralogy, Eötvös L. University, Kovacs Kis Viktoria , Horvat Marija , Dodony Istvan ,   Department of Mineralogy, Eötvös L. University
Published: April 2022

Two types of megacrysts, one from Pakra Creek and the other from the Sloboština Creek locality proved to be low microcline in associationwith low albite and quartz. A sample from Pakra Creek is a vein filling megacryst characterised by the absence of twinning. The deduced crystallization temperature is below 460°C. The sample from Sloboština Creek is a pocket forming megacryst which shows tweed-like texture, with deduced crystallization temperature near to but above 460°C. Both samples are characterized by a continuously modulated lattice on the submicroscopic scale.
Triassic Magmatism in the Area of the Central Dinarides (Bosnia and Herzegovina): Geochemical Resolving of Tectonic Setting
Authors:   Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Trubelja Fabijan , Burgath Klaus Peter ,   Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Marchig Vesna ,   Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
Published: April 2022

Triassic magmatic rocks in the Central Dinarides in Bosnia and Herze-govina are known from two separate geotectonic units: (1) the AdriaticCarbonate Platform (Outer Dinarides) and (2) the Palaeozoic–Triassicallochthonous complex. They are assigned to the same regional, genetic and geochemical unit. Their emplacement age is inferred from contacts with the surrounding marble and sedimentary rocks (post-Anisian for intrusives and Ladinian for effusives).The magmatic rocks display different levels of emplacement and crystallization (intrusive, effusive and dyke rocks). They represent different stages of magmatic differentiation, from gabbro/basalt via diorite/andesite to granodiorite/dacite and granites. The most frequent dyke rock is diabase. Pillow basalts indicate eruption under subaquaticconditions. Pyroclastic rocks within the volcano-sedimentary unit point to the temporary explosive character of orogenic magmatic activity. Most rocks are affected and modified by post-magmatic alteration and hydrothermal fluids. This led to the formation of spilite, keratophyre, quartz keratophyre and rarely K spilite.New geochemical data support the opinion that subduction was the main process which triggered the Triassic magmatic activity in the Central Dinarides. Although some of the investigated rocks reveal MORB characteristics (in the selected geochemical discriminations), most samples are enriched in all elements which are reported as characteristicfor arc magmatism at convergent margins including incorporationof sediments.
Conical $SL(3)$ foams
Authors: Khovanov Mikhail , Robert Louis-Hadrien
Published: April 2022

In the unoriented

SL(3)

foam theory, singular vertices are generic singularities of two-dimensional complexes. Singular vertices have neighborhoods homeomorphic to cones over the one-skeleton of the tetrahedron, viewed as a trivalent graph on the two-sphere. In this paper we consider foams with singular vertices with neighborhoods homeomorphic to cones over more general planar trivalent graphs. These graphs are subject to suitable conditions on their Kempe equivalence Tait coloring classes and include the dodecahedron graph. In this modification of the original homology theory it is straightforward to show that modules associated to the dodecahedron graph are free of rank 60, which is still an open problem for the original unoriented

SL(3)

foam theory.
Curvature estimates for $p$-convex hypersurfaces of prescribed curvature
Authors: Dong Weisong
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we establish curvature estimates for

p

-convex hypersurfaces in

\mathbb{R}^{n+1}

of prescribed curvature with

p \geq n/2

. The existence of a star-shaped hypersurface of prescribed curvature is obtained. We also prove a type of interior

C^2

estimates for solutions to the Dirichlet problem of the corresponding equation.
О динамическом решении интегрального уравнения Вольтерры
в виде рациональных сплайн-функций
Authors: Ramazanov Abdul-Rashid Kekhrimanovich , Ramazanov Abdul-Kafar Kekhrimanovich , Magomedova Vazipat Gusenovna
Published: April 2022

Приближенное решение интегрального уравнения Вольтерры второго рода
представлено в виде коллокационных рациональных сплайн-функций на
последовательных отрезках, исчерпывающих всю область решения.
Получены также оценки скорости сходимости приближенных решений
к точному в равномерной метрике через модуль непрерывности решения
и его производных первого и второго порядков.
Библиография: 11 названий.
Интегральный аналог первой начально-краевой задачи
для гиперболических и параболических уравнений второго порядка
Authors: Kozhanov Alexander Ivanovich , Dyuzheva Alexandra Vladimirovna
Published: April 2022

Целью работы является исследование разрешимости
начально-краевых задач для гиперболических и
параболических уравнений второго порядка с граничным
условием, связывающим интегральным образом значения
решения на боковой границе со значениями решения внутри
области. Для изучаемых задач ранее было установлено, что
их разрешимость обеспечивается взаимной однозначностью
некоторого оператора Фредгольма построенного по интегральному
условию. В настоящей работе показывается, что условие
предшественников не требуется для существования и
единственности регулярных решений (решений, имеющих все
обобщенные по С. Л. Соболеву производные, входящие
в уравнение) интегральных аналогов первой начально-краевой
задачи для гиперболических и параболических уравнений второго
порядка.
Библиография: 19 названий.
Полиномиальный метод Рогозинского-Бернштейна
суммирования тригонометрических рядов Фурье
Authors: Trigub Roald Mikhailovich
Published: April 2022

В статье введены общие линейные полиномиальные средние $R_n(f)$
(Рогозинского-Бернштейна) рядов Фурье и получены
три критерия сходимости при $n\to\infty$ на пространстве $C$
непрерывных периодических функций и сходимости почти всюду
с указанием двух гарантированных множеств (точки Лебега и
$d$-точки). Изучен и вопрос о скорости сходимости $R_n(f)$,
как и их интерполяционных аналогов, по норме для гладких функций.
Для приближения функций из $C^r$ найдена асимптотика
с указанием порядка убывания остаточного члена.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Physical Layer, 500 kbit/s
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: April 2022

This document defines a physical layer having a higher bandwidth capacity than other physical layers defined for SAE J1939. Newer transceiver technologies are utilized to minimize EMI.

CAN controllers are now available which support the flexible data rate frame format. These controllers, when used on SAE J1939-14 networks, must be restricted to use only the classical frame format compliant to ISO 11898-1:2015.

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road, as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements.
L’espoir au coeur du désespoir dans La guerre m’a surprise à Beyrouth de Carmen Boustani
Authors: Hazzoury Nehmat
Published: April 2022

The hope in the heart of despair in Carmen Boustani’s La guerre m’a surprise à Beyrouth [The war surprised me in Beirut]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the topic of hope in Carmen Boustani’s La guerre m’a surprise à Beyrouth [The war surprised me in Beirut]. The narrative structure of Greimas shows that hope exists even in a catastrophic situation and pushes the characters to act. The ending is happy not only for the country but also for the various women who lived through the war. The narrator Yasmina and her friends show that hope can arise even in a destroyed space and that life is found even in the throes of death. The act of writing itself becomes a sign of hope which proves that from black, light is born.
Le masque au théâtre CRICOT1 : du geste pictural au geste « opératoire »
Authors: Bodzińska-Bobkowska Jadwiga
Published: April 2022

The Mask at the CRICOT1 Theatre: From the Pictorial to the « Operative » Gesture

The aim of this paper is to describe the beginnings, rather unknown, of the CRICOT theatre and to demonstrate the evolution which took place between the first show of CRICOT1 and the last piece performed in 1938. Focusing on the manners of treating the scenic object, the scenography, the costumes and the masks, the paper analyses the transformation of the amateur theatre: artistic, satirical, visual and comic into quasi-professional theatre, carrying an existential message. Message to be developed afterward by the world-famous collective, reformer of the European stages: Tadeusz Kantor’s CRICOT2.
An Ecclesiological Reflection on the Role of Chaplains in 32 Battalion (1977-1993)
Authors: Gordon Dr. Will
Published: April 2022

From 1966 to 1989, the South African Defence Force (SADF) was involved in a low-intensity war in Namibia, the so-called ‘Border War’. To secure sufficient manpower to defend themselves against internal and external threats from liberation movements, often supported by the Soviet Union, the National Party introduced increasingly comprehensive systems of conscription for white males. In the main, though there was opposition from English-speaking churches, the war and conscription was supported by the mainstream Afrikaans churches in South Africa. As such, they supported a comprehensive Chaplain’s Service that reached all corners of the SADF. However, the SADF also made use of units that were not primarily made up of white South Africans. Once such unit was 32 Battalion, constituted from soldiers that used to belong to the National Front for the Liberation of Angola. When they joined the SADF, the soldiers brought their families with them, necessitating the SADF to care, physically and
spiritually, for both soldiers and civilians. This article examines the role that chaplains played in a unit that fell on the periphery of the SADF’s commitment; though they were almost continuously involved in fighting for the SADF, to a large extent they fell outside of the normal military structures. Drawing extensively on primary sources, often recently declassified, the study provides an ecclesiological perspective on the influence of chaplains and religion on the men and women associated with 32 Battalion and contributes to the larger discourse about the relationship between religion and the military. Extant primary and secondary sources have been consulted including interviews with relevant anonymised respondents.
Phenotypic characterization of Gesha horses in southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Mustefa Amine , Engdawork Aweke , Sinke Seble , Hailu Abebe
Published: April 2022

Fifteen qualitative and 21 morphometric variables on a total of 394 adult horses (282 stallions and 112 mares) from three selected districts were recorded to characterize the horse populations in southwestern Ethiopia. General linear model, frequency, and multivariate analysis procedures of Statistical Analysis Software (SAS 9.0) were used to analyze the data. Sex and location significantly affected the studied traits. Stallions were larger than mares, and the Gesha horse population was the tallest, longest, and largest among the studied populations. The majority of the studied horses possess plain body colour patterns with red-coloured medium hair size. A higher frequency of white-coloured horses was observed with increasing age. Stepwise discriminant function analysis revealed that pelvic width, cannon bone length, and height at croup were the top three morphometric variables to discriminate the populations while head length, head neck circumference, chest width, cannon bone circumference, and croup length had the lowest discriminatory power. The results of discriminant function analysis showed advanced classification (76.7%) of the studied horses into their respective populations/locations. Finally, canonical discriminant function analysis categorized the horse populations into three distinct categories. The Gesha horse population was different from Masha and Telo horse populations while having a relatively higher relationship with the Masha horse population. However, the distances calculated in this study show only the relative size differences between each population. Such differences might not necessarily be due to breed (genetic) differences. Therefore, diversity studies through further genetic characterization are recommended to design conservation and breeding programmes.
A conjectural formula for $DR_g(a,-a) \lambda_g$
Authors: Buryak Alexandr , Iglesias Francisco Hernández , Shadrin Sergey
Published: April 2022

We propose a conjectural formula for $DR_g(a,-a) \lambda_g$ and check all its expected properties. Our formula refines the one point case of a similar conjecture made by the first named author in collaboration with Gu\'er\'e and Rossi, and we prove that the two conjectures are in fact equivalent, though in a quite non-trivial way.

Comment: 13 pages
Adsorption Thermodynamics of Fe2+ and Pb2+ in Industrial Wastewater Treatment using Melon Husk Activated Carbon
Authors: A. Ajala Kabir
Published: April 2022

Melon husks obtained from a local market were washed with distilled water to remove impurities, oven-dried at 1050C, and carbonized in a furnace at 5500C. H2SO4 and NaOH were used to modify the carbonized melon husk to catalyze the adsorption rate. The initial and final concentrations of Fe2+ and Pb2+ in the wastewater were determined with the Flame atomic adsorption spectrometry technique. The industrial wastewater was treated with the adsorbent at various grams, reaction time, and a constant speed of 0.2-1.0 g, 10-100 min, and 150 rpm, respectively. The obtained data were fitted into isotherm models. The adsorption isotherm, Langmuir, and Freundlich R2” values were between 0.888 and 1.000. The adsorption of both metals suits pseudo second-order kinetics with the coefficient of determination values ranges between 0.203 to 0.923. This study established that melon husk-activated carbon adsorbent is more efficient in the adsorption of Pb2+ than Fe2+ in industrial wastewater. Melon husk activated carbon modified with H2SO4 is, therefore, recommended for the removal of lead in electroplating industrial wastewater.
Application of Life Cycle Assessment Tool on Biodiesel Production: Assessing the Environmental Impact of Biodiesel
Authors: Thiruketheeswaranathan Suthajini
Published: April 2022

Bioenergy is an economic and ecological alternative energy, derived from biomaterials such as bioethanol, biomass, biodiesel etc. Therefore, biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable fuel could be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease. Traditionally world believes that the renewable energy has no impact on environment and ecology. Therefore, the key objective of this study is to assess the environmental undesirable impact associated with the production of biodiesel. The present research used the cooked oil (waste) as a feedstock for biodiesel production and assesses the life cycle impact of one ton of biodiesel. The life cycle of this product involves four stages including collection of feed stock, pre- treatment, transportation/ delivery stage and transesterification process. Waste oil was collected from food industry. After the pre-treatment of waste cooked oil, it was allowed for the transesterification process. The environmental impact was analyzed by SimaPro 7.1 software. Although, biodiesel is a renewable energy, one ton of biodiesel production contributes to the global warming potential around 287.3 kgCO2 eq. However, the amount is smaller than other conventional fuel such as fossil fuel and coal. Other environmental impacts such as Eutrophication, terrestrial eco-toxicity can be negligible. The transesterification stage is the main reason for the (69.27%) total environmental impacts.
Factors for Increasing the Activity of Youth of Uzbekistan in the Field of Science and Education
Authors: Urinbaevich Khudaynazarov Azamatjon
Published: April 2022

The article examines the factors that increase the activity of young people in Uzbekistan in the field of science and education as a guarantee of the country's development. The article also notes that the socio-political reforms in the field of science and education in the country create a social strategy to increase the participation and activity of young people in socio-political processes, effective solutions to some problems in science and education and a new stage of state youth policy conclusions and socio-political analysis were analyzed.
Remote Sensing Study of Neotectonics of Katwaz Region in Balochistan-Pakistan
Authors: Batool Saira , Amer Areeba , Mehmood Syed Amer , Shahzad Muhammad , Abuzar Muhammad Khubaib , Waseem Asad , Shafiq Muhammad
Published: April 2022

This investigation deals with the delineation of neotectonics and its connection to the regional surfacedeformation in the Katwaz region (KR) located in the north of Quetta along the Pakistan-Afghan border. It consists ofrocks dominated by silicates and carbonates, were uplifted due to regional tectonics. In this study, SRTM DEM (90mspatial resolution) based Surface Dynamics (SDMs) of KR is analyzed to investigate the Isobase level (IBL), Relativerelief (RR), Topographic surface roughness (TSR) and topographic Slope (TS) map to constrain the active surfacedeformation due to regional neotectonics. It gives complete information regarding the lithology based erosional marginsand demarcation of neotectonic scarps and established the relationship between Strahler order streams and neotectonicsettings in an actively deformed KR. This study aims to delineate margins for geomorphological variations and to findthe effects of neotectonics. Another purpose is to examine the geomorphic parameters and to map active tectonicsdevelopment due to transform sinistral movement of the Chaman Fault system (CFS) in the context of the ongoingcollision of India-Eurasia. The resultant and generated surface dynamic maps (SDMs) were due to neotectonicdevelopments, progressions and orientations along with CFS and Suleman fold, and thrust belts (SFTBs). The resultsobtained revealed that IBL values are higher in the NNE, SSW, and central parts along with the CFS, and partially in theNW corner of the KR due to uplifted SFTBs. The active tectonic nature of SFTBs and TSR values are lower in the centraland northern parts of KR. The TSR values are higher along SFTBs and CFS due to greater vertical dissection betweenthese two active faults system. The DEM based SDMs are time-efficient and cost-effective for easy identification anddelineation of neo-tectonically active zones using remote sensing and GIS techniques.
Comparative Analysis of Fractal Properties of Solar Faculae
Authors: Zehra Sumbul , Jilani Saif Uddin
Published: April 2022

Present study is aimed at investigating the solar faculae area from 1990 to 2007 which partially covered the22nd and 23rd solar cycle. Rescaled Range Analysis (RRA) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) have beenadopted to evaluate the behaviour of nonlinear dynamics of solar faculae area. Results show that the value of Hurstexponent for solar faculae area from RRA and DFA is negatively correlated. It means it is non-persistent and longrange correlated. Obtained result is inaccurate so the only solution is to transform the data into stationary data by takingdifferencing. RRA is applied on residuals and RRA to evaluate the fractal property of the time series. Solar faculae areainvestigated in this study is fractal in nature and predictable ass well. Moreover, the time series of solar faculae area isnon-linear as established by the Brock – Dechert – Scheinkman (BDS) test results
Inter-Decadal Dynamics of Glacier Area and Supra-glacial Lakes Over Hispar Glacier, Western Karakoram
Authors: Husain Prof. Dr. Viqar , Qureshi Javed Akhter , Ali Sajid
Published: April 2022

Glaciers of the central Karakorum region are the primary source of fresh water and lifeline for downstream inhabitants but changing climatic conditions put serious impacts on glaciers which cause rapid ablation and the creation of glacial lakes. Many natural hazards are associated with glaciers and glacial lakes like Glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). Using Geographic Information System and Remote sensing techniques on Hispar glacier which is part of central Karakorum, the current study applied Landsat (TM, ETM, ETM+, and OLI) and sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Further, mapping to the Hispar glacier is done to know the variations in glacier and supraglacial lakes between 1990 and 2019. According to the results, about 90% of glacial ponds are present in the debris-covered area while only 10% are present in the clean ice and scow area. This study identifies the decreasing trend in the number and the area of glacial lakes. In 1990, about 42 glacial ponds were covering a total area of 0.733km2, whereas, in 2019, 20 glacial lakes were covering an area of 0.18km2. In the last three decades (1990-2019) about 20km2 of clean ice and snow is increased. The findings of climate data revealed that there is a decreasing trend of temperature and an increasing trend of precipitation. Since 1995, about 0.75oC temperature is observed in HRB. The findings of this study somehow support the Karakoram anomaly.
Sustainability of Urban Regions and Migration in Pakistan: A GIS Analysis
Authors: Alam Shaista , Nazeer Munazah , Fatima Ambreen
Published: April 2022

The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the
Terrace Soil Suitability for Highway Construction: Case Study in Lesser Himalaya (CPEC Project E-35), North Pakistan
Authors: Khattak Salman Ahmed , Qadir Anwar , Daud Hamza , Shehzad Kamran , Yasir Muhammad , Abubakar Muhammad
Published: April 2022

In this study, terrace soil investigation was carried out in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor, Lesser Himalayas, North Pakistan. The methodology in current research is based on tests that include sieve analysis, plastic index, proctor, California Bearing Ratio, Los Angeles, sand equivalent and specific gravity. The results of these tests for different layers were compared with AASHTO and NHA specifications. The results show that the embankment, subgrade and subbase layers were composed of silt, sand and gravel, respectively while the aggregate base coarse was composed of sand, aggregate and less amount of fine clay material. The sieve analysis test shows that soil and aggregate base coarse has less clay with high silt, sandy material and index plastic to low plastic, which is appropriate for the construction. The California Bearing Ratio shows that the soil and aggregate base coarse have high load-bearing capacity. The Los Angeles abrasion reveal that the sub base and aggregate base coarse are resistive. The sand equivalent shows that aggregate base coarse has high sand material. The specific gravity illustrates that aggregate base coarse material is denser. The current study shows that terrace soil is suitable for the construction of the road in project E-35 (phase-I) China-Pak Economic Corridor.
Education Policy and Racial Biopolitics
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: April 2022

Gulson and Webb show how school choice can represent and manifest the hopes and fears, contestations and settlements of contemporary racial biopolitics and ethnic politics of education in multicultural cities.
Study of Effects of Fuels and After-Treatment Systems on Formation Process of Particles from Diesel Engines
Authors:   Teikyo University, JAPAN, Mori Kazutoshi , Kawase Jun ,   TOKYO DYLEC Corp., JAPAN, Suzuki Ryuichi ,   Pollars Laboratory Co., Ltd., JAPAN
Published: April 2022

Diesel engines have good potential for improved fuel economy, owing to their high thermal efficiency and fuel diversity. Diesel engines have been developed to address global warming and improve air quality and health around the world. Although particles produced by combustion in the cylinders of a diesel engine are emitted into the atmosphere, they can be dramatically reduced by over 99.9% after being trapped by a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and through the use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) in after-treatment systems. However, the mechanism of the formation of these particles in the cylinders and the exhaust behaviors of the particles after being trapped by the DPF have not yet been clearly explained and the effects of a DOC on the formation of these particles are still not clarified. Thus, this study analyzes particle distributions, particle number, particle components, and exhaust time behavior from an after-treatment system to atmosphere, using JIS2 diesel and biodiesel fuel (BDF). This paper reveals how particles are trapped by a DPF equipped on a diesel engine and emitted through the DPF to the atmosphere, based on detailed measurements of the number of particles. Particle size distributions are analyzed for two DPF types, SiC and cordierite. The effects of the DOC on the formation and exhaust behavior of particles for each type of DPF are also described. This paper presents photographs of particles generated by combustion of JIS2 diesel fuel and BDF and of particles in the tail pipe following an after-treatment system with a DOC and DPF. This paper also shows the diameters of single particles and sizes of aggregated particles exhausted from a diesel engine and emitted following an after-treatment system. Finally, this study proposes a formation process for particles produced by combustion in the cylinders of a diesel engine and emitted following an after-treatment system.
The Control Strategy Research on Reduction of High-Frequency Noise and Vibration for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors:   Jilin University, CHINA, Lulu Wei Lulu Wei , Fangwu Ma Fangwu Ma ,   Jilin University, CHINA, Yin Hongbin ,   Shandong University of Technology, CHINA, Wu Liang ,   Jilin University, CHINA, Gao Hui ,   China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., CHINA
Published: April 2022

The electric vehicles are fast developed as the demand for energy conservation and environment protection. The permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are widely used in electric vehicles because of their high efficiency. However, due to the DC/AC inverter with fixed switching frequency was used to drive the PMSM, high-frequency vibration and acoustic noise were generated in the PMSM. And the frequency at which vibration and noise are generated is related to the switching frequency of the inverter and its integral multiple. Spread spectrum theory shows that the energies of a fixed high-frequency spectrum can be distributed into a wide range of frequencies. Therefore the concentrated energies can be weakened. This theory can be complied with the PMSM control strategy to help to reduce the high-frequency vibration and noise. This paper presents control strategies with changing the switching frequency in order to reduce the vibration and noise of the electric motor. Firstly, four control strategies with different switching frequency: fixed switching frequency (FSF), periodic switching frequency (PSF), random switching frequency (RSF) and hybrid switching frequency (HSF) are modelled and simulated by MATLAB-Simulink. During this process of simulation, the influence from the modulate rate and spread width to the reduction of harmonic amplitude was detailedly analyzed. Secondly, these four control strategies are implemented by the dSPACE MicroAutoBoxⅡfor the rapid control prototyping (RCP) test. Thirdly, the vibration and noise tests of the PMSM are complied in the semi-anechoic chamber using software and devices from the LMS Test. Lab. Finally, the results of simulation and tests are compared and analyzed. Based on the simulation and test results, these three optimized control strategies can suppress the high frequency current harmonic amplitude significantly and the noise and vibration reduction difference among them are not apparently. Comprehensive analysis shows that the random and hybrid switching frequency control strategy proves to achieve better the goal of reducing the amplitude of high-frequency vibration and noise.
Development converting position seat for reduction fatigue of passenger
Authors:   Hyundai Motors, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, Kong Juyeol , Jung Chanho ,   Hyundai Motors, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, Na Seonchae ,   Hyundai Motors, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, Park Sangdo ,   Hyundai Motors, REPUBLIC OF KOREA, Kim Gilju ,   Hyundai Motors, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Published: April 2022

"The role of the future car will need not only as transportion but also how much entertainments are provided and how much comfortable to relax in the car Until now, the development of vehicle seats have been only focused on driving posture. However, the driving posture has a limit that creates large concentrated loads on the hips and waist when driving for a long time. So the purpose of this study are to develope optimal posture and to apply new seat mechanism in order to rest in the vehicle comfortably. The optimized posture is divided into ideal angles for each body this paper suggest each body angle and those got Inspired by NASA's gravity posture and recent relax furnitures such as stressless chair. But the state of the vehicle is gravity and it is a very compact space without unnecessary space. so it is a different environment from NASA's case. To find most effective posture, I recorded the body pressures of hips and upper body by changing the body angles such as angle of thigh and horizental car plane or upper body of passenger Also this need to take into account the conditions of the vehicle, such as the passenger's field of view or the space of surrounding components. When changing seat to the optimal position, there should be no interference with the surrounding components, and there should be no discomfort due to the blind field of view. Through this process, the ideal angles of vehicle rest position was proposed in this paper and the posture is defined as the relaxion posture, which is a combination word of relax and position. In the relaxion posture, the maximum loads on the hips and waist could be reduced by about 25%, with the distribution of body pressure increased by about 18%. Also, the test proved positive effects of improvement blood flow in part of thigh and hips by dispersed body pressure distribution more widely Relaxion seat can be designed with minimal changes to current seat mechanisms, and seats of this concept have been in production since 2019 This study also could be a direction of passengers posture in the autonomous vehicle."
Concept Level Cross Car Beam NVH Simulations
Authors:   Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., INDIA, Mihir Bhalerao Mihir Bhalerao , RS Jeyevijeyan ,   Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., INDIA, Vinayak P Prem ,   Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., INDIA, Perumal S Lekshmana ,   Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., INDIA
Published: April 2022

The Cross-Car Beam (CCB), which is located below the Instrument Panel, supports the steering column, dashboard and the passenger air bag. Designing the CCB is crucial for architecture development and it is a part of the platform definition process. It plays a major role in meeting the NVH targets for the vehicle. Alternate materials have been tried out to reduce weight of the Cross-car beam assembly, but cost of the assembly goes up. Another option is to opt for material thickness reduction of the CCB or the steering column bracket which will reduce weight but that will have an impact on the structural mode and natural frequencies. The NVH performance mustn’t drop below the program NVH targets after weight reduction. The goal of this paper is to define the geometry and the sections of the CCB & Steering assembly by reducing weight without compromising NVH performance and meeting architectural inputs in the concept stage of the project. While the preliminary architecture is being developed, the relevant inputs and NVH targets will be taken as inputs for the study. A concept simulation model is set-up which is capable of quick simulations. A design optimization will be performed based on the model and the optimized CCB concepts will be taken forward for detailed engineering later. The CCB assembly has been parameterized into 23 parameters which include the geometry, sections & architectural parameters. This complete assembly has been modelled as beam elements and the joints have been considered as rigid joints and the constrains were applied. Modal analysis was performed to obtain the natural frequencies. A Design of Experiments (DOE) was run on these parameters to identify the critical parameters with respect to the weight and natural frequencies. The DOE gives a mathematical model for optimization and the sensitivity and direction of goodness of all the parameters. The mathematical model generated is used to perform design optimization. Based on the optimization, 10% weight reduction was achieved in the CCB assembly with optimal geometry and sections. The results match closely with the CAE results obtained after detailed CAD is analysed. This simplified beam model of the assembly takes less than 5 minutes to run and the iterations can be automated within the software. This makes it possible to run multiple DOEs and study different solutions. It is even possible to analyse various alternatives proposed. The process of defining the architecture is fastened as the optimization of the CCB can be carried out within a few days.
USER-CHI: Enhancing electromobility by improving user experience of EV drivers
Authors:   Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, SPAIN, Solaz Jose , Giménez Juan ,   Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, SPAIN, López Amparo ,   Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, SPAIN, Marzo Raquel ,   Instituto de Biomecánica de Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, SPAIN
Published: April 2022

"USER-CHI is a H2020 research and innovation project, aimed at unlocking the massive potential of electromobility in Europe. This will be achieved by integrating different innovative charging technologies with a holistic perspective, putting the user at the centre and empowering it, and exploiting the synergies between electromobility and the process of greening and smartification of the grid. This process is taking place for achieving the energy transition in Europe, that together with the integration of novel technological tools, business models and regulatory measures, will transform the current scenario. This transformation will generate a financially attractive ecosystem, which improves the user experience of EV drivers. The integrated smart solutions, novel business models and new regulatory framework conditions will be demonstrated and validated in 5 urban areas all along the European territory: Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain), Rome (Italy), Berlin (Germany), Budapest (Hungary), and Turku (Finland). In addition, these 5 sites act as connecting nodes of the key Mediterranean and Scandinavian-Mediterranean TEN-T corridors, which will also be part of demonstration actions. During the project’s first year, The Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) is leading the generation of the technical specifications for defining new charging infrastructures. This process will be addressed following the user experience principles, achieving a deep knowledge of EV drivers' charging preferences and patterns in order to increase their acceptance. EV supply equipment specifications will be generated both, for slow charging and ultrafast charging applications, proposing a framework for the definition and implementation of USER-CHI solutions, ensuring that they are well-aligned with users’ needs and expectations. This paper will focus on the presentation of the results generated along qualitive user research. These results point out that the EVs acceptance and the technology maturity are closely related to the charging infrastructure broaden, mainly in inter-urban areas. Real time information, usage regulation of charging points and the improvement of charging system’s using experience (time cost reduction and plug standardisation), also arise as key factors."
UTICAJ ODGAJIVAČKIH USLOVA NA VARIJABILNOST MIKROKLIMATSKIH PARAMETARA U OBJEKTIMA ZA DRŽANJE MLEČNIH KRAVA U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Authors:   1Univerzitet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Gligović Nikolija , Bogdanović Vladan , Đedović Radica , Stanojević Dragan , Zeljić Krstina
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to examine the breeding and housing conditions and their impact on the manifestation of variability of microclimatic parameters in facilities for keeping dairy cows. The systematic measurement of microclimate parameters was performed in buildings, that is temperature ( ) and relative humidity of air (RV%) in the period from 2014 to 2020 was performed on 12 farms from 6 administrative districts in the Republic of Serbia. A total of 478328 individual hourly measurements of temperature and relative humidity of air were analyzed. The fixed model, which included factors of farm size, month, hour, and farm for the manifestation of THI with a statistically high influence of all factors involved. All surveyed farms had a high potential for the development of heat stress in June, July and August. The greatest variability of THI was between small and large accommodation farms. Medium-capacity farms had consistently the highest average THI values and potential for heat stress development.
ENZIMI U ISHRANI BROJLERA
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak, Doković Vladimir , Bogosavljević-Bošković Snežana
Published: April 2022

The paper presents the most important aspects of the action of exogenous enzymes (amylase, xylanase, glucanase, cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, phytase and protease) added to broiler feed. The addition of broiler feed enzymes has nutritional, health, economic and environmental justification. The use of complexes of exogenous enzymes (enzyme cocktails) as additives to complete mixtures for feeding broiler chickens in different phases of fattening, significantly increases the availability of reserve polysaccharides, fats, proteins and some minerals, better energy efficiency from food, better health of chickens, better quality carcasses and chicken meat, reducing the cost of feeding fattening chickens (and thus the total cost of production), as well as reducing environmental pollution and is one of the easiest feasible alternatives to improve the profitability of production in poultry.
ŠEPAVOST MLEČNIH KRAVA – UZROCI, OBLICI, TRETMAN
Authors:   University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy Čačak, Đoković Radojica , Cincović Marko , Petrović Milun , Petrović Miloš , Jašović Boban , Anđelić Biljana , Lalović Miroslav
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to describe the complex etiopathogenesis, forms, prevention and treatment of lameness in dairy cows. Since inflammation of the hoof mostly affects cows that have superior milk performance, it poses major health and economic issues. Laminitis can take different forms and courses, classified as acute and chronic, deep and superficial, aseptic and septic. Aseptic subdermatitis is of much greater concern, as it is a metabolic disease of the hoof corium with degenerative changes in the corium and horn. Its common causes are stress associated with calving, imbalanced diet, incidence of acidosis or alkalosis, high milk production, and overloading of the hooves. This results in the production of toxins, particularly histamine, in the forestomachs, leading to vasoconstriction, followed by vasodilation within the hoof corium and, consequently, oedema, hyperaemia, the destruction of blood vessels in the corium, and, at a later stage, degenerative changes in the corium and horn. Lameness develops, depending on the degree of pathological changes. Therefore, the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of aseptic and septic laminitis are of major importance in managing the health and welfare of high-producing dairy cows.
Eight Javanese teaching issues and its possible solutions: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ramadhansyah Ardika Adiputra , Mulyana Mulyana , Ulfa Tri , Miftakhuddin Miftakhuddin
Published: April 2022

Previous research to diagnose problems in Javanese language teaching was not well organized. As a result, there was no adequate formulation of recommendations for educational policies. This research was conducted to overcome this weakness. Thus the objectives of this research were: (a) to reveal trends in Javanese language teaching problems in the last 10 years, (b) to explain the causes of these problems, and (c) to develop recommendations for solving the problems. Using literature review design, this research examines 32 empirical studies on the problem of teaching Javanese. The literature that meets the criteria is analyzed thematically-qualitatively. The findings of this research reveal three categories of problems, namely: managerial, individual-social, and instructional. By tracing the sequences, the causes of the series of trouble are the managerial problem, such as curriculum design, teacher competencies, and the quality of teaching materials. Curriculum design issues, for example, affect minimum standards of achievement. Likewise, the problem of teacher competence affects the use of methods and media selection, which has an impact on motivation, attention, and learning achievement. This prevalence occurred in almost all research locations (Central Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and East Java). Especially in Central Java and East Java, individual-social issues are also very influential concerning students' dialect, culture, and ethnicity. In conclusion, complexity of Javanese teaching issues in the last 10 years come from managerial aspect. As part of the conclusion, this research presents academic contribution for scholars and stakeholders by proposing four eligible recommendations related to the development of teacher competencies and the granting of authority to developers of teaching materials (and curriculum) at a lower level.