bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of a Multi‐strain Probiotic Supplement on General Wellness in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Dose‐Response Study
Authors: Fatani Asmaa , Ford Amanda , Dahl Wendy , Tompkins Thomas , Girard Stéphanie‐Anne , Christman Mary
Published: November 2023

Although many species of bacteria have been evaluated and marketed as probiotics, little work has examined the dose‐response effects of probiotics on microbiota and host. A probiotic formulation, containing Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, Lactobacillus casei R0215, Pediococcus acidilactici R1001, Bifidobacterium breve R0070, Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Lactobacillus plantarum R1012 and Lactobacillus lactis ssp. lactis R1058, is currently marketed in the U.S. at 5 billion colony forming units (CFU)/capsule and 25 billion CFU/capsule doses. To determine the effects of the two doses of the multi‐strain probiotic supplements on gastrointestinal function and general wellbeing, a six‐week, randomized, double‐blind, dose‐response study was conducted with 69 healthy adults (18–50 years old). Participants were randomly assigned to receive the probiotic mix at 5 billion CFU, 25 billion CFU, or placebo for four weeks. Daily questionnaires were used to assess gastrointestinal symptoms and general wellness, specifically gastrointestinal distress symptoms, ear‐nose‐throat symptoms, epidermal symptoms, psychological health, cephalic symptoms, emetic symptoms, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, and hunger. Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) was used as a proxy of transit time. In addition, the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS) was administered weekly to further evaluate gastrointestinal symptoms. General wellness and gastrointestinal symptoms were not affected by the consumption of the multi‐strain probiotic at doses of 5 or 25 billion CFU. In addition, BSFS analysis showed no significant change in relative transit time among treatments. No serious adverse events were reported. Therefore, the multi‐strain probiotic formulation is well tolerated by healthy adults at 5 billion and 25 billion CFU per day.

Support or Funding Information

Lallemand Health Solutions, Inc.
Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Approaches Used for Rheumatoid Arthritis Self‐Management
Authors: Groff Rachel , Strom Meghan , Hopkins Laura , Feng Lena , Hopkins Allison , Funk Janet
Published: November 2023

The autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leads to joint pain and inflammation. Pharmaceutical drugs, including methotrexate, as well as antibodies directed against inflammatory cytokines (“biologics”) are frequently used to combat this disease. Diet and dietary supplement use is a common symptom self‐management approach among RA patients, but the identity and frequency of specific types of dietary approaches used is currently unknown. To better understand this, we developed an anonymous, online or in‐clinic survey reporting use of individual pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements (vitamins, minerals, or natural products), and dietary approaches by RA patients for their symptom management. Responses were collected primarily using community‐(vs. clinic‐) based outreach in Tucson, Arizona. Cross‐sectional analysis of data reported here is for use of specific medications, supplements, or foods for symptom management from individuals with self‐reported RA (n= 206). Most participants were middle aged (57.4 ± 12.9 years), non‐Hispanic (82%, n= 168), Caucasian (86%, n= 178) and female (91%, n= 188). Almost all individuals reported living in the U.S. (96%, n= 197), with the majority residing in Arizona (67.0%, n= 138). Current methotrexate or biologic use was reported by 42% (n= 86) and 24% (n= 50) of respondents, respectively. Vitamin and/or mineral use for RA management was reported by 85% (n= 176). The following had the highest reported current use: vitamin D (54%, n= 112), folate (39%; n=80), calcium (35%, n= 73), multivitamins (34%, n= 69), and vitamin B12 (21%, n= 44). Non‐vitamin/mineral, natural product supplement use for RA management was reported by 63% of respondents (n= 129). Of these, turmeric (29%, n= 60), fish oil (25%, n= 52), ginger (13%, n= 26), flaxseed (12%, n= 24), and glucosamine/chondroitin (9%, n= 19) were the top currently used. Dietary approaches for RA management were reported by 28% of participants (n= 57); green tea (12%, n= 25), turmeric tea (11%, n= 23), gluten‐free diet (9%, n= 19), coconut oil (6%, n= 12), and paleo diet (4%, n= 9) were the most common dietary approaches in current use. In summary, alternative strategies for RA self‐management were prevalent, with turmeric‐derived products being the most frequently used natural product dietary supplement, as well as a common component of diet‐based approaches. Additional information regarding the safety and efficacy of turmeric in a RA population is warranted.
Correlation between obesity and flat feet among school age children
Authors: Bardales‐Cahua Marco Antonio , Bardales‐Vásquez Cecilia Betzabet , León‐Torres Carlos Alberto
Published: November 2023

Malnourishment and obesity among schoolchildren are associated with many co‐morbidities and long term effects on well being. In the following study, we explore how foot type correlates with nutritional state among public school children in Northern Peru. We measured Body Mass Index and Moreau‐Costa‐Bertani angle of 535 school‐age pupils between 6 and 11 years old from Florencia de Mora District, La Libertad, Peru, in a descriptive, transversal, randomized study. We observe correlations (p=0.001) between nutritional status and foot type among subjects (52% female). Pes cavus was observed in 65.49% of malnourished children and 76.97% of well nourished children. Nearly all (92.68%) of obese children had flat feet. There exists a clear correlation between flat feet and obesity in the study group, indicating that obesity may play an irreversible role in shaping foot structure by age 6. This may have long‐term consequences as flat feet can negatively impact joint and back health.

Support or Funding Information

Antenor Orrego Private University.
Dietary Melamine Accumulates in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle and Internal Organs of Pigs
Authors: Park Kyu Ree , Kim Beob Gyun
Published: November 2023

Melamine (1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triamine) is a well‐known toxin to humans and animals. Clinical signs or symptoms of dietary melamine poisoning include anorexia, uremia, renal failure and even death. The accumulation of dietary melamine in meat‐producing animals may cause serious health threats to humans and pet animals if they consume animal products containing accumulated melamine. However, quantitative information on the residual melamine in pork and edible pig organs from dietary melamine is lacking. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to determine the effects of graded dietary melamine on melamine concentrations in the longissimus dorsi muscle and organs of pigs. Twelve castrated male pigs with a mean body weight of 19.8 ± 2.2 kg were allocated to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The experimental diets based on corn and soybean meal were prepared to contain 0, 1, 2, or 4% melamine. The animals were individually housed and had free access to feed and water. At the end of the 21‐day feeding period, all pigs were euthanized for collecting longissimus dorsi muscle, heart, kidneys, liver, and lungs. The collected longissimus dorsi muscle and internal organs were lyophilized and ground for the analysis of melamine. The melamine concentrations in fresh tissues were calculated based on the dry matter concentrations and the muscle and organ melamine concentrations relative to average daily feed intake (ADFI) were also calculated. With increasing dietary melamine concentrations, ADFI, average daily gain, and gain:feed of animals linearly decreased (P < 0.05). With increasing dietary melamine concentrations, the melamine concentrations in the dried (2.8, 120.6, 200.4, and 157.9 ppm) and fresh (0.7, 29.3, 49.6, and 38.1 ppm) longissimus dorsi muscle tissues quadratically increased (P < 0.05), the melamine concentrations in the fresh kidneys tended to increase (0.5, 128.1, 167.0, and 77.8; quadratic, P = 0.07), and the melamine concentrations in the dried (1.1, 136.1, 159.8, and 385.2 ppm) and fresh (0.2, 25.6, 31.2, and 70.1) lung tissue linearly increased (P < 0.05). The melamine concentrations in the dried and fresh longissimus dorsi muscle, liver, heart, and lung tissues relative to ADFI linearly increased (P < 0.05). The amount of melamine accumulated in the lungs linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary melamine concentration. Taken together, melamine in swine feed dose‐dependently accumulates in pork loin and edible tissues.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by the Rural Development Administration (Republic of Korea; PJ010932) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2016R1A2B2015665).
Comparison of Adipocyte Browning Effects of White Tea, Oolong Tea, Green Tea, and Black Tea Water Extracts Using 3T3‐L1 Adipocyte
Authors: Lee Sang Gil , Kang Hye Won
Published: November 2023

Obesity, indicated by excess body fat accumulation, is a serious health problem. Various functional foods have been attracted for improving obese condition. Drinking tea (Camellia sinensis) has shown possible benefits in anti‐obesity studies. Flavonoids called catechins are major bioactive compounds for the anti‐obesity effects of tea. Tea products are consumed as a different name by the degree of fermentation including white tea (WT), oolong tea (OT), green tea (GT) and black tea (BT). It has been reported that different fermentation procedure contributes to the distinct composition of catechins in different teas. Although anti‐obesity effects of various tea extracts through the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis were well‐studied, the effect of adipocyte browning for their anti‐obesity effects has been little investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the adipocyte browning of four different tea extracts including WT, OT, GT and BT using 3T3‐L1 adipocyte. Briefly, 50 g of each tea were 1L of boiled with hot water for 30 min. The extracts were further fractionated using liquid‐liquid extraction and catechin‐rich ethyl acetate fractions were collected including white tea fraction (WTF), oolong tea fraction (OTF), green tea fraction (GTF) and black tea fraction (BTF). The extracts and fractions were evaporated and the powdered samples were stored at −20 °C until use. 3T3‐L1, fibroblasts which mimic white preadipocytes were cultured and differentiated into mature adipocytes. Fifty ug/mL and 100 ug/mL of four tea extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were treated to the cells during differentiation. Subsequently, the expression of browning specific genes including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), cell death activator CIDE‐A (CIDEA) and T‐box protein 1 (TBX1), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐α (PGC1α) was measured using real‐time PCR. Among tea extracts (100 ug/mL), OT and GT exhibited the greatest expression in UCP1 gene as 783% and 719%, respectively compared to WT (446%) and BT (266%). FGF21, CIDEA, and TBX1 genes were upregulated as well. However, PRDM 16 and PGC1α genes were not altered by any tea treatment. Although treatment of catechin‐rich fractions resulted in similar effects on the expression of these genes, GTF and WTF caused higher UCP1 expression than OTF and BTF. Interestingly, CIDEA gene expression was significantly decreased by the 100 ug/mL ethyl acetate fraction of four teas. Collectively, tea extracts exhibited adipocyte browning effects in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. These results warrant further research on the underlying mechanism of tea catechins on the adipocyte browning.
Effect of Aplysin on Intestinal Barrier and Lipid Metabolism of Rats Exposed by Ethanol and Iron
Authors: Liang Hui , Ma Yan , Li Ruiying , Ma Aiguo
Published: November 2023

Objective

This study investigated the protective effect of Aplysin on intestinal barrier and lipid metabolism against ethanol‐induced hepatic injury in rat exposed by iron.

Methods

One hundred and eight male wistar rats (2‐mo) were randomly divided into 9 groups (12/group). All rats were fed standard basal diet but received different treatments: control (normal saline); ethanol‐model (50% ethanol, 8ml kg−1 day−1 for 2 weeks, and 12 ml kg−1 day−1 for the remaining 10 weeks); iron (70mg/kg in diet); ethanol+iron group; Aplysin (150 mg kg−1 day−1); Aplysin + ethanol; Aplysin + iron; Aplysin + alcohol + iron; the positive control (ethanol+iron+glycyrrhizic acid 200 mg kg−1 day−1). The study period was twelve weeks. The histopathology of small intestine was observed after hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining; the levels of plasma two amine oxidase (DAO)/D lactic acid (D‐LA)/ fatty acid‐binding protein 2(FABP2) were assessed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the concentrations of serum cholesterol(TC)/triglyceride(TG)/ low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL‐C) were measured with fully automatic biochemical analyzer.

Results

The results of HE staining indicated that intestinal mucosal tissue of rats in control group and Aplysin group were normal. Rats treated with ethanol or iron showed lesions in intestinal villus and glands, a large number of mucosal epithelial cell fallen off, mucosal epithelium and lamina propria separated, and intestinal villus hemorrhage and edema. Moreover, intestinal mucosa in the rats exposed to ethanol and iron were significantly damaged. However, the pathological injuries were improved to different degrees with the intervention of Aplysin. The results from lipid metabolism and intestinal barrier observation revealed that the levels of plasma DAO/D‐LA/FABP2 and the concentrations of serum TC/TG/LDL‐C were elevated significantly in the exposed groups compared with the control group. These changes were reduced significantly with the intervention of Aplysin. There was no significant difference between Aplysin group and control group.

Conclusion

Aplysin exhibited regulatory and protective effect on lipid metabolism disorder and intestinal mucosal damage induced by ethanol and iron exposure in rats, which may ultimately prevent and mitigate alcoholic liver injury.

Support or Funding Information

The National Natural Science Fund (No. 81373000)
Modulation of cerebral blood perfusion by cocoa flavanols in aged mice: acute and chronic effects
Authors: Rendeiro Catarina , Konopka Christian , Snyder Amanda , Pinardo Heinrich , Bhattacharya Tushar K , Rodriguez‐Mateos Ana , Moulton Christopher , Dobrucki Wawrzyniec Lawrence , Rhodes Justin S
Published: November 2023

Cocoa‐derived flavanols, and in particular (−) epicatechin, have been avidly studied in regards to their potential to affect peripheral vascular function in humans, both acutely and chronically. More recently, there has been a growing interest in understanding to what extent such beneficial effects in peripheral arteries might extent to the central nervous system (CNS). In the present study, we examined the acute (1 h) and chronic (6 months) effects of oral supplementation with cocoa‐flavanols on global cerebral blood perfusion, as assessed by 99m‐Tc‐HMPAO Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), in an aged mice model. We observed that pure (−)‐epicatechin when delivered orally at a dose of 16 mg/kg BW resulted in a significant increase (approx. 20%) in global cerebral blood perfusion within 1 h of intake, which corresponds to the peak of absorption of (−)‐epicatechin into the bloodstream (crossover design, n=18, p = 0.023). However, higher doses of (−) epicatechin (100 mg/kg BW) were ineffective at modulating cerebral blood flow. Preliminary studies further suggest that long‐term chronic supplementation (6 months) with cocoa (delivering 948 μg of total flavanols/g food) is more effective at maintaining cerebral blood perfusion in aging (parallel design, n=7, age × treatment effect: p=0.019), than pure (−) epicatechin when delivered at equivalent doses (948 μg of flavanols/g food). We are currently further assessing the long‐term impact of cocoa‐flavanols on learning and memory ability (Morris Water Maze, Active Avoidance), anxiety levels (Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field) and motor function (Rotorod). Collectively, these data support a positive modulation of cerebral blood perfusion by cocoa flavanols in aged mice and may further impact cognitive function through counteracting age‐associated decreases in blood perfusion.

Support or Funding Information

Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory

Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Micronutrient intake from food and supplements in pregnancy: The Healthy Start Study
Authors: Kalata Kathryn , Koeppen Hallie J , Shapiro Allison B , Stamatoiu Alexandra V , Dabelea Dana , Sauder Katherine
Published: November 2023

Prenatal multivitamin/multimineral supplementation is commonly recommended to optimize maternal‐child health outcomes. However, in the presence of food fortification and access to nutrient‐adequate diets, supplementation may result in pregnant women consuming micronutrients in excess of the recommended amounts. This could potentially result in adverse offspring outcomes through alterations in DNA methylation due to excess consumption of methyl donors. The purpose of this analysis was to compare micronutrient intake from foods and supplements to the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) of selected micronutrients in pregnancy. We collected longitudinal data from 1322 ethnically‐diverse women participating in The Healthy Start Study, a pre‐birth prospective cohort based in Denver, CO. Women completed research visits in early pregnancy (median 17 weeks gestation), mid‐pregnancy (median 27 weeks), and at delivery (median 1 day post‐delivery). Women self‐reported dietary supplement use at each research visit, including brand/type of vitamin, dosage, and dates of use. Food intake was assessed with automated self‐administered 24‐hour recalls up to 8 times in pregnancy (median 2 recalls). Micronutrient intake from dietary supplements was estimated using manufacturer nutrient composition data. Micronutrient intake from food sources was estimated using the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies and the National Cancer Institute measurement error model. We calculated average daily intake during pregnancy for the following micronutrients: folate/folic acid, calcium, vitamin D, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, and choline. We compared average daily intake from food, supplements, and both sources to the age‐specific DRIs for pregnant women. From food sources alone, women met or exceeded the DRIs for calcium (median 110% of the DRI), vitamin B3 (123%), and vitamin C (146%), but consumed less than the DRIs for vitamin D (30%), vitamin E (45%), vitamin B1 (50%), vitamin B6 (57%), iron (57%), choline (69%), folate (77%), and vitamin B2 (90%). Considering both food and supplement sources, women met or exceeded the DRI for all micronutrients except choline (70%), vitamin D (80%), and vitamin E (97%). Total intake exceeded the DRI by more than 50% for folate/folic acid (158%), vitamin B6 (159%), vitamin B2 (168%), vitamin B3 (182%), and vitamin C (212%). Our data demonstrate that pregnant women are meeting few of the micronutrient DRIs from food sources alone, but are exceeding several of the micronutrient DRIs by 50% or more from combined food and supplement sources. Future research should examine whether and how micronutrient intake in pregnancy, particularly when in excess of the DRIs, is related to offspring health outcomes.

Support or Funding Information

National Institutes of Health
Effects of phosvitin on intestinal epithelial cell viability analyzed by flow cytometry and Alamar blue cell viability assay
Authors: Shipman Richard David , Talukder Jamil
Published: November 2023

Phosvitin is a phosphoprotein which makes up 7% of the proteins of chicken egg‐yolk, has been shown to have a wide variety of properties including cytotoxic and antigenotoxic effects on selective cancer cell lines. The effects of phosvitin on normal cell line is not yet known. Therefore, diploid, normal rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC‐6) were used to investigate the effects of phosvitin on cellular health and viability. The focus of this research project is to analyze cytotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of phosvitin at varying concentrations in cell culture media. IEC‐6 cells were grown on plastic plates using DMEM media and 10 % CO2 in a humidified incubator following standard protocol. Alamar blue cell viability assay and flow cytometry were used to determine the effects of phosvitin on internal complexity of the cells. Data gathered from the flow cytometer involved the use of propidium iodide which allows for cells in suspension to be quantified based on forward scatter. Data is plotted based on propidium iodide versus forward scatter to determine cell count and health. Preliminary flow cytometry data were employed to plot forward scatter versus side scatter using propidium iodide as an indicator for cells treated with serial dilutions of phosvitin. These data suggested that phosvitin has cytotoxic effects on IEC‐6 cells, decreased number of healthy cells in cell suspension in a dose dependent manner. These findings were confirmed using Alamar blue cell viability assay to determine the viability and apoptosis of IEC‐6 cells. We conclude that phosvitin can be used as a cytotoxic agent in different disease conditions including to control cancerous growth.
Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Trypsin Activation and Amylase Release by Activating Adenosine Monophosphate‐Activated Protein Kinase in Pancreatic Acinar Cells
Authors: Park Yeeun , Lim Joo Weon , Kim Hyeyoung
Published: November 2023

The main mechanism in the onset of pancreatitis is believed to be autodigestion of pancreatic acinar cells by premature activation of digestive enzyme zymogens. It is known that adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulates the early responses of acute pancreatitis. A recent in vitro study shows that induction of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat pancreatic acini with supraphysiologic cerulein causes an increase in intracellular zymogen activation, but a decrease in AMPK levels. The stimulation of v‐ATPase activity is required for agonist‐induced zymogen activation in the pancreatic acinar cells. AMPK is known to promote v‐ATPase ubiquitination and degradation, which inhibits the activity of v‐ATPase. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) shows anti‐inflammatory function by binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) in both humans and animal models. Recent study showed that DHA stimulates the phosphorylation of AMPK via GPR120, a functional omega‐3 fatty acid receptor/sensor.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether DHA inhibits activation of zymogen by determining the activities of AMPK, v‐ATPase, amylase and trypsin in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells stimulated with cerulein. Protein levels were determined by western blotting while enzyme activities were assessed using fluorogenic assay and commercial assay kits.

As a result, DHA (50 microM) increased the phosphorylation of AMPK but decreased trypsin activities and amylase release in cerulein‐stimulated AR42J cells. DHA induced inactivation of v‐ATPase in cerulein‐stimulated AR42J cells. Moreover, the treatment of a selective GPR120 antagonist AH‐7614 suppressed DHA‐induced activation of AMPK, inhibition of trypsin activities and amylase release in cerulein‐stimulated AR42J cells. PYR‐41, an ubiquitin E1 inhibitor, reversed the inhibitory effect of DHA on cerulein‐induced increase in trypsin activities and amylase release in AR42J cells.

In conclusion, DHA inhibits trypsin activation and amylase release by activating AMPK and inhibiting v‐ATPase in pancreatic acinar cells. Supplementation of DHA may be beneficial for suppressing the development of pancreatitis by inhibiting zymogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by a grant (NRF‐2015R1A2A2A01004855) from the NRF of Korea.
The Role of Fruit and Vegetable Concentrates in Alleviating the Growing Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in USA: Evidence from a Simulation Study
Authors: Gregori Dario , Vecchio Maria Gabriella , Minto Clara , Zec Slavica , Lamprecht Manfred
Published: November 2023

Background

Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption has been one of the key points in WHO's Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. The recommendation for fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, as set by the panel of WHO/FAO experts, is 400gr/day minimum, however different studies show that the majority of individuals do not comply to the suggested intake levels. One of the measure proposed to help individuals improve their intake of FV is the adoption of FV concentrates, which contain a well‐balanced mixture of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to collect and analyze scientific material on FV concentrates and their effectiveness in mitigating important risk factors for selected Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Findings about the FV effectiveness are illustrated through a simulation exercise, which shows a potential relief in public health burden in terms of reduction of cases of NCDs and their respective economic cost.

Methods

Relevant articles about the FV concentrates were collected and analyzed in terms of their impact on measurable physiological outcomes (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, plasmatic homocysteine, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and tumour necrosis factor alpha), widely accepted in literature as risk factors for cardiovascular NCDs. Literature review results provided input for Markov chain simulation model. The model provides a simulation, using USA population projections, of potential reduction in morbidity and direct public health cost associated with different FV concentrates supplementation regimes.

Results

The literature review has revealed a significant research gap about the effect of FV supplementation on NCDs. Building upon the (modest) evidence documented in literature, we show that FV concentrates have important potential in lowering NCD burden. A combined FV concentrate, such as Juice plus, appears to yield a significant gain in terms of lowering the risk of CHD in general population. Artichoke leaf juice concentrate and cherry juice concentrate produce non‐negligible effects in lowering the risk of stroke in vulnerable population (individuals with metabolic syndrome and hypertension). We found less evidence for heart failure, though the literature suggests effectiveness of fruit and vegetable juice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, FV concentrates appear to play a non‐negligible role in prevention of cardiovascular diseases in healthy and vulnerable populations, and this is particularly relevant because of the increasing tendency to consume less fresh fruit and vegetables. Despite the documented potential benefits, FV supplements are still poorly debated in scientific research: high quality and long‐term studies are necessary to understand their effect on human well‐being and their potential for health care system.
Undernutrition among Chinese adults in 2002–2012
Authors: Guo Haijun
Published: November 2023

Objective

To investigate undernutrition among Chinese adults in 2010–2012.

Methods

Data were collected from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010–2012. Multi‐stage stratified random cluster sampling method was applied, and 120 581 respondents aged 18 and over from 150 sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities were involved in the analysis. We used complex weighting to calculate the percentage (95%CI) of undernutrition. By comparing with 2002, change of undernutrition among Chinese adults between 10 years was presented.

Results

Totally 6.0% of adults in 2010–2012 were undernutrition, 5.9% in men and 6.0% in women. The prevalence in cities (5.3%) is lower than that in counties (6.6%), and for age groups of 18–44, 45–59 and 60 and over, the rates of undernutrition were 7.5%、 2.5%6.1% respectively. The prevalence in 2010–2012 was lower than that in 2002 (8.5%).

Conclusion

The prevalence of undernutrition in adults in 2010–2012 was relatively high, although comparing with that in 2002, it was decreased significantly.

Support or Funding Information

National Health and Family Planning Commission (former Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China) Medical Reform Major Program: Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2010–2012)
Nutritional Status of Illegal Drug Users in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana
Authors: Setorglo Jacob , Awusabo‐Asare Kofi , Pereko Kingsley Kwadwo Asare , Klevor Moses Kwashie , Steiner‐Asiedu Matilda
Published: November 2023

Background

Globally, illegal drug was reportedly used by 3.5–7.0% of people aged 15–65 years during 2012. The association between frequency of marijuana use and nutritional status is still blurred.

Design

Snowball sampling was used to purposively select 123 respondents. Their nutritional status was assessed using mean percent body fat (%BF), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist–to‐height ratio (WtHR). Nutritional status was assessed among respondents with the following frequencies of marijuana intake:1–3 times per day, 4–6 times per day, and greater than 6 times per day.

Results

Males who used marijuana at a frequency of 4–6 times per day had higher mean %BF values (17.6kg/m2) compared with those who used marijuana 1–3 times per day and >6 times per day (means 14.3kg/m2 and 16.8kg/m2, respectively). Mean WHR of males who used marijuana at a frequency of 1–3 times per day was higher (0.87) compared with males who used marijuana at frequencies of 4–6 times per day and >6 times per day (0.86 and 0.60, respectively). Similarly, those who took marijuana at a frequency of 1–3 times per day had higher mean WtHR (0.88kg/cm) compared with males who took marijuana at frequencies of 4–6 times per day and >6 times per day (means 0.86 kg/cm and 0.67kg/cm, respectively).

Conclusion

Higher frequency of marijuana use appears to have inverse association with central adiposity and waist‐to‐height ratio in men. This suggests a reduction in energy intake at higher frequencies of marijuana use, and has implications for nutritional management.
Body fat distribution in Chinese Adults
Authors: Su Chang , Ding Gangqiang , Zhang Bing , Wang Huijun , Wang Zhihong , Zhang Jiguo , Jia Xiaofang
Published: November 2023

Background

There is mounting evidence that body fat percentage (BF%) are well known as indicator of nutritional status. A growing literature also suggests that BF% maybe a more important predictors for population to become overweight and obese. Moreover, evaluations on BF could help social agencies to gain some insight into implementation and monitoring of health and nutrition policies as well as evaluations on how public health information are perceived and actualized by the population. The present study aimed to examine the distribution of body fat among Chinese in 2015.

Methods

We used a sample of more than 11,000 adults aged 18–65y who provided complete information of BF in the 2015 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. We measured BF% including whole body, trunk and limb using TANITA BC‐601, and measured weight, height and waist circumference (WC) using SECA 877/206/201. We compared the distribution of BF in different gender and age group, and evaluate the BF% in the normal level of body mass index (BMI) and WC.

Results

The mean of BF% among Chinese adults was 22.8% (95% CI: 22.6–23.0) in male and 33.3% (95% CI: 33.2–33.5) in female. BF% among the Chinese population steadily increased across all age (18–29y, 30–39y, 40–49y, 50+; P<0.01). The proportion of people who have higher BF% (male≥25% and female≥35%) in normal weight (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI≤24 kg/m2), normal WC (female<85cm and male<90cm) and normal weight and WC have significant difference between male (11.6%, 9.7% and 8.0%) and female (8.4%, 9.7% and 5.7%).

Conclusion

Findings suggest that the obesity in China may be underestimated, and the optimal cutoff of BF% for Chinese population should be made as soon as possible.

Support or Funding Information

the National Institues of Health (NIH) (R01‐HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924, and R01‐HD38700)
Trends in Dietary Quality Among Middle‐aged Adults from the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Troy Lisa M
Published: November 2023

Analysis of cross‐sectional NHANES data has observed improved diet quality among U.S. adults. Longitudinal data may show different results. Therefore, trends of diet quality between exam 5 (1991–1995) and exam 8 (2005–2008) were examined among Framingham Heart Study Offspring participants (n=3330, mean age 58 yrs, mean BMI 27.8 kg/m2). Further, participant characteristics that predicted higher or lower diet quality were identified. Diet quality was assessed by applying Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire data to create the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI‐2015), a measure of adherence to the key dietary recommendations of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines (range 0–100, higher score indicates greater adherence). To assess longitudinal trends, mixed models were applied to the DGAI‐2015 and examined annualized change over a mean of 12.5 years of follow‐up. Cross‐sectional linear regression at exam 5 was used to identify characteristics (i.e., marital status (single, married, windowed, divorced/separated), BMI, waist circumference (cm), level of education (years), multivitamin use (y/n), diet soda intake (y/n), statin use (y/n), cholesterol lowering medications (y/n), diabetes status (y/n), physical activity (total METS) and sedentary behavior (total sitting time) as potential predictors of diet quality. To identify the strongest predictors, all individually significant predictors were placed in linear models. Models were applied to all participants and then in separate models by sex (n=1566 men and 1764 women) given known differences in dietary quality between men and women. The DGAI‐2015 (score range, 24.3 to 87.8) distinguished between groups with known differences in diet quality; women, older, and non‐smokers had higher DGAI‐2015, as expected, demonstrating construct validity. No longitudinal changes in diet quality were observed for all participants or for men and women separately. Participants with higher DGAI‐2015, were more likely to be multivitamin users, cholesterol lowering medication non‐users, and to have lower BMIs and higher levels of education and less likely to consume artificially sweetened soft drinks in models adjusted for age, sex and smoking. In sex‐specific models adjusted for age and smoking, higher DGAI‐2015 scores were observed with lower waist circumference, higher levels of education, and less likely to consume artificially sweetened soft drinks for men and for women. Important differences in predictors were observed between men and women. Higher DGAI‐2015 was associated with cholesterol lowering medication non‐use in men only and multivitamin use in women and lower DGAI‐2015 with sedentary behavior in women. Longitudinal analysis of trends in diet quality do not support cross‐sectional data describing increases in higher diet quality. There may be important differences in predictors of diet quality between men and women.
Impact of Acculturation and Acculturative Stress on Diet and Body Weight among International Students Moving from China to the United States
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Colee James , Dahl Wendy , Bliznyuk Nikolay , Choi Chun‐Chung , Alyousif Zainab , Xu Changjie , Mathews Anne Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Objective

To explore the impact of acculturation and acculturative stress on dietary intake, dietary behaviors, and body weight among international students in their sojourning experience from China to the United States.

Methods

This prospective observational study was conducted between August and December 2016 at a southeastern US university. Ninety‐three Chinese university sojourning students (55 male and 38 female) were recruited into the study within their first month of arrival to the US. Upon enrollment, participants completed a series of questionnaires about their health behaviors in China and had their height and weight assessed. Anthropometric assessments and the same questionnaires were repeated in December with two additional questionnaires: the Vancouver Index of Acculturation and the Acculturative Stress Scale.

Results

Participants experienced a significant decrease in dietary fiber, whole grains and vegetables intake, with a significant increase of sugar, sugar‐sweetened beverages, dairy and calcium consumption when compared to reported intake in China. Chinese students decreased the frequency of eating takeout foods, but consumed convenience foods more frequently. Students that indicated a high degree of acculturation had less of a decrease in fiber (p<0.05), fruit (p<0.01) and vegetables (p<0.05) intake, but acculturation exacerbated the increase in sugar consumption (p<0.05). Students with higher acculturative stress reported a greater decrease in vegetable consumption (p<0.05), increased consumption of takeout foods (p<0.05) and skipped breakfast more frequently (p<0.05) in the US compared with those reporting lower acculturative stress. Using a hierarchical regression model, the interaction of acculturative stress and acculturation was significantly associated with the change of whole grain intake (p<0.05); specifically, as acculturative stress increased, students reporting high acculturation had a greater decrease in whole grain intake than those reporting low acculturation. There was a significant increase in body weight (1.03kg ± 0.35) among female subjects but no change among males.

Conclusion

This three‐month prospective study showed that Chinese international students had less healthy eating behaviors and dietary intake after moving to the US. Moreover, the impact of acculturation and acculturative stress on these health behaviors is complex. Findings from this study support the rationale for researchers and university administrators to provide supportive programs to reduce stress associated with acculturation and support healthy living for Chinese international students.
Regulation of Branched‐Chain Alpha‐Keto Acid Dehydrogenase During Muscle Cell Differentiation
Authors: Beatty Brendan , Dhanani Zameer , Adegoke Olasunkanmi John
Published: November 2023

Skeletal muscles are critical to locomotion and whole‐body substrate metabolism; their mass and function also affect quality of life. Suboptimal muscle mass and function underlie or worsen chronic catabolic conditions like uncontrolled diabetes and several cancers. They are also predictive of treatment outcomes and survival. As a result, studies into mechanisms of muscle preservation and regeneration hold potential to improve patient outcomes.

Muscle mass is a function of muscle cell number and protein balance. While muscle protein balance can be regulated by nutrition, especially the branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine and valine), the effect of nutrition on muscle cell formation and regeneration has received little attention. In addition, recent metabolomics studies have implicated metabolites of BCAA in both the activation of anabolic signaling and in prognosis of chronic disease, but little is known about the effects of these metabolites and the pathway that generate them on muscle cell formation.

The first irreversible and rate limiting reaction involved in BCAA catabolism is regulated by an enzyme complex, branched‐chain alpha‐keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD). Working with rodent muscle cells, we showed that the abundance of BCKDE1a subunit was upregulated during cell differentiation (up to 5X, P<0.05) without a corresponding change in mRNA level. BCKD activity is antagonistically regulated by a phosphatase (positively), and a kinase (negatively). BCKD kinase abundance tended to rise during differentiation along with a decrease in BCKD activity. Myoblasts depleted of BCKDE1a had impaired myotube formation and marked reduction in the expression of myofibrillar proteins. Collectively, these data highlight the significance of BCAA catabolism during cell differentiation and suggest that interventions that target BCKD abundance hold promise for muscle regeneration.

Support or Funding Information

NSERC, Faculty of Health at York University
Sodium butyrate improves antioxidant capability of HepG2 cells under H2O2‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Tang Xue , Xing Xingan , Jiang Zheshu , Li Yingrui , Sun Yongjuan , Xiao Hang
Published: November 2023

In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of sodium butyrate on H2O2‐injured HepG2 cells. Cells were incubated with/without sodium butyrate(0.2 mM −1 mM) for 96 h and then treated with 800 μM H2O2 for 4 h. The cell viability, ROS levels and several redox state indexs were determined. The results showed that 0.2 mM ‐ 0.4 mM sodium butyrate significantly improved the cell viability, and decreased ROS and MDA levels in H2O2‐treated HepG2 cells, which are consistent with an upregulation of total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Afterwards, we examined the expression of antioxidant pathway genes and found that sodium butyrate elevated the PI3K/AKT mRNA expression, while antioxidant‐related nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant genes NQO1, HO1 and MnSOD were also promoted. Futhermore, analysis of the protein expression of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK‐3β), p‐GSK‐3β (Ser9), nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Nrf2 reveals that sodium butyrate inhibited GSK‐3β by increasing p‐GSK‐3β (Ser9) level, and directed the transcription factor Nrf2 to the nucleus. Overall, these observations suggest that sodium butyrate exerts its antioxidant effect by regulating PI3K/AKT, GSK‐3β and Nrf2 in H2O2‐injured HepG2 cells.

Support or Funding Information

The present study was supported by the 12th Five‐Year Plan for for Science and Technology Development (No. 2012BAD33B05).
A Ketogenic Diet Increases Markers of Mitochondrial Content in a Tissue Specific Manner in Adult Mice
Authors: Zhou Zeyu , Hagopian Kevork , Roberts Megan , Tran Dianna , Perez Gabriella , Kim Kyoungmi , Ramsey Jon
Published: November 2023

Dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism is a major hallmark of mammalian aging. Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to effectively increase lifespan and is associated with a metabolic shift toward a decrease in glycolysis and an increase in fatty acid oxidation. This shift in fuel utilization that occurs with CR relies heavily on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Thus, a diet that can mimic the metabolic reprogramming that occurs with CR may reduce age‐related decline in mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, and contribute to healthy aging and longevity. A ketogenic diet, which is depleted in carbohydrates, would drive the utilization of fat as a fuel and increase mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. By chronically stimulating pathways in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, the ketogenic diet could influence mitochondrial function and biogenesis, and may prevent age‐related decreases in mitochondrial content. In this study, mice were fed an isocaloric control (CLT), low carbohydrate (low‐CHO), or ketogenic diet (KD) from the age of 12 months. Tissues were collected after 1 month and 14 months of dietary treatment for evaluation of mitochondrial content. The results showed that the low‐CHO and KD increase markers of mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle in old mice (age of 26 months). The activities of both Complex I and IV were increased (p<0.05) in the low CHO and KD diet compared to the CTL diet. Old mice fed a KD also maintained activity of Complex I compared to the young mice, while mice fed the CLT and low‐CHO diets showed a decline (p<0.05) in Complex I activity with aging. Mice fed a KD also showed increased muscle citrate synthase activity with age. However, these changes are tissue specific with liver showing only an increase in Complex IV activity with aging in the KD group. In summary, the study demonstrates that long‐term ketogenic diet may prevent age related decline in mitochondrial content in some tissues in adult mice.

Support or Funding Information

NIH Grant PO1AGO25532
Toxicological Effect of Castor Seed (Ricinus communis) Petroleum Ether Extract on Wistar Rat
Authors: Olorunfemi Oluwaseun Sunday , Eyinla Omotayo Nelson , Akoja Julius O , Arogundade Funlola J
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The study was intended to evaluate the biosafety petroleum extract of Ricinus communis (RCPE) used on stored products using wistar rats as a model.

Methodology

Ricinus communis seeds were extracted using soxhlet extractor and the filtrate later concentrated using the rotary evaporator to obtain R. communis petroleum ether extract (RCPE). Twenty four rats were divided into four groups labeled I, II, III and IV (six rats per group). Group I served as the control group and were administered orally with Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) and normal saline, Group II were administered orally with 500mg/kg of RCPE, Group III were administered orally with 1000mg/kg of RCPE while Group IV were administered orally with 2000mg/kg of RCPE all dissolved in DMSO and Normal saline. Animals were weighed, anesthetized and blood samples were collected at the end 5 days of oral administration. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for some biochemical parameters such as Total proteins, bilirubin, cholesterol, uric acid, creatinine, Urea and Uric acid activities as well as serum, AST and ALT were determined.

Results

At the end of this research work, it was discovered that at doses higher than 500mg/kg there were enzymatic leakages from the organs (kidney and liver) into the serum, compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Since the oil of castor seed has deleterious effects on the organs of the rats, it is conceivable that when the oil is consumed by humans, it will have the same effect. Therefore, it is advocated that the oil should not be consumed until further work is done on it but can be used in management of insect pests on products meant for planting.

Support or Funding Information

None