bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Considerations for Health Research Data Governance
Authors: Maseme Mantombi
Published: October 2022

Research involving humans often generates considerable data irrespective of the context in which the research is being conducted. This data must be protected from unauthorized access, use, and sharing as a means of safe-guarding research participants’ rights. Notwithstanding the fact that several jurisdictions globally have promulgated laws and regulations aimed at protecting individual citizens’ personal information, violation of privacy and related rights occurs in some instances. This could partly relate to a general lack of health research sector specific data governance policies and laws, which include data transfer agreements prevalent in most countries. The chapter therefore aims to cover the ethical aspects of health research data access, use, and sharing as a means of enabling health research institutions and policymakers to develop robust data governance structures and procedures. The scope of the chapter covers health research data generated in empirical research as well as that which is produced within a medical laboratory research context, i.e., human sample associated data.
Low-Power CMOS/FinFETs Circuit Using Adiabatic Switching Principle
Authors: Monteiro Cancio
Published: October 2022

Power consumption has become a very serious concern with regard to the rapid technology of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The IoT devices, such as sensor nodes, secure cryptographic devices, and medical implantable devices are general embedded systems that require low power and operate at low-frequency speed. Countless efforts have been done to reduce power consumption in complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) through supply voltage downscaling, reducing unnecessary clock activity, avoiding long path circuit topology, etc. Another circuit technique for low-power purpose is by employing adiabatic switching principle. The adiabatic switching is commonly used in minimizing energy loss during charging/discharging period at all nodes of the circuit. In this paper, a low-power adiabatic CMOS/FinFETs circuit for low-power secure logic application is presented. The circuit speed, power consumption, and other evaluation metrics indicating the circuit performances will be compared among the proposed circuits and other circuit topologies that are available in the literature.
Cartilage Restoration and Allogeneic Chondrocyte Implantation: Innovative Technique
Authors: Olivos-Meza Anell , Brittberg Mats , Landa-Solis Carlos , Suárez-Ahedo Carlos
Published: October 2022

Articular cartilage lesions are frequent in young people with deleterious results if not treated properly. Various restorative techniques have been developed with the aim to overcome the limitations and short-term results of cartilage repair procedures. Cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques as Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) have proved to induce cartilaginous tissue in joint defects with considerable long-term durability, currently being the gold standard in the treatment of medium to large cartilage injuries. Although results are encouraging and overall, the patients are satisfied, this technique is not exempt of limitations. These include the technical complexity and the costs of the two surgical procedures, de-differentiation of chondrocytes during in-vitro expansion and the limited amount of cartilage from a small biopsy. Here, we describe the recent advances in chondrocytes-based therapies for cartilage restoration, with a focus on the latest development in the use of allogeneic chondrocytes as a cell source. In allogeneic chondrocyte implantation, cells are harvested from cadaveric articular cartilage, and implanted in a scaffold into the cartilage defect. The advantages of this procedure are that there is no need for double surgeries, reduced patient morbidity and the availability of a large chondrocyte depot.
Comparison of BMI Indicators in Participants in Special Olympics and Non-Sporty Children with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Kampasová Jitka , Válková Hana
Published: October 2022

The goal of the study is to compare BMI indicators in children who regularly do sports, participating in the Special Olympics (SO) with non-sporty children, show the trend of BMI indicators, and to find out whether the 2-month of summer holidays have any effect on BMI indicators. An InBody device was used. Participants are children and adolescents with intellectual disability (ID). In total, four measurements of children were carried out over the course of 2 years. Total participants SO is n = 14, n = 18, n = 18, and n = 13 (13.6 ± 2.8 aged). Non-sporty children is n = 35, n = 37, n = 38, and n = 46 (12.5 ± 3.1 aged). Participants SO have 1.48 lower BMI values, 1 kg more muscle mass, and 1.3 kg less fat. During the summer holidays, participants SO have an increase in muscle mass (BMI and fat remain unchanged). For non-sporty children, all indicators decrease over the summer holidays (BMI, muscle mass, and fat). Participants SO have better results in all BMI indicators compared to non-sporty children. The results clearly show the great importance of sports and the positive effects of physical activities for children and adolescents with ID.
Importance of Flavonoid as Secondary Metabolites
Authors: Dave Mehta Shuchi , Upadhyay Sukirti , Rai Gopal
Published: October 2022

Flavonoids are broad-spectrum secondary metabolites with cosmetics, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and medicinal applications. They play a crucial role in life span shortening complications, including diabetes, CVS disorder, and cancer. They are the secondary metabolites essential natural products due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-cholinesterase, disease combating, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antiallergic, and many more pharmacological activities causing substantial economic and social burdens. They have the ability to scavenge superoxide, hydroxyl, and lipid radicals. They are a group of polyphenolic compounds having 15 carbon skeleton consisting of two benzene rings with heterocyclic pyran ring, which are classified as anthocyanins, flavonols, isoflavonols, and flavanones, and present in vegetables, fruits, flowers, seeds, stems, and leaves.
Leadership is a Practice Shaped by Everyday Actions in Messy Organisational Realities
Authors: Karp Tom
Published: October 2022

Practice-oriented perspectives of leadership suggest that we should relate more to organisational realities as they are ‘in practice’. This entails studying patterns of actions with a certain form, direction, purpose or objective. Leadership researchers have not often focused on conducting empirical studies of everyday life and challenges within organisations, which may have contributed to a possible gap between theory and leadership practice. Thus, there is a need for other perspectives, both for researchers and leaders. Rather than presenting idealised notions of what leaders should do, the premise of practice perspectives is that leadership is shaped through leaders’ actions in their everyday environments. The sum of such actions over time constitutes a practice that takes place within a community of collective practice. This entails leadership is understood as a function, a process and an action. Accordingly, research into practice is not so much concerned with identifying normative models and characteristics of the individual but rather shifts the focus from the individual to processes and actions. For leaders, this means that they must develop their own leadership practice regarding how to deal with organisational realities, their messiness and complexity.
Science Education and Beyond: Citizen Science in Primary School Potentially Affects Conceptual Learning and Socio-Emotional Development
Authors: Hirschenhauser Katharina , Frigerio Didone , Neuböck-Hubinger Brigitte
Published: October 2022

Citizen science (CS) is considered a powerful supplement for teaching natural sciences (and beyond) at school. Even though involving children of primary school age in scientific activities is still uncommon, previous studies confirmed that they can contribute meaningful data as citizen scientists. Yet, the administrative efforts of organising the pupils‘ participation in research activities are high for both, schools and scientists. Typically, some children benefit enormously from participating in a CS project; however, others don’t. To enable decisions for school representatives and funding agencies, empirical tests of the learning benefits of involving CS in routine teaching are needed. This chapter focuses on CS in the education context and wraps up the results of critical tests of (i) factual learning during a project on the social behaviour of a free-living bird species, that is, Greylag geese (Anser anser), (ii) conceptual learning, that is, the transfer of knowledge to new contexts and the children’s concepts of ‘friendship’ and (iii) impulsive behaviour control in primary school children involved in a project as citizen scientists.
Equivalent Circuit Model of Magnetostrictive/Piezoelectric Laminated Composite
Authors: Sol Ruiz María , César Razzitte Adrián
Published: October 2022

An equivalent circuital model of magnetostrictive/piezoelectric laminated composite has been developed in order to predict its behavior in presence of dynamic electromagnetic fields. From magnetostrictive and piezoelectric constitutive equations, and using an equation of motion, magnetic-mechanical-electric equations are: obtained by building a symmetric adhoc equivalent circuit about the magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. The coefficients of the direct and converse effects are simulated. The circuit is further used to predict the voltage coefficients of laminated composite. The multilayer material is found to have significantly higher ME coefficients near resonance frequency. The ME coefficients and the voltage coefficients change significantly with the configuration of the multilayer, more specifically when the laminate operates in longitudinal-transverse (L-T) and transverse-transverse (T–T) modes.
Recent Advances in Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Tamimi Ahmad , Juweid Malik , Tamimi Iskandar
Published: October 2022

The modern practice of epilepsy surgery requires multiple modalities of presurgical investigations such as video-EEG, intracranial EEG, high-resolution imaging, advanced functional imaging, and clinical analysis. A multidisciplinary approach is essential, including close collaboration between neurosurgeons, neurologists, neurophysiologists, neuropsychologists, neuropsychiatrists, and neuroradiologists. Candidates for epilepsy surgery require a history of seizures that are refractory to appropriate medical therapy. A meticulous selection of candidates will lead to a better chance of freedom from seizure. Epilepsy surgery includes a variety of surgical procedures including resective surgery for focal refractory seizure, which offers a significant chance of seizure freedom in temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsy. Palliative treatment for patients who are not candidates for resective surgery, such as vagal nerve stimulation, deep stimulation, and callosotomy, offers further options. We reviewed and analyzed the recent scientific literature and forthcoming advances that will impact on the future of epilepsy surgery. This chapter on recent advances in epilepsy surgery emphasizes improved methods of assessment, a better understanding of seizures, the development of new surgical techniques, and the outcome of epilepsy surgery.
Internet Marketing
Authors: Pollák František , Markovič Peter
Published: October 2022

The issue of brand management is taking on new dimensions at a time of accelerated digitization. The aim of the chapter is to approach selected areas of the issue by pointing out the basic forms of promotion in the digital environment of the Internet. An appropriate mix of these forms is essential for effective marketing communication in the digital environment. Where appropriateness and efficiency are necessary factors that need to be taken into account in the process of building a brand in the eyes of reference markets. Understanding the fundamentals of the issue of promotion in online environment creates a precondition for a holistic approach, which in combination with scientific knowledge tools reduces uncertainty and increases the assumption of market success. The chapter in the form of a theoretical overview study presents the results of ongoing research into the topic of Internet marketing. It synthesizes the knowledge of the authors, as well as the results of the work of selected reference authors, who at the beginning of the millennium shaped the issue into the form in which it is known to the wider professional public by today. The theoretical overview, supplemented by highlighting the key context, presents a relatively clear starting point for an introduction to the study of the topic of Internet marketing.
Cardiovascular Complications Related to Lower Limb Revascularization and Drug-Delivering Technology in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Orrapin Saritphat
Published: October 2022

The cardiovascular complication related to lower limb revascularization is the common cause of mortality in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The coexisting multisite atherosclerotic vascular disease is increasing risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The minimally invasive approach for revascularization, namely, endovascular-first strategy for decreasing risk of intervention is the modern approach. The novel technology of the drug delivering device by paclitaxel, sirolimus, and other antiproliferative drug coated balloon (DCB) and drug eluting stent (DES) to increase the patency of the target artery are trending to use in patients with CLTI. However, the long-term result and safety of a drug delivering device are still controversial. The paclitaxel related to MACE and major adverse limb events (MALE) need to be investigated. The new drug coating balloon, sirolimus demonstrated the excellent short-term result. However, there are some limitations of previous randomized studies and meta-analyses to conclude the best strategy and device to perform the best result for revascularization without increasing risk of MACE and MALE in CLTI patients who candidate for revascularization. This article is summarized the pathophysiology of MACE and MALE in the patients with PAD during revascularization, paclitaxel related cardiovascular complications and sirolimus coated balloon.
Main Factors of Staphylococcus aureus Associated with the Interaction to the Cells for Their Colonization and Persistence
Authors: González-García Samuel , Hamdan-Partida Aída , José Valdez-Alarcón Juan , Bustos-Hamdan Anaid , Bustos-Martínez Jaime
Published: October 2022

Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism that can colonize the nose, pharynx, and other regions of the body. It has also been observed that it can cause persistence. Successful colonization of S. aureus depends in the factors that favor the interaction of the bacteria with host cells. The bacterial determinants of S. aureus that have the capacity to adhere to human tissues involve adhesion factors such as teichoic acids and cell-wall-anchored proteins (CWA) such as ClfA, IcaA, SdrC, FnBPA, among others. The colonization and persistence process first involve adhesion to the tissue, followed by its reproduction and the possible formation of a biofilm. This review will describe the main virulence factors that allow bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, including the accessory gene regulator genes (agr), related to colonization and persistence of S. aureus.
Cyclodextrins: An Overview of Fundamentals, Types, and Applications
Authors: Yousaf Rimsha , Abdul Razzaq Fizza , Asghar Sajid , Irfan Muhammad , Ullah Khan Ikram , Haroon Khalid Syed
Published: October 2022

Cyclodextrins are one of the most interesting pharmaceutical excipients with substantial theoretical and applied impacts in pharmaceutical industry. Even though the chemical foundation of these macrocyclic molecules was laid more than 100 years ago by Villiers and Schardinger, it was not until recently that cyclodextrins have been regarded as a subject of numerous potential pharmaceutical applications including inclusion complexation. This particular chapter discusses the fundamental concepts of cyclodextrin chemistry, structure, properties, and host-guest interaction with a special focus on molecular dynamics. Further in this regard, applications of cyclodextrins and numerous drug delivery approaches including novel lipid-based nanosystems are also highlighted.
Leadership Coaching to Drive Transformation in the Experience Economy
Authors: Fang Marcela
Published: October 2022

Coaching has been recognized as a valuable developmental approach in the field of leadership development, able to support aspiring leaders to attain their personal and professional goals, as well as support their teams in a rapidly changing, increasingly uncertain, and complex business environment. Coaching programs have the potential to support the creation of culture norms that can better support optimal working attitudes and behaviors, contributing to improved performance through evolved leadership capacity. However, the use of leadership coaching in the experience economy, and specifically the tourism and hospitality industries, is mostly unreported. In a case study of coaching tourism and hospitality managers and educators in Vietnam, the intentional change theory was used to support the development of coaching behaviors. The program learning evidence from a six-week long coaching program showed that those participants who aspire to become effective leaders can engage in coaching behaviors through leadership identity, engagement in intentional leadership development, and through more mindful and collaborative actions. This chapter presents a starting point for other “leader as coach” programs, advancing the field of evidence-based tourism and hospitality leadership development. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
Comparison of the Unit Cost of Diagnostic Imaging Services Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) Method
Authors: Hayati Hadi
Published: October 2022

Background: The consequences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, especially the financial burden imposed on the healthcare systems and hospitals, have been unpredictable around the world. Radiology wards have been exposed to the highest burden during this pandemic. Objectives: This study aimed to calculate the cost of diagnostic imaging services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using the activity-based costing (ABC) method in an important diagnostic center of COVID-19 in Khorramabad, Iran. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, data were extracted from the hospital accounting sources in the radiology ward over two years (2019 - 2021). According to the ABC method, four types of cost were defined, including wage, supporting services, Consuming materials, and overhead expenses. Therefore, based on the monthly number of services, the unit cost of each service was calculated. Results: The unit cost of all services during the COVID-19 pandemic was higher than before, except for CT scan (before: 6.1 United States dollar [USD]; during: 5.6 USD) (P = 0.008). The unit cost of MRI service was 5.7 USD before the pandemic and 7.1 USD during the pandemic (P = 0.57); the cost per radiography service was 1.8 USD before the pandemic and 7.1 USD during the pandemic (P = 0.01); and the cost per sonography service was 1.1 USD before the pandemic and 2.8 USD during the pandemic (P = 0.04). Finally, the cost of mammography increased dramatically during the pandemic (before the pandemic: 21.3 USD; during the pandemic: 48.2 USD) (P = 0.004). Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the radiology department expenses. The cost of CT scan services decreased due to the large number of services provided compared to the pre-pandemic period.
A parallel derivation theory of adjuncts
Authors: Milway Daniel
Published: October 2022

I present and argue for a theory of adjuncts according to which, adjuncts and their respective hosts are derived as separate, parallel objects that are not combined until forced to by the process of linearization. I formalize the notion of the workspace, and the workspace-based operation MERGE. Finally, I show that this approach to adjuncts naturally accounts for Adjunct Islands and Parasitic Gaps and is consistent with adjective ordering constraints.
Digital investigation techniques :
Authors: Lyle James R , Guttman Barbara , Butler John M , Sauerwein Kelly , Reed Christina , Lloyd Corrine E
Published: October 2022

This document is an assessment of the current scientific foundations of digital forensics. We examined descriptions of digital investigation techniques from peer-reviewed sources, academic and classroom materials, technical guidance from professional organizations, and independently published sources. Digital investigation techniques are based on established computer science methods and when used appropriately are considered reliable. The process of evaluating, for example, the contents of a computer hard drive does not create information that was not there before the investigation started. However, because the field is rapidly changing, there are limitations that practitioners and stakeholders need to be aware of: (1) as with any crime scene not all evidence may be discovered; (2) when recovering deleted files, the results may include extraneous material; (3) examiners need to understand that as software (operating systems and applications) is revised the meaning and significance of digital artifacts created by different versions of the software can be different. In addition, because there are often multiple ways to search for information, two examiners may find different subsets of all potentially relevant information. The methods used in digital investigations are often not peer-reviewed in a formal process, but trustworthiness is established by members of the digital forensic community trying out proposed methods, testing, and circulating updates within the community. This process strengthens an examiner s awareness of the capabilities and limitations of their techniques.
El atentado al pudor y la violación de niños en México a través del periódico El Foro (1873-1899)
Authors: Loera Pamela
Published: October 2022

Objective/Context: Child sexual abuse has a history, but we still don’t know much about it. This article studies trials for indecent assault and rape of children that occurred in Mexico at the end of the 19th century. Methodology: The analysis reviews periodical publications extracted from the newspaper El Foro. Periódico de Jurisprudencia y Legislación (1873-1899) and the Penal Code of 1871. Originality: Historiography about the topic has focused primarily on the lack of child protection, the influence of gender violence, and the ineffectiveness of the nineteenth-century penal system. This contribution broadens the knowledge of this last aspect, analyzing the trials portrayed in El Foro, by attending to the allegations and disagreements generated during the processes. The article proposes that these controversies represent complex legal discussions, the most frequent being those focused on clarifying the seriousness of these acts, evidencing the underage status, distinguishing between the two crimes, and explaining the causes of the aggression. Conclusions: Besides illustrating different ways of observing the intimate contact between adults and children, the disagreements also show the limits and consensus of the nineteenth-century penal system in Mexico. The permanent interpretation of the law and the impossibility of anticipating all the conditions of everyday crimes mark the limits. The consensus, meanwhile, established a new way of judging and punishing these crimes. Through the Penal Code of 1871 and its trials, the Mexican justice confirmed the danger of these actions, instituted different levels of severity, began persecuting previously ignored gestures and practices, accepted complaints from boys, declared the age of minority as an aggravating circumstance, established that crimes against minors were more serious, and began to be interested in the motivations of the aggressors.
Multi-dimensional modeling of radiation belt electron pitch-angle diffusion coefficients caused by plasmaspheric hiss
Authors: Wang Jing-Zhi , Ma Xin , Xiang Zheng , Gu Xu-Dong , Jiao Lu-Huai , Lei Liang-Jian , Ni Bin-Bin ,   Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China,   Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Published: October 2022

Plasmaspheric hiss is an important wave mode in the Earth’s radiation belts. Hiss waves can scatter energetic electrons into loss cones to precipitate into the atmosphere, and therefore become an important source of fluctuations, leading the radiation belt to lose electrons . As a function of electron energy and pitch angle, the diffusion coefficient of hiss waves for radiation belt electrons is significantly influenced by the solar wind and geomagnetic activity, and also strongly depends on the spatial position, the background magnetic field, and the plasma density distribution. In order to quickly obtain the diffusion coefficients of hiss waves on electrons in the radiation belt for modelling the global dynamics of the radiation belt, we systematically calculate the diffusion coefficients of hiss waves on electrons in the radiation belt by using the full diffusion code (FDC), and build a four-dimensional matrix database of diffusion coefficients for the spatial region L = 1.5–6, the cold plasma parameter α* = 3–30, electron energy 1 keV–10 MeV, and electron throw angle 0°–90°. According to the database, we can quickly obtain diffusion coefficients with different L and α* values through linear interpolations. By comparing the errors between diffusion coefficients calculated by the FDC code and those linearly interpolated from the diffusion coefficient database, the accuracies of interpolated coefficients are validated, showing that most of the errors lie in 10%. The four-dimensional database of hiss wave pitch angle diffusion coefficients for radiation belt electrons and the validated linear interpolation method established in this paper can significantly reduce the time required to obtain global information about hiss wave diffusion coefficients, thereby rapidly improving the computational efficiency of carrying out simulations of spatial and temporal changes in the radiation belts over long periods of time, which in turn is expected to provide favourable conditions for the development of dynamic forecasting models of the Earth's radiation belts.
Deformation evolution and diffusion characteristics of polymethyl methacrylate under impact loading
Authors: Miao Chun-He , Yuan Liang-Zhu , Lu Jian-Hua , Wang Peng-Fei , Xu Song-Lin ,   CAS Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China,   United Laboratory of High-Pressure Physics and Earthquake Science, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
Published: October 2022

Dynamic compression experiments on cubic polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens and two kinds of trapezoid PMMA specimens are carried by changing the transmission bars into steel bar and aluminum bar on the experimental device of split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The compression processes of PMMA specimens are recorded by high-speed photography, and the breakage processes of PMMA specimens are analyzed based on the force displacement curves and high-speed images. The evolutions of deformation and diffusion resistances of PMMA specimens under impact loading are discussed. The results show that the failure of the sample is caused mainly by the partial failure front at the contact end, and then the failure front propagates to the inside of the sample, leading the sample to break. The failure front of cubic sample is generated preferentially at the transmission end under low speed impact and at the incident end under the higher speed impact. After changing the shape of the specimen and the material of the transmission bar, the relaxation phenomenon is prominent, and the failure front occurs only at the incident end. The compressive deformation of the trapezoid sample before breakage is non-uniform, and the stress and strain in the sample gradually decrease with the increase of the cross section, and show a linear diffusion distribution. The strain distribution and shear activation diffusion equation are used to obtain the generalized diffusion resistance distribution of the failure front. The generalized diffusion resistance increases first in front of the failure front and decreases after the failure front, and the amplitude of the generalized diffusion resistance is related to the release of local strain energy.
Photoelectric modulation and resistive switching characteristic of ReSe2/WSe2 memtransistor
Authors: Yu Xue-Ling , Chen Feng-Xiang , Xiang Tao , Deng Wen , Liu Jia-Ning , Wang Li-Sheng ,   Department of Physics Science and Technology, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Published: October 2022

Memtransistor is a multiterminal device combining the concepts of memristor and field-effect transistor. Two-dimensional transition metal sulfides have unique electronic structure and properties, and they are widely used in electronic devices, energy conversions, memories and other fields. In this work, a two-dimensional ReSe2/WSe2 heterostructure memtransistor is prepared, then the resistive switching characteristics under the electrical modulation, optical modulation, and electric-optical dual gate control are discussed. The results show that the gate control is an effective modulation method, which can change the on/off ratio of the device from 101 to 105. Then, the resistance and on/off ratio of the memtransistor can be controlled by changing the light wavelength and the illumination power. Moreover, the switching ratio of the device can also be changed in a range of 102–105 by electric and light dual-gate control, and the reasons for the change of resistance states of the device under different modulation conditions are analyzed. Furthermore, after 225 cycles and 1.9 × 104 s, the ReSe2/WSe2 heterostructure memtransistor still maintains a switch ratio close to 104, indicating the good stability and durability of the device. It demonstrates that the ReSe2/WSe2 memtransistor will be one of potential candidates for the next- generation nonvolatile memory applications.
Advances in quantum error correction based on superconducting quantum systems
Authors: Chen Zi-Jie , Pan Xiao-Xuan , Hua Zi-Yue , Wang Wei-Ting , Ma Yu-Wei , Li Ming , Zou Xu-Bo , Sun Lu-Yan , Zou Chang-Ling ,   Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Center for Quantum Information, Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Published: October 2022

Information processing technology based on the basic principle of quantum mechanics shows great potential applications in computing, sensing and other fields, and is far superior to classical technology. With the advance of experimental technology, quantum control technology develops rapidly. Compared with other quantum information processing platforms, the superconducting system based on solid materials has the advantages of accurate quantum controllability, excellent quantum coherence and the potential for large-scale integration. Therefore, superconducting quantum system is one of the most promising platforms for quantum information processing. The existing superconducting circuits, which can integrate about one hundred qubits, have already demonstrated the advantages of quantum systems, but further development is limited by system noise. In order to break through this bottleneck, quantum error correction technology, which is developed from the classical error correction technology, has attracted extensive attention. Here, we mainly summarize the research progress of quantum error correction in superconducting quantum systems including the basic principles of superconducting quantum systems, the quantum error correction codes, the related control techniques and the recent applications. At the end of the article, we summarize seven key problems in this field.
Simulation of dynamic process of double bubble coupled acoustic cavitation
Authors: Xu Long , Wang Yao ,   College of Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China,   Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Quality Big Data Traceability and Application, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
Published: October 2022

In order to simulate the acoustic cavitation process of double-bubble coupling, based on the fluid dynamics governing equation and fluid volume fraction model, this paper proposes a three-dimensional finite element simulation model of double-bubble coupled ultrasonic cavitation in Fluent software, and numerically simulates the dynamic process of double-bubble coupled acoustic cavitation in fluid driven by ultrasonic wave. The nonlinear dynamic characteristics of coupled acoustic cavitation with double bubbles are studied by evaluating the variation of the acoustic field around the cavitation bubble. The results indicate that under the ultrasonic drive, the spherical bubbles gradually widen first to the maximal radius, then shrink swiftly, and finally collapse. There is an interaction force between the paired double bubbles, which inhibits the expansion of cavitation bubbles and increases the bubble contraction time. The ability of the cavitation bubble to converse the energy is strengthened in the contraction stage. Compared with the acoustic cavitation of the single bubble, the pressure inside the bubble is expanded when the coupled double bubble collapses. The analysis results in this paper will provide the reference for the dynamic process simulation of the ultrasonic cavitation bubbles.
Unmasking a two-faced protein
Authors: Maslov Ivan , Hendrix Jelle
Published: October 2022

Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations illuminate the structure and dynamics of PSD-95, a protein involved in neural plasticity.
Morphometric and meristic diversity of the species Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqahtani Abdulaziz R. , Badry Ahmed , Abd Al Galil Fahd Mohammed , Amr Zuhair S.
Published: October 2022

Intraspecific molecular and morphological variations among geographically isolated populations are useful for understanding the evolutionary processes, which is considered early stage of allopatric speciation. Also, the knowledge of the regional variation of scorpion venom composition is needed to improve antivenom therapeutic management. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) is the most common and medically important species in Arabia and the Middle East. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the geographic morphological variation among A.crassicaudapopulations, regarding its geographical distribution in unexplored arid regions in Saudi Arabia. Samples were collected and examined morphologically under a dissecting microscope from different four eco-geographical regions. The results of ANOVA and multivariate statistical analyses provide strong evidence of geographical variation. The two populations from OTU3 and OUT4 showed the greatest degree of morphological difference from populations of OUT1 and OUT2. Each OTU3 and OTU4 populations showed significant speciation without overlapping in the two groups, while the remaining overlapped groups comprised two other populations. Several body variables influenced male separation, including carapace posterior width, metasoma 3rd length, and metasoma 2nd length. For females, telson length, metasoma 1st width, and sternite 7th width were highly influential variables. Such variation may suggest the existence of cryptic taxa within A. crassicauda populations in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, metasoma ratios can be used as good indicators in intraspecific variation studies of Scorpions.
CONSIDERACIONES AMBIENTALES PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓN TERRITORIAL EN CIUDADES MINERAS EN CHILE
Authors: Pastén Pablo , Cortés Sandra , Moya Pablo , Vega Alejandra , Reyes Sonia , Precht Alejandra , Precht Jorge , Musalem Francisca
Published: October 2022

Entre las problemáticas ambientales que afectan a las ciudades mineras, una de las más graves es la exposición crónica de la población a metales a través del aire, del suelo o aguas. En 2016, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) evaluó numerosos sitios con potencial presencia de contaminantes (CENMA, 2016), entre ellos los “relaves urbanos”, e identificó múltiples sitios con contaminantes metálicos, concluyendo que existen carencias de información con respecto al contenido de metales en los suelos urbanos y periurbanos en nuestra zona de estudio, la ciudad de Copiapó. El Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS) realizó un diagnóstico de la condición ambiental de Copiapó, para luego estimar de forma preliminar el riesgo a la salud de la población debido a la ingestión de polvos de calles y suelos enriquecidos con metales. Parte de la investigación identificó el origen de los metales en la ciudad y cómo se distribuyen en Copiapó. Luego, se analizó cómo los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial (IPT) y los Instrumentos de Gestión Ambiental pueden ser utilizados para evitar, controlar o mitigar el uso de suelo con presencia de contaminantes a partir de una priorización por las implicancias sanitarias poblacionales. Asimismo, el documento entrega recomendaciones a la política pública para ciudades insertas en un contexto minero
Infrared Diffusion‐Ordered Spectroscopy Reveals Molecular Size and Structure**
Authors: Giubertoni Giulia , Rombouts Gijs , Caporaletti Federico , Deblais Antoine , van Diest Rianne , Reek Joost N. H. , Bonn Daniel , Woutersen Sander
Published: October 2022

Inspired by ideas from NMR, we have developed Infrared Diffusion‐Ordered Spectroscopy (IR‐DOSY), which simultaneously characterizes molecular structure and size. We rely on the fact that the diffusion coefficient of a molecule is determined by its size through the Stokes–Einstein relation, and achieve sensitivity to the diffusion coefficient by creating a concentration gradient and tracking its equilibration in an IR‐frequency resolved manner. Analogous to NMR‐DOSY, a two‐dimensional IR‐DOSY spectrum has IR frequency along one axis and diffusion coefficient (or equivalently, size) along the other, so the chemical structure and the size of a compound are characterized simultaneously. In an IR‐DOSY spectrum of a mixture, molecules with different sizes are nicely separated into distinct sets of IR peaks. Extending this idea to higher dimensions, we also perform 3D‐IR‐DOSY, in which we combine the conformation sensitivity of femtosecond multi‐dimensional IR spectroscopy with size sensitivity.
New quinazolinone‐based derivatives as DHFR/EGFR‐TK inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular modeling simulations, and anticancer activity
Authors: El‐Gazzar Yomna I. , Ghaiad Heba R. , El Kerdawy Ahmed M. , George Riham F. , Georgey Hanan H. , Youssef Khairia M. , El‐Subbagh Hussein I.
Published: October 2022

New 2‐mercapto‐quinazolin‐4‐one analogs were synthesized and tested for their in vitro anticancer activity, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibition, and epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase (EGFR‐TK) inhibition activities. Compound24, which is characterized by a 2‐benzyl‐thio function, showed broad‐spectrum anticancer activity with high safety profile and selectivity index. The concentrations of24causing 50% growth inhibition (GI50) and total cell growth inhibition (TGI) and its lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were 15.1, 52.5, and 91.2 µM, respectively, using 5‐fluorouracil as a positive control. Also, it showed EGFR‐TK inhibitory activity with IC50 = 13.40 nM compared to gefitinib (IC50 = 18.14 nM) and DHFR inhibitory potency with 0.30 μM compared to methotrexate (MTX; IC50 = 0.08 μM). In addition, compound24caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on COLO‐205 colon cancer cells. Compounds37, 21, and54showed remarkable DHFR inhibitory activity with IC50values of 0.03, 0.08, and 0.08 μM, respectively. The inhibitory properties of these compounds are due to an electron‐withdrawing group on the quinazolinone ring, except for compound54. In a molecular modeling study, compound24showed the same binding mode as gefitinib as it interacted with the amino acid Lys745 via π–π interaction. Compound37showed a similar binding mode as MTX through the binding interaction with Lys68, Asn64 via hydrogen bond acceptor, and Phe31 via arene–arene interaction. The obtained model and substitution pattern could be used for further development.
Association of Antibodies to Prevotella copri in Anti–Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide‐Positive Individuals At Risk of Developing Rheumatoid Arthritis and in Patients With Early or Established Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Seifert Jennifer A. , Bemis Elizabeth A. , Ramsden Kristina , Lowell Cassidy , Polinski Kristen , Feser Marie , Fleischer Chelsie , Demoruelle M. Kristen , Buckner Jane , Gregersen Peter K. , Keating Richard M. , Mikuls Ted R. , O'Dell James R. , Weisman Michael H. , Deane Kevin D. , Norris Jill M. , Steere Allen C. , Holers V. Michael
Published: October 2022

Objective

Prevotella copri (P copri), a gut commensal, has been reported to be an immune‐relevant organism in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study sought to evaluate anti–P copri (anti–Pc) antibody responses in our participant cohorts and to determine when in the natural history of RA such responses develop.

Methods

We analyzed serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies from a 27‐kd protein of P copri (anti–Pc‐p27), an immunogenic P copri protein, in study participants at risk of developing RA, participants who transitioned to RA, participants with early RA (<1 year of disease), and participants with established RA, with comparisons made to their matched controls. We also evaluated anti–Pc‐p27 antibody levels in individuals stratified by RA‐related autoantibody status.

Results

Overall, participants with RA had significantly higher IgA anti–Pc‐p27 antibody levels and trended toward higher IgG anti–Pc‐p27 antibody levels compared with matched controls. When stratified by early versus established RA, participants with early RA had median IgG anti–Pc‐p27 antibody levels that were overall higher, whereas median IgA anti–Pc‐p27 antibody levels were statistically significantly higher in participants with established RA compared with their matched controls. In the autoantibody‐specific analyses, the at‐risk population with anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) antibodies, but not rheumatoid factor (RF), trended toward increased levels of IgG anti–Pc‐p27. Additionally, RA participants who were seropositive for both CCP and RF had significantly increased levels of IgA anti–Pc‐p27 antibodies and trended toward higher levels of IgG anti–Pc‐p27 antibodies compared with matched controls.

Conclusion

Our findings support a potential etiologic role for P copri in both RA preclinical evolution and the subsequent pathogenesis of synovitis.
Can drawing instruction help students with low visuospatial ability in learning anatomy?
Authors: Ritchie Helen E. , Oakes Diana , Drury Helen , Ollerenshaw Suzanne , Hegedus Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Visuospatial skills are considered important attributes when learning anatomy and there is evidence suggesting that this ability can be improved with training techniques including drawing. The Mental Rotations Test (MRT) has been routinely used to assess visuospatial ability. This study aimed to introduce students to drawing as a learning strategy for anatomy. Undergraduate speech science anatomy students took part in a drawing tutorial (n = 92), completed an MRT test, pre‐ and post‐tutorial tests, and surveys regarding their use and attitudes toward drawing as a study tool. The impact on their examination performance was then assessed. Regardless of MRT score or attitude to drawing, students who participated in the drawing tutorial demonstrated immediate improvement in post‐tutorial test scores. Students in the drawing group performed better in most anatomy components of the examination, but the result did not reach statistical significance. There was only a positive correlation between MRT score and one type of anatomy question (non‐image‐based) and speech physics questions (r = 0.315,p = 0.002). The unexpected finding may relate to the MRT which assesses spatial rather than object visualization skills. Students who liked drawing also performed significantly better in word‐based and speech physics questions. It is likely that the style of identification question did not require the mental manipulation ability assessed in the MRT. This study demonstrated that students with lower MRT scores are not outperformed in all aspects of anatomy assessment. The study highlights the importance of a more nuanced understanding of visuospatial skills required in anatomy.
System identification and improved internal model control for yaw of unmanned helicopter
Authors: Huang Linjie , Pei Hailong , Cheng Zihuan
Published: October 2022

The sea breeze is a low‐frequency disturbance that severely damages the stability of small unmanned helicopters operating over the sea, especially for the yaw control, which is highly sensitive to disturbance. General internal model control is an appropriate method for dealing with this kind of operation conditions, whereas conventional internal model control cannot eliminate the tracking errors between a nominal model and a real model. In coping with unknown dynamics and low‐frequency gust disturbances for small helicopters, this paper proposes a novel robust controller constructed with system identification and integrator‐based improved general internal model. As a refinement of the conventional frame, the proposed control scheme extends the applicable scope of a controlled plant from a priori known dynamic to an unknown dynamic. Furthermore, under the proposed controller, it is guaranteed that the tracking error between the actual model and the nominal model converges to zero asymptotically. Finally, the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control scheme are verified through comparative practical flight tests.