bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Delocalization Realizes Speedy Fenton‐Like Catalysis over a High‐Loading and Low‐Valence Zinc Single‐Atom Catalyst
Authors: Xin Shaosong , Ni Luning , Zhang Peng , Tan Haobin , Song Mingyang , Li Tong , Gao Yaowen , Hu Chun
Published: October 2023

A zinc (Zn)‐based single‐atom catalyst (SAC) is recently reported as an active Fenton‐like catalyst; however, the low Zn loading greatly restricts its catalytic activity. Herein, a molecule‐confined pyrolysis method is demonstrated to evidently increase the Zn loading to 11.54 wt.% for a Zn SAC (ZnSA‐N‐C) containing a mixture of Zn−N4 and Zn−N3 coordination structures. The latter unsaturated Zn−N3 sites promote electron delocalization to lower the average valence state of Zn in the mix‐coordinated Zn−Nx moiety conducive to interaction of ZnSA‐N‐C with peroxydisulfate (PDS). A speedy Fenton‐like catalysis is thus realized by the high‐loading and low‐valence ZnSA‐N‐C for PDS activation with a specific activity up to 0.11 min L−1 m−2, outstripping most Fenton‐like SACs. Experimental results reveal that the formation of ZnSA‐N‐C−PDS* complex owing to the strong affinity of ZnSA‐N‐C to PDS empowers intense direct electron transfer from the electron‐rich pollutant toward this complex, dominating the rapid bisphenol A (BPA) elimination. The electron transfer pathway benefits the desirable environmental robustness of the ZnSA‐N‐C/PDS system for actual water decontamination. This work represents a new class of efficient and durable Fenton‐like SACs for potential practical environmental applications.
Extraordinarily Large Contribution Ratio of Ferroelastic Domain Switching to Piezoresponse in Monoclinic (K, Na)NbO3 Films
Authors: Yuan Xueyou , Okamoto Kazuki , Kawano Mitsuki , Yoshino Masahito , Nagasaki Takanori , Imai Yasuhiko , Sakata Osami , Yamada Tomoaki
Published: October 2023

Ferroelectric monoclinic phases have attracted exceptional attention as the origin of giant piezoelectricity, whilst the detailed contributions of ferroelastic domain switching and electric‐field induced lattice strain to the piezoelectric response remain still challenging to clarify. In this work, these contributions to the piezoelectric response are deconvoluted in a (K0.4Na0.6)NbO3 (KNN) film epitaxially grown in monoclinic phase on Nb‐doped SrTiO3, where the as‐deposited film feature (111) and () non‐180° domains. By time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, the ferroelastic domain switching and electric‐field induced lattice strain subjected to an ultrafast electric‐field pulse are quantitatively probed. The switching of ≈4% volume fraction of (111) domains into () ones by a moderate electric field and its response within 30 µs as well are unambiguously unveiled. Interestingly, the contribution of domain switching to the strain is larger than the total strain of the film, which is enabled because of the negative electric‐field‐induced lattice strain. The present study connects macroscopic piezoelectric response in KNN films with the underlying microscopic origins unveiled by separating two contributions, which may provide a knowledge platform that allows for significant achievement of practical lead‐free piezoelectric microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical systems in the future.
Integrating process and power grid models for optimal design and demand response operation of giga‐scale green hydrogen
Authors: Tsay Calvin , Qvist Staffan
Published: October 2023

Electrolysis‐based hydrogen production can play a significant role in industrial decarbonization, and its economic competitiveness can be promoted by designing demand response operating schemes. Nevertheless, the scale of industrial supply plants may be significantly large (on the order of gigawatts), meaning that electricity prices cannot be treated as an input for scheduling problems, that is, the “price taker” approach. This article presents a framework for the optimization of a large‐scale, electricity‐powered hydrogen production facility considering its integration with the power grid. Using a computational case study, we present an iterative scheme for integrating the process model with a model for power grid optimization and capacity expansion, taking the popular GenX model as an example.
Stretchable Shape‐Sensing Sheets
Authors: Shah Dylan , Woodman Stephanie J. , Sanchez-Botero Lina , Liu Shanliangzi , Kramer-Bottiglio Rebecca
Published: October 2023

Soft robot deformations are typically estimated using strain sensors to infer change from a nominal shape while taking a robot‐specific mechanical model into account. This approach performs poorly during buckling and when material properties change with time, and is untenable for shape‐changing robots that don't have a well‐defined resting (unactuated) shape. Herein, these limitations are overcome using stretchable shape sensing (S3) sheets that fuse orientation measurements to estimate 3D surface contours without making assumptions about the underlying robot geometry or material properties. The S3 sheets can estimate the shape of target objects to an accuracy of ≈3 mm for an 80 mm long sheet. The authors show the S3 sheets estimating their shape while being deformed in 3D space and also attached to the surface of a silicone three‐chamber pneumatic bladder, highlighting the potential for shape‐sensing sheets to be applied, removed, and reapplied to soft robots for shape estimation. Finally, the S3 sheets detecting their own stretch up to 30% strain is demonstrated. The approach introduced herein provides a generalized method for measuring the shape of objects without making strong assumptions about the objects, thus achieving a modular, mechanics model‐free approach to proprioception for wearable electronics and soft robotics.
Combustion behavior, mechanical performance and application for vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer emulsion containing melamine amino trimethyl phosphate and sodium lignosulfonate
Authors: Lu Jinhan , Sun Xuan , Fontaine Gaëlle , Bourbigot Serge , Chen Zhilin , Wang Maohai , Jiang Peng
Published: October 2023

An intumescent‐flame‐retardant vinyl acetate–ethylene copolymer (IFR/VAE) compound has been prepared by blending with a complex of melamine amino trimethyl phosphate (M‐AT) and sodium lignosulfonate (SL). Then, this obtained IFR/VAE polymer was applied as adhesives for producing the flame‐retardant plywood. The IFR VAE sample (VAE/M‐AT3/SL1) with a mass ratio 3:1 (M‐AT to SL) showed an enhanced amount of char residue, limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and tensile strength value to 20.6 wt%, 32 vol% and 19.3 MPa, which have been increased by 796%, 600%, and 56% compared to that of neat VAE. The cone calorimeter result showed that the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of VAE/M‐AT3/SL1 sample was reduced by 48% compared to the control one. Additionally, the second peak of HRR of sample IFRPW/15 L/15 (containing 15 wt% M‐AT3/SL1 in the plywood adhesive layer) presented a reduction of 29% compared to that of the sample PW/15 L (neat plywood). It is assigned to the formation of phospho‐carbonaceous structure during combustion, thus the flame‐retardancy of plywood has been greatly enhanced. Thus, this work provides an economical and applicable fire‐retardant VAE adhesive formula for producing plywood materials with good performances.
Preparation and construction mechanism of thermal conductive epoxy‐based composite via magnetic field induced orientation
Authors: Luo Yue , Shan Yuzhuo , Xiong Suya , Wang Yuhao , Xiao Xiangwu , He Xiaoxiang , Zhou Houming
Published: October 2023

BN was modified with Fe3O4 to confer it with paramagnetic responsivity. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results demonstrated that with the assistance of an external magnetic field, the paramagnetic BN particles within an epoxy matrix are effectively aligned along the direction of the magnetic field during the curing process of epoxy resin, hence forming continuous thermal conduction pathways. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the epoxy‐based composite filled with 30 wt% of BN and externally applied with a 50 mT magnetic flux density was 0.7417 (W/m·K), an improvement of 207.89% relative to the pure epoxy resin. The establishment of continuous thermal pathways facilitates effective phonon conduction, thereby further enhancing the thermal conductivity of the material. Meanwhile, this study investigates the chain formation mechanism of Fe3O4‐modified BN under the influence of a magnetic field. When subjected to an applied magnetic field, the magnetic BN embedded in an epoxy resin matrix undergoes magnetization, rotation, and contact. Subsequently, multiple particles initially form short chains, then aggregate into longer chains aligned with the direction of the magnetic field. The findings indicate that the magnetic field induced particle alignment method holds significant potential in the fabrication of high thermal conductivity polymer composites with low filler loading.
Determinants of Achieving Serum Urate Goal with Treat‐to‐Target Urate‐Lowering Therapy in Gout
Authors: Helget Lindsay N. , O'Dell James R. , Newcomb Jeff A. , Androsenko Maria , Brophy Mary T. , Davis‐Karim Anne , England Bryant R. , Ferguson Ryan , Pillinger Michael H. , Neogi Tuhina , Palevsky Paul M. , Wu Hongsheng , Kramer Bridget , Mikuls Ted R.
Published: October 2023

Objective

Using trial data comparing treat‐to‐target allopurinol and febuxostat in gout, we examined participant characteristics associated with serum urate (SU) goal achievement.

Methods

Participants with gout and SU ≥6.8 mg/dL were randomized to allopurinol or febuxostat, titrated during weeks 0 to 24, and maintained weeks 25 to 48. Participants were considered to achieve SU goal if the mean SU from weeks 36, 42, and 48 was <6.0 mg/dL or <5 mg/dL if tophi were present. Possible determinants of treatment response were preselected and included sociodemographics, comorbidities, diuretic use, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), body mass index, and gout measures. Determinants of SU response were assessed using multivariable logistic regression with additional analyses to account for treatment adherence.

Results

Of 764 study participants completing week 48, 618 (81%) achieved SU goal. After multivariable adjustment, factors associated with a greater likelihood of SU goal achievement included older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.40 per 10 years), higher education (aOR 2.02), and better HRQoL (aOR 1.17 per 0.1 unit). Factors associated with a lower odds of SU goal achievement included non‐White race (aORs 0.32–0.47), higher baseline SU (aOR 0.83 per 1 mg/dL), presence of tophi (aOR 0.29), and the use of diuretics (aOR 0.52). Comorbidities including chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were not associated with SU goal achievement. Results were not meaningfully changed in analyses accounting for adherence.

Conclusions

Several patient‐level factors were predictive of SU goal achievement among patients with gout who received treat‐to‐target urate‐lowering therapy (ULT). Approaches that accurately predict individual responses to treat‐to‐target ULT hold promise in facilitating personalized management and improving outcomes in patients with gout.
Zur Anwendung der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode beim Studium nachgelagerter chemischer Reaktionen
Authors: Haberland D. , Landsberg R.
Published: October 2023

Es wird der Einfluß einer nachgelagerten, den Depolarisator regenerierenden chemischen Reaktion erster Ordnung auf die Rührabhängigkeit des Grenzstromes an der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode untersucht. Die Differentialgleichung wird näherungsweise gelost, wobei die Annahme, daß die Reaktionsschichtdicke sehr klein ist gegenüber der Diffusionsschichtdicke, fallengelassen wird.

Experimentell wird die Gültigkeit der entwickelten analytischen Näherungsbeziehung am System Fe3+/Fe2+/H2O2 gezeigt. Die aus der Rührabhängigkeit des Grenzstromes ermittelte Geschwindigkeitskonstante dieser Reaktion stimmt gut mit Literaturwerten überein.
Reflexionsspektren von Fluoriden des zweiwertigen Chroms
Authors: Oelkrug D.
Published: October 2023

Die Lichtabsorption der Verbindungen CrF2, CrF2 · 2H2O, KCrF3, NaCrF3 und Na2CrF4 wird im Spektral‐bereich zwischen 1600 und 35000 cm−1 untersucht, außerdem wird das Spektrum von KCrF3 bei 78°K zwischen 15000 und 27000 cm−1 angegeben. Neben der Deutung von spinerlaubten Übergangen werden auch Quintett‐Triplett‐Übergange zugeordnet und ihre Intensitätsanomalien diskutiert. Durch einen Vergleich mit den Spektren einiger Mn3+‐Fluoride können die Ergebnisse gesichert werden.
Pulsradiolytische Versuche zur elektrolytischen Dissoziation von aliphatischen Alkoholradikalen
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Henglein A. , Wigger A. , Beck G.
Published: October 2023

Alkoholradikale dissoziieren in alkalischen Losungen gemäß folgendem Gleichgewicht

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Die optischen Absorptionsspektren der sauren und basischen Form wurden für einige Radikale aufgenommen und die Dissoziationskonstanten des entsprechenden Gleichgewichts bestimmt. Der pK‐Wert eines Alkohol‐radikals ist um so grösser, je negativer der Taftsche ø‐Wert für den induktiven Effekt der Gruppe

ist. OH‐Radikale aus der Radiolyse des Wassers reagieren mit gelosten Alkoholen unter Bildung der undissoziierten Form. Hydratisierte Elektronen reagieren mit gelosten Aldehyden (bzw. Ketonen) zur Anionform. Die Gleichgewichtseinstellung erfolgt von beiden Seiten her sehr schnell, was auf die Beteiligung von OH−‐Ionen bzw. Wassermolekeln gemäß R1R2ĊOH+OH− ⟷ R1R2ĊO− + H2O zurückgeführt wird.
The Study of Elementary Gas Reactions in Flow Systems
Authors: Thrush B. A.
Published: October 2023

Various methods for measuring the concentrations of atoms and free radicals in discharge‐flow systems are discussed. It is shown that, with these techniques, accurate and reproducible rate constants for elementary reactions can be obtained over wide ranges in T−1. The reaction O + H2 = OH + H is cited as an example.

Recent work by P. N. Clough and B. A. Thrush in which infrared chemiluminescence is used to elucidate the mechanism of atom reactions in discharge‐flow systems is also reported.
Bestimmung der Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei Alkaliatomen aus Streuexperimenten mit Atomstrahlen
Authors: Neumann W.
Published: October 2023

Mit einer Atomstrahlapparatur wurde die Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit des totalen elastischen Streuquerschnitts von Na‐Cs untersucht. Hieraus konnten Informationen über die beiden spinabhängigen Wechselwirkungspotentiale VS und VT gewonnen werden.
Die Reaktion von atomarem Sauerstoff mit Hydrazin
Authors: Gehring M. , Hoyermann K. , Wagner H. Gg. , Wolfrum J.
Published: October 2023

Die Reaktionen von O, H, D und N‐Atomen mit Hydrazin wurden zwischen 243 und 463 °K in einem isothermen Strömungssystem mit hoher Zeitauflösung untersucht. Stabile und instabile Reaktanden konnten durch gleichzeitige Anwendung von ESR und Massenspektroskopie mit hoher Empfindlichkeit nachgewiesen werden.

Ein modifizierter Einlaß (gekreuzte Freistrahlen) für das Massenspektrometer ermöglichte eine unmittelbare Bestimmung der Produkte der Primärreaktionen.

Für die Geschwindigkeit des Elementarschrittes

magnified image

Ist [O]o/[N2H4]o > 4 so werden in Folgereaktionen im wesentlichen H‐Atome, N2, NO und O2 gebildet. Ist [O]O/N2H4[O] < 2, so kommt es daneben zur Bildung von NH3, N3H und N4H4.

Für die Reaktionen

magnified image

Für die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion von Stickstoffatomen mit N2 H4 erhält man bei 293 °K einen Wert von 7,5.1010 [cm3/ mol· sec].
Über die Wechselwirkung von Ionenflüssen in einer neutralen Porenmembran
Authors: Strathmann H.
Published: October 2023

Der Einfluß eines stationären Kohlensäurestromes durch eine grobporige Zellulosemembran auf die Ionenverteilung in zwei wäßrigen durch die Membran getrennten Phasen wurde untersucht. Die sich im stationären Zustand einstellenden Konzentrationsgradienten wurden experimentell bestimmt und berechneten Werten gegenübergestellt. Bei der theoretischen Behandlung wurde angenommen, daß sich die Teilchen in der Membran wie in freier Lösung bewegen und die treibende Kraft für den Aufbau eines Konzentrationsgradienten in der Hauptsache aus den elektrischen Wechselwirkungen der Ionen untereinander resultiert. Über einen weiten Konzentrationsbereich ergab sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und berechneten Werten.
Reaktions‐ und Aktivierungsvolumina der Wasserstoffelektrode
Authors: Heusler K. E. , Gaiser L.
Published: October 2023

Die Spannung der reversiblen Zelle Pt, H2(l bar)| HCl(m), NaCl(m') | AgCl, Ag wurde in Abhängigkeit vom Druck im Bereich bis 2500 bar gemessen. Das partielle Molvolumen und die partielle molale Kompressibilität des Wasserstoffs wurden berechnet. Mit den bekannten partiellen Molvolumina der Wasserstoffionen in der Lösung und der Elektronen im Metall ließ sich das Reaktionsvolumen der Wasserstoffelektrode zuverlässig abschätzen.

Die Geschwindigkeit der Wasserstoffabscheidung an Kupfer, Silber und Gold nahm bei konstanter Überspannung mit dem Druck zu. Die Aktivierungsvolumina hingen im allgemeinen von der Lösungszusammensetzung und vom Druck ab, waren jedoch in sauren Lösungen und in Abwesenheit spezifisch adsorbierbarer Ionen bei hohen Drucken unabhängig von Druck, pH‐Wert, Ionenstärke, Elektrodenmaterial und von Meßmethoden, bei denen die Teilreaktionen, die Volmer‐Reaktion und die Heyrovsky‐Reaktion, mit verschiedenen Gewichten zum Aktivierungsvolumen beitrugen.

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Erhöhung der Abscheidungsgeschwindigkeit von Wasserstoff mit dem Druck bei konstanter Potentialdifferenz zwischen Elektrode und Lösung darauf zurückzuführen ist, daß das adsorbierte, solvatisierte Proton im Übergangszustand ein negativeres Volumen als das solvatisierte Proton im Lösungsinneren besitzt. Die Konsequenzen für den Mechanismus der Wasserstoffabscheidung werden diskutiert.
Entstehung und Gestalt von Korrosionslöchern bei Lochfraß an Eisen und theoretische Folgerungen zur Lochfraßkorrosion
Authors: Vetter K. J. , Strehblow H.‐H.
Published: October 2023

Es werden Untersuchungen über die Bildung kleiner Korrosionslöcher von etwa 1 bis 50 μ Durchmesser an Eisen unter der Wirkung von Chlorid‐ und Sulfationen im Phthalatpuffer (pH = 5) durchgeführt. Eine erhöhte Lochkeimbildung wird an mechanisch und durch Potentialänderung elektrisch gestörten Passivschichten beobachtet. Die Lochkeimbildung wird durch ein mechanisches Aufreißen der Passivschicht unter Bildung von porenfreien Salzdeckschichten (auch Chemisorptionsschichten) in den Löchern gedeutet. Ein Transport der aggressiven Ionen durch die Schicht kann ausgeschlossen werden. Die Gestalt auch sehr kleiner Korrosionslöcher (2 μ Durchmesser) wird mit dem Elektronenrastermikroskop ermittelt. Es werden polygonale globulistische Lochformen gefunden, die nur im Falle von Sulfat bei größeren Löchern (>3 μ Durchmesser) eine Halbkugelform annehmen. Es werden gut ausgebildete (100)‐ und (110)‐Flächen beobachtet. Die Schärfe des Lochrandes wird elektronenmikroskopisch zu besser als 100 Å ermittelt. Das bedeutet, daß die beobachteten Korrosionsstromdichten von einigen A/cm2 im Loch auf Bruchteile von μA/cm2 auf der passiven Eisenoberfläche im Bereich eines Oberflächenabstandes von weniger als 100 Å abfallen. Ohmsche Spannungsabfälle bzw. Konzentrationsänderungen über diese Entfernungen können nicht größer als 2 μ V bzw. 5 · 10−4 mol/1 sein.

Der Konzentrations‐ und Spannungsabfall im Elektrolyten kleiner Löcher (2 μ Durchmesser) werden auf Grund der experimentellen Korrosionsstromdichten abgeschätzt. Es ergibt sich eine Anreicherung von 0,9 m Fe2+ und eine pH‐Verschiebung von + 0,8. Beides kann nicht zu einer Konzentrationsfällung führen. Der Potentialabfall im Lochelektrolyten ergibt sich unabhängig vom Lochdurchmesser und der Korrosionsstromdichte zu etwa 18 mV, zusätzlich 30 mV außerhalb des Loches. In sulfathaltigen Lösungen sind die angeführten Effekte noch wesentlich kleiner. Eine Mitwirkung von Diffusionseffekten und Potentialverschiebungen bei der Lochfraßkorrosion, wie es in den meisten bestehenden Theorien zur Lochfraßkorrosion angenommen wird, ist deshalb abzulehnen. Diese Effekte kommen als Ursache der Lochfraßkorrosion nicht in Frage und wirken sich nur als Komplikation erst bei größeren Löchern (> 50 μ Durchmesser) aus.
Gleichgewichtsbestimmung bei Kationenaustauschern über Verteilungs‐ und Aktivitätskoeffizienten
Authors: Bobleter O. , Dinçler G. , Sabâu Carmen
Published: October 2023

Die Gleichgewichtskoeffizienten des Ionenaustausches (Na+/Li+ an Kationenaustauschern verschiedener Vernetzung in LiCl‐Lösung) wurden zuerst experimentell über die Verteilungskoeffizienten bestimmt. Unter Berücksichtigung der in der Austauscherphase vorherrschenden Konzentrationsverhältnisse, der Elektrolytinvasion (korrigierte Donnan‐Gleichung) und der Aktivitäten von Verbindungen, die den Austauschern chemisch verwandt sind (Toluolsulfonate), konnten die Gleichgewichtskoeffizienten auch über die Aktivitätskoeffizienten berechnet werden, wobei eine gute Übereinstimmung der beiden Bestimmungsmethoden erhalten wurde.

Die Austauscherphase kann beim Übergang von niederen zu hohen Elektrolytkonzentrationen als übersättigte Lösung aufgefaßt werden. Mit Hilfe der beschriebenen Methode können Aktivitätskoeffizienten von Spurenkonzentrationen in der Austauscherphase bestimmt werden.
Stakeholder governance to facilitate collaboration for a systemic circular economy transition: A qualitative study in the European chemicals and plastics industry
Authors: Schultz Felix Carl , Valentinov Vladislav , Kirchherr Julian , Reinhardt Robert Jaroslav , Pies Ingo
Published: October 2023

Implementing the circular economy (CE) requires novel forms of stakeholder collaboration. While the contemporary literature on stakeholder theory is commonly characterized as “pro‐business‐oriented,” it remains ambiguous on how precisely stakeholder collaborations may pave the way for a systemic CE transition. By applying a qualitative‐empirical research approach utilizing semi‐structured interviews, this paper identifies three types of stakeholder governance for CE collaborations—(i) company‐centric governance, (ii) industry‐oriented governance, and (iii) cross‐industry‐oriented governance. Our contribution to stakeholder theory lies in examining how a systemic CE transition may bridge “the stakeholder‐system divide.” We emphasize the unique role of innovative governance in ensuring the success of stakeholder relationships while highlighting how systemic changes of the business environment may give an impetus to stakeholder collaborations. We contribute to the CE literature by gaining the following insights into stakeholder collaborations in the European chemicals and plastics industry: (a) successful collaborations typically feature a variety of different stakeholders maintaining close mutual interactions; (b) a systemic CE transition calls for managerial strategies that are collectively governance‐oriented rather than company‐centric. This article thus sheds light on the criticality of stakeholder collaborations and collective‐oriented governance strategies in fostering CE practices within the European chemicals and plastics industry highlighting that stakeholder collaborations for a CE need to be extended beyond immediate industrial and sectoral boundaries.
iSchools and Africa: Trends and Developments
Authors: Nalumaga Ruth
Published: October 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The movement from traditional library schools to iSchools reflects a revised approach toward librarianship and information technologies. For some institutions, embracing a more modern identity and disciplinary approach may be a matter of survival. An examination of library and information schools across Africa indicates that only one has formally adopted the iSchool perspective. Closer scrutiny of 10 other schools shows some shifts in curricular focus and positioning within institutions. Programs tend to be placed under departments of education, social sciences or computer science. The terms library and librarianship are giving way to knowledge and information management, especially at the graduate level. The variety of terminology and placement reflects ongoing philosophical and pedagogical shifts, though the iSchool emphasis on interdisciplinarity remains scarce.
Staying on Top of Your Skills
Authors: Creekmore Laura
Published: October 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Summer brings two exciting opportunities for information architects to gather, share information and update personal knowledge. The annual IA Summit, set for May 4–8, 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia, will feature outstanding keynote speakers, 19 workshops and three days of conference sessions. The June issue of the Bulletin will recap its highlights. The Euro IA Summit will run September 22–24 in Amsterdam. Its theme, Connected Things Among Us, stresses the pervasiveness and complexity of connections across devices, sensors and real world applications. ASIS&T special interest groups and Slack groups pick up the conversations and promote exploration and learning. The ongoing evolution of information architecture is evident through updated editions of fundamental publications, and IA professionals must strive to stay current with knowledge developments in the field.
Strategic Planning for Research Data Services
Authors: Briney Kristin
Published: October 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Libraries are increasingly being asked to provide data management support of various types. Without a single approach or standard, each institution must devise a strategic plan for data management support in terms of local requirements. A strategic plan helps to align available skills and services with the needs of users and to build critical support. Planning must start with research on user needs and any pertinent unique local information. Based on an explicit need, the plan should specify a vision for data services using identified resources for a specified time period. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis can help to identify internal and external factors to be considered. Actionable and reasonable goals should be formulated and outlined. The strategic plan should encourage stakeholders to work in concert, include outcome metrics and be updated every few years.
Immunomodulatory properties of CD38 antibodies and their effect on anticancer efficacy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Bisht Kamlesh , Fukao Taro , Chiron Marielle , Richardson Paul , Atanackovic Djordje , Chini Eduardo , Chng Wee Joo , Van De Velde Helgi , Malavasi Fabio
Published: October 2023

Background

CD38 has been established as an important therapeutic target for multiple myeloma (MM), for which two CD38 antibodies are currently approved—daratumumab and isatuximab. CD38 is an ectoenzyme that degrades NAD and its precursors and is involved in the production of adenosine and other metabolites.

Aim

Among the various mechanisms by which CD38 antibodies can induce MM cell death is immunomodulation, including multiple pathways for CD38‐mediated T‐cell activation. Patients who respond to anti‐CD38 targeting treatment experience more marked changes in T‐cell expansion, activity, and clonality than nonresponders.

Implications

Resistance mechanisms that undermine the immunomodulatory effects of CD38‐targeting therapies can be tumor intrinsic, such as the downregulation of CD38 surface expression and expression of complement inhibitor proteins, and immune microenvironment‐related, such as changes to the natural killer (NK) cell numbers and function in the bone marrow niche. There are numerous strategies to overcome this resistance, which include identifying and targeting other therapeutic targets involved in, for example, adenosine production, the activation of NK cells or monocytes through immunomodulatory drugs and their combination with elotuzumab, or with bispecific T‐cell engagers.
Solvothermal Growth of Cu/Cu2O/NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide for Hydrogen Evolution from UV‐Visible‐Light‐Driven Water Splitting
Authors: Suppaso Chomponoot , Kanazawa Tomoki , Nozawa Shunsuke , Maeda Kazuhiko , Khaorapapong Nithima
Published: October 2023

The photocatalytic hydrogen production plays a key role as a potential process to generate an efficient energy. Because the demand of hydrogen energy is increasing in many chemical processes, the development of low cost photocatalyst has been gaining much attention in recent years. Layered double hydroxide is a two‐dimensional layered clay that has been widely used as a photocatalyst but suffers from low transportation of the charge carriers. To suppress the limitation, herein, the Cu/Cu2O/NiFe‐layered double hydroxide was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The aid of glycerol could be used to reduce Cu2+ and Fe3+ to Cu0/Cu+ and Fe2+, resulting in the increase of absorption in the visible‐light region. The glycerol concentration affected the formation of copper species. The Cu2CO3(OH)2/Cu2O was formed by using a 7.5 vol.% glycerol aqueous solution, then the Cu/Cu2O species formed when the glycerol concentration reached 30 vol.%. All copper species, i. e. CuO, Cu2CO3(OH)2, Cu and Cu2O could act as co‐catalysts and increased the photocatalytic activity of NiFe‐layered double hydroxide, where the most active species was Cu/Cu2O. The Cu/Cu2O/NiFe‐layered double hydroxide could generate hydrogen from water with the presence of methanol as a sacrificial reagent, with an apparent quantum yield of 0.53 % at 400 nm.
From One‐Dimensional Disordered Racemate to Ordered Racemic Conglomerates through Metal‐Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly at the Liquid‐Solid Interface
Authors: Hu Tianze , Minoia Andrea , Velpula Gangamallaiah , Ryskulova Kanykei , Van Hecke Kristof , Lazzaroni Roberto , Mali Kunal S. , Hoogenboom Richard , De Feyter Steven
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been significant focus on investigating and controlling chiral self‐assembly, specifically in the context of enantiomeric separation. This study explores the self‐assembly behavior of 4‐dodecyl‐3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazine (DPP−C12) at the interface between heptanoic acid (HA) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and multiscale molecular modeling. The self‐assembled monolayer structure formed by DPP−C12 is periodic in one direction, but aperiodic in the direction orthogonal to it. These structures resemble 1D disordered racemic compounds. Upon introducing palladium [Pd(II)] ions, complexing with DPP−C12, these 1D disordered racemic compounds spontaneously transform into 2D racemic conglomerates, which is rationalized with the assistance of force‐field simulations. Our findings provide insights into the regulation of two‐dimensional chirality.
A Discrete, Boron‐Containing Triangular Triradical
Authors: Sun Quanchun , Chen Haowen , Zhao Yu , Wang Tao , Pei Runbo , Zhao Yue , Ye Shengfa , Wang Xinping
Published: October 2023

A neutral boron‐containing triangular triradical based on a triptycene derivative has been designed and synthesized. Its structure, bonding and physical property have been studied by EPR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry and single crystal X‐ray diffraction, as well as theoretical calculations. The triradical has a series of isosceles triangle conformations in the solution due to the Jahn‐Teller distortion, leading to the splitting of the two low‐lying doublet states. This factor together with negligible spin‐orbit coupling (SOC) of composing light atoms quenches the spin frustration. The work represents a rare example of a neutral through‐space triangular triradical.
Pillar[5]arene‐Based Fluorescent Supramolecular Polymers Without Conventional Chromophores
Authors: Shao Li , Hua Bin , Zhao Xueru , Lu Shuai , Li Guangfeng
Published: October 2023

Fluorescent supramolecular polymers have garnered significant attention due to their successful integration of supramolecular polymers and fluorescence, offering vast potential for applications in sensing, imaging, optoelectronics, and photonics. In this study, we present a novel supramolecular polymer based on P5‐OH, derived from mono‐substituted pillararene macrocycles. Notably, these formed supramolecular polymeric aggregates exhibit a prominent blue emission, representing a rare instance of fluorescent polymers devoid of conventional chromophores. Furthermore, through the modification of alkyl chain ending groups attached to pillar[5]arenes, slight shifts in the emission peak could be observed. This research expands the scope of functional supramolecular polymeric systems utilizing pillararenes, providing valuable insights for the design of innovative luminescent materials and optical devices.
An integrated petrographical and geochemical study of the Tredian Formation in the Salt and Trans‐Indus Surghar ranges, North‐West Pakistan: Implications for palaeoclimate
Authors: Qureshi Kamil Ahmed , Rizwan Muhammad , Janjuhah Hammad Tariq , Islam Ihtisham , Kontakiotis George , Bilal Ahmer , Arif Mohamad
Published: October 2023

The Middle Triassic Tredian Formation is well exposed in the western region of the Salt Range. It is mostly composed of sandstone with minor alternations of shales and dolomite. This is the first integrated attempt using petrographical and geochemical features to reveal palaeoclimate during deposition of the Tredian Formation. This work sheds light on the petrographical and geochemical properties of the Tredian sandstone in order to date various layers and evaluate the palaeoclimate. The formation was sampled at two distinct stratigraphic layers for petrographic and geochemical analysis of major and trace elements. The sandstone of the Tredian Formation is sub‐feldspathic to feldspathic arenite with sub‐angular to rounded grains that are moderately to extensively sorted. The relative proportions of the quartz, feldspars and lithoclasts in the examined sandstone samples shows that the Tredian sediments originated from the interior of the craton during a transitional continental regime. Chemical index of alteration values of 59, chemical index of weathering values of 67, and plagioclase index of alteration values of 74.5 indicate a low to moderate degree of weathering in the Tredian sediment source region. Based on the silica content, SiO2/Al2O3 ratios (2.7–6.1; mean 4.1), and chemical maturity index, it is deduced that the Tredian Formation was deposited in chemically immature to sub‐mature and dry to semi‐arid conditions. Geochemical proxies indicate the acidic source of sediment and deposition on the passive margin of the Indian Plate. The trace element characteristics of the sediments, especially the Rb/Sr, Cu/Zn, Ni/Co, V/Cr and Sr/Ba ratios, indicate that the sediments originated from the first weathering cycle and support the notion that they were deposited in an oxidising continental environment. A semi‐arid to arid palaeoclimate predominated through the Middle Triassic at the north‐western passive continental margin of the Indian Plate in the south‐eastern Neo‐Tethys.
International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and accelerometer‐assessed physical activity: concurrent validity using six cut‐points in HF patients
Authors: Blasco‐Peris Carles , Climent‐Paya Vicente , Vetrovsky Tomas , García‐Álvarez María I. , Manresa‐Rocamora Agustín , Beltrán‐Carrillo Vicente J. , Sarabia José Manuel
Published: October 2023

Aims

Physical activity (PA) is an important target for improving clinical outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients. Nonetheless, assessing the daily PA profile in this population is a challenging task, traditionally performed using self‐report questionnaires such as the International PA Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ‐SF). This study aimed to evaluate the concurrent validity of the IPAQ‐SF and accelerometer‐assessed PA using six published cut‐points in patients with HF and reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction.

Methods and results

The concordance between the IPAQ‐SF and a hip‐worn accelerometer regarding daily time spent performing moderate to vigorous PA in bouts of at least 10 min was assessed in 53 participants for seven consecutive days using six different cut‐points (Barnett, Dibben, Mark, Sanders, Troiano, and Vaha‐Ypya). Spearman's correlation and Bland–Altman plots were used to evaluate concurrent validity between methods. Regressions were used to study the association between patient variables, wear protocol (waking hour or 24 h), and absolute bias. The kappa index was used to evaluate the concordance between IPAQ‐SF and accelerometry for classifying patients as active or non‐active. All analyses were re‐run using non‐bouted metrics to investigate the effect of bouted versus non‐bouted analysis. The IPAQ‐SF and accelerometry showed low to negligible correlation (ρ = 0.12 to 0.37), depending on the cut‐point used. The regression analysis showed that the absolute bias was higher in participants following the waking‐hour protocol at all cut‐points except Dibben's (P ≤ 0.007). The concordance between the two methods to classify patients as active and non‐active was low when using Mark (κ = 0.23) and Barnett (κ = 0.34) cut‐points and poor for the remaining cut‐points (κ = 0.03 to 0.18). The results of the sensitivity analysis showed negligible to low correlation using non‐bouted metrics (ρ = 0.27 to 0.33).

Conclusions

Moderate to vigorous PA measures using IPAQ‐SF and accelerometers are not equivalent, and we do not encourage researchers to use IPAQ‐SF alone when assessing PA in HF patients. Moreover, applying personalized collection and processing criteria is important when assessing PA in HF patients. We recommend following the 24 h protocol and selecting cut‐points calibrated in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Finally, it is necessary to develop a new tailored questionnaire that considers walking intensity and is adjusted to the current World Health Organisation recommendations, which use non‐bouted metrics.
Exploring the impact of patient‐specific clinical features on osimertinib effectiveness in a real‐world cohort of patients with EGFR mutated non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: van Veelen Ard , Veerman G. D. Marijn , Verschueren Marjon V. , Gulikers Judith L. , Steendam Christi M. J. , Brouns Anita J. W. M. , Dursun Safiye , Paats Marthe S. , Tjan‐Heijnen Vivianne C. G. , van der Leest Cor , Dingemans Anne‐Marie C. , Mathijssen Ron H. J. , van de Garde Ewoudt M. W. , Souverein Patrick , Driessen Johanna H. M. , Hendriks Lizza E. L. , van Geel Robin M. J. M. , Croes Sander
Published: October 2023

Osimertinib is prescribed to patients with metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a sensitizing EGFR mutation. Limited data exists on the impact of patient characteristics or osimertinib exposure on effectiveness outcomes. This was a Dutch, multicenter cohort study. Eligible patients were ≥18 years, with metastatic EGFRm+ NSCLC, receiving osimertinib. Primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and safety. Kaplan‐Meier analyses and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were performed. In total, 294 patients were included. Primary EGFR‐mutations were mainly exon 19 deletions (54%) and p.L858R point mutations (30%). Osimertinib was given in first‐line (40%), second‐line (46%) or beyond (14%), with median PFS 14.4 (95% CI: 9.4‐19.3), 13.9 (95% CI: 11.3‐16.1) and 8.7 months (95% CI: 4.6‐12.7), respectively. Patients with low BMI (<20.0 kg/m2) had significantly shorter PFS/OS compared to all other subgroups. Patients with a high plasma trough concentration in steady state (Cmin,SS; >271 ng/mL) had shorter PFS compared to a low Cmin,SS (<163 ng/mL; aHR 2.29; 95% CI: 1.13‐4.63). A significant longer PFS was seen in females (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.45‐0.82) and patients with the exon 19 deletion (aHR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.36‐0.92). A trend towards longer PFS was seen for TP53 wild‐type patients, while age did not impact PFS. Patients with a primary EGFR exon 19 deletion had longer PFS, while a low BMI, male sex and a high Cmin,SS were indicative for shorter PFS and/or OS. Age was not associated with effectiveness outcomes of osimertinib.
Association of aflatoxin with gallbladder cancer in a case‐control study nested within a Chinese cohort
Authors: Koshiol Jill , Zhu Bin , Wang Renwei , Hildesheim Allan , Gao Yu‐Tang , Egner Patricia A. , Yuan Jian‐Min , Groopman John D.
Published: October 2023

We evaluated whether aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure was associated with later risk of developing gallbladder cancer (GBC). We measured AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts in baseline samples from the Shanghai Cohort Study of 18 244 men aged 45 to 64 years (recruited 1986‐1989). We included 84 GBC cases with sufficient serum and 168 controls matched on age at sample collection, date of blood draw and residence. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for detectable vs non‐detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts and gallbladder cancer. AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts were detected in 50.0% of GBC cases, and risk of GBC was twice as high in those with detectable vs undetectable levels (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.0‐3.9). ORs ranged from 1.8 (95% CI = 0.75‐4.3) for 0.5 to <1.75 pg/mg vs undetectable adduct levels to 2.2 (95% CI = 0.91‐5.6) for >3.36 pg/mg vs undetectable, suggesting a dose‐response (Ptrend = .05). When restricted to cases diagnosed before the median time to diagnosis after blood draw (18.4 years), results were similar (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 0.80‐5.8) to those for the entire follow‐up duration. The OR was 9.4 (95% CI = 1.7‐51.1) for individuals with detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts and self‐reported gallstones compared to individuals with neither. Participants with detectable AFB1‐lysine albumin adducts at baseline had increased risk of developing GBC, replicating the previously observed association between AFB1 exposure and providing the first evidence of temporality.
Enhancing Privacy, Preserving the Common Good
Authors: ETZIONI AMITAI
Published: October 2023

Personal medical information is now bought and sold on the open market. Companies use it to make hiring and firing decisions and to identify customers for new products. The justification for providing such access to medical information is that doing so benefits the public by securing public safety, controlling costs, and supporting medical research. And individuals have supposedly consented to it. But we can achieve the common goods while better protecting privacy by making institutional changes in the way information is maintained and protected.
Assessment of the Effects of Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic Acid on Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Healthy Subjects by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Bednarczyk Edward M. , Adler Lee E , Remler Bernd , Goyer Peter , Wiznitzer Max , Leisure Gregory P. , Little Dana , Miraldi Floro
Published: October 2023

Study Objectives. The mechanism by which the fluorinated quinolones produce central nervous system effects is unknown. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we evaluated the effects of two quinolones on brain blood flow as well as on oxygen and glucose metabolism. These determinations were done in conjunction with ophthalmologic and neuro‐ophthalmologic testing.

Design. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 7‐day course of ciprofloxacin 750 mg (C750) or 500 mg (C500) every 12 hours, or nalidixic acid (NA) 1 g every 6 hours.

Population. Twenty‐four healthy male volunteers, six in each treatment arm.

Results.

Conclusions. Compared with baseline values, NA significantly reduced brain glucose uptake, whereas C500, C750, and placebo produced no detectable effect. No compound significantly altered brain blood flow or oxygen metabolism compared with baseline or other treatments. No significant effect on electroretinographic, electro‐oculographic, or other neuro‐ophthalmologic tests was observed.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Agents in Patients With Reduced Left Ventricular Function
Authors: Arnold Renée J. Goldberg , Kaniecki Diana J. , Frishman William H.
Published: October 2023

A pharmacoeconomic primer reviews current economic models used to analyze and synthesize information that may be considered in certain health‐related policies or clinical decisions. Heightened budgetary pressures concomitant with mandates for demonstrable increases in efficacy and safety have fostered greater use of cost‐effectiveness analyses (CEAs) throughout the health care industry. In the field of hypertension, major clinical trials of pharmacotherapeutic regimens generally demonstrated benefit of reducing lood pressure; CEAs supplied additional data concerning the optimum selection among alternative antihypertensive therapies. As interest has focused on the preservation of left ventricular (LV) function for the best prognosis, it has become increasingly evident that not all antihypertensive regimens affect LV function in the same way. Thus CEA may be an appropriate method to evaluate these effects and facilitate the identification of a regimen that minimizes deterioration of LV function.
Patient Drug Attributions and Postmarketing Surveillance
Authors: Fisher Seymour , Bryant Stephen G. , Kent Thomas A. , Davis Jesse E.
Published: October 2023

Although studies have shown that patients can distinguish probable adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from adverse clinical events (ACEs) caused by other factors, it is not known whether these attribution judgments add any independent validity to other accepted methods of identifying ADRs, such as physician assessments or epidemiologic data. Data from 2487 patients receiving fluoxetine and 815 receiving trazodone were used to see whether such information was redundant when added to standard statistical analysis directed toward detecting ADRs. Relative risk values for 14 trazodone or fluoxetine ADRs were selected because each was significantly identified by an innovative postmarketing surveillance system. In one analysis, all patient reports were used to compute relative risk; in the other, only reports attributed by patients to the study drug were included. Results indicate that taking into account patient attribution judgments results in a consistent, albeit modest, increase in the discriminatory power of this monitoring method.
Albuterol Delivery by Metered‐Dose Inhaler With a Pediatric Mechanical Ventilatory Circuit Model
Authors: Garner Sandra S. , Wiest Donald B. , Bradley J. Warren
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To determine albuterol delivery by metered‐dose inhaler (MDI) in an in vitro pediatric mechanical ventilatory circuit model. The influence of a spacing device, endotracheal tube (ETT) diameter and length, and air humidity was also investigated.

Design. An albuterol MDI canister was connected to an AeroVent spacer or Airlife MDI adapter and ETT 4.0, 5.0, or 6.0 mm at commercially available and equal lengths. The ETT tip was attached to an in‐line filter holder with a 1‐μm type A/E glass fiber filter. Ventilator settings were fractional concentration of inspired oxygen 50%, tidal volume 250 ml, inspiratory:expiratory (I:E) ratio 1:3, rate 25 breaths/minute, temperature 35°C, and a decelerating flow pattern. Ten albuterol canisters were activated two times each (total 2000 μg) into dry (4.0‐, 5.0‐, and 6.0‐mm ETT) and humidified air (4.0‐ and 6.0‐mm ETT) and repeated in triplicate. Percentage MDI output was determined by weighing the filter before and after drug administration (balance sensitivity 10 μg). Significant differences (p≤0.05) among the groups with and without a spacer and in dry and humidified air were determined by ANOVA with Scheffe's multiple comparison test. Multiple regression was used to determine significant associations between ETT diameter and length and delivery.

Main Results. With the AeroVent spacer in humidified air, delivery with the 4.0‐ and 6.0‐mm ETT was approximately 2.3% and 5%, respectively. The spacer and dry air significantly improved delivery.

Conclusions. In humidified air, the dose of albuterol by MDI with an AeroVent spacer should be doubled for children intubated with 6.0‐mm ETT, and four puffs administered for every one puff desired for 4.0‐mm ETT. The results of this investigation should prove useful in initial clinical trials of albuterol MDI in ventilator‐dependent infants and children.