bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Strategic Nature
Authors: Aronczyk Melissa , Espinoza Maria I.
Published: December 2021

A Strategic Nature shows how public relations has dominated public understanding of the natural environment for over 100 years. More than spin or misinformation, PR is a social and political force that shapes how we understand and address the environmental crises we now face. Drawing on interviews, ethnography, and archival research, Melissa Aronczyk and Maria I. Espinoza offer an original account of the promotional agents who have influenced public perception of the environment since the beginning of the twentieth century, revealing how professional communicators affect how we think about public knowledge and who can legitimately produce it. Instead of focusing on just the messages or the campaigns, this book provides a conceptual framework for understanding the promotional culture around the meaning of the environment. A Strategic Nature argues that it is not possible to understand the role of the environment in our everyday lives without understanding how something called “the environment” has been invented and communicated to us throughout history. To tell this story properly requires a careful account of the evolution of the institutions, norms, and movements that have pushed environmental concerns to the fore of public opinion and political action. But it also demands an examination of the simultaneous evolution of professional communicators and the formation of their institutions, norms, and movements. Without this piece of the puzzle, we miss crucial ways that struggles are won, resources allocated, and beliefs fostered about environmental problems.
Public Relations and Its Problems
Authors: Aronczyk Melissa , Espinoza Maria I.
Published: December 2021

The key argument in this book is that American environmentalism emerged alongside the tools, techniques, and expertise of American public relations (PR) and that neither environmentalism nor PR would look the way it does today without the other. We consider PR as a technology of legitimacy. This refers not only to securing legitimacy for one viewpoint over another. It is also about how PR has created a set of social and political conditions in which certain ways of thinking become available to us while others are foreclosed on. PR is a process that provides conceptual repertoires, repertoires that have influenced how we define public information and communication around environmental change
Seeing Like a Publicist
Authors: Aronczyk Melissa , Espinoza Maria I.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1, Seeing Like a Publicist, locates the origins of public relations alongside emerging environmental narratives at the beginning of the twentieth century. The United States Forest Service, a federal bureau established during Theodore Roosevelt’s presidency, represented a vision of nature as resource for development, at odds with the romantic spirit of wilderness preservationists such as John Muir. Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot developed sophisticated mechanisms and messages to promote his commitment to a distinctly American culture of nature, qualifying and transforming the character of environmental information to the news-reading public in the process. Pinchot developed foundational concepts and practices of public relations that would leave deep grooves in the American experience of environmentalism.
Liberal Self-Determination in a World of Migration
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: December 2021

This book focuses on three key questions regarding the movement of persons across international borders: (1) What gives some residents of a liberal society a right to be considered citizens of that society such that they have a claim to make decisions with regard to its political future? (2) Do citizens of a liberal society have a prima facie right to exclude prospective immigrants despite their commitment to the values of freedom and equality? And (3) if citizens have this prima facie right to exclude prospective immigrants, are there moral requirements regarding how they may exercise it? The book therefore tackles the most pressing philosophical questions that arise for a theory that does not endorse a human right to immigrate: the questions of who exercises self-determination in the area of immigration, why they have such a right in the first place, and how they should go about exercising it.
Citizenship and Autonomy
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: December 2021

This chapter argues that an adult’s right to citizenship follows from her right to securely pursue her good in the liberal state where she already has a moral right to live permanently. It defends the claim that when people migrate on a permanent basis to a liberal state in adulthood, they develop the legitimate expectation that they are allowed to pursue core projects and relationships that are territorially located and that extend across time. It also defends the claim that when adults start pursuing core projects and relationships, they acquire an autonomy-based moral claim to pursue them reliably into the future, as well as to engage in political actions that bear on how such projects and relationships can be pursued in the future.
Liberal Self-Determination, Discrimination, and the Right to Exclude
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: December 2021

This chapter defends one of the building blocks of a complete liberal theory of immigration by defending an account of the state’s prima facie right to exclude that has the resources to explain what is wrong with “discriminatory” exclusion in the area of immigration—that is, exclusion on the basis of morally arbitrary features, such as sex, sexuality, and race. Like other statist accounts, the chapter appeals to a right to self-determination to justify a state’s right to exclude. But unlike these other theories, it does not appeal to the psychological harm of insult. The focus is instead on the liberal aspect of self-determination and the surprising ways in which liberal principles constrain the state’s right to both include and exclude prospective new members.
Immigration, Self-Determination, and the Brain Drain*
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: December 2021

This chapter argues that the immigration arrangements of liberal states in the area of skilled migration can sometimes contribute to the inability of citizens in poor countries to secure their human rights to health care and education. It argues that because liberal states have a duty not to contribute to harm abroad, they should not implement migration arrangements that lead to a situation whereby vulnerable populations are left without adequate access to important human rights. The upshot of the discussion is that liberal states do not only have a prima facie right to exclude but also a duty to exclude when the relevant conditions are met.
Discrimination and Immigration Control
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the ethics of the institutional apparatus that goes along with immigration control. It takes seriously the fact that immigration control sometimes lead to human rights violations, and that liberal states sometimes engage in problematic forms of discrimination when they engage in the business of policing their internal borders. It argues that liberal states must endorse a number of key strategies to ensure that unauthorized immigrants are neither placed in a position where their human rights are violated or left unprotected nor discriminated against on the basis of arbitrary criteria. The discussion therefore aims to minimize the vulnerability of those immigrants who have not received authorization to reside in the territory of the liberal states.
Political Economy of Conquest
Authors: Sehgal Manu
Published: December 2021

By the final decade of the eighteenth century, the political economy of conquest had crystalized into a distinctively recognizable modern form. Expanded scale of war-making created a need to surveil the financial operations of the colonial state. The changing valence of ‘corruption’ came to include a growing insistence on eliminating leakages from the financial flows that enabled conquest. Corruption was not merely a moral scourge but a structural flaw, which if left unresolved would drain the war-making capability of the early colonial regime. Financial accounts of the East India Company therefore had to be rendered legible to public scrutiny and parliamentary debate in the form of an annual India Budget. Colonial conquest captured the cultural imagination of metropolitan Britain – from painting and the Georgian stage to a new graphic scheme of statistical visualization – all sought to comprehend Britain’s territorial empire in South Asia. The growing appetite for war was fed by territorial conquest on an ever-expanding scale and transformed colonial warfare into the most fiscally impactful activity. An entire infrastructure of financial surveillance had to be created to organize warfare and conquest more efficiently. This edifice of control and scrutiny rested upon a growing appetite for reliable information about the financial health of the Indian empire and forecasting the dividends of territorial conquest.
Epilogue
Authors: Sehgal Manu
Published: December 2021

The early colonial order gave way to a recognizably extractive and coercive colonial rule which stretched across the long nineteenth century. Scholarly debates about the overlap between the late colonial and postcolonial polities in twentieth century South Asia have generally not traced the antecedents of an institutional structure of governance that commits scarce resources and political will in expensive projects of military aggrandizement. The disdain for civilian bodies/rule, placing military spending beyond the purview of public debate, unchecked executive authority in war-making, violent assertion of sovereign authority, aggressively defined borders, special bodies of law and zones of exception where civil rule and liberties are declared to be inapplicable—owe much to the deep structures of early colonial rule.
Chastity
Authors: Pentiuc Eugen J.
Published: December 2021

This chapter analyzes the Scriptures in several hymns prescribed for Holy Monday, whose central theme is chastity as exemplified by the Joseph story (Gen 37–50). Aspects of Joseph’s story (i.e., being sold by his brothers, refusing the lures of Potiphar’s wife and enduring imprisonment, his ascension to power) are fused together in this day’s hymns. By enduring trials and resisting temptations, Joseph is a type of Christ whose integrity remained undefiled by temptations and trials. Jacob lamenting the loss of his son was portrayed by hymnographers as a type of God lamenting his crucified son. “Trials and scourges” referring to divine judgment of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (2 Macc 7:37) was transferred by hymnographers to Christ’s Passion. The Holy Week’s ubiquitous motif of the “Midnight Bridegroom” (Matt 25:1–13) interconnects with the chastity theme, pointing to watchfulness (i.e., awaiting the coming [Parousia] of Jesus the Bridegroom) as a prerequisite of chastity.
Suffering
Authors: Pentiuc Eugen J.
Published: December 2021

This chapter analyzes the Scriptures in several hymns prescribed for Good Friday, whose central theme is Jesus’s suffering as prophesied by Isaiah in the Servant of the Lord songs, where the Messiah is portrayed as a “lamb led to the slaughter” (Isa 53:7; cf. Jer 11:19). Mary, depicted as a “distraught ewe,” participates in her son’s suffering. In the hymnographers’ view, “circling dogs” borrowed from Ps 22:16 (21:17) might be read as a hint at Jesus nailed on a wooden pole with his enemies circling the cross like roaming dogs. The central hymn, “The one who hanged the earth in the waters is today hanged on a tree,” likens the earth hanging within the primordial waters (Gen 1:2) to the one hanging on the cross and wrestling with the evil powers lurking in those waters.
This Is Our Message
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

During the rise of the modern religious right in the 1970s and 1980s, nationally prominent evangelical women played integral roles in shaping the priorities of this movement and mobilizing its supporters. In particular, they helped to formulate, articulate, and defend the traditionalist politics of gender and family that in turn made it easy to downplay the importance of their leadership roles. This book begins by examining the lives and work of four well-known women—evangelical marriage advice author Marabel Morgan, singer and anti-gay-rights activist Anita Bryant, author and political lobbyist Beverly LaHaye, and televangelist Tammy Faye Bakker. It examines their impact on the rise of the modern religious right and on the development of a national evangelical subculture, contributed to the rise of the New Christian Right by disseminating conservative political ideas in purportedly apolitical spaces. The final chapter underscores the ongoing significance of this history, through an analysis of Sarah Palin’s vice-presidential candidacy in 2008 and Michele Bachmann’s presidential bid in 2012. This chapter highlights the legacies of an earlier generation of conservative evangelical women who made these campaigns possible and who continue to impact our national conversations about gender, family, and sex.
Broadway Dance
Authors: Gennaro Liza
Published: December 2021

The move away from modern dance and ballet to jazz dance as the prominent movement lexicon employed on Broadway is explored. I examine Katherine Dunham and Jack Cole’s influence on a generation of choreographers and Bob Fosse’s fusion of the dominant paradigms established by de Mille and Robbins. I give special attention to Fosse’s choreographic influences, including his early exposure to nightclubs and strip joints, comic/eccentric dancer Joe Frisco, Fred Astaire, and Jack Cole. Beginning with his work in The Pajama Game (1954) under the mentorship of Robbins and examining selected works from Damn Yankees (1955) and Sweet Charity (1966), I study Fosse’s choreographic development. My close reading of the musical number “Big Spender” reveals Fosse’s dramaturgical process. I examine the number in relation to the 1960s sexual revolution; representations of the female dancing body in both commercial theater and concert venues; and in relation to de Mille’s “Postcard Girls” from her Oklahoma! dream ballet, “Laurey Makes Up Her Mind.” I also consider Fosse’s post-Sweet Charity objectification of the female body; his late career disregard for the precepts of time and place in relation to character, and his formulation of a distinctly identifiable movement lexicon—the “Fosse Style.” The chapter closes with three more influential director-choreographers: Gower Champion, with his innovative cinematic approach to stage musicals and his standard use of showbiz dance lexicons undisturbed by modernist methods; Michael Bennett, a strict proponent of Robbins methods and the inheritor of the Robbins’ mantle; and Donald McKayle, one of the only African American director-choreographers working in the late twentieth-century Broadway arena.
From Kolkhoznik to Wage Earner
Authors: Hale-Dorrell Aaron T.
Published: December 2021

Collective farms had to muster workers for the labor-intensive work of planting, weeding, and harvesting corn. Combating low productivity and endemic petty theft, Khrushchev pressed collective farms to reject the coercion characteristic of Stalin’s time, when collective farmers received irregular year-end payments calculated from the leftovers after the government had expropriated much of the harvest. New emphasis on material incentives ensured that farmers earned regular monthly wages in kind and, in time, in cash, making them participants in the money economy. These new practices altered established relationships among labor, production, customs, regulations, and state policies. By 1960, authorities began to calculate wages, production costs, and ratios of those costs to sale prices—profits—as part of a system of “intraenterprise accounting,” or khozraschët. Although life “down on the farm” remained difficult, these changes fundamentally altered a previously bleak existence of repression and second-class citizenship.
Battles over Corn
Authors: Hale-Dorrell Aaron T.
Published: December 2021

Responsibility for corngrowing lay with local Communist Party and government organizations, who inherited inertia, arbitrariness, and management practices from the Stalin era that contributed to the failure to meet Khrushchev’s expectations. Rejecting formerly orthodox land management practices, Khrushchev demanded industrial farming based on machines, chemicals, and corn. In one striking case, the party organization in the small Baltic republic of Lithuania, knit together by national identity, lied to Moscow. Leaders assured Khrushchev and his aides that the republic’s farms had planted substantial tracts of corn, concealing the fact they followed their own judgment by planting crop rotations better adapted to local conditions. These instances challenge established scholarly conceptions supposing that power flowed from Moscow downward and outward to local authorities who unquestioningly carried out orders. Instead, these cases indicate that local officials balanced competing imperatives, made choices, and avoided the consequences by covering their tracks.
The Open Society and Its Complexities
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2021

Two decades ago it was widely assumed that liberal democracy and the Open Society had won their century-long struggle against authoritarianism. Although subsequent events have shocked many, F. A. Hayek would not have been surprised that people are in many ways disoriented by the society they have created. For him, the Open Society was a precarious achievement, in many ways at odds with the deepest moral sentiments. He argued that the Open Society runs against humans’ evolved attraction to “tribalism”; that the Open Society is too complex for moral justification; and that its self-organized complexity defies attempts at democratic governance. In this wide-ranging work, Gerald Gaus re-examines Hayek’s analyses. Drawing on work in social and moral science, Gaus argues that Hayek’s program was prescient and sophisticated, always identifying real and pressing problems, though he underestimated the resources of human morality and the Open Society to cope with the challenges he perceived. Gaus marshals formal models and empirical evidence to show that the Open Society is grounded on the moral foundations of human cooperation originating in the distant evolutionary past, but has built upon them a complex and diverse society that requires rethinking both the nature of moral justification and the meaning of democratic self-governance. In these fearful, angry, and inward-looking times, when political philosophy has itself become a hostile exchange between ideological camps, The Open Society and Its Complexities shows how moral and ideological diversity, far from being the enemy of a free and open society, can be its foundation.
The Rise of a Normative Species
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2021

Part I of the volume takes up an unsettling thesis advanced by F. A. Hayek: that our evolved, tribal, and egalitarian sentiments are in deep conflict with the impartiality and inclusiveness of the Open Society. Hayek, it argues, was correct that the core of human morality arose during the long hunter-gatherer period in our history. However, Hayek largely overlooked the extent to which human cooperation arose on the basis of strong reciprocity, and the way in which our egalitarianism is manifested in impartial norms that protect against bullying and domination. These features of what is deemed “the Modern Egalitarian Package” allow it to be scaled up to large impersonal moral networks.
The Complexities of Self-Governance
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2021

The first two Parts of this work have responded to two of Hayek’s unsettling claims concerning morality: that, given our moral evolution, we may be unfit for the Open Society; and that the Open Society is so complex as to befuddle attempts at moral justification. Each of these turned out to indeed be pressing problems, yet in both cases the resources of humans in a complex society are richer than Hayek thought. Part III turns to Hayek’s last unsettling thesis, and that which has been the focus of greatest criticism: that our complex Open Society is in many ways beyond human control and governance. This Part considers the dimensions of self-governance (control, setting the institutional framework, and solving strategic dilemmas), and considers the challenges posed by social complexity at the macro, meso, and micro levels.
Emergence and Complexity
Authors: Bernini Marco
Published: December 2021

The chapter argues that Beckett’s exploration of the mind is not just complicated, but targets non-linear, interacting, networking dynamics in cognition that, according to contemporary theories of complexity, classify the mind as a proper complex system. Within contemporary cognitive science and philosophy of mind, it is increasingly suggested that the brain should be regarded as a complex system (see, e.g., Gazzaniga 2012): as the physical site of decentralized interactions and distributed, looping causality among its neurons. Within this complex account of human cognition, also the mind and its mental properties, including consciousness and a sense of self, have been interpreted through the conceptual lenses of complex system theory. Theories of complexity in cognition, therefore, can help us thread together, and collectively reconsider, all the cognitive dynamics, patterns of emersions, and laws of the mind that Beckett has modeled when exploring consciousness and subjective experience. An emergentist reappraisal of prior chapters should give us a more complex, more global interpretation of Beckett’s early call for a formal access to (as a modeling exploration of) the “recondite relations of emergal” (D, 16) within human cognition. Also, it should support an interpretive shift from a view of Beckett as a complicated author to an account of him as an explorer of the mind’s complexity. The chapter begins by addressing the kind of problems complexity poses to modeling in general, and to narrative modeling in particular.
An Invitation to Biblical Poetry
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: December 2021

An Invitation to Biblical Poetry is an accessibly written introduction to biblical poetry that emphasizes the aesthetic dimensions of poems and their openness to varieties of context. It demonstrates the irreducible complexity of poetry as a verbal art and considers the intellectual work poems accomplish as they offer aesthetic experiences to people who read or hear them. Chapters walk the reader through some of the diverse ways biblical poems are organized through techniques of voicing, lineation, and form, and describe how the poems’ figures are both culturally and historically bound and dependent on later reception. The discussions consider examples from different texts of the Bible, including poems inset in prose narratives, prophecies, psalms, and wisdom literature. Each chapter ends with a reading of a psalm that offers an acute example of the dimension under discussion. Students and general readers are invited to richer and deeper readings of ancient poems and the subjects, problems, and convictions that occupy their imagination.
Quantum Correlations
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of quantum mechanical correlations using the BST notions of transitions, propensities, and funny business. It considers two ways of understanding such correlations: First, as modal correlations (exhibited, e.g., in the GHZ setup) and, second, as probabilistic correlations (exhibited, e.g., in the Bell-Aspect setup). Having introduced the notion of structure extensions, it asks if it is possible to extend an initial BST structure harboring correlations (modal or probabilistic) in such a way that the resulting extended structure harbors no such correlations. An important distinction, rigorously stated in BST, is that between agents-induced indeterminism and Nature-induced indeterminism. A main result concerning structure extensions is that in the mentioned cases, the procedure is not possible unless the extended structure violates the initially given division between cases of agents-induced indeterminism and cases of Nature-induced indeterminism.
A Branching Space-Times Perspective on Presentism
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

The chapter constructs a notion of the present that is both relativity-friendly and serves the metaphysical role required by presentism. It draws a distinction between a static present based on simultaneity and a dynamic present based on co-presentness. Co-presentness points to a dynamic role of the present in separating a fixed past from an open future. That dynamical role is linked to the idea that dynamic change must be based on the indeterministic realization of possibilities for the future. In working out the formal details of this idea, the chapter makes use of the rich notion of modal correlations that BST offers. Depending on what exactly the modal correlations are like, the analysis delivers different regions of the past, present, and future of a given event.
Design of Signed Language Tests for Deaf L1 Children
Authors: Herman Rosalind , Rowley Katherine
Published: December 2021

Recent changes in the earlier diagnosis of deafness and improved amplification options have meant that deaf children increasingly have better opportunities to develop spoken language. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of children continue to use signed language as a first language (L1), including deaf and hearing children in deaf signing families and deaf children in hearing families where families use signed language in the home. For both groups, mastery of sign language as an L1 is important because it paves the way to communication and also because it provides the basis for development of spoken language, in either its oral or written form, as a second language (L2). It is crucial that signed language development proceeds in an age-appropriate manner, and assessments of signed language are therefore important to ensure that this is the case. However, the development of effective tests of signed language acquisition is not without challenges. This chapter presents these challenges and other issues and gives examples of how available tests seek to overcome them.
The Six Perfections in the Mahāyāna
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses ethical theory of the Mahāyāna tradition specifically, giving a brief background on its origin and framework. The chapter then focuses on the six perfections, or moral qualities, that are adumbrated in the account of the bodhisattva path. The six perfections are generosity, proper conduct (śīla), patience, effort, meditation, and wisdom. The chapter also addresses the elevation of karuṇā (care), one of the brahmavihāras, to its status as the central moral quality, and discusses the installation of the bodhisattva, a being who forgoes personal liberation order to facilitate the liberation of all others, as the moral ideal
The Brahmavihāras and the Achievement of Nonegocentricity
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter characterizes the four brahmavihāras, or divine states: friendliness, care, sympathetic joy, and impartiality. Also addressed are their relationship both to their antitheses and to their “near enemies,” or the states that are similar enough to masquerade as these virtuous ones, yet differ because they are egocentric, and thus become a vice. The chapter examines the question of why morality is rational, including discussions of this topic in both Western and Buddhist thought, and its connections to egoism, and argues that the four divine states, when considered together, can be understood to constitute an analysis of a non-egocentric ethical perspective.
Engaged Buddhism
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter enters the realm of contemporary moral discourse. It discusses the origins of the 20th- and 21st- century Engaged Buddhist movement, which attempts to construct a new understanding of Buddhism and of Buddhist ethics in a political sphere. The chapter also addresses the degree to which such a modernist movement can be considered Buddhist, the degree of continuity between Engaged Buddhism and earlier Buddhist ethical thought, and the impact of modern Western ethical and political theory on Engaged Buddhism. Special attention is devoted to the work of the 14th Dalai Lama, of Thich Nhat Hanh, and of Sulak Sivaraksa.
New Music versus New Wave
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

This chapter offers a reception history of Big Science, showing the ways listeners constellated the album within fields of genre. In doing so, it offers a definition of genre that differentiates between concerns of audience and concerns of style, framing generic tags as the provisional result of ongoing negotiations between musical stakeholders. In particular, the chapter asks how listeners heard Big Science as either new music or new wave. It unpacks the aesthetics and underlying ethics of both of those genres, highlighting their overlap in concerns of timbre, race, gender, geography, and low-context aesthetics.
Bigness as Usual
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

This chapter revisits themes of magnitude first articulated in the book’s second chapter, comparing the state of megasystems in the 1980s to those of the twenty-first century. In so doing, it recognizes the often-discussed prescience of Big Science and Laurie Anderson’s work in general. In a final analytic move, the chapter argues that Big Science structurally gestures beyond itself, modeling to listeners a reality or a way of being in which they might be free from the grip of the world’s ubiquitous megasystems.
Introduction
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

Between two and three million years ago, our forebears started to make stone tools. Around one and three-quarter million years before the present, their technology had progressed, and they began to fashion the “prehistoric Swiss Army Knife”—the hand-axe. Our hominin ancestors continued to make further improvements, and even before our own species, ...
Fulfillment
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

The chapter aims to give a precise account of the notion of personal fulfillment. Two questions have been central to philosophy since its origins: How should I live? How should we live together? These questions should be rephrased—instead of striving for perfection, we should ask how to make human lives and human societies go better. The individual question is addressed by revising a standard liberal conception, according to which people should formulate the plans for their lives (their identities) autonomously. Probing the concept of autonomy, it is suggested that education consists in a delicate dialogue between society and the individual, in which the voices of both must be heard. This approach is elaborated by showing how it applies to the concrete proposals made in Chapter 2.
The U.S. South Atlantic Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the South Atlantic region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. The South Atlantic contains the third-highest number of managed taxa of the eight regional U.S. marine ecosystems, including commercially and recreationally important reef fishes (snappers and groupers), penaeid shrimps, coastal migratory pelagic fishes (cobia, mackerels, dolphin/wahoo), and coral reef resources. The South Atlantic is a species-rich environment subject to several major stressors that include habitat loss, sea-level rise, ocean acidification, and intermittent high category hurricanes with increasing frequency over the past decades, along with the consequences of overfishing that continue to affect LMRs in this region. Overall, EBFM progress has been made in terms of implementing ecosystem-level planning, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, and in assessing risks and vulnerabilities to ecosystems through ongoing investigations into climate vulnerability and species prioritizations for stock and habitat assessments. Although the South Atlantic is progressing toward EBFM, little overall progress has been observed toward applying ecosystem-level emergent properties into management frameworks. While the South Atlantic is advancing in terms of its LMR management priorities and ecosystem efforts, some challenges remain to effectively implement formalized EBFM planning. Limited information regarding the status and biomass of fishery stocks and protected species in this region, and data gaps for many environmental factors have constrained EBFM implementation and prevented the application of ecosystem-level properties into management actions.
The U.S. North Pacific Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the North Pacific region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. The North Pacific contains the fifth-highest number of managed taxa, including commercially and recreationally important groundfish (e.g., walleye pollock, Pacific cod, sablefish, lingcod, halibut, rockfishes, yellowfin sole), cephalopods, king-and Tanner crabs, salmon, and steelhead. The North Pacific ecosystem has biota and marine communities that are responding to the consequences of fishing pressure, climate oscillations, and other ocean uses. More recent stressors, including substantial regional warming, associated species shifts, increasing human population density, and proliferation of invasive species are affecting this system and altering its composition, dynamics, and LMR production. Overall, a moderate to high degree of EBFM progress has been made in the eastern Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, and Gulf of Alaska in terms of implementation, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, examining trade-offs, assessing risks and vulnerabilities, and in beginning to establish and use ecosystem-level reference points for management. While much information has been obtained and applied toward ecosystem-level calculations, syntheses, and models, continued progress in applying these system-wide emergent properties into regional management frameworks remains necessary.
Scattering in Classical and Quantum Physics
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

Scattering experiments provide the main source of information on the properties of elementary particles. Here we present the theory of scattering in both classical and non-relativistic quantum physics. We introduce the basic notions of cross section and of range and strength of interactions. We work out some illustrative examples. The concept of resonant scattering, central to almost all applications in particle physics, is explained in the simple case of potential scattering, where we derive the Breit–Wigner formula. This framework of non-relativistic potential scattering turns out to be very convenient for introducing several other important concepts and results, such as the optical theorem, the partial wave amplitudes and the corresponding phase shifts and scattering lengths. The special cases of scattering at low energies, and that in the Born approximation, are studied. We also offer a first glance at the problem of the infrared divergences for the case of Coulomb scattering.
Beyond the Standard Model
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We review the fundamental physics questions left unanswered by the Standard Model, and we explain why, despite its great successes, the search for physics beyond the Standard Model is a very active field of research. We briefly review the theories of Grand Unification which assume that the SU(3) × SU(2) x U(1) group of the Standard Model is the remnant of a larger, simple or semi-simple group, spontaneously broken at very high energies. These theories predict the phenomenon of proton decay and we discuss possible cosmological consequences of such an instability. We end with the theory of supersymmetry which postulates the existence of an approximate fermion-boson symmetry.
Introduction
Authors: Kaplan Ronald M. , Bresnan Joan
Published: December 2021

Modular design of grammar: Linguistics on the edge presents the cutting edge of research on linguistic modules and interfaces in Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG). LFG has a highly modular design that models the linguistic system as a set of discreet submodules that include, among others, constituent structure, functional structure, argument structure, semantic structure, and prosodic structure, with each module having its coherent properties and being related to each other by correspondence functions. The contributions in this volume represent the broad range and interconnection of theoretical, formal, and descriptive considerations that continues to be the hallmark of LFG.
Deagentivizing Norwegian verbs with reflexive and body part objects
Authors: Lødrup Helge
Published: December 2021

Norwegian allows two groups of agentive verbs to change their argument structure when they occur with a simple reflexive or a definite body part noun without a possessor. Examples are skade seg/ryggen (‘hurt REFL/back.DEF’) and operere seg/ryggen (‘operate REFL/back.DEF’). The subject is then no longer an agent, but the affected participant in the event. A corresponding option can be found in other languages, for example with English ‘hurt’. However, the Norwegian situation raises questions of the distribution of simple reflexives and definite body part nouns without a possessor that have no direct parallel in English. The simple reflexive is argued to be thematic, and not a marker of intransitivization. The deagentivization constructions are shown to give evidence for the grammatical affinity between simple reflexives and definite body part nouns that was argued in Lødrup (1999, 2007, 2010).
Perception verbs, copy raising, and evidentiality in Swedish and English
Authors: Toivonen Ida
Published: December 2021

The Germanic languages have a number of different verbs of perception such as ‘see’, ‘hear’, and ‘look like’, and these verbs can appear in different syntactic frames. The literature on these verbs point to many similarities and also interesting and subtle differences between verbs and constructions. This chapter specifically focuses on English ‘look like’ and its Swedish counterpart ‘se ut som’. Specifically, copy-raising examples like ‘Mia looked like she was sleeping’ are compared to expletive examples such as ‘It looked like Mia was sleeping’. A comparison between new psycholinguistic study of Swedish and similar recent studies on Swedish and English lends support to the hypothesis that copy-raising and expletive examples are more similar to each other in English than they are in Swedish: in Swedish the embedded pronoun is less likely to be interpreted as co-referential with the matrix subject.
Coordinate structures without syntactic categories
Authors: Przepiórkowski Adam , Patejuk Agnieszka
Published: December 2021

The issue of the syntactic category of unlike-category coordination has been elusive for decades, with a plethora of proposals, all deficient in one way or another. This chapter proposes to broaden the perspective and consider disjunctive constraints which are not limited to syntactic categories, but which also take into consideration morphosyntactic and lexical properties. Przepiórkowski and Patejuk present an account in which syntactic categories are encoded in functional-structures and all constraints on syntactic positions uniformly refer to functional-structures only. On this solution, the issue of syntactic categories of coordinate structures is void: same category coordinations have—via the definition of distributive properties—the same category as that of all the conjuncts, while unlike-category coordinations do not need—and, on this proposal, do not have—syntactic categories on top of the different categories of their conjuncts.
The ‘of’ word
Authors: Vincent Nigel
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores from both synchronic and diachronic perspectives the categorial status of words like English of and equivalent items in other languages. It evaluates, and ultimately comes down in favour of, the arguments for continuing to treat such items as prepositions and heads of PP even when they have lost independent semantic content and serve instead a purely grammatical function. This analysis is contrasted both with the proposal to assign them to the functional category K(ase), as favoured within current nanosyntactic work, and with an account in which they retain prepositional status but as non-projecting members of that class. In broader theoretical terms, the chapter argues that one of the benefits of LFG’s parallel architecture is the consequential economy in its postulated inventory of functional categories.
Do Elections (Still) Matter?
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

This book sheds new light on this central democratic concern based on an ambitious study of democratic mandates through the lens of agenda-setting in five West European countries since the 1980s. The authors develop and test a new model bridging studies of party competition, pledge fulfilment, and policymaking. The core argument is that electoral priorities are a major factor shaping policy agendas, but mandates should not be mistaken as partisan. Parties are like ‘snakes in tunnels’: they have distinctive priorities but they need to respond to emerging problems and their competitors’ priorities, resulting in considerable cross-partisan overlap. The ‘tunnel of attention’ remains constraining in the policymaking arena, especially when opposition parties have resources to press governing parties to act on the campaign priorities. This key aspect of mandate responsiveness has been neglected so far because in traditional models of mandate representation, party platforms are conceived as a set of distinctive priorities, whose agenda-setting impact ultimately depends on the institutional capacity of the parties in office. Rather differently, this book suggests that counter-majoritarian institutions and windows for opposition parties generate key incentives to stick to the mandate. It shows that these findings hold across five very different democracies: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, and the UK. The results contribute to a renewal of mandate theories of representation and lead to question the idea underlying much of the comparative politics literature that majoritarian systems are more responsive than consensual ones.
Bridling Dictators
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

Authoritarian regimes are usually seen as being run by arbitrary and often violent dictators. However, this is a misreading of most dictatorial regimes. Based on a wide comparative analysis of communist single-party, military, electoral authoritarian, personal dictatorial and dynastic monarchical regimes, this book argues that such leaderships actually function on the basis of a set of accepted rules. These rules are outlined, their operation in different regime types described, and their differential application across those regimes explained. This provides a new understanding of how these different types of regime function and recasts our understanding of the way leadership in authoritarian regimes works.
From Organic Societies to Unnatural Lives
Authors: Clements Ashley
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores a ‘moment’ in which the peoples of the West have been suspended for a hundred years and more. In tracing the story of the study of human sociality in modern anthropology and its critical deconstruction, it demonstrates the enduring legacy of Classical ideas and their insidious effects in shaping anthropological approaches to the human and in supplying the axiom of Western scientific constructions of humanity and the world. The story of anthropology’s growth to full self-awareness, it argues, is also the story of its recognition of the contingency of several key Classical conceptions that presently guide Western thinking about humans, other animals, and the world.
Dispensing with the Subjective Moral ‘Ought’
Authors: Hicks Amelia
Published: December 2021

There are cases in which, intuitively, an agent’s action is both morally right in one sense and morally wrong in another sense. Such cases (along with other intuitions about blameless wrongdoing and action-guidance) support distinguishing between the objective moral ‘ought’ and the subjective moral ‘ought.’ This chapter argues against drawing this distinction on the grounds that the prescriptions delivered by an adequate objective moral theory must be sensitive to the mental states of agents. Specifically, an adequate theory of the objective moral ‘ought’ must respect a strong ought-implies-can principle—morally ought implies agentially can—in order to prescribe actions to real-life agents. An agent’s mental states determine what is agentially possible for that agent; thus, what an agent objectively morally ought to do is in part determined by the agent’s mental states. This chapter describes the structure of a compelling non-ideal moral theory that is both objective and mental state-sensitive. This non-ideal theory illuminates the shortcomings of extant objectivist and subjectivist moral theories and illustrates how we can dispense with the subjective moral ‘ought.’
Tensors
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

Tensors and tensor algebra are presented. The concept of a tensor is defined in two ways: as something which yields a scalar from a set of vectors, and as something whose components transform a given way. The meaning and use of these definitions is expounded carefully, along with examples. The action of the metric and its inverse (index lowering and raising) is derived. The relation between geodesic coordinates and Christoffel symbols is obtained. The difference between partial differentiation and covariant differentiation is explained at length. The tensor density and Hodge dual are briefly introduced.
Observational cosmology
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The main strands of observation in cosmology are presented. These are redshift surveys using standard candles; galaxy distributions; age estimates drawing on a number of strands of evidence; and the CMB radiation. The chapter begins with a discussion of systemtic and statistical error in measurements, and explains the terminology of “Lambda CDM” model. Observations are combined with the Friedman equation in order to constrain the density parameters in a LCDM model. Data from supernova surveys are used to obtain the Hubble parameter and the deceleration parameter, and hence evidence of an accelerating expansion. Evidence of the BAO process is deduced from sky surveys, and used to constrain the spatial curvature. The CMB radiation is discussed at length. The Sachs-Wolfe effect is obtained by a simple calculation,. The method to deduce spatial curvature from the position of the acoustic peaks is outlined. Further features such as spectal index and polarization are briefly discussed.
First steps in classical field theory
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

Classical field theory, as it is applied to the most simple scalar, vector and spinor fields in flat spacetime, is described. The Klein-Gordan, Weyl and Dirac equations are obtained, and some features of their solutions are discussed. The Yukawa potential, the plane wave solutions, and the conserved currents are obtained. Spinors are introduced, both through physical pictures (flagpole and flag) and algebraic defintions (complex vectors). The relationship between spinors and four-vectors is given, and related to the Lie groups SU(2) and SO(3). The Dirac spinor is introduced.