bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in the Surface Area of Crushed Glass in Rate Calculations
Authors: Ebert William L. , Crawford Charles L. , Jantzen Carol M.
Published: April 2015

Series of 7-day Product Consistency Tests (PCTs) were conducted with ARM-1 glass using the -100+200 mesh size fraction and several sub-fractions to measure the sensitivity of the test response to the distribution of particle sizes. Separate samples were prepared for testing by dry sieving and wet sieving, and the particle size distributions and PCT responses were measured for each fraction. Triplicate tests were conducted at 90 °C using a water/glass mass ratio of 10.0 with each size fraction. Test results are evaluated regarding the sensitivity of the test response to the particle size distributions and, conversely, the uncertainty due to calculating the surface areas (and dissolution rates) by modeling the particles as spheres. These analyses show the solution feedback effects of dissolved glass constituents (i.e., the reaction affinity) counteract the effects of the glass surface areas provided by different particle size distributions on the test response. The opposing effects of the surface area on the amount of glass dissolved and on the glass dissolution rate moderate the sensitivity of the PCT response to the particle size distribution.
Acute cardiovascular responses to a session of Manual Lymphatic Drainage
Authors: Ramos Plínio dos Santos , Cunha Isabelle Regina Moreira Marinho , Rachel Mariana Cristina , Pacca Priscilla Stephan Souza , Ferreira Ana Paula , Ricardo Djalma Rabelo
Published: April 2015

Introduction Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD) creates pressure differentials to promote the movement of lymph and interstitial fluid, for their relocation into the bloodstream and can thus act on the variables responsible for determining blood pressure (BP). Objective To investigate the behavior of hemodynamic parameters, such as BP and Heart Rate (HR) during and immediately after a session of MLD. Materials and methods 23 healthy young volunteers with a mean age of 22 ± 2.97 years (18-29), underwent a session of MLD and evaluation of systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR after 10 minutes of initial rest, at the end of the implementation of the protocol in SP, PP and after 15 minutes of final rest. Results No changes were found in systolic BP or diastolic BP before, during and immediately after the MLD session (p = 0.57, p = 0.20, respectively). There was increased heart rate after the final 15 minute rest when compared to the HR after MLD in SP (72 ± 1.9 vs. 76 ± 1.9, p = 0.002), however, without clinical relevance. Conclusion During a session of MLD with healthy young women, no significant hemodynamic changes occurred, demonstrating that this technique is safe from the cardiovascular point of view.
Interaction of circular tunnels in anisotropic elastic ground
Authors: Tran-Manh H. , Sulem J. , Subrin D.
Published: April 2015

The problem of a single tunnel in anisotropic ground has been largely studied in the literature but the interaction of two tunnels is mostly addressed for the isotropic case. Simple superposition of the solutions of two non-interacting tunnels may give reasonable results if the distance between the tunnels is large enough, but fails when the tunnels are excavated close to each other. Based on complex variable theory, closed-form solutions for the stresses and displacements around two deep circular tunnels in a homogeneous, transversely isotropic and linear elastic ground with non-isotropic far-field stress conditions are developed. The results obtained with the proposed analytical solution are compared with those obtained with the numerical code Flac3D. The effects of the orientation of the isotropic plane and of the distance between two tunnels on the stress and displacements fields are discussed.
Analytical solution for ultimate embedment depth and potential holding capacity of plate anchors
Authors: TIAN Y. , RANDOLPH M. F. , CASSIDY M. J.
Published: April 2015

This paper proposes an analytical approach to evaluate the ultimate embedment depth and holding capacity that plate anchors can potentially achieve. Based on a plasticity model for anchor–soil interaction and compatible chain solution, detailed derivations are presented that allow the main dimensionless groups of input parameters to be identified. For typical cases where the weight of the anchor is negligible relative to its holding capacity, explicit expressions are provided in non-dimensional form for ultimate embedment and anchor capacity. A thorough parametric sensitivity study highlights the major factors affecting these quantities. Two practical examples are considered that demonstrate the proposed analytical approach for different types of anchors, in one case revealing significant scope for improved design of plate anchors in order to optimise performance.
DESIGNED PRINCIPLES OF THE ORGANISATION OF THE OBJECT SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PEASANTS OF THE RUSSIAN NORTH
Authors: MALAKhOV S. A , REPINA E. A , SAFIULLINA I. E
Published: April 2015

In this article the problem of organization the integrity of the object spatial environment is considered on the example of the traditional culture of the peasants of the Russian North. In the organization of the environment we can see a clear correlation between the ethical cultural codex and designed principles. The problem of the modern culture is in using only external aesthetic principles without the ethic ones. The examples of traditional culture present a methodological base for construction the model of the entire approach for the environment designing.
ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURE AND ART SCHOOL’S DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE AND USA
Authors: GAZIZOVA A. T
Published: April 2015

The article considers the analysis of foundation, development and a modern condition of architectural and art schools in the European countries and the USA. The interrelation of methodical aspects and functional planning structure in architectural and art schools is carried out.
MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOWN PLANNING
Authors: ROZhDESTVENSKAYa E. S
Published: April 2015

The article deals with retrospective of the development of environmental design and modern positions for including the architecture in contact zone environment. The concept of the contact zone is proposed. The principles of harmonization of human and natural environment are formulated, and on this basis, three main planning models of harmonious inclusion of an architectural object in the environment are defined.
ARCHITECTURETOWN-PLANNING DESIGNING OF A RESIDENTIAL GROUP AS A SOCIAL UNIT
Authors: ZhOGOLEVA A. V
Published: April 2015

The solution of the social-oriented goals of architectural design of a residential group is focused on the creation of the residential environment of group as sustainable sociospatial complex, meet the scale of the human personality and its activities, providing psychological comfort of residents. In the article defined a number of design principles house on the basis of the various indicators of comfort.
to matter on the consumer properties of the apartment
Authors: ZhDANOVA I. V
Published: April 2015

The impact of socio-demographic, economic and other factors on the architectural features of modern dwelling is examined. It is shown that the space-planning decisions of the apartment are а primary role in enhancing its consumer properties.
RESEARCH OF SEASONAL PRESENCE VARIABILITY OF BOD, SUSPENDED MATTERSaNd OIL PRODUCTS IN SURFACE RUNOFF
Authors: PALAGIN E. D , BYKOVA P. G , PAKhOMOVA U. M
Published: April 2015

Using the method of time series analysis there has been estimated the influence of casual, seasonal and trend factors on the variability of BOD, suspended matters and oil products in the surface runoff that appears on the territory of Samara city. It is determined that casual factor influences mostly the variability indexes of BOD and suspended matters (55% and 48% accordingly), seasonal factor influences mostly the variability indexes of oil products (70%). There is little influence of trend factor (less than 11%).
THE ACCOUNTING OF VIOLATIONS OF HIGH-RISE CONSTRUCTIONSON on dangerous production objects
Authors: KOTKOVA O. N
Published: April 2015

Summarized the results of the work on the survey of the high-rise buildings, executed by the staff of scientific laboratory Reconstruction during the last 10 years. Work on the implementation of rules of industrial safety should be carried out regularly and within the terms defined in the normative documents.
MECHANOCHEMICAL ACTIVATION IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF GYPSUM RAW PROCESSING
Authors: SUChKOV V. P
Published: April 2015

There has been offered the technology for getting high-strength gypsum binder on the bases of the macroexamination of natural gypsum recrystallization process with hydrothermal treatment. Mechanochemical activation of raw material allows to cut the time and to low the temperature of autoclaving and to avoid the binders grinding.
Identifying the location of fire refuges in wet forest ecosystems
Authors: Berry Laurence E. , Driscoll Don A. , Stein John A. , Blanchard Wade , Banks Sam C. , Bradstock Ross A. , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: April 2015

The increasing frequency of large, high‐severity fires threatens the survival of old‐growth specialist fauna in fire‐prone forests. Within topographically diverse montane forests, areas that experience less severe or fewer fires compared with those prevailing in the landscape may present unique resource opportunities enabling old‐growth specialist fauna to survive. Statistical landscape models that identify the extent and distribution of potential fire refuges may assist land managers to incorporate these areas into relevant biodiversity conservation strategies.

We used a case study in an Australian wet montane forest to establish how predictive fire simulation models can be interpreted as management tools to identify potential fire refuges. We examined the relationship between the probability of fire refuge occurrence as predicted by an existing fire refuge model and fire severity experienced during a large wildfire. We also examined the extent to which local fire severity was influenced by fire severity in the surrounding landscape. We used a combination of statistical approaches, including generalized linear modeling, variogram analysis, and receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve analysis (ROC AUC).

We found that the amount of unburned habitat and the factors influencing the retention and location of fire refuges varied with fire conditions. Under extreme fire conditions, the distribution of fire refuges was limited to only extremely sheltered, fire‐resistant regions of the landscape. During extreme fire conditions, fire severity patterns were largely determined by stochastic factors that could not be predicted by the model. When fire conditions were moderate, physical landscape properties appeared to mediate fire severity distribution.

Our study demonstrates that land managers can employ predictive landscape fire models to identify the broader climatic and spatial domain within which fire refuges are likely to be present. It is essential that within these envelopes, forest is protected from logging, roads, and other developments so that the ecological processes related to the establishment and subsequent use of fire refuges are maintained.
Adaptability Evaluation of Polymer Flooding for Zahra Oil Field
Authors: Lv Peng , Li Mingyuan , Lin Meiqin , Peng Bo , Dong Zhaoxia , Yang Zihao
Published: April 2015

Viscosity-concentration and temperature performance are the prerequisite constraint factor of the application of
polymer flooding in the oilfield. The static and dynamic adsorption of the polymer in the core can affect the performance
of polymer flooding. Based on the viscosity-concentration, temperature and the static, dynamic adsorption results of six
kinds of polymers, DQ3500 is chosen as the most suitable polymer for Zahra oilfield. Its affects show that oil recovery is
increased by 7% and water cut is reduced by 20%.
Differentiation Coherence Algorithm for Steady Power Flow Control
Authors: Liu-Lin Yang , Nai-Shan Hang
Published: April 2015

This paper researched steady power flow control with variable inequality constraints. Since the inverse function
of power flow equation is hard to obtain, differentiation coherence algorithm was proposed for variable inequality
which is tightly constrained. By this method, tightly constrained variable inequality for variables adjustment relationships
was analyzed. The variable constrained sensitivity which reflects variable coherence was obtained to archive accurate extreme
equation for function optimization. The hybrid power flow mode of node power with branch power was structured.
It also structured the minimum variable model correction equation with convergence and robot being same as conventional
power flow. In fundamental analysis, the effect of extreme point was verified by small deviation from constrained extreme
equation, and the constrained sensitivity was made for active and reactive power. It pointed out possible deviation
by using simplified non-constrained sensitivity to deal with the optimization problem of active and reactive power. The
control solutions for power flow for optimal control have been discussed as well. The examples of power flow control and
voltage management have shown that the algorithm is simple and concentrated and shows the effect of differential coherence
method for extreme point analysis.
Numerical Analysis on Influence of Subway Double-Hole Parallel Tunnel Deployment on Surrounding Soil Distortion
Authors: Shi Youzhi , Li Xiufang
Published: April 2015

construction of near double-hole parallel tunnels frequently occurs in city subway evacuation. Studying the dynamical behaviors of the parallel tunnel construction, performing systematic numerical analysis and grasping mutual influences of different factors on the tunnel evacuation and different effects of surface sedimentation has important theoretical meaning and application value for the building technology of the parallel double-hole tunnel. This paper establishes a three-dimensional numeral model, analyzes influences of three main influence factors (tunnel distribution form, tunnel burying depth and tunnel gap) on the surrounding soil and surface sedimentation in double-hole tunnel synchronous evacuation. The conclusions indicate that the vertical distribution has the biggest influences on tunneling in horizontal distribution, vertical distribution and tilted distribution of two tunnels, followed by tilted distribution. The horizontal distribution has the minimal influence. With growth of the tunnel gap, the mutual influence between two tunnels will become smaller. With growth of the tunnel burying depth, the influences on tunneling will become bigger.
Research on Feasibility of Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Mixture of
Grass Cutting’s from Greenings and Sludge from Wastewater Plants
Authors: Jinliang Xie , Tongqi Zhu , Hao Du , Xiaoli Hu , Ye Wang
Published: April 2015

This paper studies the feasibility of joint digestion processing of grass cuttings from city greening and sludge
from wastewater plant and selects respectively 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% dry weight percent for grass cutting’s and
sludge. The experimental results indicate that the gas production rate of the sludge digestion system will grow with
growth of added grass cuttings. When the percentage of added grass cuttings is 50%, the gas production rate of the
digestion system can reach 348 L/kg.TS, compared to the value without grass cutting. The gas production rate increases
by 30%. Therefore, the joint digestion processing of the grass cuttings from sludge of wastewater plant is feasible.
The Efficiency of an Integrated Program Using Falconry to Deter Gulls from Landfills
Authors: Thiériot Ericka , Patenaude-Monette Martin , Molina Pierre , Giroux Jean-François
Published: April 2015

Gulls are commonly attracted to landfills, and managers are often required to implement cost-effective and socially accepted deterrence programs. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive program that integrated the use of trained birds of prey, pyrotechnics, and playback of gull distress calls at a landfill located close to a large ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) colony near Montreal, Quebec, Canada. We used long-term survey data on bird use of the landfill, conducted behavioral observations of gulls during one season and tracked birds fitted with GPS data loggers. We also carried out observations at another landfill located farther from the colony, where less refuse was brought and where a limited culling program was conducted. The integrated program based on falconry resulted in a 98% decrease in the annual total number of gulls counted each day between 1995 and 2014. A separate study indicated that the local breeding population of ring-billed gulls increased and then declined during this period but remained relatively large. In 2010, there was an average (±SE) of 59 ± 15 gulls/day using the site with falconry and only 0.4% ± 0.2% of these birds were feeding. At the other site, there was an average of 347 ± 55 gulls/day and 13% ± 3% were feeding. Twenty-two gulls tracked from the colony made 41 trips towards the landfills: twenty-five percent of the trips that passed by the site with falconry resulted in a stopover that lasted 22 ± 7 min compared to 85% at the other landfill lasting 63 ± 15 min. We concluded that the integrated program using falconry, which we consider more socially acceptable than selective culling, was effective in reducing the number of gulls at the landfill.
Towards Effective and Efficient Patient-Specific Quality Assurance for Spot Scanning Proton Therapy
Authors: Zhu X. , Li Yupeng , Mackin Dennis , Li Heng , Poenisch Falk , Lee Andrew , Mahajan Anita , Frank Steven , Gillin Michael , Sahoo Narayan , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: April 2015

An intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) program based on measurement alone can be very time consuming due to the highly modulated dose distributions of IMPT fields. Incorporating independent dose calculation and treatment log file analysis could reduce the time required for measurements. In this article, we summarize our effort to develop an efficient and effective PSQA program that consists of three components: measurements, independent dose calculation, and analysis of patient-specific treatment delivery log files. Measurements included two-dimensional (2D) measurements using an ionization chamber array detector for each field delivered at the planned gantry angles with the electronic medical record (EMR) system in the QA mode and the accelerator control system (ACS) in the treatment mode, and additional measurements at depths for each field with the ACS in physics mode and without the EMR system. Dose distributions for each field in a water phantom were calculated independently using a recently developed in-house pencil beam algorithm and compared with those obtained using the treatment planning system (TPS). The treatment log file for each field was analyzed in terms of deviations in delivered spot positions from their planned positions using various statistical methods. Using this improved PSQA program, we were able to verify the integrity of the data transfer from the TPS to the EMR to the ACS, the dose calculation of the TPS, and the treatment delivery, including the dose delivered and spot positions. On the basis of this experience, we estimate that the in-room measurement time required for each complex IMPT case (e.g., a patient receiving bilateral IMPT for head and neck cancer) is less than 1 h using the improved PSQA program. Our experience demonstrates that it is possible to develop an efficient and effective PSQA program for IMPT with the equipment and resources available in the clinic.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Characterization of Chemically Modified Electrodes Used as Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review
Authors: Desimoni Elio , Brunetti Barbara
Published: April 2015

The characterization of chemically modified sensors and biosensors is commonly performed by cyclic voltammetry and electron microscopies, which allow verifying electrode mechanisms and surface morphologies. Among other techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) plays a unique role in giving access to qualitative, quantitative/semi-quantitative and speciation information concerning the sensor surface. Nevertheless, XPS remains rather underused in this field. The aim of this paper is to review selected articles which evidence the useful performances of XPS in characterizing the top surface layers of chemically modified sensors and biosensors. A concise introduction to X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy gives to the reader the essential background. The application of XPS for characterizing sensors suitable for food and environmental analysis is highlighted.
Main Benefits and Applicability of Plant Extracts in Skin Care Products
Authors: Ribeiro Ana , Estanqueiro Marilene , Oliveira M. , Sousa Lobo José
Published: April 2015

Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin care purposes. Nowadays, they are becoming more prevalent in formulations, due to consumers’ concerns about synthetic ingredients/chemical substances. The main benefits reported for plant extracts, used in skin care, include antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and tyrosinase inhibition effect. In this review, some examples of plants from Portuguese flora, whose extracts have shown good properties for skin care are presented. However, despite the known properties of plant extracts, few studies reported the development of formulations with them. More work in this field can be accomplished to meet consumer demand.
RETRACTED: A Robust WLS Power System State Estimation Method Integrating a Wide-Area Measurement System and SCADA Technology
Authors: Jin Tao , Chu Fuliang , Ling Cong , Nzongo Daniel
Published: April 2015

With the development of modern society, the scale of the power system is rapidly increased accordingly, and the framework and mode of running of power systems are trending towards more complexity. It is nowadays much more important for the dispatchers to know exactly the state parameters of the power network through state estimation. This paper proposes a robust power system WLS state estimation method integrating a wide-area measurement system (WAMS) and SCADA technology, incorporating phasor measurements and the results of the traditional state estimator in a post-processing estimator, which greatly reduces the scale of the non-linear estimation problem as well as the number of iterations and the processing time per iteration. This paper firstly analyzes the wide-area state estimation model in detail, then according to the issue that least squares does not account for bad data and outliers, the paper proposes a robust weighted least squares (WLS) method that combines a robust estimation principle with least squares by equivalent weight. The performance assessment is discussed through setting up mathematical models of the distribution network. The effectiveness of the proposed method was proved to be accurate and reliable by simulations and experiments.
Exposure to Seasonal Temperatures during the Last Month of Gestation and the Risk of Preterm Birth in Stockholm
Authors: Vicedo-Cabrera Ana , Olsson David , Forsberg Bertil
Published: April 2015

Recent evidence from studies performed mainly in warm climates suggests an association between exposure to extreme temperatures late in pregnancy and an increased risk of preterm delivery. However, there have been fewer studies on the effect of low temperatures. The aim of this study is to explore the potential association between both heat and cold during late pregnancy and an increased risk of preterm birth in the northern location of Stockholm, Sweden. All singleton spontaneous births that took place in greater Stockholm (1998–2006) were included. Non-linear and delayed effects of mean temperature on the risk of preterm birth were explored through distributed lag non-linear models. Extreme and moderate heat and cold were estimated separately through quasi-Poisson regression analysis in two seasonal periods (heat in warm season, cold in cold season). The risk of preterm birth increased by 4%–5% when the mean temperature reached the 75th percentile (moderate heat) four weeks earlier (reference: the annual median value), with a maximum cumulative risk ratio of 2.50 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–6.15). Inconsistent associations were obtained for cold and extreme heat. Exposure to moderately high temperatures during late pregnancy might be associated with an increase in risk of preterm birth in Stockholm.
Cognitive Themes Emerging from Air Photo Interpretation Texts Published to 1960
Authors: Bianchetti Raechel , MacEachren Alan
Published: April 2015

Remotely sensed images are important sources of information for a range of spatial problems. Air photo interpretation emerged as a discipline in response to the need to develop a systematic method for analysis of reconnaissance photographs during World War I. Remote sensing research has focused on the development of automated methods of image analysis, shifting focus away from human interpretation processes. However, automated methods are far from perfect and human interpretation remains an important component of image analysis. One important source of information concerning human image interpretation process is textual guides written within the discipline. These early texts put more emphasis than more recent texts, on the details of the interpretation process, the role of the human in the process, and the cognitive skills involved. In the research reported here, we use content analysis to evaluate the discussion of air photo interpretation in historical texts published between 1922 and 1960. Results indicate that texts from this period emphasized the documentation of relationships between perceptual cues and images features of common interest while reasoning skill and knowledge were discussed less so. The results of this analysis provide a framework of expert image skills needed to perform image interpretation tasks. The framework is useful for informing the design of semi-automated tools for performing analysis.
Sequence Features of Drosha and Dicer Cleavage Sites Affect the Complexity of IsomiRs
Authors: Starega-Roslan Julia , Witkos Tomasz , Galka-Marciniak Paulina , Krzyzosiak Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2015

The deep-sequencing of small RNAs has revealed that different numbers and proportions of miRNA variants called isomiRs are formed from single miRNA genes and that this effect is attributable mainly to imprecise cleavage by Drosha and Dicer. Factors that influence the degree of cleavage precision of Drosha and Dicer are under investigation, and their identification may improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which cells modulate the regulatory potential of miRNAs. In this study, we focused on the sequences and structural determinants of Drosha and Dicer cleavage sites, which may explain the generation of homogeneous miRNAs (in which a single isomiR strongly predominates) as well as the generation of heterogeneous miRNAs. Using deep-sequencing data for small RNAs, we demonstrate that the generation of homogeneous miRNAs requires more sequence constraints at the cleavage sites than the formation of heterogeneous miRNAs. Additionally, our results indicate that specific Drosha cleavage sites have more sequence determinants in miRNA precursors than specific cleavage sites for Dicer and that secondary structural motifs in the miRNA precursors influence the precision of Dicer cleavage. Together, we present the sequence and structural features of Drosha and Dicer cleavage sites that influence the heterogeneity of the released miRNAs.
Current Ideas about Prebiological Compartmentalization
Authors: Monnard Pierre-Alain , Walde Peter
Published: April 2015

Contemporary biological cells are highly sophisticated dynamic compartment systems which separate an internal volume from the external medium through a boundary, which controls, in complex ways, the exchange of matter and energy between the cell’s interior and the environment. Since such compartmentalization is a fundamental principle of all forms of life, scenarios have been elaborated about the emergence of prebiological compartments on early Earth, in particular about their likely structural characteristics and dynamic features. Chemical systems that consist of potentially prebiological compartments and chemical reaction networks have been designed to model pre-cellular systems. These systems are often referred to as “protocells”. Past and current protocell model systems are presented and compared. Since the prebiotic formation of cell-like compartments is directly linked to the prebiotic availability of compartment building blocks, a few aspects on the likely chemical inventory on the early Earth are also summarized.
A Trinuclear Oxo-Chromium(III) Complex Containing the Natural Flavonoid Primuletin: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiradical Properties
Authors: Alexiou Anamaria , Decandio Carla , Almeida Sabrina , Ferreira Marcelo , Romoff Paulete , Rocha Reginaldo
Published: April 2015

A new trinuclear oxo-centered chromium(III) complex with formula [Cr3O(CH3CO2)6(L)(H2O)2] (L = 5-hydroxyflavone, known as primuletin) was synthetized and characterized by ESI mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry, and 1H-NMR, UV-Vis, and FTIR spectroscopies. In agreement with the experimental results, DFT calculations indicated that the flavonoid ligand is coordinated to one of the three Cr(III) centers in an O,O-bidentate mode through the 5-hydroxy/4-keto groups. In a comparative study involving the uncoordinated primuletin and its corresponding complex, systematic reactions with the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) showed that antiradical activity increases upon complexation.
Exploiting Protected Maleimides to Modify Oligonucleotides, Peptides and Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Paris Clément , Brun Omar , Pedroso Enrique , Grandas Anna
Published: April 2015

This manuscript reviews the possibilities offered by 2,5-dimethylfuran-protected maleimides. Suitably derivatized building blocks incorporating the exo Diels-Alder cycloadduct can be introduced at any position of oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, peptides and peptoids, making use of standard solid-phase procedures. Maleimide deprotection takes place upon heating, which can be followed by either Michael-type or Diels-Alder click conjugation reactions. However, the one-pot procedure in which maleimide deprotection and conjugation are simultaneously carried out provides the target conjugate more quickly and, more importantly, in better yield. This procedure is compatible with conjugates involving oligonucleotides, peptides and peptide nucleic acids. A variety of cyclic peptides and oligonucleotides can be obtained from peptide and oligonucleotide precursors incorporating protected maleimides and thiols.
Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Penthorum chinense Pursh Extract against t-BHP-Induced Liver Damage in L02 Cells
Authors: Hu Yangyang , Wang Shengpeng , Wang Anqi , Lin Ligen , Chen Meiwan , Wang Yitao
Published: April 2015

Penthorum chinense Pursh (P. chinense), a traditional Chinese medicine used by the Chinese Miao minority, has been used to treat liver diseases for a long time. However, the mechanism behind the liver protective effects of P. chinense remains unclear so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of P. chinense and its possible mechanism(s). Immortalized normal human normal liver L02 cells were used to evaluate the protective effect of P. chinense aqueous extract against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced liver cell damage. Treatment with P. chinense aqueous extract significantly protected L02 cells from t-BHP-induced cytotoxicity, prevented t-BHP-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased the percentage of apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This study demonstrates that P. chinense is a potential hepatoprotective agent in t-BHP-induced liver cell damage, which may benefit the further application of P. chinense in the clinic.
Recycling Antibiotics into GUMBOS: A New Combination Strategy to Combat Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Cole Marsha , Hobden Jeffery , Warner Isiah
Published: April 2015

The emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria, coupled with the lack of new antibiotics in development, is fast evolving into a global crisis. New strategies utilizing existing antibacterial agents are urgently needed. We propose one such strategy in which four outmoded β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin and oxacillin) and a well-known antiseptic (chlorhexidine di-acetate) were fashioned into a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) as an alternative to conventional combination drug dosing strategies. The antibacterial activity of precursor ions (e.g., chlorhexidine diacetate and β-lactam antibiotics), GUMBOS and their unreacted mixtures were studied with 25 clinical isolates with varying antibiotic resistance using a micro-broth dilution method. Acute cytotoxicity and therapeutic indices were determined using fibroblasts, endothelial and cervical cell lines. Intestinal permeability was predicted using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay. GUMBOS formed from ineffective β-lactam antibiotics and cytotoxic chlorhexidine diacetate exhibited unique pharmacological properties and profound antibacterial activity at lower concentrations than the unreacted mixture of precursor ions at equivalent stoichiometry. Reduced cytotoxicity to invasive cell types commonly found in superficial and chronic wounds was also observed using GUMBOS. GUMBOS show promise as an alternative combination drug strategy for treating wound infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
Differential Acute Effects of Selenomethionine and Sodium Selenite on the Severity of Colitis
Authors: Hiller Franziska , Oldorff Lisa , Besselt Karolin , Kipp Anna
Published: April 2015

The European population is only suboptimally supplied with the essential trace element selenium. Such a selenium status is supposed to worsen colitis while colitis-suppressive effects were observed with adequate or supplemented amounts of both organic selenomethionine (SeMet) and inorganic sodium selenite. In order to better understand the effect of these selenocompounds on colitis development we examined colonic phenotypes of mice fed supplemented diets before the onset of colitis or during the acute phase. Colitis was induced by treating mice with 1% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for seven days. The selenium-enriched diets were either provided directly after weaning (long-term) or were given to mice with a suboptimal selenium status after DSS withdrawal (short-term). While long-term selenium supplementation had no effect on colitis development, short-term selenite supplementation, however, resulted in a more severe colitis. Colonic selenoprotein expression was maximized in all selenium-supplemented groups independent of the selenocompound or intervention time. This indicates that the short-term selenite effect appears to be independent from colonic selenoprotein expression. In conclusion, a selenite supplementation during acute colitis has no health benefits but may even aggravate the course of disease.
Challenges of Sustainable and Commercial Aquaponics
Authors: Goddek Simon , Delaide Boris , Mankasingh Utra , Ragnarsdottir Kristin , Jijakli Haissam , Thorarinsdottir Ragnheidur
Published: April 2015

The world is facing a number of serious problems of which population rise, climate change, soil degradation, water scarcity and food security are among the most important. Aquaponics, as a closed loop system consisting of hydroponics and aquaculture elements, could contribute to addressing these problems. However, there is a lack of quantitative research to support the development of economically feasible aquaponics systems. Although many studies have addressed some scientific aspects, there has been limited focus on commercial implementation. In this review paper, opportunities that have the potential to fill the gap between research and implementation of commercial aquaponic systems have been identified. The analysis shows that aquaponics is capable of being an important driver for the development of integrated food production systems. Arid regions suffering from water stress will particularly benefit from this technology being operated in a commercial environment.
Insect-Specific Flaviviruses: A Systematic Review of Their Discovery, Host Range, Mode of Transmission, Superinfection Exclusion Potential and Genomic Organization
Authors: Blitvich Bradley , Firth Andrew
Published: April 2015

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) discovered in the last decade. Historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. This viewpoint has changed in recent years because some ISFs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. Additionally, comparative studies between ISFs and medically important flaviviruses can provide a unique perspective as to why some flaviviruses possess the ability to infect and cause devastating disease in humans while others do not. ISFs have been isolated exclusively from mosquitoes in nature but the detection of ISF-like sequences in sandflies and chironomids indicates that they may also infect other dipterans. ISFs can be divided into two distinct phylogenetic groups. The first group currently consists of approximately 12 viruses and includes cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus and Culex flavivirus. These viruses are phylogenetically distinct from all other known flaviviruses. The second group, which is apparently not monophyletic, currently consists of nine viruses and includes Chaoyang virus, Nounané virus and Lammi virus. These viruses phylogenetically affiliate with mosquito/vertebrate flaviviruses despite their apparent insect-restricted phenotype. This article provides a review of the discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion ability and genomic organization of ISFs. This article also attempts to clarify the ISF nomenclature because some of these viruses have been assigned more than one name due to their simultaneous discoveries by independent research groups.
Stimulation with Concanavalin-A Induces IL-17 Production by Canine Peripheral T Cells
Authors: Ritt Michelle , Lindborg Beth , O'Brien Timothy , Bisignano Joseph , Modiano Jaime
Published: April 2015

The characteristics of canine IL-17-producing cells are incompletely understood. Expression of mRNA encoding orthologs of IL-17 and the IL-17 receptor has been documented in tissues from dogs with arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and lymphoma; however, no associations have been found between IL-17 gene expression and disease phenotype in these conditions. Robust assessment of the role of IL-17-producing cells in dogs will require measuring the frequency of these cells in health and disease in balance with other lymphocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to confirm that the T-cell IL-17 response in dogs is evolutionarily conserved. Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with Concanavalin A with or without polarizing cytokines. We used a canine specific IL-17 ELISA and flow cytometry to identify IL-17-producing T cells. Accumulation of intracellular IL-17 was observed in stimulated CD4 and CD8 T cells. The addition of pro-inflammatory cytokines appeared to enhance polarization of canine CD4 T cells to the Th17 phenotype. Conversely, the addition of IL-2 in the presence of TGF-β resulted in expansion of Treg cells. We conclude that canine IL-17-producing cells behave similarly to those from humans and mice when stimulated with mitogens and polarized with pro-inflammatory or immune regulatory cytokines.
Cultures du crédit et mouvement ouvrier dans la fabrique lyonnaise de soieries (1831-1876)
Authors: Hupfel Simon
Published: April 2015

L’idée de cet article est d’étudier les effets de l’évolution du mouvement ouvrier lyonnais sur les cultures du crédit dans la fabrique de soieries de Lyon. Pour ce faire, on se focalise en particulier sur les débats qui suivent la mise en place de la caisse de prêts aux chefs d’atelier en 1831-1832. Les canuts s’interrogent alors sur la signification et l’utilité de ce nouveau mécanisme, qui venait médiatiser la relation bilatérale entre négociant et chef d’atelier. La réflexion des tisseurs à ce sujet subit alors d’importantes inflexions, en 1834, 1848 et jusqu’à la grande crise de la soierie de 1876, qui dépendent étroitement des changements d’orientation du mouvement des canuts au cours du XIX e siècle.
« Un coup de bec sur la vitre ». Le symptôme et sa puissance… de protestation
Authors: Périlleux Thomas
Published: April 2015

À partir de l’expérience d’une clinique du travail, ce texte aborde un événement particulier : celui du symptôme qui advient, comme un coup de bec sur la vitre, dans la vie d’individus et d’institutions qu’il vient mettre en crise. Un symptôme clinique contient des potentialités transformatrices autant que des puissances de destruction. Nous cherchons à identifier les opérations nécessaires pour que le dispositif clinique opère comme un révélateur de l’événement symptomatique. À certaines conditions, que nous discutons à partir d’un cas clinique, le symptôme peut alors devenir un événement vital , mettant en crise un état d’apparente normalité pour provoquer un tournant dans la situation.
Penser l’indifférence à l’événement
Authors: Vincent-Buffault Anne
Published: April 2015

L’indifférence à l’événement renvoie à l’impossibilité de le penser, d’en mesurer les conséquences. Ce qui peut apparaître comme de l’indifférence est souvent l’effet de la sidération, de la stupeur qui marque des acteurs en rupture d’intelligibilité et rendus muets pendant un temps. Dans notre régime actuel d’historicité nous sommes bombardés d’événements qui n’en sont pas. L’exemple de l’histoire des sensibilités, qui s’est construite à distance de l’histoire événementielle en privilégiant les mouvements lents, a réinvesti l’événement autour de la notion d’irrégularité. Loin de la vision unifiée d’une culture, l’événement de parole permet de saisir des écarts et d’en montrer les enjeux au présent. Les historiens, pour parvenir à rendre dans toute leur actualité les événements du passé, doivent en restituer toute la fulgurance.
Changement social et économie solidaire : les événements dans le processus de recherche
Authors: Laville Jean-Louis
Published: April 2015

L’économie solidaire propose une définition du changement social qui tranche avec la manière dont celui-ci a été majoritairement pensé au xx e  siècle et qui appelle une mise en perspective avec les approches du même concept par la psychosociologie. En préambule à un tel échange, il s’agit ici de retracer la genèse de la théorisation d’économie solidaire à partir d’événements définis au sens de ce numéro, c’est-à-dire des ruptures qui modifient la réflexion par leur surgissement inattendu. Le premier événement abordé dans les parties initiales de ce texte résulte de la confrontation avec l’autogestion yougoslave, puis la social-démocratie et l’économie sociale. Les deux dernières parties sont centrées sur le second événement générateur de l’économie solidaire comme tentative de théorisation d’une voie pour le changement social. Cet événement est de l’ordre de la mise en évidence des émergences : l’insistance des initiatives citoyennes prend sens par rapport à deux courants théoriques, l’un avec Mauss et Polanyi mettant l’accent sur la pluralité de l’économie, l’autre avec Habermas et Fraser mettant l’accent sur la pluralité du politique.
Brésil, juin 2013 : que s’est-il passé ?
Authors: Leite Ferreira Neto João , Garcia de Araújo José Newton
Published: April 2015

Cet article discute les manifestations de rue dans les grandes villes brésiliennes en juin 2013. Ayant comme point de départ la notion d’événement, il s’appuie sur des contributions théoriques de certains auteurs français, en dialogue avec des analyses de chercheurs brésiliens. Les discussions se fondent sur trois questions : pourquoi les journées de juin 2013 constituent-elles un événement ? Quels acteurs ont occupé les rues et que voulaient-ils ? Peut-on penser à un héritage politique de cet événement ? La partie finale du texte se penche sur les limites de la démocratie représentative conventionnelle et la nécessité de l’associer à d’autres façons de faire la politique, ce qui comprend les processus de participation directe, c’est-à-dire la démocratie participative qui, en principe, s’oriente vers un projet républicain, en faveur des citoyens.
« Soyez parfaits, comme le Père... » (Mt 5,48)
Authors: Angelini Giuseppe
Published: April 2015

La tradition théologique a proposé un double niveau de moralité : la loi pour tous, la perfection pour le petit nombre, parallèle à la distinction entre théologie morale et théologie spirituelle. On refuse aujourd’hui ce clivage. L’article cherche le nœud de cette question dans le rapport entre moment moral et moment religieux de la vie chrétienne, dont les œuvres assument la figure d’un culte spirituel lié à la foi en un Dieu qui œuvre le premier.
La femme et le sacerdoce éternel
Authors: Hennaux Jean-Marie
Published: April 2015

La position de la femme par rapport au sacerdoce est habituellement exprimée de façon négative : les femmes sont dites « exclues » du sacerdoce ministériel. Cette manière de parler, sans doute inévitable en un temps de recherche et de contestation, ne suffit pas. Le présent article, inspiré surtout par une méditation de l’Écriture, voudrait faire un pas de plus : chercher une formulation positive du rapport de la femme au sacerdoce et montrer qu’une telle formulation correspond à la pensée de Jésus, le Verbe incarné. La femme symbolise le sacerdoce éternel (marial) de l’Église. L’ordination au sacerdoce ministériel, par essence temporel, ne pourrait qu’oblitérer cette plénitude.
Connaissance directe et typologie nominale : comment les noms de couleurs et de bruits sont-ils définis ?
Authors: Fasciolo Marco , Lammert Marie
Published: April 2015

Dans cette contribution, nous nous focalisons sur les définitions des noms de bruits et de couleurs. Un nom standard tel que marguerite a une définition « descriptive ». Un nom de bruit ou de couleur, en revanche, a une définition « circulaire » : elle ne décrit pas la couleur ou le bruit, mais bien les repères extralinguistiques pour en faire l’expérience. Ainsi, le mode de connaissance des premiers se fait « par description », alors que le mode de connaissance des seconds se fait « par accointance » ou connaissance directe. La circularité de la définition des noms de bruits et de couleurs peut être confrontée avec celle de la définition des expressions déictiques. La différence est que la première présuppose le partage d’une forme de vie, alors que la seconde présuppose le partage d’une situation communicative contingente.
La antigua iglesia de San Pedro (Íscar, Valladolid). Evidencias arquitectónicas románicas
Authors: Esteban Molina Jorge
Published: April 2015

San Pedro es la gran desconocida de las iglesias de Íscar a consecuencia de la demolición de la mayor parte de sus estructuras arquitectónicas y de la insuficiente representatividad de las escasas evidencias conservadas, enmascaradas entre edificios contemporáneos. Sin embargo, el reciente derribo de uno de los inmuebles adosados en el extremo oriental del antiguo templo, donde se concentran los restos del periodo románico, ha sacado a la luz una parte determinante del ábside y el presbiterio así como el testero de cierre de la nave meridional, permitiendo su análisis en profundidad y una aproximación a lo que pudo ser la primitiva construcción.