bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones
Authors: Schally Andrew V. , Arimura Akira , Kastin Abba J.
Published: October 2006

The molecular structures of several polypeptides isolated from hypothalamic tissue have been established and the synthesis of these compounds has been achieved. These polypeptides selectively stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Various studies indicate their important physiological role and support the concept that some of these polypeptides are hormones. Some synthetic hypothalamic hormones and their derivatives may find important clinical and veterinary applications.
Struvite and Prebiotic Phosphorylation
Authors: Handschuh G. J. , Orgel L. E.
Published: October 2006

Struvite, MgNH
4
PO
4
⋅6H
2
O, rather than apatite or amorphous calcium phosphate is precipitated when phosphate is added to seawater containing more than 0.01
M
NH
4
+
ions. Struvite may have precipitated from evaporating seawater on the primitive earth, and may have been important for prebiotic phosphorylation.
Quantitation of RNA Tumor Viruses and Viruslike Particles in Human Milk by Hybridization to Polyadenylic Acid Sequences
Authors: Schlom J. , Colcher D. , Spiegelman S. , Gillespie S. , Gillespie D.
Published: October 2006

RNA tumor viruses and viruslike particles from human milk are quantitated by hybridization of the polyadenylic acid regions in their 60
S
to 70
S
RNA to radioactive polyribouridylic acid of known specific activity. The length of the polyadenylic acid region in the 60
S
to 70
S
RNA of the human milk particle is identical to that of the known oncogenic RNA viruses.
Development of Grooming in Mice with Amputated Forelimbs
Authors: Fentress John C.
Published: October 2006

Face grooming sequences that involve coordination of the shoulders, tongue, and eyes develop remarkably normally in inbred mice with one or both forelimbs amputated from birth. This indicates endogenous control with a strong genetic component. Evidence for the maturational expression of "sensory expectations" was also obtained.
Exhaust Catalysts: Appropriate Conditions for Comparing Platinum and Base Metal
Authors: Schlatter J. C. , Klimisch R. L. , Taylor K. C.
Published: October 2006

There are fundamental differences in the behavior of alumina-supported samples of a platinum and a copper-chromium catalyst for oxidation of carbon monoxide in a simulated automotive exhaust stream. Ignoring such differences can result in inappropriate comparisons between oxidation catalysts for automotive application.
Species Number and Endemism: The Galápagos Archipelago Revisited
Authors: Johnson Michael P. , Raven Peter H.
Published: October 2006

Regression analyses to determine plant species number are repeated for the Galápagos Islands with new data. The multiple curvilinear regression gives the best prediction of species number, with island area making the only significant contribution. The proportion of species endemic to the Galápagos is highest in the arid, transition zone and on small islands, and lowest in the littoral and mesic zones. This is explained in terms of zone-specific immigration and extinction rates and the very recent appearance of moist upland climates in the archipelago.
Chromosome Assignments in Man of the Genes for Two Hexosephosphate Isomerases
Authors: McMorris F. A. , Chen T. R. , Ricciuti F. , Tischfield J. , Creagan R. , Ruddle F.
Published: October 2006

Thirty-seven clones of somatic cell hybrids between human and mouse cells were examined for retention of human chromosomes and expression of human constitutive enzymes. Human glucosephosphate isomerase and chromosome F-19 were retained or lost concordantly, as were human mannosephosphate isomerase and chromosome C-7. The genes for the enzymes are thus assigned to these two chromosomes.
Fluid Shifts Associated with Gas-Induced Osmosis
Authors: Halsey M. J. , Eger E. I.
Published: October 2006

It has been proposed that equilibration of nitrous oxide with blood plasma increases osmotic pressure and thereby causes hemodilution. However, calculations show that the 250-torr osmotic gradient produced by 0.7 atmosphere of nitrous oxide dissolved in blood plasma (separated from the other body fluids by a membrane permeable only to water) would be eliminated by a water shift which would dilute the plasma by only 4 percent. Permeability of the membrane to nitrous oxide would further reduce the shift. In vivo measurements confirmed the smallness of any osmotically induced shifts by demonstrating no significant transient changes in hematocrit value when 0.7 atmosphere of nitrous oxide was added to or removed from an inhaled anesthetic mixture in man. These results cast doubt on the suggestions that gas-induced osmosis is an important factor in dysbarism or in clinical anesthesia.
Haloperidol: Effect of Long-Term Treatment on Rat Striatal Dopamine Synthesis and Turnover
Authors: Lerner Pauline , Nosé Peter , Gordon Edna K. , Lovenberg Walter
Published: October 2006

The short- and long-term effects of neuroleptic drugs differ both clinically and biochemically. Short-term treatment with such a drug causes a kinetic activation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. Long-term treatment causes a prompt activation of the enzyme which is followed by a delayed, compensatory deactivation below control levels. Tolerance also develops to the stimulating effect of haloperidol on striatal dopamine turnover.
Enzymatic Catalysis and Transition-State Theory
Authors: Lienhard Gustav E.
Published: October 2006

The application of transition-state theory to enzymatic catalysis provides an approach to understanding enzymatic catalysis in terms of the factors that determine the strength of binding of ligands to proteins. The prediction that the transition state should bind to the enzyme much more tightly than the substrate is supported by the experimental results with stable analogs of transition states. Transition-state analogs have great potential for use in understanding enzymatic catalysis and in inhibiting enzymes. Because of their potency and specificity as enzyme inhibitors, some of them may become very useful chemotherapeutic agents.
Energy Conservation
Authors: Lincoln G. A.
Published: October 2006

We can no longer afford to ignore the serious potential consequences of our lavish use of energy. Continuation of the present rate of increase, particularly with the trend to imported fuels, will lead in short order to a level of dependency on imports which is disturbing for both the national security and the balance of payments.

The inevitable rise in the price of energy will presumably lead to some increases in the domestic energy supply. But our reserves, particularly in the preferred forms of petroleum, gas, and even low-sulfur coal, are finite. Thus, the energy problem must also be attacked from the standpoint of energy conservation. The forthcoming rise in fuel prices will, of course, make more attractive some forms of conservation which at present are economically marginal. Nevertheless, consumers, industry, and government will have to make difficult choices in the years ahead: between greater convenience and lower energy bills, between the high capital costs of energy conservation measures and the long-term dollar savings from increased energy efficiency, and between environmental protection and the availability of needed energy supplies.

Existing capabilities and technology, on which short- and midterm improvements must be based, appear to offer substantial possibilities for reducing U.S. energy consumption within the next decade. Long-term solutions to the energy problem, however, will depend to a considerable extent on the continuing appearance of new technological capabilities for increased efficiency of energy utilization and increased integration of energy applications. The capacity for continuing technological advances is, of course, dependent in turn on a strong relevant scientific base.

A word of caution is necessary. Recent experience has shown that technological advances alone will not solve the problem. The problem spans not only the traditional physical and engineering sciences but also those sciences which deal with human attitudes and actions, that is, the social sciences, and includes a more fundamental understanding of underlying economic principles. The challenge to all sectors of American science should be clear.
Cell Mediated Immunity: Separation of Cells Involved in Recognitive and Destructive Phases
Authors: Bach Fritz H. , Segall Miriam , Zier Karen Stouber , Sondel Paul M. , Alter Barbara J. , Bach Marilyn L.
Published: October 2006

The mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and the cell mediated lympholysis (CML) assays are used as in vitro models of the afferent, or recognitive, and efferent, or destructive, phases of the homograft reaction. Activity in both of these tests has been related to differences at the major histocompatibility complex, HL-A in man and H-2 in mouse. Recent evidence suggests that the presumed cell surface differences which lead to cell proliferation in MLC are different from those which act as a target for CML. Data are presented providing further support for this hypothesis; in addition separate cell populations may respond to the differences which activate cells in MLC and to the differences which serve as targets for CML. There thus appears to be a dichotomy both for genetic control of, and cell populations involved in, the recognitive and destructive phases of cell mediated immunity.
Molecular Relatedness of Mammalian RNA Tumor Viruses as Determined by DNA ⋅ RNA Hybridization
Authors: Haapala Daniel K. , Fischinger Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Each of six mammalian C-type viruses—including two feline leukemia viruses, three murine leukemia viruses, and the human "candidate" virus RD-114—can be distinguished from each other by hybridizing DNA synthesized by viral reverse transcriptase with viral RNA. Characterization of the DNA ⋅ RNA hybrids by hydroxylapatite chromatography revealed nucleotide sequence diversity among the viruses, detectable both by the amount of cross-hybridization and by the decreased thermal stability of heterologous hybrids.
Visual Free Recall
Authors: Shiffrin Richard M.
Published: October 2006

Lists of complex pictures, not easily encoded verbally, were presented to subjects who recalled them by writing brief descriptions. The lists were 10, 20, and 40 pictures in length. Recall failed to show the primacy and recency effects seen with verbal materials, but was lower for pictures in longer lists. This argues for serial-position effects based in short-term memory and independent list-length effects arising during retrieval from long-term memory.
Monoclinic Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Elliott J. C. , Mackie P. E. , Young R. A.
Published: October 2006

The existence of a monoclinic phase of hydroxyapatite, Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH, has been confirmed, by single-crystal structure analysis (weighted "reliability" factor = 3.9 percent on |F|
2
). The structure has space group
P
2
1
/
b
,
a
= 9.4214(8) angstroms,
b
= 2
a
,
c
= 6.8814(7) angstroms, and γ = 120°, and is analogous to that of chlorapatite. The distortions from the hexagonal structure with which the monoclinic structure is pseudosymmetric are similar to those in chlorapatite, including enlargement of that triangular array of oxygen atoms in which the chlorine ion or, in hydroxyapatite, the hydroxyl hydrogen ion is approximately centered. The hydroxyapatite specimen was prepared by the conversion of a single crystal of chlorapatite in steam at 1200°C, was mimetically twinned, and was approximately 37 percent monoclinic.
Estimation of the Half-Life of a Secretory Protein Message
Authors: Grayson S. , Berry S. J.
Published: October 2006

Synthesis of a specific secretory protein was followed in the presence of actinomycin D and cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine). The apparent half-life of the messenger RNA for this protein is significantly longer in the presence of actinomycin D than in the presence of cordycepin. These results suggest that actinomycin D studies of half-life in specialized cells may be inaccurate.
Estrogen Formation by the Isolated Perfused Rhesus Monkey Brain
Authors: Flores F. , Naftolin F. , Ryan K. J. , White R. J.
Published: October 2006

Perfusion of two isolated brains from immature male rhesus monkeys with
[
3
H]androstenedione resulted in the identification of free and conjugated
[
3
H]estrone and free [
3
H]estradiol from the perfusates. In the
dissected cerebral tissues, estrogens were recovered only from the hypothalamus and limbic
system. The production of estrogens from androstenedione during the 40-minute perfusions
in these two experiments totaled 1.58 and 2.83 nanograms.
Remote Radar Sensing: Atmospheric Structure and Insects
Authors: Richter Juergen H. , Jensen Douglas R. , Noonkester V. Ray , Kreasky Joseph B. , Stimmann Michael W. , Wolf Wayne W.
Published: October 2006

A high-resolution radar sounder has been used in the simultaneous detection of atmospheric structure and insects. The vertical distribution of insects was often correlated with atmospheric structure. Continuous recordings revealed diurnal fluctuations and layering of insects at various altitudes.
Intracellular Recordings from Single Rods and Cones in the Mudpuppy Retina
Authors: Fain Gordon L. , Dowling John E.
Published: October 2006

Mudpuppy rod and cone responses differ both in time course of recovery and in absolute sensitivity. Rods are about 25 times more sensitive than cones and appear to generate a larger voltage per quantum absorbed. Comparison of mudpuppy receptor sensitivities to those of other vertebrates suggests that the difference in sensitivity between rods and cones may be a general phenomenon.
Pain Perception: Modification of Threshold of Intolerance and Cortical Potentials by Cutaneous Stimulation
Authors: Satran Richard , Goldstein Marvin N.
Published: October 2006

Cutaneous electrical stimulation temporarily raises the threshold of intolerance for pain elicited by electric shock. Similar stimulation suppresses the somatosensory cortical evoked potential.
Phosphate in Interstitial Waters of Anoxic Sediments: Oxidation Effects during Sampling Procedure
Authors: Bray J. T. , Bricker O. P. , Troup B. N.
Published: October 2006

Oxidation during sampling procedures significantly decreases the inorganic phosphate concentrations of interstitial water rich in iron (II). All sampling and analytical procedures must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Orthophosphate in the interstitial water of Chesapeake Bay sediments, in equilibrium with vivianite, is a potential nutrient source for the overlying water.
Eye-Tracking Patterns in Schizophrenia
Authors: Holzman Philip S. , Proctor Leonard R. , Hughes Dominic W.
Published: October 2006

A significant number of schizophrenic patients show patterns of smooth pursuit eye-tracking patterns that differ strikingly from the generally smooth eye-tracking seen in normals and in nonschizophrenic patients. These deviations are probably referable not only to motivational or attentional factors, but also to oculomotor involvement that may have a critical relevance for perceptual dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Intestinal Calcium Transport: Stimulation by Low Phosphorus Diets
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Frank H. , DeLuca H. F.
Published: October 2006

Rats maintained on a low phosphorus diet supplemented with 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
show high intestinal calcium transport activity as compared to rats similarly treated but fed a diet containing adequate phosphorus. This increased transport activity is correlated with an increased biosynthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
, the probable metabolically active form of the vitamin in the intestine.
Adolescent Marihuana Use: Role of Parents and Peers
Authors: Kandel Denise
Published: October 2006

In order to examine the relative influence of parents and peers on marihuana use among adolescents, independent data have been obtained from adolescents, their parents, and their best school friends in a sample of secondary school students in New York State. The data indicate that drug use by peers exerts a greater influence than drug use by parents. Friends are more similar in their use of marihuana than in any other activity or attitude. Parental use of psychotropic drugs has only a small influence, mostly related to maternal use. Peer and parental influences are synergistic; the highest rates of marihuana usage are observed among adolescents whose parents and friends are drug users.
Information and the Ecology of Scholars
Authors: Blackburn Thomas R.
Published: October 2006

Groups of scholars often behave in ways that are startlingly reminiscent of the behavior of groups of plants and animals in a biological ecosystem. I have tried to show that the parallel may have its basis in two fundamental considerations: (i) the similar properties of stable dissipative structures in a wide variety of contexts and (ii) the mathematical similarity of information to chemical (nutrient) free energy.

A particularly intriguing problem is that of successional trends arising from the kinetic limitation of information flow through the intellectual and social structures created by scholars. The "strategy of ecosystem development" may have implications for the strategy of academic administration. In this connection, it is worth bearing in mind Marglef's dictum: "Probably the hypothesis holds everywhere that the less mature ecosystem feeds the more mature structures around it."
Human Embryonic Kidneys in Organ Culture: Abnormalities of Development Induced by Decreased Potassium
Authors: Crocker John F. S.
Published: October 2006

Human embryonic kidneys of 5 to 12 weeks of gestation were grown in organ culture. Potassium concentrations of 3 to 6 milliequivalents per liter produced decreased ureteral bud branching, failure of nephron induction, and occasional cystic dilatations of the ureteral bud. Normal development of the kidney occurred at potassium concentrations of 6.5 to 10 milliequivalents per liter. These studies confirm the importance of relative stability of the potassium concentration in the development of the embryonic kidney.
Ischemic Areas in Perfused Rat Hearts: Measurement by NADH Fluorescence Photography
Authors: Barlow Clyde H. , Chance Britton
Published: October 2006

Fluorescence emission of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) from the surface of perfused rat hearts was photographed to provide a two-dimensional recording of NADH levels. Sodium Amytal inhibition of NADH oxidation resulted in a homogeneous increase in NADH fluorescence, while lowering the perfusion pressure from 55 to 10 torr caused a heterogeneous increase in NADH fluorescence, reflecting the heterogeneous oxygen delivery at this low pressure. Local ischemia resulted in a well-defined region of high NADH fluorescence that corresponded to the region of ischemic insult. The sharp transition between the ischemic and normoxic areas demonstrated that the hypoxic interface separating the two areas must be quite small.
Parameters of Technological Growth
Authors: Starr Chauncey , Rudman Richard
Published: October 2006

The key parameters to technological growth have been identified as societal resources and societal expectations. Both of these are evident functions of technology, and their combined effects can be expected to continue technology's historical exponential growth. This growth pattern would be substantially altered only if we assume that knowledge is bounded or if society makes a conscious decision to stop the flow of resources into the production of new technological options. Although such conscious selection among individual technical fields is to be expected, it is very unlikely to apply to the totality of technology since, as society grows more complex it continuously creates new needs (priority factor), which in turn provide new opportunities for the application of technological options (payoff factor). The analysis also clearly emphasizes the important role which awareness of new technologies plays in forming societal expectations.

These considerations indicate that the technological component of the world simulation model proposed by Meadows
et al.
and Forrester is best represented by an exponential growth function. The importance of this has been shown by Boyd, whose "technological optimist" curve has slightly less than exponential growth. Private communication with Boyd indicates that an exponential assumption would reduce the time for equilibrium by several decades. Boyd also indicated that in his modification of the world dynamics model, an exponential technological growth would eventually dominate all other parameters in determining the long-term approach to a steady state. It is evident that the behavior of any world system model is very sensitive to the growth and interaction assumptions for its principal parameters. Thus, model studies should not be easily presumed to represent reality.

The one conclusion that appears to be valid regardless of approach is the evident merit of reducing population growth. The parameter for quality of life shown in Fig. 1, parts 2 and 5, is the product of material levels, overcrowding, food, and pollution. The one factor that a "technological optimist" cannot expect to substantially alter in this model is the effect of overcrowding . Certainly, the many clear values of reducing population growth and improving the environment do not appear to require the justification of a world system analysis. In like manner, it seems appropriate to encourage the "technological optimist" to provide future options for societal choice, even though there may be present philosophical uncertainties as to their eventual merits. Unlike resources found in nature, technology is a manmade resource whose abundance can be continuously increased, and whose importance in determining the world's future is also increasing.
Grazing by the Echinoid
Diadema antillarum
Philippi: Formation of Halos around West Indian Patch Reefs
Authors: Ogden John C. , Brown Richard A. , Salesky Norman
Published: October 2006

Between patch reefs and marine grass communities there is normally a zone or "halo" of heavily grazed grass 2 to 10 meters wide. Grazing by the echinoid
Diadema antillarum
Philippi during nocturnal migrations off the reefs is found to be the major factor in the formation of halos.
Recovery of Feeding and Drinking by Rats after Intraventricular 6-Hydroxydopamine or Lateral Hypothalamic Lesions
Authors: Zigmond Michael J. , Stricker Edward M.
Published: October 2006

Rats given intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine after pretreatment with pargyline become aphagic and adipsic, and show severe loss of brain catecholamines. Like rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions, these animals gradually recover ingestive behaviors, although catecholamine depletions are permanent. Both groups decrease food and water intakes markedly after the administration of α-methyltyrosine, at doses that do not affect the ingestive behaviors of control rats. Thus, both the loss and recovery of feeding and drinking behaviors may involve central catecholamine-containing neurons.
Retinyl Acetate: Effect on Cellular Content of RNA in Epidermis in Cell Culture in Chemically Defined Medium
Authors: Sporn Michael B. , Dunlop Nancy M. , Yuspa Stuart H.
Published: October 2006

Cell cultures of epidermis from newborn mice were established in chemically defined medium. Additions of retinyl acetate to these cultures caused a significant increase in cellular RNA content. Addition of insulin and hydrocortisone to the cultures potentiated the effect of retinyl acetate on cellular RNA content.
Organic Compounds in Meteorites
Authors: Anders Edward , Hayatsu Ryoichi , Studier Martin H.
Published: October 2006

Organic compounds in meteorites seem to have formed by catalytic reactions of CO, H
2
, and NH
3
in the solar nebula, at 360° to 400°K and (4 to 10) × 10
-6
atm. The onset of these reactions was triggered by the formation of suitable catalysts (magnetite, hydrated silicates) at these temperatures. These reactions may be a source of prebiotic carbon compounds on the inner planets, and interstellar molecules.
Membrane Continuities Involving Chloroplasts and Other Organelles in Plant Cells
Authors: Crotty William J. , Ledbetter Myron C.
Published: October 2006

Plant cell membranes were examined in thin sections by electron microscopy. Numerous membrane continuities appeared between chloroplasts and other organelles of the fern
Pteris vittata
L., and occasionally in the leaves of the tomato
Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill. A number of these continuities had not been reported earlier or had been seen only infrequently.
Glacier in Chile Ended a Major Readvance about 36,000 Years Ago: Some Global Comparisons
Authors: Mercer J. H. , Laugenie C. A.
Published: October 2006

About 36,000 carbon-14 years ago, a glacier in southern Chile reached the culmination of a major readvance. Severe global cooling at about that time, preceded and followed by warmer conditions, is implied also by other glacial, floral, and some oceanographic evidence, but not by other oceanographic evidence nor by studies of past eustatic sea levels. Severe global cooling at about that time is incompatible with the Milankovitch theory of climatic change.
Electrophoretic Variation in
Escherichia coli
from Natural Sources
Authors: Milkman Roger
Published: October 2006

At each of five loci in 829
Escherichia coli
clones from 156 samples from diverse natural sources, electrophoretic analysis reveals a prominent mobility class (frequency over 0.70) and 2 to 11 distinct mobility classes at lower frequencies. The frequency distribution of the classes argues against the importance of neutral mutations in allozymic variation. Heterosis is not the universal cause of genic polymorphism.
Renin-Angiotensin Role in Thirst: Paradoxical Enhancement of Drinking by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
Authors: Lehr David , Goldman H. Warren , Casner Paul
Published: October 2006

A competitive angiotensin converting enzyme antagonist SQ 20, 881 (SQ), was used to examine the role of the renin-angiotensin system in putative renin-dependent thirst in the albino rat. Significant enhancement of "renin-dependent" as well as renin-independent drinking was observed in the presence of peripheral SQ. Intraventricular SQ obviated this enhancement of drinking but did not affect the water intake caused by the original stimulus itself, whereas it sharply reduced drinking evoked by peripheral renin in nephrectomized rats. Prior renin depletion likewise had no influence on so-called renin-dependent thirst.
Birth Order, Family Size, and Intelligence
Authors: Belmont Lillian , Marolla Francis A.
Published: October 2006

The relation of birth order and family size to intellectual performance, as measured by the Raven Progressive Matrices, was examined among nearly all of 400,000 19-year-old males born in the Netherlands in 1944 through 1947. It was found that birth order and family size had independent effects on intellectual performance. Effects of family size were not present in all social classes, but effects of birth order were consistent across social class.
Xenotropic Viruses: Murine Leukemia Viruses Associated with NIH Swiss, NZB, and Other Mouse Strains
Authors: Levy Jay A.
Published: October 2006

Murine leukemia virus activity is present in tissues from NIH Swiss and other mouse strains after cocultivation with nonvirus-yielding rat cells transformed by Harvey sarcoma virus. The resulting pseudotype sarcoma virus has the same type-specific coat as the virus previously isolated from New Zealand black (NZB) mice, and, like the NZB virus, it is unable to infect mouse cells. The results show that this NZB type virus is endogenous in other strains of mice and is xenotropic; that is, it grows only in cells foreign to the host. This is the first clear demonstration that NIH Swiss mice also carry indigenous infectious murine leukemia virus.
Membrane Fatty Acids Associated with the Electrical Response in Visual Excitation
Authors: Benolken R. M. , Anderson Robert E. , Wheeler Thomas G.
Published: October 2006

The fatty acid composition of rat photoreceptor membranes was altered by dietary manipulation. A functional alteration was also observed in the component of the electroretinogram which is generated by the photoreceptors. A membrane fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, appears to be involved in the transduction process of visual excitation.
Sex Pheromones: (
E
,
E
)-8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol in the Codling Moth
Authors: Beroza Morton , Bierl Barbara A. , Moffitt H. R.
Published: October 2006

Although (
E
,
E
)- 8,10-Dodecadien-1-ol was reported to be a sex pheromone of the codling moth [
Laspeyresia pomonella
(L.)], its presence in the moth was questioned, mainly because it has not been isolated. A computerized search of data from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of a partially purified extract equivalent to 45 abdominal tips of female moths produced a mass spectrum that matched that of the authentic compound. Other data also confirmed the presence of the compound.
How Big Is a Chunk?
Authors: Simon Herbert A.
Published: October 2006

I have explored some of the interactions between research on higher mental processes over the past decade or two and laboratory experiments on simpler cognitive processes. I have shown that, by viewing experimentation in a parameter-estimating paradigm instead of a hypothesis-testing paradigm, one can obtain much more information from experiments—information that, combined with contemporary theoretical models of the cognitive processes, has implications for human performance on tasks quite different from those of the original experiments.

The work of identifying and measuring the basic parameters of the human information processing system has just begun, but already important information has been gained. The psychological reality of the chunk has been fairly well demonstrated, and the chunk capacity of short-term memory has been shown to be in the range of five to seven. Fixation of information in long-term memory has been shown to take about 5 or 10 seconds per chunk.

Some other "magical numbers" have been estimated—for example, visual scanning speeds and times required for simple grammatical transformations—and no doubt others remain to be discovered. But even the two basic constants discussed in this article—short-term memory capacity and rate of fixation in long-term memory—organize, systematize, and explain a wide range of findings, about both simple tasks and more complex cognitive performances that have been reported in the psychological literature over the past 50 years or more.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Sargasso Sea Atmosphere and Surface Water
Authors: Bidleman T. F. , Olney C. E.
Published: October 2006

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), DDT, and chlordane concentrations were measured in air sampled from a tower on the south shore of Bermuda and in Sargasso Sea surface water approximately 80 to 320 kilometers south of Bermuda. The atmospheric chlorinated hydrocarbons appeared to be gaseous, and the DDT concentration was two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported particulate values. The PCB and DDT were enriched in the surface microlayer (150 micrometers) relative to their concentrations in water at a depth of 30 centimeters. Atmospheric residence times for PCB and DDT of 40 to 50 days, calculated from the concentrations in the air and water, are 20 times shorter than values previously estimated for DDT from rainfall and DDT production data.
Plasma Dopamine β-Hydroxylase: A Possible Aid in the Study and Evaluation of Hypertension
Authors: Schanberg Saul M. , Stone Richard A. , Kirshner Norman , Gunnells J. Caulie , Robinson Roscoe R.
Published: October 2006

The activity of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in plasma ranged from 2 to 100 units per liter of plasma in 82 apparently healthy subjects (ages 22 to 35 years). A nonnormal pattern of distribution was evident: 62 subjects had values below 35 units (18 ± 1), while 13 of the remaining 20 subjects had values above 60 units (80 ± 5). Those with low DBH activity had lower values for urinary catecholamine excretion (31 ± 3 micrograms), with normal and stable blood pressure; those with high DBH activity had higher values for urinary catecholamine excretion (72 ± 6 micrograms), with greater lability of arterial blood pressure. The DBH activity was significantly elevated in patients with labile (74 ± 2 mm-Hg) or fixed (57 ± 2 mm-Hg) essential hypertension. The results indicate that plasma DBH activity is low and that it falls within a narrow range in young adults with normal and stable blood pressure.
Apomorphine: Modification of Its Hyperthermic Effect in Rabbits byp-Chlorophenylalanine
Authors: Quock R. M. , Horita A.
Published: October 2006

The hyperthermic response of rabbits to apomorphine, a dopaminergic agonist, is abolished by prior treatment withp-chlorophenylalanine. If such 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-depleted animals are administered a peripherally acting decarboxylase inhibitor plus 5-hydroxytryptophan, central stores of 5-HT are regenerated and the hyperthermic response to apomorphine is restored in part. The effects of apomorphine in rabbits with elevated concentrations of 5-HT are not different from those in control animals. The behavioral effects of apomnorphine appear to be constant in all groups of animals tested. It is suggested that the hyperthermic effects of apomorphine in rabbits require the presence of 5-HT.
Cholera Toxin: Interaction of Subunits with Ganglioside G
M1
Authors: van Heyningen Simon
Published: October 2006

Vibrio cholerae

exotoxin is an aggregate of two different noninterconvertible subunits (molecular weights about 15,000 and about 25,000). Only the smaller subunit reacts with ganglioside G
M1
, a possible biological receptor. The larger subunit, found only in active toxin molecules, can be eluted with 8 molar urea from insoluble complexes of toxin, ganglioside, and cerebroside.
On Reading the Federal Budget
Authors: Fein Rashi
Published: October 2006

Within the scientific community there seem to be at least two schools of thought as far as the federal budget is concerned. One holds that more money would be made available for research if only spokesmen for research could gain access to high government officials. The other view is that the research budget of the United States reflects well-considered policy and cannot be changed by friendly persuasion. Rashi Fein, professor of the economics of medicine at Harvard Medical School, believes the latter. He expressed his point of view recently in an address before the American Public Health Association. His remarks were directed to last year's budget but apply equally to the President's budget for fiscal 1975. Excerpts from his talk, "The new national health spending policy—who pays and who gets?" follow.
Wind Tunnel Simulations of Light and Dark Streaks on Mars
Authors: Greeley Ronald , Iversen James D. , Pollack James B. , Udovich Nancy , White Bruce
Published: October 2006

Wind tunnel experiments have revealed a characteristic flow field pattern over raised-rim craters which causes distinctive zones of aeolian erosion and deposition. Comparisons of the results with Mariner 9 images of Mars show that some crater-associated dark zones result from wind erosion and that some crater-associated light streaks are depositional.
Leprosy in the Armadillo: New Model for Biomedical Research
Authors: Storrs Eleanor E. , Walsh G. P. , Burchfield H. P. , Binford C. H.
Published: October 2006

Eight of twenty armadillos (
Dasypus novemcinctus
L.) developed severe lepromatous leprosy 3 to 3.5 years after inoculation with viable
Mycobacterium leprae
. A total of 988 grams of lepromas containing an estimated 15 to 20 grams of leprosy bacilli has been harvested from these animals. The large amounts of material now available will permit in-depth studies of the biochemistry and metabolism of the leprosy bacillus, and the animal model should make possible definitive studies on the immunology, chemotherapy, and epidemiology of the disease.
Light Flashes Observed by Astronauts on Apollo 11 through Apollo 17
Authors: Pinsky L. S. , Osborne W. Z. , Bailey J. V. , Benson R. E. , Thompson L. F.
Published: October 2006

The crew members on the last seven Apollo flights observed light flashes that are tentatively attributed to cosmic ray nuclei (atomic number ≥ 6) penetrating the head and eyes of the observers. Analyses of the event rates for all missions has revealed an anomalously low rate for transearth coast observations with respect to translunar coast observations.
Cytokine Inhibition of DNA Synthesis: Effect on Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Lymphocytes
Authors: Jegasothy Brian V. , Pachner Andrew R. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: October 2006

A greater than twofold increase of intracellular adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) inhibits DNA synthesis in stimulated rat lymphocytes. A two- to fourfold rise of intracellular cyclic AMP, starting at 16 hours, was produced by purified inhibitor of DNA synthesis added to such cells either at 0 or 16 hours, in close association with the initiation of DNA synthesis.
Solar Energy Utilization by Physical Methods
Authors: Wolf Martin
Published: October 2006

On the basis of the estimated contributions of these differing methods of the utilization of solar energy, their total energy delivery impact on the projected U.S. energy economy (
9
) can be evaluated (Fig. 5). Despite this late energy impact, the actual sales of solar energy utilization equipment will be significant at an early date. Potential sales in photovoltaic arrays alone could exceed $400 million by 1980, in order to meet the projected capacity buildup (
10
). Ultimately, the total energy utilization equipment industry should attain an annual sales volume of several tens of billion dollars in the United States, comparable to that of several other energy related industries.

Varying amounts of technology development are required to assure the technical and economic feasibility of the different solar energy utilization methods. Several of these developments are far enough along that the paths can be analyzed from the present time to the time of demonstration of technical and economic feasibility, and from there to production and marketing readiness. After that point, a period of market introduction will follow, which will differ in duration according to the type of market addressed. It may be noted that the present rush to find relief from the current energy problem, or to be an early leader in entering a new market, can entail shortcuts in sound engineering practice, particularly in the areas of design for durability and easy maintenance, or of proper application engineering. The result can be loss of customer acceptance, as has been experienced in the past with various products, including solar water heaters. Since this could cause considerable delay in achieving the expected total energy impact, it will be important to spend adequate time at this stage for thorough development.

Two other aspects are worth mentioning. The first is concerned with the economic impacts. Upon reflection on this point, one will observe that large-scale solar energy utilization will not cause a greater impact than other new energy sources, based on the reasoning that a self-consistent set of conditions will have to be fulfilled in order to achieve such large-scale use. Without cost competitiveness, other energy resources would fill the requirements, or, if their resource and cost structure also would create severe problems, the economic forecasts simply cannot be fulfilled. We also should not think of a "solar-only" energy future. First, there is still enough coal to last for several hundred years. Second, there should be enough fissionable fuel available to operate breeder reactors for a similar time span, and geothermal energy could satisfy some requirements for a long time. And finally, there may be fusion. It would be unlikely that any one of the available options should play a really dominant role. Rather, we should expect to be using an energy mix, just as we do now, with each energy source supplying the requirements which it can satisfy in the most suitable way, and solar energy should play an important role in this long-range future.
Cretaceous Drowning of Reefs on Mid-Pacific and Japanese Guyots
Authors: Matthews J. L. , Heezen B. C. , Catalano R. , Coogan A. , Tharp M. , Natland J. , Rawson M.
Published: October 2006

Reefs dredged on guyots of the Mid-Pacific Mountains and the Japanese Seamounts yield middle Cretaceous fossils, indicating that submergence killed off the fauna of the reefs sometime during the Albian-Cenomanian. Eustatic rise of sea level is probably responsible.
Biosynthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Scott A. Ian
Published: October 2006

The experimental verification of a proposed biosynthetic pathway for a given natural product is often difficult to obtain with the use of the whole organism (permeability factors) or, in the case of higher plants, a cell-free system. Until the purified enzyme for each step of biosynthesis is available, biosynthetic studies can, however, be carried out, albeit with modest incorporation values, by means of either hydroponic or injection methodology. Where viable seed sources are available it is suggested that improvements of several orders of magnitude in incorporation can be achieved by a short-term incubation (small pool size of precursors; trapping of reactive intermediates) or a long-term feeding (equilibration of precursor with the compartmentalized or induced synthetases). In bacterial, fungal, mammalian, and plant systems, where incorporation efficiencies provide the opportunity to study
13
C enrichment (at least equal to natural abundance of the isotope), we can expect a rapid expansion since the method removes the tedium of carbon-by-carbon degradation. For the next few years, however, the prognosis would seem to favor parallel studies of
13
C and
2
H, and of
14
C/
3
H ratio techniques since the last-mentioned method provides more information concerning the stereoselectivity of labeling processes on the microgram scale.
Lead Aerosol Pollution in the High Sierra Overrides Natural Mechanisms Which Exclude Lead from a Food Chain
Authors: Hirao Yoshimitsu , Patterson Clair C.
Published: October 2006

Most of the lead contained in sedge and voles (mountain meadow mice) within one of the most pristine, remote valleys in the United States is not natural but came from smelter fumes and gasoline exhausts. In a food chain, natural mechanisms do not allow lead to accompany the bulk of the nutritive metals as they proceed to higher trophic levels. This exclusion can be expressed quantitatively by a comparison of lead/calcium ratios at successive trophic levels. This ratio decreased by an overall factor of 200 in proceeding from rock, to soil moisture, to sedge, to vole. This factor would have been 1200 if lead aerosols had not collected on sedge leaves and circumvented the tendency by sedge to exclude lead from the nutritive metals it absorbed from soil moisture.
Identification of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor As the c-
met
Proto-Oncogene Product
Authors: Bottaro Donald P. , Rubin Jeffrey S. , Faletto Donna L. , Chan Andrew M.-L. , Kmiecik Thomas E. , Vande Woude George F. , Aaronson Stuart A.
Published: October 2006

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a plasminogen-like protein thought to be a humoral mediator of liver regeneration. A 145-kilodalton tyrosyl phosphoprotein observed in rapid response to HGF treatment of intact target cells was identified by immunoblot analysis as the β subunit of the c-
met
proto-oncogene product, a membrane-spanning tyrosine kinase. Covalent cross-linking of
125
I-labeled ligand to cellular proteins of appropriate size that were recognized by antibodies to c-
met
directly established the c-
met
product as the cell-surface receptor for HGF.
Microwave Hearing: Evidence for Thermoacoustic Auditory Stimulation by Pulsed Microwaves
Authors: Foster Kenneth R. , Finch Edward D.
Published: October 2006

Acoustic transients can be thermally generated in water by pulsed microwave energy. The peak pressure level of these transients, measured within the audible frequency band as a function of the microwave pulse parameters, is adequate to explain the "clicks" heard by people exposed to microwave radiation.
Visual Fields of Cats with Cortical and Tectal Lesions
Authors: Sherman S. Murray
Published: October 2006

When cats were tested for visual field perimetry, the field of vision for each eye separately was from 45° contralateral to 90° ipsilateral. After either bilateral occipitotemporal lesions (with a split of the tectal commissure) or bilateral area 17, 18, and 19 lesions, the cats could see with each eye only from the midline to 90° ipsilateral. A cat that became nearly totally blind as a result of bilateral occipitotemporal decortication had a subsequent tectal split which enabled it to see with each eye from the midline to 90° ipsilateral.
Cellulose: Its Regeneration in the Native Lattice
Authors: Atalla Rajai H. , Nagel Seelye C.
Published: October 2006

The regeneration of cellulose from solutions in 85 percent phosphoric acid into glycerol at 170°C resulted in its recovery wholly in the native or cellulose I lattice. Identification of the structure of the regenerated material is based on comparisons of its x-ray diffractogram and its Raman spectrum with those of the native fiber, cellulose II, and cellulose IV.
Mechanism for the Autocatalytic Formation of Optically Active Compounds under Abiotic Conditions
Authors: Green Bernard S. , Heller Lilly
Published: October 2006

The bromination of chiral crystalline samples of 4,4′-dimethylchalcone was reinvestigated. In the presence of the optically active reaction product, (+)- or (-)-chalcone dibromide, crystallization from solutions of the achiral chalcone is specifically directed toward one-handedness. A feedback mechanism can thus be envisaged where optically active compounds are formed, generate additional material of the same chirality, and communicate this chirality to other regions, simply by cycles of solidification, reaction, and liquefaction.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Chromosomal Abnormalities: Detection of a Deletion in Aniridia/ Wilms' Tumor Syndrome
Authors: Ladda R. , Atkins L. , Littlefield J. , Neurath P. , Marimuthu K. M.
Published: October 2006

A chromosome translocation, t(8p + ; 11q -), in a patient with aniridia and Wilms' tumor, appeared balanced by standard techniques, including trypsin banding. Computer analysis of optical microscope scanning profiles of chromosome pairs 8 and 11 revealed an interstitial deletion of the short arm of 8. Computer analysis coupled to the new banding techniques provides greater resolution for the detection of subtle chromosomal variations not recognized by banding methods alone.
Reoviruslike Agent in Stools: Association with Infantile Diarrhea and Development of Serologic Tests
Authors: Kapikian Albert Z. , Kim Hyun Wha , Wyatt Richard G. , Rodriguez William J. , Ross Sydney , Cline W. Lee , Parrott Robert H. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: October 2006

Reoviruslike particles were visualized by electron microscopy in stool filtrates prepared from stools of infants and young children with severe acute gastroenteritis. Patients who had such particles in their stools and whose paired acute and convalescent serums were tested developed an antibody response to the reoviruslike agent, which was measured by immune electron microscopy and by complement fixation. The reoviruslike agent was antigenically related to the epizootic diarrhea of infant mice virus and the Nebraska calf diarrhea virus.
Rhizoplane Fibrils in Wheat: Demonstration and Derivation
Authors: Leppard Gary G.
Published: October 2006

Aggregates of fine, curved fibrils extend from the rhizoplane of soil-grown wheat roots into the rhizosphere. The fibril diameter is usually between 3 and 10 nanometers. The fibrils arise as extracellular products of the root, and some aggregates are intimately associated with microbial cells and soil particles.