bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aporia Zero (Metaphysics B 1, 995a24–995b4)
Authors: Laks André
Published: November 2023

The first chapter of Book B consists of two parts, the first of which (B 1A) contains a few brief considerations about the nature and use of aporiai (‘puzzles’, according to one standard rendering of the word), while the second (B 1B) provides an enumeration of the 14 (or 15) ‘puzzles’, set in the standard form of a simple disjunctive question (poteron . . . ē . . . ), that are going to be taken up and developed in the following chapters (B 2–6). These adduce arguments for or rather against each of the branches of the disjunction. I shall not consider here this enumeration in itself, since its analysis must be conducted in connection with each of the corresponding developments in subsequent chapters, but its existence is implied in some of the interpretive decisions that concern the first part of the chapter, on which I shall concentrate.
Quite indescribable Disorder
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

In the autumn of 1943, the Conservator at the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum sat down to write a report on the state of the collection in his care. It is an astonishing document. The Museum was in the process of consolidating its holdings; staff were trying to streamline the mass of objects left behind by the collection’s creator, Sir Henry Wellcome, after his death in 1936. The Conservator explained that several auction sales had already taken place to this end. In fact, more than £30,000 had been made through the resale of Wellcome’s artefacts in the seven years since he had died. Wellcome, it would seem, had collected far too many objects for the Museum to cope with. Just how many becomes clear on reading the Conservator’s report.
All tied up in knots
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

In his own way, Louis Malcolm tried to transform Wellcome’s suspicious attitude to the wider academic community, but he struggled. He found it hard to follow in Thompson’s footsteps. Thompson and Wellcome had shared a brutally efficient relationship for many years; both had delighted in the intrigue, drama, and ruthlessness of the collecting business. Malcolm never enjoyed such an effective relationship with his employer, and he found it difficult to acquaint himself with the sprawling collection that Thompson had spent so many years creating. He was more attracted to academic collaboration than to the frenetic pace set by the antiquities market. His time at the Museum was recurrently tense and stressful, and he did not thrive on pressure as Thompson had done. While his predecessor had worked exhaustively and gone out in a blaze of anger, Malcolm tried methodically to take command in his wake, but could never quite settle to his role as manager.
Ingrained habits of cautiousness
Authors: Larson Frances
Published: November 2023

‘Since my appointment as Conservator of your Collections,’ Saint wrote to Wellcome in November 1935, ‘I have endeavoured to evolve some kind of order and system out of the chaos and disorder which it was my misfortune to inherit.’ It was a comment on Malcolm’s administration. In late 1934, Malcolm resigned as head of Wellcome’s Museum (he later became curator at the Horniman Museum). Johnston-Saint took his place and tried valiantly to invest the project with the sense of purpose it had lost along the way (Figure 27). So much for the ‘zealous cooperation and efficiency’ Malcolm had displayed during his first few months at the Historical Medical Museum.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 1 – 2 : Introduction, Method, Puzzles
Authors: Cooper John M
Published: November 2023

Nicomachean Ethics book VII begins by declaring a new start. The new topic, it soon emerges, is κραα (lack of control, or uncontrol), together with its contrasting opposite, γκρτεα (self-control). Aristotle devotes the first ten chapters of book VII to this new topic. Chapter 1 (1145a15– b20) consists of a general introduction to it (down to 1145b2), followed by a statement of the method to be used in discussing it (1145b2 – 7), together with the first step or stage in applying the method as set out there to this topic (1145b8 – 20).
Nicomachean Ethics, VII. 7: Akrasia and Self-Control
Authors: Bobonich Chris
Published: November 2023

On both Bekker ‘s and Didot ‘s chaptering, NE 1150a9 – 1150b28 constitutes a single chapter, VII. 8 for Bekker and VII. 7 for Didot; in this paper, I shall follow Didot. In any case, this chapter has attracted much less scholarly interest than book VII ‘s earlier chapters (or the later chapters on pleasure) and the extant discussions tend to see it as somewhat disjointed and confusing. Although I do not think that VII. 7 is as philosophically rich as, e.g., VII. 3, I shall try to show that it has more interest than is often supposed. I shall also consider some issues about the consistency and unity of this chapter, since they have been questioned. Most famously, Cook Wilson thought that book VII consists of at least three different versions of similar material, not all of them by Aristotle.
Economy 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter
Published: November 2023

In the early Middle Ages evidence for the urban economy, as for towns in general, is sparse and fragmentary. We hear of merchants, but not of mercantile networks. There are references to shops in major cities, but it is not clear who their customers were. Towns where they existed had links to the countryside, as is implied in Gregory of Tours’ comment that the town of Dijon was set ‘in the centre of a pleasant plain.
Social Life 400 – 1500
Authors: Clark Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1398, Alice Hermendesworth travelled the crowded highway to London to take up residence, probably as a servant girl, in the house of John de Bury in Old Fish Street, between St Paul’s Cathedral and the River Thames. The young woman journeyed from her home in the Middlesex village of Harmondsworth, 25 kilometres to the west of the city. The move was helped by her older brother Robert, who the previous decade had become a monk of Westminster, outside the western walls of the city, and had risen to important office in the monastery.
Urban Trends 1500 – 1800
Authors: Clark Peter
Published: November 2023

The period from the Renaissance to the French Revolution was a time of critical transition for European cities. By the late eighteenth century, a loose urban network was becoming consolidated across the continent and new kinds of city had started to proliferate— powerful capital cities, Atlantic ports, industrial towns, and the first leisure resorts. Those centres were particularly important in Western Europe, which increasingly eclipsed the earlier urban brilliance of the Mediterranean world.
Governance 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter
Published: November 2023

Political developments in the modern European city were defined and challenged by a set of paradoxes rooted in preceding centuries: a strong sense of municipal identity and communalism but a municipal government structure in which effective power was concentrated in a relatively few hands; significant civic autonomy, but where there was always tension with the centralizing authority of the state; intense political rivalry with other cities but also the need for inter-city cooperation. At the same time, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw many fundamental changes to urban governance.
What is the Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

The ̔pill̕ is a simple and very effective method of contraception taken by women to prevent unwanted pregnancies. It was fi rst approved for use in the USA in 1960 and is now used by more that 100 million women worldwide.
How do I Get The Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Before deciding whether the pill is right for you, you need to know where to turn for advice. Everyone should have access to someone, usually a doctor or a nurse trained in family planning, who can answer your questions about contraception and go over every aspect that applies to you personally. The main choice is between a local community clinic and general practice.
How do I take the Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

If the pill is the method for you, regularity is vital. It can be taken morning, noon, or night as long as it is at a roughly constant time, preferably within an hour or two.
What Else Can Make the Pill Less Effective?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses some of the more common medical reasons why pills can fail. But don’t forget that missed pills are the most common reason for ‘pill’ pregnancies. If you miss any pills, especially at the start of a new packet, follow the advice in Chapter 13.
Which Pill should I Choose?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Table 16.1 lists the many varieties of pills that are currently available in the UK. You can visit for the formulations and equivalent names of all the hormonal contraceptives that are in use anywhere, in all other countries of the world. One main oestrogen, EE, is used everywhere, but there are several different progestogens.
Postscript
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne
Published: November 2023

Young people coming to a GP, family-planning doctor or nurse for advice should be met where they are at, no pressure. Most are already having sex, they want and they should definitely get contraceptive advice and supplies (see below), in confidence and completely non-judgmentally.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Korean
Authors: Sohn Ho-Min
Published: November 2023

Korean is spoken natively by some 70 million Koreans on the Korean peninsula (North and South Korea) and as a second language by many overseas Koreans. Korean is typologically similar to Japanese. This includes similarity in clause linking type. Although some 65 per cent of the Korean vocabulary items are Sino-Korean, there is no genetic or typological relationship between Korean and Chinese.
Identification of clinically important anaerobes
Authors: Levett P N
Published: November 2023

Definitive identification of anaerobic isolates in clinical laboratories is not usually justified. Important exceptions are isolates recovered from blood cultures, cerebral abscesses, and some isolates recovered in pure culture from other specimens. Unfortunately, the most reliable methods of identifying anaerobic bacteria are time-consuming and do not fit readily into the routine of a busy diagnostic laboratory, in which anaerobic organisms may not always seem to be of the greatest importance. A number of approaches may be adopted in order to provide clinically useful information without the costs and potential delays associated with conventional identification methods.
Protein folds and their recognition from sequence
Authors: Jones David T , Orengo christine A , Thornton Janet M
Published: November 2023

Until relatively recently there had been little progress in methods for protein structure prediction (1). Secondary structure prediction had hardly changed since the early 1970s with little improvement in accuracy despite much work and an increase in the size of the database used to derive the parameters (2). Methods for tertiary structure prediction were hampered by the relatively low accuracy of secondary structure prediction. The latter (3–7) were predominantly knowledge-based, in that most methods relied on secondary structure propensities derived from proteins of known structure. As the number of structures rapidly increased during the 1980s, it became apparent that there are also rules which govern the arrangement of secondary structures into their globular fold. For example the connections in ²±² units are always right-handed (8,9), and helices and sheets tend to pack in preferred orientations (10–12). The challenge at the end of the 1980s was how to use this information to improve tertiary structure prediction.
Stabilization of protein structure by solvents
Authors: Timasheff Serge N , Arakawa Tsutomu
Published: November 2023

It has been common practice for more than half a century for biochemists and biologists, when they have isolated an activity (e.g. an enzyme) or an organelle, to store the isolated material in concentrated (- 1 M) glycerol, sucrose, or a similar substance, in order to preserve this activity. Certain salts, such as ammonium sulfate, have also been known for a long time to stabilize biological activity, when added at high concentration (- J M). Yet the mechanism of such protein structure stabilization was totally unknown. At present, the manufacture of proteins, or modified proteins, by biosynthetic cloning technology has greatly revived interest in methods that are available for folding proteins into proper biologically active structures and for maintaining them in such a structure for prolonged periods. This chapter will be devoted to the question of the physical basis of the stabilization of native protein structures in aqueous solution by the addition of co-solvents at high (- 1 M) concentration. Such understanding should make it possible to use such co solvents rationally and effectively.
Determining the Timing of Spore Release by Botryosphaeriaceae Species in Oregon Vineyards
Authors: Hernandez Monica , KC Achala N.
Published: November 2023

Botryosphaeria dieback, caused by a group of pathogens in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, is one of the most common grapevine trunk disease complexes (GTDs) found in Oregon vineyards. To understand the period of spores released by Botryosphaeria spp. in Oregon vineyards, four Burkard 7-day recording volumetric spore traps were placed in vineyard blocks in northern and southern Oregon. Each trap was placed near a younger (<10 years) and older (>30 years) block in both regions. Spore traps were deployed at the beginning of December 2019 and continued until March 2021. Between these timeframes, 475 and 477 days of samples were collected from each spore trap in northern and southern Oregon, respectively. DNA extraction was performed from individual day samples and followed by qPCR analysis of Botryosphaeria spores trapped in each tape sample. Weather data such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity (RH), and wind speed were collected from nearby weather stations. Association between these data and number of spores detected were analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. In northern Oregon, the detection occurred between December and February, and the first spore detection occurred when cumulative growing degree day (GDD) totaled to 4,357 and 4,351 units (TBase = 0°C, biofix date = January 1) during the first and second seasons, respectively. Similarly, in southern Oregon, the detection occurred between November and January, and the first spore detection occurred when cumulative GDD was 4,405 units during the second season. Hours of continuous RH >86% was significantly associated with number of spores released (P = 0.026; r = 0.42). During the spore detected dates, the RH was >86% for at least 19 consecutive hours. These findings provide an important implication to manage Botryosphaeria dieback by protecting pruning wounds during the most-spore-released periods. Furthermore, the knowledge of weather variables and their possible association with spore detection provides important information towards developing predictive models in future studies.
Intratumoural and systemic inflammation as predictors for treatment response in BRAF-mutated melanoma patients under targeted therapies
Authors: Gambichler Thilo , Iordanou Maria , Becker Jürgen C. , Susok Laura
Published: November 2023

Intratumoural as well as systemic inflammation in melanoma has thoroughly been studied in the context of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors but not with BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi). We aimed to study whether parameters of intratumoral and systemic inflammation correlate with clinical outcome in patients with BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma treated with BRAFi/MEKi. We studied 51 CM patients with unresectable stage III or IV who had the indication for BRAFi/MEKi treatment based on confirmed BRAF mutation. Baseline systemic immune-inflammation markers such as the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and the expression of intratumoral inflammation markers such as COX-2 protein expression were correlated with clinical outcome measures. On multivariable analyses, lower intratumoral COX-2 expression (OR 33.9, 95% CI 3.2–356.8) and lower SII (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.1–34.8) proved to be significant independent predictors for objective response to targeted therapy. Elevated S100B (HR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03–1.3) was a significant predictor for progressive disease. Moreover, elevated S100B (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.14–1.65) and LDH (HR 1.002, 95% CI 1.0001–1.003) were significant independent predictors for melanoma-specific death. In conclusion, the present study indicates that low SII values and low intratumoral COX-2 protein expression are significant independent predictors for treatment response to BRAFi/MEKi.
A high-cholesterol zebrafish diet promotes hypercholesterolemia and fasting-associated liver triglycerides accumulation
Authors: Jin Yang , Kozan Darby , Anderson Jennifer L , Hensley Monica , Shen Meng-Chieh , Wen Jia , Moll Tabea , Kozan Hannah , Rawls John F. , Farber Steven A.
Published: November 2023

Zebrafish are an ideal model organism to study lipid metabolism and to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of human lipid-associated disorders. In this study, we provide an improved protocol to assay the impact of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) on zebrafish lipid deposition and lipoprotein regulation. Fish fed HCD developed hypercholesterolemia as indicated by significantly elevated ApoB-containing lipoproteins (ApoB-LP) and increased plasma levels of cholesterol and cholesterol esters. Feeding of the HCD to larvae (8 days followed by a 1 day fast) and adult female fish (2 weeks, followed by 3 days of fasting) was also associated with a fatty liver phenotype that presented as severe hepatic steatosis. The HCD feeding paradigm doubled the levels of liver triacylglycerol (TG), which was striking because our HCD was only supplemented with cholesterol. The accumulated liver TG was unlikely due to increasedde novolipogenesis or inhibited β-oxidation since no differentially expressed genes in these pathways were found between the livers of fish fed the HCD versus control diets. However, fasted HCD fish had significantly increased lipogenesis genefasnin adipose tissue and higher free fatty acids (FFA) in plasma. This suggested that elevated dietary cholesterol resulted in lipid accumulation in adipocytes, which supplied more FFA during fasting, promoting hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, our HCD zebrafish protocol represents an effective and reliable approach for studying the temporal characteristics of the physiological and biochemical responses to high levels of dietary cholesterol and provides insights into the mechanisms that may underlie fatty liver disease.
Robust adaptive analysis of dynamic responses of wave energy converters
Authors: Wang Yingguang
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to exploit a new and robust method to forecast the long-term extreme dynamic responses for wave energy converters (WECs).

Design/methodology/approach

A new adaptive binned kernel density estimation (KDE) methodology is first proposed in this paper.

Findings

By examining the calculation results the authors has found that in the tail region the proposed new adaptive binned KDE distribution curve becomes very smooth and fits quite well with the histogram of the measured ocean wave dataset at the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) station 46,059. Carefully studying the calculation results also reveals that the 50-year extreme power-take-off heaving force value forecasted based on the environmental contour derived using the new method is 3572600N, which is much larger than the value 2709100N forecasted via the Rosenblatt-inverse second-order reliability method (ISORM) contour method.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed method overcomes the disadvantages of all the existing nonparametric and parametric methods for predicting the tail region probability density values of the sea state parameters.

Originality/value

It is concluded that the proposed new adaptive binned KDE method is robust and can forecast well the 50-year extreme dynamic responses for WECs.
Multi-objective design optimization of reentrant auxetic model using Lichtenberg algorithm based on metamodel
Authors: Francisco Matheus , Pereira João , Oliveira Lucas , Simões Cunha Sebastião , Gomes G.F.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The present paper aims at the multi-objective optimization of a reentrant hexagonal cell auxetic structure. In addition, a parametric analysis will be carried out to verify how each of the design factors impact each of the responses.

Design/methodology/approach

The multi-objective optimization of five different responses of an auxetic model was considered: mass, critical buckling load under compression effort, natural frequency, Poisson's ratio and failure load. The response surface methodology was applied, and a new meta-heuristic of optimization called the multi-objective Lichtenberg algorithm was applied to find the optimized configuration of the model. It was possible to increase the failure load by 26.75% in compression performance optimization. Furthermore, in the optimization of modal performance, it was possible to increase the natural frequency by 37.43%. Finally, all 5 responses analyzed simultaneously were optimized. In this case, it was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.55%, the failure load by 28.70% and reduce the mass and Poisson's ratio by 15.97 and 11%, respectively. This paper addresses something new in the scientific world to date when evaluating in a multi-objective optimization problem, the compression and modal performance of an auxetic reentrant model.

Findings

It was possible to find multi-objective optimized structures. It was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.82%, and the failure load in compression performance by 26.75%. Furthermore, in the optimization of modal performance, it was possible to increase the natural frequency by 37.43%, and decrease the mass by 15.97%. Finally, all 5 responses analyzed simultaneously were optimized. In this case, it was possible to increase the critical buckling load by 42.55%, increase the failure load by 28.70% and reduce the mass and Poisson's ratio by 15.97 and 11%, respectively.

Originality/value

There is no work in the literature to date that performed the optimization of 5 responses simultaneously of a reentrant hexagonal cell auxetic structure. This paper also presents an unprecedented statistical analysis in the literature that verifies how the design factors impact each of the responses.
Evaluating compliance for organizational information security and business continuity: three strata of ventriloqual agency
Authors: Niemimaa Marko
Published: November 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to study how compliance evaluation becomes performed in practice. Compliance evaluation is a common practice among organizations that need to evaluate their posture against a set of criteria (e.g. a standard, legislative framework and “best practices”). The results of these evaluations have significant importance for organizations, especially in the context of information security and continuity. The author argues that how these evaluations become performed is not merely a “social” activity but shaped by the materiality of the evaluation criteria

Design/methodology/approach

The authors adopt a sociomaterial practice-based view to study the compliance evaluation through in situ participant observations from compliance evaluation workshops to evaluate organizational compliance against a information security and business continuity criteria. The empirical material was analyzed to construct vignettes that serve to illustrate the practice of compliance evaluation.

Findings

The research analysis shows how the information security and business continuity criteria themselves partake in the compliance evaluations by operating through (ventriloqually) the evaluators on three strata: the material, the textual and the structural. The author also provides a conceptualization of a hybrid agency.

Originality/value

This research contributes to lack of studies on the organizational-level compliance. Further, the research is an original contribution to information security and business continuity management by focusing on the practices of compliance evaluation. Further, the research has theoretical novelty by adopting the ventriloqual agency as a hybrid agency to study the sociomateriality of a phenomenon.
Frameworks for climate risk management (CRM) in cultural heritage: a systematic review of the state of the art
Authors: Adetunji Olufemi Samson , MacKee Jamie
Published: November 2023

Purpose

A comprehensive understanding of the determining factors and implications of the frameworks for appreciating the relationships between climate risks and cultural heritage remains deficient. To address the gap, the review analysed literature on the management of climate risk in cultural heritage. The review examines the strengths and weaknesses of climate risk management (CRM) frameworks and attendant implications for the conservation of cultural heritage.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a two-phased systematic review procedure. In the first phase, the authors reviewed related publications published between 2017 and 2021 in Scopus and Google Scholar. Key reports published by organisations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) and International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) were identified and included in Phase Two to further understand approaches to CRM in cultural heritage.

Findings

Results established the changes in trend and interactions between factors influencing the adoption of CRM frameworks, including methods and tools for CRM. There is also increasing interest in adopting quantitative and qualitative methods using highly technical equipment and software to assess climate risks to cultural heritage assets. However, climate risk information is largely collected at the national and regional levels rather than at the cultural heritage asset.

Practical implications

The review establishes increasing implementation of CRM frameworks across national boundaries at place level using high-level technical skills and knowledge, which are rare amongst local organisations and professionals involved in cultural heritage management.

Originality/value

The review established the need for multi-sectoral, bottom-up and place-based approaches to improve the identification of climate risks and decision-making processes for climate change adaptation.
Post-entry decisions in international entrepreneurship and family business: a perspective article
Authors: Terán-Yépez Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Purpose

This perspective article aims to provide an overview of the interplay between international entrepreneurship and the dynamics of family businesses, with a particular focus on post-entry decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on a short literature review.

Findings

The convergence of international entrepreneurship and family businesses presents a compelling area of study, where post-entry decisions serve as a critical yet underexplored facet. Post-entry decisions in international entrepreneurship for family-owned businesses encompass responses to international crises and shocks and strategies for de-internationalization, restructuring or market exit.

Originality/value

This article synthesizes existing research, highlighting the importance of studying post-entry decisions in the realm of international family businesses. It encourages scholars and practitioners to delve into the unique challenges faced by these firms, ultimately enriching the understanding of international entrepreneurship within the family business context and providing valuable insights for both theory and practice.
Growthmanship in the Twenty‐First Century1
Authors: Tomlinson Jim
Published: November 2023

In the run‐up to the next general election both main parties are giving high priority to increasing the growth rate. But does past experience suggest this is a sensible strategy? The historical evidence does not support the idea that this is a winning stance, and it places reliance on a concept which is both deeply problematic as measure of economic well‐being and little understood by the public.
The association of disease activity with depression and sleep quality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Hong Kong
Authors: Chau Shuk Yi Lucia , Leung Moon Ho Alexander , Tang Wai Kwong
Published: November 2023

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often experience depression and poor sleep. Depression and poor sleep may, in turn, worsen RA disease activity. This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between RA disease activity as measured using the Disease Activity Score‐28 (DAS28‐ESR), depression measured using the Beck's Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), and sleep quality measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Anxiety was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale‐Anxiety subscale (HADS‐A). A total of 164 consecutive patients with RA were recruited from the Rheumatology Specialist Clinic of a regional hospital in Hong Kong. They were asked to complete questionnaires that included demographic information, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), BDI‐II, HADS‐A, and PSQI. The DAS28‐ESR was assessed by the attending rheumatologists. Clinical information was retrieved from the electronic medical records. The mean DAS28‐ESR score was 3.35 ± 1.24 (SD). The mean BDI‐II was 10.97 ± 9.15 (SD). The mean HADS‐A score was 5.57 ± 3.77 (SD). The mean PSQI score was 7.55 ± 4.16 (SD). The BDI‐II score was statistically correlated with the DAS28‐ESR and PSQI scores. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the association of BDI‐II with DAS28‐ESR and PSQI was confounded by the HAQ. The association of DAS28‐ESR with BDI‐II but not with PSQI is in accordance with the results of previous studies. The association between the HAQ and BDI‐II has also been demonstrated in previous studies. Clinicians should be aware of mood and sleep problems in patients with RA and adopt a multidisciplinary approach to their management. Future studies should provide information on causality in a more representative sample of patients with RA.
Impulsivity, sex‐related alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and sexual risk‐taking among bisexual women
Authors: Stamates Amy L. , Schulz Christina T. , Charvis Jodi S. , Ehlke Sarah J. , Kelley Michelle L.
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives

According to the acquired preparedness model, personality traits, such as impulsivity, may influence the learning process, contributing to heightened expectations surrounding risky behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, sexual risk‐taking). As bisexual women demonstrate heightened risk for hazardous alcohol‐ and sex‐related behaviors, the present study examined a sequential pathway, whereby the relation between impulsivity and sexual risk‐taking is mediated through sex‐related alcohol expectancies and alcohol use.

Methods

Data were collected from 225 self‐identified cisgender, bisexual women between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.77, SD = 3.45), who participated in an online survey. Participants reported on impulsivity, sex‐related alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and experiences of sexual risk‐taking.

Results

Results revealed that sex‐related alcohol expectancies and alcohol use sequentially mediated the relation between impulsivity and sexual risk‐taking. Thus, greater impulsivity was related to greater sexual risk‐taking through heightened sex‐related alcohol expectancies and elevated alcohol use.

Discussion and Conclusions

Findings from this study highlight mechanisms associated with risky drinking and sexual behaviors among this at‐risk population. Such information could aid the development of more efficacious prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing consequences associated with alcohol use and sexual risk‐taking among bisexual women.

Scientific Significance

Bisexual women are at heightened risk for alcohol‐related problems, including sexual risk‐taking. Findings from the current study identify impulsivity and sex‐related alcohol expectancies as independent and integrative predictors of such risky behaviors. Incorporation of these constructs may aid in the development of more efficacious clinical methods aimed at bettering health outcomes among bisexual women.
Letter: Comparing first‐line infliximab and vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis—it depends on how you use the drug. Authors' reply
Authors: Bokemeyer Bernd , Plachta‐Danielzik Sandra
Published: November 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Bokemeyer et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17616 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17770
KDM4B: A promising oncology therapeutic target
Authors: Ni Fangjing , Tang Heting , Cheng Siteng , Yu Yaoyu , Yuan Zhihao , Chen Yingfei , Zhang Encheng , Wang Xiang
Published: November 2023

Epigenetic modifications are significant in tumor pathogenesis, wherein the process of histone demethylation is indispensable for regulating gene transcription, apoptosis, DNA replication, and repair of damaged DNA. The lysine demethylases (KDMs) serve an essential role in the aforementioned processes, with particular emphasis on the KDM4 family, also referred to as JMJD2. Multiple studies have underscored the significance of the KDM4 family in the regulation of various biological processes including, but not limited to, the cell cycle, DNA repair mechanisms, signaling pathways, and the progression of tumor formation. Nevertheless, it is imperative to elucidate the underlying mechanism of KDM4B, which belongs to the KDM4 gene family. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the structure, mechanism, and function of KDM4B, as well as a critical analysis of the current body of research pertaining to its involvement in tumorigenesis and development. Furthermore, this review explores the potential therapeutic strategies that specifically target KDM4B.
Mechanical epilation exerts complex biological effects on human hair follicles and perifollicular skin: An ex vivo study approach
Authors: Bertolini Marta , Gherardini Jennifer , Chéret Jérémy , Alam Majid , Sulk Mathias , Botchkareva Natalia V. , Biro Tamas , Funk Wolfgang , Grieshaber Frieder , Paus Ralf
Published: November 2023

Objective

Electrical epilation of unwanted hair is a widely used hair removal method, but it is largely unknown how this affects the biology of human hair follicles (HF) and perifollicular skin. Here, we have begun to explore how mechanical epilation changes selected key biological read‐out parameters ex vivo within and around the pilosebaceous unit.

Methods

Human full‐thickness scalp skin samples were epilated ex vivo using an electro‐mechanical device, organ‐cultured for up to 6 days in serum‐free, supplemented medium, and assessed at different time points by quantitative (immuno‐)histomorphometry for selected relevant read‐out parameters in epilated and sham‐epilated control samples.

Results

Epilation removed most of the hair shafts, often together with fragments of the outer and inner root sheath and hair matrix. This was associated with persistent focal thinning of the HF basal membrane, decreased melanin content of the residual HF epithelium, and increased HF keratinocyte apoptosis, including in the bulge, yet without affecting the number of cytokeratin 15+ HF epithelial stem cells. Sebocyte apoptosis in the peripheral zone was increased, albeit without visibly altering sebum production. Epilation transiently perturbed HF immune privilege, and increased the expression of ICAM‐1 in the bulge and bulb mesenchyme, and the number of perifollicular MHC class II+ cells as well as mast cells around the distal epithelium and promoted mast cell degranulation around the suprabulbar and bulbar area. Moreover, compared to controls, several key players of neurogenic skin inflammation, itch, and/or thermosensation (TRPV1, TRPA1, NGF, and NKR1) were differentially expressed in post‐epilation skin.

Conclusion

These data generated in denervated, organ‐cultured human scalp skin demonstrate that epilation‐induced mechanical HF trauma elicits surprisingly complex biological responses. These may contribute to the delayed re‐growth of thinner and lighter hair shafts post‐epilation and temporary post‐epilation discomfort. Our findings also provide pointers regarding the development of topically applicable agents that minimize undesirable sequelae of epilation.
Drug displacement from protein binding: source of the sulphadoxine liberated by phenylbutazone
Authors: WARDELL W. M.
Published: November 2023

A quantitative study has been made of the redistribution of sulphadoxine produced by phenylbutazone in live sheep.

From calculations based on plasma measurements, 73% of the sulphadoxine in the body can be accounted for as the sum of the plasma‐bound, extracellular‐free and intracellular‐free drug in the whole animal. This sum is termed the accountable sulphadoxine.

After the injection of phenylbutazone there was a large shift of sulphadoxine from the plasma‐bound form into the free form. The gain in free drug significantly exceeded the loss of bound sulphadoxine from the intravascular compartment, but the discrepancy could easily be explained by displacement of some bound sulphadoxine from extravascular plasma protein.

Phenylbutazone did not displace sulphadoxine from sheep erythrocytes in vitro, nor from homogenates of liver, kidney or skeletal muscle.

Although the existence of other susceptible binding sites cannot be entirely excluded, this evidence strongly suggests that all the sulphadoxine liberated by phenylbutazone comes from binding sites on plasma protein.
Effect of flow‐stop on noradrenaline release from normal spleens and spleens treated with cocaine, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine
Authors: KIRPEKAR S. M. , PUIG MARGARITA
Published: November 2023

Cat spleens were perfused with Krebs‐bicarbonate solution, using a constant‐flow pump at a rate of about 7 ml/min at 33–35° C. Noradrenaline (NA) overflow by nerve stimulation at 10 Hz for 20 s was determined with or without flow‐stop before and after treatment with cocaine, phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine. In order to determine the effect of flow‐stop on overflow, the arterial and the venous flows were occluded by clamping the inflow and outflow tubes during the period of stimulation plus 30, 60 or 120 seconds.

Without flow‐stop, NA output was 0·93±0·25 ng/stimulus, which was significantly increased after cocaine (123±6·6%), phentolamine (415±93%) and phenoxybenzamine (578±107%). Phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine were much more effective than cocaine in enhancing overflow.

Before treatment with drugs, flow‐stops of 30, 60 and 120 s reduced NA outputs to 70±6·6, 27·5±2 and 7%, respectively, of the control outputs without flow‐stop. None of the drugs significantly influenced the percentage reductions in NA outputs during a 30 s flow‐stop. However, the percentage outputs after cocaine or phenoxybenzamine treatment during a 60 s flow‐stop significantly increased to 45±2·5% and 57±6%, respectively, as compared to the percentage output of 27·5±2% from untreated spleens during a corresponding flow‐stop period. During flow‐stop, there was no appreciable metabolism of the released transmitter.

Diffusion of the released transmitter from the site of liberation plays only a minor role in the removal of the released NA.

It is suggested that the NA released by nerve stimulation acts on the presynaptic α sites to inhibit its own release by a negative feedback mechanism. Adrenoceptor blocking agents enhance the NA overflow from spleen because they remove this autoinhibition by blocking the presynaptic α sites.
Nicotinic stimulant action of some tolyl and xylyl analogues of 1,1‐dimethyl‐4‐phenylpiperazinium (DMPP)
Authors: GREEN A. L. , MARSHALL I. G.
Published: November 2023

The nicotinic stimulant properties of DMPP have been compared with those of its ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐tolyl analogues, and its 2,6‐ and 3,5‐xylyl analogues, on the blood pressure of the cat and on the semispinalis cervicis muscle of the chick.

A single ortho‐methyl group does not significantly change the nicotinic activity, but two such groups greatly reduce or abolish activity. Meta‐ or para‐methyl substitution reduces activity, but does not abolish it.

The effect on nicotinic activity of methyl substitution in the phenyl ring of DMPP closely parallels the effect of ring‐methyl substitution in phenyl choline ether.

Ortho‐methyl substitution has been shown spectroscopically to alter markedly the spatial orientation of the phenyl ring of DMPP relative to the piperazine ring. The effect of these conformational changes on nicotinic activity is discussed in relation to a recent hypothesis concerning the conformation of acetylcholine required for interaction with nicotinic receptors.

The compounds tested had no muscarinic activity on the isolated guinea‐pig ileum.
Important aspects of investigating optical excitations in semiconductors using a scanning transmission electron microscope
Authors: Stöger‐Pollach Michael , Bukvišova Krýstina , Zenz Keanu , Stöger Leo , Scales Ze
Published: November 2023

Since semiconductor structures are becoming smaller and smaller, the examination methods must also take this development into account. Optical methods have long reached their limits here, but small dimensions are also a challenge for electron beam techniques, especially when it comes to determining optical properties. In this paper, electron microscopic methods of investigating optical properties are discussed. Special attention is given to the physical limits and how to deal with them. We will cover electron energy loss spectrometry as well as cathodoluminescence spectrometry. We pay special attention to inelastic delocalisation, radiation damage, the Čerenkov effect, interference effects of optical excitations and higher diffraction orders on a grating analyser for the cathodoluminescence signal.
Quality Characteristics of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Leaf and Stem Powder-Supplemented Cupcakes
Authors: Younis Muhammad , Afzal Khurram , Sultan Muhammad Tauseef , Rabail Roshina , Akhtar Saeed , Ismail Tariq , Khalid Muhammad Usman , Shabbir Muhammad Asim , Aadil Rana Muhammad
Published: November 2023

The current research focused on improving the nutritional quality of cupcakes by using micronutrient-rich vegetables, specifically purslane’s leaves and stems. The purslane leaves and stems were sun-dried and analyzed for their proximate, mineral, and antioxidant potential. After conducting preliminary trials, flour blends supplemented with purslane powders ranging from 2 to 4% were evaluated for their rheological behavior and suitability in bakery cupcakes. The results indicated that purslane leaves and stems are a rich source of crude proteins (18.04 ± 0.61 and 15.62 ± 1.63%, respectively) and mineral contents, especially iron contents (214.28 ± 123.13 and 243.37 ± 5.25 mg/100 g, respectively). The powder retained a significant quantity of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential after sun-drying. The rheological evaluation indicated the dose-dependent incremental response on dough development and dough stability time. Although cupcakes prepared with purslane leaves and stem powder received lower ratings than the control, statistically, the cupcakes supplemented with 2 to 4% purslane powder were on par with each other. In conclusion, purslane leaves and stems are a rich source of micronutrients and their incorporation in bakery products can improve the consumer’s micronutrient intake.
Modeling and Analysis of the Fuzzy‐Fractional Chaotic Financial System Using the Extended He–Mohand Algorithm in a Fuzzy‐Caputo Sense
Authors: Qayyum Mubashir , Ahmad Efaza , Tahir Aneeza , Acharya Saraswati
Published: November 2023

This paper contains modeling of a fuzzy‐fractional financial chaotic model based on triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) to predict the idea that long‐term dependency and uncertainty both have an impact on the financial market. For solution purposes, the He–Mohand algorithm is proposed where homotopy perturbation is hybrid with Mohand transform in a fuzzy‐Caputo sense. In analysis, solutions and corresponding errors at upper and lower bounds are estimated. The obtained numerical results are displayed in tables to show the reliability and efficiency of the proposed methodology. Upper bound errors range from 10−6 to 10−12 and lower bound errors from 10−6 to 10−11. For graphical analysis, system profiles are illustrated as two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional plots at diverse values of fractional parameters and time to comprehend the physical behavior of the proposed fuzzy‐fractional model. These plots demonstrate that the interest rate, price index, and investment demand decrease with the increase of the value of the ‐cut at the lower bound. At the upper bound, this behavior is totally opposite. The chaotic behavior of the system at smaller values of saving rate, elasticity of demands, and per‐investment cost is greater in contrast to their larger value. Analysis reveals that the proposed methodology (He–Mohand algorithm) provides a new way of understanding the complicated structure of financial systems and provides new insights into the dynamics of financial markets. This algorithm has potential applications in risk management, portfolio optimization, and trading strategies.
Nursing Interventions during Seclusion and Mechanical Restraint: A Video‐Observation Study in Inpatient Psychiatric Care
Authors: Varpula Jaakko , Lantta Tella , Lahti Mari , Berg Johanna , Soininen Päivi , Välimäki Maritta
Published: November 2023

Purpose. To understand nursing practice in seclusion and mechanical restraint events in psychiatric inpatient care. Design and Methods. Non‐participant video observation was used to collect data from seclusion and mechanical restraint events. Nursing interventions were analysed using deductive content analysis. Findings. Video recordings (n = 36) showed that nurses were present for 4.1% of the duration of seclusion and mechanical restraint events. The nursing interventions focused on meeting patients’ basic needs, maintaining safety, and interaction. Practice Implications. Nursing must be founded on a thorough assessment of patients’ physical and psychosocial needs and meeting those needs with appropriate nursing interventions.
Experimental Study on Seismic Fatigue Capacity of High- and Mild-Strength Structural Steels with and without Corrosion
Authors: Razmkhah Mohammad Hossein , Ghaderi Mohsen , Gerami Mohsen
Published: November 2023

The test results on hourglass specimens of steel under repetitive sine loads provide graphs that indicate the stress range in terms of the number of cycles to failure and are known as S-N curves. Using this curve, it is determined that if the applied stress is less than a certain level, failure will not occur as the number of load cycles increases. The S-N curve can be affected by several factors such as yield stress, temperature, surface properties, and corrosion. In this research, the S-N curve has been investigated for two types of high-strength steels, S690 and S460, as well as two types of mild-strength steels, S235 and S355, at 25°C, and S355 with corrosion. The numbers of samples used for S235 and S460 steels were 45 each while S355 and S690 steels were 36 each and for S355 with corrosion was 15 with the high cycle fatigue curve obtained for them. To investigate the effect of plate thickness on the high cycle fatigue of the samples, four sets of 24-piece S235 steel samples, being 96 samples in total, were made of plates with different thicknesses of 8, 12, 15, and 20 mm and tested. Finally, a four-story three-span steel moment frame was designed, and under the Northridge earthquake record, the high cycle fatigue was investigated. It was observed that the high cycle fatigue was not effective for the mentioned structure under the Northridge earthquake record, but in the corroded structure, damage from high cycle fatigue occurs under this record.