bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial metabolic engineering for the production of second-generation (2 G) bioethanol and biobutanol; a review
Authors: Hussain Asif , Liao Hui , Ahmad Khalil , Ahsan Muhammad , Hussain Muhammad Iftikhar , Iqbal Muhammad Waheed , Aqeel Sahibzada Muhammad , Hussain Arif , Xia Xiaole
Published: March 2023

Abstracts

The second generation (2 G) biofuels were introduced to solve the issues associated with first-generation biofuel (dependency on food materials) and fossil fuels, such as reservoirs diminution, high demand, price fluctuation, and lethal greenhouse gases emission. Butanol and ethanol are the main 2 G biofuels. They are used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and chemical solvent in the pharmaceutical, plastic, textiles, cosmetics, and fuel industries. Currently, their bacterial biological production from lignocellulosic material at the industrial level with primitive microorganisms is under development and not economical and qualitative compatible as compared to that of fossil origin, due to the slow growth rate, low titer, recalcitrant nature of lignocellulose, strain intolerance to a higher amount of butanol and ethanol, and strain inability to tolerate inhibitors accumulated during pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials. Therefore, metabolic engineering strategies such as redirection of carbon flux, knocking out competing pathways, enhancing strain robustness and wide range of substrate utilization ability, and overexpression of enzymes involved in their biological synthesis have been applied to bacteria for enhancing their ability for 2 G ethanol and butanol production in a highly cost-effective amount from lignocellulosic materials. Herein, we summarized and reviewed the progress in metabolic engineering of bacterial species such as Clostridium spp,Escherichia coli, and Zymomonas mobilis for the synthesis of 2 G butanol and ethanol, especially from lignocellulosic materials.
Survival, mobilization, and transport ofEscherichia colifrom sheep faeces
Authors: Muirhead Richard , Schoensee Carina
Published: March 2023

Aims

This study looked at the survival, mobilization, and transport of Escherichia coli from sheep faeces over an extended period, which was then repeated for all four seasons.

Methods and Results

Rain simulation was used to measure E. coli mobilization directly from faecal pats and subsequent transport across a soil surface. The rain simulation experiments were conducted over the same 90-day period and for the four seasons as per the survival experiments conducted to determine E. coli survival in faecal pats. The survival experiments demonstrated up to three orders of magnitude increase of E. coli in sheep faeces. Peak E. coli concentrations in the faeces were observed on Day 2 through to Day 30, with no significant effect of seasons or weather patterns. The E. coli concentrations in the runoff followed the survival pattern of E. coli concentrations in the faeces.

Conclusions

There was a statistically significant relationship between the E. coli concentrations in the faeces and the runoff.

Significance and impact of study

The data generated on the relationship between Escherichia coli concentrations in the faeces and in the runoff can support the development of runoff risk models for sheep grazing pastureland to support catchment modelling, land use decisions, and public health.
Long-term adaptation of ParA, RelE/ParE partition system, replication protein and phage proteins encoding low-cost plasmids ofEscherichiaspecies isolated from diarrheic children of North East India
Authors: Sarma Sangita , Bhattacharjee Abhilash , Devi Moirangthem Veigyabati , Panyang Pankaj Pradeep , Singh Anil Kumar
Published: March 2023

Aims

The prevalent distribution of plasmid-mediated β-lactam resistance is the most pressing global problem in enteric diseases. The current work aims to characterize plasmid-carrying β-lactam resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from North East India for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and plasmid adaptation study.

Methods and Results

In vitro transconjugation and transformation showed overall high conjugation frequency (4.11 × 10−1–9.2 × 10−1) and moderate transformation efficiency/µg DNA (1.02 × 102 -1 × 103), and the highest conjugation frequency (9.2 × 10−1) and transformation efficiency (1 × 103) for Escherichia species S-10. Intra/intergenus plasmid transformation efficiency was highest for the transformation of Klebsiella pneumoniae S-2 to Shigellaflexneri S-42 (1.3 × 103) and lowest for Escherichia species S-10 to Escherichia fergusonii S-30 (2 × 102). In the plasmid stability test, S-10 was detected with the highest plasmid carrying frequency (83.44%) and insignificant segregational loss rate (0.0004) until the 60th day with low plasmid cost on the host. The above findings were also validated by whole-plasmid sequencing of Escherichia species S-10. The genome was identified with two plasmids constituting multiple phage proteins, relaxosomal protein NikA, replication protein RepA, and the plasmid maintenance proteins (ParA, RelE/ParE), thus assisting stable plasmid maintenance.

Conclusions

The results thus indicate that the high conjugation ability and low plasmid fitness cost might lead to horizontal gene transfer of the plasmid to the environment due to their prolonged adaptation in nonselective conditions, intensifying the infection's severity.
Microbe community composition differences of hand skin on similar lifestyle volunteers: a small-scale study
Authors: Guo Hong-Xia , Zhao Teng , Gao He-Ting , Xing Dan , Zhou Xin-Yu , Wu Jia-Hong , Li Chun-Xiao
Published: March 2023

Aims

Human skin is the first barrier against pathogens and environmental hazards and the highest contact frequency occurs with the hands. Environmental and personal metabolic factors may affect skin microbes. This study was conducted to clarify the diversity in the skin microbial community that was mainly due to individual skin metabolites rather than lifestyle and environmental factors.

Methods and Results

Skin microbiota samples were collected from 11 volunteers who met similar lifestyle inclusion criteria. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. After library construction and sequencing, we compared the composition and diversity of the hand skin microbiota in different sexes and BMI groups with bioinformation analysis. The whole sequence data were annotated as 42 phyla, 538 families, and 1215 genera. Four dominant phyla accounted for 97% of the total including Actinobacteriota (50.18%), Firmicutes (23.85%), Proteobacteria (21.64%) and Bacteroidota (2.05%). The genera that were detected in all subjects with high relative abundance were Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Lawsonella, Enhydrobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Asaia and Micrococcus.

Conclusions

The diversity and richness of the microbiota of male hand skin in our study was higher than that of females. Interestingly, Cutibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium might serve as important skin microbiota to distinguish sexes.
SARS-CoV-2 persistence on common food covering materials: plastic wrap, fruit wax, and cardboard takeout containers
Authors: Glasbrenner David C , Choi Young W , Middleton Jason K
Published: March 2023

Aims

Assess the persistence of infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus and virus genomic material on three common food coverings.

Methods and Results

The stability of infectious virus and genomic material on plastic wrap, fruit wax, and cardboard takeout containers was measured. SARS-CoV-2 in simulated saliva was applied to the surface of these materials and allowed to dry. Samples were stored at 4°C or 20°C and a relative humidity of 30%, 50%, 65%, or 70% for up to 7 days. Viability was measured by TCID50 and the half-life for infectious virus was determined to be ~24 hours and ~8 hours at 4°C and 20°C, respectively, on all surfaces and RH tested. There was no loss of virus genomic material as measured by qRT-PCR at all conditions evaluated.

Conclusions

SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious on food coverings for hours to days. It is estimated that a 99.9% reduction in titer requires 10 days at 4°C and 3 days at 20°C for all RH tested. SARS-CoV-2 genomic material showed no loss when assayed by qRT-PCR. Significance and Impact of Study: SARS-CoV-2 virus on food coverings loses infectivity over a certain period, but PCR assays can still detect virus genomic material throughout the same time. Thus, testing and controls may need to consider the fact that virus genomic material may still be detected when no infectious virus is present.
Characterization of chaetoglobosin producingChaetomium globosumfor the management ofFusarium–Meloidogynewilt complex in tomato
Authors: Rajendran Lingan , Durgadevi Dhakshinamoorthy , Kavitha Rangasamy , Divya Sivashanmugam , Ganeshan Kuppandy , Vetrivelkalai Pandia Maharajan , Karthikeyan Gandhi , Raguchander Thiruvengadam
Published: March 2023

Aim

Simultaneous management of FOL and RKN causing wilt complex in tomato by chaetoglobosin-producing Chaetomium globosum.

Methods and results

Random survey was carried out to isolate Fusarium and Chaetomium. Twelve Fusarium isolates were characterized, and FOL4 (virulent) was molecularly identified. Wilt complex by FOL, RKN was assessed individually and in combination under greenhouse. RKN (1000 juveniles ml−1) inoculation followed by FOL4 (5 × 105 spores ml−1) accounted for 90% incidence. The chaetoglobosin-producing Chaetomium was isolated, characterized morphologically and molecularly. Among 55 isolates, nine showed >50% inhibition against FOL, and crude culture filtrate showed a significant reduction in RKN egg hatching (15.66%) and juvenile mortality (100%). Chaetomium Cg 40 was confirmed as C. globosum using SCAR marker (OK032373). Among 40 volatile compounds, hexadecanoic acid and 1,2-epoxy-5,9-cyclododecadiene exhibited antifungal and nematicidal properties in GC–MS. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed chaetoglobosin A (0.767 μg μl−1), and the presence of bioactive molecules chaetoglobosin (528.25 m/z), chaetomin (710 m/z), chaetocin (692.8 m/z), chaetoviridin (432.85 m/z), and chaetomugilin (390 m/z) was confirmed by LC/MS/MS. Cg 40 and Cg 6 were able to synthesize the pks1a, b gene responsible for chaetoglobosin, sporulation, and melanin biosynthesis was confirmed by PCR. The application of an aqueous formulation as seed treatment, seedling dip, and soil drenching (application) recorded lowest wilt incidence (11.11%) and gall index (1) with the maximum growth parameter (plant height 51.9 cm), fruit yield (287.5 g), and lycopene content (11.46 mg/100 g).

Conclusions

Cg 40 and Cg 6, containing polyketides, secondary metabolites, antibiotics, chaetoglobosin, and plant growth-promoting ability, showed antifungal and nematicidal properties against the FOL–RKN wilt complex in tomato in vitro and pot culture experiments.
Machine learning combined with MALDI-TOF MS has the potential ability to identify serotypes of the avian pathogenRiemerella anatipestifer
Authors: Wang Zhuohao , Zheng Xiangkuan , Chen Jin , Xu Zhengjun , Dong Yongyi , Xu Guoxin , Chen Long , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2023

Aim

Combining MALDI-TOF MS and machine learning to establish a new rapid method to identify two important serotypes of Rimerella anatipestifer.

Methods and Results

MALDI-TOF MS was performed on 115 R. anatipestifer strains (serotype 1, serotype 2, and other serotypes) to explore its ability to identify serotypes of R. anatipestifer. Raw spectral data were generated in diagnostic mode; these data were preprocessed, clustered, and analysed using principal component analysis. The results indicated that MALDI-TOF MS completely differentiated serotype 1 from serotype 2 of R. anatipestifer; the potential serotype-associated m/z loci are listed. Furthermore, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine were used for modelling to identify the two important serotypes, and the results of cross-validation indicated that they had ∼80% confidence to make the right classification.

Conclusion

We proved that MALDI-TOF MS can differentiate serotype 1 from serotype 2 of R. anatipestifer. Additionally, the identification models established in this study have high confidence to screen out these two important serotypes from other serotypes.
Phenotypic ESBL and non-phenotypic ESBL isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeexhibit differing responses to induced antimicrobials resistance and subsequent antibiotic cross-resistance
Authors: Haddadin Randa N , Collier Phillip J , Haddadin Shaden
Published: March 2023

Aim

To investigate the effect of adapting Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates harboring ESBL genes to cetrimide (CT) in terms of subsequent cross-resistance to other biocides and antibiotics, and to investigate changes to virulence markers, such as biofilm formation and efflux activity. The changes between phenotypic extended spectrum β-lactamases (pESBL) expressing isolates and non-phenotypic ESBL (npESBL) isolates was compared.

Methods and results

Kl. pneumoniae isolates (14 pESBL and 17 npESBL) were adapted to increasing concentrations of CT, until 4 × MIC was reached. The MIC of the adapted isolates was tested against chloroxylenol (CX) and chlorhexidine. Disk diffusion techniques were used to determine the susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics. Biofilm formation was assessed for the isolates using the crystal violet method and efflux pump activity was studied using the ethidium bromide assay. After CT adaptation, 100% of npESBL isolates and 85.7% of pESBL isolates showed increase in CT MIC after CT adaptation. While 41.2% of npESBL and 57.1% of the pESBL isolates showed a cross-resistance with chlorhexidine. CT adaptation resulted in a significant decrease in the susceptibility of npESBL isolates to aztreonam and cefotaxime compared to pESBL isolates, which could be linked to the increase in efflux activity of npESBL compared to pESBL. Biofilm formation was significantly increased after CT adaptation regardless of the type of isolate.

Conclusions

The extensive use of biocides in the environment can induce cross-resistance to other biocides and antibiotics, and can increase the ability of bacteria to form biofilms. The response of bacteria to biocide adaptation differs between pESBL and npESBL isolates, although the effect is strain specific.
Lactic acid bacteria andBacillusspp. as fungal biological control agents
Authors: Hirozawa Melissa Tiemi , Ono Mario Augusto , Suguiura Igor Massahiro de Souza , Bordini Jaqueline Gozzi , Ono Elisabete Yurie Sataque
Published: March 2023

Fungal pathogens are one of the most important agents affecting crop production and food safety, and agrochemical application is one of the main approaches to reduce phytopathogenic fungi contamination in agricultural products. However, excessive and inadequate use can cause environmental damage, human and animal hazard, and increased phytopathogen resistance to fungicides. Biological control using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus spp. is an environmentally friendly strategy for phytopathogenic fungi management. Several molecules produced by these bacteria indeed affect fungal growth and viability in different plant crops. In this article, the activity spectra are reviewed along with the antifungal effect and antifungal compounds produced by LAB (e.g. organic acids, peptides, cyclic dipeptides, fatty acids, and volatile compounds) and Bacillus spp. (e.g. peptides, enzymes, and volatile compounds).
Turfgrass-dependent mycotrophic change enhances soil deterioration in dry, cold and high-alkali environments
Authors: Yang Yong-Zhi , Chang Jui-Tse , Yan Hai-Xia , Gao Run-Hong , Luo Min-Xin , Chao Chien-Ti , Liao Pei-Chun
Published: March 2023

Aims

Soil quality is undergoing severe degradation under anthropogenic effects. Different methods of land management have been implemented for soil reclamation, such as turfing. Although widely accepted to improve soil quality, turfing in specific environments may also culminate in soil deterioration. We aim to know how turfing impacts soils by changing mycobiomes.

Methods and results

The soil physicochemical properties and ITS metabarcoding were used to investigate mycobiome diversity and eco-function differences between the eudicot Dianthus plumarius and the monocot Poa pratensis in dry, cold, and high-alkali soil. The effects of plantation and the rhizosphere (e.g. root exudates) were tested. We showed that the change in soil mycobiomes in different planted bulk soils and rhizospheres could mainly be attributed to species turnover, with minor nestedness. Unexpectedly, the soil deteriorates more following turfing. The increasing saprotrophs in planted bulk soil were more marked in the monocot than in the eudicot, even the rhizosphere effect alleviated saprotrophic risks in the rhizosphere.

Conclusions

Turfing deteriorates the health of high-alkali soil by reducing nitrification, and upshift the soil saprotrophs in a dry and cold environment.
Gene flow with the help of sea turtles: phylogeography of the epibiont barnacleChelonibia testudinaria(Linnaeus, 1758) (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Chelonibiidae) from the Persian Gulf
Authors: Shahdadi Adnan
Published: March 2023

Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758) is a globally distributed epibiont barnacle using different hosts, including sea turtles and portunid crabs. Previous phylogenetic analyses have recovered three distinct clades for this species corresponding to the Atlantic, Eastern Pacific, and Indo-West Pacific regions. The present study of the genetic diversity of this species in the Persian Gulf (northwestern Indian Ocean) using the COX1 mitochondrial marker estimates the genetic connectivity of the barnacle between the Persian Gulf and two western Pacific regions. No significant genetic differentiation is evident between the Persian Gulf and the western Pacific, but the moderate level of genetic connectivity found between these areas across the Indian Ocean is likely mediated by migratory sea turtles. Based on the present analysis, the Persian Gulf displays a lower genetic diversity than the diversity of the western Pacific populations but shares some haplotypes with the latter.
A novel binary-addition simplified swarm optimization for generalized reliability redundancy allocation problem
Authors: Jiang Yunzhi , Liu Zhenyao , Chen Jen-Hsuan , Yeh Wei-Chang , Huang Chia-Ling
Published: March 2023

Network systems are commonly used in various fields, such as power grids, Internet of Things, and gas networks. The reliability redundancy allocation problem is a well-known reliability design tool that needs to be developed when the system is extended from a series-parallel structure to a more general network structure. Therefore, this study proposes a novel reliability redundancy allocation problem, referred to as the general reliability redundancy allocation problem, to be applied in network systems. Because the general reliability redundancy allocation problem is NP-hard, a new algorithm referred to as binary-addition simplified swarm optimization is proposed in this study. Binary-addition simplified swarm optimization combines the accuracy of the binary addition tree algorithm with the efficiency of simplified swarm optimization, which can effectively reduce the solution space and speed up the time required to find high-quality solutions. The experimental results show that binary-addition simplified swarm optimization outperforms three well-known algorithms: the genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and simplified swarm optimization in high-quality solutions and high stability on six network benchmarks.
Spatial ecology of the Vicuña (Lama vicugna) in a high Andean protected area
Authors: Karandikar Harshad , Donadio Emiliano , Smith Justine A , Bidder Owen R , Middleton Arthur D
Published: March 2023

The study of animal space use is fundamental to effective conservation and management of wildlife populations and habitats in a rapidly changing world, yet many species remain poorly described. Such is the case for the spatial ecology of the Vicuña–a medium-sized wild camelid that plays a critical role, both as a consumer and as prey, in the high Andean food web. We studied patterns of space use of 24 adult female vicuñas from April 2014 to February 2017 at the southern edge of its range. Vicuñas showed strong fidelity to their home range locations across the study period and shared large portions of their home ranges with vicuñas from other family groups. Vicuña home ranges in our study were considerably larger than previous estimates across the range of the species. Variation in environmental and terrain factors and the associated risk of predation affected vicuña diel migration distance but not home range size or overlap. Our study offers new ecological insights into vicuña space use that can inform conservation and management efforts of vicuñas and other social ungulates.
A Hidden Gem: Highlighting the Indispensable Capabilities and History of the DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and DoD Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory
Authors: Ke Pucheng , Stidham Ralph A , Forbes Adrienne M , Castaneto Marisol S , Wegner Matthew D , Mont Stephanie L
Published: March 2023

The DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory have safeguarded U.S. government employees in chemical defense for over five decades. Considering Russia’s potential deployment of chemical warfare nerve agents in Ukraine, it is critical to maintain a robust cholinesterase testing program and its efficiency presently and in future.
Single-pulse behaviours and fast radio burst-like micropulses in FAST wide-band observations of eight pulsars
Authors: Zhao Rushuang , Li Di , Hobbs George , Wang Pei , Xue Mengyao , Dang Shijun , Liu Hui , Zhi Qijun , Miao Chenchen , Yuan Mao , Niu Jiarui , Meng Lingqi , Zhu Weiwei
Published: March 2023

We searched for evidence of subpulse drifting and micropulses from eight pulsars. Our observations were carried out using the ultra-wide-bandwidth receiver installed on the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST), as part of the pilot program for the Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey (CRAFTS). For three pulsars (PSRs J0426+4933, J0815+4611, J1529+40), we detected single pulses for the first time. Four pulsars [PSRs J0426+4933, J0815+4611, J1529+40, J1945−0040 (B1942–00)] were observed to undergo subpulse drifting. Notable features include bimodal behaviour in the nulling of PSR J0034−0721 (B0031–07). For this pulsar, short-duration (≲10 period) null events were shown to be frequency-dependent, whereas long-duration null events were frequency-independent. The driftings of the pulse components for this pulsar overlapped in time, and the integrated profiles of the drift modes are shown to be distinct, indicating a different energy distribution. Subpulse drifting is detected for PSR J0426+4933 at ∼400 MHz, but becomes undetectable above 600 MHz, probably becuase of the disappearance of one pulse component. Microstructures have been detected in pulses from PSRs J0034−0721 and J0151−0635 (B0148–06). The quasi-periodic microstructure emission in PSR J0034−0721 was detectable at low observing frequencies. The duration of the micropulses was found to be frequency-dependent. In a similar fashion to fast radio bursts, the detected micropulses were bandwith-limited, with a characteristic bandwidth of 128.4 ± 31.6 MHz for PSR J0034−0721 and of 93.3 ± 3.2 MHz for PSR J0151−0635.
Why weak lensing cluster shapes are insensitive to self-interacting dark matter
Authors: Robertson Andrew , Huff Eric , Markovič Katarina
Published: March 2023

We investigate whether the shapes of galaxy clusters inferred from weak gravitational lensing can be used as a test of the nature of dark matter. We analyse mock weak lensing data, with gravitational lenses extracted from cosmological simulations run with two different dark matter models: cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM). We fit elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White profiles to the shear fields of the simulated clusters. Despite large differences in the distribution of 3D shapes between CDM and SIDM, we find that the distributions of weak-lensing-inferred cluster shapes are almost indistinguishable. We trace this information loss to two causes. First, weak lensing measures the shape of the projected mass distribution, not the underlying 3D shape, and projection effects wash out some of the difference. Secondly, weak lensing is most sensitive to the projected shape of clusters, on a scale approaching the virial radius ($\sim\! 1.5 \mathrm{\, Mpc}$), whereas SIDM shapes differ most from CDM in the inner halo. We introduce a model for the mass distribution of galaxy clusters where the ellipticity of the mass distribution can vary with distance to the centre of the cluster. While this mass distribution does not enable weak lensing data to distinguish between CDM and SIDM with cluster shapes (the ellipticity at small radii is poorly constrained by weak lensing), it could be useful when modelling combined strong and weak gravitational lensing of clusters.
The growth of intermediate mass black holes through tidal captures and tidal disruption events
Authors: Rizzuto Francesco Paolo , Naab Thorsten , Rantala Antti , Johansson Peter H , Ostriker Jeremiah P , Stone Nicholas C , Liao Shihong , Irodotou Dimitrios
Published: March 2023

We present N-body simulations, including post-Newtonian dynamics, of dense clusters of low-mass stars harbouring central black holes (BHs) with initial masses of 50, 300, and 2000 M⊙. The models are evolved with the N-body code bifrost to investigate the possible formation and growth of massive BHs by the tidal capture of stars and tidal disruption events (TDEs). We model star–BH tidal interactions using a velocity-dependent drag force, which causes orbital energy and angular momentum loss near the BH. About ∼20–30 per cent of the stars within the spheres of influence of the black holes form Bahcall–Wolf cusps and prevent the systems from core collapse. Within the first 40 Myr of evolution, the systems experience 500–1300 TDEs, depending on the initial cluster structure. Most (>95 per cent) of the TDEs originate from stars in the Bahcall–Wolf cusp. We derive an analytical formula for the TDE rate as a function of the central BH mass, density, and velocity dispersion of the clusters ($\dot{N}_{\mathrm{TDE}} \propto M\mathrm{_{BH}}\rho \sigma ^{-3}$). We find that TDEs can lead a 300 M⊙ BH to reach $\sim 7000 \, \mathrm{{M}_{\odot }}$ within a Gyr. This indicates that TDEs can drive the formation and growth of massive BHs in sufficiently dense environments, which might be present in the central regions of nuclear star clusters.
A benchmark study of atomic models for the transition region against quiet Sun observations
Authors: Dufresne R P , Del Zanna G , Mason H E
Published: March 2023

The use of the coronal approximation to model line emission from the solar transition region has led to discrepancies with observations over many years, particularly for Li- and Na-like ions. Studies have shown that a number of atomic processes are required to improve the modelling for this region, including the effects of high densities, solar radiation, and charge transfer on ion formation. Other non-equilibrium processes, such as time-dependent ionization and radiative transfer, are also expected to play a role. A set of models which include the three relevant atomic processes listed above in ionization equilibrium has recently been built. These new results cover the main elements observed in the transition region. To assess the effectiveness of the results, this work predicts spectral line intensities using differential emission measure modelling. Although limited in some respects, this differential emission measure modelling does give a good indication of the impact of the new atomic calculations. The results are compared to predictions of the coronal approximation and to observations of the average, quiet Sun from published literature. Significant improvements are seen for the line emission from Li- and Na-like ions, intercombination lines, and many other lines. From this study, an assessment is made of how far down into the solar atmosphere the coronal approximation can be applied, and the range over which the new atomic models are valid.
Elucidating the distinct contributions of miR-122 in the HCV life cycle reveals insights into virion assembly
Authors: Rheault Marylin , Cousineau Sophie E , Fox Danielle R , Abram Quinn H , Sagan Selena M
Published: March 2023

Efficient hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA accumulation is dependent upon interactions with the human liver-specific microRNA, miR-122. MiR-122 has at least three roles in the HCV life cycle: it acts as an RNA chaperone, or ‘riboswitch’, allowing formation of the viral internal ribosomal entry site; it provides genome stability; and promotes viral translation. However, the relative contribution of each role in HCV RNA accumulation remains unclear. Herein, we used point mutations, mutant miRNAs, and HCV luciferase reporter RNAs to isolate each of the roles and evaluate their contribution to the overall impact of miR-122 in the HCV life cycle. Our results suggest that the riboswitch has a minimal contribution in isolation, while genome stability and translational promotion have similar contributions in the establishment phase of infection. However, in the maintenance phase, translational promotion becomes the dominant role. Additionally, we found that an alternative conformation of the 5′ untranslated region, termed SLIIalt, is important for efficient virion assembly. Taken together, we have clarified the overall importance of each of the established roles of miR-122 in the HCV life cycle and provided insight into the regulation of the balance between viral RNAs in the translating/replicating pool and those engaged in virion assembly.
The Substitution of Fifty Percent of Combustible Tobacco Smoke Exposure With Either Electronic Cigarettes or Heated tobacco Products Did Not Attenuate Acute Lung Injury in an Animal Model
Authors: Husari Ahmad , El-Harakeh Mohammad , Shihadeh Alan , Daou Michella Abi Zeid , Bitar Hala , Karaoghlanian Nareg , Zaatari Ghazi , El-Sabban Marwan
Published: March 2023

Background

To reduce the harmful health effects of combustible cigarette smoke (CS), some (CS) users attempt to substitute CS with electronic cigarettes (ECIG) and/or heated tobacco products (HTP). In this animal study, we evaluated the acute effects of substituting CS consumption with ECIG or HTP thus mimicking the dual users’ approach, on the lungs of a mouse model.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice were divided into Control, ECIG, HTP, CS, ECIG + CS, HTP + CS, and HTP + ECIG groups. Animals were exposed for 3 hours in AM and PM sessions to either air, CS, ECIG, or HTP for seven days. Lung injury was assessed by: wet to dry (W/D) ratio, albumin concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, histopathology examination, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and assessment of cellular apoptosis.

Results

W/D ratio was significantly increased in mice exposed to CS only. Albumin leak and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-a were elevated in CS, ECIG + CS, and HTP + CS. Histological examination revealed significant inflammatory cells infiltration, as well as collagen deposit in CS, ECIG + CS, HTP + CS. ROS production was significantly increased in CS, ECIG + CS, HTP + CS. Finally, cell death was also significantly increased in CS, ECIG + CS, and HTP + CS.

Conclusion

In this animal model, substituting 50% of daily CS exposure by either ECIG or HTP exposure did not result in significant attenuation of acute lung injury.
In response to “Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies”
Authors: Marx Wolfgang , Travica Nikolaj , O’Neil Adrienne , Jacka Felice
Published: March 2023

The growing interest in the association between dietary patterns and depression risk is reflected by an increasing number of meta-analyses conducted recently on this topic. One of these meta-analyses found no evidence of a significant association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and depression, when using prospective studies. This is an interesting finding, yet it is largely inconsistent with other meta-analyses published within the same time frame. The aim of this letter is to identify key analytic decisions made in that meta-analysis that may help explain the findings, specifically those regarding study inclusion criteria, outcome selection, and coding that may have affected the results of the analysis. After conducting the subsequent re-analysis addressing these revised methodological decisions, these decisions were found to largely explain the reported null result. These new findings not only provide greater context for the results of the meta-analysis but also explain why the findings were inconsistent with the relevant literature in this field.
Mediterranean diet and depression: reanalysis of a meta-analysis
Authors: Shafiei Fateme , Salari-Moghaddam Asma , Larijani Bagher , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: March 2023

On the basis of comments we received from readers, we made some changes in the original version of our article about our study and re-analyzed the data. In this corrected version, we found an inverse significant association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of depression in cohort studies (overall hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.94). In addition, combining 8 cross-sectional studies that examined the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and depression, we found a significant inverse association (overall odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.92).
FACTORS INFLUENCING SIZE-SPECIFIC DOSE ESTIMATES OF SELECTED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROTOCOLS AT TWO CLINICAL PRACTICES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Sebelego Ida-Keshia , Acho Sussan , van der Merwe Belinda , Rae William I D
Published: March 2023

The study aimed to determine the factors that impact the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) for computed tomography (CT) examinations of the chest-abdomen-pelvis and abdomen-pelvis protocols in two clinical radiology practices and evaluate the image quality of these protocols. Imaging parameters, protocols, dose metrics from the CT units and size-related parameters to calculate the SSDE were documented. The image quality of the CT images was assessed using an image subtraction algorithm. The SSDE increased as the volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol), and the patient’s body mass index increased, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.001) occurred between the two hospitals regarding image quality. However, these differences were not indicative of differences in the diagnostic performances for task-based imaging protocols. Different clinical protocols should be reviewed to optimise dose. The inclusion of the pre-monitoring sequence, age of the machine and the scan requisition parameters impacted the SSDEs. Image quality should be assessed to evaluate the consistency of image quality between protocols applied by different CT units when assessing SSDEs.
Regulatory B Cells Contribute to the Clinical Response After Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Infusion in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Loisel Séverine , Lansiaux Pauline , Rossille Delphine , Ménard Cédric , Dulong Joëlle , Monvoisin Céline , Bescher Nadège , Bézier Isabelle , Latour Maëlle , Cras Audrey , Farge Dominique , Tarte Karin
Published: March 2023

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have recently emerged as an interesting therapeutic approach for patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (SSc), a rare and life-threatening orphan autoimmune disease. Whereas MSC immunomodulatory potential is considered as a central mechanism for their clinical benefit, very few data are available on the impact of MSCs on immune cell subsets in vivo. In the current extended study of a phase I/II clinical trial exploring the injection of a single dose of allogeneic bone marrow-MSCs (alloBM-MSCs) in patients with severe SSc (NCT02213705), we performed a longitudinal in-depth characterization of circulating immune cells in 19 MSC-treated patients, including 14 responders and 5 non-responders. By a combination of flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses, we highlighted an increase in circulating CD24hiCD27posCD38lo/neg memory B cells, the main IL-10-producing regulatory B cell (Breg) subset, and an upregulation of IL10 expression in ex-vivo purified B cells, specifically in responder patients, early after the alloBM-MSC infusion. In addition, a deeper alteration of the B-cell compartment before alloBM-MSC treatment, including a higher expression of profibrotic cytokines IL6 and TGFβ by sorted B cells was associated with a non-responder clinical status. Finally, BM-MSCs were able to directly upregulate IL-10 production in activated B cells in vitro. These data suggest that cytokine-producing B cells, in particular Breg, are pivotal effectors of BM-MSC therapeutic activity in SSc. Their quantification as activity biomarkers in MSC potency assays and patient selection criteria may be considered to reach optimal clinical benefit when designing MSC-based clinical trials.
Nirmatrelvir–Ritonavir (Paxlovid) for Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Lin Christine Y. , Cassidy Arianna G. , Li Lin , Prahl Mary K. , Golan Yarden , Gaw Stephanie L.
Published: March 2023

Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir (Paxlovid) is recommended to reduce the risk of hospitalization from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy. Data on use in pregnancy, including prescribing patterns and patient experience (adverse effects, incidence of rebound), are limited. We performed a cross-sectional study in which we surveyed a cohort of vaccinated pregnant or lactating individuals with breakthrough COVID-19. Of 35 pregnant respondents, 51.4% were prescribed and 34.3% took nirmatrelvir–ritonavir; of these, 91.7% experienced dysgeusia and 50.0% had rebound (50.0% positive test result, 33.3% return of symptoms). Three of five lactating respondents were prescribed and two took nirmatrelvir–ritonavir. There were no significant adverse outcomes. Unknown risk was the most common reason for declining nirmatrelvir–ritonavir. More research is needed to establish the safety of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in pregnancy and lactation, to improve public health messaging, and to increase uptake of this treatment.
Changes in Pregnancy-Related Mortality Associated With the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in the United States
Authors: Thoma Marie E. , Declercq Eugene R.
Published: March 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To examine pregnancy-related mortality ratios before (January 2019–March 2020) and during (April 2020–December 2020 and 2021) the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic overall, by race and ethnicity, and by rural–urban classifications using vital records data.

METHODS:

Mortality and natality data (2019–2021) were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s WONDER database to estimate pregnancy-related mortality ratios, which correspond to any death during pregnancy or up to 1 year after the end of a pregnancy from causes related to the pregnancy per 100,000 live births. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios were determined from International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes A34, O00–O96, and O98–O99. Overall pregnancy-related mortality ratios were partitioned by whether COVID-19 was listed as a contributory cause, and quarterly estimates were compared between 2019 and 2021. Pregnancy-related mortality ratios were compared by race and ethnicity and rural–urban residence before (2019–March 2020) and during (April 2020–December 2020 and 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESULTS:

Pregnancy-related mortality was significantly higher in 2021 (45.5/100,000 live births) compared with during the pandemic in 2020 (36.7/100,000 live births) and before the pandemic (29.0/100,000 live births). Pregnancy-related mortality ratios increased across all race and ethnicity and rural–urban residence categories in 2021. The largest increase occurred among American Indian/Alaska Native people during 2021 compared with April–December of 2020 (pregnancy-related mortality ratio 160.8 vs 79.0/100,000 live births, 104% relative change, P=.017). Medium–small metropolitan (52.4 vs 37.7/100,000 live births, 39.0% relative change, P<.001) and rural (56.2 vs 46.5/100,000 live births, 21.0% relative change, P=.05) areas had a larger increase in 2021 compared with April–December 2020 compared with large urban areas (39.1 vs 33.7/100,000 live births, 15.9% relative change, P=.009).

CONCLUSION:

Pregnancy-related mortality ratios increased more rapidly in 2021 than in 2020, consistent with rising rates of COVID-19–associated mortality among women of reproductive age. This further exacerbated racial and ethnic disparities, especially among American Indian/Alaska Native birthing people.
Description of supportive care and feasibility of physical exercise program to improve quality of life in advanced melanoma patients
Authors: Boileau Marie , Templier Carole , Massip Edouard , Dehoux Clémentine , Dziwniel Véronique , Fabre Claudine , Thevenon André , Mortier Laurent
Published: March 2023

Physical activity is the first-line treatment of cancer-related fatigue. It has shown benefits on patient’s quality of life (QoL) when practiced during and after treatment. New treatments have drastically changed the prognosis of melanoma. Still, few data are available about research program of supportive care in advanced melanoma. The primary outcome was to assess the feasibility of setting up a prospective study evaluating the benefits of Adapted Physical Activity (APA) on the QoL of patients with advanced melanoma. Feasibility was defined with a combination of five criteria including completion of questionnaire, recruitment, participant retention, patient adhesion to supportive care, and absence of adverse event. Between September 2019 and March 2021, 271 melanoma patients were questioned. Around 60% of stage IV melanoma patients were interested in support care. Patient retention at 3 months was sufficient. Only one patient could not be evaluated after 3 months of enrolment because of deterioration of the general state. Adhesion to exercise and sessions was good. Supervised APA program appeared to be safe and well tolerated as no adverse events or discontinuations were reported. Setting up a prospective research program evaluating the benefits of physical activity in advanced melanoma patients seems feasible. With melanoma becoming a chronic disease, supportive care may reduce fatigue, improve QoL and help maintain a healthy lifestyle. Data supporting its benefits on this survivor population are needed.
Complex vulvar and vaginal disease in menopause
Authors: Fuller Ashley E. , Dunsmoor-Su Rebecca
Published: March 2023

Purpose of review

Menopause is a time of vulvar and vaginal changes that are physiologic and are often symptomatic. These changes can impact up to 50% of women in menopause. There are also several vulvar dermatoses that are more common after menopause and should be recognized early to allow for symptomatic treatment. Some of these conditions can lead to squamous cell carcinoma over time, and early recognition and appropriate treatment reduce this risk. Treatment for women with symptomatic vulvar and vaginal conditions is important for maintaining the quality of life.

Recent findings

There are multiple review articles, small case series, and small comparative trials, but definitive trials are unavailable for most of these conditions.

Current research on pathophysiology and treatment is limited to all of these conditions, and more focus on these life-altering conditions is warranted.
Salvage Case of Corpus Cavernosum Necrosis and Urethral Perforation associated with Infection after Penile Prosthesis Insertion
Authors: Kawaguchi Tatsumi , Kudoh Satoshi , Ishikawa Shoichi , Ichioka Shigeru
Published: March 2023

Penile prosthesis implantation can be considered in patients with unsuccessful treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. Its associated postoperative complications include infection and urethral injury. Nevertheless, only a few studies have reported the successful management of severe cases. Herein, we report a case of corpus cavernosum necrosis and distal urethral perforation caused by infection after penile prosthesis insertion, which had favorable outcomes. A 60-year-old man with multiple atherosclerotic risks underwent penile prosthesis implantation for erectile dysfunction at another hospital. Postoperatively, he developed infectious necrosis and underwent prosthesis removal. However, he presented at our department because of technical difficulties in the treatment at other hospitals. The initial examination revealed extensive necrosis of the corpus cavernosum and perforation of the peripheral urethra. A thin urethral catheter was inserted, and the necrotic corpus cavernosum was debrided to preserve the artery and urethra. Then, the perforated urethra was sutured. Subsequent negative pressure wound therapy resulted in sufficient granulation and closure of the perforated urethra. One month after the surgery, the scar was resected and sutured following the circumcision line. Despite experiencing this severe postoperative complication, good functional and cosmetic outcomes were achieved after minimal surgery with a blood-flow–conserving method.
Diagnosis and Management of Common Presentations of Posttraumatic Nasal Deformity: A Narrative Review
Authors: Georgolios Alexandros , Cooper Dylan J. , Tham Tristan
Published: March 2023

Background:

Posttraumatic nasal deformity (PTND) is a surgical challenge for the otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon. Various classifications and management algorithms have been proposed without reaching much consensus in terms of definition and management.

Methods:

We present a narrative review aimed to define PTND and consolidate current knowledge regarding its diagnosis, subtypes, and treatment options.

Results:

This report is a clinical overview of PTND. We also review recent studies that characterize different osteotomy approaches and techniques used for patients with PTND.

Conclusions:

By providing a summary of the main challenges for PTND, we aim to add context to its variable presentation. We hope this broad overview will reinforce more effective communication between providers and promote patient understanding in order to ensure favorable long-term outcomes.
Incidental Finding of an Acupuncture Needle in a Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: AlTamimi Jawahir Omar , AlMubarak Sultan K. , AlThobaity Adil N.
Published: March 2023

Acupuncture, one of the most ancient forms of Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat many chronic ailments, but the extant literature reveals uncertainty regarding its efficacy and adverse complications. A specific adverse complication reported multiple times is the finding of broken needles incidentally or after symptomatic presentation. We report a case of an incidental finding of an acupuncture needle after a carpal tunnel release.