bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and their partners' preferences for Down's syndrome screening tests: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Carroll Fran E. , Al‐Janabi Hareth , Flynn Terry , Montgomery Alan A.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

This study aimed to determine quantitatively the attributes of such screening tests that couples placed most value on.

Methods

A stated preference discrete choice experiment was conducted among a sample of pregnant women and their male partners. One four‐level attribute (cost) and three two‐level attributes (detection rate, gestation and time to wait for results) were used to generate eight hypothetical pairs of tests.

Results

A total of 103 participants fully completed the questionnaire (63 women, 40 men). Overall, the sample was most concerned with test cost. However, latent class analysis showed three groups of participants whose concern for attributes differed, with cost, detection rate and delay in receiving results being the most important to each. Willingness to pay calculations showed that participants who were most concerned with detection rate were prepared to pay more than four times the amount than those most cost‐sensitive would pay for the ‘best test’ option as compared with the ‘worst test’.

Conclusions

Overall, couples were sensitive to the price of the screening test, but explicit subgroups are also shown that would pay large amounts for improvements in other attributes, particularly detection rates. This could provide important information to policymakers and practitioners in antenatal care, specifically in relation to the trade‐offs made when couples decide about antenatal screening tests. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Peptidome to PRIDE: Public proteomics data migration at a large scale
Authors: Csordas Attila , Wang Rui , Ríos Daniel , Reisinger Florian , Foster Joseph M. , Slotta Douglas J. , Vizcaíno Juan Antonio , Hermjakob Henning
Published: March 2013

The PRIDE database, developed and maintained at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), is one of the most prominent data repositories dedicated to high throughput MS‐based proteomics data. Peptidome, developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) as a sibling resource to PRIDE, was discontinued due to funding constraints in April 2011. A joint effort between the two teams was started soon after the Peptidome closure to ensure that data were not “lost” to the wider proteomics community by exporting it to PRIDE. As a result, data in the low terabyte range have been migrated from Peptidome to PRIDE and made publicly available under experiment accessions 17 900–18 271, representing 54 projects, ∼53 million mass spectra, ∼10 million peptide identifications, ∼650 000 protein identifications, ∼1.1 million biologically relevant protein modifications, and 28 species, from more than 30 different labs.
Synthesis of new vasotocin analogues: effects on renal water and ion excretion in rats
Authors: Kutina Anna V. , Marina Anna S. , Eliseev Ivan I. , Titov Mikhail I. , Natochin Yuri V.
Published: March 2013

Vasopressin and nonmammalian hormone vasotocin are known to increase the water permeability of mammalian collecting ducts, frog skin and the urinary bladder. Neurohypophysial nonapeptides have also been shown to interfere with the regulation of renal ion transport. The subject of this study was a search for vasopressin and vasotocin analogues with selective effects on renal water, sodium and potassium excretion. During this study, we synthesised the following peptides: 13 vasotocin analogues modified at positions 4 (Thr or Arg), 7 (Gly or Leu) and 8 (d‐Arg, Lys or Glu); 4 vasopressin analogues modified at positions 4 and 8; and 9 peptides shortened or extended at the C‐terminal or with substitutions for Gly‐NH2. Most of these peptides had mercaptopropionic acid (Mpa) instead of Cys in position 1. The effects of these nonapeptides on renal water, sodium and potassium transport were evaluated in in vivo experiments using Wistar rats. Some nonapeptides possessed antidiuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic activities ([Mpa1]‐arginine vasotocin, [Mpa1, homoArg8]‐vasotocin, [Mpa1, Thr4]‐arginine vasotocin and [Mpa1, Arg4]‐arginine vasopressin). Substitutions at positions 4 and 8 increased the selectivity of peptide actions. The antidiuretic [d‐Arg8]‐vasotocin analogues had no effects on sodium excretion. [Mpa1, Arg4]‐arginine vasotocin was antidiuretic and kaliuretic but not natriuretic. [Mpa1, Glu8]‐oxytocin had weak natriuretic activity without any effects on water and potassium transport. In accordance with the data obtained, synthesised vasotocin analogues could be good candidates for pharmaceuticals selectively regulating renal sodium and potassium transport, which is of clinical importance. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Engagement With Young Adult Literature: Outcomes and Processes
Authors: Ivey Gay , Johnston Peter H.
Published: March 2013

This study examines students' perceptions of the outcomes and processes of engaged reading in classrooms prioritizing engagement through self‐selected, self‐paced reading of compelling young adult literature. The primary data were 71 end‐of‐year student interviews, supported by end‐of‐year teacher interviews, biweekly observational data, on‐the‐fly conversations with students, and video/audio records of student‐initiated book discussions. An inductive analysis yielded 15 main categories of outcomes, including changes in students' identities, in their sense of agency, and in their relational, moral, and intellectual lives. The web of relationships among the processes and outcomes is examined through 317 causal statements made by students in interviews. Finally, a case study illustrates the cascading and reciprocal effects of engaged reading on one student's development. These adolescents showed, to varying degrees, an awareness of these processes and self‐transformations, and thus a sense of agency with respect to their own development—their personhood and future narratives. This study raises questions about the adequacy of existing models of engagement for explaining students' engaged reading experiences and about currently advocated approaches to teaching English language arts that (a) minimize the roles of engagement and fiction, (b) require students to read the same text, (c) focus on engaged reading as an individual cognitive act without regard for the social nature of literate and human development, and (d) expect uniform outcomes across students.
INNOVATION ‐ REALISATION. Gezielte Produktentwicklung eines Zugstabsystems aus der Nostalgie des Bauens mit Gußwerkstoffen
Authors: Buca J. , Danz R.
Published: March 2013

Die Verwirklichung jeder neuen guten Idee bildet ein Glied der Fortschrittskette. Der technische Fortschritt ist eine unendliche Kette verwirklichter gezielter oder zufälliger Ideen. Das in dem vorliegenden Beitrag betrachtete Zugstabsystem ist aus der Nostalgie des Bauens mit Gußwerkstoffen geboren. Die Verwirklichung dieser Idee erfolgte aber gezielt auf Funktionalität und Ästhetik. Sie ist das Ergebnis interdisziplinären Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit und zeigt, wie das Mitwirken von Architekten, Werkstoffachleuten und Bauingenieuren zum Erfolg führen kann.
Auslegung punktgehaltener Gläser
Authors: Lehmann R.
Published: March 2013

Punktförmig gelagerte Verglasungen erlauben, in der modernen Architektur Gebäude mit hoher Transparenz zu entwerfen und zu bauen. Diesem allgemeinen Trend kommt die Bauart der Punktlagerung von Glasscheiben stark entgegen. Grundsätzliche Unterschiede in den Punkthalter‐Systemen, Aspekte des Baurechts sowie technische Details werden in dem nachfolgenden Beitrag betrachtet.
Untersuchungen zur statisch optimalen Halterposition bei punktgestützten Glastafeln
Authors: Klinkenberg A. , Jäger B. , Saal H.
Published: March 2013

In dieser Arbeit werden Entwurfskriterien für punktgesteuerte Glastafeln angegeben, die sich aus einer Untersuchung zur Optimierung der Position der Glashalter aus statischer Sicht ergeben. Die Untersuchung wurde für ein Haltersystem (RODAN) an Glastafeln mit Stützung in vier oder sechs Punkten bei unterschiedlichen Steifigkeiten der Unterkonstruktion durchgeführt.
Zum Stabilitätsverhalten tonnenförmiger Stabschalen
Authors: Knippers J.
Published: March 2013

Inhalt dieses Aufsatzes sind einige Studien zu Tonnenschalen. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei das Stabilitätsverhalten sowie die Systemsteifigkeit der Strukturen. Dazu werden Last‐Verformungskurven aus geometrisch nichtlinearen Rechnungen für verschiedene Tonnen gezeigt. Die Berechnungen werden an Gitterschalen durchgeführt, die Ergebnisse sind jedoch auf Kontinuumsschalen übertragbar.
Innovative Tragstrukturen aus Glas Ganzglaskugelkalotte ‐ Weltbildkuppel in Augsburg
Authors: Ludwig J. J. , Weiler H.‐U.
Published: March 2013

Geschildert wird am Bauvorhaben Weltbildverlag in Augsburg die Entwicklung von der Idee bis zur Ausführung einer völlig neuen Konstruktionsart. Die Neuerung besteht in der Ausnutzung des Tragverhaltens von Glasscheiben und einer damit verbundenen Konstruktion ohne tragenden Stahlbau. Die Ergebnisse der ausgeführten Ganzglaskugelkalotte mit einem Durchmesser von 12,5 m und einem Stichmaß von 2,50 m, aufgebaut aus Dreieckselementen, zeigen exemplarisch die Schwierigkeiten aber auch die Lösungen der Probleme beim Einsatz von Glas in tragender Funktion.
Die Brücke Pasteurallee
Authors: Simmank D.
Published: March 2013

Für den Ausbau des Mittellandkanals wurde in Hannover die bestehende Brücke Nr. 239 im Zuge der Pasteurallee neu als Stabbogenbrücke mit vier Bögen entworfen. Der Überbau mit einer orthotropen Fahrbahnplatte und den Geh‐ und Radwegen als Verbundplatte mit einem Gewicht von ca. 490 t wird aus den in der Werkstatt vorgefertigten Bauteilen auf dem Vormontageplatz zusammengebaut und verschweißt und danach in die Endlage eingeschoben bzw. eingeschwommen.
Bau der zweiten Überführung des Mittellandkanals über die Leine bei Hannover
Authors: Nitzsche G. , Riegert K.
Published: March 2013

Die Überführung des Mittellandkanals (MLK) über die Leine bei Hannover wurde in den Jahren 1911 bis 1913 im Zuge des Neubaues des MLK errichtet. Mit dem Ausbau des MLK für das 1350 t‐Europaschiff wurde eine zusätzliche Kreuzungsanlage als zweite Fahrt erforderlich. Über Planung und Ausführung der stählernen Überbauten des seit 1995 im Bau befindlichen Bauwerkes wird berichtet.
Korrosionsschutz für Brücken und Stahlhochbauten
Authors: Binder G.
Published: March 2013

Der Baustoff Stahl ist sowohl an der Atmosphäre als auch im Wasser instabil und korrodiert. Bauwerke mit hohem Investitionswert und langer Nutzungsdauer, z. B. Brücken, werden daher durch organische Beschichtungen vor Korrosion geschützt. Dies geschah früher durch einkomponentige Schutzanstriche wie Alkydharz (Polykondensat) oder Polyvinylchlorid (Polymerisat). Moderne und äußerst beständige Schutzsysteme bestehen aus Reaktionsharzen (Polyadditive), meist Epoxidharze und Polyurethane. Zum Zwecke der Bauwerkserhaltung und zur Kosteneinsparung bei der Unterhaltung gewinnt die Ausbesserung und Teilerneuerung des Korrosionsschutzes zunehmend an Bedeutung. Üblicherweise geschieht dies mit Stoffgruppen, die dem Altanstrich entsprechen. Zur Ausbesserung älterer, einkomponentiger Systeme mit Bleimennige wurden Alkyd‐Copolymerisate entwickelt, welche auch auf Stahlflächen mit minderer Oberflächenqualität (Handentrostung) appliziert werden können. Diese Stoffe sind gleichzeitig frei von giftigen Schwermetallen wie Blei und Chrom. Im Sinne des Arbeits‐ und Umweltschutzes wurden die Beschichtungsstoffe insgesamt lösemittelärmer bzw. lösemittel‐ und teerfrei ausgerichtet. Der Einsatz und der Aufbau von Schutzsystemen ist generell durch Normen und Richtlinien geregelt. Über die zuständige DIN 55928 (zukünftig DIN EN 12944) hinaus wurden im Bereich der Bundesverwaltungen weitere, vertraglich wirksame Richtlinien eingeführt. Dabei hat sich u. a. der ausschließliche Einsatz von geprüften und zugelassenen Schutzsystemen bewährt.
Tragfähigkeit schlanker windbelasteter Kreiszylinderschalen
Authors: Schneider W. , Thiele R.
Published: March 2013

Die Arbeit stellt Ergebnisse physikalischer nichtlinearer Tragfähigkeitsanalysen windbeanspruchter Kreiszylinderschalen im Übergangsbereich zwischen Stab und Schale vor. Die Versagensmuster unterscheiden sich hier grundsätzlich von denjenigen gedrungener windbelasteter Schalen. Das Systemversagen vollzieht sich durch plastisches Durchschlagen. Zusätzliche Ringsteifen können mit Ausnahme derjenigen am Schalenkopf zu einer Abnahme der Versagenslast führen. Für die Bemessungsschnittgrößen wird ein Anpassungsfaktor k vorgeschlagen, mit dem sie nach der Stabtheorie berechneten Schnittgrößen auf der sicheren Seite so modifiziert werden können, daß mit ihnen sowohl der Spannungsnachweis Elastisch‐Elastisch nach DIN 18800‐1 als auch der Beulsicherheitsnachweis nach DIN 18800‐4 elemtentar geführt werden kann.
Erfahrungen mit Wellblechsilos
Authors: Martens P. , Raabe G.
Published: March 2013

Dünnwandige Silokonstruktionen, z. B. Wellblechsilos, haben sich in der Vergangenheit als wirtschaftlicher Lagerraum bewährt. In den nachfolgenden Ausführungen wird gezeigt, daß einzelne Berechnungsansätze oder Konstruktionsdetails gegenüber der derzeitigen Praxis verbessert werden können, und daß eine Falschbedienung eines Silos zum Totalschaden führen kann.
Dynamische Beanpruchungen von Eisenbahnbrücken und ihre Einflüsse auf die Ermüdung
Authors: Fryba L.
Published: March 2013

Die dynamischen Beanspruchungen von Eisenbahnbrücken werden durch fahrende Züge verursacht und wachsen mit steigender Fahrgeschwindigkeit an. Deshalb ist es notwendig, theoretische Modelle von Brücken und fahrenden Zügen zu entwickeln und die Spannungszeitverläufe zu berechnen. Der Beitrag skizziert hierzu Methoden und geht auf dynamische Charakteristiken wie Eigenfrequenzen und Dämfungscharakteristiken ein. Die Ermüdung von Stahlbrücken ist von Spannungsdifferenzen, Konstruktionsdetails und von anderen Parametern abhängig. Die Theorie der Schadensakkumulation und die Bruchmechanik erklären zwar einige Gesichtspunkte des Problems und geben auch die Formeln für die Abschätzung der Brückenlebensdauer, ihre Ergebnisse sind jedoch nicht hinreichend zuverlässig. Für die Baubehörden empfiehlt man deshalb, die Inspektionsintervalle abzuschätzen und so die Sicherheit von Stahlbrücken zu gewährleisten.
Ersatzneubau der Hafenbrücke Riesa ‐ Entwurf, Ausschreibung und Vergabe
Authors: Eilzer W. , Richter F. , Grosser P. , Jung R.
Published: March 2013

Die in den Jahren 1899 bis 1902 gebaute Hafenbrücke Riesa im Zuge der Bundesstraße B 182 muß aufgrund des schlechten baulichen Zustandes durch ein neues Bauwerk ersetzt werden. Die Brücke wurde im 2. Weltkrieg teilweise gesprengt und anschließend mehrfach behelfsmäßig instandgesetzt. Zur Ausführung kommt eine Stabbogenbrücke mit einer Stützweite von 77,20 m über das Hafenbecken und einer anschließenden Stahlbetonplatte über die Hafengleise.
Neue Untersuchungen zum Biegedrillknicken gevouteter Hallenrahmen
Authors: Pasternak H. , Schilling S. , Hänchen H.
Published: March 2013

Moderne Hallenrahmen bestehen häufig aus dünnwandigen, geschweißten Querschnitten mit veränderlichen, den Schnittkräften angepaßten Abmessungen. An mehreren Beispielen wird das Tragverhalten von Rahmenstielen und ganzen Rahmen (einschl. Verbindungen) mit Hilfe Finiter Elemente analysiert und Ergebnissen nach DIN 18800 und anderen Verfahren gegenübergestellt.
Tejo‐Brücke Lissabon ‐ Erweiterung
Authors: Emge A. , He S.
Published: March 2013

Mit dem Bau einer Brücke über den Tejo in Lissabon in den Jahren 1961 bis 1966 ging in Portugal ein Traum mehrerer Generationen in Erfüllung. In der ersten Bauphase entstand eine Hängebrücke, die zunächst nur für den Straßenverkehr konzipiert und gebaut wurde. Im Jahre 1995 entschloß sich die portugiesische Regierung zur Realisierung der zweiten Bauphase, d. h. zu der Erweiterung der Fahrbahn und dem Einbau des Eisenbahndecks. Die Gesamtlänge der Brücke beträgt damit ca. 3200 m.
Die neue Straßenbrücke über die Elbe bei Riesa. Vorplanung, Entwurf und Vergabe
Authors: Eilzer W. , Richter F. , Grosser P. , Schäfer Ch.
Published: March 2013

Der folgende Aufsatz ist der erste von zwei Beiträgen über den Bau der neuen Elbebrücke in Riesa und beinhaltet die Vorplanung, den Entwurf, die Ausschreibung und die Vergabe. Die Elbebrücke wird mit einer Gesamtlänge von 365 m das größte Bauwerk im Zuge der Ortsumgehung Riesa der Bundesstraße B 169, die Hauptspannweite beträgt 105 m. Die Brücke wird als Durchlaufträger über fünf Felder mit veränderlicher Bauhöhe und zwei getrennten, einzelligen Verbund‐Hohlkästen ausgeführt. Sie ersetzt die in den Jahren 1953 bis 1957 gebaute Brücke, die dem ständig steigenden Verkehrsaufkommen nicht mehr gewachsen und zudem stark instandsetzungsbedürftig ist. Da sich die Kosten einer Instandsetzung und die Neubaukosten nur unwesentlich unterschieden, entschloß man sich, ca. 24 m stromab der bestehenden Brücke eine neue Elbebrücke zu bauen.
Kalkulation im Stahlbau
Authors: Wagner B.
Published: March 2013

Es wird über die Kalkulation im Stahlbau im Hinblick auf die Priorität der Prozeßkostenrechnung/Vollkostenrechnung gesprochen. Die Durchführung einer Stahlbaukalkulation bei vorliegendem Schema ‐ auf Basis von Standardkosten ‐ zeigt den Weg zur Vor‐, Angebots‐, Zwischen‐ und Nachkalkulation. Unternehmerische Überlegungen, gestützt auf Kalkulationswerte, sind von eminenter Bedeutung für ein Unternehmen der Einzelfertigung.
Deformed Pleistocene marine terraces along the Ionian Sea margin of southern Italy: Unveiling blind fault‐related folds contribution to coastal uplift
Authors: Santoro Enrico , Ferranti Luigi , Burrato Pierfrancesco , Mazzella Maria Enrica , Monaco Carmelo
Published: March 2013

Morphotectonic analysis and fault numeric modeling of uplifted marine terraces along the Ionian Sea coast of the Southern Apennines allowed us to place quantitative constraints on middle Pleistocene‐Holocene deformation. Ten terrace orders uplifted to as much as +660 m were mapped along ~80 km of the Taranto Gulf coastline. The shorelines document both a regional and a local, fault‐induced contribution to uplift. The intermingling between the two deformation sources is attested by three 10 km scale undulations superimposed on a 100 km scale northeastward tilt. The undulations spatially coincide with the trace of NW‐SE striking transpressional faults that affected the coastal range during the early Pleistocene. To test whether fault activity continued to the present, we modeled the differential uplift of marine terraces as progressive elastic displacement above blind oblique‐thrust ramps seated beneath the coast. Through an iterative and mathematically based procedure, we defined the best geometric and kinematic fault parameters as well as the number and position of fault segments. Fault numerical models predict two fault‐propagation folds cored by blind thrusts with slip rates ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 mm/yr and capable of generating an earthquake with a maximum moment magnitude of 5.9–6.3. Notably, we find that the locus of predominant activity has repeatedly shifted between the two fault systems during time and that slip rates on each fault have temporally changed. It is not clear if the active deformation is seismogenic or dominated by aseismic creep; however, the modeled faults are embedded in an offshore transpressional belt that may have sourced historical earthquakes.
The North Cycladic Detachment System and associated mineralization, Mykonos, Greece: Insights on the evolution of the Aegean domain
Authors: Menant Armel , Jolivet Laurent , Augier Romain , Skarpelis Nikolaos
Published: March 2013

In the Aegean back‐arc domain, some 30–35 Ma ago, an increase of the rate of slab retreat led to the initiation of post‐orogenic extension, largely accommodated by large‐scale structures such as the North Cycladic Detachment System (NCDS). Although this extension is still active nowadays, an E–W compressional regime developed in the Late Miocene with the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. On Mykonos island (Cyclades), the NE–SW back‐arc extension is particularly well expressed with the Livada and Mykonos detachments that belong to the NCDS and that are associated with NW–SE barite veins emplaced during the synkinematic cooling of the Mykonos intrusion. This study shows that the formation of the mineralization occurred when the pluton crossed the ductile‐to‐brittle transition during its exhumation below the NCDS at ~11–10 Ma. In addition, the kinematics of mineralized structures evolved with time: (1) most of the displacement was accommodated by the top‐to‐the‐NE Livada and Mykonos detachments accompanied by the formation of mineralized normal faults that were (2) reworked in a strike‐slip regime with an E–W direction of shortening and a persistent NE–SW stretching and (3) a late post‐mineralization E–W compressional stage with a minor reworking of shallow‐dipping faults (locally including the detachments themselves). We interpret this increase of the E–W shortening component recorded during the mineral deposition as a consequence of the initiation of the westward motion of Anatolia from 10 Ma, thus 4 Ma before the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault in the Dardanelles Strait and the localization of the strain on the Aegean Sea margins.
Bring Powerful Writing Strategies Into Your Classroom! Why and How
Authors: Harris Karen R. , Graham Steve , Friedlander Barbara , Laud Leslie
Published: March 2013

Learning to write is critical in today's world, yet many students are not developing the writing abilities they need to use writing as a powerful tool for learning and for showing what they know. Research indicates that failure to acquire strong writing abilities restricts opportunities for both post‐secondary education and employment. This article addresses why writing is important and its place in the Common Core State Standards, factors that contribute to the poor writing performance of so many of our students, and how we can develop strong writers across the grades. The focus of the article is Self‐Regulated Strategy Development, an evidence‐based approach supported by a long‐standing body of research meeting stringent standards that clearly indicates significant improvements in student achievement. The article includes resources for readers who wish to learn more, as well as a description of effective professional development in SRSD.
Schoen manifold with line bundles as resolved magnetized orbifolds
Authors: Nibbelink Stefan Groot , Vaudrevange Patrick K. S.
Published: March 2013

Abstract

We give an alternative description of the Schoen manifold as the blow-up of a
$ {{\mathbb{Z}}_2}\times {{\mathbb{Z}}_2} $
orbifold in which one
$ {{\mathbb{Z}}_2} $
factor acts as a roto-translation. Since for this orbifold the fixed tori are only identified in pairs but not orbifolded, four-dimensional chirality can never be obtained in heterotic string compactifications using standard techniques alone. However, chirality is recovered when its tori become magnetized. To exemplify this, we construct an E8 × E8′ heterotic SU(5) GUT on the Schoen manifold with Abelian gauge fluxes, which becomes an MSSM with three generations after an appropriate Wilson line is associated to its freely acting involution. We reproduce this model as a standard heterotic orbifold CFT of the (partially) blown down Schoen manifold with a magnetic flux. Finally, in analogy to a proposal for non-perturbative heterotic models by Aldazabal et al. we suggest modifications to the heterotic orbifold spectrum formulae in the presence of magnetized tori.
New coset matrix for D = 6 self-dual supergravity
Authors: Clément Gérard , Gal’tsov Dmitri V.
Published: March 2013

Abstract

Toroidal reduction of minimal six-dimensional supergravity, minimal five-dimensional supergravity and four-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell gravity to three dimensions gives rise to a sequence of cosets O(4, 3)/(O(4) × O(3)) ⊃ G
2(2)/(SU(2) × SU(2)) ⊃ SU(2, 1)/S(U(2) × U(1)) which are invariant subspaces of each other. The known matrix representations of these cosets, however, are not suitable to realize these embeddings which could be useful for solution generation. We construct a new representation of the largest coset in terms of 7 × 7 real symmetric matrices and show how to select invariant subspaces corresponding to lower cosets by algebraic constraints. The new matrix representative may be also directly applied to minimal five-dimensional supergravity. Due to full O(4, 3) covariance it is simpler than the one derived by us previously for the coset G
2(2)/(SU(2) × SU(2)).
Generalized N = 1 and N = 2 structures in M-theory and type II orientifolds
Authors: Graña Mariana , Triendl Hagen
Published: March 2013

Abstract

We consider M-theory and type IIA reductions to four dimensions with N = 2 and N = 1 supersymmetry and discuss their interconnection. Our work is based on the framework of Exceptional Generalized Geometry (EGG), which extends the tangent bundle to include all symmetries in M-theory and type II string theory, covariantizing the local U-duality group E
7(7). We describe general N = 1 and N = 2 reductions in terms of SU(7) and SU(6) structures on this bundle and thereby derive the effective four-dimensional N = 1 and N = 2 couplings, in particular we compute the Kähler and hyper-Kähler potentials as well as the triplet of Killing prepotentials (or the superpotential in the N = 1 case). These structures and couplings can be described in terms of forms on an eight-dimensional tangent space where SL(8) ⊂ E
7 acts, which might indicate a description in terms of an eight-dimensional internal space, similar to F-theory. We finally discuss an orbifold action in M-theory and its reduction to O6 orientifolds, and show how the projection on the N = 2 structures selects the N = 1 ones. We briefly comment on new orientifold projections, U-dual to the standard ones.
Compensation by design
Authors: Liu Xi , Yang Shaofa , Sanders J. W.
Published: March 2013

The current dominance of the service-based paradigm reflects the success of specific design and architectural principles embodied in terms like SOA and REST. This paper suggests further principles for the design of services exhibiting long-running transactions (that is, transactions whose characteristic feature is that in the case of failure not all system states can be automatically restored: system compensation is required). The principles are expressed at the level of scope-based compensation and fault handling, and ensure the consistency of data critical to the business logic. They do so by demanding (a) either the commitment of all of the transaction or none of it, and (b) that compensation is assured in case of failure in ‘parent’ transactions. The notion of scope is captured algebraically (rather than semantically) in order to express design guidelines which ensure that a given transaction satisfies those principles. Transactional processes are constructed by parallel composition of services, and transactions with scopes in a single service are dealt with as a special case. The system semantics is formalised as a transition system (in Z) and the principles are expressed as formulae in linear temporal logic over runs of the transition system. That facilitates the model checking (using SAL) of their bounded versions. Two simple examples are used throughout to illustrate definitions and finally to demonstrate the approach.
Prospective Evaluation of Early Follow‐up Chest Radiography after Penetrating Thoracic Injury
Authors: Berg Regan J. , Inaba Kenji , Recinos Gustavo , Barmparas Galinos , Teixeira Pedro G. , Georgiou Chrysanthos , Shatz David , Rhee Peter , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: March 2013

Background

In asymptomatic patients with penetrating thoracic trauma and a normal initial chest x‐ray, successive prospective trials have decreased the minimum observation period required for exclusion of significant injury from 6 to 3 h. Despite the quality of these studies, this interval remains arbitrary and the true requisite observation time for safe discharge remains unknown. The current study evaluates the ability of “early” repeat chest x‐ray, at intervals approaching 1 h, to exclude clinically significant injury.

Methods

Eighty‐eight, asymptomatic patients with penetrating chest trauma and normal initial chest radiographs were prospectively enrolled in this study. All patients received an “early” follow‐up chest x‐ray, at a median interval of 1 h and 34 min (interquartile range: 1 h 35 min to 2 h 22 min), and a second repeat x‐ray at a “delayed” interval no earlier than 3 h postadmission. Radiographic abnormalities in clinically stable patients were followed with serial examination and repeat imaging for a minimum of 6 h. All patients received both “early” and “delayed” repeat CXRs with no patient discharged before full assessment.

Results

One of the 88 patients with initially normal chest x‐ray underwent tube thoracostomy at the discretion of the attending surgeon before any repeat imaging. Of the remaining patients, 4 of 87 (4.6 %) demonstrated radiographic abnormalities on “early” repeat imaging. Two patients had pneumothoraces, successfully managed without intervention; the remaining two demonstrated evidence of hemothorax, subsequently undergoing tube thoracostomy. Two more patients (2.3 %) developed pneumothoraces on “delayed” imaging, both successfully observed without intervention.

Conclusions

In asymptomatic patients with penetrating thoracic trauma and normal initial chest radiographs, “early” repeat chest x‐ray, at intervals approaching 1 h, appears sufficient to exclude clinically significant pathology and to allow safe patient discharge.
Prospective study of changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and its components: the SUN cohort
Authors: Barrio-Lopez María T. , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel A. , Fernandez-Montero Alejandro , Beunza Juan J. , Zazpe Itziar , Bes-Rastrollo Maira
Published: March 2013

The incidence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing and lifestyle behaviours may play a role. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess the association between changes in the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the incidence of the MetS and its components in a Spanish cohort of university graduates. We included 8157 participants initially free of the MetS and followed up during at least 6 years. SSB consumption was collected by a FFQ previously validated in Spain. The change in SSB consumption was calculated as the difference between SSB consumption at a 6-year follow-up and baseline consumption. The MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's new definition of the MetS that had harmonised previous definitions. The associations between changes in SSB intake and the MetS were examined using multiple logistic regression. We observed 361 incident cases of the MetS. Participants who increased their consumption of SSB (upper v. lower quintile) had a significantly higher risk of developing the MetS (adjusted OR 2·2, 95 % CI 1·4, 3·5; P for trend = 0·003). Similarly, they presented a significantly higher risk of developing high blood pressure (adjusted OR 1·6, 95 % CI 1·3, 2·1), central obesity (adjusted OR 2·3, 95 % CI 1·9, 2·7), hypertriacylglycerolaemia (adjusted OR 1·7, 95 % CI 1·1, 2·6) or impaired fasting glucose (adjusted OR 1·6, 95 % CI 1·1, 2·2). In conclusion, an increase in SSB consumption was associated with a higher risk of developing the MetS and other metabolic disorders after 6 years of follow-up in a Mediterranean cohort of university graduates.
Competition between the stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering under the strong damping condition
Authors: Hao L. , Liu Z. J. , Hu X. Y. , Zheng C. Y.
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we discuss the competition between the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) instabilities under the strong damping condition. Based on a five-wave interaction model, relations of the stationary backscattering reflectivity between SRS and SBS are deduced in the case of homogeneous plasmas. Developments of the two coexistent instabilities are simulated with different parameters. The density and the temperature of plasma are found to be important in determining which instability dominates the backscattering in the regime of competition. Furthermore, the influence of inhomogeneous condition to the pattern of competition is analyzed. Numerical results consist with our theoretical results.
Design of an underwater robot manipulator for a telerobotic system
Authors: Cobos-Guzman Salvador , Torres Jorge , Lozano Rogelio
Published: March 2013

This paper describes a telerobotic system used for manipulation tasks in underwater environments. The telerobotic system is composed of a robotic arm of 3 degrees of freedom. This robotic arm has been designed to support corrosion environments such as seawater or freshwater. The prototype is designed to support several types of perturbations such as ocean currents and high pressures. The main objective is to efficiently control a teleoperation task considering common perturbations present in deep water. Finally, this paper presents the design, modelling and experiments of the underwater telerobotic system.
Food science
Authors: Hawthorn John
Published: March 2013

The term ‘Food Science’ first appeared in 1937 when Dr Franklin Kidd, at that time Director of the Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge, addressed the Annual General Meeting of the Food Group of the Society of Chemical Industry. In the course of his talk, he said ‘We hope to see, as a natural development arising out of our activities, university education in Food Science and honours degrees in the subject.’ Twelve years were to elapse before the first honours course in the subject was established by the late Professor James P. Todd in the Royal Technical College, Glasgow (now Strathclyde University) in 1949. A further twelve years were to pass before other universities in England took up the subject, soon to be followed in almost every country in the world with a well-developed university system. In making this prior claim for Strathclyde University, it must immediately be admitted that aspects of the subject had been taught elsewhere before 1949 under a variety of names (for example, Dairying, Cereal Science and the like) but the special significance of the Strathclyde use of the term ‘Food Science’ was conceptual. It implied the existence of a common scientific discipline underlying the approach to the study of the properties of all foodstuffs. Time has proved the value of this unifying idea and its influence is no longer in dispute. In the early days of the subject, a line was drawn at the farm gate, with agricultural science within and food science without. This convenient distinction has proved to be artificial, and although still used by some, food science has moved behind the gate as its influence on most aspects of crop quality continues to increase.
Fontan completions over 10 years after Glenn procedures
Authors: Sughimoto Koichi , Matsuo Kozo , Niwa Koichiro , Kawasoe Yasutaka , Tateno Shigeru , Shirai Takeaki , Kabasawa Masashi , Ohba Masanao
Published: March 2013

Objective: Despite the broadened indications for Fontan procedure, there are patients who could not proceed to Fontan procedure because of the strict Fontan criteria during the early period. Some patients suffer from post-Glenn complications such as hypoxia, arrhythmia, or fatigue with exertion long after the Glenn procedure. We explored the possibility of Fontan completion for those patients.Methods: Between 2004 and 2010, five consecutive patients aged between 13 and 31 years (median 21) underwent Fontan completion. These patients had been followed up for more than 10 years (10 to 13, median 11) after Glenn procedure as non-Fontan candidates. We summarise these patients retrospectively in terms of their pre-operative physiological condition, surgical strategy, and problems that these patients hold.Results: Pre-operative catheterisation showed pulmonary vascular resistance ranging from 0.9 to 3.7 (median 2.2), pulmonary to systemic flow ratio of 0.3 to 1.6 (median 0.9), and two patients had significant aortopulmonary collaterals. Extracardiac total cavopulmonary connections were performed in three patients, lateral tunnel total cavopulmonary connection in one patient, and intracardiac total cavopulmonary connection in one patient, without a surgical fenestration. Concomitant surgeries were required including valve surgeries – atrioventricular valve plasty in three patients and tricuspid valve replacement in one patient; systemic outflow tract obstruction release – Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure in two patients and subaortic stenosis resection in one patient; and anti-arrhythmic therapies – maze procedure in two patients, cryoablation in two patients, and pacemaker implantation in two patients. All patients are now in New York Heart Association category I.Conclusion:Patients often suffer from post-Glenn complications. Of those, if they are re-examined carefully, some may have a chance to undergo Fontan completion and benefit from it. Multiple lesions such as atrioventricular valve regurgitation, systemic outflow obstruction, or arrhythmia should be surgically repaired concomitantly.
Is breakfast skipping associated with physical activity among US adolescents? A cross-sectional study of adolescents aged 12–19 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Authors: Lyerly Jordan E , Huber Larissa R , Warren-Findlow Jan , Racine Elizabeth F , Dmochowski Jacek
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the association between breakfast skipping and physical activity among US adolescents aged 12–19 years.

Design

A cross-sectional study of nationally representative 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data.

Setting

Breakfast skipping was assessed by two 24 h dietary recalls. Physical activity was self-reported by participants and classified based on meeting national recommendations for physical activity for the appropriate age group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between breakfast skipping and physical activity while controlling for confounders.

Subjects

A total of 936 adolescents aged 12–19 years in the USA.

Results

After adjusting for family income, there was no association between breakfast skipping and meeting physical activity guidelines for age among adolescents aged 12–19 years (OR = 0·95, 95 % CI 0·56, 1·32).

Conclusions

Findings from the study differ from previous research findings on breakfast skipping and physical activity. Therefore, further research that uses large, nationally representative US samples and national recommended guidelines for physical activity is needed.
Food shopping behaviours and exposure to discrimination
Authors: Zenk Shannon N , Schulz Amy J , Israel Barbara A , Mentz Graciela , Miranda Patricia Y , Opperman Alisha , Odoms-Young Angela M
Published: March 2013

Objective

The present study examined food shopping behaviours, particularly distance to grocery shop, and exposure to discrimination.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study utilizing data from a community survey, neighbourhood food environment observations and the decennial census.

Setting

Three communities in Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Subjects

Probability sample of 919 African-American, Latino and white adults in 146 census blocks and sixty-nine census block groups.

Results

On average, respondents shopped for groceries 3·1 miles (4·99 km) from home, with 30·9 % shopping within 1 mile (1·61 km) and 22·3 % shopping more than 5 miles (8·05 km) from home. Longer distance to shop was associated with being younger, African-American (compared with Latino), a woman, higher socio-economic status, lower satisfaction with the neighbourhood food environment, and living in a neighbourhood with higher poverty, without a large grocery store and further from the nearest supermarket. African-Americans and those with the lowest incomes were particularly likely to report unfair treatment at food outlets. Each mile (1·61 km) increase in distance to shop was associated with a 7 % increase in the odds of unfair treatment; this relationship did not differ by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions

The study suggests that unfair treatment in retail interactions warrants investigation as a pathway by which restricted neighbourhood food environments and food shopping behaviours may adversely affect health and contribute to health disparities. Efforts to promote ‘healthy’ and equitable food environments should emphasize local availability and affordability of a range of healthy food products, as well as fair treatment while shopping regardless of race/ethnicity or socio-economic status.
Determination of Corner Positions for Calculation of Step Height of Atomic Force Microscope Images Based on ISO 5436-1
Authors: Adebayo Adedayo S. , Xuezeng Zhao , Weijie Wang
Published: March 2013

Step height is defined as the vertical spacing between two plane-parallel planes comprising an elevation or an indentation and the substrate. In atomic force microscopy (AFM), there are many algorithms for determining feature dimensions such as step height and width. One common problem of many algorithms is the difficulty for users to accurately determine the corner positions needed to properly implement the said algorithms. A new algorithm based on ISO 5436-1 is proposed that determines the necessary corner positions along with two examples illustrating the implementation of this algorithm. We propose calling this new method the determinant method. Since the corner positions are automatically decided, feature dimensions such as step height of an AFM image are easily determined. Comparative experiments carried out to compare the step height measurement using this algorithm and the SPIP software from Image Metrology show encouraging results.
Masculine Semiotics: the Music of Goffredo Petrassi and the Figurative Arts in Italy during the 1930s
Authors: OSMOND-SMITH DAVID , EARLE BEN
Published: March 2013

During the 1930s a particular emphasis was placed within fascist Italy upon cultural evolution towards the ‘new man’. Although this was in part articulated verbally by a fascist philosopher such as Giovanni Gentile, this new masculine sensibility received much of its most persuasive embodiment through the visual arts and music. Unsurprisingly, major musical figures of the era such as Alfredo Casella and the youthful Goffredo Petrassi were strongly aware of sympathies and complementarities between the two media – and the same is true of painters such as Enrico Prampolini and Fortunato Depero, or a sculptor such as Ernesto Thayaht, all of whose work is called upon in this study. (DO-S).
Reduced apoptosis in term placentas from gestational diabetic pregnancies
Authors: Belkacemi L. , Kjos S. , Nelson D. M. , Desai M. , Ross M. G.
Published: March 2013

Gestational diabetic mellitus (GDM) pregnancies have an increased risk of macrosomic infants and large placental mass, though the mechanisms explaining each of these is uncertain. We sought to evaluate the contribution of apoptosis to placental size and the expression of glucose transporters (SLC2A) in GDM pregnancies. Maternal age and pre-pregnancy body weight were documented. Newborn weights were recorded after delivery. Placentas 37–40-week gestation from control patients (no pregnancy complication) (n = 5), or with GDM (n = 5) were weighed immediately after delivery. Villous samples (4 mm diameter) were collected and divided into specimens; one was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for immunostaining using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and activated caspase-3. The other specimen was snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for active caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), SLC2A1 and SLC2A3 gene expression analysis. Our results showed that maternal age and pre-pregnancy body weight were significantly higher in the GDM group when compared with those from the controls (P < 0.05). The mean neonatal birth weight and placenta weight were significantly higher in the GDM group compared with that from the controls (P < 0.05). The apoptotic index of placentas (0.05 ± 0.01 v. 0.17 ± 0.04, P < 0.04), active caspase-3 polypeptide fragments and PARP protein were significantly decreased in GDM placentas as compared with controls. Further, the level of placental SLC2A1 protein expression was ∼3-fold higher in GDM placentas. Our results suggest that reduced apoptosis in GDM placentas may contribute to increased placental tissue, which together with enhanced SLC2A1 expression, could play a role in fetal macrosomia.
Sicherheit der Vakuumsaugbiopsie von dignitätsunklaren Weichgewebstumoren durch sonographische Unterstützung
Authors: Mohr Zarah , Hirche Christoph , Hünerbein Michael
Published: March 2013

Hintergrund: Die prätherapeutische, histologische Diagnose ist essentiell für eine leitliniengerechte Therapieeinleitung unklarer Weichgewebstumore. Die Sicherheit und Machbarkeit der in der Mammadiagnostik verwendeten, sonographischen Unterstützung der Vakuumsaugbiopsie (sVAB) sollte in dieser Studie untersucht werden. Material und Methoden: Im Zeitraum von 2004–2006 wurde bei 116 Patienten die sVAB durchgeführt. Es erfolgte eine Analyse der Komplikationen, Erfolgsrate sowie Spezifität. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einer Kontrollgruppe mit Inzisionsbiopsie (IB) verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Methode war bei 115 von 116 Patienten erfolgreich. Die Komplikationsrate lag bei 4,3%. Die sVAB wurde unter ambulanten Bedingungen in Lokalanästhesie durchgeführt. Die histologische Diagnose war vergleichbar zur Kontrollgruppe mit IB (Sensitivität: 93,5%, Spezifität: 100%, Genauigkeit: 96,2). Schlussfolgerung: Die Sicherheit und Durchführbarkeit der Methode konnte demonstriert werden. In Kooperation mit den weiterbehandelnden Zentren kann die Methode als sichere Alternative durchgeführt werden.
Lumbale Spinalstenose: Klinische Diagnose und konservative Therapie
Authors: Nydegger Alexander , Brühlmann Pius , Steurer Johann
Published: March 2013

Die lumbale Spinalkanalstenose stellt eine typische Erkrankung der zweiten Lebenshälfte dar und wird hauptsächlich durch mehrsegmentale degenerative Veränderungen der Wirbelsäule verursacht. Die klassische Symptomatik mit ins Bein ausstrahlenden Schmerzen beim Gehen und Besserung beim Sitzen lässt differenzialdiagnostisch vor allem an eine periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit denken, wobei Letztere mit vaskulären Veränderungen einhergeht und die Symptome der Spinalstenose sich bei Extension der Lendenwirbelsäule (LWS) verstärken und bei Flexion bessern. Die Diagnose kann in der Regel mittels Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) bestätigt werden und das Ansprechen auf konservative Massnahmen (Analgesie, Physiotherapie und epidurale Infiltrationen) ist in der Mehrheit der Fälle gut. Nur eine Minderheit von etwa 20% der Patienten zeigt ein Fortschreiten der Beschwerden, die ein operatives Vorgehen erfordern.
Indolente Lymphome: Klassifikation, Klinik und Behandlung
Authors: Zenhäusern Reinhard
Published: March 2013

Die malignen Lymphome umfassen eine heterogene Gruppe neoplastischer Erkrankungen des lymphatischen Systems. In der WHO-Klassifikation werden 70 verschiedene Entitäten eingeteilt. Jeder Lymphomtyp wird als Erkrankung mit spezifischen klinischen Charakteristika, sowie morphologischen, immunphänotypischen und molekulargenetischen Merkmalen definiert. Zu den indolenten Lymphomen gehören das follikuläre Lymphom, Marginalzonen-Lymphom, lymphoplasmozytisches Lymphom, kleinzellige lymphzoytische Lymphome/chronisch lymphatische Leukämie, Prolymphozyten-Leukämie und die Haarzell-Leukämie. Indolente Lymphome sind charakterisiert durch einen langjährigen chronischen Verlauf. Durch Antikörper-basierte Therapien hat sich die Prognose deutlich verbessert, die Behandlung ist jedoch nicht kurativ. Die primär abwartende Haltung ist beim asymptomatischen Patienten weiterhin eine vernünftige Option. Aufgrund des langjährigen Verlaufes spielen die Lebensqualität und die Spättoxizität in der Betreuung und Therapiewahl eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle. Die aktuellen Therapieoptionen werden vorgestellt.