bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Synthesis of [1,4]Pyridazinooxazine[3,4‐a]tetrahydro Isoquinolines.
Authors: Cho Su‐Dong , Park Yong‐Dae , Kim Jeum‐Jong , Joo Woo‐Hong , Shiro Motoo , Esser Lothar , Falck J. R. , Ahn Chuljin , Shin Dong‐Soo , Yoon Yong‐Jin
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simple Thiazocine‐2‐acetic Acid Derivatives via Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Bates Dallas K. , Li Xiaofen , Jog Parag V.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Matrix Metallo‐Proteinase (MMP‐2) Organoboronate Inhibitors.
Authors: Ali Hijazi Abu , Berkovitz Ronny , Reich Reuven , Srebnik Morris
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Method for Synthesis of 4‐(Phosphonomethyl)benzene Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Yang Ting , Lin Changxue , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stable Optically Pure Phosphino(silyl)carbenes: Reagents for Highly Enantioselective Cyclopropanation Reactions.
Authors: Krysiak Jerzy , Lyon Celine , Baceiredo Antoine , Gornitzka Heinz , Mikolajczyk Marian , Bertrand Guy
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Procedure for Phenylselenoetherification of Some Δ5‐Alkenols Using Pyridine, Ag2O, and Some Lewis Acids as Catalysts.
Authors: Bugarcic Zorica M. , Mojsilovic Biljana M.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Enantioselective Hydrostannation of Cyclopropenes.
Authors: Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael , Gevorgyan Vladimir
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Spiromarienonols A and B: Two New 7(8→9)abeo‐Lanostane‐Type Triterpene Lactones from the Stem Bark of Abies mariesii.
Authors: Tanaka Reiko , Wada Shun‐ichi , Aoki Hitoshi , Matsunaga Shunyo , Yamori Takao
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bioactive Chemical Constituents of Cladiella Species.
Authors: Ata Athar , Ackerman Joe , Bayoud Abdelhamid , Radhika Parvataneni
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiourea‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrophosphonylation of Imines: Practical Access to Enantiomerically Enriched α‐Amino Phosphonic Acids.
Authors: Joly Guy D. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Preparation of N2‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐ and N2‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐(S)‐2,4‐diaminobutanoic Acids.
Authors: Andruszkiewicz Ryszard , Rozkiewicz Dorota
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Conversion of Anhydro Sugars into Halohydrins and X‐Ray Study.
Authors: Shah Syed Tasadaque A. , Abdel‐Jalil Raid J. , Khan Khalid M. , Heinrich Angelica M. , Richter Markus , Voelter Wolfgang
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Directing Effect of Axial and Equatorial Anomeric Substituent in Site Specific Glycosylation of Glucopyranosides.
Authors: Mereyala Hari Babu , Bhavani S. , Rudradas A. P.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Porritoxin.
Authors: Cornella Ivan , Kelly T. Ross
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Enantioselective Access to 1‐Alkyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines. Application to a New Synthesis of (‐)‐Argemonine.
Authors: Youte Jean‐Jacques , Barbier Denis , Al‐Mourabit Ali , Gnecco Dino , Marazano Christian
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Novel Fluorinated 2′,3′‐Dideoxynucleosides.
Authors: Kumar Piyush , Ohkura Kazue , Balzarini Jan , De Clercq Erik , Seki Koh‐ichi , Wiebe Leonard I.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 5‐Fluorotubercidin.
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Seth Punit P. , Ranken Ray , Swayze Eric E. , Migawa Michael T. Migawa Michael T.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 4‐Formyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐one Nucleosides, Isomers of Uridine and 2′‐Deoxyuridine.
Authors: Jiang Xiang‐Jun , Kalman Thomas I.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of D‐Altritol Nucleosides with a 3′‐O‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Protecting Group.
Authors: Abramov Michael , Marchand Arnaud , Calleja‐Marchand Agnes , Herdewijn Piet
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Synthetic Route to Nucleosides: Dissymmetric Construction of a Cyclopentene System by Double [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement and Double Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Fang Zhe , Hong Joon Hee
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Aromatic Bisabolene Natural Products via Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Couplings of Organozinc Reagents.
Authors: Vyvyan James R. , Loitz Celeste , Looper Ryan E. , Mattingly Cheryl S. , Peterson Emily A. , Staben Steven T.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Part 225. Synthesis of Tunicaminyluracil Derivatives.
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Matsuda Akira
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Spirofungin B: A Reassignment of the Stereochemistry.
Authors: Zanatta Shannon D. , White Jonathan M. , Rizzacasa Mark A.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cochlioquinones and Epi‐Cochlioquinones: Antagonists of the Human Chemokine Receptor CCR5 from Bipolaris brizae and Stachybotrys chartarum
Authors: Yoganathan K. , Yang Lay‐Kien , Rossant Christine , Huang Yicun , Ng Siewbee , Butler Mark S. , Buss Antony D.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Paeciloxazine, a Novel Nematicidal Antibiotic from Paecilomyces sp.
Authors: Kanai Yoshinori , Fujimaki Tsukasa , Kochi Shin‐ichiro , Konno Hiroshi , Kanazawa Susumu , Tokumasu Seiji
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Method for the Determination of Some Organophosphate Insecticides.
Authors: Tiwari Ashok Kumar , Dubey Bijyendra Kumar , Shukla I. C.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Growth and Magnetism of Metallic Thin Films and Multilayers by Pulsed‐Laser Deposition
Authors: Shen J. , Gai Zheng , Kirschner J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solubility of Solids in Solids
Authors: Sangster James
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solubility of Metals and Non‐Metallic Substances in Liquid Metals
Authors: Guminski Cezary , Borgstedt Hans U.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cycloaddition Reactions of Heterophospholes
Authors: Bansal Raj K. , Gupta Neelima , Gupta Nidhi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Chemo‐ and Bio‐Catalysis in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Song Choong Eui
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Catalysis of [{IrCl(cod)}2] Complex in Organic Syntheses
Authors: Ishii Yasutaka , Sakaguchi Satoshi
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen in Heterocyclic Chemistry
Authors: Makosza Mieczyslaw , Wojciechowski Krzysztof
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Methodologies
Authors: Saotome Chikako , Kanie Osamu
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Approaches to Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Glycosynthases and Thioglycoligases
Authors: Jahn Michael , Withers Stephen G.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Electrosynthesis of Arylboronic Acids and Esters
Authors: Laza Carine , Dunach Elisabet
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chiral Non‐Racemic Azetidines
Authors: Couty Francois , Evano Gwilherm , Prim Damien
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Tris‐Annulated Benzenes by Aldol Trimerization of Cyclic Ketones
Authors: Boorum Margaret M. , Scott Lawrence T.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Advances in the Chemistry of 1,3‐Diketones: Structural Modifications and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Kel'in Alexander V. , Maioli Andrew
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation via Boron‐Mediated Transfer
Authors: Persichini P. J. III
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Catalysis by Amino Acids and Small Peptides
Authors: Cinquini Mauro , Puglisi Alessandra
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of (‐)‐Galanthamine
Authors: Oestreich Martin
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Alicyclic Epoxy Compounds with Nitrogen‐Containing Nucleophiles
Authors: Kas'yan L. I. , Okovityi S. I. , Kas'yan A. O.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclam Complexes and Their Applications in Medicine
Authors: Liang Xiangyang , Sadler Peter J.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aqueous RAFT Polymerization: Recent Developments in Synthesis of Functional Water‐Soluble (Co)polymers with Controlled Structures
Authors: McCormick Charles L. , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: July 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A scheduled controller design of congestion control considering network resource constraints
Authors: Naito Hiroyuki , Azuma Takehito , Fujita Masayuki
Published: July 2004

In this paper, we consider a dynamical model of computer networks and derive a synthesis method for congestion control. First, we present a model of TCP/AQM (Transmission Control Protocol/Active Queue Management) as a dynamical model of computer networks. The dynamical model of TCP/AQM networks consists of models of TCP window size, queue length, and AQM mechanisms. Second, we propose to describe the dynamical model of TCP/AQM networks as linear systems with self‐scheduling parameters, which also depend on information delay. Here we focus on the constraints on the maximum queue length and TCP window size, which are the network resources in TCP/AQM networks. We derive TCP/AQM networks as the LPV system (linear parameter varying system) with information delay and self‐scheduling parameter. We design a memoryless state feedback controller of the LPV system based on a gain‐scheduling method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated by using MATLAB and the well‐known ns‐2 simulator (Network Simulator Version 2). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 61–68, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10341
A comment on results of recent pooled analyses of epidemiological papers related to cancer and power‐line magnetic fields
Authors: Amemiya Yoshifumi
Published: July 2004

In June 2001, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified ELF magnetic fields as a possible human carcinogen based on the results of two recent pooled analyses by Ahlbom et al. and Greenland et al. on epidemiological papers for childhood leukemia. Examining their data, this author read information other than theirs: in the paper by Ahlbom et al., for instance, 9 cases were prepared for verifying the hypothesis that magnetic fields are associated with childhood leukemia, and this author considers that the general conclusion derived by inductive inference is that the hypothesis is not supported, because 2 cases of the 9 support the hypothesis and 7 cases do not, although the hypothesis has been accepted by many people for about 20 years; furthermore, the author does not consider that the IARC's evaluation that risk doubles in excess of 3 or 4 mG is based on the general conclusion, because it is derived from pooling two kinds of data, one of which is the 7 cases bringing the “general conclusion,” and the other is the remaining 2 cases being the “particular fact.” © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 59–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10344
Detection of abnormal movement of industrial robot based on eigenspace representation of image sequence
Authors: Seki Hirokazu , Hori Yoichi
Published: July 2004

In this paper, a monitoring system for industrial robots working in factories is proposed. This system detects different movements based on learning and immediately reports to the operator. It has the advantage that there is no need to receive any signal from the robot controller because it only observes with a simple camera such as a CCD camera. For the detection method, the eigenspace method is used, which is excellent in compression of image data and calculations of the correlation among images. The parametric eigenspace method is also used to detect abnormalities such as the speed of movement. Some experiments using two‐axis robots show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 74–83, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10352
Examination of detection of a minute fluctuation signal by the theory of the natural observation method
Authors: Okubo Kan , Takeuchi Nobunao
Published: July 2004

A known signal with random noise was analyzed using the theory of the natural observation method. This novel waveform analysis method incorporates instantaneous signal characteristics. The natural observation method possesses the important characteristic of providing real‐time analysis. In this study, it was shown that a minutely fluctuating signal in noise can be detected clearly by the natural observation transform. As an example application, an atmospheric electrical variation signal was analyzed using the natural observation transform in order to clarify a minute atmospheric electrical fluctuation signal associated with seismic wave propagation. The results demonstrated the utility of applying the natural observation method to observation signals of electromagnetic phenomena that occur during an earthquake. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10354
Comprehensive evaluation of a CO2‐capturing NOx‐free repowering system with utilization of middle‐pressure steam in a thermal power plant
Authors: Sik Pak Pyong
Published: July 2004

A CO2‐capturing NOx‐free H2O turbine power generation system is proposed in which middle‐pressure steam produced in a thermal power plant is utilized to increase generated power when demand for electricity is large. The proposed system can capture all the generated CO2 based on the oxygen combustion method and emits no NOx, so that it causes no urban or global environmental problems. A combined cycle power generation system with 200 MW gas turbine power output is adopted as an example of a thermal power plant. It was assumed that 32 t/h of steam with 25kg/cm2 pressure produced by the waste heat recovery boiler was utilized in the proposed system. It has been shown through simulation study that increase of power output by 11.8 MW or 4.51% of the rated output is possible with no efficiency decrease. The amount of CO2 emission reduction is estimated to be 19,600 t/y. The unit cost of generated power is estimated to be 8.38 yen/kWh, annual gross profit of the proposed system 271 million yen, depreciation year 4.87, and thus the proposed system is estimated to be economically feasible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 34–40, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10356
Fundamental performance of the disc‐type thermomagnetic engine
Authors: Takahashi Yutaka , Matsuzawa Tomohiro , Nishikawa Masahiro
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the fundamental performance of the disc‐type thermomagnetic engine. The disc‐type engine has been designed in order to decrease the eddy current braking loss. Performance characteristics such as power, torque, and loss have been measured and compared with those of the cylindrical engine under the condition of the same volume of temperature‐sensitive magnetic material. The eddy current braking loss is 0.04 W, which corresponds to 1/30 the loss in the cylindrical engine at a rotation speed of 0.4 rps with maximum power output. The total loss including partial losses due to friction, the hydraulic effect, and the eddy current braking is 0.9 W in the disc‐type engine and is 1.8 W in the cylindrical engine. The total loss in the disc‐type engine is reduced to 50% of that in the cylindrical engine under the same conditions mentioned above. The maximum output power is 6.0 W at the rotation speed of 0.4 rps in the disc‐type engine, which is about 1.6 times greater than that of the cylindrical engine. The eddy current braking loss in the disc‐type engine is 0.7% of the value of the maximum output power, which is a negligible effect in this engine. The power per unit volume of the disc reaches a maximum value at a disc width of 40 mm. The clearance between discs was determined to be 1 mm in order to keep the working fluid flow conditions constant. The rotor thickness includes the clearance and the disc thickness. The power per unit rotor thickness also has a maximum value at a disc thickness of 0.5 mm. A thermomagnetic engine with the optimum conditions can be designed by using these results. When the permanent magnet fixes the size constant, the disc‐type engine generates high output power in comparison with the cylindrical engine at the point of effective use of a magnetic field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(4): 26–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10359
A decentralized scheduling method for flowshop problems with resource constraints
Authors: Nishi Tatsushi , Konishi Masami , Hasebe Shinji
Published: July 2004

In this paper, we propose a decentralized scheduling method for flowshop scheduling problems with resource constraints using the Lagrangian decomposition and coordination approach. When a flowshop scheduling problem with resource constraints is decomposed into machine‐level subproblems, the decomposed problem becomes very difficult to solve so as to obtain the optimal solution, even when the production sequence of operations is given. In this study, the decomposed subproblems are solved by a simulated annealing algorithm combined with dynamic programming. By decomposing the problem into single machine subproblems, the changeover cost can easily be incorporated in the objective function. In order to reduce the computation time, a heuristic algorithm for calculating the starting times of operations is also proposed. The performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the simulated annealing method by which the schedule of the entire machine is successively improved. Numerical results have shown that the proposed method can generate better solutions than the conventional method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 44–51, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10364
Equivalent circuit modeling of discharge current injected in contact with an ESD‐gun
Authors: Fujiwara Osamu , Tanaka Hideyuki , Yamanaka Yukio
Published: July 2004

The transient electromagnetic (EM) fields caused by an electrostatic discharge (ESD) have broadband frequency spectra, which cause serious failure to high‐tech information equipment. From this perspective, ESD testing for the EM immunity of the equipment is specified by IEC 61000‐4‐2, in which the detailed waveform of the discharge current injected onto the IEC recommended Pellegrini target in contact with an ESD‐gun is prescribed for calibration. However, the factors for determining the current waveform remain unclear, and thus the IEC prescribed current waveform is unlikely to be injected into actual equipment. In this study, based on the structure of an ESD‐gun, an equivalent circuit modeling is proposed for analyzing the discharge current injected onto a 50‐Ω SMA connector instead of the IEC target that has frequency‐dependent transmission characteristics. Its validity is confirmed by comparing the calculated current waveform with the measured result. The proposed circuit modeling is also validated from measurement of the discharge current injected onto a transmission line by the ESD‐gun. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 8–14, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10367
CO2 reduction effect of the utilization of waste heat and solar heat in a city gas system
Authors: Okamura Tomohito , Matsyuhashi Ryuji , Yoshida Yoshikuni , Hasegawa Hideo , Ishitani Hisashi
Published: July 2004

We evaluated total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the phases of a city gas utilization system from obtaining raw materials to consuming the product. Assuming monthly and hourly demand figures for electricity, heat for space heating, and hot water in a typical hospital, we explore the optimal size and operation of a city gas system that minimizes the life cycle CO2 emissions or total cost. The cost‐effectiveness of conventional cogeneration, a solar heating system, and hybrid cogeneration utilizing solar heat is compared. We formulate a problem of mixed integer programming that includes integral parameters that express the state of system devices such as the on/off condition of switches. As a result of optimization, the hybrid cogeneration can reduce annual CO2 emissions by 43% compared with the system without cogeneration. The sensitivity of CO2 reduction and cost to the scale of the CGS is also analyzed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 22–32, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10369
Digital sliding mode servo systems with preview feedforward compensation
Authors: Sato Tadashi , Egami Tadashi , Tsuchiya Takeshi
Published: July 2004

A new design method of digital preview sliding mode servo system is proposed. In this method, sliding mode regulator theory is applied to an augmented error system. The equivalent control which makes the states of the error system stay on the switching surface is employed. Then, the sliding mode controller is designed. Preview sliding mode servo system using this control has merits of both the preview control and the sliding mode control. Computer experimental results on LDM position control systems show the effectiveness of the proposed design method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 149(1): 33–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10374
Effect of artificial mixtures of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in coal tar, urban dust, and diesel exhaust particulates on MCF‐7 cells in culture
Authors: Mahadevan Brinda , Parsons Heather , Musafia Tamara , Sharma Arun K. , Amin Shantu , Pereira Cliff , Baird William M.
Published: July 2004

Human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) occurs through complex mixtures. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has established standard reference materials (SRMs) for selected PAH mixtures that are composed of carcinogenic, noncarcinogenic, and weakly carcinogenic compounds, such as those derived from coal tar (SRM 1597), atmospheric particulate matter (SRM 1649), and diesel particulate matter (SRM 1650). To study the effects of PAHs with different carcinogenic potential in complex mixtures, and to investigate the metabolic activation of noncarcinogenic and weakly carcinogenic PAHs to DNA‐binding derivatives, artificial mixtures (1597H, 1649H, and 1650H) were prepared in the laboratory. These artificial mixtures contained the same relative ratios of noncarcinogenic and weakly carcinogenic PAHs present in SRM 1597, SRM 1649, and SRM 1650. The human mammary carcinoma‐derived cell line MCF‐7 was treated with these artificial mixtures and analyzed for PAH‐DNA adduct formation and the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. We found that the artificial mixtures formed lower but detectable levels of DNA adducts 24 and 48 hr after treatment than benzo[a]pyrene. Induction of CYP enzyme activity was measured by the ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase assay, and the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was confirmed by immunoblots. Both noncarcinogenic and weakly carcinogenic PAHs present in the artificial mixtures have the ability to induce CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in MCF‐7 cells and contribute to DNA binding. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the noncarcinogenic and weakly carcinogenic PAHs present in environmental mixtures in assessing the potential risk associated with human exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:99–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose‐ and time‐dependent responses for micronucleus induction by X‐rays and fast neutrons in gill cells of medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Takai Akinori , Kagawa Nao , Fujikawa Kazuo
Published: July 2004

Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to various doses of X‐rays or fast neutrons, and the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNCs) was measured in gills sampled at 12‐ or 24‐hr intervals from 12 to 96 hr after exposure. The resulting time course of MNC frequency was biphasic, with a clear peak 24 hr after exposure, irrespective of the kind of radiation applied and the dose used. The half‐life of MNCs induced in the gill tissues by the two exposures fluctuated around 28 hr, with no significant dose‐dependent trend for either X‐ray‐ or neutron‐exposed fish. As assayed 24 hr after exposure, the MNC frequency increased linearly over the control level with increasing doses of both X‐rays and fast neutrons. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of fast neutrons to X‐rays for MNC induction was estimated to be 4.3 ± 0.6. This value is close to the RBE value of 5.1 ± 0.3 reported for fast neutron induction of somatic crossing‐over mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that arise from recombination repair of DNA double‐strand breaks. These results and other data support our conclusion that the medaka gill cell micronucleus assay is a reliable short‐term test for detecting potential inducers of DNA double‐strand breaks. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:108–112, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Updating ARMA predictions for temporal aggregates
Authors: Koreisha Sergio G. , Fang Yue
Published: July 2004

This article develops and extends previous investigations on the temporal aggregation of ARMA predications. Given a basic ARMA model for disaggregated data, two sets of predictors may be constructed for future temporal aggregates: predictions based on models utilizing aggregated data or on models constructed from disaggregated data for which forecasts are updated as soon as the new information becomes available. We show that considerable gains in efficiency based on mean‐square‐error‐type criteria can be obtained for short‐term predications when using models based on updated disaggregated data. However, as the prediction horizon increases, the gain in using updated disaggregated data diminishes substantially. In addition to theoretical results associated with forecast efficiency of ARMA models, we also illustrate our findings with two well‐known time series. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized trial of continuous infusion versus bolus mitoxantrone in combination with cytarabine in newly diagnosed patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Koc Yener , Oyan Basak , Kars Ayse , Tekuzman Gulten , Canpinar Hande , Kansu Emin
Published: July 2004

Mitoxantrone (MTZ) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The objective of this randomized study was to evaluate the impact of mode of administration of MTZ on the response and recurrence rates in newly diagnosed patients with AML and to compare the toxicity patterns associated with bolus and continuous infusion (CI) of MTZ. From March 1987 to March 1994, 40 newly diagnosed patients with AML were randomized to receive either bolus or CI‐MTZ, administered for 3 days at 10 mg/m2/day in combination with CI‐cytarabine for 7 days at 100 mg/m2/day. Patients achieving complete remission (CR) received two consolidation cycles followed by monthly maintenance cycles, aiming a total of 12 cycles of chemotherapy. Fifteen patients (75%) in the bolus arm and 16 patients (80%) in the CI arm achieved CR. There were no significant differences in rates of early death and time to myeloid recovery between the two groups. After 11 years from the initiation of the study, median disease‐free survival (DFS) in bolus and CI groups were 19 and 29 months after a median follow‐up of 10 and 14 months, respectively. DFS rates at 10 years were 16.7% in the bolus group and 28.6% in the CI group (p = 0.36). Overall survival (OS) rates during the same period were 10.7 and 21.3% in the bolus and CI groups, respectively (p = 0.26). No relapse was observed in either group after 4 years. In patients younger than 40 years of age, DFS and OS were found to be significantly longer in the CI arm (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Mild asymptomatic cardiotoxicity associated with a decrease of 10 to 20% in the ejection fraction occurred in a patient in CI‐MTZ arm and in two patients in the bolus arm. None of these patients showed any evidence of cardiac failure during their subsequent follow‐up. Grade III–IV alopecia (p = 0.05) and grade I–II hepatotoxicity (p = 0.01) were more frequent in the CI arm. A tendency for higher frequency of grade III–IV nausea was observed in the bolus arm (9 vs. 3%, p = 0.10). As a conclusion, bolus and CI administration of MTZ were equally effective and tolerated well. Development of new anti‐leukemia agents with novel treatment approaches is still needed to improve the high relapse rates in patients with AML who do not have an HLA‐matched donor. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital mobility and adjustment of the current account imbalances: a bounds testing approach to cointegration in 12 countries (1880‐2001)
Authors: Corbin Annie
Published: July 2004

The saving–investment correlation in the long run may be interpreted as an indicator of the respect of the nation's intertemporal budget constraint. In the context of the single equation method, the existence of such a long‐run relationship implies that the levels of the variables as regressors must be cointegrated. Using the new approach to cointegration developed by Pesaran et al. (2001), the paper attempts to ascertain the existence of a long‐run relationship between the domestic saving and investment rates in industrialized countries over the period 1880–2001 when it is not known if the variables under consideration are stationary in levels or in differences. Inferences are drawn concerning international capital mobility. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating structural macroeconomic shocks through long‐run recursive restrictions on vector autoregressive models: the problem of identification
Authors: Taylor Mark P.
Published: July 2004

We demonstrate that a popular method of estimating underlying structural macroeconomic shocks and their impulse–response functions through recursive long‐run structural restrictions on a vector autoregressive representation is not uniquely identified. We show, however, that it may be possible to infer additional qualitative restrictions to achieve identification. We illustrate with two applied examples, corresponding to a simple aggregate supply–aggregate demand framework for the USA and to a stochastic Mundell–Fleming–Dornbusch framework for the USA and Japan. The second example also illustrates how over‐identifying restrictions of the underlying framework may be examined informally. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the collagen phenotype expression of gamma‐irradiated vascular smooth muscle cells by heparan mimetics (RGTA)
Authors: Alexakis C. , Strup C. , Mestries P. , Mathé D. , Caruelle J.P. , Barritault D. , Kern P.
Published: July 2004

Restenosis is characterized by vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and accumulation of collagen III in a hypertrophic and disorganized extracellular matrix. Restenosis is prevented by antimitotic agents or irradiation but no significant progress has been made to control collagen expression deregulation. Previously, we have shown that a new family of biopolymers named RGTA (heparan mimetics elaborated by grafting on dextran of carboxylate, sulfate, and benzylamide units) stimulate in vivo tissue repair and reduce fibrosis in various models. Using VSMC in vitro (pig aortic VSMC irradiated with a 60Co source and labeled with [3H]Proline), we now show that gamma‐irradiation reduced cell survival by 50% and collagen synthesis 6‐fold with a major increase in the ratio of collagen III to collagen I biosynthesis taken as a fibrotic index. RGTA added to the cells enhanced their survival up to 80% and reduced collagen III/I ratio back to values found in normal vascular tissues. These results suggest that RGTA combined with gamma‐radiation could be an efficient strategy against restenosis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 594–602, 2004
Fabrication of biodegradable elastomeric scaffolds with sub‐micron morphologies
Authors: Stankus John J. , Guan Jianjun , Wagner William R.
Published: July 2004

The native extracellular matrix (ECM) of elastic tissues is strong and flexible and supports cell adhesion and enzymatic matrix remodeling. In an attempt to convey these ECM properties to a synthetic scaffold appropriate for soft tissue engineering applications, a biodegradable, elastomeric poly(ester urethane)urea (PEUU) was combined with type I collagen at various ratios (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 wt% collagen) and electrospun to construct elastic matrices. Randomly orientated fibers in the electrospun matrices ranged in diameter from 100–900 nm, dependent on initial polymer concentration. Picrosirius red staining of matrices and CD spectroscopy of released collagen confirmed collagen incorporation and preservation of collagen structure at the higher collagen mass fractions. Matrices were strong and distensible possessing strengths of 2–13 MPa with breaking strains of 160–280% even with low PEUU content. Collagen incorporation significantly enhanced smooth muscle cell adhesion onto electrospun scaffolds. An approach has been demonstrated that mimics elastic extracellular matrices by using a synthetic component to provide mechanical function together with a biomacromolecule, collagen. Such matrices may find application in engineering soft tissue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 603–614, 2004
Evaluation of wear resistance of dental resin composites with a 3D profilometer
Authors: Cha Hyun‐Suk , Lee Yong‐Keun , Lim Bum‐Soon , Rhee Sang‐Hoon , Yang Hyeong‐Cheol
Published: July 2004

The objectives of this study were to determine the wear resistance of dental resin composites, and to evaluate the influence of wear‐simulating apparatus on wear. Nine commercial resin composites were studied. Wear was simulated with an oral wear simulator (Proto‐Tech), which simultaneously incorporates the wear mechanism of attrition and abrasion in three‐body wear mode, and with a pin‐on‐disk type friction tester (Rhesca, Japan). Composite specimens were subjected to 50,000 cycles of wear against a dental porcelain antagonist. After wear simulation, parameters for the determination of wear amount, such as wear volume, maximum wear depth, mean of maximum wear depth, and average wear depth were measured with the use of a 3D profilometer. For the oral wear simulator, the range of wear volume was 4.3–9.2 × 10−2 mm3, and there were significant differences among the composites (p < 0.05). In other parameters, there were no significant differences among the composites. For the pin‐on‐disk tester, the range of mean of maximum wear depth was 7.5–26.3 μm, which was significantly different among the composites (p < 0.05). Correlation coefficient (r) between the wear volume from the oral wear simulator and the mean of maximum wear depth from the pin‐on‐disk tester was 0.52. Conclusively, dental resin composites showed significantly different wear resistance. Wear simulating apparatus influenced the amount of wear, and suitable parameters for the determination of wear amounts should be selected in each apparatus. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 414–420, 2004
Is hydroxyapatite cement an alternative for allograft bone chips in bone grafting procedures? A mechanical and histological study in a rabbit cancellous bone defect model
Authors: Voor M. J. , Arts J. J. C. , Klein S. A. , Walschot L. H. B. , Verdonschot N. , Buma P.
Published: July 2004

To evaluate in vivo performance of hydroxyapatite cement (HAC) as a porous bone graft substitute, HAC was mixed (1:1 ratio) with either porous calcium‐phosphate granules (80% tricalcium phosphate, 20% hydroxyapatite) or defatted morsellized cancellous bone (MCB) allograft and implanted bilaterally in cylindrical drill holes in distal femurs of rabbits. Groups with empty defects and impacted MCB were used for reference. After 8 weeks, one femur from each pair was examined histologically. All contralateral specimens and Time‐0 specimens were used for mechanical indentation tests. Histology showed that some empty defects were filled with newly formed osteopenic bone after 8 weeks. The impacted MCB showed remodeling into new vital bone. Incorporation of the HAC/MCB composite was incomplete, whereas minimal new bone ingrowth was found in the HAC/granule composites. Though not different from each other, both composites were significantly stronger than empty defects, incorporated impacted MCB, and intact cancellous bone. At Time 0, the mechanical behavior of impacted MCB was similar to both HAC composites. In conclusion, composites of HAC and porous biomaterials can maintain relatively high strength over 8 weeks in vivo, but their incorporation into a new bony structure is slower than impacted MCB. The HAC/MCB composite showed favorable incorporation behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 398–407, 2004
NAP‐2 is part of multi‐protein complexes in Hela cells
Authors: Rodriguez Pedro , Ruiz Marcia T. , Price Gerald B. , Zannis‐Hadjopoulos Maria
Published: July 2004

We previously reported that a complex of nuclear proteins from HeLa cells, among them histone H1 and casein kinase 2 co‐eluted from immobilized nucleosome assembly protein 2 (NAP‐2)‐Sepharose. Here, using HeLa cell nuclear extracts, we found NAP‐2 migrates in a blue‐native polyacrylamide gel with an apparent molecular weight of 300 kDa. HeLa cell NAP‐2, labeled in vivo with radioactive orthophosphate, co‐precipitated with at least two phosphoproteins, with an apparent mass of 100 and 175 kDa, respectively, as determined by SDS–PAGE. NAP‐2 from total HeLa cell extract co‐purified with other proteins through two sequential chromatographic steps: first, a positively charged resin, Q‐Sepharose, was used, which purified NAP‐2 more easily with other proteins that eluted as a single peak at 0.5 M NaCl. This fraction possessed both relaxing and supercoiling activities, and it was able to assemble regularly spaced nucleosomes onto naked DNA in an ATP‐dependent manner. Second, a negatively charged resin (heparin) was used, which retained small amounts of NAP‐2 (a very acidic polypeptide) and topoisomerase I. This fraction, although able to supercoil relaxed DNA, did so to a lesser extent than the Q‐Sepharose fraction. The data suggest that NAP‐2 is in complex(es) with other proteins, which are distinct from histones. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase signaling pathway in chondrocytic differentiation of ATDC5 cells: Application of a gene‐trap mutagenesis
Authors: Ihara‐Watanabe Miyuki , Uchihashi Takayuki , Miyauchi Yoshiteru , Sakai Norio , Yamagata Masayo , Ozono Keiichi , Michigami Toshimi
Published: July 2004

Gene‐trap mutagenesis is based on the notion that the random insertion of a trapping vector may disturb the function of inserted genes. Here, we applied this method to murine mesenchymal ATDC5 cells, which differentiate into mature chondrocytes in the presence of insulin. As the trap vector we used pPT1‐geo, which lacks its own promoter and enhancer, but contains a lacZ–neo fusion gene as a reporter and selection marker driven by the promoter of the trapped gene. After pPT1‐geo was introduced into ATDC5 cells by electroporation, the neomycin‐resistant clones were screened for β‐galactosidase activity. The selected clones were cultured in differentiation medium to evaluate the chondrogenic phenotype. The clones no. 6–30 and 6–175, which exhibited impaired and accelerated mineralization, respectively, were subjected to further analysis. In clone no. 6–30 in which the gene coding for the p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) was trapped, the expression of marker genes of early chondrocytes including collagen type II, aggrecan, and PTH/PTHrP receptor was delayed. The insulin‐induced stimulation of growth was reduced in clone no. 6–30 compared with the parental ATDC5 cells. Moreover, treatment of parental ATDC5 cells with a specific inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002, phenocopied clone no. 6–30, suggesting the involvement of PI3K signaling in the chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells. Clone no. 6–175 with accelerated mineralization was revealed to have a gene homologous to human KIAA0312 trapped, whose function remains unclear. Taken together, the gene‐trap in ATDC5 cells might be useful to identify the molecules involved in chondrogenic differentiation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in production of melanin radicals by 694 nm ruby laser and UVA radiation
Authors: Haywood Rachel M. , Linge Claire
Published: July 2004

Background and Objectives

The 694 nm ruby laser is used clinically for hair removal and the mechanism is predominantly photo thermal via melanin targeting. We investigated 694 nm laser‐irradiation of human hair, and laser‐irradiation of synthetic dopa melanin to establish whether photolysis and oxygen radical production is also contributory, and which may have side effects.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ultraviolet‐A (UVA) irradiation of melanin was used as a positive control for radical production. Laser‐ and UVA‐irradiated hair samples, and synthetic dopa melanin in media of different viscosity, were analyzed using electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and compared. The spin trap 5,5‐dimethyl‐ 1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO) was used to probe laser‐irradiated dopa melanin for superoxide radical production.

Results

Comparable to UVA, laser‐irradiation of hair increased the signal‐intensity of the intrinsic melanin radical. UVA‐induced radicals decay rapidly; however, laser‐induced radicals decayed slowly and did not fully revert to original levels after 24 hours. Laser‐induced radicals were increasingly stable with viscosity of the medium. Superoxide radicals were detected using DMPO in UVA‐ but not laser‐irradiated synthetic dopa‐melanin at pH 4.5.

Conclusions

Laser‐irradiation of melanin does not result in oxygen radical formation; however, a paramagnetic species, long‐lived in rigid media, is detected which is worth further investigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:77–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the thermal effects within body cavities during transendoscopical CO2 laser‐based surgery
Authors: Dayan Abraham , Goren Alon , Gannot Israel
Published: July 2004

Background and Objectives

The recent development of flexible hollow waveguides for MID‐IR lasers may be utilized transendoscopically to ablate selectively neoplastic, superficial tissues within body cavities. Study goals are to investigate theoretically and experimentally heat distribution and thermal response of cavity lining, during CO2 laser minimally invasive surgery (MIS), and to thermally optimize the procedure under practical conditions.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Mathematical model was developed to predict temperature distribution along cavity lining. Experimental setup was built, including all the necessary components for a fully feedback‐controlled MIS, i.e., laser generator, gas insufflating system, surgical suction, and infrared imaging feedback mechanism, all controlled by central PC‐based program. Thermal images of cavity lining were recorded and analyzed throughout varying conditions.

Results

Thermal gradients along the cavity lining, during and after the laser irradiation, were obtained mathematically and experimentally. Diverse modes of heat dispersions were observed, as well as the relative contributions of user‐controlled parameters to the maximal heat of cavity lining. The software‐controlled setup has demonstrated the capacity to instantly manage varying conditions, by which it automatically protects cavity lining from getting overheated.

Conclusions

Analytical predictions and experimental measurements were highly correlated. The software‐controlled system may serve a powerful tool to control thermal side effects during MIS within body cavities. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:18–27, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of resin–dentin interface after Er:YAG laser preparation
Authors: Bertrand Marie‐France , Hessleyer Daniel , Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Nammour Samir , Rocca Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2004

Background and Objectives

The aim of this study was to observe the morphological characteristics of dentin–resin interfaces when a composite resin was bonded to Er:YAG laser irradiated dentin.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Human dentin surfaces were divided into three equal areas. One third was prepared using a carbide bur and etched with phosphoric acid, the second third was conditioned using an Er:YAG laser, the third one was irradiated and etched. A hybrid composite resin was bonded on dentin surfaces using a single‐component adhesive system. Longitudinal sections were exposed to 5 N HCl then to 1% NaOCl. The thickness of the hybrid layer and the dimensions of the resin tags were measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures and an image analysis software.

Results

When acid etching was performed, a hybrid layer as well as the characteristic funnel‐shaped resin tags were observed. When Er:YAG laser was used alone, no hybrid layer could be detected. The resin tags appeared thinner and exhibited a cylindrical shape.

Conclusions

The acid pre‐treatment of the irradiated surface allowed both the seal of the dentinal surface and the increase of the diameter of the resin tags. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:51–57, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.