bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fouilles et prospections à Rigny-Ussé (Indre-et-Loire), rapport préliminaire 1986-1991 / Excavation and fieldwork in the parish of Rigny-Ussé (Indre-et- Loire), 1986-1991 : interim report
Authors: Zadora-Rio Elisabeth , Galinié Henri , Baron Marie-Claude , Husi Philippe , Jouquand Anne-Marie , Martineau Marie-Christèle , Mascla Jean-Marcel , Poirot Agata , Rodier Xavier , Theureau Christian
Published: July 2010

Field survey and trial trenches have revealed a dense occupation, between the Gallo-roman period and the eleventh century, of the plateau — in marked contrast to the post-medieval concentration of settlement in the valley of the Loire.

At Rigny the 11th- and 12th -century church, along with its cemetery, remained in use until the cult was transferred to Ussé in the middle of the last century. The excavation revealed three phases in the layout of its immediate environs. In the Middle Ages the cemetery (of a so farunknown extent) completely surrounded the church, and the burials were interspersed with inhabited houses. Its extent was then progressively reduced : at the end 15th or the beginning ot the 16th century burials were restricted to a limited area, and the separation of the living and the dead emphasized by the construction of a wall between it and the newly-built vicarage the final phase, in the second halfot the eighteenth century, saw further burials confined to a new enclosure laid out on the south side of the church.
Une fosse de La Tène Ancienne au " Pied-de-l'Ane " Commune de La Moutade (Puy-de-Dôme) / An Early La Tene pit at La Moutade (Puy-de-Dôme)
Authors: Mennessier-Jouannet Christine , Vernet Gérard
Published: July 2010

Située en bordure des formations marécageuses d'un des bassins limagnais, cette structure, largement détruite lors de travaux de drainage, a l'intérêt de fournir un ensemble de céramiques provenant de son remblaiement par des rejets domestiques. A sa mise en œuvre soignée est associé un dépôt lié à sa fonction première. Cet ensemble clos correspond à une période encore très mal connue en Limagne d'Auvergne : le début du second Age du Fer.
Vaujours (Château-la-Vallière, Indre-et-Loire), un atelier de production verrière du XVIIIe siècle / Vaujours (Château-la-Vallière, Indre-et-Loire): a 18th c. glasshouse
Authors: Motteau James
Published: July 2010

La fouille d'un dépotoir d'un atelier de verriers du XVIIe siècle a livré un abondant mobilier, témoignage des différentes étapes du travail, depuis les blocs de verre brut jusqu'à la vaisselle produite sur place.
Contribution à l'inventaire des polissoirs de l'Indre / Polishing-stones in the Indre
Authors: Cordier Gérard
Published: July 2010

This article presents the description of seven polishing-stones found in the border of the Touraine and the Berry. The exploitation of turonien flint beds should be noted.
Deux silos médiévaux à Suèvres (Loir-et-Cher) / Two medieval grain storage pits at Suèvres (Loir-et-Cher)
Authors: Moireau Fabrice
Published: July 2010

Two pits, probably intended for grain storage, were excavated at Suèvres (Loir-et-Cher) in 1983. The pottery, mostly found in the first pit to be examined (Fl), shows that they were backfilled in the 11-12th c. The fill also contained a linen-smoother and various metal objects.
Mézières-lez-Cléry (Loiret) : gisement de plein-air du Paléolithique supérieur / Mézières-lez-Cléry (Loiret): an open-air site of the upper palaeolithic
Authors: Le Licon Gwénaëlle , Jesset Sébastien
Published: July 2010

Upon its discovery in 1988, the open-air site of Mézières-lez-Cléry was systematically surveyed and three concentrations of lithic artefacts were identified. Following a typo-technological study — and in the present state of knowledge — the site is attributed to the Gravettian.
Un quartier d'habitat de l'agglomération antique de Drevant (Cher) / A residential quarter in the antique agglomeration of Drevant (Cher)
Authors: Cribellier Christian
Published: July 2010

The rescue excavation of a vast area, located outside the monumental center on the northern edge of the antique agglomeration of Drevant, has revealed the occupation of a residential quarter on the urban fringe from the Is' century to the end of the 3rd century AD. Among the main features may be noted the discovery of several dwellings, including one with a cellar (in the fill of which was found a coin-hoard), a closed assemblage of late Roman pottery, hearths, a trough for keeting the lime and an aqueduct.
Le site de plein air des Draux (Coussay-les-Bois, Vienne) : occupations néolithiques et protohistoriques / The open-air site of "Les Draux" (Coussay-les-Bois, Vienne) : neolithic and protohistoric occupation
Authors: Foucher Pascal , San Juan Cristina , Gomez de Soto José
Published: July 2010

The authors present the results of a surface survey which yielded a series of ceramic sherds attributable to the period from the Middle Neolithic to historic times, along with an abundant lithic industry and some fragments of quernstones.
La première inscription latine trouvée à Pithiviers-le-Vieil (Loiret) / The first latin inscription to be found at Pithiviers-le-Vieil (Loiret)
Authors: Dondin-Payre Monique , De Kisch Yves
Published: July 2010

Although the site is best known for its sanctuaries and baths, the first Latin inscription ever found at Pithiviers-le-Vieil is not a religious votive, but a funerary dedication refering to the torn (monimentum) built by Conconnibitus for his children, Toutocamulus and Illanua. The stone, which dates from the first century A.D., bears witness to the Romanization of a population still very attached to its Celtic roots.
Les fours à chaux gallo-romains de " Brétinoust ", commune de Sivry-Courtry (Seine-et-Marne) avec la collaboration d'Elisabeth Veyrat pour l'étude du mobilier / The gallo-roman lime kilns of "Brétinoust", commune of Sivry-Courtry (Seine-et-Marne)
Authors: Suméra Franck , Veyrat Elisabeth
Published: July 2010

A Gallo-Roman lime producing workshop at Sivry-Courtry, 12 km east of Melun, has been studied as part of the research preceding the construction of the A5 motorway. The workshop, situated within a small settlement on the banks of a tributary of the Seine, consists of two kilns located within limestone quarries. One dates from the middle of the Is' century, and the other from the first half of the 2nd century. Beside a technological discussion, economic aspects of this activity can also be gleaned.
L'origine de l'opale résinite utilisée par les Néolithiques des Pays de la Loire : un problème qui s'éclaircit... ou qui se complique ? / The source of the resinite opal used by the Neolithic people of the Pays de la loire : a problem solved... or with further complications ?
Authors: Cordier Gérard
Published: July 2010

L'opale résinite n'est pas un matériau aussi exceptionnel qu'on le pensait. Deux étages géologiques au moins ont pu le fournir aux Néolithiques des Pays de la Loire : le Cénomanien et le Sénonien. Des particularités de débitage pouvant être liées à des cultures sont à observer.
Un murus gallicus à Saint-Marcel (Indre) : nouvelle approche de l'oppidum biturige d'Argentomagus dans le contexte européen / A murus gallicus at Saint-Marcel (Indre) : a new approach to the oppidum of the bituriges at Argentomagus and the european context
Authors: Krausz Sophie
Published: July 2010

Un sondage réalisé en 1996 sur le rempart du site gallo-romain de Sa.int-Marcel-Argentomagus (Indre) a permis la découverte d'une fortification gauloise de type murus gallicus, confirmée par la présence d'un poutrage interne, d'un parement externe et de grands clous en fer. Cette découverte attribue la fonction d'oppidum au site d' Argentomagus à La Tène D. Saint-Marcel constitue le quatrième murus gallicus attesté dans la cité des Bituriges Cubes, comptant parmi les vingt villes mentionnées par César dans la Guerre des Gaules. Cette nouvelle découverte permet de replacer le site de Saint-Marcel dans le contexte des oppida celtiques européens.
Neuvy-le-Roi (Indre-et-Loire), depuis ses origines jusqu'au XIXe siècle / Neuvy-le-Roi (Indre-et-Loire), from the origins to the 19th century
Authors: Poirot Agata
Published: July 2010

Le but premier de cette étude est de montrer l'importance mais aussi les limites de la prospection au sol tout en recherchant d'éventuels recoupements avec l'étude des sources écrites et celle du cadastre. La commune de Neuvy-le-Roi, dans ses limites actuelles, a été choisie pour réaliser cette étude. La prospection au sol, qui a été la principale investigation, a permis la découverte de 97 sites dont 82 d'habitats, et les sources écrites jointes au cadastre de 54 sites supplémentaires. Neuvy-le-Roi est occupée depuis le Paléolithique et, si la Protohistoire y est très mal représentée, l'époque du haut Moyen-Âge est quant à elle forte de 41 sites. Cependant, l'analyse des différentes méthodes de prospection, employées sur le terrain, révèle que ces dernières estimations peuvent en être leur conséquence directe. Pour l'époque gallo-romaine, l'étude du mobilier " hors-site " permet d'observer l'accroissement en densité de la céramique à l'approche de l'habitat correspondant. Par ailleurs, depuis cette époque on observe la continuité de l'habitat : les fermes modernes se trouvent à proximité des habitats anciens.
Les conditions d'une interprétation fonctionnelle des moulins "celtiques" rotatifs à mains sont-elles réunies? / Are the conditions united for a functional interpretation of the "celtic " hand-turned rotary mills ?
Authors: Boyer François , Buchsenschutz Olivier
Published: July 2010

Les moulins rotatifs font l'objet d'une triple analyse, archéologique, expérimentale et fonctionnelle. Cette petite machine, née en Espagne au IVe siècle et largement répandue en Occident, est utilisée dans un contexte domestique dans le monde celtique. Une reconstruction d'un moulin a permis de définir un modèle et de distinguer les critères descriptifs fonctionnels et culturels. Une analyse fonctionnelle a permis d'identifier les paramètres qui permettent d'obtenir de la farine. Un groupe de chercheurs a entrepris un inventaire des meules du nord de la France.
Nouvelles données sur les thermes sud de Néris-les-Bains (Allier) / New data on the south thermae at Néris-les-Bains (Allier)
Authors: Liegard Sophie , Fourvel Alain
Published: July 2010

La fouille préventive de 1998 a permis d'étudier la partie nord des thermes sud de Néris-les-Bains découverts et partiellement fouillés au début du XIXe s. Cette intervention a confirmé une partie des observations réalisées anciennement. Les vestiges mis au jour récemment appartiennent à un bâtiment thermal longé d'une galerie à colonnade donnant sur une probable palestre.
Un puits à cuvelage en bois de La Tène finale (Le Brézet, Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme) / A late La Tene wood-lined well (Le Brezet, cLermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme).
Authors: Deberge Yann , Dunkley Jemima , Vernet Gérard
Published: July 2010

An archaeological evaluation undertaken in the Clermont Ferrand basin during 1997 led to the excavation of a wood-lined well. Analysis of the wooden structure has revealed the technics used for obtaining planks and original methods of assemblage for the late La Tene period. The finds also indicate that the well may have been re-used for a ritual purpose.
L'habitat de La Tène ancienne sur la Z.A.C. Centre-ville de Bussy-Saint-Georges (Seine-et-Marne) - lère partie / Ancient La Tène occupation in the zac centre-ville at Bussy-Saint-Georges (Seine-et-Marne) - Part one
Authors: Buchez Nathalie , Gransar Frédéric , Matterne Véronique , Pernaud Jean Marie , Yvinec Jean-Hervé
Published: July 2010

Les campagnes de sondages et de fouilles réalisées sur une ZAC de 150 hectares sur la commune

de Bussy-Saint-Georges ont permis de mettre en évidence, pour La Tène ancienne, plusieurs installations aux faciès structurels différenciés. Le site du "Champ Fleuri nord" représente un point d'ancrage de l'occupation. L'analyse spatiale des structures fouillées - trous de poteau, silos de petites, moyennes et grandes capacités -, et l'étude de la céramique conduit à restituer l'image d'un habitat ouvert, probablement occupé à plusieurs reprises sur un siècle à un siècle et demi.
Un pont (?) antique (?) à Tours / An ancient (?) bridge (?) at Tours
Authors: Seigne Jacques
Published: July 2010

The exceptionally low level of the water in the Loire river at Tours in September 2000 allowed the discovery of groups of wooden piles which may be parts of an ancient bridge. That structure apparently older than the medieval bridge built in the first half of 11th century could be from Roman times.
Étude morphologique de la Chaussée Jules César dans le département du Val-d'Oise/ A morphological study of the Chaussée Jules César (Val-d'Oise, France)
Authors: Robert Sandrine
Published: July 2010

En 1999 et 2000, une étude morphologique et des fouilles réalisées sur la Chaussée Jules César

dans le Val-d'Oise ont permis de renouveler les connaissances sur cet axe reconnu comme antique depuis le XVIe s. Replacer la voie dans son environnement et dans le temps (de l'Antiquité à aujourd'hui) permet de comprendre sa dynamique et son rôle dans le paysage. Cette approche par la morphologie prend en compte les différentes temporalités de la voie : de la permanence de l'itinéraire à la mobilité des tronçons et de la viabilité de la chaussée.
Le glissement des salaires aux Etats-Unis de 1953 à 1957
Authors: Bodkin Ronald G. , Richardson Ellen
Published: July 2010

Le glissement des salaires, c'est-à-dire la différence entre le salaire que touchent effectivement les travailleurs (gains de salaire) et leur salaire négocié (taux de salaire) est un phénomène dont on ne s'est guère préoccupé jusqu'à présent aux Etats-Unis. Le présent article a pour but d'examiner quelques-unes des théories du glissement des salaires par rapport à l'économie américaine de la période 1953-1957 et de savoir si les variables qui influent sur le glissement des salaires aux Etats-Unis sont différentes des facteurs qui influencent ce glisse­ment dans les pays où la négociation des salaires a lieu au niveau national. Les explications que l'on a proposé du glissement des salaires dans les pays d'Europe mettent l'accent sur divers facteurs : excès de la demande de travail ; productivité du travail ; montant de la variation antérieure des taux de salaire négociés ; niveau des profits. Il apparaît qu'aux Etats-Unis, de 1953 à 1957, il y a eu une forte relation positive entre le nombre d'heures de travail et le glissement des salaires, et que le niveau de la productivité est également une variable significative ; par contre, les changements antérieurs des taux de salaire ont une influence négligeable, ainsi que les variations des prix à la consommation et le taux de chômage. Bien que cette analyse soit trop limitée pour . en tirer des conclusions définitives, il apparaît que malgré les différences apparentes entre les systèmes de négociation des salaires aux Etats-Unis et dans de nombreux pays européens, les facteurs qui influent sur le glissement des salaires sont iden­tiques sur les deux continents.
Les différences de salaires ouvriers entre industries en France
Authors: Silvestre Jean-Jacques
Published: July 2010

Cet article étudie la structure des salaires moyens ouvriers dans l'industrie française en 1962. Les informations statistiques utilisées sont celles du recensement industriel de 1962.

L'étude se déroule en trois étapes. Dans une première étape, on recherche dans quelle mesure les différences de qualité de main-d'œuvre occupée (répartition par sexe, qualification moyenne) expliquent les différences de salaires entre industries. Le premier modèle, testé sur des échantillons plus ou moins désagrégés, conduit à un échec. L'échec du premier modèle testé conduit à étudier, dans une deuxième étape, une relation statistique entre niveau de salaire et productivité moyenne du travail ouvrier. Une telle relation statistique apparaît comme très significative à tous les niveaux de désagrégation. Une troisième étape permet de préciser la signification économique de la relation entre salaire et productivité du travail. On étudie alors la répartition de la valeur ajoutée entre les facteurs de production travail ouvrier, travail non ouvrier, capital dans les différentes industries.
Les disparités de salaires internes à la firme
Authors: Daubigney Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with internal wage differentiels, that must be studied again, because of former studies which emphasize the influence played by the firm in the determination of the wage level.

Internal wages differentials are defined as pay differentials between employees of a same firm. In theory, they resuit from the lack of balance between demand and supply for each occupation in the labor market of the firm. The influence of the firm in the determination of the wage level compells the economist to build up a new model in order to explain the wage differentials by refusing the principle of unicity of the labor market for all workers in all firms.

The hypothesis studied here is that these wage differentials are determined by this mecanism for each firm which an be considered as a perfect market : wage scattering are the results of various economic values of jobs.

We tested this hypothesis with the results of empirical researches about wage differentials and we found that we can't rely on this hypothesis.
Evolution du salaire des cadres supérieurs en fonction de l'âge
Authors: Roustang Guy
Published: July 2010

Parmi les salariés, une différenciation importante résulte du fait que le salaire des ingénieurs et cadres croît avec l'âge, alors que celui des ouvriers tend plutôt à décroître à partir de la trentaine. L'article « Evolution des salaires des cadres supérieurs en fonction de 1'âge » a pour but d'étudier, à partir des statistiques disponibles en France, la relation âge - salaire pour les diplômés et pour les autodidactes (les cadres promus), selon la nature de l'affaire (secteur privé — public notamment) et la fonction (administrative — technique — commerciale...). Une dernière partie examine comment les paramètres d'un modèle explicatif des salaires par l'âge et la responsabilité sont influencés par les périodes de la vie active retenues, les diplômes, la taille des entreprises, le type d'activité économique et la région.
Point de vue. Les cinq chantiers de l'euro
Authors: Berès Pervenche
Published: July 2010

Pervenche Berès Les cinq chantiers de l'euro. L'introduction de l'euro a été une grande réussite. Pourtant, en termes de croissance et d'emploi, les résultats sont décevants. Afin que les pays de la zone Euro utilisent tout le potentiel dont ils se sont dotés, il s'agit de prendre les décisions politiques qui permettront de profiter pleinement de l'introduction de la monnaie unique. Les domaines qui nécessitent une attention particulière sont au nombre de cinq : (1) la coordination entre les politiques économiques et (2) avec la politique monétaire de la zone Euro, (3) la représentation extérieure de la zone Euro, (4) une meilleure régulation des marchés financiers et finalement (5) le contrôle démocratique des politiques économiques au niveau européen. Ces chantiers devraient être lancés par une réunion extraordinaire des chefs d'Etat et de gouvernement préparée par un groupe de haut niveau pluridisciplinaire.
Licenciements boursiers chez Michelin et Danone : beaucoup de bruit pour rien ?
Authors: Capelle-Blancard Gunther , Couderc Nicolas
Published: July 2010

The Shareholders Reaction to Massive Layoffs : Michelin and Danone Case Studies. A reduction-in-force (RIF) announcement often attracts extensive media coverage. In France, everybody has a recollection of the Michelin or Lu scandals. Beyond the newsworthiness of such events, is a RIF decision in any way correlated to the company's stock market performance ? In this paper, we show that, even in the most striking examples, such as Michelin or Lu scandals, the market value the firm does not increase.
Famille et héritage : quelle liberté de tester ?
Authors: Masson André
Published: July 2010

transmission des parents, à évaluer les effets inégalitaires des transferts patrimoniaux, etc. En s'appuyant au passage sur l'expérience américaine (où la succession est libre par testament), on envisage alors la possibilité d'introduire dans notre pays une liberté de tester accrue, qui permettrait de donner davantage à un enfant qu'un autre (celui qui s'est occupé de vous sur vos vieux jours, qui a moins bien réussi. . .) ou, surtout, de léguer une partie substantielle de ses biens hors de la famille (dons caritatifs par exemple) ; le plus surprenant n'est pas que ce « droit » à une plus grande liberté de tester ne soit pas reconnu mais bien que la question semble taboue, ne faisant l'objet d'aucun débat aujourd'hui.
La réforme de la fiscalité des intérêts dans l'Union européenne
Authors: Emonnot Claude , Peron Olivier
Published: July 2010

Claude Emonnot Olivier Peron La réforme de la fiscalité des intérêts dans l'Union européenne. La Commission européenne a entrepris une vaste réforme de la fiscalité des intérêts. Le principe de résidence devrait remplacer le système actuel de retenues à la source nationales, accusé de conduire à la concurrence fiscale et à la sous-imposition. Cet article montre que les propositions de la Commission sont économiquement optimales, si chaque gouvernement, ni tout à fait bienveillant, ni tout à fait léviathan, peut choisir librement le taux d'imposition national. La caractéristique erga omnes de l'ouverture empêche les gouvernements d'exercer le pouvoir de prédication sur les recettes fiscales que leur confère pourtant un principe de résidence. En revanche, un principe de résidence doublé d'une harmonisation fiscale conduit à une détérioration du bien- être entièrement transférée sur les contribuables par les gouvernements.
Raymond Aron avant Raymond Aron (1923-1933)
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François
Published: July 2010

Raymond Aron before Raymond Aron (1923-1933), Jean-François Sirinelli.

How does one get born to oneself ? From brilliant student at the lycee Condorcet in the autumn of 1922 to French reader at the University of Cologne ten years later, Raymond Aron got his first political education as an intellectual while accumulating degrees at the Sorbonne and the Ecole Normale Superieure. Nothing exceptional. His school records and early writings show a « vaguely socialist » and « passionately pacifist» young man, a quasi-disciple of the philosopher Alain, at unison with his generation. He already had learned how to be himself and would soon refuse the dominant ideas. Raymond Aron was mature enough to become Raymond Aron on contemplating the Germany of Adolf Hitler and Max Weber. In the historic turbulence of the 1930s, a great intellectual emerged, the original « committed spectator».
Tombeau pour Mendès France
Authors: Rioux Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

out and in which he recognize himself.
Les guerres du siècle
Authors: Duroselle Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2010

War in the plural : a classification of twentieth century wars, Jean-Baptiste Duroselle.

Without engaging in the discussion about the « innate » or the « acquired » character of the phenomenon of war, the author proposes an empirical classification for the twentieth century : he identifies six criteria : « white » / « colonial », limited / long, Worldwide / short wars, scope of weapons, law and ethics, origins of conflicts. He concludes that there is no simple explanation, but observes a hiatus between the « early » and the « late » twentieth century and describes the horrendous emergence of the nation-states through wars throughout the century.
L'exubérance de l'état en France de 1914 à 1918
Authors: Bock Fabienne
Published: July 2010

The exuberance of the state in France from 1914 to 1918, Fabienne Bock.

During the First World War, not only were the institutions of the French republic not shaken — the power of the state grew over many areas of social and economic life. Industrial and agricultural production, foreign trade, the distribution of the labor force and industrial relations were partially managed by a host of semi-official bodies, commissions, committees or offices which proliferated in relative anarchy. Even if in the 1920s France was relieved to go back to non intervention and was proud of a degree of désétatisation, the 1914-1918 war was an ambiguous stage in the growth of the state apparatus in the twentieth century.
L'organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire (CERN)
Authors: Pestre Dominique
Published: July 2010

The European organisation for nuclear research (CENR). A political and scien-tific success, Dominique Pestre

After 30 years of existence, the CENR (in French CERN) created in 1954, is a scientific as well as a political success. Launched after the Second World War the plan for a major European nuclear physics laboratory was implemented at the same time as the first Community organizations were being set up (ECSC, OEEC, etc.). Its success was due to the role of the « scientific administrators » and European physicists whose Community convictions were stronger than the politic differences among member states, to the impossibility for any European count to carry out such a scientific and financial endeavour alone, and to the quality of the discoveries of the CENR in the physics of nuclear particles.
Les origines du répertoire d'action collective contemporaine en France et en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: July 2010

Origins of the contemporary collective-action répertoire in France and Great Britain, Charles Tilly.

Eight examples of various types of conflict from 1682 to 1982 divide into two relatively distinct repertoires of collective action. The first, localized and oriented largely to local powerholders, lasted until the 19th century. The other, more national and autonomous, came to predominate in Great Britain around 1832 and in France around 1848. Compared to the 19th, the 20th century produced few changes in the repertoire ; with respect to organization and action even the « new social movements » occurring since 1968 do not constitute a large innovation. The forms of collective action result from a cumulative historical process.
Le moyen âge entre le futur et l'avenir
Authors: Le Goff Jacques
Published: July 2010

The Middle Ages between the future and the life to corne, Jacques Le Goff

The high Middle Ages ignored the future and put everything on the life to corne. Rome and St. Augustine had bequeathed the idea of a succession of ages up to the Last Judgement : the life-to-come was imposed by salvation. As of the 12th and 13th centuries, time was mastered, people began to count, growth began, archives became necessary : an earthly linear future became conceivable. The millenarist spurt was not mastered by it, but the age of progress and enlightenment could begin. This medieval wavering can help us understand the 20th century's dramas.
Stakhanov, ce héros normatif
Authors: Vigne Eric
Published: July 2010

Stakhanov, a normative hero, Eric Vigne

The " new man " imposed by Lenin and Stalin assured the hegemony of the Party over society and that of taylorized standards over production. A miner, Stakhanov, embodied this normative hero as of 1935. The movement bearing his name allowed the intelligentsia of the recognized technicians to serve the Soviet state blindly, against the workers. Against this new conquest of Stalinism there was neither revoit nor return of old repressed practices, for the political police never believed in the " new man " ; it took care of the files of the "old man", right into the camps.
Après Mao, le retour du vieil homme
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

After Mao, the return of the Old Man, Marie-Claire Bergere.

Since 1976, People's China has been trying to resolve its economic and social crisis through the policy of the four modernizations. Material stimuli, decollectivization of agriculture, rebirth of private enterprise, abandonment of socialist morality : the break with Mao's ideal and the Cultural Revolution seems total. The " old man " is born again, the return of the old traditions favors popular cults, individualism, even infanticide, while the West's cultural objects continue to fascinate. But this renaissance only reflects the failures and contradictions of the age of Mao. Civil society keeps quiet ; there is barely any social criticism ; political opposition is weak. The " old man " has not awakened China.
L'horoscope des populations
Authors: Le Bras Hervé
Published: July 2010

The population horoscope, Hervé Le Bras

In this brief history of long-term demographic forecasts from the 17th century to the present, prediction seems both useless, for it is inaccurate, and essential, as it reveals the concerns of the time. Petty's economie arithmetic, Pearl's logistic laws, Glass's mathematical sophistication witness the refining of the methods. Yet the Future Population of Europe and the Soviet Union that a proud Princeton team published in 1944 describes the 1970 European horizon with margins of error exceeding 35 %, in spite of the new reliability of statistics. The post-war increase of the birth rate and the magnitude of population movements had not been suspected, because of the American researchers' obsession with the USSR's demographic imperialism : an admission of failure pregnant with lessons.
Deux vieilles France en échauguette
Authors: Garrisson Janine
Published: July 2010

Two old Frances at watch towers. The wars of religion, Janine Garrisson.

From 1559 to about 1600, two Frances stood face to face. The most obvious break was the religious division and the confrontation between Catholics and Protes tants. But this Franco-French war can be interpreted as the continuation of older conflicts, those that opposed the North and the South, the inhabitants of cities and those of the countryside, the faithful supporters of royal power and the big feudal lords : two different political conceptions and two visions of society. This major conflict, which brought about 40 years of murders and plunder, seems to have been effaced from the collective memory of the French, which has retained only one event : the Saint Barthelemy day massacre. As if the horror of this massacre hid the very foundation of the wars of religion : the existence of several Frances, each refusing to listen to the other.
La guerre scolaire, ancienne ou nouvelle histoire ?
Authors: Mayeur Jean-Marie
Published: July 2010

Three years fo quarrels over schools (1981-1984). Storms and the lull, Jean-Marie Majeur.

Ever since Jules Ferry, the « school war » has only been one aspect of a wider struggle : that over the secularization of French society, i.e. the religious issue in its broadest sense. But in 1981, though this secularization had been long achieved though the protagonists, public opinion and even the secular militants had changed substantially, the school issue was only the final element of the cleavage in French feelings. As the religious question is no longer politically relevant, « revanchist » secularism looks old-fashioned. This explains the failure of the Savary bill and the (perhaps temporary) return to the 1959 Debré law.
Les hispano-américains. Succès et limites d'un autre creuset
Authors: Toinet Marie-France , Toinet Marileine
Published: July 2010

Success and limits of another melting pot : the Hispanic Americans, Marie-France et Marileine Toinet. The Hispanic minority (Mexicans, Puerto-Ricans, and more recently Cubans and other Latin Americans), although it represents nearly 20 million people, is less taken into account and less well understood than the black minority. Its members came looking for work and pose a problem of integration. Some accept this cheap labor but others worry about its weight on the economy and on American society. Better educated in the last decade, this minority remains under-represented politically, which enlarges the gap between it, the other minorities and the white " Anglos ".
Piétons de Babel et de la cité radieuse. Les jeunes intellectuels des années 1930 et la ville
Authors: Balmand Pascal
Published: July 2010

Pedestrians of Babel and of the City Radiant. Young intellectuals of the 1930s and the city, Pascal Balmand.

When urban residence became the rule in France in the 1930s, the young intellectual generation started to ask questions. It denounced a civilization crisis, held the city responsible for moral decadence, as the place of a serious threat to the balance and integrity of the human being as well as that of artifice. In total disagreement with the « modern » architectural movement, the young intellectuals of the 1930s were closer to the movement of « culturalist » urbanism, represented in France by Gaston Bardet. But just as some 18th century critics of the city, they also conceived of it as a promise of everything possible. Thus, between those nostalgic for a return to the land and the visionaries of the futurist city, the young personalist generation anticipated, in a way, the debates of the post-industrial age.
Indépendances et dépendances dans le Pacifique insulaire
Authors: De Deckker Paul
Published: July 2010

Independences and dependences in the Insular Pacific, Paul De Deckker

A handful of islands, a complex population : Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, which make up the insular Pacific, seem doomed to be scattered. Since 1945 they have been, however, a stake controlled by the superpowers, whether colonial or not. London, Canberra and Wellington have in turns favored independence and dependence. Washington, for strategic reasons, has followed closely the evolution of the Pacific. In this struggle where the global stakes are very clear, has France still a place in 1985 ? The examples of New Caledonia and the Polynesian islands are here analysed in detail.
Le protestantisme français, trois cents ans après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes
Authors: Baubérot Jean
Published: July 2010

French Protestantism three hundred years after the revocation of the Edict
Beaubourg, an VIII
Authors: Vincent Gérard
Published: July 2010

Beaubourg, Year VIII, Gérard Vincent

Beyond aesthetic quarrels and unjustified accusations, the historian can, after eight years of the existence of the National Center for Art and Culture at Beaubourg, ask the real question : have the missions assigned to the Center been accomplished ? In other words, has the access of the masses to culture been facilitated ? Have the barriers between the various activities been broken down by the coexistence of a museum and other forms of culture ? Has Beaubourg become not only the cultural brain of France, but also its heart, irrigating the Hexagon with the flow of culture produced by such a pump ? Lastly, how has the surrounding neighborhood been renovated and with what results ?
Peintures en France 1945-1960
Authors: Fouilloux Étienne
Published: July 2010

Painting in France (1945-1960), Etienne Fouilloux.

The 1950s witness the triumph of abstract art. Until the beginning of the decade, that was not yet clear. And nothing during the pre-war was paving the way for a victory of abstraction. After the Liberation, abstract art had to battle against a two-fold realism : the « new realism » of Communist artists and Bernard Buffet's expressionism. It took several years before abstract art was to impose itself.
Les incorporés de force alsaciens
Authors: Herberich-Marx Geneviève , Raphaël Freddy
Published: July 2010

The Alsatians drafted by force into the German Army during the Second World War : Denial, convocation and provo cation of memory, Geneviève Herberich-Marx, Freddy Raphaël.

Between 1942 and 1944, after the annexation of the Alsatian and Lorrain departments by the Third Reich, 130 000 men were drafted by force into the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS. After 1945, the « despite ourselves » experienced great ambivalence, both shameful for having participated against their will in the bloody Nazi adventure and fighting against scorn, claiming nevertheless a specific suffering. Denouncing France which had abandoned them, according to them, they corne up against an obstacle : how can one transmit the memory of an unutterable and unique experience ?
Le temps de l'histoire en question
Authors: Vigne Eric
Published: July 2010

Questioning time in history, Eric Vigne.

Should time be a philosophical question ? In general, French historians seem to have neglected this essential problem concerning reflection on time. Both because of a positivist tradition which seeks the linearity of the event and of a mistrust of the philosophy of history, they have not wanted to corne to grips with the question of temporality. And yet the very nature of history cornes from this question. K. Pomian's recent book, L'ordre du temps (Gallimard) illustrates the richness of the philosophie thinking on the variation of the notion of time and its importance in understanding the various historical schools.
L'aide américaine à la France après la seconde guerre mondiale
Authors: Bossuat Gérard
Published: July 2010

American aid to France after the Second World War, Gérard Bossuat.

The Marshall plan aid enabled France to emerge from the post-war crisis on the road to integration and European contruction. But it had consequences on the French choices of economic development by accelerating the modernization of its overseas territories, by basing its trade towards the West at the expense of towards Eastern Europe, and by favoring the political weight of the moderates. It weighed on the balance of payments, and above all, more than making France an « assisted » country, it did not totally succeed in bringing it out of its identity crisis of the 40s.
Les historiens aujourd'hui remarques pour un débat
Authors: Roche Daniel
Published: July 2010

Historians today. Comments for a debate, Daniel Roche.

The author, professor at the Sorbonne and president of a CNRS committee indicates his alarms about the future of history in France. He points out the weakness of University and CNRS recruitment, the lack of career mobility, the slowdown of research theme turnover, the ambiguities of the state doctorate thesis, whether old or new, and the worsening of working conditions. The loss of creative imagination, publishing and media pressure, and the anxiety of the younger generation complete a subtle but severe picture of historical research and its future.
L'élite intellectuelle, l'avant-garde militante et le peuple algérien
Authors: Pervillé Guy
Published: July 2010

The intellectual elite, the militant avant-garde and the Algerian people, Guy Pervillé.

Contemporary Algerian history has seen in recent years a great wealth of research on minority cultural, social or political groups. The most recent research even uses the biographical method, long criticized as « elitist ». Is such rehabilitation of the role of the individual and of organizations compatible with the « populist » interpretation which explains the Algerian revolution by « the creative initiative of the popular masses » ? The masses were above all a stake, claimed by the two rival minority forces : a military vanguard and an intellectual elite.
Une fidélité têtue
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre
Published: July 2010

Stubborn faithfulness. The French resistance to the Algerian war, Pierre Vidal-Naquet.

In this text of history and memory, the author who, along with other French intellectuals, fought against torture and for human rights ail through out the Algerian war, presents an assessment. He analyzes the " betrayal " of left wing political parties and trade unions ; questions the powerlessness of a handful of " resistants " to mobilize public opinion against the war. He then describes the information battle that had to be waged, thanks to the press, before concluding uncomplacently and without regrets : " The fight against the Algerian war was an ambiguous one, but are there many that are not ? "
Trente ans de littérature d'espionnage en France (1950-1980)
Authors: Neveu Erik
Published: July 2010

Thirty years of spy literature in France (1950-1980), Erik Neveu.

The spy novel, the product of a social-cultural context which it both reflects and influences, is a historical object. Provided three successive strata since 1950 are identified : the classics, political-fiction, and the marginal novel. Although the last category has remained on a superficial level, the first two constitute a soil on which a real idea of the world has sprouted. What are, then, the characteristics which make of them, in a way, the inheritor of the nationalist right studied by René Rémond and Raoul Girardet, and how can we explain the ideological roots of the genre ?
De Sartre à Hobbes. La liberté et la tutelle
Authors: Delannoi Gil
Published: July 2010

From Sartre to Hobbes. Liberty and guardianship, Gil Delannoi.

Taking the evolution of Jean-Paul Sartre's political and philosophical thought as a guideline, the author discovers in turn individuals drowned in the mass in the 1950s and 1960s and then a simultaneous liberation of individuals and masses in May 1968. He concludes, rereading Hobbes, by examining one of the solid roots of the hedonist individualism which runs across our societies : the tutelary state.
La révolution malade de la Vendée
Authors: Langlois Claude
Published: July 2010

The Revolution, sick of the Vendée, Claude Langlois.

Carried by the constantly revisited memory — « Vendée, a region of memory » supported by scholarly disputes and debates among schools of thought, simultaneously exorcised and fed by academic research, the Vendée issue is back. Under various aspects, it has become an issue of contemporary history. The two aspects which are debated today — a debate colored by the media — concern as much the final years of our millennium as the twilight of the 18 th century : for both the number of victims and the labeling of the phenomenon - and in the background the polemic on « genocide » — the author shows just how much is due to Zeitgeist.
Hitler dans le III Reich : maître ou serviteur ?
Authors: Burrin Philippe
Published: July 2010

Hitler in the Third Reich : master or servant ? Martin Broszat and the functionalist interpretation of the Nazi regime, Philippe Burrin.

Was Hitler merely one piece in a System of power bigger than he ? This question is a topic of basic debate between two branches of the German historical school. The functionalist approach sets Hitler in a field of forces and constraints in the background we find the even wider problem of political voluntarism, and the interpretation of the working of the machinery which led to the « final solution ». The author stresses the interest of the debate, and also the limits of the functionalists' analysis. Behind it, the place of Nazism in German memory and history is at stake.
L'histoire culturelle de la France contemporaine : question et questionnement
Authors: Ory Pascal
Published: July 2010

The cultural history of contemporary France. Questions and questioning, Pascal Ory.

Although fashionable contemporary cultural history still suffers from conceptual in determinacy « culture » should be defined precisely, and specified vis-à-vis « politics » and « economic ». The author postulates that cultural history is the social history of representations. However, the historian deals more with what is measurable, quantifiable in other words, with forms less than with the very content itself of this representation. No serious cultural history can be conceived without knowledge of the broad outlines of the history of science and communication techniques. The result would be a study of the varieties of logic of experience, presented as relative to each society and conferring meaning to it.
L'american way of life et les missions françaises de productivité
Authors: Kuisel Richard F.
Published: July 2010

The « American way of life » and French productivity missions, Richard F. Kuisel

During the post-war reconstruction periode, the US played an important role in France in more than one respect. Beyond financial aid, the American social-economic model was a discovery and even an object of fascination for the French. « Productivity missions» — composed of civil servants, economists, labor union and business leaders — were sent across the Atlantic in the early 1950s to analyze the reasons behind American economic achievements, particularly in the field of productivity, which made possible a high standard of living, including for workers. Not without reluctance and reservations, they attempted to import some of the components of the American way of life.
La suppression de l'ORTF en 1974
Authors: Bachmann Sophie
Published: July 2010

The suppression of the ORTF (Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision française) in 1974. The « libereting » reform, Sophie Bachmann.

The suppression of the ORTF by the law of 7 August 1974 was practically unnoticed. That reform was nevertheless one of the most decisive steps in the development of French broadcasting. Preceded by social conflicts and by debates on the very principles of relations between the political leadership and the information media, it inverted the traditional missions of public service — first inform, then provide culture, finally entertain. The aim of the reform, a real upheaval compared to the previous situation, was to privilege entertainment.
Les années staliniennes de Tito (1945-1948)
Authors: Pirjevec Joze
Published: July 2010

Tito's Stalinist years (1945-1948), Jofy Pirjevec.

Sheltered by a « Popular Front », the Yugoslav Communist Party wanted after 1945 to build socialism according to the Stalinist pattern : police terror, democracy under surveillance, five-year plans and Stakhanovism. With the Trieste affair and the changes in the international balance of power up to the beginning the Cold War, Stalin's and Tito's subtle games became graduallly incompatible. In 1947-1948, the Titoist schism was completed, the two adversaries having wrongly assessed one another.
Nouveaux mouvements religieux et conflits de société (1965-1985)
Authors: Champion Françoise
Published: July 2010

New religious movements and conflicts of society (1965-1685), Françoise Champion

Already well-known for its diversity, the American religious landscape has been enriched since the 1960s by the proliferation of that complex phenomenon, the « new religious movements ». Revelatory of the questioning and the unease of the American society, these movements pose many questions : What needs do they answer ? How much continuity and how much rupture do they represent in relation to American traditions ? To what extent do they challenge the idea of a progressive secularization of individual and collective behavior ? Through a wide survey of sociological research, the author provides elements of response and paths for further reflexion.
Taïwan après le miracle
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire
Published: July 2010

Taiwan after the miracle, Marie-Claire Bergère.

The modernization of the Taiwanese economy was achieved in two stages. In the 1950s, growth was based on the development of the domestic market, allowing the economy to take off, even if growth was limited and dependent on American aid. After 1960, a new strategy, more internationally oriented, caused the real « miracle ». The country's enrichment profoundly transformed social structures. The issue of regime change in parallel to economic upheavals. Democratization is taking place slowly and cautiously, keeping to the present regime its particular mark of participative authoritarianism.
Contestation et démocratie dans l'Amérique du 20e siècle
Authors: Granjon Marie-Christine
Published: July 2010

Contestation and democracy in twentieth century American, Marie-Christine Granjon.

The distance between the American dream and the reality of inequalities or scorn has not stopped feeding contestation in the United States since the 19th century. The article recounts its stages : populist, progressive, socialistic, radical, over a century. A typology shows that this protest is « coopted », that it serves to regulate American democracy, and simultaneously provides a lively counter culture.