bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Disorientation
Authors: Levin Max
Published: August 2008

Disorientation is not a uniform phenomenon and does not always follow the same pattern. Its pattern varies with its causes. Three varieties may be recognized. (1) The disorientation of toxic delirium. This is the best known variety. (2) The disorientation seen in some cases of schizophrenia. (3) That seen in some cases of brain tumour and other organic brain disease. The three varieties are all different, and the object of this paper is to consider why.
Behaviour Patterns in Mental Disorder
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

In psychiatry, generalization is a process which requires careful handling. It must be firmly rooted in everyday experience of the practical empiricism which gets results, and must be free, as far as possible, from the numerous fallacies which have brought “armchair” philosophizing into disrepute. These are formidable requirements, but fortunately one way of meeting them lies ready to hand. There are doubtless many others apparent to more fertile minds, but the one with which this paper deals rests on the fact that a patient who has been successfully treated by a psychiatrist behaves, when well again, in a different manner from that which he displayed when ill. He is cheerful, not depressed, relaxed, instead of being tense; realistic and socially enterprising as opposed to being autistic. If the term “Behaviour” is used in a sufficiently wide sense, it can cover the great majority of psychiatric phenomena without losing its cardinal virtue for the present purpose, namely that behaviour can be observed and its manifestations measured with considerable accuracy. The products of observation can be handled statistically, thereby avoiding armchair theorizing. Admittedly the interpretation of statistically derived findings presents some difficulty, but this is not insuperable. It is usually easier than the process of generalizing from observed data without the benefit of statistical pre-digestion.
Family Setting and the Urban Distribution of Schizophrenia
Authors: Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have shown that the incidence of schizophrenic illness (as measured by first admissions to mental hospitals) is high in the central areas of large cities and diminishes progressively towards the suburbs (Fans and Dunham, 1939; Dunham, 1947; Hare, 1956). Two main hypotheses have been advanced to account for this distribution. The first, the “breeder” hypothesis, is that social factors in the central areas are causal for schizophrenia and the particular factor most likely to be responsible is that loosely called “social isolation”. The second, the “attraction” hypothesis, is that the social disorganization or anonymity characteristic of the central areas attracts unstable and schizoid persons, either because such persons are unable to maintain themselves in better areas or because they wish to avoid the intimate personal relations of family life.
Some EEG Findings in Old Age and Their Relationship to Affective Disorder
Authors: Maggs R. , Turton E. C.
Published: August 2008

The significance of the electro-encephalographic variations found in old age is not well defined and hence the value of this form of investigation as a prognostic measure is doubtful. Apart from a few papers such as Mengoli (1952), Mundy-Castle et al. (1954) and Obrist (1954), most of the published work contains no reference to findings obtained from a control series of persons of similar age and not suffering from a definite disability. This absence of definite criteria in respect of the EEG findings in records taken from apparently healthy elderly persons is important both as regards clear-cut abnormalities and also in reference to minor variations of doubtful significance.
Some Simple Measures of Schizophrenic Deterioration
Authors: Baker A. A. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

“Dementia Praecox” was discarded when it became apparent that a true dementing process was not present in schizophrenia. Most writers agree with the view put forward by French authors that the deterioration in schizophrenia is not the same as that seen in the organic psychoses (Lehrmann, 1940). Experimental work has indicated that intellectual deterioration in schizophrenia is more apparent than real, and that as it appears most when sustained effort and co-operation are required, any changes in co-operativeness and ability to maintain sustained effort invariably affect intelligence test scores (Kendig and Richmond, 1940; Sheldon Rappaport, 1951). The concept of schizophrenic deterioration employed in this article refers to a deterioration of behaviour in general, and to a deterioration of a patient's ability to look after himself in particular. With increasing interest in methods of treating deteriorated schizophrenic patients, we need reliable measures of deterioration in order to compare the effects of treatment in different groups. At present discrepancies in results are frequently due to some groups of schizophrenics being more deteriorated than others. For example Layman (1940) demonstrated that sodium amytal speeded up the psychomotor performances of schizophrenic patients, but subsequent work by Ogilvie (1953) did not confirm this finding. This discrepancy may have been due to the fact that Layman's schizophrenic group contained patients who were more deteriorated than the patients in Ogilvie's study. If a scale indicating the degree of schizophrenic deterioration could be devised, future researches into the treatment of deterioration in schizophrenia would benefit. There are a number of rating scales already available of which the best is probably the Fergus-Falls (Lucero et al., 1951). All of these scales have several common defects. They contain a number of items which are very subjective in nature and dependent more on the rater than the patient. Many are also of such length that they are too time-consuming to complete, particularly in the case of patients on long-stay wards where the nursing staff are invariably overworked already.
The Psychological Development of Vincent Van Gogh
Authors: Holstijn A. J. Westerman
Published: August 2008

Vincent van Gogh was born at Zundert (Province of Noord Brabant) in 1853, the eldest son of a minister of the Protestant church. We know little of his childhood years; he is described as a rather headstrong boy, but not abnormally so, his sister (1) pictures him as a great nature-lover and rather an introvert. His mother, a sensible and strongminded woman, handled him with indulgence, his father, by nature a kindly man, could be stern and forbidding, yet all his children including Vincent adored him. He loved his brother, Theo, quite as much, “who had inherited his father's name and his heart's goodness”.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

Few people would be inclined to underrate the actual, and, even more, the potential contribution which the study of the effects of drugs on personality can make to psychiatry. The large number of research papers in this field contributed both by psychiatrists and psychologists bears witness to the interest in this field, as does also the testimony of Freud, who is reported by Ernest Jones to have given it as his opinion that in due course pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders would oust all others.
Personality Changes Following Temporal Lobectomy for Epilepsy
Authors: Hill Denis , Pond D. A. , Mitchell W. , Falconer M. A.
Published: August 2008

Previous papers from this hospital have reported clinical, neuropathological and other studies on patients subjected to temporal lobectomy for epilepsy (Falconer, Pond, Meyer and Woolf, 1953; Hill, Falconer and Pampiglione, 1953; Meyer, Falconer and Beck, 1954; Mitchell, Falconer and Hill, 1954; Falconer, Hill, Meyer, Mitchell and Pond, 1955; Meyer and Beck, 1955; Meyer and Yates, 1955; Meyer, 1956). The detailed psychiatric changes following temporal lobectomy are the subject of this paper. Apart from individual case studies and short comments, the effects on personality of temporal lobe ablation have not so far been reported.
Experimental Method in Clinical Psychological Practice
Authors: Payne R. W.
Published: August 2008

Perhaps in no other applied discipline are there to be found so many differences of opinion as exist in clinical psychology today. Clinical psychologists in fact even disagree about the fundamental approach to their own subject. Let us examine briefly what appear to be the major approaches.
Combined Treatment with Chlorpromazine and Reserpine
Authors: Schmidt K. E.
Published: August 2008

The frequency with which new drugs become available to the psychiatrist emphasizes the need for quantitative evaluation of their therapeutic effect. Comparable statements, scales of measurement and base-lines are required (Ref. 1–6).
The Rees-Eysenck Body Index of Individual Somatotypes
Authors: Parnell R. W.
Published: August 2008

Anthropometry has benefited in the last 20 years from two distinct advances, the use of standardized photography by Sheldon (1940) and the application of factor analysis to physical measurements as initiated by Burt (1944). Tanner in a critical review (1947) compared these two main approaches to interpretation of body type. Later (1954) he defended photoscopic somatotyping against the charge of subjectivity in ratings by stating the degree of consistency obtained by experts, although such consistency is admittedly less common among less expert somatotypists. Factor analysis can claim some theoretical advantages, and certainly greater mathematical exactness than photoscopic typing: but here the question arises as to whether the measurements so far employed for factor analysis yield the best information; statistical treatment by itself, however sophisticated, is no substitute for the best or right choice of measurements.
Initial Psychiatric Illness in Involutional Women
Authors: Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

The following paper describes the psychological part of a psychiatric and EEG study of psychiatric illness occurring for the first time in women of the involutional age range. The origins of the investigation and the clinical results are fully discussed elsewhere (Tait et al., 1957). They include such matters as the psychiatric observation that classical forms of melancholia seem to have become relatively infrequent. One possible explanation for this may be thought to be in the earlier recognition, hospitalization and treatment of psychiatric illness. It was decided that an appropriate study would pay attention only to women who are admitted to a mental hospital for the first time. In practice this has included all such women admitted to amenity beds in the hospital over a given period of time. This modified selection of admissions was made in order to ensure as wide a range of illness as possible, giving a higher proportion of neurotic illness without excluding psychotic material. The age range studied was that usually considered to encompass the normal range of the biological involution, 40–55. Such a study thus avoids the bias (apart from age) of any preconceived mode of selection. By including only first admissions, some assurance was given that up till then, the patients had been reasonably free from psychiatric illness.
The Endocrine Concomitants of Schizophrenia
Authors: Batt J. C. , Kay W. W. , Reiss M. , Sands Dalton E.
Published: August 2008

In attacking the problem of the relationship of endocrine function to the schizophrenias and other mental diseases, we have avoided the elementary conception that certain hormones are responsible for special psychological traits and have reached the following conclusions. First, the quality of the mental disturbance depends mainly on a genetically conditioned personality pattern, various individuals reacting in different ways to the precipitating causes. Second, the hormones come into the whole picture only in so far as the hormone equilibrium of the body determines how far the individual can adjust himself to the increased demands arising out of the occurrence of various precipitating causes (Reiss, 1955). It is therefore understandable that very many, or even the majority of people suffering from severe endocrine disturbance, need not necessarily show any psychopathological changes, since their personality pattern is not so conditioned and no increased demands for adjustment are made by the occurrence of precipitating causes. On the other hand, it is equally understandable that certain disturbances in hormone production and equilibrium, even when clinically obscure, can be decisive for mental breakdown in individuals with the appropriate personality pattern, at the occurrence of precipitating causes.
Study of Calcium Metabolism in Electric Convulsive Therapy (E.C.T.) in Certain Mental Diseases
Authors: Gour K. N. , Chaudhry H. M.
Published: August 2008

For this study, calcium level in the blood was studied in 20 normal individuals between the ages of 20 and 25 years to find out the normal serum-calcium level in them in order that this finding might serve as a control. It was found to vary from 8·9 to 11·0 mg. per cent. (see Table I).
The use of Pacatal in Low-Grade Mental Defectives
Authors: Gillie Anne K.
Published: August 2008

During recent years various tranquillizing drugs have been used therapeutically, namely, chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Largactil), reserpine (Serpasil), benactyzine hydrochloride (Suavitil) and hydroxyzine (Atarax) in mental disorders. Chlorpromazine and reserpine, though effective to a certain extent in mental disorders of the disturbed type, have the disadvantage of certain side-effects which have necessitated reduction and even cessation of the drugs, even when proving clinically efficacious.
Some Observations on Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

The first distinctive account of this condition was given by George Huntington, a physician of Long Island, in 1872. Since then our knowledge regarding aetiology has not advanced greatly, though the hereditary nature of the illness and the fact that it is transmitted as a Mendelian dominant by both sexes has been established.
The Information Capacity of Young Mental Defectives in an Assembly Task
Authors: Annett John
Published: August 2008

It is the aim ofthis paper to present some ideas for a new and practical approach to some of the problems of assessment and placing of mental defectives with respect to motor abilities. Attention will be drawn to some theoretical confusion about the relationship between mental and motor abilities in the mentally deficient population and finally some experiments illustrating the possibility of a new approach will be described.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Casey S. , Trouton D. S.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper one of us (4) has elaborated a theory relating drug action to personality. According to this theory, depressant drugs increase cortical inhibition (Pavlov) or reactive inhibition (Hull), thus producing an extraverting effect on personality, while stimulant drugs decrease inhibition and produce an introverting effect in behaviour. It was also suggested in this paper that a direct proof of the hypothesis might be obtained by making predictions regard ing the effects of stimulant and depressant drugs on a variety of experimental laboratory situations connected with the general theory of inhibition and excitation.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Holland H. , Trouton D. S.
Published: August 2008

It is a well-known principle in psychology that the effects of sensory stimulation do not cease when the stimulus itself ceases. The so-called visual after-images are probably the best known of these after-effects, but almost equally well known are those induced by a rotating spiral. If a normal person fixates the centre of the rotating spiral for a period of time, and if then the motion of this spiral is suddenly stopped, an after-sensation of movement is well nigh universal. This after-sensation is opposite to the original motion in direction, just as the after-image produced by the fixation of a colour is usually the complementary colour to that which caused the original perception. There is little doubt that while peripheral factors play some part in these after-effects, central features also play a part, and it becomes tempting, therefore, to use phenomena of this type in attempts to verify or disprove the drug action hypotheses advanced by one of us in a previous paper. This hypothesis stated that stimulant drugs increased excitatory potential and decreased inhibitory potential, while depressant drugs decreased excitatory potential and increased inhibitory potential. The question now arises as to how this general postulate can be applied to the phenomena under discussion.
The Intellectual and Social Status of Children of Mental Defectives
Authors: Brandon M. W. G.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this survey was to assess the intellectual and social status of 150 children of 73 certified mental defectives. It is proposed to discuss the mothers in this paper and the children in a further one. The mothers in this group were all at one time patients at the Fountain Hospital. Much of the initial work was done by Mrs. L. Mundy, the Senior Psychologist, who had already tested most of the mothers, and Miss Kerry, the social worker, who had maintained contact with many of the discharged mothers and their children. One of the main factors which have made the research easier has been the general good feeling towards the Fountain felt by our ex-patients. They want the Fountain in general and the Physician Superintendent in particular to know how they are and what they are doing. Dr. Hilliard's “somewhatunorthodox procedure with difficult cases” (1956) and his views on feeblemindedness have now become fairly generally accepted. His view that many of these women can work successfully in the community has been substantiated already. It is hoped that this survey will help to avoid the inhuman and expensive administration process whereby an allegedly feebleminded mother is permanently separated from her child.
Evaluation of a Common Method of Convulsion Therapy in Bantu Schizophrenics
Authors: De Wet J. S. Du T.
Published: August 2008

There seems little reason to believe that schizophrenia in the Bantu differs materially from the disease in other races, and no one thus far has produced conclusive evidence of fundamental differences between the symptoms of African and European schizophrenics. Nevertheless, certain diseases common in Europeans, are rare in Africans, others tend a different course, and the latter condition may perhaps apply to a somewhat variable disease like schizophrenia, especially considering the existence of certain factors which will be discussed.
The Clinical Significance of Obsessions in Schizophrenia
Authors: Rosen Ismond
Published: August 2008

It is well known that obsessive-compulsive symptoms may occur in the prodromal phase or in the course of schizophrenia, and that schizophrenic symptoms may supervene in a long-standing obsessional neurosis. Stengel (1945) has reviewed much of the earlier literature concerning the relationships between obsessional neurosis and schizophrenia. The question whether obsessional neurosis could develop into schizophrenia has often been discussed. Pilcz (1922), Legewie (1923) and Schneider (1925) distinguished between genuine obsessions which were symptoms of an obsessional neurosis, and symptomatic obsessional ideas which could occur in various conditions. These authors, as well as Stekel (1950), doubted whether a genuine obsessional neurosis could develop into schizophrenia. Bleuler (1911) thought that some patients suffering with chronic obsessional symptoms were in fact schizophrenic, especially where a schizophrenic psychosis had been observed in the family. Mayer-Gross (1932) expressed the view that cases of obsessive-compulsive neurosis existing over decades without change and presenting marked autism were often schizophrenics. Together with Bleuler, Mayer-Gross suspected that many of Janet's “psychasthenic” patients had been schizophrenic. Janet (1903) had observed 3,000 cases of psychasthenia, of which 12 developed into psychosis, and two into hebephrenia, but Janet's psychasthenia probably included cases other than obsessional neurosis. There is a well-known case which showed how in the course of a long-standing obsessional neurosis, paranoid schizophrenic symptoms may make their appearance. This is the patient described by Freud (1918) in “The History of an Infantile Neurosis”, who, many years after he had been treated by Freud for obsessional symptoms, was treated for a paranoid state by Ruth Mack Brunswick (1928).
The Relationships Between Some Aspects of Visual Imagery and the Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Costello C. G. , Mcgregor Peter
Published: August 2008

Golla, Hutton and Grey Walter (1943) made an attempt to use the EEG as an objective means of assessing imagery. They concluded that there were three types of alpha rhythm which corresponded to three different kinds of imagery processes: M or minus type whose alpha rhythms were almost non-existent and who used mainly visual imagery in thinking; the P or persistent type whose alpha rhythms continue even during mental activity, and who used mainly vocal kinaesthetic imagery; the R or responsive type with a good resting alpha rhythm which blocked readily during mental activity, and whose imagery was mixed. Though they were attempting to find an objective means ofassessing imagery an ultimate appeal is made to introspection as a validating criterion, and the tasks given to the subjects were such as to present difficult problems in the way of introspection. For instance, they were asked to think over to themselves the story of Red Riding Hood, to think over to themselves their plans for some definite day, to think over the argument for and against some abstract proposition such as “honestyis the best policy” or “the existence of free will”. It is felt that if an attempt is to be made to find an objective means of assessing imagery some at tempt should first of all be made to control the kind of imagery that will be used.
Initial Psychiatric Illness in Involutional Women
Authors: McAdam W. , Tait A. C. , Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

A Multi-Dimensional study of a consecutive series of female patients, aged 40–55,in whom psychiatric illness necessitated first admission to a mental hospital, has already been reported in its general and clinical aspects and in relation to the psychological test findings.
“Ritalin” and Chlorpromazine in Chronic Schizophrenia: a Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Salisbury Barbara J. , Hare E. H.
Published: August 2008

Ritalin (methylphenidate) is a drug which was developed by the firm of Ciba Limited. It resembles amphetamine in its central stimulant and sympathomimetic action but has quite a different chemical structure. Its general properties have been described by Meier et al. (1954) and by Drassdo and Schmidt (1954 a, b). Geller (1955) and Stier (1955) used Ritalin in the treatment of depressive states associated with apathy, while Ferguson (1955) found it of value in countering the depressive effects of reserpine therapy. Ferguson also notes that Ritalin seemed to have a beneficial action in cases of chronic schizophrenia and considered that his findings warranted a clinical trial.
Tranquillizers in Mental Deficiency: Hydroxyzine
Authors: Craft Michael
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a double-blind type of clinical trial with hyperactive low-grade mental defectives. Chlorpromazine has previously been used with this group but a high incidence of toxic effects has been noted (McColl (1)). Reports on reserpine have been conflicting but a careful trial by Kirk and Bauer (2) reports the action of this drug if anything to be detrimental.
The Thirty-Second Maudsley Lecture: Sensory Experience and Brain Structure
Authors: Le Gros Clark Wilfred
Published: August 2008

It was in my early youth that I first read Bergson's Creative Evolution. At that time, as I recollect, it particularly captured my interest and attention because it seemed to embody certain essential principles which I had not found to be expressed quite so forcibly elsewhere. It is true that the validity of many of Bergson's speculations and ideas have since been seriously controverted and so find little or no support today, but his philosophy also propounds certain conceptions which are perhaps worthy of renewed attention. I refer more especially to Bergson's contrast of those two aspects of conscious experience which he terms intellect and intuition. Intellect, he argues, is the product of a gradual evolutionary process which enables the individual with increasing efficiency to select and abstract just those several features of surrounding objects which are directly relevant to the problem of evolutionary survival. In so far as it selects and abstracts, the intellect by itself can provide only a partial view of external reality. “To conquer matter,” Bergson says, “consciousness has had to exhaust the best part of its power”—it has had to “adapt itself to the habits of matter and concentrate all its attention on them, in fact, determine itself more especially as intellect.” But there remains “around our conceptual and logical thought a vague nebulosity, made of the very substance out of which has been formed the luminous nucleus which we call the intellect”. Therein reside certain powers that are complementary to the understanding—powers of intuitive recognition. Intellect is essentially based on a sort of derived symbolism gradually elaborated in the course of evolution, which serves its immediate purpose as a convenient, useful, and indeed essential device for gaining control over the material world; on the other hand intuition, according to Bergson, is capable of giving scintillating flashes of insight “into the very inwardness of life”.
Blink Rate and Muscle Tension
Authors: Martin Irene
Published: August 2008

The present paper will deal with eye blink frequency and its relationship to scores on “personality” questionnaires and to frontalis and right forearm muscle tension measured electromyographically. This analysis forms part of a larger experiment with the main aim of investigating levels of muscle tension in four groups—(i) introverted neurotics, (ii) extraverted neurotics, (iii) extraverted normals and (iv) introverted normals—during relaxation and while responding to a series of questions about neurotic symptoms.
Psychiatric Syndromes Associated with Cerebrovascular Disorders in the African
Authors: Lambo T. Adeoye
Published: August 2008

This contribution towards the subject is limited to three of its aspects—namely, the possible aetiological role of inherited predisposition and psychogenic factors (mainly environmental to which the patient is still exposed), the relationship between late endogenous depression and the symptoms of cerebrovascular changes, and prognosis. On the face of it, prognosis of course must ultimately depend on that of the cerebrovascular disorder but apparently hereditary and environmental factors play a more significant role. Inherited predisposition is here assessed in terms of constitutional and personality factors.
D-Amphetamine and Amytal: II. Effects on Certainty and Adequacy of Certainty in Recall and Recognition
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

In the present experiment measures of certainty and adequacy of certainty, derived from a test of immediate recall and recognition, were investigated in relation to d-amphetamine and amytal.
The “Ineducable” Child
Authors: Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

A small number of children have brains which are so malformed or damaged that they make little response to special methods of education. A survey of the forms of brain abnormality in these cases has been carried out by Crome (1954). The category of children who can properly be classed as ineducable is, however, strictly limited and should, probably, be confined to idiots. Williams (1957) has pointed out that the task carried out in occupation centres for imbeciles is that of “educating the ineducable”, whilst a number of recent studies have shown that imbeciles have much more educational capacity than is generally assumed.
The Effects of Notensil in Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Simpson R. Wallace
Published: August 2008

Another “tranquillizing” drug known as “Notensil” has recently been introduced to this country. It is a phenothiazine derivative, acetylpromazine, closely related chemically to chlorpromazine but without the chlorine atom which has been thought to cause the undesirable side effects of the promazine group.
A Comparison Between the Results of Unmodified and Modified Electroplexy (E.C.T.)
Authors: Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

Since the discovery of the therapeutic value of induced epileptic convulsions in mental illness, there have been efforts to make this form of treatment available to those patients whose psychiatric state would benefit from it but whose physical condition contraindicates its use. Modifications have been sought, particularly since the introduction of electrical methods of inducing the fit. The modification of electroplexy takes three main forms—postural, electrical and chemical (Montagu, 1953) and it is with this third type, the use of anaesthetic and relaxant drugs, that this paper is concerned.
The Pavlovian Theory of Hypnosis: An Evaluation
Authors: Das J. P.
Published: August 2008

Pavlov's theory of hypnosis is, perhaps, the first theory of hypnosis to be essentially derived from physiological experiments. Arising out of his experiments with dogs, the theory hopes to explain the hypnotic phenomena in human beings.
Clinical Research in Psychiatry
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

Since the author has been working for some fourteen years alongside psychiatric colleagues his slender assets are as heavily and inextricably invested in the future of Psychiatry as those of any psychiatrist. Such criticisms as are offered must, therefore, from this point of view be regarded as within rather than between group criticisms.
The Case of Mr. Kovish
Authors: Osmond Humphry , Hoffer Abram
Published: August 2008

Nowadays when clinicians feel happier guided by methodologists and statisticians, only the brash or the sophisticated care to report single cases in detail. Yet medicine has in the past profited greatly by careful observations of this sort, and so good is this precedent that we have decided to defy fashion and report the affair of Mr. Kovish, one of those curious happenings which, we think, deserves a permanent record.
A Clinical and Psychometric Study of the Effects of Procaine Amide in Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Merskey H.
Published: August 2008

Beneficial results with procaine amide in the treatment of Huntington's Chorea were first reported by Goldman (1952). He was led to make an oral trial of the drug after having noticed a patient in the dentist's chair improve following an injection. He found improvement in six cases with the typical syndrome of Huntington's Chorea, of whom four had a positive family history of the disease. The evidence of improvement in these cases was partly based upon clinical observation and partly upon the patient's account of changes in his daily experience, for example, his first case had difficulty in eating, which had led to protests from other customers at a restaurant he had frequented, and this disability is said to have been satisfactorily reduced with the help of the drug.
The Leucocyte Count in Children with Mongolism
Authors: Mittwoch Ursula
Published: August 2008

A previous communication (Mittwoch, 1957) contained evidence that the leucocyte count in children with mongolism showed certain abnormalities. Although the total count was not affected, the lymphocyte count was lower and the neutrophil count seemed somewhat higher than in a comparable control group. It will be shown in the present paper that these differences between mongol and non-mongol children are dependent on age, and that the gradual drop with age of the lymphocyte count, which is found in normal children (Kato, 1935), does not occur in children with mongolism.
The Munroe Check List: A Note on its Validity in Clinical Research
Authors: Haward L. R. C. , Marszalek K.
Published: August 2008

Increasing use of the Rorschach Inkblots Test is being made in medical diagnosis, not only in psychiatry, but in neurology as well. Bibliography is too extensive to quote here, and the reader is referred to the standard work by Klopfer et al. (1956) which lists nearly 3,000 references specific to Rorschach literature. The inclusion of a long chapter on the clinical use of this test in the latest research monograph of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases (1954) is evidence of the increasing esteem in which this test is held by specialists in neurology and psychiatry, supported by the growing use of the test in diagnosing intracranial organic pathology. It is interesting to note that in the latter field the Rorschach has proved superior in diagnostic accuracy to any other single neurological test, such as EEG, lumbar puncture, ventriculography, etc., and is often as good as the complete battery together.
Demonstration of Largactil (Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride) in the Urine
Authors: Neve Hans K.
Published: August 2008

It is often of importance in a psychiatric department to ascertain whether a patient has consumed the Largactil prescribed, e.g. on occasions when a patient appears only to be slightly affected by Largactil. Dubost and Pascal demonstrated that a Largactil solution mixed with equal quantities of concentrated sulphuric acid gives a marked carmine red colour which is so stable that the intensity of the colour may be measured in a spectrophotometer. In biological fluids, Largactil must first be extracted with ether and then transferred to the aqueous phase before the determination can be undertaken. By experiments on rabbits and dogs, these authors found that up to 5 per cent. of the Largactil administered is excreted in the urine in the course of 24 hours and a total of up to 8 per cent. is excreted in the course of the first few days.
Treatment of Depressions
Authors: Diethelm Oscar
Published: August 2008

It seems to me proper to stress from the beginning that there are various types of depressions. Often they are ill-defined, while at other times they fit into the clinical entities of manic-depressive reactions or later-life (involutional) groups. In addition, psychoneurotic depressions are also recognized. However, the essential nature of all these types of depressions is still poorly understood. Treatment therefore cannot be based on an aetiological concept or be specific for depression, but must be based on the psychopathological data.
The use of Tranquillizers in Psychiatry
Authors: Hoch Paul H.
Published: August 2008

I should like to discuss some of the clinical aspects of the tranquillizing drugs, but without going into great detail as to the many theoretical considerations in biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, etc. which have been ventilated so often in connection with this form of treatment.
Biochemistry and Schizophrenia
Authors: Fabing Howard D.
Published: August 2008

It is presumptuous for a clinician to embark on this subject, and I hasten to apologize for my boldness in doing so. My excuses are many. The first comes from clinical experience. Since my student days, when I observed malignant schizophrenia in a young girl for the first time, and watched its relentless progress despite all therapeutic efforts, I came to the belief that this was an illness of body as well as of mind, and this belief has led me to maintain a continuing interest in the medical, as distinct from the purely psychological, investigations of this disease throughout my professional years. Next has been the observation of experimental or model psychoses produced by drugs. An LSD or mescaline psychosis is not schizophrenia, any more than curare poisoning is myasthenia gravis, but there is enough similarity between the dissociation states produced by psychotomimetic drugs and the real thing to stimulate one's curiosity, at least.
A Controlled Study of the Prognostic Significance of Autonomic Responses in the Chlorpromazine Treatment of Disturbed Psychotic Patients
Authors: Rathod N. , Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

Despite the widespread use of chlorpromazine in psychiatric treatment during recent years and the voluminous literature on its use, there is still considerable difficulty in forecasting which patients are likely to benefit.
Psychoneurotic Symptom Clusters, Trait Clusters and Psychological Tests
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Caine T. M.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists can be classified into the Big-Endians who believe in classification and the Little-Endians who do not. Each side has its derogatory stereotype of the other. According to the Little-Endians, Big-Endians are tough-minded, cold, impersonal monsters who think about the human personality in terms which are static and rigidly structural rather than fluid and dynamic. Contrary to Swift, they love people in general and hate Tom, Dick and Harry. In the field of mental health, they believe in illnesses rather than in people and believe that these illnesses all have an as yet unknown physical cause. They are reactionaries.
The Effects of Hypophysectomy on Intellectual Functioning
Authors: Schon Martha
Published: August 2008

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hypophysectomy, the surgical removal of the pituitary gland, on the intellectual functioning of the individuals undergoing this particular form of surgery.
Reflections on the Teaching of Psychiatry
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

My first duty is to thank you for having elected me President of this Section. I am conscious that this is one of the greatest honours which can come to a psychiatrist and I shall do my very best, within my limitations, to prove worthy of it. It is customary for the presidential address to deal with a topical problem of common concern, and one on which the President can speak with authority based on personal experience. I have chosen to talk about the teaching of psychiatry. I have called my address “Reflections” in order to make it clear that I cannot offer you more than some personal observations on a subject on which I feel deeply.
Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Tizard Barbara
Published: August 2008

The experiment to be reported in this paper stems from previous work on the block design rotation effect (Shapiro, 2, 3, 4; Yates, 9, 10; Williams, Lubin et al., 7). As is well known, the block design test in its various forms: Kohs, Wechsler and Goldstein Scheerer, requires the subject to reproduce, with one-inch multi-coloured cubes, a series of abstract designs. It has been reported by a number of observers that subjects sometimes leave their reproductions in a rotated position, although otherwise the designs have been correctly reproduced.
Dimensional Theory Applied to Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Thorpe J. G. , Baker A. A.
Published: August 2008

Psychoticism, neuroticism, and extraversion are the dimensions of personality resulting from the statistical analysis of a number of psychological tests. Those working in this field state that the “isolation of three main dimensions—neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion—may be said to have been accomplished at a reasonably high level of confidence” (Eysenck, 1952, p. 293). It has been stated also that these dimensions are relatively independent of one another and all independent of intelligence. In developing the dimensional picture of personality, tests which discriminated between a group of neurotic patients and a group of normals were found to inter-correlate positively and to generate a factor of neuroticism. Similarly tests were developed which distinguished between psychotic patients and normals, and between extraverts and introverts. To the writers' knowledge however there is no study available which applies the tests for all four dimensions to the same group of people. The four orthogonal dimensions should be identifiable, and would confirm the dimensional theory.
Hysteria—A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Millar W. Malcolm
Published: August 2008

It is interesting to reflect that it is 70 years since Charcot delivered his lectures on Hysteria at the Salpêtriére, 60 years since Freud and Breuer published their Studies in Hysteria and 50 years almost to the day that Pierre Janet was invited to lecture on the same subject at Harvard University. In that period—from Charcot to Janet—almost everything was said that could be said of this disease. So much so that we have entered into a sort of post-Galenic period in which all subsequent authors repeat—more briefly and less accurately—all that was said with such brilliance by this eminent triumvirate. What may be said that is new, really fresh? What researches of importance have been carried out in recent years that must today be reported, what up-to-date views on aetiology and treatment? It is humbling to admit that there are precious few. True there have been many contributions to other branches of psychiatry but it seems to me that the situation of the hysterical patient today is very much as it was when his grandparents and great-grandparents submitted themselves to the awesome scrutiny of a full neuro-psychiatric investigation.
The Incidence of Cutis Verticis Gyrata in Three Low-Grade Mental Defectives
Authors: Kratter Frederick E.
Published: August 2008

The earliest case of cutis verticis gyrata reported in the literature appears to have been that of Robert (1) in 1843. The following instances were observed by Auvert (2) in 1854 and subsequent cases were noted by Poggi (3) in 1884 and Lombroso (4) in 1890. In 1893, McDowall (5) and Cowan (6) recorded the first occurrence of this abnormal scalp development in association with a microcephalic mental defective, and since that case report several other authors such as Möller (7) in 1903 and Judassohn (8) in 1906, described similar instances. In 1907, Unna (9) presented three cases and coined the name cutis verticis gyrata. It is also known under additional terms such as “corrugated skin”, “bulldog scalp” and “pachydermie occipitale vorticillée”.
The Clinical Differentiation of Pick's Disease
Authors: Robertson E. Elizabeth , le Roux Anne , Brown James H.
Published: August 2008

The aim of this paper is to show how, in our view, the diagnosis of Pick's pre-senile dementia can be made in some cases during life on clinical grounds alone.
Mental Disorder in Rural Ghana
Authors: Field M. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper summarizes the main findings of two years' ethno-psychiatric field-work carried out in N.W. Ashanti throughout 1956 and 1957, and later to be published in full detail.

The picture surrounding the rural field-worker is essentially different from that seen by psychiatrists in mental hospitals. In rural districts only homicidal patients are ever referred to a mental hospital, and then only from the police-magistrate's court. All other mental illness is regarded as super-naturally determined and hence outside the province of European medicine.
Electroplexy (E.C.T.) Techniques in Current use
Authors: Barker J. C.
Published: August 2008

At a recent court case (40), the plaintiff, who sustained bilateral acetabular fractures following unmodified electroplexy, maintained that the defendants were guilty of negligence by failing to use relaxant drugs to prevent the risks of injury.
The Relationship Between Glucose Tolerance, Body Weight, and Clinical State in Melancholia
Authors: Pryce I. G.
Published: August 2008

In a recent investigation the present author has shown that glucose tolerance (G.T.) was significantly lower in a group of middle-aged mental hospital patients suffering from severe depression, than in a non-psychiatric group of similar age distribution (Pryce, 1958). This observation is similar to many others reported earlier (see review by McFarland and Goldstein, 1939). The cause of this impairment of G.T. is unknown; it cannot be explained by defective absorption of glucose from the alimentary canal since an intravenous G.T. test was employed in the investigation mentioned. Again, defective dietary intake during the days before testing could have contributed to the decreased G.T. in only a few cases; there was also no correlation between G.T. and either general symptomatology or the patients' behaviour during testing. However, it was observed that the group of depressions weighed significantly less than the control group, though again no correlation was found between body weight and G.T. among the depressions themselves. McCowan and Quastel (1931) and others have reported a close parallel between decreased G.T. and “emotional tension”, evidence which favours an emotional cause for the phenomenon, in line with the theories of W. B. Cannon (1911).
Psychological Effects of Centrally Acting Drugs in Man
Authors: Kornetsky Conan , Humphries Ogretta
Published: August 2008

In a previous study (Kornetsky, Humphries and Evarts, 1957) it was found that the impairment of a variety of psychological processes caused by 200 mg. of chlorpromazine was not significantly less than the impairment produced by 200 mg. of secobarbital. It was also shown that the effects of drugs on psychological performance in man are related not only to the specific pharmacological activity of the drug, but also to the specific reactivity of the subject. It appeared that there was something unique to the individual which accounted for a significant portion of the effect of a drug. The present study was designed to extend these observations by reducing the number of drugs tested (in the previous study four drugs were used) and increasing the number of times a subject received each drug. It was hoped that this would give a better estimate of the effect of a specific dose of a specific drug and thus decrease the error of measurement and increase the reliability of the correlation between drugs.
The Diagnostic and Predictive Accuracy of the Modified Word Learning Test in Psychiatric Patients Over 65
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper the results of a two-year follow-up study were reported (Walton, 1958). This study showed that when the Wechsler Memory Scale was administered four times to each patient of a series suffering from a memory defect, significant differences emerged between those patients subsequently diagnosed as brain-damaged or as non-brain-damaged, in respect of the degree of improvement in their performance. The results were of considerable diagnostic and predictive importance. In spite of this, however, the method would be an uneconomical method for routine diagnosis. A shorter test involving the same principle of successive opportunities to learn appeared necessary. Additional analysis of the final Memory Scale results also showed that present learning ability was more impaired in the organic group than in the non-brain-damaged group, whilst scores based on retentivity questions produced many misclassifications. The results strongly suggested that a test of dementia should consist of a measure of present learning ability and that opportunities to learn could best be provided by successive repetitions of the particular test.
Measurements of Effects of Hyaluronidase in Insulin Coma Treatment
Authors: Schmidt K. E. , Tong J.
Published: August 2008

Hyaluronidase, the “spreading factor” is widely used today to aid the distribution and absorption of fluids injected at various sites into body tissues. It is derived from the head of the male sperm cell which by its action dissolves hyaluronic acid in the “shell” surrounding the female egg cell and thereby allows spermal penetration and conception; generally speaking it dissolves the ground substance between cells. The most remarkable usage is in paediatrics where it allows for quick replacement of lost fluid and salt in gastro-enteritis, obviating the need to find veins, and thereby saving practically all cases from death by dehydration. There are many other uses.