bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prolonged or perpetual growth of replacement teeth in the rock hyrax
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Bento Da Costa Laura , Downing Sarah E. , Bonar Christopher J. , Burrows Anne M. , Prufrock Kristen A. , Vinyard Christopher J. , DeLeon Valerie B.
Published: December 2024

Tusks are ever‐growing teeth present in mammals of the clade Paenungulata. Unlike the perpetually growing incisors of rodents, tusks are not used in mastication, and in at least some paenungulatans, the tusk is composed of dentin alone in adults. Few studies have provided tissue‐level information on tusks of adult paenungulatans with embedding techniques that identify epithelial and other soft tissues. In order to examine the mineralized tissues as well as the cells that form teeth, we studied a single, subadult rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) using microCT and paraffin histology with traditional staining as well as RUNX2 immunohistochemistry, and compared its teeth to scans of adult hyraxes. Three‐dimensional reconstructions from microCT volumes revealed that the tusk of this specimen is the only fully erupted replacement tooth, the first adult premolar (P1) is starting to erupt, and the first permanent molar (M1) is fully erupted, whereas all other replacement teeth and M2 remain in crypts. The tusk has a thin layer of enamel on its dorsal side; this is confirmed by histology. All deciduous premolars still possess roots that are in the process of resorption. Amelogenesis has progressed to maturation or nearly so in P1–P3. Notable histological characteristics of replacement premolars include the lack of a stellate reticulum in all except P4, and expression of RUNX2 in ameloblasts, a marker which is expressed by ameloblasts at all stages of amelogenesis. Since the pulp chambers of replacement premolars are relatively large compared to adults, a lengthy time in crypts may be important for dentin production. The results confirm that the hyrax has thin enamel on tusks, supporting the hypothesis that enamel is of limited importance for non‐feeding behaviors.
Primary Headache Attributed to External Compression or Traction to the Head: A Narrative Review
Authors: Hensel Ole , Kraya Torsten
Published: December 2024

Background

The aim of this review is to synthesize the existing knowledge regarding headaches attributed to external physical stimuli, as classified by the ICHD‐3 (Group 4.6). Two forms can be distinguished in this group: (1) headache attributed to external compression and (2) headache attributed to external traction.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the Medline (PubMed) database and other relevant academic sources. All English‐language articles were subjected to a relevance assessment.

Results

The prevalence of the two types of headache varies considerably, with a higher incidence observed in women or in the presence of predisposing factors (e.g., work with compulsory helmets or long hair). An external‐compression headache is typically described as a pressing sensation, whereas an external‐traction headache is characterized by a sensation of pulling. The headaches typically persist for less than an hour after the stimulus has ceased, and the intensity is typically reported as mild to moderate. Apart from avoiding the trigger, which is not always possible, effective therapies have not been established.

Conclusion

Both types of headaches are relatively common, yet they remain underrepresented in the scientific literature. Furthermore, there is a dearth of comprehensive overviews. If the triggering factor cannot be eliminated, both types of headaches can interfere with daily living and working.
Advancements in the Realm of Structural Engineering for Sodium‐Ion Batteries via Elemental Doping: A Focus on P2‐Phase Nickel–Manganese Layered Oxides
Authors: Li Weipeng , Zhang Haihan , Xie Liang , Fan Zhiyang , Yang Taifan , Hua Weibo , Yang Kang , Shu Chengyong , Ma Yongliang , Wu Yuping , Tang Wei
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely adopted for large‐scale energy storage due to their long cycle life and high energy density. However, the high cost and limited natural abundance of lithium highlight the urgent need to develop alternative devices, such as sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), which utilize abundant and readily available resources. Among SIB cathode materials, P2‐phase Ni–Mn materials have emerged as commercially viable candidates because of their high operating voltage, good specific capacity, excellent sodium‐ion conductivity, and robust stability under environmental conditions. Nevertheless, the Jahn–Teller effect triggered by high‐voltage phase transitions, Na+/vacancy ordering, and the presence of Mn3+ at low voltages collectively lead to structural degradation and performance decline during cycling. By varying the macroscopic structural design and surface coating, elemental doping introduces one or more ions at the atomic scale, adjusting the valence states and reducing the band gap. This effectively alters the electronic structure and the intrinsic lattice of the cathode material, thereby accelerating reaction kinetics and yielding high‐performance material characteristics. This review delves into the research advancements pertaining to tailored structural engineering strategies to address these challenges for P2‐phase Ni–Mn layered oxides.
Ultrasound‐mediated mechanical forces activate selective tumor cell apoptosis
Authors: Tijore Ajay , Margadant Felix , Dwivedi Nehal , Morgan Leslie , Yao Mingxi , Hariharan Anushya , Chew Claire Alexandra Zhen , Powell Simon , Bonney Glenn Kunnath , Sheetz Michael
Published: December 2024

Recent studies show that tumor cells undergo apoptosis after mechanical stretching, which promotes normal cell growth. Since ultrasound can produce similar sub‐cellular mechanical stresses on the nanoscale, here we test the effect of ultrasound‐mediated mechanical forces on tumors and normal cell survival. Surprisingly, tumor cells undergo apoptosis through a calpain‐dependent mitochondrial pathway that relies upon calcium entry through the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels. This is a general property of all tumor cell lines tested irrespective of tissue origin, but normal cells are unaffected. In vivo, ultrasound treatment promotes tumor cell killing in a mouse model with invasive CT26 cancer cell subcutaneous tumors and in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model with relatively minor damage to chick embryos. Further, patient‐derived pancreatic tumor organoids are killed by ultrasound treatment. Because ultrasound‐mediated mechanical forces cause apoptosis of tumor cells from many different tissues in different microenvironments, it may offer a safe, non‐invasive approach to augment tumor treatments.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Salvia chudaei Ethanol Extract in Hyperlipidemia, Hyperglycemia, and Oxidative Stress in Triton X‐100‐Induced Wistar Rats
Authors: Tlili Mohammed Laid , Laib Ibtissam , Hammoudi Rokia , Hadj‐Mohamed Mahfoud , Laouini Salah Eddine , Bouafia Abderrhmane , Alharthi Fahad , Bin Emran Talha
Published: December 2024

The study explored the efficacy of Salvia chudaei ethanolic extract in managing hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress induced by Triton X‐100 in Wistar rats. Twenty‐four rats were divided into four groups: Control, S. chudaei‐treated, Triton‐induced hyperlipidemic, and a combination of Triton + S. chudaei treatment. Triton X‐100 raised serum levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) while lowering high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, leading to oxidative stress marked by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced antioxidant activity in liver and kidney tissues. Administration of S. chudaei extract effectively reversed these adverse effects, significantly lowering cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL levels, and improving HDL cholesterol. It also enhanced antioxidant defenses and reduced oxidative stress markers, demonstrating its protective role against metabolic dysfunction. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds in the extract that contribute to these benefits. The findings suggest that S. chudaei ethanolic extract possesses strong antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties, making it a promising natural agent for preventing and treating hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. This positions S. chudaei as a potential new therapeutic approach in the management of metabolic disorders.
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction and modification of pulse starches: A review
Authors: Pasumarthi Prudhvi , Sindhu Sindhu , Manickavasagan Annamalai
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

Conventional pulse starch extraction methods face challenges in terms of yield, purity, and recovery. The native starches after extraction often undergo modification for broader applications. Ultrasound is considered a promising approach for starch extraction and modification due to its unique principle and reduced processing times. This work addresses the effects of ultrasound‐assisted methods on extraction and characteristic modification of pulse starches.

Findings

The cavitation effect of ultrasound effectively disrupts starch–protein interactions, improves diffusion, and significantly increases the pure starch yield. When applied to starch modification, it impacts surface morphology, amylose, and amylopectin chains resulting in notable changes to the characteristic behavior. Dual modification by combining ultrasound with other methods could allow for customized starch characteristics through structural reorganization, cross‐linking, and depolymerization.

Conclusions

The increased yields and modified properties of pulse starches through ultrasound‐assisted methods could enable their utilization in a wide range of food and nonfood applications.

Significance and Novelty

This review provides new insights into the extraction and modification of pulse starches through ultrasound‐assisted methods. It benefits researchers, food and starch industries, in selecting appropriate processing methods based on yield and specific properties of pulse starches required for their intended applications.
Successful Treatment of Annular Atrophic Lichen Planus With Adalimumab
Authors: Khodeir Joe , Ohanian Paul , Ohanian Marielena
Published: December 2024

Adalimumab may be an effective treatment for resistant annular atrophic lichen planus, especially in patients with prior treatment failures and contraindications to other systemic therapies. This case underscores the need for exploring systemic options in challenging cases of this rare lichen planus variant.
Intracranial Hypertension and Optic Neuritis in Two Unrelated Seronegative Cases
Authors: Nejad Shahrokh Abadi Reza , Shekarchian Farid , Toosi Farrokh Seilanian , Mashreghi Ahmadreza , Maddahpour Sara , Kamali Samane , Shekari Shima , Toosi Mehran Beiraghi , Hashemi Narges
Published: December 2024

Intracranial Hypertension (ICHT) is identified as the elevation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) pressure in patients devoid of any underlying causes. Optic Neuritis (ON) is not typically seen as a complication of ICHT, and patients diagnosed with concurrent manifestation of both these disorders usually have some identifiable underlying cause. In this report, we highlight the clinical and para‐clinical findings in two unrelated children presenting with high CSF opening pressures and Optic neuritis in the absence of any identifiable neurological or immunological cause.
Bulk Growth, Thermal, and Polarized Spectral Characters of Nd3+‐Doped Ca3(BO3)2 Single Crystals
Authors: Yu Pingzhang , Qi Hongwei , Liu Yanqing , Yu Fapeng , Wang Zhengping , Dang Yangyang
Published: December 2024

The growth, ion concentrations, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermal properties, and optical spectroscopy of Nd3⁺‐doped Ca₃(BO₃)₂ single crystals are investigated. The Nd3+‐doped Ca₃(BO₃)₂ single crystals with 1.97 at.% Nd3⁺ are successfully grown using the Czochralski (Cz) technique. To address the chemical valence imbalance between Nd3⁺ and Ca2⁺ in the Ca₃(BO₃)₂ crystals, the Na⁺ ions are introduced. The concentrations of Nd3⁺ and Na⁺ ions in the as‐grown crystals are measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES), yielding concentrations of 1.97 at% (N0 = 1.55 × 1020 cm−3), 1.94 at% (N0 = 1.52 × 1020 cm−3), respectively. The thermal behavior of the Nd3⁺‐doped Ca3(BO3)2 crystals, including thermal expansion coefficients, specific heat, and thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA), is systematically investigated. At room temperature, the polarized absorption spectra, polarized fluorescence spectra, and fluorescence decay lifetimes are measured. Spectral parameters, including polarized absorption and stimulated emission cross‐sections, intensity parameters, transition probabilities, radiative lifetime, and branching ratios are determined using the Judd‐Ofelt (J‐O) theory. The results indicate that Nd3+‐doped Ca3(BO3)2 crystals are promising materials for near‐infrared lasers, offering advantages such as rapid growth, large size, high specific heat, strong emission, and environmental stability.
Practice Note: “I'm Sorry”, Said ChatGPT: Without a Self and Without Remorse—Useful for Conflict Resolution Nonetheless? A Case Study on Apologies in Mediation
Authors: Schroeter Kirsten
Published: December 2024

In this case study of a conversation with ChatGPT on the dynamics of apologies in mediation in general – and also about the dynamic of apologies within our conversation – I present my preliminary reflections on the potential and the limitations of using AI as a practitioner and teacher of conflict resolution: Does talking to a chatbot satisfy the expectation of a cognitively interesting (even inspiring) and factually appropriate exchange on a professional level? Does the communication as a process fulfill basic requirements to a useful professional exchange? From the analysis of this case and based on excerpts of the exchange, it seems reasonable to expect the possibility of a fairly meaningful and interesting exchange on relevant professional topics in conflict resolution – as long as one is willing and able to apply what I would term the “Triple P in dealing with ChatGPT”: Precision, proficiency, and perseverance.
Comparison of sedation with pentazocine or pethidine hydrochloride for endoscopic ultrasonography in outpatients: A single‐center retrospective study
Authors: Urabe Makiko , Ikezawa Kenji , Seiki Yusuke , Watsuji Ko , Kawamoto Yasuharu , Hirao Takeru , Kai Yugo , Takada Ryoji , Yamai Takuo , Mukai Kaori , Nakabori Tasuku , Uehara Hiroyuki , Ohkawa Kazuyoshi
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) plays an important role in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary diseases. However, an appropriate sedation method for EUS has not been established. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the safety and complications of sedation with pentazocine or pethidine hydrochloride for outpatient diagnostic EUS.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 1302 consecutive cases in our department that underwent outpatient diagnostic EUS between April 2019 and September 2021. Until June 2020, EUS was performed under sedation with midazolam and pentazocine (pentazocine group) in principle; after June 2020, sedation with midazolam and pethidine hydrochloride (pethidine hydrochloride group) was used. A cohort of patients with comparable backgrounds was identified using propensity score matching.

Results

A total of 486 cases were included in this study. Sedation‐related adverse events during the endoscopic procedures were not significantly different between the groups. The median time spent in the recovery room after EUS was significantly shorter in the pethidine hydrochloride group than in the pentazocine group (69 versus vs. 77 min; p < 0.001). The frequency of nausea or vomiting after EUS was significantly lower in the pethidine hydrochloride group than in the pentazocine group (0% [0/486] vs. 6.2% [29/486]; p < 0.001). The frequency of readmission to the recovery room after discharge was significantly lower in the pethidine group than in the pentazocine group (0 [0%] vs. 18 [3.7%], respectively; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The combination of midazolam and pethidine hydrochloride is a more favorable anesthetic than the combination of midazolam and pentazocine for diagnostic EUS in outpatients.
Multicomponent Modular Synthesis of Thioacetals by Using Dichloromethane as the C1 Synthon Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Xie Meng‐Jun , Wen Li‐Hua , Li Xuan , Chen Ming‐Yan , Li Yu‐Bing , Xia Hai‐Dong
Published: December 2024

Thioacetals are an important category of sulfur‐containing compounds and versatile building blocks. Therefore, there is growing demand for the development of practical and modular methods to access various thioacetals from inexpensive and readily available commodity chemicals. Herein, we describe a novel one‐pot multicomponent protocol for thioacetals synthesis, especially benzylthio thioacetals synthesis, by employing feedstock chemical dichloromethane (DCM) as the C1 source under metal‐free, mild and simple conditions. Furthermore, its synthetic utility is further demonstrated by the preparation of deuterated thioacetals, large‐scale synthesis and broad functional group compatibility. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate the dual roles of DBU as both a proton scavenger and a nucleophilic catalyst. This work provides not only an excellent complementary strategy to the established thioacetals synthesis, but also a new platform for DCM application.
A New Soft‐Switched Trans‐Inverse Step‐Up DC/DC Converter With Zero Input Current Ripple
Authors: Hasanpour Sara
Published: December 2024

In this article, a new single‐switch high step‐up DC/DC converter with soft‐switching performance is presented for sustainable energy applications. In this circuit, zero input current ripple is obtained at a small value of the input inductance. Therefore, the ohmic loss of the input inductor will be significantly alleviated. Also, a three‐winding coupled‐inductor (TWCI) and a voltage multiplier are merged in this topology to achieve high voltage gain with an appropriate duty cycle. Semi‐trans‐inverse specification of this circuit makes it possible to achieve high output voltages under a lower magnetic turns ratio, which leads to power loss reduction. Moreover, a regenerative clamp recycles the leakage energy to the output and also mitigates the maximum voltage stress across the power switch. In addition, to help further efficiency improvement, a resonant tank with a quasiresonant performance between the middle capacitors and the leakage inductance of the TWCI is adopted to decrease the power dissipations of the switching components. The operating principle and steady‐state analysis of the introduced converter are described in detail. To verify the superiority of the presented circuit, a comparison with relevant converters is provided. Eventually, the theoretical analysis was verified by a 300‐W experimental prototype.
Ultra‐Low‐Field Paediatric MRI in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: Super‐Resolution Using a Multi‐Orientation U‐Net
Authors: Baljer Levente , Zhang Yiqi , Bourke Niall J. , Donald Kirsten A. , Bradford Layla E. , Ringshaw Jessica E. , Williams Simone R. , Deoni Sean C. L. , Williams Steven C. R. ,   Khula SA Study Team, Váša František , Moran Rosalyn J.
Published: December 2024

Owing to the high cost of modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, their use in clinical care and neurodevelopmental research is limited to hospitals and universities in high income countries. Ultra‐low‐field systems with significantly lower scanning costs present a promising avenue towards global MRI accessibility; however, their reduced SNR compared to 1.5 or 3 T systems limits their applicability for research and clinical use. In this paper, we describe a deep learning‐based super‐resolution approach to generate high‐resolution isotropic T2‐weighted scans from low‐resolution paediatric input scans. We train a ‘multi‐orientation U‐Net’, which uses multiple low‐resolution anisotropic images acquired in orthogonal orientations to construct a super‐resolved output. Our approach exhibits improved quality of outputs compared to current state‐of‐the‐art methods for super‐resolution of ultra‐low‐field scans in paediatric populations. Crucially for paediatric development, our approach improves reconstruction of deep brain structures with the greatest improvement in volume estimates of the caudate, where our model improves upon the state‐of‐the‐art in: linear correlation (r = 0.94 vs. 0.84 using existing methods), exact agreement (Lin's concordance correlation = 0.94 vs. 0.80) and mean error (0.05 cm3 vs. 0.36 cm3). Our research serves as proof‐of‐principle of the viability of training deep‐learning based super‐resolution models for use in neurodevelopmental research and presents the first model trained exclusively on paired ultra‐low‐field and high‐field data from infants.
Assessing Dental Implant Success: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Primary Versus Secondary Implantation in Free Bone Flap Reconstruction for Malignant Tumors
Authors: Dugast Sophie , Longis Julie , Anquetil Marine , Corre Pierre , Komarova Svetlana , Bertin Hélios
Published: December 2024

Background

Dental implantation of bone reconstructions in oncologic situations improves patients' orofacial function and quality of life. There are currently no recommendations on the timing of implantation.

Methods

This systematic review with meta‐analysis aimed to compare primary and secondary dental implantation of free bone flaps in reconstructions for malignant tumors of the oral cavity. The primary objective was to evaluate the implant survival rate, with secondary criteria including time to prosthesis placement, postoperative complications, and data on quality of life. Results—Three databases were screened for articles published between January 1990 and April 2024. Out of 2438 studies, 16 met the eligibility criteria, encompassing 284 patients. In total, 319 implants were placed in the primary implantation group and 1108 in the second group. Implant survival rate was 92.5% in the primary implantation group compared to 88.5% in the secondary implantation group. This systematic review underscores a higher success rate for implants placed primarily in patients with oral cancer.

Conclusions

Given the rapid functional and aesthetic improvement offered by prosthetic rehabilitation, primary implantation should be systematically considered in the oncological population.
Visual Exploration and the Primate Hippocampal Formation
Authors: Buffalo Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2024

During the 1990s and early 2000s, research in humans and in the nonhuman primate model of human amnesia revealed that tasks involving free viewing of images provided an exceptionally sensitive measure of recognition memory. Performance on these tasks was sensitive to damage restricted to the hippocampus as well as to damage that included medial temporal lobe cortices. Early work in my laboratory used free‐viewing tasks to assess the neurophysiological correlates of recognition memory, and the use of naturalistic visual exploration opened rich avenues to assess other aspects of the impact of eye movements on neural activity in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Here, I summarize two main lines of this work and some of the stories of the trainees who made essential contributions to these discoveries.
Large uterine smooth muscle tumors of unknown malignant potential mimicking a mucinous ovarian tumor: A challenging preoperative diagnosis
Authors: Fucina Stefano , Borella Fulvio , Capella Giulia , Goia Margherita , Bertero Luca , Cosma Stefano
Published: December 2024

Synopsis

We described a challenging case of a uterine smooth muscle tumors of unknown malignant potential (STUMP) presenting as an ovarian mucinous tumor. This differential diagnosis should be considered when preoperatively evaluating cystic multilocular lesions.
Inch‐sized 2D perovskite single‐crystal scintillators for high‐resolution neutron and X‐ray imaging
Authors: Yang Boming , Ouyang Xiao , Zhao Xue , Su Jie , Li Yang , Zhang Siyu , Ouyang Xiaoping
Published: December 2024

Nuclear radiation detectors are critical to transient nuclear reaction imaging, medical diagnostic imaging, security checks, industry inspection, and so forth, with many potential uses limited by scintillator dimensions. Current scintillator crystals are limited by the long‐standing issues of hetero‐crystalline formation and consequently inferior crystal dimensions and quality. Particularly, the hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) exhibit scintillation capability under X‐ray and fast neutrons within a single framework, owing to the presence of heavy elements and high hydrogen density groups, respectively. However, the achievement of high‐performance and large‐area imaging by HOIPs scintillators is impeded by the crystal growth technology. Herein, we propose an optimal crystal growth strategy and obtain an inch‐sized high‐quality (PEA)2PbBr4 single crystals (SCs) with a record dimension of 4.60 cm × 3.80 cm × 0.19 cm. Their application as synergistic scintillators in high‐energy rays and charged particles detection are investigated, which exhibit high light yield (38 600 photons MeV−1) and ultra‐fast decay times that are 4.89, 27.98, and 3.84 ns under the 375‐nm laser, γ‐ray, and α particles, respectively. Moreover, the (PEA)2PbBr4 SCs demonstrate a remarkably high spatial resolution of 23.2 lp mm−1 (at MTF = 20%) for X‐ray and 2.00 lp mm−1 for fast neutrons, surpassing the reported perovskites scintillators.

image
Mowing height and irrigation effects on above ground biomass production of Schedonorus arundinaceus
Authors: Rabe Michael P. , Galbraith Eric J. , Nikolai Thomas A.
Published: December 2024

The utilization of biomass from golf course and home lawn landscapes greatly impacts soil conditions, plant health, and municipal waste disposal. In 2020 and 2021, research was conducted to evaluate aboveground biomass production of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Schreb.) in relation to mowing height. Irrigated and non‐irrigated plots of tall fescue were mown to 5.08, 6.35, and 7.62 cm. Biomass yields were determined by dried clipping weight. In general, 5.08 and 7.62 cm mowing height treatments consistently produced the greatest and lowest biomass yields, respectively. With few exceptions, results were consistent between irrigated and non‐irrigated trials. For tall fescue, findings suggest an inverse relationship between height of cut (HOC) and aboveground biomass production. Regardless of irrigation, tall fescue clipping yields declined when mown at a greater HOC.
Resolving the Dry Period Projection Paradox: Treat ‘Consecutiveness’ as a Nonlinearity
Authors: O'Brien Enda , Griffin Seanie , Duffy Catriona , Nolan Paul
Published: December 2024

This paper provides a worked example of how the property of consecutiveness, or continuity, can be lost when computing climate indices such as consecutive dry days (CDD) or dry periods from model simulations of the future. That essential continuity property can easily be lost if such indices are computed from future projections of bias‐corrected daily precipitation time series. A bias‐correction algorithm such as quantile‐mapping typically adjusts daily time series to remove overall precipitation bias, but takes no account of consecutiveness, and so can introduce occasional wet‐day interruptions into otherwise dry periods. This can lead to inconsistencies between the raw and bias‐corrected projections of such indices. To obtain consistent projections, CDD and related indices should be treated as independent parameters and bias‐corrected directly in their own right. Such indices should be counted first, and bias‐corrected later. In this sense, consecutiveness should be treated as a nonlinearity to be computed before performing any other mathematical operation such as bias correction. This paradox and its resolution are demonstrated using future climate projections from the TRANSLATE project, all of which are derived from global CMIP5 simulations as downscaled over Ireland by two separate regional model ensembles.
Projected Changes in Precipitation Extremes Across the Mississippi River Basin Using the NASA Global Daily Downscaled Datasets NEX‐GDDP‐CMIP6
Authors: Talchabhadel Rocky , Bhattarai Saurav , Bista Sunil
Published: December 2024

This study comprehensively analyzes historical and projected changes in various precipitation parameters within the Mississippi River basin. These parameters include annual total values, simple daily intensity index, consecutive dry and wet spells, as well as heavy precipitation event related indices, such as maximum one‐day, three‐day, five‐day, and seven‐day consecutive precipitation. We examine the quantity exceeding specific percentile‐based thresholds (95th and 99th) as well as the frequency of days surpassing absolute thresholds (1, 10, 20, 50 mm). Additionally, we assess the percentage contribution of various extreme precipitation events to the annual total. The study employs a total of 32 Climate Models with a spatial resolution of 0.25° (approximately 25 km) for the historical period spanning from 1985 to 2014, and the projected period from 2015 to 2094. A comparison is made between climate models and ground‐based observations during the historical period. Using climate models, projected deviations in future periods are then computed, specifically the near future (2025 to 2054) and far future (2065 to 2094), with respect to the historical period. These climate models are part of the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), and have undergone downscaling and bias‐correction by the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections project, referred to as NEX‐GDDP‐CMIP6. The findings across the Mississippi River basin reveal an increasing trend in precipitation extremes, particularly in frequency and intensity rather than annual totals. In terms of annual totals, which averaged around 1045 ± 260 mm during the historical period, the precipitation total is projected to reach 1095 ± 285 mm under SSP245 or 1110 ± 293 mm under SSP585 in the far future. Occurrences surpassing the 95th and 99th percentiles, as well as the maximum consecutive precipitation, are projected to substantially increase under both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245 and SSP585) in the future, with a more pronounced increase in the severe scenario (SSP585). This study highlights the potential impact of human‐induced activities on precipitation extremes. It is crucial that these findings inform the development of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies for the future.
An Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Separation of the Linear and Cyclic Variants of a Mimotope of the Cancer‐Related CD20 Antigen–Validation and Statistical Evaluation
Authors: Bloderer Georg , Grassi Luigi , Cabrele Chiara , Stutz Hanno
Published: December 2024

Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing was successfully applied for separating an in‐house synthesized closely related peptide pair, that is, a linear 12‐mer (Rp5‐L) and its cyclic 15‐mer variant (Rp5‐C). Rp5‐L represents a mimotope, that is, an epitope mimicking peptide, of the CD20 antigen, which is over‐expressed in B‐cell‐related tumors. Peptide identity—including the successful disulfide bond formation in Rp5‐C—was confirmed with matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. The purity of synthesized products was determined by a reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection. The apparent isoelectric point (pI) of cyclic Rp5‐C and Rp5‐L was 5.99 and 6.47, respectively. An appropriate combination of carrier ampholytes allowed for their baseline separation with an analysis time of <20 min. Method validation was done for the synthesized peptides and three flanking pI markers covering, for example, repeatability and intermediate precision. Calibrations on different days resulted in identical slopes for Rp5‐L and Rp5‐C, respectively, as statistically confirmed by Welch's t‐test and pooled t‐test over 8 days. The calibration data of mimotopes and pI markers were evaluated for outliers, normality, homoscedasticity, and autocorrelation with complementary statistical procedures, which identified an otherwise unnoticed outlier for a pI marker. The linearity of calibration for Rp5‐L, Rp5‐C, and the pI markers was tested with Mandel's fitting test and lack‐of‐fit test. For Rp5‐L and Rp5‐C, the calculated limits of detection and limits of quantification were ≤0.31 and ≤0.96 µmol/L, respectively.
Recycling Research Without (Self‐)Plagiarism: The Importance of Context and the Case of Conference Contributions
Authors: Helgesson Gert , Åkerman Jonas , Belfrage Sara
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we clarify the notions of plagiarism and self‐plagiarism and show that a rather straightforward observation about these notions has important implications for the admissibility of recycling research outputs. The key point is that contextual variation must be taken into account in normative assessments of recycling research outputs, and we illustrate this with some examples. In particular, we apply the analysis in order to dissolve a disagreement about the proper handling of submissions to conferences. Some researchers are comfortable with sending the same contribution to several conferences, while others find that unacceptable and a clear deviation from good research practise. We take a closer look at the arguments regarding whether it is acceptable or not to make the same conference contribution more than once, including the argument that submitting the same contribution more than once would amount to self‐plagiarism. We argue that contextual variation must be taken into account, in accordance with our previous analysis, and conclude that whether or not a duplication of a conference contribution deviates from good research practise depends on what significance is ascribed to it in the specific case. We conclude with some practical recommendations, emphasising for example, the importance of being explicit and clear on this point, and encourage conference organisers to provide opportunities to specify relevant facts in the submission.
Specific Anion Effects on the Growth and Stability of Poly (2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline)/Tannic Acid Layer by Layer Films
Authors: Beruhil Bahar Adatoz Elda , Demirel A. Levent
Published: December 2024

The control of pH responsiveness of hydrogen‐bonded (H‐bonded) layer‐by‐layer films is especially important in biomedical applications. Specific anion effects are known to vary the cloud point temperature of poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEOX) solutions. By growing H‐bonded multilayers of PEOX and Tannic Acid (TA) in the presence of nine different sodium salts at different salt concentrations, it is shown that the growth profile and pH stability of the multilayers can be controlled in a wide range. The observed changes in the average bilayer (BL) thickness and critical disintegration pH are in accordance with the Hofmeister series of anions. Going from the most kosmotropic (Na2CO3) to the most chaotropic (NaSCN), BL thickness decreases by ≈11.5 nm while the critical disintegration pH increases up to 10. Conformational variations in PEOX chains from compact coils due to dehydration by kosmotropic anions to extended chains due to direct ion binding of chaotropic anions contribute to these changes. ITC investigation of PEOX/TA interaction in the presence of sodium salts in solution confirms the enhanced stability in the direction of the most chaotropic anion. The results clearly show that properties of H‐bonded multilayers can be easily tuned by specific anion effects as desired by applications.
Evaluating the impact of tuna purse-seine fishing under fish aggregating devices and free schools on Little Tunny in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean: Implications using length-based methods
Authors: Konoyima Komba Jossie , Zhu Jiangfeng , Kindong Richard
Published: December 2024

Objective

Little Tunny Euthynnus alletteratus is a commercially viable species, and its research has been prioritized by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas. This study aimed to evaluate the stock status of Little Tunny in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, the effectiveness of the life history priors, and the sensitivity of the model's predicted reference points to prior misspecification. The findings could help reduce uncertainties regarding the state of Little Tunny in the region.

Methods

We used empirically estimated life history parameters and purse-seine fish aggregating device (FAD) and free school fishing length-frequency data from 2000 to 2021, available in the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas database. We applied the length-based Bayesian biomass (LBB) and length-based spawning potential ratio assessment methods.

Result

The LBB's outputs indicate that Little Tunny was grossly overfished at the exerted fishing pressure. This was corroborated by length-based spawning potential ratio estimates of low spawning per recruit for the stock exploited by purse seines under FAD and free school sets. The reference points of both models were most sensitive to asymptotic length (L∞) prior misspecification, and including life history priors in LBB produced a narrower confidence interval of the estimated reference points.

Conclusion

The Northeast Atlantic Ocean Little Tunny fishery exploited by purse-seine fisheries under FAD and free school sets may be unsustainable. We maintain that user priors could reduce uncertainty in LBB, whereas accurate specification of priors, particularly L∞, is required to have less biased results using the models. We recommend catch limits through, for instance, spatial closures, but caution is advised due to uncertainty in this study's life history priors.
Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Neuroplasticity and Predict Gait Performance After Treadmill Training in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Tsai Si‐Yu , Tai Chun‐Hwei , Lee Ya‐Yun
Published: December 2024

Background

Reduced step length is a hallmark of gait disturbance in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although treadmill training is effective for improving step length, the associated neural mechanisms have not been fully investigated. Moreover, exploring the baseline neurophysiological predictors for step length improvement after training could facilitate personalized gait rehabilitation for PD.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroplastic changes in corticomotor excitability after treadmill training and to explore whether baseline neurophysiological measures could predict step length improvement in PD.

Methods

Data from 61 participants with idiopathic PD who completed 12 treadmill training sessions were included. Gait performances and corticomotor excitability measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were obtained at baseline, postintervention, and 1‐month follow‐up. TMS outcomes included motor‐evoked potentials, cortical silent period (CSP), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). General estimating equation analysis and principal‐component analyses were used to determine the neuroplastic changes induced by training, and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to explore the baseline TMS predictors for step length improvement at 1‐month follow‐up.

Results

After treadmill training, SICI and CSP significantly increased and shared an emerging relationship. Regression analysis showed that female sex and greater baseline ICF and SICI were significant predictors of step length improvement at the follow‐up.

Conclusions

This study advanced the understanding of neuroplastic changes induced by treadmill training in PD and showed that preserved SICI and ICF were predictors for lasting step length improvement after training. Future studies could investigate other influential factors for treadmill training in PD. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Normalized Solutions for a SchröDinger Equation With Van Der Waals Type Potentials and External Potential: Mass Supercritical
Authors: Chen Jianqing , Chen Zhewen
Published: December 2024

We study the existence of ground states with prescribed ‐norm for the mass supercritical Schrödinger equation with van der Waals type potentials (that is, two‐body potentials with different width) in the presence of nonsymmetric negative potentials. We prove the existence of normalized ground states at positive energy level under mild assumptions on external potential.
T2* relaxometry of fetal brain structures using low‐field (0.55T) MRI
Authors: Payette Kelly , Uus Alena U. , Kollstad Ella , Aviles Verdera Jordina , Gallo Dario , Hall Megan , Hajnal Joseph V. , Rutherford Mary A. , Story Lisa , Hutter Jana
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Human brain development during gestation is complex, as both structure and function are rapidly forming. Structural imaging methods using MRI are well developed to explore these changes, but functional imaging tools are lacking. Low‐field MRI is a promising modality to bridge this gap. The longer intrinsic T2* values at low field strengths increase the dynamic range and enable the quantification of individual brain regions with low T2* values, such as deep gray matter. This study investigates regional brain T2* quantification throughout the second half of gestation on low‐field 0.55T MRI.

Methods

Dynamic multi‐echo gradient‐echo sequences were acquired in 135 cases at 0.55 T between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation. Automatic high‐resolution reconstruction and segmentation tools were developed, resulting in T2* values of seven individual anatomical brain structures for each subject. These regional brain T2* values were analyzed throughout gestation.

Results

All regional fetal brain T2* values decreased throughout gestation (p < 0.01). Each anatomical brain structure had varying ranges and decay rates, with the cerebellum and white matter displaying the highest (nonfluid structure) values, with the maximum values between 350 and 400 ms at about 20 weeks. The brainstem and deep gray matter had the lowest range of T2* values, reaching values of 250 ms early in gestation. The matched volumetric assessment of the different structures demonstrated expected growth, matching current literature.

Conclusion

Low‐field MRI allows for a detailed, regional T2* analysis of the fetal brain, with more inclusive norms to be developed due to its wider bore.
Comparison of Long‐Term Prognosis and Risk Factors for Graft Failure Between Pediatric and Adult Recipients Undergoing Pediatric Deceased‐Donor Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Liu Xiaomian , Wang Chang , Wu Zixuan , Li Qihao , Yu Shuangjin , Wu Guobin , Huang Xiaochun , Chen Lizhong , Chen Guodong
Published: December 2024

Background

The number of patients undergoing deceased‐donor kidney transplantation with donor kidneys obtained from individuals aged < 14 years (pediatric deceased‐donor kidney transplantation [PDKT]) has increased in recent years. However, it is unknown whether the long‐term prognosis and risk factors for graft failure in pediatric recipients (aged < 18 years) differ from those of adult recipients (aged ≥ 18 years).

Methods

Of the patients who underwent PDKT at our hospital from August 2011 to July 2018, 33 were pediatric recipients, and 114 were adult recipients.

Results

The 1‐ and 3‐year graft survival rates in the pediatric group were 90.6% and 81.3%, respectively, lower than the respective graft survival rates of 96.5% and 94.6% in the adult group (p = 0.014). The leading cause of graft failure in pediatric recipients was renal vascular thrombosis (57.1%). By stratified removal of renal vascular thrombosis, multivariate Cox regression suggested that the main risk factor for graft failure in the pediatric recipient group was acute rejection, while the major risk factors in adult recipients were acute rejection, chronic rejection, urinary tract stenosis, and the recipient‐to‐donor weight ratio.

Conclusion

The prognosis of all patients who underwent PDKT was good. However, the graft survival rate was lower in pediatric recipients than in adult recipients.
Closed‐Form Approach on Mode III$\mathrm{I}\! \mathrm{I}\! \mathrm{I}$ Loadings of Thin Layers
Authors: Rheinschmidt Florian , Adam Valentin , Weißgraeber Philipp , Rosendahl Philipp L.
Published: December 2024

Weak interface models are a potent tool to capture both deformations, stresses, and energy release rates for adhesives or other weak layers between stiffer joints. While the energy release rate for both modes I and II is rendered well, a fast and efficient model, capturing mode III loading of the weak layer is missing. The present study addresses this research gap by introducing a closed‐form analytical model for out‐of‐plane bended weak interface specimens. The classical approach of weak interface models is not applicable in the case of loading the specimen with out‐of‐plane bending. Tackling these difficulties, the present approach uses the principle of minimum potential energy in combination with the calculus of variations to derive the governing equations for an arbitrarily loaded weak interface specimen. This model renders stresses and displacements in a very good agreement with numerical reference solutions and is highly efficient and reduces the numerical costs for parameter studies and the evaluation of experiments. This enables one to measure the mode III energy release rate from a J‐integral‐based evaluation of this physical quantity. Our model allows a fast determination of the mode III fracture toughness from out‐of‐plane loaded double cantilever beam tests for adhesives or from rotated propagation saw tests for faceted and porous weak layers in stratified snowpacks.
Wrinkled thermoplastic polyamide elastomer foams with enhanced mechanical properties fabricated by dynamic supercritical CO2 foaming
Authors: Zhong Weipeng , Zhou Xu , Zhang Miaomiao , Cui Wenhao , Mi Hao‐Yang , Dong Binbin , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: December 2024

Wrinkled foams (WF), distinguished by their numerous cell wall wrinkles, exhibit superior impact resistance compared to conventional foams (CF), making them ideal for applications such as sports protection and packaging. Despite their potential, the mechanisms behind wrinkle formation remain underexplored, limiting production and process optimization. In this study, we use a custom supercritical foaming reactor with a sapphire glass viewing window to investigate the differences between wrinkled and conventional thermoplastic polyamide elastomer foams. Our findings suggest that “excessive expansion‐shrinkage” is crucial for wrinkle development. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that molecular chains align with the flow field of dynamic CO2, which increases the intramolecular stress. The release of intramolecular stress triggers wrinkle formation, driven by thermodynamic instability. Furthermore, comparisons of the impact resistance and compression performance between WF and CF show that wrinkled structures alter the deformation behavior under force. The wrinkles facilitate increased collision, squeezing, and friction between cell walls, thus dissipating energy as heat and creating “micro‐air units” that enhance cushioning capability. These distinctive characteristics make WF a promising material for high‐performance applications in cushioning and energy absorption, such as in sports protection and packaging.

Highlights

Wrinkled polyamide foams are fabricated by dynamic scCO2 foaming.

Chain stretching and shrinkage under scCO2 flow are verified by MD simulation.

Excessive expansion‐shrinkage foaming behavior causes the wrinkled structure.

Wrinkled structure greatly increases the impact absorption ability.