bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic detrusor‐urethral dyssynergia in dogs: a retrospective analysis of 22 cases
Authors: Espiñeira M. M. Díaz , Viehoff F. W. , Nickel R. F.
Published: April 2008

Results of a retrospective study of 22 dogs with signs of dysuria and/or stranguria in which a diagnosis of idiopathic detrusorurethral dyssynergia was made are presented. The diagnosis was based on the exclusion of detectable pathological conditions which could also cause urine outflow obstruction. The affected cases were 22 middle‐aged male dogs (mean age 4·9 years) of large and giant breeds (mean bodyweight 36·7 kg). Nine dogs had had periodic clinical signs for longer than one year, one for seven months and eight for two to five weeks, while in four dogs signs had begun four to five days before referral. All dogs received the α‐sympatholytic agent prazosin as an initial treatment and in 11 it remained the only therapy. There was a good effect in seven and a moderate response in the other four dogs. In one dog, prazosin was ineffective and was replaced by diazepam, which markedly reduced the signs. Three other dogs required frequent catheterisation and antibiotics were administered. These dogs responded favourably. Another three dogs with evidence of impaired bladder contractility were also treated with the parasympathomimetic agent carbachol. One did not improve and was euthanased. Four dogs developed bladder paralysis and severe infectious cystitis. Only one of these could be managed satisfactorily by long‐term administration of prazosin, carbachol and antibiotics, and the others had to be euthanased.
Use of allopurinol for maintenance of remission in dogs with leishmaniasis
Authors: Ginel P. J. , Lucena R. , López R. , Molleda J. M.
Published: April 2008

Current treatments for infected dogs with leishmaniasis do not always provide long‐term control of the disease and clinical relapses are common. In this study, the usefulness of long‐term allopurinol administration in the maintenance of clinical remission in canine leishmaniasis was evaluated. Fifteen dogs with natural leishmania infection were subjected to an initial treatment based on the simultaneous administration of meglumine antimoniate (100 mg/kg/day) and allopurinol (30 mg/kg/day). Once clinical remission was achieved, a maintenance treatment with allopurinol (20 mg/kg/day) administered for one week a month was instituted. Results were compared with those of a retrospective control group comprising 15 infected dogs which only followed the induction treatment. Relapses occurred in 86 per cent of control dogs within 14 months of discontinuing treatment. In contrast, those dogs on intermittent oral allopurinol administration were successfully maintained in clinical remission for a follow‐up period of 10 to 44 months. In this latter group, specific antibody titres decreased or were unchanged, no side effects directly attributable to allopurinol were seen and treatment was well accepted by the owners. It is concluded that long‐term intermittent administration of allopurinol is an effective way of maintaining clinical remission in dogs with leishmaniasis.
Hip dysplasia in the cat: a report of three cases
Authors: Patsikas M. N. , Papazoglou L. G. , Komninou A. , Dessiris A. K. , Tsimopoulos G.
Published: April 2008

Hip dysplasia was diagnosed in three cats. Two were presented with a history of hindlimb lameness and the other had a history of constipation. All were confined for two weeks and showed considerable clinical improvement. At follow‐up examination the cats were free of clinical signs despite the deterioration in the radiological appearance of their hips. Luxation or subluxation of the hips, insufficient development of the craniolateral acetabular edges, loss of the arched shape of the cranial subchondral acetabular bones, shallow acetabula and secondary degenerative changes on the femoral heads and necks were the main radiological findings in the affected cats.
Lymphangioma in the metacarpal pad of a dog
Authors: Danielsson F.
Published: April 2008

A five‐year‐old English springer spaniel was presented with a three year history of metacarpal ulceration causing lameness. The lesion was initially thought to be caused by a foreign body, but subsequently diagnosed as lymphangioma. The dog was surgically treated with resection of the metacarpal pad and transposition of the second digital pad. A severe infection developed 11 days postoperatively but was managed with antibiotics and intensive wound therapy. The surgical technique was successful, considerable adaptation of the transposed pad occurred and the dog returned to full weightbearing on the leg. However, one year later another area of new ulceration developed on the dorsomedial aspect of the paw. This, too, was resected but recurred after a short time and the owner elected for euthanasia of the dog.
Endometrial cytology of the normal bitch throughout the reproductive cycle
Authors: Watts J. R. , Wright P. J. , Lee C. S.
Published: April 2008

Samples for endometrial cytology were collected both from live bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (n=48) and postmortem (n=10). The cells identified were endometrial epithelial cells, leucocytes, erythrocytes, spermatozoa, bacteria and cervical or vaginal cells. The endometrial epithelial cells varied morphologically throughout the reproductive cycle and had signs of degeneration during late dioestrus and during early and mid‐anoestrus following dioestrus and postpartum. Neutrophils were the most common leucocytes observed during pro‐oestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and early pregnancy, and lymphocytes during anoestrus. Macrophages were frequently seen during anoestrus. Erythrocytes were found in variable numbers at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Spermatozoa were detected in samples collected during oestrus and early pregnancy in bitches which had their last mating one to three days previously. Bacteria were commonly observed during pro‐oestrus and oestrus. Cornified cervical or vaginal cells were present during pro‐oestrus and oestrus. This study demonstrated that the numbers, types, proportions and morphology of ceils in endometrial cytological samples from normal bitches varied throughout the reproductive cycle.
Arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint using a laterally applied plate in 10 dogs
Authors: Dyce J. , Whitelock R. G. , Robinson K. V. , Forsythe F. , Houlton J. E. F.
Published: April 2008

The efficacy of tarsometatarsal arthrodesis using a laterally applied plate was evaluated retrospectively in 10 dogs (11 joints). Arthrodesis was performed to manage a tarsometatarsal subluxation in two hocks; in the other cases, the tarsometatarsal subluxation was accompanied by tarsal or metatarsal fractures. The average period to referral was 15 days and all dogs had been managed with previous external coaptation of the affected limb. Arthrodesis was achieved in all the joints following initial surgery. Implant removal was indicated in three dogs which remained intermittently lame. Implants were left in situ in the remaining seven dogs. After an average follow‐up period of 28 months, all dogs had resumed normal activity. Seven dogs were reported to be completely sound, one was stiff after rest following vigorous exercise and two had an intermittent mild lameness following strenuous exercise.
From cell to cageside: autonomic influences on cardiac rhythms in the dog
Authors: MoïSE N. S.
Published: April 2008

The autonomic nervous system is pivotal in the characteristics of normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms. Some of the unique features (pronounced sinus arrhythmia and wandering pacemaker) of the canine electrocardiogram can be explained by the influence of parasympathetic tone. Perturbations that enhance the sympathetic nervous system can also potentiate arrhythmias, or counteract antiarrhythmic action. Moreover, disorders of the innervation to the heart may actually cause some life‐threatening arrhythmias. This article reviews the interactions of the autonomic nervous system and cardiac rhythms as they pertain to the normal dog, as well as to specific arrhythmias in the boxer and German shepherd dog. Emphasis is placed on relating information from electrophysiological investigations to the clinical arena, thus demonstrating the value of linking the basic and clinical sciences as one medicine: knowledge from cell to cageside.
Relationship between physiological factors and clinical pain in dogs scored using a numerical rating scale
Authors: Holton L. L. , Scott E. M. , Nolan A. M. , Reid J. , Welsh E.
Published: April 2008

A study was designed to investigate the association between heart rate, respiratory rate and pupil dilation and a subjective pain score allocated using a numerical rating scale (NRS). Four groups of dogs (n = 17 to 20 per group) were included: orthopaedic surgery cases, soft tissue surgery cases, dogs with medical conditions and healthy dogs. Each dog was examined by five veterinary surgeons within a four‐hour period. When examining each dog, the observers recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, pupil dilation (present or absent) and a pain score using a NRS (range 0 to 10). For surgical cases, all study assessments were carried out between 21 and 27 hours following the end of surgery. The correlation coefficients between physiological parameters and NRS score were small but, depending on the analysis, were significant for heart rate and NRS score (P < 0·05). However, the size of the coefficient, 0·168, indicated that the relationship was not biologically significant. There was no association between respiratory rate and NRS score. Analysis of the relationship between NRS score and pupil dilation indicated that there was an association between this factor and pain, depending on the analysis. This was significant for the surgical groups (P < 0·05) but not for the other groups.

These findings indicate that heart rate and respiratory rate are not useful indicators of pain in hospitalised dogs. It is also unlikely that pupil dilation will be a useful tool in the assessment of pain.
Clinical and pathological findings of severe subvalvular aortic stenosis and mitral dysplasia in a rottweiler puppy
Authors: Palacio M.J. Fernández del , Bayón A. , Bernal L. J. , Cerón J. J. , Navarro J. A.
Published: April 2008

Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) and mitral dysplasia were diagnosed in an asymptomatic eight‐week‐old rottweiler. Clinical and pathological findings were compatible with a fixed and dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. Gross and microscopic pathological findings were consistent with the most severe form of SAS, described previously in Newfoundland dogs over six months of age. These observations demonstrate that very young asymptomatic puppies may suffer a severe complex form of SAS.
Meningioangiomatosis in a dog: magnetic resonance imaging and neuropathological studies
Authors: Lorenzo V. , Pumarola M. , Muñoz A.
Published: April 2008

A case of a dog with a long‐standing history of seizures is reported. Neurological examination suggested an intracranial focal lesion, while magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a right cerebral mass with ventricular involvement. Pathological analysis of the resected specimen revealed characteristics of meningioangiomatosis.
Cullen's sign and haemoglobinuria as presenting signs of retroperitoneal haemorrhage in a dog
Authors: Schermerhorn T. , McNamara P. S. , Dykes N. L. , Toll J.
Published: April 2008

Haemoglobinuria and periumbilical discoloration (also known as Cullen's sign) are clinical signs uncommonly reported in veterinary patients. This report describes a case of retroperitoneal haemorrhage in a dog, associated with haemoglobinuria and Cullen's sign. To the authors' knowledge, these clinical signs have not previously been reported singularly or in combination with retroperitoneal haemorrhage in dogs. A neutered male Shetland sheepdog, which was presented for haematuria, also had an abdominal mass, abdominal pain and a large area of periumbilical discoloration. Laboratory studies determined that haemoglobinuria was the cause of the red‐coloured urine. Abdominal radiographs suggested a splenic mass and a coeliotomy was performed. During the induction and throughout the anaesthetic period the dog was hypertensive and a large haematoma originating from the right retroperitoneal space was identified at surgery. The cause of the haemorrhage was uncertain but a ruptured phaeochromocytoma was thought possible on the basis of the persistent hypertension and the location of the haemorrhage.
Quantitative estimation of intestinal dilation as a predictor of obstruction in the dog
Authors: Graham J. P. , Lord P. F. , Harrison J. M.
Published: April 2008

Mechanical obstruction is a major differential diagnosis for dogs presented with gastrointestinal problems. Small intestinal dilation is a cardinal sign of obstruction but its recognition depends upon the observer's experience and anecdotally derived parameters for normal small intestinal diameter. The objective of this study was to formulate a quantitative index for normal intestinal diameter and evaluate its usefulness in predicting small intestinal obstruction. The material consisted of survey abdominal radiographs of 50 normal dogs, 44 cases of intestinal obstruction and 86 patients which subsequently had an upper gastrointestinal examination. A ratio of the maximum small intestinal diameter (SI) and the height of the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra at its narrowest point (L5) was used, and a logistic regression model employed to determine the probability of an obstruction existing with varying degrees of intestinal dilation. A value of 1·6 for SI/L5 is recommended as the upper limit of normal intestinal diameter for clinical use. The model showed that obstruction is very unlikely if the SI/L5 value is less than this. Higher values were significantly associated with obstruction.
Comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures repaired with a modified type I external skeletal fixator construct
Authors: Guerin S. R. , Lewis D. D. , Lanz O. I. , Stalling J. T.
Published: April 2008

Highly comminuted supracondylar humeral fractures were stabilised in six large‐breed dogs with a modified type I external fixator using a craniomedial acrylic connecting column and an Intramedullary pin which was incorporated into the connecting frame. This construct provided sufficient stability to allow satisfactory bone healing in five of the six dogs, while premature removal of the intramedullary pin and external fixator resulted in subsequent refracture of the humerus in the remaining dog. Limb function at the time of final assessment was considered excellent in two dogs, good in three dogs and poor in one dog. The craniomedial acrylic connecting column simplified application of this modified type 1(a) configuration to the humerus by reducing the number of clamps required; the acrylic column also facilitated contouring of the cranlomedial connecting column to the brachium and was readily extended proxlmally to engage the intramedullary pin. In addition, the acrylic connecting column allowed placement of intramedullary pins of varying diameter.
Epidemiological study of blood pressure in domestic cats
Authors: Bodey A. R. , Sansom J.
Published: April 2008

Blood pressure was measured indirectly in 203 cats using an oscillometric technique in conjunction with a tail cuff. Systolic blood pressure was found to be log normally distributed across the population, while diastolic pressure was log log normally distributed Blood pressure was found to rise with age (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial and pulse pressure were significantly higher in animals aged 11 years or over than in animals aged under 11 years) but this rise did not parallel an increase in plasma urea or creatinine. Cats with clinical renal disease did however have higher blood pressures than normal cats, as did cats with ocular change consistent with hypertensive retinopathy.
Diagnostic investigations in 101 dogs with pyrexia of unknown origin
Authors: Dunn K. J. , Dunn J. K.
Published: April 2008

Records from 101 dogs presented for investigation of unexplained pyrexia were reviewed. The most common diagnosis was immune‐mediated disease (22 per cent of cases), with immune‐mediated polyarthritis accounting for 20 per cent of all diagnoses. The frequency of positive results obtained in investigative tests was also assessed. Cytological and radiological examinations provided a high diagnostic success rate, although routine haematology and plasma biochemistry were also useful screening tests. On the basis of these results it is suggested that, in the investigation of unexplained pyrexia, a diagnosis of immune‐mediated polyarthritis should be excluded before less common diagnoses are considered.
Successful long‐term treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog
Authors: Takemura N.
Published: April 2008

A two‐year‐old intact male shiba inu dog with excessive polyuria and polydipsia (PU‐PD) was diagnosed as having congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus based on clinical findings, the results of urinalysis, blood examinations, a modified water deprivation test and a low dose dexamethasone suppression test. The owner was advised to provide adequate access to drinking water, and treatment with a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide (2 mg/kg, twice daily) together with a low sodium diet was initiated. As a result, the daily water intake decreased significantly from 6500 to 7500 ml/day (800 to 980 ml/kg/day) to 1400 to 1900 ml/day (170 to 230 ml/kg/day) and the clinical signs associated with the PU‐PD and dehydration improved over the following two years.
Adult Dirofilaria repens in a subcutaneous granuloma on the chest of a dog
Authors: Bredal W. P. , Gjerde B. , Eberhard M. L. , Aleksandersen M. , Wilhelmsen D. K. , Mansfield L. S.
Published: April 2008

A 10‐year‐old, 9 kg, intact male crossbred dog was treated for nasal mites with milbemycin oxime using a dose of 1 mg/kg bodyweight orally, three times at 10‐day intervals. One month after the initiation of this treatment a subcutaneous nodule developed on the sternum of the dog. The nodule was removed and found to contain a single, 82 mm long, thread‐like nematode. Several exotic parasites were suspected as possibilities because the dog had been imported to Norway from South Africa. Microfilariae were not detected in the blood and heartworm antigen tests were negative. The worm was identified morphologically as an adult, female Dirofilaria repens. This is the first report of D repens from Norway. The case is of interest because of the differential diagnostic problem it posed and because infestation was recognised following treatment of another parasitic condition with a broad‐spectrum, antiparasitic drug. In addition, the case provides a reminder of the necessity to be aware of geographical differences in disease occurrence which can produce unexpected disease in non‐endemic areas as a consequence of increased international travel with pets.
Analysis of murmur intensity, duration and frequency components in dogs with aortic stenosis
Authors: Kvart C. , French A. T. , Fuentes V. Luis , Häggström J. , McEwan J. Dukes , Schober K. E.
Published: April 2008

A study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between murmur intensity, murmur duration, duration to peak intensity and frequency components with degree of aortic stenosis in boxers. Measurements were made from phonocardiograms obtained from 35 boxers with ejection‐type murmurs, and values were compared with those obtained for aortic flow velocity measured by Doppler echocardiography. Murmur intensity graded by auscultation was significantly correlated with aortic flow velocity (P<0·001), and murmur duration, expressed as a percentage of systole, was significantly correlated with aortic flow velocity (P<0·001), independent of heart rate. Dogs with early systolic murmurs not exceeding 50 per cent of systole had aortic flow velocities of less than 1·5 m/second and no echocardiographic abnormalities, in contrast with dogs with murmurs of longer duration. Dogs with only high frequency components had lower aortic velocities than those that also had components in the medium frequency range (P<0·01).
Cranial vena caval thrombosis secondary to invasive mediastinal lymphosarcoma in a cat
Authors: Sottiaux J. , Franck M.
Published: April 2008

A 12‐year‐old female cat was diagnosed with a cranial vena caval thrombosis in association with a mediastinal lymphosarcoma. The cause of the cranial vena caval thrombosis was thought to be invasion of the venous wall by neoplastic lymphoid cells. Clinical signs of cranial vena caval thrombosis, such as swelling and oedema of the submandibular area, the ventral part of the neck and the forelimbs, were related to a space‐occupying mediastinal lymphosarcoma, which also induced respiratory distress and cyanosis. Non‐selective angiocardiography demonstrated the occlusion of the cranial vena cava and abnormal venous collateral vessels feeding the heart which are accepted as the venographic hallmark of clinically overt cranial vena caval syndrome. At postmortem examination, an intracaval thrombus, 5 cm in length, was seen extending from the costocervical vein to the sulcus terminalis of the right atrium.
From atopy to zinc‐responsive dermatosis
Authors: Chadwick Anthony
Published: April 2008

Anthony Chadwick, winner of the 1997 Frank Beattie Travel Scholarship, reports on his study trip to the USA, where he attended a veterinary dermatology conference in Nashville, Tennessee, and spent two weeks at the dermatology unit of Cornell University
Arthrodesis of the shoulder for synovial osteochondromatosis
Authors: Edinger D. T. , Manley P. A.
Published: April 2008

A case of synovial osteochondromatosis (SOC) in a young deerhound's shoulder is reviewed. The age of onset and initially unaffected articular surfaces suggested primary SOC. Histological criteria for primary versus secondary osteochondromatosis are contradictory and unclear. Initial loose body removal and partial synovectomy resulted in several months of Improvement but loose bodies returned. Severe degenerative changes were found one year after the initial exploratory surgery. Arthrodesis resulted in a functional, non‐painful joint.
MRI and electrophysiological abnormalities in a case of canine globoid cell leucodystrophy
Authors: Cozzi F. , Vite C. H. , Wenger D. A. , Victoria T. , Haskins M. E.
Published: April 2008

A six‐month‐old West Highland white terrier with progressive, multifocal neurological disease was diagnosed with canine globoid cell leucodystrophy (GCL). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed, as well as electrophysiological testing (including brainstem auditory evoked response, peripheral nerve conduction velocity, repetitive stimulation, F wave analysis and electromyography). MRI findings were consistent with diffuse, symmetrical white matter disease. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed evidence of peripheral neuropathy and an abnormal brainstem auditory evoked response. These observations were consistent with the pathological changes in central and peripheral white matter described for canine GCL, and resembled what has been described in human patients. It is believed that the tests may raise the suspicion of GCL in dogs and may aid in monitoring disease progression.
Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs
Authors: Lamb C. R. , Mantis P.
Published: April 2008

Records of dogs that had abdominal ultrasonography and surgical or pathological diagnosis of intestinal intussusception between February 1992 and June 1997 were reviewed retrospectively. Ultrasound images were reviewed with respect to appearance of the intussusception, suspected location, evidence of predisposing cause and concurrent lesions. Ten intussusceptions were found, affecting a variety of breeds. The mean (range) age of affected dogs was 2·5 (0·3 to seven) years (four females and six males) and the reported duration of clinical signs, 48 (one to 150) days. Intussusceptions were jejunojejunal (five dogs), ileocolic (three), caecocolic (one) and colocolic (one). A concentric ring sign was identified ultrasonographically in each dog and anatomical location predicted correctly in five instances. Additional ultrasonographic findings associated with intussusceptions included intestinal neoplasm in two dogs, enlarged abdominal lymph nodes in two, multiple mesenteric cysts in one and intestinal foreign body in a further dog. Thus, ultrasonography enables accurate diagnosis of intestinal intussusception and is a useful method for searching for concurrent or predisposing lesions.
Horner's syndrome in a puppy
Authors: Boydell I. P.
Published: April 2008

A puppy was presented with unilateral Horner's syndrome thought to have been in existence since the eyes first opened. No other clinical signs were evident and the condition was attributed to trauma during assisted birth. All abnormalities resolved spontaneously by 11 weeks of age.
Management of cervical spondylopathy‐associated intervertebral disc protrusions using metal washers in 78 dogs
Authors: McKee W. M. , Butterworth S. J. , Scottt H. W.
Published: April 2008

Intervertebral 7·5 mm (n=75) and 6‐0 mm (n=22) metal washers were used to distract intervertebral spaces in 78 consecutive cases of canine cervical spondylopathy‐associated disc protrusions, where myelography had demonstrated traction‐responsive spinal cord compression. Nineteen dogs had compressive lesions at two sites. Fifty lesions were evaluated myelographically on immediate postoperative radiographs; of these, 32 compressions had been eliminated and 18 had been reduced. Euthanasia was performed in nine dogs within six months of surgery and 15 dogs had varying degrees of neck pain during this period. Long‐term follow‐up information was available on 65 dogs nine to 70 months following surgery (median 32 months). Sixty‐three of these dogs improved postoperatively. Neurological function subsequently deteriorated in 17 dogs 10 to 59 months following surgery (median 34 months). Eight of these 17 cases had further myelographic investigations and all had additional disc protrusions with no evidence of cord compression at the previous sites of surgery. The remaining nine cases had a deterioration in hindlimb function but were not investigated further.
Stifle joint luxation in the cat: treatment using transarticular external skeletal fixation
Authors: Bruce W. J.
Published: April 2008

Extra‐articular suturing techniques and transarticular external skeletal fixators were used to repair traumatic luxation of the stifle joint in four cats. Rupture of the cranial cruciate, caudal cruciate and medial collateral ligaments, together with injury to one or both menisci, were the most common injuries observed. The method of stifle repair was successful in all cases, but serious complications occurred when cats with transarticular external fixators were not kept confined indoors. Complications consisted of pin loosening and disruption of the fixator, or fractures through proximal or distal pins. Transarticular external skeletal fixation was considered to be a simple and effective method of maintaining short‐term joint stability to allow healing of injured soft tissue structures. The apparatus facilitated early weightbearing and, on removal, allowed for the return of near‐normal stifle function. Careful pin insertion and owner compliance in enforcing confinement are essential in minimising complications associated with immobilising the stifle joint using transarticular external skeletal fixation.
Vertebral physitis with epiphyseal sequestration and a portosystemic shunt in a Pekingese dog
Authors: Walker M. C. , Platt S. R. , Graham J. P. , Clemmons R. M.
Published: April 2008

Vertebral physitis with bone sequestration and a portosystemic shunt were diagnosed in an 18‐month‐old female Pekingese dog. The latter was determined by the presence of low blood urea nitrogen, elevated serum bile acids, microhepatica and an increased portosystemic shunt fraction. It was managed with a home‐cooked low protein diet. Vertebral physitis and bone sequestration was diagnosed by the presence of thoracolumbar hyperaesthesia, radiographic and scintigraphic changes, isolation ofStaphylococcus intermediusfrom blood and the third lumbar vertebra, and histopathological examination of a surgical biopsy. A partial sequestrectomy was performed and a six‐month course of amoxycillin‐clavulanate was prescribed. The dog was pain‐free and showed partial resolution of the radiographic signs four months after the discontinuation of antibiotics.
Spinal arachnoid cyst in four dogs: diagnosis, surgical treatment and follow‐up results
Authors: Frykman O. F‘son
Published: April 2008

Spinal arachnoid cysts were diagnosed in four dogs; two schipperkes and two rottweilers. Myelography showed the cysts to be localised either at the second to third caudal vertebrae or between the eighth and tenth thoracic vertebrae. The cysts were drop‐shaped with a dorsal midline localisation, intradural in the arachnoid space, and with a cranial opening. Surgical treatment was performed by one of two techniques; durotomy with drainage or durectomy with resection. As the pathological examination in one case revealed a lining of hyperplastic piaarachnoid meningothelial cells in the cyst, it was assumed that the cyst originates from a developmental disturbance during formation of the arachnoid membrane. Follow‐up studies were carried out from 10 months to four years postoperatively and revealed that there were no further problems in three out of four of the dogs during this period.
Possible immunodeficiency in related rottweiler dogs
Authors: Day M. J.
Published: April 2008

A litter of eight rottweiler pups is described in which two dogs died before the age of six months from systemic inflammatory disease, and two further pups developed inflammatory skin disease. All seven pups tested had a markedly low serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration (<0.1 mg/ml) and six of these dogs also had subnormal serum IgG (<0.1 to 6.4 mg/ml). Tissues taken from three diseased pups were examined immunohistochemically using a number of lymphoid markers. Secondary lymphoid tissues had a paucity of CD3+T lymphocytes, although T cells were found within some inflammatory foci. B‐lymphocyte follicles were present within lymphoid tissues, but there were irregularities of plasma cell development and a lack of plasma cells of all classes within mucosal and cutaneous sites. Inflammatory lesions were dominated by macrophages expressing class II molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Serum immunoglobulins were also investigated in eight related, clinically normal adult dogs. Five of these dogs, from two separate breeding lines, had subnormal serum IgA (<0.1 to 0.15 mg/ml). The spectrum of disease within the affected litter may be consistent with an underlying inherited immunological defect, and the observed immunological abnormalities suggest a more complex disorder than simple IgA deficiency.
Cyclosporin as the sole treatment for anal furunculosis: preliminary results
Authors: Griffiths L. G. , Sullivan M. , Borland W. W.
Published: April 2008

Cyclosporin was used, as the sole agent, to treat six cases of anal furunculosis, allowing the clinical response to the drug to be evaluated. The initial dose was 7·5 mg/kg twice a day. Following one week of treatment, whole blood cyclosporin trough levels were measured and the dose was adjusted to obtain a stable trough level of 400 to 600 ng/ml. In all dogs, the lesions were found to follow a similar pattern of resolution throughout the course of treatment. The presenting signs disappeared within one week of treatment, with a reduction in lesion size of 50 to 90 per cent. Lesions then gradually healed over the remainder of the treatment, which lasted from 10 to 20 weeks. One case required cryosurgical treatment to resolve a 2 mm diameter persistent ulcerated lesion following 18 weeks of treatment. The length of follow‐up was four to 14 months (mean 7·7 months). One case developed recurrence of the lesions eight weeks post‐treatment.
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in two cats
Authors: Gualtieri M. , Monzeglio M. G. , Giancamillo M. Di
Published: April 2008

Two cases of feline oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma are described. In both cases, diagnosis was achieved by radiography, endoscopy and cytology, and later confirmed by histology. One cat underwent oesophagectomy followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis, but died three days postsurgery; the second cat was euthanased after diagnosis.
Chronic liver disease: current concepts of disease mechanisms
Authors: Center S. A.
Published: April 2008

Optimal management of chronic liver disease requires an understanding of aetiological factors or conditions initiating and sustaining tissue damage. Injury may derive initially from toxin or xenobiotic exposure (direct, biotransformation adducts, hypersensitivity responses or immune‐mediated mechanisms), infectious organisms, inborn errors of metabolism, or pathological accumulations of transition metals (iron or copper), endotoxins or membranocytolytic bile acids. Secondarily, cells and mediators associated with inflammation, pathological expression of major histocompatibility foci on hepatocytes and biliary epithelia, aberrant initiation of apoptosis, modification of the extracellular matrix, and depletion of natural antioxidants can each play pivotal roles. Cholestatic liver injury derived from extrahepatic mechanical obstruction or intrahepatic cholestasis (many causes) can induce membrane damage subsequent to accumulation of membranocytolytic bile acids, copper retention, and membrane peroxidation. This paper reviews contemporary issues of chronic hepatocellular injury and hepatic fibrosis with the aim of broadening the clinical perspective of treatment strategies.
Bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis in a nine‐year‐old female German shepherd dog
Authors: Gopegui R. Ruiz de , Espada Y. , Majó N.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐year‐old female German shepherd dog was presented in severe renal failure. Clinical and ultrasonographic examination revealed the presence of adrenal neoplasia, bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis but no evidence of urolithiasis or bladder neoplasia. In the absence of anuria, therapy for the renal failure was attempted but the azotaemia did not improve. Remarkably, bilateral hydroureter appeared to have been induced by a past routine surgical procedure ‐ ovariohysterectomy.
Concurrent central diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism in a German shepherd dog
Authors: Ramsey I. K. , Dennis R. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: April 2008

This report describes a German shepherd dog that was presented with proportionate dwarfism and coat changes typical of hypopituitarism but that was also profoundly polydipsic and polyuric. Investigations established a diagnosis of concurrent central diabetes insipidus. Treatment with desmopressin was successful in managing the polyuria and polydipsia.
Popliteal sesamoid displacement associated with cruciate rupture in the dog
Authors: Rooster H. de , Bree H. van
Published: April 2008

Distal displacement of the popliteal sesamoid is a useful parameter in the interpretation of tibial compression radiographs in cases of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the dog. An accuracy of 99 per cent and a specificity of 100 per cent were achieved by assessing the localisation of the sesamoid bone in the diagnosis of cruciate disease.
Clinical and genetic investigations of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog
Authors: Kathmann I. , Jaggy A. , Busato A. , Bärtschi M. , Gaillard C.
Published: April 2008

A study was conducted to investigate the clinical aspects and to define the mode of inheritance of idiopathic epilepsy in the Bernese mountain dog. Pedigree analyses were carried out on an open, non‐preselected population of 4005 dogs. Five different subpopulations with 50 epileptic dogs from 13 generations were included. Almost ail epileptic patients showed generalised seizures of the grand‐mal type with a well‐defined prodromal and postictal phase. The majority (62 per cent) of the epileptic dogs had had their first seizures at between one and three years of age and it was found that the age at first seizure was significantly (P<0·05) lower in dogs from affected parental animals than in dogs from healthy parental animals. A clear predisposition for males was also noted. Additionally, there was no correlation between inbreeding coefficient and age at first seizure or incidence rate of seizures. The increased occurrence of the disease in different subpopulations and different families of the same sires or dams showed that there was a genetic basis for the condition in the Bernese mountain dog. Furthermore, the results of the pedigree analyses and binomial test support the hypothesis that idiopathic epilepsy has a polygenic, recessive mode of inheritance in the breed. Additional objective test‐mating programmes would however be necessary to define the exact mode of inheritance.
Measurement of titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in the UK
Authors: Knottenbelt C. M. , Day M. J. , Cripps P. J. , Mackin A. J.
Published: April 2008

Measurement of anti‐A and anti‐B haemagglutinating alloantibody titres was performed on serum samples from both pedigree (n = 61) and non‐pedigree (n = 43) cats previously typed using a commercial blood typing kit. All 40 type B cats had anti‐A antibody with titres ranging from 4 to 1600. Among the 61 type A sera tested, an anti‐B agglutination titre of greater than 2 was recorded in 16‐4 per cent. There was no significant association between serum alloantibody titre and cat breed or gender (P>0·05).
Observations on the development of congestive heart failure in Irish wolfhounds with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Brownlie S. E. , Cobb M. A.
Published: April 2008

Records of previous electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiography examinations of 39 Irish wolfhounds with cardiac failure, obtained during a 10‐year survey, were examined to establish whether previously detected abnormalities might be prognostic indicators for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF) due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in later life. Eighteen dogs (46 per cent) had had atrial fibrillation (AF) at their first examination. Other ECG abnormalities detected at previous examinations were ventricular and supraventricular premature contractions, first and second degree atrioventricular block, P mitrale and left anterior fascicular and right bundle branch blocks. All 39 dogs had developed AF by the time of onset of CHF. The mean age at which CHF was diagnosed was 77 months in males and 86 months in females. The mean age at which AF was first detected was 45 months in males and 59 months in females, and the mean time from the first detection of AF to CHF was 27 months in males and 24 months in females. Previous echocardiographic examinations in eight dogs, over a period of up to five years, revealed progressive left atrial and left ventricular dilatation. Fractional shortening was reduced to below the normal range at the onset of CHF compared with previous examinations in three cases but increased in five. It appears, therefore, that certain ECG abnormalities, especially AF, and/or progressive ventricular and atrial dilatation, may be indicators of ‘occult’ DCM in wolfhounds.
Free skin grafting for treatment of distal limb skin defects in cats
Authors: Shahar R. , Shamir M. H. , Brehm D. M. , Johnston D. E.
Published: April 2008

The technique and results of free skin grafts have been described in dogs, horses, rabbits, goats and mice. The procedure in cats is, however, described only indirectly in papers relating to dogs. A standard technique has been developed by the authors for use in cats, and is reported for 17 grafts in 16 cats with traumatic injury to the legs resulting in large areas of skin loss. This paper describes the preparation of the wound for grafting, the harvesting of the graft, graft placement, postoperative care and the results of the application of this technique. The success rate in this series of cases was high. This was attributed to proper preparation of the recipient site, collection of the graft and postoperative bandaging. The results suggest that the success rate of free skin grafts in cats is considerably higher than that achieved by the present authors in dogs, and reported for dogs by other surgeons in the literature.
Intra‐abdominal cryptococcosis in two dogs
Authors: Malik R. , Hunt G. B. , Bellenger C. R. , Allan G. S. , Martin P. , Canfield P. J. , Love D. N.
Published: April 2008

Intra‐abdominal cryptococcosis was diagnosed in two young dogs. The first, an entire male border collie, was presented with vomiting. An abdominal mass detected during physical examination proved to be cryptococcal mesenteric lymphadenitis on exploratory laparotomy. The second dog, a female neutered giant schnauzer, was presented with neurological signs suggestive of encephalopathy. Intestinal cryptococcal granulomas were detected in an extensive diagnostic investigation which included abdominal ultrasonography. The gastrointestinal tract was considered the most likely portal of entry for cryptococcal organisms in both cases. Both dogs were treated using surgery and multiagent antifungal chemotherapy. The first case succumbed despite therapy, while the second dog was treated successfully as gauged by return to clinical normality and a substantial decline in the cryptococcal antigen titre which continued to fall after cessation of treatment.
Transient diabetes insipidus in a dog with acromegaly
Authors: Schwedes C. S.
Published: April 2008

A nine‐year‐old female beagle with acromegaly and extreme polyuria and polydipsia during dioestrus is described. It was demonstrated that polyuria was related to an inadequate rise of arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) levels after water deprivation and stimulation with hypertonic saline. Administration of AVP did not lead to a significant increase in urine osmolality or reduction of urine volume. Clinical signs, except for bony changes, completely disappeared following ovariohysterectomy.
Current concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumours in dogs and cats
Authors: LeCouteur R. A.
Published: April 2008

Intracranial tumours occur relatively frequently in dogs, and less commonly in cats. With the availability of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging, more accurate determination of the location and extent of brain tumours in companion animals has become possible. Following these advances in imaging, precise CT‐guided stereotactic techniques for both tumour biopsy and intratumoral drug delivery have been developed for use in cats and dogs. Also, tumour identification methods, such as crush preparation examination, have facilitated rapid tumour identification. The use of improved diagnostic techniques has resulted in an increasing demand for effective therapies for brain tumours. While surgical removal and irradiation remain important treatment considerations in the management of brain tumours of cats and dogs, the development of gene therapy strategies for treatment of intracranial tumours offers much promise, although research in this area is still at an early stage.
Transanal endoscopic treatment of benign canine rectal tumours: preliminary results in six cases (1992 to 1996)
Authors: Holt P. E. , Durdey P.
Published: April 2008

Transanal endoscopic resection and cautery of benign rectal tumours was performed in six dogs with extensive and/or inaccessible rectal neoplasia. The results were encouraging, with three dogs cured and the quality of life of a further two improved for a significant time. The remaining dog died as a result of rectal perforation. Transanal endoscopic treatment of extensive and/or inaccessible benign canine rectal tumours offers an alternative to more radical techniques such as pull‐through surgery.
A survey of injuries at five greyhound racing tracks
Authors: Sicard G. K. , Short K. , Manley P. A.
Published: April 2008

The number of orthopaedic injuries sustained by racing greyhounds from five greyhound tracks in the state of Wisconsin, USA, was obtained over a two‐year period. Calculated injury rates were analysed to predict the probability that a given competitor would have an injury based on track design, temperature, bodyweight, grade of race, race distance, race number, injury location on track and type of trauma. One track had a significantly higher injury rate than the others, and this track was constructed with a decreased initial straightaway, a decreased turning radius in the second turn and an increased turn bank. Increased injury rates were also seen with successively higher grades of race, suggesting a possible correlation with speed. Race distance had a significant effect on racing greyhound injury rates as well. Races measuring 3/16 mile and 7/16 mile resulted in a higher incidence of injury as compared with races with lengths of 5/16 mile and 3/8 mile. Injuries were most likely to occur at the first turn of a race. Temperature, bodyweight, race number and type of trauma had no significant effect on injury rate. Speed, race distance and track design were significant factors that were found to influence the injury rate of the racing greyhound and should be areas to focus on for the prevention of injury.
Compliance with short‐term oral antibacterial drug treatment in dogs
Authors: Grave K. , Tanem H.
Published: April 2008

Compliance with a 10‐day course of oral antibacterial drugs in dogs being treated as outpatients at a veterinary clinic was assessed by use of pill count data obtained by telephone interview. The association between compliance and several possible determinants of compliance was investigated. Ninety‐five animal owners were included in the study, with 44 per cent reporting 100 per cent compliance with the treatment regimen and as many as 88 per cent reporting a compliance level of 80 per cent or more. The compliance level was significantly higher (P<0·002) when the animal owners felt that the veterinarians spent enough time on the consultation. Moreover, compliance was significantly higher (P<0·05) for dogs being treated for gastrointestinal infections compared with those being treated for other diseases.
Miconazole/chlorhexidine shampoo as an adjunct to systemic therapy in controlling dermatophytosis in cats
Authors: Paterson S.
Published: April 2008

A 2 per cent miconazole/2 per cent chlorhexidine shampoo was used in two groups of Persian cats infected with Microsporum canis. In the first group, the cats were treated with griseofulvin alone while, in the second, griseofulvin was used with the shampoo. The clinical signs of the cats were scored on a scale of 1 to 4 for seborrhoea, ease of epilation of hair and the extent of primary lesions, to try to give an overall impression of hair coat condition. The speed of resolution of the infection was assessed in terms of time to mycological cure. Samples were taken from the environment of both groups to assess the degree of environmental contamination at the end of treatment. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for time to mycological cure, although the lesion scores in the second group decreased significantly more quickly than those of the first group. Additionally, no dermatophytes were cultured from the environment in the second group at the end of the study.