bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violence and Pacifism
Authors: Zahn Gordon C.
Published: September 2018

At a time when military policies and technology have achieved eschatological potentiality, if not imminence, one frequently hears friendly references to the pacifist alternative. True, the tendency—as is amply illustrated in some recent articles and editorials in Worldview—is still to abruptly dismiss this alternative from serious consideration as a practical solution to present or threatening world dilemmas. For what satisfaction it brings, the pacifist notes that even this abrupt dismissal is usually couched in wistful, somewhat longing, “how nice if it could be, but …” terms; there is little or none of the old indignation, seldom the old imputations of treason or subversion that formerly accompanied the closing of the mind to all pacifist argumentation.
The Rise and Decline of NATO
Authors: Pfaff William
Published: September 2018

NATO was born of a crisis, and its trouble today results from the fact that the crisis is gone. The ruins of war have been cleared away. The drama of 1949—of a clash between Germany's conquerorshas faded. The ambition of the Soviet Union to dominate Western Europe undoubtedly still exists, but it is a passive threat, a latent threat which no longer has in it an immediacy and power sufficient to compel great measures of defense, The states of Western Europe are no longer the unconfldent nations they were in the last years of the 1940's; they no longer need rely upon the United States to defend them from the Soviet Union; and the Soviet Union is no longer quite the bizarre society it was in those years of menace.
On Power in Judaism
Authors: Schwarzschild Steven S.
Published: September 2018

With respect to the morality and legitimacy of power a schematic view which is held by many, including probably most Jews, was recently expressed again by the late and learned David Baumgardt (Living Legacy—Essays in Honor of Hugo Hahn, N.Y. 1963, pp. 20-23). The view, summarily put, amounts to this: there is, on one hand, the attitude of a few radical Christians—to limit ourselves to the Western world—who condemn power as in itself evil and sinful; they take New Testament statements like “turn the cheek” and “do not judge” literally. But they are neurotic and, what is worse, unrealistic, for they open gates to the victory of injustice and brutality.
Italy's “Opening to the Left”
Authors: Robert Nilsson K.
Published: September 2018

Since the Italian General Elections of April 28-29, the buzz of speculation has been increasing noticeably. For they seem to have provided infinite diagnostic opportunities, as though to confirm Gaetano Salvemini's description of those scholars who incline “neither on the one hand to partiality nor on the other to impartiality.“

Thus, the losses of the Christian Democracy Party (CD) to the Liberal Right are explained as a rejection of the “opening to the left.” “On the other hand,” CD losses to the Socialist and Communist Left are attributed to the slowness with which the “opening” was being put into effect. From yet another side, the losses have been attributed to the melting away of old barriers against the Communist classenemy. Proponents of this view point with alarm to the encyclicals of the late Pope John, Mater et Magistra and Pacem in Terris.
The United States and United Europe
Authors: Fedder Edwin H.
Published: September 2018

The current debate concerning the role to be played by the United States with respect to the expanding Common Market is in many ways as unreal as the proverbial angels and pinheads. The unreality stems from the fact that the United States has no choice—we are irrevocably committed to our identification with Western Europe.

Despite the level of integration already achieved by the Western European nations, it can still be fashionable in informed circles to minimize the developments which have been leading toward the creation of a United Europe, to say that current plans for unification will come to naught. While it is true that earlier plans failed, there are sound reasons to say that those on the boards now will not.
Berlin After the Cuban Crisis
Authors: Gottwald Norman K.
Published: September 2018

As one attempts to think through the implications of the Cuban crisis for Berlin, it seems especially important not to generalize without careful analysis of all the factors in the two situations. It is understandable that in our first elation at “victory” the advocates of a hard line with Russia should assume that a similar, policy wilt work in Berlin. Actually, one must recognize that the blockade which obtained the withdrawal was a graduated use of force directed at a limited objective. It is by no means clear that a different procedure, for example carrying our grievance to the United Nations, would not have worked as well or better, particularly if one of our policy aims is to strengthen the United Nations.
Arabs or Moslems?
Authors: Kritseck James
Published: September 2018

A Tunisian aristocrat named Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun, after a stormy career in politics, retired to a castle in Algeria in 1375 and began to write a history of the world. Before embarking on his narrative, however, he gave unhurried thought to the nature of human history. That thought, set down in lengthy Muqaddimah (introduction) to his history, has won him a peerage among mankind's great thinkers. Arnold J. Toynbee has pronounced it “the greatest work of its kind that has ever yet been created by any mind in any time or place.”
Intensive Care of Acute Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Ropper Allan H.
Published: September 2018

Guillain-Barré syndrome causes, in addition to paralysis and respiratory failure, many general medical problems that have great bearing on outcome. The main features of daily care that require attention are: respiratory and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hyponatremia, pain control, and the potential for pulmonary embolism. Dysautonomic problems that arise specifically in the intensive care unit include: hyper- and hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and ileus. Throughout the illness, certain psychological aberrations and communication problems must be addressed. The experience reviewed herein provides a practical approach to these problems.
Notes on the Dialogue
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

The French saying, Pas d'ennemi à gauche, can be paraphrased today: No dialogue with the right. For indeed, the “dialogue,” the most popular term of the sixties, is a companion-word of peaceful coexistence with communism and of apertura a sinistra, even of ecumenism whose noble objectives have been corrupted by the scramble of many, so-called ecumenists for the atheist's smile.

Primarily, then, “dialogue” is a political term, masking a strategy designed to appease and validate the ideological Left. Since this Left has its representatives within die Christian churches as well as in the political arena, it is hard to separate church matters from more generally political matters in discussing the dialogue. To a large extent, indeed, they overlap, as is shown by the identity of expressions that advocates of political or religious dialogue use in their parallel approach to the problem.
Organized Religion and Peace
Authors: Moore Arthur
Published: September 2018

“Do organized religions have the right to consider problems of war and peace?” The answer, of course, is yes. This may seem to some a mere cliché, but given the extremely wide spectrum of contemporary opinion about what religion should or should not do, it is useful to emphasize this point.

To those of us who get letters from readers or telephone calls from parishioners, it may not seem immediately evident that this point is generally acknowledged. It is nevertheless true. No matter how angry the reaction may be to any given statement, the basic attack, ultimately, is almost always on the content of the statement rather than upon the right of the religious group to make a statement of some kind about war and peace.
Morality and Modern War
Authors: Courtney Murray John
Published: September 2018

There are three distinct standpoints from which it is possible to launch a discussion of the problem of war in this strange and perilous age of ours that has yet to find its name. My initial assertion will be that it is a mistake to adopt any one ot them exclusively and to carry the argument on to its logical conclusion. If this is done, the argument will end in serious difficulties.
A Sleep of Prisoners
Authors: Gottwald Norman K.
Published: September 2018

Strange how we trust the powers that ruin And not the powers that bless Christopher Fry, A Sleep of Prisoners

A key issue in modern international affairs is the policy of possessing nuclear weapons in order allegedly to prevent war. Christian conscience cannot evade the dilemma that this policy poses. It is easy to try to pull the sting from it by playing a game with words and theories.

A recent instance of a common way of pulling the sting is Bernard Brodie's “Morals and Strategy” (worldview, September 1964).
After Nineteen Years, Let Us Begin
Authors: O'Brien William V.
Published: September 2018

Two paragraphs of Schema XIII, on the Church and the Modern World, have been briefly debated by the Vatican Council and will be considered when it reconvenes. They bring to mind the following parable: Once there was a parent whose son was a chronic juvenile delinquent. Early on the boy displayed spectacular anti-social tendencies and everyone urged that the professional advice of psychiatrists be solicited and followed. But for nineteen years the parent avoided a showdown, only occasionally facing the real problem. Rather, his concern took the form of deploring and attempting to deal only with the manifestations of bis son's underlying mental illness. Finally, in despair, the father took the son to the first psychiatrist who was available for a half-hour interview.
American Diplomacy and the First Cuban Revolution
Authors: Dewart Leslie
Published: September 2018

To date, most interpretations of Cuban-American relations since Castro's revolution have depended in great part upon the assumption of either unqualified benevolence or sordid malignancy in American diplomacy towards Cuba. Both these prejudices are false; American diplomacy has been of a highly ambivalent nature.

To understand this it might be useful to recall what few students of recent Cuban events have remembered, namely, that Castro's was only the second radical reconstruction attempt in Cuba to have posed problems for the United States.
Internationalism and the Nations of Europe
Authors: Lukacs John
Published: September 2018

Let us begin with the obvious. A certain kind of “Europe” is taking shape. I put “Europe” within quotation marks. This “Europe” which is taking shape, is a “Europe” of institutions. It is a result of the achievements of the fifties rather than of the forties and of the sixties; of the Schuman Plan and of the Western European Union and of the Common Market, of WEU and EPU and ECSC and EFTA, of Europ and Euratom and Europlan and Eurovision, of OEEC and OECD and TEE.

There is nothing in history which is inevitable, and the history of no continent shows this better than the history of Europe: but certain things are irreversible (an interesting thought for philosophers: why, historically speaking, “inevitable” and “irreversible“ are not at all the same) and this development of “European” institutions is one of them.
Questioning the Basic Premises
Authors: Thatcher Harold W.
Published: September 2018

Since the beginning of our intervention in Vietnam there has been much criticism of our ill-fated policy there. Much of it, however, has been aimed at our tactics and techniques and therefore has not been very effective because, once the basic premises and assumptions of the government's policy in Vietnam are accepted, a good case can be made out by the Administration for the means employed. What should be criticized and attacked are the basic premises and assumptions, for these seem, in almost every instance, to be demonstrably false.

Before examining these basic premises, however, it may be well to say a few words about the climate in which all of our foreign policy since World War II has been conducted. The two words which most succinctly characterize this climate are fear and hate.
Latin American Diary
Authors: Tillman Seth
Published: September 2018

December 1,1967—Recife. After flying all night from Miami, I arrived in Recife this morning.’ I wanted to see the town, the shanty towns which are called “favelas” (the word is the Portuguese equivalent of the Spanish “barriadas”), the dry “sertao” of the interior if possible and one or more of the coastal sugar plantations.

The northeast of Brazil is divided into two general regions: the coastal sugar plantations, owned by powerful but not always prosperous sugar barons and worked by illiterates, most of whom receive less than the Federal minimum wage of $26 a month; and the interior sertao, populated by illiterate and extremely poor farmers who, in the frequent droughts, often starve or pour desperately intd Recife or other cities.
Religion and Politics in South Asia
Authors: Smith Donald
Published: September 2018

The relation of religion and politics in South Asia is a subject of unusual complexity, with a richness of phenomena which at once intrigues and embarrasses. In the West we are concerned chiefly with the major branches of the Christian church; in South Asia we find a compact geographical region which is the meeting place of three major world religions. The majorities in the three most important South Asian countries, India, Pakistan and Ceylon, profess respectively Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. From a comparative point of view it is important to note that the three countries share a similar colonial background: all three were part of the British Empire. British policies with respect to religion in undivided India and in Ceylon were not identical, but they did follow the same general lines.
Dismantling the Barricades: The Example of Italy
Authors: Nilsson K. R.
Published: September 2018

Anyone hardened to the foot-stomping, carnival atmosphere of American nominating conventions can only be amazed at the sobriety of European party congresses. At the 36th Congress of the Italian Socialist Party (P.S.I.), held in Rome between November 10 and 14, 1965, there were in evidence no funny hats, no jiggling cheerleaders, no carefully rehearsed floor demonstrations. Indeed, the-book displays in ,thc lobby, the style of the speeches themselves—closely reasoned arguments concerning the policy options open to the Party—the decorous absence of hecklers or interjections from the floor, all combined to lend the five-day meeting the air of a professional association conference.
As Freedom is a Fantasy
Authors: Gendler Everett E.
Published: September 2018

In the first sense of the term, the representation of that not actually present, it is in fact a fantasy “that military service in this country's aimed forces is an option exercisable solely at the discretion of the individual,” as Freedom House proclaims. The “option” of military service is indeed not exercised today “solely at the discretion of the individual,” neither in this country nor any other. Such an option is “not actually present”.

Which means what? Simply that a central meaning of freedom — “… existing under a government which … does not encroach upon individual rights … acting of one's own will or choice; not determined from without” — is not yet a reality for young men anywhere on this planet.
Our National Policies: Time For a Change
Authors: Bennett John C.
Published: September 2018

I think that Dr. Rostow imposes upon the present situation a mistaken view of “dangers and challenges and possibilities.” As I understand him, he thinks of the war in Vietnam as a war against aggression or against “wars of national liberation” which, if successful, will help humanity to turn a corner and to enter upon a more stable and peaceful stage of history. On the contrary, this war causes us to miss opportunities to create some conditions for peace through agreements with the Soviet Union as the other major nuclear power, to improve through cooperation with the Soviet Union the actual institutions of world order represented primarily by the United Nations.
The Choice Is Ours — Now
Authors: Klutznick Philip M.
Published: September 2018

I welcome an opportunity to briefly examine Walt Rostow's contention that we are at a watershed. I am inclined to accept the generic proposition, although it will become apparent that the premises with which we support the conclusion differ.

Vietnam can well be the last great confrontation of the postwar era if we learn the lessons of Vietnam as well as others of recent years. Vietnam is providing an excellent modern example of the limitations of enormous military power. In another area, the Kennedy round, which was completed some months ago, there is also provided a classic example of the limitations of enormous economic power. If the people of the United States and especially its leadership can profit from the experiences of recent months on the military and economic fronts, then Mr. Rostow's thesis that we are at a watershed should prove valid. If we fail to understand or misinterpret what is happening, then it is possible that Mr. Washburn and the new generation are in for the kind of difficulties that could arise from a major decline in the affluence and influence of the United States. Naturally, every American might selfishly view such a prospect with great concern; I am sufficiently chauvinistic about our nation's potential for good that I view it with alarm for the world as a whole.
The Challenge of the Future
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W.
Published: September 2018

No task in political science or diplomatic analysis is more baffling and uncertain than that of political prediction. To say that we are at a watershed in the unfolding of contemporary international relations is to postulate the existence of deep running social and political forces so powerful that they will carry international society into a new era. That important forces exist affecting international politics is beyond dispute; that these aspects of the present day world are capable of transforming the relations among men and nations is far less susceptible of proof.

It is sobering to look back to the dominant views concerning international society which were prevalent two decades ago. First, many saw in the establishment of the United Nations the possibility of removing power politics and rivalries among states from the international scene.
South Africa and Terrorism
Authors: Pew Mary Jean
Published: September 2018

World attention has been drawn in recent years to the intensification of organized militant action by Africans against the white ruling powers of southern Africa. The incidents have been sporadic, inadequately organized and equipped, doomed to fail from the outset. Nevertheless the governments have responded with comprehensive legislative and executive action to maintain “law and order” — undoubtedly a legitimate responsibility of any government, but one presumably to be reached by means that accord with norms of justice and the rule of law. Thirty-six men from South West Africa are currently being tried in South Africa for some allegedly terrorist activities on the basis of a law reflective more of a government that intends to maintain power by any means than one that is cognizant of standards of justice with which it, as much as any individual, should comply.
The Illusions of a Realist
Authors: Molnar Thomas
Published: September 2018

Charles de Gaulle has always been a rather enigmatic figure, and from his earliest days as an officer he carefully cultivated this image of himself. In one of his books he wrote that it is the leader's destiny to remain aloof and shoulder silently the burden of responsibility. And he considered himself as the future leader of France back in the late 1920's when one day he confided to a fellow officer his premonition that the country would yet call upon him to save her.

To his contemporaries. the enigma seemed more often than not ominous. Once in the mid-30's Leon Blum named him in a warning to the National Assembly against setting up an armée de metier, an elite corps of motorized troops “ready for any adventure.” Blum added that M. de Gaulle copied the idea from experiments in the German army, a statement that certainly did not endear the politician to the colonel. The latter claimed-to have been an innovator in the matter of using rapid armored divisions in a future war.
Modern War and the Just War
Authors: Douglass James W.
Published: September 2018

In view of the agreement being pounded out for a test-ban treaty and the hope that we are entering a new stage of East-West understanding, it may seem academic at this point to re-open discussion of die morality of nuclear war. There are substantial reasons for thinking otherwise.

The first is that the apocalyptic weapons which have driven fear into the heart of humanity remain present and poised for firing. Their number, in fact, continues to increase even as the peaceful effects of the understanding at Moscow move across the earth giving rise to men's joy and hope. Without discouraging such profound hopes, for which there are good reasons, we must nevertheless recognize the unlikelihood of a test-ban generating so rapid an agreement on disarmament that we shall see the great weapons removed and destroyed in the near future.
Christianity and Communism: The Emerging Dialogue
Authors: Murchland Bernard
Published: September 2018

“There are two kinds of truth,” the Danish physicist, Niels Bohr, used to tell his students, “small truth and great truth. You can recognize a small truth because its opposite is falsehood. The opposite of a great truth is another truth.”

I suggest it might be helpful to view Christianity and communism as two great truths, in Bohr's sense. The issue between them is not so much one of truth and falsehood as the more comprehensive opposition of the kind exhibited by different philosophies of life, each making claim to man's total allegiance. This opposition ought in fact to be a form of creative collaboration, for the truth never'competes with itself, only with error.
In Defense of Defense
Authors: Gessert Robert A.
Published: September 2018

Confusion and a deep division within the American public over die value of an anti-ballistic missile (A.B.M.) defense system was reflected in the midsummer vote in the Senate to authorize about $900 million for expenditure in fiscal year 1970 for President Nixon's Safeguard A.B.M. system.

During the debate that preceded the Senate vote, public and religious presses carried many articles that presented forceful arguments against the Safeguard program. These seem to boil down to two principal issues of moral concern: it is alleged, first, that the Safeguard A.B.M. would introduce a destabilizing element into the strategic nuclear balance just at the time we are attempting to enter negotiations with the Soviet. Union for limitation on strategic armaments; second, that deployment of the Safeguard system would be wasteful of national resources needed for pressing domestic problems.
No More Vietnams: The End of Intervention?
Authors: Paton Davies John
Published: September 2018

Some twenty years ago, when we found out that the Chinese could fight, American military and diplomatic officialdom discovered Sun Tzu. This discovery came about through emergency reading of Mao Tse-tung on strategy, which in turn revealed that Mao had drawn many of his ideas (and even plagiarized) from an obscure ancient called Sun Tzu. More recently, when we found out that the North Vietnamese could fight, Sun Tzu again, so I am told, came into vogue with our military and diplomatic thinkers.

Liddell Hart speaks of this fourth century B.C. military theorist as having had a “clear vision” and “more profound insight” than Clausewitz. But our leaders' acquaintance with that vision and insight seems to have availed us little. “Know the enemy and know yourself,” said Sun Tzu — not Confucius nor John F. Kennedy — “and in a hundred battles you will never be in peril.”
Was de Tocqueville's Pessimism Justified?
Authors: Brandon Donald
Published: September 2018

In his classic Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville expressed doubt that this country would be able to conduct a wise foreign policy. He argued that democracies lack the qualities necessary for such a stance in world affairs. In his words, “… a democracy can only with great difficulty regulate the details of an important undertaking, persevere in a fixed design, and work out its execution in spite of serious obstacles.” Through the second world war, many students of American foreign policy felt that de Tocqueville's pessimistic expectations had been proven valid. Since 1898, this nation seemed to oscillate between extremes of adventurous activism and sullen isolationism.
Mission to Hanoi
Authors: Berrigan Daniel
Published: September 2018

I am setting this down on February 26th as the reverberations of our trip seem to be subsiding. I want also to pay a certain ironic tribute to the visit and presence of a State Department official who arrived here this afternoon and treated me to an hour and a half of small talk and double talk. He is so young, and so completely cut to the bureaucratic cloth, that I found him excelling beyond praise in the old game of which Socrates spoke. That is to say, he is skilled at making the worse cause appear the better.
Human Rights: The Church Speaking to Politics
Authors: Quade Quentin L.
Published: September 2018

In the language and literature of politics there are few concepts at once as important and as confused as the idea of human rights.

The testimony to its importance is convincing. Countless men have died in the name of human rights. Entire societies have been formed with some vision of human rights as the central social creed, while other societies have been thoroughly disrupted by internal elements pursuing such rights. And today the politics of many nations and much of the politics among nations is carried on in verbal categories of human rights.

But if the significance of the notion of human rights is evident, the fact of disagreement about its meaning is no less clear.
Students, Faculty and Society
Authors: Cornog William H.
Published: September 2018

It seems to be that this year above all years we shall not want to or be able to confine ourselves to the examination of our instruction and guidance or purely the educational program. We are obliged to relate what we teach and how we teach, and the way in which we and our students live and study together, to the large and very serious concerns of our society in these most unquiet times.

Anyone who witnessed the recent events in Chicago must be more concerned than ever about the state of the union. Everyone who saw the violence in the streets and the incivility of the political scene indoors was shocked. But the tragedy is that few could have been surprised.
The Idea of a Political Theology, II.
Authors: Bryan Hehir J.
Published: September 2018

Given the nature of the decision-making process in modern institutions, those concerned with normative questions must sharpen these questions. And they must learn to express them in terms which will be meaningful to those concerned with the technical aspects of the policy and planning process and also to the experienced concerns of the polity. This translation of ethical questions into political form requires that ethics take its place in the dialogue which already is going on in the disciplines of the social sciences. The task for ethics in this conversation is to be able to maintain its own integrity—its own agenda—without falling victim to the illusion that integrity means autonomy.
Christian-Marxist Dialogue: An Evaluation
Authors: Latter Quentin
Published: September 2018

In a world of manifold and conflicting ideologies it seems safe to say that there are only two forces which are at once sufficiently universalist in their claims and sufficiently extensive in their influence to enlist the allegiance of vast segments of the world's population. Without attending to the manifest differences which divide them internally, we can recognize in each a unity of purpose and viewpoint which permits us to refer to them simply as Christianity and communism. Whatever one's view of the future of these two forces, they are at the present time the most significant forces which can—or will—address themselves to the major ills which plague our world.
Political Surveillance and the Constitutional Order
Authors: Blacketock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

It is a truism that knowledge is power and that secret knowledge is secret power. Both are a threat to democratic governments. One of the reasons why the totalitarian governments of both Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany were able to enslave their peoples was the fact that their security police and intelligence agencies expanded their legitimate security functions to include widespread political surveillance of all persons suspected of being ”subversive.“

Inevitably, in an atmosphere of heightened political and social tensions, one man's liberal is another man's subversive. The definition of “subversive” can easily be expanded to include anyone who in any way opposes government policy or criticizes the established political and social order.
The Needs of Politics and the Needs of Society
Authors: Thayer Frederick C.
Published: September 2018

We have been reading for some time that the Nixon Administration has abandoned its "low profile" approach in favor of harsh rhetoric that divides us into "polarized" camps, with Attorney General Mitchell and Vice-President Agnew singled out as the principal culprits. As this is written, it is too early to tell if the President's, attempt to overcome the reaction to his Cambodian decision is the beginning of a long-term restoration of a "cooler" approach or is merely an interlude between Agnewisms. In any case, the President's original words about the necessity to listen to each other struck a happy note, and it is equally the case that productive exchanges of views seem most difficult to achieve in this society. Why?
Letter from Rome
Authors: O'Grady Desmond
Published: September 2018

Even fifteen, years ago sheep could safely graze in the fields opposite our apartment. But luxury apartments began to be built apace and the land which had cost 50 lire a square metre now sells for as much as 130,000 lire. There is only one patch of green left in the area, yet the proprietor of the whole district can now erect four blocks of apartment buildings on it, having won his case against the Town Council. "They always win their cases against the municipality" is the comment in the district; "they have plenty of money and the municipality is bankrupt."
“Myth” in Politics
Authors: Maguire Daniel C.
Published: September 2018

The Government fashions an imaginary world that pleases it, and then conies to believe in the reality of that world and acts as though it were real.

-Hans J. Morgenthau, New York Times Magazine, April 18, 1965

Words are like people; they have many relatives and companions. When you decide to marry a word to your particular purpose, it is thus well to make clear in advance that it is the word you want and not the whole family of associations. "Myth," of course, is a much-used and well-battered word. But in spite of varied usage, "myth" remains in linguistic currency and, if carefully defined, can be serviceable.
This Year in Jerusalem
Authors: Moore Arthur J.
Published: September 2018

In a corridor of the royal palace in Amman, Jordan, there is a large photograph of King Hussein. Or rather three photographs within one frame, so arranged that as you walk by the picture keeps changing—in the manner of those pictures with a three-dimensional effect. This changing, multiple picture is a good metaphor for the Middle East, where things are very often more or less than they seem and where truth depends largely upon the angle of vision.

Our group became aware of the relative nature of truth within forty-eight hours of the beginning of our trip. Warmly greeted at the Cairo airport by members of the Ecumenical Advisory Council (which includes Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant churches), launched upon an exhausting and impressive round of dinners and interviews with cabinet ministers, educators, journalists, and religious leaders, strolling by the Nile after a dinner at the Papal Nuncio's residence, we felt both important and welcome. Twelve hours later we were arrested as spies.
American Pacifism: The Problems and the Promise
Authors: Sibley Mulford Q.
Published: September 2018

Our age, with its many disquietudes, has been peculiarly open to radical critiques in ethics and polities. Peter Brock's account of pacifism, therefore, appears at a time when interest in the subject should be greater than in certain previous periods. We have not had comprehensive studies of the American peace movement since those of Devere Allen and Merle Curti. Brock's very detailed work does not, of course, purport to be an examination of the peace movement as a whole but only of the pacifist stream within it — that tendency which in principle rejects all war, whatever the professed goals, and stresses the notion” of non-violence. Although be treats the theme only down to 1914, some of the seminal issues of pacifist thought and practice in any age — including our own — are illustrated in this massive volume. The extensive bibliography could be a point of departure for many specialized studies.
A Look at the Intelligence Establishment
Authors: Blackstock Paul W.
Published: September 2018

Under a new title, The Intelligence Establishment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), Professor Harry Howe Ransom of Vanderbilt University has thoroughly revised and up-dated his original work, Central Intelligence and National Security, which first appeared in 1958. The result is a highly readable, well-informed survey of the intelligence community (including a new chapter on the British intelligence system), plus penetrating essays on the nature of intelligence, its relationship to national policy and decision-making, surveillance by Congress, and the related problems of administration and executive control.
Notes on Theological Priorities
Authors: Casalis Georges
Published: September 2018

Are the message, structures and socio-political implications of Christianity in harmony with the teaching, person and life of its Founder? To the degree that one of its functions is to examine this question critically at every moment, theology today is confronted with urgent revolutionary imperatives.

This reflection may possibly seem applicable only to the Western or Euroamerican world, and it is undoubtedly true. However, two things are clear: First, the present epoch requires that everyone return to his sources and examine his own roots inorder to assume his identity creatively rather than accept it passively.
Report from Guatemala
Authors: Pérez-Esclarίn Antonio
Published: September 2018

Guatemala, the largest Central American country, is suffering today under a system of terror. The government of Colonel Carlos Arana Osorio has decided to eliminate the opposition by annihilating it. Mere suspicion of being an active "Communist," "Castroist" or "Leftist" can lead to imprisonment and death. And under the facade of institutional government, and in the name of pacification, "institutional terror" rules this agricultural country in which 2.2 per cent of the population possesses 70 per cent of the cultivatable land.
Thunder from the Right
Authors: Jennings James R.
Published: September 2018

"Free enterprise has destroyed itself," Pope Pius XI said in 1931, and has been replaced by an "international imperialism whose country is where profit is." No wild-eyed radical or flaming liberal, Plus XI was one more in a long line of conservative Roman churchmen raised to the papal office. His elaborations about the world's economic systems, delivered in his encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, have particular relevance this year, since the whole network of international trade and finance has come under severe attack by the actions of President Nixon in August, and the subsequent reactions of other nations.
Marx in '71: The Heavenly City of the 20th-century Philosophers
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: September 2018

My title comes, of course, from Carl Becker's poignant and ironic book on the Utopian thinkers of the Enlightenment. The poignancy in Becker's work came from his sympathy for their ideal of a society transformed, a mankind fulfilled. The irony came from his pained perception that these eighteenth-century thinkers had made things absurdly easy for themselves, by supposing that the order of nature—correctly understood—contained the code for a benign society, without ancient tyrannies and traditional terrors. The optimism and self-confidence of the Enlightenment have long since vanished. Anguish, even desperation, mark the writings of the contemporary heirs of the Enlightenment, the Western European Marxists. The revolution seems always to recede over the historical hbrizon. It is far too early for another Becker to record their chronicle. History may, in the end, show them to be at least as successful as their spiritual ancestors and perhaps more so. I wonder, however, whether they may be imitating the eighteenth-century in one important respect.
Pope Paul VI and Vietnam
Authors: Kenny Denis
Published: September 2018

It is generally recognized that Pope Paul VI has played a significant role in the development of initiatives for peace in Vietnam, and his efforts and attitudes have frequently been contrasted with those of the Catholic bishops of the United States. Since the publication of John XXIII's Pacem in Terris in 1963, and especially since Paul VI's visit to the United Nations in October, 1965, the papacy has attempted to create and fill a new role for itself as an agency of peace and reconciliation in the modern world. A close examination of the role of the Pope in initiatives for peace in Vietnam, however, reveals both the difficulties of the role and the extent to which the scarcely acknowledged political commitments of the Vatican profoundly affect the efficacy of these initiatives.
In Another America
Authors: Lekachman Robert
Published: September 2018

That extraordinarily valuable citizen Michael Harrington is, among his many other public activities, Chairman of the Socialist Part), USA. So quiet a life do socialists now lead that one is nearly tempted to list this post as a harmless private avocation. Yet in the days of Eugene Debs, American socialism was a serious political movement. Michael Harrington would have it so again.

As Harrington recalls in Socialism (Saturday Review Press; 436 pp.; $12.50), his impressive analysis of the Socialist past and less impressive account of the Socialist present, Debs in 1912 actually collected 6 per cent of the Presidential votes. In 340 cities, 1,200 Socialists held office, among them 79 mayors. Even two decades later, in the 1932 Presidential campaign, Norman Thomas attracted nearly a million .votes and the Party boasted 1,600 local affiliates.
Solzhenitsyn and the Merger of Dissent
Authors: Fletcher William C.
Published: September 2018

Easter comes in Russia later than in the West. The Russian Orthodox Church, conservative to its depths in so many respects, has never relinquished its ancient loyalty to the Julian calendar—and, indeed, twice in this century it has forcefully resisted efforts to abolish the embarrassment of the thirteen-day lag in that out-of-date schema. Easter of 1972, for peculiar reasons connected with the lunar cycle, came only a week after the Western churches had celebrated the feast, but if 1972 is to be signaled out for any particular note when the histories of our times are written, it will not be for this. Instead, a single letter, circulated from hand to hand and reaching the West in April, 1972, will mark this particular Lenten season as worth remembering.
India Joins the Human Race
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

The 1971 war between India and Pakistan, and the subsequent establishment of Bangladesh, has forced a general rethinking of world politics. The war is too recent to judge any long-range consequences, but the resulting new atmosphere in India itself has raised fundamental issues of theory and practice to which non-Indians should be alerted.

The moral conception that India had of herself— the heritage of nonalignment, Gandhism and neutralism—has been transformed radically by India's newly discovered power and military achievements. In light of Goa, the earlier Pakistan conflicts and the China invasion, her ambiguous tradition has made India seem hypocritical, preaching one thing and readily practicing another.
Berlin, Cuba and Haiphong
Authors: Thayer Frederick C.
Published: September 2018

President Nixon's decision to mine the harbors of North Vietnam, while stepping up the bombing at the same time, launched another wave of partial hysteria. The president of Amherst College made certain he was arrested for joining a peace demonstration which invaded a nearby military base, a convenient device which enabled him to transfer the problem of campus unrest to a new location. Theodore Sorensen made another of his frequent appearances on the “Op-Ed” page of the New York Times to remind us how skillfully John Kennedy, by comparison, had handled foreign policy, especially during the Cuban missile crisis.
Soviet Jews and Middle-Aged Zionism
Authors: Levine Hillel
Published: September 2018

Ideology is a discredited term in some circles. The geopolitical map of the twentieth century is pockmarked with ideologies gone bad. With the Utopian thinking of the Enlightenment came the conviction that “Ideals can transform reality.” But ideologies that undermined one repressive order in the name of progress became the zealous gods of another. Ideologists credit their Idea with omnipotence, borrowing the techniques of medieval casuistry) to reduce the more blatant discrepancies between the ideal and real.

It is true, streets plastered with slogans and millions of people waving little red books are frightening. But the possibility that the technocrats shall inherit the earth is also somewhat disconcerting. The excesses to which “total” ideologies lend themselves should not blind us to other aspects of the ideological enterprise; bloody revolutions and totalitarian regimes do not exhaust the possibilities.
A New Sense of Direction
Authors: Luther King Martin
Published: September 2018

A few months before his assassination in Memphis, April 4, 1968, Dr. King spoke to the staff of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference meeting in retreat at Frogmore, South Carolina, He was preparing them for the Poor People's Campaign scheduled for the spring of 1968. This is Dr. King's last thorough evaluation of “the movement” its prospects and problems, in our possession.

While the description of urban violence may seem dated, Dr. King's analysis of the causes and cures of urban injustice remains disturbingly relevant. His understanding of what was happening among youth as well as his understanding of American militarism is, for better or worse, equally pertinent. Especially important, in view of current claims that Dr. King was undergoing a fundamental change of political philosophy toward the end of his life, is his concluding affirmation of non-violence.
The Nixon Doctrine of Bargains
Authors: Johnston Whittle
Published: September 2018

More car for less money" might be the salesman's pitch for the diplomatic bonanza promised in the Nixon Doctrine. The focus on partnership with friendlv nations will lower America's cost in meeting her obligations, we are told, but the saving is not at the price of an inferior product. On the contrary, it assures a superior one. There is, to be sure, a reduction of America's load, but without damage to our vital interests or to world order. Indeed, the reduction is intended to further those interests and that order.
Cuban Catholics and Castro
Authors: Domínguez Jorge I.
Published: September 2018

Aformer "church-in-silence" is babbling anew. After the silence of most of the 1960's, religious Cuba is speaking out. Many of us may not be ready for what we hear.

Our unreadiness flows from a variety of sources. One is that the United States policy of isolating Cuba not only isolates Cuba but also isolates us from it. Another source may be the traditional expectation that a church in a Communist country stands in unrelenting opposition to the government—or else retreats into the catacombs. Many Protestants, Roman Catholics and Jews in Cuba have rejected (or are rejecting) the two traditional alternatives of sabotage or withdrawal to silence, even though both alternatives were tried, to one degree or another, for the bulk of the past decade.
Writers Under the Heirs of Stalin
Authors: Rothberg Abraham
Published: September 2018

The lash—

a medicine,

although it isn't exactly honey.

The foundation of the state

is direction,

direction.

Yevgeny Yevtushenko

Remembering the role writers and intellectuals played in the Hungarian revolt of 1956 and in the Czechoslovak liberalization from 1966 to 1968, the Soviet authorities are determined to see that Aleksander Solzhenitsyn's works, as well as those of a number of other Soviet writers, bring neither increased turbulence at home nor decreased prestige and power for the Soviet Union and its leadership abroad.
Wars of National Liberation: A Catholic Response
Authors: Kenny Denis
Published: September 2018

In 1834 the French priest Félicité de Larnmenais wrote Paroles dun Croyant, in which he asserted that it would not be a nation or a Icing or a church that would bear the future destiny of mankind but "the people." Lammenais and the L'Avenir group in Paris had appealed in 1831 to Pope Gregory XVI, advocating that the Catholic Church abandon its traditional alliance with the thrones of Europe to align itself with and become the champion of the freedom of the people; In the encyclical Mirari Vos Gregory XVI repudiated Lammenais's appeal and reaffirmed the mutually reinforcing relationship between the true religion and established political power as the one guarantee against "an ever-approaching resolution-abyss of bottomless miseries."
The X Article—25 Years Later
Authors: Steel Ronald
Published: September 2018

The cold war is dead and the autopsies have begun. It lasted nearly a quarter of a century, or twice as long as Hitler's thousand-year Reich. It left scarcely any nation of the earth untouched—and even extended into outer space—as America and Russia struggled over a world they thought must belong either to one or to the other. Caught in the grip of the equally powerful ideologies of communism and anti-communism, and in a consuming aspiration of world leadership, the two superpowers sought security in the elusive quest for military supremacy.
After SALT
Authors: Quanbeck Alton H. , Blechman Barry M.
Published: September 2018

In a seemingly paradoxical development, the major effect of the signing of the strategic arms limitation agreements in Moscow last May has been a resurgence of interest in the Administration's program to modernize the nation's strategic weaponry on an accelerated schedule. Almost before the ink was dry on the agreements, the Secretary of Defense appeared on Capitol Hill forcefully advocating a vigorous modernization program for U.S. strategic forces and stating that he could not support the arms control agreements without such compensating measures. Mr. Laird's position has been seconded by the President, although in a reserved fashion, and has been supported in the House and Senate Armed Services Committees.