bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnography and Organizational Anthropology
Authors: Vargas-Hernandez José G. , Higuera-Cota María F. , Vargas-González Omar C.
Published: October 2023

This study aims to analyze some of the theoretical, conceptual, and methodological implications between organizational anthropology and ethnography. Departing from the assumption that ethnographic analysis and interpretive research on organizational anthropology has an emergent and symbolic role rooted in social processes and with no a priori assumptions, with explanations and categories defined by the organizational actors. The method employed is based on analytical and descriptive issues from the theoretical and empirical literature review leading to reflective analysis. It is concluded that ethnographic methodology is pertinent to be used in the analysis of its interactions, with organizational anthropology as a new specialty in organizational studies.
Exploring Violence Against Women as a Dire Social Justice Issue in Need of More Education, Priority, and Intervention
Authors: McGrath Grace E.
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores “violence against women” as a social justice and public health issue. Violence against women is a form of discrimination and inequality that violates human rights. It is a gross violation of a person's right to life, liberty, and security, and is one of the most pervasive human rights issues in the United States. It disproportionately affects women of color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and other marginalized communities, often in more extreme and dangerous forms. It is a public health issue, as it can cause physical and psychological harm to victims and lead to long-term health problems, such as depression and anxiety. It can cause economic hardship for victims, as domestic violence and sexual assault often result in job loss, missed work days, and decreased productivity. Violence against women is a safety issue, as it can lead to increased fear and insecurity in public spaces, making it difficult for women to access services, work, and participate in public life. This chapter explores the topic through a review of current and emerging literature.
Exploring the Nature of Medical Device Privacy and Security Legal Regulations
Authors: Ferreras-Perez Jennifer , Burrell Darrell Norman
Published: October 2023

Medical devices, from wearable health trackers to pacemakers and telehealth visits, have become increasingly prevalent. Addressing concerns about data privacy and risk management is essential with the amount of personal data collected through these devices rising. While the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has long been considered the primary regulation for patient personal health information data, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Healthcare Supply Chain Association (HSCA) have enacted new guidelines that aim to hold medical device manufacturers accountable for data privacy and risk management. The chapter concludes that these legal regulations individually touch upon essential aspects of patient data privacy and medical device safety; however, their combined influence provides a more substantial base to hold medical de-vice manufacturers responsible for risk management and data protection.
The Business of Sports Marketing and the Growing Challenge of Name Image and Likeness (NIL) for Student Athletes
Authors: Lewis Eugene J.
Published: October 2023

The research focuses on sports marketing and the growing challenge of name, image, and likeness (NIL) activities for student athletes. Name, image, and likeness (NIL) is the common term for the ruling of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) vs. Alston case centered around whether the NCAA could limit education-related payments to student-athletes. For many years, athletes argued that student-athletes should be paid due to college sports being non-amateur. Furthermore, coaches benefited from being paid high salaries based on student-athlete labor and exploitation at the price of an education. Several decades of backdoor payments to student-athletes and increased television revenues marketing deals to telecast high school and collegiate sports has opened the door for NIL activities to be introduced.
The Phygital Tomorrow
Authors: Silvia Cynthia A. , Koster Jennifer L. , Finch Aikyna
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the future of the retail industry, driven by innovation, employee centricity, and digital transformation. The emerging trend of “phygital” marketing, blending physical and digital experiences for a seamless customer journey, is explored. Digitalization, digitization, and digital transformation are defined as methods for transforming the business model. Phygital marketing enhances customer engagement through interactive and immersive experiences. The impact of digitalization and innovation on various aspects of the business model is highlighted. The pandemic accelerated the shift towards phygital marketing, with social media and e-commerce playing a crucial role. By embracing phygital marketing, companies can engage with diverse customers and build lasting relationships.
Cybercrime Risks and Solutions for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (SMBs)
Authors: Nobles Calvin , Burrell Darrell Norman , Ferreras-Perez Jennifer , Richardson Kevin , Jones Angel J.
Published: October 2023

The increasing prevalence of cybercrime poses significant challenges to small businesses, which often lack the resources and expertise to effectively manage their cybersecurity risk. This chapter investigates the potential of cybersecurity communities of practice (CoPs) as a viable solution to support small businesses in addressing these challenges and mitigating the risks associated with cybercrime. By participating in CoPs, small businesses can pool resources, share knowledge, and develop innovative strategies to tackle cybersecurity challenges. The collaborative nature of these communities enables small businesses to leverage collective knowledge and experiences, obtain unique insights from experts across diverse disciplines, and receive invaluable feedback from peers. In conclusion, the chapter argues that cybersecurity CoPs can play a vital role in enhancing the cybersecurity practices of small businesses, reducing cybercrime costs, and ultimately strengthening their overall cybersecurity risk management.
Towards Investigation of the Perceived Leadership Effect on Supply Chain Cyber Security
Authors: Vassilakos Andreas
Published: October 2023

Humanity is currently experiencing an influx of threats against the global supply chain. Many of them have resulted in catastrophic outcomes. It has never been more critical for organizations and governments to tackle this vital issue. Developing nations amid digital transformation efforts are especially vulnerable. In this chapter, the researcher lays the foundation for a phenomenological qualitative study in Botswana. The author briefly provides background on supply chain cybersecurity and Industry 4.0. The methodology of an ongoing study in Botswana is presented, including its purpose, research design, data-gathering procedures, and protocol. The significance of the study, as well as limitations and delimitations, are described. The research questions aim to paint a holistic picture of the examined topic. The author includes some notable responses to offer a glance through the eyes of the participants on the investigated phenomenon. The researcher aims to continue with the analysis within a subsequent academic item.
The Effects of Mobile-Assisted Collaborative Language Learning on EFL Students' Interpreting Competence and Motivation
Authors: Yuan Yihuan , Harun Jamalludin B. , Wang Zhiru
Published: October 2023

As globalization continues to grow, there is an increasing need for skilled interpreters. However, the interpreting skills of many students are still deficient: firstly, they are incapable of understanding the source language clearly; secondly, they are incapable of expressing standard English accurately. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how mobile-assisted collaborative language learning (MACLL) can help English as a foreign language (EFL) students improve their interpreting competence and motivation. The study used a quantitative methodology and involved a sample of 60 students from one university. Their performance was monitored over a semester. To facilitate MACLL, mobile technologies such as Chaoxing App, iFlytek Input, and Praat were used as teaching tools. The results showed that MACLL had a positive effect on the improvement of students' interpreting competence, as evidenced by their improvement in academic performance and acquisition of language knowledge. The research also showed that students' learning motivation was enhanced in the MACLL environment.
Regional Culture and Digital Financial Inclusion in China
Authors: Sun Yunchuan , Xu Ying , Zeng Xiaoping , Xiao Li , Xia Qianqian , Zhao Yixue , Wan Xiaohong
Published: October 2023

Unbalanced development among regions is a prominent feature of the current situation of inclusive finance. Few works have been done on how regional culture affects the imbalance of inclusive financial development. The authors try to investigate this issue using yearly data of digital financial inclusion in China spanning from 2011 to 2020 and the Hofstede regional culture of China. The results reveal regional culture could be the potential driver which leads to regional imbalance of the development of digital financial inclusion in China. Specifically, under Chinese historical culture background, financial inclusion is positively related with indulgence regionally, while individualism or power distance could exert negative impact. The findings are verified by a two-stage least square approach. Due to the anonymity and platform dependence of digital financial, Hofstede culture could make sense by influencing public trust in the financial sector, the internet, and unfamiliar relationships.
Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells
Authors: Haas Karen M
Published: October 2023

B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
Epigenetic Regulation of IL-23 by E3 Ligase FBXW7 in Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Psoriasis-like Inflammation
Authors: Song Yinjing , Zhao Xiangtong , Qu Hao , Su Yixin , He Rukun , Chen Luxia , Fang Lutong , Li Jiaying , Zou Ziqi , He Jia , Li Zilong , Xu Yaohan , Chen Xin , Cheng Hao , Xu Yong , Wang Qingqing , Lai Lihua
Published: October 2023

Dendritic cells (DCs), a driver of psoriasis pathogenesis, produce IL-23 and trigger IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis activation. However, the mechanisms regulating IL-23 induction remain unclear. In the current study, we found that mice with E3 ligase FBXW7 deficiency in DCs show reduced skin inflammation correlated with the reduction of IL-23/IL-17 axis cytokines in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model. Fbxw7 deficiency results in decreased production of IL-23 in DCs. FBXW7 interacts with the lysine N-methyltransferase suppressor of variegation 39 homolog 2 (SUV39H2), which catalyzes the trimethylation of histone H3 Lys9 (H3K9) during transcription regulation. FBXW7 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of SUV39H2, thus decreasing H3K9m3 deposition on the Il23a promoter. The Suv39h2 knockout mice displayed exacerbated skin inflammation with the IL-23/IL-17 axis overactivating in the psoriasis model. Taken together, our results indicate that FBXW7 increases IL-23 expression in DCs by degrading SUV39H2, thereby aggravating psoriasis-like inflammation. Inhibition of FBXW7 or the FBXW7/SUV39H2/IL-23 axis may represent a novel therapeutic approach to psoriasis.
Skin Homeostasis and Repair: A T Lymphocyte Perspective
Authors: Rhoiney Mikaela L , Alvizo Cristian R , Jameson Julie M
Published: October 2023

Chronic, nonhealing wounds remain a clinical challenge and a significant burden for the healthcare system. Skin-resident and infiltrating T cells that recognize pathogens, microbiota, or self-antigens participate in wound healing. A precise balance between proinflammatory T cells and regulatory T cells is required for the stages of wound repair to proceed efficiently. When diseases such as diabetes disrupt the skin microenvironment, T cell activation and function are altered, and wound repair is hindered. Recent studies have used cutting-edge technology to further define the cellular makeup of the skin prior to and during tissue repair. In this review, we discuss key advances that highlight mechanisms used by T cell subsets to populate the epidermis and dermis, maintain skin homeostasis, and regulate wound repair. Advances in our understanding of how skin cells communicate in the skin pave the way for therapeutics that modulate regulatory versus effector functions to improve nonhealing wound treatment.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Atavijambira (Atalantia monophylla DC.) root and stem
Authors: Nathulal Das Ashokkumar , Acharya Rabinarayan , Nariya Mukesh B.
Published: October 2023

Background:

Atalantia monophylla DC. family Rutaceae, a promising drug, has multifaceted ethnomedicinal claims to treat rheumatism, arthritis, paralysis, cough, skin diseases, etc., In traditional practice, root and stem are administered to treat rheumatism and arthritis, respectively.

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the root and stem of A. monophylla against carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in wistar albino rats.

Materials and methods:

Shade dried root and stem were grinded separately into a fine powder (120#) by the mechanical grinder. Test drugs were prepared in Phanta (hot infusion) form and used as fresh (A. monophylla root Phanta [AMRP] and A. monophylla stem Phanta [AMSP]). Difference between the groups was statistically determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s multiple “t” test for unpaired data.

Results:

AMSP showed a significant decrease in paw inflammation at all-time interval (P < 0.05), whereas AMRP produced nonsignificant decrease in paw inflammation at 1 h (43.53%) and 5 h (25.74%) while significant (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity at 3 h (36.35%) in comparison with the normal control group.

Conclusion:

The present study concluded that A. monophylla stem is having significant anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to its root when administered in Phanta form against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats.
Pharmacognostical and phytochemical screening of root and fruit of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex Sm. – An extra pharmacopoeial drug
Authors: Gupta Shashi , Acharya Rabinarayan , Harisha C. R. , Shukla Vinay J.
Published: October 2023

Introduction:

Root and fruits of Bhumi Udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) are traditionally used in the treatment of aphthous complaints, leprosy, headache, abdominal diseases, bladder ailments, visceral obstruction, and various disorders.

Aim:

Present study reports the microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical characters of root and fruit of F. semicordata.

Materials and methods:

Root and fruit of the plant, after proper authentication, were evaluated following standard pharmacopoeial recommended procedures.

Results:

Striking characters of the F. semicordata root is the presence of profusely branched root-like structures, nearer to the trunk, and reaches the ground as a supporting root (aerial root or false root). The diagrammatic section of the root, circular in outline, made up of an outer cork, followed by cortex, vascular bundle, and central pseudo pith. Fruit is shortly peduncled, in pairs or clusters, globose in shape, hispid and warted surface, reddish brown in color. Loss on drying at 110°C was found to be 10.54% and 11.73% of root and fruit respectively. High-performance thin-layer chromatography results showed 2 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of root and 3 peaks at 254 and 1 peak at 366 nm of fruit respectively.

Conclusion:

F. semicordata is a small or medium-sized evergreen tree, bears a supporting root (aerial root or false root) nearer to the trunk region. Root reddish brown in color with smooth surface, prominent nodes, and internodes, presence of fruits over nodes and internodes is the key identifying character. Stone cells found in root and the presence of pollen grains, simple starch grains, and compound starch grains in fruit are the diagnostic characteristics of F. semicordata.
New insights on rural doctors’ clinical courage in the context of the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Campbell David , Williams Susan , Konkin Jill , White Isabella , Couper Ian , Stewart Ruth , Walters Lucie
Published: October 2023

Introduction:

Rural doctors typically work in low-resource settings and with limited professional support. They are sometimes pushed to the limits of their usual scope of practice to provide the medical care needed by their community. In a previous phenomenological study, we described the concept of clinical courage as underpinning rural doctors’ work in this context. In this paper, we draw on rural doctors’ experiences during the unfolding COVID pandemic to re-examine our understanding of the attributes of clinical courage.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with rural doctors from 11 countries who had experience preparing for or managing patients with COVID-19. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded using NVivo. A deductive thematic analysis was undertaken to identify common ideas and responses related to the features of clinical courage.

Results:

Thirteen interviews from rural doctors during the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic affirmed and enriched our understanding of the attributes of clinical courage, particularly the leadership role rural doctors can have within their communities.

Conclusion:

This study extended our understanding that rural doctors’ experience of clinical courage is consistent amongst participants in many parts of the world, including developing countries.

Introduction:

Les médecins ruraux travaillent généralement dans des environnements à faibles ressources et avec un soutien professionnel limité. Ils sont parfois poussés aux limites de leur champ d’action habituel pour fournir les soins médicaux dont leur communauté a besoin. Dans une étude phénoménologique précédente, et dans ce contexte, nous avons décrit le concept de courage clinique comme étant à la base du travail des médecins ruraux. Dans cet article, nous nous appuyons sur les expériences des médecins ruraux au cours de la pandémie de COVID pour réexaminer notre compréhension des attributs du courage clinique.

Méthodes:

Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés avec des médecins ruraux de 11 pays ayant une expérience de la préparation ou de la prise en charge de patients atteints de COVID-19. Les entretiens ont été transcrits mot à mot et codés à l’aide de NVivo. Une analyse thématique déductive a été entreprise pour identifier les idées et les réponses communes liées aux caractéristiques du courage clinique.

Résultats:

Treize entretiens avec des médecins ruraux, durant la pandémie de COVID-19, ont confirmé et enrichi notre compréhension des attributs du courage clinique, en particulier le rôle de leadership que les médecins ruraux peuvent jouer au sein de leurs communautés.

Conclusion:

Cette étude nous a permis de mieux comprendre que l’expérience des médecins ruraux en matière de courage clinique est la même pour tous les participants dans de nombreuses régions du monde, y compris dans les pays en développement.
A study to assess the unique oral health challenges faced by elderly individuals, including denture use, dry mouth, and periodontal diseases
Authors: Chavda Ravindra Mandanbhai , Patel Eshita D , Shah Shreeja H , Shah Saloni K , Sheth Sona , Munia Vipul
Published: October 2023

Background:

This study investigates oral health challenges among elderly individuals in India, focusing on denture use, dry mouth, and periodontal diseases.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study involved 1000 elderly participants (aged 65 years and older) residing in various Indian communities. Data on demographic characteristics, denture use, dry mouth symptoms, and history of periodontal diseases were collected through interviews and oral examinations. Statistical analysis was performed to assess associations and differences among variables.

Results:

Among the participants, 65% did not use dentures, whereas 55% reported mild to severe dry mouth symptoms. Regarding periodontal diseases, 30% had gingivitis, and 20% had some form of periodontitis, with 10% experiencing severe periodontitis. Demographic factors such as age, education, and income showed significant correlations with oral health indicators.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the prevalence of oral health challenges among elderly individuals in India, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions. addressing denture-related issues, managing dry mouth symptoms, and combatting periodontal diseases are crucial for enhancing the quality of life and overall well-being of the elderly population.
Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren in Imphal East, Manipur by using Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)
Authors: Khanam Shamilah , Atom Jenny , Bharali Dharitri , Deka Barsha Priya , Sarma Shruti M , Sheela
Published: October 2023

Background:

Epidemiologically, the prevalence of malocclusion varies from country to country. Studies of occlusion and malocclusion not only help in orthodontic treatment planning and evaluation of dental health services but also offer a valid research tool for ascertaining the operation of distinct environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of malocclusion.

Aim:

The present study aims to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12–15 years old schoolchildren of Imphal East, Manipur by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI).

Result:

Among 12 years old the mean DAI score was 22.69 ± 6.518, among 13 years old it was 21.98 ± 5.965, among 14 years old it was 22.13 ± 5.364 and among 15 years old it was 21.93 ± 5.811. About the gender-wise distribution of DAI score among school children. The mean value for male is 21.95 ± 5.819 and for female is 22.56 ± 5.975 with no significant difference between them.

Conclusion:

The DAI was found to be reproducible and valid. The finding of the present study remains significant in providing one of the first baseline data on the malocclusion status of school-going children of Manipur.
Urinary Diagnostic Cytology Beyond the Research of Neoplastic Cells: Usefulness of Erythrocyte Morphology Evaluation to Recognize Microhematuria Source
Authors: Del Sordo Rachele , Covarelli Carla , Annese Lucia C. , Mandarano Martina , Bellezza Guido , Sidoni Angelo
Published: October 2023

Background:

Urine cytology is useful to diagnose urinary neoplasms, whereas its role in the study of microhematuria is debatable. Usually, standard urinalysis (dipstick test and sediment examination with bright field microscope) detects the presence of microhematuria, but only urinalysis with phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) (dipstick test and sediment examination with PCM) allows the observation of red blood cell (RBC) morphology and identify their source. Usually glomerular diseases show RBCs with morphological alterations in high percentages, whereas on urologic bleeding, RBCs are rather homogeneous without morphological alterations.

Aims:

We compare, for the first time, RBC morphology observed in urine cytology and in urinalysis with PCM, to verify whether urinary cytology allows the recognition of the source of bleeding.

Methods and Material:

A total of 60 patients who had performed both urine cytology and urinalysis with PCM for microhematuria, detected with standard urinalysis, were investigated. Urine cytology showed RBCs and were negative for neoplastic cells or for inflammatory events. Urine samples were processed with the automated method ThinPrep®. RBCs with abnormal and variable shapes were defined as deformed. RBCs of the same spherical shape were defined as non-deformed.

Results:

Fifty-six urine cytology with RBCs deformed were confirmed in 55 urinalysis with PCM. One case showed RBCs non deformed in urine cytology and in urine sediment. Overall, agreement, between RBC morphology in urine cytology and urinalysis with PCM, was found in 56/60 cases (93%).

Conclusions:

Therefore, since sediment examination with PCM is available in only few laboratories, we propose that cytopathologist always reports, in urine cytology, any morphological abnormalities of RBCs in order to provide information of the hematuria origin and correctly refer the patient to a nephrologist rather than a urologist.
Cervical Cytology and Histology Correlation as an Analytic Quality Assurance Exercise: Experience from an Accredited Cytology Laboratory
Authors: Belekar Shubhangi V. , Kamal Meherbano , Warke Aishwarya S.
Published: October 2023

Context:

The performance parameters of cervical cytology in any accredited cytology laboratory requires implementation of quality control exercise, which ensures acceptable performance by a laboratory. This study aims to assess the analytical aspect of quality control measures by evaluating the frequency and accuracy of epithelial abnormalities as detected in cervical Pap smears using histopathologic diagnosis as the gold standard.

Methods:

A retrospective diagnostic test study from 2018 to 2020 was conducted. Out of the total 6000 Pap smears, histopathologic correlation was available in 150 cases in the form of colposcopic-directed biopsy (CDB) and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) tissue in 105 cases. The quality control measures analyzed were Atypical Squamous Cell: Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (ASC: SIL) ratio, cyto-histo correlation, and study parameters like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of Pap smears as against CDB and LEEP.

Results:

4.5% smears were reported as inadequate, 92.3% as Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM), followed by epithelial abnormality found in 3.21%. The ASC: SIL ratio was 1.3:1. Concordance rate against CDB was 100% in Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 82.35% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 82% in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 65.6% in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), and 50% in Atypical Squamous Cell ,High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion can not be ruled out (ASC-H). Total concordance rate was 84.15%. Sensitivity of Pap smear was 65% for LSIL and 82% for HSIL. Specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 63.63%, 90%, and 75%, respectively. Concordance rate was 96% with LEEP.

Conclusion:

Quality control measures give an insight of performance of any accredited cytology laboratory. This exercise needs to be conducted on a regular basis, so that relevant steps can be taken in case of major discrepancy.
Programmed Death Ligand-1 Testing in Adenocarcinoma Lung: A Comparative Study of Cell Block versus Biopsy
Authors: Shukla Saumya , Pandey Rahul K. , Gupta Vani , Husain Nuzhat , Gupta Anurag , Kant Surya
Published: October 2023

Background:

Immunotherapy currently stands as a novel treatment option, specifically in cases of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells forms the mainstay for the use of anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of NSCLC.

Aims:

The objectives of the study were to assess utility of cell blocks for testing of PD-L1 in adenocarcinoma lung and to compare the expression of PD-L1 in cell blocks and the corresponding biopsy specimens.

Materials and Methods:

The current study was a prospective case series that included 20 cases of NSCLC–adenocarcinoma lung. Cases included in the study had biopsies performed from lung masses, along with which cell blocks were prepared from fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) samples. Testing for PD-L1 was done using the monoclonal PD-L1 antibody, SP-263 clone on the Ventana Benchmark XT system. PD-L1 expression was assessed only in the tumor cells, and cases with >1% expression, cytoplasmic or membranous, in tumor cells were categorized as positive.

Results:

PD-L1 expression was identified in the biopsy samples of tumor cells of 20% of cases (n = 4/20). In the corresponding cell blocks, PD-L1 expression was identified in the tumor cells of 15% of cases (n = 3/20). Sensitivity and specificity of cell blocks were 75% and 100%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 94.12%, respectively.

Conclusion:

PD-L1 testing has both predictive and prognostic implications. PD-L1 testing in cell block samples is a potential alternative, specifically in cases where biopsy tissue is minimal or unavailable.
Conventional versus Liquid-based Cytology: “Man versus Machine”
Authors: Pathuthara Saleem , Dighe Swati , Uke Maya , Prabhudesai Neelam , Deodhar Kedar , Desai Sangeeta B.
Published: October 2023

Background:

Liquid-based cytology (LBC) can improve adequacy, monolayer quality with a clean background compared to conventional smears (CS).

Aims and Objectives:

The objective was to compare the quality and diagnostic yield of CS and LBC in routine cytological investigations.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study consisted of 306 samples (255 gynecological, 39 nongynecological, and 12 fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC]) during a 2-year period (2019–2020). From each patient, two samples were collected in the same manner in the same sitting and processed by CS and LBC (ThinPrep® 2000, Hologic Inc.). Both CS and LBC were compared for adequacy, quality, representativeness, inflammation, hemorrhage, necrosis, preservation, reactive changes, organisms, atypia/dysplasia/malignancy, and preparation/screening time. Statistical analysis was performed.

Results:

No statistically significant difference was noted for adequacy, representativeness, reactive changes, preservation, and atypia/dysplasia/malignancy. CS was better in cellularity and diagnosis of inflammation and organisms, whereas LBC had a clean background and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0005).

Conclusions:

CS was equivalent to LBC in adequacy, representativeness, reactive changes, and atypia/dysplasia/malignancy. Adequacy comparable to LBC can be achieved in CS by careful sample collection, processing, and screening by trained cytotechnologists. CS was better in detecting organisms and inflammation than LBC. The advantages of LBC were monolayer smear, clean background, and lesser screening time, but the demerit was higher cost and longer processing time. Therefore, LBC is best suited to those laboratories having high sample inadequacy rates, lack of competent cytotechnologists, and no financial constraints. Either man or machine, appropriate and adequate sample collection by trained personnel forms the cornerstone for ensuring adequacy in both CS and LBC.
Association of rs6323 with neuropsychiatric disorders: a mini-review
Authors: Karmakar Arijit
Published: October 2023

A data mining analysis was conducted on the National Center for Biotechnology Information database to identify the most extensively studied single-nucleotide variant within the MAO-A gene, which encodes monoamine oxidase A—an enzyme found in mitochondria involved in metabolizing neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These neurochemicals play crucial roles in the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The analysis revealed that the single-nucleotide variant rs6323 has been the subject of significant research concerning its association with human neuropsychiatric disorders and behavioral problems. A thorough literature review was performed, examining original research articles linked to PubMed to evaluate the connection between rs6323 and different neuropsychiatric disorders and behavioral attributes. Multiple studies on diverse ethnic populations across various countries have reported a link between rs6323 and neuropsychiatric disorders and related behavioral characteristics. This review provides valuable insights into the association between rs6323 and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Imaging features of peritoneal inclusion cysts
Authors: Ghonge Nitin P , Dube Sanchita , Qaseem Syed M Danish
Published: October 2023

Peritoneal inclusion cysts (PICs) are well-known medical conditions typically observed in the female pelvis, with occasional occurrences in males. These cysts can present with diverse imaging characteristics, sometimes resembling other adnexal masses in the female pelvis. However, establishing a confident diagnosis of a PIC relies on the correlation between imaging findings and the patient’s medical history and clinical presentation. This review explores the underlying causes and various imaging features of PICs. It also discusses distinguishing them from other adnexal pathologies using different imaging techniques, as accurate diagnosis is crucial for ruling out malignancy and avoiding unnecessary medical interventions.
A study examining the level of awareness regarding lifestyle risks and management practices among diabetes patients in Eastern India
Authors: Dasgupta Sarbari , Ray Sulagna
Published: October 2023

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a well-recognized metabolic condition requiring patients to know its associated risks. Embracing a healthy lifestyle can play a vital role in mitigating the potential for adverse health outcomes and increasing overall well-being.

Objective:

In this study, researchers examined the level of awareness concerning lifestyle risks, as well as knowledge and practices related to diabetes management, among patients residing in both urban and rural areas of Eastern India.

Materials and Methods:

The study randomly selected 86 participants from both urban and rural areas who were visiting the endocrinology outpatient department of a hospital in Kolkata. Data for the analysis were exclusively obtained through a questionnaire survey.

Results:

The correlation matrix analysis uncovered significant positive relationships (P < 0.05) among various parameters, offering valuable insights into lifestyle risks associated with diabetes and potential preventive measures for this condition. In the urban patient group, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that DM-related knowledge explained approximately 46.36% of the total variation in principal component 1 (PC1), showing favorable associations with other parameters. Conversely, for the rural patients, PCA revealed that lifestyle management practices accounted for approximately 50.55% of the total variation in PC1, with relatively higher favorable associations with other parameters.

Conclusion:

This study investigated the influence of lifestyle risk factors and self-management parameters, including knowledge and practices, on managing DM among patients residing in urban and rural areas. The findings revealed that patients in urban areas had a higher awareness level than those in rural areas. Importantly, this study is the first to establish an association between parameters related to PCA concerning lifestyle risk knowledge and management practices.
Spectrum of histopathological lesions of heart: An autopsy study at tertiary care center
Authors: Pandey Varsha , Kulkarni Vishal , Bhaskar Vanita , Mire Veenapani
Published: October 2023

Background:

There has been a notable rise in cardiac-related fatalities globally, especially in the last five decades. In India, ischemic heart disease has become prevalent, affecting roughly 10% of the population. For forensic specialists, establishing the cause of death in individuals previously in good health can be complex. Autopsies are crucial in evaluating the underlying factors responsible for such deaths. This research seeks to identify and scrutinize a wide range of histopathological heart abnormalities that significantly influence the determination of the cause of death.

Materials and Methods:

This study was conducted in the Department of Pathology from January 2020 to December 2020. During this period, we received a total of 209 whole heart specimens. Of these, 208 specimens underwent comprehensive examinations, including macroscopic and microscopic observations.

Results:

Out of the 208 cases examined, 94 showed evidence of both early and advanced atherosclerosis, whereas 65 showed early and late signs of myocardial infarction. Myocardial hypertrophy was evident in 29 patients. Isolated instances of myocarditis and pericarditis were observed in one case each. Fatty streaks were identified in 32 cases; three showed red blood cells with sickle cell morphology. Heart rupture was detected in one case, and another revealed metastasis from a poorly differentiated tumor. Notably, in 90 cases, the cause of death remained undetermined despite thorough macroscopic and microscopic autopsies.

Conclusion:

The primary reason for cardiovascular fatalities is atherosclerosis-related myocardial infarction.
Otitis media and its associated risk factors: An investigation into patients’ knowledge, attitudes, practices, and information sources at a hospital setting
Authors: Ramesh Padma , Pimparkar Mrunal , Pimpalkhute Ketki , Anam Nidhi
Published: October 2023

Background:

Otitis media (OM) is a substantial healthcare issue globally, including in India. Despite its widespread occurrence, there has been only one prior investigation into the knowledge, attitude, practices, and sources of information (KAPS), as well as information sources regarding OM among patients in India, and this study dates back to 2009. This article unveils the findings of a recent KAPS study conducted among patients residing in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Objectives:

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the KAPS regarding OM and its associated risk factors, with a specific focus on individuals diagnosed with this ailment.

Settings and Design:

This research was conducted in the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Outpatient Department (OPD) of MGM Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. A cross-sectional study, the KAPS study, was conducted on 91 patients diagnosed with OM.

Materials and Methods:

This study used a cross-sectional methodology to assess KAPS. The research included 91 patients diagnosed with OM receiving care at the ENT-OPD of MGM Medical College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Statistical Analysis:

Descriptive statistics were used, and data normality was evaluated. Independent T-tests and analysis of variance methods were employed to compare means, followed by post hoc analysis using the Bonferroni test. Pearson coefficient test was utilized to estimate correlations, and associations were examined using the Chi-square test.

Results:

Most participants (47.3%) exhibited a low level of knowledge, with an average Knowledge score of 11.98 ± 4.64 out of a possible 23. The mean Attitude score was 5.37 ± 1.37 out of seven. Regarding Attitude scores, there were significant differences in educational level (P = 0.003) and socioeconomic status (P = 0.0001). The mean Practice score was 0.51 ± 0.6 out of a maximum score of three. There was a significant correlation between Knowledge and Attitude scores (P < 0.0001). Only 17.6% of the participants reported receiving any education on ear health.

Conclusion:

Most patients in the study demonstrated a lack of comprehensive knowledge. While a positive attitude was common among the majority, the average Practice score remained relatively modest. This research underscores the significance of community education initiatives focused on OM to boost awareness and reduce the burden of this condition.
Integrated systems biology approach to identify key candidate genes, signaling pathways and therapeutic targets of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Choubey Jyotsna , Wolkenhauer Olaf , Chatterjee Tanushree
Published: October 2023

Background:

This research aims to uncover gene signatures associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the sixth most prevalent cancer globally, constituting about 5% of all malignant tumors. The study focuses on biomarker screening and identifying therapeutic targets, addressing a significant global issue.

Materials and Methods:

The study involved a comprehensive analysis of publicly available gene expression datasets, namely GSE30784 and GSE74530. The researchers conducted gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses on genes that displayed differential expression (DEGs). They utilized the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery database to accomplish this. The String database also established a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. This network was visualized through Cytoscape, and further exploration was carried out using Molecular Complex Detection and CytoHubba plugins. These steps aimed to identify crucial hub genes and functional modules. Furthermore, the study investigated transcription factor-gene regulatory networks focusing on the identified hub genes. The researchers employed the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 tool to evaluate these hub genes’ expression levels and prognostic significance.

Results:

A comparison between OSCC and normal oral mucosa revealed 1210 DEGs across two databases. The obtained DEG list was cross-referenced with the DisGeNET disease database, identifying 205 potential DEG candidates. These DEGs exhibited enrichments in various biological functions, including angiogenesis, protein binding, focal adhesion, cell surface interactions, and extracellular matrix components. Among the enriched pathways, the interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways related to viral protein interactions showed significant enrichment. Further exploration involved extracting the top five hub genes from intricate PPI networks. These selected hub genes were subsequently verified in clinical samples, paving the way for subsequent in-depth analysis.

Conclusion:

In the study context, IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8, IL-1beta, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 emerged as the leading hub genes linked to the IL-10 signaling pathway in OSCC. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying the advancement of OSCC. However, it is essential to underscore that further research must validate these findings conclusively. The study’s outcomes have broadened our understanding of oral cancer’s molecular intricacies by identifying differentially expressed and pivotal hub genes. This newfound knowledge has the potential to catalyze the development of novel biomarkers, thereby enhancing the efficacy of both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among children attending federal medical center, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ugboaja Chijioke I , Ogbonnaya Ewa , Dimgba Ubani C , Ayuba Victoria , Chijindu Ihezue U , Wassagwa John , Yusuf Kabir M
Published: October 2023

Background:

This study focuses on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, a hereditary disease with a sex-linked recessive pattern leading to abnormally low levels of G6PD. The condition is primarily associated with drug and infection-induced hemolytic anemia, neonatal jaundice, and related consequences. The absence of locally sourced evidence-based data has contributed significantly to the elevated mortality rate observed in children affected by G6PD deficiency. As a result, the main objective of this research is to determine the prevalence of G6PD deficiency among children attending the Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

Over 6 months, a study was conducted at the Federal Medical Centre in Owerri, the capital of Imo State, South Eastern Nigeria. The study involved 150 children of both sexes, aged between 1 and 10 years, whose G-6-PD status was previously unknown. With the consent of their parents, the children underwent screening for G6PD deficiency, and qualitative data were collected from the parents. G6PD deficiency was identified using standard procedures.

Results:

The study included 150 children between 1 and 10 years old. Of these, 68 (45.5%) were females, and 82 (54.7%) were males. The study findings indicated that 31 subjects (20.7%) were found to have G6PD deficiency. Notably, a higher percentage of males, 82 (54.7%), had G6PD deficiency compared with 68 (45.5%) females. Furthermore, the research revealed that a significant proportion of G6PD deficient children 16 (35.6%) were within the age range of 1–2 years.

Conclusion:

The results of this research emphasize the importance of critical stakeholders directing their efforts toward establishing an effective mechanism to improve early detection and management of G6PD deficient children.
Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and management in rural and urban reporting sites in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Onoja Ali J , Sanni Felix O , Babarinde James D , Onoja Sheila I , Babarinde Modupe T
Published: October 2023

Background:

The study evaluated the significance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance within the polio eradication strategy and its integral role in the overall eradication efforts. Specifically, the research assessed the implementation of AFP surveillance and its management at reporting sites in Northern Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

This study utilized quantitative research methods, including administering interviewer-administered questionnaires to health facility staff and caregivers of children within the community. The research was conducted between May and July 2019 and involved 592 participating health facilities enrolled in the AFP surveillance program for polio eradication. These facilities were spread across 11 states in Nigeria’s Northeast and Northwest regions. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (Armonk, New York).

Results:

A total of 171 AFP cases were reported 6 months prior, with the highest proportion recorded in Kano (18.7%), Bauchi, and Kaduna (13.5% each) states. Most cases were seen in rural areas (73.1%), with an average of 1–3 cases (80.8%). Of the 171 AFP cases reported in the past 6 months, >90% were investigated, >80% had a complete clinical investigation, and >70 were followed up for residual paralysis examination. Most rural health facilities (>80%) had 1–3 trained staff compared with 70.9% of facilities in urban areas. On the other hand, the proportion of facilities in urban areas with 4–6 trained staff was almost double rural area facilities (18.4% vs. 9.8%). It was a surprise that a higher proportion of pastoral facility staff was able to define AFP correctly (94%) than urban facilities with 85.1% (P < 0.05). Also, AFP surveillance and management were better in rural facilities than in urban.

Conclusion:

According to the research findings, the AFP surveillance system in the northern region demonstrated strong performance. However, urban and rural healthcare providers require regular training in AFP surveillance to maintain practical surveillance standards.