bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Switching to unboosted atazanavir combined with tenofovir and emtricitabine is effective as maintenance therapy
Authors: Maeland A , Skeie L
Published: November 2012

Purpose of the study

Due to a pharmacokinetic interaction leading to reduced serum levels of atazanavir (ATV) when combined with tenofovir (TDF), it is recommended to add ritonavir (r) as a booster for atazanavir when combined with TDF. However, ATV is also licensed for use as an unboosted drug. In our clinic many patients switched to unboosted ATV after viral suppression was achieved, mostly for simplification. We report on the efficacy of unboosted ATV with TDF and emtricitabine (FTC) in our clinic cohort.

Methods

File review of all patients with no history of virological failure commencing unboosted ATV (400 mg)+TDF+FTC with a HIV‐1‐RNA of <400 copies/ml. Virological failure was defined as two consecutive HIV‐1‐RNA measurements >400 copies/ml.

Summary of results

178 patients (pts) were observed for 1‐81 months (mean 21.9, median 18.5) totalling 325 patient‐years. Mean age was 44 years, mean weight 76 kg, mean CD4 516 cells/mm3. Duration of preceding viral suppression was 0‐177 (mean 32.4, median 20) months. Most common preceding regimen was ATV/r+TDF+FTC (89 pts). Most common reasons given for switching to ATV+TDF+FTC were simplification (83 pts), dyslipidemia (17), gastrointestinal toxicity (10), coronary risk (10), CNS toxicity (10), hyperbilirubinemia (6). No virological failure was observed. 113, 86 and 62 pts were observed for at least 12, 18 and 24 months; with 95% CI for virological failure 0‐2.6%, 0‐3.4% and 0‐4.7% respectively. 118 pts are still on the regimen. Most frequent reasons for discontinuing were: elevated creatinine (11 pts) viral load blips <200 copies/ml (7), death (5), pregnancy (4), pts’ own decision (4), gastrointestinal intolerance (3).

Conclusions

Switching to unboosted ATV combined with TDF and FTC is effective as maintenance therapy in patients with viral suppression and no prior treatment failure.
Artificial Intelligence Can Be Regulated Using Current Patient Safety Procedures and Infrastructure in Hospitals
Authors: Fleisher Lee A. , Economou-Zavlanos Nicoleta J.
Published: June 2024

This Viewpoint describes the potential benefits and harms of using artificial intelligence (AI) in health care decision-making processes.
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy Use in Pregnancy
Authors: Robijn Annelies L. , Tran Duong T. , Cohen Jacqueline M. , Donald Sarah , Cesta Carolyn E. , Furu Kari , Parkin Lianne , Pearson Sallie-Anne , Reutfors Johan , Zoega Helga , Zwar Nicholas , Havard Alys
Published: June 2024

Importance

Significant evidence gaps exist regarding the safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies during pregnancy, especially for the risk of congenital malformations. Consequently, professional bodies advise against the use of varenicline and bupropion and recommend caution with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contemporary estimates of the use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies during pregnancy are lacking.

Objective

To quantify the proportion of individuals using prescribed smoking cessation pharmacotherapies during pregnancy and during the first trimester specifically, in 4 countries.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective, population-based cohort study used linked birth records, hospital admission records, and dispensing records of prescribed medications from all pregnancies resulting in birth between 2015 and 2020 in New South Wales, Australia; New Zealand; Norway; and Sweden. Data analyses were conducted in October and November 2023.

Exposure

Prescribed smoking cessation pharmacotherapy use (varenicline, NRT, and bupropion) during pregnancy was defined as days’ supply overlapping the period from date of conception to childbirth.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Prevalence of use among all pregnancies and pregnancies with maternal smoking were calculated. Among women who used a pharmacotherapy, the proportion of women with use during the first trimester of pregnancy was also calculated.

Results

Among 1 700 638 pregnancies in 4 countries, 138 033 (8.1%) had maternal smoking and 729 498 (42.9%) were younger than 30 years. The prevalences ranged from 0.02% to 0.14% for varenicline, less than 0.01% to 1.86% for prescribed NRT, and less than 0.01% to 0.07% for bupropion. Among pregnant individuals who smoked, use of pharmacotherapies was up to 10 times higher, with maximum prevalences of 1.25% for varenicline in New South Wales, 11.39% for NRT in New Zealand, and 0.39% for bupropion in New Zealand. Use in the first trimester occurred among more than 90% of individuals using varenicline, approximately 60% among those using NRT, and 80% to 90% among those using bupropion.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of pregnant individuals in 4 high-income countries, the low prevalence of varenicline and bupropion use during pregnancy and higher prevalence of NRT use aligned with current clinical guidelines. As most use occurred in the first trimester, there is a need for evidence on the risk of congenital malformations for these medications.
Amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities (ARIA): diagnosis, management, and care in the setting of amyloid‐modifying therapy
Authors: Vukmir Rade B.
Published: June 2024

Amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities, were originally described by dementia care experts. The wider use of aducanumab and now lecanemab warrant broader understanding by the health care provider continuum. The optimal care approach for patients with Alzheimer's dementia, treated with amyloid‐targeted therapy, includes proper clinical diagnosis, complication surveillance, specific imaging protocols, expert specialty consultation, integrated treatment strategies, and proper facility system planning. Improved awareness and understanding of amyloid‐modifying therapy, both benefits and potential complications, among the health care provider continuum is paramount to the success of complex care programs. Specifically, recognition of treatment high risk, high benefit groups, and the interface of concurrent antiplatelet and anticoagulation. This integrated acute, specialty, and primary care approach should improve patient care quality and outcome.
Reversible Solar Heating and Radiative Cooling Devices via Mechanically Guided Assembly of 3D Macro/Microstructures
Authors: Lee Su Eon , Seo Junyong , Kim Simon , Park Jun Hyun , Jin Ho Jun , Ko Janghun , Kim Jang Hwan , Kang Heemin , Kim Jin‐Tae , Lee Heon , Lee Bong Jae , Kim Bong Hoon
Published: June 2024

Solar heating and radiative cooling are promising solutions for decreasing global energy consumption because these strategies use the Sun (≈5800 K) as a heating source and outer space (≈3 K) as a cooling source. Although high‐performance thermal management can be achieved using these eco‐friendly methods, they are limited by daily temperature fluctuations and seasonal changes because of single‐mode actuation. Herein, reversible solar heating and radiative cooling devices formed via the mechanically guided assembly of 3D architectures are demonstrated. The fabricated devices exhibit the following properties: i) The devices reversibly change between solar heating and radiative cooling under uniaxial strain, called dual‐mode actuation. ii) The 3D platforms in the devices can use rigid/soft materials for functional layers owing to the optimized designs. iii) The devices can be used for dual‐mode thermal management on a macro/microscale. The devices use black paint‐coated polyimide (PI) films as solar absorbers with multilayered films comprising thin layers of polydimethylsiloxane/silver/PI, achieving heating and cooling temperatures of 59.5 and −11.9 °C, respectively. Moreover, mode changes according to the angle of the 3D structures are demonstrated and the heating/cooling performance with skin, glass, steel, aluminum, copper, and PI substrates is investigated.
Polymeric Fibers with High Strength and High Toughness at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Cheng Chuyun , Liao Xiaojian , Silva Juliana Martins de Souza e , Conceição Andre L. C. , Carlos Dias , Agarwal Seema , Hou Haoqing , Greiner Andreas , Feng Wei
Published: June 2024

Developing strong and simultaneously tough polymeric materials with excellent thermal stability and mechanical performance even under extreme temperatures is truly a challenge. In a disruptive progress, continuous polymeric yarns are developed with a combination of high tensile strength of (1145 ± 44) MPa and ultrahigh toughness of (350 ± 24) J g−1 and high thermomechanical properties from −196 to 200 °C. The comprehensive thermomechanical performance of this yarn surpasses that of previously developed polymeric materials and dragline spider silks. The results demonstrate that the molecular structure of polyimide (PI) with the incorporation of flexible‐rigid macromolecular, hierarchically spiral‐oriented fibers, and high glass transition temperature (248 °C) are keys for the yarn's notable comprehensive performance in thermomechanical properties. The materials are ideal for technical components exposed to high thermomechanical loadings, such as those encountered in spacecraft or automotive engineering for safety‐critical applications.
Enhancement of Quantum Efficiency in Perovskite Solar Cells Through Whispering Gallery Modes from Titanium Oxide Micro‐Resonators
Authors: Panda Ayusmin , Sudakar Chandran , Nanda Birabar Ranjit Kumar
Published: June 2024

With the aid of 3D full‐field finite difference time–domain simulations, model configurations for thin‐film solar cell devices that include periodically arranged microspheres, exhibiting resonating whispering gallery modes (WGMs), are proposed. The microspheres present, either immersed in perovskite or coated with perovskite layer, between the electron‐ and hole‐transport layers show enhanced current‐conversion efficiency. The presence of WGMs lead to enhancement in the absorption of layer. The incoming electromagnetic wave couples with microsphere and forms confined resonating modes. Different designs are examined for deciding the appropriate position of WGM exhibiting spheres with respect to thin‐film perovskite solar cell (PSC) featuring back reflector and optimized antireflectance coating. Since the incoupling element is lossless, energy stored in microspheres is absorbed efficiently by the underlying active material. This directly contributes to the increment in the current density of the solar cell. Thus, the devices show a higher current density of 23.62 mA cm−1, while that in planar solar cell device shows current density of 13.68 mA cm−1, for the same thickness of perovskite layer. This leads to more than 70% enhancement in the short‐circuit current density than the conventional PSCs device of similar size.
Regioselective and Diastereoselective Decarboxylative Allylic (Amino)Ketalization of Dihydropyranone Derivatives
Authors: Lu Yingxi , Duan Xuelun , Song Wangze , Jiang Wenfeng
Published: June 2024

It remains a challenge to achieve regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in the synthesis of dihydropyranone derivatives. Herein, an Ir/Pd‐catalyzed decarboxylative allylic (amino)ketalization was disclosed to prepare dihydropyranone derivatives in regio‐ and diastereoselectivities under mild conditions, resulting in O‐ and N‐allylative products. It provided a strategy for the post‐modifications of dihydropyranone derivatives.
Insight Understanding the Replacement Effect of Enzymatic‐Hydrolysis Residue Instead of Phenol for Preparing Phenol‐Formaldehyde Adhesive
Authors: Peng Zhenwen , Cárdenas‐Oscanoa Aldo Joao , Dong Youming , He Juan , Huang Caoxing
Published: June 2024

In order to valorize the enzymatic hydrolysis residues (EHR) from the bioethanol industry, this work studies the effects on the structure, properties as well as shear resistance of EHR‐based phenol formaldehyde (EPF) adhesives prepared from EHR instead of commercial phenol. 2D heteronuclear signal quantum coherence NMR (2D HSQC NMR) and 31P NMR analysis reveal that lignin in EHR (EHL) possesses a high amount of G and H units which contain 1.9 mmol g−1 active sites (reaction site with formaldehyde). Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) characterization shows that the instead proportions of EHR with 5–30% in EPF adhesives do not show great influence on the chemical structure type and main functional groups of the prepared adhesives. The shear strength measurement results show that the strength of the 10%‐EPF adhesive is significantly improved by 29% compared to phenol‐formaldehyde (PF) adhesive, which is due to EHL in adhesives enhanced the cross‐linking of polymer chains. This work emphasizes the potential benefits of using industrial EHR to develop cost‐effective phenol formaldehyde adhesive preparation schemes, therefore giving an additional value to waste from biorefineries.
Breed‐Driven Microbiome Heterogeneity Regulates Intestinal Stem Cell Proliferation via Lactobacillus‐Lactate‐GPR81 Signaling
Authors: Wu Haiqin , Mu Chunlong , Li Xuan , Fan Wenlu , Shen Le , Zhu Weiyun
Published: June 2024

Genetically lean and obese individuals have distinct intestinal microbiota and function. However, the underlying mechanisms of the microbiome heterogeneity and its regulation on epithelial function such as intestinal stem cell (ISC) fate remain unclear. Employing pigs of genetically distinct breeds (obese Meishan and lean Yorkshire), this study reveals transcriptome‐wide variations in microbial ecology of the jejunum, characterized by enrichment of active Lactobacillus species, notably the predominant Lactobacillus amylovorus (L. amylovorus), and lactate metabolism network in obese breeds. The L. amylovorus‐dominant heterogeneity is paralleled with epithelial functionality difference as reflected by highly expressed GPR81, more proliferative ISCs and activated Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Experiments using in‐house developed porcine jejunal organoids prove that live L. amylovorus and its metabolite lactate promote intestinal organoid growth. Mechanistically, L. amylovorus and lactate activate Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in a GPR81‐dependent manner to promote ISC‐mediated epithelial proliferation. However, heat‐killed L. amylovorus fail to cause these changes. These findings uncover a previously underrepresented role of L. amylovorus in regulating jejunal stem cells via Lactobacillus‐lactate‐GPR81 axis, a key mechanism bridging breed‐driven intestinal microbiome heterogeneity with ISC fate. Thus, results from this study provide new insights into the role of gut microbiome and stem cell interactions in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
Fluorinated Organic Cations Derived Chiral 2D Perovskite Enabling Enhanced Spin‐Dependent Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Son Jaehyun , Jang Gyumin , Ma Sunihl , Lee Hyungsoo , Lee Chan Uk , Yang Seongyeon , Lee Junwoo , Moon Subin , Jeong Wooyong , Park Jeong Hyun , Jung Chan‐Woo , Kim Ji‐Hee , Park Ji‐Sang , Moon Jooho
Published: June 2024

Chirality‐induced spin selectivity observed in chiral 2D organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite holds promise to achieve spin‐dependent electrochemistry. However, conventional chiral 2D perovskites suffer from low conductivity and hygroscopicity, limiting electrochemical performance and operational stability. Here, a cutting‐edge material design is introduced to develop a stable and efficient chiral perovskite‐based spin polarizer by employing fluorinated chiral cation. The fluorination approach effectively promotes the charge carrier transport along the out‐of‐plane direction by mitigating the dielectric confinement effect within the multi‐quantum well‐structured 2D perovskite. Integrating the fluorinated cation incorporated spin polarizer with BiVO4 photoanode considerably boosts the photocurrent density while reducing overpotential through a spin‐dependent oxygen evolution reaction. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of fluorine in spin polarizer endows operational stability to the photoanode, extending the durability by 280% as compared to the device with non‐fluorinated spin polarizer.
Electrochemical Compatibility of Microzonal Carbon in Ion Uptake and Molecular Insights into Interphase Evolution for Next‐Generation Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sarkar Montajar , Hossain Rumana , Peng Jian , Sharma Neeraj , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: June 2024

Carbon anode‐based Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs). Here a novel carbon material called microzonal carbon is introduced, synthesized from waste hard rubber (WHR), as an anode material for next‐generation LIBs. This material consists of a hybrid carbon structure embedded with short range ordered carbon zones, including expanded graphene sheets and nanopores. Two types of microzonal carbons (M‐5H and M‐10H) are tested in LIBs to unveil their electrochemical performance. The anode fabricated with M‐10H provides a high initial coulombic efficiency (60%), reversible capacity (377 mA h g−1 at 0.13 C), rate capability (275 mA h g−1 at 2.6 C) and cyclic stability (capacity retention of 99% at 0.13 C after 100 cycles). The electrochemical properties of microzonal carbon can be attributed to its unique hybrid carbon structure, facilitating fast ion diffusion, high electronic conductivity, and the ability to form stable interphase. Therefore, this work presents new insights into the electrochemical behavior of microzonal carbon as an anode material in next‐generation LIBs.
Exposure of vegetables to simulated volcanic ashfall reveals production loss controlled by plant traits and growth stage
Authors: Ligot Noa , de Tornaco Pierre Miny , Pereira Benoît , Bogaert Patrick , Delmelle Pierre
Published: June 2024

Explosive volcanic eruptions represent a serious threat to agriculture in many countries. Ashfall can cause substantial damage to crops, jeopardizing farmers' livelihoods and potentially endangering food security. Previous field‐based studies have associated ash impact on crops with the deposit thickness, or, correspondingly, with the mass load. However, non‐volcanic factors, including plant traits and growth stage, also influence the vulnerability of crops to ashfall. To accurately estimate the risk of crop production loss in ash‐prone areas, it is essential to evaluate how these factors govern the impact of ash on crops. We grew leafy (lettuce,Lactuca sativa; hative d'Heverlée, and cabbage,Brassica oleracea; cabus de Chateaurenard) and bulb and root (onion,Allium cepa; blanc premier, and carrot,Daucus carota; hative d‘Oxhella) vegetables in a greenhouse and exposed them at two growth stages to simulated ash deposits ranging from 5 to 40 kg m−2. Our results confirm that crop production loss increases with higher ash mass load, reaching 27%–69% for deposits of 20–40 kg m−2. Additionally, they indicate a higher vulnerability of carrot and onion plants than previously reported. Lettuce and cabbage plants were more severely impacted by ash compared to onion and carrot plants, illustrating the role of plant traits in controlling ash interception and retention on foliage. Furthermore, the plant growth stage emerged as another vulnerability factor. Using the new impact data, we calculated a theoretical production loss in a cultivated area potentially affected by ashfall. This revealed that a significant portion of the crop production loss can be associated with low ash mass loads (5 kg m−2), emphasizing the importance of including distal regions in the impact assessment of ashfall on crops.
Post‐flowering high night‐time temperature stress impacts physiology and starch metabolism in field‐grown maize
Authors: Hein Nathan T. , Tiwari Manish , Kumar Ritesh , Cook Landon , Ostmeyer Troy , Somayanda Impa M. , Ross James R. , Ayalew Habtamu , Wagner Dan , Neilsen Mitchell L. , Jagadish S. V. Krishna
Published: June 2024

The global average daily minimum temperatures are increasing at a quicker pace than the average daily maximum temperatures, which are predicted to increase in severity impacting global food production. This study focuses on elucidating the physiological and transcriptional response to high night‐time temperature (HNT) stress in 12 US commercial maize (Zea mays) hybrids using unique field‐based infrastructure. Our experimental objectives were to (i) impose an accurate and uniformly distributed post‐flowering HNT stress of +4.0°C until physiological maturity, (ii) quantify the impact of HNT stress on physiological and yield‐related traits, (iii) establish the impact on end‐use quality of maize kernels formed under HNT stress, and (iv) analyze the differential expression of genes involved in grain starch metabolism. Accurate and uniformly distributed HNT stress of 3.8°C higher than the ambient night‐time temperature throughout the grain‐filling period reduced yield (−14%), kernel weight (−8%), and significantly reduced kernel nutrient content, specifically magnesium in the susceptible hybrids. HNT significantly increased the expression of key genes involved in starch metabolism in the tolerant hybrid. Although HNT stress had a negative impact on yield and quality in field grown maize, two hybrids had physiological and transcriptional regulation that favored higher level of resilience which lays the platform for developing climate smart maize hybrids.
Long‐term crop yield benefits of subsurface drainage on poorly drained soils
Authors: Rui Yichao , Goller Benjamin , Kladivko Eileen J.
Published: June 2024

Subsurface drainage is an important agricultural practice that has been widely utilized in the US Midwest to improve the productivity of poorly drained soils. Although widely adopted, long‐term yield benefits of drainage, particularly with varying spacings, in an ever‐changing climate are largely unknown. The goals of this study were to assess how various drainage spacings (5, 10, and 20 m) impacted crop yields compared to the undrained control in a long‐term trial (started in 1984) in southeastern Indiana and how these effects were influenced by the amount of rainfall of specific periods of the growing season. Drainage treatments led to an increase in corn (Zea mays) yields (by 12%–17%) but did not significantly affect soybean (Glycine max) yields compared to the control. In the initial 10 years of the experiment, drainage benefits were subtle and corn yields did not vary significantly across spacing treatments, whereas in the most recent 10 corn years, the drainage treatment effects became more pronounced, likely due to the combined effects of long‐term drainage system and conservation practices of no‐till and cover crops. Over 37 years, corn yields remained stagnant in the undrained plots but progressively increased in the drained treatments. Both corn and soybean yields showed a negative correlation with rainfall 14 days post‐planting, while drainage spacing treatments partially mitigated this negative effect. Our findings underscore the importance of effective drainage as a necessary prerequisite for realizing the potential benefits of conservation practices and improved crop genetics for increased crop productivity.
Evaluating the effects of cotton intercropping on cool‐season perennial forage persistence, forage mass, and nutritive value in the southeastern United States
Authors: Billman Eric D. , Myers W. Tillman
Published: June 2024

Integrated forage–row cropping systems provide important agronomic and economic benefits to producers. However, little attention has been given to incorporating forages into row crop systems unique to the southeastern United States. This study assessed the viability of intercropping cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on perennial, cool‐season legumes during the summer months in the Southeast Coastal Plain over two production years. Treatments included a weedy fallow, annual ryegrass (ARG; Lolium multiflorum Lam.) monoculture, a red clover (RC; Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (WC; Trifolium repens L.) mixture, and a three‐species mixture of ARG, RC, and WC. Plots were established in fall 2020 with forage grown until May 2021 and 2022, when plots were strip‐tilled and planted with cotton. Cotton was managed with minimal herbicide use to preserve perennial clovers. Results indicated WC was more persistent than RC (>40 plants m−2 vs. <40 plants m−2), and the presence of perennial clovers suppressed weeds at similar levels to the ARG monoculture (35 weeds m−2) during the second spring. Perennial clovers grew taller (4–5 cm) when mixed with ARG. The presence of clovers mixed with ARG during the second spring reduced acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration and increased crude protein (CP) concentration (280 g ADF kg−1; 167 g CP kg−1) compared to the ARG monoculture (315 g ADF kg−1; 126 g CP kg−1). Benefits of intercropping perennial forages with cotton were maximized during the second year of growth, but future work is necessary to improve stand survival.
Nonlinear manifold learning determines microgel size from Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Koronaki Eleni D. , Kaven Luise F. , Faust Johannes M. M. , Kevrekidis Ioannis G. , Mitsos Alexander
Published: June 2024

Polymer particle size constitutes a crucial characteristic of product quality in polymerization. Raman spectroscopy is an established and reliable process analytical technology for in‐line concentration monitoring. Recent approaches and some theoretical considerations show a correlation between Raman signals and particle sizes but do not determine polymer size from Raman spectroscopic measurements accurately and reliably. With this in mind, we propose three alternative machine learning workflows to perform this task, all involving diffusion maps, a nonlinear manifold learning technique for dimensionality reduction: (i) directly from diffusion maps, (ii) alternating diffusion maps, and (iii) conformal autoencoder neural networks. We apply the workflows to a data set of Raman spectra with associated size measured via dynamic light scattering of 47 microgel (cross‐linked polymer) samples in a diameter range of 208–483 nm. The conformal autoencoders substantially outperform state‐of‐the‐art methods and results for the first time in a promising prediction of polymer size from Raman spectra.
Fully Additively 3D Manufactured Conductive Deformable Sensors for Pressure Sensing
Authors: Massaroni Carlo , Vitali Loy , Lo Presti Daniela , Silvestri Sergio , Schena Emiliano
Published: June 2024

Additive manufacturing technologies increasingly revolutionize current production techniques for object manufacturing. Particularly, fused deposition modeling (FDM) strongly impacts production processes by enabling the cost‐effective and efficient creation of structures with complex designs and innovative geometries. The use of conductive filaments in FDM printing is paving the way for the advancement of entirely printed sensors and circuits, although this domain is still in its early stages. In this article, the design and production of bilayer deformable pressure sensors fabricated using conductive thermoplastic polyurethane are investigated. The potential to vary the mechanical and electrical characteristics of FDM‐printed components by adjusting printing parameters is explored. The influence of different levels of material infill (20%, 50%, and 100%) and different contact geometries between layers (domes, pyramids, and cylinders) is studied. Electromechanical tests are carried out to characterize the sensor, applying pressures up to 22 kPa. The 3D‐printed pressure sensors demonstrate tunable mechanical and electrical sensitivities at different infill values, with the highest value of −6.3 kPa−1 achieved by using a pyramid layer at 100% infill. Sensor outputs registered during cyclic tests show reproducible responses with a wide range of sensitivity, paving the way for applicability in recording both static and periodic pressure changes.
Assessing amyloid PET positivity and cognitive function in Down syndrome to guide clinical trials targeting amyloid
Authors: Krasny Sophia , Yan Cynthia , Hartley Sigan L. , Handen Ben L. , Wisch Julie K. , Boehrwinkle Anna H. , Ances Beau M. , Rafii Michael S. ,   the ABC‐DS consortium
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome (DS), predisposes individuals to early‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting amyloid are approved for older AD patients, their efficacy in DS remains unexplored. This study examines amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) positivity (A+), memory function, and clinical status across ages in DS to guide mAb trial designs.

METHODS

Cross‐sectional data from the Alzheimer Biomarker Consortium–Down Syndrome (ABC‐DS) was analyzed. PET amyloid beta in Centiloids classified amyloid status using various cutoffs. Episodic memory was assessed using the modified Cued Recall Test, and clinical status was determined through consensus processes.

RESULTS

Four hundred nine DS adults (mean age = 44.83 years) were evaluated. A+ rates increased with age, with mean amyloid load rising significantly. Memory decline and cognitive impairment are also correlated with age.

DISCUSSION

These findings emphasize the necessity of tailoring mAb trials for DS, considering age‐related AD characteristics.

Highlights

There is rapid increase in prevalence of amyloid beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) positivity in Down syndrome (DS) after the age of 40 years.

Aβ PET positivity thresholds have significant impact on prevalence rates in DS.

There is a significant lag between Aβ PET positivity and clinical symptom onset in DS.
Multi‐Group Polymer Coating on Zn Anode for High Overall Conversion Efficiency Photorechargeable Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Ming , Guo Xiaojun , Jiang Xiao , Farhadi Bita , Guo Xin , Zhu Yan , Zhang Haoxiang , Liu Shengzhong (Frank)
Published: June 2024

The solar‐driven photorechargeable zinc‐ion batteries have emerged as a promising power solution for smart electronic devices and equipment. However, the subpar cyclic stability of the Zn anode remains a significant impediment to their practical application. Herein, poly(diethynylbenzene‐1,3,5‐triimine‐2,4,6‐trione) (PDPTT) was designed as a functional polymer coating of Zn. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the PDPTT coating not only significantly homogenizes the electric field distribution on the Zn surface, but also promotes the ion‐accessible surface of Zn. With multiple N and C=O groups exhibiting strong adsorption energies, this polymer coating reduces the nucleation overpotential of Zn, alters the diffusion pathway of Zn2+ at the anode interface, and decreases the corrosion current and hydrogen evolution current. Leveraging these advantages, Zn‐PDPTT//Zn‐PDPTT exhibits an exceptionally long cycling time (≥4300 h, 1 mA cm−2). Zn‐PDPTT//AC zinc‐ion hybrid capacitors can withstand 50,000 cycles at 5 A/g. Zn‐PDPTT//NVO zinc‐ion battery exhibits a faster charge storage rate, higher capacity, and excellent cycling stability. Coupling Zn‐PDPTT//NVO with high‐performance perovskite solar cells results in a 13.12 % overall conversion efficiency for the photorechargeable zinc‐ion battery, showcasing significant value in advancing the efficiency and upgrading conversion of renewable energy utilization.
Edge‐Rich Pt−O−Ce Sites in CeO2 Supported Patchy Atomic‐Layer Pt Enable a Non‐CO Pathway for Efficient Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Xu Airong , Liu Tong , Liu Dong , Li Wenzhi , Huang Hui , Wang Sicong , Xu Li , Liu Xiaokang , Jiang Shuaiwei , Chen Yudan , Sun Mei , Luo Qiquan , Ding Tao , Yao Tao
Published: June 2024

Rational design of efficient methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) catalyst that undergo non‐CO pathway is essential to resolve the long‐standing poisoning issue. However, it remains a huge challenge due to the rather difficulty in maximizing the non‐CO pathway by the selective coupling between the key *CHO and *OH intermediates. Here, we report a high‐performance electrocatalyst of patchy atomic‐layer Pt epitaxial growth on CeO2 nanocube (Pt ALs/CeO2) with maximum electronic metal‐support interaction for enhancing the coupling selectively. The small‐size monolayer material achieves an optimal geometrical distance between edge Pt−O−Ce sites and *OH absorbed on CeO2, which well restrains the dehydrogenation of *CHO, resulting in the non‐CO pathway. Meanwhile, the *CHO/*CO intermediate generated at inner Pt−O−Ce sites can migrate to edge, inducing the subsequent coupling reaction, thus avoiding poisoning while promoting reaction efficiency. Consequently, Pt ALs/CeO2 exhibits exceptionally catalytic stability with negligible degradation even under 1000 s pure CO poisoning operation and high mass activity (14.87 A/mgPt), enabling it one of the best‐performing alkali‐stable MOR catalysts.
Stimuli‐Responsive Molecular Duplexes Displaying Duplex‐to‐Duplex Switching
Authors: Lee Seungwon , Song Geunmoo , Jeong Kyu‐Sung
Published: June 2024

Synthetic duplexes with high stabilities have promising potential for mimicking biomolecular functions and developing supramolecular smart materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis and stimuli‐responsive properties of molecular duplexes derived from indolocarbazole–pyridine (I−P) oligomers. These duplexes adopt nonclassical helical structures, stabilized by I−P hydrogen‐bonding pairs in anhydrous chlorinated solvents. Notably, the longest duplex 62 (11‐mer)2 displays remarkable stability, forming twenty hydrogen bonds; its exchange energy barrier was determined to be ΔG≠=22.0 kcal ⋅ mol−1 at 75 °C in anhydrous (CDCl2)2. Upon the addition of water, a hydrated duplex 62 (11‐mer)2⊃10H2O was formed, with one water molecule inserted between each I−P hydrogen‐bonding pair. The Hill coefficient (n) for this process is 6.1, demonstrating extremely positive cooperativity. Conversely, the hydrated duplex 62 (11‐mer)2⊃10H2O was completely converted into the original anhydrous duplex 62 (11‐mer)2 when the temperature was increased. Interconversion between these two distinct duplexes can be repeatedly carried out by varying the temperature. Furthermore, reversible switching between hetero‐duplexes and homo‐duplexes was also demonstrated by controlling the temperature, with concomitant changes in the characteristic emission signals.
Design and optimization of air‐cooled supercapacitor thermal management system based on the corner deflectors and the inclined inlet and outlet
Authors: Xu Chaoying , Li Guofu , Ruan Dianbo
Published: June 2024

In this paper, a novel air‐cooled supercapacitor thermal management system (STMS) based on the corner deflectors and the inclined inlet and outlet was proposed. The temperature and velocity fields were simulated and analyzed by CFD. Moreover, the heat dissipation effect of different STMSs was analyzed against each other. The results showed that the STMS proposed had a better heat dissipation effect when the inclined angle of inlet and outlet was appropriate, in which the maximum temperature (Tmax) and the maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) of the module could be reduced by 10.3% and 34.6%. And it is shown that the structure with inclined inlet and outlet plays an important role for the heat dissipation capability of the STMS proposed. And it has experimentally proven its heat dissipation ability. Consequently, the impacts of inclined angle (α), monomer spacing (dc), and the distance between monomer and module shell (dx, dy, and dz) on the heat dissipation effect were deeply analyzed. For the STMS arranged in four rows and three columns, it had a better heat dissipation effect when inclined angle was in the range of 40° to 50°. The results showed that the structural parameters had a large influence on the Tmax and ΔTmax. Besides, it had shown that the temperature curves of the Tmax and ΔTmax had a main trend of “decreasing and then increasing” when the monomer spacing as well as the distance between monomer and module shell are taken from 1 mm to 5 mm. It implies that a small spacing (1 mm to 2 mm) will hinder the air circulation and reduce heat dissipation, and a large spacing (3 mm to 5 mm) will reduce the average flow rate of air and reduce the efficiency of heat transfer.
New biologically active sulfonamides as potential drugs for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Nevyhoštěná Marie , Komersová Alena , Pejchal Vladimír , Štěpánková Šárka , Česla Petr , Matzick Kevin , Macháčková Jana , Svoboda Roman
Published: June 2024

A family of new compounds with sulfonamide and amide functional groups as potential Alzheimer's disease drugs were prepared by multistep synthesis. Thermal stability measurements recorded the initial decomposition in the range of 200–220°C, close above the melting point. The final compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and the in vitro dissolution behavior of selected compounds was studied through both lipophilic and hydrophilic matrix tablets. All nine tested derivatives were even more active in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase than the clinically used rivastigmine. Regression analysis of the obtained dissolution profiles was performed, and the effects of the pH and the release mechanism were determined. Some substances showed remarkable biological activity and became a subject of interest for further extensive study.
Study on chemical profiling of bailing capsule and its potential mechanism against thyroiditis based on network pharmacology with molecular docking strategy
Authors: Wang Mengxiao , Luo Keke , Bian Baolin , Tian Mengyao , Zhao Haiyu , Zhang Yan , Wang Jigang , Guo Qiuyan , Cheng Guangqing , Si Nan , Wei Xiaolu , Yang Jian , Wang Hongjie , Zhou Yanyan
Published: June 2024

Bailing capsule (BLC), a drug that is clinically administered to modulate the autoimmune system, exhibits promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of thyroiditis. This study elucidates the chemical profile of BLC and its potential therapeutic mechanism in thyroiditis, leveraging network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Utilizing ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐LTQ‐Orbitrap MS), 58 compounds were identified, the majority of which were nucleosides and amino acids. Utilizing the ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC QqQ MS/MS) strategy, 16 representative active components from six batches of BLCs were simultaneously determined. Network pharmacology analysis further revealed that the active components included 5′‐adenylate, guanosine, adenosine, cordycepin, inosine, 5′‐guanylic acid, and l‐lysine. Targets with higher connectivity included AKT1, MAPK3, RAC1, and PIK3CA. The signaling pathways primarily focused on thyroid hormone regulation and the Ras, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways, all of which were intricately linked to inflammatory immunity and hormonal regulation. Molecular docking analysis corroborated the findings from network pharmacology, revealing that adenosine, guanosine, and cordycepin exhibited strong affinity toward AKT1, MAPK3, PIK3CA, and RAC1. Overall, this study successfully elucidated the material basis and preliminary mechanism underlying BLC's intervention in thyroiditis, thus laying a solid basis for further exploration of its in‐depth mechanisms.
The effect of COVID‐19 vaccination on multiple sclerosis activity as reflected by MRI
Authors: Ganelin‐Cohen Esther , Buxbaum Chen , Bosak Noam , Sobol Shani , Vaknin‐Dembinsky Adi , Hellmann Mark A , Wilf‐Yarkoni Adi , Regev Keren , Pustovoyt Elizaveta , Shifrin Alla , Wexler Yair , Rozenberg Ayal
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Examining the safety of theBNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients remains inconclusive, particularly regarding the potential for disease exacerbations. This study aims to assess the effects of BNT162b2 COVID‐19 vaccination on disease activity in MS patients through sequential MRI imaging.

Methods

A retrospective study of 84 MS patients from five Israeli hospitals was conducted. MS lesion load was determined from three brain MRI scans, one postvaccination and two prevaccination scans. A post hoc analysis compared subgroups featuring vaccinated and unvaccinated patients respectively, with early onset MS.

Results

The cohort included 70 women with early onset (mean age 16.4 ± 0.8 years) and adult onset (mean age 34.9 ± 1.1 years) MS. Among the early onset group, vaccinated patients showed an increased risk of new lesions (p = .00026), while there was no increased risk among adult‐onset patients. Additionally, a comparison between early onset vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups revealed a higher risk of increased lesions in the vaccinated group (p = .024).

Discussion

Overall, the study suggests that the BNT162b2 vaccine is generally safe in MS patients, with no association found between vaccination and new lesions in most patients. However, close MRI follow‐up is recommended for early‐onset MS cases to monitor lesion development.
Using design thinking to create and implement a 3D digital library of anatomical specimens
Authors: Titmus Morgan , de Oliveira Beatriz IR , Ellery Paul , Whittaker Gary , Radley Hannah , Radunski Milo , Ng Leo , Helmholz Petra , Sun Zhonghua
Published: June 2024

Design thinking (DT) is a five‐stage process (empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test) that guides the creation of user‐centered solutions to complex problems. DT is in common use outside of science but has rarely been applied to anatomical education. The use of DT in this study identified the need for flexible access to anatomical specimens outside of the anatomy laboratory and guided the creation of a digital library of three‐dimensional (3D) anatomical specimens (3D Anatomy Viewer). To test whether the resource was fit for purpose, a mixed‐methods student evaluation was undertaken. Student surveys (n = 46) were employed using the system usability scale (SUS) and an unvalidated acceptability questionnaire. These verified that 3D Anatomy Viewer was usable (SUS of 72%) and acceptable (agreement range of 77%–93% on all Likert‐type survey statements, Cronbach's alpha = 0.929). Supplementary interviews (n = 5) were analyzed through content analysis and revealed three main themes: (1) a credible online supplementary learning resource; (2) learning anatomy with 3D realism and interactivity; (3) user recommendations for expanding the number of anatomical models, test questions, and gamification elements. These data demonstrate that a DT framework can be successfully applied to anatomical education for creation of a practical learning resource. Anatomy educators should consider employing a DT framework where student‐centered solutions to learner needs are required.
Cancer health awareness through screening and education: A community approach to healthy equity
Authors: Vernon Marlo , Coughlin Steven S. , Tingen Martha , Jones Samantha , Heboyan Vahe
Published: June 2024

Background

The Cancer Health Awareness through screeNinG and Education (CHANGE) initiative delivers cancer awareness education with an emphasis on modifiable risk factors and navigation to screening for prostate, breast, and colorectal cancers to residents of public housing communities who experience significant negative social determinants of health.

Methods

Residents of five communities participated. Community advisory board members were recruited and provided feedback to local environmental change projects, recruitment, and community engagement at each site. At each site, four education sessions were provided by trained facilitators on cancer risk factors and etiology, racial disparities, eligibility for cancer screening, and participation in clinical trials. Attendance, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about cancer, and height, weight, and waist circumference were measured at baseline and 1‐week post‐CHANGE sessions.

Results

90 residents (60% 65 and older years old, 33% male, 60% High School education, 93% AA) participated in the program. 95% completed post‐intervention evaluation. Participants were eligible for breast (n = 12), prostate (n = 15), and colorectal screening (n = 25) based on American Cancer Society guidelines, and 22 for tobacco cessation; 21 participants accepted navigation assistance for these services. At post‐test, participants significantly increased in knowledge and behaviors around obesity/overweight risk for cancer, nutrition, and physical activity. Colorectal, prostate, and breast cancer knowledge scores also increased, but were not significant.

Conclusions

CHANGE participants demonstrated improved health knowledge and intentions to improve their modifiable health behaviors. Participants reported being motivated and confident in seeking preventive care and satisfaction with community engagement efforts. Replication of this project in similar communities may improve knowledge and health equity among underserved populations.
Tobacco quitline staffs' knowledge and attitudes about connecting quitline callers to lung cancer screening educational materials
Authors: Tan Naomi Q. P. , Volk Robert J. , Leal Viola B. , Lettieri Jessica S. , Bailey Linda A. , Ylioja Thomas , Celestino Paula , Lowenstein Lisa M.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To evaluate the impact of training quitline staff in lung cancer screening (LCS) on knowledge and attitudes towards connecting quitline callers to LCS educational materials.

Methods

We conducted a pre‐post evaluation within a larger implementation project in the U.S. to support LCS among quitline callers. From July 2020 to June 2021, staff from four quitline service providers completed surveys before and after training on LCS knowledge. After training, staff completed the acceptability of intervention measure, intervention appropriateness measure, and feasibility of the intervention measure.

Results

A total of 245 staff completed the initial demographic survey (analytic sample), 130 completed the pre‐training survey, and 225 completed the post‐training survey. Staff were on average 47.4 years old and 76.7% were female. LCS knowledge improved after the training (n = 120, mean difference = +26.5%, 95% CI 21.6, 31.4, p < 0.001). Overall, staff felt that connecting quitline callers to LCS education materials was acceptable (M = 4.0, SD = 0.8), appropriate (M = 4.1, SD = 0.7), and feasible (M = 4.0, SD = 0.7).

Conclusions

Receiving training about LCS eligibility and the benefits and harms of screening improved LCS knowledge among quitline staff. Quitline staff found that connecting callers with LCS educational materials is acceptable, appropriate, and feasible, and aligned with their primary mission.