bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Quality and Readability of Online Patient Information: ENT UK Patient Information e-Leaflets versus Responses by a Generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Shamil Eamon , Ko Tsz Ki , Fan Ka Siu , Schuster-Bruce James , Jaafar Mustafa , Khwaja Sadie , Eynon-Lewis Nicholas , D'Souza Alwyn , Andrews Peter
Published: September 2024

Background The evolution of artificial intelligence has introduced new ways to disseminate health information, including natural language processing models like ChatGPT. However, the quality and readability of such digitally generated information remains understudied. This study is the first to compare the quality and readability of digitally generated health information against leaflets produced by professionals.

Methodology Patient information leaflets from five ENT UK leaflets and their corresponding ChatGPT responses were extracted from the Internet. Assessors with various degrees of medical knowledge evaluated the content using the Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP) tool and readability tools including the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL). Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences between leaflets, assessors, and sources of information.

Results ENT UK leaflets were of moderate quality, scoring a median EQIP of 23. Statistically significant differences in overall EQIP score were identified between ENT UK leaflets, but ChatGPT responses were of uniform quality. Nonspecialist doctors rated the highest EQIP scores, while medical students scored the lowest. The mean readability of ENT UK leaflets was higher than ChatGPT responses. The information metrics of ENT UK leaflets were moderate and varied between topics. Equivalent ChatGPT information provided comparable content quality, but with reduced readability.

Conclusion ChatGPT patient information and professionally produced leaflets had comparable content, but large language model content required a higher reading age. With the increasing use of online health resources, this study highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both the quality and readability of patient education materials.
Nasal Tip Reshaping in Orthognathic Surgery: A Novel Intraoral Minimally Invasive Approach
Authors: Santagata Mario , Boschetti Ciro Emiliano , Chagas-Junior Otacilio Luiz , Gualdi Alessandro , Rugge Luigi , Tartaro Gianpaolo , Chirico Fabrizio
Published: September 2024

Current concepts in orthognathic surgery focus on not just rectifying dentoskeletal irregularities but also improving facial aesthetic and function. In this respect, nasal reshaping holds extraordinary significance in determining surgery effectiveness and patient satisfaction. Facial preoperative evaluations emphasize the paramount functional and aesthetic impacts of caudal septum in tip reshaping. Deviations in this anatomical subunit could lead to significant nasal obstructions and aesthetic changes as twisted nasal tip, affecting projection, rotation, and columellar–alar relationship. These considerations are essential in orthofacial surgery, as maxillary movements might exacerbate or worsen preexisting nasal tip deformity. In this paper, we aim to describe a novel and innovative minimally invasive approach presenting a detailed account of a rhinoseptoplasty in which the entire nasal tip reshaping procedure was performed intraorally during orthognathic surgery. The technique focused on achieving optimal nasal tip projection and rotation, centering, and stabilization through strategic maneuvers such as incremental dissection of maxillary spine chondroperiosteal junction, superoposterior strut preservation, vertical and caudal septum resection, and anterior nasal spine tip support. Techniques including subnasal drilling and septal stabilization suture are detailed. Specific attention is given to addressing deficiencies in posterior septal angle and labiocolumellar relationship. Postoperative care is described and subjective evaluations were performed to assess patient and surgeon satisfaction with facial symmetry and overall aesthetic improvements. In our experience, the described approach offers valuable surgical finesse to orthognathic surgery, effectively targeting caudal septum deviations and nasal tip droopy. Its unique perspective enhances both functional and aesthetic results, particularly in the context of profiloplasty. No external nasal incision was performed and the totality of nasal tip reshaping was scarless and performed through an intraoral approach. Surgical precision in execution of this novel and tailored surgical approach has been shown to have a profound impact for enhancing outcomes of orthofacial surgery procedure.
Patellar Tendon Ruptures after Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Swartz Gabrielle , Bonanni Sean , Hameed Daniel , Dubin Jeremy A. , Bains Sandeep S. , Patel Deepak V. , Mont Michael A. , Delanois Ronald E. , Scuderi Giles R.
Published: September 2024

Patellar tendon (PT) rupture following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare, but devastating complication. These injuries occur most frequently in the acute period following TKA due to trauma to the knee. PT ruptures that disrupt the extensor mechanism create a marked functional deficit, impacting every facet of daily life. In complete ruptures of the PT, repair or reconstruction is typically indicated; however, complication rates following intervention remain high. Operative intervention remains the mainstay of treatment, with only certain specific situations where nonoperative intervention is appropriate. Operative techniques are chosen based on the acuity, location of disruption, and status of the residual soft tissues. Treatment options include repair with or without augmentation or reconstruction. Augmentation does reduce the high risk of complications, bringing rates down from 63 to 25%. Augmentation options include autografts, allografts, synthetic grafts, or synthetic meshes. Despite advancements, outcomes are unpredictable and complications are common, highlighting the need for further research to improve treatment protocols. This article provides an overview of PT ruptures following TKA, the various treatment options, and the recommendations of the M.M., R.D., G.S. for each common type of PT injury encountered.
Elevated Thrombin Generation and Venous Thromboembolism Incidence in Patients Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Compared with Minimally Invasive Rectal Surgery
Authors: Lundbech Mikkel , Krag Andreas E. , Iversen Lene H. , Brandsborg Birgitte , Madsen Nina , Hvas Anne-Mette
Published: September 2024

Introduction Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer carries a risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). We investigated changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis and the VTE incidence within 30 days in patients undergoing open cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC) for peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer and minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for localized rectal cancer.

Methods This cohort study included 45 CRS + HIPEC and 45 MIS patients. Blood samples were obtained preoperatively, at the end of surgery, and postoperative day (POD) 1, 3 to 4, and 5 to 7. Systematic ultrasonographic screening for VTE was performed between POD 3 and 7. Computed tomography scan was performed if complications were suspected. The primary endpoint was the difference in mean change (Δ) with [95% confidence intervals] from preoperative to end of surgery in prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2) levels. Secondary endpoints were the difference in mean change in biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis from preoperative to POD 5 to 7 and the VTE incidence.

Results F1 + 2 levels increased from preoperative to the end of surgery in both groups. The mean increase from preoperative to end of surgery in F1 + 2 levels was significantly greater in CRS + HIPEC patients than MIS patients: Δ1,322 [1,040:1,604] pmol/L, p < 0.01. The VTE incidence was significantly higher after CRS + HIPEC than MIS (24 vs. 5%, p = 0.01).

Conclusion F1 + 2 levels were increased after both procedures, but to a far greater extent following CRS + HIPEC. The VTE incidence within 30 days was significantly higher in patients treated with CRS + HIPEC than in MIS patients.
Photoinduced Stereoselective Giese Addition on Coumarins
Authors: Singh Ravi P. , Singh Shashank
Published: September 2024

Diastereoselective Giese addition on coumarin-3-carboxylate bearing a chiral auxiliary with N-hydroxyphthalimide ester to generate the corresponding alkylated adduct has been explored. Among screened chiral auxiliaries, bulkier one with appropriate steric hindrance is better for diastereoselective addition. Mechanistic studies involving fluorescence studies and On/Off experiments shed insight onto the plausible reaction pathway.
Focuses and Trends of Research on Platelet-Rich Fibrin: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis
Authors: Zhao Ying , Dong Chen , Fan Liumeizi , Lei Ting , Ge Xin , Yu Zhou , Hu Sheng
Published: September 2024

Background A rapid expansion of study on platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has gained more attention in the subject. In this study, bibliometrics were used to assess the outputs and trends of relevant PRF studies. An in-depth analysis of the publication patterns and progress in PRF research worldwide was conducted for the purpose of filling in this research gap.

Materials and Methods The analysis included 946 papers sourced from Web of Science that included 842 original articles and 104 reviews. A number of factors including country/region, institution, journal, and author were taken into account. Research on PRF development trends was mapped using the frequency of keywords.

Results In terms of the total number of publications, China ranked first with 199 papers, whereas the United States ranked first on the H-index with 37. PRF is an active research area in stomatology and craniomaxillofacial surgery. Keywords provided by the authors were designated to three clusters: red, green, and blue. “Growth factor,” “platelet-rich plasma,” and “bone regeneration” were the most frequent keywords in each cluster, which reflect the current interests in corresponding fields. Bone regeneration post-dental extractions is one of the main application directions in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. “Membrane,” “injectable PRF (I-PRF),” “case report,” and “advanced PRF (A-PRF)” were relative recent keywords in all clusters, indicating that manufacturing processes and new applications are promising research hotspots in the field.

Conclusion In the future, the applications of modified PRF, such as I-PRF, are promising research hotspots. Moreover, strict randomized controlled trials on PRF deserve more attention. The results of this analysis may be helpful for all scholars seeking to expand researches and innovations in the field of PRF.
Perioperative Complications of Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF): 5 Years of Experience with OLIF
Authors: Johnson Alex T. , Kumar Ganesh , Mohapatra Bibhudendu , Mahajan Rajat
Published: September 2024

Objective The objective of this study was to share our early experience with oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF), with emphasis on the perioperative complications and determine clinical outcomes following OLIF.

Materials and Methods It was a retrospective prospective study performed at a single institute from March 2019 to August 2023. A total of 56 consecutive patients who had undergone OLIF for degenerative spine disorders were enrolled in the study. Pre-, intra-, and postoperative data on these patients were collected. All the patients were followed up at regular intervals with an evaluation of Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), neurological parameters, and X-rays to look for fusion, screw loosening, pseudoarthrosis, and cage slippage. Statistical analysis was done with the odds ratio, chi-square test, and Student's t-test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results The overall incidence of complications was 25%, with no mortality. Intraoperative complications were noted in 10.7% of cases. This included endplate fractures (n = 3), peritoneal lacerations (n = 2), and ureteric injury (n = 1). The most common early postoperative complications were postoperative ileus (n = 6), followed by anterior thigh or groin numbness (n = 3), ipsilateral psoas weakness (n = 2), and superficial surgical site infection (n = 2). Of the late postoperative complications, cage subsidence was the most common, which occurred in 4 patients, followed by adjacent segment degeneration (n = 2) and loss of indirect decompression (n = 1). The mean ODI and VAS scores showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) at the final follow-up.

Conclusion OLIF is a promising surgical technique with the potential to treat a variety of degenerative conditions of the lumbar spine with a good clinical outcome. Despite its various benefits, OLIF can lead to complications in rare instances, which every spine surgeon should be aware of.
A real options approach to data valuation
Authors: Coyle Diane , Gamberi Luca
Published: September 2024

Valuing data assets presents a significant challenge in the modern business environment, even though it is widely accepted that data have significant value for commercial outcomes. Data are an intangible asset with non-rival characteristics and moreover its future uses may be highly uncertain as the market environment and technology change. In this paper, we propose one practical and flexible solution for valuing business data using well-established real option pricing theory. We discuss how to best select the appropriate proxy for each variable involved. As an illustration of our method, we present a calculation (using only publicly available data) of the initial option value of setting up a supermarket loyalty card scheme for customer data. The value resulting from the calculation is reasonably close to the recently reported realized sales figure for the supermarket data. The easy-to-use tool we propose can serve practitioners as a starting point for strategic decision-making regarding investing in their data assets, even in situations where their use cases are not fully known, and future project outcomes are uncertain.
Integrable decompositions for the (2 + 1)-dimensional multi-component Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur hierarchy and their applications
Authors: Zhu Xiaoming , Mi Shiqing
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates integrable decompositions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional multi-component Ablowitz-Kaup-Newell-Segur (AKNS in brief) hierarchy. By utilizing recursive relations and symmetric reductions, it is demonstrated that the (n2 − n1 + 1)-flow of the (2 + 1)-dimensional coupled multi-component AKNS hierarchy can be decomposed into the corresponding n1-flow and n2-flow of the coupled multi-component AKNS hierarchy. Specifically, except for two specific scenarios, the (n2 − n1 + 1)-flow of the (2 + 1)-dimensional reduced multi-component AKNS hierarchy can similarly be decomposed into the corresponding n1-flow and n2-flow of the reduced multi-component AKNS hierarchy. Through the application of these integrable decompositions and Darboux transformation techniques, multiple solitons for the standard focusing multi-component “breaking soliton” equations, as well as singular, exponential, and rational solitons for the nonlocal defocusing multi-component “breaking soliton” equations, are systematically presented. Furthermore, the elastic interactions and dynamical behaviors among these soliton solutions are thoroughly investigated without loss of generality.
Strategies for rational design and applications of transition metal clusters
Authors: Misra Swayam Prabha , Ranjan Alok , Shrimali Raghav , Deshpande Parag A.
Published: September 2024

Transition metal clusters have garnered considerable attention as fascinating nanoscale entities with unique properties that transcend the behavior of isolated atoms and bulk materials. In this review, we present a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the latest advancements in the field of transition metal cluster research. The paper begins with a discussion on the diverse synthesis strategies reported for controlled synthesis of clusters, emphasizing the role of synthesis conditions on their size and composition. A discussion on their structural characterization using x ray and spectroscopic methods follow, unveiling the atomic arrangements, electronic structures, and their correlations with the observed properties. Appreciating the contribution of theoretical analyses to the study of systems of such scales, observations, and revelations by density functional theory on the associated structure–property relationships are discussed with a brief overview of their electronic, optical, and catalytic properties, showcasing their potential for allied applications. A considerable attention in the review has been devoted on the discussion on the stability and size control of the clusters. By providing a holistic overview of the structure, properties, stability, size control, and applications of transition metal clusters, this review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and technologists equally, inspiring further investigations and ventures in this captivating field.
Low-energy N+ ion beam induced chemical vapor deposition using tetraethyl orthosilicate, hexamethyldisiloxane, or hexamethyldigermane
Authors: Yoshimura Satoru , Takeuchi Takae , Kiuchi Masato
Published: September 2024

In this study, we conducted an experiment in which a source material was sprayed onto a substrate with simultaneous N+ ion beam injections. Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a source material. The energy of N+ ions was set at 100 eV. The substrate temperature was set at room temperature. As a result of each trial, a film was deposited on the substrate in both HMDSO and TEOS cases. The film was analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We found that the film was silicon dioxide and nitrogen atoms (2–4 at. %) were included in the film. For comparison, a trial was also conducted in which hexamethyldigermane (HMDG) was sprayed onto a substrate with simultaneous 30 eV N+ ion beam injections. Although HMDG had no oxygen atoms in its molecule, XPS and FTIR results showed that the film was germanium oxide containing nitrogen (2 at. %).
Intrinsic fluence non-uniformity in D3He backlit proton radiography
Authors: Johnson T. M. , Shan J. , Kishimori R. , Cufari M. J. , Adrian P. J. , Buschmann B. , Chang C. W. , Dannhoff S. G. , DeVault A. , Evans T. E. , Foo B. , Kunimune J. H. , Lawrence Y. , Pearcy J. A. , Reichelt B. L. , Russell L. , Sutcliffe G. D. , Vanderloo N. L. , Vargas J. , Wink C. , Johnson M. Gatu , Séguin F. H. , Petrasso R. D. , Frenje J. A. , Li C. K.
Published: September 2024

Proton radiography is an essential diagnostic for studying magnetic fields in high energy density physics experiments. Protons are born in a fusion implosion, traverse the plasma, and are detected on CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors. Here, it is shown that there is an intrinsic non-uniformity in ∼15 MeV D3He proton radiography data. The increasing angle between the proton trajectory and the center of the detector results in the proton traveling through more detector stack material. As the protons travel through more material and lose energy, the proton energy spectrum gets wider. Protons at the lower end of the spectrum can therefore be lost. The nominal filtering results in protons being ranged out at large angles, causing the intrinsic non-uniformity. This angular effect is confirmed with both OMEGA experiments and Geant4 simulations. It is found that reducing the filtering between the pieces of CR-39 in the detector stack mitigates this effect. Results from accelerator experiments show that this reduced filtering does not impact the detection efficiency of the CR-39. Accounting for this intrinsic fluence non-uniformity is essential for magnetic field reconstruction techniques using proton radiographs.
The role of gallium nitride in the evolution of electric vehicles: Energy applications, technology, and challenges
Authors: Rahman Kazi Faridur , Falina Shaili , Mohamed Mohamed Fauzi Packeer , Kawarada Hiroshi , Syamsul Mohd
Published: September 2024

It is only recently that the electric vehicle (EV) has evolved into a contemporary invention. There has been a rapid acceleration in the development of EVs in a number of nations in order to lessen their reliance on oil and their contribution to environmental pollution. In the tangible world, fully EVs do not release any carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their tailpipes, unlike any other conventional vehicles. This results in a 50%–70% CO2 reduction in air pollution per year. The achievement of electrification in transportation has led to a reduction in the weight and size of the vehicles as the need for internal combustion engines can be eliminated. Wide bandgap materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) offer advantages in the manufacturing of EVs. Beginning the late 2000s, the EV industry has begun to adopt GaN devices in their manufacturing processes. The semiconductor material GaN stands out as a material for power electronic systems in EVs owing to its high switching frequency, higher temperature limit, and high voltage breakdown. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of semiconductor GaN materials for EV applications, which could be useful to provide insights for researchers and scientists to accelerate their innovation for the improvement of EVs. This review begins with an introduction to EVs, followed by the anticipated demand for EVs. The application of GaN devices in EVs, compared to the traditional Si and SiC devices, which are the primary power devices in current EVs, is discussed. The recent advancement in GaN devices that are capable of being used in various components of a fully automated EV, such as the battery, energy storage system, auxiliary power unit, and motor drive, in addition to their use in different non-automotive vehicles such as electric aircraft, electric ships, electric railways, electric submarines, and heavy duty vehicles, is also discussed. Finally, the challenges posed by GaN devices and potential solutions to overcome these shortcomings have been addressed.
Crack-free > 1-μm AlN layer on Si substrate using ductile interlayer for strain modification in epitaxial film
Authors: Aqib Muhammad , Moradnia Mina , Ji Mihee , Parameshwaran Vijay S. , Sarney Wendy L. , Pouladi Sara , Kim Nam-In , Kumar Rheno Paul Rajesh , Garrett Gregory A. , Sampath Anand V. , Forrest Rebecca L. , Ryou Jae-Hyun
Published: September 2024

Growing crack-free, epitaxial ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor films on cost-effective, large-area substrates, such as AlN on Si, poses a significant challenge due to substantial lattice and thermal expansion mismatches. We introduce an approach to mitigate tensile strain or reverse strain signs between the substrate and the AlN layer, thereby suppressing crack formation during the heteroepitaxial growth of thick III-N films. This approach introduces ductile metallic interlayers, specifically Au, to change the strain state of AlN from in-plane tensile to compressive, without initiating cracks. Furthermore, the Au interlayer is grown epitaxially as a single crystal, which prevents the transfer of tensile strain into the AlN film, as confirmed by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. We demonstrate crack-free AlN films exceeding 1 μm in thickness. These findings hold significant promise for advancing the field of ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor materials, with potential applications in electronic, optoelectronic, sensing, and energy device applications.
Selectable growth and electronic structures of two-dimensional layered InSe and In2Se3 films
Authors: Xu Xianxian , Meng Qinghao , Tian Qichao , Zong Junyu , Wang Kaili , Zhang Yi
Published: September 2024

InSe, as a representative two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor of the III–VI group, possesses numerous advantages and is widely used in 2D electronic and optoelectronic devices. In2Se3, known for its 2D ferroelectricity and high photoelectric response rates, has recently gained widespread attention. Therefore, realizing selectable growth of these two structural phases and studying their electronic structures is important. In this paper, we realized the molecular beam epitaxial growth of InSe and In2Se3 films on bilayer graphene substrates with precisely controlled stoichiometric phases and thickness. Combining the in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopic, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopic measurements, we investigated the distinctions in lattice and electronic structures between InSe and In2Se3 films. The InSe film exhibits a hexagonal lattice structure, whereas the In2Se3 film shows a one-dimensional distorted reconstruction. A key finding is that the top valence bands of InSe films display a varying number of splitting branches at the Γ point, which corresponds to the number of layers. In contrast, no splitting of the top valence bands was observed in the In2Se3 films, highlighting a distinct difference in their electronic structure compared to InSe films.
LKFlowNet: A deep neural network based on large kernel convolution for fast and accurate nonlinear fluid-changing prediction
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhang Qingyang , Chen Xinhai , Xu Chuanfu , Wang Qinglin , Liu Jie
Published: September 2024

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has promoted the emergence of new flow field prediction methods. These methods address challenges posed by nonlinear problems and significantly reduce computational time and cost compared to traditional numerical simulations. However, they often struggle to capture the dynamic sparse characteristics of the flow field effectively. To bridge this gap, we introduce LKFlowNet, a new large kernel convolutional neural network specifically designed for complex flow fields in nonlinear fluid dynamics systems. LKFlowNet adopts a multi-branch large kernel convolution computing architecture, which can skillfully handle the complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of flow changes. Drawing inspiration from the dilated convolution mechanism, we developed the RepDWConv block, a re-parameterized depthwise convolution that extends the convolutional kernel's coverage. This enhancement improves the model's ability to capture long-range dependencies and sparse structural features in fluid dynamics. Additionally, a customized physical loss function ensures accuracy and physical consistency in flow field reconstruction. Comparative studies reveal that LKFlowNet significantly outperforms existing neural network architectures, providing more accurate and physically consistent predictions in complex nonlinear variations such as velocity and pressure fields. The model demonstrates strong versatility and scalability, accurately predicting the flow field of various geometric configurations without modifying the architecture. This capability positions LKFlowNet as a promising new direction in fluid dynamics research, potentially revolutionizing flow field prediction by combining high efficiency and accuracy. Our results suggest that LKFlowNet could become an indispensable tool in intelligent flow field prediction, reshaping the analysis and processing of fluid dynamics.
Improved Foucault method with double-shoot shadow grams in optical shop testing
Authors: Hua Xiang , Zhu Jianqiang , Jiao Zhaoyang
Published: September 2024

The lack of rapid, effective, and quantitative testing methods in the initial stages of optical processing has been identified as a significant challenge. In response, an innovative approach has been developed to enhance the Foucault knife-edge test method, integrating digital image processing and spatial geometry algorithms. This has resulted in the creation of a convenient and rapid optical testing method, which has been successfully implemented in practice. The method requires the collection of only two knife-edge shadow grams, which are then subjected to calculation. This enables the theoretical results of the knife-edge shadow gram at the focal point, and the reference results of the wavefront surface processing error of the mirror to be measured can be obtained. The method can be well applied to the testing work of optical workshops and provides a guiding solution with better performance for optical testing than the traditional knife-edge testing method.
Electro-hydrodynamics study of double emulsion droplet formation in a double Y-shaped channel
Authors: Yang Qianwen , Wang Zhaohui , Zhao Yaohui , Zhang Feng , Gao Quanjie
Published: September 2024

Although there have been more studies on droplet formation under the control of electrostatic field in recent years, the studies on the relationship between composite droplet formation and electrostatic field are fragmented. In order to analyze the effect of electrostatic field on composite droplet formation, this paper numerically investigates the electro-hydrodynamics of the double emulsion in a double Y-shaped microchannel and experimentally verifies the applied phase interface capture method. Calculations are carried out using a model coupled with the phase field method and electrostatic field to analyze the interfacial evolution of double emulsions under different electric field strengths and to quantitatively study the droplet formation process. Four flow regimes different from previous studies were found: dripping regime, jetting regime, threading regime, and jetting-dripping transition regime, among which the formation frequency ( f ) of double emulsion droplets under the short jetting regime was up to 769 Hz. The eccentricity (ε) of droplets under the dripping regime was the smallest, with ε of 0.2, the coefficient of deformation (Defm) of the middle phase droplets was minimized to 0.05. It is observed that there is a linear relationship between Cam/Cao and CaE in the dripping regime, with the generation of multi-core double emulsion droplets. When Cam/Cao is greater than 14, the flow regime of the double emulsion in the channel is always threading regime, no matter how CaE is changed.
Structural transitions in liquid semiconductor alloys: A molecular dynamics study with a neural network potential
Authors: Fang Yi-Bin , Shang Cheng , Liu Zhi-Pan , Gong Xin-Gao
Published: September 2024

Liquid–liquid phase transitions hold a unique and profound significance within condensed matter physics. These transitions, while conceptually intriguing, often pose formidable computational challenges. However, recent advances in neural network (NN) potentials offer a promising avenue to effectively address these challenges. In this paper, we delve into the structural transitions of liquid CdTe, CdS, and their alloy systems using molecular dynamics simulations, harnessing the power of an NN potential named LaspNN. Our investigations encompass both pressure and temperature effects. Through our simulations, we uncover three primary liquid structures around melting points that emerge as pressure increases: tetrahedral, rock salt, and close-packed structures, which greatly resemble those of solid states. In the high-temperature regime, we observe the formation of Te chains and S dimers, providing a deeper understanding of the liquid’s atomic arrangements. When examining CdSxTe1−x alloys, our findings indicate that a small substitution of S by Te atoms for S-rich alloys (x > 0.5) exhibits a structural transition much different from CdS, while a large substitution of Te by S atoms for Te-rich alloys (x < 0.5) barely exhibits a structural transition similar to CdTe. We construct a schematic diagram for liquid alloys that considers both temperature and pressure, providing a comprehensive overview of the alloy system’s behavior. The local aggregation of Te atoms demonstrates a linear relationship with alloy composition x, whereas that of S atoms exhibits a nonlinear one, shedding light on the composition-dependent structural changes.
Electrokinetic flow and energy conversion induced by streaming potential in nanochannels with symmetric corrugated walls
Authors: Xie Zhiyong , Chen Xingyu , Tan Fang
Published: September 2024

A theoretical and numerical investigation of electrokinetic flow is performed in a nanochannel with the charged symmetric corrugated surfaces. The perturbation and numerical solutions of electrokinetic flow variables are given, and the effects of corrugation geometry, such as wave amplitude and wave number, on the electrokinetic flow characteristics are systematically examined. The results show that the electrokinetic flow recirculation may occur easily at wave crest due to the electroviscous effect. The velocity profile is strongly dependent on wave number, but the maximum or minimum velocity may be insusceptible to wave number. Furthermore, the distributions of streaming potential and energy conversion efficiency are also investigated. We find that, for some special geometry of corrugations, the streaming current and conversion efficiency obtained from the present corrugated nanochannel are higher than that from the smooth nanochannel. Specially, when the dimensionless wave number is 0.5/π, the magnitude of streaming potential is enhanced about 29% at δ = 0.5 and the peak value of conversion efficiency is enhanced about 2% at δ = 0.1. We believe that the optimal corrugation geometry parameters can be of benefit in designing a microfluidic device with higher streaming current and conversion efficiency.
High and low performing sires differ in their contributions to early embryonic stress in the bovine
Authors: Fallon Lindsey , Lockhart Kelsey N. , Spencer Thomas E. , Ortega M. Sofia
Published: September 2024

Context Sires differ in their ability to produce viable blastocysts, yet our understanding of the cellular mechanisms regulated by the sire during early embryo development is limited. Aims The first aim was to characterise autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in embryos produced by high and low performing sires under normal and stress culture conditions. The second aim was to evaluate DNA damage and lipid peroxidation as mechanisms that may be impacted by increased cellular stress, specifically oxidative stress. Methods Embryos were produced using four high and four low performing sires based on their ability to produce embryos. Autophagy and ROS were measured throughout development. To evaluate oxidative stress response, autophagy, and ROS were measured in 2–6 cell embryos exposed to heat stress. To understand how cellular stress impacts development, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation were assessed. Key results Under normal conditions, embryos from low performing sires had increased ROS and autophagy. Under heat stress, embryos from low performing sires had increased ROS, yet those from high performing sires had increased autophagy. There was no difference in DNA damage or lipid peroxidation. Conclusions Results suggest that embryos from low performing sires may begin development under increased cellular stress, and autophagy potentially increases to mitigate the impacts of stress. Implications There is potential for improving embryonic competence through selection of sires with lower stress-related markers.
Evolving nature-based solutions for Australia’s Indigenous estate in 2024 – opportunities and challenges
Authors: Russell-Smith Jeremy , Holmes Jarrad , Lewis Ben , Brisbin John , Sangha Kamaljit K.
Published: September 2024

Globally, there is growing interest and potential for investment in Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to protect, manage or restore ecosystems through incentive schemes including Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), Nature Repair, Carbon Markets, Common Asset Trusts. Collectively, these NbS markets establish interchangeable mechanisms to help address biodiversity and climate crises, as well as socio-economic issues concerning many Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs). IPLCs manage and/or own almost 32% of the world’s land area through customary and community-based tenure arrangements. Since 2000 several PES schemes have been implemented in Australia. These schemes have been overwhelmingly implemented as public-good expenditure, with governments providing ~90% of total funding. Indigenous people have either the legal right to run or veto a carbon market or nature repair project over 57% of the Australian land mass, increasing to 63% in savanna and 85% in desert regions. Here we critically assess opportunities and challenges for Australia’s Indigenous estate associated with existing and emerging NbS market approaches, especially the Commonwealth’s current Savanna Fire Management (SFM) and Human Induced Regeneration methods, evolving Integrated Farm & Land Management (IFLM) and Blue Carbon methods, and proposed Nature Repair (NR) market. To date, Indigenous NbS interests have focused especially on SFM across northern Australia, with prospective opportunities especially for IFLM and NR markets. Most available schemes focus on remediation of degraded lands and seas, ignoring cost-effective investment opportunities to maintain habitats and ecosystems in less-degraded condition. Government-supported Common Asset Trusts can provide effective models for governance of stewardship schemes relevant to on-going care for relatively intact ecosystems. In Discussion we summarise key methodological, institutional, and policy opportunities and challenges for constructive Indigenous engagement with developing NbS markets. Our purpose is to provide an Indigenous land and sea management context to inform development of rapidly evolving NbS markets in Australia.
Analysis of patients’ side effects and quality of life in the ADAURA study
Authors: John Thomas
Published: September 2024

This video article presents the phase III ADAURA study investigating osimertinib in the treatment of early-stage EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
Sharp boundary concentration for a two-dimensional nonlinear Neumann problem*
Authors: De Marchis Francesca , Fourti Habib , Ianni Isabella
Published: September 2024

We consider the elliptic equation

−
Δ
u
+
u
=
0

in a bounded, smooth domain

Ω
⊂

R

2

subject to the nonlinear Neumann boundary condition

∂
u

/

∂
ν
=

|

u

|

p
−
1

u

on

∂
Ω

and study the asymptotic behaviour as the exponent

p
→
+
∞

of families of positive solutions up
satisfying uniform energy bounds. We prove energy quantisation and characterise the boundary concentration. In particular we describe the local asymptotic profile of the solutions around each concentration point and get sharp convergence results for the

L

∞

-norm.
Gravitational music: a mathematical-musical model for the popularization of gravitational waves
Authors: Bile Alessandro , Santoboni Riccardo , Frasca Sergio , Astone Pia
Published: September 2024

Nowadays scientific research, supported by technological development, proceeds at an inexorable speed. Thus, technical features could be difficult to understand for many of the population. Therefore, the research for a universal language has now become fundamental. At the same time, in the post-digital era, artistic research approached technology. The link between art and science has very ancient roots but in recent years has reached a complete overlap. For example, this is the case of the sonification process, which consists of the use of un-speech audio to transmit information. In this paper, we present Gravitational Music, an installation able to translate the physical phenomenon of gravitational waves propagation into sound, by exploiting an artistic approach. Gravitational Music is an efficient teaching tool that can be used for both school and adult purposes to simplify the complex language of science.
Plasma opacity induced by laser-driven movement of background ions
Authors: Liu Bin , Lei Bifeng , Gao Ying , Wen Meng , Zhu Kun
Published: September 2024

The transition threshold from relativistically transparent regime to opaque regime in the interaction of an ultra-intense laser pulse and a bulk plasma with mobile background ions is investigated. The threshold corresponds to the onset of laser hole-boring. We show that for an ultra-intense laser, the threshold depends on the ion composition of the plasma, and the corresponding plasma density is significantly lower than that with ion immobile plasma. These are supported by 1D PIC simulations by using hydrogen plasma and fully ionized carbon plasma. The movement of background ions modifies the dynamics and distribution of electrons in the plasma, which results in the Doppler-red-shift of the incident laser and the increase of the effective plasma density. An intuitive model, which gives the dependence of the transparency-opaqueness threshold on laser intensity and frequency, as well as the ion composition, is established. It is tested by multi-dimensional PIC simulations with hydrogen plasma.
Quantum estimation of the stokes vector rotation for a general polarimetric transformation
Authors: Pedram Ali , Besaga Vira R , Gassab Lea , Setzpfandt Frank , Müstecaplıoğlu Özgür E
Published: September 2024

Classical polarimetry is a well-established discipline with diverse applications across different branches of science. The burgeoning interest in leveraging quantum resources to achieve highly sensitive measurements has spurred researchers to elucidate the behavior of polarized light within a quantum mechanical framework, thereby fostering the development of a quantum theory of polarimetry. In this work, drawing inspiration from polarimetric investigations in biological tissues, we investigate the precision limits of polarization rotation angle estimation about a known rotation axis, in a quantum polarimetric process, comprising three distinct quantum channels. The rotation angle to be estimated is induced by the retarder channel on the Stokes vector of the probe state. The diattenuator and depolarizer channels, acting on the probe state, can be thought of as effective noise processes. We explore the precision constraints inherent in quantum polarimetry by evaluating the quantum Fisher information for probe states of significance in quantum metrology, namely NOON, Kings of Quantumness, and Coherent states. The effects of the noise channels as well as their ordering is analyzed on the estimation error of the rotation angle to characterize practical and optimal quantum probe states for quantum polarimetry. Furthermore, we propose an experimental framework tailored for NOON state quantum polarimetry, aiming to bridge theoretical insights with empirical validation.
Multiple soliton solutions and other travelling wave solutions to new structured (2+1)-dimensional integro-partial differential equation using efficient technique
Authors: Hussein Hisham H , Ahmed Hamdy M , Rabie Wafaa B , Ahmed Karim K , Hashemi Mir Sajjad , Bayram Mustafa
Published: September 2024

The Ito equation belongs to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) family and is commonly employed to predict how ships roll in regular seas. Additionally, it characterizes the interaction between two internal long waves. In the 1980s, Ito extended the bilinear KdV equation, resulting in the well-known (1+1)-dimensional and (2+1)-dimensional Ito equations. In this study finds numerous classes of exact solutions for a new structured (2 + 1)-dimensional Ito integro-differential equation using the help of the Mathematica software. The Improved Modified Extended Tanh Function Scheme (IMETFS) is utilised to address the aforementioned equation analytically. Bright, dark, and singular soliton solutions are produced. Additionally, periodic, exponential, rational, singular periodic, and Weierstrass elliptic doubly periodic results are achieved. The method employed includes the nonlinear evolution equations that arise in a variety of real-world situations, and it is efficient, applicable, and simple to handle. For certain obtained solutions, specific options of free constants are presented in 3D, 2D, and contour graphical depictions.
Quasi-invariant Utiyama’s approach to Chern—Simons’ theory
Authors: Acevedo O A , Cuzinatto R R , Pimentel B M , Pompeia P J , Sumire Esquia J C
Published: September 2024

We extend Utiyama’s approach to gauge theory by allowing the quasi-invariance of the Lagrangian density, that is the necessary and sufficient condition for the invariance of the action. Such an extension is possible because it is the invariance of the action, rather than the strict invariance of the Lagrangian density (that was the condition imposed by Utiyama), the condition that defines a symmetry. We obtain as a result that Chern—Simons’ theories, in the Abelian, non-Abelian, and gravity cases can be systematically obtained from the new set of Utiyama’s equations.
Exploring the influence of sudan IV Azo dye on the structural, optical, and dispersion characteristics of PVA/Su-IV composites
Authors: Al-Muntaser A A , Alzahrani Eman , Saeed Abdu , Al-Ghamdi S A , Alwafi Reem , Abo-Dief Hala M , Yassin A Y
Published: September 2024

Flexible polymeric film composites consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sudan IV azo dye (Su-IV) were synthesized using a casting method. Despite the known optical properties of PVA and azo dyes individually, the combined effects of Su-IV doping in PVA on the material’s optical and nonlinear optical properties have not been thoroughly investigated. This study addresses this gap by exploring the interactions between PVA and Su-IV at various doping concentrations (0.1–0.8 wt%) and their subsequent impact on the material’s structural and optical characteristics. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify distinct vibrational groups within the composites, revealing that the incorporation of Su-IV induced random deviations in most absorption intensities compared to pristine PVA. Notably, new peaks at 519 and 444 cm−1 emerged, intensifying with increasing Su-IV concentrations, indicating significant interactions between the composite constituents. The optical properties were analyzed through transmittance and reflectance measurements, which uncovered new absorption peaks at 518 and 357 nm in PVA/Su-IV composites. These peaks correspond to electronic energy transitions of 2.4 and 3.6 eV, respectively, and their intensities increased with higher Su-IV content. Additionally, the indirect and direct bandgaps were decreased as Su-IV concentrations increased. The refractive index (n) analysis showed typical dispersion behavior between 850 and 2500 nm, aligning with the Wemple-DiDomenico (WDD) model. Furthermore, the oscillator parameters were calculated. Also, the nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) was boosted from 4.19 × 10−6 for pure PVA to 3.60 × 10−4 for the sample with 0.8 wt% Su-IV. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) was also measured at 8.55 × 10−2 for the doped sample. These findings demonstrate the potential of PVA/Su-IV composites for applications in nonlinear optics and photonics.