bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase-separation of cellulose from ionic liquid upon cooling: preparation of microsized particles
Authors: Xia Jingwen , King Alistair W. T. , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Aseyev Vladimir
Published: October 2021

Cellulose is an historical polymer, for which its processing possibilities have been limited by the absence of a melting point and insolubility in all non-derivatizing molecular solvents. More recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have been used for cellulose dissolution and regeneration, for example, in the development of textile fiber spinning processes. In some cases, organic electrolyte solutions (OESs), that are binary mixtures of an ionic liquid and a polar aprotic co-solvent, can show even better technical dissolution capacities for cellulose than the pure ILs. Herein we use OESs consisting of two tetraalkylphosphonium acetate ILs and dimethyl sulfoxide or γ-valerolactone, as co-solvents. Cellulose can be first dissolved in these OESs at 120 °C and then regenerated, upon cooling, leading to micro and macro phase-separation. This phenomenon much resembles the upper-critical solution temperature (UCST) type thermodynamic transition. This observed UCST-like behavior of these systems allows for the controlled regeneration of cellulose into colloidal dispersions of spherical microscale particles (spherulites), with highly ordered shape and size. While this phenomenon has been reported for other IL and NMMO-based systems, the mechanisms and phase-behavior have not been well defined. The particles are obtained below the phase-separation temperature as a result of controlled multi-molecular association. The regeneration process is a consequence of multi-parameter interdependence, where the polymer characteristics, OES composition, temperature, cooling rate and time all play their roles. The influence of the experimental conditions, cellulose concentration and the effect of time on regeneration of cellulose in the form of preferential gel or particles is discussed.

Graphical abstract

Regular micro-sized particles regenerated from a cellulose-OES mixture of tetrabutylphosphonium acetate:DMSO (70:30 w/w) upon cooling
Stability of gamma-valerolactone under pulping conditions as a basis for process optimization and chemical recovery
Authors: Granatier Marianna , Schlapp-Hackl Inge , Lê Huy Quang , Nieminen Kaarlo , Pitkänen Leena , Sixta Herbert
Published: October 2021

This study focuses on the investigation of the extent of the γ-valerolactone (GVL) hydrolysis forming an equilibrium with 4-hydroxyvaleric acid (4-HVA) in aqueous solutions over a wide pH range. The hydrolysis of a 50 wt% GVL solution to 4-HVA (3.5 mol%) was observed only at elevated temperatures. The addition of sulfuric acid (0.2 × 10–5 wt% to 6 wt%) at elevated temperatures (150–180 °C) and reaction times between 30 and 180 min caused the formation of 4 mol% 4-HVA. However, with decreasing acidity, the 4-HVA remained constant at about 3 mol%. The hydrolysis reactions in alkaline conditions were conducted at a constant time (30 min) and temperature (180 °C) with the variation of the NaOH concentration (0.2 × 10–6 wt% to 7 wt%). The addition of less than 0.2 wt% of NaOH resulted in the formation of less than 4 mol% of sodium 4-hydroxyvalerate. A maximum amount of 21 mol% of 4-HVA was observed in a 7 wt% NaOH solution. The degree of decomposition after treatment was determined by NMR analysis. To verify the GVL stability under practical conditions, Betula pendula sawdust was fractionated in 50 wt% GVL with and without the addition of H2SO4 or NaOH at 180 °C and a treatment time of 120 min. The spent liquor was analyzed and a 4-HVA content of 5.6 mol% in a high acidic (20 kg H2SO4/t wood) and 6.0 mol% in an alkaline (192 kg NaOH/t wood) environment have been determined.
Ionophore application for artificial oocyte activation and its potential effect on morphokinetics: a sibling oocyte study
Authors: Shebl Omar , Trautner Philip Sebastian , Enengl Sabine , Reiter Elisabeth , Allerstorfer Christina , Rechberger Tamara , Oppelt Peter , Ebner Thomas
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To evaluate whether ionophore application at the oocyte stage changes the morphokinetics of the associated embryos in cases of artificial oocyte activation.

Methods

In a prospective sibling oocyte approach, 78 ICSI patients with suspected fertilization problems had half of their MII-oocytes treated with a ready-to-use ionophore (calcimycin) immediately following ICSI (study group). Untreated ICSI eggs served as the control group. Primary analyses focused on morphokinetic behavior and the presence of irregular cleavages. The rates of fertilization, utilization, pregnancy, and live birth rate were also evaluated.

Results

Ionophore-treated oocytes showed a significantly earlier formation of pronuclei (t2PNa) and a better synchronized third cell cycle (s3) (P < .05). The rate of irregular cleavage was unaffected (P > .05). Ionophore treatment significantly improved the overall rates of fertilization (P < .01) and blastocyst utilization (P < .05).

Conclusion

Ionophore application does not negatively affect cleavage timing nor is it associated with irregular cleavage.
A Multi-view Camera Model for Line-Scan Cameras with Telecentric Lenses
Authors: Steger Carsten , Ulrich Markus
Published: October 2021

We propose a novel multi-view camera model for line-scan cameras with telecentric lenses. The camera model supports an arbitrary number of cameras and assumes a linear relative motion with constant velocity between the cameras and the object. We distinguish two motion configurations. In the first configuration, all cameras move with independent motion vectors. In the second configuration, the cameras are mounted rigidly with respect to each other and therefore share a common motion vector. The camera model can model arbitrary lens distortions by supporting arbitrary positions of the line sensor with respect to the optical axis. We propose an algorithm to calibrate a multi-view telecentric line-scan camera setup. To facilitate a 3D reconstruction, we prove that an image pair acquired with two telecentric line-scan cameras can always be rectified to the epipolar standard configuration, in contrast to line-scan cameras with entocentric lenses, for which this is possible only under very restricted conditions. The rectification allows an arbitrary stereo algorithm to be used to calculate disparity images. We propose an efficient algorithm to compute 3D coordinates from these disparities. Experiments on real images show the validity of the proposed multi-view telecentric line-scan camera model.
Popular Government Without the Will of the People
Authors: Weale Albert
Published: October 2021

Populism sees representative government as intrinsically elitist, preferring to think about democracy in terms of the will of the people, expressed through devices such as referendums. However, this view is not one that can be made sense of and seeking to pursue the will of the people is dangerous to democracy. Citizen engagement is important in a representative democracy, but this is best conceived on a model of civil society organizations undertaking practical public deliberation. A philosophical model of deliberation leading to choice is introduced, and the argument that such a theory is itself elitist is considered but found wanting.
Specificity of time- and dose-dependent morphological endpoints in the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test for substances with diverse modes of action: the search for a “fingerprint”
Authors: von Hellfeld Rebecca , Pannetier Pauline , Braunbeck Thomas
Published: October 2021

The fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo according to OECD TG 236 was originally developed as an alternative test method for acute fish toxicity testing according to, e.g., OECD TG 203. Given the versatility of the protocol, however, the FET test has found application beyond acute toxicity testing as a common tool in environmental hazard and risk assessment. Whereas the standard OECD guideline is restricted to four core endpoints (coagulation as well as lack of somite formation, heartbeat, and tail detachment) for simple, rapid assessment of acute toxicity, further endpoints can easily be integrated into the FET test protocol. This has led to the hypothesis that an extended FET test might allow for the identification of different classes of toxicants via a “fingerprint” of morphological observations. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated a set of 18 compounds with highly diverse modes of action with respect to acute and sublethal endpoints. Especially at higher concentrations, most observations proved toxicant-unspecific. With decreasing concentrations, however, observations declined in number, but gained in specificity. Specific observations may at best be made at test concentrations ≤ EC10. The existence of a “fingerprint” based on morphological observations in the FET is, therefore, highly unlikely in the range of acute toxicity, but cannot be excluded for experiments at sublethal concentrations.
Water assessment in transboundary river basins: the case of the Medjerda River Basin
Authors: Rajosoa Andrianirina Sedera , Abdelbaki Chérifa , Mourad Khaldoon A.
Published: October 2021

Water resources in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) face over-exploitation and over-pollution due to population growth, climate change and the lack of advanced water governance approaches. These challenges become more serious in transboundary river basins and may lead to conflict between riparian countries. The main objective of this paper is to assess water resources and needs at the Medjerda River Basin (MRB), shared by Tunisia and Algeria using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) system between 2020 and 2050. Four scenarios were built to assess the current and future status of the water supply and demands in both countries. The results show that water demands, and shortages are increasing, and some demand sites will face real water scarcity in the future due to climate change and development practices. Therefore, new allocation and management plans should be examined at the regional level based on real collaboration among all stakeholders.
An efficient machine learning approach to nephrology through iris recognition
Authors: Divya C. D. , Gururaj H. L. , Rohan R. , Bhagyalakshmi V. , Rashmi H. A. , Domnick A. , Flammini Francesco
Published: October 2021

Iridology is a technique in science used to analyze color, patterns, and various other properties of the iris to assess an individual's general health. Few regions in the iris are connected by nerves coming from different organs of body, this shows some special unique qualities which is advantageous along with which assist in psychological condition, particular organ conditions and construction of the body. The structural and designed patterns present on specific part of iris represent the level of intensity of disorder caused by the organs. This method of approach can be employed as reasonable and logical guidelines for the detection and identification of disorders. Therefore, after scanning the image of iris advance study of disorder can be carried out for detecting the condition of organ. Initially by the service of an adaptive histogram, the image of eye should be separated from part of the image captured. Next the images of iris are classified and recognized using machine learning algorithm Support Vector machine or Support Vector Networks. The features are extracted from images of iris using white Gaussian filters which are then used as a feature descriptor. These descriptors count the occurrences of gradient orientation and magnitude in localized portions of an image. Then convert the image of iris to a gray scaled image, final image is standardized. Next is to convert it into rectangular shape and then assembling the HMM images of eyes related to the kidney. The final level is to diagnose the edge of image of iris HMM. By analysing end results, condition of the organ can be diagnosed and results can be obtained from the iris recognition system.
THE CARISBROOKE HAND: ANGLO-SAXON SCULPTURE AND THE HAND OF GOD?
Authors: Margham John , Tomalin David
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the significance of a fragment of stone sculpture built into the north wall of the churchyard at Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight. The sculpture depicts an open right hand that is larger than life-sized and is probably of late Anglo-Saxon date. The size and character of the sculpture favours a manus dei (hand of God), forming the upper element of a large rood assemblage. The authors consider allied sculpture in which such a hand appears on Anglo-Saxon grave markers and in similar low relief depictions where Christ is figured on the Cross. At Carisbrooke, this architectural sculpture would have formed a significant feature of an Anglo-Saxon minster church that was rebuilt in the early Norman period. The siting of this building and the extent of its parochia is briefly considered. Supplementary material reviews the probable significance of the sculptural use of Quarr stone at Carisbrooke and elsewhere.
Development, Citizenship, and the Bhakra–Nangal Dams in Postcolonial India, 1948–1952
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: October 2021

Historians have done much to unpick the image of development in poor countries after the Second World War as a technocratic phenomenon driven by centralizing planners and advocates of modernization. Yet scholars have done less to ask how development interacted with other major aspects of decolonization, notably the transformation of colonial subjecthood to postcolonial citizenship. Using the case of the Bhakra–Nangal dam complex, constructed in northern India during the late 1940s to early 1950s, this article argues that a major development project impacted not just on economic growth and the extension of state power, but significantly influenced the integration of postcolonial India's diverse political territories. At the same time, ideas about development and citizenship both offered resources that technocrats and dam-displaced people alike could use to make arguments about the relationship between people, territory. and the state. Development was not a rarefied space that escaped politics while extending state power, but was entangled in the broader processes through which subjects of an empire became citizens of a postcolonial state.
Walter Lippmann, emotion, and the history of international theory
Authors: Van Rythoven Eric
Published: October 2021

The recent ‘emotion turn’ in international theory is widely viewed as a cutting-edge development which pushes the field in fundamentally new directions. Challenging this narrative, this essay returns to the historical works of Walter Lippmann to show how thinking about emotions has been central to international theory for far longer than currently appreciated. Deeply troubled by his experience with propaganda during the First World War, Lippmann spent the next several decades thinking about the relationship between emotion, mass politics, and the challenges of foreign policy in the modern world. The result was a sophisticated account of the role of emotional stereotypes and symbols in mobilizing democratic publics to international action. I argue that a return to Lippmann's ideas offers two advantages. First, it shows his thinking on emotion and mass politics formed an important influence for key disciplinary figures like Angell, Morgenthau, Niebuhr, and Waltz. Second, it shows why the relationship between emotion and democracy should be understood as a vital concern for international theory. Vacillating between scepticism and hope, Lippmann's view of democracy highlights a series of challenges in modern mass politics – disinformation, the unintended consequences of emotional symbols, and responsibility for the public's emotional excesses – which bear directly on democracies' ability to engage the world.
Conceptualizing interstate cooperation
Authors: Graefrath Moritz S. , Jahn Marcel
Published: October 2021

There seems to exist a general consensus on how to conceptualize cooperation in the field of international relations (IR). We argue that this impression is deceptive. In practice, scholars working on the causes of international cooperation have come to implicitly employ various understandings of what cooperation is. Yet, an explicit debate about the discipline's conceptual foundations never materialized, and whatever discussion occurred did so only latently and without much dialog across theoretical traditions. In this paper, we develop an updated conceptual framework by exploring the nature of these differing understandings and situating them within broader theoretical conversations about the role of cooperation in IR. Drawing on an array of studies in IR and philosophy, our framework distinguishes between three distinct types of cooperative state interactions – cooperation through tacit policy coordination (‘minimal’ cooperation), cooperation through explicit policy coordination (‘thin’ cooperation), and cooperation based on joint action (‘thick’ cooperation). The framework contributes to better theorization about cooperation in two main ways: it allows scholars across theoretical traditions to identify important sources of disagreement and previously unnoticed theoretical common ground; and the conceptual disaggregation it provides grants scholars crucial theoretical leverage by enabling type-specific causal theorization.
FlocARAZI: An In‐Situ, Image‐Based Profiling Instrument for Sizing Solid and Flocculated Suspended Sediment
Authors: Osborn Ryan , Dillon Brandon , Tran Duc , Abolfazli Ehsan , Dunne Kieran B. J. , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Strom Kyle
Published: October 2021

An inexpensive and compact underwater digital camera imaging system was developed to collect in situ high resolution images of flocculated suspended sediment at depths of up to 60 meters. The camera has a field of view of 3.7 × 2.8 mm and can resolve particles down to 5 . Depending on the degree of flocculation, the system is capable of accurately sizing particles to concentrations up to 500 mg/L. The system is fast enough to allow for profiling whereby size distributions of suspended particles and flocs can be provided at multiple verticals within the water column over a relatively short amount of time (approximately 15 min for a profile of 15 m). Using output from image processing routines, methods are introduced to estimate the mass suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from the images and to separate identified particles into sand and mud floc populations. The combination of these two methods allows for the size and concentration estimates of each fraction independently. The camera and image analysis methods are used in both the laboratory and the Mississippi River for development and testing. Output from both settings are presented in this study.
Leprosy in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Hockings Kimberley J. , Mubemba Benjamin , Avanzi Charlotte , Pleh Kamilla , Düx Ariane , Bersacola Elena , Bessa Joana , Ramon Marina , Metzger Sonja , Patrono Livia V. , Jaffe Jenny E. , Benjak Andrej , Bonneaud Camille , Busso Philippe , Couacy-Hymann Emmanuel , Gado Moussa , Gagneux Sebastien , Johnson Roch C. , Kodio Mamoudou , Lynton-Jenkins Joshua , Morozova Irina , Mätz-Rensing Kerstin , Regalla Aissa , Said Abílio R. , Schuenemann Verena J. , Sow Samba O. , Spencer John S. , Ulrich Markus , Zoubi Hyacinthe , Cole Stewart T. , Wittig Roman M. , Calvignac-Spencer Sebastien , Leendertz Fabian H.
Published: October 2021

Humans are considered as the main host forMycobacterium leprae1, the aetiological agent of leprosy, but spillover has occurred to other mammals that are now maintenance hosts, such as nine-banded armadillos and red squirrels2,3. Although naturally acquired leprosy has also been described in captive nonhuman primates4–7, the exact origins of infection remain unclear. Here we describe leprosy-like lesions in two wild populations of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau and Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. Longitudinal monitoring of both populations revealed the progression of disease symptoms compatible with advanced leprosy. Screening of faecal and necropsy samples confirmed the presence ofM. lepraeas the causative agent at each site and phylogenomic comparisons with other strains from humans and other animals show that the chimpanzee strains belong to different and rare genotypes (4N/O and 2F). These findings suggest thatM. lepraemay be circulating in more wild animals than suspected, either as a result of exposure to humans or other unknown environmental sources.
Cross-modal semantic autoencoder with embedding consensus
Authors: Sun Shengzi , Guo Binghui , Mi Zhilong , Zheng Zhiming
Published: October 2021

Cross-modal retrieval has become a topic of popularity, since multi-data is heterogeneous and the similarities between different forms of information are worthy of attention. Traditional single-modal methods reconstruct the original information and lack of considering the semantic similarity between different data. In this work, a cross-modal semantic autoencoder with embedding consensus (CSAEC) is proposed, mapping the original data to a low-dimensional shared space to retain semantic information. Considering the similarity between the modalities, an automatic encoder is utilized to associate the feature projection to the semantic code vector. In addition, regularization and sparse constraints are applied to low-dimensional matrices to balance reconstruction errors. The high dimensional data is transformed into semantic code vector. Different models are constrained by parameters to achieve denoising. The experiments on four multi-modal data sets show that the query results are improved and effective cross-modal retrieval is achieved. Further, CSAEC can also be applied to fields related to computer and network such as deep and subspace learning. The model breaks through the obstacles in traditional methods, using deep learning methods innovatively to convert multi-modal data into abstract expression, which can get better accuracy and achieve better results in recognition.
Association between the use of allopurinol and risk of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone level
Authors: Choi Wona , Yang Yoon-Sik , Chang Dong-Jin , Chung Yeon Woong , Kim HyungMin , Ko Soo Jeong , Yoo Sooyoung , Oh Ji Seon , Kang Dong Yoon , Yang Hyeon-Jong , Choi In Young
Published: October 2021

Allopurinol is the first-line agent for patients with gout, including those with moderate‐to‐severe chronic kidney disease. However, increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are observed in patients with long-term allopurinol treatment. This large-scale, nested case–control, retrospective observational study analysed the association between allopurinol use and increased TSH levels. A common data model based on an electronic medical record database of 19,200,973 patients from seven hospitals between January 1997 and September 2020 was used. Individuals aged > 19 years in South Korea with at least one record of a blood TSH test were included. Data of 59,307 cases with TSH levels > 4.5 mIU/L and 236,508 controls matched for sex, age (± 5), and cohort registration date (± 30 days) were analysed. An association between the risk of increased TSH and allopurinol use in participants from five hospitals was observed. A meta-analysis (I2 = 0) showed that the OR was 1.51 (95% confidence interval: 1.32–1.72) in both the fixed and random effects models. The allopurinol intake group demonstrated that increased TSH did not significantly affect free thyroxine and thyroxine levels. After the index date, some diseases were likely to occur in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism. Allopurinol administration may induce subclinical hypothyroidism.
Intrinsic motivation for singing in songbirds is enhanced by temporary singing suppression and regulated by dopamine
Authors: Kim Yunbok , Kwon Sojeong , Rajan Raghav , Mori Chihiro , Kojima Satoshi
Published: October 2021

Behaviors driven by intrinsic motivation are critical for development and optimization of physical and brain functions, but their underlying mechanisms are not well studied due to the complexity and autonomy of the behavior. Songbirds, such as zebra finches, offer a unique opportunity to study neural substrates of intrinsic motivation because they spontaneously produce many renditions of songs with highly-quantifiable structure for vocal practice, even in the absence of apparent recipients (“undirected singing”). Neural substrates underlying intrinsic motivation for undirected singing are still poorly understood partly because singing motivation cannot be easily manipulated due to its autonomy. Also, undirected singing itself acts as an internal reward, which could increase singing motivation, leading to difficulty in measuring singing motivation independent of singing-associated reward. Here, we report a simple procedure to easily manipulate and quantify intrinsic motivation for undirected singing independent of singing-associated reward. We demonstrate that intrinsic motivation for undirected singing is dramatically enhanced by temporary suppression of singing behavior and the degree of enhancement depends on the duration of suppression. Moreover, by examining latencies to the first song following singing suppression as a measure of singing motivation independent of singing-associated reward, we demonstrate that intrinsic singing motivation is critically regulated by dopamine through D2 receptors. These results provide a simple experimental tool to manipulate and measure the intrinsic motivation for undirected singing and illustrate the importance of zebra finches as a model system to study the neural basis of intrinsically-motivated behaviors.
Localizing sensory processing sensitivity and its subdomains within its relevant trait space: a data-driven approach
Authors: Attary Taraneh , Ghazizadeh Ali
Published: October 2021

Sensitivity arising from enhanced processing of external and internal stimuli or sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is known to be present in a sizable portion of the population. Yet a clear localization of SPS and its subdomains with respect to other relevant traits is currently lacking. Here, we used a data-driven approach including hierarchical clustering, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and graph learning to portrait SPS as measured by Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) in relation to the Big-Five Inventory (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) as well as to shyness, alexithymia, autism quotient, anxiety, and depression (11 total traits) using data from more than 800 participants. Analysis revealed SPS subdomains to be divided between two trait clusters with questions related to aesthetic sensitivity (AES) falling within a cluster of mainly positive traits and neighbored by openness while questions addressing ease of excitation (EOE) and low sensory threshold (LST) to be mostly contained within a cluster of negative traits and neighbored by neuroticism. A similar spread across clusters was seen for questions addressing autism consistent with it being a spectrum disorder, in contrast, alexithymia subdomains were closely fit within the negative cluster. Together, our results support the view of SPS as a distinct yet non-unitary trait and provide insights for further refinements of the current SPS concept and scales.
Lateral migration of large sedimentary bodies in a deep-marine system offshore of Argentina
Authors: Kirby Adam , Hernández-Molina Francisco Javier , Rodrigues Sara
Published: October 2021

Contourite features are increasingly identified in seismic data, but the mechanisms controlling their evolution remain poorly understood. Using 2D multichannel reflection seismic and well data, this study describes large Oligocene- to middle Miocene-aged sedimentary bodies that show prominent lateral migration along the base of the Argentine slope. These form part of a contourite depositional system with four morphological elements: a plastered drift, a contourite channel, an asymmetric mounded drift, and an erosive surface. The features appear within four seismic units (SU1–SU4) bounded by discontinuities. Their sedimentary stacking patterns indicate three evolutionary stages: an onset stage (I) (~ 34–25 Ma), a growth stage (II) (~ 25–14 Ma), and (III) a burial stage (< 14 Ma). The system reveals that lateral migration of large sedimentary bodies is not only confined to shallow or littoral marine environments and demonstrates how bottom currents and secondary oceanographic processes influence contourite morphologies. Two cores of a single water mass, in this case, the Antarctic Bottom Water and its upper interface, may drive upslope migration of asymmetric mounded drifts. Seismic images also show evidence of recirculating bottom currents which have modulated the system’s evolution. Elucidation of these novel processes will enhance basin analysis and palaeoceanographic reconstructions.
Evidences and drivers of ocean deoxygenation off Peru over recent past decades
Authors: Espinoza-Morriberón D. , Echevin V. , Gutiérrez D. , Tam J. , Graco M. , Ledesma J. , Colas F.
Published: October 2021

Deoxygenation is a major threat to the coastal ocean health as it impacts marine life and key biogeochemical cycles. Understanding its drivers is crucial in the thriving and highly exploited Peru upwelling system, where naturally low-oxygenated subsurface waters form the so-called oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), and a slight vertical shift in its upper limit may have a huge impact. Here we investigate the long-term deoxygenation trends in the upper part of the nearshore OMZ off Peru over the period 1970–2008. We use a unique set of dissolved oxygen in situ observations and several high-resolution regional dynamical-biogeochemical coupled model simulations. Both observation and model present a nearshore deoxygenation above 150 m depth, with a maximum trend of – 10 µmol kg−1 decade1, and a shoaling of the oxycline depth (− 6.4 m decade−1). Model sensitivity analysis shows that the modeled oxycline depth presents a non-significant (+ 0.9 m decade−1) trend when remote forcing is suppressed, while a significant oxycline shoaling (− 3 m decade−1) is obtained when the wind variability is suppressed. This indicates that the nearshore deoxygenation can be attributed to the slowdown of the near-equatorial eastward currents, which transport oxygen-rich waters towards the Peruvian shores. The large uncertainties in the estimation of this ventilation flux and the consequences for more recent and future deoxygenation trends are discussed.
Photoreversible formation of nanotubes in water from an amphiphilic azobenzene derivative
Authors: Navarro-Barreda Diego , Angulo-Pachón César A. , Galindo Francisco , Miravet Juan F.
Published: October 2021

An anionic azobenzene-appended derivative of l-ValylGlycine self-assembles into nanotubes in water.
Si-Bridged annulated BODIPYs: synthesis, unique structure and photophysical properties
Authors: Feng Siyang , Qu Zhirong , Zhou Zhikuan , Chen Jiaying , Gai Lizhi , Lu Hua
Published: October 2021

Two novel Si-bridged meso-annulated BODIPY dyes have been prepared through intermolecular C–I silylation and subsequent intramolecular C–H silylation in a one-pot reaction.
Calix[4]pyrroles as ligands: recent progress with a focus on the emerging p-block element chemistry
Authors: Ruppert Heiko , Sigmund Lukas M. , Greb Lutz
Published: October 2021

Calix[4]pyrroles are a highly versatile class of ligands. This feature article highlights recent developments, with focus on the p-block elements.
Coupling of thiols and aromatic halides promoted by diboron derived super electron donors
Authors: Franco Mario , Vargas Emily L. , Tortosa Mariola , Cid M. Belén
Published: October 2021

Diboron-based super electron donors (SEDs) efficiently catalyze the coupling between thiols and aryl halides through a SRN1 mechanism. Remarkably, under the optimized conditions, the competitive borylation reaction of the aryl halides is suppressed.
Shape-controlled Cu2O nanospheres as bifunctional catalysts boosting the oxidations of glucose and hydrazine
Authors: Wang Li , Wu Yutai , Sun Chaoyang , Wang Hui , Ren Jianwei
Published: October 2021

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles hold promise as low-cost catalysts for the oxidations of both glucose and hydrazine (N2H4). The shape-controlled growth of Cu2O crystals can regulate effectively its catalytic activities.
High Curie temperature bismuth-based piezo-/ferroelectric single crystals of complex perovskite structure: recent progress and perspectives
Authors: Liu Zenghui , Wu Hua , Zhuang Jian , Niu Gang , Zhang Nan , Ren Wei , Ye Zuo-Guang
Published: October 2021

The recent progress in high TC bismuth-based piezo-/ferroelectric single crystals is reviewed in terms of materials design, crystal growth, physical properties, crystal chemistry, and complex domain structures, and the future perspectives are discussed.
Lead(ii) supramolecular structures formed through a cooperative influence of the hydrazinecarbothioamide derived and ancillary ligands
Authors: García-Santos Isabel , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Mahmoudi Ghodrat , Babashkina Maria G. , Zangrando Ennio , Gomila Rosa M. , Frontera Antonio , Safin Damir A.
Published: October 2021

We report on tetrel bonding and other noncovalent interactions in the lead(ii)-derived complexes with the hydrazinecarbothioamide derived and ancillary ligands, which predominantly drive the formation of extended architectures.
Quantum dot clusters as self-assembled antennae with phycocyanine and phycobilisomes as energy acceptors
Authors: Grzyb Joanna , Walczewska-Szewc Katarzyna , Sławski Jakub , Trojnar Martyna
Published: October 2021

Self-assembled antennae built using CdTe colloidal quantum dots (QDs) transfers energy to phycocyanine acceptor – experimental and computational characterization.
Engineering ferromagnetism in Ni(OH)2 nanosheets using tunable uniaxial pressure in graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Shudo Yuta , Islam Md. Saidul , Zenno Hikaru , Fukuda Masahiro , Nakaya Manabu , Rabin Nurun Nahar , Sekine Yoshihiro , Lindoy Leonard F. , Hayami Shinya
Published: October 2021

The tunable ferromagnetic transition behaviors of Ni(OH)2 sheets layered between rGO/GO sheets have been demonstrated.
Silk nanofibers-ZIF hybrid membrane with improved treatment efficiency and highly enhanced water permeability for excellent removal of multiple pollutants from water
Authors: Sun Dina , Meng Gengping , Sun Shihao , Guo Wenting , Hai Jun , Su Junxia , Song Yanxia , Chen Fengjuan , Wang Baodui
Published: October 2021

We developed a new and sustainable SNFs-ZIF hybrid membrane with improved treatment efficiency and enhanced water permeability for excellent removal of multiple pollutants including heavy metals, dyes and NO3−.
Fast Cr(vi) wastewater remediation on a BixOy/CdS heterostructure under simulated solar light induction
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Xiao-yun , Chu Xiao-shan , Wang Fei , Dang Yan-yan , Ma Teng-hao , Li Jia-yuan , Wang Chuan-yi
Published: October 2021

Construction of a p–n BixOy/CdS heterostructure for Cr(vi) wastewater remediation based on a II-type induced mechanism.
Labile carbon release from oxic–anoxic cycling in woodchip bioreactors enhances nitrate removal without increasing nitrous oxide accumulation
Authors: McGuire Philip M. , Dai Valentina , Walter M. Todd , Reid Matthew C.
Published: October 2021

Drying re-wetting cycles in woodchip bioreactors enhance lignocellulose degradation and bioavailable carbon, increasing nitrate removal rates while simultaneously attenuating nitrous oxide accumulation.
Enhancing the activity of gold supported catalysts by oxide coating: towards efficient oxidations
Authors: Ferraz Camila P. , Navarro-Jaén Sara , Rossi Liane M. , Dumeignil Franck , Ghazzal Mohamed N. , Wojcieszak Robert
Published: October 2021

SiO2@Au@TiO2 core–shell catalysts present excellent activity, selectivity and stability in the base-free oxidation of furfural, showing a hundredfold catalytic activity increase with respect to conventional SiO2@TiO2@Au supported catalysts.
Mono- and dialdehyde of trehalose: new synthons to prepare trehalose bio-conjugates
Authors: Greco Valentina , Sciuto Sebastiano , Rizzarelli Enrico
Published: October 2021

Direct conversion of unprotected trehalose into the corresponding mono- or dialdehyde provides easy access to various trehalose analogues/bioconjugates.
Micro- and nanocelluloses from non-wood waste sources; processes and use in industrial applications
Authors: Gröndahl Julius , Karisalmi Kaisa , Vapaavuori Jaana
Published: October 2021

In addition to renewability and abundance, waste-derived nanocellulose materials have tremendous and variable application potential, ranging from paper and packaging reinforcement to emerging products, such as substrates for optoelectronics.
Au3+-Induced gel network formation of proteins
Authors: Schijven Laura M. I. , Saggiomo Vittorio , Velders Aldrik H. , Bitter Johannes H. , Nikiforidis Constantinos V.
Published: October 2021

The formation of protein networks in aqueous systems is a result of protein intermolecular interactions after an energy input, like heating.
Self-assembly of chiral foldamers with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains into acid-sensitive and solvent-exchangeable vesicular particles
Authors: Zhao Zhiqiang , Bian Zheng , Chen Yu , Xie Zhigang , Kang Chuanqing , Gao Lianxun , Zhu Guangshan
Published: October 2021

Here we reported that chiral foldamers with alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains were able to self-assemble into vesicular particles independent of solvent polarity. These particles were well dispersed in aliphatic hydrocarbon, alcohol or water for at least one month at room temperature.
3D printing of advanced lithium batteries: a designing strategy of electrode/electrolyte architectures
Authors: Pei Mengfan , Shi Haiting , Yao Fengting , Liang Shuaitong , Xu Zhiwei , Pei Xiaoyuan , Wang Shuo , Hu Yanli
Published: October 2021

The major applications of 3D-printed technologies in lithium batteries.
Complex H-bonded silanol network in zeolites revealed by IR and NMR spectroscopy combined with DFT calculations
Authors: Dib Eddy , Costa Izabel Medeiros , Vayssilov Georgi N. , Aleksandrov Hristiyan A. , Mintova Svetlana
Published: October 2021

We report a new classification of silanols in zeolites based on their specific spectral behavior and participation in hydrogen bonds combining experimental IR and NMR spectroscopic analyses and DFT modeling.
High-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding capability of magnetic Ti3C2Tx MXene/CNT composite film
Authors: Liang Luyang , Yao Chao , Yan Xu , Feng Yuezhan , Hao Xin , Zhou Bing , Wang Yaming , Ma Jianmin , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: October 2021

By combining multiple EMI shielding mechanisms obtained from the high conductivity, strong attenuation capacity and “brick-mortar” layered structure, the magnetic "brick-mortar" layered NiCo/MXene-CNT film can shield 99.99999991% of EM waves.
Functionalized hybrid perovskite nanocrystals with organic ligands showing a stable 3D/2D core/shell structure for display and laser applications
Authors: Bhosale Sumit Shahajirao , Narra Sudhakar , Jokar Efat , Manikandan Arumugam , Chueh Yu-Lun , Diau Eric Wei-Guang
Published: October 2021

A simple one-pot synthesis of stable red-emitting perovskite nanocrystals involved the addition of Cs-oleate, formamidinium bromide (FABr) and organic ammonium iodide salts (LnI, n = 1–5) to a hot flask containing oleic acid, oleylamine and PbI2.
The Milky Way bar and bulge revealed by APOGEE and Gaia EDR3
Authors: Queiroz A. B. A. , Chiappini C. , Perez-Villegas A. , Khalatyan A. , Anders F. , Barbuy B. , Santiago B. X. , Steinmetz M. , Cunha K. , Schultheis M. , Majewski S. R. , Minchev I. , Minniti D. , Beaton R. L. , Cohen R. E. , da Costa L. N. , Fernández-Trincado J. G. , Garcia-Hernández D. A. , Geisler D. , Hasselquist S. , Lane R. R. , Nitschelm C. , Rojas-Arriagada A. , Roman-Lopes A. , Smith V. , Zasowski G.
Published: October 2021

We investigate the inner regions of the Milky Way using data from APOGEE and Gaia EDR3. Our inner Galactic sample has more than 26 500 stars within |XGal|< 5 kpc, |YGal|< 3.5 kpc, |ZGal|< 1 kpc, and we also carry out the analysis for a foreground-cleaned subsample of 8000 stars that is more representative of the bulge–bar populations. These samples allow us to build chemo-dynamical maps of the stellar populations with vastly improved detail. The inner Galaxy shows an apparent chemical bimodality in key abundance ratios [α/Fe], [C/N], and [Mn/O], which probe different enrichment timescales, suggesting a star formation gap (quenching) between the high- and low-α populations. Using a joint analysis of the distributions of kinematics, metallicities, mean orbital radius, and chemical abundances, we can characterize the different populations coexisting in the innermost regions of the Galaxy for the first time. The chemo-kinematic data dissected on an eccentricity–|Z|max plane reveal the chemical and kinematic signatures of the bar, the thin inner disc, and an inner thick disc, and a broad metallicity population with large velocity dispersion indicative of a pressure-supported component. The interplay between these different populations is mapped onto the different metallicity distributions seen in the eccentricity–|Z|max diagram consistently with the mean orbital radius and Vϕ distributions. A clear metallicity gradient as a function of |Z|max is also found, which is consistent with the spatial overlapping of different populations. Additionally, we find and chemically and kinematically characterize a group of counter-rotating stars that could be the result of a gas-rich merger event or just the result of clumpy star formation during the earliest phases of the early disc that migrated into the bulge. Finally, based on 6D information, we assign stars a probability value of being on a bar orbit and find that most of the stars with large bar orbit probabilities come from the innermost 3 kpc, with a broad dispersion of metallicity. Even stars with a high probability of belonging to the bar show chemical bimodality in the [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram. This suggests bar trapping to be an efficient mechanism, explaining why stars on bar orbits do not show a significant, distinct chemical abundance ratio signature.
Effects of Concurrent Training on 1RM and VO2 in Adults: Systematic
Review with Meta-analysis
Authors: Pito Pedro Gabriel , Cardoso Jefferson R. , Tufano James , Guariglia Débora
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of concurrent
training on one repetition maximum (1RM), maximum oxygen consumption
(VO2max), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in
healthy adults. The review followed PRISMA recommendations using randomized
controlled trials in nine databases. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion
criteria, totaling a sample of 796 subjects to perform the meta-analysis. As
result, concurrent training provides similar increases in 1RM as strength
training for upper limbs (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.12; 95%
IC: [−0.18; 0.41]; p=0.43) and for the lower limbs (SMD:
−0.32; 95% IC: [−0.79; 0.15]; p=0.19).
Similarly, no difference was found in the aerobic capacity between the
concurrent training vs. aerobic training groups ([SMD –
VO2max]: −0.19; 95% IC: [−0.71; 0.33];
p=0.48 and [SMD – VO2peak]: −0.24;
95% IC: [−0.57; 0.08]; p=0.14). Based on the
results found, we can affirm that a) similar to strength training, concurrent
training provides maximum strength development for upper and lower limbs; and b)
cardiorespiratory capacity is not impaired by concurrent training in relation to
aerobic training, demonstrating the compatibility of the two training
sessions.
Decreased Need for Anesthesia during Ultra-Fast Cranial MRI in Young Children: One-Year Summary
Authors: Sorge Ina , Hirsch Franz Wolfgang , Voit Dirk , Frahm Jens , Krause Matthias , Roth Christian , Zimmermann Peter , Gräfe Daniel
Published: October 2021

Purpose Rapid volume coverage sequences based on real-time MRI allow for scanning of the entire brain within a few seconds. Movements of children become almost irrelevant due to the ultra-fast acquisition of 30 ms per slice. The adoption of these sequences in a real-time cranial MRI protocol (RT-cMRI) is expected to reduce the frequency of examinations requiring anesthesia in infants and toddlers. The aim of the study was to quantify the reduction in the number of anesthesia examinations in young children after the implementation of the new RT-cMRI protocol.

Materials and Methods All cMRI studies of children up to 6 years in the first 12 months after the establishment of the RT-cMRI 2019/2020 were retrospectively compared to a matched group of the same period in 2017/2018. The frequency of examinations under anesthesia vs. non-sedation examinations was analyzed. In addition, the number of follow-up examinations and the effectiveness of RT-cMRI was determined.

Results The launch of RT-cMRI led to a significant decrease in the proportion of cMRI under anesthesia from 92 % to 55 %. Only 2 % of the RT-cMRI failed and required conventional MRI under sedation in the follow-up. The speed and ease of use of RT-cMRI increased the number of follow-up examinations from 1.3 to 1.4 examinations per child.

Conclusion This innovative real-time MRI examination allows a drastic reduction in the number of studies under anesthesia for suitable cranial pathologies in children under 6 years. However, cautious selection of indications as well as adjustments to the workflow in the radiological department are required.

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Citation Format
Activity of THC, CBD, and CBN on Human ACE2 and SARS-CoV1/2 Main Protease to Understand Antiviral Defense Mechanism
Authors: Pitakbut Thanet , Nguyen Gia-Nam , Kayser Oliver
Published: October 2021

THC, CBD, and CBN were reported as promising candidates against SARS-CoV2 infection, but the mechanism of action of these three cannabinoids is not understood. This study aims to determine the mechanism of action of THC, CBD, and CBN by selecting two essential targets that directly affect the coronavirus infections as viral main proteases and human angiotensin-converting enzyme2. Tested THC and CBD presented a dual-action action against both selected targets. Only CBD acted as a potent viral main protease inhibitor at the IC50 value of 1.86 ± 0.04 µM and exhibited only moderate activity against human angiotensin-converting enzyme2 at the IC50 value of 14.65 ± 0.47 µM. THC acted as a moderate inhibitor against both viral main protease and human angiotensin-converting enzymes2 at the IC50 value of 16.23 ± 1.71 µM and 11.47 ± 3.60 µM, respectively. Here, we discuss cannabinoid-associated antiviral activity mechanisms based on in
silico docking studies and in vitro receptor binding studies.
Berberin bei Atherosklerose – Verbesserung des Lipidprofils der Endothelfunktion
Authors: Bielenberg Jens
Published: October 2021

Atherosklerose ist eine multifaktorelle Gefäßerkrankung, verursacht durch Fettstoffwechselstörungen, chronische Entzündungsprozesse des Gefäßendothels, Plaquebildung mit Stenosen und thrombotischen Prozessen, induziert durch Plaquerupturen. In letzter Zeit verdichten sich mehr und mehr Erkenntnisse über die therapeutische Wirkung von Berberin bei Atherosklerose: Verbesserung der mitochondrialen Funktion, Verhinderung von Oxidationsprozessen im Gefäßendothel sowie entzündungshemmende Wirkungen. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich antiatherogener Effekte durch eine Induktion der Autophagie und einer Reduktion des PCSK9-Spiegels. Der folgende Artikel stellt einen neuen Kandidaten für den Schutz vor Atherosklerose durch Verbesserung des Lipidprofils und der Endothelfunktion der Koronargefäße vor.
Fette runter mit Omega-3? – Der Einfluss von Omega-3-Fettsäuren auf den Lipidstoffwechsel
Authors: Schmiedel Volker
Published: October 2021

Immer wieder hört man, dass Omega-3-Fettsäuren die Blutfette senken. Doch was ist gesichert? Werden nur die Triglyzeride gesenkt oder auch das Cholesterin und hier besonders das als schädlich angesehene LDL? Haben alle Omega-3-Fettsäuren diese Effekte oder gibt es Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Omega-3-Fettsäuren? In diesem Artikel soll die wissenschaftliche Datenlage hierzu gesichtet werden.