bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power of reflection for would‐be leaders: Investigating individual work reflection and its impact on leadership in teams
Authors: Ong Madeline , Ashford Susan J. , Bindl Uta K.
Published: September 2022

This paper examines the key role that individual work reflection plays in facilitating individuals' leadership in teams. Consistent with the functional perspective on leadership, we argue that individual work reflection allows individuals to better understand their team's needs, and therefore enact higher levels of task‐, relational‐, and change‐oriented leadership behaviors and be more effective leaders in their teams. We first conducted a series of measure development studies to validate a measure of individual work reflection comprising four dimensions of reflection at work: goals‐, methods‐, relationships‐, and self‐focused reflection. Then, across two independent studies assessing individuals in self‐managing teams over time, we found support for our theoretical model linking individual work reflection to peer‐rated leadership behaviors (Main Studies 1 and 2) and leadership effectiveness (Main Study 2). In further support of our theorizing, Main Study 2 also indicates that individual work reflection shapes leadership behaviors and effectiveness via understanding the team's needs, beyond a wide range of related constructs (e.g., feedback seeking, mindfulness, and rumination), as well as commonly studied predictors of leadership behaviors (i.e., the Big Five). Our theory and empirical findings help advance insights on the role of individual work reflection in improving leadership outcomes in organizations.
How Can Contextual Variables Influence Creative Thinking? Contributions from the Optimal‐Level of Arousal Model
Authors: Gustafsson Erik
Published: September 2022

More and more research is showing how different environments can lead to greater or lower creative skills. The purpose of this concept paper is to introduce a novel application of the optimal‐level of arousal model that could address inconsistencies present in the literature. After introducing possible definitions of creativity, I discuss the optimal‐level of arousal theory and how considering the “arousal” and “mood changing” potentials of contexts could enlighten findings related to inter‐individual differences, domain‐specificities, developmental aspects, and gender differences. Among other things, this model will clarify the factors influencing motivation to display creative skills which could improve the external validity of creativity studies. Examples of the kinds of hypotheses that can be tested by applying this model in future creative studies will also be proposed.
Dynamic studies of copper adsorption on mesoporous alginate beads using an integrated approach of fractal‐like kinetic reaction and diffusion modeling
Authors: Kulkarni Preeti S. , Watwe Varuna S. , Kulkarni Sunil D.
Published: September 2022

The kinetics of Cu(II) adsorption on calcium alginate (AL) beads was elucidated using reaction‐based and diffusion models. In the present work, the fractal psuedo first‐order kinetic model has been used in combination with the Vermeulen diffusion model. The Cu(II) adsorption parameters were optimized by batch adsorption studies. The AL beads were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDAX), and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis. BET studies indicated beads to be mesoporous. The combined studies using fractal reaction and diffusion models helped to trace the path of mass transport of the Cu(II) ions from the bulk of the solution onto the surface of the bead and into the porous mass of the beads. The use of the fractal approach enabled us to determine the heterogeneity of the bead surface and hence gave a better insight into the understanding of the sorption phenomenon. The adsorption rate constants calculated using the equations for the “Fractal” and “Classical” adsorption kinetic models were drastically different, thus pointing toward the explicit need to model the data using diffusion kinetic models attributing to surface heterogeneity. Such combined studies may result in a better understanding of the adsorption of Cu(II) on the AL beads.
Use of metal oxide semiconductor sensors to measure methane in aquatic ecosystems in the presence of cross‐interfering compounds
Authors: Butturini Andrea , Fonollosa Jordi
Published: September 2022

Monitoring dissolved methane in aquatic ecosystems contributes significantly to advancing our understanding of the carbon cycle in these habitats and capturing their impact on methane emissions. Low‐cost metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) gas sensors are becoming an increasingly attractive tool to perform such measurements, especially at the air–water interface. However, the performance of MOS sensors in aquatic environmental sciences has come under scrutiny because of their cross‐sensitivity to temperature, moisture, and sulfide interference. In this study, we evaluated the performance and limitations of a MOS methane sensor when measuring dissolved methane in waters. A MOS sensor was encapsulated in a hydrophobic extended polytetrafluoroethylene membrane to impede contact with water but allow gas perfusion. Therefore, the membrane enabled us to submerge the sensor in water and overcome cross‐sensitivity to humidity. A simple portable, low‐energy, flow‐through cell system was assembled that included an encapsulated MOS sensor and a temperature sensor. Waters (with or without methane) were injected into the flow cell at a constant rate by a peristaltic pump. The signals from the two sensors were recorded continuously with a cost‐efficient microcontroller. Tests specifically focused on the effect of water temperature and sulfide interference on sensor performance. Our experiments revealed that the lower limit of the sensor was in the range of 0.1–0.2 μmol L−1 and that it provided a stable response at water temperatures in the range of 18.5–28°C. Dissolved sulfide at a concentration of 0.4 mmol L−1 or higher interfered with the sensor response, especially at low methane concentrations (0.5 μmol L−1 or lower). However, we show that if dissolved sulfide is monitored, its interference can be alleviated.
Mass spectrometry for the study of adipocyte cell secretome in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Gianazza Erica , Brioschi Maura , Eligini Sonia , Banfi Cristina
Published: September 2022

Adipose tissue is classically considered the primary site of lipid storage, but in recent years has garnered appreciation for its broad role as an endocrine organ, capable of remotely signaling to other tissues to alter their metabolic program. The adipose tissue is now recognized as a crucial regulator of cardiovascular health, mediated by the secretion of several bioactive products, with a wide range of endocrine and paracrine effects on the cardiovascular system. Thanks to the development and improvement of high‐throughput mass spectrometry, the size and components of the human secretome have been characterized. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in mass spectrometry‐based studies of the cell and tissue secretome for the understanding of adipose tissue biology, which may help to decipher the complex molecular mechanisms controlling the crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system, and their possible clinical translation.
Prevalence and Incidence of Huntington's Disease: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Medina Alex , Mahjoub Yasamin , Shaver Larry , Pringsheim Tamara
Published: September 2022

The incidence and prevalence of Huntington's disease (HD) based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 20 studies published from 1985 to 2010 was estimated at 0.38 per 100,000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.94) and 2.71 per 100,000 persons (95% CI, 1.55–4.72), respectively. Since 2010, there have been many new epidemiological studies of HD. We sought to update the global estimates of HD incidence and prevalence using data published up to February 2022 and perform additional analyses based on study continent. Medline and Embase were searched for epidemiological studies of HD published between 2010 and 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using a quality assessment tool. Estimated pooled prevalence or incidence was calculated using a random‐effects meta‐analysis. A total of 33 studies published between 2010 and 2022 were included. Pooled incidence was 0.48 cases per 100,000 person‐years (95% CI, 0.33–0.63). Subgroup analysis by continent demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of HD in Europe and North America than in Asia. Pooled prevalence was 4.88 per 100,000 (95% CI, 3.38–7.06). Subanalyses by continent demonstrated that the prevalence of HD was significantly higher in Europe and North America than in Africa. The minor increase in prevalence (more so than incidence) demonstrated in this updated review could relate to the enhanced availability of molecular testing, earlier diagnosis, increased life expectancy, and de novo mutations. Limitations include variable case ascertainment methods and lacking case validation data. © 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Public Health Agency of Canada.
A method for measuring B0 field inhomogeneity using quantitative double‐echo in steady‐state
Authors: Barbieri Marco , Chaudhari Akshay S. , Moran Catherine J. , Gold Garry E. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Kogan Feliks
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To develop and validate a method for mapping for knee imaging using the quantitative Double‐Echo in Steady‐State (qDESS) exploiting the phase difference () between the two echoes acquired. Contrary to a two‐gradient‐echo (2‐GRE) method, depends only on the first echo time.

Methods

Bloch simulations were applied to investigate robustness to noise of the proposed methodology and all imaging studies were validated with phantoms and in vivo simultaneous bilateral knee acquisitions. Two phantoms and five healthy subjects were scanned using qDESS, water saturation shift referencing (WASSR), and multi‐GRE sequences. maps were calculated with the qDESS and the 2‐GRE methods and compared against those obtained with WASSR. The comparison was quantitatively assessed exploiting pixel‐wise difference maps, Bland–Altman (BA) analysis, and Lin's concordance coefficient (). For in vivo subjects, the comparison was assessed in cartilage using average values in six subregions.

Results

The proposed method for measuring inhomogeneities from a qDESS acquisition provided maps that were in good agreement with those obtained using WASSR. values were 0.98 and 0.90 in phantoms and in vivo, respectively. The agreement between qDESS and WASSR was comparable to that of a 2‐GRE method.

Conclusion

The proposed method may allow B0 correction for qDESS mapping using an inherently co‐registered map without requiring an additional B0 measurement sequence. More generally, the method may help shorten knee imaging protocols that require an auxiliary map by exploiting a qDESS acquisition that also provides measurements and high‐quality morphological imaging.
High variation between healthcare professionals in nutrition therapy plans of patients with feeding tubes admitted to a long‐term rehabilitation center from an acute‐care hospital
Authors: Marom Pnina , Rayyan‐Assi Hana'a , Stein‐Reisner Orit , Brik Michael , Gershoni‐Kait Michal , Bornstein Lee , Zalcman Beth G. , Albukrek Dov , Dankner Rachel
Published: September 2022

Background

Nutrition therapy plans (NTPs) in discharge summaries of tube‐fed patients transferred from acute‐care hospitals to rehabilitation centers are fundamental for continuity of care. This study examined the presence and quality of NTPs in discharge summaries of tube‐fed patients.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was based on data retrieved from electronic medical records. The outcome measures were the presence of NTPs in discharge summaries, the presence of key elements of the NTPs, and the level of compatibility between multiple NTPs per discharge summary prepared by different health professionals. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the number of NTPs, the presence of key elements, and the degree of compatibility between NTPs for the same patient.

Results

A total of 100 discharge summaries of tube‐fed patients admitted to a rehabilitation hospital during 2015–2017 were identified. The majority (91%) of discharge summaries included at least one NTP; 57 included more than one. Variance in the presence of key elements was observed in 165 NTPs prepared by physicians, nurses, and dietitians. Water amount and nutrition route were least reported by dietitians (6.3% and 9.4%, respectively), compared with physicians (77.6% and 81%) and nurses (77.3% and 62.7%). However, nutrition details were reported more frequently by dietitians (65.6%) than physicians (20.7%) and nurses (32%). Low compatibility was observed between dietitians and both nurses and physicians, in the range of 0%–26%.

Conclusion

Large discrepancies were found between NTPs for the same patient prepared by dietitians, physicians, and/or nurses, and a portion of patients arrived without any NTP.
Numerical analysis on the energy absorbing characteristics of aluminum/CFRP hybrid tubes under quasi‐static crushing loading
Authors: Ge Fei , Lin Yuan , Wang Mingyang , Zhang Zhongwei , Zhang Fukai , Li Cong
Published: September 2022

In this study, the axial crushing behavior of aluminum/carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) hybrid tubes are systematically investigated numerically based on a three‐dimensional (3D) progressive damage model. Experiments concerning hybrid tubes with 1/1 and 2/1 lay‐up configurations are performed first to validate the numerical model. Then, the effects of chamfer at the end, stacking configuration, aluminum‐CFRP bonding state and thickness ratio of individual layers on the energy absorption characteristics of aluminum/CFRP tubes are further numerically analyzed. The simulation results suggest that the 3D progressive damage model can effectively simulate the crushing failure process and reveal the energy dissipation mechanism of aluminum/CFRP hybrid tube under crushing. It is observed that increasing the thickness of the CFRP layer does not promote the energy absorption, but the best energy absorption effect can be obtained by using a 1:1 ratio for the thicknesses of the inner and outer aluminum alloy layers in 2/1 hybrid tube. Finally, the economic performance of 2/1 hybrid tube, 1/1 hybrid tube, and aluminum alloy tube as energy‐absorbing structures is theoretically examined. The balance between mass and cost of the 2/1 hybrid tube is proven to be evidently better than that of the conventional 1/1 hybrid tube.
Analysis of thermal‐active bending and cyclic tensile shape memory mechanism of UHMWPE/CNT composite
Authors: Zhang Run , Yan Wenqiang , Yang Qun , Chen Xiaonong , Chen Ke , Ding Yun , Xue Ping
Published: September 2022

The exploitation of shape memory ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) can expand the application field as an intelligent material; however, low shape recovery ratio limits its further practical application. Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used to improve shape memory property of UHMWPE. Interestingly, after analyzing the bending and cyclic tensile shape memory properties of UHMWPE/CNT composite, it is found that bending shape memory property of UHMWPE/CNT composite is improved dramatically, while cyclic tensile shape memory property is not. The optimal bending shape memory property with shape fixity ratio of more than 95% and shape recovery ratio of about 94% can be obtained at 115°C. However, the shape recovery ratio in cyclic tensile shape memory test is only changed from 62.72% to 65.63%, and the shape fixity ratio is reduced from 85.82% to 82.83%. The main reason for this phenomenon is the possible difference in thermal‐active bending and cyclic tensile shape memory mechanism: CNT engender forced deformation in bending shape memory, while it does not exhibit in cyclic tensile shape memory. The outstanding bending shape memory property of UHMWPE/CNT composite make it possible for more promising applications.
Mapping established psychopathology scales onto the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
Authors: Wendt Leon P. , Jankowsky Kristin , Schroeders Ulrich ,   London Personality and Mood Disorder Research Consortium, Nolte Tobias , Fonagy Peter , Montague P. Read , Zimmermann Johannes , Olaru Gabriel
Published: September 2022

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) organizes phenotypes of mental disorder based on empirical covariation, offering a comprehensive organizational framework from narrow symptoms to broader patterns of psychopathology. We argue that established self‐report measures of psychopathology from the pre‐HiTOP era should be systematically integrated into HiTOP to foster cumulative research and further the understanding of psychopathology structure. Hence, in this study, we mapped 92 established psychopathology (sub)scales onto the current HiTOP working model using data from an extensive battery of self‐report assessments that was completed by community participants and outpatients (N = 909). Content validity ratings of the item pool were used to select indicators for a bifactor‐(S‐1) model of the p factor and five HiTOP spectra (i.e., internalizing, thought disorder, detachment, disinhibited externalizing, and antagonistic externalizing). The content‐based HiTOP scales were validated against personality disorder diagnoses as assessed by standardized interviews. We then located established scales within the taxonomy by estimating the extent to which scales reflected higher‐level HiTOP dimensions. The analyses shed light on the location of established psychopathology scales in HiTOP, identifying pure markers and blends of HiTOP spectra, as well as pure markers of the p factor (i.e., scales assessing mentalizing impairment and suspiciousness/epistemic mistrust).
Exploring the limits of toughness enhancers for 3D printed photopolymers as bone replacement materials
Authors: Dellago Barbara , Altun Altan Alpay , Liska Robert , Baudis Stefan
Published: September 2022

Vinyl esters (VEs) are well‐examined monomers for additive manufacturing technology in tissue engineering. They display benefits like low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility and favorable degradation behavior. Nevertheless, mechanical properties of crosslinked VEs are poor, as they show high brittleness. A previous study showed, that covalent incorporation of high molecular weight additive into an established vinyl ester‐thiol network circumvents these problems. In this work, additives based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) are modified with photopolymerizable end groups to improve the mechanical properties focusing on the toughness and to allow the application in digital light processing stereolithography. The different toughness enhancing additives and their influence on the photochemical and (thermo)mechanical characteristics are studied. As well, the impact of a commercial, flexible and a synthesized rigid thiol on these properties are investigated. It was shown that without forfeiting photoreactivity, the covalently incorporated toughness enhancers led to materials with excellent mechanical properties, above all the tensile toughness, which could be tripled.
A Bayesian phase I/II design to determine subgroup‐specific optimal dose for immunotherapy sequentially combined with radiotherapy
Authors: Guo Beibei , Zang Yong , Lin Li‐Hsiang , Zhang Rui
Published: September 2022

Sequential administration of immunotherapy following radiotherapy (immunoRT) has attracted much attention in cancer research. Due to its unique feature that radiotherapy upregulates the expression of a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy, novel clinical trial designs are needed for immunoRT to identify patient subgroups and the optimal dose for each subgroup. In this article, we propose a Bayesian phase I/II design for immunotherapy administered after standard‐dose radiotherapy for this purpose. We construct a latent subgroup membership variable and model it as a function of the baseline and pre‐post radiotherapy change in the predictive biomarker measurements. Conditional on the latent subgroup membership of each patient, we jointly model the continuous immune response and the binary efficacy outcome using plateau models, and model toxicity using the equivalent toxicity score approach to account for toxicity grades. During the trial, based on accumulating data, we continuously update model estimates and adaptively randomize patients to admissible doses. Simulation studies and an illustrative trial application show that our design has good operating characteristics in terms of identifying both patient subgroups and the optimal dose for each subgroup.
Spanning the information divide between gynaecologic surgeons and women—We can do better
Authors: Shim Sarah R. , Gordon Annabelle J. , Barnes Hayley C. , Whiteside James L.
Published: September 2022

Hysterectomy is one of the most common surgeries in the United States. However, there are differences in patient outcomes that can, in part, be attributed to inconsistent quality across gynecologic surgeons. Currently, surgeon quality is poorly defined and infrequently analysed. Surgeon volume is not an independent predictor of patient outcome and, while convenient, is limited across relevant factors such as appropriateness and cost. Summarising these diverse factors as a singular quality metric is elusive. Patients cannot meaningfully access physician quality, putting them in a vulnerable state that is characterised by the concept of information asymmetry. Despite the limitations of current surgeon quality metrics, there are surgeon performance characteristics that could be shared. Organising and sharing these data with women facing a gynaecologic surgery like hysterectomy are a professional duty of health systems, professional medical societies, surgeons and training institutions.
Robust adaptive tracking control for a class of switched time‐delay systems with application of vehicle roll dynamic control
Authors: Bagherzadeh Masoud , Rahmani Zahra
Published: September 2022

The problems of stability and robust tracking control for a class of switched nonlinear systems with uncertain input and state delays are investigated in this study. In the presence of unknown functions and external disturbances, an adaptive fuzzy technique based on nonlinear disturbance observer is used to counteract the effects of external disturbances and approximate unknown functions. For this purpose, it is first assumed that a common Lyapunov function exists for the switched system, and then a new common Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is built using the terms of the hypothetical common Lyapunov function. By employing this new function, the delay‐dependent input‐to‐state stability (ISS) under an arbitrary switching signal is provided. The robust tracking control problem for this system is investigated next. Finally, to assure ISS and robust tracking performance, an adaptive control law is developed that ensures conditions of the aforementioned hypothetical common Lyapunov function. In addition, to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed strategy, the aforesaid method is applied to a vehicle roll dynamic as well as a mass‐spring system.
Cascade Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy observer design for nonlinear uncertain systems with unknown inputs: A sliding mode approach
Authors: Nguyen Cuong M. , Nguyen Anh‐Tu , Delprat Sébastien
Published: September 2022

This article investigates the design of Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model‐based observers for nonlinear systems with parametric uncertainties and unknown inputs. To address this challenging problem, two observers are constructed in cascade. Based on the sliding mode technique, the first observer allows to examine a new system whose both state and output equations are subject to uncertainties but without unknown inputs. The second Luenberger‐type observer is designed for the new system where the effects of uncertainties on the estimation error can be canceled. The TS fuzzy observer design is recast as optimization problems under linear matrix inequalities, which can be effectively solved using convex optimization technique. The new cascade observer structure enables a simultaneous estimation of the system states, the unknown inputs and the uncertainties of the original nonlinear system. The effectiveness and advantage of the proposed estimation method is demonstrated via two numerical examples including a nonlinear vehicle application.
Gaussian graphical models with applications to omics analyses
Authors: Shutta Katherine H. , De Vito Roberta , Scholtens Denise M. , Balasubramanian Raji
Published: September 2022

Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) provide a framework for modeling conditional dependencies in multivariate data. In this tutorial, we provide an overview of GGM theory and a demonstration of various GGM tools in R. The mathematical foundations of GGMs are introduced with the goal of enabling the researcher to draw practical conclusions by interpreting model results. Background literature is presented, emphasizing methods recently developed for high‐dimensional applications such as genomics, proteomics, or metabolomics. The application of these methods is illustrated using a publicly available dataset of gene expression profiles from 578 participants with ovarian cancer in The Cancer Genome Atlas. Stand‐alone code for the demonstration is available as an RMarkdown file athttps://github.com/katehoffshutta/ggmTutorial.
Photothermal Therapy of Neuroblastoma via Polysialic Acid‐Targeting Nanomissiles
Authors: Xu Shuxin , Zhao Menghuan , Gu Zikuan , Lu Haifeng , Liu Zhen
Published: September 2022

Exploring new targets and developing novel targeted therapies are urgently needed for neuroblastoma therapy. Polysialic acid (polySia), a linear homopolymer of sialic acid units that correlates well with tumor progression and poor prognosis, has emerged as a potential target for neuroblastoma. However, the lack of polySia‐specific binding reagents has severely limited the development of polySia‐targeting therapeutics for neuroblastoma. Herein, the construction of polySia‐targeting nanomissiles via molecular imprinting for the photothermal therapy of neuroblastoma is reported. Oligosialic acid (oligoSia) containing 3–4 units is considered as a characteristic structure for the recognition of polySia, while oligoSia containing 4–7 units digested from polySia is employed as the template. Via boronate‐affinity controllable oriented surface imprinting, oligoSia‐imprinted nanoparticles (oSia‐MIP) are prepared. The oSia‐MIP allows for specifically recognizing polySia and targeting polySia overexpressed neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. oSia‐MIP loaded with indocyanine green is prepared and experimentally demonstrated to be a potent targeted photothermal therapeutic for neuroblastoma. Equipping the core substrate with functional entities, the developed polySia targeting nanoplatform can be accommodated to various therapeutic modalities, holding great promise for neuroblastoma targeted therapy.
Single‐Site Heterogeneous Organometallic Ir Catalysts Embedded on Graphdiyne: Structural Manipulation Beyond the Carbon Support
Authors: Liu Hong , Zou Haiyuan , Wang Mei , Dong Hongliang , Wang Dan , Li Fan , Dai Hao , Song Tao , Wei Shuting , Ji Yongfei , Wang Chenguang , Duan Lele
Published: September 2022

Accurate control over the coordination circumstances of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is decisive to their intrinsic activity. Here, two single‐site heterogeneous organometallic catalysts (SHOCs), Cp*Ir‒L/GDY (L = OH− and Cl−; Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), with the fine‐tuned local coordination and electronic structure of Ir sites, are constructed by anchoring Cp*Ir complexes on graphdiyne (GDY) matrix via a one‐pot procedure. The spectroscopic studies and theoretical calculations indicate that the Ir atoms in Cp*Ir‒Cl/GDY and Cp*Ir‒OH/GDY have a much higher oxidation state than Ir in the SAC Ir/GDY. As a proof‐of‐principle demonstration, the GDY‐supported SHOCs are used for formic acid dehydrogenation, which display a fivefold enhancement of catalytic activity compared with SAC Ir/GDY. The kinetic isotope effect and in situ Fourier‐transform infrared studies reveal that the rate‐limiting step is the β‐hydride elimination process, and Cp* on the Ir site accelerates the β‐hydride elimination reaction. The GDY‐supported SHOCs integrate the merits of both SACs and molecular catalysts, wherein the isolated Ir anchored on GDY echoes with SACs’ behavior, and the Cp* ligand enables precise structural and electronic regulation like molecular catalysts. The scheme of SHOCs adds a degree of freedom in accurate regulation of the local structure, the electronic property, and therefore the catalytic performance of single‐atom catalysts.
Ultrafast Response of Centimeter Scale Thin CsPbBr3 Single Crystal Film Photodetector for Optical Communication
Authors: Chen Feitong , Li Changqian , Shang Chenyu , Wang Kaiyu , Huang Qi , Zhao Qiqi , Zhu Huiling , Ding Jianxu
Published: September 2022

The photodetector (PD) is the key component to realize efficient optoelectronic conversion signal in the visible light communication (VLC) system. The response speed directly determines the bandwidth of the whole system. Metal halide perovskite is a neotype of low‐cost solution processing semiconductor, with strong optical absorption, low trap density, and high carrier mobility, thus has been widely explored in photoelectric detection applications. However, previously reported perovskite polycrystalline photodetectors exhibit limited response speed due to the existence of grain boundaries. Here, an improved confined space method is developed through adjusting the heating area to control nucleation, resulting in centimeter scale fully inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 thin single crystal films (SCFs) (<40 µm). The smooth surface and high crystallinity of CsPbBr3 SCFs render admirable exciton lifetime. The planar metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector using CsPbBr3 SCF as the photosensitive layer demonstrates a limit response time of 200/300 ns and a VLC within 100–500 kHz frequency for both 365 nm and white light, which is superior to previously reported CsPbBr3 polycrystalline film and single crystal photodetectors.
Highly Efficient Cu‐Porphyrin‐Based Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheet as Cathode for High‐Rate Li‐CO2 Battery
Authors: Xu Yunyun , Gong Hao , Ren Hao , Fan Xiaoli , Li Peng , Zhang Tengfei , Chang Kun , Wang Tao , He Jianping
Published: September 2022

The lithium‐carbon dioxide (Li‐CO2) battery as a novel metal‐air battery has a high specific energy density and unique CO2 conversion ability. However, its further development is limited by incomplete product decomposition resulting in poor cycling and rate performance. In this work, Cu‐tetra(4‐carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (Cu‐TCPP) nanosheets are prepared through the solvothermal method successfully. An efficient Li‐CO2 battery with Cu‐TCPP as catalyst achieves a high discharge capacity of 20393 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, a long‐life cycle of 123 at 500 mA g−1, and a lower overpotential of 1.8 V at 2000 mA g−1. Density functional theory calculation reveals that Cu‐TCPP has higher adsorption energy of CO2 and Li2CO3 compared with TCPP, and a large number of electrons gather near the Cu‐N4 active sites in Cu‐TCPP. Therefore, the excellent CO2 capture ability of the porphyrin ligand and the synergic catalytic effect of Cu atom in Cu‐TCPP promote the thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 reduction and evolution processes.
Plasmonic Nanozymes: Leveraging Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance to Boost the Enzyme‐Mimicking Activity of Nanomaterials
Authors: Xu Guopeng , Du Xuancheng , Wang Weijie , Qu Yuanyuan , Liu Xiangdong , Zhao Mingwen , Li Weifeng , Li Yong‐Qiang
Published: September 2022

Nanozymes, a type of nanomaterials that function similarly to natural enzymes, receive extensive attention in biomedical fields. However, the widespread applications of nanozymes are greatly plagued by their unsatisfactory enzyme‐mimicking activity. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a nanoscale physical phenomenon described as the collective oscillation of surface free electrons in plasmonic nanoparticles under light irradiation, offers a robust universal paradigm to boost the catalytic performance of nanozymes. Plasmonic nanozymes (PNzymes) with elevated enzyme‐mimicking activity by leveraging LSPR, emerge and provide unprecedented opportunities for biocatalysis. In this review, the physical mechanisms behind PNzymes are thoroughly revealed including near‐field enhancement, hot carriers, and the photothermal effect. The rational design and applications of PNzymes in biosensing, cancer therapy, and bacterial infections elimination are systematically introduced. Current challenges and further perspectives of PNzymes are also summarized and discussed to stimulate their clinical translation. It is hoped that this review can attract more researchers to further advance the promising field of PNzymes and open up a new avenue for optimizing the enzyme‐mimicking activity of nanozymes to create superior nanocatalysts for biomedical applications.
Convex Cube‐Shaped Pt34Fe5Ni20Cu31Mo9Ru High Entropy Alloy Catalysts toward High‐Performance Multifunctional Electrocatalysis
Authors: Chen Zhaoqian , Wen Jingbo , Wang Chaohui , Kang Xiongwu
Published: September 2022

High entropy alloy (HEA) catalysts exhibit excellent multifunctional catalytic performance due to the synergistic effect of multi‐metal components. However, shape‐controlled synthesis of such kinds of HEA catalysts, especially those with high index facets, still faces great challenges, limiting further enhancement of their catalytic performance. Herein, one‐pot synthesis of convex cube‐shaped Pt34Fe5Ni20Cu31Mo9Ru HEA catalysts which possess rich (310) facets and a diagonal crystalline size of 38.5 nm is reported. Transmission electron microscopy measurements indicate cube‐shaped nanocrystals are obtained first and further selective growth of pyramid on each facet of the cube‐shaped nanocrystal results in a convex cube shape. Pt34Fe5Ni20Cu31Mo9Ru HEA catalysts show excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which exhibit a half‐wave potential of 0.87 V for ORR in 0.1 m HClO4, and overpotential of 20 and 259 mV for HER and OER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in an alkaline medium. A control experiment and density functional theory calculation indicate that the Ru element plays a decisive role in both the formation of the convex cube shape and also the high catalytic performance.
Foamed Carbon‐Supported Nickel‐Iron Oxides Interspersed with Bamboo‐Like Carbon Nanotubes for High‐Performance Rechargeable Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Minghui , Ji Shan , Wang Hui , Wang Xuyun , Linkov Vladimir , Wang Rongfang
Published: September 2022

The development of multi‐component bi‐functional electrocatalysts is necessary for commercialization of high‐performance zinc‐air batteries. Herein, foamed carbon‐supported nickel‐iron oxides interspersed with bamboo‐like carbon nanotubes are prepared as bi‐functional electrocatalysts for this battery type. During high temperature synthesis, edges of carbon sheets comprising the foamed carbon structure become involuted to form short carbon nanotubes. The composite of carbon nanotubes and network carbon confer high specific surface area and high electrical conductivity on the newly prepared materials. The supported NiFe2O4 phase improves the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity by fixing more N atoms, and high‐valent Ni oxide (Ni2O3) promotes the formation of OO bonds, which is conducive to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The optimized material exhibits excellent bi‐functional electrocatalytic activity toward both ORR and OER, and its use in the assembled zinc‐air battery cell results in a high power density of 150 mW cm−2 with long discharge stability.
Uniform Na Metal Plating/Stripping Design for Highly Reversible Solid‐State Na Metal Batteries at Room Temperature
Authors: Miao Runqing , Wang Chengzhi , Li Donglai , Sun Chen , Li Jingbo , Jin Haibo
Published: September 2022

Solid‐state alkaline metal batteries are highly sought out for their improved energy density and security over the current lithium‐ion batteries. However, their practical application is heavily hindered by the interfacial issues originating from the solid electrolyte/electrode mismatch. This work demonstrates that a CuO coating layer as an active interphase can thoroughly promote the intimate contact between a Na3Zr2Si2PO12 solid electrolyte and a Na metal anode through an in situ conversion reaction. The resultant Cu/Na2O matrix forms a mixed electron/ion conducting scaffold, which facilitates stable and homogeneous Na metal plating without dendrite formation. Moreover, the symmetric Na metal cell realizes impressively steady plating/stripping cycles for 5000 h even under a high current density of 0.3 mA cm−2. The novelty is further manifested as a room‐temperature solid‐state Na metal full battery of Na3V1.5Al0.5(PO4)3|CuO@NZSPO|Na is assembled and exhibits a highly reversible cyclability (99.85% coulombic efficiency and 99.0% capacity retention) under a charge/discharge rate of 5 C for 2250 cycles. This work effectively solves the interfacial issues at the Na metal/solid electrolyte interface and provides a convenient way toward high‐performance solid‐state Na metal batteries operated at room temperature.
Vacuum‐Vapor‐Deposited 0D/3D All‐Inorganic Perovskite Composite Films toward Low‐Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission and Lasing
Authors: Tian Hongjun , Jiang Xinyi , Li Tianjing , Yan Minxing , Xu Li , Lu Guochao , Zhang Yao , Zhu Haiming , He Haiping , Yang Deren , Fang Yanjun
Published: September 2022

Vacuum vapor deposition (VVD) is a promising way to advancing the commercialization of perovskite light sources owing to its convenience for wafer‐scale mass production and compatibility with silicon photonics manufacturing infrastructure. However, the light emission performance of VVD‐grown perovskites still lags far behind that of the conventional solution‐processed counterparts due to their inferior luminescence properties. Here, a 0D/3D cesium–lead–bromide perovskite composite film is prepared on Si/SiO2 substrates through composition modulation with the VVD method, which exhibits an ultralow amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold down to 14.3 µJ cm−2 in the optimal films, which is on par with that of the solution‐processed counterparts. Meanwhile, they also display intriguing operational stability with negligible emission intensity decay under continuous excitation above ASE threshold for 4 h in the air. The outstanding ASE performance mainly originates from the reduced trap density and weakened electron–phonon coupling in the 3D CsPbBr3 phase enabled by the incorporation of the 0D Cs4PbBr6 phase. Finally, by integrating the composite film with the distributed feedback (DFB) cavity, DFB lasing is achieved with a low threshold of 18.2 µJ cm−2 under nanosecond‐pulsed laser pumping, which highlights the potential of VVD‐processed perovskites for developing high‐performance lasers.
Pilot‐Scale Synthesis Sodium Iron Fluorophosphate Cathode with High Tap Density for a Sodium Pouch Cell
Authors: Cao Yongjie , Li Xun‐Lu , Dong Xiaoli , Liao Mochou , Wang Nan , Cheng Jiawei , Xu Jie , Qi Yae , Liu Yao , Xia Yongyao
Published: September 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted wide interest for energy storage because of the sufficient sodium element reserve on the earth; however, the electrochemical performance of SIBs cannot achieve the requirements so far, especially, the limitation of cathode materials. Here, a kilogram‐scale route to synthesize Na2FePO4F/carbon/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes microspheres (NFPF@C@MCNTs) composite with a high tap density of 1.2 g cm−3 is reported. The NFPF@C@MCNTs cathode exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 118.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. Even under 5 C with high mass loading (10 mg cm−2), the specific capacity still maintains at 56.4 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 97% after 700 cycles. In addition, a hard carbon||NFPF@C@MCNTs pouch cell is assembled and tested, which exhibits a volumetric energy density of 325 Wh L−1 and gravimetrical energy density of 210 Wh kg−1 (base on electrode massing), and it provides more than 200 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 92%. Furthermore, the pouch cell can operate in an all‐climate environment ranging from −40 to 80 °C. These results demonstrate that the NFPF@C@MCNTs microspheres are a promising candidate cathode for SIBs and facilitate its practical application in sodium cells.
Mode Hybridization in Silicon Core–Gold Shell Nanosphere
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Hinamoto Tatsuki , Kazuoka Yusuke , Assadillayev Artyom , Raza Søren , Fujii Minoru
Published: September 2022

A dielectric core–metal shell nanosphere has attracted scientific and technological interests due to the unique optical resonances arising from the hybridization of surface plasmon modes and cavity modes. The previous studies focus on a low‐index dielectric core without its own optical resonances. Here, optical resonances of a core–shell nanosphere with a high refractive index (n ≈ 4) core with the lowest order Mie resonances in the visible range are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Scattering and absorption spectra of a core–shell nanosphere for different values of the core refractive index are first analyzed, and there is a transition of the hybridization scheme around n ≈ 2. Above the value, a characteristic hybridized mode with strong absorption and weak scattering emerges in the near‐infrared range. A core–shell nanosphere composed of a silicon core and a gold shell is prepared, and the resonance modes are studied by single particle scattering spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope. The core–shell nanospheres exhibit the hybridized modes depending on the core diameter. The hybridized mode as well as the higher order one that is not observable in the scattering spectroscopy is observed in the EELS.
Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Strengthening Mechanism of Low‐Carbon Microalloyed Quenching and Partitioning Steel
Authors: Chu Xiaohong , Chen Weijian , Liu Jinhai , Pan Yinkui , Sun Hang , Zhao Zhengzhi
Published: September 2022

Herein, the microstructures of the low‐carbon microalloyed quenching and partitioning (Q–P) steels are multiphase with ferrite (F), martensite (M), and retained austenite (RA) at different quenching temperatures (QTs), i.e., 140, 180, 240, and 300 °C. The volume fraction of fresh martensite (FM) increases from 8.6% to 61.4%, but the tempered martensite (TM) decreases from 49.7% to 0% with the QT increase. Meanwhile, the size of the precipitates (Nb, Ti)C tends to increase, whereas the fraction of the precipitates decreases first and then increases. With the increase of the QT, the yield strength (YS) decreases, the tensile strength (TS) increases, and the elongation first increases and then decreases. Additionally, the strengthening mechanism of Q–P steel is quantitatively analyzed in terms of F, M, RA, and precipitation strengthening. This study shows that F makes the same contribution to YS for the tested steels. The major strengthening mechanism of the Q–P steel is contributed by M, which accounts for about 43.7% to 56.0% of total YS. RA greatly influences the plasticity of Q–P steel and provides little to YS. With an increase in QT, the precipitation strengthening values first decrease and then increase.
Insulating and fire‐resistant performance of slag and brick powder based one‐part alkali‐activated lightweight mortars
Authors: Koksal Fuat , Bayraktar Oguzhan Yavuz , Bodur Burak , Benli Ahmet , Kaplan Gokhan
Published: September 2022

Waste brick powder (WBP) has enough pozzolanic characteristics to be employed as a supplemental cementing material in Portland cement‐based concrete or as a precursor in the manufacture of alkali activated materials. This study was aimed to study the strength, thermal, microstructural and durability properties of ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) and WBP based one‐part alkali‐activated lightweight mortars (AAMs) produced with expanded vermiculite. One‐part AAM mixtures were produced by using GBFS and WBP as binary precursors. Sodium metasilicate powder was used as the alkali activator. Two curing regimes namely heat curing at 75°C for 24 h and air curing at ambient conditions were adopted. GBFS was used as main binder and WBP was added at the rates of 0%, 10%, 25%, and 50% instead of GBFS. Four different mixtures were prepared by replacing GBFS at the rates of 0%, 10%, 25%, and 50% with WBP for each curing regime (totally eight mixtures). Expanded vermiculite powder were used as lightweight aggregates in all mixtures. The effects of WBP on AAM mixtures properties, including flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, dry bulk density, thermal conductivity, porosity, and water absorption were studied. The effects of WBP and curing regime on drying shrinkage, sorptivity were also investigated. High temperature performance of the produced mixtures were determined. Results showed that air‐cured WBP incorporated AAM mixtures exhibited better compressive strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, and sorptivity performance than the heat‐cured WBP incorporated AAM mixtures. The air‐cured AAM mixtures containing 25% WBP achieved the best results of 5.69 and 1.43 MPa for compressive strength and flexural strength at test age of 28 days. The heat‐cured 50% WBP incorporated AAM mixture showed the best high temperature resistance and the lowest thermal conductivity.
A Two‐Branch Pedestrian Detection Method for Small and Blurred Target
Authors: Han Yufei , Li Hai , Hou Shujuan
Published: September 2022

Pedestrian detection task is generally composed of location and classification. In this work, we consider the problem of pedestrian detection under the condition of blurred pedestrian targets and small pedestrian scales. Most methods are only suitable for the detection task under ideal conditions or simply consider one of the above problems. For the sake of achieving better results, we proposed a new method that improved from both location and classification aspects. First, we propose a video‐based pedestrian detection method that generates pedestrian proposals from the static feature extraction branch and motion information extraction branch. Secondly, a two‐scale classification method is used in the structure to solve the various scale instance problem. Finally, experiments on public datasets demonstrate that this work delivers better performance than the HOG+SVM, SAF R‐CNN, and YOLO+GMM methods. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Expansion of Body Adaptation Areas for Prism Adaptation Therapy Using Virtual Reality: Head Orientation Experiments on Normal Subjects
Authors: Ishida Takashi , Higa Hiroki
Published: September 2022

We developed a system to conduct posture‐measurable virtual prism adaptation therapy using an inside‐out tracking stand‐alone virtual reality system. This system enables the construction of a unilateral spatial neglect (USN) treatment room that is closed off from external stimuli from all surroundings in a hospital or home. Furthermore, it expands the prism adaptation body adaptive site, which was previously limited to the hand, to include the whole body using a symbolic body. This expansion allows for utilization of the new prism adaptation therapy in which giving postural feedback and the head is spontaneously turned to the neglected side. This prism adaptation is expected to improve the posture of patients with USN and turn the field of vision itself toward the neglected space. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Structure of This Book and Instructions for Use
Authors: Bellon Jacqueline , Eyssel Friederike , Gransche Bruno , Nähr-Wagener Sebastian , Wullenkord Ricarda
Published: September 2022

This chapter includes a few remarks about the scope and usage of this book.