bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11: Rice‐MD Anderson Lung Cancer Model
Authors: Foy Millennia , Deng Li , Spitz Margaret , Gorlova Olga , Kimmel Marek
Published: August 2012

The Rice‐MD Anderson group uses a two‐stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of lung cancer mortality calibrated to a combination of MD Anderson case‐control data on smoking histories and lung cancer mortality/incidence rate data collected from prospective cohorts in order to predict risk of lung cancer. This model is used to simulate lung cancer mortality in the U.S. population under the three scenarios of CISNET lung group's smoking base case project in order to estimate the effect of tobacco control policy on lung cancer mortality rates. Simulation results show that tobacco control policies have achieved 35% of the reduction in lung cancer mortality that would have resulted from cessation of all smoking in 1965.
Chapter 1: The Impact of the Reduction in Tobacco Smoking on U.S. Lung Cancer Mortality, 1975–2000: An Introduction to the Problem
Authors: Feuer Eric J. , Levy David T. , McCarthy William J.
Published: August 2012

To better understand the contribution of cigarette smoking, and its changing role in lung cancer, this article provides an introduction to a special issue of Risk Analysis, which considers the relationship between smoking and lung cancer death rates during the period 1975–2000 for U.S. men and women aged 30–84 years. Six models are employed, which are part of a consortium of lung cancer modelers funded by National Cancer Institute's Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET). Starting with birth‐cohort‐specific smoking histories derived from National Health Interview Surveys, three scenarios are modeled: Actual Tobacco Control (observed trends in smoking), Complete Tobacco Control (a counterfactual lower bound on smoking rates that could have been achieved had all smoking ceased after the first Surgeon General's report in 1964), and No Tobacco Control (a counterfactual upper bound on smoking rates if smoking patterns that prevailed before the first studies in the 1950s began to inform the public about the hazards of smoking). Using these three scenarios and the lung cancer models, the number and percentage of lung cancer deaths averted from 1975–2000, among all deaths that could have been averted if tobacco control efforts been immediate and perfect, can be estimated. The variability of the results across multiple models provides a measure of the robustness of the results to model assumptions and structure. The results provide not only a portrait of the achieved impact of tobacco control on lung cancer mortality, but also the bounds of what still needs to be achieved.
Chapter 7: Description of MISCAN‐Lung, the Erasmus MC Lung Cancer Microsimulation Model for Evaluating Cancer Control Interventions
Authors: Schultz F. W. , Boer R. , de Koning H. J.
Published: August 2012

The MISCAN‐lung model was designed to simulate population trends in lung cancer (LC) for comprehensive surveillance of the disease, to relate past exposure to risk factors to (observed) LC incidence and mortality, and to estimate the impact of cancer‐control interventions. MISCAN‐lung employs the technique of stochastic microsimulation of life histories affected by risk factors. It includes the two‐stage clonal expansion model for carcinogenesis and a detailed LC progression model; the latter is specifically intended for the evaluation of screenings. This article elucidates further the principles of MISCAN‐lung and describes its application to a comparative study within the CISNET Lung Working Group on the impact of tobacco control on U.S. LC mortality. MISCAN‐lung yields an estimate of the number of LC deaths avoided during 1975–2000. The potential number of avoidable LC deaths, had everybody quit smoking in 1965, is 2.2 million; 750,000 deaths (30%) were avoided in the United States due to actual tobacco control interventions. The model fits in the actual tobacco‐control scenario, providing credibility to the estimates of other scenarios, although considering survey‐reported smoking trends alone has limitations.
Chapter 12: Yale Lung Cancer Model
Authors: Holford Theodore R. , Ebisu Keita , McKay Lisa , Oh Cheongeun , Zheng Tongzhang
Published: August 2012

The age‐period‐cohort model is known to provide an excellent description of the temporal trends in lung cancer incidence and mortality. This analytic approach is extended to include the contribution of carcinogenesis models for smoking. Usefulness of this strategy is that it offers a way to temporally calibrate a model that is fitted to population data and it can be readily adopted for the consideration of many different models. In addition, it provides diagnostics that can suggest temporal limitations of a particular carcinogenesis model in describing population rates. Alternative carcinogenesis models can be embedded within this framework. The two‐stage clonal expansion model is implemented here. The model was used to estimate the impact of tobacco control after dissemination of knowledge of the harmful effects of cigarette smoking by comparing the observed number of lung cancer deaths to those expected if there had been no control compared to an ideal of complete control in 1965. Results indicate that 35.2% and 26.5% of lung cancer deaths that could have been avoided actually were for males and females, respectively.
Chapter 4: Development of the Counterfactual Smoking Histories Used to Assess the Effects of Tobacco Control
Authors: Holford Theodore R. , Clark Lauren
Published: August 2012

Publication of the Surgeon General's Report in 1964 marshaled evidence of the harm to public health caused by cigarette smoking, including lung cancer mortality, and provided an impetus for introducing control programs. The purpose of this article is to develop estimates of their effect on basic smoking exposure input parameters related to introduction of the report. Fundamental inputs used to generate exposure to cigarettes are initiation and cessation rates for men and women, as well as the distribution of the number of cigarettes smoked per day. These fundamental quantities are presented for three scenarios: actual tobacco control in the United States; no tobacco control in which the experience before 1955 was assumed to continue; and complete tobacco control in which all smoking ceased following publication of the report. These results were derived using data from National Health Interview Surveys, and they provide basic input parameters for the Smoking History Generator used by each of the lung cancer models developed by the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network.
Chapter 5: Actual and Counterfactual Smoking Prevalence Rates in the U.S. Population via Microsimulation
Authors: Jeon Jihyoun , Meza Rafael , Krapcho Martin , Clarke Lauren D. , Byrne Jeff , Levy David T.
Published: August 2012

The smoking history generator (SHG) developed by the National Cancer Institute simulates individual life/smoking histories that serve as inputs for the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) lung cancer models. In this chapter, we review the SHG inputs, describe its outputs, and outline the methodology behind it. As an example, we use the SHG to simulate individual life histories for individuals born between 1890 and 1984 for each of the CISNET smoking scenarios and use those simulated histories to compute the corresponding smoking prevalence over the period 1975–2000.
Chapter 6: Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Epidemiology and Risk Prediction Models
Authors: McCarthy William J. , Meza Rafael , Jeon Jihyoun , Moolgavkar Suresh H.
Published: August 2012

In this chapter we review the epidemiology of lung cancer incidence and mortality among never smokers/nonsmokers and describe the never smoker lung cancer risk models used by the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Network (CISNET) modelers. Our review focuses on those influences likely to have measurable population impact on never smoker risk, such as secondhand smoke, even though the individual‐level impact may be small. Occupational exposures may also contribute importantly to the population attributable risk of lung cancer. We examine the following risk factors in this chapter: age, environmental tobacco smoke, cooking fumes, ionizing radiation including radon gas, inherited genetic susceptibility, selected occupational exposures, preexisting lung disease, and oncogenic viruses. We also compare the prevalence of never smokers between the three CISNET smoking scenarios and present the corresponding lung cancer mortality estimates among never smokers as predicted by a typical CISNET model.
Chapter 10: A Macro‐Model of Smoking and Lung Cancer: Examining Aggregate Trends in Lung Cancer Rates Using the CPS‐I and CPS‐II and Two‐Stage Clonal Expansion Models
Authors: Levy David T. , Blackman Kenneth , Zaloshnja Eduard
Published: August 2012

Past studies have examined the relationship of lung cancer to smoking using longitudinal data for select samples. This study applies the two‐stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model to U.S. +xsmoking data over a 25‐year period. Smoking Base Case (SBC) data on actual smoking duration and intensity from the years 1975–2000 are applied by gender to separate TSCE models, which are then calibrated to historical trends in lung cancer death rates using regression analysis. The uncalibrated and calibrated TSCE models are also applied to SBC data for two scenarios: (1) no tobacco control and (2) complete tobacco control. The results are used to develop estimates of the number of lives saved as a result of tobacco control and how many lives would be saved if cigarette use had ceased in 1965. Predictions of lung cancer from the TSCE models with CPS‐II and the CPS‐I data for males and especially females are considerably below historical rates with the deviations from historical rates increasing over time. Residual trends unrelated to the smoking models were also found. Tobacco control activities saved approximately 625,000 lives between the years 1975 and 2000. An additional 2,110,000 lives would have been saved if all smoking was stopped in 1965. Tobacco control has successfully prevented lung cancer deaths, but many more lives could be saved with further reductions in smoking rates. Systematic biases were observed from TSCE models using CPS‐I and CPS‐II data to estimate smoking‐related lung cancer deaths.
Shades of Faith: Religious Foundations of Political Attitudes among African Americans, Latinos, and Whites
Authors: McKenzie Brian D. , Rouse Stella M.
Published: August 2012

Although there is considerable evidence that religion influences political opinions, it is unclear how this story plays out across different segments of the U.S. population. Utilizing the 2000 Religion and Politics Survey, we examine the effects of religious beliefs, behaviors, and affiliations on citizens’ attitudes relating to issues of egalitarianism. Our study is one of the few to comparatively analyze the link between religious measures and political outlooks for the nation's three largest ethno‐racial groups. The findings show that conservative Christianity is consistently associated with less tolerant and less egalitarian views among whites. Religious African Americans and Latinos, however, hold more equitable opinions about disadvantaged individuals. To further strengthen our arguments, we also replicate these results using the 2008 American National Election Study. Overall, we demonstrate that a single perspective on religion and public opinion does not apply to all groups.
Comparison of the Location of Slow Conduction Velocity in Cavotricuspid‐Dependent Atrial Flutter in Patients With and Without Prior Atriotomy: Different Arrhythmogenic Basis and Clinical Implications for Placement of Atriotomy
Authors: YANG BING , JU WEIZHU , CHEN HONGWU , ZHANG FENGXIANG , CHEN KAI , GU KAI , CAO KEJIANG , CHEN MINGLONG
Published: August 2012

Slow Zone in CTI‐Dependent Flutter After Atriotomy. Introduction: Earlier studies have shown that the slow conduction zone in patients with cavotriscuspid (CTI)‐dependent atrial flutter without prior surgery (NS‐AFL) is the CTI. However, the location of this slow zone in patients with CTI‐dependent flutter and a prior atriotomy has not been formally studied. Identification of the slow zone in patients with prior atriotomy and CTI‐dependent atrial flutter (PA‐AFL) and comparison with NS‐AFL may have important clinical implications.

Methods and Results:
Seventeen consecutive patients with PA‐AFL and 17 consecutive patients with NS‐AFL were included. Conduction velocity (CV) was measured using 3‐dimensional mapping in 3 areas around the TVA. These regions were defined as the CTI area from lateral inferior vena cava orifice to coronary sinus ostium (region I), mid‐ to upper‐septum (S), and free wall (F). In region F, the CV was much slower in PA‐AFL than in NS‐AFL patients (0.43 ± 0.13 vs 0.76 ± 0.26 m/s, P < 0.01). However, region I was slower in NS‐AFL than PA‐AFL (0.57 ± 0.18 m/s vs 0.84 ± 0.24 m/s, P < 0.01). In all PA‐AFL patients, the slow zone was in region F. But in most (11/17) NS‐AFL patients the slow zone was in region I. There was no significant difference in CV in region S between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
Unlike NS‐AFL, CTI in PA‐AFL displays relatively normal conduction but the slow zone is on the free wall. This arrhythmogenecity of atriotomy may perhaps be avoided if the incisional line were altered to extend to the TV. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 988‐995, September 2012)
Building Green: Local Political Leadership Addressing Climate Change
Authors: Lee Taedong , Koski Chris
Published: August 2012

Municipal agreements have been instrumental in communicating commitment to addressing climate change at the local level. However, what is the practical implication of this potentially symbolic decision? This study examines the power of mayoral participation in climate change agreements in driving the proliferation of sustainable or “green” building in a city as a mechanism to reach its climate change goals. In addition, mayors can localize what is otherwise a public good by framing green buildings as having other tangible impacts on a community. We analyze the impact of political leadership on green building projects in 591 cities in 50 U.S. states, controlling for a variety of city‐ and state‐level variables. Hierarchical models indicate that mayoral leadership in climate change policy fosters green building, while state‐level predictors are not as important as city policy in creating green buildings. Our research concludes that local governments can be a very effective venue in addressing broad climate change goals.
An Assessment of the Impact that Participation in Local Climate Networks Has on Cities’ Implementation of Climate, Energy, and Transportation Policies
Authors: Krause Rachel M.
Published: August 2012

Much of the attention surrounding local climate protection in the United States is associated with two networks: ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability's Cities for Climate Protection and the U.S. Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement (MCPA). However, the impact of these networks on member‐city actions has not been clearly established. This paper examines whether, and to what extent, participation in climate networks leads to the implementation of greenhouse gas (GHG)‐reducing policies, above and beyond what would have been done in their absence. To account for the possibility that cities which join climate networks are systematically different from those that do not and control for self‐selection induced bias, three statistical techniques—propensity score matching, Heckman full information maximum likelihood, and instrumental variables—are employed to estimate the “treatment effect” of participation. Results suggest that impact is network specific: ICLEI membership causes small to moderate increases in cities’ GHG‐relevant activity, whereas the MCPA has no such effect. The characteristics of each network are evaluated in light of these findings.
Nonpunctuated and Sweeping Policy Change:Bhutan Tobacco Policy Making from 1991 to 2009
Authors: Givel Michael
Published: August 2012

This paper examines policy outputs associated with the 2004Bhutan antitobacco law, including 2009 amendments, to determine if the law is congruent with punctuated equilibrium or social policy realism theories of policy change. There was no direct and sudden tobacco policy output change inBhutan due to a shock to the policy system contrary to what punctuated equilibrium theory would predict. Rather, policy change was sweeping but nonpunctuated. This paper reconfirms prior findings of social policy realism theory that various and complex policy output patterns occur due to a mixture of contingent and complex factors. Under social policy realism, a complex interplay of factors drive policy with the state, corporate actors, and interest groups, and the market often playing a primary role. These complex policy outputs have a direct impact on society and the natural environment reflected in government policy output actions or inactions.
Comparison of Nurse Burnout Across Army Hospital Practice Environments
Authors: Lang Gary Morris , Patrician Patricia , Steele Nancy
Published: August 2012

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the nursing practice environment and burnout of nursing personnel assigned to a deployed combat support hospital (CSH). A secondary aim was to compare differences in the level of burnout between the deployed Army nursing personnel and Army nursing personnel assigned to an Army hospital in the United States that served as the U.S. military's primary referral center for American combat casualties evacuated from Iraq.

Design: A nonexperimental cross‐sectional design was used for this study.

Methods: The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Practice Environment Scale were administered to 105 personnel who deployed with a CSH to Iraq. Data from this study were linked to data obtained from 152 nursing personnel who participated in an earlier burnout study at a large Army hospital in the United States. The linked datasets yielded a final sample of 257 Army nursing personnel. Analysis of variance and linear regression analysis were used to analyze these data.

Findings: Emotional exhaustion was common across groups. For the deployed nursing personnel, emotional exhaustion was related to a perceived lack of support from management, foundations for quality of care, collegial relationships, and extended work schedules. The U.S.‐based Army hospital group scored significantly higher emotional exhaustion, but it was related to the additional responsibilities associated with being an Army nurse, working extended schedules, and working with combat casualties for extended periods of time. The U.S.‐based group perceived more personal accomplishment from the work they do.

Conclusions: Burnout was common across Army hospital settings. Emotional exhaustion was most problematic in the U.S.‐based Army hospital; however, there was less cynicism toward patients and a greater perception of personal accomplishment associated with work.

Clinical Relevance: This study supports the importance of a professional practice environment for Army nursing personnel both during deployment and in U.S.‐based Army hospitals. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Nurses’ Sociodemographic Background and Assessments of Individualized Care
Authors: Idvall Ewa , Berg Agneta , Katajisto Jouko , Acaroglu Rengin , Luz Maria Deolinda Antunes da , Efstathiou Georgios , Kalafati Maria , Kanan Nevin , Leino‐Kilpi Helena , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Papastavrou Evridiki , Sendir Merdiye , Suhonen Riitta
Published: August 2012

Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the association between nurses’ characteristics (educational level, country, work title, gender, type of work, age, and length of working experience) and their assessments of individualized care.

Design: A cross‐sectional comparative survey using questionnaires was employed to sample nurses from seven countries.

Methods: Data were collected from orthopedic and trauma nurses from Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Portugal, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States (N= 1,163, response rate 70%) using the Individualized Care Scale‐Nurse (ICS‐Nurse) and a sociodemographic questionnaire in 2008. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and general linear models.

Results: When compared with practical nurses, registered nurses, length of working experience, and the country of the nurses were associated with assessments of the support of patient individuality in specific nursing activities (ICS‐A‐Nurse) and country assessments of individuality in the care provided (ICS‐B‐Nurse). The background and experience within nursing teams together with the country affect the delivery of individualized care.

Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that nurses’ personal attributes have important effects on their assessments of individualized nursing care that will be useful when making context‐dependent recruitment decisions.

Clinical Relevance: The characteristics of nurses contribute to the care delivered in healthcare organizations. Recognition of these nurse‐related factors may help nurse leaders in the development and management of clinical practice.

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2012; 44:3 ©2012 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Phylogenetics and population genetics of the Eurasian parasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum based on mitochondrial and nuclear loci
Authors: Pélissié Benjamin , Ponsard Sergine , Bourguet Denis , Kergoat Gael J.
Published: August 2012

Specifying species boundaries is often tricky, because advanced biomolecular analyses can reveal that morphologically similar individuals in fact belong to distinct species. This is frequently the case when populations previously considered as a single polyphagous taxon prove to consist of several genetically distinct taxa using different resources, e.g., among insect parasitoids. Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) feeding on various host plants across the world, is one of them. In Western Europe, M. cingulum has never been found in Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) populations feeding on maize, although it heavily parasitizes sympatric Ostrinia scapulalis Walker populations feeding on mugwort. In contrast, it contributes to pest control of Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée feeding on maize in Asia and O. nubilalis feeding on maize in America, suggesting that European and Asian M. cingulum populations might form two distinct taxa. We tested this hypothesis by conducting phylogenetic and population genetic analyses based on two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, on 97 M. cingulum individuals sampled in Asia, USA, and Europe. Our analyses not only suggest that all sampled M. cingulum probably belong to the same species, but also show a significant genetic differentiation between individuals originating from Europe on the one hand and Asia/USA on the other, which correlates with infestation patterns. Moreover, they show that American specimens are closely related to Asian ones, consistent with historical records about M. cingulum introductions into the USA in the 1920s and 1930s to control expanding O. nubilalis populations. Combining these results with what is known about the evolutionary history within the genus Ostrinia, we offer a candidate evolutionary scenario that is amenable to future empirical testing.
Butterfly community ecology: the influences of habitat type, weather patterns, and dominant species in a temperate ecosystem
Authors: Robinson Natalie , Armstead Stephen , Deane Bowers M.
Published: August 2012

We compared variation in butterfly communities across 3 years at six different habitats in a temperate ecosystem near Boulder, Colorado, USA. These habitats were classified by the local Open Space consortium as Grasslands, Tallgrass, Foothills Grasslands, Foothills Riparian, Plains Riparian, and Montane Woodland. Rainfall and temperature varied considerably during these years. We surveyed butterflies using the Pollard‐Yates method of invertebrate sampling and compared abundance, species richness, and diversity across habitats and years. Communities were most influenced by habitat, with all three quantitative measures varying significantly across habitats but only two measures showing variation across years. Among habitats, butterfly abundance was higher in Plains Riparian sites than in Montane Woodland or Grassland sites, though diversity was lowest in Plains Riparian areas. Butterfly species richness was higher in Foothills Riparian sites than it was in all but one other habitat (Tallgrass). Among years, butterfly abundance and species richness were lower during the year of least rainfall and highest temperatures, suggesting a substantial impact of the hot, dry conditions. Across habitats and years, butterfly abundance was consistently high at Plains Riparian and Foothills Riparian sites, and richness and diversity were consistently high in Foothills Riparian areas. These two habitats may be highly suitable for butterflies in this ecosystem, regardless of weather conditions. Generally low abundance and species richness in Montane Woodlands sites, particularly in 2002, suggested low suitability of the habitat to butterflies in this ecosystem, and this may be especially important during drought‐like conditions. Finally, to examine the effect that the presence of the very abundant non‐native species Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) has on these communities, we re‐analyzed the data in the absence of this species. Excluding P. rapae dramatically reduced variation of both butterfly abundance and diversity across habitats, highlighting the importance of considering community membership in analyses like ours.
Attraction and oviposition responses of the fungus gnat Bradysia impatiens to microbes and microbe‐inoculated seedlings in laboratory bioassays
Authors: Braun S.E. , Sanderson J.P. , Daughtrey M.L. , Wraight S.P.
Published: August 2012

Laboratory tests were conducted to examine preferences of Bradysia impatiens Johannsen (Diptera: Sciaridae) larvae and adults for various microbes associated with greenhouse crops. Fungus gnat larvae and adults exhibited a preference for cultures of Pythium spp. over the medium used to grow the pathogens. Larvae also exhibited a preference for geranium seedlings infected with pathogenic Pythium spp. [P. aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz., P. ultimum Trow, and P. irregulare Buis. (Oomycota: Peronosporales)] over non‐inoculated plants. Adult fungus gnats exhibited a strong ovipositional preference for the aforementioned Pythium spp. as well as a variety of other microorganisms, including the pathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) (Ascomycota: Microascales), the geranium‐infecting bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. pelargonii (Brown) Dye (Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadales), the non‐pathogenic species Pythium torulosum Coker & P. Patt. and Pythium graminicola Subramaniam, the pathogen‐suppressive fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales). Our study is the first to demonstrate that fungus gnats are attracted to and/or stimulated to oviposit by a wide array of living microorganisms both in pure culture and in association with plant seedlings. These findings have important implications with respect to the potential role of fungus gnats in plant pathogen transmission.
Over what distance are plant volatiles bioactive? Estimating the spatial dimensions of attraction in an arthropod assemblage
Authors: Braasch Joseph , Kaplan Ian
Published: August 2012

As studies demonstrating attraction of natural enemies to synthetic herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) accumulate, it is becoming increasingly important to investigate how deployment of these compounds influences arthropod behavior and distribution in the field. There is currently an unexplained dichotomy in the literature regarding the distance over whichHIPVs are thought to be effective. It is assumed that these compounds increase recruitment of natural enemies into fields, whereas experiments have found the effects of attraction to dissipate as little as 1.5 m from lures. Through the use of the commonHIPVphenylethyl alcohol in soybean [Glycine max(L.)Merr (Fabaceae)] fields, we used replicated mini plots to test the spatial scale and consequences of attraction by analyzing the response of a complex arthropod community toHIPVs along a distance gradient from theHIPVsource. Although repellent effects were more common than attractive ones, we found that insect responses toHIPVs are generally consistent out to a range of 8 m, corroborating the idea that volatiles can influence a wide area and are capable of increasing arthropod recruitment at a field scale. Evidence of redistribution (i.e., depletion of patches surroundingHIPV‐augmented plots) was found for a single taxon, braconid wasps, for which augmentation occurred around the lure, but with a reciprocal decline in abundance at greater distances from the emission site. These results are both encouraging and cautionary. Although broad‐scale diffusion ofHIPVs appears to be common, redistribution of key predators and/or parasitoids may complicate natural enemy management on a landscape scale by aggravating pest outbreaks in areas robbed of their normal carnivore assemblage.
Social learning and technology adoption: the case of coffee pruning in Peru
Authors: Weber Jeremy G.
Published: August 2012

A unique natural experiment involving a coffee pruning technology is used to study social learning. The yield effects of pruning take two years to appear, a characteristic that aids in identifying social learning apart from correlated unobservable variables that are a concern in the social learning and technology adoption literature. Panel data are employed that start with a private initiative which introduced systematic pruning in central Peru and that contain the population of participating growers. Results show a jump of at least 0.15 in the probability of adoption two years after the first pruning in a grower's group.
Alveolar ridge augmentation using implants coated with recombinant human growth/differentiation factor ‐5 (rhGDF‐5). Radiographic observations
Authors: Leknes Knut N. , Yang Jie , Qahash Mohammed , Polimeni Giuseppe , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: August 2012

Objectives

Application of growth factors onto dental implant surfaces is being considered to support local bone formation. Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and BMP‐7 have been shown to support local bone formation, but are also associated with adverse events including seroma formation, extensive bone remodeling, and implant displacement captured in the radiographic evaluation. This report presents mineralized tissue formation and associated adverse events following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5) coated onto a purpose‐designed titanium porous‐oxide implant surface.

Material and Methods

Twelve young adult Labrador dogs were used. Three 10‐mm titanium implants/jaw quadrant were placed 5 mm into the alveolar ridge in the posterior mandible following surgical extraction of the premolar teeth and reduction of the alveolar ridge. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF‐5 at 30 or 60 μg/implant in contralateral jaw quadrants. Six animals received implants coated with rhGDF‐5 at 120 μg/implant or uncoated implants (sham‐surgery control) using the same split‐mouth design. The mucoperiosteal flaps were advanced, adapted, and sutured to submerge the implants. Radiographic recordings were made immediately postsurgery (baseline), and at week 4 and 8 (end of study). Two masked examiners performed the analysis using computer enhanced radiographic images.

Results

rhGDF‐5 coated implants displayed mineralized tissue formation significantly exceeding that of the sham‐surgery control in a dose‐dependent order. The greatest increase was observed for implants coated with rhGDF‐5 at 60 μg and 120 μg amounting to approximately 2.2 mm for both groups at 8 weeks. Importantly, none of the implants showed evidence of peri‐implant bone remodeling, implant displacement, or seroma formation. The newly formed mineralized tissues assumed characteristics of the resident bone.

Conclusions

rhGDF‐5 coated onto a titanium porous‐oxide implant surface exhibits a dose‐dependent potential to stimulate local mineralized tissue formation. Application of rhGDF‐5 appears safe as it is associated with limited, if any, adverse events.
Ridge preservation at implants installed immediately after molar extraction. An experimental study in the dog
Authors: Favero Giacomo , Lang Niklaus P. , De Santis Enzo , Gonzalez Brismayda Garcia , Schweikert Michael T. , Botticelli Daniele
Published: August 2012

Aim

To evaluate the influence of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), in conjunction with a collagen membrane, on bone resorption at implants installed in a lingual position immediately into extraction sockets with horizontal residual buccal defects >2.0 mm.

Material & methods

The pulp tissue of the mesial roots of 1M1 was removed in six Labrador dogs, and the root canals were filled with gutta‐percha and cement. Flaps were elevated. The molars were hemi‐sectioned and the distal roots removed. Implants were installed in a lingual position and with the shoulder flush with the buccal bony crest. After installation, defects of about 2.5 and 2.7 mm in width resulted at the buccal aspects of the test and control sites, respectively. Only in the left site (test), deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) particles were placed into the defect concomitantly with the placement of a collagen membrane. On the control sites, no biomaterials were applied. A non‐submerged healing was allowed.

Results

After 3 months of healing, one control implant was not integrated and was excluded from the analysis, together with the contralateral test implant. All remaining implants were integrated into mature bone. The buccal alveolar bony crest was resorbed more at the test compared with the control sites, 2.2 ± 0.9 mm and 1.5 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. The vertical resorption of the lingual plate was 1.6 ± 1.5 mm and 1.5 ± 1.1 mm at the test and control sites, respectively. Only small residual DBBM particles were found at the test sites (1.4%).

Conclusion

The use of DBBM particles to fill buccal defects of ≥2.5 mm at implants installed immediately into alveolar extraction sockets did not preserve the buccal bony wall.
Does residual cement around implant‐supported restorations cause peri‐implant disease? A retrospective case analysis
Authors: Linkevicius Tomas , Puisys Algirdas , Vindasiute Egle , Linkeviciene Laura , Apse Peteris
Published: August 2012

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between patients with a history of periodontitis and development of cement‐related peri‐implant disease.

Materials and methods

Seventy‐seven patients with 129 implants for this retrospective analysis were selected from completed implant cases that were scheduled for regular maintenance or had experienced mechanical or biological complications between years 2006 and 2011 in private practice. Implants with extracoronal residual cement and implants without cement remnants were analyzed. The selected cases were further divided into two groups – implants in patients with history of periodontitis (1) and implants in periodontitis‐free individuals (2). The selection of these groups was made on the basis of treatment history and orthopantomograph. As a control group, a set of 238 screw‐retained implant restorations, delivered to 66 patients during the same period of time was examined. The incidence of peri‐implant disease among implants in all groups was calculated.

Results

Peri‐implant disease was evident in 62 of 73 implants with cement remnants (85%). All implants in group 1 developed peri‐implantitis – 4 early and 35 delayed disease cases. In the periodontally healthy group, 20 of 31 implants were diagnosed with peri‐implant mucositis, 3 implants had early peri‐implantitis, and 11 implants with cement remnants did not develop biological complications. In the group of implants without cement remnants, peri‐implant disease was diagnosed in 17 of 56 cases (30%). In contrast, only two occurrences of peri‐implant disease were registered in the control group of screw‐retained restorations (1.08%).

Conclusions

Implants with cement remnants in patients with history of periodontitis may be more likely to develop peri‐implantitis, compared with patients without history of periodontal infection.
Evaluation of the osteoconductive potential of bone substitutes embedded with schneiderian membrane‐ or maxillary bone marrow‐derived osteoprogenitor cells
Authors: Srouji Samer , Ben‐David Dror , Funari Alessia , Riminucci Mara , Bianco Paolo
Published: August 2012

Aim

Sinus augmentation procedures commonly employ osteoconductive scaffolding materials to stimulate and support bone formation. The aim of this study was to develop a simple screening methodology for the evaluation of the osteoconductive potential of various bone graft materials prior to clinical use.

Materials and methods

Materials tested were Bio‐Oss, Bi‐Ostetic, OraGraft, and ProOsteon. These Simple and composite bone substitutes were embedded with osteoprogenitor cells derived from either the human maxillary sinus schneiderian membrane (hMSSM) or from maxillary tuberosity bone marrow and then monitored both in vitro and in vivo.

Results

Cell adherence and proliferation was most pronounced in OraGraft, followed by ProOsteon. In vivo bone formation, within the bone graft, was also observed, with most marked results in OraGraft and ProOsteon grafts.

Conclusions

The proposed osteoconductivity testing method proved simple, informative, and reliable for the purpose of screening candidate biomaterials for sinus lifting or sinus augmentation.
A novel mutation in exon 8 of C1 inhibitor (C1INH) gene leads to abolish its physiological stop codon in a large Chinese family with hereditary angioedema type I
Authors: Qu Le , Wei Bin , Liu Mei , Zhang Lili , Xiao Ting , Chen Hong‐Duo , Zhou Li , Mi Qing‐Sheng , He Chundi
Published: August 2012

C1 inhibitor (C1INH) plays an important role in the classical pathway of the complement system. Mutations in C1INH gene cause quantitative or qualitative deficiencies in C1INH, which can lead to hereditary angioedema (HAE) type I or II. Here, we identified a novel frame‐shift mutation c.1391‐1445del55 (p.v464fsx556) in exon 8 in a large Chinese family with HAE type I. This 55 base pairs deletion abolishes the original stop codon and introduces a new stop codon 220 bp downstream of the original one, and leads to mutated C1INH protein prolonged from 500 to 556 amino acids. The levels of C4 and C1INH as well as C1INH activity in serum were significantly reduced in affected individuals. This is the first report of a novel mutation abolishing the physiological stop codon of C1INH gene in a large Chinese family with HAE type I.
Spatial variation in the somatic growth rates of European barbel Barbus barbus: a UK perspective
Authors: Britton John R. , Davies Gareth D. , Pegg Josephine
Published: August 2012

The European barbel Barbus barbus is threatened in areas of its range because of its sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance in riverine habitats and, in the UK, is indigenous to a relatively small number of east‐flowing rivers, with nonindigenous populations present in other rivers following introductions for angling enhancement. Fish stock assessment surveys completed between 2002 and 2010 collated age and growth data from 20 rivers across their indigenous and nonindigenous UK range. Analyses revealed that individuals present in samples are of 21 years old, with growth rates highly variable between rivers. There was no relationship between growth rates and the maximum age of fish per river, and there was no difference in growth rates between their indigenous and nonindigenous ranges. A range of abiotic data were collated and analysed against the growth data; these analyses suggested higher mean growth rates were evident in rivers of higher biological water quality (expressed as British Monitoring Working Party Score) and higher mean air temperatures (used as a surrogate of water temperature). That growth of B. barbus was significantly and positively enhanced by increased biological water quality was in contrast to cyprinid fishes such as roach Rutilus rutilus and suggests that as river water quality continues to improve through reduced nutrient inputs, further ecological changes are likely in riverine fish communities.
Validation of the exercise addiction inventory in a Danish sport context
Authors: Lichtenstein M. B. , Christiansen E. , Bilenberg N. , Støving R. K.
Published: August 2012

Exercise addiction is characterized by excessive exercise behavior with potential negative consequences. The symptoms consist of salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, conflicts, and relapse. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the exercise addiction inventory (EAI) and to estimate the prevalence of exercise addiction in a Danish normal weight sport population. A sample of 780 habitual fitness and football exercisers were contacted and 590 completed the EAI and an in‐house questionnaire containing questions about variables related to exercise addiction: (a) exercise frequency; (b) continuance despite injuries; and (c) personal perception of addiction. The results demonstrated an overall prevalence of exercise addiction of 5.8%. There was no significant difference between fitness and football prevalences. The internal reliability of EAI was acceptable with a Cronbach's α of 0.66. The criterion validity was tested toward the three variables related to exercise addiction. The dependent group had significantly higher scores on the three variables than the non‐dependent group. Exercise addiction seems to exist in both fitness and football. The EAI is a useful screening tool and might be applicable in future screening and prevention of exercise addiction. However, further investigation about the population is needed to understand the phenomenon and to identify the risk group.
A Subset of Human Uterine Endometrial Macrophages is Alternatively Activated
Authors: Jensen Amy L. , Collins Jane , Shipman Emilie P. , Wira Charles R. , Guyre Paul M. , Pioli Patricia A.
Published: August 2012

Problem

Human uterine macrophages must maintain an environment hospitable to implantation and pregnancy and simultaneously provide protection against pathogens. Although macrophages comprise a significant portion of leukocytes within the uterine endometrium, the activation profile and functional response of these cells to endotoxin are unknown.

Method of Study

Flow cytometric analysis of surface receptors and intracellular markers expressed by macrophages isolated from human endometria was performed. Uterine macrophages were stimulated with LPS. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors expressed by these cells were analyzed using Bio‐Plex analysis.

Results

CD163high human endometrial macrophages constitutively secrete both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines as well as pro‐angiogenic factors and secretion of these factors is LPS‐inducible.

Conclusion

A major population of human uterine macrophages is alternatively activated. These cells secrete factors in response to LPS that are involved in the activation of immune responses and tissue homeostasis.
Dental trauma in patients with single mandibular fractures
Authors: Zhou Hai‐Hua , Ongodia David , Liu Qi , Yang Rong‐Tao , Li Zu‐Bing
Published: August 2012

Purpose

The purposes of this study were to investigate the occurrence and patterns of dental trauma in patients with single mandibular fracture and to evaluate the relationships between dental injury and fracture site of mandible.

Materials and Methods

From January 2000 to December 2009, 869 patients with mandibular fractures were registered. Only the patients with single mandibular fracture were included. The information and data collected included age, gender, mechanism of injury, type of mandibular fracture, and type of dental injury.

Results

Single mandibular fractures were sustained in 294 (33.8%) patients. Of these, 43.5% (128 patients) presented with associated dental injuries (509 injured teeth). The patients' male/female ratio was 2.46:1 (91 males and 37 females). Patients in 30–39 year age group possessed the highest risk of suffering dental trauma (odds ratio = 2.004, P = 0.014). Road traffic accidents were the most common mechanism of injury (54, 42.2%). Lower‐anterior teeth were more often injured in patients with symphysis fracture (P < 0.001), and patients with condylar fracture more frequently sustained upper‐posterior teeth injury (P < 0.001). Lower‐posterior teeth injury was mostly found in patients with mandibular body fracture (P < 0.001) or angle fracture (P < 0.001). Dental injuries were more prone to occur in patients who sustained only symphysis fractures (odds ratio = 3.283, P < 0.001), and the risk was only 0.193‐fold in patients who sustained only mandible angle fractures (odds ratio = 0.193, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The occurrence and type of dental injury were significantly related to the fracture site of mandible.
A multiparametric assay to compare the cytotoxicity of soy milk with different storage media
Authors: Silva Emmanuel J. N. L. , Rollemberg Carolina B. , de Souza Coutinho‐Filho Tauby , Zaia Alexandre A.
Published: August 2012

Background/Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of soy milk compared with several other storage media [coconut water, Hank′s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) and whole milk], assessed through a multiparametric analysis employing 3T3 cells.

Materials and methods

Plates containing confluent 3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to the various media for 24 h, at 37°C with 5% CO2, and cell viability was evaluated by a multiparametric assay assessing sequentially, on the same cells, mitochondrial activity (XTT), membrane integrity (neutral red test) and total cell density (crystal violet dye exclusion test). Results from each test were compared by two‐way analysis of variance (anova).

Results

Statistical analysis showed that whole milk, HBSS and soy milk were the most effective media in maintaining cell viability at all tested times (P < 0.05). The least amount of viable cells was observed when using coconut water.

Conclusions

This study shows that the efficacy of soy milk in maintaining the viability of 3T3 fibroblasts is similar to that of HBSS and milk, as shown by three different cell viability tests.
A novel RNASEH2B splice site mutation responsible for Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome in the Faroe Islands
Authors: Ostergaard Elsebet , Joensen Frodi , Sundberg Karin , Duno Morten , Hansen Flemming J , Batbayli Mustafa , Sørensen Nicolina , Born Alfred Peter
Published: August 2012

Aim:  The aim of the study was to identify the genetic background for Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome (AGS) in the Faroe Islands.

Methods:  Four patients with AGS were identified. The patients had a variable phenotype, from a severe prenatal form with intrauterine foetal death to a milder phenotype, albeit still with an early onset, within the first 2–3 months.

Results:  A genome‐wide search for homozygosity revealed one single 15.6 Mb region of homozygosity on chromosome 13, which included RNASEH2B, where a splice site mutation c.322‐3C>G was identified. Screening of 170 anonymous Faroese controls revealed a carrier frequency of approximately 1.8%, corresponding to an incidence of AGS in the Faroe Islands of around 1 in 12 300.

Conclusion:  The previously identified RNASEH2B mutations comprise altogether 20 mutations (missense, nonsense and splice site) with all patients harbouring at least one missense mutation. The severe phenotype of the Faroese patients compared with the previously reported patients with RNASEH2B mutations may be caused by the presence of two null alleles (although some residual normal splicing cannot be ruled out), whereas patients with one or two missense mutations may have some, albeit abnormal, RNASEH2B proteins, and hence some residual activity of RNASEH2B, explaining their milder phenotype.