bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Injection Molding of Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics: Integration of Fibre Orientation and Mechanical Properties Computations
Authors: Miled H. , Silva L. , Coupez T. , Agassant J. F.
Published: November 2012

Injection molding is widely used to process short fibre reinforced thermoplastics. The quality and especially the mechanical properties of the resulting part are linked to the mold conception (for example the gate(s) and the venting port(s) locations) and to the processing parameters which will govern fibre orientation distribution. Fibre orientation modelling is based on the well known Folgar and Tucker equation. The models differ one from another by the interaction parameter, the closure approximation and by the coupling with the rheology of the reinforced melt. Quantitative comparison with experiments is very tedious and generally limited to simple part geometries (plaque or disk). As a consequence, in complex geometries, fibre orientation distribution is experimentally checked using several techniques and the resulting anisotropic thermo-mechanical properties are computed using various homogenization theories. In this paper, we propose a first integrated approach of the injection molding of fibre reinforced thermoplastics starting from rheology of the material, orientation equation, interaction parameter and closure approximation. The resulting local fibre orientation distribution is then used in two ways in order to predict the mechanical properties of the part: first, using classical analytical homogenization theories, but based on the computed orientation tensor and not on an experimental one, and then, using numerical homogenization which consists in generating a Representative Elementary Volume (REV), determining its unidirectional mechanical properties and finally, in computing directly the anisotropic properties of the part.
Water Penetration Behavior in Water-assisted Injection Molding (WAIM): A Study of Product Quality for Different Process and Material Parameters
Authors: Sannen S. , De Munck M. , Van Puyvelde P. , De Keyzer J.
Published: November 2012

This study investigates the relation between water penetration behavior and product quality in water-assisted injection molding (WAIM) for different process and material parameters. The principle mechanisms responsible for both building up the residual wall thickness (RWT) and formation of part defects as well as the influence of these process and material parameters on the RWT and occurrence of part defects could be revealed. This is done by relating the measurements of water pressure and water volume flow rate, visualizing in-mold variations during water injection, to both the part weight and a visual inspection of part cross-sections, for different process settings and materials. It was found that the RWT as well as the formation of part defects depend on the polymer resistance, since the variation of the latter leads to a change in both the water bubble width and velocity. On the one hand, the resistance is determined by the process parameters having an influence on the amount of melt ahead of the water bubble, depending on injector opening time, water volume flow rate and water injection delay time. On the other hand, the resistance also depends on the friction between the polymer chains, which is determined by the zero-shear viscosity and the shear thinning behavior of the polymer. In addition, the occurrence of part defects is directly related to the polymer crystallization behavior. The resulting product quality therefore depends on a combination of the process parameters and the applied material.
Characterization of Thermoplastic Laser-welded Joints
Authors: Al-Wohoush M. H. , Kamal M. R.
Published: November 2012

Laser-welded joints were prepared using moldings of polycarbonate, polyamide-6, and polyamide-6 reinforced with 30% glass fibers. Preparation of thin polished samples of the joints facilitated examination of the laser-affected zone (LAZ). The samples were examined using optical and polarized light microscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy. The study evaluated the influence of laser power on the geometry and dimensions of LAZ, in both the absorbent and non-absorbent parts of the joints. The results indicated a correlation between LAZ dimensions and the tensile strength of the laser-welded joints. There is evidence of melt and fiber migration in the LAZ.
Non-Intrusive Demand Monitoring and Load Identification for Energy Management Systems Based on Transient Feature Analyses
Authors: Chang Hsueh-Hsien
Published: November 2012

Energy management systems strive to use energy resources efficiently, save energy, and reduce carbon output. This study proposes transient feature analyses of the transient response time and transient energy on the power signatures of non-intrusive demand monitoring and load identification to detect the power demand and load operation. This study uses the wavelet transform (WT) of the time-frequency domain to analyze and detect the transient physical behavior of loads during the load identification. The experimental results show the transient response time and transient energy are better than the steady-state features to improve the recognition accuracy and reduces computation requirements in non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) systems. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is more suitable than short-time Fourier transform (STFT) for transient load analyses.
Asymmetrical Interleaved DC/DC Switching Converters for Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell Applications—Part 1: Circuit Generation, Analysis and Design
Authors: Arango Eliana , Ramos-Paja Carlos Andres , Calvente Javier , Giral Roberto , Serna Sergio
Published: November 2012

A novel asymmetrical interleaved dc/dc switching converters family intended for photovoltaic and fuel cell applications is presented in this paper. The main requirements on such applications are small ripples in the generator and load, as well as high voltage conversion ratio. Therefore, interleaved structures and voltage multiplier cells have been asymmetrically combined to generate new converters, which inherently operate indiscontinuous conduction mode. The novel family is derived from boost, buck-boost and flyback-based structures. This converter family is analyzed to obtain the design equations and synthesize a design process based on the typical requirements of photovoltaic and fuel cell applications. Finally, the experimental results validate the characteristics and usefulness of the asymmetrical interleaved converter family.
Polymorphisms in Myostatin Gene and Associations with Growth Traits in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Sun Yanhong , Yu Xiaomu , Tong Jingou
Published: November 2012

Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily that negatively regulates skeletal muscle development and growth. In the present study, partial genomic fragments of MSTN were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected common carp individuals from wild populations, and two SNPs in intron 2 (c.371 + 749A > G, c.371 + 781T > C) and two synonymous SNPs in exon 3 (c.42A > G, c.72C > T) were identified. Genotyping by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for these four SNPs were performed in 162 individuals from a commercial hatchery population. Association analysis showed that two SNPs in exon 3 were significantly associated with body weight (BW) and condition factor (K), and haplotype analyses revealed that haplotype H7H8 showed better growth performance. Our results demonstrated that some of the SNPs in MSTN may have positive effects on growth traits and suggested that MSTN could be a candidate gene for growth and marker-assisted selection in common carp.
Investigation of the Biological Properties of (Hetero)Aromatic Thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Serda Maciej , Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz Anna , Jampilek Josef , Pesko Matus , Kralova Katarina , Vejsova Marcela , Musiol Robert , Ratuszna Alicja , Polanski Jaroslaw
Published: November 2012

Two series of thiosemicarbazone-based iron chelators (twenty-seven compounds) were designed and synthesized using a microwave-assisted approach. Quinoline and halogenated phenyl were selected as parent scaffolds on the basis of a similarity search. The lipophilicity of the synthesized compounds was measured using HPLC and then calculated. Primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against eight pathogenic fungal strains. Only a few compounds showed moderate activity against fungi, and (E)-2-(quinolin-2-ylvinyl)-N,N-dimethylhydrazine-carbothioamide appeared to be more effective than fluconazole against most of the fungal strains tested. Antiproliferative activity was measured using a human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). Several of the tested compounds showed submicromolar antiproliferative activity. Compounds were also tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. The structure-activity relationships are discussed for all of the compounds.
Associations between Maternal Antioxidant Intakes in Pregnancy and Infant Allergic Outcomes
Authors: West Christina E. , Dunstan Janet , McCarthy Suzi , Metcalfe Jessica , D'Vaz Nina , Meldrum Suzanne , Oddy Wendy H. , Tulic Meri K. , Prescott Susan L.
Published: November 2012

Antioxidant intakes in pregnancy may influence fetal immune programming and the risk of allergic disease. We investigated associations between maternal intakes of β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, copper and zinc, and infant allergic outcomes. Antioxidant intakes of pregnant women (n = 420) assessed prospectively by a food frequency questionnaire, were examined in relation to allergic outcomes at 1 year of age (n = 300). The main relationships with allergic outcomes were seen with dietary vitamin C and copper. Specifically, higher maternal dietary vitamin C intake was associated with a reduced risk of any diagnosed infant allergic disease and wheeze. After adjustment for potential confounders the relationship with wheeze remained statistically significant. There was also an inverse linear relationship between vitamin C and food allergy. Higher dietary copper intake was associated with reduced risk of eczema, wheeze and any allergic disease. The relationship with wheeze and any allergic disease remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis, and there was also an inverse linear relationship between copper and food allergy. However, these relationships were only seen for nutrients present in food. There were no relationships between β-carotene, vitamin E or zinc and any allergic outcomes. In summary, this study suggests that maternal diet of fresh foods rich in vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of infant wheeze, and that copper intake is associated with reduced risk of several allergic outcomes.
Cyclodextrin-induced host–guest effects of classically prepared poly(NIPAM) bearing azo-dye end groups
Authors: Maatz Gero , Maciollek Arkadius , Ritter Helmut
Published: November 2012

A thermo-, pH- and cyclodextrin- (CD) responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), with a N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene end group was synthesized. Using 3-mercaptopropionic acid as a chain transfer agent, PNIPAM with a well-defined COOH end group was obtained. The acid end group was transferred to the corresponding acid chloride and then functionalized with N,N-dimethyl[4-(4’-aminophenylazo)phenyl]amine. This dye-end-group-labeled polymer showed acidochromic effects, depending on the pH and the presence of randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB-CD). Also higher cloud-point values for the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in the presence of RAMEB-CD were observed. Additionally, this azo-dye-end-group-labeled polymer was complexed with hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) decorated with β-CD to generate hedgehog-like superstructures.
Soins à médiation multi-sensorielle
Authors: Dodin Vincent , Payen Aline , Croquelois Claudie , Bayart Armelle , Benzidour Nahida , Anache Cécile , Caulier Anne , Glevard Pascale , Csunderlick Pauline , Barbier Marie-Paule , Joly Anne-Christine , Testart Marie-Lyse , Hendrickx Marion , Brelinski Lucie
Published: November 2012

Résumé Nous avons mis au point une thérapie psychosensorielle que nous avons appelé Soins à médiation multi-sensorielle (SMMS) . Dans les formes sévères d’anorexie mentale dans lesquelles les sujets maltraitent gravement leur corps, nous avons eu l’idée de proposer un espace psychothérapique singulier, dans un environnement sensoriel agréable, autorisant le patient à se mettre dans une position régressive qui lui facilite l’accès à des souvenirs infantiles, mais aussi à des ressentis psycho-affectifs archaïques. Cet espace thérapeutique utilise des stimulations olfactives par le biais d’odeurs choisies au cours d’un atelier d’olfactothérapie et les combine à un enveloppement corporel chaud, un environnement musical relaxant et à la pénombre de la pièce. L’objectif de ces soins est d’amener le sujet anorexique à revisiter des souvenirs infantiles tant agréables que traumatiques et de l’aider dans un cadre contenant à se construire une séc0urité psychocorporelle qui lui était jusque-là défaillante.
Un pas pour jouer. Jouer sur le pas : rêver/créer
Authors: Gassmann Xavier , Masson Céline
Published: November 2012

Résumé Confronté aux enjeux du remaniement de l’adolescence, le sujet en adolescence est aux prises avec ce qui, dans la relation d’objet, advient à partir d’une perte nécessaire. Lorsque la séparation en tant que processus n’est pas dialectisable, elle maintient le sujet dans une position d’inféodation qui le clôture dans un enfermement. Ouvrir un espace de créativité à l’endroit de ces mises en fermeture, telle est la proposition faite à partir d’ateliers de création menés par des artistes dans un centre de jour. Les supports étayés par l’artiste réalisent un « portage » entendu sur le versant du holding et du handling , au sens où l’artiste établit une rencontre à partir d’une matière qu’il porte psychiquement et dont il peut accueillir les traits, les esquisses de mise en forme de l’adolescent.
Pour une approche phonologique de la prosodie dans l'interaction
Authors: Bertrand Roxane , Portes Cristel
Published: November 2012

La perspective interactionnelle, qui a souligné très tôt l’importance de la prosodie dans la conversation, a également favorisé l’analyse de phénomènes assez peu étudiés dans les études prosodiques. Il s’avère aujourd’hui important d’affiner les nombreux résultats concernant le rôle de la prosodie dans la parole conversationnelle. Cet article promeut une vision mixte dans laquelle l’aller-retour entre deux perspectives – une approche phonologique issue du laboratoire et une analyse située des données conversationnelle –, s’avère une voie fructueuse pour améliorer la connaissance des faits prosodiques dans leur ensemble, tant sur le plan conceptuel que méthodologique.
L'identité dans l'interaction : pratiques de catégorisation et accountability en milieu homoparental
Authors: Galatolo Renata , Greco Luca
Published: November 2012

Dans cet article, nous analysons les procédés mobilisés par les membres du groupe pour construire leur identité d’homoparents. Les données sont des réunions de groupes de parole dédiées à la discussion des problèmes que les parents et futur parents gay et lesbiens rencontrent dans leur parcours parental, et ceux que les (futurs) enfants devront eux-mêmes affronter. Deux procédés de construction catégorielle sont étudiés. Dans le premier, les catégories d’identité homoparentale constituent l’objet de la conversation et le choix des formes de dénomination des deux parents font l’objet de reformulations et de négociations incessantes. Dans le second cas, l’identité de groupe émerge de façon indirecte au cours d’épisodes humoristiques dans lesquels les participants évoquent des scénarii de vie de famille et se moquent de ceux qui normalisent et simplifient trop l’expérience dont ils sont en train de discuter.
Évolution des inégalités salariales en France
Authors: Verdugo Gregory , Fraisse Henri , Horny Guillaume
Published: November 2012

Résumé Cet article étudie l’évolution de la distribution des salaires en France de 1990 à 2008. Nous isolons l’effet des variations de la probabilité d’emploi et de la qualification de l’effet des changements du prix du travail. Contrairement à d’autres pays développés, les inégalités à la fois dans le bas et dans le haut de la distribution entre le premier et le dernier décile reculent chez les hommes et les femmes. La période récente peut ainsi être qualifiée de période de « grande compression » salariale entre le premier et le dernier décile. La baisse des rendements de l’éducation et de l’expérience sur la période a produit une structure des salaires en 2008 parmi la plus égalitaire jamais observée en France depuis les années 1960.
The Lupus-Prone NZM2410/NZW Strain–Derived Sle1b Sublocus Alters the Germinal Center Checkpoint in Female Mice in a B Cell–Intrinsic Manner
Authors: Wong Eric B. , Khan Tahsin N. , Mohan Chandra , Rahman Ziaur S. M.
Published: November 2012

C57BL/6 (B6) mice carrying the Sle1b sublocus (named B6.Sle1b), which harbors the lupus-associated NZM2410/NZW SLAM family genes, produce antinuclear Abs (ANAs). However, the role and mechanism(s) involved in the alteration of the germinal center (GC) tolerance checkpoint in the development of ANAs in these mice is not defined. In this study, we show significantly higher spontaneously formed GCs (Spt-GCs) in B6.Sle1b female mice compared with B6 controls. We also found a significant increase in CD4+CXCR5hiPD-1hi spontaneously activated follicular Th cells in B6.Sle1b female mice. Compared with B6 controls, B6.Sle1b female mice had increased numbers of proliferating B cells predominantly located in Spt-GCs. The elevated Spt-GCs in B6.Sle1b female mice were strongly associated with increased ANA-specific Ab-forming cells and ANA titers. The increased numbers of Spt-GCs and spontaneously activated follicular Th cells in B6.Sle1b mice were not the result of a generalized defect in B cells expressing Sle1b. Consistent with the elevated spontaneous response in B6.Sle1b mice, the attenuated GC response characteristic of DNA and p-azophenylarsonate reactive B cells from Ig VH knock-in mice (termed HKIR) were relieved in adoptively transferred recipients in the presence of Sle1b. Finally, by generating mixed bone marrow chimeras, we showed that the effect of Sle1b on Spt-GC, follicular Th cell, and autoantibody responses in B6.Sle1b mice was B cell autonomous. These data indicate that the NZM2410/NZW-derived Sle1b sublocus in conjunction with the female sex primarily affects B cells, leading to the alteration of the GC tolerance checkpoint and the generation of ANA-specific Ab-forming cells.
A theological perspective on human dignity, equality and freedom
Authors: Vorster Nico
Published: November 2012

Human dignity has proven to be a vague term in liberal rights discourse because of its broad range. This article attempted to provide a Christian definition of human dignity that is helpful in resolving tensions between equality and freedom. Firstly, it addressed the question of whether religious understandings of human dignity ought to be considered in the public domain. Secondly, it provided a theological perspective on dignity, equality and freedom and, lastly, it considered the special contribution that a Christian concept of dignity, equality and freedom can make to the rights discourse.
Recent Developments in the Numerics of Nonlinear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws and their Use in Science and Engineering
Authors: Ansorge Rainer , Bijl Hester , Meister Andreas , Sonar Thomas
Published: November 2012

Modern numerical methods for hyperbolic conservation laws rely on polynomials of high degree, mostly orthogonal polynomials, on triangular or quadrilateral meshes. Due to shocks stability is an issue and modern means of filtering like spectral viscosity is required. Additional TV-filters are needed in most cases as postprocessors and the choice of the solver for the differential equations to integrate in time is crucial. The workshop was organised to bring together researchers from different areas of mathematics in order to fuel the research on high-order efficient and robust numerical methods.
Frontiers in Nonparametric Statistics
Authors: Bühlmann Peter , Cai Tony , Munk Axel , Yu Bin
Published: November 2012

The goal of this workshop was to discuss recent developments of nonparametric statistical inference. A particular focus was on high dimensional statistics, semiparametrics, adaptation, nonparametric bayesian statistics, shape constraint estimation and statistical inverse problems. The close interaction of these issues with optimization, machine learning and inverse problems has been addressed as well.
Mechanics of Materials
Authors: Kienzler Reinhold , McDowell David L. , Müller Stefan , Werner Ewald A.
Published: November 2012

The rapid advances of modern fabrications technologies require a thorough understanding of physical and mechanical properties of materials as influenced by their atomic composition, processing history and structure at the micro- and nanometer length scales. Carbon nanotubes, nanometer sized crystals, thin films and coatings, MEMS, smart materials and bio-inspired multifunctional materials are current examples employing technologies and processes that heavily depend on material properties at very small length scales. Today’s leading materials for a range of applications are hierarchical, having characteristics of structure at multiple length scales to satisfy a complex set of performance requirements and constraints. Composite materials and advanced alloy systems for transportation and infrastructure increasingly must rely on theoretical understanding at each of a range of length scales from the atomic scale upward to improve existing materials and to develop new materials to meet critical societal needs. Modern day efforts in mechanics of materials exploit recent advances in mechanics of materials that draws upon concurrent use of solid state physics, mathematics and information technology, continuum and discrete (statistical) mechanics and materials chemistry. Advanced materials derive their outstanding properties, durability and multifunctionality from heterogeneity of their underlying microstructure. There is a richness of outstanding problem sets at the intersection of theoretical and applied mathematics and materials mechanics. This state of affairs motivates the central goals of this workshop, namely to explore new and emerging mathematical approaches to multiscale modelling of evolving microstructures and to identify new and emerging mathematical approaches to interfaces in materials.
Fashion, Luxury and Design: Store Brand Management and Global Cities' Identity
Authors: Arrigo Elisa
Published: November 2012

The brand enhancement policies of fashion, luxury and design firms play their part in establishing the identity of global cities. This article analyses the brand enhancement policies with the best impact on the territory (store management and events management), adopted by successful global companies (Gucci, Hermès, Kartell and Artemide) in the city of Milan, the fashion and design capital. From this analysis it emerges that, in Milan, fashion, luxury and design firms define alternative models of immaterial consumption in the city.
Integrated Commercial Activities and Intangible Consumption in Cities Development
Authors: Tresca Roberta
Published: November 2012

The transformations taking place in consumers’ behaviour, brought on by the growing importance attributed to intangible elements in purchasing decisions, induce the different places of purchase, gravitating to the area (urban or rural), to enhance the intangible components of its marketing system. This article examines the way the different commercial centres are responding to the need for intangible consumer products. In particular, we will examine the case of the city of Pescara.
Unified parameterization of the planetary boundary layer and shallow convection with a higher-order turbulence closure in the Community Atmosphere Model: single-column experiments
Authors: Bogenschutz P. A. , Gettelman A. , Morrison H. , Larson V. E. , Schanen D. P. , Meyer N. R. , Craig C.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. This paper describes the coupling of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5 with a unified multi-variate probability density function (PDF) parameterization, Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB). CLUBB replaces the planetary boundary layer (PBL), shallow convection, and cloud macrophysics schemes in CAM5 with a higher-order turbulence closure based on an assumed PDF. Comparisons of single-column versions of CAM5 and CAM-CLUBB are provided in this paper for several boundary layer regimes. As compared to large eddy simulations (LESs), CAM-CLUBB and CAM5 simulate marine stratocumulus regimes with similar accuracy. For shallow convective regimes, CAM-CLUBB improves the representation of cloud cover and liquid water path (LWP). In addition, for shallow convection CAM-CLUBB offers better fidelity for subgrid-scale vertical velocity, which is an important input for aerosol activation. Finally, CAM-CLUBB results are more robust to changes in vertical and temporal resolution when compared to CAM5.
The hybrid Eulerian Lagrangian numerical scheme tested with Chemistry
Authors: Hansen A. B. , Sørensen B. , Tarning-Andersen P. , Christensen J. H. , Brandt J. , Kaas E.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. A newly developed advection scheme, the Hybrid Eulerian Lagrangian (HEL) scheme, has been tested, including a module for atmospheric chemistry, including 58 chemical species, and compared to two other traditional advection schemes; a classical pseudospectral Eulerian method the Accurate Space Derivative (ASD) scheme and the bi-cubic semi-Lagrangian (SL) scheme using classical rotation tests. The rotation tests have been designed to test and compare the advection schemes for different spatial and temporal resolutions in different chemical conditions (rural and urban) and for different shapes (cone and slotted cylinder) giving the advection schemes different challenges with respect to relatively slow or fast chemistry and smooth or sharp gradients, respectively. In every test, error measures have been calculated and used for ranking of the advection schemes with respect to performance, i.e. lowest overall errors for all chemical species. Furthermore, the HEL and SL schemes have been compared in a shallow water model, demonstrating the performance in a more realistic non-linear deformation flow. The results in this paper show that the new advection scheme, HEL, by far outperforms both the Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian schemes with very low error estimates compared to the two other schemes. Although no analytic solution can be obtained for the performance in the non-linear shallow water model flow, the tracer distribution appears realistic as compared to LMCSL when a mixing between local parcel concentrations is introduced in HEL.
Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures
Authors: Güney D.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Earthquakes, which are unavoidable natural phenomena in Turkey, have often produced economic and social disaster. The latest destructive earthquakes happened in Van city. Van, Turkey, earthquakes with M = 7.2 occurred on 23 October 2011 at 13:41 (local time), whose epicenter was about 16 km north of Van (Tabanlı village) and M = 5.6 on 9 November 2011 epicentered near the town of Edremit south of Van in eastern Turkey and caused the loss of life and heavy damages. Both earthquakes killed 644 people and 2608 people were injured. Approximately 4000 buildings collapsed or were seriously damaged. The majority of the damaged structures were seismically insufficient, unreinforced masonry and adobe buildings in rural areas. In this paper, site surveys of the damaged masonry and adobe buildings are presented and the reasons for the caused damages are discussed in detail.
A Comparative Study of Two EndemicIsoëtesSpecies from South Italy
Authors: Ernandes Paola , Marchiori Silvano
Published: November 2012

TwoIsoëtestaxa (Isoëtaceae, Pteridophyta) have recently been described in Puglia and Sicily (south Italy). Though morphologically similar (Ernandes, 2011), they differ in diagnostic characters and habitat preferences. In this paper, we highlight the differences and similarities betweenIsoëtes iapygiaErnandes, BeccarisietZuccarello (Ernandes et al., 2010) andIsoëtes todaroanaTroiaetRaimondo (Troia and Raimondo, 2009). Individuals are described in terms of selected diagnostic characters. Morphometric differences and other distinguishing characteristics suggest thatI. iapygiaandI. todaroanashould be considered as separate species.
General Aspects of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Centelles Josep J.
Published: November 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of death. Cancer is initiated by several DNA damages, affecting proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and DNA repairing genes. The molecular origins of CRC are chromosome instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI), and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). A brief description of types of CRC cancer is presented, including sporadic CRC, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndromes, familiar adenomatous polyposis (FAP), MYH-associated polyposis (MAP), Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), and juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS). Some signalling systems for CRC are also described, including Wnt-β-catenin pathway, tyrosine kinase receptors pathway, TGF-βpathway, and Hedgehog pathway. Finally, this paper describes also some CRC treatments.
Classifying Multigraph Models of Secondary RNA Structure Using Graph-Theoretic Descriptors
Authors: Knisley Debra , Knisley Jeff , Ross Chelsea , Rockney Alissa
Published: November 2012

The prediction of secondary RNA folds from primary sequences continues to be an important area of research given the significance of RNA molecules in biological processes such as gene regulation. To facilitate this effort, graph models of secondary structure have been developed to quantify and thereby characterize the topological properties of the secondary folds. In this work we utilize a multigraph representation of a secondary RNA structure to examine the ability of the existing graph-theoretic descriptors to classify all possible topologies as either RNA-like or not RNA-like. We use more than one hundred descriptors and several different machine learning approaches, including nearest neighbor algorithms, one-class classifiers, and several clustering techniques. We predict that many more topologies will be identified as those representing RNA secondary structures than currently predicted in the RAG (RNA-As-Graphs) database. The results also suggest which descriptors and which algorithms are more informative in classifying and exploring secondary RNA structures.
Arthroplasty Utilization in the United States is Predicted by Age-Specific Population Groups
Authors: Bashinskaya Bronislava , Zimmerman Ryan M. , Walcott Brian P. , Antoci Valentin
Published: November 2012

Osteoarthritis is a common indication for hip and knee arthroplasty. An accurate assessment of current trends in healthcare utilization as they relate to arthroplasty may predict the needs of a growing elderly population in the United States. First, incidence data was queried from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1993 to 2009. Patients undergoing total knee and hip arthroplasty were identified. Then, the United States Census Bureau was queried for population data from the same study period as well as to provide future projections. Arthroplasty followed linear regression models with the population group >64 years in both hip and knee groups. Projections for procedure incidence in the year 2050 based on these models were calculated to be 1,859,553 cases (hip) and 4,174,554 cases (knee). The need for hip and knee arthroplasty is expected to grow significantly in the upcoming years, given population growth predictions.
Radiative Boundary Layer Flow in Porous Medium due to Exponentially Shrinking Permeable Sheet
Authors: Vyas Paresh , Srivastava Nupur
Published: November 2012

This communication pertains to the study of radiative heat transfer in boundary layer flow over an exponentially shrinking permeable sheet placed at the bottom of fluid saturated porous medium. The porous medium has permeability of specified form. The fluid considered here is Newtonian, without phase change, optically dense, absorbing-emitting radiation but a nonscattering medium. The setup is subjected to suction to contain the vorticity in the boundary layer. The radiative heat flux in the energy equation is accounted by Rosseland approximation. The thermal conductivity is presumed to vary with temperature in a linear fashion. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations. The resulting system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is solved numerically by fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme together with shooting method. The pertinent findings displayed through figures and tables are discussed.
Toxicity Assessment of Expired Pesticides to Green Algae
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Authors: Satyavani G. , Chandrasehar G. , Varma K. Krishna , Goparaju A. , Ayyappan S. , Reddy P. Neelakanta , Murthy P. Balakrishna
Published: November 2012

In order to investigate the effect of expired pesticides on the yield and growth rate of green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, a study was conducted as per the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guideline number 201. Fifteen expired pesticide formulations, most commonly used in Indian agriculture, were tested in comparison with their unexpired counterparts. The expired pesticide formulations studied belonged to various class and functional groups: organophosphate, pyrethroid-based insecticides; azole-based fungicides; acetamide, propionate, acetic acid-based herbicides; fungicides mixtures containing two actives—azole and dithiocarbamate. The toxicity endpoints of yield (C50: 0–72 h) and growth rate (C50: 0–72 h) of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata for each pesticide formulation (both expired and unexpired pesticides) were determined statistically using TOXSTAT 3.5 version software. The results pointed out that some expired pesticide formulations exhibited higher toxicity to tested algal species, as compared to the corresponding unexpired pesticides. These data thus stress the need for greater care to dispose expired pesticides to water bodies, to avoid the effects on aquatic ecospecies tested.
Glycemic Control during Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Lazar Harold L.
Published: November 2012

Hyperglycemia, which occurs in the perioperative period during cardiac surgery, has been shown to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The management of perioperative hyperglycemia during coronary artery bypass graft surgery and all cardiac surgical procedures has been the focus of intensive study in recent years. This report will paper the pathophysiology responsible for the detrimental effects of perioperative hyperglycemia during cardiac surgery, show how continuous insulin infusions in the perioperative period have improved outcomes, and discuss the results of trials designed to determine what level of a glycemic control is necessary to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.
Computationally Efficient, Fully Coupled Multiscale Modeling of Materials Phenomena Using Calibrated Localization Linkages
Authors: Kalidindi Surya R.
Published: November 2012

Most modern physics-based multiscale materials modeling and simulation tools aim to take into account the important details of the material internal structure at multiple length scales. However, they are extremely computationally expensive. In recent years, a novel data science enabled framework has been formulated for effective scale-bridging that is central to practical multiscaling. A salient feature of this new approach is its ability to capture heterogeneity of fields of interest at different length scales. In this approach, the computations at the mesoscale are handled using a novel data science approach called materials knowledge systems (MKS). The MKS approach has enjoyed tremendous success in building highly accurate and computationally efficient metamodels for localization (i.e., mesoscale spatial distribution of a macroscale imposed field such as stress or strain rate) in simulating a number of different multiscale materials phenomena. MKS derives its accuracy from the fact that it is calibrated to results from previously established numerical models for the phenomena of interest, while its computational efficiency comes from the use of fast Fourier transforms. The current capabilities and the future outlook for the MKS framework are expounded in this paper.
Predictive and Prognostic Factors in Definition of Risk Groups in Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Sorbe Bengt
Published: November 2012

Background. The aim was to evaluate predictive and prognostic factors in a large consecutive series of endometrial carcinomas and to discuss pre- and postoperative risk groups based on these factors. Material and Methods. In a consecutive series of 4,543 endometrial carcinomas predictive and prognostic factors were analyzed with regard to recurrence rate and survival. The patients were treated with primary surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. Two preoperative and three postoperative risk groups were defined. DNA ploidy was included in the definitions. Eight predictive or prognostic factors were used in multivariate analyses. Results. The overall recurrence rate of the complete series was 11.4%. Median time to relapse was 19.7 months. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, FIGO grade, myometrial infiltration, and DNA ploidy were independent and statistically predictive factors with regard to recurrence rate. The 5-year overall survival rate was 73%. Tumor stage was the single most important factor with FIGO grade on the second place. DNA ploidy was also a significant prognostic factor. In the preoperative risk group definitions three factors were used: histology, FIGO grade, and DNA ploidy. Conclusions. DNA ploidy was an important and significant predictive and prognostic factor and should be used both in preoperative and postoperative risk group definitions.
A Robust Topology-Based Algorithm for Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: Seemann Lars , Shulman Jason , Gunaratne Gemunu H.
Published: November 2012

Early and accurate diagnoses of cancer can significantly improve the design of personalized therapy and enhance the success of therapeutic interventions. Histopathological approaches, which rely on microscopic examinations of malignant tissue, are not conducive to timely diagnoses. High throughput genomics offers a possible new classification of cancer subtypes. Unfortunately, most clustering algorithms have not been proven sufficiently robust. We propose a novel approach that relies on the use of statistical invariants and persistent homology, one of the most exciting recent developments in topology. It identifies a sufficient but compact set of genes for the analysis as well as a core group of tightly correlated patient samples for each subtype. Partitioning occurs hierarchically and allows for the identification of genetically similar subtypes. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of 202 tumors of the brain cancer glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) given at the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) site. We identify core patient groups associated with the classical, mesenchymal, and proneural subtypes of GBM. In our analysis, the neural subtype consists of several small groups rather than a single component. A subtype prediction model is introduced which partitions tumors in a manner consistent with clustering algorithms but requires the genetic signature of only 59 genes.
Evaluation of Viability and Proliferation Profiles on Macrophages Treated with Silica Nanoparticles In Vitro via Plate-Based, Flow Cytometry, and Coulter Counter Assays
Authors: Bancos S. , Tsai D.-H. , Hackley V. , Weaver J. L. , Tyner K. M.
Published: November 2012

Nanoparticles (NPs) are known to interfere with many high-throughput cell viability and cell proliferation assays, which complicates the assessment of their potential toxic effects. The aim of this study was to compare viability and proliferation results for colloidal silica (SiO2 NP; 7 nm) in the RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line using three different techniques: plate-based assays, flow cytometry analysis, and Coulter counter assays. Our data indicate that CellTiter-Blue, XTT, and CyQuant plate-based assays show increased values over control at low SiO2 NPs concentrations (0.001–0.01 g/L). SiO2 NPs show little-to-no interference with flow cytometry and Coulter counter assays, which not only were more reliable in determining cell viability and proliferation at low concentrations in vitro, but also identified changes in cell granularity and size that were not captured by the plate-based assays. At high SiO2 NP concentrations (1 g/L) all techniques indicated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, flow cytometry and Coulter counter identified new cellular features, and flow cytometry offered more flexibility in analyzing the viability and proliferation profile of SiO2 NP-treated RAW 264.7 cells.
Energy Analysis of Baby Boiler for Steaming of Raw Cashew Nut Seeds
Authors: Mohod Atul , Khandetod Y. P. , Sengar S. H. , Shrirame H. Y.
Published: November 2012

The steaming of raw cashew seeds prior to shelling is adopted widely in small-scale cashew nut processing mills with the help of baby boiler. The wide variations in energy intensity of these mills reveal the scope for energy conservation. The baby boiler coupled with cooker commonly used for steaming of raw seeds was evaluated. The variation in steam pressure, temperature and operating time with respect to fuel was observed along with thermal efficiency of a boiler. The energy intensity to produce the steam using different fuel sources determined. The study revealed that the thermal efficiency of boiler using electricity as a fuel was higher (69.31%) as compared to 4.66% (Wood) and 4.47% (Cashew nut shell). It was observed that, the energy consumed per kg of cashew nut steaming using electricity (248.99 kJ/kg) was minimum followed by wood (3829.96 kJ/kg) and cashew nut shell (3835.64 kJ/kg). The variation of energy consumption for cashew nut steaming revealed the scope for energy conservation in biomass combustion system. The improvement in the biomass combustion efficiency for steam generation could results in less fuel consumption and shorter period.
QTc and QTd in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus during Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Youssef Omneya I. , Farid Samar M.
Published: November 2012

Cardiac arrest has been described in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Aim. To evaluate QTc and QTd in type 1 diabetic children with DKA. Methods. Twelve-lead ECG was done to 30 type 1 diabetic children with DKA at presentation and recovery. Corrected QT interval and QT dispersion (QTd) were assessed. Results. QTc and QTd mean values were significantly decreased in patients after than before DKA recovery (P<0.01). Procedure. Sixteen patients (53, 3%) had prolonged QTc during DKA (range 451–538 ms) that dropped to one patient after recovery, his QTc (453 ms) returned to normal 5 days after hospital discharge. Nineteen patients (63.3%) had prolonged QTd (>50 ms) that dropped to three after recovery. The fact that three patients had normal QTc but prolonged QTd increases the privilege of QTd over QTc as a better marker for cardiac risk in those patients. Anion gap was significantly associated with QTc and QTd prolongation (P<0.0001). Patients had no electrolyte abnormalities or hypoglycemia to account for QTc or QTd prolongation. Conclusion. Prolonged QTc and QTd frequently occur in DKA positively correlated to ketosis. Cardiac monitoring for patients with DKA is mandatory.
GPC with Structured Perturbations: The Influence of Prefiltering and Terminal Equality Constraints
Authors: Mañoso C. , de Madrid A. P. , Romero M. , Hernández R.
Published: November 2012

It is widely accepted that in order to improve the robust stability of generalized predictive control (GPC), the use of a prefilter and terminal equality constraints plays a fundamental role. In this work it is shown with straightforward counterexamples how, in the presence of structured uncertainties, neither the prefilter nor the equality constraints guarantee that the robust stability is improved. In fact, it can even worsen compared with “conventional” GPC.
Differentiation between 6- and 7-Membered Rings Based on Theoretical Calculation of NMR Parameters
Authors: Klika Karel D.
Published: November 2012

The determination of ring size can vary from simple to complex, but the process in difficult cases can be advantageously augmented by DFT calculation of NMR parameters such as the chemical shifts of (), (), and other nuclei as well as pertinent spin-spin (scalar) coupling constants, for example, those between protons (). Differentiation between 6- and 7-membered ring formation in the case of 3,4-dihydro-2H-3-hydroxymethyl-1,4-benzoxazine and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzoxazepine-3-ol was evaluated with a view to not only affecting 6- versus 7-membered ring differentiation generally for cases on hand, but also in the case of literature reports where the assigned structures may be in doubt. Thus, the main focus was on the usually reported NMR parameters of , , and and wherein the analysis was found to be highly successful, particularly for , and thus potentially amenable for broad application.
Peroxisome Dynamics: Molecular Players, Mechanisms, and (Dys)functions
Authors: Fransen Marc
Published: November 2012

Peroxisomes are remarkably versatile cell organelles whose size, shape, number, and protein content can vary greatly depending on the organism, the developmental stage of the organism’s life cycle, and the environment in which the organism lives. The main functions usually associated with peroxisomes include the metabolism of lipids and reactive oxygen species. However, in recent years, it has become clear that these organelles may also act as intracellular signaling platforms that mediate developmental decisions by modulating extraperoxisomal concentrations of several second messengers. To fulfill their functions, peroxisomes physically and functionally interact with other cell organelles, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Defects in peroxisome dynamics can lead to organelle dysfunction and have been associated with various human disorders. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly summarize and discuss the current concepts underlying peroxisome formation, multiplication, and degradation. In addition, this paper will briefly highlight what is known about the interplay between peroxisomes and other cell organelles and explore the physiological and pathological implications of this interorganellar crosstalk.