bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alterations in monoamines level in discrete brain regions and other peripheral tissues in young and adult male rats during experimental hyperthyroidism
Authors: Hassan Wafaa A. , Rahman Taghride Abdel , Aly Mona S. , Shahat Asmaa S.
Published: March 2013

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of experimentally‐induced hyperthyroidism on dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5‐HT) levels in different brain regions as well as in blood plasma, cardiac muscle and adrenal gland of young and adult male albino rats (60 rats of each age). Hyperthyroidism was induced by daily s.c. injection of L‐thyroxine (L‐T4, 500 μg/kg body wt.) for 21 consecutive days. Induction of hyperthyroidism caused a significant elevation in DA and 5‐HT levels in most of the tissues studied of both young and adult animals after 7, 14, and 21 days. NE content significantly decreased after 21 days in most of the brain regions examined and after 14 and 21 days in blood plasma of young rats following hyperthyroidism. In adult rats, NE content decreased after 14 and 21 days in cardiac muscle and after 21 days only in adrenal gland. It may be suggested that the changes in monoamines level induced by hyperthyroidism may be due to disturbance in the synthesis, turnover and release of these amines through the neurons impairment or may attributed to an alteration pattern of their synthesis and/or degradative enzymes or changes in the sensitivity of their receptors
Meeting the need for modern contraception: Effective solutions to a pressing global challenge
Authors: Jacobstein Roy , Curtis Carolyn , Spieler Jeff , Radloff Scott
Published: March 2013

Voluntary family planning is one of the most efficacious and cost‐effective means of improving individual health, gender equity, family well‐being, and national development. Increasing contraceptive use and reducing unmet need for family planning are central to improving maternal health (UN Millennium Development Goal 5). In less‐developed regions of the world, especially Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia, human and financial resources are limited, modern contraceptive use is relatively low, unmet need for modern contraception is high, and consequently maternal morbidity and mortality are high. However, the international community is showing renewed commitment to family planning, a number of high impact program practices have been identified, and a number of Sub‐Saharan African countries (e.g. Ethiopia, Malawi, and Rwanda) have successfully made family planning much more widely and equitably available. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) has joined with other international and donor organizations in calling for increased funding and more effective programming to improve maternal health and family planning in low‐resource countries. Continued engagement by FIGO, its member societies, and its individual members will be helpful in addressing the numerous barriers that impede universal access to modern contraception in low‐resource countries.
A case of variant angina treated with a pacemaker for cardiopulmonary arrest due to complete atrioventricular block and pulseless electrical activity
Authors: Kamishima Kazuho , Yamada Yuichiro , Kawarai Hirotaka , Kudo Kanako , Shimazaki Kensuke , Henmi Ryuta , Honda Atsushi , Gunji Kazue , Uno Motoki , Haruta Shoji
Published: March 2013

A 55‐year‐old woman with variant angina was hospitalized for cardiopulmonary arrest because of pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Despite intensive postresuscitation drug therapy, another episode of angina occurred, with complete atrioventricular block and PEA. There was no confirmed ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Coronary arteriography did not show significant stenosis, and acetylcholine‐loading test was positive. The patient was diagnosed with coronary spastic angina, and a pacemaker was implanted to stabilize hemodynamics during attacks. The pacemaker settings required some ingenuity: a high output was selected to avert pacing failure, and a rate drop response setting was selected to ensure efficient pacing.
Effect of Postacute Rehabilitation Setting on Mental and Emotional Health Among Persons With Dysvascular Amputations
Authors: Pezzin Liliana E. , Padalik Sara E. , Dillingham Timothy R.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To examine the effect of postacute rehabilitation settings on depression and emotional and social functioning among patients undergoing major lower extremity dysvascular amputations.

Design

A population‐based, prospective cohort study.

Setting

Two racially diverse metropolitan areas (Baltimore, Maryland, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin).

Patients

Persons undergoing major amputation.

Methods

Data were collected from medical records and patient interviews during acute hospitalization, and 6‐month postamputation data were analyzed with use of multivariate regression techniques.

Main Outcome Measures

Multivariate regressions were used to examine the independent effect of postacute rehabilitation setting on the probability of experiencing depression, low mental health, low social functioning, and low emotional role functioning 6 months postindex amputation, while controlling for preamputation functioning and an array of potential confounders, including pre‐existing medical conditions, sociodemographic characteristics, baseline health, and functional status described previously.

Results

Of the 297 patients participating in the study, 43.4% received most of their inpatient postacute care at an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), 32% at a skilled nursing facility (SNF), and 24.6% were discharged home with no inpatient rehabilitation. Even after we adjusted for preamputation characteristics and potential selection bias into the postacute care setting, patients receiving postacute care at an IRF were significantly less likely than those receiving postacute care at an SNF or home to experience depressive symptoms. Patients receiving care at IRFs were also less likely to report low emotional functioning than their counterparts receiving postamputation care at home or in an SNF. Patients in IRFs also reported better social functioning than did those who received postacute care in SNFs.

Conclusions

This study showed an association between reduction in depressive symptoms and emotional suffering and management after lower limb amputation on an inpatient rehabilitation unit. These results add to the growing body of literature suggesting better outcomes for persons with vascular‐related amputations who receive care at an IRF relative to other postacute care settings.
Environmental Concerns
Authors: Alma Peter
Published: March 2013

This series of A-level social biology topic books responds to the changing demands of social biology syllabuses, with each text dealing with a particular area of interest. Although the series is primarily intended for students of A-level social biology, the books will appeal to students studying a wide range of biological subjects at A-level. Environmental Concerns covers topics common to several A-level human and social biology syllabuses. It is particularly relevant to the human ecology and conservation options. The text focuses on the social and economic implications of current ecological issues as well as the basic biological concepts involved. It deals with the causes, effects and prevention of atmospheric and water pollution as well as with the disruption of ecosystems by changes in land use. The conflict of interests between conservation and exploitation is discussed, along with management techniques including the controversial method of culling to maintain diversity. The moral and aesthetic aspects of conservation and management are emphasised throughout, in addition to the scientific background of these techniques.
Cultural Evolution
Authors: Distin Kate
Published: March 2013

In this book, Kate Distin proposes a theory of cultural evolution and shows how it can help us to understand the origin and development of human culture. Distin introduces the concept that humans share information not only in natural languages, which are spoken or signed, but also in artefactual languages like writing and musical notation, which use media that are made by humans. Languages enable humans to receive and transmit variations in cultural information and resources. In this way, they provide the mechanism for cultural evolution. The human capacity for metarepresentation - thinking about how we think - accelerates cultural evolution, because it frees cultural information from the conceptual limitations of each individual language. Distin shows how the concept of cultural evolution outlined in this book can help us to understand the complexity and diversity of human culture, relating her theory to a range of subjects including economics, linguistics, and developmental biology.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Chung T. J.
Published: March 2013

The second edition of Computational Fluid Dynamics represents a significant improvement from the first edition. However, the original idea of including all computational fluid dynamics methods (FDM, FEM, FVM); all mesh generation schemes; and physical applications to turbulence, combustion, acoustics, radiative heat transfer, multiphase flow, electromagnetic flow, and general relativity is still maintained. The second edition includes a new section on preconditioning for EBE-GMRES and a complete revision of the section on flowfield-dependent variation methods, which demonstrates more detailed computational processes and includes additional example problems. For those instructors desiring a textbook that contains homework assignments, a variety of problems for FDM, FEM and FVM are included in an appendix. To facilitate students and practitioners intending to develop a large-scale computer code, an example of FORTRAN code capable of solving compressible, incompressible, viscous, inviscid, 1D, 2D and 3D for all speed regimes using the flowfield-dependent variation method is made available.
Game Theory
Authors: Maschler Michael , Solan Eilon , Zamir Shmuel
Published: March 2013

Covering both noncooperative and cooperative games, this comprehensive introduction to game theory also includes some advanced chapters on auctions, games with incomplete information, games with vector payoffs, stable matchings and the bargaining set. Mathematically oriented, the book presents every theorem alongside a proof. The material is presented clearly and every concept is illustrated with concrete examples from a broad range of disciplines. With numerous exercises the book is a thorough and extensive guide to game theory from undergraduate through graduate courses in economics, mathematics, computer science, engineering and life sciences to being an authoritative reference for researchers.
Biotechnology
Authors: Smith John E.
Published: March 2013

Biotechnology is the major technology of the 21st century, yet few people realise how much it impacts on many aspects of human society. The defining aim of this new fifth edition is to re-establish the correct understanding of the term biotechnology. Using the straightforward style that made the previous editions of his textbook so popular, John Smith once again helps students with the deciphering and use of biological knowledge. He explains the historical developments in biotechnology and the range of activities from brewing beer, the treatment of sewage and other wastes, and the creation of biofuels. He also discusses the innovations in molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, systems biology and their impact on new biotechnology. In this edition John Smith also re-examines the ethics and morality of aspects of biotechnology and puts new emphasis on stem cells and regenerative medicine and micro RNA.
Cognitive Linguistics
Authors: Croft William , Cruse D. Alan
Published: March 2013

Cognitive Linguistics argues that language is governed by general cognitive principles, rather than by a special-purpose language module. This introductory textbook surveys the field of cognitive linguistics as a distinct area of study, presenting its theoretical foundations and the arguments supporting it. Clearly organised and accessibly written, it provides a useful introduction to the relationship between language and cognitive processing in the human brain. It covers the main topics likely to be encountered in a course or seminar, and provides a synthesis of study and research in this fast-growing field of linguistics. The authors begin by explaining the conceptual structures and cognitive processes governing linguistic representation and behaviour, and go on to explore cognitive approaches to lexical semantics, as well as syntactic representation and analysis, focusing on the closely related frameworks of cognitive grammar and construction grammar. This much-needed introduction will be welcomed by students in linguistics and cognitive science.
Democracy
Authors: Tilly Charles
Published: March 2013

Democracy identifies the general processes causing democratization and de-democratization at a national level across the world over the last few hundred years. It singles out integration of trust networks into public politics, insulation of public politics from categorical inequality, and suppression of autonomous coercive power centres as crucial processes. Through analytic narratives and comparisons of multiple regimes, mostly since World War II, this book makes the case for recasting current theories of democracy, democratization and de-democratization.
Optimality Theory
Authors: Kager Rene
Published: March 2013

This is an introduction to Optimality Theory, whose central idea is that surface forms of language reflect resolutions of conflicts between competing constraints. A surface form is 'optimal' if it incurs the least serious violations of a set of constraints, taking into account their hierarchical ranking. Languages differ in the ranking of constraints; and any violations must be minimal. The book does not limit its empirical scope to phonological phenomena, but also contains chapters on the learnability of OT grammars; OT's implications for syntax; and other issues such as opacity. It also reviews in detail a selection of the considerable research output which OT has already produced. Exercises accompany chapters 1-7, and there are sections on further reading. Optimality Theory will be welcomed by any linguist with a basic knowledge of derivational Generative Phonology.
Nerve and Muscle
Authors: Keynes Richard D. , Aidley David J. , Huang Christopher L.-H.
Published: March 2013

Written with undergraduate students in mind, the new edition of this classic textbook provides a compact introduction to the physiology of nerve and muscle. It gives a straightforward account of the fundamentals accompanied by some of the experimental evidence upon which this understanding is based. It first explores the nature of nerve impulses, clarifying their mechanisms in terms of ion flow through molecular channels in cell membranes. There then follows an account of the synaptic transmission processes by which one excitable cell influences activity in another. Finally, the emphasis turns to the consequences of excitable activity in the activation of contraction in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, highlighting the relationships between cellular structure and function. This fourth edition includes new material on the molecular nature of ion channels, the activation of skeletal muscle and the function of cardiac and smooth muscle, reflecting exciting new developments in these rapidly growing fields.
Popular Lectures and Addresses
Authors: Thomson William
Published: March 2013

William Thomson, Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge. While only in his twenties, he was awarded the University of Glasgow's chair in natural philosophy, which he was to hold for over fifty years. He is best known through the Kelvin, the unit of measurement of temperature named after him in consequence of his development of an absolute scale of temperature. These volumes collect together Kelvin's lectures for a wider audience. In a convivial but never condescending style, he outlines a range of scientific subjects to audiences of his fellow scientists. The range of topics covered reflects Kelvin's broad interests and his stature as one of the most eminent of Victorian scientists. Volume 3, published in 1891, deals with the science of the seas and oceans, particularly as it relates to navigation, tides and magnetic forces.
Popular Lectures and Addresses
Authors: Thomson William
Published: March 2013

William Thomson, Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), was educated at Glasgow and Cambridge. While only in his twenties, he was awarded the University of Glasgow's chair in natural philosophy, which he was to hold for over fifty years. He is best known through the Kelvin, the unit of measurement of temperature named after him in consequence of his development of an absolute scale of temperature. These volumes collect together Kelvin's lectures for a wider audience. In a convivial but never condescending style, he outlines a range of scientific subjects to audiences of his fellow scientists. The range of topics covered reflects Kelvin's broad interests and his stature as one of the most eminent of Victorian scientists. Volume 1, published in 1889, includes talks about the constitution of matter and basic topics in physics such as light, heat, electricity and gravity.
Garden-Craft Old and New
Authors: Sedding John D.
Published: March 2013

John D. Sedding (1838–91) was an English church architect and an influential figure in the Arts and Crafts movement. Having worked in Penzance and Bristol, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1874 and set up a practice in London, eventually becoming a neighbour of William Morris. His designs included new churches such as Holy Trinity in Sloane Street (1888–90), Holy Redeemer in Clerkenwell (1887–95), and All Saints, Falmouth (1887–90), as well as restoration projects and decorative work. In 1888 he moved to Kent, and developed his interests in gardening and garden design. This book, completed in 1890 and published posthumously in 1891, sets out Sedding's vision for the landscaped garden. It helped to revive garden features such as terraces, covered walkways and topiary, and inspired generations of garden designers, particularly in the Arts and Crafts movement.
The Theory of Horticulture
Authors: Lindley John
Published: March 2013

John Lindley (1799–1865) was an English horticulturalist who worked for Sir Joseph Banks and was later instrumental in saving the Royal Horticultural Society from financial disaster. His earlier books on British plants were well received and he was influential in the realm of botanical nomenclature, especially in orchidology. He was a prolific author and many of his books were aimed at a non-specialist readership. His aim in this work, published in 1840, was to provide 'the intelligent gardener, and the scientific amateur … with the rationalia of the more important operations of horticulture'. Beginning with a chapter on seeds, the first part of the book describes the life and structure of a plant - the root, the stem, the leaves, the flowers and the fruit. The second part moves on to practical topics, such as ventilation and seed-saving, as well as pruning and potting, explaining many basic concepts of plant cultivation.
The Elements of Botany
Authors: Jussieu Adrien de
Published: March 2013

The author of pioneering works on the plant families Euphorbiaceae and Malpighiaceae, French botanist Adrien de Jussieu (1797–1853), from a famous family of scientists, became professor of botany at the Paris Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in 1826. The author of several specialised monographs, he is best known for his Botanique: Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle (1842), an exhaustive introduction to botany originally intended for use in French schools. This much acclaimed book went through twelve editions between 1842 and 1884, and was translated into many languages. This English translation, completed while he was still an Oxford student by the young British botanist James Hewetson Wilson (1826–50), was first published in 1849. It contains additional descriptions of the different systems and structures that clarify de Jussieu's terminology, as well as an appendix on geology.
Memoir of Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: March 2013

Sir Andrew Crombie Ramsay (1814–91) was a British geologist with a particular interest in the effects of glaciation on the landscape. He travelled in Europe and America, and was a keen climber. His first work, Geology of the Island of Arran (1840), also published in this series, attracted the attention of Roderick Murchison, who found him employment with the Geological Survey, and Ramsay later succeeded Murchison as its director. He carried out important fieldwork in Wales, taught at University College London and the Royal School of Mines, and published a successful textbook. Another major contribution was his work on the origin of lakes: his controversial 1862 proposal that glaciers could hollow out lake basins even in the absence of earth movements was eventually accepted. Ramsay's younger colleague at the Geological Survey, Sir Archibald Geikie (1835–1924), who also wrote a biography of Murchison, published this memoir in 1895.
On the Anatomy of Vertebrates
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: March 2013

Richard Owen F.R.S. (1804–92) was a controversial and influential palaeontologist and anatomist. Owen studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and at London's St Bartholomew's Hospital. He grew interested in anatomical research, and after qualifying he became assistant conservator in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and then superintendent of natural history in the British Museum. He quickly became an authority on comparative anatomy and palaeontology, coining the term 'dinosaur' and founding the Natural History Museum. He was also a fierce critic of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, and engaged in a long and bitter argument with Darwin's 'Bulldog', Thomas Huxley. Published in 1868, this is the third book in a highly illustrated three-volume set that comprises a thorough overview of vertebrate anatomy. This volume completes the analysis of mammalian anatomy and includes a chapter of general conclusions.
New Fragments
Authors: Tyndall John
Published: March 2013

Born in Leighlinbridge in Ireland, John Tyndall (1820–93) was a brilliant nineteenth-century experimental physicist and gifted science educator. He worked initially as a draughtsman, then spent a year teaching at an English school before attending the University of Marburg to study physics and chemistry. Tyndall carried out important research on magnetism, light and bacteriology. Among his many significant achievements, he demonstrated the greenhouse effect in Earth's atmospheric gases using absorption spectroscopy. He was a skilled and entertaining educator and as Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal Institution he gave many public lectures and demonstrations of science. In this engaging potpourri of essays published in 1893, Tyndall's prose enlivens subjects as diverse as the life of Louis Pasteur, observing the Sabbath, the prevention of phthisis (tuberculosis), personal experiences of Alpine mountaineering, and the science of rainbows.
A History of Aesthetic
Authors: Bosanquet Bernard
Published: March 2013

After more than ten years teaching ancient Greek history and philosophy at University College, Oxford, the British philosopher and political theorist Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) resigned from his post to spend more time writing. He was particularly interested in contemporary social theory, but he was also concerned with philosophical questions about art and aesthetics. In this area, Bosanquet had been influenced by William Morris (1834–96) and John Ruskin (1819–1900), as well as the German philosopher Hegel (1770–1831), and their ideas underlie this book, published in 1892. Bosanquet considered aesthetic theory to be a branch of philosophy, and this work focuses on the evolution of theories about beauty. He begins by considering influential ancient Greek and Roman concepts before seeking out the aesthetic consciousness of the middle ages. The latter part of the book is concerned with theories from eighteenth- and nineteenth-century philosophers.
Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley
Authors: Huxley Leonard , Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95), the English biologist and naturalist, was known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', and is best remembered today for his vociferous support for Darwin's theory of evolution. He was, however, an influential naturalist, anatomist and religious thinker, who coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his own beliefs. Almost entirely self-educated, he became an authority in anatomy and palaeontology, and after the discovery of the archaeopteryx, he was the first to suggest that birds had evolved from dinosaurs. He was also a keen promoter of scientific education who strove to make science a paid profession, not dependent on patronage or wealth. Published in 1903, this three-volume work, edited by his son Leonard Huxley, is the second and most complete edition of Huxley's biography and selected letters. Volume 2 covers the period 1870–86, including Huxley's American lecture tour, and the death of his friend Charles Darwin in 1882.
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. Volume 3 contains lectures and essays spanning thirty years of campaigning about the importance of science in education.
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. In Volume 6, Huxley focuses on the philosopher David Hume (1711–76), discussing his life and his philosophical and intellectual work.
Collected Essays
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: March 2013

Known as 'Darwin's Bulldog', the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–95) was a tireless supporter of the evolutionary theories of his friend Charles Darwin. Huxley also made his own significant scientific contributions, and he was influential in the development of science education despite having had only two years of formal schooling. He established his scientific reputation through experiments on aquatic life carried out during a voyage to Australia while working as an assistant surgeon in the Royal Navy; ultimately he became President of the Royal Society (1883–5). Throughout his life Huxley struggled with issues of faith, and he coined the term 'agnostic' to describe his beliefs. This nine-volume collection of Huxley's essays, which he edited and published in 1893–4, demonstrates the wide range of his intellectual interests. Volume 7 features a collection of lectures discussing the biological relationship of humans to apes and other animals.
On Liberty
Authors: Mill John Stuart
Published: March 2013

British philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill (1806–73) is the author of several essays, including Utilitarianism (1863) - a defence of Jeremy Bentham's principle applied to the field of ethics - and The Subjection of Women (1869), which advocates legal equality between the sexes. This work, arguably his most famous contribution to political philosophy and theory, was first published in 1859, and remains a major influence upon contemporary liberal political thought. In it, Mill argues for a limitation of the power of government and society (democracy's 'tyranny of the majority') over the individual, and defines liberty as an absolute individual right. According to the still much debated 'harm principle', power against the individual can only be exercised to prevent harm to others. Full of contemporary relevance, this essay also defends freedom of speech as a necessary condition of social and intellectual progress.
High Energy Astrophysics
Authors: Longair Malcolm S.
Published: March 2013

What role does viscosity play in accretion discs? How do you calculate the 'glitch function' of a pulsar? And can strong shocks account for the energy spectrum of electrons in our Galaxy? These are just some of the exciting questions that Professor Longair uses to develop the physics needed by the astronomer and high energy astrophysicist. The highly acclaimed first edition of High Energy Astrophysics instantly established itself as a classic in the teaching of contemporary astronomy. Reflecting the immense interest and developments in the subject, Professor Longair has developed the second edition into three texts; in this second volume he provides a comprehensive discussion of the high energy astrophysics of stars, the Galaxy and the interstellar medium. He develops an understanding for the essential physics with an elegance and infectious enthusiasm for which his teaching is internationally renowned, illustrating the issues throughout with results from forefront research. This book takes the student with a knowledge of physics and mathematics at the undergraduate level - but not necessarily with training in astronomy - to the point where current astronomical research can be understood.
Hegel
Authors: Taylor Charles
Published: March 2013

A major and comprehensive study of the philosophy of Hegel, his place in the history of ideas, and his continuing relevance and importance. Professor Taylor relates Hegel to the earlier history of philosophy and, more particularly, to the central intellectual and spiritual issues of his own time. He sees these in terms of a pervasive tension between the evolving ideals of individuality and self-realization on the one hand, and on the other a deeply-felt need to find significance in a wider community. Charles Taylor engages with Hegel sympathetically, on Hegel's own terms and, as the the subject demands, in detail. We are made to grasp the interconnections of the system without being overwhelmed or overawed by its technicality. We are shown its importance and its limitations, and are enabled to stand back from it.
Algebraic Number Theory
Authors: Fröhlich A. , Taylor M. J.
Published: March 2013

This book originates from graduate courses given in Cambridge and London. It provides a brisk, thorough treatment of the foundations of algebraic number theory, and builds on that to introduce more advanced ideas. Throughout, the authors emphasise the systematic development of techniques for the explicit calculation of the basic invariants, such as rings of integers, class groups, and units. Moreover they combine, at each stage of development, theory with explicit computations and applications, and provide motivation in terms of classical number-theoretic problems. A number of special topics are included that can be treated at this level but can usually only be found in research monographs or original papers, for instance: module theory of Dedekind domains; tame and wild ramifications; Gauss series and Gauss periods; binary quadratic forms; and Brauer relations. This is the only textbook at this level which combines clean, modern algebraic techniques together with a substantial arithmetic content. It will be indispensable for all practising and would-be algebraic number theorists.
Political Psychology
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: March 2013

This provocative new textbook takes up and develops the themes of rationality and irrationality in Jon Elster's earlier work. Its purposes are threefold. First, Elster shows how belief and preference formation in the realm of politics are shaped by social and political institutions. Second, he argues for an important distinction in the social sciences between mechanisms and theories. Third, he illustrates those general principles of political psychology through readings of three outstanding political psychologists: the French classical historian, Paul Veyne; the Soviet dissident writer, Alexander Zinoviev; the great French political theorist, Alexis de Tocqueville.
The emergence of localized vortex–wave interaction states in plane Couette flow
Authors: Deguchi Kengo , Hall Philip , Walton Andrew
Published: March 2013

The recently understood relationship between high-Reynolds-number vortex–wave interaction theory and computationally generated self-sustaining processes provides a possible route to an understanding of some of the underlying structures of fully turbulent flows. Here vortex–wave interaction (VWI) theory is used in the long streamwise wavelength limit to continue the development found at order-one wavelengths by Hall & Sherwin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 661, 2010, pp. 178–205). The asymptotic description given reduces the Navier–Stokes equations to the so-called boundary-region equations, for which we find equilibrium states describing the change in the VWI as the wavelength of the wave increases from $O(h)$ to $O(Rh)$, where $R$ is the Reynolds number and $2h$ is the depth of the channel. The reduced equations do not include the streamwise pressure gradient of the perturbation or the effect of streamwise diffusion of the wave–vortex states. The solutions we calculate have an asymptotic error proportional to ${R}^{- 2} $ when compared to the full Navier–Stokes equations. The results found correspond to the minimum drag configuration for VWI states and might therefore be of relevance to the control of turbulent flows. The key feature of the new states discussed here is the thickening of the critical layer structure associated with the wave part of the flow to completely fill the channel, so that the roll part of the flow is driven throughout the flow rather than as in Hall & Sherwin as a stress discontinuity across the critical layer. We identify a critical streamwise wavenumber scaling, which, when approached, causes the flow to localize and take on similarities with computationally generated or experimentally observed turbulent spots. In effect, the identification of this critical wavenumber for a given value of the assumed high Reynolds number fixes a minimum box length necessary for the emergence of localized structures. Whereas nonlinear equilibrium states of the Navier–Stokes equations are thought to form a backbone on which turbulent flows hang, our results suggest that the localized states found here might play a related role for turbulent spots.
Host specialization of parasitoids and their hyperparasitoids on a pair of syntopic aphid species
Authors: Schär Sämi , Vorburger Christoph
Published: March 2013

Parasitoids of herbivorous insects have frequently evolved specialized lineages exploiting hosts occurring on different plants. This study investigated whether host specialization is also observed when closely related parasitoids exploit herbivorous hosts sharing the same host plant. The question was addressed in economically relevant aphid parasitoids of theLysiphlebus fabarumgroup. They exploit two aphid species (Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidesandBrachycaudus cardui), co-occurring in mixed colonies (syntopy) on the spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare). Two morphologically distinguishable parasitoid lineages of the genusLysiphlebuswere observed and each showed virtually perfect host specialization on one of the two aphid species in this system. FromA. f. cirsiiacanthoides, only females emerged that morphologically belonged toLysiphlebus cardui, while males and females belonging toL. fabarumhatched fromB. cardui. Microsatellite analyses indicated clear genetic differentiation ofL. fabarumandL. cardui. L. carduicomprised only two distinct asexual lineages, one of which predominated throughout the area investigated. Population genetic analysis of sexualL. fabarumshowed evidence for relatively strong spatial structuring and limited dispersal ability. Hyperparasitoids emerged from a large proportion of aphid mummies. One species,Pachyneuron aphidis, was significantly associated withB. cardui/L. fabarummummies, indicating that host specialization may even extend to the trophic level above parasitoids.
Do asexual morphs of the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae, utilise the aphid sex pheromone? Behavioural and electrophysiological responses ofM. persicaevirginoparae to (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and its effect on aphid performance
Authors: Fernández-Grandon G. Mandela , Woodcock Christine M. , Poppy Guy M.
Published: March 2013

The aphid sex pheromone component (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone is considered to be a potential tool for enhancing biological control of aphids. Studies have confirmed its potential to attract parasitoids, increase parasitism rates in the field and also alter the spatial distribution of parasitoids. An important aspect that has been overlooked is the impact that the introduction of nepetalactone may have on aphid populations already present in field or glasshouse environments. The most prevalent pest aphid populations in glasshouse and field environments are the asexual morphs, which are capable of exponential growth if populations are not controlled. The short-term implications of the sex pheromone on asexual aphids were observed through their behavioural response. Using Y-tube olfactometry, it is shown that virginoparae of the peach-potato aphid,Myzus persicae, are repelled by high concentrations of nepetalactone. Long-term effects of the pheromone which may span the aphid's life, or even generations, were assessed via mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm). Electroantennography also demonstrated that asexual female aphids are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components. To our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported thatM. persicaevirginoparae are able to detect aphid sex pheromone components or that their behavioural response and/or performance has been studied. The implications of these results and their significance in understanding semiochemical communication are discussed.
Wages, Prices, and Living Standards in the Habsburg Empire, 1827–1910
Authors: Cvrcek Tomas
Published: March 2013

This article analyses a new series of prices and wages stretching back to 1827 for the provinces of the Habsburg Empire. These real wage series are the first continuous and consistent indicator of changing living standards in this part of Europe during industrialization. They show that while the living standards stagnated throughout the monarchy prior to 1850s, the West (unlike the East) was able to launch onto a path of continuous growth in the second half of the century. The empire experienced little convergence onto the living standards of its neighbors and even internally the convergence record is mixed.
Slavery and Information
Authors: Dari-Mattiacci Giuseppe
Published: March 2013

This article shows how asymmetric information shaped slavery by determining the likelihood of manumission. A theoretical model explains the need to offer positive incentives to slaves working in occupations characterized by a high degree of asymmetric information. As a result, masters freed (and, more generally, rewarded) slaves who performed well. The model's implications are then tested against the available evidence: both in Rome and in the Atlantic world, slaves with high asymmetric information tasks had greater chances of manumission. The analysis also sheds light on the master's choices of carrots versus sticks and of labor versus slavery.

“Whatever work he does beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance can be squeezed out of him by violence only.”

Adam Smith,The Wealth of Nations1

“[N]or because they are slaves do they less than free men need the lure of hope and happy expectation.”

Xenophon,The Economist2
Tetrapotassium pyrophosphates γ- and δ-K4P2O7
Authors: Le Bail Armel , Hansen Thomas , Crichton Wilson A.
Published: March 2013

The structures of γ- and δ-K4P2O7 are solved by X-ray powder diffraction (conventional laboratory X-ray and synchrotron data, respectively), both in hexagonal symmetry (aγ = 5.9645(3) Å, cγ = 14.4972(8) Å, Vγ = 446.64(4) Å3 at 300 °C, Zγ = 2, space group P63/mmc; aδ = 10.211 45(7) Å, cδ = 42.6958(4) Å, Vδ = 3855.59(7) Å3 at room temperature, Zδ = 18, space group P61) with cell–supercell relations $a_\delta \approx a_\gamma \sqrt{3}$ and cδ ≈ 3 cγ. In the experimental conditions, the expected β/γ transition previously announced at 486 °C is not observed; the γ-form is stable at least up to the maximum temperature of our measurements (700 °C). In the γ-form, similar to the orthorhombic form of Na4P2O7, idealized, the pyrophosphate group is in eclipsed conformation, the K+ cations occupying three different coordinations. In the δδ-form, two of the three different [P2O7]4− groups are staggered and one eclipsed, the K+ cations occupying 12 independent sites.
Editorial: Poverty and Mobility in England, 1600–1850
Authors: HITCHCOCK DAVID
Published: March 2013

Within these pages you will find a ‘jovial crew’: rogues and vagabonds, the ‘mad’ and insane, gypsies, peddlers, poets, playwrights, pilgrims, rioters, convicts, constables, thieves, beggars, landed gentlemen, magistrates, and historians. When parliamentarians and projectors set out to proscribe mobility and legislate poverty in early modernity, a list of untrustworthy trades and professions not at all unlike this one frequently found its way into print and the statute book. The punishment for crimes of vagrancy could be severe, but thankfully ‘historians’ were not counted among the undeserving and mobile, nor would you find magistrates and landed gentlemen taken up, imprisoned, and whipped for a crime of movement. However, all three groups may well deserve some of John Locke's brand of draconian ‘improvement’; historians in particular have taken little account of the lived experiences of the mobile poor until relatively recently. Once we finally took a hard look at our inherited, literature-driven typologies of ‘rogues’ and ‘beggars’, they disappeared in ‘a storm of dust and lies.’ However, the literary, visualised vagabond still has much to tell us, and interdisciplinary approaches to vagrancy in the past have emerged as the strongest method yet of reconstructing the character, history, and cultural perception of the mobile poor. These are methods which the articles in this collection use to full effect.
The London Vagrancy Crisis of the 1780s
Authors: HITCHCOCK TIM
Published: March 2013

This article outlines the changing character of vagrant removal from the City of London during the 1780s, suggesting that the City largely abandoned its duty to ‘punish’ the vagrant poor in favour of a policy of simply moving them on as quickly and cheaply as possible. After describing the impact of the destruction of Newgate and the resulting overcrowding in London's other prisons, it provides evidence for a dramatic increase in vagrant numbers. The article suggests that this change was both a direct result of the crises of imprisonment, transportation and punishment that followed the Gordon Riots and American war; and a result of growing demand for the transportation provided to vagrants, on the part of the migratory poor. Having established the existence of a changing pattern of vagrant removal, it suggests that the poor increasingly made use of the City of London, and the system of removal, to access transportation in pursuit of seasonal migration, and more significantly, medical care in the hospitals of the capital as part of a wider ‘economy of makeshift’.
‘Furiously Mad’: Vagrancy Law and a Sub-Group of the Disorderly Poor
Authors: ECCLES AUDREY
Published: March 2013

Madness has been a social problem from time immemorial. Wealthy lunatics were made royal wards so that their estates would be looked after, and the common law very early admitted madness and idiocy as conditions justifying the exemption of the sufferer from punishments for crime. But the vast majority of lunatics have never been either criminal or wealthy, and many wandered about begging, unwelcome in any settled community. Finally, in the eighteenth century, the law made some attempt to determine a course of action which would protect the public and theoretically also the lunatic. This legislation and its application in practice to protect the public, contain the lunatic, and deal with the nuisance caused by those ‘disordered in their senses’, form the subject of this article. Much has been written about the development of psychiatry, mainly from contemporary medical texts, and about the treatment of lunatics in institutions, chiefly from nineteenth-century sources, but much remains to be discovered from archival sources about the practicalities of dealing with lunatics at parish level, particularly how they were defined as lunatics, who made such decisions, and how they were treated in homes and workhouses.
DEEP HABITS AND THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT DEBT
Authors: Aloui Rym
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we study the effects of government debt on macroeconomic aggregates in a non-Ricardian framework. We develop a microfounded framework that combines time-varying markups, endogenous labor supply, and overlapping generations based on infinitely lived families. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a new transmission mechanism for public debt through the countercyclical markup movements induced by external deep habits. We analyze the effects of a positive shock to public debt. We show that the interest rate rises, entailing higher markups and a fall in employment and consumption. Interestingly, even without capital, a crowding-out effect of government debt is obtained in the long run. In addition, we show that when prices are sticky, public debt has a short-run expansionary effect, which is strengthened by the presence of deep habits.