bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Striatal D2 Receptors Regulate Dendritic Morphology of Medium Spiny Neurons via Kir2 Channels
Authors: Cazorla Maxime , Shegda Mariya , Ramesh Bhavani , Harrison Neil L. , Kellendonk Christoph
Published: February 2012

Structural plasticity in the adult brain is essential for adaptive behaviors and is thought to contribute to a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Medium spiny neurons of the striatum show a high degree of structural plasticity that is modulated by dopamine through unknown signaling mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of dopamine D2 receptors in medium spiny neurons increases their membrane excitability and decreases the complexity and length of their dendritic arbors. These changes can be reversed in the adult animal after restoring D2 receptors to wild-type levels, demonstrating a remarkable degree of structural plasticity in the adult striatum. Increased excitability and decreased dendritic arborization are associated with downregulation of inward rectifier potassium channels (Kir2.1/2.3). Downregulation of Kir2 function is critical for the neurophysiological and morphological changesin vivobecause virally mediated expression of a dominant-negative Kir2 channel is sufficient to recapitulate the changes in D2 transgenic mice. These findings may have important implications for the understanding of basal ganglia disorders, and more specifically schizophrenia, in which excessive activation of striatal D2 receptors has long been hypothesized to be of pathophysiologic significance.
Watery Eyes During Urination
Authors: Bulwer Chloe , Hodin Morwenna , Mansy Salah
Published: February 2012

We report the unusual case of tear production with painless micturition, only once described in the medical literature in 1932. We report on a 3-year-old girl with painless “watering of her eyes every time she passed urine” present since birth and occasionally associated with a vacant look and dropping of her jaw. With only 1 previously described case in the literature but clear evidence from online fora, we describe how this phenomenon may be more common than previously thought.
Morbidity and Mortality of Neonatal Respiratory Failure in China: Surfactant Treatment in Very Immature Infants
Authors: Wang Huanhuan , Gao Xirong , Liu Cuiqing , Yan Chaoying , Lin Xinzhu , Yang Changyi , Lin Zhenlang , Zhu Wenjun , Yang Zhenying , Yu Fengqin , Qiu Yinping , Liu Xianzhi , Zhou Xiaoyu , Chen Chao , Sun Bo ,   on behalf of the Chinese Collaborative Study Group for Neonatal Respiratory Diseases
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:

We retrospectively investigated incidence, morbidity, and mortality of neonatal respiratory failure (NRF) in China, with special emphasis on surfactant treated very immature infants.

METHODS:

NRF was defined as respiratory hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation and/or nasal continuous positive airway pressure for at least 24 hours.

RESULTS:

There were 6864 cases of NRF, composing 19.7% of total admissions to 55 NICUs in 2008. Of these cases, 62.8% were preterm, and 16.4% of very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g). The primary diseases were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, 43.9%), pneumonia/sepsis (21.7%), transient respiratory insufficiency (14.7%), transient tachypnea (8.1%), and meconium aspiration syndrome (7.0%). Surfactant was given to 26.8% of infants with NRF and 54.8% infants with RDS. The survival rate of surfactant-treated RDS was 79.9% compared to 71.8% in those not receiving surfactant (P < .001). This was also true in those of VLBW, 59.8% vs 52.2% (P = .035), respectively. The overall survival rate in NRF cases was 75.3%, but it was 58.1% among VLBW infants; for those infants of 25, 26, and 27 to 28 weeks’ gestational age, the survival rates were ∼6%, 30%, and 50%, respectively; and the survival rates for infants with meconium aspiration syndrome and pneumonia/sepsis were 70.3% and 71.4%, respectively. The care burden was associated with high treatment withdrawal and death rate.

CONCLUSIONS:

The outcomes of NRF, especially in extremely premature infants, reflect both progress and persistent limitations in providing respiratory support in the emerging NICUs of China, but overall survival for sick newborns had improved steadily.
Discharged on Supplemental Oxygen From an Emergency Department in Patients With Bronchiolitis
Authors: Halstead Sarah , Roosevelt Genie , Deakyne Sara , Bajaj Lalit
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospital admission in patients aged <1 year. Admissions have been increasing with hypoxia frequently cited as the determinant. Home oxygen (O2) has been shown to be feasible, although safety data are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a home O2 clinical care protocol on admission rates in patients with bronchiolitis from the pediatric emergency department.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with bronchiolitis who presented to a children’s hospital pediatric emergency department (altitude 1600 m) between 2005 and 2009. Patients between the ages of 1 and 18 months were included in the analysis. Patients requiring baseline O2 were excluded. We calculated the percentage of patients discharged on O2 and their readmission rates. We reviewed charts of patients who were admitted after home O2 for adverse outcomes. We also compared rates of admission before and after initiation of the protocol.

RESULTS:

In this study, 4194 illnesses were analyzed; 2383 (57%) were discharged on room air, 649 (15%) were discharged on O2, and 1162 (28%) were admitted. Of those discharged on room air, 4% were subsequently admitted, and 6% of those discharged on O2 were admitted. There were no ICU admissions or need for advanced airway management in those patients discharged on O2. Our overall admission rates for bronchiolitis dropped from a rate of 40% to 31%.

CONCLUSIONS:

Home O2 is an effective way to decrease hospital admissions in a select group of patients with bronchiolitis.
Impact of State Laws That Extend Eligibility for Parents’ Health Insurance Coverage to Young Adults
Authors: Blum Alexander B. , Kleinman Lawrence C. , Starfield Barbara , Ross Joseph S.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

The 2010 Affordable Care Act mandates that health insurance companies make those up to age 26 eligible for their parents’ policies. Thirty-four states previously enacted similar laws. The authors sought to examine the impact on access to care of state laws extending eligibility of parents’ insurance to young adults.

METHODS:

By using a difference-in-differences analysis, we examined the 2002–2004 and 2008–2009 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System to compare 3 states enacting laws in 2005 or 2006 with 17 states that have not enacted laws on 4 outcomes: self-reported health insurance coverage, identification of a personal physician/clinician, physical exam from a physician within the past 2 years, and forgoing care in the past year due to cost.

RESULTS:

For each outcome there was differential improvement among states enacting laws compared with states without laws. Health insurance differentially increased 0.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], −3.8% to 4.2%), from 67.6% to 68.1% pre-post in states enacting laws and from 68.5% to 68.7% in states without. Personal physician/clinician identification differentially increased 0.9% (95% CI −3.1% to 5.0%), from 62.4% to 65.5% in states enacting laws and from 58.0% to 60.2% in states without. Recent physical exams differentially increased significantly 4.6% (95% CI, 0%–9.2%), from 77.3% to 81.2% in states enacting laws and from 76.2% to 75.5% in states without. Forgone care due to cost differentially decreased significantly 3.9% (95% CI, −0.3% to −7.5%), from 20.4% to 18.2% in states enacting laws and from 17.8% to 19.4% in states without.

CONCLUSIONS:

States that expanded eligibility to parents’ insurance in 2005 or 2006 experienced improvements in access to care among young adults.
Never Enough Sleep: A Brief History of Sleep Recommendations for Children
Authors: Matricciani Lisa Anne , Olds Tim S. , Blunden Sarah , Rigney Gabrielle , Williams Marie T.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

There is a common belief that children are not getting enough sleep and that children’s total sleep time has been declining. Over the century, many authors have proposed sleep recommendations. The aim of this study was to describe historical trends in recommended and actual sleep durations for children and adolescents, and to explore the rationale of sleep recommendations.

METHODS:

A systematic literature review was conducted to identify recommendations for children’s sleep requirements and data reporting children’s actual total sleep time. For each recommendation identified, children’s actual sleep time was determined by identifying studies reporting the sleep duration of children of the same age, gender, and country in the same years. Historical trends in age-adjusted recommended sleep times and trends in children’s actual sleep time were calculated. A thematic analysis was conducted to determine the rationale and evidence-base for recommendations.

RESULTS:

Thirty-two sets of recommendations were located dating from 1897 to 2009. On average, age-specific recommended sleep decreased at the rate of –0.71 minute per year. This rate of decline was almost identical to the decline in the actual sleep duration of children (–0.73 minute per year). Recommended sleep was consistently ∼37 minutes greater than actual sleep, although both declined over time.

CONCLUSIONS:

A lack of empirical evidence for sleep recommendations was universally acknowledged. Inadequate sleep was seen as a consequence of “modern life,” associated with technologies of the time. No matter how much sleep children are getting, it has always been assumed that they need more.
Maternal Serum Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Offspring Neurocognitive Development
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew J. O. , Holt Barbara J. , Serralha Michael , Holt Patrick G. , Kusel Merci M. H. , Hart Prue H.
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the association between maternal serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations during a critical window of fetal neurodevelopment and behavioral, emotional, and language outcomes of offspring.

METHODS:

Serum 25(OH)-vitamin D concentrations of 743 Caucasian women in Perth, Western Australia (32°S) were measured at 18 weeks pregnancy and grouped into quartiles. Offspring behavior was measured with the Child Behavior Checklist at 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years of age (n range = 412–652). Receptive language was assessed with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised at ages 5 (n = 534) and 10 (n = 474) years. Raw scores were converted to standardized scores, incorporating cutoffs for clinically significant levels of difficulty.

RESULTS:

χ2 analyses revealed no significant associations between maternal 25(OH)-vitamin D serum quartiles and offspring behavioral/emotional problems at any age. In contrast, there were significant linear trends between quartiles of maternal vitamin D levels and language impairment at 5 and 10 years of age. Multivariate regression analyses, incorporating a range of confounding variables, found that the risk of women with vitamin D insufficiency (≤46 nmol/L) during pregnancy having a child with clinically significant language difficulties was increased close to twofold compared with women with vitamin D levels >70 nmol/L.

CONCLUSIONS:

Maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy is significantly associated with offspring language impairment. Maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risk of developmental language difficulties among their children.
Growth Techniques for Bulk ZnO and Related Compounds
Authors: Klimm Detlef , Schulz Detlev , Ganschow Steffen , Galazka Zbigniew , Uecker Reinhard
Published: February 2012

ZnO bulk crystals can be grown by several methods. 1) From the gas phase, usually by chemical vapor transport. Such CVT crystals may have high chemical purity, as the growth is performed without contact to foreign material. The crystallographic quality is often very high (free growth). 2) From melt fluxes such as alkaline hydroxides or other oxides (MoO3, V2O5, P2O5, PbO) and salts (PbCl2, PbF2). Melt fluxes offer the possibility to grow bulk ZnO under mild conditions (<1000°C, atmospheric pressure), but the crystals always contain traces of solvent. The limited purity is a severe drawback, especially for electronic applications. 3) From hydrothermal fluxes, usually alkaline (KOH, LiOH) aqueous solutions beyond the critical point. Due to the amphoteric character of ZnO, the supercritical bases can dissolve it up to several per cent of mass. The technical requirements for this growth technology are generally hard, but this did not hinder its development as the basic technique for the growth of α-quartz, and meanwhile also of zinc oxide, during the last decades. 4) From pure melts, which is the preferred technology for numerous substances applied whenever possible, e.g. for the growth of silicon, gallium arsenide, sapphire, YAG. The benefits of melt growth are (i) the high growth rate and (ii) the absence of solvent related impurities. In the case of ZnO, however, it is difficult to find container materials that are compatible from the thermal (fusion pointTf= 1975°C) and chemical (required oxygen partial pressure) point of view. Either cold crucible (skull melting) or Bridgman (with reactive atmosphere) techniques were shown to overcome the problems that are inherent to melt growth. Reactive atmospheres allow to grow not only bulk ZnO single crystals, but also other TCOs such as β-Ga2O3and In2O3.
Insatisfação corporal de adolescentes atletas e não atletas
Authors: Fortes Leonardo de Sousa , Miranda Valter Paulo Neves , Amaral Ana Carolina Soares , Ferreira Maria Elisa Caputo
Published: February 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a insatisfação corporal de adolescentes atletas e não atletas. Foram avaliados 58 atletas e 61 não atletas do sexo masculino, com idade média de 15 ± 2,12 e 16 ± 1,67 anos, respectivamente. Aplicou-se o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) para mensurar a insatisfação corporal. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi obtido pela razão entre a massa corporal (kg) dividida pela estatura (m) elevada ao quadrado (IMC = massa corporal/estatura²). Utilizou-se o software SPSS 17.0 para análise dos dados por meio de estatística descritiva, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, qui-quadrado de Pearson e ANCOVA. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças de pontuações no BSQ e de prevalência de insatisfação corporal entre os grupos de atletas e não atletas (p < 0,05). Concluiu-se que adolescentes não atletas são mais insatisfeitos com peso e aparência corporal, além de apresentarem maior prevalência desse fenômeno comparado aos atletas de futsal e natação do sexo masculino.
Nature reserves as catalysts for landscape change
Authors: Miller James R , Morton Lois Wright , Engle David M , Debinski Diane M , Harr Ryan N
Published: February 2012

Scientists have called repeatedly for a broader conservation agenda that emphasizes not only protected areas but also the landscapes in which those areas are embedded. We describe key advances in the science and practice of engaging private landowners in biodiversity conservation and propose a conceptual model for integrating conservation management on reserves and privately owned lands. The overall goal of our model is to blur the distinction between land management on reserves and the surrounding landscapes in a way that fosters widespread implementation of conservation practices. Reserves assume a new role as natural laboratories where alternative land‐use practices, designed to achieve conservation objectives, can be explored. We articulate the details of the model using a case study from the North American tallgrass prairie ecoregion.
Suppressing antagonistic bioengineering feedbacks doubles restoration success
Authors: Suykerbuyk Wouter , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van der Heide Tjisse , Faust Cornelia , Govers Laura L. , Giesen Wim B. J. T. , de Jong Dick J. , van Katwijk Marieke M.
Published: February 2012

In a seagrass restoration project, we explored the potential for enhancing the restoration process by excluding antagonistic engineering interactions (i.e., biomechanical warfare) between two ecosystem engineers: the bioturbating lugworm Arenicola marina and the sediment‐stabilizing seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem. Applying a shell layer underneath half of our seagrass transplants successfully reduced adult lugworm density by over 80% and reduced lugworm‐induced microtopography (a proxy for lugworm disturbance) at the wave‐sheltered site. At the wave‐exposed site adult lugworm densities and microtopography were already lower than at the sheltered site but were further reduced in the shell‐treated units. Excluding lugworms and their bioengineering effects corresponded well with a strongly enhanced seagrass growth at the wave‐sheltered site, which was absent at the exposed site. Enhanced seagrass growth in the present study was fully assigned to the removal of lugworms' negative engineering effects and not to any (indirect) evolving effects such as an altered biogeochemistry or sediment‐stabilizing effects by the shell layer. The context‐dependency implies that seagrass establishment at the exposed site is not constrained by negative ecosystem‐engineering interactions only, but also by overriding physical stresses causing poor growth conditions. Present findings underline that, in addition to recent emphasis on considering positive (facilitating) interactions in ecological theory and practice, it is equally important to consider negative engineering interactions between ecosystem‐engineering species. Removal of such negative interactions between ecosystem‐engineering species can give a head start to the target species at the initial establishment phase, when positive engineering feedbacks by the target species on itself are still lacking. Though our study was carried out in a marine environment with variable levels of wave disturbance, similar principles may be expected to apply to other ecosystems that are inhabited by ecosystem engineers.
Role of climate and competitors in limiting fitness across range edges of an annual plant
Authors: Stanton-Geddes John , Tiffin Peter , Shaw Ruth G.
Published: February 2012

It is often assumed that the geographic distributions of species match their climatic tolerances, but this assumption is not frequently tested. Moreover, few studies examine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors for limiting species ranges. We combined multiple approaches to assess the extent to which fitness of a widespread native annual legume,Chamaecrista fasciculata,decreases at and beyond its northern and western range edges, and how this is influenced by the presence of neighbors. First, we examined plant fitness and the effect of neighbors in natural populations at different geographic range locations for three years. Fitness decreased toward the northern range edge, but not the western edge. Neighbor removal had a consistently positive effect on seedpod production across all years and sites. Second, we established experimental populations at sites within the range, and at and beyond the northern and western range edges. We tracked individual fitness and recorded seedling recruitment in the following year (a complete generation) to estimate population growth rate. Individual fitness and population growth declined to near zero beyond both range edges, indicating thatC. fasciculatawith its present genetic composition will not establish in these regions, given conditions currently. We also carried out a neighbor removal treatment. Consistent with the natural populations, neighbors reduced seedpod production of reproductive adults. However, neighbors also increased early‐season survival, and this positive effect early in life history resulted in a net positive effect of neighbors on lifetime fitness at most range locations. Our data show that the population growth rate ofC. fasciculataincludes values above replacement, and populations are well adapted to conditions up to the edge of the range, whereas the severely compromised fitness at sites beyond the edge precludes immediate establishment of populations and thereby impedes adaptation to these conditions.
Integrating Cloud-Based Strategies and Tools in Face-to-Face Training Sessions to Increase the Impact of Professional Development
Authors: Gradel Kathleen , Edson Alden J.
Published: February 2012

This article is based on the premise that face-to-face training can be augmented with cloud-based technology tools, to potentially extend viable training supports as higher education staff and faculty implement new content/skills in their jobs and classrooms. There are significant benefits to harnessing cloud-based tools that can facilitate both engagement and learning outcomes of trainees in face-to-face opportunities. These same tools—if used planfully—can build “cookie crumb trails” that facilitate trainees' post-training access to and interaction with training resources. Two primary solution sets are proposed, outlining both tools and use of (a) cloudbased “launch pads” and (b) interactive product building, with collaborative publishing. After reviewing solutions, an integrated picture of their use is presented, followed by implementation recommendations.
Self-Created Youtube Recordings of Microteachings: Their Effects upon Candidates' Readiness for Teaching and Instructors' Assessment
Authors: Abendroth Mark , Golzy John B. , O'Connor Eileen A.
Published: February 2012

This study of action research, authored by three colleagues teaching the same teacher-education methods course but from different content areas, involves teacher-candidates' use of self-recorded limited-access YouTube videos to make their microteachings accessible to the authors, each of whom was teaching candidates of her or his content expertise in an online-only section of the course. Analysis of the candidates' video-recorded microteachings and of their comments in online course postings found that the use of videos were helpful in fostering candidates' readiness for student-centered teaching with effective methods for their respective content areas. The authors/instructors also found that the data from the videos enriched their assessments of such readiness.
The Effects of Computer-Assisted Feedback Strategies in Technology Education: A Comparison of Learning Outcomes
Authors: Adams Ruifang Hope , Strickland Jane
Published: February 2012

This study investigated the effects of computer-assisted feedback strategies that have been utilized by university students in a technology education curriculum. Specifically, the study examined the effectiveness of the computer-assisted feedback strategy “Knowledge of Response feedback” (KOR), and the “Knowledge of Correct Responses feedback” (KCR) strategy, and compared them with “No feedback” (NR) on students' learning outcomes in technology education. Three intact classes were assigned to one of three conditions: KOR, KCR, or NR (control group). The dependent measure consisted of a 40-item learning outcome test. Learning outcome pretest and posttest data were obtained through the web-based surveys during a 4-week period of instruction. Results showed that using computer-assisted feedback of KOR or KCR in practice exercises as a supplemental strategy is as effective as NR in practice exercises. Technology education instruction with computer-assisted feedback strategies could be a viable option for learning in a favorable direction.
Trickle/pulse flow regime transition in downflow packed tower involving foaming liquids
Authors: Sodhi Vijay
Published: February 2012

The most of past studies in foaming trickle bed reactors aimed at the
improvement of efficiency and operational parameters leads to high economic
advantages. Conventionally most of the industries rely on frequently used gas
continuous flow (GCF) where operational output is satisfactory but not yields
efficiently as in pulsing flow (PF) and foaming pulsing flow (FPF).
Hydrodynamic characteristics like regime transitions are significantly
influenced by foaming nature of liquid as well as gas and liquid flow rates.
This study?s aim was to demonstrate experimentally the effects of liquid flow
rate, gas flow rates and liquid surface tension on regime transition. These
parameters were analyzed for the air-aqueous Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and
air-water systems. More than 240 experiments were done to obtain the
transition boundary for trickle flow (GCF) to foaming pulsing flow (PF/FPF)
by use excessive foaming 15-60 ppm surfactant compositions. The trickle to
pulse flow transition appeared at lower gas and liquid flow rates with
decrease in liquid surface tension. All experimental data had been collected
and drawn in the form of four different transitional plots which are compared
and drawn by using flow coordinates proposed by different researchers. A
prominent decrease in dynamic liquid saturation was observed especially
during regime transitional change. The reactor two phase pressure evident a
sharp rise to verify the regime transition shift from GCF to PF/FPF. Present
study reveals, the regime transition boundary significantly influenced by any
change in hydrodynamic as well as physiochemical properties including surface
tension.
Patriarchs of Constantinople in the acts of the archbishop of Ohrid Demetrios Chomatenos
Authors: Stankovic Vlada
Published: February 2012

Demetrios Chomatenos, the archbishop of Ohrid, mentions several patriarchs of
Constantinople in his numerous acts, particularly those whose decisions were
used in the deliberations of his archbishopric's court. An analysis of the
fashion in which the patriarchs of Constantinople were referred to in the
official acts of the archbishop of Ohrid is conducted in order to offer a
more nuanced picture of Chomatenos' stance toward his spiritual adversary in
Nicaea and a comparison with the ways in which he addressed his
contemporary, the Nicene patriarch Germanos.
Le schisme Arsenite (1265-1310): Entre akribeia et oikonomia
Authors: Tudorie Ionuс-Alexandru
Published: February 2012

By analyzing the Byzantine sources, the author presents a thorough picture of
the Arsenite faction and the internal schism occurred in the Byzantine
society as a result of their actions. Beside their uncompromising position
towards emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, always supported with spiritual
arguments, the Arsenites also had concrete political-religious interests,
making them an authentic political party.
Effects of Foot Orthoses on Balance in Older Adults
Authors: Gross Michael T. , Mercer Vicki S. , Lin Feng-Chang
Published: February 2012

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study using a single-cohort design.

Objectives

To determine if balance in older adults could be significantly improved with foot-orthotic intervention.

Background

Poor balance has been associated with risk for falls. Limited evidence exists indicating that foot orthoses influence balance.

Methods

Thirteen individuals older than 65 years, who reported at least 1 unexplained fall during the past year and demonstrated poor balance, participated in the study. Subjects were tested for 1-leg stance, tandem stance, tandem gait, and alternating step tests during the first (SCREEN) and second (PRE) sessions prior to foot-orthotic intervention. Tests were repeated during the second testing session immediately after custom foot-orthotic intervention (POST) and 2 weeks following foot-orthotic use (FU). SCREEN and PRE measures were compared for stability using absolute difference computations and the Friedman rank test. PRE, POST, and FU data were analyzed using the Friedman rank test (α = .05), with Bonferroni correction for multiple post hoc comparisons.

Results

Each balance measure was statistically equivalent between the SCREEN and PRE measurements. One-leg stance times for PRE were significantly less than POST (P = .002) and FU (P = .013) measurements. Tandem stance times for PRE were significantly less than POST (P = .013) and FU (P = .013) measurements. Steps taken for the tandem gait test during the PRE measurements were significantly fewer than steps taken for the FU test (P = .007). Steps taken during the alternating step test for the PRE test were significantly fewer than steps taken during the POST (P = .002) and FU (P =.001) tests. POST and FU measurements were not significantly different for any of the 4 outcome measures.

Conclusions

The results provide preliminary evidence that foot orthoses can effect improvement in balance measures for older adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(7):649–657, Epub 25 January 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3944
Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes
Authors: Vyas Dharmesh , Rabuck Stephen J. , Harner Christopher D.
Published: February 2012

Synopsis

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important stabilizer of the knee against translational and rotational forces. The goal of anatomic reconstruction of the ACL-deficient knee is to re-create a stable knee that will allow for return to sport and prevent recurrent injury. Multiple graft options exist for ACL reconstruction, and each option has unique advantages and disadvantages. With appropriate patient selection, each graft can be utilized to optimize patient outcomes. Allograft options limit morbidity following ACL reconstruction, but care must be taken with surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation to allow for graft incorporation. An understanding of the surgical technique and differences between graft options will allow the patient, surgeon, and physical therapist to maximize outcomes following ACL reconstruction.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(3):196–207, Epub 25 January 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.4083
Electrochemical machining of Al/15% SiCP composites through a response surface methodology-based approach
Authors: Senthilkumar Chinnamuthu , Ganesan Gowrishankar , Karthikeyan Ramanujam
Published: February 2012

Electrochemical machining has been shown to be a potentially suitable process for the machining of high-strength conductive materials. This paper highlights features of the development of a comprehensive mathematical model for correlating the interactive and higher-order influences of various machining parameters on the dominant machining criteria, i. e. the metal removal rate and the surface roughness (R
a) phenomena, through response surface methodology, utilizing relevant experimental data as obtained through experimentation. Optimal combination of these parameters can be used in order to achieve maximization of the metal removal rate and the minimum surface roughness.
Effect of titanium addition on structure and properties of the as-cast high Cr–Mo white iron
Authors: Ibrahim Khaled M. , Nofal Adel A.
Published: February 2012

This work analyses the wear behaviour and impact toughness of high Cr –Mo white irons alloyed with titanium as related to their microstructure and solidification path. Five alloys were used with different percentages of titanium (0, 0.47, 0.932, 1.31 and 1.78 %). Such additions of titanium resulted in precipitation of small hard TiC particles in the austenitic matrix. These particles were well distributed in the matrix with Ti-additions up to 1.31% and then started to agglomerate with 1.78%Ti. Hardness increased dramatically with increasing amount of titanium addition. The wear behaviour was investigated for each alloy in the as-cast condition using the pin-on-ring configuration for 30 min against a ring made of SiC that rotated at a constant speed of 65 rpm. The wear test was performed under a load range of 30–180 N. The results are discussed in terms of microstructure and the minimum wear rate was obtained for the white cast iron alloyed with 1.31% titanium. The optimum tensile strength, impact toughness and wear resistance were also observed for the iron alloyed with 1.31% titanium. However, these properties started to deteriorate with further increase in titanium addition due to the clustering effect of titanium carbide particles in the austenitic matrix. Therefore, the optimum wear resistance and impact toughness of white cast iron under investigation (16% Cr-1.3% Mo-2.3% Ni) can be achieved by adding 1.31% titanium.
Pressureless co-sintering behaviour of a steel/cemented carbide component: model bimaterial
Authors: Pascal Céline , Thomazic Aurélie , Antoni-Zdziobek Annie , Chaix Jean-Marc
Published: February 2012

The co-sintering of model bimaterial {steel/cemented carbide} is studied. The cemented carbide consists of WC grain cemented by an Fe-rich binder. The steel is prepared from a powder mixture (Fe + WC + Cg). The experimental approach involves two steps: (1) the study of the single materials sintering (dimensional changes and weight losses during sintering, microstructure and hardness after sintering), (2) the study of the co-sintering of a two layer material which differs from the average behaviour of single materials. This difference arises from chemical interaction between the two materials such as M
6C formation in the interfacial region. M
6C formation is closely related to liquid formation in steel and liquid migration into the WC base material. A mechanism is proposed; it is based on WC dissolution and asymmetric diffusion of Wand C in the steel layer.
On the coupled growth of oxide phases during internal oxidation of Ag–Sn–Bi alloys
Authors: Wiehl Gunther , Kempf Bernd , Ommer Matthias , Rettenmayr Markus
Published: February 2012

Internal oxidation experiments using two Ag–Sn–Bi alloys with Bi contents of 2.6 wt.% and 5.0 wt.% were carried out. The presence and spatial distribution of Bi2O3, SnO2and Bi2Sn2O7in the oxidized microstructure was characterized using a field emission gun secondary electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction techniques. It is shown that the addition of Bi prevents both external oxidation and internal oxide bands in Ag–Sn alloys with Sn content above 4 wt.%. Conditions are defined under which these alloys develop instabilities at the internal oxidation front. A result of the unstable growth of the reaction front is a dendritic morphology consisting of different oxide phases. Coupled growth of Bi2Sn2O7 and SnO2 inside the dendrites determines the local arrangement and distribution of the phases.
Influence of grain size on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel during hot deformation
Authors: Rasti Javad , Najafizadeh Abbas , Meratian Mahmood
Published: February 2012

The effects of two initial grain sizes of 15 and 40μm on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of a type 304 stainless steel have been investigated at temperatures of 950–1100°C and strain rates of 0.005–0.5s−1 using hot compression testing. Microstructural investigations showed that the dimensionless parameter of Z/A can be used to express in which conditions dynamic recrystallization progressed via a necklace structure. Electron backscattered diffraction maps exhibited some evidence that confirmed the dynamic recrystallization mechanism changed from discontinuous to continuous with a decrease in the initial grain size. Results showed that the coarse grained material produced finer and more homogeneous metadynamic recrystallized grains, possibly due to the uniform substructure observed in the grains interior.
Evaluation of the mechanical properties of natural asphalt-modified hot mixture
Authors: Kök Baha Vural , Yílmaz Mehmet , Turgut Paki , Kuloğlu Necati
Published: February 2012

The objective of this study is to evaluate the usage of natural asphalt in hot mix asphalt by means of determining the Marshall stability, stiffness modulus, indirect tensile strength, and dynamic creep tests. Natural asphalt, which consists of 17% asphalt fraction and 83% mineral fraction, was obtained from Syrian. The optimum bitumen content was determined to be 1% lower for natural asphalt-modified mixtures compared to control mixtures. The stiffness modulus values of the natural asphalt-modified mixtures were higher than those of the control mixtures. The moisture susceptibility of natural asphalt-modified mixtures and control mixtures were evaluated during different freeze–thaw cycles. The natural asphalt-modified mixtures were not as susceptible as control mixtures to moisture damage. Adding natural asphalt to mixtures remarkably decreased susceptibility to permanent deformation. The results presented here demonstrate the positive effects of using natural asphalt.
Bainite: Fragmentation of crystallographically homogeneous domains
Authors: Pak Junhak , Suh Dong Woo , Bhadeshia Harshad K. D. H.
Published: February 2012

It becomes possible in appropriate circumstances for similarly oriented plates of bainite or martensite to merge and form coarse crystallographically homogeneous domains whose presence leads to a deterioration in mechanical properties. A method is presented here for breaking up such domains, by introducing very small scale chemical composition variations in the austenite prior to its transformation.
Estimating the long-term calving flux of Kronebreen, Svalbard, from geodetic elevation changes and mass-balance modeling
Authors: Nuth Christopher , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Kohler Jack , Altena Bas , Hagen Jon Ove
Published: February 2012

This study independently quantifies geodetic elevation change and models surface mass balance to solve the continuity equation. The approach is tested on two dynamically different glaciers, Kongsvegen and Kronebreen in northwest Svalbard, through two time epochs, 1966-1990/95 (I) and 1990/95-2007 (II). On Kongsvegen, a dynamically inactive glacier, the residual term represents an error associated with determining elevation changes and surface mass balance. It is apparent that centerline mass-balance estimates are not representative of the entire glacier, which we relate to center-line accumulation being larger than the elevation bin average. On Kronebreen, a fast-flowing and actively calving glacier, a significant part of the residual is identified with the long-term calving flux. For both glaciers, the cumulative surface mass balance remained close to zero during the first epoch but became increasingly negative in the second epoch. The long-term calving flux of Kronebreen is estimated to be -0.14 ± 0.03 km3 w.e.a-1 during epoch I and-0.20 ± 0.05 km3 w.e.a-1 in epoch II.
Entero-Aggregative- Haemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EAHEC) Serotype O104:H4 -The Evolving "Superbug".
Authors: Biju CM , Befekadu AY , Reji SD , Afework K , Lan WC , John JB
Published: February 2012

The rare, E.coli strain O104:H4 has been identified as the causative agent of one of the largest ever reported food-borneoutbreaks of gastroenteritis and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in Germany this year. This hypervirulent pathotype possess a unique combination of two pathogens: enterohemorrhagicE.coli (EHEC) and enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC) strains. The serotype has rarely been described previously in humans and never associated with any earlier large scale EHEC outbreaks. It is now being referred to as the Entero-Aggregative-Haemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EAHEC).Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies helped in rapid complete genome sequencing of the outbreak strains by different laboratories.Comparison of the genome sequence of the outbreak strain with other diarrhea-associated EAEC serotype O104:H4 indicate that the chromosome of the outbreak strain is most similar to that of an early isolated EAEC strain 55989 and has evolved to become more virulent by the acquisition of a Shiga toxin 2 encoding prophage, a plasmid encoding CTX-M beta-lactamases, and substituting the aggregative adherence fimbria III (AAF/III)with the rarer aggregative adherence fimbria I (AAF/I). The present article reviews the virulent traits ofthe outbreak strain, and also presents an update of the different intervention strategies that are being tested for the treatment of infections by such highly pathogenic strains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9815 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 4-11
Phage Types of multidrug resistant Salmonella species in a rural area of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Sabiha ST , Nilekar SL
Published: February 2012

Objective: The aim of the present study is to know Phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species. Methods: A total of 32 Salmonella species isolated from stool and blood specimen were included in the study. They were sent for phage typing to Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Majority of Salmonella typhi belongs to phage type E1 and biotype I. Decreased susceptibility of the isolate was observed to Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Cephalexin and Gentamicin. Majority of the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Predominant phage type was E1. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern is changing and resistant cases are emerging due to inappropriate use of antibiotics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9821 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 37-39
Anemia in Sudanese Patients with Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) and in Patients undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Fathelrahman MH
Published: February 2012

Background: The term of anemia of chronic renal failure (CRF) in sufficiency refers to that anemia resulting directly from failure of the endocrine and excretory functions of the kidney and decreased production of erythropoietin by damaged kidneys. The serum erythropoietin level in patients with renal failure does not increase in response to the developing anemia, which is the primary cause of inadequate erythropoiesis. Aim: The purpose of our study was to examine, among patients with CRF, the combined association of CRF and anemia on adverse outcomes. Settings and Design: A hospitalized study using administrative data, we identified all patients hospitalized with CRF in IBN-Sena hospital and Khartoum teaching hospitals, Khartoum, Sudan. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 500 patients having a diagnosis of chronic renal failure hospitalized and discharged between October 2007 to February 2010 from two Sudanese Teaching hospitals (Khartoum and IBN-Sena). All adult patients with chronic renal failure hospitalized for hemodialysis. Results: Hemoglobin level was recorded for 500 members (100%) of the cohort. The mean (SD) hemoglobin was 13.0 g/dL (2.2) range from 11.8 g/dL to 14.6 g/dL. On admission, an hemoglobin of = 14 g/dL was found in 36.2% of the patients, 36.2% had an hemoglobin between 12 g/dL and 14 g/dL, 19.6% between 10 g/dL and 12 g/dL, and 8% = 10 g/dL. The proportion of patients with CRF was associated with increasing anemia Conclusion: The results obtained indicated the further evidence that the concomitant presence of either CRF or anemia increased the risk of dying in the hospital or of being readmitted within 30 days among patients hospitalized. The association persisted after controlling for other factors associated with adverse outcomes in these patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9823 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 44-50
Quality assessment of sputum for Acid Fast Bacilli(AFB) test in microbiology laboratories before and after implementation of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): a comparative study
Authors: Khadeza K , Kamal AHM , Naima M , Shamsuzzaman SM
Published: February 2012

Aims: To evaluate the present status of microbiology laboratory by comparing the test results of investigator with that of laboratory staff for sputum for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) withZiehl-NeelsenStaining (Z-N Staining) at primary and secondary level andto assess the present status of a microbiology laboratory for sputum for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) withZiehl-NeelsenStaining (Z-N Staining) at tertiary level. Material and Methods: Type of study : Cross sectional, descriptive type of study. Place of study: Department of Microbiology of Dhaka Medical College,Narsingdi Sadar Hospital,Narsingdi,PolashUpzilla Health Complex ,Polash, Narsingdi andDOTS centers. Duration of study: From July, 2007 to June,2008 Method of sampling: Non probability, purposive and convenient sampling Sample Size: Sputum for AFB: 300 sputum samples were collected for detection of AFB by direct Z-N staining, Z-N staining after bleach centrifugation and Auramine phenol staining before implementing SOP. After following SOP 150 sputum samples were collected and tested in direct Z-N method. Results: In the present study, before SOP out of 100 sputum smear at each level, discrepancy was found in 3% cases at primary level, 2% cases at secondary level and 1% case at tertiary level.After following SOP out of 50 sputum smear at each level, discrepancy was reduced to 2% cases at primary level and no discrepancy was found at secondary and tertiary level. Conclusion: Each laboratory must have SOP for laboratory testing to set the minimum acceptable standard for every test in order to improve and maintain the quality of laboratory services. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9824 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 51-56
Smile regeneration by prosthodontic way- a case report
Authors: Sunil D , Rajesh P , Neha D
Published: February 2012

The realization of esthetic objectives and functional demands in the reconstruction of severely compromised dentition represents considerable clinical problems. This clinical report represents the prosthetic management of a severe dentofacial deformity with compromised periodontal status. Treatment objectives were based on Aesthetics enhancement, sociopsychological support of the patient, restoration of form function, phonetics and comfort. Following which extraction of upper incisors and alveoloplasty done. An immediate removable partial denture was fabricated, considering aesthetics, phonetics and comfort of the patient followed by replacement of incisors by metal- ceramic fixed partial denture done. Clinical relevance: prosthetic management of severlymalaligned natural maxillary anterior teeth by fixed partial denture, considering aesthetics and phonetics of the patient. Treatment objectives: Aesthetics enhancement, sociopsychological support of the patient, restoration of form function, phonetics and comfort. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9825 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 57-60
Term alive intra abdominal ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Abeda K , Akter L
Published: February 2012

A case of term alive intra abdominal ectopic pregnancy. This case is a rarity that a few Gynaecologists encounter during their professional carrier. Initially it was diagnosed as a case of hyperamesis graviderum and was treated conservatively. Confirm diagnosis was done during laparotomy, a female baby was delivered and the patient recovered uneventfully. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i1.9828 BJMS 2012; 11(1): 66-68
A one-pot synthesis of 7,11-diaryl-2,4-diazaspiro[5,5]undecane-3-oxo (or thioxo)-1,5,9-triones
Authors: Ahmed M Giasuddin , Ahmed Syeda Asghari , Romman UKR , Akhter Kawsari , Halim Md Ershad , Naher Shamsun , Aslam Md , Ahmed S Mosaddeq
Published: February 2012

Spiro compounds 7,11-diaryl-2,4-diazaspiro[5,5]undecane-1,3,5,9-tetraones 3a-d were prepared by carrying out reactions between diarylideneacetones, (ArCH=CH)2C=O, 2a-d [Ar= 2-CH3C6H4, 4-CH3C6H4, 4-(CH3)2NC6H4 and 4-HOC6H4 respectively] and  barbituric acid (1a) under refluxing condition in aqueous ethanol medium without using any catalyst. Under similar conditions the corresponding 7,11-diaryl-3-thioxo-2,4-diazaspiro[5,5]undecane-1,5,9-triones 3e-g were synthesized from the reactions of diarylideneacetones 2a, 2d and 2e [Ar= 4-ClC6H4] with 2-thiobarbituric acid (1b). The structures of the spiro compounds were established with the help of their UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data and elemental analyses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcs.v24i2.9702 Journal of Bangladesh Chemical Society, Vol. 24(2), 135-142, 2011