bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tribute to Dr Milton Diamond: Twin Studies of Transsexuality/Twin Research Reviews: Loss of a Twin Brother (Recent Memoir); Oxytocin Adminstration During Twin Delivery; Models of Monochorionic Twinning; Twins’ Brain Responses to Watching Films/Human Interest: Oldest Conjoined Twins Pass Away; Twins Discordant for Child Abuse; Twins Married to Twins; Rare Quadruplet Set Delivered; Questions of Coincidence; Reared-Apart Twin Valedictorians
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: December 2024

A tribute to the life and career of Dr Milton Diamond, a leading figure in twin studies of transsexuality and gender identity, is presented. Dr Diamond is famous for revealing the truth about the unsuccessful effort to change a monozygotic male Canadian twin into a female, following accidental ablation of his penis during circumcision. A short summary of recent twin research on human sexuality and transsexuality, focused on Dr Diamond’s contributions, is then presented. The tribute and overview are followed by research reviews involving the loss of a twin brother; oxytocin adminstration during twin delivery; models of monochorionic twinning; and twins’ brain responses to watching films. The final section of this article covers topics of human interest, including the passing of the world’s oldest conjoined twins; twins discordant for child abuse; twins married to twins; the delivery of a rare quadruplet set; questions of coincidence; and reared-apart twin valedictorians.
Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) Seed Shatter in Wheat
Authors: Thorne Mark E. , Lyon Drew J.
Published: December 2024

Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] has become a major annual weed in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems in the inland Pacific Northwest. With large genetic variability and abundant seed production, L. perenne ssp. multiflorum has developed globally 74 documented cases of herbicide resistance covering eight different mechanisms of action. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems were introduced in Australia in response to the widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). The efficacy of these systems for any given weed species is directly related to the proportion of total seed retained by that species at harvest time. From 2017-2020, ten L. perenne ssp. multiflorum plants were collected from three different slope aspects at each location. Collections were initiated in each field when it was visually apparent that seed fill was nearly complete, and seed shatter had not yet occurred. Collection continued at near weekly intervals until the fields were harvested. The number of filled florets on a spikelet was used to assess the degree of seed shatter over time. Seed shatter at harvest was 67% of the total number of florets on each spikelet. Seed shatter was closely aligned with wheat kernel development in both spring and winter wheat. The high percentage of L. perenne ssp. multiflorum seeds that are shattered by harvest may make HWSC less effective than for L. rigidum in Australia; however, seeds with the greatest biomass tend to not shatter prior to harvest, which may increase the efficacy of HWSC for managing the soil seedbank. Strategies like planting earlier maturing wheat cultivars could help HWSC be more effective by having wheat harvest begin earlier when more L. perenne ssp. multiflorum seeds are still on the mother plant.
Implications of cover crop management decisions on Amaranthus species density and biomass in temperate cropping systems: A meta-analysis
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Singh Mandeep , Thapa Resham , Yadav Ankit , Blanco-Canqui Humberto , Wortman Samuel E , Taghvaeian Saleh , Jhala Amit J
Published: December 2024

Weed suppression benefits of cover crops (CCs) have long been recognized; however, the specific ability of CCs to suppress highly epidemic Amaranthus spp. (Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.), and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer]) has not been widely discussed. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the implications of CC management decisions (CC type, planting and termination methods, residue fate after termination, and in-season weed management plan) on Amaranthus spp. weed density (ASWD) and Amaranthus spp. weed biomass (ASWB) compared to no CC (NCC) in temperate regions including US and Canada. We found 41 studies conducted across US and Canada and extracted 595 paired observations. The results indicate that CCs reduced the ASWD by 58% in the early- [0–4 weeks after crop planting (WAP)], by 48% in the mid- (5–8 WAP) and by 44% in the late- (>8 WAP) season. Similarly, CCs reduced ASWB by 59%, 55%, and 37% in the early-, mid-, and late-season, respectively. Meta-regression analysis showed CCs terminated within 2.5 weeks of crop planting reduced ASWD by ≥50%. Cover crop biomass required to reduce ASWD and ASWB by 50% was 4,079 kg ha–1 for ASWD and 5,352 kg ha–1 for ASWB. Among CC types, grasses and mixtures reduced ASWD by 60% and 77% in early-, 53% and 59% in mid-, and 44% and 47% in late-season. Legume CCs were effective only during the early-season (47% ASWD reduction) while brassicas did not affect ASWD. Cover crop residues remaining on the soil surface were more effective for reducing ASWD than incorporation. Cover crops did not affect ASWD or ASWB compared to NCC when herbicides were used for in-season weed management. In general, CCs were found to reduce ASWD, and ASWB, therefore can be used as an effective tool for integrated management of Amaranthus spp.
Antisemitische Desinformation und Propaganda im Gewand von Wissenschaft
Authors: Haas Henriette
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung: Eine neue Heuristik zur Aufdeckung von akademisch verbrämtem Antisemitismus wird vorgestellt. Sie erfasst die Phänomenologie der Geschichtsklitterung und der dazu strategisch genutzten Fehlleistungen. Diese werden mit den Dimensionen der Aussagenvalidität untersucht: 1. Quellenverlässlichkeit, 2. verbindliche Falsifizierbarkeit der Argumente, 3. innere Konsistenz, 4. Faktizität, 5. Ursächlichkeit & Intention. Zur Erfassung der Inhalte dieser Heuristik wird die Entstehung verschiedener Taktiken zur Verbreitung antisemitisch konnotierter Propaganda im akademischen Milieu historisch nachgezeichnet: 1) Foucaults «antihermeneutische» Diskursanalyse, die sich der wissenschaftlichen Überprüfbarkeit entzieht, 2) Bausteine für eine Großerzählung der sogenannten «Biopolitik» – eine dystopische Vision des demokratischen Staates und der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. 3) Im Kampf dagegen wollte Foucault 1976 einen «Rassenkrieg» wiederbeleben. Mit dem Leugnen von jüdischer und westlicher Geschichte und dem Promoten der Legitimationslüge des Hauptkriegsverbrechers Albert Speer lieferte er eine Vorlage für zukünftige Geschichtsklitterungen. Damit konstruieren Postkolonialisten und Wissenschaftshistorikerinnen antisemitische Narrative, die sich als «Antizionismus» und «Antirassismus» verkleiden.
Checking the Uncertain
Authors: Hülsdonk Amrei , Pohl Anna , Appel Helmut , Wolters Carolin
Published: December 2024

Abstract: Background: Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a transdiagnostic concept describes difficulties in handling uncertain situations. In connection with illness anxiety, IU can occur along with safety behavior such as repeated checking of one’s body for signs of an illness ( body checking). Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the role of IU and illness anxiety in body checking experimentally. Method: In an online setting, 157 participants checked eight body features in a mirror. After practicing the self-assessment task (health-irrelevant framing), body features were framed as possible signs of an illness (health-relevant framing). Participants were expected to take longer, rate their health status lower, and have higher intentions to seek medical advice in the health-relevant framing. A mediation of IU through illness anxiety on these variables was expected. Results: The results do not support any of the hypotheses. Conclusion: The results could be explained by a defensive reaction among participants or methodological constraints such as order effects of the framings.
Episodic Seafloor Hydrothermal Alteration as a Source of Stable Remagnetizations in Archean Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Brenner A. R. , Fu R. R. , Brown A. J. , Hodgin E. B. , Flannery D. T. , Schmitz Mark D.
Published: December 2024

Interpreting the paleomagnetic records of altered rocks, especially those from Earth's earliest history, is complicated by metamorphic overprints and recrystallization of ferromagnetic minerals. However, these records may be as valuable as a primary signal if the timing and mechanism of alteration‐related remagnetizations can be ascertained. We illustrate the success of this approach in the case of seafloor hydrothermal alteration by integrating simple rock magnetic and magnetic microscopy data with petrography, hyperspectral imagery, aeromagnetic surveys, field mapping, and geochronology of Paleoarchean basalts from North Pole Dome located in the East Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. We identify 12 hydrothermal episodes during the deposition of the stratigraphy between ∼3490 and 3350 Ma. These episodes produced stratabound zones of hydrothermal alteration with predictable facies successions of mineral assemblages reflecting sub‐seafloor gradients in fluid temperature, pH, composition, and water/rock ratios. Rock magnetic data and magnetic microscopy pinpoint the secondary ferromagnetic minerals within each alteration assemblage, revealing a specific single‐domain magnetite population within leucoxenes (titanite and anatase after primary titanomagnetites) that always accompanies low‐water/rock alteration in fluids buffered to pH equilibrium with the host basalts. Highly uniform magnetic properties indicate that once formed, these magnetites remain unchanged upon further exposure to rock buffered fluids, stabilizing them against later alteration events and making them durable paleofield recorders. The altered basalts hosting this magnetite have unique and consistent appearances, mineralogy, IR absorption features, aeromagnetic signatures, and magnetic properties across all hydrothermal systems studied here, highlighting how integrating these data sets can identify and interpret this alteration style in future paleomagnetic investigations.
Lower Ionospheric Disturbances Due To Geomagnetic Storms of March and April 2023: Inferred From VLF Navigational Signals and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Tripathi Rajat , Bhaskar Dayanand , Maurya Ajeet Kumar , Kumar Sushil , Singh Rajesh
Published: December 2024

D‐region effect of intense storm of 23 March (Dst = −163 nT) and super storm of 23 April 2023 (Dst = −212 nT) have been investigated using VTX and NWC transmitter signals recorded at low latitude station Dehradun (DDN; 30.31°N, 78.03°E), India. During March storm on 23 March, amplitude anomalies of +2.92 (NWC) and +1.91 dB (VTX) were observed. April storm showed amplitude anomalies of −9.41 (NWC) and −2.68 dB (VTX) on 23 April. Long Wave Propagation Capability code (LWPC) has been used to model signal anomalies to obtain D‐region Very low frequency (VLF) reference height (H′) and electron density gradient (β). During March storm, NWC‐Dehradun path showed a decrease in H′ by 12.04 km and an increase in β by 0.301 km−1, while VTX‐Dehradun path showed an increase in H′ by 0.07 km and β by 0.032 km−1 on 23 March. During April storm, VTX‐Dehradun path showed increase in H′ by 0.315 km and an increase in β by 0.024 km−1, while H′ increased by 2.91 km and β by 0.23 km−1 for NWC—Dehradun path on 23 April. Wavelet analysis of VLF anomalies showed signatures of atmospheric gravity waves of periods between 30 and 100 min during both storms associated with joule heating in the high/auroral latitudes. Results suggest that storm time prompt penetration (PP) of electric fields has contributed to VLF signal anomalies during April storm's main phase, which is also supported by PP Equatorial Electric Field Model run for the location of DDN station.
Mapping of Western Valles Marineris Light‐Toned Layered Deposits and Newly Classified Rim Deposits
Authors: Mishev Ivan G. , Smith Isaac B. , Quantin Cathy , Thollot Patrick , Putzig Nathaniel E. , Viviano Christina , Chojnacki Matt , Campbell Bruce
Published: December 2024

Layered deposits are found on the plateaus surrounding the western portion of Valles Marineris, mantling the chasmata rims. These rim deposits exhibit intricate layering and are described as light‐toned layered deposits (LLDs) in previous studies. Light‐toned layered deposits are thought to be composed of pyroclastic ash that was emplaced during volcanic eruptions and later chemically altered. Using Shallow Radar (SHARAD) observations to map radar reflections from what appears to be the base of these deposits, we discovered two additional types of rim deposits that are contiguous with the well‐known LLDs; weakly layered deposits (WLDs) that exhibit less obvious stratification and completely unstratified deposits designated as nonlayered deposits (NDs). Complementing the SHARAD data with imagery from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and Context Camera (CTX) and with narrow‐angle imagery from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Observer Camera (MOC‐NA), we mapped the full extent of all rim deposits and present the finished map within this study. We hypothesize that all three deposits originate from pyroclastic ashfall but experienced different degrees of modification due to the variable presence of liquid water. This hypothesis requires a source of volcanic depositional material and past aqueous environments in regions with LLDs and WLDs. We discuss the potential for several large Tharsis volcanoes and a hypothesized degraded volcano within Noctis Labyrinthus as sources of the ash, and we examine the evidence for past aqueous environments.
Novel 3D composite for efficient photocatalysis in environmental remediation
Authors: Sulania Indra , Karn Ranjeet Kumar , Fiutowski Jacek , Leissner Till , Goszczak Arkadiusz , Chamanehpour Elham , Jayarathna J. A. Ajani Lakmini , Mishra Yogendra Kumar
Published: December 2024

Highly porous, self-supported 3D interconnected network-based nanomaterials hold immense promise in revolutionizing the field of catalysis. These materials combine two critical features; a large accessible surface and an overall active surface that leads to substantial catalytic effects. In this study, we developed a novel class of 3D composite material composed of zinc oxide tetrapods (ZOT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer, specifically designed for photocatalysis. A polymer composite of ZOT with PEG has been synthesized with 2.5 wt.% ZOT powder mixed with a PEG solution forming a 3D electrode. A consistent composite solution was obtained using probe-sonication and its thick layers were deposited on various substrates using the spin coating technique which were subsequently characterized for optical, morphological, and structural properties. The catalytic response of the fabricated 3D composite was evaluated both in solution and thin film forms under UV exposure. The surface-engineered ZOT-PEG composites showed an excellent capability to degrade the methylene blue (MB) dye in different forms under UV and normal light, opening their potential scopes in environmental remediation.
Oncogenic PIK3CA corrupts growth factor signaling specificity
Authors: Madsen Ralitsa R , Le Marois Alix , Mruk Oliwia N , Voliotis Margaritis , Yin Shaozhen , Sufi Jahangir , Qin Xiao , Zhao Salome J , Gorczynska Julia , Morelli Daniele , Davidson Lindsay , Sahai Erik , Korolchuk Viktor I , Tape Christopher J , Vanhaesebroeck Bart
Published: December 2024

Technical limitations have prevented understanding of how growth factor signals are encoded in distinct activity patterns of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway, and how this is altered by oncogenic pathway mutations. We introduce a kinetic, single-cell framework for precise calculations of PI3K-specific information transfer for different growth factors. This features live-cell imaging of PI3K/AKT activity reporters and multiplexed CyTOF measurements of PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK signaling markers over time. Using this framework, we found that the PIK3CA

H1047R
oncogene was not a simple, constitutive activator of the pathway as often presented. Dose-dependent expression of PIK3CA

H1047R
in human cervical cancer and induced pluripotent stem cells corrupted the fidelity of growth factor-induced information transfer, with preferential amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling responses compared to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin receptor signaling. PIK3CA

H1047R
did not only shift these responses to a higher mean but also enhanced signaling heterogeneity. We conclude that oncogenic PIK3CA

H1047R
corrupts information transfer in a growth factor-dependent manner and suggest new opportunities for tuning of receptor-specific PI3K pathway outputs for therapeutic benefit.
Introduction to Biosensors: An Overview
Authors: Kumari Suman , Puri Paridhi , Suthar Deepak , Kamlesh  , Patel S. L. , Himanshu
Published: December 2024

Early disease diagnosis and management are crucial aspects of healthcare and research. Biomarker recognition is one of the vital techniques that efficiently provides real-time and precise biological information for early diagnosis. Biomarkers are used as crucial biological indicators in medical exploration and treatment. The examination of biomarkers has evolved into a promising non-invasive means for safe, informal and pain-free monitoring, with the potential to amend the current methods of medical analysis and management. Rapid progress in sensor technology, has led to the development of high-performance sensors for human health monitoring. Since as early as 1867, molecular sensors have been renowned as intelligent devices capable of addressing various issues associated with our environment and health. In the human healthcare system, sensors are garnering interest owing to their high potential to provide incessant and immediate physiological and chemical information, as well as non-invasive measurements of biomarkers in human bio-fluids such as saliva, tears, sweat, interstitial fluid, and human volatiles. In this chapter, we have concisely described numerous types of biosensing units and their operation as well as the role of biosensors in detecting various types of biomarkers in humans.
Smartphone-based Devices for Biomarkers
Authors: Sreenan Benjamin , Gulbag Alim , Kafil Vala , Kharal Gita , Lee Bryan , Zhu Xiaoshan
Published: December 2024

Over the last decade, smartphone technology has advanced to an extraordinary extent. This has introduced novel capabilities to these hand-held devices, such as the conceptualization of mobile health, which has been made possible via the integration of high-quality camera lenses, heart-rate sensors, accelerometers, and fingerprint/facial recognition scanners into modern smartphones. These features, alongside their powerful multi-core processors, ample memory and storage, long battery life, and user-friendly interface, enable modern smartphones with significant potential for other medical applications. Many researchers have begun developing biosensors that can be used in conjunction with smartphones, in order to meet the REASSURED criteria (real time connectivity, ease of specimen collection, affordability, sensitivity and specificity, user-friendliness, rapid and robust, equipment-free and environment friendly (mobile devices allowed), deliverable to end-users) for point-of-care testing. This chapter presents a review and analysis of such smartphone-based devices that have been paired with various biomarkers for the detection of dangerous pathogens and chemicals, as well as disease diagnosis.
Introduction to Colloidal Particles
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Xiao Zuyao , Simmchen Juliane
Published: December 2024

This chapter introduces the general principles of colloidal science, taking into account the overall scope of colloidal active materials. We briefly present approaches to particle production and characterization, provide extensive references to follow up on this introductory level of information and to find practical instructions for implementation in the laboratory. Without going into detail, we introduce the forces and principles necessary to delve deeper into the subject and study it in subsequent, more specific chapters. For a more in-depth treatment of the material, the interested reader is invited to turn to classic textbooks, including ref. 1 and 2, and a more recent textbook, ref. 3 for a more didactic treatment.
Chemically Powered Active Colloids
Authors: Chen Wenjun , Song Yinuo , Liu Yuzhou , Chen Junliang , Ma Xing
Published: December 2024

Chemically powered active colloids have received considerable attention over the past two decades owing to their autonomous motion in a fluid environment, and have been regarded as promising candidates to be used in drug delivery, environmental remediation, precision medicine, single cell manipulation, etc. However, as they advance towards practical applications, several challenges still require careful attention and refinement, such as improving chemical energy efficiency, achieving real-time navigation and precise localization, enhancing lifespan, ensuring biocompatibility, and so on. Here, the focus is on the development of representative chemical reactions that support the self-powered motion of these active colloids, including hydrogen peroxide decomposition, enzymatic reactions, redox reactions, acid–base reactions, etc. The advanced progress in this field, including the structures design, the propulsion mechanism, the interaction between the active colloids and their surroundings, and their applications and performance are also summarized. Finally, scientific challenges and future perspectives for ongoing research in this field are presented.
Magnetically Powered Active Colloids
Authors: Tierno Pietro
Published: December 2024

Active colloids can be powered by external magnetic fields when they contain or are made of magnetic material. The general strategy to achieve propulsion is based on the application of uniform, time-dependent magnetic fields which induce periodic displacements or deformations, rectified into a net translation. This rectification can be produced by a close surface which breaks the spatial symmetry of the fluid flow, by the presence of flexibility in the particle structure, by friction anisotropy, or may result from cooperative interactions. In contrast to other types of actuation schemes, such as electrical or optical ones, magnetic fields neither affect the dispersing media, nor alter biological media. These features make active magnetic colloids appealing for their use in small microfluidic or biological networks, to transport or release cargos upon magnetic command. In this chapter, an overview of the main actuation mechanisms, physical properties, and interactions between active magnetic colloids will be given, with an eye on recent results in this growing research area.
Simulation of Active Colloids
Authors: Qi Kai , Hu Jinglei , Yang Mingcheng
Published: December 2024

Computer simulations play a pivotal role in studying active colloids, offering detailed microscopic insights to elucidate experimental findings and validate theoretical predictions without significant approximations. Investigating the structural and dynamic properties of active colloids in solvent environments is complex due to their out-of-equilibrium nature and the interplay of various interactions, including hydrodynamic effects. This chapter focuses on three prevalent hydrodynamic simulation techniques: Stokesian dynamics, the lattice Boltzmann method, and multiparticle collision dynamics. Each method is presented with a brief introduction, followed by examples of their applications.
Heterostructures, Plasmonics, and Quantum Dot Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Jaksani Bhavya , Gonuguntla Spandana , Islam Hafijul , Pal Ujjwal
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen produced from photocatalytic water splitting offers a promising clean energy solution to address the environmental crisis and meet global energy demands. By carefully selecting materials with complementary band structures, heterostructures can create a built-in electric field that promotes charge carrier migration, thereby enhancing hydrogen evolution efficiency. Integrating heterostructures, plasmonics, and quantum dots significantly advances photocatalytic hydrogen production. This chapter focuses on innovations in heterostructures, plasmonics, and quantum dots, discussing their potential to advance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. It provides a brief overview of recent research contributions to sustainable energy solutions. It describes the latest developments in composites/heterostructures, plasmonic nanomaterials, and quantum dot-based photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions. The beneficial impact of these materials, due to the formation of diverse heterojunctions that promote electron–hole separation and enhance catalytic performance, is also discussed. The chapter examines the efficiency of photocatalytic behaviors in energy conversion applications and offers strategies for designing semiconductor architectures using plasmonic and quantum dot heterostructures for photocatalytic water splitting. Future research directions to optimize these advanced materials for higher efficiency and stability in photocatalytic systems are outlined, and the prospects for semiconductor heterojunction and quantum dot photocatalysts are proposed.
Biosensors for the Quantification of Flavonoids
Authors: Dudani Tanima , Saini Surbhi Mahender , Chandrashekharappa Sandeep
Published: December 2024

Biosensors are analytical devices that convert biological responses into recognizable and measurable signals, allowing for qualitative and quantitative determination of test samples for specific target analytes. Flavonoids are a group of oxygen-containing heterocyclic natural products commonly found in the human diet. In this chapter, a brief overview of flavonoids, the significance of their quantification, and the fundamentals of biosensors, including the types used for flavonoid quantification, are discussed in detail.
Bioinspired Catalysts of Non-heme Iron Oxygenases
Authors: Kodera Masahito
Published: December 2024

Selective oxidations of natural products and pharmaceuticals have attracted attention from the viewpoint of shortening synthetic routes, but this requires regioselective and stereospecific oxidation of the carbon skeletons containing multiple C–H and C═C bonds. These selective oxidations are now enabled by bioinspired catalysts mimicking the function of non-heme iron oxygenases. Their synthetic applications have been achieved by addition of carboxylic acids and greatly improved the product yields. In this chapter, three topics related to bioinspired complexes are described. First, O2-activation by various non-heme iron oxygenases is introduced. Second, H2O2 activation and oxidation of C–H and C═C bonds by the bioinspired complexes are shown. Third, synthetic applications of the bioinspired complexes to selective oxidations of C–H and C═C in the presence of carboxylic acids are described.
Catalytic Oxidation Reactions Using Second and Third Series Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Kotani Hiroaki , Kojima Takahiko
Published: December 2024

This chapter describes recent progress of catalytic oxidation reactions by the second and third series transition metal complexes, which are categorized into groups according to their characteristics and catalytic properties. In addition, these catalytic systems employed molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as oxidants to perform sustainable catalytic oxidation reactions instead of sacrificial oxidants. Such a paradigm shift to clean oxidation systems catalyzed by the second and third series transition metal complexes enabled us to produce useful materials sustainably.
Activation of H2
Authors: Ogo Seiji
Published: December 2024

H2 is a promising gas that has the potential to solve environmental and energy problems not only as a fuel but also by selectively using it as hydride ions and hydrogen atoms. However, hydrogen gas has several limitations, including difficulties in storage and transportation. For this reason, chemical systems are being developed that convert hydrogen into other, more manageable chemical species, known as hydrogen energy carriers. In nature, some bacteria use hydrogenase enzymes to selectively activate hydrogen, thereby obtaining electrons or hydride ions, depending on the type of redox partner. Inspired by a type of hydrogenase enzyme called [NiFe]hydrogenase, we have been studying catalysts that can extract and store electrons or hydride ions from hydrogen and use them when needed. This chapter presents one such study.
Activation of the Dinitrogen Molecule: The Relationship Between the Structures and Reactivities of Dinitrogen Metal Complexes
Authors: Katayama Akira , Masuda Hideki
Published: December 2024

Molecular nitrogen (N2) is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere, but its high stability and low reactivity make it difficult to convert it directly into more value-added nitrogen-containing compounds. Study on the dinitrogen molecule activation reactions using molecular catalysts has been extensively studied, and the conversion of dinitrogen to ammonia and nitrogen-containing compounds under mild conditions has been achieved, although the progress has yet been in a fundamental level. The N2-coordinated complexes exhibit a variety of binding modes, which give rise to specific reactivities. In this chapter, we describe the representative N2 coordination complexes and their reactivities that have been reported so far in order to clarify the correlation between the binding modes and the reactivities of dinitrogen.
Transition Metal Complexes for Transformations of Tetrafluoroethylene
Authors: Doi Ryohei , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: December 2024

In this chapter, we introduce the transformation methods of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) using transition-metal complexes, including Pd, Ni, Cu, and Ru. TFE is highlighted for its low environmental impact and is essential in organofluorine industries. This chapter details several catalytic processes of TFE, such as Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, Ni-catalyzed multi-component coupling reactions, Cu-catalyzed addition reactions, and olefin metathesis catalyzed by Ru complexes, showcasing the versatility of TFE in the synthesis of fluorinated compounds.
Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Graphene and Related Materials
Authors: Loh Nicholas Yung Li , Tee Wan Ting , Hiew Billie Yan Zhang , Hanson Svenja , Gan Suyin , Lee Lai Yee
Published: December 2024

Graphene is a two-dimensional plane of elemental carbons in the sp2-hybridised state configured in repeating hexagon rings. Of late, graphene has emerged as a distinctive nanomaterial with impressive physicochemical and mechanical properties, enabling potential applications in a multitude of sectors. This chapter describes the various forms of graphene, which include pristine graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, halogenated graphene, hydrogenated graphene and graphyne. Each of these forms has unique structural and physicochemical properties. The chapter further discusses the synthesis methods of the graphene materials, which are categorized largely into top-down and bottom-up routes. Thereafter, the chapter presents the potential applications of graphene in different fields, such as wastewater treatment, energy storage, lubricant additives and sensors. The ways in which the properties of graphene materials lend themselves to these applications are explained. These include ultra-large specific surface area, abundant functional groups, high density of electron clouds, thermal conductivity and tuneable bandgap. The chapter aims to highlight the enormous range of possible uses of these exciting new materials.
A multi-responsive 3D deformable soft actuator with tunable structural color enabled by a graphene/cholesteric liquid crystal elastomer composite
Authors: Zhang Yuhan , Yuan Baohua , Shi Yingjie , Chen Xinyu , Wang Zizheng , He Longxiang , Wang Bingxuan , Xiao Jiumei , Yu Meina , Gao Yanzi , Zhang Lanying , Zou Cheng , Lan Ruochen , Yang Huai
Published: December 2024

Multi-responsive 3D deformable soft actuators with vivid structural color-changing ability are realized through the RGO deposition-induced Janus structures of CLCEs.
Comparative analysis study of resistance characteristics of backhoe hydraulic excavators
Authors: Li Tianyu , Ren Zhigui , Pang Xiaoping , Cao Shusheng , Li Jiahao
Published: December 2024

Resistance characteristics research lays a foundation for establishing and improving excavator performance evaluation. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the general laws governing excavation resistance is particularly significant. Based on experimental data from 8 sets of excavation conditions involving two types of a 20 t backhoe hydraulic excavator, this paper first conducted a comparative analysis of the distribution trends and concentration of resistance coefficients, resistance moment coefficients, resistance angles, differential angles, and component rotation angular velocities. Subsequently, employing the response surface optimization theory, the main value intervals of relevant data under different conditions were obtained, and the impact of excavation scenarios and type variations on the distribution of these intervals was explored. Finally, the principal value intervals under different conditions were applied to calculate and verify the theoretical digging force. The results indicate differences in the general laws of resistance characteristics under different conditions, with the machine type having a more significant influence on the main value intervals than the excavation condition. Variations in the main value intervals lead to changes in the performance evaluation metrics of the excavator. Under different conditions, the front-end working unit of the excavator maintains a stable operational speed.
L’ingénierie ciblée de l’épigénome
Authors: Martin Hedvika , Wassef Michel
Published: December 2024

La différenciation et l’homéostasie cellulaires reposent sur des mécanismes élaborés de contrôle de l’expression des gènes, qui permettent aux différents lignages cellulaires d’un organisme d’établir puis de « mémoriser » différents états épigénétiques. Les processus qui contrôlent l’expression des gènes sont centrés sur la chromatine, un complexe composé d’ADN, de protéines histones et d’ARN, dont la structure est finement régulée. Les outils d’ingénierie de l’épigénome permettent d’interférer avec ces processus et de les étudier, révélant la logique des mécanismes de mémoire épigénétique. Cet article présente les principales classes d’outils de modification ciblée de l’épigénome et illustre comment ils peuvent être utilisés afin de mieux comprendre et modifier l’épigénome des cellules, ouvrant la voie à des perspectives thérapeutiques révolutionnaires.
Performance optimization and compatibility of FeCoNiCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy coatings laser-cladded onto 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel surfaces
Authors: Zuo Weihao , Ren Weibin , Fan Zhanzheng , Wang Yujiang
Published: December 2024

4Cr5MoSiV1 steel, known for its excellent toughness, thermal stability, and high hardenability, finds widespread application in areas such as hot extrusion dies, forging molds, and die-casting molds. However, its operational performance and service life are significantly impacted by limitations in surface hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. This study focuses on the optimization of laser cladding processes, preparing a FeCoNiCrMo0.2 high-entropy alloy cladding layer on the surface of 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel through laser cladding, and conducts an examination and validation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cladding layer. The experiments employed a laser power of 2.5 kW, a beam diameter of 3mm, a scanning speed of 5 mms−1, a gas flow rate of 1.5 Lmin−1, and a powder feed rate of 30g min−1. The results reveal that the top of the cladding layer is dominated by fine and dense equiaxed crystals, the middle by dendritic crystals with secondary dendrite arms, and the bottom by cellular crystals. The cladding layer is primarily composed of a face-centered cubic (FCC) phase structure, with the precipitation of particulate hard σ phases within and between the crystals. The average microhardness of the cladding layer is 360 HV0.2, approximately 63.6% higher than that of the base material. The average coefficient of friction for the cladding layer is 0.6609, with a wear volume of about 27 mg, representing an improvement of approximately 18% over the base material; the wear volume is about 81% of that of the base material. In a 3.5% NaCl solution, the self-corrosion current density of the cladding layer is measured at 9.98 × 10−9 A/cm2, with a self-corrosion potential of −368.3 mV. Compared to the base material, it achieves an enhancement in electrochemical corrosion capability while maintaining relative compatibility. The process and research provide a theoretical foundation and methodological reference for the surface modification of 4Cr5MoSiV1 steel.
Kraft und Ausdauerleistung zur Bestimmung der Fitness: Sollte die Rumpfkraft mehr Beachtung in der Diagnostik der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit bei belasteten Berufsgruppen wie Soldaten finden?
Authors: Fehrmann Sabrina , Lison Andreas , Geissler Daniel , Bünzen Claudia , Schulze Christoph , Weber-Spickschen Sanjay Thomas
Published: December 2024

Hintergrund Sportmedizinische Untersuchungen zur Überprüfung der körperlichen Fitness in der körperlich als hoch belastet geltenden Berufsgruppe der Soldaten umfassen Parameter zur Abschätzung kardiovaskulärer Risikofaktoren und Fitness. In diesem Kontext stand die Bestimmung der Rumpfkraft bisher nicht im Fokus. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher, Zusammenhänge zwischen kardialen Fitnessparametern und isokinetischer Rumpfkraft bei einer solchen Berufsgruppe genauer zu betrachten.

Material und Methoden In der retrospektiven explorativen Querschnittserhebung wurden Messwerte isokinetischer Rumpfkraft, Laufbandergometrie, Sprinttest und Waist-to-Height-Ratio von 376 Soldaten mit körperlich fordernden Verwendungen mittels deskriptiver Statistik und Pearson-Korrelationsanalyse ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Zwischen den Parametern der isokinetischen Rumpfkraftmessung und Ergometrie oder WHtR konnten keine signifikanten Korrelationen nachgewiesen werden. Die Korrelationsanalyse des Flexions-/Extensionsverhältnisses der isokinetischen Rumpfkraft mit der läuferischen Schnellkraft, ergab schwache positive Zusammenhänge für das maximale Drehmoment (r=0,161; p=0,002), für die verrichtete Arbeit (r=0,149; p=0,005) und für die durchschnittliche Leistung (r=0,157; p=0,003). Schwache, aber signifikante Zusammenhänge konnten im Rahmen der Ergometrie bei 4 mmol Laktat zwischen Herzfrequenz und WHtR (r=− 0,193; p<0,001) sowie Geschwindigkeit und WHtR (r=− 0,269; p<0,001) ermittelt werden.

Schlussfolgerung Rumpfkraftmessung und kardiale Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit erlauben keine wechselseitigen Rückschlüsse. Eine optimale Abschätzung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit wird durch alleinige Bestimmung von kardialer Ausdauer und Risiken nicht erreicht. Die zusätzliche Bestimmung der isokinetischen Rumpfkraft ist wertvoll für eine genauere Einschätzung von muskuloskelettaler Leistungsfähigkeit bei körperlich belastetenBerufsgruppen, wie Soldaten.
Predictive Factors of Capsular Contracture in Prepectoral Direct-to-implant Breast Reconstruction and its Surgical Approach
Authors: Kim Si Youn , Oh Se won , Yang Eun Jung , Song SeungYong , Lee Dong Won
Published: December 2024

Background: Prepectoral direct-to-implant (DTI) is a common implant-based breast reconstruction method used for patients with breast cancer, although patients often present capsular contracture as a common complication. This study aimed to investigate the causes and surgical outcomes of capsular contractures in patients with breast cancer who underwent prepectoral DTI.
Methods: The medical records of 392 patients (472 breasts) who underwent prepectoral DTI between August 2019 and July 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Comparative and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for capsular contracture. Outcomes of patients who underwent surgical procedures were analyzed.
Results: Of the 472 breasts enrolled in the study, 47 (9.9%) showed capsular contracture. Multivariate analysis revealed that patient age, seroma, rippling, and postmastectomy radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors for capsular contracture in prepectoral DTI. Partial capsulectomy was performed on 18 breasts with capsular contracture, which resolved in 88.9% of cases. The mean follow-up period was 14.4 months.
Conclusions: Age, seroma, rippling, and radiotherapy were independent prognostic factors for capsular contracture in prepectoral DTI. Further, partial capsulectomy is recommended as a treatment option to improve results. A better understanding of the causes and surgical outcomes of capsular contracture on prepectoral DTI will help reduce capsular contracture and eventually lead to better outcomes in breast cancer reconstruction.
Race and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks: Concerning Associations after Endonasal Transsphenoidal Pituitary Resection
Authors: Rosen Ross , Cabrera Claudia I. , Karasik Daniel , Richter John , Rodriguez Kenneth , Rangarajan Sanjeet V. , D'Anza Brian
Published: December 2024

Objective To identify and describe differences in the rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks after transsphenoidal pituitary resection (TSPR) on a demographic basis.

Design Multi-institution health care database study.

Setting TriNetX research database.

Methods The database TriNetX was searched for rates of CSF leaks after TSPR. Patients were excluded if they had a CSF leak diagnosed any time prior to postoperative day number one. Demographic factors such as sex and race were compared in cohorts matched by other demographic characteristics, obstructive sleep apnea, body mass index categories, functional adenoma status, nicotine use, and concurrent lumbar drain placement.

Results A total of 8,741 patients were included in the analysis, with a total rate of postoperative CSF leak of 2.62%. After matching, race and sex were both significant risk factors for CSF leak, with Black patients having a higher risk when compared with White patients (risk ratio [RR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–2.60) and females having a higher risk compared with males (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.00–1.77).

Conclusion Even when matching for obstructive sleep apnea, weight, functional adenoma status, nicotine use, and concurrent lumbar drain placement, Black and female patients had higher rates of CSF leaks in the month following surgery. This finding highlights an important gap in the literature that should be addressed through future prospective studies and the need to better understand potential demographic disparities in health care.
A Bedside-to-Bench-to-Bedside Journey to Advance Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation towards Biologic Joint Restoration
Authors: Cook James L. , Stannard James P. , Stoker Aaron M. , Rucinski Kylee , Crist Brett D. , Cook Cristi R. , Crecelius Cory , Bozynski Chantelle C. , Kuroki Keiichi , Royse Lisa A. , Stucky Renee , Hung Clark T. , Smith Matthew J. , Schweser Kyle M. , Nuelle Clayton W. , DeFroda Steven
Published: December 2024

More than 70 million adults in the United States are impacted by osteoarthritis (OA). Symptomatic articular cartilage loss that progresses to debilitating OA is being diagnosed more frequently and earlier in life, such that a growing number of active patients are faced with life-altering health care decisions at increasingly younger ages. Joint replacement surgeries, in the form of various artificial arthroplasties, are reliable operations, especially for older (≥65 years), more sedentary patients with end-stage OA, but have major limitations for younger, more active patients. For younger adults and those who wish to remain highly active, artificial arthroplasties are associated with significantly higher levels of pain, complications, morbidity, dysfunction, and likelihood of revision. Unfortunately, non-surgical management strategies and surgical treatment options other than joint replacement are often not indicated and have not proven to be consistently successful for this large and growing population of patients. As such, these patients are often relegated to postpone surgery, take medications including opioids, profoundly alter their lifestyle, and live with pain and disability until artificial arthroplasty is more likely to meet their functional demands without high risk for early revision. As such, our research team set out to develop, test, and validate biologic joint restoration strategies that could provide consistently successful options for young and active patients with joint disorders who were not considered ideal candidates for artificial arthroplasty. In pursuit of this goal, we implemented a targeted bedside-to-bench-to-bedside translational approach to hypothesis-driven studies designed to address this major unmet need in orthopaedics by identifying and overcoming key clinical limitations and obstacles faced by health care teams and patients in realizing optimal outcomes after biologic joint restoration. The objective of this article is to condense more than two decades of rigorous patient-centered research aimed at optimizing osteochondral and meniscus allograft transplantation toward more consistently successful management of complex joint problems in young and active patients.
Pralsetinib: A Drug Review
Authors: Deshpande Abha , Varghese Ryan , Karsiya Jainam , Jha Praveen , Kulkarni Padmaj
Published: December 2024

REarranged during Transfection (RET) is a transforming proto-oncogene that codes for the tyrosine kinase receptor. Pralsetinib is an orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of mutant forms and fusions involving the RET proto-oncogene. Following administration, pralsetinib limits the upregulation or dysregulation of RET gene mutations. This drug review aimed to explore the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical indications, contraindications, dosing regimen, dose modifications, adverse drug events, and storage and administration of pralsetinib. This review was curated after exhaustive literature screening of all existing documents available on Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Dimensions, and EBSCO Host, as well as by browsing the Web sites of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), drug manuals, and conference presentations, using keywords, such as “Pralsetinib,” “RET fusion,” and “Gavreto.” Additional supporting data were obtained from various abstracts and conference proceedings. Presently, pralsetinib has been granted FDA approval for use in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), metastatic RET fusion-positive NSCLC, and metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer.
“Martin Mattress”: Surgical Technique for Achieving Hemostasis in Redo Aortic Root Operations
Authors: Jeng Eric I. , Sharaf Omar M. , Reilly Kevin D. , Beaver Thomas M. , Martin Tomas D.
Published: December 2024

A 71-year-old gentleman with prior bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement was admitted with aortic valve dehiscence and an aortic root abscess. He underwent reoperative sternotomy, aortic root, mitral valve, and hemiarch replacement. To augment hemostasis, we implanted the “Martin Mattress”—a pericardial patch sutured to the fibrous ridge within the innominate vein, superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricular outflow tract, and pulmonary artery—which is preferred to modified Cabrol fistula techniques in infectious root pathology.