bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should multisensory temporal acuity be viewed through the window of perceived simultaneity?
Authors: Yarrow Kielan , Roseboom Warrick
Published: July 2018

Temporal coincidence provides a powerful cue that events originating from different sensory modalities, such as audition and vision, have a common cause. Multisensory integration is often found across a range of sub-second physical asynchronies, supporting the existence of a temporal binding window. In recent years, it has become de rigueur to measure temporal binding windows using the simultaneity judgement (SJ) task, and interpret differences between groups as indicative of differences in the temporal sensitivity of integration processes. Recently, it was reported that a multisensory deficit (indicated by a widened range of perceived simultaneity) can be observed for audiovisual (but not visuotactile) processing following early visual deprivation. This report is likely of considerable interest to the multisensory community. However, we believe that like similar work it does not include sufficiently explicit caveats about the processes that generate the window of simultaneity, potentially misrepresenting the underlying cause(s) of differences between groups. Here, we advocate more explicit recognition of the fundamentally subjective nature of the ‘window’ derived from SJs. We argue that it has poor face validity to measure the conceptually distinct temporal binding window, and demonstrate that its extent is dependent on how the observer decides to interpret the word “simultaneous.”
Does upward mobility result in greater well-being? Evidence from a pre-registered study on a large population-based survey
Authors: Cheung Felix , Hill Patrick , Jackson Joshua James
Published: July 2018

Income inequality gained increasing attention in public discourse. Promoting upward mobility is a potential solution to income inequality. The current study tested whether upward mobility predicts greater well-being, whether upward mobility attenuates the negative effects of income inequality, and whether gender differences in upward mobility differentially predict well-being for men and women. Upward mobility was operationalized as changes in income rank across generations for families in the lowest income quartile. In a pre-registered study on 917,331 US workers, results supported neither the main effect of upward mobility nor the moderating role of upward mobility on the association between income inequality and life satisfaction. Gender differences in upward mobility did not consistently predict well-being of men or women. The null results were robust across measures of well-being, measures of upward mobility, and different analytical strategies. The results consistently indicated that regional upward mobility may have little to no association with well-being.
The best way to measure explicit racial attitudes is to ask about them
Authors: Axt Jordan
Published: July 2018

Direct assessments of explicit racial attitudes, such as reporting an overt preference for White versus Black people, may raise social desirability concerns and reduce measurement quality. As a result, researchers have developed more indirect self-report measures of explicit racial attitudes. While such measures dampen social desirability concerns, they may weaken measurement quality by assessing construct-irrelevant attitudes, thereby lowering correspondence between measure and construct. To investigate whether direct or indirect self-report measures better assess explicit racial attitudes, participants (N > 800,000) completed an implicit racial attitude measure and a subset of over 400 items that varied in the degree to which they were indirect or direct assessments of self-reported racial attitudes. More direct assessments of racial preferences were better predictors of implicit racial attitudes and maximized differences between Black and White participants. These results suggest that the best method to measure individuals’ explicit racial attitudes is to ask about them directly.
The New Statistics for Neuroscience Majors: Thinking in Effect Sizes
Authors: Calin-Jageman Robert
Published: July 2018

This paper has now been published in the Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Eduction: http://www.funjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/june-16-e21.pdf?x91298. See also, this record on PubMed and PubMedCentral: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30057503. An ongoing reform in statistical practice is to report and interpret effect sizes. This paper provides a short tutorial on effect sizes and some tips on how to help your students think in terms of effect sizes when analyzing data. An effect size is just a quantitative answer to a research question. Effect sizes should always be accompanied by a confidence interval or some other means of expressing uncertainty in generalizing from the sample to the population. Effect sizes are best interpreted in raw scores, but can also be expressed in standardized terms; several popular standardized effect score measures are explained and compared. Training your students to reporting and interpreting effect sizes can help them be better scientists: it will help them think critically about the practical significance of their results, makes uncertainty salient, foster better planning for subsequent experiments, encourage meta-analytic thinking, and can help focus their efforts on optimizing measurement. You can help your students start to think in effect sizes by giving them tools to visualize and translate between different effect size measures, and by tasking them to build a ‘library’ of effect sizes in a research field of interest.
Some do and some don’t? Accounting for variability of individual difference structures.
Authors: Haaf Julia M. , Rouder Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2018

A prevailing notion in experimental psychology is that individuals' performance in a task varies gradually in a continuous fashion. In a Stroop task, for example, the true average effect may be 50ms with a standard deviation of say 30ms. In this case, some individuals will have greater effects than 50ms, some will have smaller, and some are fore-casted to have negative effects in sign - they respond faster to incongruent items than to congruent ones! But are there people who have a true negative effect in Stroop or any other task? We highlight three *qualitatively different* effects: negative effects, null effects, and positive effects. The main goal of this paper is to develop models that allow researchers to explore whether all three are present in a task: Do all individuals show a positive effect? Are there individuals with truly no effect? Are there any individuals with negative effects? We develop a family of Bayesian hierarchical models that capture a variety of these constraints. We apply this approach to Stroop interference experiments and a near-liminal priming experiment where the prime may be below and above threshold for different people. We show that most tasks people are quite alike - for example everyone has positive Stroop effects and nobody fails to Stroop or Stroops negatively. We also show a case that under very specific circumstances, we could entice some people to not Stroop at all.
Comment on Pugh and Rice, "Early Urban Planning, Spatial Strategies, and the Maya Gridded City of Nixtun-Ch'ich', Petén, Guatemala
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: July 2018

This is a short comment on the paper by Pugh and Rice. "Unfortunately the theoretical and epistemological choices made by Pugh and Rice all but rule out achieving an adequate explanation for these questions about Nixtun-Ch’ich’."
Armed groups: problems of theory and classification
Authors: Miroiu Andrei
Published: July 2018

This paper argues in favor of a theory and classification of armed groups that setsthem at the center of political and social sciences. Starting from the problem of order, itargues that without armed groups one cannot understand how stable societies form,function and reproduce themselves. It challenges the preeminence of concepts such as class and gender, which are seen as depicting later-formed social structures. It proposes a classification of armed groups based on their permanent or impermanent character, as well as the reasons for using violence, mostly extractive and ideological. The article also discusses armed groups operating within the state.
Internet Intermediary Liability: WILMap, Theory and Trends
Authors: Frosio Giancarlo
Published: July 2018

To better understand the heterogeneity of the international online intermediary liability regime—with the collaboration of an amazing team of contributors across five continents—I have developed and launched the World Intermediary Liability Map (WILMap), a detailed English-language resource hosted at Stanford CIS and comprised of case law, statutes, and proposed laws related to intermediary liability worldwide. Since its launch in July 2014, the WILMap has been steadily and rapidly growing. Today, the WILMap covers almost one hundred jurisdictions in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania. After introducing the WILMap—and the surrounding landscape of recent projects related to intermediary liability—this article aims at discussing advancement in intermediary liability theory and describing emerging regulatory trends.
Sociological theorizing as meaning making: the case of ecological modernization theory
Authors: Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

In this paper, I propose a novel way to consider sociological theorizing. I argue that the structural analysis method first developed by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss provides a powerful tool to deconstruct and critique sociological theories. I propose that this method can be used to redefine certain theories not as sets of proposals from which testable hypotheses are to be derived, but rather as different versions of foundational narratives of Western society. Viewed in this way, sociological theorizing contributes to construct the Western cosmology – the body of tales and narratives that explain the creation of the social world, its relationship with nature, and its future direction.As a case in point, I argue that the narrative of ecological modernization can thus be analyzed and deconstructed using the same tools Lévi-Strauss uses to make sense of native American cosmologies. Doing so, I find that the narrative of ecological modernization developed as a mirror image of older tales of modernization, closely associated with the myth of progress – according to which Western society emerged from a state of nature in which no rational division of labour and no private property existed. This inversion transforms the myth of creation at the heart of the modern Western cosmology into a utopian narrative that finds considerable political traction with a certain part of the business elite and associated organic intellectuals, interested in maintaining existing relations of production and power.
Open Data and the Danger of Sympathetic Magic
Authors: Ballsun-Stanton Brian , Burnett Georgia
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides a minimal normative framework for discussing the desired attributes of a published dataset using Lakatos’ philosophy of science and the metaphor of sympathetic magic. When researchers publish their results, journals and granting agencies increasingly want datasets opened alongside. These datasets may vary in quality, reusability, and comprehensiveness. Yet, without a clear knowledge of how the research methodology and analysis affects the production of the raw data, any future attempts to reproduce analysis will produce the same magical results only by following the same steps. While the requirement for Open Data in government funded research can provide an excellent basis for future research, not all Open Data is created equal. Releasing the methods of analysis alongside a dataset of high quality will also allow for lower technical difficulties when reusing or remixing the data. Then data, collected once, may be reused in multiple projects for a significant research impact. And to some, we can show that data is, indeed, magic.
Spatial Segregation, Multi-scale Diversity, and Public Goods
Authors: Bharathi Naveen , Malghan Deepak , Mishra Sumit , Rahman Andaleeb
Published: July 2018

We develop a general multi-scale diversity framework to account for spatial segregation of ethnic groups in politically %and administratively nested geographic aggregations. Our framework explains why the celebrated ``diversity-debit hypothesis'' in political economy of public goods is sensitive to spatial unit of analysis, and how not accounting for segregation biases empirical diversity-development models. We test our framework using census data from Indian villages ($n \approx 600,000$) and sub-districts containing these villages ($n \approx 6,000$), for twenty-five different public goods.
From data extraction to data leaking. Data-activism in Italian and Spanish anti-corruption campaigns
Authors: Mattoni Alice
Published: July 2018

This article investigates how activists employ Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and engage with data-activism in grassroots struggles against corruption. Based on a comparative research design that triangulates three qualitative data sources — in-depth interviews, movements’ documents and participatory platforms — the article analyses two campaigns: Riparte il Futuro in Italy and 15MpaRato in Spain. In so doing, the article casts light on how activists engage with digital data, revealing how their employment is connected to and consistent with the type of organizational structure and communication strategy of the campaign. Moreover, the article evaluates how activists engage with three specific digital data-related practices — digital data creation, data usage and data transformation. Finally, the article illustrates that grasping the features of digital data-related practices also reflects how activists perceive and enact distinct ideas of active citizenship and data transparency in their fight against corruption.
Generalized Inflated Discrete Models: A Strategy to Work with Multimodal Discrete Distributions
Authors: Cai Tianji , Xia Yiwei , Zhou Yisu
Published: July 2018

Analysts of discrete data often face the challenge of managing the tendency of inflation on certain values. When treated improperly, such phenomenon may lead to biased estimates and incorrect inferences. This study extends the existing literature on single value inflated models, and develops a general framework to handle variables with more than one inflated values. To assess the performance of the proposed maximum likelihood estimator, we conducted Monte Carlo experiments under several scenarios for different levels of inflated probabilities under Multinomial, Ordinal, Poisson, and Zero-Truncated Poisson outcomes with covariates. We found that ignoring the inflations leads to substantial bias and poor inference if the inflations—not only for the intercept(s) of the inflated categories, but other coefficients as well. Specifically, higher values of inflated probabilities are associated with larger biases. By contrast, the Generalized Inflated Discrete models (GIDM) perform well with unbiased estimates and satisfactory coverages even when the number of parameters that need to be estimated is quite large. We showed that model fit criteria such as AIC could be used in selecting appropriate specification of inflated models. Lastly, GIDM was implemented to a large-scale health survey data to compare with conventional modeling approach such as various Poisson, and Ordered Logit models. We showed that GIDM fits the data better in general. The current work provides a practical approach to analyze multimodal data existing in many fields, such as heaping in self-reported behavioral outcomes, inflated categories of indifference and neutral in attitude survey, large amount of zero and low occurance of delinquent behaviors, etc.
Is Steering Humanity a Good Idea?
Authors: Nikkhah Shirazi Armin
Published: July 2018

This is an entry which was submitted to the 2014 Essay contest "How Should Humanity Steer the Future?" sponsored by the Foundational Questions Institute
Did eBay Irreparably Injure Trademark Law?
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Supreme Court's decision in eBay v. MercExchange, which revolutionizedthe granting of injunctions in patent cases, has increasingly been appliedto trademark cases as well. But courts applying eBay to trademark caseshave ignored some fundamental differences between patent and trademark law,including the difficulty of quantifying injury to brand reputation, therarity of damage awards in trademark cases, and the presence of a thirdparty -- consumers -- with a strong interest in avoiding confusion. Somecourts, particularly in the Ninth Circuit, have also turned eBay from a setof guidelines for case-by-case analysis of the equities of an injunctioninto a hard-and-fast set of requirements for injunctive relief.eBay should apply to trademark cases. But it must be applied withsensitivity to the very different contexts of patent and trademark. Doingso will make it more likely that trademark owners will obtain injunctionsin "core" trademark infringement cases. Nonetheless, courts may stillproperly use eBay to deny injunctive relief in dilution and associationcases where the evidence of harm to the mark owner or consumers is weak ornonexistent.
"The Generative Role of Settlement Aggregation and Urbanization"
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: July 2018

: I describe a new approach to understanding processes of village aggregation and urbanization in the past. The key concept—energized crowding—refers to the social effects of large numbers of social interactions that take place within settlements. Demographic processes of population growth and settlement nucleation (aggregation and urbanization) lead to increased energized crowding, which in turn generates a variety of social outcomes. I discuss those outcomes under three headings: scalar stress, community formation, and economic growth. In this model, aggregation and urbanization are crucial processes that lead—by way of energized crowding—to many documented social outputs in both contemporary and past settlement systems. Because this is a new approach for archaeology, conceptual tools for understanding these processes must be borrowed from other social sciences. In particular, recent research on settlement scaling provides empirical and theoretical support for the notion that aggregation and urbanization were of fundamental importance in generating social change in the past.
Degrees of Freedom Analysis in Educational Research and Decision-Making: Leveraging Qualitative Data to Promote Excellence in Bioinformatics Training and Education
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E.
Published: July 2018

This manuscript is in press (November, 2017) at Briefings in Bioinformatics. Qualitative data are commonly collected in higher, graduate, and post-graduate education; however, perhaps especially in the quantitative sciences, utilization of this qualitative data for decision-making can be challenging. A method for the analysis of qualitative data is the Degrees of Freedom Analysis, published in 1975. Given its origins in political science and its application in mainly business contexts, the degrees-of-freedom analysis method (DoFA) is unlikely to be discoverable or used to understand survey or other educational data obtained from teaching, training, or evaluation. This paper therefore introduces and demonstrates the DoFA with modifications specifically to support educational research and decision-making with examples in bioinformatics. DoFA identifies and aligns theoretical or applied principles with qualitative evidence. The demonstrations include two hypothetical examples, and a case study of the role of scaffolding in an independent project (“capstone”) of a graduate course in biostatistics. Included to promote inquiry, inquiry-based learning, and the development of research skills, the capstone is often scaffolded (instructor-supported and therefore, formative), although it is actually intended to be summative. The case analysis addresses the question of whether the scaffolding provided for a capstone assignment affects its utility for formative or summative assessment. The DoFA is also used to evaluate the relative efficacies of other models for scaffolding the capstone project. These examples are intended to both explain this method and to demonstrate how it can be used to make decisions within a curriculum or for bioinformatics training.
Who Wants to Run? How the Devaluing of Political Office Drives Polarization
Authors: Hall Andrew B.
Published: July 2018

My book manuscript argues that U.S. legislatures have become increasingly polarized and dysfunctional in part because of how difficult running for and holding office is. Combining theoretical and empirical evidence, I show how voters are forced to elect extremists because moderates don't run for office, and I document how the rising costs of running for office, and the falling benefits of holding office, have deterred moderates from running.
We’ve been dancing in the shadows for far too long
Authors: Iyer Niranjan
Published: July 2018

The true Buddha is silent, were the words told to me on numerous occasions by a wise Hungarian professor. Howtrue these words were only began to resonate when I realized that the louder I spoke the less observant the audience.The weight in performance, in aptitude in a manner unnoticed has the advantage that the less noticeable one is as athreat to whatever, a job position or as an adversary the freer one is to continue with one’s task.With the advent of the millennium, like a silent ninja India struck the world with its capabilities with respect toinformation technology. No one saw us coming and now in NASA, 36% or almost 4 out of 10 scientists are Indians.(See. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/36-of-scientists-at-NASA-are-Indians-Govtsurvey/articleshow/2853178.cms). Here we are seventeen years later stronger than ever:
Faith-Based Intellectual Property
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The traditional justification for intellectual property (IP) rights hasbeen utilitarian. We grant exclusive rights because we think the world willbe a better place as a result. But what evidence we have doesn’t fullyjustify IP rights in their current strong form. Rather than following theevidence and questioning strong IP rights, more and more scholars havebegun to retreat from evidence toward what I call faith-based IP,justifying IP as a moral end in itself rather than on the basis of how itaffects the world. I argue that these moral claims are ultimatelyunpersuasive and a step backward in a rational society.
Narcissism Over Ideology: Revealed versus Stated Terrorist Preferences
Authors: Opoku-Agyemang Kweku A.
Published: July 2018

What preferences motivate the severity of terrorist attacks? I investigate how Boko Haramterrorists adjust their fatalities when unexpectedly deprived of public attention, relative to AlShabaab terrorists, that were not deprived of public attention. Losing public attention raises theseverity of terrorism: Boko Haram terrorist fatalities surged following the rebasing of Nigeria’seconomy, which catapulted the country into Africa’s largest and the top twenty-five worldwide.The largest spike in Boko Haram terrorist fatalities occurred in the wake of the Nigerian Ebolahealth crisis. Although Boko Haram claims an anti-education sentiment, their fatalities do notactually differ significantly from Al Shabaab fatalities during the Nigerian national basic educationexamination. Overall, terrorists consider well-being changes as threats that have morevalidity than the persuasiveness of their own claimed ideologies. Terrorist groups do not significantlyvary the severity of their attacks during Ramadan. Emphasizing revealed preferences mayundermine terrorist credibility and recruitment.
Characterization of migrants in Goiás and the Federal District: 1980-2000
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Caracterização de migrantes em Goiás e Distrito Federal: 1980-2000Abstract: This paper aims to characterize the migrants in the state of Goiás and the Federal District, concerning their region of origin and destination. This study utilizes the 1980, 1991 and 2000 Brazilian Censuses, provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The demographic, educational and economic analyses of migrants suggest that population flows are related to labor market opportunities, mainly those ones in direction to the Federal District and the micro-region of Goiânia. Migrants with lower socio-economic and educational status are moving to the municipalities around the Federal District. The migration flows in 1986–1990 suggest that the Federal District surrounding municipalities are the final destination of migration movements that start in urban areas with high costs of life. This area is becoming the new expansion area in the Center-West region for low income migrants from the Southeast and the Federal District.Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é de realizar uma caracterização dos migrantes do Estado de Goiás e Distrito Federal quanto à região de origem e destino. Este estudo é realizado com base nos dados dos Censos de 1980, 1991 e 2000 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As análises demográfica, educacional e econômica dos migrantes sugerem fluxos populacionais típicos de pessoas em busca de oportunidades de emprego, principalmente para o Distrito Federal e microrregião de Goiânia. Migrantes de menor nível socioeconômico e educacional se direcionam para o entorno de Brasília. Os fluxos migratórios de 1986–1990 sugerem que o entorno de Brasília é a região de absorção final de movimentos migratórios, provenientes de centros urbanos com alto custo de vida. Essa microrregião está se caracterizando como uma nova área de expansão no Centro-Oeste para migrantes de baixa renda do Sudeste e Distrito Federal.
ICANN and Antitrust
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is aprivate non-profit company which, pursuant to contracts with the USgovernment, acts as the de facto regulator for DNS policy. ICANN decideswhat TLDs will be made available to users, and which registrars will bepermitted to offer those TLDs for sale. In this article we focus on ahitherto-neglected implication of ICANN's assertion that it is a privaterather than a public actor: its potential liability under the U.S.antitrust laws, and the liability of those who transact with it. ICANNargues that it is not as closely tied to the government as NSI and IANAwere in the days before ICANN was created. If this is correct, it seemslikely that ICANN will not benefit from the antitrust immunity those actorsenjoyed. Some of ICANN's regulatory actions may restrain competition, e.g.its requirement that applicants for new gTLDs demonstrate that theirproposals would not enable competitive (alternate) roots and ICANN'spreventing certain types of non-price competition among registrars(requiring the UDRP). ICANN's rule adoption process might be characterizedas anticompetitive collusion by existing registrars, who are likely not besubject to the Noerr-Pennington lobbying exemption. Whether ICANN has infact violated the antitrust laws depends on whether it is an antitruststate actor, whether the DNS is an essential facility, and on whether itcan shelter under precedents that protect standard-setting bodies. If (asseems likely) a private ICANN and those who petition it are subject toantitrust law, everyone involved in the process needs to review theirconduct with an eye towards legal liability. ICANN should act verydifferently with respect to both the UDRP and the competitive roots if itis to avoid restraining trade.
Um panorama dos estudos críticos em educação e tecnologias digitais
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

Selwyn N., (2017) Um panorama dos estudos críticos em educação e tecnologias digitais. in Rocha, C., El Kadri, M. and Windle, J. (eds). Dialogos sobre tecnologia educatcional. Sao Paulo, Pontes (pp.15-40)
Fear and Loathing in Truth or Consequences: Neoliberalism, Colonialism and the Lineage of the Frontier at Spaceport America
Authors: Genovese Taylor R.
Published: July 2018

A gonzo ethnographic investigation and analysis of the commercial spaceflight industry through the lens of Spaceport America in New Mexico.
Systematically Monitoring Social Media: The Case of the German Federal Election 2017
Authors: Stier Sebastian , Bleier Arnim , Bonart Malte , Mörsheim Fabian , Bohlouli  , Nizhegorodov Margarita , Posch Lisa , Maier Jürgen , Rothmund Tobias , Staab Steffen
Published: July 2018

It is a considerable task to collect digital trace data at a large scale and at the same time adhere to established academic standards. In the context of political communication, important challenges are (1) defining the social media accounts and posts relevant to the campaign (content validity), (2) operationalizing the venues where relevant social media activity takes place (construct validity), (3) capturing all of the relevant social media activity (reliability), and (4) sharing as much data as possible for reuse and replication (objectivity). This project by GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences and the E-Democracy Program of the University of Koblenz-Landau conducted such an effort. We concentrated on the two social media networks of most political relevance, Facebook and Twitter.
Cumulative science via Bayesian posterior passing, an introduction.
Authors: Brand Charlotte Olivia , Ounsley James , van der Post Daniel , Morgan Tom
Published: July 2018

This paper introduces a statistical technique known as “posterior passing” in which the results of past studies can be used to inform the analyses carried out by subsequent studies. We first describe the technique in detail and show how it can be implemented by individual researchers on an experiment by experiment basis. We then use a simulation to explore its success in identifying true parameter values compared to current statistical norms (ANOVAs and GLMMs). We find that posterior passing allows the true effect in the population to be found with greater accuracy and consistency than the other analysis types considered. Furthermore, posterior passing performs almost identically to a data analysis in which all data from all simulated studies are combined and analysed as one dataset. On this basis, we suggest that posterior passing is a viable means of implementing cumulative science. Furthermore, because it prevents the accumulation of large bodies of conflicting literature, it alleviates the need for traditional meta-analyses. Instead, posterior passing cumulatively and collaboratively provides clarity in real time as each new study is produced and is thus a strong candidate for a new, cumulative approach to scientific analyses and publishing.
Sokolovskiy, Sergei. Russia, anthropology in (2018) In: The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, in 12 vols. / edited by Hilary Callan. New York: Wiley Blackwell, 2018. Vol.10. P. 5306–5322
Authors: SOKOLOVSKIY Sergei V. , Alymov Sergei S.
Published: July 2018

The encyclopedia entry provides the description of the main periods in the history of Russian anthropology from the early 18 th c. to the present, with special attention to Soviet and post-Soviet periods, its institutional structure, current subdivisions into sub-disciplines and research fields, thematic differentiation, area specializations, and current development trends. The entry covers history and current state of anthropology in Russia.
Airborne Laserscanning in Archaeology: Maturing Methods and Democratizing Applications
Authors: Opitz Rachel
Published: July 2018

Archaeologists have been using airborne laserscanning (ALS) for over a decade in projects ranging from heritage management schemes for postindustrial uplands in the UK or statemanaged forests in Germany to research on cities now obscured by tropical jungle canopy in Central Mexico. The basic methods for the analysis and interpretation of this data have matured considerably and data is increasing available. Building on this increasing accessibility and an established basic methodology, archaeologists are addressing a growing variety of ground conditions and research and heritage management objectives through this technology. With this diversification comes the need to adapt the basic methods used to new landscapes and types of archaeological remains, and to integrate the practice of working with ALS with diverse fieldwork and research practices.
Educação e Tecnologia: questões críticas
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

O uso de tecnologias digitais é um componente central da maior parte das formas de oferta e prática educacionais contemporâneas. Crucialmente, a tecnologia educacional é agora um negócio multibilionário que envolve corporações globais em nível de práticas e provisão locais. A necessidade de se questionar criticamente a Educação e a Tecnologia é mais premente do que nunca. Este capítulo apresenta algumas questões fundamentais que precisam ser verbalizadas diante de tais avanços. Em particular, retoma os sete desafios críticos propostos pelo teórico das mídias Neil Postman. Ainda que Postman tenha se preocupado com o efeito dos computadores e da Internet nas escolas durante a década de 1990, seus argumentos permanecem relevantes em nossa era de smartphones, big data e computação em nuvem. O texto examina as implicações dessa linha de questionamento crítico para a compreensão do estado atual da Educação e Tecnologia. Essas são discutidas em termos de: tópicos centrais; atores e interesses chave; métodos de investigação; e decorrências prováveis de se questionar criticamente a educação e tecnologia.
A Question of taste? Class distinction in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi Aminu A
Published: July 2018

Marxist theory has been the basis of social stratification in Northern Nigeria, some researchers have sought to use other dialectical theories to explain class notions in terms of pre colonial class sensitivities. But northern Nigeria has undergone significant socio political changes since those theories were applied and there has been little effort to define class in contemporary Northern Nigerian society. This paper presents the findings of the largest quantitative investigation into class distinction in Northern Nigeria. Framed around the theories of Pierre Bourdieu, we demonstrate the existence of class boundaries defined prominently by cultural capital as opposed to the hereditary and religious definitions proposed by previous researches
Overconfidence and Uncertainty: High School Students’ Beliefs About College Tuition and Their Subsequent College-Entry Rates
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. , Shackelford Daniel T.
Published: July 2018

Drawing on the decision-making literature that has considered mechanisms of overconfidence in judgment, this article offers an analysis of the base-year through 2016 follow-up waves of the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 in order to address a core question in the study of educational attainment: How are high school students’ beliefs about college tuition related to their subsequent postsecondary enrollment decisions? We find that ninth-grade students, on average, overestimate the tuition and mandatory fees for bachelor’s degrees at public universities in their states of residence. In addition, the ninth-grade students who are most likely to enter college in the year after high-school graduation are (1) the students who are most likely to overestimate tuition and fees and (2) the students who are least confident in the accuracy of their estimates of tuition and fees. These results demonstrate how much additional work is needed to collect and analyze better forms of data that can enable deeper modeling of the forward-looking beliefs that are assumed to matter in most behavioral models of the social stratification process that incorporate educational attainment.
Genetics and Education: Recent developments in the context of an ugly history and an uncertain future
Authors: Martschenko Daphne , Trejo Sam , Domingue Benjamin
Published: July 2018

Driven by our recent mapping of the human genome, genetics research is increasingly prominent and beginning to re-intersect with education research. We describe previous intersections of these fields, focusing specifically on the ways they were harmful. We then discuss novel features of genetics research in the current era with an emphasis on possibilities deriving from the availability of molecular genetic data and the proliferation of genome-wide association studies. We discuss both promises and potential pitfalls resulting from the convergence of molecular genetic research and education research. The floodgates of genetic data have opened. Collaboration between those in the social and hard sciences; open conversation among policy makers, educators, and researchers; and public engagement will all prove critical for enacting regulations and research designs that emphasize equity.
Defining Gendered Oppression in U.S. Newspapers: The Strategic Value of “Female Genital Mutilation”
Authors: Wade Lisa
Published: July 2018

According to the logic of the gendered modernity/tradition binary, women in traditional societies are oppressed and women in modern societies liberated. While the binary valorizes modern women, it potentially erases gendered oppression in the West and undermines feminist movements on behalf of Western women. Using U.S. newspaper text, I ask whether female genital cutting (FGC) is used to define women in modern societies as liberated. I find that speakers use FGC to both uphold and challenge the gendered modernity/tradition binary. Speakers use FGC to denigrate non-Western cultures and trivialize the oppressions that U.S. women typically encounter, but also to make feminist arguments on behalf of women everywhere. I argue that in addition to examining how culturally imperialist logics are reproduced, theorists interested in feminist postcolonialism should turn to the distribution of such logics, emphasizing the who, where, when, and how of reinscription of and resistance to such narratives.
Organizational Time and Social Conflict
Authors: Hicks Louis
Published: July 2018

Modeled after Donald Black’s Moral Time, a movement of organizational time is any change in organizational space. Organization takes three forms: inclusion, regulation, and distinction. Overorganization is an increase in an organization’s size (overinclusion), regulatory activity (overregulation), or subculture (overdistinction). Underorganization is a contraction in size (underinclusion), regulatory activity (underregulation), or subculture (underdistinction). Numerous examples show how conflict is a direct function of the movement of organizational time.Copyright 2017 Louis Hicks
Medicine as Message: Caregiving, Illness Deception, and the Cultural Evolution of Harmful Treatments 2018
Authors: de Barra Mícheál
Published: July 2018

Why did harmful medical treatments like bloodletting persist for centuries? We propose the following solution to this important cultural evolution question: Illness or injury often leaves people incapacitated for long periods. Caregiving - the provision of food, shelter etc. - is an important medical practice that enables ill or injured people and their dependents to survive these periods. However, caregiving is vulnerable to exploitation via illness deception whereby people feign illness in order to gain access to care. Harmful treatments helped to solve the problem of illness deception because only individuals who stand to gain substantially from care will accept the treatment. To investigate the plausibility of this theory we develop a mathematical model using evolutionary game theory and invasion analysis. We show that decreasing the benefit of caregiving via aversive and unpleasant medical treatments can counter-intuitively increase the range of conditions where caregiving is evolutionarily viable. Thus poisoning, cannibalism, emetics, bloodletting and other such treatments may be solutions to the problem of allocation of resources to people with unclear need.
Reply: Patent Holdup and Royalty Stacking
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

We argued in our paper, "Patent Hold-Up and Royalty Stacking," that thethreat to obtain a permanent injunction greatly enhances the patentholder's negotiating power, leading to royalty rates that exceed abenchmark level based on the value of the patented technology and thestrength of the patent. John Golden, in his extensive comment on our paper,claims: "Lemley and Shapiro err when they claim to have proven that'patentees whose inventions are only one component of a larger product aresystematically overcompensated.'" However, the error is Golden's not ours.When patentees systematically capture value they did not create from otherswho did create it, they are being overcompensated by any reasonablemeasure, including the standard economic models on which we relied. In PartII, we briefly respond to his criticism of our empirical study ofcourt-awarded reasonable royalties. Finally, Golden also claims that ourrecommendation to reduce the availability of permanent injunctions topatent holders who have claims to reasonable royalties but not lost profitsremedy "threatens to distort markets for innovation." We strongly disagree.It is patent holdup, which skews damages in ways more favorable toreasonable royalties, that distorts markets for innovation. A rule such asthe one we propose, in which damages are calibrated to compensate patenteesfor their loss, is sensible public policy.
Book Review: The Economics of Creativity: Art and Achievement Under Uncertainty
Authors: Gerber Alison
Published: July 2018

Gerber, Alison. 2015. “Book Review: The Economics of Creativity: Art and Achievement under Uncertainty.” Organization Studies 36(8):1115–17.
Autonomy and Symbolic Capital in an Academic Social Movement: The March 9 Group in Egypt
Authors: Geer Benjamin
Published: July 2018

Qualities that can make activism possible under an authoritarian regime can become disadvantages when restrictions on the political field are eased. Under the Mubarak regime in Egypt, the March 9 Group for University Autonomy, a small group of academics, campaigned against the interference of the state security apparatus and the ruling party in academic affairs and campus life. This article suggests that the group’s survival in that context, and its ability to organize successful campaigns within certain limits, depended on the involvement of highly accomplished academics, some of whom are well-known outside academia, on its practice of a particular type of participatory democracy, and on its focus on institutional autonomy from the state. All these assets became liabilities following the revolutionary uprising of January 2011, and the group has to a large extent demobilized as a result.
Enigmas of the Equality Act 2010—“Three uneasy pieces” Cogent Social Sciences (2015), 1: 1123085 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2015.1123085
Authors: Hand James , Feast Pat
Published: July 2018

The Equality Act 2010 was designed to simplify as well as unify Britishdiscrimination law. While there has been some significant unification, there are anumber of areas where it has fallen short with regard to simplification, indeed it hasintroduced or cemented complexity and confusion. This article examines three suchareas concerning two of the protected characteristics (pregnancy/maternity andgender reassignment) and one of the claims (victimisation) within the Equality Act2010.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Wicksell on Walras's early treatment of capital and interest
Authors: Maffeo Vincenzo , Ravagnani Fabio , Imperia Andrea
Published: July 2018

In this paper we examine the criticism that Knut Wicksell advanced against Walras’s treatment of capital and interest at the end of the nineteenth century, as well as the views of two distinguished followers of Walras concerning the points raised by the Swedish economist. As regards the first aspect, it should be noted that the criticism put forward by Wicksell at that time refers to the earlier editions of the Éléments, in which circulating capital is excluded from the analysis. We thus endeavour to clarify Wicksell’s remarks on the consequences of that exclusion for both the representation of the social production process and the determination of the interest rate. As to the second aspect, our discussion indicates that the appropriate way of treating the capitalistic element of production was an unsettled issue within the small circle of Walras’s followers at the end of the nineteenth century.
Happy Independence Day
Authors: Iyer Niranjan
Published: July 2018

A complex weapon makes the strong stronger: Looking back on the history of this world, these words of Orwell ring so true. The words written were contemplations at the advent of nuclear war on August 6, 1945 and its ramifications on socio economic political control. The great words aimed possibly to draw a picture of dictatorship, one more subtle and less obvious but obvious enough. The silent dictators of this world have made one fatal mistake in their attempts at control, and that was their instinctive belief that the above would always hold true. I.e. ages would always be one in which the dominant weapon is expensive or difficult to make, and will thus tend to be ages of despotism.
The Effectiveness of Risk Management Committee and Hedge Accounting Practices in Malaysia
Authors: Abdullah Azrul Bin , Ismail Ku Nor Izah Ku
Published: July 2018

This study examines the effectiveness of Risk Management Committee (RMC) in influencing hedge accounting practices among non-financial companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia. Our regression results reveal that that there is no significant relationship between the application of hedge accounting and the effectiveness of RMCs. However, there are positive and significant relationships between the choice of hedge accounting and each of company size and leverage. The implications of the findings were discussed.
Intellectual Property in the Context of e-Science
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

"E-science" promises to allow globally distributed collaboration and access to scientific research via computer network. But e-science network development is already encountering difficulty over the intellectual property rights associated with data and networked collaborative activity. Intellectual property regimes are often problematic in the practice of science, as scientific research typically assumes practices of openness that may be hampered or obstructed by intellectual property rights. A considerable literature has developed documenting and analyzing the impact of patents on research in the biomedical area, and the history of recent major scientific initiatives, such as the Human Genome Project, have been punctuated by clashes over the propriety and provision of patent rights in the accumulated data.These difficulties are likely to be exacerbated in the context of e-science collaboration, where the development and use of intellectual resources will likely be distributed among many researchers in a variety of physical locations, often spanning national boundaries. The institutions that sponsor e-science collaborators may have differing intellectual property policies. Additionally, intellectual property is largely territorial, and the rights conferred under patent or copyright laws are relegated to a single nation. Although international treaties have to some extent harmonized the basic features of intellectual property across many jurisdictions, the subject matter, scope, and requirements for patents and copyrights vary from country to country.