bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Screening Method for the Rapid Identification of Microbial Sources of Marine Invertebrate-Associated Metabolites
Authors: Berrue Fabrice , Withers Sydnor T. , Haltli Brad , Withers Jo , Kerr Russell G.
Published: March 2011

Marine invertebrates have proven to be a rich source of secondary metabolites. The growing recognition that marine microorganisms associated with invertebrate hosts are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites offers new alternatives for the discovery and development of marine natural products. However, the discovery of microorganisms producing secondary metabolites previously attributed to an invertebrate host poses a significant challenge. This study describes an efficient chemical screening method utilizing a 96-well plate-based bacterial cultivation strategy to identify and isolate microbial producers of marine invertebrate-associated metabolites.
Investigation of Solvolysis Kinetics of New Synthesized Fluocinolone Acetonide C-21 Esters—An In Vitro Model for Prodrug Activation
Authors: Markovic Bojan D. , Dobricic Vladimir D. , Vladimirov Sote M. , Cudina Olivera A. , Savic Vladimir M. , Karljikovic-Rajic Katarina D.
Published: March 2011

In this study the solvolysis of newly synthesized fluocinolone acetonide C-21 esters was analysed in comparison with fluocinonide during a 24-hour period of time. The solvolysis was performed in an ethanol-water (90:10 v/v) mixture using the excess of NaHCO3. The solvolytic mixtures of each investigated ester have been assayed by a RP-HPLC method using isocratic elution with methanol-water (75:25 v/v); flow rate 1 mL/min; detection at 238 nm; temperature 25 °C. Solvolytic rate constants were calculated from the obtained data. Geometry optimizations and charges calculations were carried out by Gaussian W03 software. A good correlation (R = 0.9924) was obtained between solvolytic rate constants and the polarity of the C-O2 bond of those esters. The established relation between solvolytic rate constant (K) and lipophilicity (cLogP) with experimental anti-inflammatory activity could be indicative for topical corticosteroid prodrug activation.
Oxidative Decarboxylation of Levulinic Acid by Silver(I)/Persulfate
Authors: Gong Yan , Lin Lu
Published: March 2011

The oxidative decarboxylation of levulinic acid (LA) by silver(I)/persulfate [Ag(I)/S2O82−] has been investigated in this paper. The effects of buffer solution, initial pH value, time and temperature and dosages of Ag(I)/S2O82− on the decarboxylation of LA were examined in batch experiments and a reaction scheme was proposed on basis of the reaction process. The experimental results showed that a solution of NaOH-KH2PO4 was comparatively suitable for the LA decarboxylation reaction by silver(I)/persulfate. Under optimum conditions (temperature 160 °C, pH 5.0, and time 0.5 h), the rate of LA conversion in NaOH-KH2PO4 solutions with an initial concentration of 0.01 mol LA reached 70.2%, 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) was the single product in the gas phase and the resulted molar yield reached 44.2%.
Virtual Interpretation of Earth Web-Interface Tool (VIEW-IT) for Collecting Land-Use/Land-Cover Reference Data
Authors: Clark Matthew L. , Aide T. Mitchell
Published: March 2011

Web-based applications that integrate geospatial information, or the geoweb, offer exciting opportunities for remote sensing science. One such application is a Web‑based system for automating the collection of reference data for producing and verifying the accuracy of land-use/land-cover (LULC) maps derived from satellite imagery. Here we describe the capabilities and technical components of the Virtual Interpretation of Earth Web-Interface Tool (VIEW-IT), a collaborative browser-based tool for “crowdsourcing” interpretation of reference data from high resolution imagery. The principal component of VIEW-IT is the Google Earth plug-in, which allows users to visually estimate percent cover of seven basic LULC classes within a sample grid. The current system provides a 250 m square sample to match the resolution of MODIS satellite data, although other scales could be easily accommodated. Using VIEW-IT, a team of 23 student and 7 expert interpreters collected over 46,000 reference samples across Latin America and the Caribbean. Samples covered all biomes, avoided spatial autocorrelation, and spanned years 2000 to 2010. By embedding Google Earth within a Web-based application with an intuitive user interface, basic interpretation criteria, distributed Internet access, server-side storage, and automated error-checking, VIEW-IT provides a time and cost efficient means of collecting a large dataset of samples across space and time. When matched with predictor variables from satellite imagery, these data can provide robust mapping algorithm calibration and accuracy assessment. This development is particularly important for regional to global scale LULC mapping efforts, which have traditionally relied on sparse sampling of medium resolution imagery and products for reference data. Our ultimate goal is to make VIEW-IT available to all users to promote rigorous, global land-change monitoring.
Signal Injection as a Fault Detection Technique
Authors: Cusidó Jordi , Romeral Luis , Ortega Juan Antonio , Garcia Antoni , Riba Jordi
Published: March 2011

Double frequency tests are used for evaluating stator windings and analyzing the temperature. Likewise, signal injection on induction machines is used on sensorless motor control fields to find out the rotor position. Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), which focuses on the spectral analysis of stator current, is the most widely used method for identifying faults in induction motors. Motor faults such as broken rotor bars, bearing damage and eccentricity of the rotor axis can be detected. However, the method presents some problems at low speed and low torque, mainly due to the proximity between the frequencies to be detected and the small amplitude of the resulting harmonics. This paper proposes the injection of an additional voltage into the machine being tested at a frequency different from the fundamental one, and then studying the resulting harmonics around the new frequencies appearing due to the composition between injected and main frequencies.
Benchmark for Peak Detection Algorithms in Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation and a New Neural Network for its Performance Improvement
Authors: Negri Lucas , Nied Ademir , Kalinowski Hypolito , Paterno Aleksander
Published: March 2011

This paper presents a benchmark for peak detection algorithms employed in fiber Bragg grating spectrometric interrogation systems. The accuracy, precision, and computational performance of currently used algorithms and those of a new proposed artificial neural network algorithm are compared. Centroid and gaussian fitting algorithms are shown to have the highest precision but produce systematic errors that depend on the FBG refractive index modulation profile. The proposed neural network displays relatively good precision with reduced systematic errors and improved computational performance when compared to other networks. Additionally, suitable algorithms may be chosen with the general guidelines presented.
Optimal Rate Allocation in Cluster-Tree WSNs
Authors: Morell Antoni , Vicario Jose Lopez , Vilajosana Xavier , Vilajosana Ignasi , Seco-Granados Gonzalo
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of guaranteed time slot allocation in cluster-tree WSNs. Our design uses the so-called Network Utility Maximization (NUM) approach as far as we aim to provide a fair distribution of the available resources. From the point of view of implementation, we extend here the authors’ proposed Coupled-Decompositions Method (CDM) in order to compute the NUM problem inside the cluster tree topology and we prove the optimality of this new extended version of the method. As a result, we obtain a distributed solution that reduces the total amount of signalling information in the network up to a factor of 500 with respect to the classical techniques, that is, primal and dual decomposition. This is possible because the CDM finds the optimal solution with a small number of iterations. Furthermore, when we compare our solution to the standard-proposed First Come First Serve (FCFS) policy, we realize that FCFS becomes pretty unfair as the traffic load in the network increases and thus, a fair allocation of resources can be considered whenever the price to pay in terms of signalling and computational complexity is controlled.
Atmospheric Rivers, Floods and the Water Resources of California
Authors: Dettinger Michael D. , Ralph Fred Martin , Das Tapash , Neiman Paul J. , Cayan Daniel R.
Published: March 2011

California’s highly variable climate and growing water demands combine to pose both water-supply and flood-hazard challenges to resource managers. Recently important efforts to more fully integrate the management of floods and water resources have begun, with the aim of benefitting both sectors. California is shown here to experience unusually large variations in annual precipitation and streamflow totals relative to the rest of the US, variations which mostly reflect the unusually small average number of wet days per year needed to accumulate most of its annual precipitation totals (ranging from 5 to 15 days in California). Thus whether just a few large storms arrive or fail to arrive in California can be the difference between a banner year and a drought. Furthermore California receives some of the largest 3-day storm totals in the country, rivaling in this regard the hurricane belt of the southeastern US. California’s largest storms are generally fueled by landfalling atmospheric rivers (ARs). The fractions of precipitation and streamflow totals at stations across the US that are associated with ARs are documented here and, in California, contribute 20–50% of the state’s precipitation and streamflow. Prospects for long-lead forecasts of these fractions are presented. From a meteorological perspective, California’s water resources and floods are shown to derive from the same storms to an extent that makes integrated flood and water resources management all the more important.
La tarification du téléphone : une réforme de grande ampleur
Authors: Le Foll Jean
Published: March 2011

La tarification du téléphone : une réforme de grande ampleur,

par Jean Le Foll.

Depuis 1981, plusieurs décisions ont modifié sensiblement les tarifs du téléphone : prélèvements au profit du budget général, de la poste et des industries électroniques, modulation horaire, tarification à la durée des communications locales... Ces décisions s'inscrivent-elles dans le cadre d'une réforme d'ensemble tendant à rapprocher les coûts et les prix de ces services ? L'article a pour objet d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse à cette question et de décrire les paramètres principaux sur lesquels pourraient porter les changements futurs.

Il rappelle tout d'abord quelques exemples de distorsions tarifaires dans plusieurs pays développés ainsi que les résultats d'une étude récente de la Direction générale des télécommunications qui évalue l'importance des transferts de revenus induits par la tarification téléphonique. Après avoir indiqué le cadre général propre à la France, où cette activité est gérée en tant que monopole public par une administration d'Etat, on s'interroge sur le contexte international de déréglementation dont le démembrement d'Att aux Etats-Unis est le précurseur.

L'évolution globale des recettes et, plus précisément, le niveau général des tarifs conduisent à deux catégories d'observations : d'une part, l'intérêt économique et social indéniable de cette activité commande d'éviter le rationnement par les prix, d'autre part, l'instauration récente de divers prélèvements invite à étudier de façon plus approfondie l'assu- jetissement des télécommunications au régime fiscal de droit commun des entreprises.

Les principaux développements de l'article sont consacrés à la structure des tarifs et aux différents paramètres qui devraient guider son évolution. D'abord, ceux qui caractérisent les divers usages ou catégories de services rendus, l'équipement téléphonique (raccordement, transfert et abonnement) et surtout quatre d'entre eux déterminant l'essentiel des coûts et des recettes : le moment, le lieu, la distance et la durée de la communication. La modulation horaire devra encore être accentuée. Cependant réduire l'importance de la distance pour le trafic interurbain et particulièrement accroître celle de la durée pour les liaisons locales sont certainement les réformes qui, déjà commencées, auront les conséquences les plus profondes d'abord sur les transferts entre usagers, puis sur le comportement des divers agents économiques concernés. L'article indique enfin l'ampleur des changements tarifaires envisageables dans le cadre d'un rapprochement significatif des prix et des coûts : division par deux ou trois des tarifs de longue distance et forte hausse des prix des communications locales.
Mise en œuvre des budgets économiques au Niger
Authors: Mathis Jean , de Monchy Guy , Rocca Marc
Published: March 2011

Developing economic budgets in Niger,

by Jean Mathis, Guy de Monchy et Marc Rocca.

Under a United Nations Development Programm (Undp) project to develop short-term economic analysis and forecasting in the Niger Republic, several teams of experts have visited this country since the end of 1983.

The aim of this article is to show through a tentative experiment earned out in Niger the stages which can be reached in developing this type of forecasting depending on the economic information available and the existing administrative structures. The stages described here do not take into account the most recent missions and therefore do not reflect the latest situation with regard to the Undp's work to develop its short- term forecasting policy in the Niger Republic.

After an introductory section explaining the approach used, three other sections show the transition process from analysis of how the economy functions to various stages of formalization thereof.

First of all, therefore, the physical characteristics of the economy of Niger and its major macroeconomic circuits are described. The authors then explain the model-building stage and what can be learned in this way when statistical information is lacking. The last section presents a short-term forecasting model derived from an analogous pedagogical model developed for a macroeconomic forecast seminar organized by the Un at Niamey in July 1984.

The conclusion touches on possible ways of improving on the work presented and certain conditions to be fulfilled if it is to be integrated into the economic policy development process.
Un cadre comptable servant à l'élaboration de la politique financière française : les Tfe
Authors: Champarnaud François , Isnard René , Santini Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2011

An accounting framework used to draft the french financial policy : the Tfe, by François Champarnaud, René Isnard, Jean-Jacques Santini.

This article presents an accounting framework created to analyze and draft the French financial policy: the rocalled Tableau de financement de l'économie (Tfe). This framework was completed together by the Direction de la Prévision and the Direction du Trésor in the years 1982-1983, in other words at a time of high growth in the public and external deficits, the aim being to quantify the amount of the latter, assess the impact and limit sideslipping. It thus meets empirical concerns and is built for operational ends.

The Tfe strive to reconcile the macro-economic approach of the financial sphere (as expressed by the Tables of financial operations) with the micro-economic information provided by the Direction du Trésor relating to agents under its authority or markets it analyzes (square tables). For this purpose, statistical reclassification of the nomenclatures and agents has been made.

The above defined framework and calculated series enable analyzing the evolution of the French financial system. A description is thus given of the evolution of the weight of public borrowers, investment behaviours, and the level and the nature of financial intermediation. The Tfe also and above all set out to forecast the main financial evolutions of the current and following year, and they thus form the main tool to obtain coherence in the economic and financial policy decisions. In this respect, the Tfe enabled detecting such imbalances in time, and facilitated in particular the introduction of a financial policy setting out to absorb them (growth of the securities market, decline in external financing, stabilization of the public sector borrowing requirement), as well as major structural evolutions (decompartmentalization of markets).

Drafted in a period of return to health, these tables have met the requirements of tight steering in the financial sphere. They must today give rise to a new approach to the economic policy since the latter is moving away from the traditional customs in France of direct supervision and quantitative containment.

JEL. 310
Molecular rearrangements of superelectrophiles
Authors: Klumpp Douglas A
Published: March 2011

Superelectrophiles are multiply charged cationic species (dications, trications, etc.) which are characterized by their reactions with weak nucleophiles. These reactive intermediates may also undergo a wide variety of rearrangement-type reactions. Superelectrophilic rearrangements are often driven by charge–charge repulsive effects, as these densely charged ions react so as to maximize the distances between charge centers. These rearrangements involve reaction steps similar to monocationic rearrangements, such as alkyl group shifts, Wagner–Meerwein shifts, hydride shifts, ring opening reactions, and other skeletal rearrangements. This review will describe these types of superelectrophilic reactions.
Prévention précoce au domicile : une revue de la littérature et unedescription d'un service françaisd'intervention sociale et familiale
Authors: Lagarde Françoise , Sacre Patricia , Ouhnia2 Farida , Dhellin Malika , Eliot Isabelle , Manh Arlette
Published: March 2011

Résumé Si actuellement, l’on ne discute plus de l’intérêt d’intervenir en période périnatale et de mener des actions de prévention précoce, il nous a paru essentiel de mettre en avant la nécessité de pouvoir proposer un soutien et un accompagnement des familles dans cette période particulière de leur vie. Parmi les différents professionnels intervenant à domicile, les techniciens d’intervention sociale et familiale occupent, depuis de nombreuses années, une place spécifique. Travailleurs sociaux diplômés, ils apportent une aide de proximité aux familles dans l’organisation de la vie quotidienne, les soins et l’éducation aux enfants, le soutien aux démarches et à l’insertion sociale qui constituent le cœur de leur métier. La spécificité de leur mode d’intervention est fondée sur le « faire », le « faire avec » et sur le « faire-faire ». Ils apportent un soutien professionnel dans la relation tant aux parents qu’aux enfants, lors d’interventions longues et répétées au domicile. Ils permettent, dans une alliance avec les familles, d’agir sur les compétences parentales et de favoriser l’intérêt de l’enfant. Leur action trouve son fondement et son financement dans le cadre de missions d’actions sociales différenciées de prévention : missions déléguées par les Caisses d’Allocations familiales et les Caisses d’assurance-maladie pour les familles rencontrant des difficultés ponctuelles, missions de prévention et de protection de l’enfance déléguées par les services de Protection Maternelle et Infantile et les services de l’Aide Sociale à l’Enfance. Les TISF sont partie prenante des réseaux médico-psycho-sociaux qui tentent de se développer en période périnatale à l’instar des réseaux de périnatalité des Hauts de Seine sud et nord. Les auteurs ont souhaité faire partager leur expérience dans ce domaine. Une première partie rappelle les missions des TISF et leur cadre de travail, puis un exposé de trois interventions dans des situations familiales différentes illustre ces propos, et enfin une partie concernant l’indispensable supervision est exposée ici.
Prescrire des antipsychotiquesen postpartum
Authors: Dayan Jacques , Graignic-Philippe Rozenn
Published: March 2011

Résumé Les antipsychotiques constituent actuellement le premier choix pour le traitement et la prévention des troubles bipolaires, des psychoses aiguës et de la schizophrénie. Cependant, il n’existe aucun essai randomisé contrôlé étudiant l’efficacité des antipsychotiques pendant la période périnatale et très peu de données sont disponibles quant à leur innocuité chez le nouveau-né allaité. Après un bref exposé des principales indications des antipsychotiques, nous avons réalisé une revue critique de la littérature, permettant d’examiner les risques et bénéfices d’un traitement antipsychotique durant le post-partum, que l’enfant soit ou non allaité. Des préconisations ont ensuite été dégagées tenant compte des données actuelles de la science.
La mort et le deuil, évolutions récentes
Authors: Michaud Nérard François
Published: March 2011

Résumé Le domaine du funéraire a connu une véritable révolution depuis ½ siècle. On remarque, tout d’abord, que la mort se cantonne désormais à la sphère privée malgré une surexposition médiatique artificielle. De plus, il n’y a plus de « prêt à penser » pour les obsèques. En effet, il est désormais nécessaire de tenir compte de phénomènes très nouveaux avec la perte des repères religieux, l’extraordinaire développement de la crémation et les modifications des causes de la mort. Ainsi, la profession funéraire est passée de l’ordonnancement des convenances à un accompagnement dans la singularité. Un changement de métier s’est opéré puisque les pompes funèbres sont devenues les services funéraires.
Le coût de la mort…
Authors: Marchetti Michel
Published: March 2011

Résumé Depuis quelques années, le montant de la facture d’une entreprise de services funéraires, suite à des obsèques, a augmenté plus rapidement que l’indice des prix. Pour expliquer cette situation, il convient de comparer, non pas dans sa globalité, mais dans le détail les prestations facturées. La demande des familles a beaucoup évolué au cours des 20 dernières années. Prestations nouvelles et nouveaux services engendrent fatalement de nouveaux postes de facturation.
Le réformisme dans le syndicalisme minier en Espagne au début du XXe siècle
Authors: Muñiz-Sanchez Jorge
Published: March 2011

Résumé Le Syndicat des mineurs du Pas-de-Calais dirigé par Émile Basly a joué un rôle majeur dans l’histoire du syndicalisme français. Son rayonnement international est cependant très peu connu. Les Asturies ont vu se développer au début du XX e siècle un syndicalisme gestionnaire se réclamant ouvertement de cet exemple. L’article interroge ce phénomène de transfert et analyse les modalités et l’originalité du syndicalisme réformiste qui s’implante ainsi dans le bassin minier des Asturies.
Démocratiser l'Allemagne de l'Ouest après 1945 : une association française d'éducation populaire sur le terrain, Peuple et Culture
Authors: Vincent Marie-Bénédicte
Published: March 2011

Résumé Les Alliés envisageaient en 1945 la dénazification de l’Allemagne non seulement dans sa dimension punitive, mais également dans une perspective éducative en vue de la démocratisation du peuple allemand. Vaste entreprise, à laquelle les fonctionnaires en poste en zone d’occupation française se consacrèrent en coopération avec des militants d’éducation populaire tels ceux de Peuple et Culture (PEC). En se fondant sur les archives de cette association privée, l’article se propose de montrer le transfert de méthodes éducatives dans l’immédiat après-guerre entre la France et la zone d’occupation française, mais aussi les effets de l’expérience allemande dans l’évolution de PEC en France, avant de voir comment, dans les années 1960, la dynamique de l’exportation cède la place à de véritables échanges franco-allemands fondés sur la convergence des deux sociétés.
De la contestation au compromis : quelle critique dans les mobilisations urbaines à Bruxelles ?
Authors: Carlier Louise
Published: March 2011

Résumé Cet article aborde comment, dans les mobilisations collectives à Bruxelles, la critique urbaine est articulée, ou non, à la critique sociale, en observant les pratiques et les discours sur lesquels ces mobilisations s’appuient, à la fois dans les années 1970 et aujourd’hui. Tandis que, dans les années 1960-1970, la critique urbaine empruntait fortement à la critique sociale, afin de défendre la cause des habitants dans des quartiers menacés de destruction, il en est autrement pour la critique actuelle des modalités de gouvernement et de développement urbains. L’approche d’une mobilisation collective récente, où se sont engagés différents acteurs d’organisations et associations bruxelloises pour porter un projet de ville commun, permettra de comprendre comment une critique sociale s’y trouve empêchée, en observant les ressorts sur lesquels s’appuie l’activité critique.
Du côtoiement à l'engagement : la portée politique de la civilité
Authors: Gayet-Viaud Carole
Published: March 2011

Résumé De nombreuses critiques ont été formulées quant à la portée politique du rapprochement aujourd’hui croissant entre questions politiques et questions urbaines, civilité et citoyenneté. Ces critiques ont souligné les effets en trompe-l’œil imputables à « l’orientation localiste et urbaniciste de l’action publique? 1  », ainsi que les risques d’un confinement de l’engagement militant dans le local. Sans prétendre trancher ici ces débats, on propose de suspendre toute présomption concernant « ce que veut dire » le fait de parler d’engagement de proximité, de citadinité, ou de civilité, pour considérer ce que peuvent faire certaines de ces façons de parler? 2 et d’agir, dans des contextes particuliers, ici celui d’une activité associative. L’analyse portera sur un discours de la proximité, mis en œuvre dans le cadre d’une démarche de communication, entreprise en 2009 par l’association Les Morts de la Rue , engagée dans le soutien aux personnes à la rue, et dont la principale activité consiste à offrir des funérailles aux personnes décédées à la rue. Cette démarche offre une occasion intéressante d’aborder l’articulation possible de gestes civils élémentaires et de l’engagement citoyen.
Impasse du capitalisme, chemins de l'utopie
Authors: Bourdeau Vincent , Flory Julienne , Haeringer Nicolas
Published: March 2011

Résumé Mouvements a rencontré Isabelle Frémeaux? 1 et John Jordan? 2 auteurs du Livre – film Les Sentiers de L’utopie . Cette œuvre propose une exploration de quelques formes de vie post-capitalistes en Europe. Quelles sont ces utopies ? Comment vivre en résistance à la société capitaliste actuelle, en proposant des alternatives ? Quelles sont les luttes et les revendications de ces communautés ? Comment fonctionnent-elles ? C’est ce que nous vous proposons de découvrir, à travers cet entretien avec les auteurs.
« Pour une résistance culturelle permanente »
Authors: Lemoine Stéphanie , Ouardi Samira
Published: March 2011

Résumé Depuis 1987, Le Critical Art Ensemble (CAE) s’attache à inventer « une culture de l’opposition et de la résistance ». Ses travaux protéiformes, faits de publications théoriques, d’interventions, d’installations, de performances et de production d’images, sont notamment destinés à doter les citoyens d’outils de réflexion et d’action critique. Quand d’autres initiatives du même type se sont penchées sur la vie quotidienne ou l’économie, les membres du CAE ont choisi la technologie pour « théâtre des opérations »? 1 . Ils sont ainsi les théoriciens de la « désobéissance civile électronique », concept repris en pratique par des mouvements comme la guérilla zapatiste. Plus généralement, ils ont produit une critique radicale des usages des nouveaux médias et du web. Depuis le début des années 2000 le groupe se consacre au développement d’une nouvelle forme de hacking : la biologie contestataire. L’objectif des projets nés dans cette perspective est « la réappropriation des matériaux et processus scientifiques qui ne profitent aujourd’hui qu’aux grands groupes et à l’armée ». Parfois dispositifs participatifs de prise de conscience des enjeux des biotechnologies, d’autres fois expériences scientifiques d’intervention sur les OGM pour les désactiver, ces travaux ont valu à Steve Kurtz, co-fondateur du collectif, d’être inculpé de « bio-terrorisme » en 2004. Si toutes les charges retenues contre lui ont finalement été abandonnées en 2008, ce procès est venu démontrer une fois encore que, sans conteste, la science est l’un des lieux du pouvoir contemporain. Nous avons rencontré Steve Kurtz à Paris, il est revenu pour nous sur l’histoire et les pratiques du CAE.
Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Regulates Embryonic Myelopoiesis Independently of Its Effects on T Cell Development
Authors: O’Sullivan Lynda A. , Noor Suzita M. , Trengove Monique C. , Lewis Rowena S. , Liongue Clifford , Sprigg Naomi S. , Nicholson Sandra E. , Ward Alister C.
Published: March 2011

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) has been shown to play important roles in the immune system. It acts as a key negative regulator of signaling via receptors for IFNs and other cytokines controlling T cell development, as well as Toll receptor signaling in macrophages and other immune cells. To gain further insight into SOCS1, we have identified and characterized the zebrafish socs1 gene, which exhibited sequence and functional conservation with its mammalian counterparts. Initially maternally derived, the socs1 gene showed early zygotic expression in mesodermal structures, including the posterior intermediate cell mass, a site of primitive hematopoiesis. At later time points, expression was seen in a broad anterior domain, liver, notochord, and intersegmental vesicles. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of socs1 resulted in perturbation of specific hematopoietic populations prior to the commencement of lymphopoiesis, ruling out T cell involvement. However, socs1 knockdown also lead to a reduction in the size of the developing thymus later in embryogenesis. Zebrafish SOCS1 was shown to be able to interact with both zebrafish Jak2a and Stat5.1 in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate a conserved role for SOCS1 in T cell development and suggest a novel T cell-independent function in embryonic myelopoiesis mediated, at least in part, via its effects on receptors using the Jak2–Stat5 pathway.
Anthrax Lethal Factor Activates K+ Channels To Induce IL-1β Secretion in Macrophages
Authors: Thomas Johnson , Epshtein Yulia , Chopra Arun , Ordog Balazs , Ghassemi Mahmood , Christman John W. , Nattel Stanley , Cook James L. , Levitan Irena
Published: March 2011

Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) is a virulence factor of Bacilillus anthracis that is a bivalent toxin, containing lethal factor (LF) and protective Ag proteins, which causes cytotoxicity and altered macrophage function. LeTx exposure results in early K+ efflux from macrophages associated with caspase-1 activation and increased IL-1β release. The mechanism of this toxin-induced K+ efflux is unknown. The goals of the current study were to determine whether LeTx-induced K+ efflux from macrophages is mediated by toxin effects on specific K+ channels and whether altered K+-channel activity is involved in LeTx-induced IL-1β release. Exposure of macrophages to LeTx induced a significant increase in the activities of two types of K+ channels that have been identified in mouse macrophages: Ba2+-sensitive inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels and 4-aminopyridine–sensitive outwardly rectifying voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels. LeTx enhancement of both Kir and Kv required the proteolytic activity of LF, because exposure of macrophages to a mutant LF-protein (LFE687C) combined with protective Ag protein had no effect on the currents. Furthermore, blocking Kir and Kv channels significantly decreased LeTx-induced release of IL-1β. In addition, retroviral transduction of macrophages with wild-type Kir enhanced LeTx-induced release of IL-1β, whereas transduction of dominant-negative Kir blocked LeTx-induced release of IL-1β. Activation of caspase-1 was not required for LeTx-induced activation of either of the K+ channels. These data indicate that a major mechanism through which LeTx stimulates macrophages to release IL-1β involves an LF-protease effect that enhances Kir and Kv channel function during toxin stimulation.
The Adaptor Protein TRADD Is Essential for TNF-Like Ligand 1A/Death Receptor 3 Signaling
Authors: Pobezinskaya Yelena L. , Choksi Swati , Morgan Michael J. , Cao Xiumei , Liu Zheng-gang
Published: March 2011

TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD) is a key effector protein of TNFR1 signaling. However, the role of TRADD in other death receptor (DR) signaling pathways, including DR3, has not been completely characterized. Previous studies using overexpression systems suggested that TRADD is recruited to the DR3 complex in response to the DR3 ligand, TNF-like ligand 1A (TL1A), indicating a possible role in DR3 signaling. Using T cells from TRADD knockout mice, we demonstrate in this study that the response of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to TL1A is dependent upon the presence of TRADD. TRADD knockout T cells therefore lack the appropriate proliferative response to TL1A. Moreover, in the absence of TRADD, both the stimulation of MAPK signaling and activation of NF-κB in response to TL1A are dramatically reduced. Unsurprisingly, TRADD is required for recruitment of receptor interacting protein 1 and TNFR-associated factor 2 to the DR3 signaling complex and for the ubiquitination of receptor interacting protein 1. Thus, our findings definitively establish an essential role of TRADD in DR3 signaling.
Temporal Regulation of Intracellular Organelle Homeostasis in T Lymphocytes by Autophagy
Authors: Jia Wei , He You-Wen
Published: March 2011

The highly conserved self-degradation pathway known as autophagy plays important roles in regulating T lymphocyte homeostasis. Recently, we found that T lymphocytes lacking the autophagy-related gene Atg5 or Atg7 have defective survival and contain expanded mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, whether these defects are caused by impaired autophagy or by defects in their autophagy-independent signaling capacity of Atg5 or Atg7 in T lymphocytes remains unknown. Furthermore, the function of the microtubule-associated protein L chain 3 (LC3) conjugation system in T lymphocytes remains unclear. To address these questions, we generated conditional knockout mice with specific deletion of Atg3, a ubiquitin enzyme E2-like molecule involved in the LC3 conjugation system, in T lymphocytes. Atg3-deficient T lymphocytes displayed a phenotype similar to those of Atg7- and Atg5-deficient T cells. The survival of Atg3-deficient naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was defective. Furthermore, the mitochondria and ER were expanded in Atg3-deficient T cells. Interestingly, mitochondrial and ER content did not change instantly upon inducible deletion of Atg3 in mature T lymphocytes in vitro. Instead, it began to expand 10 d after inducible deletion of Atg3 in mature T lymphocytes, and mitochondrial content continued to increase on day 18. Cell death began to increase 24 d after inducible deletion of Atg3. These data show that the LC3 conjugation system is essential for autophagy in T lymphocytes. Our data suggest that autophagy promotes T lymphocyte survival by regulating organelle homeostasis and that the decreased survival of autophagy-deficient T cells is due to the temporal accumulation of these autophagy-related defects.
Clonal Analysis Reveals Uniformity in the Molecular Profile and Lineage Potential of CCR9+ and CCR9− Thymus-Settling Progenitors
Authors: Desanti Guillaume E. , Jenkinson William E. , Parnell Sonia M. , Boudil Amine , Gautreau-Rolland Laetitia , Eksteen Bertus , Ezine Sophie , Lane Peter J. L. , Jenkinson Eric J. , Anderson Graham
Published: March 2011

The entry of T cell progenitors to the thymus marks the beginning of a multistage developmental process that culminates in the generation of self–MHC-restricted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although multiple factors including the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9 are now defined as important mediators of progenitor recruitment and colonization in both the fetal and adult thymi, the heterogeneity of thymus-colonizing cells that contribute to development of the T cell pool is complex and poorly understood. In this study, in conjunction with lineage potential assays, we perform phenotypic and genetic analyses on thymus-settling progenitors (TSP) isolated from the embryonic mouse thymus anlagen and surrounding perithymic mesenchyme, including simultaneous gene expression analysis of 14 hemopoietic regulators using single-cell multiplex RT-PCR. We show that, despite the known importance of CCL25-CCR9 mediated thymic recruitment of T cell progenitors, embryonic PIR+c-Kit+ TSP can be subdivided into CCR9+ and CCR9− subsets that differ in their requirements for a functional thymic microenvironment for thymus homing. Despite these differences, lineage potential studies of purified CCR9+ and CCR9− TSP reveal a common bias toward T cell-committed progenitors, and clonal gene expression analysis reveals a genetic consensus that is evident between and within single CCR9+ and CCR9− TSP. Collectively, our data suggest that although the earliest T cell progenitors may display heterogeneity with regard to their requirements for thymus colonization, they represent a developmentally homogeneous progenitor pool that ensures the efficient generation of the first cohorts of T cells during thymus development.
Differentiation of Inflammatory Dendritic Cells Is Mediated by NF-κB1–Dependent GM-CSF Production in CD4 T Cells
Authors: Campbell Ian K. , van Nieuwenhuijze Annemarie , Segura Elodie , O’Donnell Kristy , Coghill Elise , Hommel Mirja , Gerondakis Steve , Villadangos José A. , Wicks Ian P.
Published: March 2011

Rel/NF-κB transcription factors regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Despite possible subunit redundancy, NF-κB1–deficient (Nfkb1−/−) mice were profoundly protected from sterile CD4 T cell-dependent acute inflammatory arthritis and peritonitis. We evaluated CD4 T cell function in Nfkb1−/− mice and found increased apoptosis and selectively reduced GM-CSF production. Apoptosis was blocked by expression of a Bcl-2 transgene without restoring a disease response. In contrast with wild-type cells, transfer of Nfkb1−/− or GM-CSF–deficient CD4 T cells into RAG-1–deficient (Rag1−/−) mice failed to support arthritis induction. Injection of GM-CSF into Nfkb1−/− mice fully restored the disease response, suggesting that T cells are an important source of GM-CSF during acute inflammation. In Ag-induced peritonitis, NF-κB1–dependent GM-CSF production in CD4 T cells was required for disease and for generation of inflammatory monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC), but not conventional dendritic cells. MoDC were identified in inflamed synovium and draining lymph nodes during arthritis. These MoDC produced high levels of MCP-1, a potent chemoattractant for monocytes. This study revealed two important findings: NF-κB1 serves a critical role in the production of GM-CSF by activated CD4 T cells during inflammatory responses, and GM-CSF derived from these cells drives the generation of MoDC during inflammatory disease.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate–Induced Motility and Endocytosis of Dendritic Cells Is Regulated by SWAP-70 through RhoA
Authors: Ocaña-Morgner Carlos , Reichardt Peter , Chopin Michaël , Braungart Sarah , Wahren Christine , Gunzer Matthias , Jessberger Rolf
Published: March 2011

The phospholipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) enhances motility and endocytosis of mature dendritic cells (DCs). We show that in vitro migration of Swap-70−/− bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) in response to S1P and S1P-induced upregulation of endocytosis are significantly reduced. S1P-stimulated movement of Swap-70−/− BMDCs, specifically retraction of their trailing edge, in a collagen three-dimensional environment is impaired. These in vitro observations correlate with delayed entry into lymphatic vessels and migration to lymph nodes of skin DCs in Swap-70−/− mice. Expression of S1P receptors (S1P1–3) by wild-type and Swap-70−/− BMDCs is similar, but Swap-70−/− BMDCs fail to activate RhoA and to localize Rac1 and RhoA into areas of actin polymerization after S1P stimulus. The Rho-activating G protein Gαi interacts with SWAP-70, which also supports the localization of Gα13 to membrane rafts in BMDCs. LPS-matured Swap-70−/− BMDCs contain significantly more active RhoA than wild-type DCs. Preinhibition of Rho activation restored migration to S1P, S1P-induced upregulation of endocytosis in mature Swap-70−/− BMDCs, and localization of Gα13 to membrane rafts. These data demonstrate SWAP-70 as a novel regulator of S1P signaling necessary for DC motility and endocytosis.
Leptin Enhances Survival and Induces Migration, Degranulation, and Cytokine Synthesis of Human Basophils
Authors: Suzukawa Maho , Nagase Hiroyuki , Ogahara Ikuko , Han Kaiyu , Tashimo Hiroyuki , Shibui Akiko , Koketsu Rikiya , Nakae Susumu , Yamaguchi Masao , Ohta Ken
Published: March 2011

Basophils are the rarest leukocytes in human blood, but they are now recognized as one of the most important immunomodulatory as well as effector cells in allergic inflammation. Leptin, a member of the IL-6 cytokine family, has metabolic effects as an adipokine, and it is also known to participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory reactions. Because there is an epidemiologic relationship between obesity and allergy, we examined whether basophil functions are modified by leptin. We found that human basophils express leptin receptor (LepR) at both the mRNA and surface protein levels, which were upregulated by IL-33. Leptin exerted strong effects on multiple basophil functions. It induced a strong migratory response in human basophils, similar in potency to that of basophil-active chemokines. Also, leptin enhanced survival of human basophils, although its potency was less than that of IL-3. Additionally, CD63, a basophil activation marker expressed on the cell surface, was upregulated by leptin, an effect that was neutralized by blocking of LepR. Assessments of basophil degranulation and cytokine synthesis found that leptin showed a strong priming effect on human basophil degranulation in response to FcεRI aggregation and induced Th2, but not Th1, cytokine production by the cells. In summary, the present findings indicate that leptin may be a key molecule mediating the effects of adipocytes on inflammatory cells such as basophils by binding to LepR and activating the cellular functions, presumably exacerbating allergic inflammation.
Cytogenetic Characteristics of New Monosomic Stocks of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.)
Authors: Sanamyan Marina F. , Petlyakova Julia E. , Sharipova Elnora A. , Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim Y.
Published: March 2011

The use of aneuploid lines significantly increases the effectiveness of molecular-genetic analysis and the development of superior quality breeding lines via substitutions by alien chromosomes. To date, however, a complete set of aneuploid series for each cotton chromosome is not available. Here, we present the development of a monosomic stock collection of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) from Uzbekistan, including the origin of 92 primary monosomics, meiotic metaphase-I analysis, study of tetrads of microspores, pollen fertility, and monosomic transmission rates for some monosomic lines. We report desynaptic effects of some monosomes detected both in parental and daughter monosomics, a positive role of interchanges in translocation heterozygous monosomics due to selective advantages of gametes with deficiency and a simultaneous interchange, pollen fertility variation, and strong differences in transmission rates. This monosomic cotton collection, developed using single genome background, will be useful for future breeding, genetic, cytogenetic, and molecular-genetic investigations of the cotton genome.
Long-Term Use of Aldosterone-Receptor Antagonists in Uncontrolled Hypertension: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Jansen Pieter M. , Verdonk Koen , Imholz Ben P. , Jan Danser A. H. , van den Meiracker Anton H.
Published: March 2011

Background. The long-term efficacy of aldosterone-receptor antagonists (ARAs) as add-on treatment in uncontrolled hypertension has not yet been reported.Methods. Data from 123 patients (21 with primary aldosteronism, 102 with essential hypertension) with difficult-to-treat hypertension who received an ARA between May 2005 and September 2009 were analyzed retrospectively for their blood pressure (BP) and biochemical response at first followup after start with ARA and the last follow-up available.Results. Systolic BP decreased by22±20and diastolic BP by9.4±12 mmHg after a median treatment duration of 25 months. In patients that received treatment >5 years, SBP was33±20and DBP was 16 ± 13 mmHg lower than at baseline. Multivariate analysis revealed that baseline BP and follow-up duration were positively correlated with BP response.Conclusion. Add-on ARA treatment in difficult-to-treat hypertension results in a profound and sustained BP reduction.
Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Legakis Ioannis , Syrigos Konstantinos
Published: March 2011

Recent molecular studies have described a number of abnormalities associated with the progression and dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma. These distinct molecular events are often associated with specific stages of tumor development. In particular, remarkable advances have occurred in several major biological areas of thyroid cancer, including the molecular alterations for the loss of radioiodine avidity of thyroid cancer, the pathogenic role of the MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt pathways and their related genetic alterations, and the aberrant methylation of functionally important genes in thyroid tumorigenesis and pathogenesis. Recognition of these features is crucial to the management of patients with thyroid cancer. Novel treatments are being designed based on our enhanced understanding of this disease process.
The Role of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Skin Cancer
Authors: Robbins Delira , Zhao Yunfeng
Published: March 2011

Recent studies have shown that antioxidant enzyme expression and activity are drastically reduced in most human skin diseases, leading to propagation of oxidative stress and continuous disease progression. However, antioxidants, an endogenous defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be induced by exogenous sources, resulting in protective effects against associated oxidative injury. Many studies have shown that the induction of antioxidants is an effective strategy to combat various disease states. In one approach, a SOD mimetic was applied topically to mouse skin in the two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. This method effectively reduced oxidative injury and proliferation without interfering with apoptosis. In another approach, Protandim, a combination of 5 well-studied medicinal plants, was given via dietary administration and significantly decreased tumor incidence and multiplicity by 33% and 57%, respectively. These studies suggest that alterations in antioxidant response may be a novel approach to chemoprevention. This paper focuses on how regulation of antioxidant expression and activity can be modulated in skin disease and the potential clinical implications of antioxidant-based therapies.