bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Adult ADHD Assessment Quality Assurance Standard (AQAS)
Authors: Adamou Marios , Arif Muhammad , Asherson Philip , Cubbin Sally , Lever Laurence , Sedgwick-Muller Jane , Muller-Sedgwick Ulrich , van Rensburg Kobus , Kustow James
Published: January 2024

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) frequently persists into adulthood. There are practice guidelines which outline the requirements for the assessment and treatment of adults. However, guidelines specifying what constitutes a good quality diagnostic assessment and report and the competencies required to be a specialist assessor are lacking. This can lead to variation in the quality and reliability of adult ADHD assessments. Poor quality assessments may not be accepted as valid indicators of the presence of ADHD by other clinicians or services, resulting in wasteful re-assessments and delays in providing treatment. To address this issue the UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN) proposes a quality framework for adult ADHD assessments - the Adult ADHD Assessment Quality Assurance Standard (AQAS). Methods: Five questions or themes were agreed on by the co-authors which guided the development of a set of consensus statements. An initial draft was reviewed and amended in an iterative process to reach a final consensus. Results: What constitutes a high-quality diagnostic assessment and report was agreed by consensus of the co-authors, including a consideration of both ADHD and its associated comorbidities. The resulting guideline emphasises the need to evaluate impairment, describes core competencies required by the assessor and highlights the importance of linking the diagnosis to an appropriate post-diagnostic discussion. It is recommended that 2 hours or more is required for an adequate assessment including both the diagnostic assessment and initial post-assessment discussions. Conclusion: The AQAS has been developed as a practical resource to support reliable and valid diagnostic assessments of adult ADHD. It is intended to complement formal training. A secondary objective is to empower patients by providing them with evidence-based information on what to expect from an assessment and assessment report.
Pemikiran Ekonomi Al-Ghazali, Ibnu Tiamiyah, Ibnu Khaldun
Authors: RIZKULLAH MUSYAHID
Published: January 2024

Bagi kemajuan peradaban ekonomi global, masyarakat telah memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap kelangsungan dan kemajuan teori ekonomi Islam. Cendekiawan Muslim tidak mengabaikan kontribusi yang diberikan oleh para ilmuwan Yunani, Persia, India, dan Cina, meskipun kontribusi mereka cukup besar. Hal ini menunjukkan betapa terbukanya pemikiran para pemikir Islam di masa lalu terhadap gagasan-gagasan asing selama tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip Islam. Pada tahun-tahun awal pemerintahan Islam, para cendekiawan Muslim menciptakan teori ekonomi berdasarkan Al-Quran dan Hadits Nabi. Mereka juga harus menghadapi realitas politik pada saat itu yang ditandai dengan runtuhnya otoritas pusat Dinasti Abbasiyah dan terpecahnya kekuasaan. Pemikiran Imam Al-Ghazali, Ibnu Taimiyah dan Ibnu Khaldun tersebut tidak akan hilang termakan zaman serta analisisnya masih up to date untuk saat ini.
Review Protocol - Effects of natural features in green and blue spaces in nature-based therapies targeting human health – a systematic review.
Authors: Immich Gisela , Robl Eva , Kirschneck Michaela , Bischof Michael , Hartl Arnulf , Hisada Noaka , Coenen Michaela
Published: January 2024

This review protocol of a systematic review will evaluate the health effects of nature-based therapies delivered in different green and blue spaces, focusing on the specific natural features that might have a health effect.
Konsep ekonomi Mercantilesme
Authors: Hikma Nurul
Published: January 2024

Merkantilisme suatu istilah yang berasal dari merchant (pedagang). Paham merkantilisme ini di setiap negara yang ingin maju haruslah melakukan perdagangan antar negara lain dan penganut merkantilisme sumber kekayaan suatu negara itu dari perdagangan luar negeri
Political Neglect and Support for the Radical Right: The Case of Rural Portugal
Authors: Magalhães Pedro C. , Cancela João
Published: January 2024

Why are rural voters more likely to support radical right parties? This paper examines the relationship between living in a rural area and supporting the Portuguese radical-right party Chega. Portugal’s radical right is an interesting case study, not only because of its belated but very fast electoral growth but also because Portugal represents an unusual case of economic convergence between urban and rural areas in the last decade, challenging one of the traditional explanations for rural populism — economic grievances. Using data from an exit poll from the 2022 elections, we start by showing that living in a rural area in Portugal increases the likelihood of voting for Chega. Then, using a 2023 face-to-face national survey, we use parallel mediation models to test different mechanisms that relate rurality with the vote for the radical right. We find no evidence that cultural and economic factors play a relevant role in the relationship between rurality and the radical right vote in Portugal. Instead, rural residents are more likely to perceive the areas where they live as politically neglected, and it is this perception feeds, in turn, into support for the radical right. Political neglect emerges as the key mediating factor, shedding light on the dynamics of radical right-wing populism in rural regions.
The Cognitive Foundations of Fictional Stories
Authors: Dubourg Edgar , Thouzeau Valentin , Beuchot Thomas , Bonard Constant , Boyer Pascal , Chevallier Coralie , Clasen Mathias , Boon-Falleur Melusine , Fiorio Grégory , Fitouchi Léo , Fisher Maryanne L. , Gantman Ana P. , Grant Ania , Hye-Knudsen Marc , Wylie Jordan , Katiyar Tanay , Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Jens , Mercier Marius , Mercier Hugo , Morin Olivier , Salmon Catherine , Scrivner Coltan , Sijilmassi Amine , Singh Manvir , Smith Murray , Sobchuk Oleg , Stubbersfield Joseph Michael , Varnum Michael E. W. , Verpooten Jan , Zhong Ying , Baumard Nicolas
Published: January 2024

Why is there so much diversity in fictional plots? Why are some fictional stories more popular in certain countries or during specific historical periods? In this paper, we propose an evolutionary psychological framework to address these questions. Fictional stories trigger a range of evolved psychological mechanisms—such as finding mates (romance fiction), exploring the world (adventure fiction), or avoiding threats (horror fiction). While these mechanisms are universal in human cognition, they vary in intensity across individuals and contexts. We leverage insights from personality psychology, behavioral ecology, and developmental psychology to explore how and why the sensitivity of these mechanisms varies. Then, by systematically identifying which story features activate which mechanism, we generate predictions about the diversity and variability of fiction preferences. This framework provides a new lens for understanding why certain stories become popular, how and when they emerged and spread, and how different story elements cluster together. It offers a theory-driven foundation for empirically studying the psychological drivers of storytelling.
Syntactic and semantic specialization in 9- to 10-year-old children during auditory sentence processing
Authors: Wang Jin , Wagley Neelima , Rice Mabel , Gaab Nadine , Booth James R.
Published: January 2024

Prior literature has debated whether syntax is separable from semantics in the brain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and multi-voxel pattern analysis, our previous studies investigated brain activity during morpho-syntactic versus semantic processing. These studies only detected semantic specialization in activation patterns and no syntactic specialization in 5- to 6-year-old and 7- to 8-year-old children. To examine if older children who have mastered morpho-syntactic skills would show specialization for syntax, the current study examined 64 9- to 10-year-old children using the same design and analyses. We observed that only the left IFG pars opercularis was sensitive to syntactic but not semantic information, supporting the hypothesis that this region serves as a core region for syntax. In addition, the left STG which has been implicated in the integration of semantics and syntax, as well as the left MTG and IFG pars triangularis which have been implicated in semantics, were sensitive to both semantic and syntactic information with no evidence of specialization. These findings suggest a lexicalized view of syntax, which argues that semantically sensitive regions are also critical regions for syntactic processing during language comprehension.
Pemikiran ekonomi
Authors: Arif Nurul Muthmainnah
Published: January 2024

Ringkasan mengenai pemikiran oleh para sahabat rasulullah yaitu abu bakar, umar dan utsman
Adam Smith's thoughts and opinions regarding mercantileism and economics
Authors: Amaliah Anni
Published: January 2024

Di sini menjelaskan mengenai konsep pemikiran ekonomi yang diterapkan oleh Adam Smith, juga pembahasan pembahasan yang akan dibahas itu bagaimana konsep pemikiran Adam Smith dan bagaimana kritik adam Smith terhadap merkatilisme dan juga bagaimana Adam Smith menentang pembatasan perdagangan .sebelum membahas konsep pemikiran ekonomi Adam Smith kita perlu mengetahui mengenai merkatilisme. Beberapa hal sendiri yang akan dibahas itu mengenai teori atau konsep ekonomi yang diterapkan oleh Adam Smith adapun beberapa konsep ekonomi itu yaitu the invesible hand, kebebasan, pasar bebas dan keunggulan dalam produksi. Di sini juga dijelaskan mengenai beberapa kritik line dari Adam Smith terhadap mekanisme adapun beberapa kritik itu mengenai definisi Kemakmuran, doktrin pembinaan negara nasional yang kuat dan doktrin surplus elspor dalam janngka panjang. Adapun juga beberapa alasan mengapa Adam Smith menentang pembatasan perdagangan karena kebijakan yang ditetapkan oleh pahaman merkatilisme . ini hanya menghasilkan kesejahteraan serta keuntungan bagi pihak produsen dan para pemegang monopoli saja
Pemikiran Ekonomi Khulafaurrasyidin
Authors: RIZKULLAH MUSYAHID
Published: January 2024

Pada masa Rasulullah dan Khulafaurrasyidin dan Tab’in, praktik ekonomi Islam memegang peranan penting dalam mekanisme pasar. Rasulullah SAW sangat menghargai harga yang adil, yang tercipta melalui moralitas, kejujuran, keterbukaan, dan keadilan. Di dunia sekarang ini, negara tetap menjadi fokus perhatian dan penelitian, karena negara mengatur kehidupan dalam masyarakat. Meskipun penafsiran manusia terhadap Islam beragam, termasuk persoalan ekonomi, namun makna Islam tetap vital. Agama Islam adalah agama Allah SWT yang hakiki dan pemanfaatannya untuk memperkuatnya sangatlah penting. Artikel ini membahas tentang sejarah kepemimpinan Khulafaur Rassyidin, prestasi, peristiwa, pergantian khalifah, dan kebijakan ekonomi Islam.
When cognition overshadows affect, maladaptive information-seeking arises
Authors: Cogliati Dezza Irene , Molinaro Gaia , Verguts Tom
Published: January 2024

In today’s digital age, people have unprecedented access to vast amounts of negative information such as news about wars, environmental disasters, or economic collapse. While some people selectively avoid such distressing content, others persistently immerse themselves in such information, even to the detriment of their well-being and mental health – a phenomenon commonly known as doomscrolling. Here, we introduce a novel reinforcement learning model and empirically test its predictions to shed light on the origins of this maladaptive information-seeking behavior. First, by simulating human data, we showed that doomscrolling arises when the motivation to reduce uncertainty is higher than the motivation to improve affect through information-seeking; a pattern we term the “doomscrolling fingerprint”. Next, we tested these predictions in the real population using data from an information-seeking task (N = 190) and a follow-up survey (N = 95). Consistent with our model’s predictions, participants who presented a doomscrolling fingerprint sought more negatively valenced information when performing the information-seeking task. Most importantly, these participants reported a greater incidence of doomscrolling in real-life behavior. Our study takes a significant step toward unraveling the intricate psychological mechanisms behind maladaptive information-seeking behaviors prevalent in today’s digital age, paving the way to future behavioral interventions.
Text Classification of German Mental Healthcare Data: A Hands-on Tutorial on Natural Language Processing Techniques.
Authors: Hornstein Silvan , Hilbert Kevin , Ferizaj Drin , Zantvoort Kirsten , Lueken Ulrike , Funk Burkhardt
Published: January 2024

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a promising approach for the extraction of meaningful information from text data in clinical psychology. While ample resources cover the implementation of such techniques, the majority of them focus on English. In contrast, this tutorial paper provides a hands-on Python guide for applying NLP on an exemplary German dataset. Specifically, around 14.000 comments from two reddit subthreads on depression and ADHD are used. We guide the reader through various text classification techniques, ultimately predicting what subreddit a comment was taken from. Following the introduction of preprocessing, bag-of-words and word embeddings will be described as feature extraction methods. In the next step, we explore transformer-based models like BERT and recent GPT approaches. Additionally, a framework for selecting among these methods for a specific problem is presented. We end by highlighting the generalizability of the presented approach for other non-English languages.
Is musical ability related to second-language acquisition? A meta-analysis.
Authors: Thompson Rachel Marlene , Salig Lauren K , Slevc L. Robert
Published: January 2024

In our multicultural and interconnected world, the ability to learn new languages is important. However, there are significant differences in how successfully adults can learn aspects of non-native languages. Given robust relationships between musical ability and native-language processing, musical ability might also contribute to successful second-language acquisition. However, while several studies have assessed this relationship in various ways, the consistency and robustness of the relationship between musical ability and second-language learning remains unclear. Thus, we synthesized 191 effects across 60 independent studies (N = 3,462) with a robust variance estimation multivariate meta-analysis, and we narratively summarized partial correlation effects across 12 studies. The available evidence suggests that musical ability is indeed positively related to second-language learning, even after factoring in publication bias revealed by the meta-analysis. Although future work with more diverse participant populations and methodologies is needed to further disentangle this relationship, it is apparent that individuals with better musical ability are generally more successful at second-language learning.
Self-positivity bias: A comprehensive examination of the ERP and behavioral correlates of self- and other-referential processing in early adolescence
Authors: Liu Pan , Tan Jaron Xe Yung
Published: January 2024

Self-referential information is uniquely salient and preferentially processed even in children. The literature has used the Self-Referent Encoding Task (SRET) combined with ERPs to study the behavioral and neural substrates of self-referential processing and its role in development. However, no work has implemented a comprehensive examination of the ERP (and behavioral) correlates of the SRET in youths by comparing a self-referential condition with an other-referential condition. Ninety-two 10-to-14-year-old typically developing youths completed an ERP version of the SRET consisting of a self-referential and an other-referential condition, following which they were unexpectedly asked to complete a recognition task of the presented words. A data-driven Principal Components Analysis isolated five SRET-elicited ERPs: P1, P2, N400, and anterior and posterior late positive potential (aLPP, pLPP). Two-way ANOVAs (Referent × Valence) demonstrated a “self-positivity” bias in recognition, memory sensitivity, and the aLPP: youths showed better recognition, higher memory sensitivity, an enhanced aLPP for Self-Positive versus Self-Negative words, whereas no such differences were found between Other-Positive and Other-negative words. We provided novel evidence on a self-positivity bias that uniquely favored Self-Positive words across different behavioral and ERP metrics of the SRET. These findings contribute to our mechanistic knowledge of how youths process self-referential information and inform future studies on the role of self-referential processing in socioemotional development.
The space between us: the effect of perceived threat on interpersonal distance and perceived pleasantness of interpersonal touch
Authors: Abra Yasemin , Mirams Laura , Fairhurst Merle Theresa
Published: January 2024

The space we keep between ourselves and others allows us either to engage in close shared experiences or to distance ourselves for safety. Focusing primarily on the latter, previous studies have identified a link between interpersonal distance and perceived threat, perceptual discrimination including pain perception as well as how we move and behave as a result. Although interpersonal distance has been studied in a range of contexts, a mechanistic way of how such spatial behaviour might alter how we perceive affective touch has yet to be investigated. Here we probe the effect of perceived threat of COVID-19 on interpersonal distance preferences and perceived pleasantness of vicarious affective touch. Our results demonstrate that increased perceived threat from COVID-19 is associated with larger boundaries of interpersonal distance. Moreover, we show a positive association between perceived threat and pleasantness of touch coming from a member of the household, but no association with outsider touch. Importantly, rather than focusing on the purely “positive” and prosocial functions of affective touch, these results bolster a novel perspective that socially-relevant cues guide both approach and avoidance behaviours.
Magnetism-Inspired Quantum-Mechanical Model of Gender Fluidity
Authors: Maksymov Ivan
Published: January 2024

Quantum-mechanical models of human cognition, opinion formation and decision-making have changed the way we understand and predict human behaviour in many practical situations, including political elections, financial decisions and international affairs. Yet, at present, such models overlook certain essential social aspects of human behaviour and self-identification. In this paper, we introduce a magnetism-inspired quantum-mechanical model of gender fluidity, a concept that challenges social norms across the globe. Addressing a number of independent suggestions made by members of the general public concerning a potential analogy between quantum superposition and non-binary self-identification, we explore new territories, demonstrating that physic of magnetism can help explain gender fluidity and similar social phenomena better than the traditional quantum-mechanical models of human cognition and perception. We anticipate that the proposed model can be used to analyse experimental datasets aimed to develop sexual orientation and gender identity legal definitions as well as to create artificial intelligence systems that can sensibly identify both binary and non-binary genders.
The many meanings of an NPI: the view from artificial language learning
Authors: Kuhn Jeremy , Maldonado Mora
Published: January 2024

Cross-linguistically, Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) are often ambiguous, allowing additional, non--polarity sensitive uses. We document several common patterns of ambiguity and show that in each case, there is a systematic logical relation between the two forms. For example, in English and other languages, two interpretations commonly available to NPIs are each other's logical duals. We explore the hypothesis that these systematic ambiguities arise due to a bias in the learning process.Specifically, when a given word is restricted to a specific logical environment (such as the scope of negation), multiple equally `correct' analyses are available to a language learner. Learners might find some of these analyses more attractive than others, explaining why an ambiguity arises when the distributional constraint is relaxed.We employ an artificial grammar learning paradigm to test which interpretations of NPIs are preferred by learners when they encounter NPIs in a positive environment. Our results show strong evidence of a `wide-scope dual' interpretation, although specific properties of the training paradigm may influence these preferences.
Neural language model gradients predict event-related brain potentials
Authors: Frank Stefan L.
Published: January 2024

Fitz & Chang (2019) argue that event-related brain potentials during sentence comprehension result from the detection and incorporation of word-prediction error. Specifically, the N400 component would correlate with prediction error while the P600 component would be indicative of error backpropagation in the language system. The current work evaluates this hypothesis on a corpus of EEG data recorded during naturalistic sentence reading. Word-prediction error and backpropagated error were estimated by an LSTM language model that processed the same 205 English sentences as the human participants. At each word, the word's surprisal and the total gradient of recurrent-layer connections were collected for comparison to the sizes of the N400 and P600 components. Consistent with the theory, higher surprisal resulted in stronger N400 while higher gradient resulted in stronger P600, and ERPs on content words were more sensitive to surprisal whereas ERPs on function words were more sensitive to gradient. However, a detailed analysis of the neural signal's time course indicates that the apparent P600 effect could be interpreted as a reversed N400 effect.
Emotions and climate change: The role of emotion regulation in climate action
Authors: Armstrong Hayleigh , Parker Patti C. , Ortner Catherine Nicole Marie
Published: January 2024

Although there is strong evidence for the role of emotion in climate-mitigating behaviours (Brosch, 2021), little is known about the role of emotion regulation in climate action (Panno et al., 2015). Our studies (a correlational study and an experiment, conducted in 2022) investigated the effect of emotion regulation on emotional responses to climate change and the likelihood of taking climate-mitigating actions. In Study 1, 151 participants from the US and Canada read about the detrimental effects of climate change before recording their emotional responses, emotion regulation strategies used in response to climate change information, and climate actions (pro-environmental behaviours and civic engagement in environmental actions). Emotion regulation was a significant predictor of climate action even when controlling for demographic variables. In Study 2, 245 participants from the US watched a video on the negative consequences of climate change, rated their emotions, and were randomly assigned to distraction, worrying, or positive reappraisal in response to the video. Next, they were given the option to sign an environmental petition and donate money to an environmental organization, before rating their intentions to engage in climate actions. Distraction reduced negative emotion and positive reappraisal increased hope. The effects of emotion regulation on engagement in climate action were mixed. Exploratory mediation analyses indicated that worrying and reappraisal increased intentions to engage in climate action, via negative emotion. Further experimental research on the effects of emotion regulation on climate action will be important for informing communications about climate change, to protect mental health while motivating action.
A Dignified Judge’s (Re)Presentation of Self
Authors: Smejkalova Terezie , Palisek Petr , Štěpáníková Markéta
Published: January 2024

*Accepted for publication in the Papers on Social Representations.* Goffman (1959) posits that individuals are performers, maintaining a “front” depending on social contexts they navigate. Highly institutionalized roles, such as that of a judge, involve a front pre-established by law or social expectations. The role of a judge as prepared by the law entails the performance of dignity.Goffman believes that this front is collectively represented and takes on a factual existence. Employing Moscovici’s (1961) social representations approach and Abric’s (2005) hierarchical evocation method, we explore the representation of a judge’s dignity among practicing lawyers. This study delves into the performative aspect a the role of a judge as a character in a performance of a trial. Our findings highlight a dramatic persona of a dignified judge, characterized by specific appearance and manner, and setting used to objectify the judge’s dignity.
Using Consumer Wearables to Measure Physical Activity of Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Authors: Gawehns Daniela , Portegijs Suzanne , van Beek Adriana Petronella Anna , van Leeuwen Matthijs
Published: January 2024

Physical activity of nursing home residents can be assessed with tools such as questionnaires and standardized fitness tests. For residents with dementia, however, those tools can be cognitively challenging and difficult to administer. Consumer wearables could potentially aid as an affordable tool for ubiquitous assessment. In this pilot study with 16 participants, we explore how measurements with an off-the-shelf wearable relate to structured observations of physical activity. We collected both processed and raw tri-axial accelerometer data from Samsung, wrist-worn fitness trackers. To anchor those data in the free living environment, we compare the measurements with the physical activity scale of the Medlo behavioral observation scheme. We show that consumer wearables are a valid tool for long term data collection in this vulnerable patient population. Regarding the movement intensity, the data collected by fitness trackers is overall in accordance with the data collected with the observational tool. Regarding the type of movement, we conclude that the automatic activity classification on the wearables is not yet ripe for use in a mostly sedentary patient population.
Effects of outcome uncertainty related to gain and loss, performance feedback, and individual differences during a cognitive control task
Authors: Biagi Nicolò , Byrne Phoenix , Morriss Jayne
Published: January 2024

Outcome uncertainty is known to engage motivational and emotional phenomena. However, there remain questions as to how outcome uncertainty related to gain and loss and information availability via performance feedback interact to impact motivational and emotional phenomena: (1) generally, and (2) in relation to individual differences in intolerance of uncertainty, and current symptoms related to anxiety and depression. To address these gaps in the literature, we manipulated the level of outcome uncertainty (gain, loss, none) and performance feedback (present, absent) during an online cognitive control task (n = 70), to examine how these factors impact different read-outs: subjective emotional responses (discrete emotional states, valence, arousal), task accuracy, reaction times, and fixation count. Self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of general distress, anxious arousal, and anhedonic depression were also collected. Uncertainty about task performance through the absence of performance feedback dampened positive self-reported affect (e.g. excitement) and led to demotivation (e.g. lower task accuracy for incongruent trials). Outcome uncertainty related to loss and gain modulated self-reported affect (e.g. excitement, happiness etc) and engaged motivation (e.g. higher task accuracy). The absence of performance feedback and outcome uncertainty related to loss exaggerated the experience of self-reported negative emotions such as frustration. Individual differences in intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of anxiety and depression were specifically associated with different self-reported experiences of emotion (e.g. valence) and motivational engagement (e.g. fixation count). These findings suggest that outcome uncertainty and performance feedback, as well as intolerance of uncertainty, and anxious/depressive traits differently impact motivation and emotion.
Mapping words to the world
Authors: Brody Gabor , Feiman Roman
Published: January 2024

How do children learn to connect expressions (e.g "that red apple") to the real-world objects they refer to? The dominant view in developmental psychology is that children rely on descriptive information, "red" and "apple". In contrast, linguistic theories of adult language attribute primacy to grammatical elements: words like "that" or "another" first establish the status of potential referents within the discourse context (old or new) before descriptions can factor in. These theories predict that reference can succeed even when the description does not match the referent. We explored this novel prediction in adults and children. Over four experiments, we found that (i) adults relied on the articles to identify the referent, even when the description did not fit, consistent with grammar-first accounts; (ii) consistent with description-first accounts, and unlike adults, 3-5yo children prioritized the descriptions provided by nouns and adjectives, despite being sensitive to grammatical information. This suggests that children connect expressions to referents differently from adults.
Cognitive functioning in criminal offenders: A multi-level meta-analysis
Authors: Hutten Juliette , Ziermans Tim , Geurts Hilde , Stams Geert-Jan , van horn joan
Published: January 2024

This multi-level meta-analysis investigates the relationship between criminal offending and cognitive functioning. A search of PubMed, PSYCINFO, and Web of Science (January 2000-October 2023) yielded 77 studies (Nparticipants=9,256, Neffect sizes=1,386). To address publication bias, Egger’s test, funnel plot test, and the trim and fill procedure were applied. Multi-level meta-analyses were conducted for each cognitive domain, comparing neuropsychological test performance between offenders and non-offending comparisons. The meta-analyses confirmed weaker cognitive test performance in offenders compared to the general population. The average weighted effect size (g = 0.45, [0.36, 0.54]), falls within the small to medium range. Significant differences were observed between offenders and comparisons across all DSM-5 neurocognitive domains: attention (g = 0.34, [0.22, 0.46]), executive functions (g = 0.48, [0.38, 0.55]), language (g = 0.55, [0.24, 0.86]), learning/memory (g = 0.40, [0.25, 0.55]), perceptual-motor functions (g = 0.28 [0.02, 0.54]), and social cognition (g = 0.43, [0.24, 0.62]). Tests differed in their ability to differentiate between offenders and comparison groups. Moderator analyses uncovered, among others, a reduction in differences when offenders were compared to a clinical comparison group (i.e., with psychiatric diagnoses) rather than a general one without psychiatric diagnoses. These findings underscore the assumption that cognitive deficits may play a role in offending behavior and are crucial to address in forensic treatment, either as a risk factor for reoffending, or as a responsivity factor. We highlight the need to consider psychiatric diagnoses in comparison groups when studying offending behavior in relation to cognitive functioning.
Communicating Through a Narrow Channel: Perceiving Microbial Affect Over a Game of Go
Authors: Caspar Luc , Fdez Javier , Chen Dominique , Seong Young Ah , JO Kazuhiro , Witkowski Olaf
Published: January 2024

Interfaces between agents may display special powers owing to their narrow bottlenecks in communication channels, such as games or other virtual media through which agents are given to interact. In this paper, we propose to derive an agent's personality from their behavior in the Game of Go as an arbitrary substrate for communication. Our approach is agnostic to the type of embodiment of the player, which means that it remains as applicable to humans as animals or simpler organisms, even artificial forms of intelligence. We base our methodology on related works characterizing affective states, including the seminal pleasure-arousal-dominance framework that focuses on modeling personalities. Our preliminary results indicate that narrow bottlenecks favor a reduction in the feature set necessary to characterize a personality type, thus making for more interesting social interactions in and around game-play.
Experimental evidence that exerting effort increases meaning
Authors: Campbell Aidan Vern , Wang Yiyi , Inzlicht Michael
Published: January 2024

Efficiency demands that we work smarter and not harder, but is this better for our wellbeing? Here, we ask if exerting effort on a task can increase feelings of meaning and purpose. In six studies (N = 2,883), we manipulated how much effort participants exerted on a task and then assessed how meaningful they found those tasks. In Studies 1 and 2, we presented hypothetical scenarios whereby participants imagined themselves (or others) exerting more or less effort on a writing task, and then asked participants how much meaning they believed they (or others) would derive. In Study 3, we randomly assigned participants to complete inherently meaningless tasks that were harder or easier to complete, and again asked them how meaningful they found the tasks. Study 4 varied the difficulty of a writing assignment by involving or excluding ChatGPT assistance and evaluated its meaningfulness. Study 5 investigated cognitive dissonance as a potential explanatory mechanism. In Study 6, we tested the shape of the effort-meaning relationship. In all studies, the more effort participants exerted (or imagined exerting), the more meaning they derived (or imagined deriving), though the results of Study 6 show this is only up to a point. These studies suggest a causal link, whereby effort begets feelings of meaning. They also suggest that part of the reason this link exists is that effort begets feeling of competence and mastery, although the evidence is preliminary and inconsistent. We found no evidence the effects were caused by post-hoc effort justification (i.e., cognitive dissonance). Effort, beyond being a mere cost, is a source of personal meaning and value, fundamentally influencing how individuals and observers perceive and derive satisfaction from tasks.
Advancing Multilingual Abstract Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Feature Extraction Models in Systematic Reviews
Authors: Boer Rob den , Hofstee Laura , Leenaars Cathalijn , Bagheri Ayoub , Teijema Jelle Jasper , van de Schoot Rens
Published: January 2024

Screening prioritization via active learning plays a vital role in streamlining the systematic review process. However, most existing software implementations are primarily designed for English texts, limiting their effectiveness in handling multilingual abstracts. This study aims to evaluate eight feature extraction models explicitly engineered for multilingual tasks, comparing their performance with two commonly used models, TFiDF and SBERT. Using a simulation-based approach, the models are assessed across four datasets, considering two classification algorithms and two prior knowledge conditions. The results highlight the superiority of models specifically designed for multilingual tasks, such as mLongT5, LaBSE, and MUSE, in classifying multilingual abstracts. These models exhibit faster identification of relevant papers, outperforming traditional models like TFiDF, which struggles to handle non-English papers. The choice of classification algorithm and prior knowledge conditions showed minimal impact on performance. This finding challenges the common reliance on TFiDF in active learning-based tools and emphasizes the need for more effective multilingual models. The study also reveals variations in model performance based on the language composition of datasets. Thus, the generalizability of findings may be limited to the specific dataset used. This emphasizes the importance of consciously addressing language diversity in systematic reviews. By adopting more effective multilingual models, researchers can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of automated abstract screening, overcoming language barriers in scientific research. Future research should explore diverse datasets and evaluate the trade-off between model performance and computational resources. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights for researchers and developers in selecting suitable feature extraction models for multilingual abstract screening tasks.
Amygdala reactivity, antidepressant discontinuation and relapse: a longitudinal, observational study with a randomized component
Authors: Erdmann Tore , Berwian Isabel M. , Stephan Klaas Enno , Seifritz Erich , Walter Henrik , Huys Quentin JM
Published: January 2024

Importance: Antidepressant discontinuation substantially increases the risk of a depression relapse. The neurobiological mechanisms through which this happens are not known. Amygdala reactivity to negative information is a marker of negative affective processes in depression that is reduced by antidepressant medication. However, it is unknown whether amygdala reactivity is sensitive to antidepressant discontinuation, and whether any change is related to the risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation.Objective: To investigate whether amygdala reactivity to negative facial emotions changes with antidepressant discontinuation and relates to subsequent relapse.Design: The AIDA study was a longitudinal, observational AIDA study, where patients were randomized to task-based fMRI measurement of amygdala reactivity either twice before, or after discontinuing antidepressants. Relapse was monitored over a six month follow-up period. Study recruitment took place until January 2018. Data were collected between July 1, 2015, to January 31, 2019 and statistical analyses were conducted between June 2021 and December 2023.Setting:University setting in Zurich, Switzerland, and Berlin, Germany.Participants:Patients with remitted major depressive disorder (rMDD) on antidepressants. Of 123 recruited patients, 80 (mean (SD) age 35.5 (11.4) years; 60 women (75%) were included in analyses. Of 66 recruited healthy controls matched for age, sex, and education, 53 were included in analyses (mean (SD) age 34.9 (10.7) years); 37 women (70%)).Exposure:Discontinuation of antidepressant medication.Outcomes:Task-based fMRI measurement of amygdala reactivity and MDD relapse within 6 months after discontinuation.Results: Amygdala reactivity of rMDD patients on medication did not differ from controls (left: t=0.77, p=0.44, right: t=0.88, p=0.37). An increase in amygdala reactivity after antidepressant discontinuation was associated with depression relapse (three-way interaction between group (continuation vs discontinuation), time point and relapse; beta=25.1, 95%-CI (4.4,45.8), p=0.018). Amygdala reactivity change was associated with shorter times to relapse (hazard ratio 1.05, 95%-CI (1.016,1.085)), and predictive of relapse (LOOCV balanced accuracy 71%, 95%-PPI (57%,84%)).Conclusions and Relevance:An increase in amygdala reactivity is associated with risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation and may represent a functional neuroimaging marker that could inform clinical decisions around antidepressant discontinuation.
A world in my kitchen
Authors: Gómez-Abajo Pablo
Published: January 2024

One’s private space (both domestic and personal) is an unarguable place of “culture” in the multiple meanings such word encloses. Thus, privacy is the quintessential place of practices, habits, and routines; material and immaterial transit and acquisition; production and reproduction; relationships, affections, and memories. Only due to having it “too close”, could its highly valuable ethnographic density go unnoticed.In this work, the author shares some learnings acquired during his very intense life in the form of a tale. The action is placed in his kitchen, where he imagines out loud how precious it would be to gather all his memories there at the present time.
Giving the outrage a name – how researchers are challenging employment conditions under the hashtags #IchBinHanna and #IchBinReyhan
Authors: Wagne Ahmadou , Le Foll Elen , Frantz Florentine , Lasser Jana
Published: January 2024

Outraged by the release of a ministerial video, in which short-term employment contracts inGerman academia were lauded through the embodiment of fictitious doctoral researcherHanna, thousands of researchers rallied behind the hashtag #IchBinHanna to vent theirfrustrations about precarious academic employment in Germany. We explore the discourseof over 45,000 tweets featuring the hashtags #IchBinHanna and/or #IchBinReyhan from theoutset of the movement in June 2021 to March 2023. We use a mixed-methods approach,combining machine-learning, corpus-linguistics, and qualitative methods to gain a deepunderstanding of collective and individual struggles. Comparing the movement to similar,preceding ones, we find that #IchBinHanna and #IchBinReyhan reached a substantiallylarger and broader audience. We show how the movement exhibits remarkable tenacity,re-igniting multiple times, and influencing offline events such as parliamentary debates andamendments to labour laws. In addition to describing the topics discussed in both Germanand English-language tweets, we also detail when issues were raised, and by which groupsof actors. Our analysis exemplifies the potency of social media platforms for fosteringtransformation, demonstrating how hashtag activism can sustain widespread interest both onand beyond social media and exert substantial influence on policy-making processes.
Humanizing Dehumanization Research
Authors: Maynard Jonathan Leader , Luft Aliza
Published: January 2024

This essay contends that contemporary research should pay greater attention to three fundamentally human characteristics of dehumanization. First, we argue that scholars need to better consider and analyze the ideological context of dehumanization, specifically the multiple meanings that diverse cultural conceptions of the human and the dehumanized impart to dehumanizing concepts or attitudes. Second, we urge a greater emphasis on how social relationships influence dehumanization, recognizing that people are entangled in complex and intersecting social identities, relationships, and histories that affect how they respond to the dehumanizing intentions of others. Third, we argue that the institutional context of dehumanization must be investigated and theorized, as dehumanization’s effects are rarely the result of atomized individuals reacting to diffuse dehumanizing rhetoric but rather the result of collective action within more or less formal organizations. These tasks can be accomplished through increased interdisciplinarity, thereby enhancing the insights and applicability of dehumanization research to the numerous forms of conflict, brutality, and extremism that are so frequently associated with dehumanization.
When Liberty Presupposes Order: F. A. Hayek’s Contextual Ordoliberalism
Authors: Kolev Stefan
Published: January 2024

This paper embeds the early political economy of F. A. Hayek in the intellectual milieu of German ordoliberalism. The urgency during the 1930s and 1940s to stabilize the disintegrating societal orders is identified as a crucial driver behind the parallelisms between Hayek and the ordoliberals. Their shared theoretical position is that in such moments, liberty can thrive sustainably only after a framework of general and stable rules has been established. Hayek’s proximity to ordoliberalism was most explicitly discernible in The Road to Serfdom and at the founding meeting of the Mont Pèlerin Society in 1947, culminating in the shared politico-economic vision of the competitive order. The contextual nature of Hayek’s ordoliberalism surfaced in the years after The Constitution of Liberty when his focus shifted, along with the postwar intellectual and institutional stabilization of the West: from how stable orders enable liberty to how liberty enables the evolution of orders.
Robert Triffin, Japan and the quest for Asian Monetary Union
Authors: Maes Ivo , Pasotti Ilaria
Published: January 2024

Especially with the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, Asian countries have advocated a profound reform of the international financial architecture. Their proposals focused on two main axes: a reform of the global financial system and stronger regional monetary integration in Asia. There are here significant parallels with the ideas of Robert Triffin (1911-1993). Triffin became famous with trenchant analyses of the vulnerabilities of the international monetary system. Also now, the Triffin dilemma is still present among international monetary policymakers, also in Asia. Triffin put forward several proposals for reforming the global monetary system, but he also developed proposals for regional monetary integration. These were very much based on his experience with the European Payments Union, and focused on the creation of a (European) Reserve Fund and a (European) currency unit. In this paper we focus on Triffin’s proposals for an Asian payments union in the late 1960s, giving special attention to Japan (in Triffin’s time the biggest Asian economy, moreover Triffin had an important Japanese network).
Review of “Poverty and Wealth in East Africa: A Conceptual History” by Rhiannon Stephens
Authors: Serra Gerardo
Published: January 2024

Review of “Poverty and Wealth in East Africa: A Conceptual History” by Rhiannon Stephens.
Identifying a "Chicago School" of Economics: On the Origins, Diffusion, and Evolving Meanings of a Famous Brand Name
Authors: Medema Steven G
Published: January 2024

Though the Chicago school has been the subject of no small amount of research over the past several decades, that scholarship has focused largely on persons, ideas, and influence—in short, on the school itself. No attention has been paid to the origins of that label and the avenues via which the notion of a ‘Chicago school’ of economics came to be. This paper attempts to address that lacuna, drawing on both published and archival resources. What emerges is a story of a label of uncertain origin but wrapped up in competing agendas, the first stage in the history of which culminates in 1962 with its rejection by two of the very people who helped birth it.
FROM 'TIRED MUSCLES' TO 'MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS': A DEBATE ON THE NATURE OF COSTS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
Authors: Barbieri Fabio , Filho Marcelo Lourenço
Published: January 2024

This article explores a debate on the theory of cost that occurred in the 1890s between economist Silas MacVane and Austrian economists. MacVane defended the idea of objective “real cost,” while the Austrians argued for subjective opportunity cost. Although this debate is rarely mentioned, it represents a noteworthy episode of active contrast between ideas on value and cost, with implications that are relevant for contemporary economists. By highlighting the incompatibility of the objective and subjective conceptions of cost, this debate sheds light on the evolution of economic theory. The contributions of relatively unknown authors, such as MacVane and David Green, are also discussed. We interpret the debate in terms of the contrast between research programs based on wealth or exchange, and note that the gradual shift in the period regarding the fundamental problem that informs economic theory is key to understanding the modern concept of cost.
Mapping Expert Influencers in the Russia-Watching Community
Authors: De Spiegeleire Stephan
Published: January 2024

The field of Russian Foreign, Security and Defense Policy Analyis needs to retool itself