bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of (3S)‐3‐hydroxy quinidine for metabolism screening experiments using direct injection capillary electrophoresis and laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Bhoopathy S. , Karnes H.T.
Published: January 2005

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been used with collinear laser‐induced fluorescence detection (LIF) to determine the amount of (3S)‐3‐hydroxy quinidine (3OHQ) formed on direct injection of microsomal incubation mixtures. 3OHQ is the CYP 3A4 metabolite of quinidine sulfate (QS) and is therefore useful for metabolism screening studies. The method was validated analytically and tested for its capability of screening for a weak inhibitor of the CYP 3A4 isozyme. A linear calibration was found to provide the best fit for the standard curve with a correlation of 0.9950 and all concentration residuals less than 15%. The percentage relative standard deviations (RSDs) of two controls, 175 and 2250 ng/mL, were 9.29 and 5.68% and the percentage differences from normal (DFN) were 6.87 and −4.37%, respectively. The concentration limit of detection (LOD) for 3OHQ in the incubation matrix was 52.11 ng/mL and the mass LOD was ∼521.1 fg (injection volume 10 nL). The effectiveness of the method to screen for the weak inhibitor erythromycin has been shown by calculating percentage inhibition when incubating with different concentrations of QS. Sensitive detection coupled with the convenience of the direct injection technique makes this an attractive approach for metabolism screening. The small sample size capability of CE will further reduce the quantities of probe drug, microsomes and other reagents required for incubation studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a chromatographic method for the determination of saquinavir in plasma samples of HIV patients
Authors: Campanero M. A. , Escolar M. , Arangoa M. A. , Sádaba B. , Azanza J. R.
Published: January 2005

A simple, sensitive and reproducible high‐performance liquid chromatographic method for detecting and quantifying saquinavir in human plasma is described. Verapamil was used as internal standard. The method employes a single liquid–liquid extraction step with tert‐butil methyl ether followed by chromatography on a Lichrospher 60 Select B C8 reversed‐phase column. Ultraviolet detection was used to identify the compounds of interest. The quantitation limit of saquinavir was 1 ng/mL and only 0.5 mL of plasma sample was required for the determination. The average saquinavir recoveries over a concentration range of 2.5–5000 ng/mL ranged from 86 to 95%. Precision and accuracy did not exceed 5%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The determination of biperiden in plasma using gas chromatography mass spectrometry: pharmacokinetics after intramuscular administration to guinea pigs†
Authors: Capacio B. R. , Caro S. T. , Smith J. R. , Byers C. E.
Published: January 2005

A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC‐MS) method has been developed for the analysis of the biperiden from plasma. The method utilizes 290 µl of plasma and a simple hexane extraction/clean‐up procedure. Standard curves were linear over the range of 1.9–250 ng/mL. The range of correlation coefficients for the individual standard curves was 0.9984–0.9999; the largest coefficient of variation expressed as a percentage (%CV) was 11.5%. Precision and accuracy were examined by assessing between‐day and within‐day variability. For between‐day precision, the %CVs ranged from 2.86 to 5.17%. Accuracy as expressed by percentage error ranging from −2.16 to 5.83%. The study for within‐day precision demonstrated %CVs from 0.95 to 5.55% with accuracy from −3.37 to 2.45%. Applicability of the method was demonstrated by examining the pharmacokinetics of intramuscular (i.m.) biperiden as an anticonvulsant treatment in a guinea pig model for organophosphate (OP)‐induced seizure activity. Mean pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were similar to literature values; selected mean pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were: apparent volume of distribution, 13.9 L/kg; half‐life of elimination, 93 min; time to maximal plasma concentration, 27.4 min; and maximal plasma concentration, 32.22 ηg/mL. The time to maximal plasma concentration was found to be similar to the onset time for terminating OP‐induced seizure activity in guinea pigs receiving biperiden as an anticonvulsant treatment. The studies indicate that the method affords the required precision, accuracy and sensitivity to assay biperiden at the doses utilized for these pharmacokinetic studies after i.m. administration to guinea pigs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

AChE

Acetylcholinesterase

AUC

area under the curve

OP

organophosphate

2‐PAM

pralidoxime chloride

PYR

pyridostigmine
Concentration of chosen oxycholesterols in plasma of pregnant women with pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Bodzek Piotr , Janoszka Beata , Wielkoszyński Tomasz , Bodzek Danuta , Sieroń Aleksander
Published: January 2005

Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) was applied for isolation of oxycholesterols from plasma lipid extract from pregnant women with hypertension and from a control group. Separation of oxycholesterols fraction was performed in an SD II horizontal chamber (Chromdes, Poland) using silica gel and octadecyl RPC18 silica gel TLC plates (Merck and Machery Nagel). Visualization was carried out under UV light after Liebermann–Burchard reaction specific for cholesterol and its derivatives. The oxycholesterols (5‐cholestene‐3β‐ol‐7‐one, sum of 5‐cholestene‐3β, 7β‐diol and 5‐cholestene‐3β, 7α‐diol and sum of 5α,6α‐epoxycholestan‐3β‐ol and 5β,6β‐epoxycholestan‐3β‐ol) were quantified by chromatograms scanning in reflectance and fluorescence mode using a CS 9301 densitometer (Shimadzu). The total concentration of the investigated oxycholesterols in the plasma of pregnant women was up to 5000 ng/mL and was statistically significantly higher in women with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the pharmacokinetics of celecoxib by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Werner Ulrike , Werner Dierk , Pahl Andreas , Mundkowski Ralf , Gillich Martin , Brune Kay
Published: January 2005

A new method for the quantification of celecoxib in human plasma based on reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) after liquid–liquid extraction is presented. The method is rapid, sensitive and highly selective. The retention time of celecoxib was 2.3 min. The limit of quantification was 5 µg/L. Rofecoxib was used as internal standard. After validation, the method was used to study the pharmacokinetic profile of celecoxib following administration of a single oral dose (200 mg) in 12 healthy volunteers. Since celecoxib should be metabolized primarily by cytochrome 2C9 (CYP2C9), a poor metabolizer (PM) for this cytochrome P450 enzyme was included in the study. Pharmacokinetic characteristics (mean ± SD) of extensive metabolizers (EM) were tmax 2.9 ± 1.2 h, cmax 842 ± 280 µg/L, AUC∞ 6246 ± 2147 µg h/L and t1/2 7.8 ± 2.7 h. The area under the curve (AUC∞) for the PM was 12561 µg h/L. However, we found no noticeable increase in half life in the PM (11.5 h) after a single dose of celecoxib. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation and application of liquid chromatographic columns coated with ‘intelligent’ ligands. II. Phospholipid column
Authors: Kamimori Hiroshi , Konishi Masaharu
Published: January 2005

The stationary phases of octadecylsilica (ODS) coated with phospholipid have been developed as a model of artificial lipid membranes for liquid chromatographic columns. An ODS column coated with phospholipid can be readily prepared by recycling a solution containing L‐α‐dipalmitoyl‐phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) through an ODS column in a closed loop. DPPC becomes absorbed on the ODS surfaces by hydrophobic interaction between the acyl group of DPPC and the octadecyl group of the ODS surfaces. The DPPC column was usable when a mobile phase containing 30% (v/v) acetonitrile was delivered without detachment of the DPPC from the ODS surfaces. The retention behavior of ionic solutes on the DPPC column suggested that the retention was based on both ionic and electrostatic interactions between the solutes and the stationary phase. The retention factors on the DPPC column correlated well with the partition coefficients in liposome systems for α‐adrenoceptor agonists and β‐blockers, indicating that the partition of solutes between the coated phase and buffer was similar to that in the liposome/water system. The DPPC column can be used in screening studies to predict the binding properties of drugs onto lipid membranes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of four antiepileptic drugs in serum by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Levert H. , Odou P. , Robert H.
Published: January 2005

A high‐performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of oxcarbazepine, 10‐hydroxycarbamazepine, epoxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin. After protein precipitation by acetonitrile, the supernatant was analysed on a C18 reversed‐phase HPLC column. Antiepileptic drugs and oxazepam (internal standard) were detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. Linearity was established for the whole concentration range ­for each compound. Quantitation limits of oxcarbazepine, 10‐hydroxycarbamazepine, epoxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were 0.58, 3.5, 2.35, 0.66, 1.02 and 3.13 µg/mL, respectively, and mean recoveries added to serum were 105.15, 84.76, 94,45, 96.52, 98.62 and 95.08%, respectively. This method has been used for the simultaneous determination of steady‐state serum concentration of antiepileptic drugs in patients treated by one or more anticonvulsive treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation between isomeric oxidative metabolites of a piperidine‐containing drug by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with stable‐isotope tracer technique
Authors: Kato Koji , Jingu Shigeji , Ogawa Naoyoshi , Higuchi Shohei
Published: January 2005

This report describes the application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method to differentiation of hydroxylations and N‐oxidations and of two different aliphatic hydroxylations in the investigation of the metabolism of pibutidine hydrochloride, a novel H2 antagonist, the structure of which includes a piperidine ring. Pibutidine metabolites in urine samples from adult male volunteers after oral administration of pibutidine hydrochloride were separated by reversed‐phase LC and ionized using an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. A hydroxylated form of pibutidine was distinguished from the N‐oxide by comparison of their product ion spectra, although their mass‐to‐charge ratios of protonated molecules were identical. Further, two hydroxylated compounds were present in rat microsomal incubation mixtures with pibutidine. The distinction between their positions of hydroxylation (β‐ and γ‐carbon hydroxylation) on the piperidine ring was studied using [piperidine‐2H10] pibutidine as incubation substrate. The production of the β‐hydroxylated form was accompanied by the elimination of three 2H, resulting from a mechanism including the formation of iminium/enamine. The participation of the iminium ion intermediate in the β‐hydroxylation was confirmed by the observation that a cyanide adduct of pibutidine was formed instead of the β‐hydroxylated form when another incubation was performed in the presence of cyanide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved high performance liquid chromatographic determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng‐based pharmaceuticals using a diol column
Authors: Bonfill Mercè , Casals Isidre , Palazón Javier , Mallol Anna , Morales Carmen
Published: January 2005

A reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous quantitative determination of seven ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Re and Rf in pharmaceutical preparations is described. Chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 20 min using a 250 × 4 mm Lichrospher, 5 µm, 100 Å diol column with detection at 203 nm. The method was validated over the range of 2.5–20 ng/µL using a 20 µL sample volume. The average accuracy at five concentrations was 90–100%, and the within‐day and between‐day precision ranged from 1 to 7% expressed as coefficient of variation. The detection limit and the quantitation limit of the method were 20 and 50 ng injected for each ginsenoside, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a rapid and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatographic method to determine CYP2D6 phenotype in human liver microsomes
Authors: Rege Bhaskar , March Clark , Sarkar Mohamadi A.
Published: January 2005

Dextromethorphan is a probe substrate to determine CYP2D6 phenotype. The conversion of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan by CYP2D6 accounts for ∼60% of total metabolism. Most analytical methods utilize complicated labor‐ and time‐intensive sample processing methods with several liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) steps. Our goal was to develop a non‐LLE based rapid and sensitive HPLC method, to measure dextromethorphan metabolism in human liver microsomes. A solid‐phase filtration based reverse‐phase HPLC method with fluorescence detection was developed and validated. Human liver (n = 6) microsomal incubations were carried out with dextromethorphan, under optimum conditions. The analytes were separated by one‐step centrifugal filtration with Nanosep® separation units. The filtrate was injected (50 µL) into a Waters Alliance 2690 HPLC system. Metabolic incubations were also conducted to determine levels using LLE for comparisons. The Nanosep® separation step reduced the extraction time from 3 h to 40 min. The limit of quantitation was 23.8 nM (9.7 ng/mL), recovery was ∼98%, the mean precision values were <10% RSD for the controls (80, 320 and 640 nM) and mean percentage error was <5%. Michaelis–Menten parameters were determined to distinguish CYP2D6 phenotypes. A rapid and sensitive HPLC method is reported, which may be suitable for automation and allows phenotyping of human liver microsomes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of two variant Vero toxin genes in Escherichia coli by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Arakawa Hidetoshi , Watanabe Kazuyuki , Kashiwazaki Hiroyuki , Maeda Masako
Published: January 2005

Three methods [capillary electrophoresis (CE)‐allele‐specific PCR, CE‐single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and CE‐cleavase fragment length polymorphism (CFLP)] were developed in order to effect rapid and specific analysis of the vero toxin (VT)1 and VT2 genes of O157. The allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, which utilized specific duplex PCR with specific primers for VT1 and VT2, showed that VT1 and VT2 consisted of 174 and 128 bp, respectively. Subsequent CE analysis was carried out. Separation time was 4 min. SSCP, which utilized one primer set which reacted with both VT1 and VT2 in the PCR method, was followed by CE analysis of secondary structure of single‐strand DNA. Two genes could be analyzed in approximately 18 min. CFLP, like SSCP, is a method for detecting mutation‐induced changes in secondary structure of single‐stranded DNA. The endonuclease cleavase I recognizes and cleaves the 5′ side of hairpin loops in self‐annealed single‐strand DNA of PCR product 169 bp obtained from VT1 and VT2. The produced DNA fragments are analyzed by CE and the electrophelogram reveals a sequence‐specific CFLP. Separation time was 6 min. These techniques are suitable for the detection and the identification of O157. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A capillary zone electrophoresis method for determining N‐acetylneuraminic acid in glycoproteins and blood sera
Authors: Strousopoulou K. , Militsopoulou M. , Stagiannis K. , Lamari F. N. , Karamanos N. K.
Published: January 2005

A simple capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the determination of the content of the major sialic acid form N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in glycoproteins was established. The present method utilizes a simplified hydrolysis‐purification procedure consisting of mild acid hydrolysis (25 mM trifluoroacetic acid for 2 h at 80°C) to release Neu5Ac and ultrafiltration on Centricon‐3 membrane to remove the obtained asialoglycoproteins and other macromolecules present in biologic samples. Derivatization with benzoic anhydride at 80°C for 20 min resulted in complete conversion of Neu5Ac to per‐O‐benzoylated Neu5Ac. CZE analysis was performed using the operating buffer 25 mM phosphate, pH 3.5, containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile as organic modifier at 30 kV, and detection of the per‐O‐benzoylated Neu5Ac at 231 nm. The method showed excellent repeatability (RDS < 1.98%) and a linearity range from 5 µg/mL to 5 mg/mL with a detection limit of 2 µM. Application of the method to microanalysis of human α1‐acid glycoprotein and blood serum samples showed excellent agreement with previously published values, suggesting a high precision for the developed CZE method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of intact heparin by capillary electrophoresis using short end injection configuration
Authors: Duchemin V. , Potier I. Le , Troubat C. , Ferrier D. , Taverna M.
Published: January 2005

A capillary electrophoresis method for the analysis of intact heparin was developed using a phosphate buffer and a fused silica capillary. Operational parameters such as pH and concentration of the running buffer were investigated. The short end injection configuration permitted a gain on peak efficiency, on the analysis time and on the repeatability of both migration times and peak areas, through a reduction of the migration distance. Moreover, the beneficial effect of the presence of sodium chloride in the heparin sample on the peak efficiency was demonstrated and the influence of the salts on the conformation of the heparin was discussed. The optimized method (short end injection configuration, 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 3, heparin sample prepared in 10 g/L NaCl solution) was validated in terms of linearity, reproducibility and specificity according to ICH requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ecological approach to child abuse: a creative use of scientific models in research and practice
Authors: Sidebotham Peter
Published: January 2005

Over the past 40 years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the aetiology and processes of child abuse. This understanding has been based within two scientific paradigms: the psychodynamic and sociological models. More recently, both strands have been incorporated in a more comprehensive ‘ecological’ paradigm. This presents child abuse as occurring within the context of the child's environment at different, nested levels. The ecological paradigm is currently the most comprehensive model we have for understanding child abuse, providing a systematic framework in which to conduct both research and child protection practice. This paper begins by describing the nature and use of scientific models in both research and practice. Three levels of models are outlined: working models, paradigms and worldviews. The paper then goes on to consider how models are used in our understanding of child abuse, focusing on three major paradigms (sociological, psychodynamic, ecological). The ecological model or paradigm is then described in detail, expounding the four different levels within it. The uses and limitations of the ecological model are discussed in relation to both research and practice. Finally, some practical suggestions are provided for the reader to creatively apply this understanding at a personal and professional level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment and intervention in cases of suspected ritual child sexual abuse
Authors: Gallagher Bernard
Published: January 2005

Agency workers have been heavily criticized over their handling of alleged ritual child sexual abuse cases, particularly in respect of their assessments and interventions. However, a study of referrals to police and social service departments revealed that agency workers raised suspicions of ritual abuse in respect of both child ‘victims’ and adult ‘survivors’ very rarely. Furthermore, they did this only after an assessment which showed the cases to possess a number of ‘troubling’ features. While agency workers believed that all the child ‘victims’ had been subject to serious sexual abuse, virtually all of them were circumspect as to whether this had occurred in a ‘ritual’ context. Initially, agency workers were generally open‐minded as to the experiences of adult ‘survivors’, but by the end of their assessments, they tended to be more concerned about their mental health and less concerned about issues of ritual abuse. Finally, agency workers appeared to act appropriately in terms of the types of intervention they used and the way in which they applied these. These results suggest that there should be more confidence in the ability of agency workers to respond to cases of alleged ritual abuse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building community: a conceptual framework for child protection
Authors: Barter Ken
Published: January 2005

This paper proposes a community‐building framework as an innovative strategy to begin to re‐claim children and families at risk. It is a strategy that identifies a purpose, a value base, knowledge and theoretical dimensions, and methods of practice that present as an approach for child welfare systems to consider shifts in thinking in order to meet what is considered the most important challenge of the next century: that of rediscovering community. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No sign of harm: issues for disabled children communicating about abuse
Authors: Oosterhoorn Rebecca , Kendrick Andrew
Published: January 2005

While all children may be the victims of abuse, disabled children are particularly vulnerable. This paper explores the views of professionals working with children using alternative/augmented communication systems on the issues relating to communication about abuse. Interviews were carried out with 20 staff from eight establishments for disabled children across Scotland. It describes the range of alternative/augmented communication systems used and the barriers to communication about abuse. Staff generally accepted the importance of providing the appropriate vocabulary in augmented communication systems, but systems that provide such vocabulary were not widely used. Staff considered that a major difficulty concerned the level of understanding disabled children might have about concepts of abuse. They were unsure how the appropriate vocabulary could be introduced in a natural way and how links could be made between the signs and their meanings. Staff saw themselves as those most able to protect the children, but it was felt that discovery of abuse was more likely to come from them noticing physical signs, behaviour or mood changes than from the child communicating explicitly about abuse. The need for appropriate training and increased coordination between social work, health and education is highlighted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diary reports on emotional experiences in the onset of a psychosocial transition: becoming drug‐free
Authors: Ravenna Marcella , Hölzl Erik , Costarelli Sandro , Kirchler Erich , Palmonari Augusto
Published: January 2005

The process of becoming drug free is viewed as a psychosocial transition in the life of drug addicts. A specific form of treatment of heroin addiction within residential communities is based on the importance of interpersonal relationships for change. Well‐being of 65 drug addicts during the first 2 weeks in a residential community is explored using a time‐sampling diary which was completed four times a day. The influence of subjects' history, situational context, and motive activation on well‐being and emotions is investigated. Results show that well‐being and emotions differ mainly according to subjects' history, but not — at least at the beginning of treatment within the community — according to situations. This is interpreted as a ‘state of shock’ in the new environment and highlights the necessity for special individual care for subjects with a long drug career. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary prevention of psychological difficulties in vulnerable mothers: pilot programme evaluation
Authors: Papworth Mark A. , Milne Derek L. , Taylor Katharine
Published: January 2005

This pilot study evaluated a primary prevention programme delivered to mothers who were considered to be vulnerable to the development of psychological difficulties (N = 11). Beneficial effects were noted in terms of mood and coping, as well as a reduction in the mothers' attendance at their general practitioners surgery. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery from post‐traumatic stress disorder in children following road traffic accidents: the role of talking and feeling understood
Authors: Stallard Paul , Velleman Richard , Baldwin Sarah
Published: January 2005

Forty children were assessed 6 weeks and 8 months after involvement in a road traffic accident (RTA). Ten of the 21 children suffering post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6 weeks continued to fulfil diagnostic criteria at 8 months. There was no evidence of delayed onset of PTSD in children who had not developed this condition at 6 weeks. Talking about the accident and feeling understood were associated with recovery. Providing children with opportunities to talk about their accident may be helpful in preventing or reducing psychological distress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De‐psychologizing community psychology
Authors: Smail David
Published: January 2005

Despite their welcome emphasis on the influence of environmental factors on the generation of distress, and on the central role in this of power, the contributors to this special issue still seem unable entirely to avoid ‘psychologizing’ the processes involved. It is suggested that a far more radical rejection of ‘interior’ psychological and moral concepts (e.g. ‘self‐esteem’, ‘responsibility’) could be undertaken without our having to abandon the project of psychology altogether. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pragmatic post‐structuralism (II): an outcomes evaluation of a stopping violence programme
Authors: Morgan Mandy , O'Neill Damian
Published: January 2005

This paper reports features of a distinctly post‐structuralist ‘outcome evaluation’ of a New Zealand stopping violence programme for men who have assaulted their spouses. Through analysis of pre‐ and post‐programme interviews it was found that the men's accounts of their violence shifted as a consequence of their participation in and exposure to the programme's discursive resources. Overall the men's accounts demonstrated movement towards taking greater ownership and responsibility for their actions. However this trend was not universal and was mitigated through other pre‐programme discursive resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding body image disturbance in the promotion of mental health: a discourse analytic study
Authors: Moulding Nicole , Hepworth Julie
Published: January 2005

Health care interventions in the area of body image disturbance and eating disorders largely involve individual treatment approaches, while prevention and health promotion are relatively underexplored. A review of health promotion activities in the area of body image in Australia revealed three programmes, the most extensive and longest standing having been established in 1992. The aims of this programme are to reduce body image dissatisfaction and inappropriate eating behaviour, especially among women. Because health promotion is concerned with the social aspects of health, it was hypothesized by the authors that a social understanding of body image and eating disorders might be advanced in a health promotion setting and reflected in the approach to practice. In order to examine approaches to body image in health promotion, 10 health professionals responsible for the design and management of this programme participated in a series of semi‐structured interviews between 1997 and 2000. Three discursive themes were evident in health workers' explanations of body image problems: (1) cognitive‐behavioural themes; (2) gender themes; and (3) socio‐cultural themes. While body image problems were constructed as psychological problems that are particularly experienced by women, their origins were largely conceived to be socio‐cultural. The implications of these constructions are critically discussed in terms of the approach to health promotion used in this programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early impact of the BEST intervention for parents stressed by adolescent substance abuse
Authors: Toumbourou John W. , Blyth Anne , Bamberg John , Forer Danielle
Published: January 2005

Youth involvement in substance abuse can be a source of considerable distress for their parents. Unilateral family interventions have been advocated as one means by which concerned family members can be supported to assist substance‐abusing family members. To date there has been little research examining the impact of unilateral family interventions on the directly participating family members. In this study the early impact of an 8‐week parent‐group programme known as Behavioural Exchange Systems Training (BEST) was evaluated using a quasi‐experimental, waiting list control design. The professionally led programme had been developed to support and assist parents in their efforts to cope with adolescent substance abuse. Subjects were 66 parents (48 families) accepted for entry into the programme between 1997 and 1998. Comparison was made between 46 parents offered immediate entry into the programme and 20 parents whose entry to the programme was delayed by an 8‐week waiting list. At the first assessment 87% of parents showed elevated mental health symptoms on the General Health Questionnaire. Evidence suggested exposure to the intervention had a positive impact on parents. Compared to parents on the waiting list, parents entered immediately into the intervention demonstrated greater reductions in mental health symptoms, increased parental satisfaction, and increased use of assertive parenting behaviours. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New approaches to the ‘crucial’ test of the causation and selection hypotheses in a Northern Irish sample
Authors: Mallett J. , Cairns ED. , Bunting B.
Published: January 2005

This paper examines the relationship between minority/majority status and psychological adjustment, as measured by the GHQ‐12. Rather than using religious labels in Northern Ireland to define minority/majority status, the authors hypothesized that such status is more contingent upon the local area context. Using a purer operationalization of minority/majority status, the authors found no evidence of an ‘ethnic density effect’. Implications for the questionable validity of the ‘crucial test’ of the selection and causation hypotheses are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of Echis carinatus crude venom and purified protein fractions on carbohydrate metabolism in rats
Authors: Al‐Saleh Saad S. M.
Published: January 2005

Echis carinatus crude venom was fractionated into 11 protein fractions by preparative native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). All fractions except fractions 5 and 10 appeared as a single band on analytical native PAGE. Purified venom fractions 1, 4, 8, 10 and 11 appeared as single bands on SDS‐PAGE whereas fractions 2, 3 and 7 contained two bands and fraction 6 contained three bands. Fractions 1 and 3 exhibited basic pI (7.3 and 7.6) respectively, while fractions 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 11 showed an acidic pI. Amino acid analysis also showed that crude venom is rich in acidic amino acids. A significant hyperglycaemia was produced by i.p. injection of E. carinatus crude venom, after 15 min of envenomation which persisted even after 24 h. Along with hyperglycaemia there was a significant decrease of liver glycogen at 15 min and 1, 12 and 24 h. A significant decrease of plasma [pyr + lac] levels was found from 15 min to 24 h. The liver [pyr + lac] levels increased significantly after 24 h. Skeletal muscle [pyr + lac] level was significantly decreased after 24 h of envenomation. Fractions 2 and 6 produced the highest increase in plasma glucose after 12 h and fraction 7 after 24 h. The plasma insulin level was significantly decreased by these three fractions (2, 6 and 7). So it can be hypothesized that the hyperglycaemia may result from a direct effect of a venom component on plasma insulin. Fractions 7, 8 and 11 caused the highest decrease in plasma [pyr + lac] while fractions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 produced the most significant decrease in liver [pyr + lac]. The most significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase level was also produced by fractions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐reactivity of some antibodies to human epitopes with shrimp Pandalus borealis proteins: a possible aid in validation and characterization of crustacean cells in vitro
Authors: Lyons‐Alcantara Maria , Lambkin Helen A. , Nordmo Rolf , Lyng Fiona , Mothersill Carmel
Published: January 2005

Cell characterization of primary cultures in vertebrates is well established but not in marine invertebrates. This fact is hampering advances in the development of tissue cultures from this species. In the present study, a panel of antibodies to structural proteins, stress proteins, oncogenes and proliferation antigens, developed against mammalian antigens, were tested in paraffin sections of the crustacean Pandalus borealis tissues. Several tissues were analysed: hepatopancreas, gills, ovaries, epithelium under the cuticle and abdominal muscle. Specific antibodies to crustacean proteins are not commercially available. The immunocytochemical results show that antibodies to human epitopes cross‐react with antigens in the crustacean Pandalus borealis indicating that some cellular proteins are highly conserved in evolution. Cytokeratin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ras and p‐glycoprotein were detected by immunocytochemistry in Pandalus borealis. No immunoreactivity for Ki‐67 and metallothionein was observed. This system can help in validation and characterization of invertebrate cultures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence that glutamine is involved in neutrophil function
Authors: Pithon‐Curi Tania C. , Trezena Ariane G. , Tavares‐Lima Wothan , Curi Rui
Published: January 2005

Phosphate‐dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity, a key enzyme of glutamine metabolism, was determined in neutrophils obtained from the intra‐peritoneal cavity (PC) or bronchoalveolar space (BAS) after administration of 1 ml or 100 μl, respectively of saline, glycogen solution (1%) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS 0.1 mg (100 μl)−1). Neutrophils were obtained by lavage of both sites with 20 ml saline 24 h after the administration of the stimuli. Glycogen and LPS, depending on the site the cells were obtained from, differently modulated PDG activity. Cells from BAS stimulated by glycogen or LPS had raised PDG activity to 30.5 ± 5.2 and 42.7 ± 12.1 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein, respectively, when compared with saline (9.1 ± 0.9 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein); mean ± SEM. On the other hand, cells from PC showed different PDG activity: 52.0 ± 12.6 nmol min−1 mg−1 for saline, 36.5 ± 9.5 nmol min−1 mg−1 for glycogen, and 76.6 ± 11.2 nmol min−1 mg−1 for LPS; mean ± SEM. Therefore, PDG activity varies with the site from which neutrophils are obtained and the stimulus imposed. The effect of glutamine on nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) production by peritoneal neutrophils, obtained after glycogen administration, cultured in the presence of LPS (0.5 μg ml−1) was also examined. The addition of glutamine at concentrations varying from 2 to 20 mM did not markedly affect NO production. Glutamine alone at 2 mM did not modify the production of TNF but in the presence of LPS caused a significant decrease. So, glutamine may preserve the function of neutrophils during infections and injuries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation and purification of Echis coloratus venom and some biological and biochemical effects of the proteins
Authors: Al‐Saleh S.S. , Ghneim H.K. , Haddad H.Y. , Khan S.U.
Published: January 2005

Crude venom of Echis coloratus was separated into seven protein fractions using 7% preparative native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effect of crude venom and seven venom protein fractions (F1–F7) from Echis coloratus on key metabolic activities of fibroblast cultures was investigated. Confluent cultures were incubated with the venom proteins for 3 h at 37°C. The specific activity of phosphofructokinase, was significantly lowered upon incubation with the crude venom and with fractions 2, 3, 4 and 6. Citrate synthase activity was significantly lowered by the crude venom and by fractions 2 and 3. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was significantly increased by the crude venom and by fractions 2, 3, 4 and 6 leading to a significant concurrent drop in glycogen content. Creatine kinase activity was significantly increased by the crude venom and by fractions 3, 4, 5 and 6. Cellular ATP levels rose significantly upon incubation with the crude venom and with fractions 3, 4, 5 and 6. Incubation of cell sonicates with all the venom proteins did not significantly alter the activity or content of any of the studied parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized PLS regression
Authors: Xu Qing‐Song , Liang Yi‐Zeng , Shen Hai‐Lin
Published: January 2005

The present paper develops a class of generalized partial least squares (GPLS) regression methods. GPLS can be regarded as a kind of weighted partial least squares regression method. Two special cases of them, ridge partial least squares (RPLS) and generalized ridge partial least squares (GRPLS) regression methods, are discussed in detail. RPLS and GRPLS combine partial least squares (PLS) with ridge regression (RR) and generalized ridge regression (GRR) respectively. It is shown that the estimated coefficient vectors by RPLS and GRPLS are shrunken PLS estimators and their prediction power is not so sensitive to the components included in the model compared to PLS. The four methods RR, PLS, RPLS and GRPLS are compared on the basis of three data sets under the criteria of prediction residual error sum of squares (PRESS) and mean squared error of prediction (MSEP). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo alternating least squares algorithm for trilinear decomposition
Authors: Chen Zeng‐Ping , Li Yang , Yu Ru‐Qin
Published: January 2005

In chemistry, PARAFAC is one of the most widely used algorithms for trilinear decomposition. However, the problem of PARAFAC requiring an accurate estimation of the number of factors in the system under study limits its applications to some extent. This troublesome problem has been tackled by the pseudo alternating least squares (PALS) algorithm designed in this paper. PALS is a unique algorithm which tries to alternately optimize three different objective functions to obtain the solutions for the trilinear decomposition model. It has the outstanding feature of being resistant to the influence of N (the number of factors chosen in calculation), which has been proved mathematically under some mild conditions. Although the optimization procedure of PALS is different from that of PARAFAC, an alternating least squares scheme, and hinders a straightforward analysis of its convergence properties, studies on simulated as well as real data arrays reveal that PALS can often converge to satisfactory results within a reasonable computation time, even if excess factors are used in calculation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on quantitative relationship between chemical shift of carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and molecular topological structure based on a novel atomic distance–edge vector (ADEV)
Authors: Liu Shushen , Liu Hailing , Yu Banmei , Cao Chenzhong , Li Shengshi Zhiliang
Published: January 2005

A set of novel graph theoretical parameters, called the atomic distance–edge vector (ADEV), was developed in our laboratories. A regression equation linking the carbon‐13 chemical shift (CS) to an ADEV containing 16 descriptor variables of various chemically non‐equivalent carbon atoms in a molecule was obtained using multiple linear regression (MLR). The regression model was used to predict the carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectra of unknown alkanes. It was found that the estimated CS values were in good agreement with the experimental CS values. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selecting significant factors by the noise addition method in principal component analysis
Authors: Dable Brian K. , Booksh Karl S.
Published: January 2005

The noise addition method (NAM) is presented as a tool for determining the number of significant factors in a data set. The NAM is compared to residual standard deviation (RSD), the factor indicator function (IND), chi‐squared (χ2) and cross‐validation (CV) for establishing the number of significant factors in three data sets. The comparison and validation of the NAM are performed through Monte Carlo simulations with noise distributions of varying standard deviation, HPLC/UV‐vis chromatographs of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, and FIA of methyl orange. The NAM succeeds in correctly identifying the proper number of significant factors 98% of the time with the simulated data, 99% in the HPLC data sets and 98% with the FIA data. RSD and χ2 fail to choose the proper number of factors in all three data sets. IND identifies the correct number of factors in the simulated data sets but fails with the HPLC and FIA data sets. Both CV methods fail in the HPLC and FIA data sets. CV also fails for the simulated data sets, while the modified CV correctly chooses the proper number of factors an average of 80% of the time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic algorithms in chemometrics and chemistry: a review
Authors: Leardi Riccardo
Published: January 2005

The use of genetic algorithms has been growing exponentially since Holland published the first papers about them. Thanks to the extraordinary increase in calculation power, nowadays it is possible to apply them to extremely complex problems. A considerable number of papers in which genetic algorithms have been applied have been published in several scientifical journals. This review is of course far from being a complete summary of the application of genetic algorithms to chemical problems; its goal is to show the reader the main fields of application of this technique, together with providing a list of references on the subject. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GOLPE procedure for predicting olive crop production from climatic parameters
Authors: Clementi Monica , Clementi Sergio , Fornaciari Marco , Orlandi Fabio , Romano Bruno
Published: January 2005

This paper reviews the philosophy of the GOLPE procedure, explaining the reasons for the validation criterion and variable selection method used and comparing GOLPE with other regression and variable selection methods. Its application to olive production, for a training set of 16 years, allows one to improve the uncertainty of prediction of the yearly crop production from temperature, rain, heliophany, humidity and wind from 30% to 14% and to indicate the climatic parameters affecting crop production. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for subset selection of parts of an in‐house chemical library
Authors: Andersson Per M. , Sjöström Michael , Wold Svante , Lundstedt Torbjörn
Published: January 2005

When a company decides to perform biological testing of their ‘in‐house’ library, i.e. compounds which have been synthesized or purchased over the years, it is usually not feasible or desirable to test all of them using e.g. high‐throughput screening (HTS). The limitation is the usually high number of compounds to test (104–106) leading to practical limitations and high costs in terms of both material costs and disposal considerations. Therefore it is often desirable to make a selection of which compounds to include in the biological testing. A challenge is how to make this selection in order to cover the structural space of the in‐house library as well as possible. Here we present and discuss different selection strategies based mainly on statistical molecular design (SMD). These methods require different prior information about the compounds under investigation, e.g. characterization of the chemical structure, affinity/biological activity data or neither of these. Which method to be used is largely problem‐dependent, i.e. the composition and origin of the library, and hence the structural space, are of great importance. Chemical and biological knowledge about the system under investigation should as far as possible be considered when making the final decision on which method to apply. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sufficient conditions for unique solutions within a certain class of curve resolution models
Authors: Smilde Age K. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , Kiers Henk A. L. , Bijlsma Sabina , Boelens Hans F. M.
Published: January 2005

Curve resolution is a class of techniques concerned with estimating profiles underlying a set of measurements of time‐evolving chemical systems. In general, the estimated profiles are not unique. Both intensity and rotational ambiguities exist in the solutions of these problems. Constraints can be imposed on the solution to decrease the ambiguity. Some chemical systems show closure. It is proven that imposing a closure constraint is sufficient to solve the intensity ambiguity but not the rotational ambiguity. Some curve resolution techniques are concerned with estimating reaction rate or equilibrium constants from measurements of evolving systems. Then a kinetic model is imposed on the measured data. It is proven that imposing a certain class of kinetic models is sufficient to solve both the rotational and the intensity ambiguity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Singlet Exciplexes between a Thioxanthone Derivative and Substituted Aromatic Quenchers: Role of the Resonance Integral
Authors: Dossot Manuel , Allonas Xavier , Jacques Patrice
Published: January 2005

Fluorescence quenching of a thioxanthone derivative by methyl‐ and methoxy‐substituted benzenes (MeB and MeOB, respectively) is performed in solvents of different polarity. Emissive exciplexes are observed even in polar solvents and provide kinetic and spectroscopic data over a large scale of solvent polarity. These data were subsequently analyzed by use of a new theoretical model that leads to a thermodynamic relationship between exciplex and electron‐transfer driving forces ΔGexcand ΔGet, respectively. The remarkable agreement found between this model and both kinetic and spectroscopic data supports its validity. Moreover, the difference observed between MeB and MeOB compounds in quenching efficiency is analyzed by this model and provides the main parameters governing exciplex features, especially the resonance integral between locally excited and charge‐transfer states.