bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Two T Cell Receptor α Chains: Dual Receptor T Cells
Authors: Padovan Elisabetta , Casorati Giulia , Dellabona Paolo , Meyer Stefan , Brockhaus Manfred , Lanzavecchia Antonio
Published: October 2006

Although many T cells carry two in-frame V
α
rearrangements, the products of both V
α
rearrangements have never been shown simultaneously on the surface of normal cells. With the use of monoclonal antibodies to V
α
2, V
α
12, and V
α
24, up to one-third of mature T cells expressed two V
α
chains as part of two functional and independent T cell receptors (TCRs). Thus, the "one cell, one receptor" rule does not apply to a large subset of αβ T cells. Cells that belong to this dual TCR subset may be specific for a broader range of antigens than cells with a single receptor, which may be important for autoimmunity and alloreactivity.
Analysis of a Nucleoprotein Complex: the Synaptosome of γδ Resolvase
Authors: Grindley Nigel D. F.
Published: October 2006

The γδ resolvase protein is one of a large family of transposon-encoded site-specific recombinases. It performs recombination in a DNA-protein complex that contains 12 resolvase protomers and two copies of the 120-base pair DNA substrate,
res
(each with three binding sites for a resolvase dimer). A derivative of resolvase with altered DNA binding specificity was used to show that the role of resolvase at site I, which contains the crossover point, differs from its role at the other two binding sites. The resolvase dimers that initially bind to site I are the only ones that require the residue Ser
10
, essential for catalysis of DNA breakage. In addition, these site I-bound dimers do not use a specific interaction between dimers that is required elsewhere in the complex for synapsis of the
res
sites.
Ionochromic Behavior of Gecko Visual Pigments
Authors: Crescitelli Frederick
Published: October 2006

Digitonin extracts of the retina of
Gekko gekko
prepared to minimize the presence of chloride ions show the photopigment to be at about 490 nanometers rather than at 521 nanometers, the position found for the same pigment in situ. The addition of chloride to the extract causes a bathochromic shift in spectral absorbance, the magnitude of the shift being related to the concentration of chloride, within limits. The effect is a specific one, and of all the anions tested only bromide causes a similar bathochromic shift. The nature of the cation is not involved since the same action is produced by the chlorides of sodium, lithium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, calcium, magnesium, beryllium, lanthanum, and choline.
Nonnutritive Sweeteners: Taste-Structure Relationships for Some New Simple Dihydrochalcones
Authors: DuBois Grant E. , Crosby Guy A. , Saffron Patrick
Published: October 2006

Six sweet and five nonsweet simple nonglycosidic dihydrochalcones were prepared, two of which have properties comparable to those of the intensely sweet neohesperidin dihydrochalcone.
13-
cis
-Retinoic Acid: Inhibition of Bladder Carcinogenesis in the Rat
Authors: Sporn Michael B. , Squire Robert A. , Brown Charles C. , Smith Joseph M. , Wenk Martin L. , Springer Stephen
Published: October 2006

Transitional cell and squamous cell cancer of the bladder was induced in Wistar/Lewis female rats by direct instillation of
N
-methyl-
N
-nitrosourea into the bladder. Feeding of the synthetic retinoid, 13-
cis
-retinoic acid, inhibited the incidence and extent of bladder cancer in these rats, even when 13-
cis
-retinoic acid administration was begun after completion of the carcinogen treatment.
Antibody Binding Measurements with Hapten-Selective Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Meyerhoff M. , Rechnitz G. A.
Published: October 2006

Direct antibody-hapten binding measurements were carried out with the use of a hapten-selective membrane electrode. Potentiometric titrations of rabbit antibody to the hapten trimethylphenylammonium ion demonstrate the speed and convenience of the new method for the determination of binding equilibria. Average intrinsic binding constants obtained agree well with those measured by equilibrium dialysis techniques.
Calcium-Induced Displacement of Membrane-Associated Particles Upon Aggregation of Chromaffin Granules
Authors: Schober Ralf , Nitsch Cordula , Rinne Ulrich , Morris Stephen J.
Published: October 2006

Isolated chromaffin granules incubated in 10 millimolar calcium chloride aggregated, forming contact sites with a pentalaminar membrane structure. These circular attachment sites were free of membrane-associated particles, which accumulated at the periphery. Incubation in 20 millimolar ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reversed these changes, which are regarded as initial events in the membrane fusion reaction.
Group II Intron RNA Catalysis of Progressive Nucleotide Insertion: a Model for RNA Editing
Authors: Mueller Manfred W. , Hetzer Martin , Schweyen Rudolf J.
Published: October 2006

The self-splicing
bl1
intron lariat from mitochondria of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
catalyzed the insertion of nucleotidyl monomers derived from the 3′ end of a donor RNA into an acceptor RNA in a 3′ to 5′ direction in vitro. In this catalyzed reaction, the site specificity provided by intermolecular base pair interactions, the formation of chimeric intermediates, the polarity of the nucleotidyl insertion, and its reversibility all resemble such properties in previously proposed models of RNA editing in kinetoplastid mitochondria. These results suggest that RNA editing occurs by way of a concerted, two-step transesterification mechanism and that RNA splicing and RNA editing might be prebiotically related mechanisms; possibly, both evolved from a primordial demand for self-replication.
Mice Lacking TdT: Mature Animals with an Immature Lymphocyte Repertoire
Authors: Gilfillan Susan , Dierich Andrée , Lemeur Marianne , Benoist Christophe , Mathis Diane
Published: October 2006

In adult animals, template-independent (or N) nucleotides are frequently added during the rearrangement of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments of lymphocyte receptor genes, greatly enhancing junctional diversity. Receptor genes from adult mice carrying a mutation in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) gene have few N nucleotides, providing proof that this enzyme is essential for creating diversity. Unlike those from normal adults, receptor genes from adult mutant mice show extensive evidence of homology-directed recombination, suggesting that TdT blocks this process. Thus, switch-on of the TdT gene during the first week after birth provokes an even greater expansion of lymphocyte receptor diversity than had previously been thought.
Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis with Guinea Pig Peritoneal Exudate Cells
Authors: Driscoll Bernard F. , Kies Marian W. , Alvord Ellsworth C.
Published: October 2006

Incubation with specific antigen, myelin basic protein, greatly enhances the ability of guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells to transfer experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Reproducibly successful transfers are obtained with 10
7
cells. With this relatively small number of cells, in vitro studies to determine the immunologic mechanisms involved in the disease process are now possible.
Protein-Induced Bending as a Transcriptional Switch
Authors: Pérez-Martín José , Espinosa Manuel
Published: October 2006

The question of whether protein-induced DNA bending can act as a switch factor when placed upstream of an array of promoters located in tandem was investigated in vivo. The catabolite activating protein binding site of the
fur
operon was replaced by the binding site of the RepA repressor protein, which is able to bend DNA immediately after binding. Appropriately phased induced bending could act as a transcriptional switch factor in vivo.
Surface Expression of Two Distinct Functional Antigen Receptors on Human γδ T Cells
Authors: Davodeau François , Peyrat Marie-Alix , Houde Isabelle , Hallet Marie-Martine , De Libero Gennaro , Vié Henri , Bonneville Marc
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytes recognize antigens with highly variable heterodimeric surface receptors. Although four distinct antigen receptors could in principle be produced by any lymphocyte, only one functional combination of receptor chains has thus far been found expressed on their surface. Examination of human γδ T cells revealed a population that violated this rule by expressing on their surface two distinct functional γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) that used different TCRγ gene alleles. Thus, current models for T cell clonal selection may need modification, and a possible escape mechanism for autoreactive TCRs is suggested.
Babesia rodhaini
: Requirement of Complement for Penetration of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Chapman William E. , Ward Peter A.
Published: October 2006

A system has been developed in vitro in which human red cells, in the presence of fresh human (or rat) serum, are parasitized by the hemosporidian protozoan
Babesia rodhaini
. The ability of
B. rodhaini
to penetrate red cells depends on factors of the alternative complement pathway (properdin and factor B) as well as ionic magnesium and the third (C3) and the fifth (C5) components of complement. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which a parasite is able to utilize the complement system. The data are in accord with and further amplify earlier observations that demonstrated a requirement for complement in the development of babesial infection in rats.
Structure of the Regulatory Complex of
Escherichia coli
III
Glc
with Glycerol Kinase
Authors: Hurley James H. , H. Rick HR , Worthylake David , Meadow Norman D. , Roseman Saul , Pettigrew Donald W. , Remington S. James
Published: October 2006

The phosphocarrier protein III
Glc
is an integral component of the bacterial phosphotransferase (PTS) system. Unphosphorylated III
Glc
inhibits non-PTS carbohydrate transport systems by binding to diverse target proteins. The crystal structure at 2.6 Å resolution of one of the targets, glycerol kinase (GK), in complex with unphosphorylated III
Glc
, glycerol, and adenosine diphosphate was determined. GK contains a region that is topologically identical to the adenosine triphosphate binding domains of hexokinase, the 70-kD heat shock cognate, and actin. III
Glc
binds far from the catalytic site of GK, indicating that long-range conformational changes mediate the inhibition of GK by III
Glc
. GK and III
Glc
are bound by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, with only one hydrogen bond involving an uncharged group. The phosphorylation site of III
Glc
, His
90
, is buried in a hydrophobic environment formed by the active site region of III
Glc
and a 3
10
helix of GK, suggesting that phosphorylation prevents III
Glc
binding to GK by directly disrupting protein-protein interactions.
Human Globin Messenger RNA: Importance of Cloning for Structural Analysis
Authors: Wilson John T. , Forget Bernard G. , Wilson Lois B. , Weissman Sherman M.
Published: October 2006

The sequence of most of the human beta globin messenger RNA and large sections of the alpha globin messenger RNA has been determined. Partly because of genetic polymorphism, it was necessary to clone globin complementary DNA in order to extend the analysis. Purified human fetal globin messenger RNA was isolated and used as a template by reverse transcriptase to produce duplex complementary DNA molecules. These molecules were linked in vitro to plasmid DNA by use of T4 ligase in the presence of
Escherichia coli
Pol 1. Several colonies transformed by these molecules have been shown to hybridize with labeled human globin complementary RNA.
Probability of Establishing Chimeric Plasmids in Natural Populations of Bacteria
Authors: Levin Bruce R. , Stewart Frank M.
Published: October 2006

Formulas for estimating the probability that chimeric plasmids carried by disarmed hosts will become established in natural populations of bacteria are presented and their use illustrated with a series of realistic numerical examples. The implications of these a priori probability estimates for the problem of containment for recombinant DNA research is discussed.
Rescue of Signaling by a Chimeric Protein Containing the Cytoplasmic Domain of CD45
Authors: Hovis Robin R. , Donovan Jerald A. , Musci Michael A. , Motto David G. , Goldman Frederick D. , Ross Susan E. , Koretzky Gary A.
Published: October 2006

Surface expression of the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase is essential for the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to couple optimally with its second messenger pathways. CD45 may be required to dephosphorylate a TCR-activated protein tyrosine kinase, which then transduces an activation signal from the TCR. A chimeric molecule that contained extracellular and transmembrane sequences from an allele of a major histocompatibility class I molecule and cytoplasmic sequences of CD45 restored TCR signaling in a CD45-deficient mutant T cell line. Thus, expression of the complex extracellular domain of CD45 is not required for the TCR to couple to its signaling machinery.
Light and the Sexual Cycle of Game Birds
Authors: Clark Leonard B. , Leonard Samuel L. , Bump Gardiner
Published: October 2006

The results of these experiments has led us to conclude that light is a primary factor in inducing sexual activity in pheasants, quail and grouse, through the mediation of the hypophysis. Once this hypophysealgonad reaction is started it can not continue indefinitely with adequate light but only until the hypophysis falters in the production of the gonad-stimulating hormone through causes unknown. The immature pheasant resembles the adult at the close of the breeding season in that the gonads are capable of responding to adequate hypophyseal stimulation.
H-Y Antigen: Expression in Human Subjects with the Testicular Feminization Syndrome
Authors: Koo Gloria C. , Wachtel Stephen S. , Saenger Paul , New Maria I. , Dosik Harvey , Amarose Anthony P. , Dorus Elizabeth , Ventruto Valerio
Published: October 2006

Androgen-insensitive subjects with a 46,XY karyotype develop as phenotypic females despite presence of testes. The white blood cells of these females type H-Y antigen-positive indicate that expression of the H-Y cell surface component is androgen-independent.
The Energy of Activation of Protein Denaturations
Authors: La Mer Victor K.
Published: October 2006

The abnormally large values of the energy and the entropy of activation encountered in protein denaturations and enzyme destructions are illusory, since the customary method of calculating these quantities by the comparison of rates at constant p
H
alone is fallacious. This procedure includes, in addition to the true energy of activation, the heat of dissociation of all acidic equilibria involved in preparing the initial molecules for the kinetic step of activation. Steinhardt has shown by a simple and concrete mechanism that the kinetics of pepsin destruction obey the simple laws of chemical kinetics when correction is made for the preliminary acidic dissociation equilibria which are not part of the activation process.
Suckling as Incentive to Instrumental Learning in Preweanling Rats
Authors: Kenny John T. , Blass Elliott M.
Published: October 2006

Neonatal rats as young as 7 days of age learned, reversed, and retained a left-right discrimination with a nonlactating nipple as the incentive. These results have implications for the ontogeny of associative processes and for their neurological and neurochemical mediators.
Duchenne Dystrophy: Alteration in Muscle Plasma Membrane Structure
Authors: Schotland D. L. , Bonilla E. , Van Meter M.
Published: October 2006

Freeze fracture studies of skeletal muscle from eight patients with Duchenne dystrophy showed nonuniform distribution and depletion of particles on both protoplasmic and extracellular faces of the muscle plasma membrane. The findings support the view that the muscle surface membrane is abnormal in this disorder and indicate that alterations are present in the internal molecular architecture of the membrane.
2-Deoxy-α-Ecdysone from Ovaries and Eggs of the Silkworm,
Bombyx mori
Authors: Ohnishi Eiji , Mizuno Takashi , Chatani Fumio , Ikekawa Nobuo , Sakurai Syo
Published: October 2006

From ovaries dissected from developing and emerged adults of the silkworm,
Bombyx mori
, two substances having high molting hormone activity were isolated. One of these was identified as 2-deoxy-α-ecdysone by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Although this compound had previously been isolated from the fern
Blechnum minus
and postulated to be the precursor of α-ecdysone, it had not been obtained from insect material. The compound is also contained in the form of a conjugate in ovaries as well as in diapausing silkworm embryos.
Legionnaires' Disease: Nickel Levels
Authors: Chen James R. , Francisco Roger B. , Miller Thomas E.
Published: October 2006

Nickel concentrations in lung tissues of nine deceased Legionnaire victims average nine times that of controls. There is a significant correlation between the nickel levels in the lungs of the Legionnaire victims and the weights of the lung specimens. No similar correlation is evident in the study of the victims' kidney tissues or tissues from the controls.
Benzo[
a
]pyrene Diol Epoxides: Mechanism of Enzymatic Formation and Optically Active Intermediates
Authors: Yang Shen K. , McCourt David W. , Leutz Janet C. , Gelboin Harry V.
Published: October 2006

Studies of the mechanism of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism to reactive diol epoxides and of their disposition indicate that the metabolic intermediates of the activation pathways, 7,8-epoxide and
trans
-7,8-diol, as well as the two stereoisomeric diol epoxides are all optically active. Benzo[a]pyrene is converted to optically active 9,10-epoxides of (-)
trans
-7,8-diol by three enzymatic steps: (i) stereospecific oxygenation at the 7,8 double bond of benzo[a]pyrene by the mixed-function oxidases to essentially a single enantiomer of 7,8-epoxide, (ii) hydration of the 7,8-epoxide by epoxide hydratase to an optically pure (-)
trans
-7,8-diol, and (iii) stereoselective oxygenation by the mixed-function oxidases at the 9,10 double bond of the (-)
trans
-7,8-diol to optically active r-7,
t
-8-dihydroxy-
t
-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and optically active r-7,
t
-8-dihydroxy-
c
-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in a ratio of approximately 10 to 1.
Volcanic Ash: Terrestrial Versus Extraterrestrial
Authors: O'Keefe John A
Published: October 2006

A principal difference between terrestrial and extraterrestrial lavas may consist in the greater ability of terrestrial lavas to form thin films (like those of soap bubbles) and hence foams. It would follow that, in place of the pumice and spiny shards found in terrestrial volcanic ash, an extraterrestrial ash should contain minute spherules. This hypothesis may help to explain lunar microspherules.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Use of
14
C-Labeled Deoxyglucose Uptake as a Functional Marker
Authors: Schwartz William J. , Gainer Harold
Published: October 2006

Glucose consumption of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was studied under various experimental conditions by means of the [
14
C]deoxyglucose (DG) technique. The results show that glucose consumption of the SCN, in contrast to other brain structures, is a function of both the time of day and environmental lighting conditions. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the SCN have an essential role in circadian rhythm regulation and indicate that the DG technique may provide a novel approach for the study of the central neural mechanisms underlying circadian rhythm regulation.
Timekeeping by the Pineal Gland
Authors: Binkley Sue , Riebman Jerome B. , Reilly Kathleen B.
Published: October 2006

N
Acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in melatonin production in the pineal gland, exhibits a circadian rhythm in chickens with peak values in the dark-time and low values during the light-time, commencing at lights-on. When pineal glands of chickens killed during the dark-time (with high
N
acetyltransferase activity) were organ-cultured, there was a decline in enzyme activity to light-time values. Regardless of the time of the dark at which the chickens were killed, the enzyme activity reached light-time levels at precisely the same time.
Alpha Blocking: Absence in Visuobehavioral Deprivation
Authors: Glass Jay D.
Published: October 2006

Subjects with congenital deficits that allowed only diffuse light perception through one eye were examined for blocking of the alpha rhythm. With only the deprived eye open the electroencephalogram is dominated by alpha rhythm that is not blocked by photic stimulation, even though the stimuli evoke a response from occipital cortex.
Early Development of X-Cells in Kitten Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Authors: Norman Joyce L. , Pettigrew J. D. , Daniels J. D.
Published: October 2006

Lateral geniculate nucleus cells of the kitten were classified as X-cells or Y-cells with a contrast reversal test and their latencies to optic chiasm shock were measured. X-cells with mature latencies were found as early as 21 days. Y-cells did not have adult latencies at 40 days. The early development of some X-cells may be due to differential rates of fiber myelination and synaptic maturation within the lateral geniculate nucleus.
Glyoxalase I Polymorphism in the Mouse: A New Genetic Marker Linked to H-2
Authors: Meo Tommaso , Douglas Tommy , Rijnbeek Ann-Marie
Published: October 2006

Two electrophoretically distinct variants of glyoxalase I (Glo-1) are present in mouse (
Mus musculus
). The two forms are controlled by two codominant alleles
Glo-1
a
(common) and
Glo-1
b
(rare) at an autosomal locus. A linkage study showed that
Glo-1
maps at approximately 3 centimorgans from the
Ss
locus of the H-2 histocompatibility region. A similar linkage relationship exists in man between GLO and HLA, the human homolog of the H-2 gene complex. Thus, the chromosomal segment evolutionarily preserved in the two species is longer than previously suspected, and it includes genes with no obvious functional relation to the other components of the major histocompatibility complex. Several features of the
Glo-1
polymorphism in the mouse recommend it as a marker of choice for the H-2 region.
How Many Anticodons?
Authors: Jukes Thomas H.
Published: October 2006

Much new information on codon composition is becoming available from the sequencing of molecules of DNA and RNA. The "wobble rules" for codon-anticodon pairing are applicable to this information. These rules provide for only 54 anticodons to pair with 61 codons, because the base A is not found in the first position of anticodons.
Increasing Frequency of Thyroid Goiters in Coho Salmon (
Oncorhynchus kisutch
) in the Great Lakes
Authors: Moccia Richard D. , Leatherland John F. , Sonstegard R. A.
Published: October 2006

Coho salmon collected during the 1976 spawning runs from Lakes Michigan, Ontario, and Erie had overt goiter frequencies of 6.3, 47.6, and 79.5 percent, respectively. These represent significant increases over the frequencies observed in previous years. Epizootiological data suggest that environmental goitrogens (possibly pollutants) may be involved in the etiology of the thyroid disorder.
Regenerating Afferents Establish Synapses with a Target Neuron That Lacks Its Cell Body
Authors: Krasne Franklin B. , Lee Sun-Hee
Published: October 2006

When the axons of crayfish tail-fan mechanoreceptor neurons are severed, the axons regenerate into the central nervous system and after 2 to 6 weeks reestablish functional contacts with their standard interneuronal target cells. Removal of the cell body and hence the genes of the largest of these interneurons does not interfere with the successful reestablishment of synapses between it and its afferents.
Pulmonary Metabolism During Diving: Conditioning Blood for the Brain
Authors: Hochachka P. W. , Liggins G. C. , Qvist J. , Schneider R. , Snider M. Y. , Wonders T. R. , Zapol W. M.
Published: October 2006

During experimental diving by the awake Weddell seal, blood glucose concentration falls consistently. A large fraction of the glucose consumed from the central circulating blood appears as lactate. During diving, the lung utilizes blood lactate in preference to blood glucose as a source of both carbon and energy, and it is able to release glucose into pulmonary venous blood to supplement the supply available for brain metabolism.
A Deficiency Disease of Foxes
Authors: Green R. G. , Evans C. A.
Published: October 2006

A common and highly destructive dietary disease of silver foxes in captivity is pathologically the counterpart of Wernicke's hemorrhagic polioencephalitis of man. The disease in foxes is caused by feeding fish as 10 per cent., or more, of the diet. It is probable that the fish induce a B
1
avitaminosis which causes the characteristic pathology and the resultant symptoms.
Physical Structure of the Replication Origin of Bacteriophage Lambda
Authors: Denniston-Thompson Katherine , Moore David D. , Kruger Kelley E. , Furth Mark E , Blattner Frederick R.
Published: October 2006

The nucleotide sequence of part of the replication region of wild-type bacteriophage lambda and of four mutants defective in the origin of DNA replication (
ori
-
) has been determined. Three of the
ori
-
mutations are small deletions, and one is a transversion. The sequence of the origin region, defined by these mutations, contains a number of unusual features.
Evolution of Primate Chromosomes
Authors: Miller Dorothy A.
Published: October 2006

Human and higher primate chromosomes have been compared by general and regional banding methods, including hybridization in situ. The general banding patterns of the chromosomes of gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, but not gibbon, are similar to those of the human. Preliminary results show that chromosomes with similar banding patterns in different species often carry the same genes. Repetitious DNA's have undergone changes in structure and distribution which are reflected in changes in the regional banding patterns. These studies confirm that the evolutionary distance between the gibbon and the orangutan is relatively great compared to the distance between the orangutan and the other great apes, and suggest that man is more closely related to the gorilla than to the chimpanzee.
Polychlorobornane Components of Toxaphene: Structure-Toxicity Relations and Metabolic Reductive Dechlorination
Authors: Saleh Mahmoud Abbas , Turner Walter V. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

2,2,5-
endo
,6-
exo
,8,9,10-Heptachlorobornane and four derivatives of this heptachlorobornane, with an additional chlorine atom at position 3-
exo
,8,9, or 10, account for a major portion of the acute toxicity of toxaphene and for up to 23 percent of toxaphene composition as analyzed by open tubular column gas-liquid chromatography with an electron capture detector. Both in several organisms and model environmental systems and on photolysis, this heptachlorobornane undergoes facile reductive dechlorination at the geminal-dichloro group and sometimes dehydrochlorination.
Nuclear Ghosts: A Nonmembranous Structural Component of Mammalian Cell Nuclei
Authors: Keller John M. , Riley Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Electron micrographs of positively stained preparations of nonmembranous ghosts prepared from HeLa cell nuclei have revealed the presence of an array consisting of rodlike and annular structures interconnected by strands sensitive to deoxyribonuclease. This array is believed to be responsible for the spherical shape of nuclei that are free of membrane. In addition, a configurational change in this array may be associated with the cyclic dissolution and reformation of the nuclear envelope that accompanies mitosis in mammalian cells.
Alcaptonuria in a Negro Family
Authors: Abbott Lynn D. F.
Published: October 2006

A report of the occurrence of alcaptonuria in two children of a Negro family is presented. Other members of the family were investigated and found to be unaffected. This is the first evidence that this inborn error of metabolism exists in the American Negro.
Plutonium Hazard in Respirable Dust on the Surface of Soil
Authors: Johnson Carl J. , Tidball Ronald R. , Severson Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

Plutonium-239 in the fine particulate soil fraction of surface dust is subject to suspension by air currents and is a potential health hazard to humans who may inhale it. This respirable particulate fraction is defined as particles ≤ 5 micrometers. The respirable fraction of surface dust was separated by ultrasonic dispersion and a standard water-sedimentation procedure. Plutonium concentrations in this fraction of off-site soils located downwind from the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant (Jefferson County, Colorado) were as much as 380 times the background concentration. It is proposed that this method of evaluation defines more precisely the potential health hazard from the respirable fraction of plutonium-contaminated soils.
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Somatic Cell Hybrids: Independent Segregation of the Human Alpha- and Beta-Globin Genes
Authors: Deisseroth Albert , Velez Ramon , Nienhuis Arthur W.
Published: October 2006

Hybrid somatic cells containing a partial complement of human chromosomes were used to demonstrate that the human alpha- and beta-globin genes are located on different chromosomes. Two cell lines consisting of a cross of mouse with human fibroblasts contained the human alpha- but not the beta-globin gene, while a cross of human marrow cells with mouse erythroleukemia cells expressed the human beta- but not the alpha-globin gene.
α-Methylphenylalanine, a New Inducer of Chronic Hyperphenylalaninemia in Suckling Rats
Authors: Greengard Olga , Yoss Marci S. , Del Valle Juan A.
Published: October 2006

α-Methylphenylalanine reduces the phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of rat liver by 75 percent. Daily injections of this substance (plus phenylalanine) into rats from the 3rd to 15th day of age had no obvious toxic effects, and maintained a plasma concentration of phenylalanine comparable to that of phenylketonuric subjects.
Recognition and Sexual Selection in
Drosophila
: Classification, Quantification, and Identification
Authors: Leonard Jack E. , Ehrman Lee
Published: October 2006

Drosophila pseudoobscura
females show a positive bias toward mating with males whose proportion in the population is low. They can perform this discrimination even when three strains of males are present. The olfactory recognition required for this discrimination entails a hierarchically ordered recognition system and a natural unit of olfactory strength.
Cortisol Stimulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Rat Parathyroid Glands in Organ Culture
Authors: Au William Y. W.
Published: October 2006

Addition of cortisol (10
-6
to 10
-8
M
) and related glucocorticoid congeners to cultures of rat parathyroid glands stimulated dose-related increases in parathyroid hormone secretion; the addition of deoxycorticosterone or cortexolone was without effect. Cortexolone, however, inhibited the stimulatory activity of cortisol when both were added to the culture medium. This direct stimulatory effect of cortisol on parathyroid gland secretion may account in part for the increased concentration of parathyroid hormone in the serum of cortisol-treated animals.
Benzo[
a
]pyrene Diol Epoxides as Intermediates in Nucleic Acid Binding in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Weinstein I. Bernard , Jeffrey Alan M. , Jennette Karen W. , Blobstein Steven H. , Harvey Ronald G. , Harris Curtis , Autrup Herman , Kasai Hiroshi , Nakanishi Koji
Published: October 2006

Evidence has been obtained that a specific isomer of a diol epoxide derivative of benzo[
a
]pyrene, (±)-7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[
a
]pyrene, is an intermediate in the binding of benzo[
a
]pyrene to RNA in cultured bovine bronchial mucosa. An adduct is formed between position 10 of this derivative and the 2-amino group of guanine.
Mitochondria: System for Prolonged Maintenance and Repeated Measurements of Energy-Linked Functions
Authors: Romani Roger J.
Published: October 2006

A combination of long-lived mitochondria and a system equipped with gas and liquid exchange hollow fibers permits the maintenance and repeated assay of mitochondria under controlled conditions for periods in excess of 48 hours at room temperature.
The Triple Point of Water
Authors: Waring Worden
Published: October 2006

(1) A common error in text-books on physical chemistry is pointed out. It is hoped that the correct value for the triple point temperature, +.0098°C, will be given in new books and in succeeding editions of the books surveyed above.

(2) Inconsistencies in the vapor pressure values for ice and for liquid water near 0°C are pointed out.

(3) The equilibrium vapor pressures for ice and liquid water under two different sets of equilibrium conditions are compared with the triple point pressure.
Discharge of Aminoacyl-Viral RNA by a Factor from Interferon-Treated Cells
Authors: Sela Ilan , Grossberg Sidney E. , Sedmak J. James , Mehler Alan H.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of cells treated with purified interferon discharge the amino acid previously esterified to viral RNA but fail to affect aminoacylated transfer RNA. A similar activity is also present in crude interferon preparations.
The Biochemistry of Anthocyanins
Authors: Bancroft Wilder D.
Published: October 2006

1. An explanation has been given for the effect of subdued light on the development of anthocyanins. This effect was observed by von Sachs and by Sorby seventy years ago. Nobody has made an exhaustive study of the subject, although Askenasy, Hugo Fischer and others have done work along these lines.

2. When a flavone is reduced to an anthocyanin, as with the Japanese quince, cutting off ultra-violet light prevents the formation of the anthocyanin.

3. When the anthocyanin is formed by the hydrolysis of a leuco-anthocyanin, cutting off of ultraviolet light will not necessarily prevent the formation of the anthocyanin. This occurs with the geranium.

4. We do not know at all approximately how many or which flowers belong to what I call the flavone type and how many or which to the leuco-anthocyanin type.

5. After the biochemistry of the anthocyanins shall have been worked out the botanists and chemists should concentrate on the biochemistry of the carotenes, the lycopenes and chlorophyll.
Research and Therapeutics
Authors: Smith Austin E.
Published: October 2006

Progressive therapeutics depends on research, but at the same time it is a marked stimulant for promoting research. Through research will come much of the post-war advancement which may occur in medicine and allied sciences, drug manufacturing and educational centers. Success and survival will depend not only on cooperation, leadership and a shrewd business sense but on an adequate appreciation of opportunities, limitations and the value of fostering research by providing grants and fellowships. Much material assistance can be provided with mutual gain for all participants when such fellowships are established. This gain may extend past current problems into lifelong associations. If the manufacturer recognizes his opportunities and obligations and forges ahead to challenge or accept them instead of remaining on the defensive, there will be less likelihood of being fettered by purblind policies. Each one interested in research and therapeutics has responsibilities peculiar to himself, but there are few, regardless of occupation, who, at the completion of a job well done, does not feel as Pasteur, who said of the researcher:

It is indeed a hard task when you believe you have found an important scientific fact and are feverishly anxious to publish it, to constrain yourself for days, weeks, years sometimes, to fight with yourself, to try to ruin your own experiments and only to proclaim your discovery after having exhausted all contrary hypotheses.

But when, after so many efforts, you have at last arrived at certainty, your joy is one of the greatest which can be felt by a human soul, and the thought that you will have contributed to the honor of your country renders that joy still deeper.
The Natural Occurrence of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Eyes of Dogs
Authors: Spies Tom D.
Published: October 2006

In four dogs, the diarrhea, increased salivation and mucous membrane lesions characteristic of black-tongue were relieved within 24 hours following the administration of 150 mgs nicotinic amide, whereas the lacrimation, photophobia and extreme injection of the eye vessels did not diminish. These severe eye lesions regressed greatly 24 hours after the injection of 50 mgs of riboflavin, and in 72 hours had disappeared.

The simultaneous occurrence of nicotinic acid and riboflavin deficiency in four dogs is evidence that such deficiencies occur as mixed diseases rather than as single entities.

These findings are further evidence of the universality of nutritional deficiencies, since they suggest that deficiency diseases among the pets of families with deficiency diseases are not uncommon. In at least one instance the finding of nutritional deficiencies in a dog eating scraps from the family table led to a better understanding of the ill health of the family, none of whom had diagnostic lesions of deficiency disease at the time, although they all complained of weakness, nervousness, irritability and loss of appetite—the vague and ill-defined symptoms characteristic of deficiency diseases in the early stages.
Jackrabbit Ears: Surface Temperatures and Vascular Responses
Authors: Hill Richard W. , Veghte James H.
Published: October 2006

Blood flow to the ear pinnae is curtailed at ambient temperatures of between 1.4° and 24°C, which minimizes heat loss across the pinnae and allows the surfaces of erect pinnae to approach ambient temperature. The pinnae are warmed by steady or pulsatile vasodilation in some animals when the ambient temperature is between 1° and 9°C below body temperature, a response favoring heat loss. When ambient temperature exceeds body temperature by 4° to 5°C, the pinnae are circulated with blood cooler than ambient temperature; this response favors heat influx.
Thermal Stability of Human DNA and Chimpanzee DNA Heteroduplexes
Authors: Deininger Prescott L. , Schmid Carl W.
Published: October 2006

The base pairing fidelity of heteroduplexes formed from human DNA and chimpanzee DNA has been studied by the criterion of thermal stability to test the evolutionary conservation of repeated DNA base sequences.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D
3
: Autoradiographic Evidence of Sites of Action in Epiphyseal Cartilage and Bone
Authors: Wezeman Frederick H.
Published: October 2006

Tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
was administered to growing rats to morphologically document its sites of action. Highly selective incorporation occurred in epiphyseal hypertrophic cells, epiphyseal matrix, osteoid, osteoblasts, and osteocytes of metaphyseal bone spicules. The labeled metabolite appeared in chondrocytic lacunar matrix coincident with hypertrophic cell death as evidenced by histological examination. The tritiated 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
became localized only in areas of active mineralization.
A Confirmation of the Presence of Pancreozymin in the Duodenal Mucosa
Authors: Greengard Harry , Grossman M. I. , Woolley J. R. , Ivy A. C.
Published: October 2006

Confirmatory evidence has been secured for the existence of pancreozymin, a hormone present in extracts of the duodenal mucosa the effect of which is to stimulate enzyme production by the pancreas. It is separated from secretin by precipitation with aniline, and stimulates equally the formation of the three chief pancreatic enzymes; it is inactivated by incubation with serum, probably on an enzyme basis.
Antibody Diversity
Authors: Seidman J. G. , Leder Aya , Nau Marion , Norman Barbara , Leder Philip
Published: October 2006

Three important aspects of immunoglobulin gene organization and structure have emerged from studies of cloned immunoglobulin kappa chain genes. (i) Multiple variable genes are encoded separately in the genome of both immunoglobulin-producing and uncommitted (embryonic) cells, thereby establishing the evolutionary base for generating immunoglobulin diversity. (ii) These genes exist as many small, closely related families (subgroups) that share close sequence homology largely within their own subgroup. (iii) Comparison of two cloned variable gene segments derived from a single subgroup reveals a feature of their structure that distinguishes them from fixed genes (that is, globin genes) and provides, through extensive surrounding sequence homology, a large target for intergenic recombination. This last observation suggests that a simple recombination mechanism may account for their genetic instability in both germ line and somatic cells.
THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS IN THIN FILMS
Authors: POPOV DUŠAN , SAJFERT VJEKOSLAV , TOŠIĆ BRATISLAV
Published: October 2006

The advanced methodology of Green's function method and application of this new methodology have resulted in a set of interesting conclusions concerning thin film properties. It has been concluded that thin films possess high superconductive, thermoisolation and acoustical isolation properties. It is also concluded that physical characteristics of thin films are spatially dependent and that this spatial dependence can be the basis for widening of the nanostructures application field.
Electronic Conduction in Biphenyl Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kurotaki Kensuke , Haruyama Hideaki , Takayashiki Yukiko , Hanna Jun-ichi
Published: October 2006

A series of 4-alkyl-4′-alkoxylbiphenyls, which are one of the representative calamitic liquid crystals having a small aromatic core moiety, has been synthesized and their charge carrier transport properties are characterized in order to examine how small the core size can be for a high mobility. The biphenyls exhibit both smectic B and E phases and the hole transport characterized by a high mobility of 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the smectic mesophases. The mobility depends on temperature in both smectic phases, and furthermore it depends on the electric field in the smectic E phase. The fact that such a small molecule of biphenyl exhibits the mobility comparable to those of triphenylenes and TPD (N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine) gives an insight into the molecular design of high mobility liquid crystalline materials.
“Emergency” laryngectomy and stomal recurrence
Authors: Griebie Matthew S. , Adams George L.
Published: October 2006

The data on 281 patients who underwent surgical therapy for laryngeal carcinoma from 1976 through 1984 were reviewed, revealing 16 patients who presented with an impending obstruction of the airway that was treated by an “emergency” laryngectomy. A review of the patients in our series did not reveal any serious complications from the procedure and it has allowed effective management of these advanced neoplasms.

In addition, 10 patients who developed peristomal recurrences were reviewed. Preoperative factors such as location of lesion, antecedent surgery, and previous radiation therapy were assessed and compared to the patients who underwent “emergency” laryngectomy in an attempt to further define risk factors involved in peristomal recurrence. A strong association with subglottic extension was noted. Also associated in this review was antecedent full‐course radiation therapy.
Treatment of metastatic neck nodes secondary to an occult epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Bataini J. P. , Rodriguez J. , Jaulerry C. , Brugere J. , Ghossein N. A.
Published: October 2006

One hundred thirty‐eight patients, who were followed for a minimum of 5 years, had either surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (48 patients) or radiotherapy only (90 patients) for metastatic epidermoid carcinoma in cervical nodes from an unknown head and neck primary. All received radiotherapy to the presumed occult sites. Forty‐five percent presented with a single unilateral adenopathy. Those who were initially operable had a neck recurrence rate of 17% and a survival rate of 53%. Forty‐three percent of initially inoperable patients recurred and only 25% survived. Patients with adenopathy which completely regressed or became resectable after irradiation had an 80% locoregional control. Only 4% developed an overt cancer at an occult site within 5 years.

Whenever possible, combinations of surgery and radiotherapy should be used in treating these patients. To decrease morbidity, prophylactic irradiation of occult sites should be individualized according to location of cervical nodes and the patient's life‐style and socioeconomic conditions.
Biochemical characterization of autologous fibrinogen adhesive
Authors: Weisman Robert A. , Torsiglieri Arthur J. , Schreiber Alan D. , Epstein Gordon H.
Published: October 2006

Fibrinogen‐based adhesive, derived from pooled human plasma, has been used in Europe with great success in otologic surgery, but has not been approved for use in the U.S. because of the risk of transmitting hepatitis. Autologous fibrinogen, derived by polyethylene glycol precipitation from the blood of an individual patient would avoid this risk, and has been shown to be relatively safe to the ear in animal studies. A study of the biochemical composition of this autologous fibrinogen concentrate derived from 15 human volunteer donors was performed. The mean starting plasma fibrinogen was 2.12 mg/ml (range 1.59–3.22 mg/ml). When 10% polyethylene glycol was used to precipitate the fibrinogen, the concentrate contained, on the average, 31.8 mg of fibrinogen/ml. The percent yield averaged 54.9%, and the protein in the final product was 91.9% fibrinogen. Increasing the polyethylene glycol concentration in the precipitation process to as high as 15% resulted in an increased yield as high as 91%, but the protein in the final product was only 42.5% fibrinogen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that the predominant protein in the 10% polyethylene glycol precipitate was fibrinogen.

These data suggest that highly concentrated fibrinogen can be derived with relative ease from single donor human plasma, and that the product is relatively pure. When combined with thrombin and calcium chloride, this concentrate should provide an adhesive that avoids the risks associated with fibrinogen adhesive derived from pooled blood.
Social Classes in Europe
Authors: da Costa Antnio Firmino , Mauritti Rosrio , da Cruz Martins Susana , Machado Fernando Lus , de Almeida Joo Ferreira
Published: October 2006

The current globalization context brings new questions to class analysis. After a brief review of the theoretical stance and the operationalization possibilities offered by today's sociology of social classes and stratification, this article presents a comparative analysis in which
a selected set of social recomposition indicators is applied to the European Union as a whole and to each one of its countries. One of the main themes discussed throughout the article is the relative importance of national and global parameters in the structuration of class relations.