bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mobile Advertising Presentation Parameters on Brand Memory
Authors: Hurwitz Joshua B.
Published: January 2012

One problem in mobile advertising is how to design ads that are impactful but not intrusive. One way to lower intrusiveness would be to present smaller ads, which is particularly relevant given the smaller screens on mobile devices. However, one consequence of smaller ads could be reduced ad effectiveness. The current study investigated the effects of ad size and positioning on recognition memory for brands that were advertised in a simulated mobile news service. The results showed that recognition memory was significantly greater for brands advertised in full-screen ads than for those advertised in part-screen ads, but only when the part-screen ads were embedded in the text of a news article. This result occurred even though the average exposure times were longer for the embedded part-screen ads. This suggests that there was reduced encoding of ad attributes due to competition from the text of the news articles.
Collaborative Sensemaking Tools for Task Forces
Authors: Bier Eric A. , Billman Dorrit , Dent Kyle , Card Stuart K.
Published: January 2012

Our work addresses the needs of multiple information workers collaborating on joint projects, which typically require finding, analyzing, and synthesizing information from heterogeneous sources. We report on iterative design, implementation, and assessment of collaborative tools for sensemaking tasks. Our goal is flexible, lightweight tools that both facilitate the activities done individually and lower the costs of effective collaboration. We suggest several approaches to enhance such collaborative sensemaking tools. These approaches include explicit representation of multiple team activities, integrated support for synchronous communication, and views of collected information that are tuned to both the reading and organizing phases of sensemaking. We present an integrated pair of tools, ContextBar and ContextBook, which illustrate these approaches, and describe the results from a formative evaluation of these tools.
Computer Display Placement for Progressive Addition Lens Wearers: A Field Observation of Multiple Display Conditions
Authors: Allie Paul , Kokot Douglas , Purvis Cynthia , Bartha Michael C.
Published: January 2012

A growing segment of the workforce wears Progressive Addition Lenses (PAL) to correct for age related loss of eye function. Many of these aging adults work with computer displays in their daily job tasks. There has been little research to determine display placement that best serves this group of workers. A field study was conducted to examine display placement for PAL wearers. Five conditions were examined; 1) using a notebook computer placed on the worksurface, 2) using a notebook computer positioned on a riser stand, with separate keyboard and mouse, and 3–5) using a separate 19 inch LCD display attached to 3 different adjustable mounts, each with separate keyboard and mouse. When PAL wearers could control display distance and height they selected an average distance of 26.8 inches from the eyes, and a height that created an average eye-to-screen angle of 19.6° below eye level. Based upon perceived eye and body comfort and user satisfaction data, external display conditions with adjustable mounts were shown to be the favored solutions and were associated with the least amount of perceived eye and body discomfort. This type of display support design should to be considered when offering PAL wearers' adjustment solutions.
When Performance Management Fails - Forensic Case Studies from the Front Lines
Authors: Resnick Marc L.
Published: January 2012

What gets measured gets managed and becomes the driver for employee performance. Performance Management Systems are a systematic approach to managing employees that links their efforts with the strategy of the organization by creating performance metrics that are salient, measurable, and aligned with the organization's goals and objectives. These metrics then serve as the focus for management processes such as hiring, training, supervision, and evaluation. However, metrics can lead to failures when they are ineffectively managed, such as when employees take safety shortcuts in order to meet more salient productivity expectations. This paper presents an overview of Performance Management Systems, situations where they can fail if not implemented systematically, and two forensic case studies that illustrate these failures.
Visibility of Tractor Trailer Reflective Strips at Small Viewing Angles in Collision Reconstruction
Authors: Young Jason , Reina Gabriel
Published: January 2012

In collision reconstruction of nighttime accidents, the conspicuity of hazards from a driver's perspective is a critical factor. When the collision involves large commercial vehicles, the visibility of the reflective strips is essential in assessing avoidance. Reflective strips on commercial vehicles are generally consistent from vehicle to vehicle and are highly reflective between perpendicular and 45° viewing angles. However, at shallower viewing angles (closer to parallel viewing), which occurs when trailers begin turns, the reflective strips may not be effective. In this initial study, the effectiveness of reflective strips at shallow viewing angles (‘entrance angles’ of 45° to 90°) was examined under a variety of test conditions including high beams and viewing distances of up to 150 m. The results indicated that at entrance angles of less than 70°, reflective strips are highly effective warnings from a human factors perspective. At entrance angles of more than 75°, reflective strips are ineffective. From 70° to 75°, the results were sensitive to the test parameters. This study does not address the visibility of the tractor or other aspects of nighttime visibility. Further research is recommended to extend this study to greater viewing distances, xenon headlights, ‘dirty’ vs. ‘cleaned’ reflective strips, and wet roads, with particular attention to entrance angles of 70° to 75°.
Canines as Perceptual Workers
Authors: Helton William S.
Published: January 2012

Helton (2005) proposed that ergonomics professionals share an interest in the study of working dogs. In this paper, this proposal is further explored in regards to dogs as perceptual workers analogous to human perceptual workers. First, current performance estimates of expert dogs (signal detection A') are examined for wide variety of occupational domains from cancer to explosives detection. When tested in controlled conditions, dogs are competent workers, with A's ranging from .89 to 1.0. Second, models of human performance (perceptual work) may apply with some modification to working dogs. A case in point is Wickens' (2003) Attention-Situational Awareness (ASA) model, which is examined in the context of canine work. The A-SA model appears to be equally applicable to canine perceptual workers and human workers.
Establishing User Requirements for a Patient Held Electronic Record System in the United Kingdom
Authors: Binnersley Jackie , Woodcock Andree , Wallace Louise M. , Kyriacou Panayiotis
Published: January 2012

In the UK, in emergency situations, health professionals rely on patients to provide information about their medical history. However, in some cases patients may not remember their medication, long term illnesses or allergies, or be able to communicate this information. As a national on-line integrated patient record system has not yet been established, a patient held electronic health record has been proposed. This paper summarizes the results of a survey to establish the public's and health care professionals requirements for such a system.
A Communication Analysis Methodology for Developing a Cardiac Operating Room Team-Oriented Display
Authors: Parush Avi , Momtahan Kathryn , Foster-Hunt Tara , Kramer Chelsea , Hunter Aren , Nathan Howard
Published: January 2012

This paper outlines an empirical method to analyze human communication in the context of a cardiac Operating Room (OR) and derive design requirements for a team-oriented information display. Its first phase was to identify and categorize shared information within teamwork. The subsequent analysis of the shared information included aggregating shared information instances into unique items, and then scoping and generating the display requirements. The analysis resulted in 52 unique shared information items out of 845 information sharing instances. These unique information items were considered as the requirements for a cardiac OR team-oriented display. While the method was implemented on operating room teamwork, it can be generalized to a variety of domains with a need for a team-oriented display.
Patient Monitoring in Anesthesia with a Head-Mounted Display: Simulator Studies and a Clinical Trial
Authors: Liu D. , Sanderson P.M. , Jenkins S.A. , Watson M.O. , Russell W.J.
Published: January 2012

Anesthesiologists in the operating room vigilantly monitor their patient's vital signs during surgical procedures. The vital signs are displayed on a monitor that may be located in an awkward position and out of view of the anesthesiologist (who may be busy performing procedures on the patient). A head-mounted display (HMD) can help anesthesiologists monitor the patient's vital signs no matter where they are, or where they are looking, in the operating room. HMDs have been tested in simulated and real operating rooms, but no study has investigated whether the worsened inattentional blindness phenomenon found with head-up displays in aviation would also affect HMDs in anesthesia. Experiment 1 shows that the HMD did not worsen participants' ability to report unexpected events, but it did let them look towards the simulated patient for longer. Experiment 2 shows that participants using the HMD are slower to detect a change in a waveform and quicker to detect a change in numbers when working with a simulated patient. Experiment 3, a clinical trial, replicated the finding that the HMD lets participants look towards the patient for more time. We assess the prospects for HMDs in clinical contexts.
N-SEEV: A Computational Model of Attention and Noticing
Authors: Steelman-Allen Kelly S. , McCarley Jason S. , Wickens Christopher , Sebok Angelia , Bzostek Julie
Published: January 2012

The N-SEEV is a stochastic model of overt attention within a visual display or workspace. The model integrates elements from several existing models of attention (Bundesen, 1987, 1990; Itti & Koch, 2000; Wolfe, 1994; Wickens, et al., 2003) to provide (1) predictions of the allocation of visual attention among discrete display channels; (2) the likelihood of a scanning transition between any pair of channels; and (3) the number of eye movements needed to fixate the onset of a visual signal or event. Preliminary tests of the model show a close fit between model predictions and actual pilot scanning and noticing times.
Measuring Coordination Demand in Multirobot Teams
Authors: Lewis Michael , Wang Jijun
Published: January 2012

Conventional models of multirobot control assume independent robots and tasks. This allows an additive model in which the operator controls robots sequentially neglecting each until its performance deteriorates sufficiently to require new operator input. This paper presents a measure of coordination demand, CD, and experiments intended to extend the neglect tolerance model to situations in which robots must cooperate to perform dependent tasks. In the first experiment operators controlled 2 robot teams to perform a box pushing task under high coordination demand, teleoperation, moderate demand (waypoint control/heterogeneous robots), and low demand (waypoint control/homogeneous robots) conditions. In the second experiment participants performed a search and rescue task requiring cooperation between robots creating maps and others carrying cameras. Measured demand and performance were largely consistent with the CD model's predictions.
Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Checking Traffic Conditions for Changing Lanes
Authors: Zhou Huiping , Itoh Makoto , Inagaki Toshiyuki
Published: January 2012

This paper aimed to reveal effects of cognitively distracting activity on checking traffic condition before changing lanes. We conducted an experiment to investigate driver behavior to change lanes under two conditions: only a driving task and an additional cognitive task. It was revealed that the decrease and delay on checking traffic occurred continually during a long time period before executing lane changes, not just temporarily. The result showed that distraction might contribute to the effects. It was also suggested that cognitive distraction may degrade the perceptual capability in situation awareness. A necessary was demonstrated to give support functions, which aid a driver enhancing situation awareness and attract driver's attention from distractions, in order to prevent accidents in lane changes.
An Objective Measure of the Subjective Pain Response Resulting from Lumbar Muscle Fatigue Due to Lifting
Authors: Kotowski Susan , Davis Kermit , Lemen Lisa
Published: January 2012

Pain is one of the body's least understood biological responses. Pain measurement often relies on the perception of the individual without any link to known objective responses within the body. The objective of the study was to relate a quantitative measurement of pain obtained by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), which analyzes chemical shifts in the brain, to perceived pain responses, as measured by ratings of pain. A lifting task was performed to achieve lumbar musculature fatigue, and induce muscle pain. Prior to, immediately following, and 24-hours post, MRS scans were recorded to document chemicals in the brain. All of the participants elicited significant fatigue during the lifting task that resulted in significant pain immediately following and 24-hrs after fatiguing exertions. However, for the majority of brain chemical responses, there was not a significant pattern. The exception was the significant difference in brain response between males and females. Although the results were not completely conclusive in establishing a pain pathway, several key conclusions can be drawn: 1) pain processing appears to be different between males and females, 2) pain pathway to the brain is complex and maybe the underlying reason why low back pain is so elusive, and 3) chemical response may be different, depending upon the location in the brain. Future work will need to better delineate the latency period for muscle pain and changes in the neurosensory system in the brain.
Impact of Externally and Internally Driven Modifications to a Workstation: A Case Study in the Fish Processing Industry
Authors: Joseph Caroline , Imbeau Daniel , Nastasia Iuliana
Published: January 2012

Different sources can lead to modifications at a workstation such as external (out of control of the company) and internal (intended by the company) sources. Modifications from both source types could potentially influence the level of exposure of employees to different risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The use of different ergonomic evaluation methods can help understand the influence of modifications at a workstation and whether they have a positive or negative impact. This is shown through an example from the fish processing industry.
Biomechanical Aspects of Fixed Ladder Climbing: Style, Ladder Tilt and Carrying
Authors: Armstrong T. J. , Young J. , Woolley C. , Ashton-Miller J. , Kim H.
Published: January 2012

This study aims to understand the effects of climbing style (hands on rungs vs. hands on rails), ladder pitch and bank, and carrying objects on hand and foot forces. An instrumented ladder was constructed to OSHA 1910.27 Fixed Ladder Standards. Hand and foot forces were recorded for six male and six female subjects as they ascended and descended the ladder. Although significant inter and intra subject climbing styles were observed for rung and rail climbing, it is still possible to draw important conclusions about the effects of climbing style, ladder pitch and bank, and carrying objects up and down ladders. Most of the work to ascend and descend the ladder is performed with the lower limbs. The hands must constantly exert force to prevent falling from a vertical ladder. Less hand force was exerted on the rails than on the rungs. Hand placement during rung climbing is constrained by rung spacing, while hand placement during rail climbing is determined by climber preference. It can be shown that required hand force is related to vertical hand placement and body center of mass position. Even though less resultant hand force was exerted during rail climb, the lateral component of hand force was greater for rail climbing than for rung climbing. Lateral hand forces may tend to destabilize the climber from the center of the ladder. Tilting the ladder forward reduces hand forces, which is consistent with the biomechanics of climbing and with previous studies. Tilting the ladder laterally did not significantly affect peak hand and foot forces, but it did affect the observed load/unload cycle time for hand and foot climbing movements.
Human Factors in Organizational Complexity
Authors: Hendrick Hal W.
Published: January 2012

Competitive demand for more rapidly responsive and flexible organizational designs has created new demands for human factors application – particularly at the macroergonomic level. This invited symposium presents four papers that provide different perspectives and understandings of the human factors aspects of organizational complexity. These include a sociotechnical systems model of organizational complexity and its relation to employee complexity, organizational complexity and communications, lessons learned from complex systems' successes and failures, and a case study of the expansion of a company's national program to the international level.
Macroergonomics in Education: On Your Mark, Set, GO!
Authors: Watson Jeffery , Smith Thomas J , Kraemer Sara , Halverson Richard , Woodcock Andrée
Published: January 2012

Macroergonomics (ME) theory and methods have not been systematically applied to the field of education despite the fact that as a complex work system, education would almost assuredly benefit from ME applications. This discussion panel proposal briefly describes the complexity of the US education system and some of the areas where resources are currently being directed by federal and state funding agencies. In addition, a brief overview of technical subsystems is provided to demonstrate where mismatches between work and technology might be found. The panel members' expertise and current work will focus an discussion on three questions: 1) what are the expected benefits of applying ME theory to educational settings, 2) where and how should ME practitioners target efforts to do more work in education, and 3) what strategies should one consider to ensure successful application and outcomes.
On the Workload of Vigilance: Comparison of the NASA-TLX and the MRQ
Authors: Finomore Victor S. , Shaw Tyler H. , Warm Joel S. , Matthews Gerald , Weldon Dave , Boles David B.
Published: January 2012

The utility of the Multiple Resources Questionnaire (MRQ) as a workload index in vigilance was assessed by comparing the sensitivity of the scale to that of the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) in response to challenges provided by variations in task-type and operating environment. Both instruments showed that global workload was high and that it was greater in the context of Successive (absolute judgment) as compared to Simultaneous (comparative judgment) type tasks. In addition, the MRQ indicated that workload was greater when observers operated in a multi-task as compared to a single-task environment, a dimension to which the NASA-TLX was not sensitive. The MRQ added to diagnosticity in the workload picture by identifying information-processing resources utilized across experimental conditions and sets of resources that were condition specific, resources not encompassed by the NASA-TLX. The results of this study indicate that the MRQ can be of effective value in measuring the workload imposed by vigilance tasks
Effects of Training with Knowledge of Results on Diagnosticity in Vigilance Performance
Authors: Warm Joel S. , Finomore Victor , Shaw Tyler H. , Funke Matthew E. , Hausen Michelle J. , Matthews Gerald , Taylor Purcell , Vidulich Michael A. , Repperger Daniel W. , Szalma James L. , Hancock Peter A.
Published: January 2012

Making accurate diagnostic decisions about signal presence/absence is critical for success in many failure intolerant monitoring technologies requiring sustained attention or vigilance. This study examined the effects of training with knowledge of results (KR) on observer diagnosticity in a vigilance task. Diagnosticty was measured in terms of decision theory measures of positive predictive power (PPP) -precision in indicating when signals were actually present and negative predictive power (NPP) - precision when indicating signal absence. Initial training with KR enhanced observers' diagnosticity on a subsequent test task in terms of PPP but not NPP. The picture of performance efficiency reflected by both diagnostic measures differed from results indexed by signal detection theory (SDT) measures of perceptual sensitivity (d') and response bias (c). However as predicted from the computational mechanics of the decision theory and SDT measures, both diagnostic measures correlated positively with d' while NPP correlated negatively with c. These findings indicate that combinations of perceptual ability and level of responding can influence the behavioral metrics signifying diagnosticity in vigilance performance
Minimalism and the Syntax of Graphs: II. Effects of Graph Backgrounds on Visual Search
Authors: Gillan Douglas J. , Sorensen Douglas
Published: January 2012

Tufte (1983) proposed a measure, the data-ink ratio, and a rule that the data-ink ratio be maximized. The present research tested this rule by examining the effect of the relation between the physical features in the graph indicators and those in the background on graph reading performance. Eighteen participants performed comparison and difference tasks with bar graphs (rectangular indicators) or line graphs (circular indicators). Graphs had no background, a pictorial background containing circles, or a pictorial background containing rectangles. Accuracy was highest for the difference task when the features in the indicators and background of a graph differed. The role of preattentive processing during visual search in graph reading and the pop-out effect that occurs when background and search target features differ are discussed.
Subset Search for Icons of Different Spatial Frequencies
Authors: Rauschenberger Robert , Lin James Jeng-Weei , Zheng Xianjun Sam , Lafleur Chris
Published: January 2012

In the present paper, we report two experiments out of series of studies designed to examine various aspects of visual search for icons of differing spatial frequencies. Specifically, the present experiments explore whether there exists a search asymmetry between high and low spatial frequency icons (A amongst B > B amongst A), and whether observers can limit their search to the relevant set of items in a display containing both types of icons. Our results show that a classic search asymmetry does not exist for spatial frequency; that, rather, both types of targets ‘pop out’; that search for a high spatial frequency target amongst high spatial frequency distractors is less efficient than search for a low spatial frequency target amongst low spatial frequency distractors; and that observers are partially able to limit their search to the relevant subset in mixed displays. Implications for the design of touch screen user interfaces are discussed.
Response Criterion Placement Modulates the Benefits of Graded Alerting Systems in a Simulated Baggage Screening Task
Authors: McCarley Jason S.
Published: January 2012

An experiment compared the benefits of two-level and graded alerting systems as human performance aids in a simulated baggage x-ray screening task. Decision boundaries for the graded systems were varied to produce an unhesitant aid, one which rendered a diagnostic judgment on a majority of trials, and a hesitant aid, one which rendered a judgment on only a minority of all trials. Judgments from the aid were rendered as text messages preceding each trial. The participants' task was to search for threat objects in simulated baggage x-rays; true target presence rate was 50%. The unhesitant three-level aid significantly improved human performance relative to an unaided control condition, and produced better human performance than either the hesitant three-level aid or the two-level aid. The benefits of the unhesitant three-level system arose from the human operators' increased willingness to act on the aid's diagnoses. Results carry implications for the design of automated diagnostic decision aids for security screening and similar signal detection tasks.
A Comparison of Human Performance in Grasping Virtual Objects by Hand and with Tools of Different Length Ratios
Authors: Zheng Bin , MacKenzie Christine L.
Published: January 2012

Tool use brings challenges to human movement control. Mental calibrations are constantly needed to incorporate tool properties into the movement system. This project examines the accuracy of mental calibrations and studies the impact of tool use on the movement control. Eight university students were instructed to perform a matching task using a hand-held grasper. The grasper had a changeable hinge that alters the length ratios of the tool for different trials. Throughout the matching, visual feedback regarding the hand position and tool was not available. The matching accuracy was significantly reduced when using the grasper compared to using the hand directly. This indicates that the mental calibration is not as accurate as visual or proprioception for guiding movement. No significant matching difference was observed as a function of length ratios of the grasper, suggesting similar steps were involved in the mental calibration process for one kind of tool property.
Emotion Regulation Training and Scene Understanding are Related to Eye Movements during a Computer Based Interactive Simulation
Authors: Lum Heather C. , Sims Valerie K. , Feldman Moshe , Afek Ari , Smith-Jentsch Kimberly A. , Lagattuta Nicholas C.
Published: January 2012

Forty-two undergraduates completed a computer based interactive training simulation that required them to understand a potential hostage situation that arises during a customer service position in an Emergency Room. Each participant was given either deep or surface emotion regulation training prior to participation. Eye movements during the simulation were examined as a function of training type and understanding of the scenes in the simulation. Those given deep training had more fixations, whereas those with greater scene knowledge had longer fixations. Eye movements are predictive of understanding training during a simulation, and could be used as a trigger for adaptive training systems.
Effects of Text Saliency on Eye Movements while Browsing a Web Portal
Authors: Owens Justin W. , Shrestha Saurav , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: January 2012

This study investigates the eye movement patterns of users viewing a portal web page. Previous research has shown that users scan a portal page in a top-to-bottom manner by row. In this study, the saliency of one of the portal channel titles was manipulated to see what impact this would have on the users' scan pattern. The saliency of the channel title was manipulated in two different page locations by modifying the color the text. Results indicate that channel location was found to be a stronger determinant of where users fixate and that the saliency of the channel title is a secondary determinant. Overall, users first fixated the portal page in the top, center channel regardless of the channel title color. Subsequent eye movements appear to be impacted by the salient title, but only when it was located on the left side of the page. Implications of these results to portal webpage design are discussed.
The Effect of Location and Congruency of Text Ads on Information Search
Authors: Shrestha Sav , Owens Justin , Chaparro Barbara
Published: January 2012

Almost half of all advertising revenues are attributed to the sponsored links on pages generated by search engines (IAB, 2008). This drives the need to better understand how users view and search the contents of a search engine results page that includes sponsored links. In the current study, we manipulated whether target information was located in sponsored links at the top or on the right side of a search result page. We also manipulated the congruency of the sponsored ad content. Results indicate that the target location influenced search performance but not recall. Congruency, on the other hand, did not influence search performance or recall. Also, task success did not influence recall. This might indicate that location is a stronger determinant for search task success than the semantic relevance of the sponsored links with the search query. Target location influenced fixations on the main results, top and side sponsored links.
Team Cognition and External Representations: A Framework and Propositions for Supporting Collaborative Problem Solving
Authors: Rosen Michael A. , Salas Eduardo , Fiore Stephen M. , Pavlas Davin , Lum Heather C.
Published: January 2012

Teams are increasingly asked to solve complex and novel problems. From a broad range of domains such as the military, healthcare, and industry, difficult problems requiring the adaptation of a diverse set of expertise to one-of-a-kind situations are becoming more commonplace. These types of performance contexts require collaborative problem solving; however, the bulk of research on teamwork has dealt with behavioral coordination in routine tasks. This leaves a gap in the theory available for guiding design and training interventions to support collaborative problem solving, or knowledge-work, in teams. This paper addresses this gap by 1) providing a review of relevant theoretical issues, specifically the team cognition and externalized cognition literature, 2) advancing a theoretical framework and propositions rooted in this literature that relate the role of group process and external representations of problem spaces on problem solving outcomes, and 3) discussing future directions for testing, applying, and refining this model.
Runway Incursion Monitoring, Detection and Alerting System (RIMDAS): A Proposed System Design for Reducing Runway Incursions
Authors: Squire Peter , Barrow Jane , Durkee Kevin T. , Smith Mac , Moore Jennifer , Parasuraman Raja
Published: January 2012

Runway incursions are a persistent problem that has resulted in some of the most catastrophic aviation accidents in history. Several systems have been proposed previously, but many of these systems are expensive and can only be justified for the busiest airports. Recent advances in wireless sensors provide a method for deploying an inexpensive detection network that can directly warn pilots of potential runway incursions. This system could prove to be an effective low-cost alternative for small to medium-sized airports who can not justify the cost of more expensive detection systems.
Predictive Validity of the Aggressive Driver Behavior Questionnaire (ADBQ) in a Simulated Environment
Authors: Brill J. Christopher , Mouloua Mustapha , Shirkey Edwin , Alberti Pascal
Published: January 2012

Aggressive driving behavior or “road rage” is often viewed as a dysfunctional pattern of social behavior that poses a serious risk to public safety. In a previous study, we conducted a factor analytic study of 79 items derived from five different driving behavior scales to produce a new scale, which can be correlated to driver anger. The goal of the present research was to empirically test this scale in a controlled laboratory environment. It was hypothesized that the newly developed Aggressive Driving Behavior Questionnaire (ADBQ) would predict driving performance of aggressive drivers. The results showed a significant effect of traffic condition on lane deviations and that the composite scores co-varied significantly with lane deviations and collisions. In addition, several dependent measures were significantly correlated with the composite scores. These variables included lane deviations and collisions. This suggests that the ADBQ is a valid predictor of aggressive driving behavior in a simulated environment.
The Effects of System Technology and Probability Type on Trust, Compliance, and Reliance
Authors: Stanton Nash S. , Ragsdale Stuart A. , Bustamante Ernesto A.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of system technology (binary vs. likelihood) and probability type (false-alarm prone vs. miss-prone) on trust, compliance and reliance using a false alarm forgiving task. One-hundred university students participated in this study. Participants completed three simulated flight missions composed of two primary flight tasks and a secondary engine-monitoring task. During the first mission, participants performed the engine-monitoring task without the aid of an automated alarm system. During the second and third sessions, participants had the opportunity to perform the engine-monitoring task with the aid of an alarm system. Results partially supported our hypotheses. Consistent with prior research, system probability type had a statistically main effect on trust. As expected, system technology and probability type had a statistically significant interaction effect on compliance. However, contrary to our prediction, results showed an unexpected interaction effect between system technology and probability type on reliance. The results of this study assist in defining the association among these three constructs and will aid in the future development of application principles for human-automation interaction.
Improving Tele-robotic Navigation through Augmented Reality Devices
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Bisantz Ann , Llinas James , Paquet Victor
Published: January 2012

Navigation is an essential element in many telerobotic operations especially those that involve time pressure and complex terrains. This study demonstrates that properly designed augmented reality interfaces can significantly aid human operators in the task of land based tele-robotic navigation. Participants in this study were assigned to one of three experimental conditions (control, sonification interface, visual interface). All participants were trained in tele-robotic landmine detection and navigation, the groups performed these tasks first with augmentation (session one) and then without (session two/transfer task). The results show that participants in the sonification interface group outperformed the visual interface and control group in terms of primary task sensitivity, the number of sectors cover and the number of sectors repeated. The results further indicated that a well designed AR navigation interface could serve as an effective training tool.
Investigating the Relationship between Visual Spatial Abilities and Robot Operation during Direct Line of Sight and Teleoperation
Authors: Long Lindsay O. , Gomer Joshua A. , Moore Kristin S. , Pagano Christopher C.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To determine how scores on standard spatial measures correlate with the ability to operate a robot under different teleoperation conditions. Background: Past work has demonstrated that there is a relationship between visual spatial ability and teleoperation performance. Method: In this experiment participants completed a spatial visualization (VZ-2) and spatial relation (S-2) measure, and teleoperated a robot through both low and high difficulty courses under direct line of sight (DLS) and teleoperation (TO) conditions. Performance was determined by course completion time and the total number of collisions made during navigation. Results and Conclusion: Aggregate visual spatial ability was inversely correlated with operator performance under each of the experimental conditions. Analyzed independently, only spatial relations ability correlated with TO performance, while both measures correlated with DLS operation. Application: Better understanding of the relationship between spatial abilities and teleoperation performance can assist in the selection and training of future operators, as well as the design of superior interfaces.
Voice Personalities Inducing Trust and Satisfaction in a Medical Interactive Voice Response System
Authors: Evans Rochelle E. , Kortum Philip
Published: January 2012

Verbal and non-verbal behaviors that contribute to trust and satisfaction in the patient-physician relationship have typically been investigated in face-to-face interactions between patient and physician. However, it is becoming more common for physicians to administer surveys over interactive voice response systems (IVRs). In this context, patient trust and satisfaction must still be maintained in order to insure accurate disclosure on the surveys. This paper describes the results of research in which we investigated if individuals' perceptions of trust and satisfaction are affected through voice, alone. When considering voice in the absence of non-verbal cues, a sympathetic voice was more liked and trusted than a professional voice, which was more liked and trusted than an upbeat voice. It was also found that trust can be moderated by the gender of the voice presented in an IVR, with females reporting higher trust for professional voices than do males.
Sparking Innovation: How User-Centered Professionals Can Get a Seat at the Business Strategy Table
Authors: Soken Nelson
Published: January 2012

Dr. Soken was invited by the Product Design Technical Group to give a keynote address at the first of the Group's meeting sessions. His presentation explores and explains with examples how usability professionals can provide significant value to the business strategy dialog while at the same time raising the visibility and influence of our unique set of skills. Dr. Soken's extensive background includes Human Factors practice and management, innovation initiatives, and leadership development.
Development of the Boundary Zone Method for Generation of Representative Human Models
Authors: Jung Kihyo , Kwon Ochae , You Heecheon
Published: January 2012

The present study developed a generation method of representative human models (RHMs) at a boundary zone which statistically accommodates a designated percentage of the target population. The boundary zone method proposed in the study consists of (1) identification of a boundary zone and (2) cluster analysis on cases within the identified boundary zone. The boundary zone of a designated accommodation percentage was formed by the normalized squared distance of each anthropometric case from the centroid of the target population. Cluster analysis was used to group homogenous cases within the boundary zone to reduce the number of the cases. A comprehensive evaluation under various combinations of anthropometric dimensions revealed that the average of multivariate accommodation percentages of the boundary zone method (91%) closer to the designated percentage (90%) than those of the existing generation methods (square method = 49%, circular method = 76%, and rectangular method = 96%).
Human Factors Considerations in Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver Technology: Contrasting Military Technical Requirements with User Expectations
Authors: Courter Barbara Jex , Ellis Ellen M.
Published: January 2012

This paper presents only the opinions of the authors for a forum of other Human Factors professionals. No representation of The Aerospace Corporation, GPS Wing, US Air Force, US Army, or US Department of Defense (DoD) policy is implied or intended.

The need for human factors considerations in the development of handheld GPS receiver technology becomes increasingly apparent as society becomes increasingly dependant on precision navigation and timing information. GPS receivers provide ubiquitous situational awareness, during the daily mundane commute or in theater amidst the fog of war. Both military and commercial receivers are only as useful as their ability to convey navigation information to the user in a timely and reliable manner. Warfighters have become familiar with the ease and convenience of commercial receivers, mapping functionality, and integrated technology. However, there is great variance between the requirement set for military operations and civilian applications. The US Army and Air Force GPS Wing face future expectation management issues with military GPS user equipment. Potential areas for risk mitigation include careful human factors considerations early in the requirements development process, platform and application tailoring, incorporating “best practices” from industry and commercial end-user experience, and education and training.
User-Centered Generation of New Product Concepts: A Case Study of Human Factors and Industrial Design Collaboration
Authors: Caplan Stanley
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a non-traditional user-centered approach for developing the first concepts for a consumer product having a new technology not yet seen in the marketplace at the time of the study. The method facilitates significant user contributions to the generation of compelling concepts by engaging them in both graphically and physically visualizing and communicating their perceptions. A Human Factors Engineer and an Industrial Designer collaborated to apply the method for the purpose of ultimately developing usability and appearance models for the new product. Interviewing and real-time sketching were used to translate users' ideas to graphical form. In addition, the children's game, Mr. Potato Head, was adapted to allow users to physically build concepts. Twelve participants were engaged in the study and the result was a diverse set of candidate concepts for the product. Although the study met our objectives, learnings are discussed that could enhance future deployment of the method.
Development of a Quantitative and Comprehensive Usability Evaluation System Based on User Needs
Authors: Lee Wonsup , Jung Kihyo , Park Jangwoon , Kim Sujin , Yoon Sunghye , Kim Moonsung , You Heecheon
Published: January 2012

The development of a user-centered product design is important to satisfy customers who want to use a product with ease of use and to keep the manufacturer competitive in the market. The present study developed a system to analyze and evaluate the usability of a product in a systematic and comprehensive manner based on user needs. The usability system was developed through five phases (product-user interface analysis, user needs collection, user-needs hierarchy development, user-needs importance survey, and usability evaluation system development) including various analysis topics in each phase. The system developed through the five-phase process was effectively applied to usability evaluation on refrigerator. The developed usability evaluation system would contribute to developing user-centered designs by providing comprehensive information on the usability of a product.
e-CRM: The Advantages and Challenges of Computer-Based Pilot Safety Training
Authors: Kearns Suzanne K.
Published: January 2012

Crew Resource Management (CRM) training is widely accepted as important pilot safety training throughout the aviation industry. However, the delivery of annual CRM training represents a significant expense to aviation companies. Although computer-based delivery of CRM is rare, this approach is associated with several advantages over traditional classroom instruction. These advantages include cost-efficiency, geographic and temporal flexibility, content standardization, interactivity, feedback and adaptive instruction and testing. There are also challenges that must be overcome before e-CRM can be adopted, including how to incorporate effective team training and practice within an online environment. The integration of low-fidelity flight simulator scenarios may ameliorate these issues. Overall, e-CRM has the potential to allow organizations to revamp the traditional delivery, exercises and content of CRM training to reflect modern instructional design practices that maximize learning potential and may improve the safety of aviation.
Evaluation of Work Positions used by Continuous Miner Operators in Underground Coal Mines
Authors: Bartels J. R. , Jobes C. C. , DuCarme J. P. , Lutz T. J.
Published: January 2012

Operation of underground coal mine mobile equipment is usually done in a restricted workspace with reduced visibility. This work environment puts machine operators in awkward postures for tasks that require awareness of their surroundings and fast reactions to avoid hazardous situations. Using experienced equipment operators as a source, researchers conducted an investigation that developed a method to gather data on the needs and practices of machine operators while controlling the machine and the reasons for needing particular operational cues. The method used was an interview technique including a survey questionnaire and visual aids. The data gathered defined operator cues and work positions for the cutting and tramming phases of remote controlled continuous mining machines used in underground coal mines. Analysis techniques to determine which cues an operator sees from a variety of positions utilizing a computer simulation is shown to be potentially useful to the mining industry for design of work practices and workplace layout and could impact equipment design and selection for improved worker safety. Conclusions indicate that the survey was a good research tool to collect data and helped investigators understand important visual cues. Using this information, researchers were able to analyze the visual cues an operator can see from a given work position and posture.
Fall Protection Training: Needs Analysis for Small Residential Roofing Subcontractors
Authors: Hung Yu-Hsiu , Winchester Woodrow , Smith-Jackson Tonya , Mills Thomas , Kleiner Brian , Babski-Reeves Kari
Published: January 2012

Falls remain the leading cause of injuries and fatalities in residential construction. Because of job-specific work conditions and environmental constraints, the various construction trades (e.g., roofing, siding, or framing) employ different safety standards and fall-protection training practices. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to explore the specific training needs and training preferences of small roofing subcontractors. A total of 20 roofing subcontractors participated in this study. A mixed methods approach, incorporating a survey and semi-structured interviews, was utilized. Results from this study revealed that an individual's job title (i.e., his or her role on the jobsite) and the employer's existing training methods were accurate predictors of the employee's preferred training methods. This study also suggests the need for improved fall hazard awareness among roofing workers via training. Context-relevant methods and workers' preferred physical forms in receiving training were identified and found to be most effective for safety training and learning in the workplace.