bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of fire performance of lightweight concrete wall panels using finite element analysis
Authors: Upasiri Irindu , Konthesingha Chaminda , Nanayakkara Anura , Poologanathan Keerthan , Nagaratnam Brabha , Perampalam Gatheeshgar
Published: July 2021

Purpose

In this study, the insulation fire ratings of lightweight foamed concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete were investigated using finite element modelling.

Design/methodology/approach

Lightweight aggregate concrete containing various aggregate types, i.e. expanded slag, pumice, expanded clay and expanded shale were studied under standard fire and hydro–carbon fire situations using validated finite element models. Results were used to derive empirical equations for determining the insulation fire ratings of lightweight concrete wall panels.

Findings

It was observed that autoclaved aerated concrete and foamed lightweight concrete have better insulation fire ratings compared with lightweight aggregate concrete. Depending on the insulation fire rating requirement of 15%–30% of material saving could be achieved when lightweight aggregate concrete wall panels are replaced with the autoclaved aerated or foamed concrete wall panels. Lightweight aggregate concrete fire performance depends on the type of lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete with pumice aggregate showed better fire performance among the normal lightweight aggregate concretes. Material saving of 9%–14% could be obtained when pumice aggregate is used as the lightweight aggregate material. Hydrocarbon fire has shown aggressive effect during the first two hours of fire exposure; hence, wall panels with lesser thickness were adversely affected.

Originality/value

Finding of this study could be used to determine the optimum lightweight concrete wall type and the optimum thickness requirement of the wall panels for a required application.
Exploring stakeholder roles in the management of indoor environmental quality of higher education institutes in South Africa
Authors: Ndou Mpho , Aigbavboa Clinton , Thwala Wellington Didibhuku
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This study aims to explore the influential role stakeholder play in the management of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in facilities of higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa. By defining the indoor environmental challenges facing HEI's, an alternative redress to these challenges can be achieved through stakeholder management.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a quantitative survey approach which was informed by a post-positivism philosophical stance. The closed-ended questionnaire survey was used to gather views from academic and administrative staff who were employed in various HEIs across South Africa. The literature review revealed 13 influential stakeholder management roles which were explored. The gathered data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics that evaluated the influential role stakeholder play in the management of IEQ in HEIs.

Findings

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed three core categories of stakeholder management roles to being community engagement and awareness, organisational commitment and objective function. These roles play an integral part of overhauling the current IEQ conditions in HEIs, which subsequently improves the quality of education through efficient academic and administrative performance.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the body of knowledge as it reveals that HEI, particularly in developing countries like South Africa, can improve their current IEQ conditions through adopting critical stakeholder management roles. Also, this study provides further theoretical background for future research in the area of stakeholder management which has been lacking in previous IEQ studies.
Public assessments of police during the COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of procedural justice and personal protective equipment
Authors: Sandrin Ryan , Simpson Rylan
Published: July 2021

Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges for contemporary police. The present research examines public assessments of police responsibility and performance during the pandemic using a procedural justice paradigm.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants (N = 104) rated images of a police officer, including when using different items of personal protective equipment (PPE), along the core dimensions of procedural justice. Participants then completed survey questions about their assessments of the police’s responsibility and performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Findings

Findings from our regression analyses indicate that participants’ perceptions of procedural justice are positively related to their assessments of police responsibility and performance. Our findings also indicate that participants’ perceptions of procedural justice can be affected by the police’s use of different items of PPE, including face masks, face shields, goggles and medical gloves.

Originality/value

The present research uses procedural justice, a well-trodden paradigm from past empirical works, to examine perceptions of police amidst a time of much societal change. The findings present important practical implications for police who must continue to manage public perceptions while providing service during the pandemic.
Promoting knowledge sharing performance in a knowledge management system: do knowledge workers’ behavior patterns matter?
Authors: Nezafati Navid , Razaghi Shokouh , Moradi Hossein , Shokouhyar Sajjad , Jafari Sepideh
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to identify the impact of demographical and organizational variables such as age, gender, experiences use of knowledge management system (KMS), education and job level on knowledge sharing (KS) performance of knowledge workers in knowledge activities of a KMS. Specifically, it seeks to explore that is there any relationship between the KS behavior patterns of high KS performance knowledge workers with their performance. Furthermore, this study using its conceptual attitude model aims to show that whether knowledge workers’ behavior patterns in sharing information and knowledge throughout a KMS have any specific effect or not.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper proposed a framework to mine knowledge workers’ raw data using data mining techniques such as clustering and association rules mining. Also, this research uses a case-based approach to a knowledge-intensive company in Iran that works in the field of information technology with 730 numbers of workers.

Findings

Findings suggest that demographical and organizational variables such as age, education and experience use of KMS have positive effects on knowledge worker’s KS behavior in KMSs. In fact, people who have lower age, higher education degrees and more experience use of KMS, have more participation in KS in KMS. Also, results depict that the experienced use of KMS has the most impact on the intention of KS in this KMS. Findings emphasize on the importance of the influence of the behavioral, organizational environments and psychological factors such as reward system, top management support, openness and trust, on KS performance of knowledge workers in the KMS. In fact, according to data, the KMS reward system caused to increasing participation of the users in KS, also in each knowledge activity that top managers participate in, the scores were higher.

Practical implications

This research helps top managers in designing policies and strategies to improve the participation of knowledge workers in KS and helps human resource managers to improve their membership policies. Also, assist Information Technology (IT) managers to enhance KMSs’ design to leverage with organization strategies in the field of improving KS and encourage people to participate in KMS.

Originality/value

This research has two key values. First, this paper applies a data mining framework to mining and analyzing data and this paper uses actual data of a KMS in a specialist company in Iran, with about 27,740 real data points. Second, this paper investigates the impact of demographical and organizational attributes on KS behavior, which little is empirically known about the impact of demographical variables on KS intention.
A review on in-situ aluminum metal matrix composites manufactured via friction stir processing: meeting on-ground industrial applications
Authors: Prabhu Srinivas , Bajakke Padmakumar , Malik Vinayak
Published: July 2021

Purpose

In-situ aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMC) have taken over the use of ex-situ AMMC due to the generation of finer and thermodynamically stable intermetallic compounds. However, conventional processing routes pose inevitable defects like porosity and agglomeration of particles. This paper aims to study current state of progress in in-situ AMMC fabricated by Friction Stir Processing.

Design/methodology/approach

Friction stir processing (FSP) has successfully evolved to be a favorable in-situ composite manufacturing technique. The dynamics of the process account for a higher plastic strain of 35 and a strain rate of 75 per second. These processing conditions are responsible for grain evolution from rolled grain → dislocation walls and dislocation tangles → subgrains → dislocation multiplication → new grains. Working of matrix and reinforcement under ultra-high strain rate and shorter exposure time to high temperatures produce ultra-fine grains. Do the grain evolution modes include subgrain boundaries → subgrain boundaries and high angle grain boundaries → high angle grain boundaries.

Findings

Further, the increased strain and strain rate can shave and disrupt the oxide layer on the surface of particles and enhance wettability between the constituents. The frictional heat generated by tool and workpiece interaction is sufficient enough to raise the temperature to facilitate the exothermic reaction between the constituents. The heat released during the exothermic reaction can even raise the temperature and accelerate the reaction kinetics. In addition, heat release may cause local melting of the matrix material which helps to form strong interfacial bonds.

Originality/value

This article critically reviews the state of the art in the fabrication of in-situ AMMC through FSP. Further, FSP as a primary process and post-processing technique in the synthesis of in-situ AMMC are also dealt with.
Structural parameters analysis for tapered steel section with perforation: effect of shear buckling behaviour
Authors: De’nan Fatimah , Hashim Nor Salwani , Sua Xing Yong , Lock Pui Yee
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Due to economic development, tapered members are commonly applied in steel frames, namely, industrial halls, warehouses, exhibition centres, etc. In the design of cantilever steel beam structures in cities building design, tapering is introduced at the web profile to achieve utmost economy and suit the bending moment distributions. The cross-sectional shape of the beam is varied linearly to the moment gradient to achieve the target of higher efficiency with lower cost.

Design/methodology/approach

The shear deformation pattern and efficiency of the tapered steel section with perforation were investigated using finite element analysis. In addition, I-beam with web opening is studied numerically via LUSAS software for different parameters of tapering ratio, perforation shape and perforation size and perforation layout.

Findings

The highest contributing parameters for the highest shear buckling capacity and efficiency of the section were due to the small opening size and tapering ratio. Whilst the variation of perforation layout and spacing give a major effect on the shear strength and efficiency of the tapered steel section with perforation. Besides that, the highest efficiency model is found when the section is designed with 0.4 D diamond perforation in Layout 3 under a tapering ratio of 0.3. The critical shear buckling load and efficiency is reduced 14.39% and 13.91%, respectively, when perforations are added onto the tapered steel sections.

Originality/value

The tapered steel section with perforation has lower critical shear buckling load and efficiency compared to the tapered section without perforation but obtains a higher critical shear buckling load and efficiency compared to the uniform section without perforation.
To buy or not to buy: how young consumers approach new smart products in the social media context
Authors: Guan Jieqi , Lau Yui-yip , Yang Huijun , Ren Lianping
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore factors affecting young consumers’ purchasing of new smart products under the influence of social media.

Design/methodology/approach

Twenty semi-structured, face-to-face, in-depth interviews were conducted with young consumers who used new media, and five extended interviews were conducted with popular smartwatch retailers in Macau.

Findings

The findings reveal that they tend to garner product information from multiple channels of communication. Social media exert the greatest influence. Reliable information, strong branding and interactions with vendors are also influential, although new product pre-announcements may be boring and difficult to understand.

Originality/value

This study presents new insights into diffusion of innovation theory and provides retailers launching smart products with a better understanding of their target young customers’ purchasing behavior.
Analysis of clonality in cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma and B‐cell pseudolymphoma using skin flow cytometry: Comparison of immunophenotyping and gene rearrangement studies
Authors: Nakagawa Yuki , Hamada Toshihisa , Takahashi Takahide , Miyake Tomoko , Hirai Yoji , Iwatsuki Keiji , Morizane¹ Shin
Published: July 2021

To identify clonal neoplastic cells in skin affected by B‐cell lymphoma using skin flow cytometry (FCM) techniques, we investigated light‐chain restriction using skin FCM with clonality assessed by polymerase chain reaction and light‐chain restriction by in situ hybridization (ISH). We retrospectively analyzed 16 cases of B‐cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement: primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type (pcDLBCL‐LT) (n = 7), DLBCL–not otherwise specified (DLBCL‐NOS) (n = 6), primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (pcFCL) (n = 1), and follicular lymphoma (n = 2), as well as cutaneous B‐cell pseudolymphoma (n = 9). Results of skin FCM light‐chain restriction analyses were compared with immunoglobulin H (IgH) gene rearrangement and κ/λ ISH findings. Skin FCM detected light‐chain restriction in 11 of 14 B‐cell lymphoma patients but none of the B‐cell pseudolymphoma patients. The sensitivity of skin FCM for distinguishing B‐cell lymphoma and B‐cell pseudolymphoma was 79%, and the specificity was 100%. Eleven of 13 B‐cell lymphoma patients exhibited gene rearrangement (sensitivity 85%), whereas six of seven pseudolymphoma patients were negative (specificity 86%). ISH was positive in three of 16 B‐cell lymphoma cases (sensitivity 19%) but none of the B‐cell pseudolymphoma cases (specificity 100%). ISH sensitivity was 29% for pcDLBCL‐LT, 17% for DLBCL‐NOS, and 0% for pcFCL and follicular lymphoma. Skin FCM therefore appears to be more sensitive than ISH in detecting light‐chain restriction in DLBCL and follicular lymphoma, and as sensitive as IgH gene rearrangement analysis in detecting clonality. Skin FCM is thus a promising diagnostic tool for identifying monoclonal neoplastic B‐cell populations.
Warm range margin of boreal bryophytes and lichens not directly limited by temperatures
Authors: Greiser Caroline , Ehrlén Johan , Luoto Miska , Meineri Eric , Merinero Sonia , Willman Benny , Hylander Kristoffer
Published: July 2021

Species at their warm range margin are potentially threatened by higher temperatures, but may persist in microrefugia. Whether such microsites occur due to more suitable microclimate or due to lower biotic pressure from, for example competitive species, is still not fully resolved.

We examined whether boreal bryophytes and lichens show signs of direct climate limitation, that is whether they perform better in cold and/or humid microclimates at their warm range margin. We transplanted a moss, a liverwort and a lichen to 58 boreal forest sites with different microclimates at the species' southern range margin in central Sweden. Species were grown in garden soil patches to control the effects of competitive exclusion and soil quality. We followed the transplanted species over three growing seasons (2016–2018) and modelled growth and vitality for each species as a function of subcanopy temperature, soil moisture, air humidity and forest type. In 2018, we also recorded the cover of other plants having recolonized the garden soil patches and modelled this potential future competition with the same environmental variables plus litter.

Species performance increased with warmer temperatures, which was often conditional on high soil moisture, and at sites with more conifers. Soil moisture had a positive effect, especially on the moss in the last year 2018, when the growing season was exceptionally hot and dry. The lichen was mostly affected by gastropod grazing. Recolonization of other plants was also faster at warmer and moister sites. The results indicate that competition, herbivory, shading leaf litter and water scarcity might be more important than the direct effects of temperature for performance at the species' warm range margin.

Synthesis. In a transplant experiment with three boreal understorey species, we did not find signs of direct temperature limitation towards the south. Forest microrefugia, that is habitats where these species could persist regional warming, may instead be sites with fewer competitors and enemies, and with sufficient moisture and more conifers in the overstorey.
Age‐specific mortality and fecundity of a spider mite under diet restriction and delayed mating
Authors: Li Guang‐Yun , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang
Published: July 2021

Numerous experimental life‐history studies on aging are mainly baised on two classical models—fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster(Meigen) and nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans(Maupas)—with relatively little attention given to other organisms with different life‐history characters. Two‐spotted spider miteTetranychus urticaeKoch (Acari: Tetranychidae) differs from many other arthropods in that the females continue their growth in the early adult stage and can reproduce sexually and asexually. In this study, the influences of dietary restriction and delayed mating on the aging patterns of the spider mite were examined with the prevailing survival and reproduction trade‐off hypothesis of aging being tested. Significant sex‐specific responses of the spider mites were found. The females showed longevity extension on diet restriction (fasting for 2 days in every 4 days) compared with their counterparts being fedad libitum, and after delayed mating for 9 days, while the males displayed a decrease in lifespan when experiencing diet restriction but were not significantly influenced by delayed mating. Path analysis was used to investigate the relationship between mite survival and reproduction traits, including longevity, female lifetime reproduction, age at first reproduction, early reproductive efforts and late reproductive efforts, yielding no evidence for trade‐offs between these life‐history traits. The additive effects of dietary restriction and delayed mating in lifespan extension of female spider mites were confirmed, proving that diet restriction is a robust anti‐aging intervention, and that later onset of reproduction can prolong adult lifespan in females.
Extreme Water Level Simulation and Component Analysis in Delaware Estuary during Hurricane Isabel
Authors: Yin Dongxiao , Muñoz David F. , Bakhtyar Roham , Xue Z. George , Moftakhari Hamed , Ferreira Celso , Mandli Kyle
Published: July 2021

Sea level rise and intense hurricane events make the East and Gulf Coasts of the United States increasingly vulnerable to flooding, which necessitates the development of computational models for accurate water level simulation in these areas to safeguard the coastal wellbeing. With this regard, a model framework for water level simulation over coastal transition zone during hurricane events is built in this study. The model takes advantage of the National Water Model’s strength in simulating rainfall–runoff process, and D‐Flow Flexible Mesh’s ability to support unstructured grid in hydrodynamic processes simulation with storm surges/tides information from the Advanced CIRCulation model. We apply the model on the Delaware Estuary to simulate extreme water level and to investigate the contribution of different physical components to it during Hurricane Isabel (2003). The model shows satisfactory performance with an average Willmott skill of 0.965. Model results suggest that storm surge is the most dominating component of extreme water level with an average contribution of 78.16%, second by the astronomical tide with 19.52%. While the contribution of rivers is mainly restricted to the upper part of the estuary upstream of Schuylkill River, local wind‐induced water level is more pronounced with values larger than 0.2 m over most part of the estuary.
Peri‐operative steroid management in the paediatric population
Authors: Heath Chloe , Siafarikas Aris , Sommerfield Aine , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: July 2021

Background

Patients with adrenal insufficiency are at risk of adrenal crisis, a potentially life‐threatening emergency in the peri‐operative period due to their attenuated ability to mount a cortisol response. There is a lack of standardization regarding peri‐operative stress‐dose glucocorticoids in paediatric clinical practice with the absence of agreed protocols. For the individual patient, the risk of adrenal crisis must be weighed against the potential adverse clinical outcomes associated with unnecessary or supra‐physiologic glucocorticoid dosing in susceptible patients. Specific clinical concerns in the paediatric population include osteopenia, growth restriction and increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. This review aimed to identify and evaluate available literature in the field of peri‐operative stress‐dose glucocorticoids.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted to construct a narrative review.

Results

The outcome of this review identified that paediatric patients, unlike adults, do not show a graded response to surgical stress with implications for glucocorticoid stress dose regimens for general anaesthesia and less invasive surgical procedures. The studies highlight a lack of information on physiological steroid responses to stress situations and differences in the approach to glucocorticoid replacement strategies in the paediatric population.

Conclusion

The review identified there is a lack of high‐quality paediatric‐specific studies evaluating appropriate stress‐dose glucocorticoid regimens in paediatric patients with or at risk of adrenal insufficiency. Further research is needed to establish clear evidence‐based clinical guidelines for paediatric peri‐operative practice regarding steroid stress dosing in adrenal insufficiency. Current knowledge would suggest that a balanced view of risks and benefits should be taken appropriate to the clinical context, to dictate peri‐operative stress‐dose glucocorticoids use that permits safe perioperative management.
Investigating the association between smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and reward‐related brain activity in adolescent experimental smokers
Authors: Dieleman Joyce , Sescousse Guillaume , Kleinjan Marloes , Otten Roy , Luijten Maartje
Published: July 2021

Reduced anticipatory reward‐related activity, especially in the ventral striatum (VS), may underly adolescent vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence. It remains unclear whether nicotine uptake caused by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, known to be associated with future smoking, might prompt similar changes in the brain's reward system, rendering adolescents vulnerable for development of nicotine dependence. To address this question, we tested whether current ETS exposure and monthly smoking are associated with VS hypoactivity for non‐drug rewards in experimental smoking adolescents. One‐hundred adolescents performed a monetary incentive delay task while brain activity was measured using fMRI. To test the hypothesized relationship, we used a variety of approaches: (1) a whole‐brain voxel‐wise approach, (2) an region‐of‐interest approach in the VS using frequentist and Bayesian statistics and (3) a small volume voxel‐wise approach across the complete striatum. The results converged in revealing no significant relationships between monthly smoking, ETS exposure and reward‐related brain activation across the brain or in the (ventral) striatum specifically. However, Bayesian statistics showed only anecdotal evidence for the null hypothesis in the VS, providing limited insight into the (non‐)existence of the hypothesized relationship. Based on these results, we speculate that blunted VS reward‐related activity might only occur after relatively high levels of exposure or might be associated with more long term effects of smoking. Future studies would benefit from even larger sample sizes to reliably distinguish between the null and alternative models, as well as more objective measures of (environmental) smoking via using devices such as silicone wristbands.
Willingness to pay for a new farm technology given risk preferences: Evidence from an experimental auction in Kenya
Authors: Channa Hira , Ricker‐Gilbert Jacob , De Groote Hugo , Bauchet Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Smallholder farmers and small‐scale traders who do not have access to moisture measurement tools may not be able to fully observe moisture content in their grain. However, encouraging the adoption of these tools is important for food safety, because growth of dangerous toxins can be prevented by drying grain to 13.5% moisture content or below before storage. Several low‐cost devices have recently been developed that can accurately test moisture content in maize. In this article, we first estimate the demand for two such devices among smallholder farmers and small‐scale traders in Western Kenya. Second, we measure the impact of individuals’ risk aversion on willingness to pay for these devices. Third, we measure framing effects in experimental auctions by eliciting valuations with increasing and decreasing price lists. We found that more than 80% of respondents were willing to pay more than the wholesale price for the cheaper of the two devices. Farmers in our sample, who were growing maize primarily for own consumption, were willing to pay more than traders. Individuals who were more risk‐averse reported a slightly higher willingness‐to‐pay for these risk‐reducing devices. Finally, farmers—but not traders—were sensitive to framing effects: mean bids elicited with a decreasing price list during the auction were 37% higher than those with an increasing price list.
American Politics in Two Dimensions: Partisan and Ideological Identities versus Anti‐Establishment Orientations
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E. , Enders Adam M. , Seelig Michelle I. , Klofstad Casey A. , Funchion John R. , Everett Caleb , Wuchty Stefan , Premaratne Kamal , Murthi Manohar N.
Published: July 2021

Contemporary political ills at the mass behavior level (e.g., outgroup aggression, conspiracy theories) are often attributed to increasing polarization and partisan tribalism. We theorize that many such problems are less the product of left‐right orientations than an orthogonal “anti‐establishment” dimension of opinion dominated by conspiracy, populist, and Manichean orientations. Using two national surveys from 2019 and 2020, we find that this dimension of opinion is correlated with several antisocial psychological traits, the acceptance of political violence, and time spent on extremist social media platforms. It is also related to support for populist candidates, such as Trump and Sanders, and beliefs in misinformation and conspiracy theories. While many inherently view politics as a conflict between left and right, others see it as a battle between “the people” and a corrupt establishment. Our findings demonstrate an urgent need to expand the traditional conceptualization of mass opinion beyond familiar left‐right identities and affective orientations.
Spatial and Temporal Changes in Testis Morphology and Sperm Ultrastructure of the Sportfish Sauger (Sander canadensis)
Authors: Blawut Bryan , Wolfe Barbara , Premanandan Christoper , Schuenemann Gustavo , Ludsin Stuart A. , Veeramachaneni D. N. Rao , Coutinho da Silva Marco A.
Published: July 2021

The objective of this study was to assess testicular morphology and spermatozoal structure spatially within the reproductive tract and temporally among seasons in the sauger (Sander canadensis). The testis exists as two separate lobes joined at the urogenital pore and were characterised as unrestricted lobular with seminiferous tubules terminating at the ventral periphery and coalescing dorsally on the main sperm duct. Differences were observed between the pre‐breeding season (November) and breeding season (March), with every stage of spermatogenesis occurring in spermatocysts in pre‐breeding season in contrast to only spermatozoa being present in the tubules and main duct during the breeding season. Longitudinal folds in the main duct epithelium increased in number with increasing proximity to the urogenital pore, greatly increasing epithelial height regardless of season. Sauger spermatozoa consisted of an ovoid head, a midpiece containing 2 – 4 mitochondria incorporated into the head and a single flagellum containing an asymmetrical lateral ribbon. Motile spermatozoa were found throughout the testis during the breeding season. A decrease in sperm concentration was quantified moving proximally, suggesting a hydration effect by the main duct epithelium during the breeding season. These observations fill an important knowledge gap regarding reproductive biology of this impactful recreational fish species.
Examining the within‐person effects of abusive supervision on multifoci deviance: Ethical climate as a moderator
Authors: Wang Hongqing , Xiao Jiuling
Published: July 2021

We examine the dynamic mechanism by which daily abusive supervision affects daily multifoci deviance through daily negative emotion and investigate the boundary conditions of this mechanism. Using a daily diary sample from 73 employees completed with quantitative responses for five consecutive weekdays, we find that daily abusive supervision has a significant positive effect on daily organization‐, supervisor‐, coworker‐, and customer‐directed deviance and that daily negative emotion mediates these relationships. A supplementary study reveals that the indirect effect of daily abusive supervision on daily supervisor‐directed deviance mainly occurs via anger and that the indirect effect of daily abusive supervision on daily organization‐, coworker‐, and customer‐directed deviance mainly occurs via general negative emotions (distress and nervousness). The moderation results show that instrumental climate has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between negative emotion and customer‐ and coworker‐directed deviant behavior. A caring climate has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between negative emotion and organization‐, supervisor‐, and coworker‐directed deviant behavior. The other moderation effects are not supported. These findings can be used to manage deviant workplace behaviors.
Thermal record of the building of an orogen in the retro‐foreland basin: Insight from basement and detrital thermochronology in the eastern Pyrenees and the north Pyrenean basin (France)
Authors: Al Reda Stéphane M. , Barbarand Jocelyn , Gautheron Cécile , Lasseur Eric , Loget Nicolas , Pinna‐Jamme Rosella , Briais Justine
Published: July 2021

An understanding of the evolution of foreland basins improves our knowledge of how mountain belts have grown and helps us to decipher events which may not be preserved in the orogen. The infilling of the north Pyrenean retro‐foreland basin (Aquitaine Basin, France) during the main exhumation of the Pyrenees and its corresponding thermal history have not been fully investigated. We applied apatite fission track (AFT) and (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe) methods coupled with inverse thermal modelling on both the detrital Eocene (47 to 33 Ma) syn‐orogenic Palassou conglomerates of the eastern part of the Aquitaine Basin and basement samples from the North Pyrenean Zone and the Axial Zone of the Pyrenees. Apatite crystals were separated from granitic cobbles found in the conglomerates. AFT ages for detrital samples range from 27 ± 2 to 43 ± 4 Ma, and AHe ages from 13 ± 1 to 76 ± 5 Ma. For in situ massifs AFT ages range from 35 ± 2 to 90 ± 17 Ma and AHe ages from 39 ± 2 and 80 ± 5 Ma. AFT ages for detrital samples are close to deposition ages, whereas AHe ages are older and younger than deposition ages and show a partial thermal resetting due to burial. A detailed analysis of the ages obtained and thermal histories derived from modelling shows that ages reflect (a) exhumation from 70 to 55 Ma revealed by a long stay in the partial retention zone (PRZ), (b) a Palaeocene–Eocene cooling in the Pyrenees, (c) a post‐depositional episode of moderate heating of the sediments in the basin represented by partially reset young AHe and AFT ages compared to deposition ages and (d) an early to mid‐Miocene final exhumation of the basin deposits as evidenced by young AHe ages and geological constrains. These results reflect a common event with the south Pyrenean foreland basin that is characterized by high piedmont aggradation from the late Eocene to the Miocene. The aggradation of sediments is possibly connected with well‐known high elevation low relief surfaces in the core of the Pyrenees and followed by a Miocene exhumation event that is already observed on the southern flank. However, the timing of the aggradation and exhumation events could be different between the north and the south. Erosion occurred most probably during the early to mid‐Miocene in the north and during the late Miocene–early Pliocene in the south.
Indian plate structural inheritance in the Himalayan foreland basin, Nepal
Authors: Duvall Michael J. , Waldron John W. F. , Godin Laurent , Najman Yani , Copley Alex
Published: July 2021

The Himalaya, the Earth's largest active orogen, produces a deep but relatively unexplored foreland basin by loading the Indian Plate. Newly available two‐dimensional seismic data (ca. 5,180 line km) spanning 900 km of the Nepali lowlands allow mapping and interpretation of several regional subsurface markers in two‐way‐travel time and estimated depth. Isopach maps for the major intervals allow us to interpret the interplay between basement structure, flexure, and faulting within the Ganga Basin. The Indian continental lithosphere beneath the foreland basin contains basement ridges oriented at high angles to the thrust belt. These basement structural highs and intervening depressions, tens to hundreds of kilometres wide, influenced deposition of the Precambrian Vindhyan strata and overlying Paleozoic to Mesozoic successions. The overlying Miocene to Quaternary foreland basin shows along‐strike thickness variations across the basement features. Because the foreland basin sediments were mainly deposited in an alluvial plain close to sea‐level, accommodation, and therefore thickness, was predominantly controlled by subsidence of the Indian Plate, providing evidence that the basement features controlled foreland basin development. Subsidence varied in time and space during Neogene basin development. When combined with flexural modelling, these observations imply that the subsidence history of the basin was controlled by inherited lateral variations in the flexural rigidity of the Indian Plate, as it was translated northward beneath the Himalayan Orogen. Basement features continue to play a role in higher levels of the thrust belt, showing that basement features in a down‐going plate may produce non‐cylindrical structures throughout orogen development.
Efficacy of psychological interventions for selective mutism in children: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Steains Sophie Y. , Malouff John M. , Schutte Nicola S.
Published: July 2021

Background

Selective mutism is a rare childhood anxiety disorder characterized by a consistent failure to speak in certain social situations where speech is expected, despite fluent speech in other situations. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to investigate the efficacy of psychological interventions for selective mutism in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Five RCTs with a total of 233 participants were analysed using a random‐effects model. A quality assessment of the included studies revealed that psychometrically sound measures and treatment manuals were used across all studies.

Results

The results of the analyses showed psychological interventions to be more effective than no treatment, with the overall weighted effect size of g = 0.87, indicating a large mean treatment effect. This effect did not significantly differ with whether only selective mutism specific or nonselective mutism specific measures were included in the analysis.

Conclusions

These findings provide support for the efficacy of psychological treatment for selective mutism. Future research could examine the effects of the successful treatments identified in this meta‐analysis when compared with a psychological placebo or another bona fide treatment.
Incarcerated mothers' views of their children's experience: A qualitative study in French nurseries
Authors: Ogrizek Anais , Moro Marie Rose , Lachal Jonathan
Published: July 2021

Context

In France, young children of incarcerated women live with their mothers in prison in specific units called nurseries, up to the age of 18 months. Only a few studies have examined the impact of this environment on these children. This study sought to explore through mothers' narratives how they perceive their children to experience this environment and how it affects their development.

Method

We used semistructured interviews to collect the perceptions of 25 mothers about their children's experience of daily life in 12 different prison nurseries in France. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore the data.

Results

According to mothers, prison is a sensorially aggressive environment for children that may impair the children's sensory abilities. The children's and mothers' emotional perceptions of anger, sadness, insecurity and imprisonment intertwine. Prison is home for these children, which leads them to establish strong bonds with this inside world—prison staff, other inmates—but to develop reluctances and concern about exploring the outside world.

Conclusion

The prison's sensorial environment may overlay the sensorial environment created by the mother, interfering with early mother–child interactions and leading to emotional misattunement. The gap between what the mother and the child each feel to be their home, and the social group they feel they belong to, causes pain to the mothers. This could alter their mandate of being a protective shield that could reduce the traumatic potential of the carceral environment on their babies. These mothers' sentences must be reconsidered for the sake of their children.
Here for You: Attachment and the Growth of Empathic Support for Friends in Adolescence
Authors: Stern Jessica A. , Costello Meghan A. , Kansky Jessica , Fowler Caroline , Loeb Emily L. , Allen Joseph P.
Published: July 2021

Attachment was examined as a predictor of teens’ empathic support for friends in a multimethod longitudinal study of 184 U.S. adolescents (58% Caucasian, 29% African American, 13% other) followed from ages 14 to 18. Adolescents’ secure state of mind regarding attachment at 14 predicted teens’ greater capacity to provide empathic support during observed interactions with friends across ages 16–18 (Baverage = .39). Teens’ empathic support was generally stable during this period, and less secure teens were slower to develop these skills. Further, teens’ attachment security predicted the degree to which friends called for their support (Baverage = .29), which was associated with teens’ responsiveness to such calls. The findings suggest that secure attachment predicts teens’ ability to provide empathic support in close friendships.
Point‐Based Neural Rendering with Per‐View Optimization
Authors: Kopanas Georgios , Philip Julien , Leimkühler Thomas , Drettakis George
Published: July 2021

There has recently been great interest in neural rendering methods. Some approaches use 3D geometry reconstructed with Multi‐View Stereo (MVS) but cannot recover from the errors of this process, while others directly learn a volumetric neural representation, but suffer from expensive training and inference. We introduce a general approach that is initialized with MVS, but allows further optimization of scene properties in the space of input views, including depth and reprojected features, resulting in improved novel‐view synthesis. A key element of our approach is our new differentiable point‐based pipeline, based on bi‐directional Elliptical Weighted Average splatting, a probabilistic depth test and effective camera selection. We use these elements together in our neural renderer, that outperforms all previous methods both in quality and speed in almost all scenes we tested. Our pipeline can be applied to multi‐view harmonization and stylization in addition to novel‐view synthesis.
PosterChild: Blend‐Aware Artistic Posterization
Authors: Chao Cheng‐Kang Ted , Singh Karan , Gingold Yotam
Published: July 2021

Posterization is an artistic effect which converts continuous images into regions of constant color with smooth boundaries, often with an artistically recolored palette. Artistic posterization is extremely time‐consuming and tedious. We introduce a blend‐aware algorithm for generating posterized images with palette‐based control for artistic recoloring. Our algorithm automatically extracts a palette and then uses multi‐label optimization to find blended‐color regions in terms of that palette. We smooth boundaries away from image details with frequency‐guided median filtering. We evaluate our algorithm with a comparative user study and showcase its ability to produce compelling posterizations of a variety of inputs. Our parameters provide artistic control and enable cohesive, real‐time recoloring after posterization pre‐processing.
Weight bias reduction among first‐year medical students: A quasi‐randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Fitterman‐Harris Hannah F. , Vander Wal Jillon S.
Published: July 2021

Implicit and explicit weight bias is prevalent among healthcare professionals and results in negative outcomes, including weak physician‐patient rapport, low patient trust in physicians, and avoidance of healthcare. This study aimed to decrease weight bias in medical students via a one‐session, curriculum‐based intervention founded on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM). First‐year medical students (N = 101) were quasi‐randomly assigned to a group‐based experimental or education‐based control intervention. Data collected included measures of implicit and explicit weight bias and empathy (pre‐intervention and up to 2 days post‐intervention), and thoughts regarding weight bias (collected at the end of the intervention). Social desirability was identified as an important covariate. After controlling for social desirability, the intervention group showed no greater reduction in multi‐item explicit bias rating scales or a computerized implicit bias task than the control group. Both groups showed less discomfort when near individuals with obesity (p < 0.01). The intervention group wrote a greater number of statements about weight bias and obesity (p < 0.05) and a greater number of statements about the harms of weight bias (p < 0.001) than the control group on a thought‐listing task. Results highlight use of the ELM and the importance of controlling for social desirability in weight bias interventions. A thought‐listing task captured unique intervention effects, highlighting potential gaps in the assessment of weight bias.
Dynamically adaptive and diverse dual ensemble learning approach for handling concept drift in data streams
Authors: Goel Kanu , Batra Shalini
Published: July 2021

Concept drift refers to the change in data distributions and evolving relationships between input and output variables with the passage of time. To analyze such variations in learning environments and generate models which can accommodate changing performance of predictive systems is one of the challenging machine learning applications. In general, the majority of the existing schemes consider one of the specific drift types: gradual, abrupt, recurring, or mixed, with traditional voting setup. In this work, we propose a novel data stream framework, dynamically adaptive and diverse dual ensemble (DA‐DDE) which responds to multiple drift types in the incoming data streams by combining online and block‐based ensemble techniques. In the proposed scheme, a dual diversified ensemble‐based system is constructed with the combination of active and passive ensembles, updated over a diverse set of resampled input space. The adaptive weight setting method is proposed in this work which utilizes the overall performance of learners on historic as well as recent concepts of distributions. Further a dual voting system has been used for hypothesis generation by considering dynamic adaptive credibility of ensembles in real time. Comparative analysis with 14 state‐of‐the‐art algorithms on 24 artificial and 11 real datasets shows that DA‐DDE is highly effective in handling various drift types.
Screening major trauma patients for prevalence of illicit drugs
Authors: Knott Jonathan , Yap Celene , Mitra Biswadev , Gerdtz Marie , Daniel Catherine , Braitberg George
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Australasian emergency departments (ED) routinely test patient alcohol levels following major trauma, but assessment for illicit drugs is uncommon.

Methods

A prospective cross‐sectional study of major motor‐vehicle‐related trauma patients attending both adult major trauma centres in Victoria, Australia. All eligible patients had point‐of‐care saliva testing to determine the prevalence of common illicit drugs.

Results

Over 12 months, 1411 patients were screened, 36 refused (2.6%) and 63 were excluded. Of the final 1312 cases included, 173 (13.2%; 95% confidence interval 11.5, 15.1) tested positive to at least one illicit substance, with 133 (76.9%; 69.7, 82.8) positive for meth/amphetamines. One in five had more than one illicit substance detected. Patients testing positive were most frequently in motor vehicles (91.9% vs. 85.6%) and least frequently cyclists (2.3% vs. 4.2%) or pedestrians (5.2% vs. 10.3%), compared to those testing negative. They were younger (mean age 35.4 vs. 43.1 years), more likely to arrive overnight (27.2% vs. 12.1%) or after single vehicle crashes (54.3% vs. 42.3%). Although the initial disposition from ED did not differ, those testing positive were more likely to re‐present within 28 days (13.9% vs. 5.4%).

Discussion and Conclusions

A high prevalence of potentially illicit substances among patients presenting with suspected major trauma supports the need for urgent preventive strategies. The low rate of patient refusal and large numbers screened by ED staff suggests that point‐of care testing for illicit substances in major trauma is acceptable and feasible. This study and ongoing surveillance may be used to inform driver education strategies.