bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All‐Solid‐State Lithium–Organic Batteries Comprising Single‐Ion Polymer Nanoparticle Electrolytes
Authors: Kim Boram , Kang Haneol , Kim Kyoungwook , Wang Rui‐Yang , Park Moon Jeong
Published: March 2020

Advances in lithium battery technologies necessitate improved energy densities, long cycle lives, fast charging, safe operation, and environmentally friendly components. This study concerns lithium–organic batteries comprising bioinspired poly(4‐vinyl catechol) (P4VC) cathode materials and single‐ion conducting polymer nanoparticle electrolytes. The controlled synthesis of P4VC results in a two‐step redox reaction with voltage plateaus at around 3.1 and 3.5 V, as well as a high initial specific capacity of 352 mAh g−1. The use of single‐ion nanoparticle electrolytes enables high electrochemical stabilities up to 5.5 V, a high lithium transference number of 0.99, high ionic conductivities, ranging from 0.2×10−3 to 10−3 S cm−1, and stable storage moduli of >10 MPa at 25–90 °C. Lithium cells can deliver 165 mAh g−1 at 39.7 mA g−1 for 100 cycles and stable specific capacities of >100 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 794 mA g−1 for 500 cycles. As the first successful demonstration of solid‐state single‐ion polymer electrolytes in environmentally benign and cost‐effective lithium–organic batteries, this work establishes a future research avenue for advancing lithium battery technologies.
Medication management through pharmacist‐provided home‐based services
Authors: Pherson Emily , Swarthout Meghan , Fu Denise , Barbour Lauren , Green Robert , Ross Patricia , Nesbit Todd
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Pharmacists play an important role in helping patients manage their medications across the continuum of care. Pharmacist home visits support continuity of care and provide a unique opportunity to identify medication‐related problems.

Objective

The primary objective of this study was to describe a cohort of patients who received home visits and the subsequent actions taken by the pharmacist towards the goal of optimizing medication regimens. The evolution of the service is also described.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was used to gather demographic information. Clinical documentation was reviewed to gather information on medication problems identified by the pharmacist and recommendations made to prescribers. Institutional and city databases were used to collect data on readmissions and socioeconomic status, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data.

Results

Between February 2012 and December 2018, 485 home visits were conducted. Patients were taking a mean of 13 (SD ±5.5) medications; 1890 medication discrepancies were identified and 862 recommendations were made to prescribers. The relative risk reduction in readmissions for those patients who received a home visit was 6.6%. The average yearly income for citizens who live in neighborhoods where many of the home visits took place was $37 000. Details regarding the evolution of the home visit service were described.

Conclusions

A large cohort of 485 home visits demonstrated that medications are often not being taken as prescribed, and that the pharmacist is in a unique position to educate patients and work with providers toward the goal of optimizing medication regimens and behaviors. This model of care, focused on high‐risk patients, has been sustained over 7 years. Ongoing efforts are underway to improve communication with prescribers, increase the referral to home visit conversion rate, and enhance longitudinal outcome tracking. Opportunity exists to further expand the service through partnerships with regional payers.
Editorial for “Quantitative MRI Reveals Microstructural Changes in the Upper Leg Muscles After Running a Marathon”
Authors: Koff Matthew F. , Tan Ek T. , Sneag Darryl B.
Published: March 2020

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy Stage

5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:418–419.
Longitudinal assessment of tissue properties and cardiac diffusion metrics of the ex vivo porcine heart at 7 T: Impact of continuous tissue fixation using formalin
Authors: Lohr David , Terekhov Maxim , Veit Franziska , Schreiber Laura Maria
Published: March 2020

In this study we aimed to assess the effects of continuous formalin fixation on diffusion and relaxation metrics of the ex vivo porcine heart at 7 T. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on eight piglet hearts using a 7 T whole body system. Hearts were measured fresh within 3 hours of cardiac arrest followed by immersion in 10% neutral buffered formalin. T2* and T2 were assessed using a gradient multi‐echo and multi‐echo spin echo sequence, respectively. A spin echo and a custom stimulated echo sequence were employed to assess diffusion time‐dependent changes in metrics of cardiac diffusion tensor imaging. SNR was determined for b = 0 images. Scans were performed for 5 mm thick apical, midcavity and basal slices (in‐plane resolution: 1 mm) and repeated 7, 15, 50, 100 and 200 days postfixation. Eigenvalues of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) following fixation. Relative to fresh hearts, FA values 7 and 200 days postfixation were 90% and 80%, while respective relative ADC values at those fixation stages were 78% and 92%. Statistical helix and sheetlet angle distributions as well as respective mean and median values showed no systematic influence of continuous formalin fixation. Similar to changes in the ADC, values for T2, T2* and SNR dropped initially postfixation. Respective relative values compared with fresh hearts at day 7 were 64%, 79% and 68%, whereas continuous fixation restored T2, T2* and SNR leading to relative values of 74%, 100%, and 81% at day 200, respectively. Relaxation parameters and diffusion metrics are significantly altered by continuous formalin fixation. The preservation of microstructure metrics following prolonged fixation is a key finding that may enable future studies of ventricular remodeling in cardiac pathologies.
Exploring anomalous behaviour detection and classification for insider threat identification
Authors: Le Duc C. , Zincir‐Heywood Nur
Published: March 2020

Recently, malicious insider threats represent one of the most damaging threats to companies and government agencies. Insider threat detection is a highly skewed data analysis problem, where the huge class imbalance makes the adaptation of learning algorithms to the real‐world context very difficult. This study proposes a new system for user‐centred machine learning‐based anomaly behaviour and insider threat detection on multiple data granularity levels. System evaluations and analysis are performed not only on individual data instances but also on normal and malicious users. Our results show that the proposed system, which is a combination of unsupervised anomaly detection and supervised machine learning methods, can learn from unlabelled data and a very small amount of labelled data. Furthermore, it can generalize to bigger datasets for detecting anomalous behaviours and unseen malicious insiders with a high detection and a low false‐positive rate.
Interfacial Synthesis of a Monolayered Fluorescent Two‐Dimensional Polymer through Dynamic Imine Chemistry
Authors: Zhang Zhaohui , Liu Hui , Sun Qingzhu , Shao Feng , Pan Qingyan , Zhuang Tao , Zhao Yingjie
Published: March 2020

A fluorescent monolayered two‐dimensional polymer (2DP) containing both tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and imine linkages is synthesized at air‐water interface using the Langmuir‐Blodgett method. We designed TPE‐based monomers with long distances between the TPE and the imine linkages to avoid the charge transfer and therefore keep the fluorescence. A monolayered 2DP provided with more than 104 μm2 in domain size and around 0.8 nm thickness was obtained through a successive Schiff base reaction at air‐water interface. The nanostructures and fluorescent property of 2DP films were characterized by optical microscopy, SEM, TEM, AFM and fluorescence spectrum. Most importantly, the tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) was utilized here to confirm the success of the polycondensation of monolayered 2DP.
A Highly Sensitive Amperometric Aptamer Biosensor for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection on a 64 Channel Gold Multielectrode Array
Authors: Wu Changtong , Offenhäusser Andreas , Mayer Dirk
Published: March 2020

Herein, an electrochemical aptamer biosensor based on a gold multielectrode array is reported for the detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The aptasensor possesses 64 individually addressable microelectrodes with a diameter of 24 μm, which is distributed over an area of 1 mm2. The electrodes are modified with an ATP‐specific aptamer, which is labeled with a ferrocene redox probe. It is demonstrated that the used chip fabrication and cleaning process generate microelectrode channels with similar electrochemical responses and electroactive surface areas. The immobilization of the aptamer on gold microelectrodes is optimized and the receptor density is determined to be (1.0 ± 0.44) × 1013 molecules cm−2. Concentration‐dependent alternating current voltammetry measurements exhibit a limit of detection of 0.30 × 10−9 m and a sensitivity of 2.4 nA logC. Furthermore, the sensor shows a high selectivity over analogous molecules and reproducible detection results in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The sensor array is used to detect ATP via several channels of the same chip, showing high signal redundancy. A label‐free electrochemical, multichannel ATP aptasensor is demonstrated with high selectivity and subnanomolar sensitivity, which may be conducive to record this neurotransmitter in neuronal cell‐culture systems.
Religiosity and Regional Resilience to Recession
Authors: Cuomo Raphael E. , Davis Daniel B. , Goetz Stephan J. , Shapiro Josh D. , Walshok Mary L.
Published: March 2020

Literature shows that religiosity can provide individual resilience to life shocks as well as regional resilience to disasters caused by natural hazards. Related work has examined the complicated links between religion and economic growth. Yet few, if any, studies examine the role of regional levels of religiosity on a region's resilience to recession—or how quickly the employment rate returns to pre‐recession levels (a common measure of resilience in the economics literature). As the recovery period of the Great Recession cools and economists warn of future economic downturns, all known variables that may be linked with regional resilience are worthy of exploration. Using survey results from the Gosling‐Potter Internet Project and General Social Surveys, we applied logarithmic functions to pre‐ and post‐Great Recession employment data for 2,836 U.S. counties. We found a modest and statistically significant association between religious belief and regional resilience to recession. Religiosity was the strongest of sixteen psychosocial variables that we examined in association with the speed of job recovery; despite having negative links with other economic variables. This has particular salience for more rural economies; policy implications are discussed.
Identifying the tacit entrepreneurial opportunity of latent customer needs in an emerging economy: The effects of experiential market learning versus vicarious market learning
Authors: Bao Yongchuan , Wei Zelong , Di Benedetto Anthony
Published: March 2020

Research Summary

Focusing on latent customer needs as the essential substance of entrepreneurial opportunities, this study examines the determinants of the identification of such opportunities. Based on organizational learning theory, we explore the effects of experiential market learning (EML) and vicarious market learning (VML), and the contingency of such effects on different dimensions of environmental uncertainty in an emerging economy: demand uncertainty of the task environment and legal inefficiency of the institutional environment. The model was tested through survey among 238 firms in China. We find that both EML and VML facilitate the identification of latent customer needs, while they interact with environmental uncertainty in different ways. This study makes substantial contributions to the extant literature on opportunity identification, strategic entrepreneurship, and the origin of entrepreneurial opportunities.

Managerial Summary

Latent customer needs, which customers are not aware of or unable to articulate, serve as a catalyst for firm growth and are integral to the business model design. How can firms identify such essential entrepreneurial opportunities? We investigate this question in an emerging economy in which latent needs are more frequently encountered and find that both learning from direct market experience (EML) and learning from other firms' market experience (VML) increase the likelihood of identifying latent needs, while VML is more influential than EML. Facing high demand uncertainty, firms should rely more on VML than EML to identify latent needs, whereas in an uncertain institutional environment with a weak legal system, firms should place less emphasis on VML and more on EML in the identification of latent needs.
Dynamic and Kinetic Parameters and Energy Exchanges of Particles in Reaction of NH + OH and Deuterated Analogues on an Interpolated Potential Energy Surface
Authors: Sharafdini Raziyeh , Ramazani Shapour
Published: March 2020

In this research, we reported an interpolated potential energy surface (PES) from ab initio electronic energy of molecular fragments for NH + OH reaction and isotopic substitution. Classical trajectory simulations were performed on this surface to determine reaction probabilities and reaction cross sections in various channels. Also, reaction probability and reaction cross section as a function of the translation energy of fragments were shown. For inelastic collision, the conversion of kinetic energy of particles into internal energy or kinetic energy of another particle was studied. The effect of the impact parameter and relative translational energy of particles on the deflection angle was also investigated. Nonlinear least squares fitting was applied to compute rate constants expressions and these were computed as a function of the cross section. Deuterium was used instead of the hydrogen atom to investigate the effect of the mass of the target molecule and incident molecule on the cross section, reaction probability, scattering angle, and reaction rate.
Efficient and Uncatalyzed Synthesis of Highly Functionalized New Symmetrical Indeno[1,2‐b]pyrroles via a One‐Pot Four‐Component Reaction
Authors: Rezvanian Atieh , Mahmoodi Fahame , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Salimi Mehri , Heravi Majid M.
Published: March 2020

A facile, efficient and un‐catalyzed approach for the synthesis of new symmetrical highly‐ substituted indeno [1,2‐b]pyrrole derivatives through four‐component reaction, involving, primary amines, diamine, diketene, and ninhydrin in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature is reported. This approach enjoys merits such as being done in the absence of catalyst at ambient temperature, giving good to excellent yields, completed in short reaction times, and showing a wide functional group tolerance.
Novel Ruthenium Sensitizers Designing for Efficient Light Harvesting under Both Sunlight and Ambient Dim Light
Authors: Nguyễn Vinh Sơn , Chang Ting-Kuang , Kannankutty Kala , Liao Jia-Ling , Chi Yun , Wei Tzu-Chien
Published: March 2020

The dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC) is a proven technology that operates efficiently under both sunlight and ambient dim light. However, because sunlight is significantly different from ambient dim light in terms of irradiance and emission spectrum, designing a single sensitizer that can perform equally efficiently under both conditions remains practically difficult. For the first time, panchromatic Ru(II) sensitizers bearing the tBu substituted 6‐quinolin‐8‐yl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor and 2,6‐bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine ancillary with peripheral CF3 and C3F7 substituents and central tBu substituent are synthesized to provide superior conversion efficiency. The quinolin‐8‐yl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor enhances the spectrum response from 550 to 700 nm, which is particularly important to fluorescent light spectrum. Furthermore, the introduction of bulky C3F7 and tBu groups effectively increase the steric hindrance that allows better dye uptake and suppresses interfacial recombination, both of which are important for light harvesting under dim light. The champion device in this study exhibits a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 31.82% under 6000 lux fluorescent light without the use of a cosensitizer. Meanwhile, the device also shows a high PCE of 10.37% under simulated 1 sun irradiation, making it the first ruthenium sensitizer suitable for both high and dim light applications under the same fabrication condition in DSC.
Reduction of Iron Ore Pellets, Sinter, and Lump Ore under Simulated Blast Furnace Conditions
Authors: Heikkilä Anne , Iljana Mikko , Bartusch Hauke , Fabritius Timo
Published: March 2020

A blast furnace (BF) is the dominant process for making iron in the world. The BF is charged with metallurgical coke and iron burden materials including iron ore pellets, sinter, and lump ore. While descending in the BF the charge materials reduce. The iron‐bearing materials should reduce fast and remain in the solid form until as high a temperature as possible to ensure reaction contact with reducing gas and iron oxides. Herein, the reducibility of the iron ore pellet, sinter, and lump ore in the BF shaft are focused on. The experiments are conducted isothermally with a blast furnace simulator (BFS) high‐temperature furnace at four different temperatures (700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C) for 300 min. The experimental atmosphere consists of CO, CO2, H2, H2O, and N2 simulating the conditions in the BF shaft. It is found that lump ore has lowest reduction rate in all test conditions, and at lower temperatures iron ore pellets reduce faster than sinter, and this is reversed at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the reduction rate of sinter and iron ore pellets begins to resemble each other at higher temperatures.
Fahrzeugbrände in offenen Parkhäusern
Authors: Müller Georg , Bartl Thomas
Published: March 2020

Dieser Beitrag bietet eine Hilfestellung für den Entwurf und die Bemessung der Tragkonstruktionen von Parkdecks. Oberirdische, offene Parkhäuser spielen eine wichtige Rolle im Bereich der Zubringer zum öffentlichen Personenverkehr, aber auch für große außerurbane Versammlungsorte und Arbeitsstätten. Der statische Entwurf eines Parkdecks wird durch die spätere Nutzung vorgegeben, insbesondere durch die Abmessungen der Stell‐ und Fahrflächen. Die Auswirkungen auf den Entwurf werden im gegenständlichen Beitrag abgeleitet.

Eine wesentliche Komponente für den Entwurf des Tragsystems ist der Widerstand der Konstruktion gegenüber der Brandbelastung. Durch den Entfall von Erhaltungsaufwendungen bieten gegen Brand ungeschützte Stahlkonstruktionen Vorteile für den Erhalter des Bauwerks. In der Planung ist eine entsprechende Bemessung für den Brandfall erforderlich. Es werden an einem konkreten Beispiel einer ungeschützten Tragkonstruktion aus Stahl/Stahlbetonverbundträger unterschiedliche Brandszenarien und deren Auswirkung auf die Bemessungsstellen behandelt. Der Brand im Parkhaus wird durch ein Naturbrandmodell realitätsnah berechnet und mit der Einheitstemperaturkurve verglichen. Die veränderbaren Entwurfsparameter mit Einfluss auf die Brandbelastung werden variiert und deren Auswirkungen untersucht. Der Unterschied zwischen ungeschützten Stahlkonstruktionen mit Beschichtung und mit Feuerverzinkung wird ermittelt.
Definition and quality requirements for stereotactic radiotherapy: consensus statement from the DEGRO/DGMP Working Group Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Radiosurgery
Authors: Guckenberger Matthias , Baus Wolfgang W. , Blanck Oliver , Combs Stephanie E. , Debus Jürgen , Engenhart-Cabillic Rita , Gauer Tobias , Grosu Anca L. , Schmitt Daniela , Tanadini-Lang Stephanie , Moustakis Christos
Published: March 2020

Stereotactic radiotherapy with its forms of intracranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), intracranial fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is today a guideline-recommended treatment for malignant or benign tumors as well as neurological or vascular functional disorders. The working groups for radiosurgery and stereotactic radiotherapy of the German Society for Radiation Oncology (DEGRO) and for physics and technology in stereotactic radiotherapy of the German Society for Medical Physics (DGMP) have established a consensus statement about the definition and minimal quality requirements for stereotactic radiotherapy to achieve best clinical outcome and treatment quality in the implementation into routine clinical practice.
Crosstalk reduction in fiber links using double polarization
Authors: Badraoui Nada , Berceli Tibor
Published: March 2020

The fiber optic link is one of the main segments of up-to-date telecommunication systems. Developing low cost, ultra reliable systems with very low latency for massive machine to machine and enhanced broadband mobile networks is a hot research topic. Motivated by this we investigated the polarization multiplexing technique applicable in fiber optic links because it can be used for increasing the transmission capacity. In the present paper a novel approach, the double polarization multiplex method is investigated. In that case the crosstalk between two polarization states is one of the main issues. As a result of crosstalk, the two channels composed by double polarization can disturb each other significantly. Crosstalk can appear due to any imperfection in the fiber and in the optical circuitry of the transmitter and receiver. In this paper, we propose a new method for reducing the effect of crosstalk even in the case of high-speed long-distance transmission. The applicability of the new concept is validated by experiments. A bit error rate better than 10−6 has been achieved over a 7 km long fiber carrying 12 Gbit/s NRZ modulation. That result is significantly better than the already published experimental data using 2, 5 Gbit/s bit rate. The cross polarization discrimination is also improved by 10–15 dB.
Polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase in the population of Polish patients with carcinoma of the prostate
Authors: Drozdz-Afelt Joanna M. , Koim-Puchowska Beata , Klosowski Grzegorz , Kaminski Piotr
Published: March 2020

The aim of the study was frequency analysis ofGSTM1,GSTT1, andGSTP1polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferase in the group of patients with prostate cancer and in a control group of healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was isolated; molecular analysis of glutathione S-transferaseM1andT2polymorphisms was performed using multiplex PCR and RFLP methods. The products of the PCR reaction were then visualized in agarose gel, and a statistical analysis of the results was performed. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms between 66 patients with prostate cancer and the control group (64 healthy volunteers). TheGSTM1gene deletion was found in ca. 47% of patients with prostate cancer and in ca. 55% of the controls. TheGSTT1deletion was found in approximately 17% of patients and 14% of the controls. The distribution ofGSTP1 Ile/Ile,Ile/Val, andVal/Valpolymorphisms was ca. 51.5%, 39%, and 9% in the group of patients and 61%, 34%, and 5% in the control group, respectively. The results indicate that there is no relationship between glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and prostate cancer in the study group, which is a novelty when compared with the previous work on the role of these genetic variants in the etiology of cancer.
Machine Learning und empirische Rechnungslegungsforschung: Einige Erkenntnisse und offene Fragen
Authors: Sellhorn Thorsten
Published: March 2020

Im Zuge der digitalen Transformation von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ergeben sich zunehmend Anwendungsfelder für Ansätze des maschinellen Lernens nicht nur in der Rechnungslegungspraxis, sondern auch in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Forschung auf diesem Gebiet. Der nachfolgende Beitrag diskutiert selektiv einige Einsatzgebiete von Machine-Learning-Ansätzen in der Unternehmensberichterstattung, der Abschlussprüfung sowie der Unternehmensanalyse und -bewertung. Zudem werden aktuelle und potenzielle Anwendungen in der empirischen Forschung aufgezeigt sowie limitierende Faktoren diskutiert.
Bandoperation bei betagten Frauen – Nutzen/Risiko?
Authors: Kölbl Heinz , Halpern Ksenia
Published: March 2020

Die Implantation spannungsfreier Bänder („tension free vaginal tape“ [TVT]) ist eine minimalinvasive Technik zur Behandlung der Belastungsinkontinenz. Um den Stellenwert und die Besonderheiten der Methode bei älteren Menschen zu evaluieren, wurde eine selektive Literaturrecherche in PubMed mit den Stichworten „urinary incontinence“/„tension free vaginal tape“/„stress incontinence“ AND „elderly“ durchgeführt. Angesichts der demografischen Entwicklung weltweit erweist sich die Harninkontinenz im Alter als zunehmendes medizinisches und sozioökonomisches Problem. Ein TVT kann selbst bei Hochaltrigen unter folgenden Bedingungen ins Auge gefasst werden: grundsätzlich fehlende Kontraindikation gegen einen chirurgischen Eingriff; Vorliegen einer Belastungs- oder Mischinkontinenz (mit hohem Belastungsanteil); Versagen der konservativen Therapie. Unter der Voraussetzung von Operationswunsch und gegebener Operabilität zeigen die Langzeitergebnisse des TVT über 11 Jahre eine persistierende Kontinenzrate von mehr als 80 %. Die Operation ist sicher und effektiv, geht allerdings mit einer erhöhten Rate von postoperativen Harnwegsinfekten und De-Novo-Dranginkontinenz einher.
Changing Perspectives on the Hidden Giant: An Interview with Robert Cribb
Authors: Manse Maarten , Tetteroo Sander , Raben Remco
Published: March 2020

Robert Cribb is in Leiden for the International Convention of Asia Scholars, held in July 2019. Despite having just arrived from Canberra, where he is professor at the Australian National University, he gladly made time for an interview over lunch. During his long career as a historian and Indonesia scholar, Cribb has traversed many different research themes, including the history of mass violence and crime, national identity, environmental politics, and historical geography of Indonesia, providing sufficient ingredients for a two-hour long conversation on the identity of scholars, students, and orangutans, bridging Europe, Australia, and Indonesia.
Examining the Phenomenon of Resilience in Schools
Authors: Caleon Imelda S. , King Ronnel B.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. School resilience refers to positive adaptation despite experiences of significant school-related stressors. We conducted two studies focusing on the development and validation of a new measure of school resilience – the School Resilience Scale (SRS): Study 1 involved Grade 8 students ( n = 1,159) and Study 2 involved Grade 8 and Grade 9 students ( n = 190) in Singapore. The results of both studies suggest that the SRS comprised one second-order factor underpinned by four first-order factors, which correspond to resilience in relation to stressors emanating from academics, family, teachers, and peers. This factor structure was found invariant across gender and Socio-Economic Status (SES). The SRS had satisfactory 2-month and 3-month test–retest reliability. In Study 1, school resilience was found to be a significant positive predictor of the adaptive dimensions of academic motivation but did not serve as a significant predictor of amotivation. In Study 2, school resilience was found to be a positive predictor of academic achievement and life satisfaction but a negative predictor of depressive symptoms. These results held even after controlling for students’ gender and SES, as well as general resilience. Our findings demonstrate the potential of SRS as a comprehensive and valid measure of subjective school resilience for adolescents.
Substantial Cloud Brightening From Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds
Authors: Diamond Michael S. , Director Hannah M. , Eastman Ryan , Possner Anna , Wood Robert
Published: March 2020

The influence of aerosol particles on cloud reflectivity remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty in our understanding of anthropogenic climate change. Commercial shipping constitutes a large and concentrated aerosol perturbation in a meteorological regime where clouds have a disproportionally large effect on climate. Yet, to date, studies have been unable to detect climatologically relevant cloud radiative effects from shipping, despite models indicating that the cloud response should produce a sizable negative radiative forcing (perturbation to Earth's energy balance). We attribute a significant increase in cloud reflectivity to enhanced cloud droplet number concentrations within a major shipping corridor in the southeast Atlantic. Prevailing winds constrain emissions around the corridor, which cuts through a climatically important region of expansive low cloud cover. We use universal kriging, a classic geostatistical method, to estimate what cloud properties would have been in the absence of shipping. In the morning, cloud brightening is consistent with changes in microphysics alone, whereas in the afternoon, increases in cloud brightness from microphysical changes are offset by decreases in the total amount of cloud water. We calculate an effective radiative forcing within the southeast Atlantic shipping corridor of approximately −2 W/m2. Several years of data are required to identify a clear signal.

Extrapolating our results globally, we calculate an effective radiative forcing due to aerosol‐cloud interactions in low clouds of −1.0 W/m2 (95% confidence interval: −1.6 to −0.4 W/m2). The unique setup in the southeast Atlantic could be an ideal test for the representation of aerosol‐cloud interactions in climate models.
Electrical Conductivity of Clinopyroxene‐NaCl‐H2O System at High Temperatures and Pressures: Implications for High‐Conductivity Anomalies in the Deep Crust and Subduction Zone
Authors: Sun Wenqing , Dai Lidong , Li Heping , Hu Haiying , Jiang Jianjun , Wang Mengqi
Published: March 2020

Electrical conductivities of the clinopyroxene (Cpx)‐NaCl‐H2O system with various salinities (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 wt%) and fluid fractions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 vol%) were measured at 1 GPa and 673–973 K. For comparison with electrical properties of the Cpx‐NaCl‐H2O system, the conductivities of dry Cpx, hydrous Cpx, and a Cpx‐H2O system were researched at the same temperature and pressure. The experimental results included (1) the electrical conductivities of all samples that were associated with Cpx and the temperatures conform to the Arrhenius relationship that is used to fit the activation enthalpy, which decreased with increasing salinity (mass fraction of NaCl in saline fluids) and fluid fraction (volume fraction of saline fluids in the Cpx‐NaCl‐H2O system); (2) at a fixed fluid fraction of 10 vol%, the conductivities of the Cpx‐NaCl‐H2O system increased slightly with an increase in salinity, and the gap between the conductivities of the systems with 5 and 25 wt% saline fluids was approximately 1 order of magnitude; (3) at a fixed salinity of 5 wt%, the conductivity of the Cpx‐NaCl‐H2O system with 25 vol% saline fluids was approximately 1.5 orders of magnitude higher than that of the system with 5 vol% saline fluids. Furthermore, it was proposed that the unusually high conductivities of southern Tibetan Plateau, Dabie Orogen, Grenville province and central New Zealand can be caused by clinopyroxene with interconnected saline fluids with corresponding salinities and fluid fractions.
Downstream Evolution of the East Australian Current System: Mean Flow, Seasonal, and Intra‐annual Variability
Authors: Kerry Colette , Roughan Moninya
Published: March 2020

The East Australian Current (EAC) varies on both seasonal and mesoscale eddy related timescales, with important impacts for weather, primary productivity, and fisheries. While the EAC and its eddies have been the subject of many synoptic studies, a consistent three‐dimensional picture of the current, its downstream evolution, and the associated seasonal and intra‐annual variability is lacking. We use a 22‐year model simulation to quantify the EAC's temporal and latitudinal variability, from where it flows as a mostly coherent jet (27° S) to its separation from the coast (31–33° S), its energetic eddy field in the Tasman Sea and its southern extension. We show that the current intensifies and deepens poleward toward the separation latitude; the mean poleward transport reaches a maximum of 26.8 Sv and the seasonal cycle amplitude peaks at 6.2 Sv. Over the separation region, the EAC core broadens and shallows, mean poleward transport is lower and the transport standard deviation peaks at 22.0 Sv. The meandering EAC jet is modulated at interannual timescales, while the eddy driven transport over the separation region has a strong annual modulation, related to the annual cycle in eddy kinetic energy. SSH variability at intra‐annual frequencies is described primarily by an alongshore propagating mode and an onshore propagating mode, demonstrating that mesoscale SSH variability stems from a combination of intrinsic instabilities of the EAC jet and westward propagating Rossby waves. The results provide the first holistic analysis of the EAC system along its latitudinal range.
The aging human body shape
Authors: Frenzel Alexander , Binder Hans , Walter Nadja , Wirkner Kerstin , Loeffler Markus , Loeffler-Wirth Henry
Published: March 2020

Body shape and composition are heterogeneous among humans with possible impact for health. Anthropometric methods and data are needed to better describe the diversity of the human body in human populations, its age dependence, and associations with health risk. We applied whole-body laser scanning to a cohort of 8499 women and men of age 40–80 years within the frame of the LIFE (Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases) study aimed at discovering health risk in a middle European urban population. Body scanning delivers multidimensional anthropometric data, which were further processed by machine learning to stratify the participants into body types. We here applied this body typing concept to describe the diversity of body shapes in an aging population and its association with physical activity and selected health and lifestyle factors. We find that aging results in similar reshaping of female and male bodies despite the large diversity of body types observed in the study. Slim body shapes remain slim and partly tend to become even more lean and fragile, while obese body shapes remain obese. Female body shapes change more strongly than male ones. The incidence of the different body types changes with characteristic Life Course trajectories. Physical activity is inversely related to the body mass index and decreases with age, while self-reported incidence for myocardial infarction shows overall the inverse trend. We discuss health risks factors in the context of body shape and its relation to obesity. Body typing opens options for personalized anthropometry to better estimate health risk in epidemiological research and future clinical applications.
Metaproteomics characterizes human gut microbiome function in colorectal cancer
Authors: Long Shuping , Yang Yi , Shen Chengpin , Wang Yiwen , Deng Anmei , Qin Qin , Qiao Liang
Published: March 2020

Pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with alterations in gut microbiome. Previous studies have focused on the changes of taxonomic abundances by metagenomics. Variations of the function of intestinal bacteria in CRC patients compared to healthy crowds remain largely unknown. Here we collected fecal samples from CRC patients and healthy volunteers and characterized their microbiome using quantitative metaproteomic method. We have identified and quantified 91,902 peptides, 30,062 gut microbial protein groups, and 195 genera of microbes. Among the proteins, 341 were found significantly different in abundance between the CRC patients and the healthy volunteers. Microbial proteins related to iron intake/transport; oxidative stress; and DNA replication, recombination, and repair were significantly alternated in abundance as a result of high local concentration of iron and high oxidative stress in the large intestine of CRC patients. Our study shows that metaproteomics can provide functional information on intestinal microflora that is of great value for pathogenesis research, and can help guide clinical diagnosis in the future.
Highly stable superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as functional draw solutes for osmotically driven water transport
Authors: Kim Changwoo , Lee Junseok , Schmucker Daniel , Fortner John D.
Published: March 2020

In this work, we develop and demonstrate highly stable organic-coated engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), which provide effective osmotic pressure without aggregation, reverse diffusion, or membrane blocking (by nanoparticles) for osmotically driven membrane systems, considering both forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). For this, we synthesized highly water stable, monodisperse 12 nm IONPs with a rational series of water stabilizing surface coatings, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyethylene glycol (PEG). We then compared the library of surface functionalized IONPs as draw solutes for osmotic pressure-driven membrane processes. As synthesized, surface (organic) coatings are compact, thin, and can have very similar surface charge as the membrane itself, which results in effective osmotic pressure in forward osmosis (FO) mode configuration. To increase the osmotic pressure further, on a per mass basis, we synthesized and demonstrated novel hollow IONPs with identical surface coatings. Finally, water flux was further enhanced for stable particle systems using an oscillating magnetic field, thus physically altering concentration gradients, as a function of particle magnetic properties.
Retinal neurodegeneration in patients with end-stage renal disease assessed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Jung Susanne , Bosch Agnes , Ott Christian , Kannenkeril Dennis , Dienemann Thomas , Harazny Joanna M. , Michelson Georg , Schmieder Roland E.
Published: March 2020

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) represents a reliable tool for retinal layer volume and thickness measurement. The aim of this study was to evaluate retinal changes indicating neurodegenerative processes in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared to healthy controls. This was a cross-sectional, single-center study comprising 32 ESRD patients and 38 controls. Sectoral retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and retinal layer volumes were obtained by SD-OCT. Age- and gender-adjusted retinal layer volumes such as total retinal volume (p = 0.037), ganglion cell layer volume (GCL, p = 0.003), ganglion cell layer – inner plexiform layer volume (GCL-IPL, p = 0.005) and inner retinal layer volume (IRL, p = 0.042) of the right eye were lower in ESRD patients. Inner plexiform layer volume of both eyes (IPL, right eye: p = 0.017; left eye: 0.044) was reduced, as was RNFL thickness in the temporal superior sector (right eye: p = 0.016). A subgroup analysis excluding patients with diabetes revealed that GCL (p = 0.014) and GCL-IPL volume of the right eye (p = 0.024) and temporal superior sector of the RNFL scan (p = 0.021) in ESRD patients were still significantly thinner. We observed a decrease in several retinal layer volumes and temporal RNFL thickness indicative of retinal neurodegenerative processes in patients with ESRD.
Mucosal delivery of CpG-ODN mimicking bacterial DNA via the intrapulmonary route induces systemic antimicrobial immune responses in neonatal chicks
Authors: Goonewardene Kalhari , Ahmed Khawaja Ashfaque , Gunawardana Thushari , Popowich Shelly , Kurukulasuriya Shanika , Karunarathna Ruwani , Gupta Ashish , Ayalew Lisanework E. , Lockerbie Betty , Foldvari Marianna , Tikoo Suresh , Willson Philip , Gomis Susantha
Published: March 2020

The transition to antibiotic-free poultry production in the face of pathogenic threats is a very challenging task. We recently demonstrated that mucosal delivery of CpG-ODN alone by the intrapulmonary route (IPL) has potential as an effective alternative to antibiotics in neonatal chicks againstEscherichia colisepticemia. How exactly mucosal delivery of CpG-ODN elicits, protective antibacterial immunity remained poorly understood. In this study, CpG-ODN or saline was delivered via the intrapulmonary route to day-old chicks (n = 80/group) using a compressor nebulizer in an acrylic chamber (1 mg/mL CpG-ODN for 15 minutes). In the first part of the study, two days after mucosal CpG-ODN delivery, 40 chicks from each group were challenged subcutaneously with 1 × 105cfu (n = 20) or 1 × 106cfu (n = 20) ofE. coliand the mortality pattern was monitored for seven days. We found significantly higher survival, better clinical conditions and lower bacterial loads in chicks that received mucosal CpG-ODN. To explore the mechanisms behind this protective immunity, we first looked at the kinetics of the cytokine gene expression (three birds/ group/ time for 10 time-points) in the lungs and spleens. Multiplex gene analysis demonstrated a significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes mRNA in the CpG-ODN group. Interleukin (IL)-1β robustly upregulated many folds in the lung after CpG-ODN delivery. Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (LITAF) and IL-18 showed expression for an extended period in the lungs. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was upregulated in both lungs and spleen, whereas IL-4 showed upregulation in the lungs. To investigate the kinetics of immune enrichment in the lungs and spleens, we performed flow cytometry, histology, and immunohistochemistry at 24, 48 and 72 hrs after CpG-ODN delivery. CpG-ODN treated lungs showed a significant enrichment with monocytes/macrophages and CD4+and CD8+T-cell subsets. Macrophages in CpG-ODN treated group demonstrated mature phenotypes (higher CD40 and MHCII expression). Importantly, mucosal delivery of CpG-ODN via the intrapulmonary route significantly enriched immune compartment in the spleen as well, suggesting a systemic effect in neonatal chicks. Altogether, intrapulmonary delivery of aerosolized CpG-ODN orchestrates protective immunity againstE. colisepticemia by not only enhancing mucosal immunity but also the systemic immune responses.
Trace fossil evidence for infaunal moulting in a Middle Devonian non-trilobite euarthropod
Authors: Mángano M. Gabriela , Ortega-Hernández Javier , Piñuela Laura , Buatois Luis A. , Rodríguez-Tovar Francisco J. , García-Ramos José Carlos
Published: March 2020

Trace fossils represent the primary source of information on the evolution of animal behaviour through deep time, and provide exceptional insights into complex life strategies that would be otherwise impossible to infer from the study of body parts alone. Here, we describe unusual trace fossils found in marginal-marine, storm- and river-flood deposits from the Middle Devonian Naranco Formation of Asturias (northern Spain) that constitute the first evidence for infaunal moulting in a non-trilobite euarthropod. The trace fossils are preserved in convex hyporelief, and include two main morphological variants that reflect a behavioural continuum. Morphotype 1 consists of a structure that superficially resembles a Rusophycus with an oval outline that possesses a distinctly three lobed axis with an elevated central ridge and regularly spaced transverse furrows that convey the appearance of discrete body segments. The anterior part is the most irregular region of the structure, and it is not always recorded. Morphotype 2 displays more elongated, tubular morphology. Careful observation, however, reveals that it comprises up to three successive morphotype 1 specimens organised in a linear fashion and partially truncating each other. Trilobate morphology and effaced transverse furrows are locally evident, but the predominant morphological feature is the continuous, elevated ridge. The detailed morphology of morphotype 1 and well-preserved, discrete segments of morphotype 2 closely resemble the dorsal exoskeleton of the enigmatic late Carboniferous euarthropod Camptophyllia, suggesting the possible affinities of the producer. Comparisons with patterns of Devonian phacopid trilobite exuviation suggest that the Naranco Formation trace fossils may have been produced by the infaunal activities of an euarthropod that anchored its dorsal exoskeleton in the firm sediment during the body inversion moult procedure. Our findings expand the phylogenetic and environmental occurrence of infaunal moulting in Palaeozoic euarthropods, and suggest a defensive strategy against predation, previously only known from trilobites preserved in open-marine deposits.
Scrambled body differentiates body part ownership from the full body illusion
Authors: Kondo Ryota , Tani Yamato , Sugimoto Maki , Inami Masahiko , Kitazaki Michiteru
Published: March 2020

Illusory body ownership can be induced in a body part or a full body by visual-motor synchronisation. A previous study indicated that an invisible full body illusion can be induced by the synchronous movement of only the hands and feet. The difference between body part ownership and the full body illusion has not been explained in detail because there is no method for separating these two illusions. To develop a method to do so, we scrambled or randomised the positions of the hands and feet and compared it with the normal layout stimulus by manipulating visual-motor synchronisation. In Experiment 1, participants observed the stimuli from a third-person perspective, and the questionnaire results showed that the scrambled body stimulus induced only body part ownership, while the normal layout stimulus induced both body part ownership and full body ownership when the stimuli were synchronous with participants’ actions. In Experiment 2, we found similar results as with the first-person perspective stimuli in a questionnaire. We did not find significant skin conductance response difference between any conditions in either Experiment 2 or 3. These results suggest that a spatial relationship is necessary for the full body illusion, but not for body part ownership.
Colorectal cancer-associated anaerobic bacteria proliferate in tumor spheroids and alter the microenvironment
Authors: Kasper Stephen H. , Morell-Perez Carolina , Wyche Thomas P. , Sana Theodore R. , Lieberman Linda A. , Hett Erik C.
Published: March 2020

Recent reports show that colorectal tumors contain microbiota that are distinct from those that reside in a ‘normal’ colon environment, and that these microbiota can contribute to cancer progression. Fusobacterium nucleatum is the most commonly observed species in the colorectal tumor microenvironment and reportedly influences disease progression through numerous mechanisms. However, a detailed understanding of the role of this organism in cancer progression is limited, in part due to challenges in maintaining F. nucleatum viability under standard aerobic cell culture conditions. Herein we describe the development of a 3-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid model that can harbor and promote the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria-tumor cell interactions and metabolic crosstalk were extensively studied by measuring the kinetics of bacterial growth, cell morphology and lysis, cancer-related gene expression, and metabolomics. We observed that viable F. nucleatum assembles biofilm-like structures in the tumor spheroid microenvironment, whereas heat-killed F. nucleatum is internalized and sequestered in the cancer cells. Lastly, we use the model to co-culture 28 Fusobacterium clinical isolates and demonstrate that the model successfully supports co-culture with diverse fusobacterial species. This bacteria-spheroid co-culture model enables mechanistic investigation of the role of anaerobic bacteria in the tumor microenvironment.