bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detrimental effects of secondhand smoke exposure on infants with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kopp Benjamin T. , Sarzynski Lisa , Khalfoun Sabrina , Hayes Don , Thompson Rohan , Nicholson Lisa , Long Frederick , Castile Robert , Groner Judith
Published: March 2014

Rationale

Secondhand smoke (SHS) has deleterious respiratory, immune, and nutritional effects in children, but there is little data regarding the effects of SHS exposure in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Methods

A retrospective chart review was undertaken from 2008 to 2012 of 75 infants with CF. Growth, lung function, Chest CT imaging, and microbiologic characteristics were compared between 4 and 12 months for SHS and non‐SHS exposed patients.

Results

SHS exposed infants with CF had decreased growth between 4 and 12 months compared to non‐SHS exposed infants. SHS exposure was associated with increased bronchodilator responsiveness and air trapping, but no other lung function or radiologic differences. SHS exposure was also associated with increased methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and anaerobic growth on respiratory culture. There was no difference in Pseudomonas aeruginosa between groups. There were no differences in antibiotic use or hospitalizations between the groups.

Conclusions

SHS exposure in CF infants is associated with diminished growth, increased air trapping and bronchodilator responsiveness, and propensity to culture MRSA and facultative anaerobic bacteria, suggesting the need for early, aggressive parental smoking cessation interventions to prevent SHS exposure complications. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:25–34. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymorphisms of the gene encoding Kit ligand are associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Huusko Johanna M. , Mahlman Mari , Karjalainen Minna K. , Kaukola Tuula , Haataja Ritva , Marttila Riitta , Toldi Gergely , Szabó Miklós , Kingsmore Stephen F. , Rämet Mika , Lavoie Pascal M. , Hallman Mikko ,   on behalf of Gen‐BPD Study Group
Published: March 2014

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that affects infants born preterm. Family studies indicate that BPD has a significant genetic component. Rationale: We assessed the gene encoding Kit ligand (KITLG) as a candidate for genetic predisposition to moderate‐to‐severe BPD (controls were infants with no or mild BPD). Study design: Eight KITLG‐tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in cohorts of very preterm infants originating from northern Finland (56 cases and 197 controls), southern Finland (n = 59 + 52), and Canada (n = 58 + 68). Additional replication populations included infants born in Finland (n = 41 + 241) and Hungary (n = 29 + 40). All infants were of European origin. Results were controlled for risk factors of BPD. Kit ligand concentration in umbilical cord blood, collected from very preterm infants (n = 120), was studied. Results: Six SNPs of KITLG and a haplotype including all eight genotyped SNPs were associated with moderate‐to‐severe BPD in the northern Finnish population. When all the populations were combined, SNP rs11104948 was significantly associated with BPD. Kit ligand concentration in umbilical cord blood of infants born very preterm was an independent risk factor of BPD. Conclusions: We show that KITLG polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to moderate‐to‐severe BPD. In addition, higher Kit ligand concentrations were observed in infants that subsequently developed BPD. These results support the possibility that KITLG gene is involved in predisposition to BPD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:260–270. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tracheoplasty using the thymus against tracheo‐esophageal fistula due to necrotizing tracheobronchitis in a very low birth weight infant
Authors: Hasegawa Hisaya , Nagase Yuzo , Sakai Miho , Henmi Nobuhide , Tsuruta Shio
Published: March 2014

We report a case of a very low birth weight infant treated successfully with tracheoplasty using the thymus against tracheo‐esophageal fistula due to necrotizing tracheobronchitis. A baby boy was born at 31 weeks gestation with a birth body weight of 1,230 g. Suddenly on Day 19, his respiration deteriorated, and a flexible bronchofiberscopy showed tracheostenosis, tracheomalacia, and tracheal diverticula. On Day 21, his abdomen became significantly distended, and a flexible bronchofiberscopy showed a tracheo‐esophageal fistula due to a rupture of the diverticula. On Day 105, during surgery, we confirmed necrosis of the trachea. Because the lesion was widespread, we used the thymus for tracheoplasty and closure of the tracheo‐esophageal fistula. His post‐operative course went well, and was discharged at 1 year 9 months of age. Now, 8 years after the operation, although he still needs a T‐tube airway management through tracheostomy, he has achieved speech, normal growth and development, and takes regular classes at school. Tracheoplasty using the thymus is thought to be a treatment worth considering when there are no other effective alternative treatments for tracheo‐esophageal fistula due to necrotizing tracheobronchitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:E135–E139. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iloprost for children with pulmonary hypertension after surgery to correct congenital heart disease
Authors: Xu Zhuoming , Zhu Limin , Liu Xinrong , Gong Xiaolei , Gattrell William , Liu Jinfen
Published: March 2014

Congenital heart disease (CHD) can cause pulmonary hypertension (PH) in children, and surgery to correct CHD may be complicated by postoperative pulmonary hypertensive crises (PHC). Clinical data regarding the use of inhaled iloprost to treat children with PH are scarce. Our aim was to determine the efficacy and safety of iloprost in children with PH following surgery to correct CHD. This was a randomized, placebo‐controlled study of 22 children (median age 7 months) undergoing surgery to achieve biventricular repair. The combined clinical endpoint was a decrease of more than 20% in the ratio of systolic pulmonary arterial pressure to systolic arterial pressure or pulmonary resistance to systemic resistance, with no PHC or death. Patients were randomized to receive low‐dose iloprost (30 ng/kg/min), high‐dose iloprost (50 ng/kg/min), or placebo, for 10 min every 2 hr in the first 48 hr after surgery. PHC were experienced by two patients who received placebo and one patient treated with high‐dose iloprost. The combined clinical endpoint was reached by six patients administered low‐dose iloprost (P = 0.005) and four administered high‐dose iloprost (P = 0.077), compared with none in the placebo group. Patients treated with iloprost showed a significant reduction from baseline in mean pulmonary vascular resistance index (−2.2 Wood units, P < 0.05), whereas patients who received placebo showed no significant change. This study supports the use of iloprost to treat children with PH following surgery to correct CHD. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:588–595. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Explosive Initiation of Various Forms of Ti/2B Reactive Materials
Authors: Clemenson Michael D. , Johnson Stephanie , Krier Herman , Glumac Nick
Published: March 2014

The reactivity of titanium and boron mixtures under detonation initiation in air is examined experimentally in a constant volume blast chamber. Fine powder mixtures and mechanical alloys are pressed into compacts and are ignited using an HMX‐based explosive initiated with both single point and triple point detonator configurations. Transient pressure measurements, optical imaging, pyrometry, and spectroscopy are performed to analyse the reaction. All mixtures show no significant enhancement in the primary blast wave strength, indicating a relatively slow reaction. However, measurable increases in overpressure are generated due to Ti and/or B reaction. It is found that Ti/2B mechanical alloys significantly outperform blended powder mixtures in generating larger overpressures, yielding energy releases of 45 % and 20 %, respectively. Triple point initiation of the mechanical alloys further enhances the overpressure generation when compared to single point initiation of the alloys, increasing the energy yield. The overpressure of blended powders is also exceeded by a TiB2 compound, suggesting that the intermetallic reaction may be less critical than previously thought. Detonation merging at the plane of interaction between explosive and Ti/2B material is shown to significantly enhance conversion. Spectroscopic measurements show the appearance of BO2 emission relatively late after detonation in the most reactive Ti/2B reactive mechanical alloys, and it appears strongest in system that show greatest reactivity.
Ammonium Perchlorate, Friend or Foe? Part 1: The Influence of this Oxidizer on the Aging Behavior of Propellant Compositions
Authors: Tunnell Ruth , Ashcroft Mark , Dale Roz , Tod Dave , Proud William G.
Published: March 2014

Propellants containing nitroglycerine and ammonium perchlorate have been reported to have comparatively shorter shelf lives than analogous energetic materials without this oxidizer. However, investigation into the aging behavior of three compositions containing polyethylene glycol and nitroglycerine revealed that the propellant which included ammonium perchlorate degraded at a slower rate compared with the other materials. It was suggested that ammonium perchlorate might act as an oxygen inhibitor reducing the oxidation rate of the polyethylene glycol binder so decreasing the rate of the propellant decomposition. In addition, at temperatures of 80 °C or lower, ammonium perchlorate initially appears to hinder acid hydrolysis of nitroglycerine which also slows down the degradation of polyethylene glycol based propellant.
Inhibition of CYP17A1 activity by resveratrol, piceatannol, and synthetic resveratrol analogs
Authors: Oskarsson Agneta , Spatafora Carmela , Tringali Corrado , Andersson Åsa Ohlsson
Published: March 2014

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (RSV) and resveratrol analogs have a potential use in prostate cancer chemoprevention due to effects on for example, cell growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. However, inhibition of CYP17A1, a key enzyme in the androgen biosynthesis and a target for prostate cancer therapy, has not been explored as a possible mechanism behind the effects on prostate cancer.

METHODS

Human adrenocortical carcinoma cells, H295R, were treated with RSV, piceatannol (PIC), 3,5,4′‐triacetylresveratrol (RSVTA), 3,5‐diacetylresveratrol (RSVDA), and 3,5,4′‐trimethylresveratrol (RSVTM) for 24 hr at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 µM. Steroid secretion, enzyme activities, and gene expression of key steps in steroidogenesis were investigated.

RESULTS

Secretion of dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone, and cortisol were drastically decreased by all test compounds at concentrations that did not affect cell viability. Progesterone and aldosterone secretion were increased. This steroid secretion pattern can be explained by the demonstrated inhibition of CYP17A1 enzyme activity. The most efficient CYP17A1 inhibitors were the synthetic analogs RSVTA, RSVDA, and RSVTM. Inhibition by RSVTM was more selective on the 17,20‐lyase activity than hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1. Treatment of cells with all compounds, except RSVTM, caused increased estradiol levels, which could be explained by the demonstrated inhibition of estrogen sulfate conjugation, catalyzed by SULT1E1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results on CYP17A1 inhibition of RSV and RSV analogs suggest a novel mechanism for chemoprevention of prostate cancer by resveratrol and the analogs. Especially RSVTM, which has a preferential inhibition on the 17,20‐lyase activity of CYP17A1, may be a promising candidate for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Prostate 74:839–851, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and spectral properties of solar selective absorbing MoSi2–Al2O3 coating
Authors: Xue Yafei , Wang Cong , Sun Ying , Wang Wenwen , Wu Yongxing , Ning Yuping
Published: March 2014

A novel solar selective absorbing MoSi2–Al2O3 multilayer coating deposited on Cu or stainless steel (SS) substrate by magnetron sputtering is reported. The coating consists of an infrared reflective metal layer using Mo or Cu, an absorption MoSi2–Al2O3 bilayer, and an anti‐reflection Al2O3 layer from substrate to top. With the help of computer simulation, we obtain the optimal metal volume fraction and thickness of each layer on Cu substrate. And then a good optical performance (α/ϵ) of 0.94/0.06 for the all‐layer coating on Cu substrate is obtained. On the other hand, the influence of the deposition parameters for the infrared reflective Mo layer on the emittance is discussed. The emittance decreases with the decrease of sputtering pressure and the increase of the target power. The lowest emittance of the SS (substrate)/Mo is 0.047 after optimization. The optical performance (α/ϵ) of the all‐layer coating on the optimized SS/Mo substrate is 0.95/0.07. The thermal stability of the all‐layer coating on SS substrate is evaluated, and it is found to have a good thermal stability at 400 °C, due to the choice of MoSi2, which means a good candidate of solar selective absorbing coating for parabolic trough concentrated solar power (CSP).
Switched nonlinear singular systems with time‐delay: Stability analysis
Authors: Zamani Iman , Shafiee Masoud , Ibeas Asier
Published: March 2014

This paper presents an approach to the stability analysis of a class of nonlinear interconnected continuous‐time singular systems with arbitrary switching signals. This class of interconnected subsystems consists of unknown but bounded state delay and nonlinear terms, and each subsystem can be globally stable, unstable, or locally stable. By constructing a new Lyapunov‐like Krasovskii functional, sufficient conditions are derived and formulated to check the asymptotic (exponential) stability of such systems with arbitrary switching signals. Then, some new general criteria for asymptotic (exponential) stability with average dwell‐time switching signals are also established. The theoretical developments are demonstrated by two numerical simulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐step control approach for docking of autonomous underwater vehicles
Authors: Batista Pedro , Silvestre Carlos , Oliveira Paulo
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a novel integrated guidance and control strategy for docking of autonomous underwater vehicles. The approach to the base, and hence the control design, is divided in two steps: (i) in the first, at higher speed, the vehicle dynamics is assumed to be underactuated, and an appropriate control law is derived to steer the vehicle towards the final docking path, achieving convergence to zero of the appropriate error variables for almost all initial conditions; (ii) in the second stage, at low speed, the vehicle is assumed to be fully actuated, and a robust control law is designed that achieves convergence to zero of the appropriate error variables for all initial conditions, in the presence of parametric model uncertainty. Simulations are presented illustrating the performance of the proposed controllers, including model uncertainty and sensor noise. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endodontic instruments after torsional failure: Nanoindentation test
Authors: Jamleh Ahmed , Sadr Alireza , Nomura Naoyuki , Ebihara Arata , Yahata Yoshio , Hanawa Takao , Tagami Junji , Suda Hideaki
Published: March 2014

This study aimed to evaluate effects of torsional loading on the mechanical properties of endodontic instruments using the nanoindentation technique. ProFile (PF; size 30, taper 04; Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland) and stainless steel (SS; size 30, taper 02; Mani, Japan) instruments were subjected to torsional test. Nanoindentation was then performed adjacent to the edge of fracture (edge) and at the cutting part beside the shank (shank). Hardness and elastic modulus were measured under 100‐mN force on 100 locations at each region, and compared to those obtained from the same regions on new instruments. It showed that PF and SS instruments failed at 559 ± 67 and 596 ± 73 rotation degrees and mean maximum torque of 0.90 ± 0.07 and 0.99 ± 0.05 N‐cm, respectively. Hardness and elastic modulus ranged 4.8–6.7 and 118–339 GPa in SS, and 2.7–3.2 and 52–81 GPa in PF. Significant differences between torsion‐fractured and new instruments in hardness and elastic modulus were detected in the SS system used. While in PF system, the edge region after torsional fracture had significantly lower hardness and elastic modulus compared to new instruments. The local hardness and modulus of elasticity of endodontic instruments adjacent to the fracture edge are significantly reduced by torsional loading. SCANNING 36:437–443, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on acyl‐CoA oxidase deficiency: a sibling comparison study
Authors: Wang Raymond Y. , Monuki Edwin S. , Powers James , Schwartz Phillip H. , Watkins Paul A. , Shi Yang , Moser Ann , Shrier David A. , Waterham Hans R. , Nugent Diane J. , Abdenur Jose E.
Published: March 2014

Objective

Acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACOX1) deficiency is a rare disorder of peroxisomal very‐long chain fatty acid oxidation. No reports detailing attempted treatment, longitudinal imaging, or neuropathology exist. We describe the natural history of clinical symptoms and brain imaging in two siblings with ACOX1 deficiency, including the younger sibling's response to allogeneic unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods

We conducted retrospective chart review to obtain clinical history, neuro‐imaging, and neuropathology data. ACOX1 genotyping were performed to confirm the disease. In vitro fibroblast and neural stem cell fatty acid oxidation assays were also performed.

Results

Both patients experienced a fatal neurodegenerative course, with late‐stage cerebellar and cerebral gray matter atrophy. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging in the younger sibling indicated demyelination began in the medulla and progressed rostrally to include the white matter of the cerebellum, pons, midbrain, and eventually subcortical white matter. The successfully engrafted younger sibling had less brain inflammation, cortical atrophy, and neuronal loss on neuro‐imaging and neuropathology compared to the untreated older sister. Fibroblasts and stem cells demonstrated deficient very long chain fatty acid oxidation.

Interpretation

Although HSCT did not halt the course of ACOX1 deficiency, it reduced the extent of white matter inflammation in the brain. Demyelination continued because of ongoing neuronal loss, which may be due to inability of transplant to prevent progression of gray matter disease, adverse effects of chronic corticosteroid use to control graft‐versus‐host disease, or intervention occurring beyond a critical point for therapeutic efficacy.
Simulation of N2O emissions and nitrate leaching from plastic mulch radish cultivation with LandscapeDNDC
Authors: Kim Youngsun , Berger Sina , Kettering Janine , Tenhunen John , Haas Edwin , Kiese Ralf
Published: March 2014

Radish is one of the major dry field crops in Asia commonly grown with plastic mulch and high rates of N fertilization, and potentially harming the environment due to N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Despite the widespread use of plastic mulch, biogeochemical models so far do not yet consider impacts of mulch on soil environmental conditions and biogeochemistry. In this study, we adapted and successfully tested the LandscapeDNDC model against field data by simulating crop growth, C and N turnover and associated N2O emissions as well as nitrate leaching for radish cultivation with plastic mulch and in conjunction with different rates of N fertilization (465–765 kg N ha−1 year−1). Due to the sandy soil texture and monsoon climate, nitrate leaching with rates up to 350 kg N ha−1 year−1 was the dominant reason for overall low nitrogen use efficiency (32–43 %). Direct or indirect N2O emissions (calculated from simulated nitrate leaching rates and IPCC EFind = 0.0075) ranged between 2 and 3 kg N ha−1 year−1, thus contributing an equal amount to total field emissions of about 5 kg N ha−1 year−1. Based on our results, emission factors for direct N2O emissions ranged between 0.004 and 0.005. These values are only half of the IPCC default value (0.01), demonstrating the need of biogeochemical models for developing site and/or region specific EFs. Simulation results also revealed that changes in agricultural management by applying the fertilizer only to the rows would be an efficient mitigation strategy, effectively decreasing field nitrate leaching and N2O emissions by 50–60 %.
Marcus Alexis and Regulatory Reform in Surface Transportation Industries
Authors: Peoples James
Published: March 2014

Marcus Alexis was a major contributor to the debate on deregulation of the surface transportation industry. He hypothesized that easing restrictions on rate-setting and firm-entry would promote efficiency and enhance consumer welfare in trucking and railroad industries. As commissioner and interim chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) he supported legislation that opened these industries to greater competition. This study revisits the model used by Alexis to derive his hypothesis, and uses current information to test its predictive accuracy long after the initial passage of deregulation. Findings from this study are consistent with Alexis’ forecast. Such evidence of his research expertise is just part of his legacy as a pioneer in the economics profession.
Customer segmentation model based on value generation for marketing strategies formulation
Authors: Cuadros Alvaro Julio , Domínguez Victoria Eugenia
Published: March 2014

Whendeciding in which segment to invest orhowto distribute the marketing budget, managers generallytake risks in making decisions without considering the real impact every client or segment has over organizationalprofits. In this paper, a segmentation framework is proposed that considers, firstly, the calculationof customer lifetime value, the current value, and client loyalty, and then the building of client segmentsby self-organized maps. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with an empiricalstudy in a cane sugar mill where a total of 9 segments of interest were identified for decision making.
Functional characterization of diverse ring‐hydroxylating oxygenases and induction of complex aromatic catabolic gene clusters in Sphingobium sp. PNB
Authors: Khara Pratick , Roy Madhumita , Chakraborty Joydeep , Ghosal Debajyoti , Dutta Tapan K.
Published: March 2014

Sphingobium sp. PNB, like other sphingomonads, has multiple ring‐hydroxylating oxygenase (RHO) genes. Three different fosmid clones have been sequenced to identify the putative genes responsible for the degradation of various aromatics in this bacterial strain. Comparison of the map of the catabolic genes with that of different sphingomonads revealed a similar arrangement of gene clusters that harbors seven sets of RHO terminal components and a sole set of electron transport (ET) proteins. The presence of distinctly conserved amino acid residues in ferredoxin and in silico molecular docking analyses of ferredoxin with the well characterized terminal oxygenase components indicated the structural uniqueness of the ET component in sphingomonads. The predicted substrate specificities, derived from the phylogenetic relationship of each of the RHOs, were examined based on transformation of putative substrates and their structural homologs by the recombinant strains expressing each of the oxygenases and the sole set of available ET proteins. The RHO AhdA1bA2b was functionally characterized for the first time and was found to be capable of transforming ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, cumene, p‐cymene and biphenyl, in addition to a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Overexpression of aromatic catabolic genes in strain PNB, revealed by real‐time PCR analyses, is a way forward to understand the complex regulation of degradative genes in sphingomonads.
The non-equilibrium region of grid-generated decaying turbulence
Authors: Valente P. C. , Vassilicos J. C.
Published: March 2014

The previously reported non-equilibrium dissipation law is investigated in turbulent flows generated by various regular and fractal square grids. The flows are documented in terms of various turbulent profiles which reveal their differences. In spite of significant inhomogeneity and anisotropy differences, the new non-equilibrium dissipation law is observed in all of these flows. Various transverse and longitudinal integral scales are measured and used to define the dissipation coefficient$C_{\varepsilon }$. It is found that the new non-equilibrium dissipation law is not an artefact of a particular choice of the integral scale and that the usual equilibrium dissipation law can actually coexist with the non-equilibrium law in different regions of the same flow.
Prediction of maize yield under future water availability scenarios using the AquaCrop model
Authors: ABEDINPOUR M. , SARANGI A. , RAJPUT T. B. S. , SINGH MAN
Published: March 2014

The water driven crop growth model AquaCrop was evaluated for predicting the yield of kharif maize (i.e. maize sown in the monsoon season) under future water availability scenarios. Future climatic data were generated using the climate data generator ClimGen, which was parameterized using 37 years (1972–2008) of historical data relating to the study area. The climatic data generated were used first in the CROPWAT model to estimate the irrigation schedule, which was then used in the validated AquaCrop model to predict grain yield for future years. Rainfall estimates generated by ClimGen for 2012 (739 mm) and 2014 (625 mm) resulted in yields of 1600 and 5670 kg/ha, respectively, under rainfed situation during these 2 years with full fertilization levels. This variation may be attributed to the depths of rainfall events and their distribution during the entire growing season in general and sensitive growth stages in particular pertaining to the same sowing date (22 July) in both years. Nonetheless, the use of ClimGen, CROPWAT and AquaCrop models can be standardized as a model-linking protocol to estimate future maize yield and irrigation water requirements for sustainable production and as an adaptation measure to climate change.
The Condition of the Restoration Church of Scotland in the Highlands
Authors: KENNEDY ALLAN DOUGLAS
Published: March 2014

Despite the prominence of religious issues in the historiography of Restoration Scotland, understanding of the position of the Kirk in the Highlands remains sparse. This article seeks to address this lacuna through analysis of two related themes. Firstly, it looks at provision, discussing the Kirk's financial, material and manpower resources, as well as the challenge posed by Gaelic. Secondly, it traces the extent of Nonconformity, both Presbyterian and Roman Catholic, with a view to judging the degree of adherence to the established Episcopalian structure. It concludes that the Kirk, while facing challenges, retained a position of unrivalled religious dominance.
Phylogenetics and systematics of Angiostrongylus lungworms and related taxa (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) inferred from the nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences
Authors: Eamsobhana P. , Lim P.E. , Yong H.S.
Published: March 2014

The Angiostrongylus lungworms are of public health and veterinary concern in many countries. At the family level, the Angiostrongylus lungworms have been included in the family Angiostrongylidae or the family Metastrongylidae. The present study was undertaken to determine the usefulness and suitability of the nuclear 18S (small subunit, SSU) rDNA sequences for differentiating various taxa of the genus Angiostrongylus, as well as to determine the systematics and phylogenetic relationship of Angiostrongylus species and other metastrongyloid taxa. This study revealed six 18S (SSU) haplotypes in A. cantonensis, indicating considerable genetic diversity. The uncorrected pairwise ‘p’ distances among A. cantonensis ranged from 0 to 0.86%. The 18S (SSU) rDNA sequences unequivocally distinguished the five Angiostrongylus species, confirmed the close relationship of A. cantonensis and A. malaysiensis and that of A. costaricensis and A. dujardini, and were consistent with the family status of Angiostrongylidae and Metastrongylidae. In all cases, the congeneric metastrongyloid species clustered together. There was no supporting evidence to include the genus Skrjabingylus as a member of Metastrongylidae. The genera Aelurostrongylus and Didelphostrongylus were not recovered with Angiostrongylus, indicating polyphyly of the Angiostrongylidae. Of the currently recognized families of Metastrongyloidea, only Crenosomatidae appeared to be monophyletic. In view of the unsettled questions regarding the phylogenetic relationships of various taxa of the metastrongyloid worms, further analyses using more markers and more taxa are warranted.
On the Kleene degrees of Π11 sets
Authors: Slaman Theodore A.
Published: March 2014

Let A and B be subsets of the reals. Say that AK≥ B, if there is a real a such that the relation “x ∈ B” is uniformly ⊿1 (a, A) in . This reducibility induces an equivalence relation ≡K on the sets of reals; the ≡K-equivalence class of a set is called its Kleene degree. Let be the structure that consists of the Kleene degrees and the induced partial order ≥. A substructure of that is of interest is , the Kleene degrees of the sets of reals. If sharps exist, then there is not much to , as Steel [9] has shown that the existence of sharps implies that has only two elements: the degree of the empty set and the degree of the complete set. Legrand [4] used the hypothesis that there is a real whose sharp does not exist to show that there are incomparable elements in ; in the context of V = L, Hrbáček has shown that is dense and has no minimal pairs. The Hrbáček results led Simpson [6] to make the following conjecture: if V = L, then forms a universal homogeneous upper semilattice with 0 and 1. Simpson's conjecture is shown to be false by showing that if V = L, then Gödel's maximal thin set is the infimum of two strictly larger elements of .

The second main result deals with the notion of jump in . Let A′ be the complete Kleene enumerable set relative to A. Say that A is low-n if A(n) has the same degree as ⊘(n), and A is high-n if A(n) has the same degree as ⊘(n+1). Simpson and Weitkamp [7] have shown that there is a high (high-1) incomplete set in L. They have also shown that various other sets are neither high nor low in L. Legrand [5] extended their results by showing that, if there is a real x such that x# does not exist, then there is an element of that, for all n, is neither low-n nor high-n. In §2, ZFC is used to show that, for all n, if A is and low-n then A is Borel. The proof uses a strengthened version of Jensen's theorem on sequences of admissible ordinals that appears in [7, Simpson-Weitkamp].
An α-finite injury method of the unbounded type
Authors: Chong C. T.
Published: March 2014

Let α be an admissible ordinal. In this paper we study the structure of the upper semilattice of α-recursively enumerable degrees. Various results about the structure which are of fundamental importance had been obtained during the past two years (Sacks-Simpson [7], Lerman [4], Shore [9]). In particular, the method of finite priority argument of Friedberg and Muchnik was successfully generalized in [7] to an α-finite priority argument to give a solution of Post's problem for all admissible ordinals. We refer the reader to [7] for background material, and we also follow closely the notations used there.

Whereas [7] and [4] study priority arguments in which the number of injuries inflicted on a proper initial segment of requirements can be effectively bounded (Lemma 2.3 of [7]), we tackle here priority arguments in which no such bounds exist. To this end, we focus our attention on the fine structure of Lα, much in the fashion of Jensen [2], and show that we can still use a priority argument on an indexing set of requirements just short enough to give us the necessary bounds we seek.
An intuitiomstic completeness theorem for intuitionistic predicate logic
Authors: Veldman Wim
Published: March 2014

The problem of treating the semantics of intuitionistic logic within the framework of intuitionistic mathematics was first attacked by E. W. Beth [1]. However, the completeness theorem he thought to have obtained, was not true, as was shown in detail in a report by V. H. Dyson and G. Kreisel [2]. Some vague remarks of Beth's, for instance in his book, The foundations of mathematics, show that he sustained the hope of restoring his proof. But arguments by K. Gödel and G. Kreisel gave people the feeling that an intuitionistic completeness theorem would be impossible [3]. (A (strong) completeness theorem would imply

for any primitive recursive predicate A of natural numbers, and one has no reason to believe this for the usual intuitionistic interpretation.) Nevertheless, the following contains a correct intuitionistic completeness theorem for intuitionistic predicate logic. So the old arguments by Godel and Kreisel should not work for the proposed semantical construction of intuitionistic logic. They do not, indeed. The reason is, loosely speaking, that negation is treated positively.

Although Beth's semantical construction for intuitionistic logic was not satisfying from an intuitionistic point of view, it proved to be useful for the development of classical semantics for intuitionistic logic. A related and essentially equivalent classical semantics for intuitionistic logic was found by S. Kripke [4].
On theories T categorical in |T|
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: March 2014

Morley conjectured that if an infinite first-order theory T is categorical in the power |T| > ℵ0, then it has a model of power < |T| Here we affirm this conjecture for the case |T|ℵ0=|T|.
Five new species of Oncholaimellus (Oncholaimidae: Nematoda) from north-east Brazil, with an emended diagnosis and an updated key to the genus
Authors: Neres Patrícia Fernandes , da Silva Maria Cristina , de Miranda-Júnior Geruso Vieira , Fonsêca-Genevois Verônica , Esteves André Morgado
Published: March 2014

Five new species of Oncholaimellus are described. They were found in macrofauna samples from the continental shelf in the Potiguar Basin, north-east Brazil. Cuticular pores with a sclerotized outline associated with a gland were observed in some species. Oncholaimellus multiporus sp. nov. is differentiated from other species by the presence of cuticular pores of different sizes; the smaller pores are abundant and give an appearance of ornamentation. Oncholaimellus intersexus sp. nov. and O. distortus sp. nov. are similar, but differ in the size of the external labial and cephalic setae compared to the corresponding diameter, the presence of the cuticular pores and the tail shape. Oncholaimellus paulus sp. nov. and O. sineporus sp. nov. are similar, although features such as the external labial and cephalic setae size compared to the corresponding diameter and the cuticular pores differentiate between them.
Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeestConnochaetes taurinuspopulation
Authors: Morrison Thomas A. , Bolger Douglas T.
Published: March 2014

Surprisingly little is known about the spatial dimensions of most tropical ungulate migrations, including that of wildebeestConnochaetes taurinus, a species famous for long-distance movements. Using non-invasive photographic identification of 834 adult wildebeest from 8,530 images collected over 4 years we characterize patterns of migratory connectivity throughout the northern Tarangire–Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. We document movements between Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks and northwards to the shore of Lake Natron, a straight-line distance of > 130 km. Fifty-six percent of observed movements occur outside the ecosystem's three main protected areas. We supplement photographic data with fine-scale movement data from two individuals with global positioning system collars, and identify three narrow bottlenecks, each vulnerable to human development. We discuss the possible consequences for the wildebeest population if these bottlenecks become impeded. Persistence of this migration alongside a growing human population and proposed road improvement will require additional measures to ensure that pathways remain open to wildlife movement and protected from illegal hunting.
Local awareness of and attitudes towards the pygmy hippopotamusChoeropsis liberiensisin the Moa River Island Complex, Sierra Leone
Authors: Conway April L. , Hernandez Sonia M. , Carroll John P. , Green Gary T. , Larson Lincoln
Published: March 2014

The pygmy hippopotamusChoeropsis liberiensisis an Endangered species found only in the Upper Guinea rainforests of West Africa. Using a two-phase approach, with initial semi-structured interviews followed by more extensive questionnaires, we examined local residents' awareness of and attitudes towards the pygmy hippopotamus along the Moa River near Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Sierra Leone. The interviews and questionnaires addressed human–hippopotamus interactions, local knowledge and awareness of pygmy hippopotamus ecology and behaviour, and public attitudes towards hippopotamus conservation. Overall, 22% of questionnaire respondents acknowledged benefits related to hippopotamus conservation; factors affecting the perception of benefits included age, livestock ownership, distance from Tiwai Island and exposure to conservation programmes. The results of this study could be used to inform the conservation of the pygmy hippopotamus and highlight the critical role of local support in the management of threatened species in biodiversity hotspots.
Grammatical planning scope in sentence production: Further evidence for the functional phrase hypothesis
Authors: ZHAO LI-MING , ALARIO F.-XAVIER , YANG YU-FANG
Published: March 2014

While there is a consensus that speakers plan their utterances before they start producing them, the scope of the initial planning unit remains controversial. In subject-initial utterances, is the planning unit the whole subject phrase or a smaller “functional phrase” within the subject phrase? Allum and Wheeldon (2007) reported that speakers show faster onset latencies in producing utterances like The flower above the house is red, where the subject consists of two functional phrases (the flower and above the house) than in producing The flower and the house are red, where there is a single, longer functional phrase (The flower and the house), both in head-initial languages like English and head-final languages like Japanese. This has been taken to suggest that the functional phrase is a preferred unit of planning, rather than the whole subject. Experiment 1 in the present study replicates Allum and Wheeldon's study with speakers of another head-final language (Mandarin Chinese) and finds similar results. Experiments 2 and 3 investigate whether syntactic processing or visual grouping could potentially explain the pattern of responses, and find that they cannot. Together, these results provide further empirical support for the claim that the functional phrase is a primary unit of grammatical planning for speech production.
X-ray powder diffraction data for [C6Trop]+[PF6]−, C14H27NOPF6
Authors: He Zhi Jian , Qian Guo Fei , Zhang Li Li , Li Hui , Yao Shun
Published: March 2014

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for [C6Trop]+[PF6]−, C14H27NOPF6, are reported [a = 16.1879(6) Å, b = 11.4271(2) Å, c = 10.3966(5) Å, α = 66.4949(3)°, β = 94.5589(0)°, γ = 93.3092(4)°, unit-cell volume V = 1923.17 Å3, Z = 1, and space group P1]. No detectable impurities were observed.
Rigidity is undecidable
Authors: BOJAŃCZYK MIKOŁAJ , SZAWIEL STANISŁAW , ZAWADOWSKI MAREK
Published: March 2014

We show that the problem of whether a finite set of regular-linear axioms defines a rigid theory is undecidable.
Maternal depression and foetal responses to novel stimuli: insights from a socio-economically disadvantaged Indian cohort
Authors: Fernandes M. , Stein A. , Srinivasan K. , Menezes G. , Renton M. , Zani J. , Ramchandani P. G.
Published: March 2014

Maternal stress during pregnancy has pervasive effects on stress responsivity in children. This study is the first to test the hypothesis that maternal prenatal depression, as observed in South India, may be associated with how foetuses respond to a potentially stressful stimulus. We employed measures of foetal heart rate at baseline, during exposure to a vibroacoustic stimulus, and post-stimulation, to study patterns of response and recovery in 133 third trimester foetuses of depressed and non-depressed mothers. We show that the association between maternal depression and foetal stress responsivity is U-shaped with foetuses of mothers with high and low depression scores demonstrating elevated responses, and poorer recovery, than foetuses of mothers with moderate levels. The right amount of intra-uterine stimulation is important in conditioning foetuses towards optimal regulation of their stress response. Our results imply that, in certain environmental contexts, exposure to moderate amounts of intra-uterine stress may facilitate this process.
Genetic Influences on Hallux Valgus in Koreans: The Healthy Twin Study
Authors: Lee Chang-Hyung , Lee Sooji , Kang HyoJeong , Jung Da-Eun , Song Yun-Mi , Lee Kayoung , Lee Kyungtai , Hwang JiHye , Sung Joohon
Published: March 2014

Hallux valgus (HV) is a common foot deformity of multifactorial etiology, but knowledge about the relative importance of genetics and environments on HV has been limited. In order to estimate genetic influences on HV, 1,265 adults, including 175 monozygotic twin (MZ) pairs, 31 dizygotic twin (DZ) pairs, and 853 first-degree singleton family members of the twins were included from the Healthy Twin study, a population-based twin-family cohort in Korea. All participants underwent foot examination and weight-bearing radiographic assessment (anterior-posterior and lateral) in addition to a general health survey. Of the subjects, 208 (16.4%) were classified as HV (as HV angle >20°). The genetic influence on HV was estimated to be substantial; the heritability of HV was 0.51 (95% CI 0.42–0.59) and the heritability of HV angle was 0.47 (0.38–0.56), while contributions from shared environmental effects were negligible. These findings suggest that genetic factors play an important role in determining HV deformity.
Demonstration of an Ebbinghaus Illusion at a Memory Level
Authors: Rey Amandine Eve , Riou Benoit , Versace Rémy
Published: March 2014

Based on recent behavioral and neuroimaging data suggesting that memory and perception are partially based on the same sensorimotor system, the theoretical aim of the present study was to show that it is difficult to dissociate memory mechanisms from perceptual mechanisms other than on the basis of the presence (perceptual processing) or absence (memory processing) of the characteristics of the objects involved in the processing. In line with this assumption, two experiments using an adaptation of the Ebbinghaus illusion paradigm revealed similar effects irrespective of whether the size difference between the inner circles and the surrounding circles was manipulated perceptually (the size difference was perceptually present, Experiment 1) or merely reactivated in memory (the difference was perceptually absent, Experiment 2).
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST): an efficient tool for detecting molecular information on proteins' behaviour
Authors: Longo Dario Livio , Di Gregorio Enza , Abategiovanni Riccardo , Ceccon Alberto , Assfalg Michael , Molinari Henriette , Aime Silvio
Published: March 2014

In this communication, we report that protein remodeling processes, such as aggregation, unfolding and interaction with lipid membranes, may be investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) through the CEST mechanism.
Evidence of short-range electron transfer of a redox enzyme on graphene oxide electrodes
Authors: Martins Marccus V. A. , Pereira Andressa R. , Luz Roberto A. S. , Iost Rodrigo M. , Crespilho Frank N.
Published: March 2014

Graphene oxide sheets provide short-range electron transfer from the glucose oxidase enzyme to the electrode surface.
N,N′-Bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea: a privileged motif for catalyst development
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Bao Zongbi , Xing Huabin
Published: March 2014

This review summarizes the key developments of N,N′-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea (Schreiner's thiourea)-mediated reactions with the aim to further expand the applications of (thio)urea-based catalysts.
The highly enantioselective catalytic aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction
Authors: Hu Fang-Le , Shi Min
Published: March 2014

Chiral phosphine, amine or metal catalyzed asymmetric aza-MBH reactions of various imines with different Michael acceptors in recent decades have been discussed and the perspectives offered by these new developments have also been demonstrated.
Fabrication of superoleophobic surfaces with controllable liquid adhesion from polyelectrolyte multilayer film
Authors: Yang Jin , Song Haojie , Chen Beibei , Tang Hua , Li Changsheng
Published: March 2014

Superoleophobic surfaces with controllable liquid adhesion from sliding state to sticky state were obtained by the deposition of polyelectrolyte multilayer films on micro/nanostructured substrates.
Resveratrol inhibitsStaphylococcus aureus-induced TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB-dependent VCAM-1 expression in human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Lee I-Ta , Lin Chih-Chung , Hsu Chih-Kai , Wu Ming-Yen , Cho Rou-Ling , Yang Chuen-Mao
Published: March 2014

Staphylococcus aureus is the most commonly found Gram-positive bacterium in patients admitted to intensive-care units, causing septicaemia or pneumonia. S. aureus is considered to play an important role in the induction of cell adhesion molecules. Resveratrol, a compound found in the skins of red fruits, may inhibit the inflammatory signalling pathways involved in lung diseases. In the present paper, we have shown that resveratrol reduced S. aureus-mediated VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression in HPAEpiCs (human lung epithelial cells) and lungs of mice. In an in vivo study, we have shown that resveratrol inhibited S. aureus-induced pulmonary haematoma and leucocyte count in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) fluid in mice. In an in vitro study, we observed that resveratrol attenuated S. aureus-induced TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), MyD88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) complex formation. S. aureus stimulated Akt, JNK1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2) and p42/p44 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation, which were inhibited by resveratrol. In addition, S. aureus induced IκB (inhibitor of nuclear factor κB) α and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 translocation, which were reduced by resveratrol. Finally, we found that S. aureus induced NF-κB and p300 complex formation and p300 phosphorylation, which were inhibited by resveratrol. Thus resveratrol functions as a suppressor of S. aureus-induced inflammatory signalling not only by inhibiting VCAM-1 expression, but also by reducing TLR2–MyD88–PI3K complex formation and Akt, JNK1/2, p42/p44 MAPK, p300 and NF-κB activation in HPAEpiCs.
Retained Broken Implants in the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton
Authors: Nallathamby Vigneswaran , Lee Hanjing , Lin Yap Yan , Lim Jane , Ong Wei Chen , Lim Thiam-Chye
Published: March 2014

Facial fracture patients are seen in a Level 1 trauma hospital. In our institution, we manage many patients with facial fractures and carry out more than 150 surgical procedures every year. Open reduction and internal fixation is our management of choice. All surgical procedures involve drilling of bone and implant insertion to keep the fractured bones in an anatomically reduced position to aid healing. Occasionally, drill bits used to create the pilot hole break and are embedded in the bone. We present a situation in which such an incident occurred and review the literature on retained broken implants and devices.