bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reply
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: March 2012

This Reply first defends (against Cromartie) the claim that the 'neo-Roman' writers I discuss in my book held shared views about the nature of liberty. They all believe that freedom is taken away not merely by acts of interference but also by relations of domination and dependence. I argue (against Kukathas) that this commitment leads them to treat diminutions of the security with which we enjoy our liberty as diminutions of liberty itself. I take Hobbes to be opposing this position when he defines freedom as an absence of the kinds of external impediments that render actions within our powers impossible of performance. I question the suggestion (made by Cromartie) that Hobbes has a more extended view of the conditions that undermine liberty. I reaffirm (against Kukathas) that Hobbes's definition makes freedom an all-or-nothing matter, not a matter of degree. Finally, I restate (against Cromartie) my central contention that Hobbes's theory constitutes an attempt to challenge and discredit the rival neo-Roman account.
Response to Commentaries on Made with Words
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: March 2012

This reply argues five points, in response to the commentaries on my book, “Made with Words”. First, that Hobbes's theory of language may have supported his materialism, as his materialism supported the theory of language. Second, that for Hobbes legal penalties as such do not take from freedom, only legal obligations. Third, that his emphasis on maker's knowledge explains his theory of a priori demonstrable knowledge and, in particular, the importance he gives to definitions. Fourth, that Hobbes's theory of the desire for power suggests, against his own strategy, that people each ought to seek the equality that goes with others not having power over them; this is the next best to the inequality a person would enjoy in having power over others. And fifth, that Hobbes's theory of freedom is inferior in a number of respects to the republican theory of freedom as non-domination that he opposed.
Hobbes, Language and Philip Pettit
Authors: Dawson Hannah
Published: March 2012

In this article I explore two aspects of Pettit's thesis about Hobbes' innovation with regard to the transformative and central role of language in thought and politics. First, I argue that while Hobbes had many debts to both traditionalists and innovators, he did break new ground in characterising language as in some ways constitutive of thought – a conclusion he came to as a consequence not only of his extreme nominalism, but also of his views on the exceptional sensibility of words. Second, I argue that while language is part of a matrix of the forces which shape politics, it plays a powerful and indispensable part in both saving and cursing society.
The Greek Patronymics in -(ί)δας / -(ί)δης
Authors:   Keurentjes
Published: March 2012

The suffix -ίδας (Ionic-Attic -ίδης) is often considered to have originally formed patronymics, and hence, by widening of sense, also family-, deme-, and other group-names (§1). As it is difficult to give an acceptable explanation for ‘x-ίδας’ starting from an original meaning ‘son of x’ (§2), I will propose here a new solution: -ίδας as patronymic is a restricted use of the original meaning ‘member of the clan, group of...’. The suffix is a complex of -ίδ- and -α-, both of pre-Greek origin (§3 & §4). The first is, among other things, attested in territorial and phyle-names: Φωκίς, ’AργoΛίς, ’OζoΛίς, Aαιντίς (φυΛε). The second denotes male inhabitants of a territory and members of a phyle: ’AργóΛας, ’OζóΛας;, Aιαντ;ίδες (member of the Attic phyle Aιαντίς) (§5). -ίδ- and â–“(α)δ- are allomorphs of the same pre-Greek suffix, and -δας is probably a more original form than -ίδας (§6)).
An Observation on the PeshiṬta's Translation of Šdy in Job
Authors: Szpek Heidi
Published: March 2012

The influence of the LXX frequently takes effect on the ideas or on the manner of the Syriac translators rather than on their words.
Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito
Authors: Cook John Granger
Published: March 2012

The Palatine graffito of a crucified man with an ass's head, a graffito that uses crucifixion as an obscenity, and the remnant of a crucified man's foot transfixed by a nail provide visual imagery of ancient Roman practice. Less well known to NT scholars are two Latin inscriptions that mention crucifixion. One describes a contract for a public undertaker that includes a number of references to crucifixion and the torture that accompanied it. Private individuals, for example, could have their slaves crucified for a modest sum. Another inscription includes a reference to an alleged crucifixion of a Roman centurion by Piso. It helps indicate how rare crucifixion was in the case of citizens. The inscriptions and graffiti illuminate crucifixion—a central focus of NT texts and NT theology.
Activation of transcription during the hatching process of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: Blair Lynsey , Perry Roland N. , Oparka Karl , Jones John T.
Published: March 2012

Acridine orange staining was used to compare transcription patterns in
hatched and unhatched second stage juveniles (J2s) of Globodera
rostochiensis. Unhatched J2s showed little staining when compared with
hatched J2s. Hatched J2s showed specific and reproducible staining of the
nucleoli of the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and genital primordia. Some
staining was also observed in the nucleoli of the subventral gland cells.
Exposure of the unhatched J2s to sterile distilled water (SDW) did not
result in any noticeable increase in staining with acridine orange.
Prolonged periods in tomato root diffusate (TRD) were required to induce
changes in dorsal oesophageal gland cell activity of unhatched J2s. Hatched
J2s always showed staining of the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and genital
primordia, regardless of their length of exposure to TRD. These results
demonstrate that changes in transcription patterns of rRNA are induced in a
range of structures during the hatching process. Activation de la
transcription au cours de l'eclosion chez le nematode a kyste de la pomme de
terre Globodera rostochiensis - La coloration a l'acridine orange a ete
utilisee en vue de comparer les profils de transcription chez les juveniles
de deuxieme stade (J2) de Globodera rostochiensis eclos et non eclos. La
coloration des J2 non eclos est faible en comparaison de celle des J2 eclos.
Ces derniers montrent une coloration specifique et reproductible des
nucleoles de la cellule glandulaire oesophagienne dorsale ainsi que des
primordiums genitaux. Une coloration des nucleoles des cellules glandulaires
oesophagiennes subventrales est egalement observee. L'exposition des J2 non
eclos a l'eau distillee sterile ne provoque aucune augmentation notable de
la coloration a l'acridine orange. Des periodes prolongees de contact avec
les exsudats radiculaires de tomate sont necessaires pour induire un
changement dans l'activite de la cellule glandulaire oesophagienne dorsale
des J2 non eclos. Les J2 eclos montrent toujours une coloration de la
cellule glandulaire oesophagienne dorsale et des primordiums genitaux quelle
que soit la longueur de l'exposition a ces exsudats. Ces resultats
demontrent que les changements dans les profils de transcription du rRNA
sont induits pendant l'eclosion par une serie de structures.
Production of species-specific Meloidogyne populations for the identification of resistance in germplasm collections
Authors: Janssen Richard , Van Silfhout Cor , Hoogendoorn J. Coosje
Published: March 2012

Field populations sometimes are a mixture of species and genotypes, which makes them unsuitable for resistance screening against root-knot nematodes. To solve this problem, a special protocol was developed to produce species-specific populations originating from single juveniles and to prevent contamination of inoculum of species-specific populations by other aggressive Meloidogyne species. These populations are representative of the type races occurring in the Netherlands. Before multiplication of the egg mass, the Meloidogyne female was identified by isozyme patterns of esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh). The Petri dish method was evaluated to study the infection process of M. hapla, M. chitwoodi, and M. fallax on potato roots. High infection levels were obtained following inoculation with a water suspension of juveniles. The potential use of the Petri dish method for screening for resistance was assessed by inoculation of juveniles of Globodera species on roots of susceptible and resistant potato cultivars, resulting in clear differential reactions. During this study, a deviating group of field populations was distinguished based on isozyme band patterns. It was later described as a new species, M. fallax. Production de populations de Meloidogyne specifiques de l'espece en vue de l'identification de la resistance dans les collections de germplasmes - Les population des Meloidogyne rencontrees au champ peuvent etre des melanges d'especes et de genotypes et de ce fait ne conviennent pas pour tester la resistance a ces nematodes. Afin de surmonter cette difficulte, un protocole particulier a ete mis au point visant, a partir d'un seul juvenile, a produire des populations specifiques de l'espece et a eviter la contamination de ces populations par d'autres especes agressives de Meloidogyne. Ces populations sont representatives des races types presentes aux Pays Bas. En prealable a la multiplication de la masse d'oeufs, il a ete realise une pre-identification de la femelle a l'aide de profils esterasiques concernant l'esterase (Est) et la malate deshydrogenase (Mdh). La methode dite des boites de Petri a ete testee en vue de l'etude du processus d'infestation de M. hapla, M. chitwoodi et M. fallax sur des racines de pomme de terre. Grace a ce systeme, des taux d'infestation eleves sont obtenus apres inoculation a l'aide d'une suspension de juveniles dans l'eau. Les potentialites de la methode des boites de Petri ont ete confirmees par inoculation de juveniles de Globodera dans des racines de cultivars de pomme de terre sensibles et resistants, lesquels ont montre des reactions tres differentes. Au cours de ces recherches, un groupe aberrant de populations sauvages a pu etre distingue grace aux profils des isozymes, groupe decrit ensuite comme une espece nouvelle, M. fallax.
On the ‘Philosophical Foundations’ of Italian Workerism: A Conceptual Approach
Authors: Zanini Adelino
Published: March 2012

This article explores some of the crucial conceptual dimensions of Italian workerist Marxism [operaismo], identifying both its underlying impetus and its limits in particular interpretations of Marxian concepts. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which the focus of workerists such as Mario Tronti and Antonio Negri on living labour, antagonism and class-composition can be understood in terms of a philosophy of subjectivity founded on a Marxian conception of difference.
Moral Dilemmas and Broken Promises: A Historical-Philosophical Overview of the Nonviolent Movement
Authors: Losurdo Domenico
Published: March 2012

Great historical crises oblige us to choose not between violence and nonviolence, but between two different forms of violence. Nonviolent movements are no exception to this rule. In the US, with the outbreak of the War of Secession, the Christian-nonviolent movement was obliged to choose between the violence of the Union-army (which ultimately imposed on the South an abolitionist revolution from above) and the violence of slavery. With the outbreak of World-War One, Lenin chose revolution, while, in India, Gandhi became the ‘recruiting agent-in-chief’ for the British army. At that moment, he struggled not for the general emancipation of colonial peoples, but only for the co-optation of the Indian people under the ruling races, and this co-optation was to be gained on the battlefield. While in the past, in spite of their mistakes and oscillations, the protagonists of nonviolence (Gandhi, Tolstoy, Martin Luther King, etc.) were an integral part of the anticolonialist movement, today nonviolence is the watchword of imperialism, which tries to discredit as violent its enemies and challengers.
‘What Keeps Mankind Alive?’: the Eleventh International Istanbul Biennial. Once More on Aesthetics and Politics
Authors: Day Gail , Edwards Steve , Mabb David
Published: March 2012

Starting from the 2009 Istanbul Biennial, with its Brechtian curatorial theme, this essay considers the Left’s varying responses to art’s so-called ‘political turn’. Discussion ranges from the local and regional context of the Biennial’s function as part of Turkey’s bid to join the EU, through to a longer theoretical perspective on the critical debates over ‘art and life’, artistic autonomy and heteronomy, and the revival in avant-gardism. The authors propose that the standard accounts of the intimate connection between the commodity and art have become politically counterproductive. They suggest that Marxist analysis needs to develop a more complexly-articulated philosophical reflection on the relation between economy, politics, and art ‐ and between political and aesthetic praxes ‐ if it is to advance its longstanding contributions to considerations of ‘aesthetics and politics’.
The Angry Priests in a Hattian-Hittite Narrative
Authors: Soysal Oguz
Published: March 2012

The Hattian-Hittite interlinear bilingual fragment KUB 28.1 and its newly joined duplicate KBo 37.9 (+) KBo 37.74 are treated here. The text edition and interpretation are based on a combination of the Hattian and Hittite versions. The narrative contains scenes of some odd behaviors of priests which are an interesting addition to what we know about the administrative and daily life of priests in Hittite Anatolia.
Hyssop in the Ugaritic Incantation RS 92.2014
Authors: Hawley Robert
Published: March 2012

This article suggests interpreting the word ùzb in the recently published Ugaritic incantation RS 92.2014 as "Syrian hyssop" (Origanum syriacum or Marjorana syriaca). The arguments advanced include epigraphic, etymological, and literary factors, as well as contextual analogies drawn from the mechanics of Ugaritian magic in theory and practice.
'Angelology' In The Epic of Gilgamesh
Authors: Ataç Mehmet-Ali
Published: March 2012

The Epic of Gilgamesh has been interpreted by Th. Jacobsen and his followers primarily as the story of a hero who struggles beyond his capacity to find immortality, gets disappointed, and finally faces the truth, maturing and turning to 'normality' on the premise that it is his achievements and not himself that will last. The present paper challenges a literal reading of the plot of the Epic along these lines, and through select comparison with the ancient Egyptian, 'heterodox' Hebrew, Iranian, and Gnostic traditions, argues that the meaning system embedded in the Epic can be thought to point to notions of 'mysticism' and 'soteriology', expressed in a distinctively Mesopotamian idiom that suppresses an explicit display of such concepts.
Noch Zu Den Hethitischen Arkuti-Priestern
Authors: Popko Maciej
Published: March 2012

Zum Priesterkollegium in der hethitischen heiligen Stadt Arinna gehörten als gesonderte Gruppe sieben ARKUTI- bzw. apezzieš ("die letzten") Priester. Im Beitrag werden mehrere Textfragmente angeführt, die für diese Bezeichnung die Bedeutung "Priester niederer Stellung" bestätigen und ein Licht auf die Rolle jener Priesterklasse im Laufe der in Arinna gefeierten Texte werfen.
Jesuit Scientia and Natural Studies in Late Imperial China, 1600-18001
Authors: Elman Benjamin A.
Published: March 2012

Arguably, by 1600 Europe was ahead of China in producing basic machines such as clocks, screws, levers, and pulleys that would be applied increasingly to the mechanization of agricultural and industrial production. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, however, Europeans still sought the technological secrets for silk production, textile weaving, porcelain making, and large scale tea production from the Chinese. Chinese literati in turn, before 1800, borrowed new algebraic notations (of Hindu-Arabic origins), Tychonic cosmology, Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, and arithmetic and trigonometric logarithms from Europe. Until 1990, Chinese elites and their Manchu rulers interpreted the transition in early modern Europe—from new forms of scientific knowledge to new modes of industrial power—on their own terms. Each side made a virtue out of the mutually contested accommodation project, and each converted the other's forms of natural studies into acceptable local conventions of knowledge. The Ming and Qing imperial court induced Jesuit calendrical, military, and land mensuration experts to work as imperial minions in the government bureaucracy to augment each dynasty's own project of political and cultural control. Consequently, it would be a historiographical mistake to underestimate Chinese efforts to master on their own terms the Western learning of the Jesuits in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
A New World Order: the Spanish Campaign for Precedenge in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Levin Michael J.
Published: March 2012

During the period 1558-1566, a major conflict erupted between Spanish and French ambassadors in Rome over the issue of national and monarchical precedence. This conflict reflected confusion about the transition of power between Charles V and Philip II and, more importantly, Spain's newfound sense of its greatness and destiny in the sixteenth century. Spanish ambassadors waged a propaganda campaign to try to change the accepted ranking of European crowns, with the Spanish Habsburgs moved to the top, but in the end their efforts failed. This failure exposes the limits of Spanish power, especially in Italy, where they have traditionally been considered dominant in this period.
Soldier and Citizen in the Seventeenth-Century English East India Company
Authors: Stern Philip J.
Published: March 2012

This article examines the role of fortifications, garrisons, and militia service in the English East India Company’s early settlements in Asia and the Atlantic. Affecting everything from the physical space of such a settlement to the status and rights of its inhabitants, the institutions and ideologies of a variety of forms of military service revealed the degree to which Company leadership had early on come to understand their settlements in Asia not as mere trading factories, but as colonial plantations, and their role as a government in Asia. Even if their lofty ambitions rarely met expectations, the Company sought within them to cultivate law, jurisdiction, and a robust civic life that could in turn ensure an active, obedient, and virtuous body of subjects and, in a sense, citizens. The attitudes toward and policies concerning soldiering also revealed the degree to which the Company’s seventeenth-century regime, so often treated as unique amongst English overseas ventures and Europeans in Asia, in fact drew and innovated upon models of governance across Europe, the Atlantic, and Asia.
Temple Theology
Authors: MacDonald William
Published: March 2012

At the outset of the literary work of the Society for Pentecostal Studies it is prudential to raise the issue of theological direction. What kind of theology characterizes us now, and how can we sharpen the focus? What traditions will we conserve, and what new ground will we break? What ethos will permeate our scholarly craftmanship? In short, what kind of theologizing will we do? This article proposes that as to our presuppositional stance and overall methodology we have an orientation unique and significant, not to be equated with the fish of "biblical theology" (as developed in twentieth-century neoorthodoxy), nor the fowl of "systematic theology" in its dominant traditional forms. But first we must inquire as to the general nature of theology before we assess presuppositional types, and then put forth a presuppositional model of our own.
A Pentecostal Response To Roman Catholic Teaching On Mary
Authors: Sandidge Jerry L.
Published: March 2012

The ninth meeting of the Dialogue between the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity of the Roman Catholic Church and leading representatives of some of the Classical Pentecostal Churches was conducted in Vienna (Austria), October 4-10,1981.1 The major topic of discussion was the doctrine of Mary. It was anticipated by both sides to be an extremely controversial exchange. But the dialogue ended with a deeper sense of understanding and consensus than was first expected.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and General International Law
Authors: Wood Michael
Published: March 2012

After addressing some preliminary points, the presentation first stresses the importance of distinguishing clearly between jurisdiction and applicable law. Then it considers how a court or tribunal whose jurisdiction ratione materiae is largely con fined to the interpretation and application of a particular treaty may nevertheless refer to general international law. The author suggests six possible ways in which recourse may be had to general international law and analyzes the case-law of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in that regard. He then points out the relevance of expertise in general international law for the composition of the Tribunal. By way of conclusion, the author suggests that when any court or tribunal acting under a limited conferral of jurisdiction has recourse to general international law, it should—in the interest of transparency and so as to avoid the appearance of an excess of jurisdiction— explain the basis on which it is doing so. In his view, the Tribunal has made an important contribution to the law of the sea and to certain issues of general international law while acknowledging that the law of the sea can only be properly understood within the context of international law as a whole.
Operationalising Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Adapting to Sea Level Rise through Coastal Law: Where Does India Stand?
Authors: Puthucherril Tony George
Published: March 2012

With an overwhelming majority of India’s population living on the coast and depending on coastal resources for their sustenance and livelihood, sustainable coastal development is of critical importance to this country. India is also susceptible to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. This article reviews India’s attempts to manage its long coastline and coastal resources through the instrumentality of law. The salient features of its first coastal law of 1991 and the subsequent draft law of 2008, culminating with a new law adopted in 2011, are analyzed in detail. Specifically, this article examines how these laws provide for integrated coastal zone management, the primary methodology to attain sustainable coastal development, and how they further adaptation to sea level rise. The article argues that, as it stands, India’s coastal law is ineffective to further these two objectives.
Global Problem—Regional Solution? International Law Reflections on an EU CO2 Emissions Trading Scheme for Ships
Authors: Ringbom Henrik
Published: March 2012

International law questions linked to a potential future European Union ‘emission trading scheme’ for shipping are addressed. If such a scheme were to be introduced (which is not yet clear), and if it were designed to cover emissions that have occurred beyond the territorial waters of the Member States or even in other States’ maritime zones (which, in that case, seems likely), it would evoke interesting questions of principle relating to the jurisdiction of States to impose requirements on foreign ships for matters which take place beyond their territory. Different approaches to the question are discussed, starting from the law of the sea, but also including a brief review of other potentially relevant branches of international law. It is concluded that international law does not necessarily prevent the establishment of such a scheme, but places a number of important limitations on its design.
The United States’ Application of Precaution in Managing Living Marine Resources
Authors: Allen J. Rodney
Published: March 2012

This article surveys the application of “precaution” by the United States (US) in its management of living marine resources. The US has not yet implemented the precautionary principle into its environmental legislation, but regulators, courts, and agencies often rely on precautionary approaches in applying the legislation. An overview of precaution, its background and a description of the many forms it can take is presented first, followed by an overview of the major US federal legislation intended to protect living marine resources, how regulators, courts and agencies apply precautionary approaches in applying the legislation and how federal rules allow individual states to manage living marine resources. A sampling of states and regional state alliances that have applied precautionary approaches is provided and finally a unique international agreement that applies precaution in managing the waters of the Great Lakes is assessed.
Recent Issues on Coastal Management in Japan
Authors: Nakahara Hiroyuki
Published: March 2012

This paper highlights recent issues on coastal management in Japan. It first addresses the issue of boundary disputes with Korea, China and Russia. Considerable emphasis in the paper is placed on the Japanese Government's recent mitigation policy for coastal management. Japan's Ministry of Construction once drafted a law similar to the CZMA in the USA, but it has never been enacted due to the opposition of other ministries, which claim that the many existing laws and regulations are sufficient to manage virtually all issues pertaining to coastal use and conflicts. However, Japan is experiencing ongoing conflict between fisheries activity, which has traditionally enjoyed priority status in the field, and all other viable maritime interests.
Experience of a Small Island State in Siting Industrial I Plants and Pollutive Facilities
Authors:   Lin Sien Chia
Published: March 2012

This paper focuses on the management of industrial plants and polluting facilities, with particular reference to the siting of such facilities. There has been no public outcry in Singapore regarding any problem associated with industrial pollution since its independence in August 1965. One notable success in Singapore is the extremely high degree of compliance with environmental regulations, about 90 per cent in the manufacturing sector today. A number of factors contributing to success in this area are pointed out, one of which is the role of the multinational corporations which tend to conduct operations within stricter parameters than those of the national standards, and this helps to raise the standards of local small and medium-sized enterprises as well.
Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty-First Century Goals and Principles?: Part I
Authors: Birnie Patricia
Published: March 2012

Treaties, especially those concluded before UNCLOS and the United Nations Conferences on the Human Environment and on Environment and Development are having to find ways of responding to the many new principles and concepts developed through the conventions, declarations and action plans formulated by these processes, inter alia. Different treaties are responding in different ways-by renegotiation, by amending protocols; or by broad interpretation of existing terms to take account of the new approaches. This article examines the relevant law and practice, especially concerning the powers of organs established by treaty to interpret their constitutive conventions in the absence of dispute settlement procedures. Part 2 provides some case studies of problems emerging, notably in the International Whaling Commission and the Conference of the Parties to the London (Dumping) Convention.
The Contribution of Channels to the Definition of Straits Used For International Navigation
Authors: Stelakatos-Loverdos Michael C.
Published: March 2012

The questions of what is "a strait used for international navigation", and the regime applicable in such waterways or even in "broad" straits, remain unsettled in the LOS Convention. However, channels of navigation may assist in determining the "geographical situation" of international straits. It is submitted, therefore, that, where there is only one coastal state bordering more than one strait connecting the same parts of the high seas or the EEZ, the claim of transit passage through straits of secondary importance may be abusive. Obviously, the non-application of transit passage on the grounds of abuse of rights is not able to modify the international character of such waterways, the regime of non-suspendable innocent passage being thus applicable. Moreover, modalities of passage evidenced by the existence of maritime traffic through channels of navigation may be useful when determining the "extent" of the regime of transit passage in the so-called "broad" straits.
The Strasbourg Court and Minority Groups: Shooting in the Dark or a New Interpretive Ethos?
Authors: Pentassuglia Gaetano
Published: March 2012

Construed around the broad areas of pluralism, identity and non-discrimination, the contemporary jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on minority groups reflects a view of the 1950 Convention which is arguably more complex than the one projected onto the European legal landscape at the time of its adoption. This article takes stock of past and recent trends and reflects on a range of fundamental questions which are likely to define the Court’s approach to the field. I argue that the Court’s persuasiveness will hinge on a modicum of methodology – a new interpretive ethos – as to how to handle relevant claims, and what is at stake when it comes to considering them.
From “Perverse” to Progressive?: Advocating for Children’s Rights in Argentina
Authors: Risley Amy
Published: March 2012

This article argues that social issues are central to the children’s rights movement in Argentina. For more than a decade, child advocates have traced the plight of children to poverty, marginality, and neoliberal economic reforms. In particular, they have framed the issue of child welfare as closely related to socioeconomic conditions, underscored the “perverse” characteristics of the country’s existing institutions and policies, and called for reforms that accord with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Although the country’s policies are gradually being transformed due to a landmark child-protection law passed in 2005, a dramatically more progressive framework for children’s rights has not yet been adopted. Given that policymakers have largely failed to reverse the trends that activists perceive as harming children, it is expected that advocates will continue to criticise the gap between domestic realities and the social and economic rights included in the Convention.
Virtus Lapidum.- Zur Philosophischen Begründung Der Magischen Wirksamkeit Und Der Physikalischen Beschaffenheit Kostbarer Mineralien in Der Naturphilosophie Alberts Des Grossen
Authors: Jeck Udo Reinhold
Published: March 2012

In his treatment of magic, Albert the Great was not guided by traditional biases. Important testimonies to that effect are found in his De mineralibus, one of his works on natural philosophical matters, which explained the allegedly magic ef fects of precious stones in terms of a systematically elaborated theory. Albert invoked in this context suitable metaphysical principles: the power of a particular stone (virtus lapidis) derives, according to his view, from its respective species and the forma substantialis associated with it. By thus integrating magical effects into the rational and conceptual framework of natural philosophy, the Dominican left the methods of other mineralogical authors far behind. The resulting demystification allowed the science of mineralogy to reach a new level of philosophical and scientific sophistication.
The Quest for Ubuntu in a Coming-of-Age South Africa – Questions Arising from Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Latter Ideas
Authors: Barrett Peter
Published: March 2012

Bonhoeffer's latter prison letters contained radical questions about his church's theology in its approach to the secularization (or coming-of-age) of post-Enlightenment Western society. These led him to a burst of remarkable theological exploration in his desire to 'go right back to the beginnings' and try to produce a christologically-based 'non-religious interpretation of biblical concepts'. Here we attempt to follow his exploratory ideas, unworked out as they are, and look for links with the present South African scene: first, the theological scene with its question whether this is the moment for a new Kairos Document and, second, the more general scene in which black intellectuals in particular have been challenged to help awaken the vision and practice of ubuntu (the concept of fullness of being-in-relatedness) – which is too important an objective to be treated in merely socio-political terms. Can Bonhoeffer's legacy, then, encourage fruitful discussion between Christian theology and the proposed intellectual discourse?
Androgyny and Early Christianity
Authors: Vorster Johannes
Published: March 2012

The fusion of two sexes into one body has often been interpreted as symbolising humankind's yearning for unity, harmony and equality. Studies of early Christianity have 'discovered' in the imagery of the androgynous being a possibility for resisting the prevailing phallocratic Graeco-Roman culture, thereby portraying the first steps toward an egalitarian community. This article contests this 'discovery' and it is argued that the imagery of androgyny represents not a harmonious utopian future, but rather a discordant, chaotic present. As a matter of fact, the imagery of the androgyny represents phallogocentric discourses, using the notion of the deformed male body as strategy for its maintenance and reproduction.
Did Jesus Rise Bodily From the Dead? Yes and no!
Authors: Craffert Pieter
Published: March 2012

Did Jesus rise bodily from the dead? Even those who give an affirmative answer to this question do not all agree on the reasons why. According to the Gospels, Jesus's close circle of followers believed in his resurrection because he has appeared to them. For almost twenty centuries, Christian believers affirmed a bodily resurrection based on their belief in one of the central elements of the Christian belief system. In response to the rationalist denial of such beliefs by critical New Testament scholarship, orthodox New Testament scholars design affirmations based on historical proof. They defend a literal bodily resurrection based on historical plausibility and the possibility of divine intervention in a world-view which tolerates paranormal events in history against the scientific rejection of a bodily resurrection by critical scholars. The aim of this article is to offer both a meta-analysis of these viewpoints about Jesus's resurrection and an alternative understanding of the resurrection accounts in the New Testament itself. The social-scientific perspective employed provides both tools for the analysis of the above positions and the framework for offering an alternative answer to the question of Jesus's literal bodily resurrection.
Skrifgetrouheid en Jesusfilms
Authors: Engelbrecht Johan
Published: March 2012

With the history of the film The last temptation of Christ in the world and especially in South Africa in mind, the question arises whether only films about Jesus which portray the Gospels literally should be made. A further question, however, is whether it is possible to portray the Gospels literally. This article points out the problems related to these questions and answers both questions in the negative. While there certainly are films which portray the Gospels more literally than others, even these are not exactly 'true to Scripture' in view of the specific problems regarding the Gospels and the canon.
Truth
Authors: Hulley Leonard D.
Published: March 2012

Pilate's question to Jesus 'What is truth?' is still a valid question today. Kant and Bonhoeffer provide disparate answers to it. Kant insists on what he calls the categorical imperative, the prime example being telling the 'truth' despite circumstances. For Bonhoeffer 'truth' is what gives expression to what is 'real before God'. Truth is then embodied in human integrity.
The Rules of the Game: History and Historical Method in the Context of Faith: The Via Media of Methodological Naturalism
Authors: Webb Robert L.
Published: March 2012

This essay explores how it is possible for scholars who have a faith perspective to still participate in historical-Jesus research in a critical manner that is credible to the wider academic community. The focus is on the tensions created for the scholar when the primary sources use divine causation as an explanation for an event. The first part of the essay considers what the term 'history' means and how a historian goes about doing history (i.e., the 'rules of the game'). The second part considers three different approaches used in biblical studies to handle descriptions and explanations in the primary sources that use divine causation. The ontological-naturalistic approach rejects such explanations while the critical-theistic approach is open to such explanations. Distinguishing these two approaches from each other are different ontological worldviews. Based upon the understanding of history developed in the first part, the essay argues for a via media between these approaches that sets aside the ontological impasse. Methodological naturalism views history and historical method to be limited to human causation. This is an acknowledged methodological limitation, rather than an ontological one. Issues of divine causation are left to the distinct discipline of theology.
Evangelical Christians and Historical-Jesus Studies: Final Reflections
Authors: Powell Mark Allan
Published: March 2012

This article presents an overall response to critical essays and ensuing discussion on the part of prominent historical-Jesus scholars regarding whether and how evangelical Christians can engage in such study in a manner that will be approved by the guild at large. It critiques arguments put forward by evangelical scholars Darrell Bock and Craig Keener as historically unpersuasive but nevertheless contends that their work meets the guild's standards of legitimacy in a manner that deserves a fair hearing. It supports Robert Miller and AmyJill Levine's contention that historical research must be able to yield negative results to have integrity, but picks up on a point by Robert Webb to suggest that such negative results may be defined methodologically ('this cannot be verified') rather than ontologically ('this did not happen').
Lautsi v. Italy: An Initial Appraisal
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: March 2012

The Grand Chamber Decision in Lautsi accords the State a considerable margin of appreciation to legitimate the display of religious symbols in classrooms on grounds of tradition. In doing so, however, it opens up new questions concerning the scope of state neutrality which remain to be resolved.
The Meaning of Religious Symbols after the Grand Chamber Judgment in Lautsi v. Italy
Authors: Liu Hin-Yan
Published: March 2012

This Comment concerns the question whether there now exists a right of Member States parallel to the individual right to thought, conscience and religion under Article 9 and analyses the consistency of this potential development with the existing jurisprudence mandating state neutrality and impartiality. The Comment then considers the similarities and differences between manifesting a belief and symbolic speech, and the consequentially permissible restrictions that may be imposed. It will conclude by suggesting that the Grand Chamber erred in its determination of the crucifix as ‘an essentially passive symbol’ and had failed to consider this question holistically.
Another Defeat for the Principle of Secularism: Recent Developments on the Display of the Crucifix in Italian Courtrooms
Authors: Panara Carlo
Published: March 2012

The Italian Court of Cassation recently sanctioned the dismissal of a judge who refused to hold hearings due to the presence of crucifixes in the courtrooms. This ruling (taken together with the ruling of the Grand Chamber in Lautsi) marks a significant defeat for the principle of state secularism.
The Neutral State and the Mandatory Crucifix
Authors: Pierik Roland , van der Burg Wibren
Published: March 2012

In this article we present a conceptual overview of relevant interpretations of what state neutrality may imply; we suggest a distinction between inclusive neutrality and exclusive neutrality. This distinction provides a useful framework for understanding the several positions as presented by the parties in the Lautsi case. We conclude by suggesting a solution of the Lautsi case that might provide a more viable solution.
A Wise Return to Judicial Restraint
Authors: Piret Jean-Marc
Published: March 2012

In this comment I argue that although I think that secularism properly understood is the best constitutional arrangement for keeping peace in multicultural and religiously pluralistic societies, nevertheless the Grand Chamber judgement rightly overruled the Chamber in Lautsi v. Italy. In view of the subsidiary nature of its jurisdiction and the diversity of constitutional arrangements throughout Europe, it is not for the European Court of Human Rights to erase the cultural and religious traditions of the contracting states and to force them into a conception of secularism that they did not choose.
Lautsi II: A Lesson in Burying Fundamental Children’s Rights
Authors: Temperman Jeroen
Published: March 2012

By exclusively focusing on parental liberties, the Grand Chamber ignored the legitimate interests, fundamental rights and liberties children enjoy in such circumstances as presented by Lautsi.
Reviews of the genera Schaefferia Absolon, 1900, Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901, Plutomurus Yosii, 1956 and the Anurida Laboulbène, 1865 species group without eyes, with the description of four new species of cave springtails (Collembola) from Krubera-Voronya cave, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia
Authors: Jordana Rafael , Baquero Enrique , Reboleira Sofía , Sendra Alberto
Published: March 2012

Krubera-Voronya cave and other deep systems in Arabika Massif are being explored during many speleological expeditions. A recent Ibero-Russian exploration expedition (summer of 2010) took place in this cave with the aim of providing a study of the biocenosis of the deepest known cave in the world. Four new species of Collembola were found at different depths:Schaefferia profundissiman. sp.,Anurida stereoodoratan. sp.,Deuteraphorura kruberaensisn. sp., andPlutomurus ortobalaganensisn. sp., the last one at -1980 m deep. The identification and description of the new species have required the careful study of all congeneric species, implying a revision of each genus. As a result of this work tables and keys to all significant characters for each species are presented.
The OSCE Chairmanship-in-Office's election procedure: is there a need for formalized criteria?
Authors: Vandewoude Cécile
Published: March 2012

This article examines whether the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) would benefit from having formalized criteria for selecting candidates for the Chairmanship-in-Office (CiO). Currently, no such requirements exist. States voluntarily present their candidacy for chairmanship which is then endorsed or not by the other 55 participating states. Throughout the OSCE's history, electing a CiO has never been controversial, until Kazakhstan submitted its candidacy in 2006. Human rights defenders and some nations questioned Kazakhstan's ability to lead the OSCE due to its poor human rights record. This triggered a debate on whether any criteria for the CiO (can) exist. This article examines the current election system and the benefits that would flow from maintaining that system. The article compares the current system with two alternative scenarios and evaluates their advantages, disadvantages and possible consequences for the OSCE.
Ignes fatui or apt similitudes ?- the apparent denunciation of metaphor by Thomas Hobbes1
Authors: Musolff Andreas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Hobbes's condemnation of metaphor as one of the chief "abuses of speech" in Leviathan occupies a famous (to some critics, infamous) place in the history of thinking about metaphor. From the viewpoint of cognitive metaphor theory, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980,1981) have depicted Hobbes and John Locke as the founding fathers of a tradition in which "metaphor and other figurative devices [became] objects of scorn". Similar verdicts on Hobbes and on Locke as arch-detractors of metaphor can be found in many other accounts of the history of semantics. However, these indictments stand in marked contrast to a considerable number of scholarly publications that have shown that Hobbes's assessment of rhetoric and metaphor is far from a 'straightforward' denunciation of anything non-'literal'. In this paper I shall use results of this research in an analysis of key-passages from Leviathan to re-assess Hobbes's views on metaphor. I shall demonstrate that some critics of Hobbes have overlooked crucial differentiations (in particular, of different kinds of metaphor and similitude) in his concept of metaphor as a key-issue of public communication. Furthermore, I shall argue that Hobbes's foregrounding of the 'dangers' of metaphor use in political theory and practice should be interpreted as an acknowledgement rather than as a denial of its conceptual and cognitive force.
The Non-normative Nature of Hobbesian Natural Law
Authors: Herbert Gary
Published: March 2012

In this paper, I attempt to defend an older, non-normative approach to Hobbes's philosophy. I argue, against recent theories that maintain Hobbes's philosophy contains a normative theory of human behavior “which prescribes proper or morally permissible modes of action both within civil society and outside it”, that Hobbesian natural right and natural law are not normative postulates of a moral (normative) theory of political obligation but, rather, were considered by Hobbes to be, in the case of natural right, empirically verifiable hypotheses about human nature, and in the case of the laws of nature, nothing more than rationally consistent principles of natural self-interest, or the logic of natural right, based on the principles of Hobbes's physics and psychology.
Hobbes and Sex
Authors: Hillyer Richard
Published: March 2012

Hobbes could not have written Paradise Lost: the longest of his few references to the story of Adam and Eve drains their relationship of drama and complexity; most aspects of human sexuality he addresses only in classifying them as off limits because of their indecency, neglecting topics in some respects germane to the clarification of his philosophy; and his original English verse amounts to one line for each of that epic's twelve books. This short poem nonetheless represents an intriguing persuasion to love written in his extreme old age. Moreover, his treatment of “LUST” in The Elements of Law takes a significantly non-judgmental form by the standards of his time, though not marking so substantial an innovation as Simon Blackburn takes it to be. Most importantly, the anti-puritanical thrust of Hobbes's attack on Presbyterian preachers in Behemoth again illustrates his capacity for entertaining—however briefly—an essentially uncensorious view of human sexuality, this time in conjunction with a critique of sexual repression, as imposed by those clergymen in their role as spiritual advisers, that sheds invaluable light on the self-consciously scandalous libertinism of younger contemporaries often identified in his own day and since as “Hobbists”.