bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual roles for macrophages in ovarian cycle-associated development and remodelling of the mammary gland epithelium
Authors: Chua Angela C. L. , Hodson Leigh J. , Moldenhauer Lachlan M. , Robertson Sarah A. , Ingman Wendy V.
Published: November 2010

Each ovarian cycle, the mammary gland epithelium rotates through a sequence of hormonally regulated cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. These studies investigate the role of macrophages in this cellular turnover. Macrophage populations and their spatial distribution were found to fluctuate across the cycle. The number of macrophages was highest at diestrus, and the greatest number of macrophages in direct contact with epithelial cells occurred at proestrus. The physiological necessity of macrophages in mammary gland morphogenesis during the estrous cycle was demonstrated in Cd11b-Dtr transgenic mice. Ovariectomised mice were treated with estradiol and progesterone to stimulate alveolar development, and with the progesterone receptor antagonist mifepristone to induce regression of the newly formed alveolar buds. Macrophage depletion during alveolar development resulted in a reduction in both ductal epithelial cell proliferation and the number of alveolar buds. Macrophage depletion during alveolar regression resulted in an increased number of branch points and an accumulation of TUNEL-positive cells. These studies show that macrophages have two roles in the cellular turnover of epithelial cells in the cycling mammary gland; following ovulation, they promote the development of alveolar buds in preparation for possible pregnancy, and they remodel the tissue back to its basic architecture in preparation for a new estrous cycle.
Nanoaggregate Formation of Amphiphilic Alternating and Random Copolyimides in Water
Authors: Hamada Takashi , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: November 2010

Amphiphilic alternating/random copolyimides (coPIs) formed nanoaggregates in water. The diameter of the aggregates were ca. 90 nm for the alternating coPIs and 35 nm for the random coPI. The difference in the aggregate-forming behavior was attributed to the difference in the mode of association of hydrophobic units.
Magnetic Resonance-visible Coating for Endovascular Device Visualization: Gadolinium(III)–Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid-based Insoluble Polymer Coating
Authors: Kurita Tomoka , Kuroda Kagayaki , Ohsaka Takeo
Published: November 2010

A gadolinium(III)–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-based MR (magnetic resonance)-visible polymer composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic subunits was developed. A catheter and guidewire coated with the polymer yielded strong MR signal, high stability of Gd3+, and excellent surface lubricity, which were essentially required for the devices used for MR-guided endovascular interventions.
Development of a Flux Stabilizer for Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with a Hybrid Magnet
Authors: Hashi Kenjiro , Shimizu Tadashi , Fujito Teruaki , Goto Atsushi , Ohki Shinobu , Asano Toshihisa , Nimori Shigeki , Kido Giyuu , Kida Jun
Published: November 2010

A flux stabilizer has been developed for solid-state NMR measurements with a hybrid magnet installed at the National Institute for Materials Science. The stabilizer consists of an electric circuit, a pickup, and a feedback coils to cancel out the fluctuating magnetic field at a sample by inductive field regulation. Stability of the magnetic field was improved from 6.3 ppmrms to 1.4 ppmrms by the flux stabilizer. Advantages of the flux stabilizer are demonstrated by 79Br magic-angle-spinning NMR measurements of KBr at 28 T.
Submodular Maximization over Multiple Matroids via Generalized Exchange Properties
Authors: Lee Jon , Sviridenko Maxim , Vondrák Jan
Published: November 2010

Submodular function maximization is a central problem in combinatorial optimization, generalizing many important NP-hard problems including max cut in digraphs, graphs, and hypergraphs; certain constraint satisfaction problems; maximum entropy sampling; and maximum facility location problems. Our main result is that for any k ≥ 2 and any ε > 0, there is a natural local search algorithm that has approximation guarantee of 1/(k + ε) for the problem of maximizing a monotone submodular function subject to k matroid constraints. This improves upon the 1/(k + 1)-approximation of Fisher, Nemhauser, and Wolsey obtained in 1978 [Fisher, M., G. Nemhauser, L. Wolsey. 1978. An analysis of approximations for maximizing submodular set functions—II. Math. Programming Stud. 8 73–87]. Also, our analysis can be applied to the problem of maximizing a linear objective function and even a general nonmonotone submodular function subject to k matroid constraints. We show that, in these cases, the approximation guarantees of our algorithms are 1/(k − 1 + ε) and 1/(k + 1 + 1/(k − 1) + ε), respectively.

Our analyses are based on two new exchange properties for matroids. One is a generalization of the classical Rota exchange property for matroid bases, and another is an exchange property for two matroids based on the structure of matroid intersection.
Modulated Branching Processes, Origins of Power Laws, and Queueing Duality
Authors: Jelenković Predrag R. , Tan Jian
Published: November 2010

Power law distributions have been repeatedly observed in a wide variety of socioeconomic, biological, and technological areas. In many of the observations, e.g., city populations and sizes of living organisms, the objects of interest evolve because of the replication of their many independent components, e.g., births and deaths of individuals and replications of cells. Furthermore, the rates of replications are often controlled by exogenous parameters causing periods of expansion and contraction, e.g., baby booms and busts, economic booms and recessions, etc. In addition, the sizes of these objects often have reflective lower boundaries, e.g., cities do not fall below a certain size, low-income individuals are subsidized by the government, companies are protected by bankruptcy laws, etc.

Hence, it is natural to propose reflected modulated branching processes as generic models for many of the preceding observations. Indeed, our main results show that the proposed mathematical models result in power law distributions under quite general polynomial Gärtner-Ellis conditions, the generality of which could explain the ubiquitous nature of power law distributions. In addition, on a logarithmic scale, we establish an asymptotic equivalence between the reflected branching processes and the corresponding multiplicative ones. The latter, as recognized by Goldie [Goldie, C. M. 1991. Implicit renewal theory and tails of solutions of random equations. Ann. Appl. Probab. 1(1) 126–166], is known to be dual to queueing/additive processes. We emphasize this duality further in the generality of stationary and ergodic processes.
Cabazitaxel/Ipilimumab
Authors: Knauth M. Alan , Waddell J. Aubrey , Solimando Dominic A.
Published: November 2010

The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires pharmacists be familiar with the complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of antineoplastic therapy, and the agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to treat malignant diseases.
Academic Detailing and the IDEA Act
Authors: Gabay Michael
Published: November 2010

Welcome to the inaugural column of RxLegal. This quarterly column will discuss a wide range of legal topics of interest to the pharmacy community. In this installment, the impact of potential federal funding for academic detailing through the Independent Drug Education and Outreach Act (IDEA) on the practice of pharmacy will be reviewed.
Buprenorphine Transdermal System
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri L. , Baker Danial E.
Published: November 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing inservices. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.

Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The November 2010 monograph topics are on pegloticase, ulipristal, incobotulinumtoxinA, eribulin, and ipilimumab. The DUE/MUE is on denosumab.
New Drugs Approved by the FDA/New Dosage Forms and Indications Approved by the FDA/Agents Pending FDA Approval/Significant Labeling Changes or “Dear Health Professional” Letters Related to Safety
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: November 2010

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information
Deconvolution in Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter Spectrometry
Authors: Katrašnik Jaka , Pernuš Franjo , Likar Boštjan
Published: November 2010

Spectrometers and spectral imaging systems based on the acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) are becoming commonly used in many different fields in which high spectral resolution is crucial, e.g., laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and absorption spectroscopy of gases. As AOTFs have many advantages over other spectroscopic instruments but lack spectral resolution, a procedure for resolution enhancement, composed of point spread function characterization and spectrum preprocessing and deconvolution, is proposed. Wiener, Fourier-wavelet regularized (ForWaRD), Richardson–Lucy, and Wavelet–Lucy deconvolution methods were tested and their performances assessed with two deconvolution quality measures: resolution enhancement and noise amplification. It was shown that the proposed spectral resolution enhancement is feasible and gives good results for line spectra and highly dynamic spectra.
Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy: A Differential Absorption Approach
Authors: Taroni Paola , Bassi Andrea , Spinelli Lorenzo , Cubeddu Rinaldo , Pifferi Antonio
Published: November 2010

A method is presented for the estimate of spectral changes in the absorption properties of turbid media from time-resolved diffuse optical spectroscopy. The method relies on the hypothesis of constant scattering over the wavelength range of interest, but no limitations come from the sample size and shape as the method is derived directly from the Beer–Lambert law. The effects of a moderate spectral dependence of the scattering properties and of the non-ideal instrument response function were investigated theoretically, and the results were confirmed experimentally, showing that the method can be profitably applied in cases of practical interest.
Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Gentian Violet by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Silver Colloids
Authors: Liu Fangfang , Gu Huaimin , Yuan Xiaojuan , Moe Xiao Dong
Published: November 2010

The viability of the application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to the semi-quantitative analysis of the triphenylmethane dye gentian violet was examined by using activated borohydride-reduced silver colloids. Raman and SERS spectra of aqueous solutions of gentian violet at different pH values were acquired for the first time and equally intense SERS signals were obtained at both acidic and alkaline pH values. Two maxima intensities observed in the pH profile revealed the presence of different ionization states of the dye. The pH conditions for SERS were optimized over the pH range 1 to 12 and the biggest enhancement for SERS of this charged dye was found to be at pH 2.0; thus, this condition was used for semi-quantitative analysis. A good linear correlation was observed for the dependence of the signal intensities of the SERS bands at 1620 cm−1 ( R = 0.999) and 1370 cm−1 ( R = 0.952) on dye concentration over the range 10−6 to 10−4 mol/L, using laser excitation at 514.5 nm. At concentrations of dye above 10−2 mol/L, the concentration dependence of the SERS signals is nonlinear. This is explained as due to the precipitation of metallic silver as well as due to saturation caused by complete coverage of the SERS substrate. A series of intensities of the band at 1620 cm−1 measured from dye molecules proved that the single-molecule limit of gentian violet is attained at the concentration of 10−9 mol/L.
Nanoparticle Probes and Mid-Infrared Chemical Imaging for DNA Microarray Detection
Authors: Mossoba Magdi M. , Al-Khaldi Sufian F. , Schoen Brianna , Yakes Betsy Jean
Published: November 2010

To date most mid-infrared spectroscopic studies have been limited, due to lack of sensitivity, to the structural characterization of a single oligonucleotide probe immobilized over the entire surface of a gold-coated slide or other infrared substrate. By contrast, widely used and commercially available glass slides and a microarray spotter that prints approximately 120-μm-diameter DNA spots were employed in the present work. To our knowledge, mid-infrared chemical imaging (IRCI) in the external reflection mode has been applied in the present study for the first time to the detection of nanostructure-based DNA microarrays spotted on glass slides. Alkyl amine-modified oligonucleotide probes were immobilized on glass slides that had been prefunctionalized with succinimidyl ester groups. This molecular fluorophore-free method entailed the binding of gold-nanoparticle–streptavidin conjugates to biotinylated DNA targets. Hybridization was visualized by the silver enhancement of gold nanoparticles. The adlayer of silver, selectively bound only to hybridized spots in a microarray, formed the external reflective infrared substrate that was necessary for the detection of DNA hybridization by IRCI in the present proof-of-concept study. IRCI made it possible to discriminate between diffuse and specular external reflection modes. The promising qualitative results are presented herein, and the implications for quantitative determination of DNA microarrays are discussed.
Optimization of Native Fluorescence Detection of Proteins Using a Pulsed Nanolaser Excitation Source
Authors: Heywood Matthew S. , Farnsworth Paul B.
Published: November 2010

We present a mathematical description of the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in a fluorescence-based protein detector for capillary electrophoresis that uses a pulsed ultraviolet (UV) laser at 266 nm as an excitation source. The model accounts for photobleaching, detector volume, laser repetition rate, and analyte flow rate. We have experimentally characterized such a system, and we present a comparison of the experimental data with the predictions of the model. Using the model, the system was optimized for test analytes tryptophan, tyrosine, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and conalbumin, producing detection limits (3σ) of 0.67 nM, 5.7 nM, 0.9 nM, and 1.5 nM, respectively. Based on the photobleaching data, a photobleaching cross-section of 1.4 × 10−18 cm2 at 266 nm was calculated for tryptophan.
Low-Cost Plastic Plasmonic Substrates for Operation in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Sathish Ramamurthy Sai , Kostov Yordan , Rao Govind
Published: November 2010

We report a novel design of a multilayer stack to attain surface-plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) enhancements in liquid medium. Variation in thickness of the multilayer affects the position and depth of resonance plasmon dips. Numerical investigation resulted in an optimal stack configuration that supports long-range surface plasmons. SPCE substrates were prepared on plain BK7 glass and Teflon-AF coated polycarbonate (PC-T) substrates by modifying their surface functionalities using plasma etching. The changes in refractive indices due to the presence of the fluoropolymer layer help reduce the SPCE exit angle from α = 75° (plain BK7) to α = 60° (PC-T) in water without requiring specialized optics.
In situ Monitoring of Adipogenesis with Human-Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Moody Benjamin , Haslauer Carla M. , Kirk Elizabeth , Kannan Arthi , Loboa Elizabeth G. , McCarty Gregory S.
Published: November 2010

Methods capable of nondestructively collecting high-quality, real-time chemical information from living human stem cells are of increasing importance given the escalating relevance of stem cells in therapeutic and regenerative medicines. Raman spectroscopy is one such technique that can nondestructively collect real-time chemical information. Living cells uptake gold nanoparticles and transport these particles through an endosomal pathway. Once inside the endosome, nanoparticles aggregate into clusters that give rise to large spectroscopic enhancements that can be used to elucidate local chemical environments through the use of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This report uses 40-nm colloidal gold nanoparticles to create volumes of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) within living human-adipose-derived adult stem cells enabling molecular information to be monitored. We exploit this method to spectroscopically observe chemical changes that occur during the adipogenic differentiation of human-adipose-derived stem cells over a period of 22 days. It is shown that intracellular SERS is able to detect the production of lipids as little as one day after the onset of adipogenesis and that a complex interplay between lipids, proteins, and chemical messengers can be observed shortly thereafter. After 22 days of differentiation, the cells show visible and spectroscopic indications of completed adipogenesis yet still share spectral features common to the progenitor stem cells.
Macromolecular Concentrations in Bovine Nasal Cartilage by Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging and Principal Component Regression
Authors: Yin Jianhua , Xia Yang
Published: November 2010

Fourier transform infrared imaging (FT-IRI) and principal component regression (PCR) were used to quantitatively determine collagen and proteoglycan concentrations in bovine nasal cartilage (BNC). An infrared spectral library was first established by obtaining eleven infrared spectra from a series of collagen and chondroitin 6-sulfate mixed in different ratios. FT-IR images were obtained from 6-μm-thick sections of BNC specimens at 6.25-μm pixel size. The spectra from the FT-IR images were imported into a PCR program to obtain the relative concentrations of collagen and proteoglycan in BNC, based on the spectral library of pure chemicals. These PCR-determined concentrations agreed with the molecular concentrations determined biochemically using an enzyme digestion assay. Use of the imaging approach revealed that proteoglycan loss in the specimens occurs first at the surface of the tissue block when compared with the middle portion of the tissue block. The quantitative correlation of collagen and proteoglycan revealed that their infrared absorption peak areas at 1338 and 1072–855 cm−1 can only be used as qualitative indicators of the molecular contents. The use of PCR with FT-IRI offers an accurate tool to spatially determine the distributions of macromolecular concentration in cartilage.
A Matrix-Based Two-Dimensional Regularization Algorithm for Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement of Multidimensional Spectral Data
Authors: Foist Rod B. , Schulze H. Georg , Jirasek Andrew , Ivanov Andre , Turner Robin F. B.
Published: November 2010

We present a new spectral image processing algorithm, the “matrix maximum entropy method” (MxMEM), which offers efficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement of multidimensional spectral data. MxMEM is based upon two previous regularization methods that employ the maximum entropy concept. The first is a one-dimensional (1D) algorithm, which smoothes individual vectors, called the two-point maximum entropy method (TPMEM). The second is a two-dimensional (2D) form called 2D TPMEM, that smoothes images but processes them one vector at a time. MxMEM is a truly two dimensional image processing algorithm in that its “smoothing engine” performs two-dimensional processing in every iteration. We demonstrate that this matrix-based construction makes more effective use of two-dimensionally embedded information and thus confers significant advantages over other regularization approaches. In addition, we utilize the concept that individual related Raman spectra can be combined in a matrix to form an artificial Raman “image”. We show that, when processed as an image, superior SNR enhancement is achieved compared to processing the same data by TPMEM one spectrum at a time.
Helmet Use and Self-Reported Risk Taking in Skiing and Snowboarding
Authors: Bianchi Giannina , Brügger Othmar , Niemann Steffen , Cavegn Mario
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between helmet use and on-slope ski conduct. During the months of February and March 2009, eight trained interviewers asked 1550 skiers and snowboarders at 20 ski resorts in the German and French speaking parts of Switzerland a series of questions. The skiers and snowboarders were asked about their reasons for wearing or not wearing a helmet and about their behavior and conduct on the slopes. Three categories of people were identified: (1) Helmet wearers, (2) those who do not wear a helmet but intend to buy one, and (3) those who do not wear a helmet and have no intention of buying one. After assessing the outcome of the survey by performing a variance analysis, significant differences were found between the self-reported on-slope conduct of the helmet wearers and those who choose not to wear a helmet. No difference in self-rated ski conduct was found between the two categories of people not wearing a helmet. A stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to compare the different control factors on self-reported risk behavior. To summarize, by becoming a helmet wearer, skiers and snowboarders tend to demonstrate a greater degree of willingness to take risks on the slopes. For this reason, the theory of risk compensation cannot be entirely ruled out. More importantly, however, independent variables such as age, gender, number of falls per day, or years of experience were found to make a far greater contribution toward helping us understand a person’s willingness to take risks while skiing or snowboarding.
Effect of Hydrides on Mechanical Properties and Failure Morphology of BWR Fuel Cladding at Very High Strain Rate
Authors: Nakatsuka Masafumi , Yagnik Suresh
Published: November 2010

The data on the cladding mechanical response under rapid deformation are crucial for the safety assessment of LWR fuel rods for reactivity initiated accident (RIA) and for spent fuel shipping and storage cask-drop accidents. The reported data on the mechanical properties of the irradiated cladding under high strain rates, however, are very limited, and conventional axial tensile data measured at slow strain rates may not be directly applicable to RIA or drop impact analyses. The objective of this work was to obtain basic mechanical properties such as the stress-strain relationship, ductility, and the critical strain energy density (SED) of fuel cladding with various hydride morphologies at high deformation rate. A unique rapid burst test method was employed on open-end tube specimens, achieving a strain rate of ∼1 s−1 and specimen rupture in ∼10 ms. Unirradiated and irradiated Zry-2 fuel cladding specimens were tested from room temperature up to 350°C. The mechanical properties data were assessed in terms of SED and failure strain, and failure morphologies were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The tests performed at room temperature on unirradiated cladding with circumferential hydrides revealed that the failure elongation was unchanged or increased slightly with an increase the in hydrogen content up to ∼100 wt ppm but decreased drastically at ∼400 wt ppm to values approaching 0 %. A drastic reduction in failure strain occurred at a lower hydrogen concentration of ∼100 wt ppm for radial hydrides, compared to ∼200–400 wt ppm for the circumferential hydride distribution. The fraction of specimen thickness occupied by the accumulated length of hydrides in radial direction was a better predictive indicator of specimen failure and ductility reduction than the total hydrogen content. In addition, the high strain rates did not seem to seriously impact stress-strain behavior when hydrogen content is>400 wt ppm. The data analyses revealed smaller values of the strain hardening exponent (n) compared to those from the conventional data for the slow strain rates, indicating that the plastic instability theory simply is not appropriate to evaluate the failure strain under RIA conditions.
Effects of Two Anesthetics on Water Quality during Simulated Transport of a Tropical Ornamental Fish, the Indian tiger barb Puntius filamentosus
Authors: Pramod P K , Sajeevan T P , Ramachandran A , Thampy Sunesh , Pai S Somnath
Published: November 2010

Trade in the Indian tiger barb Puntius filamentosus as an ornamental fish is gaining popularity, but growth of this trade is hindered by mortalities during transport. We studied the capability of two anesthetics, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) at 40 mg/L and benzocaine at 20 mg/L, to reduce stress in fish during transport and thereby maintain water quality. Both anesthetics significantly (P < 0.05) slowed the deterioration in dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, carbon dioxide, and pH in the transport water. This was reflected in the cumulative mortality during simulated transportation, wherein the anesthetic-treated groups showed a significantly lower mortality rate (MS-222 group: 8.4%; benzocaine group: 9%) compared with the control group without anesthetic (15.3%). The study showed that the use of MS-222 and benzocaine in ornamental fish transportation reduces the deterioration in water quality and ensures a better transport environment and reduced stress for the fish, resulting in improved survival during transport.
A Survey of Bacteria in the Ovarian Fluid of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon and their Relationship with Egg Survival
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Bergmann David , Kelley Rebekah L , Cordes Rick J , Nero Patrick A , Durben Dan J
Published: November 2010

A survey of the bacteria in the ovarian fluid of landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, was conducted to investigate possible effects on egg mortality. Bacteria were isolated from the ovarian fluid of 15 out of 19 spawning females. A number of bacteria, including known and potentially pathogenic species, were identified: Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. (including P. putida), Moraxella spp., and Microbacterium spp. With the exception of Aeromonas hydrophila, none of these bacteria had previously been isolated from Chinook salmon ovarian fluid. There was no observable association between the aeromonads or pseudomonads and egg survival. However, there was a weak but significant positive correlation between bacterial density (colony-forming units/mL of ovarian fluid) and egg survival; the significance of this correlation is uncertain.
Development of a Practical Soy-Based Diet for White Seabass
Authors: Jirsa Dave , Davis D Allen , Drawbridge Mark
Published: November 2010

Two feeding trials were conducted to begin development of a practical soy-based diet for white seabass Atractoscion nobilis. The first trial was designed to provide initial data on the efficacy of practical soy-based diets. Three diets and a commercial reference diet were evaluated. Research diets were 42% protein and 12% lipid, with varying protein sources: fish meal (FM), FM plus solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), or FM plus soy protein concentrate (SPC). Final weight (14.1–17.2 g), percent weight gain (307.2–401.8%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.0–1.2) followed similar trends, with fish offered the FM-based diet significantly outperforming the other dietary treatment groups. There was no significant difference between soy-based diets and the commercial reference diet, and no significant differences in survival due to dietary treatments were observed. The second trial was designed to evaluate varying levels of FM replacement with SPC in a series of four diets containing 42% protein and 12% lipid. The basal diet contained 40% FM and 24.6% SBM as primary protein sources. The FM was then reduced to 30, 20, and 15% of the diet using SPC as the replacement protein. Final weight (27.1–36.5 g), percent weight gain (69.0–116.6%), and FCR (1.5–2.4) followed similar trends, with performance decreasing as FM level was reduced. In general, each incremental reduction in FM resulted in significant reductions in final weight and percent weight gain and significant increases in FCR. Results from these initial trials on white seabass are encouraging because the poor response was most likely due to a nutrient imbalance or palatability problem, which can be corrected, as opposed to an allergic response. Given that the open formulations performed similarly to the commercial feed, these simple formulations can be used as a starting point for the development of practical diets for white seabass.
Amino Acid Availability of Soybean Meal for Florida Pompano
Authors: Gothreaux Craig T , Reigh Robert C , Williams Millie B , Chesney Edward J
Published: November 2010

Availability of amino acids in soybean meal was determined in a feeding trial with Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus by using a standard digestibility marker method. Fecal samples were manually stripped from anesthetized fish to avoid contact with water and resultant leaching losses. Apparent amino acid availability coefficients (mean ± SD) for dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal ranged from 78.4 ± 2.2% to 96.5 ± 1.0%. Apparent energy digestibility was 67.4 ± 0.8%. Apparent crude protein digestibility was 84.3 ± 0.5%.
Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Soy Protein Concentrate in Diets of Atlantic Cod
Authors: Walker Abigail B , Sidor Inga F , O'Keefe Timothy , Cremer Michael , Berlinsky David L
Published: November 2010

In two feeding trials conducted with juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua (initial mean weight = 87.9 or 15.92 g), soy protein concentrate (SPC) was used to replace fish meal in isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets. In the first trial, five experimental diets (47% protein, 15% fat; calculated gross energy = 5,059 kcal/kg) were formulated to replace 28, 60, 80, and 100% of dietary fish meal. In the second trial, three diets were formulated with SPC to replace 0, 25, and 50% of the fish meal in a modified commercial diet for marine finfish (50% protein, 15% fat; calculated gross energy = 4,900 kcal/kg; calculated digestible energy = 3,570 kcal/kg). Upon conclusion of the studies, no differences in survival, growth, hepatosomatic index, or viscerosomatic index were found among the treatment groups. The fish attained mean weights of 162.7 and 39.1 g in the first and second trials, respectively, with specific growth rates of 0.76% and 1.12% and feed conversion ratios of 1.28 and 1.29, respectively. No consistent pattern of enteritis was observed in the histological sections taken from fish in either study. These results indicate that SPC can entirely replace fish meal in diets of juvenile Atlantic cod or can be combined with other common feed ingredients to replace up to 50% of dietary fish meal.
Reproductive Output of Gulf Killifish at Different Stocking Densities in Static Outdoor Tanks
Authors: Green C C , Gothreaux C T , Lutz C G
Published: November 2010

Broodstock of Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis (initial mean [±SD] weight = 8.2 ± 1.6 g) were held in static outdoor tanks at a 2:1 (female:male) sex ratio and at densities of 15, 30, or 45 fish/m3. Eggs were collected twice per week from spawning mats suspended 8 cm below the water surface. Collected eggs were measured volumetrically and assessed for total number, egg size, and embryo viability. Significantly more eggs were collected from tanks with manufactured (Spawntex) spawning mats than from tanks with cured Spanish moss spawning mats. Significant differences in the mean number of eggs collected were present among density treatments in April, June, and July. Stocking density was also associated with mortality; the greatest mortality was observed in tanks at the highest density (45 fish/m3). There was a clear pattern in egg production in relation to lunar phase, with egg production peaks occurring between full and new moon phases for all three stocking densities. Mean gonadosomatic index values differed significantly among sampling months for both females and males. Analysis of ovaries via histological sections indicated trends in oocyte stages that correlated to continued egg production for this fractionally spawning species. Peak egg production occurred between April and mid-May, when mean (±SD) weekly water temperatures ranged from 23.8 ± 1.7°C to 28.2 ± 1.2°C. During April, the mean daily number of eggs collected translated to a reproductive output of approximately 0.90, 0.72, and 0.76 eggs/g of female for stocking densities of 15, 30, and 45 fish/m3, respectively. Based on egg output and mortality over the 5-month spawning period, the intermediate density (30 fish/m3) appeared to provide the optimum number of eggs per individual over time for Gulf killifish broodstock held in static outdoor tanks at a 2:1 female:male sex ratio.
Gas Bladder Inflation in Walleye Fry Cultured in Turbid Water with and without a Surface Spray
Authors: Clayton Richard D , Summerfelt Robert C
Published: November 2010

It has been demonstrated that a surface spray is needed to obtain a high percentage of gas bladder inflation (GBI) in intensively cultured larval walleyes Sander vitreus fed dry diets and that turbid-water culture substantially enhances larval survival and growth. It was not previously known whether a surface spray is needed to obtain GBI when larvae are cultured in turbid water, which is produced by intermittently adding clay slurry to the culture tank. The present study was undertaken to test whether turbid water alone would enhance GBI without need for a surface spray. Larval walleyes were cultured with formulated feed from 2 to 28 d posthatch (dph) in tanks containing turbid water (∼55 nephelometric turbidity units) with surface spray (WS tanks) or without surface spray (WOS tanks). Larvae were stocked at a density of 20 fish/L and were given formulated feed every 5 min for 22 h/d. All husbandry and water quality conditions were similar between experimental treatments. Gas bladder inflation was 100% in fish surviving to 28 dph in WS tanks, but GBI was only 3.3% in WOS tanks. Fry survival (50% WS; 34% WOS), final length, and final weight were not significantly different between treatments. The results conclusively show that surface spray is essential for GBI in walleyes.
Diferenças na percepção da imagem corporal, no comportamento alimentar e no estado nutricional de universitárias das áreas de saúde e humanas
Authors: Laus Maria Fernanda , Moreira Rita de Cássia Margarido , Costa Telma Maria Braga
Published: November 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: A literatura refere uma maior prevalência de transtornos alimentares em acadêmicas de cursos universitários nos quais a aparência física é importante, entre eles Educação Física e Nutrição. Supõe-se que pessoas preocupadas com seu peso e imagem corporal optem por essas áreas por terem um interesse pessoal pelo tema. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção da imagem corporal, o comportamento alimentar e o estado nutricional de estudantes de cursos das áreas da saúde e humanas para comparação entre estas. MÉTODO: Aplicou-se o Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) e o Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) em 127 alunas do primeiro ano dos cursos de Nutrição e Educação Física (Saúde) e de Publicidade e Propaganda e Administração de Empresas (Humanas) que forneceram dados de peso e altura para cálculo do índice de massa corporal. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se uma grande prevalência de distorção da imagem em todos os grupos, sem diferença entre as áreas ou entre os cursos. O EAT-26 indicou maiores escores nas estudantes da saúde em relação às de humanas, com alunas de Nutrição apresentando as maiores pontuações, estatisticamente diferentes das encontradas nos cursos de Publicidade e Administração, mas não de Educação Física. Além disso, a maioria das alunas foi classificada como eutrófica, e não se encontraram mulheres com obesidade em nenhum dos cursos, não havendo diferença significativa entre áreas ou cursos para esta variável. DISCUSSÃO: A alta incidência de distorção da imagem corporal associada à grande prevalência de comportamento alimentar inadequado nas alunas da área da saúde demonstra uma possível susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares.
Accuracy of different methods for blood glucose measurement in critically ill patients
Authors: Pulzi Júnior Sérgio Antônio , Assunção Murillo Santucci Cesar de , Mazza Bruno Franco , Fernandes Haggéas da Silveira , Jackiu Mirian , Freitas Flávio Geraldo Resende , Machado Flávia Ribeiro
Published: November 2010

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Although glucometers have not been validated for intensive care units, they are regularly used. The aim of this study was to compare and assess the accuracy and clinical agreement of arterial glucose concentration obtained using colorimetry (Agluc-lab), capillary (Cgluc-strip) and arterial (Agluc-strip) glucose concentration obtained using glucometry and central venous glucose concentration obtained using colorimetry (Vgluc-lab). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a university hospital. METHOD: Forty patients with septic shock and stable individuals without infection were included. The correlations between measurements were assessed both in the full sample and in subgroups using noradrenalin and presenting signs of tissue hypoperfusion. RESULTS: Cgluc-strip showed the poorest correlation (r = 0.8289) and agreement (-9.87 ± 31.76). It exceeded the limits of acceptable variation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute in 23.7% of the cases, and was higher than Agluc-lab in 90% of the measurements. Agluc-strip showed the best correlation (r = 0.9406), with agreement of -6.75 ± 19.07 and significant variation in 7.9%. For Vgluc-lab, r = 0.8549, with agreement of -4.20 ± 28.37 and significant variation in 15.7%. Significant variation was more frequent in patients on noradrenalin (36.4% versus 6.3%; P = 0.03) but not in the subgroup with hypoperfusion. There was discordance regarding clinical management in 25%, 22% and 15% of the cases for Cgluc-strip, Vgluc-lab and Agluc-strip, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cgluc-strip should be avoided, particularly if noradrenalin is being used. This method usually overestimates the true glucose levels and gives rise to management errors. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12608000513314 (registered as an observational, cross-sectional study).
Reexamining the Pooled Sampling Approach for Estimating Prevalence of Infected Insect Vectors
Authors: Ebert T A , Brlansky R , Rogers M
Published: November 2010

Our goal was to estimate seasonal changes in the proportion of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), carrying Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Our approach was to test Asian citrus psyllid by using pooled samples. The initial question was about pool size and the consequences of choosing poorly. Assuming no loss in sensitivity when diluting one infected individual with many healthy individuals, then it is recommend that a combination of all the published limits be used: keep the number of pools (n) above 20, the pool size (k) below 100, and the number of infected pools less than half the total number of pools. The most conservative approach to achieving the latter is to optimize pool size given an infection rate (p) such that k = ln(0.5)/ln(1 p). Exceeding these limits increases the probability that all the pools will be infected. If this occurs, then that particular sample will be discarded. Use of multiple pool sizes can be used to manage this risk, but this approach may not always be practical. PooledInfRate is a good program for estimating prevalence, and it is available for free from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The program provides corrected confidence intervals for prevalence estimates using one or multiple pool sizes. We used a randomization test approach as a contrasting methodology. The bias corrected CDC 95% confidence interval is an upper bound to the “true” 95% confidence interval, and we provide an estimate of the magnitude of the remaining bias in the estimate.
Sensory Scales Along the Wing Margin ofPieris rapae(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: Yoshida Akihiro , Emoto Jun
Published: November 2010

The morphology, number, and arrangement of sensory scales along wing margins of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), were examined by scanning electron and light microscopy, after applying a microscopic operation to the margins. The sensory scales were much more slender than the noninnervated scales, which completely covered the former. The total number of sensory scales was ≈190 and ≈60 in the forewing and hindwing, respectively, and the patterns of sensory scale arrangement differed between the forewing and hindwing and varied from region to region in each wing margin. Sensory scales were densely distributed along the proximal half of the anterior forewing margin and along a fairly small region of the anterior hindwing margin, immediate to the wing base; they were sparsely distributed or absent along other regions of the wing margin. Sensory scale morphology and arrangement were compared with those of the sensory bristle, another kind of hair-like sensilla, and are discussed in terms of wing movement regulation.
Nature of Predation Risk Cues in Container Systems: Mosquito Responses to Solid Residues from Predation
Authors: Kesavaraju Banugopan , Juliano Steven A
Published: November 2010

In aquatic systems, prey animals associate predation risk with cues that originate either from the predator or from injured conspecifics. Sources and benefits of these cues have received considerable attention in river, lake, and pond ecosystems but are less well understood in small container ecosystems that can hold less than a liter of water. Mosquitoes Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) encounter predatory Corethrella appendiculata (Grabham) and Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett) in small containers and show antipredatory behavioral responses. We investigated the sources of the predation cues to which these prey larvae respond. We tested whether Ae. albopictus larvae show behavioral responses to cues emanating from the predator or from damage to prey caused by the act of predation. We also tested whether Ae. triseriatus respond to cues present in fluid or solid residues from predator activity. Ae. albopictus showed behavioral modifications only in response to waterborne cues from a feeding predator and not to cues from a starving predator, indicating that Ae. albopictus respond to cues created by the act of predation, which could include substances derived from damaged prey or substances in predator feces. Ae. triseriatus showed behavioral responses to solid residues from predation but not to fluid without those solids, indicating that the cues to which they respond originate in predator feces or uneaten prey body parts. Our results suggest that cues in this system may be primarily chemicals that are detected upon contact with solid residues that are products of the feeding processes of these predators.
Geographic and Ecological Overlap of Parasitoid Wasps Associated with the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species Complex
Authors: Forbes A A , Hood G R , Feder J L
Published: November 2010

One of the fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology seeks to understand how new biodiversity is created and structured into communities. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for rapid ecological speciation via host plant shifting for phytophagous insects, and its parasitoid community can offer insight into answering this and other related questions. Speciation of Rhagoletis also seems to be driving sequential speciation in a host specific parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, biological and geographic information regarding D. alloeum and other parasitoids attacking flies in the genus Rhagoletis is sorely lacking, a problem that complicates the study of their evolution. Here, we present a synthesis of the geographic ranges and extended host associations of Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoids and test whether parasitoids can overlap in host use. In particular, we ask whether 1) wasps that co-occur in sympatry attack different life stages of the fly, 2) locally co-occurring wasps share some fly species in common but not others, 3) wasps differ in local abundance on those fly hosts they share in common, and 4) wasps vary on a regional scale in their geographic distributions. We use both collections and published records to answer the above-mentioned questions. A strong understanding of the Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoid distributions will facilitate future study of sequential radiation in this system.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Scarab Beetle Assemblages (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae) in the Premontane Rain Forest in Costa Rica: A Question of Scale
Authors: García-López Alejandra , Micó Estefanía , Numa Catherine , Galante Eduardo
Published: November 2010

Biodiversity of tropical forests varies at spatial and temporal scales, but at what scale and how the assemblages differ when we consider the same kind of forest and the same altitude has been poorly documented. We examined the variation in species richness and composition of three subfamilies of scarab beetles (Dynastinae, Rutelinae, and Melolonthinae) along a northwest-southeast (NW-SE) transect of premontane rain forests in Costa Rica. Sampling was carried out at six sampling sites comprising three mountain ranges. Two forest sites were selected in each mountain range at the same altitudinal strip and same life zone. We conducted eight field surveys from June 2007 to January 2008. UV light traps were used to catch the beetles. We studied beetle diversity at three spatiotemporal levels: mountain range, forest site, and monthly trap. Species composition and richness varied at the three levels studied, and this variation was not necessarily related with geographic distance. Forest site and monthly trap levels showed higher variation in similarity indices than the mountain range level did. Additive partitioning of diversity showed values of diversity higher than expected only at the spatial levels with the mountain ranges showing the highest contribution to gamma diversity. Our results show high spatiotemporal variation in scarab beetle assemblages across Costa Rican premontane rain forests and underline that the analysis of a variety of spatiotemporal scales within a single kind of forest is crucial to understand scarab beetle biodiversity patterns in forest ecosystems.