bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melatonin protects steatotic and nonsteatotic liver grafts against cold ischemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Zaoualí Mohamed Amine , Reiter Russel J. , Padrissa‐Altés Susagna , Boncompagni Eleonora , García Joaquín J. , ben Abnennebi Hassen , Freitas Isabel , García‐Gil Francisco A. , Rosello‐Catafau Joan
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  Chronic organ‐donor shortage has required the acceptance of steatotic livers for transplantation purposes despite the higher risk of graft dysfunction or nonfunction associated with the cold ischemia–reperfusion injury. This study evaluated the use of melatonin as an additive to Institute Georges Lopez (IGL‐1) solution for protecting nonsteatotic and steatotic liver grafts against cold ischemia–reperfusion injury. In the current investigation, we used an ex vivo isolated perfused rat liver model. Steatotic and nonsteatotic livers were preserved for 24 hr (4°C) in University of Wisconsin or IGL‐1 solutions with or without melatonin, as well as in University of Wisconsin solution alone. Thereafter, livers were subjected to 2‐hr reperfusion (37°C). We assessed hepatic injury (transaminases) and function [bile production and sulfobromophthalein (BSP) clearance, vascular resistance], as well as other factors potentially implicated in the high vulnerability of steatotic livers against ischemia–reperfusion injury (oxidative stress and related inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide and cytokines). We also evaluated well‐known cytoprotective factors as hemeoxygenase 1 (HO‐1). Fatty livers preserved in IGL‐1 solution enriched with melatonin showed lower transaminase levels and higher bile production and BSP clearance when compared to those obtained for livers maintained in IGL‐1 solution alone. A significant diminution of vascular resistance was also observed when melatonin was added to the IGL‐1 solution. The melatonin benefits correlated with the generation of nitric oxide (through constitutive e‐NOS activation) and the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine release including tumor necrosis factor and adiponectin, respectively. The addition of melatonin to IGL‐1 solution improved nonsteatotic and steatotic liver graft preservation, limiting their risk against cold ischemia–reperfusion injury.
Melatonin delays cell proliferation by inducing G1 and G2/M phase arrest in a human osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19
Authors: Liu Lifeng , Zhu Yue , Xu Ying , Reiter Russel J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract:  A recent prospective study indicated that melatonin supplements may reduce the progression of idiopathic scoliosis, the most common deformity of the spine. This form of scoliosis occurs during rapid skeletal growth. To date, however, there is no direct evidence regarding an antiproliferative effect of melatonin at the level of osteoblasts. Herein, we investigated whether melatonin inhibits cell proliferation in a normal human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19. MTT staining showed that at 1 mm concentrations, melatonin significantly inhibited osteoblast proliferation in time‐dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated that melatonin significantly increased the fraction of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, while simultaneously reducing the proportion in the G2/M phase rather than the S phase. Western blot and real‐time PCR analyses further confirmed that melatonin’s inhibitory effect was possibly because of downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G1 phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G2/M phase. There was no downregulation of cyclin E, CDK2, and cyclin A, which are related to G1/S transition and S phase. In addition, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay showed that cell viability was not changed by melatonin relative to control cells. These findings provide evidence that melatonin may significantly delay osteoblast proliferation in a time‐dependent manner and this inhibition involves the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G1 phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G2/M phase.
Hormonal Contraception and HIV‐1 Transmission
Authors: Blish Catherine A. , Baeten Jared M.
Published: November 2010

Citation Blish CA, Baeten JM. Hormonal contraception and HIV‐1 transmission. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 302–307

Safe and effective contraceptive choices are essential for women with HIV‐1 infection and at risk for HIV‐1 infection. Epidemiological and laboratory‐based studies suggest that hormonal contraception may influence HIV‐1 transmission. Several large studies in high‐risk populations indicate that hormonal contraceptive use may modestly increase the risk of HIV‐1 acquisition. In addition, HIV‐1‐infected users of hormonal contraceptives may be more infectious to their uninfected partners, although no studies have directly measured HIV‐1 transmission risk from women to men. However, several studies failed to demonstrate a link between contraceptive use and HIV‐1 acquisition or transmission, and interpretation of many studies limited by methodological considerations, such as infrequent measurements of contraceptive exposure and HIV‐1 status. As a result, many questions remain, and high‐quality studies remain needed. It is clear that hormonal contraceptives are not protective against HIV‐1 infection and that dual protection with condoms should be the goal for women using hormonal contraception.
Blaschkitis in children – a new entity?
Authors: Denk Katharina , Flux Katharina
Published: November 2010

Blaschkitis is an acquired, rare dermatitis that follows the lines of Blaschko. Many consider blaschkitis as a variant of lichen striatus, although authors felt that it is a separate entity. A 2½‐year‐old girl presented with multiple grouped papules along the lines of Blaschko on her trunk. The main differences to lichen striatus are illustrated. Our case supports the hypothesis that blaschkitis is an entity of its own.
BerEP4‐negative basal cell carcinoma on the palm: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mleczko Anna , Franke Ingolf , Pokrywka Anna , Gollnick Harald , Leverkus Martin
Published: November 2010

Only 10 cases of patients with isolated basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the palms and soles have been published. We describe a patient with an isolated basal cell carcinoma of the palm. Our patient denied injury and exposure to noxious agents; he did not have basal cell nevus syndrome. The tumor was negative for EpCAM as determined by BerEP4 immunohistochemistry, although EpCAM expression usually is seen in BCC in more conventional locations. Because the tumor cells were connected to secretory eccrine glands, we speculate that BCC of the palm originates from common progenitor cells of eccrine glands or epidermal stem cells. We review the literature on these rare BCC in atypical anatomical regions, and discuss the cellular origin of BCC in such locations.
Photodynamic inactivation of multi‐resistant bacteria (PIB) – a new approach to treat superficial infections in the 21st century
Authors: Maisch Tim , Hackbarth Steffen , Regensburger Johannes , Felgenträger Ariane , Bäumler Wolfgang , Landthaler Michael , Röder Beate
Published: November 2010

The increasing resistance of bacteria against antibiotics is one of the most important clinical challenges of the 21st century. Within the gram‐positive bacteria the methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium represent the major obstacle to successful therapy. Apart from the development of new antibiotics it requires additional differently constituted approaches, like photodynamic inactivation in order to have further effective treatment options against bacteria available. Certain dyes, termed photosensitizers, are able to store the absorbed energy in long‐lived electronic states upon light activation with appropriate wavelengths and thus make these states available for chemical activation of the immediate surroundings. The interaction with molecular oxygen, which leads to different, very reactive and thus cytotoxic oxygen species, is highlighted. In this review the application of the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria will be discussed regarding the possible indications in dermatology, like localized skin and wound infections or the reduction of nosocomial colonization with multi‐resistant bacteria on the skin. The crucial advantage of the local application of photosensitizers followed by irradiation of the area of interest is the fact that independent of the resistance pattern of a bacterium a direct inactivation takes place similarly as with an antiseptic. In this review the physical‐chemical and biological basics of photo‐dynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) will be discussed as well as the possible dermatological indications.
Low birth weight young adults: quality of life, academic achievements and social functioning
Authors: Odberg Morten Duus , Elgen Irene Bircow
Published: November 2010

Aim:  To compare the quality of life (QOL), academic achievements and social functioning of 134 non‐handicapped low birth weight (LBW, birth weight < 2000 g) and 135 normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight > 3000 g) young adults.

Study design:  Population‐based longitudinal follow‐up study.

Methods:  The Norwegian version of the originally US child health questionnaire, child form 87 (CHQ‐CF87), a generic health instrument was applied to measure different physical and psychosocial concepts of QOL. Questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews were applied to the cohort to register different aspects of social functioning and academic performance.

Results:  The LBW group reported well‐being in the different aspects of QOL. The LBW group was socially well functioning. The college attendance was similar in the two groups, but more LBW young adults had dropped out of school or attended individually adjusted classes. Performance in mathematics for the LBW women attending academic college was lower. With this exception, the academic performance was comparable in the two groups.

Conclusion:  Except a somewhat higher rate of school dropouts, the overall outcome of school performance, QOL and social functioning in the LBW young adults was comparable to that of the NBW control group.
Reinvigorating retirement
Authors: Webb Steve
Published: November 2010

The challenges posed by an ageing population and a diminished tradition of saving for retirement leave some complex and controversial choices for the Coalition government on pensions. Steve Webb, Minister of State for Pensions, outlines the Coalition's plans for pension reform and support for older workers.
Anti‐consumerism
Authors: Behr Rafael
Published: November 2010

The leader of the Labour Party, Ed Miliband, has hinted at the need for an economic philosophy that goes beyond ‘the bottom line’. Rafael Behr charts the recent course of anti‐consumerism and asks whether it really is a ‘dead‐end’ for progressive politics.
Child benefit: an untidy cut
Authors: Bennett Fran
Published: November 2010

Following the confusion that has surrounded the Chancellor's announcement on cuts to child benefit for higher‐rate taxpayers, Fran Bennett defends the existing benefit as simple, successful and fair.
Cutting fairly locally
Authors: McCarvill Phil
Published: November 2010

While the Coalition government has nailed its colours to the mast, promising dramatic public service cuts delivered fairly, many of the difficult funding decisions will be made on a local level, by organisations far removed from Whitehall. Phil McCarvill looks at the history of devolved retrenchment and proposes five simple steps for safeguarding fairness wherever the axe falls.
Tasting democracy
Authors: Saunders Ben
Published: November 2010

Those concerned by low electoral turnouts have considered various solutions, including compulsory voting. Arguing that our first concern should be to ensure that everyone has a genuine opportunity to vote, Ben Saunders presents a scheme of targeted coercion focused on giving first‐time voters a taste of their democratic rights.
Chindia: Asia's energy challenge
Authors: Hulbert Matthew
Published: November 2010

Energy markets have changed in recent years, and the energy heavyweights of the Middle East, Latin America and Central Asia are increasingly looking East for security of demand. As China's global energy reach spreads, Matthew Hulbert asks whether the fragile Sino‐Indian energy partnership can be sustained and what the role the West should play to prevent an escalation of tensions in the international battle for resources.
The politics of Muslim visibility in Europe
Authors: Cherti Myriam
Published: November 2010

In the wake of France's ban on the burqa in public, Myriam Cherti takes a look back at Switzerland's earlier ban on minarets, and sees a local issue recast as a much wider debate as part of a contest for control of national cultural identity.
BEST ESTIMATED TASTE DETECTION THRESHOLD FOR CARDAMOM (ELETTARIA CARDAMOMUM MATON) AROMA IN DIFFERENT MEDIA
Authors: SENTHIL AMUDHA , BHAT K.K.
Published: November 2010

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) oleoresin was used for determining the detection threshold of cardamom in water, sugar solution (2.5%) and milk. Best estimate threshold (BET) for taste detection of cardamom aroma was determined according to the forced choice ascending method of limits (3‐alternative forced‐choice [AFC]) using 19 panelists. Twelve scale steps were used at a concentration factor of 1.25 with a 3‐AFC presentation at each media. Panel detection thresholds and standard log deviation from the geometric mean were found to be 4.04 and 0.37 ppb in water, 4.48 and 0.35 ppb in sugar solution and 13.97 and 0.31 ppb in milk, respectively. There was no significant difference between the taste threshold values in water and sugar solution, with thresholds ranging from 4.0 to 4.5 ppb. Milk showed threshold of 13.97 ppb indicating that cardamom aroma could be better perceived in water and sugar solution than in milk. Detection threshold values in water and sugar solutions determined by calculating geometric mean of individual BETs using criterion of 50% above chance and logistic regression of 3‐AFC data were found to be comparable.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The detection threshold of cardamom aroma was determined in different mediavizwater, sugar solution and milk. Knowledge of cardamom threshold is important because it is used as a flavorant in many food formulations. It is vital to know the threshold values of certain food‐related substances and components in order to solve specific technical problems, generally related with the formulation of food products and with changes in the aroma characteristics of the products. The results of this study gives an insight in to the effect of different media on perception of cardamom aroma and the information generated could be useful for developing cardamom‐flavored products.
Challenging the use of the lymphocyte to white cell count ratio in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis by analysis of a large cohort of monospot test results
Authors: Lennon P. , O’ Neill J.P. , Fenton J.E. , O’ Dwyer T.
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 397–401

Objective:  We investigated the hypothesis that a lymphocyte/white cell count ratio should be used as a diagnostic indicator of infectious mononucleosis.

Design:  Retrospective study to compare lymphocyte counts and white blood cell counts, against the criterion standard, the mononucleosis spot test.

Setting:  Department of Otolaryngology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.

Participants:  We reviewed 1000 patients who had Monospot assays, 500 positive and 500 negative.

Main outcome measures:  The lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio was calculated and compared with the monospot result to calculate the sensitivity and specificity at various ratios.

Results:  The lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio was significantly different in the positive and negative monospot groups (P < 0.05). The mean lymphocyte counts and white blood cell ratio in the positive group was 0.49 and the mean lymphocyte to white cell count ratio in the monospot negative group was 0.29.A ratio of 0.35 had a specificity of 72% and a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of glandular fever. A higher ratio will give a greater specificity, but a lower sensitivity, and vice versa.

Conclusions:  The mean lymphocyte to white cell count ratio is not sufficient to diagnose or exclude infectious mononucleosis. Thus, this study does not confirm the conclusions of earlier studies.
Improvement in quality of life by adenotonsillectomy in children with adenotonsillar disease
Authors: Naiboğlu B. , Külekçi S. , Kalaycık C. , Sheidaei S. , Toros S.Z. , Egeli E.
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 383–389

Objectives:  To evaluate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on quality of life of children with adenotonsillar disease and to evaluate the basal differences and post‐surgical changes of life quality in children with different disease severity.

Study design:  Prospective, case – controlled study.

Setting:  Tertiary referral center.

Participants and main outcome measures:  Preoperative and postoperative quality of life of 40 children with adenotonsillar disease were determined by pedsQL™, and disease severity was assessed in terms of a score obtained by tonsil and adenoid health status instrument (TAHSI). These children comprised the study group. Median of scores of study group was 31. Twenty‐one children with a score less than 31 comprised the study subgroup I, while 19 children with a score bigger than 31 comprised the study subgroup II. Thirty normal children comprised the control group. Comparisons of data obtained from affected and healthy children and their parents were made.

Results:  The mean preoperative physical, emotional, social, school and total quality of life scores of the study group were 64.81, 49.62, 76.37, 66.62 and 64.41; postoperatively 83.67, 75.75, 85.75, 87.25, 83.18; and control group were 82.21, 77.50, 92.50, 90.50, 85.40, respectively. There was highly statistically significant difference between all preoperative and postoperative scores of the study group. There was highly statistically significant difference between all preoperative scores of the study and control group. There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative and postoperative scores between the study subgroups. The improvement after surgery was not statistically significant between mild and severe group except for emotional scale.

Conclusion:  Children with adenotonsillar disease showed significant improvements in disease‐specific and global quality of life after adenotonsillectomy as measured by TAHSI and PedsQL™. Preoperative and postoperative life quality does not differ according to severity of the disease. The improvement provided by adenotonsillectomy in the children with mild disease is statistically not different from the severely affected children in overall life quality.
Quality of life and functional outcomes in the management of early glottic carcinoma: a systematic review of studies comparing radiotherapy and transoral laser microsurgery
Authors: Spielmann P.M. , Majumdar S. , Morton R.P.
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 373–382

Background:  Early glottic carcinoma can be managed by radiotherapy and transoral laser microsurgery with similar control and survival rates. The functional and quality of life outcomes of these interventions are therefore important to guide management.

Objective of review:  To compare the different treatment modalities for early glottic carcinoma with respect to quality of life, post‐treatment voice character and swallowing outcomes.

Type of review:  A systematic review of the literature with defined search strategy.

Search strategy:  Searches of EBM databases, and literature databases using key words: glotti*, laryn*, neoplasm, radiotherapy and laser surgery from 1970 to November 2009. Articles were screened for relevance using pre‐determined inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Evaluation method:  Articles reviewed by authors and data compiled in tables for analysis.

Results:  No randomised controlled trials were identified. There were 15 studies reporting vocal outcomes, and perception of voice disability was measured in eight studies; numbers were low in all the papers. Cumulatively, results for 880 patients were included, 448 had trans‐oral laser microsurgery and 442 had radiotherapy. For vocal outcomes, 12 studies found no significant difference between radiotherapy and laser surgery, three reported superior outcomes for radiotherapy, whereas for the perception of voice disability, five reported no difference between treatment groups, while the remaining three reported conflicting results. Nine studies reported quality of life outcomes; seven of these reported no difference between the treatment groups in overall scores although some report differences in subsets of questions.

Conclusions:  The evidence base to date demonstrates comparable vocal and quality of life outcomes for radiotherapy and transoral laser surgery for early glottic carcinoma. There is a need for consensus on which measures of vocal quality and life satisfaction to be used in research trials to allow comparison between studies.
Oromandibular dystonia questionnaire (OMDQ‐25): a valid and reliable instrument for measuring health‐related quality of life
Authors: Merz R.I. , Deakin J. , Hawthorne M.R.
Published: November 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 390–396

Objective:  To develop and validate a disease‐specific instrument to measure health‐related quality of life in patients with oromandibular dystonia.

Design:  Prospective, cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting:  Tertiary referral clinic, North East England, UK.

Methods:  The Oromandibular Dystonia Questionnaire (OMDQ‐25) was evaluated in a group of 30 patients for psychometric properties, including its sensitivity to change after Botulinum Toxin A treatment. Comparison to a generic instrument was enabled using the Glasgow Health Scale Inventory and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI).

Results:  Item generation passed tests for scaling assumptions. Reliability was proven (Cronbach’s α > 0.78; test‐retest > 0.9) and validity supported with both convergent validity and discriminant validity. Sensitivity to change after Botulinum Toxin A treatment was established for all subscales (P ≤ 0.005), and in comparison with the GBI, all subscales showed large effect sizes.

Conclusion:  The Oromandibular Dystonia Questionnaire (OMDQ‐25) is the first reliable and valid instrument to measure health‐related quality of life in patients with oromandibular dystonia.
Bacterial Bioluminescence, Bioelectromagnetics and Function
Authors: Pooley David T.
Published: November 2010

The biological functions of light emission in bacterial bioluminescence are not always obvious, especially if the bacteria are in a free‐living mode. Experimental evidence suggests that light emission confers benefit to the bacteria themselves such as through photoreactivation and involves as much as 20% of cell energy metabolism. A theoretical model shows if the effect is mediated solely by light then cells should be luminescent at both high and low cell densities, therefore raising doubt over the photoreactivation hypothesis and suggesting that another cofactor is involved. It has been postulated that bioelectromagnetics may be involved in biological processes and be involved with coordinated activity in quorate cells. The cell densities associated with autoinduction coincide with a large change in coupling efficiency in the millimeter and submillimeter spectral region. In this paper it is suggested that one function of bioluminescence is as a pump, involving millimeter and submillimeter wave coupling that is of benefit to the quorum. This may be related to the observation that millimeter wave radiation exposure has been reported to induce changes in DNA conformation and possibly gene expression. Agents that change DNA conformation in bioluminescent bacteria can cause increases in light emission. This work may have implications for electromagnetic fields as quorum‐quenching agents.
In Vitro Model of Vitamin D Synthesis by UV Radiation in an Australian Urban Environment
Authors: McKinley Alex , Janda Monika , Auster Josephine , Kimlin Michael
Published: November 2010

Vitamin D, an important constituent of human health, is produced through the exposure of human skin to short wave (280–315 nm) ultraviolet radiation (UV). We aimed to establish whether an urbanized environment with tall buildings in close proximity (an “urban canyon”) significantly reduced the capacity of sunlight to synthesize vitamin D, when compared with a typical suburban area (∼2.5 km away); and to investigate the association of UV and vitamin D production with pollution, temperature, and humidity. Measurements of ambient UV (295–400 nm) (using a portable photometer/radiometer and detector) and synthesized vitamin D (from an in vitro model) were taken regularly at urban and control sites over 3 months in Brisbane, Australia. During a typical 20 min measurement, urban and control sites received 0.26 and 1.03 W m−2 mean total UV respectively (P < 0.001), and produced 0.12 and 0.53 μg mL−1 mean vitamin D (P < 0.001). Pollution, temperature and humidity were not associated with UV or vitamin D production. This demonstrates a large difference in vitamin D synthesis between an urban canyon and a nearby control site. Although the results cannot be directly applied to humans, they emphasize the need for further study of human vitamin D production in urban environments.
Analysis of High Density Regional Geochemical Soil Samples at the Council for Geoscience (South Africa): The Importance of Quality Control Measures
Authors: Maritz Hilde , Cloete H. C. C. (Corlien) , Elsenbroek Jacobus H.
Published: November 2010

The Council for Geoscience (CGS, South Africa) has a statutory mandate to carry out regional geochemical mapping in South Africa that needs to be rapidly and accurately analysed. Both simultaneous X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (S‐XRF) and a newly developed method using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) were employed. Various trace elements that could not previously be analysed by S‐XRF can now be analysed by ICP‐MS for the regional geochemical mapping programme, e.g., Cd, Mo, Te and Li. Using both techniques, the CGS aims to report element distributions for some fifty elements. To ensure that element concentration levels correlate over map boundaries, quality control measures in the sampling, sample preparation and analyses were of critical importance. This paper aims to discuss the sample preparation and quality control measures as applied to the ∼5500 samples of the Giyani and Tzaneen 1:100000 scale map sheets sampled at a density of one soil sample per km2. ICP‐MS batch‐ and instrumental drift‐correction procedures will be discussed. As a final step, geochemical data were overlain over simplified geological maps using geographical information system software. These maps complement existing geological information of South Africa, help in the identification of exploration targets, test exploration models and initiate further geological research.
Evaluation of a Quality Control Monitor Material for the Routine Electron Probe Microanalysis of Kimberlite Exploration Garnets
Authors: De Bruin Deon
Published: November 2010

Election probe microanalysis of indicator minerals is extensively used in the exploration for kimberlite deposits, the evaluation of specific kimberlite occurrences for their diamond bearing potential and to classify grains into different chemical and lithological mantle associations. Kimberlite exploration programmes can involve several tens of thousands of indicator mineral analyses. Procedures for monitoring data quality and consistency of analyses across large data sets are commonly absent. Suitable monitor minerals should be used to verify the data quality of kimberlite exploration and evaluation data sets. This material should have a suitable composition, be homogenous, be available in sufficient quantities and have a similar appearance to the unknown samples. Garnet P1, a megacryst garnet from the Premier kimberlite, was found to have a suitable composition as a monitor for kimberlite garnet analyses. Data were collected on the monitor material at regular intervals during routine analyses, over an extended period, both as a fixed grain mounted on the sample holder and as separate grains set within batches of routine samples. The data were evaluated to assess the quality and consistency in the analyses of large data sets over time. The monitor material was also analysed at independent laboratories using their routine analytical set‐up and calibration procedures for comparative purposes. Values are given for the mean ± 2s range, which can serve as guide values for acceptable analyses for all elements.
New Approach to Geochemical Measurement: Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty from Sampling, rather than an Assumption of Representative Sampling
Authors: Ramsey Michael H. , Boon Katy A.
Published: November 2010

It is argued that the current division between field sampling and chemical analysis is counterproductive in terms of ensuring that geochemical measurement results are fit for their intended purpose. An integrated approach to the whole measurement process has many advantages including no dependence on the two assumptions that either the samples are necessarily representative if taken with a correct protocol, or that the measurement results can be assumed to be true values of chemical concentration. The measurement results then require values of measurement uncertainty, including that from sampling as well as from chemical analysis. This enables the user of the measurement results, rather than the producer, to judge their fitness for a specific purpose. Case studies are used to illustrate the practicality and benefits of this new approach, including the use of measurement results with optimal, but relatively high, levels of uncertainty to make reliable decisions. This contrasts with the traditional assumption that pursuit of the lowest possible measurement uncertainty is the best approach.
HSP‐27 protein expression in uveal melanoma: correlation with predicted survival
Authors: Jmor Fidan , Kalirai Helen , Taktak Azzam , Damato Bertil , Coupland Sarah E.
Published: November 2010

Purpose:  Almost 40% of uveal melanomas (UM) are fatal, because of metastatic disease that usually involves the liver. Partial or complete deletion of chromosome 3 (i.e., monosomy 3) is a strong predictor of metastatic mortality; however, genetic analysis is not always possible. The aim of this study was to determine whether heat shock protein 27 (HSP‐27) protein expression could reliably predict prognosis.

Methods:  Immunohistochemical analysis of HSP‐27 protein expression was performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from 99 UM of known chromosome 3 status, as determined by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Slides were evaluated blind by three independent observers. The percentage of tumour cells staining for HSP‐27 was categorized as: 0 (<1%); 1 (1–24%); 2 (25–49%); 3 (50–74%) or 4 (>74%). The staining intensity was categorized as: 0 (no staining); 1 (weak); 2 (moderate) and 3 (strong). These two categories were multiplied together to obtain the HSP‐27 expression score. All data were processed in spss for statistical analyses.

Results:  Heat shock protein 27 score was lower in monosomy 3 melanomas than in disomy 3 tumours (p < 0.001; Mann–Whitney U‐test). An ‘accelerated failure time model’ was used to generate predicted survival for all patients included in the study. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated a significantly decreased predicted 8‐year survival rate for patients with an HSP‐27 Score ≤6 (p = 0.03; Log rank test). Predicting monosomy 3 was enhanced by considering the HSP‐27 score together with basal tumour diameter, melanoma cytomorphology and mitotic rate.

Conclusions:  Low HSP‐27 expression correlates with monosomy 3 in UM and with increased predicted mortality. When assessed together with other clinical and pathological variables, the HSP‐27 score enhances estimation of survival probability.
Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Role of Calpain: Implications for the Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Bukowska Alicja , Lendeckel Uwe , Bode‐Böger Stefanie M. , Goette Andreas
Published: November 2010

Calpain is an intracellular Ca2+‐activated protease and an important mediator of the actions of calcium. Cleavage by calpain is critical in a variety of calcium‐regulated cellular processes such as muscle contraction, neuronal excitability, secretion, signal transduction, cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Deregulation of calpain caused by a disruption of calcium homeostasis during cardiac pathologies such as atrial fibrillation, heart failure, hypertrophy, or ischemia reperfusion, is critically involved in the myocardial damage. This review will summarize the physiologic and pathophysiologic basis of calpain. Atrial fibrillation is chosen as one example to explain the specific consequences of an increased calpain activity in cardiac muscle.
Myocardial Reverse Remodeling
Authors: Hellawell Jennifer L. , Margulies Kenneth B.
Published: November 2010

Despite an extensive literature defining the mechanisms and significance of pathological myocardial remodeling, there has been no comprehensive review of the inverse process, often labeled reverse remodeling. Accordingly, the goal of this review is to overview the varied settings in which clinically significant reverse remodeling has been well documented. When available, we reviewed relevant randomized, controlled clinical trials, and meta‐analyses with sufficient cardiac imaging data to permit conclusions about reverse remodeling. When these types of studies were not available, relevant case‐control studies and case series that employed appropriate methodology were reviewed. Regression of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, chamber shape distortions, and dysfunction occurs in a wide variety of settings. Although reverse remodeling occurs spontaneously in some etiologies of myocardial dysfunction and failure, remodeling is more commonly observed in response to medical, device‐based, or surgical therapies, including β‐blockers, revascularization, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and valve surgery. Indeed, reverse remodeling following pathophysiologically targeted interventions helps validate that the targeted mechanisms are propelling and/or sustaining pathological remodeling. The diverse clinical settings in which reverse remodeling has been observed demonstrates that myocardial remodeling is bidirectional and occurs across the full spectrum of myocardial disease severity, duration, and etiology. Observations in several settings suggest that recovered hearts are not truly normal despite parallel improvements at organ, tissue, and cellular level. Nevertheless, the link between reverse remodeling and improved outcomes should inspire further research to better understand the mechanisms responsible for both reverse remodeling and persistent deviations from normalcy.
α‐Galactosylceramide activates antitumor immunity against liver tumor
Authors: Tatsumi Tomohide , Takehara Tetsuo , Miyagi Takuya , Sugiyama Tsukasa , Aketa Hiroshi , Sasakawa Akira , Kanto Tatsuya , Hiramatsu Naoki , Hayashi Norio
Published: November 2010

Aim:  α‐Galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) has been attracting attention as a novel approach to treat metastatic liver cancer. We investigated the detailed process of activating liver dendritic cells (DC) and immune cells after α‐GalCer treatment in the mouse liver tumor model.

Methods:  BALB/c mice bearing CMS4 liver tumor (p53 peptide‐expressing tumor) were treated by α‐GalCer. We evaluated the activation of liver DC and immune cells after α‐GalCer treatment. Interferon (IFN)‐γ enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay was performed to detect p53 peptide‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To assess the impact of systemic acquired immunity by α‐GalCer treatment, 28 days after liver tumor treatment, CMS4 cells or Colon26 cells were re‐challenged s.c.

Results:  The liver weights of α‐GalCer‐treated mice were significantly lighter than those of vehicle‐treated mice. Depletion experiments revealed that natural killer (NK) cells were essential for the antitumor effect of α‐GalCer. α‐GalCer treatment significantly increased the population of DC and NK cells in the liver. The expressions of co‐stimulatory molecules on liver DC significantly increased with the peak at 1 day after α‐GalCer administration. IFN‐γ ELISPOT assay demonstrated that p53 peptide‐specific CTL was generated efficiently in α‐GalCer‐treated mice. 51Cr‐release assay revealed that CD8+, not CD4+, CTL against CMS4 cells were generated in α‐GalCer‐treated mice. The mice that had been protected from CMS4 liver tumor by α‐GalCer injection became resistant against s.c. CMS4 re‐challenge, but not against Colon26 re‐challenge.

Conclusion:  These results demonstrated the therapeutic potential of α‐GalCer against liver cancer through activating liver DC and immune cells in the liver.
T‐helper 17 cell: A distinctive cell in liver diseases
Authors: Ye Chao , Li Wen‐yuan , Zheng Ming‐hua , Chen Yong‐ping
Published: November 2010

T‐helper (Th)17 cells, a new population of effector CD4+ T cells, are characterized by the secretion of interleukin (IL)‐17. It has been demonstrated that Th17 cells are distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells; they play important roles in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; and are closely related to host defense, tumorigenesis and transplant rejection. Moreover, it has been found that these cells have a close and intricate connection with the regulatory T cells, which play an important role in maintaining self‐tolerance and down‐tuning immune responses. In the present review, we find that they are significantly elevated in various kinds of liver diseases including liver autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases, alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Acute hepatitis B in Japan: Incidence, clinical practices and health policy
Authors: Sako Akahito , Yasunaga Hideo , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Hashimoto Hideki , Masaki Naohiko , Matsuda Shinya
Published: November 2010

Aim:  The epidemiology of acute hepatitis B is unknown in many countries, and the clinical features of this disease remain unclear. In this study, we used the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) database to estimate the incidence of acute hepatitis B and investigate the clinical practices for acute hepatitis B in Japan.

Methods:  The DPC database is a nationwide discharge abstract and administrative claims database, covering 40% of all inpatient admissions to acute care hospitals between 1 July and 31 December each year in Japan. We identified cases with a diagnosis of acute hepatitis B between 2007 and 2008. Patient characteristics, length of stay, in‐hospital mortality and total charges were determined. Clinical practice patterns were examined, including drugs used and procedures performed during hospitalization.

Results:  We identified 890 cases with acute hepatitis B among 5.85 million inpatients in the database. The mean age was 40.0 years old and 76% were male. The incidence of acute hepatitis B was estimated to be approximately 2100–2400/year (17–19/1 million people per year). Of 890 cases, 53 (6.0%) developed fulminant hepatitis and 36 (4.0%) died. Nucleos(t)ide analogs were prescribed for 226 cases (25.4%). Only 194 cases (21.8%) were tested for HIV status.

Conclusion:  It is essential to monitor the trends of this communicable and preventable disease. The establishment and distribution of appropriate clinical evidence and guidelines are vital to improve the clinical practices for acute hepatitis B.
Valuation Effects of Private and Public Target Mergers in Korea*
Authors: Jung Hyung‐Chan
Published: November 2010

Using data drawn from the Korea Exchange, the present paper examines the bidding firm’s stock price reaction to the announcement of a merger bid. The results indicate that bidders gain more from mergers involving private targets than from those involving public targets. In particular, bidders acquiring a private firm experience significant wealth gains when a new blockholder emerges from the target firm. In addition, for private targets, as the relative size of the target to the bidder increases, the bidder’s abnormal returns are likely to be higher. However, when the new blockholder dummy and relative size variable are controlled for, the differences in the bidder’s wealth gains between private and public target mergers disappear, suggesting that the bidder’s higher abnormal returns from private target mergers are related to the monitoring and information effects, not to the ownership status of target firms. Furthermore, the results indicate that a bidder acquiring a public target suffers wealth losses if the bidder is affiliated with 1 of the 30 largest chaebol groups.
Heterogeneous Beliefs in Asset Pricing: When Investors’ Estimates of Asset Volatility Disagree*
Authors: Lin Chien‐Chih , Lin Feng‐Teng
Published: November 2010

The paper addresses the influence on asset prices of agents’ disagreement regarding asset volatility. Using a stochastic volatility model and assuming that the market is complete, a state‐price density incorporating heterogeneous beliefs in volatility is derived and used to compute asset prices. How agent disagreement regarding volatility influences asset prices and volatility is discussed and empirical results are provided.
Cassini Finds an Oxygen–Carbon Dioxide Atmosphere at Saturn’s Icy Moon Rhea
Authors: Teolis B. D. , Jones G. H. , Miles P. F. , Tokar R. L. , Magee B. A. , Waite J. H. , Roussos E. , Young D. T. , Crary F. J. , Coates A. J. , Johnson R. E. , Tseng W.-L. , Baragiola R. A.
Published: November 2010

Extraterrestrial Atmosphere

The detection of oxygen in the atmospheres of Jupiter's icy moons, Europa and Ganymede, and the presence of this gas as the main constituent of the atmosphere that surrounds Saturn's rings, has suggested the possibility of oxygen atmospheres around the icy moons that orbit inside Saturn's magnetosphere. Using the Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer onboard the Cassini spacecraft,

Teolis
et al.

(p.
1813
, published online 25 November; see the Perspective by

Cruikshank

) report the detection of a very tenuous oxygen and carbon dioxide atmosphere around Saturn's icy moon Rhea. As with other icy satellites, this atmosphere is maintained through the dissociation of surface molecules and ejection into the atmosphere as a result of Saturn's magnetospheric radiation.
Microbial hydroxylation of some steroids by Aspergillus wentii MRC 200316
Authors: Yildirim Kudret
Published: November 2010

Biotransformations of epiandrosterone (1), dehydroepiandrosterone (2) and pregnenolone (3) byAspergillus wentiiMRC 200316 for 5 days have been reported. Incubation of epiandrosterone (1) afforded 11α-hydroxy-5α-androstane-3,17-dione (4) and 3β,11α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (5). Incubation of dehydroepiandrosterone (2) afforded 3β,7β-di-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (6) and 3β,7α-dihydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (7). Incubation of pregnenolone (3) afforded only 11α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (8).
YY1 expression predicts favourable outcome in follicular lymphoma
Authors: Naidoo Khimara , Clay Vanessa , Hoyland Judith A , Swindell Ric , Linton Kim , Illidge Timothy , Radford John A , Byers Richard J
Published: November 2010

Aims

Follicular lymphoma is the second most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma worldwide. The majority of patients diagnosed as having follicular lymphoma have an indolent form of the disease, but a subset of patients have aggressive disease with a shorter survival interval. Optimal treatment stratification requires a distinction between these two groups, though there are presently few prognostic biomarkers available. The transcription factor YY1 has been shown to play an important role in cancer biology. The authors have previously reported a correlation of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) mRNA levels with survival in FL. This study aimed to validate these findings at the protein level.

Methods

Quantification of YY1 protein was carried out on 26 FL biopsy samples using quantum dot labelled immunohistochemistry. Ki-67 percentage, grade, YY1 protein levels and T cell and macrophage markers were used in a multivariable analysis for survival in 26 cases of FL.

Results

Expression levels of YY1 protein were significantly increased in patients alive in comparison with those dead after follow-up (p≤0.025). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed association of higher expression levels of YY1 with longer survival (p≤0.01) (hazard ratio 3.33, 95% CI 1.26 to 8.85). The multivariable analysis identified YY1 protein level as the strongest predictor of outcome (p≤0.018), with none of the other markers being significantly associated with outcome.

Conclusion

These results support the prognostic utility of YY1 in FL, indicating potential as a clinical biomarker.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and its receptor: independent prognostic factors of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Du Ze-Peng , Lv Zhuo , Wu Bing-Li , Wu Zhi-Yong , Shen Jin-Hui , Wu Jian-Yi , Xu Xiu-E , Huang Qiao , Shen Jian , Chen Hai-bin , Li En-Min , Xu Li-Yan
Published: November 2010

Aim

Previous studies have shown that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is overexpressed in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and closely associated with the invasiveness of ESCC cells. Recently, NGAL receptor (NGALR) was identified from ESCC cells, and was also found to be increased in ESCC. The purpose of this study was to reveal the clinical significance of NGAL and/or NGALR in ESCC.

Methods

Tissue microarray was performed to detect expression of NGAL and NGALR in 222 ESCC specimens. Pearson χ2test was used to analyse correlations between NGAL and/or NGALR expression and clinicopathological features. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to evaluate the effect of NGAL and/or NGALR expression on prognosis of patients with ESCC.

Results

NGAL and NGALR were highly expressed in ESCC. χ2test results showed no significant correlations between NGAL or NGALR expression and clinicopathological features. However, NGAL/NGALR coexpression correlated with histological differentiation grade (p=0.033). Survival analysis showed that positive expression of NGAL or NGALR was significantly associated with a poor prognosis for patients with ESCC (p=0.000 or p=0.002). Patients with positive expression of both NGAL and NGALR had a shorter survival time than those with negative expression of both (p=0.048). Multivariate analysis showed that both NGAL and NGALR were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion

These results indicate that both NGAL and NGALR may be involved in the progression of ESCC and can be considered as independent prognostic factors of ESCC.