bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espaços abertos / espaços livres: um estudo de tipologias
Authors: Hannes Evy
Published: August 2016

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão referente às tipologias de espaços abertos e de espaços livres, conceituando-os brevemente e colocando questões relativas às esferas pública e privada. Discute suas diferentes funções nas áreas urbanas, ressaltando as de caráter urbanístico, social, recreativas, estético e ecológico. Tem como objetivo elencar os principais espaços livres de uso público na escala urbana da cidade existentes no Brasil, definindo-os, fazendo referência ao seu surgimento na história, evolução no contexto urbano, usos e desenho. Serão analisados autores que percorrem as diversas facetas do urbano, como a morfologia urbana, a história, percepção, memória e apropriação do espaço.
Teoria da paisagem em cadernos de bordo: uma experiência no ensino de arquitetura e urbanismo
Authors: Leite Julieta Maria Vasconcelos , Souza Rafaela Rodrigues Alves
Published: August 2016

Este texto apresenta os resultados de uma experiência pedagógica do curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) na disciplina de Tópicos Especiais em Teoria III. A disciplina visa introduzir ao aluno noções de teoria da paisagem. Parte-se da noção de que nós somos integrantes da paisagem e, por isso, seu entendimento fundamenta-se na percepção e na experiência, englobando aspectos subjetivos. A experiência pedagógica consolida-se no exercício do Caderno de Bordo, elaborado individualmente pelos alunos, onde as suas reflexões são apresentadas de maneira associada a fotografias ou desenhos de paisagens produzidas por eles. A análise dos Cadernos revela maior sensibilização dos alunos em relação à paisagem, despertando olhar crítico sobre o pensar e construir paisagens e fornecendo bases que auxiliam no desenvolvimento de seus projetos de arquitetura, urbanismo e paisagismo.
Beneficial Role of Erythrocyte Adenosine A2B Receptor–Mediated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in High-Altitude Hypoxia
Authors: Liu Hong , Zhang Yujin , Wu Hongyu , D’Alessandro Angelo , Yegutkin Gennady G. , Song Anren , Sun Kaiqi , Li Jessica , Cheng Ning-Yuan , Huang Aji , Edward Wen Yuan , Weng Ting Ting , Luo Fayong , Nemkov Travis , Sun Hong , Kellems Rodney E. , Karmouty-Quintana Harry , Hansen Kirk C. , Zhao Bihong , Subudhi Andrew W. , Jameson-Van Houten Sonja , Julian Colleen G. , Lovering Andrew T. , Eltzschig Holger K. , Blackburn Michael R. , Roach Robert C. , Xia Yang
Published: August 2016

Background:

High altitude is a challenging condition caused by insufficient oxygen supply. Inability to adjust to hypoxia may lead to pulmonary edema, stroke, cardiovascular dysfunction, and even death. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of adaptation to high altitude may reveal novel therapeutics to counteract the detrimental consequences of hypoxia.

Methods:

Using high-throughput, unbiased metabolomic profiling, we report that the metabolic pathway responsible for production of erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), a negative allosteric regulator of hemoglobin-O
2
binding affinity, was significantly induced in 21 healthy humans within 2 hours of arrival at 5260 m and further increased after 16 days at 5260 m.

Results:

This finding led us to discover that plasma adenosine concentrations and soluble CD73 activity rapidly increased at high altitude and were associated with elevated erythrocyte 2,3-BPG levels and O
2
releasing capacity. Mouse genetic studies demonstrated that elevated CD73 contributed to hypoxia-induced adenosine accumulation and that elevated adenosine-mediated erythrocyte A2B adenosine receptor activation was beneficial by inducing 2,3-BPG production and triggering O
2
release to prevent multiple tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and pulmonary vascular leakage. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that erythrocyte AMP-activated protein kinase was activated in humans at high altitude and that AMP-activated protein kinase is a key protein functioning downstream of the A2B adenosine receptor, phosphorylating and activating BPG mutase and thus inducing 2,3-BPG production and O
2
release from erythrocytes. Significantly, preclinical studies demonstrated that activation of AMP-activated protein kinase enhanced BPG mutase activation, 2,3-BPG production, and O
2
release capacity in CD73-deficient mice, in erythrocyte-specific A2B adenosine receptor knockouts, and in wild-type mice and in turn reduced tissue hypoxia and inflammation.

Conclusions:

Together, human and mouse studies reveal novel mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation and potential therapeutic approaches for counteracting hypoxia-induced tissue damage.
Financial Deepening and Corruption in Selected Southeast Asian Countries
Authors: Edirisuriya Piyadasa
Published: August 2016

Since the 1980s, Southeast Asian countries have deregulated their financial market sector. Numerous studies on financial market deregulation and corruption levels have argued about positive and negative links between corruption and financial deregulation in many countries. These conflicting results have motivated us to examine the impact of financial market deregulation, which leads to financial deepening, on corruption in Southeast Asian countries. We employ panel data analysis to explore whether financial deepening has a positive impact on corruption levels. Using data for 17 years, we empirically tested the relationship between financial deepening and corruption levels and found a significantly negative relationship between these two factors. When comparing our results with the South Asian region where the level of corruption is higher, we do not find any significant differences.
The Superposition of Eastward and Westward Rossby Waves in Response to Localized Forcing
Authors: Shaman Jeffrey , Tziperman Eli
Published: August 2016

Rossby waves are a principal form of atmospheric communication between disparate parts of the climate system. These planetary waves are typically excited by diabatic or orographic forcing and can be subject to considerable downstream modification. Because of differences in wave properties, including vertical structure, phase speed, and group velocity, Rossby waves exhibit a wide range of behaviors. This study demonstrates the combined effects of eastward-propagating stationary barotropic Rossby waves and westward-propagating very-low-zonal-wavenumber stationary barotropic Rossby waves on the atmospheric response to wintertime El Niño convective forcing over the tropical Pacific. Experiments are conducted using the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4.0, in which both diabatic forcing over the Pacific and localized relaxation outside the forcing region are applied. The localized relaxation is used to dampen Rossby wave propagation to either the west or east of the forcing region and isolate the alternate direction signal. The experiments reveal that El Niño forcing produces both eastward- and westward-propagating stationary waves in the upper troposphere. Over North Africa and Asia the aggregate undamped upper-tropospheric response is due to the superposition and interaction of these oppositely directed planetary waves that emanate from the forcing region and encircle the planet.
A Simple Moisture Advection Model of Specific Humidity Change over Land in Response to SST Warming
Authors: Chadwick Robin , Good Peter , Willett Kate
Published: August 2016

A simple conceptual model of surface specific humidity change over land is described, based on the effect of increased moisture advection from the oceans in response to sea surface temperature (SST) warming. In this model, future q over land is determined by scaling the present-day pattern of land q by the fractional increase in the oceanic moisture source. Simple model estimates agree well with climate model projections of future (mean spatial correlation coefficient 0.87), so over both land and ocean can be viewed primarily as a thermodynamic process controlled by SST warming. Precipitation change is also affected by , and the new simple model can be included in a decomposition of tropical precipitation change, where it provides increased physical understanding of the processes that drive over land. Confidence in the thermodynamic part of extreme precipitation change over land is increased by this improved understanding, and this should scale approximately with Clausius–Clapeyron oceanic q increases under SST warming. Residuals of actual climate model from simple model estimates are often associated with regions of large circulation change, and can be thought of as the “dynamical” part of specific humidity change. The simple model is used to explore intermodel uncertainty in , and there are substantial contributions to uncertainty from both the thermodynamic (simple model) and dynamical (residual) terms. The largest cause of intermodel uncertainty within the thermodynamic term is uncertainty in the magnitude of global mean SST warming.
Summertime Rainfall Events in Eastern Washington and Oregon
Authors: Chiodi Andrew M. , Bond Nicholas A. , Larkin Narasimhan K. , Barbour R. James
Published: August 2016

The temporal and spatial characteristics of summertime rainfall events in the Pacific Northwest are examined in relation to the prevailing regional 500-hPa geopotential height conditions, with focus on the forested slopes of eastern Washington and northeastern Oregon, where the absence/occurrence of events largely determines the start and end of the wildland fire season. The Daily U.S. Unified Precipitation dataset is used for specifying rainfall events (period 1949–2008). Events are defined as one or more consecutive days of rainfall exceeding 0.25 in. (0.65 mm), and occur on average two to three times per summer (July–September) in the focus region, east of the Cascade Mountain crest, with a minimum in frequency in late July. A relatively high percentage of the events in the northern portion of the domain of interest, and over the higher terrain, is associated with anomalous midtropospheric southwesterly flow; a high percentage of the events in the southern and lower elevation portions of the domain is associated with southeasterly flow anomalies. Southeasterly flow events are much more likely to be accompanied by lightning and a more localized rainfall distribution than southwesterly events. Southwesterly events mainly account for the late-July frequency minimum and produce more widespread/heavier precipitation on average. The forests of eastern Washington and Oregon receive a mix of southeasterly and southwesterly events. Results suggest that identifying flow types by (skillful) extended-range 500-hPa forecasts may provide a useful basis for predicting the associated aspects of the rainfall event distribution.
The Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM): Performance for Tropical Rainfall Forecasting and Sensitivity to Convective Scheme and Horizontal Resolution
Authors: Figueroa Silvio N. , Bonatti José P. , Kubota Paulo Y. , Grell Georg A. , Morrison Hugh , Barros Saulo R. M. , Fernandez Julio P. R. , Ramirez Enver , Siqueira Leo , Luzia Graziela , Silva Josiane , Silva Juliana R. , Pendharkar Jayant , Capistrano Vinicius B. , Alvim Débora S. , Enoré Diego P. , Diniz Fábio L. R. , Satyamurti Praki , Cavalcanti Iracema F. A. , Nobre Paulo , Barbosa Henrique M. J. , Mendes Celso L. , Panetta Jairo
Published: August 2016

This article describes the main features of the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM), analyses of its performance for tropical rainfall forecasting, and its sensitivity to convective scheme and horizontal resolution. BAM is the new global atmospheric model of the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Research [Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)], which includes a new dynamical core and state-of-the-art parameterization schemes. BAM’s dynamical core incorporates a monotonic two-time-level semi-Lagrangian scheme, which is carried out completely on the model grid for the tridimensional transport of moisture, microphysical prognostic variables, and tracers. The performance of the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) from two convective schemes, the Grell–Dévényi (GD) scheme and its modified version (GDM), and two different horizontal resolutions are evaluated against the daily TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis over different tropical regions. Three main results are 1) the QPF skill was improved substantially with GDM in comparison to GD; 2) the increase in the horizontal resolution without any ad hoc tuning improves the variance of precipitation over continents with complex orography, such as Africa and South America, whereas over oceans there are no significant differences; and 3) the systematic errors (dry or wet biases) remain virtually unchanged for 5-day forecasts. Despite improvements in the tropical precipitation forecasts, especially over southeastern Brazil, dry biases over the Amazon and La Plata remain in BAM. Improving the precipitation forecasts over these regions remains a challenge for the future development of the model to be used not only for numerical weather prediction over South America but also for global climate simulations.
Commandeering Crisis
Authors: Cioffi John W. , Dubin Kenneth A.
Published: August 2016

The Eurozone crisis has triggered profound political and economic changes across the debtor member states. This article shows how the crisis and the imposition of austerity policies by the Troika have (1) forced Spain (and by extension other Eurozone debtor states) to pursue internal devaluation as a means of economic adjustment through the reduction of real wages, (2) increased pressure for liberalizing labor market institutions, and (3) given Spain’s conservative government the opportunity and cover to pursue radical neoliberal labor law reforms. Spain’s 2012 labor law reforms went well beyond external demands. The crisis and the Troika’s policy demands generated mass unemployment, devastated Spain’s Socialist Party, and created the enabling conditions for economic reforms. But domestic partisan considerations led the conservative People’s Party (PP) to commandeer the crisis to weaken unions as the electoral and organizational base of the center-left opposition. The PP channeled reform into an attack on labor that decisively shifted power to employers. As organized labor relations were reduced to concession bargaining, real wages have plummeted for the vast majority of Spaniards, even as mass unemployment and economic stagnation persist. Analysis suggests the emergence of a winner-take-all economy that will have lasting consequences for the Eurozone and the European Union.
Winner-Take-All Politics in Europe? European Inequality in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan , Lynch Julia
Published: August 2016

In this introduction to the special issue “The New Politics of Inequality in Europe,” recent literature on income inequality in the advanced democracies is summarized. It is argued that dominant accounts are too heavily focused on the United States, whereas the experience of Western European countries has been neglected. Although income inequality has risen nearly everywhere in the rich industrial democracies since the end of the 1970s, it has done so from different starting points, at different rates, and for reasons connected to different mechanisms and different parts of the distribution. Extending the analysis to Western Europe enables us to understand these variations more fully.
Universalism and Predestinarianism: A Critique of the Theological Anthropology that Undergirds Catholic Universalist Eschatology
Authors: Brotherton Joshua R.
Published: August 2016

The way one addresses the question of the possibility of universal salvation and the reality of damnation is determined by one’s understanding of the relationship between human freedom and divine grace. The universalist solution presupposes a predestinarian approach, which undermines the natural integrity of created freedom. Highlighting the determinative role of theological anthropology in eschatology, I propose that the subjunctive universalism advocated by some Catholic theologians, such as Hans Urs von Balthasar, ought to be replaced with a more nuanced theodramatic eschatology based upon the emerging consensus in the twentieth-century Catholic theology of grace.
Women Deacons in the Maronite Church
Authors: Zagano Phyllis
Published: August 2016

The study investigates the inclusion of women deacons in the canons of the National Synod of Mount Lebanon of 1736, which formalized Latinization of the Maronite Church, providing for codification of its particular law. The canons were approved in forma specifica by Pope Clement XII and have never been modified or overruled, thereby giving evidence of the liceity of ordaining women deacons in the Catholic Church.
The Renewal of Ecclesiastical Studies: Chenu, Tübingen, and Theological Method in Optatam Totius
Authors: Kaplan Grant
Published: August 2016

Marie-Dominique Chenu remains significant not only as a scholar of the ressourcement but more foundationally for his contribution to method in theology. Only by tracing the influence of Tübingen on Chenu can one appreciate the methodological revolution that it inspired in him, and that the Second Vatican Council decree on priestly formation, Optatam Totius, subsequently reflected.
Creative destruction in the Australian videogames industry
Authors: Banks John , Cunningham Stuart
Published: August 2016

The Australian games industry is a textbook case in creative destruction. Australian developers have adaptively engaged with the rapidly transforming and uncertain conditions of the global videogames industry. Some developers celebrate the creative freedom they experienced with a shift towards original intellectual property games for mobile platforms, while others caution about the design and craft compromises associated with the in-app monetisation mechanics. The turmoil and rapidly transforming Australian videogames industry over the past few years is certainly characterised by precarious labour. But it also includes experimentation in studio culture and associated changes in professional developer identity so as to continue the craft of making videogames in the midst of this uncertainty. This diversity is also characterised by differences among the production cultures of Melbourne, Brisbane and Sydney that are indicators of the cultural roots that sustain developer identity and business models.
Fixed point theorems for a class of generalized nonexpansive mappings
Authors: Lael Fatemeh , Heidarpour Zohre
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized nonexpansive mappings. Some new fixed point theorems for these mappings are obtained.
Hospitalisation and compulsion: The research agenda
Authors: Burns Tom , Rugkåsa Jorun
Published: August 2016

Keown et al's paper highlights the complex nature of social determinants of hospital admission and compulsory care. We review here how research into compulsion in mental health has progressed beyond epidemiological studies of rates of admission. There is now a wider recognition of the range of compulsory and coercive processes used and how they are experienced by patients. The results of recent studies have confirmed the importance of confronting the complexity that Keown et al have presented. They have also produced unexpected and intriguing findings that set the direction for future research.
Dear Dipesh
Authors: Lee Novetzke Christian
Published: August 2016

The author writes a series of letters to Dipesh Chakrabarty on the subject his new book, The Calling of History, which is based upon the correspondence of Jadunath Sarkar (1870–1958) and Govind Sakharam Sardesai (1865–1958).
Endogenous Skill Acquisition and Export Manufacturing in Mexico
Authors: Atkin David
Published: August 2016

This paper presents empirical evidence that the growth of export manufacturing in Mexico during a period of major trade reforms (the years 1986 to 2000) altered the distribution of education. I use variation in the timing of factory openings across commuting zones to show that school drop-out increased with local expansions in export-manufacturing industries. The magnitudes I find suggest that for every 25 jobs created, one student dropped out of school at grade 9 rather than continuing through to grade 12. These effects are driven by less-skilled export-manufacturing jobs which raised the opportunity cost of schooling for students at the margin. (JEL F14, F16, J24, L60, O14, O19)
Simultaneous or Sequential? Search Strategies in the U.S. Auto Insurance Industry
Authors: Honka Elisabeth , Chintagunta Pradeep
Published: August 2016

We study the identification of the search method consumers use when resolving uncertainty in the prices of alternatives. We show that the search method—simultaneous or sequential—is identified with data on consumers’ consideration sets (but not the sequence of searches), prices for the considered alternatives and marketwide price distributions. We show that identification comes from differences in the patterns of actual prices in consumers’ consideration sets across search methods. We also provide a new estimation approach for the sequential search model that uses such data. Using data on consumer shopping behavior in the U.S. auto insurance industry that contain information on consideration sets and choices, we find that the pattern of actual prices in consumers’ consideration sets is consistent with consumers searching simultaneously. Via counterfactuals we show that the consideration set and purchase market shares of the largest insurance companies are overpredicted under the incorrect assumption of sequential search. As the search method affects consumers’ consideration sets, which in turn influence brand choices, understanding the nature of consumer search and its implications for consideration and choice is important from a managerial perspective.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2016.0995 .
Stature, Obesity, and Portfolio Choice
Authors: Addoum Jawad M. , Korniotis George , Kumar Alok
Published: August 2016

Using multiple U.S. and European data sources, we show that observed physical attributes are related to participation in financial markets. Specifically, we find that individuals who are relatively tall and of normal weight are more likely to hold stocks in their financial portfolios. We consider several potential mechanisms that could drive the relation between physical attributes and portfolio decisions. We find that teenage social experiences as well as genetic and prenatal endowments that are fixed at birth are the two channels through which height affects financial decisions. Furthermore, we find that the relation between body mass index and portfolio decisions is largely driven by education and race.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2508 .

This paper was accepted by Wei Jiang, finance.
An 11- to 15-year clinical outcome study of the Advance Medial Pivot total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Karachalios Th. , Varitimidis S. , Bargiotas K. , Hantes M. , Roidis N. , Malizos K. N.
Published: August 2016

Aims

The Advance Medial-Pivot total knee arthroplasty (TKA) was designed to reflect contemporary data regarding the kinematics of the knee. We wished to examine the long-term results obtained with this prosthesis by extending a previous evaluation.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively evaluated prospectively collected data from 225 consecutive patients (41 men and 184 women; mean age at surgery 71 years, 52 to 84) who underwent 284 TKAs with a mean follow-up of 13.4 years (11 to 15). Implant failure, complication rate, clinical (both subjective and objective) and radiological outcome were assessed. Pre- and post-operative clinical and radiographic data were available at regular intervals for all patients. A total of ten patients (4.4%; ten TKAs) were lost to follow-up.

Results

Survival analysis at 15 years showed a cumulative success rate of 97.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 96.7 to 97.9) for revision for any reason, of 96.4% (95% CI 95.2 to 97.6) for all operations, and 98.8% (95% CI 98.2 to 99.4) for aseptic loosening as an end point. Three TKAs (1.06%) were revised due to aseptic loosening, two (0.7%) due to infection, one (0.35%) due to instability and one (0.35%) due to a traumatic dislocation. All patients showed a statistically significant improvement on the Knee Society Score (p = 0.001), Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (p = 0.001), Short Form-12 (p = 0.01), and Oxford Knee Score (p = 0.01). A total of 207 patients (92%) were able to perform age appropriate activities with a mean flexion of the knee of 117° (85° to 135°) at final follow-up.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates satisfactory functional and radiographic long-term results for this implant. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1050–5.
Articulating polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacers may have an immunomodulating effect on synovial tissue
Authors: Singh G. , Deutloff N. , Maertens N. , Meyer H. , Awiszus F. , Feuerstein B. , Roessner A. , Lohmann C. H.
Published: August 2016

Aims

Tissue responses to debris formed by abrasion of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) spacers at two-stage revision arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection are not well described. We hypothesised that PMMA debris induces immunomodulation in periprosthetic tissues.

Patients and Methods

Samples of tissue were taken during 35 two-stage revision arthroplasties (nine total hip and 26 total knee arthroplasties) in patients whose mean age was 67 years (44 to 85). Fourier transform infrared microscopy was used to confirm the presence of PMMA particles. Histomorphometry was performed using Sudan Red and Haematoxylin-Eosin staining. CD-68, CD-20, CD-11(c), CD-3 and IL-17 antibodies were used to immunophenotype the inflammatory cells. All slides were scored semi-quantitatively using the modified Willert scoring system.

Results

The mean CD-68 scores did not show any significant change during the six weeks between the stages. Perivascular and diffuse scores showed significant difference in CD-3, CD-20, CD-11(c) and IL-17. At the time of re-implantation, a shift in the pattern of the expression of dendritic cells towards a perivascular arrangement and towards the periphery of PMMA particles was observed. Positive microbiological cultures were found at the time of re-implantation in three patients. Five further revisions were required for other reasons.

Conclusion

Our results represent a biological reaction of the synovial tissues to spacers with a less diffuse expression of dendritic cells and an increased expression of perivascular lymphocytes. The use of spacers in two-stage revision for infection probably induces an immunomodulation of synovial tissues. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1062–8.
Are radiographic measurements of the displacement of a distal radial fracture reliable and reproducible?
Authors: Stirling E. , Jeffery J. , Johnson N. , Dias J.
Published: August 2016

Aims

The degree of displacement of a fracture of the distal radius is an important factor which can be assessed using simple radiographic measurements. Our aim was to investigate the reliability and reproducibility of these measurements and to determine if they should be used clinically.

Patients and Methods

A 10% sample was randomly generated from 3670 consecutive adult patients who had presented to University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust between 2007 and 2010 with a fracture of the distal radius. Radiographs of the 367 patients were assessed by two independent reviewers. Four measurements of displacement of the fracture were recorded and the inter-observer correlation assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient.

Results

Inter-observer correlation was high (> 0.8) for three of the four measurements. Repeat measurements of a further randomly generated 10% sample (37) were made four weeks later to assess intra-observer agreement, which was again high (> 0.8) for the same three parameters (radial height, radial inclination and dorsal/palmar tilt). Correlation was poor for articular step and gap.

Conclusion

Radiographic assessment of radial angle, radial inclination and dorsal/palmar tilt is a reliable method of determining the degree of displacement of a fracture of the distal radius. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1069–73.
Organo-Functionalized Kaolin-Group Minerals
Authors: Matusik Jakub
Published: August 2016

The kaolin-group minerals with 1:1 layered structure can be used for the synthesis of new hybrid organo-inorganic nanomaterials. An appropriate selection of the reacting molecules introduced via intercalation and/or grafting reactions and synthesis conditions may induce interesting properties, e.g. luminescence, catalytic activity, and affinity to sorb ions and molecules. To date, several new materials have been synthesized using the 1:1 layered structure as a building block. The most interesting materials could be obtained via grafting reaction involving the inner-surface OH groups of the octahedral sheet. Such materials show increased thermal stability as well as stability in aqueous solutions, unlike intercalation compounds. Note the susceptibility of the octahedral sheet of kaolinite to interact with selected organic molecules and the subsequent formation of Al–O–C bonds in the interlayer. Four different types of materials which could be obtained using kaolin-group minerals and their possible applications are discussed here: (1) kaolinite nanotubes in the synthesis of polylactide-based nanocomposites; (2) methoxy-kaolinite and intercalates with ammonium salts; (3) interlayer quaternized kaolinites and their anion-exchange properties; and (4) interlayer grafted kaolinites for heavy-metal sorption.
[Recensão a] PAUL-HORN, INA (2015). Aktualität der Metapher: das Meer, die Metapher und die Sprache
Authors: Ferrer Diogo
Published: August 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-2_13
THRESHOLDS OF UPPER-STAGE PLANE BED REGIME FOR INTENSE BED LOAD IN OPEN CHANNEL
Authors: Zrostlík Štěpán , Matoušek Václav
Published: August 2016

Results are discussed of laboratory experiments on criteria determining the transition between the regime of dunes and the upper stage plane bed (UPB) regime and the transition between the UPB regime and the regime of wavy flow. The experiments were carried for 3 fractions of plastic material and two fractions of glass beads in a broad range of flow conditions (different discharges of water and solids and longitudinal bed slopes) in a tilting flume.The experiments reveal that, contrary to expectations, a constant value of the Shields parameter is not an appropriate criterion for the transition between the dune regime and the UPB regime. Instead, the criterion seems to be well represented by a constant value of the longitudinal bed slope. The transition between the UPB regime and the wavy regime is found at a constant value of the densimetric Froude number. Relatively high values of Froude number at the threshold are due primarily to the presence of the collisional transport layer which protects the bed from an influence of undulating water surface.
Análisis dendroclimático de Pinus pseudostrobus y Pinus devoniana en los municipios de Áporo y Zitácuaro (Michoacán), Reserva de la Biósfera de la Mariposa Monarca
Authors: Marlès Magre Jaume , Valor Ivars Teresa , Claramunt López Bernat , Maneja Zaragoza Roser , Pérez Salicrup Diego R. , Sánchez Mateo Sònia , Boada Juncà Martí
Published: August 2016

Se presenta el primer estudio sobre dendroclimatología de Pinus pseudostrobus y Pinus devoniana en el estado de Michoacán (México). El estudio se realizó en los municipios de Áporo y Zitácuaro de la Reserva de la Biosfera de la Mariposa Monarca (RBMM). Se colectaron cien testimonios de madera tomados a 1.3 m de altura del árbol, repartidas en los ejidos del Rincón del Soto y Arroyo Seco (Áporo), y en el ejido de San Juan de Zitácuaro. Las series dendrocronológicas en Áporo para la especie Pinus pseudostrobus se extendió a 62 años (1949-2010) y para Pinus devoniana 86 años (1925-2010); y las series en Zitácuaro para Pinus pseudostrobus y Pinus devoniana se extendieron a 47 años (1964-2010) y 44 años (1967-2010), respectivamente.
Con el objetivo de establecer los parámetros climáticos que controlan el crecimiento radial de las especies estudiadas, se encontró que la serie potencial para hacer estudios dendrocronológicos es la de Pinus pseudostrobus en Zitácuaro. El valor de la serie de Pinus devoniana se encuentra ligeramente por debajo (0.81) del valor de aceptación (0.85). Las series de crecimiento radial se compararon con datos climáticos de precipitación mensual, temperatura media mensual, temperatura máxima y mínima medias mensuales, de estaciones meteorológicas cercanas al área en estudio. Las funciones de correlación indican que la anchura de los anillos de ambas especies está regulada significativamente por la precipitación y la temperatura máxima media en Zitácuaro. Ambas especies reaccionan semejantemente con el clima, pero con algunas diferencias. Para Pinus pseudostrobus hay una relación positiva del crecimiento radial con el aumento de precipitación en el mes de abril del año actual; y hay una relación negativa del crecimiento radial con el aumento de temperatura máxima media en el mes de agosto del año previo. Para Pinus devoniana hay una relación negativa del crecimiento radial con el aumento de precipitación en el mes de noviembre del año previo, y una relación positiva en febrero del año actual; y hay una relación negativa del crecimiento radial con el aumento de temperature máxima media en los meses de julio y agosto del año previo.
 
Efeitos da desertificação na composição de espécies do bioma Caatinga, Paraíba/Brasil
Authors: Souza Bartolomeu Israel , Menezes Rafael , Artigas Rafael Cámara
Published: August 2016

A desertificação é reconhecida como uma das principais ameaças a zonas de clima seco em todo mundo. No Brasil, esse fenômeno tem atingido especialmente o bioma Caatinga, para o qual ainda existe pouca informação acerca de suas consequências na composição florística. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar este efeito em sítios inseridos em três municípios da Paraíba (Nordeste, Brasil). Sítios de amostragem foram previamente selecionados por imagens de satélite usando a técnica IVDN, seguido de um levantamento vegetacional in locu (método transecto) abrangendo ambientes não-desertificados e desertificados. Análises univariadas (teste U) e multivariadas (nMDS) foram usadas a verificar diferenças nas variáveis vegetacionais e demonstrar padrões de dissimilaridades entre os ambientes contrastantes, respectivamente. A riqueza e diversidade de plantas diferiram significativamente entre os ambientes. O nMDS identificou três grupos de plantas: i) espécies associadas a áreas não-desertificadas (Anadenanthera columbrina, Bauhinia cheilantha e Tabebuia impetiginosa), ii) espécies relacionadas a áreas desertificadas (Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Jatropha molissima, Mimosa tenuiflora e Pilosocereus gounellei) e iii) espécies presentes nos dois tipos de ambientes (Croton sonderianus, Piptadenia stipulacea e Poincianella pyramidalis). Os resultados apontaram que a desertificação desencadeou mudanças severas na composição florística da Caatinga, indicando também que as intervenções humanas foram determinantes no estabelecimento dos diferentes ambientes.
Centralidad basada en viaje y su reflexión sobre la estrutura monopolicéntica de la Región Metropolitana de Río de Janeiro
Authors: Mello José André Villas Bôas , Ribeiro Mello Andrea Justino , Orrico Filho Romulo Dante
Published: August 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo proponer una categoría de centralidad basado en desplazamientos de viajes atraídos por una región, clasificándolos de acuerdo con los motivos del viaje y la evaluación de los efectos sobre la estructura monopolicentrica de la Zona Metropolitana del Estado de Río de Janeiro (RMRJ). El análisis se basa en la fuente de datos y el destino (OD) proporcionada por el departamento estatal de transporte, que figura en PDTU. Para definir los límites inferior y superior de las clases tituladas ejes de centralidad se utilizó para un modelo de optimización que clasifica los datos utilizando “cortes naturales”. El análisis permitió reconocer la concentración del total de viajes atraídos por el municipio de Río de Janeiro, principalmente debido a los volúmenes originados y mantenidos entre las zonas de la ciudad en sí. También se observó que el centro es el principal, pero no el único eje de centralidades, haciendo hincapié en las razones por las que viajan pueden contribuir a la materialización de monopolicentralidade en la región.
Conocimiento tradicional del paisaje en una comunidad indígena: caso de estudio en la región purépecha, occidente de México
Authors: Pulido Secundino Juan , Bocco Verdinell Gerardo
Published: August 2016

En Comachuén, una comunidad indígena de la Sierra Purépecha, Michoacán, occidente de México, los productores agrícolas tienen un amplio conocimiento sobre sus paisajes y tierras los cuales clasifican con diversos criterios y en diferentes niveles. Los paisajes son unidades territoriales de gran significancia en la vida cotidiana de la comunidad. El concepto de tierra que utilizan es de carácter sistémico e integrador. Las tierras agrícolas son clasificadas con base en diversos criterios como: ubicación, clima, propiedades organolépticas y calidad/fertilidad. La interpretación del conocimiento etnogeográfico de esta comunidad muestra una gran complejidad en sus conceptos y en algunos casos con equivalencias con los del conocimiento científico. En la literatura científica se evidencia la gran riqueza de conocimientos sobre el paisaje en diversas partes del mundo, particularmente en grupos indígenas o comunidades tradicionales A pesar de esta riqueza cultural, estos conocimientos no están suficientemente documentados y corren el riesgo de perderse conforme los grupos culturales tradicionales tienden a ser desarticulados. El objetivo de este trabajo es documentar y analizar el conocimiento etnogeográfico de una comunidad indígena y resaltar su importancia para eventuales planes de uso/conservación de recursos naturales y culturales al nivel local y regional.
Pensamiento geográfico en América Latina: retrospectiva y balances generales
Authors: Urquijo Torres Pedro Sergio , Bocco Verdinelli Gerardo
Published: August 2016

Mediante un estudio de la historiografía contemporánea y a partir de una revisión estructurada de revistas especializadas y de centros de investigación y docencia, se propone analizar sintéticamente el pensamiento geográfico en América Latina, reconociendo temas transnacionales vinculados a procesos y patrones globales. Subrayamos la importancia de los análisis retrospectivos como un fundamento para la comprensión de escenarios de plausibilidad y para cuestionarnos rigurosamente el qué es y para qué una geografía latinoamericana. Primero, reconocemos el panorama actual de (re)valoración de la geografía como una ciencia social. Posteriormente exponemos el marco disciplinario, teniendo como punto de inflexión la década de los noventa cuando una serie de acontecimientos a escala continental establecieron cambios geográficos y sociales que, al mismo tiempo, generaron posturas reflexivas respecto al quehacer en ciencias sociales. Analizamos la influencia de las grandes tradiciones que han influido en el continente. Finalmente se expone el panorama actual en el ámbito de la disciplina.
Fluoruro en el agua subterránea: niveles, origen y control natural en la región de Tenextepango, Morelos, México
Authors: Huízar Álvarez Rafael , Carrillo Rivera J. Joel , Juárez Faustino
Published: August 2016

El agua subterránea que consume la población en la región de Tenextepango, Morelos, contiene fluoruro en concentración que varía de 0.5 a 1.9 mg/L, causando problema de fluororis dental a la población. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer los niveles de fluoruro en el agua subterránea, su distribución y su procedencia en la región de Tenexpenango, Morelos, México. Para esto se elaboró el modelo hidrogeológico soportado con análisis químicos del agua obtenida en 17 pozos y cinco manantiales; el pH, alcalinidad, CE y temperatura del agua se registraron en campo. La concentración de cationes, aniones y elementos traza se determinó por ICP-MS. Los resultados indican que la concentración de fluoruro, y temperatura del agua subterránea, son mayores en los pozos que extraen agua sin interrupción y menor en aquéllos que bombean solo nueve horas-día. La variación de estos parámetros sugiere que los primeros extraen agua de un flujo con mayor profundidad de recorrido con respecto al agua de otros pozos, indicando que el incremento en el tiempo de extracción induce un flujo vertical de agua (ascendente) permitiendo que en tales pozos se descargue un sistema de flujo más profundo, cuyo contenido de fluoruro y valor de temperatura son sensiblemente mayores al resto de los demás pozos. Como conclusión, la fuente del fluoruro al agua subterránea en esta región está en las rocas que conforman del relieve que rodea la planicie y principalmente en aquel ubicado fuera de la planicie hacia el noreste (Sierra Nevada). El fluoruro es liberado al agua subterránea por el proceso del intemperismo químico de rocas ígneas intermedias y félsicas.
La gestión territorial del patrimonio industrial en Castilla y León (España): fábricas y paisajes
Authors: Benito del Pozo Paz , Calderón Calderón Basilio , Ruiz-Valdepeñas Henar Pascual
Published: August 2016

Este artículo analiza las estrategias de intervención más destacadas desde el último tercio del siglo XX  en el patrimonio industrial español y de manera particular en una de sus regiones, Castilla y León. Tras una reflexión sobre los principales agentes que han propiciado la construcción social del concepto de patrimonio industrial, se hace una síntesis crítica de las intervenciones más frecuentes en España y caracterizadas por las limitaciones de la legislación protectora, así como por una extrema tolerancia urbanístico-legal, para proponer finalmente  una clasificación de las mismas. La discusión se centra, a continuación, en el análisis empírico de tres casos singulares que afectan a sectores protagonistas de la industrialización histórica en el ámbito regional de estudio: el patrimonio minero-siderúrgico en zonas de montaña (Sabero-León) y las fábricas de harina (Valladolid) y de azúcar (León capital) localizadas en áreas urbanas. Desde el punto de vista de la gestión los resultados ponen de manifiesto el carácter tardío e incompleto de las intervenciones en el patrimonio industrial, la subordinación  de las acciones de puesta en valor a las estrategias urbanísticas en las ciudades, y el peso de las políticas de desarrollo local en la recuperación y uso de la herencia industrial en los contextos rurales. En todos los casos el patrimonio industrial se perfila como un recurso de notable potencial, aunque su gestión pueda ser imperfecta y ofrecer luces y sombras.
DINÁMICA DE BOSQUES EN DIFERENTES ESCENARIOS DE TALA SELECTIVA EN EL MAGDALENA MEDIO (COLOMBIA)
Authors: Restrepo Carvajal Isabel Cristina , Stevenson Ana María , Stevenson Pablo
Published: August 2016

La tala selectiva es una actividad de uso forestal utilizada con frecuencia, la cual ha demostrado tener un menor impacto sobre la biodiversidad que la tala generalizada. Sin embargo, tanto la magnitud como la dirección del cambio ecológico después de la tala dependen de su intensidad y de la subsecuente dinámica del bosque. Por esto, es importante realizar estudios que permitan comprender el funcionamiento de diferentes ecosistemas tras practicar tala selectiva. En este estudio se analizó la dinámica del bosque de la reserva El Paujil (Magdalena medio, Colombia) en términos demográficos, de regeneración, dinámica de claros, acumulación de biomasa y composición florística al comparar dos parcelas de una hectárea en un fragmento del bosque poco perturbado (primario y dos parcelas de una hectárea en un fragmento del bosque que fue objeto de tala selectiva en el pasado. Como se esperaba, la estructura del bosque y la acumulación de biomasa se ven alteradas por efecto de la tala selectiva, sin embargo, no generó un impacto significativo en los demás aspectos mencionados ya que, al parecer, las fuertes pendientes de la zona provocan una elevada mortalidad y promueven la formación de claros tanto en bosques intervenidos como en los que han sido poco alterados.
Intellectual Freedom, Libraries and Democracy
Authors: Sturges Paul
Published: August 2016

This exploration of the connection between the library and the broader socio-political sphere in which it functions is based on a keynote presentation originally given at the BOBCATSSS Conference in Lyons, January 2016. The freedom to seek and receive information and ideas in a secure and private environment is identified as the way in which the library contributes to intellectual freedom. Historical examples of radical thinkers who had or did not have this kind of access can be identified. The contribution of libraries is seldom overtly radical, but by offering access to content in a protected environment, libraries nurture potential political activists and leaders. A connection between libraries and democratic activity, which cannot necessarily be thought of as causal, can be observed, and even in non-democratic states the library can still make its own unobtrusive contribution.
Removal of Cr(III) ions from salt solution by nanofiltration: experimental and modelling analysis
Authors: Kowalik-Klimczak Anna , Zalewski Mariusz , Gierycz Paweł
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was experimental and modelling analysis of the nanofiltration process used for the removal of chromium(III) ions from salt solution characterized by low pH. The experimental results were interpreted with Donnan and Steric Partitioning Pore (DSP) model based on the extended Nernst-Planck equation. In this model, one of the main parameters, describing retention of ions by the membrane, is pore dielectric constant. In this work, it was identified for various process pressures and feed compositions. The obtained results showed the satisfactory agreement between the experimental and modelling data. It means that the DSP model may be helpful for the monitoring of nanofiltration process applied for treatment of chromium tannery wastewater.
Quotients of Strongly Realcompact Groups
Authors: Morales L. , Tkachenko M.
Published: August 2016

A topological group is strongly realcompact if it is topologically isomorphic to a closed subgroup of
a product of separable metrizable groups. We show that if H is an invariant Čech-complete subgroup of an
ω-narrow topological group G, then G is strongly realcompact if and only if G/H is strongly realcompact. Our
proof of this result is based on a thorough study of the interaction between the P-modification of topological
groups and the operation of taking quotient groups.