bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monogamy, Motherhood, and Health
Authors: Carter C. Sue
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses recent research with prairie voles, rodents that live in a state of social monogamy similar to that of human beings. Knowledge of the relatively simple brains and neurohormonal processes of these animals helps to explain the origins of the human tendency to form strong, long-lasting social bonds and the emotions that accompany them. The chapter uses the term ‘social monogamy’ to distinguish the concept from that of sexual fidelity, which genetic testing has revealed to be exceedingly rare even in the apparently devoted prairie vole. Social monogamy refers to a way of living that promotes (but does not guarantee) sexual fidelity, shared parental care, and the reinforcement of social and emotional bonds. The chapter's research with prairie voles has identified two hormones — oxytocin and vasopressin — that appear to form the neural underpinnings of the social monogamy system. Interestingly, the physiological and emotional processes involved in social bonding and parental care are very similar to those that ensure wellness and survival (both hormones are important to healthy responses to stress and general coping). Increased knowledge of the ‘social nervous system’ of prairie voles will help us to understand why social support is so critical to human health and longevity. It may also explain why love and benevolence, which she sees as emotional reinforcements of social bonding, have healing powers.
Ancient Supplication
Authors: Naiden F. S.
Published: September 2007

This is the first book-length treatment of supplication, an important social practice in ancient Mediterranean civilizations. Despite the importance of supplication, it has received little attention, and no previous study has explored so many aspects of the practice. This book investigates the varied gestures made by the suppliants, the types of requests they make, the arguments used in defense of their requests, and the role of the supplicandus, who evaluates and decides whether to fulfill the requests. Varied and abundant sources invite comparison between the societies of Greece, especially Athens, and the Roman Republic and Principate and also among literary genres such as epic and tragedy. Additionally, this book formulates an analysis of the ritual in its legal and political contexts.
Rebels Rising
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

The cities of eighteenth‐century America were crucial for the coming of the American Revolution. This book focuses closely on political mobilization in colonial British America's five most populous cities, from 1740 to 1780. It particularly examines the Boston waterfront community, New York City taverns, Newport churches and congregations, the elite households of Charleston, and the gatherings outside the Philadelphia State House and State House Yard. Because of their tight concentrations of people and diverse mixture of inhabitants, the largest cities offered fertile ground for political consciousness, political persuasion, and political action. The book traces how everyday interactions in taverns, wharves, and elsewhere slowly developed into more serious political activity. Ultimately, the residents of cities became the first to voice their discontent. Merchants began meeting to discuss the repercussions of new laws, printers fired up provocative pamphlets, and protesters took to the streets. Indeed, the cities became the flashpoints for legislative protests, committee meetings, massive outdoor gatherings, newspaper harangues, boycotts, customs evasion, violence and riots‐all of which laid the groundwork for war. By focusing on some of the most pivotal events of the eighteenth century as they unfolded in the most dynamic places in America, this book illuminates how city dwellers joined in various forms of political participation that helped make the Revolution possible.
The Vital Points of the Bodhisattva Discipline
Authors: Mrozik Susanne
Published: September 2007

This chapter outlines what the Compendium of Training calls the “vital points” of the bodhisattva discipline, demonstrating the centrality of body to the bodhisattva ideal. It includes an analysis of the text's Sanskrit vocabulary for body as well as consideration of what the concept of body meant to a medieval Indian Buddhist audience.
Finding Our Roots
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Unlike most of our genes, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted solely by mothers; males are a dead-end for the mitochondria. Evolutionary biologists have determined that the most recent common ancestor of all mitochondrial genetic variants was a woman who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago. That we can trace back all mitochondrial DNA back to a single female (the mitochondrial Eve) is not a surprise. In fact, it is a simple consequence of population genetics. The location in time and place of this common ancestor does inform us about human demography and evolution. However, genetic recombination coupled with evolutionary forces will cause different genes to vary in their evolutionary histories. The mitochondrial “Eve” did not know the common ancestor of Y chromosomes, “Adam”. In fact, it is likely that the Y-chromosome Adam lived tens of thousands of years after the mitochondrial Eve.
Pluralism, Protestantization, and the Voluntary Principle
Authors: Berger Peter L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the institutional and personal implications of globalized religion, and the relation of these to democracy. Topics covered include the institutional and cognitive implications of religious pluralism; and the “voluntary imperative” concept, which imposes itself whenever religious pluralism predominates. The chapter argues that the relation between pluralism and democracy is complex. One cannot simply say that pluralism is either good or bad for democracy. It will be either, depending on the response to it by both religious and political institutions.
Radical Evil in Liberal Democracies
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the questions: how can modern pluralistic societies solve the problem of radical evil? How can a respectful pluralistic society shore up the fragile human basis of toleration, especially in a world in which we need to cultivate toleration not only within each state, in an era of increasing diversity, but also among peoples and states, in this interlocking world? The chapter argues that part of the solution can be found in Kant's idea of the protection of a vigorous critical culture, together with the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly. The problem cannot be resolved without considering how a liberal state — without becoming an illiberal Rousseauian state — can cultivate emotions that support equal respect and a toleration that is more than grudging obedience to law.
Religious Education in Public Schools
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

The place of religion in the Romanian education system is a bone of contention, although religious instruction in public schools remains the churches’ most important accomplishment. The chapter examines how relevant legislation conforms to democratic standards, presents pre‐university religion textbooks used by Orthodox and Roman Catholic children, investigates demands to ban Darwinist theory from biology curricula, and comments on the drive to introduce religious symbols in public schools on a permanent basis.
7 Accounting for Duties
Authors: Vogler Candace
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Audi's ethical theory lacks the kind of grounding found in the theories of Ross and Kant, contrasting the “principles” of Audi's theory with Kant's categorical imperative and Ross's prima facie duties. The categorical imperative, it argues, is not a “principle” in Audi's sense. Instead, it is an abstract formula that expresses the common element of all duties and reveals the nature of the (human) will. Kant's imperatives are thus internal to humans in a way that Audi's principles are not. Likewise, Ross's prima facie duties are not like Audi's principles: they presuppose a social world of interpersonal claims, serving to summarize general aspects of prior practical knowledge, and are thus internal to us. This chapter concludes that Audi's reading of Ross and Kant leaves his theory unable to explain our interest in ethics and why it is not an accident.
Jewish Liturgical Reasoning
Authors: Kepnes Steven
Published: September 2007

Jewish Liturgical Reasoning is an attempt to articulate the internal patterns of philosophical, ethical, and theological reasoning that are at work in Jewish synagogue liturgies. Jewish Liturgical Reasoning is also about the relationship between internal Jewish liturgical reasoning and the variety of “external” philosophical and theological forms of reasoning that have been developed in modern and postliberal Jewish philosophy. The book focuses, in its first chapters, on the liturgical reasoning of Moses Mendelssohn, Hermann Cohen, and Franz Rosenzweig. It then attempts to further develop the liturgical reasoning of these figures with methods of study from hermeneutics, semiotic theory, postliberal theology, anthropology, and performance theory. These newer theories are enlisted to help form a contemporary liturgical reasoning that can respond to such events as the Holocaust, the establishment of the State of Israel, and interfaith dialogue between Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The book argues that liturgical reasoning can reorient Jewish philosophy and provide it with new tools, new terms of discourse, and a new sensibility for the twenty‐first century.
4 F. O. Matthiessen and the Tragedy of the American Scholar
Authors: Fuller Randall
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes a curious incident that occurred as F. O. Matthiessen completed the opening section on Emerson for his magisterial American Renaissance: he, too, suffered a nervous breakdown. Even more curious: as he writes in his journal about the causes for his suicidal depression, he uses Emerson's language to express himself. Matthiessen's vocalization of Emerson suggests not only an unsettling identification but also a profound uneasiness with the writer. While Matthiessen may have found in the American Scholar a vocational model that promised to unify culture and so rescue the intellectual from social isolation, he also discovered in Emerson's writing radical contradictions he believed were symptomatic of his own position as public intellectual — and private homosexual — in American society.
Ventrolateral and Medial Frontal Contributions to Decision‐Making and Action Selection
Authors: Rushworth Matthew F. S. , Croxson Paula L. , Buckley Mark J. , Walton Mark E.
Published: September 2007

Recent research on action selection suggests that a useful distinction may be drawn between two systems centered on the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFv) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The PFv is concerned with the selection of actions in response to visual stimuli (stimulus‐response mappings) and according to learned arbitrary rules. The ACC is more concerned with reward‐guided action selection. This is especially the case when a judgment must be made about whether a reward is worth pursuing, given the probability that the reward will follow the action, or given the effort that will have to be exerted before the reward is obtained. Three lines of evidence supporting this contention are reviewed.
The Role of the Posterior Frontolateral Cortex in Task‐Related Control
Authors: Brass Marcel , Derrfuss Jan , Cramon Yves von
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on different aspects of rule‐guided behavior, its functional neuroanatomy and role in cognitive control and, more specifically, cognitive flexibility. First, it argues that an area in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in the implementation of task rules and task‐switching. Second, it examines how the functional role of this area is related to premotor cortex function. Furthermore, it discusses differences in rule representation between human and nonhuman primates. Finally, it addresses the question of how the prefrontal and parietal cortices interact during abstract rule implementation.
Exploring the Roles of the Frontal, Temporal, and Parietal Lobes in Visual Categorization
Authors: Freedman David J.
Published: September 2007

How does the brain recognize the meaning of sensory stimuli? Through experience with the world, individuals easily learn to group stimuli into meaningful categories, such as “chair,” “table,” and “vehicle.” Although much is known about the neural representation of the features of simple visual stimuli (e.g. contrast, orientation, and motion direction), relatively little is known about how the brain learns and represents the behavioral relevance, or category, of stimuli. This chapter reviews a series of recent studies in the macaque monkey using a delayed match‐to‐category task. These studies suggest that single neurons in primate prefrontal, inferior temporal cortex, and parietal cortex play important, although complementary, roles in visual categorization and category learning.
AUTHORITY AND TRANSPARENCY
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

In an age of moral skepticism, moral philosophers are often casual about their own positions to represent moral life in societies segmented by gender, race, class, and other differences. Drawing on resources of feminist epistemology and naturalized epistemology, this chapter critiques a theoretical-juridical model of morality and defends an expressive-collaborative one sensitive to questions about epistemic authority, credibility, and claims to represent common moral thought and life. Intuitions are moral judgments we have learned in common with others, but which may be modified or relinquished in a process of moral reasoning that involves analogy and narrative. Reflective equilibrium is recast as a moral equilibrium among persons sustaining moral understandings and mutual intelligibility in a shared and stable way of life they can find valuable. A key critical method is thus testing for transparency the actual arrangements of power and authority that hold moral understandings in place.
5 Picking Up Pieces
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers an account of integrity as a kind of reliability accountability under the demands of multiple commitments. Integrity involves keeping reliably coherent the fit between our actions, justifications, and presentation of ourselves to others as we sustain three kinds of intelligible narratives of identity, relationship, and value. While some contemporary philosophers stress an overarching unity in a life through the idea of a life plan, a quest, or a constitutive project, integrity on the account given can be more or less local, and individual lives may sustain more than one narrative of identity, relationship or value concurrently, or over time. Oppression need not compromise integrity, but oppressive conditions may impose distorting narratives on the lives of the oppressed and disqualify their authority to describe their lives in their own terms.
10 PERIPHERAL VISIONS, CRITICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

The objection to a naturalized, historically situated, and culturally embedded view of morality is that it amounts to moral relativism, and so fails to provide for real moral justification. On the contrary, such a view entails that a moral position can only be corrected or refuted by another better justified one. Moral justification, however, cannot carry the same authority for those who do not share enough factual, moral, social, and epistemic assumptions; this has moral as well as epistemological implications for cross-cultural criticism and persuasion. Within a moral order, transparency demands that moral understandings survive the impact of experiences from diverse places within that order. Because differentials of social power often allow some to obscure the real nature of moral and social arrangements, the revelation of experiences, testimonies, and knowledge that have been suppressed or excluded may challenge the moral authority of a way of living.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret
Published: September 2007

The epilogue responds to common questions about the book. In a view of morality as a set of practices in real time in actual communities, moral philosophers' claims about morality are inescapably shaped by their social positions within particular forms of moral-social life and their claims require critical scrutiny for that reason. The naturalized and socially critical epistemology of the book is not relativism, however, and supports robust and transformative moral criticism and moral change. Questions on the authority of morality, the normative question, can only ever be answered from within some moral perspective. Transparency testing is not a criterion of right and wrong, but is a method of putting pressure on the credibility of certain moral understandings which in turn include criteria of justification. The chapter takes up briefly relations to communitarianism, moral universalism as a culturally situated view, moral relations to animals, and the value of moral theory.
The Agency That Difference Makes
Authors: Kim David Kyuman
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on an alternative vision of agency found in what has come to be called the politics of difference. It presents a critical engagement with one of the most influential contemporary theorists of agency: Judith Butler. The chapter begins with some background on the politics of difference, specifically in the context of how it developed within feminist theory. It then moves to a sketch of Butler's work on agency, specifically her theory of performativity: from her early critiques of subjectivity and the (near) totalizing effects she grants to power, to her more recent work that nuances the claims about power and agency, specifically in light of her use and appropriation of the idea of melancholy/melancholia. It is argued that a comparison between Taylor and Butler shows how each of their projects begins with distinctive forms of melancholy that create the conditions for the possibility of agency. Butler's focus on the relationship between the social and the psyche/psychic life is a search for possibility and hope under conditions of subjection by power. This search also effectively marks Butler's work as a project of regenerating agency.
Agency as a Vocation
Authors: Kim David Kyuman
Published: September 2007

Agency as melancholic freedom is deeply ambivalent. It speaks to the uncanny experience of feeling indebted to, yet alienated from, the glorious legacies of modernity: the legacies of liberation, emancipation, and autonomy. Late modern and postmodern agency share a concern for the banality of freedom, i.e., the loss of urgency that once attended the great struggles for freedom and emancipation from the forces of oppressive authority and dehumanizing domination. Given the banality of freedom — that is, the ways in which we speak about freedom either through hollow words or in hushed, sotto voce tones — it would seem that it is impossible to avoid talking about ambivalence when raising the subject of agency in our times. This chapter brings Taylor and Butler — both of whom express a fair degree of ambivalence — into conversation with another theorist of ambivalence, Max Weber. It is argued that the sotto voce of the banality of freedom sings with the modern prophetic spirit/soul described by Weber.
Problems of Rivalry with Science
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: September 2007

The divergence between the world descriptions provided by physical science and by common sense has led to some of the oldest and most persistent arguments for eliminating ordinary objects. Some (inspired by Eddington) allege that there is a conflict between common sense and physical science, while others (such as Sellars) hold that there is rivalry between the scientific and manifest images, as each purports to offer the true and complete description of the world. This chapter addresses these two claims in turn, arguing that both at bottom rely on the idea that a generic, category-neutral use of “thing” can be made sense of. If, as has been argued in previous chapters, we reject that idea, then neither claims of a conflict nor a rivalry between the two can be sustained.
Introduction
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter opens with the brief story of the origins of Ira Aldridge, the black actor known throughout Europe as the “African Roscius”. This story is then linked to the issue of African identity. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
3 An African Homeland?
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the rise of the African Baptist Church of Savannah, Georgia, one of the early churches to describe itself as “African”, and the progenitor of black Baptist churches in Canada, Sierra Leone, and much of the British Caribbean. The chapter then considers two institutions founded by black New Englanders at roughly the same time — African Freemasonry and the African Union Societies of Newport and Providence, Rhode Island — and traces their distinct but parallel efforts to build “African” institutions and identities. Leaders of these institutions sought to reconcile their deep faith in a Christian God with the prevalence of “paganism” in Africa, reaching toward a belief that American slavery represented God's plan for bringing the light of true religion to the Dark Continent. This conviction gave all three groups a shared stake in the efforts of those Black Loyalists who would move to Sierra Leone in 1792.
6 African Churches and an African Nation
Authors: Sidbury James
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents the story of the first expedition sent to Africa by the American Colonization Society (ACS) and the efforts of two of Paul Cuffe's close friends and supporters — John Kizell, a Nova Scotian leader of the Friendly Society that Cuffe had helped to found in Freetown, and Daniel Coker, one of the founders of the AME and Cuffe's point man in Baltimore — to take control of the fledgling colony away from the white officials sent out by the Colonization Society. Kizell, who served as the local host of the venture, and Coker, who was the leader of the settlers, sought to found a black “African” colony on Sherbro Island (off the coast of southern Sierra Leone) that might develop into a commercial center of the sort that Cuffe envisioned. The settlement at Sherbro disintegrated in a welter of recriminations, as Coker and Kizell sought to blame each other for its failures and to retain favor with leaders of the Colonization Society in the United States. Coker largely won the battle of reputations, but both moved back to Sierra Leone, and neither played any further role in the ACS's efforts in Africa. As they withdrew, the vision of an African nation that had grown out of early black authors' assertions of African identities and that had flowered in Paul Cuffe's nationalist project began to lose its grip on black activists within the United States and on black emigrants moving to the American colony that was soon founded in Liberia.
Evolution of the Human Family: Cooperative Males, Long Social Childhoods, Smart Mothers, and Extended Kin Networks
Authors: Flinn Mark V. , Quinlan Robert J. , Coe Kathryn , Ward Carol V.
Published: September 2007

Humans are characterized by a distinctive set of traits, including: (1) large brains, (2) long periods of juvenile dependence, (3) extensive biparental care including large transfers of information, (4) multi-generational bi-lateral kin networks, (5) habitual bipedal locomotion, (6) use of the upper limbs for tool use including projectile weapons, (7) concealed or “cryptic” ovulation, (8) menopause, (9) culture including language, and (10) lethal competition among kin-based coalitions. The evolution and co-evolution of this suite of traits presents several evolutionary questions or puzzles that are central to understanding the human family. This chapter describes these puzzles, and suggests a resolution based on the importance of social competition during human evolution. It also considers the developmental issue of how the family social environment may affect the timing of reproductive maturation and how this timing is essential to an understanding of the family.
Evolutionary Context of Human Development: The Cooperative Breeding Model
Authors: Hrdy Sarah Blaffer
Published: September 2007

According to the Cooperative Breeding Hypothesis, allomaternal assistance was essential for child survival during the Pleistocene. This breeding system permitted hominid females to produce offspring without increasing inter-birth intervals, and allowed for movement into new habitats. Reliance on allomaternal assistance would make maternal commitment more dependent on the mother's perception of probable support from others than is the case in most other primates. One artifact of such investment would be newborns who needed to monitor and engage mothers, as well as older infants and juveniles who benefited from eliciting care and provisioning from a range of caretakers across the prolonged period of dependence characteristic of young in cooperative breeders. Developing in a social context where infants and children who are more skilled at reading the intentions of others and engaging their solicitude would be more likely to survive and prosper has obvious implications for the evolution of Theory of Mind.
4 Politics
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyzes a number of nationalist statements in Enlightenment political thought. Although the most ardent voices of late 18th-century nationalism are themselves not always viewed as friends of the Enlightenment, this categorizing tendency is itself partly a reflection of the assumption that the Enlightenment is opposed to nationalism. It is shown that even the most canonical supporters of the Enlightenment themselves embraced a fundamentally nationalist message.
Education
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the Enlightenment's biggest success in the field of education has been in convincing future generations to make school and university education more accessible to vastly larger numbers of people. However, Enlightenment intellectuals' emphasis on education as a vehicle of intellectual, civic, and moral transformation has been de-emphasized in the contemporary world. Although certain aspects of Enlightenment intellectuals' faith in the transformative power of education to shape intellectual and moral character do not always survive scrutiny, their assumption that compatible internal, attitudinal changes need to accompany external, societal changes if the latter are to be freely adopted and made efficacious appears to be correct. This leads to an awkward conclusion: however numerous the external signs of a global civil society may be at present, most people still do not morally endorse it. To this extent, education — from an Enlightenment perspective — has failed.
Politics
Authors: Louden Robert B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines changes in politics since the Enlightenment, focusing on the proliferation of sovereign states and democratization. It is argued that the ideal of nationalism as envisioned by Enlightenment intellectuals was intended as a kind of domestic and foreign policy panacea, a force that would serve to promote peace abroad as well as dignity and respect for all citizens within the boundaries of each state. But the subsequent reality of nationalism has turned out quite differently. Of all the Enlightenment hopes for the future, democracy has achieved the highest degree of realization in the post-Enlightenment world.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

The introduction identifies the tension between the religious and economic motivations for invasion. It surveys previous scholarship and argues that the historiographical consensus about the importance of religious ideology and agency has not been matched by a careful exploration of its significance in the Irish Cromwellian experience.
The Ecclesiastical Role of Women
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter documents Irish Cromwellian debates about the ecclesiastical role of women. Preachers and theologians disagreed as to the extent to which their women members could take part in public worship. Some insisted on their total silence, while others were prepared to allow women to speak in subject to the church. Other women rejected the denominations for the alternative of prophetic individualism. This debate is documented through its impact on Elizabeth Avery, whose apparent conservative drift from the notorious heresy of the Seekers to the orthodox Puritanism of the Independents was indicative of larger trends in the period.
Conclusion
Authors: Gribben Crawford
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes the argument of the book and offers a number of concluding reflections of more general significance. It argues that the theological debates cannot be explained by the emerging denominational structures and allegiances, and it notes the importance of an unpredictable prophetic individualism. It comments on the taxonomy of “mainstream” and “periphery,” reflects on the issues that made these debates distinctively Irish, and recognizes the dangers of elevating the importance of books and reading as primary factors in reformation in the early modern period. It concludes by noting the similarity between early modern protestants and contemporary evangelicals in Ireland.
South Korea in the Fast Lane
Authors: Chung Young-Iob
Published: September 2007

This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.
Industrial and Foreign Exchange Policies
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the governance, approach, and the government's industrial and foreign exchange policies that promoted capital formation in the private sector. These offered financial incentives to invest and produce import substitutes and export goods, in addition to the reconstruction of the old and the construction of new social overhead capital, and pioneering new industries with private enterprises. The chapter also analyzes the impact of government property divestiture programs for former Japanese assets, new public enterprises, and their foreign exchange policy which involved the sale of foreign exchange to importers in targeted industries using subsidies. In evaluating these policies, the divestiture bounties, inflation windfalls, and their impact on capital formation in the private sector, the cost of production, private investment, beneficiaries, and resource allocation can be determined.
The Transformation of the City in Imperial Italy
Authors: Patterson John R.
Published: September 2007

Beginning with case-studies of three former Latin colonies, Cosa, Beneventum, and Interamna Lirenas, this chapter focuses on the changing appearance of the cities of Italy, investigating their supposed decline in the first two centuries AD. A discussion of the evidence for urban life under the high empire leads into an examination of the types of building preferred by the cities and their benefactors, and the extent to which declining overall levels of public building were compensated for by new forms of benefaction such as the provision of banquets and distributions of money and food to the citizens. The picture that emerges is of a gradual transformation in the nature of civic life; the characteristic monuments of the period are amphitheatres, baths, and macella (market-buildings), all associated with the sociability which seems to replace formal political activity within the urban context in this period.
Prolegomena
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the evolution of the Christology of Theodoret. It discusses the life and works of Theodoret, his role in the evolution of classical Christology, and the present estimate of Theodoret's Christology in historical scholarship. A brief overview of the chapters in this book is presented.
The Mature Theodoret, 433–445
Authors: Clayton, Jr. Paul B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins by looking very briefly at the tenth sermon of Theodoret's on providence. It then examines the Isaiah and Pauline commentaries, the most important regarding the question of Theodoret's Christology.
Introduction
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

Aristotle's theoretical basis for denying authority to women, the broader question of whether women's lives belong entirely in the private sphere, is examined. Circumstances in which exceptionally positioned women were enabled to take on male roles: the implications of this for their use of Latin, the language of authority, and public life are discussed. The reason for focusing on Latin verse writing is that it provides the clearest evidence for thorough knowledge of Latin. The argument is made that some writers of the middle ages and later make a more or less explicit distinction between ‘women’ and a variously-defined class of ‘more/other than women’. The usefulness to men of permitting such a sub-group to exist is discussed. The introduction ends with the sociolinguistics of Latin as language of authority and knowledge, and the difficulties women found in appropriating it.
Italy: Renaissance Women Scholars
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

Educated women, writers, poets, and orators, became a feature of the Italian cultural landscape in the 15th century, a phenomenon which was recognized Europe-wide as an aspect of the Italian Renaissance. This chapter examines the extreme variability of women's access to education between one state and another. It discusses the social context of Renaissance humanism, and the barriers it offered to women's participation. Women and scribal publication are considered. The chapter includes separate sections on women and the universities, particularly the medical school of Salerno and the law school of Bologna, particularly Novella d'Andrea; women and humanism, Latin as an aspect of demonstrating fitness to rule and woman as Latin orators; the Nogarola family and its connections among male and female Latinists in the Veneto, particularly Isotta Nogarola; Costanza Varano and educated women connected with Urbino; Veronica Gàmbara, the Gonzagas, and the Sforzas. Absence of evidence for Latin verse production in 15th-century convents is pointed out.
Women and Latin in Renaissance France
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines late medieval aristocratic French women's patronage of writing in the vernacular and of translation. It discusses Christine de Pizan and educated women in 15th-century France. It also considers the reception of humanism at the French court, and the involvement of royal women as educators and scholars, particularly Marguerite de Navarre, Marguerite de Valois, and Mary Stuart. Non-royal women humanists connected with the French court, especially the scholar-courtier Camille de Morel and her relationship with the poets of the Pléiade, are discussed. The rise of academies at the court and in Lyons, and the involvement of women are explored, together with the importance of Lyons as a provincial center, the Mesdames Des Roches, and Louise Labé. Marie de Gournay is presented as an unusual example of the autodidact Latinist.
French Women Latinists in the ‘Grand Siècle’
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the cultural dominance of French in 17th-century France. Latin was little used, though some churchmen still wrote in it. However, women played a highly visible role as cultural arbiters, and a number of bluestocking writers and salonnières, such as Madeleine de Scudéry and Mme de Sevigné, continued to learn Latin, though few wrote in it. There were also a few learned, aristocratic nuns. The arguments raised in favor of Latin learning for girls focused mostly on their potential future as educating mothers. However, Anne Dacier became famous as a translator from Greek, and it is also worth observing that the journal Mercure Galant, aimed at a mixed audience, encouraged women to study.
Women and Latin in Early Modern England
Authors: Stevenson Jane
Published: September 2007

In 17th century England, women's Latin learning acquired a new utility since gentry-level women might find themselves impoverished by the Civil War. Some found that Latin gave them access to paid work. At the level of the court, Latin was out of fashion, but the educated provincial gentry continued to teach daughters Latin. Nuns, particularly Benedictines and Wardists, also studied Latin, and there is also some evidence for Irish women learning Latin. Women continued to study Latin in the 18th century, but learned women were increasingly anxious to conceal their learning.
Discovery of a Lack:The Last September(1928)
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a reading of Bowen's novel, The Last September, set during the Troubles in Ireland in the 1920s, taking stock of some historical accounts of the period, notably Peter Hart's. It understands forms of ellipsis and aporia to be characteristic of Bowen's structures and style, and interprets them as, in part, a response to a cataclysmic contemporary history. It interprets Bowen's attitude to the Anglo-Irish, defining her particular type of social comedy. It focuses on Bowen's interest in the type represented by the novel's heroine, Lois: the intelligent, bored ingénue, who figures again and again in her work. It also explores the ways in which recurrent thoughts of the dead may be read as a further mode of ‘ghostliness’ in Bowen.
A Ghost of Style: A World of Love (1955)
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Bowen's novel, A World of Love, reading it against The Last September as a work taking up again decades later themes announced there, and bringing to an end Bowen's fictional representations of Ireland and the fate of the Anglo-Irish. It interprets the ambiguous presence of the supernatural in the book which reveals, in part, Bowen's permanent obsession with the First World War. It also suggests that this novel is self-consciously bringing to conclusion the line of the Anglo-Irish novel in which such authors as Somerville and Ross are especially prominent. This chapter also includes material on Bowen's frequent, peculiar uses of Shakespeare, and interprets her particular responsiveness in this novel to the work of T. S. Eliot.
INTERPRETATION OF PROBABILITY: VARIOUS NUANCES
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore
Published: September 2007

Apart from formal operations, the interpretation of probability must be considered to use probability for statistical induction. The objective interpretation relates probability to long-term relative frequency, but even here there are diverse viewpoints such as those of von-Mises-Reichenbach, Fisher-Russell, and Kolmogorov-Cramer-Neyman. Further, under this interpretation, different solutions have been proposed for the instantiation problem. Subjective interpretation, which attaches probability to uncertain propositions, has an impersonal version due to Keynes-Jeffreys and a personal one due to Ramsey-deFinnetti. Although the axiomatics are common for the standard interpretations, evaluations are different and principles like independence, coherence, and exchangeability have varying importance for different types of probability. For certain statistical applications, approximate evaluation of probability also assumes importance.
Models of materials with memory
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

While models of materials with memory are often introduced in a formal way, the purpose of the chapter is to show that models of electromagnetic materials with memory are well motivated on the physical grounds. This is shown mainly through the dispersion of waves in water, dielectrics, magnetic materials, metals, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and plasmas. Causality is shown to be connected with a pair of restrictions, e.g., on the complex-valued permittivity (Kramers-Kronig relations).
Thermoelectromagnetic systems
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes thermoelectromagnetic systems by allowing the temperature to be a variable at the level of the electric and magnetic fields. The balance equations do not generalize significantly, but new aspects are related to the constitutive equations in connection with the dependence on the temperature. Specific models are shown to follow if an appropriate linearization, relative to the temperature, is performed in the statement of the second law. The classical thermoelectromagnetic effects are re-visited.
Extremum principles
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows various ways in which variational formulations can be established. Particular attention is given to the inverse problem, namely, to the determination of a variational formulation, if it exists, associated with given differential equations. This is performed for a set of electro-magneto-static problems and the Rayleigh functional is re-visited. Various Lagrangian densities are obtained within the least-action principle. Extremum principles are also shown to hold for initial-value problems or within the Laplace-transform domain. This is performed for Reiss-type principles and for constrained formulations.
MATRIX EQUATIONS AND CANONICAL FACTORIZATIONS
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is concerned with infinite block Toeplitz matrices, their relationships with matrix power series and matrix Laurent power series, and the fundamental problem of solving matrix equations and computing canonical factorizations. It introduces the concept of a Wiener algebra and provides a natural theoretical framework where the convergence properties of algorithms for solving Markov chains can easily be proved. Furthermore, the notion of canonical factorization provides a powerful tool for solving infinite linear systems, such as the fundamental system involving the stationary probability distribution of structured Markov chains.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B.
Published: September 2007

Alternative numerical approaches for solving matrix equations associated with M/G/1-type Markov chains are considered in this chapter. A general shift technique for accelerating the convergence of iterative methods is described, and its application to accelerating cyclic reduction is analysed. A functional iteration relying on the combination of cyclic reduction and fixed point iteration is introduced: its convergence is linear but its convergence rate can be arbitrarily large. A doubling method, evaluation interpolation techniques, and the invariant subspace method complete the chapter.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter presents a qualitative picture of the fluctuation phenomena in superconductors. The notions of Ginzburg-Landau time and coherence length, characterizing the fluctuation Cooper pair lifetime and its effective size, are introduced. Based on the Bose nature of these and scaling arguments, the book discusses conductivity and magnetic susceptibility in terms of superconducting transition.
FLUCTUATION THERMODYNAMICS
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the Ginzburg-Landau functional and provides a general description of fluctuation thermodynamics within the framework of the functional integration over the fluctuation fields approach. The method, in its harmonic approximation, is applied to the effect of fluctuations on heat capacity and magnetization of a superconductor at the critical temperature. The criterion of its validity (Ginzburg-Levanyuk criterion) is derived. An extension of the theory on close vicinity of transition is demonstrated within the framework of the renormalization group approach. The shift in critical temperature by fluctuations of the order parameter and electromagnetic fields is obtained.
GLOBAL EXISTENCE
Authors: Feireisl Eduard
Published: September 2007

This chapter contains a complete proof of the existence of global-in-time variational solutions for the full system of the Navier-Stokes equations of a viscous compressible and heat conducting fluid under suitable restrictions imposed on the constitutive laws. These restrictions are by no means optimal but, on the other hand, they seem to be in a good agreement with the underlying physical theory. Probably the most questionable hypothesis seems to be the necessity of the viscosity coefficients to be constant in all temperature regimes. On the other hand, as a by-product of our approach, we derive ‘optimal’ existence results for the barotropic flows with respect to the available (known) a priori estimates. Another novelty allowed by the present method is the possibility to consider general, not necessarily monotone, pressure-density constitutive equations arising in applications.
CURVATURE REGISTRATION
Authors: Modersitzki Jan
Published: September 2007

Elastic, fluid, and diffusion registrations are sensitive to affine linear displacements. As a consequence, an affine linear pre-registration is unavoidable. The second order derivatives-based curvature regularizer is introduced to circumvent this additional pre-registration. The registration thus becomes less dependent on the initial position of reference and template images. For the practical implementation of the curvature registration, the continuous and discrete bi-harmonic equation are considered and numerical solution schemes are discussed. The natural relation to thin plate splines is shown. Various examples demonstrate the performance of curvature registration and the difference to elastic, fluid, and diffusion registration.