bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indications on suitable scaffold as carrier of stem cells in the alveoloplasty of cleft palate
Authors: PAGANELLI C , FONTANA P. , PORTA F , MAJORANA A , PAZZAGLIA U. E. , SAPELLI P. L.
Published: July 2006

summary  Autologous iliac crest bone is used to close the residual alveolar bone defect in cleft palate patients during late mixed dentition. Surgery involves physical and anaesthesiologic risks, long‐time hospitalization, high costs and not always good results (15% failure rate). Alternatives to iliac crest bone grafting are going to be evaluated: synthetic, xenograft and allograft matrices combined with platelet‐rich plasma or recombined bone morphogenic proteins for osteoinductivity are commercially available. These alternatives have not yet been determined to be equivalent to the previous treatment. A new field of research is represented by stem cells, which have been also used to regenerate ischaemic cardiac tissue after heart attack, to treat hypophosphatasia and osteoporosis. Our aim was to use osteoblasts from stem cells to close the residual palate cleft in association with a suitable carrier. Stem cells are expanded in the Aastrom bioreactor, differentiated into osteoblasts and positioned in the bone defect by means of a Spongostan® scaffold. This scaffold has the best characteristics as commercial availability, low cost, good manageability, absence of allergic reactions or other side effects on patient, biocompatibility, imbibition, radiotransparency, reabsorbability and osteoinductivity. Previous studies encourage Spongostan scaffold application.
Guiding practice development using the Tidal Commitments
Authors: BROOKES N. , MURATA L. , TANSEY M.
Published: July 2006

The Tidal Model of Mental Health Recovery has contributed to the transformation of nursing practice at the Royal Ottawa Hospital (ROH), a psychiatric and mental health facility in Ontario, Canada. Ten commitments affirm the core values of the Tidal Model. These commitments guide person‐centred, collaborative, strength‐based practice and they facilitate Tidal teaching. In this paper we illustrate fidelity to the values, principles and processes of the model and the commitments while implementing the model. We share how some of the commitments are realized in our Tidal teaching and provide examples of successes and challenges.
Incorporation of the tidal model into the interdisciplinary plan of care – a program quality improvement project
Authors: BERGER J. L.
Published: July 2006

The Tidal Model was utilized in the development and implementation of an Interdisciplinary Care Plan (IPC) on an inpatient psychiatric unit at St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Canada. Recovery, client‐centered care and interdisciplinary team function were important concepts that were also integrated in the creation of a new care plan. The Tidal Model honors the person and the person’s story. This model focuses on engaging the person rather than an illness, with the goal of understanding the person’s present situation and his or her relationship with health and illness. Recovery focuses on moving beyond illness, and client centred care acknowledges clients as participants in their own care. As a program quality improvement initiative, the impact of the new IPC was evaluated. Feedback demonstrated that the IPC had a positive impact on both client and caregiver satisfaction, provided a better understanding of the client’s situation, and improved the team’s ability to document a care plan that reflected the client’s specific goals and the goals of the interdisciplinary team. The outcomes achieved through this project have provided support for the IPC along with the need for further evaluation. Our experience with the Tidal Model and the IPC has given voice to the patient’s story and helped facilitate their journey towards recovery.
Screening for immunomodulatory proteins of the intestinal parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: RZEPECKA J. , LUCIUS R. , DOLIGALSKA M. , BECK S. , RAUSCH S. , HARTMANN S.
Published: July 2006

Parasitic nematodes are constantly exposed to the immune effector mechanisms of their hosts. One strategy of the worms to cope with these defence reactions is the secretion of modulatory proteins that down‐regulate cell‐mediated immune responses. We analysed the proliferation of mesenteric lymph node cells of mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus and showed that cellular proliferation was strongly suppressed in the chronic phase of infection. To identify proteins of H. polygyrus that are involved in parasite‐induced immunomodulation, worm extract and culture supernatant of adult H. polygyrus were fractionated by gel chromatography and activity of each fraction was determined. One of the fractions (fraction 9) of worm extract as well as worm secretory products inhibited the antigen‐specific cellular proliferation by about 40%. This reduced cellular reactivity coincided with a down‐regulation of inducible nitric oxide production of mouse macrophages by 57%. Furthermore, fraction 9 contained antigens that were recognized by IgE antibodies of H. polygyrus‐infected mice and induced degranulation of an IgE‐sensitized basophil cell line. Single proteins of fraction 9 were analysed by mass spectrometry. These data suggest that antigens that are recognised by IgE antibodies might play an important role in immunomodulation exerted by nematode infections.
Interactions of malnutrition and immune impairment, with specific reference to immunity against parasites
Authors: HUGHES S. , KELLY P.
Published: July 2006

KEY POINTS

Clinical malnutrition is a heterogenous group of disorders including macronutrient deficiencies leading to body cell mass depletion and micronutrient deficiencies, and these often coexist with infectious and inflammatory processes and environmental problems.

There is good evidence that specific micronutrients influence immunity, particularly zinc and vitamin A. Iron may have both beneficial and deleterious effects depending on circumstances.

There is surprisingly slender good evidence that immunity to parasites is dependent on macronutrient intake or body composition.
Co‐infection of helminths and malaria: modulation of the immune responses to malaria
Authors: HARTGERS F. C. , YAZDANBAKHSH M.
Published: July 2006

Chronic helminth infections induce strong type 2 and regulatory immune responses and are known to influence immune activity to other antigens such as allergens and vaccines. Since malaria and helminth infections often coincide geographically in the same tropical regions, the question arises whether helminth infections modulate the immune responses towards the malaria parasite and affect its course of disease. Here, we will review studies on co‐infections in both animal models and in human populations, and discuss the changes in the immune system seen. Furthermore, the implications of helminth infection for the efficacy of malaria vaccines will be discussed.
Effects of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on the Expression of Human Tumor Necrosis Factor‐alpha
Authors: Lv K. , Chen R. , Cai Q. , Fang M. , Sun S.
Published: July 2006

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α plays a prominent role in inflammations and is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases. Recent association studies have found that the TNF‐α−857T allele was associated with several disorders. Here we demonstrate, with reporter genes under the control of the two allelic TNF‐α promoters, that the minor allele −857T is a much stronger transcriptional activator than the major allele −857C in RAW264.7 cell line in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. However, the result was not consistent in HeLa cell line. Furthermore, for the quantitative analysis of TNF‐α synthesis between the −857C/C genotype from healthy subjects and the −857C/T genotype from AS patients, the quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were performed separately. There was no significant difference between the two groups at the level of mRNA and protein. These results show that this polymorphism may have a direct effect on TNF‐α regulation in a tissue‐specific manner, and apart from the polymorphism at −857 in the TNF‐α promoter, there may be other factors affecting the expression of TNF‐α.
On ‘Credo 2004’ as Viewed Under the ‘Development‐Context’ Model of Colin Anderson
Authors: Cohn M.
Published: July 2006

In analysing the Zinkernagel and Hengartner's ‘Credo 2004,’ Anderson introduces his ‘development‐context model’ for the immunity‐tolerance discrimination. He compares this model with the ‘geographical model of Credo 2004’ and our ‘time‐based two‐signal model’. The discussion here deals with the advantages and limitations of the Anderson model considered largely at the level of principle. A meaningful discussion requires that we agree on the principle which separates the pathway of the effector output into two decision steps, the sorting of the repertoire and the regulation of effector class. The mechanism for the sorting of the repertoire is what might be referred to as the Self–Nonself discrimination. The black box approach, antigen‐in, effector response‐out, is what is referred to as the immunity‐tolerance discrimination which includes the sorting of the repertoire. If this point of principle is accepted then we are left with a ‘time‐based two signal default model’.
Tidal‐channel deposits on a delta plain from the Upper Miocene Nauta Formation, Marañón Foreland Sub‐basin, Peru
Authors: REBATA‐H. LUISA A. , GINGRAS MURRAY K. , RÄSÄNEN MATTI E. , BARBERI MAIRA
Published: July 2006

Miocene siliciclastic sediments of the Marañón Foreland Sub‐basin in Peru record the sedimentary response to regional marine incursions into Amazonia. Contrary to previous interpretations, the Late Miocene Nauta Formation provides evidence of the last known marine incursion before the current Amazonia river basin became established. Sedimentological, ichnological and palynological data from well‐exposed outcrops along a ca 100 km road transect suggest that the Nauta Formation represents a shallow, marginal‐marine channel complex dominated by tidal channels developed in the inactive, brackish‐water portions of a delta plain. The main facies associations are: FA1 – slightly bioturbated mud‐draped trough cross‐stratified sand; FA2 – locally, pervasively bioturbated inclined heterolithic stratification (IHS); and FA3 – moderately bioturbated horizontally bedded sand–mud couplets. These identify subtidal compound dunes, tidal point bars and shallow subtidal to intertidal flats, respectively. Bi‐seasonal depositional cycles are ascribed to the abundant metre‐ to decimetre‐scale sand–mud couplets that are found mainly in the IHS association: semi‐monthly to daily tidal rhythmicity is inferred from centimetre‐ and millimetre‐scale couplets in the mud‐dominated parts of the decimetre‐scale couplets. The ichnology of the deposits is consistent with brackish depositional conditions; the presence of Laminites, a variant of Scolicia, attests to episodic normal marine conditions. Trace fossil suites are assigned to the Skolithos, Cruziana and mixed Skolithos–Cruziana ichnofacies. Pollen assemblages related to mangrove environments (e.g. Retitricolporites sp., Zonocostites sp., Psilatricolporites maculosus, Retitricolpites simplex) support a brackish‐water setting. Uplift of the Mérida Andes to the North and the consequent closure of the Proto‐Caribbean connection, and the onset of the transcontinental Amazon drainage, constrain the deposition of the Nauta sediments with around 10 to 8 Ma, probably contemporaneous to similar marine incursions identified in the Cuenca (Ecuador), Acre (Brazil) and Madre de Dios (Southern Peru) (sub)basins, and along the Chaco‐Paranan corridor across Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
Mapping malaria transmission in West and Central Africa
Authors: Gemperli Armin , Sogoba Nafomon , Fondjo Etienne , Mabaso Musawenkosi , Bagayoko Magaran , Briët Olivier J. T. , Anderegg Dan , Liebe Jens , Smith Tom , Vounatsou Penelope
Published: July 2006

We have produced maps of Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in West and Central Africa using the Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa (MARA) database comprising all malaria prevalence surveys in these regions that could be geolocated. The 1846 malaria surveys analysed were carried out during different seasons, and were reported using different age groupings of the human population. To allow comparison between these, we used the Garki malaria transmission model to convert the malaria prevalence data at each of the 976 locations sampled to a single estimate of transmission intensity E, making use of a seasonality model based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), temperature and rainfall data. We fitted a Bayesian geostatistical model to E using further environmental covariates and applied Bayesian kriging to obtain smooth maps of E and hence of age‐specific prevalence. The product is the first detailed empirical map of variations in malaria transmission intensity that includes Central Africa. It has been validated by expert opinion and in general confirms known patterns of malaria transmission, providing a baseline against which interventions such as insecticide‐treated nets programmes and trends in drug resistance can be evaluated. There is considerable geographical variation in the precision of the model estimates and, in some parts of West Africa, the predictions differ substantially from those of other risk maps. The consequent uncertainties indicate zones where further survey data are needed most urgently. Malaria risk maps based on compilations of heterogeneous survey data are highly sensitive to the analytical methodology.

Keywords  entomological inoculation rate

kriging

malaria

Markov chain Monte Carlo

parasite prevalence

vectorial capacity
Feasibility and acceptability of the use of artemether‐lumefantrine in the home management of uncomplicated malaria in children 6–59 months old in Ghana
Authors: Chinbuah Amanua M. , Gyapong John O. , Pagnoni Franco , Wellington Edith K. , Gyapong Margaret
Published: July 2006

Objective  We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of and the willingness to use artemether‐lumefantrine (Coartem) during early, appropriate treatment of malaria/fever in children aged 6–59 months at the community and household level in a rural malaria‐endemic area in Ghana.

Method  In this descriptive study with a pre‐ post‐evaluation of an intervention, community perceptions of fever, health‐seeking behaviour and current treatment practices for children aged 6–59 months were ascertained through qualitative research and surveys. The children were counted in a household census and given identification cards. Community‐based agents (who were supervised monthly) dispensed a 6‐dose‐treatment formulation of Coartem over a 4 months period and counseled caregivers on case management and referral. Caregivers who consulted were followed up after 4 days to determine adherence to the treatment regimen. Blister packs of the drugs were inspected where available. The performance of the agents in terms of counselling, advising on referral and reporting was evaluated. Community satisfaction was also assessed qualitatively through focus group discussions and interviews.

Results  Three hundred and sixty‐three children sought care during the intervention period. All 235 children aged 6–35 months were correctly provided the one tablet per dose per treatment package compared with 119 of 125 children 36–59 months (95.2%). Only 5 of 17 children were referred appropriately. All 334 caregivers followed the correct drug administration schedule, i.e. twice a day for 3 days. Validation of drugs received indicates that all 204 children aged 6–35 months and 103/118 (87.3%) children aged 36–59 months received the correct drug dose. Adherence of agents and caregivers to the treatment was 308/334 (92.5%). Delay in seeking care was reduced from 3 to 2 days. No serious adverse drug reactions were reported. Community members were enthusiastic about the performance of the agents.

Conclusion  A Home Management of Malaria (HMM) strategy with Coartem using trained community‐based agents supervised monthly is feasible, acceptable, and can achieve high levels of compliance within Dangme, West District of Ghana. However, if the intervention is to be sustainable, the agents need to be paid.
Chromosomal variation and genome size support existence of cryptic species of Triatoma dimidiata with different epidemiological importance as Chagas disease vectors
Authors: Panzera F. , Ferrandis I. , Ramsey J. , Ordòñez R. , Salazar‐Schettino P. M. , Cabrera M. , Monroy M. C. , Bargues M. D. , Mas‐Coma S. , O'Connor J. E. , Angulo V. M. , Jaramillo N. , Cordón‐Rosales C. , Gómez D. , Pérez R.
Published: July 2006

The wide geographical distribution of Triatoma dimidiata, one of the three major vectors of Chagas disease, ranges from Mexico to northern Peru. Since this species occupies a great diversity of artificial and natural ecotopes, its eradication is extremely difficult. In order to assist control efforts, we used chromosome analyses and DNA amount as taxonomic markers to study genetic variability in populations of T. dimidiata from Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Colombia. We differentiated three groups or cytotypes defined by characteristic chromosome C‐banding patterns and genome size measured by flow cytometry. The three cytotypes are restricted to different geographic locations. Cytotype 1 occurs in Mexico (excluding Yucatán), Guatemala (excluding Petén), El Salvador and Colombia. Cytotype 2 occurs in Yucatán and cytotype 3 occurs in Petén. Cytotype 1, commonly associated with domestic and peridomestic environments but also inhabiting sylvatic ecotopes, is the most widespread and with major epidemiological significance. In contrast, the Yucatán cytotype inhabits wild ecotopes but increasingly enters houses, while the Petén cytotype appears exclusively sylvatic. We suggest that these cytotypes represent cryptic species of T. dimidiata with different epidemiological relevance as Chagas disease vectors. Poor ability to colonize human dwellings, together with their restricted geographic distribution, indicate that the Yucatán and Petén putative species probably have much less epidemiological significance than cytotype 1. Thus, the genetic markers we describe are powerful tools to differentiate cryptic species in T. dimidiata with different epidemiological significance, contributing to planning the most effective control measures.
Review: Intermittent preventive treatment – a new approach to the prevention of malaria in children in areas with seasonal malaria transmission
Authors: Greenwood Brian
Published: July 2006

Intermittent preventive treatment, the administration of a full course of an anti‐malarial treatment to a population at risk at specified time points regardless of whether or not they are known to be infected, is now a recommended approach to the prevention of malaria in pregnancy and is being explored as a potential way of preventing malaria in infants. However, in many malaria endemic areas, the main burden of malaria is in older children and increasing use of insecticide treated bednets is likely to increase further the proportion of episodes of malaria that occur in older children. Recently, it has been shown in Senegal and in Mali that intermittent preventive treatment given to older children during the malaria transmission season can be remarkably effective in preventing malaria. This approach to malaria control is likely to be most effective in areas with a high level of malaria transmission concentrated in a short period of the year. However, several issues need to be addressed before intermittent preventive treatment in children can be advocated for use in malaria control programmes. These include: (1) determination of whether intermittent preventive treatment adds to the protection afforded by other control measures such as insecticide‐treated bednets; (2) whether an effective and sustainable delivery system can be found; (3) choice of drug to be used; (4) optimum timing of drug administration; (5) the requisite interval between treatments. The potential benefits of intermittent preventive treatment in children are substantial; more research is needed to determine if this is a practical approach to malaria control.
Economic costs of endemic non‐filarial elephantiasis in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Tekola Fasil , Mariam Damen H. , Davey Gail
Published: July 2006

Background Endemic non‐filarial elephantiasis or podoconiosis is a chronic and debilitating geochemical disease occurring in individuals exposed to red clay soil derived from alkalic volcanic rock. It is a major public health problem in countries in tropical Africa, Central America and North India.

Objective To estimate the direct and the average productivity cost attributable to podoconiosis, and to compare the average productivity time of podoconiosis patients with non‐patients.

Methods Matched comparative cross sectional survey involving 702 study subjects (patients and non‐patients) supplemented by interviews with key informants in Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia.

Results Total direct costs of podoconiosis amounted to the equivalent of US$ 143 per patient per year. The total productivity loss for a patient amounted to 45% of the total working days per year, causing a monetary loss equivalent to US$ 63. In Wolaita zone, the overall cost of podoconiosis exceeds US$ 16 million per year.

Conclusions Podoconiosis has enormous economic impact in affected areas. Simple preventive measures (such as use of robust footwear) must be promoted by health policy makers.
Socio‐cultural determinants of treatment delay for childhood malaria in southern Ghana
Authors: Ahorlu Collins K. , Koram Kwadwo A. , Ahorlu Cynthia , De Savigny Don , Weiss Mitchell G.
Published: July 2006

We studied socio‐cultural determinants of timely appropriate treatment seeking for children under 5 years suspected of having a perceived malaria‐related illness. Caretakers of children with suspected malaria were interviewed about illness‐related experiences, meanings and behaviour in two endemic villages in southern Ghana. Only 11% of children suspected of having a perceived malaria‐related illness received timely appropriate treatment consistent with the Abuja target of treating malaria within 24 h of illness onset; 33% of children received appropriate treatment within 48 h. Reported perceived causes of phlegm predicted timely, appropriate treatment within 24 h of illness onset (P = 0.04) in a multivariate logistic regression model; playing on the ground (P < 0.01) predicted such treatment within 48 h. Two categories of distress, paleness or shortage of blood (P = 0.05) and sweating profusely (P = 0.03), also predicted timely, appropriate treatment within 24 h in a multivariate logistic regression model. Knowing that mosquitoes transmit malaria was not associated with timely, appropriate help seeking for the children, even though such knowledge may promote personal protective measures, especially use of bednets. Patterns of distress and PC were related to timely, appropriate help seeking, but not as expected. Effects on health seeking of illness‐related experience and meaning are complex, and explaining their role may strengthen interventions for childhood malaria.
Cytogenetic and PCR‐based identification of S. damnosum‘Nkusi J’ as the anthropophilic blackfly in the Uluguru onchocerciasis focus in Tanzania
Authors: Krueger A. , Kalinga A. K. , Kibweja A. M. , Mwaikonyole A. , Maegga B. T. A.
Published: July 2006

A combined molecular and cytogenetic analysis was used to identify the local blackfly vectors of onchocerciasis in the Uluguru Mts. focus, Morogoro region, central Tanzania. Cytotaxonomic identification revealed the occurrence of three cytospecies of the Simulium damnosum complex, along altitudinal gradients. The cytoform ‘Nkusi’ was found breeding at low to mid‐altitudes (100–500 m), while S. kilibanum was found at mid‐ and high altitudes (300–1260 m), being sympatric with ‘Sebwe’ only in the highlands. The analyses further revealed the cytoform ‘Nkusi’ from the nearby Kilosa focus. Simulium kilibanum and ‘Nkusi’ are potential vectors of onchocerciasis, while the ‘Sebwe’ form is considered non‐anthropophilic and therefore not a vector. By means of molecular typing of wild‐caught females, ‘Nkusi’ was incriminated as the man‐biting fly at all catching sites, and consequently, is the assumed vector of onchocerciasis over the full altitude range. In the high altitude zones, however, S. neavei group species may act as secondary vectors at the edge of the forest reserve, if transmission actually occurs there at all. Our results also suggest that vector control could be feasible because of the vector species breeding in the foothills below 500 m in relatively accessible open country.
Cost‐description of a pilot parenteral vaccination campaign against rabies in dogs in N'Djaména, Chad
Authors: Kayali U. , Mindekem R. , Hutton G. , Ndoutamia A. G. , Zinsstag J.
Published: July 2006

In the discussion about policies and strategies for rabies prevention in developing countries, intervention costs arise as a major issue. In a pilot mass vaccination campaign against rabies in N'Djaména, Chad, 3000 dogs were vaccinated. We assessed vaccination coverage and cost, showing the cost per dog vaccinated for the public sector and for society. An extrapolation to city level calculated the approximate cost of vaccinating all 23 600 dogs in N'Djaména. In the pilot mass campaign with 3000 dogs the average cost per dog was 1.69 €. to the public and the full societal cost was 2.45 €. If all 23 600 dogs in N'Djaména were vaccinated, the average cost would fall to 1.16 € to the public and 1.93 € to society. Private sector costs account for 31% of the cost to vaccinate 3000 dogs, and 40% of the cost to vaccinate 23 600 dogs. Mass dog vaccination could be a comparatively cheap and ethical way to both control the disease in animals and prevent human cases and exposure, especially in developing countries. The cost‐effectiveness of dog vaccination compared with treating victims of dog bites for prevention of human rabies should be further assessed and documented.
Equine cutaneous fungal granuloma: a study of 44 lesions from 34 horses
Authors: Valentine Beth A. , Taylor George H. , Stone Jeffrey K. , Halse Richard R.
Published: July 2006

Forty‐four nodular and noninvasive cutaneous fungal granulomas were identified in 34 horses over a 14.5‐year period. Cutaneous fungal granulomas were most common in young horses (mean age 6.1 ± 4.2 years; range 1–19 years). There was no apparent breed or sex bias. Granulomas were either single or multiple, and most often occurred in the skin of the head and neck. The characteristic histological finding was a nodular dermal mass with a mean diameter of 7.3 mm (range 2.5–20 mm) and an intact overlying epithelium. Lesions most often exhibited intense lymphocytic inflammation, with admixed pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with a small to moderate number of fungal elements. Causative fungi were both pigmented and nonpigmented organisms of variable morphology. Penetrating plant material was identified in three cases. Granulomas caused by nonpigmented fungi were most common in horses from wet regions. Both pigmented and nonpigmented fungi were found in granulomas from horses in dry regions. Cutaneous fungal granulomas occurred in February through November, with peaks in April and July. No correlation of yearly incidence with annual average temperature or rainfall was detected. This study confirms that equine cutaneous fungal granuloma is relatively common in horses in the Pacific Northwest. Morphology of causative fungi was variable, but the signalment, history, and clinical and overall histological features were very similar. Surgical excision was curative.
Mechanical and cultural strategies to control Cirsium arvense in organic arable cropping systems
Authors: GRAGLIA E , MELANDER B , JENSEN R K
Published: July 2006

Infestation with Cirsium arvense in organic cropping is an increasing problem in many parts of Europe. Non‐chemical management strategies against C. arvense, based on cultivation tactics and/or different cutting regimes, have received very little attention for many years. This study presents results from four experiments, undertaken under organic growing conditions, on the effects of repeated mowing or hoeing during the first part of the growing season, used in combination with competition from a suppressive crop (grass/white clover mixture or red clover). The strategies were mainly aimed at diminishing the regenerative capacity of C. arvense and the effects were thus measured in the subsequent year in spring barley crops, in the absence of any weed control. In general, number of passes of mowing and hoeing linearly reduced the amount of aboveground C. arvense biomass in the subsequent year. Increased competition induced by the competitive crops further reduced C. arvense biomass. Differences in barley yield were explained by the amount of C. arvense biomass only in one experiment, where this weed was most abundant. Our results suggest that an acceptable level of C. arvense control can be achieved through an intensive hoeing or mowing campaign, within one growing season only. This may lead to increased crop yield in the subsequent year.
Investigation of wheat as a trap crop for control of Orobanche minor
Authors: LINS R D , COLQUHOUN J B , MALLORY‐SMITH C A
Published: July 2006

Orobanche minor is a parasitic weed that attaches to the roots of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and a number of other broad‐leaved plant species in the Pacific Northwest USA. Orobanche minor seed must be stimulated by host plant exudates for germination and attachment to occur. However, plant species called false‐hosts can stimulate parasitic seed germination without attachment. These species could be utilized as trap crops to reduce the amount of parasitic seed in infested soil. Wheat (Triticum aestivum), was found to be a false‐host of O. minor; therefore, growth chamber, glasshouse and field soil experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of six soft white winter wheats (T. aestivum), one durum wheat (Triticum turgidum), and one triticale (Triticale hexaploide) on O. minor germination. In growth chamber experiments, wheat and triticale induced 20–70% of O. minor seeds to germinate. In glasshouse studies, O. minor attachment was minimal on red clover plants grown in pots previously planted to wheat or triticale. In pots that did not receive a false‐host treatment, red clover plants averaged 4.2 O. minor attachments per plant. Red clover plants also had fewer O. minor attachments when grown in field soil taken from the plots where wheat or triticale were grown compared with plants grown in soil where no wheat or triticale were previously grown. Our results demonstrate that wheat may have the potential to be effectively integrated into an O. minor management system.
The effects of natural and manipulated density regimes on Alliaria petiolata survival, growth and reproduction
Authors: REBEK K A , O'NEIL R J
Published: July 2006

Knowledge of the ecology of Alliaria petiolata, an alien invasive species in the USA, is essential to predict the efficacy of introduced biological control agents. Accordingly, we examined the growth and reproduction of second‐year A. petiolata rosettes under natural and manipulated density regimes. Plant survival was also studied under natural conditions. Similar survivorship patterns were observed for high‐ and low‐density populations, although survival in the low‐density populations was c. 10% higher. Under natural conditions, low‐density plants were larger and more fecund, on average, than high‐density plants; however, on a per‐area basis, high‐density populations were much more productive. When plant density was experimentally reduced, average seed production and plant size increased with thinning intensity, suggesting that thinning released plants from intra‐specific competition. Additionally, plants in thinned plots were able to recover from past competition and could approach production of the plants in un‐thinned lower density plots that had not experienced prior competition. However, seed production per unit area was lower in thinned versus un‐thinned plots of the same initial density. Results suggest herbivore‐induced plant mortality late in the life cycle, as might occur following the introduction of biological control agents, may reduce the contribution to the A. petiolata seedbank.
Flow‐assisted diagnostic management of anaphylaxis from rocuronium bromide
Authors: Ebo D. G. , Bridts C. H. , Hagendorens M. M. , Mertens C. H. , De Clerck L. S. , Stevens W. J.
Published: July 2006

Background:  Diagnosis of anaphylaxis from neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) is not always straightforward.

Objectives:  To assess flow cytometric analysis of activated basophils (BAT) as a diagnostic instrument in anaphylaxis from rocuronium. To investigate whether the technique might help to identify cross‐reactive and safe alternative compounds.

Methods:  For validation of the BAT, 14 patients with perioperative anaphylaxis demonstrating a positive skin test (ST) for rocuronium and eight individuals that tolerated rocuronium and a negative ST for this drug were enrolled.

To confirm specificity of the BAT, five patients that tolerated atracurium or cisatracurium with a negative ST for rocuronium were tested.

Basophil activation with rocuronium, vecuronium, atracurium, cisatracurium and suxamethonium was analysed flow cytometrically by labelling with anti‐CD123/anti‐HLADR/anti‐CD63.

Results:  Sensitivity of BAT for rocuronium was 91.7% and specificity 100%. However, in two patients the BAT was lost as a diagnostic tool, as their cells were nonresponsive to positive control stimulation and allergen.

Seven from the 12 responsive patients also demonstrated a clear basophilic activation for vecuronium. Moreover, according to ST and/or BAT cross‐reactivity between rocuronium and vecuronium was suspected in 10/14 patients.

Except one patient, all patients had negative BAT and ST investigations for atracurium and cisatracurium. Currently, five patients tolerated administration of cisatracurium.

All control individuals demonstrated negative ST and BAT for all tested NMBA.

Conclusions:  The BAT constitutes a reliable instrument to diagnose anaphylaxis from rocuronium. The technique also allows quick and simultaneous testing of different potential cross‐reactive NMBA and to tailor a safe alternative.
Higher pH level, corresponding to that on the skin of patients with atopic eczema, stimulates the release of Malassezia sympodialis allergens
Authors: Selander C. , Zargari A. , Möllby R. , Rasool O. , Scheynius A.
Published: July 2006

Background:  The opportunistic yeast Malassezia is a trigger factor in atopic eczema (AE). Around 30–80% of patients with AE have an IgE and/or T‐cell reactivity to the yeast. Several IgE‐binding components have been identified in Malassezia extracts and 11 allergens have been cloned and sequenced. The pH of the skin surface in patients with AE is higher than that of normal healthy skin. We here investigate whether different pH conditions mimicking those of AE skin and healthy skin can influence the production and release of Malassezia allergens.

Methods:  Malassezia sympodialis (ATCC strain 42132) was cultured in Dixon broth at pH 6.1 to 5.0 for 1–15 days. Culture supernatants were analysed for the presence of IgE‐binding components by immunoblotting. The M. sympodialis cells were analysed for allergen expression and production with immunocytochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results:  We found that M. sympodialis cells produce, express and release allergens to a greater extent when cultured at the higher pH. This was particularly true of a 67‐kDa major allergen designated Mala s 12.

Conclusions:  The data suggest that the skin barrier in AE patients provides an environment that can enhance the release of allergens from M. sympodialis, which can contribute to the inflammation.
Fish consumption during the first year of life and development of allergic diseases during childhood
Authors: Kull I. , Bergström A. , Lilja G. , Pershagen G. , Wickman M.
Published: July 2006

Background:  Fish consumption during infancy has been regarded as a risk factor for allergic disease but later evidence suggests a protective role. However, methodological limitations in the studies make conclusions uncertain. The aim of this study was to assess the association between fish consumption during the first year of life and development of allergic diseases by age 4.

Methods:  A prospective birth cohort of 4089 new‐born infants was followed for 4 years using parental questionnaires at ages 2 months, 1, 2 and 4 years to collect information on exposure and health effects. The response rate at 4 years was 90%. A clinical investigation was performed at age 4 years, which included blood sampling for analysis of specific IgE to common food and airborne allergens.

Results:  Parental allergic disease and onset of eczema or wheeze during the first year of life delayed introduction of fish in the child's diet. After exclusion of such children to avoid disease‐related modification of exposure, regular fish consumption during the first year of life was associated with a reduced risk for allergic disease by age 4, ORadj 0.76 (95% CI 0.61–0.94) and sensitization, ORadj 0.76 (0.58–1.0). The reduced risk appeared most pronounced for multiple disease, ORadj 0.56 (0.35–0.89). IgE‐sensitization to fish was only present among 18 of the 2614 children.

Conclusion:  Regular fish consumption before age 1 appears to be associated with a reduced risk of allergic disease and sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 4 years of life.
Patients with drug reactions – is it worth testing?
Authors: Wöhrl S. , Vigl K. , Stingl G.
Published: July 2006

Background: Unevaluated drug reactions that lead to the prescription of expensive alternative medication is the reason why the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology guidelines recommend verification. We evaluated whether a structured test procedure in patients with drug reactions is worth the potential risk.

Methods: We retrospectively analysed the charts of a cohort of 291 (220 females/71 males) consecutive patients from January 2003 to June 2004, who presented at the department's allergy outpatient clinic with histories of drug reactions. Twenty‐three patients reported more than one independent episode resulting in 325 cases. All patients underwent the following procedure: (1) detailed history; (2) skin test and/orβ‐lactam‐specific IgE and; (3) if inconclusive, each patient was offered provocation testing – if needed with alternative medication.

Results: We evaluated reactions to 130 antibiotics, 90 to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, 36 to local anaesthetics and 69 to other drugs. An association between drug intake and reaction was confirmed in 100 and excluded in 157 cases. Fourteen of 104 drug provocation tests (DPT), among these four reactions to placebo, yielded positive results but were managed without difficulty. In 68 cases, the procedure remained inconclusive. Additionally, we recommended 197 safe alternative regimens to 85 patients. Overall, our test procedure resulted in clear‐cut recommendations to 82.1% (239/291) of the patients.

Conclusions: A standardized work‐up including DPTs in patients with drug reactions leads to clear‐cut advice concerning future tolerability or avoidance of certain drugs including recommendations for alternative medication in the vast majority of patients at the cost of only a low risk of mild side effects.
The association between non‐melanoma skin cancer and a young dimorphic Alu element within the major histocompatibility complex class I genomic region
Authors: Dunn D. S. , Inoko H. , Kulski J. K.
Published: July 2006

A non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) susceptibility locus within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region was previously identified telomeric of the HLA‐C gene using high‐density microsatellite markers. Here, we have extended the previous microsatellite study by using the same DNA samples obtained from 154 NMSC patients and 213 normal controls from the town of Busselton in Western Australia and examined the relationship between five polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) within the MHC class I region and their association with NMSC. The genotype distribution of the AluyTF insertion that is located within the NMSC susceptibility region telomeric of the HLA‐C gene was significantly increased according to the Fisher's exact test in the NMSC patients, and it was not in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in the control group. There was no difference between the cancer patients and controls for the genotypes of the AluyMICB locus within intron 1 of the MICB gene and the other three POALINs (AluyHJ, AluyHG and AluyHF) that are located within the genomic region of the HLA‐A, ‐G and ‐F gene cluster. The test for significant linkage disequilibrium for 10 pairs of POALIN loci and estimations of two locus POALIN haplotype frequencies also revealed AluyTF differences between the cases and controls. In conclusion, the MHC class I POALIN, AluyTF, that is located within the NMSC susceptibility locus and near the HLA‐C gene was strongly associated with NMSC. This finding, using five different polymorphic Alu insertion markers, supports the previous microsatellite association study that one or more genes located in close proximity to the AluyTF insertion has a potential role in NMSC.
High‐resolution molecular characterization of the HLA class I and class II in the Tarahumara Amerindian population
Authors: García‐Ortiz J. E. , Sandoval‐Ramírez L. , Rangel‐Villalobos H. , Maldonado‐Torres H. , Cox S. , García‐Sepúlveda C. A. , Figuera L. E. , Marsh S. G. E. , Little A. M. , Madrigal J. A. , Moscoso J. , Arnaiz‐Villena A. , Argüello J. R.
Published: July 2006

We describe for the first time the high‐resolution profiling of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DQB1 and ‐DPB1 in a culturally and geographically distinct Mexican ethnic group, the Tarahumaras. The alleles most frequently found by reference strand‐mediated conformational analysis in this population were for class I: HLA‐A*240201, *020101/09, *0206, *310102, *680102; HLA‐B*4002, *1501, *510201, *3501/02/03, *4005, *4801; HLA‐Cw*0304, *0801, *0102, *040101; and for class II: HLA‐DRB1*080201, *1402, *040701; HLA‐DQB1*0402, *0301, *0302/07; HLA‐DPB1*0402, *0401, *020102. In addition, a novel allele, HLA‐A*0257, was found. Based on comparison of presently known HLA‐DRB1 and ‐DQB1 allele frequencies in Amerindian groups and worldwide populations, the Tarahumaras are unexpectedly more related to the geographically and linguistically distant Aymara and Terena Amerindian groups than they are to neighbouring tribes.
Inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis proteinases (gingipains) by chlorhexidine: synergistic effect of Zn(II)
Authors: Cronan C. A. , Potempa J. , Travis J. , Mayo J. A.
Published: July 2006

Background/aims:  Gingipains, proteolytic enzymes produced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, are regarded as virulence factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Inhibition of gingipain activity therefore may have therapeutic potential, and it has been suggested that chlorhexidine may inhibit the activities of these enzymes. The purposes of the present study were to examine systematically the inhibitory effects of chlorhexidine on three purified gingipains and to determine the effect of Zn(II) on chlorhexidine inhibition.

Methods:  The activities of lys‐gingipain (Kgp) and two forms of arg‐gingipain (RgpB and HRgpA) were measured in the presence of varying concentrations of chlorhexidine and with chlorhexidine supplemented with Zn(II). Inhibition constants (Ki's) were determined for chlorhexidine alone and in the presence of Zn(II). Fractional inhibitory constant indices were calculated to assess the synergy of the chlorhexidine–Zn(II) inhibition.

Results:  RgpB, HRgpA, and Kgp were all inhibited by chlorhexidine with Ki's in the micromolar range. For RgpB and HRgpA, the inhibitory effects of chlorhexidine were enhanced 3–30‐fold by Zn(II). The chlorhexidine–Zn(II) interaction was synergistic for inhibition of HRgpA and RgpB. For Kgp, the effect of Zn(II) on chlorhexidine inhibition was antagonistic.

Conclusions:  Chlorhexidine is an effective inhibitor of gingipains, and the inhibition of R‐gingipains is enhanced by Zn(II). A mixture of chlorhexidine and Zn(II) may be useful as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontitis and in the post‐treatment maintenance of periodontitis patients.
Induction ofPorphyromonas gingivalisGroEL signaling via binding to Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4
Authors: Argueta J. G. M. , Shiota S. , Yamaguchi N. , Masuhiro Y. , Hanazawa S.
Published: July 2006

Background/aims: Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) has been recognized as an important molecule in infectious and autoimmune diseases. AlthoughPorphyromonas gingivalisGroEL, a homologue of HSP60, is a potent stimulator of inflammatory cytokines, its receptor and signaling mechanisms are not yet understood in detail. In this study, we investigated whether the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) family plays a functional role as aP. gingivalisGroEL receptor.

Methods: Human macrophage‐like THP‐1 cells were used and the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activity of cells stimulated with a recombinantP. gingivalisGroEL was measured with a luciferase assay. Flow cytometry analysis was used to determine the binding to THP‐1 cells of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled GroEL. In addition, anti‐human TLR (anti‐hTLR)2 and anti‐hTLR4 monoclonal antibodies were used to assess the functional role of TLR2 and TLR4 as the receptors for GroEL.

Results: We observed by luciferase assay that the purified recombinant GroEL was able to stimulate NF‐κB transcriptional activity in THP‐1 cells. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the FITC‐labeled GroEL bound to THP‐1 cells in a dose‐dependent fashion. Our binding competition analysis with FITC‐labeled and unlabeled GroEL showed that it bound to the cells as a specific mode of action. On the other hand, GroEL‐stimulated NF‐κB transcriptional activity was significantly inhibited by anti‐hTLR2 and anti‐hTLR4 antibodies and was inhibited more strongly by a combination of both antibodies.

Conclusion: Our present study demonstrates thatP. gingivalisGroEL induces its intracellular signaling cascade in THP‐1 cells via TLR2 or TLR4 and via a combination of both receptors.
Adherence in adolescents and young adults following heart or heart‐lung transplantation
Authors: Wray Jo , Waters Sarah , Radley‐Smith Rosemary , Sensky Tom
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  To assess the prevalence and some potential correlates of non‐adherence to medications in adolescent and young adult transplant patients. Fifty patients who had undergone heart or heart‐lung transplantation 1.4–14.9 yr (mean 8.8 yr) previously completed the Beliefs about Medication Questionnaire (BMQ), Perceived Illness Experience (PIE) scale and a demographics questionnaire. Medical notes were reviewed for information regarding previous psychiatric referral, rejection episodes and complications and noted concerns about adherence. Forty (80%) completed questionnaires were received. Non‐adherence determined from the questionnaires was associated with forgetting to take medication and was classified as unintentional non‐adherence. Such non‐adherence was reported by 11 (28%) patients. Seven patients (18%) showed evidence from their records of deliberate non‐adherence, which was classified as intentional. Whilst intentional non‐adherence was associated with depression and transplant‐related lymphoma, unintentional non‐adherence and perceived difficulties with medications were associated with high scores on the PIE preoccupation with illness and BMQ concerns subscale and with drinking alcohol. Future research is required to determine whether unintentional non‐adherence results in significant medical complications in the longer term and how a reduction in the prevalence of non‐adherence can be facilitated.