bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trajectory of 10-Year Neurocognitive Functioning After Moderate–Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Early Associations and Clinical Application
Authors: Sigurdardottir Solrun , Andelic Nada , Røe Cecilie , Schanke Anne-Kristine
Published: February 2020

Objective:

This study aimed to explore the 10-year trajectories of neurocognitive domains after moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), to identify factors related to long-term neurocognitive functioning, and to investigate whether performance remained stable or changed over time.

Method:

Seventy-nine patients with moderate–severe TBI between the ages of 16 and 55 years were assessed at 3 months, 1, 5, and 10 years postinjury using neuropsychological tests and functional outcomes. Three hierarchical linear models were used to investigate the relationships of domain-specific neurocognitive trajectories (Memory, Executive function, and Reasoning) with injury severity, demographics, functional outcome at 3 months (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended) and emotional distress at 1 year (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised).

Results:

Education, injury severity measures, functional outcome, and emotional distress were significantly associated with both Memory and Executive function. Education and emotional distress were related to Reasoning. The interaction effects between time and these predictors in predicting neurocognitive trajectories were nonsignificant. Among patients with data at 1 and 10 year follow-ups (n = 47), 94–96% exhibited stable scores on Executive function and Reasoning tasks, and 83% demonstrated stable scores on Memory tasks. Significant memory decline was presented in 11% of patients.

Conclusions:

The findings highlight the differential contribution of variables in their relationships with long-term neurocognitive functioning after moderate–severe TBI. Injury severity was important for Memory outcomes, whereas emotional distress influenced all neurocognitive domains. Reasoning (intellectual) abilities were relatively robust after TBI. While the majority of patients appeared to be cognitively stable beyond the first year, a small subset demonstrated a significant memory decline over time.
Estimates of healthcare spending for preterm and low-birthweight infants in a commercially insured population: 2008–2016
Authors: Beam Andrew L. , Fried Inbar , Palmer Nathan , Agniel Denis , Brat Gabriel , Fox Kathe , Kohane Isaac , Sinaiko Anna , Zupancic John A. F. , Armstrong Joanne
Published: February 2020

The growth in healthcare spending is an important topic in the United States, and preterm and low-birthweight infants have some of the highest healthcare expenditures of any patient population. We performed a retrospective cohort study of spending in this population using a large, national claims database of commercially insured individuals. A total of 763,566 infants with insurance coverage through Aetna, Inc. for the first 6 months of post-natal life were included, and received approximately $8.4 billion (2016 USD) in healthcare services. Infants with billing codes indicating preterm status (<37 weeks,n = 50,511) incurred medical expenditures of $76,153 on average, while low-birthweight status (<2500 g) was associated with average spending of $114,437. Infants born at 24 weeks gestation (n = 418) had the highest per infant average expenditures of $603,778. Understanding the drivers of variation in costs within gestational age and birthweight bands is an important target for future studies.
High yield conversion of biowaste coffee grounds into hierarchical porous carbon for superior capacitive energy storage
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Zhang Shuai , Wen Xin , Chen Xuecheng , Wen Yanliang , Shi Xiaoze , Mijowska Ewa
Published: February 2020

Recently great efforts have been focused on converting biowastes into high-valued carbon materials. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve high carbon yield and controllable porous distribution in both industrial and academic research. Inspired by the multi-void structure of waste coffee grounds, herein we fabricated hierarchical porous carbon via the combination of catalytic carbonization and alkali activation. The catalytic carbonization process was applied to obtain well-defined mesoporous carbon with carbon yield as high as 42.5 wt%, and subsequent alkali activation process produced hierarchical porous carbon with ultrahigh specific surface area (3549 m2 g−1) and large meso-/macropores volume (1.64 cm3 g−1). In three-electrode system, the electrode exhibited a high capacitance of 440 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, superior to that of many reported biomass-derived porous carbons. In two-electrode system, its energy density reached to 101 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 900 W kg−1 in 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4). This work provided a cost-effective strategy to recycle biowastes into hierarchical porous carbon with high yield for high-performance energy storage application.
Cationic and anionic redox in lithium-ion based batteries
Authors: Li Matthew , Liu Tongchao , Bi Xuanxuan , Chen Zhongwei , Amine Khalil , Zhong Cheng , Lu Jun
Published: February 2020

This review will present the current understanding, experimental evidence and future direction of anionic and cationic redox for Li-ion batteries.
Unexpected structural transformation into noria-like Ag13 metal clusters and a copper-doping induced boost in photoluminescence
Authors: Peng Su-Kao , Lu Zhou , Xie Mo , Huang Yong-Liang , Luo Dong , Wang Jia-Nan , Zhu Xiao-Wei , Li Xue , Zhou Xiao-Ping , Li Dan
Published: February 2020

We describe silver clusters which unexpectedly transform from cyclic trinuclear complexes and σ-donating phenylacetylene, featuring a noria-like conformation. The introduction of Cu ions leads to isomorphic clusters which boost emission efficiency.
Porous hydrated ammonium vanadate as a novel cathode for aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries
Authors: Qiu Nan , Chen Hong , Yang Zhaoming , Zhu Yingming , Liu Wei , Wang Yuan
Published: February 2020

A low-cost porous hydrated ammonium vanadate/Zn system with a ZnSO4-based electrolyte exhibits high reversible capacity and remarkable stability.
Holistic approach to chemical degradation of Nafion membranes in fuel cells: modelling and predictions
Authors: Frühwirt Philipp , Kregar Ambrož , Törring Jens T. , Katrašnik Tomaž , Gescheidt Georg
Published: February 2020

We present a model and web-based tool for rapid and efficient prediction and rationalization of chemical membrane degradation in PEMFCs including protection mechanisms.
Triplet fusion upconversion using sterically protected 9,10-diphenylanthracene as the emitter
Authors: Gao Can , Zhang Bolong , Hall Christopher R. , Li Li , Chen Yeqin , Zeng Yi , Smith Trevor A. , Wong Wallace W. H.
Published: February 2020

Sterically protection of emitter molecules enabled improved triplet fusion upconversion performance as well as greater stability in air.
Comparative electrochemical energy storage performance of cobalt sulfide and cobalt oxide nanosheets: experimental and theoretical insights from density functional theory simulations
Authors: Samal Rutuparna , Mondal Soumen , Gangan Abhijeet Sadashiv , Chakraborty Brahmananda , Rout Chandra Sekhar
Published: February 2020

We have investigated the origin of enhanced energy storage performance of Co3S4 as compared to Co3O4 both by supported experimental and density functional theory investigations.
The influence of intermolecular coupling on electron and ion transport in differently substituted phthalocyanine thin films as electrochromic materials: a chemistry application of the Goldilocks principle
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hai Quyen , Pelmuş Marius , Colomier Christopher , Gorun Sergiu M. , Schlettwein Derck
Published: February 2020

Optimum molecular substitution in organic thin films is established to facilitate electron and ion transport and, thereby, fast reversible electrochromic switching.
Recent advances in light-regulated non-radical polymerisations
Authors: Lai Haiwang , Zhang Jing , Xing Feiyue , Xiao Pu
Published: February 2020

This review summarises recent advances in light-regulated non-radical polymerisations as well as the applications in materials science.
Halogenated triarylboranes: synthesis, properties and applications in catalysis
Authors: Carden Jamie L. , Dasgupta Ayan , Melen Rebecca L.
Published: February 2020

This review aims to look past tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane to its halogenated triarylborane siblings, to give a greater understanding as to how modification to their aryl rings can lead to improved reactivity.
Early warning signals in chemical reaction networks
Authors: Maguire Oliver R. , Wong Albert S. Y. , Westerdiep Jan Harm , Huck Wilhelm T. S.
Published: February 2020

Many natural and man-made complex systems display early warning signals when close to an abrupt shift in behaviour. Here we show that such early warning signals appear in a complex chemical reaction network.
Geometry of OH⋯O interactions in the liquid state of linear alcohols fromab initiomolecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Jindal Aman , Vasudevan Sukumaran
Published: February 2020

Hydrogen bonding OH···O geometries in the liquid state of linear alcohols, derived fromab initioMD simulations, show no change from methanol to pentanol, in contrast to that observed in their crystalline state.
Structuring of colloidal silica nanoparticle suspensions near water–silica interfaces probed by specular neutron reflectivity
Authors: Maroni Plinio , Gvaramia Manuchar , Kosior Dominik , Kubiak Katarzyna , Scarratt Liam , Smith Alexander M. , Merkel Dániel G. , Bottyán László , Borkovec Michal
Published: February 2020

Suspensions of charged nanoparticles near an isolated like-charged interface show a particle-free region, which is followed by a damped, oscillatory concentration profile.
Electrode processes in the KF–AlF3–Al2O3 melt
Authors: Padamata Sai Krishna , Yasinskiy Andrey , Polyakov Peter
Published: February 2020

SEM-EDX image of the oxide layer on the surface of the 90Cu–Al anode after the electrolysis process.
Direct Propargylation of ortho-Quinone Methides with Alkynyl Zinc Reagents: An Application to the One-Pot Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzofurans
Authors: Ren Hongjun , Sun Manman , Song Jinyu , Wang Lei , Yin Wenguang , Miao Maozhong
Published: February 2020

A transition-metal-free propargylation of ortho-quinone methides (o-QMs) with alkynyl zinc reagents was achieved. A conjugate alkynylation of an o-QM and subsequent cyclization sequence in the presence of KOt-Bu for the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans in one pot was developed. This efficient strategy exhibits good functional-group compatibility and gives moderate to good yields. The present reaction might serve as an attractive method for the synthesis of polysubstituted benzofurans.
A noise-immune LSTM network for short-term traffic flow forecasting
Authors: Cai Lingru , Lei Mingqin , Zhang Shuangyi , Yu Yidan , Zhou Teng , Qin Jing
Published: February 2020

Accurate and timely short-term traffic flow forecasting plays a key role in intelligent transportation systems, especially for prospective traffic control. For the past decade, a series of methods have been developed for short-term traffic flow forecasting. However, due to the intrinsic stochastic and evolutionary trend, accurate forecasting remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a noise-immune long short-term memory (NiLSTM) network for short-term traffic flow forecasting, which embeds a noise-immune loss function deduced by maximum correntropy into the long short-term memory (LSTM) network. Different from the conventional LSTM network equipped with the mean square error loss, the maximum correntropy induced loss is a local similar metric, which is immunized to non-Gaussian noises. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate the superior performance of our NiLSTM network by comparing it with the frequently used models and state-of-the-art models.
Improved stability for 2D attractive Bose gases
Authors: Nam Phan Thành , Rougerie Nicolas
Published: February 2020

We study the ground-state energy of N attractive bosons in the plane. The interaction is scaled for the gas to be dilute so that the corresponding mean-field problem is a local non-linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation. We improve the conditions under which one can prove that the many-body problem is stable (of the second kind). This implies, using previous results, that the many-body ground states and dynamics converge to the NLS ones for an extended range of diluteness parameters.
Activated diffusiophoresis
Authors: Rohwer Christian M. , Kardar Mehran , Krüger Matthias
Published: February 2020

Perturbations of fluid media can give rise to non-equilibrium dynamics, which may, in turn, cause motion of immersed inclusions or tracer particles. We consider perturbations (“activations”) that are local in space and time, of a fluid density which is conserved, and study the resulting diffusiophoretic phenomena that emerge at a large distance. Specifically, we consider cases where the perturbations propagate diffusively, providing examples from passive and active matter for which this is expected to be the case. Activations can, for instance, be realized by sudden and local changes in interaction potentials of the medium or by local changes in its activity. Various analytical results are provided for the case of confinement by two parallel walls. We investigate the possibility of extracting work from inclusions, which are moving through the activated fluid. Furthermore, we show that a time-dependent density profile, created via suitable activation protocols, allows for the conveyance of inclusions along controlled and stable trajectories. In contrast, in states with a steady density, inclusions cannot be held at stable positions, reminiscent of Earnshaw’s theorem of electrostatics. We expect these findings to be applicable in a range of experimental systems. The phenomena described here are argued to be distinct from other forms of phoresis such as thermophoresis.
Single-electron quantum dynamics in high-harmonic generation spectrum from LiH molecule: Analysis of potential energy surfaces for electrons constructed from a model of localized Gaussian wave packets with valence-bond spin-coupling
Authors: Ando Koji
Published: February 2020

A high-harmonic generation (HHG) spectrum from a LiH molecule induced by an intense laser pulse is computed and analyzed with potential energy surfaces for electron motion (ePES) constructed from a model of localized electron wave packets with valence-bond spin-coupling. The molecule has two valence ePES with binding energies of 0.39 hartree and 1.1 hartree. The HHG spectrum from an electron dynamics on the weaker bound valence ePES, virtually assigned to Li 2s, exhibits a dominant peak at the first harmonic without plateau and cutoff. This compares with the free electron spectrum under an oscillating laser field and is comprehensive with the shape and depth of the ePES. The other valence ePES, assigned to H 1s, is deeper bound such that the overall profile of the wave function is well approximated by a Gaussian of the width comparable to the Li–H bond length. However, a small fraction, less than 10−3, of the probability density amplitude tunnels out from the bound potential with high wave number and spreads over tens of nm with parts recombining to the molecule due to the laser field oscillation. This minor portion of the electronic wave function is the major origin of the HHG extending up to 50 harmonic orders. Nonlinear dynamics within the potential well induced by the laser field oscillation also contributes to the HHG up to 30 harmonic orders.
Feasibility analysis of booster cavity for solar thermal-electric conversion device
Authors: Rui Xi , Zheng Fei , Zheng Tao
Published: February 2020

The Rankine cycle, as a common way of solar power generation, is receiving more and more attention. However, the adoption of a mechanical booster pump in the conventional Rankine cycle affects the compactness of the power system. Based on this, a new booster cavity is proposed in this paper for an integrated thermal-electric conversion device, to replace the mechanical booster pump. For this proposed structure, the pressurization of low pressure condensate liquid is achieved by utilizing the internal energy of high temperature and high pressure vapor. To verify its feasibility, the theoretical description of the physical process, mathematical modeling, simulation analysis, and experimental verification of the structure are presented in this paper. It can be found that the structure is workable, and no power transmission from an external energy source is required for the thermal-electric conversion device adopting this structure. Although the conversion efficiency of the proposed cycle is 15.23%, which is slightly lower than the 15.71% efficiency of the conventional Rankine cycle under the same operating condition, it is a true thermal driven power generation, which enables a more compact system.
Transitions near the onset of low Prandtl-number rotating convection in presence of horizontal magnetic field
Authors: Ghosh Manojit , Ghosh Paromita , Nandukumar Yada , Pal Pinaki
Published: February 2020

We investigate the transitions near the onset of thermal convection in electrically conducting low Prandtl-number (Pr) fluids in the presence of rotation about a vertical axis and external horizontal magnetic field. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNSs) and low dimensional modeling are performed with the Rayleigh–Bénard convection system in the ranges 0 < Q ≤ 1000 and 0 < Ta ≤ 500 of the Chandrasekhar number (Q) and the Taylor number (Ta), respectively, for that purpose. For larger Q(≥32.7), DNSs show substantial enhancement of convective heat transport and only finite amplitude steady two dimensional roll patterns at the onset. On the other hand, for smaller Q(<32.7), very rich dynamics involving different stationary as well as time dependent patterns, including stationary two-dimensional rolls, cross rolls, and oscillatory cross rolls, are observed at the onset of convection. Our investigation uncovers the cause of enhancement of heat transport and the origin of different flow patterns at the onset. We establish that a first order transition to convection occurring at the onset is responsible for the enhancement of the heat transport there. Furthermore, as the Rayleigh number (Ra) is increased beyond the onset, subsequent transitions near it are also explored in detail for smaller Q, and these are found to be associated with a variety of bifurcations including subcritical/supercritical pitchfork, Hopf, imperfect pitchfork, imperfect gluing, and Neimark–Sacker.
The role of social norms in the relationship between anti-smoking advertising campaigns and smoking cessation: a scoping review
Authors: Dono Joanne , Miller Caroline , Ettridge Kerry , Wilson Carlene
Published: February 2020

A systematic scoping review of anti-smoking mass media campaign literature provided opportunity to explore how social normative theories and constructs are used to influence smoking cessation. Synthesis of findings was constrained by significant heterogeneity. Nevertheless, the results indicate that a broader conceptualization of social norm is worthy of further exploration. Perceptions of what others think and do contributed in multiple ways to the relationship between anti-smoking messaging and quitting outcomes. Furthermore, integrating research on social norms, social identity and communication may improve understanding of why quitting intentions are enhanced in some circumstances but reactance and counter-arguing responses corresponding to lower quitting intentions occur in others. Integrating a broader theoretical understanding of normative influences into campaign development and evaluation may prove useful in demonstrating the effectiveness of this approach in behaviour change campaigns.
A186 HEPATIC STEATOSIS PREDICTS FIBROSIS IN LONG-TERM METHOTREXATE USE
Authors: Tomaszewski M , Dahiya M , Mohajerani A , Punja H , Ko H , Ramji A
Published: February 2020

Background

Methotrexate (MTX) is effective for dermatologic and rheumatologic conditions such as psoriasis (Ps), psoriatic arthritis (PsO) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Long-term MTX use may be complicated by hepatic fibrosis, although patient, disease factors and the mechanism remain unclear. Transient elastography (TE) is a non-invasive measure of hepatic fibrosis that is often used as surveillance in this patient population.

Patients with Ps and PsO have higher rates of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measurement is a non-invasive test that correlates with histologic degree of steatosis. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated hepatic steatosis via CAP scores in MTX use.

Aims

To determine the prevalence of steatosis and significant fibrosis (F≥stage 2) in persons on MTX therapy and to determine the predictive factors for these events.

Methods

A single centred retrospective cohort study was performed. Patients on >6 months of MTX for a dermatologic or rheumatologic disease who had undergone TE from January 2015 to September 2019 were included. Demographic variables, laboratory investigations, TE and CAP scores were collected. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine predictors of steatosis and fibrosis.

Results

A total of 177 patients on methotrexate were included. Ps was the most frequent diagnosis (n=52) followed by RA (n=50) and PsO (n=38). Steatosis (CAP≥245 dB/m) was present in 73.9% of patients. Patients with steatosis had significantly more fibrosis and a higher BMI than those without steatosis (CAP<245 dB/m). Higher CAP score was correlated with increased lifetime dose of methotrexate by Pearson correlation analysis (r=0.48, p=0.001) (n=85 patients). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that diabetes mellitus (OR 10.5, 95% CI 1.38–80.60), hypertension (OR 4.97, 95% CI 1.66–14.84), and BMI> 30 (OR 10.1, 95% CI 1.88–37.14) were predictors of steatosis (CAP≥245 dB/m). Predictors of METAVIR≥F2 (TE≥8.0 kPa) by multivariate regression analysis included CAP score of ≥270 (OR 8.36, 95% CI 1.88–37.14), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.09–7.48), hypertension (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.23–13.0), dyslipidemia (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.50–9.18) and alcohol use (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.2–7.49).

Conclusions

In patients on MTX for rheumatologic and dermatologic diseases, hepatic steatosis was common and predicted significant fibrosis. Additionally, increasing MTX exposure is correlated with steatosis. Features of the metabolic syndrome including diabetes, hypertension or obesity were predictors of both steatosis and fibrosis (F≥2). Further study is needed to evaluate if steatosis is a mechanism by which fibrosis occurs in patients on MTX, or if it due to other patient factors.

Funding Agencies

None
Numerical modelling analysis of multi-source semi-airborne TEM systems using a TFEM
Authors: Li He , Qi Zhipeng , Li Xiu , Zhang Yingying
Published: February 2020

Traditional transient electromagnetic methods use single sources for excitation and extract the characteristics of underground media by improving interpretation technology. This study focused the improvements of transient electromagnetic interpretation using complex source technology. A time-domain vector finite element method (TFEM) was applied on three-dimensional forward modelling of semi-airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) with multiple electrical sources, and it analysed the characteristics of fields with multiple sources. The study used a model of an isolated anomalous body in a homogeneous medium as an example. The effects of different combinations of excitation sources on the distributions of the magnetic field characteristics were analysed. Numerical results showed that the magnetic field components in a specific area could be strengthened by changing the layout of the sources, which was significant for future field data collections. By comparing the transient electromagnetic fields of the vertical array dipole sources with that of the loop source, the anomaly transient electromagnetic field of multi-source was more obvious than the field with a single source. Taking a complex orebody model as an example, a cross-electric source was used to calculate the magnetic field components of the semi-airborne TEM method. The resistivity distribution characteristics of the underground medium were obtained using an apparent resistivity interpretation method of the vertical magnetic field, which fully demonstrated that a multi-source transient electromagnetic system had the ability to determine abundant resistivity information of a complex medium.
Smoke-Free Home Intervention in Permanent Supportive Housing: A Multifaceted Intervention Pilot
Authors: Durazo Arturo , Hartman-Filson Marlena , Perez Kenneth , Alizaga Natalie M , Petersen Anne Berit , Vijayaraghavan Maya
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Smoke-free homes (SFHs), the voluntary adoption of home smoking restrictions, are associated with reduced secondhand smoke exposure. However, SFHs are uncommon in permanent supportive housing (PSH) for formerly homeless adults, who have fivefold higher smoking rates than the general population. We pilot-tested a brief intervention to increase voluntary adoption of SFHs among PSH residents in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Aims and Methods

We pilot-tested a brief intervention to increase voluntary adoption of SFHs among PSH residents in the San Francisco Bay Area. Rest of the methods, PSH residents (n = 100) and staff (n = 62) from 15 PSH sites participated in the intervention between October 2017 and February 2018. Research staff provided counseling to PSH residents on how to adopt an SFH and trained PSH staff on how to counsel residents on smoking cessation. The primary outcome was self-reported voluntary adoption of an SFH for ≥90 days, and the secondary outcome was carbon monoxide-verified PPA at 6-month follow-up. PSH staff completed the Smoking Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices survey at baseline and 3-month follow-up.

Results

At 6 months, 31.3% of PSH residents had adopted an SFH (vs. 13.0% at baseline) and 16.9% reported carbon monoxide-verified PPA. A positive attitude toward an SFH policy was associated with increased odds of SFH adoption (adjusted odds ratio = 8.68, 95% confidence interval: 2.42, 31.17). Voluntary SFH adoption was associated with increased PPA (adjusted odds ratio = 26.27, 95% confidence interval: 3.43, 201.30). PSH staff reported improved attitudes toward and self-efficacy in delivering cessation care, and decreased barriers to discussing smoking cessation among PSH residents between baseline and 3-month follow-up.

Conclusions

In this single-arm study, a brief intervention increased SFH adoption and PPA among PSH residents.

Implications

To date, few interventions have addressed SFHs and their association with tobacco use among PSH residents. A “ground-up” approach that relies on buy-in from residents and that promotes voluntary SFHs is an innovative way to increase smoke-free living environments in PSH. This approach could pave a pathway for smoke-free policy implementation in these sites. PSH can play a role in reducing the burden of tobacco use by empowering its residents to adopt voluntary SFHs, which could increase smoking cessation among residents.
Understanding Characteristics of Acute Brain Injury in Adult Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: An Autopsy Study*
Authors: Cho Sung-Min , Geocadin Romergryko G. , Caturegli Giorgio , Chan Vanessa , White Bartholomew , Dodd-o Jeffrey , Kim Bo Soo , Sussman Marc , Choi Chun Woo , Whitman Glenn , Chen Liam L.
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

Current studies lack information on characteristics of acute brain injury in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We sought to characterize the types, timing, and risk factors of acute brain injury in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Design:

Retrospective analysis.

Setting:

We reviewed the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients who had undergone brain autopsy with gross and microscopic examinations from January 2009 to December 2018 from a single tertiary center.

Patients:

Twenty-five patients (median age 53 yr) had postmortem brain autopsy.

Interventions:

Description and analysis of neuropathologic findings.

Measurement and Main Results:

Of 25, 22 had venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (88%) (nine cardiac arrest; 13 cardiogenic shock) and three had venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation (12%). The median extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support time was 96 hours (interquartile range, 26–181 hr). The most common acute brain injury was hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (44%), followed by intracranial hemorrhage (24%), and ischemic infarct (16%). Subarachnoid hemorrhage (20%) was the most common type of intracranial hemorrhage, followed by intracerebral hemorrhage (8%), and subdural hemorrhage (4%). Only eight patients (32%) were without acute brain injury after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The most common involved location for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury was cerebral cortices (82%) and cerebellum (55%). The pattern of ischemic infarct was territorial in cerebral cortices. The risk factors for acute brain injury included hypertension history (11 vs 1; p = 0.01), preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation antiplatelet use (7 vs 0; p = 0.03), and a higher day 1 lactate level (10.0 vs 5.1; p = 0.02). Patients with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury had more hypertension (8 vs 4; p = 0.047), a higher day 1 lactate level (12.6 vs 5.8; p = 0.02), and a lower pH level (7.09 vs 7.24; p = 0.027). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation duration, cannulation methods, hemoglobin level, coma, renal impairment, and hepatic impairment were not associated with acute brain injury.

Conclusions:

In the population who underwent postmortem neuropathologic evaluation, 68% of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation nonsurvivors developed acute brain injury. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury was the most common type of injury suggesting that patients sustained acute brain injury as a consequence of cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Further research with a systematic neurologic monitoring is necessary to define the timing of acute brain injury in patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Social trematode parasites increase standing army size in areas of greater invasion threat
Authors: Resetarits Emlyn J. , Torchin Mark E. , Hechinger Ryan F.
Published: February 2020

Organisms or societies are resource limited, causing important trade-offs between reproduction and defence. Given such trade-offs, optimal allocation theory predicts that, for animal societies with a soldier caste, allocation to soldiers should reflect local external threats. Although both threat intensity and soldier allocation can vary widely in nature, we currently lack strong evidence that spatial variation in threat can drive the corresponding variation in soldier allocation. The diverse guild of trematode parasites of the California horn snail provides a useful system to address this problem. Several of these species form colonies in their hosts with a reproductive division of labour including a soldier caste. Soldiers are non-reproductive and specialized in defence, attacking and killing invading parasites. We quantified invasion threat and soldier allocation for 168 trematode colonies belonging to six species at 26 sites spread among 10 estuaries in temperate and tropical regions. Spatial variation in invasion threat was matched as predicted by the relative number of soldiers for multiple parasite species. Soldier allocation correlated with invasion threat at fine spatial scales, suggesting that allocation is at least partly inducible. These results may represent the first clear documentation of a spatial correlation between allocation to any type of caste and a biotic selective agent.
Temperature Significantly Change COVID-19 Transmission in 429 cities
Authors: Wang Mao , Jiang Aili , Gong Lijuan , Lu Lina , Guo Wenbin , Li Chuyi , Zheng Jing , Li Chaoyong , Yang Bixing , Zeng Jietong , Chen Youping , Zheng Ke , Li Hongyan
Published: February 2020

Background

There is no evidence supporting that temperature changes COVID-19 transmission.

Methods

We collected the cumulative number of confirmed cases of all cities and regions affected by COVID-19 in the world from January 20 to February 4, 2020, and calculated the daily means of the average, minimum and maximum temperatures in January. Then, restricted cubic spline function and generalized linear mixture model were used to analyze the relationships.

Results

There were in total 24,139 confirmed cases in China and 26 overseas countries. In total, 16,480 cases (68.01%) were from Hubei Province. The lgN rose as the average temperature went up to a peak of 8.72°C and then slowly declined. The apexes of the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature were 6.70°C and 12.42°C respectively. The curves shared similar shapes. Under the circumstance of lower temperature, every 1°C increase in average, minimum and maximum temperatures led to an increase of the cumulative number of cases by 0.83, 0.82 and 0.83 respectively. In the single-factor model of the higher-temperature group, every 1°C increase in the minimum temperature led to a decrease of the cumulative number of cases by 0.86.

Conclusion

The study found that, to certain extent, temperature could significant change COVID-19 transmission, and there might be a best temperature for the viral transmission, which may partly explain why it first broke out in Wuhan. It is suggested that countries and regions with a lower temperature in the world adopt the strictest control measures to prevent future reversal.
IRIXS: a resonant inelastic X-ray scattering instrument dedicated to X-rays in the intermediate energy range
Authors: Gretarsson Hlynur , Ketenoglu Didem , Harder Manuel , Mayer Simon , Dill Frank-Uwe , Spiwek Manfred , Schulte-Schrepping Horst , Tischer Markus , Wille Hans-Christian , Keimer Bernhard , Yavaş Hasan
Published: February 2020

A new resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) instrument has been constructed at beamline P01 of the PETRA III synchrotron. This instrument has been named IRIXS (intermediate X-ray energy RIXS) and is dedicated to X-rays in the tender-energy regime (2.5–3.5 keV). The range covers the L
2,3 absorption edges of many of the 4d elements (Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd and Ag), offering a unique opportunity to study their low-energy magnetic and charge excitations. The IRIXS instrument is currently operating at the Ru L
3-edge (2840 eV) but can be extended to the other 4d elements using the existing concept. The incoming photons are monochromated with a four-bounce Si(111) monochromator, while the energy analysis of the outgoing photons is performed by a diced spherical crystal analyzer featuring (102) lattice planes of quartz (SiO2). A total resolution of 100 meV (full width at half-maximum) has been achieved at the Ru L
3-edge, a number that is in excellent agreement with ray-tracing simulations.
On the mechanism of solid-state phase transitions in molecular crystals – the role of cooperative motion in (quasi)racemic linear amino acids
Authors: Smets M. M. H. , Kalkman E. , Krieger A. , Tinnemans P. , Meekes H. , Vlieg E. , Cuppen H. M.
Published: February 2020

During single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) phase transitions, a polymorph of a compound can transform to a more stable form while remaining in the solid state. By understanding the mechanism of these transitions, strategies can be developed to control this phenomenon. This is particularly important in the pharmaceutical industry, but also relevant for other industries such as the food and agrochemical industries. Although extensive literature exists on SCSC phase transitions in inorganic crystals, it is unclear whether their classications and mechanisms translate to molecular crystals, with weaker interactions and more steric hindrance. A comparitive study of SCSC phase transitions in aliphatic linear-chain amino acid crystals, both racemates and quasi-racemates, is presented. A total of 34 transitions are considered and most are classified according to their structural change during the transition. Transitions without torsional changes show very different characteristics, such as transition temperature, enthalpy and free energy, compared with transitions that involve torsional changes. These differences can be rationalized using classical nucleation theory and in terms of a difference in mechanism; torsional changes occur in a molecule-by-molecule fashion, whereas transitions without torsional changes involve cooperative motion with multiple molecules at the same time.
Applications of the experience sampling method: a research agenda for hospitality management
Authors: Yu Yitong , Xu Shi , Li Gang , Shi Da
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This study aims to provide researchers in hospitality management with a comprehensive understanding of the experience sampling method (ESM) and to engage them in the use of ESM in their future research. With this critical discussion of the advantages and challenges of the method, researchers can apply it appropriately to deepen and broaden their research findings.

Design/methodology/approach

This study chooses an empirical example in the context of hotel employees’ surface acting, tiredness and sleep quality to illustrate the application of ESM. Based on the example, this paper conducts a two-level modeling in Mplus, including a cross-level mediation analysis and mean centering.

Findings

This paper demonstrates the applicability and usefulness of ESM for hospitality research and provides a detailed demonstration of how to use the statistical program Mplus to analyze ESM data. With this paper, researchers will be able to consider how to engage ESM in their future studies.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors‘ knowledge, this paper is among the first to provide a hands-on demonstration of ESM to hospitality researchers. The authors call for more research in hospitality management to use ESM to answer complex and pressing research questions.
The relevance of mixed methods for network analysis in tourism and hospitality research
Authors: Mariani Marcello , Baggio Rodolfo
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Taking stock of extant hospitality and tourism research using social network analysis approaches, this study highlights why using either quantitative or qualitative approaches to examine social networks can be misleading and generate potentially biased findings. Indeed, purely qualitative and purely quantitative studies display limitations. The purpose of this study is to provide methodological insights by suggesting that mixed methods can be suitably used, depending on the specific research questions.

Design/methodology/approach

The study consists of an analysis and critical discussion of the methods used in a number of papers leveraging social network approaches to study social networks in tourism and hospitality. The authors describe the benefits and limitations of each method studies considered are examined based on a number of aspects.

Findings

More than half of the studies classified as network studies adopt quantitative designs and quantitative methods including statistical analyses and observational data. Mixed methods study is a minority and they are almost never labeled as mixed methods. A relevant portion of qualitative studies increasingly embeds a number of rudimentary statistical analyses. With an example, the authors also discuss that purely quantitative or purely qualitative methods can lead to discrepant results, and thus, the authors encourage scholars to embrace mixed method research designs such as explanatory or exploratory sequential designs. Advanced researchers might attempt in the future to embrace transformative, embedded or multiphase mixed methods.

Research limitations/implications

This study is based on academic papers and research published before 2019. A rich research agenda is designed.

Originality/value

This study contributes to explore the way social networks have been dealt with in tourism and hospitality research so far, by advancing a proposal to adopt mixed methods in the form of explanatory or exploratory sequential designs. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first study addressing methodological pitfalls in extant network-based research within the tourism and hospitality domain.
Hotel website quality, performance, telepresence and behavioral intentions
Authors: Ongsakul Viput , Ali Faizan , Wu Chengzhong , Duan Yachao , Cobanoglu Cihan , Ryu Kisang
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations among hotel website quality, telepresence, websites’ utilitarian and hedonic performance and customers’ behavioral intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was used to collect the data from 683 respondents. Data was analyzed by using the two-stage modeling technique through Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).

Findings

Findings indicate a significantly positive impact of hotel website quality on telepresence, utilitarian and hedonic performance. In addition, telepresence has a significantly positive impact on utilitarian and hedonic performance. Finally, telepresence, utilitarian and hedonic performance have a significantly positive impact on customers’ behavioral intentions.

Research limitations/implications

Based on the findings of this study, theoretical and practical implications for hospitality and tourism researchers are provided.

Originality/value

This study is one of the very few studies integrating hotel website quality scale to examine the hotel website features that influence telepresence and perceived utilitarian and hedonic performance leading to positive behavioral intentions.
Classification for treatment urgency for the microphthalmia/anophthalmia spectrum using clinical and biometrical characteristics
Authors: Groot Annabel L.W. , Kuijten Maayke M.P. , Remmers Jelmer , Gilani Asra , Mourits Daphne L. , Kraal‐Biezen Elke , de Graaf Pim , Zwijnenburg Petra J. , Moll Annette C. , Tan Stevie , Saeed Peerooz , Hartong Dyonne T.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Current clinical classifications do not distinguish between the severity of the MICrophthalmia/Anophthalmia (MICA) spectrum with regard to treatment urgency. We aim to provide parameters for distinguishing mild, moderate and severe MICA using clinical and biometrical characteristics.

Methods

We performed a single‐centre, cross‐sectional analysis of prospective cohort of 58 MICA children from September 2013 to February 2018 seen at the Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands. All patients with a visible underdeveloped globe were included. We performed full ophthalmic evaluation including horizontal palpebral fissure length, axial length by ultrasound and/or MRI measurements, paediatric and genetic evaluation. Cases were subdivided based on clinical characteristics. Biometrical data were used to calculate the relative axial length (rAL) and the relative horizontal palpebral fissure length (rHPF) compared with the healthy contralateral eye for unilateral cases.

Results

In previously untreated patients, a strong correlation exists between rAL and rHPF, distinguishing between severe, moderate and mild subjects using rAL of 0–45%, 45–75% and 75%–100%, respectively. Clinical subgroups were randomly dispersed throughout the scatterplot.

Conclusion

Current classifications lack clinical implications for MICA patients. We suggest measuring eyelid length and axial length to classify the severity and determine treatment strategy. The ‘severe’ group has obvious asymmetry and abnormal socket configuration for which therapy should quickly be initiated; the ‘moderately’ affected group has normal socket anatomy with a microphthalmic eye with disturbing asymmetry for which treatment should be initiated within months of development; the ‘mild’ group has a slightly smaller axial length or less obvious eyelid asymmetry for which reconstructive correction is possible, but expansive conformer treatment is unnecessary.
Beware of Stereotypes: Are Classmates’ Stereotypes Associated With Students’ Reading Outcomes?
Authors: Muntoni Francesca , Wagner Jenny , Retelsdorf Jan
Published: February 2020

This study examined the associations between classmates’ reading‐related gender stereotypes and students’ reading self‐efficacy, self‐concept, motivation, and achievement. Our sample consisted of 1,508 fifth‐grade students (49% girls; age: 10.89 years); data were collected at two time points. Multilevel analyses yielded two main results: First, there was a relation between students’ individual reading‐related gender stereotypes and their reading self‐concept, self‐efficacy, and motivation with boys experiencing negative and girls experiencing positive effects. Second, a contextual effect was found: after controlling for students’ individual reading‐related gender stereotypes, classmates’ gender stereotypes were negatively related to all of the boys’ reading outcomes. The results provide evidence for the assumption that classmates are important communicators of gender stereotypes and that they reinforce conforming behaviors.
Law and Speed: Asylum Appeals and the Techniques and Consequences of Legal Quickening
Authors: Hambly Jessica , Gill Nick
Published: February 2020

This article examines how a politics of speed is manifest in a legal context via a detailed ethnography of the French National Court of Asylum (CNDA). It identifies the temporal, spatial, and organizational ordering techniques that characterize asylum appeals in France and discusses the consequences of these techniques for the way in which the appeal process is experienced by legal decision makers and subjects. It reveals adverse impacts of legal quickening on legal quality, in particular through identifying: ‘cracks’ in the performance of legal roles like lawyer and judge that begin to appear when law is executed rapidly and repetitively; dwindling opportunities to demonstrate and experience respect between parties; and the ‘thinning‐out’ of legal process, as heuristics rather than deliberation come to dominate legal reasoning. The article contributes to a burgeoning body of socio‐legal literature on law and time by establishing the negative impact of excessive legal quickening on role performance, respect, and legal quality.
Novel Insights into Plasmodium vivax Therapeutic Failure: CYP2D6 Activity and Time of Exposure to Malaria Modulate the Risk of Recurrence
Authors: Silvino Ana Carolina Rios , Kano Flora Satiko , Costa Marcelo Azevedo , Fontes Cor Jesus Fernandes , Soares Irene Silva , de Brito Cristiana Ferreira Alves , Carvalho Luzia Helena , Sousa Tais Nobrega
Published: February 2020

Plasmodium vivax
relapse is one of the major causes of sustained global malaria transmission. Primaquine (PQ) is the only commercial drug available to prevent relapses, and its efficacy is dependent on metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Impaired CYP2D6 function, caused by allelic polymorphisms, leads to the therapeutic failure of PQ as a radical cure for
P. vivax
malaria. Here, we hypothesized that the host immune response to malaria parasites modulates susceptibility to
P. vivax
recurrences in association with CYP2D6 activity.