bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Red Cell and Serum Proteins of Cercocebus, Presbytis, Colobus and Certain Other Species
Authors: Barnicot N. A. , Hewett-Emmett D.
Published: September 2008

Blood samples from Cercocebus (19), Presbytis cristatus (22) and Colobus (2) together with additional vervet, patas and talapoin material have been examined electrophoretically for haemoglobin, serum proteins and seven red cell enzymes. Cathodal haemoglobin variants were found in some Cercocebus atys and in the single C.galeritus and were shown to differ from the anodal component in the -chains: both chains of C. albigena differed in charge from those of human Hb-A and other mangabeys. Polymorphic variation of the anodal PGM bands was seen in mangabeys and in a few vcrvets and patas. Transferrin polymorphism was detected in mangabeys and the vervet. The taxonomic implications of the results are discussed.In some respects the two colobines differ from other cercopithecoids but also from one another. The distribution of polymorphic variation in cercopithecoids is discussed in relation to current concepts of the spread of neutral mutations.
The Occurrence of Baboon-Type IgG Subclass Antigenic Determinants within the Order Primates
Authors: Damian R. T. , Luker Mary F. , Greene N. D. , Kalter S. S.
Published: September 2008

Sera from a large variety of nonhuman primates were tested for baboon-type IgG subclass determinants by immune-electrophoresis. Specific rabbit antisera to savanna baboon γ-chains, unreactive with human IgG, and capable of differentiating 4 baboon IgG subclasses were used in this study.

Frosimian and ceboid IgG’s were unreactive, as were the IgG’s of the great apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, and orang-utan). Cercopithecid Primates monkeys fell into species groups, according to the extent of their IgG correspondence to baboon IgG, with langur monkey IgG being the most dissimilar. A sharing of subclass determinants between gibbon IgG and baboon IgG was revealed. Evidence for multiple IgG(B2) determinants was also found.

The phylogenetic distribution of baboon-type and human-type IgG subclass determinants within the primate order is traced.
Intergroup Behavior of Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Hausfater G.
Published: September 2008

A 1-year study of the intergroup behavior of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, was begun in September 1968. Intergroup contacts occurred between entire groups, parts of groups, and single individuals and varied in intensity from violent chases and squabbling to play, matings, and other social behaviors. A series of analytical categories based on the number of individuals participating in the interaction and the nature of the interaction, e.g. aggressive, nonaggressive, sexual, are proposed and discussed.

Rates of aggressive group-level interaction did not change significantly between the mating and nonmating season, while wounding, branch-shaking, and male stalks show a monthly distribution with peaks during transition months between seasons. Aggressive intergroup interactions were most frequent from 08.00-09.00 h with a lesser peak from 15.00-16.00 h. Participation in intergroup behaviors by the members of a single social group, group F, is analyzed and an attempt made to infer the ontogeny of participation in intergroup behaviors, thereby relating observed behavior to the life cycles of individuals.
Notes on the Ecology of Five Lorisiformes of Rio Muni
Authors: Sabater J.
Published: September 2008

Some aspects of the ecology of Arctocebus calabarensis, Perodicticus potto, Euoticus elegantutus. Galago alleni and Galago demidovii are described. It is reasoned that A. calabarensis is more abundant than was previously supposed and that this species has less ecological plasticity than has P. potto. The nocturnal habits are more apparent in A. calabarensis than in the other four species studied. The breeding season of A. calabarensis is apparently similar to that of the forest cercopithecids of the same region.
New Fossil Cercopithecus Material from the Lower Omo Basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Eck G. , Howell F. C.
Published: September 2008

New fossil Cercopithecus material dated at 1.90 and 2.90 m.y. from the lower Omo basin, southwestern Ethiopia is described and compared to samples of modern C. aethiops and C. nictitans and to several other species discussed in the literature. All of the specimens described belong to the genus Cercopithecus. Assignment to species must await the recovery of further material.
Growth Fields in the Dentition of the Gorilla
Authors: Suarez B. K. , Bernor R.
Published: September 2008

Correlation analysis is used to study growth fields in the dentition of G. gorilla. The ‘rule of neighborhoods’ was found to be valid although the ‘rule of proximal parts’ was found not to hold in most cases. It is suggested that the pole of a growth field is centered in the tooth with the highest mean correlation with the other teeth in its class which may or may not correspond to the tooth with the least variability.
The Chronology of Embryogenesis in the Lesser Galago: A Preliminary Account
Authors: Butler H.
Published: September 2008

It is shown that embryos of the lesser galago can be classified into the same developmental horizons as human embryos. The chronology of embryogenesis in the lesser galago is, however, not the same as that of man, baboon and rhesus monkey. Serious doubt is cast on the view that prosimians are less sensitive to the teratogenic action of thalidomide than are the higher primates.
Aufzucht des Halbaffen Galago crassicaudatus E.Geoffroy, 1812 (Lorisiformes: Galagidae) im Familienverband
Authors: Welker C.
Published: September 2008

A female thick-tailed Galago has given birth to two male off springs within 1 year and has reared both successfully, while the adult male, respectively the first youngster were present. This work outlines some of the social behaviour of the family group. Weight data of five male infants are given.
Daily Activity Cycles and Weather Influences on a Pigtail Monkey Group
Authors: Bernstein I. S.
Published: September 2008

Clear diurnal influences on activity profiles were demonstrated for a group of pigtail monkeys. Temperature, weather and social reorganization variables also influenced the activity profiles. Females were more active than males in agonistic, sexual and grooming responses. An analysis of these categories demonstrated independent determinants. Genealogical relationships clearly influenced many activity patterns but did not preclude sexual interactions. Maternal care patterns indicated that biological aunts frequently showed ‘aunt’ role behavior.
Die Reaktionen bei einigen Primaten auf zwei künstliche Süssstoffe und H20 dest.
Authors: Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

In seven species of primates (Tupaiaglis, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang, Galago senegalensis, Callithrix (Cebuella) pygmaea, Saguinus (Leontocebus) tamarin, Saimiri sciureus) the thresholds of taste were ascertained for saccharin and dulcin with a two-tube continuous intake procedure. These physiological data were compared with those in Homo sapiens, some other mammals and a lower vertebrate (fish). For a special reason it should be found out, if the primates are able to discriminate between tap- and distilled water. The physiological values are discussed with regard to a mechanism of taste in vertebrates.
Histomorphology of the Cervix uteri of Toque (M. sinica) and Bonnet Macaques (M. radiata)
Authors: Jainudeen M. R. , Hafez E. S. E. , Kothari L.
Published: September 2008

The cervix uteri of the toque macaque (Macaco sinica) and bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) were more developed than in other species of macaques. Three well-developed colliculi protruded into the cervical canal. The folds of cervical mucosa were numerous, very complex and highly branched. There were two types of epithelial cells, ciliated and secretory.
The Paleocene Primate Plesiolestes and the Origin of Microsyopidae
Authors: Bown T. M. , Gingerich P. D.
Published: September 2008

Comparison of the dental morphology of the Middle Paleocene paromomyid primate Plesiolestes problematicus with that of the Early Eocene microsyopid Cynodontomystatideas indicates that Plesiolestes and Cynodontomys are closely related and that the Microsyopidae are derived from paromomyid primates. The Microsyopidae are, therefore, considered to be primates also. The diagnostic primate molar morphology apparently evolved before the petrosal bulla characteristic of most primates was acquired. Evidence presented here supports derivation of Primates a from leptictid insectivores.
An X-O Anomaly and Ovarian Dysgenesis in a Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Weiss G. , Weick R. F. , Knobil E. , Wolman S. R. , Gorstein F.
Published: September 2008

The finding of elevated plasma gonadotropin concentrations in an intact rhesus monkey led to the discovery of an X-O chromosomal anomaly. The monkey had skeletal, endocrine, and ovarian histologic characteristics closely resembling those described in human phenotypic females with an X-O karyotype (Turner’s syndrome).
The Reproductive Cycles of Two Subspecies of Purple-Faced Langurs (Presbytis senex) with Relation to Environmental Factors
Authors: Rudran R.
Published: September 2008

The relation between the reproductive cycles of Presbytis senex and P. s. monticola and environmental factors were studied in two climatically different areas of Ceylon: Polonnaruwa and Horton Plains, respectively. At Polonnaruwa, which is a seasonally dry area, the peak mating period coincided with the period of high rainfall, food abundance, decreasing temperatures and day length, giving rise to a birth peak during the dry season. The gestation period of P. s. senex was estimated, and intratroop breeding synchrony was noted within troops that underwent replacement of the leader male. At Horton Plains, where climatic variations were less marked, a distinct birth peak was not found. The attenuated peaks seemed to be due to intratroop breeding synchrony within established troops. The interbirth interval was 16-17 months, whereas at Polonnaruwa, it was extended to about 24 months.
Homosexual Behavior and Dominance Hierarchy in a Group of Captive Female Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Talmage-Riggs G. , Anschel S.
Published: September 2008

Rank order hierarchy was evaluated in four adult female squirrel monkeys in a variety of situations. Dominance relationships were first determined for pairs of monkeys before and after deafening the subordinate monkey. Three of the four monkeys were deafened in this manner. Deafening had no apparent permanent effect on social behavior. The four monkeys were then observed as a group in a large cage, isolated from all other monkeys. The frequency distributions of food stealing, body grasping, and sexual behaviors were consistent with a linear rank order interpretation. For some behavioral units dyadic relationships between monkeys were found to be more reliable predicators of linear hierarchy than frequency distribution. Homosexual encounters appeared to resemble the heterosexual pattern. Linear hierarchy has been observed by others in adult male squirrel monkey groups but not among subadult females.
New Paleocene Primates and a Diagnosis of the New Suborder Paromomyiformes
Authors: Szalay F. S.
Published: September 2008

New primates are described from the Paleocene of North America and the most ancient known primates are diagnosed as the new suborder Paromomyiformes, a monophyletic higher category. Hitherto unknown species of the Paromomyiformes, probably of the Paromomyidae in Asia, and in either North America, Europe or possibly, but not likely in Africa, gave rise to the strepsirhines and haplorhines (tarsiiforms included).
Phylogeny of Lemurs, Galagos and Lorises
Authors: Szalay F. S. , Katz Carol C.
Published: September 2008

Morphological evidence derived from the basicranium permits a high probability inference that cheirogaline lemurs, derived from lemurines, gave rise to the lorisid primates either in Africa or Asia. This conclusion is in harmony with other evidence known for both extinct and extant strepsirhines. Both cheirogaline lemurids and lorisids share advanced strep-sirhine rather than primitive primate traits.
A Comparison of Anubis Baboons, Hamadryas Baboons and Their Hybrids at a Species Border in Ethiopia
Authors: Nagel U.
Published: September 2008

During a 6-month field study at the Awash River, Ethiopia, more than 180 hybrid baboons in three groups were found in a zone of about 20 km between anubis groups and hamadryas groups. The genetical structure of the hybrid zone was preliminarily described using a simple morphological hybrid index. An ecological borderline, not coinciding with either boundary of the hybrid zone, was found at the Awash Falls. Only one anubis group had advanced downstream beyond the falls, sharing this habitat with the hybrid and hamadryas groups. An ecological comparison was made between this anubis group, an anubis group from above the falls, one hybrid group, and one hamadryas group.
Evaluation of the Water Incentive Method of Social Dominance Measurement in Primates
Authors: Clark Dennis L. , Dillon John E.
Published: September 2008

Previous laboratory methods of measuring dominance relations among nonhuman primates are discussed. These methods have usually involved defining the dominant member of a pair as that animal best able to obtain a positive food reward or to escape from a negative shock incentive. Dominance defined in this manner has not always accurately reflected dominance as measured by social behaviors such as aggression or assertion. An improved method of dominance determination involving competition for a water incentive is described, using squirrel monkeys as subjects. The results indicated that the present technique eliminated some of the definitional problems which were inherent in the prior methods.
Blood Group Homologues in Orangutans and Gorillas of the Human Rh-Hr and the Chimpanzee C-E-F Systems
Authors: Moor-Jankowski J. , Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Gordon E. B. , Kaczera Z.
Published: September 2008

In a previous study on homologues of the human Rh-Hr types in apes, weak agglutination of orangutan red cells by human anti-Rho and anti-hr’ sera was observed. Lack of adequate amounts of orangutan red cells needed for absorption experiments did not allow to ascertain whether the weak reactions were due to variants of the Rho and hr’ factors on orangutan red cells or to anti-species (species-specific) agglutinins against orangutan red cells in the human typing sera. The present experiments indicate that homologues of the human blood factors Rh0 , hr’ as well as rh’, rh” and hr” are lacking in orangutan red cells which are, therefore, comparable to the human Rh null red cells. In the search for homologues of chimpanzee C-E-F blood groups in other ape species, tests on 15 gorillas disclosed the presence in gorillas of polymorphism for Cc and Fc, while cc, antithetical to Cc in chimpanzees, as well Ec were both found to be absent from gorilla red cells.
Changes in the Sexual Behaviour of Male Rhesus Monkeys (M. mulatta) at Puberty
Authors: Michael R. P. , Wilson Margo
Published: September 2008

The development of patterns of sexual behaviour of feral-reared subadult, male rhesus monkeys was studied during the time of puberty. Somatic indices of maturation including body weight, dentition, colour of sexual skin, and size of Maturation testes were used to estimate the ages of males. There was a conspicuous change in behaviour after the first ever ejaculation. Prior to this males were poorly oriented towards females and there were very high numbers of un-intromitted thrusts. In the months after the first ejaculation, the sexual performance of subadults remained well below that of adults.
Modifications du comportement du babouin Papio papio dans son milieu naturel par l’apport d’aliments
Authors: Balzamo E. , Guillon R. , Forni C. , Fady J. C. , Bert J.
Published: September 2008

In capturing Papio papio, peanuts are used in a large amount as bait. Group concentration of baboons around this excess of food induces aggressive behavior, particularly among adult males. Thereafter, the inter-individual distance between the animals, which has been established as a dominance status in the hierarchy of the group, is no longer respected. In contrast to their nomadic habits of feeding, the baboons stand by, in or near, the peanut site. When departure is initiated, however, the animals leave the area even if the peanuts are still given generously.
Social Preference of the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Candland Douglas K. , Tyrrell Diane S. , Wagner Donna S. , Wagner Neil M.
Published: September 2008

Adult squirrel monkeys that had lived as a colony for 4 years were presented both during the fatted breeding season and during the nonfatted season with the choice of approaching one of two members of the group or remaining alone. Season affects the magnitude but not the direction of social preference. All animals show a strong preference for the high ranking male. Females have a greater preference for males than males for females. The higher the male’s position on the dominance rank, the greater is his preference to remain alone and to avoid females. The high ranking male is preferred by both males and females, although he rarely selects females.
Chimpanzee Endometrium and Sexual Swelling during Menstrual Cycle or Hormone Administration
Authors: Graham Charles E.
Published: September 2008

Endometrial histology in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was found to be essentially similar to that of the human throughout the menstrual cycle. Proliferative features were associated with development of the sexual swelling, and the first appearance of secretory changes was closely associated with detumescence of the swelling. Administration of a synthetic estrogen to ovariectomized chimpanzees resulted in the development of sexual swelling and proliferative endometrium. Administration of progesterone to estrogen-primed animals resulted in detumescence of the swelling and development of secretory endometrium.
Notes on the Ecology and Behaviour of the Angola Colobus (Colobus angolensis P. L. Sclater 1860) in N.E.Tanzania
Authors: Groves Colin P.
Published: September 2008

Angola colobus display a social structure rather similar to mantled guereza; living in small, tight-knit troops with usually a single adult male who performs the distinctive jumping-roaring display. Food consists largely of leaves; Celtis is a favoured source wherever it occurs. Unripe figs are also consumed. Observations on flight behaviour, intragroup relations, interspecies associations, and the determinants of troop composition are made.
Interactions between Adult Female and Infant Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)
Authors: Baldwin John D. , Baldwin Janice I.
Published: September 2008

Eight troops containing a total of 151 howler monkeys were studied for 513 h between December 19, 1970, and February 25, 1971. The troops contained 26 mothers with their infants. Mother-infant and other adult female-infant interactions were analyzed for infants from all three age classes. The data extend the knowledge of howler behavior in three ways. First, the study broadens the comparative data on Alouatta palliate to cover a new geographic area, a coastline forest in southwestern Panama. Second, the data provide the most detailed description of infant behavioral development and mother-infant interactions available in the howler literature. And third, since the population density of 10.4 howlers per ha at the study site is one of the highest densities reported in the primate literature, the present study contributes to the analysis of how primates adapt to conditions of high population density. Comparisons are made between the adult female-infant interactions observed on Barro Colorado Island and those observed at the present study site.
Group Response to the Accidental Death of a Chimpanzee in Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Teleki Geza
Published: September 2008

One complete episode, starting with the death of an adult male chimpanzee who breaks his neck in a fall from a tree and including the subsequent responses of 16 other chimpanzees to this accident, is described in detail. Behavior of age classes, social relationships, special vocalizations and group activity patterns are discussed within the context of death. The various activities performed by the members of this mixed group -vocalizing, displaying, grooming, mating, feeding, resting and investigating – are schematically depicted to show levels of arousal and behavioral trends and fluctuations during the 4-hour episode. This unique case history provides new bases for speculating about the quality and nature of group reponses to the death of a familiar chimpanzee.
Parental Care in a Group of Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta )Parental Care in a Group of Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta )
Authors: Ann Breuggeman Judith
Published: September 2008

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explore the significance of parental activities among Macaca mulatta. The phylogeny of care-giving behavior and the terminology that has been used in reference to it are discussed briefly.The focus of the paper is the presentation of original data from a continuous 15-month study of a free-ranging social group of rhesus monkeys in which the birth date and the mother of most individuals were known. Care giving was ubiquitous in the social group. Sex differences were minimal and, for the most part, quantitative rather than qualitative.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and explore the significance of parental activities among Macaca mulatta. The phylogeny of care-giving behavior and the terminology that has been used in reference to it are discussed briefly.The focus of the paper is the presentation of original data from a continuous 15-month study of a free-ranging social group of rhesus monkeys in which the birth date and the mother of most individuals were known. Care giving was ubiquitous in the social group. Sex differences were minimal and, for the most part, quantitative rather than qualitative.
Social Structure of the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureu s, Iquitos): Relationships among Behavior, Heartrate, and Physical Distance
Authors: Candland D. K. , Dresdale L. , Leiphart J. , Bryan D. , Johnson C. , Nazar B.
Published: September 2008

The relationships between heartrate, behavior, and physical distance were assessed in squirrel monkeys forming a stable colony. For many specific behaviors, heartrate is elevated from baseline 2 min before the behavior and depressed afterwards. Heartrate during a specific behavior is often related to rank by either a U or inverted U: high and low ranking animals show similar heartrates but those of midranking animals are depressed or elevated. The findings are interpreted in terms of the possible evolutional effects on endocrine output of long- and short-term stress.
Locomotion and Posture of the Malayan Siamang and Implications for Hominoid Evolution
Authors: Fleagle John G.
Published: September 2008

Wild, adult siamang were observed for over 800 h in lowland dipterocarp forest in the Krau Game Reserve, Pahang, West Malaysia. Siamang use four patterns of locomotion: brachiation, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The pattern of locomotion used by the siamang varies with the size of arboreal supports and with major behavioral activity. Travel is primarily by brachiation along large boughs. Locomotion during feeding is primarily climbing among small branches. In feeding, siamang use suspensory postures among small supports and seated postures on large supports. Comparison of siamang locomotion and posture with that of other apes suggests that quadrumanous climbing during feeding is the basic hominoid locomotor adaptation.
Hematological Development of the Infant Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Ausman Lynne M. , Gallina D. L. , Hayes K. C. , Hegsted D. M.
Published: September 2008

Hematologic developmental norms from infant squirrel monkeys indicate a relative maturation of the hematopoietic system by 16 weeks. The elevated hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count, MCV and MCH at birth are followed by a decreasing hemoglobin (decreasing red blood cell count and MCV) until 4 weeks of age. A reticulocytosis then occurs until the hemoglobin level approximates adult concentrations by 16 weeks of age with gradual changes in this as well as hematocrit, red blood cell count, MCV and MCH thereafter. Total leukocytes and segmented neutrophils are elevated at birth and decrease rapidly in the first 2 weeks, reaching stabile values by 16 weeks. An opposite trend is seen with the lymphocyte population. Plasma protein and albumin concentrations show a nadir at 2 weeks of age with the albumin levels stabilizing by 10 weeks and the total protein concentration continuing to increase throughout the 1st year.
Genus Cebus Q- and G-Band Karyotypes and Natural HybridsGenus Cebus Q- and G-Band Karyotypes and Natural Hybrids
Authors: de Caballero Olga Marea Torres , Ramerez Cecilia , Yunis Emilio
Published: September 2008

The Q- and G-band analyses of Cebus capucinus, Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella are presented. The study is based on the results obtained from 18 specimens of the genus. For almost all of them, their exact locality is known. The data presented include the statement of two natural hybrids from C. capucinus and C. albifrons. On an evolutionary basis our results agree with the taxonomic concepts which postulate more similarity between C. capucinus and C. albifrons than between C. capucinus and C. apella. Furthermore, the comparative study of the Q- and G-band patterns indicates an independent chromosome evolution for C. albifrons and C. apella derived from a common ancestor more similar to C. capucinus.

The Q- and G-band analyses of Cebus capucinus, Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella are presented. The study is based on the results obtained from 18 specimens of the genus. For almost all of them, their exact locality is known. The data presented include the statement of two natural hybrids from C. capucinus and C. albifrons. On an evolutionary basis our results agree with the taxonomic concepts which postulate more similarity between C. capucinus and C. albifrons than between C. capucinus and C. apella. Furthermore, the comparative study of the Q- and G-band patterns indicates an independent chromosome evolution for C. albifrons and C. apella derived from a common ancestor more similar to C. capucinus.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Organization of a Group of Captive Talapoin Monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin)
Authors: Wolfheim Jaclyn H.
Published: September 2008

Grooming and avoiding scores were used as measures of the attractive and repulsive forces operating in a group of eight monkeys. The results revealed: (1) three unisexual grooming subgroups; (2) two focal monkeys (one ♀ and one ♂) which were each avoided by five animals, one female avoided by three animals, the rest avoided by one or none; (3) that each monkey was ‘friendly’ with one to three others and was ‘antagonistic’ toward all the rest; (4) that males were socially inactive, ranked below most females, associated primarily with each other, and, in this study, were killed by females during the mating period. The social organization of talapoins seems to differ from that of other Old World monkeys and may be similar to that of the New World squirrel monkeys.
Erythroblastosis Models
Authors: Wiener A. S. , Socha W. W. , Moor-Jankowski J.
Published: September 2008

Erythroblastosis fetalis represents a significant hazard for successful management of pregnancy in man and in marmosets, but not in crab-eating macaques. Materno-fetal blood group incompatibility in chimpanzee is described as a contributing factor in the death of an infant. The findings indicate that parental blood groups should be taken into consideration when breeding chimpanzees.
Differential Habitat Utilization of Four Cercopithecidae in a Kenyan Forest
Authors: Moreno-Black Geraldine , Maples William R.
Published: September 2008

The presence of Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Colobus angolensis in a small coastal forest is attributed to their differential habitat utilization. Data on diet, space-use patterns and polyspecific associations are given. Habitat partitioning is found to be resource-related and is accomplished through differential reliance on resources as well as different means of exploiting overlapping resources. The implications of the data for understanding the relationship between ecology and social structure are discussed.
Geographic Distribution and Habitat Diversity of the Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvanus L.
Authors: Taub David Milton
Published: September 2008

During a 15-month behavioral study in Morocco and a 3-month survey in Morocco and Algeria, the present distribution of the Barbary macaque was determined. In Algeria, monkeys are found in seven constricted and disjunct localities in the Grande and Petite Kabylie mountain ranges. These localities are severely restricted in space and are located in remote or inaccessible areas which support only small populations. Their habitats include mixed cedar and holm oak forests, humid Portuguese and cork oak mixes and gorges dominated by scrub vegetation. In only two regions (Guerrouch and Agfadou) can populations of reasonable size be found; even there they do not approach the abundance found in the Central Middle Atlas zone of Morocco. Distribution was more extensive earlier in this century and some areas have become unoccupied within the past 15 years. Today, their absolute numbers and population densities are low in all but two locations. Algeria contains approximately 23% (5,500 maximum) of the total number of surviving Barbary macaques in North Africa. About 77% of the total number of Barbary macaques occur in Morocco. Moroccan habitats include high cedar forests, cedar/holm-oak mixtures and pure holm oak forests. Macaque distribution in the High Atlas is restricted to the Ourika valley where only a small relict population survives. There are between five and eight small, disjunct forest pockets in the Rif which support small groups of monkeys. In the Middle Atlas, monkeys are found in high numbers and in relatively wide stretches of distribution, although there are constricted areas of low densities in this region also. 65% (14,000 maximum) of the animals and their highest densities occur in the high mixed cedar forests of the Central zone, and mixed cedar forest appears to be the preferred habitat for the species. With the exception of the Central zone, their remaining distribution is typically disjunct and constricted, and population densities are low. As in Algeria, distribution in Morocco was wider earlier this century, and several areas have recently become unoccupied.
Genus Aotus Q- and G-Band Karyotypes and Natural Hybrids
Authors: Yunis Emilio , de Caballero Olga Marea Torres , Ramerez Cecilia
Published: September 2008

Q- and G-banding studies of Aotus trivirgatus trivirgatus and Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra are presented. After the analysis of 8 specimens, 2 A. t. trivirgatus and 6 A. t. griseimembra and the review of the literature on the field we state the existence of two different karyotypes, 2n = 54 and 2n = 50, for A.t.trivirgatus and three different karyotypes, 2n = 54, 2n = 52 and 2n = 50, for A. t. griseimembra. It was found that Robertsonian translocations were the mechanism involved in the numerical reduction of the chromosomes. The data presented include the statement of two natural hybrids and the cross-breedings which originated them.
New Data and a Discussion of Infant Killing in Old World Monkeys and Apes
Authors: Angst W. , Thommen D.
Published: September 2008

Information on infant killing by males is reviewed and extended by personal communications and observations. Most cases of infant killing reported occurred during periods when a new alpha male was establishing himself and during arranged encounters of strangers or unfamiliar individuals in captivity. There seem to be no specific releasing stimuli for infant killing, but rather the lack of familiarity between male and females, their nonacceptance of him in the whole set of roles tied to the alpha status, and his special motivational condition as new alpha lead him to a state, in which attacks on infants may result. Infant killing is considered to have a selection advantage by increasing one’s own reproduction success while reducing the one of other males.
The Number of Umbilical Vessels in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Baker Carol A. , Hendrickx Andrew G.
Published: September 2008

The number of vessels present in the umbilical cords of 40 nonsurviving squirrel monkey fetuses and neonates has been determined by gross and histologic examination. Four umbilical vessels were present in 72.5% of the cords and 27.5% contained three vessels. Coincident fetal malformations are noted.
Ontogeny of the Ectotympanic-Petrosal Plate Relationship in Strepsirhine Prosimians
Authors: MacPhee R.D.E.
Published: September 2008

The two major groups of living strepsirhine prosimians (the lorises and lemurs) display two different forms of the ectotympanic-petrosal plate relationship (EPPR). Ontogenetically, the factors producing this difference primarily relate to (1) the degree of elaboration of the sutural tissues at the ectotympanic-petrosal plate interface and (2) the method of pneumatization of the petrosal bone. These two processes are, in all likelihood, the same ones which determined the EPPRs of fossil strepsirhines as well. The important theoretical point which emerges is that the transition from the intrabullar to the extrabullar condition of the ectotympanic (or vice versa) was probably effected partly or wholly in young rather than adult stages of ancestral strepsirhines.
On the Sublingual Structures of Tarsius (Prosimiae, Tarsiiformes) and Some Platyrrhine Monkeys (Platyrrhina, Simiae, Primates) with Casual Remarks on the Histology of the Tongue
Authors: Hofer Helmut O.
Published: September 2008

The sublingual structures of Tarsius, Cebuella and Callithrix are studied microscopically. Tarsius has a well developed but not specialized sublingua. In the platyrrhine monkeys the sublingua is lacking completely, but the frenal lamella (plica sublingualis) is very specialized. From this it is concluded that the sublingual organ of Callicebus is a topographically modified frenal lamella, not a sublingua.
New Species of Eocene Primates and the Phytogeny of European Adapidae
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: September 2008

Restudy of virtually all of the important collections of European Eocene primates of the family Adapidae indicates that 28 valid species in 8 genera are now known, spanning a time period of nearly 20 million years. The biostratigraphic distribution of each species has been studied in the context of established reference levels, and a maximum of four evolutionary lineages are known from any one locality. Ten new species are proposed in the genera Pelycodus (1 sp.), Protoadapis (4 sp.), Periconodon (2 sp.), Anchomomys (1 sp.), and Adapts (2 sp.). Phylogenetic relationships among the species, based on stratophenetic linking, are indicated whenever possible.
The Banded Karyotype of Saguinus midas tamarin Link, 1795 (Callitrichidae, Primates)
Authors: Schmid W. , Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

The karyotype of Saguinus midas tamarin (2n = 46) is presented. By G-banding all individual chromosome pairs are easily identifiable.
Reproductive Cycles of the Talapoin Monkey (Miopithecus talapoin)
Authors: Rowell T. E.
Published: September 2008

Reproductive cycles of female talapoins living in caged breeding groups were followed over 7 years, using visible changes of the perineum. Changes in the perineum during the extended adolescence of this species are described. There was a clearly defined breeding season, although its onset was not so abrupt as in the wild. During the summer months females show very small perineal swellings or none at all. Even during the breeding season all stages of the follicular phase of cycles are highly variable. Completed menstrual cycles are relatively rare since talapoins are highly fertile; they may be somewhat shorter than fertile cycles. Cyclical activity is modifiable by social stimuli, and it is suggested that differences in synchrony of breeding between wild and captive populations might be due both to inadequate climate cues and to a lower level of social stimulation in captivity. The concept of the menstrual cycle had limited value in predicting reproductive activity in this highly fertile seasonal breeder.
Aspects of Reproduction in Ruffed Lemurs (Lemur variegatus)
Authors: Boskoff K. J.
Published: September 2008

Results of breeding of ruffed lemurs (Lemur variegatus) at the Duke Primate Facility provide information concerning estrous cycle, sexual behavior, age of first conception, gestation period, parturition, litter size. L. variegatus differs from other Lemur species in these respects.
Urinary Excretion of Biologically Active Chorionic Gonadotrophin by the Pregnant Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)
Authors: Hobson B. M. , Hearn J. P. , Lunn S. F. , Flockhart J. H.
Published: September 2008

No significant correlation exists between the amount of biologically active marmoset chorionic gonadotrophin (mCG) in urine and results obtained with an immunological pregnancy test. The pregnant marmoset excretes large amounts of oestrogenic steroids, which must be removed, to prevent the enhancement of the response of the bioassay for mCG. More than 99% of these unconjugated and conjugated urinary oestrogens can be removed by extraction with acetone and ether. mCG is excreted throughout pregnancy, maximum levels occurring between the 8th and 9th week of gestation. There is a considerable within- and between-animal variation in the amount of mCG excreted. However, the pattern of gonadotrophin excretion by the pregnant marmoset is similar to that of man and the apes but unlike that of baboons and macaques.
Facial Expressions in Captive Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Marriott Bernadette M. , Salzen Eric A.
Published: September 2008

The facial expressions of captive, group-living squirrel monkeys are described. Elements of facial expressions, the occurrence of these expressions and accompanying vocalizations are detailed. The range of facial expressions recorded for this species is similar to that previously reported for other simian primates.
Composition of the Milk of the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and Milk Substitutes Used in Hand-rearing Programmes, with Special Reference to Fatty Acids
Authors: Turton J.A. , Ford D.J. , Bleby J. , Hall B.M. , Whiting R.
Published: September 2008

Analyses of marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) milk were carried out to determine values for crude protein, lactose, total lipids, major minerals, and osmotic pressure. Mean values were (g/100 ml): protein, 3.6; lactose, 7.5; total lipids, 7.7; minerals (mg/100 ml): sodium, 21.4; potassium, 54.3; calcium, 92.2; phosphorus, 22.8; magnesium, 5.0; chloride, 52.2; osmotic pressure, 354 mosm/kg water. Similar analyses were conducted on 2 milk substitutes used in hand-rearing programmes. Fatty acid analyses were carried out on natural milk, the milk substitutes, and the marmoset diet. For hand-rearing C. jacchus it is recommended that a human milk substitute is modified by increasing the levels of protein, carbohydrate, and total lipids, and that a small amount of fish oil is added.
Skeletal Differences between Pygmy (Pan paniscus) and Common Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Zihlman Adrienne L. , Cramer Douglas L.
Published: September 2008

Skeletal dimensions of pygmy (Pan paniscus) and common (Pan troglodytes) chimpanzees were compared. Significant differences were found in the clavicles, scapulae, pelvises, and in the humerus/femur and femur head/length ratios. No significant differences were observed in long bone lengths or talar breadths. There is extensive overlap in body weights, so that the observed differences cannot be accounted for by body size alone. We conclude that pygmy and common chimpanzees are morphologically distinct. Implications for hominoid evolution are discussed.
Patterns of Food Sharing among Mother and Infant Chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Silk Joan B.
Published: September 2008

The patterns of food sharing among mother and infant chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, are primarily influenced by the infants’ ability to procure and process foods independently. Foods infants could find and process on their own were not shared by mothers as frequently as foods infants could not obtain independently. Temporal changes were observed in the patterns of interactions as infants matured. It is suggested that food sharing may be considered a behavioral strategy which facilitates the infant’s transition from dependent suckling to independent foraging.
Postreproductive Survival and Behavior in a Free-Ranging Female Mangabey
Authors: Waser Peter M.
Published: September 2008

The survival and behavior of a postreproductive free-ranging female Cercocebus albigena is documented; her patterns of grooming, aggression, and other social and spatial relationships with members of her group are described and compared with those of other, cycling, females. The phenomenon of female postreproductive survival in free- ranging nonhuman primates is briefly reviewed.
Zur Morphometrie und Histologie des Auges des Springtamarins (Callimico goeldii Thomas 1904, Callimiconidae, Primates)
Authors: Castenholz A. , Lorenz R. , Castenholz E.
Published: September 2008

The eye of Callimico goeldii features histologically and histometrically all the characteristics of an organ adapted to diurnal activity. The eyelid apparatus, accommodation system, and external eye muscles are highly differentiated as well as the retina with its fovea centralis. The numerical relations of the three retinal neurons differ considerably between the peripheral and central fundus area indicating a high degree of centralisation which is also found in Cebidae and Callithrichidae.
Non-Metric Features in the Ulna of Aegyptopithecus, Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix
Authors: Schön Ybarra Miguel A. , Conroy Glenn C.
Published: September 2008

A comparison of the non-metric features of the ulnar fragment (YPM 23940) referred to Aegyptopithecus Zeuxis with those in the same bone of Alouatta, Ateles, and Lagothrix - the three living taxa whose ulnae most closely resemble that of the fossil - reveals that the closest similarities of the fragment are with the ulna of Alouatta.
Male Parental Behavior in a Captive Group of Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Tilford Barbara L. , Nadler Ronald D.
Published: September 2008

A captive group of lowland gorillas, consisting of an adult silverback male and three females with infants was studied for evidence of male parental behavior. The adult male socially approached, attempted to contact, touched and held/carried the infants, but did so differentially. The frequency of these adult male-infant interactions was directly related to the strength of the affiliation bond between the adult male and the respective mothers. However, during the course of the study, the male’s behavior toward the infants became less dependent upon immediately prior contact with their mothers. It is proposed that the adult male regulated his interactions with different infants, i.e. his parental investment, according to the strength of his affiliation bond with their mothers. Since under natural conditions, affiliative bonding probably promotes paternity confidence, male parental investment related to affiliative bonding increases the probability that the investment is made in the male’s own offspring.
The Diet and Feeding Behaviour of Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus
Authors: Kavanagh Michael
Published: September 2008

The feeding behaviour of representative groups of tantalus monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops tantalus) was observed during 1974-1975 in three habitats in Cameroon. Observations took place during the wet and dry seasons in sahelian savannah, guinea savannah and farmed forest. The tantalus monkeys were similar to other races of C. aethiops that have been studied in that they were omnivorous and lacked any narrow specialisations of either diet or feeding techniques. The dietary range was similar in all three habitats, although considerable seasonal variation occurred. About one third of all feeding took place on the ground.
Continual Sexual Receptivity in the Female Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Burton Lemmon William , Lloyd Allen Melvin
Published: September 2008

Daily observations during a 5-year period showed that the mean frequencies of copulation per day during various sexual states of the female chimpanzee were almost identical, except for during maximum tumescence and lactation. The mean frequency of observed copulation peaked during maximum tumescence and was lowest during lactation.
The Orbital Mosaic in Prosimians and the Use of Variable Traits in Systematics
Authors: Cartmill Matt
Published: September 2008

Study of 579 skulls, representing all 33 extant prosimian species and several anthropoids, shows that an orbital exposure of the ethmoid occurs in most Malagasy genera. A palatine-lacrimal contact is normal only in Lemur; the zygomatic-lacrimal contact occurs in most lorisiform species. Lepilemur shows possibly significant resemblances to lorisiforms. The vomer appears in the orbit of some ceboids. Cebids are distinguished by a canal running from the orbital apex through the basicranium. It is argued that skull shape and jaw musculature affect the size and shape of certain orbital-mosaic components. Frequencies of traits, rather than typologically ‘normal’ traits, may be taken as synapomorphies linking different species cladistically.
Locomotion and Posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus
Authors: Mittermeier Russell A.
Published: September 2008

The locomotor and postural behavior of Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus was studied in Panama and Surinam. Ateles locomotion can be divided into five patterns on the basis of limb usage: quadrupedal walking and running, suspensory locomotion, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The first three are commonly used in both locomotion during travel and locomotion during feeding, but climbing (especially ‘horizontal climbing’) is the most important pattern during feeding. Most Ateles locomotion takes place on twigs and branches, with twigs playing a greater role in feeding than in travel. Feeding postures are mainly suspensory and seated, short resting postures are suspensory, seated and standing, and long resting postures are almost entirely seated and reclining. Twigs are the most important supports in feeding postures, but branches are much more important in resting postures. The results of this study indicate that the quadrumanous climbing, forelimb- dominated locomotion during feeding that Fleagle. considers the primary hominoid adaptation is also characteristic of Ateles.
Some Effects of Living Conditions upon the Pattern of Growth in the Stumptail Macaque (Macaca arctoides)
Authors: Faucheux Baptiste , Bertrand Mireille , Bourlière François
Published: September 2008

Somatometric and weight measurements of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) bred in various environmental conditions are presented. Environmental parameters may influence the pattern of growth in slowing down the ‘growth rate’ of monkeys bred in restricted laboratory environment as compared with monkeys bred in ‘optimal’ captive conditions: their subadult and adult linear dimensions are smaller.