bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On‐road vehicle detection and tracking based on road context and the ambient lighting adaptive framework
Authors: Kim Sam‐Yong , Oh Se‐Young
Published: December 2008

Despite recent active research on vision‐based vehicle detection and tracking, its lack of flexibility hindered practical use in real environments. To be practical, adaptation to various illumination conditions is an essential ingredient. We propose a novel adaptation framework that can improve on this current lighting adaptation using a simple road context, feature arbiter, and a proper feature fusion scheme. In real driving environments, self‐supervised online learning can efficiently segment the road and nonroad regions in front of the host vehicle. Classification into these regions is very important to generate regions of interest (ROIs) for potential vehicle position, that is, road context. It improves on system efficiency by reducing noise and processing time. In our global and local lighting models, the feature arbiter selects an appropriate daytime or nighttime detector for each ROI. And finally, an adaptive fusion framework method can robustly track by selecting or removing the distinctive visual attributes. This system was successfully tested on real road data obtained with various ambient lighting conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 283–295, 2008
Phenyleneethynylene Macrocycle‐Fused Phenylacetylene Monomers: Synthesis and Polymerization
Authors: Kaneko Takashi , Horie Takahiro , Matsumoto Shinji , Teraguchi Masahiro , Aoki Toshiki
Published: December 2008

Phenyleneethynylene macrocycle‐substituted acetylenes were synthesized by repetition of the Sonogashira coupling reaction, and the elimination reaction of the terminal acetylene protecting group. The monomers were polymerized with a rhodium catalyst, [Rh(nbd)Cl]2, at the terminal acetylene unit, and the polymerization mixtures were purified by precipitating into methanol to yield the corresponding poly(phenylacetylene) derivatives as yellow‐red powders, which had a high degree of polymerization ($\overline {DP}$ ≈ 500) in spite of their steric bulkiness. The trimethylsilyl and pentamethyldisiloxanyl groups of polymers improved their solubility, and the polymers were soluble in common organic solvents, such as toluene, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran.

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Triphenylamine and Fluorene Based Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Shi Wei , Jiang Xi , Zen Wenjin , Huang Fei , Yang Wei , Liu Ransheng , Cao Yong
Published: December 2008

Two kinds of amino‐functionized, triphenylamine and fluorene based copolymers, PFT‐N and PTFF‐N, were synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The corresponding quaternized polyelectrolytes PFT‐NBr and PTFF‐NBr were obtained through post‐polymerization. The quenching behaviors of PFT‐NBr and PTFF‐NBr in methanol were investigated by the titration of Fe(CN). All of these polymers were investigated as emitting layer in multilayer PLEDs. Devices' performance together with electrochemical properties of these polymers indicate that both of the hole and the electron injection capabilities of them were improved due to the simultaneous introduction of the triphenylamine segment and the aminoalkyl (ammonium) group.

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Comparison of the Effects of an Ionic Liquid and Other Salts on the Properties of Electrospun Fibers, 2 – Poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Arumugam Ganesh Kumar , Khan Sourabh , Heiden Patricia A.
Published: December 2008

Understanding the effect of conductivity in electrospinning solutions is crucial in order to improve or control the electrospinning process. In this paper the effect of adding small amounts (0.039–0.259 mol · kg−1) of three different conductive additives to aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol has been investigated. The salts were HMICl (a room temperature ionic liquid), TEBAC (a quaternary ammonium salt) and KCl. Addition of these salts caused a steady increase in the solution conductivity but the fiber diameter was typically greater than that of PVA alone, and exhibited an oscillatory trend. The oscillatory trend on the fiber diameter is attributed to fiber backbuilding and fusion that occurs prior to deposition on the collector.

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Activation regimens for full‐term development of rabbit oocytes injected with round spermatids
Authors: Hirabayashi Masumi , Kato Megumi , Kitada Kensaku , Ohnami Naoko , Hirao Masao , Hochi Shinichi
Published: December 2008

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of activation regimens on full‐term development of rabbit oocytes after round spermatid injection (ROSI). In the first series, rabbit oocytes were treated with 5 µM ionomycin before ROSI, after ROSI, or before and after ROSI. In addition, non‐treated oocytes were subjected to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using ejaculated spermatozoa. Cleavage rate of ROSI oocytes activated before and after ROSI (55%) was comparable with that of ICSI oocytes (60%), and significantly higher than those of ROSI oocytes activated either before or after ROSI (29–39%; P < 0.05). No offspring were produced by transfer of the cleaving ROSI oocytes, while 8% of the cleaving ICSI oocytes transferred gave birth to offspring. In the second series, oocytes were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 µM ionomycin, followed by ROSI, 5 µM ionomycin treatment, and incubation with 5 µg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) + 2 mM 6‐dimethylaminopurine (DMAP). Significantly higher cleavage rates were derived from oocytes activated with 10 and 20 µM ionomycin before ROSI (91% and 82%, respectively; P < 0.05) compared to those activated with 5 µM ionomycin before ROSI (53%). Live offspring were obtained when the cleaving ROSI oocytes with the initial ionomycin treatment at 5 and 10 µM were transferred (offspring rate 2% and 4%, respectively). These activation regimens, however, were not valid for the ROSI using cryopreserved round spermatids. In conclusion, rabbit ROSI oocytes were capable of developing into full‐term when the oocytes were activated with a combined treatment of ionomycin and CHX/DMAP. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 573–579, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Advanced pediatric myelodysplastic syndromes: Can immunophenotypic characterization of blast cells be a diagnostic and prognostic tool?
Authors: Veltroni Marinella , Sainati Laura , Zecca Marco , Fenu Susanna , Tridello Gloria , Testi Anna Maria , Merlone Alessandra Di Cesare , Buldini Barbara , Leszl Anna , Nigro Luca Lo , Longoni Daniela , Bernini Gabriella , Basso Giuseppe ,   on behalf of AIEOP‐MDS Study Group
Published: December 2008

Background

The diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is mainly based on morphology and cytogenetic analysis. Several efforts to analyze MDS by flow cytometry have been reported in adults. These studies have focused on the identification of abnormalities in the maturation pathway of antigen expression of myelo‐monocytic cells, and characterization of blast populations. Therefore, phenotype has been proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic criterion tool for adult MDS. The current article provides data concerning the blast phenotype in pediatric MDS.

Procedure

We evaluated by multiparameter flow cytometry 26 MDS pediatric patients with more than 2% of blast cells at bone marrow morphological examination (17 de novo MDS and 9 secondary MDS) and 145 pediatric de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases (M3 excluded). As control group, 12 healthy age‐matched donors for allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMD) and 6 regenerating bone marrow samples, collected from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission after induction chemotherapy, were studied.

Results

We identified a blast immunophenotype typically expressed in most MDS cases and a strong correlation between CD7 expression and poor outcome. CD34+ compartment in MDS bone marrow was also analyzed: a significant decrease of B‐cell precursors was detected in MDS patients independent of age.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the blasts phenotypic features can constitute a diagnostic and prognostic tool also for pediatric MDS. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:357–363. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies in California
Authors: Michlitsch Jennifer , Azimi Mahin , Hoppe Carolyn , Walters Mark C. , Lubin Bertram , Lorey Fred , Vichinsky Elliott
Published: December 2008

Background

Newborn screening (NBS) for hemoglobinopathies facilitates early identification of affected individuals to ensure the prompt institution of comprehensive medical care for affected newborns in California. When linked to extensive follow‐up and education, NBS has been shown to significantly reduce mortality in children with sickle cell disease. Due to changing immigration patterns from Asia and Latin America, the State of California has witnessed an increased prevalence of clinically significant hemoglobin (Hb) disorders, including those resulting from novel genotypes. In 1999, newborn screening for Hb H disorders was incorporated in the statewide hemoglobinopathy screening program.

Procedure

Primary screening for hemoglobin variants was performed using high performance liquid chromatography. Confirmatory testing on hemoglobinopathy mutations was performed by electropheresis techniques and genotyping methods.

Results

Of 530,000 newborn samples screened annually in California, 2,118 samples were referred to the Hemoglobin Reference Laboratory (HRL) for confirmatory testing between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2006 (0.05%). Sickle cell disease was most frequently observed (1 in 6,600 births) followed by α‐thalassemia (1 in 9,000 births) and β‐thalassemia disease (1 in 55,000 births). The confirmatory analysis modified the initial screening in 5% of cases and revealed 25 rare or new genotypes. Diverse ethnicities were associated with hemoglobin mutations including Southeast Asian, Black, Indian/Asian, Middle Eastern, and Hispanic.

Conclusions

The California hemoglobinopathy screening program provides accurate diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Increasing incidence of diverse mutations require new strategies of laboratory screening, counseling, and patient management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:486–490. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of nasal reconstruction following tumour resection on psychosocial functioning, a clinical‐empirical exploration
Authors: Moolenburgh Sanne E. , Mureau Marc A.M. , Versnel Sarah L. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Hofer Stefan O. P.
Published: December 2008

Objective: Total or partial nasal amputation following tumour resection is one of the more severe facial disfigurements. Successful nasal reconstruction can therefore be regarded as restoring a patient's psychosocial health. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate different determinants of patient's psychosocial functioning and their effect on patient satisfaction after nasal reconstruction.

Methods: A cross‐sectional study with a case–control study design was conducted. Level of satisfaction with nasal appearance and psychosocial functioning were assessed with validated questionnaires.

Results: A total of 30 consecutive patients were recruited. They were treated between November 2001 and May 2005 for (sub)total nasal defects following radical tumour resection. For the control group 99 consented to participate. Social anxiety and avoidance were scored significantly higher within the patient group (p=0.01). Patients cope significantly more passive than controls (p=0.04). Self‐esteem levels did not differ significantly between patients and controls (p=0.22). Determinants of satisfaction with nasal reconstruction were self‐esteem (p=0.0001), active coping strategy (p=0.001), and passive coping strategy (p=0.0001).

Conclusion: Nasal reconstruction has an impact on psychosocial functioning of nasal reconstruction patients. In addition, self‐esteem and coping strategy are important determinants of satisfaction with nasal reconstruction, and should be held in mind when treating a patient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive deficits as long‐term side‐effects of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients: ‘subjective’ complaints and ‘objective’ neuropsychological test results
Authors: Weis J. , Poppelreuter M. , Bartsch H. H.
Published: December 2008

Objective: Various studies have demonstrated that neuropsychological deficits are potential side‐effects of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer patients. To date, little is known about the long‐term development of these deficits and their implications for patients' everyday life.

Methods: Within the framework of an intervention study, 90 breast cancer patients after adjuvant chemotherapy were examined at three measurement points. The focus of this article is on the cognitive status at the last measurement point (on average, 9 months after the end of oncological therapy) and, in particular, on the correlations between subjective self‐appraisal and neuropsychological test results.

Results: Although the prevalence of neuropsychological deficits significantly decreased as time elapsed after the end of oncological therapy, 21% of our sample group still displayed indications of clinically relevant long‐term cognitive deficits. A sub‐group of severely affected patients showed specific deficits in verbal‐semantic memory and judged their everyday cognitive performance as being extremely poor.

Conclusion: The identification of verbal‐semantic memory as a specific problem area has important implications on the planning of future studies with regard to both the examination of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the specific effects of these deficits on patients' self‐appraisal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Banking on Fatherhood: pilot studies of a computerized educational tool on sperm banking before cancer treatment
Authors: Huyghe Eric , Martinetti Paul , Sui Dawen , Schover Leslie R.
Published: December 2008

Objectives: We conducted pilot studies of the feasibility and efficacy of an interactive, computerized educational tool, Banking on Fatherhood (BOF).

Methods: Two small randomized trials were conducted, with 20 male cancer patients eligible to bank sperm in Study 1 and 19 oncology fellows or residents in Study 2. In each trial, half of the subjects viewed BOF before completing questionnaires, and half viewed it afterward. Outcome measures included a knowledge test in both trials and a Decisional Conflict scale in the patient trial. All participants, plus a panel of 10 experts, ultimately viewed BOF and completed a form evaluating its usability and value.

Results: Patients who completed questionnaires after viewing BOF had significantly less decisional conflict about banking sperm than those who had not viewed it (P=0.0065), but knowledge scores were not significantly different between groups. Physicians who filled out questionnaires after viewing BOF scored significantly higher on the knowledge test (P<0.006). Patients, physicians and experts rated BOF as easy to use, informative and addressing important psychosocial concerns, with videos and animations adding to the value of the educational tool.

Conclusion: Pilot studies suggest that BOF is a feasible intervention that could enhance decisions about sperm banking. Research with larger groups is needed to validate its effectiveness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐ and two‐stage design proposals for a phase II trial comparing three active treatments with control using an ordered categorical endpoint
Authors: Whitehead John , Jaki Thomas
Published: December 2008

Phase II clinical trials are performed to investigate whether a novel treatment shows sufficient promise of efficacy to justify its evaluation in a subsequent definitive phase III trial, and they are often also used to select the dose to take forward. In this paper we discuss different design proposals for a phase II trial in which three active treatment doses and a placebo control are to be compared in terms of a single‐ordered categorical endpoint. The sample size requirements for one‐stage and two‐stage designs are derived, based on an approach similar to that of Dunnett. Detailed computations are prepared for an illustrative example concerning a study in stroke. Allowance for early stopping for futility is made. Simulations are used to verify that the specified type I error and power requirements are valid, despite certain approximations used in the derivation of sample size. The advantages and disadvantages of the different designs are discussed, and the scope for extending the approach to different forms of endpoint is considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Überwachung der Plasmahomogenität
Authors: Michaeli Walter , v. Fragstein Friederike
Published: December 2008

Ein neues System wurde aufgebaut, das es ermöglicht, die örtliche Verteilung der Strahlungsintensität des Plasmas bei verschiedenen Wellenlängen schnell qualitativ zu ermitteln und auszuwerten. Dazu wird eine CCD‐Flächenkamera mit einem vorgeschalteten wellenlängenverstimmbaren Filter versehen. Der Einsatz dieses Systems wurde anhand von nicht‐schichtbildenden Argonplasmen sowie von schichtbildenden Acetylenplasmen erprobt. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag dabei auf dem Einfluss des Prozessdrucks auf die Plasma‐Emission und die resultierende Schichtabscheidung. Die Homogenität von sowohl Emission als auch Schichtabscheidung kann durch den Prozessdruck maßgeblich beeinflusst werden. Niedrige Prozessdrücke wirken sich in diesem Zusammenhang günstig auf beide Größen aus.
Stofftransport durch Schichtsysteme aus Polymeren und dünnen anorganischen Schichten
Authors: Miesbauer Oliver , Schmidt Marion , Langowski Horst‐Christian
Published: December 2008

Flexible Schichtsysteme aus polymeren Substraten, dünnen, vakuumtechnisch erzeugten anorganischen Schichten und weiteren polymeren Schichten sind wegen hohe Sperreigenschaften vor allem gegenüber Sauerstoff und Wasserdampf weit verbreitet. Vor allem, wenn durch weitere polymere Beschichtungen die Defekte in den anorganischen Schichten ganz oder teilweise aufgefüllt werden können, hängen die Barriereeigenschaften solcher Systeme stärker von der Dicke der Schichten ab als bisher angenommen. Weiterhin ergibt sich, dass für den Stofftransport kondensierbarer Substanzen, insbesondere Wasserdampf, der anorganischen Schicht eine zusätzliche Porosität im sub‐nm‐Bereich zugeordnet werden kann, deren Effekt beim Transport von Gasen jedoch vernachlässigbar ist. Mehrschichtverbunde aus einer Substratfolie in Kombination mit alternierenden dünnen polymeren und anorganischen Schichten zeigen gegenüber Kombinationen aus einer Substratfolie und einer einzelnen anorganischen Schicht deutlich bessere Barriereeigenschaften, die aber geringer sind als in vorangegangenen Artikeln an dieser Stelle dargestellt wurde. Die Kondensation von Wasserdampf in sub‐nm‐Poren führt auch bei solchen Schichtsystemen zu deutlich höheren Stofftransportraten als aus einfachen Defektmodellen erwartet.
Strong convergence towards homogeneous cooling states for dissipative Maxwell models
Authors: Carlen Eric A. , Carrillo José A. , Carvalho Maria C.
Published: December 2008

We show the propagation of regularity, uniformly in time, for the scaled solutions of the inelastic Maxwell model for small inelasticity. This result together with the weak convergence towards the homogeneous cooling state present in the literature implies the strong convergence in Sobolev norms and in theL^{1}norm towards it depending on the regularity of the initial data. The strategy of the proof is based on a precise control of the growth of the Fisher information for the inelastic Boltzmann equation. Moreover, as an application we obtain a bound in theL^{1}distance between the homogeneous cooling state and the corresponding Maxwellian distribution vanishing as the inelasticity goes to zero.
Uniqueness of values of Aronsson operators and running costs in “tug-of-war” games
Authors: Yu Yifeng
Published: December 2008

Let

A_{H}

be the Aronsson operator associated with a Hamiltonian

H(x,z,p)

. Aronsson operators arise from

L^{\infty }

variational problems, two person game theory, control problems, etc. In this paper, we prove, under suitable conditions, that if

u\in W_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1,\infty }(\Omega )

is simultaneously a viscosity solution of both of the equations

A_{H}(u) = f(x)\:\text{and}\:A_{H}(u) = g(x)\:\text{in }\Omega ,

where

f,g\in C(\Omega )

, then

f = g

. The assumption

u\in W_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1,\infty }(\Omega )

can be relaxed to

u\in C(\Omega )

in many interesting situations. Also, we prove that if

f,g,u\in C(\Omega )

and

u

is simultaneously a viscosity solution of the equations

\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_{\infty }u}{|Du|^{2}} = −f(x)\:\text{and}\:\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }_{\infty }u}{|Du|^{2}} = −g(x)\:\text{in }\Omega ,

then

f = g

. This answers a question posed in Peres, Schramm, Scheffield and Wilson [Y. Peres, O. Schramm, S. Sheffield, D.B. Wilson, Tug-of-war and the infinity Laplacian, J. Amer. Math. Soc. Math. 22 (2009) 167–210] concerning whether or not the value function uniquely determines the running cost in the “tug-of-war” game.
Lactotripeptides and antihypertensive effects: a critical review
Authors: Boelsma Esther , Kloek Joris
Published: December 2008

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a significant health problem worldwide. Typically, lifestyle changes, including adopting a healthy diet, are recommended for people with an elevated blood pressure. Lactotripeptides are bioactive milk peptides with potential antihypertensive properties in man. These peptides, as part of a food product or as nutraceutical, may contribute to the prevention and treatment of hypertension. This paper reviews the current evidence of the blood pressure control properties of lactotripeptides in man. Blood pressure-lowering effects of lactotripeptides are typically measured after 4–6 weeks of treatment. However, in some cases, a blood pressure response has been observed after 1–2 weeks. Maximum blood pressure reductions approximate 13 mmHg (systolic blood pressure) and 8 mmHg (diastolic blood pressure) after active treatment compared with placebo, and are likely reached after 8–12 weeks of treatment. Effective dosages of lactotripeptides range from 3·07 to 52·5 mg/d. Evidence indicates that lactotripeptides are only effective at elevated blood pressure; no further lowering of normal blood pressure has been observed. Concomitant intake of antihypertensive medication does not seem to influence the potency of lactotripeptides to lower blood pressure. Similarly, ethnicity has not been found to influence the extent of lactotripeptide-induced blood pressure lowering. Based on the currently available data, lactotripeptides appear to be safe and effective. Thus, they can be part of a healthy diet and lifestyle to prevent or reduce high blood pressure.
Unusual low plasma levels of zinc in non-pregnant Congolese women
Authors: Kuvibidila Solo , Vuvu Mbele
Published: December 2008

Zn is an essential trace element required throughout the life cycle. Although suboptimal Zn status is thought to be common in many sub-Saharan countries, there is a paucity of data in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The objective of the study was to determine Zn status in non-pregnant Congolese women. We measured plasma Zn and indicators of nutritional status (albumin, prealbumin, retinol-binding protein) and inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin, α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)) in seventy-seven lactating and thirty non-lactating women (mean age 28 and 31 years, respectively). Blood samples were collected in summer 1989 in rural Bas-Congo during a survey on Fe status. Mean lactation period was 8·3 months. Mean parity was higher in lactating (3·6) than in non-lactating (2·2) women (P < 0·05). Mean biochemical indicators of nutritional status, CRP and ceruloplasmin were within normal range and not different between groups. Mean AGP concentrations were above normal (>1·2 g/l) and higher in lactating (1·365 g/l) than in non-lactating (1·178 g/l) women (P < 0·05). Mean Zn concentration (540 μg/l) of the overall study population was below normal (700 μg/l); and the mean was lower in lactating (455 μg/l) than in non-lactating (759 μg/l) women (P < 0·05). Multiple regression analysis suggested that parity (P < 0·05), but not inflammation, was the most important factor associated with low Zn levels. Despite the lack of data on dietary intake, the results suggest that suboptimal Zn status may be common in the studied population.
Population genetics ofDrosophila ananassae
Authors: SINGH PRANVEER , SINGH BASHISTH N.
Published: December 2008

Drosophila ananassaeDoleschall is a cosmopolitan and domestic species. It occupies a unique status amongDrosophilaspecies due to certain peculiarities in its genetic behaviour and is of common occurrence in India. Quantitative genetics of sexual and non-sexual traits provided evidence for genetic control of these traits.D. ananassaeexhibits high level of chromosomal polymorphism in its natural populations. Indian natural populations ofD. ananassaeshow geographic differentiation of inversion polymorphism due to their adaptation to varying environments and natural selection operates to maintain three cosmopolitan inversions. Populations do not show divergence on temporal scale, an evidence for rigid polymorphism.D. ananassaepopulations show substantial degree of sub-structuring and exist as semi-isolated populations. Gene flow is low despite co-transportation with human goods. There is persistence of cosmopolitan inversions when populations are transferred to laboratory conditions, which suggests that heterotic buffering is associated with these inversions inD. ananassae. Populations collected from similar environmental conditions that initially show high degree of genetic similarity have diverged to different degrees in laboratory environment. This randomness could be due to genetic drift. Interracial hybridization does not lead to breakdown of heterosis associated with cosmopolitan inversions, which shows that there is lack of genetic co-adaptation inD. ananassae. Linkage disequilibrium between independent inversions in laboratory populations has often been observed, which is likely to be due to suppression of crossing-over and random genetic drift. No evidence for chromosomal interactions has been found in natural and laboratory populations ofD. ananassae. This strengthens the previous suggestion that there is lack of genetic co-adaptation inD. ananassae.
Genetic variation and quantitative trait loci associated with developmental stability and the environmental correlation between traits in maize
Authors: ORDAS BERNARDO , MALVAR ROSA A. , HILL WILLIAM G.
Published: December 2008

There is limited experimental information about the genetic basis of micro-environmental variance (VE) (developmental stability) and environmental correlations. This study, by using a population of maize recombinant inbred lines (RIL) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) polymorphic markers, aims at the following: firstly, to quantify the genetic component of theVEor developmental stability for four traits in maize and the environmental correlation between these traits, and secondly, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence these quantities. We found that, when estimating variances and correlations and testing their homogeneity, estimates and tests are needed that are not highly dependent on normality assumptions. There was significant variation among the RILs inVEand in the environmental correlation for some of the traits, implying genetic heterogeneity in theVEand environmental correlations. The genetic coefficient of variation of the environmental variance ({\rm GCV}_{V_{{\rm E}} }) was estimated to be 20%, which is lower than estimates obtained for other species. A few genomic regions involved in the stability of one trait or two traits were detected, and these did not have an important influence on the mean of the trait. One region that could be associated with the environmental correlations between traits was also detected.
Network Morphology: a DATR account of Russian nominal inflection
Authors: Corbett Greville G. , Fraser Norman M.
Published: December 2008

In this paper we introduce a declarative approach to inflectional morphology, which we call Network Morphology, using the lexical representation language DATR. We show that we can account for a range of (Russian) data, for which previously various rule types were required, and can provide a more satisfying analysis than was previously available. First we outline the essential data (section 2), highlighting the problems they present. Section 3 introduces the basic tenets of Network Morphology. This draws heavily on DATR, which we present in outline in section 4. Next we reconsider the Russian declensional classes from this new perspective (section 5). We show how the approach described overcomes long-standing problems in an elegant fashion; the complexity of the data suggests that the approach adopted has implications well beyond Russian. We then tackle the complex problem of animacy in Russian, which exemplifies interesting regularities extending across declensional classes (section 6).
Perceptual salience and analogical change: evidence from vowel lengthening in modern Swiss German dialects
Authors: Chapman Carol
Published: December 2008

In the light of current morphological theory, this paper examines the analogical levelling of long/short vowel oppositions in certain inflectional and derivational alternations in a number of modern Swiss German dialects. The regular occurrence of levelling is shown to depend on the extent to which the alternation in question is ‘perceptually salient’ (Chapman 1994). That is, if the semantic relation between base and derivative is transparent and the derivative is uniformly marked, analogical levelling occurs regularly. On the basis of this evidence it is argued that all morphological alternations, both inflectional and derivational, are listed in the lexicon and that each one is assigned a different status according to its degree of perceptual salience.
Associative forms in a typology of number systems: evidence from Yup'ik
Authors: Corbett Greville G. , Mithun Marianne
Published: December 2008

A general typology of number systems has to confront the problem of variation both in the number values in different languages and in the inventories of nominals involved. We start from the Smith-Stark Hierarchy and extend this approach to additional numbers (such as dual and paucal). Associative plurals appear to undermine this typology, if we treat them as a third number. Either the associative plural or the ordinary plural proves to be exceptional.
Adjectival inflection and the licensing of empty categories in DP
Authors: Kester Ellen-Petra
Published: December 2008

This paper is about the licensing conditions on empty categories in DP, dealing in particular with the distribution of the null nounproin adjectival contexts. I will show thatN-prois submitted to requirements of formal licensing and identification, in which inflexional morphology plays a crucial role. Under this scenario, the contrast between English and other languages with respect to N-procan be attributed to the absence versus presence of inflexional morphology within the nominal domain.
Stylistics and generative grammars
Authors: Thorne James Peter
Published: December 2008

The proposal that a grammar should be considered as a device which generates all and only the well-formed sentences of a language, which has already had a profound effect upon linguistics in general, has begun to exert some influence on the more particular (if less well defined) subject of stylistics. To understand this, it is necessary to consider the way in which one tests such a grammar. This includes checking that for any grammatical sentence we observe there exists in the grammar a partially ordered sequence of formulae which would generale it. It is an inevitable outcome of any prolonged examination of a theory of this kind that there will arise cases which can be generated but with regard to which a decision as to whether or not they constitute a genuine example of the phenomena the theory is supposed to cover cannot be arrived at merely by reference to existing data: cf. Weyl (1949: 150). In linguistics this is called the problem of GRAMMATICALNESS. (Chomsky, 1957: 15)
Some controversial questions in phonological theory
Authors: Chomsky Noam , Halle Morris
Published: December 2008

In the first issue of this journal, Fred W. Householder discussed two papers of ours which he found defective in various respects. We feel that the issues involved are important and deserve the fullest clarification. We will therefore discuss Householder's objections and the underlying issues in some detail, reiterating points that have been made in the aforementioned papers and elsewhere and making no attempt to avoid redundancy if this can contribute to clarity.
Stress and vocalic change in Hebrew: a diachronic study
Authors: Gibson J. C. L.
Published: December 2008

1. Three stages of Hebrew are covered by the enquiry:

(a) a Proto-Hebrew stage (= PH), when I assume Hebrew to have conformed to the language structure of the common Northwest Semitic of the second millennium B.C. Its lineaments can be recovered by a backward reconstruction from the following stage controlled by comparison with the surviving second millennium dialects, Amorite (see Gelb, 1958), Ugaritic (see Gordon, 1955) and Tell el-Amarna Canaanite (see Dhorme, 1951). The theory that Northwest Semitic at this early period was more or less a unity and that a division into Aramaic and Canaanite sub-groupings can be safely carried through only after about 1000 B.C. is now generally accepted; see Moscati, 1956; Garbini, 1960.
English imperative sentences
Authors: Thorne J. P.
Published: December 2008

The fullest account of English imperative sentences considered in the context of a transformational grammar is contained in Katz & Postal (1964: 74–9). Their account forms part of a discussion of the general thesis that transformations do not affect the meaning of sentences, and of the proposal that follows as a natural corollary of this thesis, that the set of optional singulary transformations be restricted to those usually referred to as ‘stylistic’ transformations. Instead of treating imperative sentences as derived from declarative kernels, therefore, they postulate the occurrence of an imperative morpheme (Imp) in the underlying phrase-markers of imperative sentences. This, they assume, marks these structures as the domain of the imperative transformations and imposes certain selectional restrictions upon them. The notion of the Imp morpheme, which is the most original and most important part of Katz and Postal's analysis of imperative sentences, is adopted in this paper and the occurrence of the morpheme in the deep-structure of all imperative sentences is assumed throughout it. In the rest of their analysis, however, Katz and Postal draw upon more traditional ideas, one of which is disputable.
Root versus suffix accent in the Germanic present indicative
Authors: King Robert D.
Published: December 2008

The present paper is initially concerned with a rather minor problem in comparative Germanic morphology: the shape of the consonant in certain present active indicative endings. There are discrepancies among the early attested dialects in this matter, and the traditional explanation has been that one group of Germanic dialects generalized present forms with Indo-European root accent, the other group forms with Indo-European suffix accent. I show that this solution, which is widely accepted, is deficient in several respects, and I demonstrate that the problem has a correct solution with interesting consequences for historical linguistics provided we concentrate on the rules and their order of application in the grammars of the different dialects, that is, provided we attack the problem from within the framework of generative phonology.
An acceptability experiment with spoken output
Authors: Davy Derek , Quirk Randolph
Published: December 2008

The Survey of English Usage (see especially Quirk, 1968: 70 ff., 184 ff.) combines a corpus basis with data obtained by elicitation techniques which so far have taken the form of acceptability tests. Most of the latter type of work is done with aural (taped) input, the subjects making their responses in writing. The drawbacks in this process were acknowledged in Quirk & Svartvik (1966), hereafter QS, in connexion with the interpretation of responses to the instruction to make a sentence negative (pp. 95 f.), since a written response such asI haven't a caris ambiguous as between a negative sentence (I /haven't a càr#) and a denial of the corresponding positive sentence (I /hàven't a car#). It was therefore decided ‘to experiment with oral responses … through the use of a language laboratory’ (p. 104), in order both to collect data not available from the written responses and at the same time to preserve maximum similarity with the written-output experiment in having a group of subjects being tested simultaneously.
A note on possessive constructions in Hindi-Urdu
Authors: Kachru Yamuna
Published: December 2008

In the existing grammars and pedagogical works on Hindi-Urdu, the category of possessive expressions has mainly been described on the analogy of the possessive in English (Guru, 1952: 434–438; Kellogg, 1938: 101–102; Sharma, 1958: 34–35; Vajpeyi, 1959: 127–133, 159–170, 302–305; Pořizka, 77–78, 149–150, 277).1 In these works, it has been suggested that the genitive postposition ka, the invariable postposition ke, the compound locational postposition ke pas, and the directional postposition ko predicate possession. In Hindi-Urdu, the following types of sentences in English are generally translated by constructions containing one of the above postpositions: John has a son, John has a book, John has a headache. Such an analysis of possessive expressions in Hindi-Urdu is unsatisfactory from the point of view of an overall syntactic description of the language, since it would imply that there are gaps in the system of possessive expressions in Hindi-Urdu, and hence that in a transformational grammar of these languages some possessive phrases at least could not be derived from underlying simple sentences.
Possessive and transitive in Eskimo
Authors: Mey Jacob
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this paper is to give an account of some hitherto unexplained phenomena connected with the use of the Eskimo ‘relative case’. A deep structure is proposed that not only will account for the occurrence of certain surface morphemes, but also, and in a natural way, for the semantic affinities that exist between certain types of noun phrases and the transitive sentence in Eskimo. In particular, it is shown that in phrases of the type ‘the man's house’, there exists evidence for considering ‘man’ as the subject noun phrase, ‘house’ as the object noun phrase of some deep structure. The transformational machinery involved in deriving the correct surface structures is shown in some detail. A discussion of older terminology in Eskimo grammatical tradition provides additional, indirect confirmation of the naturalness of the proposed explanation.
Two approaches to the analysis of tags
Authors: Huddleston Rodney
Published: December 2008

In recent literature on transformational grammar there has been a good deal of discussion of tag sentences (Klima, 1964; Katz and Postal, 1964; Bolinger, 1967; Arbini, 1969). The type of construction under consideration is exemplified in the following (incomplete) paradigm:
(1) John has gone, hasn't he?
(2) John hasn't gone, has he?
(3) John has gone, has he (?)
(4) John hasn't gone, hasn't he (?)
(5) Come early, won't you (?)
(6) Come early, will you (?)
Ordering paradoxes in phonology
Authors: Newton B. E.
Published: December 2008

1. It may be claimed that current views regarding the nature of sound change fall into two broad categories: the more traditional attitude would treat an individual sound change as a complex trend or process taking perhaps several generations to establish itself, and then retaining its activity over a long period of time; whence the characteristic concern of classical historical linguistics with the establishment of absolute and relative termini post and ante quern, i More recently adherents of the generative–transformational school have interpreted sound changes as readjustments in the system of phonological rules; thus Postal (1968: 270) claims:

‘What really changes is not sounds but grammars. And grammars are abstract objects – sets of rules represented in human organisms.’
Sentences in discourse: an analysis of a discourse by Bertrand Russell
Authors: Smith Carlota S.
Published: December 2008

In this paper I present a stylistic analysis of a short discourse by Bertrand Russell. My purpose is twofold: first, to suggest an approach to syntactically based stylistic analysis that goes beyond mere frequency counts, and, second, to draw out some linguistic ramifications of the approach.
Problems of deep and surface structure, as reflected in a diachronic analysis of the French verbal system
Authors: Harris Martin
Published: December 2008

Linguists concerned with the historical evolution of a language have for some time been aware of the implications for their discipline of the distinction between deep and surface structure implicit, of course, in the writings of such Cartesians as Cordemoy and in the Grammaire générale et raisonnée of Port-Royal, but largely ignored by historical linguists until it re-emerged as crucial within the generative-transformational approach to language study. It is now evident that historical linguistics should not be exclusively concerned with surface-structure changes – changes which are particularly clear and well-documented within the field of Romance linguistics – but should also consider what changes, if any, have taken place in the deep structure underlying the surface representation. The present paper will look at various recent analyses of the interrelationship between these two levels and will go on to suggest, largely on the basis of evidence drawn from the evolution of the verb system from Latin to French, that there are in fact at least three valid levels of analysis and that the historical linguist will be primarily concerned with neither the deepest nor the most superficial of these.
On the coherence of syntactic descriptions
Authors: Culicover P. W.
Published: December 2008

A sentiment which is expressed in a number of recent works in linguistics, e.g. Emonds (1970) and Kisseberth (1970) is that there are certain generalizations about languages which cannot be captured by devices already found in linguistic theory, such as rule ordering and the various collapsing conventions (cf. Chomsky & Halle, 1968). In this paper I will present evidence which suggests that there are generalizations about languages which are not capturable even by a linguistic theory which includes a number of these recent plausible revisions. I will also give an indication of how one might go about capturing these generalizations, given the assumption that they are not spurious ones.
Syllables, moras and accents in Beja
Authors: Hudson R. A.
Published: December 2008

In his study of Japanese phonology, McCawley introduces an interesting typological classification of languages according to the kinds of rules needed for describing the distribution of prosodic features like stress and pitch (1968: 58–61). Whereas Trubetzkoy had made a simple distinction between ‘syllablecounting’ languages and ‘mora-counting’ languages, McCawley suggests that we should make two independent distinctions:

(a) accordig to the ‘unit of phonological distance’ (the unit in terms of which the location of any accent is calculated) between ‘syllable-counting’ and ‘mora-counting’ languages;

(b) according to the ‘prosodic unit’ (the unit the actually bears the accent) between ‘syllable languages’ and ‘mora languages’.
Three theses concerning phonological representations
Authors: Anderson John , Jones Charles
Published: December 2008

I. Some recent work in phonology/phonetics has tended to reaffirm the relevance of larger-than-segment (non-syntactico-morphological) structural units like the syllable: that is, that phonological representations are per se more highly structured than has generally been supposed in the immediate past. On the one hand, it has been argued that various ‘prosodic’ phenomena have as their domain non-arbitrary groupings of segments, including in particular groupings of ‘syllable size’ (e.g. Cheng, 1966; Lehiste, 1970), and that ‘morpheme structure conditions’ and redundancy conditions in general are most naturally interpreted as in large part constraints on syllable structure (cf., e.g., O'Connor & Trim, 1953; Fudge, 1969; Sampson, 1970; and the works they refer to). There have, on the other hand, been a number of studies particularly of co-articulation and of malfunctioning in production (stuttering, spoonerisms, etc.) whose import seems to be that ‘the unit of articulatory programming is larger in size than the segment, and makes it difficult to believe that articulation consists merely in the concatenation of phonemes’ (Kim, 1971: 60) - cf. the work surveyed by Kim and by Fromkin (1968).
Comprehension and production in language acquisition
Authors: Clark Ruth , Hutcheson Sandy , Van Buren Paul
Published: December 2008

Susan Ervin-Tripp has remarked that she ‘would like to see more done on the comprehension side of development,’ and that ‘this is something that we are still in very serions ignorance about’ (1971). Despite this ignorance it seems to be a widely held view that comprehension develops in advance of production, but the authors feel that this whole question is in need of close analysis.
On phonotactically motivated rules
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: December 2008

The main thesis of this paper is that the grammars of natural languages contain an exhaustive set of conditions on the output of the phonological rules – in fact, a surface phonotactics. I shall show that, contrary to what is usually assumed in generative phonology, a surface phonotactics is not redundant in a generative grammar if the grammar is indeed intended as ‘a theory of linguistic competence’ (Chomsky, 1965: 3), and that if any set of rules in the phonological section of the grammar is redundant it is the morphophonotactic rules, better known as morpheme structure conditions. I shall propose a format for the statement of rules (including so-called ‘conspiracies’) which are ‘motivated’ by the phonotactics in the sense of Matthews (1972: 219–220). Finally, I shall present a set of phonotactic rules for consonant clusters in Latin, and show how the statement of certain rules of Latin phonology can be simplified by taking their phonotactic motivation into account.
On the interaction of phonological rules of various types
Authors: Anderson Stephen R.
Published: December 2008

Discussions of linguistic structure generally accept a distinction between rules of sentence structure and rules of sound structure, but there is very little agreement on further subcategorization beyond this general dichotomy. Indeed, recent discussion in the area of syntax and semantics has been dominated, at least superficially, by the question of whether it is possible and/or desirable to distinguish within the rules of sentence structure between syntactic rules and semantic rules, and perhaps to impose further subcategorizations on each of these; see, for example, the contributions by Chomsky and Postal to Peters (1972). Within syntax and semantics, however, there is probably much less disagreement than meets the eye: most would agree that a desirable goal for linguistics is to isolate and distinguish as many types of rule as possible, and to associate each type with a set of maximally restrictive formal and substantive constraints.