bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel cellobiose 2‐epimerase from anaerobic halophilic Iocasia fonsfrigidae and its ability to convert lactose in fresh goat milk into epilactose
Authors: Eat Sokhoeun , Wulansari Shinta , Ketbot Prattana , Waeonukul Rattiya , Pason Patthra , Uke Ayaka , Kosugi Akihiko , Ratanakhanokchai Khanok , Tachaapaikoon Chakrit
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Cellobiose 2‐epimerase (CE) has received great attention due to its potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a novel CE from mesophilic anaerobic halophilic bacterium Iocasia fonsfrigidae strain SP3‐1 (IfCE) was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized.

RESULTS

Unlike other CEs, the purified IfCE shows only epimerization activity toward β‐1,4‐glycosidic linkages of disaccharides, including mannobiose, cellobiose and lactose, but not for monosaccharides, β‐1,4‐glycosidic linkages of trisaccharides and α‐1,4‐glycosidic linkages of disaccharides. Only one epimerization product was obtained from the action of IfCE against mannobiose, cellobiose and lactose. Under optimum conditions, 31.0% of epilactose, a rare and low‐calorie prebiotic sweetener with medicinal and pharmacological properties, was obtained from 10 mg mL−1 lactose. IfCE was highly active against lactose under NaCl concentrations up to 500 mmol L−1, possibly due to the excessive basic (arginine and lysine) and acidic (aspartic and glutamic acids) amino acid residues, which are localized on the surface of the halophilic enzyme structure. These residues may protect the enzyme from Cl− and Na+ ions from the environment, respectively. Under normal conditions, IfCE was able to convert lactose present in fresh goat milk to epilactose with a conversion yield of 31% in 10 min. In addition, IfCE has been investigated as a safe enzyme for human allergen.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that IfCE is a promising candidate to increase the quality and value of milk and dairy products by converting lactose that causes digestive problems in people with lactose intolerance into epilactose. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Bidirectional associations between prolonged grief symptoms and depressive, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review
Authors: Janshen Antje , Eisma Maarten C.
Published: June 2024

Prolonged grief symptoms frequently co‐occur with symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety; however, little is known about how prolonged grief symptoms temporally relate to symptoms of neighboring stress‐related and affective disorders. Clarifying such associations can help elucidate which symptoms to prioritize during treatment for distressed bereaved adults. We conducted a systematic review to provide a comprehensive overview of the empirical research on the bidirectional temporal associations between prolonged grief symptoms and symptoms of depression, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety. A search of the PsycInfo, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (final search: December 2023) identified eight relevant empirical longitudinal studies utilizing lower‐level mediation (two studies), cross‐lagged panel modeling (CLPM; four studies), or random‐intercept CLPM (RI‐CLPM; two studies). The studies included a total of 2,914 bereaved adult participants. Studies showed considerable methodological heterogeneity, including different sample characteristics, study designs (e.g., measurement moments, time frames), statistical analyses, and measures. Temporal associations between prolonged grief symptoms and different types of symptoms appeared intertwined. Prolonged grief symptoms more consistently predicted symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress across measurement waves than vice versa, tentatively suggesting that prolonged grief may be a transdiagnostic risk factor for depressive and PTS symptoms. However, this pattern was not observed in the two studies utilizing RI‐CLPM. Future research should aim to decrease methodological heterogeneity by using validated measures to capture prolonged grief symptoms, appropriate timeframes, and RI‐CLPM to clarify associations between temporal within‐person fluctuations of prolonged grief, depressive, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety symptoms.
Forward and reverse uncertainty analyses for RRKM/master equation based kinetic predictions: A case study of ethyl with oxygen
Authors: Hou Qifeng , Wang Yiru , Yao Xiaoxia , Zhu Yifei , Wu Xiaoqing , Huang Can , Wu Yun , Yang Bin , Zhang Feng
Published: June 2024

In the realm of combustion kinetic modeling, the norm involves employing thousands of reactions to delineate the chemical conversion of hundreds of species. Notably, theoretically predicted rate coefficients and branching ratios, derived through the RRKM/master equation (ME) model, play an increasing role in kinetic modeling. Thus minimizing the uncertainty of theoretical prediction across wide working conditions is crucial to refine a kinetic model. The present study takes ethyl (C2H5) + oxygen (O2) reaction system to show that combined forward and reverse uncertainty analysis can be used to further constrain calculated rate coefficients and branching ratios, which were already calculated by high‐level quantum chemistry methods. Forward global uncertainty analysis with the artificial neural network‐high dimensional model representation (ANN‐HDMR) method is employed to select key parameters affecting total rate coefficients of C2H5 + O2 and branching ratios of C2H5 + O2 = C2H4 + HO2 (C1). Reverse uncertainty analysis with Bayesian method was then applied to refine the key input parameters based on experimental data at working conditions selected by sensitivity entropy. Although the target RRKM/ME model system was built on high level theoretical calculations, the combined forward and reverse uncertainty analyses are still able to reduce uncertainties of predicted total rate coefficients of C2H5 + O2 and branching ratios for C1 across a wide range of working conditions. Specifically, the uncertainties of total rate coefficient and C1 branching ratio have been reduced from 1.46 and 1.52 to 1.30 and 1.36 at 298 K and 1 Torr. The analysis process proposed in the present work effectively extrapolates the constraint ability of accurate measured data at one condition to wide working conditions based on the RRKM/ME model.
Total alkalinity change: The perspective of phytoplankton stoichiometry
Authors: Wolf‐Gladrow Dieter A. , Klaas Christine
Published: June 2024

Many biogeochemical processes change total alkalinity: this has been reported for carbonate precipitation and dissolution, uptake and release of various nitrogen‐containing compounds, uptake of phosphate, sulfate reduction combined with methane oxidation. However, the list is not exhaustive. Here we discuss additional processes, namely the uptake of Mg, K, Ca by phytoplankton, and calculate their contribution based on the explicit conservative expression for TA and an extended (compared to Redfield's C : N : P) stoichiometry of phytoplankton. These additional contributions are of the same order of magnitude as that of phosphate uptake and thus much smaller than the contribution from nitrate uptake and of opposite sign to the contribution by nitrate and phosphate uptake.
Meta‐Optics Based Parallel Convolutional Processing for Neural Network Accelerator
Authors: Luo Mingcheng , Xu Tengji , Xiao Shuqi , Tsang Hon Ki , Shu Chester , Huang Chaoran
Published: June 2024

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown great performance in computer vision tasks, from image classification to pattern recognition. However, superior performance arises at the expense of high computational costs, which restricts their employment in real‐time decision‐making applications. Computationally intensive convolutions can be offloaded to optical metasurfaces, enabling sub‐picosecond latency and nearly zero energy consumption, but the currently reported approaches require additional bulk optics and can only process polarized light, which limits their practical usages in integrated lightweight systems. To solve these challenges, a novel design of the metasurface‐based optical convolutional accelerator is experimentally demonstrated, offering an ultra‐compact volume of 0.016 , a low cross‐talk of ‐20 dB, polarization insensitivity, and is capable of implementing multiple convolution operations and extracting simultaneously various features from light‐encoded images. The ultra‐compact metasurface‐based optical accelerator can be compactly integrated with a digital imaging system to constitute an optical‐electronic hybrid CNN, which experimentally achieves a consistent accuracy of 96 % in arbitrarily polarized MNIST digits classification. The proposed ultra‐compact metasurface‐based optical convolutional accelerator paves the way for power‐efficient edge‐computing platforms for a range of machine vision applications.
Pyro‐Phototronic Circularly Polarized Light Detection Based on Deuterated L‐Alanine Doped Triglycine Sulfate's Bulk Photovoltaic Effect
Authors: Liu Changrui , Yang Tiefeng , Xie Manyan , He Zhigang , Xie Hanrong , Wei Yuming , Geng Deqiang , Guan Heyuan , Lu Huihui
Published: June 2024

In this study, a detector is developed using deuterated L‐alanine doped triglycine sulfate (DLATGS) crystals capable of detecting circularly polarized light (CPL) and various polarization states. As a primary pyroelectric detection crystal, DLATGS has exhibited notable optical responses to both linearly and circularly polarized light during the tests, demonstrating a favorable polarization ratio of 3.86 and an anisotropic factor of 0.529. The research discovers the broad‐spectrum bulk photovoltaic (BPVE) characteristics in DLATGS, highlighting its potential for CPL detection. By integrating linear and circular bulk photovoltaic effect theories (LBPV and CBPV), the crystal's ability to differentiate between various polarization modes, including left‐/right‐handed polarized light, is confirmed. The BPVE and pyro‐phototronic coupling responses is characterized, laying a theoretical foundation for a rare pyroelectric effect‐based multifunctional polarization detector. The overall consistency of phenomena and theoretical framework bridges the gap between theoretical predictions and experimental validation. This work not only advances the understanding of DLATGS crystals but also sets the stage for further exploration into chiral materials and the development of TGS‐type crystals in future photoelectronic detectors.
Influence of Molecular Weight and Composition of Homopolymers on the Stereocomplex Formation of Polylactides in Gels and Aerogels
Authors: Krishnan Vipin G. , Suresh Sruthi , Nasik Muhammed , Gowd Erathimmanna Bhoje
Published: June 2024

This work systematically studies the role of polymer chain length and number density of enantiomeric polylactides (PLAs) in the gel state stereocomplex (SC) formation and the corresponding effect on the structure and morphology of aerogels. Poly(l‐lactide) (PLLA) and poly(d‐lactide) (PDLA) with large molecular weight (Mw) differences are blended in the solution state and subjected to thermoreversible gelation. The obtained gels are solvent exchanged with water and freeze‐dried to obtain the corresponding aerogels. On gelation, the equimolar blend gels of PLLA100k/PDLA35k and PLLA100k/PDLA15 (1:1) have crystallized predominantly into SC, and this structure remains even after the thermal annealing and cooling of the gel. In contrast, the non‐equimolar blends of PLLA100k/PDLA35k (1:3) and PLLA100k/PDLA15k (1:7) crystallize into almost equal fractions of SC and ε‐form. This structure on heating transforms to complete SC through the α crystalline phase. But unlike the equimolar gel, pure crystalline SC is not obtained on cooling the annealed gel to room temperature. Instead, a mixture of α and SC phases are obtained due to the independent crystallization of the excess enantiomeric chains. Thus, it has been proved that the composition of PLLA and PDLA in the blend is critical in obtaining crystalline pure SC gels and aerogels.
Estimation of Microplastics Emitted by Bucharest Households in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Dontu Simona , Popa Cristina L. , Carstea Elfrida M. , Savastru Dan
Published: June 2024

Wastewater treatment plants release substantial amounts of microplastics (MPs) into the environment. Various models and scenarios have been developed to estimate the sources and concentrations of MPs released by effluents. However, no model has included wastewater from washing machines. This study aims to estimate, in three scenarios, the number of MPs that are released by Bucharest households into the municipal wastewater treatment plant. The highest number of MPs has been estimated to be emitted by washing machines from synthetic clothing. From the category of cosmetics, the highest number of particles per year is potentially generated by face and hand creams. It has been estimated that the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant contains 48–4251 MP L−1 for the three proposed scenarios. The study shows that the population of Bucharest can generate high numbers of MPs, even in the minimum scenario. However, the use of MPs is expected to decrease, due to implementation of European Union policies, responsible consumer behavior, effective plastic waste management, and improved detection and separation technologies.
Release of Fluorescent Organic Matter by Polystyrene in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Carstea Elfrida M. , Popa Cristina L. , Dontu Simona I. , Savastru Dan
Published: June 2024

Polystyrene has been extensively used in various industries and consumer products, leading to high quantities of waste. In areas with improper waste management, plastic products reach water systems. Various substances can migrate from plastics into water and become part of a fraction, generically named fluorescent dissolved organic matter. The aim of this study is to determine the level of fluorescent organic matter that leaches from polystyrene into lake water samples, which have a relatively high natural organic matter content. Thus, coffee cup lids have been added to triplicate water samples and compared to a control sample, over a period of 3 weeks. Results show that fluorescent substances migrate from plastic into lake water samples. Styrene oligomers, toluene, and phenol derivates have been proposed as substances that potentially leach from polystyrene products. These compounds may have an impact on fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter, by potentially inhibiting the microbial activity in water or by forming complex compounds.
Influence of Plastic on Particle Size Distribution in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Popa Cristina L. , Carstea Elfrida M. , Dontu Simona I. , Tenciu Daniel
Published: June 2024

Plastic materials are used in various domains, such as constructions, textile, or medical applications, due to their durability and versatility. Despite plastics contribution to human wellbeing, these materials can also have a negative impact on ecosystems, leading to water pollution and loss of aquatic life. However, no study has been made, so far, to determine the impact of plastic products on natural particle size distribution in water systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate if plastic affects aquatic particulate matter of different size ranges, from 0.3 to 16 000 nm. Three types of plastics (polystyrene [PS], polypropylene [PP], and low‐density polyethylene [LDPE]) have been added to lake water samples and incubated for nine months at room temperature. Results show that the average particle size increases toward the end of the experiment indicating that small particles (<1200 nm) adhere to plastic surfaces, while medium and large particles sediment in the water sample. Also, substances migrating from plastic may alter the aggregating properties of particles. However, the influence may be less substantial in the environment, as plastic types and concentrations differ. Moreover, more studies are needed to establish additional implications in relation to bacterial communities, transport of pollutants, or chemical composition.
Calculation of the Steering Moment of Friction for Military Training Aircraft
Authors: Nicolin Bogdan Adrian , Nicolin Ilie
Published: June 2024

Calculating the steering moment of friction at the nose landing gear wheel of the military training aircraft, using calculus programs such as Mathcad, allows practical experience to be retained, and encourages its dissemination for similar calculations in the future. Two methods are presented: an empirical, but very fast method, and an analytical as highly accurate method. The aim of this calculation is to dimension the active moment developed by the steering actuators so that it is at least 1.5 times the calculated resisting moment opposing the steering action. The total steering moment of friction at the nose landing gear wheel is generated by the frictional forces between the wheel and the running way.
3D Printed Impact Echo Device for Concrete Crack Detection
Authors: Pechlivani Eleftheria Maria , Papadimitriou Athanasios , Pemas Sotirios , Kanlis Alexandros , Stefanidou Maria , Drosou Anastasios , Tzovaras Dimitrios
Published: June 2024

Concrete structures are widely used in construction due to their strength and durability. However, over time, cracks may develop within these structures due to various factors, potentially compromising their integrity. Non‐destructive testing (NDT) methods are essential for assessing the health of concrete without causing further damage. This paper presents an alternative Impact Echo (IE) method using a Do‐It‐Yourself (DIY) device for non‐destructive concrete crack detection. The DIY device employs low‐frequency accelerometers and relies on stress wave propagation principles to detect cracks. The proposed device utilizes off‐the‐shelf components, commercially available hardware parts, and open‐source software for detecting cracks in concrete. A fully functional prototype is developed using 3D printing and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) construction methods, with an emphasis on ease of assembly. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed device, a case study is conducted involving an intact plate and a plate with surface opening cracks to validate its proper functioning. This research contributes a practical, cost‐effective solution for assessing concrete cracks, making NDT techniques more accessible for various applications, including infrastructure maintenance and safety inspections.
Digital Twin in SMEs: Implementing Advanced Digital Technologies for Engineering Advancements
Authors: Marino Alfonso , Pariso Paolo , Picariello Michele
Published: June 2024

The integration of Digital Twin technology in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) has brought forth a transformative paradigm in engineering practices. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the use of Digital Twin in SMEs and its implementation of advanced digital technologies in an engineering context. The paper highlights key benefits, such as the ability to simulate, analyze, and predict the behavior of products or processes before their physical instantiation. By leveraging advanced modeling and simulation techniques, SMEs can efficiently explore multiple design iterations, identify potential issues, and optimize engineering solutions without costly physical prototyping. Furthermore, the paper discusses integrating other advanced digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI), with Digital Twin to create intelligent and interconnected systems. The implementation of Digital Twin technology in SMEs extends beyond product design to encompass various aspects of the product lifecycle, fostering efficiency, accuracy, and innovation. However, challenges such as data integration, cybersecurity, and skill requirements are addressed. With proper planning and investment, SMEs can unlock the full potential of Digital Twin technology to gain a competitive edge in the dynamic engineering domain.

In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that the use of Digital Twin in SMEs and its integration with advanced digital technologies revolutionizes engineering practices. By offering virtual representations of physical assets and processes, Digital Twin enables SMEs to make informed decisions, optimize performance, and drive innovation. As the technology evolves, it becomes an indispensable tool for SMEs seeking to thrive in the ever‐evolving engineering landscape.
Development of a System for Repairing Damaged Tissue Utilizing 3D Printed Biodegradable Scaffolds and Computer Vision Approaches
Authors: Kladovasilakis Nikolaos , Charalampous Paschalis , Boumpakis Apostolos , Peleka Georgia , Kostavelis Ioannis , Mariolis Ioannis , Papasoulis Efthymios , Sideridis Aristotelis , Tzovaras Dimitrios
Published: June 2024

One of the main therapeutic problems worldwide is the restoration of cartilaginous lesions in order to prevent osteoarthritis which can lead to heavy and high‐cost joint replacement operations with metal implants. In situations where large cartilage lesions occur, the only solution is the transplantation of autologous cells such as chondrocytes or mesenchymal cells. These transplants require the use of scaffolds that are derived from various animals or even synthetic materials, acting as carriers of the above‐mentioned cells. In the context of this study, an integrated system is introduced aiming to rapidly design and fabricate customized 3D‐printed scaffolds, which are constructed from biomaterials, providing that way a valuable solution to their production as well as eliminating the need for multiple operations. The main idea is the employment of a stereoscopic endoscope during the arthroscopy operation extracting stereoscopic images of the investigated area in order to perform a 3D reconstruction of the cartilage lesion area prior and after the surgeon's operation. The fusion of the preoperative images (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] for organic tissue and computed tomography [CT] for synthetic phantoms) with the captured stereoscopic images allows the formulation of an appropriate 3D model of the scaffold. In addition, the physical model of the scaffold is manufactured with the aid of a sterilized 3D printer utilizing biomaterials, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan, etc. Finally, the 3D printed scaffold is impregnated with autologous cells and inserted into the cartilage lesion during the arthroscopy operation saving precious time and reducing the overall rehabilitation cost.
Hybrid Composite‐Polypropylene Sandwich‐Based Design for the Fuselage Panel in Commercial Aircraft to Increase the Passive Safety of Passengers
Authors: Garofano Antonio , Acanfora Valerio , Russo Angela , Riccio Aniello
Published: June 2024

The passive safety in aircraft concerns all measures able to protect the passengers and crew in the event of an accident or emergency. In this context, an important role is played by the design adopted for components inside the passengers’ cabin, such as the seats and the interior lining. An effective approach in design of passive safety system is provided by anthropomorphic test devices. In this work, a new design of the interior lining of the fuselage wall has been introduced and its crashworthiness features have been studied through a side impact of an unbelted window‐side passenger. The new proposed interior lining is made with a hybrid sandwich‐based design with a polypropylene honeycomb core able to ensure passive safety for passengers and thermal and acoustic insulation.
Metal Replacement in UAV Vertical Tails Using Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Battaglia Miriam , Acanfora Valerio , Garofano Antonio , Maisto Giovanni , Riccio Aniello
Published: June 2024

The use of additive manufacturing techniques in the development of aerospace components is gaining ground. These innovative methodologies facilitate the proposal of new designs for components with weight reduced features without compromising their mechanical properties. This results in lower fuel consumption and emissions. The present paper focuses on a metal replacement process in a UAV's vertical tail, using a Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) strategy and making use of the lightweight, high‐strength engineering polymer known as carbon PA. By comparing the results achieved through numerical simulations conforming to certification standards between the metal and carbon PA vertical tail model, this work points out the possibility of decreasing the structural mass of the component by up to 48% while maintaining structural integrity. This reduction is achieved by matching materials, design concepts, and manufacturing capabilities.
Shape Memory Alloy Actuators for Controlled Movement of an Automotive Spoiler
Authors: Battaglia Miriam , Sellitto Andrea , Riccio Aniello
Published: June 2024

Morphing surfaces are highly demanded in various engineering fields due to their numerous advantages including improving aerodynamics, increasing stability, and reducing drag. Various technologies can be used to achieve this purpose. This paper presents the results of implementing a mobile spoiler using a shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator. SMAs are commonly used as actuators since they can reversibly change their shape after the application of thermal or mechanical loads. This study explains the mechanism of spoiler displacement, detailing how a bistable linear actuator with a maximum stroke of 5 mm can facilitate spoiler displacement of approximately 40 mm through a well‐designed actuation system.
Effect of Turning Parameters on Cutting Forces, Maximum Principal Stress, and Maximum Interfacial Temperature on Medium Carbon AISI 1045 Steel: Simulation and Comparative Studies
Authors: Wambua Job , Zoppi Guillaume , Woo Wai‐Lok , Mwema Fredrick , Akinlabi Stephen , Bodunrin Michael , Akinlabi Esther
Published: June 2024

Medium carbon AISI 1045 steel is a hard to machine material attractive to the automotive and construction industries due to its high strength and excellent heat resistance. Finite element method (FEM) is used in this study to obtain the optimal parameters for turning AISI 1045 steel. The simulation data is obtained and analyzed using an L16 Taguchi orthogonal array (TOA). Three input parameters: cutting speed (A), depth of cut (B), and feed rate (C), and three responses: cutting forces (Cf), maximum interfacial temperature (Tmax), and maximum principal stresses (σmax) are considered and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal conditions obtained are 60 m min−1 for A, 0.3 mm for B, and 0.4 mm rev−1 for C. The depth of cut and feed rate contribute the largest to the Cf (80.98%) and Tmax (38.56%), respectively. All the parameters contribute approximately equal toward the σmax. Comparison between the FEM values and literature experimental data shows that FEM can be used to predict optimal turning parameters with differences of ≈5%. This study gives a reference prediction model for the optimal machining parameters of medium carbon AISI 1045 steel and other related materials, which can be used, alongside experiments, to reduce the overall machining costs.
Research Regarding the Design and Development of an Optimal Concept for a Humanoid Robot
Authors: Dugăeșescu Ileana , Neacșu‐Pave Angela‐Miruna , Enache Vlad‐Cristian , Tunsoiu Nicolae , Doicin Cristian‐Vasile
Published: June 2024

The paper presents a development methodology achieving the optimal concept of a humanoid‐like robot which targets the educational environment. This is presented through a series of stages, which served as the basis for developing a range of concepts. To establish the main function, a systematic approach is required, which involved decomposing it into subfunctions and determining the critical ones. These are used to determine the necessary components for the development of the robot. To develop conceptual solutions that address these critical subfunctions, the application of suitable strategies and techniques is required. The optimal concept is selected following the implementation of screening and evaluation matrix, to obtain a functional prototype. The multidisciplinary approach encompasses mechanical design, electronics, control systems, and sensor integration. Key aspects include analyzing human anatomy and motion, selecting appropriate materials, and actuation methods. It also takes into consideration power supply and human–robot interaction interfaces. Finally, a functional method is proposed to develop an optimum concept for a humanoid‐like robot used in the educational system.
Optimization of a Dissimilar Joint Using Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Feier Anamaria , Brindușoiu Mihai , Nițoi Dan , Chivu Oana Roxana , Dubic Demetrius , Țăpirdea Alin , Enache Catalina
Published: June 2024

The article will explore a potential additive manufacturing approach for combining two distinct thermoplastics, ABS and PMMA. The obtained piece can be produced up of two parts: the lower half is made of ABS, while the upper part is based on PMMA. Given that the assembly is meant to be used on an automobile's exterior, it must be resilient to air and water. Both types of thermopolymers—ABS and PMMA—must be used in a range of lighting applications, including automotive lighting, to lower prices and improve lamp performance. Although PMMA and ABS are different materials, they are compatible and are frequently bonded together.
Experimental Study on Surface Instabilities in FDM Printed Specimens under Compression
Authors: Hamaied R. , Montanari M. , Spagnoli A. , Gao C. , Bertolin C.
Published: June 2024

This study looks into the development of wrinkles in a bilayer fused deposition modeling (FDM)‐printed system. The specimen is composed of two polymeric materials (ABS and TPU) to emphasize the difference in stiffness between the two layers, i.e., the film and the substrate. The specimen production process allows to take into account a variety of printing parameters, including infill density, the number of film layers, and printing orientation. During the experimental stage, a distributed compressive force is applied to the specimens, which are confined so as to avoid out‐of‐plane instabilities, allowing wrinkles to form. The research shows that surface instabilities can develop in the surface film depending on the stiffness mismatch and resulting in variations in the wrinkles' magnitude and wavelength during compression. Furthermore, the study observes the transition from wrinkles to folds (creases). The results of this study are a step forward in explaining the mechanisms that govern surface instabilities and promoting advanced application in future research. In fact, understanding the formation of wrinkles in bilayer membranes with a limited stiffness mismatch will allow the development of soft printed matter with adaptable properties that are easily applicable, for instance, in the fields of soft robotics and biomedical engineering.
Improved Surface Quality with TiN‐Coated Tool
Authors: Coman Costel Catalin , Mazurchevici Simona‐Nicoleta , Cimpoeşu Nicanor , Carausu Constantin , Oleksik Valentin Stefan , Nedelcu Dumitru
Published: June 2024

The emergence of incremental sheet forming has led to the development of innovative manufacturing techniques that possess great adaptability and hold the potential to provide substantial economic advantages in the realms of advanced technologies and low‐volume production. In this study, specialized analyses are conducted to determine the structure and morphology of the surfaces produced after single‐point incremental sheet forming (SPISF). The material subjected to SPISF is Al 3003. For the material forming, two types of tools, one uncoated and one coated with titanium nitride (TiN), are used. It is observed that the TiN‐coated tool yields the most favorable roughness outcomes and also reduces the values of the forming components. According to the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, the deposition of the TiN on the tool is uniform, thus the results relate to the surface roughness and not only justified.
Functional Analysis: A Case Study of an IoT‐Based Health Monitoring System
Authors: Ulmeanu Mihaela‐Elena , Doicin Cristian‐Vasile , Dugăeșescu Ileana , Zaharia Cristin , Pârvu Gabriela‐Marina
Published: June 2024

This paper focuses on the application of technical functional analysis in the early development stages of an advanced Internet of Things (IoT) system designed for remote monitoring of patients' health parameters. The primary objective of this work is to enhance healthcare efficiency and accessibility, addressing the increasing demand for optimized medical services. Function identification is a pivotal aspect of this endeavor as it plays a crucial role in the successful development of the IoT system and often leads to the identification of competitive advantages. The methodology employed in this study involves identifying the basic need, together with the primary, secondary, and tertiary functions. These functions are then hierarchically organized, weighed, and assessed in both technical and economic dimensions. The cost–value relationship of the functions is analyzed using the least‐squares method and an optimal concept framework for an advanced IoT system tailored for remote health parameter monitoring of patients is proposed.
Numerical Analysis Techniques for Studying the Structural Strength of a Vehicle in Terms of Absorbed Energy
Authors: Felaco Amelia , Opran Costantin G. , Lamanna Giuseppe
Published: June 2024

During an impact, the vehicle structure must absorb as much energy as possible to avoid injury and damage to those involved. Diagnostic parameters, such as energy absorption, can be obtained via finite element analysis (FEA) and used to assess the vehicle's crashworthiness performance. The finite element method for numerical simulations is a widely accepted method in machine design, allowing models to be validated, saving money and time. Numerical models are modeled using Hypermesh and evaluated with the Ls‐Dyna numerical code. Starting from a standard frontal crash test against a rigid barrier at a speed of 50 km h−1 according to the Euro Ncap protocol, the approach used is to divide a commercial vehicle into five macro‐areas, namely: front, flatbed–driver, flatbed–passenger, chassis–driver, and chassis–passenger. This is done to assess the absorption energy of the structural components as the position of the impact angle against the barrier changes (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°); in this way, the degree of reliability and safety of the entire vehicle can be assessed in more detail, allowing a broader evaluation and a starting point for future vehicle design.
Numerical Simulation of Crashworthiness and Occupant Restraint System of a Rollover Tractor
Authors: Felaco Amelia , Caputo Francesco , Lamanna Giuseppe
Published: June 2024

Safety in agriculture is a crucial aspect to consider. The ultimate goal of safety in agriculture is to create a safe working environment and ensure the integrity of the food supply chain that provides resources for all. Modern agriculture depends heavily on heavy machinery, which increases the efficiency of many agricultural procedures. Unfortunately, tractors, cultivators, and power tools pose a serious hazard, as evidenced by numbers reported by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, where 146 people were fatally injured while working with or near tractors in 2018 alone. This study aims to analyze one of the most critical phenomena involving tractor occupants: rollover. By conducting an explicit finite element analysis (FEA) of a rollover test of a generic T5 tractor, the aim is to evaluate the biomechanical performance of the occupant focusing on the interaction between the occupant and the interior of the vehicle. Biomechanical parameters will be studied and compared with different case studies that may be useful for a better understanding of the situation. In particular, a case study with an unbelted dummy and another case study where the dummy has a seat belt will be analyzed. The innovation of this study is to compare the previous case studies with another case study. This is the introduction of an airbag placed on the side pillar of the tractor cab, which will contribute significantly to the reduction of fatal accidents.
Integrin αM promotes macrophage alternative M2 polarization in hyperuricemia‐related chronic kidney disease
Authors: Liu Jing , Guo Fan , Chen Xiaoting , Fu Ping , Ma Liang
Published: June 2024

Hyperuricemia is an essential risk factor in chronic kidney disease (CKD), while urate‐lowering therapy to prevent or delay CKD is controversial. Alternatively activated macrophages in response to local microenvironment play diverse roles in kidney diseases. Here, we aim to investigate whether and how macrophage integrin αM (ITGAM) contributes to hyperuricemia‐related CKD. In vivo, we explored dynamic characteristics of renal tissue in hyperuricemia‐related CKD mice. By incorporating transcriptomics and phosphoproteomics data, we analyzed gene expression profile, hub genes and potential pathways. In vitro, we validated bioinformatic findings under different conditions with interventions corresponding to core nodes. We found that hyperuricemia‐related CKD was characterized by elevated serum uric acid levels, impaired renal function, activation of macrophage alternative (M2) polarization, and kidney fibrosis. Integrated bioinformatic analyses revealed Itgam as the potential core gene, which was associated with focal adhesion signaling. Notably, we confirmed the upregulated expression of macrophage ITGAM, activated pathway, and macrophage M2 polarization in injured kidneys. In vitro, through silencing Itgam, inhibiting p‐FAK or p‐AKT1 phosphorylation, and concurrent inhibiting of p‐FAK while activating p‐AKT1 all contributed to the modulation of macrophage M2 polarization. Our results indicated targeting macrophage ITGAM might be a promising therapeutic approach for preventing CKD.
Photodynamic therapy for cancer: mechanisms, photosensitizers, nanocarriers, and clinical studies
Authors: Zhao Wanchen , Wang Liqing , Zhang Meihong , Liu Zhiqi , Wu Chuanbin , Pan Xin , Huang Zhengwei , Lu Chao , Quan Guilan
Published: June 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a temporally and spatially precisely controllable, noninvasive, and potentially highly efficient method of phototherapy. The three components of PDT primarily include photosensitizers, oxygen, and light. PDT employs specific wavelengths of light to active photosensitizers at the tumor site, generating reactive oxygen species that are fatal to tumor cells. Nevertheless, traditional photosensitizers have disadvantages such as poor water solubility, severe oxygen‐dependency, and low targetability, and the light is difficult to penetrate the deep tumor tissue, which remains the toughest task in the application of PDT in the clinic. Here, we systematically summarize the development and the molecular mechanisms of photosensitizers, and the challenges of PDT in tumor management, highlighting the advantages of nanocarriers‐based PDT against cancer. The development of third generation photosensitizers has opened up new horizons in PDT, and the cooperation between nanocarriers and PDT has attained satisfactory achievements. Finally, the clinical studies of PDT are discussed. Overall, we present an overview and our perspective of PDT in the field of tumor management, and we believe this work will provide a new insight into tumor‐based PDT.
Parental mosaicism rather than de novo variants in FOXG1‐related syndrome and TUBA1A‐associated Tubulinopathy: Familial case reports
Authors: Tang Hai Xuan , Lu Y‐Thanh , Ha Thi Minh Thi , Tran Nhat‐Thang , Dang Doan Minh , Ly Son Xuan , Bui Thu Ha Thi , Vo Son Ta , Thai Minh Doan , Nguyen Vu Dinh , Nguyen Thong Van , Dinh Linh Thuy , Luong Lan‐Anh Thi , Doan Kim‐Phuong , Nguyen Kim Huong Thi , Do Thanh‐Thuy Thi , Truong Dinh‐Kiet , Giang Hoa , Nguyen Hoai‐Nghia , Trinh Thu Huong Nhut , Tang Hung Sang
Published: June 2024

Background

De novo variations are a primary cause of Rett syndrome and Tubulinopathy, accounting for over 90% of cases. Some studies have identified and documented parental inheritance by mosaicism in these two disorders, albeit with limited data.

Methods

Clinical characteristics and diagnosis, including genetic tests of members of two families, were obtained from medical reports.

Results

The first family with Rett syndrome (RTT) presented with two offspring carrying FOXG1 c.460dup. Both affected RTT pregnancies did not show anomalies within the first trimester, preventing prenatal recognition at an early stage. The second family had two of three offspring confirmed with TUBA1A c.172G>A related to Tubulinopathy. Both young couples from the two families harbored none of the variants correlating to their children's conditions. Diagnosis of parental mosaics with higher rates of recurrence was reasonably determined, and genetic counseling played a major role in guiding and managing their subsequent pregnancies.

Conclusion

In genetic disorders with a high penetration of de novo variants, the risk of having a recurrent baby is an important topic to discuss with affected families. By examining variants that siblings share, clinical diagnosis can offer valuable information about the presence of mosaic inheritance. To effectively manage in the long term, adequate genetic counseling and strategic planning for future pregnancies should be emphasized to mitigate the risk of recurrent offspring.
Chicago MH expansion under way; two clinics will open this year
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: June 2024

When Chicago Mayor Brandon Johnson campaigned for the office in 2023, public attention to his vision for mental health reform focused on his vow to reopen city‐operated mental health clinics. That aim is beginning to come to fruition but is only part of a more comprehensive plan that also includes more effective crisis response and stepped‐up public outreach.
SAMHSA launches 988 awareness campaign
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: June 2024

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline will run five months of paid awareness ads with select audiences that will consist of a research‐informed paid media buy with national reach in the summer/fall 2024, a SAMHSA news release stated. The effort is an initial step towards creating a larger and more comprehensive campaign in the future, officials stated. As SAMHSA continually works to improve awareness of 988 across the United States, the 988 Lifeline will begin running ads designed to reach communities that are disproportionately affected by suicide. The initial paid SAMHSA ads will run on digital communications platforms and channels from June through October 2024 and will reach five audiences during these months: the LGBTQI+, Black population, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) teens and LGBTQI+ and AI/AN young adults. Vibrant Emotional Health, the 988 Lifeline administrator, is expected to launch advertising to additional audiences starting late summer into early fall. Details will be shared when available, SAMHSA officials stated. The multimedia ads will appear on a variety of sites and on platforms and channels such as Hulu, YouTube, social media (including Meta, Snapchat, Reddit), iHeart Media, Indian Country Media, video games, apps and podcasts.
Emergence of critical state in granular materials using a variationally‐based damage‐elasto‐plastic micromechanical continuum model
Authors: Yilmaz Nurettin , Yildizdag M. Erden , Fabbrocino Francesco , Placidi Luca , Misra Anil
Published: June 2024

The mechanical response of granular materials, exemplified by frictional grain interactions, is characterized by a critical state in which deformation occurs without change of material volume or stresses when subjected to large shear deformation. In this work, a granular micromechanics approach (GMA) based continuum model is used to investigate the emergence of such a critical state. The continuum description is constructed through mechanical concepts based upon elastic and dissipation energies defined for a generic grain‐pair interaction. A hemivariational principle provides the basis for considering the evolution of damage and plasticity phenomena comprising grain‐pair contact loss and irreversible deformation. As a consequence, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT)‐type conditions are derived, which give the evolution equations for the irreversible phenomena. Notably, in this derivation there is no invocation of flow rules and other similar assumptions of classical phenomenological continuum damage and plasticity. Further, Piola's ansatz is elaborated to kinematically connect granular micromechanics of grain‐pair to the continuum description. While the concept of critical state analysis has been handled with either phenomenological approaches or discrete numerical frameworks, in the present paper this concept is examined within a micromechanics‐based continuum description. The constitutive model is established and the coupled damage and plastic irreversible quantities are assessed. The critical state is shown to emerge as grain‐pair related damage and plastic evolution in a competitive/collaborative manner during the imposed loading path.
Collapse characteristics of binary granular columns considering inhomogeneous particle size distributions
Authors: Sun Hao , Jia Jun‐Ze , Nicot François , Wang Xiao‐Xiao , Zhao Li‐Shan
Published: June 2024

Debris avalanches and dry granular flows exhibit similar characteristics. In order to comprehend the fundamental mechanisms and improve the accuracy in predicting disasters such as landslides, debris flows, and rock avalanches, the collapse characteristics of a binary granular column are investigated through a three‐dimensional discrete element model. A novel approach is proposed by incorporating the concept of local granular velocity fluctuation and applying a cluster analysis method. Then, the flow mechanism of the binary granular column is analyzed, by considering the inhomogeneous particle size distribution. The research results show that: (1) The normalized final packing height of the granular column gradually increases when the content of coarse particles exceeds 20% and when the coarse‐fine particle size ratio increases. Conversely, the normalized run‐out distance of the granular column decreases gradually with the increase in coarse particle content and the coarse‐fine particle size ratio. (2) The particles with higher granular velocity fluctuations tend to move together and form clusters, demonstrating dynamical heterogeneity. As the coarse particle content and coarse‐fine particle size ratio increase, there is a greater tendency for particles to assemble into larger‐scale active clusters. This means that a larger number of particles exhibit collective behavior during the collapse process, resulting in increased resistance to shear deformation. Ultimately, this leads to a greater packing height and a reduced run‐out distance when observed from a macroscopic perspective.