bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guided Imagery Use in Nursing Education
Authors: Contrades Sharon
Published: June 2007

Guided Imagery has many uses in Nursing Education. Imagery is taught to nursing students for independent use as anxiety reduction and stress management and transfer of psychomotor skill performance from the learning laboratory to the clinical setting.
Intuition in Nursing Practice
Authors: Leners Debra Woodard
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the phenomenon of intuition in nursing culture. The aims of the study were to (a) identify and describe terminology used with intuition in nursing care practice, (b) describe examples of experiential knowledge of intuition, (c) describe actions taken on intuitive experiences, (d) describe feelings associated with intuitive experience, and (e) compare and contrast patterns and processes of nursing intuition. The design of the study was ethnography. Sampling involved 40 nurses from all levels of the hospital and home health care practice. Intuition was found to (a)facilitate the depth of nurse-client relationships; (b) lead to a deeper understanding and connection with client patterns; (c) be acknowledged as a professional risk; (d) emphasize the significant influence of autonomy, independence, and assertiveness in nursing practice; and (e) contribute to excellence in nursing care. Intuition was identified as a manifestation of transpersonal caring in the art of nursing practice and was deeply connected to caring as the moral ideal of the nursing profession.
Menstrual-Cycle Lengthening and Reduction in Premenstrual Distress through Guided Imagery
Authors: Groer Maureen , Ohnesorge Carol
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the effects of a program of relaxation and specific guided imagery on menstrual-cycle length and premenstrual distress. Thirty healthy college women with regular menstrual cycles were studied for 6 months. The subjects completed the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) at the beginning and end of the study and recorded their menstrual cycles for 3 months on an investigator-developed calendar recording sheet. Subjects were then given an audiotape with a progressive muscle relaxation exercise followed by guided imagery with a suggestive message focusing on lengthening the menstrual cycle and delaying the onset of menstrual bleeding. The 15 subjects who completed the entire study had significant increases in cycle lengths during the 3 months of imagery. The total premenstrual distress scores also declined significantly, as did the subscales measuring behavior and negative affect. This study provides preliminary evidence that menstrual-cycle rhythmicity and premenstrual distress are amenable to the mind-body intervention of guided imagery and suggests that further investigation of this phenomena with larger sample size and careful controls for confounding variables be conducted.
Psychoneuroimmunological Aspects of Nursing
Authors: Bartol Genevieve M. , Courts Nancy F.
Published: June 2007

Health care consumers are searching for ways to enhance health. Bookstores are filled with self-help literature about mental, physical, and emotional connections and ways to manage these relationships. In an innovative and challenging course, the authors discuss mind-brain-body interactions and illustrate the application of alternative modalities in nursing practice.
We are the Stories we Tell
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete
Published: June 2007

In recent years, nurses have come to (re)value narrative knowing: the knowledge transmitted in the stories that human beings have told each other since the beginning. Narratives area generally understood to be stories with a certain dynamic structure and shape directed toward achieving wholeness, or health. In this article, the author considers why caregivers have become interested in narratives, the nature and function of stories for patients, the location of stories in the diagnostic and healing functions of the nurse, and the significance of stories for holistic nursing practice.
Defining and Implementing a Standard for Therapeutic Relationships
Authors: Barnsteiner Jane H. , Gillis-Donovan Joanne , Knox-Fischer Cathy , McKlindon Donna D.
Published: June 2007

As family-centered care gradually became the norm in care of infants and children, relationships between staff, patients, and families became more complex. Because the complexity of these relationships was rarely, if ever, addressed, widely divergent, sometimes detrimental, behaviors evolved. Therapeutic relationships, which promote caring and define relationships with patients and families, are a positive and professional means to promote a family's control over their own child's health. This article describes assessment of nurse/patient/family relationships using family systems theory as a framework The experience of implementing a culture shift toward therapeutic relationships is described.
Lessons from the Tao for Birthing Practice
Authors: Overman Barbara
Published: June 2007

The metaphysics of the Tao Te Ching, as the basic structure of the universe, is used to examine birthing as creation. Lessons from the Tao regarding cultivating naturalness are drawn upon to provide suggestions for women in preparation for birthing, as well as for the nurses and midwives who attend them. Compatibility of this metaphysical view of birthing with Rogers's and Newman's nursing theories is identified, and the importance of honoring the metaphysical and spiritual aspects of birthing in nursing practice is stressed.
Santería
Authors: Pasquali Elaine Anne
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this ethnographic research was to explore the role of Santeria in the orientation of Long Island Cuban-Americans towards health and illness. Santería serves both explanatory and treatment functions. By attributing the cause of illness to supernatural forces, Santeria explains why some people stay well while others get sick. By dispelling malignant super natural forces, mobilizing beneficial supernatural forces, and decreasing uncertainty and stress, Santeria helps to maintain or reinstate balance and a sense of control over one's life. An understanding of the role of Santeria in the conceptualization of Long Island Cuban-Americans towards health and health care behaviors provides a needed link between a people's perception of health and illness and the interventions that they find meaningful and acceptable.
Enthusiasm Misplaced?
Authors: Oderkirk Wendell
Published: June 2007

Nursing journals have not reflected the abundant literature criticizing the National Cholesterol Education Program's goal to screen every adult American's cholesterol levels. Because this goal affects every nurse in professional, economic, and personal ways, it behooves nurses to consider the intensive debate that frames the benefits claimed for cholesterol screening. Issues raised by the debate may give nurses reason to question the program's goals. Once acquainted with inherent epidemiologic, methodologic, cost, and public policy issues, nurses may conclude there is insufficient scientific evidence to warrant cholesterol screening for the entire adult population. Rather, cholesterol screening may best be reserved for the relatively few Americans most likely to benefit from both screening and subsequent treatment.
Older Adults' Perceptions about Wellness
Authors: Campbell Janis , Kreidler Maryhelen
Published: June 2007

This article describes a qualitative investigation regarding the usefulness of Pender's health promotion model with community-based, older adults. Specifically, the beliefs about wellness of elderly clients seen during a community outreach, health promotion project are delineated. The majority of the 33 clients interviewed stated they were not well and that their physician kept them informed regarding their health status. As part of the nurse-client termination process, clients were asked three questions related to themes that emerged during the home visits: health status, health care responsibilities, and perception of wellness. Findings did not support Pender's health promotion model assumption that individuals who engage in health promotion activities perceive their own health status positively.
Comfort as Process and Product, Merged in Holistic-Nursing Art
Authors: Kolcaba Katharine Y.
Published: June 2007

Although many scholars discuss nursing as an art and science, the practice of nursing art remains unspecified and elusive, especially to learners. Nursing art is the esthetic use by nurses of scientific and humanistic principles of care applied creatively within specific contexts of care. One form of nursing art is called comfort care. Comfort care entails the process of comforting actions and the product of enhanced comfort, both of which have been described in separate programs of research. Because the process of comfort includes the product of comfort, the construct of comfort care designates a necessary merger between the programs of research. A template is presented that guides the practice of comfort care within a context of holistic nursing art.
Understanding Circadian Rhythms
Authors: Efinger Joan , Nelson Lucille C. , Walsh Starr Julia M.
Published: June 2007

When night shift nurses drive home at 7:30 a.m., the daylight resets their circadian pacemakers in the retina. This daylight exposure amplifies desynchronization of the circadian rhythm. It was found that 3:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. shifts produced less physiological and emotional stresses. Increased awareness of circadian rhythms may help to reduce the multiple risks to nurses' health and enhance quality of life. This article presents the scientific principles of circadian rhythms and their effects on shift workers' health and illnesses. There is a significant decrease in job performance and in satisfaction and quality of patient care. Statistics indicate that errors, injuries, sick days, and accidents are higher for nurses' working rotating shifts. Eleven recommendations provide ideas to support nurses holistically.
Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory
Authors: Sappington Julie , Kelley Jane H.
Published: June 2007

To provide holistic care, nurses must attempt to view the world through the clients' eyes. The Theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling (Erickson, Tomlin, & Swain, 1983) enables nurses to care for and nurture each client with an awareness of and respect for the individual's uniqueness. This type of care giving exemplifies theory-based clinical practice that focuses on the clients' needs. Care is offered that recognizes that clients have the knowledge and ability to understand what has made them sick, as well as what will make them well. The authors explore the experiences of a young woman with diabetes mellitus and demonstrate how nursing care based on the Theory of Modeling and Role-Modeling enabled the client to recognize and develop strengths and empowered her to begin the healing process.
The Delivery of Culturally Sensitive Health Care to Native Americans
Authors: Sanchez Tony R. , Plawecki Judith A. , Plawecki Henry M.
Published: June 2007

Cultural factors significantly influence the Native American's perspectives of traditional professional health care practices. To most effectively deal with Native American clients, health care providers must understand, respect, and demonstrate sensitivity to the values and implications of the Native American culture. A basic understanding of a group's cultural beliefs, values, and practices will enable the holistic nurse to appreciate the importance of appropriate interactions and techniques and, therefore, make health care more readily accepted. This article reviews the health and illness beliefs, the traditional remedies, the critical need for holistic health care, and the Five Great Values that guide Native American behavior. Familiarization with these cultural components will facilitate the provision of quality, holistic health care through improved interactions with Native American clients.
A Review of Prayer within the Role of the Holistic Nurse
Authors: Lewis Pamela J.
Published: June 2007

Prayer is an integral component of the spiritual life of mankind. It is a two-way dialogue with God. Clients in crisis may need prayer for encouragement, comfort, and support. Holistic nurses may use prayer with clients to positively influence how they cope with anxiety relative to illness. Addressing the spiritual needs of clients is an important element of care and the use of prayer is supported by both informal client responses and scientific research. Additionally, the active use of prayer may provide added value and enrichment to the holistic nurse-client interaction.
The Experience of Self for Women who are Mothers
Authors: Hartrick Gweneth A.
Published: June 2007

Although the expression and transformation of self is integral to people's health and healing experiences, nurses currently lack an in-depth understanding of how women who are mothers experience and express themselves. This article presents the results of a recent study that examined the lived experience of self for mothers. Principles of interpretive phenomenology and feminist inquiry guided the investigation. The results of the study describe the nature and experience of self for the 7 women/mother participants and highlight the complementary relationship between the experience of oneself and the unfolding of health. Three essential themes emerged to describe the experience of self, including (a) self as a multiplicity of parts, (b) self as a relational process, and (c) self as a synthesis. The results illustrate the complementary relationship between health and self experience and highlight the nursing imperative of supporting women/mothers in their unfolding of self.
A Narrative Approach to Quality Care in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Heliker Diane M.
Published: June 2007

The negative effects of institutionalization caused partially by homogeneity and uniformity of care prompts the exploration of personal and common meanings of nursing home residents. This study is viewed as an initial step in providing quality care as defined by the resident. Personal and common meanings embedded in the lived lives of five older women residing in a long-term care facility are interpreted using a seven-stage Heideggerian henneneutical phenomenological approach. An unstructured modified life review format is used to interview each participant on three separate occasions. Three constitutive patterns emerge: dwelling in remembering, living relatedly, and being after loss. These patterns endure across the life span of each woman and continue to endure after admission to the facility. The revelation of common and personal meanings provide new possibilities for the transformation of nursing practice to ensure quality care from the perspective of what is considered meaningful to each resident.
Self-Esteem and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Success in Smoking Cessation
Authors: Kowalski Susan D.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare psychological, biophysical, and socioeconomic variables as predictors of success in smoking cessation adherence among adults who have participated in a smoking cessation program. The purposive sample (N = 75) was selected from participants of 10 smoking cessation programs in Texas who were measured for self-esteem and self-efficacy at the beginning of their program using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Stanton's revised Self-Efficacy for Smoking Cessation Questionnaire. Subjects self-reported their smoking/nonsmoking status and use/nonuse of the nicotine patch at the end of their program via postcards and at 3 months later through a phone interview with the researcher. Using discriminant analysis, the psychological variables correctly classified 75% of the subjects at the 3-month follow-up as smoking or nonsmoking (based on their preprogram scores of self-esteem and self-efficacy). With this sample, the biophysical and socioeconomic variables were insignificant in their ability to predict smoking cessation adherence.
Cultural Meanings of Childbirth
Authors: Khalaf Ina'am , Callister Lynn Clark
Published: June 2007

This descriptive, ethnographic study focuses on the experience of childbirth for Muslim women living in Jordan. Thirty-two childbearing women were interviewed in the early postpartum weeks. The audiotaped interviews were transcribed and translated. Themes were identified from the rich, narrative data. Motivations for having children, as well as what constitutes the motherhood feeling, were described. Themes also included the importance of relying on God or Allah for support in childbearing and child rearing. A strong sense of the spiritual dimensions of giving birth within women's traditional, religious, and cultural context was identified. Findings from this study provide insight into the meanings of childbirth for Muslim women living in Jordan. These meanings assist nurses in providing culturally competent care.
Pain Beliefs
Authors: Ruzicka Susan A.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study was to better understand elders' beliefs regarding chronic pain. The research questions were (a) What are the pain beliefs of elders experiencing nonmalignant chronic pain (NMP) and chronic pain associated with malignancy with the hope for recovery (MHR)? (b) Are there differences in pain beliefs between the NMP group and the MHR group? and (c) Do elders have similar or different pain beliefs? Sixty adults age 65 or older, all cognitively intact, completed the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire; 30 had arthritis and 30 had cancer. Of the total, 60% responded that pain is the result of damage to the body—either often, almost always, or always. Another 13% believed that pain was rarely or never the result of such damage, and 15% rarely or never saw pain as a sign of illness. In all, 68% responded that depression makes pain seem worse.
Valuation of Life
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Moss Miriam , Hoffman Christine , Kleban Morton H. , Ruckdeschel Katy , Winter Laraine
Published: June 2007

Objectives: The objectivewas to derive and test the psychometric characteristics of a scale to measure Valuation of Life (VOL). Methods: Four samples were used in successive phases of exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity testing, and exploration of response-error effects. Estimates of Years of Desired Life were obtained under a variety of hypothetical quality-of-life (QOL)-compromising conditions of poor health. Results: Confirmed 13-item (Positive VOL) and 6-item (Negative VOL) factors were obtained. A significant relationship betweenVOLand mostYears of Desired Life estimates remained when demographic, health, quality of life, and mental health measures were controlled. Analysis of Negative VOL revealed that some respondents misunderstand the meaning of an agree response to negatively phrased items. Discussion: VOL is a cognitive-affective schema whose function as a mediator and moderator between health and end-of-life decisions deserves further research.
Transparent Research
Authors: Milofsky Carl
Published: June 2007

Transparent research is a strategy in which the subjects of ethnographic research are fully involved in designing the research project, collecting the data, and analyzing results. Transparent research is a variety of action research in that inquiry is designed to serve the needs of the people studied. However, it is also scholarly research intended to serve disciplinary goals. An advantage of this approach is that theoretical and practical knowledge gained by practitioners that would not otherwise be known by academic scholars is incorporated into research results. This article develops the idea of transparent research by presenting two case studies. One concerns the emergency medicine department of a medium-sized community hospital. The other concerns a congregational development project, developed in partnership with an Episcopal diocese, and focused on a single congregation.
Volunteers in State Government: Involvement, Management, and Benefits
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Kellough J. Edward
Published: June 2007

Much of what is known about volunteering to public agencies emanates from surveys of city and county governments. Little research has addressed the magnitude and other characteristics of volunteering to state government organizations. This study presents and analyzes the results of the first systematic national survey of volunteering to state government agencies. The study investigates two models, the first to explain volunteer use by state agencies, and the second to explain the realization of benefits from volunteer involvement. Empirical analysis shows that the rate of volunteer involvement in state government is substantial, reaching 36% of the agencies sampled. However, according to the personnel managers surveyed, simply having volunteers is not sufficient. The authors demonstrate that to achieve the full benefits of the approach as perceived by personnel managers, agencies must engage in effective management of their volunteer programs.
Regional Wealth and Philanthropic Capacity Mapping
Authors: Irvin Renée A.
Published: June 2007

Since 1975, wealth distribution in the United States has grown markedly more disparate, with a larger concentration of the country’s personal wealth owned by a smaller fraction of the population. Personal wealth is an important determinant in economic well-being yet is often ignored in studies of personal finances because wealth data are difficult to collect. This article introduces techniques for analyzing wealth and philanthropic capacity on a regional scale, showing how to pinpoint regions of high wealth and philanthropic capacity for county and Census block group regions. Results show how state and county measures mask large subcounty differences in financial well-being and potential for philanthropy among residents. In essence, the article introduces a new approach to economic development via targeted regional initiatives in asset retention and philanthropy.
Does Executive Intuition Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Its Relationship With Nonprofit Organization Financial Performance
Authors: Ritchie William J. , Kolodinsky Robert W. , Eastwood Karen
Published: June 2007

This study tests the relationship between a chief executive’s intuitive decision style and financial measures of nonprofit organization performance. Providing additional support for earlier theories that emphasized top managers’ ability to influence change in their organizations, executive intuition was found to be significantly associated with three of the six financial performance outcomes examined in this study. Executive intuition was a significant and positive predictor of both fiscal performance measures and one of two public support measures. Implications and future research ideas are offered.
Implications of Welfare Reform: Do Nonprofit Survival Strategies Threaten Civil Society?
Authors: Alexander Jennifer , Nank Renee , Stivers Camilla
Published: June 2007

Nonprofit organizations play a pivotal role in recent efforts to devolve public responsibilities to lower levels of government and other sectors. The capacity of these organizations to serve as the public safety net, however, has come under question. This multiphase research project focused on the impact of welfare reform on community-based nonprofits in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The study includes surveys, focus groups, and a case study. Results to date strongly suggest that, in spite of their importance to the welfare reform effort, the capacity of smaller nonprofits to adopt the business-oriented approach required to meet the expectations of government contracts is profoundly limited. This study discusses the implications of these findings for an enduring issue in political theory, the role of nonprofits as schools or laboratories of citizenship, and suggests that the loss of their public character is in danger of going unnoticed.
Employment Patterns of Mothers with a Disabled Young Person
Authors: Hirst Michael
Published: June 2007

This paper investigates the effect of caring for a disabled teenager or young adult on mothers' employment patterns. Cross-sectional data on over 900 mothers of a nationally representative sample of young people were obtained by personal interview in early 1987. The sample was stratified between mothers with and without a disabled young person. The mothers of severely disabled young people were less than half as likely as their counterparts in the general population to be in paid work, after controlling for age, family size, and their partners' economic activity. Mothers with a less than severely disabled young person were just as likely to be working as mothers in the general population. There was no evidence that mothers with a disabled young person were limited to part-time, lower-paid jobs. These findings help to reconcile some of the discrepancies apparent in previous research. They also have important implications for the living standards of families with a disabled teenager and for the role of social security provision for informal carers.
Lean Production—The End of History?
Authors: Berggren Christian
Published: June 2007

One of the most influential books that has been published in recent years is the MIT study The Machine that Changed the World by Womack, Jones and Roos (1990). The book combines detailed empirical comparisons with bold and sweeping assertions. The Japanese management system or `lean production', Womack et al. argue, is not only the world's most efficient system for manufacturing cars. It is the one best way of organizing all kinds of industrial production, featuring both dramatic increases in productivity and qualitative improvements in working conditions. According to the MIT team it is predestined to become the standard global production system of the twenty-first century, and they contend: `Lean production is a superior way for humans to make things. It provides better products in wider variety at lower cost. Equally important, it provides more challenging and fulfilling work for employees at every level, from the factory to the headquarters. It follows that the whole world should adopt lean production, and as quickly as possible' (Womack et al., 1990: 225). The purpose of this article is to challenge this view of lean production as an omnipotent system and unequivocal blessing. Starting with a discussion of the industrial limits of lean production, I then turn to the success story of the 1980s - the dramatic expansion of Japanese auto transplants in North America. The social preconditions for this process, largely overlooked in the MIT study, are emphasized, before proceeding to an analysis of the highly ambiguous working conditions at these new plants. The transplants have attracted many American workers, but the relentless production regime has caused growing disillusionment among employees and increasing resistance from union locals, which was demonstrated by the five week strike at CAMI in September-October 1992. Finally, I discuss current developments inside Japan, where automakers face a severe recruitment crisis. In Japan, both unions and environmentalists criticize the JIT-system heralded in the MIT study, and car manufacturers have started to design plants according to new principles. For many reasons lean production will not be the end of history!
A New Way of Analyzing Labour Market Flows Using Work History Data
Authors: Burchell Brendan
Published: June 2007

The methodological component of this paper describes a novel way of analyzing work-history data, treating the job change as the unit of analysis rather than the individual or the job. After considering the theoretical and practical problems and advantages of such an approach, two examples are given of the ways in which this technique can be used in the investigation of macro-level and micro-level labour market phenomena concerning the way in which individuals move between jobs.

First, the way in which the rate of promotions and involuntary demotions follows the national unemployment rate is demonstrated. In times of high unemployment involuntary transitions from better to worse-paid jobs become much more numerous, even when that transition is not accompanied by a spell of unemployment. Second, the way in which demotions (whether precipitated by domestic considerations or dismissals and redundancies) and promotions are associated with moves from larger to smaller establishments is investigated and discussed. The case of women moving to small establishments is particularly striking; small firms may provide flexible jobs which are more compatible with women's domestic roles, but at some cost in terms of pay.
The Secretarial Ghetto: Myth or Reality? A Study of Secretarial Work in England, France and Germany
Authors: Truss Catherine J. G.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the findings of a study on secretarial work in England, France and Germany, which aimed to discover whether secretarial work can justly be described as a female `ghetto' occupation. Questionnaires were issued to secretaries working in matched management consultancy and publishing firms in the three countries; 185 questionnaires were received and 61 interviews were carried out with bosses, secretaries and personnel representatives. It was found that promotion out of secretarial work is extremely rare, which corroborates the `ghetto' thesis. However, secretarial job content, especially in France and Germany, was found to be wide-ranging and varied, which runs counter to that thesis. Overall, conflicting evidence was found across the three countries, which suggests that women's work is not necessarily constructed in the same way in different countries, and points to the role played by national institutions in shaping patterns and experiences of women's employment.
Polarisation, Underclass and the Welfare State
Authors: Jordan Bill , Redley Marcus
Published: June 2007

Both the British government and the Labour leadership (through the Commission on Social Justice) have instigated radical reviews of the welfare state. This article criticises the British social scientific research available to these enquiries. It draws on Bill Jordan's recent (as yet unpublished) ESRC review and synthesis of research on poverty and social exclusion, and his and Marcus Redley's ESRC-funded comparative study of decision-making and moral regulation in households. The authors argue that too little scholarly attention has been given to the divergence between better-off and poor people's practices over work and welfare. This dimension of polarization - the way higher-income couples orientate towards property, occupational and private welfare, and low-income couples towards means-tested benefits, in their employment decisions - has important implications, both for the underclass debate and for the future of the welfare state.
Training During the Recession
Authors: Felstead Alan , Green Francis
Published: June 2007

It is the conventional wisdom to assume that in the `market model' of training found in Britain, training tends to be curtailed in recessions. Yet national level evidence shows only a small reduction in training during the recession of the early 1990s. Analysis of a survey of employers' training behaviour shows that a combination of regulations and the forces of market competition held up training activity or increased it in many companies. Many regulations were providing a floor for training activity, while the recession-intensified competition meant that firms had increasingly to fly the flag of `quality' in order to retain or expand their market share. The training requirements of the BS 5750 were widely cited. It is thus somewhat ironic that the `market model' seems to have survived the recession as much through intervention as through the decisions of individual employers. It is more accurate to describe Britain's vocational training system as an `employer-led model'.
Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care
Authors: Arber Sara , Ginn Jay
Published: June 2007

This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men, and varies with the closeness of the kin relationship between carer and care-recipient. Women caring for a handicapped child are least likely to be in full-time work. Care for a spouse depresses both men's and women's employment. The effect of caring for a co-resident parent is least for married men and greatest for married women. The assumption that women's increased labour force participation will reduce their availability as informal carers for elderly parents is largely unfounded. This care is mainly for elderly parents living in another household, and is associated with reduced hours of employment but not lower overall rates of employment. The norm of combining paid work and informal caring results in very high total hours of informal and paid work.
The Reluctant Profession - Homoeopathy and the Search for Legitimacy
Authors: Cant Sarah , Sharma Ursula
Published: June 2007

This paper examines a group of lay homoeopaths, represented by the Society of Homoeopathy, and traces the changes that have been made to their organisation, training and knowledge as they attempt to enhance their legitimacy in the eyes of the public, government and orthodox medical profession. The group has acquired a number of `professional' properties, but in so doing have reduced levels of freedom, marginalised factions within the group and failed to gain greater authority in the healthcare market. The homoeopaths themselves thus recognise that there are costs as well as benefits associated with their professional project and so they have undertaken many of the changes reluctantly.
`It's Only Dick': The Sexual Harassment of Women Managers in Insurance Sales
Authors: Collinson Margaret , Collinson David
Published: June 2007

Most studies of sexual harassment in organizations have used quantitative methods to measure the incidence of cases. Less attention has focused upon the qualitative dynamics of workplace sexual harassment. Drawing upon detailed qualitative and quantitative data, this paper explores the complex organisational interactions and interrelationships through which the vicious circles of sexual harassment can be reproduced. Highlighting women managers' experiences of sexual harassment, as well as their responses and coping strategies, the paper reveals the pervasive, persistent and privileged character of men's sexuality in the UK insurance sales industry. On the basis of these findings and those of several other related studies, we argue that sexual harassment in non-traditional work for women may be more extensive and aggressive than in traditional forms of female employment.
Two Paths to Prosperity?: Work Organisation and Industrial Relations Decentralisation in Australia
Authors: Boreham Paul , Hall Richard , Harley Bill
Published: June 2007

The shift of an industrial relations system from the centralised settlement of pay and work conditions to the encouragement of enterprise-level bargaining presents industrial relations actors with the opportunity to influence the organisation of work in one of two ways. Drawing on a range of theories of work organisation and production we contrast profitability enhancement strategies and productivity enhancement strategies. The recent dramatic shift in the Australian industrial relations system from a highly centralised and regulated regime towards one characterized by an enterprise focus provides an illuminating case study. Utilising data drawn from a survey of Australian workplaces which have recently concluded enterprise-level bargains, we examine the apparent effect of those agreements and assess the emerging trends in terms of the two contrasting strategic orientations. We conclude that while elements of each strategy are present in Australian industry, the dominant tendency is oriented more toward short-term profitability and cost minimization than long term productivity enhancement. Further, we use the findings as a basis for evaluating critically the utility of conceptualising paths of development in terms of two competing strategic orientations.
Institutional Transfer: Industrial Relations in Eastern Germany
Authors: Hyman Richard
Published: June 2007

Can industrial relations be successfully transferred between countries? This paper reviews experience in eastern Germany since unification in 1990. The evidence is that the close integration in western Germany between the two elements of the `dual system' of interest representation - trade unions and works councils - has not been replicated in the east. Hence the formal identity of institutions does not prevent substantial differences in their functioning. This may be explained both in terms of the adverse economic circumstances in the east since unification, and of the distinctive socio-cultural inheritance of the former system.
Fifty Years of Failure: Employment Services for Disabled People in the UK
Authors: Hyde Mark
Published: June 2007

The 1944 Disabled Persons (Employment) Act introduced a range of programmes to help disabled people find and keep paid work but, until recently, little was known about their effectiveness. This paper reports the findings of a survey of economically active disabled people and shows that their feelings about statutory employment services are mixed. A small majority expressed satisfaction, but a significant minority reported negative experiences. The state's employment programmes for disabled people frequently ignore `felt needs' and some services are segregated, leading to problems such as `stigma'. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy to improve services and argues that integration into `improved' mainstream areas of provision is the best way forward.
Annualised Hours and the `Knock': The Organisation of Working Time in a Chemicals Plant
Authors: Heyes Jason
Published: June 2007

It is frequently noted that the development of industrial capitalism was predicated on the progressive commodification of working time. The process was, however, complex, uneven and incomplete, with control over the use of workers' time continuing to be subject to dispute. Yet this insight has tended to be neglected in accounts of recent managerial initiatives with respect to working time. Discussions of `temporal flexibility', whilst emphasising managers' attempts to achieve greater co-ordination between labour supply and production requirements, have failed to engage with these developments in sufficient conceptual depth. Through an investigation of the operation of annualised hours in a chemicals plant, the present paper shows that new working time arrangements increased managerial control, reduced earnings, and undermined workers' solidarity; but some resistance was still evident.
Occupational Inheritance: The Role of Cultural Capital and Gender
Authors: Egerton Muriel
Published: June 2007

It is known that occupational destination is influenced by family cultural resources. Most research on the effects of cultural capital, using nationally representative datasets, has concentrated on paternal occupation and education, finding that higher levels of paternal education are associated with greater educational and occupational attainment. As a result cultural capital has been put forward as a partial explanation for intergenerational class stability. It has been argued that occupational inheritance is more marked for the professional than for the managerial sector of the middle class, due to their greater cultural capital (Savage et al. 1992). This paper explores the effects of father's labour market sector (i.e. managerial or professional) and the educational attainment of both parents, using the National Child Development Study. Evidence was found: 1) that the children of professional fathers are more successful educationally than the children of managers, taking into account measured ability at age 11; and 2) that professional family origins facilitate entry into professional occupations, independently of educational attainments. The effect of gender was also explored. The relative lack of educational attainment on the part of children of managers had a more negative effect on the careers of daughters than of sons.
The Disciplinary Experience and its Effects on Behaviour: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Rollinson Derek , Handley Janet , Hook Caroline , Foot Margaret
Published: June 2007

Using the results obtained from a small-scale, exploratory study of the internal dynamics of the disciplinary process, two issues are addressed: whether the disciplinary experience results in the disciplined person's internalising and/or observing an organisational rule; and the extent to which this is affected by the way the disciplinary process is handled. It is tentatively concluded that discipline can achieve the outcome of rule internalisation and/or observation, but it does so for only about half of those formally disciplined; for the remaining half, there are ongoing tendencies towards rule breaking. Explanations for this state of affairs are located in two important features of the internal dynamics of disciplinary handling. The first is the implicit use of a `conditioning by punishment' paradigm, which is applied within a context where punishing stimuli are largely ineffective in shaping behaviour. The second, which flows from the first, consists of managerial styles that often create an impression in the eyes of the disciplined person that retributional motives are at work.
`Timeless Craftsmanship'?: New Production Concepts in the Machine Tool Industry
Authors: Sels Luc
Published: June 2007

In this paper, we focus on the results of the Belgian Trend Study. The intention of this study was to examine the prevalence of new production concepts within the widest possible range of companies in the automotive, the machine tool, the chemical and the clothing industries. The Trend Study aimed to answer the question whether the Taylorist division of labour is a thing of the past and whether shifts in the division of labour are accompanied by another type of personnel policy. The methodological concept used had to guarantee that the findings at the level of each industry could be generalised. In this contribution, we focus on the results of the survey organised in the main processing fields of the machine tool industry: mechanical production and assembly.
The End of Apartheid and the Organisation of Work in Manufacturing Plants in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province
Authors: Smith Michael R. , Wood Geoffrey T.
Published: June 2007

The election of 1994 radically changed the environment within which management chose its labour control policies. Prior to the change of government in 1994 plant practices were shaped by the fact of substantial protection against foreign competition, widespread illiteracy, and a set of laws and policies that offered few protections for individual workers or organised labour. Since the change in government the political and legal environment has substantially changed. In this paper we report on management practices before and after the political changes in South Africa in a set of plants in a part of the country where many of the current difficulties of the South African economy exist in a fairly extreme form.
Reinventing Traditional Solutions: Job Creation, Gender and the Micro-Business Household
Authors: Baines Susan , Wheelock Jane
Published: June 2007

There has been overwhelming interest in the numbers of jobs attributable to the formation and growth of new small firms but comparative silence about their working practices. We offer two novel, inter-linked approaches to thinking about work and employment in small firms. Firstly, we use a methodological approach which takes a household level analysis as a starting point, making gender a foundation stone. Secondly, we use an institutional perspective which focuses on power and power relations. From quantitative and qualitative empirical work with micro-businesses in business services we show that family work can be a vital resource. Yet there can also be severe costs, particularly for the many women who participate in business alongside their husbands as co-owners, employees and unpaid helpers. Gender divisions of labour are, typically, reproduced in traditional fashion. Even when business owners bring in employees from outside the family, relations within the micro-business are not fully market relations. Conflicts arise as business/owners and their employees struggle to manage these partially decommodified relations. The micro-business service sector actually represents a return to traditional ways of organising business by integrating business and household so that the traditional embedding of business and family of in-between pre-modern institutions is reinvented.
Does the Logic of Collective Action Explain the Logic of Corporatism?
Authors: Wallerstein Michael , Moene Karl Ove
Published: June 2007

Mancur Olson's Logic of Collective Action has provided the dominant framework for understanding the impact of encompassing unions and employers confederations on wage-setting in Western Europe. In particular, scholars have drawn upon Olson's writing to describe corporatism as a means for attaining the collective goods of low unemployment and low inflation in highly unionized labor markets. The strongest impact of corporatist institutions in the labor market, however, was to generate greater wage equality rather than superior macroeconomic performance. To understand the most important impact of corporatist institutions, a new framework that emphasizes the effect of wage-setting institutions on the distribution of wages and salaries is needed. In this article, we present one component of such a framework with a model that illustrates how both employers and unions might gain by central agreements that reduce wage inequality relative to the equilibrium wage distribution with decentralized wage-setting.
Valence Competition in the Spatial Stochastic Model
Authors: Schofield Norman
Published: June 2007

The mean voter theorem of the stochastic spatial electoral model provides no explanation as to why multi-party systems under proportional representation display such diversity. Here, we extend the spatial model to include valence. Valence may be either a stochastic variable describing the variation in popularity for each candidate in the electorate or, alternatively, it will be generated by activist coalitions responding to the willingness of the candidate to pursue the interests of the coalition. In a general model of multiple candidates (or political agents), the first- and second-order conditions for pure strategy Nash equilibria are developed.

It is shown that rational candidates will balance the gradient of electoral pull against the gradients generated by contending activist coalitions. The resulting Nash equilibria will almost never be at the mean of the voter distribution.
On Being Free without having any Choices
Authors: Kramer Matthew H.
Published: June 2007

After outlining a conception of sociopolitical freedom, this article explores how people can be free in connection with various matters over which they have no control or choice. The discussions culminate in several queries about an aspect of the rational-choice approach to the analysis of socio-political liberty. Because that rigorous approach has deservedly become influential in recent years among political and legal philosophers, the doubts expressed here about the applicability of one of its central axioms are potentially of far-reaching importance.