bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repeated imitation makes human vocalizations more word-like
Authors: Edmiston Pierce , Perlman Marcus , Lupyan Gary
Published: March 2018

People have long pondered the evolution of language and the origin of words. Here, we investigate how conventional spoken words might emerge from imitations of environmental sounds. Does the repeated imitation of an environmental sound gradually give rise to more word-like forms? In what ways do these forms resemble the original sounds that motivated them (i.e. exhibit iconicity)? Participants played a version of the children's game ‘Telephone’. The first generation of participants imitated recognizable environmental sounds (e.g. glass breaking, water splashing). Subsequent generations imitated the previous generation of imitations for a maximum of eight generations. The results showed that the imitations became more stable and word-like, and later imitations were easier to learn as category labels. At the same time, even after eight generations, both spoken imitations and their written transcriptions could be matched above chance to the category of environmental sound that motivated them. These results show how repeated imitation can create progressively more word-like forms while continuing to retain a resemblance to the original sound that motivated them, and speak to the possible role of human vocal imitation in explaining the origins of at least some spoken words.
Managing the global land resource
Authors: Smith Pete
Published: March 2018

With a growing population with changing demands, competition for the global land resource is increasing. We need to feed a projected population of 9–10 billion by 2050, rising to approximately 12 billion by 2100. At the same time, we need to reduce the climate impact of agriculture, forestry and other land use, and we almost certainly need to deliver land-based greenhouse gas removal for additional climate change mitigation. In addition, we need to deliver progress towards meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, all without compromising the many ecosystem services provided by land and without exceeding planetary boundaries. Managing the land to tackle these pressing issues is a major global challenge. In this perspective paper, I provide a very broad overview of the main challenges, and explore co-benefits, trade-offs and possible solutions.
Label-free high-speed wide-field imaging of single microtubules using interference reflection microscopy
Authors: Mahamdeh Mohammed , Simmert Steve , Luchniak Anna , Schäeffer Erik , Howard Jonathon
Published: March 2018

When studying microtubules in vitro, label free imaging of single microtubules is necessary when the quantity of purified tubulin is too low for efficient fluorescent labeling or there is concern that labelling will disrupt its function. Commonly used techniques for observing unlabeled microtubules, such as video enhanced differential interference contrast, dark-field and more recently laser-based interferometric scattering microscopy, suffer from a number of drawbacks. The contrast of differential interference contrast images depends on the orientation of the microtubules, dark-field is highly sensitive to impurities and optical misalignments, and interferometric scattering has a limited field of view. In addition, all of these techniques require costly optical components such as Nomarski prisms, dark-field condensers, lasers and laser scanners. Here we show that single microtubules can be imaged at high speed and with high contrast using interference reflection microscopy without the aforementioned drawbacks. Interference reflection microscopy is simple to implement, requiring only the incorporation of a 50/50 mirror instead of a dichroic in a fluorescence microscope, and with appropriate microscope settings has similar signal-to-noise ratio to differential interference contrast and fluorescence. We demonstrated the utility of interference reflection microscopy by high speed imaging and tracking of dynamic microtubules at 100 frames per second. In conclusion, the image quality of interference reflection microscopy is similar to or exceeds that of all other techniques and, with minimal microscope modification, can be used to study the dynamics of unlabeled microtubules.
Direct Measurement of Dissipation in a Single Protein using Small Amplitude Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Rajput S. , Talele S. , Ahlawat V. , Ajith VJ. , Roychoudhury A. , Kamerkar S. , Patil S.
Published: March 2018

In Krammer’s theory, stiffness and dissipation coefficient of a protein determine the rate of their conformational change. Using atomic force microscope, it is possible to measure viscoelasticity of a single protein, wherein it’s dissipative and elastic nature is directly and independently measured. Such measurements are performed, either by measuring the thermal fluctuations of the protein held under a constant force, or by providing small modulations to the protein by dithering the cantilever and measuring its response. In small amplitude approximation, where dither amplitude is comparable to persistence length of polymers, it is possible to measure the protein’s viscoelastic response accurately. We measured dissipation in I27 at extremely low pulling speeds (∼ 50 nm/s) and low dither frequencies (∼100 Hz). At these experimental parameters the dissipation is found to be ∼10−5 kg/s, well above the detection limit of conventional AFM and upper limit predicted by Benedetti et al. Our stiffness data clearly reveals unfolding intermediate of titin’s individual immunoglobulin units. The intermediate is elongation of folded domains by ∼8 Å, wherein two hydrogen bonds are broken between beta sheets. It was possible to measure this elongation in our experiments. The directly measured internal friction of unfolded polymer chain shows a scaling with tension on the chain. The measurements show that it is possible to measure internal friction in single molecules unambiguously using small amplitude AFM. It suggests that systematic experiments to unravel the relation between directly measured internal friction and folding rates of proteins are possible.
Towards Improving Embryo Selection: Simultaneous Next Generation Sequencing Of DNA And RNA From A Single Trophectoderm Biopsy
Authors: Weizman Noga Fuchs , Wyse Brandon A. , Antes Ran , Ibarrientos Zenon , Sangaralingam Mugundhine , Motamedi Gelareh , Kuznyetsov Valeriy , Madjunkova Svetlana , Librach Clifford L.
Published: March 2018

Improved embryo selection is crucial in optimizing the results from assisted reproduction. Preimplantation genetic screening reduces time to pregnancy and miscarriages. Correlating the transcriptome of an embryo, with fertility treatments and outcomes, holds promise in improving the overall results. We developed a novel method for embryo selection in fertility treatments that integrates embryonic genomic and transcriptomic data and evaluated it in this pilot study.

A total of 21 embryos donated for research were included. Three were used for the initial development and optimization of sample processing and sequencing. Thereafter, 18 embryos were used to demonstrate the clinical safety and reproducibility of our method. Two trophectoderm biopsies were taken from each embryo: one was processed as a clinical sample for genomic profiling (control, n=18), while the other biopsy (n=18) was split and utilized for independent, simultaneous genomic and transcriptomic analysis, here termed Preimplantation Genetic and Transcriptomic Testing (PGT2).

High quality genomic and transcriptomic data were obtained from all analyzed samples. The concordance between genomic data obtained with PGT2 and control samples was 100% with clinical grade quality metrics. Euploid embryos showed downregulation of genes involved in anaerobic metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty-acid oxidation. This is the first study to provide full genomic and transcriptomic profiles from a single TE biopsy from human embryos in a clinical setting unleashing the potential of improving embryo selection and outcomes in infertility treatments. Clinical trials are needed to correlate transcriptomic data with outcomes.

Despite advances in assisted reproductive technologies, the success rate has remained relatively constant. Under the age of 35, there is a 40% chance of delivering a child per embryo transfer, which decreases with increasing maternal age. Prioritizing embryos for transfer is based on morphological assessment and, in some cases, incorporates genetic testing as well. Selection of euploid embryos for transfer shortens the time to pregnancy and reduces the risk for miscarriages. Adding the mRNA analysis to the genomic assessment of an embryo has the potential of improving the outcomes of fertility treatments.
Heparan sulfate molecules mediate synapse formation and function of male mating neural circuits inC. elegans
Authors: Lázaro-Peña María I. , Díaz-Balzac Carlos A. , Bülow Hannes E. , Emmons Scott W.
Published: March 2018

The nervous system regulates complex behaviors through a network of neurons interconnected by synapses. How specific synaptic connections are genetically determined is still unclear. Male mating is the most complex behavior inC. elegans. It is composed of sequential steps that are governed by more than 3,000 chemical connections. Here we show that heparan sulfates (HS) play a role in the formation and function of the male neural network. Cell-autonomous and non-autonomous 3-Osulfation by the HS modification enzyme HST-3.1/HS 3-O-sulfotransferase, localized to the HSPG glypicans LON-2/glypican and GPN-1/glypican, was specifically required for response to hermaphrodite contact during mating. Loss of 3-Osulfation resulted in the presynaptic accumulation of RAB-3, a molecule that localizes to synaptic vesicles, disrupting the formation of synapses in a component of the mating circuits. We also show that neural cell adhesion protein neurexin promotes and neural cell adhesion protein neuroligin inhibits formation of the same set of synapses in a parallel pathway. Thus, neural cell adhesion proteins and extracellular matrix components act together in the formation of synaptic connections.

Author Summary

The formation of the nervous system requires the function of several genetically-encoded proteins to form complex networks. Enzymatically-generated modifications of these proteins play a crucial role during this process. These authors analyzed the role of heparan sulfates in the process of synaptogenesis in the male tail ofC. elegans. A modification of heparan sulfate is required for the formation of specific synapses between neurons by acting cell-autonomously and non-autonomously. Could it be that heparan sulfates and their diverse modifications are a component of the specification factor that neurons use to make such large numbers of connections unique?
A reference haplotype panel for genome-wide imputation of short tandem repeats
Authors: Saini Shubham , Mitra Ileena , Mousavi Nima , Fotsing Stephanie Feupe , Gymrek Melissa
Published: March 2018

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are involved in dozens of Mendelian disorders and have been implicated in a variety of complex traits. However, existing technologies focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have not allowed for systematic STR association studies. Here, we leverage next-generation sequencing data from 479 families to create a SNP+STR reference haplotype panel for genome-wide imputation of STRs into SNP data. Imputation achieved an average of 97% concordance between genotyped and imputed STR genotypes in an external dataset compared to 63% expected under a random model. Performance varied widely across STRs, with near perfect concordance at bi-allelic STRs vs. 70% at highly polymorphic forensics markers. We demonstrate that imputation increases power over individual SNPs to detect STR associations using simulated phenotypes and gene expression data. This resource will enable the first large-scale STR association studies using existing SNP datasets, and will likely yield new insights into complex traits.
Machine learning models to predictin vivodrug response via optimal dimensionality reduction of tumour molecular profiles
Authors: Nguyen Linh , Naulaerts Stefan , Bomane Alexandra , Bruna Alejandra , Ghislat Ghita , Ballester Pedro J.
Published: March 2018

Inter-tumour heterogeneity is one of cancer’s most fundamental features. Patient stratification based on drug response prediction is hence needed for effective anti-cancer therapy. However, lessons from the past indicate that single-gene markers of response are rare and/or often fail to achieve a significant impact in clinic. In this context, Machine Learning (ML) is emerging as a particularly promising complementary approach to precision oncology. Here we leverage comprehensive Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) pharmacogenomic data sets with dimensionality-reducing ML algorithms with this purpose. Results show that combining multiple gene alterations via ML leads to better discrimination between sensitive and resistant PDXs in 19 of the 26 analysed cases. Highly predictive ML models employing concise gene lists were found for three cases: Paclitaxel (breast cancer), Binimetinib (breast cancer) and Cetuximab (colorectal cancer). Interestingly, each of these ML models identify some responsive PDXs not harbouring the best actionable mutation for that case (such PDXs were missed by those single-gene markers). Moreover, ML multi-gene predictors generally retrieve a much higher proportion of treatment-sensitive PDXs than the corresponding single-gene marker. As PDXs often recapitulate clinical outcomes, these results suggest that many more patients could benefit from precision oncology if multiple ML algorithms were applied to existing clinical pharmacogenomics data, especially those algorithms generating classifiers combining data-selected gene alterations.
Revisiting the relationship between formal planning process and planning effectiveness
Authors: Elbanna Said , Elsharnouby Tamer H.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to address a timely research question by clarifying whether formal planning is a worthy approach for hotels. In so doing, the authors developed a theoretical model that extends prior research by exploring how the formal planning process influences organizational capabilities and decision-making style. The model also examines the impact of the three identified factors on planning effectiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 175 hotels located in United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM).

Findings

The study concludes that the practice of formal planning in the tourism sector does matter and both organizational capabilities and decision-making style are important factors in predicting planning effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications

Generalizations to organizations operating in other sectors, such as manufacturing or government sectors, should be drawn cautiously.

Practical implications

Taking into account oil price volatility and serious political crises in the region, this study provides several insights to hotel managers into how the formal planning process can influence planning effectiveness.

Originality/value

The findings enrich the debate on the role of formal planning in the tourism sector, which has been relatively devoid of similar studies.
Ductile damage parameters and far fieldJ-integral for high hardening steel
Authors: Krishnan S.A. , Sasikala G. , Moitra A. , Albert S.K. , Bhaduri A.K.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology to assess material damage parameters for ductile crack initiation and growth ahead of a crack/notch tip in high hardening steel like AISI type 316L(N) stainless steel.

Design/methodology/approach

Ductile damage parameter and far fieldJ-integral have been obtained from standard FEM analysis for a crack/notch tip undergoing large plastic deformation and resulting in crack initiation/growth. In conjunction with experimental results, the damage variable for low strength and high hardening material has been derived in terms of continuum parameters: equivalent plastic strain (εeq) and stress triaxiality (φ). The material parameters for damage initiation and growth in 316LN SS have been evaluated from tensile and fracture tests. With these material tensile/fracture parameters as input, elastic-plastic eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) simulations were carried out on compact tension (CT) specimen geometry under varying initial stress triaxiality conditions.

Findings

The material parameters for damage initiation and growth have been assessed and calibrated by comparing the X-FEM predicted load-displacement responses with the experimental results. It is observed that the deviations in the predicted load values from the experimental data are within 6 percent for specimens witha/W=0.39, 0.55, 0.64, while fora/W=0.72, it is 17 percent.

Originality/value

The present study is a part of developing methods to obtain calibrated material damage parameters for crack growth simulation of components made of AISI 316L(N) stainless steel. This steel is used for fast breeder reactor-based power plant being built at Kalpakkam, India.
The art of deterrence: Singapore’s anti-money laundering regimes
Authors: Tan Veltrice
Published: March 2018

Purpose

In light of the recent 1MDB Scandal in Singapore, this research paper aims to examine the deterrent effect of Singapore’s sanctions against money laundering within financial institutions.

Design/methodology/approach

Case laws and legislations are examined as are relevant reports by regulators.

Findings

Singapore’s anti-money laundering (AML) regimes may not act as an effective deterrent against money laundering activities within financial institutions. This is due to the overreliance on the theory of deterrence-based thinking, the lack of an “enforcement pyramid” and economic factors which influence regulators to be lenient towards financial institutions.

Research limitations/implications

There are limited data available in relation to regulators in Singapore and the prevalence of money laundering activities within Singapore’s financial institution. Any discussions within this article is based on the impressionistic observations of this author, which may not reflect the true state of affairs in Singapore.

Practical implications

Those who are interested in examining the relationship between money laundering and the deterrent effect of sanctions against financial institutions will have an interest in this topic.

Originality/value

The value of the paper is to demonstrate that Singapore’s AML regimes may not act as an effective deterrence against money laundering activities within financial institutions.
Financing terrorism through hawala banking in Switzerland
Authors: Teichmann Fabian Maximilian Johannes
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to illustrate the feasibility of circumventing the Swiss financial sector’s compliance mechanisms by financing terrorism through hawala networks.

Design/methodology/approach

Based upon a qualitative content analysis of 15 informal interviews with providers of illegal financial services and 15 formal interviews with compliance experts and law enforcement officers, the general suitability of hawala networks for the financing of terrorism was assessed and concrete methods of doing so were better understood. In addition, it is shown how terrorists can limit their risks in using the services of hawala bankers.

Findings

Hawala banking in Switzerland is extraordinarily useful for the financing of terrorism.

Research limitations/implications

The findings are based on semi-standardized interviews limited to the perspectives of the 30 interviewees.

Practical implications

Law enforcement and intelligence agencies must be provided with additional tools, such as a broader scope of allowable activity for undercover police officers and the possibility of secretly conducting remote online searches of electronic devices. While this article focuses on Switzerland, its findings could be applied on a global level.

Originality/value

While the existing literature focuses on understanding the channels terrorists can use to finance their activities and on developing prevention mechanisms, this paper describes exactly how terrorism can be financed through hawala networks in Switzerland.
Uncomfortable truths? ML=BS and AML= BS2
Authors: Pol Ronald F.
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to advance debate and prompt new strategies substantially to improve the capacity to disrupt serious profit-motivated crime.

Design/methodology/approach

Using interdiction rates (the proportion of criminal funds seized or forfeited) as an interim proxy effectiveness indicator, this article challenges elements of the dominant anti-money laundering/counter-financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) narrative, and reflects on policy effectiveness and outcomes.

Findings

Interdiction rates in jurisdictions surveyed hardly constitute a rounding error in the accounts of profit motivated criminal enterprises. The current AML/CFT model appears almost completely ineffective in disrupting illicit finances and serious crime.

Research limitations/implications

With such research at an early stage, some data are poorly substantiated and methodological inconsistencies rife.

Practical implications

For policy interventions with a reasonable prospect for crime not to pay, beyond rhetoric, frank evaluation of results and a potential step-change in policy, regulatory and enforcement vision and capability, may be required.

Originality/value

Scholars have exposed a paucity of meaningful links between AML/CFT controls and crime and terrorism prevention, yet the dominant narrative persists largely unchecked. This paper examines components of that narrative in the context of scholarship on “bullshit”.
A model for preventing corruption
Authors: Peltier-Rivest Dominic
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the extent of corruption globally, explains its social and economic consequences and introduces a model, composed of corporate governance mechanisms, internal controls and red flag analyses, which organizations can apply to prevent corruption.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses criminology theories to analyze corruption and its prevention.

Findings

The global cost of bribery alone is estimated at US$1tn annually, not including costs resulting from non-completion and deficient completion of development projects (World Bank Institute, 2004). This paper shows that an effective prevention model should include a positive work environment and ethical governance; the implementation of a compliance risk management program with fraud risk assessments; an accessible psychological assistance program for employees; regular employee anti-fraud training; the implementation of targeted internal controls such as proper segregation of organizational duties; the adoption of fair compensation levels and realistic individual performance goals; a user-friendly and anonymous reporting mechanism; and independent and regular analyses of abnormal patterns (red flags).

Research limitations/implications

This paper extends previous research by tying together disparate factors into a cohesive model for the prevention of corruption.

Practical implications

The prevention model developed in this paper assists in deterring corruption, improving internal controls, improving the likelihood of detection and reducing opportunities to perpetrate corruption. By reducing the risk of corruption, this model also helps organizations and governments reduce project costs (public spending) and improve project quality, thus promoting economic competitiveness.

Originality/value

A comprehensive prevention model is developed to help curtail corruption and its devastating effects.
Nigerian corruption complex: rethinking complementarities to curative measures
Authors: Ikoh Moses Udo
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the emerging corruption complex in Nigeria, the cultural nexus that influence its enculturation, dynamics and the amoral values that tend to shape it.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper drew data largely from documentary and empirical secondary sources for analysis.

Findings

Current institutional responses are not effective and cannot be sustainable in the fight against corruption. The enculturation process needs to be countered through measures other than arrest, prosecution and punishment to include mass mobilisation, values orientation, conscientisation and sensitisation of Nigerians on the evils of corruption.

Research limitations/implications

The endemicity of corruption in Nigeria suggests the multiplicity of its causative factors. But this study focuses only on primordial cultural fault line which hinders collective conscience in the fight against corruption.

Practical implications

Implementing the suggestions on moral awakening – value orientation, conscientisation, mass mobilisation and sensitisation – is thought of as enthronement of national values as opposed to primordial ethnic cultural values. It would complement the legal remedies in the fight against corruption.

Social implications

The building of character of Nigerians alongside existing laws on corruption will checkmate emerging culture of corruption that is attracting adherents in both business and bureaucratic activities in the countries.

Originality/value

The paper takes a cultural perspective and explains how primordial cultural values inhibit natural cultural values to enthrone amoral values that have contributed to the emergence corruption complex in Nigeria.
Traditional trade in India: the resilient retailer and implications for POS (point of sale) strategies
Authors: Sitaraman Kalpana
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to provide marketers with a blueprint for designing winning point of sale (POS) strategies at the final moment of truth. It focuses on traditional trade (kirana stores), the most critical distribution channel in emerging markets such as India, and outlines a four-pillar strategy of shopper marketing for traditional trade.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on and draws from experience and expertise built in the course of many years of specialized, on-field research in the area of shopper insights in India. It is supplemented with secondary research on retail and shopper trends in India and other developing markets.

Findings

The paper examines how traditional trade in India has evolved to meet the challenges of changing shopper preferences amidst the advent of modern trade. Keeping the common goal of serving customer and shopper needs effectively and efficiently, the paper details a four-pillar strategy of shopper marketing for traditional trade centered around segmenting store clusters; mining shopper insights at the store; leveraging the shopkeeper; and adopting a scientific, organized process of testing and redeploying POS initiatives.

Originality/value

This paper provides marketers and sales professionals with a structured and cohesive approach to designing POS strategies for traditional trade. While the paper is developed for the Indian market, the principles can also be easily adopted across other emerging markets where traditional trade is a dominant channel.
Learning organizational environment and extra-role behaviors
Authors: Islam Talat , Tariq Jawad
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Only 13 percent of the world’s employees are engaged in their work, which has become a challenge for the managers of today. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating role of employee engagement between perceived learning environment and extra-role behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach

This quantitative study collected data from 563 employees using a questionnaire-based survey on a convenience basis.

Findings

The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results of the study show that employees’ perception of learning environment urges them to perform beyond their formal job descriptions (i.e. extra-role behaviors) regarding proactivity, knowledge sharing and creativity. In addition, employee engagement performs the mediating role between learning environment and extra-role behaviors.

Research limitations/implications

The data for this study were collected at a single point of time (cross-sectional), which limits the inferences about the causality.

Originality/value

This study is perhaps the first attempt to empirically investigate the mediating role of employee engagement between the relationship of the learning environment and extra-role behaviors such as knowledge sharing, proactivity and creativity.
Leadership vision as a moral duty
Authors: Ndalamba Ken Kalala , Caldwell Cam , Anderson Verl
Published: March 2018

Purpose

Although much has been written about leadership, the concept of leadership vision is not widely understood, is far more complex than is commonly perceived, and is profoundly ethical in its normative and instrumental nature. The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of leadership vision, identify seven complex elements, which are key elements of leadership, and identify the importance of leadership vision as a moral duty. Eight testable propositions about leadership vision are presented that address the nature of leadership vision.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper begins with an examination of the complex nature of leadership vision. After defining leadership vision, this paper identifies seven key elements and nine propositions that practitioners and scholars can test to assess the nature of that vision. Following the presentation of three significant contributions, this paper concludes with a challenge to practitioners and scholars to closely examine the importance of leadership vision.

Findings

This paper invites leaders in today’s complex organizations to refine their leadership vision by honoring the duties they owe to others. The leadership vision strengthens leaders’ capacity to guide and serve their organizations and the people working within them.

Practical implications

This paper assists leaders in their duty to serve their organizations, its stakeholders, and a society that badly needs great leaders with vision, commitment to excellence, and a clear moral compass.

Originality/value

This paper provides three significant implications about leadership vision. It defines leadership vision as a complex and multi-faceted moral duty; it presents eight testable propositions about leadership vision, which have value for both practitioners and scholars; it raises the bar for would-be leaders with regard to the obligations that they have in serving others and in guiding organizations.
Testing horizontal and vertical alignment of HR practices designed to achieve strategic organizational goals
Authors: Martinson Brian , De Leon John
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to measure the effect of aligning HR practices horizontally and vertically to support organizational strategic goals.

Design/methodology/approach

Hypotheses were tested using 85,840 employees’ responses collected from a single, large public organization’s annual employee survey. Factor analysis with principal axis factoring and varimax rotation was used to confirm the variables being studied. The relationships were analyzed using ordered logistic regression.

Findings

Results suggest that compensation practices, workforce planning, and work/life balance-focused HR practices can be used to predict job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Additionally, when the combined effects of the three HR practice types are considered together, an increased reduction in turnover intention is indicated.

Practical implications

To achieve optimal performance organizations should be diligent in their efforts to align their functional area HRM strategies and practices with each other and with the overall strategic goals and objectives guiding the organization.

Originality/value

While the positive effect of alignment has been proposed by many scholars, empirical examinations of the binary approach are rare. This paper contributes to the field by providing a unique empirical examination of an organization’s implementation of HR practices designed to achieve stated strategic objectives through a large scale study.
Board monitoring and audit fees: the moderating role of CEO/chair dual roles
Authors: Jizi Mohammad , Nehme Rabih
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to examine whether CEO/chair dual roles influence board monitoring-audit fees nexus. The impact of corporate governance on audit fees literature is lacking in the banking sector, which is subject to different regulations and reporting requirements to other sectors. The level and quality of external audit services are important not only to shareholders and customers but also for regulators’ reputations and public confidence.

Design/methodology/approach

Examining a sample of the US national commercial banks, this study fills the gap by empirically examining whether the attributes of internal corporate governance mechanisms, proxied by boards of directors and audit committee characteristics, are related to audit fees. We introduce two interaction variables to understand whether chief executive officer (CEO)/chair dual roles influence the relationships between board independence and audit fees on the one hand and between the audit committee and audit fees on the other hand.

Findings

We find that audit fees are positively associated with board independence, board size, CEO/chair dual role and audit committee financial experts. The results of the interaction variables indicate that boards with higher independence and more effective audit committees tend to demand higher audit quality, and consequently, pay higher audit fees to protect shareholders’ interests from potential power abuse by CEOs who also chair boards.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by providing extensive understanding of the influence on audit fees of the independence of the board of directors and the effectiveness of the audit committees. The authors first examine the impact of each individual governance variable separately and then introduce two interaction variables. This study provides policymakers with insights into the existing relationships between audit fees and the banking sector governance structure.
Structural optimization design for antenna bracket manufactured by selective laser melting
Authors: Xiao Zefeng , Yang Yongqiang , Wang Di , Song Changhui , Bai Yuchao
Published: March 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to summarize design rules based on the process characteristics of selective laser melting (SLM) and structural optimization and apply the design rules in the lightweight design of an aluminum alloy antenna bracket. The design goal is to reduce 30 per cent of the weight while maintaining the stress levels in the original part.

Design/methodology/approach

To reduce weight as much as possible, the titanium alloy with higher specific strength was selected during the process of optimization. The material distribution of the bracket was improved by the topology optimization design. The redesign for SLM was used to obtain an optimization model, which was more suitable for SLM. The component performance was improved by shape optimization. The modal analysis data of the structural optimization model were compared with those of the stochastic lightweight model to verify the structural optimization model. The scanning data were compared with those of the original model to verify whether the model was suitable for SLM.

Findings

Structural optimization design for antenna bracket realized the mass decrease of 30.43 per cent and the fundamental frequency increase of 50.18 per cent. The modal analysis data of the stochastic lightweight model and the structural optimization model indicated that the optimization performance of structural optimization method was better than that of the stochastic lightweight method. The comparison results between the scanning data of the forming part and the original data confirmed that the structural optimization design for SLM lightweight component could achieve the desired forming accuracy.

Originality/value

This paper summarizes geometric constraints in SLM and derives design rules of structural optimization based on the process characteristics of SLM. SLM design rules make structural optimization design more reasonable. The combination of structural optimization design and SLM can improve the performance of lightweight antenna bracket significantly.
Multilayer fuzzy neural network for modeling a multisource uncertain unit-cost learning process in wafer fabrication
Authors: Chen Tin-Chih Toly , Tsai Horng-Ren
Published: March 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to model a multisource uncertain unit-cost learning process to estimate the future unit cost of manufactured products.

Design/methodology/approach

A multilayer fuzzy neural network (FNN) is constructed to model a multisource uncertain unit-cost learning process. A fuzzy constrained gradient descent algorithm is proposed to train the FNN.

Findings

The proposed methodology was applied to a wafer fabrication factory. Wafer fabrication, a well-known additive manufacturing process, is a highly competitive industry; therefore, the manager of a wafer fabrication factory is concerned about the unit cost of each product. This cost can be reduced through learning processes, but these involve much uncertainty, making the estimation of the unit cost a challenging task. Existing methods for modeling these processes and outcomes cannot account for multiple learning sources. However, the multilayer FNN constructed in this study successfully addressed these problems and improved the accuracy of the unit cost estimation by 88 per cent in a real case study.

Originality/value

Modeling an uncertain unit-cost learning process is an innovative application of an FNN. In addition, the proposed methodology is the first attempt to separate the effects of several learning sources, which is considered conducive to the estimation performance.
Economic Reform and Corruption: Evidence from Panel Data
Authors: Kamal Mustafa , Rana Ebney Ayaj , Wahid Abu N. M.
Published: March 2018

The notion that economic reform can reduce corruption remains prevalent in the policy agenda of international financial institutions, especially of the World Bank. Economic reforms have, therefore, been carried out throughout various parts of the world to improve the performance of the economies. Using data from 94 low‐ and middle‐income nations for the period 1996–2015, this study employs static and dynamic panel analysis to examine whether economic reform undertaken in accordance with the World Bank's reform programs negatively affects corruption. Our findings suggest that enhancing government effectiveness (i.e. independence of civil service from political pressure, provision of quality public services, effective policy formulation and the government's commitment to such policies) and improving public rights and civil liberties could be some of the most promising policies in terms of fighting corruption. The role of economic development and growth in real per capita income is also found to be significant in some of the specifications. However, the assertion that economic reform can reduce corruption is rejected in all the specifications. We rather find evidence that economic reforms negatively affect the ability of democracy to fight corruption, although on a slim margin. The central theme of the implications of our findings is that in combating corruption, social, institutional and legal means are far more important than economic means. The finding thus is compatible with the World Bank's effort in the later years to introduce governance and democracy as effective tool against corruption.
Impact of agricultural innovation adoption: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ogundari Kolawole , Bolarinwa Olufemi D.
Published: March 2018

The impacts of adopting agricultural innovation and technology are widely examined. This paper synthesises 154 studies, which yielded a total of 600 estimates of the impact of adopting agricultural innovation and technology on production, social and economic outcomes. Using meta‐regression analysis, the empirical results show that the reported impact of adopting agricultural innovation and technology rises significantly over time, notwithstanding a significant publication bias. Whether studies find significant impacts of adopting agricultural innovation and technology depends on the use of experimental research designs, parametric method, endogenous switching regression and region. Our results show a large bias in the literature towards agricultural innovations and technologies that focus on high‐yielding varieties and thus, neglect other forms of complementary innovations and technologies.
Initial experience with robotic hepatectomy in Singapore: analysis of 48 resections in 43 consecutive patients
Authors: Goh Brian K. P. , Lee Lip‐Seng , Lee Ser‐Yee , Chow Pierce K. H. , Chan Chung‐Yip , Chiow Adrian K. H.
Published: March 2018

Background

Presently, the adoption of laparoscopic hepatectomy is rapidly increasingly worldwide. However, the application of robotic hepatectomy (RH) remains limited and its role remains undefined today.

Methods

A retrospective review of 43 consecutive patients who underwent RH at two institutions in the Singapore Health Services Group.

Results

Forty‐three consecutive patients underwent 48 resections during the study period. Seven (16.3%) patients underwent major resections and seven (16.3%) underwent right posterior sectionectomies. Nineteen (44.2%) patients had tumours located in the difficult posterosuperior segments, five had multiple resections and three underwent repeat resections for recurrent tumours. RH was performed for malignant tumours in 32 (74%) patients and 16 (37.2%) had cirrhosis. Seven RH was performed with other concomitant procedures including three colectomies, three hilar lymphadenectomies and one portal vein ligation. The median operation time was 360 min (range 75–825) and the median blood loss was 300 mL (range 25–4500). There was one (2.3%) open conversion for bleeding. The median post‐operative stay was 4 days (range 2–33) and there was one (2.3%) readmission. There was one (2.3%) major (>grade 2 morbidity) in a patient with concomitant anterior resection who underwent reoperation for anastomotic leak. There was no 90 day/in‐hospital mortality. Comparison between RH for tumours in the anterolateral segments versus posterosuperior segments demonstrated no significant difference in perioperative outcomes.

Conclusion

Our initial experience demonstrated that RH is safe, feasible and associated with excellent post‐operative outcomes. It can be performed successfully with low morbidity even for complex resections such as major hepatectomies, posterior sectionectomies, tumours in difficult posterosuperior segments and repeat liver resections.
Letter: the addition of an immunosuppressant in patients with unsatisfactory response to vedolizumab
Authors: Macaluso F. S. , Orlando R. , Renna S. , Sapienza C. , Ventimiglia M. , Rizzuto G. , Cottone M. , Orlando A.
Published: March 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Strik et al and Strik and D'Haens papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13994 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14570.
Evidence for Birch Bark Tar Use as an Adhesive and Decorative Element in Early Iron Age Central Italy: Technological and Socio‐Economic Implications
Authors: Morandi L. F. , Porta S. N. , Ribechini E.
Published: March 2018

Archaeological excavations carried out in Early Iron Age Vetulonia (northern Tuscany, Italy) brought to light a funerary urn particularly noteworthy for the presence of an unusual decoration obtained by plastering the vase surface with an organic dark grey substance, on which metal strips were originally fixed. In order to reveal the origin of such coating, it was chemically studied by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Chemical analysis not only revealed that birch bark tar was used as coating/adhesive material for the manufacture of the urn, but also allowed us to discuss the significance of the vessel in terms of eco‐technological knowledge and possible cultural connections on a large geographical scale.
Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirm ochre residues on 71 000‐year‐old bifacial tools from Sibudu, South Africa
Authors: Wojcieszak M. , Wadley L.
Published: March 2018

Micro‐residue analysis of stone tools is generally performed with optical light microscopy and the visual observations are then compared with experimental, replicated pieces. This paper complements such archaeological research by providing physico‐chemical evidence. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been used to confirm the presence of hematite on red‐stained medial and proximal parts of 71 000‐year‐old Still Bay bifacial tools from Sibudu Cave. Our results confirm the conclusion from optical light microscopy that the tools were hafted with an ochre‐loaded adhesive. However, we point to some instances when hematite residues are incidental or may be inclusions in the rock used to make the stone tools.
Laparoscopic management of gastric perforation secondary to mesenteroaxial volvulus in a patient with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
Authors: Payá‐Llorente Carmen , Martínez‐Pérez Aleix , Gómez‐Abril Segundo A , Armañanzas‐Villena Ernesto
Published: March 2018

A 54‐year‐old woman was admitted to the emergency department with a 2‐week history of alimentary vomiting. She had undergone laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding 6 years earlier. CT revealed a mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus and ischemia on the gastric wall. Emergent diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, and severe peritonitis and gastric necrosis caused by volvulation was found. After band removal, a fundal perforation was noted, but a viable lesser curvature enabled laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy to be performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is considered a safe and effective method for the surgical treatment of obesity, but it is associated with a number of complications, such as pouch dilatation and band slippage. Although infrequent, ischemic complications are life‐threatening conditions that require urgent surgery. This is the first report of this unusual complication managed laparoscopically.
Eicosanoids in platelets and the effect of their modulation by aspirin in the cardiovascular system (and beyond)
Authors: Crescente Marilena , Menke Laura , Chan Melissa V , Armstrong Paul C , Warner Timothy D
Published: March 2018

Platelets are important players in thrombosis and haemostasis with their function being modulated by mediators in the blood and the vascular wall. Among these, eicosanoids can both stimulate and inhibit platelet reactivity. Platelet Cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1‐generated Thromboxane (TX)A2 is the primary prostanoid that stimulates platelet aggregation; its action is counter‐balanced by prostacyclin, a product of vascular COX. Prostaglandin (PG)D2, PGE2 and 12‐hydroxyeicosatraenoic acid (HETE), or 15‐HETE, are other prostanoid modulators of platelet activity, but some also play a role in carcinogenesis. Aspirin permanently inhibits platelet COX‐1, underlying its anti‐thrombotic and anti‐cancer action. While the use of aspirin as an anti‐cancer drug is increasingly encouraged, its continued use in addition to P2Y12 receptor antagonists for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is currently debated. Aspirin not only suppresses TXA2 but also prevents the synthesis of both known and unknown antiplatelet eicosanoid pathways, potentially lessening the efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapies.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc