bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foreign Direct Investment Flows from China to Korea in the Automobile Industry
Authors: Lee Ka-Hyun , Mah Jai S.
Published: January 2017

This article addresses the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows from China to Korea, particularly in the case of the automobile industry. Despite the various positive effects that FDI brings to the growth of the automobile industry, concerns and doubts have been cast upon China’s overseas investment in Korea’s automobile industry, as FDI may involve the transfer of technology, and thereby, China may soon catch up with Korea technologically. The Shanghai Automotive Industrial Corporation’s (SAIC) acquisition of one of the automobile producers of Korea, Ssangyong Motor Corporation, and the consequent technology transfer or leakage have become a controversial national issue in Korea. This article draws the policy implications from the case of the former corporation’s acquisition of the latter in light of the economic development and industrialisation of developing countries in general.
EVALUATION: A Follow-up Study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (The PRESS)
Authors: Rogers W. B. , Rogers Robert A.
Published: January 2017

A follow-up study of the Preschool Readiness Experimental Screening Scale (the PRESS) was conducted to determine whether the PRESS is a valid indicator of school readiness. Teacher ratings and Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) scores were obtained at the end of kindergarten for 170 children who had been administered the PRESS before entering kindergarten. When the PRESS scores were compared with the teacher ratings and the MRT scores, the PRESS seemed a valid indicator of school readiness. A modified rating system for interpreting PRESS scores is also proposed.
Utilization of a Hospital Rotation System in an Office Practice: Easing the Burden of Nighttime and Office Practice
Authors: Cavens Travis R. , Miller Robert R. , Bowen Dale A. , Mcgee Michael D.
Published: January 2017

A four-man pediatric group in private practice instituted a rotation system whereby one of the four worked entirely in the hospital for a week at a time. That physician also took all emergency nighttime calls. The program was evaluated for patient acceptance and for income production.
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS: Chronic Polymicrobial Bacteremia
Authors: Grajwer Luiz A. , Mukhopadhyay Dipankar , Grossman Burton J.
Published: January 2017

A 13-year-old girl had chronic polymicrobial bacteremia with Enterobacter hafnia and Enterobacter agglomerans in the absence of any demonstrable underlying illness, use of immunosuppressive drugs, or discovery of portal of entry of the bacteria. She was treated successfully with a prolonged course of carbenicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics which were tolerated well. The only side effect of the therapy was a transient episode of vestibular dysfunction which was reversible following cessation of gentamicin. The principles of management of polymicrobial bacteremia are presented.
Resolving international border disputes: The Irish experience
Authors: Coakley John
Published: January 2017

This article explores the value of a specific model of norm replacement in accounting for the circumstances leading to Ireland’s Good Friday agreement (1998), which formally and finally settled the long-running territorial dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). Drawing on the theoretical literature, it identifies three phases in this process. First, from the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922 until the civil unrest in Northern Ireland peaked in 1972 the irredentist norm was substantially unchallenged. It was embedded in the 1937 constitution, which defined the national territory as extending over the whole island of Ireland – including Northern Ireland, a part of the UK. The second phase, from about 1972 to 1998, was one of norm competition. The irredentist norm was severely challenged by new political realities in Northern Ireland, and was potentially destabilising for the state itself. It was increasingly challenged by an alternative ‘consent’ norm, one embracing in effect the geopolitical status quo. The third phase, from 1998 onwards, was one of consolidation of the new norm, now written into the Irish constitution to replace the wording of 1937. The article suggests that this model plays a valuable role in accounting for the changing status of the Irish border, but also that the Irish experience has implications for the broad shape of the model.
Discriminant Analysis of Multivariates Taken from a Single Population
Authors: Hollingsworth Holly H.
Published: January 2017

The null hypothesis of a one-sample test of multivariate means states that the population centroid is equal to a vector of specified constants. If this hypothesis is rejected, then the distance from the population centroid to the hypothesized centroid is different from zero. The purpose of this paper is to present a linear function (analogous to a discriminant function) which will allow the data analyst to interpret the dimension of the line joining the two centroids. The statistics developed to interpret this dimension are the coefficients of a discriminant function and the correlation of each dependent variable with a discriminant score. A data example is also presented to demonstrate the material and contrast it with conventional methodology.
Estimating Scorer Agreement for Nominal Categorization Systems
Authors: Burton Nancy W.
Published: January 2017

National Assessment has devised a scoring system that involves using nominal classifications of responses as well as an overall evaluation of whether responses provide acceptable evidence that an educational objective has been met. This study was concerned with selecting a measure of scorer agreement for an ongoing quality-control program. The purpose of the agreement statistic was to screen out potential problems for further analysis of disagreements. Based on a review of various statistics proposed for measuring agreement, two were chosen for further study: the simple percent of agreement and Cohen's kappa.

The analysis showed that Cohen's kappa is extremely sensitive to very easy or very difficult items which comprised more than a third of the measures in this study. The percent of agreement statistic, on the other hand, is overly sensitive to high variance items—those of medium difficulty with many scoring categories. Since kappa is inappropriate for so many items, and since National Assessment can use the disagreement information on many-category items in later analysis, staff concluded that Cohen's kappa does not add sufficient information to make its calculation worthwhile.
Properties of the Item Efficiency Index for Minimum Redundancy Item Analysis
Authors: Gati Itamar
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the properties of the Item Efficiency Index proposed by Neill and Jackson (1976) for minimum redundancy item analysis. Regarding the components of the index it is suggested that the item score be deducted from the scale scores in which it is included for the calculations of the item-scale correlations and that in general the point-biserial correlations be used instead of the biserial ones. The addition of a parameter is proposed and problems regarding the estimation of the parameters are pointed out. Finally, several limitations in the interpretation and applicability of the index are discussed.
Correction of Item-Test Correlations and Attempts at Improving Reproducibility in Item-Analysis: an Experimental Approach
Authors: Melzer Charles W. , Koeslag Johan H. , Schach Steven S.
Published: January 2017

The indices of discrimination determined for items in multiple choice examinations are known to be spuriously inflated (biased), due to their part-whole correlation. The magnitude of this bias for the phi-coefficient was investigated, using computer simulated examinations in which all the students had equal knowledge (null situation). The bias for the Item-Total ϕ was found to be .8/√M(M = number of items), with variance equal to 1/ N (N = number of candidates). The Item-Remainder ϕ reduced but did not eliminate the bias. When the ϕ was calculated for items in one arbitrary half of the examination, using the student's ranking as determined by the other half of the examination, the bias was eliminated, but variance remained unchanged. When ϕ-correlations were calculated for each item against each of the other M-1 items, in turn, the average ϕ for each item was unbiased, and the variance considerably reduced. When applied to real examinations, however, none of these modifications of the ϕ, succeeded in improving its reproducibility, when items are re-used on an equivalent student group. This seriously detracts from the usefulness of the ϕ in item analysis.
Comparing the Magnitude of Effects in Anova Designs
Authors: Ronis David L.
Published: January 2017

It is often interesting to compare the size of treatment effects in analysis of variance designs. Many researchers, however, draw the conclusion that one independent variable has more impact than another without testing the null hypothesis that their impact is equal. Most often, investigators compute the proportion of variance each factor accounts for and infer population characteristics from these values. Because such analyses are based on descriptive rather than inferential statistics, they never justify the conclusion that one factor has more impact than the other. This paper presents a novel technique for testing the relative magnitude of effects. It is recommended that researchers interested in comparing effect sizes apply this technique rather than basing their conclusions solely on descriptive statistics.
Developmental Generalizability of the Home Inventory
Authors: Mitchell Sandra K. , Gray Carol A.
Published: January 2017

A generalizability study was conducted to examine the consistency and stability of scores on a measure of environmental stimulation over the first two years of life. Total scores on the HOME inventory were quite consistent over time, but subscales were less so. Examination of subscales by canonical correlation and principal components factor analysis indicated that the organization of the environment changes over the first two years of life, and it is the amount of stimulation, rather than the particular type of stimulation, which is relatively stable.
Proportion of Returns in Survey Research
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: January 2017

Formulas are given for computing, from the responses of returnees alone, the maximum and minimum values between which the mean response to a survey item must fall in the total sample. Expressions for the standard errors of these maximum and minimum mean values are provided. The difference between the maximum and minimum means, in addition to the magnitudes of their standard errors, vary inversely with the proportion of returns.

It is also shown that the extent to which the responses of returnees to a survey item are representative of the responses of the total sample is a function of sample size, proportion of returns, and proportion of returnees responding to the item in a specified direction. Formulas are derived for computing (1) the probability that the difference between the proportion of returnees who respond in a specified direction and the proportion of the total sample responding in that direction will be equal to or greater than an acceptable value, and (2) the minimum proportion of returns required to be fairly confident that the responses of returnees are representative of the responses of the total sample.
Development of an Objective Instrument to Measure Identity Status in Terms of Occupation Crisis and Commitment
Authors: Dellas Marie , Podojil Jernigan Louise
Published: January 2017

Using male/female high school seniors and college students (freshman through seniors), a 40-item, forced-choice, easily scored, group-administered, objective instrument (DISI-O) was developed, corresponding to Marcia's (1964) interview procedure, to assess five levels of occupation identity status in terms of crisis and commitment. Item and factor analyses demonstrated the construct validity of the status scales and discriminant analyses the predictive power. Showing acceptable reliability estimates, the DISI-O related satisfactorily to other methods of assessing occupation identity status—a Likert procedure and Marcia's interview. Chi-square analyses among the identity statuses and sex, grade and age reflected a pattern of psychosocial growth consistent with Erikson's (1963) proposals. Uses of the DISI-O by researchers and counselors were discussed.
A Comparison of Three Indexes of Agreement Between Observers: Proportion of Agreement, G-Index, and Kappa
Authors: Green Samuel B.
Published: January 2017

A simple model of observation is proposed which allows for guessing. The proportion of agreement, G, and kappa indexes are shown to differ in how they correct for chance agreements between two observers. On the basis of the findings, it is suggested that no single agreement index is appropriate for all sets of data.
Student Self-Selection and Test Repetition
Authors: Alderman Donald L.
Published: January 2017

Student self-selection in deciding to repeat a test was examined by contrasting the test performance of students taking the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) as juniors and again as seniors with the test performance of students taking the SAT only once as juniors. Estimates of expected test performance on a common initial administration in the junior year were derived from separate equating sections and background variables. Residuals of observed minus expected test scores revealed statistically significant differences between students who took a single administration of the SAT as juniors and students who took the same initial administration but also repeated the test as seniors; the initial observed scores of students later repeating the test were consistently lower than their expected scores for both the verbal and mathematical sections. These results indicate that self-selection occurs when students decide to repeat a test and that score changes among these students reflect negative errors of measurement on the initial test administration as well as other factors.
Leniency Effects on Convergent and Discriminant Validity for Grouped Questionnaire Items: A Further Investigation
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A.
Published: January 2017

Two previous investigations revealed that grouping (rather than randomizing) questionnaire items measuring similar constructs (in subsections) resulted in impaired discriminant validity (Schrie-sheim and DeNisi, 1980) and that grouping also strengthened the impact of leniency response bias (Schriesheim, 1981). This study reanalyzed the data of the two earlier investigations to determine whether the impairment of the discriminant validity of the grouped questionnaire items might be due to spurious correlations attributable to leniency. The responses of thirty discount store employees to a questionnaire containing grouped items measuring leniency in leader behavior descriptions (Schriesheim, 1980) and four similar constructs from the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (Stogdill, 1963) and Four-Factor Theory Questionnaire (Taylor and Bowers, 1972) were examined for convergent and discriminant validity by using a traditional zero-order multitrait-multimethod correlation matrix analysis (Campbell and Fiske, 1959) and by statistically controlling the effect of spurious correlation attributable to leniency (by computing a first-order partial multitrait-multimethod correlation matrix, controlling for leniency as measured by the leniency scale). It was found that controlling for leniency resulted in a slight decrement in convergent validity, but that discriminant validity was substantially improved. Implications for questionnaire validity and further research are discussed.
Controlling Acquiescence Response Bias by Item Reversals: The Effect on Questionnaire Validity
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A. , Hill Kenneth D.
Published: January 2017

The prevailing conventional wisdom is that it is advisable to mix positively and negatively worded items in psychological measures to counteract acquiescence response bias. However, there has been virtually no unambiguous empirical evidence to support this recommendation. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of subjects to respond accurately to both positive and reversed (negative) items on a questionnaire. Items from the LBDQ—XII Initiating Structure and Consideration subscales were used to create a written description of a fictitious manager. One hundred-fifty subjects, all upper-division business undergraduates, were given the written managerial description and then asked to complete a questionnaire containing the twenty Initiating Structure and Consideration items. The managerial descriptions were in two forms (to portray high and low Initiating Structure), and the questionnaires contained items in three forms (all positively worded, all negatively worded, and mixed). The data were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc t-tests. Significant differences in response accuracy were found between the item wording conditions. It was concluded that it may not be advisable to employ reversed (negatively-worded) items to control acquiescence response bias, as such changes may actually impair response accuracy.
The Factorial Validity of Three Measures of Critical Thinking within the Context of Guilford's Structure-of-Intellect Model for a Sample of Ninth Grade Students
Authors: Landis Richard E. , Michael William B.
Published: January 2017

For a total sample of 235 ninth grade students and for each of two subsamples of 122 females and 113 males, intercorrelations of 24 of Guilford's structure-of-intellect (SOI) tests (hypothesized as being possibly indicative of different abilities underlying critical thinking) and of either (a) 13 subtests of three standardized critical thinking measures or (b) total scores on the three critical thinking measures or (b) total scores on the three critical thinking measures were factor analyzed. In addition to two instrument-specific factors, two general dimensions defined as Creative Production and Critical Thinking emerged. Within the conceptual framework provided by the SOI model, cognition of semantic classes, relations, and systems; evaluation of semantic units, classes, relations, and transformations; and convergent production of semantic transformations held modest promise as possible valid explanatory components or subconstructs of critical thinking.
A Cross Validation Study of the Maslach Burnout Inventory
Authors: Iwanicki Edward F. , Schwab Richard L.
Published: January 2017

The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was designed to assess the frequency and intensity of perceived burnout among persons in the helping professions in general. This study examined the reliability and validity of the MBI when used with one particular category of helping professionals, teachers. The construct validity of the MBI was examined by using principal factor analysis with iterations and a varimax rotation. Results of this analysis indicated that when employed with teachers, the MBI measures the same basic constructs or factors as those identified through studies in the helping professions—Emotional Exhaustion, Personal Accomplishment, and Depersonalization. However for teachers, Depersonalization separated into a job related and student related factor. Because of the high subscale intercorrelations for the frequency and intensity dimensions of the MBI, the need to utilize the two dimensional format with teachers is questioned. Internal consistency estimates of the reliabilities of each subscale of the MBI for teachers was determined using Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The reliabilities obtained for teachers were similar to those reported for helping professionals in general. Recommendations are made for improving the reliability of the Depersonalization subscale as well as for future examination of the validity of the MBI.
An Attempt to Determine the Construct Validity of Measures Hypothesized to Represent an Orientation to Right, Left, or Integrated Hemispheric Brain Function for a Sample of Primary School Children
Authors: Dumbrower Jule , Favero Jane , Michael William B. , Cooper Terri L.
Published: January 2017

In an instructional program planned to increase the academic growth of children in preschool and in primary school grades (some of whom were learning disabled or educationally handicapped), teaching materials were developed to stimulate use of right and left brain function as a means of equalizing hemispheric development and of maximizing learning capabilities. For a public school treatment (experimental) sample, a public school comparison sample, and a private school treatment sample, an attempt was made to obtain evidence of the construct validity of several pupil ability measures hypothesized to represent an orientation to right, left, or integrated hemispheric function and of teacher observation subscales intended to reveal behaviors or activities in a school setting that were hypothesized to portray a preference for right or left brain function. Application of a multitrait-multimethod matrix to selected posttest measures for the experimental public school and private school samples did not establish the convergent or divergent validity of measures chosen to represent hypothesized right hemisphere (RH) and left hemisphere (LH) functions. Factor analyses of correlational matrices of selected pretest and posttest measures along with other variables across the three samples (six analyses in all) in general did not provide support for the existence of two dimensions hypothesized to reflect constructs of RH or LH orientation. The factor analytic outcomes posed two alternative interpretations of (a) the presence of two general ability dimensions of abstract (information processing of semantic and symbolic content) and concrete (information processing of figural content) thinking or (b) the appearance of instrumental dimensions corresponding to method or scale format variance rather than to variance associated with hypothesized latent traits. Recommended procedures were offered for improving the construct validity of measures intended to represent an orientation to an RH or LH function.
Empirical Validation of the Conceptual Structure of a Test of Science-Related Attitudes
Authors: Schibeci R. A. , McGaw B.
Published: January 2017

The 70 items of the Test of Science Related Attitudes (TOSRA) were given to 1041 students who responded directly to them as attitude test items and to 39 teachers who were asked to assign the items to categories, without directions about either the number of categories to be used or the criteria to be employed in establishing them. Factor analysis of the item correlation matrix obtained from the student responses suggested that the seven subscales of the test were not distinct. Factor analysis of a joint proportions matrix for the items, obtained from the teachers' categorizations of the items, suggested that there are clear conceptual distinctions among the seven subscales even if not operational distinctions.
The Factorial Validity of England's Personal Values Questionnaire for Corporate Recruiters, Business Students, and Business Faculty
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Michael Munson J.
Published: January 2017

The underlying dimensionality of England's 66 item Personal Values Questionnaire was investigated. Factor structures derived from corporate recruiters, senior business students, and faculty members did not support England's original conceptual dimensionality. Many of the individual value items were redundent. Moreover several were not loaded clearly on any factor. Factor analysis based upon a reduced set of value items yielded factors which were both more interpretable and more consistent with England's conceptualization than were those factors associated with the original PVQ. Factor scores derived from this reduced set of value items significantly differentiated among the three sample groups.
Predicting Academic Achievement Among Bilingual Hispanic College Technical Students
Authors: Mestre Jose P.
Published: January 2017

The predictive validity of each of several mathematics and language variables relative to criteria of grade point average (GPA) and word problem-solving skills for a group of 60 undergraduate Hispanic engineering and science students was investigated. For comparison purposes, the study also included a group of 73 monolingual technical undergraduates. Results showed a strong correlation between GPA and all language as well as mathematics variables for the bilingual group, but not for the monolingual group. The bilingual group also exhibited a persistent and statistically significant correlation between the language proficiency measures and scores on mathematics examinations that required almost no language processing, whereas no such correlation existed for the monolingual group.
The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test Reconsidered: Some Psychometric Findings as Regards its Reliability and Factorial Validity
Authors: Cross D. G. , Sharpley C. F.
Published: January 2017

The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (LWMAT) continues to be used by researchers seeking to classify married couples as high or low in level of adjustment. Although it has been over twenty years since the emergence of this instrument, little subsequent evaluation of it has appeared in the literature. An examination of data from a representative sample led to three conclusions: (1) many of the original items are not necessary; (2) there is one underlying factor of “adjustment” in the test; and (3) the instrument also appears to be tapping a second factor related to social expectancy. Suggestions are made for alternative measures in research.
The Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal as a Predictor of Performance in a Critical Thinking Course
Authors: Grimard Wilson Diane , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: January 2017

The validity of the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA) measure (Watson and Glaser, 1964) was examined in an academic setting emphasizing the use of critical thinking with an accelerated group of students who were pursuing a combined baccalaureate and professional program of medicine. Using a criterion of grades from a specially designed physics course intended to stress critical thinking, validity coefficients of .54 ( p < .00002) and of .45 ( p < .0007), respectively, were observed for each of two predictors: (a) total scores on the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and (b) total scores on the WGCTA measure. The WGCTA did not add much to the total prediction and should probably not be used as a substitute for regular entrance examinations in a college setting. However, the fact that it significantly predicted standing in a specialized course at the college level lends some credence to its criterion-related validity.
A Comparison of Rating Formats After Corrections for Attenuation
Authors: Greene Lawrence , Bernardin H. John , Abbott Jarold
Published: January 2017

It was noted that format comparisons for performance rating scales rarely report the most critical statistic in terms of assessing score comparability; i.e., the disattenuated correlation of scores between formats. This study examined the degree to which scores on different formats are correlated after disattenuation. Corrected correlations ranged from .7 to above 1.00. While it appears the scales are measuring essentially the same thing, several cautionary statements are made regarding the interpretation of the results. The failure to consider the purpose for data collection in these studies was one major problem cited.
Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales vs. Summated Rating Scales: Psychometric Properties and Susceptibility to Rating Bias
Authors: Kinicki Angelo J. , Bannister Brendan D. , Hom Peter W. , Denisi Angelo S.
Published: January 2017

Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales developed according to Bernardin, LaShells, Smith, and Alvarez's (1976) optimal procedure was compared with a carefully constructed summated rating scale. Using both scales, 727 undergraduates rated 32 instructors. Psychometric comparisons indicated that BARS had less halo error, more leniency error, and lower interrater reliablity than the alternative format. The two formats did not differ in ratee discrimination and susceptibility to rating bias due to rater characteristics. Finally, the formats contained convergent and discriminant validity.
Shrinkage Formulas for two Nominal Level Measures of Association
Authors: Gibbons James A.
Published: January 2017

To assess the degree of association extant in an r × c contingency table, analysts are likely to use two compound least-squares measures, Crameér's [Formula: see text] or Light and Margolin's [Formula: see text] Sample specific by, definition, both coefficients are positively biased. To estimate the degree to which two nominally scaled variables are related in a population, simple adjustments to reduce this bias can and should be made when the sample size is not large. Accordingly, the adjusted coefficients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are proposed. As shown, these generalized second-moment chance-corrected measures correspond with their multiple regression and point multiserial correlation counterparts, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]
The Paired Comparison Method in Educational Research
Authors: Green Kathy
Published: January 2017

This paper examined five sets of paired comparison judgments in order to identify the most probable source of intransitivity in the data. An attempt was made to separate the influences of multidimensional judgment criteria, indiscriminable objects, and unreliability. Results call into question the usefulness of the paired comparisons as a method for assessing the dimensionality of judgment criteria, but reinforce its use in providing information about sensitivity to stimulus differences.
Variance Components: Partialled vs. Common
Authors: Curtis Ervin W.
Published: January 2017

Conventional partialling methods and the variance components they assume or generate were shown to be inconsistent with sound conceptual models of correlation and variance components. A different approach was taken, and newer partialling and variance-isolation procedures were employed. Like conventional partialling, this approach orthogonalizes variables by partitioning the scores/observations. Unlike conventional partialling, it yields a “common” component and two “unique” components. That is, two correlated variables are broken down into three orthogonal components, as depicted by a Venn diagram of two overlapping circles. The common component, or overlap area, C, has maximum variance—as a proportion of variance it equals the correlation, r, between the variables. And the variance of each unique component is 1 – r, as opposed to 1 – r2 which is the variance of the conventional residual. In addition to being consistent with fundamental conceptualizations of correlation/association and variance components, the three independent components can be used to maximally predict a third variable, Y. As a three-part composite, they relate to Y as highly as does the conventional multiple-regression composite. And their individual correlations with Y provide improved estimates of the underlying “contributions to Y variance.”
A Computer Program to Aid the Detection of Biased Test Items
Authors: Camilli Gregory , Shepard Lorrie A.
Published: January 2017

This program was written to identify items on ability tests that favor one particular group of examinees in relation to another. That is, controlling for group differences in ability, do some items have a greater likelihood of being correctly answered in one of two groups?'
Cindese: Computing Indirect Effects and Standard Errors in the Jöreskog Covariance Structure Model
Authors: Stone Clement A.
Published: January 2017

Users of structural equation models have found it useful to consider both the direct and indirect effects in a covariance structure model. However, the study of indirect effects has been hampered by the absence of a known statistical distribution for these effects. Recently, Sobel (1986) has derived general expressions for obtaining the standard errors for total indirect effects in the Jöreskog covariance structure model, or the LISREL model (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1981). The purpose of this paper was to introduce a FORTRAN computer program for implementing Sobel's procedures. The computer program can accomodate structural models which feature feedback conditions, latent variables, and equality constraints among the direct effects.
An Algorithm for Testing the Robustness Properties of Two-Way Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance
Authors: Milligan Glenn W. , Wong Danny S. , Thompson Paul A.
Published: January 2017

A simulation algorithm for examining the robustness properties of two-way nonorthogonal analysis of variance (ANOVA) is described. A nonorthogonal ANOVA occurs when unequal numbers of subjects appear in the cells of a factorial design. The algorithm can be used to study the effect of the violation of the assumptions of homogeneity of variance or normality on the Type I error rates. The algorithm offers a researcher the opportunity to provide additional evidence as to the validity of the results for an analysis based on real life data when robustness of the tests might be in doubt.
A Pascal Program that Assesses the Interrater Reliability of Nominal Scales
Authors: Powers Stephen
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a computer program that calculates the kappa statistic for each category of a nominal scale and an overall kappa statistic for the total scale. Standard errors, z tests, and probability values for each statistical test are output by the program.
A Pascal Computer Program for Calculating the Tukey-Kramer Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedure
Authors: Powers Stephen
Published: January 2017

This paper describes a Pascal microcomputer program that computes all pairwise comparisons of means using the Tukey-Kramer test. Input to the program are means, sample sizes, mean-square error from a one-way analysis of variance, and the 95th percentile point on the studentized range distribution.
Genlog II: A General Log-Linear Model Program for the Personal Computer
Authors: Bonett Douglas G. , Woodward J. Arthur , Brecht M. L.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes an interactive microcomputer program that performs general tests of hypotheses in the log-linear model. The program was designed for both teaching and research purposes. This paper details program capabilities, input/output procedures, restrictions, availability as well as the theoretical basis of the approach.
The Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Self Concept as a Learner (SCAL) Measure for Year Seven Students in Australia
Authors: Baldauf Richard B. , Edwards John , Matthews Bronwyn
Published: January 2017

Research on the reliability and validity of Waetjen's (1967) Self-Concept as a Learner Scale (SCAL) was reviewed, and the factorial validity of SCAL's four rational subscales was examined using two samples of year seven Anglo-Australian students. An analysis of reliability estimates suggested that the total scale and three of the subscale scores were consistently reliable measures. Results of the factor analyses of SCAL failed either to confirm the validity of the four rational subscales or to provide a solution which adequately accounted for the total test variance.
Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Student Development Inventory
Authors: Jackson Lorraine Morlock , Mather David , Hood Albert
Published: January 2017

This study was conducted to determine the reliability and factorial validity of the Student Development Inventory and its seven subscales (Self-Confidence in Mathematics, Enjoyment of Mathematics, Smooth Communication, Self-Confidence with Superiors, Self-Confidence with Peers, Self-Confidence in Writing, and Enjoyment of Writing). The instrument was administered to 163 college students. The data suggest that this instrument is a reliable and convenient attitudinal inventory.
Cognitive and Affective Computer Attitude Scales: A Validity Study
Authors: Bannon Susan H. , Marshall Jon C. , Fluegal Susan
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to validate cognitive and affective scales for assessing computer attitudes. The two seven-item scales were identified using maximum likelihood factor analysis. The alpha reliability coefficients were near 0.90 for both scales.
A Cross Validation of the Porter Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire for Educators
Authors: Pierson Dorothy , Archambault Francis X. , Iwanicki Edward F.
Published: January 2017

The Porter Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire (PNSQ) was developed to assess the level of need deficiencies perceived by workers in five need categories: security, social, esteem, autonomy, and self-actualization. This study was concerned with the construct validity and reliability of the PNSQ for educators ( n = 1,954). Construct validity was examined by using principal components analysis with oblique rotation. Cronbach coefficient alpha reliability estimates were computed for the derived factors. Results do not support the use of the PNSQ as suggested by Porter. Suggestions for the revision and alternate use of the PNSQ are presented.
Convergent Validity of the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale with the Mathematics Attribution Scale
Authors: Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy , Lopez Richard L. , Rossman Mark H.
Published: January 2017

A total of 107 academically talented high school students was administered the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale (MMCS) and the Mathematics Attribution Scale (MAS). The MMCS subscales which assessed the attributions of success and failure in school to effort and ability were significantly correlated with the MAS subscales which were purported to assess similar constructs. The correlational findings provided limited support for the convergent validity of these measures.
India's Exports in the Post-WTO Phase
Authors: Chakraborty Debashis , Chakraborty Pavel
Published: January 2017

The ten-year transitory phase of the WTO has come to an end on 31 December 2004. In the post-WTO phase, the members are expected to bring their trade policies increasingly in line with WTO directive, i.e., to reduce the barriers on imports. It is widely held that India's exports would rise significantly in the post-WTO phase, owing to the potential increase in the level of market access. Since future exports are a function of current level of competitiveness, it is interesting to note whether Indian exports are competitive in the world market. The current paper compares the recent Indian export performance with that of China, and attempts to analyze the situation through various features India's export basket, namely competitiveness, diversification trends and instability. In the light of the analysis, the recent stance adopted by India at the WTO negotiation table and elsewhere is critically examined. Finally, based on the findings, the future policy options are explored.
China's Competitiveness in World Economy
Authors: Bhatt P.R.
Published: January 2017

An attempt has been made in this paper to study China's competency to become a world leader. China's competency was assessed in terms of global competitive index ranking, total and labour productivity, creating a competitive environment for attracting foreign direct investment and international trade. It was found that China needs to adopt long term growth friendly policies and strategy to emerge as a global leader.

JEL classifications: F10, F13
Export Promotion Policies and Non-Traditional Agricultural Exports
Authors: Kumar B.J. Ashwini , Rao N.J.
Published: January 2017

India's exports of processed agricultural foods and other non-traditional agricultural products have been increasing over the years. One such non-traditional, export-oriented product being exported from India is Gherkins (Cucumis sativus). Gherkin exports from India commenced during the late 1980s and continued with minimal governmental support upto 2001. The Government of India in 2001 launched a programme to establish agricultural export zones (AEZs) in the country with a view to promoting the exports of agricultural products that possessed export potential. This paper analyzes the relevance of non-traditional exports in Indian agricultural exports and describes the evolution of the Gherkin sector in India. The policy environment for non-traditional agricultural exports is assessed and specific policy interventions that could enhance the performance of the Gherkin sector are also identified.
An Overview of Export Incentives in Malaysia
Authors: Shivpuri R.N.
Published: January 2017

The “Package of Export Incentives” available to exporters in Malaysia is very attractive and comprehensive. The need for Malaysia to diversify its exports is obvious enough. The Government has responded to this need by offering a well thought-out programme of export assistance and incentives.
An Experimental Study of Image Motion Compensation Tracking for Earth Reconnaissance from Space
Authors: Hershberger Michael L.
Published: January 2017

An experiment was conducted to investigate man's ability to perform image motion compensation tracking for earth reconnaissance from space. The study investigated: (1) two control system tracking modes—computer-aided tracking and manual tracking, (2) control dynamics—rate and acceleration, (3) controller gain—low, medium, and high, and (4) magnification—1 to 200 power. The two control modes were treated in separate studies based on large performance differences observed during pilot studies. A major objective of the study was to determine the type of control system and the amount of magnification necessary to meet a 0.05 mr/sec image motion compensation tracking performance criterion. The results of the investigation revealed that the manual tracking mode was unacceptable in terms of the system performance criterion; whereas, the computer aided tracking mode yielded performance which met the criterion at several combinations of experimental conditions. Magnification and controller gain levels were found to have highly significant effects on tracking performance. The results are discussed in terms of reconnaissance system design applications.
Tests of Ten Control-Display Linkages
Authors: Chapanis Alphonse , Mankin Donald A.
Published: January 2017

This experiment tested ten different linkages between four displays and four control buttons on a verticallymounted surface. The displays were arranged in a square and the controls were in a vertical column to the right of the displays. A single panel was used for all tests; different linkages were made by changing electrical connections. Eighty male subjects (eight for each linkage) were tested. The subject's task was to push the appropriate control button as soon as a light appeared in one of the displays. Each subject was given 96 consecutive trials on the linkage to which he was assigned. Dependent measures were: times to first response, times to correct response, and errors. The results show that one of the ten linkages is best in terms of both time and errors. There are also some significant differences between certain other linkages. These findings hold only for those situations in which, for some reason, it is necessary to have the displays arranged in the form of a square and the controls in a vertical column to the right of the displays.
Skill Acquisition in Multi-Dimensional Manipulator Control
Authors: Weltman Gershon , Nachson Aharon , Groth Hilde
Published: January 2017

Movements of a three-jointed electrically-powered manipulator were controlled by vertical movements of the second, third and fourth fingers of the subject's hand. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional movement problems were examined. In the two-dimensional case, subjects were shown a silhouette of the manipulator with a lit endpoint or the manipulator endpoint alone. The manipulator was always fully visible in the three-dimensional case. Recordings were made of time-to-target, maximum deviation from a straight line path, and the percent of time that various numbers of controls were activated simultaneously. The results indicated that with practice the subjects tended to approach targets on a straight line course in both situations. They also increased the percentage of time that several controls were activated together. Being able to see the manipulator improved control coordination and decreased movement time in the two-dimensional case, but did not affect movement accuracy.
The Human Controller as an Adaptive, Low Pass Filter
Authors: Robinson Gordon H.
Published: January 2017

Data is presented on the ability of a human controller to track a signal contaminated with noise. Signal frequencies and signal-to-noise ratio are the independent variables. An optimal, adaptive filter is presented for comparison. A descriptive model is derived based on known human characteristics in manual control. Future research needs are discussed.
The Impact of Microelectronics on the Utilization and Training of Maintenance Personnel
Authors: Harris Douglas H.
Published: January 2017

Microelectronic functional equivalents were defined for two operational systems—a ship's inertial navigation system and a torpedo guidance system—and, by means of maintenance burden analyses, the maintenance personnel, training and organizational requirements of the microelectronic and existing configurations were compared. Microelectronics reduced the amount of maintenance required by the ship's inertial navigation system by 84 percent, and the amount required by the torpedo guidance system by 18 percent, under existing maintenance philosophies. Specific conclusions were provided with respect to the impact of microelectronics on maintenance personnel and training requirements, and on the organization of maintenance activities.
The Effects of Color Coding Indicator Displays on Dark Adaptation
Authors: Carr Richard M.
Published: January 2017

Utilization of complex sonar systems is handicapped by lighting requirements for dark adaptation of personnel. An experiment was conducted to compare reaction times to color-coded indicators under red, nominal white and normal white ambient lighting. Subsequent analysis shows that poorest performance was obtained under red ambient illumination. Visual acuity tests indicate that dark adaptation is primarily dependent upon the overall illumination level rather than upon red lighting. Results tend to prove that an illuminated indicator display color has little effect on dark adaptation, and that certain indicator colors are more quickly detected than others. Recommendations are made for optimal and alternate lighting and indicator color combinations.
Human Performance in the Cold
Authors: Fox William F.
Published: January 2017

The literature dealing with human performance in the cold is reviewed. Seven major areas are discussed: a) tactile sensitivity, b) manual performance, c) tracking, d) reaction time, e) complex behaviors, f) maintaining hand skin temperature (HST) as a means of maintaining operator effectiveness, and g) adaptation and acclimatization to low ambient temperatures. Performance decrements at low ambient temperatures appear to result principally from lowered HST and competing stimuli provided by the cold environment.
Human Operator Response Speed, Frequency, and Flexibility: A Review and Analysis
Authors: Wargo Michael J.
Published: January 2017

The innate and state-of-the-art limitations on human operator manual control speed, frequency, and flexibility are reviewed and analyzed. Advanced manual control techniques for overcoming these limitations are suggested and research relating to these suggestions is reviewed. It is concluded that a considerable increase in human operator response speed, frequency, and flexibility could accrue from use of the suggested manual control techniques.