bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Duo—The Salmonella Cytolethal Distending Toxin Combines ADP-Ribosyltransferase and Nuclease Activities in a Novel Form of the Cytolethal Distending Toxin
Authors: Miller Rachel , Wiedmann Martin
Published: April 2016

The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a well characterized bacterial genotoxin encoded by several Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella enterica (S. enterica). The CDT produced by Salmonella (S-CDT) differs from the CDT produced by other bacteria, as it utilizes subunits with homology to the pertussis and subtilase toxins, in place of the traditional CdtA and CdtC subunits. Previously, S-CDT was thought to be a unique virulence factor of S. enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi, lending to its classification as the “typhoid toxin.” Recently, this important virulence factor has been identified and characterized in multiple nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes as well. The significance of S-CDT in salmonellosis with regards to the: (i) distribution of S-CDT encoding genes among NTS serotypes, (ii) contributions to pathogenicity, (iii) regulation of S-CDT expression, and (iv) the public health implication of S-CDT as it relates to disease severity, are reviewed here.
Is Education the Cure?
Authors: Lubejko Barbara G.
Published: April 2016

Requests for educational programs to address a perceived lack of knowledge or skill should be evaluated to identify the most appropriate intervention. Through careful analysis of the reasons underlying a practice gap, the most appropriate and effective approach can be chosen and implemented.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(4):153–155.
Professional Behavior in Nursing
Authors: Kowalski Karren
Published: April 2016

Being clear about what constitutes professional behavior is a pathway to effective leadership. Not all nurses come out of educational programs with an understanding about what aspects of behavior signal true professionalism. This article uses the American Organization of Nurse Executives' Nurse Executive Competency for Processional Behavior to help professional development nurse faculty identify role modeling behavior and other aspects that new nurses can use to help them advance in their careers, while improving care to patients and families.

J Contin Educ Nurs.
2016;47(4):158–159.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Depression: A Review
Authors: Khawaja Imran S. , Kazaglis Louis , Hashmi Ali , Khurshid Khurshid A. , Eiken Chad , Hurwitz Thomas D.
Published: April 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder associated with several medical conditions, increased rates of motor vehicle accidents, and higher overall health care expenditure. There is a higher prevalence of depression in people with sleep-disordered breathing in clinical and community samples. Depression and OSA share many symptoms, which may explain the underdiagnosis of OSA in depressed patients. OSA may be responsible for treatment resistance in depression. The relationship between depression and OSA is complex and remains unclear; however, several pathophysiologic mechanisms could be involved. Increased understanding of the relationship between these two disorders will likely improve clinical outcomes.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(3):187–191.]
The Relationship Between Sleep Disturbance, Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempts, and Suicide Among Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pigeon Wilfred R. , Bishop Todd M. , Titus Caitlin E.
Published: April 2016

Suicide is a significant global health concern; identification of modifiable risk factors can guide future research and prevention efforts. A systematic literature review was undertaken to summarize whether disrupted sleep, which has garnered increased attention as a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors, has continued to be associated with suicide in recent years. The search resulted in 1,806 abstracts with 188 identified for full text review. Limiting studies to 2012–2015 publications with adult participants and an interpretable relationship between sleep and suicide outcomes left 36 articles for the review. Five new articles focused on suicide decedents, eight on veteran/military populations, but relatively few were longitudinal studies (
n
= 4) and none assessed sleep apnea. A majority of studies used statistical methods to control for psychopathology, strengthening the overall finding that recent work lends further support for disrupted sleep as an important risk factor, and potential warning sign, for suicide.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(3):177–186.]
Treatment-Resistant Depression: An Overview
Authors: Moukaddam Nidal , Shah Asim A.
Published: April 2016

Depression affects millions of people worldwide, with no regard to socioeconomic status or ethnic background. Treatment resistance, defined as the lack of response to first-line, widely prescribed pharmacologic antidepressant treatments, affects up to 20% of patients with depression. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is associated with developing symptom chronicity and subsequent poor social and functional adjustment. TRD is a clinically heterogeneous entity, with significant comorbidities from personality traits or disorders, substance use disorders, chronic medical/physical issues, misdiagnosed bipolar illness, and anxiety or psychosis issues. For optimal treatment planning and to maximize response and symptom resolution, treatment resistance needs to be differentiated from the above-mentioned comorbidities. Strategies for pharmacologic treatment when a first-line antidepressant regimen fails include switching to another antidepressant (inter- or intraclass switching), augmentation with a mood stabilizer or atypical antipsychotic, or use of thyroid hormone. Drugs with glutamatergic actions, such a ketamine, have proven very promising in addressing TRD symptoms and will likely see widespread use in the next few years.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2016;46(4):224–229.]
Anticipatory Guidance for Long-Distance Running in Young Athletes
Authors: Blankson Kwabena L. , Brenner Joel S.
Published: April 2016

More young children are participating in endurance running events such as full and half marathons, and the safety of these events for children has been heavily debated. There is a paucity of evidence on either side of the debate. However, overuse injuries, stress fractures, as well as the potential for psychologic burnout are legitimate concerns. Parents who are seeking advice from pediatricians about child participation in these endurance events should be made aware of these risks. Young children may participate in endurance running events under close supervision from health professionals, coaches, and parents, with full medical evaluation before initiation of training, throughout training, as well as 6 to 12 months post-race. Special attention should be made to the psychologic well-being of the child, with the participation in running being child-driven, not parent- or coach-driven, and emphasis on enjoyment and fitness, not competition.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(3):e83–e86.]
Adolescent Concussion and Return-to-Learn
Authors: Santiago Sabrina
Published: April 2016

Concussion is a common diagnosis in adolescents, particularly in those who play sports. Physical and cognitive rest is the mainstay of treatment. However, the guidelines for returning to full cognitive effort are more nebulous. This article examines the existing evidence on return-to-learn guidelines, and offers some ideas of school accommodations that can be made for students who have experienced a concussion. This article also reviews the situations in which it is recommended to seek guidance from a concussion specialist or sports medicine physician.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(3):e73–e75.]
Infant Formulas for Food Allergy Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Parekh Hetu , Bahna Sami L.
Published: April 2016

The number of infant formulas intended for food allergy treatment or prevention has been increasing. Some products fulfill the criteria for hypoallergenicity, such as extensively hydrolyzed protein (casein or whey) and synthesized amino acid formulas (elemental diet). Numerous partially hydrolyzed formulas have been derived from bovine milk, soybean, and rice. They are not hypoallergenic and are not recommended for children allergic to the parent protein, yet certain preparations have shown efficacy for allergy prevention. Soybean-derived preparations, although not hypoallergenic, have been tolerated by a majority of children allergic to bovine milk. Studies on the addition of probiotics or prebiotics to infant formulas have shown inconsistent findings. Numerous hypoallergenic formulas or milk substitutes are available for pediatricians to choose for children with food allergy. Caution is needed in prescribing formulas that are erroneously marketed as hypoallergenic.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(4):e150–e156.]
Tarsal Coalition in Children
Authors: Denning Jaime Rice
Published: April 2016

Tarsal coalition (a congenital fibrous, cartilaginous, or bony connection between two bones) classically presents with recurrent ankle sprains or with insidious onset of a painful, stiff flatfoot. Flatfoot is a benign finding most of the time, but it is important to distinguish the rigid flatfoot from the flexible flatfoot. A patient with recurrent sprains of the ankle or a stiff flatfoot should be evaluated for a tarsal coalition. The key to making the diagnosis is careful examination for stiffness in the subtalar joint and appropriate imaging studies. Both nonoperative and operative measures can be used to treat this condition.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(4):e139–e143.]
Hip Click in the Neonate: Should I Be Concerned?
Authors: McClure Philip , Podeszwa David A.
Published: April 2016

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) requires precise evaluation and rapid treatment/referral to specialists to optimize results. The incidence of DDH ranges between 4/1,000 and 133/1,000 newborns depending on patient risk factors (female gender, breech birth, and family history). Multiple associations have been identified including metatarsus adductus, oligohydramnios, and muscular torticollis. Classic physical examination results are well known by pediatricians, but can be difficult to elicit. Ultrasound screening is a useful test in defining early dysplasia and dislocation, but can generate misleading results if used inappropriately. Early ultrasound is useful for the identification of unstable hips and discerning treatment. High rates of ultrasound abnormalities have been identified in the early neonatal period, most of which have been shown to spontaneously improve. Ortolani/Barlow negative hips are best evaluated at age 6 weeks if continued concern is present. Treatment with the Pavlik harness or an abduction splint is well known to have excellent outcomes, but not without risk.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2016;45(4):e122–e127.]
Total Joint Arthroplasty in a Stand-alone Ambulatory Surgical Center: Short-term Outcomes
Authors: Parcells Bertrand W. , Giacobbe Dean , Macknet David , Smith Amy , Schottenfeld Mark , Harwood David A. , Kayiaros Stephen
Published: April 2016

For decades, the average hospital stay following total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has been getting shorter. The historical standard was several weeks of hospitalization, yet improvements in perioperative care have reduced the average length of stay to a few days. Medicare recognizes a 3-day inpatient stay as the standard of care following hip or knee replacement. Yet continued advances in minimally invasive surgical techniques, short-acting general anesthetics, long-acting local anesthetics, and blood loss management have further improved the safety and recovery for TJA procedures. Thus, further reductions in postoperative hospitalization have been implemented around the country, with surgeons reporting successful same-day protocols, as defined by hospitalization discharge on the day of surgery. Although these studies have presented results of same-day TJA in the hospital setting, this study is the first to report on the perioperative adverse events and early outcomes of 51 consecutive TJA procedures performed in a stand-alone ambulatory surgical center (ASC). The ASC offers an ideal setting to perform such procedures in the properly selected patient population, obviating any form of postoperative hospitalization. Although 16 (31.4%) of 51 patients reported minor adverse events in the postanesthesia care unit, specifically nausea and/or pain, early intervention permitted 50 (98.0%) of 51 patients to be discharged home, on average 176 minutes after surgery, with 1 patient discharged to a rehabilitation facility as arranged prior to surgery. There were no major adverse events in the 90-day perioperative period, and although 1 (2.0%) patient was hospitalized for persistent incisional drainage, none required admission for pain. This study examines the strict eligibility criteria and perioperative analgesia protocols that permit successful outpatient TJA. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(4):223–228.]
Educator or Counselor? Navigating Uncertain Boundaries in the Clinical Environment
Authors: Lane Annette M. , Corcoran Lynn
Published: April 2016

Background:

Nurse educators in the clinical environment experience great rewards and challenges in their work with undergraduate students. However, closely working with students can lead to the challenge of intervening with those who are emotionally distressed. How do nurse educators navigate the precarious and subtle territory between educating and counseling?

Method:

This article briefly reviews how boundaries are explored in nursing. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate how nurse educators can determine when their support and education begins to move into the counseling role. Finally, future directions for nurse educators are suggested.

Results:

Little research exists that examines how nurse educators navigate the boundaries between educator and counselor roles with students in clinical settings.

Conclusion:

Navigating between the educator and counselor roles with students experiencing emotional distress in clinical settings can be challenging for nurse educators. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(4):189–195.]
Blended Learning Versus Traditional Lecture in Introductory Nursing Pathophysiology Courses
Authors: Blissitt Andrea Marie
Published: April 2016

Background:

Currently, many undergraduate nursing courses use blended-learning course formats with success; however, little evidence exists that supports the use of blended formats in introductory pathophysiology courses. The purpose of this study was to compare the scores on pre- and posttests and course satisfaction between traditional and blended course formats in an introductory nursing pathophysiology course.

Method:

This study used a quantitative, quasi-experimental, nonrandomized control group, pretest–posttest design. Analysis of covariance compared pre- and posttest scores, and a
t
test for independent samples compared students' reported course satisfaction of the traditional and blended course formats.

Results:

Results indicated that the differences in posttest scores were not statistically significant between groups. Students in the traditional group reported statistically significantly higher satisfaction ratings than students in the blended group.

Conclusion:

The results of this study support the need for further research of using blended learning in introductory pathophysiology courses in undergraduate baccalaureate nursing programs. Further investigation into how satisfaction is affected by course formats is needed. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(4):227–230.]
Text Messaging for Psychiatric Outpatients: Effect on Help-Seeking and Self-Harming Behaviors
Authors: Kodama Toyohiko , Syouji Hiroko , Takaki Sachiko , Fujimoto Hirokazu , Ishikawa Shinichi , Fukutake Masaaki , Taira Masaru , Hashimoto Takeshi
Published: April 2016

A mobile phone intervention was developed and tested with 30 psychiatric outpatients with mental illness, who had high ideation for suicide. The intervention involved promoting help-seeking behaviors by sending text messages, including information about social welfare services and reminders about medical appointments, for 6 months. After the intervention period, the number of participants who used social services significantly increased, and more than 80% of participants reported that the text messaging service was helpful and useful. Compared to baseline, participants' self-harming behaviors decreased and the attending psychiatrists rated their suicide ideation as weaker. This is the first intervention study to promote psychiatric patients' help-seeking using text messaging, and although it was not a randomized controlled trial, this intervention has practical value and may lead to the prevention of suicide. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54
(4), 31–37.]
Clinical Outcomes of SMILE and FS-LASIK Used to Treat Myopia: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Shen Qin , Jia Yan , Zhou Dan , Zhou Jibo
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE:

To assess possible differences in clinical outcomes when small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK) are used to correct myopia.

METHODS:

A systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic literature search was performed using Cochrane Collaboration methodology to identify randomized controlled trials and appropriate comparative studies comparing SMILE and FS-LASIK for myopia.

RESULTS:

The authors identified 11 studies from a review of 102 articles, involving a total of 1,101 eyes, of which 532 eyes (48.32%) underwent SMILE and 569 eyes (51.68%) underwent FS-LASIK. No significant difference between the two procedures was evident in terms of final refractive spherical equivalent (
P
= .72), the proportion of eyes losing one or more lines of corrected distance visual acuity after surgery (
P
= .69), or the proportion of eyes achieving an uncorrected distance visual acuity of 20/20 or better (
P
= .35) and a refractive spherical equivalent within ±1.00 diopter of the target values (
P
= .70). The tear break-up time was longer in the SMILE group than the FS-LASIK group at 1 (
P
= .004) and 6 (
P
= .02) months after surgery. Corneal sensitivity was higher in the SMILE group than in the FS-LASIK group at 1 week (
P
< .00001) and 1 (
P
< .0001), 3 (
P
< .00001), and 6 (
P
< .003) months after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

SMILE and FS-LASIK were comparable in terms of both safety and efficacy. SMILE may create fewer dry eye symptoms than FS-LASIK. Corneal sensitivity was greater after SMILE than FS-LASIK.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(4):256–265.]
Agreement Between Predicted and Measured Ablation Depth After Femtosecond Laser-Assisted LASIK for Myopia
Authors: Savini Giacomo , Cummings Arthur B. , Balducci Nicole , Barboni Piero , Huang Jinhai , Lombardo Marco , Serrao Sebastiano , Ducoli Pietro
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE:

To investigate agreement between the predicted ablation depth calculated by the EX500 excimer laser (Wavelight Laser Technologie AG, Erlangen, Germany) and the measured ablation depth in eyes that have undergone femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK) for myopia.

METHODS:

Corneal thickness was measured with a rotating Scheimpflug camera preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively and the difference between these values was defined as the measured ablation depth. The difference between the predicted and the measured ablation depth was defined as the difference in ablation depth (ΔAD).

RESULTS:

In 85 eyes of 85 patients, no statistically significant difference was detected between the mean predicted ablation depth (66.33 ± 24.15
µ
m) and the measured ablation depth at the thinnest corneal location (67.04 ± 30.94
µ
m), the corneal apex (67.52 ± 31.22
µ
m), or the pupil center (67.73 ± 31.48
µ
m). Bland–Altman plots revealed moderate agreement for measurements at the thinnest point (95% limits of agreement [LoA]: −25.13 to 23.70
µ
m), corneal apex (95% LoA: −24.70 to 22.33
µ
m), and pupil center (95% LoA: −25.30 to 22.51
µ
m), with a proportional bias between the average ablation depth and ΔAD. The predicted ablation depth was overestimated in eyes with lower correction and underestimated in eyes with higher correction.

CONCLUSIONS:

Moderate agreement between the predicted and measured ablation depth warrants caution when planning myopic FS-LASIK and calculating the residual bed thickness and percent tissue altered. When higher amounts of correction are planned, the laser software may underestimate the predicted ablation depth.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2016;32(3):164–170.]
Clinical Evaluation of Macular Thickness Changes in Cataract Surgery Using a Light-Adjustable Intraocular Lens
Authors: Hengerer Fritz H. , Müller Michael , Dick H. Burkhard , Conrad-Hengerer Ina
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE:

To detect changes in retinal perfusion and macular thickness using fluorescein angiography and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after implantation of a Calhoun light-adjustable intraocular lens (Calhoun Vision, Pasadena, CA) and application of profiled doses of ultraviolet light for postoperative refractive adjustments.

METHODS:

This prospective trial of non-consecutive cases comprised 125 eyes of 125 patients who had cataract surgery and light-adjustable intraocular lens implantation. OCT examinations were performed preoperatively and postoperatively before first adjustment (10 to 14 days postoperatively) and 1 week (20 to 25 days postoperatively), 1 month (6 weeks postoperatively), 3 months (4 months postoperatively), and 12 months (13 months postoperatively) after lock-in. A control group of 104 eyes was evaluated for comparison.

RESULTS:

One hundred twenty-two eyes at 12 months postoperatively were included and analyzed. Despite a general increase in macular thickness measurements overall during the first postoperative weeks, no changes to the integrity of inner segment/outer segment junction, outer nuclear layer, external limiting membrane, or retinal pigment endothelium were detected. The neuroretina returned to baseline by 3 months after surgery and there was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative measurements after 3-month thickness values.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ultraviolet light exposure for light-adjustable IOL adjustments did not influence the incidence of postoperative macular edema and did not induce any changes in the macular layers.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(4):250–254.]
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery in a Cataractous Eye With Implantable Collamer Lens In Situ
Authors: Li Shaowei , Chen Xu , Kang Yanwei , Han Na
Published: April 2016

PURPOSE:

To describe a 43-year-old man who presented with a nuclear cataract in the right eye after a previous collamer lens (Visian Implantable Collamer Lens [ICL]; STAAR Surgical, Monrovia, CA) implantation procedure.

METHODS:

Case report.

RESULTS:

Before the ICL was removed, femtosecond-laser-assisted capsulotomy, crystalline lens fragmentation, and limbal relaxing incisions were performed sequentially. After explantation of the ICL, the phacoemulsification procedure was performed simultaneously with intraocular lens implantation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery can be done in an eye with previous ICL implantation, but may prove to be more challenging than routine cases without an ICL in situ.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(4):270–272.]
Effects of Physical Environment on Health and Behaviors of Residents With Dementia in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lee Sook Young , Chaudhury Habib , Hung Lillian
Published: April 2016

The challenges in investigating the effects of the physical environment on residents with dementia include having a sample of comparable study groups and a lack of long-term follow-up evaluation. The current study attempted to address these two challenges by carefully matching residents and analyzing long-term measurement data. The aim of the study was to examine whether residents with dementia (
N
= 12) living in a traditional large-scale setting or a small-scale, home-like setting exhibit any difference in health and behaviors over time. Physical environmental assessment of the two care facilities was conducted using the Therapeutic Environment Screening Survey for Nursing Homes. Residents' behavioral assessments were performed using three tools at three assessments over a period of 1 year: (a) Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects, (b) Minimum Data Set, and (c) Dementia Care Mapping. The results suggest that older adults with dementia can have increased social interaction and engagement with the support of an optimal physical environment.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2016; 9(2):81–91.]
Effect of Fluid Status at Week 12 on Visual and Anatomic Outcomes at Week 52 in the VIEW 1 and 2 Trials
Authors: Moshfeghi Darius M. , Hariprasad Seenu M. , Marx Jeffrey L. , Thompson Desmond , Soo Yuhwen , Gibson Andrea , Saroj Namrata , Vitti Robert , Heier Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate effect of retinal fluid status at week 12 on visual and anatomic outcomes at week 52 in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration from the VIEW studies.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Post-hoc analysis included 1,465 eyes treated with intravitreal aflibercept (Eylea; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY) 2 mg every 4 weeks (2q4) or every 8 weeks following three initial monthly injections (2q8) or ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) 0.5 mg every 4 weeks (Rq4), which had known retinal fluid status at weeks 12 and 52.

RESULTS:

At 12 weeks, 512 (35%) eyes had fluid and 953 (65%) were fluid-free. Two hundred three (41.5%), 148 (29.8%), and 161 (33.5%) eyes had fluid in Rq4, 2q4, and 2q8, respectively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change at week 52 from baseline was independent of retinal fluid status at week 12 or treatment assignment. Eyes were more likely to remain fluid-free at week 52 if absent of fluid at week 12.

CONCLUSION:

At week 52, 2q4, 2q8, and Rq4 improved BCVA independent of fluid status at week 12.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:238–244.]
Subconjunctival Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Keratoprosthesis-Associated Cystoid Macular Edema
Authors: Muakkassa Nora W. , Klein Kendra A. , Hamrah Pedram , Reichel Elias
Published: April 2016

The authors present a case of keratoprosthesis-associated cystoid macular edema (CME) responsive to subconjunctival bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA). A 40-year-old woman with a history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Boston keratoprosthesis type I implantation developed CME 10 months after surgery and received sub-Tenon's kenalog with minimal improvement. Sixteen months after surgery, she received a subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab and demonstrated visual and anatomic improvement. Ten weeks later, she received a second subconjunctival injection of bevacizumab for worsening CME and again demonstrated a favorable response. Subconjunctival bevacizumab may be an effective and less-invasive alternative to intravitreal injections for the treatment of postoperative CME.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:276–279.]
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Hyperplasia After Unsuccessful Surgery for Macular Hole
Authors: Imadome Naoto , Kunikata Hiroshi , Asano Shunichiro , Nakazawa Toru
Published: April 2016

An 81-year-old woman presented with a retinal tumor after unsuccessful surgery was performed for a macular hole (MH) in the 1990s. A histopathological analysis revealed retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia with no evidence of neoplastic cells. This case highlights two points: first, MHs that remain open after unsuccessful MH surgery can cause retinal tumors, leading to further visual loss; and second, in this case, the MH-associated tumor showed no evidence of neoplastic cells.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:284–286.]
Scleral Buckling in the Treatment of Retinal Detachment Due to Retinal Dialysis
Authors: Chang Jonathan S. , Marra Kyle , Flynn Harry W. , Berrocal Audina M. , Arroyo Jorge G.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To describe clinical features and outcomes of scleral buckle surgery as treatment for patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment caused by retinal dialysis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Nonrandomized, consecutive case series. All patients underwent encircling scleral buckle for retinal detachment secondary to retinal dialysis. Visual acuity (VA) and retinal attachment status were recorded for the postoperative period.

RESULTS:

The study included 16 eyes of 15 patients with mean age 25.8 years; 80% were male, and 75% of the cases were associated with trauma. Dialyses were most commonly found inferotemporally (63%). Mean preoperative VA was 20/103 and mean postoperative VA was 20/62. VA improved in nine cases, and eight cases had a VA of 20/40 or better at the last follow-up. Due to retinal re-detachment, two patients (13%) required additional surgery with vitrectomy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Retinal dialysis is an uncommon etiology for retinal detachment and is often associated with trauma and younger age. Scleral buckling can be an effective strategy in the initial management of these patients.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:336–340.]
Implantation of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis in an Eye With Short Axial Length
Authors: Montezuma Sandra R. , Tang Peter H. , van Kuijk Frederik J.G.M. , Drayna Paul , Koozekanani Dara D.
Published: April 2016

The authors describe the implantation of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Argus II) (Second Sight Medical Products, Sylmar, CA) into a short axial length (AL) eye. The authors' main modification is the use of endocyclophotocoagulation (endo-CPC) to the ciliary processes in the area that the cable enters through the sclerotomy. This case describes the surgical technique necessary for successful implantation of the Argus II into a short AL eye. The use of endo-PC prevents chaffing to the ciliary processes, does not affect postoperative intraocular pressure, and facilitates direct visualization of the structures during the surgery, preventing damage during implantation.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2016;47:369–371.]
Removing the Disability from Distance Education
Authors: Yuknis Christina
Published: April 2016

Students with disabilities are increasingly opting to take distance education courses. As a result, many courses are not prepared to adequately meet the needs of their students. This chapter provides an overview of the main accessibility issues, including the delay in technology use and adaptation and assistive technology integration for people with disabilities in distance education courses. To mitigate these issues, a framework for instructional design, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), is presented. UDL is a set of three principles that, when applied from the beginning of the course design, can reduce the need for later modifications or accommodations. Instructors may use UDL to ensure that the course is accessible, not just for students with disabilities, but for all students in the course.
Design and Development of a Multi-Agent E-Learning System
Authors: Kristensen Terje , Dyngeland Marius
Published: April 2016

In this paper the authors present the design and software development of an E-learning system based on a multi-agent (MAS) architecture. The multi-agent architecture is established on the client-server model. The MAS architecture is combined with the Dynamic Content Manager (DCM) model of E-learning developed at Bergen University College, Norway. The authors first present the quality requirements of the system before they describe the architectural decisions taken. They then evaluate and discuss the benefits of using a multi-agent architecture. Finally, the MAS architecture is compared with a pure service-oriented architecture (SOA) to observe that a MAS architecture has a lot of the same qualities as this architecture, in addition to some new ones.
Distance Learning for Students with Special Needs through 3D Virtual Learning
Authors: Laffey James M. , Stichter Janine , Galyen Krista
Published: April 2016

iSocial is a 3D Virtual Learning Environment (3D VLE) to develop social competency for students who have been identified with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. The motivation for developing a 3D VLE is to improve access to special needs curriculum for students who live in rural or small school districts. The paper first describes a number of innovative features developed to translate a targeted curriculum and to undertake teaching and learning to meet special needs in a 3D Virtual Environment. Secondly the paper describes results from a field test of iSocial at 3 sites with 11 students. The results show promise for improvements in social competence, but also challenges for distance learning delivery of 3D VLE.
RTI and Reading at the Secondary Level
Authors: Hall Carol , Mahoney Jamie
Published: April 2016

Response to Intervention (RTI) provides a framework for effective prevention and intervention to students who have difficulty reading at all achievement levels by using a school-wide, tiered system. RTI is the means for helping struggling students become successful readers before they have a chance to fall behind. Using evidence-based reading strategies within multiple classrooms such as the inclusive classroom or the resource classroom provides students with learning disabilities the opportunity to succeed in all content areas while applying these reading strategies. All teachers can use these strategies to assist the at-risk and struggling reader make progress. The purpose of this chapter is to share research, resources, and reading instructional methods appropriate for students at the secondary level that can help them meet their academic needs.
Video Modeling for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Ogilvie Christine R. , Whitby Peggy
Published: April 2016

Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) will struggle to different degrees with social communication skills. To facilitate the learning of new social skills and to allow for repetition and practice, video modeling is being utilized in the PreK-12 setting. This chapter describes behaviors inherent to individuals with autism spectrum disorders that could benefit from the use of video modeling as an intervention, or part of an intervention, as well as a step-by-step description on how to effectively implement video modeling. Additionally, examples of data collection forms, permission forms, and other helpful resources are provided.
Using Technology to Support Social Competence
Authors: Myles Brenda Smith , Rogers Jan , Coffin Amy Bixler , Szakacs Wendy , Earles-Vollrath Theresa
Published: April 2016

Social competence includes a complex set of skills that impacts quality of life across all environments: home, school, employment, and the community. Elements that impact social competence, such as theory of mind, weak central coherence, regulation and relationship building, must be taught to individuals with disabilities, including those with autism spectrum disorder. Evidence-based interventions that incorporate low, medium and high technology have the potential to support skill development in social competence in a meaningful manner. This chapter reviews the concept known as social competence and offers a variety of practices to support its development.
Robots and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Senland Amie
Published: April 2016

Technology featuring robots is a promising innovative technological intervention for treating and educating children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This chapter reviews, critiques, and presents future directions for research on clinical and educational applications of robots for these children. Specifically, this chapter reviews current research on: (1) robots that act as social mediators for children with ASD and (2) robots that assist them in developing social skills such as joint attention and imitation. A critical review of the research suggests that robots may have the capacity to assist some of these children, but additional rigorous studies are necessary to demonstrate their efficacy and effectiveness. Future research must (1) examine whether robots have differential effects for specific subgroups of children with ASD and (2) contribute to a deeper understanding of robots' potential use in educational settings.
Integrating Virtual Worlds and Mobile Robots in Game-Based Treatment for Children with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Garzotto Franca , Gelsomini Mirko
Published: April 2016

In recent years we have witnessed a rapid growth of learning applications for children with different kinds of disabilities. These tools exploit different learning paradigms and employ a gamut of “beyond the desktop” interaction modes and devices, including haptic controllers, (multi)touch small and large displays, digitally augmented physical objects, robots and motion-sensing cameras. Our research explores novel interactive solutions for children with intellectual disability who have significant limitations both in intellectual functioning, i.e., general mental capacity such as memory, attention, reasoning and problem solving, and in adaptive behavior, i.e., social and practical skills related to daily living (interpersonal relationships. social responsibility, ability to follow rules/obey laws, personal care). Our goal is to provide intellectually disabled children with game-based learning tools that integrate motion-based touchless interaction and interaction with mobile robots. In this chapter, we discuss the above issues and exemplify them by describing a set of games based on the above mentioned interaction paradigm that we have designed for IDD children in order to promote social and cognitive skills.
Social Skills Development for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders through the Use of Interactive Storytelling Games
Authors: Jin Sukun , DaCosta Boaventura , Seok Soohnwa
Published: April 2016

Storytelling is an intricate part of the human psyche and hence, human history. From childhood, stories play an important role in human development, in that, for instance, humans automatically construct a storyline so that they can associate information. There is research to suggest that storytelling in video games can be beneficial because it can be used to help players identify with characters and their goals, creating a greater sense of immersion, positive feelings, and more physiological arousal. Furthermore, when the content is specific and targeted, these games are well suited for promoting acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of skills and knowledge. Findings such as these hold immense promise in the context of improving social skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Thus, the use of computers and video games, combined with more traditional storytelling, may serve as hopeful tools for motivating and engaging students as well as promoting learning. This chapter expounds upon this line of reasoning and explores the use of interactive storytelling games as an effective intervention in social skills development for children with ASD.
Social Skills in Individuals with Nonverbal Learning Disabilities
Authors: Marchinkoski Lisa
Published: April 2016

Nonverbal learning disability (NLD) is often a highly misunderstood diagnosis. Challenges with the understanding and use of language in social contexts can have significant negative impacts on individuals with this diagnosis, in that they struggle to interpret both nonverbal communication and nonliteral language. Understanding these challenges is critical in order to provide effective intervention. Assessment in these domains provides information about the areas to target for intervention. While individuals with NLD rely heavily on their auditory skills, it is imperative to provide means for them to learn social pragmatic and language skills in order to function in dynamically changing social exchanges. It is often indicated that teaching must occur only through verbal scripting. However, relying solely on this modality will limit students' abilities to effectively learn to apply targets in real life social situations. Therefore, a balanced approach that strives toward generalization is necessary. This chapter will provide information regarding assessment and intervention practices related to social interactions for individuals with NLD.
Special Collaboration
Authors: Jones Stephanie A. , Vanderbilt Kathi , Bramblett Kelly
Published: April 2016

This chapter provides a foundation for the development of collaborative relationships between school librarians and special educators by examining the commonalities between the roles and responsibilities of the school librarian and the special educator, through explaining the terminology and legalities associated with special needs students, and by providing strategies, tips, and techniques for effective instructional design that results in standards-based, collaborative lessons utilizing the most current instructional tools and resources to motivate student learning. This chapter also examines the educational needs, abilities, and challenges of working with students with significant cognitive disabilities.
Critical Behavior Monitoring for Children with Special Needs in Preventing Physical Injury Using Kinect
Authors: Ann Ong Chin , Theng Lau Bee , Seldon Henry Lee , Putra Fernando Anddie
Published: April 2016

This research studies ways to prevent physical injury for children with special needs, or specifically children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The prevention is achievable by monitoring child behavior in the classroom from time to time. A Critical Behavior Monitoring model was developed for this purpose. The model is integrated with a Kinect sensor (by Microsoft) to process the signal acquired for human activities recognition. Currently, the model manages to identify 17 different human activities and notify parents or teachers via SMS and/or email if any unusual or critical activities are detected (i.e. falling down or asking for help). This will ensure immediate action is taken to prevent injuries or the situation from getting worse.
The Modern Problem of Psychological and Pedagogical Foundations of Russian E-Learning Systems
Authors: Aysmontas Bronyus , Uddin Md. Akther
Published: April 2016

The chapter draws attention to the psychological and psycho-pedagogical aspects of the use of information technology in education. In this regard, the core aspects are considered. Much attention is paid to such research as the study of the effect of distance learning on cognitive and personal development of students; development of subjectivity university students; psychological and cognitive barriers in distance learning. It is emphasized that only a small number of universities in the Russian Federation has assumed responsibility to engage in learning disability issues. The main difficulty is to teach students with disabilities. This chapter provides annotation project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation “Development and testing of models of teaching and methodical center providing higher education for disabled persons and persons with disabilities with a variety of Diseases”. As part of this project there will be the implementation of a program of networking for students with disabilities in the format of the Consortium. The main objective of the Consortium is to describe the principles of networking schools, considered as a possible model of networking schools and Interpretation of the basic steps of creating intercollegiate information and educational network of universities.
Response to Intervention in Middle and High School Mathematics
Authors: Patterson Lynn Gannon , Musselman Meagan
Published: April 2016

Secondary schools are complex in structure and are challenged daily to provide high-quality, effective Response to Intervention (RTI) models in their school settings. RTI must be handled very differently in a middle or high school compared to an elementary school, and larger numbers of students, stricter time constraints, lack of resources, and larger academic gaps are among the typical obstacles secondary teachers face, including math teachers. However, there are RTI models that will work well in math classes, including the Adolescent Mathematics Intervention Structure (AMIS), which focuses on providing motivation, opportunities for academic discourse, cooperative learning, and a positive mathematical classroom environment. Additionally, students thrive in a mathematical learning environment that includes a focus on multiple representations for the mathematics, manipulatives, and targeted learning centers designed specifically for middle and high school students. This chapter focuses on discussing AMIS and providing recommendations for its implementation in secondary math classes.
Mixed-Reality Immersive Environment as an Instructional Tool for Building Educational Leadership Capacity
Authors: Storey Valerie Anne , Dambo Neffisatu J. C.
Published: April 2016

Technological innovations are changing the way education is delivered. With instructional media evolving at an exponential pace, instructional designers and educators have a variety of options when deciding what tools are best for delivering their instruction. Simulation and virtual environments are a growth area in aviation, defense, crisis management, medicine, and customer service, but the utilization of this technology in the field of educational leadership or in principal preparation programs is very much in an embryonic stage. In this chapter, the authors first provide a summary of the evolution of scenario simulation in the field of educational leadership, and develop ‘learning principles' for evaluating the effectiveness of the simulation in delivering discrete learning outcomes. They then provide a specific example of an innovative educational leadership program that is utilizing a specific virtual environment; introduce TLE TeachLivE™ (TeachLivE) as a method to help prepare future leaders for practice. Finally, they discuss professional avenues to consider while cultivating the advancement of TeachLivE™ as a supplemental method for learning.
Mobile Technology and Differentiated Learning
Authors: Orr Ann C. , Conley John F.
Published: April 2016

As the world falls in love with the iPad and other touch screen tablet technologies, no one is more excited by the possibilities than those of us who teach students with significant disabilities. The mobile tablet's intuitive interface, variety of accessibility options, and almost limitless possibilities for individualized intervention make this technology a true game-changer for children and adults with special needs. This chapter explores the landscape of tablet use to increase the education, communication, and independence of students with moderate to severe disabilities. Current research on effective teaching and learning practice that can best be employed through mobile touch screen technologies is presented.
A Perspective on Self-Optimization in Next Generation Cellular Networks
Authors: Mishra Sumita , Mathur Nidhi
Published: April 2016

During the past few decades wireless technology has seen a tremendous growth. The recent introduction of high-end mobile devices has further increased subscribers' demand for high bandwidth and quality of service. The number of nodes in future cellular systems will be too large to be configured and maintained manually. Further the mobility of users, the varying nature of the wireless channel and variation in user demand systems requires optimization of network parameters and delay in configuration may cause congestion and poor Quality of Service. Due to this increased complexity and the huge scale of wireless systems the network configuration, optimization and maintenance process performed by radio engineers has become inefficient and therefore, lot of research is being done to introduce self-optimizing capabilities within the network, which is expected to permit higher end user Quality of Service (QoS) and less operation cost and maintenance cost for telecom service providers. This chapter details the key aspects related to self optimization of next generation cellular networks.