bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raum und Verkehr – ein Feld komplexer Wirkungsbeziehungen. Können Interventionen in die gebaute Umwelt klimawirksame Verkehrsemissionen wirklich senken?
Authors: Holz-Rau Christian , Scheiner Joachim
Published: August 2016

The image of an integrated urban and transport planning is linked to the hope for a turnaround in the mutual interrelations between the built environment and transport that have actually induced more transport to date. Planning interventions in location structures and transport supply should therefore effectively contribute to reduce transport-related climate emissions. However, the targeted design of mixed land-use and compact location structures on the local and regional level is superimposed by societal and spatial trends that make large-scale mobility politically desirable or necessary. Against this background, the hopes mentioned before appear widely overstated. In this paper we put well-known empirical findings in new contexts of interpretation, and we point to other – from our perspective, more important – drivers of transport trends that are beyond the scope of integrated urban and transport planning. We conclude that integrated urban and transport planning should not be justified by avoiding carbon dioxide emissions, but remains reasonable for other reasons.
Local Treatment of Penile Prosthesis Infection as Alternative to Immediate Salvage Surgery
Authors: Luján Saturnino , Rogel Ramón , Broseta Enrique , Boronat Francisco
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Penile prosthesis (PP) is the established treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) who do not respond to phosphodiesterase inhibitors and intracavernosal injections. In general, these devices have been largely successful but there are not free of serious complication such as PP infection (PPI). PPI requires immediate surgical removal or salvage rescue of the PP.

Aim

In this report, we present two clinical cases with inflatable PP (IPP) treated locally with antibiotic and high pressure irrigation and then avoid the PP removal or salvage rescue.

Methods

We present two patients with PPI in our institution and literature review.

Main Outcome Measures

Resolution of the two cases.

Results

Patient A (A) was 44 years old and patient B (B) 51 years old presented PPI after three weeks (A) and eight weeks (B). Both patients were diabetic. Physical exploration revealed an open scrotal incision at its margin with a clear discharge. The rest of the incision and scrotum were clean and dry. They had not scrotum pain/tenderness or systemic/septic symptoms. The bacterial culture of the incisional drainage revealed a Staphylococcus aureus (A) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (B). In both cases, we performed an excision of the tissue around the pump with a high pressure pulsed irrigation (Interpulse; Stryker Corp, Kalamazoo, MI, USA). For the irrigation we used three different solutions that included povidone-iodine, antibiotics (gentamicin plus vancomicin), and hydrogen peroxyde. Finally, we performed a multilayered surgical closure with the use of aspirate drainage over 24 hours and intravenous antibiotics. The patients had a total resolution of its symptoms after 20 months (A) and 36 months (B), and the IPP worked properly.

Conclusion

This treatment could be an option for to perform specific patients with local IPP infection without systemic symptoms instead of surgical removal.
What Do Patients Want? A Needs Assessment of Vulvodynia Patients Attending a Vulvar Diseases Clinic
Authors: LePage Katherine , Selk Amanda
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Vulvodynia is a chronic pain disorder that negatively impacts the quality of life of affected women.

Aim

The goal of this study was to identify unmet needs among localized provoked vulvodynia patients.

Methods

A qualitative needs assessment was performed in a subspecialized vulvar clinic in a single academic institution in Canada. Semistructured interviews were conducted, recorded, and analyzed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory to identify common themes.

Main Outcome Measures

Interviews were conducted until theme saturation was achieved.

Results

A diverse sample of 8 patients completed all components of the study. The most prominent unmet needs raised by patients in their interviews were categorized into 3 main themes: (1) challenges related to obtaining a diagnosis of vulvodynia and finding practitioners who are knowledgeable about vulvodynia; (2) challenges related to the current impact of the disease physically, emotionally, and in social relationships with patients' intimate partners; and (3) barriers to adherence with recommended therapy. Solutions recommended by patients include better education of physicians regarding vulvodynia and the development of multidisciplinary programs that provide access to physiotherapy, sex therapy, mindfulness and psychology services on-site, information classes for new patients, and the creation of peer support networks for patients and their partners.

Conclusion

A patient-focused needs assessment suggests optimal vulvodynia care requires better education of physicians and a multimodal approach to therapy, ideally with multiple services offered in 1 location.
Arranged marriages in people with epilepsy: A pilot knowledge, attitudes and practices survey from India
Authors: Gupta Akriti , Chawla Jasneet , Saggar Karan , Wander Praneet , Vohra Hitant , Bansal R. , Selai Caroline , Singh Gagandeep
Published: July 2016

Introduction Marriage is a socially challenging barrier in the personal lives of people with epilepsy worldwide. However, it is during arranges marriages, which are common in South Asian communities, that epilepsy is most profoundly stigmatizing. We hypothesized that the felt stigma associated with epilepsy during arranged marriages affects women more frequently and intensely.

Materials and methods A pilot study in married (n = 38) and unmarried PWE (n = 58) and general public (n = 150) to explore gender-based differences in the stigma associated with epilepsy during arranged marriages.

Results Majority unmarried PWE (87%) considered arranged marriage as the best way to realize their matrimonial plans. More unmarried women (72%) apprehended problems in adhering to their epilepsy medications regime after marriage (p 0.009) and 50% apprehended victimization in marriage on account of epilepsy (p 0.001). Moreover, 41% of the married women with epilepsy felt that the disclosure had a negative impact on their married life (p 0.047).

Conclusions South Asian WWE experienced more felt stigma than men before and after arranged marriages and this might impact a number of health related psychosocial outcomes. The lack of past experience with epilepsy was associated with a number of misplaced beliefs about and attitudes towards epilepsy.
Understanding the Personality and Behavioral Mechanisms Defining Hypersexuality in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Miner Michael H. , Romine Rebecca Swinburne , Raymond Nancy , Janssen Erick , MacDonald Angus , Coleman Eli
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Hypersexuality has been conceptualized as sexual addiction, compulsivity, and impulsivity, among others, in the absence of strong empirical data in support of any specific conceptualization.

Aim

To investigate personality factors and behavioral mechanisms that are relevant to hypersexuality in men who have sex with men.

Methods

A sample of 242 men who have sex with men was recruited from various sites in a moderate-size mid-western city. Participants were assigned to a hypersexuality group or a control group using an interview similar to the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Self-report inventories were administered that measured the broad personality constructs of positive emotionality, negative emotionality, and constraint and more narrow constructs related to sexual behavioral control, behavioral activation, behavioral inhibition, sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, impulsivity, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and sexual behavior.

Main Outcome Measures

Hierarchical logistic regression was used to determine the relation between these personality and behavioral variables and group membership.

Results

A hierarchical logistic regression controlling for age showed a significant positive relation between hypersexuality and negative emotionality and a negative relation with constraint. None of the behavioral mechanism variables entered this equation. However, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting sexual behavioral control indicated that lack of such control was positively related to sexual excitation and sexual inhibition owing to the threat of performance failure and negatively related to sexual inhibition owing to the threat of performance consequences and general behavioral inhibition

Conclusion

Hypersexuality was found to be related to two broad personality factors that are characterized by emotional reactivity, risk taking, and impulsivity. The associated lack of sexual behavior control is influenced by sexual excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms, but not by general behavioral activation and inhibitory mechanisms.
Melorheostosis: A Retrospective Clinical Analysis of 24 Patients at the Mayo Clinic
Authors: Smith Gabriel C. , Pingree Matthew J. , Freeman Laura A. , Matsumoto Jane M. , Howe Benjamin M. , Kannas Stephanie N. , Pyfferoen Mary D. , Struss Leah T. , Wenger Doris E. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Matsumoto Martha , Jurisson Mary L.
Published: July 2016

Background

Current understanding of the clinical features of persons with melorheostosis is restricted primarily to individual case reports and small case series.

Objective

To assess the clinical features of patients with melorheostosis treated at our institution from 1972 through 2010.

Design

Chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic medical center.

Participants

Twenty‐three patients with “definite” and one patient with “probable” melorheostosis based on radiographic criteria.

Methods

The eligible study cohort was identified through the Rochester Medical Index database. Further diagnostic confirmation of patients with melorheostosis was performed by radiographic review.

Main Outcome Measurements

We evaluated age at first visit to our institution, gender, affected body area, number of bones affected, presenting symptoms, surgical evaluation, and therapies provided.

Results

The average age at first evaluation at our clinic was 36.5 years (median 41.5 years, range 3‐68 years). The female to male ratio was 4:1. The lower extremity was most commonly affected (66.6%), followed by upper extremity (33.3%), spine (16.6%), and head (8.3%). One‐third of patients had involvement of a single bone; two‐thirds had multiple bone involvement. Pain was the most common presenting concern (83.3%), followed by deformity (54.1%), limitation of movement (45.8%), numbness (37.5%), and weakness (25.0%). Most patients had a physician evaluation (87.5%); patients also underwent orthopedic surgery (45.8%), physical therapy (33.3%), and occupational therapy (12.5%).

Conclusions

Melorheostosis is a rare sclerotic bone disease resulting in pain, deformity, and dysfunction. An interdisciplinary approach to care should include nonoperative and operative evaluation, as well as appropriate therapies. A prospective approach to evaluation, including imaging and physical examinations, would provide valuable longitudinal data.

Level of Evidence

IV
Risk Factors for Falls in People With a Lower Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hunter Susan W. , Batchelor Frances , Hill Keith D. , Hill Anne‐Marie , Mackintosh Shylie , Payne Michael
Published: July 2016

Objective

To review the evidence connecting risk factors to falls in adults with a lower limb amputation (LLA) across the continuum of care settings.

Design

Systematic review.

Literature Survey

Electronic database searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Pubmed, CINAHL, and EMBASE covering January 1988 to January 2016. Noninterventional studies, including cohort and cross‐sectional studies, were included. Two reviewers independently completed data extraction and quality evaluation.

Methodology

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and quality of reporting was evaluated using the criteria by Tooth et al.

Synthesis

The average quality of reporting score was 19.8, scores ranged from 16 to 29. Studies covered the acute hospital stay after the amputation, inpatient rehabilitation, and community living. Falls were a common occurrence, with the cohort studies reporting 20.8% for acute hospital stay to 58% in the community years after the amputation. Injurious falls also were common, with an occurrence ranging from 40% to 60%. Risk factors that increase falls and are shared with the general population of older adults include lower extremity muscle weakness, increasing age, comorbidities, and number of prescription medications. Risk factors for falls that are unique to adults with LLA are dysvascular etiology of the amputation, transtibial level of amputation in the postoperative period and transfemoral level postrehabilitation, and reduced sense of vibration.

Conclusions

Falls in adults with an LLA are common from the time of the amputation to years later living in the community. Risk factors vary across care settings after the amputation, which has implications for safety and fall‐prevention strategies.

Level of Evidence

III
Relationships Between Age at Menarche, Walking Gait Base of Support, and Stance Phase Frontal Plane Knee Biomechanics in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Froehle Andrew W. , Grannis Kimberly A. , Sherwood Richard J. , Duren Dana L.
Published: July 2016

Background

Age at menarche impacts patterns of pubertal growth and skeletal development. These effects may carry over into variation in biomechanical profiles involved in sports‐related traumatic and overuse knee injuries. The present study investigated whether age at menarche is a potential indicator of knee injury risk through its influence on knee biomechanics during normal walking.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that earlier menarche is related to postpubertal biomechanical risk factors for knee injuries, including a wider, more immature gait base of support, and greater valgus knee angles and moments.

Design

Cross‐sectional observational study.

Setting

University research facility.

Participants

Healthy, postmenarcheal, adolescent girls.

Methods

Age at menarche was obtained by recall questionnaire. Pubertal growth and anthropometric data were collected by using standard methods. Biomechanical data were taken from tests of walking gait at self‐selected speed. Reflective marker position data were collected with a 3‐dimensional quantitative motion analysis system, and 3 force plates recorded kinetic data.

Main Outcome Measures

Age at menarche; growth and anthropometric measurements; base of support; static knee frontal plane angle; and dynamic knee frontal plane angles and moments during stance.

Results

Earlier menarche was correlated significantly with abbreviated pubertal growth and postpubertal retention of immature traits, including a wider base of support. Earlier menarche and wider base of support were both correlated with more valgus static knee angles, more valgus knee abduction angles and moments at foot‐strike, and a more valgus peak knee abduction angle during stance. Peak knee abduction moment during stance was not correlated with age at menarche or base of support.

Conclusions

Earlier menarche and its effects on growth are associated with retention of a relatively immature gait base of support and a tendency for static and dynamic valgus knee alignment. This biomechanical profile may put girls with earlier menarche at greater risk for sports‐related knee injuries.

Level of Evidence

Not applicable.
On the impact of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface on differential diffusion in a turbulent jet flow
Authors: Hunger F. , Gauding M. , Hasse C.
Published: August 2016

The effect of differential diffusion of two passive scalars having Schmidt numbers of unity and 0.25, respectively, is investigated using direct numerical simulation of a temporally evolving jet. The objective of the research is twofold: (i) to compare the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface position using the scalar criterion between the unity- and low-Schmidt-number scalar; and (ii) to determine the impact of the T/NT interface on differential diffusion. For the latter, the T/NT interface is detected using the vorticity criterion. To quantify the effect of differential diffusion, a normalised differential diffusion parameter is analysed, clearly showing the dominance of differential diffusion at the T/NT interface. A transport equation for the scalar differences is then evaluated, which shows that differential diffusion originates at the interface. Further, the separation between the passive scalars, arising due to differential diffusion, is studied using conventional and conditional statistics with respect to the interface distance. Since differential diffusion is known to be present at large and small scales, the connection between them is analysed using the scalar dissipation rate. Moreover, the physical mechanism responsible for the departure of the two scalars is analysed using the scalar gradient alignment, the ratio of the diffusive fluxes and by a transport equation for the scalar gradients.
Revisiting the subgrid-scale Prandtl number for large-eddy simulation
Authors: Li Dan
Published: August 2016

The subgrid-scale (SGS) Prandtl number ($Pr$) is an important parameter in large-eddy simulation. Prior models often assume that the ‘$-5/3$’ inertial subrange scaling applies to the wavenumber range from 0 to$k_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}}$(the wavenumber corresponding to the filter scale $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$) and yield a$Pr$that is stability-independent and scale-invariant, which is inconsistent with experimental data and the results of dynamic models. In this study, the SGS Prandtl number is revisited by solving the co-spectral budgets of momentum and heat fluxes in an idealized but thermally stratified atmospheric surface layer. The SGS Prandtl number from the co-spectral budget model shows a strong dependence on the atmospheric stability and increases (decreases) as the atmosphere becomes stable (unstable), which is in good agreement with recent field experimental data. The dependence of$Pr$on the filter scale is also captured by the co-spectral budget model: as the filter scale becomes smaller, the SGS Prandtl number decreases. Finally, the value of SGS Prandtl number under neutral conditions is shown to be caused by the dissimilarity between momentum and heat in the pressure decorrelation term and the flux transfer term. When the dissimilarity exists only in the flux transfer term, the fact that under neutral conditions the SGS Prandtl number is usually smaller than the turbulent Prandtl number for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations is an indication of a stronger spectral transfer coefficient for heat than for momentum. The model proposed in this study can be readily implemented.
Syrian refugees in seasonal agricultural work: a case of adverse incorporation in Turkey
Authors: Kavak Sinem
Published: August 2016

This article examines how the labor market in seasonal migrant work in agriculture in Turkey has changed with the influx of refugees from Syria. Based on both qualitative and quantitative fieldwork in ten provinces of Turkey, the article discusses precarity in seasonal migrant work in agriculture and the impact of the entry of refugees on this labor market. The analysis of precariousness of both Turkish-citizen migrant workers and refugees suggests that precarity is a relational phenomenon. The multifaceted vulnerabilities of groups in the lower echelons of the labor market resonate with one another and the adverse incorporation of vulnerable groups into the labor market pushes the market in a more insecure and informal direction.
From skill translation to devaluation: the de-qualification of migrants in Turkey
Authors: Sert Deniz Ş.
Published: August 2016

Within the context of the transformation of Turkey from a country of emigration to an immigration and transit country, the migration scene is becoming more heterogeneous, with both the formal and informal labor markets being increasingly internationalized. This paper focuses on de-qualification, defined as migrants taking on jobs that do not match their skills, which is a neglected issue within the migration literature on Turkey with the potential for further research. Based on open-ended interviews and participant observation in İstanbul, the paper elaborates on the different instruments of de-qualification. De-qualification is considered here as an important element of precariousness in the labor market, with different mechanisms functioning simultaneously; namely, accreditation problems, a language disadvantage, lack of information, and identity-based discrimination.
The debris of government: Reconstructing the Middle Assyrian state apparatus from tablets and potsherds
Authors: Postgate J. N.
Published: August 2016

While a good deal of attention has been given by prehistorians to the process of “state formation” in the ancient Near East, less effort has been devoted to exploring the nature of historical states through their archaeology. This article endeavours to redress the balance a little, by looking at some of the documentary evidence for the process of government in Assyria in the late second millennium BC, in particular at its level of intervention in local economies, and by placing it alongside the archaeological evidence for the presence of Assyrian administration, as reflected in the ceramic repertoires of Tell Sheikh Hamad on the Habur and Sabi Abyad on the Balikh. Both the literate administration and the material evidence for craft production display a degree of conformity which would seem to reflect an ethos of centralized control. This invites comparison with the material evidence for other Late Bronze Age palace regimes, whether archives of Mycenaean clay tablets or the ceramic repertoire of the Hittite empire. Here too written instruments and material markers of state control could be taken to reflect a concept of the “state” (as opposed to “empire”) which does not agree well with some analyses of social evolution in this region, and prompts some concluding thoughts on the relationship between the material record and the ethos of government in state-run societies.
Interpreting the Royal Cemetery of Ur metalwork: A contemporary perspective from the archives of James R. Ogden
Authors: Millerman Alison
Published: August 2016

New sources of original material rarely emerge; therefore the opportunity to examine such a vital episode of archaeological history as the Joint Expedition to Ur, from a contemporary's perspective, and gain a valuable insight to the ways in which the metallurgical finds were gradually understood and interpreted, is one to be seized enthusiastically. Access to the previously private family archives of James R. Ogden, when linked with the archive material in the British Museum (BM), has enabled me to reconstruct the tentative conversations among the key players, concerning the identity of the metalwork found and the techniques used to make the items, the results of which still form the basis of much of our current understanding of the ancient metals of the Royal Cemetery at Ur.

The information that was learnt from the metallic discoveries at Ur had a tremendous impact on the understanding at the time about the antiquity of the craftsmanship involved. Much modern research has simply repeated or discussed what has been previously written, without examining the source material or understanding how the original conclusions were arrived at. It is therefore important to look afresh at the contemporary discussions, at the methods used and the conclusions reached. The processes of how knowledge was initially created are in themselves worth studying as they reflect the behavioural mores of the time and explain much about the dynamics of the different relationships between those involved. These were formative years in the development of archaeology as a discipline. It was a period not so much for providing all the answers, as for seeking ways to find answers to questions that had not been posed before; a matter more of process than conclusion.
Beyond the World Heritage Site: A huge enclosure revealed at Hatra
Authors: Tucker David J. , Hauser Stefan R.
Published: August 2016

Splendid isolation and an austere environment allegedly saved Hatra on more than one occasion from the wrath of Rome. Even when the city finally fell to the Sasanians in AD 240 and Shapur carried off its portable wealth, its comparative remoteness prevented the wholesale destruction that happened, for instance, at nearby Ashur. So in 1985 UNESCO had no difficulty in recognising the ruins' value as a gem of world heritage.

Hatra's comparative isolation presents problems but also advantages for archaeologists. The problems concern the city's economy and subsistence with respect to its size and density in a hostile environment beyond the limit of dryland farming. Most prominently Hatra will have played an important role as a centre for nomad-sedentary political and economic exchange. The central temple of Shamash, which might have served as a focus of pilgrimage, will have added in some degree to its wealth, as reflected by its architecture and sculpture. According to some authors the city also played at least some role in long-distance caravan trade, which might have created further substantial revenue. But the important question remains: to what extent did Hatra's inhabitants complement their livelihood through cultivation
The “head of the enemy” in the sculptures from the palaces of Nineveh: An example of “cultural migration”?
Authors: Dolce Rita
Published: August 2016

The choice of this subject originates from the fact that the area of research to which I have been devoting myself recently includes the figurative cultures of Mesopotamia and Syria in the Early Dynastic and the Early Syrian periods, specifically in the field of war. Some of the data resulting from this research focus on the representation of the “head of the enemy”, which appears repeatedly in the documentation of the second millennium BC in Syria but so far seems to be absent in contemporary Mesopotamia. Despite the evident difference between the forms of representation from these two areas, I perceived in the figurative cycles of the Neo-Assyrian reliefs not only the recurrence of this theme but also the intentional display of severed heads, which reaches its climax in the numerous examples from the South-West Palace in Nineveh. My first aim is, therefore, to suggest a plausible approach towards identifying the origin of the display of “severed heads”, previously absent from Mesopotamian scenes of warfare, in the visual communication of the Neo-Assyrian period. My second aim is to offer an interpretation which may help shed light on ideological, cultural and anthropological aspects essential to the Neo-Assyrian political programme and its visual representation.
The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar, and an Archaeological Survey of the Ḫabur Region, 1934–5
Authors: Mallowan M. E. L.
Published: August 2016

The Archaeological Expedition to the Ḫabur region of N. Syria was under the auspices of the British Museum and of the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. For financial assistance we were greatly indebted to a number of scientific bodies and to individual subscribers. The British Museum made it possible for Mr. R. D. Barnett of the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities to give us his valuable help, and generous financial support was forthcoming from the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, from the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, and from the Auckland Museum, New Zealand. Our warmest thanks are also due to the munificence of individual subscribers among whom were Mr. Louis G. Clarke, Lord Latymer, Sir Charles Marston, and Mr. A. L. Reckitt.
The Shield of Achilles: From Metalepsis to Mise En Abyme
Authors: de Jong Irene J.F.
Published: August 2016

The Shield of Achilles (Iliad18.478-608) can easily be qualified as ‘the mother’ of all ekphraseis, and scholarly interest in this passage has been massive. Scholars have mainly discussed three issues: the relation between the Shield and real shields; the relation between the scenes on the Shield and theIliad; and the method of description.

In this article I will focus on the third point. As noted famously by Lessing, the description of the Shield is dynamic, both in the sense that we see Hephaestus making the shield and that the scenes depicted become stories, with characters speaking and thinking and events following one after the other. My central question is: who is responsible for these narrativised scenes, Hephaestus or the Homeric narrator? Or to put it more poignantly: whocreatesthe scenes on the Shield? I note the following positions. It is thedivine artist Hephaestuswho either creates figures which (1a) can really move, like his tripods and handmaids: 18.376f., 418-20 (‘the figures are not merely lifelike, they really live!’), or (1b) at least suggest movement, a suggestion to be decoded by the narrator (‘the consistent transformations of gold into natural image, of image into action, give us to understand that the qualities of sound and movement and emotion come into being through the responsive participation of the spectator in the work’). Or, it is theHomeric narratorwho either (2a) cannot suppress a ‘youthful pleasure in animated narration’ and himself narrates stories instead of describing the figures which Hephaestus makes, or (2b) subtly blends description and narration (‘a cycle of scenes wrought in metal—or in words? This description of the shield actually is a poem’).
Between Epigraph and Epigram: Pompeian Wall Writing and the Latin Literary Tradition
Authors: Milnor Kristina
Published: August 2016

It has become a scholarly commonplace to remark that the ancient Roman city had, at least after the time of Augustus, a wide, varied, and almost omni-present regime of writing in public. This regime included texts of many different types, commercial, political, dedicatory; written with charcoal, paint, stylus or chisel; on stone, wood, plaster and mortar; on private houses, public monuments, temples, shops, baths, fountains and tombs. In part, this is due to what has come to be known as the ‘epigraphic habit’, the characteristically Roman practice of recording acts and events on stone. From the late Republic onwards, both public and private individuals who had even marginal means to hire a stonecutter left behind inscriptions—honorific, commemorative, funerary—which document multiple aspects of social life, from birth to death. Many of these texts have direct ties to civic authority: decrees of the Senate or the Emperor; dedicatory texts on buildings by consuls, tribunes or other magistrates; milestones, boundary markers, altars, statue bases and the like, all of which record the names of the officials responsible for their placement. The production of such publicly-readable texts, however, was not simply the purview of the state: wealthy private individuals also could and did erect monumental inscriptions, which often recorded some act of public beneficence like the construction of a building or the presentation of gladiatorial games. Other writing was less formal: thus, in Pompeii, the famouscaue canem(‘beware of the dog’) mosaic which marked the threshold of the House of the Tragic Poet; the bakery which featured a terracotta plaque with a phallus and the perhaps aspirational legendhic habitat felicitas(‘here dwells good fortune’); or the cookshop of Euxinus whose front sign announcesphoenix felix et tu(‘the phoenix is lucky, and so may you be!’). As William Harris once noted, ‘Roman cities…were full of things to read’.
Antony as ‘Tyrant’ in Cicero's First Philippic
Authors: Stevenson Tom
Published: August 2016

This paper is concerned with the impact made on Mark Antony by Cicero'sFirst Philippic. Although the speech outwardly maintains a conciliatory attitude, it certainly upset Antony. Scholars have noted criticism of Antony in theFirst Philippic, both political and personal in character, which would not have pleased him. The following discussion argues that there are numerous associations with the stock figure of the ‘tyrant’ which would have been displeasing too. Such a vein of criticism in effect bridges the personal and political dimensions in potentially devastating fashion.

TheFirst Philippicwas delivered in difficult circumstances. Brutus and Cassius sent a letter to Antony on 4 August 44 BCE and concluded with a stark warning:neque, quam diu uixerit Caesar, sed quam non diu regnarit, fac cogites(‘keep in mind not the length of Caesar's life but the short time he ruled [sc. as a tyrant]’, Cic.Fam.11.3). On 1 September, the senate met to consider a proposal which would have seen an extra day in honour of the deified Caesar added to all public thanksgivings (Cic.Phil.1.13, 2.110). Antony was angered by Cicero's failure to attend the meeting. He apparently left Rome later that day for Tibur. His consular colleague Dolabella summoned a meeting of the senate ‘for the next day, and this time Cicero attended. It was at the meeting of 2 September that Cicero delivered hisFirst Philippic. In comparison to later speeches in thePhilippicscorpus, theFirst Philippichas seemed to many a moderate and polite speech that concentrated upon Antony's political behaviour and left the door ajar for future cooperation. It certainly contrasts greatly with theSecond Philippic, which is well known for its bitter and sustained personal invective. Nonetheless, theFirst Philippicwas enough to make Antony angry and it is worth re-examining the reasons for this reaction. In particular, allusions inPhilippic1 to Antony as a tyrant and to death as the fate of tyrants, especially in the wake of Caesar's assassination, were probably interpreted by contemporaries as more sinister threats than they have generally been recognised to be by modern readers.
Trajan and Tacitus' Audience: Reader Reception of Annals 1-2
Authors: Rutledge Steven
Published: August 2016

In his monumental work on Tacitus, Syme suggested that Tacitus made veiled criticisms directed against Hadrian in the Annals; subsequent scholars have not always accepted his suggestion. Yet those scholars who are sceptical of Syme's argument have not yet, on the whole, taken up the question of the reception of Tacitus' work by his contemporaries; this is a peculiar gap, when one considers the politically charged nature of Tacitus' Annals, which places under a miscroscope not only individual emperors, but the institution of the principate itself. It is, therefore, the intent of this essay to examine the audience's reception of Tacitus' Annals within the work's historical and cultural context: for Tacitus' audience (which I assume to consist primarily of elite males of senatorial and equestrian status), an understanding of the past about which he writes was made meaningful in part, I should like to suggest, by the present. Such an approach results in an open-ended understanding of the work, and decentralises it from its author in favour of the audience. The end result is a text which simultaneously questions even as it reaffirms Trajan as princeps.
Lucan's Legends of the Fall
Authors: Walker Andrew D.
Published: August 2016

flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta mouebo.

(Aen.7.312)

If I cannot bend the gods above, it is Acheron I shall move.

So Juno claims, famously, expressing her determination to thwart the newlyforged alliance between Aeneas and the Italians, and setting in motion (through the agency of Allecto) the violence and passion that fuels the ‘Iliadic’Aeneid—the ‘Energy of Hell’, as Philip Hardie calls it—energy necessary to sustain the momentum of a long narrative poem, a demonic ‘burst of power’ imitated by Vergil's successors—Lucan, Silius, and especially Statius, who opens theThebaidwith an embittered Oedipus summoning the dark forces of the underworld embodied in the Fury Tisiphone (Theb.1.48ff.). Vergil's hexameter might also serve as a motto forRamusto the degree that the journal has mounted a radical—and oedipal—critique over the last quarter century, assaulting the stuffy status quo in classical studies, finding a place ‘on the shelves of all the young and cool’, although those sons (and daughters), now a generation older, are themselves thenewfathers, the newsuperi.Juno's claim so impressed Freud that he placed it on the title page of hismagnum opus—The Interpretation of Dreams—anticipating psychoanalysis' assault on Western subjectivity and describing Freud's own exclusion from the academy, his circuitous ‘professional journey’. Years later Freud would maintain that the hexameter line provides a portrait of ‘repressed instinctual impulses’, suggesting that, long before the twentieth century, Vergil and his epic successors understood the project of psychoanalysis. ‘The poets and philosophers,’ Freud was fond of saying, ‘discovered the unconscious before I did.’
Praeceptor Amoris: Ovid's Ars Amatoria and the Augustan D3EA of Rome
Authors: Davis P. J.
Published: August 2016

InTristia2 Ovid claims that he has always been devoted to the emperor. It is mere that he defends both himself and theArs Amatoria:

per mare, per terrain, per tertia numina iuro,per te praesentem conspicuumque deum,hunc animum fauisse tibi, uir maxime, meque,qua sola potui, mente fuisse tuum.optaui, peteres caelestia sidera tarde,parsque fui turbae parua precantis idem,et pia tura dedi pro te, cumque omnibus unusipse quoque adiuui publica uota meis.quid referam libros, illos quoque, crimina nostra,mille locis plenos nominis esse tui?(Tristia2.53-60)
Happy Birthday, Dead Lucan: (P)Raising the Dead in Silvae 2.7
Authors: Malamud Martha A.
Published: August 2016

In the conclusion to his ground-breaking study of the relationship between Latin literature and politics in the age of Nero, J.P. Sullivan looked forward to the literature of the Flavian period, offering a broad survey of the leading writers and their political and literary affiliations. His portrait of Statius, written with his typical wit, is distinctly unappealing:

But it is to Statius'Silvaeand to ten books of Martial's epigrams that the fastidiously curious turn to discover the sort of praise that the latest and last heir of the Flavian house, though not the modern reader, would find congenial. The longest piece of this kind is Statius' ecphrastic poem on the great equestrian statue of Domitian erected in the Forum Romanum. It was, like the statue, a commissioned piece and was dashed off in less than fortyeight hours …. This poem and theEucharisticon(Silv.4.2) on the great splendour of Domitian's lavish feast to which the poet was invited are adequate illustrations of how far poets were prepared to go in their presumably acceptable adulation. G.W.E. Russell once remarked to Matthew Arnold, ‘Everyone likes flattery; and when it comes to Royalty you should lay it on with a trowel.’ Statius seems to have anticipated the advice.
No Place Like Rome: Identity and Difference in the Germania of Tacitus
Authors: O'Gorman Ellen
Published: August 2016

The Germania, as its full title de origine et situ Germanorum implies, is about Rome. This is clearest from passages couched almost entirely in negative terms, as in chapter 19—

ergo saepta pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum illecebris, nullis conviviorum irritationibus corruptae. litterarum secreta viri pariter ac feminae ignorant…nemo enim illic vitia ridet, nee corrumpere et corrumpi saeculum vocatur.

(19.1-3)

Therefore they live within the confines of chastity, uncorrupted by the enticements of the spectacle or the excitements of the banquet. Women and men alike are unaware of the use of secret letters…for there no-one finds vice a laughing matter, and they do not say that to corrupt or be corrupted is just a sign of the times.
Rhetoric and Poetics in Hesiod
Authors: Kirby John T.
Published: August 2016

Interest in the study of rhetoric and its effects has, of late, seen a notable increase in literary circles. This is understandable, given the whole tendency of current literary theory, but one might equally understandably suppose that that tendency would long postdate Greek poetry of the Archaic period. It would be striking, then, to discover here—at the earliest extant stratum of western literature—a vital interest in the nature of human communication, in its sociological and political effects, and in its relationship to what we have come to think of as artistic creativity. And yet, I submit, that is just what we do discover.

In the case of theIliadand theOdyssey, the task of extrapolating a synthetic theory of rhetoric would be a complex one, because so much of the text is couched in what Benveniste calls ‘histoire’, i.e. ‘historical narration’—that is, rather than the narrator's addressing the audience, implicitly or explicitly, in a direct I/you relation, both are looking away towards a third point, the site of the dramatic action. Moreover, rather than engage the reader/audience in the consideration of some abstract disquisition, the poet presents amuthos, i.e. represents a series of actions. Much more of Hesiod's verse, however, is in the form of what Benveniste calls ‘discours’, or ‘discourse’, which is directed preciselytothe reader/audience. Even the narrative portions of Hesiod often have what we might term a frankly philosophical application; that is, the purpose of the narrative is didactic and, typically, ethical.
The Poetry of Justice: Hesiod and the Origins of Greek Law
Authors: Gagarin Michael
Published: August 2016

A growing area of contemporary legal scholarship is the field loosely described by the expression ‘law and literature’. One of the many points of intersection between law and literature is the study of legal writing, including the opinions of judges and jurists, as a form of literature. Scholars began to study the works of the Attic orators as literature as early as the first century BC, but their specific concern was with these texts as examples of Attic prose and their literary interest primarily concerned matters of rhetoric and prose style. Similarly, modern scholars who have continued this study of the orators have generally examined legal orations not as a separate genre but as another example of prose literature in the same category with history or epideictic oratory. But forensic oratory can also be studied as a form of literature sui generis, whose worth is determined by the special requirements of this genre. As background for such a study I propose to examine the earliest examples of legal oratory, as seen in the works of Homer and Hesiod.
Eros and the Woman
Authors: duBois Page
Published: August 2016

Well then, gentlemen, the earthly Aphrodite's Love is a very earthly Love indeed, and does his work entirely at random. It is he that governs the passions of the vulgar. For, first, they are as much attracted by women as by boys; next, whoever they may love, their desires are of the body rather than of the soul; and, finally, they make a point of courting the shallowest people they can find, looking forward to the mere act of fruition and careless whether it be a worthy or unworthy consummation. And hence they take their pleasures where they find them, good and bad alike. For this is the Love of the younger Aphrodite, whose nature partakes of both male and female.

Pausanias, in Plato's Symposium (181b)
Vocal Variations and Narrative Complexity in Ovid's Vestalia: Fasti 6.249-468
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: August 2016

At F.6.3-8 Ovid lays claim to the kind of vatic authority (cf.fas mihi praecipue…, ‘I have a special right’, 7) which entitles him to a visitation from Juno (13ff.); but this pose soon turns out to be less stable and assured than he would have us believe at the start of the book (cf.facta canam, ‘I shall sing the truth’, 3). Cautioned by Paris' experience and the dangers implicit in favouring one goddess over others in a competitiveiudicium(99f), he proves unable to judge between Juno, Juventas and Concordia as the source of the month's name (97f.). Throughout theFasti, of course, gods and goddesses are invoked to authenticate thecausaewhich Ovid reports for given festivals or rituals, but at the start ofFasti6 (as at the start ofFasti5) he is reduced to aporia through the very mechanism—divine invocation—which is normally the bedrock of his vatic authority. This adjustment in his role asvates, from the authoritative mouthpiece of the gods to the uncertain, judicially impotent arbiter, is but one illustration of a broader phenomenon in theFasti: far from occupying a position of rigidly inflexible authority as he moves through the calendrical cycle, Ovid's vaticpersonaproves to be a flexible narratological instrument which compromises his vatic authority at different points within the poem.
Euripides' Hekabe and the Somatics of Dionysiac Drama
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I.
Published: August 2016

The stage setting of Euripides'Hekabeis a sinister place. Its denizen is an ogre-like king who masquerades as an ally of the Greeks and a friend of the Trojans. He is a host who takes in axenos(‘stranger/guest’) along with his golden hoard, both of which he promises to keep safe within his house. Site of death, site of thesaurization, Polymestor's locale bears an uncanny and parodic resemblance to the house of Hades and he to the form of that death god called Plouton. Paradoxically, the names of the victims who die there, the one he killed (Polydoros) and the one whom others sacrificed (Polyxena), sound like those ironic and euphemistic epithets of that underworld deity, who both gives and receives. This is also a place haunted by ghosts, one of whom appears on stage and speaks the prologue (Polydoros) and the other, Achilleus, who transmits his demand for the sacrificial gift of a ‘bride of death’ (Polyxena). In the end, there is a ‘house of Hades’, but it will be Hekabe's and not Polymestor's, and it is Polymestor and his children who will be lured into her secluded tent, following a path, as the chorus says, that leadsthanasimon pros Haidan(‘to deadly Hades’, 1031f.; cf. 1021f.). He will later call the avengers (Hekabe and her women) Bacchants of Hades (1077).