bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adoption of knowledge integration mechanisms in an interdisciplinary research project
Authors: Canonico Paolo , De Nito Ernesto , Esposito Vincenza , Martinez Marcello , Iacono Mario Pezzillo
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to study knowledge integration mechanisms in an interdisciplinary research project. It develops the theoretical literature on the concept of knowledge integration, particularly the adoption of different organizational mechanisms. The research helps to explain how to adopt different integration mechanisms in the various steps of a typical university industry research project.

Design/methodology/approach

This research relies on a case study. The authors used three data collection techniques: internal document analysis, observation/site visits and semi-structured interviews. Documentary analysis was used to understand the organizational structure and to identify knowledge integration issues. Observation and site visits at university research laboratories were used to increase understanding on particular issues. Staff interviewed included managers and academic researchers.

Findings

Findings are primarily related to a better understanding of choices of knowledge integration mechanisms in a university industry research project. A crucial aspect was the level of mutual understanding of specialist knowledge. When project members were derived from different sides of the university-industry border, there was a major need for recurring to more structured knowledge integration mechanisms, even if the scientific background of participants was homogeneous.

Originality/value

Previous studies on the relationships between university and industry deals with the issue of governing the knowledge exchange on the border at a macro level; conversely, an interesting research gap is represented by knowledge integration mechanisms to be deployed on the university-industry border, especially at micro level. In this paper, the authors do not cope explicitly with university-industry coordination mechanisms but use the University-Industry border to study knowledge integration in interdisciplinary setting. The study is exploratory, which may be useful in generating future research hypotheses, connecting the features of research projects with the need to achieve knowledge integration.
Middle school nutrition knowledge tool development and evaluation in North Carolina
Authors: Hodges Caroline , Roseno Ashley , Duffrin Melani W. , Stage Virginia C.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This study aims to develop and empirically assess an instrument for measuring nutrition knowledge aligned to the North Carolina (NC) Healthful Living Essential Standards for teaching nutrition. The instrument was critically evaluated and used to assess nutrition knowledge in Eastern NC students.

Design/methodology/approach

Researchers evaluated 250 students in 16, eighth-grade classrooms using a 22-question researcher-developed nutrition knowledge questionnaire. Assessment questions were aligned with NC Healthful Living Essential Standards, which suggest students should be able to: apply tools to plan healthy nutrition, create strategies to improve dietary intake, create plans for lifelong health, and evaluate health information and products. Survey reliability and validity (face) were evaluated prior to study implementation. Descriptive statistics for individual items, total and individual standard scores were analyzed. Instrument efficacy was evaluated using item-difficulty and discrimination indexes.

Findings

The survey displayed appropriate levels of item difficulty with three exceptions: two questions were identified as too difficult, and one as too easy. The majority of items also displayed acceptable (>0.20) or excellent (>0.40) discrimination (17 out of 20). Average total nutrition knowledge score was 11.82-3.26 (53.7 per cent). Within aligned standards, students scored highest in creating plans for lifelong health (79 per cent) and lowest in evaluating health information (37.6 per cent).

Originality/value

Study findings suggest eighth-grade students may only possess half the nutrition knowledge standards expected in the eighth grade. More instrument development is needed to supply researchers with standard means of assessing nutrition knowledge.
Efficacy of sodium alginate as fat replacer on the processing and storage quality of buffalo mozzarella cheese
Authors: Chatli Manish Kumar , Gandhi Neeraj , Singh Parminder
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The sensory quality and yield of mozzarella cheese deteriorate as the fat content in milk is reduced. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of sodium alginate as a fat replacer in low-fat buffalo mozzarella cheese on the basis of processing and storage (4 ± 1°C) quality.

Design/methodology/approach

Five treatments of buffalo mozzarella cheese, viz., control full-fat cheese (6.0 per cent milk fat; CFFC), control low-fat cheese (<0.5 per cent milk fat) without sodium alginate (CLFC), low-fat cheese with 0.1 per cent sodium alginate (LFC-1), 0.2 per cent sodium alginate (LFC-2) and 0.3 per cent sodium alginate (LFC-3), were comparatively evaluated.

Findings

Increase in the level of sodium alginate increased the percent yield of treated low-fat cheese than CLFC. Addition of sodium alginate to low-fat cheese resulted in decrease in hardness (p = 0.023) and chewiness than CLFC. Meltability was significantly decreased (p = 0.03) in low-fat cheese than CFFC. It was recorded as 1.5 ± 0.14 cm for CFFC to 0.2 ± 0.08 cm in LFC-3. Sensory panellists awarded LFC-3 highest and lowest to LFC-1; however, treated products at all selected levels were superior to CLFC. Oxidative stability and microbial stability were improved in LFC-3 than CFFC during storage.

Practical implications

Results concluded that 0.3 per cent sodium alginate is optimum for the development of extended shelf-life functional/low-fat/low-calorie buffalo mozzarella cheese.

Originality/value

Processing interventions can be successfully used to develop low-fat/low-calorie mozzarella cheese with acceptable sensory attributes and longer storage life.
Nutritional quality of maize–groundnut composite flours and resultant porridges
Authors: Temba Makumba Chewe , Njobeh Patrick , Ndinteh Derek , Kayitesi Eugenie
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to composite maize, a cereal grain with low protein and lysine content, with groundnut a rich source of protein, to improve the nutritional quality of maize–groundnut composite flours and their resultant porridges.

Design/methodology/approach

Defatted and full fat groundnut flours were used to prepare maize–groundnut composite flours and porridges at the ratio of 100:0, 55:45, 70:30 and 85:15, respectively. They were analyzed for proximate composition, energy value, amino acid and fatty acid profiles.

Findings

Compositing maize with groundnut significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased proteins from 10 per cent in maize flour to up to 21 per cent in composite porridge (denoted DFC1). The energy values for composite porridges were 434 Kcal/100 g when compared with 398 Kcal/100 g established for maize porridge alone. Lysine content was three times higher in composite flours than for maize flour, while for composite porridges, lysine was four times higher than in maize porridge. There was an increase of 35 per cent in oleic acid content when maize flour was composited with groundnut flour.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is required to evaluate the properties of full fat and defatted maize–groundnut porridges and their effects on consumer acceptability.

Originality/value

It can be concluded that compositing maize with full fat and defatted groundnut has the capability of improving the nutritional quality of cereal-based diets consequently contributing to a significant increase in nutritional security of African populations and those of other developing countries of the world.
Effect of aerobic packaging on storage quality of functional restructured spent hen meat slices at refrigeration temperature
Authors: Gupta Swati , Sharma B.D.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The aim of this work was to study the effect of aerobic packaging on storage quality of functional restructured spent hen meat slices (FRSHMS) at refrigerated temperature (4 ± 1°C).

Design/methodology/approach

FRSHMS were prepared by replacing the lean meat with different binders and extenders in pre-standardized restructured spent hen meat slices formulation. The slices of control and FRSHMS were aerobically packaged in LDPE and analyzed for physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality.

Findings

The pH of FRSHMS was significantly higher (p = 0.03) than control on 0 and 7th day. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of both control and FRSHMS increased significantly on 21st day of storage as compared to 0 day. TBA value of FRSHMS was significantly lower (p = 0.04) as compared to that of control on 21st day. Psychrophils were detected on 14th day of storage and thereafter increased significantly (p = 0.00) in both control and FRSHMS. Coliforms were detected only on 21st day of storage in both control and FRSHMS. The sensory attributes of control, and FRSHMS were affected from 14th day onwards, but the products remained quite acceptable with sensory rating between good to very good up to 21 days during refrigerated storage.

Research limitations/implications

The trials can be further carried in modified atmospheric packaging to evaluate storage stability of developed restructured spent hen meat slices.

Originality/value

The paper has demonstrated that the FRSHMS could be stored safely in aerobic packaging for 21 days at refrigeration temperature.
Back to basics: can unstructured camping promote wellbeing?
Authors: Morrow Rosie , Rodriguez Alison , King Nigel
Published: March 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the perceived wellbeing benefits of the unstructured camping experience for young adults.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a cross-sectional descriptive phenomenological study. Young adults between the ages of 21 and 30 years with recent experiences of camping were invited to participate in the study. A descriptive phenomenological approach was taken, involving photograph-guided semi-structured interviews and Colaizzi’s seven-stage analysis framework. Ethical approval was granted by the university where the study was managed.

Findings

Four female participants were interviewed; each interview lasted approximately 60 minutes in duration. Unstructured camping holidays were perceived to heighten general perceptions of health and wellbeing. Five themes emerged: “Getting away”, “Appreciation of the Natural Environment”, “Relationship Maintenance”, “Tranquility and Relaxation” and “Freedom and Adventure/Exploration”. The unstructured nature of the activity encouraged participant’s freewill to appreciate the natural environment and to engage in physical activity. Escape from everyday stressors to a tranquil environment provided the space and time to think and talk, relax and be active.

Originality/value

Green care initiatives could use the unstructured camping experience, or what the authors have framed as the “back to basics” model of camping, as a tool to promote general health and wellbeing in clinical and non-clinical young adult populations. Further research is needed to substantiate the evidence base, especially to probe further around the benefits of the spontaneity of the “back to basics” camping experience, in contrast to the structured group camp experiences the authors advocate in the UK and overseas for children’s leisure or health purposes.
Integrating lipid storage into general representations of fish energetics
Authors: Martin Benjamin T. , Heintz Ron , Danner Eric M. , Nisbet Roger M.
Published: March 2017

Fish, even of the same species, can exhibit substantial variation in energy density (energy per unit wet weight). Most of this variation is due to differences in the amount of storage lipids. In addition to their importance as energy reserves for reproduction and for survival during unfavourable conditions, the accumulation of lipids represents a large energetic flux for many species, so figuring out how this energy flux is integrated with other major energy fluxes (growth, reproduction) is critical for any general theory of organismal energetics.

Here, we synthesize data from a wide range of fish species and identify patterns of intraspecific variation in energy storage, and use these patterns to formulate a general model of energy allocation between growth, lipid storage and reproduction in fishes.

From the compiled data we identified two patterns: (1) energy density increases with body size during the juvenile period, but is invariant with body size within the adult size range for most species, and (2) energy density changes across seasons, with depletion over winter, but increases fastest in periods of transition between favourable and unfavourable conditions for growth (i.e. fall).

Based on these patterns we proposeDEBlipid, a simple, general model of energy allocation that is closely related to a simplified version of Dynamic Energy Budget theory,DEBkiss. The crux of the model is that assimilated energy is partitioned, with κ fraction of energy allocated to pay maintenance costs first, and the surplus allocated to growth, and 1 − κ fraction of assimilated energy is allocated to accumulating storage lipids during the juvenile phase, and later to reproduction as adults. This mechanism, in addition to capturing the two patterns that motivated the model, was able to predict lipid dynamics in a novel context, the migration of anadromous fish from low‐food freshwater to high‐food marine environments. Furthermore, the model was used to explain intra and interspecific variation in reproductive output based on patterns of lipid accumulation as juveniles.

Our results suggest that many seemingly complex, adaptive energy allocation strategies in response to ontogeny, seasonality and habitat quality can emerge from a simple physiological heuristic.
Co‐constructing family therapy in the Asian Chinese family diasporas of mainland China, Malaysia, Macau, Singapore and Taiwan
Authors: Sim Timothy , Yi Fang Xiao , Chan Simon , Teik Cheok Loy Johnben , Sng Sharon , Lo Rebecca , Chao Wentao , Singh Reenee
Published: March 2017

Asian Chinese families are experiencing constant changes. While commonly known cultural themes such as ‘face’, ‘hierarchy’, ‘harmony’ and ‘filial piety’ are useful references and important caveats in clinical settings, they are most useful when the context of larger socio‐economic and political developments of recent decades is taken into account. This article is co‐authored by seven experienced Asian therapists from China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and the United Kingdom. They share their insights into working with Chinese families in Asia. In addition to considering cultural dimensions, the authors attempt to consolidate the understanding of Asian Chinese families by focusing on the effects of socio‐economic and political development. Other than focusing on the unique characteristics and challenges of working with Chinese families in their region, they highlight the most useful therapeutic stances and approaches when working with Asian Chinese families.

Practitioner points

Be mindful that changing family structures affect family dynamics, childcentric values and work‐life balance.

Chinese families expect to receive advice and instruction. Therapists need to be direct and authoritative where appropriate to avoid causing dissatisfaction

Chinese families can be helped to negotiate their emerging needs for the differentiation of self

A possible therapeutic option is use of self and the ability to embrace uncertainty
Digital atmospheres: affective practices of care in Elefriends
Authors: Tucker Ian M. , Goodings Lewis
Published: March 2017

This article develops the concept of digital atmosphere to analyse the affective power of social media to shape practices of care and support for people living with mental distress. Using contemporary accounts of affective atmospheres, the article focuses on feelings of distress, support and care that unfold through digital atmospheres. The power of social media intersects with people's support and care‐seeking practices in multiple ways and not in a straightforward model of ‘accessing or providing support’. Indeed, we find that the caring relations developed through social media often need to be cared for themselves. The article draws on online and interview data from a larger project investigating how practices of care and support are (re)configured in the mental health‐related social media site Elefriends. Users have to negotiate the disruption of moving support online, as well as the possibility of becoming subject to a fragility in care, in which caring for oneself becomes bound up in the ambiguities of caring for others. We argue that understanding how experiences of distress are shaped by social media is essential for understanding the implications of the increased digitisation of mental healthcare.
Perinatal mental health in migrant women
Authors: Chien Patrick
Published: March 2017

Deputy Editor‐in‐Chief, Dr Patrick Chien, discusses his top articles from this issue in an audio podcast available at: https://soundcloud.com/bjog/april-editors-choice-2017
Phenolic Fractions from Muscadine Grape “Noble” Pomace can Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell MDA‐MB‐231 Better than those from European Grape “Cabernet Sauvignon” and Induce S‐Phase Arrest and Apoptosis
Authors: Luo Jianming , Wei Zheng , Zhang Shengyu , Peng Xichun , Huang Yu , Zhang Yali , Lu Jiang
Published: March 2017

Tons of grape pomace which still contained a rich amount of plant polyphenols, is discarded after winemaking. Plant polyphenols have multi‐functional activities for human body. In this study, polyphenols of pomaces from Muscadinia rotundifolia “Noble” and Vitis vinifera “Cabernet Sauvignon” were extracted and fractionated, and then they were analyzed with LC‐MS and the inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells were compared. The inhibition on MDA‐MB‐231 cells of fractions from “Noble” was further evaluated. The results showed that polyphenols from 2 grape pomaces could be separated into 3 fractions, and ellagic acid and/or ellagitannins were only detected in fractions from “Noble” pomace. All 3 fractions from “Noble” pomace inhibited MDA‐MB‐231 better than MCF‐7. But fraction 2 from “Cabernet Sauvignon” inhibited MCF‐7 better while fraction 1 and fraction 3 inhibited both 2 cells similarly. Moreover, the fractions from “Noble” pomace rather than “Cabernet Sauvignon” can inhibit MDA‐MB‐231 better. Finally, fractions from “Noble” pomace can induce S‐phase arrest and apoptosis on MDA‐MB‐231. These findings suggested the extracts from grape pomace especially those from “Noble,” are potential to be utilized as health beneficial products or even anti‐breast cancer agents.
Improved disease activity with fosdagrocorat (PF‐04171327), a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Phase 2 randomized study
Authors: Stock Thomas , Fleishaker Dona , Wang Xin , Mukherjee Arnab , Mebus Charles
Published: March 2017

Aim

To assess efficacy and safety of fosdagrocorat (PF‐04171327), a potential dissociated agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

This multicenter, double‐blind, parallel‐group, active‐ and placebo‐controlled Phase 2 study (NCT00938587) randomized 86 patients (1 : 1 : 1 : 1) to receive fosdagrocorat 10 mg, fosdagrocorat 25 mg, prednisone 5 mg or placebo, all with stable background methotrexate therapy. The primary outcome was change from baseline in Disease Activity Score of 28 joints (DAS28‐4[C‐reactive protein (CRP)]) after 2 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes included American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response rates, change from baseline in ACR core components and Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index.

Results

At week 2, improvements from baseline in DAS28‐4(CRP) with fosdagrocorat 10 and 25 mg, prednisone 5 mg and placebo were −1.69, −2.22, −1.17 and −0.96, respectively, and were statistically significantly greater for both fosdagrocorat doses versus placebo (P < 0.05) and for fosdagrocorat 25 mg versus prednisone 5 mg (P < 0.001). The effects of fosdagrocorat on secondary outcomes were generally consistent with those observed for the primary outcome. Adverse events (AEs) were reported for eight (38%), three (14%), four (19%) and 12 (55%) patients treated with fosdagrocorat 10 and 25 mg, prednisone 5 mg and placebo, respectively. Most AEs were mild in severity. Four patients discontinued treatment due to AEs (fosdagrocorat 10 mg, n = 2; placebo, n = 2). There were no serious AEs.

Conclusion

Fosdagrocorat 10 and 25 mg demonstrated efficacy in improving signs and symptoms in RA patients, with manageable AEs. Additional studies are needed to assess the longer‐term safety and efficacy of fosdagrocorat.
Clinical characteristics of multifocal osteonecrosis in Korean patients with rheumatic disease
Authors: Jeong Hye‐Jin , Kim Dam , Cho Soo‐Kyung , Kim Yeesuk , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung
Published: March 2017

Aim

Osteonecrosis (ON), also known as avascular necrosis, is an important cause of physical disability in rheumatic disease. When this condition affects multiple structures, disability is increased. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of Korean patients with multifocal ON associated with rheumatic disease and to compare them with those of previously reported cases.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical characteristics of eight Korean patients with multifocal ON, defined by the involvement of three or more anatomic sites, associated with rheumatic disease in a single referral academic hospital, and compared them with those of 19 similar cases previously reported in the literature.

Results

All eight patients were female, with median age of 26 years. All had underlying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and had been using corticosteroids. The most common site affected by ON was the knee joint. However, in contrast to our patients, the previous reported cases had other rheumatic diseases such as myositis, scleroderma and antiphospholipid syndrome. In comparison between Korean multifocal ON patients with SLE and those of previous reports, shoulder joint involvement was higher in previous reports. Common features in patients from both groups were knee joint involvement and prevalent use of corticosteroids.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that multifocal ON is common in young SLE patients who have been using corticosteroids and the most commonly involved site is the knee.
Long‐term follow‐up study of community‐based patients receiving XR‐NTX for opioid use disorders
Authors: Williams Arthur Robin , Barbieri Vincent , Mishlen Kaitlyn , Levin Frances R. , Nunes Edward V. , Mariani John J. , Bisaga Adam
Published: March 2017

Background and Objectives

Extended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) is FDA‐approved to prevent relapse in patients with Opioid Use Disorder. However little is known about long‐term use among community‐based outpatients.

Methods

Retrospective chart review and long‐term follow‐up survey among individuals (N = 168) who entered an outpatient XR‐NTX trial between 2011 and 2015, during which participants were offered three monthly injections of XR‐NTX at no cost. The survey consisted of 35 questions covering a total of four domains: (1) substance use; (2) treatment continuation; (3) barriers; and (4) attitudes.

Results

Fifty‐seven respondents were successfully surveyed, including 50% of those initially receiving all three XR‐NTX injections (“study completers”) in the parent study. Study completion was associated with superior outcomes and less likely relapse (defined as daily use), with a much greater time to relapse despite higher rates of concurrent non‐opioid substance use. However the majority of participants discontinued treatment with XR‐NTX at study completion, largely due to attitudes of “feeling cured” and “wanting to do it on my own” rather than external barriers such as cost or side effects.

Conclusion

Patients who initiate treatment with XR‐NTX might benefit from anticipatory guidance and motivational techniques to encourage long‐term adherence as many will experience internal barriers to continuation. Our findings are reassuring that few patients experience side effects or adverse events complicating the effectiveness or safety of long‐term use of XR‐NTX.

Scientific Significance

Among outpatients who successfully receive 3 monthly XR‐NTX injections, many will prematurely discontinue treatment due to internal attitudes, such as “feeling cured.” (Am J Addict 2017;26:319–325)
Seat belt repositioning and use of vehicle seat cushions is increased among older drivers aged 75 years and older with morbidities
Authors: Brown Julie , Coxon Kristy , Fong Cameron , Clarke Elizabeth , Rogers Kris , Keay Lisa
Published: March 2017

Objective

Good seat belt fit and positioning is important for crash protection. Older drivers experience problems in achieving good seat belt fit and often reposition seat belts and/or use seat cushions. Comfort influences these behaviours. This work examines the impact of functional morbidities on belt positioning and accessory use and whether comfort mediates this relationship

Methods

Mediation analysis was used to examine the relationship between morbidities affecting physical function, comfort, belt repositions and seat cushion use among 380 drivers aged 75 years and older.

Results

Musculoskeletal morbidities increase the likelihood of seat belt repositioning (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12–1.67) and comfort partially mediates this relationship (P = 0.03). Morbidities of any type also increase the likelihood of seat cushion use (OR 1.15 95% CI 1.04–1.27), but comfort plays no role in this relationship (P = 0.87).

Conclusion

Greater awareness among older drivers is needed, to ensure behavioural modifications do not impair their crash protection.
Randomised controlled trial demonstrates that fermented infant formula with short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of infantile colic
Authors: Vandenplas Yvan , Ludwig Thomas , Bouritius Hetty , Alliet Philippe , Forde Derek , Peeters Stefaan , Huet Frederic , Hourihane Jonathan
Published: March 2017

Aim

We examined the effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance of a novel infant formula that combined specific fermented formula (FERM) with short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS), with a 9:1 ratio and concentration of 0.8 g/100 mL.

Methods

This prospective, double‐blind, randomised, controlled trial comprised 432 healthy, term infants aged 0–28 days whose parents decided to not start, or discontinued, breastfeeding. Infant formula with scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM, scGOS/lcFOS+15%FERM, 50%FERM and scGOS/lcFOS were tested. Parents completed standardised seven‐day diaries on GI symptoms, crying, sleeping and stool characteristics each month until the infants were 17 weeks.

Results

All the formulas were well tolerated. At four weeks, the overall incidence of infantile colic was significantly lower (8%) with scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM than scGOS/lcFOS (20%, p = 0.034) or 50%FERM (20%, p = 0.036). Longitudinal modelling showed that scGOS/lcFOS+50%FERM‐fed infants also displayed a persistently lower daily crying duration and showed a consistent stool‐softening effect than infants who received formula without scGOS/lcFOS.

Conclusion

The combination of fermented formula with scGOS/lcFOS was well tolerated and showed a lower overall crying time, a lower incidence of infantile colic and a stool‐softening effect in healthy term infants. These findings suggest for the first time that a specific infant formula has a preventive effect on infantile colic in formula‐fed infants.
Diversity of seeds captured by interception exceeds diversity of seeds deposited in traps
Authors: Stone Judy L. , Malloy Ryan , Murray Greg
Published: March 2017

Seed dispersal, a key process in terrestrial landscapes, is increasingly important in the face of habitat fragmentation and global climate change. Seed dispersal is also notoriously difficult to characterize, especially in species rich and spatially complex tropical forests. We contrasted assemblages of biotically dispersed seeds collected from four sites using two methods: deposition into seed traps and interception by the capture of frugivorous birds. We also compared seed deposition and interception with local fruit production. Species accumulation curves for seeds deposited in seed traps began to level off sooner than curves for seeds collected from birds captured in mist nets, and extrapolation showed significantly greater estimated species richness for seeds collected from birds than for those deposited in traps. Assemblages from birds and from traps at each site were quite different, with an abundance‐based similarity index of 0.64; this dissimilarity increases if bat‐dispersed seeds are included in the analysis. Common bird‐dispersed species were retrieved from both mist‐netted birds and from seed traps, but numerous locally fruiting understory species were recovered only from birds. We conclude that the sampling of seeds carried by birds provides a valuable complement to other methods of studying seed dispersal in species‐rich tropical forests by revealing relationships between specific dispersers and their seed plants and by creating a more complete account of species diversity of seeds being transported at a given site.
Anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis in Māori and Pacific Island children in New Zealand
Authors: Jones Hannah F , Mohammad Shekeeb S , Reed Peter W , Dunn Paul P J , Steele Richard H , Dale Russell C , Sharpe Cynthia
Published: March 2017

Aim

To investigate the incidence and severity of anti‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (anti‐NMDA) receptor encephalitis in children from New Zealand.

Method

A retrospective case series was undertaken of all children (≤18y) diagnosed with anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis from January 2008 to October 2015.

Results

Sixteen patients were identified with anti‐NMDA receptor antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, three of whom had an associated teratoma. Fifteen children had Māori and/or Pacific Island ancestry. The incidence of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis in Māori children was 3.4 per million children per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–7.0) and the incidence in Pacific children was 10.0 per million children per year (95% CI 4.3–19.8) compared with 0.2 per million children per year (95% CI 0.0–1.0) in children without Māori or Pacific Island ancestry. Sixty‐seven per cent of children had a good outcome (modified Rankin Score ≤2) at 2 years’ follow‐up. This compares unfavourably with other cohorts despite a shorter median time to first‐line immunotherapy (13d; range 4–89) and a higher proportion of children being treated with second‐line therapy (50%).

Interpretation

Māori and Pacific Island children have a higher incidence of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis and possibly a more severe phenotype. These data suggest a genetic predisposition to anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis in these populations.
Recruitment and Retention of Low‐SES Ethnic Minority Couples in Intervention Research at the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Baucom Katherine J. W. , Chen Xiao S. , Perry Nicholas S. , Revolorio Kaddy Y. , Reina Astrid , Christensen Andrew
Published: March 2017

Low‐SES couples have limited resources to manage the chronic and acute stressors with which they are disproportionately faced. Although these couples are at greater risk for negative individual and relationship outcomes, evaluations of the impact of couple relationship education (CRE) in low‐SES couples have been plagued by methodological problems, most notably challenges associated with recruitment and retention. We review the literature on challenges couples face associated with low‐SES, as well as on recruitment, retention, and CRE in low‐SES, ethnic minority populations. We illustrate some of these challenges in a case study of CRE for low‐SES couples transitioning to parenthood. In this pilot study, 21 couples were recruited from a community health clinic and randomized to either an experimental treatment condition (EXP; N = 11) or a treatment‐as‐usual control condition (TAU; N = 10). This study sought to mitigate documented challenges with recruitment and retention: We leveraged community partnerships, attempted to build and maintain strong relationships with study participants, provided incentives for assessments as well as intervention meetings, and attempted to reduce potential barriers to enrollment and retention. Nonetheless, we had low rates of recruitment and retention. We integrate these findings and experiences with our review of previous work in this area. We make recommendations for future CRE research and practice that have potential implications for public policy in this area.
Diagnosing and preventing iron overload
Authors: Ramanathan Ganesh , Olynyk John K. , Ferrari Paolo
Published: March 2017

Absolute or functional iron (Fe) deficiency is an important determinant of anemia in hemodialysis patients and parenteral Fe is routinely used to treat this condition in conjunction with erythropoiesis stimulating agents. While restoration of hemoglobin toward the target range is a good outcome of Fe replacement, it is well known that Fe overload and toxicity may be adverse consequences of this therapy. Dialysis clinical practice guidelines recommend tailoring Fe therapy based on transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels. Unfortunately, serum Fe markers may not accurately reflect the amount of Fe in the body, because factors such as infections, inflammation, or malignancy can alter serum ferritin levels. Some recent trials in dialysis patients receiving high intravenous Fe doses have shown increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this population have shown excessive tissue liver iron content (LIC) suggesting Fe overload. While LIC measured by MRI correlates well with LIC quantitated by liver biopsy, it only represents a surrogate marker for total body Fe and its clinical relevance in dialysis patients in terms of mortality and morbidity remains to be demonstrated. Nevertheless, these recent findings challenge the use of current serum Fe markers recommended by clinical guidelines to guide safe Fe therapy in dialysis patients. While not yet established for the routine screening of dialysis patients for Fe overload, MRI should be considered in patients who have received a high cumulative dose of intravenous Fe, or have long cumulative dialysis vintage. Further studies are needed to assess how MRI will alter management.
Hypoacetylation of acetyl‐histone H3 (H3K9ac) as marker of poor prognosis in oral cancer
Authors: Webber Liana P , Wagner Vivian P , Curra Marina , Vargas Pablo A , Meurer Luise , Carrard Vinícius C , Squarize Cristiane H , Castilho Rogério M , Martins Manoela D
Published: March 2017

Aims

Epigenetics refers to changes in cell characteristics that occur independently of modifications to the DNA sequence. Oral carcinogenesis is influenced by modifications in epigenetic mechanisms, including changes in histones, which are proteins that support chromatin remodelling for the dynamic regulation of gene expression and silencing. The dysregulation of histone acetylation can lead to the uncontrolled activity of different genes, thereby triggering events associated with malignant transformation. The aim of this study was to analyse the expression of acetyl‐histone H3 at lys9 (H3K9ac) in oral leucoplakia (OL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in addition to its association with cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and clinical‐pathological findings.

Methods and results

Samples of normal oral mucosa (NOM), OL and OSCC were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using anti‐H3K9ac, Ki67 and vimentin. Slides were submitted to quantitative analysis regarding the percentage of positive cells. OSCC presented less expression of H3K9ac in comparison to OL (P < 0.01), whereas Ki67 and vimentin levels increased from OL to OSCC (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). OSCC patients with poor prognosis had less H3K9ac expression (P = 0.04). The Kaplan–Meier cumulative survival curves also revealed lower survival rates in patients with less H3K9ac expression (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that changes in H3K9ac occur during the process of oral carcinogenesis along with an increase in cell proliferation and EMT. The results demonstrate that H3K9ac may be a useful novel prognostic marker for OSCC.
Tumour epithelial and stromal characteristics of hepatocellular carcinomas with abundant fibrous stroma: fibrolamellar versus scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Young‐Joo , Rhee Hyungjin , Yoo Jeong Eun , Alves Venancio A F , Kim Gi Jeong , Kim Hye Min , Herman Paulo , Chagas Aline , Kim Haeryoung , Park Young Nyun
Published: March 2017

Aims

The scirrhous variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (S‐HCC) and fibrolamellar HCC (FL‐HCC) are less common subtypes of HCC that are characterized by abundant fibrous stroma. Here, we aimed to investigate differences in the tumour microenvironment and the tumour epithelial cell characteristics of S‐HCC and FL‐HCC.

Methods and results

Whole tissue sections of 17 S‐HCCs and 9 FL‐HCCs were subjected to immunohistochemical stains for keratin 7 (K7), K19, EpCAM, CD56/NCAM, CD163, CD68, pSTAT3, FAP, CCN2 and Ki‐67. FL‐HCC patients were younger than S‐HCC patients (P < 0.001), and chronic liver disease was seen in the background of 88.2% of S‐HCC and in none of the FL‐HCC. CD68 and CD163‐positive tumour‐infiltrating macrophages, and FAP‐positive cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were more abundant in the stroma of S‐HCCs compared to FL‐HCCs (all P < 0.05). Tumour epithelial K19 expression was more frequent in S‐HCCs compared to FL‐HCCs (P = 0.023). Significant positive correlations were seen between pSTAT3 expression status in tumour epithelial cells and CAFs, the extent of stromal CAF and macrophage infiltration and K19 expression status. No significant differences were seen for K7, EpCAM, CD56/NCAM, CCN2 expression and Ki‐67 labelling index between S‐HCCs and FL‐HCCs.

Conclusion

S‐HCC and FL‐HCC are subtypes of HCC with extensive fibrosis, and the nature of the fibrous stroma differs between them. While the stroma of FL‐HCC is composed of dense lamellated collagenous bands with sparse cellular components, S‐HCC demonstrates more abundant CAF and tumour‐infiltrating macrophages and stemness‐related marker expression, suggesting the presence of a complex tumour microenvironment that may influence the aggressive behaviour of S‐HCCs.
Lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy and vascular function: Role of the nitric oxide–phosphodiesterase type 5–cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate pathway
Authors: Higashi Yukihito
Published: March 2017

It is well known that there is an association of lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy with cardiovascular disease, suggesting that lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy is a risk factor for cardiovascular events. Vascular function, including endothelial function and vascular smooth muscle function, is involved in the pathogenesis, maintenance and development of atherosclerosis, leading to cardiovascular events. Vascular dysfunction per se should also contribute to lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy. Both lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy and vascular dysfunction have cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, aging, obesity and smoking. Inactivation of the phosphodiesterase type 5–cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate–nitric oxide pathway causes lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy through an enhancement of sympathetic nervous activity, endothelial dysfunction, increase in Rho‐associated kinase activity and vasoconstriction, and decrease in blood flow of pelvic viscera. Both endogenous nitric oxide and exogenous nitric oxide act as vasodilators on vascular smooth muscle cells through an increase in the content of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate, which is inactivated by phosphodiesterase type 5. In a clinical setting, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are widely used in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors might have beneficial effects on vascular function through not only inhibition of cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate degradation, but also increases in testosterone levels and nitric oxide bioavailability, increase in the number and improvement of the function of endothelial progenitor cells, and decrease in insulin resistance. In the present review, the relationships between lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hypertrophy, the phosphodiesterase type 5–nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate pathway, vascular function and cardiovascular outcomes are examined.
Cohort study of Gorlin syndrome with emphasis on standardised phenotyping and quality of life assessment
Authors: Huq Aamira J. , Bogwitz Michael , Gorelik Alexandra , Winship Ingrid M. , White Susan M. , Trainer Alison H.
Published: March 2017

Background

Gorlin syndrome (nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome) is a rare genetic predisposition to basal cell carcinomas (BCC), keratocysts of the jaw and calcification of the falx cerebri among other clinical features. With the advent of sonic hedgehog inhibitors for the treatment of BCC, it is timely to establish a cohort of individuals with Gorlin syndrome and collect standardised phenotypic information on these individuals. Moreover, the health‐related quality of life (QoL) in individuals with Gorlin syndrome is not well studied.

Aim

To establish a Victorian cohort of Gorlin syndrome and study the QoL in these individuals.

Methods

Phenotypic data were obtained by reviewing medical records of individuals attending two major tertiary/quaternary genetic referral centres in Victoria, followed by telephone or face‐to‐face interviews where possible. QoL information was obtained utilising the AQoL‐6D quality of life survey form.

Results

The median number of BCC in the 19 individuals studied was 17.5 (interquartile range 3–70). The number of patients with ≥100 BCC in this group was similar to a previously described national cohort (22.2 vs 27% respectively). A total of 58% of referrals to the genetics clinics originated from maxillofacial surgeons and 42% from dermatologists. Individuals with ≥100 BCC had worse median QoL scores compared to those with <100 BCC (36 vs 29, P‐value of 0.031).

Conclusion

The clinical features in our cohort were congruent with those previously described in Australia. The QoL is adversely correlated with increased BCC burden.
What drives perceived work intensity in neonatal intensive care units? Empirical evidence from a longitudinal study
Authors: Sülz Sandra , Langhammer Kristina , Becker‐Peth Michael , Roth Bernhard
Published: March 2017

Aim

To investigate the drivers of perceived work intensity among neonatal intensive care unit nurses.

Background

The consequences of high work intensity have been studied extensively, yet setting‐specific drivers have received less attention.

Design

Prospective, longitudinal and monocentric study design.

Methods

The study combined data from standardized diary surveys and passive observations of study nurses. Data were collected over a period of 6 months in 2015. We considered two scenarios: (1) the perception of normal work intensity relative to non‐normal work intensity; and (2) the perception of high work intensity relative to non‐high work intensity. Perceived work intensity was then analysed using mixed‐effects probit regression models.

Results

We found that when direct and indirect care were provided more frequently than administrative and other duties were performed, the evaluated nurses perceived their work intensity to be higher. We also found that nurses who more frequently provided care for sick and preterm infants were less likely to perceive their work intensity as normal and this effect was stronger among nurses who cared for infants under mechanical ventilation than nurses who cared for infants receiving non‐invasive respiratory support.

Conclusion

In the interest of both nurses and infants and the pursuit of a reduction in perceived work intensity and the provision of better neonatal care, caution must be applied when assigning infants to nurses. Further research is needed to validate these findings using a multicentre study design.
A novel bispecific molecule delivered by recombinant AAV2 suppresses ocular inflammation and choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Li Yiming , Zhu Ping , Verma Amrisha , Prasad Tuhina , Deng Hongxin , Yu Dechao , Li Qiuhong
Published: March 2017

Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and complement activation are implicated in the pathogenesis of different ocular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that dual inhibition of both VEGF and complement activation would confer better protection against ocular inflammation and neovascularization. In this study, we engineered a secreted chimeric VEGF inhibitor domain (VID), a complement inhibitor domain (CID) and a dual inhibitor (ACVP1). Vectors expressing these three inhibitors were constructed and packaged into AAV2 (sextY‐F) particles. The expression and secretion of the proteins were validated by Western blot. The effects of these inhibitors expressed from AAV2 vectors were examined in endotoxin‐induced uveitis (EIU), experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse models. The AAV2 vectors expressing the CID‐ and ACVP1‐attenuated inflammation in EIU and EAU model, whereas the vector expressing VID showed improved retinal structure damaged by EAU, but not affect the infiltration of inflammatory cells in EAU or EIU eyes. Both VID and CID vectors improved laser‐induced retinal and choroid/RPE injuries and CNV, whereas ACVP1 vector provided significantly better protection. Our results suggest that gene therapy targeting VEGF and complement components could provide an innovative and long‐term strategy for ocular inflammatory and neovascular diseases.
Enhanced spatial resolution in vector potential photoelectron microscopy
Authors: BROWNING R.
Published: March 2017

The spatial resolution of the vector potential photoelectron microscope is determined by the maximum size of the cyclotron orbits of the imaged electrons at the surface of a sample. It is straightforward to calculate the spatial resolution for any imaged electron energy given the magnetic field strength. However, in low‐energy secondary photoelectron images from an aluminium–calcium metal matrix alloy, we find the apparent spatial resolution is significantly higher than expected. A possible explanation for the enhanced resolution is that the low‐energy cyclotron orbits are distorted when passing from one area of work function to another and the image is dependent on the surface field distribution.
Type‐I interferons in Parkinson's disease: innate inflammatory response drives fate of neurons in model of degenerative brain disorder
Authors: Kanninen Katja M. , White Anthony R.
Published: March 2017

Read the commented article ‘Type‐I interferons mediate the neuroinflammatory response and neurotoxicity induced by rotenone’ on page 75.