bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRONTIUM, VANADIUM, AND ZINC IN THE SHELLS OF PTEROPODS
Authors: PYLE THOMAS E. , TIEH THOMAS T.
Published: August 2016

X‐ray fluorescence analyses of pteropod tests from the Gulf of Mexico provide the first detection of Zn in these shells and the first determination of Sr, V, and Zn concentrations of Diacria trispinosa shells. The results suggest further study of the contribution or acceptance of trace elements by pteropods on burial in sediments.
LUTHER, H., AND J. RZÓSKA [COMPILERS]. 1971. Project aqua. A source book of inland waters proposed for conservation. IBP Handbook No. 21. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia (Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford and Edinburgh). xiv + 239 p. $7.00.
Authors: FRANK PETER W.
Published: August 2016

This article is in Free Access Publication and may be downloaded using the “Download Full Text PDF” link at right.
Factors controlling the biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in fresh and coastal marine waters as revealed by artificial radioisotopes
Authors: Santschi P. H.
Published: August 2016

Radionuclides in aquatic ecosystems can provide important insights into the way physical, chemical, biological, and sedimentological processes are coupled into networks to control the transfer of major and trace elements within the waterbody itself and across its boundaries. Examples from artificial radionuclide studies in freshwater (Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario, ELA) and coastal marine ecosystem enclosures (MERL tanks at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island) show the cycling of selected trace elements across the sediment‐water interface as these are influenced by various biogeochemical factors.

The approach to meaningful studies using radiotracers should include the separate characterization of the physical transport processes, and preferably a comparison of the fate of radiotracers to those of stable elements in the same system, to allow for kinetic studies of chemical forms. The kinetics of transformation of different chemical species of Co, Hg, Ag, Se, and Cr ions, under variable pH (ELA) or redox (MERL) conditions appeared to be indirectly linked to the kinetics of organic carbon cycling. A better knowledge of the predominant chemical species of trace elements present in these systems will be important in understanding bioavailability, biomagnification, and toxicity of trace elements in aquatic ecosystems.
Preparing random distributions of diatom valves on microscope slides
Authors: McBride T. Patrick
Published: August 2016

Diatom cells are mounted on a microscope slide in a statistically random distribution for subsequent population counting. The cells are allowed to settle from aqueous suspension onto a cover slip suspended in a plastic well. By placing the well in a desiccator, the water is evaporated off with minimal disturbance to the layer of settled valves, and most of the residual salts are left in the base of the well after the water level drops below the cover slip surface. When dry the cover slip is mounted on a microscope slide using a medium of high refractive index.
A mass‐ and isotope‐balance model of DOC mixing in estuaries
Authors: Cifuentes Luis A. , Eldridge Peter M.
Published: August 2016

Expanding knowledge of degradation kinetics coupled with significant improvements in measurement precision of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) necessitates a review of factors that influence its cycling in estuaries. A one dimensional, time‐dependent estuarine model was used to ascertain how sinks and sources of DOC produced conservative and nonconservative property‐salinity distributions. DOC from riverine and coastal mixing members was assumed to have labile (k = 0.1 d−1) and refractory (k = 0.001 d−1) components. The magnitude of other inputs (i.e., marshes and phytoplankton) varied with respect to riverine loading (20 mol C s−1). Also, marsh (δ13C = − 12) and phytoplankton (δ13C = −20) DOC had distinct isotopic ratios compared with riverine (δ13C = −28) and coastal (δ13C = −23) DOC. Diffusive mixing times were modified by adjusting the dispersion coefficient (velocity was constant). As expected, conservative profiles were obtained when time‐scales (half‐life, turnover time) associated with sources and sinks were significantly greater than estuarine mixing times. Degradation of coastal DOC, however, had little impact on property‐salinity relationships at all mixing times studied. Moreover, nonconservative profiles were detected when at least 10% of riverine DOC was labile. In turn, the magnitude of marsh or phytoplankton inputs compared to riverine loading had a greater impact on property‐salinity distributions than estuarine residence time. Reexamination of literature data (Parker River and Ipswich River estuaries, Massachusetts) indicated that DOC concentration and isotope data can, coupled with this modeling effort, be used to estimate the magnitude and origin of DOC in estuaries.
Oxygen isotopic exchange and fractionation during bacterial ammonia oxidation
Authors: Casciotti Karen L. , McIlvin Matthew , Buchwald Carolyn
Published: August 2016

We examined the oxygen isotopic systematics for ammonia oxidation, the first step in the regeneration of nitrate from ammonium. In particular, oxygen isotopic fractionation and exchange with water were evaluated for their roles in determining the δ18O of nitrite produced by four species of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Microbially catalyzed oxygen isotopic exchange between nitrite and water was less than 25% at low cell densities (106 cells mL−1) and ammonium concentrations (less than 50 µmol L−1). The amount of exchange was relatively constant for a given species of ammonia oxidizer but varied between 1% and 25% among the four species tested. The δ18O value of nitrite produced at a given water δ18O value also varied by nearly 10% among the different species. Isotopic fractionation, either during oxygen (O2) incorporation by ammonia monooxygenase and/or water incorporation by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase plays an important role in setting the δ18O of nitrite produced by AOB. This work provides a detailed characterization of the oxygen isotopic systematics of ammonia oxidation by AOB, which will help us better interpret the oxygen isotopic distributions of nitrite, nitrate, and nitrous oxide in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Vertical distribution and ontogenetic "migration" in coral reef fish larvae
Authors: Irisson Jean-Olivier , Paris Claire B. , Guigand Cédric , Planes Serge
Published: August 2016

Vertical distribution patterns were studied in the community of coral reef fish larvae around Tetiaroa (French Polynesia) using vertically stratified net tows within the first 100 m of the water column. These patterns were examined statistically using an approach based on the center of mass of larval patches. Regression trees first highlighted large differences between taxa, followed by an ontogenetic effect within each taxon. Many families displayed a vertical spread during ontogeny that accounted in part for a downward shift in the distribution of centers of mass. The spread suggests that, throughout ontogeny, individuals move within a wider range of depths rather than migrate downward synchronously. Both the spread and the shift were consistent at the community level despite the taxonomic differences. No difference in mean depth or spread was discernible between day and night, except for Serranidae, which were shallower at night. Environmental factors (such as thermocline depth or current shear) usually explained little variance, except for Lethrinidae and Blennidae, which were consistently deeper when the halocline was deeper. Although the overall effect of the observed ontogenetic spread in such a mildly stratified environment is likely to be small, it might still favor exceptional cases of retention, which can be important given the very low recruitment rate of coral reef fishes.
Upwelling linked to warm summers and bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Berkelmans Ray , Weeks Scarla J. , Steinberga Craig R.
Published: August 2016

We investigate a range of indices to quantify upwelling on the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, so that environmental and biological relationships associated with upwelling in this area can be explored. We show that "Upwelling days" (the number of days of upwelling) and diurnal variation in subsurface temperature (maximum‐minimum, 20‐m depth) are satisfactory metrics to describe the duration and intensity of upwelling events, respectively. We use these to examine key characteristics of shelf‐break upwelling in the central GBR. Our results show, somewhat paradoxically, that although upwelling involves cold water being brought near to the surface, it is linked to positive thermal anomalies on the GBR, both locally and regionally. Summers (December to February) with strongest upwelling occurred during the GBR‐wide bleaching events of 1997‐1998 and 2001‐2002. Upwelling in the GBR is enhanced during doldrums conditions that were a feature of these summers. During these conditions, the poleward‐flowing East Australian Current flows faster, lifting the thermocline closer to the surface, spilling more sub‐thermocline waters onto the shelf. Doldrums conditions also result in intense local heating, stratification of the water column, and, when severe, coral bleaching. Upwelling intrusions are spatially restricted (central GBR), generally remain subsurface, and are often intermittent, allowing GBR‐wide bleaching to occur despite conditions resulting in enhanced upwelling. Intense upwelling events precede anomalous seasonal temperature maxima by up to 2 months and bleaching by 1‐3 wk, leading to the prospect of using upwelling activity as a seasonal forecasting index of unusually warm summers and widespread bleaching.
Revealing organic carbon sources fueling a coral reef food web in the Gulf of Mexico using stable isotopes and fatty acids
Authors: Carreón-Palau Laura , Parrish Christopher C. , del Angel-Rodríguez Jorge A. , Pérez-España Horacio , Aguiñiga-García Sergio
Published: August 2016

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and fatty acids (FAs) revealed primary producer organic carbon sources that fuel a coral reef food web with river influence. A stable isotope mixing model was used to assess the relative contribution of six different primary producers to nine of the most ubiquitous invertebrate and fish consumer's bulk carbon. Mangrove and phytoplankton were difficult to differentiate in some consumers; likely solutions involved one or the other but not both at the same time. FA concentration in upper trophic levels was corrected for the primary producer's relative contribution according to the mixing model, and FA retention was evaluated using a calculated trophic retention factor (TRF). The C18 FAs, 18:2ω6 and 18:3ω3, were plentiful in mangrove, sea grass, and green algae, but decreased across trophic levels with a TRF ≤ 1, probably due to decomposition of drifting leaves and then consumer metabolism. In contrast, macroalgae and phytoplankton FAs, 24:1ω9, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA) 20:4ω6, docosapentanoic acid (DPA) 22:5ω3, and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) 22:6ω3, showed trophic accumulation (TRF > 1), while eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) 20:5ω3 had similar concentrations across trophic levels (TRF = 1), suggesting the following degrees of HUFA retention: DHA > ARA > EPA. This study indicates that phytoplankton are the major source of essential dietary nutrients for all fish, and that dietary energy from mangroves is transferred to juvenile fish Caranx hippos, while sea grass nonessential FAs are transferred to the entire food web. Moreover, among the species studied, the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter is the major consumer of brown and green algae, while red algae were also consumed by the surgeon fish Acanthurus chirurgus.
Indirect bottom‐up control of consumer‐resource dynamics: Resource‐driven algal quality alters grazer numerical response
Authors: Felpeto Aldo Barreiro , Hairston, Jr. Nelson G.
Published: August 2016

The nature of the growth‐rate response of grazing zooplankton to algal concentration depends critically upon food quality, which is often a plastic function of environmental conditions. Phytoplankton quality depends upon nutrient and light availability, which together affect cell C : P and C : N, so that the links from external environment to phytoplankton and then to zooplankton can vary in ways that influence consumer‐resource interaction strengths, and ultimately, food web structure. We measured the effects of resource‐limitation on the population growth rate of rotifers, Brachionus calyciflorus, feeding on the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and grown in nitrogen‐limiting, phosphorus‐limiting, or nutrient‐sufficient conditions. Consumption of nutrient‐sufficient algae produced a Type II numerical response with a low half saturation constant (Ks) and high asymptotic growth rate (λmax) consistent with high food quality; P‐limited algae also yielded a Type II response but with high Ks and low λmax, meaning poor food quality. In contrast, N‐limited Chlamydomonas resulted in a novel Type IV numerical response in which rotifer growth rate rose to an intermediate λmax and then declined at the highest algal densities, suggesting the production of toxic compounds whose negative effect on growth increases as a function of cell density. Experiments with mixed diets confirmed that N‐limited food was indeed toxic, whereas P‐limited food was simply nutritionally deficient compared with light‐limited algae. Additional experiments showed that even the filtrate of N‐limited algae can be detrimental to rotifer growth.
Methionine synthase interreplacement in diatom cultures and communities: Implications for the persistence of B12 use by eukaryotic phytoplankton
Authors: Bertrand Erin M. , Moran Dawn M. , McIlvin Matthew R. , Hoffman Jeffrey M. , Allen Andrew E. , Saito Mak A.
Published: August 2016

Three proteins related to vitamin B12 metabolism in diatoms were quantified via selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry: B12‐dependent and B12‐independent methionine synthase (MetH, MetE) and a B12 acquisition protein (CBA1). B12‐mediated interreplacement of MetE and MetH metalloenzymes was observed in Phaeodactylum tricornutum where MetH abundance was highest (0.06 fmol µg−1 protein) under high B12 and MetE abundance increased to 3.25 fmol µg−1 protein under low B12 availability. Maximal MetE abundance was 60‐fold greater than MetH, consistent with the expected ∼ 50–100‐fold larger turnover number for MetH. MetE expression resulted in 30‐fold increase in nitrogen and 40‐fold increase in zinc allocated to methionine synthase activity under low B12. CBA1 abundance was 6‐fold higher under low‐B12 conditions and increased upon B12 resupply to starved cultures. While biochemical pathways that supplant B12 requirements exist and are utilized by organisms such as land plants, B12 use persists in eukaryotic phytoplankton. This study suggests that retention of B12 utilization by phytoplankton results in resource conservation under conditions of high B12 availability. MetE and MetH abundances were also measured in diatom communities from McMurdo Sound, verifying that both these proteins are expressed in natural communities. These protein measurements are consistent with previous studies suggesting that B12 availability influences Antarctic primary productivity. This study illuminates controls on expression of B12‐related proteins, quantitatively assesses the metabolic consequences of B12 deprivation, and demonstrates that mass spectrometry‐based protein measurements yield insight into the functioning of marine microbial communities.
Fatty acid and stable isotope biomarkers suggest microbe‐induced differences in benthic food webs between depths
Authors: Galloway A. W. E. , Lowe A. T. , Sosik E. A. , Yeung J. S. , Duggins D. O.
Published: August 2016

Benthic marine consumers inhabiting the subphotic zone rely on subsidies of energy synthesized by macrophytes and phytoplankton in the photic zone. The effects of this energy subsidy on the trophic ecology of deep invertebrates are generally unknown. We used fatty acids (FA) and multiple stable isotopes (MSI) as trophic biomarkers to compare tissues from conspecifics of primary and secondary consumers in photic and subphotic habitats (15 and 100 m depth) at three sites in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. FA composition differed across depths for all five species and MSI differed across depths for six of seven species. We found a general pattern of enrichment in δ13C from shallow to deep for all consumers. δ15N was consistently enriched in deep herbivores and suspension feeders, but did not differ in predators. Total ω‐3 FA were lower in deep primary consumers, whereas predator ω‐3 FA did not differ between depths. Total bacterial marker FA were lower in deep suspension feeders but higher in deep predators. The results suggest a possible mechanism for the differences in FA and enrichment between habitats: deep consumers potentially ingest detritus that has been biochemically altered by microbes during transport. We found support for this hypothetical mechanism in an algal aging experiment. Aged algae colonized by microbes responded with increases in bacterial FA, and decreases in ω‐3 FA. This study highlights the power of combining FA and MSI biomarkers, and provides evidence for the importance of organic matter degradation to food web studies.
A comparison of sea salt emission parameterizations in northwestern Europe using a chemistry transport model setup
Authors: Neumann Daniel , Matthias Volker , Bieser Johannes , Aulinger Armin , Quante Markus
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric sea salt particles affect chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. These particles provide surface area for condensation and reaction of nitrogen, sulfur, and organic species and are a vehicle for the transport of these species. Additionally, HCl is released from sea salt. Hence, sea salt has a relevant impact on air quality, particularly in coastal regions with high anthropogenic emissions, such as the North Sea region. Therefore, the integration of sea salt emissions in modeling studies in these regions is necessary. However, it was found that sea salt concentrations are not represented with the necessary accuracy in some situations.In this study, three sea salt emission parameterizations depending on different combinations of wind speed, salinity, sea surface temperature, and wave data were implemented and compared: GO03 (Gong, 2003), SP13 (Spada et al., 2013), and OV14 (Ovadnevaite et al., 2014). The aim was to identify the parameterization that most accurately predicts the sea salt mass concentrations at different distances to the source regions. For this purpose, modeled particle sodium concentrations, sodium wet deposition, and aerosol optical depth were evaluated against measurements of these parameters. Each 2-month period in winter and summer 2008 were considered for this purpose. The shortness of these periods limits generalizability of the conclusions on other years.While the GO03 emissions yielded overestimations in the PM10 concentrations at coastal stations and underestimations of those at inland stations, OV14 emissions conversely led to underestimations at coastal stations and overestimations at inland stations. Because of the differently shaped particle size distributions of the GO03 and OV14 emission cases, the deposition velocity of the coarse particles differed between both cases which yielded this distinct behavior at inland and coastal stations. The PM10 concentrations produced by the SP13 emissions generally overestimated the measured concentrations. The sodium wet deposition was generally underestimated by the model simulations but the SP13 cases yielded the least underestimations. Because the model tends to underestimate wet deposition, this result needs to be considered critically. Measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) were underestimated by all model cases in the summer and partly in winter. None of the model cases clearly improved the modeled AODs. Overall, GO03 and OV14 produced the most accurate results, but both parameterizations revealed weaknesses in some situations.
Seasonal variability of the oxygen minimum zone off Peru in a
high-resolution regional coupled model
Authors: Vergara Oscar , Dewitte Boris , Montes Ivonne , Garçon Veronique , Ramos Marcel , Paulmier Aurélien , Pizarro Oscar
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In addition to being one of the most productive upwelling systems, the oceanic region off Peru is embedded in one of the most extensive oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the world ocean. The dynamics of the OMZ off Peru remain uncertain, partly due to the scarcity of data and to the ubiquitous role of mesoscale activity on the circulation and biogeochemistry. Here we use a high-resolution coupled physical/biogeochemical model simulation to investigate the seasonal variability of the OMZ off Peru. The focus is on characterizing the seasonal cycle in dissolved O2 (DO) eddy flux at the OMZ boundaries, including the coastal domain, viewed here as the eastern boundary of the OMZ, considering that the mean DO eddy flux in these zones has a significant contribution to the total DO flux. The results indicate that the seasonal variations of the OMZ can be interpreted as resulting from the seasonal modulation of the mesoscale activity. Along the coast, despite the increased seasonal low DO water upwelling, the DO peaks homogeneously over the water column and within the Peru Undercurrent (PUC) in austral winter, which results from mixing associated with the increase in both the intraseasonal wind variability and baroclinic instability of the PUC. The coastal ocean acts therefore as a source of DO in austral winter for the OMZ core, through eddy-induced offshore transport that is also shown to peak in austral winter. In the open ocean, the OMZ can be divided vertically into two zones: an upper zone above 400 m, where the mean DO eddy flux is larger on average than the mean seasonal DO flux and varies seasonally, and a lower part, where the mean seasonal DO flux exhibits vertical–zonal propagating features that share similar characteristics than those of the energy flux associated with the annual extratropical Rossby waves. At the OMZ meridional boundaries where the mean DO eddy flux is large, the DO eddy flux has also a marked seasonal cycle that peaks in austral winter (spring) at the northern (southern) boundary. In the model, the amplitude of the seasonal cycle is 70 % larger at the southern boundary than at the northern boundary. Our results suggest the existence of distinct seasonal regimes for the ventilation of the OMZ by eddies at its boundaries. Implications for understanding the OMZ variability at longer timescales are discussed.
Environmental control of natural gap size distribution
in tropical forests
Authors: Goulamoussène Youven , Bedeau Caroline , Descroix Laurent , Linguet Laurent , Hérault Bruno
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Natural disturbances are the dominant form of forest regeneration and dynamics in unmanaged tropical forests. Monitoring the size distribution of treefall gaps is important to better understand and predict the carbon budget in response to land use and other global changes. In this study, we model the size frequency distribution of natural canopy gaps with a discrete power law distribution. We use a Bayesian framework to introduce and test, using Monte Carlo Markov Chain and Kuo-Mallick algorithms, the effect of local physical environment on gap size distribution. We apply our methodological framework to an original Light Detecting and Ranging dataset in which natural forest gaps were delineated over 30000 ha of unmanaged forest. We highlight strong links between gap size distribution and environment, primarily hydrological conditions and topography, with large gaps being more frequent in floodplains and on hillslopes. In the future, we plan scale up testing of our methodology using satellite data. Additionally, although gap size distribution variation is clearly under environmental control, gap process variation over time should be tested against climate variability.
Sensitivity of Pliocene climate simulations in MRI-CGCM2.3 to respective
boundary conditions
Authors: Kamae Youichi , Yoshida Kohei , Ueda Hiroaki
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Accumulations of global proxy data are essential steps for improving reliability of climate model simulations for the Pliocene warming climate. In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project phase 2 (PlioMIP2), a part project of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 4, boundary forcing data have been updated from the PlioMIP phase 1 due to recent advances in understanding of oceanic, terrestrial and cryospheric aspects of the Pliocene palaeoenvironment. In this study, sensitivities of Pliocene climate simulations to the newly archived boundary conditions are evaluated by a set of simulations using an atmosphere–ocean coupled general circulation model, MRI-CGCM2.3. The simulated Pliocene climate is warmer than pre-industrial conditions for 2.4 °C in global mean, corresponding to 0.6 °C warmer than the PlioMIP1 simulation by the identical climate model. Revised orography, lakes, and shrunk ice sheets compared with the PlioMIP1 lead to local and remote influences including snow and sea ice albedo feedback, and poleward heat transport due to the atmosphere and ocean that result in additional warming over middle and high latitudes. The amplified higher-latitude warming is supported qualitatively by the proxy evidences, but is still underestimated quantitatively. Physical processes responsible for the global and regional climate changes should be further addressed in future studies under systematic intermodel and data–model comparison frameworks.
La inmigración en España: ¿Una integración con pies de barro?
Authors: Moreno Colom Sara , De Alós Ramon
Published: August 2016

El objetivo del artículo es analizar el impacto de la crisis económica en la integración de la población inmigrada en España. El punto de partida es la singularidad del caso español que durante los años de intensa inmigración consiguió un notable grado de integración sociocultural. Se defiende que dicha integración ha sido el resultado de la confluencia de factores excepcionales alejados de una planificación y actuación política clara. A partir de una metodología mixta, se argumenta que durante el período de expansión, la relativa fácil inserción laboral de los inmigrantes y el acceso a los bienes y servicios públicos contribuyen a la convivencia con la población autóctona. Asimismo, se evidencia como la crisis económica, con sus efectos en términos de destrucción de empleo y políticas de austeridad, ponen al descubierto las debilidades del modelo español de integración.
Relaciones de poder y guerra
Authors: Langa Herrero Alfredo
Published: August 2016

Este artículo introduce los conceptos de relaciones de poder analizados por Michel Foucault, haciendo hincapié en el vínculo del ejercicio del poder en las relaciones internacionales. Por ello, se analizan el marco de relaciones que el ejercicio de dicho poder genera, así como las tipologías de relaciones entre Estados, que igualmente genera el poder. El artículo presenta los paradigmas de las relaciones internacionales y su evolución en el tiempo, estableciendo puentes con las consideraciones de Foucault con respecto al poder, la guerra, la represión o las razas. En este sentido, el concepto de guerra de razas se antoja fundamental para identificar dicha noción como la versión más extrema del paradigma realista. Dicha guerra de razas no constituye una categoría que integre necesariamente el concepto biológico, sino que se refiere al proceso de imposición de la identidad del grupo dominante, la cual puede contener aspectos étnicos, socioculturales y políticos. No obstante, ni el realismo ni su visión extrema son los únicos paradigmas existentes, ya que la evolución de los paradigmas alternativos ha conllevado la génesis del reflectivismo como alternativa al realismo.
Contar la crisis: materiales narrativos en la semántica social de la crisis
Authors: Ramos Torre Ramón
Published: August 2016

Basado en la evidencia proporcionada por 9 grupos de discusión, este trabajo aborda la semántica social de la crisis en el marco de la hipótesis propuesta por Janet Roitman. En consecuencia propone retratar distintas estrategias narrativas que permiten dar cuenta de la experiencia de la crisis según cuatro ejes de contraposiciones: agencia/paciencia, moralización/poder, coyuntura/cronicidad, destrucción/creación. En su parte final, propone fijar los rasgos fundamentales de los sujetos que aparecen en seno de las tramas narrativas propuestas.
La incertidumbre amorosa contemporánea. Estrategias de los jóvenes
Authors: Castrillo Bustamante María Concepción
Published: August 2016

Este artículo explora las fuentes de incertidumbre en la experiencia contemporánea del amor y las estrategias que los jóvenes españoles ponen en práctica para afrontarla. Para ello, se utiliza el material empírico obtenido a través de la realización de 31 entrevistas en profundidad a adultos jóvenes entre 25 y 35 años de edad, residentes en Madrid. Su análisis ha permitido identificar una serie de estrategias que apuntan hacia la extensión de cierta “normatividad de la cautela” en la experiencia de los vínculos amorosos: a) La “disciplina emocional” para controlar la imagen que se otorga de los propios sentimientos, b) la concatenación de emparejamientos, c) la priorización del propio “yo” en las expectativas y d) la búsqueda de fórmulas alternativas al modelo de pareja monógama tradicional. Se analiza, además, cómo cada una de estas estrategias se hace plausible en función de determinados contextos y posiciones de clase y género.
Mapping of QTLs Controlling Grain Shape and Populations Construction Derived from Related Residual Heterozygous Lines in Rice
Authors: Liu Wenqiang , Li Xiaoxiang , Zhou Kun , Pan Xiaowu , Li Yongchao , Lu Tingting , Sheng Xinnian
Published: August 2016

Grain shape is usually characterized by grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT) and length to width ratio (LWR), and controlled by quantitative trait locus (QTL). In this paper, QTL analysis was performed using an F2 population and an F8 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross Xiang743/Katy. A total of 38 QTLs for grain shape were detected and eight of them were repeatedly identified in both populations. Seven for GL, five for GW, five for GT, and eight for LWR were detected in F2 population, explaining totally phenotypic variance of 94.51%, 61.52%, 54.33% and 91.84%, respectively. Five for GL, three for GW, and five for LWR were detected in RILpopulation, explaining totally phenotypic variance of 39.83%, 37.52% and 36.71%, respectively. Many QTLs were located in similar intervals, contributing to complicated trait correlation. A few QTLs were mapped in intervals coincided with previously cloned genes associated with grain size. Two residual heterozygous lines (RHLs) were selected out on the basis of newly identified loci, populations derived from RHLs were constructed for fine mapping QTLs associated with grain shape.
Research on the Effect of Antioxidant Tabernaemontana catharinensis (Apocynaceae) on Erythrocytes Exposed to the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
Authors: Horn Roberta Cattaneo , Junges Luana , Magni Luana Pereira , Mori Natacha Cossettin , Gelatti Gabriela Tassotti , Felippin Tamiris , Tissiani Ana Caroline , Mayer Mariana Spanamberg , Golle Diego Pascoal , Thums Isis Amaral
Published: August 2016

With the purpose of finding an alternative to mitigate the damaging effect of intoxication with 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), this research aims to determine whether Tabernaemontana catharinensis (cobrina) increases the antioxidant capacity and/or lowers the oxidative effects generated by the exposure to this herbicide. For the above purpose, blood samples were obtained from healthy volunteers. The erythrocytes were separated, exposed to the 2,4-D and treated with different concentrations of infusions of cobrina. Tests were conducted in a water bath at 37 °C for one hour. After the analytical determinations, it was verified that, with the duration of this test, the cobrina -even containing flavonoids in its composition- increased the oxidative damages in the proteins and lipids of the erythrocytes tested. 
Facilitate Seed Germination of the Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) in vitro Using TiO2 Nanoparticles and Scarification Treatments
Authors: Feizi Fatemeh , Mousavi Mousa
Published: August 2016

The main propagation method of Cassia fistula is sowing seeds. The seed germination is usually low because of its impermeable hard coat. Therefore, this experiment evaluated the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles and scarification methods on seed germination and seedling growth in vitro condition. The tree seeds were treated with, hot water, H2SO4 (36N), and mechanical scarification and culture on ¼ MS salt mixture. The medium was supplemented with different concentrations of TiO2 nanoparticles. The results showed that the highest percentage and rate of germination was recorded in seeds treated with mechanical scarification. The highest shoot and root dry weight was recorded for seeds treated with mechanical scarification and grown on MS media supplemented with 1.5 mg/ml TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles did not show any significant effects on the percentage and rate of germination. Different growing soil mixtures had significant effects on the growth of the ex vitro transferred plantlets. Coco peat and peat moss mixture (1:1) was found to be more effective in increasing the number of leaves and root length of the seedlings.
Cannabis Social Clubs through the lens of the drug user movement
Authors: Pardal Mafalda
Published: August 2016

Cannabis Social Clubs through the lens of the drug user movement

Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are a model of non-profit production and distribution of cannabis among a closed circuit of adult cannabis users. The CSC model can thus be seen as a middle-ground option between prohibition and full (legal) commercialization. Initially founded in Spain during the 1990s, this form of collectives has emerged elsewhere in Europe (notably in Belgium), mainly as a result of grassroots initiatives and self-regulation. Uruguay remains the only jurisdiction to have legalized and regulated the CSC model. This paper discusses the goals and practices of CSCs against the backdrop of the drug user movement. Our goal is to draw a comparison to other drug users’ organizations and to identify knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research into CSCs. In this analysis, we rely on a review of the relevant literature in this field and on preliminary findings from an ongoing study examining CSCs in Belgium. A preoccupation with reducing the harms associated with drug use seems to be an underlying guiding principle for CSCs and other drug users’ organizations, but further research into CSCs’ practices is needed to understand whether and how those are implemented. We found other common points between the broader drug user movement and the efforts of CSCs, both in terms of potential pitfalls and areas for positive impact. We suggest that the model warrants additional attention from both the research and policy-making community.
UNGASS 2016: in de Weense houdgreep
Authors: Metaal Pien
Published: August 2016

UNGASS 2016: in the Viennese headlock

This contribution aims to discuss the main outcomes of the recent UNGASS (United Nations General Assembly Special Session) on Drugs that took place in New York from 19 to 21 April 2016. Based on my own participation in the preparatory discussions and political negotiations as civil society representative (through the work of NGO Transnational Institute), I argue that political divisions and entrenched institutional dynamics have transformed what could have been the beginning of the end of the war on drugs into a wasted opportunity for changing the status quo of the present world regime regarding the production, trafficking and use of illegal drugs. Despite high initial expectations after several governments expressed a clear concern about the effects of purely repressive policies, and the UN decision to organize the session 3 years earlier than planned, very soon it was clear that the session would not imply real changes in the current policies. The agenda setting was non-transparent and controlled by the most conservative factions and countries, largely excluding the views from NGO’s and academics in the final adopted resolution. The final document poorly reflects the rich discussions and developments that are taking place in many countries of the world, particularly the debates and policy developments in ‘the Americas’. A positive note is that the unchanged international UN conventions on drugs can hardly cope with developments taking place on cannabis policies in countries such as Canada, Uruguay, United States or Jamaica. Also other countries are more and more prepared to push for change on other essential questions, including the application of death penalty for drug offences, the access to controlled medicines, or the explicit application of ‘harm reduction’ approaches.
Aproximações entre Teologia e Estética. Uma introdução em perspectiva da teologia protestante
Authors: Caldas Filho Carlos Ribeiro
Published: August 2016

Dentre as características fundamentais do humano, que o diferenciam das demais criaturas, duas (entre várias) podem ser destacadas, a saber, a sensibilidade para com o belo e a sensibilidade para com o transcendente. Da sensibilidade para com o belo ocupa-se o ramo da filosofia conhecido como estética. Da sensibilidade para com o transcendente ocupam-se os estudos de religião, dentre estes, a teologia. O presente artigo pretende apresentar, sem pretensão de dar a última palavra, alguns apontamentos a respeito de uma aproximação entre teologia e estética, especificamente em perspectiva da teologia protestante. 
Para uma leitura teológica de "Caim", de José Saramago
Authors: Mariano Marcus Aurélio Alves
Published: August 2016

“Deus” é um tema valioso para o escritor português José Saramago e se encontra presente nas suas numerosas obras. No seu último romance, Caim, o autor narra um duelo entre os personagens “deus” e “caim”, provocando o leitor a uma opção por “caim”, bom e honesto, e contra “deus”, irresponsável e arrogante. O duelo se realiza com uma paródia irônica dos episódios bíblicos do Antigo Testamento e não se finaliza com a morte de “deus”, mas com a permanência deste enquanto questão inconclusa e com divinização do ser humano. Propomos, neste artigo, uma leitura do romance Caim sob uma óptica teológica, a fim de discutir a imagem de deus que José Saramago apresenta no livro. Saramago se opõe a uma imagem institucional de deus veiculada pelas instituições religiosas milenares, sobretudo judaísmo e cristianismo. Ele propõe uma fé no ser humano sem crenças religiosas ou um deus no humano livre capaz do bem.
Ofício das Trevas: Alceu Amoroso Lima na noite do arbítrio
Authors: Timotheo da Costa Marcelo
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo analisa como o intelectual e líder leigo católico Alceu Amoroso Lima (1893-1983) reagiu à decretação do Ato Institucional número 5, que aprofundou o caráter autoritário de nossa última ditadura (1964-1985). Para tanto, serão examinadas as cartas diárias que Amoroso Lima endereçou à filha, a monja beneditina Maria Teresa, ao longo do ano de 1969. Tratava-se, para o mencionado intelectual, de reorganizar sua atuação pública à luz de sua fé e frente aos desafios e urgentes demandas daquele tempo de profunda crise. Ação esta para a qual o referido diálogo epistolar com Maria Teresa foi de fundamental importância.
David Stern, Christoph Markschies, and Sarit Shalev-Eyni, Eds. The Monk’s Haggadah: A Fifteenth-Century Illuminated Codex from the Monastery of Tegernsee, with a Prologue by Friar Erhard von Pappenheim
Authors: Merback Mitchell
Published: August 2016

No abstract is available.
Fatigue, Physical Activity, Quality of Life, and Fall Risk in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Vister Eva , Tijsma Mylou E. , Hoang Phu D. , Lord Stephen R.
Published: August 2016

Background: Fatigue, inactivity, and falls are major health issues for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the extent to which fatigue and low walking activity are associated with quality of life and increased fall risk in people with MS.

Methods: People with MS (N = 210, aged 21–74 years) were categorized as having either high or low reported fatigue and walking activity levels and were then followed up for falls using monthly fall diaries for 6 months.

Results: A high level of fatigue was significantly associated with higher MS Disease Steps scores, worse balance, high composite physiological (Physiological Profile Assessment) fall risk scores, greater fear of falling, lower World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) quality of life scores, and more prospectively recorded falls. Low walking activity was significantly associated with higher MS Disease Steps scores, reduced proprioception, worse standing and leaning balance, slow stepping, slow gait speed, worse fine motor control, high Physiological Profile Assessment fall risk scores, more fear of falling, and lower WHODAS quality of life scores.

Conclusions: Increased fatigue and low walking activity levels were significantly associated with increased fall risk and lower quality of life in people with MS. Interventions aimed at addressing fatigue and inactivity may have multiple benefits for this group.
A Topical Adhesive Containing Anesthetic and Heating Components to Reduce Injection Pain with Subcutaneous Multiple Sclerosis Medications
Authors: Brown Theodore R. , Simnad Virginia I.
Published: August 2016

Background: Injection pain and fear of pain are common with subcutaneous medications for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). Synera is a peel-and-stick topical adhesive (S-TA) with a novel heating component to enhance the delivery of an anesthetic mixture of lidocaine and tetracaine. We studied the effect of S-TA on pain and other aspects of comfort after subcutaneous MS drug injection.

Methods: Thirty participants with MS having injection reactions to subcutaneous interferon beta (IFNβ) or glatiramer acetate (GA) were enrolled in an open-label prospective study. We captured six to seven injections at baseline and with 60- and 30-minute S-TA application times. The primary outcome was immediate pain on injection. Secondary outcomes included 12- and 24-hour pain ratings, 24-hour local injection-site reaction scale scores, 24-hour tenderness, and fear of injection (FOI).

Results: Twenty-nine participants completed the study (interferon beta = 4, GA = 25, mean age = 51 years, females = 86%). There were significant reductions in injection pain, pain at 12 and 24 hours, tenderness at 24 hours, local injection-site reaction scale scores, and FOI for the 30- and 60-minute applications of S-TA (all P < .01). Results were similar in the GA subgroup. Adverse events included muscle spasm and lightheadedness (n = 1) and mild dermatitis (n = 1).

Conclusions: These results suggest that S-TA applied 30 or 60 minutes before MS drug injection may reduce pain, tenderness, and FOI. Randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of ST-A.
Clawpack: building an open source ecosystem for solving hyperbolic PDEs
Authors: Mandli Kyle T. , Ahmadia Aron J. , Berger Marsha , Calhoun Donna , George David L. , Hadjimichael Yiannis , Ketcheson David I. , Lemoine Grady I. , LeVeque Randall J.
Published: August 2016

Clawpack is a software package designed to solve nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations using high-resolution finite volume methods based on Riemann solvers and limiters. The package includes a number of variants aimed at different applications and user communities. Clawpack has been actively developed as an open source project for over 20 years. The latest major release, Clawpack 5, introduces a number of new features and changes to the code base and a new development model based on GitHub and Git submodules. This article provides a summary of the most significant changes, the rationale behind some of these changes, and a description of our current development model.
A software for parameter optimization with Differential Evolution Entirely Parallel method
Authors: Kozlov Konstantin , Samsonov Alexander M. , Samsonova Maria
Published: August 2016

Summary.Differential Evolution Entirely Parallel (DEEP) package is a software for finding unknown real and integer parameters in dynamical models of biological processes by minimizing one or even several objective functions that measure the deviation of model solution from data. Numerical solutions provided by the most efficient global optimization methods are often problem-specific and cannot be easily adapted to other tasks. In contrast, DEEP allows a user to describe both mathematical model and objective function in any programming language, such asR,OctaveorPythonand others. Being implemented in C, DEEP demonstrates as good performance as the top three methods from CEC-2014 (Competition on evolutionary computation) benchmark and was successfully applied to several biological problems.

Availability.DEEP method is an open source and free software distributed under the terms of GPL licence version 3. The sources are available athttp://deepmethod.sourceforge.net/and binary packages for Fedora GNU/Linux are provided for RPM package manager athttps://build.opensuse.org/project/repositories/home:mackoel:compbio.
Complexity curve: a graphical measure of data complexity and classifier performance
Authors: Zubek Julian , Plewczynski Dariusz M.
Published: August 2016

We describe a method for assessing data set complexity based on the estimation of the underlining probability distribution and Hellinger distance. In contrast to some popular complexity measures, it is not focused on the shape of a decision boundary in a classification task but on the amount of available data with respect to the attribute structure. Complexity is expressed in terms of graphical plot, which we call complexity curve. It demonstrates the relative increase of available information with the growth of sample size. We perform theoretical and experimental examination of properties of the introduced complexity measure and show its relation to the variance component of classification error. We then compare it with popular data complexity measures on 81 diverse data sets and show that it can contribute to explaining performance of specific classifiers on these sets. We also apply our methodology to a panel of simple benchmark data sets, demonstrating how it can be used in practice to gain insights into data characteristics. Moreover, we show that the complexity curve is an effective tool for reducing the size of the training set (data pruning), allowing to significantly speed up the learning process without compromising classification accuracy. The associated code is available to download at:https://github.com/zubekj/complexity_curve(open source Python implementation).
Crystal structures of SIRT3 reveal that the α2‐α3 loop and α3‐helix affect the interaction with long‐chain acyl lysine
Authors: Gai Wei , Li He , Jiang Hualiang , Long Yaqiu , Liu Dongxiang
Published: August 2016

SIRT1‐7 play important roles in many biological processes and age‐related diseases. In addition to a NAD+‐dependent deacetylase activity, they can catalyze several other reactions, including the hydrolysis of long‐chain fatty acyl lysine. To study the binding modes of sirtuins to long‐chain acyl lysines, we solved the crystal structures of SIRT3 bound to either a H3K9‐myristoylated‐ or a H3K9‐palmitoylated peptide. Interaction of SIRT3 with the palmitoyl group led to unfolding of the α3‐helix. The myristoyl and palmitoyl groups bind to the C‐pocket and an allosteric site near the α3‐helix, respectively. We found that the residues preceding the α3‐helix determine the size of the C‐pocket. The flexibility of the α2‐α3 loop and the plasticity of the α3‐helix affect the interaction with long‐chain acyl lysine.