bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B - 46 Diagnostic Utility of Conners CPT-3 for ADHD: a Systematic Review
Authors: Callan Paul Douglas , Eidnes Kari , Pope Tara M , Shepler Dustin K , Swanberg Stephanie M , Weber Sarah K
Published: October 2023

Objective

There is ongoing debate about the diagnostic utility of Conners Continuous Performance Test 3 (CPT-3) for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Data Selection

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020) reporting standards, a systematic review was conducted. Six bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES were searched using terms related to continuous performance tests and ADHD in January 2022 and again in October 2022. Inclusion criteria included research studies published since 2000, English language, and ages 8+. Screening was conducted independently by two reviewers, with 1480 title/abstracts reviewed followed by 399 full text articles. Any discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer. A data extraction template was developed and piloted and critical appraisal of included studies was conducted using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Study results were analyzed using reflective thematic analysis through inductive coding (Braun & Clarke, 2006, 2019).

Data Synthesis

Thirteen studies met the criteria and five qualitative themes were identified. Five studies found CPT-3 was a weak or poor predictor of the diagnosis of ADHD while two found it as an adequate predictor. Two studies found the CPT-3 could differentiate clients with comorbid ADHD/anxiety from ADHD or ADHD from obsessive-compulsive disorder. One study, however, found that CPT-3 could not differentiate ADHD from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or comorbid ADHD/ASD.

Conclusions

This systematic review revealed that CPT-3 as a standalone measure is a weak or poor predictor of ADHD and clinicians are recommended to use multiple measures for evaluating persons with ADHD.
B - 47 Attentional Risk Factors for Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: a Synthesis of the Literature and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Clauss Kate , Schafer Katherine M , O'Neil Maya E , Constans Joseph , Raines Amanda M , Bardeen Joseph R
Published: October 2023

Objective

Theory suggests that attentional processes, such as attentional bias and attentional control, may contribute to suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs). Specifically, among individuals with suicidal ideation, attentional biases towards suicide-related information may increase distress. This combined with the inability to disengage and shift attention away from suicidal thoughts (i.e., deficits in attentional control) might contribute to increased risk for suicidal behavior. Despite this, there has been limited research examining associations between attentional biases and STBs or attentional control and STBs.

Method

We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Search terms used to identify articles included: (“attention* bias” or “attentional control”) AND (suicid*). The search returned 77 articles, 49 when duplicates were removed. Following full text reviews, a total of 16 articles were retained for meta-analysis.

Results

A significant relationship was observed between attentional bias and STBs (r = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.15), but not attentional control and STBs (r = −0.07, 95% CI: −0.24, 0.10). The funnel plot for attentional bias and STBs suggested low risk of publication bias. The limited number of studies identified, and therefore low power, precluded moderator analyses from being conducted.

Conclusions

Additional experimental and longitudinal research with diverse assessments of attentional risk factors (e.g., dot probe, eye tracking) is needed. Despite these limitations, the present study provides preliminary evidence for the association between attentional bias and STBs.
B - 48 Heal-Thy Brain: the Intersectionality of Race, Sleep, and Socioeconomic Factors in ADHD
Authors: Johnson Faith
Published: October 2023

Objective

This Paper is an examination of the history of sleep, sleep disorders, and socioeconomic factors as it relates to children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Previous research has revealed that many neurodivergent children struggle to obtain an adequate amount of sleep, which can negatively impact their daily lives. While discussing neurodivergence and sleep, there has also been a correlation to racial disparities regarding children of color having more “sleep debt” and sleep disturbances than others. As a consequence of these constraints, attempts to diagnose and treat ADHD have been severely underrepresented.

Methods

Google Scholar and JSTOR databases from 2015 to 2023 were searched for studies. The samples reviewed included youth of various races, including Black, White, and Hispanic. Socioeconomic statuses within the samples also ranged in income between $50,000 and $100,000.

Results

Children with ADHD and multiple sleep problems have been shown to have more caregiver deficits and poorer quality of life, family functioning, and school attendance than children without a sleep problem (Sung et al., 2008). Teachers also reported more symptoms in Black youths, despite underreporting by parents. Lastly, a child in a low SES family being on average 2.21 times more likely to have ADHD than their high SES peers (Russell et al., 2015).

Conclusion

Overall, examining the intersectionality of ADHD can provide clinicians and physicians with useful information at the time of diagnosis and will facilitate campaigns to better help neurodivergent oppressed populations.
B - 49 Exploring the Factor Structure of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Impact on Processing Speed Performance
Authors: Khalid Elmma , Ovsiew Gabriel P , Ulrich Devin M , Resch Zachary J , Pliskin Neil H , Soble Jason R , Cerny Brian M
Published: October 2023

Objective

The present study investigated: 1) factor structure of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) sub-scale from the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-4th Edition (BAARS-IV) and 2) the association between SCT sub-factors and processing speed.

Method

Cross-sectional data were collected from 586 adults undergoing neuropsychological evaluation for suspected attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at an academic medical center. Patients were excluded if they failed two or more performance validity tests and/or had not completed all measures. Final sample included 155 patients (Mage = 28.52; Meducation = 16.26; 63.2% female; 38.1% White, 21.9% Hispanic, 20% Black, 12.9% Asian, 7.1% other race/ethnicity; 69% diagnosed with ADHD). Factor structure of the SCT sub-scale was investigated via exploratory factor analysis with Oblimin rotation. Hierarchical multiple regressions were used to assess the relationship between SCT sub-factors and processing speed (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4th Edition, Processing Speed Index), controlling for estimated intelligence (Test of Premorbid Functioning) and self-reported inattention (Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult).

Results

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure [KMO = 0.78] and Bartlett’s test [χ2(36) = 469,p < 0.001] suggested the data were factorable. Parallel analysis scree plot suggested a two-factor solution: “Cognitive Complaints” and “Lethargy” accounting for 46.3% of SCT scale variance. Only Lethargy predicted processing speed in the first (beta = −0.221, p < 0.05) and final models (beta = −0.197, p < 0.05). The overall model including estimated intelligence and inattention accounted for 6.2% of the variance in processing speed (F(4,150) = 3.57, p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Previous studies demonstrated mixed results of two or three sub-factors of SCT including daydreaming, lethargy, and/or cognitive complaints. Present findings support the more parsimonious two-factor solution in a clinical sample. Higher lethargy complaints are modestly associated with poorer processing speed.
B - 50 The Relationship between Objective and Subjective Measures of Attention
Authors: Magnante Anna T , Ord Anna S , Shura Robert D
Published: October 2023

Objective

The relationship between objective and subjective measures of attention is understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the convergence between commonly used measures in the assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to determine whether there is a significant difference between individuals with and without ADHD on subscales related to ADHD symptoms.

Method

This study involved an archival data set of Veterans (N = 504) who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) or MMPI-3, the Barkley’s Adult ADHD Rating Scale or a local DSM-5/TR ADHD diagnostic interview, the Connor Continuous Performance Test 3 (CCPT-3) or the Integrated Visual & Auditory 2, and the Trail Making Test as part of a clinical assessment in a specialty ADHD clinic.

Results

Nonparametric comparisons between those with and without ADHD revealed no statistically significant differences across the cognitive measures. Self-reported symptoms of inattention (z = 12.07, p < 0.001, r = 0.57, large effect), hyperactivity (z = 4.70, p < 0.001, r = 0.22, small effect), and impulsivity (z = 5.52, p < 0.001, r = 0.26, small effect), significantly differentiated participants with and without ADHD. Pearson correlations between the two types of measures showed that omission errors on the CCPT-3 were significantly correlated to self-reported inattention symptoms (r = 0.15, p = 0.039). All other correlations between objective and subjective measures were not significant.

Conclusions

These results suggest that neuropsychological measures are not strongly correlated to self-reported symptoms of inattention, and as such may be less sensitive to ADHD.
B - 51 The Relationship between Delusional Thinking and Processing Speed in Community Adults
Authors: Yang Jessica , Rossing John , Paxton Jessica
Published: October 2023

Objective

Adults diagnosed with a psychotic disorder demonstrate heterogeneous neurocognitive performances, though the relationship between delusions and neurocognition among nonclinical adults remains largely unstudied. This study addressed this gap by examining how nonclinical delusional thinking impacts processing speed and speeded inhibition.

Method

Participants included an adult community sample who completed a neuropsychological battery through the Nathan Kline Institute’s Rockland Project. The 1111 participants were 36% male, ages 18–85 (M = 47, SD = 17.97), and 76% White, 16% Black, and 5% Asian. Delusional thinking was assessed using the total score on the 21-item Peters et al. Delusions Inventory. Processing speed and speeded inhibition were assessed using age-adjusted scores from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Trail Making Test (TMT) and Color-Word Inhibition Test (C-WIT).

Results

Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess whether delusional thinking predicted performance on TMT and C-WIT tests. Greater delusional thinking predicted poorer performance on TMT tests of Number Sequencing (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.023), Number-Letter Sequencing (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.018), and Motor Speed (R2 = 0.005, p = 0.021). For performance on Letter Sequencing and all C-WIT tests, there were no statistically significant relationships with delusional thinking.

Conclusions

Results indicated that faster psychomotor processing speed, not visual processing speed, was significantly associated with lower delusional thinking in a community sample. Therefore, it may be particularly useful to include measures of psychomotor processing speed when assessing individuals with delusional symptoms. A replication study with greater variability in delusional thinking may elucidate the relationship between delusional thinking and cognitive functioning in nonclinical populations.
B - 52 Effects of rTMS Treatment on Attention Measured by the CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing Module
Authors: Grewal Daya , Baldini Daniel , Liou-Johnson Victoria , Adamson Maheen M
Published: October 2023

Objective

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been associated with decreased performance in sustained attention tasks (Sinclair et al., 2013). Non-invasive neurostimulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be utilized to improve cognitive outcomes, however there is uncertainty about which cognitive outcomes should be investigated (Clark & Parasuraman, 2014; Donaldson et al., 2015). The present study examines the observed enhancements in sustained attention related to rTMS administered to older adults with TBI. We utilized the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), a commonly used assessment instrument in research settings that offers various modules for measuring neurocognitive functions (CDC).

Methods

Veterans and civilians were enrolled (n = 28; mild and moderate TBI; mean age = 62.25) in either placebo or an active group. Participants received neuropsychological assessment at baseline, after 20 rTMS treatments, and at six month follow up. Participants were administered the CANTAB Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) module to assess sustained attention after active rTMS or sham treatment.

Results

Findings revealed that the active rTMS treatment group had a lower RVIPPFA (n = 12; M = 0.003; SD = 0.003) compared to the sham group (n = 16; M = 0.02; SD = 0.06), indicating a potential improvement in visual sustained attention. A moderate effect size was observed between the two groups (Cohen’s d = 0.48).

Conclusion

The results suggest that rTMS treatment could potentially enhance cognitive performance, specifically visual sustained attention, in older adults. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of rTMS on sustained attention and its clinical implications.
B - 54 The Influence of Executive Functioning on Long-Term Memory
Authors: Verani Saba , Harrigan D'Shawn , Golden Charles J
Published: October 2023

Objective

The aim of the study is to measure how executive functioning predicts performance on a measure of delayed memory.

Method

Data was selected from a de-identified database of clinical adults. The sample chosen (N = 438) comprised of mixed psychiatric adults consisting of Caucasians (N = 193, M_edu = 13,42% male & 58% female), African Americans (N = 88, M_edu = 12, 52.1% males & 47.8% females), Hispanics (Nf111, M_edu = 13,53.5% male & 46.4% female), and Other (N = 47, M_edu = 13,38.4% male & 61.6% female). All participants were administered the WMS-IV, Stroop, WCST, and Category.

Results

Multiple hierarchical regressions were run to test the influence executive functioning has on both immediate and long-term memory when controlling for age and education. In the final model for immediate memory, the following predictors were significant: Category test sr = 0.465, Stroop: Color/Word sr = 0.607, and WCST sr = −0.518. For delayed memory the following was significant, Category test sr = 0.430, Stroop: Color/Word sr = 0.491, and WCST sr = −0.461.

Conclusions

Executive functions utilized on Stroop Color/Word, WCST, and Category directly influence memory skills. Pattern switching between trials on the WCST and Category requires remembering the patterns throughout each trial. Stroop Color/Word requires remembering the rule to read the color of the printed word rather than the printed word itself. These executive functioning measures also require a degree of memory skills which are directly linked to the memory performance on the WMS-IV. The study did not differentiate effects between immediate and delayed memory but demonstrated memory abilities in general. Strong executive functioning capacities are predictive of strong memory capabilities due to high-level cognition abilities.
B - 56 Effects of rTMS Treatment on Executive Function Measured by the CANTAB Spatial Working Memory Subtest
Authors: Baldini Daniel , Grewal Daya , Liou-Johnson Victoria , Adamson Maheen M
Published: October 2023

Objective

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) presents with deficits in executive function (Krawczyk et al., 2019). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a non-invasive neuromodulation treatment, may help improve cognitive outcomes. However, it remains unclear in which cognitive domains (Clark & Parasuraman, 2014; Donaldson et al., 2015). This study investigates executive function using the Spatial Working Memory subtest of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, a computerized card-matching task in which participants match up to 12 cards to matched pairs based on memory (CDC).

Methods

Veterans and civilians were enrolled (n = 31; mild and moderate TBI; mean age = 62.25) and placed into active or sham groups. Participants received neuropsychological assessment at baseline, after 20 rTMS treatments, and at six-month follow-up. This study compared means between the active and sham groups (n = 16 & 15, respectively).

Results

Participants in the active group had fewer errors than the sham group on the 12-box trial (M = 24.19, SD = 11.20; M = 34.27, SD = 18.16; respectively), 8-box trial (M = 6.75, SD = 5.447; M = 8.27, SD = 6.11; respectively), 6-box trial (M = 2.06, SD = 3.00; M = 3.60, SD = 4.03; respectively) and across the 4, 6 and 8-box trials (M = 9.75, SD = 8.57; M = 12.47, SD = 10.04; respectively). Effect sizes were small to large (d = 0.28–0.67).

Conclusion

The results suggest that rTMS treatment potentially enhances executive functioning in older adults with TBI. Further research on the impacts of rTMS in executive function domains is warranted.
B - 58 Cognitive Emotion Regulation as a Mediator between Childhood Trauma and Parenting Stress
Authors: Doyle Olivia , Graham Alice , Gustafsson Hanna , Seghete Kristen Mackiewicz
Published: October 2023

Objective

Determine the relationship between adverse childhood events (ACE), emotion regulation (ER) during the perinatal period, and parenting stress.

Method

Pregnant individuals were recruited through an electronic medical record database and word of mouth as part of the COVID-19 and Perinatal Experiences Study to complete online surveys about their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longitudinal data were collected from 349 participants from pregnancy through 12 months postpartum. A structural equation modeling approach was utilized to assess ACEs and ER’s direct and indirect effects on parenting stress. A path mediation model was utilized. Models were estimated using Mplus 8.8. Missing data were handled using full information maximum likelihood.

Results

Latent factors of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression were independently modeled as the mediators between ACES and parenting stress. The expressive suppression model showed good fit (CFI = 0.982; TLI = 0.966; SRMR = 0.039), and the CR model showed adequate fit (CFI = 0.911; TLI = 0.86; SRMR = 0.047). There was a significant positive effect of ACEs on expressive suppression (β = 0.104, 95% CI [0.048, 0.159], p = 0.002) and expressive suppression on parenting stress (β = 0.098, 95% CI [0.032, 0.164], p = 0.015). We found a significant negative effect of ACEs on CR (β = −0.061, 95% CI [−0.110, −0.013], p = 0.039) (Fig. 1). and of CR on parenting stress (β = −0.101, 95% CI [−0.167, −0.013], p = 0.013) (Fig. 2).

Conclusions

This analysis supports the hypothesis that experiencing adverse events during childhood can impact parenting stress through a change in both adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
B - 59 Testing the Cognitive Model of Pathological Worry as an Explanation for Increased Worry among the Oldest Old
Authors: Granier Katie L , Segal Daniel L
Published: October 2023

Objective

Based on past research demonstrating increased worry among the oldest old compared to younger older adults, this study tested an existing cognitive model of worry to determine whether differences in executive functioning during aging contribute to increased worry among the oldest old.

Method

97 community-dwelling older adults (M age = 74.49; range = 60–89 years) completed self-report questionnaires including the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Geriatric Anxiety Scale, and Cognitive Problems and Strategies Assessment, and were individually evaluated with neurocognitive measures including the RBANS, DKEFS Color-Word Interference Test, and Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.

Results

Two-way ANOVAs revealed no significant differences in worry based on age group (i.e., 60s, 70s, and 80s; F[2, 85] = 1.31, p = 0.28) or gender (F[1, 85] = 3.22, p = 0.08). Further, response inhibition and problem-solving did not predict anxiety or worry severity in multiple regression analyses. Lower education was the only consistent predictor of both anxiety and worry when accounting for cognitive performance, age, and gender. However, subjective cognitive functioning also predicted worry among older adults, independent of objective performance.

Conclusion(s)

No age differences in worry or anxiety severity were found. Also, no evidence was found to support age-differences in executive functioning as a contributor to worry presentation in late life. The cognitive model of worry may only be applicable to pathological worry or executive decline among the sample was not pronounced enough to impact anxiety. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cognitive model of worry is not supported in healthy, community-dwelling older adults. However, limitations included limited demographic diversity, small sample size, and limited measurement of executive functioning.
B - 60 A Comparison of Processing Speed and Impulsivity in Predicting Working Memory Ability in Children
Authors: Greenwood Nicole , Kibby Michelle Y
Published: October 2023

Objective

Our objective was to contrast two predictors of working memory performance in children. Working memory (WM) is related to processing speed and to inhibitory control in typically developing adults; however, research on this topic is relatively scarce in children. Research comparing these predictors is even more scant in children. Therefore, this study examined how well processing speed and impulsivity predict WM performance in a mixed sample in order to have a full range of functioning in these areas.

Method

Participants included 228 children from a community sample (ages 8–11 years; 85.1% White; 55.6% boys) attained through NIH-funded projects (R03HD048752, R15HD065627). They were diagnosed with ADHD (35.0%), RD (14.4%), comorbid RD/ADHD (18.5%), other diagnoses (7.4%), or were typically developing (24.7%). Processing speed was assessed with the WISC-IV Coding scaled score. Items measuring impulsivity from the BASC-2 Hyperactivity scale were summed to form the impulsivity variable. The Children’s Memory Scale (CMS) Sequences subtest was used to measure WM.

Results

A multiple linear regression analysis was run with Coding and impulsivity as the IVs and Sequences as the DV. The overall equation was significant (adjusted R2 = 0.097, F(2, 228) = 13.349, p < 0.001). Coding predicted WM performance (Beta = 0.317, p < 0.001). Impulsivity, however, was not significant (Beta = −0.042, p = 0.503).

Conclusions

Results indicate that processing speed is the better statistical predictor of working memory performance in a mixed sample of children. More research on the relationship between impulsivity and WM in children is needed, as our insignificant finding on it conflicts with the limited available literature.
B - 61 Increased Cortical Efficiency in the Absence of Behavioral Improvement on Working Memory Task Revealed by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kaplan Rini I , Mukadam Nishaat , Girnis Jaimie , Aul Courtney , Sebastian Alissa , Gao Yuanyuan , Stuber Alexander , Boas David A , Kiran Swathi , Somers David C , Luhmann von Alexander , Yucel Meryem A , Ellis Terry D , Cronin-Golomb Alice
Published: October 2023

Objective

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive functional neuroimaging method that indirectly measures cortical activation via task-related changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO). We used fNIRS during a working memory task to assess learning effect over time by assessing brain activity (fNIRS signal) and task performance. We hypothesized that in later blocks of the task, learning (better accuracy) would be correlated to less increase in HbO in prefrontal regions, indicating improved cognitive efficiency.

Method

Eighteen healthy adults [mean age = 24.9 (SD = 4.2); 14 female] engaged in 8 blocks of serial-3 subtraction for 30 seconds each followed by 20 seconds of rest. fNIRS data were collected in 8 cortical regions of interest (ROI) broadly covering the frontal lobe. fNIRS signal in each ROI and task-performance data were compared for the first 4 and last 4 blocks to examine learning.

Results

fNIRS signal was significantly greater for the first 4 than last 4 blocks (z = −2.1, p < 0.05) in only the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ROI. No learning effects appeared for any task-performance variables.

Conclusions

These results indicate a dissociation between brain activity and task performance during a working memory task in healthy adults. There was less activity in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during later than earlier trials, indicating an increase in this region’s efficiency, without a change in task performance. The results suggest that fNIRS may be sensitive to change in brain activity before it appears clinically, which may be useful in studying people with conditions such as preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, and in assessing subtle effects of interventions.
B - 65 Assessing Methods of Executive Ability from Trail Making Test Part B in Mexican-Americans
Authors: Lopez Hernandez Daniel W , Razani Jill , Munoz Isabel
Published: October 2023

Objective

We investigated three different measures of executive ability derived from the Trail Making Test part B (TMT-B) in Mexican-American adults.

Method

Forty-seven Mexican-Americans were administered both TMT part A (TMT-A) and TMT-B, and total time for completion was recorded. Additionally, participants completed The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans. Participants were divided into two groups: low-acculturation group (n = 19) and high-acculturation group (n = 28). Independent Sample T-tests were used to examine differences in executive abilities between our acculturation groups. Executive measures included the TMT-B raw score (i.e., seconds to complete TMT-B), the raw score difference (in seconds) between TMT-A and TMT-B (TMT-BA), and the difference between a predicted TMT-B score (TMT-BP) and the obtained TMT-B score (TMT-BBP). Correlations between TMT-B, TMT-BA, and TMT-BBP and other executive functioning tests (i.e., letter fluency, animal naming, & Comalli Stroop Test part C) were evaluated.

Results

Results revealed the high-acculturation group outperformed the low-acculturation group on all measures of executive ability derived from TMT-B, p’s < 0.05. Furthermore, the high-acculturation group TMT-BA significantly correlated with Comalli Stroop Test part C, r = 0.44, p = 0.021. Finally, no significant correlations between the different measures of executive ability from TMT-B and other executive functioning tests were found in the low-acculturation group.

Conclusions

We found the high-acculturation group demonstrated better executive functioning abilities on all three TMT executive ability variables compared to the low-acculturation group. In our high-acculturation sample, TMT-BA executive ability variable correlated with at least one executive functioning measure, which suggests that TMT-BA can be a likely better measure of executive ability than TMT-B or TMT-BBP.
B - 66 Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Sensitive Marker of Neuropsychological Deficits in Executive Functioning Tasks in Young Adults with a History of Child Abuse
Authors: Mark Christopher , Poltavski Dmitri V
Published: October 2023

Objective

Research has shown the utility of imaging measures of neural activity in identifying deficits in cognitive functioning in individuals with a history of child abuse. The purpose of this study was to measure differences that may exist between individuals who reported physical, emotional, or sexual abuse as children vs. those who did not using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the completion of executive function tasks.

Methods

The present study recruited 84 students from the University of North Dakota. The participants were administered several prescreening measures, including a measures of child abuse. Based on responses, participants were assigned to either a “no child abuse” or “child abuse” group. Next, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, the Operation Span Task, and the Connors Continuous Performance Task were administered while functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data was collected.

Results

The results showed a significantly higher rate and number of errors of commission on the Conners CPT in the child abuse group compared to the control group (F(1,57) = 6.604, p = 0.013 partial eta2 = 0.104). Neurological data revealed a statistically significant effect of group (F(1, 69) = 2.934, p = 0.043) across all executive functioning tasks. Additional tests showed these differences exist only during measures of decision-making (t(71) = 2.063, p = 0.043).

Conclusions

The results suggest that the child abuse group may show subtle neurological deficits that persist into adulthood that may not manifest on traditional measures of cognitive function. These findings have implications for the development of remediation and treatment strategies in this population.
B - 68 Resistance to Distraction and Working Memory Function: Electrophysiological Attentional Markers and Digit Span Performance
Authors: Stevens Kara , Nelson Nathanial , Davenport Nicholas , Sponheim Scott
Published: October 2023

Objective

Working memory (WM) function requires attentional focus and resisting distracting stimuli (i.e., resistance to attentional capture [RAC]). People with histories of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or posttraumatic stress (PTSD) often report difficulties with WM and attention. To better understand the relationship between these two executive functions, we collected neuropsychological and electrophysiological data from a sample of individuals with PTSD and/or mTBI.

Methods

We characterized WM function in 128 US military veterans (61 controls, 22 PTSD, 24 mTBI, 21 PTSD and mTBI) using the WAIS-IV Digit Span (DS). To examine RAC we completed electroencephalography recordings during an Erikson Flanker task. Flanker task trials were coded as either Congruent (flanker stimuli same direction as target) or Incongruent (opposite direction). We characterized the P1 event-related potential which has shown sensitivity to RAC.

Results

There was an interaction between Flanker Type and DS such that poorer WM performance was related to greater difficulties on Incongruent trials. Analyses of P1 amplitude revealed an interaction between DS scores and P1 amplitude with better DS performance related to larger P1 amplitudes in trials with Incongruent compared to Congruent flankers. There was also an interaction between PTSD and Flanker Type such that PTSD was associated with larger P1 amplitudes for Incongruent than Congruent flanker trials.

Conclusions

Our observations suggest greater RAC aids in WM function, and is also associated with early perception-related brain responses (i.e., P1) that modulate with demands to resist distracting stimuli. Our results also suggest PTSD is related to electrophysiological functions tied to RAC.
B - 69 Risky Sexual Behavior in Young Adult Men: Decision Making, Impulsivity, and the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Barkley-Levenson Emily E
Published: October 2023

Objective

To examine a biopsychosocial model (decision-making, trait impulsivity, social cognition) of risky sexual behavior (RSB) in men.

Method

Using cross-sectional and non-clinical data, 145 (66% White) single men (Mage = 22.0 y, SD = 1.7) were recruited from a research platform and subject pool. Outcomes were RSB (continuous), condom use (binary), and number of partners (count) in 6 months. We assessed the effects of decision-making (Balloon Analogue Risk Task), trait impulsivity (UPPS-P), and social cognition (Theory of Planned Behavior-Condom Use Questionnaire) on RSB. We present reduced models with 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age, sexual orientation, and pre-exposure prophylaxis use.

Results

Trait impulsivity was associated with RSB in all three regression models. Positive Urgency (B = 9.16 [5.18, 13.14]) and Perseverance were associated (B = −8.61 [−12.93, −4.30]) with overall RSB. Premeditation (OR = 4.50 [1.63, 12.39] and Perseverance (OR = 0.25 [0.10, 0.61]) were associated with condomless intercourse. Finally, Positive Urgency (IRR = 2.11 [1.50, 2.96]) and Perseverance (IRR = 0.29 [0.19, 0.46]) were associated with partner count. Decision-making and social cognition were non-significant.

Conclusion

This study underscores the importance of trait impulsivity in risky sex—beyond demographics, decision-making, and social cognition. Men with poorer consideration of consequences and those who take risks during positive mood engaged in greater RSB. In contrast, individuals with a propensity toward boredom might not delay gratification long enough when pursuing a partner to engage in RSB. Therefore, trait impulsivity is a critical area for future research to develop screening and intervention to promote sexual health.
B - 72 Neuropsychological Problem-Solving Styles on the Tower of London Drexel
Authors: Culbertson William , Zillmer Eric A , Ferariu Ana
Published: October 2023

Objective

The Tower of LondonDX (2nd Edition TOLDX, Culbertson & Zillmer, 2005) provides a standardized measure of executive planning and problem solving. To enhance the measure’s clinical and empirical utility, four contrasting Executive Planning Styles (EPS), were identified based on two different, but moderately related (i.e., rho = −0.37), TOLDX variables, Time to First Move and Total Move Score.

Data Selection

The TOLDX normative data (Technical Manual) for participants ranging in age from 7 to 80 years (n = 990) were utilized for study. The participants were drawn from sites in the United States and Canada. An individual’s assignment to an EPS was based on initiation time and performance scores either one standard deviation above or below the mean for that individual’s normative group. Using these criteria, four contrasting EPS were identified.

Data Synthesis

The four Executive Efficiency constructs are labeled as: Q1 Efficient-Fast, exhibiting rapid, advanced planning skills; Q2 Efficient-Slow, suggesting careful, deliberate, and strategic planning; Q3 Inefficient-Fast, indicating pervasive impulsivity, nonstrategic planning, and an increased likelihood of poor rule-governed behavior; and Q4 Inefficient-Slow, suggesting limitations in executive planning, trial-and-error problem-solving, and possible cognitive limitations.

Conclusions

The purpose of this analysis was to further differentiate the executive planning process of an established measure of executive function by combing two constructs (initiation time and performance) into four Executive Planning Styles. Executive planning is a dimension of complex human behavior, and the four-quadrant conceptualization of Executive Efficiency expands our understanding of this very important neuropsychological construct.
B - 75 Recall Versus Recognition? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recall Versus Recognition Testing to Differentiate Diagnostic Groups
Authors: Furey Rachel T , Bowden Stephen C , Van Dam Nicholas
Published: October 2023

Objective

A systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical utility of separate recall and recognition testing in the identification of anterograde memory impairment.

Data Selection

Articles published from 2010 onwards that reported outcomes for both recall and recognition testing in patients with a diagnosed memory disorder compared to community controls were eligible for inclusion. A search of PsycINFO, Medline, and EMBASE databases in June 2020 led to a total of 63 articles. Standardized mean differences between patients and controls were calculated for recall and recognition outcomes. Study quality was assessed using a modified QUADAS-2 form.

Data Synthesis

Multivariate meta-analyses revealed that overall, patients performed significantly worse than controls on both recall (Hedges’ g = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.88 to 2.87) and recognition tests (Hedges’ g = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.26 to 1.99). A comparison of effect sizes between recall and recognition outcomes using multivariate meta-analysis showed that recall tests were significantly more impaired in patients versus controls (g = 0.76, 95%CI: 0.54 to 0.98) across all test categories and all diagnostic categories, except temporal lobe epilepsy, likely due to the small sample size for this group. The results were not influenced by test material (i.e., verbal or visual), the age or education of patients, or studies considered to have a high risk of bias.

Conclusions

The results show that recall test scores provide a more effective method to identify anterograde memory impairment compared to recognition test scores, regardless of the underlying cause of memory impairment. In no diagnostic group examined did recognition testing confer any advantage.
B - 76 Neurobehavioral Sequela Following Hypoxic–Ischemic Brain Injury to the Bilateral Hippocampi and Globus Pallidus: a Clinical Case Study
Authors: Bracks Bobby , Smith Alphonso
Published: October 2023

Objective

Hypoxic–ischemic brain injury (HIBI) occurs when there is deficient oxygen supply and blood flow to the brain. HIBI can be precipitated by various factors including drug overdose. Brain regions that have high vulnerability to HIBI include the hippocampus and basal ganglia. Even when damage is limited to these two regions, research suggests that diffuse cognitive deficits and changes in behavior-emotional functioning can be observed.

Method

This case study presents on a 29-year-old female who sustained HIBI to the bilateral hippocampi and globus pallidus secondary to an opioid overdose which required a 3-day hospitalization. The patient was discharged from the hospital on suboxone therapy and completed outpatient interventions which included physical therapy as well as speech-language therapy with cognitive rehab. Although improvements in her functional status were noted, she reported having persisting difficulties with cognition in addition to post-injury behavioral-emotional changes. As such, she was referred for neuropsychological testing and the evaluation was completed 6 months after her hospitalization.

Results

Testing showed prominent memory impairments along with deficits in language, visuospatial skills, executive functioning, and attention. On questionnaires, she endorsed having concerns for depression, attention, and executive functioning in daily life whereas her mother endorsed concerns for executive functioning.

Conclusions

The patient’s neurobehavioral profile was consistent with broad ranging sequela that can be observed with HIBI. Recommendations included medication consultation for mood, compensatory cognitive strategies, and vocational rehab for individuals with neurological disabilities. Overall, this case study demonstrates the important role of neuropsychologists in the assessment and treatment of individuals recovering from HIBI.
B - 81 Neuropsychological Case Study: Transient Amnesia or “Sentinel Seizure?” Potential Prodromal Symptoms of an ACoA Aneurysm Rupture
Authors: Palmeri Maria J , Barr William B
Published: October 2023

Objective

We present the neuropsychological profile of a 33-year-old female with a history of transient amnestic events preceding frontal intraparenchymal/intraventricular hemorrhage, bilateral frontal cerebral edema and subarachnoid hemorrhage following a rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA).

Method

Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation referral by neurology to assist with treatment planning given cognitive and behavioral changes since rupture of ACoA aneurysm. Prior to hospitalization, transient episodes of feeling as if she had been “drugged at a party,” followed by behavior changes (e.g., irritability/agitation, “not herself”) were notable, while the patient was amnestic to the events; spanning days at a time.

Results

Intellectual functioning was well-preserved. Neuropsychological testing revealed weaknesses in visuospatial organization, word retrieval, and aspects of executive functioning. Most salient were deficiencies in memory; patient was amnestic to tests shortly after administration. Striking emotional lability/frequent bouts of laughing disproportionate to the conversation and social comportment inappropriate to the setting were present.

Conclusions

To our knowledge, amnestic events preceding ACoA aneurysm rupture have not been reported, and perhaps the symptoms this patient experienced prior to the event were indeed prodromal in nature. Therefore, the potentially rare phenomena in the form of transient amnesia should be further investigated. While these symptoms of memory lapses may be nonspecific and unique to the patient, we also cannot rule out possible “sentinel seizure” as a potential warning sign.
B - 82 Relations between Subjective and Objective Memory Functioning: Investigating Psychometric Equivalence across Race Using Structural Equation Models
Authors: Su Charlie , Dimmick Andrew , Rafiuddin Hanan , Bart Thomas , Cicero David
Published: October 2023

Objective

We assessed the relations between the Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire (SMCQ) and the Spanish English Verbal Learning Test (SEVLT) for equivalence across race. Secondary objectives include evaluating the SMCQ for measurement invariance across race.

Methods

The current study accessed data from the University of North Texas Health Science Center’s Health and Aging Brain Study – Health Disparities (HABS-HD). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the SMCQ for measurement invariance across Black (n = 515), Hispanic (n = 1104), and White (n = 1096) Americans. We first specified a configural model to assess the fit of the underlying structure across groups, followed by a scalar model to determine whether scores reflect comparable levels of the latent construct. Next, we regressed the SEVLT on the SMCQ to test the relation between subjective and objective memory functioning. Lastly, we specified a multigroup SEM to compare unconstrained and constrained regression models across race.

Results

Full scalar invariance was tenable for the SMCQ (ΔCFI = 0.007, NCI = 0.023). There were significant negative relations between the SMCQ and the SEVLT for each group (Black: b = −2.31; Hispanic: b = −1.63; White: b = −2.72), but the relations were not equivalent across groups [χ2 diff (df) = 20.2.45 (2), p < 0.001].

Conclusions

Results suggest that the SMCQ can be administered to screen Black, Hispanic, and White individuals for memory functioning and that mean comparisons can be made. Differential regression coefficients suggest that clinical thresholds may need to be set independently across groups to promote clinical utility.
B - 92 Poor Olfaction Prior to Cardiac Surgery: Associations with Cognition, Plasma Neurofilament Light and Postoperative Delirium in a Prospective Nested Cohort Study
Authors: Le Lan M , Yanek Lisa , Neufeld Karin J , Moghekar Abhay , Hogue Charles , Brown Charles H , Kamath Vidyulata
Published: October 2023

Objective

This study examined the association between pre-operative olfactory performance and delirium after cardiac surgery. As a secondary aim, we examined the relationship between baseline olfaction, cognitive functioning, and plasma neurofilament light (NfL).

Method

Individuals undergoing cardiac surgery were recruited as part of a clinical trial in which blood pressure during bypass was targeted using cerebral autoregulation monitoring. There were 189 participants (mean age = 70 years; 75% men). At baseline, olfaction, cognition, and plasma concentrations of NfL were assessed using the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test (BSIT), a battery of neuropsychological tests, and the Simoa™ NF-Light Assay, respectively. Impaired olfaction was defined as a score of ≤8 for men and ≤ 9 for women. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) and CAM-ICU, and delirium severity was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-1998 (DRS-R-98). The association of baseline olfaction and delirium and delirium severity was examined in regression models adjusting for age, duration of bypass, a surgery risk score, and baseline cognitive performance.

Results

In adjusted models, impaired olfaction at baseline was associated with both incident delirium (OR = 2.25, p = 0.04) and greater delirium severity (OR = 2.10, p = 0.04) after cardiac surgery. Furthermore, worse baseline olfaction was associated with impaired cognition (p < 0.001) and increased perioperative concentrations of plasma NfL (p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Pre-operative olfactory testing may provide insight into brain vulnerability, cognitive dysfunction, and delirium risk in individuals undergoing cardiac surgery. Psychophysical olfactory assessment may inform strategies for patient risk stratification and early identification of individuals at risk for post-operative delirium, allowing for delirium-prevention strategies.
B - 93 Appropriateness of Test of Premorbid Functioning for Predicting Premorbid Functioning in Spanish/English Speaking Military Veterans Affairs Population
Authors: Mohebpour Ida , Bain Kathleen M , Marceaux Janice C
Published: October 2023

Objective

To examine the degree of discrepancy between Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) predicted and actual WAIS-IV FSIQ between monolingual English-speaking veterans (MV) and bilingual English/Spanish-speaking veterans (BV).

Method

Data from neuropsychological evaluation of 97 clinically referred veterans (Mage = 53.02, SD = 14.24, range = 23–80; Medu = 13.87, SD = 2.86, range = 6–20; 81 MV, 16 BV) were included. The percentage of male participants was 80.4. Inclusion criteria were completion of the TOPF and the full standard Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Exclusion criteria were PVT failure, neurocognitive disorder, learning disability, substance use disorders, and psychotic disorders. Mean TOPF-predicted FSIQ (combined demographic + TOPF) and mean WAIS-IV FSIQ were computed for each group, as well as mean discrepancy between observed and predicted FSIQ (DISo-p).

Results

MV and BV differed in mean WAIS-IV FSIQ (t = 3.20, p = .0002) and mean TOPF-predicted FSIQ (t = 2.09, p = .039). Mean DISo-p was −1.88 for MV and −5.75 for BV. Mean DISo-p did not differ significantly between monolingual and bilingual groups (t = 1.71, p = .090).

Conclusions

In a veteran sample, the TOPF combined prediction model functioned similarly for MV and BV without cognitive impairment. This provides preliminary support for the use of this measure to predict premorbid intellectual functioning among English/Spanish bilingual veterans. Additional research is needed to examine impact of English proficiency, age of acquisition, and education level on FSIQ prediction among bilingual veterans and in the population at large.