bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab initiostudy of the effect of α‐substituents on the acidity of cyclopropabenzene
Authors: Eckert‐Maksić Mirjana , Glasovac Zoran
Published: May 2005

The effect of substituents directly bound to the deprotonation site (C‐7) on the acidity of cyclopropabenzene was studied using the MP2/6–31+G* method. The studied substituents encompass a variety of π‐ and σ‐accepting groups including the highly electronegative fluorine atom. It is shown that all substituents enhance the acidity of cyclopropabenzene with the effect being the smallest (0.02 kcal mol−1) for the methyl group and the largest (33.7 kcal mol−1) for the hydrosulfonyl group. It is further shown that the α‐subsituents employed stabilize the cyclopropabenzenyl anion less efficiently than the cyclopropenyl anion, with the effect being more pronounced for the substituents acting via inductive/field effects. This is attributed to the fact that attachment of inductively/field acting substituents to the carbanionic site predominantly stabilize the cyclopropenyl anion by increasing the s character of the lone pair, diminishing the antiaromatic character of the three‐membered ring at the same time. Hence these two effects are operative in concert. The opposite occurs in related cyclopropabenzenyl anions. Here, the rehybridization at the carbanionic center does stabilize the lone pair, but decreases the anionic resonance of the whole system, because of a decrease in overlap between the lone pair and the π‐AO of the annelated bond. The reverse picture holds for the conjugatively acting substituents. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide: The polymerization rate and the polymer molecular weight
Authors: Liu Tao , DeSimone Joseph M. , Roberts George W.
Published: May 2005

The precipitation polymerization of acrylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide was studied in a continuous stirred tank reactor with 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) as the free‐radical initiator. The reactor temperature was between 50 and 90 °C, the pressure was 207 bar, and the average residence time was between 12 and 40 min. The product polymer was a white, dry, fine powder that dissolved in water. A wide range of polymer molecular weights (5–200 kg/mol) was obtained. The effects of the operating variables on the polymerization rate and on the polymer molecular weight were evaluated. The observed kinetics suggested that polymerization took place in both the supercritical fluid and the precipitated polymer particles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2546–2555, 2005
Minimal access therapy in pediatric pulmonary hydatid cysts
Authors: Tullu Milind S. , Lahiri Keya R. , Kumar Sarita , Oak Sanjay N.
Published: May 2005

Hydatid cysts occur commonly in lungs in the pediatric age group. Though medical management has been tried, definitive management of the condition is essentially surgical. Use of video‐assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) has been rarely employed for the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts. We present a 10‐year‐old boy with pulmonary hydatid cysts treated with VATS‐assisted minithoracotomy with hydatid cyst enucleation and capitonnage. The patient developed a lung abscess postoperatively and had to undergo lobectomy. The surgical management of pulmonary hydatid cysts is discussed here. The role of minimal access therapy for pulmonary hydatid cysts is highlighted. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo metabolic fate of [14C]‐acetamiprid in six biological compartments of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L
Authors: Brunet Jean‐Luc , Badiou Alexandra , Belzunces Luc P
Published: May 2005

The in vivo metabolism of acetamiprid was studied in the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. The distribution of acetamiprid and its metabolites was monitored over a 72‐h period in six biological compartments: head, thorax, abdomen, haemolymph, midgut and rectum. Honeybees were treated orally with 100 µg [14C]‐acetamiprid kg−1 bee, a dose which is about 1500 times lower than the median lethal dose. After 72 h, only 40% of the total radioactivity was eliminated, suggesting that acetamiprid and its metabolites tended to persist in the honeybee. Acetamiprid was rapidly distributed in all compartments and metabolized. Just after administration, radioactivity was mainly localized in the abdomen and subsequently in the rectum. After 72 h, the maximum amount of radioactivity (about 20% of the ingested dose) was detected again in the abdomen, whereas the lowest level of total radioactivity was detected in the haemolymph. Radioactivity in the head did not exceed 7.6% of total ingested radioactivity. More than 50% of acetamiprid was metabolised in less than 30 min, indicating a very short half‐life for the compound. During the first hours, acetamiprid was mainly detected in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor‐rich tissues: abdomen, thorax and head. Of the seven metabolites detected, the major ones were 6‐choronicotinic acid and an unknown metabolite called U1, which was present mainly in the rectum, the thorax and the head. Our results indicate that the low toxicity of acetamiprid may reflect its rapid metabolism. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of source/drain contacts on sub‐micrometer organic field‐effect transistors
Authors: Scheinert S. , Paasch G. , Hörselmann I. , Herasimovich A.
Published: May 2005

Measured output characteristics of our prepared short‐channel organic transistor show the well known effect of a nonlinear increase of the drain current with positive curvature at low drain voltages. We investigated this peculiarity by means of 2D simulations considering the bilayer contact for source or drain, respectively. The simulations show that the low work function of the chromium adhesion layer causes the nonlinearity. Another important aspect demonstrated by the simulations is the estimation of the mobility applying the simple Shockley equation. The influence of the contact properties on the rise of the drain current results in erroneous values for the mobility as estimated directly from the current–voltage characteristics.

Output characteristics of a 1 µm channel length transistor.

magnified image

Output characteristics of a 1 µm channel length transistor.

(© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Consistent QED approach to calculation of electron‐collision excitation cross sections and strengths: Ne‐like ions
Authors: Glushkov Alexander V. , Ambrosov Sergey V. , Loboda Andrey V. , Gurnitskaya Elena P. , Prepelitsa Georgy P.
Published: May 2005

We present the uniform energy approach, formally based on the quantum electrodynamics, using the gauge invariant scheme of generation of the optimal one‐electron representation, for the calculation of electron‐collision strengths and cross sections. The aim is to study, in a uniform manner, elementary processes responsible for emission‐line formation in plasmas. The electron‐collision excitation cross sections and strengths for some Ne‐like ions (Fe, Ba) are calculated. To test the results of calculations, we compare them with the calculations of other investigators and with the available experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Water‐Soluble Sacrificial Layers for Surface Micromachining
Authors: Linder Vincent , Gates Byron D. , Ryan Declan , Parviz Babak A. , Whitesides George M.
Published: May 2005

This manuscript describes the use of water‐soluble polymers for use as sacrificial layers in surface micromachining. Water‐soluble polymers have two attractive characteristics for this application: 1) They can be deposited conveniently by spin‐coating, and the solvent removed at a low temperature (95–150 °C), and 2) the resulting layer can be dissolved in water; no corrosive reagents or organic solvents are required. This technique is therefore compatible with a number of fragile materials, such as organic polymers, metal oxides and metals—materials that might be damaged during typical surface micromachining processes. The carboxylic acid groups of one polymer—poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)—can be transformed by reversible ion‐exchange from water‐soluble (Na+counterion) to water‐insoluble (Ca2+counterion) forms. The use of PAA and dextran polymers as sacrificial materials is a useful technique for the fabrication of microstructures: Examples include metallic structures formed by the electrodeposition of nickel, and freestanding, polymeric structures formed by photolithography.
Effects of disialoganglioside GD3 on the mitochondrial membrane potential
Authors: Higuchi Yu , Miura Tsuyoshi , Kajimoto Tetsuya , Ohta Yoshihiro
Published: May 2005

GD3 is an intracellular mediator of apoptotic signaling. Although GD3 is known to directly act on mitochondria, the dynamic responses of individual mitochondria to GD3 remain to be elucidated. In the current study, the membrane potential of single mitochondria is observed in the presence of GD3 or its analogues. Here, we report that (1) GD3 specifically induces gradual depolarizations of the inner membrane by a mechanism that differs from the permeability transition, and (2) the GD3‐induced depolarizations are suppressed by cyclosporin A. These results suggest that GD3 depolarizes mitochondria by a mechanism distinct from but relevant to the permeability transition.
Immunological responses to bone soluble proteins in recipients of bone allografts
Authors: Vandevord Pamela J. , Nasser Sam , Wooley Paul H.
Published: May 2005

The significance of an immune response in complications of bone allograft procedures is not well understood. This study evaluates the immunological reaction to bone allografts in either cortical or cancellous form. Serological responses from osteoarthritis (OA) patients and normal individuals to soluble proteins extracted from allografts were assessed using Western blotting and ELISA techniques. A large number of patients expressed antibodies to bone proteins extracted from the washed bone as compared with normal controls. Antibodies were present in patients without the use of bone allografts, indicating that OA patients develop antibodies to bone soluble proteins. However, patients receiving allografts exhibited an increased immune reactivity against multiple bone proteins when compared with non‐grafted patients. Protein characterization of the immunoreactive proteins revealed that the majority of antigenic targets were fragments of various collagen molecules. The data suggests that OA patients develop antibodies to bone soluble proteins prior to surgery, and these antibodies increase after revision surgery utilizing bone allografts. These findings support the implications that various collagen molecules as well as their degraded fragments represent potential immunogenic proteins within bone allografts. The removal of these antigenic proteins from the allografts prior to surgery may alleviate this immunological reactivity and improve graft outcome. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mineralogical–geochemical constraints on intrusives in central Anatolia, Turkey: tectono-magmatic evolution and characteristics of mantle source
Authors: İLBEYLİ N.
Published: May 2005

Collision-related rocks intrude metamorphic rocks overthrust by ophiolitic units to make up the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. A wide variety of rock types were produced by the latest Cretaceous magmatism in the complex. These rocks can be divided into three distinct units: (1) calc-alkaline (Ağaçören, Behrekdağ, Cefalıkdağ, Çelebi, Ekecikdağ, Halaçlı, Karamadazı, Kösefakılı, Terlemez, Üçkapılı, Yozgat); (2) sub-alkaline (Baranadağ); and (3) alkaline (Atdere, Davulalan, Eğrialan, Hamit, İdişdağı, Karaçayır). The calc-alkaline rocks are metaluminous/peraluminous I- to S-type plutons ranging from monzodiorite to granite. The sub-alkaline rocks are metaluminous I-type plutons ranging from monzonite to granite. The alkaline rocks are metaluminous to peralkaline plutons, predominantly A-type, ranging from foid-bearing monzosyenite to granite. These plutons crystallized under varying pressures (5.3–2.6 kbar) and a wide range of temperatures (858–698 °C) from highly oxidized magmas (log fO2 −17 to −12). All intrusive rocks display enrichment in LILE and LREE compare to HFSE and have high 87Sr/86Sr and low 143Nd/144Nd ratios. These characteristics indicate that these rocks are derived from a mantle source containing large subduction components, and have experienced assimilation coupled with fractional crystallization (AFC) during uprise through crust. The coexistence of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism in the complex may be ascribed to mantle source heterogeneity before collision. Either thermal perturbation of the metasomatized lithosphere by delamination of the thermal boundary layer or removal of a subducted plate (slab breakoff) are the likely mechanisms for the initiation of the collision-related magmatism in the complex.
Editors' Remarks
Authors: Field Geoffrey , Winn Peter , Hattam Victoria
Published: May 2005

Observant readers of ILWCH will have already noticed some recent changes in the ranks of our editors. They reflect a larger goal of moving towards a periodic rotation which we believe is the best way to bring fresh ideas and approaches and wider regional expertise to the journal.
Class Formation in Latin America: One Family's Enduring Journey between Country and City
Authors: Striffler Steve
Published: May 2005

In contrast to the US, scholars of Latin America have not been shy about viewing agrarian life through a class lens. To the contrary, Latin Americanists have often seen class formation as a primarily rural process. This paper examines the uneven nature of and relationship between class formation, “industrialization,” and “urbanization” by tracing the history of a single family: the Alvaros. It is a narrative that provides an interesting window into the central processes, forces, struggles, and events that have defined Ecuadorian as well as much of Latin American history during the twentieth century. It is, at the same time, a history that highlights the problematic nature of any analysis of class formation that (a) focuses solely on urban or rural life, (b) posits a smooth transition from one to the other (i.e. rural to urban), or (c) privileges the solitary male worker so familiar to labor studies. It is not simply the fact that members of the Alvaro family moved back and forth between city and country, a trait they share with many of their counterparts in the non-Western world. The reproduction of the family has, and continues to be, dependent on the relationships between family members living in small rural towns, regional centers, and Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest and most industrialized city-port. The family as a whole has always been—and needed to be in order to survive—simultaneously rural and urban. Like the Alvaro family, those of us interested in understanding class formation need to inhabit these multiple worlds simultaneously.
Rural Work, Household Subsistence, and the North American Working Class: A View from the Midwest
Authors: Higbie Frank Tobias
Published: May 2005

This essay examines seasonal rural work as part of the survival strategies of rural and urban households and individuals in the Midwestern United States. Using workers' memoirs and data from government investigations, the lives of so-called “hobo” workers are examined in relation to communities, labor markets, gender and sexuality, and class formation. “Hobo” was a colloquial term for seasonal migrant workers; most were young, immigrant and US-born men of European ancestry employed in crop harvesting, logging, mining, railroad construction, and other short-term jobs. The seasonal labor market drew together a heterogeneous workforce including farm owners, farm laborers, displaced industrial workers, and young men seeking adventure, as well as criminals, marginally employable drunkards, and disabled men. The essay traces the lives of individual workers, explains labor market structures, and places the mostly-male seasonal workforce in the context of families and communities. The history of rural work in the Midwestern US confounds notions of class formation that posit a one-way trip from peasant to worker, and suggests the ways in which theories of class formation have leaned too heavily on an unexamined image of rural life.
“Without His Consent?”: Marriage and Women's Migration in Colonial India
Authors: Sen Samita
Published: May 2005

An examination of the diverse patterns of women's migration challenges abiding stereotypes of Indian history: the urban worker as a male “peasant-proletariat” and women as inhabiting a timeless rural past. When men opted for circulation between town and country, wives and children undertook the actual labor of cultivation for the survival of “peasant-proletariat” households. Men retained their status as heads of the family and, even though absent for long periods, their proprietary interests in the village. Yet towards the end of the nineteenth century, many unhappy, deserted, and barren wives, widows, and other women were able to escape to the burgeoning cities of Calcutta and Bombay and the coal mines, where they experienced new processes of social and economic marginalization.

Much attention has been given to women's migration to overseas colonies and the Assam teagardens. Such migration has been seen as doubly negative, not only harnessing women to the exploitative contract regimes, but also subjecting them to sexual violation. A general assumption is that women were deceived, decoyed and even “kidnapped,” since there was no possibility of “voluntary” migration by women. Such a view of women's recruitment was produced by a variety of interests opposed to women's, especially married women's, migration, and eventually influenced the colonial state to legally prohibit, in 1901, women's “voluntary” migration to Assam plantations. This provision was an explicit endorsement of male claims on women's labor within the family.
British Communists, the British Empire and the Second World War
Authors: Redfern Neil
Published: May 2005

For a few years after its foundation in 1920 the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) attempted, energetically prompted by the Comintern, to work in solidarity with anticolonial movements in the British Empire. But after the Nazi victory in Germany the Comintern's principal concern was to defend the Soviet Union and the liberal democracies against the threat of fascism. British communists criticized the British Government for failing to defend the Empire against the threat from its imperial rivals. After the entry of the Soviet Union into the war in 1941 they vigorously supported the British war effort, including the defense of Empire. This was not though simply a manifestation of chauvinism. British communists believed that imperialism was suffering a strategic defeat by “progressive” forces and that colonial freedom would follow the defeat of fascism. These chimerical notions were greatly strengthened by the allies' promises of postwar peace, prosperity and international cooperation. In the last year or so of war British communists were clearly worried that these promises would not be redeemed, but nevertheless supported British reassertion of power in such places as Greece, Burma and Malaya. For the great majority of British communists, these were secondary matters when seen in the context of Labour's election victory of 1945 and its promised program of social-imperialist reform.
History and Perspectives of the Left
Authors: Winn Peter
Published: May 2005

The formal title of this three day public conference at the University of São Paulo, August 13–15, 2003, was “History and Perspectives of the Left,” but the infratext for this gathering of scholars, analysts and activists from four continents—Europe, Africa, North and South America—was what are the lessons from the experience of the Left in government elsewhere that the new leftist government in Brazil and its leading party—the Workers Party (PT)—should keep in mind? This was underscored in the formal introductions and welcomes of the sponsors: the PT's Fundação Perseo Abramo, the French Socialist party's Fundacion Jean Juares, the University of São Paulo and the office of the PT mayor of São Paulo, Marta Suplicy. As her secretary for international relations, Keld Jakobsen, stressed: this is the first time that the Brazilian left has the opportunity to govern their country and it is important that they do it well. For that reason, it is also important that they learn from other experiences of the left in government.
Christian Chevandier, Cheminots en greve: ou la construction d'une identite (1848–2001). Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2002. 399 pp. 20 € paper.
Authors: Mann Keith
Published: May 2005

Christian Chevandier's Cheminots en Greve is a social, political, and institutional history of railroad workers in France from 1848 to 2001. It is told from the standpoint of the role of strikes in forming the occupational identity of these workers, known in France as cheminots (Chevandier finds the earliest use of the expression dating back to 1898; by the 1930s the Academie Francaise officially recognized it as a French word). Cheminots belong to various crafts and trades. They drive the trains, repair locomotives and rolling stock in shops and factories, sell tickets in stations and collect them in trains. Although the book is largely structured around a chronological account of railway strikes, Chevandier looks beyond the strike for sources of cheminot identity. These include the evolving structure of the French railroad system from private companies to state ownership, the role of skill and technological change, and especially union strategies, structures, and above all divisions. Along the way he revisits earlier treatments of French labor and railworker history, and takes up old historiographical controversies debating, confirming, and refuting well-known scholars from Annie Kriegel to historians of a younger generation like George Ribeill and Atsushi Fukasawa.
Donna R. Gabaccia, Italy's Many Diasporas. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000. 264 pp. $40.00 cloth; $22.00 paper; Donna R. Gabaccia and Fraser M. Ottanelli, eds., Italian Workers of the World: Labor Migration and the Formation of Multiethnic States. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2001. 248 pp. $35.00 cloth.
Authors: D'Agostino Peter R.
Published: May 2005

In the last decade Donna R. Gabaccia has spearheaded American efforts to compare and theorize about Italian emigrant workers in the Americas and Europe. In the 1980s she published two monographs that followed village-outward methods to examine the culture and politics of Sicilians in the United States. Her two books under review here, one edited with Fraser Ottanelli, are bursting with insightful comparisons and reflections upon Italy's “many diasporas.” They illuminate Italians' diverse roles in nation-building processes, how international and national commitments mingled, reinforced, or qualified one another, and how emigration shaped the history of modern Italy. Italian Workers of the World, the fruit of a well-coordinated international research project about the Italian working class on three continents, brings together essays that speak to one another across historiographical and linguistic traditions thanks to Gabaccia's and Ottanelli's editorial discipline. Italy's Many Diasporas showcases Gabaccia's gifts as a synthesizer of literature from many languages, and as a careful and concise historiographer. Both books are timely contributions that add empirical weight and measured theorizing to studies of transnationalism and international history.
Claire A. Culleton, Working-Class Culture, Women, and Britain, 1914–1921. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. 240 pp. $55.00 cloth
Authors: McAdams Kay
Published: May 2005

Claire Culleton's study of working-class women in First World War Britain is an ambitious project that aims at a “comprehensive analysis of the complexities that conspired to link women's lives, their work, and their writings” (8). The book is positioned as a study that redresses what Culleton views as the marginalization of working-class women's experience in historical and literary studies of the period. She attempts, therefore, to write a history “from below” that provides both historical analysis of the experience of working-class women who labored in Britain's wartime industries, and an analysis of their culture, as revealed through the 1970s oral history testimonies of the Imperial War Museum and the literature they produced for factory newspapers. She states that she will tie this experience and its “costs” to changes in British society that “no longer permit[ed] sentimentality of hearth and home ( . . . )” (2). Culleton notes that the book is aimed at specialists on the subject and general readers. The analysis presented in the book, however, falls short of the author's stated goals and adds little to the existing scholarship on working-class women in First World War Britain.
Jonathan W. Warren, Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2001. 368 pp. $74.95 cloth; 22.95 paper
Authors: Norvell John M.
Published: May 2005

Racial Revolutions comes at a crucial time for indigenist policy in Brazil. Newly elected president Luís Inácio Lula da Silva takes over with several orders for the permanent protection of Indian reserves on his desk, completed but left unsigned by outgoing president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Lula's party, the Workers Party, has a strongly progressive social platform on issues of racial discrimination but no track record or firm positions on Indian issues. Fundamental changes in Brazilian Indian law have been proposed and may come before Congress early this year. Three fatal attacks on Indians occurred in January 2003, the first month of Lula's presidency. One of these cases, the murder by youths of a seventy-seven year-old Indian man in Porto Alegre, recalls the fatal 1997 immolation of a visiting Pataxó leader while sleeping at a bus stop in Brasília, a well-publicized case with which Jonathan Warren opens his book. Finally, anthropologists who work with Indians in Brazil are still dealing with the repercussions of serious ethical charges involving research among the Yanomami Indians raised against senior Amazonianists by journalist Patrick Tierney in his book Darkness in El Dorado (2000).
Diana Paton, ed., A Narrative of Events Since the First of August, 1834, by James Williams, an Apprenticed Labourer in Jamaica. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. 141 pp. 459.95 cloth; $17.95 paper
Authors: Teelucksingh Jerome
Published: May 2005

This work provides a treasury of information relating to a short pamphlet, twenty-four pages in length and published in London and Glasgow in June 1837. It remains the only existing slave narrative which uses Creole or dialect as the main form of expression. The pamphlet, entitled A Narrative of Events, since the First of August, 1834, by James Williams, an Apprenticed Labourer in Jamaica, played a pivotal role in the abolition of the apprenticeship system. The book, edited by Diana Paton, a history lecturer at the University of Newcastle in Britain, illuminates the argument that historical forces which shaped Jamaica's past were unique, yet similar to those existing in other Caribbean colonies.
Gillian Creese, Contracting Masculinity: Gender, Class, and Race in a White-Collar Union, 1944–1994. Ontario: Oxford University Press of Canada, 1999. vii + 278 pp. $21.95 paper
Authors: Hartman Strom Sharon
Published: May 2005

Based on the meticulous examination of company and union records and enlightening interviews with workers, Contracting Masculinity is a successful attempt to show how “doing gender” at the provincial utility British Columbia Electric (BE) created systematic sexual inequality from the 1940s to the present. Tellingly, the first union organization at BE was formed in 1944 and the first personnel management department followed in 1945. Creese's aim is to show how the leadership of one white-collar union collaborated with company executives and personnel managers to institutionalize job evaluation (or classification) systems and collective bargaining agreements that normalized “the rights of male breadwinners to higher pay and career mobility” (107). In the process, the (white) male worker became the norm and the object of most union strategies.
Edward C. Lorenz, Defining Global Justice: The History of U.S. International Labor Standards Policy. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001. x + 318 pp. $54.95 cloth; $27.95 paper
Authors: Frank Dana
Published: May 2005

Whether in 1870 or in 2003, reformers concerned with the global logic of capitalism have dreamed of effective international labor standards, imposed through a world body that would stop the downward spiral of wages and working conditions. Here Edward Lorenz offers us a history of US political debates over the International Labor Organization (ILO), founded precisely to stop that spiral. His study provides a comprehensive overview of the different big-level national interests who sought, alternately, to support, contain, or repress the ILO. It's full of enticing research leads and fascinating tidbits about US debates over the ILO. International Labor and Working-Class History (ILWCH) readers, though, will still be left frustrated in their efforts to understand US involvement in the ILO and, especially, organized labor's relationship to it.
Special issue on Aspects of OV and VO order in the history of English
Authors: TAYLOR ANN , VAN DER WURFF WIM
Published: May 2005

Whether judged by the amount of intrinsic interest, the number of knock-on effects, or the sheer volume of scholarly work devoted to it, it seems safe to say that one of the major issues in English historical syntax is the shift from object–verb (OV) to verb–object (VO) order. Over the last three decades in particular, a large body of literature has grown up that has resulted in an increasingly detailed picture of this change. No doubt in part because the recent introduction of electronic corpora has provided a boost to data-oriented work, the popularity of this change shows no imminent signs of abating. Evidence for the continuing popularity of this topic was demonstrated at two conferences held at the University of Leiden Centre for Linguistics in 2003 (the second Holland–York Symposium on the History of English Syntax in April 2003, and the Conference on Comparative Diachronic Syntax in August 2003). Although neither of the meetings had the shift from OV to VO in English as a special theme, the conference programmes together included no fewer than eight papers on the topic. Seven of these can be found in this special issue, which aims to illuminate selected aspects of the alternation between OV and VO order in the history of English; the collection of articles is rounded off by a review of a recent monograph on the subject.
E-STABILITY DOES NOT IMPLY LEARNABILITY
Authors: GIANNITSAROU CHRYSSI
Published: May 2005

The concept of E-stability is widely used as a learnability criterion in studies of macroeconomic dynamics with adaptive learning. In this paper, it is demonstrated, via a counterexample, that E-stability generally does not imply learnability of rational expectations equilibria. The result indicates that E-stability may not be a robust device for equilibrium selection.
RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH
Authors: AZNAR-MÁRQUEZ J. , RUIZ-TAMARIT J.R.
Published: May 2005

We study the sustainability of long-run growth in a two-sector economy where a renewable natural resource is exploited under private property rights. We obtain short- and long-run growth trajectories in closed form, examine transitional dynamics, and characterize convergence properties. We find conditions for sustainable long-run growth, which depend on the harvesting rate, and show that the speed of convergence decreases during transition. We identify a stronger version of Hartwick's rule and analyze parameter dependences for endogenous variables. Economic growth relies less on abundance or scarcity of natural resources than on the way they are managed.
HOME BIAS IN GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND QUASI NEUTRALITY OF FISCAL SHOCKS
Authors: GANELLI GIOVANNI
Published: May 2005

We show how introducing home bias in government spending in the redux model generates quasi neutrality of fiscal policy shocks. We offer an intuitive explanation for this result and we stress its policy implications.
MARSHALLIAN MACROECONOMIC MODEL: A PROGRESS REPORT
Authors: ZELLNER ARNOLD , ISRAILEVICH GUILLERMO
Published: May 2005

In this progress report, we first indicate the origins and early development of the Marshallian Macroeconomic Model and briefly review some of our past empirical forecasting experiments with the model. Then we present recently developed one-sector, two-sector and n-sector models of an economy that can be employed to explain past experience, predict future outcomes, and analyze policy problems. The results of simulation experiments with various versions of the model are provided to illustrate some of its dynamic properties that include “chaotic” features. Last, we present comments on planned future work with the model.
Neuropsychologische Befunde bei der Frontotemporalen Demenz
Authors: Jenner Carina , Benke Thomas
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Post-mortem Untersuchungen diagnostizieren eine Frontotemporale Demenz (FTD) in etwa 20 % aller neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen. Bei der klinischen Untersuchung wird diese schwierige Diagnose jedoch viel seltener gestellt. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über neuropsychologische Studien der FTD und versucht, den Stellenwert der Neuropsychologie zu bestimmen. Neuropsychologische Standarduntersuchungen der FTD zeigen in vielen Fällen ein relativ unspezifisches Profil mit variablen Einschränkungen bei frontal-exekutiven Leistungen, der Aufmerksamkeit, beim anterograden Gedächtnis und beim Benennen, wogegen komplexe visuell-räumliche Leistungen oft besser erhalten sind. Eine differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung zur Alzheimer-Erkrankung (DAT) und zu anderen Demenzen gelingt in frühen und mittleren Erkrankungsstadien oft nicht befriedigend. Somit erscheint eine Diagnose der FTD unter ausschließlicher Berücksichtigung des neuropsychologischen Profils nicht möglich. Daher ist es sinnvoll, das Augenmerk vor allem auf die prominenten Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von FTD-Patienten zu legen und zusätzliche diagnostische Hilfsmittel heranzuziehen.
Vom Ansehen der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie
Authors: König Cornelius J. , Melchers Klaus G.
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. In seinem Dialogbeitrag hat von Rosenstiel (2004) die Situation der deutschen Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie beschrieben und Vorschläge zur Verbesserung vorgebracht. In diesem Kommentar argumentieren wir, dass einige der von von Rosenstiel vorgebrachten Punkte und Vorschläge nicht zu diesem Ziel beitragen. Erstens halten wir es für wichtig, dass die Langlebigkeit der Befunde der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie stärker anerkannt und betont wird. Zweitens sehen wir eine wichtige Rolle von experimenteller Forschung auch in der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie. Drittens zeigen wir, dass US-amerikanische Zeitschriften auch in der deutschen Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie häufig zitiert werden und folgern daraus, dass das Veröffentlichen in solchen Zeitschriften auch für deutsche Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologinnen und -psychologen eine sinnvolle Strategie ist.
Führungshandeln im Alltag: Ein Modell zur Analyse von Führungsprozessen
Authors: Stempfle Joachim , Badke-Schaub Petra
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung und Analyse des Alltagshandelns von Führungspersonen im Kontext führungsrelevanter Situationen vorgestellt. Dieses Modell kann für die Beschreibung und Analyse von Führungsverhalten in der Praxis ebenso wie für die Ableitung präskriptiver Empfehlungen nutzbar gemacht werden. Die Möglichkeiten für den Einsatz des Modells werden anhand von zwei Praxisbeispielen führungsrelevanter Situationen erläutert. Das Modell stellt einen Brückenschlag zwischen qualitativer und quantitativer Methodik dar.
Nonlinear interaction between wind‐forced currents and near‐inertial oscillations and internal waves in nearshore frontal regions
Authors: Xing Jiuxing , Davies Alan M.
Published: May 2005

A cross‐sectional model with a coastal boundary and bottom front is used to examine the nonlinear interaction between wind‐forced currents and internal waves at the near‐inertial frequency (f) and those at super‐ and subinertial frequencies (ωf). In the frontal region, nonlinear effects associated with vorticity in the frontal jet and differences in eddy viscosity gives rise to Ekman pumping. This allows the wind's momentum at super‐ and subinertial frequencies to penetrate to a greater depth than that due to momentum diffusion. Internal waves produced in the frontal region are trapped on the western side of the front but can propagate on the eastern side, although some trapping occurs at depth. Away from the frontal region, nonlinear interaction gives rise to energy at the frequencies (ωf + f) and (∣ωf − f∣) primarily through vertical shear associated with the f frequency and vertical velocity at the ωf frequency. In the frontal region, where internal waves at the ωf and f frequency are trapped at depth by the sloping isotherms, the horizontal momentum advection term is comparable to the nonlinear term involving vertical velocity, and there is maximum nonlinear interaction. Internal waves at the (ωf + f) frequency are superinertial and can propagate away from their generation region, while those at (∣ωf − f∣) are subinertial. Calculations show appreciable spatial variability in the interaction processes, which will influence the spectra derived from observations. The spatial characteristics of the interaction change in the frontal region depending upon ωf being super‐ or subinertial.
Variability of aerosol and spectral lidar and backscatter and extinction ratios of key aerosol types derived from selected Aerosol Robotic Network locations
Authors: Cattrall Christopher , Reagan John , Thome Kurt , Dubovik Oleg
Published: May 2005

The lidar (extinction‐to‐backscatter) ratios at 0.55 and 1.02 μm and the spectral lidar, extinction, and backscatter ratios of climatically relevant aerosol species are computed on the basis of selected retrievals of aerosol properties from 26 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites across the globe. The values, obtained indirectly from sky radiance and solar transmittance measurements, agree very well with values from direct observations. Low mean values of the lidar ratio, Sa, at 0.55 μm for maritime (27 sr) aerosols and desert dust (42 sr) are clearly distinguishable from biomass burning (60 sr) and urban/industrial pollution (71 sr). The effects of nonsphericity of mineral dust are shown, demonstrating that particle shape must be taken into account in any spaceborne lidar inversion scheme. A new aerosol model representing pollution over Southeast Asia is introduced since lidar (58 sr), color lidar, and extinction ratios in this region are distinct from those over other urban/industrial centers, owing to a greater number of large particles relative to fine particles. This discrimination promises improved estimates of regional climate forcing by aerosols containing black carbon and is expected to be of utility to climate modeling and remote sensing communities. The observed variability of the lidar parameters, combined with current validated aerosol data products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), will afford improved accuracy in the inversion of spaceborne lidar data over both land and ocean.
Retrieval of stratospheric NOx from 5.3 and 6.2 μm nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium emissions measured by Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat
Authors: Funke B. , López‐Puertas M. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P. , Fischer H. , Glatthor N. , Grabowski U. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Linden A. , Mengistu Tsidu G. , Milz M. , Steck T. , Wang D. Y.
Published: May 2005

We present the first global observations of stratospheric NOx(= NO + NO2) from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat during 24 July, 18 to 27 September, and 11 to 13 October 2002. Volume mixing ratio profiles of both NOx species were derived from MIPAS limb emission spectra by means of an innovative retrieval scheme under consideration of nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non‐LTE) effects. In the quiescent atmosphere, the estimated accuracy of retrieved NOx at the altitude of its stratospheric mixing ratio maximum at 35–40 km is around 1–2 ppbv, and the vertical resolution is around 3.5–6.5 km at altitudes between 20 and 50 km. In order to correctly consider NO2 non‐LTE effects in the retrievals, the photochemical excitation rate of NO2(v3 > 0) vibrational states was derived from NO2(002→001) emissions and was found to be about 50 times smaller than previously estimated from Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) measurements. The NOx partitioning of the retrieved data is in excellent agreement with steady state photochemistry, which confirms predicted stratospheric NO(v > 0) non‐LTE population enhancements. The retrieved NOx abundances are also consistent with Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) NOx observations.
Year‐round measurements of net ecosystem CO2 flux over a montane larch forest in Mongolia
Authors: Li Sheng‐Gong , Asanuma Jun , Kotani Ayumi , Eugster Werner , Davaa Gombo , Oyunbaatar Dambaravjaa , Sugita Michiaki
Published: May 2005

Mongolian boreal forest merits special attention since it is located in the transitional area between the southern Siberian boreal forest and the Asian steppe zone, a vulnerable region being potentially affected by global warming and anthropogenic activities. This paper presents the first full‐year‐long continuous measurements of net ecosystem CO2 flux (NEE) made over a montane larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest in Mongolia from 25 March 2003 to 24 March 2004 (366 days) using the eddy covariance technique. The hourly maximum uptake was −10.1 μmol m−2 s−1. The maximum daily uptake of −4.0 g C m−2 d−1 (negative NEE values denote net carbon uptake by the canopy from the atmosphere) occurred in July. The annual cumulative NEE was −85 g C m−2, indicating that the forest acted as a net sink of CO2. We examined the responses of NEE to environmental conditions in the growing season from May to September. Both daytime 30‐min mean and daily integrated NEE responded to incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a rectangular hyperbolic fashion. Model results show that the apparent quantum yield (α) was −0.0133 ± 0.0011 μmol CO2 per μmol of photons, and the bulk light use efficiency (LUE) on the daily basis was −6.7 mmol CO2 per mole of PAR photons over the entire growing season for this forest. Additionally, daily integrated NEE was also a linear function of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a linear function of mean daily air temperature (Ta), and a quadratic polynomial function of daily means of the atmospheric water vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Among these factors, LAI (as measured by NDVI) was dominant in affecting the dynamics of NEE, followed by Ta. Lower Ta was limiting the growth rate of this montane larch forest. As daily means of VPD exceeded 1.2 kPa, net CO2 uptake by the canopy declined. Nevertheless, water stress was not observed as a problem for the forest growth.
Diurnal cycle of upper‐air temperature estimated from radiosondes
Authors: Seidel Dian J. , Free Melissa , Wang Junhong
Published: May 2005

This study estimates the amplitude and phase of the climatological diurnal cycle of temperature, from the surface to 10 hPa. The analysis is based on four‐times‐daily radiosonde data from 53 stations in four regions in the Northern Hemisphere, equatorial soundings from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment, and more recent eight‐times‐daily radiosonde data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Central Facility in Oklahoma. Our results are in general qualitative agreement with earlier studies, with some quantitative differences, but provide more detail about vertical, seasonal, and geographic variations. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle (half the diurnal temperature range) is largest (1 to 4 K) at the surface. At 850 hPa and above, the regional‐average amplitudes are <1 K throughout the troposphere and stratosphere. The amplitude of the diurnal cycle in the boundary layer is larger over land than over ocean, and generally larger in summer than winter (except for monsoon regions, where it is larger in the dry season). In the upper‐troposphere and stratosphere, land‐sea and seasonal differences are not prominent. The diurnal cycle peaks a few hours after local noon at the surface, a few hours later at 850 hPa, and somewhat earlier in the upper troposphere. The timing of the diurnal cycle peak in the stratosphere is more uncertain. Radiosonde data are also used to simulate deep‐layer mean temperatures that would be observed by the satellite‐borne microwave sounding unit, and the amplitude and phase of their diurnal cycles are estimated. An evaluation is made of the uncertainty in these results due to the temporal resolution of the sounding data, which is only barely adequate for resolving the first harmonic of the diurnal cycle, the precision of radiosonde temperature data, and potential biases in daytime stratospheric temperature observations.
Variations of the Last Glacial Warm Pool: Sea surface temperature contrasts between the open western Pacific and South China Sea
Authors: Chen Muhong , Li Qianyu , Zheng Fan , Tan Xianzan , Xiang Rong , Jian Zhimin
Published: May 2005

High‐resolution paleoceanographic records from the southern South China Sea (SCS) and the tropical open western Pacific reveal multicentennial‐ to millennial‐scale variations of the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) over the last 40 kyr. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), in marine isotope stage (MIS) 2, planktonic Globigerinoides sacculifer δ18O in core NS93‐5 from the southern SCS and in core WP92‐5 from the central WPWP registered a similar average value of about −1.5‰. However, the average δ18O value was about 0.5‰ more negative in the SCS than in the central WPWP, as was their difference before and after the LGM in the later part of MIS 3 and early portion of MIS 1. These results indicate weaker monsoonal and fluvial effects on the southern SCS during the last glacial than during pleniglacial and postglacial periods owing to different oceanic circulation modes and regional topography. The calculated seasonal temperature differences of summer and winter sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between the open WPWP and the southern SCS were up to 3–4.5°C during the LGM but only slightly over 3°C in the southern SCS and less than 2°C in the open WPWP during other periods. From about 29 to 25 ka the MIS 2/3 transition was marked by a sudden SST increase in the southern SCS but a decrease in the open WPWP. Over this 4 kyr period the average annual SST appeared to be only 28°C in the central WPWP but more than 28°C in the southern SCS, indicating a shift of the central WPWP toward the far west during that time. Furthermore, our results imply a period of nearly 6 kyr from 22.5 to 16.5 ka without an apparent warm pool of 28°C in the western Pacific.