bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The estimation of peanut meal in a premix for bread enrichment
Authors: Louw D. F. , Van Bergen E. L.
Published: September 2007

By modifying existing methods a dependable procedure has been developed for the estimation of defatted peanut flour in a premix containing this component in addition to skim milk powder and calcium carbonate. The method is based on extraction of the catechol tannin pigments of the peanut skin by refluxing with diluted alcohol, purification of the pigments by precipitation as the lead salts, and development of a red color in alcoholic hydrochloric acid. This red product has a maximum absorption at 545 mμ, and the extinction is directly proportional to the concentration of peanut meal in a range of 0–70%. Deviations from the linear relationship occur at higher concentrations.

Using a premix containing 60% peanut meal, a standard deviation of 2.1% has been calculated for this procedure, indicating excellent reproducibility for control determinations.
Liquid to Semisolid Rheological Transitions of Normal and High‐oleic Peanut Oils upon Cooling to Refrigeration Temperatures
Authors: Davis J. P. , Sanders T. H.
Published: September 2007

Rheological transitions of peanut oils cooled from 20 to 3 °C at 0.5 °C/min were monitored via small strain oscillatory measurements at 0.1 Hz and 1 Pa. Oils were from nine different cultivars of peanut, and three oils were classified as high‐oleic (approximately 80% oleic acid). High‐oleic oils maintained an overall liquid‐like character at 3 °C for 2 h. In contrast, several normal (non high‐oleic) peanut oils displayed a predominantly elastic (solid‐like) response after 2 h at 3 °C. Increases in viscoelasticity were associated with lipid crystallization events as confirmed by DSC. The higher (p < 0.001) liquid viscosities and increased (p < 0.001) contents of oleic acid, which has a more non‐linear structure as compared to other fatty acids typical in these oils, were hypothesized to hinder crystallization in high‐oleic oils. Changes in viscoelasticity at 3 °C were greatest for three normal oils that had the significantly (p < 0.001) highest content of C20:0 and/or C22:0 fatty acids, and these long, saturated hydrocarbon chains are hypothesized to promote crystallization. No peanut oil maintained clarity after 5.5 h at 0 °C (modified cold test used to screen salad oils); however, these data as a whole suggest strategies for breeding and/or processing peanut oils for enhanced resistance to crystallization.
Treatment of severe late-onset Perthes’ disease with soft tissue release and articulated hip distraction: Revisited at skeletal maturity
Authors: Segev Eitan , Ezra Eli , Wientroub Shlomo , Yaniv Moshe , Hayek Shlomo , Hemo Yoram
Published: September 2007

Purpose

Late-onset Perthes’ disease is diagnosed after 9 years of age. Conservative treatment and conventional surgical techniques have limited ability to reduce the pressure in the joint or change the shape of the femoral head. We used a combination of soft tissue release and joint distraction with a hinged mono-lateral external fixator for these patients. Ten of our patients reached skeletal maturity and were evaluated.

Methods

Clinical assessment included: Harris hip score, hip range-of-motion (ROM), limb length discrepancy, and the Oxford hip questionnaire for pain and function. Radiographic assessment included: Sharp transverse acetabular inclination, the uncoverage percentage, the epiphyseal index before surgery (modified Eyre–Brook), at frame removal, and, at last follow-up, the epiphyseal quotient (of Sjovall) and the Stulberg classification.

Results

Our study included eight boys and two girls (mean age at surgery 12.3 years, range 9.4–15.1, mean age at last follow-up 18.1 years, range 15.2–22.8). The mean follow-up was 5.7 years (range 4.3–7.8). The mean Harris hip score was 86.3/100 (range 48.5–96); one patient had <85 points. The hip ROM was slightly limited in most patients, and seven patients had limb shortening between 1–4 cm. The mean Oxford hip questionnaire score was 17.4/60 (range 12–31). The mean Sharp transverse acetabular inclination of the affected side was 42° (range 36–54) compared to 39° for the unaffected side ( P = 0.045). The mean uncoverage percentage was 37% (range 27–47) compared to 20% for the unaffected side ( P = 0.017). The mean epiphyseal index was 0.71 (range 0.31–0.92) before surgery, 0.79 (range 0.50–0.93) at frame removal ( P = 0.012), and 0.72 (range 0.51–0.89) at last follow-up ( P = 0.646). The epiphyseal quotient for the eight unilateral cases was 0.72 (range 0.49–0.91), and the Stulberg classification was type III for three cases and type IV for seven.

Conclusion

Patient satisfaction for function and pain following the combined procedure was good. Radiographic parameters did not change significantly. This should be regarded as a salvage procedure.
Is varus osteotomy necessary in one-stage treatment of developmental dislocation of the hip in older children?
Authors: Arslan Hüseyin , Kapukaya Ahmet , Ibrahim Bekler H. , Necmioğlu Serdar
Published: September 2007

Purpose

Innominate osteotomy, varisation–derotation osteotomy, and shortening osteotomy are the most common surgical procedures used to achieve pelvifemoral realignment in the treatment of children over three years of age with developmental hip dislocation. It is well known that varus osteotomy can improve the acetabular index but it does have some disadvantages. The aim of this study was to discuss the results obtained with patients treated only with Salter osteotomy, derotation osteotomy, and shortening, without varus osteotomy, and to evaluate the need for varisation on the basis of these results.

Methods

Between 1996 and 2001, twenty-four hips, sixteen unilateral and four bilateral, of a total of twenty patients treated with this method and available for final controls were evaluated. The study included sixteen female and four male patients with a mean age of 4 years 2 months (ranging between 2 years 10 months and 8 years). The mean follow-up period was determined as 6.57 years (range 5–10 years). McKay's clinical criteria, Sever's radiological criteria, and the evaluation system modified by Trevor et al. were used for evaluation of the results.

Results

Based on McKay's clinical criteria, eighteen hips (75%) were classified as type I, four hips (16%) as type II, and two hips (9%) as type III. According to Sever's radiological criteria, thirteen hips (54%) were graded as grade I, nine hips (37.5%) as grade II, and two (8.5%) as grade III. According to the modified evaluation system of Trevor et al. the results were categorized as excellent in thirteen hips, good in nine hips, and moderate in two hips. Pre-operative mean acetabular index was measured as 37.3° (28°–50°) and early post-operative mean acetabular index as 26° (18°–38°). In the final radiological examination the mean acetabular index was measured as 18.3° and the mean CE angle as 30.1° (15°–38°). Avascular necrosis affecting the results developed in five hips.

Conclusion

It is concluded that in older children with developmental dislocation of the hip (DDH) treated with one-stage combined surgical intervention, adequately stable concentric reduction can be achieved without varisation and that varus osteotomy is not always necessary.
The effects of ibuprofen and the neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist GR205171A on Fos expression in the ferret trigeminal nucleus following tooth pulp stimulation
Authors: Worsley Matthew A. , Clayton Nick M. , Bountra Chas , Boissonade Fiona M.
Published: September 2007

We have developed a model to study central changes following inflammation of the tooth pulp in the ferret and have examined Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus following stimulation of non‐inflamed and inflamed tooth pulps. The aim of this study was to establish the ability of this model to predict analgesic efficacy in clinical studies of inflammatory pain. We addressed this by assessing the effects of the neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist GR205171A and ibuprofen on Fos expression following stimulation of the inflamed pulp and comparing this with known analgesic efficacy. Adult ferrets were prepared under anaesthesia to allow tooth pulp stimulation, recording from the digastric muscle and intravenous injections at a subsequent experiment. In some animals pulpal inflammation was induced, by introducing human caries into a deep buccal cavity. After 5 days, animals were reanaesthetised, treated with vehicle, GR205171A or ibuprofen and the teeth were stimulated at ten times the threshold of the jaw‐opening reflex. Stimulation of all tooth pulps induced ipsilateral Fos in trigeminal subnuclei caudalis and oralis. GR205171A had no significant effect on Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus of animals with either non‐inflamed or inflamed tooth pulps. Ibuprofen reduced Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus and this effect was most marked in animals with pulpal inflammation. These results differ from those previously described using a range of other animal models, but agree with known clinical efficacy of neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonists and ibuprofen. Therefore this model is likely to be of use in accurately predicting the analgesic efficacy of novel compounds.
Usefulness of different techniques for measuring body composition changes during weight loss in overweight and obese women
Authors: Minderico Cláudia S. , Silva Analiza M. , Keller Kathleen , Branco Teresa L. , Martins Sandra S. , Palmeira António L. , Barata José T. , Carnero Elvis A. , Rocha Paulo M. , Teixeira Pedro J. , Sardinha Luís B.
Published: September 2007

The objective was to compare measures from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry with a reference four-compartment model to estimate fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) changes in overweight and obese women after a weight-loss programme. Forty-eight women (age 39.8 ± 5.8 years; weight 79·2 ± 11·8 kg; BMI 30·7 ± 3·6 kg/m2) were studied in an out-patient weight-loss programme, before and after the 16-month intervention. Women attended weekly meetings for the first 4 months, followed by monthly meetings from 4 to 12 months. Body composition variables were measured by the following techniques: DXA, anthropometry (waist circumference-based model; Antrform), BIA using Tanita (TBF-310) and Omron (BF300) and a reference four-compartment model. Body weight decreased significantly ( − 3·3 (sd3·1) kg) across the intervention. At baseline and after the intervention, FM, percentage FM and FFM assessed by Antrform, Tanita, BF300 and DXA differed significantly from the reference method (P ≤ 0·001), with the exception of FFM assessed by Tanita (baselineP = 0·071 and afterP = 0·007). DXA significantly overestimated the change in FM and percentage FM across weight loss ( − 4·5v. − 3·3 kg;P < 0·001 and − 3·7v. − 2·0 %;P < 0·001, respectively), while Antrform underestimated FM and percentage FM ( − 2·8v. − 3·3 kg;P = 0·043 and − 1·1v. − 2·0 %;P = 0·013) compared with the four-compartment model. Tanita and BF300 did not differ (P>0·05) from the reference model in any body composition variables. We conclude that these methods are widely used in clinical settings, but should not be applied interchangeably to detect changes in body composition. Furthermore, the several clinical methods were not accurate enough for tracking body composition changes in overweight and obese premenopausal women after a weight-loss programme.
Consumption of fruit and berries is inversely associated with carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men
Authors: Ellingsen I. , Hjerkinn E. M. , Seljeflot I. , Arnesen H. , Tonstad S.
Published: September 2007

Epidemiological data suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a lowered risk of CVD. We assessed the association between the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery and dietary intake of vegetables, fruit and berries in elderly men with a high risk of CVD. Subjects (age 70 ±  5 years) were survivors from a cohort of 1232 men that participated in the Oslo Diet and Antismoking Study in 1972–3.Measurements of the carotid IMT by high resolution B-mode ultrasound, risk factor assessment and dietary data based on an FFQ were collected in 1997–9.Complete dietary and ultrasound data were available for 547 subjects. The carotid IMT in the highest quartile of dietary intake of fruit and berries was 0·89 (se 0·18) mm compared with 0·96 (se 0·25) mm in the lowest quartile, giving a mean difference of 0·075 (se 0·027) mm (P = 0·033). In multivariate regression analysis increased intake of fruit and berries remained inversely associated with IMT after adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat, consumption of milk, cream and ice cream and energy intake (multivariate regression coefficient 0·257; R2 0·066; se 0·209; P < 0·001). The difference of 348 g of fruit and berries per d between the lowest and highest quartile of intake was associated with a 5·5 % adjusted difference in mean IMT. These findings suggest that consumption of fruit and berries may be protective against carotid atherosclerosis in elderly men at high risk of CVD.
Molecular genetic basis of flower colour variegation inLinaria
Authors: GALEGO LISETE , ALMEIDA JORGE
Published: September 2007

To identify transposons that may be of use for mutagenesis we investigated the genetic molecular basis of a case of flower colour variegation inLinaria, a close relative of the model speciesAntirrhinum majus. We show that this variegation is attributable to an unstable mutant allele of the gene encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, one of the enzymes required for anthocyanin biosynthesis. This allele carries an insertion of a transposon belonging to the CACTA family (Tl1, Transposon Linaria 1) which blocks its expression thus conferring an ivory flower colour phenotype. Tl1 is occasionally excised in dividing epidermal cells to produce clonal patches of red tissue on the ivory background, and in cells giving rise to gametes to generate reversion alleles conferring a fully coloured phenotype. This finding may open the way for targeted transposon-mutagenesis inLinaria, and hence for using this genus in comparative genetic studies.
Triadic IBD coefficients and applications to estimating pairwise relatedness
Authors: WANG JINLIANG
Published: September 2007

Knowledge of the genetic relatedness among individuals is essential in diverse research areas such as behavioural ecology, conservation biology, quantitative genetics and forensics. How to estimate relatedness accurately from genetic marker information has been explored recently by many methodological studies. In this investigation I propose a new likelihood method that uses the genotypes of a triad of individuals in estimating pairwise relatedness (r). The idea is to use a third individual as a control (reference) in estimating therbetween two other individuals, thus reducing the chance of genes identical in state being mistakenly inferred as identical by descent. The new method allows for inbreeding and accounts for genotype errors in data. Analyses of both simulated and human microsatellite and SNP datasets show that the quality ofrestimates (measured by the root mean squared error, RMSE) is generally improved substantially by the new triadic likelihood method (TL) over the dyadic likelihood method and five moment estimators. Simulations also show that genotyping errors/mutations, when ignored, result in underestimates ofrfor related dyads, and that incorporating a model of typing errors in the TL method improvesrestimates for highly related dyads but impairs those for loosely related or unrelated dyads. The effects of inbreeding were also investigated through simulations. It is concluded that, because most dyads in a natural population are unrelated or only loosely related, the overall performance of the new triadic likelihood method is the best, offeringrestimates with a RMSE that is substantially smaller than the five commonly used moment estimators and the dyadic likelihood method.
An intervarietal genetic linkage map of Indian bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and QTL maps for some metric traits
Authors: NALINI E. , BHAGWAT S. G. , JAWALI N.
Published: September 2007

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) exhibits very narrow genetic diversity and hence there is high relatedness among cultivated varieties. However, a population generated from an intervarietal cross, with the parents differing in a large number of traits, could lead to the generation of QTL maps which will be useful in practice. In this report a genetic linkage map of wheat is constructed using a cross between two Indian bread wheat varieties: Sonalika and Kalyansona. The linkage map consisted of 236 markers and spanned a distance of 3639 cM, with 1211·2 cM for the A genome, 1669·2 cM for the B genome, 192·4 cM for the D genome and 566·2 cM for unassigned groups. Linkage analysis defined 37 linkage groups of which 24 were assigned to 17 chromosomes. The genetic map was used to identify QTLs by composite internal mapping (CIM) for three metric traits, viz. culm length (CL), flag leaf length (FLL) and flag leaf breadth (FLB). Of 25 QTLs identified in this study, 15 have not been reported previously. Multitrait CIM (MCIM) analysis was carried out for traits that were significantly correlated such as FLB–FLL and CL–FLB–FLL. Detection of a large number of QTLs for the three traits analysed suggests that in parent cultivars that are not too diverse, the differences at genetic level detected as polymorphisms may be mostly associated with QTLs for the observed differences.
Estimation of leaf total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations using hyperspectral satellite imagery
Authors: RAMA RAO N. , GARG P. K. , GHOSH S. K. , DADHWAL V. K.
Published: September 2007

Remotely sensed estimates of biochemical parameters of agricultural crops are central to the precision management of agricultural crops (precision farming). Past research using in situ and airborne spectral reflectance measurements of various vegetation species has proved the usefulness of hyperspectral data for the estimation of various biochemical parameters of vegetation. In order to exploit the vast spectral and radiometric resources offered by space-borne hyperspectral remote sensing for the improved estimation of plant biochemical parameters, the relationships observed between spectral reflectance and various biochemical parameters at in situ and airborne levels needed to be evaluated in order to establish the existence of a reliable and stable relationship between spectral reflectance and plant biochemical parameters at the pixel scale. The potential of the EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral sensor was investigated for the estimation of total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of cotton crops in India by developing regression models between hyperspectral reflectance and laboratory measurements of leaf total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations. A comprehensive and rigorous analysis was carried out to identify the spectral bands and spectral indices for accurate retrieval of leaf total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of cotton crop. The performance of these critical spectral reflectance indices was validated using independent samples. A new vegetation index, named the plant biochemical index (PBI), is proposed for improved estimation of the plant biochemicals from space-borne hyperspectral data; it is simply the ratio of reflectance at 810 and 560 nm. Further, the applicability of PBI to a different crop and at a different geographical location was also assessed. The present results suggest the use of space-borne hyperspectral data for accurate retrieval of leaf total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations and the proposed PBI has the potential to retrieve leaf total chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of various crops and at different geographical locations.
Variety and total number of food items recorded by a true longitudinal group of urban black South African children at five interceptions between 1995 and 2003: the Birth-to-Twenty (Bt20) Study
Authors: Pedro Titilola M , MacKeown Jenny M , Norris Shane A
Published: September 2007

Objective

To report on the variety and total number of food items recorded by a true longitudinal group of urban black South African children (n= 143) from the Birth-to-Twenty Study at five interceptions at the ages of 5 (1995), 7 (1997), 9 (1999), 10 (2000) and 13 (2003) years, respectively.

Methods

Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Frequencies were calculated per week, for each interception and for all five interceptions combined, using SAS.

Results

Five hundred and forty-six different individual food items were recorded 23 480 times for all five interceptions combined. The highest of 124 items was recorded in 1999 contributing 23% of the 546 items recorded. Each of the top 10 items (rice, stiff maize-meal porridge, chicken, sugar, sweets, tea, eggs, full-cream milk, carbonated beverages and oil) contributed between 2.5% and 3% and these items were recorded almost 600 times or more for all interceptions combined (n= 23 840). Rice and stiff maize-meal porridge were the top items recorded 684 and 676 times, both contributing 2.87% and 2.84%, respectively. The variety of food items and the ratio of the food groups to the total number of foods recorded in the present study were not significantly different but the denominators decreased over the five interceptions.

Conclusion

The variety of food items recorded did not vary between 1995 and 2003 – the fact that new items were not added to the questionnaire as the children grew older could have contributed to this phenomenon. However, there was a difference in the ranking of these items that may suggest a change in eating patterns.
Optimization of a Microarray Sandwich‐ELISA against hINF‐γ on a Modified Nitrocellulose Membrane
Authors: Reck Michael , Stahl Frank , Walter Johanna Gabriela , Hollas Markus , Melzner Dieter , Scheper Thomas
Published: September 2007

The highly specific and highly sensitive ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) technique is the most commonly used method for immunological diagnostics in general. In combination with protein microarrays and their ability to allow performing thousands of experiments in parallel, a promising tool for global analytical approaches with reduced consumption of time, analytes, and reagents is given. In this study a protein microarray‐based sandwich‐ELISA for human interferon‐γ (hINF‐γ) is established. In consideration of the immense importance of the surface chemistry, a new black nitrocellulose matrix that generates very high signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) and a very low autofluorescence was tested and optimized as microarray substrate. A validation of the applicability of the system was performed with a comparison to different commercially available systems. Experimental results show that the microarray‐based ELISA is faster and easier to perform and shows a lower limit of detection (LOD) than a comparable system in a 96‐well plate. The spotted slides with the capture antibody can be stored up to 1 month with no significant loss of signal intensity. A second model system with immobilized His‐tagged restriction enzyme EcoRV and an anti‐His antibody shows in coincidence the good applicability of the black nitrocellulose membrane and no cross‐reactivity toward the ELISA.
Die stereotaktische Mammotome®-Brustbiopsie: Erfahrungen im klinischen Alltag und Korrelation der BI-RADS®-Klassifikation mit der Histopathologie
Authors: Michel  , Löw  , Singer  , Otto  , Hohl  , Kubik
Published: September 2007

Hintergrund: Die stereotaktische Vakuum-assistierte Brustbiopsie (Mammotome®) ermöglicht die minimal-invasive histopathologische Abklärung von verdächtigen Veränderungen zur Brustkrebs-Frühdiagnostik und hat bei der Abklärung von suspekten Mikroverkalkungen die chirurgische Probeexzision weitgehend ersetzt. Ziel dieser retrospektiven Studie war es, die Ergebnisse dieser Biopsien im Hinblick auf technischen Erfolg und Komplikationsrate zu evaluieren und die initiale BI-RADS-Klassifikation der Mammographiebefunde mit der Histopathologie zu korrelieren. Methode: Es wurden 135 Vakuum-assistierte Brustbiopsien bei 124 Patientinnen ausgewertet. Vor der Biopsie wurden die Läsionen mit dem «Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System» (BI-RADS) klassifiziert. Alle Mammographien wurden anschliessend unter Berücksichtigung des histopathologischen Befundes erneut beurteilt. Die benignen Diagnosen wurden verlaufskontrolliert, bei in situ und invasiven Karzinomen wurde eine Exzision empfohlen.Resultate: Es traten keine ernsthaften Komplikationen durch die Biopsie auf. Die Histopathologie ergab 105 (78%) gutartige Läsionen, welche in 49 Fällen (36%) als BI-RADS 3 und in 56 (41%) als BI-RADS 4 eingestuft wurden. 30 Läsionen (22%) waren maligne. Diese wurden 26-mal (87%) als verdächtig, d.h. als BI-RADS 4 respektive 5 eingestuft. Die Häufigkeit von malignen Befunden war in den BI-RADS-4- und -5-Gruppen 19 von 75 (25%) respektive 7 von 7 (100%). Von den 53 als BI-RADS 3 klassifizierten Läsionen waren 4 (8%) maligne. Folgerung: Die Mammotome-Biopsie ist eine sichere, gut tolerierte Technik um mammographisch suspekte Läsionen aufzuarbeiten. Die Häufigkeit maligner Befunde in der BI-RADS 3 Gruppe war höher als erwartet. Dies zeigt die Schwierigkeit der mammographischen Differenzierung gruppierter Mikroverkalkungen.
Shallow slab fluid release across and along the Mariana arc‐basin system: Insights from geochemistry of serpentinized peridotites from the Mariana fore arc
Authors: Savov Ivan P. , Ryan Jeffrey G. , D'Antonio Massimo , Fryer Patricia
Published: September 2007

Shallow slab devolatilization is not only witnessed through fluid expulsion at accretionary prisms, but is also evidenced by active serpentinite seamounts in the shallow fore‐arc region of the Mariana convergent margin. Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 195 recovered serpentinized peridotites that present a unique opportunity to study the products of shallow level exchanges between the upper mantle and slab‐derived fluids. Similar to samples recovered during ODP Leg 125, the protoliths of these fore‐arc serpentinized peridotites are mantle harzburgites that have suffered large volume melt extraction (up to 25%) prior to interactions with fluids released from the downgoing Pacific Plate. Samples recovered from both ODP legs 125 and 195 show U‐shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns and very low REE abundances (0.001–0.1 × chondrites). Relative to global depleted mantle values these rocks typically have 1–2 orders of magnitude lower high field strength elements, REE, Th, and U contents. Interestingly, all fore‐arc rocks thus far examined show extreme enrichments of fluid mobile elements (FME: B, As, Cs, Sb, Li). Because the elemental and B, Li, and Sr isotope systematics in these fore‐arc serpentinites point to nonseawater‐related processes, studies of elemental excesses and anomalous isotopic signatures allow assessment of how much of the subducted inventory is lost during the initial subduction process between 10 and 40 km. On the basis of similar but substantial enrichments of FME in the Mariana fore‐arc samples recovered at ODP legs 125 and 195, we report large slab inventory depletions of B (∼75%), Cs (∼25%), As (∼15%), Li (∼15%), and Sb (∼8%); surprisingly low (generally less than 2%) depletions of Rb, Ba, Pb, U, Sr; and no depletions in REE and the high field strength elements (HFSE). Such slab‐metasomatized mantle wedge materials may be dragged to depths of arc magma generation, as proposed by Tatsumi (1986) and Straub and Layne (2002) and thus represent an unexplored class of mantle material, different in its origins, physical properties and geochemical fingerprint from mantle rocks traditionally used in modeling a wide range of subduction zone processes.
Turbulence intensity in the wave boundary layer and bottom friction under (mainly) flat bed conditions
Authors: Newgard John P. , Hay Alex E.
Published: September 2007

Variations with wave energy of near‐bed turbulence and the wave friction factor are investigated in the near‐shore zone for bed states spanning low‐steepness sand ripples and flat bed, and for wave energies extending well into the sheet flow regime. The measurements were made using a 1.7‐MHz pulse‐coherent Doppler profiler in ca. 3‐m mean water depth. Near‐bed turbulence intensities, phase‐averaged over the highest‐1/3 waves, peak at phases between 10° and 55° after the wave crest, this phase decreasing with increasing wave Reynolds number. Wave friction factors computed from near‐bed vertical turbulence intensity fall within the range predicted by existing semi‐empirical formulae, and exhibit broadly similar trends. At the higher end of the observed wave energy range (i.e., in the sheet flow regime), however, the measured friction factors increase with sea‐and‐swell energy faster than the predictions. This anomalous increase is correlated with infragravity wave energy and with mean cross‐shore current speed, but not with other forcing parameters including mean long‐shore current speed, wave skewness, wave asymmetry and wave breaking frequency. It is argued that the anomaly is partly due to additional near‐bed turbulence associated with infragravity waves, and therefore that these data are not inconsistent with Wilson's (1989) parameterization for bottom roughness in oscillatory sheet flow. Peak near‐bed turbulence intensities are independent of wave Reynolds number for Re ≲ 1.2 × 106, but proportional to Re for Re ≳ 1.2 × 106, this abrupt change possibly indicating a critical dependence on Re of turbulence production in the WBL over flat or nearly flat mobile beds.
Estuarine versus transient flow regimes in Juan de Fuca Strait
Authors: Thomson Richard E. , Mihály Steven F. , Kulikov Evgueni A.
Published: September 2007

Residual currents in Juan de Fuca Strait are observed to switch between two fundamental states: estuarine and transient. The estuarine regime, which prevails roughly 90% of the time in summer and 55% of the time in winter, has a fortnightly modulated, three‐layer structure characterized by strong (∼50 cm s−1) outflow above 60 ± 15 m depth, moderate (∼25 cm s−1) inflow between 60 and 125 m depth, and weak (∼10 cm s−1) inflow below 125 ± 10 m depth. Rotation increases the upper layer depth by 40 m on the northern side of the channel and upwelling‐favorable coastal winds augment inflow in the bottom layer by as much as 5 cm s−1. Rotation, combined with modulation of the estuarine currents by tidal mixing in the eastern strait, leads to fortnightly variability in the along‐channel velocity and cross‐channel positioning of the core flow regions. Transient flows, which occur roughly 10% of the time in summer and 45% of the time in winter, are rapidly evolving, horizontally and vertically sheared “reversals” in the estuarine circulation generated during poleward wind events along the outer coast. Major events can persist for several weeks, force a net inward transport, and give rise to an O(10) km wide, surface‐intensified, O(100) cm s−1 inflow along the southern (Olympic Peninsula) boundary of the strait. This “Olympic Peninsula Countercurrent” is typically accompanied by an abrupt decrease in salinity, indicating that it is a buoyancy flow originating with low‐density water on the northern Washington shelf.
A new class of probability distributions for describing the spatial statistics of area‐averaged rainfall
Authors: Kundu Prasun K. , Siddani Ravi K.
Published: September 2007

Rainfall exhibits extreme variability at many space and timescales and calls for a statistical description. Based on an analysis of radar measurements of precipitation over the tropical oceans, we introduce a new probability law for the area‐averaged rain rate within the class of log‐infinitely divisible distributions that accurately describes the frequency of the most intense rain events. The dependence of its parameters on the spatial averaging length L allows one to relate spatial statistics at different scales. In particular, it enables us to explain the observed power law scaling of the moments of the rain rate data and successfully predicts the continuous spectrum of scaling exponents expressing the multiscaling property of the rain intensity field.
Bedrock landsliding, river incision, and transience of geomorphic hillslope‐channel coupling: Evidence from inner gorges in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Korup Oliver , Schlunegger Fritz
Published: September 2007

The formation of inner gorges cut into bedrock has been explained as relief rejuvenation by fluvial incision in response to rapid base level drop, repeated glaciations, frequent pore pressure–driven landsliding focused at hillslope toes, or catastrophic outburst flows from natural dam failures. Prominent inner gorges occur in soft Mesozoic Bündner schist and lower Tertiary flysch units of the formerly glaciated Alpenrhein catchment, eastern Swiss Alps. Their channel and hillslope morphologies differ from basins characterized by strong glacial or landslide imprints, while formally resembling the theoretically predicted transient response of detachment‐limited bedrock rivers to rapid base level fall by headward knickpoint migration. Assuming a postglacial onset of fluvial bedrock incision into a Last Glacial Maximum surface in response to base level drop induced by downwasting of trunk valley glaciers requires downcutting rates E > 20 mm yr−1 and requires hillslopes to adjust by frequent landsliding toward development of a threshold state. We test this scenario using data on surface uplift, geomorphometry, geomorphic hillslope coupling, and probabilistic slope stability models. We find that adjustment of inner gorge walls through landsliding is mainly strength limited and structurally controlled, and threshold conditions are restricted to the lower 25% of local hillslope relief. Mass movement processes on upper hillslopes remain largely decoupled from channel incision despite inferred postglacial specific sediment yields of 104 m3 km−2 yr−1 from the studied basins. Conversely, several constraints imposed by fluvial bedrock detachment, postglacial sediment yields, and bedrock landsliding argue for a pre‐Holocene origin for at least some of the inner gorges in the area. This implies partial protection of fluvial gorge topography by subglacial sediment fill during the last (Würm) extensive glaciation and implies that glaciers were insufficient to fully eradicate fluvially sculpted bedrock topography. This leads us to conclude that lithology and major climate oscillations should be considered as further alternative controls on inner gorge formation.
Estimation of field‐scale thermal conductivities of unsaturated rocks from in situ temperature data
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sumit , Tsang Yvonne W. , Birkholzer Jens T.
Published: September 2007

A general approach is presented here that allows estimation of field‐scale thermal properties of unsaturated rock using temperature data collected from in situ heater tests. The approach is used to determine the thermal conductivities of the host rock of the Drift Scale Test (DST) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The DST was designed to obtain thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and chemical (THMC) data at Yucca Mountain. Sophisticated numerical models have been developed to analyze these THMC data. However, though the objective of those models was to analyze “field‐scale” (of the order of tens of meters) THMC data, thermal conductivities measured from “laboratory‐scale” core samples have been used as input parameters. While using laboratory‐scale thermal conductivity values in field‐scale models can be justified, such applications introduce uncertainties in model predictions. Temperature data from the DST provide an opportunity to resolve some of these uncertainties. These temperature data can be used to estimate the thermal conductivity of the DST rock, and given the large volume of rock affected by heating at the DST, such an estimate will be a reliable thermal conductivity value for field‐scale application. An analytical solution is developed for the temperature rise in the DST rock; and using a nonlinear fitting routine, a best fit estimate of field‐scale thermal conductivity is obtained. Temperature data from the DST show evidence of a below‐boiling zone (wet) and an above‐boiling zone (dry). Estimates of thermal conductivity for both these zones are obtained in this paper. Sensitivity of these estimates to the input heating power is also investigated. The estimated thermal conductivity values are compared with core measurements and those estimated from geostatistical simulations.
Export flux of POC in the main stream of the Kuroshio
Authors: Hung Chin‐Chang , Gong Gwo‐Ching
Published: September 2007

Particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes were measured using both a drifting sediment trap and a 234Th approach (ratio of POC/234Th multiple 234Th flux) in the main steam of the Kuroshio in August, 2006. The POC fluxes measured by sediment traps and the 234Th approach at 65, 90, 120 and 140 m ranged from 20 to 54 mg m−2 d−1, and 26 to 67 mg m−2 d−1, respectively. The results show that using POC/234Th ratios in intermediate particles (10–53 μm) and sinking particles is more comparable to the POC flux measured by sediment traps. Therefore, the POC export fluxes within the euphotic zone estimated by sediment trap and 234Th approaches are complementary methods for measuring POC flux in the Kuroshio.
Connecting surface emissions, convective uplifting, and long‐range transport of carbon monoxide in the upper troposphere: New observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Authors: Jiang Jonathan H. , Livesey Nathaniel J. , Su Hui , Neary Lori , McConnell John C. , Richards Nigel A. D.
Published: September 2007

Two years of observations of upper tropospheric (UT) carbon monoxide (CO) from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder are analyzed; in combination with the CO surface emission climatology and data from the NCEP analyses. It is shown that spatial distribution, temporal variation and long‐range transport of UT CO are closely related to the surface emissions, deep‐convection and horizontal winds. Over the Asian monsoon region, surface emission of CO peaks in boreal spring due to high biomass burning in addition to anthropogenic emission. However, the UT CO peaks in summer when convection is strongest and surface emission of CO is dominated by anthropogenic source. The long‐range transport of CO from Southeast Asia across the Pacific to North America, which occurs most frequently during boreal summer, is thus a clear imprint of Asian anthropogenic pollution influencing global air quality.
Disappearing “alpine tundra” Köppen climatic type in the western United States
Authors: Diaz Henry F. , Eischeid Jon K.
Published: September 2007

We examine changes in the areal extent of the Köppen “alpine tundra” climate classification type for the mountainous western United States following the work of Kottek et al. (2006). We find a significant decline in the area occupied by this climate category. In the early decades of the 20th century, the mean temperature of the warmest month in the areas of the western U.S. with nominal alpine tundra climates ranged largely between ∼8.5°C and 9.5°C. In the last 20 years (1987–2006), rising temperatures have caused a significant fraction of these areas to exceed the 10°C threshold for alpine tundra classification. The result has been a 73% reduction in coverage of this climatic type. The remaining classified alpine tundra in the last 20 years now averages between ∼9°C–10°C during the warmest month, so that continued warming past the classification threshold, would imply that areas where this climate type is found today in the West will no longer be present.
Uncertainty analysis of earthquake source parameters determined from InSAR: A simulation study
Authors: Dawson John , Tregoning Paul
Published: September 2007

We assessed the accuracy of earthquake source parameters inverted from simulated Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data. Using focal mechanisms of Australian earthquakes (1959 to the present), we simulated synthetic two‐pass InSAR observations with realistic spatial noise derived from the characteristics of actual ERS‐2 and ENVISAT InSAR data observed over Australia. The precision of two‐pass satellite SAR interferometry with ERS‐2 and ENVISAT SAR data in the Australian region can approach ±2 mm (1σ) and is routinely at the ±4 mm level. The use of spatially correlated observational weights has minimal impact on the accuracy of earthquake source parameters inverted from InSAR data. In most cases single geometry (i.e., ascending or descending) InSAR observations can be used to accurately determine earthquake source parameters, although typically a combined geometry reduces the source parameter uncertainties by a factor of 1.5. In general, earthquakes of magnitude <4.8 are unlikely to be observable by InSAR although very shallow events would be detectable. InSAR is insensitive to magnitude 6.2 earthquakes deeper than 10 km, and magnitude 5.5 deeper than 6 km. For earthquake magnitudes ≥5.8 (average depth 6.5 km) we could estimate the epicenter of the rupture with an average accuracy of 0.25 km, depth to within 0.5 km and the fault orientation to better than 2°. Our findings, based on simulated Australian earthquakes, are representative of typical intraplate earthquakes and would be valid in many other regions. To date no actual earthquakes have been observed by InSAR in Australia.
The potential of QuikSCAT and WindSat observations for the estimation of sea surface wind vector under severe weather conditions
Authors: Quilfen Y. , Prigent C. , Chapron B. , Mouche A. A. , Houti N.
Published: September 2007

The physics of remote sensing sea surface measurements is still poorly understood under severe weather conditions. Wind vector algorithms are usually developed for non‐precipitating atmospheres and for wind speeds less than 20 m/s. In this study, we analyze observations from the QuikSCAT Ku‐band scatterometer collocated with the WindSat full polarimetric microwave radiometer to estimate the potential of these two instruments for sea surface wind retrieval under severe weather conditions. The Jason altimeter provides independent measurements of wind speed and rain rate for comparison purposes. The sensitivity of the radar cross‐sections and brightness temperatures to the wind speed and direction is directly studied from the observations and compared with semi empirical models. This study clearly demonstrates that wind vector retrieval under extreme condition is feasible. Comparisons between QuikSCAT and WindSat coincident observations evidence a better sensitivity of the active mode to low and moderate winds and more sensitivity to high wind speeds in the passive mode. Although the WindSat observations are affected by water vapor, cloud, and rain, especially at and above 18 GHz, the measurements are sensitive to wind speed even at high wind speeds. Contrarily to the active instrument, there is no saturation at high winds. The sensitivity clearly tends to increase for winds above 15 m/s. For the wind direction, the amplitude of the azimuthal modulation in the active mode decreases with increasing wind speed, while it increases for the passive measurements. The development of specific wind retrievals under severe weather conditions is encouraged and a simple illustration is provided.
Simulation of ENSO forcings on U.S. drought by the HadCM3 coupled climate model
Authors: Busby S. J. , Briffa K. R. , Osborn T. J.
Published: September 2007

The ability of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3) ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model to represent the mechanisms linking the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and drought in the United States is investigated. Rotated principal components analyses of self‐calibrating Palmer drought severity index data are used to categorize the dominant modes of summer drought variability in the observed climate record (1901–2002) and in a 250‐year period of a HadCM3 control run. A similar mode of large‐scale drought variability is identified in both data sets that is correlated with ENSO variability: a monopolar pattern across the continental interior, centered over the southern states. HadCM3 successfully reproduces the displacement of the midlatitude jet streams during ENSO events, a mechanism related to U.S. drought variability, but the model appears to be less realistic in its simulation of the influence of Rossby wave teleconnections on drought, which is possibly due to limitations in its simulation of ENSO in the equatorial Pacific. Despite this we conclude that HadCM3's simulation of the link between ENSO and U.S. drought is sufficiently realistic for it to be used in further studies of U.S. drought variability.
Tertiary sequence of deformation in a thin‐skinned/thick‐skinned collision belt: The Zagros Folded Belt (Fars, Iran)
Authors: Mouthereau F. , Tensi J. , Bellahsen N. , Lacombe O. , De Boisgrollier T. , Kargar S.
Published: September 2007

We describe how thin‐skinned/thick‐skinned deformation in the Zagros Folded Belt interacted in time and space. Homogeneous fold wavelengths (15.8 ± 5.3 km), tectono‐sedimentary evidence for simultaneous fold growth in the past 5.5 ± 2.5 Ma, drainage network organization, and homogeneous peak differential stresses (40 ± 15 MPa) together point to buckling as the dominant process responsible for cover folding. Basin analysis reveals that basement inversion occurred ∼20 Ma ago as the Arabia/Eurasian plate convergence reduced and accumulation of Neogene siliciclastics in foreland basin started. By 10 Ma, ongoing contraction occurred by underplating of Arabian crustal units beneath the Iranian plate. This process represents 75% of the total shortening. It is not before 5 Ma that the Zagros foreland was incorporated into the southward propagating basement thrust wedge. Folds rejuvenated by 3–2 Ma because of uplift driven by basement shortening and erosion. Since then, folds grew at 0.3—0.6 mm/yr and forced the rivers to flow axially. A total shortening of 65–78 km (16–19%) is estimated across the Zagros. This corresponds to shortening rates of 6.5–8 km/Ma consistent with current geodetic surveys. We point out that although thin‐skinned deformation in the sedimentary cover may be important, basement‐involved shortening should not be neglected as it requires far less shortening. Moreover, for such foreland folded belts involving basement shortening, underplating may be an efficient process accommodating a significant part of the plate convergence.
Lipocalin 2 is a Choroid Plexus Acute-Phase Protein
Authors: Marques Fernanda , Rodrigues Ana-João , Sousa João C , Coppola Giovanni , Geschwind Daniel H , Sousa Nuno , Correia-Neves Margarida , Palha Joana A
Published: September 2007

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is able to sequester iron-loaded bacterial siderophores and, therefore, is known to participate in the mammalian innate immune response. Of notice, LCN2 was shown to display bacteriostatic effects both in in vitro and in vivo. To reach the brain, bacteria must cross the blood—brain or the choroid plexus (CP)/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers. Additionally, as the CP is responsible for the production of most of the CSF, responses of the CP mediate signaling into the brain. We show here that in conditions of peripheral inflammation, LCN2 behaves as an acute phase protein in the CP. As early as 1 h after lipopolysaccharide peripheral administration, Lcn2 mRNA levels are upregulated, returning to basal levels after 72 h. Increased LCN2 protein is observed in choroidal epithelia and in endothelial cells of blood vessels in the brain parenchyma. Higher levels of LCN2 are also present in the CSF. These observations suggest that expression of LCN2 at the CP/CSF barrier might be bacteriostatic in the brain, avoiding bacteria dissemination within the CSF into the brain parenchyma. This study shows that the LCN2 is produced by the CP as a component of the innate immune response that protects the central nervous system from infection.