bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why the beta‐function cannot be used to estimate skewness of species responses
Authors: Oksanen Jari
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The beta‐function (β‐function) has been suggested for testing the significance of the skewness of species responses along a gradient. However, the location of the optimum and skewness are correlated so that these parameters cannot be estimated independently. The only way for an independent estimation is to let the endpoints of the response curve vary. In that case they would no longer define the range of species occurrence. However, non‐linear estimation of endpoints often leads to overwhelming problems in model fitting. Therefore, the beta‐function is not suitable to test the shape of species response curves. Hierarchic models proposed by Huisman et al. (1993) seem to be superior to generalized additive models or third‐degree polynomials and seem to be the best alternative to study the skewness of responses.
Early response of Abies balsamea seedlings to artificially created openings
Authors: Kneeshaw Daniel , Bergeron Yves , De Grandpré Louis
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Small‐scale canopy openings are being increasingly recognized for their importance in boreal forest stand development. Yet more work is necessary to understand their effects on seedling growth. This study investigated the effect of different degrees of canopy opening (all trees cut, conifers cut, conifers girdled and control quadrats) in different stand types on Abies balsamea seedling recruitment, growth and architecture. The lack of a treatment effect on seedling establishment suggests that gaps primarily affect advance regeneration. In the first year after treatment the seedlings in the cut blocks (both conifer cut and all trees cut) responded with an increase in height growth. Changes in the leader to lateral branch ratio were also significant. Continued architectural change in terms of number of branches produced did not occur until after two years had passed. Although not significantly different from the control, increases can be observed in all measurements for the girdled treatment. It is therefore concluded that the growth response of advance regeneration is more important following canopy opening than new seedling recruitment and that seedling performance is greatest where degree of opening is greatest.
Structure of a pristine Picea abies forest in northeastern Europe
Authors: Kuuluvainen Timo , Syrjänen Kimmo , Kalliola Risto
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The forest structure in a large, relatively homogeneous area of pristine Picea abies taiga in the southern boreal region west of the Ural mountains was studied along four 500‐m long transects. P. abies dominated the forest in association with Abies sibirica and Betula spp. The mean volume of living trees was 216 m3/ha. This value varied among the four transects, from 138 ‐ 252 m3/ha. Mean density of trees (DBH > 1 cm) (and variation over the transects) was 2 064/ha (1670 ‐ 2710). Living trees classified as dying or seriously damaged made up 2.9 (2.5 ‐ 3.5) % of the living tree volume. Betula was an important canopy component and made up 16% of the living tree volume. The number of dead standing trees varied from 195 ‐ 325/ha, corresponding to a volume of 10.8 ‐ 70.7 m3/ha. The density of trees with a broken stem was 90 ‐ 170/ha and their estimated volume 7.6 ‐ 41.3 m3/ha. Standing dead trees and trees with broken stems represented 10.4 and 8.9% of the total standing tree volume (living + dead), respectively. The mean volume of decaying logs on the forest floor was 117 (84.4–156.2) m3/ha, corresponding to 54 (35 ‐ 113) % of the living tree volume. The canopy‐forming trees were present in the understory as abundant saplings and suppressed individuals. The size distribution of the dominant tree species resembled the inverse J‐shape. Generally, the forest was characterized by a high small‐scale structural variation and a larger‐scale relative homogeneity. This pattern is consistent with forest dynamics where the forest consists of a small‐scale mosaic of patches in different stages of recovery following disturbance. Our results suggest that the ecology and dynamics of extensive areas of natural boreal forests can be driven by small‐scale disturbance.
Long‐term growth dynamics of natural forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Umeki Kiyoshi , Kikuzawa Kihachiro
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The long‐term growth dynamics of natural forest stands on the island of Hokkaido were described on the basis of an analysis of data from 38 permanent plots spanning 15–22 yr. Stand structure was characterized by basal area, stem density and tree size variability. To detect trends in stand structure, regression models for recruitment rate (per ha per yr), mortality rate and the rate of change in stem density and tree size variability were developed by a stepwise method using initial basal area, stem density, tree size variability, species composition summarized by LNMDS ordination, altitude, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, type of understorey vegetation, topography and slope aspect as candidates for predictor variables. The same analyses were conducted for basal area increment (net growth) and its components: survivor growth = basal area gain by growth of surviving individuals and mortality = basal area loss by death of individuals.

Stem density remained generally unchanged; recruitment was relatively low even in very sparse stands. Stand basal area generally increased as survivor growth was approximately double the mortality.

Recruitment rate was strongly affected by the presence of dwarf bamboo (Sasa spp.) vegetation on the forest floor which inhibited tree regeneration. Mortality rate was density‐dependent; dense stands had higher mortality than sparse stands. Density change rate (recruitment rate ‐ mortality rate) was, therefore, determined by both the type of understorey vegetation and stem density. Survivor growth was high in stands with high stem density and basal area. Mortality was dependent on basal area and altitude. Net basal area increment (net growth) was dependent only on stem density with other factors that influenced survivor growth and mortality omitted. Tree size variability decreased in stands with high tree size variability whereas it increased in stands with low size variability. Based on the obtained models for density change rate and net basal area increment, trajectories of stands were illustrated on a log‐log diagram of stem density and basal area. The predicted differences in trajectories as affected by the understorey vegetation type indicated the importance of dwarf bamboo vegetation for forest dynamics on Hokkaido.
Demographic variability in tiller populations of two perennial pampa grasses
Authors: Laterra Pedro , Deregibus V. Alejandro , Maceira Néstor O.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The general objectives of this study were: (1) to investigate the importance of internal influences in regulating the tiller dynamics in natural populations of the warm‐season perennial grasses Paspalum dilatatum and Sporobolus indicus, coexisting in Argentine flooded pampa, in as much as they act independently of the underlying external environment, and (2) to evaluate the extent to which interactions between internal and external factors affect the variation in tiller dynamics within such populations. Within‐population variation in seasonal development of plants and tillers with different neighbour composition was studied for an annual growth cycle. Tiller survival and tillering were significantly influenced by tiller size. Tiller age influenced tiller fate, as suggested by the additive effects of age and size of tillers. These relationships varied with season and with species. Size and age of tillers showed additive effects with their neighbouring species on the tiller fate of P. dilatatum, but the effects of age and size of S. indicus changed according their neighbourhood. Tiller survival of S. indicus during the early growth season was more size‐dependent when the cold‐season species Poa lanigera, was the principal neighbour. Flowering and tillering probabilities were positively related through their common positive responses to tiller size. Tiller survival and recruitment between different seasons were strongly related. Independently of neighbour composition, tiller survival was generally inversely related to tiller recruitment in previous seasons. Therefore, significant density‐dependent mortality of tillers was found for both species during the early summer when tiller density was expressed by basal area units.
Measuring dominance and diversity in ecological communities: choosing the right variables
Authors: Guo Qinfeng , Rundel Philip W.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Although there are many studies in searching for the most useful community diversity index, the importance of choosing an appropriate parameter has been neglected. Here, we examined dominance and diversity in early post‐fire chaparral communities using different variables, i.e. plant density, cover and biomass. Significant different results were produced by applying different parameters and the difference may be caused by the inconsistency in density, cover, and biomass allocated in each life form. Among the three parameters, biomass was most successful in detecting differences among communities because the apportionment of biomass among species was more variable than that of density. Although the three species variables represent different aspects of community properties and their relative performance may vary among communities, we recommend the use of biomass or productivity data as the most appropriate variable because it can best represent per capita resource use and resource partitioning among organisms in competitive situations.
Long‐term control of species abundances in a dry grassland: a spatially explicit model
Authors: Winkler Eckart , Klotz Stefan
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The long‐term spatio‐temporal dynamics of a sparse dry‐grassland community (Thymo‐Festucetum) is investigated by a spatially explicit individual‐based simulation model and by analytical model equations. The community (investigated over 15 yr in permanent plots) is characterized by a permanently low cover (30–50 %), mainly of the perennial tuft grass Festuca cinerea. Seedling establishment and the fate of juveniles are strongly dependent on weather conditions. The simulation programme focuses on the mechanism of clonal growth of grasses and the reproduction of tufts by fragmentation. Questions answered by the modelling approach were (1) which life‐history features of the species are responsible for their persistence and for the low vegetation cover of the community and (2) what are the main mechanisms of species interactions.

Different sets of simulation runs, together with the evaluation of the analytical models, show: (1) long‐term persistence of the main species is possible only by a combination of sexual and clonal reproduction; the low cover is due to low germination rate, low mortality and limited growth of tufts; (2) the intra and interspecific control of the community is performed mainly via a reduction by already established individuals; (3) persistence of uncommon species relies on a diaspore buffer in, or around, the community (‘spatial mass effect’).
Does diversity beget diversity? A case study of crops and weeds
Authors: Palmer Michael W. , Maurer Teresa A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The ecological literature is ambiguous as to whether the initial diversity of a plant community facilitates or deters the diversity of colonizing species. We experimentally planted annual crop species in monoculture and polyculture, and examined the resulting weed communities. The species composition of weeds was similar among treatments, but the species richness of weeds was significantly higher in the polycultures than in the monocultures. This supports the ‘diversity begets diversity’ hypothesis. Environmental microheterogeneity, diversity promoters, and ecological equivalency do not seem able to explain the observed patterns.
Plant neighbour diversity
Authors: Oksanen Jari
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Neighbour diversity is the diversity of other plant species contacting a reference species. The expected value and confidence intervals of neighbour diversity assuming random contacts can be found using bootstrapping. In general, frequent species have higher expected neighbour diversities with narrow confidence intervals than infrequent species. In fixed sand dunes dominated by lichens and bryophytes most species have lower than expected neighbour diversity. However, the fixed sand dunes seem to be a mixture of two patch types, with the species in lichen‐rich patches having higher diversities than the species in bryophyte‐rich patches. In hay pastures, nearly all species have lower than expected neighbour diversities. The more frequent the species is, the less is its expected neighbour diversity. This implies that its frequent species are selective as to their neighbours, and so they drive a biological formation of spatial pattern.
Spatial pattern in Anthyllis cytisoides shrubland on abandoned land in southeastern Spain
Authors: Haase Peter , Pugnaire Francisco I. , Clark S.C. , Incoll L.D.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Univariate and bivariate distribution patterns of small shrubs on abandoned land in semi‐arid southeastern Spain were investigated by second‐order spatial analysis (Ripley's K‐function). All shrubs (Anthyllis cytisoides and subdominant Artemisia barrelieri) were either randomly distributed or clumped at scales of 0.25 ‐ 1.0 m. The pattern shown by A. cytisoides shrubs alone changed from clumped to random with decreasing density. Pattern analysis and demographic data suggest a successive replacement of A. barrelieri, which had high proportions (44 ‐ 86 %) of dead shrubs, by the dominant A. cytisoides. In two of three plots there was a positive association between A. cytisoides and A. barrelieri at a scale of 0.25 ‐ 0.5 m. In the third plot, believed to represent a more advanced stage of colonization, there was a negative association (repulsion) between the two species, presumably as a result of interspecific competition from A. cytisoides. Dead shrubs present in spring 1994 were randomly distributed in all plots. Living and dead A. cytisoides shrubs were positively associated at a scale of 0.5 m, suggesting that the shrubs died as a result of intraspecific competition in small clumps. The shrubland previously dominated by A. barrelieri is changing to A. cytisoides shrubland with increasing biomass and ground cover.
Plant species as indicators of ancient woodland in northwestern Germany
Authors: Wulf Monika
Published: May 2006

Abstract. 315 isolated semi‐natural and natural stands in NW Germany were investigated floristically, 285 stands of ancient woodlands and 30 recent ones. In the study area nearly all semi‐natural and natural ancient woodlands are found on mesotrophic or eutrophic sites and can be assigned to the Fagetalia. 54 selected herbaceous and five woody Fagetalia‐species have been tested in their association to ancient woodlands. 21 of the 59 selected plant species show a highly significant association to ancient woodlands and seven species show a weak significance. 31 plant species are not significantly correlated with ancient woodland sites, but 25 of them have a low frequency. The result shows that investigations of the historical ecology can help to understand floristic composition of present‐day woodlands.

Restriction of many woodland species to ancient woodlands, especially rare species, emphasizes the importance of woodlands with a long continuous history for the preservation of endangered species. Irrespective of ecological conditions, the restriction of plant species to ancient woodlands seems to be mainly caused by their low ability to colonize recent woodlands, especially isolated stands. Differences in the association to ancient woodlands between European countries are assumed to be a function of both time and degree of isolation of woodlands, of the dispersal mode of the plant species and of the availability of suitable habitats.
Seedling establishment patterns on the Pumice Plain, Mount St. Helens, Washington
Authors: Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Titus Jonathan H. , del Moral Roger
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We examined the factors that control seedling establishment on barren substrates on the pyroclastic flows from Mount St. Helens. From June to September in 1993, we monitored seedling and microhabitat changes in 240 20 cm × 20 cm quadrats on the Pumice Plain. Seedlings emerged in 104 quadrats (43.3 %). The most abundant species were Anaphalis margaritacea, Hypochaeris radicata, Lupinus lepidus and Epilobium angustifolium. Measured site characteristics included topography, particle size distribution, ground surface movements, soil water content, organic matter, pH, and presence or absence of dead lupines. Quadrats with seedlings had higher cover of dead lupines, higher amount of rock and gravel substrate, and a greater cover of rills. More seedlings emerged where eroded material accumulated. Compared to coarse‐textured surfaces, silt surfaces had higher organic matter, held more water, and showed higher pH. However, seedlings became established more frequently on coarse‐textured surfaces. In greenhouse experiments, a higher percentage of Hypochaeris seeds germinated on silt than on sand or gravel. The germination of Anaphalis and Epilobium did not differ with soil texture, but was higher at higher moisture levels. Seedling colonization is more dependent on ground surface microtopography, particle size, and ground movement than on the chemical status of these volcanic deposits.
Implicating the demos: a reading of Thucydides on the rise of the Four Hundred
Authors: Taylor Martha C.
Published: May 2006

In the midst of his account of the events, Thucydides says that it was difficult to switch Athens from democracy to the oligarchic rule of the Four Hundred (8.68.4). Most modern scholars have agreed, viewing the rise of the Four Hundred primarily as a coup effected by violence, terror and deceit. This interpretation does not conform to Thucydides' narrative (8.47-70), however, which shows that it was not very hard to end the Athenian democracy. Although terror, violence and propaganda have their place in Thucydides' account, modern treatments overemphasize them and so ignore or gloss over Thucydides' charge that the Athenian people did not resist oligarchy very strenuously and so bear a large share of responsibility for it. In Thucydides' narrative Peisander et al. are open about plans for oligarchy (if not for the extremely limited oligarchy that they eventually put in place at Kolonos) both on Samos and in Athens, and meet little resistance from democratic supporters. In addition, Thucydides' rhetoric repeatedly mutes what resistance there is, as if to underscore its weakness. Thucydides' Athenians for the most part quickly and easily abandon their democracy. There was a ‘terror’ campaign, but its scope, effect and need has been exaggerated. In particular, there is no reason to think that the location of the Kolonos meeting – where the Athenians voted the limited oligarchy of the Four Hundred into power – terrified them into doing so. Thucydides' comment on the difficulty of the task of the Four Hundred is ironic. There is a jarring contrast between Thucydides' judgement and his narrative which, when recognized, compels readers to re-examine their own assumptions and expectations. The attention modern commentators have given to Thucydides' words about intimidation and propaganda have left them deaf to the other interesting story Thucydides has to tell about the role the Athenian demos played in the move to oligarchy.
Mycenaean centaurs at Ugarit
Authors: Shear Ione Mylonas
Published: May 2006

The identification of two Mycenaean terracotta centaurs from the excavations at Ras Shamra-Ugarit suggests a Bronze Age origin for the centaurs known from the historic periods of Greece. The Mycenaean centaurs from Ras Shamra-Ugarit are compared to the later examples from the Greek mainland. No continuous artistic tradition can be identified among the preserved examples. Since writing ceased to be used in Greece in the Iron Age and no artistic trend connecting the different representations of centaurs can be seen, it is suggested here that the concept of centaurs was transmitted by way of the oral tradition.
Post‐fire succession and 20th century reduction in fire frequency on xeric southern Appalachian sites
Authors: Harrod J.C. , Harmon M.E. , White P.S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We document post‐fire succession on xeric sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA and assess effects of 20th century reduction in fire frequency on vegetation structure and composition. Successional studies over 18 yr on permanent plots that had burned in 1976–1977 indicate that tree mortality and vegetation response varied with fuel load and fire season. In the first three years after fire, hardwood sprouts dominated tree regeneration. On sites where summer and autumn fires reduced litter depth to less than 1 cm, densities of shade‐intolerant Pinus seedlings increased steadily over this period. 4 to 8 yr after fire, large numbers of newly established seedlings and sprouts had grown to 1 – 10 cm DBH. By year 18 growth of these saplings led to canopy closure on most sites. Herbaceous cover and richness peaked in the first decade after fire, then declined. On similar sites that had not burned in more than 50 yr, regeneration of shade‐intolerant Pinus spp. and mean cover and richness of herbs were considerably lower than those observed on recently burned plots. Reconstructions of landscape conditions based on observed post‐fire succession and 20th century changes in fire regime suggest that reductions in fire frequency circa 1940 led to substantial changes in forest structure and decreases in cover and richness of herbaceous species.
Spatial pattern of Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens recruitment in Pinus halepensis dominated woodlands
Authors: Lookingbill T.R. , Zavala M.A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. European Mediterranean landscapes have undergone changes in structure in recent years as a result of widespread agricultural land abandonment and cessation of silvicultural regimes. Studies concerning the regeneration dynamics of dominant forest species have become critical to the prediction of future landscape trends in these changing forest stands. Quercus ilex (holm oak) and Q. pubescens (downy oak) are considered to be the terminal point of secondary succession in extensive areas of the Mediterranean region. Recent studies, however, have suggested the existence of recruitment bottlenecks in oak genet populations as a result of current management regimes. In this study, we present evidence of the successful establishment of Q. ilex and Q. pubescens in Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) woodlands. We investigate the distribution patterns and spatial relationships among oak recruits and resident pines. Established P. halepensis is randomly distributed throughout the study area. Oak seedlings are positively associated with pine trees, suggesting that P. halepensis individuals provide safe sites for oak genet recruitment. We show that spatial patterns of recruitment are in agreement with the general model of spatial segregation described for other Mediterranean plant communities, with seeder species colonizing large openings after disturbance, followed by a more aggregated recruitment of resprouter species.
The Impact of the Lambda Calculus in Logic and Computer Science
Authors: Barendregt Henk
Published: May 2006

One of the most important contributions of A. Church to logic is his invention of the lambda calculus. We present the genesis of this theory and its two major areas of application: the representation of computations and the resulting functional programming languages on the one hand and the representation of reasoning and the resulting systems of computer mathematics on the other hand.
A Basis Theorem for Perfect Sets
Authors: Groszek Marcia J. , Slaman Theodore A.
Published: May 2006

We show that if there is a nonconstructible real, then every perfect set has a nonconstructible element, answering a question of K. Prikry. This is a specific instance of a more general theorem giving a sufficient condition on a pair M ⊂ N of models of set theory implying that every perfect set in N has an element in N which is not in M.
Combinatorics with Definable Sets: Euler Characteristics and Grothendieck Rings
Authors: Krajíček Jan , Scanlon Thomas
Published: May 2006

We recall the notions of weak and strong Euler characteristics on a first order structure and make explicit the notion of a Grothendieck ring of a structure. We define partially ordered Euler characteristic and Grothendieck ring and give a characterization of structures that have non-trivial partially ordered Grothendieck ring. We give a generalization of counting functions to locally finite structures, and use the construction to show that the Grothendieck ring of the complex numbers contains as a subring the ring of integer polynomials in continuum many variables. We prove the existence of a universal strong Euler characteristic on a structure. We investigate the dependence of the Grothendieck ring on the theory of the structure and give a few counter-examples. Finally, we relate some open problems and independence results in bounded arithmetic to properties of particular Grothendieck rings.
The Logic of Bunched Implications
Authors: O'Hearn Peter W. , Pym David J.
Published: May 2006

We introduce a logicBIin which a multiplicative (or linear) and an additive (or intuitionistic) implication live side-by-side. The propositional version ofBIarises from an analysis of the proof-theoretic relationship between conjunction and implication; it can be viewed as a merging of intuitionistic logic and multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic. The naturality ofBIcan be seen categorically: models of propositionalBI's proofs are given by bicartesian doubly closed categories, i.e., categories which freely combine the semantics of propositional intuitionistic logic and propositional multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic. The predicate version ofBIincludes, in addition to standard additive quantifiers, multiplicative (or intensional) quantifiersandwhich arise from observing restrictions on structural rules on the level of terms as well as propositions. We discuss computational interpretations, based on sharing, at both the propositional and predicate levels.
Singular Cardinals and the PCF Theory
Authors: Jech Thomas
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. Among the most remarkable discoveries in set theory in the last quarter century is the rich structure of the arithmetic of singular cardinals, and its deep relationship to large cardinals. The problem of finding a complete set of rules describing the behavior of the continuum function 2ℵαfor singular ℵα's, known as theSingular Cardinals Problem, has been attacked by many different techniques, involving forcing, large cardinals, inner models, and various combinatorial methods. The work on the singular cardinals problem has led to many often surprising results, culminating in a beautiful theory of Saharon Shelah called the pcf theory (“pcf” stands for “possible cofinalities”). The most striking result to date states that if 2ℵn< ℵωfor everyn= 0, 1, 2, …, then 2ℵω< ℵω4.

In this paper we present a brief history of the singular cardinals problem, the present knowledge, and an introduction into Shelah's pcf theory. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 we introduce the reader to cardinal arithmetic and to the singular cardinals problems. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 describe the main results and methods of the last 25 years and explain the role of large cardinals in the singular cardinals problem. In Section 9 we present an outline of the pcf theory.

§2. The arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers were introduced by Cantor in the late 19th century and problems arising from investigations of rules of arithmetic of cardinal numbers led to the birth of set theory. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation of infinite cardinal numbers are a natural generalization of such operations on integers. Addition and multiplication of infinite cardinals turns out to be simple: when at least one of the numbersκ,λis infinite then bothκ+λandκ·λare equal to max {κ,λ}. In contrast with + and ·, exponentiation presents fundamental problems. In the simplest nontrivial case, 2κrepresents the cardinal number of the power setP(κ), the set of all subsets ofκ. (Here we adopt the usual convention of set theory that the numberκis identified with a set of cardinalityκ, namely the set of all ordinal numbers smaller thanκ.
Almost Everywhere Equivalence of Logics in Finite Model Theory
Authors: Hella Lauri , Kolaitis Phokion G. , Luosto Kerkko
Published: May 2006

We introduce a new framework for classifying logics on finite structures and studying their expressive power. This framework is based on the concept ofalmost everywhere equivalence of logics, that is to say, two logics having the same expressive power on a class of asymptotic measure 1. More precisely, ifL, L′are two logics andμis an asymptotic measure on finite structures, thenL≡a.e.L′(μ) means that there is a classCof finite structures withμ(C)= 1 and such thatLandL′define the same queries onC. We carry out a systematic investigation of ≡a.e.with respect to the uniform measure and analyze the ≡a.e.-equivalence classes of several logics that have been studied extensively in finite model theory. Moreover, we explore connections with descriptive complexity theory and examine the status of certain classical results of model theory in the context of this new framework.
Remarks on Aeschylus Agam. 1172
Authors: Paley F. A.
Published: May 2006

In the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies (p. 175) Mr. John B. Bury advocates the emended reading of the corrupt verse 1172 of the Agamemnon,

ἐγὼ δὲ θϵρμὸν οὖς τάχ' ἐν πέδῳ βαλῶ.

He does not exactly explain this (in my opinion it is inexplicable), but he says θϵρμῷ in 1278 seems to prove that θϵρμὸν is right in 1172. But θϵρμῷ refers to shedding the warm lifeblood, while θϵρμὸν οὖς, if I understand Mr. Bury aright, means an inspired or prophetic ear—‘an ear that used to listen to the utterances of the victims.’ Between the literal and the figurative senses there is no resemblance at all.
Notes on a Tour in Asia Minor
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

In the summer of 1884 I was permitted to accompany Professor Ramsay on his journey in Asia Minor, assisted by the Senate of the University of Cambridge with a grant from the Worts Fund. To my great regret, however, a fever compelled me to return home after spending only two months in the country, during which time I had been a novice in the various arts required for scientific travel. Hence, therefore, so far as my personal share in the expedition is concerned, the results obtained are limited both in number and in value. Such as they are, they are embodied in the following pages, and in the accompanying map; I have also introduced matter, as will be seen by the references, of which the credit belongs entirely to Professor Ramsay.

It will be seen from a study of the map, that our route during the part of the journey to be discussed in these pages, lay in the upper valley of the Maeander, with its tributary the Karasu (Morsynus); in the upper valley of the Gerenis Tchai (Indus); in the valleys of the Gebren Tchai and of the Istanoz Tchai, and in the district west of the Lake of Buldur. As regards the political divisions, it lay in the border lands of Caria, Phrygia, and Pisidia. The whole journey occupied about five weeks, as we left the railway at Kuyujak on May 28, and rejoined it near Denisli on July 5.
Vases Representing the Judgment of Paris
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

With reference to the plate and the amphora with representations of the Judgment of Paris, published in the last number of the Journal, Professor Milani, Director of the Museo Greco Etrusco at Florence, kindly sends me the following note:—

‘Il piatto fu di me acquistato pel Museo di Firenze insieme con tutta la collezione Spannochio Sergardi di Cortona e so esattemente di esso proviene dagli scavi fatti presso l' ipogeo di Camucie. Riguardo all'anfora, essa entrò nel Museo insieme con molti altri vasi a f. n. (corinzi ed attici arcaici) e vasi di bucchero trovati dieci o dodeci anni or sono alle Pescie Romana.’
On an Archaic Earring
Authors: Edwards Amelia B.
Published: May 2006

The ornament here engraved is said to have been found at Athens in 1874, and to have come from a site then in course of excavation at the back of the Parthenon. Whatever the circumstances of its discovery—and they are confessedly somewhat obscure—the object is in itself not only very interesting from an archaeological point of view, but (I add this on the authority of Mr. C. T. Newton) it is also unique.

Wrought of pure gold very rich in colour, the earring measures, from the wire which passed through the lobe of the ear to the bottom of the pendant, two inches and a quarter. It consists of two parts; namely, the earring proper, which is shaped after an antique pattern much in favour for fibulæ, and an oblong plate, or pendant, on which is represented, side by side, a pair of female figures beaten out in relief.
Early Greek Vases and African Colonies
Authors: Gardner Ernest Arthur
Published: May 2006

Under the above title are included a few remarks upon certain classes of early Greek vases which have been, rightly or wrongly, associated with Naucratis or other Greek colonies in the north-west of Africa. If some parts of the discussions which follow are somewhat controversial in tone, I can only plead the nature of the subject in excuse.

A familiarity with the vase-fragments from Naucratis such as could only be gained by handling them and examining them repeatedly has induced me to distinguish with some confidence classes of vases that were made at Naucratis from those that were not: and I therefore wish to correct or confirm certain views that have been expressed upon this question before they pass into handbooks as accepted facts.
On Some Works of the School of Scopas
Authors: Farnell L. R.
Published: May 2006

Of one of the greatest masters of the great age of Greek sculpture nothing certain or satisfactory was known until three fragments found at Piali were proved in 1880 to belong to the sculpture that filled the pediment of the temple of Athene Alea at Tegea. These fragments—the helmed head of a youthful warrior much defaced, another youthful head with nearly all the features preserved, and the head of a boar—can be as directly traced to the hand of Scopas as the figures of the Parthenon pediment to the hand of Pheidias. The recent handbooks and histories of Greek sculpture have not taken them sufficiently into account; and yet they are our sole material for an immediate study of Scopas, and having been brought to the Central Museum of Athens are now fairly accessible, and have been minutely examined and scientifically estimated by Dr. Treu, who has endeavoured to affix their place in the development of style, and has shown their relations to other works. But his employment of them as criteria has chiefly a negative result. He finds in them certain characteristics which speak against the claims sometimes advanced of the Niobid figures, of the Ephesian Alcestis relief, of the Vatican Apollo Citharoedus, and of the Munich relief of Amphitrite's marriage, to represent the style of Scopas and his school. The main object of this paper is to notice a few works in which a more or less close resemblance to the Tegean heads is discernible. For this purpose it is necessary to briefly examine the account given by Dr. Treu, an account to which—as he admits—he is assisted chiefly by drawings, and not by the immediate observation of the originals.
A Sepulchral Relief from Tarentum
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The tablet which is the primary subject of the present paper, and which is depicted on the accompanying plate, has been for forty years in the British Museum, having been presented in 1845 by Mr. W. R. Hamilton, the secretary of Lord Elgin. It consists of a slab of close-grained white marble of oblong form 2 feet 9 inches in length and 1 foot 10½ inches in height in the middle where it is broadest. The right upper corner is restored. The tablet was evidently made to let into a wall; the back is rough-hewn, and at the top is a small oblong hole for a peg.

The inscription beneath the relief is obviously modern. It reads Aesculapio Tarentino Salenius Arcas, in letters which seem to date from the early part of the present century; apparently it was inserted by some person who considered the relief to represent Aesculapius, wrongly, beyond a doubt. But it is yet of some value as suggesting that the monument was found at Tarentum, and this is on all accounts probable.
Illustrations to Bacchylides
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

The Editors of this Journal have reason to think that a considerable body of its readers will be glad to be furnished with reproductions of the monuments, mainly vase paintings, that are discussed in connexion with Bacchylides. Even those to whom the published illustrations are readily accessible will probably find it convenient to have them brought together for reference, in a collection made from this point of view.

III. The story of Croesus.—In the story as told by Bacchylides, Croesus voluntarily ascends his pyre, with wife and daughters; he invokes the gods, and more especially Apollo; he orders the pyre to be kindled; Zeus extinguishes the flames, and Apollo takes Croesus and his children to the land of the Hyperboreans. According to Herodotus, Croesus with his companions is placed on the pyre by order of Cyrus. After Cyrus has changed his mind, and his servants have made ineffectual attempts to extinguish the pyre, Croesus invokes Apollo, who extinguishes the flames. Fig. 1 shows the well-known vase in the Louvre, representing the subject. It had already been interpreted, before the discovery of Bacchylides, as evidence of an alternative version of the story, in which the sacrifice was voluntary. Croesus sits enthroned, and makes a solemn libation, while an attendant Euthymos is busy with the pyre. Some of the commentators interpret the objects that he holds as torches, but they are quite unlike torches, as usually represented (cf. J.H.S. xi. Pl. 6), and resemble more nearly the whisks for sprinkling lustral water. If this is the correct interpretation their use further emphasises the ceremonial character of the scene.
Archaeology in Greece, 1897–8
Authors: Richards G. C.
Published: May 2006

The past year has not been one of startling discoveries. The effect of the disastrous war has been a paralysing one and the difficulties in the way of archaeological work have been great. While the political situation was so complicated, new undertakings were almost out of the question: it is to be hoped, however, that the report on 1898–9 will be able to speak of Crete as having been thrown open to the scientific world. The most interesting archaeological event has been the foundation of a new Austrian Institute, under the guidance of Prof. Benndorf in Vienna. Dr. A. Wilhelm, the wellknown epigraphist, and Dr. W. Reichel, whose brilliant essay on Homeric Armour has won for him a prominent place among archaeologists, are permanently stationed at Athens, and a building is contemplated in the near future. Dr. R. Heberdey will be stationed at Smyrna and Dr. Kalinka at Constantinople, so that the new Austrian Institute will be a powerful agency for the discovery and preservation of Hellenic antiquities. The old publication ‘Archäologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich’ is now brought to a conclusion, and is replaced by the ‘Jahreshefte des österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes,’ of which vol. i. has appeared. The contemplated international congress of archaeologists at Athens, which the war of 1897 rendered out of the question, was announced for Easter 1898 to synchronize with the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of the French School, but this year as before practical difficulties caused its postponement. The adjourned festivities at the French School took place as arranged. If the congress is to assemble at a future date, it will be necessary that arrangements should be made for it long enough beforehand to ensure its success.
A New Historical Aspect of the Pylos and Sphacteria Incidents
Authors: Awdry H.
Published: May 2006

It has always been usual to approach the question of Thucydides' narrative of Pylos and Sphacteria with all its difficulties on the assumption that the main object of Eurymedon and the Athenian fleet was originally the affairs of Corcyra and Sicily, and afterwards the rescue of Demosthenes and the garrison of Pylos. Yet this view involves a manifest contradiction. Eurymedon was in a hurry; he left Demosthenes with an insignificant force, with the absolute certainty that he would be attacked and that he himself would have to come back and help him; all this must have been thought of beforehand ; why then did he leave him? or having left him, why did he come back to help him, stultifying thereby his own plan of operations?

The answer may perhaps be found in strategical considerations. The expedition was first fitted out with a view to interference in the affairs of Sicily; but there intervened a more immediate object, for a chance presented itself of catching the Peloponnesian fleet. Let us assume therefore that Eurymedon's main purpose was the destruction of the Peloponnesian fleet wherever found, and then let us see what this involves (i) in regard to the strategy at Pylos, (ii) in regard to the local difficulties in Thucydides. It will be found to have the greatest influence upon both.
Theognis and his Poems
Authors: Williams T. Hudson
Published: May 2006

The collection of elegiac poems which bears the name of Theognis offers one of the most interesting problems in the literary history of Greece, and, in spite of many tentative solutions, it must be admitted that the origin and composition of this anthology still remain a mystery. We know that the Theognidea include poems composed by Tyrtaeus, Mimnermus, and Solon, and it is therefore by no means unlikely that they also include a great number of other elegies that can no longer be traced to their proper sources. As the object of the following article is to discuss a few points connected with the poet's life and political surroundings, we must first of all discover some test which will enable usto distinguish the genuine poems of Theognis from those of other poets represented in the collection. We can safely assume that Theognis is the author of all the elegies in Book I. which contain the name of Cyrnus, the young noble to whom the poet addressed so many of his didactic and political poems. For the name of Cyrnus is the σφρηγίς referred to by the poet in elegy 19–26, as something which will lead to the detection of the theft, if the poems are stolen. The σφρηγίςcannot, as some suppose, be the name of the poet himself: the mere insertion of the name of Theognis at the beginning or end of a collection of disconnected poems would afford no protection against plagiarism. What was wanted was a mark attached to each poem, and it is to serve this purpose that the vocative Κύρνε is so frequently introduced.
Mr. Headlam's Theory of Greek Lyric Metre
Authors: Dent Edward J.
Published: May 2006

Greek music is the one branch of Greek art which makes no emotional appeal to us at the present day. The specimens which have come down to us are few in number, and with one exception belong to the post-classical period; yet these should be sufficient in quantity for us to form a judgment upon them. There are technical treatises, and the literature of the subject is by no means small. But the fact remains, that though musicians may have some idea of the position of Greek music in the historical development of musical technique, they are utterly unable to assign any aesthetic value to it. Mediaeval music, if it does not stir us profoundly, is to us at least as intelligible as the painting and sculpture of the same period. But to compare the sculptures of the Parthenon with what we know of Greek music seems ridiculous.
Recent Excavations in Asia Minor
Authors: Wace Alan J. B.
Published: May 2006

This paper does not profess to give anything more than a brief account of the important results obtained by the German and Austrian excavators up to the time of my visit to these sites in June. I should like in particular to direct the attention of English archaeologists to Western Asia Minor as a field of research that is practically untouched, especially as regards remains of the Hellenistic period. Brilliant results await the scientific explorer of important sites such as Sardis, Tralies, Laodicea, and Apamea, and all these are extremely easy of access. The English traveller cannot help feeling ashamed of English archaeology when he sees the unintelligible mass of ruins and brushwood that covers the site of the Artemisium at Ephesus.
The Road-System of Eastern Asia Minor with the Evidence of Byzantine Campaigns
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: May 2006

Of late years a good deal of discussion has been devoted to the Road-System of Cappadocia and the Tauros region in ancient times, and it might seem at first sight superfluous to discuss the subject over again. But conclusions already reached must always be tested in the light of new facts; and in the case before us several new facts have come to hand, which illuminate our subject and enable us to introduce into it a considerable amount of simplification. I propose, therefore, in the following paper to describe the roads which traversed this part of the country and then to prove their direction as well as their importance from the evidence of Byzantine campaigns. This is the simplest order to follow, because one campaign generally covers several routes and it would involve a sacrifice of clearness to break up the campaigns into a series of disjecta membra.

At every period in the history of Asia Minor the most important roads from the west converged towards Caesareia-Mazaka (Kaisariye), which in later times became the metropolis of Cappadocia, and radiated thence towards east and south. Sebasteia-Sivas forms another centre only second in importance to Caesareia; and the entire road-system of Eastern Asia Minor is most easily described and most clearly understood by taking these two cities as the starting-points. I shall therefore begin with the roads leading East and South from Caesareia and afterwards go on to those radiating from Sebasteia-Sivas.
The Text of the Homeric Hymns
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: May 2006

Recent literature on this Hymn is almost limited to the notes of R. Peppmüller, Philologus, 1884, p. 196 sq., 1894, p. 253 sq., and H. Pomtow, Neue Jahrb. f. Phil., 1886, p. 176, and the articles of A. Kirchhoff, Sitzungsberichte der preuss. Akad. xlii. 1893, and A. W. Verrall in this Journal vol. xiv. pp. 1 sqq. (1894). For Apollo we have the account by Roscher in his Lexicon; Mr. Farnell (Cults of Greek States) has not yet treated him.

Want of illustration and of positive information upon the topics with which the Hymn deals, is the chief stumbling block to its interpretation. We are practically entirely ignorant, so far as other sources are concerned, at these places: the geographical names 32, 35, 40, 217, 422, 423; the nature of Eilithyia's necklace 103; the recitations at the Delian festival 156 sq., Apollo's ‘brides’ 208 sq., the observances connected with chariots at Onchestus 230 sq., the epithets of Apollo 373, 496; the part taken by Cretans in the Delphic worship 393 sq.