bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affordances. Motivations, and the World Graph Theory
Authors: Guazzelli Alex , Bota Mihail , Corbacho Fernando J. , Arbib Michael A.
Published: March 2007

O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) distinguish two paradigms for navigation, the "locale system" for map-based navigation and the "taxon (behavioral orientation) system" for route navigation. This article models the taxon system, the map-based system, and their interaction, and argues that the map-based system involves the interaction of hippocampus and other systems.

We relate taxes to the notion of an affordance. Just as a rat may have basic taxes for approaching food or avoiding a bright light, so does it have a wider repertoire of affordances for possible actions associated with immediate sensing of its environment. We propose that affordances are extracted by the rat posterior parietal cortex, which guides action selection by the premotor cortex and is influenced also by hypothalamic drive information.

The taxon-affordances model (TAM) for taxon-based determination of movement direction is based on models of frog detour behavior, with expectations of future reward implemented using reinforcement learning. The specification of the direction of movement is refined by current affordances and motivational information to yield an appropriate course of action.

The world graph (WG) theory expands the idea of a map by developing the hypothesis that cognitive and motivational states interact. This article describes an implementation of this theory, the WG model. The integrated TAM-WG model then allows us to explain data on the behavior of rats with and without fornix lesions, which disconnect the hippocampus from other neural systems.
Computer-aided Requirements Management
Authors: Fiksel Joseph , Hayes-Roth Frederick
Published: March 2007

Product development teams practicing concurrent engineering are responsible for creating, disseminating, maintaining, and venfying requirements that span the full product life cycle, including manufacturing, reliability, maintainability, and environmental safety. This is a complex task that requires automated support; however, the state-of-the-art of computer-aided requirements management is relatively immature. This paper sets forth a broad set of concepts for requirements management automation, and illustrates their implementation in the Requirements Manager system developed under the DARPA Initiative in Concurrent Engineering. Requirements management automation will make possible a more structured product development process and, at the same time, a more effective intergration of humans and machines that reduces product development cost and cycle time while improving product quality.
Hierarchical Morphological Multicriteria Design of Decomposable Systems
Authors: Levin Mark Sh.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes hierarchical morphological multicriteria design (HMMD) of decomposable systems HMMD consists of an hierar chical model for the designed system, design alternatives (DAs) for system components, interconnection (Is) among DAs, estimates of DAs and Is, and composite DAs An hierarchical composition of composite DAs from the best DAs at the lower hierarchical level is the key problem of HMMD Ordinal Is are used The composition process is based on a morphological clique problem An example demonstrates the design and improvement
Distributed Synchronization of Group Operations in Cooperative Editing Environments
Authors: Sun C. , Zhang Y. , Yang Y.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a novel distributed algorithm for synchronizing group operations which maintain consistency of shared docu ments in cooperative editing environments In the proposed algorithm dependent operations are closely synchronized so that they are executed in the same causal order at all sites Independent operations are executed asynchronously as soon as they arrive In particular local editing oper ations can be executed immediately, leading to good responsiveness Moreover despite the possible out-of-total-order execution of independent group operations, a totally ordered consistent view of the shared documents is maintained at all sites when the system is at quiescent Each site makes decisions on operation ordering and synchronization based on its local status and piggybacked information in incoming requests, and no centralized coordinator or locks are used Therefore the algorithm is fully distributed without a single point of failure or performance bottle neck Preliminary simulation and experimentation have shown that the basic mechanisms used in our algorithm are correct effective and effi cient
The M*-OBJECT Organisation Model for Enterprise Modelling of Integrated Engineering Environments
Authors: Di Leva A. , Giolito P. , Vernadat F.
Published: March 2007

Concurrent engineering and integrated manufacturing environments rely on the management of concurrent business processes sup ported by integrated information systems These business processes and the underlying information systems must be engineered in a systematic way to guarantee compliance with business requirements and overall system consistency and efficiency
Internet Service and Maintenance for RP-Oriented Tele-Manufacturing
Authors: Jiang Ping-Yu , Fukuda Shuichi
Published: March 2007

In this paper a methodology is put forward to create an Internet-based infrastructure to service and maintain RP-oriented tele- manufacturing. The WWW-based Java-enabled Internet computing model is used for implementing remote part submitting, queuing, monitoring, and managing. Control of different access competences allows manufacturing sites and queues to be maintained respec tively in any place. A Java-based software testbed has been developed to serve as a verification platform.
Multicultural Family Approaches to Career Counseling
Authors: Evans Kathy M. , Rotter Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

Career and work comprise a major portion of most people’s lives, yet little attention is given to this topic in the family literature. Furthermore, less attention is provided for exploration of how ethnic minority families address career issues. This article explores the literature for ways in which career counseling is approached from a multicultural family perspective.
Five Medical Treatment Stages of Infertility: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Gerrity Deborah A.
Published: March 2007

Most research on infertility has not examined the psychological effect of the medical process over time. This study explored the marital happiness, state/trait anxiety, coping techniques, and types of support received for a national sample of men and women. The study supports the life crisis model for the subgroup of people with infertility who are White, middleto upper-class, well educated, and joiners of support groups. There were significant differences by gender for seeking social support, escape/avoidance, nondirective guidance, and positive social interaction and stage of medical treatment for marital happiness, state anxiety, self-control, and accepting responsibility. Counselors should be aware that medical treatment affects the distress level of the individual and couple and the types of coping used. Further implications for counselors are also discussed.
Letting Go: Forgiveness in Counseling
Authors: Rotter Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses current literature and practice in the application of forgiveness in therapy. The recent emphasis in counseling on this very old concept brings a refreshing dimension to helping people overcome the anger and hurt in their lives. Although no panacea, forgiveness has been demonstrated to positively affect the symptoms that accompany the anguish one experiences in destructive relationships with others.
Feminist Family Therapy: Ethical Considerations for the Clinician
Authors: Costa Luann , Sorenson Jody
Published: March 2007

This article notes the traditional minimization of gender and power issues in the cultural context by systemic family therapists. Five questions that can serve as guidelines in examining ethical and personal issues are presented. Ethical considerations for the clinician are also provided.
Men and Women: Work and Family
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

Explored are the interaction of men and women with work and family, specifically dynamics that contribute to shared parenting, the power of men's marital and parental roles, differential stresses associated wzth commuting versus singleresidence dual-career couples, and intervention strategies to increase fathers' involvement in family life.
"Ghost Busters, Letters to the Editor, and No More Mr. Nice Guy"
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

Literature on practice issues in family counseling is discussed.
Using the Couple Relationship to Address Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Hughes Marcia M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use of the couple relationship to address the effects of childhood sexual abuse of one or both of the partners, discusses the issues facing couples, and presents therapeutic guidelines for working with such cauples. It reviews related work in thefield and methods for treating couplesfacing other traumas, and gives an overview of available resources.
How Personal Should Supervison Be?
Authors: Huber Charles H.
Published: March 2007

The section on supervision (Section VII) of the Ethical Code for the International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC, 1993) offers general direction regarding supervisor/counselor-supervisee dual relationships. A recent article from the family counseling literature provides a schema for more specific direction, thus enhancing the IAMFC code.
Achieving Personal Authority in the Family: An Intergenerational Family and Cognitive Approach for Counseling with Adults
Authors: Lawson David M.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the importance for adults to successfully negotiate the intergenerational family stage of personal authority in the family system. A treatment approach is presented that integrates intergenerationalfamily therapy with cognitive therapy. The assessment process, specific counseling strategies, and a case example are included in this discussion.
Marital Satisfaction of Healthy Differentiated and Undifferentiated Couples
Authors: Lim Mee-Gaik , Jennings Glen H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of differentiation on marital satisfac-tion in healthy like, healthy unlike, unhealthy like, and unhealthy unlike couples. The marital satisfaction scores of the 4 groups were comparedto determine if a significant difference existed among the groups. Re-sults suggested that individuals seek mates with comparable levels of differentiation. Highly differentiated individuals experience greater marital satisfaction whereas undifferentiated persons experience higher levels of marital distress, and the impact of differentiation on maritalsatisfaction is strongerfor women than men.
Counseling a Couple with AIDS
Authors: Erickson Sharon H.
Published: March 2007

As AIDS continues to spread, family therapists are increasingly faced with difficult decisions regarding reporting and breach of confidentiality when clients refuse to protectothersfrom infection. Ethical codes of some professional organizations are beginning to address this issue, but most are still ambiguous, and state laws often fail to address the issue directly or may conflict with ethical codes that are often unclear: These complicated issues are discussed, and suggestions are made for making decisions.
Organizing the Extended Family as a Self-Help Group
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

In many situations, it can be of benefit to the clients to connect them as members of a new group with a relatively new pattern of organization and a new purpose: to help one another and overcome feelings of alienation. It may be of further benefit if the members of that group consist of those people who are extended family who already care about each other. The idea is supported by several different family therapy theories, ancient family traditions, and the popularity in American culture of self-help groups. The procedures for the therapist to organize and lead such a group and some of the issues that come up are discussed. The ultimate goal is for the group to lead itself. There are opportunities for the clients to experience new options and learn and practice new beliefs and patterns of behavior. The technique can be used with the nuclear system alone.
Taking the Bull by the Horns: Beyond Talk in Psychological Interventions
Authors: L’Abate Luciano
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to argue that as long as the therapeutic community relies on commonly accepted sacred cows to produce results, little if any progress will take place. The five sacred cows of traditional psychological interventions (prevention, psychotherapy, and rehabilitation) are based on the following: (a) talk; (b) face-to-face contact; (c) the professionals’ proper style and personality; (d) adding family members, the more people the better; and (e) the more sessions the better. New psychological interventions that may challenge the sacred cows as we know them are as follows: (a) psychoeducational skill training programs; (b) computer assisted interventions, including verbal, visual (i.e., virtual reality), and neurobiofeedback; (c) manualized therapies; (d) eye movement desensitization and reprocessing; and (e) programmed distance writing, as exemplified by mental health workbooks. The latter is an inexpensive approach that can be administered concurrently with the new approaches as well as with talk-oriented interventions to obtain synergistic results. In addition, suggestions for minimally verbal and maximally action-oriented props and prescribed tasks are given.
The Influence of Technology on Families: An Asian Perspective
Authors: Carlson Jon , Chan Alfred C. N. , Chan Jimson W. T. , Kurato Yoshiya , Soong Cecelia , Yang Julia
Published: March 2007

In June of 1997, a group of five scholars representing Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and the United States met in Beijing, China. A symposium in conjunction with the International Counseling Conference was held to address the influence of technology on families. The participants assessed the positive and negative impact of technological change as well as the responses of policy and counseling. Most readers have some idea as to the impact of technology for families in the United States and in other western nations, but they might be surprised to learn how eastern families are being influenced by technology. John Naisbett indicated that nowhere are the technological trends more far reaching than in Asia. This article will provide glimpses into the effect of technology on the families of Asian nations.
Postmodernism and Divorce: Reflections on Gergen’s Notion of the Saturated Self in Relation to Modern Divorce
Authors: Lyle Randall R. , Gehart-Brooks Diane R.
Published: March 2007

This article explores Gergen’s concept of the saturated self in relation to issues of divorce in contemporary America. The postmodern metaphor of the saturated self, a self comprising multiple, contradictory potentials, can help therapists who work with individuals and couples struggling with the question of divorce. Therapists can use the ideas presented to help depathologize common experiences with divorce and allow clients to explore alternative understandings of themselves and their world in a way that expands possibilities for being in relationship. Specific techniques for incorporating these ideas into clinical practice are presented.
The Family Debriefing Model: An Adapted Critical Incident Stress Debriefing for Parents and Older Sibling Suicide Survivors
Authors: Juhnke Gerald A. , Shoffner Marie F.
Published: March 2007

The Family Debriefing Model is described. The Family Debriefing Model combines solution-focused interventions with an adapted Critical Incident Stress Debriefing model and was specifically designed to facilitate treatment with parents and adult- and adolescent-siblings who survive a family member’s suicide.
Comparison of Vocational Identity Factor Structures Among African American and White American College Students
Authors: Toporek Rebecca L. , Pope-Davis Donald B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural equivalence of the construct of vocational identity, as measured by the Vocational Identity Scale of My Vocational Situation, through an examination of the equivalence of factor structures across two socioracial groups. Specifically, this study is interested in the extent to which this instrument is able to demonstrate structural equivalence across samples of African American and White American students. Confirmatory factor analyses determined that a one-factor model, as suggested by Holland, Daiger, and Power, provided adequate fit for the African American and each of the two White American groups. However, a test of multigroup invariance indicated that the vocational identity factor structures were not equivalent across these groups. Implications for practice and research are discussed. In addition, the group invariance method of assessing cultural equivalence is critically examined.
The Utility of Career and Personality Assessment in Predicting Academic Progress
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey H. , Nauta Margaret M. , Gailbreath R. Dennis , Tipps Jane , Chartrand Judy M.
Published: March 2007

We examined the ability of four career and personality assessment inventories to predict students’ first-year college performance and persistence. Among our sample of 677 college freshmen who enrolled in a freshman orientation course, subscales from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Strong Interest Inventory, and Social Skills Inventory uniquely predicted first-year college GPA, and subscales from these three instruments and the Career Factors Inventory uniquely contributed to the prediction of freshman-to-sophomore persistence, each after controlling for ACT/SAT scores. Our findings suggest that college counseling and career center staff may provide valuable retention-promotion efforts by helping to identify students at risk for poor academic performance or attrition on the basis of commonly used career and personality assessment inventories.
The Short Form of the Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Osipow Samuel H. , Temple Richard D. , Rooney Rebecca A.
Published: March 2007

Occupationally relevant skills were selected from the 66 GOE Categories of the Selected Characteristics of Occupations Defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (U.S. Department of Labor, 1981). These skills were then translated into items and reduced to 230 self-efficacy statements. Subjects were asked to respond to each item in terms of their confidence in their ability to perform the task. Test-retest reliability for the 230 items was .77 over a 2- to 3- week period.

The responses of 1,265 subjects were factor analyzed using a principle components method and promax rotation. The result was four, clean, non-overlapping factors. By eliminating some items, the instrument was reduced to a 60-item scale with four, 15 item subscales reflecting the four factors. Factor 1 describes language and interpersonal skills; factor 2 emphasizes quantitative, logical, scientific, and business skills; factor 3 describes physical strength and agility; factor 4 reflects aesthetic skills. Cronbach-Alphas describing internal consistency for the four resulting scales are all above .90, as is test-retest reliability over a 2-week period. In addition, intercorrelation matrices for the four factors are reported here.
Psychological Meaning of Profile Elevation in the Vocational Preference Inventory
Authors: Gottfredson Gary D. , Jones Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

Correlates of profile elevation and two differentiation indices in the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI), Self-Directed Search, and related inventories are examined to clarify the meaning of elevated and low profiles. The traditional differentiation index is not independent of profile elevation. Other results imply that profile elevation is also related to indicators of a tendency to endorse items in the positive direction and to independent measures of positive, energetic, or impulsive response style. The correlations with independent criteria are usually weak. The possibility that counselors may over-interpret profile elevation in the VPI and related inventories is discussed.
Career Assessment With Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Authors: Prince Jeffrey P.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses key concepts in the counseling and assessment literature that can guide sound career assessment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Sexual identity development and environmental factors are discussed as variables central to career assessment. In addition, a number of potential sources of assessment bias are identified in the design, selection, and use of career assessment tools.
Reliability and Validity of a Rating Scale for Assessing Career Choice Appropriateness in Adolescence
Authors: Westbrook Bert W. , Sanford Eleanor E. , Waters Sandy
Published: March 2007

This article describes a study to construct and validate a rating scale to assess appropriateness of career choices of 143 high school students. Test-retest reliability coefficients for the rating scale scores were in the .80s and .90s. Intercorrelations of teacher and counselor ratings were in the .50s and .60s. Rating scale scores correlated mostly in the .30s with an objective testing method of assessing appropriateness of students' career choices, based on ACT Career Planning Program (1985) scores. Suggestions are made for using the rating scale in research and practice.
The New World Dialogue: Promoting Sustainable Development in the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Brown Janet Welsh , Gabaldón Arnoldo José
Published: March 2007

During 1991, the New World Dialogue, a group of private crtizens from 12 countries, came to terms on a Compact for a New World —a set of complementary initiatives that address two of the world's most pressing needs: how to protect the environment and how to spur sustamable develop ment in developing countries. The New World Dialogue demonstrates that citizens engaged in a nongovernmental negotiating effort can transcend their regional differences and arrive at a version of the long-sought but elusive North/South bargain. If adopted by governments, this package of mutual commitments and trade-offs on forests, energy, pollution, poverty, popula tion, technology, trade, and financing would spur the transition to sustainable development throughout the Western Hemisphere. The Compact's carefully crafted initiatives simultaneously address environmental protec tion and underdevelopment, while calling for the reciprocal actions and commitments needed to win broad-based political support in nations North and South. In the conviction that environmental degradation and underde velopment can only be solved together-and cannot be solved at all without sustained international cooperation-Dialogue members are urging their governments to reach agreements like those recommended in the Compact during the UNCED negotiating process and beyond.
The Daily Inventory of Stressful Events
Authors: Almeida David M. , Wethington Elaine , Kessler Ronald C.
Published: March 2007

This study introduces the Daily Inventory of Stressful Events (DISE), an interview-based approach to the measurement of multiple aspects of daily stressors through daily telephone interviews. Using a U.S. national sample of adults aged 25 to 74 (N = 1031), the prevalence as well as the affective and physical correlates of daily stressors are examined. Respondents had at least one daily stressor on 40 percent of the study days and multiple stressors on 11 percent of the study days. The most common class of stressors was interpersonal tension followed by work-related stressors for men and network stressors (events that occur to close others) for women. Stressors that involved danger of loss were more prevalent than stressors in which loss actually occurred. Regression analyses showed that specific types of daily stressors such as interpersonal tensions and network stressors were unique predictors of both health symptoms and mood.
Reconstruction and Validation of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire
Authors: Bagby R. Michael , Parker James D.A. , Joffe Russell T. , Buis Tom
Published: March 2007

The Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) was constructed to assess two distinct characterological configurations associated with depression - the anaclitic (dependent) and introjective (self-critical). Although the DEQ is widely used as a measure of these two personality constructs, its validity in actually measuring them is questionable. In this study we subjected a correlation matrix comprised of DEQ responses from a large sample of normal adults (N = 404) to confirmatory factor analysis to assess formally whether the DEQ is congruent with the theoretical parameters outlined by the model. Results indicated that neither the two-factor (Dependency, Self-Criticism) nor the three-factor (Dependency, Self-Criticism, Efficacy) models represented good approximations of the data. Using a series of exploratory factor analyses, we identified 19 items (9 dependency, 10 self-critical) from the original DEQ that were an excellent fit to the data for the two-factor model from "normal" adult, depressed outpatient, and student samples. Parameter estimates of the relationship between the two factors indicated only a modest association. Test-retest reliabilities for both the Dependency and Self-Criticism scales indicated excellent temporal stability. There were diagnostically meaningful variations in the mean scores between the "normal" sample and patient sample.
Reactions to Stress During the Persian Gulf War: The Use of Structural Equations for Testing the Horowitz Model
Authors: Koslowsky Meni , Solomon Zahava , Bleich Avi , Laor Nathaniel
Published: March 2007

In one of the few models specific to victims' reactions to traumatic events, it has been proposed that consequences typically include alternating patterns of intrusive and avoidance symptoms. The present exploratory investigation examined the responses of 120 victims who had been evacuated to a hotel after a SCUD missile attack on their home. Analyses using structural equation modeling showed that both psychological states follow stressful stimuli and perceived threat. In addition, results were found to be consistent with a model that posits intrusion as antecedent to anxiety which, in turn, was found to precede a latent outcome measure consisting of psychological, physical, and work functioning.
The Ways of Religious Coping Scale: Reliability, Validity, and Scale Development
Authors: Boudreaux Edwin , Catz Sheryl , Ryan Laurie , Amaral-Melendez Marta , Brantley Phillip J.
Published: March 2007

Ample evidence suggests stress can have serious effects on both physical and mental health. This has motivated researchers to investigate which coping strategies lead to more adaptive responses. One such strategy receiving an increasing amount of attention is religious coping. However, the measurement of religious coping needs further development. The present study reports the development and preliminary reliability and validity studies of the Ways of Religious Coping Scale (WORCS). This scale is a self-report instrument for assessing the degree and kind of religious cognitions and behaviors people use to cope with stress. Results indicate the WORCS is psychometrically sound and may be a useful tool for future research in the area of religious coping.
Rorschach Findings Concerning Closed Head Injury Patients
Authors: Exner John E. , Colligan Susan C. , Boll Thomas J. , Stischer Beth , Hillman Lisa
Published: March 2007

This article presents some Rorschach data for 60 adult closed head injury (CHI) patients who were tested between 3 and 6 weeks after the trauma. The data are discussed in terms of the apparent assets and liabilities frequently found among CHI patients and the importance of these findings in the context of management and rehabilitation.
Factorial Validation of the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT)
Authors: Allen C. Christopher , Ruff Ronald M.
Published: March 2007

The factorial validity of the Ruff-Light Trail Learning Test (RULIT) was evaluated for its specificity as a test of visuospatial learning and memory. In a sample of 307 normal adults, principal components analyses (PCAs) were calculated on scores from the RULIT and selected neuropsychological tests. The PCAs revealed visuospatial learning and memory components, which included RULIT scores that were empirically distinct from verbal learning and memory components. These results provide support for the RULIT as a measure of visuospatial learning and memory.
Short forms of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) for Selfand Collateral Ratings: Development, Reliability, and Validity
Authors: Harlan Elena , Clark Lee Anna
Published: March 2007

Researchers and clinicians alike increasingly seek brief, reliable, and valid measures to obtain personality trait ratings from both selves and peers. We report the development of a paragraph-descriptor short form of a full-length personality assessment instrument, the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) with both selfand other versions. Reliability and validity data were collected on a sample of 294 college students, from 90 of whom we also obtained parental ratings of their personality. Internal consistency reliability was good in both selfand parent data. The factorial structures of the self-report short and long forms were very similar. Convergence between parental ratings was moderately high. Self-parent convergence was variable, with lower agreement on scales assessing subjective distress than those assessing more observable behaviors; it also was stronger for higher order factors than for scales.
■ Review : The Mauthner Cell: What Has it Taught us?
Authors: Zottoli Steven J. , Faber Donald S.
Published: March 2007

The Mauthner cell (M-cell) is one of the few identifiable neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. The ability to locate the M-cell, along with its inputs and outputs, has resulted in important findings in diverse areas of neurobiology including the molecular biology of neurons, synaptic and systems physiology, behavior, development, and neuroethology. The review provides a brief overview of the M-cell and then focuses on recent studies applying state-of-the-art techniques to address new issues and revisit old ones. One advantage of this preparation is the ability to conduct multidisciplinary studies from the subcellular to behavioral levels. For example, studies of activity-dependent changes in the strength of mixed electrotonic and chemical synapses on the M-cell's lateral dendrite in vivo have been correlated with changes in the probability of eliciting a fast startle response initiated by the M-cell and its associated circuits. Similarly, it is now possible to image the activity of the M-cell and its homologs while observing motor behavior in zebrafish larvae. These approaches will provide direct tests of the functional properties of complex neural networks. Moreover, molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal development can be tested directly with this neuron and its segmental homologs, because these cells occur in singular pairs at defined locations. Finally, after spinal cord injury, the M-cell's axon regenerates, but does not follow its original course, and the startle response gradually recovers. The accessibility of the M-cell system offers the promise that strategies employed in restoring the function of a neural network will be revealed. Thus, we anticipate that the M-cell system will become a favored preparation for multidisciplinary studies on the neuronal basis of behavior and the recovery of behavior after injury. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:26-38, 2000
REVIEW ■ : ATP-sensitive Potassium Channels: Diverse Functions in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Freedman Jonathan E. , Lin Yong-Jian
Published: March 2007

ATP-sensitive potassium channels open when cytoplasmic levels of ATP drop, thus linking membrane potential to the metabolic state of the cell. Cloning studies have suggested that these channels are related structurally to the inward rectifier family of potassium channels, with two putative membrane-spanning regions. Sulfonylurea drugs, which are used in the treatment of diabetes, inhibit these channels by binding to an associated membrane protein. Other drugs, including some vasodilators, activate ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Diverse neurotransmitter and hormone receptors can modulate these channels, in some cases through interactions with guanyl nucleotide binding proteins. There appear to be multiple subtypes of these channels, differing in electrical properties as well as in drug sensitivities. In the brain, these channels appear to play a role in mediating satiety after feeding. They also function in neurons to protect against excitotoxicity, by counteracting the membrane depolarization associated with metabolic stress. Brain dopamine receptors appear to modulate a novel subtype of ATP-sensitive potassium channel. The association of dopamine receptors with a mechanism involved in protection against neurodegeneration may have implications for the causes of diseases in which dopaminergic regions of brain undergo structural changes, possibly including schizophrenia. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:145-152, 1996
Review : Inhibitory Processes in the Visual Cortex
Authors: Wollman Daniel E. , Palmer Larry A.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical and experimental studies have predicted and confirmed, respectfully, the presence of inhibitory processes in the visual cortex. To date, however, the precise role of inhibition in shaping these processes remains unclear. Numerous studies provide evidence that inhibition acts at the single-neuron level, endowing selectivity in these neurons for various stimulus characteristics. Similarly, other studies seem to suggest that inhibition is employed by larger ensembles of neurons, endowing individual neuronal characteristics only through the behavior of the entire network. This article addresses previous views of inhibitory processes and the ways they may be used in developing characteristic properties of neurons in the visual cortex. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:45-52, 1998
The Fire That Comes from the Eye
Authors: Gross Charles G.
Published: March 2007

One of the earliest ideas about vision is that it depends on light that streams out of the eye and detects surrounding objects. This view was attacked in its own time and finally disproved more than 2000 years later. Yet the idea of a beam leaving the eye persisted in beliefs both about the evil eye and the power of a lover's gaze. It is still widely held among both children and adults. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:58-64, 1999
Mixed-Methods Research with Vulnerable Families
Authors: Shepard Margaret P. , Orsi Allen J. , Mahon Margaret M. , Carroll Ruth M.
Published: March 2007

The challenges that cause and result from vulnerability in families are complex. Systematic methods for studying the issues underlying vulnerability are needed. In this article, the utility of mixed methods for nursing science with vulnerable families is addressed. The use of mixed methodology resulted in more precise descriptions of the complex reality of living as a vulnerable family, such as living in a family with a member with HIV/AIDS, a child with a chronic condition, or a family member with other life-threatening conditions. Coupling qualitative methods with quantitative methods can illuminate phenomena related to vulnerable families that cannot be captured using a singular approach. To advance our understanding of family vulnerability, it is essential that we define research strategies that contribute to both the depth and the breadth of our knowledge. Mixed methods are logically congruent with this goal.
Marital Relationship Change in the Transition to Parenthood: A Reexamination as Interpreted through Transition Theory
Authors: Tomlinson Patricia Short
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether transition to parenthood results in marital relationship disruption. A total of 96 childbearing couples were tested with Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) 2 months before and 3 months after the birth of theirfirst child. Fifty-four nonparent couples matched on age, income, and education were tested over the same interval. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)for nonequivalent groups was used to estimate group, gender, and time effects on marital satisfaction. Results showed a significant group effect, a significant time effect, and a Group x Time interaction. Post hoc analysis revealed that females in the parent group showed the greatest decline of all groups in marital satisfaction, an appraisal most influenced by the decreased ability of the spousal partnership to reach consensus on tasks, activities, goals, and values. Females in the Nonparent group experienced an increase in satisfaction with these same consensus patterns. Despite new parents' overall decline in marital satisfaction, these results do not provide supportfor transition to parenthood as a crisis because at both pretest and posttest, new parents reported significantly higher marital satisfaction than did nonparent couples. However, the results do suggest that examining marital satisfaction during transition to parenthood, as it was done in this study, provides information regarding the dynamic shifts taking place within the family at this time.
Family Skills Labs: Facilitating the Development of Family Nursing Skills in the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Tapp Dianne M. , Moules Nancy J. , Bell Janice M. , Wright Lorraine M.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the implementation offamily nursing skills labs with undergraduate nursing students at the University of Calgary. The intent of the family nursing skills labs is to facilitate the development of family interviewing skills of students and to apply these skills to a variety ofclinical settings. The incorporation of demonstration interviews, role playing, and practice interviews provides students with simulated situations to implementfamily interviewing skills. Students who participate in thefamily skills labs are invited to consider therapeutic conversations as interventions and are offered a preferred relational stance for working with families. Specific strategies for implementing the family skills labs are proposed.
Children's Mental Health in Families Experiencing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Brandt Patricia , Weinert Clarann
Published: March 2007

A resiliency framework was used for this study. The research question was "Which parent and family factors discriminate between children who are at risk and those who are not at risk for a mental health problem?" The 174 families included in this substudy werefrom a longitudinal investigation in whichfamilies were recruited from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Families were selected if they had children ages 7 to 17 years and one of the two parents had multiple sclerosis. Through discriminant analysis, the variables that statistically maximized differences between two groups of children-those defined as clinically at risk or those not at riskfor a mental health problem-were obtained. Children who were not at riskfor a mental health problem tended to live infamilies who were more adaptable, had more adequate finances, and had more marital agreement. Implications for future empirical and interpretive investigations are discussed.
Use of E-Mail and the Web by Science Writers
Authors: TRUMBO CRAIG W. , SPRECKER KIM J. , DUMLAO REBECCA J. , YUN GI WOONG , DUKE SHEARLEAN
Published: March 2007

The authors report data from two surveys of the National Association of Science Writers conducted in 1994 and 1999 to investigate e-mail and Web use by science journalists. Results show that task and social e-mail use have expanded dramatically. Also, the Web has become a regular part of science journalism. Enthusiasm for the use of the Web is a function of a positive orientation toward the quality of Web information, trust in the sources behind Web information, and individual characteristics of connectedness. The authors conclude with qualitative interviews with five science writers who provide supporting anecdotal evidence.
Reducing Access Barriers to the Use of Reading-Based Information
Authors: Aaronson Neil K. , Ershoff Daniel H. , Wilner Daniel M.
Published: March 2007

In a previous study it was found that mental health professionals working within community mental health centers (CMHCs) value published social science research as input into the policy decision-making process, yet frequently experience problems in accessing such literature in a timely and efficient manner. The current study was undertaken in order to determine whether access barriers could be reduced via the use of computer-based literature searching. Both short-term (six week) and long-term (six month)follow-up data revealed substantial use of the search materials for both conceptual and instrumental purposes. Further, the positive experiences reported with regard to the study-specific search were mirrored in a more general assessment of the potential usefulness of such information-retrieval systems in meeting future information needs.
Myth and Reality
Authors: Morehouse Ward
Published: March 2007

With political independence four decades ago, India embarked on a determined quest to develop modern science and technology as tools of social and economic progress and national power. The result has been prodigious growth of scientific and technical personnel and the institutional infrastructure for science and technology, with widespread impact on agriculture, health, industry, communications, and national defense. But the Indian experience also makes clear that deep-rooted social problems such as poverty and exploitation cannot be solved through technical fixes. The rich and varied nature of that experience suggests five myths about science in the Third World: (1) Science is a Western monopoly; (2) science is autonomous; (3) advanced technology is derived from science; (4) science and technology are the Third World's social salvation; (5) science is universal.
"A Will and a Way to Make Life Better"
Authors: Salasin Susan E.
Published: March 2007

In this article in honor of Howie Davis, the story of Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is drawn upon to help clarify and illustrate the larger dimensions of Howie's intellectual and spiritual quest to improve the tragi-comédie humaine. As Christian, in Pilgrim's Progress, traversed every step of the way the pilgrim must take from the City of Destruction to Celestial City, traveling through the Slough of Despond, By-Path Mountains, Vanity Fair, Delectable Mountains, Valley of the Shadow of Death, and Enchanted City, so did Howie undertake a spriritual journey of similar dimensions. Combining the qualities of the artist and scholar, imaginative daydreamer and profound exponent of common sense, preacher and entertainer, Howie was propelled by his deep empathy for the pain experienced by others, and his desire to ease that pain and build on human dignity and achievement. Knowledge utilization and planned change were, to him, the means to achieve this goal.
Howie Davis Introduces Mrs. Swanson
Authors: Funke Arthur S.
Published: March 2007

The state director and some of his staff of the Minnesota Mental Illness, Mental Retardation Inebriacy (Mental Health) Program were dissatisfied with the status of the State Hospital Program, the Community Mental Health Program, the Mental Health Programs of the County Welfare Departments and the Central Office, and they decided to define and address these dissatisfactions. Howie Davis provided major doses of the energy and thought involved in these efforts. Included in the concerns about the status of these programs were the following : (a) What were the social purposes that these programs were intended to be instrumental in promoting or achieving? (b) How could these social purposes be identified by the Central Office? (c) How could staff from each of the above major program components participate in the process from the beginning? (d) How could the extent to which each program was fulfilling its social purposes be determined? (e) How could the success of each program in fulfilling its purposes be increased?

Application was made to NIMH for a grant to support the effort. When the application was approved, I was recruited as the Project Director. I arrived in July 1962 only to learn that Howie was soon to be leaving Minnesota for a job with NIMH. Howie and I had known each other for a number of years as the Chief Psychologists in our respective states. Now we could brag that with the two of us, Minnesota had the biggest psychology staff in the 50 states!
Four A pproaches to Science and Their Implications for Organizational Theory and Research
Authors: Schmidt Vivien
Published: March 2007

The philosophy of science contains four basic approaches to science, each of which has its equivalent in contemporary theories about and methods of organizational research. This article considers how organizational theorists can gain from the insights ofphilosophers of science without, however, having to accept those philosophers'rather negative conclusions about the scientific status and potential of organizational research. To that end, the article suggests new ways oftheorizing about organizational research which, whilefollowing the example of the philosophy of science, are nonetheless better adapted to the special requirements of organizational research. Finally, the article seeks to shift organizational theorists'focus away from the question, "Is organizational research scientific?" to such questions as "Which theory about organizational research is best able to explain which aspect of the field?"and "Which method of organizational research is best able to solve what kind of problem?"
Knowledge Disavowal
Authors: Deshpandé Rohit , Kohli Ajay K.
Published: March 2007

Several scholars have alluded to the pervasiveness of the phenomenon of knowledge disavowal in organizations — the avoidance of available knowledge in order to protect the status quo. This study empirically investigates structural antecedents of the phenomenon in large manufacturing organizations, develops implacations for managing organizational knowledge systems, and suggests directions for future research.
Some Thoughts about the Origins of Scientific Misconduct in the Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Burger Edward J.
Published: March 2007

Competition for federal research funding has been widely cited as a factor in the incidence of scientific misconduct in the biomedical sciences. This commentary describes recent funding trends, including shifts in reviewers' scoring patterns, that may shed light on this issue.