bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literary identity and social structure of the imperial period
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

The chapter explores how works of literature in the nineteenth century increasingly mapped the complex social structure of imperial Russia. It explains why social class and group identity features so prominently in the representation of characters in nineteenth-century Russian literature. The chapter demonstrates that different types of space, such as the capitals (St. Petersburg and Moscow), the village, or the estate, have specific cultural associations in literature. It discusses the phenomenon of the Petersburg mythology and the genre of Petersburg fiction, examines the provincial spaces as presented by Gogol and Chekhov, and colonial spaces such as the Caucasus as portrayed by Tolstoy.
Institutions
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the development of Russian modernism and avant-garde trends into the 1920s in relation to the new institutions of the Silver Age (1890s–1917), pausing on why the period has proven hard to define. It discusses key modernist journals and the social contexts, including groups and societies, that were formative for writers. How these cultural processes changed in Soviet Russia under a regime of political and aesthetic state control, and in Russia Abroad, is charted. While Socialist Realism became the dominant aesthetic from the 1930s, the chapter shows how innovations in language and theory (including Formalism and structuralism) as well as independent literary institutions bypassed official doctrines and led to important experimentation. The chapter tracks a number of phenomena bridged unofficial literary culture and the post-Soviet literary field.
Prose and drama
Authors: Kahn Andrew , Lipovetsky Mark , Reyfman Irina , Sandler Stephanie
Published: May 2018

A central theme of narrative prose and dramatic theater remained the conflict between an individual and society, increasingly specified as the clash of a man or woman with ongoing historical destruction. Prose and drama, like poetry, tested the formation of new subjectivities in response to historical catastrophe. Alongside the manifestations of Socialist Realism and its derivatives, the century-long evolution of the utopian/dystopian is traced. Attention is paid to the aesthetics of the grotesque and to the poetics of skaz, to an emerging trend of existentialist narrative and the flourishing women’s prose. Also important is the quasi-fictional mode best described as “in-between prose.” The continuous exploration of identity through changing literary genres, including resurgent modernist forms, runs through the diverse case studies.
Infancy and Earliest Childhood in the Roman World
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: May 2018

The book is a comprehensive study of infancy and earliest childhood in a cultural overview encompassing the entirety of the Roman Empire. It brings together some of the most recent discoveries and presents a fresh perspective on archaeological, historical, and social debates. Despite the developing emphasis in current scholarship on children in Roman culture, there has been little research on the role and significance of the youngest children in the family and society. Because of the very particular historical circumstances that affected the beginning of the life cycle of a Roman child, the book isolates the age group of the under one-year-olds to explore their lives as well as Roman attitudes towards the young and the perception of personhood. It integrates social and cultural history with archaeological evidence, funerary remains, material culture, and the iconography of infancy, an approach for which this subject matter is especially well suited. An examination of the many and varied strands of evidence enables us to contextualize the rhetoric about earliest childhood in Roman texts. The volume refutes the notion that high infant mortality conditioned Roman parents not to engage in the early life of their children or to view them, or their deaths, with indifference, and it concludes that even within the first weeks and months of life Roman children were invested with social and gendered identities.
Knowledge, Conceptual Knowledge, and the Iconic Route to Grasping an Idea
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

This chapter sketches the reasons for taking Plato’s term episteme and related ‘knowledge’ terms to refer to an irreducible kind of knowledge that is not standardly included in lists of key types of knowledge, and for identifying corresponding irreducible senses of ‘being’ and ‘truth’. Second, it reviews existing ways of understanding Plato, exploring the difference between developmental and unitarian readings, and situating this work among them. Third, it considers the reasons why one might include a search for a definition as part of a philosophical enquiry, and examines when, if ever, such a search could be helpful, and why a successful definition might not be Plato’s main goal or a goal at all. Fourth, it examines the relation between knowledge and propositional utterances expressing knowledge. Finally, it sketches the plan for the rest of the book.
Introduction and Summary for Part II: Plato’s Meno
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The chapter summarizes the main lessons to be taken from the two studies of Plato’s Meno that follow (Chapters 4 and 5), drawing out the significance of the various turning points in the dialogue. It explains why Plato makes Socrates abandon the search for a definition of virtue, and turn to something like a geometrical approach instead (here called the ‘iconic method’) as a solution for discovering ‘what it is’ about a concept, especially for concepts that defy unitary definition. The nature of this enquiry into ‘what it is’, and the difference between investigating a concept and applying it, are brought out. The parallels between Plato’s rejection of Socrates’ quest for essentialist definition and the work of the later Wittgenstein are noted, and the chapter explains how Plato’s hypothetical method would be ideally suited to explaining open-ended concepts (if it were well done, which it is not).
Knowledge and Correct Impressions in Plato’s Meno
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines three passages of Plato’s Meno, showing how they relate to a theme concerning Gorgias’ professed ability to answer questions without knowledge. Addressing some notorious puzzles about whether Plato thinks that true doxa is sufficient for life, and whether one can progress from true doxa to knowledge, the chapter argues that here, as in other dialogues, ‘knowledge’ means knowledge of types, not tokens, and that for practical action what is required is always doxa—to identify the right token—not a theoretical understanding of the type. Plato shows that Socrates’ demand for an abstract philosophical grasp of ‘what it is’ about some concept like virtue has no practical relevance, and that Gorgias is right, that one can indeed answer questions correctly without it.
Geometry and the Scientific Project
Authors: Rowett Catherine
Published: May 2018

The boy Theaetetus is still at a lowly stage on the scale of scientific studies from the Republic. Plato illustrates the mistakes that arise from his immature grasp of what science is, due to mistaking sense perception and doxa for the true science of being. Socrates also pushes him off on the wrong foot by demanding a compositional analysis of knowledge, on a model borrowed from natural science. The result is a misdirected enquiry, exposing the failure of a kind of definition that is suited only to compounds analysable in terms of their ingredients, and not to the items that are primitive in any analysis. Furthermore, since Theaetetus misunderstands the role of perception in geometry, his first inclination is to reduce knowledge to the perception of particulars.
Conclusion
Authors: Lurie Peter
Published: May 2018

This book concludes by relating its discussion of visualizing history to the media and the public response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. It shows their overly mediated depiction to have a precedent in Civil War photography, and it avers the shared impulse to visualize attending each of these epochal historical events. The Conclusion reads Toni Morrison’s Beloved as offering a salutary “forgetful remembrance” of history in the novel’s model of “rememory” and as an alternative to historicist criticism, as well as to U.S. culture’s visual archiving of a supposedly accessible and remediable past. The discussion also links Morrison’s work to post-9/11 poetry and to contemporary and recent African-American cinema, which, like Beloved, shows the occasion and the need for a willful look forward for both racialized subjects and for the U.S. polity generally in a postdigital age.
Genome Sequence Resources for the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici) and the Barley Stripe Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformisf. sp.hordei)
Authors: Xia Chongjing , Wang Meinan , Yin Chuntao , Cornejo Omar E. , Hulbert Scot H. , Chen Xianming
Published: May 2018

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes devastating stripe (yellow) rust on wheat and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei causes stripe rust on barley. Several P. striiformis f. sp. tritici genomes are available, but no P. striiformis f. sp. hordei genome is available. More genomes of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei are needed to understand the genome evolution and molecular mechanisms of their pathogenicity. We sequenced P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolate 93-210 and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei isolate 93TX-2, using PacBio and Illumina technologies and RNA sequencing. Their genomic sequences were assembled to contigs with high continuity and showed significant structural differences. The circular mitochondria genomes of both were complete. These genomes provide high-quality resources for deciphering the genomic basis of rapid evolution and host adaptation, identifying genes for avirulence and other important traits, and studying host-pathogen interactions.
Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women With Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Giudicepietro Antonia , Martinelli Pasquale
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;318(23):2317–2324)

Spontaneous preterm birth is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity; it is estimated that preterm birth caused 1.1 million infant deaths in 2015, as well as short- and long-term disability in survivors. Cervical pessary is a silicone device used to prevent preterm birth, although its efficacy is unclear as there have been contradictory results in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in women with singleton pregnancies and short cervical length.
Are we ready for intercultural cancer care?
Authors: Crombez Patrick , Michiels Sandra , Bron Dominique
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

Migration is increasing worldwide, with accumulating evidence of health disparities. At the same time, oncology faces new challenges within a fast-changing care landscape. These two developments raise the question of integration of migrants and ethnic minorities (MEMs) and cultural influences in oncology.

Recent findings

Perceptions of health and disease differ substantially across and within societies and cultures. However, health needs of MEMs and cultural influences seem often out of the scope of cancer care. The purpose of this thematic review is to consider three major challenges of current and future oncology through the prism of culture and ethnicity: enrollment in cancer clinical trials, therapeutic adherence, and new models and paradigms of care. We found inconsistent literature highlighting gaps in knowledge, research, and clinical practice. This confirms unequal situations for MEMs in cancer and asserts interactions between culture influences and therapeutic transactions.

To eliminate the burden of health disparities and ensure the best outcomes in MEM's cancer patients, a collaborative approach from research and clinical practice is necessary. Only robust research from all countries exploring unmet needs of MEMs and striving for functional understanding can inform and innovate clinical practice.
Risk and Protective Factors for Externalizing Behavior at 3 Years: Results from the All Our Families Pregnancy Cohort
Authors: Hetherington Erin , McDonald Sheila , Racine Nicole , Tough Suzanne
Published: May 2018

Objective:

This study examines risk and protective factors for externalizing behavior in children aged 3 years to inform early interventions and enhance school readiness.

Method:

A total of 1314 mothers participating in a longitudinal study completed questionnaires when their children turned 2 years and again at the age of 3 years. Externalizing behavior was assessed using a short version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Risk and protective factors included the child's characteristics, maternal mental health and disposition, socioeconomic status, and community engagement and child care. Logistic regression models produced crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs).

Results:

Poor maternal mental health and high levels of maternal neuroticism were associated with an increased risk for externalizing problems at 3 years (AOR, 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–2.40 and AOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.58–3.30). Care by their mother, relative, or a nanny (compared with being in child care) also conferred an increased risk (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.01–1.90). Mothers' community engagement modified the risk for boys, such that boys whose mothers did not participate in community activities were 4 times more likely to have externalizing problems than did boys whose mothers engaged in community activities.

Conclusion:

Families in which mothers experience mental health challenges or have dispositional traits that increase the risk of externalizing behaviors can be identified early. Identification provides the opportunity to promote engagement with parenting supports to improve the outcomes of the child and family. Providing opportunities for children to practice their self-regulation skills through participation in child care and community activities promotes development and mitigates the risk of externalizing behavior.
Physical Therapist Profile of Alumni From a Brazilian University: A Survey Study
Authors: Driusso Patricia , Avila Mariana Arias , Jamami Mauricio , de Oliveira Sato Tatiana
Published: May 2018

Introduction.

Little has been published about South American educational trends in the global literature of physical therapy. The aim of the present study was to describe the profile of the alumni who graduated from a Brazilian institution of higher education in order to better understand workforce insertion and satisfaction with the profession.

Materials and Methods.

This descriptive study was performed with the physical therapy alumni graduated from July 1981 to December 2013 (n = 1,076), who were contacted and invited to answer an online questionnaire about academic formation, work, and satisfaction with the profession. Data were descriptively analyzed using the SPSS software.

Results.

Most of the respondents were women, aged from 30 to 39 years, lived in the Brazil's Southeast region and worked as clinical therapists. Most of the alumni who graduated from a Brazilian Public Institution reported to have searched for continuing education through specializations, residencies, and Master's and Doctoral studies and most of them earn from US$1091 to US$2729 monthly. Of those who reported income greater than US$ 5459, most are aged 50 years or more, worked as academics or osteopathic clinical therapists and are women; however, among peers, this result shows that most of male alumni (44%) reported an income greater than US$ 5459. Most of the respondents reported to be satisfied or very satisfied with the profession.

Conclusion.

These results helped formulate a profile of the alumni and their insertion in the labor market, which can contribute to a better understanding of the profession and indicate aspects related to the academic education that may impact the insertion in the labor market and progress.
Developing a Tool to Assess Physical Therapist Educational Program Quality With Engagement Theory: The American Council of Academic Physical Therapy Benchmarks for Excellence Task Force
Authors: Heath Amy E. , Altenburger Peter , Brechter Jacklyn H. , Chleboun Gary , Jette Diane U. , Pike Gary , Schilling Denise , Topp Kimberly , Tschoepe Barbara
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose.

The American Council of Academic Physical Therapy (ACAPT) convened the Benchmarks for Excellence (BenEx) Task Force with a charge to define and assess excellence in physical therapist education. The purpose of this article is to describe the process employed by the BenEx Task Force in the development of a tool to measure physical therapist education program excellence, to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the tool, and to describe the future goals of the BenEx Task Force.

Method/Model Description and Evaluation.

The BenEx Task Force members adopted the Engagement Theory of Program Quality as a framework for defining excellence. In 2013, the task force developed the initial Physical Therapist
Measure of
Educational Program Quality survey. The task force worked closely with a Web site design company to develop a comprehensive item database, survey format, survey delivery mechanism, data-entry process, and data summary and interactive display platform. The final student survey included 36 elements representing 11 attributes within the 5 clusters of quality hypothesized by the Engagement Theory, and the faculty survey included 38 elements representing 13 attributes within the 5 clusters.

Outcomes.

In 2015, 88 of 193 (46%) ACAPT-eligible programs participated in the survey: 706 students, 717 faculty, and 88 program directors. The analyses revealed some areas of the survey that may require revision; however, 35 of 36 elements on the student survey and 30 of 38 elements on the faculty survey met the expected acceptable alpha reliability coefficient levels (≥.70) of internal consistency.

Discussion and Conclusion.

Defining excellence in physical therapist education is a difficult undertaking. The process used by the BenEx Task Force to begin the work of defining excellence in physical therapist education underscores the need for continuous engagement of stakeholders. Enlisting literature from other areas of education and a theoretical framework helped to present a cohesive structure that allowed ACAPT members to agree to the process enough to move the project forward. Furthermore, a transparent process promoted success. Continued data collection and analysis will determine the inclusion/exclusion of specific items that may not fit well into particular elements, any necessary survey revisions, and facilitation of the development of benchmarks in physical therapist education.
Importance of Terminal Academic Degreed Core Faculty in Physical Therapist Education
Authors: Bliss Rebecca , Brueilly Kevin E. , Swiggum Mary S. , Morris G. Stephen , Williamson Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose:

Recent changes to the standards of accreditation implemented by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education require that a minimum 50% of all core faculty must hold an academic doctoral degree such as a PhD. Enforcement of these requirements will begin in 2020. Clearly, these changes will present challenges to the growing need for qualified faculty in physical therapist education programs. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief review of recent changes in the academic credentialing requirements for core faculty members and to offer our rationale for supporting these new standards.

Reasons to Support the New Standards:

The importance of maintaining the new requirements is supported by a recent decline in full-text scholarly products from core faculty across the profession, with faculty relying much more on presentation abstracts to meet accreditation requirements. The collective effect of decreased publication of full-length articles suggests that the generation of scholarly products in the field of physical therapy is at risk. In addition, a lack of scientific dissemination is likely to reduce the profession's ability to advance the profession through translational science. The minimum 50% core faculty with earned academic degrees standard also serves to aid in longevity and resultant stability of a core faculty through increased rates of successful promotion and tenure. Finally, recently published studies on methods of proposed excellence in physical therapist education suggest the need for continuing emphasis on physical therapist education in increased depth and breadth of foundation knowledge is needed to prepare graduates for a more complex health care environment. Faculty who possess terminal academic degrees in the field of physical therapy and foundational sciences are best prepared to take on this challenge.

The practice of physical therapy is changing, and the education of entry-level students must adapt to keep current with those changes. We, as academic leaders in the profession, must insist on retaining, and possibly even strengthening, the requirement of a minimum 50% mix of terminally academic degreed faculty within our core faculty.
Do Health Promotion Behaviors Affect Levels of Job Satisfaction and Job Stress for Nurses in an Acute Care Hospital?
Authors: Williams Heather L. , Costley Teresa , Bellury Lanell M. , Moobed Jasmine
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between nurse-reported health-promoting behaviors (HPBs), job stress, and job satisfaction in a hospital setting.

BACKGROUND

Job stress and satisfaction are key components of the nursing work environment; however, evidence of the relationship between HPB and job stress and satisfaction is lacking.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, 144-item survey was administered to nurses working in an acute care, community hospital in the southeastern United States.

RESULTS

Higher levels of HPB were associated with lower job stress and higher job satisfaction. Total HPB was associated with the competence subscale of job stress. Lower job stress was significantly associated with HPB subscales: spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management.

CONCLUSIONS

Nursing organizations can implement interventions that support HPB for nurses to reduce job stress and improve satisfaction.
Educational Preparation for Clinical Practice
Authors: Hatzenbuhler Nicole J. , Klein Julie E.
Published: May 2018

Background

Preparedness of newly graduated RNs to provide safe, competent patient care is a significant concern because of increasing work demands and complexities in health care systems.

Purpose

This qualitative study explored the perceptions of newly graduated RNs about how their educational experiences as prelicensure students prepared them to enter the nursing workforce.

Methods

Face-to-face, semi structured interviews were conducted with 10 RNs who held baccalaureate degrees, were employed in acute care settings, and practiced for 1 to 2 years.

Results

Analysis of the interview data revealed that nursing education programs did not adequately prepare graduates for their multifaceted roles and responsibilities as RNs. The participants offered recommendations for faculty use in prelicensure nursing programs to better prepare students for successful transition into clinical practice.

Conclusions

Nursing faculty should implement practice-oriented educational experiences to facilitate students to assume professional roles and responsibilities when they enter the nursing workforce.
Clinical Use of Electrohysterography During Term Labor: A Systematic Review on Diagnostic Value, Advantages, and Limitations
Authors: Vlemminx Marion W.C. , Rabotti Chiara , van der Hout–van der Jagt M. Beatrijs , Oei S. Guid
Published: May 2018

Importance

Real-time electrohysterography (EHG)–based technologies have recently become available for uterine monitoring during term labor. Therefore, obstetricians need to be familiar with the diagnostic value, advantages, and limitations of using EHG.

Objective

The aims of this study were to determine the diagnostic value of EHG in comparison to (1) the intrauterine pressure catheter (IUPC), (2) the external tocodynamometer (TOCO), and (3) in case of maternal obesity; (4) to evaluate EHG from users' and patients' perspectives; and (5) to assess whether EHG can predict labor outcome.

Evidence Acquisition

A systematic review was performed in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library in October 2017 resulting in 209 eligible records, of which 20 were included.

Results

A high sensitivity for contraction detection was achieved by EHG (range, 86.0%–98.0%), which was significantly better than TOCO (range, 46.0%–73.6%). Electrohysterography also enhanced external monitoring in case of maternal obesity. The contraction frequency detected by EHG was on average 0.3 to 0.9 per 10 minutes higher compared with IUPC, which resulted in a positive predictive value of 78.7% to 92.0%. When comparing EHG tocograms with IUPC traces, an underestimation of the amplitude existed despite that patient-specific EHG amplitudes have been mitigated by amplitude normalization. Obstetricians evaluated EHG tocograms as better interpretable and more adequate than TOCO. Finally, potential EHG parameters that could predict a vaginal delivery were a predominant fundal direction and a lower peak frequency.

Conclusions and Relevance

Electrohysterography enhances external uterine monitoring of both nonobese and obese women. Obstetricians consider EHG as better interpretable; however, they need to be aware of the higher contraction frequency detected by EHG and of the amplitude mismatch with intrauterine pressure measurements.

Target Audience

Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives

After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to interpret the physiology of uterine contractions, relate the diagnostic value of electrohysterography (EHG) traces to intrauterine pressure catheter and tocodynamometer, examine how the performance of the external uterine monitoring techniques is affected by maternal obesity, distinguish the advantages and limitations of EHG-based monitoring from users' and patients' perspectives, and propose uses for EHG uterine contraction monitoring and other (future) applications of EHG.
Adolescent With Spontaneous Splenic Rupture as a Cause of Hemoperitoneum in the Emergency Department
Authors: Gómez-Ramos José Juan , Marín-Medina Alejandro , Lisjuan-Bracamontes Javier , García-Ramírez Diana , Gust-Parra Heriberto , Ascencio-Rodríguez Maria Guadalupe
Published: May 2018

Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is a rare clinical condition that usually presents as a complication of a background pathology and can become a life-threatening condition if it is not diagnosed in time. We present the case of a 15-year-old girl with abdominal pain and clinical data of hypovolemic shock. The simple tomographic study revealed deformation of the splenic architecture and hemoperitoneum. Surgery demonstrated splenic rupture with ptosis spleen and intraperitoneal free blood. The anatomopathological examination showed the presence of splenomegaly and findings suggestive of peliosis. It also highlights the known causes related to spontaneous splenic rupture.
Inflammatory-induced spinal dorsal horn neurons hyperexcitability is mediated by P2X4 receptors
Authors: Aby Franck , Whitestone Sara , Landry Marc , Ulmann Lauriane , Fossat Pascal
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Purinergic ionotropic P2X receptors (P2RX) are involved in normal and pathological pain transmission. Among them, P2X4 are expressed in dorsal root ganglion and in the spinal cord. Their activation during nerve injury or chronic peripheral inflammation modifies pain sensitivity that leads to the phenomenon of allodynia and hyperalgesia.

Objectives:

We study here, in vivo, the role of P2X4 on the excitability of dorsal horn neurons (DHNs) in naive or pathological context.

Methods:

We recorded DHNs in vivo in anesthetized wild-type or P2RX4−/− mice. We measured nociceptive integration and short-term sensitization by DHNs both in naive and inflamed mice.

Results:

Our results indicate that P2X4 alter neuronal excitability only in the pathological context of peripheral inflammation. Consequently, excitability of DHNs from inflamed P2RX4−/− mice remains similar to naive animals.

Conclusion:

These results confirm the prominent role of P2X4 in inflammatory pain context and demonstrate that P2X4 are also involved in the hyperexcitability of DHNs.
Hand Surgeons Performing More Open Carpal Tunnel Releases Do Not Show Better Patient Outcomes
Authors: Evers Stefanie , Jansen Miguel C. , Slijper Harm P. , de Haas Nicoline , Smit Xander , Porsius Jarry T. , Hovius Steven E. R. , Amadio Peter C. , Selles Ruud W.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Although previous studies have shown that more experienced surgeons have better patient outcomes following a variety of procedures, in hand surgery and carpal tunnel release in particular, this relation remains unproven. The authors assessed whether there is an association between surgeon volume and patient outcomes following open carpal tunnel release.

Methods:

Patients who underwent carpal tunnel release between 2011 and 2015 at outpatient hand surgery clinics in The Netherlands were included. Surgeon annual volume was defined as the average number of carpal tunnel releases performed per year per participating surgeon over the study period. Primary outcome measures were the Symptom Severity Scale and Functional Status Scale of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire 6 months postoperatively. Multilevel random intercept linear regression analyses were performed to assess whether there was an association between surgeon annual volume and outcome measures, with adjustment for patient characteristics, concomitant procedures, and intake score on the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire.

Results:

A total of 1345 patients were included, operated on by 17 surgeons. Median annual surgeon volume was 75 (interquartile range, 50 to 149). Only 0.5 to 0.6 percent of the total variance in patient outcome on the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire could be explained by random differences between surgeons. The authors did not find an association between annual surgeon volume and outcome measures 6 months postoperatively (Symptom Severity Scale: β = 0.000; 95 percent CI, −0.001 to 0.001; and Functional Status Scale: β = 0.000; 95 percent CI, −0.001 to 0.001).

Conclusion:

In the authors’ sample of highly specialized hand surgeons operating in high-volume centers, they found no differences in outcome between high- and low-volume surgeons.
Differences in Common Orbital Blowout Fracture Sites by Age
Authors: Takahashi Yasuhiro , Nakakura Shunsuke , Sabundayo Maria Suzanne , Kitaguchi Yoshiyuki , Miyazaki Hidetaka , Mito Hidenori , Kakizaki Hirohiko
Published: May 2018

Background:

The purpose of this study was to compare orbital blowout fracture sites among different age groups.

Methods:

This retrospective, observational, comparative study included 671 sides of 663 patients with an orbital blowout fracture. The authors classified patients into five groups based on age (childhood, 0 to 9 years; adolescence, 10 to 18 years; early adulthood, 19 to 44 years; middle adulthood, 45 to 64 years; and late adulthood, 65 years or older); causes of injury into five categories (i.e., sports, traffic accident, assault, fall, and others); and orbital blowout fracture sites into four regions [i.e., the orbital floor lateral (lateral floor) or medial to the infraorbital groove/canal (medial floor); the inferomedial orbital strut (strut); and the medial orbital wall (medial wall)].

Results:

A single medial floor fracture was observed in 70.3 percent of patients in the childhood age group. However, the proportion of patients with a single medial wall fracture or multiple fracture sites increased with age. A medial wall fracture was more common than a medial floor fracture in late adulthood. The distribution of orbital blowout fracture sites, the ratio of single or multiple fracture sites, and the causes of injury were statistically different among the age groups (p = 0.005, p = 0.003, and p < 0.001, respectively, Pearson chi-square test).

Conclusions:

Common orbital blowout fracture sites varied among age groups. These differences may be attributed to multiple factors, including differences in the morphology of the orbit and paranasal sinuses, composition of the facial bone, and causes of injury among age groups.
Secondary Gluteal Augmentation: Surgical Technique and Outcomes
Authors: Lee Jun Wook , Kang Min Gu , Park Seong Soo
Published: May 2018

Background:

As interest in posterior body contour has increased, there has been an upward trend in the number of gluteal augmentations performed. However, there has also been a proportional increase in postoperative complications and subsequent revision operations. Nevertheless, there are currently few studies or reports on secondary gluteal augmentation. The purpose of the present study was to identify methods to treat and prevent complications resulting from gluteal augmentation.

Methods:

In this study, the authors review 18 cases of secondary gluteal augmentation. New intramuscular pockets were dissected more deeply than were previous pockets. Capsulotomy or capsulectomy was applied to the deep capsules of the previous pockets to sufficiently expand the new pockets and soft tissue to cover the implants. After triple-antibiotic irrigation, implants were inserted using the “no-touch technique.” Next, “hybrid gluteal augmentation” was performed by grafting autologous fat into the subcutaneous fat layer.

Results:

Among 18 cases of secondary gluteal augmentation performed, nine cases were performed by means of hybrid gluteal augmentation and seven cases were implant-only augmentations. Postoperative complications occurred in two cases. One case involved the hybrid technique (remaining rippling), and the other case involved implant-only augmentation (implant palpability). However, there was no need for surgical correction.

Conclusion:

Secondary gluteal augmentation can be successfully performed using the hybrid technique if the gluteus maximus is accurately dissected, the capsules are appropriately managed, and infection is rigidly controlled.
Planning for large epidemics and pandemics: challenges from a policy perspective
Authors: Jain Vageesh , Duse Adriano , Bausch Daniel G.
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review

Less than two decades into the 21st century, the world has already witnessed numerous large epidemics or pandemics. These events have highlighted inadequacies in both national and international capacity for outbreak prevention, detection, and response. Here, we review some of the major challenges from a policy perspective.

Recent findings

The most important challenges facing policymakers include financing outbreak preparedness and response in a complex political environment with limited resources, coordinating response efforts among a growing and diverse range of national and international actors, accurately assessing national outbreak preparedness, addressing the shortfall in the global biomedical workforce, building surge capacity of both human and material resources, balancing investments in public health and curative services, building capacity for outbreak-related research and development, and reinforcing measures for infection prevention and control.

In recent years, numerous epidemics and pandemics have caused not only considerable loss of life but also billions of dollars of economic loss. Although the events have served as a wake-up call and led to the implementation of relevant policies and counter-measures, such as the Global Health Security Agenda, many questions remain and much work to be done. Wise policies and approaches for outbreak control exist, but will require the political will to implement them.
Mechanisms of trophic niche compression: evidence from landscape disturbance
Authors: Burdon Francis J. , McIntosh Angus R. , Harding Jon S.
Published: May 2018

Natural and anthropogenic disturbances commonly alter patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, how food webs respond to these changes remains poorly understood. Here, we have described aquatic food webs using invertebrate and fish community composition, functional traits, and stable isotopes from twelve agricultural streams along a landscape disturbance gradient.

We predicted that excessive inputs of fine inorganic sediment (sedimentation) associated with agricultural land uses would negatively influence stream trophic diversity (e.g., reduced vertical and horizontal trophic niche breadths).

Food-web properties based on Bayesian analyses of stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) from consumers showed that increasing sediment disturbance was associated with reduced trophic diversity, indicated by the whole community (fish and invertebrates combined) occupying a smaller area in isotopic niche space. Reductions in trophic diversity were best explained by a narrowing of the consumer δ13C range, and to a lesser extent, consumer δ15N range along the sedimentation gradient.

We hypothesized that multiple mechanisms associated with sedimentation may have caused trophic niche ‘compression’. Decreased niche partitioning, driven by increasing habitat homogeneity, environmental filtering, and resource scarcity seemingly lead to a greater similarity in trophic roles. These pathways may have contributed to a reduction in trophic diversity, whereas increased resource homogeneity was seemingly less important.

Our results also indicate downward shifts in the vertical trophic position of benthic meospredators and invertebrate prey relative to higher consumers. This ‘trophic decoupling’ suggests that terrestrial resource subsidies may offset reductions of aquatic prey for larger stream fishes.

Sedimentation was associated with reduced trophic diversity, which may affect the functioning and stability of stream ecosystems. Our study helps explain how multiple mechanisms can influence food-web properties in response to this type of disturbance.
Desynchronizing to be faster? Perceptual- and attentional-modulation of brain rhythms in sub-millisecond scale
Authors: Noguchi Yasuki , Xia Yi , Kakigi Ryusuke
Published: May 2018

Neural oscillatory signals has been associated with many high-level functions (e.g. attention and working memory), because they reflect correlated behaviors of neural population that would facilitate the information transfer in the brain. On the other hand, a decreased power of oscillation (event-related desynchronization or ERD) has been associated with an irregular state in which many neurons behave in an uncorrelated manner. In contrast to this view, here we show that the human ERD is linked to the increased regularity of oscillatory signals. Using magnetoencephalography, we found that presenting a visual stimulus not only induced the ERD of alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) rhythms in the contralateral visual cortex but also reduced the mean and variance of their inter-peak intervals (IPIs). This indicates that the suppressed alpha/beta rhythms became faster (reduced mean) and more regular (reduced variance) during visual stimulation. The same changes in IPIs, especially those of beta rhythm, were observed when subjects allocated their attention to a contralateral visual field. Those results revealed a new role of the ERD and further suggested that our brain regulates and accelerates a clock for neural computations by actively inducing the desynchronization in task-relevant regions.
Impairment of neuronal mitophagy by mutant huntingtin
Authors: Franco-Iborra Sandra , Plaza-Zabala Ainhoa , Sebastian David , Vila Miquel , Martinez-Vicente Marta
Published: May 2018

Neuronal homeostasis depends on the proper functioning of different quality control systems. The accurate degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria by mitophagy is essential for maintaining mitochondrial quality and quantity in neurons. Huntingting protein (Htt) can interact with numerous other proteins and thereby perform multiple biological functions in the cell. We investigated the role of Htt during neuronal mitophagy in post-mitotic differentiated striatal neurons avoiding artificial overexpression of mitophagy-related proteins. Our study shows that Htt promotes the physical proximity of different protein complexes during initiation of the mitophagy process. Htt is needed to promote the ULK1 complex activation, the recruitment of the essential receptors of mitophagy –optineurin and NDP52- and the interaction of these receptors with LC3-II. Mutant Htt also causes a gain of toxic function avoiding the formation of the Beclin1-Vps34 initiation complex. We report that the presence of the expanded polyQ tract can affect the efficiency of neuronal mitophagy and consequently promote the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and increase oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and contributing to neurodegeneration in Huntington’s disease.
Autophagy determines osimertinib resistance through regulation of stem cell-like properties in EGFR-mutant lung cancer
Authors: Li Li , Wang Yubo , Jiao Lin , Lin Caiyu , Lu Conghua , Zhang Kejun , Hu Chen , Ye Junyi , Zhang Dadong , Feng Mingxia , He Yong
Published: May 2018

Drug resistance to Osimertinib, a 3rd-generation EGFR-TKI is inevitable. Autophagy plays a contradictory role in resistance of 1stand 2ndgeneration EGFR-TKI, and its significance in osimertinib resistance is much less clear. We therefore investigated whether autophagy determines osimertinib resistance. First, osimertinib induced autophagy to a much greater extent than that of gefitinib, and autophagy inhibition further increased osimertinib efficacy. Next, enhanced autophagy was found in osimertinib resistant cells and autophagy inhibition partially reversed osimertinib resistance. Enhanced stem-cell like properties were found in resistant cells, and siRNA-knock down ofSOX2orALDH1A1reversed osimertinib resistance. Of note, autophagy inhibition or siRNA-knock down of Beclin-1 decreased expression of SOX2 and ALDH1A1 and stem-cell like properties. Next, autophagy inhibition and osimertinib in combination effectively blocked tumor growth in xenografts, which was associated with decreased autophagy and stem cell-like propertiesin vivo. Finally, enhanced autophagy was found in lung cancer patients with resistance to osimertinib. In conclusion, the current study delineates a previously unknown function of autophagy in determining osimertinib resistance through promoting stem-cell like properties.
Anthropometric and functional profiles of elite athletes from different categories at ABADÁ Capoeira World Championship
Authors: Almeida Lucas G , Numata Filho Eduardo S , dos Santos Geovani A , Cardoso - Mestre Camisa José T C , Moreira Sérgio R
Published: May 2018

This study aimed to characterize the anthropometric and functional profiles of 50 male elite competitors at the 2017 Capoeira World Championship organized by ABADÁ Capoeira School in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The competitors were divided into different weight categories: lightweight (VIOLA, ≤76.9 kg; n = 15), intermediate weight (MEDIO, 77.0–85.9 kg; n = 25), and heavyweight (GUNGA, ≥86.0 kg; n = 10). Two evaluation batteries were performed: 1) anthropometry and somatotype determination and 2) functional performance on push-up, sit-up, and sit-and-reach tests; quadrant jump test (QJT); squat jump (SJ); and countermovement jump (CMJ). Results reveal that the mesomorphic component of the somatotype differed between the GUNGA subgroup and other groups (F[2,47] = 7.617; p = 0.001), while ectomorphy differed between the VIOLA and GUNGA subgroups (F[2,47] = 3.899; p = 0.027). The “endo-mesomorph” classification predominated in the three investigated categories. For functional performance, there was a difference in QJT between the VIOLA and GUNGA subgroups (F[2,47] = 4.299; p = 0.019). The endomorphism had a negative correlation (p < 0.01) with the performance in the sit-up (r = -0.51), push -up (r = -0.39), SJ (r = -0.45), and CMJ (r = -0.49). We concluded that at the international level, male elite competitors show predominance in the mesomorphic component of the somatotype. Furthermore, the endomorphic component correlated inversely with functional performance in trunk and upper limb resistance tests and lower limb explosive strength tests. These results can help coaches in targeting specific training programs for Capoeira athletes who aim for a high competitive level.
Crystal Structure of Human Nocturnin Catalytic Domain
Authors: Estrella Michael A. , Du Jin , Korennykh Alexei
Published: May 2018

Nocturnin (NOCT) helps the circadian clock to adjust metabolism according to day and night activity. NOCT is upregulated in early evening and it has been proposed to serve as a deadenylase for metabolic enzyme mRNAs. We present a 2.7-Å crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human NOCT. Our structure shows that NOCT has a close overall similarity to CCR4 deadenylase family members, PDE12 and CNOT6L, and to a DNA repair enzyme TDP2. All the key catalytic residues present in PDE12, CNOT6L and TDP2 are conserved in NOCT and have the same conformations. However, we observe substantial differences in the surface properties of NOCT, an unexpectedly narrow active site pocket, and conserved structural elements in the vicinity of the catalytic center, which are unique to NOCT and absent in the deadenylases PDE12/CNOT6L. Our work thus reveals the structure of an intriguing circadian protein and suggests that NOCT has considerable differences from the related deadenylases, which may point to a unique cellular function of this enzyme.
A systematic approach to develop risk registry frameworks for complex projects
Authors: Khallaf Rana , Naderpajouh Nader , Hastak Makarand
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to build upon the extensive application of risk registries in the construction literature and establish a systematic methodology to develop risk registries. Risk registries channel judgment of experts as a basis for risk analysis and should be tailored for each project to be more effective. Given their prevalence, there is a need for systematic integration of tacit and explicit knowledge to develop practical risk registries.

Design/methodology/approach

A combined approach is proposed using the systematic literature review (SLR) technique to integrate explicit knowledge and Delphi technique to integrate tacit knowledge in the development of risk registries. This two-step approach further increases the robustness of the registries by validating them through integrating and contrasting multiple forms of knowledge for a tailored risk registry.

Findings

The application of the proposed approach indicates that the use of multiple forms of knowledge can increase the robustness and practicality of risk registries. It also showcased its potential in the development of risk registries for complex projects. Examples include modification of risk factors obtained from the explicit sources of knowledge based on contextual tacit knowledge.

Originality/value

The proposed approach is an imperative step to standardize the development of risk registries. With its inherent validation process through integrating and contrasting tacit and explicit knowledge, practitioners can use this approach to develop practical risk registries for different categories of projects. Integrating different forms of knowledge can increase the impact of registries beyond risk assessment and in contexts such as decision making and performance assessment.