bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT IMPACT ON CEREAL PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN BULGARIA
Authors: Nikolova Nina , Matev Simeon , Hristova Neli , Radeva Kalina
Published: December 2024

On the background of regional climate changes, an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme droughts has been observed in many regions of Europe in recent years, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. While common in southern Europe, including Bulgaria, drought can adversely affect human life and economic activities. Extreme droughts lead to water scarcity, restricting the availability of irrigation water for agricultural purposes. In the regions where irrigation is vital for sustaining crop production, diminished water availability can result in crop failures and economic losses. This study aims to contribute to understanding the climate-water-food nexus by assessing the impact of drought on the main cereal crops in Bulgaria, namely maize, wheat, and barley. The analysis incorporates climatic data (air temperature and precipitation), hydrological data (streamflow), and statistical data on crop yields. Drought indices such as Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Streamflow Drought Index (SDI) were calculated at different timescales (from 1 to 12 months) to identify drought periods. A significant decrease in yields is observed during dry years. Correlation analysis shows a clear link between drought in warm months and maize production, while the winter drought is more crucial for wheat and barley.
FOREST SOILS FROM SREDNA GORA MOUNTAIN IN BULGARIA
Authors: Shishkov Toma , Dimitrov Emil , Filchev Ekaterina
Published: December 2024

The soils from the central part of Sredna Gora Mountain in Bulgaria were studied aiming to establish the occurrence of contemporal soil forming processes occured in the forest ecosystem. Soils were analyzed to determine the carbon content, the soil organic matter composition and the total soil acidity. The precise soil classification based on the detail morphological diagnostic was carried out. The ecological conditions in forest ecosystem determine the mode of humic substances in the studies soils. Soils are characterized with low degree of humification and considerable amount of organic matter only on the soil surface. Generally, large proportion of absorbed nutrients is returned annually to the soil and is reabsorbed after biological breakdown of litter. Forest soils considerably differ by the soil organic matter (SOM) composition. The quantity and quality of humic substances is linked to the important soil functions. Humic acids are mainly in the upper part in the first soil and fulvic acids dominated in the lower part of profile. Humic acids in the second soil are bounded with calcium and composing humic type of humus. In the shallow soil, formed on the hard rock, the fulvic acids dominate that composing the fulvic type of humus. In the studied forest ecosystem the advanced natural soil acidification occurs mainly in the most upper part of soils.
LOCAL SOURCE OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SEED PRODUCTION WASTE
Authors: Kintl Antonin , Hunady Igor , Sobotkova Julie , Brtnicky Martin , Elbl Jakub
Published: December 2024

The presented paper focuses the issue of finding new sources of phosphorus fertilizers to be used in conventional agriculture. Various types of pellets for heating purposes were tested. Based on the determination of phosphorus (P) content in ash obtained from the combustion of pellets produced from plant waste generated during the production of seed materials, it was found out that getting P from this ash is more effective than getting P from the ash of wooden pellets that are commonly used as fuel in households. With the declared average consumption of wooden pellets by one household living in a family house, which is on average 5 tons for the heating season, one dose of 43 kg P required to fertilize 1 hectare of soil before sowing winter rape would be represented by ash from 50 tons of wooden pellets consumed by ten households, while using pellets made from the plant waste, e.g. from white sweet clover, would need only 7.5 tons of ash which is produced by 1.36 households at the consumption of 5 tons of these pellets for the heating season. Using ash from the combustion of pellets made of plant waste can be a practical contribution to improved cycling of phosphorus in agricultural ecosystems because the sources of phosphorus fertilizers may be depleted in the near future.
BIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF DUCKS HUNTED ON LAKE ENGURE IN THE PERIOD 1993-2022
Authors: Sisenis Linards , Pilvere Irina , Endzins Toms , Jansone Baiba , Keiss Oskars
Published: December 2024

The research aims to identify changes in the biometric measurements and demographic structure of game ducks living on Lake Engure.
Game management in Latvia as well as the entire Northern Europe is an important segment of the economy, which has rich and ancient traditions. Although a small segment of society perceives game management as the killing of animals, which is not the case, it should be understood that it represents an economic activity resulting in limiting the animal population, which can increase rapidly because of anthropogenic factors. Therefore, the functioning of an ecosystem modified by humans is unthinkable today without hunting. Waterfowl hunting is a kind of hunting that is important to hunters, and the hunters are often those who also create artificial nesting sites to increase the population of ducks, thereby increasing the success of nesting in their hunting grounds. Ducks have many natural enemies, as well as there are other abiotic and anthropogenic factors that can sometimes significantly affect the local population of ducks.
The research was conducted in Latvia, on Lake Engure, which is one of the richest lakes in ducks and where research on waterfowl has been conducted for several decades. Censuses of nesting waterfowl on the islands of Lake Engure and on grass and reed swamps as well as other censuses are taken every year. The research analysed hunted waterfowl by taking biometric measurements, identifying their wing length and weight and collecting demographic data on their sex and age. The changes were analysed by the regression analysis method; an independent parameter was the number of days from the beginning of the year, while dependent parameters were wing length and body weight, which were calculated for each hunted waterfowl species during the year/season. To identify the overall health condition of hunted waterfowl, the body mass index was calculated for each species.
The research found that the number of hunted ducks on Lake Engure significantly decreased in the period 1993-2022 (r=0.54; p=0.002). The number of days from the beginning of the year to the beginning of the waterfowl hunting season did not significantly affect the wing length of ducks living on Lake Engure. For ducks nesting in Latvia on Lake Engure: northern shovelers (r=0.23; p=0.51), Eurasian teals (r=0.24; p=0.46), mallards (r=0.23; p=0.46), garganeys (r=0.28; p=0.47), gadwalls (r=0.19; p=0.57) and common pochards (r=0.46; p=0.18), the body mass index has not significantly changed in the period 1993-2022.
MACROMYCETES OF BEECH FOREST IN MTIRALA NATIONAL PARK, GEORGIA
Authors: Diasamidze Inga , Bolkvadze Gia , Varshanidze Natela , Zarnadze Nana
Published: December 2024

This review provides an overview of the diversity of macromycetes (fungi with visible fruiting bodies) in Mtirala national park beech forests, highlighting their ecological roles and significance within these ecosystems. Mtirala National Park is a protected area in Adjara region, Western Georgia. It is part of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mtirala National Park Colchic broad-leaved and mixed forests include sweet chestnut and Oriental beech woods. Mount Mtirala is one of the most humid areas in the country.
The fungal community in beech forests encompasses a wide range of taxa, including edible mushrooms, wood-decay fungi, mycorrhizal associates, and decomposers. Hypsizygus tessellatus (Beech Mushroom), Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus), and Fomes fomentarius (Tinder Fungus) are among the common species found in these forests, contributing to nutrient cycling and decomposition processes.
Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi such as Ganoderma spp. (Reishi Mushrooms) and Phellinus spp. (Cracked-cap Polypore) form symbiotic relationships with beech trees, enhancing their nutrient uptake and overall health. The presence of Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken of the Woods) and Xylaria polymorpha (Dead Man's Fingers) on decaying wood further highlights the dynamic interactions between fungi and their substrates in beech forests.
Understanding the diversity and ecological roles of macromycetes in beech forests is crucial for conservation efforts and sustainable forest management practices. Continued research into these fungi will provide valuable insights into the functioning and resilience of beech forest ecosystems in the face of environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbances.
STOCHASTIC SIMULATION OF SELF-THINNING
Authors: Rupsys Petras
Published: December 2024

Understanding the principles of self-thinning forest ecosystems is essential for taking modern management techniques into practice. The spatial distribution of the surviving trees in a stand is influenced by a variety of factors, including tree mortality. In young forests, competition has a major role in determining spatial mortality; in older forests, random changes in the environment have a major role. The dynamics of the number of living and dead trees in the forests of central Lithuania will be addressed in this study. The Gompertz type mixed effect parameters univariate stochastic differential equations of the tree diameter, height, and occupied area combined with the normal copula function are used to derive new models for the number per ha of living and dead trees. The mean values of the dead tree size variables had much lower trajectories, which is especially apparent in mature stands, as demonstrated by the study of the individual tree size variables (height and diameter). The results are illustrated using experimental field studies carried out in Lithuania, in the municipality of Kazlu Ruda. The following information was gathered using 48 permanent test plots placed in mixed-species, uneven-aged stands: age, diameter at breast height (58,829 trees), tree position (58,829 trees), and height (10,796 trees). All results were implemented using the symbolic algebra system Maple.
IRRADIATION SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: Hrinko Martin , Svec Pavel , Svec Jiri
Published: December 2024

Radiation technologies using ionising radiation and radionuclides are now widely used in all areas of human activity. These include applications in medicine, industry, nuclear energy, and science. Exposure to ionising radiation therefore affects radiation workers employed at these sites, a large group of people who are in the vicinity of the sites in the course of their work, and people who live and work in the vicinity of the sites.
However, the positive properties of ionising radiation and radionuclides that we use in practical applications can be accompanied by negative effects of ionising radiation from which we must protect ourselves with well-developed and effective radiation protection. However, the negative effects of ionising radiation, which can occur with uncontrolled exposure, are quite different from other pollutants that affect humans, such as noise, dust, light or heat fields, toxic substances, etc. varies considerably. For example, by the fact that humans have no sense to alert them that they are in a radiation field. This is a fact that greatly affects all radiation activities and all contact with ionizing radiation.
This paper deals with the differences and specifics of irradiation. He gradually discusses them, looking for their mutual connections and links. It discusses their significance and seriousness. It also discusses their impact on radiation safety and the provision of effective and reliable radiation protection for radiation workers and the public.
In view of the widespread use of radiation technologies, good knowledge and awareness of ionising radiation can contribute to working responsibly in radiation workplaces and to minimising the emergence of various rumours and untruths among the public.
APPLICATION OF THE PROTON-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE HYDROGEN FUEL CELL AS A MOBILE POWER UNIT FOR THE HYDRIVE 1 VEHICLE
Authors: Zarychta Maksymilian
Published: December 2024

This paper extensively explores the technology of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) hydrogen fuel cells, delving into its theoretical foundations, operational intricacies, and its specific application in the HYDRIVE 1 bolide. The PEM fuel cell plays a crucial role in the vehicle's power ecosystem by converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, which is then utilized to energize the electrical system, telemetry, and engine. The drive system's specifications are meticulously presented, encompassing considerations of efficiency and safety.
Choosing a hydrogen cell as the propulsive force for an automobile necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its operations. The study incorporates a thorough examination of various factors influencing the cell's performance, including operating conditions and the hydrogen supply system. Years of research have been dedicated to scrutinizing these aspects, facilitating a comprehensive analysis. The findings are then systematically compared with the manufacturer's data, enabling a holistic evaluation of the PEM hydrogen fuel cell's viability and effectiveness in the automotive domain
EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR ANALYZING HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS WITH THE MODIFICATION OF PROPAGATION DIRECTION
Authors: Tuhut Ligia-Ioana , Matei Andrada , Pasculescu Vlad-Mihai , Florea Daniel-Gheorghe , Simon-Marinica Bogdan-Adrian
Published: December 2024

In this study, we present the design and implementation of an experimental stand tailored for the analysis of hydrogen explosions with the capability of modifying the propagation direction.
Hydrogen explosions pose significant safety concerns in various industrial settings, and understanding their behavior under different conditions is crucial for risk assessment and mitigation strategies. The experimental setup integrates precise control mechanisms to manipulate the direction of explosion propagation, allowing for systematic investigation of explosion dynamics and their effects on surrounding environments.
We describe the key components of the experimental stand, such as the ignition mechanism, confinement chamber, and data acquisition system, including Schlieren techniques mainly used for capturing images of the flame front behavior.
Additionally, we outline the experimental procedures for conducting controlled explosion tests with varying propagation directions. The versatility of the experimental stand enables researchers to explore diverse scenarios and assess the impact of propagation direction on explosion characteristics such as pressure dynamics and flame velocity. Through comprehensive analysis of experimental results, insights can be gained to enhance the safety measures and design considerations for hydrogen handling facilities and related industrial processes
FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OVER POLYMER SUPPORTED PROMOTED IRON CATALYSTS
Authors: Markova Mariia , Stepacheva Antonina , Molchanov Vladimir , Demidenko Galina , Sulman Mikhail
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, the interest of researchers has focused on the development of methods for obtaining alternative energy sources. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the methods for obtaining a wide range of hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Ru, Ni, Fe and Co are the widely used catalytically active metals in FTS. To increase the activity of the catalyst, as well as increase the yield of target products, promoters are introduced into catalytic systems. In FTS, oxides of alkaline and rare earth metals, oxides of lanthanides and actinides, and noble metals are used as modifiers.
In this work, we studied the effect of Fe promotion with Ni, Co, and Ru on the CO conversion and the formation of gasoline-range hydrocarbons in the liquid-phase FTS. Novel catalysts supported on the aromatic polymer matrix characterized by the high specific surface area and fine distribution of the active phase were developed. The addition of Ru to the Fe catalyst was shown to increase both CO conversion and selectivity toward the formation of gasoline-range alkanes compared to the monometallic catalysts.
LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS OF FIREWORKS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Leon David , Bolonio David , Amez Isabel , Paredes Roberto , Castells Blanca
Published: December 2024

The increasing focus on sustainability necessitates the examination of environmental impacts across all sectors, including pyrotechnics. Pollutant emissions have been extensively studied, but information on sustainability in the pyrotechnics sector is scarce. Thus, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to study two widely used pyrotechnic devices: bangers and shells was carried out, in order to analyze the environmental footprint and detect points where action can be taken. Using SimaPro software and the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) methodology, the analysis includes all the processes involved from the manufacture of the devices up to their use and end of life, including their distribution. Although the impact on climate change of the devices studied is minimal compared to other products in everyday use, the acquisition of raw materials and their distribution is the stage that contributes the most to the overall environmental impact (60%), while the use of hazardous raw materials, especially potassium perchlorate, and plastics as containers for pyrotechnic compositions, also present important environmental problems. Therefore, measures to reduce the effects of these fireworks should focus on the selection and reduction of raw materials and the elimination of plastic compounds in their designs.
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM FOR POWERING A REMOTE ACTUATION SYSTEM
Authors: Radoi Radu , Dumitrescu Liliana , Tudor Bogdan , Benescu Andrei , Blejan Robert
Published: December 2024

In isolated areas without access to the grid where it is necessary to operate certain equipment, such as the operation of a valve in a mining area or some gates on a irrigation canals, an installation with fotovoltaic supply can be used. Considering the intermittent operation regime of the driven equipment, a solar-powered drive installation can be designed, and by storing the energy in a battery, operation can be ensured during the night as well. Thus, the PV power system must be sized (PV peak power, battery and inverter capacities) so as to support the power of a compact hydraulic power pack and accessory equipment. In order not to be damaged by the weather conditions, the equipment must be housed in a water-resistant enclosure The system must also be equipped with an energy management unit and remote control (GSM or LoRa Gateway). The article presents the realization of such a system and the tests carried out to monitor the production and consumption of electricity during several operating cycles.
STUDY OF CHANGES IN HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION IN SOIL GAS SAMPLES
Authors: Kopera Paulina , Twarog Anna , Sechman Henryk
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen can originate from various geological processes and its ability to migrate to near-surface layers makes soil gas analysis crucial for identifying subsurface accumulations. Current methods using portable analysers are often insufficient for precise determination, highlighting the need for gas chromatography in controlled laboratory settings. Hydrogen's high mobility and chemical reactivity make it difficult to maintain stable soil gas samples from collection to analysis. To address this challenge, an experiment was conducted to assess the impact of storage time and conditions on hydrogen concentrations in field-collected soil gas samples.
The study involved the preparation of four mixtures of hydrogen with synthetic air. Obtained hydrogen concentrations were: 47.5 ppm (M1), 93.2 ppm (M2), 15477.9 ppm (M3), 2105.6 ppm(M4). Samples were stored in glass bottles with saturated NaCl solution and in Tedlar bags at room temperature and refrigerated conditions. Hydrogen concentrations was measured on the day the test material was prepared (t0), two weeks later (t1), one month later (t2) and two months after t0 (t3) using an Agilent 7820A gas chromatograph.
The findings demonstrated that glass bottles at room temperature provided the most stable environment, with minimal concentration variation. Refrigerated samples showed increased variability, likely due to temperature-dependent solubility changes. Tedlar bags exhibited rapid hydrogen loss, attributed to the material�s permeability. For accurate hydrogen determination, glass containers at room temperature are recommended, with optimal analysis occurring within two weeks (and a month a most) of sample collection. During this period, hydrogen concentrations undergo minimal changes, which are within the analytical error of the instrument.
DETERMINATION OF THE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS FOR THE FERTILIZER PRODUCTS MADE FROM PIG FATTENING AND SLAUGHTERING BY-PRODUCTS
Authors: Csiba Anita , Ferencz Arpad
Published: December 2024

Nowadays The storage of pig slurry has been an unsolved problem for a long time in Hungary, therefore the appropriate processing technology is a very important question in order we can produce from the pig fattening and slaughtering by-products the best possible quality of final product. The determined goals of the product development can be achieved in two ways. The first possible method for it preserving the nutrients in the slurry and the another way adding fertilizers or other valuable materials, that improve the soil. At the end of the industrial research project, we can develop a new technology. There are all the liquid manure can be processed in the pig farms with this new technology, which has the most important result to produce a final product with rich nutrient content and with low emission. The fermented manure can be supplement with second category slaughterhouse by-products or even nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The active ingredients for completing, like different fertilizers or different slaughterhouse by-products specialize the fermented manure product for successfully use as fertilizer of the different plant species. Maybe the most important part of product development activity is the market research and use of the collected data with a consumer questionnaire to identify the directions of product development.
FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTIVE WASTE COLLECTION
Authors: Tytko Jakub , Alwaeli Mohamed
Published: December 2024

Waste management is a current and future challenge due to the increasing volume of waste. The amount of waste generated directly correlates with production and consumption patterns. The current level of natural resource utilization exceeds the Earth's capacity for replenishment. Therefore, humanity must take action to mitigate the consequences of rampant natural resource consumption. One way to achieve this goal is to increase the level of waste recycling. However, the amount of waste actually recycled is significantly lower than the theoretical processing capacity. Understanding human behavior is essential for improving efficiency and developing an integrated and effective recycling strategy.
The growing number of products sold poses a challenge. The challenge is growing number of products sold. Consequently, we reach a point where not only the technical aspects of collection and recycling are important, but the sociological aspect also proves essential for understanding the complexity of the problem. Demographic changes, such as the increase in single-person households, also affect the amount of waste generated. Factors such as social policy, the provision of additional benefits and subsidies, income growth, and lifestyle changes are also influencing factors affecting waste generation patterns, and these changes are noticeable. The quantity of municipal waste generated depends not only on population size but also on consumption patterns and economic prosperity. Other factors influencing the type and quantity of waste generated include the type of area (urban, rural), population density, type of housing (single-family, multi-family), number of tourists, existence of public facilities, and the type, size, and number of advertising, industrial, and service facilities. Pandemics and natural disasters occur suddenly and always have a measurable impact on waste management.
THE POTENTIAL COMPLEXING IMPACT OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AMINE AND CARBOXYL GROUPS ON TRANSITION METALS
Authors: Haskaj Adelina , Pacarizi Musaj , Lepitkova Sonja , Sinan Berat , Sinani Bahri , Dreshaj Elida
Published: December 2024

Environmental water chemistry is substantially aided by modern electrochemical research. Sensitive voltammetric techniques are much more useful for metal species in natural waters, where complexation with organic molecules predominates. Many environmental electrochemists are still interested in determining the stability constants of metal ion complexes with various ionic species found in natural waterways. The aim of this work is to investigate the possible influence of complexation of amine and carboxyl groups of some organic molecules (with EDTA, NTA and aniline, using differential pulse polarography). The Differential Pulsed Polarography (DPP) is experimental technique that consist on three-electrode electrochemical cell of: working electrode (SMDE "Static Mercury Drop Electrode"), reference electrode (Ag/AgCl electrode) and auxiliary electrode (graphite electrode). In our research we have followed the polarographic waves of metal ions (Men+), in constant concentration (C=1x10-4 mol/dm3) titrating in perchlorate solution with complexing agents: aniline, NTA and EDTA, in concentrations from C 1x10-5 to 1x0-3 mol.dm-3, at two pH values (pH = 4 and pH = 6). To prove the competition of organic ligands in the complexion of metal ions (Men+) we have prepared solutions by completely complexing the metal ions with aniline and then we have gradually added the strongest complexing agents NTA and EDTA.
EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF AUTOMOBILE POLLUTION ON THE HEALTH OF THE ROMANIAN POPULATION THROUGH STATISTICAL METHODS
Authors: Rus Madalina , Veresiu Silvia , Mereuta Elena , Amortila Valentin , Balasoiu George
Published: December 2024

This research aims to conduct a descriptive statistical analysis to identify the statistical correlation between categories of new and second-hand vehicles registered for circulation in Romania and various health conditions associated with atmospheric pollution.
Currently, a significant challenge for the global community lies in mitigating the impact of atmospheric pollution, considered a crucial factor both in terms of global climate change and its impact on public health. One major source of atmospheric pollution stems from emissions generated by internal combustion engines in the transportation sector. According to studies conducted by the European Environment Agency, approximately 70% of total greenhouse gas emissions originate from road transport, surpassing the European average in Romania due to the substantial number of second-hand vehicles registered and in circulation. Emissions resulting from petroleum-based fuels are associated with the onset of cardiovascular and respiratory system conditions.
Through this descriptive statistical analysis, grounded in the Pearson correlation coefficient, we aim to emphasize the existing relationship between the number of vehicles and the prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular system conditions, etc., with the goal of drawing attention to the implications of auto pollution. To conduct this study, we utilized data available on the National Institute of Statistics (INSSE) portal, covering a 21-year interval from January 2000 to December 2021.
IMPACT OF THE BUILT-UP AREA OF A CITY ON THE DIURNAL PATTERN OF TEMPERATURES DURING TROPICAL DAYS
Authors: Minarik Martin , Kiss Vladimir , Prcik Martin , Cimo Jan , Turna Maros
Published: December 2024

Approximately 5% of the area of Slovakia is made up of built-up areas and courtyards. These represent land where buildings and courtyards, motorways, roads, local roads, railways, airports, and water structures are built. To compare the influence of the urbanized part of the country on the daily air temperature, the city of Nitra, located in the western part of Slovakia, was selected. Meteorological stations are in the territory of the city, from which air temperature data were obtained. For the comparison of the "non-urbanised" part, a meteorological station located in the experimental garden and a station located at the Nitra-Janikovce airport were selected. The summer months from 15 June to 15 September in 2021 and 2022 were selected for comparison. In both years, four periods of heat with temperatures above 30-degree Celzius lasting at least three days were recorded during this period. The onset of temperature after night-time cooling is about the same, but the station in the experimental garden has a delayed onset. Also, the maximum temperature at noon, even during the heat wave, did not reach the same value as at the other stations. The temperature drop arrives identically, but the temperatures in the city do not drop to the same level as the temperatures at the base stations in the evening. It is also interesting to compare the average temperature differences. For the most part, there are larger differences in temperatures between the stations in the city and the station in the experimental garden. The differences between the stations in the city and the station at the airport are noticeable, but not to that extent. Thus, our hypothesis is only partially confirmed. The built-up area affects the diurnal temperature course, especially when it cools down in the evening, but an area with a regularly mowed lawn does not have as much of a positive effect as the public thinks. From our comparison, the experimental garden comes out best, where all stages are represented, including trees and shrubs. These create a more suitable microclimate that better mitigates the effects of climate change.
NEURAL NETWORK MODELING OF THERMAL ENGINES POWERED BY ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Authors: Georgescu Constantin , Amortila Valentin , Muntenita Cristian
Published: December 2024

This research investigates the increasing use of alternative fuels in internal combustion engines, a phenomenon that has experienced significant growth in recent decades due to the heightened interest in reducing atmospheric pollution. Although the pollution level associated with alternative fuels is generally lower compared to fossil fuels, it is essential to emphasize that the pollutant impact of alcohol-based fuels depends on various factors, such as engine technology, mixture composition, fuel quality, and usage patterns. Thus, this study analyzes the influence of the alcohol proportion in gasoline on engine performance and, consequently, atmospheric pollution through an innovative optimization method. This method is based on the use of a neural modeling computer application, EasyNN, which generated a series of neural models with 1, 2, or 3 hidden layers. The data were obtained through tests performed on a four-stroke single-cylinder engine with a capacity of 582 cm3. Following the neural network modeling, it was concluded that the most advantageous combination is represented by an alternative fuel based on gasoline with a concentration of 6% methanol + 1.05% ethanol. In order to reduce the pollutant impact of vehicles, investigations in this field are ongoing, focusing on optimizing efficiency and reducing emissions associated with vehicles adopting alternative fuels.
CHALLENGES AND RISKS OF GEOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FORMER MINING REGION OF THE CENTRAL SPIS IN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Cech Vladimir , Krokusova Juliana
Published: December 2024

The aim of the paper is to highlight the potential of old mining regions for the development of geotourism. The region of Central Spis was known for its long-standing mining and industrial activity. In the 1990s, a decline regime began, mining activities gradually ceased and the mines were closed. The region subsequently experienced an economic and social decline. The mining areas, mining buildings and facilities have been preserved in the individual villages. Mining landforms are also preserved, both on the surface and underground. Due to their rich mining history and preserved technical heritage, the sites under study have significant potential for the development of geotourism. There are other sites in their vicinity that are suitable for tourism development and should be linked into a broadly conceived offer. It is important to mention that there are also certain risks and threats which require a more in-depth analysis and assessment of their negative impacts. The result of our analysis is a passporting of the individual impacts and a subsequent assessment of the positive and negative impacts on geotourism development.
ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF SOIL AND PLANT CONDITIONS IN SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREA
Authors: Elsukova Ekaterina , Nedbaev Ivan , Kraves Anastasiya , Khloptsova Daria
Published: December 2024

Environmental monitoring in specially protected areas is a vital problem, especially in places subject to anthropogenic impacts. The Tunkinskaya Valley (190 km long) is the western extension of the Baikal rift zone. On the territory of the valley there is a national park of federal significance. At the same time, the territory is subject to intensive anthropogenic load. The Tunkinskaya Valley is an attractive place for tourists. The local population (20,000 people) is engaged in cattle breeding. Industrialized areas of the Baikal region may also have an impact on the valley ecosystems.
The paper presents the results of ecological monitoring of soils and vegetation of valley from 2018 to 2022. During the field research, soil profiles were laid out, and vegetation communities in the reference areas were described. More than 100 soil and plant samples were collected.
During laboratory studies the organic matter content, mechanical composition of soils, acidity, content of heavy metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) in soil samples and pine bark (a proven bioindicator of atmospheric pollution) were determined within the atomic emission method. Statistical processing of the data was carried out.
Acidity in samples of pine bark varies from 3.89 to 5.43, the environment is acidic, which indicates the entry of sulfur compounds into the atmospheric air. Exceedances relative to clarks were obtained for Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb. Such exceedances are caused by the wood burning and motor transport using. Exceedances of standards for �u were found in soils.
During our research, the fact that the soils and vegetation of the Tunkinskaya Valley have a great diversity and mosaic distribution was found out. Thus, regular ecological monitoring of changes in the natural environment should be carried out in this park.
ECOLOGICAL ROLE AND SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF WINDBREAKS IN SLOVAKIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLIMATE-RESILIENT AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES
Authors: Lackoova Lenka , Tarnikova Maria
Published: December 2024

Windbreaks play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of climate change and preserving agricultural landscapes. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning windbreaks in Slovakia, analysing 47 windbreaks comprising 24 trees and shrubs species. Predominantly, windbreaks feature Robinia pseudoacacia (21.8%), Populus nigra (16%), and Acer platanoides (8.7%) among trees, and Rosa canina (18.4%), Sambucus nigra (3.5%), and Crataegus oxyacantha (2.5%) among shrubs. Spatial analysis underscores variations in windbreak characteristics, encompassing length, width, and species composition. The study delineates windbreaks into non-permeable (3 pieces), with an average length of 882.87 meters, width of 6.05 meters, and height of 9.37 meters, showcasing the highest species diversity (averaging 4.74 species), semi-permeable windbreaks (13 pieces), with an average length of 608.307 meters, width of 5.53 meters, and height of 8.57 meters, and permeable windbreaks (31 pieces), averaging a length of 327.66 meters, width of 5.23 meters, and height of 9.52 meters. Even though the calculated ecological stability did not demonstrate significant growth, other vital parameters underscore the importance of windbreaks. These include the fact that windbreak protection effects cover 43% of total arable land, and by employing the windbreaks as a barrier, the unprotected field length has decreased by 3,6%. The ecological significance of windbreaks lies in reducing wind erosion, conserving soil moisture, protecting crops, and enhancing biodiversity. By employing geospatial tools, this research provides insights into windbreak attributes and their ecological roles, essential for sustainable land management practices amidst changing climatic conditions.
ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF INVASIVE SPECIES ON SPOIL HEAP WITH DIFFERENT TYPE OF RECLAMATION: SOLIDAGO GIGANTEA AITON STUDY
Authors: Elsukova Ekaterina , Nedbaev Ivan , Kraves Anastasiya , Khloptsova Daria
Published: December 2024

Coal mine spoil heaps are subject to reclamation processes in order to restore their environmental, social and economic functions. The reclamation may consist of placing soil layers (topsoil, TS) on the surface of the bare rock (carboniferous rock accompanying the coal seam) and then planting vegetation. However, waste rock (bare rock, BR) is usually left in place without overburden due to high costs. In both cases, there is a spontaneous succession of consisting vegetation of native and alien species.
In this study, we compare the efficiency of seed germination populations of the alien invasive species Solidago gigantea Aiton (Sg) originating from the TS and BR areas of the same spoil heap and the ecophysiological response of plants grown from germinated seeds. The research was carried out under laboratory conditions, measuring the content of pigments in leaves, the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus (EPA), plant height and response to environmental stress factors (H2O2, MDA concentration).
Significant differences between the two groups were tested using the t-test (p less than0.05). The results showed that the seeds from SgBR germinated (GP) more effectively (SgBR�93.5%, SgTS�82.69%) and had a higher germination synchrony index (Z) (SgBR�0.21, SgTS�0.16). However, the seeds from SgTS showed a higher mean germination time (MGT) (SgBR�5.75, SgTS�7.9). There was no statistically significant difference between plants grown from SgBR and SgTS seeds in plant height, content of chlorophyll a, flavonols and anthocyanins. However, plants from SgBR seeds exhibited higher stress tolerance, indicated by higher H2O2 content and better photosynthetic apparatus performance parameters�higher FV/FM, PIabs, PItotal, FV/FO, and lower VJ, VI.
Further studies at the genomic level of both populations are recommended to obtain more detailed information on the adaptation mechanisms.
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL
Authors: Tulbure Ildiko , Eduard Eftenie Marin
Published: December 2024

Sustainable tourism at the regional level is an approach to tourism development that aims to maximize economic, social, and cultural benefits for local communities while protecting and conserving the surrounding environment and cultural heritage of the region. This concept emphasizes responsible resource management, reducing environmental impact, and promoting social and economic inclusion. By adopting principles of sustainable tourism, the tourism industry can contribute to the conservation and protection of natural and cultural resources in a destination, while also providing sustainable economic and social benefits for local communities. From this perspective, sustainable tourism in protected areas is of particular importance, where it is essential to implement responsible tourism practices and develop appropriate management plans in collaboration with local communities, authorities, and other stakeholders. To address these challenges and capitalize on opportunities, it is essential to develop and implement appropriate management plans, which include measures for environmental conservation, and education. Maintaining a balance between nature and culture conservation and the sustainable and responsible development of tourism is crucial and for this the potential environmental footprint of diverse tourism activities will be analyzed, assessed, and debated for the case study of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in Romania with the goal of shaping sustainable tourism.
PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SAKHA REPUBLIC (YAKUTIA)
Authors: Koriakina Anzhelina
Published: December 2024

Climate change has an increasingly significant impact on the lives of people around the world. In this context, of particular interest is the study of the philosophical aspect of climate change in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The study is based on a philosophical analysis of climate change, as well as a generalization of the opinions on environmental issues. The main method is a logical-analytical approach to revealing the philosophical context of climate change in the context of Yakutia. A philosophical view of climate change in Yakutia emphasizes not only technical aspects of the changes, but also draws attention to the importance of socio-ecological aspects of this problem. Philosophical analysis allows us to consider the issue of climate change as a socio-ecological phenomenon that requires an integrated approach including ecological consciousness, deep understanding and adoption of appropriate social decisions as climate change causes changes in the mentality and culture of the local population. Rising temperatures, drought, flood, forest fires and other climate changes create new challenges for society and require comprehension at a philosophical level. The philosophical aspect of climate change in Yakutia provides an in-depth analysis of the problem that allows us to consider climate change as a complex socio-ecological phenomenon that requires an integrated approach that includes eco-philosophical aspects. It emphasizes the need to integrate climate aspects into social consciousness of the local population of the region and make it eco-philosophical one.
RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC AIR AS INDICATOR OF THE ROAD TRAFFIC IMPACT ON THE CHILDREN?S HEALTH IN THE CITY OF KAZAN
Authors: Stepanova Natalya , Gazieva Tansu , Arkhipova Natalya , Elbahnasawy Samir , Fomina Suryana
Published: December 2024

Assessment of non-carcinogenic risk for the child population health from chemical substances taken with the motor vehicle exhaust gases in 4 districts of the city of Kazan based on the monitoring data from FSFHI �The Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan� for the period from 2015 to 2021 was carried out. The average annual concentrations of chemical substances exceeded the allowable level of standards (MAC) from 2.32 to 9.96 of MAC in all zones. The value of the total daily dose on the inhalation route of the substances� intake with atmospheric air (I) made 1.09 � 10.33 mg/(kg x day) depending on the zone. An unacceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk (HI>3.0) was determined in all zones. In zones 2 and 4, the major impact on the RS was made by soot (HI 13.1), in zone 1 � by complex intake of all fractions of suspended particulate matters, with maximal level of PM 2,5 (HI =5.98), in zone 3 � by intake of �� 10 (HI 7.83). Black carbon (�C) was found to be an important indicator, as well as PM 2,5 and PM 10, for assessing the road traffic impact on the air quality and health. The children living in zones 2 and 4 are most vulnerable to non-carcinogenic risk as far as the respiratory system, which is formed due to complex intake of �C, �� 10 and �� 2,5. Transition to a complex assessment of risk from chemical substances with the account of contribution of certain substances is an important decision in determining the priority actions for minimizing the children�s health risk at regional level.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF EUTROPHICATION AND HABITAT LOSS IN COAS3TAL LAKES: A CASE STUDY FROM THE KAMCHIYA-SHKORPILOVTSI SECTOR, BULGARIAN BLACK SEA COAST
Authors: Bekova Radoslava , Prodanov Bogdan
Published: December 2024

The study presents the first comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of eutrophication and the consequent loss of sensitive aquatic habitats in the transitional water bodies along the Kamchiya-Shkorpilovtsi sector of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The research focuses on the Maznia Azmak Lake, an old Kamchiya riverbed integral to the Kamchia Nature Reserve and two Natura 2000 protected areas. The primary objective was to assess the scale and rate of eutrophication and its impact on aquatic habitats, employing modern methodologies such as drone surveys, high-precision GPS geodetic measurements, and bathymetric investigations. Data was gathered from 2019 to 2023, including key physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen, and phosphorus). Results indicate that Maznia Azmak Lake exhibited stable pH levels (7.8-8.3) and increasing conductivity (up to 964 ?S/cm), with dissolved oxygen levels varying significantly (4.8-9.3 mg/l). The lake's COD and BOD values suggested moderate organic pollution, with nutrient levels remaining low. Seasonal salinity variations were observed, correlating with low summer water levels and sea wave activity. The macrophyte analysis revealed a heterogeneous mix of species with minimal helophyte dominance. Popovo Blato Lake demonstrated low dissolved oxygen levels and high conductivity (peaking at 992 ?S/cm), with COD reaching 40.6 ml O2/l in September 2023, indicating severe organic pollution. Conversely, Petrovo Blato Lake had variable dissolved oxygen and high conductivity, with low nutrient levels, though occasional COD and BOD peaks suggested episodic pollution events. The mouth of the Fandakliyska River, showing stable pH and conductivity, had relatively higher dissolved oxygen levels, pointing to better overall water quality compared to the lakes. This area's episodic pollution events were reflected in variable COD and BOD values. The results underscore the critical need for ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions to mitigate pollution and preserve these vulnerable aquatic habitats. This pioneering study contributes valuable baseline data and insights into the eutrophication processes affecting the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, emphasizing the importance of preserving these ecosystems for their biodiversity and ecological services.