bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radio continuum emission in the northern Galactic plane: Sources and spectral indices from the THOR survey
Authors: Wang Y. , Bihr S. , Rugel M. , Beuther H. , Johnston K. G. , Ott J. , Soler J. D. , Brunthaler A. , Anderson L. D. , Urquhart J. S. , Klessen R. S. , Linz H. , McClure-Griffiths N. M. , Glover S. C. O. , Menten K. M. , Bigiel F. , Hoare M. , Longmore S. N.
Published: August 2018

Context Radio continuum surveys of the Galactic plane can find and characterize H II regions, supernova remnants (SNRs), planetary nebulae (PNe), and extragalactic sources. A number of surveys at high angular resolution (≤25″) at different wavelengths exist to study the interstellar medium (ISM), but no comparable high-resolution and high-sensitivity survey exists at long radio wavelengths around 21 cm.

Aims. Our goal is to investigate the 21 cm radio continuum emission in the northern Galactic plane at < 25″ resolution.

Methods We observed a large percentage of the Galactic plane in the first quadrant of the Milky Way (l = 14.0−67.4° and |b| ≤ 1.25°) with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in the C-configuration covering six continuum spectral windows (SPW). These data provide a detailed view on the compact as well as extended radio emission of our Galaxy and thousands of extragalactic background sources.

Results We used the BLOBCAT software and extracted 10 916 sources. After removing spurious source detections caused by the side lobes of the synthesized beam, we classified 10 387 sources as reliable detections. We smoothed the images to a common resolution of 25″ and extracted the peak flux density of each source in each SPW to determine the spectral indices α (assuming I(ν) ∝ να). By cross-matching with catalogs of H II regions, SNRs, PNe, and pulsars, we found radio counterparts for 840 H II regions, 52 SNRs, 164 PNe, and 38 pulsars. We found 79 continuum sources that are associated with X-ray sources. We identified 699 ultra-steep spectral sources (α < −1.3) that could be high-redshift galaxies. About 9000 of the sources we extracted are not classified specifically, but based on their spatial and spectral distribution, a large percentage of these are likely to be extragalactic background sources. More than 7750 sources do not have counterparts in the SIMBAD database and more than 3760 sources do not have counterparts in the NED database.

Conclusions Studying the long wavelengths centimeter continuum emission and the associated spectral indices allows us to characaterize a large percentage of Galactic and extragalactic radio sources in the area of the northern inner Milky Way. This database will be extremely useful for future studies of a diverse set of astrophysical objects.
Efficient and Versatile Catalytic Systems for the N-Methylation of Primary Amines with Methanol Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes of Iridium
Authors: Fujita Ken-ichi , Toyooka Genki , Tuji Akiko
Published: August 2018

Efficient and versatile catalytic systems were developed for the N-methylation of both aliphatic and aromatic primary amines using methanol as the methylating agent. Iridium complexes bearing an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand exhibited high catalytic performance for this type of transformation. For aliphatic amines, selective N,N-dimethylation was achieved at low temperatures (50–90 °C). For aromatic amines, selective N-monomethylation and selective N,N-dimethylation were accomplished by simply changing the reaction conditions (presence or absence of a base with an appropriate catalyst). These findings can be used to develop methods for synthesizing useful amine compounds having N-methyl or N,N-dimethyl moieties.
Dominant SCN2A Mutation Causes Familial Episodic Ataxia and Impairment of Speech Development
Authors: Becker Kerstin , Herkenrath Peter , Düchting Christoph , Körber Friederike , Landgraf Pablo , Nürnberg Peter , Altmüller Janine , Thiele Holger , Koy Anne , Liebau Max , Simon Thorsten , Dötsch Jörg , Fazeli Walid , Cirak Sebahattin
Published: August 2018

Mutations in SCN2A are associated with a heterogeneous clinical spectrum including epilepsy and autism. Here, we have identified a peculiar phenotype associated with vaccination related exacerbations of ataxia. We report the first family with three individuals affected by SCN2A-associated episodic ataxia (EA) with impaired speech development. The index patient manifested his first episode of subacute cerebellar ataxia at the age of 12 months, 3 weeks after vaccinations for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion of the left cerebellar hemisphere, which was first considered as a potential cause of the ataxia. The patient fully recovered within 3 weeks, but developed three very similar episodes of transient ataxia within the following 24 months. Whole exome sequencing of the index patient revealed a heterozygous autosomal-dominant mutation in SCN2A (NM_021007, c.4949T > C; p.L1650P), which was confirmed in the likewise affected mother, and was then also identified in the younger brother who developed the first episode of ataxia. We hereby extend the recently described spectrum of SCN2A-associated neurologic disorders, emphasizing that SCN2A mutations should also be considered in familial cases of EA. Coincidental imaging findings or other associated events such as immunizations should not protract genetic investigations.
A Case of Split Cord Malformation with Triple Bony Spur in a Single Dural Sleeve—A Classification Dilemma
Authors: Verma Saurabh , Sridhar Madakasira , Garg Manish
Published: August 2018

Split cord malformation-I (SCM-I) is characterized by the presence of double dural sacs, with rigid extradural bony/cartilaginous spur leading to symmetrical or asymmetrical division of the cord. In split cord malformation-II (SCM-II), there is a single dural sac with a nonrigid fibrous spur and symmetrical division of the cord. SCM-II are slightly more common than SCM-I, constituting around 50 to 60% of SCMs. The authors report a unique case of SCM with triple bony spurs lying both intra- and extradurally in a single dural sleeve. At the time of submission of this report, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no case of SCM with triple bony spurs in single dural sleeve has been reported anywhere in the world literature.
Bifurcation diagram of coupled thermoacoustic chaotic oscillators
Authors: Delage Rémi , Takayama Yusuke , Biwa Tetsushi
Published: August 2018

A thermoacoustic chaotic oscillator is a fluid system that presents thermally induced chaotic oscillations of a gas column. This study experimentally reports a bifurcation diagram when two thermoacoustic chaotic oscillators are dissipatively coupled to each other. The two-parameter bifurcation diagram is constructed by varying the frequency mismatch and the coupling strength. Complete chaos synchronization is observed in the region with a frequency mismatch of less than 1% of the uncoupled oscillator. In other regions, synchronization between quasiperiodic oscillations and that between limit-cycle oscillations and amplitude death are observed as well as asynchronous states.
The curvature line parametrization from circular nets on a surface
Authors: Bobenko Alexander I. , Tsarev Sergey
Published: August 2018

We study local and global approximations of smooth nets of curvature lines and smooth conjugate nets by discrete nets (circular nets and planar quadrilateral nets, respectively) with edges of order ϵ. Both smooth and discrete geometries are described by integrable systems. It is shown that one can obtain an order ϵ2 approximation globally with points of the discrete nets on the smooth surface. A new simple geometric construction of principal directions of smooth surfaces is given.
Off-center charge model revisited: Electrical double layer with multivalent cations
Authors: Lamperski Stanisław , Bhuiyan Lutful Bari , Henderson Douglas
Published: August 2018

The off-center charge model of ions is a relatively simple model for introducing asymmetry in Coulomb interaction while retaining the simplicity and convenience of the spherical hard core geometry. A Monte Carlo simulation analysis of the planar electric double layer formed by this ionic model for 1+:1− valence systems [S. Lamperski et al., Langmuir 33, 11554–11560 (2017)] is extended to include solutions of multivalent (2+, 3+) hard spherical cations and single valence (1−) hard spherical anions near a uniformly charged, planar electrode. The solvent is modelled as a uniform dielectric continuum with a dielectric constant equal to that of the pure solvent, viz., the primitive model. Results are reported for the ion density, the cation charge profile, and the electrostatic potential profile at 1 mol/dm3 salt concentration. Additionally, the double layer potential drop, that is, the electrode potential, and the integral and the differential capacitances are computed as functions of the electrode surface charge density. The latter two quantities show an expected asymmetry as long as the cation valence is not too great and the charge of the off-center ion cannot approach too close to the electrode surface. It is unusual that the integral and differential capacitances are negative for high valence cations and a negatively charged electrode when the off-center charge is large and can be very near the surface of the electrode. The corresponding electrode potential versus surface charge density curve becomes non-monotonic and shows a change of slope, and thus the resultant integral and differential capacitances can become negative. This nonphysical result is the result of an incipient singularity when a large positive charge is too near a negatively charged electrode. Overall, the off-center charge model suggests a useful recipe to model electrical asymmetry within the broader context of the primitive model provided that the off-center charge is not too near the surface of the electrode.
Constructional schemas in variation
Authors: Silvennoinen Olli O.
Published: August 2018

This paper discusses constructional variation in the domain of contrastive negation in English, using data from the British National Corpus. Contrastive negation refers to constructs with two parts, one negative and the other affirmative, such that the affirmative offers an alternative to the negative in the frame in question (e.g.shaken, not stirred;not once but twice;I don’t like it – I love it). The paper utilises multiple correspondence analysis to explore the degree of synonymy among the various constructional schemas of contrastive negation, finding that different schemas are associated with different semantic, pragmatic and extralinguistic contexts but also that certain schemas do not differ from each other in a significant way.
Particle drop of mimetics in Japanese
Authors: Toratani Kiyoko
Published: August 2018

Drawing on ideas from Discourse Grammar (Heine et al. 2013), this article examines characteristics of the Japanese reduplicated mimetics, arguing that they are transcategorial, able to function across different planes of grammar, either as mimetic adverbs belonging to Sentence Grammar (SG) or mimetic “theticals” belonging to Thetical Grammar (TG) (Kaltenböck et al. 2011: 879). The former expresses a manner of an action, typically occurring in the immediately preverbal position, as in
huwahuwa (to) uku [mim quot float] ‘float
lightly
’. By contrast the latter is the speaker’s re-enactment of the event, as in the case of “
Huwahuwa, shita de tsubuseru toohu gurai no katasa desu.” ‘Fluffy-fluffy, (the baby food should) have softness like tofu that can be crushed by (your) tongue.’, where the mimetic ‘re-enacts’ the speaker’s mouth feel (fluffiness) when she put the food into her mouth. The particle drop of the reduplicated mimetics is syntactically optional in SG, but obligatory in TG. The article suggests adding mimetics to the list of theticals, as the fronted zero-marked mimetics followed by a pause display three of the defining prototypical properties of theticals (Kaltenböck et al. 2011): (i) prosodic property (they display comma intonation), (ii) syntactic independence (they are not modifiers of the predicate), and (iii) semantic non-restrictiveness (they do not restrict the semantic content of the predicate).
Effect of Substrate Orientation on the Growth Direction of In
x
Ga1-x
As Nanowires (NWs)
Authors: Wibowo E , Ulya N , Othaman Z , Marwoto P , Sumpono I , Aji M P , Sulhadi  , Astuti B , Rokhmat M , Suwandi  , Ismardi A , Sutisna
Published: August 2018

We have grown the In
x
Gal-x
As NWs on GaAs(lll), GaAs(100) and Si(lll) substrates via Vapor-Solid-Solid (VSS) mode using MOCVD. We observed that the cylindrical NWs grow perpendicular to the GaAs(lll) substrate. The straight line NWs with an angle of 50.60° to the normal were occurred on GaAs(l00), while kinks NWs were perceived on Si(lll). We found that the growth direction of the In
x
Gal-x
As NWs can be easily controlled using certain orientation of the substrate by considering its lattice mismatch and its surface energy.
The Study of Mechanical Properties and Relaxation Time of Agar Hydrogel for Tissue Mimicking Phantom Material in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Dwihapsari Y , Afriana R D , Darminto
Published: August 2018

Agar hydrogel is used for tissue mimicking phantom in magnetic resonance imaging studies. The spin-lattice relaxation time, T1 as an important parameter in Magnetic Resonance Imaging measurement was observed. The T1-value represents how fast the net spin magnetization vector recovers to its equilibrium after generation of magnetic field. To explore mechanical properties of agar, shear modulus was examined using a dynamic mechanical analyser. The relation between mechanical properties and spin-lattice relaxation time of agar hydrogel is discussed.
The Effect of Paramagnetic Agent on Relaxation and Mechanical Properties of Agar Hydrogel for Phantom in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Dwihapsari Y , Maulidiyah N , Darminto
Published: August 2018

Agar hydrogel is largely used in magnetic resonance imaging study as tissue mimicking phantom material for its cost-effectiveness and easy preparation. Spin-spin relaxation time, T2 is one important parameter in Magnetic Resonance Imaging study. However, T2 of agar sample is higher than those of human tissues. The addition of paramagnetic agent such as copper sulphate or CuSO4 had been observed to match T2-value of human tissues. In this study, the effect of CuSO4 on relaxation and mechanical properties of agar is observed.
DNA damaging agent-based antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy
Authors: Fu Ying , Ho Mitchell
Published: August 2018

Currently, four antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicine Agency to treat cancer patients. More than 60 ADCs are in clinical development for cancer therapy. More than 60% of ADCs in clinical trials employ microtubule inhibitors as their payloads. A better understanding of payloads other than microtubule inhibitors, especially DNA-damaging agents, is important for further development of ADCs. In this review, we highlight an emerging trend of using DNA-damaging agents as payloads for ADCs. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding gained from ongoing clinical studies; it will help to define the utility of DNA-damaging payloads for ADCs as cancer therapeutics. Future directions of the development of ADCs are also discussed, focusing on targeting drug resistance and combination treatment with immunotherapy.
Global South Korea and the K-Pop Phenomenon
Authors: Anderson Crystal S.
Published: August 2018

K-pop is a form of South Korean popular music directed at a global audience that fuses Korean and foreign musical elements. While “idols” (performers who sing, dance, and engage in extra-musical activity) are the most visible, K-pop encompasses a wide variety of genres. Emerging in the wake of a major financial crisis that prompted a restructuring of the Korean economy, K-pop benefits from increased freedom in cultural expression, support by the Korean government, and a global cultural movement that reaches East Asia and beyond.

The first K-pop groups appeared in the early 1990s, drawing on hip-hop and rhythm and blues popular in the United States. The use of rap and b-boying/breakdance style, along with emotional vocals of R&B, became staples for first-generation “idol” groups. Initially presenting an approachable image, they later took on more mature concepts before they disbanded in the late 1990s. Several continue to influence the K-pop music scene, even as subsequent generations of K-pop artists emerge. These idol groups have diversified their images as well as their musical styles. Several solo artists have emerged, and hip-hop groups continue to participate. All of this musical activity is governed by Korean agencies, the largest of which are responsible for the creation and management of “idols,” while others encourage indie artists and still others are led by K-pop artists themselves. In addition to the promotional strategies of agencies, media, both professional and fan-driven, play a large role in the global spread of K-pop. The fans themselves are also active participants, acting as both audience members and content producers.
Asian North American Adoption Narratives
Authors: Wills Jenny Heijun
Published: August 2018

Transnational adoption from Asia began in the 1950s as an institutionalized practice. Since, hundreds of thousands of young people from countries such as South Korea, China, India, Vietnam, and the Philippines have been adopted and raised primarily in white families in places like the United States, Canada, and Australia but also Scandinavian countries and countries in western Europe. What began as a relief program for multiracial “war orphans” in South Korea has blossomed considerably and affects countries and people around the world; transnational adoption has become a popular industry that targets young people in countries including Guatemala, Brazil, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Haiti, and Russia. Today, transnational adoption continues to be a lucrative industry, though the practice seems to be dwindling in popularity and certain “sending nations” have recently declared its abolition (i.e., Ethiopia in 2017). The United States is by far the most prolific “receiving nation,” and is implicated as one of the greatest instigators, given that nation’s military presence in places such as South Korea and Vietnam in and around the years that transnational adoption expanded from those countries. While not nearly as many Canadians (in comparison to Americans) adopt from countries in Asia, adoptees raised in that country have unique experiences mainly due to vastly distinctive regionalism, that makes, for instance, the identities of Asian/Québécois adoptees uniquely precarious. Mexico is considered a “sending nation,” and since race and class factors rarely see young people both immigrating and migrating from the same nation under the auspices of transnational adoption (though it is not always the case; see, e.g., the United States’ history of sending black children for adoption to various European nations), it is mostly not included in conversations about transnational Asian/North American adoption.

For decades, literature about transnational Asian/American adoption centered on adoptive parents, social workers, and pro-adoption activists. In the 1990s, Asian adoptees around the world began to recount their experiences of racial and cultural alienation, among other things, in life writing and poetry. Adoptees in North America were no exception. Asian/North American authors (as well as non-Asian writers) began exploring these subjectivities, too, usually in the context of examining racial, cultural, and national issues related to other Asian/North American subjects who were not subjects experienced. Across most of these representations—by adoptees and non-adoptees alike—the theme of personal and collective history is a notable focus, and adoptees are imagined as another meaningful example of the paradoxical and complex ways Asian/North Americans’ paper histories, immigration rights, and so-called model minorityhood have been levied. Transnational Asian/North American adoption continues to be a topic of fascination for so many writers and audiences and these representations cross genres, aesthetic modes, and narrative styles.
Organizational Happiness
Authors: Harris Howard
Published: August 2018

Organizational happiness is an intuitively attractive idea, notwithstanding the difficulty of defining happiness. A preference for unhappiness rather than happiness in an organization would be out of tune with community expectations in most societies, as would an organization that promoted unhappiness. Some argue that organizational happiness is a misconception, that happiness is a personality trait and organizations cannot have personality. Others suggest that organizational happiness is derived from, or at least dependent on, the happiness of the individuals in the organization. A third approach involves virtue ethics, linking organizational happiness to virtuous organizations. Some discussion of the nature of happiness is needed before consideration of these three approaches to the concept of organizational happiness. If one leaves aside the notion of happiness as a psychological state, there remain three main views as to the nature of happiness: one based on a hedonistic view, which grounds happiness in pleasure, one based on the extent to which desire is satisfied, and one where happiness is linked to a life of virtuous activity and the fulfillment of human potential. Some would see no distinction between all three senses of happiness and what is called well-being.

Whether or not organizations can experience happiness is to some extent determined by whether happiness is considered subjective well-being, fulfilled desire, or virtue and to some extent by one’s view of the moral nature of corporations. There are dangers in the unfettered pursuit of happiness. Empirical research is impacted by questions of definition, by changes over time for both individuals and society, and by the difficulty that arises from reliance on self-reported data. Recent decades have seen the publication of quantitative assessments of organizational happiness, despite the difficulty of constructing scales and manipulating data, and the problems of effectively taking into account cultural, organizational, and individual differences in concepts of happiness. Potential research questions fall into two groups, those that seek a better understanding of what happiness is and those that seek to collect data about happiness in pursuit of answers to questions about the benefits of happiness.
Intersectionality Theory and Practice
Authors: Atewologun Doyin
Published: August 2018

Intersectionality is a critical framework that provides us with the mindset and language for examining interconnections and interdependencies between social categories and systems. Intersectionality is relevant for researchers and for practitioners because it enhances analytical sophistication and offers theoretical explanations of the ways in which heterogeneous members of specific groups (such as women) might experience the workplace differently depending on their ethnicity, sexual orientation, and/or class and other social locations. Sensitivity to such differences enhances insight into issues of social justice and inequality in organizations and other institutions, thus maximizing the chance of social change.

The concept of intersectional locations emerged from the racialized experiences of minority ethnic women in the United States. Intersectional thinking has gained increased prominence in business and management studies, particularly in critical organization studies. A predominant focus in this field is on individual subjectivities at intersectional locations (such as examining the occupational identities of minority ethnic women). This emphasis on individuals’ experiences and within-group differences has been described variously as “content specialization” or an “intracategorical approach.” An alternate focus in business and management studies is on highlighting systematic dynamics of power. This encompasses a focus on “systemic intersectionality” and an “intercategorical approach.” Here, scholars examine multiple between-group differences, charting shifting configurations of inequality along various dimensions.

As a critical theory, intersectionality conceptualizes knowledge as situated, contextual, relational, and reflective of political and economic power. Intersectionality tends to be associated with qualitative research methods due to the central role of giving voice, elicited through focus groups, narrative interviews, action research, and observations. Intersectionality is also utilized as a methodological tool for conducting qualitative research, such as by researchers adopting an intersectional reflexivity mindset. Intersectionality is also increasingly associated with quantitative and statistical methods, which contribute to intersectionality by helping us understand and interpret the individual, combined (additive or multiplicative) effects of various categories (privileged and disadvantaged) in a given context. Future considerations for intersectionality theory and practice include managing its broad applicability while attending to its sociopolitical and emancipatory aims, and theoretically advancing understanding of the simultaneous forces of privilege and penalty in the workplace.
Alternative Organizational Culture
Authors: Cheney George , Munshi Debashish
Published: August 2018

Alternative organizational culture is an evocative yet ambiguous term. In disciplines like communication, sociology, anthropology, management, economics, and political science, the term leads us not only to consider existing models and cases of organizing differently from the norm but also to imagine paths and possibilities yet to be realized. The ambiguity and referents of the term are important to probe. The term and its associations should be understood historically as well as culturally. Alternative organizational culture also implies certain dialectics, leading to questions about both principles and applications.
Domestic Role Contestation and Foreign Policy
Authors: Kaarbo Juliet , Cantir Cristian
Published: August 2018

Scholarship on domestic role contestation arose out of critiques of two frequent assumptions about the impact of national role conceptions (NRCs) on a state’s foreign policy: the assumption of elite consensus and the assumption of elite–public agreement on one or several NRCs. These critiques have been occasionally articulated since the entry of role theory into international relations literature, but they were systematized during a new wave of research on roles that started in the 2010s.

The domestic role contestation approach identifies the key domestic actors that hold NRCs and hypothesizes that roles connect to foreign policy behavior via the domestic political process. The degree of consensus along two dimensions—commonly defined as “horizontal” and “vertical” for the intra-elite and the elite–public nexus, respectively—can explain what roles are enacted or blocked. Empirical findings, though tentative, have corroborated the relevance of these arguments. Elites with significant institutional power—particularly in the executive–can often overcome impediments to enact preferred roles, although this ability often hinges on the lack of divisions in ruling institutions. Although less robust due to the absence of significant empirical research, role theory scholarship has also revealed that the public can, at times, constrain elites from enacting unpopular roles.

The literature on domestic role contestation has a number of limitations that can inform future research directions. First, there is still no comprehensive list of domestic actors that hold (and argue about) NRCs. Such a list can outline the diversity of social environments in which countries find themselves, generate insights into how they navigate their presence in each one, and lead to more detailed accounts of how the contestation process unfolds. Second, the literature is yet to provide a framework for incorporating the involvement of relevant external actors (commonly known as “alters”) in the domestic contestation process. The impediments here are partly practical—an eye to detailed domestic processes and external involvement can create an unwieldy narrative—but the effort to conceptualize this dimension is important in light of role theory’s major focus on the interaction between ego and alter. Third, role contestation scholarship needs stronger and clearer connections to traditional and critical international relations theories, as well as the study of contentious politics. Finally, methodological rigor and diversity should be a priority for the future development of this strand of role theory.
Big Data and the Study of Communities and Crime
Authors: O'Brien Daniel T.
Published: August 2018

In recent years, a variety of novel digital data sources, colloquially referred to as “big data,” have taken the popular imagination by storm. These data sources include, but are not limited to, digitized administrative records, activity on and contents of social media and internet platforms, and readings from sensors that track physical and environmental conditions. Some have argued that such data sets have the potential to transform our understanding of human behavior and society, constituting a meta-field known as computational social science. Criminology and criminal justice are no exception to this excitement. Although researchers in these areas have long used administrative records, in recent years they have increasingly looked to the most recent versions of these data, as well as other novel resources, to pursue new questions and tools.
Political Ideologies and Penality
Authors: Gallo Zelia A.
Published: August 2018

The literature on contemporary Western punishment presents us with a number of possible approaches to political ideologies and penality. The first approach requires us to ask what different political ideologies have to say about crime and punishment. This entails a close analysis of the ideologies’ main claims on matters of power, authority, and collective co-existence, to see if and how such claims have played out in the penal sphere. Analyses of social democratic penality serve here as useful case studies for such an approach. Such analyses also illustrate the second approach to questions of political ideology and penality. This approach requires us to ask what impact crime has had upon the fate of different ideologies. Have the changing incidence and changing perceptions of crime come to threaten the legitimacy of dominant ideologies? The third approach is that of critique of ideology: penality is studied as ideology, to discern what it conceals about reality and existing power relations. Here the analysis of contemporary UK offences of dangerousness acts as a case study for such an approach. To the extent that offences of dangerousness are rooted in neoliberalism, the discussion also introduces us to debates concerning neoliberalism and penality, in particular the idea that contemporary punishment expresses both the ascendancy of neoliberal doxa, and the decline of existing macro-ideologies such as social democracy. This decline can be seen as a move toward a post-ideological era, in which crime and punishment have come to replace political visions and utopias. However, recent scholarship on political ideologies argues that the latter are ubiquitous and permanent features of political thinking. This implies that the contemporary era cannot be described as post-ideological. Rather, it is an era in which macro-ideologies such as social democracy—which provided a holistic view of social order and comprehensive ideational resources to construct it—have been replaced by thin ideologies—which offer us narrower visions and ambitions. Examples of such thin ideologies include populism and technocracy. It is then possible to study the link between thin-ideologies and penality, a study that is here exemplified by the analysis of populism and penal populism, and technocracy and epistemic crime control. An analysis of thin ideologies and penality can also be undertaken with a normative project in mind, namely that of identifying within these thin ideologies, possible ideational resources that might be used to imagine a better penal future: one that is more moderate, more democratic, and less punitive.
Human Rights and Penal Policy
Authors: Savelsberg Joachim J. , McElrath Suzy
Published: August 2018

Structural and cultural changes in the modernization process, combined with contingent historical events, gave rise to a human rights regime. It is codified in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, promulgated after World War II and the Holocaust. Yet, only the gravest of human rights violations have been criminalized. First steps were taken beginning in the 19th century with The Hague and Geneva Conventions, constituting the Laws of Armed Conflict. They were followed by the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948), the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984), and eventually the Rome Statute (1998) on which the first permanent International Criminal Court is based. Some scholars even observe a justice cascade. Enforcement of the norms entailed in the above legal documents benefits from opportunities such as increases in international interdependencies, the buildup of international organizations, and the proliferation of nongovernmental organizations in the human rights realm. Challenges arise from partially competing principles such as conflict settlement and survival of suffering populations as cultivated by social fields such as humanitarianism and diplomacy and from a lack of law enforcement. While international institutions play a crucial role, much international law is implemented through domestic courts. International penal law pertaining to human rights has affected domestic policymaking in the human rights realm but also nation-level policies pertaining to the punishment of common crimes. Finally, debates continue to rage regarding the effects of the criminalization of grave human rights violations. Proponents have thus far focused on potential deterrent effects, but a new line of thought has begun to take cultural effects seriously. Its representatives identify a redefinition of those responsible for mass violence as criminal perpetrators and substantial representational power of international criminal law against those who bear responsibility for the gravest of human rights violations.
Private vs. Public Policing: Innovation and Creativity in Local Law Enforcement
Authors: Holmes Stephen T. , Wolf Ross , Holmes Bryan M.
Published: August 2018

Private and public policing agencies share a rich history. Each was set up, designed, and organized to address specific problems, whether street crime or corporate security. Each organization type has its strengths and weaknesses depending on its environment and the types of duties assigned. However, it is only in the early 21st century that city government actors have begun to look at private police agencies as a way to supplement traditional policing services at a lower cost. The extant literature is replete with articles detailing the scope, nature, and legal authority of private police agencies, but little real-world experimentation has been done where private police agencies have been used to supplement police services in diverse high-crime neighborhoods. This article examines the history of both public and private police agencies and then details the results of an experiment in Orange County, Florida, where the sheriff contracted with one of the world’s largest private police agencies to patrol and provide additional police services to two communities in need. The results can be generalized to communities that are most in need of police services.
Autonomic Thermoregulation
Authors: Wilson Thad E. , Metzler-Wilson Kristen
Published: August 2018

Thermoregulation is a key physiologic homeostatic process and is subdivided into autonomic, behavioral, and adaptive divisions. Autonomic thermoregulation is a neural process related to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Autonomic thermoregulation is controlled at the subcortical level to alter physiologic processes of heat production and loss to maintain internal temperature. Mammalian, including human, autonomic responses to acute heat or cold stresses are dependent on environmental conditions and species genotype and phenotype, but many similarities exist. Responses to an acute heat stress begin with the sensation of heat, leading to central processing of the information and sympathetic responses via end organs, which can include sweat glands, vasculature, and airway and cardiac tissues. Responses to an acute cold stress begin with the sensation of cold, which leads to central processing of the information and sympathetic responses via end organs, which can include skeletal and piloerector muscles, brown adipose tissue, vasculature, and cardiac tissue. These autonomic responses allow homeostasis of internal temperature to be maintained across a wide range of external temperatures for most mammals, including humans. At times, uncompensable thermal challenges occur that can be maintained for only limited periods of time before leading to pathophysiologic states of hyperthermia or hypothermia.
African Biography and Historiography
Authors: Hughes Heather
Published: August 2018

Biography in the African context can take many forms, from brief entries in a biographical dictionary or obituary in a newspaper to multivolume studies of single individuals. It can encompass one or many subjects and serves both to celebrate the famous and illuminate obscure lives. Biographies can be instructional as well as inspirational. Sometimes, it is hard to draw a line between biography and autobiography because of the way a work has been compiled. An attempt is made to understand this vast range of forms, with reference to social and political biography. The main focus is on work produced since the 1970s, with examples drawn from all regions of sub-Saharan Africa (although Southern Africa is better represented than others, as is English-medium material). Matters that preoccupy biographers everywhere, such as the relationship between writer and subject and the larger relationship between biography and history, are raised. Biography can be an excellent entry point into the complexities of African history.
African Economic History and Historiography
Authors: Mlambo Alois
Published: August 2018

Africa’s economic history went through various stages, beginning with Stone Age hunter-gatherers, through the Iron Age and the development of agriculture, to sedentary communities with growing and varied economies, bigger and more sophisticated political states, and growing trade activities. Between the 7th and 19th centuries, several large states emerged in the Sahel and in eastern and southern Africa. Key to their rise and prosperity was a growing population and agriculture as well as expanding trade, either through the trans-Saharan trade to the Mediterranean or across the Indian Ocean to Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Africa’s fortunes dipped with the onset of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which ravaged the continent and led to Africa losing millions of people to the New World. Following the abolition of slavery in the 19th century, Europe partitioned and colonized the continent and presided over varied economic regimes. These were settler colonies, peasant-agricultural colonies, and concession company colonies. Of the three, settler colonies developed most, although at the expense of the African majority. Independence came after the Second World War and Africa entered its postcolonial phase. After a promising start in the decade of the 1960s, African economies went into decline in the 1970s, necessitating governments to borrow from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in order to revamp their economies. The structural adjustment programs they were required to implement as a condition for the loans proved to be deleterious to African economies. African economic history scholars have generally shied away from the continent’s very early periods, preferring to focus on the period after the 15th century which has more documented history. They have used three analytical approaches: classical economics, dependency theory, and Marxist paradigms. Each of the three approaches has some shortcomings. Recently, the New African Economic History approach is using cliometric techniques to study Africa’s economic past. More economics than conventional economic history, it has attracted some from more history-based scholars as ahistorical.
Mental Health of Migrant Children
Authors: Abdi Saida M.
Published: August 2018

The psychosocial well-being of migrant children has become an urgent issue facing many Western countries as the number of migrant children in the population increases rapidly and health-care systems struggle to support them. Often, these children arrive with extensive exposure to trauma and loss before facing additional stressors in the host country. Yet, these children do not access mental health support even when available due to multiple barriers. These barriers include cultural and linguistic barriers, the primacy of resettlement needs, and the stigma attached to mental health illness. In order to improve mental health services for migrant children, there is a need to move away from focusing on trauma and mental health symptoms and to look instead at migrant children’s well-being across multiple domains, including activities that can promote or diminish psychological well-being. Trauma Systems Therapy for Refugees (TST-R) is an example of an approach that has succeeded in overcoming these barriers by adopting a culturally relevant and comprehensive approach to mental health care.
Space Governance
Authors: Rajagopalan Rajeswari Pillai
Published: August 2018

Outer space is once again facing renewed competition. Unlike in the earlier decades of space exploration when there were two or three spacefaring powers, by the turn of the 21st century, there are more than 60 players making the outer space environment crowded and congested. Space is no more a domain restricted to state players. Even though it is mostly a western phenomenon, the reality of commercial players as a major actor is creating new dynamics. The changing power transitions are making outer space contested and competitive. Meanwhile, safe and secure access to outer space is being challenged by a number of old and new threats including space debris, militarization of space, radio frequency interference, and potential arms race in space. While a few foundational treaties and legal instruments exist in order to regulate outer space activities, they have become far too expansive to be useful in restricting the current trend that could make outer space inaccessible in the longer term. The need for new rules of the road in the form of norms of responsible behavior, transparency and confidence building measures (TCBMs) such as a code of conduct, a group of governmental experts (GGE), and legal mechanisms, is absolutely essential to have safe, secure, and uninterrupted access to outer space. Current efforts to develop these measures have been fraught with challenges, ranging from agreement on identifying the problems to ideating possible solutions. This is a reflection of the shifting balance of power equations on the one hand, and the proliferation of technology to a large number of players on the other, which makes the decision-making process a lot problematic. In fact, it is the crisis in decision making and the lack of consensus among major space powers that is impeding the process of developing an effective outer space regime.
Railroads in US History
Authors: Churella Albert
Published: August 2018

Since the early 1800s railroads have served as a critical element of the transportation infrastructure in the United States and have generated profound changes in technology, finance, business-government relations, and labor policy. By the 1850s railroads, at least in the northern states, had evolved into the nation’s first big businesses, replete with managerial hierarchies that in many respects resembled the structure of the US Army. After the Civil War ended, the railroad network grew rapidly, with lines extending into the Midwest and ultimately, with the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869, to the Pacific Coast. The last third of the 19th century was characterized by increased militancy among railroad workers, as well as by the growing danger that railroading posed to employees and passengers. Intense competition among railroad companies led to rate wars and discriminatory pricing. The presence of rebates and long-haul/short-haul price differentials led to the federal regulation of the railroads in 1887. The Progressive Era generated additional regulation that reduced profitability and discouraged additional investment in the railroads. As a result, the carriers were often unprepared for the traffic demands associated with World War I, leading to government operation of the railroads between 1917 and 1920. Highway competition during the 1920s and the economic crises of the 1930s provided further challenges for the railroads. The nation’s railroads performed well during World War II but declined steadily in the years that followed. High labor costs, excessive regulatory oversight, and the loss of freight and passenger traffic to cars, trucks, and airplanes ensured that by the 1960s many once-profitable companies were on the verge of bankruptcy. A wave of mergers failed to halt the downward slide. The bankruptcy of Penn Central in 1970 increased public awareness of the dire circumstances and led to calls for regulatory reform. The 1980 Staggers Act abolished most of the restrictions on operations and pricing, thus revitalizing the railroads.