bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of metabolomics and lipidomics to evaluate the hypocholestreolemic effect of Proanthocyanidins from grape seed in a pig model
Authors: Quifer‐Rada Paola , Choy Ying Yng , Calvert Christopher C. , Waterhouse Andrew L. , Lamuela‐Raventos Rosa M.
Published: May 2016

Scope

This work aims to evaluate changes in the fecal metabolomic profile due to grape seed extract (GSE) intake by untargeted and targeted analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry in conjunction with multivariate statistics.

Methods and results

An intervention study with six crossbred female pigs was performed. The pigs followed a standard diet for 3 days, then they were fed with a supplemented diet containing 1% (w/w) of MegaNatural® Gold grape seed extract for 6 days. Fresh pig fecal samples were collected daily. A combination of untargeted high resolution mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis (PLS‐DA), data‐dependent MS/MS scan, and accurate mass database matching was used to measure the effect of the treatment on fecal composition. The resultant PLS‐DA models showed a good discrimination among classes with great robustness and predictability. A total of 14 metabolites related to the GSE consumption were identified including biliary acid, dicarboxylic fatty acid, cholesterol metabolites, purine metabolites, and eicosanoid metabolites among others. Moreover, targeted metabolomics using GC‐MS showed that cholesterol and its metabolites fecal excretion was increased due to the proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract.

Conclusion

The results show that oligomeric procyanidins from GSE modifies bile acid and steroid excretion, which could exert a hypocholesterolemic effect.
Cranberry (poly)phenol metabolites correlate with improvements in vascular function: A double‐blind, randomized, controlled, dose‐response, crossover study
Authors: Rodriguez‐Mateos Ana , Feliciano Rodrigo P , Boeres Albert , Weber Timon , dos Santos Claudia Nunes , Ventura M. Rita , Heiss Christian
Published: May 2016

Scope

Cranberries are rich in potentially bioactive (poly)phenols. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether cranberry juice intake can improve vascular function in healthy men in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, and to understand which of the circulating (poly)phenol metabolites correlate with vascular effects.

Methods and results

A double‐blind randomized controlled crossover trial was conducted in ten healthy males. Flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), blood pressure, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were investigated at baseline, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post‐consumption of cranberry juices containing 409, 787, 1238, 1534, and 1910 mg of total cranberry (poly)phenols (TP), and a control drink. Plasma (poly)phenol metabolites were analyzed by UPLC‐Q‐TOF MS using authentic standards. We observed dose‐dependent increases in FMD at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h with a peak at 4 h and maximal effects with juice containing 1238 mg TP. A total of 60 metabolites were quantified in plasma after cranberry consumption. Twelve (poly)phenol metabolites significantly correlated with the increases in FMD, including ferulic and caffeic acid sulfates, quercetin‐3‐O‐ß‐D‐glucuronide and a γ‐valerolactone sulfate.

Conclusion

(Poly)phenols in cranberry juice can improve vascular function in healthy males and this is linked to the presence of specific newly identified plasma metabolites.
Fast versus slow weight loss: development process and rationale behind the dietary interventions for the TEMPO Diet Trial
Authors: Gibson A. A. , Seimon R. V. , Franklin J. , Markovic T. P. , Byrne N. M. , Manson E. , Caterson I. D. , Sainsbury A.
Published: May 2016

Objective and methods

Finding effective solutions to curb the obesity epidemic is a great global public health challenge. The need for long‐term follow‐up necessitates weight loss trials conducted in real‐world settings, outside the confines of tightly controlled laboratory or clinic conditions. Given the complexity of eating behaviour and the food supply, this makes the process of designing a practical dietary intervention that stands up to scientific rigor difficult. Detailed information about the dietary intervention itself, as well as the process of developing the final intervention and its underlying rationale, is rarely reported in scientific weight management publications but is valuable and essential for translating research into practice. Thus, this paper describes the design process and underlying rationale behind the dietary interventions in an exemplar weight loss trial – the TEMPO Diet Trial (Type of Energy Manipulation for Promoting optimal metabolic health and body composition in Obesity). This trial assesses the long‐term effects of fast versus slow weight loss on adiposity, fat free mass, muscle strength and bone density in women with obesity (body mass index 30–40 kg m−2) that are 45–65 years of age, postmenopausal and sedentary.

Results and conclusions

This paper is intended as a resource for researchers and/or clinicians to illustrate how theoretical values based on a hypothesis can be translated into a dietary weight loss intervention to be used in free‐living women of varying sizes.
Synthesis of nano CaCO3/acrylic co‐polymer latex composites for interior decorative paints
Authors: Patil Virendra J. , Patil Ujwal D. , Kulkarni Ravindra D. , Ghosh Nippon
Published: May 2016

CaCO3 nanoparticles were synthesised in patented solution spray reactor system using non‐ionic Tween‐80 surfactant as template. Design of solution spray reactor permits the intimate thin film contact between the highly atomized precursor and precipitant solutions to control the CaCO3 size in 25–90 nm range. CaCO3 nanoparticles were surface modified with γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GMPTS) in order to improve the compatibility with polymer matrix. CaCO3/acrylic co‐polymer latex nanocomposites were prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization with 0.5‐2.5 wt % loadings of nanoCaCO3. Functional group, surface modification, crystal phase, size and morphology of CaCO3 nanoparticles were determined by their FTIR, XRD and FESEM analysis. DSC and TGA analysis was performed to establish the rise in thermal stability of latex nanocomposites due to inclusion of nanoCaCO3, while its ultrafine dispersion in polymer matrix was confirmed by FESEM analysis of latex nanocomposite films. Interior waterborne decorative paints were formulated using CaCO3/acrylic co‐polymer latex nanocomposites as binder. Overall three fold rise in performance of latex nanocomposite paint over that of clear latex paint in terms of wet scrub, mar and stain resistance, cross cut adhesion and pencil hardness was observed which implies commercial viability of use of surface modified nanoCaCO3. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1350–1360, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel insights on the physicochemical properties of eumelanins and their DMSO derivatives
Authors: Albano Luiz GS , Di Mauro Eduardo , Kumar Prajwal , Cicoira Fabio , Graeff Carlos FO , Santato Clara
Published: May 2016

The biopigment eumelanin, ubiquitous in flora and fauna, is made up of chemically heterogeneous macromolecules based on the 5,6‐dihydroxyindole and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid building blocks. The exciting possibility of designing eumelanin‐based technologies for bioelectronics and sustainable electronics has to be properly assessed by gaining insights on the charge transfer and charge carrier transport in the pigment, preferably in film form, easily amenable to devices. In this work, we report a study on the electrochemical behaviour of films of eumelanin and its derivatives synthesized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO eumelanins) in different aqueous electrolytes, with different chemical compositions and pH. DMSO eumelanins feature an improved solubility in the solvent DMSO, of relevance for processing purposes. The voltammetric currents are higher at relatively low pH (5.5), as expected considering the well‐established proton transport properties of the biopigment. Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy performed on eumelanin films were combined with thermogravimetry with the aim of advancing knowledge on the molecular and supramolecular features of synthetic commercially available eumelanin, DMSO eumelanins as well as natural eumelanin (Sepia melanin). The results collected permit unprecedented insights on the physicochemical properties of eumelanin. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Measurement of protein size in concentrated solutions by small angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Liu Jun , Li Zhihong , Wei Yanru , Wang Wenjia , Wang Bing , Liang Hongli , Gao Yuxi
Published: May 2016

By simulations on the distance distribution function (DDF) derived from small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) theoretical data of a dense monodisperse system, we found a quantitative mathematical correlation between the apparent size of a spherically symmetric (or nearly spherically symmetric) homogenous particle and the concentration of the solution. SAXS experiments on protein solutions of human hemoglobin and horse myoglobin validated the correlation. This gives a new method to determine, from the SAXS DDF, the size of spherically symmetric (or nearly spherically symmetric) particles of a dense monodisperse system, specifically for protein solutions with interference effects.
Evolution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Musca domestica
Authors: Scott Jeffrey G
Published: May 2016

Houseflies, Musca domestica L., are a significant pest because of the numerous diseases they transmit. Control of housefly populations, particularly at animal production facilities, is frequently done using pyrethroid insecticides which kill insects by prolonging the open time of the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). Houseflies have evolved resistance to pyrethroids owing to mutations in Vssc and by cytochrome‐P450‐mediated detoxification. Three Vssc mutations are known: kdr (L1014F), kdr‐his (L1014H) and super‐kdr (M918T + L1014F). Generally, the levels of resistance conferred by these mutations are kdr‐his < kdr < super‐kdr, but this pattern does not hold for multihalogenated benzyl pyrethroids, for which super‐kdr confers less resistance than kdr. P450‐mediated resistance can result from overexpression of CYP6D1 or another P450 (unidentified) whose overexpression is linked to autosomes II or V. The initial use of field‐stable pyrethroids resulted in different patterns of evolution across the globe, but with time these mutations have become more widespread in their distribution. What is known about the fitness costs of the resistance alleles in the absence of insecticide is discussed, particularly with respect to the current and future utility of pyrethroid insecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Field evaluation of the nematicide fluensulfone for control of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida
Authors: Norshie Patrick M , Grove Ivan G , Back Matthew A
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

Three field experiments evaluated the performance of the nematicide fluensulfone against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida in Shropshire, England.

RESULTS

Experiments 1 and 2 showed reduced root infection and lowered multiplication of G. pallida following fluensulfone (Nimitz 15G®) soil treatments at five rates (1.95, 3.00, 4.05 (full rate), 5.05 and 6.00 kg AI ha−1) and Nimitz 480EC® at the full rate. Experiment 3 demonstrated a positive interaction between the full rate of Nimitz 15G and the potato variety Santé in the reduction of G. pallida. The fluensulfone treatments at the full rate had more consistent effects than the lower rates, and there were no greater effects for the treatments higher than this full rate. Generally, fluensulfone was less efficacious than oxamyl or fosthiazate, which suggests that the treatment may not be reliably integrated within shorter potato rotations.

CONCLUSION

The data suggest that fluensulfone soil application could make a useful addition to the few available nematicide treatments for the control of G. pallida rather than be a substitute for these treatments.© 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Boundary stabilization of a cascade of ODE‐wave systems subject to boundary control matched disturbance
Authors: Liu Jun‐Jun , Wang Jun‐Min
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we are concerned with a cascade of ODE‐wave systems with the control actuator‐matched disturbance at the boundary of the wave equation. We use the sliding mode control (SMC) technique and the active disturbance rejection control method to overcome the disturbance, respectively. By the SMC approach, the disturbance is supposed to be bounded only. The existence and uniqueness of solution for the closed‐loop via SMC are proved, and the monotonicity of the ‘reaching condition’ is presented without the differentiation of the sliding mode function, for which it may not always exist for the weak solution of the closed‐loop system. Considering that the SMC usually requires the large control gain and may exhibit chattering behavior, we then develop an active disturbance rejection control to attenuate the disturbance. The disturbance is canceled in the feedback loop. The closed‐loop systems with constant high gain and time‐varying high gain are shown respectively to be practically stable and asymptotically stable. Then we continue to consider output feedback stabilization for this coupled ODE‐wave system, and we design a variable structure unknown input‐type state observer that is shown to be exponentially convergent. The disturbance is estimated through the extended state observer and then canceled in the feedback loop by its approximated value. These enable us to design an observer‐based output feedback stabilizing control to this uncertain coupled system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust analysis of secondary phenotypes in case‐control genetic association studies
Authors: Xing Chuanhua , M. McCarthy Janice , Dupuis Josée , Adrienne Cupples L. , B. Meigs James , Lin Xihong , S. Allen Andrew
Published: May 2016

The case‐control study is a common design for assessing the association between genetic exposures and a disease phenotype. Though association with a given (case‐control) phenotype is always of primary interest, there is often considerable interest in assessing relationships between genetic exposures and other (secondary) phenotypes. However, the case‐control sample represents a biased sample from the general population. As a result, if this sampling framework is not correctly taken into account, analyses estimating the effect of exposures on secondary phenotypes can be biased leading to incorrect inference. In this paper, we address this problem and propose a general approach for estimating and testing the population effect of a genetic variant on a secondary phenotype. Our approach is based on inverse probability weighted estimating equations, where the weights depend on genotype and the secondary phenotype. We show that, though slightly less efficient than a full likelihood‐based analysis when the likelihood is correctly specified, it is substantially more robust to model misspecification, and can out‐perform likelihood‐based analysis, both in terms of validity and power, when the model is misspecified. We illustrate our approach with an application to a case‐control study extracted from the Framingham Heart Study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three measures of explained variation for correlated survival data under the proportional hazards mixed‐effects model
Authors: Honerkamp‐Smith Gordon , Xu Ronghui
Published: May 2016

Measures of explained variation are useful in scientific research, as they quantify the amount of variation in an outcome variable of interest that is explained by one or more other variables. We develop such measures for correlated survival data, under the proportional hazards mixed‐effects model. Because different approaches have been studied in the literature outside the classical linear regression model, we investigate three measures R2,
, and ρ2 that quantify three different population coefficients. We show that although the three population measures are not the same, they reflect similar amounts of variation explained by the predictors. Among the three measures, we show that R2, which is the simplest to compute, is also consistent for the first population measure under the usual asymptotic scenario when the number of clusters tends to infinity. The other two measures, on the other hand, all require that in addition the cluster sizes be large. We study the properties of the measures both analytically and through simulation studies. We illustrate their different usage on a multi‐center clinical trial and a recurrent events data set. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal analysis‐based fault classification and estimation of fault location of an unbalanced network using S‐transform and neural network
Authors: Roy Nabamita , Bhattacharya Kesab
Published: May 2016

This paper demonstrates a technique for the diagnosis of the type of fault and the faulty phase on an overhead transmission line, followed by locating the particular fault on the affected phase. The power system network considered in this study is a three‐phase transmission line with unbalanced loading simulated in the PowerSim Toolbox of MATLAB. S‐transform is used to compute the energy components of the voltage signals of the three phases of the transmission line. These features are used as input vectors of a probabilistic neural network (PNN) for fault detection and classification. Detection of the faulty phase(s) is followed by estimation of fault location. The voltage signal of the affected phase is processed to generate the S‐matrix. The frequency components of the S‐matrices for different fault locations are used as input vectors for training a backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The results are obtained with satisfactory accuracy and speed. All the simulations have been done in MATLAB environment for different values of fault locations, fault resistances, and fault inception angles. The effect of noise on the simulated voltage signals has been investigated. The analysis has been further extended by implementing the proposed method in a modified version of IEEJ West 10 machine system model. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining the relationship between blood flow velocity and movement of erythrocytes in a capillary using laser doppler velocimetry
Authors: Akiguchi Shunsuke , Ishida Hiroki , Takada Yogo , Teranishi Tsunenobu , Andoh Tsugunobu , Hachiga Tadashi
Published: May 2016

In this study, we consider the relationship between red blood cell velocity and the movement of erythrocytes. Many velocimeters measure fluid velocity by tracking the movement of tracer particles present in the fluid. Generally, in laser Doppler velocimetry, seeding particles of suitable density and size are added to the fluid being measured, but this is not possible for in vivo measurements. In the case of blood, erythrocytes are used as the tracer particles. It is unclear, however, whether the velocity of erythrocytes reflects actual red blood cell velocity. Therefore, we compare the results of flow velocity distribution measurements of blood in the ear vessels of mouse and in water containing tracer particles in a serpentine flow channel. Results of the comparison indicate that the velocity of moving erythrocytes does not correspond exactly to the velocity of the blood. The difference is due to the changes in the fringe pattern under the skin. However, we consider that it is possible to measure red blood cell velocity in any direction using these fringe changes. Moreover, we confirm that results obtained using the proposed method match those obtained using other methods. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prediction of delivery of small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates and adverse perinatal outcome by fetoplacental Doppler at 37 weeks' gestation
Authors: Triunfo S. , Crispi F. , Gratacos E. , Figueras F.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To explore the predictive capacity of fetoplacental Doppler at 37 weeks' gestation in identifying small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates, fetal growth restriction (FGR) and adverse perinatal outcome.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of low‐risk singleton pregnancies undergoing ultrasound assessment at 37 weeks. At study inclusion, biometry for estimated fetal weight (EFW), and fetoplacental Doppler variables (uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and umbilical vein blood flow (UVBF) normalized by EFW) were measured. SGA was defined as a customized birth weight between the 3rd and 10th centiles, and FGR was defined as a birth weight < 3rd centile, according to local standards. Adverse perinatal outcomes included emergency Cesarean section for non‐reassuring fetal status, 5‐min Apgar score < 7 and neonatal acidosis at birth.

Results

A total of 946 pregnancies were included in the study. Of these, 89 (9.4%) were classified as SGA and 40 (4.2%) as FGR, with an overall rate of adverse perinatal outcome of 4.9%. At a fixed 10% false‐positive rate (FPR), the detection rate of SGA by EFW, UtA‐PI, CPR, UVBF and by a combination of Doppler variables (UtA‐PI and CPR) and EFW was 59.2%, 10.5%, 13.7%, 3.2% and 61.0%, respectively. At a fixed 10% FPR, the detection rate of FGR by EFW, UtA‐PI, CPR, UVBF and a combination of CPR and EFW centile was 83.3%, 13.9%, 27.8%, 13.9% and 88.6%, respectively. At a fixed 10% FPR, the detection rate of adverse perinatal outcome by EFW, UtA‐PI, CPR and UVBF was 19.2%, 9.2%, 23.1% and 16.9%, respectively, while combining EFW with Doppler variables (including CPR and UVBF normalized by EFW) improved the detection rate to nearly 30%.

Conclusion

In low‐risk pregnancies, Doppler evaluation at 37 weeks' gestation did not improve the prediction of SGA and FGR compared with that given by EFW alone, however, combining Doppler variables with EFW improved the prediction of adverse perinatal outcomes given by these parameters alone, although not markedly. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
J.-L. Lions' problem concerning maximal regularity of equations governed by non-autonomous forms
Authors: Fackler Stephan
Published: May 2016

An old problem due to J.-L. Lions going back to the 1960s asks whether the abstract Cauchy problem associated to non-autonomous symmetric forms has maximal regularity if the time dependence is merely assumed to be continuous or even measurable. We give a negative answer to this question and discuss the minimal regularity needed for positive results.
The association between serum β‐hCG on day 24 of pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy in frozen embryo transfer cycles
Authors: Chen Xin , Huang Yuan , Guo Ping‐Ping , Ye De‐Sheng , Xu Li‐Juan , Chen Shi‐Ling
Published: May 2016

Objective

To determine the relationship between serum levels of the β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) on day 24 of pregnancy during a frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle and ongoing pregnancy.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort study, data were reviewed from women aged 38 years or younger who underwent a FET cycle at Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China, from January 2013 to December 2014. Inclusion criteria were use of hormone‐replacement therapy to achieve an endometrial thickness of 8 mm or more, and at least two surviving embryos. Serum β‐hCG on day 24 of pregnancy was assessed in relation to ongoing pregnancy at 12 weeks.

Results

Overall, 217 patients who underwent 248 FET cycles were included. The only measure that differed between cycles with (n = 112) and without (n = 136) ongoing pregnancy was β‐hCG level on day 24 of pregnancy (73.0 ± 65.8 vs 19.4 ± 34.5 mIU/mL; P < 0.001). Classification tree analysis showed that women with day‐24 β‐hCG levels higher than 26.6 mIU/mL had a 75.8% likelihood of ongoing pregnancy. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the corresponding area under curve was 0.845 (95% confidence interval 0.795–0.895).

Conclusion

A maternal serum β‐hCG level higher than 26.6 mIU/mL was predictive of ongoing pregnancy at 12 weeks.
Neurologist knowledge about interactions between antiepileptic drugs and contraceptive methods
Authors: Suto Hilda S. , Braga Giordana C. , Scarpellini Giuliano R. , Takeuchi Leandro I. , Martins Ana P. , Leite João P. , Vieira Carolina S.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To evaluate neurologists’ knowledge of contraceptive counseling for women receiving antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).

Methods

An interview‐based survey was conducted from February 2 to June 30, 2015, among neurologists working in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Direct interviews were conducted using a questionnaire that assessed knowledge of the pharmacological interactions between various contraceptive methods and six AEDs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, topiramate, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate) on the basis of WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use.

Results

Among 42 neurologists who participated, 32 (76%) stated that they treated women with epilepsy and provided them with counseling for family planning. Overall, 34 (81%) recommended the use of a copper intrauterine device irrespective of the AED used, and 26 (60%) stated that they co‐prescribed AEDs and hormonal contraceptives. Although 39 (93%) neurologists had knowledge that AEDs might contraindicate the use of some contraceptives, their knowledge regarding the specific drug interactions was lacking. Furthermore, 34 (81%) had no knowledge of WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use.

Conclusion

Although most neurologists interviewed had knowledge of interactions between AEDs and hormonal contraceptives, they did not know which specific AEDs interacted with these agents.
The roles of inflammation and immune mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Van Eldik Linda J. , Carrillo Maria C. , Cole Patricia E. , Feuerbach Dominik , Greenberg Barry D. , Hendrix James A. , Kennedy Matthew , Kozauer Nick , Margolin Richard A. , Molinuevo José L. , Mueller Reinhold , Ransohoff Richard M. , Wilcock Donna M. , Bain Lisa , Bales Kelly
Published: May 2016

The Alzheimer's Association's Research roundtable met in April 2015 to explore the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of innate immune cells, particularly microglia and astrocytes, to mediate neuroinflammation in AD has been implicated as a significant contributor to disease pathogenesis. Adaptive immunity, which plays an important role in responding to injury and some diseases of the central nervous system, may contribute to neuroinflammation in AD as well. Communication between the central and peripheral immune systems may also be important in AD. An increased understanding of the physiology of the innate immune system may aid the identification of new therapeutic targets or mechanisms. The development of predictive animal models and translatable neuroinflammation biomarkers for AD would also facilitate the advancement of novel treatments for innate immunity. Important challenges impeding the advancement of new therapeutic agents and strategies to overcome them were discussed.
Oscillating line source in a shear flow with a free surface: critical layer-like contributions
Authors: Ellingsen Simen Å. , Tyvand Peder A.
Published: May 2016

The linearized water wave radiation problem for an oscillating submerged line source in an inviscid shear flow with a free surface is investigated analytically at finite, constant depth in the presence of a shear flow varying linearly with depth. The surface velocity is taken to be zero relative to the oscillating source, so that Doppler effects are absent. The radiated wave out from the source is calculated based on Euler’s equation of motion with the appropriate boundary and radiation conditions, and differs substantially from the solution obtained by assuming potential flow. To wit, an additional wave is found in the downstream direction in addition to the previously known dispersive wave solutions; this wave is non-dispersive and we show how it is the surface manifestation of a critical layer-like flow generated by the combination of shear and mass flux at the source, passively advected with the flow. As seen from a system moving at the fluid velocity at the source’s depth, streamlines form closed curves in a manner similar to Kelvin’s cat’s eye vortices. A resonant frequency exists at which the critical wave resonates with the downstream propagating wave, resulting in a downstream wave pattern diverging linearly in amplitude away from the source.
On the boundary layer structure near a highly permeable porous interface
Authors: Dalwadi Mohit P. , Chapman S. Jonathan , Waters Sarah L. , Oliver James M.
Published: May 2016

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to study the canonical problem of steady laminar flow through a narrow two-dimensional channel blocked by a tight-fitting finite-length highly permeable porous obstacle. We investigate the behaviour of the local flow close to the interface between the single-phase and porous regions (governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes and Darcy flow equations, respectively). We solve for the flow in these inner regions in the limits of low and high Reynolds number, facilitating an understanding of the nature of the transition from Poiseuille to plug to Poiseuille flow in each of these limits. Significant analytical progress is made in the high Reynolds number limit, and we explore in detail the rich boundary layer structure that occurs. We derive general results for the interfacial stress and for the conditions that couple the flow in the outer regions away from the interface. We consider the three-dimensional generalization to unsteady laminar flow through and around a tight-fitting highly permeable cylindrical porous obstacle within a Hele-Shaw cell. For the high Reynolds number limit, we give the coupling conditions and interfacial stress in terms of the outer flow variables, allowing information from a nonlinear three-dimensional problem to be obtained by solving a linear two-dimensional problem. Finally, we illustrate the utility of our analysis by considering the specific example of time-dependent forced far-field flow in a Hele-Shaw cell containing a porous cylinder with a circular cross-section. We determine the internal stress within the porous obstacle, which is key for tissue engineering applications, and the interfacial stress on the boundary of the porous obstacle, which has applications to biofilm erosion. In the high Reynolds number limit, we demonstrate that the fluid inertia can result in the cylinder experiencing a time-independent net force, even when the far-field forcing is periodic with zero mean.
Characterisation of drag and wake properties of canopy patches immersed in turbulent boundary layers
Authors: Taddei S. , Manes C. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: May 2016

The wakes and the drag forces of canopy patches with different densities, immersed in turbulent boundary layers, are investigated experimentally. The patches are circular (with outer diameter $D$) and are made of several identical circular cylinders (height, $H$, and diameter, $d$). The bulk aspect ratio of all of the patches ($AR=H/D$) was fixed at 1 and the patch density (${\it\phi}=N_{c}d^{2}/D^{2}$, also referred to as the solidity) is altered by varying the number of cylinders ($N_{c}$) in the patch. Drag measurements show that the patch drag coefficient increases with increasing density. However, the drag coefficient of the highest investigated density (${\it\phi}\approx 0.25$) is greater than the drag coefficient of a solid patch (i.e. ${\it\phi}=1$, which is a solid cylinder with $AR=1$). Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were carried out along the streamwise–wall-normal ($x$–$y$) plane along the centreline of patch and in the streamwise–spanwise ($x$–$z$) plane at its mid height (i.e. $y=H/2$). Mean velocity fields show that the porosity of the patch promotes bleeding along all directions. It was observed that bleeding along the vertical/horizontal direction increases/decreases with increasing ${\it\phi}$. Furthermore, it was also observed that bleeding along the lateral direction dictates the point of flow separation along the sides of the patch and makes it independent of ${\it\phi}$. All of these aspects make wakes for porous patches markedly different from their solid counterpart and provide a rational basis to explain the observed trends in the drag coefficient.
Exhibition: Trish FitzSimons, 'Navigating Norman Creek', Museum of Brisbane, 19 June to 11 October 2015
Authors: Connors Libby
Published: May 2016

Trish FitzSimons, Navigating Norman Creek, Museum of Brisbane, 19 June to 11 October 2015, https://www.museumofbrisbane.com.au/whats-on/navigating-norman-creek
Libby Connors, 'Warrior: A legendary leader’s dramatic life and violent death on the colonial frontier', Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2015, 268 pp., ISBN 9 7817 6011 0482, $32.99
Authors: Richards Jonathan
Published: May 2016

Libby Connors, Warrior: A legendary leader’s dramatic life and violent death on the colonial frontier, Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2015, 268 pp., ISBN 9 7817 6011 0482, $32.99
Peter Roennfeldt, 'Madame Mallalieu: An inspiring musician and her legacy for Queensland', Brisbane: Copyright, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 2145 2253, 310 pp., A$44
Authors: Ferres Kay
Published: May 2016

Peter Roennfeldt, Madame Mallalieu: An inspiring musician and her legacy for Queensland, Brisbane: Copyright, 2015, ISBN 9 7819 2145 2253, 310 pp., A$44
Penny Olsen, 'An eye for nature: The life and art of William T. Cooper', Foreword by David Attenborough, Canberra: NLA, 2014, 278 pp., ISBN 9 7806 4227 8463, $49.95
Authors: Heckenberg Kerry
Published: May 2016

Penny Olsen, An eye for nature: The life and art of William T. Cooper, Foreword by David Attenborough, Canberra: NLA, 2014, 278 pp., ISBN 9 7806 4227 8463, $49.95
Renate Howe, David Nichols and Graeme Davison, 'Trendyville: The battle for Australia’s inner cities', Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2014, ISBN 9 7819 2186 7422, 200 pp., A$34.95
Authors: Carniel Jessica
Published: May 2016

Renate Howe, David Nichols and Graeme Davison, Trendyville: The battle for Australia’s inner cities, Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2014, ISBN 9 7819 2186 7422, 200 pp., A$34.95
Calvary or limbo?
Authors: Carniel Jessica
Published: May 2016

Almost 5,000 Italians were interned in Australia during World War II, a high proportion of them Queensland residents. Internment was a pivotal experience for the Italian community, both locally and nationally, complicating Italian Australians’ sense of belonging to their adopted country. Through an examination of two migrant autobiographical narratives of internment, Osvaldo Bonutto’s A Migrant’s Story and Peter Dalseno’s Sugar, Tears and Eyeties, this article explores the impact of internment on the experience and articulation of cultural and civic belonging to Australian society. It finds that internment was a ‘trial’ or ‘transitional’ phase for these internees’ personal and civic identities, and that the articulation of these identities and sense of belonging is historically contingent, influenced by the shift from assimilation to multiculturalism in settlement ideology, as well as Italian Australians’ changing place in Australian society throughout the twentieth century.
Book culture, landscape and social capital
Authors: Frank Jane
Published: May 2016

The clustering of book culture in rural locales around the world is a growing phenomenon. Creative and cultural activity in these bookish communities enhances social capital, and their book-based economies contribute to sustainability. Maleny, in South-East Queensland’s Sunshine Coast hinterland, has long been recognised as a centre for books, readers and writers. It is the home of two writers’ festivals, Outspoken and Maleny Celebration of Books. The community attracts city dwellers, and those who like to escape to the Blackall Ranges for relaxation, as well as people who choose to live a ‘slow’ life in the area. Onyx (2005) identified high levels of social capital. In this article, I consider the potential of Maleny to position itself as a ‘book town’. However, my findings confirm that, despite the community’s reputation as a place of cultural consumption, prosperity is a hindrance to book town development.
The condition of recognition
Authors: Green Stephanie
Published: May 2016

This article discusses the evocation of the Gothic as a narrative interrogation of the intersections between place, identity and power in Andrew McGahan’s The White Earth (2004). The novel deploys common techniques of Gothic literary fiction to create a sense of disassociation from the grip of a European colonial sensibility. It achieves this in various ways, including by representing its central architectural figure of colonial dominance, Kuran House, as an emblem of aristocratic pastoral decline, then by invoking intimations of an ancient supernatural presence which intercedes in the linear descent of colonial possession and, ultimately, by providing a rational explanation for the novel’s events. The White Earth further demonstrates the inherently adaptive qualities of Gothic narrative technique as a means of confronting the limits to white belonging in post-colonial Australia by referencing a key historical moment, the 1992 Mabo judgment, which rejected the concept of terra nullius and recognised native title under Australian common law. At once discursive and performative, the sustained way in which the work employs the tropic power of Gothic anxiety serves to reveal the uncertain terms in which its characters negotiate what it means to be Australian, more than 200 years after colonial invasion.
TURNING LOCAL KNOWLEDGE ON AGROFORESTRY INTO AN ONLINE DECISION-SUPPORT TOOL FOR TREE SELECTION IN SMALLHOLDERS’ FARMS
Authors: VAN DER WOLF JUST , JASSOGNE LAURENCE , GRAM GIL , VAAST PHILIPPE
Published: May 2016

This paper presents the main features of a unique decision-support tool developed for selecting tree species in coffee and cocoa agroforestry systems. This tool aims at assisting in the selection of appropriate shade trees taking into account local conditions as well as needs and preferences of smallholder farmers while maximizing ecosystem services from plot to landscape level. This user-friendly and practical tool provides site-specific recommendations on tree species selection via simple graphical displays and is targeted towards extension services and stakeholders directly involved in sustainable agroforestry and adaptation to climate change. The tool is based on a simple protocol to collect local agroforestry knowledge through farmers’ interviews and rankings of tree species with respect to locally perceived key ecosystem services. The data collected are first analysed using the BradleyTerry2 package in R, yielding the ranking scores that are used in the decision-support tool. Originally developed for coffee and cocoa systems of Uganda and Ghana, this tool can be extended to other producing regions of the world as well as to other cropping systems. The tool will be tested to see if repeated assessments show consistent ranking scores, and to see if the use of the tool by extension workers improves their shade tree advice to local farmers.
BEYOND AVERAGES: NEW APPROACHES TO UNDERSTAND HETEROGENEITY AND RISK OF TECHNOLOGY SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING
Authors: VANLAUWE BERNARD , COE RIC , GILLER KEN E.
Published: May 2016

In recent years, many studies have demonstrated the heterogeneity of the smallholder production environment. Yet agronomic research for development (R4D) that aims to identify and test options for increasing productivity has not consistently adapted its approaches to such heterogeneous conditions. This paper describes the challenges facing research, highlighting the importance of variation in evaluating the performance of soil management recommendations, integrating aspects of production risk management within the formulation of recommendations, and proposing alternative approaches to implement agronomic R4D. Approaches are illustrated using two multi-locational on-farm paired trials, each having one no-input control treatment and a treatment with fertilizer application for maize in Western Kenya and for beans in Eastern Rwanda. The diversity of treatment responses should be embraced rather than avoided to gain a better understanding of current context and its relation with past management.
Pacification and Patronage in the Maratha Deccan, 1803–1818
Authors: VARTAVARIAN MESROB
Published: May 2016

This article examines pacification operations conducted by British colonial armies throughout the Maratha Deccan from 1803 to 1818. The East India Company assembled concentrations of coercive force by extending patronage to loyalist elites and mobile war bands. Military contingents from allied princely states were mobilized and combined with a policy of brokerage intended to demobilize hostile forces holed up in forts or engaged in brigandage. Pacification through a mixture of negotiations and force ensured loyalist groups a privileged place in the emerging colonial order.
A systematic review of pentacyclic triterpenes and their derivatives as chemotherapeutic agents against tropical parasitic diseases
Authors: ISAH MURTALA BINDAWA , IBRAHIM MOHAMMED AUWAL , MOHAMMED AMINU , ALIYU ABUBAKAR BABANDO , MASOLA BUBUYA , COETZER THERESA H. T.
Published: May 2016

Parasitic infections are among the leading global public health problems with very high economic and mortality burdens. Unfortunately, the available treatment drugs are beset with side effects and continuous parasite drug resistance is being reported. However, new findings reveal more promising compounds especially of plant origin. Among the promising leads are the pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) made up of the oleanane, ursane, taraxastane, lupane and hopane types. This paper reviews the literature published from 1985 to date on the in vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic potency of this class of phytochemicals. Of the 191 natural and synthetic PT reported, 85 have shown high anti-parasitic activity against various species belonging to the genera of Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma, as well as various genera of Nematoda. Moreover, structural modification especially at carbon 3 (C3) and C27 of the parent backbone of PT has led to improved anti-parasitic activity in some cases and loss of activity in others. The potential of this group of compounds as future alternatives in the treatment of parasitic diseases is discussed. It is hoped that the information presented herein will contribute to the full exploration of this promising group of compounds as possible drugs for parasitic diseases.
Research into practice: How research appears in pronunciation teaching materials
Authors: Levis John M.
Published: May 2016

Research into pronunciation has often disregarded its potential to inform pedagogy. This is due partly to the historical development of pronunciation teaching and research, but its effect is that there is often a mismatch between research and teaching. This paper looks at four areas in which the (mis)match is imperfect but in which a greater recognition of research can lead to better teaching materials (high variability phonetic training, intonation, information structure, and setting priorities). Furthermore, two areas in which teaching materials are desperate for research to be carried out (connected speech and the primacy of suprasegmentals) will be discussed.
Language learning impairment in sequential bilingual children
Authors: Ebert Kerry Danahy , Kohnert Kathryn
Published: May 2016

We review and synthesize empirical evidence at the intersection of two populations: children with language learning impairment (LLI) and children from immigrant families who learn a single language from birth and a second language beginning in early childhood. LLI is a high incidence disorder that, in recent years, has been referred to by researchers and clinical educators as specific language impairment (SLI), primary language impairment (PLI), developmental language disorder or language disorder not otherwise specified. Over the past two decades, significant international attention has been directed at the LLI-sequential bilingual learner interface. Researchers have developed linguistic profiles of children with LLI who are learning different language pairs, investigated the diagnostic accuracy of various measures and, more recently, examined the relative efficacy of different treatment protocols. Participants in these studies range in age from 3 to 12 years. A main goal of this review is to relate available evidence to key theoretical and pedagogical issues. An additional aim is to indicate main areas of need for future research.
Declining breeding populations of White-naped Cranes in Eastern Mongolia, a ten-year update
Authors: GILBERT MARTIN , BUUVEIBAATAR BAYARBAATAR , FINE AMANDA E. , JAMBAL LOSOLMAA , STRINDBERG SAMANTHA
Published: May 2016

Eastern Mongolia supports one of the most important breeding populations of the White-naped CraneAntigone vipio(WNC), which is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN. Large numbers of WNCs were found to be breeding at high densities within the Ulz River basin during surveys conducted in 2000 and 2001, along a 270 km section of the river. Following these surveys, an extended drought continuing for at least a decade has threatened wetland ecosystems throughout Eastern Mongolia. This study reports the findings of surveys conducted in 2010 and 2011 along the same section of the Ulz River surveyed a decade earlier, as well as a generalised survey of other sites where breeding WNCs had previously been recorded. Along the Ulz River, populations declined from 42 territorial pairs in 2001 to 17 in 2011. Estimates of detection probability using distance sampling and occupancy methods at two locations gave consistent results of 23%–27% detectability. With a minimum population of 234 WNCs observed across all sites in 2011, these detection probabilities suggest that the areas surveyed support the majority of breeding WNCs in the western population. Although we cannot exclude the movement of WNCs beyond the survey area, these findings also suggest that the population has declined between 2001 and 2011. Exploration of key habitat variables using occupancy models and generalized linear mixed models found that WNCs favoured areas of high wet vegetation (estimated as ‘wet meadow’ coverage and using normalized difference vegetation index), and low grazing pressure. Given the importance of water resources to WNCs and nomadic herding communities, use of wetland habitat must be carefully managed to balance the needs of cranes and people, particularly during periods of drought.
Representation and Process in Bilingual Lexical Interaction
Authors: MALT BARBARA C. , LEBKUECHER AMY L.
Published: May 2016

Bilinguals show word use patterns in each of their languages that differ from those of monolinguals. One interpretation is that, for bilinguals, the word meanings of one language are influenced by those of the other. Another is that the cross-language influence lies in on-line processes – word retrieval probabilities or word form activation levels. To discriminate between interpretations, we asked Mandarin–English bilinguals to name household objects in their L1 and L2 via forced choice instead of free production. The options given were the monolingual-preferred choices, eliminating memory retrieval demands and keeping those words at a high level of activation. For comparison, monolinguals of each language performed the same task in their native language. Differences from monolinguals in word choice were substantially reduced, especially in L1, but bilingual patterns still showed some cross-language influence in both L1 and L2. This outcome implicates cross-language influences on both bilingual processing and meaning representations.