bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyber‐Terrorism: The Shape of Future Conflict?
Authors: Rathmell Andrew
Published: January 2008

Is cyber‐terrorism the threat of the future? The convergence of current conventional wisdoms regarding technological and socio‐political developments suggests that it may be. In regard to technology, the ‘Information Mania’ that has swept the US defence establishment since the 1991 Gulf War has now reached European and Asian defence planners. To its acolytes in the defence community, Information Warfare is the paradigm of future war. At the same time, the popular imagination is gripped by the accelerating digitisation of society. As the Internet continues its exponential growth and increasing portions of everyday life go online, the media and public are titillated by the daring exploits of hackers and the ‘digital underground’. Warnings of a catastrophic collapse of national and even global information infrastructures abound, most dramatically in relation to the Year 2000 problem.
The Caribbean: Small Caribbean States and the New pax americana
Authors: Jeremie John
Published: January 2008

Two years ago the writer noted that the territories of the Caribbean, while executing MLAT's with various extra‐regional territories, had not by and large embraced global counter‐narcotics initiatives. The balance has now been decisively and radically altered. This article attempts an assessment of some of the more noteworthy current developments against certain basic norms in international law.
Financial Regulation — A British Experience
Authors: Haines Jason D.
Published: January 2008

‘It must be remembered there is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to manage than the creation of a new system. For the initiator has the enmity of all who will profit by the preservation of the old institutions and merely lukewarm defenders in those who would gain by the new one.’ Machiavelli.
Statutory Immunity for Suspicious Activity Reporting: Real or Imaginary Protection for Financial Institutions?
Authors: Comisky Ian M.
Published: January 2008

In 1997, an appellate court in the US issued an important decision in the consolidated appeals of Lopez v First Union National Bank of Florida and Coronado v Bank Atlantic Bancorp., Inc. The decision raises provocative issues concerning the scope of the immunity granted to financial institutions providing information to the federal government about their customers under US laws. In order to understand the impact of this decision, some factual background with respect to each of the cases and the relevant case law is required.
Police Corruption
Authors: Williams Tony
Published: January 2008

Before considering anti‐corruption operations it would be helpful if the role of the Police Complaints Authority were briefly outlined. It is an independent body established by Act of Parliament — the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 — to oversee complaints by members of the public against police officers in England and Wales. There are just 12 members, supported by 60 civil servants seconded from various government departments. The members are all full time and come from a wide variety of backgrounds.
Policing the Markets: Structures and Policies
Authors: Gilligan George
Published: January 2008

Scandals are a recurring feature of UK financial services and they were probably more common in the 1840s than they are in the 1990s. There is no overwhelming evidence that general financial practice is less ethical than it was and it appears more likely that ethical standards have risen. They are certainly higher than in the Victorian era, for example the ‘railway mania’ of 1845—46 which structurally established large‐scale financial fraud in Britain. During this period, hundreds of railway schemes were launched as a source of enormous fees for promoters, lawyers, engineers and surveyors. Many were never intended to be built, with some promoters (once they had accumulated substantial funds from investors) actively lobbying for their Railway Bills to be rejected by Parliament. However, this relative rise in the ethical standards of contemporary general financial practice will be of little comfort to the thousands of angry investors who have been mis‐sold pensions, or have been victims of modern scandals perpetrated by Peter Clowes, Roger Levitt or Robert Maxwell. Their anger is understandable because modern society expects increasing levels of security from its industries and institutions, and regulation is the medium for achieving this. Despite general trends towards deregulation, in financial services increasing regulation is inevitable, and politically desirable, because of the rising complexity and elaborate nature of exchange relationships. It is the state which is taking on the role of guaranteeing the security of those relationships. It is this guarantor role of the state which ensures that when scandals happen, the anger of victims is not merely directed at the fraudsters, but also at the regulatory system and the government which is responsible for that system.
Fraud Investigation and Prosecution — The Way Forward
Authors: Nove Perry
Published: January 2008

The effective investigation and prosecution of fraud and other white‐collar crimes remains as difficult today as it was in 1948 when the Metropolitan and City of London Police Company Fraud Department was set up to cope with the increase in fraud cases that was apparent after the Second World War.
Investigations into White‐Collar Offences and the ‘Sick Man’ of France
Authors: Johnstone Peter
Published: January 2008

In England and Wales the Crown Prosecutor is a lawyer who is independent from the investigation and is charged with assessing evidence and evaluating whether a prosecution should proceed or not. The CPS is intentionally authorised to override the decisions of the police to curb any potentially over‐zealous investigations and evidence gathering that might subsequently tarnish the standards of procedure in the courts when applying the criminal law. The increasingly burdensome rules of disclosure have made demands on the CPS which are akin to the overall requirement on the investigating magistrate of civil law jurisdictions to find the truth by examination of the prosecution and defence evidence. The recent moves to return a limited number of lawyers to police stations is a further indication that the future role of the CPS may include an active rather than solely passive role in evidence gathering. The Serious Fraud Office are directly involved in the investigation and prosecution of complex frauds. This office has statutory and judicial authority to conduct investigations which follow an inquisitorial rather than accusatorial model. The juge d'instruction in France has authority to direct and control police investigations and subsequently to compile a dossier of evidence for presentation before a trial court. This paper points out that there are close parallels emerging in pre‐trial procedures in England and Wales and in France and the criticisms of the role of the investigating magistrate, the ‘sick man’, may hold lessons to be learnt for investigators and prosecutors within this jurisdiction.
Russia: Legality of Russian Offshore Companies and Accounts in Regard to the Problem of Revenue Collection in Russia
Authors: Sinuraya Timur
Published: January 2008

The Russian Government is not only corrupt — it is a thief which steals money from its own citizens by imposing taxes, hard currency regulations and custom duties. Therefore the money which is made in Russia should be moved to safe places abroad. This is the, rather simplified, reasoning of the economic criminal, yet it carries some very serious consequences. The phenomenon of illegal capital flight was probably one of the major factors of the current economic crisis in Russia. Russian experts point out that the main flow of illegal capital from Russia is channelled through the so‐called offshore companies and accounts. This paper will look at the legality of business practices relating to the increase in off‐shore assets by Russian investors in regard to the major problem of government revenue collection in Russia.
Best Practices Certification: A New Tool to Fight Corruption
Authors: Hager L. Michael
Published: January 2008

‘It is a terrible thing,’ says the heroine of a Jhabvala novel, ‘bribery and corruption … but what can a few honest people do when it is so deeply rooted in political life?’ This is a question that has plagued good citizens everywhere, but especially so in the developing and the economic transition countries. Until recently, it was a question that few would dare to utter in public places.
The Role of National Government in the Restraint of Global Economic Crime
Authors: Kenney Martin S.
Published: January 2008

Although people talk of a new world order and the globalisation of market economies, the problem presented by serious fraud has, until recently, been left largely to be addressed by countries independently, despite the fact that much of the problem is global in scope and breadth. The response to fraud has been largely fragmented and reactive — with countries initiating change as they intuitively perceive the threat posed by fraud, primarily to their economy but also to national integrity, public confidence and in some cases to national security. As individual governments have moved to tackle the problem presented by fraud within the confines of their own boundaries, the experienced fraudster has recognised the need for expansion beyond these boundaries. This need for geographical expansion coupled with the innate adaptability of the experienced white‐collar criminal has resulted in the increased internationalisation of white‐collar crime. The proliferation of legally protected bank secrecy laws has reinforced this motive to be nomadic — to fragment both primary and secondary criminal conduct across international boundaries. In response to this new and expanded threat, countries and organisations have come together in an attempt to address the issue, and in some cases have undertaken significant efforts of international and regional cooperation to control globalised fraud.
Codes of Ethics as Corporate Camouflage: An Expression of Desire, Intent or Deceit?
Authors: McCusker Robin
Published: January 2008

This paper seeks to advance and explore the notion that corporate codes of ethics are merely a form of ‘camouflage’ allowing corporate wrongdoing to flourish undetected and unpunished. It argues that the nature of corporations, the nature of law and the nature of corporate codes lead to a negative rather than a positive correlation between the possession of an ethical code and ethical behaviour.
How to Minimise Corruption in Public Works Construction Contracts
Authors: Lester John
Published: January 2008

Public works contracts worldwide have suffered from fraud and corrupt practices at critical phases of projects, particularly during tender evaluation, site supervision and certification of completion. Improved quality management reinforced with effective financial and technical audit are considered to be crucial factors to combat these crimes, which take place because people are able to use the systems they operate to solicit and accept bribes. Ineffective procedures can usually be exploited because of poor supervision and inadequate levels of accountability.
India: Procurement Frauds
Authors: Singh Balwinder
Published: January 2008

Any study of procurement frauds in India would be primarily in the context of procurements by the government and public sector undertakings. India, with its mixed economy, has a vibrant private sector and reported cases of procurement frauds from private business and industry have been few and far between. The law enforcement and investigating agencies have been primarily concentrating on protecting government funds. Government departments and public sector undertakings are the biggest buyers in India with purchases ranging from ordinary office stationery to the most sophisticated technical equipment required in railways, telecoms, power and defence sectors etc.
Understanding and Addressing Criminal Opportunity: The Application of Situational Crime Prevention to IS Security
Authors: Willison Robert
Published: January 2008

This paper examines the concept of criminal opportunity. More precisely, it focuses on the nature of such opportunities that are to be found within an IS context, and the threat posed by dishonest staff who may act on them. Although hackers and their activities may be given ample column space in the lay press, the potential threat posed by dishonest staff should not be underestimated. The 1998 NCC Business Information Survey reports that the greatest risk of security breaches arose from the activities of personnel within organisations, accounting for nearly 52 per cent of all (physical and logistical) security breaches detected. Similarly, the 1998 CSI/FBI Survey found that the largest single source of financial loss (almost 37 per cent) was attributable to unauthorised insider access. These facts are not lost on security practitioners who, as a rule of thumb, work on the principle that 25 per cent of people are dishonest whenever possible, 25 per cent are always honest and 50 per cent can be either, depending on the nature of security controls and personal motivation.
Singapore: A Money‐Laundering Update
Authors: Chandran Ravi
Published: January 2008

Though there are no reported cases on the matter, Singapore, with its well‐developed financial centre, is the target of money launderers just like any other major city in the world. To deal with the problem, the Singapore government passed the Drug Trafficking (Confiscation of Benefits) Act in 1993. This Act was recently amended by the Drug Trafficking (Confiscation of Benefits) Amendment Bill which came into effect on 6th July, 1999.
South Africa: Proposals to Combat White‐Collar Crime at National Level
Authors: Minnaar‐van Veijeren Janette
Published: January 2008

In this paper the legislative and regulatory role of the South African government with regard to the combating of white‐collar crime will be delineated. Five major relevant constitutional issues, namely, the right to information, the validity of legal presumptions, the burden of proof, the right to be presumed innocent and the right to a speedy trial, will be briefly discussed. The magnitude of white‐collar crime in South Africa and on a global level is staggering, as proven by the following figures: a total number of 58,668 commercial crime cases were reported to the Commercial Crime component of the South African Police's Detective Service during 1997. These cases had a total value of R3,609,926,736. In the first six months of 1998, 29,556 cases were reported with a value of R2,170,000,000.
Southern Italy: White Caterpillar, Grey Chrysalis, Black Butterfly: Organised Crime, Financial Crime and Entrepreneurial Distress
Authors: Masciandaro Donato
Published: January 2008

The present study provides an economic and empirical framework to examine the role of organised crime in an entrepreneurial crisis. The effect of criminal pollution on law firms depends on financial — money‐laundering and usury — as well as non‐financial crimes — extortion and unfair competition.
The Coming Wave of Transparency Reform: A Tidal Shift
Authors: Winer Jonathan M.
Published: January 2008

Over the past year, a series of international financial scandals have highlighted significant gaps in the global system which seeks to regulate and enforce global norms to protect the integrity of financial markets and services. Some of these scandals, such as the press allegations about billions of dollars being laundered from Russia through the Bank of New York, are still unfolding, and it may be some time before we can draw conclusions about what actually took place. Regardless, the information already public is accelerating already rapidly moving efforts by the USA, the G7 and other key stakeholders in the global system to close those gaps. These efforts do not relate solely to the main regulated financial services industries and to jurisdictions perceived to be underregulated or uncooperative. They also take on the possibility of applying new standards relating to the responsibilities of lawyers, accountants, auditors, company formation agents and notaries to the governments that license them and to their fellow citizens, in addition to those responsibilities they have to the private‐sector clients who have engaged them. The development of these and the other new standards is still in progress and will require intensive consultations in the months to come between governmental institutions and those in the private sector most affected by such standards. But inside the government, the debate is not whether we will build broader protections against financial crime, but how far to go, and whom we will hold responsible for undertaking the work.
Keynote Address to the 17th International Cambridge Symposium on Economic Crime
Authors: Wright Rosalind
Published: January 2008

In the words of the song, ‘Money Makes the World go Round’. In the business of investigating and prosecuting serious and complex financial fraud, especially the international variety, the money goes around the world pretty effectively as well. And the more it can do so without the movement of the funds being detected, the more effective is the flow of mis‐appropriated money and the less likely the fraud will be detected and the fraudster brought to book.
Legal and Other Issues Raised by Grand Corruption
Authors: Graham Toby
Published: January 2008

It used to be said that bribery was part of the price for doing business in certain countries. Very little attention was paid to those cases where substantial wealth was acquired by ruling elites. Attitudes are changing, however, and there is a growing awareness of the harm that corruption causes. For example, it is seen to have contributed to the recent economic difficulties in Asia and Russia.
Public Interest Immunity and Disclosure of Unused Materials in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Lee Helen H.Y.
Published: January 2008

This paper focuses on public interest immunity (PII) and disclosure of unused material in the context of criminal proceedings. PII used to be referred to as Crown privilege and was hardly ever raised in connection with criminal proceedings until 20 years ago. Nowadays, PII issues are often raised in connection with criminal proceedings, particularly during the process of disclosure of unused material for the purposes of criminal trials.
South Africa: Public Sector Corruption
Authors: Heath William
Published: January 2008

Corruption in the public sector has and always will continue to be a thorn in the side of any government throughout the world. Irrespective of what control measures are put in place, corruption remains a problem in many respects. It undermines the authority and the credibility of the government and its employees, it has an effect on the economic balance of the country and it plays a major role in the spread of economic crimes in general.
An Evolving Series of Proceeds of Crime Models
Authors: Bell R.E.
Published: January 2008

Over the last two decades in particular, national legislatures have passed legislation aimed at ensuring that criminals do not profit from crime. This has been in response to the rise of organised crime and to the massive amounts of money being generated, in particular, by drug trafficking. It has been an attempt to destroy ‘the heart of the monster, its financial base’. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the proceeds of crime response by national governments can be perceived as evolving through a series of different models, thus allowing a comparative approach amongst different jurisdictions. Each model is composed of elements from three different strands: money‐laundering legislation, confiscation legislation and organisational structures and arrangements. These strands have each gone through their own evolution, which will now be examined.
Trusts — ‘True or Bare’?
Authors: Kenney Martin S. , O'Brien Elizabeth
Published: January 2008

The answer to this rhetorical question is not something that is immediately apparent in the majority of cases, the intent of the settlor being the determining, if not only, factor. The determination of whether a trust is being used as a cloak for fraud or abuse, or is a sham, will be aided by reference to the doctrine of substance over form. Where a trust has but the appearance of legal effectiveness (and where the settlor either reserves the power to direct the trustee, or where such power is conferred upon the beneficiaries, such that the settlement is not intended to have any legal effect), the trust may be described as a bare trust. The essential characteristics of a bare trust are that either the settlor or the beneficiary has real, dispositive control over capital and interest (such that the whole of the equitable ownership of the trust property remains in the settlor), notwithstanding the existence of a trust instrument designating a trustee and beneficiary.
Banking on Secrecy — The Price for Unfettered Secrecy and Confidentiality in the Face of International Organised and Economic Crime
Authors: Baity William
Published: January 2008

It is the author's view that there is a fairly broad consensus on the nature of the confronted threat. This is how the composition, the scope, the magnitude and the creativity of the transnational criminal elements are changing and growing — thanks in large part to the electronic information network that everyone has come to know and rely upon. As an example, there are the recent headlines in the USA surrounding an investigation allegedly involving funds in part generated by organised crime in Russia and seemingly involving dozens of banks around the globe. Whether there is money laundering or not, no matter the true source of the funds, the matter clearly highlights a growing concern which needs to be addressed in a spirit of cooperation. It is a fact that in using global electronic banking and other financial networks, it appears that financial institutions in many countries were used to moving billions of dollars in a relatively short period. This case study in the flow of not just money, but value, illustrates the types of vulnerability and challenge presented by electronic transfers to law enforcement, financial institutions and policy makers.
INCB: The Global Drugs Scene
Authors: Jayasuriya D.C.
Published: January 2008

The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) — a mechanism established under the international drug control treaties and consisting of 13 members elected by the Economic and Social Council — is mandated to publish an annual report on the current and emerging drug control situation. Each year's report comments on a special theme; freedom from pain and suffering is the focus of the report released on 23rd February, 2000.
Jersey: Developments in Offshore Regulation
Authors: Pratt Richard
Published: January 2008

There are three main points to be made from a Jersey perspective concerning developments in offshore regulation.
Taiwan: International Cooperation in Fighting Financial Fraud
Authors: Ong Philip W.
Published: January 2008

The financial crisis that started in South‐East Asia is still making its sweeping power felt by many countries. Interestingly, located in the middle of the turmoil, Taiwan seems to have fared better than most of its neighbours. The performance of Taiwan's financial markets has therefore attracted the attention of the international media. Among commonly asked questions, the one most frequently raised has been how Taiwan could have weathered the storm relatively unscathed. Many reasons have been given, such as a strong economic base, private businesses' desire to maintain a low debt ratio, liquid and efficient financial markets, carefully managed capital flow control and so on.
The Illegal Sector, Money Laundering and the Legal Economy: A Macroeconomic Analysis
Authors: Masciandaro Donato
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a macroeconomic framework useful to the analysis of the relationships between the illegal sector, money laundering and the legal economy from a human as well as a financial viewpoint. Economists have not yet systematically studied the interactions between illegal sectors, money‐laundering activities and the legal market. This study is part of a larger area of research which takes a particular interest in the economic analysis of money laundering. In previous years this author has developed a microeconomic analysis of the money‐laundering mechanisms and of the related regulations; this is a deeper examination of the macro consequences.
The Impact of UK Money‐Laundering Legislation on Fiscal Crime
Authors: Rhodes John
Published: January 2008

The author's attention was first drawn to this subject by one paragraph in the Money Laundering Steering Group guidelines issued by BBA in June 1997:
Taxing the Proceeds of Crime
Authors: Bell R.E.
Published: January 2008

Organised crime groups, in particular drug traffickers, generate considerable amounts of money from their criminal activities. Over the last two decades jurisdictions around the world have therefore put in place confiscation and forfeiture legislation designed to remove such criminal gains. The Performance and Innovation Unit of the Cabinet Office, in its report entitled ‘Recovering the Proceeds of Crime’, has now recommended that a national confiscation agency (NCA) for England and Wales be established, the functions of which will include the institution of civil forfeiture proceedings and the application of the taxation legislation to the proceeds of criminal activity. If enacted, this will essentially provide a threefold strategy designed to remove criminal gains. First, where the evidence permits, the individual may be prosecuted for criminal offences and, upon conviction, a confiscation order may be sought against him. Secondly, if the evidence is not sufficient for criminal prosecution, the individual may have civil forfeiture proceedings instituted against him to deprive him of the illgotten gains, seeking to prove on the balance of probabilities that the property in his possession is, directly or indirectly, the proceeds of crime. Thirdly, if an individual can be shown to have received income during a particular period which the authorities suspect, but have insufficient evidence to prove, is the proceeds of crime, then they may apply the tax legislation to that income and raise a tax assessment against him.
Shaming International Financial Centres
Authors: Maynard Peter D.
Published: January 2008

With the advent of the FATF blacklist and the US FinCen advisories, the problem of perception and reality has been exacerbated. The international financial centres (IFCs) claim that the legislation and infrastructure are in place, and that money laundering, which still takes place largely in the metropolitan centres, is under control in their jurisdictions. The mainland countries perceive that money laundering is taking place in the IFCs. The situation is not unlike the story of two blindfolded men touching an elephant: the first held the tail and thought that it was something dry and sinewy; the second touched the tip of the trunk and thought the creature was something moist and flexible. The truth was somewhere in the middle.
Australia: Working Within the Law — The Attitudes of Reporting Officers to the Financial Transaction Reports Act 1988
Authors: Johnson Jackie
Published: January 2008

The laundering of money appears to have reached almost epidemic proportions, due primarily to the increase in profit from the sale of illegal drugs; the growth of organised crime, particularly in Russia; the sale of oil outside of OPEC quotas; and the siphoning off of aid funds. The bulk of these funds are washed through the global financial system before arriving at their final destination … a high‐street bank.
Internal Control and Fraud in the Smaller Building Society
Authors: Vinten Gerald , Greening Margaret
Published: January 2008

Building societies developed in the second half of the 18th century when country people came flooding into the towns and cities to provide the workforce for the new factories. Faced with a lack of suitable housing in industrial centres, more enterprising and prosperous workers clubbed together to build their own homes. The first building society was established in Birmingham in 1775.
Knowledge Management in the Proceeds of Crime Community
Authors: Bell R.E.
Published: January 2008

The title of this paper immediately raises a number of issues. Is there such an entity as ‘the proceeds of crime community’? If such an entity exists, can it be ‘managed’? What role does knowledge play in the community? This paper attempts to explore such issues, with particular reference to the field of financial investigation. It does so in the light of the report entitled ‘Recovering the Proceeds of Crime’, published by the Performance and Innovation Unit of the Cabinet Office, which was tasked with considering how effective the removal of criminal assets was in tackling crime and assessing whether more should be done, and which, it is submitted, largely represents the distilled knowledge of the proceeds of crime community.
Cross‐Border Insider Trading
Authors: Langevoort Donald C.
Published: January 2008

Some 40 years have now passed since the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began seriously to attack the problem of insider trading in its seminal Cady, Roberts decision. Since then, a complex pattern of regulation has evolved, largely through a common law process of judicial interpretation of the open‐ended anti‐fraud provision of the federal securities laws, Rule 10b‐5. While many interpretative questions still remain open, US law in this area broadly prohibits trading based on material non‐public information when:
Nigeria: Bank Fraud
Authors: Ugochukwu Uche Chibuike
Published: January 2008

In recent years, the volume and frequency of fraudulent practices in Nigerian banks have been on the increase. According to the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC), the level of reported fraud in Nigerian banks rose from N804m in 1990 to N3,199m in 1998. Furthermore, the proportion of actual/expected loss to the amount involved in fraud rose from 3 per cent in 1990 to 22 per cent in 1998. Perhaps the highest fraud ever reported in any particular year by a Nigerian bank occurred in 1998 when United Bank for Africa plc wrote off N786m on account of fraud. The growing scope and scale of fraud in the Nigerian banking industry is not surprising, given the rising profile of the country as a corrupt and fraudulent nation. For instance, a recent survey by Transparency International, a German‐based international organisation that interviewed business people worldwide, listed Nigeria as the second most corrupt country in the world. The country also has a poor reputation concerning drug trafficking. It has, for instance, been asserted that:
Privatising Regulation: Whistleblowing and Bounty Hunting in the Financial Services Industries
Authors: Fisher James , Harshman Ellen , Gillespie William , Ordower Henry , Ware Leland , Yeager Frederick
Published: January 2008

In late 1999, Congress enacted financial modernisation legislation that dramatically deregulated the financial services industry and expanded the powers of financial institutions in the USA. In keeping with this deregulation and expanded powers, the regulatory landscape and enforcement mechanisms also changed. While many applaud this legislation, others point to previous US experience where financial deregulation overwhelmed federal regulators and resulted in massive failures of financial institutions and, consequently, in huge federal bailouts. The authors examine here the prospect of supplementing regulation with certain forms of private intervention. Specifically, they address the question: is there a role for whistleblowing and bounty hunting as means of supplementing existing regulation in the financial services industry?
Regulatory Models for Protecting the Markets: An Australian Perspective
Authors: McGinness Mark
Published: January 2008

Most governments would profess either to having a model regulatory system for their markets or at least to having a proposal for a model regulatory system. The leading international grouping of securities market regulators, the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), which comprises the regulatory bodies of almost 100 countries with day‐to‐day responsibility for securities regulation and the administration of securities laws, has devised a benchmark standard of regulatory best practice against which regulators around the world can reliably measure their operations' effectiveness.
Internet‐based Financial Services: A New Laundry?
Authors: Munro Neil
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Internet‐based services, used by those individuals or organisations seeking to launder monies derived from illegal sources, will pose a greater risk to financial institutions than more traditional financial services. The use of the financial services sector by criminals seeking to ‘launder’ money has become a business risk that financial institutions cannot ignore, with governments and regulators increasing the legislation and regulation designed to prevent money laundering. Financial institutions have both a moral and a legal obligation to assist in preventing criminals from obtaining benefits from their activities. Simultaneously, the development of Internet‐based financial services continues at a rapid pace, with new technologies such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)‐enabled telephones and interactive televisions empowering customers, allowing them the flexibility to carry out transactions without the direct involvement of the institution.
Sex Trafficking: A Financial Crime Perspective
Authors: Bell R.E.
Published: January 2008

The trafficking of women for the purpose of sexual exploitation has become a global business operated by organised crime groups and is now viewed as having reached ‘critical proportions’. Trafficking exists to meet the market demand for women who are used in brothels, the production of pornography and other aspects of the ‘sex industry’. It is nothing less than a modern day slave trade.
The Liabilities of Financial Intermediaries and Their Advisers for Handling the Proceeds of Crime
Authors: Brindle Michael
Published: January 2008

This paper considers the rules of English law which apply to fix financial intermediaries and their advisers with liability for handling the proceeds of crime. Consideration of this topic falls into two distinct parts. This paper looks at responsibility in civil law, including liability for breach of contract; liability as constructive trustee; liability for money had and received; equitable tracing and other liabilities. It then examines issues of criminal responsibility, and closes with consideration of an anomaly.
Searching for Wayward Dollars: Money Laundering or Tax Evasion — Which Dollars are We Really After?
Authors: Beare Margaret E.
Published: January 2008

The theme of this year's conference on economic crime was hidden wealth in general — not necessarily dressed up as money laundering. Therefore the question becomes how is wealth ‘hidden’ rather than laundered — how can we best identify these funds — and are we politically willing to go after them and at what ‘costs’ to society in terms of dollars, but more importantly in terms of privacy and confidentiality considerations?
Implementing International Financial Standards in the Offshore Financial Centres
Authors: Witherell William
Published: January 2008

Offshore finance, the provision of financial services to non‐residents, includes the traditional bank activities of the borrowing and lending of money together with other services such as fund management, insurance, trust business, tax planning and international business corporations (IBCs). Defining offshore financial centres is more problematic, since practically all financial centres provide some offshore financial facilities. A recent IMF background paper gives a good working definition of an OFC:
E‐Fraud: Current Trends and International Developments
Authors: Tan Harry S.K.
Published: January 2008

When Peter Steiner published his famous cartoon in The New Yorker in July 1993 with the renowned caption ‘On the Internet, nobody knows you are a dog’, he succeeded in coining within a single cartoon strip the core cause of a multitude of problems that e‐businesses face today. The new communications technologies allow almost anyone to have the ability to deceitfully pass oneself off as someone worthy of trust and reliability for the purpose of personal gain. Conversely, proving or disproving one's trustworthiness to strangers online without specific technologies like public key infrastructure and digital signatures is a near fruitless exercise. While such security technologies are able to resolve identity issues, it has proven to be both difficult and expensive to implement them successfully.
The Hiding of Wealth
Authors: Storbeck Jürgen
Published: January 2008

Law enforcement agencies as well as governments have made major efforts to deprive criminal organisations of their illegal gains, however, especially, if not exclusively when the gains result from drug trafficking. However, this seems be a very limited view and approach, neglecting other criminal gains of the same or even higher importance. Arguably, one of the greatest proportions of concealed wealth from the proceeds of crime is as a result of economic or financial crime, including duty and tax evasion.
THE PHILADELPHIA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CENTER
Authors: HIRSCH RUDOLF
Published: January 2008

The Philadelphia Bibliographical Center and Union Library Catalogue developed out of two separate organizations: the Union Library Catalogue of the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area and the Bibliographical Planning Committee. It attemps to combine the function of a union catalogue—the location of books—with a more ambitious programme, to render assistance in work of bibliographical nature to individuals and librarians, and to act as a focal point of library co‐operation. The individual library, in Philadelphia as in any other book centre, is primarily concerned with serving its own stock to its own clientele. Any activity which is concerned with the community or the nation as a whole, which reaches outside the library's own sphere of influence, has to be attended to in spare time. In contrast, a bibliographical centre serves no specific group; it is concerned with all printed material available in the area and, so far as bibliographical research is concerned, with all such records available anywhere. Its function therefore starts exactly where ordinarily that of the individual library ends. The history of the Union Library Catalogue, the Bibliographical Planning Committee, and the Bibliographical Center is the story of slow but steady progress towards better documentation on a regional basis.
A FEW REMARKS ON DOCUMENTARY REPRODUCTION IN GENERAL AND MICROFILM IN PARTICULAR
Authors: MOHOLY LUCIA
Published: January 2008

On 18 February 1945 the Conference of the Association of Scientific Workers passed a resolution stressing the urgent need for the closest collaboration between scientists of all countries ‘including the fullest interchange of scientific and technical knowledge’. It is hardly surprising that a paper on information services was included in the programme, and it was generally felt that the response indicated a long‐felt need. The issue is significant. Five hundred scientists representing some sixteen thousand from all over Britain, and in agreement with co‐operating societies in many other countries, demand co‐ordination of effort, including an adequate flow of scientific information. The long and very important programme of the Conference did not allow time for discussing the matter in detail; but since this question is one which concerns the scientific and scholarly world as a whole, I may perhaps be justified in presenting a survey of the situation in so far as scholarly and scientific information can be supplied by means of photographic techniques.
PLEA FOR A BRITISH UNION CATALOGUE OF OLD PRINTED MUSIC
Authors: DEUTSCH O.E.
Published: January 2008

Comparisons between continental and British music libraries on the one hand and British and American on the other give evidence of the richness of Great Britain in the field of old printed music. Even here there is little realization or adequate means of knowing the extent of this wealth. Not that the older catalogues of the continent, especially in Italy, Austria, Germany, and France, or the newer ones of America, are much better, more consistent, or up to date than the British, although they are probably more numerous. On the whole the music libraries abroad are, however, better known—at least in their own countries. In this connexion we are not so much concerned with national music as with great music of all nations; the extent of the latter only is open to comparison. No difficulty would arise in gaining knowledge of a nation's accumulation of incunabula, collected in the general and the special libraries: there are lists proudly showing the national wealth in this sphere, and the British catalogues of incunabula are, perhaps, the best in the world. But it is nearly impossible to get, from the few existing printed music catalogues, exact knowledge about the distribution of rare music. The enterprise of R. Eitner, about 1900, in publishing single‐handed in ten volumes a world catalogue of old music partially failed because for the most part he undertook the task of collecting his titles by correspondence. He was handicapped also by the fact that the best catalogues were published only after he had completed his work. His references to music in Britain were collected without visiting the libraries and are very incomplete.
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS IN ENGLAND OF USE FOR ITALIAN STUDIES
Authors: HASSALL W.O.
Published: January 2008

The war cut off students in England from foreign countries at the same time as it awakened an increased interest in their affairs, and, compelling the inquirer to fall back on English or American resources in his studies, brought a realization of the deficiencies of our libraries. With the gradual re‐establishment of relations, it is worth assessing the situation revealed by the years of isolation, if only because this necessary task does not seem to be anybody's responsibility.
THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON BOOKS FOR DEVASTATED LIBRARIES
Authors: COMINS DOROTHY J.
Published: January 2008

Plans for a campaign for books for devastated libraries are getting under way in the United States and Canada. Since the beginning of the war there have been appeals by special groups on behalf of various libraries or the libraries of certain countries. We all know that the best organization and use of material can be achieved only through a joint co‐ordinated effort on behalf of all libraries that have been damaged or destroyed in the war. Launching of such a campaign was deferred for various reasons, but now it seems to be taking its first toddling steps.
THE POST‐WAR PROBLEMS OF CONTINENTAL LIBRARIES
Authors: DANILEWICZ MARIA
Published: January 2008

During the six years of war the whole of the civilized world followed with the greatest anxiety the news concerning the fate of continental libraries. It has happened twice in the lifetime of our generation that not only human beings were killed, destroyed, and dispersed but also their silent friends—books. We became quite used to the phrase so frequently heard in the news: ‘Owing to shell‐fire or air‐bombardment a hospital, a church, or a library has been destroyed or severely damaged.’ I thought on such occasions: ‘Just like Louvain …’—as I never forgot the deep shock I experienced in my youth on hearing the tragic news of the destruction of this famous Belgian library.
THE ORGANIZATION OF MICROCARD PRODUCTION
Authors: RIDER FREMONT
Published: January 2008

My recent book, The Scholar and the future of the research library, discussed the great problem that research libraries the world over have to face to‐day, growth, and suggested a possible solution, microcards. A microcard, as those who have read the book know, is simply a standard size library catalogue card, with a microprint text on its back of the item catalogued on its front. In the current issue of College and research libraries there is appearing an article, ‘Microcards—the next steps’, which summarizes the development of the microcard proposal since the book appeared; but there was no space in it to discuss a phase of the proposal which is of especial interest, viz. the international aspects of microcard publication, and to this particular phase most of this paper will be devoted.
LA DOCUMENTATION EN FRANCE, 1940–5
Authors: BRIET SUZANNE
Published: January 2008

Dans la décennie qui précéda la guerre, la documentation avait fait en France de tels progrès qu'on avait vu se transformer les méthodes traditionnelles des dépôts de conservation. Cette situation de la documentation française n'avait pas été sans susciter une vive émulation à l'étranger, comme en témoignent les travaux des congrès de Paris en 1937 et d'Oxford en 1938 pour ne parler que de ceux‐là. A la veille de la guerre, la France possédait une fédération, l'Union Française des Organismes de Documentation, fondée en 1932, et un organe de direction, le Comité Français de la Documentation, qui fonctionna dès 1938, et qui fut reconnu officiellement par arrêté du Ministre de l’Éducation Nationale en date du 24 juillet 1939. Ce Comité avait adhéré à la Fédération Internationale de Documentation de La Haye en 1938.
THE PRESERVATION OF RECORDS BY MICRO‐PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Authors: HAUGHTON SIDNEY H.
Published: January 2008

Various Federal and State statutes govern the extent to which official records may be maintained in microfilm form.
DOCUMENTATION ON ETHIOPIA AND ERITREA
Authors: ROBERTS A.D.
Published: January 2008

This essay is based on material gathered by me while in East Africa. It would probably have been more valuable if I could have written in detail and critically on one or more of the subjects instead of covering so much ground. I am not really competent to do this; instead I am presenting what is really a list of sources for those who wish to explore further.
THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS AND THE FUTURE OF ITS CATALOGUE
Authors: BESTERMAN THEODORE
Published: January 2008

This attempt to prick Colossus demands an apology and an explanation. The main suggestion outlined below has long revolved in my mind, but I would certainly never have had the temerity to set it down in black and white but for the encouragement received in the Library of Congress itself. During a recent visit to Washington I was invited by the Librarian of Congress, Dr. Luther Evans, and by several members of his learned staff, to express my views on the Library and its catalogue. Intellectual hospitality of this order invites and deserves a frank response. Here it is. It is hardly necessary to say that I alone am responsible for what follows, though I gratefully acknowledge both the encouragement and the information freely given me, especially by Mr. Herman Henkle, Director of the Processing Department of the Library of Congress.
MOOT POINTS IN THE FILING OF BUSINESS PAPERS
Authors: HOLMSTROM J.E.
Published: January 2008

Filing may be defined as the arrangement and storekeeping of papers so as best to promote the dispatch of business.
PROPOSAL FOR THE CO‐ORDINATION OF UNPUBLISHED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Authors: THORNTON JOHN L.
Published: January 2008

Most librarians appreciate the necessity for the preparation of reading lists, and even the compilation of exhaustive bibliographies for the use of their readers, yet few of us find adequate time to prepare all the lists and bibliographies that we feel would be of value and would enhance the status of our services. Routine work and shortage of staff compel one to dream of the vague future in which one hopes to have time available for the intensive work necessitated by the preparation of even an abbreviated list in certain subjects. It is believed that co‐operation in this field would result in benefits as great as those enjoyed by other co‐operative methods among librarians.