bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Challenges in Everyday Life of Nigerians in Guangzhou City, China
Authors: Adebayo Kudus Oluwatoyin
Published: March 2023

The presence of Africans in Chinese cities has made their healthcare-related issues an expanding area of interest. However, previous studies have not thoroughly explored how Africans live through health problems. This article explores the taken for granted aspect using the analytical frameworks of migration as a social determinant of health and phenomenological sociology. Based on interviews with 37 Nigerians in Guangzhou city, it describes how health and illnesses are lived and the ways that language barrier, cost of health care, immigration status and racism and discrimination intertwine with quotidian occurrences to shape the experiences of health challenges. Migrant networks and community structure provided critical assistance, but the context of labour circumstances and undocumentedness can overstretch these critical sources of support. The article exposes how the broader context of being and living in China determine how Africans experience health challenges in Chinese cities.
Children’s Lived Experiences of Wellbeing at School in England: a Phenomenological Inquiry
Authors: Clarke Tania , Platt Ruth
Published: March 2023

This phenomenological inquiry investigated children’s wellbeing experiences at school, including their hedonic (feelinggood) and eudaimonic (doinggood) accounts, a distinction often overlooked. Further, while phenomenological inquiries of children’s mental ill-health exist, wellbeing, a fundamental part of mental health, is neglected. This is at odds with positive psychology which favours strengths-based approaches to studying human development. Phenomenology provides rich detail, facilitating deeper understanding ofwhyandhowcertain factors affect wellbeing, as described by children themselves. A sample of 15 children (aged 9–11), attending one English primary school broadly representative of the national socio-demographic, engaged in interviews. Children’s experiences of ‘feeling good’ at school were characterised by: an interdependence on peers’ emotional states (described as ‘a domino effect’), a need to feel cared for by, and trust, adults, and desire for autonomy over their time. Children attributed mistrust in adults to adults disregarding seemingly incidental events which felt significant to children. Children experienced ‘doing well’ as equating to academic attainment, conveying a fixation with test scores, using language of ‘correctness’ and efficiency. Shame pervaded when ‘correctness’ was not achieved, with children describing being ridiculed for poor test scores. Recommendations for schools to support children’s hedonia include prioritising wellbeing curricula and emotional literacy, greater staff reflexivity, and prioritisation of pupil voice. To foster children’s eudaimonia, recommendations include the need for teachers to provide formative, personalised feedback for pupils focused on the learning process, and the need for Government to embrace a range of ways pupils can feel successful beyond academic attainment.
Automated Multilingual Detection of Pro-Kremlin Propaganda in Newspapers and Telegram Posts
Authors: Solopova Veronika , Popescu Oana-Iuliana , Benzmüller Christoph , Landgraf Tim
Published: March 2023

The full-scale conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine generated an unprecedented amount of news articles and social media data reflecting opposing ideologies and narratives. These polarized campaigns have led to mutual accusations of misinformation and fake news, shaping an atmosphere of confusion and mistrust for readers worldwide. This study analyses how the media affected and mirrored public opinion during the first month of the war using news articles and Telegram news channels in Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, French and English. We propose and compare two methods of multilingual automated pro-Kremlin propaganda identification, based on Transformers and linguistic features. We analyse the advantages and disadvantages of both methods, their adaptability to new genres and languages, and ethical considerations of their usage for content moderation. With this work, we aim to lay the foundation for further development of moderation tools tailored to the current conflict.
Fresh evidence on the relationship between years of experience and teaching quality
Authors: Gore Jennifer , Rosser Brooke , Jaremus Felicia , Miller Andrew , Harris Jess
Published: March 2023

It is commonly assumed that experienced teachers are more proficient than beginners. However, evidence supporting this premise is complicated by diverging research traditions and mixed results. We explore the fundamental relationship between years of experience and teaching quality using a comprehensive pedagogical model. Our analysis of 990 lessons, taught by 512 primary teachers in New South Wales during 2014–15 and 2019–21, found no significant differences in pedagogy across the experience range (< 1–24 + years). We canvass two possible explanations: that initial teacher education (ITE) performs better than is typically assumed; and/or that experience, including ongoing participation in many forms of professional development (PD), has minimal impact on pedagogical quality. The important lesson from this study, however, is that the continual positioning of beginning teachers and ITE as deficient is unwarranted and, instead, we should focus on providing teachers with access to high-impact PD throughout their careers.
Separation of bioethanol using in situ composite membrane of bacterial cellulose/poly (2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (AMPS) and their characterization
Authors: Mansy A. E. , El Desouky E. A. , Saleh Ahmed K. , Abu-Saied M. A. , Taha Tarek H. , El-Zawawy Waleed K. , Abdel-Fattah Yasser R.
Published: March 2023

In the current study, bioethanol has been purified and separated from the culture broth using in situ modified bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane with AMPS. To our knowledge, this is the first report for development of BC composite membrane for bioethanol separation from production media. The characterization of the prepared membrane was investigated for morphology and functional groups via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, in addition to the determination of their water and ethanol uptake. The obtained data proved the formation of cellulose multilayers in addition to the existence of its specific function groups. The Amicon cell pervaporation system containing the prepared BC/AMPS membrane has been used for the separation of the bioethanol from the culture broth using nitrogen gas pressure, and the results revealed that the BC/AMPS composite membrane is more efficient than the neat BC membrane in the separation process of bioethanol. At 50-psi nitrogen pressure, the best separation factor and flux were recorded as 15.43 and 98.94 g/m2.h, respectively, which were accompanied by the elevation of the bioethanol concentration from 1.98 to 3.22 mg/ml before and after separation, respectively. These findings revealed the promising application of BC/AMPS membrane in the field of bioenergy especially the bioethanol separation.
Dissociative experiences of compartmentalization are associated with food addiction symptoms: results from a cross‐sectional report
Authors: Carbone Giuseppe Alessio , De Rossi Elena , Prevete Elisabeth , Tarsitani Lorenzo , Corazza Ornella , Massullo Chiara , Farina Benedetto , Pasquini Massimo , Taddei Ines , Biondi Massimo , Imperatori Claudio , Bersani Francesco Saverio
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Studies have shown significant associations of dissociative symptoms with both eating and addictive disorders; however, the different forms of dissociation have been relatively understudied in relation to food addiction (FA). The main aim of this study was to investigate the association of certain forms of dissociative experiences (i.e., absorption, detachment and compartmentalization) with FA symptoms in a nonclinical sample.

Methods

Participants (N = 755; 543 women; age range: 18–65; mean age: 28.22 ± 9.99 years) were evaluated using self‐report measures of FA, dissociation, eating disturbances, and general psychopathology.

Results

Compartmentalization experiences (defined as pathological over-segregation of higher mental functions) were independently associated with FA symptoms (β = 0.174; p = 0.013; CI = [0.008; 0.064]) even when confounding factors were controlled for.

Conclusion

This finding suggests that compartmentalization symptoms can have a role in the conceptualization of FA, with such two phenomena possibly sharing common pathogenic processes.

Level of evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Agent-based modeling of mass shooting case with the counterforce of policemen
Authors: Lu Peng , Li Yan , Wen Feier , Chen Dianhan
Published: March 2023

Mass shooting cases have caused large casualties worldwide. The counterforce, such as the policemen, is of great significance to reducing casualties, which is the core issue of social safety governance. Therefore, we model both the killing force and counterforce, to explore the crowd dynamics under the shooting. Taking the “Borderline” shooting in 2018 as the target case, the agent-based modeling is applied to back-calculate this dynamic process and explore key behavior rules of individuals. The real death tolls of three classes of agents (civilians, policemen, & killers) are as the real function, based on which we calculate the gaps between real target case and simulations. Eventually, we obtain three optimal solutions, which achieve the least gap or highest matching degree. Besides, we make counterfactual inferences under the optimal solutions, to explore the strategic interactions between policemen and killers. For strategies of killers, we explore different sizes, positions, and moving patterns of the killers. The optimal size of policemen is four to five, for each one killer. For strategies of policemen, we explore the size, locations, and the response time. It indicates that optimal response time of policemen is thirty to forty shots of the killer, and the death of civilians and policemen can be minimized, and the death probability of the killer can be maximized. These findings help to improve public safety governance for our cities. To effectively deal with sudden shooting terrorist cases, patrol routes, reasonable settings, and swift dispatches of the police (stations) should be considered.
Non-Fourier heat transport in nanosystems
Authors: Benenti Giuliano , Donadio Davide , Lepri Stefano , Livi Roberto
Published: March 2023

Energy transfer in small nano-sized systems can be very different from that in their macroscopic counterparts due to reduced dimensionality, interaction with surfaces, disorder, and large fluctuations. Those ingredients may induce non-diffusive heat transfer that requires to be taken into account on small scales. We provide an overview of the recent advances in this field from the points of view of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and atomistic simulations. We summarize the underlying basic properties leading to violations of the standard diffusive picture of heat transport and its universal features, with some historical perspective. We complete this scenario by illustrating also the effects of long-range interaction and integrability on non-diffusive transport. Then we discuss how all of these features can be exploited for thermal management, rectification and to improve the efficiency of energy conversion. We conclude with a review on recent achievements in atomistic simulations of anomalous heat transport in single polymers, nanotubes and two-dimensional materials. A short account of the existing experimental literature is also given.
Determinants of financial resilience: insights from an emerging economy
Authors: Hamid Fazelina Sahul , Loke Yiing Jia , Chin Phaik Nie
Published: March 2023

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Financial Literacy Survey of 2018 response is used to study the impact of financial knowledge, financial inclusion, and socio-demographic characteristics on financial resilience. The measurement of financial resilience considers elements related to keeping control of money, taking care of expenditures, having a financial cushion, handling financial shortfall or stress, and having financial planning. Using a sample of 3395 individuals across Malaysia, we find that greater financial knowledge is associated with the probability of being financially resilient. Greater financial inclusion in terms of having more bank accounts and holding more financial products is linked to the probability of being financially resilient. We also find that financial resilience varies across certain socio-demographic characteristics. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Real World Evidence (RWE) in der Phytotherapie
Authors: Habs Michael , Dingermann Theodor , Bachmeier Beatrice E. , Eskofier Björn , Friedrich Benjamin , Prantl Lukas , Emmer Jens , Langhorst Jost , Dreischulte Tobias , Koller Michael
Published: March 2023

Hintergrund

Real World Evidence (RWE) gewinnt in der Bewertung medizinischer Maßnahmen zunehmend an Bedeutung und ergänzt Befunde von kontrollierten klinischen Studien. Gleichzeitig sieht sich der RWE-Ansatz erheblichen methodischen und ethischen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Phytopharmaka haben ihren Platz in der Therapie durch Heilberufe und in der Selbstmedikation bei leichteren Beschwerden sowie Symptomen, die nachhaltig die Lebensqualität beeinflussen. Die aktuell geforderten Schlüsselstudien für die Arzneimittelzulassung bilden die Folgen einer ärztlichen Verordnung und/oder der Selbstmedikation jedoch nur unzureichend ab. Im Rahmen eines Workshops werden daher die Nutzbarkeit von RWE für die Forschung im Bereich Phytopharmaka sowie methodische Grundlagen zum Aufbau eines Phytoregisters diskutiert.

Methoden

Der Workshop bestand aus 2 Teilen: Impulsreferate zu den Themen RWE und Phytotherapie und die Erarbeitung der Basis eines Positionspapiers mithilfe der Methodik des nominalen Gruppenprozesses.

Ergebnisse

Die Impulsreferate umfassten interdisziplinäre Argumente aus den Bereichen Forschung und Praxis der Phytotherapie, Registererstellung, Versorgungsforschung, künstliche Intelligenz und Telemedizin. Im nominalen Gruppenprozess wurden die Chancen und Risiken der Phytotherapie sowie inhaltliche, methodische und praktische Aspekte eines Phytoregisters diskutiert (Fokus, Mehrwert und methodische Standards des Registers, Finanzierung, erwartete Kritik, Analysemethoden und Stellenwert im Vergleich zu anderen medizinischen Bereichen).

Schlussfolgerungen

Register sind ein zunehmend akzeptierter Weg, um Evidenz in Ergänzung zu klinischen Studien zu generieren. Der schrittweise Aufbau eines Registers für Phytopharmaka mit klar definierten methodischen Kriterien und der Erfassung von patientenzentrierten Endpunkten bietet die Chance, die wissenschaftliche Fundierung der Anwendung und des klinischen Nutzens von Phytopharmaka zu erweitern.
Theatre Closure and the Paradoxical Rise of English Renaissance Drama in the Civil Wars
Authors: Craig Heidi
Published: March 2023

Focusing on the production and reception of drama during the theatre closures of 1642 to 1660, Heidi Craig shows how the 'death' of contemporary theatre in fact gave birth to English Renaissance drama as a critical field. While the prohibition on playing in many respects killed the English stage, drama thrived in print, with stationers publishing unprecedented numbers of previously unprinted professional plays, vaunting playbooks' ties to the receding theatrical past. Marketed in terms of novelty and nostalgia, plays unprinted before 1642 gained new life. Stationers also anatomized the whole corpus of English drama, printing the first anthologies and comprehensive catalogues of drama. Craig captures this crucial turning-point in English theatre history with chapters on royalist nostalgia, clandestine theatrical revivals, dramatic compendia, and the mysteriously small number of Shakespeare editions issued during the period, as well as a new incisive reading of Beaumont and Fletcher's A King and No King.
Grief and the Shaping of Muslim Communities in North India, c. 1857–1940s
Authors: Tignol Eve
Published: March 2023

Drawing on approaches from the history of emotions, Eve Tignol investigates how they were collectively cultivated and debated for the shaping of Muslim community identity and for political mobilisation in north India in the wake of the Uprising of 1857 until the 1940s. Utilising a rich corpus of Urdu sources evoking the past, including newspapers, colonial records, pamphlets, novels, letters, essays and poetry, she explores the ways in which writing took on a particular significance for Muslim elites in North India during this period. Uncovering different episodes in the history of British India as vignettes, she highlights a multiplicity of emotional styles and of memory works, and their controversial nature. The book demonstrates the significance of grief as a proactive tool in creating solidarities and deepens our understanding of the dynamics behind collective action in colonial north India.
Data Management for Social Scientists
Authors: Weidmann Nils B.
Published: March 2023

The 'data revolution' offers many new opportunities for research in the social sciences. Increasingly, social and political interactions can be recorded digitally, leading to vast amounts of new data available for research. This poses new challenges for organizing and processing research data. This comprehensive introduction covers the entire range of data management techniques, from flat files to database management systems. It demonstrates how established techniques and technologies from computer science can be applied in social science projects, drawing on a wide range of different applied examples. This book covers simple tools such as spreadsheets and file-based data storage and processing, as well as more powerful data management software like relational databases. It goes on to address advanced topics such as spatial data, text as data, and network data. This book is one of the first to discuss questions of practical data management specifically for social science projects. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
György Kurtág
Authors: Varga Bálint András
Published: March 2023

Uniquely revealing interviews with one of the world's greatest living composers.
A Companion to Bede
Authors: Brown George Hardin
Published: March 2023

A full and accessibly-written survey of Bede and his works, including a chapter on his legacy for subsequent history.
English Laws, Global Histories; or, What Makes a Court Supreme?
Authors: Halliday Paul D.
Published: March 2023

This paper was presented as the Presidential Address at the North American Conference on British Studies in Atlanta in November 2021.
Politeness, Civility, and Violence on the New South Wales “Frontier,” 1788–1816
Authors: Carr Rosi
Published: March 2023

Interrogating the relationship between politeness and violence in Warrane/Sydney, 1788–ca. 1816, this article investigates the impact of Enlightenment thought in the transoceanic British colonial world. The author argues that polite sociability was crucial to the imposition and self-justification of the British occupation of Eora country. Principally examining the published and personal journals and diaries of First Fleet officers, the author reveals how politeness was a display of European notions of civility understood within a stadial model of progress: Enlightenment ideology enabled the ruling naval elite to consider their invasion friendly, despite the lethal violence of colonial occupation. Foregrounding the construction and performance of a status-specific whiteness in colonial space, the author shows how politeness in the colonial context justified rather than mitigated violence. In so doing, they hope to destabilize our understanding of the Scottish Enlightenment, politeness, and violence. In what is primarily a study of Enlightenment and settler colonialism, Indigenous perspectives provide a crucial framework to comprehend the British naval elites’ commitment to the imposition of civility by force in Warrane/Sydney.
The impact of direct to consumer shipping laws on the number and size distribution of U.S. wineries
Authors: Pesavento Matthew T.
Published: March 2023

The changing legislative landscape of the U.S. wine market provides a scenario to examine the effect of regulation on the size distribution of firms. Using the variation across states and time in the sum of in-state and out-of-state adult populations between 2002–2017, and a difference in difference-style empirical model, I examine how restrictions on Direct to Consumer (DTC) sales impact the number of establishments and the employment at wineries. I find that the expansion of the potential wine market by 10 M adults caused about a 3.5% increase in the number of wineries. While reduced DTC restrictions explain growth in the number of wineries, I find no effect of lessened restrictions on the number of winery employees, though there is evidence of a lagged effect. Additionally, I find that the growth of smaller wineries substantially outpaces that of larger wineries when regulations are lessened. These results suggest that regulatory barriers in particular industries may allow states to maintain an artificial size distribution.
FIRST RADIOCARBON DATING OF NEOLITHIC STONE CIST GRAVES FROM THE AOSTA VALLEY (ITALY): INSIGHTS INTO THE CHRONOLOGY AND BURIAL RITES OF THE WESTERN ALPINE REGION
Authors: Steuri Noah , Milella Marco , Martinet Francesca , Raiteri Luca , Szidat Sönke , Lösch Sandra , Hafner Albert
Published: March 2023

Previous research on the Neolithic cist graves of the Western Alpine region—also known under the term Chamblandes type graves—mostly focused on sites located in western Switzerland and eastern France. For the adjacent Aosta Valley (Italy), only a little information is available. Within the framework of our research project, it was possible to identify about 120 stone cist graves from 10 sites in the Aosta Valley. Due to the lack of distinctive grave goods and missing absolute dating, however, their chronological position has been unclear until now. Here we present the first extensive series of radiocarbon dates from Neolithic stone cist graves of the Aosta Valley. We analyzed 31 human bone samples from four sites, and most dates indicate an unexpected early chronological position around the first half of the 5th millennium BCE, in particular, the site of Villeneuve, dating to 4800–4550 cal BCE. This identifies these burials from the Aosta Valley as belonging to the oldest known Neolithic cist graves of the Western Alpine region discovered so far. Altogether, our study provides new evidence allowing the first time to clarify the chronology of these sites and trace the evolution of this burial practice in the Western Alps.
Impinging jets in cross-flow
Authors: Knowles K. , Bray D. , Bailey P. J. , Curtis P.
Published: March 2023

The flow-fields associated with single and twin jets impinging in cross-flows have been studied. Parameters which affect the position of the ground vortex have been investigated: cross-flow-to-nozzle velocity ratio, cross-flow boundary layer thickness, nozzle height, nozzle pressure ratio, vector angle and nozzle splay with both fixed and moving ground planes. Results show that the ground vortex moves away from the nozzle centre-line as the ratio of cross-flow velocity to nozzle exit velocity is decreased; the rate of change of position, however, depends on other parameters (including the precise definition of nozzle exit velocity). Increasing nozzle height above the ground appears to cause little consistent variation in vortex position for a single jet but a marked forward movement of ground sheet separation point in the case of twin jets. For all cases there is an increase in penetration with increasing nozzle pressure ratio up to choking, with the subsequent behaviour dependent on the definition of nozzle equivalent velocity and cross-flow velocity ratio. The effect of the moving ground plane is to reduce vortex penetration significantly; this suggests that a moving ground plane simulation (or moving model) is essential when testing design configurations in ground effect in wind-tunnels. It is also shown that rig design can produce a blockage effect which moves the ground vortex significantly and can change other apparent parametric effects. Self-similarity laws are proposed for the ground vortex and the wall jet.
The 1991 Cierva Lecture. Aberdeen and its influence on the evolution of the commercial IFR twin engined helicopter
Authors: Gordon Alastair C
Published: March 2023

Juan de la Cierva was born in Mosei, Spain nearly 100 years ago on 21 September 1895. At the age of 15 he constructed with two friends, a glider of his own design and contined to show great interest in aviation and aircraft design. He gained an engineering degree and in 1918 built his first tri-motor aeroplane in Spain. His concept was to provide a flying machine having a parachute capability for improved safety in the event of an engine failure and he worked in the direction of the helicopter concept, but concluded that true helicopter flight was not technically feasible with the state of the art at that time. He concentrated therefore on short take-off and landing combining both the fixed wing and the helicopters physical characteristics and called his invention the autogyro. The first successful flight with his autogyro was on January 9th 1923 at Getafe Aerodrome, Madrid. By 1925 development aircraft had achieved reliability and he began demonstrations in France, England and the United States before starting to produce the autogyro in quantity in both England and the United States. It was Juan de la Cierva's main rotor blade design and creation of the articulated rotor system that played such an important role in the first successful helicopter which flew in 1936 and in all subsequent helicopters.
The prediction of riblet behaviour with a low-Reynolds number k-ε model
Authors: Launder B.E. , Li S-P.
Published: March 2023

The paper reports the first computational explorations of the flow in the vicinity of riblets with a two-equation turbulence model. For simplicity fully developed flow in a plane channel is considered though the results should be applicable to boundary-layer flow, as the riblets are confined within the (virtually) constantstress near-wall sublayer. The study of idealised L-shaped (or blade) riblets showed larger levels of drag reduction (up to 22%) than have hitherto been reported. When the usual triangular-profile riblets were considered, however, the maximum drag reduction was reduced to about 10%, in line with experiment.

Although the maximum drag reduction is well predicted, there are serious differences from experiment for the values of h+ at which the optimum performance is achieved. Moreover, the computations suggest that at low Re for h+ < 10, drag increases result. These anomalies highlight two distinct and counteracting weaknesses in the model of turbulence: there is an insufficient sensitivity of the equation to three-dimensional straining in the jow-Reynolds-number region while use of an isotropic viscosity model enforces zero secondary circulation in the vicinity of the riblets.
The inaugural Willy Messerschmitt Lecture
Authors: Madelung G.
Published: March 2023

Willy Messerschmitt’s most notable impact on aviation history occurred during the wartime period 50 years ago. While there is a general belief that the business approach under the extraordinary circumstances of this period is in no way relevant to today’s business environment, this paper will, nevertheless, attempt to illustrate that some elements of Messerschmitt’s approach may still be worthy of consideration.

Messerschmitt’s approach had not been that of “big business” but rather comparable to that of an artist-craftsman. Since the approach of an artist is best reflected by reviewing his “oeuvre”, this paper will be proceeding accordingly. Figure 1 shows Messerschmitt in 1935.
Generic buckling of thick orthotropic cylindrical shells
Authors: Yang I.H. , Kuo W. S.
Published: March 2023

A unified analytical method is presented for evaluating the generic buckling behaviours of simply-supported thick orthotropic cylindrical shells subjected to both axial compression and lateral pressure. The thick shell theory and Flugge type equations are employed. The equilibrium equations of shells become particularly simple in the chosen space by considering an appropriate transformation and utilizing some previous material constant definitions due to Brunelle. Hence, comprehensive solutions are found to this problem so that the curves presented in the text are generic rather than specific. The analysis is for the restricted case of a single homogeneous layer. The effects of various parameters on buckling loads are studied. The results indicate that the buckling coefficient increases with increasing generalised rigidity ratio D* but decreases with increasing generalised Poisson's ratio ε. The results of a reduced set of equations agree with those obtained by previous investigators.
Measurements of the dynamic stall vortex convection speed
Authors: Green R. B. , Galbraith R. A. McD. , Niven A.J.
Published: March 2023

This paper considers the dynamic stall vortex of importance in helicopter rotor aerodynamics and discusses previous measurements of its convection speed. It emerges that an anomaly exists between the available data sets, i.e. that some workers find that the convection speed is dependent upon the aerofoil motion, while others find that this is not the case. Measurements of the convection speed from data gathered at Glasgow University for a variety of aerofoil shapes and motion types are then presented, which support the conclusion that the dynamic stall vortex convection speed is independent of aerofoil type and motion type to a first order.
Prolonged fasting outperforms short-term fasting in terms of glucose tolerance and insulin release: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Solianik Rima , Židonienė Katerina , Eimantas Nerijus , Brazaitis Marius
Published: March 2023

Fasting is related to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but it is unknown whether the duration of fasting influences these factors. We explored whether prolonged fasting increases norepinephrine and ketone concentrations and decreases core temperature to a greater extent than short-term fasting; if so, this should lead to improved glucose tolerance. Forty-three healthy young adult males were randomly assigned to undergo a 2-d fast, 6-d fast or the usual diet. Changes in rectal temperature (TR), ketone and catecholamine concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin release in response to an oral glucose tolerance test were assessed. Both fasting trials increased ketone concentration, and the effect was larger after the 6-d fast (P < 0·05). TR and epinephrine concentration increased only after the 2-d fast (P < 0·05). Both fasting trials increased the glucose area under the curve (AUC) (P < 0·05), but the AUC remained higher than the baseline value after participants returned to their usual diet in the 2-d fast group (P < 0·05). Neither fasting had an immediate effect on the insulin AUC, although it increased after return to their usual diet in the 6-d fast group (P < 0·05). These data suggest that the 2-d fast elicited residual impaired glucose tolerance, which may be linked to greater perceived stress during short-term fasting, as shown by the epinephrine response and change in core temperature. By contrast, prolonged fasting seemed to evoke an adaptive residual mechanism that is related to improved insulin release and maintained glucose tolerance.
μισθοῦ μυϵῖν: Apsines, Aristogeiton and initiation for pay
Authors: Murphy David J.
Published: March 2023

The Ars rhetorica attributed to Apsines of Gadara contains five cryptic references to a speech prosecuting the Athenian politician Aristogeiton for proposing an illegal law to raise state revenue. It is disputed whether Aristogeiton is supposed to have moved to legalize payment (μισθός) for ‘closing one’s eyes’ (μύϵιν, i.e. taking bribes) or for ‘initiating’ (μυϵῖν) into the Mysteries. It also remains a mystery how Aristogeiton’s scheme was to function. I argue that ‘initiate for pay’ is correct and that in fact Apsines wrote the declamation against Aristogeiton. I reason to the best explanation of ‘payment’: neither an entrance fee into the Mysteries nor a tax, but payment made by pilgrims to something like a syndicate empowered by contract to conduct preliminary initiation. Such a scheme would contravene religious norms. The declamation’s speaker therefore must have prosecuted Aristogeiton on an indictment of νόμον μὴ ἐπιτήδϵιον θϵῖναι (‘proposing an inexpedient law’) so far unparalleled in Greek declamation. Moreover, I suggest that Apsines’ marriage ties to the Keryx clan at Eleusis supports his authorship of the Ars. These cryptic references highlight the influence that the Mysteries and the figure of Aristogeiton exerted on composers of declamations in the Imperial period.
Neoplatonists on the place of Aristotle’s biological works
Authors: Ge Tianqin
Published: March 2023

According to the Neoplatonic classification of Aristotle’s writings, it has often been claimed that his biological works were excluded from his physical writings, and do not form a part of Neoplatonic school curricula. In this paper, I shall challenge this view, arguing that there are reasonable indications that the Neoplatonists regarded most of Aristotle’s biological works (apart from the History of Animals) as a proper part of his natural philosophy, and as works which deserved serious study.
Autonomous sequential surgical skills assessment for the peg transfer task in a laparoscopic box-trainer system with three cameras
Authors: Rashidi Fathabadi Fatemeh , Grantner Janos L. , Shebrain Saad A , Abdel-Qader Ikhlas
Published: March 2023

In laparoscopic surgery, surgeons should develop several manual laparoscopic skills before carrying out real operative procedures using a low-cost box trainer. The Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program was developed as a program to assess fundamental knowledge and surgical skills, required for basic laparoscopic surgery. The peg transfer task is a hands-on exam in the FLS program that assists a trainee to understand the relative minimum amount of grasping force necessary to move the pegs from one place to another place without dropping them. In this paper, an autonomous, sequential assessment algorithm based on deep learning, a multi-object detection method, and, several sequential If-Then conditional statements have been developed to monitor each step of a surgeon’s performance. Images from three different cameras are used to assess whether the surgeon executes the peg transfer task correctly and to display a notification on any errors on the monitor immediately. This algorithm improves the performance of a laparoscopic box-trainer system using top, side, and front cameras and removes the need for any human monitoring during a peg transfer task. The developed algorithm can detect each object and its status during a peg transfer task and notifies the resident about the correct or failed outcome. In addition, this system can correctly determine the peg transfer execution time, and the move, carry, and dropped states for each object by the top, side, and front-mounted cameras. Based on the experimental results, the proposed surgical skill assessment system can identify each object at a high score of fidelity, and the train-validation total loss for the single-shot detector (SSD) ResNet50 v1 was about 0.05. Also, the mean average precision (mAP) and Intersection over Union (IoU) of this detection system were 0.741, and 0.75, respectively. This project is a collaborative research effort between the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Department of Surgery, at Western Michigan University.
The relationship between social network typology, L2 proficiency growth, and curriculum design in university study abroad
Authors: Strawbridge Tripp
Published: March 2023

This study utilizes social network analysis to characterize a typology of study abroad sojourner experience, detailing the relationship of social experience types to second language (L2) proficiency growth and study abroad program design. In contrast with previous research, the study performs a quantitative analysis of structural and compositional network features to identify a typology of social networks. Participants were 30 L2 Spanish learners from five US-based semester-long university study abroad programs in Spain. Social network data were collected using a social network questionnaire, while L2 development was measured through an elicited imitation task. Results identify four prominent social network patterns, characterized by varying levels of Spanish language use, emotional proximity to contacts, frequency of interaction, contact status as program peer or host community member, and network cohesion. L2 proficiency development was significantly affected by these patterns, which were shaped by the contrasting curricular models of study abroad programs.
Terminal Classic Conch-Shell Gorgets from the Maya Region and Central Mexico
Authors: Carter Nicholas P. , Lukach Katharine W.
Published: March 2023

This article discusses a category of conch-shell gorgets, mainly semielliptical in shape, which were produced during the Terminal Classic period in central Mexico and/or the Maya lowlands. We describe the iconography and style of these ornaments, seek precedents in other media for their themes, and use stylistic and epigraphic data to connect them to long-distance economic and political interactions between the Maya region and central Mexico. Although the portraits on most of the gorgets diverge from earlier Classic Maya conventions, neither do they conform to central Mexican canons. Further discoveries of such pendants in archaeological context may clarify their origins and social uses.
WHAT’S NOT TO SEE? FOUCAULT ON INVISIBLE POLITICAL ECONOMY IN ADAM SMITH AND ADAM FERGUSON
Authors: Heath Eugene
Published: March 2023

In his lectures of 1978–79, published posthumously as The Birth of Biopolitics, Michel Foucault addressed versions of liberalism in which an invisible market appears immune to government intervention. Among the thinkers discussed were Adam Smith and Adam Ferguson. This essay offers critical reflections on Foucault’s description of Smith as emphasizing the invisibility of the economy, as well as on Foucault’s interpretation of the “invisible hand” and his ascription of egoism to Smith’s economic agents. Foucault also appeals to Ferguson’s notion of civil society to resolve incompatibilities between economic agents and the sovereign. However, Ferguson’s theory of society does not provide the assistance that Foucault thinks it does. Moreover, like Smith, Ferguson holds no egoistic view of economic motivation. Nonetheless, and surprisingly, Foucault would have found enticing Ferguson’s use of conjectural history, with its appeal to the unintended, contingent, and conflictual basis of social change.
Das kollektive pflegerische Erleben bei Hochaltrigkeit und Intensivpflege
Authors: Haidinger Eduard , Krutter Simon
Published: March 2023

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Zunehmend mehr Personen der Altersgruppe 80+ werden im Setting ICU behandelt. Das Erleben Intensivpflegender dabei wurde bisher noch kaum untersucht. Ziel: Um die alltägliche pflegerische Praxis in der Versorgung alter Patient_innen auf der ICU besser verstehen zu können, soll das handlungsanleitende Wissen von Intensivpflegekräften untersucht und in ihren Orientierungen und Typiken dargestellt werden. Methode: Im Rahmen des interpretativen Paradigmas wurden drei leitfadengestützte Gruppendiskussionen mit insgesamt 14 Intensivpflegekräften eines österreichischen Klinikums durchgeführt und mit der Dokumentarischen Methode nach Bohnsack ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Fünf Orientierungen charakterisieren das Wissen und die Handlungen der Intensivpflege in Bezug auf alte Patient_innen: der Respekt des Patient_innenwillens, die Suche nach ethischer Begründung, die Schönheit des Berufs, die eigene Reflexion des professionellen Handelns sowie das Erleben eines teilweise fehlgeleiteten Gesundheitssystems. Die übergeordnete handlungsleitende Typik ist eine Advokatorenschaft in der Vertretung der Interessen der sehr alten Patient_innen. Schlussfolgerung: Die vielschichtigen Erfahrungen der Intensivpflegekräfte sind von persönlichen, zwischenmenschlichen und strukturellen Herausforderungen geprägt, aber ebenso von positiven Erfahrungen. Die Erkenntnisse bieten Ansatzpunkte, um sowohl die Situation Pflegender als auch hochaltriger Patient_innen auf Intensivstationen zu verbessern.
Erfassung von numerischen Kompetenzen im Kindergarten
Authors: Gloor Noemi
Published: March 2023

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Numerische Kompetenzen von Kindergartenkindern wie das Zählen, die Identifikation arabischer Zahlen, der Mengenvergleich sowie die Verbindung zwischen Zahlen und Mengen gelten als zentrale Prädiktoren für die mathematische Entwicklung. Um diese Kompetenzen im Kindergartenalter zuverlässig zu erfassen, braucht es geeignete Instrumente, die psychometrische, fachliche und didaktische Anforderungen erfüllen. Im deutschsprachigen Raum existieren bereits mehrere Tests zur Erfassung der numerischen Kompetenzen im Kindergarten. Diese werden im Rahmen dieses Artikels analysiert. Methoden: Sechs Tests aus dem deutschen Sprachraum wurden entlang des Testinhalts, psychometrischer Kriterien und des Aufgabenformats analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Analysen haben gezeigt, dass zwischen den Tests teilweise große Unterschiede bestehen und nicht alle den psychometrischen Anforderungen genügen. Diskussion: Die Analysen deuten darauf hin, dass vor allem bei der inhaltlichen Validität sowie den Aufgabenformaten Entwicklungspotential besteht.
First Mapping of Monthly and Diurnal Climatology of Saharan Dust Layer Height Over the Atlantic Ocean From EPIC/DSCOVR in Deep Space
Authors: Lu Zhendong , Wang Jun , Chen Xi , Zeng Jing , Wang Yi , Xu Xiaoguang , Christian Kenneth E. , Yorks John E. , Nowottnick Edward P. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Xian Peng
Published: March 2023

The monthly and hourly climatology of Saharan dust layer height over the Atlantic, at a spatial resolution of ∼10 km, is obtained for the first time, via a passive remote sensing technique. The technique is applied to multiple years of Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) data collected at the Lagrange‐1 point, generating a climate data record (CDR) of aerosol optical centroid height (AOCH). This CDR offers unprecedented spatial coverage and diurnal sampling compared to spaceborne lidars (CALIOP and CATS). Our results show high correspondence with CALIOP data in domain‐averaged monthly variations and with CATS data in diurnal variations, respectively. A principal component analysis (PCA) reveals the dominant role of dust transport in regulating AOCH variation, whereas the impact of the boundary layer is less significant. MERRA‐2 and satellite retrievals respectively display zero and 200–1,000 m of diurnal variation of AOCH, highlighting the uniqueness of EPIC AOCH CDR in constraining climate models.
The Contribution of Subtropical Moisture Within an Atmospheric River on Moisture Flux, Cloud Structure, and Precipitation Over the Salmon River Mountains of Idaho Using Moisture Tracers
Authors: Rea Divya , Rauber Robert M. , Hu Huancui , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Nesbitt Steve W. , Jewett Brian F. , Zaremba Troy J.
Published: March 2023

The impact of an atmospheric river (AR) on the flux of subtropical moisture across Idaho's Salmon River Mountains and precipitation over the mountains is evaluated using the Weather, Research, and Forecasting model with water vapor tracers (WRF‐WVT). The AR impacted Idaho between 17 and 19 January 2017 during the Seeded and Natural Orographic Wintertime Clouds: The Idaho Experiment (SNOWIE) campaign. WRF‐WVT is configured to isolate the subtropical moisture contribution to the AR, the moisture flux, and precipitation. Subtropical water vapor advected by the AR into Idaho is tagged and tracked in three‐dimensional space throughout the run. This allows the contribution of the subtropical moisture to the vertical distribution of water vapor and the precipitation to be directly calculated. The simulated cloud structure is compared with airborne radar data collected during two SNOWIE intensive operation periods. This study found that more than 70% of the moisture flux and more than 80% of the precipitation across the Idaho Mountains during SNOWIE IOP 4 could be attributed to subtropical moisture within the AR. Nearly all of the moisture flux in the upper cloud and 50% of the moisture in the lower cloud was attributable to the subtropical moisture. The subtropical moisture contribution within the AR to precipitation ranged from 35% in northern Idaho to more than 90% in southern Idaho. Across the entire period of impact of the AR, more than 60% of precipitation in Idaho was attributable to the subtropical moisture within the AR, with this percentage increasing toward the south across the state.
Growth and Evolution of Secondary Volcanic Atmospheres: 2. The Importance of Kinetics
Authors: Liggins Philippa , Jordan Sean , Rimmer Paul B. , Shorttle Oliver
Published: March 2023

Volcanism is a major and long‐term source of volatile elements such as C and H to Earth's atmosphere, likely has been to Venus's atmosphere, and may be for exoplanets. Models simulating volcanic growth of atmospheres often make one of two assumptions: either that atmospheric speciation is set by the high‐temperature equilibrium of volcanism or that volcanic gases thermochemically reequilibrate to the new, lower, temperature of the surface environment. In the latter case, it has been suggested that volcanic atmospheres may create biosignature false positives. Here, we test the assumptions underlying such inferences by performing chemical kinetic calculations to estimate the relaxation timescale of volcanically derived atmospheres to thermochemical equilibrium, in a simple 0D atmosphere neglecting photochemistry and reaction catalysis. We demonstrate that for planets with volcanic atmospheres, thermochemical equilibrium over geological timescales can only be assumed if the atmospheric temperature is above ∼700 K. Slow chemical kinetics at lower temperatures inhibit the relaxation of redox‐sensitive species to low‐temperature thermochemical equilibrium, precluding the production of two independent biosignatures through thermochemistry alone: 1. ammonia and 2. the cooccurrence of CO2 and CH4 in an atmosphere in the absence of CO. This supports the use of both biosignatures for detecting life. Quenched at the high temperature of their degassing, volcanic gases also have speciations characteristic of those produced from a more oxidized mantle, if interpreted as being at thermochemical equilibrium. This therefore complicates linking atmospheres to the interiors of rocky exoplanets, even when their atmospheres are purely volcanic in origin.