bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term efficacy of epidural pain management in dogs undergoing cystoscopy
Authors: Rayhel Laura H. , Harjes Laura M. , Aarnes Turi K. , Cook Laurie B. , Chew Dennis J. , Quimby Jessica M. , Fields Kayla , Parker Valerie J. , Langston Catherine , Lerche Philip , Byron Julie K. , Rudinsky Adam J.
Published: February 2021

Background

The effects of epidural anesthesia in dogs undergoing cystoscopy are unknown.

Objective

To investigate the effect of epidural analgesia on postcystoscopy pain in dogs.

Animals

Twenty‐six dogs undergoing routine cystoscopy for lower urinary tract disease.

Methods

Prospective, randomized, blinded observational study. Dogs were assigned either to a treatment group that received epidural anesthesia (preservative free morphine sulfate, 0.09 mg/kg; 1% ropivacaine, 0.2 mg/kg; total volume delivered, 1 mL/4.5 kg of body weight to a maximum of 10 mL; n = 9) or to a nonepidural control group (n = 13). Vital signs were monitored for 24 hours, and sedation and pain scores, behavioral assessments, and presence or absence of complications was evaluated for 5 days postprocedure.

Results

All dogs tolerated the epidural without complications. Four dogs were removed from the study because of status unblinding, lack of patient cooperation, or incomplete follow‐up. No significant differences were noted in postprocedural pain scores in dogs that received epidural analgesia. Significant differences in postprocedural pain scores were noted in the nonepidural control group. No significant differences were noted in vital signs, behavioral assessments, or the proportion of dogs with a 50% increase in pain scores between the epidural and nonepidural groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Epidural anesthesia was well‐tolerated. Dogs not receiving the epidural had poor postprocedural pain control. A consistent benefit for the epidural vs nonepidural group could not be identified. Additional studies are required to better assess the impact and efficacy of epidural anesthesia for cystoscopic procedures.
Therapeutic plasma‐exchange improves systemic inflammation and survival in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: A propensity‐score matched study from AARC
Authors: Maiwall Rakhi , Bajpai Meenu , Choudhury Ashok K. , Kumar Anupam , Sharma Manoj Kumar , Duan Zhongping , Yu Chen , Hu Jinhua , Ghazinian Hasmik , Ning Qin , Ma Ke , Lee Guan H. , Lim Seng G. , Shah Samir , Kalal Chetan , Dokmeci Abdulkadir , Kumar Guresh , Jain Priyanka , Rao Pasupuleti Samba Siva , Paulson Irene , Kumar Vinay , Sarin Shiv K. ,   AARC working Party
Published: February 2021

Background and Aim

Plasma‐exchange (PE) has improved survival in acute liver failure by ameliorating systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). We evaluated PE and compared it to Fractional Plasma Separation and Adsorption (FPSA) and standard medical treatment (SMT) in a large multinational cohort of ACLF patients.

Methods

Data were prospectively collected from the AARC database and analysed. Matching by propensity risk score (PRS) was performed. Competing risk survival analysis was done to identify deaths because of multiorgan failure (MOF). In a subset of 10 patients, we also evaluated the mechanistic basis of response to PE.

Results

ACLF patients (n = 1866, mean age 44.3 ± 12.3 yrs, 93% males, 65% alcoholics) received either artificial liver support (ALS) (n = 162); [PE (n = 131), FPSA (n = 31)] or were continued on standard medical therapy (SMT) (n = 1704). In the PRS‐matched cohort (n = 208, [ALS‐119; PE‐94, FPSA‐25)], SMT‐89). ALS therapies were associated with a significantly higher resolution of SIRS (Odd's ratio 9.23,3.42‐24.8), lower and delayed development of MOF (Hazard ratio 7.1, 4.5‐11.1), and lower liver‐failure‐related deaths as compared to FPSA and SMT (P < .05). PE cleared inflammatory cytokines, damage‐associated molecular patterns, and endotoxin in all patients. Responders improved monocyte phagocytic function and mitochondrial respiration and increased the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) compared to non‐responders. PE was associated with lesser adverse effects as compared to FPSA.

Conclusions

PE improves systemic inflammation and lowers the development of MOF in patients with ACLF. Plasma‐exchange provides significant survival benefit over FPSA and could be a preferred modality of liver support for ACLF patients.
Co‐orchestration of acute kidney injury and non‐kidney organ failures in critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Maiwall Rakhi , Pasupuleti Samba Siva R. , Chandel Shivendra S. , Narayan Ashad , Jain Priyanka , Mitra Lalita Gouri , Kumar Guresh , Moreau Richard , Sarin Shiv K.
Published: February 2021

Background & Aims

Little is known on the course of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its relation to non‐kidney organ failures and mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis (CICs).

Methods

We conducted a large prospective, single‐centre, observational study in which CICs were followed up daily, during the first 7 days of intensive care, collecting prespecified criteria for AKI, extrarenal extrahepatic organ failures (ERH‐OFs) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Results

A total of 291 patients admitted to ICU were enrolled; 231 (79.4%) had at least one ERH‐OFs, 168 (58%) had AKI at presentation, and 145 (49.8%) died by 28 days. At day seven relative to baseline, 151 (51.8%) patients had progressive or persistent AKI, while the rest remained free of AKI or had AKI improvement. The 28‐day mortality rate was higher among patients with progressive/persistent AKI (74.2% vs 23.5%; P < .001) or maximum stage 3 of AKI in the first week. Two‐level mixed logistic regression modelling identified independent baseline risk factors for progressive/persistent AKI, including 3 to 4 SIRS criteria, infections due to multidrug‐resistant bacteria (MDR), elevated serum bilirubin, and number of ERH‐OFs. Follow‐up risk factors included increases in bilirubin and chloride levels, and new development of 2 or 3 ERH‐OFs.

Conclusions

Our results show that among CICs admitted to the ICU, the stage and course of AKI in the first week determines outcomes. Strategies combating MDR infections, multiorgan failure, liver failure and intense systemic inflammation could prevent AKI progression or persistence in CICs.
Lunar meteorites from northern Africa
Authors: Korotev Randy L. , Irving Anthony J.
Published: February 2021

We report bulk composition data for 235 stones of ~77 lunar meteorites from northern Africa and 33 lunar meteorites from elsewhere. About 27% of the African meteorites are typical feldspathic lunar rocks, all breccias of similar bulk composition, for example, 3–5% FeO and low concentrations of incompatible elements. Nevertheless, these meteorites have a large range inMg'(whole‐rock mole% Mg/[Mg + Fe]), 57–77 (mean: 65.5), and this parameter does not correlate with either albite content of the plagioclase or concentrations of incompatible elements. From this observation, we conclude that feldspathic lunar meteorites do not support the hypotheses that the anorthositic, precursor plutonic rocks of the meteorite breccias all crystallized from a common magma. Among feldspathic lunar meteorites,Mg'increases with normative olivine abundance but is uncorrelated with normative pyroxene abundance, that is, high‐Mg'feldspathic rocks of the early lunar crust were troctolitic, not noritic. The NWA 5744 (Northwest Arica) clan of lunar meteorites are anorthositic troctolites (59–75% plagioclase, 15–26% olivine, Fo77–80) with very low concentrations of incompatible elements (2.6 × CI) compared to troctolites in the Apollo collection. They may represent the lower feldspathic crust or differentiated impact melt from portions of the highlands distant from the PKT (Procellarum KREEP Terrane). About 31% of the lunar meteorites from northern Africa, all breccias, are, by lunar standards, moderately mafic (5–13% FeO) but more magnesian than mixtures of typical feldspathic meteorite and mare basalt, implying that they represent moderately mafic regions of the highlands or originate from the South Pole–Aitken basin. With ~6 µg g−1Th, two NWA meteorites likely originate from the PKT. Including the unique NWA 773 clan, at least six of the northern Africa meteorites are, or are dominated by, unbrecciated basalts and gabbros of mare affinity. We estimate that the ~341 lunar meteorite stones (Africa and elsewhere) for which there are data represent 131–147 terrestrially unpaired meteorites and 109–134 lunar launch sites.
Extension of the plasma radiation database PARADE for the analysis of meteor spectra
Authors: Loehle Stefan , Eberhart Martin , Zander Fabian , Meindl Arne , Rudawska Regina , Koschny Detlef , Zender Joe , Dantowitz Ron , Jenniskens Peter
Published: February 2021

The advancement in the acquisition of spectral data from meteors, as well as the capability to analyze meteoritic entries in ground testing facilities, requires the assessment of the performance of software tools for the simulation of spectra for different species. The Plasma Radiation Database, PARADE, is a line‐by‐line emission calculation tool. This article presents the extensions implemented for the simulation of meteor entries with the additional atomic species Na, K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ca, Ni, Co, Mg, Si, and Li. These atoms are simulated and compared to ground testing spectra and to observed spectra from the CILBO observatory. The diatomic molecules AlO and TiO have now been added to the PARADE database. The molecule implementations have been compared to the results of a simple analytical program designed to approximate the vibrational band emission of diatomic molecules. AlO and TiO have been identified during the airborne observation campaigns of re‐entering man‐made objects WT1190F and CYGNUS OA6. Comparisons are provided showing reasonable agreement between observation and simulation.
Genetic and phenotypic variation exhibit both predictable and stochastic patterns across an intertidal fish metapopulation
Authors: Thia Joshua A. , McGuigan Katrina , Liggins Libby , Figueira Will F. , Bird Christopher E. , Mather Andrew , Evans Jennifer L. , Riginos Cynthia
Published: February 2021

Interactions among selection, gene flow, and drift affect the trajectory of adaptive evolution. In natural populations, the direction and magnitude of these processes can be variable across different spatial, temporal, or ontogenetic scales. Consequently, variability in evolutionary processes affects the predictability or stochasticity of microevolutionary outcomes. We studied an intertidal fish, Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854), to understand how space, time, and life stage structure genetic and phenotypic variation in a species with potentially extensive dispersal and a complex life cycle (larval dispersal preceding benthic recruitment). We sampled juvenile and adult life stages, at three sites, over three years. Genome‐wide SNPs uncovered a pattern of chaotic genetic patchiness, that is, weak‐but‐significant patchy spatial genetic structure that was variable through time and between life stages. Outlier locus analyses suggested that targets of spatially divergent selection were mostly temporally variable, though a significant number of spatial outlier loci were shared between life stages. Head shape, a putatively ecologically responsive (adaptive) phenotype in B. cocosensis also exhibited high temporal variability within sites. However, consistent spatial relationships between sites indicated that environmental similarities among sites may generate predictable phenotype distributions across space. Our study highlights the complex microevolutionary dynamics of marine systems, where consideration of multiple ecological dimensions can reveal both predictable and stochastic patterns in the distributions of genetic and phenotypic variation. Such considerations probably apply to species that possess short, complex life cycles, have large dispersal potential and fecundities, and that inhabit heterogeneous environments.
When I say… socialisation
Authors: Brown Megan E. L. , Finn Gabrielle M.
Published: February 2021

In this ‘When I say…’ paper, Brown and Finn suggest the term ‘socialisation’ needs to be more clearly conceptualised when used within health professions education.
Effect‐Driven Sample Sizes in Second Language Instructed Vocabulary Acquisition Research
Authors: NICKLIN CHRISTOPHER , VITTA JOSEPH P.
Published: February 2021

The present study involved the analysis of 81 second language instructed vocabulary acquisition (L2 IVA) studies over 2 phases. In Phase I, we categorized and coded the effect sizes of the studies. Observing that the basic between‐ and within‐subject design dichotomy lacked the sensitivity to capture the heterogeneity of observed effects, we employed a more granular approach. In both between‐ and within‐subject designs, treatment versus comparison contrasts best represented comparisons of most interest in L2 IVA experiments, with median effect sizes (g) of .62 (between‐subject) and .25 (counterbalanced within‐subject). In Phase II, the aggregated effect sizes observed in Phase I were utilized in a priori power simulations to suggest approximate sample sizes for common L2 IVA analyses. For conservatively powered between‐subject designs, the simulations suggested sample sizes ranging from 292 to 492 participants. Counterbalanced within‐subject designs required 95 to 203 subjects depending on the assumed correlation between the repeated measures. The overarching implication of these simulations suggests that future L2 IVA experiments require larger samples that reference effect sizes from previous research, and we offer 3 potential solutions to the problem of obtaining larger samples.
Exchange on the quantitative measurement of ethnic and national identity*
Authors: Bochsler Daniel , Green Elliott , Jenne Erin , Mylonas Harris , Wimmer Andreas
Published: February 2021

In recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of quantitative techniques in the study of ethnicity and nationalism, without, however, a sufficient amount of reflection on how these techniques have contributed to our understanding of ethnic and national identities. As such, in this exchange three sets of authors answer questions about the degree to which it is possible to use quantitative data to measure ethnic and national identities, which types of methods are most suitable in measuring these identities and what the major research findings of this quantitative research are that were not possible using qualitative approaches.
The effect of prucalopride on gastric sensorimotor function and satiation in healthy volunteers
Authors: Carbone Florencia , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan
Published: February 2021

Background

Gastric motor function alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia with postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). Prucalopride, a 5‐TH4 agonist, is known to stimulate gastrointestinal motility. We aimed to evaluate the effect of prucalopride on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy subjects (HV).

Methods

Barostat and intragastric pressure (IGP) measurements were performed in 17 HV (59% females, age 29.4 ± 2.7 y) after treatment with placebo or prucalopride (2 mg) (single‐blind cross‐over). Isobaric stepwise distensions and gastric sensations were assessed to determine gastric compliance and sensitivity. Gastric accommodation (GA) with the barostat was quantified before and after ingestion of 200 ml of a nutrient drink (ND). GA measured by IGP was quantified as the drop of IGP from baseline during the intragastric infusion of ND until maximal satiation (60 ml/min).

Key Results

Prucalopride did not affect barostat assessed gastric compliance or sensitivity. No differences were observed in GA after prucalopride. During the barostat study, 10 min after the meal, 7 HVs reported significantly higher ratings for nausea after prucalopride (p < 0.001), and vomiting was induced in 4 of the HVs. A positive correlation was observed between the delta mean perception of nausea with the delta mean increase of intra‐balloon volume before and after meal ingestion (r = 0.37, p = 0.03). During IGP measurements, no effect on nutrient tolerance was observed and increased cramp severity scores were observed which were associated with a significant increase of distal IGP (r = 0.78, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions & Inferences:

Prucalopride does not enhances gastric accommodation but it might increase sensitivity to gastric distention. Furthermore, the increase in sensitivity seems to be related to an increase in nausea with distension. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04429802.
Is there a unique integration mechanism of Agrobacterium T‐DNA into a plant genome?
Authors: Faure Denis
Published: February 2021

This article is a Commentary on Nishizawa‐Yokoi et al. (2021), 229: 2859–2872.
Molecular dissection of rice phytohormone signaling involved in resistance to a piercing‐sucking herbivore
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Xinjue , Zu Hongyue , Zeng Xuan , Baldwin Ian T. , Lou Yonggen , Li Ran
Published: February 2021

Phytohormone, particularly jasmonate (JA) and salicylate (SA) signaling, plays a central role in plant responses to herbivore and pathogen attack. Generally, SA mediates resistance responses against biotrophic pathogens and phloem‐feeding insects, while JA mediates responses against necrotrophic pathogens and chewing insects. The phytohormonal responses mediating rice resistance to a piercing‐sucking herbivore, the brown planthopper (BPH), remains unknown.

Here, we combined transcriptome analysis, hormone measurements, genetic analysis and a field study to address this issue.

Infestation by BPH adult females resulted in significant transcriptional reprograming. The upregulated genes were enriched in the JA signaling pathway. Consistently, the concentrations of JAs, but not SA, were dramatically increased in response to BPH attack. Two JA‐deficient lines (AOC and MYC2 knockout) and two SA‐deficient lines (nahG overexpression and NPR1 knockout) were constructed. BPH performed better on JA‐deficient lines than on wild‐type (WT) plants, but similarly on SA‐deficient and WT plants. During BPH attack, the accumulation of defensive secondary metabolites was attenuated in JA‐deficient lines compared with WT plants. Moreover, MYC2 mutants were more susceptible to planthoppers than WT plants in nature.

This study reveals that JA signaling functions in rice defense against BPH.
Altered plant carbon partitioning enhanced forest ecosystem carbon storage after 25 years of nitrogen additions
Authors: Eastman Brooke A. , Adams Mary B. , Brzostek Edward R. , Burnham Mark B. , Carrara Joseph E. , Kelly Charlene , McNeil Brenden E. , Walter Christopher A. , Peterjohn William T.
Published: February 2021

Decades of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in the northeastern USA have enhanced this globally important forest carbon (C) sink by relieving N limitation. While many N fertilization experiments found increased forest C storage, the mechanisms driving this response at the ecosystem scale remain uncertain.

Following the optimal allocation theory, augmented N availability may reduce belowground C investment by trees to roots and soil symbionts. To test this prediction and its implications on soil biogeochemistry, we constructed C and N budgets for a long‐term, whole‐watershed N fertilization study at the Fernow Experimental Forest, WV, USA.

Nitrogen fertilization increased C storage by shifting C partitioning away from belowground components and towards aboveground woody biomass production. Fertilization also reduced the C cost of N acquisition, allowing for greater C sequestration in vegetation. Despite equal fine litter inputs, the C and N stocks and C : N ratio of the upper mineral soil were greater in the fertilized watershed, likely due to reduced decomposition of plant litter.

By combining aboveground and belowground data at the watershed scale, this study demonstrates how plant C allocation responses to N additions may result in greater C storage in both vegetation and soil.
Bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and pediatric obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ma Lu , Chu Meng , Li Yixuan , Wu Yang , Yan Alice Fang , Johnson Blair , Wang Youfa
Published: February 2021

This study for the first time quantified concurrent and bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and weight status in children, with age and gender as moderators. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO for studies examined associations between weight stigma and weight status among children aged 6–18 years. Twenty‐five studies (20 cross‐sectional studies and five longitudinal studies) from six countries with 101,036 participants were included in review, and 18 were included in meta‐analysis. Weight and height were self‐reported in nine studies, otherwise objectively measured. With data from 17 cross‐sectional studies and baseline portions of four longitudinal studies, meta‐analysis showed weight stigma and overweight/obesity were associated (pooled OR = 3.12, 95% CI: 2.71, 3.60), they were also associated across age and gender. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with greater weight stigma (pooled r = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.43). Age modified such association. Weight stigma predicted increased BMI from three longitudinal studies (pooled β = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.45); another two longitudinal studies reported BMI predicted greater weight stigma. Data were inadequate for age‐ or gender‐stratified analyses. Findings supported positive concurrent and bidirectional relationships between weight stigma and weight status. Timely obesity and weight stigma interventions to protect children well‐being are needed.
Alcohol, calories, and obesity: A rapid systematic review and meta‐analysis of consumer knowledge, support, and behavioral effects of energy labeling on alcoholic drinks
Authors: Robinson Eric , Humphreys Gabrielle , Jones Andrew
Published: February 2021

Mandatory energy (calorie) labeling of alcoholic drinks is a public health measure that could be used to address both alcohol consumption and obesity. We systematically reviewed studies examining consumer knowledge of the energy content of alcoholic drinks, public support for energy labeling, and the effect of energy labeling of alcoholic drinks on consumption behavior. Eighteen studies were included. Among studies examining consumer knowledge of the energy content of alcoholic drinks (N = 8) and support for energy labeling (N = 9), there was moderate evidence that people are unaware of the energy content of alcoholic drinks (pooled estimate: 74% [95% CI: 64%–82%] of participants inaccurate) and support energy labeling (pooled estimate: 64% [95% CI: 53%–73%] of participants support policy). Six studies examined the effect of energy labeling on consumption behavior. In these studies, there was no evidence of a beneficial effect of labeling on alcohol drinking‐related outcome measures. However, the majority of studies were of low methodological quality and used proxy outcome measures, and none of the studies were conducted in real‐world settings, resulting in a very low level of evidence and high degree of uncertainty. Further research is required to determine whether energy labeling of alcoholic drinks is likely to be an effective public health policy.
Efficacy of topical administration for oral lichen planus: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Peiyang , Qiu Xuemei , Ye Lu , Hou Feifei , Liang Yuye , Jiang Han , Zhang Yuting , Xu Yiming , Sun Yutong , Deng Xiaoting , Xu Hao , Jiang Lu
Published: February 2021

Objective

To examine the comparative efficacy and safety of topical administration for oral lichen planus.

Materials and Methods

An electronic database search (1st January 1946 to 1st May 2020) for randomised controlled trials identified 34 studies involving eight interventions (clobetasol, betamethasone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, fluocinolone, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and cyclosporine); these studies were subjected to network meta‐analysis using direct and indirect comparisons [efficacy indicators: clinical response rate, symptom‐reducing effect (visual analogue scale score), sign‐reducing effect (Thongprasom‐scale score) and relapse; safety indicator: adverse event occurrence].

Results

Compared with placebo, tacrolimus had the best clinical response rate (odds ratio (OR), 57.78 [95% CI 3.15–1060.52]; P–score, 0.8654) and cyclosporine had the worst (OR, 3.61[95% CI 0.20–66.62]; P–score, 0.2236); tacrolimus had the best symptom‐reducing effect (standardised mean difference (SMD), 1.06 [95% CI 0.41–1.71]; P–score, 0.9323) and fluocinolone had the worst (SMD, −0.54 [95% CI −1.44–0.36]; P–score, 0.0157); dexamethasone had the best sign‐reducing effect (SMD, 3.60 [95% CI 1.74–5.45]; P–score, 0.8306) and clobetasol had the worst (SMD, 2.63 [95% CI 1.66–3.61]; P–score, 0.2581); and pimecrolimus performed best (OR, 0.04 [95% CI 0.00–0.64]; P–score, 0.9227) and clobetasol performed the worst [OR, 0.60; 95% CI 0.15–2.45; P–score, 0.2545] in reducing relapse. Regarding safety, dexamethasone was the safest compared with placebo [OR, 0.37; 95% CI 0.05–2.57; P–score, 0.9337), whereas fluocinolone ranked low for safety [OR, 9.48; 95% CI 1.50– 60.03; P–score, 0.1189].

Conclusions

The relative ranking of topical administration varies according to the different indicators. Based on the joint consideration of clinical response rate and adverse event occurrence, dexamethasone, triamcinolone and betamethasone are recommended for better efficacy and safety. The optimal treatment for oral lichen patients varies under different conditions.
Effects of advanced glycation end products on dental pulp calcification
Authors: Sugiyama Keita , Miura Jiro , Shimizu Masato , Takashima Aoi , Matsuda Yusuke , Kayashima Hiroki , Okamoto Motoki , Nagashima Tadashi , Araki Tsutomu
Published: February 2021

Objective

The main aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the calcification of cultured rat dental pulp cells (RDPCs) and to investigate the crystallisation ability of glycated collagen.

Materials and Methods

AGEs were prepared via non‐enzymatic glycation of a dish coated with type I collagen using dl‐glyceraldehyde. To investigate the effects of AGEs on RDPCs, we performed WST‐1 and lactate dehydrogenase assays; alkaline phosphatase, Alizarin Red S and immunohistochemical staining; and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. In addition, we performed crystallisation experiments on glycated collagen. All microstructures were analysed using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy/diffraction pattern analysis.

Results

AGEs did not affect the proliferation or differentiation of RDPCs, but enhanced the calcification rate and cytotoxicity. No major calcification‐related genes or proteins were involved in these calcifications, and glycated collagen was found to exhibit a negative polarity and form calcium phosphate crystals. Cytotoxicity due to drastic changes in the concentration of pericellular ions led to dystrophic calcification, assumed to represent an aspect of diabetic pulp calcifications.

Conclusion

Glycated collagen‐containing AGEs provide a nurturing environment for crystallisation and have a significant effect on the early calcification of RDPCs.
Nectar robbing and plant reproduction: an interplay of positive and negative effects
Authors: Rojas‐Nossa Sandra V. , Sánchez José María , Navarro Luis
Published: February 2021

Nectar robbers are animals that extract nectar through holes made in floral tissues. This behaviour has a wide spectrum of consequences for the plant that range from negative, to neutral, to positive according to life history traits of the interacting organisms and the ecological mechanisms involved. Lonicera etrusca has long tubular flowers producing large quantities of nectar and undergoing high levels of nectar robbing. Despite this, robbing seems to have neutral effects on the reproduction of the species. The aim of this work is to understand why this pollinator‐dependent plant is not affected by an interaction that is commonly detrimental for plants. To achieve this goal we try to answer two questions: 1) do nectar robbers deposit suitable pollen for plant reproduction after a visit? And, 2) is the visitation rate of legitimate visitors affected by nectar robbing? We experimentally studied the details of the reproductive compatibility system of the plant and compared pollen tube growth after single visits of the main nectar robbers. We made observations on plants of three populations to study the effect of robbers on the visitation rates of legitimate foragers. The results revealed that nectar robbers effectively perform cross‐pollination. Visitation rates of legitimate visitors are reduced by nectar robbing. The net neutral effect observed for L. etrusca is the result of two processes: on one side the direct positive effect of nectar robbers acting as pollinators, and on the other, a negative indirect effect caused by the decrease in visitation rates of legitimate visitors. Since the number of ovules in this species is low, both legitimate visitors and robbers contribute to an efficient cross‐pollination. This example illustrates how neutral effects for the plant can arise as the final result of a complex interaction between plants, legitimate visitors and robbers.
Design considerations for the ideal low vision aid: insights from de‐brief interviews following a real‐world recording study
Authors: Golubova Eugenie , Starke Sandra D , Crossland Michael D , Wolffsohn James S
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Low Vision Aids (LVAs) can have a transformative impact on people living with sight loss, yet the everyday requirements for developing such devices remain poorly understood and defined. This study systematically explored LVA requirements through a structured de‐brief interview following a real‐world self‐recording study. The purpose of this work was to define the actual needs of those living with sight loss so that low vision services can better address them in future.

Methods

Thirty‐two visually impaired volunteers with varying levels of previous LVA experience participated in a de‐brief interview centred around a structured questionnaire. The de‐brief followed a one‐week real‐world study during which participants used recoding spectacles to capture and narrate all situations in which they would use a ‘perfect sight aid’. Content and thematic analyses were used to analyse interviews which had the purpose of contextualising these recordings and exploring requirements around psychological, functional and design factors.

Results

Participants reported that 46% of tasks which they had recorded were most important to them. Of these tasks, 82% were encountered frequently. Few tasks emerged as very important across many participants, the remaining tasks reflecting individual lifestyles or circumstances. Every participant used at least one LVA in their everyday life and 72% identified further coping strategies. Current LVAs identified as consistently poor were distance LVAs, with all other devices receiving mixed or only positive feedback. Around two‐thirds of participants would prefer LVA use on an ad‐hoc / quick access basis rather than over long periods of time, and just over half would prefer to carry it rather than wearing it all day. Lack of consistency in these responses illustrated potentially different user clusters with divergent design needs. Two‐thirds of participants emphasised the desire for a discreet LVA that does not attract attention. However, since half of all participants felt self‐conscious in public or in front of other people when wearing the small recording spectacles, this may not be technically achievable.

Conclusions

There is a substantial opportunity for new LVAs to address visual needs that traditional devices and coping strategies cannot support. Functional, psychological and design factors require careful consideration for future LVAs to be relevant and widely adopted.
Lockdown low vision assessment: an audit of 500 telephone‐based modified low vision consultations
Authors: Patel Ankit , Fothergill Alicia S , Barnard Katy E C , Dunbar Hannah , Crossland Michael D
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Non‐urgent face‐to‐face outpatient ophthalmology appointments were suspended in the United Kingdom in March 2020, due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. In common with other centres, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (London) offered modified telephone consultations to new and follow‐up patients in the low vision clinic. Here we assess the success of this telephone service.

Methods

Data were collected for 500 consecutive telephone low vision appointments. Successful completion of the assessment and clinical outcomes (low vision aids prescribed, onward referral) were recorded.

Results

Telephone assessments were completed for 364 people (72.8%). The most common reasons for non‐completion were either no answer to the telephone call (75 people, 15%), or the patient declining assessment (20 people, 4%). There was no association between age and the likelihood of an assessment being completed. 131 new low vision aids were dispensed, 77 internal referrals were made and 15 people were referred to outside services. More than 80% of the low vision aids prescribed were useful.

Conclusions

Telephone low vision assessments were completed in about three‐quarters of cases. About one‐quarter of consultations resulted in new low vision aids being dispensed, which were generally found useful. Telephone low vision assessments can be used successfully in a large low vision clinic, but have many limitations when compared to face‐to‐face assessments.
The indications and safety of prolonged temporary pacing using active‐fixation leads and externalized pulse generator
Authors: Shah Nisar H , Shah Parin , Elsayed Hossam , O'Callaghan Peter , Leong Fong T , Yousef Zaheer
Published: February 2021

Background

Temporary cardiac pacing, conventionally achieved using a passive transvenous pacing wire, can be life‐saving for unstable arrhythmias. However, they run the risk of complications, the longer they remain in‐situ. Externalized prolonged temporary pacing (EPTP), using active‐fixation lead and an externalized pulse generator; may be an alternative for transient pacing indications, concurrent illness or sepsis that precludes permanent pacing.

Methods

Sixty‐seven patients (mean age 69 ± 14 years; 82% male) underwent EPTP between November 2011 and April 2019. EPTP was performed in a sterile facility, under fluoroscopy, using active‐fixation leads anchored to the right ventricle septum. Externalized lead was connected to a re‐sterilized pulse generator and secured to anterior chest wall with transparent dressings. EPTP indications and patient outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Pacing indications were high‐grade atrio‐ventricular (AV) block (73.2%), sinus arrest (14.9%), overdrive suppression of VT (5.9%) and pause‐dependent VT (4.5%). Reasons for ETPT rather than permanent pacing included: sepsis (38.8%), CIED‐related infection (8.9%), transient pacing indication (25%), to allow further investigations prior to decision on CIED type (22%), and over‐drive arrhythmia suppression (6%). Sixty three percent patients were severely ill in an ICU. Mean duration of pacing was 16 ± 12 days. Sixty seven percent patients subsequently received a CIED and had no evidence of device‐related infection at 1‐year post‐implant. There were three non‐fatal complications during EPTP while no deaths were attributed to EPTP.

Conclusion

EPTP is a safe and useful method of prolonged temporary pacing for patients who require chronotropic support, but in whom immediate permanent pacemaker implantation is contraindicated.
Gender Equity, Religion, and Fertility in Europe and North America
Authors: DeRose Laurie Fields
Published: February 2021

Religion has historically been a pronatalist force, but because it fosters traditional gender role attitudes, its importance for fertility may wane where gender equity is thought to be emerging as the new natalism. In this study, I used World Values Survey and European Values Survey data from 1989 to 2018 to determine whether more religious Northern countries are slower to develop the widespread egalitarian gender role attitudes associated with fertility recovery. I concluded that the “old natalism” and the “new natalism” do not compete with each other as much as their negative association implies that they might. By tracing the evolution of country‐level gender equity in more‐ and less religious countries of Europe and North America, I showed how country‐level religiosity does not dampen the potential for a gender equity‐stimulated fertility recovery. This paper also contributes by showing that the curvilinear relationship between gender equity and fertility has continued into more recent time periods than covered by previous work.
Implications of anesthesia and vaccination
Authors: Lin Connie , Vazquez‐Colon Caroll , Geng‐Ramos Giuliana , Challa Chaitanya
Published: February 2021

The current COVID‐19 pandemic has had a global impact on vaccination rates. Delays in routine healthcare and immunization have led to a rise in concerns about resurgence of vaccine‐preventable diseases around the world. With the release and distribution of COVID‐19 vaccines, plans to improve immunization rates need to be explored and implemented across disciplines. One approach would be the consideration of perioperative vaccinations; however, the effects of anesthesia and surgery on the immune response and complications associated with vaccination during the perioperative period are still poorly understood, and opinions are divided. To ascertain the value of a perioperative vaccination program, it is important to understand the basics of immunization and common vaccinations; the potential vaccine complications in the pediatric cohort; the implications of anesthesia and surgery on the immune response; and current recommendations. In addition, we believe it is important to discuss the logistics and feasibility of coordinating perioperative immunization should this become a regular opportunity.
Being Sympathetic to Bad‐History Wrongdoers
Authors: Agule Craig K.
Published: February 2021

For many philosophers, bad‐history wrongdoers are primarily interesting because of what their cases might tell us about the interaction of moral responsibility and history. However, philosophers focusing on blameworthiness have overlooked important questions about blame itself. These bad‐history cases are complicated because blame and sympathy are both fitting. When we are careful to consider the rich natures of those two reactions, we see that they conflict in several important ways. We should see bad‐history cases as cases about whether and how we should blame, rather than as cases giving us ready insight into the nature of moral responsibility.
Responses of leaf respiration to heatwaves
Authors: Scafaro Andrew P. , Fan Yuzhen , Posch Bradley C. , Garcia Andres , Coast Onoriode , Atkin Owen K.
Published: February 2021

Mitochondrial respiration (R) is central to plant physiology and responds dynamically to daily short‐term temperature changes. In the longer‐term, changes in energy demand and membrane fluidity can decrease leaf R at a common temperature and increase the temperature at which leaf R peaks (Tmax). However, leaf R functionality is more susceptible to short‐term heatwaves. Catalysis increases with rising leaf temperature, driving faster metabolism and leaf R demand, despite declines in photosynthesis restricting assimilate supply and growth. Proteins denature as temperatures increase further, adding to maintenance costs. Excessive heat also inactivates respiratory enzymes, with a concomitant limitation on the capacity of the R system. These competing push‐and‐pull factors are responsible for the diminishing acceleration in leaf R rate as temperature rises. Under extreme heat, membranes become overly fluid, and enzymes such as the cytochrome c oxidase are impaired. Such changes can lead to over‐reduction of the energy system culminating in reactive oxygen species production. This ultimately leads to the total breakdown of leaf R, setting the limit of leaf survival. Understanding the heat stress responses of leaf R is imperative, given the continued rise in frequency and intensity of heatwaves and the importance of R for plant fitness and survival.
Evaluation of hemodynamic changes using near‐infrared spectroscopy in patients with tic‐related obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Mukai Keiichiro , Matsuura Naomi , Miyauchi Masahiro , Hashimoto Takuya , Yamanishi Kyosuke , Maebayashi Kensei , Hayashida Kazuhisa , Matsunaga Hisato
Published: February 2021

Aim

A tic‐related specifier is included in the DSM‐5 diagnostic criteria to identify a clinically specific obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) subtype. The current study sought to evaluate hemodynamic changes during executive function tasks among OCD patients with and without a lifetime history of tic disorder (TD) and healthy controls, and to investigate the relation between brain activation and clinical variables in each group using structured equation modeling.

Methods

Twenty‐nine OCD patients diagnosed according to the DSM‐IV‐TR and 15 healthy controls were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of a lifetime history of TD (TD+, n = 11; TD−, n = 18). Prefrontal hemodynamic changes were measured using multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy during the Verbal Fluency Task, Trail‐Making Task, and Tower of London (ToL) Task.

Results

There were significant brain activation differences in the frontopolar cortex between OCD patients with and without TD during Verbal Fluency Task and ToL performance. Brain activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the ToL Task in OCD patients with TD exerted a direct causal effect on the severity of compulsions. In addition, we detected a direct causal effect of the severity of obsessions in OCD patients without TD on brain activation in the DLPFC during the ToL Task.

Conclusion

Brain activation in the frontopolar cortex exhibits different hemodynamics depending on the task, and DLPFC function may play a different role in the neural basis of developing OCD symptoms between OCD patients with and without TD.
A case of idiopathic acquired leukonychia totalis in a 17‐year‐old boy
Authors: Freeman S. Caleb , Dick Mary K. , Abid Roshan , Tabatabai Taylor M. , Berrebi Kristen G. , Stone Mary S. , Powers Jennifer G.
Published: February 2021

Whitening of the nail, or leukonychia, can have a wide range of etiologies including genetic disorders, trauma, poisoning, autoimmune disorders, and infections. Here we detail a case of idiopathic acquired leukonychia totalis in a 17‐year‐old boy. This condition has been reported 13 times in the literature previously, with only young boys being affected. Proper diagnosis may help minimize unnecessary investigations and prevent additional psychological stress over whether an underlying disease is present.
Pharyngeal pressure due to high‐flow nasal cannula devices in preterm infants
Authors: Kodera Takayuki , Takatera Akihiro , Morisawa Takeshi , Yonetani Masahiko
Published: February 2021

Background

In infants, a high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) generates continuous positive pressure on the upper airway. This study aimed to evaluate the association between pharyngeal pressure and flow rate, and the association between pharyngeal pressure and bodyweight for two types of HFNC devices commonly used in preterm infants: the Optiflow Junior, hereafter “FP” (Fisher & Paykel, Auckland, New Zealand), and the Precision Flow, hereafter “VT” (Vapotherm, Exeter, NH, USA).

Methods

Pharyngeal pressure measurements were performed in 12 preterm infants who received HFNC support. Flow rates of 1 to 4 L/kg/min were studied.

Results

The median weight at the time of measurement was 1,290 g (range, 953–1,932 g). The FP was used in eight infants and the VT in four. In both of the groups, the flow rate and pharyngeal pressure appeared to be positively correlated except for the premature cannula in the FP group. At a flow rate of ≥2 L/kg/min, there was a positive correlation between the bodyweight and pharyngeal pressure in infants with premature and neonatal cannulas in the FP group. Conversely, at the same flow rate, there was a negative correlation between the bodyweight and pharyngeal pressure in infants with a SOLO cannula in the VT group.

Conclusions

In preterm infants, the flow rate and pharyngeal pressure were positively correlated in many HFNC cannulas. However, the pharyngeal pressure and bodyweight appeared to be positively and negatively correlated in the FP and VT groups, respectively. Future studies with larger sample sizes should further investigate this issue.
Lessons learned from health education in Japanese schools
Authors: Tomokawa Sachi , Shirakawa Yoshimi , Miyake Kimihiro , Ueno Marie , Koiso Tohru , Asakura Takashi
Published: February 2021

Introduction

A qualitative improvement in school health education is required to improve health for school‐aged children in developing countries. This study aimed to clarify the factors that enable the provision of comprehensive and consistent health education in Japan.

Methods

We reviewed health education in Japanese schools and the feature of curriculum revision, and clarified the factors that enable the provision of comprehensive and consistent health education.

Results

We identified nine points as enabling factors: (i) clear description of the purpose of health education; (ii) clear provision of teaching content and adequate time allocation; (iii) comprehensive school health framework and clarification of the position of the health education; (iv) systems for surveying and screening children’s health problems; (v) regular revising of the Courses of Study; (vi) well trained teachers responsible for health education; (vii) health education specialists in higher education facilities; (viii) various materials related to health education; and (ix) collaboration with related health workers.

Conclusions

We proposed measures to enhance health education in developing countries: (i) clarifying the role of health education toward achieving goals set out in laws and policies related to education; (ii) providing appropriate learning content and time allocation; (iii) establishing a comprehensive school health framework; (iv) establishing a system that continuously monitors children’s health issues; (v) identifying the person responsible for health education in a school and establishing a training system; (vi) providing a teacher’s guide and teaching materials to facilitate child participatory learning, and (vii) collaborating with guardians, community members, and local health workers.