bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global shark protection
Authors: Sonntag Ralf P.
Published: July 2019

Background Sharks have been exploited over decades with very little or no management at all. This had devastating effects on many shark populations around the world. A recent report published by the IUCN Shark Specialist Group in 2014 showed that globally close to 25% of sharks and rays are threatened with extinction. They face more threats today then ever before in history. Primary drivers for this overfishing, as well as much of the bycatch related mortality, is the demand for shark fins used in shark fin soup, the demand for cheap shark meat and other traditional products, as well as the lack of management control along the whole trade chain. Approach In this respect CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is a good instrument to help in achieving a more sustainable use of sharks and a more species specific management. Another global convention to adress this issue is the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) and the associated “Sharks MoU.” However, one of the arguments used against further listing of shark species in these conventions is the difficulty of implementation and enforcement. To address this issue, many governments were approached with the offer to do implementation workshops by different NGO's. An important aspect of these workshops is the training of the participants to identify protected species or parts, especially fins, of these animals. Results Whale sharks were among the first two species which got some international protection through their listing on App 2 in CITES in 2002. This has been followed by a rising awareness and additional protection in CMS, different regional fishery regulations or national regulations. This was supported by a whole series of workshops organized by different NGOs, governments and CITES. This has led to a better understanding of the issue and subsequently to additional listings of sharks and manta rays during the last CITES conference in 2013 in Bangkok. Conclusions Since then, aditional workshops have been held and will hopefully lead to better data collection, a more species specific management and ultimately enhanced protection of sharks. They will hopefully help officials in fishery and customs to implement and enforce these new regulations to better manage sharks. First results show positive effects especially in the Middle East and aditional species are proposed to be listed in the above mentioned conventions. This talk informs about international protection of whale sharks and about the recent new CITES and CMS listings of sharks – what they mean and the efforts and global cooperation between NGOs and governments to get there.
Does Cooperative Learning Increase Students’ Motivation in Learning?
Authors: Tran Van Dat
Published: July 2019

The present study examines the impacts of cooperative learning on the motivation for 72 second-year Vietnamese higher education students in the Research Methods in Education over the nine-week course. Seventy-two students were allocated into two smaller groups of 36 students. The same lecturer was assigned to teach these two groups of students. Cooperative learning was applied for the experimental group, while lecture-based teaching was utilized in the control group for the whole course. The study outcome demonstrated significant higher learning motivation in the experimental group than that in the control group. Implications for innovation in teaching methods and further research are suggested to popularize more cooperative learning for better learning outcomes.
Motivation, Human Capital Investment and Compensation in an Agency Problem
Authors: Marino Anthony M
Published: July 2019

This paper considers a firm's optimal investment in training and motivation measures in a hidden action agency problem. We study how these strategies interact with each other and the contract in order to create value for the firm. Productivity enhancing training can be firm specific or non-firm specific and firm specific motivation can enhance utility or reduce effort cost. Whether these measures are complements or independents depends on the firm specificity of human capital and whether the participation constraint is binding. We characterize how a tighter labor market affects marginal profitabilities and examine the relative benefits of motivation measures which enhance utility versus those which decrease effort cost.
The Relationship between FDI Enterprise Earnings and Signs of Transfer Pricing
Authors: Nguyen Nguyen Thanh
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the relationship between the signs related to transfer pricing and the earnings of enterprises. This study proves that this economic phenomenon exists in Vietnam; however, transfer pricing does not cause severe harm to taxation, and foreign direct investment (FDI) enterprises still have a positive impact on the national economy.
Experimenten in de civiele rechtspraak: over integrale kwaliteit en management van verwachtingen
Authors: van der Kraats Kim
Published: July 2019

Experimenten in de civiele rechtspraak: over integrale kwaliteit en management van verwachtingen

In de civiele rechtspraak vindt momenteel een aantal experimenten plaats. Met deze experimenten wordt beoogd de civiele procedure voor natuurlijke personen sneller, goedkoper, eenvoudiger, laagdrempeliger en ook meer probleemoplossend te maken.

Daarmee pogen ze met name de kwaliteitsaspecten van tijdigheid en toegankelijkheid van de civiele procedure te bevorderen. Er kleven echter ook risico’s aan op de kwaliteitsaspecten van waarheidsvinding en een eerlijk proces (met name rechtsgelijkheid).

Het is belangrijk om wijzigingen in het procesrecht gepaard te laten gaan van een integrale kwaliteitstoets en om de rol en taak van de rechter (en de beperkingen die daarbij horen) scherp voor ogen te hebben en niet op voorhand teleurstelling te creëren door onrealistische verwachtingen te scheppen.
Het Wetsvoorstel Spoedwet KEI: een verruiming van regie van de rechter en de mogelijkheden rondom de mondelinge behandeling?
Authors: Ernste Pauline
Published: July 2019

Het Wetsvoorstel Spoedwet KEI: een verruiming van regie van de rechter en de mogelijkheden rondom de mondelinge behandeling?

Op 26 maart 2019 is bij de Tweede Kamer het Wetsvoorstel Spoedwet KEI ingediend. Dit wetsvoorstel is een vervolg op de Wetgeving van 2016. Naast de intrekking van de verplichting tot digitaal procederen bij de rechtbanken Gelderland en Midden-Nederland treden met het Wetsvoorstel Spoedwet KEI ook enkele procesvernieuwende bepalingen uit de Wetgeving van 2016 in werking. Deze bepalingen zien op de regiefunctie van de rechter en de verruiming van de mogelijkheden tijdens de mondelinge behandeling. In deze bijdrage staan de wijzigingen rondom de regiefunctie van de rechter en de mondelinge behandeling centraal. Daarbij wordt een vergelijking gemaakt met het huidige procesrecht om de vraag te beantwoorden of van werkelijke procesvernieuwingen sprake is of meer van een codificatie van een in de procespraktijk ontwikkelde werkwijze.
Die Rückabwicklung im Ertragsteuerrecht
Authors: Schulz Patrick
Published: July 2019

Income tax law lacks clear regulations in terms of what fiscal consequences can occur if an income tax issue is later reversed. It is thus left to those who apply the law to address how such reversals should be dealt with fiscally. In this regard, the solutions to this problem found in case law are constantly criticised in research literature.
This study examines whether and to what extent the criticism of the case law of Germany’s fiscal courts in relation to the cancellation of income tax procedures is justified. To this end, it first presents the conditions under which the cancellation of such a procedure is applicable and what fiscal consequences it can trigger. It concludes by demanding an appropriate form of taxation for such cancellations and, in turn, the partial abandonment of the current case law of the fiscal courts.
Community based learning for Sustainable Development
Authors: Oyasu Kiichi
Published: July 2019

The main focus of this paper is to discuss the roles and functions of community-based learning centres and spaces in Asia, within the overall context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN General Conference in 2015, with a particular focus on Goal 4 on education towards 2030. This paper reviews how community-based learning institutions emerged within the education for all (EFA) context in Asia and discusses their changing roles and functions through the education for sustainable development (ESD) context; it then explores the potential contribution community-based learning can make to the SDGs. There are three key enabling factors to ensure the roles and functions of community learning centres (CLCs) as community coordinators for sustainable development, namely, community participation, comprehensive programme development and developing networks and linkages. If the main roles and functions in the concept that has emerged for CLCs are carried out, the activities of the CLCs themselves will promote ESD in communities. Abundant local human, natural, information and infrastructure resources are available to tackle local, national and even global issues. CLCs have good potential to act as catalysts to facilitate linkages and partnerships between different stakeholders through intersectoral and intergenerational learning, and thus contribute to developing social capital in the community.
Skateboarding y jóvenes en las calles de la ciudad de Xalapa, Veracruz.
Authors: Gonzalez Molohua Yolanda Francisca
Published: July 2019

Este trabajo explica la práctica del Skateboarding, entre los grupos de jóvenes en la ciudad de Xalapa. A través de entrevistas a ejecutantes skaters se recupera información de este movimiento.Se expone la disertación para concebirlo entre deporte extremo y movimiento urbano juvenil, esto a partir de la participación de los promotores y de las características particulares  de los jóvenes skaters; su organización, los espacios de práctica,  sus habilidades sobre la patineta, sus prácticas culturales e identidad en relación al skateboarding, así como la difusión de sus actividades y los patrocinios. En Xalapa la práctica del skaters data de la década de los ochenta del siglo XX, sin embargo se visibilizó en la primera década del siglo XXI cuando fue recurrente apreciar a adolescentes de entre 12 y 20 años  ejecutar trucos sobre la patineta en las calles de la ciudad, en parques y demás lugares públicos.  Por lo ello en este artículo se precisa, un tipo de jóvenes, las relaciones que establecen entre sí y con los promotores así como el futuro del  skateboarding en esta ciudad.
Prácticas sexuales y la visibilización del cuerpo en jóvenes estudiantes. Un dispositivo grupal de investigación-intervención educativa
Authors: Díaz Hurtado Ma. de la Luz Amalia
Published: July 2019

Este artículo da cuenta del ejercicio de investigación-intervención educativa con jóvenes cuyas edades oscilan entre los 15 a 19 años y son estudiantes en el Nivel Medio Superior en la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. El periodo de trabajo fue de enero del 2014 a diciembre 2017, vía  talleres semestrales durante tres años en dispositivo grupal. Es relevante mencionar que este proyecto se acompañó por las estrategias conceptuales y metodológicas del Proyecto Internacional de Investigación e Intervención Educativa (MEXESPARG). El trabajo grupal fue eje central de la investigación-intervención educativa, mediante el cual se despliegan las condiciones materiales y simbólicas que propiciaron un lugar de hospitalidad y posibilidades para la deconstrucción de la subjetividad de los jóvenes estudiantes. Así se reconfiguraron sentidos y referentes identitarios que constituyen  su sexualidad atravesada por lo psíquico, fisiológico y social. En este artículo se presenta el análisis del decir de los jóvenes en la experiencia de la situación grupal, que dio pie a la emergencia de las vivencias de sus  prácticas sexuales, sus implicaciones y el reconocimiento del cuerpo como superficie de inscripción de lo que se práctica en el acontecer de la vida contemporánea.
Twisted tale of the tiger: the case of inappropriate data and deficient science
Authors: Qureshi Qamar , Gopal Rajesh , Jhala Yadvendradev V
Published: July 2019

Publications in peer reviewed journals are often looked upon as tenets on which future scientific thought is built. Published information is not always flawless and errors in published research should be expediently reported, preferably by a peer review process. We review a recent publication by Gopalaswamy et al (doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12351) that challenges the use of “double sampling” in large scale animal surveys. Double sampling is often resorted to as an established economical and practical approach for large scale surveys since it calibrates abundance indices against absolute abundance, thereby potentially addressing the statistical shortfalls of indices. Empirical data used by Gopalaswamy et al. to test their theoretical model, relate to tiger sign and tiger abundance referred to as an Index Calibration experiment (IC-Karanth). These data on tiger abundance and signs should be paired in time and space to qualify as a calibration experiment for double sampling, but original data of IC-Karanth show lags of (up to) several years. Further, data points used in the paper do not match the original sources. We show that by use of inappropriate and incorrect data collected through a faulty experimental design, poor parameterization of their theoretical model, and selectively-picked estimates from literature on detection probability, the inferences of this paper are highly questionable. We highlight how the results of Gopalaswamy et al. were further distorted in popular media. If left unaddressed, Gopalaswamy et al. paper could have serious implications on statistical design of large-scale animal surveys by propagating unreliable inferences.
Profiling the Escherichia coli membrane protein interactome captured in Peptidisc libraries
Authors: Carlson Michael Luke , Stacey R Greg , Young John William , Wason Irvinder Singh , Zhao Zhiyu , Rattray David G , Scott Nichollas , Kerr Craig H , Babu Mohan , Foster Leonard J , Duong Van Hoa Franck
Published: July 2019

Protein-correlation-profiling (PCP), in combination with quantitative proteomics, has emerged as a high-throughput method for the rapid identification of dynamic protein complexes in native conditions. While PCP has been successfully applied to soluble proteomes, characterization of the membrane interactome has lagged, partly due to the necessary use of detergents to maintain protein solubility. Here, we apply the peptidisc, a ‘one-size fits all’ membrane mimetic, for the capture of the Escherichia coli cell envelope proteome and its high-resolution fractionation in the absence of detergent. Analysis of the SILAC-labeled peptidisc library via PCP allows generation of over 4900 possible binary interactions out of >700,000 random associations. Using well-characterized membrane protein systems such as the SecY translocon, the Bam complex and the MetNI transporter, we demonstrate that our dataset is a useful resource for identifying transient and surprisingly novel protein interactions. For example, we discover a trans-periplasmic supercomplex comprising subunits of the Bam and Sec machineries, including membrane-bound chaperones YfgM and PpiD. We identify RcsF and OmpA as bone fide interactors of BamA, and we show that MetQ association with the ABC transporter MetNI depends on its N-terminal lipid anchor. We also discover NlpA as a novel interactor of MetNI complex. Most of these interactions are largely undetected by standard detergent-based purification. Together, the peptidisc workflow applied to the proteomic field is emerging as a promising novel approach to characterize membrane protein interactions under native expression conditions and without genetic manipulation.
Molecular basis for dyneinopathies reveals insight into dynein regulation and dysfunction
Authors: Marzo Matthew G , Griswold Jacqueline M , Ruff Kristina M , Buchmeier Rachel E , Fees Colby P , Markus Steven M
Published: July 2019

Cytoplasmic dynein plays critical roles within the developing and mature nervous systems, including effecting nuclear migration, and retrograde transport of various cargos. Unsurprisingly, mutations in dynein are causative of various developmental neuropathies and motor neuron diseases. These ‘dyneinopathies’ define a broad spectrum of diseases with no known correlation between mutation identity and disease state. To circumvent complications associated with dynein studies in human cells, we employed budding yeast as a screening platform to characterize the motility properties of seventeen disease-correlated dynein mutants. Using this system, we determined the molecular basis for several classes of etiologically related diseases. Moreover, by engineering compensatory mutations, we alleviated the mutant phenotypes in two of these cases, one of which we confirmed with recombinant human dynein. In addition to revealing molecular insight into dynein regulation, our data provide additional evidence that the type of disease may in fact be dictated by the degree of dynein dysfunction.
The readily-releasable pool dynamically regulates multivesicular release
Authors: Vaden Jada H , Banumurthy Gokulakrishna , Gusarevich Eugeny S , Overstreet-Wadiche Linda , Wadiche Jacques I
Published: July 2019

The number of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles released into the synaptic cleft with each action potential dictates the reliability of synaptic transmission. Variability of this fundamental property provides diversity of synaptic function across brain regions, but the source of this variability is unclear. The prevailing view is that release of a single (univesicular release, UVR) or multiple vesicles (multivesicular release, MVR) reflects variability in vesicle release probability, a notion that is well-supported by the calcium-dependence of release mode. However, using mouse brain slices, we now demonstrate that the number of vesicles released is regulated by the size of the readily-releasable pool, upstream of vesicle release probability. Our results point to a model wherein protein kinase A and its vesicle-associated target, synapsin, dynamically control release site occupancy to dictate the number of vesicles released without altering release probability. Together these findings define molecular mechanisms that control MVR and functional diversity of synaptic signaling.
Size Switchable Nanoclusters Fueled by Extracellular ATP for Promoting Deep Penetration and MRI‐Guided Tumor Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhou Zhanwei , Liu Yadong , Zhang Minghua , Li Chenzi , Yang Ruoxi , Li Jing , Qian Chenggen , Sun Minjie
Published: July 2019

Protein‐based theranostic agents (PBTAs) exhibit superior performance in the diagnosis and therapy of cancers. However, the in vivo applications of PBTA are largely limited by undesired accumulation, penetration, or selectivity. Here, an ATP‐supersensitive protein cluster is fabricated for promoting PBTA delivery and enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided tumor photothermal therapy. Gd3+‐ and CuS‐coloaded small bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (GdCuB) are synthesized as the model protein with a size of 9 nm and are encapsulated into charge switchable polycations (DEP) to form DEP/GdCuB nanoclusters of 120 nm. In blood circulation, DEP/GdCuB significantly extends the half‐lifetime and thereby enhances the tumor accumulation of GdCuB. When the clusters reach the tumor site, the extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can effectively trigger the release of GdCuB, resulting in tumoral deep penetration as well as the activation of T1‐weighted MRI (r1 value switched from 2.8 × 10−3 to 11.8 × 10−3 m−1 s−1). Furthermore, this delivery strategy also improves the tumoral photothermal therapy efficacy with the MRI‐guided therapy. The study of ATP‐activated nanoclusters develops a novel strategy for tumor deep penetration and on/off imaging of PBTA by size switchable technology, and reveals the potential for MRI‐guided therapy of cancers.
An Overview of Fiber‐Shaped Batteries with a Focus on Multifunctionality, Scalability, and Technical Difficulties
Authors: Mo Funian , Liang Guojin , Huang Zhaodong , Li Hongfei , Wang Donghong , Zhi Chunyi
Published: July 2019

Flexible and wearable energy storage devices are receiving increasing attention with the ever‐growing market of wearable electronics. Fiber‐shaped batteries display a unique 1D architecture with the merits of superior flexibility, miniaturization potential, adaptability to deformation, and compatibility with the traditional textile industry, which are especially advantageous for wearable applications. In the recent research frontier in the field of fiber‐shaped batteries, in addition to higher performance, advances in multifunctional, scalable, and integrable systems are also the main themes. However, many difficulties exist, including difficult encapsulation and installation of separators, high internal resistance, and poor durability. Herein, the design principles (e.g., electrode preparation and battery assembly) and device performance (e.g., electrochemical and mechanical properties) of fiber‐shaped batteries, including lithium‐based batteries, zinc‐based batteries, and some other representative systems, are summarized, with a focus on multifunctional devices with environmental adaptability, stimuli‐responsive properties, and scalability up to energy textiles, with the hope of enlightening future research directions. Finally, technical challenges in the realistic wearable application of these batteries are also discussed with the aim of providing possible solutions and new insights for further improvement.
Twofold Polarization‐Selective All‐Dielectric Trifoci Metalens for Linearly Polarized Visible Light
Authors: Gao Song , Park Chul‐Soon , Zhou Changyi , Lee Sang‐Shin , Choi Duk‐Yong
Published: July 2019

A metasurface that features an exotic ability to arbitrarily manipulate properties of light waves at the subwavelength scale has received a burgeoning amount of interest in the field of photonic multitasking. Unlike the previous multifunctional metasurfaces, which rely on the spatial multiplexing of plasmonic nanorods/nanoapertures with identical dimensions and spatially varying orientations, multiple distinct rectangular‐shaped hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanoposts are tapped into to create a twofold all‐polarization‐controlled trifunctional metasurface. By judiciously interleaving the dielectric nanoposts, of which the lateral widths and angles of orientation can be adjusted to allow for a full 2π‐phase control, the metasurface shows a salient feature to empower triple functionalities by simultaneously tailoring the linear polarization of incident and transmitted light. As a proof of concept, a visible‐frequency trifoci metalens is designed, fabricated, and characterized, from which the three foci at distinct focal planes along the longitudinal direction are successfully attained. Substantially reduced functional crosstalk among different foci is also experimentally validated. The proposed approach is straightforward and thus can lead to the development of a wide array of multifunctional metadevices for diverse optical wave manipulations, such as the multiplexing of optical vortices and various applications in anticounterfeiting, high‐density information encryption, holography, and display.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Desulfitative Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Sodium Sulfinates with Propargylic Carbonates
Authors: Qin Anni , Zhu Guirong , Chen Qin , Qian Hui , Ma Shengming
Published: July 2019

Desulfitative cross‐coupling of propargylic carbonates with sodium sulfinates has been observed. The reaction exhibited good functional group compatibility affording allenes as a single product. Potential anticancer activities of these allene products were also studied.

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Standards for Detecting, Interpreting, and Reporting Noncontrast Computed Tomographic Markers of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion
Authors: Morotti Andrea , Boulouis Gregoire , Dowlatshahi Dar , Li Qi , Barras Christen D. , Delcourt Candice , Yu Zhiyuan , Zheng Jun , Zhou Zien , Aviv Richard I. , Shoamanesh Ashkan , Sporns Peter B. , Rosand Jonathan , Greenberg Steven M. , Al‐Shahi Salman Rustam , Qureshi Adnan I. , Demchuk Andrew M. , Anderson Craig S. , Goldstein Joshua N. , Charidimou Andreas ,   for the International NCCT ICH Study Group
Published: July 2019

Significant hematoma expansion (HE) affects one‐fifth of people within 24 hours after acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and its prevention is an appealing treatment target. Although the computed tomography (CT)‐angiography spot sign predicts HE, only a minority of ICH patients receive contrast injection. Conversely, noncontrast CT (NCCT) is used to diagnose nearly all ICH, so NCCT markers represent a widely available alternative for prediction of HE. However, different NCCT signs describe similar features, with lack of consensus on the optimal image acquisition protocol, assessment, terminology, and diagnostic criteria. In this review, we propose practical guidelines for detecting, interpreting, and reporting NCCT predictors of HE. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:480–492
The Optimal Uncertainty Relation
Authors: Li Jun‐Li , Qiao Cong‐Feng
Published: July 2019

Employing the lattice theory on majorization, the universal quantum uncertainty relation for any number of observables and general measurement is investigated. It is found that 1) the least bounds of the universal uncertainty relations can only be properly defined in the lattice theory; 2) contrary to variance and entropy, the metric induced by the majorization lattice implies an intrinsic structure of the quantum uncertainty; and 3) the lattice theory correlates the optimization of uncertainty relation with the entanglement transformation under local quantum operation and classical communication. Interestingly, the optimality of the universal uncertainty relation found can be mimicked by the Lorenz curve, initially introduced in economics to measure the wealth concentration degree of a society.
Polymernanocontainer für den Transport in das Zellinnere
Authors: Pottanam Chali Sharafudheen , Ravoo Bart Jan
Published: July 2019

Trägersysteme für den Transport in das Zellinnere sind notwendig, um Einschränkungen klassischer Therapeutika, wie geringe Spezifität, systemische Toxizität, zu hohe Freisetzungsraten sowie geringe therapeutische Indices, überwinden zu können. Nanocontainer aus einem wassergefüllten Kern und einer Polymerhülle sind dabei von besonderem Interesse, da sie die Möglichkeiten von stimuligesteuerter Frachtfreisetzung und gezielter Oberflächenmodifikation zur Erhöhung der lokalen Selektivität kombinieren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst die Herstellung wie auch die Eigenschaften derartiger Polymernanocontainer für den Transport in das Zellinnere zusammen, klassifiziert nach dem Aufbau der verwendeten Polymere.
Flavinium Catalysed Photooxidation: Detection and Characterization of Elusive Peroxyflavinium Intermediates
Authors: Zelenka Jan , Cibulka Radek , Roithová Jana
Published: July 2019

Flavin‐based catalysts are photoactive in the visible range which makes them useful in biology and chemistry. Herein, we present electrospray‐ionization mass‐spectrometry detection of short‐lived intermediates in photooxidation of toluene catalysed by flavinium ions (Fl+). Previous studies have shown that photoexcited flavins react with aromates by proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) on the microsecond time scale. For Fl+, PCET leads to FlH.+ with the H‐atom bound to the N5 position. We show that the reaction continues by coupling between FlH.+ and hydroperoxy or benzylperoxy radicals at the C4a position of FlH.+. These results demonstrate that the N5‐blocking effect reported for alkylated flavins is also active after PCET in these photocatalytic reactions. Structures of all intermediates were fully characterised by isotopic labelling and by photodissociation spectroscopy. These tools provide a new way to study reaction intermediates in the sub‐second time range.
Application of biosynthesized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on Rosa caninafruit extract‐modified graphene oxide as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for cyanation of aryl halides
Authors: Hemmati Saba , Sedrpoushan Alireza , Soudalizadeh Nazanin , Khosravi Kaveh , Hekmati Malak
Published: July 2019

A green palladium (Pd)‐based catalyst supported on Rosa canina fruit extract‐modified graphene oxide [Pd nanoparticles (NPs)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO)‐Rosa canina] hybrid materials has been used as a recoverable and heterogeneous nanocatalyst for cyanating aryl halides using K4[Fe (CN)6] as the resource of cyanide. The nitriles were achieved in good to high yield, and the catalyst can be recovered and reused for up to seven cycles with no remarkable decrease in its catalytic activity.
Preparation, Structural characterization and DNA binding/cleavage affinity of new bioactive nano‐sized metal (II/IV) complexes with oxazon‐Schiff's base ligand
Authors: M.A. Alaghaz Abdel‐Nasser , Aldulmani Sharah A.A.
Published: July 2019

A novel oxazon‐Schiff's base ligand named (E)‐3‐(2‐(4‐(diethylamino)‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazineyl)‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazin‐2‐one (HL) has been synthesized in addition to its nano‐sized divalent and tetravalent Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II) and Pt (IV) complexes. The structures and geometries of the synthesized compounds have been confirmed using the different analytical and spectroscopic tools such as elemental analysis, uv–vis., IR, HR‐MS, 1H NMR, ESR, TGA, XRD, EDX, TEM, SEM, AFM, magnetic and molar conductivity measurements. The elemental analyses confirm 1 M: 2 L stoichiometry of the type [PtL2].2Cl and [ML2] (M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II)). The FT‐IR spectral studies illustrated that the ligand bind to the metal ions through the phenolic hydroxy oxygen, azo methine nitrogen carbonyl oxazin oxygen. The spectral tools; UV–Vis, ligand field parameters and ESR in addition to the magnetic moment measurements confirmed octahedral geometry around the metal centres. The absence of coordinated or hydrated water complexes were confirmed by thermal analysis data of the complexes. The electron transfer reactions for the complexes have been studied by cyclic voltammetry. XRD, SEM, TEM, and AFM images confirmed nano‐sized particles and homogeneous distribution over the complex surface. The mode of binding of the complexes with DNA has been performed through electronic absorption titration and viscosity studies. The reaction between the metal complexes and DNA were studied by DNA cleavage. In general, MCF‐7 cell were least sensitive to the tested compounds and all compounds were considerably more toxic to the studied cancer cell lines than to the normal cell line HepG‐2. The binding mode of the compounds and DNA was preferably via intercalation. In addition, these results were confirmed based on theoretical studies. Finally, a linear and exponential correlation between interaction constant (Kb) and IC50 for two human cancer cell was observed.
In Vitro and in Vivo antitumor activity and the mechanism of siphonodictyal B in human colon cancer cells
Authors: Chikamatsu Sonoko , Saijo Ken , Imai Hiroo , Narita Koichi , Kawamura Yoshifumi , Katoh Tadashi , Ishioka Chikashi
Published: July 2019

Liphagal, isolated from the marine sponge Aka coralliphaga, exhibits phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase alpha (PI3Kα) inhibitory activity and cytotoxic effects in human cancer cells. Siphonodictyal B, the biogenetic precursor of liphagal, also has PI3K inhibitory activity. However, its cytotoxic or antitumor activities have not been evaluated. In this study, we demonstrated that siphonodictyal B inhibits several kinases such as CDK4/6, CDK7, and PIM2 in addition to PI3K in vitro and that siphonodictyal B exhibits more potent cytotoxic effects than liphagal against human colon cancer cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with siphonodictyal B resulted in increased PARP cleavage, a larger sub‐G1 fraction, and a larger annexin V‐positive cell population, all of which are indicative of apoptosis induction. As a mechanism of apoptosis induction, we found that siphonodictyal B activates the p38 MAPK pathway, leading the upregulation of proapoptotic factors. Moreover, siphonodictyal B increased ROS levels, thus promoting p38 MAPK pathway activation. NAC, an ROS scavenger, almost completely reversed both the cytotoxic and p38 MAPK pathway‐activating effects of siphonodictyal B. These results indicate that the p38 MAPK pathway might be involved downstream of ROS signaling as part of the mechanism of siphonodictyal B‐induced apoptosis. Finally, siphonodictyal B displayed antitumor effects in a human colon cancer xenograft mouse model and increased p38 phosphorylation in tumor tissue. These results suggest that siphonodictyal B could serve as the basis of a novel anticancer drug.
Die PET‐Mineralwasserflasche
Authors: Sattlegger Lukas , Haider Tobias , Völker Carolin , Kerber Heide , Kramm Johanna , Zimmermann Lisa , Wurm Frederik R.
Published: July 2019

PET‐Getränkeflaschen sind ein allgegenwärtiger Teil der modernen Alltagskultur. Sie haben die globale Trinkwasserversorgung verändert und das moderne Trinkverhalten geprägt. Gleichzeitig kommen Einwegflaschen aus Plastik durch die zunehmend sichtbaren Umweltfolgen auch immer stärker in Kritik. Der Artikel diskutiert den die komplexe Thematik der Wasserflasche aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und die beiden Phänomene „Wasser in Plastik“ und „Plastik in Wasser“.
Carbon dynamics and environmental controls of a hilly tea plantation in Southeast China
Authors: Pang Jiaping , Li Hengpeng , Tang Xuguang , Geng Jianwei
Published: July 2019

Tea plantations are widely distributed and continuously expanding across subtropical China in recent years. However, carbon flux exchanges from tea plantation ecosystems are poorly understood at the ecosystem level. In this study, we use the eddy covariance technique to quantify the magnitude and temporal variations of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in tea plantation in Southeast China over four years (2014–2017). The result showed that the tea plantation was a net carbon sink, with an annual NEE that ranged from −182.40 to −301.51 g C/m2, which was a much lower carbon sequestration potential than other ecosystems in subtropical China. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) explained the highest proportion of the variation in NEE and gross primary productivity (GPP) (for NEE: F = 389.89, p < .01; for GPP: F = 1,018.04, p < .01), and air temperature (Ta) explained the highest proportion of the variation in ecosystem respiration (RE) (F = 13,141.81, p < .01). The strong pruning activity in April not only reduced the carbon absorption capacity but also provided many plant residues for respiration, which switched the tea plantation to a carbon source from April to June. Suppression of NEE at higher air temperatures was due to the decrease in GPP more than the decrease in RE, which indicated that future global warming may transform this subtropical tea plantation from a carbon sink to carbon source.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Olefination of 4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one Derivatives with Activated Alkenes via Preferential Cyclic Imine‐N‐Directed Aryl C‐H Activation
Authors: Panja Subir , Maity Srabani , Majhi Biju , Ranu Brindaban C.
Published: July 2019

A palladium‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted selective ortho C‐H bond olefination of biologically active 4H‐benzo[d][1,3] oxazin‐4‐one derivatives with activated olefins has been achieved. The products are obtained in good yields with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities. This new protocol has been demonstrated to provide a variety of olefinated‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one derivatives. The site selectivity of the reaction was explained by a DFT study.
N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide Exposure at an Environmentally Relevant Concentration Influences River Microbial Community Development
Authors: Lawrence John R. , Waiser Marley J. , Swerhone George D.W. , Roy Julie L. , Paule Armelle , Korber Darren R.
Published: July 2019

Studies of the South Saskatchewan River confirmed that N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is ubiquitous at 10 to 20 ng/L, whereas in effluent-dominated Wascana Creek, levels of 100 to 450 ng/L were observed. Effects of DEET exposure were assessed in microbial communities using a wide variety of measures. Communities developed in rotating annular reactors with either 100 or 500 ng/L DEET, verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Microscale analyses indicated that both DEET concentrations resulted in significant (p < 0.05) declines in photosynthetic biomass, whereas bacterial biomass was unaffected. There was no detectable effect of DEET on the levels of chlorophyll a. However, pigment analyses indicated substantial shifts in algal–cyanobacterial community structure, with reductions of green algae and some cyanobacterial groups at 500 ng/L DEET. Protozoan/micrometazoan grazers increased in communities exposed to 500 ng/L, but not 100 ng/L, DEET. Based on thymidine incorporation or utilization of carbon sources, DEET had no significant effects on metabolic activities. Fluorescent lectin-binding analyses showed significant (p < 0.05) changes in glycoconjugate composition at both DEET concentrations, consistent with altered community structure. Principal component cluster analyses of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that DEET exposure at either concentration significantly changed the bacterial community (p < 0.05). Analyses based on 16S ribosomal RNA of community composition confirmed changes with DEET exposure, increasing detectable beta-proteobacteria, whereas actinobacteria and acidimicrobia became undetectable. Further, cyanobacteria in the subclass Oscillatoriophycideae were similarly not detected. Thus, DEET can alter microbial community structure and function, supporting the need for further evaluation of its effects in aquatic habitats. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2414–2425. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC

Abstract

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide resulted in significant declines in photosynthetic biomass, whereas pigment analyses indicated changes in algal–cyanobacterial community structure. Numbers of protozoan grazers increased. DEET = N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide.
Cerebellar contribution to auditory feedback control of speech production: Evidence from patients with spinocerebellar ataxia
Authors: Li Weifeng , Zhuang Jiajun , Guo Zhiqiang , Jones Jeffery A. , Xu Zhiqin , Liu Hanjun
Published: July 2019

The cerebellum has been implicated in the feedforward control of speech production. However, the role of the cerebellum in the feedback control of speech production remains unclear. To address this question, the present event‐related potential study examined the behavioral and neural correlates of auditory feedback control of vocal production in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and healthy controls. All participants were instructed to produce sustained vowels while hearing their voice unexpectedly pitch‐shifted −200 or −500 cents. The behavioral results revealed significantly larger vocal compensations for pitch perturbations in patients with SCA relative to healthy controls. At the cortical level, patients with SCA exhibited significantly smaller cortical P2 responses that were source localized in the right superior temporal gyrus, primary auditory cortex, and supramarginal gyrus than healthy controls. These findings indicate that reduced brain activity in the right temporal and parietal regions are significant neural contributors to abnormal auditory‐motor processing of vocal pitch regulation as a consequence of cerebellar degeneration, which may be related to disrupted reciprocal interactions between the cerebellum and cortical regions that support the top‐down modulation of auditory‐vocal integration. These differences in behavior and cortical activity between healthy controls and patients with SCA demonstrate that the cerebellum is not only essential for feedforward control but also plays a crucial role in the feedback‐based control of speech production.
Synthesis, Docking, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Derivatives of α‐Aminoketones Appended to Sydnones as Potent Antitubercular and Antifungal Scaffolds
Authors: Dorababu Atukuri , Kamble Ravindra R. , Shaikh Saba Kauser J. , Somagond Shilpa M. , Bayannavar Praveen K. , Joshi Shrinivas D.
Published: July 2019

3‐Arylsydnones are reported to possess striking pharmaceutical potency. α‐Aminoketone, a biologically active structural unit, is built at the fourth (electrophilic) position of sydnone and further derivatized with secondary amine and tetrazoles. The α‐aminoketone derivatives of sydnones coupled with secondary amines 4a–n were docked on enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which revealed that compounds 4b, 4f, and 4i showed efficient C score values with different binding modes and hydrogen bonding. Further, these compounds were screened for antimycobacterial activity; among them, compound 4f displayed sensitivity at 6.25 μg/mL compared with the standard drug (Streptomycin) against M. tuberculosis (H37RV strain). In addition to this, α‐aminoketone derivatives of sydnones coupled with tetrazoles 8a–h were evaluated for antifungal activity. In the antifungal activity, compound 8b has exhibited potent activity at 6.25 μg/mL against Candida albicans and compound 8g at 0.4 μg/mL against Aspergillus fumigatus. The antifungal activities are comparatively better than standard antifungal agent Fluconazole at these drug concentrations. Alongside characterization of the final compounds by Fourier transform infrared, mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral analyses, compounds 8b and 8g were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic studies.
Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria and Rural Youths in Sustainable Traditional Industries Livelihood in Oil Producing Communities
Authors: Uduji Joseph Ikechukwu , Okolo‐Obasi Elda Nduka
Published: July 2019

Since the first oil well was drilled in Nigeria, traditional economies have suffered neglect, and rural youths do not see a future for themselves in traditional industries livelihood (TIL). We examine the impact of corporate social responsibility of multinational oil companies on youths' participation in TIL. A total of 1200 youths were sampled across the rural Niger Delta. Results from the use of a logit model indicate a significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and TIL. The findings suggest increased general memorandum of understanding interventions in canoe carving, pottery making, cloth weaving, mat making and basket weaving to revive the traditional economic activities in Nigeria. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A discontinuous Galerkin surface integral equation method for scattering from IBC targets
Authors: Kong Beibei , Ylä‐Oijala Pasi , Sihvola Ari
Published: July 2019

A discontinuous Galerkin (DG) surface integral equation method is proposed for electromagnetic scattering from targets with the impedance boundary condition (IBC). We present electric field integral equation (EFIE), magnetic field integral equation (MFIE), and self‐dual integral equation formulations for the problem and study their numerical performance. On the basis of the results of these experiments, DG is developed for EFIE and MFIE (DG‐EFIE and DG‐MFIE). The convergence of the iterative solutions and the solution accuracy of DG‐EFIE and DG‐MFIE are further investigated for a wide range of surface impedances. The numerical performance of these formulations is found to be nearly complementary with respect to the surface impedance. The capability of the proposed DG solution strategy for calculating scattering from large multiscale IBC targets is demonstrated.
Overlooked and Understudied: Health Consequences of Weight Stigma in Men
Authors: Himmelstein Mary S. , Puhl Rebecca M. , Quinn Diane M.
Published: July 2019

Objective

A substantial amount of literature has suggested that weight stigma impairs health. Evidence on gender differences in weight stigma has been mixed, but studies of weight stigma within men have been primarily absent from the literature.

Methods

In two samples of men recruited nationally from across the United States (N = 1,753), participants completed self‐report measures assessing their height, weight, demographics, weight stigma (experienced and internalized), psychological well‐being (depression), health behaviors (sleep, alcohol, smoking, binge eating, dieting, physical activity), and self‐rated health.

Results

Regression analyses showed that, independent of race, socioeconomic status, and BMI, experienced weight stigma and weight bias internalization among men were associated with poor health, including greater depressive symptoms, increased dieting, lower self‐reported health, and increased odds of binge eating. Neither internalized nor experienced weight stigma was consistently associated with physical activity, smoking, drinking, or trouble sleeping.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that both experienced and internalized weight stigma are associated with several indices of poor health in men. It may be informative for future work to examine how men cope with weight stigma, particularly if certain coping responses to stigma involve behaviors that contribute to poorer health.
Interfacial adhesion and water resistance of stainless steel–polyolefin improved by functionalized silane
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Wang Peng , Long Shijun , Huang Yiwan , Li Haiyan , Hu Chuanqun
Published: July 2019

The adhesion strength and water resistance of stainless steel and adhesive resin composites determine the long‐term performance of wires and cables; however, adhesion at stainless steel interfaces is difficult. Herein, we prepared ethylene acrylic acid/linear low‐density polyethylene (EAA/LLDPE) blends with good mechanical and adhesive properties. Silane was anchored to the surface of stainless steel. The effects of silane functionalization on the adhesion surface were investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The reaction mechanism between the stainless steel, silane, and EAA/LLDPE revealed adhesion was optimized when a 3:7 volume ratio of 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MEMO): 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (A‐1110) was used to modify the stainless steel substrate. SEM images of EAA/LLDPE film peel surfaces found the silane‐treated stainless steel substrates produced rough surfaces with a uniform void indicating the silane treatment enhanced the stainless steel and EAA/LLDPE film interaction. The stainless steel and EAA/LLDPE film adhesion and water resistance improved and the peel strength after water resistance testing at 68°C for 168 h increased from 3.18 N/cm to 9.37 N/cm compared to untreated stainless steel. Silane‐modified stainless steel and EAA/LLDPE blend film composite materials demonstrate potential for application in wires and cables used in environmental corrosion‐resistant applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1866–1873, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Tailoring of Bound Exciton Photoluminescence Emission in WS2 Monolayers
Authors: Kaupmees Reelika , Grossberg Maarja , Ney Marcel , Asaithambi Aswin , Lorke Axel , Krustok Jüri
Published: July 2019

Temperature‐ and laser power‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) properties of the asymmetric defect‐bound exciton band in defective WS2 monolayers, grown by chemical vapor deposition, are studied. Based on PL mapping, a monolayer region with an intensive band emission at about 1.9 eV is chosen for further studies. The band is thermally quenched above 180 K, and the thermal activation energy is found to be  = 33 ± 4 meV. At = 15 K, the band intensity reveals a sublinear dependence with increasing excitation power and the peak position shows a blueshift of about 15 meV per decade of laser power. It is shown that the band is related to the deep defect states within the band gap of WS2.