bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collegiality as institutional work: Collegial meeting practices among Norwegian pastors
Authors: Sirris Stephen , Andersson Thomas
Published: September 2023

Collegiality is considered a hallmark of professionalism and involves specialization, equality, and leadership based on profession. Traditionally, within a profession, collegiality is treated as given and dealt with intra-professionally. This article, in contrast, studies collegiality as institutional work within the organizational context. We analyse how professionals and managers in a highly professionalized and institutionalized organization perform collegiality as institutional work. Interview and observational data shed light on collegiality in the practices of pastors in the Church of Norway. The findings highlight collegiality as a cultural ideal and a process of work beyond a mere governance structure. Collegial meetings constitute structural work that signals the intersection of conceptual work (theology) and operational work (daily challenges), facilitated by relational work. This article shows how collegiality constitutes institutional work that not only maintains the pastor profession as an institution but also gradually adapts it in response to external demands and strengthened management.
Motivational Interviewing, 2E
Authors: Kelly Thomas M. , Gold Melanie A.
Published: September 2023

“This medical guide in this second edition weaves a comprehensive, easily accessible, and detailed discussion regarding the motivational interviewing approach and offering practical techniques and tools that can be readily applied in therapeutic encounters with patients in diverse clinical settings and populations. It’s an exceptionally valuable tool for medical trainees and other wide range of health professionals.”
Images of Betelgeuse with VLTI/MATISSE across the Great Dimming
Authors: Drevon J , Millour F , Cruzalèbes P , Paladini C , Scicluna P , Matter A , Chiavassa A , Montargès M , Cannon E , Allouche F , Hofmann K-H , Lagarde S , Lopez B , Meilland A , Petrov R , Robbe-Dubois S , Schertl D , Zins G , Ábrahám P , Berio P , Henning Th , Hron J , Isbell J W , Jaffe W , Labadie L , Varga J , Weigelt G , Woillez J , van Boekel R , Pantin E , Danchi W C , de Koter A , Gámez-Rosas V , Hogerheijde M R , Leftley J , Stee P , Waters R
Published: September 2023

From Nov. 2019 to May 2020, the red supergiant star Betelgeuse experienced an unprecedented drop of brightness in the visible domain called the Great Dimming event (GDE). Large atmospheric dust clouds and large photospheric convective features are suspected to be responsible for it. To better understand the dimming event, we used mid-infrared long-baseline spectro-interferometric measurements of Betelgeuse taken with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer/Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (VLTI/MATISSE) instrument before (Dec. 2018), during (Feb. 2020), and after (Dec. 2020) the GDE. We present data in the 3.98–4.15 µm range to cover SiO spectral features molecules as well as adjacent continuum. We have employed geometrical models, image reconstruction, as well as radiative transfer models to monitor the spatial distribution of SiO over the stellar surface. We find a strongly inhomogeneous spatial distribution of SiO that appears to be looking very different between our observing epochs, indicative of a vigorous activity in the stellar atmosphere. The contrast of our images is small in the pseudo-continuum for all epochs, implying that our MATISSE observations support both cold spot and dust cloud model.
The Divided Movement and a Framework for Peace
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the events and developments of Sudan’s second civil war (1983–2005), including the formation of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) and the South–South war. It shows how tribal factionalism weakened the SPLM and allowed the Government of Sudan to contain the SPLA by supporting southern anti-SPLA forces. It moves on to discuss how international policymakers embraced the Christian versus Islamist clash as the root cause of the war. This, it argues, oversimplified the conflict and, in the end, downplayed the need for morally redressing the effects of war and for promoting accountability. The chapter also analyzes the key issues of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), including an integrated security force and ongoing border disputes. Finally, it addresses the strategic rationale of powerful states and organizations to bring an end to the war.
Kleptocracy and Its Warring Contents
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses how the heavy reliance on militarism helped expand patronage networks and create even more insecurity and instability in the political system. It argues that such patronage, reflected the emerging link between kleptocracy and the civil war in which the national government and armed factions came to share economic and personal incentives to fight. In this way, the informal economy of armed conflict had become increasingly entwined with the national war economy, as the government used state assets and resources (e.g., oil production) to pay tribal-based militias to fight the opposition. The chapter shall analyze this trend, the dynamics of corruption, the lack of transparency of the oil sector, the leaders’ fateful decision to shut off its oil pipelines, and the impact of targeted sanctions imposed by the United States and the United Nations..
The Revitalized Peace Process and Civil Society’s Challenge
Authors: Roach Steven C.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines the events that led up to the signing of a Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan and the dynamics of the power-sharing agreement, including the role of the South Sudan’s Opposition Alliance (SSPOA). The aim of revitalizing the Agreement of the Resolution on Conflict in South Sudan was to reach a flexible consensus on issues and to address deep-seated misgivings about certain issues, including security and federalism. The underlying challenge, the chapter shows, was to build trust and promote inclusion in order to reach agreement on key items, such as a unified security force, constitutional reform, and democratic elections. Finally, the chapter discusses the lack of inclusion of civil actors, which created growing uncertainty about the elite-driven power-sharing agreement.
Protestant Themes Within Secular Models of Salvation—“Redeemed” or Just “a Bit Happier”? The Example of Crazy Heart
Authors: Marsh Clive
Published: September 2023

This chapter exposes some of the conceptual pitfalls that can ensue when commentators synthesize religion and film without due regard for doctrinal, cultural, and narrative specifics. Focusing on a well-received contemporary drama, Crazy Heart, as a case study, the chapter asks why so many viewers see the film as a redemption story and thus credit it with power and insight. From a Protestant perspective, the film models redemption in a very limited way while almost wholly secularizing its Protestant biblical, theological, and moral framework. What project does it serve, what values does it reinforce, to find themes or motifs of salvation in a film like Crazy Heart? In assessing the impulse to label such films as redemption stories, the chapter takes up larger questions about what Protestantism and its beliefs can contribute to the analysis of popular culture.
Words Versus “the Word”: Language and Scripture in Ingmar Bergman’s Films and Writings
Authors: Koskinen Maaret
Published: September 2023

Maaret Koskinen examines Ingmar Bergman’s trilogy on “God’s silence”—Through a Glass Darkly (1960), The Communicants (U.S. title Winter Light, 1963), and The Silence (1963)— in light of his Lutheran background to demonstrate how each of the three films manifests his notion of aesthetic reduction. The trilogy, she argues, documents Bergman’s endeavor to rid his movies of what she calls “sacred clutter” (religious superstructure, film aesthetics, and language), creating a cinematic opposite to the conventions and traditions of most Hollywood religious films. Koskinen takes hold of a strand in which Bergman’s art and religion meet—namely, the question of faith and doubt, which in various ways turns out to deal with religion, aesthetics, and Protestantism on-screen.
Film Noir, Calvinism, and Self-Surveillance in Paul Schrader’s Hardcore
Authors: Stevens Jason
Published: September 2023

Paul Schrader, whose Hardcore (1978) forms the subject of this chapter, is a haunted ex-Calvinist, his movies dealing with transgression, grace, and the costliness of redemption. In Hardcore, Schrader returns to his former Dutch Reformed background through film noir, a genre that he helped to formulate. The classic cycle of noir (1941–1955) featured a menagerie of false prophets in sheep’s clothing, but Schrader was never drawn to film noir because of its fake men of God. Moreover, he has remained too fascinated by Calvinism to simply fault it for hypocrisy and delusion. Revealing instead affinities between film noir and certain emphases of Calvinist theology, the chapter subjects Hardcore’s devoutly Reformed protagonist to a relentlessly probing and fragmenting gaze that holds the character to an accounting of his sins more rigorous than the character’s perception of himself. Hardcore emerges as a Calvinistic anti-Calvinist noir.
The Social Stratification of Latino Ethnicity, Power, and Social Positionality in the United States
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the social stratification of Latino ethnicity, power, and social positionality, with an emphasis on the latter’s central dimension of socioeconomic status and consequent vulnerability to psychosocial and health problems. Enduring patterns of work and income, educational achievement, and political power are addressed, including challenges to meritocracy and human capital theory, constructs frequently used to explain social mobility but only amounting to half-truths in need of more informed understanding. The stratification of the oldest and largest (Mexican, Puerto Rican & Cuban), as well as more recent, smaller, but rapidly growing (Dominican and Central Americans) Latino populations is analyzed in order to establish the context of vulnerability to social problems. Disproportionately high rates of Covid-19 morbidity and mortality is one of the many examples of such vulnerability provided. An overview of the stratification of Latinos in the power elite or the upper echelons of power (political, corporate & military) in American is also provided for a fuller characterization of the stratification of Latinos in America.
Latino Racial/Ethnic Identity Development
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of racial and ethnic identity development with an emphasis on Latinos and non-Latino white counterparts and the respective challenges as racialized populations to mitigate racial oppression and racial privilege to continue advancing racial equity. Related topics addressed include internalized oppression, stereotype threat, white privilege, and white fragility, as well as racial stamina. The chapter concludes by noting that while deeply influential, racial and ethnic identity is ultimately but one dimension of the self-concept that lies at the intersection of many other dynamic and consequential identities and roles in our complex lives.
Toward Latinx Intersectionality
Authors: Organista Kurt C.
Published: September 2023

Because it is insufficient to focus on only one form of human diversity, be it race, gender or any other form, this chapter integrates an intersectionality approach to understanding and responding variations in Latinx psychosocial and health problems along the lines of race, gender and gender identity, sexuality, immigration status, etc. As an analytic tool, intersectionality facilitates understanding how multiple systems of oppression, as well as privilege, may converge and impinge upon the life of a Latinx individual or group. Challenges to integrating intersectionality into practice are discussed in relation to the way our socialization about civil rights, including social movements, has typically address one dimension of human diversity at a time.
For F*ck's Sake
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

For F*ck’s Sake: Why Swearing is Shocking, Rude, and Fun elaborates on the nuances and power of swear words. It clarifies that swear words are not exactly offensive since offensiveness lies under the meaning people usually do not say. Swearing is designed to convey disrespect and offensiveness, while acting as a communicative tool and a source of humor. However, the unspoken and usually unconscious inferences that speakers and listeners make about each other are key to explaining swear words’ capacity to shock. For F*ck’s Sake explores the function, value and complexity of swearing by discussing the ways it can foster social intimacy and the hypocritical ways of censorship and punishment.
Different kinds of wrong
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter expounds on the inappropriateness of swearing. It mentions how most people can recognize inappropriate swearing when they encounter it, so recognition is a matter of feeling it. Moreover, inappropriate swearing is shocking enough that it gets people's attention. The category of inappropriate swearing is pretty large, since its appropriateness ranges between rudeness and being morally wrong. Moreover, swearing is contrary to etiquette. The chapter explains how the intentions of the speaker are another factor to consider in trying to understand swearing’s inappropriateness or otherwise. It elaborates on the gap that exists between what people view as expressions of disrespect, and what constitutes expressions of disrespect.
Taboo, aggression, and harsh sweary sounds
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks into the offense escalation process of swearing due to sound and its relation to taboo. Swear words are born by certain words being widely dispreferred within a given community, which then establishes the offense escalation process to occur on a community-wide level. While the ‘quick and harsh’ sound of swear words does not singlehandedly explain their offensiveness, it is a factor in determining which words go through the offense escalation process to end up as swear words. The chapter explains that the important role of swearing in expressing strong emotion adds another layer to understanding why hearing it can be shocking. It notes how offense escalation helps us understand the offensiveness of breaching etiquette more generally.
Swears vs. slurs
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter compares the differences between swears and slurs. It clarifies that the offensiveness of slurs is not context-dependent in the same way that the offensiveness of swearing is. While both concepts involve taboo language, their power to offend differs in many ways. Swears, as we’ve seen, come to be offensive via offense escalation, but offence escalation plays a different, and relatively minor role, in how slurs come to be offensive. Moreover, swears are not hostile terms of abuse or contempt about members of a particular group. The chapter highlights that the offensiveness of slur revolves around expressing contempt and disrespect towards members of a particular group simply for being members of that group.
The value of offensiveness
Authors: Roache Rebecca
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the value of offensiveness by looking into people who are unable to offend when they use swear words and people who suffer a moral wrong. Disabled people often find themselves to be unable to produce the shock and offense effect by uttering swear words. People swearing in a foreign language also experience struggle in expressing swear words. While the swearing of children can be shocking and offensive, the utterance proved to be funny. The chapter mentions how unusual people, like through their height or voice, risk not being able to use swearing effectively. It also considers the normativity surrounding swearing.
Introduction
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This introduction describes the state of Britain in 1984, at the outbreak of the strike. It introduces the sources used in the text, and sets out the state of the existing popular and scholarly literature on the strike and women’s role in it. It provides contextual history about the history of trade unionism, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), and the left in twentieth-century Britain. It also discusses the research methodology underpinning the work, in particular the use of oral history. It describes the characteristics of those who made up the oral history sample, methods of interviewee recruitment, interview technique, and the positionality of the interviewers. Finally, it summarises the arguments and contents of the book.
Early Days: Spring 1984
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the early days of the miners’ strike in March and April 1984. It explores how the dispute started, and the complex way in which it developed. It looks at why, in these first days of the dispute, women variously supported or opposed the strike depending on a complex constellation of factors. It examines why women tended to support the decisions of their husbands, whether for or against the strike, and why those decisions were taken in the first place. Supported by extensive original oral testimony, the experiences of the small number of women who were also part of the NUM—mostly canteen and office staff—are explored, as are the experiences of women who did not support the strike. Finally, the early days of the women’s movement that quickly grew up to support the strike are traced, with the events that prompted this unprecedented activism examined, and the mechanics of undertaking work such as fundraising and setting up soup kitchens analysed.
Aftermath
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence , Thomlinson Natalie
Published: September 2023

This chapter takes up the story of activist groups, as well as the experiences of individual women and of coalfield communities, in the months and years after the strike. Most support groups wound up within weeks of the dispute’s end, but a rump of politicised women kept National Women Against Pit Closures running for several years; this chapter explores the politics of that organisation, and the way that activist networks were reignited during the 1992–3 round of pit closures. This chapter also explores the ways in which coalfield women’s lives changed during the 1980s and 1990s. Like women across the country, women from coalfield communities experienced changes in patterns of work and family life. These were not entirely novel, but the loss of the strike, and the swift closure of pits in the years that followed, accelerated many of the shifts that were already in train before the strike. Finally, this chapter explores the changes wrought on coalfields by pit closures, and the frequently devastating consequences of these for the economy, health, and social fabric of mining communities.
Participatory Budgeting-new style
Authors: Hendriks Frank
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores local-level hybrids, with special attention to ‘Participatory Budgeting-new style’ (PB-ns), combining increased emphasis on large-scale voting—often digital, web-based—with continued attention to deliberative participation in local budgeting. This is examined through the lens of the Citizens’ Budget of District Antwerp, a Belgian town with a reputation for creative design in this realm, while recognizing more or less similar processes in other cities around the world. In view of the values framework, Antwerp’s Burgerbegroting is seen as a relatively multifunctional instrument that largely—although not perfectly—does what it is expected to do in this context. The thoughtful and persistent effort to mix and balance different design principles and to connect with the local context is what makes Antwerp’s Citizens’ Budget exemplary. As in the previous chapter, a separate text box is dedicated to institutional variations on the same theme.
Serafinowicz, the Belorussian Nationalist from Mir
Authors: Silverman Jon , Sherwood Robert
Published: September 2023

Szymon Serafinowicz, a Belorussian auxiliary policeman, was the first person in the UK to be charged under the War Crimes Act. He participated in massacres of Jews around the historic town of Mir; a cohort of fellow officers, all alleged perpetrators, followed him to the UK, masquerading as Poles, after the war. The Serafinowicz case is instructive because avoidable delays in taking him to court resulted in him being found unfit to stand trial because of his dementia. Other missed opportunities to bring him to justice occurred in the immediate post-war period when he was accused of being a war criminal but exonerated after a cursory inquiry at the London Cage. This chapter reveals that Serafinowicz was a significant figure in Belorussian nationalist circles as a trusted acolyte of the wartime pro-German politician Radoslaw Ostrowski, who, after the war, came to the UK to galvanize anti-Soviet organizations. The Soviets knew that Serafinowicz was living in the UK long before the War Crimes Unit did.
An Immaterial World
Authors: Hunter Walt
Published: September 2023

This chapter follows James Merrill’s poetic interest in “immaterials,” which he uses to describe the touch of affection, alongside the synchronous rise in the abstraction of home value and its inextricable connection to Merrill’s father’s company, Merrill Lynch. The chapter looks closely at The Changing Light at Sandover not so much as a critique of housing finance, as an instance of the shared revolution of value in both finance and aesthetic perception. The renovations of rooms, ongoing for Merrill, are brought into conversation with the revision of the poems set in them and contrasted with the mania for rapid development that Merrill often denigrated.
The Politics of Becoming
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: September 2023

What roles do our identities play in democratic politics? When we participate in citizens’ assemblies or in social movement gatherings, we are judged by how we look, which clothes we wear, by our skin colour, gender, and body language. Prejudice does not only lead to discrimination but also limits the freedom of expressing ourselves. The Politics of Becoming explores radical democratic acts of disidentification to counter this problem. Anonymity in masked protest, pamphleteering, street graffiti, and online debate interrupts our everyday identities. By concealing who we believe ourselves to be, anonymity allows us to live our multiple selves. In the digital age, anonymity becomes an inherent part of everyday communication. Through our smart devices we express our selves differently. As cyborgs our identities are disrupted and reassembled. We curate self-representations on social media, create avatars, share selfies and choose the skin colour of our emojis. To counter discrimination and express ourselves more freely in democratic spaces, we need to embrace our inner multiplicity. This argument does not break with the feminist politics of presence. Claiming and reinterpreting marginalized identities is a crucial element of an emancipatory democratic strategy. The politics of becoming, however, rereads presence as the performative act of self-creation. Drawing on queer, gender, feminist, and anarchist thinking, this book argues for an interruption of the dominant order to engage in self-transformation.
Becoming Subject to Change
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: September 2023

Today, we live in an age of deep societal disruptions that destabilize our sense of self. This introductory chapter explores the radical democratic potentials of identity disruption. It argues that new democratic spaces such as citizens’ assemblies or social movement gatherings constitute an interruption of the established governance order. They temporarily allow for different ways of doing politics. This provides a space of appearance where the democratic subject constitutes itself. In this space of appearance, participants are judged by their looks, and by their race, gender, class, and age. Stereotyping and discrimination do not only result in inequality within democratic spaces. They also restrict the freedom to live the multiple self. To interrupt discrimination and stereotyping, the chapter introduces the politics of becoming. It argues that the democratic subject itself is subject to change. To free the fugitive self, subjects engage in radical democratic acts of disidentification, which can potentially be realized through anonymity. Anonymity interrupts the established identity assemblage through objects such as masks, computer screens, digital avatars, or pseudonyms. In the digital age, anonymity becomes an inherent part of everyday communication. Through smart devices, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, democratic subjects are reconfigured as cyborgs. Beyond identity transformation, the politics of becoming advances deep societal transformations towards democratic futures. Finally, the introduction offers a summary of the chapters in this book.
Becoming Present
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: September 2023

Democratic spaces such as citizens’ assemblies or social movement gatherings aspire to realize inclusion and equality among participants. However, social inequalities and modes of everyday discrimination are replicated within democratic spaces. So, how can equality be advanced within democratic spaces? This chapter revisits a feminist debate in democratic theory associated with the term ‘difference democracy’. It conceptualizes difference democracy as a perspective in democratic theory that advances inclusion through three strategies: embodied presence, the expression of emotions, and the contestation of inequalities. Difference democrats draw attention to modes of devaluation of marginalized race, class and gender identities. They argue for a politics of presence, giving marginalized subjects visibility within the space of appearance through parliamentary gender quotas and social movements’ identity politics. Yet the politics of presence is overshadowed by the dilemma of difference. Equalizing mechanisms such as quotas in democratic spaces afford presence but also entail essentializing tendencies, confining the democratic subject to its identified body. While the politics of presence successfully advances equality, freedom to explore different sides of the multiple self is compromised.
Becoming Cyborg
Authors: Asenbaum Hans
Published: September 2023

In the digital age, anonymity has become an inherent part of everyday communication. Online communication allows for expressing our identities differently. This chapter explores how modes of disidentification come into play in political engagement online. It revisits the poststructuralist-inspired debate on cyberdemocracy that explains the digital self as existing only through the words it utters. This debate imagines an increase in personal freedom by ‘leaving the body behind’ and conceptualizes cyberspace as a separate realm that follows its own logics. Current debates, in contrast, insist on collapsing digital and physical space. The chapter develops a new theory of digital space beyond these two positions. By engaging with cyberfeminist debates, it explains digital space as an assemblage of material objects, sentient bodies, and performative expressions, in which the material dimension is profoundly reconfigured. Material space is mediated and interrupted by digital interfaces. This theory of digital space allows for rethinking the politics of presence. Explaining the subject of the digital age as a cyborgian assemblage of human bodies and technological devices, the chapter develops the concept of a digital politics of presence. As cyborgs, we interpret our bodies and ourselves differently through the exposure to digital content. Several empirical examples demonstrate that a digital politics of presence allows for the expression of marginalized identities but at the same time renders identity transformative. It expands the agency of the subject to reassemble the self both online and offline.
Aristophanes in Britain
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

This book explores the reception of Aristophanes in Britain over the course of the long-nineteenth century, setting it firmly in the context of Victorian classicism more broadly and in the context of the reception of Greek tragedy in the same period. It proves the surprising extent to which Aristophanes was received, across a wide array of mediums, in Victorian Britain, and demonstrates that, over the course of the long-nineteenth century, Aristophanic reception was always a process of speaking to contemporary issues, whether political or aesthetic. A number of case studies are explored, including Wilde, Swinburne, W.S. Gilbert, Shelley, Gilbert Murray, Bernard Shaw, and Aubrey Beardsley. From the start of the long-nineteenth century, the British reception of Aristophanes was tied up in contemporary political debate, as writers activated Aristophanes in support of their own political positions. The second strand of Aristophanic reception, developed around the middle of the nineteenth century, actively de-politicized Old Comedy and instead received it through an aesthetic lens. The aesthetics of Aristophanes—with an emphasis on the beautiful and the archaeological—also lay behind school and university productions of Old Comedy during this period, so that only at the turn of the century was the political and artistic potential of Aristophanes able to find synthesis.
Swine before Pearls
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

Percy Shelley’s ‘satiric drama’ Oedipus Tyrannus; or Swellfoot the Tyrant was not widely read, and is not a polished work of literature. But it is valuable as a rare example of Aristophanic reception in literature, not scholarship, before the mid-nineteenth century. Throughout the play, Shelley weaves in countless allusions to ancient comedy, and it shares with Old Comedy a biting, topical humour. Chapter 3 explores the political and literary context of this challenging play, exploring how Shelley constructs a stinging political satire that is both deeply Aristophanic and intensely—purposefully—unpleasant. Swellfoot is truly radical, and therefore represents a unique reception of Aristophanes in a liberal, class-sensitive voice at a time when he was invariably read as aristocratic.
Aristophanes in the Phrontisterion
Authors: Swallow Peter
Published: September 2023

By far the widest reception of Aristophanes in performance during the Victorian period was at schools and universities, where extracts and whole plays were staged regularly by students, to varying degrees of external audience. The influence of these productions is unquantifiable and the information we have about them is undetailed, but their prevalence demonstrates a significant knowledge base of the Aristophanes plays produced, at least amongst upper-class men and boys. This chapter focusses on the tone and styles employed by these performances, which tended towards either adopting the idiom of burlesque, or embracing a more archaeological, didactic approach to the performance of ancient drama.
Shaping Complexity
Authors: Krämer Jörg
Published: September 2023

Krämer traces the multiple iterations of the German Medea, first in her 1770s guise as a woman with an inner drama, and second as divine figure, not only aloof, but also estranged from the human context in Klinger’s tragedy of 1787. Krämer argues that the modifications to the German Medea at this time are inextricably linked to wider generic and intermedial transformations. First, Krämer delineates the shift from the unambiguous characters of early opera to the experiments with psychological interiority afforded by the development of ‘monodramatic melodrama’; and second, he explores the rejection of sentimentalism found in the new tragedies by Klinger at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Visual Narrative
Authors: Dotlačilová Petra
Published: September 2023

Dotlačilová discusses the key, but routinely overlooked, visual means of representing character on stage: costume. Her close analysis of Louis-René Boquet’s designs for costumes for Jean-Georges Noverre’s ballet d’action Médée et Jason (1763) underlines how much the new aesthetic trends of the century focus on the human body and its movement. Costume designs show Medea’s links to the early operatic witch, in contrast to the humanized Medea who emerges some decades later. The sartorial signs of the underworld in the early versions—mainly bats and magical symbols—became less visible in Boquet’s later designs. The 1791 design presented Medea in ‘her role of princess, woman, and mother’.
Medea as Infanticidal Mother in the Late Eighteenth-Century Theatre
Authors: Schweitzer Zoé
Published: September 2023

Schweitzer brings French and British texts in conjunction with translations of the classics. How can the infanticidal mother be accepted within an aesthetic of sensibility? As elsewhere, the constant dialogue with ancient sources, with Horace’s Ars Poetica and Seneca’s tragedy in particular, reveals the adjustments made to Medea in accordance with an early modern understanding of translation practice. Schweitzer unfolds the ambiguity of the translations: they censure violations of decorum, both in terms of sexual references and breaches of verisimilitude, while offering full disclosure in the footnotes. Further, Schweitzer argues that the elimination of violence on stage according to sentimental stage practice, in fact, draws paradoxically even sharper attention to the filicide of Medea and promotes a concomitant taste for suffering. In this way, the double-faced aspects of sensibility in general are explored with help of the figure of Medea.
Medea—Sorceress or Woman? c. 1750 and Beyond
Authors: Lysell Roland
Published: September 2023

In Lysell’s chapter, the stage presence of Medea comes to the fore, in twentieth-century productions of the versions by Euripides and Grillparzer. With specific focus on the last years of the eighteenth century, and the beginning of the nineteenth century, Lysell emphasizes the return of the mythical and metaphysical forces in the play. He discusses the move from the humanized eighteenth-century Medea to Klinger’s tragedies where the gods are ‘evil horror forces’, and he extends his analysis to Franz Grillparzer’s seminal Medea of 1821. Here in this early nineteenth-century tragedy, it is both exile as existential determinant and the ineluctability of ‘the ancient demonic forces’ that are foregrounded. With Grillparzer, Lysell argues, the stage is set for the twentieth-century Medea, and her relevance as a psychologically complex figure.
Deterrence under Uncertainty:
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

What do emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and autonomy mean for nuclear strategy? Some analysts contend that increasingly powerful computers have inaugurated a “new era of counterforce” which may soon end the condition of mutual assured destruction (MAD), unmaking the so-called “nuclear revolution.” How might AI make nuclear war winnable, and can it reasonably be expected to do so? This book evaluates this question using insights from computer science. It surveys the emerging strategic environment as well as the prevailing approaches that nuclear states use to ensure the survivability of their retaliatory forces. It then describes the challenging knowledge-quality problems that computers must be made to solve to make disarming strikes against submarines and mobile missile launchers possible. The analysis concludes that while AI could enable disarming strikes against the kind of strategic nuclear forces that have existed historically, it will also give states powerful new means of military deception with which they can protect their retaliatory capabilities. But survivability based on deception seems incompatible with established conceptions of strategic stability and could have far-reaching geopolitical implications even if deception makes nuclear retaliatory forces secure from disarming strikes. In short, AI could transform nuclear strategy (and much else) but in ways different from what most observers currently expect.
Strategic Stability in a Deception-Dominant World
Authors: Geist Edward
Published: September 2023

This chapter describes ways in which technological advances favoring deception could change the role of nuclear weapons in international relations. Traditional approaches for evaluating strategic stability appear increasingly untenable in a future where technology aggravates knowledge quality problems. Rather than making the strategic environment more offense- or defense-dominant, new technology may make it deception-dominant instead, favoring those actors who stand to benefit the most from obscuring the truth. While this could lead to disaster, it may prove possible to establish a new paradigm in which mutual incomprehension incentivizes restraint. This paradigm might include major breaks with existing nuclear strategy, such as decentering “deterrence” and reconceptualizing competition in “cognitive” terms. The chapter concludes with some proposals for the theoretical underpinnings of such a “cognitive” strategy.
Intimate Selves
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: September 2023

The chapter shows how feelings determined decisions and actions in the realm of intimate relationships. It explores how young women of the 1950s and 1960s contemplated, navigated, and recalled heterosexual relationships before marriage. Drawing on contemporary and retrospective oral narratives it describes how women’s experiences were shaped by fear of pregnancy and social norms but also how change occurred with little fanfare. It reveals young women as sexual agents and how risk, curiosity and excitement drove behaviour. The chapter shows how social class impacted on experience. It challenges depictions of heterosexual relationships that assume women’s subordination to men and which take for granted women’s capitulation to the myth of romance.
The Expressive Self
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the evidence for the existence of poor mental health amongst this generation of women. It argues that public debate about neurosis and dissatisfaction amongst stay-at-home wives did reflect a reality and shows how it gave women a space to express their feelings through the media. The increasing visibility of women’s distress spurred women on to action via self-help organizations such as the National Housewives Register, Pre-School Playgroups, National Childbirth Trust and others. This chapter argues that the expressive culture of the 1960s permitted women to express their frustrations and to act on them. It argues that this is a key moment in post-war women’s lives when they found ways of meeting their own needs alongside the needs of family and home.
Liberating the Domestic Self
Authors: Abrams Lynn
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the strategies employed by women to maintain a sense of self distinct from marriage and motherhood. In the decade before the emergence of the women’s liberation movement, organizations were founded by women for women: the National Housewives Register, the National Childbirth Trust, the Pre-school Playgroups Association. These groups provided social contact with like-minded women and a stepping-stone back to the world of work. This chapter tells the story of this generation of women forging a bridge between the ‘old regime’ of delaying return to work until children were at school and the ‘new regime’ of working through child rearing.
“Like the Growth Rings of a Tree”
Authors: Edwards James , Konishi Junko
Published: September 2023

This chapter situates the development of Okinawan musical culture in a socio-ecological systems (SES) framework. Its focus is the sanshin, a three-string lute likely introduced to the Ryūkyū archipelago in the late fourteenth century. As of 2022, the sanshin is among the best-recognized symbols of Ryūkyūan/Okinawan culture worldwide. From the viewpoint of some luthiers and musicians, however, sanshin culture is trapped in a “downward spiral” precipitated by the rise of offshore production and unsustainable tonewood sourcing. This chapter employs the concept of socio-ecological thresholds to track sanshin production networks through five historical inflection points to their present state of crisis. It then delves into local visions for the instrument’s future, focusing on the Kuruchi Island Network, an initiative to sustainably increase the population of Ryūkyūan ebony or kuruchi, a tonewood used to make sanshin necks. For the Kuruchi Island Network and its partners, kuruchi reforestation is part of an integrated strategy designed to push sanshin production into a more sustainable regime by cultivating positive feedback across the sociocultural, economic, and ecological domains. After identifying intersections between the Kuruchi Island Network’s strategy and the SES-based paradigm of adaptive co-management, the chapter proposes directions for future research on coupled musical and socio-ecological change.
Music and Citizenship
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: September 2023

Citizenship is a fantasy of political community without others. How is it faring in today’s world of authoritarianism, failed states, and climate crisis? In a world where democratic experiment is, by now, a networked and global proposition? What might we learn from music—and from ethnomusicology? The relationship between the idea of citizenship and music is long standing, but it has not yet been looked at from a perspective informed by postcolonialism and today’s decolonizing debates. The case studies in this volume are, consequently, drawn from across Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Europe. Its first chapter locates the current ethnomusicological interest in citizenship in broad critical landscape, focusing on approaches to audience, media, voice, and performance. The second surveys a growing body of recent ethnomusicological literature on citizenship, theorized in terms of identity, technocracy, and intimacy. The third comprises case studies developing an approach to citizenship and political subjectivity beyond conventional liberal categories, defined by mobility (“the citizen on his bike”), collectivity (“the citizen in the crowd”), and activism (“the citizen in the square”). The conclusion offers an argument about the implications for citizenship studies of today’s thinking in ethnomusicology, musicology, and sound studies, reflecting on the hardening rhetoric of political belonging in Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: September 2023

This chapter locates the current ethnomusicological interest in citizenship in a broad critical landscape, arguing that the relationship between music and citizenship is embedded in a longer history of philosophical and critical inquiry, and specifically the work of Rousseau, a line of inquiry entangled with the birth of ethnomusicology itself. Starting with the strange case of the “sly civility” of Zeki Müren in Turkey, the chapter plots a route that simultaneously recenters music in the discussion of citizenship and democracy, and decenters the West’s self-placing in the center of such discussions. The chapter explores the broader critical literature on audiences, media, voice, and sovereignty. Ethnomusicology asks its questions, this context suggests, neither in a vacuum, nor in a state of dependence upon a more recent anthropology of citizenship.
A Nick at the Opera
Authors: Schonfeld Zach
Published: September 2023

Drawing on new interviews with screenwriter John Patrick Shanley and producer Bonnie Palef, this chapter explores how the hit 1987 rom-com Moonstruck established Cage as a mainstream star and sex symbol, despite his ambivalence toward the film and reluctance to take the role. The chapter chronicles Cage’s unusual romantic chemistry with the much-older Cher, who plays his lover, and analyzes the significance of opera in the film: Moonstruck not only makes Cage’s character an opera lover and contains a critical sequence at the Metropolitan Opera, but the heightened emotions and gestures of the film—and of Cage’s performance in particular—reflect an operatic grandeur. Nonetheless, this chapter explains how Cage’s unhappiness with the film influenced him to gravitate toward darker, less commercial projects.
Application of the Unified Protocol in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Zanjani Zahra , Joekar Sanaz
Published: September 2023

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and alternation of bowel movement. Due to its recurrent nature, incidence at young age, and high prevalence worldwide, IBS is an important health care issue. Although no single causative factor has been identified in IBS pathophysiology, the role of emotions in the motor function of the small intestine and colon is well documented. In addition, IBS is closely associated with emotional difficulties, particularly anxiety and depression. The Unified Protocol (UP), as a transdiagnostic treatment targeting emotion regulation strategies as underlying mechanism in emotional difficulties, helps IBS patients identify and express their emotions and modify their assessments of their emotions and emotion-related physical sensations using nonjudgmental awareness, mindfulness, and cognitive restructuring of thoughts, which lead to decreased psychological and emotional symptoms and consequently improve physical symptoms. This chapter reviews the prevalence, pathophysiology, and the role of emotional factors in this disorder. In addition, the application of UP in the treatment of IBS is discussed, and a case conceptualization based on UP is presented.
The Unified Protocol for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Mathew Amanda R. , Cox Chelsea
Published: September 2023

Tobacco use is a leading preventable cause of death and disability, and tobacco/nicotine cessation is a key public health priority. However, nicotine withdrawal introduces marked affective disturbance (i.e., anxiety, irritability, depression, and anhedonia). Treatments are needed to address affective disturbance among smokers in order to increase tolerance of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and support smoking abstinence. This chapter presents an adaptation of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Emotional Disorders for smoking cessation. It outlines a conceptual rationale for modular treatment focused on specific psychological factors (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, anhedonia, and distress intolerance) thought to maintain cigarette smoking. It then describes a detailed treatment protocol and provides a case example of treatment. The chapter concludes with clinical implications and a discussion of future directions for smoking cessation treatment informed by the Unified Protocol.
Free Speech and Non-State Censors
Authors: Messina J.P.
Published: September 2023

“Free Speech and Non-State Censors” marks the book’s substantive introduction. It begins by describing the phenomenon of private censorship and the crisis of free speech that many believe it generates. It then offers a conceptual analysis of censorship, which shows that talk of censorship by non-state agents need not involve any conceptual confusion. Next, the chapter turns to offering a pluralist account of the harms and wrongs of censorship, which vindicates the idea that private censorship can compromise our information environment. Having established that contemporary concerns about the impact of private power on our atmosphere for speech and discussion are well founded, the chapter turns to arguing that such private power demands a separate treatment from state censorship. The chapter concludes by laying out the plan for the rest of the book.