bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Host–Pathogen Interactions during Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Adherence and Colonization in the Bovine Gut: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Edison Lekshmi K. , Kudva Indira T. , Kariyawasam Subhashinie
Published: October 2024

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a significant public health threat due to its ability to cause severe gastrointestinal diseases in humans, ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening conditions such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). As the primary reservoir of STEC, cattle play a crucial role in its transmission through contaminated food and water, posing a considerable risk to human health. This comprehensive review explores host–pathogen interactions during STEC colonization of the bovine gut, focusing on the role of gut microbiota in modulating these interactions and influencing disease outcomes. We integrated findings from published transcriptomics, proteomics, and genomics studies to provide a thorough understanding of how STEC adheres to and colonizes the bovine gastrointestinal tract. The insights from this review offer potential avenues for the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling STEC colonization in cattle, thereby reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission.
Integrating the Transcriptome and Proteome to Postulate That TpiA and Pyk Are Key Enzymes Regulating the Growth of Mycoplasma Bovis
Authors: Yang Fei , Yang Mengmeng , Liu Fan , Qi Yanrong , Guo Yanan , He Shenghu
Published: October 2024

Mycoplasma bovis is a global problem for the cattle industry due to its high infection rates and associated morbidity, although its pathophysiology is poorly understood. In this study, the M. bovis transcriptome and proteome were analyzed to further investigate the biology of clinical isolates of M. bovis. A differential analysis of M. bovis, a clinical isolate (NX114), and an international type strain (PG45) at the logarithmic stage of growth, was carried out using prokaryotic transcriptome and 4D-label-free quantitative non-labeled proteomics. Transcriptomics and proteomics identified 193 DEGs and 158 DEPs, respectively, with significant differences in 49 proteins/34 transcriptomic CDS post-translational protein sequences (15 jointly up-regulated and 21 jointly down-regulated). GO comments indicate membrane, cytoplasmic and ribosome proteins were important components of the total proteins of M. bovis NX114 clinical isolate. KEGG enrichment revealed that M. bovis NX114 is mainly associated with energy metabolism, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and the ABC transporters system. In addition, we annotated a novel adhesion protein that may be closely related to M. bovis infection. Triosephosphate isomerase (TpiA) and Pyruvate kinase (Pyk) genes may be the key enzymes that regulate the growth and maintenance of M. bovis and are involved in the pathogenic process as virulence factors. The results of the study revealed the biology of different isolates of M. bovis and may provide research ideas for the pathogenic mechanism of M. bovis.
Novel Eu3+-Doped Glasses in the MoO3-WO3-La2O3-B2O3 System: Preparation, Structure and Photoluminescent Properties
Authors: Aleksandrov Lyubomir , Milanova Margarita , Yordanova Aneliya , Iordanova Reni , Shinozaki Kenji , Honma Tsuyoshi , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: October 2024

Novel multicomponent glasses with nominal compositions of (50−x)MoO3:xWO3:25La2O3:25B2O3, x = 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mol% doped with 3 mol % Eu2O3 were prepared using a conventional melt-quenching method. Their structure, thermal behavior and luminescent properties were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The optical properties of the glasses were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and a determination of the refractive index. Physical parameters such as density, molar volume, oxygen molar volume and oxygen packing density were determined. The glasses are characterized by a high glass transition temperature. Raman analysis revealed that the glass structure is built up mainly from tetrahedral (MoO4)2− and (WO4)2− units providing Raman bands of around 317 cm−1, 341–352 cm−1, 832–820 cm−1 and 928–935 cm−1. At the same time, with the replacement of MoO3 with WO3 some fraction of WO6 octahedra are produced, the number of which increases with the increasing WO3 content. A strong red emission from the 5D0 level of Eu3+ ions was registered under near-UV (397 nm) excitation using the 7F0 → 5L6 transition of Eu3+. Photoluminescence (PL) emission gradually increases with increasing WO3 content, evidencing that WO3 is a more appropriate component than MoO3. The integrated fluorescence intensity ratio R (5D0 → 7F2/5D0 → 7F1) was calculated to estimate the degree of asymmetry around the active ion, suggesting a location of Eu3+ in non-centrosymmetric sites. All findings suggest that the investigated glasses are potential candidates for red light-emitting phosphors.
Revealing the Intrinsic Correlation between Cu Scales and Free Radical Chain Reactions in the Regulation of Catalytic Behaviour
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Zhang Zilong , Yan Jingyi , Wang Siyang , Huang Xubin , Zuo Fangmin , Li Ao , Gao Fengkai , Lin Haidan , Wang Bolin
Published: October 2024

Defining the copper-based catalysts that are responsible for the catalytic behaviour of oil-paper insulation systems and implementing effective regulation are of great significance. Accelerated ageing experiments were conducted to reveal variations in copper scales and deterioration in insulation properties. As ageing progressed, TEM images demonstrated that copper species were adsorbed and aggregated on the fibre surface in the form of nanoparticles (NPs). The scale of NPs exhibited a continuous increase, from 27.06 nm to 94.19 nm. Cu(I) and Cu(II) species were identified as the active sites for inducing intense free radical reactions, which significantly reduced the activation energy, making the insulating oil more susceptible to oxidation. The role of the antioxidant di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (DBPC) in extending the insulation life was regulated by determining the optimal addition time based on variations in the interfacial tension. After the second addition of DBPC, the ageing rates of the dissipation factor, acidity, micro-water and breakdown voltage in the Cu+DBPC group decreased by 28.8%, 43.2%, 52.9% and 46.7%, respectively, compared to the Cu group. This finding not only demonstrates the crucial role of DBPC in preventing the copper-based catalyst-induced oxidation of insulating oil, but also furnishes a vital foundation for enhancing the long-term stability of transformer insulation systems.
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Enhanced Emission in Cs4PbBr6 Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Silicon Nano-Sheets for Perovskite Light Emitting Diode Applications
Authors: Herrera Mondragon Araceli , Gonzalez Rodriguez Roberto , Hurley Noah , Varghese Sinto , Jiang Yan , Squires Brian , Cheng Maoding , Davis Brooke , Jiang Qinglong , Mortazavi Mansour , Kaul Anupama B. , Coffer Jeffery L. , Cui Jingbiao , Lin Yuankun
Published: October 2024

Encapsulating Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots in silicon nano-sheets not only stabilizes the halide perovskite, but also takes advantage of the nano-sheet for a compatible integration with the traditional silicon semiconductor. Here, we report the preparation of un-passivated Cs4PbBr6 ellipsoidal nanocrystals and pseudo-spherical quantum dots in silicon nano-sheets and their enhanced photoluminescence (PL). For a sample with low concentrations of quantum dots in silicon nano-sheets, the emission from Cs4PbBr6 pseudo-spherical quantum dots is quenched and is dominated with Pb2+ ion/silicene emission, which is very stable during the whole measurement period. For a high concentration of Cs4PbBr6 ellipsoidal nanocrystals in silicon nano-sheets, we have observed Förster resonance energy transfer with up to 87% efficiency through the oscillation of two PL peaks when UV excitation switches between on and off, using recorded video and PL lifetime measurements. In an area of a non-uniform sample containing both ellipsoidal nanocrystals and pseudo-spherical quantum dots, where Pb2+ ion/silicene emissions, broadband emissions from quantum dots, and bandgap edge emissions (515 nm) appear, the 515 nm peak intensity increases five times over 30 min of UV excitation, probably due to a photon recycling effect. This irradiated sample has been stable for one year of ambient storage. Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots encapsulated in silicon nano-sheets can lead to applications of halide perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLEDs) and integration with traditional semiconductor materials.
Carbon-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials
Authors: Yu Huitao , Feng Wei
Published: October 2024

Carbon-based nanomaterials have garnered widespread attention and application because of their exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and optical properties [...]
Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Biomarkers of Redox Balance and Inflammation in Old Patients Hospitalized in Internal Medicine
Authors: Bellanti Francesco , Lo Buglio Aurelio , Dobrakowski Michał , Kasperczyk Aleksandra , Kasperczyk Sławomir , Serviddio Gaetano , Vendemiale Gianluigi
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: We have previously described that low adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in elderly patients admitted in internal medicine wards is linked to poorer clinical outcomes. This investigation was designed to explore whether adherence to the MD is related to circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation in this clinical scenario. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 306 acute old patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards. Adherence to the MD was estimated by the Italian Mediterranean Index (IMI). The circulating markers of redox balance were assessed in serum and erythrocytes and correlated with inflammatory markers across different MD adherence groups. Results: Compared to the patients with high adherence, those with low adherence to the MD exhibited severely impaired redox balance, as evidenced by a higher GSSG/GSH ratio and increased serum hydroxynonenal/malondialdehyde–protein adducts. No modifications were described in the expression of antioxidant enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Patients with low adherence to the MD exhibited a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and markers of systemic inflammation, as well as raised levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor, compared to those with high MD adherence. A strong association was observed between the circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation/immune response, with the highest regression coefficients found in the low adherence group. Conclusions: Old patients admitted to internal medicine wards with low adherence to the MD display unfavorable profiles of the circulating markers of redox balance and inflammation. It is conceivable that such effects on redox balance can be linked to the high polyphenol content of MD. This study supports the rationale for intervention trials that attest to the effectiveness of MD as a nutritional strategy for disease prevention.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Loss versus Gain Incentives to Improve Adherence to an Obesity Treatment Intervention in Adolescents
Authors: Siegel Robert M. , Kist Christopher , Kirk Shelley , Kharofa Roohi , Stackpole Kristin , Sammons Amanda , Dynan Linda , McGrady Meghan E. , Seo JangDong , Urbina Elaine , Kasparian Nadine A.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Adherence to pediatric obesity treatment can be challenging. Monetary incentives improve adherence to lifestyle interventions, with incentives framed as loss often more effective than those framed as gain. The objectives of this study were to determine if monetary incentives in the form of gift cards would improve adherence to an obesity treatment intervention and whether framing the incentive as either loss or gain affected adherence. Methods: Sixty adolescents with obesity (body mass index of ≥95th percentile for age and sex) were recruited from our pediatric obesity treatment program. They were randomized into one of three groups and given a monthly adherence score (AS) of up to 100 points. These points were based on completing a medical visit, reporting on diet intake, and measuring daily steps on a wearable tracker. The Gain Group (GG), N = 20, started each month with USD 0 in a virtual account and increased their monetary reward up to USD 100 depending on AS. The Loss Group (LG), N = 21, began each month with USD 100 in their virtual account, which decreased based on adherence. The Control Group (CG), N = 19, received USD 10 monthly. Results: Adherence was highest in the GG, with 66.0 points, compared to the LG, with 54.9 points, and CG, with 40.6 points, with p < 0.01. The GG had greater adherence to their step goal (14.6) and dietary reporting (18.7) compared to the LG (10.0 and 13.9) and the CG (3.9 and 8.1), p < 0.005. Conclusions: Gain-framed incentives are superior to loss-framed ones in improving adherence to pediatric obesity treatments.
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Association with Self-Perception of Dietary Behavior (Discrepancy between Self-Perceived and Actual Diet Quality): A Cross-Sectional Study among Spanish University Students of Both Genders
Authors: Béjar Luis M.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet (MD) is one of the most studied dietary patterns to date and is associated with multiple benefits for health and sustainability. However, paradoxically, adherence to the MD (AMD) has been gradually decreasing in native regions. It is necessary to identify the factors that influence AMD to reverse this trend and to mitigate the negative outcomes (for health and the environment) associated with westernized diets. The objective of this study was to assess how self-perception of dietary behavior influences AMD. Methods: During the 28-day repeated measurement cross-sectional study, participants’ dietary information was obtained from an initial form which established the self-perception of dietary behavior and the e12HR application to establish actual food consumption by individuals. Using the dietary information from both sources, the AMD index was calculated (specifically, the Mediterranean diet Serving Score (MDSS) index). Two categories of self-perception of dietary behavior were defined: Normal/underestimation: difference (MDSS index from initial form—MDSS index from e12HR application) ≤0; and Overestimation: difference >0 (with three subcategories: low (difference = 1–5), moderate (difference = 6–10), high (difference = 11–15)). Results: 139 (111, women; 28, men) Spanish university students were studied, with 98.6% (99.1%, women; 96.4%, men) falling into the overestimation category (they overestimated their dietary behavior); these students had significantly lower MDSS indexes, mean = 6.7, than students in the normal/underestimation category, mean = 12.0. Within the overestimation category, there were significant differences in the MDSS index: low (mean = 8.1), moderate (mean = 6.7), and high (mean = 4.9) subcategories and also differences that were significant in women but not in men. Conclusions: Overestimation of dietary behavior could be associated with lower AMD in all Spanish university students and women.
Plant Sterol-Enriched Palm Oil Intervention to Improve Lipid Profile and Inflammation Status in Hyperlipidemic Individuals
Authors: Dewi Mira , Martianto Drajat , Andarwulan Nuri , Kazimierczak Renata , Średnicka-Tober Dominika
Published: October 2024

Background: Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease (CHD), are currently positioned among the leading causes of mortality globally. Risk factors of CHD include, among others, hypercholesterolemia and elevations in systemic inflammation. Functional foods enriched with compounds showing cholesterol-lowering effects are considered one among various dietary and lifestyle intervention strategies to tackle this problem. A CHD-preventive effect of dietary plant sterols has been broadly discussed, not only due to their ability to reduce blood cholesterol level, but also to their proven anti-inflammatory potential. Palm oil is one of the most widely consumed edible oils in the world. Despite its widespread use, especially in Asian countries, no study has been conducted using palm oil as a vehicle for plant sterols. Methods: The aim of the placebo-controlled double-blinded trial presented here was, therefore, to evaluate the effect of palm oil enriched with plant sterols, used as a cooking oil, on lipid profile and systemic inflammation marker in 100 adult hyperlipidemic residents of Bogor, Indonesia. Results: The study has shown a significant reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol level in study subjects consuming plant sterol-enriched palm oil as a replacement for usual palm oil for cooking, with no similar effect on CRP levels. Conclusions: The study suggests that, along with a healthy diet and lifestyle promotion, incorporating plant sterols in palm oil used for cooking may be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular risks in hyperlipidemic individuals.
Connected Food: First Steps for an Ambitious National Food Strategy
Authors: Boyle Neil Bernard , Jenneson Victoria , Okeke-Ogbuafor Nwamaka , Morris Michelle A. , Stead Selina M. , Dye Louise , Halford Jason C. G. , Banwart Steven A.
Published: October 2024

Background: The global food system faces growing pressure from population growth, climate change, wealth inequity, geo-political instability, and damage to the ecosystems on which our food supply depends. Fragmentation of the priorities and needs of food system stakeholders—citizens, food producers, food industries, governments—compounds the problem, with competing or misaligned interests increasing the risk of failure to adequately meet the needs of those that form, and are served, by the food system. Growing consensus on the need for transformative system level change to address the problems facing the food system is yet to be significantly reflected in strategic action. Methods: The national food strategy of the UK is offered as an exemplar to discuss the need to promote more coherent and ambitious visions of transformative change that acknowledge the complexity of the food system as a whole. We draw upon cross-sectoral experience to distil the needs, priorities, and key food system tensions that must be acknowledged to promote transformative systems change that equitably delivers healthy sustainable diets, contributes to a resilient global food system, and protects the environment. Results: Greater coherence, ambition, and consideration of the food system as a whole are needed if a UK national food strategy is to contribute to significant transformative change. Conclusions: To promote this, we advocate for (1) a food system digital twin to model and test potential food system interventions or legislation; (2) a citizens’ forum to inform and co-develop a cohesive national food strategy; and (3) increased cohesion and integration of food system governance within government to drive a coherent, ambitious national food strategy.
Molecular Properties of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Causing Clinically Critical Infections
Authors: Monroy-Pérez Eric , Herrera-Gabriel Jennefer Paloma , Olvera-Navarro Elizabeth , Ugalde-Tecillo Lorena , García-Cortés Luis Rey , Moreno-Noguez Moisés , Martínez-Gregorio Héctor , Vaca-Paniagua Felipe , Paniagua-Contreras Gloria Luz
Published: October 2024

The increase in the number of hospital strains of hypervirulent and multidrug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major health problem that reduces medical treatment options and increases mortality. The molecular profiles of virulence and multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa-associated hospital and community infections in Mexico have been poorly studied. In this study, we analyzed the different molecular profiles associated with the virulence genotypes related to multidrug resistance and the genotypes of multidrug efflux pumps (mex) in P. aeruginosa causing clinically critical infections isolated from Mexican patients with community- and hospital-acquired infections. Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was determined using the Kirby–Bauer method. The identification of P. aeruginosa and the detection of virulence and efflux pump system genes were performed using conventional PCR. All strains isolated from patients with hospital-acquired (n = 67) and community-acquired infections (n = 57) were multidrug resistant, mainly to beta-lactams (ampicillin [96.7%], carbenicillin [98.3%], cefalotin [97.5%], and cefotaxime [87%]), quinolones (norfloxacin [78.2%]), phenicols (chloramphenicol [91.9%]), nitrofurans (nitrofurantoin [70.9%]), aminoglycosides (gentamicin [75%]), and sulfonamide/trimethoprim (96.7%). Most strains (95.5%) isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections carried the adhesion (pilA) and biofilm formation (ndvB) genes. Outer membrane proteins (oprI and oprL) were present in 100% of cases, elastases (lasA and lasB) in 100% and 98.3%, respectively, alkaline protease (apr) and alginate (algD) in 99.1% and 97.5%, respectively, and chaperone (groEL) and epoxide hydrolase (cif) in 100% and 97.5%, respectively. Overall, 99.1% of the strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections carried the efflux pump system genes mexB and mexY, while 98.3% of the strains carried mexF and mexZ. These findings show a wide distribution of the virulome related to the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and the origin of the strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections, demonstrating that these molecular mechanisms may play an important role in high-pathogenicity infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
The Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Test for Strongyloides stercoralis Is More Sensitive than Microscopy and Real-Time PCR in High-Risk Communities of Cusco, Peru
Authors: Malaga Jose L. , Fernandez-Baca Martha V. , Castellanos-Gonzalez Alejandro , Tanabe Melinda B. , Tift Clara , Morales Maria Luisa , Lopez Martha , Valdivia-Rodriguez Angela , Mamani-Licona Frecia , Cabada Miguel M.
Published: October 2024

Strongyloidiasis is a neglected, soil-transmitted helminth infection prevalent worldwide. The true burden of strongyloidiasis is unclear due to the lack of sensitive, field-friendly diagnostic tests. PCR tests to detect Strongyloides DNA in stool are sensitive and specific, but the need for expensive equipment limits their use in endemic regions. Isothermal PCR amplification tests are easier to deploy while maintaining sensitivity and specificity. We developed and evaluated a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) to detect Strongyloides stercoralis in human stool samples. Three hundred stool samples were collected in three communities in the jungle of Cusco, Peru. Samples were tested for S. stercoralis larvae using microscopy (Baermann’s, agar plate culture (APC), and rapid sedimentation), real-time PCR, and RPA-LF for Strongyloides DNA. The RPA-LFA showed an analytical limit of detection of 20 pg/µL. The prevalence of S. stercoralis was 27%, 38%, 46.3%, and 46% using microscopy, PCR, microscopy/PCR, and RPA-LFA, respectively. RPA-LFA had a sensitivity and specificity of 59.3% and 58.9%, 66.2% and 71.4%, and 77.2% and 73.1% when microscopy, microscopy/PCR, and real-time PCR were used as the gold standards, respectively. The Strongyloides RPA-LFA is a novel, fast, highly sensitive, and specific molecular method with the potential for deployment in endemic regions.
3D Multi-Phase Sub-Pixel PSF Estimation Based on Space Debris Detection System
Authors: Bu Fan , Yao Dalei , Wen Yan
Published: October 2024

The distribution of diffuse spot energy can be used to sensitively evaluate the aberrations and defects of optical systems. Therefore, the objective and quantitative measurement of diffuse spot parameters is an important means to control the detection quality of space debris detection systems. At present, the existing optical system dispersion measurement method can only judge whether the energy distribution meets the index. However, these methods ca not provide an objective quantitative basis to guide the installation process. To solve this problem, a mathematical simulation model of 3D multi-phase sub-pixel PSF distribution is proposed. According to the relation between the CCD target plane and the theoretical image plane (focal plane, defocus, and deflection), the diffuse spot distribution of the optical system is simulated with different phase combinations. Then, Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) is used to evaluate the matching similarity of the diffuse spot image. The simulation results show that when the PCC is greater than 0.96, the distribution of the two diffuse spots can be identified as matching. This also confirms the accuracy of the proposed PSF model. Then, the focusing deviation of the system being tested can be analyzed according to the phase size of the diffuse spot simulation image. This method can quickly and accurately guide the focal surface installation and testing of the system. Therefore, the purpose of improving the detection accuracy of space debris is achieved. It also provides a quantitative basis for the engineering application of optical detection systems in the future.
Secrecy Rate Bounds in Spatial Modulation-Based Visible Light Communications under Signal-Dependent Noise Conditions
Authors: Al-Moliki Yahya M. , Alqahtani Ali H. , Alresheedi Mohammed T. , Al-Harthi Yahya
Published: October 2024

This study examines the physical-layer security of an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system using spatial modulation (SM), which consists of several transmitters, an authorized receiver, and a passive adversary. The SM technique is applied at the transmitters so that only one transmitter is operational at any given time. A uniform selection (US) strategy is employed to choose the active transmitter. The two scenarios under examination encompass the conditions of non-negativity and average optical intensity, as well as the conditions of non-negativity, average optical intensity, and peak optical intensity. The secrecy rate is then obtained for these two scenarios while accounting for both signal-independent noise and signal-dependent noise. Additionally, the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) asymptotic behavior of the derived secrecy rate constraints is investigated. A channel-adaptive selection (CAS) strategy and a greedy selection (GS) scheme are utilized to select the active transmitter, aiming to enhance the secrecy performance. The current numerical findings affirm a pronounced convergence between the lower and upper bounds characterizing the secrecy rate. Notably, marginal asymptotic differentials in performance emerge at elevated SNRs. Furthermore, the GS system outperforms the CAS scheme and the US method, in that order. Additionally, the impact of friendly optical jamming on the secrecy rate is investigated. The results show that optical jamming significantly enhances the secrecy rate, particularly at higher power levels.
Generic and Specific Models for Volume Estimation in Forest and Savanna Phytophysiognomies in Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Souza Yanara Ferreira de , Miguel Eder Pereira , Lima Adriano José Nogueira , Souza Álvaro Nogueira de , Matricardi Eraldo Aparecido Trondoli , Rezende Alba Valéria , Freitas Joberto Veloso de , de Souza Hallefy Junio , Oliveira Kennedy Nunes , Lima Maria de Fátima de Brito , Biali Leonardo Job
Published: October 2024

The Cerrado has high plant and vertebrate diversity and is an important biome for conserving species and provisioning ecosystem services. Volume equations in this biome are scarce because of their size and physiognomic diversity. This study was conducted to develop specific volumetric models for the phytophysiognomies Gallery Forest, Dry Forest, Forest Savannah, and Savannah Woodland, a generic model and a model for Cerrado forest formation. Twelve 10 m × 10 m (100 m²) (National Forest Inventory) plots were used for each phytophysiognomy at different sites (regions) of the Federal District (FD) where trees had a diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.30 m) ≥5 cm in forest formations and a diameter at base height (Db; 0.30 m) ≥5 cm in savanna formations. Their diameters and heights were measured, they were cut and cubed, and the volume of each tree was obtained according to the Smalian methodology. Linear and nonlinear models were adjusted. Criteria for the selection of models were determined using correlation coefficients, the standard error of the estimates, and a graphical analysis of the residues. They were later validated by the chi-square test. The resultant models indicated that fit by specific phytophysiognomy was ideal; however, the generic and forest formation models exhibited similar performance to specific models and could be used in extensive areas of the Cerrado, where they represent a high potential for generalization. To further increase our understanding, similar research is recommended for the development of specific and generic models of the total volume in Cerrado areas.
Extraction and Concentration of Spirulina Water-Soluble Metabolites by Ultrafiltration
Authors: Salazar-González Claudia , Mendoza Ramos Carolina , Martínez-Correa Hugo A. , Lobatón García Hugo Fabián
Published: October 2024

Spirulina (Arthospira platensis) is known for its rich content of natural compounds like phycocyanin, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and high protein levels, making it a nutrient-dense food. Over the past decade, research has aimed to optimize the extraction, separation, and purification of these valuable metabolites, focusing on technologies such as high-pressure processing, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction as well as enzymatic treatments, chromatographic precipitation, and membrane separation. In this study, various extraction methods (conventional vs. ultrasound-assisted), solvents (water vs. phosphate buffer), solvent-to-biomass ratios (1:5 vs. 1:10), and ultrafiltration (PES membrane of MWCO 3 kDa, 2 bar) were evaluated. The quantities of total protein, phycocyanin (PC), chlorophyll a (Cla), and total carotenoids (TCC) were measured. The results showed that ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with phosphate buffer at a 1:10 ratio yielded a metabolite-rich retentate (MRR) with 37.0 ± 1.9 mg/g of PC, 617 ± 15 mg/g of protein, 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/g of Cla, and 0.15 ± 0.14 mg/g of TCC. Water extraction in the concentration process achieved the highest concentrations in MRR, with approximately 76% PC, 92% total protein, 62% Cla, and 41% TCC. These findings highlight the effective extraction and concentration processes to obtain a metabolite-rich retentate from Spirulina biomass, reducing the volume tenfold and showing potential as a functional ingredient for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Assessing the Role of AtGRP7 Arginine 141, a Target of Dimethylation by PRMT5, in Flowering Time Control and Stress Response
Authors: Steffen Alexander , Dombert Katarzyna , Iglesias María José , Nolte Christine , de Leone María José , Yanovsky Marcelo J. , Mateos Julieta L. , Staiger Dorothee
Published: October 2024

PROTEIN ARGININE METHYLTRANSFERASES (PRMTs) catalyze arginine (R) methylation that is critical for transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation. In Arabidopsis, PRMT5 that catalyzes symmetric R dimethylation is best characterized. PRMT5 mutants are late-flowering and show altered responses to environmental stress. Among PRMT5 targets are Arabidopsis thaliana GLYCINE RICH RNA BINDING PROTEIN 7 (AtGRP7) and AtGRP8 that promote the transition to flowering. AtGRP7 R141 has been shown to be modified by PRMT5. Here, we tested whether this symmetric dimethylation of R141 is important for AtGRP7’s physiological role in flowering time control. We constructed AtGRP7 mutant variants with non-methylable R141 (R141A, R141K). Genomic clones containing these variants complemented the late-flowering phenotype of the grp7-1 mutant to the same extent as wild-type AtGRP7. Furthermore, overexpression of AtGRP7 R141A or R141K promoted flowering similar to overexpression of the wild-type protein. Thus, flowering time does not depend on R141 and its modification. However, germination experiments showed that R141 contributes to the activity of AtGRP7 in response to abiotic stress reactions mediated by abscisic acid during early development. Immunoprecipitation of AtGRP7-GFP in the prmt5 background revealed that antibodies against dimethylated arginine still recognized AtGRP7, suggesting that additional methyltransferases may be responsible for modification of AtGRP7.
Easily Applicable Superhydrophobic Composite Coating with Improved Corrosion Resistance and Delayed Icing Properties
Authors: Zhang Binbin , Zhao Lixia , Hou Baorong
Published: October 2024

Mitigating the adverse effects of corrosion failure and low-temperature icing on aluminum (Al) alloy materials poses significant research challenges. The facile fabrication of bioinspired superhydrophobic materials offers a promising solution to the issues of corrosion and icing. In this study, we utilized laboratory-collected candle soot (CS), hydrophobic fumed SiO2, and epoxy resin (EP) to create a HF-SiO2@CS@EP superhydrophobic coating on Al alloy surfaces using a spray-coating technique. Various characterization techniques, including contact angle meter, high-speed camera, FE-SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XPS, were employed to investigate surface wettability, morphologies, and chemical compositions. Moreover, a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was used as a corrosive medium to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the uncoated and coated samples. The results show that the capacitive arc radius, charge transfer resistance, and low-frequency modulus of the coated Al alloy significantly increased, while the corrosion potential (Ecorr) shifted positively and the corrosion current (Icorr) decreased by two orders of magnitude, indicating improved corrosion resistance. Additionally, an investigation of ice formation on the coated Al alloy at −10 °C revealed that the freezing time was 4.75 times longer and the ice adhesion strength was one-fifth of the uncoated Al alloy substrate, demonstrating superior delayed icing and reduced ice adhesion strength performance.
Insights on Microplastic Contamination from Municipal and Textile Industry Effluents and Their Removal Using a Cellulose-Based Approach
Authors: Magalhães Solange , Paciência Daniel , Rodrigues João M. M. , Lindman Björn , Alves Luís , Medronho Bruno , Rasteiro Maria da Graça
Published: October 2024

The rampant use of plastics, with the potential to degrade into insidious microplastics (MPs), poses a significant threat by contaminating aquatic environments. In the present study, we delved into the analysis of effluents from textile industries, a recognized major source of MPs contamination. Data were further discussed and compared with a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. All effluent samples were collected at the final stage of treatment in their respective WWTP. Laser diffraction spectroscopy was used to evaluate MP dimensions, while optical and fluorescence microscopies were used for morphology analysis and the identification of predominant plastic types, respectively. Electrophoresis was employed to unravel the prevalence of negative surface charge on these plastic microparticles. The analysis revealed that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyamide were the dominant compounds in textile effluents, with PET being predominant in municipal WWTP effluents. Surprisingly, despite the municipal WWTP exhibiting higher efficiency in MP removal (ca. 71% compared to ca. 55% in textile industries), it contributed more to overall pollution. A novel bio-based flocculant, a cationic cellulose derivative derived from wood wastes, was developed as a proof-of-concept for MP flocculation. The novel derivatives were found to efficiently flocculate PET MPs, thus allowing their facile removal from aqueous media, and reducing the threat of MP contamination from effluents discharged from WWTPs.
Design and Characterization of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Based Multifunctional Composites with Succinonitrile Fillers for Ambient-Temperature Structural Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Iyer Vasan , Petersen Jan , Geier Sebastian , Wierach Peter
Published: October 2024

A new approach to developing structural sodium batteries capable of operating in ambient-temperature conditions has been successfully achieved. The developed multifunctional structural electrolyte (SE) using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a matrix integrated with succinonitrile (SN) plasticizers and glass-fiber (GF) reinforcements identified as GF_PEO-SN-NaClO4 showed a tensile strength of 32.1 MPa and an ionic conductivity of 1.01 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature. It displayed a wide electrochemical stability window of 0 to 4.9 V and a high sodium-ion transference number of 0.51 at room temperature. The structural electrode (CF|SE) was fabricated by pressing the structural electrolyte with carbon fibers (CFs), and it showed a tensile strength of 72.3 MPa. The fabricated structural battery half-cell (CF||SE||Na) demonstrated good cycling stability and an energy density of 14.2 Wh kg−1, and it retained 80% capacity at the end of the 200th cycle. The cycled electrodes were observed using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed small dendrite formation and dense albeit uniform deposition of the sodium metal, helping to avoid a short-circuit of the cell and providing more cycling stability. The developed multifunctional matrix composites demonstrate promising potential for developing ambient-temperature sodium structural batteries.
Ethylene-Propylene-Methylene/Isoprene Rubber/SiO2 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical Performances and Deformation Recovery Ability by a Combination of Synchronously Vulcanizing and Nanoparticle Reinforcement
Authors: Hu Rongyan , Xiao Ran , Xia Xinxin , Shangguan Yonggang , Zheng Qiang
Published: October 2024

It is highly desired yet challenging to develop advanced elastomers with excellent mechanical properties, including high strength and toughness. In this work, strong and tough rubber/rubber compound vulcanizates were facilely prepared by blending ethylene-propylene-methylene (EPM) and isoprene rubber (IR) together with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and subsequent vulcanization, since both EPM and IR can be vulcanized synchronously by DCP and the well-crosslinked structure of EPM/IR vulcanizate presented a stable phase separation state. By tuning their composition, EPM/IR vulcanizates could present remarkably improved mechanical strength and toughness, as well as excellent energy dissipation and deformation recovery abilities. Furthermore, EPM/IR/SiO2 nanocomposites with better properties were prepared by introducing silica nanoparticles into EPM/IR vulcanizates. It was found that the high toughness and strength of EPM/IR vulcanizates and EPM/IR/SiO2 nanocomposites mainly resulted from the combination of stretchability of EPM and strain hardening of IR. Their excellent energy dissipation and deformation recovery abilities were related to the macromolecular characteristics of EPM and IR, compatibility between EPM and IR, and their crosslinking dynamics.
Polyelectrolytes Complex-Based Hydrogels Derived from Natural Polymers and Cannabinoids for Applications as Wound Dressing
Authors: Rodriguez Gerpe Paula , D’Ippólito Sebastián , Nercessian Débora , Ferrante Micaela , Alvarez Vera A. , Gonzalez Jimena S.
Published: October 2024

This research work focuses on the development of an environmentally friendly wound dressing using natural polymers. The inclusion of cannabis in these hydrogels stems from its innovative potential in medicine, particularly for wound healing and pain relief. The hydrogels were prepared by a simple methodology using natural polysaccharides, and cannabis extract through electrostatic interactions and crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Several tests were carried out to analyze the morphological, physical, thermal, mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of these hydrogels. Different types of hydrogels were synthesized including chitosan- gum arabic hydrogel (ChiGA), hydrogel loaded with cannabis extract (ChiGACann), hydrogel crosslinked with TPP (ChiGATPP), and ChiGACann crosslinked with TPP (ChiGACannTPP). The impact of both cannabis extract and TPP crosslinking on the properties of chitosan hydrogels was investigated. The significant swelling capacity measured to the hydrogels, with ChiGACann exhibiting a 250–350% in physiological conditions, making them suitable for wound dressing applications due to their exudate absorption capacity. Antimicrobial activity evaluation demonstrated that the hydrogels acted as barriers against different microorganisms, with Gram-positive bacteria being more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria. Mechanical testing showed improved mechanical properties in the presence of cannabis extract and TPP crosslinking (20–30 kPa of compression modulus). In conclusion, these results highlight the application of ChiGACann hydrogels as promising materials for manufacturing wound dressings.
Performance Evaluation of CO2 + SiCl4 Binary Mixture in Recompression Brayton Cycle for Warm Climates
Authors: Siddiqui Muhammad Ehtisham , Almitani Khalid H.
Published: October 2024

This work demonstrates the potential of CO2 + SiCl4 binary mixture as a working fluid for power generation cycle. Recompression Brayton cycle configuration is considered due to its proven record of high performance for medium- to high-temperature sources. The objective of this study is to assess the thermodynamic performance of a recompression Brayton cycle using a CO2 + SiCl4 binary mixture as a working fluid, particularly under warm climate conditions. The cycle is simulated using the Peng–Robinson equation of state in Aspen Hysys (v11) software, and the model is validated by comparing VLE data against experimental data from the literature. The analysis involves the assessment of cycle’s thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency under warm climatic conditions, with a minimum cycle temperature of 40 °C. The results demonstrate a notable improvement in the cycle’s thermodynamic performance with CO2 + SiCl4 binary mixture compared to pure CO2. A small concentration (5%) of SiCl4 in CO2 increases the thermal efficiency of the cycle from 41.7% to 43.4%. Moreover, irreversibility losses in the cooler and the heat recovery unit are significantly lower with the CO2 + SiCl4 binary mixture than with pure CO2. This improvement enhances the overall exergy efficiency of the cycle, increasing it from 62.1% to 70.2%. The primary reason for this enhancement is the substantial reduction in irreversibility losses in both the cooler and the HTR. This study reveals that when using a CO2 + SiCl4 mixture, the concentration must be optimized to avoid condensation in the compressor, which can cause physical damage to the compressor blades and other components, as well as increase power input. This issue arises from the higher glide temperature of the mixture at increased SiCl4 concentrations and the limited heat recovery from the cycle.
Kombucha Fermentation in Coffee: Application of Constant Air Flow Reactor
Authors: Błaszak Błażej , Dorawa Piotr , Sudoł Paweł , Fabiszak Karolina , Świadek Martyna , Witucka Klaudia , Zimnicka Julia , Brudnicki Mateusz , Maciejewski Bartosz , Bovkun Daniil , Cierach Marek , Gozdecka Grażyna , Szulc Joanna
Published: October 2024

SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts) is an artificially created mixed culture containing selected strains of acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria and yeast which are present in the cellulose membrane. The growing popularity of kombucha consumption and high popularity of coffee creates the possibility of developing coffee-based kombucha production on an industrial scale, which currently does not differ in method from production on a laboratory scale and at home. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using an alternative method of coffee fermentation using SCOBY, in which the fermentation was carried out in a bioreactor with a constant air flow (rate 2L/min). This study determined the effect of the fermentation method on the processing time, SCOBY mass gain, and selected properties of the fermented coffee beverage. The alternative fermentation method did not negatively affect the properties of the fermented coffee beverage, i.e., caffeine content, colour, polyphenol content, and antioxidant properties, in comparison with the traditional fermentation method. Additionally, it accelerated the fermentation process, shortening it from 8 to 4 days, and in some cases caused an increase in the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, almost 10% and over 40%, respectively. The results of this study show a possibility to use alternative methods for coffee fermentation, which can be easily adapted for industrial scale. Variants of fermented and aerated beverages with 4% coffee, and 4 and 5% sugar concentrations stood out among the others as having the best properties and might be introduced to the industry.
Enhancing Accuracy in Historical Forest Vegetation Mapping in Yunnan with Phenological Features, and Climatic and Elevation Variables
Authors: Yang Jianbo , Liu Detuan , Li Qian , Wanasinghe Dhanushka N. , Zhai Deli , Zhao Gaojuan , Xu Jianchu
Published: October 2024

Human activities have both positive and negative impacts on forests, altering the extent and composition of various forest vegetation types, and increasing uncertainty in ecological management. A detailed understanding of the historical distribution of forest vegetation is crucial for local conservation efforts. In this study, we integrated phenological features with climatic and terrain variables to enhance the mapping accuracy of forest vegetation in Yunnan. We mapped the historical distributions of five forest vegetation type groups and nine specific forest vegetation types for 2001, 2010, and 2020. Our findings revealed that: (1) rubber plantations can be effectively distinguished from other forest vegetation using phenological features, coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests can be differentiated using visible spectral bands, and environmental variables (temperature, precipitation, and elevation) are effective in differentiating forest vegetation types under varying climate conditions; (2) the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient increased by 14.845% and 20.432%, respectively, when climatic variables were combined with phenological features, and by 13.613% and 18.902%, respectively, when elevation was combined with phenological features, compared to using phenological features alone; (3) forest cover in Yunnan increased by 2.069 × 104 km2 (10.369%) between 2001 and 2020. This study highlights the critical role of environmental variables in improving the mapping accuracy of forest vegetation in mountainous regions.