bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Employment Continuity of Succeeding Cohorts of Young Women
Authors: REXROAT CYNTHIA
Published: March 2007

This article examines employment continuity for three succeeding cohorts of women in their 20s who would be typically experiencing early life-cycle transitions to marriage and parenthood. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women, women's work attachment is analyzed over 5-year periods during the 1970s, a decade of rapid social change. Two competing explanations are presented to account for the expected increase in women's employment continuity: (a) A growing number of women have characteristics traditionally conducive to employment, and (b) the employment behavior of those who have typically worked intermittently has increasingly resembled that of women who have typically worked more continuously. Findings show that the impact of behavioral change was far more significant than changes in women's characteristics. The implications of these results for models of female labor force participation are discussed.
Organizing Engineering Work
Authors: MEIKSINS PETER , SMITH CHRIS
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the organization of engineering work in six industrial capitalist countries. It identifies four major models for the organization of engineering work; the engineering profession did not succeed in achieving professional “closure” in any of the six countries under review. A review of the historical evolution of the organization of engineering work in each of the six countries reveals that engineering has been shaped by a complex interaction among the profession itself, employers, the state, labor, and preindustrial forces. However, none of the national variations on the four models for organizing engineering labor is stable or without internal contradiction because of the ambiguous “intermediate” position of engineers.
Inside a Japanese Transplant
Authors: GRAHAM LAURIE
Published: March 2007

Modern Japanese management practices were investigated by a hidden participant/observation work experience in a Japanese automobile transplant over a 6-month period. Evidence of worker resistance emerged in the form of sabotage, protest, agitation, and confrontation. Results of these observations provide insight concerning individual versus collective action and spontaneous versus planned resistance. These findings question the successful transference of the Japanese model. The data failed to support the contention that participation schemes increase worker control. Finally, on the basis of the present study, the assumption that decentralized authority structures increase worker autonomy must be questioned.
Assaultive Violence in the U.S. Post Office
Authors: BAXTER VERN , MARGAVIO ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that a plausible theoretical link exists between the management of change and recent killings in the U.S. Postal Service. The degradation of labor associated with the scientific management of technological change produces stress and frustration that weaken employee integration and undermine existing forms of social control. Certain employees reject prevailing definitions of situations provided by those in power and develop alternative meanings and patterns of behavior, including assaultive violence. The article concludes that when the experience of work fundamentally degrades a person's identity or sense of self-control, especially in the uncertain context of rapid change, it can trigger assaultive violence.
Fracture Modes of Composite Plates under Impulsive Tensile Loads
Authors: Prassianakis J.N. , Theocaris P.S.
Published: March 2007

The fracture mode of a bi-phase plane specimen under an external extensive im pulsive load was studied in this paper. The plane stress specimens were made from an orthogonal steel inclusion penetrated into an elastic matrix made of epoxy resin. The external pulse was applied at the free edge of the inclusion while the matrix remained motionless. The fracture mode of the epoxy-matrix consisted of a pair of cracks which started to propagate from the bottom corners of the inclusion and run perpendicularly to the overall direction of the impulsive load. The cracks formed in the plate follow a zig-zag path resulting in an overall sigmoid shape. This means that the stress conditions of the propagating crack-tips are not of uniaxial tension.
Creep, Strength and Moisture Absorption of Adhesive Bonded FRP Joints
Authors: Springer George S. , Wang Tony K.
Published: March 2007

The effects of the environment on adhesive bonded single lap joints formed using XMC-3 and SMC-R50 composites were investigated. Tests were performed at temperatures of 23C and 93C with test coupons immersed in air, water, and 5% NaCl water mixture. The weight changes of both bonded joints (XMC-3 to SMC-R50 and SMC-R50 to SMC-R50) and unbonded materials were measured. Data were also ob tained showing the effects of moisture, temperature, and applied load on changes in weight, on creep deformation, lap shear strength, and separation modes of the joints.
Quantitative Optical Microscopy Fiber Volume Methods for Composites
Authors: Jock Christopher P.
Published: March 2007

Quantitative optical microscopy procedures have been developed to determine fiber, resin and void contents in graphite, aramid, and fiberglass composites. These quantitative optical procedures are based on the quantitative measurement of light from a series of micro areas of the composite using either transmitted or reflected light. For aramid and fiberglass composites transmitted light techniques are used, and for graphite composites reflected light techniques are used. The techniques require analytical curves for each com posite sample due to fiber type diffierences and variations in the polish. Analytical curves for the types of composites reported here were found to be linear when light intensity, I, is plotted against the number of fibers, N. The fiber volume is determined from the average intensity recorded from a fixed microscope field on a series of micro sections. The fiber volume results by quantitative optical microscopy agree to within ±2% with the results obtained from calculation and acid digestion methods.
Radiation Effects on Graphite Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Memory J.D. , Fornes R.E. , Gilbert R.D.
Published: March 2007

The effects of radiation on graphite fiber reinforced composites, particularly those using an epoxy matrix, are reviewed. Specifically, it is concluded that there is no catastrophic deterioration of mechanical properties for doses up to thousands of Mrad, provided the irradiation occurs in an oxygen-free environment.
Failure in Composite Angle Structures Part I: Initial Failure
Authors: Sun C.T. , Kelly S.R.
Published: March 2007

Failure in composite angle structures was studied experimentally and analyzed using Hill and an augmental Hill-Tsai failure criteria. In general, there were two possible failure modes, i.e., initial transverse matrix cracking due to bending stress, and final delamina tion due to through-the-thickness normal stress in the curved region. Depending on the layup, some laminates could fail in delamination without experiencing transverse matrix cracking. The 3-D Hill failure criterion was found excellent in predicting failure of this type of composite structure.
Fatigue Delamination Behavior of PEEK Thermoplastic Composite Laminates
Authors: O'Brien T. Kevin
Published: March 2007

Edge delamination tension fatigue tests were conducted on AS4/PEEK composite lami nates to determine the fatigue delamination behavior of these graphite reinforced, semi crystalline thermoplastic matrix composites. The strain at onset of edge delamination, ∈ c, observed during fatigue tests of (35n/ — 35 n/0n/90n)s laminates, where n = 1,2, was plotted as a function of fatigue cycles, N. The delamination onset strain decreased dramatically with fatigue cycles and then began to level off to an endurance limit at 106 cycles. The delamination onset strains were used to calculate critical strain energy release rate, Gc, values as a function of fatigue cycles to provide a more generic representation of the fa tigue delamination behavior of the material, i.e., one that is independent of layup and ply thickness. Although the static interlaminar fracture toughness of the AS4/PEEK compos ite is much greater than the toughness of graphite epoxy composites, the delamination fa tigue Gc threshold, calculated from the cyclic strain endurance limit at 106 cycles, was only slightly greater than the delamination fatigue threshold for graphite epoxy composites. This comparison, however, was based only on the contribution of mechanical strain to the strain energy released. An asymmetric (0 2/906)T AS4/PEEK curved panel was heated in an oven to determine the stress free temperature of the composite, and quantify the contri bution of residual thermal stresses to the strain energy release rate at delamination onset. The contribution of residual thermal stresses to delamination in AS4/PEEK was substan tial due to the large temperature range between manufacture and room temperature. More work is needed to fully characterize the influence of residual thermal and moisture stresses, and the degree of crystallinity of the PEEK matrix, on the strain energy release rate for delamination growth, and the interlaminar fracture toughness of the composite.
Friction and Wear Behavior of Fiber FP/Aluminum Composites
Authors: Reese Eggert D. , Majidi Azar P. , Pipes R. Byron
Published: March 2007

An experimental characterization of the abrasive wear behavior of three-dimensionally braided alumina fiber/Al-Li composites has been presented. The friction and wear proper ties of the braided composite have been compared with those of unidirectional alumina fiber/Al-Li composite and the unreinforced matrix material. The effects of fiber volume fraction, fiber orientation, contact pressure, and the abrasive particle size on the rate and mechanism of wear as well as the coefficient of friction of composites have been examined.
Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastic Particulate- and Ceramic Whisker-Modified Epoxy Resins
Authors: Jang B.Z. , Liau J.Y. , Hwang L.R. , Shih W.K.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical behavior of several filler-modified epoxy resins was inves tigated. Modifications of matrix resin with thermoplastic particulates or ceramic whiskers were proposed as an alternative to rubber-toughening for improving the impact resistance of epoxy resins. Addition of 10 % by weight of untreated thermoplastic powders in an epoxy resin only slightly increased the impact energy of the epoxy resin. A reduction in flexural strength of this thermoplastic particulate-filled resin was observed. This is most likely due to poor particulate-matrix bonding. Dispersion of 10 % of ceramic whiskers in an epoxy resin improved appreciably the impact energy, flexural strength and modulus of the epoxy. The impact energy absorbed by a resin was enhanced by the approach of partic ulate/ whisker hybridization. A uniform dispersion of either particulates or whiskers in the epoxy matrix is essential to the achievement of balanced mechanical properties. Deforma tion and failure mechanisms in these composites were also examined using both SEM and instrumented impact testing.
The Nonlinear Behavior of Unidirectional and Laminated Composites-A Micromechanical Approach
Authors: Aboudi Jacob
Published: March 2007

A micromechanics theory for the prediction of the nonlinear behavior of unidirectional fiber-reinforced materials and composite laminates is presented. The method relies on the properties of fibers and matrix, and involves two parameters which describe the nonlinear response of the unreinforced matrix. These two parameters can be backed-out from the nonlinear axial shear response of the unidirectional lamina. The pre dicted behavior of boron/epoxy, glass/epoxy and graphite/polyimide composites is com pared with available measured data, and good agreement is obtained in most cases.
Weldlines in Injection Molded Polypropylene: Effect of Filler Shape
Authors: Sanschagrin B. , Gauvin R. , Fisa B. , Vu-Khanh T.
Published: March 2007

Weldlines represent potentially fatal sources of weakness in injection molded thermoplastic parts. This is particularly true for filled and reinforced composi tions where usual remedies consisting in a modification of processing conditions such as increase of melt temperature, injection speed, and pressure do not always work. This paper deals with weldline strength of injection molded polypropylene containing spherical and irregularly shaped fillers (glass spheres, calcium carbonate), or reinforcements such as glass flakes and fibers, talc, and mica. Two types of weldline will be considered: weldlines formed when two melt streams meet head-on and those formed as a result of flow around an insert. It will be shown that the loss of strength is greatest in compositions reinforced with flakes and fibers. This is due to flow induced filler orientation in the weldline zone. Approaches to reduce the loss of strength which make use of known flow behavior of suspensions of fibers and flakes will be illustrated.
Normative Representation of Stress and Strain Applied to Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Chow C.L. , Lu T.J.
Published: March 2007

A novel method of contracted notation to represent stress and strain in the form of normative representation has been employed in this article to describe the global mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced composite materials. A unified set of transforma tion equations governing orientational changes in stress and strain as well as that in stiffness and compliance was derived. A coordinate independent stress-strain law, the normal Hooke's law, was presented and several related concepts including the elastic eigenmodulus, elastic mode and modal stress were introduced. Considered also was the decomposition of the elastic strain-energy density mto irreducible, independent energy- orthogonal components which are related with distinct types of energy. Based on the nor mative representation approach and the various unique properties of the normal Hooke's law, a theory of material strength for anisotropic materials was established which encom passes the classical von Mises yield criterion for isotropic materials as its particular case.
Failure Process and Pin-Bearing Strength of Laminated Composites at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Chen Wen-Hsiang , Lee Ya-Jung
Published: March 2007

This paper is to investigate the failure process and pin-bearing strength of laminated composites under different temperatures. An incremental finite element code, based on the updated Lagrangian approach, was developed for determining the strains dis tribution of laminates under the consideration of the temperature dependent material prop erties. The quadratic failure criterion is adopted for failure predictions. Numerical results include the failure process, failure mode and ultimate bearing strength for two differ ent laminates, S-500 glass/polyester and graphite/epoxy, with three different lay-ups, [0°/45°/90°/-45°]s, [0° 2/ ±45°]s and [90°2/ ±45°]s, as well as with different end distances (e = d-4 d) and widths (W = 1.5 d-6 d). In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical calculations, the bearing strength model test is also made for understanding the effect of temperature on the failure behavior of the laminated composites with pin-loaded hole.
A Preliminary Proposition for a Test Method to Measure (Impact) Damage Resistance
Authors: Lagace Paul A. , Williamson James E. , Wilson Tsang P.H. , Wolf Edward , Thomas Stephen
Published: March 2007

A preliminary proposal for a test to determine the impact damage resis tance of composite materials and their structures is offered. This test is centered on the utility of contact force as a parameter directly related to the damage that occurs during the event. This is demonstrated through work previously published as well as via new experi ments conducted on various graphite/epoxy material systems and laminates in both mono lithic laminate and sandwich configurations. Static indentation and impact tests were con ducted and show a similarity in regards to the structural response and the damage that occurs. This proposal is discussed in terms of the laminates tested and the results, the test's general applicability and utility, and issues that need to be addressed further. The proposal makes a significant step towards providing a common reference point and language for (impact) damage resistance.
Wetout of Glass Fiber Tows in Structural Reaction Molding I. Capillary Action and Fiber Mobility
Authors: Carleton Peter S. , Nelson Gilbert L.
Published: March 2007

It is the purpose of this study to examine the wetout process of glass fiber tows in structural reaction injection molding (SRIM). Wetout means complete penetration of the glass fiber bundle by liquid, whereas permeability indicates encasement of the tows with some penetration, i.e., mold filling. In this initial study the effect of capillary action is described. An expression is derived from Poiseuille's equation which predicts that the rate of mass uptake by a bundle of fibers increases as the fourth power of the theoretical capillary radius; its relationship to D'Arcy's Law is shown. Experimentally, the predictions are confirmed. It is further shown that filament compression occurs under these conditions and that the degree of axial bundle penetration is about two orders of magnitude slower than the progression of the flow front during mold filling.
A Model to Predict Resin Pressure/ Back Flow in the Tapered Inlet of a Pultrusion Die
Authors: Gorthala Ravi , Roux Jeffrey A. , Vaughan James G.
Published: March 2007

Pressure analysis for a pultrusion die is very important for improving the finished product quality. The die inlet, which is usually tapered over a very short distance, is responsible for a pressure rise due to the back flow of resin. A mathematical model was developed for back flow/pressure analysis in the tapered die inlet. The model was based on the hydrodynamic theory of lubrication applied to the thin outer viscous annulus layer. The effects of various parameters such as the resin viscosity, preform size, pull speed, and profile of the inlet taper were examined. The present model may be utilized to obtain the best die inlet shape and the process conditions to achieve maximum possible pressure rise in the die inlet.
Why Mary Cannot Afford Her Utility Bills: An Evaluation of a Strategy to Promote Energy Conservation for Low-Income Older Women Using Low-Cost and No-Cost Measures
Authors: Boles William , Jackson Hollye
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the results of a project that examined the success of no- and low-cost energy conservation measures for low-income women 62 years of age or over residing in a public hous ing development. The research tested the efficacy of a purposefully created conservation program by comparing treatment and control group changes in knowledge and attitudes toward utility conservation as well as KWHr use (adjusted for degree-days). The 17-point educational program was based on 33 utility company and government pamphlets and handouts as well as a preassessment of respondent appliance possession and use, life-style characteristics, and key energy behaviors. Data indicate that, although positive changes in energy attitudes and energy conservation knowledge were recorded for the women receiving the educational presentation, decreases in adjusted KWHr use (and therefore monetary savings) were frustrated by two factors: (a) elderly low-income women were already using small amounts of energy, thereby making further reductions more difficult, and (b) the women were "structure locked. " Although the minimum HUD building standards were followed, as determined by exten sive energy audits of the apartments, these standards were not stringent enough regarding insulationR-Values and passive solar heating and cooling use. The women in this research were helpless to reduce their energy costs significantly.
The Correlates of Cost-Conscious Behavior Among Elderly Consumers of Health Care Services
Authors: Brodsky David M.
Published: March 2007

Congress and the president have taken a number of steps to control Medicare costs, including shifting Medicare reimbursement to prospective payment based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) and increasing the coinsurance and deductible payments (cost sharing) required of Medicare enrollees. The cost-sharing approach assumes that elderly consumers, when faced by the potential for increased out-of-pocket expenditures, will curtail unnecessary use of health services and shop for services and products using price as a guide. Interviews with 398 noninstitutionalized Medicare enrollees determined the extent to which their behavior as consumers of health services meets the expectations of the cost-sharing approach. The mean score of 2.08 on a 12-item market behavior index indicates that most elderly respondents failed to engage m cost-conscious behaviors. Higher scores on the index were correlated with measures of the time costs associated with obtaining health services and satisfaction with the quality of care.
Burnout: Differences Between Professional and Paraprofessional Nursing Staff in Acute Care and Long-Term Care Health Facilities
Authors: Hare Jan , Pratt Clara C.
Published: March 2007

In burnout the cumulative effects of a stressful work environment gradually overwhelm the defenses of staff members, forcing them to withdraw psychologically. Understanding the experience of professional and paraprofessional nurses who suffer from burnout requires a close examination of the environments in which they function. We examined differences in nursing burnout by occupational levels (professional versus paraprofessional nurses), type of facility (acute care hospitals versus long-term care facilities), and professional exposure to patients with poor prognosis for survival (high, moderate, low). The sample included 312 nurses who worked in three acute care and seven long-term care health facilities. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. We found paraprofessional nurses significantly higher on two dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) than professional nurses. In addition, paraprofessional nurses perceived less support in their work environments than did professional nurses. Furthermore, nurses working in long-term care facilities experienced emotional exhaustion more frequently than did nurses working in acute care facilities. We present recommendations for practice and future research.
Language Retention and Supplemental Security Income Among Older Euro-American Communities
Authors: Lee Che-Fu , Ardison Sharon
Published: March 2007

The elderly compose 37% of the Euro-American population, a figure far above the 11% found in the American population in general. Those early immigrants have now become a dependent portion of the population and in need of assistance, formal or informal. Our study investigates the influence of variousfactors (English language ability, ethnic language, poverty, and education) on involvement with formal income programs, namely, Supplemental Security Income (SSI). The 1980 census data on SSI as a source of income for Euro-immigrant groups in New York City suggest that retention of an ethnic language, controlling for English language ability, has a negative effect on SSI participation rates. Poor English language ability is not by itself a significant factor in the low level of SSI use.
Tax Levies as a Source of Local Support for Funding Programs and Services for the Aging
Authors: Morgan Edward E. , Smith Jean
Published: March 2007

Senior centers, which have become the local agencies for service provision under the Older Americans Act, have expanded to help the increasing numbers of elderly and have been undergoing extreme financial stress in the 80s, as the money to finance such expansion has not kept pace with the increased need for service provision. As a result, county committees on aging and senior centers have become more reliant on local funding. A case study approach to this funding problem will be helpful to service providers relying on local and Older Americans Act Funding. The Wood County Committee on Aging (WCCOA) offers a proven strategy for a fund-raising campaign to ask for voter approval of a two-tenths of a mill levy, eventually approved by a 67% margin. The planning and organization of the campaign is described in detail.
Filial Responsibility in the Welfare State
Authors: Lingsom Susan
Published: March 2007

In the Norwegian welfare state, the traditional role of adult children as service providers to their aging parents exists side by side with a new role as mediator with the service bureaucracy. A random sample of 500 Norwegian elderly, living at home, was interviewed about the help they receive from public and private sources. This study shows that despite the high level of public services, adult children play an active part in caring for parents. State provision of help is shown to have no effect on daughters'service provision, but a slight negative effect on sons'help. The distribution of home help services suggests an additional role for children in securingparents this important service. Adult children, except for daughters living close by, appear to increase parents'access to public home help in the early phases of disability.
Mental Illness in the Elderly Mentally Retarded
Authors: Menolascino Frank J. , Potter Jane F.
Published: March 2007

The life expectancy of mentally retarded citizens has increased significantly in recent decades. At the same time, we have learned that this special population is nearly twice as likely as the general population to develop severe mental illness. These facts, coupled with the psychological and physiological changes that accompany aging in general, are increasingly challenging the mental health professionals of today. We provide an overview of mental retardation in the elderly, as well as the types, treatments, and attendant challenges of associated mental illness.
A Music Therapy Strategy for Depressed Older Adults in the Community
Authors: Hanser Suzanne B.
Published: March 2007

A music therapy strategy for depressed older adults involves eight music-listening programs facilitated by a music therapist for use in the home environment. Body relaxation, imagery, stimulation, and sleep enhancement are included in these programs that use music to cue relaxation and positive thinking. Four case studies describing successful application of this approach to older adults with depression and/or anxiety offer encouragement for this type of programming.
Senior Center Participation: Findings From a Multidimensional Analysis
Authors: Krout John A.
Published: March 2007

Data on three dimensions of senior center participation (number of activities, duration, and frequency of attendance) are analyzed for a sample of 235 participants drawn from eight senior centers m western New York Measures traditionally used in comparisons of center participants versus nonparticipants (sociodemographic characteristics, health, moral, accessibility, and social contact) are not found to relate to the three participation dimensions consistently. These findings suggest that the common research practice of conceptualizing senior center participation simply as a yes or no condition is conceptually and empirically suspect.
Incentive Payments to Nursing Homes Based on Quality-of-Care Outcomes
Authors: Chapin Rosemary , Silloway Glenn
Published: March 2007

The federal Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 specifies that a state may establish a program to reward—through public recognition, incentive payments, or both—nursing facilities that provide the highest quality care to residents entitled to Medicaid. As state policymakers, providers, and advocates consider development of systems for rewarding quality in nursing homes, including incentive payments based on resident outcomes, theoretical and practical dilemmas must be addressed. The article examines the impetus for combining incentives with outcome measures and the conceptual dilemmas that outcome-based payments pose. Issues basic to successful implementation of incentive payments to nursing homes based on quality of care outcomes are also delineated.
Friendship and Social Networks in a Continuing Care Retirement Community
Authors: Stacey-Konnert Candace , Pynoos Jon
Published: March 2007

This study presents qualitative and quantitative data describingfriendship and social interaction in a continuing care retirement community (CCRC), and social ties to persons living elsewhere. Structured interviews, including an adapted version of Fischer's Social Network Index, were conducted with 50 residents (mean age = 80.9 years). On average, residents reported social networks of 8.2 members, comprising kin (2.46), nonkin residing in the CCRC (3.94), and nonkin residing elsewhere (1.76). The majority of residents (75%) relied primarily on others in the CCRC for regular social activity, and well elderly provided assistance and support to frail elderly. Family members were the preferred source of confidant relationships. Age was not related to the size of nonkin networks in the CCRC; however, older residents reported fewer social ties to nonkin living elsewhere. Living in a CCRC can therefore assist in maintaining social networks as one grows older.
The Long-Range Impact of Administration on Aging Training Grants: A Study of Student Involvement in the Field of Aging
Authors: Martin Cora A. , Folts W. Edward , Hipskind Martha , Connery Dianne
Published: March 2007

As a response to the growing need for increased numbers of trained employees infields related to aging, the Administration on Aging (AOA) funded a series of training grants. Beginning in 1967 and continuing for 15 years, the Center for Studies in Aging at the University of North Texas received AOA monies to help support students in the emerging field of gerontology. The results presented here indicate that the expenditure of federal grant monies for training has produced career-oriented individuals with both a high degree of involvement and a lasting impact on the field.
A Conceptual Framework For Identifying Unmet Health Care Needs of Community Dwelling Elderly
Authors: Diwan Sadhna , Moriarty David
Published: March 2007

Assessing the unmet health care needs that affect the quality of life of older persons is an important task facing both aging services agencies and health departments. This article reviews various strategies for assessing unmet health care needs and a presents comprehensive framework for assessing such needs. Needs for health services are categorized by their function, such as basic maintenance, supportive, rehabilitative, treatment, promotive, and preventive needs. Factors contributing to unmet needs are categorized by the types of barriers to using existing services. These barriers include recognition or awareness of need, knowledge about services, and availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of services. Means of data collection for different types of unmet health care needs are presented. Recommendations for using the proposed framework are made to both health departments and aging services agencies.
Factors Influencing Intentions of Nursing Personnel to Leave Employment in Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Francis-Felsen Loree C. , Coward Raymond T. , Hogan Tiffany L. , Duncan R. Paul , Hilker Mary Anne , Horne Claydell
Published: March 2007

This study examines factors associated with the intentions of nurses to leave their present employment in a long-term care (LTC) setting. The study examines differences in the personal characteristics, job-specific characteristics, job satisfaction, and perceived job mobility of two groups of nurses currently employed in LTC facilities; those who report that they intend to stay at the nursing home where they are employed (n = 147) and those who intend to leave (n = 45). Nearly half of the factors that were examined (9 of 20) were statistically significantly associated with nurses' self-reports of their intention to leave. Of the significant associations, seven were job-specific characteristics or dimensions of job satisfaction. The implications of these findings are that a significant majority of the factors that influence a nurse's intention to leave may be within the realm of control of nurse executives and nursing home administrators. Results are discussed within the context of three general areas where there may be opportunities for managers to take actions that will improve retention.
The 50 and Older Characters in the Advertisements of Modern Maturity: Growing Older, Getting Better?
Authors: Roberts Scott D. , Nan Zhou
Published: March 2007

Advertisements in Modern Maturity for more than 30 years (1959-1991) were analyzed for how they depicted the 50 and older characters. The characters were portrayed as capable, important, healthy, and socially active. Over time, both gender ratios and age group (50 to 64 vs. 65 and older) ratios became close to even. On the negative side, there were few non-White characters. This points to an unrealistic reflection of the racial composition of the American population. If Modern Maturity wishes to continue to be the most influential advocacy magazine for older Americans, it must make an effort to attract advertisements that use older, non-White characters.
Dementia Day Care Endings: The Uncertain Limits of Care
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen , LaBelle Andrea
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the endings of day care for people with dementia. Staff members from a statewide random sample of dementia day care facilities were asked to think back over their practices and describe especially satisfying and dissatisfying experiences. The day care endings—either by death or by termination for other reasons—were governed by the uncertain limits of care. Dimensions of uncertainty included the capacities of the family, client, and staff, the ethical dilemmas embedded in the care; and the working relationship between staff and family. The staff experiences were shaped by Western ideologies about the "good" of community care and the "bad" of institutional care. Findings suggest the need for increased staff awareness of the uncertainty that dominates the endings of day care and for better contextualization of the endings into each client's ongoing life story.
Clinicians' and Seniors' Views of Reference- Based Pricing: Two Sides of a Coin
Authors: Mullett Jennifer , Coughlan Rory
Published: March 2007

The government of British Columbia instituted a reference-based pricing (RBP) policy on pharmaceutical drugs to limit reimbursement costs. Only less expensive and therapeutically effective drugs and not "Cadillac" versions of chemically similar drugs would be reimbursed. The effect of the imminent implementation of this policy on seniors and clinicians (physicians, pharmacists, and various medical specialists) was explored through focus groups. Although the topic was RBP, the overwhelming majority of responses were concerned with various aspects of physician-patient interactions. Most seniors supported the RBP initiative and viewed excessive profits for pharmaceutical corporations as wasteful. Many seniors wished to be more involved in deciding treatment possibilities and to be better informed. In contrast, the clinicians viewed the policy as interference and a restriction of their authority, preferring a more collaborative educative approach to changes in drug prescribing Implications of these divergent views are discussed.
Predictors of Anticipating Caregiving in Multigeneration Families: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sörensen Silvia
Published: March 2007

This study exploredfactors that predict anticipation of future caregiving by aging mothers, their daughters, and their granddaughters in 33 three-generation families. Results indicated that daughters'tendency to discussfuture caregiving with others was predicted by their mother's age but not health. Dyadic relationship quality predicted granddaughters', but not mothers' or daughters'anticipation of care needs. Internal locus of control was associated with more prepa ration for caregiving. The effect offilial obligation was moderated by dyadic relationship quality (for daughters) and health (for mothers). Three implications for practitioners and policy makers are discussed: (a) A complex interplay of variables must be considered when encouraging peo ple to prepare for caregiving; (b) individuals may actively avoid preparation, especially when unfavorable expectations limit their ability to process relevant information; (c) efforts to encour age future planning should take into account the complex networks of assistance and obligation in which older adults are embedded.
Organizing Police for the Future: An Update of the Democratic Model
Authors: Angell John E.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Angell has suggested that the conventional police organizational design has been responsible for problems in police and community relations, police morale and the coordination of police operations. He proposed a participatory community-based, collegial, police organizational structure called the "Democratic Model." In this article, he discusses ways to improve the original model and the impact of the original model.
Some New Data on Police Discretion and Training
Authors: Arcuri Alan F. , Gunn Mary M. , Lester David
Published: March 2007

In 1977, a survey was conducted with 49 police officers in a 55-man department in New Jersey, in order to explore how they determine the real law of the land. A questionnaire was distributed, attempting to tap attitudes on training, and how and why a police officer uses discretion. The data seem to suggest that there are important differences between the opinions of patrolmen and those of senior officers.

Discretion is, of course, an indispensable part of police work. Police, however, are making decisions on a daily basis for which their training may be suspect. Much decision-making information seems to be communicated from veteran to rookie. This training is informal, unsystematic, and, in some cases, too brief

This study, suggests that much more emphasis — both in number of class hours and in realism — on discretion and discretion training should be taught at police academies. Too often policemen report that boring lectures focus on "book" knowledge, rather than "the real thing. " At the very least, new patrolmen should learn what will probably be a disparity, if not a gulf between formal training and "street" learning. This increased attention to discretion might lessen the shock and disillusionment of some rookies.
The Death Penalty
Authors: Myers Gerald E.
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is upon the particular problems, as conceived by Professor James Q. Wilson, that capital punishment is said to present. It is one of determining whether the death penalty can be justified on grounds of justice rather than utility. I share Wilson's conviction that debates about capital punishment are too often controversies about its capacity to deter, thus neglecting the most serious moral issue, namely, whether death is a just punishment for certain sorts of crimes. The profound question is, "Can execution be justified independently of considerations of utility, on the basis of its being the morally fitting penalty?" But, as my discussion indicates, it is not immediately clear how to interpret this question. Professor Wilson seems to think that an argument from justice, as distinguished from utility, for capital punishment is the claim that we cheapen the value of human life if an innocent victim dies while his killer lives. Since I do not understand how we could argue that claim without appeal to utility, I look elsewhere to join the issue. The paper concludes with two brief arguments, both deserving considerable expansion, on behalf of the judgment that certain prima facie inconsistencies make the death penalty unjust. Both arguments exploit the point that their logic is such that it is difficult to envisage what the proponent of the death penalty can offer in rebuttal beyond simple declaring disagreement and therefore an impasse.
Toward Specifying a Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise
Authors: Martin W. Allen
Published: March 2007

This article builds upon the illuminating thinking of Dwight Smith (1980) to proffer aframeworkfor understanding criminal enterprise. For too long social scientists, law enforcement officers, and laymen have viewed crime as distinctly separate from business. This, and corollary compartmentalizations, have led to misunderstandings about criminal activities which in turn have hampered law enforcement efforts. Indeed simplistic beliefs about crime have blinded many even to the need to investigate certain types of crimes committed by business.
Fiscal Crisis and Police Union Bargaining: The Case of New York
Authors: Schachter Hindy Lauer
Published: March 2007

This article is a case study exploration of the impact offinancial crisis and bureaucratic retrenchment on the bargaining strategies of big-city police unions. Questions considered include: Can police unions sustain their role in the urban policymaking process during a period offiscal crisis? To what extent do they alter bargaining strategies in order to maintain influence? Evidence from a case study of bargaining in New York suggests that police unions may shift tactics to include more multilateral negotiating during afiscal crisis with an emphasis on access to the courts and use of public confrontations.
Supreme Court Disengagement from the Exclusionary Rule: The Impact of Stone v. Powell
Authors: Mays G. Larry
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the United States Supreme Court case of Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465 (1976), and the impact this case has had on the procedures of state supreme courts. Also of concern are changes infederal-state court relations resulting from this decision.

The research centers around a survey sent to the 312judges sitting on courts of last resort hearing criminal appeals in all 50 states. The results indicate that although Stone v. Powell can be viewed along two dimensions a substantive dimension applying the case as a Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule decision and a broader, policy dimension of judicial federalism most state supreme court judges see the decision in terms of the narrower, substantive context. The implication is that state supreme courts have not moved into criminal procedure areas vacated by the United States Supreme Court.
Paradigm Development in Crime-Related Education: The Role of the Significant Others
Authors: Greene Jack R. , Bynum Timothy S. , Webb Vincent J.
Published: March 2007

Scientific paradigms provide broad definitions of the parameters of inquiry and the accepted and dominant constructs and theories in a field of study. They also provide the basis for socializing the field's future practitioners. These paradigms suggest ways for viewing, classifying, and interpreting physical and social events. The research reported here assesses paradigm development in crime-related education by examining the role of significant others in defining and maintaining paradigms in criminal justice and criminology. Two dominant perspectives in crime-related education are identified, "Analytical Criminal Justice" and "Institutional Criminal Justice." In the analysis provided, the opinion leaders within both perspectives, the basis of evaluations, and the adherents of each perspective can be readily identified.
Inmate Psychiatric History and Parole Release Decisions: A Research Note
Authors: Adams Kenneth , Flint Gail A.
Published: March 2007

The public holds a stereotyped view of mentally ill criminals as highly dangerous. If criminal justice officials share this perception, we can expect that mentally disordered offenders will be singled out for differential handling. This research investigates the role of an inmate's psychiatric history in parole release decisions. We find that inmates with a history of pre-prison psychiatric hospitalization do not uniformly experience longer periods of incarceration when compared to other similarly situated inmates. We also find that assaultive offense behavior is given greater weight in the release decisions of inmates with known mental health involvement. These findings are discussed in terms of the parole board's dual responsibility to protect society from future harm and to insure that an inmate has received the maximum benefit from incarceration.
Religiosity and Institutional Deviance: The impact of Religious Variables upon Inmate Adjustment
Authors: Johnson Byron R.
Published: March 2007

A number of studies in recent years have examined the extent to which religious commitment is related to deviance. Generally, this literature indicates that religiosity is inversely related to various forms of deviance. The present research attempts to determine if religiosity is also inversely related to various forms of deviance within the prison setting. The study examines three distinct measures of religiosity associated with adult prison inmates in Florida. Unlike most prior research, the findings indicate that measures of religiosity are not related to deviance in the institutional setting. Explanations and implications of the findings are offered.
Boot Camp for Women Offenders
Authors: MacKenzie Doris Layton , Donaldson Heidi
Published: March 2007

As the number and the size of boot camp prisons continue to increase, more female offenders are entering the camps. This study examines seven prison boot camps for women, using inmate quiestionnaires, site visits, and interviews with administrators and inmates. Two types of boot camps were investigated: (a) women only and (b) women and men combined in one camp. The results indicated serious problems for women in the combined boot camps. These camps were designed for male offenders. Few women entered and remained in the programs; they experienced high levels of stress, and programs did not address their needs and problems. Although there were fewer problems in the women-only boot camps, there are still some potential disadvantages. The confrontational interactions in boot camps may present particular problems for women with dependency problems and those who have been victims of abuse. Alternatives to boot camps that offer women similar opportunities for early release and therapeutic programming but that also address their specific needs, problems, interactions, and strengths might be better choices for female offenders.