bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of species survey networks can be improved by integrating different monitoring approaches in a spatial prioritization design
Authors: Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Canessa Stefano , Bota Gerard , Brotons Lluis , Herrando Sergi , Hermoso Virgilio
Published: July 2018

Public participation to monitoring programs is increasingly advocated to overcome scarcity of resources and deliver important information for policy‐making. Here, we illustrate the design of optimal monitoring networks for bird species of conservation concern in Catalonia (NE Spain), under different scenarios of combined governmental and citizen‐science monitoring approaches. In our case study, current government efforts, limited to protected areas, were insufficient to cover the whole spectrum of target species and species‐threat levels, reinforcing the assumption that citizen‐science data can greatly assist in achieving monitoring targets. However, simply carrying out both government and citizen‐science monitoringad hocled to inefficiency and duplication of efforts: some species were represented in excess of targets while several features were undersampled. Policy‐making should concentrate on providing an adequate platform for coordination of government and public‐participatory monitoring to minimize duplicated efforts, overcome the biases of each monitoring program and obtain the best from both.
Environmental governance: A practical framework to guide design, evaluation, and analysis
Authors: Bennett Nathan J. , Satterfield Terre
Published: July 2018

Governance is one of the most important factors for ensuring effective environmental management and conservation actions. Yet, there is still a relative paucity of comprehensive and practicable guidance that can be used to frame the evaluation, design, and analysis of systems of environmental governance. This conceptual review and synthesis article seeks to addresses this problem through resituating the broad body of governance literature into a practical framework for environmental governance. Our framework builds on a rich history of governance scholarship to propose that environmental governance has four general aims or objectives – to be effective, to be equitable, to be responsive, and to be robust. Each of these four objectives need to be considered simultaneously across the institutional, structural, and procedural elements of environmental governance. Through a review of the literature, we developed a set of attributes for each of these objectives and relate these to the overall capacity, functioning, and performance of environmental governance. Our aim is to provide a practical and adaptable framework that can be applied to the design, evaluation, and analysis of environmental governance in different social and political contexts, to diverse environmental problems and modes of governance, and at a range of scales.
Interleukin 6 at reperfusion: A potent predictor of hepatic and extrahepatic early complications after liver transplantation
Authors: Faitot Francois , Besch Camille , Lebas Benjamin , Addeo Pietro , Ellero Bernard , Woehl‐Jaegle Marie‐Lorraine , Namer Izzie‐Jacques , Bachellier Philippe , Freys Guy
Published: July 2018

Background and aims

Ischemia‐reperfusion injury impacts early liver graft function. Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) as early as at reperfusion has shown to predict in‐hospital complications, but its impact on vascular complications and long‐term outcomes is not ascertained.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on all consecutive patients transplanted during a 6‐year period to define significant early systemic inflammatory response (ESIR). The main end‐point was 3‐year graft survival. Significant ESIR was defined according to IL‐6 level at reperfusion on an exploratory set of 121 patients and validated on an independent cohort (n = 153).

Results

Significant ESIR was defined as IL‐6 at reperfusion >1000 ng/mL in the exploratory cohort. Three‐year graft and overall survival were lower in patients with ESIR in the determination set (P = 0.001 and 0.045, respectively). This was confirmed in the validation set (P = 0.045 and 0.027). In patients with high cytolysis, IL‐6 identified patients at risk for arterial thrombosis. The main determinants for IL‐6 level were intragraft lactate level, cold ischemia time, and anhepatic phase duration (P = 0.005). IL‐6 level independently predicted graft survival (P = 0.0003).

Conclusions

IL‐6 at reperfusion is a valid biomarker to predict long‐term survival. Furthermore, it helps the interpretation of cytolysis in the prediction of early vascular complications.
Expression and the transparency of belief
Authors: García Rodríguez Ángel
Published: July 2018

Questions like “Do you believe that p?” can be meant deliberatively (i.e., the question whether to believe that p) or self‐ascriptively (i.e., the question whether the addressee already believes that p). Therefore, an utterance of “I believe that p” can be a proper answer either to a deliberative or to a self‐ascriptive question. In the latter case, an utterance of “I believe that p” is a self‐ascription of belief, but in the former case, it is not. Instead, it is an episode of the belief formed by deliberation. In failing to make these distinctions, contemporary discussions of the transparency of belief mistakenly assume that a proper answer to questions like “Do you believe that p?” is always a self‐ascription of belief. Adhering to the distinctions results in a better account of the transparency of belief.
Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: A retrospective single‐center study
Authors: Kalss Gudrun , Rohracher Alexandra , Leitinger Markus , Pilz Georg , Novak Helmut F. , Neuray Caroline , Kreidenhuber Rudolf , Höfler Julia , Kuchukhidze Giorgi , Trinka Eugen
Published: July 2018

Brivaracetam (BRV) is a high‐affinity synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligand that is structurally related to levetiracetam (LEV). Compared to LEV, its affinity to the ligand is >10%‐30% higher. Due to its more lipophilic characteristics, it might have a quicker penetration across the blood‐brain barrier and potentially also a stronger anticonvulsant effect. Thus, we aimed to explore its usefulness in the treatment of status epilepticus (SE). We retrospectively assessed treatment response and adverse events in adjunctive treatment with intravenous BRV in patients with SE from January 2016 to July 2017 at our institution. Seven patients aged median 68 years (range = 29‐79) were treated with intravenous BRV. Three patients had SE with coma and four without. SE arose de novo in two patients; etiology was remote symptomatic in four patients and progressive symptomatic in one patient. The most frequent etiology was remote vascular in two patients. BRV was administered after median four antiepileptic drugs (range = 2‐11). Time of treatment initiation ranged from 0.5 hours to 105 days (median = 10.5 hours). Immediate clinical and electrophysiological improvement was observed in two patients (29%). Median loading dose was 100 mg intravenously over 15 minutes (range = 50‐200 mg), titrated up to a median dose of 100 mg/d (range = 100‐300). Median Glasgow Outcome Scale score was 3 (range = 3‐5), with an improvement in 86% of patients compared to admission. We observed no adverse events regarding cardiorespiratory function. BRV might have potential as a novel antiepileptic drug in early stages of SE. Its potential may lie its ability to cross the blood‐brain barrier more quickly than LEV and its favorable safety profile. Prospective studies for the use of BRV in SE are required.
Biotic interactions in species distribution modelling: 10 questions to guide interpretation and avoid false conclusions
Authors: Dormann Carsten F. , Bobrowski Maria , Dehling D. Matthias , Harris David J. , Hartig Florian , Lischke Heike , Moretti Marco D. , Pagel Jörn , Pinkert Stefan , Schleuning Matthias , Schmidt Susanne I. , Sheppard Christine S. , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Zeuss Dirk , Kraan Casper
Published: July 2018

Aim

Recent studies increasingly use statistical methods to infer biotic interactions from co‐occurrence information at a large spatial scale. However, disentangling biotic interactions from other factors that can affect co‐occurrence patterns at the macroscale is a major challenge.

Approach

We present a set of questions that analysts and reviewers should ask to avoid erroneously attributing species association patterns to biotic interactions. Our questions relate to the appropriateness of data and models, the causality behind a correlative signal, and the problems associated with static data from dynamic systems. We summarize caveats reported by macroecological studies of biotic interactions and examine whether conclusions on the presence of biotic interactions are supported by the modelling approaches used.

Findings

Irrespective of the method used, studies that set out to test for biotic interactions find statistical associations in species’ co‐occurrences. Yet, when compared with our list of questions, few purported interpretations of such associations as biotic interactions hold up to scrutiny. This does not dismiss the presence or importance of biotic interactions, but it highlights the risk of too lenient interpretation of the data. Combining model results with information from experiments and functional traits that are relevant for the biotic interaction of interest might strengthen conclusions.

Main conclusions

Moving from species‐ to community‐level models, including biotic interactions among species, is of great importance for process‐based understanding and forecasting ecological responses. We hope that our questions will help to improve these models and facilitate the interpretation of their results. In essence, we conclude that ecologists have to recognize that a species association pattern in joint species distribution models will be driven not only by real biotic interactions, but also by shared habitat preferences, common migration history, phylogenetic history and shared response to missing environmental drivers, which specifically need to be discussed and, if possible, integrated into models.
The Effect of Regional Anesthetic Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block on Self‐Reported Pain in Patients With Status Migrainosus
Authors: Mehta Dev , Leary Megan C. , Yacoub Hussam A. , El‐Hunjul Mohammed , Kincaid Hope , Koss Vitaliy , Wachter Katrina , Malizia Don , Glassman Barry , Castaldo John E.
Published: July 2018

Background

Status migrainosus (SM) is defined as a debilitating migraine attack lasting more than 72 hours in patients previously known to suffer from migraine headache. Typically, these attacks fail to respond to over the counter and abortive medications. The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) plays a critical role in propagating both pain and the autonomic symptoms commonly associated with migraines. SPG block via transnasal lidocaine is moderately effective in reducing migraine symptoms, but this approach is often poorly tolerated and the results are inconsistent. We proposed that an SPG block using a suprazygomatic injection approach would be a safe and effective option to abort or alleviate pain and autonomic symptoms of SM.

Methods

Through a retrospective records review, we identified patients with a well‐established diagnosis of migraine, based on the International Headache Society criteria. Patients selected for study inclusion were diagnosed with SM, had failed to respond to 2 or more abortive medications, and had received a suprazygomatic SPG block. Patients had also been asked to rate their pain on a 1–10 Likert scale, both before and 30 minutes after the injection.

Results

Eighty‐eight consecutive patients (20 men and 68 women) received a total of 252 suprazygomatic SPG block procedures in the outpatient headache clinic after traditional medications failed to abort their SM. At 30 minutes following the injections, there was a 67.2% (±26.6%) reduction in pain severity with a median reduction of 5 points (IQR= −6 to −3) on the Likert scale (ranging from 1 to 10). Overall, patients experienced a statistically significant reduction in pain severity (P < .0001).

Conclusion

The SPG is known to play an integral role in the pathophysiology of facial pain and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias, although its exact role in the generation and maintenance of migraine headache remains unclear. Regional anesthetic suprazygomatic SPG block is potentially effective for immediate relief of SM. We believe the procedure is simple to perform and has minimal risk.
Safe pseudoelastic limit range under torsional loading with Reciproc Blue
Authors: Ha J.‐H. , De‐Deus G. , Versluis A. , Kwak S. W. , Kim H.‐C.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To determine the distortional angle and torsional load at the pseudoelastic limit of Reciproc Blue instruments and to verify the safety of using pre‐set dedicated motors designed for use with the original Reciproc instruments.

Methodology

Two torsional conditions of Reciproc R25 and Reciproc Blue R25 were tested using a custom device. The first condition fixed the file tips at 3 mm and repetitively rotated them, with gradually increasing angles, from 10° to 270°, and the resulting torque was recorded (n = 15). The second test involved a single continuous rotation until fracture (n = 15). The pseudoelastic limits of the instruments were determined from their torque‐rotation curves. For statistical analysis, two‐way analysis of variance and t‐tests were used, at a 95% significance level. Tested specimens were examined using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM).

Results

The angle at the pseudoelastic limit was significantly greater for Reciproc Blue than Reciproc, regardless of test mode (P < 0.05). When torsional loading was repeated, using gradually increasing rotational angles, the torsional resistance was significantly lower than for a single rotation (P < 0.05). However, under all test conditions, the pseudoelastic limit was below the pre‐set 170° of the dedicated reciprocating motor. FE‐SEM evaluation of the lateral aspects of the instruments revealed numerous longitudinal microcracks running along their long axis. For Reciproc Blue groups, the file shaft machining grooves were distorted after repetitive and continuous torsional tests.

Conclusions

The 170° pre‐set angle of the dedicated endodontic motors for the Reciproc system was safe for Reciproc Blue in single or time‐restricted use.
Impact of root canal preparation performed by ProTaper Next or Reciproc on the quality of life of patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Oliveira P. S. , da Costa K. N. B. , Carvalho C. N. , Ferreira M. C.
Published: July 2018

Aim

To compare the impact of the two different root canal preparation systems on the quality of life of patients and correlate postoperative pain with the impact on quality of life.

Methodology

A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 58 patients allocated into two groups based on the root canal preparation system employed: ProTaper Next (PN) or Reciproc (R). Data collection involved the administration of a questionnaire addressing demographic and clinical characteristics, the OHIP‐14 (quality of life) and a visual analog scale (pain). The latter two were the outcomes of interest and were administered in the first 24 h after root canal treatment. The data were submitted to descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis, Poisson univariate and multiple regression, and Spearman's correlation test, with a 5% significance level.

Results

A greater frequency of impact after treatment was found for the items ‘uncomfortable to eat food’ and ‘felt self‐conscious’. No significant difference between groups was found regarding the severity of impact for total OHIP‐14 score or any of the domain scores.

Conclusions

The two root canal preparation systems exerted a similar impact on quality of life. Postoperative pain was correlated with impact on quality of life, affecting chewing function, self‐consciousness and stress. Thus, it is important for dentists to provide care capable of preventing or treating the negative consequences of such therapy.
White and yellow dots as new trichoscopic signs of severe female androgenetic alopecia in dark skin phototypes
Authors: Tawfik Soha S. , Sorour Osama A. , Alariny Aly F. , Elmorsy Eman H. , Moneib Hoda
Published: July 2018

Background

Androgenetic alopecia or female pattern hair loss is the condition that most commonly leads to hair loss in adult females. The trichoscope is used for the early diagnosis of the disease. The study aims at finding a possible association between trichoscopic signs and disease severity in dark‐skinned females.

Methods

This was an observational study involving trichoscopic examination of 129 females with different hair disorders.

Results

Clinical and trichoscopic examination revealed 79 patients with androgenetic alopecia. All patients showed hair shaft diameter diversity. The predominance of one hair per follicle was found in 97.4% (77/79), peripilar brown halo in 32.9% (26/79), peripilar white halo in 10.1% (8/79), and honeycomb‐like scalp pigmentation in 17.7% (14/79) of patients, yellow dots in 15.2% (12/79), white dots in 20.3% (16/79), and hidden hair in 7.6% (6/79). Yellow dots and white dots were positively correlated with the advanced Ludwig and Sinclair staging of hair loss. Peripilar sign, honeycomb pigmentation, and white dots were associated significantly with darker skin types. The other 50 patients were diagnosed with the following: normal healthy controls (10/50), telogen effluvium (25/50), alopecia areata (4/50), fibrosing alopecia in pattern distribution (4/50), folliculitis decalvans (2/50), discoid lupus erythematosus (1/50), lichen planopilaris (2/50), frontal fibrosing alopecia (1/50), and end‐stage cicatricial alopecia (1/50).

Conclusions

The yellow dot and white dot signs are suggested as new dermoscopic findings in advanced androgenetic alopecia. Peripilar sign, honeycomb pigmentation, and white dots are characteristic signs of female androgenetic alopecia in ethnic groups of darker skin.
Weight‐based tacrolimus trough concentrations post liver transplant
Authors: Liu Zheng , Cheng Jeffrey , Powell Elizabeth , Macdonald Graeme , Fawcett Jonathan , Lynch Stephen , Martin Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Background

Tacrolimus is one of the most widely used liver transplant medications. With the increasing number of obese patients requiring liver transplants, knowledge of the effect of body size affecting post‐transplant outcomes, for example drug exposure is increasingly required.

Aims

(i) To investigate whether patient body size (i.e. total bodyweight) affects trough plasma concentrations of tacrolimus when a standard mg/kg dosing regimen is used; and (ii) to investigate whether obese patients have different numbers of plasma concentrations outside the therapeutic range compared to non‐obese patients in the first months after liver transplant.

Methods

Using a transplant database, data tacrolimus concentrations were available for 69 patients. Tacrolimus was initially dosed at a standard 0.1 mg/kg/day after liver transplant, and adjusted to maintain a target trough concentration. Trough blood samples, phenotypic and outcome variables were analysed.

Results

Trough concentrations were similar between obese and non‐obese patients (P > 0.05) at each sampling day. At day 7 post‐transplant, 85.7% and 79.5% of the observed plasma concentrations were outside the recommended therapeutic range for obese and non‐obese patients respectively, at day 30, 52.9% and 57.4%, and at 6 months, 18.7% and 27.5%.

Conclusion

In the first week post‐transplant, tacrolimus trough concentrations after standard mg/kg dosing post liver transplant appear to be corrected by total bodyweight. Obese patients have a similar number of trough plasma concentrations outside the therapeutic range compared to non‐obese patients.
Variation in out‐of‐hospital death among palliative care inpatients across public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Assareh Hassan , Stubbs Joanne M. , Trinh Lieu T. T. , Muruganantham Poorani , Achat Helen M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Place of death is an important indicator in palliative care, as out‐of‐hospital death is often preferred by patients and is less costly for the healthcare system.

Aim

To examine variation and contributing factors in out‐of‐hospital death after receiving palliative care in hospital to inform improvement in transition of care between hospitals and communities.

Methods

Using hospital linked data (July 2010, June 2015) we followed individuals aged 50 or older who received palliative care in hospital and within 3 months to death who were last admitted to a public acute‐care hospital in New South Wales, Australia (73 hospitals).

Results

Among 25 359 palliative care inpatients, 3677 (14%) died out of hospital. The out‐of‐hospital death rate was lower for younger patients, males and those living in the most deprived areas; it was higher for cancer patients and those who received palliative care before their last admission. Hospital size, location and availability of hospice care unit were not influential. Across hospitals, the median crude rate of out‐of‐hospital death was 14% (interquartile range 10–19%). The contributing factors explained 19% of the variation, resulting in a rate difference of 44% between hospitals with high versus low rates; 25% of hospitals had a higher and 14% had a lower than average adjusted out‐of‐hospital death rate.

Conclusion

The majority of patients who received palliative care in hospital stayed in hospital until death. The variation in out‐of‐hospital death across hospitals was considerable and mostly remained unexplained. This variability warrants investigation into transition of palliative care between hospitals and communities to inform interventions.
Catastrophic health expenditure among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A province‐wide study in Shandong, China
Authors: Jing Zhengyue , Chu Jie , Imam Syeda Zerin , Zhang Xinyi , Xu Qiongqiong , Sun Long , Zhou Chengchao
Published: July 2018

Aims/Introduction

Diabetes mellitus often causes high economic burden on the patients and their households. The present study aimed to assess the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) relating to type 2 diabetes mellitus care, and to explore its determinants in China.

Materials and Methods

A total of 1,948 type 2 diabetes patients were included in the analysis. CHE for type 2 diabetes mellitus was defined as out‐of‐pocket payments for diabetes care that were ≥40% of the non‐food expenditure of a household. The Chi‐square‐test was used to identify the factors associated with CHE. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the effects of explanatory analysis variables.

Results

The incidence of CHE for type 2 diabetes mellitus care was 13.8%. An association was observed between CHE incidence and household income level, and the poorest group was more likely to experience CHE as a result of diabetes mellitus care. The type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with complications were found to be more likely to experience CHE. Diabetes patients who experienced outpatient or inpatient services increased the likelihood of CHE, and those who experienced inpatient services were more likely to incur CHE.

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetes mellitus has a significantly catastrophic effect on patients and their households in China. Early screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients among the high‐risk groups and effective management of the detected cases should be priorities to reduce the overall healthcare expenditure for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Long‐term effect of a tidal, hydroelectric propeller turbine on the populations of three anadromous fish species
Authors: Dadswell Michael J. , Spares Aaron D. , Mclean Montana F. , Harris Patrick J. , Rulifson Roger A.
Published: July 2018

Tidal hydroelectric power has been proposed as one potential solution for sustainable energy sources. The first tidal turbine in North America began continuous operation in the Annapolis River estuary (44 °45′N; 65° 29′W) in June, 1985. The machine is an axial‐flow, hydraulic‐lift propeller turbine, a type known to cause fish mortality. Anadromous populations of American shad Alosa sapidissima, striped bass Morone saxatilis and Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus utilize the Annapolis River for spawning and other life history phases. After power generation commenced obvious turbine mortalities of these fishes began appearing downstream of the turbine. Assessments of the A. sapidissima adult spawning runs during 1981–1982 (pre‐operation) and 1989–1996 (operational) indicated significant changes in population characteristics after power generation began. Adult length, mass, age and per cent repeat spawners declined and total instantaneous mortality (Z) increased from 0.30 to 0.55. The pre‐turbine spawning runs had older fish with numerous adult cohorts whereas by 12 years after operation began runs consisted of younger fish with fewer adult cohorts. During 1972–1987 numerous studies indicated the Annapolis River had an important angling fishery for M. saxatilis, but detailed annual records kept by a fishing contest during 1983–1987 and an elite angler family during the period 1976–2008 demonstrated a rapid decline in the number of fish >4.0 kg after turbine operation began. Pre‐turbine catch by the angling family of fish >4.0 kg accounted for 84.1% of total catch, but declined significantly to 39.6% of total catch from 1986–1999, and to none from 2000–2008. The existence of an A. oxyrinchus stock in the Annapolis River was unknown before turbine operation, but during 1985–2017, 21 mortalities were recovered by chance seaward of the turbine. Mechanical strike and cavitation mortalities consisted of juveniles, mature males and gravid and spent females of ages 10 to 53 years found during June to October, the period when this anadromous species returns to its natal river to spawn. The results of the long‐term studies at Annapolis indicate managers should realize substantial risks exist for the fish resources of the world's oceans from deployment of instream propeller turbines.
Classification of injuries observed in functional classes of self‐injurious behaviour
Authors: Rooker G. W. , Hausman N. L. , Fisher A. B. , Gregory M. K. , Lawell J. L. , Hagopian L. P.
Published: July 2018

Background

Limited research has examined how the functions of self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) relate to the production of injuries and the location, type or severity of those injuries.

Methods

Clinical and medical records were coded for 64 individuals hospitalised for SIB. When injuries were present, the physical properties of SIB and injuries were assessed across groups of individuals with automatically and socially maintained SIB.

Results

Injuries were observed for 35 of the individuals who engaged in SIB. Individuals who engaged in a single form of SIB were more likely to have injuries (P < .05). Individuals with SIB maintained by automatic reinforcement had significantly more severe injuries to the head than those in the social group (q < .05, P = .0132, H = 12.54).

Conclusion

Although results are preliminary, the results provide evidence that the function of SIB may influence the severity and location of injuries produced.
Aromatase as a target for treating endometriosis
Authors: Mori Taisuke , Ito Fumitake , Koshiba Akemi , Kataoka Hisashi , Tanaka Yukiko , Okimura Hiroyuki , Khan Khaleque N. , Kitawaki Jo
Published: July 2018

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease that causes various clinical symptoms, such as chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and infertility, seriously affecting women's health and their quality of life. The symptoms and endometriotic lesions are relieved, in many cases, after menopause, when estrogen levels are lowered. Therefore, endometriosis is considered to be estrogen‐dependent. Aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the last step of estrogen biosynthesis converting testosterone and androgen to estrogen, was previously reported to be more abundant in endometriotic tissues than in the normal endometrium, leading to an increased local estrogen concentration. Therefore, aromatase is considered a key therapeutic target for regulating local estrogen biosynthesis in endometriosis. A more complete understanding of the mechanisms that modulate aromatase and its activity is required to develop novel estrogen‐targeted therapies for endometriosis. In this review article, we outline the current understanding of the pathological processes involved in estrogen production in endometriosis and propose novel strategies to treat this disorder.
Premaxilla Stress Distribution and Bone Resorption Induced by Implant Overdenture and Conventional Denture
Authors: Alsrouji Mohamed Samih , Ahmad Rohana , Abdul Razak Noor Hayati , Shuib Solehuddin , Kuntjoro Wahyu , Baba Nadim Z.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To relate the principal stress, strain, and total deformation in the premaxilla region beneath a complete denture to the pattern of premaxilla bone resorption when opposed by a conventional complete denture (CD) or by a two‐implant‐retained overdenture (IOD) using finite element analysis (FEA).

Materials and Methods

Three‐dimensional solid models of the maxilla, mucosa, and denture of a selected edentulous patient were created using Mimics and CATIA software. The FEA model was created and duplicated in ANSYS 16.0 to perform two simulations for the IOD and the CD models. The values of maximum stress and strain and total deformation were obtained and compared to the outcomes of premaxilla resorption from a parallel clinical study.

Results

The maximum principal stress in the premaxilla in the IOD model ranged from 0.019 to 0.336 MPa, while it ranged from 0.011 to 0.193 MPa in the CD model. The maximum principal strain in the IOD model was 1.75 times greater than that in the CD model. Total deformation was 1.8 times higher in the IOD model. Greater bone resorption was observed in regions of higher stress, which were on the occlusal and buccal sides of the premaxilla residual ridge.

Conclusion

Stress, strain, and total deformation values present in the premaxilla area beneath a CD were approximately two times greater in a comparison between an opposing mandibular two‐IOD and an opposing mandibular CD. The results were consistent with a parallel clinical study in which the rate of premaxilla bone resorption was almost three times greater in the IOD group.
Why are you so optimistic? Effects of sociodemographic factors, individual experiences, and peer characteristics on optimism in early adolescents
Authors: Tetzner Julia , Becker Michael
Published: July 2018

Objective

Although a growing body of research has confirmed the manifold advantages of being an optimist, only a limited body of previous research has addressed the antecedents of optimism in real‐life situations. This study examined whether parental socioeconomic status (SES), age‐salient experiences (i.e., doing well in school and perceiving acceptance from peers), and aspects of the student composition at school contribute to changes in the optimism of early adolescents.

Method

We followed a large sample of German seventh graders (N = 7,272; 52.9% females; baselineMage= 14.1) at two measurement points over a period of 5 months and estimated latent regression models.

Results

First, optimism showed medium‐sized rank‐order stability between both measurement points. Second, parental SES predicted changes in optimism, but this effect was fully mediated by age‐salient experiences. Third, positive age‐salient experiences (i.e., academic achievement and perceived peer acceptance) predicted positive changes in early adolescents’ optimism. Fourth, our results suggested no effects of school peer composition.

Conclusions

The findings broaden our current knowledge about antecedents of changes in optimism during early adolescence by highlighting the effects of positive age‐salient experiences, namely, academic achievement and perceived acceptance from peers.
Teleological explanation and positive emotion serially mediate the effect of religion on well‐being
Authors: Ramsay Jonathan E. , Tong Eddie M. W. , Chowdhury Avijit , Ho Moon‐Ho R.
Published: July 2018

Objective

Previous research has demonstrated a robust relationship between religion and well‐being, and it has been proposed that positive emotions are important mediators of this effect. Yet the mechanism via which religion promotes positive emotions has not been widely studied. We sought to examine whether teleological explanations of daily events and resulting positive emotions serially mediated the effects of religion on well‐being.

Method

These hypotheses were tested over three studies involving full‐time and part‐time university students in Singapore. In Study 1, participants completed measures of religiousness and well‐being, and explained and described three recent personally significant events and their resulting emotions. Studies 2 and 3 adopted an ecological momentary assessment approach to measure teleological explanations, resulting emotions, and well‐being in almost real time.

Results

In Study 1, teleological explanations and positive emotions serially mediated the effects of religiousness on well‐being. In Study 2, momentary teleological explanations of daily events mediated the positive relationship between religiousness and momentary positive emotions. In Study 3, serial mediation of the relationship between religiousness and momentary well‐being by momentary teleological explanations and positive emotions was observed.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence of the importance of teleological explanations of daily events in religious enhancement of well‐being.
Causality from long‐lived radiative forcings to the climate trend
Authors: Estrada Francisco , Perron Pierre
Published: July 2018

In our study, we present a purely statistical observations‐based model‐free analysis that provides evidence about Granger causality (GC) from long‐lived radiative forcings (LLRFs) to the climate trend (CT). This relies on having locally ordered breaks in the slopes of the trend functions of LLRF and the CT, with the break for LLRF occurring before that of the CT and with the slope changes being of the same sign. The empirical evidence indicates that these conditions are satisfied empirically using standard global surface temperature series and an aggregate measure of LLRF (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons). We also discuss why the presence of broken trends can lead one to conclude in favor of GC when using standard methods even if the noise function in LLRF is negligible.
The Affective Experience of Aesthetic Properties
Authors: Goffin Kris
Published: July 2018

It is widely agreed upon that aesthetic properties, such as grace, balance, and elegance, are perceived. I argue that aesthetic properties are experientially attributed to some non‐perceptible objects. For example, a mathematical proof can be experienced as elegant. In order to give a unified explanation of the experiential attribution of aesthetic properties to both perceptible and non‐perceptible objects, one has to reject the idea that aesthetic properties are perceived. I propose an alternative view: the affective account. I argue that the standard case of experiential aesthetic property attribution is affective experience.
Cold stress signalling in female reproductive tissues
Authors: Albertos Pablo , Wagner Konstantin , Poppenberger Brigitte
Published: July 2018

Cold stress is a significant threat for plant productivity and impacts on plant distribution and crop production, particularly so when it occurs during the growth phase. A developmental stage at risk is that of flowering, since a single stress event during sensitive stages, such as the full‐bloom stage of fruit trees can be fatal for reproductive success. Although pollen development and fertilization are widely viewed as the most critical reproductive phases, the development and function of female reproductive tissues, which in Angiosperms are embedded in the gynoecium, are also affected by cold stress. Today however, we have essentially no understanding of the cold stress response pathways that act during floral organogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge of cold stress signalling modules active in vegetative tissues that may provide a framework of general principles also transferable to female reproductive tissues. We then align these signalling cascades with those that govern gynoecium development to identify factors that may act in both processes and could thereby contribute to cold stress responses in female reproductive tissues.
Rebound thymic hyperplasia after liver transplantation for a child with biliary atresia; a case report
Authors: Wang Teng‐Kuan , Kuo Fang‐Ying , Lee Shin‐Yi , Cheng Yu‐Fan , Elsarawy Ahmed M. , Lin Chih‐Che , Lin Ting‐Lung , Chen Chao‐Long
Published: July 2018

The thymus gland possesses the ability to regrow in children leading to a newly developed anterior mediastinal mass. This condition may represent a rebound phenomenon during recovery from a stressful event such as post‐chemotherapy and hence was described as RTH. RTH after LT has not been well documented. We are reporting an infant with BA who underwent LT and presented with a symptomless anterior mediastinal mass, detected on follow‐up imaging 6 months thereafter. Surgical partial excision was performed to rule out other differential diagnoses of a solid mass in the anterior mediastinum of an infant particularly lymphoma—that may arise as post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder—and teratoma, as well as the other aggressive lesions such as thymoma and thymic carcinoma. The final pathological analysis revealed true thymic hyperplasia, consistent with RTH. The diagnosis of RTH should be considered for a child presenting by anterior mediastinal mass after LT.
Worms: Pernicious parasites or allies against allergies?
Authors: McSorley Henry J. , Chayé Mathilde A. M. , Smits Hermelijn H.
Published: July 2018

Type 2 immune responses are most commonly associated with allergy and helminth parasite infections. Since the discovery of Th1 and Th2 immune responses more than 30 years ago, models of both allergic disease and helminth infections have been useful in characterizing the development, effector mechanisms and pathological consequences of type 2 immune responses. The observation that some helminth infections negatively correlate with allergic and inflammatory disease led to a large field of research into parasite immunomodulation. However, it is worth noting that helminth parasites are not always benign infections, and that helminth immunomodulation can have stimulatory as well as suppressive effects on allergic responses. In this review, we will discuss how parasitic infections change host responses, the consequences for bystander immunity and how this interaction influences clinical symptoms of allergy.
Evaluation of multidisciplinary strategies and traditional approaches in teaching pathology in medical students
Authors: Gopalan Vinod , Kasem Kais , Pillai Suja , Olveda David , Ariana Armin , Leung Melissa , Lam Alfred K.Y.
Published: July 2018

This study aims to evaluate the impact on the implementation of multiple strategies to improve medical student's pathology learning experience. In two consecutive years, medical students after a whole year of enrolling in pathology teaching, were invited to complete questionnaires rating and commenting on the personal learning experience of multiple teaching resources delivered in pathology. In both years, the overall score was high (mean score = 4.57 ± 0.63 /5) for the newly introduced sessions, namely histology lectures, clinical integrations and virtual microscopy pre‐practical sessions. However, this was only marginally different from that of traditional practical (mean = 4.37 ± 0.68/5) and pathology lecture sessions (mean = 4.42 ± 0.61 /5). In addition, 53% positive correlation was noted for the overall responses between virtual microscopy guided pathology modules and practical sessions indicating the benefit of virtual microscopy in better preparing students for these sessions (P < 0.001). Qualitative comments suggested that the virtual microscopy sessions along with clinical scenario based learning were extremely useful for students’ learning in pathology. To conclude, a multidisciplinary approach by clinical integration and flexibility in the mode of delivery by the use of virtual microscopy has the potential to better engage students to the learning of pathology.
Incentive‐Compatible in Dominant Strategies Mechanism Design for an Assembler under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Li Zhaolin , Ryan Jennifer K. , Shao Lusheng , Sun Daewon
Published: July 2018

Assembly systems, in which various components are sourced from multiple suppliers and assembled into the final product, which is sold to external customers, are found in a variety of industries. In many practical settings, the assembler possesses incomplete information regarding the marginal cost of each supplier. This lack of complete information poses a challenge for the assembler in designing contract mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the assembler's contract design problem by proposing a contracting mechanism that can significantly outperform an alternative mechanism that was previously presented in the literature, especially when the uncertainty regarding customer demand is significant. Our mechanism is incentive compatible in dominating strategies (ICDS) and maximizes the assembler's expected profit while ensuring that every supplier truthfully reveals their own production cost, regardless of how the other suppliers might behave. In this ICDS mechanism, the assembler orders the same number of components from each supplier. This ‘balanced ordering’ property does not hold for the alternative mechanism from the literature. Finally, to simplify the proposed ICDS mechanism, we introduce a hybrid mechanism, under which the complexity of the contract offered to a given supplier depends on the importance of that supplier to the assembler's overall profit. We conduct a set of numerical experiments to demonstrate that, in many cases, this proposed hybrid mechanism provides performance close to that of the optimal mechanism, and can significantly outperform the alternative mechanism from the literature.
A Risk‐Based Approach to Improving Disaster Relief Asset Pre‐Positioning
Authors: Arnette Andrew N. , Zobel Christopher W.
Published: July 2018

It is well‐recognized that pre‐positioning assets in advance of a natural disaster is important for supporting timely relief provision after a disaster occurs. In addition to preparing for imminent disaster events, humanitarian relief organizations also maintain such asset allocations over time to support future responses to recurrent events such as wildfires or winter storms. This study is motivated by the authors’ work with one such relief organization, the American Red Cross in Colorado and Wyoming, and it discusses a new mixed integer linear programming model that can help to more effectively pre‐position needed assets to open emergency shelters. The new model incorporates a measure of risk into its objective function, which helps address the need for generating equitable solutions, and the model explicitly considers reallocation of assets to nearby locations after a disaster event occurs. Model performance is first analyzed in the context of the Red Cross’ actual asset allocation problem and the results show a decrease in residual risk from that of historical allocations of more than 33%. The general applicability of the approach is then illustrated in the context of several different extensions to the base model and a series of important takeaways are presented and discussed.
Heterokaryosis and diploid formation among Brazilian isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina
Authors: Pereira T. S. , Machado Esquissato G. N. , da Silva Franco C. C. , de Freitas Mathias P. C. , Soares D. J. , Bock C. H. , de Carvalho Nunes W. M. , Zanutto C. A. , de Castro‐Prado M. A. A.
Published: July 2018

Heterokaryosis is the association of genetically distinct nuclei in a common hyphal cytoplasm, and is a process involved in the generation of fungal variation. The fusion of the distinct nuclei within a heterokaryotic hypha produces a heterozygous diploid nucleus and is one of the stages of the parasexual cycle. A heterokaryon's viability depends on the isolates’ genetic constitution with regard to loci called het (heterokaryon incompatibility) or vic (vegetative incompatibility). The current study evaluates for the first time the diversity of vegetative compatibility reactions in isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina from different hosts. Complementary nit (nitrate non‐utilizing) mutants of each isolate were obtained and paired in all possible combinations. Isolates were classified in vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) according to their ability to form viable heterokaryons. Ten VCGs were identified, two of them containing two isolates, and the remainder containing a single isolate. When grown on basal medium, heterokaryons produced both (i) auxotrophic segregants exhibiting the same phenotype as the paired mutants; and (ii) a fast‐growing sector, characterized as a heterozygous diploid sector, named D653, which showed a nit+ phenotype with a growth rate similar to the original wild isolate. When grown in the presence of benomyl, a haploidizing agent, D653 produced auxotrophic haploid segregants exhibiting the nit phenotypes of the crossed mutants. The results demonstrate for the first time the ability of M. phaseolina isolates to form viable heterokaryons and heterozygous diploid nuclei, suggesting that the parasexual cycle may be an alternative source of genetic variability in this species.
Revisiting, in vivo, the hair regreasing process by the Sebuprint method
Authors: Gao J. , Liu C. , Zhang S. , Techer M. P. , Bouabbache S. , Pouradier F. , Panhard S.
Published: July 2018

Background

The regreasing process of hair by sebum is daily observed by consumers. Methods to investigate this phenomenon were scarcely updated since the 1990s, despite the constant progresses in hair cleaning procedures or shampoo formulations.

Our objective was first, to develop an in vivo noninvasive method for quantifying the spread of sebum along the hair shaft. Secondly, we use this new method to define the overall kinetics of the hair‐regreasing process among two cohorts of Chinese men with opposite self‐perceptions of their scalp/hair greasiness (ie, greasy or not greasy).

Material and methods

One hundred and twenty‐three Chinese men (aged 18‐35 years) participated to the study. The technique used basically adapts the Sebumeter™ technology where supple polymer films are applied onto and along the hair shaft. The sampled hair sebum is further quantified by image analysis/increased transparency.

Results

The technique developed showed an adequate reproducibility under fixed conditions (pressure, investigators, scalp sites, etc.). In the two cohorts of subjects (eg, greasy, nongreasy), hair regreasing process was found sharing a same linear progression with time. The two cohorts of men presented significantly different values in the total amount of spread sebum by an approximately two‐fold coefficient, with however comparable average values in the sebum amount present at the root region 48 hours post shampoo. At such timing, the spread of sebum reaches much longer distances in the greasy scalp cohort.

Conclusion

This technique appears promising for assessing the efficacy of cosmetic ingredients (or products) that aim at delaying a natural process that is daily and negatively perceived by consumers.