bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Habitat and Herbicides: An Evaluation of a Widely Applied Tank Mix
Authors: Keyser P.D. , Ford V.L.
Published: August 2019

Acreage in pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the southeastern United States is projected to increase by 25 million acres throughout the next 4 decades. Management regimes relying on herbicides to reduce herbaceous competition, including tank mixes formulated for broad-spectrum control, may have implications for wildlife habitat. We examined effects of eight different tank mixes of Arsenal AC and/or Oust on wildlife habitat. We applied herbicides in early Apr. the first growing season (1991) at two locations (each a complete randomized block design) planted to loblolly pine (P. taeda) in the Virginia Piedmont. In the year of application, all vegetative measures except species diversity differed (P < 0.05) at both locations with results being most pronounced at higher herbicide rates. At one location (Bedford), species diversity was not significantly different than the control (P = 0.30) and forage/cover ratio was improved versus the control, indicating a releasing effect may have been operative. In year 2 (1992), there was no difference (P > 0.05) in percent forage cover for either location, and with only one exception, responses of treatment levels did not differ from the control. We observed a great deal of variability among sites for various measures, underscoring variability and site-specific responses to herbicide treatments.South. J. Appl. For.30(1):46 –51.
The Effect of Physiographic Region and Geographic Locale on Predicting the Dominant Height and Basal Area of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Prisley Stephen P. , Burkhart Harold E. , Liu Jiping
Published: August 2019

Analysis of loblolly pine plantation permanent plot data established across the southeastern United States indicates that differences in dominant height and stand basal area may be related to geographic locale as well as physiographic region. In general, holding other factors constant,plantations at southern latitudes and eastern longitudes have less basal area than plantations at northern latitudes and western longitudes. Plantations at southern latitudes and eastern longitudes in the Atlantic Coastal Plain are generally taller than elsewhere in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.These trends were consistent for a younger population of intensively managed plantations, as well as for an older population of nonintensively managed plantations. Regression equations were developed to test the significance of geographic location on the prediction of basal area and dominantheight. Even in the presence of stand variables that are highly correlated with basal area and dominant height, latitude and longitude were highly significant predictors. Including them as predictor variables increased considerably the precision of the regression equations. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.
Estimates of Down Woody Materials on Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia
Authors: Applegate Jason R.
Published: August 2019

An inventory of down woody materials (DWM) was conducted on Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia, to develop a baseline of DWM abundance and distribution to assist in wildland fire management. Estimates of DWM are necessary to develop accurate assessments of wildfire hazard, model wildland fire behavior, and establish thresholds for retaining DWM, specifically CWD (coarse woody debris), as a structural component of forest ecosystems. DWM were sampled by forest type and structure class using US Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) field procedures. DWM averaged 12–16 tn/ac depending on forest cover type and structure class. Coarse woody debris (CWD) averaged 2.7–13.0 tn/ac depending on forest cover type and structure class. CWD comprised more than 70% of DWM across all forest cover types and structure classes. Fine woody debris (FWD) averaged 0.05–3.2 tn/ac depending on fuel hour class, forest cover type, and structure class. DWM was consistently higher in mature (sawtimber) forests than in young (poletimber) forests across all forest cover types, attributed to an increased CWD component of DWM. The variability associated with DWM suggests that obtaining robust estimates of CWD biomass will require a higher sampling intensity than FWD because of its nonuniform distribution in forest systems. FIA field procedures for tallying and quantifying DWM were practical, efficient, and, subsequently, included as permanent metrics in Fort A.P. Hill's Continuous Forest Inventory program.
Perspectives on Prescribed Fire in the South: Does Ethnicity Matter?
Authors: Lim Siew Hoon , Bowker J.M. , Johnson Cassandra Y. , Cordell H. Ken
Published: August 2019

Using a household survey and regression methods, we assessed preferences for prescribed fire in the southern United States. We found that the majority of the respondents favored the use of prescribed fire. However, we observed pronounced racial variation in opinions on prescribed fire and its side effects. African Americans and Hispanics were less supportive and were more concerned about the side effects of prescribed fire than whites. We also observed that females tended to be more concerned about the side effects of prescribed fire than males. In addition, education had no effect on preference for prescribed fire in general, but education was found to be negatively associated with concern levels in all three models pertaining to concerns over the side effects of prescribed fire. Concern over the side effects diminished as education increased.
A Comparison of Sampling Methods for a Standing Tree Acoustic Device
Authors: Mahon Jerry M. , Jordan Lewis , Schimleck Laurence R. , Clark Alexander , Daniels Richard F.
Published: August 2019

One method of evaluating potential product performance is the use of acoustic tools for identifying trees with high stiffness. Acoustic velocities for 100 standing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees, obtained with the transmitting and receiving probes placed on the same face and opposite faces, were compared. Significant differences in velocity between the two methods were found, with velocity determined using the opposite-face method generally dependent on stem diameter, or the amount of wood through which the stress wave must pass. The only opposite-face method in which the velocities did not vary with dbh was for an assumed flight path where the stress wave traveled from the transmitting probe around the circumference of the stem in the outerwood and then down longitudinally to the receiving probe. Variation in velocities from hit-to-hit was 62% less using the opposite-face method compared with the same-face method. It is recommended to use the circumferential opposite-face (Vel_OC) calculation when determining stress wave velocity for a standing tree.
Influence of Pine Straw Harvesting, Prescribed Fire, and Fertilization on a Louisiana Longleaf Pine Site
Authors: Haywood James D.
Published: August 2019

This research was initiated in a 34-year-old, direct-seeded stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to study how pine straw management practices (harvesting, fire, and fertilization) affected the longleaf pine overstory and pine straw yields. A randomized complete block split-plot design was installed with two main plot treatments: (1) no fertilization and (2) fertilization with 45 lb N and 50 lb P/ac in April 1991 and May 1997 and with 50 lb P and 72 lb K/ac in April 2004. There were four subplot treatments: (1) control—no activity except a standwide thinning in June 1999, (2) prescribed burn 6 times from March 1991 through May 2004, (3) prescribed burned as in subplot treatment 2 and pine straw harvested in early 1992 and 1993, and (4) annual harvest of pine straw 13 times from early 1992 through April 2006. Fertilization did not affect longleaf pine growth and yield over the 15-year study. Subplot management also did not influence longleaf pine growth possibly because the adverse effects that competition, repeated prescribed burning, and litter removal have on longleaf pine growth could not be separated among subplot treatments. Fertilization did not directly affect pine straw yields; however, it appeared that pine straw yields decreased over time.
A Framework for Tracking the State of the Forest Industry: Case Study of Georgia
Authors: Sydor Tim , Mendell Brooks , Siry Jacek , De La Torre Rafael , Harris Tom , Izlar Bob , Hamsley Amanda
Published: August 2019

This research introduces a framework for tracking the state of the forest industry and relative competitiveness at the local level and applies it to the state of Georgia. Key insights highlight how localized forestry and forest industry profiles indicate where wood demand and suppliesare in and out of balance on an annual basis. Alternately, localized profiles that emphasize physiographic regions may not correspond well with traditional wood procurement areas. More importantly, ongoing tracking of wood supply viability and competitive analysis must distinguish between timber markets (stumpage, forest inventories and removals, and growth) and end product commodity markets (lumber, pulp, oriented strand board, and plywood). Mills, like forests, are not uniformly distributed throughout a state, whether measured by size, type, or end product. Tracking the forest industry in a localized, annual manner can support ongoing planning, investment, and policymaking activities in a targeted and efficient manner.
Hurricane Katrina Winds Damaged Longleaf Pine Less than Loblolly Pine
Authors: Johnsen Kurt H. , Butnor John R. , Kush John S. , Schmidtling Ron C. , Nelson C. Dana
Published: August 2019

Some evidence suggests that longleaf pine might be more tolerant of high winds than either slash pine (Pinus elliotii Englem.) or loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). We studied wind damage to these three pine species in a common garden experiment in southeast Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina, a very large, Category 3 hurricane that directly affected the stand in August 2005. The experiment, a factorial arrangement of silvicultural treatments established in 1960, included 120 plots of 100 trees each, covering about 22 ha. Following the hurricane, dbh was measured on all trees, and each tree was rated with respect to mortality from wind damage. Longleaf pine suffered less mortality (7%) than the other two species (slash pine, 14%; loblolly pine, 26%), although the differences in mortality were statistically significant only between longleaf pine and loblolly pine. Longleaf pine lost significantly fewer stems per hectare and less basal area than the two other species. Differences in mortality among species were not a function of mean plot tree height or plot density. Our analyses indicate that longleaf pine is more resistant to wind damage than loblolly pine.
Shelterwood-Planted Northern Red Oaks: Integrated Costs and Options
Authors: Spetich Martin A. , Dey Daniel , Johnson Paul
Published: August 2019

Tree biology, environmental site conditions, relative monetary costs, management options, and the competitive struggle between planted trees and other vegetation were integrated when underplanting northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in Boston Mountain shelterwoods. This approach provides insight into the collective costs (biological, environmental, and monetary) associated with artificial regeneration. This analysis is partly based on previous research that determined the competitive capacity of more than 4,000 seedlings planted under shelterwood overstories. Using these probabilities in our simple accounting of cost, the cost of obtaining one competitively successful tree was calculated under various combinations of environmental variables, silvicultural treatments and seedling sizes. A successful tree was defined as one predicted to survive and attain dominance or codominance 11 years after planting. The cost of trees that were not likely to survive or reach a dominant or codominant position was added to the cost of obtaining a successful tree. In this way, the cost of the competitive struggle between planted trees and other vegetation is integrated into the monetary cost per successful tree. Results provide a practical tool for evaluating various planting options in relation to both associated costs and the expected biological success of alternative planting prescriptions.
Anomaly Detection for Analysis of Annual Inventory Data: A Quality Control Approach
Authors: Roesch Francis A. , Van Deusen Paul C.
Published: August 2019

Annual forest inventories present special challenges and opportunities for those analyzing the data arising from them. Here, we address one question currently being asked by analysts of the US Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis Program's quickly accumulating annual inventory data. The question is simple but profound: When combining the next year's data for a particular variable with data from previous years, how does one know whether the same model as used in the past for this purpose continues to be applicable? Of the myriad approaches that have been developed for changepoint detection and anomaly detection, this report focuses on a simple quality-control approach known as a control chart that will allow analysts of annual forest inventory data to determine when a departure from a past trend is likely to have occurred.
Attitudes toward Policy Instruments Promoting Wood-To-Energy Initiatives in the United States
Authors: Aguilar Francisco X. , Saunders Adam M.
Published: August 2019

An array of policy instruments has been adopted across the United States in an effort to promote greater wood-to-energy uses. This research elicited attitudes toward wood-to-energy policy instruments among forest sector stakeholders to identify the most preferred policy tools. Test statistics identified differences between perceptions from US South and non-US South respondents regarding the capacity of tax incentives; subsidies and grants; rules and regulations; education; and consultation to meet policy ecological, economic, social, and political criteria. Examples of particular instruments adopted by various states were used to evaluate their capacity in addressing specific energy, forest management, and market dimensions of wood-to-energy policy. Results suggest preference for the implementation of education programs and the adoption of tax incentive instruments, followed by rules and regulations. US South respondents have less favorable views of subsidies and grants and rules and regulations than respondents from the rest of the country to meet policy evaluation criteria. Based on the analysis of state-specific policy tools, tax incentives were deemed the best positioned to generate more renewable energy from woody feedstocks and education and consultation were the best suited to meet energy and sustainable forest management objectives. A combination of approaches will be the most adequate to meet multiple policy criteria.
Potential Soil Erosion following Skyline Yarding versus Tracked Skidding on Bladed Skid Trails in the Appalachian Region of Virginia
Authors: Worrell William C. , Bolding M. Chad , Aust Wallace M.
Published: August 2019

The majority of timber harvests on steep terrain in the Appalachian region use ground-based skidding with bladed skid trails. Skid trails commonly occupy approximately 10% of harvest sites and are potentially erosive areas. Cable yarding systems are less commonly used in the Appalachian region, yet they have been found in other regions to cause less erosion than ground-based skidding on steep terrain. The goal of this study was to compare potential soil erosion losses from cable yarding and conventional skidding with bladed trails in the steep Appalachian Plateau region. Potential soil erosion rates were evaluated on three timber harvests in which cable yarding and conventional skidding with bladed trails were used to harvest different areas within the same timber sale unit. Potential soil erosion rates were estimated with the universal soil loss equation as adapted for forestlands. Potential soil losses were estimated in a minimum of three sample locations for each yarder operational area (deck, yarder landing, spur road, corridor, and harvest) and each ground-based skidder harvest operational area (deck, skid trail, and harvest) on three sites. Areas in each harvest operational area were also determined. Overall, cable yarder operations had less potential erosion than skidder harvests (1.70 versus 1.86 tons/ac per year, respectively). Differences between cable and skidder operations would have been greater had not the poorly designed spur roads within the cable yarder operations yielded >25 tons/ac per year of potential erosion. Cable yarder operations could have been significantly improved with additional preharvest planning and better design of spur roads.
Loblolly Pine Plantations in Southern Highlands: Some Financial Guides
Authors: Flick Warren A. , Bowers John R. , Trenchi Peter
Published: August 2019

The profitability of growing loblolly pine plantations (Pinus taeda L.) in the Southern Highlands of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee is analyzed and graphical guides are presented. All calculations show before-tax profitability. Present net worths range from $200 to over $1,000, depending on initial conditions. Internal rates of return range from 2 to 11 percent. The effect of professional forestry decisions on profitability is discussed.
Direct-Seeded and Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine on a Hardwood-Dominated Site Yield Similar 15-Year Results
Authors: Campbell T. E.
Published: August 2019

On a hardwood-dominated site in central Louisiana, 15-year growth of planted and seeded loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) pines was similar. Although measurements of trees 3.6 inches dbh and larger were slightly greater on planted than on seeded plots, the only significant superiority was dbh of slash pine. The slim gain for planting probably resulted from a one-year age advantage.
Ethylene Adversely affects Fraser Fir Planting Stock in Cold Storage
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Saltviet Mikal E.
Published: August 2019

Fall lifting of nursery stock may entail cold storage in facilities which contain high levels of ethylene due to the presence of apples. Three-year-old (3-0) Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) seedlings continuously exposed to 17.5 ppm ethylene in air during 8 weeks of cold storage at 38°F produced 22 percent less terminal growth than untreated seedlings during the first growing season after transplanting. There was no effect on the number of terminal buds which aborted or which grew abnormally following transplanting in a line-out bed.
An Evaluation of Four Uneven-age Cutting Practices in Central Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Smith H. Clay
Published: August 2019

Uneven-age cutting practices discussed include individual tree selection, group selection, diameter limit, and financial maturity. Of these, only the individual selection practice has the necessary guidelines to regulate stand composition in the uneven-age management system. Group-selection, diameter-limit, and financial-maturity cuts are regeneration methods used to produce uneven-aged stands. Strengths, weaknesses, and methods of application of each cutting practice are described as they relate to central Appalachian hardwoods.
Effects of Subzero Fahrenheit Temperatures on Southern Pine Beetle Populations in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Ragenovich Iral
Published: August 2019

Several areas throughout the southern Appalachians were sampled to determine the extent of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman) brood mortality following a winter with subzero (F°) temperatures. Although 95-percent brood mortality may occur, results suggest that low winter temperatures may not be the sole reason for the decline of a southern pine beetle outbreak.
Young Stands of Scarlet Oak in Missouri Can Be Thinned Profitably
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Garrett Harold E. , Williams Richard A.
Published: August 2019

Precommercial thinning of dense immature stands of scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.) in southern Missouri was found to significantly increase diameter growth and to be a financially profitable investment. Over a two-year study period the growth of thinned stands exceeded unthinned stands with the greatest increments occurring in the larger-diameter trees. Given the current situation of poor and uncertain markets for material from intermediate thinnings, the most profitable management regime consists of one precommercial thinning at age 30 years with the stand carried to a 60- or 80-year rotation, depending upon which investment criteria, present net worth, or internal rate of return is utilized. However, if markets for intermediate products could be developed, precommercially thinning the stand at age 30 followed by a series of commercial thinnings at 10-year intervals to a rotation of 80 years would be most profitable.
Site Preparation and Fertilizer Increase Pine Growth on Soils Compacted in Logging
Authors: Hatchell Glyndon E.
Published: August 2019

Tree-length logging with rubber-tired skidders compacted the soil on a poorly drained site in the South Carolina coastal plain. Soil compaction reduced loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling growth but not survival. Bedding or a moderate amount of fertilizer improved four-year growth on compacted soil, and these treatments applied in combination produced the best seedling growth. A greater response to fertilizer was obtained on compacted soil than on uncompacted soil.
Effects of Site Preparation on Dry Prairie Vegetation in South Florida
Authors: Moore William H. , Swindel Benee F.
Published: August 2019

This report assesses changes in native vegetation in a fertilized experiment designed to compare effects of disking versus disking and bedding on Eucalyptus seedling establishment. Fertilization and site preparation eliminated shrubs and substantially altered herbaceous composition and production. Sampling between tree rows indicated that a herbaceous community previously dominated by pineland threeawn was converted by site preparation and fertilization to one dominated by panicums, and herbage was effectively doubled. Bobwhite food plants increased nearly 60-fold, while important cattle forage increased 15-fold. Significant biomass differences were found within tree rows. First year yields were estimated to be 855 pounds per acre in rows disked only, and 115 pounds per acre in rows disked and bedded. The second year showed increases: nearly 40 percent between rows, 63 percent in disked rows, and 200 percent in disked and bedded rows.
Growth and Development of Loblolly and Slash Pines Direct-Seeded or Planted on a Cutover Site
Authors: Campbell Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

After 15 years, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted on a cutover site yielded more volume than four of six direct-seeding treatments. Height growth of seeded loblolly responded to site treatment, but method of site preparation had little influence. Regeneration technique did not affect slash pine (P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.)
Use of Prescribed Fire and Hexazinone (Velpar) to Thin Understory Shortleaf Pine in an Oklahoma Pine-Hardwood Stand
Authors: Nickles J. K. , Tauer C. G. , Stritzke J. F.
Published: August 2019

The use of hexazinone and/or prescribed fire in an uneven-aged overstocked stand of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and mixed hardwoods reduced the number of seedling and sapling size pines by 50 to 72 percent, depending on treatment. Hexazinone not only resulted in hardwood control, but also reduced pine survival by increasing fire intensity. Increased fire intensity was thought to result from the increased litter buildup from the hardwood defoliation caused by hexazinone. Most of the increased pine thinning resulted from the killing of small trees. No seedling- or sapling-size pines less than 1.1 inches in diameter and 7 feet in height survived the fire on the hexazinone-treated plots, while on the control plots (fire only) 18 percent of the pine in this size class survived.
Impacts of Herbaceous Weeds in Young Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Nelson Larry R. , Pedersen Richard C. , Autry Lanny L. , Dudley Stuart , Walstad John D.
Published: August 2019

The effects of herbaceous weed competition on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) development during the first year of plantation growth were investigated on five sites across the South. Seedling height-growth response to weed control in relation to soil type, soil moisture, soil nutrients, and weed-infestation levels was examined. Seedling height response to weed control was significantly related to percent ground cover of weeds 7 weeks after herbicide applications and to weed biomass accumulation at the end of the growing season. Plant moisture measurements and analysis of precipitation occurrence indicated that weeds depleted the soil moisture necessary for maximum pine height development. Twelve-and four-fold increases in pine biomass due to weed control occurred on sites in Arkansas and Oklahoma, respectively. Results demonstrate the benefits of total weed control to loblolly pine seedlings during the first three years on two sites.
Continuing Education Needs of Foresters
Authors: Hampton Leonard A. , Stauffer A. J.
Published: August 2019

The purpose of the study was to determine the continuing education needs of professional foresters in Georgia. Data were obtained via questionnaires from 257 SAF affiliate foresters concerning their age, level of education, experience, sex, occupation, preferred time of year to attend continuing education activities, and the amount of time available for such activities. Updating needs in silviculture, forest harvesting, forest mensuration/biometrics, forest recreation, forest management, forestry and the law, and communications in forest resources were also solicited. The typical respondent was 25 to 34, male, had more than 10 years' experience, held an undergraduate degree, was employed in private industry or business, and preferred January, February, June, July, and August as times of the year to attend continuing education activities. All topics in the areas of silviculture, forest harvesting, and forestry and the law were high in interest. Topics of least interest were regression-modeling techniques, cruising methods, surveying, fire protection, urban forestry, and designing communications programs. Also of little interest were topics in the area of forest recreation, except wildlife habitat modification.
How Good is Sonderegger Pine?
Authors: Henderson L. T. , Schoenike R. E.
Published: August 2019

Thirteen traits were evaluated on 131 Sonderegger (Pinus x sondereggeri Chap.) and 69 loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees within two 20-year-old mixed pine plantations located in the South Carolina upper coastal plain. Of the traits measured, bark thickness was found to be slightly greater in Sonderegger pine and branch angle more acute in loblolly pine. No difference was found in height, d.b.h., or volume between the two species. However, considerable variation was observed within each species for most traits. Fusiform rust damage on Sonderegger boles did not differ in severity from that observed on loblolly pine. Highly vigorous trees of the hybrid showed no more susceptibility to fusiform rust than did less vigorous trees. On an index scoring basis, several trees of Sonderegger pine were found that might quality for a southern pine breeding program. From these results, we see no reason to discriminate against Sonderegger pine in thinnings and other stand management practices when it occurs with other pines on similar sites in the southeastern United States.
The Effects of Benomyl and
Pisolithus Tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Survival and Growth of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Kais Albert G. , Snow Glenn A. , Marx Donald H.
Published: August 2019

Benomyl applied to roots of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings at planting significantly reduced brown-spot disease and increased survival, root collar diameter, and early height growth on two sites in Mississippi. Seedlings with half or more of all ectomycorrhizae formed by Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch in the nursery had significantly better survival and growth; Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae did not appreciably affect brown-spot disease. The benefits of benomyl and Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae were most obvious when combined. More than 75 percent of seedlings treated with benomyl and with more than half of all ectomycorrhizae formed by Pisolithus initiated height growth after 3 years. Forty-seven percent of seedlings with only Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae and without benomyl exhibited height growth. The combined use of benomyl to control brown-spot disease and Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae to stimulate early height growth may overcome the major handicaps that have limited artificial regeneration of longleaf pine in the South.
Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Growth on a Chemically Prepared Site—10-Year Results
Authors: Hebb Edwin A.
Published: August 2019

Combinations of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 pounds per acre of fenuron (3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) and 0 and 0.5 lb/acre of paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridilium dichloride) were used to control scrub oaks (Quercus laevis Walt. and Q. incana Bartr.) and wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) on Lakeland sands. Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) was planted on these sites. Oak mortality was directly related to the rate of fenuron applied per acre, but paraquat was ineffective in controlling wiregrass. On the sites receiving the heaviest application of herbicides, sand pine height at 10 years was 20.6 feet compared with 15.7 feet on the untreated plots. Average pine volume per acre on treated plots was 3 times that on untreated plots.
Options for Management of Sandhill Forest Land
Authors: Brendemuehl R. H.
Published: August 2019

Thirty-eight species of pines, 4 other conifers, and 5 hardwoods have been included in trial plantings established on sandhill land in northwest Florida during the past 50 years. Of these, only longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) and Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward) can be recommended for sandhill reforestation without reservation. Choctawhatchee sand pine will produce twice the volume of wood in 25 years, as will longleaf pine when growing on a Florida sandhill site of similar quality and in stands of comparable density. A third option is to retain the land in scrub oaks and wiregrass.
Pine Seedling Availability for Reforestation on Nonindustrial Private Forest Lands in the South
Authors: Brissette John C.
Published: August 2019

Pine seedling production at southern state nurseries is expected to increase from a 1980-81 level of 602 million seedlings to 702 million in 1982-83. The number of seedlings available for nonindustrial private forestry use will increase from 55 to 64 percent during the same period. Currently, over 40 percent of the seedlings planted on private forests are genetically improved. This assessment of trends in tree planting, although encouraging, supports predictions that future demands for timber will exceed available resources.
Fertilization and Irrigation Stimulate Flowering and Cone Production In a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Gregory J. D. , Guinness W. M. , Davey C. B.
Published: August 2019

Fertilizer and water were applied in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed orchard to evaluate the effects on female flower and cone production. Treatments were (1) control; (2) fertilized with approximately 300 kg/ha N, 25 kg/ha P, and 47 kg/ha K; (3) irrigated through the growing season; (4) fertilized and irrigated. Treatments have been imposed annually since orchard establishment in 1963. Average female flower production per tree for 1968-1970 and number of cones per tree for 1968-1975 were increased by fertilization, by irrigation, and by the combination of fertilization plus irrigation. Flower and cone production as well as responses to the treatments varied widely among clones. The treatments caused changes in soil acidity, organic matter, and available P, K, Ca, and Mg.
Incidence of Resin-Soaked Roots in Subsoiled Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards on Sandy Soils
Authors: Webb R. S. , Alexander S. A.
Published: August 2019

The root systems of 70 loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) from three subsoiled seed orchards were excavated to determine the association of subsoiling with the incidence of resin-soaked lateral roots. The number of lateral roots and the proportion of resin-soaked and healthy root tissue were recorded. Chips from the resin-soaked margin of lateral roots were incubated for 10 days at 24°C on two general media and two media selective for Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Verticicladiella procera Kend. was isolated from 30 percent of the declining/subsoiled trees at one seed orchard. Monilia spp. were also isolated. Of the lateral roots severed by subsoiling, 60 percent were resin-soaked from 10 to 45 cm in length.
Sorting Loblolly Pine Orchard Seeds by Size for Containerized Seedling Production
Authors: Barnett James P. , Dunlap James R.
Published: August 2019

Sorting of a bulked loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) orchard seed lot into four different size classes did not result in seedlings from any one class having a consistent growth advantage. Larger seeds displayed the lowest total germination but yielded as large or larger containerized seedlings 12 weeks after sowing. Seed size had no effect on field survival. Total height and height growth over a three-year period in the field were not consistently affected by seed size, although large seeds tended to yield slower-growing seedlings. Uniformity in sowing and subsequent uniformity in growing space seems to be the major justification for sizing loblolly seeds for containerized seedling operations.
Growth and Survival of Water Tupelo Coppice Regeneration after Six Growing Seasons
Authors: Kennedy Harvey E.
Published: August 2019

In the lower Atchafalaya Basin, water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) trees were cut in May and November at three stump heights to study coppice regeneration. Sprouting was extremely good after one growing season, and live sprouts grew well through the third and fourth seasons. However, some stumps began to deteriorate and sprouts die after the second growing season. After six years, only 9 percent of the stumps cut in May and 18 percent of those cut in November had live sprouts.
YIELD: Timber Yield Forecasting and Planning Tool
Authors: Hepp Todd E.
Published: August 2019

A uniform framework for transferring growth and yield technology to forest managers is developed in the form of a microcomputer-based, interactive FORTRAN program. The program includes capability for growth and yield simulation and investment analysis on a stand basis. Eleven simulators developed from a synthesis of published literature for seven major timber types serve to demonstrate program capability. Input data include initial stand conditions, prospective harvest schedules, and simple financial factors. Output consists of brief reports summarizing forecasted volume yield and simulated cash flows occurring over a planning horizon. Sensitivity analysis is possible for several decision criteria, including present net worth and internal rate of return.
Sand Pine Performs Well in the Georgia-Carolina Sandhills
Authors: Hebb Edwin A.
Published: August 2019

On the Georgia and South Carolina sandhills, planted sand pines [Pinus clausa (Chapm. ex. Engelm.) Vasey ex. Sarg.] grew better than loblolly (P. taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.). Heights at age 15 averaged 35.4 feet for the Choctawhatchee variety of sand pine (P. clausa vat. immuginata Ward), 32.8 feet for the Ocala (P. clausa var. clausa Ward), and 22.6, 23.8, and 24.0 feet for loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine, respectively. Ocala sand pine had good height and diameter growth but poor initial survival and suffered most damage from an ice storm at the South Carolina site. Damage to the Choctawhatchee variety was no greater than that to longleaf or slash pine. Comparison with Florida stands of a similar age shows the Choctawhatchee variety growing as well in Georgia and South Carolina as within its natural range.
A Compatible System for Predicting the Volume and Diameter of Sweetgum Trees to any Height
Authors: Van Deusen Paul C. , Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D.
Published: August 2019

A compatible system of equations is presented for predicting merchantable volume and height of naturally grown sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees. Volume to any height [v(h)] is predicted with the following function: v(h) = V- V[(H - h)/(H -.5)]c where c = a parameter to be estimated, H = total height in feet, h = partial height of interest in feet, and V = total cubic foot volume. Diameter squared at any height [d²(h)] is predicted with the function: d²(h) = Vc(H - h)(c - 1)(H - .5)-c/.0054542 The total tree volume prediction equation is V = D.b.h.²(H - 4.5)(1 - c)(H - .5)c(.0054542)/c The height to any diameter [h(d)] can be predicted using h(d) = H - (d²/v/c)(H - .5)c(.0054542)[1/(c - 1)] D.b.h. should be multiplied by .97 to make it comparable with a ruler measured d.b.h. on a cross-sectional log. These equations provide accurate estimates and are simple to use with programmable calculators.
Subsoiling and Reduced Radial Growth in Seed Orchard Loblolly Pine Established on Sandy Soils
Authors: Webb Roger S. , Alexander Samuel A.
Published: August 2019

Mean radial increment growth rates of healthy subsoiled and nonsubsoiled loblolly pines were compared to declining subsoiled and nonsubsoiled trees in a seed orchard located on sandy soil. Following subsoiling during adverse climatic conditions, declining and healthy subsoiled pines demonstrated a progressive reduction in radial increment growth when compared to their respective controls. Three years after subsoiling, healthy and declining subsoiled trees grew significantly more slowly than their controls. Implications for seed orchard management are discussed.
State Income Tax Implications for Nonindustrial Private Forestry in the South
Authors: McGee George T. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

State income tax provisions in the South vary greatly, but all have a significant effect on timber investment, particularly for private nonindustrial forestry (PNIF). To illustrate the impact of state taxes we computed the 1981 tax liability for hypothetical PNIF owners with both medium and high incomes and, further, for managed and unmanaged forest land. With forest management, the state portion of total tax ranged from 0-31 percent (medium income) and 0-19 (high income); with no forest management, the state portion ranged from 0-25 (medium) and 0-17 (high).
Growth of Loblolly Pine in the Arkansas Ozarks
Authors: Wheeler G. L. , Meade F. M. , Russell M. W.
Published: August 2019

A thinning and fertilizing study was established in an 11-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Half of the plots were row thinned, removing 50 percent of the trees; plots were split and half were fertilized at a per acre rate of 100 pounds nitrogen, 50 pounds phosphorous and 50 pounds potassium. There was no response of height, d.b.h. or volume growth to fertilizer. Thinning increased diameter growth but decreased volume growth. The trees have shown exceptional growth. At age 17 the height was 49 feet, d.b.h. 7.3 inches and stocking 2,490 cubic feet on the thinned plots. The respective values for the unthinned plots were 48 feet, 6.7 inches, and 3,960 cubic feet.
Influence of Fertilization and Ectomycorrhizae on Loblolly Pine Growth and Susceptibility to Fusiform Rust
Authors: Powers H. R. , Rowan S. J.
Published: August 2019

The application of fertilizer and the mycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius, did not increase the height growth of loblolly pine seedlings during their first four years of growth. Fertilization, however, did increase the overall number of fusiform rust galls per infected tree. This increase was highly significant on the susceptible control seedlings, but was not significant on resistant Livingston Parish seedlings. This indicates that cultural practices such as fertilization can be applied to rust-resistant seedlings, such as the Livingston Parish seed source, without significantly increasing rust severity.
Loblolly Pine Provenance Test in Southern Arkansas 25th Year Results
Authors: Wells O. O. , Lambeth C. C.
Published: August 2019

Trees from some eastern seed sources of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) average 8 feet taller than local Arkansas trees after 25 years in southern Arkansas plantings. Trees from most of the range appear well adapted to the climate of southern Arkansas. Only trees from near the Gulf Coast are obviously poorly adapted. Forest managers should weigh this substantial, potential gain carefully against possible risk when choosing seed sources for planting in and near southern Arkansas.
Paulownia Tomentosa: Effects of Fertilization and Coppicing in Plantation Establishment
Authors: Beckjord Peter R. , McIntosh Marla S.
Published: August 2019

Ten fertilizer treatments were applied to 400 field-planted container-grown Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. seedlings arranged in a completely randomized design. Seedlings received either no fertilizer, fritted micronutrients at 768 lb/ac, or granular fertilizer (N:P2O5:K2O) of 20:20:20 or 25:10:10 at 100, 200, 400, or 800 lb/ac. First-season growth was significantly increased with the use of increased rates of granular fertilizers, and specific formulations within rates provided some growth benefit. Second-season growth of new sprouts was less variable than first-season growth. One-half of the seedlings were coppiced in the late fall of the first season and the other half were coppiced in the early spring in the beginning of the second season. Coppicing treatments provided no significant differences in second-season growth. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that seedlings be fertilized with 25:10:10 at 800 lb/ac at the time of planting during the first season of establishment and then coppiced in the early spring of the second season of establishment.
The Potential of Girdled and 2,4-D-Injected Southern Red Oaks as Woodpecker Nesting and Foraging Sites
Authors: Conner Richard N. , Kroll James C. , Kulhavy David L.
Published: August 2019

Comparisons of extent of decay in southern red oaks (Quercus falcata Michx.) revealed that trees injected with 2,4-D decayed sooner than girdled trees. Internal examinations of treated trees revealed that girdling and injection permitted growth of heartwood- and sapwood-decaying fungi, a condition necessary for woodpecker nest cavity excavation. As a result of the delayed decay, girdling produces better woodpecker habitat in southern red oak. Girdled southern red oaks remain standing longer for woodpeckers to use as foraging and nesting sites. Numbers of snags required to support various percentages of woodpecker population maximums are presented.
Regeneration in Small and Large Sawtimber Sweetgum-Red Oak Stands Following Selection and Seed Tree Harvest:
23-Year Results
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Krinard R. M.
Published: August 2019

Whether regenerated by a seed tree or a selection cut, two sweetgum-red oak stands increased or maintained their pretreatment sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) component while the pretreatment red oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia, Q. nigra, and Q. phellos) component was maintained or decreased. Species composition of regeneration was similar in both types of cut. Better development and higher percent of area with desirable regeneration occurred in the seed tree method. Seed trees were not needed for regeneration.
Computer Programs: Georgia's Wood Fuel Data Base: An Integrated Information System for Biomass Energy Users
Authors: Ames Glen C. W. , Dunavent Bryce B.
Published: August 2019

A simple formula was designed to enable firms to determine the least-cost wood residue fuel available from sawmills, veneer plants, chip mills, furniture manufacturers, and other wood products firms in Georgia. Two surveys of more than 250 wood-using firms were conducted during 1980 and 1981 to determine the supply and marketing situation of residues for energy production. Statewide, softwood bark was the least-cost fuel on a delivered basis, followed by softwood shavings, sawdust, and dirty hardwood chips. A market feasibility study for a hypothetical firm in southeast Georgia indicated that softwood bark was the least-cost fuel in that location.
Strobilus Phenology of Five Sources of Virginia Pine Grown in Central Alabama: Influence on Seed Orchard Management
Authors: Goggans James F. , Warlick Charles O. , Duba Stuart E.
Published: August 2019

Variation in development of male and female strobili of 8- to 10-year-old Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) clones, growing in central Alabama, was determined by tagging strobili and observing their development. The clones were from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. When coded to a base date, the state group and trees within the state group were significant sources of variation for timing of maximum pollen shed and female receptivity. Groups of interbeeding trees separated into the Alabama group, and an early group and a late group of the other clones combined. This hypothetical 26-clone orchard would seem to be impractical in central Alabama. However, sufficient variation should be found within groups to construct a production orchard population from large areas. Only with sufficient interbreeding among clones in a production orchard can predicted gains of progeny tests be realized.
Productivity of Young Piedmont Oak Stands of Sprout Origin
Authors: Zahner Robert , Myers Richard K.
Published: August 2019

Total above-ground tree volumes and weights were measured in 48 even-aged upland hardwood stands in the South Carolina Piedmont, aged 5 to 39 years since clearcutting, with oak site indices (base age 50)from 46 to 89. Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.), southern red oak (Q. falcata Michx.), white oak (Q. alba L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) comprised over 80 percent of the dominant and codominant crown classes in most stands, and most stems were of sprout origin. Due to well-established root systems, growth of these sprout-origin stands is rapid, regardless of site quality, up to the transition to high forest at about 20 years. Mean annual increment maximizes before age 25 on all sites. Growth beyond age 30 on poor sites is extremely slow. Yields on oak site 80-90 are 4,370 ft³/ac (or 120 tons/ac green weight) at age 50, nearly twice the yields on poor oak sites.
Forest Nursery Practices in the South
Authors: Boyer James N. , South David B.
Published: August 2019

Southern forest nurseries produce 80 percent of the bare-root seedlings grown in the United States (nearly 1.3 billion out of 1.6 billion in 1980). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) alone accounts for most of the reforestation in this country. Responses by southern nurserymen to a questionnaire were compiled in order to document the practices currently employed to produce southern pine seedlings. In comparison with forest industry nurseries, public nurseries tend to be older and larger, are less mechanized, employ more handweeding, use less cover crops, and produce a greater number of species. The most notable changes occurring in the past 50 years include increased production, a change in the favored species produced, increased chemical pest control, increased mechanical harvesting, and a shift in nursery site selection to sandier soils.