bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthraphen: A Salphen‐Like Non‐Innocent Tetradentate Anthraquinone Imine Dye – Coordination and Electrochemistry
Authors: Prinzisky Christian , Jacob Andreas , Harrer Marcus , Elfferding Michael , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: January 2016

A new, highly redox‐active chromophore ligand, H2(anthraphen) (1), containing two o‐phenylenediamine‐linked anthraquinone imine units has been synthesized in a three‐step synthesis and fully characterized by X‐ray crystallography, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The dark‐red dye 1 shows molar extinction coefficients of up to 47000 L mol–1 cm–1 and four reversible reduction processes. This dianionic N2O2 ligand, with a significantly extended π system, offers a salphen‐like binding cavity for metal coordination, as has been demonstrated by the synthesis of [K2(anthraphen)] (2) and the transition‐metal complexes of TiIV (3), VIV (4), FeII (5), FeIII (6), CoII (7), NiII (8), CuII (9), PdII (10), PtII (11), and ZnII (12). These metal chromophores have colors ranging from dark‐red, violet, green to black. Their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with those of the diprotic ligand. Coordination led to an increase in the molar extinction coefficients up to 66400 L mol–1 cm–1 in the case of [V(anthraphen)O] (4), broadening of the absorption bands in the visible‐light region as well as a redshift of the lowest‐energy absorption band. The lowest‐energy absorption observed for these complexes to date is for [Ni(anthraphen)] (8) at 784 nm. The metal chromophores exhibit up to five fully reversible oxidation and reduction processes.
Synthesis and Olfactory Properties of Silicon‐Containing Analogs of Rosamusk, Romandolide, and Applelide: Insights into the Structural Parameters of Linear Alicyclic Musks
Authors: Liu Junhui , Zou Yue , Fan Wu , Mao Jian , Chai Guobi , Li Peng , Qu Zhan , Zong Yongli , Zhang Jianxun , Kraft Philip
Published: January 2016

A series of silicon‐containing derivatives of linear alicyclic musks comprising sila‐Rosamusk (3b), sila‐Romandolide (5b), sila‐Applelide (11b), and the corresponding dehydro derivatives was synthesized from sila‐analogs of Artemone and Herbac, respectively, by means of sodium borohydride reduction and subsequent esterification with the corresponding acid chlorides in the presence of triethylamine. The olfactory properties of the new sila‐odorants 3b–13b are reported in comparison with their carba‐analogs 3a–13a, and quantitative threshold data allowed the generation of an improved musk olfactophore model featuring a correlation of 80.5 % with a null‐cost distance of 244. This olfactophore model shows that it is likely that linear and macrocyclic musks address the same odorant receptors, and it should facilitate the design of new musks.
From Protected β‐Hydroxy Acylsil­anes to Functionalized Silyl Enol Ethers and Applications in Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions
Authors: Ruiz Johal , Karre Nagaraju , Roisnel Thierry , Chandrasekhar Srivari , Grée René
Published: January 2016

By starting from protected β‐hydroxy acylsilanes, two complementary strategies were designed to prepare stereoselectively either E or Z silyl enol ethers. These routes exhibit good tolerance for different substituents on the starting aldol‐type product, as well as the choice of the hydroxyl‐protecting group and the acylsilane moiety. Further, by varying the nature of the sulfone used in these reactions it proved possible to introduce different substituents on the enol ether system. Representative examples of Mukaiyama aldol reactions were performed to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach towards polypropionate fragments.
Enantioselective Construction of Aryl‐Substituted All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters by Using Tertiary Amine–Thiourea‐Catalyzed Michael Additions
Authors: Chen Peng , Bao Xu , Zhang Le‐Fen , Liu Guo‐Jie , Jiang Yi‐Jun
Published: January 2016

A catalytic enantioselective synthetic strategy for the aryl‐substituted all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters of bioactive hydrodibenzofuran alkaloids was achieved by the Michael addition reaction of α‐cyano ketones and acrylates using a chiral tertiary amine–thiourea catalyst. This method can tolerate steric bulkiness and multiple functional groups, and 32 Michael adducts were prepared in good to excellent yields with moderate to good enantioselectivities. The enantiopurity of the products could also be enriched up to 99 % ee after one recrystallization. This enantioselective Michael addition features a low cost, metal‐free, and easily operable procedure that can provide multifunctionalized enantiopure Michael adducts on a four‐gram scale and supply sufficient amounts of potential precursors for a number of hydrodibenzofuran natural products.
Oxypalladation Initiating the Oxid­ative Heck Reaction with Alkenyl ­Alcohols: Synthesis of Isocoumarin–Alkanones
Authors: Zheng Meifang , Huang Liangbin , Tong Qizhen , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: January 2016

Highly regioselective nucleopalladation for the oxidative coupling of internal alkynes with alkenyl alcohols by using green and low‐costing oxygen as the sole oxidant was investigated. This one‐pot cascade cyclization proceeds through Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular C–O bond cyclization, insertion of nonbiased alkenyl alcohols, β‐H elimination, and reinsertion of a HPdX species, which is finally transferred to the target ketones. This method has the advantages of mild conditions, good functional group tolerance, and can be performed with unactivated alkenes to afford isocoumarin derivatives.
Determination of Esomeprazole on an Electropolymerized L‐arginine and β‐cyclodextrin Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Radi Abd‐Elgawad , El‐Ghany Nadia Abd , Wahdan Tarek
Published: January 2016

The formation of an inclusion complex of the proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) drug esomeprazole (ESO) with ß‐cyclodextrin (ß‐CD) has been investigated and proven by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The formation constant of the complex was determined. Thereafter, an electropolymerized β‐CD and L‐arginine (L‐arg) modified screen printed carbon electrode (P‐β‐CD‐L‐arg/SPCE) was developed for the determination of ESO using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). A significant enhancement of the peak current was observed when applying an accumulation step due to the effect of adsorption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) further indicated that the polymer of β‐CD and L‐arg efficiently improved the electron transfer kinetic between analyte and electrode surface. Under the optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current was linearly proportional to the concentration of the drug in the range of 1.0×10−8 to 1.0×10−5 M. The DPAdSV method was successfully used to determine the concentrations of the drug in spiked human serum samples.
Are harmful algal blooms becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems?
Authors: Brooks Bryan W. , Lazorchak James M. , Howard Meredith D.A. , Johnson Mari-Vaughn V. , Morton Steve L. , Perkins Dawn A.K. , Reavie Euan D. , Scott Geoffrey I. , Smith Stephanie A. , Steevens Jeffery A.
Published: January 2016

In this Focus article, the authors ask a seemingly simple question: Are harmful algal blooms (HABs) becoming the greatest inland water quality threat to public health and aquatic ecosystems? When HAB events require restrictions on fisheries, recreation, and drinking water uses of inland water bodies significant economic consequences result. Unfortunately, the magnitude, frequency, and duration of HABs in inland waters are poorly understood across spatiotemporal scales and differentially engaged among states, tribes, and territories. Harmful algal bloom impacts are not as predictable as those from conventional chemical contaminants, for which water quality assessment and management programs were primarily developed, because interactions among multiple natural and anthropogenic factors determine the likelihood and severity to which a HAB will occur in a specific water body. These forcing factors can also affect toxin production. Beyond site-specific water quality degradation caused directly by HABs, the presence of HAB toxins can negatively influence routine surface water quality monitoring, assessment, and management practices. Harmful algal blooms present significant challenges for achieving water quality protection and restoration goals when these toxins confound interpretation of monitoring results and environmental quality standards implementation efforts for other chemicals and stressors. Whether HABs presently represent the greatest threat to inland water quality is debatable, though in inland waters of developed countries they typically cause more severe acute impacts to environmental quality than conventional chemical contamination events. The authors identify several timely research needs. Environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, and risk-assessment expertise must interface with ecologists, engineers, and public health practitioners to engage the complexities of HAB assessment and management, to address the forcing factors for HAB formation, and to reduce the threats posed to inland surface water quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:6–13. © 2015 SETAC
Why go the extra mile? A longitudinal study on sojourn goals and their impact on sojourners' adaptation
Authors: Zimmermann Julia , Schubert Kristina , Bruder Martin , Hagemeyer Birk
Published: January 2016

Although international student mobility has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in many parts of the world, the goals that student sojourners pursue when moving abroad have received little systematic attention in psychological research. Likewise, their effects on psychological outcomes such as sojourners' psychological and sociocultural adaptation abroad have not yet been examined. Hence, the purpose of the present research was twofold: First, we established the parsimonious Sojourn Goals Scale and confirmed its psychometric quality and construct validity. Second, we used a longitudinal sample of student sojourners to investigate the role of sojourn goals for sojourners' sociocultural (i.e., sojourners' social relationships) and psychological (i.e., sojourn satisfaction) adaptation abroad at 3 months into the sojourn. Regression analyses revealed substantial effects of sojourn goals on measures of sociocultural adaptation. Response surface analyses served to examine the interplay of sojourn goals and respective sojourn experiences on sojourn satisfaction. We discuss implications for both psychological and applied research and identify future research needs.
The Effects of the Organic Flame‐Retardant 1,2‐Dibromo‐4‐(1,2‐dibromoethyl) Cyclohexane (TBECH) on Androgen Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Wong Lilian I. L. , Reers Alexandra R. , Currier Heidi A. , Williams Tony D. , Cox Michael E. , Elliott John E. , Beischlag Timothy V.
Published: January 2016

The effects of the organic flame retardant 1,2‐Dibromo‐4‐(1,2‐dibromoethyl) cyclohexane (TBECH) on androgen receptor target gene expression were examined in the human LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. While γ‐/δ‐TBECH alone led to a significant increase in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) mRNA accumulation, both the α‐/‐TBECH and γ‐/δ‐TBECH mixtures repressed androgen‐inducible PSA mRNA and protein accumulation in human LNCaP cells. Thus, we hypothesize that isomeric mixtures of TBECH may act as partial agonists of the androgen receptor.
Differential Effects of Variations at Codon 106 on Sprouty2 Functions in Lung Cancer‐Derived Cells
Authors: Kral Rosana , Doriguzzi Angelina , Mayer Christoph‐Erik , Krenbek Dagmar , Setinek Ulrike , Sutterlüty‐Fall Hedwig
Published: January 2016

Sprouty2 is a modulator of receptor tyrosine kinase‐mediated signalling with an important role during lung carcinogenesis. Here, we characterize a Sprouty2 variant harbouring a substitution of proline 106 with serine. Serine substitution fails to influence expression, but accumulation of slower migrating phosphatase‐sensitive forms indicates that its presence facilitates phosphorylation. In normal lung cells the serine variant is slightly more potent in inhibiting proliferation and migration. Additionally non‐malignant cells expressing the major Sprouty2 variant attach more effective to fibronectin, while the serine variant only weakly stimulates cell adhesion. Mechanistically, the serine variant interferes less effectively with mitogen‐activated protein kinase induction in response to serum. Concerning the positive Sprouty2 effect on epidermal growth factor receptor activation the serine variant is more potent. In all lung cancer‐derived cell lines proliferation is more effectively inhibited if the Sprouty2 protein harbours the serine. In contrast, an increased interference of the serine Sprouty2 variant is only observed in cells with unaltered K‐Ras. In cells harbouring a K‐Ras mutation the serine conversion weakens the reduction of migration velocity indicating that dependent on the status of K‐Ras the serine influences Sprouty2 functions differently. Accordingly, cell adhesion in cells with unaffected K‐Ras is only stimulated by a Sprouty2 protein harbouring proline, while a serine conversion improves the attachment of the cells with constitutive active Ras. In summary our studies demonstrate that substitution of proline by serine at position 106 has biological significance and that the observed effects of this conversion depend on the activation status of endogenous K‐Ras. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1822–1832, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence‐Based Theory for Integrated Genome Regulation of Ontogeny—An Unprecedented Role of Nuclear FGFR1 Signaling
Authors: Stachowiak Michal K. , Stachowiak Ewa K.
Published: January 2016

Genetic experiments have positioned the fgfr1 gene at the top of the gene hierarchy that governs gastrulation, as well as the subsequent development of the major body axes, nervous system, muscles, and bones, by affecting downstream genes that control the cell cycle, pluripotency, and differentiation, as well as microRNAs. Studies show that this regulation is executed by a single protein, the nuclear isoform of FGFR1 (nFGFR1), which integrates signals from development‐initiating factors, such as retinoic acid (RA), and operates at the interface of genomic and epigenomic information. nFGFR1 cooperates with a multitude of transcriptional factors (TFs), and targets thousands of genes encoding for mRNAs, as well as miRNAs in top ontogenic networks. nFGFR1 binds to the promoters of ancient proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, in addition to binding to metazoan morphogens that delineate body axes, and construct the nervous system, as well as mesodermal and endodermal tissues. The discovery of pan‐ontogenic gene programming by integrative nuclear FGFR1 signaling (INFS) impacts our understanding of ontogeny, as well as developmental pathologies, and holds new promise for reconstructive medicine, and cancer therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1199–1218, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Physiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of extracellular calcium and surgical techniques on restoration of axonal continuity by polyethylene glycol fusion following complete cut or crush severance of rat sciatic nerves
Authors: Ghergherehchi Cameron L. , Bittner George D. , Hastings Robert Louis , Mikesh Michelle , Riley D. Colton , Trevino Richard C. , Schallert Tim , Thayer Wesley P. , Bhupanapadu Sunkesula Solomon Raju , Ha Tu‐Anh N. , Munoz Nicolas , Pyarali Monika , Bansal Aakarshita , Poon Andrew D. , Mazal Alexander T. , Smith Tyler A. , Wong Nicole S. , Dunne Patrick J.
Published: January 2016

Complete crush or cut severance of sciatic nerve axons in rats and other mammals produces immediate loss of axonal continuity. Loss of locomotor functions subserved by those axons is restored only after months, if ever, by outgrowths regenerating at ∼1 mm/day from the proximal stumps of severed axonal segments. The distal stump of a severed axon typically begins to degenerate in 1–3 days. We recently developed a polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion technology, consisting of sequential exposure of severed axonal ends to hypotonic Ca2+‐free saline, methylene blue, PEG in distilled water, and finally Ca2+‐containing isotonic saline. This study examines factors that affect the PEG fusion restoration of axonal continuity within minutes, as measured by conduction of action potentials and diffusion of an intracellular fluorescent dye across the lesion site of rat sciatic nerves completely cut or crush severed in the midthigh. Also examined are factors that affect the longer‐term PEG fusion restoration of lost behavioral functions within days to weeks, as measured by the sciatic functional index. We report that exposure of cut‐severed axonal ends to Ca2+‐containing saline prior to PEG fusion and stretch/tension of proximal or distal axonal segments of cut‐severed axons decrease PEG fusion success. Conversely, trimming cut‐severed ends in Ca2+‐free saline just prior to PEG fusion increases PEG fusion success. PEG fusion prevents or retards the Wallerian degeneration of cut‐severed axons, as assessed by measures of axon diameter and G ratio. PEG fusion may produce a paradigm shift in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The more I want, the less I have left to give: The moderating role of psychological entitlement on the relationship between psychological contract violation, depressive mood states, and citizenship behavior
Authors: Priesemuth Manuela , Taylor Regina M.
Published: January 2016

Research has emphasized the negative effects of organizations' broken promises and failed obligations on employee attitudes and behaviors. However, not all employees respond in the same manner. This paper integrates research on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement to examine how individuals with exceedingly high demands and expectations react to a perceived letdown by the organization. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we argue that a psychological contract violation is associated with employee depressive mood states, which, in turn, influence the amount of citizenship behavior displayed. We further posit that psychological entitlement moderates the link between contract violation and depressive mood states. Using Hayes' PROCESS macro to assess a moderated mediation model, findings from a multi‐source field study support our predictions. This research contributes to the work on psychological contracts and psychological entitlement on multiple fronts. Suggestions for future research and practical implications for managers are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of a simplified cupric oxide oxidation HPLC method with the traditional GC‐MS method for characterization of lignin phenolics in environmental samples
Authors: Sun Luni , Spencer Robert G. M. , Hernes Peter J. , Dyda Rachael Y. , Mopper Kenneth
Published: January 2016

A simplified method to characterize the lignin phenolic composition of environmental samples using alkaline CuO oxidation, solid‐phase extraction (SPE), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. Samples were oxidatively hydrolyzed in inexpensive, commercially available Teflon vials rather than expensive high‐pressure Teflon‐lined reaction vessels. We used milder hydrolysis conditions than conventionally used to avoid “over‐oxidation.” The monomeric lignin phenols released were extracted by SPE rather than liquid–liquid extraction and analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with ultraviolet (UV)‐visible diode array detection. Recoveries were 88% ± 6% for the overall procedure. The lignin phenolic composition of a wide variety of samples including plant tissues, isolated humic substances, soils, sediments, and freshwater dissolved organic matter are presented and compared with the conventional high pressure reaction vessel gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) method. The agreement was generally good; the mean difference of nine diverse samples for a total of eight oxidation products was 4.5% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 23%. The advantages of this simplified method include no lengthy clean‐up and derivatization steps, no specialized reaction equipment, increased sample throughput, amenability to compound‐specific isotope analyses, and lower cost.
Testing sample stability using four storage methods and the macroalgae Ulva and Gracilaria
Authors: Oczkowski Autumn , Thornber Carol S. , Markham Erin E. , Rossi Ryann , Ziegler Amanda , Rinehart Shelby
Published: January 2016

Concern over the relative importance of different sample preparation and storage techniques frequently used in stable isotope analysis of particulate nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) prompted an experiment to determine how important such factors were to measured values in marine organisms. We stored the marine macroalgae Ulva and Gracilaria in four different ways and analyzed replicates every three months over the course of a year to assess treatment effects on stability. Treatments consisted of algae dried at 65°C, ground to a powder, and stored in a desiccator until analysis; algae left in a drying oven or in a freezer and processed (dried and ground) just prior to analysis, as well as some dried, ground samples kept out in the lab and reanalyzed quarterly for 12 months. Concurrently, to assess the ecological range in isotope values over the course of a year, samples were freshly collected from the same location and analyzed along with the other treatments at each time step. Neither storage technique nor time had an impact on either δ15N or δ13C values or the %N and %C of the algae tissues. There were clear and consistent differences between species and some large seasonal differences in the freshly collected samples. The interspecies differences and seasonal ranges of values underscore the stability associated with method and duration of sample storage.
Eliminating the blood‐flow confounding effect in intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) using the non‐negative least square analysis in liver
Authors: Gambarota Giulio , Hitti Eric , Leporq Benjamin , Saint‐Jalmes Hervé , Beuf Olivier
Published: January 2016

Purpose

Tissue perfusion measurements using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion‐MRI are of interest for investigations of liver pathologies. A confounding factor in the perfusion quantification is the partial volume between liver tissue and large blood vessels. The aim of this study was to assess and correct for this partial volume effect in the estimation of the perfusion fraction.

Methods

MRI experiments were performed at 3 Tesla with a diffusion‐MRI sequence at 12 b‐values. Diffusion signal decays in liver were analyzed using the non‐negative least square (NNLS) method and the biexponential fitting approach.

Results

In some voxels, the NNLS analysis yielded a very fast‐decaying component that was assigned to partial volume with the blood flowing in large vessels. Partial volume correction was performed by biexponential curve fitting, where the first data point (b = 0 s/mm2) was eliminated in voxels with a very fast‐decaying component. Biexponential fitting with partial volume correction yielded parametric maps with perfusion fraction values smaller than biexponential fitting without partial volume correction.

Conclusion

The results of the current study indicate that the NNLS analysis in combination with biexponential curve fitting allows to correct for partial volume effects originating from blood flow in IVIM perfusion fraction measurements. Magn Reson Med 77:310–317, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thai Elephant‐Assisted Therapy Programme in Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Satiansukpong Nuntanee , Pongsaksri Maethisa , Sasat Daranee
Published: January 2016

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of the Thai Elephant‐Assisted Therapy Programme for children with Down syndrome (DS) (TETP‐D) on balance, postural control and visual motor integration (VMI). A quasi‐experimental design with blind control was used. Sixteen children with DS from grades 1 to 6, in a Thailand, public school were recruited for this study. The participants were divided voluntarily into two groups: control and experimental. These both groups received regular school activities, but the experimental group had added treatment, which consisted of TETP‐D twice a week for 2 months. The balance subtest of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2, the postural control record form and Beery VMI were applied as outcome measure 1 week before and after the TETP‐D. The results showed no significant difference in balance or postural control. However, a significant difference of VMI was shown between the two groups (z = 13.5, p = .04). Children with DS benefited from the TETP‐D as it improved their VMI. The TETP‐D could improve balance and postural control if provided within a suitable frequency and duration. Further research is needed to test this hypothesis. The limitations of this study are the significant differences in some aspects of the groups at pre‐test such as gender and supine flexion of postural control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emulsion copolymerization of substituted acetylenes for constructing optically active helical polymer nanoparticles. Synergistic effects and helicity inversion
Authors: Zhao Biao , Deng Jianping , Yang Wantai
Published: January 2016

Copolymerizations of substituted acetylenes have been intensively studied in solution polymerization for constructing chirally helical polymers, while emulsion copolymerizations of the kind of monomers have been only scarcely reported. In the present study, chiral substituted acetylene monomer containing cholic acid group underwent emulsion copolymerizations with an achiral acetylenic monomer in the presence of rhodium catalyst, providing optically active helical copolymer nanoparticles. Synergistic effects were found in the resulting helical copolymers, enabling one certain copolymer to show the maximum CD signal intensity. Moreover, the helicity of the helical copolymers in nanoparticle state was opposite to that in solution state. This is the first demonstration that synergistic effects and helicity inversion simultaneously occurred in helical copolymers prepared by emulsion copolymerization process. To deepen the understanding of the unique phenomena, corresponding solution copolymerization and emulsification process were also investigated. Different from “Sergeant and Soldiers rule” approach, the present study provides a new strategy for preparing chirally helical polymer particles by making full use of achiral monomers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1679–1685
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles with aggregation induced emission characteristics for intracellular Fe3+ sensing
Authors: Yang Dongliang , Li Fei , Luo Zhimin , Bao Biqing , Hu Yanling , Weng Lixing , Cheng Yixiang , Wang Lianhui
Published: January 2016

In this article, a novel zwitterionic conjugated polyelectrolyte containing tetraphenylethene unit was synthesized via Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction. The resulting polymer (P2), which exhibited typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) properties, was weakly fluorescent in dilute DMSO solution and showed bright fluorescence emissions when aggregated in DMSO/water mixtures or fabricated into conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs). The nanoparticles from P2 could be prepared by reprecipitation method with an average diameter around 23 nm. Notably, the cell‐staining efficiencies of lipid‐P2 nanoparticles could be enhanced with lipid encapsulation and these nanoparticles were endocytosed via caveolae‐mediated and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis pathways. Furthermore, the lipid‐P2 nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity, high photostability and efficient cell staining ability could be employed for in vitro detection of Fe3+ ions in A549 cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1686–1693
Molecular events in the light of strong fields: A light‐induced potential scenario
Authors: Chang Bo Y. , Sola Ignacio R. , Shin Seokmin
Published: January 2016

A new perspective on how to manipulate molecules by means of very strong laser pulses is emerging with insights from the so‐called light‐induced potentials, which are the adiabatic potential energy surfaces of molecules severely distorted by the effect of the strong field. Different effects appear depending on how the laser frequency is tuned, to a certain electronic transition, creating light‐induced avoided crossings, or very off‐resonant, generating Stark shifts. In the former case it is possible to induce dramatic changes in the geometry and redistribution of charges in the molecule while the lasers are acting and to fully control photodissociation reactions as well as other photochemical processes. Several theoretical proposals taken from the work of the authors are reviewed and analyzed showing the unique features that the strong‐laser chemistry opens to control the transient properties and the dynamics of molecules. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of laser ablation multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for boron isotopic measurement in marine biocarbonates: new improvements and application to a modern Porites coral
Authors: Thil François , Blamart Dominique , Assailly Caroline , Lazareth Claire E. , Leblanc Thierry , Butsher John , Douville Eric
Published: January 2016

Rationale

Laser Ablation coupled to Multi‐Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICPMS) is a powerful tool for the high‐precision measurement of the isotopic ratios of many elements in geological samples, with the isotope ratio (11B/10B) of boron being used as an indicator of the pH of oceanic waters. Most geological samples or standards are polished and ablation occurs on flat surfaces. However, the shape and the irregularities of marine biocarbonates (e.g., corals, foraminifera) can make precise isotopic measurements of boron difficult. Even after polishing, the porosity properties and the presence of holes or micro‐fractures affect the signal and the isotopic ratio when ablating the material, especially in raster mode.

Methods

The effect of porosity and of the crater itself on the 11B signal and the isotopic ratio acquired by LA‐MC‐ICPMS in both raster and spot mode was studied. Characterization of the craters was then performed with an optical profilometer to determine their shapes and depths. Surface state effects were examined by analyzing the isotopic fractionation of boron in silicate (NIST‐SRM 612 and 610 standards) and in carbonate (corals).

Results

Surface irregularities led to a considerable loss of signal when the crater depth exceeded 20 µm. The stability and precision were degraded when ablation occurred in a deep cavity. The effect of laser focusing and of blank correction was also highlighted and our observations indicate that the accuracy of the boron isotopic ratio does not depend on the shape of the surface. After validation of the analytical protocol for boron isotopes, a raster application on a Porites coral, which grew for 18 months in an aquarium after field sampling, was carried out.

Conclusions

This original LA‐MC‐ICPMS study revealed a well‐marked boron isotope ratio temporal variability, probably related to growth rate and density changes, irrespective of the pH of the surrounding seawater. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Bemessung vorwiegend ruhend beanspruchter Schweißverbindungen von Aluminiumtragwerken nach DIN EN 1999‐1‐1
Authors: Saal Helmut , Gitter Reinhold , Fellhauer Andreas
Published: January 2016

Sowohl die Bemessung von Aluminiumtragwerken nach DIN EN 1999‐1‐1 [1] im Allgemeinen als auch die der Schweißverbindungen im Besonderen unterscheidet sich von der nach DIN 4113 in vielerlei Grundsätzen. Bestehende deutsche Regelungen und aus der Anwendung der EN 1999‐1‐1 deutlich gewordene Lücken erforderten, dass durch ergänzende, nicht widersprechende Angaben, die so genannten NCI‐Regelungen, im Nationalen Anhang und seinen Änderungen Bemessungsregeln und Erläuterungen ergänzt wurden. Bei NCI‐Regelungen ist zu beachten, dass diese nur für Tragwerke und tragende Bauteile angewendet werden dürfen, die im betreffenden Land – das heißt also hier in Deutschland – zum Einsatz kommen. Da der Umfang der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung der Schweißnähte gemäß DIN EN 1090‐3 [5] vom Ausnutzungsgrad (Ausnutzungsklasse) und der Art des Bauwerks (Ausführungsklasse) abhängt und so indirekt die Beanspruchbarkeit bestimmt, werden nach der Behandlung der Bemessungsregeln für Schweißverbindungen abschließend die Regelungen der DIN EN 1090‐3 zur Ausführung und Prüfung von Schweißnähten beschrieben, die auch der Tragwerksplaner kennen muss.

Design of predominantly statically loaded welded connections of aluminium structures according to DIN EN 1999‐1‐1. The design of aluminium structures according to DIN EN 1999‐1‐1 is different with respect to many design principles of DIN 4113 in general as well as especially for welded connections. Non‐contradicting existing German design rules and deficiencies (missing design provisions) which became obvious with the application of DIN EN 1999‐1‐1 in daily practice required and will require NCI‐regulations with supplemental design rules and comments in the National Annex and its amendments. The regulations of DIN EN 1090‐3 [5] for execution and testing of welds are discussed in connection with the design rules. This is important since the degree of nondestructive testing of welds according to DIN EN 1090‐3 [5] depends on the utilization factor (utilization range) and the nature of structure (execution class). Thus it indirectly determines the design resistance which is needed by the designing engineer.
Energy, climate, and our historic opportunity: an editorial essay
Authors: Lund Peter D. , Byrne John
Published: January 2016

This article is categorized under:

Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Derived Fractional Flow Reserve and Plaque Stress
Authors: Nørgaard Bjarne Linde , Leipsic Jonathon , Koo Bon-Kwon , Zarins Christopher K. , Jensen Jesper Møller , Sand Niels Peter , Taylor Charles A.
Published: January 2016

Fractional flow reserve (FFR) measured during invasive coronary angiography is an independent prognosticator in patients with coronary artery disease and the gold standard for decision making in coronary revascularization. The integration of computational fluid dynamics and quantitative anatomic and physiologic modeling now enables simulation of patient-specific hemodynamic parameters including blood velocity, pressure, pressure gradients, and FFR from standard acquired coronary computed tomography (CT) datasets. In this review article, we describe the potential impact on clinical practice and the science behind noninvasive coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) as well as future applications of this technology in treatment planning and quantifying forces on atherosclerotic plaques.
TRACING THE ACQUISITION HISTORY OF SOME OLD SYRIAN POPULAR STYLE CYLINDER SEALS
Authors: Porter Barbara A.
Published: January 2016

Examples of Middle Bronze Age cylinder seals, categorized today as “Old Syrian popular style” have been documented since the mid-nineteenth century, albeit usually without any dating or provenance information. This particular subset of the vast array of ancient Near Eastern glyptic has recently been studied by the author and an acquisition history identified for many of them. Here the disparate paths that brought some of these seals into museums and private collections are explored to demonstrate, not only the vagaries of where these eminently portable objects end up, but to highlight the importance for modern scholarship of documenting such histories.
Climate Justice and Disaster Law
Authors: Lyster Rosemary
Published: January 2016

Climate disasters demand an integration of multilateral negotiations on climate change, disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, human rights and human security. Via detailed examination of recent law and policy initiatives from around the world, and making use of a capability approach, Rosemary Lyster develops a unique approach to human and non-human climate justice and its application to all stages of a disaster: prevention; response, recovery and rebuilding; and compensation and risk transfer. She comprehensively analyses the complexities of climate science and their interfaces with the law- and policy-making processes, and also provides an in-depth analysis of multilateral climate change negotiations dating from the establishment of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to the Twentieth Conference of the Parties in Lima (COP 20) in December 2014.
Principles of Digital Communication
Authors: Rimoldi Bixio
Published: January 2016

This comprehensive and accessible text teaches the fundamentals of digital communication via a top-down-reversed approach, specifically formulated for a one-semester course. The unique approach focuses on the transmission problem and develops knowledge of receivers before transmitters. In doing so it cuts straight to the heart of the digital communication problem, enabling students to learn quickly, intuitively, and with minimal background knowledge. Beginning with the decision problem faced by a decoder and going on to cover receiver designs for different channels, hardware constraints, design trade-offs, convolutional coding, Viterbi decoding, and passband communication, detail is given on system-level design as well as practical applications in engineering. All of this is supported by numerous worked examples, homework problems, and MATLAB simulation exercises to aid self-study, providing a solid basis for students to specialize in the field of digital communication and making it suitable for both traditional and flipped classroom teaching.
Egypt and C14 Dating
Authors: Smith H. S.
Published: January 2016

Dr Libby's article was directed to examining the probable accuracy of the biophysical assumptions involved in the radiocarbon method of dating. His method was to show in a series of tables how the radiocarbon content of samples of tested ancient material deviated from the specific radiocarbon content of biosphere carbon calculated for the dates assigned to these samples on 'historical' evidence. Hitherto, radiocarbon dates have normally been presented as a check on those arrived at by 'historical' methods; here Dr. Libby uses 'historical' dates to control the accuracy of the radiocarbon method. His article, though of deep interest to archaeologists and ancient historians, is thus primarily addressed to his fellow scientists. Before following Dr Libby's lead unreservedly, they will wish to know the relative strength and validity of the alleged 'historical' datings [I].
One Asia, or Many? Reflections from connected history
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM SANJAY
Published: January 2016

It is now widely rumoured that the ‘Asian century’ is upon us. But what does this really mean? As late as 1988, Deng Xiaoping—in remarks made before the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi—expressed some scepticism about the facility of the formulation. As Deng stated then:

In recent years people have been saying that the next century will be the century of Asia and the Pacific, as if that were sure to be the case. I disagree with this view. If we exclude the United States, the only countries in the Asia-Pacific region that are relatively developed are Japan, the ‘four little dragons’, Australia and New Zealand, with a total population of at most 200 million. (. . .) But the population of China and India adds up to 1.8 billion. Unless those two countries are developed, there will be no Asian century. No genuine Asia-Pacific century or Asian century can come until China, India and other neighbouring countries are developed. By the same token, there could be no Latin-American century without a developed Brazil. We should therefore regard the problem of development as one that concerns all mankind and study and solve it on that level. Only thus will we recognize that it is the responsibility not just of the developing countries but also of the developed countries.

Whatever the doubts about his standing as a Marxist, then, we may say that Deng remained resolutely universalist in his perspective, at least outwardly.
A Response to ‘One Asia, or Many? Reflections from connected history’
Authors: HERZIG EDMUND
Published: January 2016

The idea of Asia as a unity has appealed both to Europeans interested in differentiating themselves from a threatening, if inferior, Asiatic ‘other’, and to Asians keen to mark their distance from an alien and alienating Europe and West. For both groups, Asia is a useful term of alterity, although the place of ‘us’ and ‘them’ is reversed. Near the beginning of his lecture Sanjay Subrahmanyam remarks that, ‘in the play between the -emic and the -etic, the insider's and the outsider's perspective, a concept like “Asia” falls decidedly on the side of the -etic’. This point is reinforced by the fact that the European concept of Asia goes back to the Ancient Greeks (as Subrahmanyam notes), whereas the interest of Asian insiders in the concept of a homogeneous Asia is a modern phenomenon, a reaction against the assumption of superiority inherent in Western imperialism and neo-imperialism. In the case of both the European and the Asian conceptions, however, it is the viewpoint of the observer, rather than the empirical features of what is observed, that gives shape and meaning to the concept. I will use this short response to take a look at Asia from a third perspective, one that is neither fully ‘insider’ nor ‘outsider’ in character, namely that of the early modern Armenians, whose travels took them across the length and breadth of Asia, and Europe too.
Mental Imagery and Movement Responses to the Rorschach Test Among	Young Violent Offenders
Authors: Auvinen-Lintunen Laura , Lindgren Maija , Tikkanen Roope , Ilonen Tuula
Published: January 2016

Abstract. We studied the relationship between the self-reported mental imagery and movement responses in the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) in 26 young violent offenders. The modified version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ-method by Marks, 1972 , 1973 ) and the Rorschach CS were used. We found a positive association between the movement responses, especially human movement responses, and the ability to create and to control images. The violent offenders seemed to have an adequate ability to imagine future events and scenarios, but they had deficits in their situation specific mental imagery. The Rorschach Form Quality minus responses showed that the subjects’ ability to use mental imagery was inadequate; it was non-adaptive and the reality orientation vulnerable. We suggest that the causes of decreased imagery vividness and increased need to control mental images are negative emotions and intrusive ideations emerging in intimate relationships.
Benjamin Lee Preston Receives 2015 Charles S. Falkenberg Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2016

Benjamin Lee Preston received the 2015 Charles S. Falkenberg Award at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2015 in San Francisco, Calif. The award honors an "early- to middle- career scientist who has contributed to the quality of life, economic opportunities, and stewardship of the planet through the use of Earth science information and to the public awareness of the importance of understanding our planet."
Crystal structure of E. coli lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase
Authors: Mao Guotao , Zhao Yan , Kang Xusheng , Li Zhijie , Zhang Yan , Wang Xianping , Sun Fei , Sankaran Krishnan , Zhang Xuejun C.
Published: January 2016

Lipoprotein biogenesis is essential for bacterial survival. Phosphatidylglycerol:prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt) is an integral membrane enzyme that catalyses the first reaction of the three-step post-translational lipid modification. Deletion of the lgt gene is lethal to most Gram-negative bacteria. Here we present the crystal structures of Escherichia coli Lgt in complex with phosphatidylglycerol and the inhibitor palmitic acid at 1.9 and 1.6 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal the presence of two binding sites and support the previously reported structure–function relationships of Lgt. Complementation results of lgt-knockout cells with different mutant Lgt variants revealed critical residues, including Arg143 and Arg239, that are essential for diacylglyceryl transfer. Using a GFP-based in vitro assay, we correlated the activities of Lgt with structural observations. Together, the structural and biochemical data support a mechanism whereby substrate and product, lipid-modified lipobox-containing peptide, enter and leave the enzyme laterally relative to the lipid bilayer.
The KDM3A–KLF2–IRF4 axis maintains myeloma cell survival
Authors: Ohguchi Hiroto , Hideshima Teru , Bhasin Manoj K. , Gorgun Gullu T. , Santo Loredana , Cea Michele , Samur Mehmet K. , Mimura Naoya , Suzuki Rikio , Tai Yu-Tzu , Carrasco Ruben D. , Raje Noopur , Richardson Paul G. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Harigae Hideo , Sanda Takaomi , Sakai Juro , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: January 2016

KDM3A is implicated in tumorigenesis; however, its biological role in multiple myeloma (MM) has not been elucidated. Here we identify KDM3A–KLF2–IRF4 axis dependence in MM. Knockdown of KDM3A is toxic to MM cells in vitro and in vivo. KDM3A maintains expression of KLF2 and IRF4 through H3K9 demethylation, and knockdown of KLF2 triggers apoptosis. Moreover, KLF2 directly activates IRF4 and IRF4 reciprocally upregulates KLF2, forming a positive autoregulatory circuit. The interaction of MM cells with bone marrow milieu mediates survival of MM cells. Importantly, silencing of KDM3A, KLF2 or IRF4 both decreases MM cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and reduces MM cell homing to the bone marrow, in association with decreased ITGB7 expression in MAF-translocated MM cell lines. Our results indicate that the KDM3A–KLF2–IRF4 pathway plays an essential role in MM cell survival and homing to the bone marrow, and therefore represents a therapeutic target.
DCAF1 controls T-cell function via p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Authors: Guo Zengli , Kong Qing , Liu Cui , Zhang Song , Zou Liyun , Yan Feng , Whitmire Jason K. , Xiong Yue , Chen Xian , Wan Yisong Y.
Published: January 2016

On activation, naive T cells grow in size and enter cell cycle to mount immune response. How the fundamental processes of T-cell growth and cell cycle entry are regulated is poorly understood. Here we report that DCAF1 (Ddb1–cullin4-associated-factor 1) is essential for these processes. The deletion of DCAF1 in T cells impairs their peripheral homeostasis. DCAF1 is upregulated on T-cell receptor activation and critical for activation-induced T-cell growth, cell cycle entry and proliferation. In addition, DCAF1 is required for T-cell expansion and function during anti-viral and autoimmune responses in vivo. DCAF1 deletion leads to a drastic stabilization of p53 protein, which can be attributed to a requirement of DCAF1 for MDM2-mediated p53 poly-ubiquitination. Importantly, p53 deletion rescues the cell cycle entry defect but not the growth defect of DCAF1-deficient cells. Therefore, DCAF1 is vital for T-cell function through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.