bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tailoring electrochemical CO2 reduction via substrate-induced gas diffusion
Authors: Chae Younghyun , Kim Kyeongsu , Yun Hyewon , Kim Dongjin , Jung Wonsang , Hwang Yun Jeong , Lee Ung , Lee Dong Ki , Min Byoung Koun , Choi Woong , Won Da Hye
Published: February 2023

To design active and selective catalysts for deriving value-added C2+ chemicals from the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction, comprehensive studies on the catalyst system are necessary.
Cross-talk between energy and redox metabolism in astrocyte-neuron functional cooperation
Authors: Almeida Angeles , Jimenez-Blasco Daniel , Bolaños Juan P.
Published: February 2023

Astrocytes show unique anatomical, morphological, and metabolic features to take up substrates from the blood and metabolize them for local delivery to active synapses to sustain neuron function. In the present review, we specifically focus on key molecular aspects of energy and redox metabolism that facilitate this astrocyte-neuronal coupling in a controlled manner. Basal glycolysis is co-ordinated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)-Cdh1, a ubiquitin ligase that targets the proglycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructokinase-2,6-bisphosphastate-3 (PFKFB3) for degradation. APC/C-Cdh1 activity is more robust in neurons than in astrocytes, which determine that PFKFB3 abundance and glycolytic rate are weaker in neurons. The low PFKFB3 activity in neurons facilitates glucose-6-phosphate oxidation via the pentose-phosphate pathway, which promotes antioxidant protection. Conversely, the high PFKFB3 activity in astrocytes allows the production and release of glycolytic lactate, which is taken up by neurons that use it as an oxidizable substrate. Importantly, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is tighter assembled in neurons than in astrocytes, thus the bioenergetic efficiency of mitochondria is higher in neurons. Because of this, the production of reactive oxygen species (mROS) by mitochondrial complex I is very low in neurons and very high in astrocytes. Such a naturally occurring high abundance of mROS in astrocytes physiologically determines a specific transcriptional fingerprint that contributes to sustaining cognitive performance. We conclude that the energy and redox metabolism of astrocytes must complementarily match that of neurons to regulate brain function and animal welfare.
Mass spectrometry of intact membrane proteins: shifting towards a more native-like context
Authors: Oluwole Abraham , Shutin Denis , Bolla Jani R.
Published: February 2023

Integral membrane proteins are involved in a plethora of biological processes including cellular signalling, molecular transport, and catalysis. Many of these functions are mediated by non-covalent interactions with other proteins, substrates, metabolites, and surrounding lipids. Uncovering such interactions and deciphering their effect on protein activity is essential for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying integral membrane protein function. However, the detection of such dynamic complexes has proven to be challenging using traditional approaches in structural biology. Native mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful technique for the structural characterisation of membrane proteins and their complexes, enabling the detection and identification of protein-binding partners. In this review, we discuss recent native mass spectrometry-based studies that have characterised non-covalent interactions of membrane proteins in the presence of detergents or membrane mimetics. We additionally highlight recent progress towards the study of membrane proteins within native membranes and provide our perspective on how these could be combined with recent developments in instrumentation to investigate increasingly complex biomolecular systems.
High‐power‐density InAlGaN/GaN HEMT using InGaN back barrier for W‐band amplifiers
Authors: Kotani Junji , Makiyama Kozo , Ohki Toshihiro , Ozaki Shiro , Okamoto Naoya , Minoura Yuichi , Sato Masaru , Nakamura Norikazu , Miyamoto Yasuyuki
Published: February 2023

This paper investigated the back‐barrier (BB) effect for gallium nitride (GaN)‐based high‐electron‐mobility transistors with an Fe‐doped buffer and Fe‐buffer + Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)‐BB structure. The authors found that the Fe‐doped buffer + InGaN‐BB structure was effective in reducing the off‐state leakage current compared to the Fe‐doped buffer. Secondary‐ion‐mass spectrometry measurements revealed that the segregated Fe existed with peaks at ∼2 × 1017 cm−3 around the InGaN‐BB layer. The authors believe that the negative charges which are generated by Fe effectively increased the BB effect as they exist just underneath the 2‐dimensional‐electron‐gas channel and successfully achieved a high output power operation of 4.6 W/mm at 94 GHz.
An emergency control strategy for undervoltage load shedding of power system: A graph deep reinforcement learning method
Authors: Pei Yangzhou , Yang Jun , Wang Jundong , Xu Peidong , Zhou Ting , Wu Fuzhang
Published: February 2023

Undervoltage load shedding (UVLS) is the last line of defense to ensure the safe and stable operation of the power system. The existing UVLS technique has difficulty adapting and generalizing to new topology variation scenarios of the power network, which greatly affects the reliability of the control strategy. This paper proposes a UVLS emergency control scheme based on a graph deep reinforcement learning method named GraphSAGE‐D3QN (graph sample and aggregate‐double dueling deep q network). During offline training, a GraphSAGE‐based feature extraction mechanism of the power grid with topology variation is designed that can better capture the changes in system state characteristics. A novel reinforcement learning framework based on D3QN is developed for UVLS modeling, which reduces overestimations of control action and leads to a better control effect. Then, online emergency decision‐making is achieved. The simulation results on the modified IEEE 39‐bus system and IEEE 300‐bus power system show that the proposed UVLS scheme can always provide more economical and reliable control strategies for power networks with topology variations and achieves better benefits in both adaptability and generalization performances for previously unseen topology variation scenarios.
Cometary dust collected by MIDAS on board Rosetta
Authors: Kim M. , Mannel T. , Boakes P. D. , Bentley M. S. , Longobardo A. , Jeszenszky H. , Moissl R. ,   the MIDAS team
Published: February 2023

Context. The Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS) atomic force microscope (AFM) on board the Rosetta comet orbiter has been dedicated to the collection and 3D topographical investigation of cometary dust in the size range of a few hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers with a resolution down to a few nanometers.

Aims. We aim to catalog all dust particles collected and analyzed by MIDAS, together with their main statistical properties such as size, height, basic shape descriptors, and collection time. Furthermore, we aim to present the scientific results that can be extracted from the catalog, such as the size distribution and statistical characteristics of cometary dust particles.

Methods. Through a careful re-analysis of MIDAS AFM images, we make a significant update and improvement to the existing MIDAS particle catalog, resulting in the addition of more particles and newly developed shape descriptors. The final product is a comprehensive list of all possible cometary dust particles detected by MIDAS. The catalog documents all images of identified dust particles and includes a variety of derived information tabulated one record per particle. Furthermore, the best image of each particle was chosen for subsequent studies. Finally, we created dust coverage maps and clustering maps of the MIDAS collection targets and traced any possible fragmentation of collected particles with a detailed algorithm.

Results. The revised MIDAS catalog includes 3523 MIDAS particles in total, where 1857 particles are expected to be usable for further analysis (418 scans of particles before perihelion + 1439 scans of particles after perihelion, both after the removal of duplicates), ranging from about 40 nm to about 8 μm in size. The mean value of the equivalent radius derived from the 2D projection of the particles is 0.91 ± 0.79 μm. A slightly improved equivalent radius based on the particle’s volume coincides in the range of uncertainties with a value of 0.56 ± 0.45 μm. We note that those sizes and all following MIDAS particle size distributions are expected to be influenced by the fragmentation of MIDAS particles upon impact on the collection targets. Furthermore, fitting the slope of the MIDAS particle size distribution with a power law of a · rb yields an index b of ~−1.67 to −1.88. Lastly, based on the created dust coverage maps and clustering maps of the MIDAS collection targets, we determined the particle fragmentation ratio of 4.09 for nominal activity and 11.8 for the outburst, which underlines that parent particles with faster impact velocity are more likely to be fragmented during dust collection.
Multi-instrument analysis of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko coma particles: COPS-GIADA data fusion
Authors: Pestoni B. , Altwegg K. , Della Corte V. , Hänni N. , Longobardo A. , Müller D. R. , Rotundi A. , Rubin M. , Wampfler S. F.
Published: February 2023

Context. The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko has offered scientists the opportunity to study a comet in unprecedented detail. Four instruments of the Rosetta orbiter, namely, the Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System (MIDAS), the Grain Impact Analyzer and Dust Accumulator (GIADA), the COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (COSIMA), and the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) have provided information on cometary dust particles. Cross-instrument comparisons are crucial to characterize cometary dust particles beyond the capabilities of individual sensors, as they are sensitive to different dust components.

Aims. We present the first comparison between detections of the ROSINA COmet Pressure Sensor (COPS) and GIADA. These two instruments are complementary as the former is sensitive solely to volatiles of icy particles, while the latter measured the dust particle as a whole, including refractories and condensed (semi)volatiles. Our goal is to correlate the particles detected by COPS and GIADA and to assess whether they belong to a common group.

Methods. We statistically analyzed the in situ data of COPS and GIADA by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients.

Results. Among the several types of particles detected by GIADA, we find that COPS particles are significantly correlated solely with GIADA fluffy agglomerates (Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.55 and p-value of 4.6 × 10−3). This suggests that fluffy particles are composed of both refractories and volatiles. COPS volatile volumes, which may be represented by equivalent spheres with a diameter in the range between 0.06 µm and 0.8 µm, are similar to the sizes of the fractal particle’s subunits identified by MIDAS (i.e., 0.05–0.18 µm).
Einführung in die Gentherapie
Authors: Gasser Thomas
Published: February 2023

Nach vielen Jahren der Entwicklung und zahlreichen Rückschlägen
hat die Gentherapie, also die direkte therapeutische Modifikation der Gene auf
DNA- oder RNA-Ebene, erste unbestreitbare Erfolge. Dabei werden sowohl
„ex vivo“ Verfahren, also die genetische Manipulation von zuvor
entnommenen Körperzellen, als auch „in vivo“ Methoden
erfolgreich eingesetzt. Neben dem Ersatz fehlender oder schadhafter Gene
können auch die Korrektur der DNA-Sequenz durch die
CRISPR-Cas9-„Genschere“ und die sequenzspezifische Beeinflussung
der Genexpression auf RNA-Ebene als gentherapeutische Methoden im weiteren Sinne
bezeichnet werden.
Zur ideologischen Funktion einer tradierten Psychiatriekritik im
Neoliberalismus
Authors: Heinz Andreas , Hein Jakob , Weitzenegger Fritzi , Seitz Assina
Published: February 2023

Soziale Ausschließung und Diskriminierung spielen eine wichtige Rolle in
der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung psychischer Erkrankungen. Dies
könnte Anlass für eine kritische Öffentlichkeit sein,
eine Verbesserung der Behandlungsbedingungen psychisch erkrankter Personen zu
fordern. Stattdessen findet sich in den zeitgenössischen Medien und in
einer kritischen Öffentlichkeit meist eine tradierte Psychiatriekritik,
die sich an den Zuständen vor der Psychiatriereform orientiert,
psychische Erkrankungen romantisiert und deren Behandlungsbedarf verleugnet.
Misslingt die Romantisierung, werden psychisch erkrankte Personen
dämonisiert. Die ideologische Funktion der Replikation einer tradierten
Psychiatriekritik besteht in der Selbstvergewisserung einer neoliberalen
Gesellschaft, die sich von tradierten autoritären
Herrschaftsverhältnissen emanzipiert haben will, in der Abwehr der
Forderung nach angemessener Finanzierung der Versorgung und in der Betonung
individueller Autonomie, die den Betroffenen die Verantwortung für
Wohnungslosigkeit und soziale Verelendung zuschiebt.
Consequences and Predictors of Prolonged Tissue Expander Duration in Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Langdell Hannah C. , Sergesketter Amanda R. , Biswas Sonali , Morris Miranda , Zhang Gloria X. , Atia Andrew , Phillips Brett T.
Published: February 2023

Background Tissue expanders (TEs) are temporary devices used in breast reconstruction, which are generally removed within 1 year. There is a paucity of data regarding the potential consequences when TEs have longer indwelling times. Thus, we aim to determine whether prolonged TE implantation length is associated with TE-related complications.

Methods This is a single-center retrospective review of patients who underwent TE placement for breast reconstruction from 2015 to 2021. Complications were compared between patients who had a TE for >1 year and <1 year. Univariate and multivariate regressions were used to evaluate predictors of TE complications.

Results A total of 582 patients underwent TE placement and 12.2% had the expander for >1 year. Adjuvant chemoradiation, body mass index (BMI), overall stage, and diabetes predicted the duration of TE placement (p ≤ 0.006). Rate of return to the operating room was higher in patients who had TEs in place >1 year (22.5 vs 6.1%, p < 0.001). On multivariate regression, prolonged TE duration predicted an infection requiring antibiotics, readmission, and reoperation (p < 0.001). Reasons for longer indwelling times included need for additional chemoradiation (79.4%), TE infections (12.7%), and requesting a break from surgery (6.3%).

Conclusion Indwelling TEs for >1 year are associated with higher rates of infection, readmission, and reoperation even when controlling for adjuvant chemoradiation. Patients with diabetes, a higher BMI, advanced cancer stage, and those requiring adjuvant chemoradiation should be advised they may require a TE for a longer time interval prior to final reconstruction.
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Cascade Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Zhang Cai , Liu Yunyun , Chen Demao , Wan Jie-Ping
Published: February 2023

This review highlights recent progress in electrochemical cascade cyclization reactions for the synthesis of carbon rings and heterocycles, such as pyridines, quinolines, phenanthridines, cinnolines, 1,4-dihydroquinolines, oxindoles, imidazo[1,5-α]pyridines, imidazoles, etc. The works included herein are introduced in two major sections of heterocycle construction and carbocycle construction reactions, covering the works reported from 2012 to 2022.

1 Introduction

2 Electrochemical Cascade Cyclization for the Synthesis of Heterocycles

2.1 Synthesis of Pyridines, Quinolines, Phenanthridines, and Cinnolines

2.2 Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydroquinolines, Hexacyclic Sulfonamides, and Thiazines

2.3 Synthesis of Hydroisoquinolinones and Hydroquinolinones

2.4 Synthesis of Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones

2.5 Synthesis of 4H-3,1-Benzoxazines

2.6 Synthesis of Oxindoles

2.7 Synthesis of Indolines and Indoles

2.8 Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5-α]pyridines and Imidazoles

2.9 Synthesis of Imidazolones, Imidazolidinones, Oxazolones, and Oxazolidinones

2.10 Synthesis of Benzoxazoles, Oxazolines, and Isoxazolines

2.11 Synthesis of Furans and Dihydrofurans

2.12 Synthesis of Indolizines, Pyrazoles, and Triazolium Inner Salts

2.13 Synthesis of Sulfonated Benzothiophenes, Thiazoles, Dihydrothiazoles, and 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles

2.14 Synthesis of Lactones

3 Electrochemical Cascade Cyclization for the Construction of Carbocycles

3.1 Synthesis of Carbon Polycycles and Spiroindenes

3.2 Synthesis of Difluoroacyl (Hetero)arenes and Sulfonated Indenones

4 Conclusion
Performance and Head-to-Head Comparison of Three Clinical Models to Predict Occurrence of Postthrombotic Syndrome: A Validation Study
Authors: Pradier Michelle , Rodger Marc A. , Ghanima Waleed , Kovacs Michael J. , Shivakumar Sudeep , Kahn Susan R. , Sandset Per Morten , Kearon Clive , Mallick Ranjeeta , Delluc Aurélien
Published: February 2023

Objective The SOX-PTS, Amin, and Méan models are three different clinical prediction scores stratifying the risk for postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) development in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the lower limbs. Herein, we aimed to assess and compare these scores in the same cohort of patients.

Methods We retrospectively applied the three scores in a cohort of 181 patients (196 limbs) who participated in the SAVER pilot trial for an acute DVT. Patients were stratified into PTS risk groups using positivity thresholds for high-risk patients as proposed in the derivation studies. All patients were assessed for PTS 6 months after index DVT using the Villalta scale. We calculated the predictive accuracy for PTS and area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for each model.

Results The Méan model was the most sensitive (sensitivity 87.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 77.2–94.5) with the highest negative predictive value (87.5%; 95% CI: 76.8–94.4) for PTS. The SOX-PTS was the most specific score (specificity 97.5%; 95% CI: 92.7–99.5) with the highest positive predictive value (72.7%; 95% CI: 39.0–94.0). The SOX-PTS and Méan models performed well for PTS prediction (AUROC: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.65–0.80 and 0.74; 95% CI: 0.67–0.82), whereas the Amin model did not (AUROC: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.49–0.67).

Conclusion Our data support that the SOX-PTS and Méan models have good accuracy to stratify the risk for PTS.
Novel anti-reflux biliary metal stent with a distal tapered end for distal malignant biliary obstruction: a feasibility study
Authors: Doi Shinpei , Namura Yuta , Kikuyama Tomohiro , Saito Go , Adachi Takako , Matsumoto Kotaro , Watanabe Ayako , Tsunashima Hiromichi , Katsukura Nobuhiro , Tsujikawa Takayuki , Yasuda Ichiro
Published: February 2023

Background and study aims We developed a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) with a distal tapered end to reproduce the physiological bile flow with a pressure gradient due to the difference in the diameter. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the newly developed distal tapered covered metal stent (TMS) for distal malignant biliary obstruction (DMBO).

Patients and methods This single-center, prospective, single-arm study was conducted in patients with DMBO. The primary endpoint was time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRBO), and the secondary endpoints were the survival time and incidence of adverse events (AEs).

Results Thirty-five patients (15 men, 20 women; median age, 81 years [range: 53–92]) were enrolled between December 2017 and December 2019. The primary diseases were pancreatic head cancer in 25 cases, bile duct cancer in eight cases, and ampullary cancer in two cases. TMS was successfully placed in all cases. Acute cholecystitis occurred as an early AE (within 30 days) in two cases (5.7 %). The median TRBO was 503 days, median survival time was 239 days. RBO was observed in 10 cases (28.6 %), and the causes were distal migration in six cases, proximal migration in two cases, biliary sludge in one case, and tumor overgrowth in one case.

Conclusions Endoscopic placement of the newly developed TMS in patients with DMBO is technically feasible and safe, and the TRBO was remarkably long. The anti-reflux mechanism based on the difference in diameter may be effective, and a randomized controlled trial with a conventional SEMS is required.
Photo-Induced Selective Difluoroalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes to Access Difluoroalkylated Indoles
Authors: Liao Jianhua , Tong Jinghui , Luo Renshi , Liu Liang , Yang Xiao
Published: February 2023

The difluoroalkylation of unactivated alkenes with ethyl iododifluoroacetate via visible light-induced process has been developed. This transformation provides selective access to difluoroalkylated indole derivatives in good yields depending on the choice of base, solvent, as well as the loading of ethyl iododifluoroacetate.
Direct Arylation of C(sp2)–H Bonds in Anilines
Authors: Jacob Clément , Evano Gwilherm , Annibaletto Julien , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: February 2023

Anilines selectively arylated at their ortho, meta or para positions are useful building blocks in synthesis and have found applications in many areas. The most straightforward method for their synthesis relies on the direct arylation of a C(sp2)–H bond of anilines, an attractive strategy avoiding the prefunctionalization of the starting anilines provided that such arylations proceed with high levels of regioselectivity. Such reactions are presented and discussed, in a comprehensive manner, in this review article, with an emphasis on the regioselectivity of the processes and factors governing both the reactivity and selectivity.

1 Introduction

2 ortho-Arylation of Anilines

2.1 Direct C(sp2)–H ortho-Arylation of Anilines

2.2 Directed C(sp2)–H ortho-Arylation of Anilines

3 meta-Arylation of Anilines

4 para-Arylation of Anilines

4.1 Direct C(sp2)–H para-Arylation of Anilines via Oxidative Radical Homodimerization

4.2 Direct C(sp2)–H para-Arylation of Anilines via Transition-Metal Catalysis

5 Conclusion and Outlook
An Etiology Report for Burns Caused by Korean Folk Remedies
Authors: Joo Hong Sil , Kim Hyun Been
Published: February 2023

Background In this modern era of science-based medicine, some people still accept folk remedies as an alternative form of medicine. However, misinformation and misuse of folk medicines can result in dangerous complications. Among the possible complications of folk remedy use, this study focused on the clinical characteristics of burns caused by folk remedies.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients who had been treated for burns caused by folk remedies from May 2015 to April 2022. Data were collected on patients' age and gender, type of folk remedy, reason for using the folk remedy, the severity of the burn, the number of wounds, lesion type, and type of treatment.

Results We found 59 patients with burns due to folk remedies. Most were female (76.3%) and ≥ 60 years old (72.9%). The most common type of folk remedy was moxibustion (74.6%), followed by the use of glacial acetic acid (20.3%). The reasons for using folk remedies were arthralgia relief (39%), health improvement (18.6%), and treatment of tinea pedis (11.9%). Most patients had multiple wound sites and had burns that were considered severe, requiring surgical treatment (72.9%). The majority of lesions were on the lower extremity, including the foot.

Conclusion This study described the risk of burns caused by folk remedies and the clinical characteristics of the wounds. The results emphasize the need for greater public awareness of the risk of burn injuries when using folk remedies.
Anatomical View of Thoracodorsal Artery Variants Using Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Cho Hyun Geun , Kang Byeongju , Ryu Jeong Yeop , Choi Kang Young , Yang Jung Dug , Chung Ho Yun , Cho Byung Chae , Lee Jeeyeon , Park Ho Yong , Lee Joon Seok
Published: February 2023

Background The latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle has a dominant pedicle with one thoracodorsal artery and receives sufficient blood by segmental circulation through several perforators. Thus, it is widely used in various reconstructive surgeries. We are reporting on the patterns of the thoracodorsal artery analyzed by chest computed tomography (CT) angiography.

Methods We analyzed the preoperative chest CT angiography results of 350 patients scheduled to undergo LD flap breast reconstruction following complete mastectomy for breast cancer between October 2011 and October 2020.

Results A total of 700 blood vessels were classified according to the Kyungpook National University Plastic Surgery-Thoracodorsal Artery (KNUPS-TDA) classification: 388 (185 right and 203 left), 126 (64 right and 62 left), 91 (49 right and 42 left), 57 (27 right and 30 left), and 38 (25 right and 13 left) vessels were classified as type I, type II, type III, type IV, and type V, respectively. Among 350 patients, 205 patients showed matching types for left and right vessels, whereas 145 patients showed mismatching types. For 205 patients with matching types, the distribution by type was 134, 30, 30, 7, and 4 patients with type I, type II, type III, type IV, and type V, respectively. For 145 patients with mismatching types, the distribution by different combinations was 48, 25, 28, 19, 2, 9, 7, 3, 1, and 3 patients with type I + type II, type I + type III, type I + type IV, type I + type V, type II + type III, type II + type IV, type II + type V, type III + type IV, type III + type V, and type IV + type V, respectively.

Conclusion While there is some diversity in the vascular anatomical structures of the LD flap, the dominant vessel can be found in a similar location in almost all cases and no flap had absence of a dominant vessel. Therefore, in surgical procedures using the thoracodorsal artery as the pedicle, preoperative radiological confirmation is not absolutely necessary; however, due to variants, performing the surgery with an understanding of this aspect should lead to good outcomes.
Facial Anthropometric Analysis of a Representative Subset in an Average Kerala Population: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chitta Madhavi , Malathi Lekshmi
Published: February 2023

Background The Neoclassical canons, originally framed based on the Renaissance artworks, vary across genders, races, and ages. This has been proved in multiple studies conducted on the Western population, but minimal studies exist on the Eastern population and lesser so on the Indian population. This study aims to define the standard Keralite face and assess its variation from the canons.

Methods A total of 250 people of Kerala origin aged 18 to 40 years were studied over a period of 1 year in our institute. Standardized frontal and profile photographs of the subjects were taken. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and analyzed for variation between genders, from published Indian standards and their conformity to the Neoclassical canons.

Results Compared to the Keralite men, there were significant differences in 14 of 19 measurements in Keralite women. The men had wider and longer faces than women. Five of 10 measurements in females and 6 of 10 measurements in males significantly differed from the published Indian norms. The average Keralite face was wider, longer, and rounder. None of the facial proportions fit the Neoclassical canons.

Conclusion The average Keralite face significantly differed from the Neoclassical canons and there were some significant variations between genders. This study highlights the need for a larger population-based study with more representation from various regions across India.
Treatment of Keloids with Surgery and Immediate Postoperative Radiotherapy: Knowledge Gained Over 17 Years
Authors: Bhattacharya Neela , Bhattacharya Kaushik , Chandran T.C.
Published: February 2023

Background The treatment of keloidal scars with radiotherapy has been practiced for more than a century. Radiotherapy post-surgery has been deemed necessary and effective in preventing recurrence but still, no clear guidelines exist as to the best modality of radiotherapy, the ideal dose, and the time it should be given for keloidal scars. The purpose of this study is to confirm the effectiveness of this treatment and address these issues.

Methods Since 2004, 120 patients presenting with keloidal scars were seen by the author. Out of them, 50 were managed with surgery followed by HDR brachytherapy/electron beam radiotherapy delivering 2000 rads to the scar within 24 hours of surgery. Patients were followed up for at least 18 months to assess the scar status and the recurrence of keloids. Recurrence was defined as the appearance of a nodule or an obvious return of the keloid within 1 year of treatment.

Results Three patients developed a nodule in the scar, which was deemed a recurrence, making an incidence of 6%. There was no major problem after immediate postoperative radiotherapy. Five patients had delayed healing at 2 weeks and a hypertrophic scar was noted in five patients at 4 weeks that settled with conservative measures.

Conclusion Treating the vexing problem of keloids with surgery and immediate postoperative radiotherapy is safe and effective. We recommend that this be adopted as the standard treatment in keloid management.
Slow and Steady: Optimizing Intensive Care Unit Treatment Weans for Children with Chronic Critical Illness
Authors: Troch Rachel L. , Lazzara Alexandra M. , Yazigi Flora N. , Blatt Carly E. , Zierk Avery W. , Chalk Bethany S. , Prichett Laura M. , Perazzo Sofia I. , Rais-Bahrami Khodayar , Boss Renee D.
Published: February 2023

Pediatric chronic critical illness (PCCI) is characterized by prolonged and recurrent hospitalizations, multiorgan conditions, and use of medical technology. Our prior work explored the mismatch between intensive care unit (ICU) acute care models and the chronic needs of patients with PCCI. The objective of this study was to examine whether the number and frequency of treatment weans in ICU care were associated with clinical setbacks and/or length of stay for patients with PCCI. A retrospective chart review of the electronic medical record for 300 pediatric patients with PCCI was performed at the neonatal intensive care unit, pediatric intensive care unit, and cardiac intensive care unit of two urban children's hospitals. Daily patient care data related to weans and setbacks were collected for each ICU day. Data were analyzed using multilevel mixed multiple logistic regression analysis and a multilevel mixed Poisson regression. The patient-week level adjusted regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between weans and setbacks: three or more weekly weans yielded an odds ratio of 3.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.06–5.44) of having one or more weekly setback. There was also a correlation between weans and length of stay, three or more weekly weans were associated with an incidence rate ratio of 1.09 (95% CI = 1.06–1.12). Long-stay pediatric ICU patients had more clinical setbacks and longer hospitalizations if they had more than two treatment weans per week. This suggests that patients with PCCI may benefit from a slower pace of care than is traditionally used in the ICU. Future research to explore the causative nature of the correlation is needed to improve the care of such challenging patients.
Effect of Vaginal Washing before Intravaginal Prostaglandin Insertion on Induction of Labor: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Baradwan Saeed , Al-Matary Abdulrahman , Alshahrani Majed Saeed , Khadawardi Khalid , Latifah Abdullah , ElHodiby Mohamed E. , Samy Mohammed , Safwat Sarah , Zaki Ahmed , Hussein Mohamed , Hegazy Mahmoud A. , Elsharkawy Suzan , Abdelhakim Ahmed Mohamed , Abdelwahed Rania Mahfouz , Nawara Maii , Elsenity Mohamed A.
Published: February 2023

Objective Saline vaginal douching prior to intravaginal prostaglandin application might increase the vaginal pH, leading to improvement of prostaglandin bioavailability, by which the outcomes of labor induction can be greatly improved. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vaginal washing with normal saline before insertion of vaginal prostaglandin for labor induction.

Study Design A systematic search was done in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science from inception to March 2022. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared vaginal washing using normal saline versus no vaginal washing in the control group before intravaginal prostaglandin insertion during labor induction. We used RevMan software for our meta-analysis. Our main outcomes were the duration of intravaginal prostaglandin application, duration from intravaginal prostaglandin insertion to active phase of labor, duration from intravaginal prostaglandin insertion till total cervical dilatation, labor induction failure rate, incidence of cesarean section (CS), and rates of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and fetal infection postdelivery.

Results Five RCTs were retrieved with a total number of 842 patients. Duration of prostaglandin application, duration from prostaglandin insertion to active phase of labor, and time interval from prostaglandin insertion to total cervical dilatation were significantly shorter among vaginal washing group (p < 0.05). Vaginal douching prior to prostaglandin insertion significantly decreased the incidence of failed labor induction (p < 0.001). After the removal of reported heterogeneity, vaginal washing was linked to a significant decline in CS incidence (p = 0.04). In addition, the rates of NICU admission and fetal infection were significantly lower in the vaginal washing group (p < 0.001).

Conclusion Vaginal washing with normal saline before intravaginal prostaglandin insertion is a useful and easily applicable method for labor induction with good outcomes.

Key Points
Low temperature ammonia synthesis from atomic N and water on rutile TiO2(110)
Authors: Lai Yuemiao , Guo Qing , Chen Xiao
Published: February 2023

We have investigated the formation of ammonia (NH3) from atomic N and water (H2O) on a rutile(R)-TiO2(110) surface using the temperature-programed desorption method. The formation of NH3 can be detected after coadsorption of atomic N and H2O on the R-TiO2(110) surface, desorbing from the 5-fold coordinated Ti4+ (Ti5c) sites at about 400 K, demonstrating that the NH3 formation on R-TiO2(110) is feasible at low surface temperature. During the process, both hydroxyl groups at the bridging oxygen rows and H2O on the Ti5c sites contribute to the formation of NH3, which are affected by H2O coverage. At low H2O coverage, the direct hopping of hydrogen atoms may be the dominant process for hydrogen transfer; while H2O-assisted hydrogen atoms diffusion may be preferred at high H2O coverage. Our result will be of significant help to get a deeper insight into the fundamental understandings of hydrogenation processes during the NH3 synthesis.
An apparatus for investigating the kinetics of plasmonic catalysis
Authors: Zhang Wen , Zhou Yong , Chen Wei , Wang Tianjun , Qin Zhaoxian , Li Gao , Ren Zefeng , Yang Xueming , Zhou Chuanyao
Published: February 2023

Plasmonic catalysis, which is driven by the localized surface plasmon resonance of metal nanoparticles, has become an emerging field in heterogeneous catalysis. The microscopic mechanism of this kind of reaction, however, remains controversial partly because of the inaccuracy of temperature measurement and the ambiguity of reagent adsorption state. In order to investigate the kinetics of plasmonic catalysis, an online mass spectrometer-based apparatus has been built in our laboratory, with emphases on dealing with temperature measurement and adsorption state identification issues. Given the temperature inhomogeneity in the catalyst bed, three thermocouples are installed compared with the conventional design with only one. Such a multiple-point temperature measuring technique enables the quantitative calculation of equivalent temperature and thermal reaction contribution of the catalysts. Temperature-programmed desorption is incorporated into the apparatus, which helps to identify the adsorption state of reagents. The capabilities of the improved apparatus have been demonstrated by studying the kinetics of a model plasmon-induced catalytic reaction, i.e., H2+D2→HD over Au/TiO2. Dissociative adsorption of molecular hydrogen at Au/TiO2 interface and non-thermal contribution to HD production have been confirmed.
Pollard's exact solution and instability for geophysical internal waves
Authors: Su Dong , Liu Hui
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we first present a Pollard's exact solution for geophysical internal waves in equatorial β-plane approximation. Then, we apply the short-wavelength perturbations method to show an instability threshold for geophysical internal waves propagating eastward in the equatorial β-plane approximation.
Indigenous Knowledge of seasons delivers a new way of considering annual cycles in atmospheric dispersion of pollutants
Authors: Beaupark Stephanie , Guérette Élise-Andrée , Paton-Walsh Clare , Bursill Les , Chambers Scott D. , Dadd Lexodius , Miller Maddison , Tobin Christopher , Hughes Marcus , Woodward Emma
Published: February 2023

Poor air quality is recognised as the most important environmental health issue of our time. Meteorological variables like temperature and wind speed can strongly influence air quality and these variables often show clear annual cycles. It is therefore common to analyse atmospheric pollutants within a seasonal framework. However, the commonly used seasons in Australia do not align well with all of the most important annual weather patterns that influence air quality in the Sydney Basin. We used Indigenous perspectives on ‘seasons’ as identified by the co-authors and combined these with statistical analysis of the local climatology. This enabled us to create a set of locally informed ‘quasi-seasons’ that we named IKALC-seasons (Indigenous Knowledge Applied to Local Climatology). Engaging with the IKALC-seasons improved our understanding of temporal variability of air pollution in western Sydney, mainly due to a better identification of the time of year when cold, still weather conditions result in higher levels of fine particulate pollution, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Although the IKALC seasons identified in this study are intrinsically local in nature, the methodology developed has broadscale application. This approach can be used to identify the times of year when micrometeorological conditions are most likely to drive poor air quality thereby helping to inform effective decision-making about emission controls.
Respiratory aerosol particle emission and simulated infection risk is greater during indoor endurance than resistance exercise
Authors: Schumm Benedikt , Heiber Marie , Grätz Felix , Stabile Luca , Buonanno Giorgio , Schönfelder Martin , Hain Rainer , Kähler Christian J. , Wackerhage Henning
Published: February 2023

Pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, and rhinoviruses are transmitted by airborne aerosol respiratory particles that are exhaled by infectious subjects. We have previously reported that the emission of aerosol particles increases on average 132-fold from rest to maximal endurance exercise. The aims of this study are to first measure aerosol particle emission during an isokinetic resistance exercise at 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction until exhaustion, second to compare aerosol particle emission during a typical spinning class session versus a three-set resistance training session. Finally, we then used this data to calculate the risk of infection during endurance and resistance exercise sessions with different mitigation strategies. During a set of isokinetic resistance exercise, aerosol particle emission increased 10-fold from 5,400 ± 1,200 particles/min at rest to 59,000 ± 69,900 particles/min during a set of resistance exercise. We found that aerosol particle emission per minute is on average 4.9-times lower during a resistance training session than during a spinning class. Using this data, we determined that the simulated infection risk increase during an endurance exercise session was sixfold higher than during a resistance exercise session when assuming one infected participant in the class. Collectively, this data helps to select mitigation measures for indoor resistance and endurance exercise classes at times where the risk of aerosol-transmitted infectious disease with severe outcomes is high.
Dealing with death: The role of animal-themed literature in supporting children with grief and loss
Authors: Smit Elaine , Smith Bradley P.
Published: February 2023

The way that children deal with, and develop an understanding of death has long-term effects on their development and wellbeing. Mental health practitioners regularly turn to bibliotherapy (the use of books), many of which portray non-human animals as central characters, as a therapeutic tool for bereaved children. However, the extent to which non-human animal characters are used to assist children dealing with loss and dying, nor how and why it is used, particularly in relation to available therapies, is not well understood. To explore this, we conducted an online survey of 47 Australian mental health practitioners (M= 45.55 years of age,SD= 12.81; 80.9% female) who specialise in providing grief counselling to children (average of 13.26 years +/− 10.05 of professional experience). Overall, just over half (60.0%,n= 24/40) of practitioners preferred to use animal-themed death literature. However, it was not the most frequently used, nor considered the most effective therapeutic option across all age groups. There was a clear reduction in perceived usefulness with age. Bibliotherapy with animal characters was considered most effective for children between the ages of 2 and 7, and least effective for those over 12. Thematic analyses of open-ended responses revealed three overarching themes: (1) Animal-themed bibliotherapy was viewed as helpful in creating a bridge to access children’s emotions and providing a safe space to share them. (2) Practitioners considered animal-characters helpful for developing accurate death conceptualisation in younger children due to their familiarity with animals. Familiarity helps to encourage children to apply their observations of animal life cycles to human death, children identify with animal-characters, and they generally find animals appealing. (3) Its adoption by a therapist is dependent on children’s unique characteristics, practitioners’ personal preferences and the availability of appropriate literature. Findings from this study provide insight into practitioner perceptions of the role animal-characters play in children’s understanding of death at different ages and help to inform subject-matter choice for bibliotherapy literature. Animal-themed death literature has application as an adjunct therapy tool to assist children experiencing grief related to death and dying, but also more broadly (e.g., teachers and caregivers) to foster a healthy understanding of death in children.
Race-informed Forensic Mental Health Assessment: A Principles-Based Analysis
Authors: Ratkalkar Mina , Jackson Chelsea , Heilbrun Kirk
Published: February 2023

Existing models of forensic mental health assessment (FMHA) do not explicitly address the role of race or ethnicity in data collection, interpretation, report writing, and testimony. This omission can be a barrier to gathering information relevant to the forensic question and reaching culturally informed opinions. By adapting established principles of FMHA, we propose a culturally responsive model of FMHA emphasizing race and ethnicity (“Race-informed FMHA”). This model systematically assesses the impact of race, ethnicity and intersectional identities. We also describe how to determine how racial and ethnic considerations may be relevant to FMHA generally and in specific cases. Race-informed FMHA expands the scope of 12 of 38 foundational principles of FMHA to include racial identity, ethnicity, oppression, and privilege. We explain how evaluators can apply these principles to interpret and present information about race and ethnicity as objectively as possible. This paper identifies existing tools to obtain information regarding race and ethnicity in FMHA and describes a framework to conceptualize identity and its relevance. We discuss the importance of increasing evaluators’ comfort and fluency in discussing their own race and ethnicity – and those of others - in FMHA as well as implications for research and modified practice.
The performance evaluation of pleated electret filters enhanced by electrostatic enhanced method
Authors: Ma Mingyu , Wang Chunjie , Dong Shuangxing , Wu Chendi , Feng Zongyu , Wang Mingzhao , Luo Hanbing
Published: February 2023

The filtration efficiency deterioration over operating time due to exposure to particles, organic solvents and other factors is an obvious defect of electret filter, especially during the coronavirus pandemic. Electrostatic enhanced method has been proposed as a promising way to improve the filtration efficiency and service time of electret filters without increasing the pressure drop. In this work, the effect of discharge electrode structure and operation mode of the electrostatic enhanced structure(EES) on the filtration efficiency of commercial pleated electret filters were studied firstly, then the EES was installed in a special designed prototype air purifier, two key indicators of air purifiers(clean air delivery rate (CADR) and cumulate clean mass (CCM)) were tested to evaluate the actual performance improvement of electret filters by the electrostatic enhanced method. It was found that the discharge electrode structure had significant influence on the filtration efficiency and multi-wire array electrode was more suitable for the discharge electrode to pleated filter to ground mesh structure used in this paper. The decayed electrostatic charges of pleated electret filter cannot be recharged again through the EES in actual operation condition. The filtration efficiency improvement of the test pleated electret filters was dominantly contributed by particle charging. The filter polarizing induced by the external electric field was helpful in increasing the filtration efficiency when the particles were charged while its effect on uncharged particles was almost negligible. Besides, the actual performance of the prototype air purifier indicated that the EES can alleviate the filtration efficiency deterioration of test electret filters and extend the service life of H11 and H13 filters by more than 3 and 1.5 times respectively according to the CCM test results.
Numerical simulation of fractal wave propagation of a multi-dimensional nonlinear fractional-in-space Schrödinger equation
Authors: Tang Wei-Fang , Wang Yu-Lan , Li Zhi-Yuan
Published: February 2023

This paper studies a quantum particle traveling in a fractal space-time, which can be modelled by a fractional modification of the Schrödinger equation with variable coefficients. The Fourier spectral method is used to reveal the solution properties numerically, and the fractal properties are illustrated graphically by choosing different coefficients and different fractional orders. Some novel isosurface plots of the dynamics of pattern formation in the fractional Schrödinger equation with variable coefficients are shown.
The momentum distributions of triatomic molecular ion
H32+
by intense laser pulses
Authors: Lei Zhi-Xian , Yan Shu-Juan , Hao Xin-Yu , Ma Pan , Zhou Sheng-Peng , Guo Jing
Published: February 2023

We investigate theoretically the photoionization of triatomic molecular ion

H

3

2
+

by numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equations under Bohn-Oppenheimer approximation. The results show that the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) of

H

3

2
+

with different initial states are strongly dependent on the laser ellipticities and molecular orbital symmetry, and the PMDs of degenerate electronic states E
± are mirror images. Also, for degenerate electronic states E
±, vortex structures appear in the PMDs by the counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses as the time delay between the two pulses increases, which can be explained by multi-center ionization and ultrafast photoionization model.