bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Return to Mecca: Balik-Islam among Filipino migrants in Singapore
Authors: Rosario Teresita Cruz-del
Published: September 2018

The narrative of the globalization of labour and the demands of the labour market dominates most of the scholarship on Filipino migration, emphasizing their contribution to the Philippine economy via remittances even while these migrants endure difficulties working in forbidding terrain – a companion narrative of sacrifice and endurance. What remains below the surface, however, is the enchantment with the discovery of a new world-view among them. Balik-Islam, the ‘return’ to Islam, is part of the imaginary among Filipinos who have travelled, lived and worked across territories, connecting them to Mecca, both physically and spiritually. While their labour skills brought them to the Middle East and other Muslim-majority countries, their journey expanded into the discovery of meanings beyond their labour value. In this article, I regard Mecca as an imaginary among Filipino travellers who have somehow bridged the connection between their lost Islamic heritage and their labour, the latter allowing them to reclaim this heritage as authentic to their identity. In this article, I discuss the reconfiguration of Mecca as ‘home’, ‘redemption’ and ‘resurrection’ among itinerant Filipinos: first, as a salve to constant dislocations in an impersonal and aggressive global economy, second, as a source of salvation from indulgence in otherwise forbidden behaviour in foreign territories where the codes of behaviour back home have been transgressed (e.g., adultery) and third, as a spiritual resurrection in which a return to Mecca erases the past and provides a new path, a new identity and a rebirth. However, a more instrumentalist view of conversion, one that depicts conversion as part of a rational strategy to ease the tensions in intimate relations between Catholics and Muslims, also forms part of this article. In this latter dimension, Mecca is an ‘absent’ place bereft of spiritual meaning and serves to reinforce the homelessness of the migration experience.
Stone tools transport by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Falótico Tiago , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: September 2018

A busca e transporte de ferramentas até o local de utilização da mesma indica um planejamento da ação e reconhecimento dos objetos individuais envolvidos, pois é realizada num momento em que nem todos os elementos necessários para o uso da ferramenta estão juntos. Em macacos-prego (
Cebus apella), apesar de existirem observações diretas de transporte de varetas usadas como sondas, tanto em laboratório quanto em ambiente selvagem, não existiam tais observações no transporte de ferramentas de pedra em natureza, e em laboratório só existiam evidências negativas. No experimento realizado com um grupo de macacos-prego em semi-liberdade que utilizam regularmente ferramentas para quebra de cocos, retiramos todos os martelos próximos de um sitio de quebra artificial utilizado em experimentos de campo. As ferramentas em potencial foram então colocadas a 5 e 10 metros das duas bigornas durante a Fase 1 e apenas a 10 metros na Fase 2. Cocos de
Syagrus romanzoffiana eram fornecidos
ad libitum junto às bigornas. Na Fase 1 os indivíduos transportaram os martelos em 61% de um total de 100 sessões experimentais, sendo que nestas, 88% dos transportes ocorreram por até 5 metros. Na Fase 2 os indivíduos transportaram as ferramentas somente em 30% das 30 sessões. Nas duas fases, em 97% das sessões, ocorreu a coleta e transporte dos cocos que estavam nas bigornas antes dos macacos transportarem as pedras (o que ocorria depois com os cocos sendo segurados juntos). Mesmo nos casos em que não houve transporte das pedras, os cocos foram levados pelos macacos. O transporte de ferramentas de pedra até o local de utilização, contrariando estudos anteriores, foi realizado freqüentemente quando existiam pedras a cinco metros, e algumas vezes quando estas estavam somente a 10 metros, ocorrendo transportes por até 14 metros. O transporte de ferramentas de pedra demonstra que os macacos-prego podem planejar a utilização dessas ferramentas, pelo menos em um curto espaço de tempo até o objetivo final. E a coleta e transporte de cocos parece ser uma resposta à competição interindividual e, uma vez que o transporte de cocos oferece pouco custo, seria esperado que este ocorresse freqüentemente, para a proteção do recurso dos competidores.
Choice of stone tools to nut-cracking by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Falótico Tiago , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: September 2018

The use of stones to crack open encapsulated fruits is one of the most complex forms of tool use in primates, at the cognitive and manipulative levels. The choice of an adequate tool is a critical aspect in cracking behavior. So far, this question has not been experimentally studied in capuchin monkeys out of captivity settings. The present study was conducted to determine which factors affect the choice of stone tools for nut cracking by members of a semi-free ranging group of capuchin monkeys (
Cebus apella) in Tietê Ecological Park, São Paulo, in which the spontaneous and traditional use of stones as tools has being studied for one decade. In this experiment five artificial hammers (stones used to pound the nut) were used, all made of the same material and format, but ranging in weigh between 300g and 1800g. The hammers were placed in a random sequence between two bigger flat stones, used as anvils (hard surfaces serving as support). Nuts of
Syagrus romanzoffiana were available
ad libitum. The results show that, considering all age classes, there was no preference for hammers based on its position, but there was based on the weight of hammers: the hammer weighting 1300g was used significantly more. Comparisons between age classes revealed that the young individuals, besides the still significant preference for the 1300g hammer, had also a significant preference for hammers in the positions next to the anvils. The adults/subadults had no preference for position, and chose significantly more the two heavier hammers. The influence of a less essential variable for cracking performance (easiness in reaching the tool) in the hammer choice by youngsters can be associated to a less clear discrimination of the critical properties of the tools (the hammer weight) for the right resolution of the task.
Perlakuan Udara Panas untuk Pengendalian Perkecambahan Spora Tilletia indica pada Gandum
Authors: Handayani Nurul Dwi , Setyawan Taufan Tanto , Salbiah Salbiah , Wahyuno Dono , Sinaga Meity Suradji
Published: September 2018

Karnal bunt of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by Tilletia indica is a major concern in international trade because it can degrade quality significantly, and it is a quarantine pest for Indonesia. Tilletia infected seeds can be the source of fungal inoculum of other areas. The current research was aimed to determine the effectiveness of temperature and exposure time to control Tilletia using air heat treatment without reducing the quality of grain. The experiments were conducted in vitro, initiated by seed testing, including morphology-based detection and identification of Tilletia followed by a viability test of the seed. Air heat treatment was performed by adjusting the oven temperature at 75, 80, 85 °C and 28 °C (control) for 4 and 6 hr exposure time, each with three replications. The results showed that air heat treatment of the wheat at 75 °C for 4 hr was able to suppress teliospores germination of 56.7–61.7%, without denature protein content of the wheat.
New Remarks on the Panionis (P.Oxy. Lxxi 4811)
Authors: Kanavou Nikoletta
Published: September 2018

The present article revisits the editions of the fragmentary novel which is usually referred to as the Panionis; it further explores, for the first time, possible points of contact between the Panionis and the extant novels, especially that of Achilles Tatius, with which it appears to share a number of verbal and thematic similarities.
A Christian Amulet And Estate Administrators In Seventh Century Fayum
Authors: Berkes Lajos
Published: September 2018

This article presents an edition of the unpublished remnants of a 7th century letter which was reused for the Christian amulet P.Köln Inv. 521a. The letter is addressed to Kalomenas, vicedominus of a large estate in the Fayum around the time of the Islamic conquest. Certain related prosopographical problems are discussed. The appendix offers new readings and discussion of the following texts: SPP 10.152; P.Eirene 4.44; SPP 3.647; SPP 8.1139 (= BGU 2.675); SPP 20.199 (= SPP 8.1297); SPP 8.958, and SPP 20.206.
Horus, Isis, and the Dark-Eyed Beauty a Series of Magical Ostraca in the Brigham Young University Collection
Authors: Blumell Lincoln H. , Dosoo Korshi
Published: September 2018

O.BYU Mag., a Coptic love spell written continuously over three successive ostraca, consists largely of a narrative in which Horus asks for the help of his mother Isis to win the love of a woman whom he meets in the underworld. It is one of twenty-two known Coptic magical texts that mention Egyptian or Greek deities, and its narrative is paralleled almost exactly in three of these. Dating to the seventh or eighth century CE, it provides important evidence regarding the knowledge and survival of Egyptian deities at a time when Egypt was thoroughly Christian.
Thermal Evolution of the Nucleus of the Comet 67P for 120 Years: Numerical Simulations
Authors: Rusol Andrey V. , Dorofeeva Vera A.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to estimate to what temperatures and to what depth the outer layers of the cometary nuclei are heated for several dozen revolutions around the Sun, and what changes in the composition of the volatiles occur in this case. This is important because it is not clear how much the experimentally obtained results on the composition of cometary comes depend on how long the comet is in the current orbit. Our approach to this problem is based on using 3D model of the geometry and dynamics of a cometary nucleus that takes into account the diurnal rotation and orientation of the rotation axis relative to the Sun to simulate the irradiance to take value of temperature the surface of the nucleus and 1D thermal model of the porous ice-rock body. The results of the numerical simulation of heat propagation in the subsurface layers of some points the MA’AT region of the 67P core, obtained for the 20 orbital cycles (close to 130 years), are presented in this paper.
The influence of filler amount on selected properties of new experimental resin dental composite
Authors: Bociong Kinga , Szczesio Agata , Krasowski Michal , Sokolowski Jerzy
Published: September 2018

Aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of filler amounts on mechanical properties and contraction stress of light-curing experimental composite. Hardness, flexural strength, diametral tensile strength of material filled with 40, 50 or 60 wt. % of silanized silica were tested. The contraction stress was measured after 24 h by means of photoelastic study. The addition of 40-60 wt. % filler to composite caused significant increase in hardness, Young’s modulus and flexural strength. The DTS, after incorporating filler into polymer matrix, was valued at ~26 MPa. The composite containing 40 wt. % of filler demonstrated significantly lower contraction stress in comparison to neat resin and filled > 50 wt. % of silica.
On the Reidemeister spectrum of an Abelian group
Authors: Goldsmith Brendan , Karimi Fatemeh , White Noel
Published: September 2018

The Reidemeister number of an automorphism ϕ of an Abelian group G is calculated by determining the cardinality of the quotient group

G
/

(

ϕ
-

1
G

)

⁢

(
G
)

{G/(\phi-1_{G})(G)}

, and the Reidemeister spectrum of G is precisely the set of Reidemeister numbers of the automorphisms of G.
In this work we determine the full spectrum of several types of group, paying particular attention to groups of torsion-free rank 1 and to direct sums and products.
We show how to make use of strong realization results for Abelian groups to exhibit many groups where the Reidemeister number is infinite for all automorphisms; such groups then possess the so-called

R
∞

{R_{\infty}}

-property.
We also answer a query of Dekimpe and Gonçalves by exhibiting an Abelian 2-group which has the

R
∞

{R_{\infty}}

-property.
Bilinear Calderón–Zygmund operators on products of variable Hardy spaces
Authors: Tan Jian
Published: September 2018

In this paper, it is shown that bilinear Calderón–Zygmund operators
are bounded from products of variable Hardy spaces
into variable Lebesgue or Hardy spaces.
The homological hexagonal lemma
Authors: Sergeraert Francis
Published: September 2018

We propose in this article a global understanding of, on the one
hand, the homological perturbation theorem (HPT) and, on the other hand,
of Robin Forman’s theorems about the discrete vector fields (DVFs). Forman’s
theorems become a simple and clear consequence of the HPT.
Above both subjects, the homological hexagonal lemma quite elementary.
Performance Analysis of a Multiple Subcarrier Modulated FSO Communication System using Direct Detection Optical Receiver under the Effect of Weak Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Barua Bobby , Majumder S. P.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, an analytical approach is presented to evaluate the bit error rate (BER) of a free space optical (FSO) link with radio frequency (RF) multiple subcarrier modulation, taking into account the effect of weak atmospheric turbulence considering a direct detection optical receiver followed by RF synchronous demodulator for each sub-channel. Analysis is carried out to find a closed-form expression for conditional BER at the output of the RF demodulators conditioned on a given value of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and intermodulation distortion (IMD). The average BER for each sub-channel is then found by averaging the conditional BER over the probability density function of the atmospheric turbulence modeled as log-normal distribution. Degradations of BER due to atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for several values of system parameters like number of RF subcarrier, turbulence variance, link distance, data rate and power penalty suffered by the system due to atmospheric turbulence and IMD. For a given system bandwidth, it is found that the maximum power penalty occurs when the subcarrier number is around four and the performance gradually improves with increase in the number of subcarrier. For example, at a system bandwidth of 20 GHz with subcarrier number 4, the power penalty at a BER of 10–9 is found to be 30 dB for a link distance of 3.6 km, whereas the power penalty reduces to 13 dB when the number of subcarrier is increased to 32.
Crystal structure of poly[aqua(μ
4-2,2′,2′′-nitrilotriacetato-κ6
O
1,O
3,O
5:O
2:O
4:O
6)-yttrium(III)], C6H8NO7Y
Authors: Zhao Chong-Yang , Zhao Dan
Published: September 2018

C6H8NO7Y, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 6.7457(7) Å, b = 6.5637(6) Å, c = 19.8466(19) Å, β = 93.352(2)°, V = 877.24(15) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0245, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0604, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[triaqua-(μ2-5-methoxy-isophthalato-κ2
O:O′)copper(II)], C9H12CuO8
Authors: Zhao Ying , Wu Xiao-Xia , Wang San-Tai
Published: September 2018

[Cu(C9H6O5)(H2O)3], monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 21.678(13) Å, b = 9.071(6) Å, c = 13.786(9) Å, β = 122.738(7)°, V = 2280(2) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0613, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1682, T = 296(2) K.
Deleuze and Heidegger on Truth And Science
Authors: Bennett Michael James
Published: September 2018

Deleuze and Guattari’s manner of distinguishing science from philosophy in their last collaboration What is Philosophy? (1991) seems to imply a hierarchy, according to which philosophy is more adequate to the reality of virtual events than science is. This suggests, in turn, that philosophy has a better claim than science to truth. This paper clarifies Deleuze‘s views about truth throughout his career. Deleuze equivocates over the term, using it in an “originary” and a “derived” sense, probably under the influence of Henri Bergson, who does similarly. Moreover, William James and pragmatism were to Bergson what the early analytic philosophers Frege and Russell are to Deleuze: excessively scientistic foils whose confusions about truth arise as a result of failing to distinguish science from philosophy. By situating Deleuze’s conception of truth in relation to the early Heidegger’s, which it to some extent resembles, the paper concludes by suggesting that, surprisingly, neither kind of truth Deleuze licenses applies to science, while both apply to philosophy. Science is indifferent to truth in the way that some of Deleuze‘s readers have incorrectly wanted to say that he thinks philosophy is.
Negation, Structure, Transformation: Alain Badiou and the New Metaphysics
Authors: Vartabedian Becky
Published: September 2018

In this article, I discuss Alain Badiou’s 2008 address titled “The Three Negations.” Though the text was originally presented in a symposium concerning the relationship of law to Badiou’s theory of the event, I discuss the way this brief address offers an introduction to the broad sweep of Badiou’s metaphysics, outlining his accounts of being, appearing, and transformation. To do so, Badiou calls on the resources of three paradigms of negation: from classical Aristotelian logic, from Brouwer’s intuitionist logic, and in paraconsistent logics developed by DaCosta. I explain Badiou’s use of negation in the three primary areas of his metaphysics, as well as to diagnose the degrees of transformation that may have occurred in a situation. My analysis of Badiou’s use of negation in this text is aided by examples from his broader ontological oeuvre. I also explain the underlying requirement in Badiou’s work that formal considerations - mathematical or logical - get their sense by being tethered to readily-identifiable political, aesthetic, scientific, or interpersonal concerns. I conclude by addressing the foundation Badiou’s work establishes for pursuing a new metaphysics, and by discussing certain of the liabilities that remain in the wake of his account.
What Makes Us Human? The Lutheran Anthropological Link Between Wingren and Ricoeur
Authors: Uggla Bengt Kristensson
Published: September 2018

This paper explores the link between the extra nos in Gustaf Wingren’s theological anthropology and the homo capax in Paul Ricoeur’s philosophical anthropology, considered as two creative receptions of the tradition from Luther. I will argue that the reason that we find such synergies between these two thinkers, even though neither of them ever referred to the other, has to do with their common roots in, and their contributions to rethink, the tradition from the Reformation. Wingren takes his specific place in twentieth century theology as an angry critic of the dominant anti-liberal movements that took the distinctively Christian-in opposition to what we all share as human beings-as methodological startingpoint when understanding the Christian faith, and as an alternative he developed understanding of what it means to be human by starting “outside” oneself. Ricoeur’s philosophical position is developed as a creative alternative to both humanist and anti-humanist approaches, expressed as a wounded cogito capable of imagining “onself as another.” Taken together, these two thinkers provide us with a profound dialectical way of thinking what it means to be human by bringing together a de-centered self and a centered self as integral parts of a wider dialectics.
Object Affordance Driven Inverse Reinforcement Learning Through Conceptual Abstraction and Advice
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rupam , Hazarika Shyamanta M.
Published: September 2018

Within human Intent Recognition (IR), a popular approach to learning from demonstration is Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL). IRL extracts an unknown reward function from samples of observed behaviour. Traditional IRL systems require large datasets to recover the underlying reward function. Object affordances have been used for IR. Existing literature on recognizing intents through object affordances fall short of utilizing its true potential. In this paper, we seek to develop an IRL system which drives human intent recognition along with the capability to handle high dimensional demonstrations exploiting the capability of object affordances. An architecture for recognizing human intent is presented which consists of an extended Maximum Likelihood Inverse Reinforcement Learning agent. Inclusion of Symbolic Conceptual Abstraction Engine (SCAE) along with an advisor allows the agent to work on Conceptually Abstracted Markov Decision Process. The agent recovers object affordance based reward function from high dimensional demonstrations. This function drives a Human Intent Recognizer through identification of probable intents. Performance of the resulting system on the standard CAD-120 dataset shows encouraging result.
Grain Refinement of P91 Steel Using Double Austenitization Treatment
Authors: Pandey Chandan , Mahapatra M. M. , Kumar Pradeep , Saini N. , Thakre J. G. , Kumar Prakash
Published: September 2018

The effect of conventional normalizing and tempering (CNT) and double austenitization–based normalizing and tempering (DNT) heat treatments on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of creep strength–enhanced ferritic P91 steel were studied. CNT treatment was performed at 1,050°C and air cooled for 1 h and also at 760°C and air cooled for 2 h. In double austenitization–based normalizing heat treatment, steel was austenitized at 1,050°C and air cooled for 1 h and then normalized in a temperature range of 950°C –1,150°C for 1 h followed by water quenching. After the double normalizing, tempering is performed at 760°C for 2 h. A DNT treatment resulted in homogeneous microstructure formation that led to improved mechanical properties as compared to CNT treatment. The incomplete dissolution of precipitates in single-stage tempering resulted in incomplete martensitic structure formation.
Selling the Songbook
Authors: Chapman Dale
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 addresses the corporate history of Verve Records, the erstwhile independent label founded by Norman Granz and subsequently acquired by PolyGram. The revitalization of the Verve legacy under the stewardship of PolyGram A&R executive Richard Seidel, beginning in the early 1980s, provides us with an intriguing window onto corporate strategy in the music industry at the height of the neoclassical jazz “boomlet”: what began as the jazz division’s effort to take advantage of PolyGram’s strengths in the marketing of classical records and back catalog soon expanded into a more ambitious strategy of new artist development, as Seidel sought to cultivate what Verve saw as the commercial viability of the “young lions” movement.
Bronfman’s Bauble
Authors: Chapman Dale
Published: September 2018

The experience of Verve Records during the PolyGram-Universal merger of 1998, engineered by Seagram CEO Edgar Bronfman Jr., demonstrates how the implications of neoliberal financialization were translated into the conditions of possibility for jazz recording on the major labels between 1980 and the turn of the millennium. The merger imposed dramatic cuts upon the company’s artist roster and workforce, and, as such, it telegraphed Bronfman’s privileging of the company’s publicly traded stock over existing stakeholders in the company. Alongside its analysis of the PolyGram-Universal merger and its implications for the Verve Music Group, chapter 4 also examines Richard Seidel’s cultivation of Verve’s roster of instrumental “young lions,” and their subsequent displacement in the wake of the merger.
The “Yoshi’s Effect”
Authors: Chapman Dale
Published: September 2018

In a bid to atone for its midcentury actions, the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency, beginning in the 1980s, set about planning a “jazz preservation district” to be located in the Fillmore neighborhood. Along with a program for small-business loans, the SFRA initiative originally took the form of a combined multiplex and jazz venue, pairing AMC Theaters with an outpost of the New York-based Blue Note club. While this first proposal was never realized, the SFRA did later succeed in launching a different mixed-use project that mixed affordable and market-rate housing with a branch of the Oakland-based Yoshi’s jazz club. Chapter 6 examines the economic and cultural challenges facing the Fillmore redevelopment district at the turn of the millennium.
Colonial Intimacies and Counterinsurgency
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

This chapter reconsiders the origins of the Vietnam War by foregrounding U.S.-Philippine colonial history. It discusses the U.S. counterinsurgency in South Vietnam in 1954–1956 that mobilized the intimacies of Filipino doctors, nurses, and veterans to help win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese. Their military, affective, and ideological labor, I argue, was crucial to the U.S. effort to depict counterinsurgency as a benevolent enterprise, antithetical to a colonial race war. At the same time, these efforts could not contain the rising tide of anticolonial nationalism in the Philippines and South Vietnam that emerged by the end of the 1950s.
Race War in Paradise
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the role of Hawai‘i during the Vietnam War, focusing on how discourses of racial liberalism that were cemented through statehood in 1959 became enacted through the military deployments of the 25th Infantry Division. It also discusses the army training practices in Hawai‘i that resulted in some of the war’s most violent campaigns, notably the My Lai massacre. The chapter argues that state violence and racial liberalism were not antithetical but entangled processes of the U.S. empire. The chapter ends by exploring how Hawai‘i’s activists highlighted this entanglement through their participation in the antiwar and emerging sovereignty movement in Hawai‘i.
A World Becoming
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

This final chapter uncovers a little known aspect of antiwar activism in the late 1960s and early 1970s: the GI movement in Asia and the Pacific. President Richard Nixon’s call to “Vietnamize” the war in 1969 had the unintended consequence of deepening antiwar activism on and around U.S. bases in Japan, Okinawa, and the Philippines, where the U.S. air war was being conducted. The Pacific Counseling Service, a New Left organization founded in the Bay Area in 1968, played a critical role. At these locales, GIs and their organizers came to see the Vietnam War as a phase of a larger problem rooted in the overlapping histories of empire; they forged fragile political alliances with local baseworkers and anti-imperialist activists that deepened their antiwar politics and steered them toward the work of achieving an unfinished decolonization.
Conclusion
Authors: Man Simeon
Published: September 2018

The conclusion summarizes the major arguments of the book and explains the multiple legacies of the decolonizing Pacific since the 1970s. It describes the militarization of U.S. foreign policy and permanent war that continued in the 1980s and into the present, as well as the ways that the U.S. empire continues to legitimate itself in the name of freedom and opportunity, namely, through representations of multiculturalism in the all-volunteer force during the Gulf War. It also explores the ongoing struggles for democracy and indigenous sovereignty in Asia and the Pacific since the 1980s.
The Historical Rise of the Girl Effect
Authors: Moeller Kathryn
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 focuses on the Girl Effect as a discourse whose history long precedes the historical moment in which it materialized. The chapter considers how the practice of investing in particular girls’ education came to function as a natural, seemingly obvious solution to ending poverty and promoting economic growth. It demonstrates how the Girl Effect developed. First, it was the result of transformations in the modernizing, gendered discourse of investing in human capital. Second, it was an outcome of the reframing of population control and coercion as reproductive health and individual choice, identified as reproductive hegemony. Third, it emerged as the fruit of Western, liberal feminism’s progressively more strident efforts to ensure equal opportunity for girls and women in education, the labor market, and the development process. Lastly, the chapter considers how the institutional landscape of the Girl Effect developed in the beginning of the new millennium.
Searching for Third World Potential
Authors: Moeller Kathryn
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 draws on ethnographic fieldwork at the educational program of one of the Nike Foundation’s NGO grantees in Brazil to illuminate how the Girl Effect is predicated on finding adolescent girls with an imaginedthird world potential to end poverty. The chapter uses the NGO’s search for adolescent girls with this “unique potential” as a lived and embodied way of understanding how the category of the adolescent girl is constructed through the logic of the Girl Effect. The analysis elucidates how the Nike Foundation understands this potential, who embodies it, and the consequences of who is excluded from it.
Conclusion
Authors: Moeller Kathryn
Published: September 2018

To illustrate the corporate search for new population and geographic frontiers, the concluding chapter traces the Nike Foundation’s movement away from the perceived limitations of traditional development channels and into Silicon Valley’s world of fast capital and market-driven enterprise through the Girl Effect Accelerator. It reveals the expansionary tendencies of corporatized development, as third world girls are promoted as a potential billion-dollar market and, thus, a valuable new capitalist frontier. The chapter then analyzes how and why Nike Inc. decided to end its investment in the Girl Effect. The conclusion ends by analyzing the phenomenon of corporatized development in light of emergent trends within transnational feminism.
Boats, Borders, and Bases
Authors: Loyd Jenna M. , Mountz Alison
Published: September 2018

The United States currently maintains the world’s largest migration and deportation system. Yet there has been no systematic account of its construction. Boats, Borders, and Bases traces the rise of detention through Cold War efforts to deter Haitian and Cuban migrants from arriving in the United States by boat. Caribbean migration and deterrence efforts are related to much-better-known policies that have shaped the U.S.-Mexico boundary. This account situates both the Caribbean and U.S.-Mexico boundary within maritime and territorial grounds of U.S. empire. Drawing on extensive archival research, this account brings together histories of refugee resettlement, asylum, and criminalization to explore the racialization and interrelations in these policies. The turn to criminalize migration in the 1980s built upon both domestic crime politics and efforts to prevent the arrival of asylum seekers. The location of detention facilities in relatively remote places is not determined by formal policy or proximity to international boundaries, but rather by the contingent outcome of political negotiations. Boats, Borders, and Bases shows how the location of migration detention commonly builds on prison and military geographies. The expansion of jails, prisons, and restructuring of military bases contributed to the expansion of migration detention space.
Introduction
Authors: Loyd Jenna M. , Mountz Alison
Published: September 2018

The introduction situates the scope of the study and the key arguments advanced in Boats, Borders, and Bases. It details research questions, methodology, and key concepts the book uses to explore the interrelations between border fortification, migration deterrence, militarization, and criminalization. It presents prevailing explanations for the remote locations of detention facilities and proposes a more systematic approach for explaining the geography of U.S. detention expansion.
Militarizing Migration
Authors: Loyd Jenna M. , Mountz Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 discusses the politics of deterring asylum seekers by exploring the simultaneous efforts to find new detention space for Cubans and Haitians who had already arrived in the United States and to develop “contingency” space in the event of another mass migration. This chapter focuses on the pivotal role of military bases in the ad hoc creation of U.S. migration policy during the Carter and Reagan administrations. Haitian and Cuban asylum seekers who arrived in 1980 found themselves confined on separate military facilities from Florida to Wisconsin and Arkansas. The search and negotiations surrounding new places to detain reveal racialized imaginations and seemingly irrational investments in new places to detain. The deeply contingent and contested use of decommissioned military bases led ultimately to the search for more permanent detention space.
Onshore Expansion
Authors: Loyd Jenna M. , Mountz Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 explores how political crises over migration and crime dovetailed with each other to cement detention into the landscape materially and discursively. Criminal legislation passed from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s repeated the pattern established earlier in Boats, Borders, and Bases: asylum seekers are detained, followed by executive orders and congressional legislation authorizing these practices. Like previous efforts to deter asylum seekers and other unauthorized migrants, criminalization established far-reaching legal and institutional bases for expanding enforcement and detention. As with earlier treatment of “undesirable” Cubans and “bogus” Haitian asylum seekers, the figure of the criminal alien was consolidated through its juxtaposition with notions of legal, good, and contributing refugees and immigrants. As migration and criminal justice policy became more closely entwined, the basis for expanding detention shifted more explicitly from deterrence to a more robust tool of punishment and expulsion.
Stick Together and Come Back Home
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick
Published: September 2018

This book focuses on the spillover of carceral identity into poor communities of color as a collateral consequence of mass incarceration. Analyzing fifteen months of ethnographic research in two juvenile justice institutions and interviews with seventy paroled adults, probation youth, and institutional staff, I argue that punitive facilities institutionalize and enforce a “carceral social order”—a system of social organization in which authorities divide people by race, home communities, and peer networks into gang-associated groups. This social order is rooted in the prison, where racial sorting shapes day-to-day life and relationships for the incarcerated and where prisoners use the resulting collective identities to navigate the segregated institution. But this social order also seeps back into the neighborhoods that are disproportionately impacted by mass incarceration. Local youth learn about it through the experiences of imprisoned loved ones, but they also encounter it themselves as it is reproduced locally in juvenile justice facilities that adopt the prison’s sorting practices. This book focuses on understanding how the institutions of the justice system shape the identities that we commonly recognize as criminal, as well as on mapping how this influence extends from the prison to the neighborhood. Through this analysis, we can see how local communities are impacted by the socializing power of the prison system, how this influence exposes residents to ongoing criminal labeling and violence, and how the fallout of this spillover is experienced across generations.
Constructing and Institutionalizing the Carceral Social Order
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick
Published: September 2018

This chapter describes how punitive facilities structure, socialize, and reinforce the carceral social order within the institution. I argue that in their efforts to prevent institutional violence by separating rival gangs, the prison, the juvenile detention facility, and the continuation high school instead construct a consistent social order that is based in gang rivalries—one in which everyone in the facility is compelled to participate. Within these facilities, staff members construct this social order by using race, home community, and peer networks to categorize entire institutional populations into gang-associated groups. Staff members then routinely maintain these categories as distinct groups by policing the spatial boundaries between them, as keeping rival groups separated is perceived as necessary for ensuring institutional security. The relationships and conflicts that are structured by these sorting and segregation practices ultimately socialize this carceral social order as a dominant, “common sense” logic for both managing and navigating punitive facilities.
Carceral Violence Inside and On the Outs
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how the carceral social order structures criminalized residents’ experiences with violence, both inside and outside the punitive facility. The need for strong group identities controls some forms of gang and interpersonal violence in the institution, but it also dictates when violence is appropriate or even demanded. The socialized perception that racialized groups are threats to one another compels participants to use violence to themselves police the social order that the institution established—lashing out when group boundaries are threatened or forcing authorities to relocate them when they feel outnumbered. This chapter also examines how penal violence spreads into the neighborhood through secondary prisonization and institutional reproduction of the carceral social order, influencing the local conflicts that young residents must learn to navigate. Finally, I discuss how the expansion of carceral affiliations into local spaces shapes young peoples’ exposure to police violence carried out in the name of gang suppression.
The Carceral Social Order and the Structuring of Neighborhood Criminalization
Authors: Lopez-Aguado Patrick
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores how the carceral social order has become an authoritative framework for labeling poor youth of color as criminal gang members. As punitive institutions rely on this system to organize the facility, it structures a prevailing assumption that youth are involved in gangs and that the forms of creative expression that they practice are examples of gang activity. But this system also shapes how police label youth in the neighborhood. In instances of “polarized labeling,” in which young people are assumed to be loyal to one side or the other of local rivalries, the sorting process essentially begins the first time youth are stopped in the street by police. Within the context of a neoliberal California, this criminal labeling functions to frame youth, their families, and communities as economic burdens and social threats who need to be punitively managed. I argue that this rationalizes the mass incarceration of poor communities of color by defining these spaces as “gang-infested” neighborhoods that require aggressive policing and surveillance, subsequently marking residents as appropriate targets for imprisonment.
Space, Power, and Method
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 provides new conceptual frameworks that link race to the production of contemporary metropolitan space. This includes making explicit connections between the spatial logic of global capital and the local articulations of race. The chapter argues that such an approach provides a better picture of how capital, the state, and cultural notions of difference combined to produce Southern California as a distinct place within a much broader global spatial order. It does so by tracing the history of how Southern California was transformed from a Fordist industrial landscape into a new accumulation site for global commodity distribution.
Global Goods and the Infrastructure of Desire
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

This chapter uses a commodity-chain approach and logistics to unpack the black box of globalization. Logistics is particularly useful as an analytical lens, because it reveals how state actors mobilized space for capitalist development and provides a different view into the systems, processes, and spaces that make up globalization. The chapter outlines how logisticians used scientific rationalism and new technologies to create an abstract and ordered vision of space that enabled them to expand the territorial possibilities for capital investment. It argues that the scientific management of bodies, space, and time produced new labor regimes, which facilitated a more complex and extended system of global production, distribution, and consumption.
The Circuits of Capital
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

Global economic restructuring, especially the geographic expansion of commodity networks during the 1990s and 2000s, had a profound effect on logistics workers. This chapter examines how companies used new technologies and scientific management techniques to produce labor regimes that cut costs and added value to distribution practices. Some of these technologies included barcodes, radio-frequency identification (RFID), and computer tracking software. Retailers used such technologies to develop sophisticated inventory systems and point-of-sale (POS) information databases that allowed them to implement just-in-time (JIT) production and distribution business models. In addition to these technological systems, retailers and third-party logistics companies (3PLs) or subcontractors also developed new just-in-time management practices and labor regimes. Less time and more goods became the mantra for retailers, who embraced shorter commodity cycles, dispersed production, and flexible labor.
Mapping the American Dream
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

The chapter begins by describing the landscape of the Inland Empire and by examining the role that it has played as a development region for metropolitan Los Angeles. It also shows how the Kaiser mill contributed to the territorialization of new racial and class relations that shaped the region’s politics long after the mill had succumbed to global restructuring. Inland California provides an example of what happened to suburbs in the United States during the transition from a postwar Keynesian spatial order to one based on flexible accumulation. This includes a series of racial migrations, from white migrants during the postwar period to Latinx migrants during the 1990s and 2000s. Chapter 7 includes an account of the sometimes-violent tension that gripped the region’s politics during the transition from a mostly white to a mostly Latinx population.
Conclusion
Authors: De Lara Juan D.
Published: September 2018

THERE HAS BEEN A PROFOUND lack of political leadership in inland Southern California. The region’s low-skilled and undereducated workers have had to fend for themselves against the devastating flows of speculative capital while the evangelists of neoliberalism have cut back the safety nets of the Keynesian state. Members of the logistics regime were complicit in this. They convinced themselves and tried to convince everyone else that goods movement represented economic salvation for a region suffering through the job losses of deindustrialization. A sense of economic crisis justified spending on roads, bridges, and rail. At the same time, low wages and cancer-causing diesel pollution were written off as collateral damage. Yet the 2,339 estimated people who get cancer from diesel exposure every year in the Inland Empire and the many more who suffer medical problems that lead to premature death cannot be written off as unfortunate consequences of development; premature deathis an “intolerable failure,” not an unfortunate happenstance....
Emotion and Its Affects
Authors: Elias Jamal J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter has a detailed discussion of emotion and affect, outlining the history of scholarly treatments of both of these concepts. It distinguishes between universalist and social constructivist theories, pointing out the merits and shortcomings of each as they rely on research in fields as diverse as neuroscience, cognitive psychology, anthropology, and philosophy. It argues that there is no universal understanding of emotion and that emotional concepts such as shame and honor are culturally determined. Emotion exists in its expression and description, be it in spoken or written language, in a bodily enactment of it, or in a visual representation. Expressions of emotion rely on conventions and semiotic systems of shared understanding for them to possess meaning.
Bringing Up Baby
Authors: Elias Jamal J.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the construction of childhood as the adult defined, historically and culturally constructed state of being a child, as distinct from the experiences, biology, and psychology of children. It explores the emergence of the modern concept of idealized childhood and juxtaposes it to anti-childhood, which is an equally idealized concept of a child in absolute want. Aylan Kurdi, the Syrian boy whose drowned body washed up on a Turkish beach and became a viral image, serves as a case study for the dichotomy between idealized childhood and anti-childhood. The social implications of notions of childhood are explored with reference to social debates over child soldiers and the legal age for marriage.
Of Children, Adults, and Tomorrow
Authors: Elias Jamal J.
Published: September 2018

Continuing with the discussion of sacrifice and gender that was a major element of the previous chapter, this chapter argues that emotive constructs are moral contracts that both derive from and shape society as a pious community. As such, emotion is related to virtue and is therefore aspirational. In the makeup of the social unit, morale serves as an indicator of the condition and functioning of individual bodies within the group and of the collective disposition to which the group aspires in acknowledgment of morale’s social vitality. Morale becomes linked to aspiration for a better future, one populated by finer individuals, including oneself. As such, the quest for morale becomes imbricated in the desire to shape childhood and to use children to shape adult society. Drawing together the data, methodologies, and analysis of the previous chapters, the final chapter sharpens conclusions concerning the ways in which children stand in for adults in a variety of ways and how adult anxieties and aspirations are projected upon and experienced through children, transforming them into repositories of adult intentionalities. In the process, the visual image becomes the site of the performance, emotion, and affect.
Experimental Viewing Protocols
Authors: Wasson Haidee
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by Haidee Wasson, addresses the development and use of portable film projectors by the American military during World War II and after. It examines the close ties to the technological wing of the American film industry and situates the innovation and use of film projectors in the context of ongoing experiments with projectors, projection, and film viewing within the armed services. This includes a discussion of standard operating equipment that became widely integrated into military operations as well as more specialized devices: gunnery trainers, consoles, data analyzers, and dynamic projection devices that made moving images into elastic, animated performance pieces. This chapter demonstrates that the military developed an expansive, global viewing platform that normalized film presentation and viewing within a wide range of military activities. This was an unprecedented use of portable film technology, and it helped to catalyze its postwar proliferation in military and civilian life thereafter.