bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comammox Nitrospira contributed nitrification and N2O production activity in coastal wetland
Authors: Han Ping , Sun Dongyao
Published: February 2023

Specific nitrification inhibitors (NIs) have been widely used to disentangle the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) as well as nitrite oxidizers to the nitrification process in specific environments. However, if these previously reported NIs can also be used to evaluate the activity of the newly discovered complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox) Nitrospira, remains understudied. Here we evaluated various NIs for their impact and specificity regarding inhibition of comammox Nitrospira in batch cultures of pure and mixed strains of AOA, AOB and comammox. Using these batch cultures, we observed that chlorate could specifically inhibit the ammonia oxidation and nitrite oxidation activity of comammox Nitrospira, while it had no effect on the tested AOA and AOB strains. This inhibitory effect of chlorate on comammox Nitrospira was subsequently confirmed based on 13CO2-DNA-stable isotope probing (13C-DNA-SIP) analysis. Furthermore, by applying a set of specific NIs, the nitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) production rates of comammox Nitrospira in coastal wetlands were estimated as 17.45 ng N g-1 h-1(26.9 % of the total rate) and 0.0083 µmol-1 L h-1 (28.5%). Altogether, we identified and applied an effective and specific inhibitor of comammox Nitrospira, which allowed quantifying comammox activity in wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary, shedding new light on the ecological roles of comammox bacteria in coastal wetland environments.
Observations of turbulence on an algal reef under spectral waves and tidal currents 
Authors: Huang Zhi-Cheng
Published: February 2023

In situ measurements of waves, currents, and turbulence are presented to describe turbulence properties in the wave-current bottom boundary layer (BBL) above the wave BBL over a rough algal reef.  A differencing technique for a vertical array of instantaneous velocities was used to estimate the turbulent shear stresses (TSS).  Wave bias contamination in TSS is controlled using the ogive curve testing of TSS.  The alongshore TSS is parameterized using a quadratic law; the observed drag coefficient Cd over the reef is larger than that over sandy bottom sites.  We found that the distribution of the TSS in the water column is nearly uniform, showing evidence of a constant stress layer.  The log-profile estimate of TSS using ADCP approximates the observed TSS, indicating a consistency of the Prandtl–von Kármán velocity profile in the bottom boundary layer.  The turbulent dissipation rate is estimated using turbulence spatial structure function and inertial subrange techniques.  The observed turbulent dissipation rate approximates shear production.  This study contributes to coastal zone studies in terms of new data interpretation and model improvement. 
GIS-based rainfall-induced landslide susceptibility mapping: a comparative analysis of machine learning algorithms and a numerical method in Kvam, Norway
Authors: Luo Haoyu , Liu Zhongqiang , Pan Yutao , Rocchi Irene
Published: February 2023

Analysis and prediction of climate-driven geohazards, such as rainfall-induced landslides and slope failures, are becoming more challenging given the changing climate where extreme events are inevitable. Therefore, there is a need to move beyond conventional sources of data and consider multiple types of data for more accurate analysis and prediction of landslides. In recent years, Data Fusion and Machine Learning techniques have played an important role in paving the path towards a better understanding of the problem and finding more accurate models at regional and local levels that incorporate several contributing factors for slope failures. The purpose of the study is thus to evaluate the capacities of machine learning models in landslide susceptibility prediction and analyze their model performance in comparison of a numerical method, Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Regional Slope-Stability Model (TRIGRS). Classic machine learning models, namely Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosted Regression Tree (GBRT) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) are selected and developed respectively. The study is carried out based on a preliminary field survey of rainfall-induced landslides near Kvam village, Norway, in June 2011. A methodology workflow of landslide susceptibility modeling is proposed, in which effective data processing approaches including feature selection, data resampling, data splitting, and feature scaling are discussed and summarized. The optimal hyperparameter optimization method is determined by performing a comparative time efficiency analysis of Bayesian and Grid Search methods. It is concluded that GBRT is the optimal method for landslide susceptibility mapping in the study case of Kvam based on seven popular model evaluation metrics. Other tree-based machine learning algorithms (RF and XGBoost) also show an overall outstanding performance and computational efficiency in comparison to MLP and TRIGRS models. The landslide susceptibility maps developed by prediction results from five models are also presented and statistically analyzed. Corresponding model performance ranks are found with results from model evaluation metrics.
Measuring meso-scale gradients in the Arctic during HALO-(AC)³
Authors: Paulus Fiona , Neggers Roel , Svensson Gunilla , Karalis Michail
Published: February 2023

Boundary layer cloud transitions at high latitudes play a key role in Arctic climate change, and are partially controlled by large-scale dynamics such as subsidence. While measuring large- and mesoscale divergence has proven notoriously difficult, the recent NARVAL and EUREC4A airborne campaigns in the subtropics have finally achieved this goal using multiple dropsondes releases in circular patterns. If this method also works at high latitudes is still an open research question, given the considerable differences in atmospheric dynamics. Answering this question was one of the main objectives of the recent HALO-(AC)^3 field campaign near Svalbard in Spring 2022. Circular dropsonde patterns were realized during various research flights by two airplanes, independently sampling Cold Air Outbreaks (CAO) in the Fram Strait with multiple dropsondes. This study presents a first overview of the results. We find that the method indeed yields reliable estimates of mesoscale gradients in the Arctic, yeilding robust vertical profiles of both subsidence and vorticity. Sensitivity to aspects of the method is investigated, including dependence on sampling area and the divergence calculation. Ongoing work to drive targeted Lagrangian high resolution simulations of the observed CAOs exclusively with HALO-(AC)³ data will be briefly discussed.
Divergence of ecosystem functioning and stability under climatic extremes in a 24-year long-term grassland experiment
Authors: Hossain Md Lokman , Li Jianfeng , Hoffmann Samuel , Beierkuhnlein Carl
Published: February 2023

Ecosystem functioning is impacted by the rising intensity and frequency of climatic extremes. Given the substantial evidence of the impacts of climatic extremes on ecosystem productivity, plant ecologists have been fascinated by the role of species richness in sustaining ecosystem functioning and stability under climatic extremes. Using the above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and climate data of a long-running (1997-2020) biodiversity experiment in Bayreuth, Germany, we examined the (i) effects of climatic conditions on species richness and ANPP, and (ii) role of species richness on resistance and resilience of ecosystem under different climatic conditions. Bayreuth Biodiversity Experiment was established in 1996, which comprises 64 plots (each plot is 2m×2m in size). Biomass was harvested twice a year (June and September) at 5 cm above the ground within the centre of each plot. We employed the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to classify the growing season (3-month SPEI) and annual (12-month SPEI) climatic conditions (ranging from extreme wet to extreme dry conditions) into a 5-class and 7-class climatic conditions classifications. A number of pairwise tests (ANOVA and post-hoc) were used to assess the differences in species richness and ANPP among various climatic conditions. We utilized generalized linear models to assess the relationships between species richness and ANPP, and linear mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between species richness and resistance and resilience under different directions (e.g., dry or wet) and intensities (e.g., extreme, moderate and mild) of climatic conditions. Results show that ANPP varied greatly with respect to climatic intensity and direction, peaking in extreme wet conditions and declining in extreme dry ones. Species richness and ANPP formed a concave-up (unimodal) pattern for the dry conditions and a negative linear (positive linear) pattern for the wet conditions in June (September) harvests. Species richness increased ecosystem resistance regardless of intensity, direction and classification of climatic conditions, while decreased ecosystem resilience towards dry climatic conditions. Ecosystem resilience remained steady towards wet climatic conditions. Our study stresses the importance of maintaining a community with higher species richness to stabilize ecosystem functioning and enhance resistance to various climatic conditions.
Long-term responses of soil and forest floor respiration to increasing temperature in a mixed deciduous forest
Authors: Scapucci Liliana , Krebs Luana , Burri Susanne , Buchmann Nina
Published: February 2023

Forests play a crucial role in the carbon biogeochemical cycle. A significant amount of carbon is lost every year through soil respiration (SR). SR is known to respond exponentially to soil temperature (ST), but it is still unclear how SR responded to the long-term increases in temperature. Hence, we currently cannot predict if global warming would result in an overall increase or decrease of CO2 release from forest soils. In this context, our study aims to understand how SR has changed over time in a mixed deciduous forest in Switzerland. The study site is located in the Lägeren (CH-LAE) forest at 689 m a.sl., which is mainly composed by European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). SR was measured with a closed chamber through survey campaigns in 2006, 2007, 2021 and 2022. In addition, continuous measurements of forest floor Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEEff) with a below-canopy Eddy covariance system have been running since 2014. We then partitioned these fluxes to obtain forest floor respiration (Rff). A random forest analysis was performed to investigate SR and Rff drivers; SR responses to ST were analysed with the Lloyd-Taylor (1994) equation.  The aims of this research are (1) to compare the magnitude of SR and Rff, (2) to evaluate the drivers of SR and Rff, and finally (3) to investigate the change of ST, SR and Rff over time. We expect that ST is the main driver, and that the magnitude of SR and Rff is comparable. Moreover, we hypothesize a long-term acclimation of SR and Rff to the increasing air and soil temperatures recorded at the study site. We indeed found ST driving SR and Rff, except for drought conditions when soil moisture becomes a limiting factor. We also observed that the sensitivity of SR to ST has increased over time, suggesting higher CO2 fluxes from the forest soil with increasing temperature due to climate change.
Influence of soil structure on the spatiotemporal variability of subsurface water flows in a volcanic ash-derived soil
Authors: Bravo Peña Sebastián , Dörner José , van Schaik Loes
Published: February 2023

Predicting the spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture dynamics at different scales is a major challenge. Moreover, multimodal soil hydraulic properties resulting from complex soil structures, such as the exhibited by volcanic soils, still lack realistic and dynamic parameterisation. This work aimed to shed light on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of subsurface water flows and soil water distribution during wet and dry conditions in volcanic ash-derived soil. The volumetric moisture content (VMC) at 10, 20, and 60 cm depth was measured with a set of eight TDR sensors from September 2019 to January 2022 with a 10-minute resolution. These VMC time series were separated into wet (WP) and dry (DP) periods based on the mean VMC. Subsequently, the spatiotemporal variability in moisture content within the soil profile was analysed using spectral analyses. The propagation of periodicities from Prate to the three topsoil VMC time series as well as the time scales in the correlation of the VMC between sensors were described. Finally, the time dependency of wetting slopes (St) on Prate was assessed by the cross-correlation function (CCF). The VMC dynamics vary between WP and DP, related to the water-filled pore space and pore size distribution. The CWT showed that Prate periodicities propagate to VMC, except for periodicities of 3 to 6 months scales. The WC showed that increases in VMC result in an exponential decrease in the minimum time scale of correlation between moisture contents measured within the topsoil. The CCF described a moderate temporal correlation between Prate and St. The soil wetting response to precipitation was notably faster during wet periods, while the cross-correlation lag and the response heterogeneity increased during dry conditions. The heterogeneity of subsurface water flows resulting from complex soil structure dynamics were described by the spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture in volcanic ash- derived soil. VMC response to Prate is faster during wetter conditions than in dry periods. Temporal periodicities within the topsoil suggest that hydraulic properties experience a dynamic shift from a heterogeneous to a homogeneous system. Changes in the temporal correlation of the soil moisture measured within the topsoil, along with an accurate description of the time dependency of St on Prate, can be valuable for further understanding the hysteresis of soil moisture variations in a soil profile.
Nature-based Solutions for disaster risk reduction - How many people do coastal ecosystems protect from tropical cyclones globally?
Authors: Hülsen Sarah , Kropf Chahan M. , McDonald Robert
Published: February 2023

Recently, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have received increasing attention for their potential to contribute to climate change mitigation, as well as disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change. Previous research has used a variety of methods to assess NbS and ecosystem- based risk reduction. The overarching question we aim to answer is: How many people do coastal ecosystems protect from the impacts of tropical cyclones and resulting storm surges?
The combination of event-based risk modelling and ecosystem modelling data is a novel approach. This research uses the probabilistic model CLIMADA and ecosystem service data to quantify the coastal protection provided by coastal ecosystems. First, a baseline of the number of people impacted by tropical cyclones in the low-elevation coastal zone globally and the number of people simultaneously within the protection distance of coastal habitats is established. Next, the baseline is compared with historical habitat and population data from 1992. Looking to the future, we investigate changes in coastal protection under climate change (SSP585 in 2050). Finally, scenarios of different options for human action in protecting, managing, and restoring nature in the near future (2050) are appraised: continued forest conversion, agroforestry, mangrove restoration, and reforestation.
Currently, the annual average number of people in the global low-elevation coastal zone protected from tropical cyclones by coastal habitats is 13.84 million, which corresponds to approximately a quarter of all people impacted annually by tropical cyclones in this zone. Historically, the share of protected people has decreased by approximately 4%, both due to population developments and habitat loss. With climate change, the average annual number of people impacted will increase by up to 40%, however, there is a slight decrease in the share of people protected by coastal ecosystems. Protecting, managing, and restoring nature is important to prevent a further decrease in the protection provided by coastal ecosystems globally, but especially on a local scale. While the number of people protected globally only increases slightly across the nature management and protection scenarios, protection in individual countries can increase by around 30% under reforestation or mangrove restoration, and around 5% under agroforestry. These findings form an important basis for NbS policy and use for disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change, e.g. by highlighting areas which have both a need for protection and a potential for NbS.
Modelling Surface Deformation due to Magma Migration through Mush Zones 
Authors: Bilsland Rachel , Hooper Andrew , Novoa Camila , Biggs Juliet , Ebmeier Susanna
Published: February 2023

Long-term magma storage as a cooler, predominantly crystalline mush provides a reasonable model to represent an inherently complex and heterogeneous overall system. The proposed mush consists of a crystalline framework holding large volumes of interstitial melt and volatiles throughout, whose phase, temperature and geochemistry can vary widely within a single system. This magma mush introduces new complexities to the mechanical response following injection or extraction of melt within a system, especially when directly compared against classical solutions for magma reservoir models. These solutions, such as Mogi (1958), Yang et al. (1988) and McTigue (1987) – represent a simple melt pressure source held within an elastic crust. Accounting for a mush’s crystalline framework introduces poro-elastic rheology into the system, whilst the interstitial melt movement throughout this framework causes visco-elastic behaviour (Dragoni & Magnanensi, 1989; Segall, 2016; Liao et al., 2018, 2021). Physical properties such as melt viscosity, melt and mush compressibility, reservoir and injection depth and reservoir geometry can each affect a system’s dynamic response to perturbation, and consequently how it may present as surface deformation (Segall, 2016; Mullet & Segall, 2022; Alshembari et al., 2022).

Using finite element modelling, this research investigates the roles of magma and mush properties, such as compressibility/porosity, viscosity, and injection volume, on post-perturbation deformation. Similarly, the influence of the structure of the magmatic system, in terms of geometry, size and thermal distribution, on any subsequent surface deformation will be explored. These results will be applied against geodetic deformation patterns from regions of suspected existing mush zones globally, to examine any potentially identifiable patterns that may result from subsurface magma migration. 
Computing the global coronal magnetic field during activity maximum and minimum with a newly developed nonlinear force-free Yin-Yang code
Authors: Koumtzis Argyrios , Wiegelmann Thomas , Madjarska Maria
Published: February 2023

As the coronal dynamics is dominated by magnetic forces, the reconstruction of the coronal magnetic field is of major importance when studying the solar corona. Since coronal field measurements are not routinely available, photospheric fields are extrapolated into the corona in order to obtain the 3D coronal magnetic field structure. A nonlinear force-free field approximation is justified because of the low plasma  $\beta$. Previous extrapolation codes excluded high and low latitudes, because of the well know grid convergence problems at the poles. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new code implemented on a Yin-Yang grid, which was tested and verified with the Low and Lou solution as reference. Here we apply our code to synoptic vector magnetograms obtained from SDO/HMI during solar activity maximum and minimum, respectively. We compare our magnetic field models with EUV-observations of the solar corona as a first validation step.
The influence of open boundary location on tidal lagoon modelling
Authors: Guo Bin , Ahmadian Reza , Falconer Roger
Published: February 2023

The Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary comprise the area most thoroughly investigated for tidal lagoons development, due to its second largest tidal range in the world and the high demand for clean electricity in the surrounding area. Accurate hydrodynamic modelling of tidal lagoons is a solid foundation for predicting potential electricity generation and environmental impact assessment. However, it is reported that in correct selection of an open boundary may amplify any disturbance associated with the tidal lagoons by affecting the resonant modes. Thus a model that simply held the identical open boundary condition for pre- and post-lagoons conditions may contain inaccuracies in the electricity generation and the impacts on the hydrodynamics of the region.
To investigate the influence of open boundary location on tidal lagoon modelling, the West Somerset Lagoon (WSL) was simulated using different hydrodynamic models with different open boundary locations. Two hydrodynamic models were established using the TELEMAC system, one of which covers the whole Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary (SEBC) as the most prior research used. Another one is a Continental Shelf (CS) model, which was centred on the Bristol Channel, and has its open boundary extended beyond the Continental Shelf. Both SEBC and CS models were run for pre- and post-WSL, to achieve the power output of WSL and the hydrodynamic impact in each model. The WSL was introduced into both hydrodynamic models using the domain decomposition method, and full momentum conservation was achieved by refining the momentum source terms at the turbine locations.
Although the hydrodynamic influences were generally similar between CS and SEBC models, results showed the influence of WSL on water level extended to the outer Bristol Chanel in the CS model, with over 10 cm decrease of tidal range on the location of the open boundary of SEBC model. However, there was a minor difference in far-field velocities prediction between the two models. The annual energy generation of WSL using the different models showed slight differences, i.e. less than 6%. However, this could also be exacerbated by the fact that similar operation was used in both scenarios.. This study concludes that  SEBC could be considered as a suitable model for early-stage studies and preliminary environmental impact modelling due to lower computational and set up time requirements. However, for later stages of the TRS design, such as power prediction for accurate revenue assessment and business case development, then a more precise open boundary condition is expected to be needed, either by extending the model domain to the Continental Shelf or theoretically modifying the open boundary characteristics.
How high are Jupiter’s clouds? Analysis of JunoCam images of the “Nautilus”
Authors: Guillot Tristan , Rosenqvist Marylyn , Wong Michael , Orton Glenn , Eichstädt Gerald , Brueshaber Shawn , Keaveney Caleb , Hansen Candice , Kelley Kevin , Momary Thomas , Lunine Jonathan , Mayer Julia , Bolton Scott
Published: February 2023

Jupiter is known for its active meteorology and stormy weather, but still remaining are the questions how high are its clouds and what are they made of? Using images acquired by JunoCam, Juno’s visible light camera, we analyze the length of the clouds’ shadows to infer their heights. We focus on the “Nautilus” a 3000-km cyclonic vortex seen during Juno’s 14th perijove and observed simultaneously with the Hubble Space Telescope. We show that individual clouds or cloud fronts with typical lengths of ∼200 km extend about ∼10 to 20 km above the deeper surrounding cloud deck. That white cloud deck forms the spiral of the cyclone, which we show lies ∼20 to 30 km above a reddish-colored region. An analysis of the HST images confirms that the white region is higher than its surrounding darker, reddish cloud deck. These respective elevations are consistent with the white clouds being made of fresh ammonia ice while most of the reddish clouds underneath are made of ammonium hydrosulfide NH4SH, as predicted by equilibrium cloud models.
The timing of Dun Mountain Ophiolite emplacement via Rb-Sr isotope dating of metasomatic reactions along the basal Livingstone Fault in New Zealand
Authors: Palmer Marshall , Scott James , Smith Steven , le Roix Petrus , Harris Chris , Negrini Marianne , Tarling Matthew
Published: February 2023

Juxtaposition of oceanic and continental lithosphere along terrane boundary faults is an important tectonic process that can occur during closure of an ocean basin; however, the timing of faulting can be difficult to constrain. Here, we show that a spectacular exposure of the basal fault (Livingstone Fault) to the Dun Mountain Ophiolite in New Zealand may be dated using 87Sr/86Sr isotopes. At this boundary, quartzofeldspathic schist is faulted against the ultramafic base (peridotites and serpentinites) of the ophiolite and has resulted in metasomatic alteration of the schist, driven by the significant geochemical contrast between the contrasting rock types. We show that metasomatic alteration of the schist resulted in near complete removal of Rb due to the loss of mica, an increased modal abundance of metasomatic actinolite and appearance of metasomatic garnet and hedenbergite. Because Rb was removed from the metasomatized schist, its 87Sr/86Sr composition was essentially frozen at the time of metasomatism, while the 87Sr/86Sr composition of unaltered schist evolved due to the radioactive decay of 87Rb. Back calculating the present day 87Sr/86Sr composition of the unaltered schist to the frozen 87Sr/86Sr composition of the metasomatized schist yields a date of 170 Ma + 5 Ma. This date is broadly consistent with geological reconstructions of the Triassic-Jurassic Zealandia margin and provides a minimum age constraint on the timing of juxtaposition of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite against the crustal rocks and therefore the closure of the vast ocean basin along the eastern margin of Gondwana. Similar metasomatic reactions are described in similar settings elsewhere and so this method may be applied outside of this example.
Modes of deep basin halite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis
Authors: Aloisi Giovanni , Moneron Jimmy , Guibourdenche Laetitia , Camerlenghi Angelo , Gavrieli Ittai , Bardoux Gerard , Agrinier Pierre , Gvirztman Zohar
Published: February 2023

Hydrological restriction from the Atlantic Ocean and a negative freshwater balance transformed the Mediterranean Sea into a giant saline basin during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) (5.97 – 5.33 million years ago). After more than 50 years of research, it is still unclear if the deposition of nearly one million km3 of evaporite salts during this event was accompanied by a major (≥ 1.5 km) drawdown of Mediterranean sea level; and if halite deposition occurred only during this drawdown event, or also in a filled Mediterranean connected to the Atlantic.We present evidence based on the chlorine stable isotope composition of halite for a sea level drawdown of 2 km in the eastern Mediterranean during the final stages of deposition of the Mediterranean halite layer. This is the largest sea level drop ever reported from the geological record and implies a short (~20 kyr), but nearly complete hydrological disconnection of the Mediterranean from the Atlantic. About half of the halite volume in the eastern Mediterranean was deposited during this drawdown event. Scant chlorine isotope data from the western Mediterranean, together with new estimates of western basin halite volume, suggest that the complete western halite deposit accumulated during the drawdown event. This mode of halite deposition - termed “evaporative drawdown” - had been already proposed as an evolution of the “deep-basin, shallow-water” scenario for the MSC (Hsü et al., 1973).Chlorine isotopes indicate that the remaining half of the eastern Mediterranean halite volume accumulated prior to the drawdown, in a filled Mediterranean that received a continuous input of Atlantic waters. This halite accumulation phase lasted about 70 kyr and was driven by a restricted - but not fully blocked - outflow of deep western Mediterranean waters to the Atlantic. This model of halite deposition corresponds to the “deep-basin, deep-water” scenario for the MSC (Schmaltz, 1969). In summary, our results show that both the “deep-basin, deep-water” and the “deep-basin, shallow-water” modes of halite accumulation took place during the MSC, and that the complete deep-basin MSC halite deposit accumulated in less than 100 kyr. Hsu, K., Ryan, W. & Cita, M. Late Miocene Desiccation of Mediterranean. Nature 242, 240–244 (1973).Schmalz, R. F. Deep-water evaporite deposition, a genetic model. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin53, 798–823 (1969).
The burden of temperature-related stillbirths and neonatal deaths attributable to climate change – a global analysis across 29 Low- and Middle-income countries
Authors: Dimitrova Asya , Dimitrova Anna , Mengel Matthias , Gasparrini Antonio , Gabrysch Sabine , Lotze-Campen Hermann
Published: February 2023

Climate change is increasingly affecting the health of vulnerable populations, including pregnant women, the developing foetus and newborns. Despite growing epidemiological evidence on the effects of ambient temperatures on adverse birth outcomes and child survival, the role of climate change in the burden of temperature-related adverse birth outcomes has been insufficiently investigated. We combine data from the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) for 29 low- and middle-income countries with factual temperature data from the ISIMIP3a simulation round to quantify the non-linear association between daily mean temperature and stillbirths and neonatal deaths. We estimate the associations using a time-stratified case-crossover design. Based on the derived exposure-response functions and counterfactual temperature data we estimate the burden of stillbirths and neonatal deaths between 2001-2019 that can be attributed to climate change. The results both for stillbirths and neonatal deaths indicate a U-shaped curve, with risk of mortality increasing below and above an optimum temperature. We find that climate change has increased the burden of heat-related stillbirths across 28 of the countries (from 0.6% in Albania and Tajikistan to 4.1% in Philippines) and the burden of heat-related neonatal deaths – across 20 of the countries (from 0.2% in India to 1% in Philippines and Haiti). For 21 of the included countries climate change has also led to a reduction in the burden of cold-related stillbirths (from 0.2% in Tajikistan to 4.4% in Uganda) and neonatal deaths (from 0.5% in Tajikistan to 3.5% in the Philippines).
Sensitivity of Antarctic GIA correction for GRACE data to viscoelastic Earth structure
Authors: Irie Yoshiya , Okuno Jun'ichi
Published: February 2023

Changes in Antarctic ice mass have been observed as gravity changes by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites. The gravity signal includes both the component of the ice mass change and the component of the solid Earth response to surface mass change (Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, GIA). Therefore, estimates of the ice mass change from GRACE data require subtraction of the gravity rates predicted by the GIA model (GIA correction).Antarctica is characterized by lateral heterogeneity in seismic velocity structure. West Antarctica shows relatively low seismic velocities, suggesting low viscosity regions in the upper mantle. On the other hand, East Antarctica shows relatively high seismic velocities, suggesting a thick lithosphere. Here we investigate the dependence of the GIA correction on lithospheric thickness and upper mantle viscosity.The GIA correction for the average viscoelastic structure of West Antarctica is nearly identical to that for the average viscoelastic structure of East Antarctica. There is a trade-off between the lithospheric thickness and the upper mantle viscosity. This trade-off may reduce the effect of the lateral variations in the Earth’s viscoelastic structure beneath Antarctica on estimates of Antarctic ice mass change.
Dig_IT – A human-centred Internet of Things platform for the sustainable digital mine of the future
Authors: Grimani Diego , Bortoloni Lorenzo , Vallocchia Damiano , Garcia Camprubi Maria , de Paz David
Published: February 2023

Dig_IT project aims to develop a human-centred IIoT platform connecting the mining ecosystem of assets, environment, and humans to increase mining efficiency: saving costs using optimised scheduling, increasing uptime using predictive operation and maintenance, identifying new revenue opportunities using advanced geological interpretation on exploration mining phase. To address industry needs of minimising accidents, optimising production processes and reducing costs, intelligent systems will provide real-time insights for the enterprise at all operational levels.Dig_IT follows a market need & technology offer approach aiming at covering all aspects of technical, industrial and business requirements towards a sustainable future in mining. The project’s value chain and concept has been built with the utmost objective to provide new solutions addressing the needs for safety, efficiency and sustainability, bringing innovative and competitive solutions to the mining business, face future challenges regarding standards and legislation, and spread the knowledge to as many sectors of the European extractive industry as possible.The project aims to achieve several objectives: design and validate a smart Industrial Internet of Things platform to improving efficiency and sustainability of mining operations, achieving on-line measurements of asset-bound mining operations and online distributed measurements for broad area sustainability and occupational work environment, and Big Data optimisation through improving data quality. Furthermore, the project aims to develop Digital Twins of the physical mine entities, systems and processes, a Smart Garment and an Intelligent Toolbox for mining personnel sensing OHSE parameters, a Decision Support System and a Predictive Operation System.2.12.0.
Observations of trace gases above & below a forest canopy during ACROSS
Authors: Dusanter Sébastien , de Brito Joel , Lahib Ahmad , Tomas Alexandre , Jamar Marina , Alhajj Moussa Estephanie , Bauville Astrid , Cantrell Christopher , Michoud Vincent , Cazaunau Mathieu , Formenti Paola , Bachelier Fanny , Grosselin Benoit , McGillen Max , Daele Veronique , Mellouki Wahid , Xue Chaoyang , Houny Jérôme , Kukui Alexandre
Published: February 2023

The ACROSS campaign (Atmospheric chemistry of the suburban forest) is a collaborative effort to better understand how the mixing between urban and biogenic air masses impacts atmospheric composition and reactivity. A main objective is to provide a detailed description of physico-chemical processes involved in atmospheric transformations of biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and the myriad of intermediate species formed as a consequence, which have yet to be characterized. This multi-platform campaign took place during summer 2022 for a duration of 6 weeks and included a supersite in the Rambouillet forest located on the path of pollution plumes from Paris. An unprecedented suite of analytical instruments was deployed at this site to probe air masses at the ground level and above the forest canopy using a 40-m tower.
This presentation will focus on trace gas observations, including VOCs, ROx (OH+HO2+RO2) and selected inorganic species (O3, NOx – NO+NO2), both above and below the forest canopy. A descriptive analysis will be presented to highlight biogenic VOC oxidation regimes taking place under unpolluted (oceanic air masses) and polluted (Paris plumes) conditions, with a focus on primary/secondary species. Chemical compositions observed above and below-canopy will also be contrasted. On the basis of these observations, this presentation will highlight scientific questions related to ROx, VOC and NOx budgets that will be further investigated to fill important gaps in our understanding of biogenic VOC transformations and secondary organic aerosol formation.

Acknowledgments. This work is supported by the French national research agency (ANR-20-CE01-0010) & LABEX-CaPPA (ANR-11-LABX-005-01) and the French national program LEFE/CHAT INSU.
Oscillatory zoning during the growth of single crystals; a comparison of chemical potential and concentration gradient driven numerical models
Authors: Moore Jo , Khakimova Liudmila , Podladchikov Yury , Baumgartner Lukas
Published: February 2023

Oscillatory zoning occurs in a multitude of minerals growing in both magmatic systems (e.g. zircon, plagioclase, clinopyroxene) and in solid rock (e.g. garnet). Despite the ubiquity of oscillatory growth zoning in minerals, the processes responsible for such compositional zoning remain enigmatic. It has been argued that such zones may form in response to fluctuations in intensive properties, such as temperature, pressure, and magma/fluid chemistry, and/or extensive properties such as surface reaction rates and the creation of a compositional boundary layer during diffusion. However, numerical models that simulate the evolution of a growing crystal remain relatively rare. Here we aim to provide insight to the conditions that attribute to oscillatory mineral zoning of major elements during crystal growth by presenting forward models of diffusion-controlled crystal growth, incorporating multicomponent diffusion and local equilibrium thermodynamics. Two methods are presented, one each in chemical potential and concentration space. These models further constrain the conditions that allow for oscillatory growth zoning. Allowing better insight into the processes occurring during crystal growth in the crust.
The footprint of ship anchoring on the seafloor
Authors: Watson Sally , Ribo Marta , Seabrook Sarah , Strachan Lorna , Hale Rachel , Lamarche Geoffroy
Published: February 2023

With the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus came what media has deemed the “port congestion pandemic”. Since it began, thousands of ships have been reported waiting outside heavily congested ports relying on anchoring gear to hold fast. While the shipping industry is known to contribute to air, water and noise pollution, the physical impact of shipping practices, such as anchor use on the seafloor, has received much less attention. With a regional survey using high-resolution (1 m) bathymetry data of a comparatively low congestion port in New Zealand-Aotearoa, we demonstrate that high-tonnage ship anchors excavate the seabed by up to 80 cm and the associated impacts are preserved for at least 4 years. This is the first characterisation of the intensity and extent of damage to the seafloor and benthic environment caused by high-tonnage ship anchoring. We demonstrate that the observed seabed damage is attributed to high-tonnage passenger and cargo vessels. Anchor use in port regions has significantly changed the structure of the seafloor, with downstream impacts on benthic habitats and ecosystem functions. Extrapolating these findings to a global scale, we estimate that between 6,000 and 20,000 km2 of coastal seafloor is adversely affected. With the predicted increase in global marine traffic, a less destructive method of managing high-tonnage vessels awaiting port calls is necessary to mitigate the impact of maritime activities on chemically and biologically important shallow marine environments.
Fine-root morphological traits may improve understanding of the vulnerability of Fagus sylvatica natural forests to late-fall unusual wildfire
Authors: Montagnoli Antonio , Terzaghi Mattia , Miali Alessio , Chiatante Donato , Dumroese Kasten
Published: February 2023

Extraordinary changes in alpine fire regimes have been often associated with heat waves, which are generally regarded as an indication of a changing climate that will lead to new fire regimes in the Alps. Fine roots function of absorbing water and nutrients is crucial to plant survival and their traits such as biomass, length, specific root length, production, death, and decomposition can inform how trees interact with their environments and provide ecological functions in response to exogenous stresses. After an unusual, late-fall wildfire in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest in the pre-Alps of northern Italy, the response of fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) was analysed and appeared more evident when fine roots were further subdivided by diameter size and soil depth. The finest roots (0‒0.3 mm diameter) were generally the most responsive to fire, with the effect more pronounced at the shallowest soil depth. While roots 0.3‒1 mm in diameter had their length and biomass at the shallowest soil depth reduced by fire, fire stimulated more length and biomass at the deepest soil depth compared to the control. Fire elevated the total length of dead roots and their biomass immediately and this result persisted through the first spring, after which control and fire-impacted trees had similar fine root turnover. Our results add to the paucity of data concerning fire impacts on beech roots in a natural condition and provide the basis for understanding fine-root morphological traits approach to assess plant species vulnerability and resilience to unusual fire occurrence due to climate changes. Changes in disturbance regimes might be most realized by distribution of the finest of fine roots at differing soil depths, and the dynamics of these roots may provide the most resilience to disturbance.
Enviro-HIRLAM Seamless Modelling: Research, Development, Application
Authors: Mahura Alexander , Nuterman Roman , Baklanov Alexander , Savenets Mykhailo , Pysarenko Larysa , Krakowska Svitlana , Ezau Igor , Heibati Behzad , Foreback Benjamin , Boy Michael , Makkonen Risto , Lappalainen Hanna K. , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku
Published: February 2023

The Enviro-HIRLAM (Environment - HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model) is seamless/ online integrated numerical weather prediction and atmospheric chemical transport modelling system. It is capable of simultaneous simulation of meteorology – atmospheric composition and downscaling/nesting for regional–subregional–urban scales. The research and development are focused on: multi-scale modelling up to fine resolution; improving parameterizations describing urban processes, boundary/surface layer structures; implementation of emissions, aerosol/chemistry mechanisms, aerosol feedback and interactions. The Enviro-components includes: gas-phase chemistry; aerosol microphysics and deposition processes; urban sublayer physics parameterisations; direct/indirect/combined aerosol feedbacks due to radiation; locally  mass-conserving  semi-Lagrangian  numerical  advection  scheme; natural and anthropogenic emission inventories. The model has modules for pre-processing of the ECMWF’s initial/ boundary conditions for meteorology-chemistry-aerosols, observations for data assimilation, and selected emission inventories. The model has been developed through HPC projects such as Enviro-HIRLAM at CSC and Enviro-PEEX(Plus) at ECMWF, as well as other research projects.The research and development of Enviro-HILRAM and its application will be demonstrated on examples, where this model is used as a research tool  for studies in domain of the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX; https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex) programme. The examples include: Integrated modelling for assessment of potential pollution regional atmospheric transport as result of accidental wildfires; Integrated modelling and analysis of influence of land cover changes on regional weather conditions/ patterns; High-resolution integrated urban environmental modelling with integration of the urban large-eddy simulation (PALM model) and meteorological simulations into a seamless modelling chain; Effects of spring air pollution and weather on Covid-19 infection/situation in Finland; Meteorology integration between seamless and trajectory (FLEXPART model) models; and others. The Enviro-HIRLAM model generated output provides valuable input (3D meteorology and atmospheric composition) to assessment studies, and it as can be integrated into GIS environment for further risk/ vulnerability/ consequences/ etc. estimation, and other studies.
Diversity Promotion Activities in the Earth and Planetary Sciences in Japan
Authors: Oguchi Chiaki , Hori Rie
Published: February 2023

In various fields of science and technology research in Japan, a liaison group of gender-equal academic associations was established by several academic associations around 2000. Since then, the liaison group has become fully active, and the number of participating academic associations has increased, now exceeding 100. JpGU has participated in these activities since their inception. Since the earth sciences encompass many fields, the first step was to recruit people who could cooperate with JpGU through the academic associations that are members of JpGU.  JpGU became a governing committee in charge of the activities of the Liaison Committee at 6th term. The activities of the society include a survey of the current status of female researchers through a large-scale questionnaire once every five years and make proposals and requests based on the results of these survey, and the development of the next generation through the sub-activities (summer school for junior and senior high school girls) for the development of a new generation of female researchers in particulars, etc. JpGU also has done its own activities such as career support counseling during JpGU meeting and made logos representing diversity of session conveners. In this presentation, we will list and briefly introduce the footprints of those who have cooperated in the promotion of diversity, equality, and inclusion through JpGU and liaison groups as a record at this point.
Fast interpolation of satellite altimetry data with probabilistic machine learning and GPU
Authors: MacEachern Ronald , Tsamados Michel , Gregory William , Lawrence Isobel , Takao So
Published: February 2023

Recent work has demonstrated how Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) can be used to interpolate Pan-Arctic radar freeboard of sea ice as measured by satellites. Sea ice freeboard is crucial to measuring sea ice thickness, and thus sea ice volume, which can play an important role in climate models. Similarly sea surface heights from altimetry are essential to determine the geostrophic currents from space. Using GPR can be computationally burdensome for modest dataset sizes and prohibitive for large datasets. To avoid having to deal with a large dataset the raw satellite observations were binned (averaged) onto a regularly spaced grid. We look at how these calculations can be reduced in terms of run time by utilising a Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), a dedicated GPR python package and by making practical adjustments to the methodology. We find by adopting these changes the overall run time of a single day’s interpolation can be greatly reduced by a factor of over 60, making it practical to run such calculations on an environment with a GPU. We then extend the method to use raw satellite observation data (no binning), which greatly increases the number of training points, requiring the use a sparse method for GPR. We conclude with recommendations for further work on this subject as it has the potential for widespread use in remote sensing applications.