bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilemas de uma Nova Agenda de Desenvolvimento: um olhar sobre a Política Ambiental Brasileira
Authors: Antunes Diogo De Carvalho , Conti Bruna Ranção
Published: July 2014

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir alguns dos novos desafios que se impõem ao Estado na promoção do desenvolvimento, com ênfase naqueles que dizem respeito à participação social na formulação e na implementação das políticas de meio ambiente brasileiras. A metodologia utilizada se baseou em revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas do papel do Estado no desenvolvimento e da participação social, relacionando-os com a gestão da política ambiental no Brasil, com foco nos conselhos de gestão por ela criados. Parte-se da constatação de que as tomadas de decisão a respeito das políticas de desenvolvimento não podem mais ficar concentradas nas mãos de técnicos especialistas, como aconteceu nas agendas de desenvolvimento do século XX (desenvolvimentismo e neoliberalismo). Tais agendas foram incapazes de resolver as crises econômicas, sociais e ambientais que hoje vivenciamos, o que traz para o primeiro plano a necessidade de uma nova agenda desenvolvimentista, baseada nos princípios da participação social e da ação do Estado na construção de projetos abrangentes e sustentáveis, articulando as múltiplas esferas entre o local e o global. Nesse sentido, a política ambiental brasileira é inovadora ao incorporar, em seus princípios, tanto a importância do papel do Estado na proteção dos bens comuns quanto a necessidade da criação de instâncias participativas. No entanto, não se pode perder de vista o fato de que as arenas de negociação social se inserem em esferas de poder simbólico, político e econômico, que muitas vezes podem privilegiar os interesses de grupos mais influentes.
Graphical Summaries for Maxwell Relations of Closed and Open Thermodynamic Systems
Authors: Natarajan K.
Published: July 2014

An attempt has been made to ‘condense’ the thermodynamic relations of equilibrium thermodynamics by using graphics. Two simple mnemonic models named as ‘Thermodynamic Circle-1’ and ‘Thermodynamic Circle-2’ are reported to represent the Maxwell relations geometrically so that these relations for both closed and open thermodynamic systems can be easily recalled.
Design and Development of a Computer-Controlled Interactive Cooling System
Authors: Abu-Mulaweh Hosni I. , Oloomi Hossein
Published: July 2014

An educational interactive cooling system (ICS) was designed, developed and constructed for instructional and demonstrative purposes. This ICS's experimental apparatus is capable of demonstrating thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts and principles. This experimental apparatus has an intuitive user interface, and it is reliable, safe for student use and portable. The interface is capable of allowing data acquisition by a computer. The unit demonstrates change phase as a refrigerant passes through a cold plate. The two-phase process is visible and can be observed through the glass cover of the cold plate. The ICS is capable of cooling heat loads between 100W and 1000W and maintains the heated surface at a temperature of less than 100°C. The unit has been used in thermodynamics classes as a demonstration unit.
Application of the Dynamics of Variable Mass Systems to the Pelton Turbine
Authors: Mantegna Michele , Colombo Luigi P. M.
Published: July 2014

This paper deals with an alternative approach to calculate the performance of a Pelton turbine. The discussion begins with an overview on the statement of Newton's second law for variable mass systems. Then the integral form of the Navier-Stokes equation is presented as a special case, which is useful to evaluate the force exerted by the water jet on the turbine buckets. Although the traditional approach based on the angular momentum theorem is more straightforward, the proposed method allows evaluation of the different contributions to the motive force by a suitable choice of control volumes. This in turn makes for a better understanding of factors that penalize overall performance when the ideal assumptions, under which the theory is usually developed, are no longer verified.
Utility of FDG-PET/CT in the Evaluation of the Response of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Ogino Kei , Nakajima Masanobu , Kakuta Miyako , Hayashi Mitsuhiro , Yamaguchi Satoru , Tsuchioka Takashi , Kubota Keiichi , Sakamoto Setsu , Kato Hiroyuki
Published: July 2014

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is effective in down-staging a primary tumor before surgery, and quick differentiation between responders to NAC and nonresponders is needed. We investigated the utility of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT) in evaluating the therapeutic effectiveness of NAC. We investigated 25 patients who underwent NAC for stage II and III noninflammatory breast cancer. FDG-PET/CT was undertaken before and after NAC to determine the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) reduction rate. Findings were compared with postoperative histopathologic evaluation of therapeutic response. It was not possible to accurately assess tumor response to NAC using CT. However, using the SUVmax reduction rate, we noted a significant difference (P = 0.0420) between patients who were responsive and nonresponsive to NAC. The sensitivity and specificity were as high as 83.3% and 78.9%, respectively. This study demonstrated that FDG-PET/CT can differentiate responders from nonresponders. This improves patient management by avoiding unnecessary chemotherapy.
A Lymph Node Ratio of 10% Is Predictive of Survival in Stage III Colon Cancer: A French Regional Study
Authors: Sabbagh Charles , Mauvais François , Cosse Cyril , Rebibo Lionel , Joly Jean-Paul , Dromer Didier , Aubert Christine , Carton Sophie , Dron Bernard , Dadamessi Innocenti , Maes Bernard , Perrier Guillaume , Manaouil David , Fontaine Jean-François , Gozy Michel , Panis Xavier , Foncelle Pierre Henri , de Fresnoy Hugues , Leroux Fabien , Vaneslander Pierre , Ghighi Caroline , Regimbeau Jean-Marc
Published: July 2014

Lymph node ratio (LNR) (positive lymph nodes/sampled lymph nodes) is predictive of survival in colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to validate the LNR as a prognostic factor and to determine the optimum LNR cutoff for distinguishing between “good prognosis” and “poor prognosis” colon cancer patients.

From January 2003 to December 2007, patients with TNM stage III colon cancer operated on with at least of 3 years of follow-up and not lost to follow-up were included in this retrospective study.

The two primary endpoints were 3-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) as a function of the LNR groups and the cutoff. One hundred seventy-eight patients were included. There was no correlation between the LNR group and 3-year OS (P = 0.06) and a significant correlation between the LNR group and 3-year DFS (P = 0.03). The optimal LNR cutoff of 10% was significantly correlated with 3-year OS (P = 0.02) and DFS (P = 0.02). The LNR was not an accurate prognostic factor when fewer than 12 lymph nodes were sampled. Clarification and simplification of the LNR classification are prerequisites for use of this system in randomized control trials. An LNR of 10% appears to be the optimal cutoff.
Surgery for Diverticulitis: A Re-Evaluation of the Changing Trends
Authors: Makarawo Tafadzwa P. , Eichenauer Steffan , Shah Uma , Jaeger Amy , McKendrick Alasdair , Mittal Vijay K.
Published: July 2014

The surgical management of diverticulitis continues to evolve but recent literature has not qualified just how different current practice is compared with the previous era. This study aims to update the seminal paper by Rodkey and Welch regarding indications and operation types performed for diverticulitis by comparing their findings with present practice at a community based institution. The charts of 407 patients admitted with “diverticular disease” between 2005 and 2010 were identified. For each admission, patients' demographics, presentations and management were recorded. Direct comparisons were made with results from the study by Rodkey and Welch. Of the 407 admissions studied, the distribution was 335 emergency and 72 elective. Medical management alone treated 90% of emergency admissions, while 4% required additional radiologic intervention. Emergency surgery was necessary in only 6% of cases with Hartmann's procedure being the most common procedure. Recurrent diverticulitis was a prime indication for elective surgery with 96% of cases undergoing a 1-staged procedure. Compared with the previous era, the nonoperative approach to managing acute diverticulitis is now applied for the vast majority of admissions. Improved success in medically temporizing patients in the present era has allowed for a higher percentage of successful single-staged elective surgeries.
Mucosal Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Intramural Gastric Metastasis Invading Liver and Pancreas: A Case Report
Authors: Nakazawa Nobuhiro , Fukuchi Minoru , Sakurai Shinji , Naitoh Hiroshi , Kiriyama Shinsuke , Fukasawa Takaharu , Tabe Yuichi , Yamauchi Hayato , Suzuki Masaki , Yoshida Tomonori , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: July 2014

A 59-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital because of a 1-month history of dysphagia. Endoscopic examination revealed a superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and a giant gastric tumor. Computed tomography showed that the gastric tumor was directly invading the liver and pancreas. Because of the risk of the gastric tumor causing obstruction and bleeding, we performed a subtotal esophagectomy, proximal gastrectomy, left lateral segmentectomy of liver, and pancreatosplenectomy with gastric tube reconstruction. Final pathological findings were superficial esophageal carcinoma penetrating the muscularis mucosae with an intramural gastric metastasis directly invading the liver and pancreas. The patient received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, yet died 8 months postoperatively of complications of local recurrence. Early-stage esophageal carcinoma with intramural gastric metastasis is very rare. To our knowledge, this is the first case of mucosal esophageal carcinoma with intramural gastric metastasis directly invading other organs.
Giant Spermatic Cord Liposarcoma
Authors: Grossi Ugo , Crucitti Antonio , Pierconti Francesco
Published: July 2014

We report a case of giant spermatic cord liposarcoma (SCL) in an 81-year-old patient, presenting with a huge scrotal mass that reached up to the knee joint. SCL is a rare tumor, and about 200 cases have been reported in the literature so far. Although 20% of liposarcomas arise in the retroperitoneum, only 0.1% present as incidental inguinal hernias. The occasional presence of myxoid stroma in well-differentiated liposarcomas can lead to confusion with myxoid sarcoma subtypes. Correct diagnosis is critical and reflects remarkable differences in behavior and therapeutic choices.
Heterotopic Mesenteric Ossification After a Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurism: Case Report With a Review of Literatures
Authors: Honjo Hiroaki , Kumagai Youichi , Ishiguro Toru , Imaizumi Hideko , Ono Tomojiro , Suzuki Okihide , Ito Tetsuya , Haga Norihiro , Kuwabara Kohki , Sobajima Jun , Kumamoto Kensuke , Ishibashi Keiichiro , Baba Hiroyuki , Sato Osamu , Ishida Hideyuki , Kuwano Hiroyuki
Published: July 2014

Heterotopic mesenteric ossification (HMO) is a rare disease that results in intra-abdominal ossification of unknown origin. An 88-year-old man developed an intestinal obstruction 2 weeks after undergoing an operation for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, resulting in intestinal obstructions those did not improved concervatively. During relaparotomy performed 30 days after the first operation, hard adhesions of the small intestine and mesentery were found; these adhesions were difficult to separate without damaging the serosa of the small intestine. We removed 240cm of the small intestine and performed a jejuno-ileo anastomosis. Microscopically, trabecular bone tissue had increased irregularly in the fat tissue of the nodules with fibrosis, which were partially lined with osteoblasts. Accordingly, we histopathologically diagnosed the patient as having HMO. The patient was treated with NSAIDs and cimetidine to prevent the recurrence of HMO. No signs of recurrence have occurred as of one year after the second operation.
Bilorrhea Secondary to Bronchobiliary Fistula
Authors: Olivencia-Yurvati A.H. , Rollins Christine
Published: July 2014

Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare condition which occurs most commonly as a complication of hydatid cyst liver disease. The following report describes a patient who presented with biliptysis 6 months following decortication of an empyema that had occurred following partial hepatectomy of a colon cancer metastasis. This is the only case to our knowledge that describes the presentation of a BBF in this context. The patient was diagnosed with BBF and successfully underwent open thoracotomy for fistulectomy and repair.
Reducing Radiation Dose Without Compromising Image Quality in Preoperative Perforator Flap Imaging With CTA Using ASIR Technology
Authors: Niumsawatt Vachara , Debrotwir Andrew N. , Rozen Warren Matthew
Published: July 2014

Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has become a mainstay in preoperative perforator flap planning in the modern era of reconstructive surgery. However, the increased use of CTA does raise the concern of radiation exposure to patients. Several techniques have been developed to decrease radiation dosage without compromising image quality, with varying results. The most recent advance is in the improvement of image reconstruction using an adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) algorithm. We sought to evaluate the image quality of ASIR in preoperative deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap surgery, through a direct comparison with conventional filtered back projection (FBP) images. A prospective review of 60 consecutive ASIR and 60 consecutive FBP CTA images using similar protocol (except for radiation dosage) was undertaken, analyzed by 2 independent reviewers. In both groups, we were able to accurately identify axial arteries and their perforators. Subjective analysis of image quality demonstrated no statistically significant difference between techniques. ASIR can thus be used for preoperative imaging with similar image quality to FBP, but with a 60% reduction in radiation delivery to patients.
Substernal Goiter: When is a Sternotomy Required?
Authors: Coskun Ali , Yildirim Mehmet , Erkan Nazif
Published: July 2014

The presence of substernal goiter is, per se, an indication for surgical management. Surgical approach of substernal goiter can most commonly be performed using the cervical access, but at times, a sternotomy or thoracotomy is necessary. The aim of this study was to identify the preoperative predictors of a sternotomy in the management of substernal goiter in order to provide better preoperative planning and patient consent. Between 2005 and 2012, 665 patients were referred to our clinic for thyroidectomy, 42 patients (6.3%) had substernal goiter and were included in this study. All substernal goiters were treated surgically, 38 (90.5%) by a cervical approach and 4 (9.5%) by full median sternotomy. All surgeries were successful, with no major postoperative complications. Minor postoperative complications of transient hypocalcemia and transient paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occurred in 5 (11.9%) and 2 (4.7%) cases, respectively. Indication of median sternotomy was as follows: extension of goiter below the aortic arch, large thyroid tissue extending towards tracheal bifurcation, and ectopic thyroid tissue in the mediastinum. Substernal goiter can be removed through a cervical incision, but on rare occasions, a median sternotomy may be required.
Anomalous surface heave induced by enhanced oil recovery in northern Alberta: InSAR observations and numerical modeling
Authors: Pearse Jill , Singhroy Vern , Samsonov Sergey , Li Junhua
Published: July 2014

Recent interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations over northern Alberta, Canada, show persistent surface heave occurring at rates of 1–4 cm/yr, localized at sites where the steam‐assisted gravity drainage technique is currently used to extract bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. We find that uplift rates above the horizontal injector wells are strongly correlated with rates of steam injection, even though there is a net fluid loss from the reservoir pore space as oil and water are withdrawn through the production wells. In combination with available steam injection and bitumen production data at four sites, we use reservoir flow models to explain how the thermal and geomechanical effects of steam injection on an oil sand reservoir can generate uplift at the surface. Results of our numerical experiments show that persistent surface heave consistent with observed rates can be driven by stress changes in the reservoir due to porous flow and thermal expansion. We also observe an unexpected localized uplift, of magnitude equal to or greater than the heave above the sites of steaming but located at clusters of wellheads which are outside the region of influence of the steam chambers. We show that this “wellhead” deformation can be explained by thermal expansion of rock near the injector wells.
Effect of coastal‐trapped waves and wind on currents and transport in the Gulf of California
Authors: Gutiérrez Manuel O. , López Manuel , Candela Julio , Castro Rubén , Mascarenhas Affonso , Collins Curtis A.
Published: July 2014

Subsurface pressure (SsP) observations from stations inside and outside of the Gulf of California (GC) are used to analyze the relationship between low‐frequency currents, temperature, and transport inside the GC and intraseasonal coastal‐trapped waves (CTWs), which propagate poleward along the coast toward the GC. Correlation functions and coherences of SsP stations were consistent with intraseasonal CTWs splitting in two at the mouth of the gulf: one part enters the gulf, propagates around the gulf, and eventually, toward the mouth, and another part that appears to “jump” the mouth of the gulf and travels poleward along the west coast of the peninsula. The correlation and coherence estimates of SsP at Manzanillo with currents showed that downwelling CTWs generated along‐gulf current anomalies toward the head of the gulf at the mainland shelf of the mouth, whereas at Ballenas Channel sill (San Lorenzo sill) these waves generated current anomalies toward the mouth near the surface (bottom). At the San Lorenzo (SL) sill, downwelling CTWs increased the near‐bottom (∼400 m) temperature and reduced the bottom transport of deep, fresher, and colder water that flows toward the head of the gulf. Cross‐Calibrated Multiplatform winds were used to investigate their relationship with currents. The first empirical orthogonal function of the along‐gulf wind stress showed that wind blowing toward the head of the gulf generated a reduction of bottom transport toward the head of the gulf through the SL sill, and intensified surface geostrophic current fluctuations toward the head of the gulf. There was also significant correlation between inflow bottom transport and outflow surface geostrophic velocities averaged across the gulf, consistent with the exchange pattern for the Northern Gulf.
Low‐frequency ocean bottom pressure variations in the North Pacific in response to time‐variable surface winds
Authors: Petrick C. , Dobslaw H. , Bergmann‐Wolf I. , Schön N. , Matthes K. , Thomas M.
Published: July 2014

One decade of time‐variable gravity field observations from the GRACE satellite mission reveals low‐frequency ocean bottom pressure (OBP) variability of up to 2.5 hPa centered at the northern flank of the subtropical gyre in the North Pacific. From a 145 year‐long simulation with a coupled chemistry climate model, OBP variability is found to be related to the prevailing atmospheric sea‐level pressure and surface wind conditions in the larger North Pacific area. The dominating atmospheric pressure patterns obtained from the climate model run allow in combination with ERA‐Interim sea‐level pressure and surface winds a reconstruction of the OBP variability in the North Pacific from atmospheric model data only, which correlates favorably (r=0.7) with GRACE ocean bottom pressure observations. The regression results indicate that GRACE‐based OBP observations are indeed sensitive to changes in the prevailing sea‐level pressure and thus surface wind conditions in the North Pacific, thereby opening opportunities to constrain atmospheric models from satellite gravity observations over the oceans.
Ocean response to volcanic eruptions inCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject 5 simulations
Authors: Ding Yanni , Carton James A. , Chepurin Gennady A. , Stenchikov Georgiy , Robock Alan , Sentman Lori T. , Krasting John P.
Published: July 2014

We examine the oceanic impact of large tropical volcanic eruptions as they appear in ensembles of historical simulations from eight Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. These models show a response that includes lowering of global average sea surface temperature by 0.1–0.3 K, comparable to the observations. They show enhancement of Arctic ice cover in the years following major volcanic eruptions, with long‐lived temperature anomalies extending to the middepth and deep ocean on decadal to centennial timescales. Regional ocean responses vary, although there is some consistent hemispheric asymmetry associated with the hemisphere in which the eruption occurs. Temperature decreases and salinity increases contribute to an increase in the density of surface water and an enhancement in the overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean following these eruptions. The strength of this overturning increase varies considerably from model to model and is correlated with the background variability of overturning in each model. Any cause/effect relationship between eruptions and the phase of El Niño is weak.
Discontinuous Galerkin flood model formulation: Luxury or necessity?
Authors: Kesserwani Georges , Wang Yueling
Published: July 2014

The finite volume Godunov‐type flood model formulation is the most comprehensive amongst those currently employed for flood risk modeling. The local Discontinuous Galerkin method constitutes a more complex, rigorous, and extended local Godunov‐type formulation. However, the practical merit associated with such an increase in the level of complexity of the formulation is yet to be decided. This work makes the case for a second‐order Runge‐Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG2) formulation and contrasts it with the equivalently accurate finite volume (MUSCL) formulation, both of which solve the Shallow Water Equations (SWE) in two space dimensions. The numerical complexity of both formulations are presented and their capabilities are explored for wide‐ranging diagnostic and real‐scale tests, incorporating all challenging features relevant to flood inundation modeling. Our findings reveal that the extra complexity associated with the RKDG2 model pays off by providing higher‐quality solution behavior on very coarse meshes and improved velocity predictions. The practical implication of this is that improved accuracy for flood modeling simulations will result when terrain data are limited or of a low resolution.
Using multiple donor sites for enhanced flood estimation in ungauged catchments
Authors: Kjeldsen T. R. , Jones D. A. , Morris D. G.
Published: July 2014

A new generalized method is presented enabling the use of multiple donor sites when predicting an index flood variable in an ungauged catchment using a hydrological regression model. The method is developed from the premise of having an index flood prediction with minimum variance, which results in a set of optimal weights assigned to each donor site. In the model framework presented here, the weights are determined by the geographical distance between the centroids of the catchments draining to the subject site and the donor sites. The new method was applied to a case study in the United Kingdom using annual maximum series of peak flow from 602 catchments. Results show that the prediction error of the index flood is reduced by using donor sites until a minimum of six donors have been included, after which no or marginal improvements in prediction accuracy are observed. A comparison of these results is made with a variant of the method where donor sites are selected based on connectivity with the subject site through the river network. The results show that only a marginal improvement is obtained by explicitly considering the network structure over spatial proximity. The evaluation is carried out based on a new performance measure that accounts for the sampling variability of the index flood estimates at each site. Other results compare the benefits obtained by adding relevant catchment descriptors to a simple regression model with those obtained by transferring information from local donor sites.
Seasonal variability in M2 and M4 tidal constituents and its implications for the coastal residual sediment transport
Authors: Gräwe Ulf , Burchard Hans , Müller Malte , Schuttelaars Henk M.
Published: July 2014

We use an observational data set of tidal gauges in the North Sea to investigate the annual cycle of the M2 and M4 amplitudes and phases. The sea surface elevation amplitude of the M2 can vary by 8–10% and the M4 amplitude by 12–30% over the course of the year, with larger amplitudes in summer. The annual phase variations are in the range of 3–15°. The reason for these variations is the thermal structure of the North Sea: a well‐developed thermocline in summer and well‐mixed water column during winter. The interaction of the M2 and M4 tides is one of the main drivers of the residual sediment transport. Using an analytical model, the seasonal variability in residual sediment transport is estimated. This transport can vary by 10–50% over the course of the year. These variations are mainly related to the seasonal variability of the M2 and M4 amplitudes.
El Cobreloa: A geyser with two distinct eruption styles
Authors: Namiki Atsuko , Muñoz‐Saez Carolina , Manga Michael
Published: July 2014

We performed field measurements at a geyser nicknamed “El Cobreloa,” located in the El Tatio Geyser Field, Northern Andes, Chile. The El Cobreloa geyser has two distinct eruption styles: minor eruptions and more energetic and long‐lived major eruptions. Minor eruptions splash hot water intermittently over an approximately 4 min time period. Major eruptions begin with an eruption style similar to minor eruptions, but then transition to a voluminous liquid water‐dominated eruption, and finally end with energetic steam discharge that continues for approximately 1 h. We calculated eruption intervals by visual observations, acoustic measurements, and ground temperature measurements and found that each eruption style has a regular interval: 4 h and 40 min for major eruptions and ∼14 min for minor eruptions. Eruptions of El Cobreloa and geochemical measurements suggest interaction of three water sources. The geyser reservoir, connected to the surface by a conduit, is recharged by a deep, hot aquifer. More deeply derived magmatic fluids heat the reservoir. Boiling in the reservoir releases steam and hot liquid water to the overlying conduit, causing minor eruptions, and heating the water in the conduit. Eventually the water in the conduit becomes warm enough to boil, leading to a steam‐dominated eruption that empties the conduit. The conduit is then recharged by a shallow, colder aquifer, and the eruption cycle begins anew. We develop a model for minor eruptions which heat the water in the conduit. El Cobreloa provides insight into how small eruptions prepare the geyser system for large eruptions.
An assessment of the role of nonlinear reaction kinetics in parameterization of metamorphic fluid flow
Authors: Zhao Zhihong , Skelton Alasdair
Published: July 2014

Based on inverse modeling of reaction progress data using a numerical framework that considers coupled advection and diffusion, linear and nonlinear reaction kinetics, and with effective diffusivity given by Archie's law, we show that (1) choice of reaction order has little effect (<0.3 orders of magnitude) on estimates of time‐integrated and time‐averaged metamorphic fluid fluxes and metamorphic fluid flow durations based on reaction progress data, (2) reaction order must be known for robust determination of time‐averaged net reaction rates based on reaction progress data and that underestimation of this term by more than 3 orders of magnitude can arise from assuming linear reaction kinetics, (3) differing reaction orders between laboratory experiments and natural metamorphic systems and/or a nonlinear dependence of effective diffusivity on porosity can explain order‐of‐magnitude discrepancies between field‐based and laboratory‐based estimates of time‐averaged net reaction rates, and (4) parameterization of metamorphic fluid flow is limited to time‐averaged values which fail to account for the possibility that metamorphism occurs in short‐lived pulses during longer time periods of metamorphic quiescence.
Magnetic detection and characterization of biogenic magnetic minerals: A comparison of ferromagnetic resonance and first‐order reversal curve diagrams
Authors: Chang Liao , Roberts Andrew P. , Winklhofer Michael , Heslop David , Dekkers Mark J. , Krijgsman Wout , Fitz Gerald John D. , Smith Paul
Published: July 2014

Biogenic magnetic minerals produced by magnetotactic bacteria occur ubiquitously in natural aquatic environments. Their identification and characterization are important for interpretation of paleomagnetic and environmental magnetic records. We compare two magnetic methods for their identification and characterization in a diverse set of sedimentary environments: ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy and first‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams, constrained by transmission electron microscope observations. The advantages and limitations of each method are evaluated. FMR analysis provides a strong diagnostic indicator because of its ability to detect the strong shape anisotropy that arises from the biogenic chain architecture, but it can be obscured in mixed magnetic mineral assemblages. We develop a new FMR fitting approach that enables separation and characterization of biogenic components in natural samples. FMR spectral fitting on magnetofossil‐bearing samples does not always reveal a strong signature of biogenic magnetite with <111>‐aligned chains, in contrast to whole magnetotactic bacteria cells. This indicates that strictly <111>‐aligned chains are not as common in magnetofossil assemblages, due to either chain collapse or different crystallographic axis orientations. FORC analysis provides an excellent tool for isolating the biogenic component as a “central ridge” signature with peak switching field distribution between ~20 and 60 mT. We also analyzed tuff samples with similar FMR characteristics to biogenic magnetite chains, which can cause ambiguity. We propose a magnetic protocol to improve the robustness and efficiency of biogenic magnetite identification and past microbial activity in a wide range of environments.
Predictability of hydraulic head changes and characterization of aquifer‐system and fault properties from InSAR‐derived ground deformation
Authors: Chaussard E. , Bürgmann R. , Shirzaei M. , Fielding E. J. , Baker B.
Published: July 2014

We evaluate the benefits of space‐derived ground deformation measurements for basin‐wide characterization of aquifer‐system properties and groundwater levels. We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series analysis of ERS, Envisat, and ALOS SAR data to resolve 1992–2011 ground deformation in the Santa Clara Valley, California. T‐mode principal component analysis successfully isolates temporally variable deformation patterns embedded in the multidecadal time series. The data reveal uplift at 0.4 cm/yr between 1992 and 2000 and < 0.1 cm/yr during 2000–2011, illustrating the end of the aquifer‐system's poroelastic rebound following recovery of hydraulic heads after the 1960s low stand. In addition, seasonal elastic deformation with amplitude of up to 3 cm, in phase with head fluctuations, is observed over the confined aquifer sharply partitioned by the Quaternary Silver Creek Fault (SCF). Integration of this deformation with hydraulic head data enables characterization of the aquifer‐system storativity and elastic skeletal specific storage. Modeling of the deformation partitioning across the SCF constrains the fault's last tectonic activity, hydraulic conductivity, and material composition. The SCF likely cuts the shallow confining clays and was last active since ~140 ka, it has a horizontal hydraulic conductivity several orders of magnitude lower than the surrounding aquifer‐system, and is likely composed of clays, making it an effective barrier to across‐fault fluid flow. Finally, we show that after a period of calibration, InSAR can be used to characterize basin‐wide water level changes without well measurements with an accuracy of 70%, which demonstrates that it provides useful data for groundwater management.
Investigation of the causes of historical changes in the subsurface salinity minimum of the South Atlantic
Authors: Goes Marlos , Wainer Ilana , Signorelli Natalia
Published: July 2014

In this study, we investigate the subsurface salinity changes on decadal timescales across the subtropical South Atlantic Ocean using two ocean reanalysis products, the latest version of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II, as well as using additional climate model experiments. Results show that there is a recent significant salinity increase at the core of the salinity minimum at intermediate levels. The main underlying mechanism for this subsurface salinity increase is the lateral advective (gyre) changes due to the Southern Annular Mode variability, which conditions an increased contribution from the Indian Ocean high salinity waters into the Atlantic. The global warming signal has a secondary but complementary contribution. Latitudinal differences at intermediate depth in response to large‐scale forcing are in part caused by local variation of westward propagation features, and by compensating contributions of salinity and temperature to density changes.
Predicting hygroscopic growth using single particle chemical composition estimates
Authors: Healy Robert M. , Evans Greg J. , Murphy Michael , Jurányi Zsófia , Tritscher Torsten , Laborde Marie , Weingartner Ernest , Gysel Martin , Poulain Laurent , Kamilli Katharina A. , Wiedensohler Alfred , O'Connor Ian P. , McGillicuddy Eoin , Sodeau John R. , Wenger John C.
Published: July 2014

Single particle mass spectral data, collected in Paris, France, have been used to predict hygroscopic growth at the single particle level. The mass fractions of black carbon, organic aerosol, ammonium, nitrate, and sulphate present in each particle were estimated using a combination of single particle mass spectrometer and bulk aerosol chemical composition measurements. The Zdanovskii‐Stokes‐Robinson (ZSR) approach was then applied to predict hygroscopic growth factors based on these mass fraction estimates. Smaller particles with high black carbon mass fractions and low inorganic ion mass fractions exhibited the lowest predicted growth factors, while larger particles with high inorganic ion mass fractions exhibited the highest growth factors. Growth factors were calculated for subsaturated relative humidity (90%) to enable comparison with hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer measurements. Mean predicted and measured hygroscopic growth factors for 110, 165, and 265 nm particles were found to agree within 6%. Single particle‐based ZSR hygroscopicity estimates offer an advantage over bulk aerosol composition‐based hygroscopicity estimates by providing additional chemical mixing state information. External mixing can be determined for particles of a given diameter through examination of the predicted hygroscopic growth factor distributions. Using this approach, 110 nm and 265 nm particles were found to be predominantly internally mixed; however, external mixing of 165 nm particles was observed periodically when thinly coated and thickly coated black carbon particles were simultaneously detected. Single particle‐resolved chemical information will be useful for modeling efforts aimed at constraining cloud condensation nuclei activity and hygroscopic growth.
Engineering Efficiency Roll‐Off in Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Erickson Nicholas C. , Holmes Russell J.
Published: July 2014

Previous studies have identified triplet‐triplet annihilation and triplet‐polaron quenching as the exciton density‐dependent mechanisms which give rise to the efficiency roll‐off observed in phosphorescent organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). In this work, these quenching processes are independently probed, and the impact of the exciton recombination zone width on the severity of quenching in various OLED architectures is examined directly. It is found that in devices employing a graded‐emissive layer (G‐EML) architecture the efficiency roll‐off is due to both triplet‐triplet annihilation and triplet‐polaron quenching, while in devices which employ a conventional double‐emissive layer (D‐EML) architecture, the roll‐off is dominated by triplet‐triplet annihilation. Overall, the efficiency roll‐off in G‐EML devices is found to be much less severe than in the D‐EML device. This result is well accounted for by the larger exciton recombination zone measured in G‐EML devices, which serves to reduce exciton density‐driven loss pathways at high excitation levels. Indeed, a predictive model of the device efficiency based on the quantitatively measured quenching parameters shows the role a large exciton recombination zone plays in mitigating the roll‐off.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals from Southern Pine
Authors: Zhang Chunmei , Dan Yi , Peng Jun , Turng Lih‐Sheng , Sabo Ronald , Clemons Craig
Published: July 2014

There is currently a considerable interest in developing bio‐based and green nanocomposites in industrial and technological areas owing to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and environmental friendliness. In this study, a bio‐based nanosized material, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), extracted from southern pine pulp was employed as a reinforcing agent in a natural rubber (NR) matrix. NR/CNC nanocomposites were prepared by a solution mixing and casting method. The morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The CNC displayed a gradient dispersion in the nanocomposites, and no microscaled aggregates were observed. Both the tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of CNC, accompanied by a slight decrease in elongation at break. The storage modulus also improved with the addition of CNC, which served as good evidence of the reinforcing tendency of CNC in the NR matrix. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites showed an insignificant decrease in CNC addition. The glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites was not influenced by CNC.
Targeting survival and cell trafficking in multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia using pan‐class I PI3K inhibitor, buparlisib
Authors: Sahin Ilyas , Azab Feda , Mishima Yuji , Moschetta Michele , Tsang Brian , Glavey Siobhan V. , Manier Salomon , Zhang Yu , Sacco Antonio , Roccaro Aldo M. , Azab Abdel Kareem , Ghobrial Irene M.
Published: July 2014

The phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K) pathway is activated in multiple myeloma (MM) and Waldenstrom Macroglobulenima (WM), and plays a crucial role in tumor progression and drug resistance. In this study, we characterized the role of pan‐class I PI3K inhibition on cell trafficking and survival of MM and WM cells. We tested the effect of pan‐class I PI3K inhibition by siRNA silencing or pharmacologic inhibition with buparlisib on MM cell survival, apoptosis and cell cycle in vitro and tumor growth and mobilization of MM cells in vivo. We then evaluated buparlisib‐dependent mechanisms of induced MM cell mobilization. Moreover, the effect of buparlisib on cell survival, apoptosis, and adhesion of WM cells to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) has been evaluated. We showed that buparlisib induced toxicity in MM cells, supported by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Buparlisib was also found to reduce tumor progression in vivo. Importantly, buparlisib enhanced MM cell mobilization in vivo which was driven by decreased adhesion of MM cells to BMSCs and increased chemotaxis via up‐regulation of CXCR4 expression. Similar to its effects on MM cells, buparlisib also induced cell survival and apoptosis, and decreased adhesion in WM cells. These data highlight the critical contribution of class I PI3K signaling to the regulation of survival and cell dissemination in B‐cell malignancies. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1030–1036, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Function of CH2 Addends on 54π Fullerene Acceptors
Authors: Chen Shan , Xiao Zuo , He Dan , Ma Lina , Ding Liming
Published: July 2014

Three structurally analogous 54π fullerene acceptors, tris‐o‐quinodimethane‐C60 (tris‐OQC), bis‐o‐quinodimethanemethano[60]fullerene (bis‐OQMF), and o‐quinodimethane‐bis‐methano[60]fullerene (OQBMF), were systematically investigated. As o‐quinodimethane addends on C60 are replaced stepwise by methylene groups (CH2), the electron mobility of fullerene, the crystallinity of poly(3‐hexylthiophene), and the morphology of the active layer of solar cells were simultaneously improved while bimolecular recombination in the active layer was reduced, leading to a remarkable enhancement in power conversion efficiency.
Periostin and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ‐B ligand expression in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
Authors: Laury Adrienne M. , Hilgarth Roland , Nusrat Asma , Wise Sarah K.
Published: July 2014

Background

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a disease demonstrating substantial eosinophilic inflammation and characteristic radiographic bony erosion/expansion. Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein associated with eosinophil accumulation in eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic asthma mucus production, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) polyp formation. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ‐B ligand (RANKL) is an osteoclast activator present in osteoporosis and periodontal disease. We sought to evaluate periostin and RANKL expression in AFRS and correlate these levels with radiographic scales of disease severity.

Methods

Thirty sinus tissue specimens were intraoperatively collected from 3 patient groups: AFRS; CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP); and controls (n = 10 per group). Specimens were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (sq‐RT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence (IF) labeling/confocal microscopy for the presence of both periostin and RANKL. Immunofluorescence staining intensity was quantified by pixel density analysis. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans from each patient were scored using both the Lund‐Mackay and CT bone erosion scoring systems.

Results

Periostin was significantly elevated in AFRS sinus tissue compared to CRSsNP and controls, as demonstrated by IF (p < 0.001) and PCR (p = 0.011). RANKL was not detected in sinus tissue by IF or PCR. Periostin levels positively correlated with radiographic indices of disease severity for both soft tissue and bone, using Lund‐Mackay (r = 0.926 [PCR] and r = 0.581 [IF]) and CT bone erosion (r = 0.672 [PCR] and r = 0.616 [IF]) scoring systems, respectively.

Conclusion

Periostin is increased in AFRS tissue compared to CRSsNP and controls. Periostin levels positively correlate with radiologic disease severity scores. The increased levels of periostin in AFRS are possibly tied to its intense eosinophilic inflammatory etiology.
Perturbation of Spin Crossover Behavior by Covalent Post‐Synthetic Modification of a Porous Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Clements John E. , Price Jason R. , Neville Suzanne M. , Kepert Cameron J.
Published: July 2014

Covalent post‐synthetic modification is a versatile method for gaining high‐level synthetic control over functionality within porous metal–organic frameworks and for generating new materials not accessible through one‐step framework syntheses. Here we apply this topotactic synthetic approach to a porous spin crossover framework and show through detailed comparison of the structures and properties of the as‐synthesised and covalently modified phases that the modification reaction proceeds quantitatively by a thermally activated single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation to yield a material with lowered spin‐switching temperature, decreased lattice cooperativity, and altered color. Structure–function relationships to emerge from this comparison show that the approach provides a new route for tuning spin crossover through control over both outer‐sphere and steric interactions.
Durch ein N‐heterocyclisches Carben koordinierte neutrale und kationische schwere Cyclopropylidenanaloga
Authors: Jana Anukul , Omlor Isabell , Huch Volker , Rzepa Henry S. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: July 2014

Cyclopropyliden ist ein kurzlebiges Zwischenprodukt der Allen‐Propin‐Cyclopropen‐Isomerisierung. Der Einbau schwerer Gruppe‐14‐Elemente in das Cyclopropyliden‐Grundgerüst war bisher auf den formalen Austausch des Carbenkohlenstoffatoms durch ein einzelnes basenstabilisiertes Silicium(II)‐Zentrum beschränkt. Hier berichten wir über die Synthese und Charakterisierung von NHC‐koordinierten schweren Cyclopropylidenanaloga (Si2GeR3X und Si3R3Br; X=Cl, Mesityl; R=Tip=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2), bei denen der Dreiring ausschließlich aus Silicium und Germanium besteht. Im Falle des chlorsubstituierten Si2Ge‐Analogons wird durch eine NHC‐induzierte Chloridabspaltung ein stabiles, schweres, kationisches Cycloprop‐1‐yl‐2‐ylidenanalogon erhalten.
Silicone membranes to inhibit water uptake into thermoset polyurethane shape‐memory polymer conductive composites
Authors: Yu Ya‐Jen , Infanger Stephen , Grunlan Melissa A. , Maitland Duncan J.
Published: July 2014

Electroactive shape memory polymer (SMP) composites capable of shape actuation via resistive heating are of interest for various biomedical applications. However, water uptake into SMPs will produce a depression of the glass transition temperature (Tg) resulting in shape recovery in vivo. While water actuated shape recovery may be useful, it is foreseen to be undesirable during early periods of surgical placement into the body. Silicone membranes have been previously reported to prevent release of conductive filler from an electroactive polymer composite in vivo. In this study, a silicone membrane was used to inhibit water uptake into a thermoset SMP composite containing conductive filler. Thermoset polyurethane SMPs were loaded with either 5 wt % carbon black or 5 wt % carbon nanotubes, and subsequently coated with either an Al2O3‐ or silica‐filled silicone membrane. It was observed that the silicone membranes, particularly the silica‐filled membrane, reduced the rate of water absorption (37°C) and subsequent Tg depression versus uncoated composites. In turn, this led to a reduction in the rate of recovery of the permanent shape when exposed to water at 37°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41226.