bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential temporal profile of lowered blood glucose levels (3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Meier Regula , Béchir Markus , Ludwig Silke , Sommerfeld Jutta , Keel Marius , Steiger Peter , Stocker Reto , Stover John F
Published: August 2008

Introduction

Hyperglycaemia is detrimental, but maintaining low blood glucose levels within tight limits is controversial in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, because decreased blood glucose levels can induce and aggravate underlying brain injury.

Methods

In 228 propensity matched patients (age, sex and injury severity) treated in our intensive care unit (ICU) from 2000 to 2004, we retrospectively evaluated the influence of different predefined blood glucose targets (3.5 to 6.5 versus 5 to 8 mmol/l) on frequency of hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic episodes, insulin and norepinephrine requirement, changes in intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure, mortality and length of stay on the ICU.

Results

Mortality and length of ICU stay were similar in both blood glucose target groups. Blood glucose values below and above the predefined levels were significantly increased in the 3. 5 to 6.5 mmol/l group, predominantly during the first week. Insulin and norepinephrine requirements were markedly increased in this group. During the second week, the incidences of intracranial pressure exceeding 20 mmHg and infectious complications were significantly decreased in the 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l group.

Conclusion

Maintaining blood glucose within 5 to 8 mmol/l appears to yield greater benefit during the first week. During the second week, 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/l is associated with beneficial effects in terms of reduced intracranial hypertension and decreased rate of pneumonia, bacteraemia and urinary tract infections. It remains to be determined whether patients might profit from temporally adapted blood glucose limits, inducing lower values during the second week, and whether concomitant glucose infusion to prevent hypoglycaemia is safe in patients with post-traumatic oedema.
Human dendritic cell line models for DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies
Authors: Santegoets Saskia J A M , van den Eertwegh Alfons J M , van de Loosdrecht Arjan A , Scheper Rik J , de Gruijl Tanja D
Published: July 2008

Dendritic cells (DC) are increasingly applied in the immunotherapy of cancer. As the development of a standardized DC vaccine product is often hampered by the limited availability of DC precursors and inter- and intra-donor variability, and the preparation of individual vaccines is labor-intensive, it would be preferable to use DC from a readily available and unlimited source, such as cell lines can provide. It has been described that leukemia-derived cell lines are able to differentiate into functional DC, creating possibilities for the development of highly reproducible DC vaccines and providing in vitro model systems for in-depth studies about DC physiology. This review discusses the different human DC cell line differentiation models described so far. Based on the available data, characteristics that determine the ability of leukemia cells to differentiate along the different precursor stages into functional DC will be formulated. In addition, evidence will be provided that the human CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cell line MUTZ-3 provides DC that exhibit the functional properties that are crucial for the in vivo generation of CTL-mediated immunity and thus, currently, represents the most valuable, sustainable model system for myeloid DC differentiation and clinical DC vaccination studies.
Bayesian wavefield separation by transform-domain sparsity promotion
Authors: Wang Deli , Saab Rayan , Yilmaz Özgür , Herrmann Felix J.
Published: July 2008

Successful removal of coherent-noise sources greatly determines seismic imaging quality. Major advances have been made in this direction, e.g., surface-related multiple elimination (SRME) and interferometric ground-roll removal. Still, moderate phase, timing, amplitude errors, and clutter in predicted signal components can be detrimental. Adopting a Bayesian approach, along with assuming approximate curvelet-domain independence of the to-be-separated signal components, we construct an iterative algorithm that takes predictions produced by, for example, SRME as input and separates these components in a robust manner. In addition, the proposed algorithm controls the energy mismatch between separated and predicted components. Such a control, lacking in earlier curvelet-domain formulations, improves results for primary-multiple separation on synthetic and real data.
Remarks on the Refusal of Food in the Insane
Authors: Williams S. W. D.
Published: August 2008

There are few cases more distressing for a physician to witness, or difficult for him to manage, or in which he incurs greater risks or responsibilities, than those varieties of insanity in which refusal of food is a marked and prominent feature. To fix the exact moment when exhausted nature must be replenished; to determine when persuasion shall be given up and force, as a last resort, had recourse to; to estimate the quantity and quality of food required; to distinguish where medicines are life or death; to recognise the variety of medicine necessary to meet the requirements of the particular case; and, lastly, to decide on the mode of administration, are all matters of such primary importance, and require such a sound knowledge and extended experience, that one might deprecatingly exclaim, Nemo tenetur ad impossibile.
On the several means of Providing for the Yearly Increase of Pauper Lunatics
Authors: Robertson C. L.
Published: August 2008

The number of lunatics under care and treatment in the public asylums of England and Wales continue yearly to increase. On the 1st of January, 1849, there were 7629 patients in the public asylums. On the 1st of January, 1854, this number rose to 14,575; on the 1st of January, 1859, to 17,836; and on the 1st of January, 1864, to 23,880.
Paralytic Insanity and its Organic Nature
Authors: Meschede Franz , Blandford G. F.
Published: August 2008

The disorder commonly called “general paralysis of the insane” presents so many points of interest to the pathologist and the physician, that as a necessary consequence it forms the commonest topic among the writings of those who specially study insanity. But after so much observation and so many treatises, it is disheartening to find that even now scarcely more than one fact with regard to it is laid down as settled and established beyond the possibility of doubt. One there is, the saddest that can be. It is, that for this malady we hitherto have found no cure; that to diagnose it is to pronounce the sentence, not only of incurable insanity, but also of speedy death. The marvel of the whole is, that although death occurs in every case at no very distant period, though postmortem examinations of general paralytics are made by hundreds every year in this and other countries, yet even at this day no two observers are agreed as to the pathology and morbid anatomy, as to the part in which it has its origin, or which constitutes its peculiar and proper seat. No wonder that the whole of the morbid anatomy of insane brain is vague and ill-defined, when this, the specially fatal form of mental disease, still hides itself from usâ still wraps itself in the mystery which envelopes all that relates to mind. I make no apology for drawing the attention of the readers of this Journal to a paper on the subject, published in the October and November numbers of ‘ Virchow's Archives/ 1865, and for giving a short and necessarily imperfect summary of its contents, it being too long for reproduction. But as every outline must needs be unsatisfactory, I trust my readers will go themselves to the original. In default of opportunity of examining many brains of paralytic patients, I present as a contribution to the English treatises on the subject these observations of another.
A Visit to Gheel. A Letter to the Editors of the Journal of Mental Science
Authors: Neuschler Edmund , Sibbald John
Published: August 2008

Since public attention was directed to the mode of treating the insane practised at Gheel, much controversy has taken place both in this country and on the continent as to the value to be attached to the system. Alienists from all parts of the civilised world have visited the locality, and have recorded their opinions of its merits. These opinions have been almost as various as their authors are numerous, and have contained the most enthusiastic praise and the most emphatic condemnation. But the discussion seems now to have reached a point at which a reliable estimate of the chief peculiarities of the system, such as will be concurred in by the majority of those who have studied the subject, may be formed. A letter conveying a very favorable impression of the colony has been addressed to the editors of this Journal by Dr. Edmund Neuschler, of the Royal Lunatic Asylum at Zwiefalten in Wurtemberg, of which I present the following ranslation. I shall afterwards endeavour to indicate what appears to me to be the true view of the question.
On Monomania, and its Relation to the Civil and Criminal Law
Authors: Tuke Harrington
Published: August 2008

Mr. President and Gentlemen,—The fact of my having been frequently summoned as a medical witness in the civil and criminal courts of justice, in cases in which monomania has been alleged to exist, ana the examination of the evidence in two recent and important cases of disputed wills induces me to bring under the notice of the Medico-Psychological Association the present practice of the Courts in relation to monomania, and to attempt a concise description of this form of disease for consideration and discussion.
On the state of the Small Arteries and Capillaries in Mental Disease
Authors: Sankey W. H. O.
Published: August 2008

Among the structural changes which may cause the phenomena observed in insanity, physiology leads us to the conclusion that they must be connected with, firstly, the nerve tissues, and, secondly, the blood. It teaches us that upon the action that takes place between these elements the phenomena of mind depend.
II. English Psychological Literature. Concerning Aphasia
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

In the remarks which I am about to address to you, my aim is not to contribute any new facts to the clinical history and the pathology of the condition known as aphasia, but to weigh the bearing of the facts already recorded, to examine how far these support the theories that have been based upon them, and to set forth as definitely as may be possible the kind of conclusions warranted by the state of our knowledge. It appears to me that inquiry into this obscure subject has arrived at a stage when little or no further profit can accrue from an aimless accumulation of observations, and that what is now needed is a digestion of the material which lies at hand.
The Structure of the Cerebral Hemisphere
Authors: Broadbent W. H.
Published: August 2008

The dissections on which the following account of the structure of the cerebral hemisphere is founded, have been described in detail in a communication to the Royal Society. The results will be here given, without regard to the order in which they are reached, and with a view simply to clearness and comprehensibility.
Memorandum
Authors: Higgins Godfrey
Published: August 2008

Godfrey Higgins, in his diary, states that he was in Paris, and visited Pinel. He was very politely received by him, and visited the asylum for French lunatics under his management, and was much pleased with it. He did not think there was anything to learn, except in the employment of the patients. He was rather suspicious that he did not see the whole of the establishment. He was convinced there were many persons placed there who were not and never had been insane, but were placed there, and willing to remain, for the good food, beds, and clothing. The number of patients, 900.
Observations on a peculiar Condition of the Bones of two Insane Patients who had fractured Ribs
Authors: Ormerod Edward Latham
Published: August 2008

The frequent occurrence of fracture of the ribs in the inmates of Lunatic Asylums has recently attracted much attention. And the more attention has been called to it, the more frequent does the occurrence seem to have become. This fact alone would make one suspect that the injury was not due to improper violence on the part of the attendants. Without, however, entering into this question, I propose here merely to record the results of my examination of the bones of two patients who lately died in the Sussex County Lunatic Asylum with fractured ribs. Whether or not further observation may justify a wider extension of the conclusion that the bones break so readily because they are diseased, at least I cannot hesitate to adopt it in the present instance.
Asylum Notes on Scarlet Fever
Authors: McDowall T. W.
Published: August 2008

In the “Journal of Mental Science” for April, 1863, there appeared a paper by Dr. W. Carmichael McIntosh, entitled “Asylum Notes on Typhoid Fever.” In his introductory remarks, Dr. McIntosh notices the increased interest attached to the occurrence of physical diseases as observed in the insane, and the value of observations thereon, when the sane and insane suffer from the same disease and are under observation at the same time. There is then an opportunity of noticing the influence of such blood poisons as the scarlatinal and typhoid, as affecting two classes of the community; and as the patients are under medical observation from the very commencement of the illness, peculiar advantages are offered for a close investigation of all symptoms, mental and physical, from their first appearance. Dr. McIntosh further observes, “additional light might be thrown upon mental pathology and treatment, if such observations, sufficiently extensive, were correctly made and recorded. Alienists have long noted the influence of physical diseases in the course of an attack of insanity; and recently cases from foreign journals have been given by Dr. Arlidge, where recovery has followed wounds causing profuse suppuration in melancholia and general paralysis; scarlatina in suicidal melancholia; dysentery and acute rheumatism in monomania; dysentery and a compound fracture of the elbow in religious monomania; lastly, profuse intestinal hæmorrhage is mentioned by M. Baillarger, as ushering in recovery in a case of “painful hallucination of vision consequent upon injury from a railway accident.” It is with the view of adding a few cases to those which have already appeared in the various journals that the following examples of insanity, with intercurrent scarlatina, are published; so that when a sufficient number have been recorded they may be collected for comparison and further examination, and it may be that some useful and interesting results may be obtained. For as we are in the habit of watching the effects of drugs introduced by ourselves in cases of insanity, in the hope that ultimately we may arrive at a scientific method for such medicinal treatment, there appears no reason why we should neglect, but rather the reverse, the observation of cases in which, through contagion, a specific blood poison has been introduced into the system, and which produces characteristic and obvious symptoms. In the present state of matters one would scarcely feel inclined or be justified to run the risk of exposing an insane patient to the poison of typhus or measles for the chance benefit which might result to the mental state; but it is not unreasonable to think that some day we shall be able to modify the course of many diseases, perhaps mental among the others, as we now do in the case of small-pox through vaccination.
The Action of Neurotic Medicines in Insanity: Being “Observations and Experiments on the Use of Opium, Bromide of Potassium, and Cannabis Indica in Insanity, especially in regard to the effects of the two latter given separately”
Authors: Clouston T. S.
Published: August 2008

The following is an abstract of the above paper. It begins by saying that :—

So many cases of insanity consist of simple brain excitement, and in so many more is excitement the most distressing symptom, that if we could discover any agent which would subdue this excitement, and at the same time not interfere with the improved nutrition of the brain which rest, tonics, and good diet will effect, and on which complete recovery of its normal functions depends, such an agent would be a most incalculable blessing. There are many cases in which a physician knows that if he could tide over his patient for a few weeks of excitement, recovery would come as the natural termmination of the attack. Much distruct of strong narcotics prevails among the profession since Dr. Anstie's work on “Stimulants and Narcotics” appeared. And yet how is such a case of maniacal excitement to be managed without them out of a lunatic asylum? The exact condition of the brain cells in mania being as yet quite unknown, we cannot apply a direct antidote. At best we can only work empirically. But our empiricism may be founded on a rational and scientific examination of the effects of the drugs we use, and the natural history of the disease we treat, or it may be a mere haphazard employment of some agent recommended by some one who had no rational ground for his recommendation at all.
On the Nomenclature of the various forms of Insanity
Authors: Monro Henry
Published: August 2008

A philosophic and sufficient nomenclature for the various forms of Insanity is still a desideratum, and must, I fear, remain so, until the physiology and pathology of the brain are better understood, and the relationship of mental with cerebral phenomena more accurately determined. A perfect nomenclature for disease, one which could not well be improved, is a rare thing; for to be perfect it should not only indicate the exact seat of the disease, but should also bear upon its face a description of the malady from which the organ or tissue is suffering.
On the Prevalence of the Causes of Insanity among the Ancients
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

Passing from the Egyptians to the Greeks and Romans, we proceed to pursue, in regard to these, the same line of enquiry as that which we have already attempted in regard to other nations. Were their habits, their social life, the character of their civilization, such as to lead us to expect that there must have existed among them, in any well marked degree, the clearly recognised causes of insanity ? In this investigation we must carefully distinguish between their early and heroic age and the period of their highest culture and refinement, otherwise we shall fall into the error of comprising under the same term widely different conditions of society, and in the endeavour to compare them with our own—that is to say, modern civilized life—shall draw a totally false inference. The seeds of insanity may have been widely sown among the people of one age, and but sparsely among those of another. We have abundant evidence in the immortal verse of Homer of the general character of the civilization of the Greeks at the period to which he refers—the legendary and heroic age of Greece; not as a state of barbarism, assuredly, but one which we feel differs widely from our own. They were far removed, doubtless, from the savage condition of certain early Greeks, described by Thucydides, marked, as he represents it to have been, by piracy—men falling upon towns which were unfortified and like straggling villages, and rifling them without disgrace, but rather with glory. He adds that in many other respects it might be shown that the Greeks, at the period of which he is speaking, lived in a manner similar to “the barbarians of the present age,” implying by this that their food consisted of milk and what the chase afforded, uncooked, and that they were clothed in undressed hides. To the people who were in this rude condition the remarks we have already made on barbarous tribes would apply; and we can have no doubt that the causes of insanity were then prevalent in only a limited degree.
Torquato Tasso
Authors: A. C. M.
Published: August 2008

About this time an attack was made by the Academy della Crusca in Florence on his “Jerusalem.” To violent abuse of himself, of his poem, and of his father and his father's poems, Tasso replied more for his father's sake than for his own, for his heart was filled with one desire, and his chief energies were constantly employed in appealing to everyone of influence or power, to obtain his release from confinement. He wrote to Bergamo a touching appeal, which it is said moved the Council to tears, and they despatched an embassy to Alfonso, petitioning for their compatriot's release and sending Alfonso a present of an inscription relating to the antiquity of the d'Este family, which he was very desirous of possessing. The Duke promised before long to comply with their request, and declared that he only kept Tasso in confinement to try to cure him of his disorder. Perhaps he was influenced too, in some degree, by a fear of Tasso's renewal of language against him at other Courts in the event of his release. At all events Serassi confesses “He would have granted the urgent prayers of so many noble patrons, and set him at liberty with pleasure, but reflecting that poets are naturally ‘genus irritabile,’ and fearing that Tasso once free would revenge himself for his long confinement and his ill-treatment in the Ferrarese Court with that formidable weapon, his pen, he could not bring himself to the resolution of suffering him to escape from his States, without being first assured that he would make no attempt on the honour and reverence due to so great a Prince.” Two years more thus passed—Tasso in constant hopes of being free, able at times to write sonnets gracefully and with his old power; at times mixing more in the world, then apparently withdrawn again from it; weak and suffering in body, and his terrible apparitions and images increasing upon him, his cell appearing full of them. Flames wreathed and twined themselves in it; rats and other animals seemed to him to crawl across the vault of the room. His ears were filled with noises—ringings of bells, clocks striking; in his sleep and even when waking he thought himself engaged in strife with the spectres around him, and asserted that when no person had been in his prison his closets were broken open, his clothes taken from him, his books pulled down and flung about his room, his gloves or letters drawn out from locked boxes at night and scattered over the floor in the morning. In the midst of this distress both of body and mind he believed that “there appeared in the air the form of the glorious Virgin with her Son in her arms, in the centre of bright and glittering clouds.”
The Border-Land Between Physiology and Psychology.—Singular Judgment
Authors: Davies W. G.
Published: August 2008

That there are two methods by which to approach the study of mind—the one inward and reflective, the other outward and transitive, including more especially the anatomy and physiology of the brain and nervous system—is by high authorities, even in physical and biological science, now generally admitted.
Sketch of the French Legislation Relative to the Insane
Authors: Foville Achille
Published: August 2008

The conditions established to regulate the admission of patients into lunatic asylums have given rise, in every country, to a great deal of discussion. On the one hand, many unacquainted with medicine are inclined to dread the abuse of the power to confine individuals not really insane under the pretext of insanity, and with more or less criminal intent; therefore these persons contend that admissions to asylums should be preceded by intricate formalities and repeated inquiries, with the interference of some public authority, such as a commission of either judicial or administrative officers. On the other hand, physicians advocate the necessity of prompt recourse to an asylum, not only for the patient's own benefit, but for his family's welfare; they demonstrate that a man labouring under acute insanity cannot be left to himself during the time required to set in motion the working of such complicated machinery as that proposed to be brought into action prior to his admission into a hospital; they further reject all interference of the public authorities to this end, as hurtful to private family feeling and the maintenance of professional secrecy, demanding, likewise, the greatest facilities for easy admission, guaranteed, nevertheless, by any number of subsequent examinations, or other means of inquiry into the case; and, finally, they hold that such supposed illegal confinements do not exist, since it has not been proved that any one really of sound mind has ever been shut up in any asylum, and that, therefore, the liberty of the subject is in no danger whatever. So in this respect we may rest confident, seeing that the past gives us full assurance for the future. Such is, upon the whole, the main point of dispute in every discussion on the subject, which happens to spring up again and again in different countries.
4. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland W. W.
Published: August 2008

“Tödtung des Dienstherrn im Zustand Krankhafter Bewusstlosigkeit (Friedreich's Blatt für Gerichtliche Medicin,” 4 Heft, 1881).
1. Retrospect of Mental Philosophy
Authors: Costelloe B. F. C.
Published: August 2008

During the long period embraced in the present Retrospect, the most important incident that has happened in the philosophical circles of this country is the death of Professor T. H. Green, of Oxford—a man who for many years had been silently acquiring, not only by his power of thinking but by his strong and blameless personal character, a marked position and a unique influence among the leaders of thought in England. His philosophical position would perhaps best be defined by saying that he became the chief of that small, but notable, band of speculative students, centred mainly in Oxford, Glasgow, and Edinburgh, who are reviving the spirit of the systems of Kant and Hegel, in its application to the new scientific, political, and religious problems of the day. His distinguishing characteristics were his modesty and his earnest sense of duty—qualities perhaps not so conspicuous as they might be amongst the better known of modern psychologists. His modesty was such that he never assumed that he had mastered the secret of any writer, until he had bestowed the most extravagant labour and thought in exploring difficulties and obscurities on which the man himself had probably never bestowed a second thought. His earnestness was so thorough that he believed it to be merely his duty to struggle with the fundamental questions of the Sphinx of modern criticism, and find for himself and others not a negative but a constructive answer, no matter what toil and trouble it might cost. For he held that those who contribute, as we all in some way do, to the formation of public opinion upon the vital subjects of life and conduct, are under a terrible responsibility if they mislead their neighbours, or even if they refuse by sloth or vanity or cynicism that healthy guidance which their own attainments would enable them to give. These remarks are suggested by the fact that the first article of the April number of “Mind” is from Prof. Green's pen. Indeed it is one of the last pieces of work he ever personally sent to press; although we are glad to know that the groat Ethical work on which he had long been engaged is left with his philosophical friends in so complete a form that it will be published immediately. The April article is the second of three essays on the question, “Can there be a natural science of man?” of which the third holds the leading place in the July number. The scope of the essays, as well as of the “Prolegomena to Ethics,” to which they were in a sense introductory, will be best indicated if we quote a note added in the July number by Prof. Green's literary executor, Mr. A. C. Bradley.
Miliary Sclerosis
Authors: Plaxton J. W.
Published: August 2008

Is Miliary Sclerosis a fore-death change? Most of us have believed it so: many of us doubt, myself amongst the many. As to the grounds of my unbelief, they are briefly these:—
Caffeine, in its Relationships to Animal Heat and as Contrasted with Alcohol
Authors: Lewis W. Bevan
Published: August 2008

The observations now to be recorded relative to the physiological action of Caffeine upon animal thermogenesis were carried on several years ago as part of a series of experiments in the same direction with numerous potent alkaloids, atropine, solanine, hyoscyamine, strychnine, and others. †
Three Cases: One with the Usual Symptoms of General Paralysis, One with Doubtful Symptoms, and the Third with Marked Symptoms; Pachymeningitis in all. [With illustration.]
Authors: Savage Geo. H.
Published: August 2008

The three Cases following are not so very rare, but are still of interest from several points of view. In Bethlem we have yearly ten or twelve post-mortems on more or less acute cases of general paralysis, and in general hospitals cases similar in the main, with but little mental perversion, but with weakness of mind are common, yet it is rare for the general pathologist to come across cases of pachymeningitis. This condition, if not solely found in general paralysis, is by far more common in this than in any other disease of the brain. In Bethlem, out of over 100 cases of examination after death, these are the only three well-marked examples of this condition of the membranes we have met with. In one other there were slight effusions occurring with fits, but these after death were found only as very thin discoloured layers, three in number, together not being above one-eighth of an inch in thickness. In the first case, the membrane was complete, and resembled a dark, sodden dura-mater, and was very complete over the whole sides and vertex of the brain. It was absent from the base, though here there was a staining at the edge of the membrane.
Case Resembling General Paralysis—Meningitis Followed by Effusion of Lymph and Pus into the Arachnoid Sac
Authors: Manley John
Published: August 2008

Henry Smith, aged 36 years, unmarried, was admitted 16th May, 1883, into the Hants County Asylum.
Case of Exophthalmic Goitre with Mania
Authors: Johnstone J. Carlyle
Published: August 2008

Mrs. G., aged 32, a native of Dumfriesshire, was admitted into the Royal Edinburgh Asylum, 25th November, 1881.
Rectal Feeding and Medication
Authors: Mickle Wm. Julius
Published: August 2008

In reading a paper on rectal feeding and medication I am not desirous of unduly extolling that form of alimentation and treatment, or of substituting it for the more direct, usual and natural methods, where the latter are feasible and effective. Deprecating any misunderstanding on that point, I speak in the first place of the principal conditions in which rectal feeding may prove useful in asylum-practice. These I will speak of in groups of diseases, or of cases, loosely bound together, for the nonce, by the tie of suitability for the use of nutritive enemata.
Two Cases of Thrombosis of Cerebral Sinuses
Authors: Wiglesworth Joseph
Published: August 2008

Case I.—Susan D., æt. 33, single, was admitted into Rainhill Asylum on Dec. 13th, 1884.
On a Recent Visit to Gheel
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

Having availed myself of the opportunity afforded me of visiting Gheel a second time when attending the Psychological Congress at Antwerp in September, I propose to describe this remarkable insane colony, as I think it cannot fail to suggest important questions and considerations, in regard to which much difference of opinion still exists.
On the Appetite in Insanity
Authors: Campbell J. A.
Published: August 2008

In submitting the following short paper, I do so clearly realizing that deductions from limited observations present many sources of fallacy; also that even extended observations made in a limited area are very liable to error, and need correction by extended observation; that peculiarities of race, and circumstances connected with locality may even in such a matter as this exercise a marked influence. I trust, however, to hear the experience of others on the subject.
A Case in which a Lesion of one Hemisphere of the Cerebellum was associated with Degeneration of the Olivary Body of the opposite side. (With Plate.)
Authors: Dudley William
Published: August 2008

W. H., 62, married, was admitted into the West Riding Asylum May 8th, 1884; died March 31st, 1885.
The Alleged Increase of Insanity
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

The proposition will no doubt be accepted by all whom I address (although the public is so slow to recognise it) that the only sound test of the increase of insanity is to ascertain the number of occurring cases of Mental Disorder in proportion to the population during the periods of time we desire to compare. Most of the mistakes made upon this subject have arisen from taking existing cases of insanity at different epochs, thus totally overlooking the effect of accumulation arising from the fact that although the annual admissions may be stationary, the discharges from recoveries and deaths will fall far short of them. This in any case. But when we compare successive periods, still assuming that the admissions remain the same, the ratio of discharges and deaths may vary so greatly at different epochs that the degree of accumulation will be largely affected, being more or less according to the proportion of recoveries and the rate of mortality.
3. French Retrospect
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

We regret that a notice of these admirable Reports which have appeared yearly under the auspices of the Progrès Medical, has not found a place before now in our Journal. With a limited space at our command, and an unlimited material making demands upon that space, we are compelled to omit much of which the intrinsic merit calls for notice.
Description of the New Hospital at the Montrose Royal Lunatic Asylum
Authors: Howden James C.
Published: August 2008

It being necessary to extend the accommodation of the Montrose Royal Lunatic Asylum, it was deemed advisable to erect a hospital entirely detached from the main building; in which all the bodily sick and other inmates who required special medical care would be brought together, and placed in circumstances more favourable to treatment than they could be in a ward of the asylum proper.
Case of Attempted Suicide
Authors: Urquhart
Published: August 2008

The following case presents unusual features of interest, and is placed on record towards a better understanding of these unexpected developments in patients apparently more careful to save their lives than to destroy them. I trust that it is not too sanguine to express the hope that the physician may yet arise who will show us a more excellent way of determining the suicidal tendency than we at present possess.
On the Study of Conditions of Development and Brain-Power in Children
Authors: Warner Francis
Published: August 2008

My present purpose is to show the importance of acquiring further knowledge as to the conditions of development, and as to the physical and mental brain-powers of children, and the desirability of diffusing a knowledge of scientific methods of study among those whose profession it is to train children.
3. French Retrospect
Authors: Tuke D. Hack
Published: August 2008

We abridge from the “Annales Medico-Psychologiques” (Sept., 1889) M. Ritti's notice of the International Congress of Mental Science, which held its meetings at the College of France, Paris, from the 5th to the 10th of August, 1889.
The Heating, Ventilation, and Electric Lighting of the Hospital at the Montrose Royal Asylum
Authors: Howden James
Published: August 2008

In connection with the description of the new hospital in the Journal of Mental Science for January, 1889, I have now to add a detailed account of the heating, ventilation, and electric lighting as now completed.

The heating and ventilation are effected by steam on the low pressure principle, by which all the condensed water is returned into the boilers by its own gravity.
Stuporose Insanity Consecutive to Induced Hypnotism
Authors: Nolan M. J.
Published: August 2008

“Je n'ai jamais rien vu survenir de grave”∗ wrote M. Richet to Professor Heidenhain, giving the results of the experiments he had made in hypnotism; and no doubt he was fully justified in doing so, since only one individual tested by him suffered any inconvenience, and that in a very slight and passing degree. Putting this evidence with his own observations, Heidenhain not unnaturally asserts that “there is no ground whatever for objection to hypnotic experiments,” † and again he says “it must be remembered that the necessity for precaution has not arisen as the result of unfavourable experience, but merely because it is our duty, for the sake of the person experimented on, to be over careful rather than not careful enough.” † The case under present consideration is, however, calculated to shake our confidence in such assurances of complete immunity from danger in hypnotic experiments, especially when conducted by unskilled persons; and indicates, moreover, that Professors Richet and Heidenhain owe their happy results as much to good fortune as to the

perfect freedom from risk they calculate on with so much certainty. Still further, it confirms the remarks of Binet and Féré, who say “with respect to the performance of such experiments in public, it should be condemned just as we condemn public dissections of the dead body, and vivisection in public.”∗ But this note of warning, though important, is perhaps the least interesting of the many considerations to which a study of this case gave rise, since it was particularly rich in the various psychological and physiological manifestations appertaining to the hypnotic and stuporose states. For this reason I desire to bring it under notice, and, owing to the kindness of my chief, Dr. Conolly Norman, who placed the man under my immediate charge for observations and treatment, I am enabled to do so. My grateful acknowledgments are also due to Surgeon-Major Martin, A.M.S., who kindly furnished me with the notes made by him on the patient's condition during his period of treatment at the Royal Infirmary, Dublin, prior to his removal to this asylum.
The Colony of the Insane at Gheel, Belgium
Authors: Cleaves Margaret A.
Published: August 2008

Possibly the impressions received by an American during a visit to Gheel, may have an interest for some of the readers of the “Journal of Mental Science.” Its very unique organization seems still worthy of study, and suggestive, at least, in its teachings to the candid and unprejudiced observer.
4. Therapeutic Retrospect.
Authors: Sainsbury Harrington
Published: August 2008

Brown-Séquard asserted, in 1889, that testicular extracts (from young animals) exerted marked stimulating powers on the nervous system when injected subcutaneously. His statements were confirmed by numerous observers. No bad effects resulted, but certain local manifestations suggested the separation of the base spermin, present in the testicular extract, and the use of the base alone. Parke, Davis, and Co., in America, and Prof. Poehl, in St. Petersburg, have prepared this spermin. It is an organic base which forms a well-defined crystalline salt with phosphoric acid. The crystals of this salt appear to be identical in form and composition with the crystals found by Charcot in the spleen and in the blood of leukaemia; in the marrow of bones in the same disease (Neumann); and in the expectoration of asthmatics (Leyden). Schreiner, in 1878, separated these same crystals from semen and from various organs of the body, and determined the chemical formula of the salt. Kobert, experimenting with spermin, declared it to be non-poisonous. Prof. Tarchanow, however, experimenting with the hydrochlorate of spermin, prepared by Prof. Poehl, found an increased force of the heart's contraction and a rise of blood pressure; other observers have confirmed his results. Kobert, objecting, maintains that in those diseases in which spermin is found in excessive quantity, the stimulant effects described are lacking. The firm of E. Schering has of late introduced a preparation to which they gave the name spermin in the first instance, but have now replaced it by “Piperazidin.” This body has been investigated by A. W. V. Hofmann, who finds it to be diæthyl-diamine. Experiments with this body give very divergent results as compared with those of Tarchanow, for no stimulant action can be recognized after subcutaneous injection in rabbits. Piperazidin, therefore, does not suggest usefulness as a nervine or cardiac stimulant, though it remains to be seen whether this body is identical with that previously experimented with under the name of spermin. One interesting property belongs to piperazidin; it has a great solvent action on uric acid, far surpassing that of lithia. Failing, then, its use as a nervine tonic, piperazidin may yet prove serviceable in another way.—“Therap. Monatsh.,” p. 88, Jan., 1891.
Protection of Medical Men by the English Lunacy Law
Authors: Renton A. Wood
Published: August 2008

Section 330 of the Lunacy Act, 1890, re-enacting section 12 of the Lunacy Acts Amendment Act, 1889, provides as follows:—
8. French Retrospect
Authors: Hawkins Rev. H.
Published: August 2008

By steamboat, on 11th June, from the Pont de la Concorde, past the Bridges des Invalides, d'Alma, de Jena, past the Eiffel Tower to the Pont de Grenelle, thence, turning to the left, a short walk brought our party to the Rue du Theatre, No. 52, where, after two removals, the Asile of which we were in search has its local habitation. It is known as the “Asile-Ouvroir Sainte Marie.” “La Supérieure?” inquired a member of the community, by whom the door was opened. We were shown into a small waitingroom, simply furnished, in which were some flowers, a crucifix over a table, and a few books.
The Cerebro-Spinal Axis as a Thermal Centre and Water Power
Authors: Richardson B. W.
Published: August 2008

Mr. President and Gentlemen,—Whilst I feel very much honoured by the presence here to-day of the members of the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland to listen to a paper from me on the “Cerebrospinal Axis as a Thermal Centre and Water Power,” I am, I confess, not a little anxious respecting the result of my labour. I know I stand before a body of listeners who, from their daily avocation as well as from their accomplished training in mental and physical science, form naturally the most critical audience I could address on the subject to be discussed, and this alone is a cause of grave concern. But there is something more before me. I am about to bring forward an entirely new line of research and observation in so elementary a stage that the simplicity of the thesis itself may, at first sight, seem to imperil its âceptance. I must, therefore, with special emphasis, claim, at the onset, your kindest indulgence.
Case of Rupture of the Left Ventricle of the Heart
Authors: Bruce John
Published: August 2008

The patient was a well-built man with florid complexion, 70 years of age. He had been in the Crichton Royal Institution for 18 months as a voluntary patient, and was subject to periodic attacks of nervous excitement, during which he was restless, unable to keep still for a moment, had spasmodic movements of the arms and legs, and lost his appetite. When free from excitement he was able to take long walks and never complained of dyspnóa. The action of the heart was usually steady and regular, but towards the end of an attack of excitement it became rapid and feeble. A mitral presystolic murmur had been present for some years. He died suddenly one morning during an attack of excitement. There was a history of gout.
A Case of Rupture of the Heart occurring in a Melancholiac
Authors: Nash Vincent
Published: August 2008

Through the kindness of Dr. Conolly Norman, I am enabled to report the following case of spontaneous cardiac rupture.
Epileptic Colonies
Authors: Ewart C. Theodore
Published: August 2008

For some time past a considerable amount of attention has been directed, not only on the Continent, but also in the United States, to the provision for epileptics in separate cottages on the same estate, and this article has been written in the hope that it may lead to the early establishment of an “epileptic colony,” which shall be a home for the homeless, an industrial institution for those to whom ordinary avenues of trade are shut, a hospital where cure or some alleviation shall be possible, and an educational centre for the training of the young, thus creating a prosperous, industrious, and thriving community to serve as a model for many other such yet to be founded in this country. The word “home,” or “colony,” is suggested as being free from the repulsiveness which might attach to the name “asylum,” which would be somewhat of a misnomer.
Public Asylum Dietaries. Ought they not to be more varied?
Authors: Campbell J. A.
Published: August 2008

I touched on this subject in a paper that I published in our Journal in 1883, and mentioned several changes which I had introduced into the diet scale of the asylum I have charge of. I suggested that an expression of opinion of various asylum physicians would be useful, and might with advantage appear in the columns of this Journal. Dr. Rayner, in the Presidential Address to our Society for 1884, made remarks somewhat resembling those I refer to, and called attention to the difficulties that exist in comparing diet scales, owing to their inaccurate and faulty construction, and instanced the diet scale of the asylum in which he acted as an illustration in point. In offering some remarks on asylum dietaries, I at once state that I do not consider my mode of dealing with the subject as at all complete or exhaustive—access not only to facts which I cannot possess myself of, but also an extended series of observations would be required to enable one really to deal with the subject as its importance merits. A paper such as I present is merely suggestive.
Note upon Hæmatoma of the Dura Mater
Authors: Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

The following facts appear noteworthy as bearing upon the morbid condition going by the names “hæmatoma of the dura mater” and “pachymeningitis hæmorrhagica interna.” In the course of recent experiments I have had occasion to incise the dura mater of (anæsthetized) rabbits and apply Sp. Vin. Gallic. or diluted cantharidin to the cerebral cortex through the aperture so made. On killing one of the animals after the lapse of 48 hours and opening the skull almost the whole of the right hemisphere (that operated upon) was seen to be covered with dark-red clot. This term is justified by the appearance of the exudate, whatever its origin may have been. On incising and reflecting the dura mater it was found that the clot lined the inner surface of that membrane, and had no connection with the subjacent structures. The vessels of the dura were unduly prominent and numerous, but there was no swelling of the membrane, and, apart from the clot, its inner surface was free from exudate. The clot was raised without difficulty, and washed gently in water; the colouring matter came gradually out, and left a delicate, greyish-pink, translucent, continuous pseudo-membrane of sufficient consistence to permit of manipulation. This was divided into two portions, which were stained with hæmatoxylin and safranin respectively. Microscopically the pseudo-membrane was found to consist of red and white corpuscles (the former in considerable majority), a meshwork of fibres (fibrin, apparently), and an amorphous substance, uniformly stained.
Systematic Dress-fitting for Female Inmates of Asylums
Authors: Finigan Arthur
Published: August 2008

In accordance with a resolution adopted by the Irish Branch of this Association in November, 1888, we are now assembled in a District Asylum, and this being our first provincial meeting I need hardly mention what a very great pleasure it affords me to offer a hearty welcome to the members who have been good enough to come to Mullingar to-day.