bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in empirical estimates of marine larval connectivity
Authors: Kaplan David M. , Cuif Marion , Fauvelot Cécile , Vigliola Laurent , Nguyen-Huu Tri , Tiavouane Josina , Lett Christophe
Published: September 2016

Despite major advances in our capacity to measure marine larval connectivity (i.e. the pattern of transport of marine larvae from spawning to settlement sites) and the importance of these measurements for ecological and management questions, uncertainty in experimental estimates of marine larval connectivity has been given little attention. We review potential uncertainty sources in empirical larval connectivity studies and develop Bayesian statistical methods for estimating these uncertainties based on standard techniques in the mark-recapture and genetics literature. These methods are implemented in an existing R package for working with connectivity data, ConnMatTools, and applied to a number of published connectivity estimates. We find that the small sample size of collected settlers at destination sites is a dominant source of uncertainty in connectivity estimates in many published results. For example, widths of 95% CIs for relative connectivity, the value of which is necessarily between 0 and 1, exceeded 0.5 for many published connectivity results, complicating using individual results to conclude that marine populations are relatively closed or open. This “small sample size” uncertainty is significant even for studies with near-exhaustive sampling of spawners and settlers. Though largely ignored in the literature, the magnitude of this uncertainty is straightforward to assess. Better accountability of this and other uncertainties is needed in the future so that marine larval connectivity studies can fulfill their promises of providing important ecological insights and informing management questions (e.g. related to marine protected area network design, and stock structure of exploited organisms). In addition to using the statistical methods developed here, future studies should consistently evaluate and report a small number of critical factors, such as the exhaustivity of spawner and settler sampling, and the mating structure of target species in genetic studies.
The cancer precision medicine knowledge base for structured clinical-grade mutations and interpretations
Authors: Huang Linda , Fernandes Helen , Zia Hamid , Tavassoli Peyman , Rennert Hanna , Pisapia David , Imielinski Marcin , Sboner Andrea , Rubin Mark A , Kluk Michael , Elemento Olivier
Published: September 2016

Objective: This paper describes the Precision Medicine Knowledge Base (PMKB; https://pmkb.weill.cornell.edu), an interactive online application for collaborative editing, maintenance, and sharing of structured clinical-grade cancer mutation interpretations.

Materials and Methods: PMKB was built using the Ruby on Rails Web application framework. Leveraging existing standards such as the Human Genome Variation Society variant description format, we implemented a data model that links variants to tumor-specific and tissue-specific interpretations. Key features of PMKB include support for all major variant types, standardized authentication, distinct user roles including high-level approvers, and detailed activity history. A REpresentational State Transfer (REST) application-programming interface (API) was implemented to query the PMKB programmatically.

Results: At the time of writing, PMKB contains 457 variant descriptions with 281 clinical-grade interpretations. The EGFR, BRAF, KRAS, and KIT genes are associated with the largest numbers of interpretable variants. PMKB’s interpretations have been used in over 1500 AmpliSeq tests and 750 whole-exome sequencing tests. The interpretations are accessed either directly via the Web interface or programmatically via the existing API.

Discussion: An accurate and up-to-date knowledge base of genomic alterations of clinical significance is critical to the success of precision medicine programs. The open-access, programmatically accessible PMKB represents an important attempt at creating such a resource in the field of oncology.

Conclusion: The PMKB was designed to help collect and maintain clinical-grade mutation interpretations and facilitate reporting for clinical cancer genomic testing. The PMKB was also designed to enable the creation of clinical cancer genomics automated reporting pipelines via an API.
A single-arm study evaluating bevacizumab, cisplatin, and paclitaxel followed by single-agent bevacizumab in Japanese patients with advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Sugiyama Toru , Mizuno Mika , Aoki Yoichi , Sakurai Manabu , Nishikawa Tadaaki , Ueda Eisuke , Tajima Kosei , Takeshima Nobuhiro
Published: September 2016

Background

Adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy for recurrent, persistent or metastatic cervical cancer significantly improved overall survival (primary endpoint), progression-free survival and overall response rate in the randomized Phase III GOG-0240 trial. However, data for bevacizumab-containing therapy are scarce in Japanese patients with advanced cervical cancer.

Methods

The primary objective of the single-arm multicenter Phase II JO29569 study was to evaluate the tolerability of paclitaxel (135 mg/m2 over 24 h or 175 mg/m2 over 3 h), cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg), administered every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity in Japanese patients with stage IVB, persistent or recurrent cervical cancer.

Results

The seven treated patients received a median of nine (range 7–12) bevacizumab cycles and six (range 4–12) chemotherapy cycles. None of the predefined adverse events occurred during the tolerability evaluation period. The most common all-grade adverse events were alopecia, hypertension, decreased appetite, nausea and peripheral sensory neuropathy. There were no cases of fistula. The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were hypertension, neutrophil count decreased and neutropenia. Only one patient experienced febrile neutropenia. The overall response rate was 86% (95% confidence interval, 42–100%), including a complete response in one patient. At data cutoff, disease had progressed in one patient; bevacizumab therapy was ongoing in the remaining six.

Conclusions

According to the specified primary objective, a regimen of cisplatin, paclitaxel and bevacizumab was tolerable in Japanese patients and demonstrated encouraging activity in this small single-arm study. Further study is warranted to confirm the safety and effectiveness of bevacizumab in Japanese patients with cervical cancer.
Clinical Processes and Symptom Management
Authors: Fine Perry G. , Kestenbaum Matthew
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes what to do when a patient experiences severe anxiety and uncontrolled agitation that negatively affect care and the caregiving environment. Agitation and severe anxiety (panic) represent some of the few true emergency conditions in a hospice setting, so early recognition and prevention are critical. The discussion covers causes in depth, including psychosocial/spiritual and biomedical causes. The chapter details a tactical approach to evaluating and managing severe anxiety and agitation. An example of this is assessing if the patient has an organic brain syndrome due to advancing disease with either local or systemic manifestations and reviewing medications for adverse drug reactions. It then details appropriate processes of care, such as providing pharmacotherapy for acute and recurrent agitation.
Pre-hospital care
Authors: Baldwin Andrew , Hjelde Nina , Goumalatsou Charlotte , Myers Gil
Published: September 2016

This chapter explores pre-hospital care, including the importance of public health, activation of the emergency services, helicopter transport, assessment on arrival to scene, hazards to consider, chemical agents, triage, the trapped patient, pre-hospital analgesia and major incidents.
Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Levy David
Published: September 2016

Type 1 Diabetes (2011) has been completely updated for the 2nd edition. The background is introduced with a review of aetiology, classification, and presentation in young people and adults. The major longitudinal studies (DCCT/EDIC, Pittsburgh, and FinnDiane) are discussed and their importance in defining the long-term outcomes of Type 1 diabetes in the modern era emphasized. Treatment is covered with a focused discussion of advanced management of diabetic ketoacidosis and insulin treatment (multiple-dose insulin and insulin pumps). A new chapter on technology covers continuous glucose monitoring, a practical update on the artificial pancreas project, and pancreas transplantation. The natural history of microvascular and macrovascular complications and their management are extensively covered. Type 1 diabetes in adolescents and emerging adults is given a separate chapter, and there is a new chapter on pre-conception care and education. New material on the psychological and psychosocial aspects of diabetes is presented. It is fully referenced with PubMed reference numbers and free-text PMID references, and each chapter contains suggestions for focused further reading.
Assessing the effectiveness of compulsory community treatment
Authors: Kisely Steve
Published: September 2016

This chapter initially considers methodological issues that arise in assessing the effectiveness of compulsory community treatment. It then reviews the evidence from uncontrolled, controlled, and randomized studies of various types of intervention. Although uncontrolled studies suggest some reduction in health service use following compulsory community treatment, this is not generally confirmed in studies with matched or randomized controls. Although proponents of compulsory community treatment argue that it is less coercive than the alternatives of compulsory admission to hospital or arrest, research findings suggest that it remains an unproven way of reducing either procedure. Even where changes in outcome have been shown, such as decreased criminal victimization, it is not clear whether these are due to the legislative framework or to a greater intensity of contact.
Coercion contexts—how compliance is achieved in interaction
Authors: Sjöström Stefan
Published: September 2016

A psychiatric patient may experience both involuntary and voluntary care at different times. Some voluntary patients perceive that their care involves coercion (‘coerced voluntaries’), while others subject to compulsion willingly accept care (‘uncoerced involuntaries’). It is increasingly recognized that patients’ awareness of the possibility of compulsory treatment can disable them from fully exercising their right to make decisions about treatment. This was first observed in inpatient environments, but also occurs when coercion is increasingly applied in community settings. The possibility of coercive measures being used is part of the situational context in which community psychiatric treatment occurs. This chapter discusses how staff might invoke ‘coercion contexts’ with non-compliant patients who may not be fully aware of what is and isn’t lawful. The chapter thus provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms of informal coercion in everyday interactions, including mismatches in patient perceptions about coercion and ambiguities over legal status.
The Virtue of Defiance and Psychiatric Engagement
Authors: Nyquist Potter Nancy
Published: September 2016

The Virtue of Defiance and Psychiatric Engagement argues that defiance sometimes is a virtue even for those with mental illnesses. It also argues that defiance is sometimes mistaken as a sign of mental disorder when it may have other, reasonable explanations. This book offers a nuanced and complex look at defiance, taking seriously issues of mental disorders while also attending to social contexts in which defiant behavior may arise. Arguments are presented for how to understand defiance as different from noncompliance, resistance, and other related concepts, and how defiance is related to living a life with a realistic understanding of a flourishing life and its limits in our everyday world. A framework for differentiating different forms of defiance is offered, and a realistic picture of phronesis—practical reasoning—is presented that makes room for clinicians as well as patients to assess the degree to which defiance is reasonable. The concept of intersectionality as it relates to child development is worked through to highlight some of the challenges clinicians face when interpreting defiant behavior. Particular attention is given to issues of race and gender as factors that need to be considered when evaluating defiant behavior as reasonable, virtuous, bad, or symptomatic. Practical applications for psychiatric engagement are threaded throughout this book through case studies and personal narratives. The virtue of giving uptake is introduced to assist psychiatrists in being responsible and ethical knowers when working with people who are or seem to be defiant.
Cystinuria
Authors: Servais Aude , Knebelmann Bertrand
Published: September 2016

Cystinuria (OMIM #220100) is an autosomal recessive disorder of a dibasic amino acid transport in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the renal proximal tubule and small intestine. It leads to increased urinary cystine excretion and recurrent urolithiasis. The cystine transporter is an heterodimeric transporter which is composed of a heavy subunit, rBAT, linked to a light subunit, b0,+AT. Two genes, SLC3A1 (solute carrier family 3 member 1) and SLC7A9, coding for rBAT and b0,+AT, account for the genetic basis of cystinuria. Cystinuria may lead to obstruction, infections, and ultimately to renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of cystinuria mainly relies on stone analysis, urinary cystine measurement, or urinary cystine crystal identification. Medical treatment is based upon a stepwise strategy using hydration and alkalinization as basic measures, with the addition of thiol derivatives in refractory cases. Urological interventions are often indicated for the management of cystine stones >5 mm in diameter.
Acceptance of Mental Illness
Authors: Mizock Lauren , Russinova Zlatka
Published: September 2016

The book covers a topic that is often overlooked in the literature: How people with serious mental illnesses (i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression) come to recognize and deal with the symptoms of a mental illness in order to promote recovery. Per the recovery movement in mental health, recovery is understood as not simply symptom elimination, but the process of living a meaningful and satisfying life in the face of mental illness. Acceptance of Mental Illness draws from research to provide educators, clinicians, researchers, and consumers with an understanding of the multidimensional process of acceptance of mental illness in order to support people across culturally diverse groups to experience empowerment, mental wellness, and growth. Chapters focus on providing a historical overview of the treatment of people with mental illness, examining the acceptance process, and exploring the experience of acceptance among women, men, racial–ethnic minorities, and LGBT individuals with serious mental illnesses. The book is a useful tool for mental health educators and providers, with each chapter containing case studies, clinical strategies lists, discussion questions, experiential activities, diagrams, and worksheets that can be completed with clients, students, and peers.
Barriers and Facilitators to Acceptance of Mental Illness
Authors: Mizock Lauren , Russinova Zlatka
Published: September 2016

A number of barriers and facilitators have been theorized to impact the process of accepting serious mental illness. This chapter discusses the identified barriers and facilitators to acceptance of mental illness, using excerpts from research interviews with participants with serious mental illness. Barriers and facilitators are described as occurring at the micro level (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, identity-related), meso level (relational), and macro level (cultural, systemic). The ability of practitioners and clinicians to support change with individual clients at the micro and meso levels is discussed. The need for acceptance of mental illness on a societal level is also explored. A clinical strategies list, discussion questions, activities, the “Barriers and Facilitators to Acceptance Worksheet,” and diagrams are also included.
The Process of Acceptance of Mental Illness
Authors: Mizock Lauren , Russinova Zlatka
Published: September 2016

In this chapter, findings related to the process of acceptance of mental illness are presented using excerpts from research interviews with individuals with serious mental illness. Acceptance is located within the sequence of stages of the recovery process. Facets of the acceptance process are reviewed, especially with regards to acceptance of a diagnosis, acceptance of the need for mental health treatment, and acknowledgment and acceptance of associated losses and limitations. The stigma attached to diagnostic labels is also discussed. The close of the chapter includes a clinical strategies list, discussion questions, activities, the “Personal Recovery Processes Worksheet,” and a diagram of the relationship of acceptance to other components of personal recovery.
Acceptance of Mental Illness Among Women
Authors: Mizock Lauren , Russinova Zlatka
Published: September 2016

This chapter reviews the experiences of women with serious mental illness and the various disparities encountered by them. These disparities include higher rates of victimization, unemployment, poverty, homelessness, and inequities in clinical care. The impact of these disparities and associated stigma on the acceptance process is presented. This chapter centers on a discussion of intersectional stigma, or overlapping, multiple levels of stigma and discrimination, faced by women with serious mental illness. Several participant case narratives are presented in order to demonstrate the impact of intersectional stigma on the process of acceptance for women with serious mental illness. Clinical recommendations are provided to facilitate acceptance among women who experience intersectional stigma. A clinical strategies list, discussion questions, activities, the “Intersectional Stigma Worksheet,” and an explanatory table are included at the close of the chapter.
Expertise in Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Jennings Len , Skovholt Thomas
Published: September 2016

Expertise in Counseling and Psychotherapy features seven master therapist studies from around the world and provides an extensive synthesis of these studies to produce the first international perspective of expert counselors and psychotherapists. The study of expertise has a rich history, whereas research on psychotherapy expertise has mostly surfaced in the past two decades. Jennings and Skovholt first applied qualitative methodology to the study of expert therapists in 1996. Qualitative research has proven to be an extremely effective method for capturing the complexity of the master therapist construct. One limitation of this line of research is that most studies have been conducted in the United States. Fortunately, there are a small but growing number of international qualitative studies on psychotherapy expertise. Moreover, these studies utilized essentially the same research questions and methodologies as our first study on expert therapists, making the consolidation of the findings seamless and trustworthy. The studies include three therapist expertise research projects in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, Japan, and Korea. In North America, there are studies from the United States and Canada. In Europe, there are studies from Portugal and the Czech Republic. The qualitative meta-analysis of all seven data sets is the highlight of our book on master therapists from around the world. The findings and recommendations from this book will enhance the training of future psychotherapists and counselors. Understanding the universal characteristics of expert therapists practicing around the world offers training programs and mental health practitioners a heuristic for optimal therapist and counselor development.
Bringing It All Together
Authors: Jennings Len , Sovereign Ashley , Renninger Salina , Goh Michael , Skovholt Thomas M. , Lakhan Sharada , Hessel Heather
Published: September 2016

Responding to calls for international psychotherapy research, a qualitative meta-analysis (QMA) exploring the essential qualities of master therapists from a global perspective was conducted on seven master therapist studies from the United States, Canada, Czech Republic, Portugal, Singapore, Japan, and Korea. Based on the analysis of 111 themes, we identified the following eight meta-categories representing common strengths and characteristics among 72 master therapists from seven countries: (1) Distinctive Clinical Abilities, (2) Professional Development, (3) Relational Orientation, (4) Cognitive Complexity and Intricate Conceptualization, (5) Therapeutic Alliance, (6) Pursuit of Deep Self Knowledge and Growth, (7) Humility, and (8) Experience. The meta-categories are discussed in relation to the psychotherapy research literature on therapist factors and expertise. The Synthesis Model of Master Therapists from Around the World is introduced, and recommendations for research and training are provided.
Effective Weight Loss
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

Millions of people attempt to lose weight every year, but most will not succeed. Simply learning about a new diet and exercise plan is not enough. This book presents 25 detailed sessions of an empirically supported, cognitive-behavioral treatment package called acceptance-based behavioral treatment (ABT) that has now been utilized successfully in five large National Institute of Health–sponsored clinical trials. The foundation of this approach is comprised of the nutritional, physical activity, and behavioral components of the most successful, gold-standard behavioral weight loss packages, such as Look Ahead and the Diabetes Prevention Project. These components are synthesized with acceptance, willingness, behavioral commitment, motivation, and relapse prevention strategies drawn from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Relapse Prevention Therapy. ABT is premised on the idea that specialized self-control skills are necessary for weight control, given our innate desire to consume delicious foods and to conserve energy. These self-control skills revolve around a willingness to choose behaviors that may be perceived as uncomfortable for the sake of a more valuable objective. The treatment focuses on both weight loss and weight loss maintenance and aims to confer lifelong skills that facilitate long-term weight control. The companion Client Workbook contains summaries of session content, worksheets, handouts, and assignments.
Session 3: Goal Setting; Weighing and Measuring
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter (Session 3) focuses on teaching clients how to set effective weight loss goals by choosing goals that are reasonable, active, short term, and time limited. Methods of evaluating goals are presented, such as tracking progress over time and sharing goals with others. This chapter also discusses the importance of weighing and measuring food and beverages by using measuring utensils or prepackaged meal options to promote accurate recording of total caloric intake.
Session 5: Control What You Can, Accept What You Can’t; The Home Food Environment
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents Session 5, which concerns helping clients separate the various aspects of weight control into those that are controllable, such as one’s personal food environment and one’s behaviors, and those that are not controllable, such as internal thoughts and feelings, urges and cravings, the general food environment, and opportunities to avoid physical activity. Clients are presented with the underlying rationale of the program: learning to modify the controllable aspects of one’s environment and learning to accept those aspects that are not controllable. Changing the type of food available in one’s home environment is discussed as one controllable aspect of weight control for clients to begin to practice.
Session 10: Barriers to Living a Valued Life
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents Session 10, which focuses on identifying and overcoming barriers to living in accordance with one’s values such as not having one’s values in mind, focusing on short-term reward rather than long-term benefit, and holding conflicting values. Clients are encouraged to practice overcoming such barriers by using skills such as willingness, flexibility, mindful reminders, and up or down voting on values.
Session 21: Lapse Versus Relapse and Reversing Small Weight Gains
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter (Session 21) describes the difference between a dietary lapse (a single event that is relatively easy to reverse) and a relapse (a string of smaller lapses that requires greater effort to reverse). Strategies to reverse small weight gains are discussed, such as self-monitoring weight to notice small gains, focusing on accurate self-monitoring, and using psychological skills in response to feelings of anxiety, discouragement, or frustration.
Session 22: Revisiting Commitment and Transition to Monthly/Bimonthly Meetings
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter (Session 22) presents a discussion on revisiting commitments to weight control and using acceptance-based skills such as willingness when encountering difficulties maintaining weight control behaviors, in addition to providing information on the transition to monthly and eventual bimonthly meetings.
Session 23: Maintaining Motivation
Authors: Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L.
Published: September 2016

This chapter (Session 23) discusses how to maintain long-term motivation for weight control by focusing on the importance of values to motivate behavior, even if short-term reward of weight control behaviors is decreasing (e.g., weight loss is slowing, self-monitoring is becoming tiresome). Clients are encouraged to view the hard work of weight control as working toward their values and to use the skill of willingness to continue to engage in healthy behaviors, even when it is difficult uncomfortable to do so.
Preventing Adolescent Depression
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

This book describes Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST), an interpersonally oriented depression prevention program for adolescents. The program developed from an interest in developing and studying a depression prevention program for youth who are experiencing depressive symptoms but do not yet qualify for a diagnosis of depression. The IPT-AST program is a predominantly group-based intervention that teaches communication and interpersonal problem-solving skills to improve relationships and prevent the development of depression. The book provides a detailed description of the IPT-AST program so readers can implement groups in different settings. In addition, there are chapters that outline key issues related to implementation of IPT-AST, including selecting adolescents to participate in group, conducting IPT-AST in schools and other diverse settings, working with adolescents at varying levels of risk for depression, and dealing with common clinical issues. Finally, the book outlines the research that has been conducted on this depression prevention program.
Selecting Adolescents to Participate in IPT-AST
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the process of selecting adolescents to participate in Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST), including considerations regarding target population and level of prevention. This chapter includes a detailed discussion of how to conduct a clinical interview to determine appropriateness for this depression prevention program. The importance of thoroughly assessing symptoms of depression as well as other mental health problems is discussed. The authors describe considerations that can help to determine whether or not a particular adolescent is an appropriate candidate for IPT-AST, including mental health diagnoses, interpersonal functioning, and the adolescent’s ability to behave appropriately in a group setting. Finally, the authors discuss considerations for group composition.
IPT-AST Initial Phase
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

The initial phase (sessions 1–3) of Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) provides an opportunity for group members to get to know each other and feel comfortable in the group setting. These sessions are educational in tone. In session 1, group members introduce themselves, establish group rules, learn about the purpose of the group, and talk about symptoms of depression and interpersonal issues that are common in adolescence. In session 2, the leader uses activities to illustrate issues in communication, and group members role-play hypothetical interpersonal situations to illustrate the technique of communication analysis. In session 3, the group leader teaches adolescents six communication strategies and continues to use hypothetical interpersonal situations to illustrate how these strategies can be used. This chapter describes how to implement the first three group sessions of this depression prevention program.
IPT-AST Middle Phase
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

In the middle phase of Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) (sessions 4–6), adolescents practice applying communication strategies to specific situations that are important to them. Sessions focus on helping adolescents work on their interpersonal goals by planning and practicing conversations using the interpersonal skills they learned during the initial phase. Communication analysis, decision analysis, application of the communication strategies, scripting, and role-playing are used to facilitate the work in middle phase. The situations of each adolescent are connected to those of others in the group, pointing out when particular strategies may be applicable in different situations and for different interpersonal goals. This chapter describes how to implement the middle phase of this depression prevention program.
IPT-AST Termination Phase
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

The termination phase (sessions 7–8) of Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) is described in this chapter. The main goals of the termination phase of IPT-AST are to establish group members’ sense of competence and to solidify gains made during the middle phase of the intervention. Termination phase tasks include identifying which communication strategies have been helpful and challenging for each teen, reflecting on the changes adolescents have made in important relationships, and discussing how teens can maintain and build on what they have learned in group. Group members also identify warning signs that would let them know they might be experiencing symptoms of depression. Teens discuss strategies that they can use to improve their mood if they notice these warning signs.
IPT-AST Booster Sessions
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter describes the content and structure of Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) booster sessions. These sessions are individually scheduled with adolescents following completion of the group. Booster sessions are offered to extend the effects of the group and to help teens apply interpersonal strategies to new situations. Three or four individual booster sessions are recommended in the 6 months following completion of the group, with sessions flexibly timed to meet adolescent needs. The purpose of the booster sessions is to assess how the adolescent is doing, identify any current interpersonal problems, review the communication strategies learned in group, and discuss how these strategies generalize to current interpersonal difficulties.
Conducting IPT-AST in Schools
Authors: Young Jami F. , Mufson Laura , Schueler Christie M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the delivery of Interpersonal Psychotherapy–Adolescent Skills Training (IPT-AST) in school settings. The literature on school-based mental health programs is reviewed. Advantages of delivering preventive interventions in schools and challenges to implementation are outlined. These challenges include obtaining agreement from school personnel and boards of education; identifying personnel who will take the lead in implementing IPT-AST; identifying adolescents who will be appropriate for these services; explaining IPT-AST to adolescents and parents to engage them in the program; and managing logistical and scheduling issues within the schools. The authors discuss strategies to address the challenges of implementing this depression prevention program in a school setting.
Adapting IPT for PTSD
Authors: Markowitz John C.
Published: September 2016

This chapter reviews adaptations we made to IPT in order to treat patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In shifting from the standard model of IPT used for depression, changes included: (1) dealing with numbness through affective reattunement, (2) focusing on the interpersonal aftereffects of trauma rather than recounting traumatic events, (3) the deletion of the interpersonal focus of interpersonal deficits. Most aspects of IPT are retained, including mobilizing social supports, choosing an interpersonal focus, and the general structure of sessions and treatment. The chapter further provides an elaboration of attachment theory to explain why IPT might benefit patients with PTSD.
IPT for PTSD—Middle Phase
Authors: Markowitz John C.
Published: September 2016

This chapter comprises a review of the middle sessions of IPT treatment for PTSD. This covers the interpersonal foci of grief (complicated bereavement), role disputes, and role transitions. It addresses techniques like affective attunement, eliciting, normalizing, validating, and helping patients verbalize feelings; eliciting a recent, affectively charged life event; exploring options; and role play. The key opening is a question: “How have things been since we last met?” Having identified a recent, affectively charged life event, the therapist uses an interrogatory triad to reconstruct it. Catchphrase: “Emotions are uncomfortable but not dangerous”—and indeed are even useful as social signals. The chapter also addresses thematic continuity of sessions and encouragement of taking social risks.
IPT for PTSD—Role Transitions
Authors: Markowitz John C.
Published: September 2016

This and the succeeding chapters focus on specific interpersonal problem areas, the focus of treatment for PTSD. This chapter provides a description of how therapists treat role transitions for patients with PTSD, the most common IPT focal area in PTSD. The chapter illustrates this in three extended case examples: Martina, Chuck, and Deborah. The chapter presents vignettes of therapist and patient interactions, including history-taking, formulation, proceedings from treatment sessions, and the termination of treatment. Each patient’s treatment scores are presented over time.
A Brief History of Expertise
Authors: Skovholt Thomas M. , Hanson Matthew , Jennings Len , Grier Tabitha
Published: September 2016

The study of expertise has a long and textured history, and it continues to be an active area of research among researchers and practitioners interested in human performance, giftedness, and achievement. In this chapter, Skovholt, Hanson, Jennings and Grier examine the broad and complicated topic of expertise.
Expertise in Therapy and Counseling
Authors: Skovholt Thomas M. , Hanson Matthew , Jennings Len , Grier Tabitha
Published: September 2016

In chapter two, Skovholt, Hanson, Jennings, and Grier summarize the literature on the prevailing view of expertise in therapy and counseling. The authors explore whether it is possible to achieve expertise in such an “ill-structured” field with its ambiguous and subjective interpretations. The authors review studies that provide some evidence for counseling expertise and make the case for a comprehensive examination of therapists considered to be the “best of the best” by their professional colleagues.
Master Therapists’ Construction of the Therapy Relationship
Authors: Sullivan Michael , Skovholt Thomas M. , Jennings Len
Published: September 2016

Qualitative research methods were used to elicit master therapists' statements regarding their use and understanding of the therapy relationship. The master therapists were identified and recruited in a previous study (Jennings & Skovholt, 1999) through a procedure used to create a sample of information-rich cases. The result of the analysis is a Model of Relationship Stances. The Safe Relationship Domain is composed of three categories of therapist actions: Responding, Collaborating, and Joining. The Challenging Relationship Domain also is composed of three categories of therapist actions: Using Self, Engaging, and Objectivity. The domains and categories are conceptualized as relationship stances utilized by the master therapists to meet individual client needs.
Ethical Values of Master Therapists
Authors: Jennings Len , Sovereign Ashley , Bottorff Nancy , Mussell Melissa
Published: September 2016

This chapter presents a study in which the authors employed Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods (Hill, Thompson, & Williams,1997) to reanalyze interview data from a previous qualitative study of the personal characteristics of master therapists (Jennings & Skovholt, 1999). The purpose of the study was to better understand the ethical values of therapists considered to be “the best of the best” by their professional colleagues. Previous research has demonstrated that therapists utilize a variety of resources when making ethical decisions, including professional codes of conduct and their own values. The current study’s analysis of 10 master therapists’ interviews resulted in the identification of nine ethical values related to their clinical practice: (a) relational connection, (b) autonomy, (c) beneficence, (d) nonmaleficence, (e) competence, (f) humility, (g) professional growth, (h) openness to complexity and ambiguity, and (i) self-awareness. It is hoped that these findings will help to illuminate the ethical values that these master therapists draw upon in their work.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It features among the neurodevelopmental disorders with childhood onset. Behaviourally, individuals with ADHD show increased novelty-seeking and risk-taking, suggesting that ADHD reflects a ‘fast’ life-history strategy. Poor sustained attention and inhibitory control, as well as sensitivity to social reward are typical for ADHD. Accordingly, ADHD people are at risk of consuming illicit drugs, suffering from physical injuries, or engaging in teenage pregnancy. Genes involved in catecholamine turnover that confer risk for ADHD seem to have undergone positive selection, at least in some populations. For example, it is plausible to assume that novelty-seeking and impulsivity may have been associated with reproductive success in migrating hunter-gatherers, whereby these traits may turn out as a disadvantage in ‘modern’ environments (i.e. evolutionary mismatch).
Bipolar and related disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Bipolar disorder concerns a syndrome in which both manic and depressive episodes occur, or states where manic and depressive symptoms cooccur. Mania is characterized by elevated mood, drive, and accelerated cognition. Behaviourally, mania reflects an extreme phenotypic variation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural traits involved in competitiveness and dominance. Evolutionary explanations of mania suggest that dilute versions of the syndrome may confer increased reproductive success, which could partly account for the preservation of genes that predispose to bipolar disorder. Life-history perspectives suggest that mania reflects a ‘fast’ life-history strategy. Why such a strategy can switch—sometimes rapidly—to the extreme of a ‘slow’ strategy (i.e. depression) remains unclear.
Forensic aspects of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin
Published: September 2016

Forensic psychiatry involves the role of the psychiatrist as expert witness, or court-mandated evaluations of patients’ mental states or witnesses’ credibility. Forensic psychiatry also deals with questions of responsibility, treatment of psychiatrically ill offenders, and prediction of dangerousness of delinquents. Aggressive delinquency of patients with psychosis is about five times higher compared to the general population. Conversely, the risk for individuals with schizophrenia to become a victim of violence is several times higher than that of committing a violent crime. While aggression is part of human nature, mediated, in part, by the interaction of genes and childhood experiences, there is no reason for exculpation of delinquency based on the fact that criminal behaviour has also a biological dimension. Criminal offences often concern decisions based on one’s life-history strategy or evolved psychological mechanisms gone awry, including partner violence (homicide, sexual assault, stalking), paraphilic disorders, and infanticide.
The Adherence Manual
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

An Adherence Manual for Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy is presented. This Manual details how principles of treatment are embodied in the to and fro of patient–therapist verbal exchanges. There are 17 principles in the Manual, and for each of these principles, illustrative styles of intervention are presented. In addition, specific examples of therapist interventions are drawn from recordings of sessions. One function of the Adherence Manual is to allow for the assessment of the delivery of treatment, for research purposes (as described in a later chapter); another is to ground abstract technical guidelines in the down-to-earth minutiae of clinical practice.
The place of Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: September 2016

The concluding chapter serves as an overview of the origins, challenges, limitations, and potential specialness of Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy. Here it is important to acknowledge, rather than gloss over, doubts and uncertainties that surround the approach. Should this be viewed as a discrete and distinctive 16-session treatment—which in some respects it is, especially in its narrow focus on working in the transference—or is it more a style of therapeutic engagement, one that could (for instance) constitute an element within a more eclectic approach? How far is the term “psychoanalytic” justified? In essence, Brief Psychoanalytic Therapy is an attempt to achieve a quality and depth of communication that promises to have special value in promoting a patient’s psychic integration and health.
Forensic Context Testing
Authors: Fisher Martin , Brown Sarah , Barnett Georgia , Wakeling Helen
Published: September 2016

The forensic context is a particularly important aspect to consider when using psychometrics within this setting. There are particular ethical challenges for test users given the power imbalance experienced with test takers and the varying requirements of legislatures and jurisdictions, internationally and culturally. These issues are discussed both in terms of approach and practice, with foci on how test results are applied and also considerations of what constitutes informed consent and how that process might be understood and managed.. Issues arising in terms of validity and reliability are also discussed, with specific reference to base rates and normative sampling. The chapter also discusses the interpretation of test results and outcomes in a forensic context and across international practice. In conclusion, , the recent development and implementation of standards for registration as a forensic context test user in the United Kingdom, within EFPA guidelines, are described.
Advances in Rehabilitation and Health Assessments
Authors: Mpofu Elias , Madden Ros , Madden Richard , Kellett David , Peterson David B. , Gitchel W. Dent , Lee Eun-Jeong
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the types of measures used in rehabilitation and health settings, including their alignment with the major health and disease diagnostic and classification systems. The chapter provides an overview of the needs that are served by rehabilitation and health assessments and highlights the increasing importance of measures that yield data to guide decisions to support functioning across a broad range of life domains. It makes the case for prospective rehabilitation and health assessments that predict more reliably future functioning in preferred activities taking into account personal and environment interactions. Environmental factors include the context for both achieved and aspired participation and for which rehabilitation and health supports are intended. The future of rehabilitation and health assessments is tied to their ability to provide data that translate directly into needed support services for maximal participation by people living with debilitating health conditions.
Testing and Assessment of Immigrants and Second-Language Learners
Authors: Oakland Thomas
Published: September 2016

Scholarship on issues associated with the assessment of persons who are immigrants and lack fluency in the host country’s primary or preferred language and thus may be second-language learners is summarized. This review considers five topics that may impact the assessment of examinees whose cultural and linguistic qualities differ from the local or host culture: qualities associated with culture and language, personal qualities that are assessed, psychometric properties of tests, interpersonal relationships between the examinee and the assessment specialist, and ethical issues. The importance of considering the assimilation and acculturation of immigrant examinees and possible ways to address them while conducting an assessment are described. The immigrant’s early and sustained experiences while assimilating and acculturating exert an instrumental impact on later educational, social, psychological, and other personal qualities. Possible test modifications, together with best practice guidelines, are suggested.
Technology and Testing
Authors: Stark Stephen , Martin Jaclyn , Chernyshenko Oleksandr S.
Published: September 2016

Advances in computer and mobile device technology are rapidly changing the landscape of testing. Paper-and-pencil tests have been phased out in many environments and have been replaced with computer-based assessments that use computerized adaptive testing technology to reduce examinee seat time while maintaining measurement precision. The desire to provide secure on-demand assessment has sparked research on automatic item generation, online proctoring and score verification, and psychometric methods that are suitable for items beyond multiple-choice and ordered-categorical formats. The desire to measure critical thinking, interpersonal styles, health, and professional competencies in training, licensure, and selection contexts has galvanized interest in assessments involving open-ended responses, simulations, and serious games. This chapter describes recent advances in these areas, some applications in education, work, and health care, and research questions that must be answered concerning validity.