bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biofacies and palaeoenvironments of conodonts in Cambro‐Ordovician sequences of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Cordillera Oriental of Jujuy, Argentina
Authors: Zeballo Fernando J. , Albanesi Guillermo L.
Published: June 2012

The taxa frequencies and cluster analysis of 10 837 conodonts recovered from the Santa Rosita Formation on the eastern flank of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Cordillera Oriental of Argentina, were carried out for palaeoenvironmental interpretations. The first type of analysis allowed us to identify three conodont biofacies: Variabiloconus‐Teridontus, Utahconus‐Acanthodus and Tilcarodus‐Drepanoistodus, and the cluster analysis helps define respective sub‐biofacies. The first biofacies is not constrained to a particular environment, the second biofacies, which is characterized by typical Laurentian genera, is related to sandstones from shallow‐water environments, while the third one is better represented in deeper water siliciclastic lithofacies. A nektobenthic mode of life is suggested for Utahconus and Acanthodus, but a pelagic behaviour is apparent for the rest of the taxa, well adapted to off‐shore biotopes in particular cases (proto‐ and paraconodonts). The faunal composition reveals a mixture of Baltic and Laurentian taxa, as well as endemic forms that define the Southwestern Gondwana Province from the Cold Domain in the Shallow‐Sea Realm. The presence of typical species from low latitudes (e.g. Australia) confirms the installation of an oceanic perigondwanian corridor, which was open to faunal migration during the late Cambrian–early Ordovician. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The memory support system for mild cognitive impairment: randomized trial of a cognitive rehabilitation intervention
Authors: Greenaway M. C. , Duncan N. L. , Smith G. E.
Published: June 2012

Objective

Individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have few empirically based treatment options for combating their memory loss. This study sought to examine the efficacy of a calendar/notebook rehabilitation intervention, the memory support system (MSS), for individuals with amnestic MCI.

Methods

Forty individuals with single domain amnestic MCI and their program partners were randomized to receive the MSS, either with training or without (controls). Measures of adherence, activities of daily living, and emotional impact were completed at the first and last intervention sessions and again at 8 weeks and 6 months post intervention.

Results

Training in use of a notebook/calendar system significantly improved adherence over those who received the calendars but no training. Functional ability and memory self‐efficacy significantly improved for those who received MSS training. Change in functional ability remained significantly better in the intervention group than in the control group out to 8‐week follow‐up. Care partners in the intervention group demonstrated improved mood by 8‐week and 6‐month follow‐ups, whereas control care partners reported worse caregiver burden by 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Memory support system training resulted in improvement in activities of daily living and sense of memory self‐efficacy for individuals with MCI. Although activities of daily living benefits were maintained out to 8 weeks post intervention, future inclusion of booster sessions may help extend the therapeutic effect out even further. Improved mood of care partners of trained individuals and worsening sense of caregiver burden over time for partners of untrained individuals further support the efficacy of the MSS for MCI. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telephone‐based care management for older adults initiated on psychotropic medication
Authors: Maust Donovan T. , Mavandadi Shahrzad , Benson Amy , Streim Joel E. , DiFilippo Suzanne , Snedden Thomas , Weber Anita L. , Oslin David W.
Published: June 2012

Objective

This study aimed to explore the longitudinal, 6‐month symptom course of older adults newly started on an antidepressant or anxiolytic by non‐psychiatrist physicians and enrolled in a care management program.

Method

This is a naturalistic cohort study of older adults (age ≥65 years) receiving pharmacotherapy and telephone‐based care management. Participants are non‐institutionalized adults participating in Pennsylvania's Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly who completed telephone‐based clinical assessments including demographic data, self‐report on history of psychiatric treatment and adherence, and standardized symptom scales.

Results

A total of 162 participants with an average age of 77.2 years (SD 6.8) were followed and, for analysis, split into two groups by PHQ‐9 score: 75 (46.3%) scoring 0–4 (minimally symptomatic group, MSG) and 87 (53.7%) scoring ≥5 (symptomatic group, SG). Over 6 months, the SG improved with PHQ‐9 scores beginning on average at 10.0 (SD 4.6) and falling to 5.4 (SD 4.2) (F(1, 86) = 29.53, p < 0.0001). The MSG had no significant change in depressive symptoms. Emotional health as measured by SF‐12 Mental Composite Score mirrored the PHQ‐9 change and lack thereof in the SG and MSG, respectively. No clinical or demographic features were associated with symptom improvement in the SG although they were more likely to report medication adherence (66.7% vs. 44.0%, χ2(1) = 8.4, p = 0.0037) compared with the MSG.

Conclusions

Participation of symptomatic older adults initiated on psychotropic medication in a telephone‐based care management program was associated with improvement in depressive symptoms and overall emotional well‐being, notable findings given participants' advanced age, state‐wide distribution, and history of limited utilization of mental health care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The provincial health office as performance manager: change in the local healthcare system after Thailand's universal coverage reforms
Authors: Intaranongpai Siranee , Hughes David , Leethongdee Songkramchai
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the implementation of Thailand's universal coverage healthcare reforms in a rural province, using data from field studies undertaken in 2003–2005 and 2008–2011. We focus on the strand of policy that aimed to develop primary care by allocating funds to contracting units for primary care (CUPs) responsible for managing local service networks. The two studies document a striking change in the balance of power in the local healthcare system over the 8‐year period. Initially, the newly formed CUPs gained influence as ‘power followed the money’, and the provincial health offices (PHOs), which had commanded the service units, were left with a weaker co‐ordination role. However, the situation changed as a new insurance purchaser, the National Health Security Office, took financial control and established regional outposts. National Health Security Office outposts worked with PHOs to develop rationalised management tools—strategic plans, targets, KPIs and benchmarking—that installed the PHOs as performance managers of local healthcare systems. New lines of accountability and changed budgetary systems reduced the power of the CUPs to control resource allocation and patterns of services within CUP networks. Whereas some CUPs fought to retain limited autonomy, the PHO has been able to regain much of its former control. We suggest that implementation theory needs to take a long view to capture the complexity of a major reform initiative and argue for an analysis that recognises the key role of policy networks and advocacy coalitions that span national and local levels and realign over time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a transient infiltrometric technique for intensively sampling field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity of a clay soil in two runoff plots
Authors: Bagarello V. , Di Stefano C. , Iovino M. , Sgroi A.
Published: June 2012

The point measurement of soil properties allows to explain and simulate plot scale hydrological processes. An intensive sampling was carried out at the surface of an unsaturated clay soil to measure, on two adjacent plots of 4 × 11 m2 and two different dates (May 2007 and February–March 2008), dry soil bulk density, ρb, and antecedent soil water content, θi, at 88 points. Field‐saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Kfs, was also measured at 176 points by the transient Simplified Falling Head technique to determine the soil water permeability characteristics at the beginning of a possible rainfall event yielding measurable runoff. The ρb values did not differ significantly between the two dates, but wetter soil conditions (by 31%) and lower conductivities (1.95 times) were detected on the second date as compared with the first one. Significantly higher (by a factor of 1.8) Kfs values were obtained with the 0.30‐m‐diameter ring compared with the 0.15‐m‐diameter ring. A high Kfs (> 100 mm h−1) was generally obtained for low θi values (< 0.3 m3m−3), whereas a high θi yielded an increased percentage of low Kfs data (1–100 mm h−1). The median of Kfs for each plot/sampling date combination was not lower than 600 mm h−1, and rainfall intensities rarely exceeded 100 mm h−1 at the site. The occurrence of runoff at the base of the plot needs a substantial reduction of the surface soil permeability characteristics during the event, probably promoted by a higher water content than the one of this investigation (saturation degree = 0.44–0.62) and some soil compaction due to rainfall impact. An intensive soil sampling reduces the risk of an erroneous interpretation of hydrological processes. In an unstable clay soil, changes in Kfs during the event seem to have a noticeable effect on runoff generation, and they should be considered for modeling hydrological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest influences on snow accumulation and snowmelt at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA
Authors: Penn Colin A. , Wemple Beverley C. , Campbell John L.
Published: June 2012

Many factors influence snow depth, water content and duration in forest ecosystems. The effects of forest cover and canopy gap geometry on snow accumulation has been well documented in coniferous forests of western North America and other regions; however, few studies have evaluated these effects on snowpack dynamics in mixed deciduous forests of the northeastern USA. We measured snow depth and water equivalent near the time of peak snowpack accumulation and, again, during snowmelt to better understand the effect of forests on snowpack properties in the northeastern USA. Surveys occurred in openings and under the forest canopy at plots with different characteristics (e.g. aspect, elevation, forest composition) within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. Snow water equivalent (SWE) was significantly greater in openings ( p = 0.021) than in forests on north‐facing plots but not on south‐facing plots ( p = 0.318) in early March 2009. One month later, SWE was more variable but remained greater in openings on north‐facing plots ( p = 0.067), whereas SWE was greater ( p = 0.071) under forests than in clearings on south‐facing plots, where snowmelt had sufficiently progressed. During peak accumulation, SWE decreased with increasing conifer cover on north‐facing plots. During the snowmelt period, SWE on south‐facing plots decreased with increasing basal area, sky view factor and diameter at breast height of trees on the plots. These results have implications for spring streamflow and soil moisture in the face of changing climate conditions and land use pressures in the forests of northern New England. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Role of Insolvency Practitioners in the UK Pre‐pack Administrations: Challenges and Control
Authors: Xie Bo
Published: June 2012

The pre‐pack administrations (‘pre‐packs’) in the UK have repeatedly been criticised for allowing the exploitation of certain types of unsecured creditors. In this context, the role of the administrators (who are qualified insolvency practitioners) is one of the key elements. This article examines the new challenges brought by the pre‐pack strategy to the conventional role of insolvency practitioners as the administrators. It suggests that the pre‐determination nature of pre‐packs is likely to make the administration proceedings less manager‐displacing in practice than the formal rules would suggest. Although this tendency can be expected to facilitate information gathering during the rescue negotiations, it raises urgent questions with respect to the potential alignment of interests between the inside players that may impair the impartiality of the administrators. In response to such challenges, the article argues that, in spite of the recent proposals of introducing drastic statutory regulation to control the controversy of the pre‐pack practice, a proportionate way is to see how the existing control mechanisms can contribute more in reinforcing the independence of administrators. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of the function of spot in Helicobacter pylori anti‐oxidative stress in vitro and colonization in vivo
Authors: Sun Yundong , Li Xinpeng , Li Wen , Zhao Min , Wang Lixiang , Liu Shili , Zeng Jiping , Liu Zhifang , Jia Jihui
Published: June 2012

As a microaerobe, Helicobacter pylori employs the global regulator SpoT for defending against oxidative stress in vitro. However, the mechanisms how SpoT affects bacterial gene expression is still unknown. Moreover, the function of SpoT in H. pylori colonization in the host is remaining undetermined. To explore the functions of the SpoT in H. pylori pathogenesis, we constructed H. pylori 26695 spoT‐deficient mutant (ΔspoT). While grown in ambient atmosphere, protein expression profile of the ΔspoT was analyzed with 2D gel electrophoresis and real‐time PCR. Compared to the wild type, the spoT‐deficient strain downregulated its transcription of the oxidative‐induced genes, as well as the genes responsible for protein degradation and that related to energy metabolism. Meanwhile, the colonization ability of ΔspoT strains in Mongolian gerbil was tested, the results demonstrated a decayed colonization in the mouse stomach with ΔspoT than the wild type. As a matter of facts, the AGS cells infected with the ΔspoT strains excreted increased level of the gastric inflammation cytokines IL‐8, and the ΔspoT strains showed poor survival ability when treated with reactive oxygen stress (sodium nitroprusside). The elevated capacity of stimulating cytokines and fragility to reactive oxygen stress may be contribute to decreased colonization of the spoT‐deficient mutant in the mouse stomach. Conclusively, we speculate that spoT is a key regulator of the genes for H. pylori spreading in the air and colonization in host stomach. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3393–3402, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A yeast two‐hybrid screen identifies histone H2A.Z as a transcription factor ZNF24 interactor
Authors: Li Jianzhong , Chen Xia , He Jielu , Li Mengwen , Liu Ying , Zi Haiyang , Hu Zhenlin , Zhang Junping
Published: June 2012

ZNF24 is a pleiotropic factor that has a role in transcription regulation, hematopoiesis, brain development, and cancers, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its functions are not clearly understood. In this study, histone variant H2A.Z has been identified in yeast‐two‐hybrid assays with ZNF24 as bait. GST pull‐down, co‐immunoprecipitation and co‐localization assays confirm the interaction between ZNF24 and H2A.Z. H2A.Z has been implicated in many diverse biological processes. High expression of H2A.Z is ubiquitously detected in the progression of breast cancer, and is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and patient survival. Thus, our results provide important information for the molecular mechanisms of ZNF24 functions and suggest that ZNF24 may be is implicated in transcriptional regulation of genes associated with oncogenesis by interaction with H2A.Z. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3411–3418, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA 26b encoded by the intron of small CTD phosphatase (SCP) 1 has an antagonistic effect on its host gene
Authors: Sowa Naoya , Horie Takahiro , Kuwabara Yasuhide , Baba Osamu , Watanabe Shin , Nishi Hitoo , Kinoshita Minako , Takanabe‐Mori Rieko , Wada Hiromichi , Shimatsu Akira , Hasegawa Koji , Kimura Takeshi , Ono Koh
Published: June 2012

Tissue‐specific patterns of gene expression play an important role in the distinctive features of each organ. Small CTD phosphatases (SCPs) 1–3 are recruited by repressor element 1 (RE‐1)‐silencing transcription factor/neuron‐restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) to neuronal genes that contain RE‐1 elements, leading to neuronal gene silencing in non‐neuronal cells. SCPs are highly expressed in the heart and contain microRNAs (miR)‐26b, 26a‐2, and 26a‐1 with the same seed sequence in their introns. Therefore, we tried to investigate the roles of miR‐26b and its host gene in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of miR‐26b suppressed the mRNA expression levels of ANF, βMHC, and ACTA1 and reduced the cell surface area in cardiomyocytes. We confirmed that miR‐26b targets the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of GATA4 and canonical transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) 3. Conversely, silencing of the endogenous miR‐26b family enhanced the expression levels of TRPC3 and GATA4. On the other hand, overexpression of SCP1 induced the mRNA expression of ANF and βMHC and increased the cell surface area in cardiomyocytes. Next, we compared the effect of overexpression of SCP1 with its introns and SCP1 cDNA to observe the net function of SCP1 expression on cardiac hypertrophy. When the expression levels of SCP1 were the same, the overexpression of SCP1 cDNA had a greater effect at inducing cardiac hypertrophy than SCP1 cDNA with its intron. In conclusion, SCP1 itself has the potential to induce cardiac hypertrophy; however, the effect is suppressed by intronic miR‐26b in cardiomyocytes. miR‐26b has an antagonistic effect on its host gene SCP1. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 3455–3465, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response to “comment on density functional theory study of 1,2‐dioxetanone decomposition in condensed phase”
Authors: Silva Luís Pinto da , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C.G.
Published: June 2012

Roca‐Sanjuan et al. commented on our paper “Density Functional Theory Study of 1,2‐Dioxetanone Decomposition in Condensed Phase”, by criticizing the use of a closed‐shell approach and the differences encountered regarding other previous studies. However, our suggested reaction mechanism was in line with experimental findings, contrary to other computational studies. Moreover, we have presented data to support our use of a closed‐shell approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fragmentation of oxime and silyl oxime ether odd‐electron positive ions by the McLafferty rearrangement: new insights on structural factors that promote α,β fragmentation
Authors: Laulhé Sébastien , Bogdanov Bogdan , Johannes Leah M. , Gutierrez Osvaldo , Harrison Jason G. , Tantillo Dean J. , Zhang Xiang , Nantz Michael H.
Published: June 2012

The McLafferty rearrangement is an extensively studied fragmentation reaction for the odd‐electron positive ions from a diverse range of functional groups and molecules. Here, we present experimental and theoretical results of 12 model compounds that were synthesized and investigated by GC‐TOF MS and density functional theory calculations. These compounds consisted of three main groups: carbonyls, oximes and silyl oxime ethers. In all electron ionization mass spectra, the fragment ions that could be attributed to the occurrence of a McLafferty rearrangement were observed. For t‐butyldimethylsilyl oxime ethers with oxygen in a β‐position, the McLafferty rearrangement was accompanied by loss of the t‐butyl radical. The various mass spectra showed that the McLafferty rearrangement is relatively enhanced compared with other primary fragmentation reactions by the following factors: oxime versus carbonyl, oxygen versus methylene at the β‐position and ketone versus aldehyde. Calculations predict that the stepwise mechanism is favored over the concerted mechanism for all but one compound. For carbonyl compounds, C–C bond breaking was the rate‐determining step. However, for both the oximes and t‐butyldimethylsilyl oxime ethers with oxygen at the β‐position, the hydrogen transfer step was rate limiting, whereas with a CH2 group at the β‐position, the C–C bond breaking was again rate determining. n‐Propoxy‐acetaldehyde, bearing an oxygen atom at the β‐position, is the only case that was predicted to proceed through a concerted mechanism. The synthesized oximes exist as both the (E)‐ and (Z)‐isomers, and these were separable by GC. In the mass spectra of the two isomers, fragment ions that were generated by the McLafferty rearrangement were observed. Finally, fragment ions corresponding to the McLafferty reverse charge rearrangement were observed for all compounds at varying relative ion intensities compared with the conventional McLafferty rearrangement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Canadian RCM projected changes to short‐ and long‐term drought characteristics over the Canadian Prairies
Authors: PaiMazumder Debasish , Sushama Laxmi , Laprise René , Khaliq M. Naveed , Sauchyn Dave
Published: June 2012

The Canadian Prairies have experienced severe and extended droughts that have had significant impacts on agriculture, energy and other socio‐economic sectors; it is therefore desirable to assess future changes to drought characteristics in this drought prone region, in the context of a changing climate. This study addresses validation and projected changes to short‐ and long‐term drought characteristics, i.e. severity, frequency and duration, over the Canadian Prairies, using an ensemble of ten Canadian RCM (CRCM) simulations, of which five correspond to the current 1971–2000 period and the other five are the matching simulations for the future 2041–2070 period. These five pairs of current and future CRCM simulations were driven by five different members of a Canadian Global Climate Model ensemble. Validation of CRCM simulated precipitation suggests that the model reproduces the observed precipitation distribution for all seasons, except summer, across a large portion of the Canadian Prairies. However, comparison of CRCM simulated drought characteristics with those observed suggests that the model has difficulties in reproducing observed severity, frequency and duration of drought events, particularly those associated with longer events, possibly due to the overestimation of summer precipitation by the model. Analysis of projected changes to precipitation and drought characteristics between the 1971–2000 and 2041–2070 periods suggests a decrease in mean precipitation in summer and an increase for the other seasons, while the severity, frequency and maximum duration of both short‐ and long‐term droughts are projected to increase over the southern Prairies, with the largest projected changes associated with longer drought events. Classification of the watersheds spanning the southern Prairies based on changes to both severity and frequency further reveal the vulnerability of this region in a changing climate. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
An authentication case study: Antonio Palomino versus Vicente Guillo paintings in the vaulted ceiling of the Sant Joan del Mercat church (Valencia, Spain)
Authors: Doménech‐Carbó María Teresa , Edwards Howell G.M. , Doménech‐Carbó Antonio , del Hoyo‐Meléndez Julio M. , de la Cruz‐Cañizares Juana
Published: June 2012

In 1695, the Valencian artist Vicente Guillo was engaged in painting the vault of the Sant Joan del Mercat church in Valencia, Spain. After preliminary work was carried out, his contract was cancelled. In 1697, Antonio Palomino, renowned for the publication of his technical treatise entitled El Museo Pictorio y Escala Optica, was finally selected as the painter in charge of decorating the vaulted ceiling of Sant Joan del Mercat. This paper reports an analytical study focused on the characterisation and discrimination of the palette and painting procedures used by Palomino and Guillo in the frescoes of Sant Joan del Mercat. For this purpose, Raman spectroscopy combined with light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy–X‐ray microanalysis, voltammetry of microparticles, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry has been employed.

The use of gypsum as stucco material for the ground layers contrasts with the recommendations made by Palomino in his treatise about the convenience of using slaked lime‐sand mortars according to traditional fresco recipes. Although lead‐based pigments were not traditionally recommended for frescoes because of their empirically known alterations when subjected to strong alkaline fresco medium, both Guillo and Palomino used them. Palomino, probably supported by his personal experience as a painter, recommended and used Naples yellow, which has been found in a good state of preservation. In contrast, white lead areas found on Guillo's paintings have transformed into lead oxides. Other pigments found in the vaulted ceiling such as smalt, goethite, haematite, azurite and malachite have also undergone substantial changes because of the extreme temperature conditions to which they were subjected in the church. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental analysis of the logistics of agricultural products from roof top greenhouses in Mediterranean urban areas
Authors: Sanyé‐Mengual Esther , Cerón‐Palma Ileana , Oliver‐Solà Jordi , Montero Juan Ignacio , Rieradevall Joan
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: As urban populations increase so does the amount of food transported to cities worldwide, and innovative agro‐urban systems are being developed to integrate agricultural production into buildings; for example, by using roof top greenhouses (RTGs). This paper aims to quantify and compare, through a life cycle assessment, the environmental impact of the current linear supply system with a RTG system by using a case study for the production of tomatoes.

RESULTS: The main results indicate that a change from the current linear system to the RTG system could result in a reduction, per kilogram of tomatoes (the functional unit), in the range of 44.4–75.5% for the different impact categories analysed, and savings of up to 73.5% in energy requirements. These savings are associated with re‐utilisation of packaging systems (55.4–85.2%), minimisation of transport requirements (7.6–15.6%) and reduction of the loss of product during transportation and retail stages (7.3–37%).

CONCLUSIONS: The RTG may become a strategic factor in the design of low‐carbon cities in Mediterranean areas. Short‐term implementation in the city of Barcelona could result in savings of 66.1 tonnes of CO2 eq. ha−1 when considering the global warming potential, and of 71.03 t ha−1 when considering that the transformation from woodland to agricultural land is avoided. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene and post‐controlled atmosphere air storage treatments on fresh‐cut Ambrosia apple slices
Authors: Tardelli Francesca , Guidi Lucia , Massai Rossano , Toivonen Peter MA
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: The effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatment and two different post‐controlled atmosphere air storage (PCAAS) durations on the quality and chemistry of fresh‐cut Ambrosia apple slices was studied.

RESULTS: PCAAS for 1 or 2 weeks prior to slicing had an overall positive effect on the resultant quality of fresh‐cut apple slices. The most significant responses to PCAAS were the suppression of both phenolic and o‐quinone accumulation in slices, and this was related to the significantly lower browning potential values obtained for slices from PCAAS‐treated apples. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities were not affected by 1‐MCP or PCAAS treatments. PPO and POX activities were almost completely inhibited by a 50 g L−1 calcium ascorbate anti‐browning dip of apple slices from all treatments.

CONCLUSION: The most dramatic effect of the PCAAS treatments was to reduce the accumulation of soluble phenolics, which is likely the reason that o‐quinone accumulation was also inhibited in treated fruits. The consequent reduction in browning potential may be the explanation as to why PCAAS treatment has been shown to reduce fresh apple slice browning in previous work. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface roughness effects in porous inclined stepped composite bearings lubricated with micropolar fluid
Authors: Siddangouda A.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, the effect of surface roughness on the performance characteristic of porous inclined stepped composite bearings is studied. A generalised form of surface roughness is mathematically modelled by a stochastic random variable with non‐zero mean, variance and skewness. The generalised average Reynolds‐type equation is derived for the rough porous inclined stepped composite bearings with micropolar fluid. The closed‐form expressions are obtained for the fluid film pressure, load‐carrying capacity and frictional force. The results are presented for three different types of bearing system. The numerical computations of the results show that the negatively skewed surface roughness pattern increases fluid film pressure and load‐carrying capacity and decreases the coefficient of friction, whereas adverse effects were found for the positively skewed surface roughness pattern. Further, the rough porous inclined stepped composite bearing provides the largest load‐carrying capacity and the least coefficient of friction as compared with the porous plane slider and porous composite tapered concave bearings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the scattering by an unbounded rough surface
Authors: Li Peijun , Shen Jie
Published: June 2012

This paper is concerned with the mathematical analysis of the solution for the wave propagation from the scattering by an unbounded penetrable rough surface. Throughout, the wavenumber is assumed to have a nonzero imaginary part that accounts for the energy absorption. The scattering problem is modeled as a boundary value problem governed by the Helmholtz equation with transparent boundary conditions proposed on plane surfaces confining the scattering surface. The existence and uniqueness of the weak solution for the model problem are established by using a variational approach. Furthermore, the scattering problem is investigated for the case when the scattering profile is a sufficiently small and smooth deformation of a plane surface. Under this assumption, the problem is equivalently formulated into a set of two‐point boundary value problems in the frequency domain, and the analytical solution, in the form of an infinite series, is deduced by using a boundary perturbation technique combined with the transformed field expansion approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume integral equations for scattering from anisotropic diffraction gratings
Authors: Lechleiter Armin , Nguyen Dinh‐Liem
Published: June 2012

We analyze electromagnetic scattering of transverse magnetic polarized waves from a diffraction grating consisting of a periodic, anisotropic, and possibly negative index dielectric material. Such scattering problems are important for the modelization of, for example, light propagation in nano‐optical components and metamaterials. The periodic scattering problem can be reformulated as a strongly singular volume integral equation, a technique that attracts continuous interest in the engineering community but has rarely received rigorous theoretic treatment. In this paper, we prove new (generalized) Gårding inequalities in weighted and unweighted Sobolev spaces for the strongly singular integral equation. These inequalities also hold for materials for which the real part of the material parameter takes negative values inside the diffraction grating, independently of the value of the imaginary part. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel MRI‐compatible tactile stimulator for cortical mapping of foot sole pressure stimuli with fMRI
Authors: Hao Ying , Manor Brad , Liu Jing , Zhang Kai , Chai Yufeng , Lipsitz Lewis , Peng Chung‐Kang , Novak Vera , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing
Published: June 2012

Foot sole somatosensory feedback is critical to motor control and declines with aging and disease. To enable study of cortical networks underlying foot sole somatosensation, we developed a pneumatic tactile stimulator capable of producing one degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) oscillations with preset waveform, frequency (≤10 Hz), force magnitude (5–500 N), duty cycle (20–100%), and contacted surface area over which pressures are applied to the foot sole. Image tests (anatomical/functional/field map) of a phantom demonstrated that the device is compatible with 3 T MRI. Gradient‐recalled echo‐planar images of seven healthy young adults using a typical block‐designed 1 Hz sinusoidal stimulation protocol revealed significant activation contralaterally within the primary somatosensory cortex and paracentral gyrus, and bilaterally within the secondary somatosensory cortex. The stimulation system may therefore serve as a research tool to study functional brain networks involved in the perception and modulation of foot sole somatosensation and its relationship to motor control. Magn Reson Med 69:1194–1199, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity in the Biomedical Research Workforce: Developing Talent
Authors: McGee Jr Richard , Saran Suman , Krulwich Terry A.
Published: June 2012

Much has been written about the need for and barriers to achievement of greater diversity in the biomedical workforce from the perspectives of gender, race, and ethnicity; this is not a new topic. These discussions often center around a “pipeline” metaphor that imagines students flowing through a series of experiences to eventually arrive at a science career. Here we argue that diversity will only be achieved if the primary focus is on (1) what is happening within the pipeline, not just counting individuals entering and leaving it; (2) de‐emphasizing the achievement of academic milestones by typical ages; and (3) adopting approaches that most effectively develop talent. Students may develop skills at different rates based on factors such as earlier access to educational resources, exposure to science (especially research experiences), and competing demands for time and attention during high school and college. Therefore, there is wide variety among students at any point along the pipeline. Taking this view requires letting go of imagining the pipeline as a sequence of age‐dependent steps in favor of milestones of skill and talent development decoupled from age or educational stage. Emphasizing talent development opens up many new approaches for science training outside of traditional degree programs. This article provides examples of such approaches, including interventions at the postbaccalaureate and PhD levels, as well as a novel coaching model that incorporates well‐established social science theories and complements traditional mentoring. These approaches could significantly impact diversity by developing scientific talent, especially among currently underrepresented minorities. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21310
Indications for Heart Transplantation in Current Era of Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Milla Federico , Pinney Sean P. , Anyanwu Anelechi C.
Published: June 2012

Although both heart transplantation and left ventricular assist device therapy have enjoyed clinical success in the treatment of patients with end‐stage heart disease, newer left ventricular assist devices currently undergoing testing are likely to have a tremendous impact on the management of these patients. Smaller, more durable devices with improved safety profiles will allow for longer duration of therapy and make biventricular support more feasible, obviating the need for the total artificial heart. In this article we review the historical aspects of both forms of therapy and highlight the current use of left ventricular assist device therapy on patients awaiting heart transplantation. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21313
Hepatitis C and Renal Transplantation
Authors: Lerner Susan M.
Published: June 2012

Hepatitis C is a widespread problem, and the prevalence is higher in patients on hemodialysis than in the general population. In addition, hepatitis C reduces survival in dialysis patients and renal‐transplant recipients. Kidney transplantation offers a survival advantage to those patients with chronic hepatitis C infection faced with the alternative of remaining on dialysis. Kidney transplantation should therefore be considered the treatment of choice for patients with end‐stage renal disease and hepatitis C infection. However, these patients need to be chosen appropriately, and there are no well‐established guidelines for the workup or selection of these of these patients. Liver biopsy is an essential tool to determine the degree of fibrosis in these patients and also will prove useful in the management of the patients after transplantation. Transplantation of kidneys from hepatitis C‐positive donors to hepatitis C‐positive recipients has been shown to be safe and confers a significant advantage in terms of waiting time in this population where death on the waiting list is significant. Treatment prior to transplantation should be considered by the hepatology team, although it is often more difficult to treat given the constraints of a patient in renal failure. Although interferon treatment in hepatitis C‐positive kidney‐transplant candidates is recommended, treatment posttransplant remains controversial. Simultaneous kidney/liver transplantation should be considered for those candidates with evidence of portal hypertension or decompensated cirrhosis. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21318
Feasibility of measuring prostate perfusion with arterial spin labeling
Authors: Li Xiufeng , Metzger Gregory J.
Published: June 2012

Prostate perfusion has the potential to become an important pathophysiological marker for the monitoring of disease progression or the assessment of the therapeutic response of prostate cancer. The feasibility of arterial spin labeling, an MRI approach for the measurement of perfusion without an exogenous contrast agent, is demonstrated in the prostate for the first time. Although various arterial spin labeling methods have been demonstrated previously in highly perfused organs, such as the brain and kidneys, the prospect of obtaining such measurements in the prostate is challenging because of the relatively low blood flow, long transit times, susceptibility‐induced image distortion and local motion. However, despite these challenges, this study demonstrates that, with a whole‐body transmit coil and external receiver array, global prostate perfusion can be measured with arterial spin labeling at 3 T. In five healthy subjects with a mean age of 44 years, the mean total prostate blood flow was measured to be 25.8 ± 7.1 mL/100 cm3/min, with an estimated bolus duration and arterial transit time of 884 ± 209 ms and 721 ± 131 ms, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐inertia effects in nonlinear heterogeneous media
Authors: Fish Jacob , Filonova Vasilina , Kuznetsov Sergey
Published: June 2012

The manuscript presents a dispersive nonlinear continuum theory for the case where the shortest wavelength is several times larger than the characteristic size of the microstructure and the observation window is large. We develop a general purpose computational framework, which is valid for nonlinear problems and requires standard C 0 continuous formalism. The fine‐scale inertia effect is accounted for by formulating a quasi‐dynamic unit cell problem where the fine‐scale inertia effect is represented by so‐called inertia induced eigenstrain. The solution of the nonlinear quasi‐dynamic unit cell problem gives rise to the modification of either coarse‐scale mass matrix in the implicit solvers or internal force in the explicit solvers. Similarly to the classical homogenization theory, scale‐separation is assumed, but higher order homogenization is not pursued to avoid higher order coarse‐scale gradients, higher order continuity, and higher order boundary conditions. Numerical examples for both the one‐dimensional model problem and three‐dimensional heterogeneous medium with layered and fibrous composite microstructure are used to validate the computational framework proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relaxed incremental variational formulation for damage at large strains with application to fiber‐reinforced materials and materials with truss‐like microstructures
Authors: Balzani Daniel , Ortiz Michael
Published: June 2012

In this paper, an incremental variational formulation for damage at finite strains is presented. The classical continuum damage mechanics serves as a basis where a stress‐softening term depending on a scalar‐valued damage function is prepended an effective hyperelastic strain energy function, which describes the virtually undamaged material. Because loss of convexity is obtained at some critical deformations, a relaxed incremental stress potential is constructed, which convexifies the original nonconvex problem. The resulting model can be interpreted as the homogenization of a microheterogeneous material bifurcated into a strongly and weakly damaged phase at the microscale. A one‐dimensional relaxed formulation is derived, and a model for fiber‐reinforced materials based thereon is given. Finally, numerical examples illustrate the performance of the model by showing mesh independency of the model in an extended truss, analyzing a numerically homogenized microtruss material and investigating a fiber‐reinforced cantilever beam subject to bending and an overstretched arterial wall. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives on the leadership of chairs of nonprofit organization boards of directors: A grounded theory mixed‐method study
Authors: Harrison Yvonne D. , Murray Vic
Published: June 2012

Comparatively little empirical attention has been paid to the leadership of nonprofit board chairs. This article reports findings from a two‐year mixed‐method grounded theory research investigation exploring perceptions of board chair leadership and impact from the perspective of those who interact with chairs (board members, chief executives, and stakeholders). It provides a review of the literature on the leadership role and impact of board chairs and a conceptual framework for its study in nonprofit and voluntary organizations. We present and discuss findings from two phases of the research and offer theoretical perspectives on board chair leadership effectiveness and practical suggestions to increase it.
Hospice of the Red River Valley: A nonprofit's response to for‐profit competition
Authors: Froelich Karen A.
Published: June 2012

Research of nonprofit versus for‐profit competition points to potential quality and access advantages of the nonprofit, tied to shared community values leading to enhanced social capital and legitimacy, whereas the for‐profit is known for cost and scale advantages. However, the prevailing mode of thinking in mixed‐form competitive contexts urges nonprofits to become “more businesslike” and imitate for‐profit attributes. This qualitative study of a nonprofit organization facing new for‐profit competition illustrates that while it is possible and advisable to learn from for‐profit competitors, it is not necessary or even desirable for the nonprofit to abandon its own unique advantages. Although nonprofits should be increasingly sensitive to cost and scale advantages, they do not have to imitate for‐profit attributes and play the low‐cost game. A competitive response to for‐profit challenges that is carefully crafted and executed based on the unique advantages of the nonprofit organization can truly win the day.
Multiple Calvarial Lytic Lesions: A Differential Diagnosis from Early Medieval France (5th to 7th c. AD)
Authors: Bauduer F. , Bessou M. , Guyomarc'h P. , Mercier C. , Castex D.
Published: June 2012

A skull from the early French Medieval period presenting multiple destructive lesions is investigated. The study of this presumably young female skull suggests a series of possible diagnoses using macroscopic features, standard radiography, CT, and 3D analysis.

After a review of the paleopathological and medical literature, the debate focuses on several malignant disorders (cancerous metastases, multiple myeloma), Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and other benign conditions such as infection (especially tuberculosis) or sarcoidosis. Although the definite diagnosis of such paleopathological lesions is not straightforward, Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most probable diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterior brain in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation with complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis at 11–13 weeks: a pilot study
Authors: Lachmann Robert , Sinkovskaya Elena , Abuhamad Alfred
Published: June 2012

Objective

This study aimed to measure the changes in the posterior brain in fetuses with Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM) with complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis between 11+0 and 13+6 weeks of gestation.

Methods

In the midsagittal view, the brain stem (BS) diameter and the brain stem to occipital bone (BSOB) diameter were measured, and the BS/BSOB ratio was calculated in four fetuses with confirmed DWM and 40 normal fetuses. Delta values corrected for CRL were compared between both groups.

Results

In contrast to the normal controls, in fetuses with DWM at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks of gestation, the border between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna was not visible. There were no significant differences in the BS diameter between the two groups (p < 0.3). In the DWM group, the mean diameter of the BSOB was found to be significantly higher than in the controls (p = 0.0011), and it was above the 95th centile in all four cases. In addition, the BS/BSOB ratio was significantly decreased in fetuses with DWM (p = 0.0011).

Conclusions

At 11–13 weeks, fetuses with DWM have measurable abnormalities in the posterior brain. An abnormal appearance of the fourth ventricle–cisterna magna complex was present in all four cases of DWM. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the mechanism of photoinduced addition of acetonitrile to phosphonium–iodonium ylides
Authors: Nekipelova Tatiana D. , Kuzmin Vladimir A. , Matveeva Elena D. , Gleiter Rolf , Zefirov Nikolay S.
Published: June 2012

Recently, a novel photochemical reaction of pseudocycloaddition of nitriles to mixed phosphonium–iodonium ylides 1 was found. Nitriles R1CN give corresponding oxazoles (2) with a high yield, with PhI (3) being a leaving group. The mechanism of the photoinduced cycloaddition of acetonitrile to mixed phosphonium–iodonium ylide 1 was studied by steady‐state and time‐resolved methods with resolution from 10 ns to 20 µs. The formation of photolysis products, substituted oxazole 2, and phosphonium salt 4, occurs in parallel reactions. The primary photochemical processes for the formation of 2 and 4 are the heterolytic and homolytic C–I+Ph bond cleavage in the excited singlet state of 1, respectively. Three transient species with lifetimes on microsecond and millisecond time scales were observed. The mechanism of the formation of major and minor products of the photolysis was suggested. Addition of water to the reaction mixture in acetonitrile changes the ratio of the products in favor of the phosphonium salt formation. The effect of water was accounted for by the acid catalysis of the homolytic C–I+Ph bond cleavage and the acceleration of the salt formation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.