bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SENSITIVITY MEASUREMENT OF FIBRE BRAGG GRATING SENSOR
Authors: Daud Suzairi , Abd Aziz Muhammad Safwan , Chaudhary Kashif Tufail , Bahadoran Mahdi , Ali Jalil
Published: March 2016

A practical pass-through type fibre Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor system have been designed, developed, simulated, and experimentally investigated. The performance of FBG was evaluated in harsh environments exposed under direct sunlight, rain, and wind. The sensor system designed directly focused with convex and hand lens. The temperature of FBG’s sensor head been measured. The broadband laser source was launched into the system using tunable laser source (TLS) and both transmission and reflection spectra of FBG sensor were measured by optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). Results shows that the Bragg wavelength shift,  increased proportionally with the temperature changes. The sensitivity of FBG were recorded at 0.0100 and 0.0132 nm °C-1 for the systems where convex and hand lens applied to the FBG’s sensor head respectively, while the sensitivity of 0.0118 nm °C-1 measured for the system without any focusing element applied.
ENHANCEMENT OF GREEN ALGAE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY LASER IRRADIATION
Authors: Abu Bakar Mohamad Aizat , Bidin Noriah
Published: March 2016

Biohydrogen is an alternative to support the increasing hydrogen demand in the future. Biohydrogen is hydrogen gas produced by green algae and bacteria in certain quantity. The aim of this research is to enhance hydrogen gas production by green algae (Closterium sp.) using laser light. The laser used in this experiment was a diode laser operating in continuous mode with wavelength of 655 nm. Green algae are placed in a sulphur deprived medium so it will produce hydrogen gas. This algae is irradiated with diode laser for 30 minutes then stop before continue for the next 30 minutes. This process is repeated until the total irradiation is 120 minutes. Both strains of green algae are set up into measuring system under exposure of sunlight in a constant room temperature. The volume and rate of hydrogen gas produced is examined by measuring the dye position in capillary tube of 0.5 mm radius. The results showed that there is a 9.0% increase of hydrogen gas production in radiated strain of green algae compared to the wild strain. The rate of hydrogen gas production of radiated algae is faster than the wild strain. This showed that, red light laser has absorbed cell green algae and mutated its behaviour for producing more hydrogen gas. This result is in good agreement with other researcher.
DEVELOPMENT OF LONG PULSED ND:YAG LASER SYSTEM
Authors: Sidi Ahmad Muhamad Fakaruddin , Bidin Noriah
Published: March 2016

The Nd:YAG laser with long pulse duration can be produce by using an appropriate pumping scheme. The purpose of this study is to construct a high voltage power supply for laser system. In this attempt multiple-mesh pulse forming technique was performed to obtain electrical pump pulses with a more rectangular shape and long normal-mode laser pulses at constant power. The flashlamp driver was designed with variable input energy. The developed flashlamp driver composes of five major electronic circuits. There are comprised of signal controller device, simmer power supply (SPS), trigger pulse ignition circuit, capacitor charging power supply (CCPS) and multiple-mesh LC pulse forming network (MPFN). The construction of the flashlamp driver is started by designing a signal controller. The controller generated a small voltage to activate the electronic components such as silicon controlled rectified (SCR) and transistor. The ignition circuit was used to ignite xenon gases which responsible to form ionized spark streamer between the two electrodes of flashlamp. A Low dc current was induced by the simmer power supply to sustain the flashlamp in simmering mode. The capacitor charging power supply was used to supply electrical power to capacitor bank within specific time. Nd:YAG laser oscillator was aligned and pumping by the new developed flashlamp radiation. As a result Nd:YAG laser beam was generated having fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm and 650 microsecond of pulse duration with maximum output energy of 250 mJ.
THE EFFECT OF LASER IRRADIATION ON THE VIABILITY OF HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL, MDA-MB-231
Authors: Badruzzaman Aishah , Bidin Noriah , Mohd Bohari Siti Pauliena
Published: March 2016

This study compared the effects of different sources of laser phototherapy on the cell viability of the in vitro human breast cancer cell lines. Laser phototherapy is used in the breast cancer clinical treatment, despite the limited safety information of laser irradiation effect on the cancer cell behavior. This study contributed on the development of guidelines for safer laser usage in treating breast cancer and minimising the possibility of activating postmastectomy lymphedema. Cancer cell viability and morphology were studied in this research. Human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell lines were cultured for 24 hours in CO2 incubator and irradiated with different laser sources and number of pulse. The viability of cancer cells were assessed by MTT assay 24 hours after laser irradiation. The result showed that MDA-MB-231 cell viability increased after being irradiated by excimer 248 nm laser. However, the cancer cell viability slightly decreased after irradiation by both Nd:YAG 1064 and 532 nm. Although certain doses of laser may affect the MDA-MB-231 cell viability, additional laser exposures had nearly no effect. The research shows that Nd:YAG 1064 nm more effective in lowering cancer cell survivability than 532 nm and 248 nm. Further in vivo studies are needed for better understanding on the mechanism of laser-tissue interaction and improve the laser usage safety in photothermal therapy.
DIAGNOSTICS OF LASER INDUCED GRAPHITE PLASMA UNDER VARIOUS PRESSURES OF AIR, HELIUM AND ARGON
Authors: Haider Zuhaib , Chaudhary Kashif , Roslan Sufi , Ali Jalil , Munajat Yusof
Published: March 2016

Laser induced plasma provides information about the elemental composition of sample surface and through spectroscopy vital information about plasma dynamics can be obtained. In this paper we present the diagnostics of laser induced plasma at various pressures of Air, Helium and Argon gases. Graphite sample was ablated with Q-smart 850 laser while spectra were captured  Plasma parameters have been calculated by using well known methods based on Saha and Boltzmann equations. Plasma temperature was calculated relative intensity of ionic carbon lines CII 251.21 nm and CII 426.73 nm while the electron density was determined by using spectroscopic information of CI 247.85 nm and CII 426.73 nm emission lines in Saha equation. Plasma temperature and electron density were found to be dependent upon nature and pressure of the ambient atmosphere. Higher temperatures and electron densities were obtained in the presence of Air as ambient environment that is attributed to electrical and physical properties of the Air. Keeping into consideration the plasma expansion in various environments the selection of a suitable ambient pressure can be made on the basis of spectral diagnostics of plasma for a particular laser energy to obtain desirable plasma temperature and electron density suited for certain applications.
Computing cup products in integral cohomology of Hilbert schemes of points on K3 surfaces
Authors: Kapfer Simon
Published: March 2016

We study cup products in the integral cohomology of the Hilbert scheme of $n$ points on a K3 surface and present a computer program for this purpose. In particular, we deal with the question of which classes can be represented by products of lower degrees.

Supplementary materials are available with this article.
Influence of the Balls Kinematics of Axially Loaded Ball Bearings on Coulombic Frictional Dissipations
Authors: Bozet Jean-Luc , Servais Christophe
Published: March 2016

Ball bearings have been used for a long time. Nevertheless, the description of their behavior remains incomplete in spite of the large number of surveys dedicated to ball bearings. Particularly, the exact balls kinematics has still to be addressed in depth. This paper proposes a new way to calculate the balls kinematics by using a simplified quasi-static approach for dry lubricated and axially loaded ball bearings. This method does not use the classical restrictive race control assumptions. More specifically, the role played by the balls kinematics is emphasized by means of the power dissipated within contacts between balls and races. The need for a correct evaluation of the balls behavior is illustrated by using an example, viz., a ball bearing of cryogenic engine turbopump. Indeed, the dissipated power is one of the main concerns in this particular case.
Simulation of Forming Process of Powder Bed for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Xiang Zhaowei , Yin Ming , Deng Zhenbo , Mei Xiaoqin , Yin Guofu
Published: March 2016

The forming process of powder bed for additive manufacturing (AM) is analyzed and is simplified to three processes, including random packing, layering, and compression. The processes are simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM). First, the particles with monosize, bimodal, and Gaussian size distributions are randomly packed. Then, the packed particles are layered with different thicknesses. Finally, a 20 μm compression is applied on the top surface of the layered powder beds. All the processes are simulated based on the soft sphere model. Packing density and coordination number are calculated to evaluate the packing mesostructure. The results indicate that the packing density and coordination number increase with the layer thickness increasing in the initial packing, and compression can effectively increase the density and coordination number of powder bed and decrease the effect of ranging layer thickness. The results also show that powder bed with monosize distribution initially has the best combination performance. Our research provides a theoretical guide to choosing the layer thickness and size distribution initially of powder bed for AM.
A Compact, Modular Series Elastic Actuator
Authors: Cummings Jonathan P. , Ruiken Dirk , Wilkinson Eric L. , Lanighan Michael W. , Grupen Roderic A. , Sup Frank C.
Published: March 2016

This paper presents the development of a compact, modular rotary series elastic actuator (SEA) design that can be customized to meet the requirements of a wide range of applications. The concept incorporates flat brushless motors and planetary gearheads instead of expensive harmonic drives and a flat torsional spring design to create a lightweight, low-volume, easily reconfigurable, and relatively high-performance modular SEA for use in active impedance controlled devices. The key innovations include a Hall effect sensor for direct spring displacement measurements that mitigate the negative impact of backlash on SEA control performance. Both torque and impedance controllers are developed and evaluated using a 1-degree-of-freedom (DoF) prototype of the proposed actuator package. The results demonstrate the performance of a stable first-order impedance controller tested over a range of target impedances. Finally, the flexibility of the modular SEA is demonstrated by configuring it for use in five different actuator specifications designed for use in the uBot-7 mobile manipulator requiring spring stiffnesses from 3 N · m/deg to 11.25 N · m/deg and peak torque outputs from 12 N · m to 45 N · m.
Combined Effect of Oxygen Enrichment and Dual Fueling on the Performance Behavior of a CI Engine Fueled With Pyro Oil–Diesel Blend as Fuel
Authors: Masimalai SenthilKumar , Nandagopal Sasikumar
Published: March 2016

This paper aims at studying the combined effect of oxygen enrichment and dual fueling on performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a mono cylinder diesel engine using a blend of cashew nut shell pyro oil (CSO) and conventional diesel oil (called BD—base diesel) as fuel. Experiments were initially conducted using 100% BD as fuel at variable power output conditions. Subsequently, experiments were repeated with CSO40D60 (blend of 40% of CSO and 60% of BD by volume) at different power outputs. In the third phase, the engine was run with oxygen enrichment of 24% by volume in the intake air using CSO40D60 as fuel. Finally, the engine was operated in dual fuel mode of operation with the oxygen concentrations of 24% using CSO40D60 as pilot fuel and ethanol as the primary inducted fuel. Ethanol induction was made up to the maximum possible limit until misfire or knock. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found as 25% with CSO40D60 29.5% and 30.5% with BD at the rated power output of 3.7 kW. The smoke number was noted as 55 filter smoke number (FSN) and 40 FSN, respectively, with CSO40D60 and BD. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were found to be higher with CSO40D60 as compared to BD. Ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) were also noted to be higher with CSO40D60 at all power outputs. Combined oxygen enrichment and ethanol induction sufficiently increased the BTE using CSO40D60 as fuel at all power outputs. At peak power output, the BTE was noted as 34.5%. The lowest smoke number of 36 FSN was found for 24% of oxygen with 34.3% of ethanol energy share at peak power output with CSO40D60 as fuel, whereas it was 40 FSN with BD and 55 FSN with CSO40D60 for 21% of oxygen. Significant improvement in heat release rates was observed by combining ethanol induction and oxygen enrichment techniques using CSO40D60 as fuel. Overall, it is concluded that by combining oxygen enrichment and ethanol induction superior performance and reduced emissions can be achieved at all power outputs using CSO40D60 as fuel.
Modeling of Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow for a Gasoline Direct Injection Fuel Injector
Authors: Saha Kaushik , Som Sibendu , Battistoni Michele , Li Yanheng , Quan Shaoping , Kelly Senecal Peter
Published: March 2016

A numerical study of two-phase flow inside the nozzle holes and the issuing spray jets for a multihole direct injection gasoline injector has been presented in this work. The injector geometry is representative of the Spray G nozzle, an eight-hole counterbore injector, from the engine combustion network (ECN). Simulations have been carried out for a fixed needle lift. The effects of turbulence, compressibility, and noncondensable gases have been considered in this work. Standard k–ε turbulence model has been used to model the turbulence. Homogeneous relaxation model (HRM) coupled with volume of fluid (VOF) approach has been utilized to capture the phase-change phenomena inside and outside the injector nozzle. Three different boundary conditions for the outlet domain have been imposed to examine nonflashing and evaporative, nonflashing and nonevaporative, and flashing conditions. Noticeable hole-to-hole variations have been observed in terms of mass flow rates for all the holes under all the operating conditions considered in this study. Inside the nozzle holes mild cavitationlike and in the near-nozzle region flash-boiling phenomena have been predicted when liquid fuel is subjected to superheated ambiance. Under favorable conditions, considerable flashing has been observed in the near-nozzle regions. An enormous volume is occupied by the gasoline vapor, formed by the flash boiling of superheated liquid fuel. Large outlet domain connecting the exits of the holes and the pressure outlet boundary appeared to be necessary leading to substantial computational cost. Volume-averaging instead of mass-averaging is observed to be more effective, especially for finer mesh resolutions.
Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics Methodology for Predicting Thermal Performance of Compact Heat Exchangers
Authors: Ciuffini A. , Scattina A. , Carena F. , Roberti M. , Toscano Rivalta G. , Chiavazzo E. , Fasano M. , Asinari P.
Published: March 2016

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool for analyzing the performance of heat exchangers. However, such an approach may be often limited by unaffordable computational time. In this paper, a multiscale CFD capable of accurately and efficiently prediction of the heat transfer of compact heat exchangers is presented. This methodology is based on a small-scale CFD analysis of a single tube and a small element of the compact heat exchanger, and it is able to predict the thermal performance of an entire heat exchanger in a wide range of inlet conditions, with a reduced computational time. The proposed up-scaling procedure makes use of specific approximations and correlations derived from the CFD model and literature, in order to consider the typical phenomena occurring in compact heat exchangers under laminar flow conditions. Results demonstrate an excellent accuracy when compared to experimental data (discrepancies <4.3%). This novel up-scaling method may have a strong impact on modeling and design strategy of compact heat exchangers in the industrial field.
Modeling the Heat Transfer Coefficient Between a Surface and Fixed and Fluidized Beds With Phase Change Material
Authors: Izquierdo-Barrientos María A. , Sobrino C. , Almendros-Ibáñez José A.
Published: March 2016

The objective of this work is to model the heat transfer coefficient between an immersed surface and fixed and bubbling fluidized beds of granular phase change material (PCM). The model consists of a two-region model with two different voidages in which steady and transient conduction problems are solved for the fixed and fluidized bed cases, respectively. The model is validated with experimental data obtained under fixed and fluidized conditions for sand, a common material used in fixed and fluidized beds for sensible heat storage, and for a granular PCM with a phase change temperature of approximately 50 °C. The superficial gas velocity is varied to quantify its influence on the convective heat transfer coefficient for both the materials. The model proposed for the PCM properly predicts the experimental results, except for high flow rates, which cause the contact times between the surface and particles to be very small and lead the model to overpredict the results.
Mechanical Behavior Analysis of the Buried Steel Pipeline Crossing Landslide Area
Authors: Zhang Jie , Liang Zheng , Han Chuanjun
Published: March 2016

Landslide movement is one of the threats for the structural integrity of buried pipelines that are the main ways to transport oil and gas. In order to offer a theoretical basis for the design, safety evaluation, and maintenance of pipelines, mechanical behavior of the buried steel pipeline crossing landslide area was investigated by finite-element method, considering pipeline-soil interaction. Effects of landslide soil parameters, pipeline parameters, and landslide scale on the mechanical behavior of the buried pipeline were discussed. The results show that there are three high stress areas on the buried pipeline sections where the bending deformation are bigger. High stress area of the compression side is bigger than it on the tensile side, and the tensile strain is bigger than the compression strain in the deformation process. Buried pipeline in the landslide bed with hard soil is prone to fracture. Bigger deformations appear on the pipeline sections that the inside and outside lengths of the interface are 30 m and 10 m, respectively. The maximum displacement of the pipeline is smaller than the landslide displacement for the surrounding soil deformation. Bending deformations and tensile strain of the pipeline increase with the increase in landslide displacement. Bending deformation and the maximum tensile strain of the pipeline increase with increasing of the soil's elasticity modulus, cohesion, and pipeline's diameter–thickness ratio. Soil's Poisson's ratio has a great effect on the displacement of the middle part, but it has a little effect on other sections' displacement.
Decomposable and Template Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Uzunlar Erdal , Schwartz Jared , Phillips Oluwadamilola , Kohl Paul A.
Published: March 2016

Polymers can be used as temporary place holders in the fabrication of embedded air gaps in a variety of electronic devices. Embedded air cavities can provide the lowest dielectric constant and loss for electrical insulation, mechanical compliance in devices where low-force deformations are desirable, and can temporarily protect movable parts during processing. Several families of polymers have been used as sacrificial, templating polymers including polycarbonates, polynorbornenes (PNBs), and polyaldehydes. The families can be distinguished by chemical structure and decomposition temperature. The decomposition temperature ranges from over 400 °C to below room temperature in the case of low ceiling temperature polymers. Overcoat materials include silicon dioxide, polyimides, epoxy, and bis-benzocyclobutene (BCB). The methods of air-gap fabrication are discussed. Finally, the use of photoactive compounds in the patterning of the sacrificial polymers is reviewed.
Optimal Torque Distribution for the Stability Improvement of a Four-Wheel Distributed-Driven Electric Vehicle Using Coordinated Control
Authors: Zhang Xizheng , Wei Kexiang , Yuan Xiaofang , Tang Yongqi
Published: March 2016

This paper presented an optimal torque distribution scheme for the stability improvement of a distributed-driven electric vehicle (DEV). The nonlinear dynamics and tire model of the DEV are constructed. Moreover, the single-point preview optimal curvature model with the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) process is developed to simulate the driver's behavior. By using coordinated control and sliding mode control, a three-layer hierarchical control system was developed. In the upper level, the integral two degree-of-freedom (DOF) linear model is used to compute the equivalent yaw moment for vehicle stability. With the actuators' restrictions, the middle level solved the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem via a weighted least square (WLS) method to optimally distribute the wheel torque. In the lower level, a slip rate controller (SRC) was presented to reallocate the actual torques based on the sliding mode method. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has high path-tracking accuracy and that vehicle stability under limited conditions is improved efficiently. Moreover, the safety under actuator failure is enhanced.
Temperature dependent Cs retention, distribution, and ion yield changes during Cs+ bombardment SIMS
Authors: Giordani Andrew , Lee Hang Dong , Xu Can , Gustafsson Torgny , Hunter Jerry L.
Published: March 2016

Combining Cs+ bombardment with positive secondary molecular ion detection (MCs+) can extend the analysis capability of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) from the dilute limit (<1 at. %) to matrix elements. The MCs+ technique has had great success in quantifying the sample composition of III–V semiconductors. However, the MCs+ has been less effective at reducing the matrix effect for group IV materials, particularly Si-containing compounds. The lack of success in quantifying group IV materials is primarily attributable to the high Cs surface concentrations overloading the sample surface and lowering ion yields. The Cs overload issue is caused by the mobility and relocation of the implanted Cs to the surface during an analysis. Critical to understanding the material-dependent success of the MCs+ technique and elucidating the Cs mobility is understanding how Cs is incorporated and distributed into the sample and how the Cs surface concentration affects the ionization processes. The authors provide both new insight for improving the MCs+ technique by investigating the Cs retention, distribution, and ion yield differences between group III–V and IV materials and a greater understanding of the temperature-dependent mobility and relocation of the implanted Cs. There have been many studies on improving the MCs+ technique; however, our novel approach to use temperature as a means of controlling the Cs mobility has not been previously explored. Cesium build-up curves were acquired to assess the in situ Cs incorporation differences. By utilizing the newly developed variable temperature stage on our SIMS, cesium build-up curves were acquired over a wide range of temperatures (−150 to 300 °C) to show the temperature-dependent relocation of Cs and the effect it has on the ionization processes. Additionally, Cs ionization and neutralization were quantified as a function of Cs fluence and temperature. The Cs retention and distribution differences were determined ex situ by measuring the Cs concentration using heat-treatment x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and heat-treatment medium energy ion scattering. These results allow for a more thorough understanding of the material-dependent success of the MCs+ technique, the Cs+-sample interaction, and the temperature component of the Cs mobility.
Additive chemistry and distributions in photoresist thin films
Authors: Clark Michael B. , Hong Chang-Young , Thackeray James
Published: March 2016

The lithographic performance of thin photoresist films is a function of the distribution of formulation components, such as photoacid generator (PAG) molecules, and how these components undergo chemical modification and migrate within the film during the lithography processing steps. Argon gas cluster ion beam – secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles were used to monitor the PAG and quencher base distributions before and after exposure and postexposure bake processing steps for different photoresist formulations. PAG and quencher base distributions were correlated to depth of focus lithographic performance results.
High quality extremely thin SOI fabricated by facilitated ion-cut with H-trapping effect
Authors: Chang Yongwei , Xue Zhongying , Chen Da , Cheng Shi , Zhang Miao , Di Zengfeng , Wei Xing , Wang Xi
Published: March 2016

High-quality strain-relaxed extremely thin silicon-on-insulator (ETSOI) has been fabricated by using H-trapping and etch-stop process in the H-implanted Si/Si0.70Ge0.30/Si/B-doped Si0.70Ge0.30/Si heterostructure. Compared to conventional ion-cut process, the combination of ultrathin SiGe interlayer with boron doping can significantly decrease the critical hydrogen implantation dosage needed for layer transfer by improving H-trapping efficiency. During subsequent annealing process, implanted H preferentially agglomerates at the trapping centers and induces long microcracks at the B-doped Si0.70Ge0.30/Si interface as well as in the near-interface region. The selective etch-stop process was used to remove residual Si/SiGe layers to expose a strain-relaxed Si device layer with a smooth surface morphology. These results demonstrate facilitated ion-cut as a promising approach for fabricating high crystalline quality ETSOI substrate and further offer a potential solution for scaling planar complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor to 22 nm node and beyond.
Pattern transfer to GaAs substrates and epitaxial growth of GaAs nanostructures using self-organized porous templates
Authors: Kumari Archana , Hatch John Byron , Kim Chaehyun , Barman Biplob , Kwon Jaesuk , Petrou Athos , Zeng Hao , Luo Hong
Published: March 2016

GaAs nanostructures were grown on patterned GaAs (111) B substrates with molecular beam epitaxy. Nanopatterns were achieved by patterning a thin film of silicon dioxide (SiO2) grown on the substrate surface with a self-organized porous alumina template. Growth of patterned nanostructures took place through the holes in the SiO2 film. The authors obtained two kinds of nanostructures: nanopillars and nanodots. The majority of nanopillars had two kinds of tops, i.e., hexagonal flat top and pyramidal top, as observed with a scanning electron microscope. High resolution transmission electron microscopy studies showed epitaxial relationships between the nanostructures and the substrates. Photoluminescence measurements of nanopillars showed the photoluminescence peak shifted to a higher energy compared to films grown under the same condition.
Depth distribution of Mn in Mn doped GaAs using secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Karki Vijay , Bhattacharya Debarati , Chandrasekhar Rao Turumella V. , Alamelu Devanathan
Published: March 2016

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was used for depth distribution analysis of Mn in GaAs formed by ion implantation of Mn in GaAs single crystal wafers at an implant energy of 300 keV, followed by laser pulse heating to anneal out the radiation damage. Mn doped GaAs, due to its ferromagnetic behavior, has potential applications in spintronic devices. Knowledge of the quantitative depth distribution, diffusion and segregation of these dopant atoms in the host material are necessary for fabrication of these devices. The depth distribution of Mn was carried out using oxygen and cesium primary ion beams at various impact energies. The obtained depth profiles of Mn demonstrated that Mn was uniformly distributed in as-implanted and single shot laser annealing samples, whereas in case of double shot annealing, segregation effect of Mn atoms toward the decaying trail of the distribution curve was observed, thanks to extremely high detection sensitivity of SIMS. Relative sensitivity factors of Mn in GaAs were determined for oxygen and cesium primary ion beams using as-implanted samples at various impact energies under the optimized analysis conditions, retaining the high depth resolution. Surface distribution of Mn was carried out using SIMS, which revealed uniform lateral distribution of Mn in as-implanted as well as laser annealed samples.
Cardiomyopathy responsive to gluten withdrawal in a patient with coeliac disease
Authors: McGrath Samuel , Thomas Angharad , Gorard David Angelo
Published: March 2016

A 57-year-old man with iron deficiency anaemia developed general malaise, exertional dyspnoea and features of cardiac failure out of proportion to his anaemia (haemoglobin 120 g/L). Investigations showed a severely dilated left ventricle with an ejection fraction of 15%, due to dilated cardiomyopathy. He was treated with high-dose diuretics, ACE inhibitors and β-blocker therapy. Subsequent investigation into his iron deficiency anaemia revealed a new diagnosis of coeliac disease. After starting a gluten-free diet, his cardiac function improved markedly, with ejection fraction reaching 70%, allowing his cardiac medications to be withdrawn. This case suggests a link between coeliac disease and cardiomyopathy.
Sympathetic ophthalmia following a conjunctival flap procedure for corneal perforation
Authors: Tripathy Koushik , Mittal Kanhaiya , Chawla Rohan
Published: March 2016

A 25-year-old man developed diminution of vision and redness in both eyes 5 weeks after a conjunctival flap procedure in the right eye. On examination, there was panuveitis and exudative retinal detachment in both eyes. The right eye had an inferotemporal conjunctival flap with iris incarceration. Fundus fluorescein angiography revealed typical pinpoint leaks and optical coherence tomography demonstrated multiple neurosensory detachments in the left eye. The patient received frequent topical steroids and cycloplegics. Intravenous dexamethasone pulse was given followed by high-dose oral prednisone, after which the patient recovered vision. The conjunctival flap in corneal perforation may predispose to sympathetic ophthalmia.
Diversity and human perceptions of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Southeast Asian megacities
Authors: Sing Kong-Wah , Wang Wen-Zhi , Wan Tao , Lee Ping-Shin , Li Zong-Xu , Chen Xing , Wang Yun-Yu , Wilson John-James
Published: March 2016

Urbanization requires the conversion of natural land cover to cover with human-constructed elements and is considered a major threat to biodiversity. Bee populations, globally, are under threat; however, the effect of rapid urban expansion in Southeast Asia on bee diversity has not been investigated. Given the pressing issues of bee conservation and urbanization in Southeast Asia, coupled with complex factors surrounding human–bee coexistence, we investigated bee diversity and human perceptions of bees in four megacities. We sampled bees and conducted questionnaires at three different site types in each megacity: a botanical garden, central business district, and peripheral suburban areas. Overall, the mean species richness and abundance of bees were significantly higher in peripheral suburban areas than central business districts; however, there were no significant differences in the mean species richness and abundance between botanical gardens and peripheral suburban areas or botanical gardens and central business districts. Urban residents were unlikely to have seen bees but agreed that bees have a right to exist in their natural environment. Residents who did notice and interact with bees, even though being stung, were more likely to have positive opinions towards the presence of bees in cities.
Boundary conditions, gauge fixing ambiguities and exact expectation values in U(1) lattice gauge theory
Authors: Pinto Carlos
Published: March 2016

We analyze the interplay between gauge fixing and boundary conditions in two-dimensional U(1) lattice gauge theory. We show on the basis of a general argument that periodic boundary conditions result in an ill-defined weak coupling approximation but that the approximation can be made well-defined if the boundaries are fixed to zero. We confirm this result in the particular case of the Feynman gauge. We show that the zero momentum mode divergence in the propagator that appears in the Feynman gauge vanishes when the weak coupling approximation is well-defined. In addition we obtain exact results (for arbitrary coupling), including finite size corrections, for the partition function and for general one-point and two-point functions in the axial gauge under both periodic and zero boundary conditions and confirm these results numerically. The dependence of these objects on both lattice size and coupling constant is investigated using specific examples. These exact results may provide insight into similar gauge fixing issues in more complex models.
New cosmographic constraints on the dark energy and dark matter coupling
Authors: Bolotin Yu. L. , Cherkaskiy V. A. , Lemets O. A.
Published: March 2016

We propose a novel approach to obtain limitations on the dark energy (DE) and dark matter (DM) coupling. The suggested approach allows us to express the coupling constant in terms of the cosmographic parameters (CPs). It enables us to find constraints on the coupling constant directly based on observational data and to restrict number of numerous models describing interaction in the dark sector.
Breakup of 16O nucleus onto C and He isotopes by protons at incident momentum of 3.25AGeV/c
Authors: Olimov Kosim , Olimov Khusniddin K. , Lutpullaev Sagdulla L. , Bazarov Erkin Kh. , Olimov Alisher K. , Lugovoi Vladimir V. , Gulamov K. G. , Navotny Vadim Sh.
Published: March 2016

Phenomenological analysis of breakup of oxygen nuclei on fragments with charges two and six in collisions with protons at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GeV/[Formula: see text] was conducted using the Monte Carlo (MC) model of isotropic phase space. For the first time, the contributions of mechanism of diffractive breakup of oxygen nucleus, and that of quasi elastic knocking out of one of the [Formula: see text] clusters of oxygen nucleus by a proton target, into channel of formation of [Formula: see text] particle and [Formula: see text]C nucleus with conservation of recoil proton were determined in final state. The substantial role of [Formula: see text] cluster structure of initial nucleus in processes of fragmentation of oxygen nuclei in peripheral interactions with protons was revealed in experiment.
A Framework of Successor Competencies to Promote Corporate Entrepreneurship in Family Firms
Authors: Samei Hossein , Feyzbakhsh Alireza
Published: March 2016

Corporate entrepreneurship has been shown to have a positive effect on the long-term growth of family firms. Out of a variety of factors affecting the promotion of corporate entrepreneurship in successive generations of a family firm, the successor as the future leader of the firm plays a critical role. Therefore, identification of competencies enabling a successor to develop corporate entrepreneurship in a family firm can be useful. In this research 17 successor competencies have been identified by studying five Iranian family firms which have been successful in transferring entrepreneurship to successive generations. The paper describes and explains the function of each competency to promote corporate entrepreneurship in a family firm.
Service Learning in Social Entrepreneurship Education: Why Students Want to Become Social Entrepreneurs and How to Address Their Motives
Authors: Mueller Susan , Brahm Taiga , Neck Heidi
Published: March 2016

Service learning has been identified as a suitable approach to teach social entrepreneurship. However, in order to design service learning in an appropriate way, it is necessary to better understand why students want to become a social entrepreneur as opposed to a traditional entrepreneur. Thus, this study aims at identifying distinct student motives for preferring social entrepreneurship. According to our research, reasons typically mentioned by students who prefer a social entrepreneurship career over a commercial entrepreneurship career belonged to the following categories: impact, personal motives, and considering social and economic aspects. From this understanding, we derive recommendations for the design of service learning in social entrepreneurship programs. We hope that these recommendations will contribute to a student-oriented design of service learning that incorporates students’ own motives.
ON ROBUSTNESS OF THE BLACK–SCHOLES PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION MODEL
Authors: MASTINSEK MIKLAVZ
Published: March 2016

When the discretely adjusted option hedges are constructed by the continuous-time Black–Scholes delta, then the hedging errors appear. The first objective of the paper is to consider a discrete-time adjusted delta, such that the hedging error can be reduced. Consequently, a partial differential equation for option valuation associated with the problem is derived and solved.

The second objective is to compare the obtained results with the results given by the Black–Scholes formula. The obtained option values may be higher than those given by the Black–Scholes formula, however, unless the option is near expiry, the difference is relatively small.
BIOMECHANICS OF PORCINE BRAIN TISSUE UNDER FINITE COMPRESSION
Authors: YUE HONGZHI , DENG JIANXIN , ZHOU JUN , LI YAN , CHEN FUQIAN , LI LIHONG
Published: March 2016

While the developments in finite element method have made it possible to simulate the complex problems in biomechanics, building an accurate constitutive model of living tissues is a major factor in getting reliable finite element analysis (FEA) results. In this study, a set of experiments were performed to test the properties of porcine brain tissue under unconfined uniaxial compression with 20[Formula: see text]s hold time at varied strain levels (10–50%) and strain rates (0.1–1[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text]). A novel method was developed to build a quasi-linear viscoelasticity (QLV) model. The elastic function and the relaxation function were calculated separately. An Odgen model was adopted to characterize the elastic behavior, while the relaxation response was modeled at six decay rates. A standard to choose the visco parameters was discussed and carried out. The disparity of parameter values in previous models was discussed and explained. It is suggested that this model should be used in the tested loading conditions (relaxation time, strain rate, strain levels).
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TRANSIENT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE LEFT CORONARY ARTERY WITH VARYING DEGREES OF BIFURCATION ANGLES
Authors: ZHANG BO , JIN YILUN , WANG XIAORAN , ZENG TAISHENG , WANG LIANSHENG
Published: March 2016

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition that can occur in any part of the vascular system. Especially, it can exist in bifurcated arteries such as the left and right coronary arteries, abdominal aortic bifurcation or carotid artery bifurcation. In our study, we examine the left coronary artery as an exemplification using wall shear stress (WSS) and wall pressure gradient (WPG). Then, we attempt to find the relationship between bifurcated arterial geometry and hemodynamics. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a common technique applied to characterize blood flow accurately and assist us to gain an insight of atherosclerosis. In this paper, we used CFD as the computational hemodynamics analysis technique to examine flow through the left coronary artery that has variable angular bifurcation. Our results demonstrated that the region of low WSS area and magnitudes of maximum WPG increases with the angles of bifurcation. Such hemodynamic condition resulting from the large bifurcation angles has an effect on atherogenesis and is worthy of investigation for better understanding of atherosclerosis.
A third-order entropy stable scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Cheng Xiaohan , Nie Yufeng
Published: March 2016

A third-order entropy stable scheme for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws is proposed here. This scheme contains two main ingredients: a fourth-order entropy conservative flux and a third-order numerical diffusion operator. A piecewise-quadratic reconstruction from pointwise values is developed in order to approximate the third-order dissipative term. To guarantee a non-oscillating property, a nonlinear limiter is employed and, furthermore, the scheme is proven to be entropy stable. Finally, numerical experiments are presented and demonstrate the accuracy, high-resolution, and robustness of our method.
EIA Follow-Up in the UK — A 2015 Update
Authors: Jones Robert , Fischer Thomas B.
Published: March 2016

EIA is globally recognised and implemented as a decision making support instrument in project planning. Whilst it should be involved in both, pre-development consent deliberations as well as in subsequent phases, including post construction, in practice, follow-up is often deficient. In this paper, a review of how follow-up is dealt with in UK environmental statement non-technical summaries is presented. Furthermore, opinions of UK EIA practitioners with regards to current practices and barriers and possible implications of the new EC EIA Directive from 2014 are discussed. Comparing results with earlier publications, an overall minor positive change in follow-up practices in the UK is identified and three main barriers for improved follow-up are established: (1) lack of appropriate legislation, (2) implementation costs, and (3) lack of enforcement. The latter may still be the number one reason for continued deficient practice, even when the new EIA Directive is implemented.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A RHABDOMYOSARCOMA WITH SYSTEMIC METASTASIS IN AN AVIAN LEUKOSIS VIRUS (ALV) INFECTED CHICKEN
Authors: Li Wen-Ta , Jeng Chian-Ren , Liu Chen-Hsuan , Pang Victor Fei , Wang Ching-Ho , Wang Pao-Jung , Chang Hui-Wen
Published: March 2016

Immunohistochemistry features and cross-reactivity of commercially available antibodies are poorly understood in avian species. Here, we present a confirmative diagnosis of a rare systemically metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma in a seven-month-old male domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). The animal had multiple grey to dark-red masses in the pectoral muscle, coelomic cavity, and multiple visceral organs. Microscopically, these masses were composed of spindloid neoplastic cells arranged into interwoven and patternless arrays with the presence of binucleated to multinucleated and karyomegalic neoplastic cells. A systemically metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma associated with avian leukosis viruses (ALV) infection was diagnosed by immunohistochemically demonstrating neoplastic cells dispersedly positive for desmin and p27 major capsid protein of ALVs, but diffusely negative for cytokeratin, vimentin, [Formula: see text]-smooth muscle actin, MyoD1, S-100, and neuron-specific enolase. These tumors and internal organs were further characterized positive for subgroups A, B, C, D, or E ALVs, but negative for subgroup J ALV, by polymerase chain reactions. The report suggests the potential of using IHC for a confirmative diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma and ALV infection in chickens. The role of endogenous and exogenous ALVs in the rhabdomyosarcoma is also discussed in the present report.
Interdisciplinary Projects in the Academic Studio
Authors: Gestwicki Paul , McNely Brian
Published: March 2016

We define and describe the academic studio model for interdisciplinary, undergraduate, project-oriented education. This model brings faculty, students, and community partners together to investigate an open-ended academic question, and their collaboration yields an original product that represents their inquiry. The academic studio integrates agile software development practice, project-oriented pedagogy, and sociocultural cognition theories. Scrum provides the framework in which self-organizing, cross-functional teams define their methodology, and Scrum practices facilitate assessment of student learning outcomes.

This model emerged from design-based research across six studio instances, each of which investigated the relationship of fun, games, and learning through the development of educational video games. Formal and informal analysis of these instances gives rise to several themes, including the importance of a formalized process to encourage learning and productivity, the critical role of an expert faculty mentor, the need to combine academic and industrial practice to manage the inherent challenges of collaborative software development, and the unique characteristics of learning outcomes arising from this model. We conclude that the academic studio model is beneficial to student learning and faculty development, and we encourage the adoption, adaptation, and evaluation of the model.
ATPC
Authors: Lin Shan , Miao Fei , Zhang Jingbin , Zhou Gang , Gu Lin , He Tian , Stankovic John A. , Son Sang , Pappas George J.
Published: March 2016

Extensive empirical studies presented in this article confirm that the quality of radio communication between low-power sensor devices varies significantly with time and environment. This phenomenon indicates that the previous topology control solutions, which use static transmission power, transmission range, and link quality, might not be effective in the physical world. To address this issue, online transmission power control that adapts to external changes is necessary. This article presents ATPC, a lightweight algorithm for Adaptive Transmission Power Control in wireless sensor networks. In ATPC, each node builds a model for each of its neighbors, describing the correlation between transmission power and link quality. With this model, we employ a feedback-based transmission power control algorithm to dynamically maintain individual link quality over time. The intellectual contribution of this work lies in a novel pairwise transmission power control, which is significantly different from existing node-level or network-level power control methods. Also different from most existing simulation work, the ATPC design is guided by extensive field experiments of link quality dynamics at various locations over a long period of time. The results from the real-world experiments demonstrate that (1) with pairwise adjustment, ATPC achieves more energy savings with a finer tuning capability, and (2) with online control, ATPC is robust even with environmental changes over time.