bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the turbulent viscosity parameter C
μ
in the k–ϵ model
Authors: Mishra Harshit , Venayagamoorthy Subhas Karan
Published: October 2024

The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models depend on empirical constants to close the Reynolds stress terms. The empirical constants were obtained using experiments conducted at low Reynolds numbers several decades ago. In this paper, we revisit the turbulent viscosity parameter

$C_\mu$

, based on the stress–intensity ratio

$c^2 = {|\overline {uw}|}/{k}$

. Here,

$\overline {|uw|}$

and

$k$

are the absolute values of the Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy, respectively. Through a priori comparisons, we find that the currently accepted value of

$C_\mu = 0.09$

does not agree with the latest direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental datasets of wall-bounded turbulent planar flows. Therefore, a new value is suggested by averaging

$c^2$

in the equilibrium region, where the production (

$\mathcal {P}$

) of

$k$

is within 10 % of the dissipation rate (

$\epsilon$

), and consequently,

$c^4 \approx C_\mu$

. We evaluate flows up to friction Reynolds number

$Re_\tau \approx 10\,000$

and find that with increasing

$Re_\tau$

,

$C_\mu$

approaches a value of 0.06, which is almost 50 % lower than the prevalent value of 0.09. Finally, we perform an a priori test with the new (proposed) value of

$C_\mu = 0.06$

to show that the estimated turbulent viscosity

$\nu _T$

for wall-bounded flows is in much closer agreement with the exact (DNS) values than when

$\nu _T$

is estimated using

$C_\mu = 0.09$

.
The effect of end conditions on the body motion and near-wake flow structure of a circular cylinder under vortex-induced vibration
Authors: Mohtat Pouya , Ekmekci Alis
Published: October 2024

Free transverse oscillations of an elastically mounted circular cylinder with low mass-damping are studied with a focus on the effects of the cylinder end condition on structural oscillations and vortex shedding. While the top end of the cylinder pierces the free surface of a water channel, the lower end is changed to have three end conditions: an attached endplate, an endplate unattached from the cylinder at varying gaps and no endplate. All three response branches are examined, with the reduced velocity sweeping

$2 \le {U^\ast } \le 15$

(corresponding to a Reynolds number range of

$2000 \le Re \le 14\;700$

). Although the cylinder oscillations are unaffected by the end condition in the initial and upper branches, they show significant dependency on the end condition in the lower branch. When the endplate is attached or unattached with a small gap, the upper-to-lower branch transition occurs with a sudden decrease in oscillation amplitude, after which the lower branch maintains a near-constant amplitude. For larger gaps or no endplate, with increasing reduced velocity, the oscillation amplitude decreases gradually from its peak without any discernible sign of transition between the upper and lower branches. The three-dimensional effects of the gap are the basis for these differences in oscillation. Atop the strong tip vortex, a low-magnitude streamwise velocity region develops downstream of the cylinder, which delays upper-to-lower branch transition over the cylinder span that sees this low-velocity region. With increasing gap, this low-velocity region and the delay in transition spread over larger spanwise extents, forcing the overall body to oscillate at larger amplitudes.
Diverse Disconnectedness: Homophily, Social Capital Inequality, and Student Experiences in Law School
Authors: Paik Anthony , Ballakrishnen Swethaa , Silver Carole , Boutcher Steven , Whitworth Tanya Rouleau
Published: October 2024

Law school students are encouraged frequently to “network.” However, depending on demographic categories, they may have access to differently resourced social networks in law school. In this article, we draw from our mixed-methods research to explore this diversity of experience, its limitations of access, and the possible network inequalities that may limit the value of legal education to diverse students across different institutional contexts. Using survey and network data (N = 744), collected during the fall of 2019 from three law schools, as well as supplementary interview data (N = 55), we examined students’ social networks, the structures of these relationships, and their associations with law school satisfaction. We find that, while students tended to cluster based on shared characteristics (that is, race, gender, sexual identity, political orientation, religion, and age) and contexts (that is, type of program, section assignments), these emergent clusters produced disparities in satisfaction across racial categories. Homophilous networks were tied to satisfaction for Black and White students, but the same embeddedness was associated with lower satisfaction with law school for Asian and Latinx students. These results provide grounds for rethinking how diversity matters in law school and its implications for marginalized students’ experience and success.
The complexity of teaching Hebrew in Israel's Arab school system
Authors: Manor Rama , Watad Ali
Published: October 2024

This paper discusses the complexities of teaching Hebrew to Israel's largest minority group, the Arabs, who must be fluent in the language if they are to succeed. While policy-making institutions in Israel today are aware of the importance of Hebrew for Arab students, the teaching of Hebrew faces serious challenges involving the status of Hebrew in Arab society, the inner-Arab state of diglossia, and the training and placement of Arab teachers of Hebrew. The distribution of the Arab population (in mixed Jewish–Arab towns, and in Arab towns and villages), as well as differing levels of exposure to Hebrew, also pose considerable challenges. The paper combines a historical-theoretical with a philosophical-theoretical approach. It analyzes findings of previous studies that examined Hebrew writings of Arabs studying to be teachers of Hebrew, and policy documents dealing with teacher training and placement in the schools. Our study found a profound gap between Arab Hebrew teachers' academic-pedagogical training and its implementation. Our main recommendations for reducing the gap are: (1) the curriculum should take Israeli Arabs' sociolinguistic situation into account; (2) the teacher placement system needs an overhaul; and (3) the teaching of Hebrew should begin in third grade.
Documentary and Community Theatre with Young People in Madrid: The Creative Process of Mundo Quinta
Authors: García-Manso Luisa
Published: October 2024

Mundo Quinta is a documentary theatre creation programme for adolescents in Madrid, launched by Espacio Abierto Quinta de los Molinos and directed by the theatre company Cross Border Project. This publicly funded programme started in 2018 and is currently celebrating its sixth season. Each season takes place during the academic year and culminates in the premiere of a new play. This article combines empirical and ethnographical methods with theatre analysis to examine the foundations, artistic vision, and creative process of Mundo Quinta, and to analyze how artistic quality is ensured in the final productions. The research undertaken focuses on the fourth season, and identifies the techniques used to create the verbatim theatre play ¿Me quieres alfileres? (Multiformas de quereres) [Do You Love Me? (Multiforms of Love)] in 2022 with designated young participants.
British Theatre from Agitprop to ‘Primark Playwriting’
Authors: Edgar David , Gültekin Hakan
Published: October 2024

In this interview, which took place in Birmingham on 16 February 2023, Hakan Gültekin talks to playwright David Edgar about his theatre universe and the current state of British theatre. Edgar has long championed the social and economic rights of playwrights, and here suggests that the lack of long-term and sustained support from British theatres has created what he calls ‘Primark playwrights’. His plays are characterized by a careful examination of historical events and the impact of these events on society, as evident in his epic two-part play Destiny (1976), which examines the roots of the British Labour movement. Other notable plays include Excuses Excuses (1972), Saigon Rose (1976), Wreckers (1977), and Entertaining Strangers (1986), commissioned by the Colway Theatre. He has also written plays for the Royal Shakespeare Company, including The Jail Diary of Albie Sachs (1978), Maydays (1983, revived in 2018), and Pentecost (1994). More recently, he adapted A Christmas Carol for the RSC (2017) and staged the one-man show Trying It On (2018). He founded the first playwriting degree in Britain at the University of Birmingham in 1989, and served as President of the Writers’ Guild of Great Britain from 2007 to 2013.
Othello: A Moor Rorschach Test
Authors: Michels-Gualtieri Akaela
Published: October 2024

The evolution of the colour of Othello’s skin-tone is a surprisingly accurate cultural barometer of attitudes towards race in the eyes of scholars. A significant portion of the critical literature is focused upon the Moor’s complexion as one of the main variables within the play. Yet the fact that the script has itself become a variable, and not a constant, has been neglected. This text’s transformation can be traced alongside the ratification of racial laws. In Jacobean England, Antebellum American, and Imperial Germany, audiences respectively experienced Othello committing divergent crimes, ranging from murder-suicide, to marriage, to simply existing. These countries’ racial legislation coloured the various audience interpretations of the Moor. While Othello’s actions were always the same, the public projected their own attributed meanings onto the play – a practice analogous to a living Rorschach test. This article explores the concept of using a metaphorical Rorschach test as a tool for the historicization of the many colours of Othello.
The challenge of etiologic diagnosis of subacute and chronic meningitis: an analysis of 183 patients
Authors: Haddad Mahboubeh , Sheybani Fereshte , Shirazinia Matin , Khoroushi Farzaneh , Baghestani Zahra
Published: October 2024

Subacute and chronic meningitis (SCM) presents significant diagnostic challenges, with numerous infectious and non-infectious inflammatory causes. This study examined patients aged 16 and older with SCM admitted to referral centers for neuroinfections and neuroinflammations in Mashhad, Iran, between March 2015 and October 2022. Among 183 episodes, tuberculous meningitis was the most common infectious cause (46.5%), followed by Brucella meningitis (24.6%). The cause of SCM was definitively proven in 40.4%, presumptive in 35.0%, and unknown in 24.6% of cases. In-hospital mortality was 14.4%, and 30.5% of survivors experienced unfavorable outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale 2–4). Patients with unknown causes had a significantly higher risk of death compared to those with presumptive or proven diagnoses (risk ratio 4.18). This study emphasizes the diagnostic difficulties of SCM, with one-quarter of cases remaining undiagnosed and over one-third having only a presumptive diagnosis. Improving diagnostic methods could potentially enhance prognosis and reduce mortality.
Ambulance Transports from NCAA Division 1 Football Games
Authors: Shekhar Aditya C. , Alexander Abel , Simms Michael , Jahan Mehek , Haugen Anna , Lu Michelle , Ball Robert , Clement Jeffrey
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

There is significant public health interest towards providing medical care at mass-gathering events. Furthermore, mass gatherings have the potential to have a detrimental impact on the availability of already-limited municipal Emergency Medical Services (EMS) resources. This study presents a cross-sectional descriptive analysis to report broad trends regarding patients who were transported from National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 collegiate football games at a major public university in order to better inform emergency preparedness and resource planning for mass gatherings.

Methods:

Patient care reports (PCRs) from ambulance transports originating from varsity collegiate football games at the University of Minnesota across six years were examined. Pertinent information was abstracted from each PCR.

Results:

Across the six years of data, there were a total of 73 patient transports originating from NCAA collegiate football games: 45.2% (n = 33) were male, and the median age was 22 years. Alcohol-related chief complaints were involved in 50.7% (n = 37) of transports. In total, 31.5% of patients had an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of less than 15. The majority (65.8%; n = 48; 0.11 per 10,000 attendees) were transported by Basic Life Support (BLS) ambulances. The remaining patients (34.2%; n = 25; 0.06 per 10,000 attendees) were transported by Advanced Life Support (ALS) ambulances and were more likely to be older, have abnormal vital signs, and have a lower GCS.

Conclusions:

This analysis of ambulance transports from NCAA Division 1 collegiate football games emphasizes the prevalence of alcohol-related chief complaints, but also underscores the likelihood of more life-threatening conditions at mass gatherings. These results and additional research will help inform emergency preparedness at mass-gathering events.
Internalised Individualism: Young People, Welfare Conditionality, and the Psychological Framing of Employment Aspirations
Authors: Rochow Thomas
Published: October 2024

This paper argues that young people who claim state support in the UK are prone to accept the contemporary hegemonic conceptualisation within advanced capitalist societies, that individual behaviour and mindset are the key determinants of valorised labour market outcomes. The notion that the self is all encompassing and one can, and should, choose to overcome all challenges in life through self-improvement is particularly salient for recent generations of young people. Social policy reinforces this trend by encouraging changes in the individual to combat structural problems, and such ideology is present in the contemporary intensification of welfare conditionality. This paper draws upon secondary analysis of longitudinal qualitative data generated as part of the Welfare Conditionality Project (2013–2019) to demonstrate that young people who experience welfare conditionality are likely to individualise pathways to their future aspirations.
Social status, chaste widowhood, and trends in marital age gaps in post-Imjin Korea, 1606–1630
Authors: Han Sangwoo , Lee Byung-Ho
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the impact of warfare on nuptial patterns, focusing on the trends and characteristics of age differences within marriage. Specifically, it explores the socio-demographic outcomes of the Imjin War (1592–1598) and post-war reconstruction in Korea, using the earliest extant Chosŏn household registers, compiled between 1606 and 1630. Individual-level microdata were derived involving 2,336 married couples based on 11,749 entries in these registers, covering four administrative districts located in the southeastern region of the Korean peninsula severely devastated by the war. Factors such as status, property, warfare, social practices, and legal regulations influenced spousal age differences. First, social rank and family wealth played pivotal roles, with age gaps widening as a husband's socio-economic status increased. Second, females born after 1580, whose first marriages were affected by the Imjin War and post-war circumstances, experienced an average marital age gap of about ten years. Third, this effect was further complicated by the imposition of socio-legal rules on remarriage; that is, the yangban entailed a pronounced age difference owing to the Neo-Confucian norm of chaste widowhood. This study enriches the understanding of historical marriage customs in Korea and offers insights for studies on age disparity in marriage.
A Critical Review of the Energy Charter Treaty from an Earth System Law Perspective
Authors: Cocciolo Endrius , Reins Leonie
Published: October 2024

The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is one of the best-known and most controversial of the international investment treaties. The energy transition necessary to achieve the Paris Agreement climate target will require large and sustained flows of investment capital. Scholars, environmentalists, industry representatives, and governmental officials have intensively debated the modernization of the ECT. The main point of contention is whether the ECT can facilitate the energy transition or whether it entrenches fossil lock-in in unsustainable and unjust ways. This article proposes a comprehensive and integrated approach to the ECT, guided by the theoretical matrix of Earth system law scholarship. Our analysis reveals that the ECT cannot address contemporary socio-ecological challenges, but rather it remains a sectoral piece of a supranational economic constitution far removed from the most pressing exigencies of the Anthropocene.
Engaging faith for a sustainable urban future
Authors: Ives Christopher D. , Baker Christopher
Published: October 2024

Non-technical summary

Effectively addressing climate change requires new approaches to action, implementation and social change. Urban societies are profoundly shaped by faith, with religion influencing the physical environment, institutional structures and lives of citizens. Consequently, there is a need to consider seriously religion's role in mobilizing or constraining climate action in cities. Research is presented that shows the potential of faith-based organizations and faith perspectives to minimize and adapt to climate impacts. A framework for sensitively engaging faith communities in urban climate policy is developed, based on the power of shared values among diverse stakeholder groups to mobilize climate action through partnerships.

Technical summary

Global environmental research and policy frameworks have begun to emphasize the importance of culture and multi-sector partnerships for urban sustainability governance. However, there has been little explicit attention paid to religion and belief as ubiquitous urban socio-cultural phenomena. This article reviews literature on the intersection of religion and climate change in the context of cities. Religious responses to climate change are presented as a typology spanning physicalities, practices, ‘prophetic’ imagination and policy arenas. Key themes are then intersected with areas of focal activity presented in the most recent IPCC reports. Religion is shown to offer both opportunities and barriers for effective urban climate adaptation and mitigation. A new model of religious-civic partnership is then developed as a framework for guiding urban climate policy implementation. This model presents religion as vital to shaping the ‘value landscape’ of cities and calls for collaborative action based on identifying, enriching and mobilizing shared values. As cities become increasingly more populous, heterogeneous, globally teleconnected and exposed to climate impacts, there is an urgent need for research and policy that effectively engages with the historic and evolving presence and impact of religion within urban environments.

Social media summary

Effective action on climate change in cities requires new modes of engagement with religious perspectives, grounded in shared values.
Charting the course for the next decade of sustainability research and innovation
Authors: Sioen G. B. , McGreevy S. , Ungvari J. , Attig-Bahar F. , Juhola S.
Published: October 2024

Non-technical summary

The Anthropocene era demands urgent societal changes as we exceed planetary limits. Addressing key sustainability and governance challenges requires inter- and transdisciplinary approaches. Future Earth, a global initiative, brings together leading scholars to advance sustainability science by connecting natural and social sciences and humanities with policymaking. This Special Collection emerged from a 2021 call by Future Earth. Featuring 12 manuscripts, it explores themes like cutting-edge sustainability knowledge, interdisciplinary methods, cultural and developmental issues, and strategies for sustainable transformations. This collection offers a forward-looking view on critical research to guide policy and funding for a sustainable world.

Technical summary

The Anthropocene era necessitates urgent societal changes as we surpass planetary boundaries. Addressing the pressing questions of biogeochemical monitoring, feedback mechanisms, and effective governance systems requires interdisciplinary approaches. Future Earth, a global initiative formed by consolidating networks from major research programs, has been pivotal in advancing sustainability science through such approaches. By bridging natural and social sciences and humanities for enhancing the science–policy interface, Future Earth fosters research and innovation essential for global sustainability transformations. This Special Collection, ‘Charting the Course for the Next Decade of Sustainability Research and Innovation,’ arose from a 2021 call by Future Earth. The Special Collection highlights key scientific questions and future research directions. Contributions span themes such as state-of-the-art sustainability knowledge, transdisciplinary methods, cultural and developmental tensions, multi-actor process efficacy, and integrated knowledge for sustainable transformations. With manuscripts sourced from Future Earth's Global Research Networks and other aligned organizations, this issue underscores a forward-looking perspective on critical interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research needed to support high-level policy and funding directions, ultimately aiming to inform societal decisions for a sustainable and equitable world. We conclude that addressing the sustainability crisis requires a diverse and multi-faceted approach that draws upon the best knowledge of humankind.

Social media summary

Explore urgent societal changes and sustainability science with Future Earth's Collection on sustainability research.
Estimation of Denudation Parameters and River Capture Events From Neural Network Inverse Modeling of River Profiles and Thermo‐ and Geochronology Data
Authors: Bernard Thomas , Glotzbach Christoph , Peifer Daniel , Neely Alexander , Schaller Mirjam , Beer Alexander , Shi Yanqing , Ehlers Todd A.
Published: October 2024

Earth's topography represents the cumulative effects of tectonics and surface processes modulated by climate and lithology. These factors shape landscapes through time. River profiles can be inverted to estimate the rock uplift histories or lithology‐specific erodibilities. However, river systems are dynamic and evolve in response to spatial and temporal internal dynamics, such as river capture events. Here, we present a modeling framework to infer denudation rates from the inversion of river profiles and thermo‐ and geochronology data. We achieve this by coupling a landscape evolution model and an efficient inverse modeling scheme to infer poorly resolved erosional and tectonic parameters. An application of the approach is presented for the Neckar catchment, southwest Germany, characterized by stark lateral variation in bedrock erodibility and rock uplift, and that have demonstrably undergone multiple river capture events. Different end‐member scenarios are explored in the simulations. First, we test uniform and spatial variability in rock uplift rate and bedrock erodibility, and second, temporal variations in rock uplift rate and base level. Finally, we simulate river capture events by adding upstream sections (drainage area) at specific times and locations within the fluvial network. We find that spatial variation in rock uplift rate is necessary to reproduce the Neckar's river profile while honoring analytical observations. Simulations integrating river captures allow improved river profile predictions of specific tributaries of the Neckar catchment, leading to potentially more realistic erodibility and rock uplift history estimates. The time and location of the capture events determined from the modeling agree with previous estimations from geological evidence.
Feasibility and efficacy of adding high-intensity interval training to a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention in children with obesity—a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Eggertsen Charlotte Nørkjær , Larsen Ryan Godsk , Duch Kirsten , Simonsen Morten Bilde , Christensen Cecilie Brøns , Warner Tine Caroc , Frøkjær Jens Brøndum , Handberg Aase , Stjernholm Theresa , Vestergaard Esben Thyssen , Hagstrøm Søren
Published: October 2024

Background

Multidisciplinary lifestyle interventions for children with obesity in Denmark often include recommendations regarding physical activity, but no structured exercise program. We hypothesized that adding high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention would improve BMI z-score (primary outcome), waist circumference, blood pressure, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Methods

This randomized controlled trial included 173 children and adolescents with obesity. Participants were allocated to 12-months lifestyle intervention (N = 83), or 12-month lifestyle intervention accompanied by a 12-week HIIT program (N = 90). HIIT consisted of three weekly sessions and included activities eliciting intensities >85% of maximal heart rate.

Results

Attendance rate for the 3-months HIIT intervention was 68.0 ± 23.2%. Dropout was lower in HIIT compared to control at three months (7.8% vs. 20.5%) and 12 months (26.5% vs 48.2%). Changes in BMI z-score did not differ between HIIT and control at 3 months (Mean Difference (MD): 0.01, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.09; 0.12, P = 0.82) or 12 months (MD: 0.06, CI: −0.07;0.19, P = 0.34). Across randomization, BMI z-score was reduced by 0.11 (CI: 0.17; 0.06, P < 0.01) at 3 months and 0.20 (CI: 0.26;0.14, P < 0.01) at 12 months. At 3 months, HIIT experienced a greater increase in HRQOL of 2.73 (CI: 0.01;5.44, P = 0.05) in PedsQL Child total-score and 3.85 (CI: 0.96; 6.74, P < 0.01) in psychosocial health-score compared to control. At 12 months, PedsQL Child physical-score was reduced by 6.89 (CI: 10.97; 2.83, P < 0.01) in HIIT compared to control. No group differences or changes over time were found for waist circumference or blood pressure.

Conclusion

Adding a 12-week HIIT program did not further augment the positive effects of a 12-month lifestyle intervention on BMI z-score. Adding HIIT improved HRQOL after 3 months, but reduced HRQOL at 12 months. Implementation of HIIT in community-based settings was feasible and showed positive effects on adherence to the lifestyle intervention.
Regular exercise ameliorates high-fat diet-induced depressive-like behaviors by activating hippocampal neuronal autophagy and enhancing synaptic plasticity
Authors: Wu Jialin , Xu Huachong , Wang Shiqi , Weng Huandi , Luo Zhihua , Ou Guosen , Chen Yaokang , Xu Lu , So Kwok-Fai , Deng Li , Zhang Li , Chen Xiaoyin
Published: October 2024

Exercise enhances synaptic plasticity and alleviates depression symptoms, but the mechanism through which exercise improves high-fat diet-induced depression remains unclear. In this study, 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were administered a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal from fat) to a HFD model for 8 weeks. The RUN group also received 1 h of daily treadmill exercise in combination with the HFD. Depressive-like behaviors were evaluated by behavioral assessments for all groups. The key mediator of the effect of exercise on high-fat diet-induced depressive-like behaviors was detected by RNA-seq. The morphology and function of the neurons were evaluated via Nissl staining, Golgi staining, electron microscopy and electrophysiological experiments. The results showed that exercise attenuated high-fat diet-induced depressive-like behavior and reversed hippocampal gene expression changes. RNA-seq revealed Wnt5a, which was a key mediator of the effect of exercise on high-fat diet-induced depressive-like behaviors. Further work revealed that exercise significantly activated neuronal autophagy in the hippocampal CA1 region via the Wnt5a/CamkII signaling pathway, which enhanced synaptic plasticity to alleviate HFD-induced depressive-like behavior. However, the Wnt5a inhibitor Box5 suppressed the ameliorative effects of exercise. Therefore, this work highlights the critical role of Wnt5a, which is necessary for exercise to improve high-fat diet-induced depression.
Promising metal-free green heterogeneous catalyst for quinoline synthesis using Brønsted acid functionalized g-C3N4
Authors: Krishna Bandarupalli , Roy Sounak
Published: October 2024

Rationally designing distinct acidic and basic sites can greatly enhance performance and deepen our understanding of reaction mechanisms. In our current investigation, we studied the utilization of Brønsted acid sites within layered graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the first time to enhance the rate of the Friedländer synthesis. The structural and surface analyses confirm the effective integration of -COOH and -SO3H groups into the g-C3N4 lattice. The surface-functionalized g-C3N4-CO-(CH2)3-SO3H exhibits a remarkable acceleration in quinoline formation, surpassing previously mentioned catalysts, and demonstrating notable recyclability under optimized mild reaction conditions. The heightened reaction rate observed over g-C3N4-CO-(CH2)3-SO3H is attributed to its elevated surface acidity. By probing the Friedländer reaction mechanism through surface characterization, examination of reaction intermediates, and investigation of substrate scope, we elucidate the pivotal role of Brønsted acid sites. This study constitutes a comprehensive exploration of metal-free heterogeneous catalysts for the Friedländer reaction, offering a unique contribution to the field.
Wearable gold decorated direct laser writing graphene for ultra-minor strains
Authors: Khakpour Elnaz , Sadeghzadeh Sadegh
Published: October 2024

This paper reports a flexible and wearable piezoresistive strain sensor composed of the LIG/PDMS nanocomposite.
Excellent lithium storage performance of Ni-MOFs/GO composite as anode in lithium ion battery
Authors: Zhu Weijie , Wang Gaolei , Zhou Shiqi , Min Yuxin , Yang Chaofan , Huang Junjie
Published: October 2024

Metal–organic frameworks can deliver high lithium storage capacity due to the electron conjugated system and the stable porous frameworks built by organic ligands and transitional metallic ions.
Tetrazine-based inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction: a powerful tool for fabrication and functionalization of polymeric materials
Authors: Arslan Mehmet , Degirmenci Aysun , Sanyal Rana , Sanyal Amitav
Published: October 2024

The IEDDA click reaction plays an important role in the fabrication and functionalization of polymeric materials.
The ALMA-CRISTAL survey
Authors: Mitsuhashi Ikki , Tadaki Ken-ichi , Ikeda Ryota , Herrera-Camus Rodrigo , Aravena Manuel , De Looze Ilse , Förster Schreiber Natascha M. , González-López Jorge , Spilker Justin , Assef Roberto J. , Bouwens Rychard , Barcos-Munoz Loreto , Birkin Jack , Bowler Rebecca A. A. , Rivera Gabriela Calistro , Davies Rebecca , Da Cunha Elisabete , Díaz-Santos Tanio , Ferrara Andrea , Fisher Deanne B. , Lee Lilian L. , Li Juno , Lutz Dieter , Relaño Monica , Naab Thorsten , Palla Marco , Posses Ana , Solimano Manuel , Tacconi Linda , Übler Hannah , van der Giessen Stefan , Veilleux Sylvain
Published: October 2024

We present the morphological parameters and global properties of dust-obscured star formation in typical star-forming galaxies at z = 4–6. Among 26 galaxies composed of 20 galaxies observed by the Cycle-8 ALMA Large Program, CRISTAL, and 6 galaxies from archival data, we individually detect rest-frame 158 μm dust continuum emission from 19 galaxies, 9 of which are reported for the first time. The derived far-infrared luminosities are in the range log10LIR [L⊙] = 10.9 − 12.4, an order of magnitude lower than previously detected massive dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs). We find the average relationship between the fraction of dust-obscured star formation (fobs) and the stellar mass to be consistent with previous results at z = 4–6 in a mass range of log10M* [M⊙]∼9.5 − 11.0 and to show potential evolution from z = 6 − 9. The individual fobs exhibits significant diversity, and we find a potential correlation with the spatial offset between the dust and UV continuum, suggesting that inhomogeneous dust reddening may cause the source-to-source scatter in fobs. The effective radii of the dust emission are on average ∼1.5 kpc and are about two times more extended than those seen in rest-frame UV. The infrared surface densities of these galaxies (ΣIR ∼ 2.0 × 1010 L⊙ kpc−2) are one order of magnitude lower than those of DSFGs that host compact central starbursts. On the basis of the comparable contribution of dust-obscured and dust-unobscured star formation along with their similar spatial extent, we suggest that typical star-forming galaxies at z = 4 − 6 form stars throughout the entirety of their disks.
The earliest phases of CNO enrichment in galaxies
Authors: Rossi M. , Romano D. , Mucciarelli A. , Ceccarelli E. , Massari D. , Zamorani G.
Published: October 2024

Context. The recent detection of super-solar carbon-to-oxygen and nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance ratios in a group of metal-poor galaxies at high redshift by the James Webb Space Telescope has sparked renewed interest in exploring the chemical evolution of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (the CNO elements) at early times and prompted fresh inquiries into their origins.

Aims. The main goal of this paper is to shed light onto the early evolution of the main CNO isotopes in the Galaxy and in young distant systems, such as GN-z11 at ɀ = 10.6 and GS-zl2 at ɀ = 12.5.

Methods. To this aim, we incorporated a stochastic star formation component into a chemical evolution model calibrated with high-quality Milky Way (MW) data while focusing on the contribution of Population III (Pop III) stars to the early chemical enrichment.

Results. By comparing the model predictions with CNO abundance measurements from high-resolution spectroscopy of an homogeneous sample of Galactic halo stars, we first demonstrate that the scatter observed in the metallicity range −4.5 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ −1.5 can be explained by pre-enrichment from Pop III stars that explode as supernovae (SNe) with different initial masses and energies. Then, by exploiting the chemical evolution model, we provide testable predictions for log(C/N), log(N/O), and log(C/O) versus log(O/H)+12 in MW-like galaxies observed at different cosmic epochs (redshifts). Finally, by calibrating the chemical evolution model to replicate the observed properties of GN-z11 and GS-z12, we provide an alternative interpretation of their high N/O and C/O abundance ratios, demonstrating that an anomalously high N or C content can be reproduced through enrichment from faint Pop III SNe.

Conclusions. Stochastic chemical enrichment from primordial stars explains both the observed scatter in CNO abundances in MW halo stars and the exceptionally high C/O and N/O ratios in some distant galaxies. These findings emphasize the critical role of Pop III stars in shaping early chemical evolution.
Deep operator neural network applied to efficient computation of asteroid surface temperature and the Yarkovsky effect
Authors: Zhao Shunjing , Lei Hanlun , Shi Xian
Published: October 2024

Surface temperature distribution is crucial for thermal property-based studies about irregular asteroids in our Solar System. While direct numerical simulations could model surface temperatures with high fidelity, they often take a significant amount of computational time, especially for problems for which temperature distributions are required to be repeatedly calculated. To this end, the deep operator neural network (DeepONet) proves a powerful tool due to its high computational efficiency and generalization ability. In this work, we apply DeepONet to the modeling of asteroid surface temperatures. Results show that the trained network is able to predict temperature with an accuracy of ~1% on average, while the computational cost is five orders of magnitude lower, enabling thermal property analysis in a multidimensional parameter space. As a preliminary application, we analyzed the orbital evolution of asteroids through direct N- body simulations embedded with an instantaneous Yarkovsky effect inferred by DeepONet-based thermophysical modeling. Taking asteroids (3200) Phaethon and (89433) 2001 WM41 as examples, we show the efficacy and efficiency of our AI-based approach.
Intersection of Community Violence and Prenatal Substance Exposure: A Spatiotemporal Analysis
Authors: Haricharan Ramanathapura , Thompson Stephanie , Annie Frank , Maduakonam Chisom
Published: October 2024

Objectives Maternal substance use during pregnancy is a known risk factor for poor birth outcomes and lifelong health consequences. In addition, exposure to domestic and community violence can be associated with adverse birth outcomes. Due to limited research examining public health challenges linked to prenatal substance exposure (PSE)/neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) at the population level, we examined possible geographic and temporal intersections between (1) community violence and PSE/NAS, and (2) community gun violence and PSE/NAS.

Study Design We conducted a study using abstracted records of neonates born at a tertiary referral hospital from 2012 to 2019 having a diagnosis code for PSE/NAS (n = 1,523). Cases of community violence were identified using a hospital-based Trauma Registry during the 2012 to 2019 period (n = 1,580). We identified zones of spatial clustering and geographic overlap between community violence and PSE/NAS using emerging hot spot analysis.

Results Geographic and temporal clustering of PSE/NAS occurred. PSE/NAS had statistically significant zones of overlap with community assault cases (New Hot Spot 15 zones, Consecutive 5 zones, Sporadic Hot Spot 62 zones with a p < 0.01). PSE/NAS also clustered with community gun violence (New Hot Spot 11 zones, Consecutive Hot Spot 90 zones, Intensifying Hot Spot 13 zones, Sporadic Hot Spot 20 zones with a p < 0.01).

Conclusion Spatiotemporal overlap occurred between community violence and the adverse neonatal event of PSE/NAS. By allocating resources to identified geographic areas of increased risk, the health of vulnerable communities can be improved.

Key Points
Role of the Gut Microbiome in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Authors: Maher Salim , Rajapakse Jayashi , El-Omar Emad , Zekry Amany
Published: October 2024

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)—previously described as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—continues to rise globally. Despite this, therapeutic measures for MASLD remain limited. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the gut microbiome's role in the pathogenesis of MASLD. Understanding this relationship may allow for the administration of therapeutics that target the gut microbiome and/or its metabolic function to alleviate MASLD development or progression. This review will discuss the interplay between the gut microbiome's structure and function in relation to the development of MASLD, assess the diagnostic yield of gut microbiome-based signatures as a noninvasive tool to identify MASLD severity, and examine current and emerging therapies targeting the gut microbiome–liver axis.
Trend, Level, and Predictors of Glycemic Control among Iranians with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Arero Amanuel Godana , Rabizadeh Soghra , Sorato Mende Mensa , AlJasem Mohamad , Arero Godana , Esteghamati Alireza , Manouchehr Nakhjavani
Published: October 2024

Objective We aimed to determine the trend, level, and predictors of glycemic control among adult type 2 diabetes on regular follow-up.

Material and Method A 12-year unmatched retrospective cohort study was conducted at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics was computed for most variables, such as sociodemographic factors, medication-related factors, and disease-related factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the functional independent predictors of good glycemic control among type 2 diabetes.

Results A total of 297 patients with regular follow-up were included in this study. Patients' mean body mass index was 28.51 ± 4.61 kg/m2. The mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c %) was 7.4 ± 1.25%. One hundred thirteen (30%) patients achieved the glycemic control target (i.e., HbA1c < 7.0%). The mean systolic blood pressure level was 132.88 ± 16.23 mm Hg. The mean diastolic blood pressure level was 76.58 ± 9.2 mm Hg. The mean level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was 79.23 ± 28.69 mg/dL. The highest trend of glycemic control was recorded in 2014 to 2015 (49.5%). Age less than 50 years, taking oral antidiabetic monotherapy, having blood pressure (BP) less than 140/90 mm Hg, and having LDL-cholesterol level < 70 mg/dL were independently associated with good glycemic control.

Conclusion Glycemic control levels among type 2 diabetes on regular follow-up were low. Young age was negatively associated with good glycemic control. Taking oral antidiabetic monotherapy, achieving BP, and meeting LDL-cholesterol targets were positively associated with good glycemic control. Therefore, addressing these factors can improve glycemic control and reduce associated complications.
Would the bat signal actually work?
Authors: Green Leigh Ann
Published: October 2024

Exploring optics fundamentals with a pop culture icon.
Enhancing antibacterial properties of PEEK surfaces: Laser-induced and machine-learning assessed
Authors: Zhang WeiXuan , Gao Kun , Li Xiaohong , Li Huijuan , Liao Jihan , Xuan Sensen , Li Guoqiang
Published: October 2024

Creating sub-micrometer structures on material surfaces to achieve physical antibacterial effects is of significant importance and value across various fields, including prosthetics for bone repair and implants. High-performance polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which lack inherent chemical antibacterial properties, can greatly benefit from exploring physical antibacterial mechanisms to extend their applications in medical, healthcare, and food-related domains. This study employs femtosecond laser direct writing technology to fabricate antibacterial microstructures on PEEK surfaces. By varying the laser parameters, we can predictably control and modify the resulting surface microstructures and their physical properties. Additionally, we have trained a machine learning model to predict the antibacterial efficacy of these surfaces based on two-dimensional scanning electron microscope images, enabling us to identify the most promising antibacterial surfaces. Our combined approach has produced PEEK surfaces with antibacterial efficacy of up to 77.8% against Staphylococcus aureus and 92.3% against Escherichia coli. This work advances our understanding of how surface microstructure influences antibacterial performance, paving the way for the systematic design and production of antibacterial materials.
Prototype optical enhancement cavity for steady-state microbunching
Authors: Liu X. , Lu X.-Y. , Tian Q.-L. , Pan Z.-L. , Deng X.-J. , Yan L.-X. , Li R.-K. , Huang W.-H. , Tang C.-X. , Chiche R. , Dupraz K. , Martens A. , Zomer F.
Published: October 2024

The innovative mechanism of steady-state microbunching (SSMB) promises a potent light source, featuring high repetition rate and coherent radiation. The laser modulator, comprising an undulator and an optical enhancement cavity, is pivotal in SSMB. A high-finesse prototype optical enhancement cavity for SSMB with an average power of 55 kW is described in this paper. Preliminary design of the laser modulator, experimental setup, and methods to address frequency degeneracy and power coupling issues are discussed. D-shaped mirrors are utilized to successfully suppress the modal instability. This study is the first to illustrate the finesse reduction caused by high-order mode damping during experiments. The experimental and simulation results match closely. A cavity power coupling model is established, and the experimental results verify the correctness of the coupling model. A method for estimating the absorption coefficient through thermal-induced evolution of cavity mode has been implemented. Experimental results demonstrate a high-average-power enhancement cavity with a finesse of 16 518 ± 103 and an estimated average absorption coefficient of 12 ppm for the cavity mirrors. The findings contribute to the advancement of SSMB by providing insights into the design and operation of high-power optical enhancement cavities.
Accurate prediction of dielectric properties and bandgaps in materials with a machine learning approach
Authors: Hu Yilin , Wu Maokun , Yuan Miaojia , Wen Yichen , Ren Pengpeng , Ye Sheng , Liu Fayong , Zhou Bo , Fang Hui , Wang Runsheng , Ji Zhigang , Huang Ru
Published: October 2024

The conventional approach to exploring suitable dielectrics for future logic and memory devices relies on first-principle calculations, which are expensive and time-consuming. In this work, we adopt a data-driven machine learning (ML)-based approach to build a model for predicting these properties. By incorporating structural information into the input descriptors, we achieve record-high accuracy in predicting the dielectric constant, with the coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.886 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.083. Additionally, we achieve high predictions for the bandgap, with accuracies of 0.832 and 0.533 for R2 and RMSE, respectively. The features corresponding to specific properties are analyzed to obtain physical insights. Finally, we employ first-principle calculations to validate the feasibility of this model. This work proposes a highly efficient approach for using ML to predict material properties.
Kinetic corrections to heat-flow and Nernst advection for laser heated plasmas
Authors: Walsh C. A. , Sherlock M.
Published: October 2024

Reduced models for approximating the impact of kinetic electron behavior on the transport of thermal energy and magnetic field are investigated. The thermal flux limiter has improved agreement with Vlasov–Fokker–Planck data when a harmonic form is used that adjusts the electron mean free path to account for electron–electron collisions; these results apply to both unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas. Once a magnetic field is incorporated, the mean free path should also be modified using the electron gyroradius. A flux limiter on Nernst advection of magnetic fields is also required; a form that limits Nernst by the same fraction as the thermal heat-flow best reproduces kinetic simulations. A flux limiter form for the cross terms (Righi–Leduc and cross-gradient-Nernst) is also suggested. Hohlraum simulations relevant to fusion experiments on the National Ignition Facility are found to be sensitive to all of these details.
Scalable ultra-strong light–matter coupling at THz frequencies using graded alloy parabolic quantum wells
Authors: Goulain P. , Jeannin M. , Deimert C. , Blaikie T. , Pirotta S. , Wright A. , De Vetter A. , Mičica M. , Dhillon S. , Wasilewski Z. R. , Colombelli R. , Manceau J.-M.
Published: October 2024

We demonstrate scalable ultra-strong light–matter coupling with intersubband polaritons in a truly harmonic confining potential. The harmonicity grants immunity from electron–electron interactions, a protection guaranteed by the Kohn theorem, allowing the intersubband transition frequency to be lowered while keeping the light–matter interaction strength constant. In principle, this procedure permits increasing the relative coupling strength (η = ΩRabi/ω12) at will. We measure a record low intersubband transition at 1.24 THz and a lower polaritonic mode at 920 GHz, below the barrier of 1 THz. The system exhibits a η ratio of 0.24, fully in the ultra-strong coupling regime, and remains stable up to 78 K. This approach is valuable for future non-adiabatic quantum electrodynamic experiments at long wavelengths.