bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Motor Evoked Potentials Recorded from Skeletal Muscle in Patients under Total Anesthesia with Intravenously Administered Propofol
Authors: Jellinek David , Platt Michael , Jewkes Doreen , Symon Lindsay
Published: April 2011

The effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from human subjects under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) was studied. MEPs were recorded from the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle of the foot in nine subjects; in two of these, simultaneous recordings were made from the 2nd dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand and from the deltoid muscle. Single transcranial electrical stimuli were used in recording the MEPs. The effects of N2O were studied at concentrations from 20 to 70%. Increasing concentrations of N2O caused a progressive increase in onset latency and a fall in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the MEPs recorded from the foot. Latency values showed a significant increase above the baseline at concentrations of N2O greater than 20% (Pvalues, 0.05-0.005). The response amplitude showed a significant decrease from the baseline at concentrations of N2O greater than 50% (P values, 0.05-0.005). The 2nd dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand demonstrated a pattern of sensitivity to N2O similar to that of the 1 st dorsal interosseous muscle of the foot. The onset latency and initial peak-to-peak amplitude of the deltoid muscle were insensitive to N2O at the concentrations used. We conclude that N2O can be used as an anesthetic adjunct without a significant deleterious effect on MEPs during intraoperative monitoring in patients under propofol anesthesia, providing concentrations are maintained below 50%.
Facial Reanimation after Facial Nerve Injury
Authors: Rosenwasser Robert H. , Liebman Emil , Jimenez Fernando D. , Buchheit William A. , Andrews David W.
Published: April 2011

Patients with facial paralysis are often seen in neurosurgical practice. Obtaining full facial symmetry and function after facial nerve damage presents the neurosurgeon with a difficult challenge. Various surgical techniques have been developed to deal with this problem. These include primary nerve repair, nerve to nerve anastomosis, nerve grafting, neurovascular pedicle grafts, regional muscle transposition, microvascular muscle transfers, and nerve transfers. Patient selection, timing of surgery, and details of surgical technique are discussed. The results of hvpoglossal-facial anastomosis in 24 patients are described.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Neurolysis Guided by Computed Tomography for the Treatment of Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Authors: Arbit E. , Krol G.
Published: April 2011

The technique of radiofrequency neurolysis guided by computed tomography for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia is described. This technique has the advantage of being performed in a neutral head position, affording excellent visualization of the jugular foramen, and also of simulating radiographically the precise trajectory of the electrode. This procedure is of particular value in treating patients with neoplastic disease and those in whom the outlines of the jugular foramen are poorly visualized on fluoroscopy or plain radiography.
Axis Fracture in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Case Report
Authors: Gartman John J. , Bullitt Elizabeth , Baker Mary Lee
Published: April 2011

Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the slow progressive transformation of the normal spine into a rigid and brittle tube containing the normal neural elements. This pathological condition predisposes the patient to fractures of this structure and a potential for neurological damage greater than that of the normal population. We present a spontaneous fracture of the C1-C2 complex through the base of the dens, with impending neurological deficits in such a patient. We have reviewed the pertinent literature and emphasized several points relative to the management of similar patients.
Stereotactic Intratumoral Photodynamic Therapy for Recurrent Malignant Brain Tumors
Authors: Powers Stephen K. , Cush Sharon S. , Walstad Diana L. , Kwock Lester
Published: April 2011

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using purified hematoporphyrin derivative and stereotactic intratumorally implanted optical laser fiber(s) was used to treat patients with recurrent malignant gliomas and metastatic melanoma of the brain. Tumor response to PDT was evaluated by recording changes in the volume and pattern of tumor enhancement between computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans done before and after PDT, metabolic changes in tumor tissue by31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and patient outcome. Toxicity of PDT to brain was evaluated on the basis of changes in the patients' neurological examinations and correlated with changes in brain adjacent to tumor seen on postoperative imaging studies. Dramatic tumor responses to PDT were seen in all gliomas, but no response of tumor to treatment was seen with melanoma. Transient signs and symptoms of increased peritumoral cerebral edema caused by PDT were seen in all patients. Two patients suffered permanent neurological sequelae, monocular blindness and a partial visual field defect, as a result of treatment. Two patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytomas remain in remission at 45 and 35 weeks after PDT. We conclude that intratumoral photoradiation therapy of hematoporphyrin derivative-photosensitized malignant gliomas effectively produces necrosis of the solid component of malignant gliomas: however, intratumoral photoradiation may not reach the portion of tumor that invades normal brain.
Surgical Considerations in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Leblanc Richard , Preul Mark , Robitaille Yves , Villemure Jean-Guy , Pokrupa Ronald
Published: April 2011

In cerebral amyloid angiopathy, the contractile elements of the leptomeningeal and cortical arteries are replaced by noncontractile amyloid beta protein. The incidence of amyloid angiopathy increases with advancing age. It is associated with Alzheimer's disease and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. The latter can have the characteristic acute computed tomographic appearance of a hematoma at the cortex-white matter junction with extension of blood into the subarachnoid, subdural, and intraventricular spaces. Multiple hemorrhages are frequent. Additional bleeding can occur after evacuation of the hematoma, and postoperative hemorrhage can occur after cortical biopsy. To elucidate the role of surgery in this condition, we have reviewed 20 consecutive operated cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A first group of 8 patients with senila dementia underwent cortical biopsy without resultant hemorrhage. A second group of 6 patients in good clinical condition had delayed evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma from cerebral amyloid angiopathy because of the radiological misdiagnosis of a hemorrhage within a tumor. One patient died of a pulmonary embolism, and another had subsequent multiple hemorrhages that were ultimately fatal. A third group of 6 patients in poor neurological condition had the acute evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma to relieve intracranial hypertension. All died or were severely disabled. One had repeated hemorrhages which added a progressively more severe organic dementia onto an initial hemiplegia. We conclude that acute evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma from amyloid angiopathy patients in poor clinical condition results in a high mortality and morbidity, that delayed surgery in patients in good condition is better tolerated, and that cortical surgery in the absence of a cerebral hemorrhage can be accomplished relatively safely with meticulous attention to hemostasis. The outcome of surgery is a function of both the severity of the cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the extent of the hemorrhage that it produces, especially as it involves multiple lobes and extends into the ventricles or subdural space. Survivors remain at risk for hemorrhages that are progressively more disabling.
The Dorsolateral, Suboccipital, Transcondylar Approach to the Lower Clivus and Anterior Portion of the Craniocervical Junction
Authors: Bertalanffy Helmut , Seeger Wolfgang
Published: April 2011

The authors review their experience with a dorsolateral approach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum and adjacent region. The operative technique includes exposure of the vertebral artery at C1, partial resection of the occipital condyle and lateral atlantal mass, and extradural drilling of the jugular tubercle. This approach has been applied in six patients who harbored intradural space-occupying lesions located ventral to the lower brain stem. Excision of the neoplasm was virtually total in all but one patient, in whom biopsy was the primary goal of the intervention. No morbidity and no mortality were associated with this approach. The main advantage of the dorsolateral, suboccipital, transcondylar route is the direct view it offers to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum without requiring brain stem retraction.
The Use of Stable Xenon-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Studies of Cerebral Blood Flow to Define Changes in Cerebral Carbon Dioxide Vasoresponsivity Caused by a Severe Head Injury
Authors: Marion Donald W. , Bouma Gerrit J.
Published: April 2011

Previous studies using the xenon-133 cerebral blood flow (CBF) method have documented the impairment of CO2vasoresponsivity after a severe head injury, but only global values can be obtained reliably with this technique. We studied CO2vasoresponsivity using the stable xenon-enhanced computed tomographic CBF method, which provided information about well-defined cortical regions and deep brain structures not available with the xenon-133 method. In 17 patients with admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 8 or less, hemispheric CO2vasoresponsivity ranged from 1.3 to 8.5% per mm Hg change in partial CO2pressure. Lobar, cerebellar, basal ganglia, and brain stem CO2vasoresponsivity frequently varied from the mean global value by more than 25%. In all but one patient, local CO2vasoresponsivity in one or more of these areas differed from the mean global value by more than 50%. The greatest variability occurred in patients with acute subdural hematomas and diffuse (bihemispheric) injuries. This variability in CO2vasoresponsivity has important implications for the effective and safe management of intracranial hypertension that frequently accompanies severe head injury.
A “PICA Communicating Artery” Aneurysm: Case Report
Authors: Hlavin Mary Louise , Takaoka Yoshiro , Smith Alison S.
Published: April 2011

We present an unusual case of an aneurysm of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The aneurysm was associated with a unilateral PICA that supplied both cerebellar hemispheres and arose from an anastomotic vessel to the contralateral circulation, a branch of the contralateral PICA. Such an aneurysm has not been reported previously. The association of vascular anomalies with aneurysms of the PICA is discussed.
Narrativizing Science: The Ecocritical Imagination and Ecophobia
Authors: Estok Simon C.
Published: April 2011

This essay argues that narrativizations of science are important to ecocriticism, because they increasingly imply a latent affective ethics of activist engagement. Increasingly, ecocriticism is coming to realize that it needs science; it needs the findings, the authority, the reach, and the materialist grounding of science. It also needs to theorize the blurring of boundaries between science and narrative, to examine how both biophilic and ecophobic matters determine our perceptions of and interactions with nature; how personal, local interests intersect with global environmental issues; and how seeing connections between global threats and individual lives can lead to broad changes in our behaviors.
An Ape Among Many: Animal Co-Authorship and Trans-species Epistemic Authority
Authors: Bradshaw G. A.
Published: April 2011

Modern Western society assumes that nonhuman animals do not possess an episteme comparable to humans; this presumption is used to exclude nonhuman species from knowledge-making and practices that intimately affect animal lives. For example, conservation policy that appropriates wildlife lands and reshapes animal societies through deportation (translocation) and genocide (culls and harvesting) is imposed without animal consent or consultation. Now, however, science has eliminated the conceptual foundation that sanctions modern humanity's monopoly on epistemic authority. By illustrating trans-species science in the making, ape-human participatory action research (PAR) at the Great Ape Trust, Iowa, dispels the myth that language and science are the unique property and privilege of Homo sapiens. This and other scientific research reveals animal objectification as a purely political strategy to maintain modern human hegemony. To refute the error of anthropocentrism, ecocriticism needs to consider current scientific work on animal agency and embrace new modes of communication and models of knowledge that bring other species into dialogue and authority as equal partners.
Evolutionary Works and Texts: Reading Dobzhansky in an Age of Genomics
Authors: Cohen Michael P.
Published: April 2011

Scientific writing is the most powerful and pervasive nature writing of our era. Instead of using science to interpret literary texts, ecocritics should read classic scientific "works" as "texts" (as Roland Barthes defines these terms), uncovering grounds for stories about nature and premises of modern environmental narratives. This essay examines a classic text of the modern evolutionary synthesis, Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937), where the conservative force of heredity battles the random change of mutation in an "adaptive landscape," yielding resultant "species." Tensions between metaphors and maps structure his exposition and reveal a still-influential master-narrative.
Avant-Garde Poetry as Subcultural Practice: Mailer and Di Prima’s Hipsters
Authors: Lee Benjamin
Published: April 2011

This essay returns us to the moment when white hipsterism was first being named as a subculture and structure of feeling and was beginning to shape the poetry and prose of writers like Diane di Prima and Norman Mailer.  I examine the differences between hipsterism in Mailer and di Prima, hoping to expand overwhelmingly masculine histories of “cool.” I also underscore the influence that new vernacular practices like hipness and camp exerted on American poetry—and U.S. culture more broadly—in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Subcultural practices, I argue, in fact constitute the quintessential avant-garde gesture of the mid to late-twentieth century.
It’s Not Over (’Til It’s Over)
Authors: Puchner Martin
Published: April 2011

The essay argues against the widespread assumption that avant-garde art is something that is irretrievably lost to history, that the original fervor of avant-garde practice is impossible today. Instead of a history of decline, it proposes a history of repetition, according to which new avant-gardes make use of their predecessors without being trapped in the past. Two recent manifesto publications and the reuse of two historical avant-garde locations serve as examples of how artists respond to the challenge of creating avant-garde events today.
Under-Tapped?: An Analysis of Craft Brewing in the Southern United States
Authors: Baginski James , Bell Thomas L.
Published: April 2011

En los últimos treinta años, Estados Unidos ha experimentado un rápido crecimiento en el número de fábricas de cerveza en funcionamiento. Este gran aumento ha sido principalmente en forma de cervecerías artesanales. Argumentamos que la expansión de las cervecerías artesanales encaja bien dentro de la teoría de división de recursos, en la cual las empresas que sirven a pequeños nichos de mercado representan un reto para la competencia monopolística de las multinacionales que dominan la industria cervecera. Además, sugerimos que un mayor grado de distribución de recursos está presente en lugares con atributos urbanos más atractivos y creativos, lo que ayuda a explicar por qué existen las grandes disparidades en cervecerías artesanales a nivel regional, siendo el Sur el peor representado. El enfoque principal del análisis es en áreas metropolitanas en todo el Sur, y el país en su totalidad. Las características socioeconómicas y demográficas urbanas, y los factores situacionales demostraron ser importantes para los estilos de vida en los cuales el consumo de cervezas artesanales es un componente importante, son introducidos en modelos separados por etapas regionales y nacionales en un intento por explicar la distribución per cápita de cervecerías artesanales. Ni los modelos de regresión regional ni nacional produjeron un alto grado de poder explicativo que indicara que la distribución espacial de la industria cervecera artesanal es una afectada por cuestiones legales, morales y religiosas. Los MSA del Sur todavía contienen la mayor parte de las cervecerías artesanales de la región, mientras que la difusión por la jerarquía urbana tipifica la expansión de la elaboración de la cerveza artesanal en los estados fuera del Sur.
The Southern Culture of Risk Capital: The Path Dependence of Entrepreneurial Finance
Authors: Graves William
Published: April 2011

El sur de los EE.UU. ha experimentado un crecimiento notable en materia de empleos en el último cuarto de siglo, sin embargo algunos de estos puestos de trabajo fueron creados endógenamente. Si bien la estrategia principal de desarrollo económico en la región ha sido el depender de plantas subsidiarias para que incentiven la economía local, los esfuerzos recientes se han desplazado a la promoción empresarial a través de los incentivos que ofrece un distrito industrial (por ejemplo, el Research Triangle Park de Carolina del Norte). A pesar de estos esfuerzos, las tasas de iniciativa empresarial siguen siendo bajas en todo el sur de los EE.UU. Esta investigación identifica los elementos dominantes de la cultura regional que contribuyen a esta debilidad empresarial en el Research Triangle Park de Carolina del Norte. Una serie de entrevistas con inversionistas regionales de riesgo se llevaron a cabo para identificar el papel de la cultura en su industria. La importancia de la cultura regional en este tipo de financiación empresarial se identifica a través de comparaciones inter-regionales y encuestas a empresarios. Finalmente, los efectos iterativos de la cultura del sur se trazan a través de las 4 fases de la financiación empresarial.
Citizenship Contested: The 1930s Domestic Migrant Experience in California's San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Alexander Toni
Published: April 2011

Temas de ciudadanía han llegado a dominar el debate político, social y geográfico contemporáneo. Investigaciones recientes han puesto en evidencia las múltiples escalas en las que la ciudadanía se adquiere y se mantiene, pero típicamente han teorizado la ciudadanía desde las perspectivas y experiencias de los migrantes transnacionales o grupos étnicos. En este artículo, exploro las barreras obstaculizando la ciudadanía plena a través de un estudio de caso de los migrantes internos okie al Valle de San Joaquín de California en la década de 1930. Como blancos pobres expulsados de sus estados de origen, los okies no sólo estaban sujetos a la marginación social y legal que replicaba las experiencias de los residentes de California de aparente origen extranjero. A pesar de poseer ciudadanía nacional de jure, los empobrecidos okies nacidos dentro del territorio nacional se enfrentaron a protestas públicas y a intentos legales de exclusión debido a su percibida limitada capacidad de asimilarse a las expectativas locales de facto sobre ciudadanía apropiada.
Renewable Energy in North Carolina: The Potential Supply Chain and Connections to Existing Renewable and Energy Efficiency Firms
Authors: Debbage Keith G. , Kidd Jacob F.
Published: April 2011

Aunque nuestro entendimiento de la dinámica de aglomeración de la industria está bastante desarrollado, no está tan claro si las empresas de energía renovables y sus potenciales suplidores se ubicarán de manera similar a otras industrias mejores establecidas. En consecuencia, este ensayo debe ser visto principalmente como un primer paso para descifrar las tendencias de colocalización de la industria de renovables y sus potenciales suplidores. Basado en la metodología y datos elaborado por el Proyecto de Política de Energía Renovable y la Asociación de Energía Sustentable de Carolina del Norte, encontramos que la geografía de los potenciales suplidores está fuertemente concentrada a lo largo del corredor I-85 entre Charlotte, la Triad y el Research Triangle con otros puntos importantes en Hickory, Wilmington y especialmente Asheville. También parece que los posibles suplidores tienen preferencias de co-localización que se imponen de manera significativa con firmas existentes de energía renovable y eficiencia energética, localizadas en Carolina del Norte. Poco entendimiento existe alrededor de cómo se relacionan entre sí estos potenciales suministradores y empresas de energía renovables y de eficiencia energética con respecto a los efectos de la potencial difusión de conocimiento y la formación de redes formales e informales de producción—un área clave para la investigación futura.
Hurricane Katrina as a Lens for Assessing Socio-Spatial Change in New Orleans
Authors: Watkins Case , Hagelman Ronald R.
Published: April 2011

Los desastres son eventos agudos que afectan paisajes poblados en puntos discretos de su historia. En muchos lugares estos eventos discretos se producen repetidamente en el tiempo. Esta cronología tiene implicaciones corológicas en esa zona de reconstrucción de desastres de esa generación que podría ser el lugar de catástrofe de la próxima generación. Este enfoque de construcción-reconstrucción de desastres también se produce en el contexto de las cambiantes condiciones sociales y ambientales, de las cuales interacciones tienen implicaciones directas para el resultado de un desastre específico. Esta investigación se enfoca en la cambiante geografía social de un lugar de gran catástrofe urbana (Nueva Orleans, Louisiana), utilizando el Censo de los EE.UU., los datos digitales de inundación, y un SIG para llevar a cabo un análisis espacial de los patrones de las inundaciones durante el huracán Katrina. Siguiendo el análisis inicial, replicamos nuestra metodología en los tres períodos censales decenales anteriores al 2000. Si bien el análisis inicial discierne la relación estadística entre raza, ingreso, y el fenómeno de Katrina, el análisis temporal posterior acentúa los cambiantes patrones sociales que precedieron el paisaje de la era de Katrina. De esta manera, utilizamos las inundaciones del huracán como un lente para ver 35 años de cambio socio-espacial en Nueva Orleans.
Violence and the Radical Imagination
Authors: Breton Rob
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the dual discourses of Henry Hetherington's Poor Man's Guardian , arguing that the reason the PMG oscillates between anti-violent and violent rhetoric has to do with its rapid response journalism. A voice of retribution prescribing violence surfaces precisely when radicals were confronted by authorities. Otherwise the language of moral suasion dominates. Demonstrating that the studied and controlled language of the essay, with its focus on "property" and systemic injustice, runs opposite to the language of immediacy, this paper argues that the instinct of the PMG , and English radicalism more generally, was toward class solidarity and not an eighteenth-century style of political reform.
"Faithful Sympathy": Dickens, the Edinburgh Review , and Editing Household Words
Authors: Crawford Iain
Published: April 2011

Dickens's editorial methods and goals for Household Words can be more fully understood by setting them within the context of his relationships with the editors of the Edinburgh Review and, in particular, of his close ties with Francis Jeffrey. Examining these connections both illuminates the many ways in which he drew from Jeffrey's model of editorial practice and also indicates his ambitious positioning of Household Words as a mid-century, mass-market successor to the great quarterly and as a vehicle for performing his own agenda of cultural formation during the 1850s.
The Other Kaiser: Wilhelm I and British Cartoonists, 1861-1914
Authors: Scully Richard
Published: April 2011

The image of Kaiser Wilhelm II is one of the most prominent in the history of the political cartoon, but the treatment of his grandfather Wilhelm I is virtually unknown. This article aims to redress the imbalance, and shows that analysis of the cartoon Wilhelm I from the periodicals Punch, Fun and Judy (such as John Tenniel, Matt Morgan, William Boucher, Gordon Thomson and Tom Carrington) sheds much light on British attitudes towards Germany and Prussia in the late nineteenth century. In addition, it shows that in these comic weeklies of the 1860s and '70s can be found the origins of the Kaiser Cartoon genre that dominated political satire in the 1914-1918 war.
Prognostic Utility of ST2 in Patients with Acute Dyspnea and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Shah Keyur B , Kop Willem J , Christenson Robert H , Diercks Deborah B , Henderson Sue , Hanson Karen , Li Shu-Ying , deFilippi Christopher R
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Soluble ST2 (sST2), an interleukin-1 receptor family member, is an emerging risk indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the prognostic role of sST2 for patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnea, with a focus on those with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥50%), as risk stratification is often most complex in this subgroup.

METHODS

We conducted a post hoc analysis of 387 patients [39% female, mean (SD) age 57.6 (14.5) years] presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea and followed for 1 year (97% complete follow-up). We examined clinical data, concentrations of serum biomarkers [sST2, amino-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)], and transthoracic echocardiography.

RESULTS

Patients had a median sST2 concentration of 38.4 U/mL [interquartile range (IQR) 25.5–64 U/mL]. Forty-six patients (12%) died during follow-up. Log sST2 [hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 2.85 (2.04–3.99), P < 0.001rsqb] and log NT-proBNP [1.28 (1.13–1.45), P < 0.001] concentrations were significant predictors of mortality at 1 year. After multivariate adjustment, only sST2 remained predictive of mortality [per log: 2.14 (1.37–3.38), P = 0.001]. In the subpopulation of individuals with normal systolic function (n = 200), only sST2 continued to predict mortality after multivariate adjustment [per log: 2.57 (1.12–5.91), P = 0.03]. Only NT-proBNP, but not sST2, concentrations correlated with multiple echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic function.

CONCLUSIONS

sST2 is a strong predictor of mortality in patients presenting with acute dyspnea, particularly those with preserved LVEF, and may be useful for triage and risk stratification of this challenging group.
Diabetic Visceral Hypersensitivity Is Associated With Activation of Mitogen-Activated Kinase in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia
Authors: Grabauskas Gintautas , Heldsinger Andrea , Wu Xiaoyin , Xu Dabo , Zhou ShiYi , Owyang Chung
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic patients often experience visceral hypersensitivity and anorectal dysfunction. We hypothesize that the enhanced excitability of colon projecting dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons observed in diabetes is caused by a decrease in the amplitude of the transient A-type K+ (IA) currents resulting from increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and reduced opening of Kv4.2 channels.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed patch-clamp recordings of colon projecting DRG neurons from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats. Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry studies were used to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways that modulate the IA current. In vivo studies were performed to demonstrate that abnormal MAPK signaling is responsible for the enhanced visceromotor response to colorectal distention in STZ-D rats.

RESULTS

Patch-clamp studies demonstrated that IA current was diminished in the colon projecting DRG neurons of STZ-D rats. Western blot analysis of STZ-D DRG neurons revealed increases in phosphorylated MAPK and KV4.2. In diabetic DRG neurons, increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), protein kinase C (PKC), and MAPK were involved in the regulation of IA current through modulation of Kv4.2. Hypersensitive visceromotor responses to colorectal distention in STZ-D rats were normalized by administration of MAPK inhibitor U0126.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrated that reduction of the IA current in STZ-D DRG neurons is triggered by impaired [Ca2+]i ion homeostasis, and this in turn activates the PKC-MAPK pathways, resulting in decreased opening of the Kv4.2 channels. Hence, the PKC-MAPK–Kv4.2 pathways represent a potential therapeutic target for treating visceral hypersensitivity in diabetes.
Partial Reversibility of Hypothalamic Dysfunction and Changes in Brain Activity After Body Mass Reduction in Obese Subjects
Authors: van de Sande-Lee Simone , Pereira Fabrício R.S. , Cintra Dennys E. , Fernandes Paula T. , Cardoso Adilson R. , Garlipp Célia R. , Chaim Eliton A. , Pareja Jose C. , Geloneze Bruno , Li Li Min , Cendes Fernando , Velloso Licio A.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

Inflammation and dysfunction of the hypothalamus are common features of experimental obesity. However, it is unknown whether obesity and massive loss of body mass can modify the immunologic status or the functional activity of the human brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of body mass reduction on brain functionality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In humans, changes in hypothalamic activity after a meal or glucose intake can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Distinct fMRI analytic methods have been developed to explore changes in the brain’s activity in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. We used two analytic methods of fMRI to explore the changes in the brain activity after body mass reduction.

RESULTS

Obese patients present distinct functional activity patterns in selected brain regions compared with lean subjects. On massive loss of body mass, after bariatric surgery, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 are accompanied by changes in fMRI patterns, particularly in the hypothalamus.

CONCLUSIONS

Massive reduction of body mass promotes a partial reversal of hypothalamic dysfunction and increases anti-inflammatory activity in the CSF.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, HEMEROCAMPA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason Richard R.
Published: April 2011

Methods were developed to standardize sampling of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Population density was estimated in terms of the number of eggs or larvae per 1,000 sq. in. of branch area of Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. The density of eggs and larvae varied significantly in different parts of the tree crown. In an outbreak, egg masses were concentrated on inside branches near the bottom of the crown, but in light populations they were most common on outside branches in the top of the crown. Larvae were found over the entire tree, but they were especially concentrated on foliage in the top. Mean density of larvae in the middle crown was representative of the whole tree. Egg density is estimated from whole branches sampled representatively from three crown levels; however, density of larvae is estimated accurately from 17-in. twig samples taken from just the middle crown. Because eggs are clumped in masses and larvae are dispersed over the foliage, larval density can be estimated with much less sampling than can egg density for the same precision.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OFNASONIA VITRIPENNIS(HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON HOSTS PARASITIZED BY OTHER HYMENOPTEROUS SPECIES
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: April 2011

Females ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) discriminate between unparasitized housefly pupae (Musca domesticaL.) and those parasitized by eitherMuscidifurax raptorG. & S. orSpalangia cameroniPerk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and lay fewer eggs on parasitized hosts. Oviposirion restraint is more pronounced towards hosts attacked byM.raptorthan towards those attacked byS.cameroni, but less than that exhibited towards pupae previously parasitized byN.vitripennis. Damage to the fly pupae, from piercing by the female’s ovipositor and probably also from a "venom" injected by the female, is responsible for inter- as well as ultra-specific discrimination and restraint.
EFFECTS OF INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL INHIBITORS ON THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TRYPETIDAE)
Authors: Pree D. J.
Published: April 2011

Four insect developmental inhibitors were tested against different stages of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). ZR515 was the most effective compound, completely inhibiting adult development from larvae and pupae treated at concentrations of 10 μg. Larvae were more susceptible than pupae. Sensitivity declined as pupae aged. Dissection of puparia showed a pupal/adult intermediate, usually with some adult characters developed in the thoracic region. ZR512 inhibited adult movement from larvae or pupae exposed to concentrations of 1.0 mg whereas R20458 gave inhibition of adult development at 10 mg concentrations. RO 20-3600 inhibited adult development from larvae exposed to concentrations of 10 mg. ZR515 and ZR512 applied to fruit had little effect on larval development but numbers of adults emerging from pupae from treated fruit were reduced. Adults from all tests produced viable eggs in the following generation.
A METHOD RECOMMENDED FOR EVALUATING RESIDUAL PESTICIDES FOR COCKROACH CONTROL
Authors: Batth Surat S.
Published: April 2011

A procedure is described for evaluating commercial residual pesticides commonly used for cockroach control. Tempered masonite panels, five per product and standard (3% chlordane), were treated uniformly on their smooth side and aged up to 5 weeks. During aging, these panels were tested at 1, 3, and 5 weeks after treatment for efficacy based on mortality of male cockroaches exposed to them for 48 h. A product is satisfactory if the average percentage kill obtained is equal to, greater than, or within 5 percentage points less than that of the standard tested in conjunction with it. A product meeting the first and third week mortality limits is also considered acceptable.
HOST SELECTION BY XYLEBORUS CELSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN MISSOURI
Authors: Gagne J. A. , Kearby W. H.
Published: April 2011

Host selection by the hickory timber beetle, Xyleborus celsus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was studied using axe-girdled, herbicide-treated, and healthy black hickories, Carya texana (Buckley), 10–25 cm D.B.H. Many more beetles were caught on sticky traps placed on treated trees than on sticky trees placed on untreated trees. Traps on treated trees 17 cm D.B.H. or larger caught more beetles than traps on trees 10–15 cm D.B.H. The interval between treatment and initial beetle attack varied with season. Beetles were not attracted to window flight traps baited with 118 ml of 95% ethanol.
A NEW SPECIES OF PTEROMALINAE (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: DoĞanlar Miktat
Published: April 2011

Arthrolytus (Anadolytus) oezbeki n. subgen., n, sp. is described from Western North America. Some biological aspects of the species are discussed.
TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): I. CONTACT AND FEEDING TOXICITY
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. , Boelter Lucille M.
Published: April 2011

The toxicities of 14 insecticides to selected larval stages of the Douglas-fir tussock moth were determined with a laboratory spray chamber. The toxicities of 10 were also determined in feeding bioassays. Younger instars were, in general, more susceptible to the toxicants. Significant differences in population response from 1973 to 1977 precluded a rigid interpretation of relative toxicity values in relation to the standard for comparison, DDT. Spray volume, formulation, and the presence of rhodamine B dye significantly affected toxicities of two of the materials, carbaryl and trichlorfon. The degree of exposure of larvae to bioethanomethrin and carbaryl significantly affected mortality.
EFFECTS OF PECAN NUT CLUSTER SIZE ON THE SELECTION OF NUTS FOR FEEDING AND OVIPOSITION BY THE PECAN WEEVIL, CURCULIO CARYAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Hall M. J. , Eikenbary R. D. , Warde W. D.
Published: April 2011

A study was conducted to determine if the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, showed a preference for a particular nut cluster size for feeding and oviposition. Data indicated that selection of nuts for feeding and oviposition appeared to be a random process, without preference toward any particular nut cluster size.
SEASONAL CAPTURES OF SPIDERS (ARANEAE) IN A WHEAT FIELD AND ITS GRASSY BORDERS IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Doane J. F. , Dondale C. D.
Published: April 2011

During a 2-year period, 47 species of spiders in 37 genera were taken in pitfall traps set within, or bordering a wheat field near Clavet, Saskatchewan. Species diversity and evenness were determined for the collections from both areas. Lycosids were predominant, both in the field and in the field borders. Seasonal distribution of captures of the two most common species, Arctosa emertoni Gertsch and Pardosa nebraska Chamberlin & Ivie, are given.
A NEW SPECIES OF SYMPIESIS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA: EULOPHIDAE) REARED FROM PHYLLONORYCTER (SP.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILARIIDAE)
Authors: Doǧanlar Miktat
Published: April 2011

Sympiesis yuekseli n. sp., a larval parasite of a new species of Phyllonorycter Hbn. from Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, is described and illustrated.
NOTES ON A RARE WOODWASP, XIPHYDRIA CANADENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: XIPHYDRIIDAE)
Authors: Crins W. J.
Published: April 2011

The woodwasp, Xiphydria canadensis Provancher, is a rare insect restricted to northeastern North America. Provancher (1875) based his original description on a single female collected at St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. In his recent revision, Smith (1976) saw only five females. On 7 August 1977, I collected a specimen of this large and distinctive species on the north side of Hwy. 60, at Mile 12.7, just west of the Park Museum in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario. This collection constitutes the first record for this species in Ontario.
POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS (ACRIDIDAE) IN SOUTHEASTERN ALBERTA
Authors: Hardman J. M. , Smoliak S.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-six species of grasshoppers were collected from 50 sweep-net samples taken annually in mid-August over the period 1928–1944 on mixed prairie at Manyberries, Alta. Three species, Melanoplus infantilis Scudder, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), and Melanoplus packardii Scudder, comprised 79% of the 3041 specimens collected. Published data on the phenologies of the species, their feeding preferences, the forage value of their diets, their habitat preferences, and cases of damage to rangeland were used to assess the potential for economic damage of 17 of the more abundant species. Only two of these species, Melanoplus femur-rubrum femur-rubrum (De Geer) and Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder), could be regarded as innocuous. The others have the potential to cause economic damage should they become numerous. An additional species, Aerochoreutes carlinianus carlinianus (Thomas), was added to the potentially harmful list because of its reported feeding preferences.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF MIRIDAE FROM THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES AND A NEW RECORD OF EUROPEAN PHYLINI IN THE NEARCTIC REGION (HETEROPTERA)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: April 2011

Three new species of Miridae described are: Coquillettia albertae from Alberta, Megalopsallus femoralis from Alberta and Saskatchewan, and Deraeocoris rubripes from Manitoba. Tytthus pygmaeus (Zett.) is now known to be Holarctic in distribution. Adults are illustrated.
MONITORING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Wiesner C. J. , Silk P. J. , Tan S.-H. , Fullarton S.
Published: April 2011

The disruption of insect mating with sex pheromones by the air permeation technique is a complex problem influenced by a number of variables. Not least among these is the actual atmospheric concentration of pheromone during the course of the experiment. While closely related to the measured release rate from a formulation, the atmospheric concentration should be regarded separately since a number of other factors may intervene, e.g., chemical instability, foliage adsorption, and the differential effects of formulation weathering in the laboratory and the field.

The present study was conducted in conjunction with small scale field trials involving an aerially applied hollow fiber formulation of the sex pheromone of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferanu (Clem.), I1 -tetradecenal (97:3::E:Z). (Hereafter referred to as pheromone.)
YIELD OF OCCLUSION BODIES FROM SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), LARVAE INFECTED WITH A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Ebling P.M. , Kaupp W.J.
Published: April 2011

The eastern spruce budwonn, Choristoneuva fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is subject to a variety of naturally occurring infectious diseases including nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), granulosis virus (GV), cytoplasmic virus (CPV), and entomopox virus (EPV), of which the most intensively studied is NPV (CfMNPV) (Cunningham 1985). If CfMNPV is ever to be deemed an effective and economical alternative to chemical pesticides for spruce budworm control, additional research is required.
THE PROSIMULIUM OF CANADA AND ALASKA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V.
Published: April 2011

The 33 species of Prosimulium Roubaud known from Canada and Alaska are reviewed. These are segregated into four subgenera: Distosimulium new subgenus, containing one species; Parahelodon new subgenus, containing three species; Helodon Enderlein, containing seven species of which clavatum, martini, and susanae are new, and one (known only from the larva) remains undescribed; Prosimulium s. str., containing 25 species of which approximatum, constrictistylum, impostor, mysticium, neomacropyga, and woodorum are new. Species of the last subgenus are segregated into three species groups. A lectotype is designated for P. ursinum (Edwards). Descriptions, distribution maps, keys, and 158 illustrations for the identification of the known adults, pupae, and larvae are provided.
REVISION OF THE SUBFAMILY MIDILINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: April 2011

The subfamily Midilinae Munroe, 1958b, is revised for the first time as a discrete and coherent group, though Hampson (1895) associated three genera and five species as part of his subfamily Schoenobiinae. Seven genera, 45 species, and six additional subspecies are recognized in the present study, of which the following one genus, 27 species, and five subspecies are described as new: Hositea punctigera, Brazil and Peru; H. regina, Brazil; H. cyanops, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia; Cacographis osteolalis azteca, Mexico and Central America; C. o. inca, Peru; C. o. sara, Bolivia; C. macrops, Bolivia; Dismidila hermosa, Mexico; D. regularis, Colombia; D. similis, Bolivia; D. obscura, Brazil; D. pallida, French Guiana; D. gnoma, Guatemala; D. drepanoides, Peru; Midila lamia, Brazil and Guianas; M. larua, Venezuela; M. quadrifenestrata subfuscifusa, Guianas; M. thessala, Bolivia, Brazil; M. strix, Peru; M. daphne minor, Gorgona I., Colombia; M. agrippina, Bolivia, Peru; M. poppaea, Guianas, Colombia, Peru; M. crenulimargo, Peru; M. latipennis, Ecuador; M. discolor, Ecuador; M. sympatrica, Guatemala; M. fonteboalis, Brazil, Peru; M. centralis, Guatemala; M. soror, Panama; M. guianensis, Guianas; M. equatorialis, Ecuador; Pastranaia, type-species Hygrochroa fenestrata Ménétriés; P. tumidifrons, Brazil, Guianas, Colombia. Phryganomima Hampson is transferred to Midilinae from Pyralinae. Midila attacalis Walker is raised to a subspecies of M. quadrifenestrata (Herrich-Schäffer) and M. orfilai Pastrana is sunk as a synonym of M. g. attacalis. Tetraphana lilacina Pagenstecher is transferred from Midila to Pastranaia and Midila martinezi Pastrana and M. lilacina Whalley are sunk as synonyms of it.
REVISION DES TRICHOPTèRES CANADIENS : III. Les Hyalopsychidae, Psychomyiidae, Goeridae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae, Helicopsychidae, Beraeidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae et Molannidae
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: April 2011

This memoir is the fourth of a series dealing with the fauna of the Trichoptera of Canada and the adjacent States. It deals with the families Hyalopsychidae, Psychomyiidae, Goeridae, Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae, Helicopsychidae, Beraeidae, Odontoceridae, Calamoceratidae and Molannidae. These families have been arbitrarily gathered here because of their small size and in spite of the fact that they are not all taxonomically related. In the following pages, one will find familial, subfamilial, generic and specific diagnosis of all the taxa constituting these families. Dichotomic keys are included and distributional records for each species are mapped. Ecological characters are given when possible.
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF AND KEYS TO THE IMMATURE BLACK FLIES OF ALBERTA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Currie D.C.
Published: April 2011

Fifty-one species or species complexes of black flies are recorded from Alberta representing the following genera:CnephiaEnderlein (1),EctemniaEnderlein (2),GymnopaisStone (1),MayacnephiaWygodzinsky and Coscarón (1),MetacnephiaCrosskey (3),ProsimuliumRoubaud (12),SimuliumLatreille (29),StegopternaEnderlein (1), andTwinniaStone and Jamnback (1). An annotated list summarizes what is known about the bionomics and distribution of each species in the province, including notes on their medical and veterinary importance, where applicable. Illustrated keys to the larvae and pupae of Alberta genera and species are provided. Also included in the keys are 3 species that may occur in the province (one of these in the genusGrenieraDoby and David), but whose presence has yet to be verified. A review of some structural characters used for the identification of immature stages of black flies is given. Notes on nomenclature of some characters are also provided. A total of 188 figures, including detailed distribution maps for each species in Alberta, are given.
PRIMARY TYPES OF ICHNEUMONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) IN THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION
Authors: Sarazin Michael J.
Published: April 2011

Eight hundred and seventy-six primary types of Ichneumonidae housed in the Canadian National Collection were examined and listed. These were contributed by the following authors: Viereck (248), Dasch (174), Heinrich (102), Walley (97), Townes (54), Provancher (51), Mason (25), Harrington (21), Sanborne (21), Loan (15), Barron (11), Porter (9), Gupta (6), Hopper (6), Gauld and Mitchell (5), Townes and Chiu (5), Brues (3), Cushman (3), Gupta and Gupta (3), Kamath and Gupta (3), Gupta and Jonathan (2), Townes and Gupta (2), Baltazar (1), Barron and Bisdee (1), Barron and Walley (1), Cresson (1), Curtis (1), Mitchell (1), Pratt (1), Slobodchikoff (1), Torgersen (1), and Walley and Barron (1).