bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Patient-Physician Relationship: Medical Students’ Perceptions in a Novel Course
Authors: Pressimone Catherine , Indralingam Renusha , Metz Cameron Dowiak , Levine Arthur S.
Published: April 2024

The patient-physician relationship, especially in the case of severely ill patients, is often fraught with anxiety, grief, and guilt in the physician who may come to feel that he or she has failed the patient and thereby becomes a “second victim.” This notion was first explored in a 1973 publication (Artiss and Levine N Engl J Med 288(23):1210-4, 1973) that described a novel interactive seminar series for oncology fellows that had been designed to address and possibly remedy the frequent disquiet experienced by young physicians in this setting. Fifty years later, the medical student co-authors of this Perspective enrolled in an elective course that comprised a similar series of interactive seminars, now addressing the contemporary patient-physician relationship. The earlier paper was employed as a historical background, and the framework of the course then broadened such that the students considered the current environmental changes in medical practice (social, cultural, financial, legal, policy) that may be linked to the character of individual patient-physician relationships. This essay reports on the students’ perception of such relationships, and on the environmental elements that may be helpful or harmful to the well-being of both patients and physicians.
Evaluation of the MMI Symani® robotic microsurgical system for coronary-bypass anastomoses in a cadaveric porcine model
Authors: Rusch Melanie , Hoffmann Grischa , Wieker Henning , Bürger Matthias , Kapahnke Sebastian , Berndt Rouven , Rusch René
Published: April 2024

The MMI Symani® is a recently approved robotic microsurgical system for surgical procedures in adults. The system enables the surgeon to create microanastomoses. Clinical applications so far include lymphatic vessels surgery and the creation of special flap plastics. The use of the system in coronary arteries has not yet been assessed. The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the applicability of the Symani® surgical system in the creation of coronary anastomoses a cadaveric porcine model. A total of 12 anastomoses were performed by three senior cardiovascular surgeons on the left main coronary artery of three porcine hearts. Artificial bypasses (diameter 1 mm) were performed to the left main trunk. The anastomoses were performed with the Symani® surgical system. Evaluation included procedure times and anastomosis leakage. All anastomoses could be successfully performed. The procedure time decreased due to the learning curve between the first anastomosis 47:28 ± 5:30 min and the last anastomosis 22:37 ± 3:25 min. The final evaluation of the anastomoses showed excellent results with low leakage. The quality of the anastomosis also improved in relation to the increasing learning curve. The Symani® surgical system could be used to create coronary anastomoses in an acceptable time frame and without technical failures. Hence, the system appears feasible for conventional coronary surgery. Further studies in animal models are mandatory prior to clinical application.
Effect of RARC-ERAS nursing program on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing RARC surgery: a retrospective, propensity matching study
Authors: He Mang-mang , Zhou Zhen-feng , Yu Xiao-fen , Zhou Chun-cong
Published: April 2024

Currently, there is no specific perioperative nursing standard for RARC based on the ERAS concept. This retrospective study investigates to analyze the effect of RARC-ERAS nursing program on VTE and other clinical outcomes in patients undergoing RARC surgery. This retrospective study included 216 patients undergoing RARC surgery From January 1, 2022 to December 30, 2023, and propensity score adjustment analysis was applied. The study compares a control group receiving traditional nursing and an observation group receiving RARC-ERAS nursing program. Perioperative variables and other postoperative complications were retrieved from the hospital medical records. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups (p > 0.05). The ERAS group exhibited aa significantly higher rate of postoperative unobstructed venous blood flow in the lower extremities by color Doppler ultrasound as compared to the control group (94.6% VS 80.4%, p = 0.042). Before anesthesia induction, lower preoperative anxiety and surgical information needs scores were observed in the ERAS group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the ERAS group demonstrated a shorter surgical duration, a lower incidence of perioperative hypothermia, less time needed for getting out of bed, anal exhaust, and for defecation after returning to the ward (p < 0.05). RARC-ERAS nursing program significantly increased the rate of postoperative unobstructed venous blood flow in the lower extremities by color doppler ultrasound, lower preoperative anxiety and intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing RARC. This nursing approach presents a valuable strategy for enhancing patient outcomes and merits further exploration in clinical practice.

Trial registration:ChiCTR2400081118; http://www.chictr.org.cn, Principal investigator: Mang-mang He, Date of registration: Feb 22, 2024.
Highly dispersive optical solitons with differential group delay for Sasa-Satsuma equation having multiplicative white noise
Authors: Zayed Elsayed M. E. , Shohib Reham M. A. , Alngar Mohamed E. M. , Biswas Anjan , Yildirim Yakup , Jawad Anwar Ja’afar Mohamad , Alshomrani Ali Saleh
Published: April 2024

This paper is about the retrieval of highly dispersive optical solitons for Sasa-Satsuma equation with differential group delay in presence of white noise. There are four integration schemes that make this retrieval possible. A full spectrum of optical solitons have been revealed from these schemes. The parametric restrictions for the existence of such solitons are also presented. The displayed surface plots support the analytical findings.
Evaluating ASTER data and field spectrometry for lithological discrimination in semi-arid region, Northeast Kohat Plateau, Pakistan
Authors: Nouman Muhammad , Hanif Muhammad , SaleemUllah  , Shafique Muhammad
Published: April 2024

This study employs data of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor to delineate and map the distribution of sedimentary lithologies in the semi-arid region of Kohat Plateau, Pakistan. False color composites (FCC) and various image transformation and enhancement techniques including the principal component analysis (PCA), minimum noise fraction (MNF), and band rationing (BR) were used successfully to differentiate four lithological classes. These lithologies include chemically/biochemically formed beds of the marine environment and detrital sequences of marginal marine to the riverine environment. FCC from original reflectance data, PCA, and BR techniques displayed more prominent lithological variation. To map the lithology and show the potential of ASTER data, field spectrometry over the barren lithologies was carried out. The end-member spectra from field spectrometry shows strong agreement with the pixels spectra from ASTER scene. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) mapping method was then used to produce a classified lithological map, where the image pixels spectra proved more suitable reference, in comparison to the end-member spectra. The accuracy of the classified lithological map was evaluated based on field-based point data, which resulted an overall accuracy of 70% and a Kappa coefficient value of 0.679. Carbonates and evaporites showed relatively higher user and producer accuracies which are attributed to their topographic behavior and weathered scree over the adjacent rock unit. The final lithological map provided a clearer picture of surface geology where the existing geological maps lacked lithological continuity.
Making Deception Fun: Teaching Autistic Individuals How to Play Friendly Tricks
Authors: St. Clair Megan , Massoudi Kacie , Tarbox Jonathan , Najdowski Adel , Simchoni Lauri , Jackson Marianne , Persicke Angela
Published: April 2024

Perspective taking is a critical repertoire for navigating social relationships and consists of a variety of complex verbal skills, including socially adaptive forms of deception. Detecting and being able to use socially adaptive deception likely has many practical uses, including defending oneself against bullying, telling white lies to avoid hurting others’ feelings, keeping secrets and bluffing during games, and playing friendly tricks on others. Previous research has documented that some Autistic1 children have challenges identifying deception and playfully deceiving others (Reinecke et al., 1997). The current study employed a multiple baseline across participants design to evaluate the use of multiple exemplar training, rules, modeling, practice, and feedback for teaching four Autistic children and adolescents to use deception to play friendly tricks on others. The procedure was successful for all participants, and generalization was achieved across novel, untrained tricks.
The Young Experts Symposium 2022 “Understanding Chinese Culture in the World”: reflections on a transgenerational and interdisciplinary exchange of thoughts
Authors: Bartosch David , Peng Bei
Published: April 2024

This first contribution to the special issue “Understanding Chinese Culture in the World” represents a philosophical proem regarding the format and general aim of the Young Experts Symposium 2022 (YES 2022), which was held online at Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai (China) and provided a platform for topics related to classical, modern, futuristic, and comparative perspectives on Chinese culture—across generations, cultures, and disciplines. Furthermore, it outlines the basic content of the six papers in this special issue that resulted from this event, including some basic information about the contributors.
Intellectual Development and the Core-Selective Evaluation Process: Gaining Insight and Understanding of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities
Authors: Schultz Edward Karl , Stephens Tammy , Olvera Pedro
Published: April 2024

The specific learning disabilities (SLD) identification literature is replete with competing narratives concerning the advantages and disadvantages of various techniques and methods. Until a widely accepted and empirically proven SLD identification methodology is universally supported, evaluators should seek to improve the existing alternatives. This article describes the value of using norm-referenced testing of intellectual development to comprehensively identify specific learning disabilities (SLD) as advocated by the Core-Selective Evaluation Process (C-SEP). To this end, we will define intellectual development and describe practices such as integrated data analysis and task demand analysis.
Staff Opinions on the Most Positive and Negative Changes in Mental Health Services During the 2 Years of the Pandemic Emergency in Italy
Authors: Magliano Lorenza , Papa Chiara , Di Maio Ginevra , Bonavigo Tommaso
Published: April 2024

This mixed-methods study investigated healthcare staff members’ opinions on the most positive and negative changes in mental health services (MHSs) during the 2-year COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Italy, and whether those changes differed by professional role and type of service. At the end of the national health emergency (March–April 2022), staff members from 17 MHSs completed the MHS Transformations Questionnaire, which includes a quantitative section with 30 multiple-choice items addressing positive changes and a qualitative section with two open-ended items on the most positive and negative changes. The 714 participants who responded to at least one open-ended item in the qualitative section formed the sample. Qualitative responses were categorised according to the textual content of the response and the themes of the quantitative section. Flexibility and Ability to Reinvent the Service was the subscale with the highest mean score. The most positive and negative changes fell into the following categories: practices (49.1 and 39%), organisation (34.5 and 36.9%), teamwork values (45.0 and 34.5%), and relationships with users and their families (31.9 and 40.6%). The most positive changes differed by type of service (i.e. in the relationship with users and their families category) and by professional role (i.e. in the practices and relationship with users and their families categories), whereas the most negative changes differed by type of service (i.e. in the practices category). The results may elucidate the complex experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic in MHSs and reveal lessons to be considered in post-pandemic service planning.
Influence of part temperature on in-situ monitoring of powder bed fusion of metals using eddy current testing
Authors: Spurek Marvin A. , Spierings Adriaan B. , Lany Marc , Revaz Bernard , Santi Gilles , Wicht Jonatan , Wegener Konrad
Published: April 2024

Powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is currently the most widely adopted additive manufacturing technology for the fabrication of metal parts. However, the inconsistent quality of PBF-LB/M-manufactured parts and high costs for part certification are impeding wider industrial adoption. In-situ monitoring technologies are expected to enable process control in order to ensure consistent quality, and to replace some of the post-process inspection steps, therefore, reducing part certification costs. Eddy current testing (ECT) is a standardized nondestructive testing technique, which can be used as an in-situ monitoring technology to measure the part quality during the PBF-LB/M build cycle. However, the process-induced complex temperature fields in PBF-LB/M parts during the build cycle are among the most relevant disturbances due to the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity. This study investigates the process-induced temperature influence on in-situ monitoring of relative density using ECT. Parts made from AlSi10Mg were manufactured on a PBF-LB/M machine and the build cycle was monitored using ECT and an infrared camera, which was used to extract the part surface temperature right before the ECT measurement. The results demonstrate that the temperature increase of the parts during the build cycle decreases the electrical conductivity independently of the relative part density, which was measured via micro-computed tomography. Therefore, a temperature compensation method was proposed and applied demonstrating that a layer-to-layer difference of 0.15 % relative density can be detected via ECT. Consequently, it has been demonstrated that ECT is an effective in-situ monitoring technology for PBF-LB/M, even in the presence of temperature disparities within parts.
Characterization of flexural fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured (PBF–LB) gyroid structures
Authors: Schultheiß Garvin , Heine Burkhard , Merkel Markus
Published: April 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) holds remarkable potential for producing cellular materials with intricate structures and tailored mechanical properties. The study investigates the flexural fatigue behaviour of additively manufactured triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid structures using laser powder bed fusion (PBF–LB) technique. The fatigue properties, especially the bending fatigue properties, of additively manufactured cellular structures are not well understood to date. The research aims to enhance understanding of bending fatigue in complex cellular geometries and assess the suitability of rotating bending tests. The PBF–LB process parameters were modified to study their impact on the specimen’s fatigue properties. The modified parameters led to increased surface roughness but significantly improved fatigue behaviour. This enhancement is attributed to a reduction in build defects, namely pores and finer grain size in thin-walled structures. The study also includes analysis of microstructure, hardness, surface roughness, and porosity of the specimens. The results indicate that optimizing process parameters for thin walled cellular structures can lead to substantial improvements in fatigue strength, at the expense of increased surface roughness. This finding offers practical insights for applications in which a rough surface finish may not be critical or even intentionally desired by the application. The research contributes to the understanding of additive manufacturing, cellular structures, and material testing, with potential implications for materials science and engineering applications.
Combining 3D printing and injection moulding for the fabrication of polymer micro-components with internal hollow features
Authors: Farrugia Jeremy , Vella Pierre , Rochman Arif
Published: April 2024

There is a need to cost-effectively produce polymer components with meso/micro-scale internal geometries with high replication accuracy without the use of post-processing steps. A possible process chain to produce such polymer components with internal hollow features is by combining the 3D printing (3DP) and micro-injection moulding (MIM) processes. To date, no studies were carried out to explore the feasibility of such a process chain. Consequently, this experimental study investigated the use of the 3DP lost-cores that are over-moulded using the MIM process. The first step involved the production of lost-core from a soluble polymer material where three different materials were studied: two filament-based materials (Xioneer VXL130 and AquaSys180) and one resin-based material (IM-HDT-WS). The filament-based materials were printed on an Ultimaker S5 (filament fused fabrication) and the resin-based material was printed using an Asiga Max X27 (digital light processing). In the second step, the lost core was then over-moulded with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using the MIM process. After demoulding, the internal core was then dissolved using the respective dissolution method of each material to achieve a part with meso/micro scale internal features. Investigations carried out at the different stages of the process chain revealed that the best dimensional accuracy was achieved when using the IM-HDT-WS material in the 3DP of the lost-cores and their subsequent over-moulding to form the case study part internal geometry. In particular, the dimensional analysis of the replicated IM-HDT-WS lost-core geometries onto the over-moulded PMMA revealed a difference of 0% in diameter and − 3.17% in bifurcation angle of the Y1.6 channel and a difference of + 4.88% in diameter and + 11.48% in bifurcation angle of the Y0.8 channels when compared to the respective 3DP core dimensional values prior to encapsulation. However, dissolution tests revealed that the filament-based material, the Xioneer VXL130, achieved a dissolution rate of 3.5 and 4.5 h for the Y1.6 and Y0.8 channel, respectively, which was marginally faster than that of the IM-HDT-WS.
Combining Local Knowledge with Object-Based Machine Learning Techniques for Extracting Informal Settlements from Very High-Resolution Satellite Data
Authors: Alrasheedi Khlood Ghalib , Dewan Ashraf , El-Mowafy Ahmed
Published: April 2024

The classification of informal settlements using very high-resolution (VHR) satellite data and expert knowledge has proven very useful for urban planning. The objective of this work was to improve the accuracy of informal settlement classification within the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The analysis incorporated the use of expert knowledge (EK). Twenty unique indicators relevant to informal settlements were identified by experts familiar with these areas, and incorporated into the image classification process. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) was then used to extract informal settlement indicators from a VHR image. These indicators were used to classify the image utilising two machine learning (ML) algorithms, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) methods. A VHR image (e.g., Worldview 3) of the city was employed. A total of 6,000 sample points were randomly generated, with 1800 used for training the VHR image. The classification process was able to clearly distinguish the formal settlement areas from informal areas, road networks, vacant blocks, shaded areas, and vegetation features. The object-based RF technique provided an overall accuracy of 96% (kappa value of 95%), while OB-SVM provided an accuracy of 95% (kappa of 91%). The results demonstrated that object-based ML methods such as RF and SVM, when combined with EK, can effectively and efficiently distinguish informal settlements from other urban features. This technique has the potential to be very useful for mapping informal settlements.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review on Training, Practice, and Research
Authors: AlHadi Ahmad N.
Published: April 2024

An evidence-based intervention for many psychiatric and health problems, cognitive behavioral therapy originated in the West before being disseminated globally. While Saudi Arabia is unique, in that it is at the heart of the Islamic world, it is similar to most other countries in that mental disorders are common. Nonetheless, few studies have examined cognitive behavioral therapy in Saudi Arabia. In this scoping review, cognitive behavioral therapy training, practice, and research in Saudi Arabia were explored by searching several English and Arabic databases. Various education and training programs were outlined. Moreover, cognitive behavioral therapy practice in Saudi Arabia in public and private settings was discussed. Published studies were grouped by themes into attitudes toward CBT, adaptation, and effectiveness. Recommendations for improvement are also discussed.
Hydrochar stability: understanding the role of moisture, time and temperature in its physiochemical changes
Authors: Marzban Nader , Libra Judy A. , Ro Kyoung S. , Moloeznik Paniagua Daniela , Rotter Vera Susanne , Sturm Barbara , Filonenko Svitlana
Published: April 2024

Limited information is available about potential physicochemical changes that can occur in hydrochar post-production, e.g. during drying and storage. Understanding these changes is crucial not just for shaping future research plans, but also for future practical applications. Here we studied the effect of moisture (69.2% and 2.4%) and three storage temperatures (− 18, 4, and 20 °C) over a year on selected organic and inorganic compounds in hydrochar produced from the Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of digested cow manure. Comparison of the control wet hydrochars (WHs) and dry hydrochars (DHs) showed changes in organic compound composition due to drying. Overall, the total amount of the selected organic compounds was notably greater in WH (15.2 g kg−1 DM) compared to DH (11.8 g kg−1 DM), with variations observed in individual compound concentrations. Drying, however, had no significant influence on the identified inorganic compounds. Storage caused significant changes in both WH and DH, particularly in organic compounds after 12 weeks. Sugars (2–sevenfold), acids (36–371%), and aromatics (58–120%) in stored samples at week 52 were significantly higher than their control values. Changes in the inorganic elements (e.g., Co, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, Sr, and Zn) occurred faster in WH, with significant differences starting from week 1 compared to their control values, while DH showed fewer changes. Based on these changes in both organic and inorganic content, we recommend the optimal storage conditions for future HTC studies to preserve hydrochar properties. Finally, we discussed potential applications for stored hydrochars, with DH showing greater stability, especially at − 18 °C, making it suitable for various applications.

Graphical Abstract
The geologic configuration of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt: an overview
Authors: Sembroni Andrea , Reitano Riccardo , Faccenna Claudio , Callieri Pierfrancesco
Published: April 2024

The Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt (ZFTB) is an outstanding orogen running from eastern Turkey to the Makran area. It is formed as a consequence of the convergence between the Arabian and the Eurasian plates that occurred in the Neogene. This still active and long-lasting process generated a topographic configuration dominated by a series of parallel folding structures which, at places, isolate internal basins. The topographic configuration has, in turn, profoundly influenced the river network evolution, which follows a trellis pattern with the main valleys developed in the synclines and rivers that occasionally cut into anticlines. The peculiar climate, characterised by arid and semi-arid conditions, makes most of the rivers ephemeral, alimented only by short rainfall events. For this reason, the sediments are transported over short distances and deposited in huge alluvial fans. Although the Zagros is one of the most studied belts in the world, its tectonic evolution is far from being fully understood. Debated, for example, are the beginning of collision, the primary deformation mechanism, the evolution of the drainage system, the formation process of the alluvial fans, and the interrelations between landscape, tectonics, and climate. This paper, focusing on the geodynamic, geological, stratigraphic, and topographic configuration of the Zagros belt, is intended to be a compendium of the most up-to-date knowledge on the Zagros and aims to provide the cognitive basis for future research that can find answers to outstanding questions.
The Abrahamic Vernacular
Authors: Wollenberg Rebecca Scharbach
Published: April 2024

Contemporary thought typically places a strong emphasis on the exclusive and competitive nature of Abrahamic monotheisms. This instinct is certainly borne out by the histories of religious wars, theological polemic, and social exclusion involving Jews, Christians, and Muslims. But there is also another side to the Abrahamic coin. Even in the midst of communal rivalry, Jews, Christians, and Muslim practitioners have frequently turned to each other to think through religious concepts, elucidate sacred history, and enrich their ritual practices. Scholarship often describes these interactions between the Abrahamic monotheisms using metaphors of exchange between individuals-as if one tradition might borrow a theological idea from another in the same way that a neighbor might borrow a recipe. This Element proposes that there are deeper forms of entanglement at work in these historical moments.
Wilcox's Surgical Anatomy of the Heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Cook Andrew C. , Spicer Diane E. , Hlavacek Anthony M. , Backer Carl L. , Tretter Justin T.
Published: April 2024

This classic textbook on cardiac anatomy has been updated in its fifth edition with additional high quality surgical and pathological photographs, as well as new information and recent findings of the last decade. Beginning with an overview of surgical approaches to the heart, the book goes on to discuss the surgical anatomy of the cardiac chambers, the valves, and the circulation and conduction system within the heart, moving on to cover malformations, lesions, and abnormalities. This edition is informed by the most up-to-date research findings, and a new chapter has been added which reviews cardiac development. A complimentary digital companion now accompanies the book, allowing readers to view the images in high-resolution on screen. Written from the stance of the cardiac surgeon, this updated book is essential reading for consultants and trainees in cardiac surgery, cardiology and cardiovascular radiology, and anatomists.
Marked by a Criminal Record? Socioeconomic Differences in the Relationship Between Early Criminal Justice Contacts and Adult Life Outcomes
Authors: Andersen Synøve Nygaard
Published: April 2024

This paper combines life course theory and empirical research on the collateral consequences of punishment as a backdrop to exploring the relationship between both the presence of and seriousness of a criminal record measured in early adulthood (age 25) and later life outcomes (ages 41-49), both in total and by socioeconomic status. The analysis relies on a combination of longitudinal survey data and administrative register data for 2,022 individuals who were between 12 and 20 years old when the data collection started. Results show that the criminal record is linked to both labor market and social exclusion later in life, but most systematically to (worse) labor market outcomes. Somewhat surprisingly, low SES seems to “buffer” against some of the unwanted outcomes linked to having a more serious criminal record, while high SES seems to “boost” others. Implications for future research on both deviance and stratification are discussed.
For Want of Membership and Money: The 1936 Hitler Youth Law and the Hitler Youth's Home Procurement Campaign
Authors: Ritzheimer Kara
Published: April 2024

This article offers a much-needed reconsideration of the Hitler Youth law's purpose and impact. It contends that Hitler's cabinet adopted the 1936 law for two reasons: first, to pressure boys and girls to join the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls, and second, to compel municipalities to finance the construction of thousands of new Hitler Youth Heime (homes). The first part of the article focuses on the drafting of the Hitler Youth law and locates the origins of the Hitler Youth's Heimbeschaffung (home procurement) campaign. It argues that Nazi leaders deliberately inserted language into Article 2 of the final law that would pressure municipal and district authorities to fund the construction of new homes in their communities. The second part of the article documents Nazi leaders’ repeated efforts to persuade and compel municipalities to finance new construction, assume the costs of ongoing maintenance and, after 1939, pay rental and maintenance costs for temporary accommodations.
A Verification Suite of Test Cases for the Barotropic Solver of Ocean Models
Authors: Bishnu Siddhartha , Petersen Mark R. , Quaife Bryan , Schoonover Joseph
Published: April 2024

The development of any atmosphere or ocean model warrants a suite of test cases (TCs) to verify its spatial and temporal discretizations, order of accuracy, stability, reproducibility, portability, scalability, etc. In this paper, we present a suite of shallow water TCs designed to verify the barotropic solver of atmosphere and ocean models. These include the non‐dispersive coastal Kelvin wave; the dispersive inertia‐gravity wave; the dispersive planetary and topographic Rossby waves; the barotropic tide; and a non‐linear manufactured solution. These TCs check the implementation of the linear pressure gradient term; the linear constant or variable‐coefficient Coriolis and bathymetry terms; and the non‐linear advection terms. Simulation results are presented for a variety of time‐stepping methods as well as two spatial discretizations: a mimetic finite volume method based on the TRiSK scheme, and a high‐order discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method. The experimental procedure for conducting these numerical experiments is detailed. It underscores several key considerations that vary depending on the chosen spatial discretization method. Finally, convergence studies of every TC are conducted with refinement in both space and time, only in space, and only in time. The convergence slopes match the expected theoretical predictions.
The Role of Slab Remnants in Modulating Free Subduction Dynamics: A 3‐D Spherical Numerical Study
Authors: Chen Fangqin , Davies D. Rhodri , Goes Saskia , Suchoy Lior , Kramer Stephan C.
Published: April 2024

Seismic tomography of Earth's mantle images abundant slab remnants, often located in close proximity to active subduction systems. The impact of such remnants on the dynamics of subduction remains underexplored. Here, we use simulations of multi‐material free subduction in a 3‐D spherical shell geometry to examine the interaction between visco‐plastic slabs and remnants that are positioned above, within and below the mantle transition zone. Depending on their size, negatively buoyant remnants can set up mantle flow of similar strength and length scales as that due to active subduction. As such, we find that remnants located within a few hundred km from a slab tip can locally enhance sinking by up to a factor 2. Remnant location influences trench motion: the trench advances toward a remnant positioned in the mantle wedge region, whereas remnants in the sub‐slab region enhance trench retreat. These motions aid in rotating the subducting slab and remnant toward each other, reducing the distance between them, and further enhancing the positive interaction of their mantle flow fields. In this process, the trench develops along‐strike variations in shape that are dependent on the remnant's location. Slab‐remnant interactions may explain the poor correlation between subducting plate velocities and subducting plate age found in recent plate tectonic reconstructions. Our results imply that slab‐remnant interactions affect the evolution of subducting slabs and trench geometry. Remnant‐induced downwelling may also anchor and sustain subduction systems, facilitate subduction initiation, and contribute to plate reorganization events.
Model Biases in the Atmosphere‐Ocean Partitioning of Poleward Heat Transport Are Persistent Across Three CMIP Generations
Authors: Donohoe A. , Fajber R. , Cox T. , Armour K. C. , Battisti D. S. , Roe G. H.
Published: April 2024

The observed partitioning of poleward heat transport between atmospheric and oceanic heat transports (AHT and OHT) is compared to that in coupled climate models. Model ensemble mean poleward OHT is biased low in both hemispheres, with the largest biases in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics. Poleward AHT is biased high in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the vicinity of the peak AHT near 40°N. The significant model biases are persistent across three model generations (CMIP3, CMIP5, CMIP6) and are insensitive to the satellite radiation and atmospheric reanalyzes products used to derive observational estimates of AHT and OHT. Model biases in heat transport partitioning are consistent with biases in the spatial structure of energy input to the ocean and atmosphere. Specifically, larger than observed model evaporation in the tropics adds excess energy to the atmosphere that drives enhanced poleward AHT at the expense of weaker OHT.
Assessment of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation in CMIP6 Models Based on Moisture Mode Theory
Authors: Lin Qiao‐Jun , Mayta Víctor C. , Adames Corraliza Ángel F.
Published: April 2024

The moist processes of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models are assessed using moisture mode theory‐based diagnostics over the Indian Ocean (10°S–10°N, 75°E–100°E). Results show that no model can capture all the moisture mode properties relative to the reanalysis. Most models satisfy weak temperature gradient balance but have unrealistically fast MJO propagation and a lower moisture‐precipitation correlation. Models that satisfy the most moisture mode criteria reliably simulate a stronger MJO. The background moist static energy (MSE) and low‐level zonal winds are more realistic in the models that satisfy the most criteria. The MSE budget associated with the MJO is also well‐represented in the good models. Capturing the MJO's moisture mode properties over the Indian Ocean is associated with a more realistic representation of the MJO and thus can be employed to diagnose MJO performance.
Radiation, Air Temperature, and Soil Water Availability Drive Tree Water Deficit Across Temporal Scales in Canada's Western Boreal Forest
Authors: Perron Nia , Baltzer Jennifer L. , Detto Matteo , Nehemy Magali , Spence Christopher , Hould‐Gosselin Gabriel , Alcock Haley , Hadiwijaya Bram , Laroque Colin P. , Sonnentag Oliver
Published: April 2024

Changes are projected for the boreal biome with complex and variable effects on forest vegetation including drought‐induced tree mortality and forest loss. With soil and atmospheric conditions governing drought intensity, specific drivers of trees water stress can be difficult to disentangle across temporal scales. We used wavelet analysis and causality detection to identify potential environmental controls (evapotranspiration, soil moisture, rainfall, vapor pressure deficit, air temperature and photosynthetically active radiation) on daily tree water deficit and on longer periods of tree dehydration in black spruce and tamarack. Daily tree water deficit was controlled by photosynthetically active radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature, causing greater stand evapotranspiration. Prolonged periods of tree water deficit (multi‐day) were regulated by photosynthetically active radiation and soil moisture. We provide empirical evidence that continued warming and drying will cause short‐term increases in black spruce and tamarack transpiration, but greater drought stress with reduced soil water availability.
Observation and Reanalysis Derived Relationships Between Cloud and Land Surface Fluxes Across Cumulus and Stratiform Coupling Over the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Su Tianning , Li Zhanqing , Zhang Yunyan , Zheng Youtong , Zhang Haipeng
Published: April 2024

Understanding interactions between low clouds and land surface fluxes is critical to comprehending Earth's energy balance, yet their relationships remain elusive, with discrepancies between observations and modeling. Leveraging long‐term field observations over the Southern Great Plains, this investigation revealed that cloud‐land interactions are closely connected to cloud‐land coupling regimes. Observational evidence supports a dual‐mode interaction: coupled stratiform clouds predominate in low sensible heat scenarios, while coupled cumulus clouds dominate in high sensible heat scenarios. Reanalysis data sets, MERRA‐2 and ERA‐5, obscure this dichotomy owing to a shortfall in representing boundary layer clouds, especially in capturing the initiation of coupled cumulus in high sensible heat scenarios. ERA‐5 demonstrates a relatively closer alignment with observational data, particularly in capturing relationships between cloud frequency and latent heat, markedly outperforming MERRA‐2. Our study underscores the necessity of distinguishing different cloud coupling regimes, essential to the understanding of their interactions for advancing land‐atmosphere interactions.
Bounce Resonance Between Energetic Electrons and Magnetosonic Waves: A Parametric Study
Authors: Gu Shujie , Chen Lunjin
Published: April 2024

Magnetosonic (MS) waves are electromagnetic emissions from a few to 100 Hz primarily confined near the magnetic equator both inside and outside the plasmasphere. Previous studies proved that MS waves can transport equatorially mirroring electrons from an equatorial pitch angle of 90° down to lower values by bounce resonance. However, the dependence of the bounce resonance effect on wave or background plasma parameters is still unclear. Here, we applied a test particle simulation to investigate electron transport coefficients, including diffusion and advection coefficients in energy and pitch angle, due to bounce resonance with MS waves. We investigate five wave field parameters, including wave frequency width, wave center frequency, latitudinal distribution width, wave normal angle root‐mean‐square of wave magnetic amplitude, and two background parameters, L‐shell value and plasma density. We find different transport coefficient peaks resulting from different bounce resonance harmonics. Higher‐order harmonic resonances exist, but the effect of fundamental resonance is much stronger. As the wave center frequency increases, higher‐order harmonics start to dominate. With wave frequency width increasing, the energy range of effective bounce resonance broadens, but the effect itself weakens. The bounce resonance effect will increase when we decrease the wave normal angle, or increase the wave amplitude, latitudinal distribution width, L‐shell value, and plasma density. The parametric study will advance our understanding of the favorable conditions of bounce resonance.
Observations of Mesospheric Gravity Waves Generated by Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Narayanan V. L. , Wright C. , Mlynczak M. , Hindley N. , Kavanagh A. , Moffat‐Griffin T. , Noble P.
Published: April 2024

Gravity waves (GWs) play an important role in the dynamics and energetics of the mesosphere. Geomagnetic activity is a known source of GWs in the upper atmosphere. However, how deep the effects of geomagnetic activity induced GWs penetrate into the mesosphere remains an open question. We use temperature measurements from the SABER/TIMED instrument between 2002 and 2018 to study the variations of mesospheric GW activity following intense geomagnetic disturbances identified by AE and Dst indices. By considering several case studies, we show for the first time that the GWs forced by geomagnetic activity can propagate down to about 80 km in the high latitude mesosphere. Only regions above 55° latitudes show a clear response. The fraction of cases in which there is an unambiguous enhancement in GW activity following the onset of geomagnetic disturbance is smaller during summer than other seasons. Only about half of the events show an unambiguous increase in GW activity during non‐summer periods and about one quarter of the events in summer show an enhancement in GWs. In addition, we also find that the high latitude mesopause is often seen to descend in altitude following onset of geomagnetic activity in the non‐summer high latitude region.
Impacts of ENSO on Tropical Pacific Chlorophyll Biomass Under Historical and RCP8.5 Scenarios
Authors: Chen Ruiying , Wu Bizhi , Li Zeming , Wang Shanlin
Published: April 2024

The present study aims to investigate the influences of El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on chlorophyll biomass in the tropical Pacific under historical and RCP8.5 scenarios with simulations from the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE) project. Large variance in surface chlorophyll concentrations is identified across the Peruvian Upwelling (PU), Equatorial Upwelling (EU), and Western Pacific (WP) regions within the tropical Pacific. Results suggest that responses of surface chlorophyll to ENSO in these regions are governed by different mechanisms. The increasing chlorophyll during La Niña is a consequence of increasing nutrients, influenced by local upwelling systems in the PU and EU regions, while the supplementary nutrients in the WP region arise from the eastern Pacific through stronger surface westward currents. Under RCP8.5 scenario, stronger water warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific leads to a remarkable reduction in the amplitudes of seasonal cycles and interannual variations of chlorophyll in both PU and EU regions. This results in less responsiveness of the chlorophyll biomass to El Niño and moderate La Niña compared to the historical period. However, though warming induces a decrease in chlorophyll concentrations in the WP region, the interannual variations of chlorophyll have shown an improvement in correlation with ENSO events. Meanwhile, despite the small phytoplankton‐dominated community being observed under future scenario, species dominance is likely to shift back to diatoms once extreme La Niña occurs, which is unseen in all El Niño and moderate La Niña cases.
Reconsidering the Existence of a Trend in the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) From 1979 to 2017
Authors: Kloss Corinna , Bossolasco Adriana , Thomason Larry , Legras Bernard , Berthet Gwenaël , Jégou Fabrice , Fadnavis Suvarna , Sellitto Pasquale
Published: April 2024

An enhanced aerosol layer, known as the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL), has been observed within the seasonal Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) since the late 1990s. Given the apparently abrupt appearance of this layer based on observations, it has been speculated that it originates from increasing human made emissions in Asia. However, the ATAL confinement is a result of a dynamical feature and does not purely consist of human made components. We herein investigate the possible existence of an ATAL earlier than the late 1990s. We exploit earliest possible, high quality space‐based aerosol observations from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment, or SAGE (1979–1981), SAGE III/ISS (2017, ongoing) and revisit SAGE II (1984–2005) data analysis. We find that seasonal averaged solar occultation aerosol measurements (past and present) can neither be used to exclude the existence of the ATAL, nor to infer a significant trend. However, first CAM5‐MAM7 simulations indicate the presence of an ATAL signal for the tested years 1979 and 1980, with a human made component. We hypothesize that the human made component of the ATAL likely occurred since at least the 1970s, while the natural ATAL component (e.g., from dust) has always existed. Extended simulation based ATAL evolution studies are therefore the most reliable source for early ATAL investigations.
Investigating Zonal Asymmetries in Stratospheric Ozone Trends From Satellite Limb Observations and a Chemical Transport Model
Authors: Arosio C. , Chipperfield M. P. , Rozanov A. , Weber M. , Dhomse S. , Feng W. , Jaross G. , Zhou X. , Burrows J. P.
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the origin of a zonal asymmetry in stratospheric ozone trends at northern high latitudes, identified in satellite limb observations over the past two decades. We use a merged data set consisting of ozone profiles retrieved at the University of Bremen from SCIAMACHY and OMPS‐LP measurements to derive ozone trends. We also use TOMCAT chemical transport model (CTM) simulations, forced by ERA5 reanalyses, to investigate the factors that drive the asymmetry observed in the long‐term changes. By studying seasonally and longitudinally resolved observation‐based ozone trends, we find, especially during spring, a well‐pronounced asymmetry at polar latitudes with values up to +6 % per decade over Greenland and −5 % per decade over western Russia. The control CTM simulation agrees well with these observed trends, whereas sensitivity simulations indicate that chemical mechanisms involved in the production and removal of ozone, or their changes, are unlikely to explain the observed behavior. The decomposition of TOMCAT ozone time series and ERA5 geopotential height into the first two wavenumber components shows a clear correlation between the two variables in the middle stratosphere and demonstrates a weakening and a shift in the wavenumber‐1 planetary wave activity over the past two decades. Finally, the analysis of the polar vortex position and strength points to a decadal oscillation with a reversal pattern at the beginning of the century. The same is found in the ozone trend asymmetry. This further stresses the link between changes in the polar vortex position and the identified ozone trend pattern.