bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gunsight sutures significantly reduce surgical-site infection after ileostomy reversal compared with linear sutures
Authors: Li Chuang-Kun , Liang Wei-Wen , Wang Huai-Ming , Guo Wen-Tai , Qin Xiu-Sen , Zhao Jie , Zhou Wen-Bin , Li Yang , Wang Hui , Huang Rong-Kang
Published: September 2020

Background

Surgical-site infection (SSI) was one of the most common post-operative morbidities of ileostomy reversal. Although several skin-closure procedures had been developed to reduce the rate of SSI, the optimal procedure remains unclear. In this study, we compared the effect of two surgical techniques for wound closure following ileostomy reversal: gunsight suture (GS) and linear suture (LS).

Methods

A total of 233 patients who underwent loop ileostomy at the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2015 and December 2017 were enrolled into our study. These patients were divided into two groups: the LS group and the GS group. We compared the clinical characteristics between the two groups and analyzed the data using IBM SPSS to identify risk factors for SSI.

Results

Both groups successfully underwent surgery. The rate of SSI was significantly lower in the GS group (n = 2, 0.02%) than in the LS group (n = 16, 12.00%, P = 0.007). The length of hospital stay after the operation in the GS group was significantly shorter than that in the LS group (8.1 ± 3.2 vs 10.8 ± 5.4 days, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that GS was an independent protective risk factor for SSI (odds ratio = 0.212, P = 0.048).

Conclusions

Compared with the LS technique, the GS technique can significantly decrease the rate of SSI and shorten the length of hospital stay after surgery. The GS technique may be recommended for wound closure following ileostomy reversal.
Thermodynamic assessment and performance optimization of solid oxide fuel cell-Stirling heat engine–reverse osmosis desalination
Authors: Shakouri Omolbanin , Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein , Gord Mahmood Farzaneh
Published: September 2020

Fuel cells are chemical energy converted to electric energy, which is today a new technology in energy production. Among the existing fuel cells, solid fuel oxide cells have a high potential for use in synthetic and combined production systems due to their high temperature (700–1000°C). The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) output acts as a high-temperature source, which can be used for heat engines such as the Stirling engine as a high-temperature heat source. A hybrid system including solid oxide fuel cell and Stirling engine and reverse osmosis desalinating is a cogeneration plant. This system includes two parts for power generation; the first part is power generated in the SOFC, and the second part is that with use of heat rejection of solid oxide fuel cell to generate power in the Stirling engine. Also, due to the water critical situation in the world and the need for freshwater, it is very common to use desalination systems. In this study, important goals such as power density and exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency, have been investigated. In general, the performance of the hybrid system has been investigated. Firstly, a thermodynamic analysis for all components of the system and then multi-objective optimization performed for several objective functions include exergy destruction density, exergy efficiency, fuel cell power and freshwater production rate. The present optimization is performed for two overall purposes; the first purpose is to improve fuel cell output power, exergy efficiency and exergy destruction density, and the second purpose is to improve the exergy efficiency, the amount of freshwater production and exergy destruction density. In this optimization, three robust decision-making methods TOPSIS, LINMAP and FUZZY are used. Two scenarios are presented; the first scenario is covering power, exergy efficiency and exergy destruction density. The output power and exergy efficiency, and exergy destruction density, have optimum values in the TOPSIS method’s results. The values are 939.393 (kW), 0.838 and 1139.85 (w/m2) respectively. In the second scenario that includes the freshwater production rate, the exergy destruction density and exergy efficiency, three objective functions are at their peak in the FUZZY results, which are 5.697 (kg/s), 7561.192 (w/m2) and 0.7421 respectively.
The role of economics and the type of legal standards in antitrust enforcement by DGCOMP: an empirical investigation
Authors: Katsoulacos Y , Makri G
Published: September 2020

We empirically investigate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the role of economics in antitrust enforcement by EC’s Competition Authority (DGCOMP), by constructing and measuring indicators capturing the extent and type of economics used in reaching infringement decisions between 1992 and 2016.

This allows us to identify the legal standards (LSs) adopted in assessing different conducts and their evolution and compare these to their theoretically optimal level, thus capturing the quality of enforcement. On average, economic analysis plays a modest role in investigations, with little analysis to substantiate consumer harm or to account for efficiencies, for conducts for which effects-based would be the appropriate LS. However, there is a consistent and significant improvement over time in the quality of enforcement in abuse of dominance cases, with effects-based LSs adopted in recent years. This contrasts to earlier findings and questions recent views, by indicating that DGCOMP has been influenced by the significant progress that economic analysis of antitrust has made in recent decades. Results on how LSs adopted affect the outcome of the judicial review (the rate of decision annulment) do not support the hypothesis that this increases as LSs move closer to effects-based.
Misdiagnosis: Burnout, moral injury, and implications for the electronic health record
Authors: Williams Marc S
Published: September 2020

Burnout is a long-term stress reaction marked by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a lack of sense of personal accomplishment. Burnout in clinicians is receiving significant attention. Some have proposed that clinicians are experiencing symptoms of moral injury, defined as “perpetrating, failing to prevent, bearing witness to, or learning about acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations.” Current efforts to improve the electronic health record (EHR) have focused on improving the user experience to reduce burden that has been identified as a contributing factor to provider burnout. However, if EHRs are contributing to moral injury, improvements to user experience will not eliminate the effects on providers. Current research has not evaluated the risk for moral injury resulting from the use of EHRs. This Perspective reviews the differences between burnout and moral injury, discusses the implications for clinicians using EHRs, and highlights the need for research to better define the problem.
An interactive tool to forecast US hospital needs in the coronavirus 2019 pandemic
Authors: Locey Kenneth J , Webb Thomas A , Khan Jawad , Antony Anuja K , Hota Bala
Published: September 2020

Objective

We developed an application (https://rush-covid19.herokuapp.com/) to aid US hospitals in planning their response to the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Materials and Methods

Our application forecasts hospital visits, admits, discharges, and needs for hospital beds, ventilators, and personal protective equipment by coupling COVID-19 predictions to models of time lags, patient carry-over, and length-of-stay. Users can choose from 7 COVID-19 models, customize 23 parameters, examine trends in testing and hospitalization, and download forecast data.

Results

Our application accurately predicts the spread of COVID-19 across states and territories. Its hospital-level forecasts are in continuous use by our home institution and others.

Discussion

Our application is versatile, easy-to-use, and can help hospitals plan their response to the changing dynamics of COVID-19, while providing a platform for deeper study.

Conclusion

Empowering healthcare responses to COVID-19 is as crucial as understanding the epidemiology of the disease. Our application will continue to evolve to meet this need.
Decreased Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Incidence-Based Mortality in the Screening-Age Population of Ontario
Authors: Paszat Lawrence F , Sutradhar Rinku , Corn Elyse , Tinmouth Jill , Baxter Nancy N , Rabeneck Linda
Published: September 2020

Background and Aims

We aimed to evaluate trends in Ontario, Canada, 2002 to 2016, in uptake of colorectal evaluative procedures, colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and incidence-based mortality in the colorectal screening-age population.

Methods

We defined the screening age-eligible population as persons 51 to 74 years of age with ≥1 year eligibility for the Ontario Health Insurance Plan, excluding those with a diagnosis of CRC in the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR) prior to age 50 or January 1, 2002. We computed annual up-to-date status with colorectal evaluative procedures from billing claims, and CRC incidence from the OCR. In order to compute incidence-based CRC mortality, we included persons with a first diagnosis of CRC between the ages of 51 and 74, diagnosed between January 1, 1992 and December 31, 2001, still alive and <75 years of age on January 1, 2002, based on cause of death from the OCR. Overall, age-stratified and sex-stratified trends were evaluated by Cochran–Armitage trend tests.

Results

Persons up to date with colorectal evaluative procedures increased from 628,214/2,782,061 (22.6%) in 2002 to 2,584,570/4,179,789 (62.2%) in 2016. CRC incidence fell from 129.3/100,000 in 2002 to 94.54/100,000 in 2016, and incidence-based CRC mortality fell from 40.8/100,000 to 24.1/100,000. Decreasing trends in overall and stratified incidence and mortality were all significant, except among persons 51 to 54 years old.

Conclusions

There was continued increase in persons up-to-date with colorectal evaluative procedures, and significant decrease in CRC incidence and incidence-based CRC mortality from 2002 through 2016.
Gambling with Justice: A Juridical Approach to the Game of Dice in theDyūtaparvanof theMahābhārata
Authors: Fleming Christopher T
Published: September 2020

This article draws on Sanskrit jurisprudential literature (Dharmaśāstra) and on Nīlakaṇṭhacaturdhara’s (seventeenth century) Bhāratabhāvadīpa to uncover the motivations behind various characters’ actions before and during the infamous game of dice in the Dyūtaparvan of the Mahābhārata. The Pāṇḍavas and the Kauravas employ diverging lines of subtle Dharmaśāstric reasoning in mutual attempts to entrap one another. This dangerous game of juridical brinksmanship, with Dharma as the stake, results in a decisive moral and legal victory for Yudhiṣṭhira—despite his losing the formal game of dice. Consequently, recent literary analyses of this scene emphasizing Dharma’s fundamental opacity are problematized by encouraging a scholarly focus on legal subtlety and strategy.
Antennal Proteome of the Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): Caste Differences in Olfactory Receptors and Chemosensory Support Proteins
Authors: Shah Jaee Shailesh , Renthal Robert
Published: September 2020

Little is known about the expression pattern of odorant and pheromone transporters, receptors, and deactivation enzymes in the antennae of ants carrying out different tasks. In order to begin filling in this information gap, we compared the proteomes of the antennae of workers and males of the red fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Male ants do not perform any colony work, and their only activity is to leave the nest on a mating flight. Previous studies showed that male ants express fewer types of odorant receptors than workers. Thus, we expected to find large differences between male and worker antennae for expression of receptors, transporters, and deactivators of signaling chemicals. We found that the abundance of receptors was consistent with the expected caste-specific signaling complexity, but the numbers of different antenna-specific transporters and deactivating enzymes in males and workers were similar. It is possible that some of these proteins have antenna-specific functions that are unrelated to chemosensory reception. Alternatively, the similar complexity could be a vestige of ant progenitors that had more behaviorally active males. As the reduced behavior of male ants evolved, the selection process may have favored a complex repertoire of transporters and deactivating enzymes alongside a limited repertoire of odorant receptors.
Gallbladder volvulus and hernia through the foramen of Winslow: a case report
Authors: Nguyen Toan Huy , Tran Kinh Huy , Le Xuan Anh , Nguyen Huong Van , Ha Quyet Van
Published: September 2020

Gallbladder hernia through the foramen of Winslow is an uncommon condition and gallbladder hernia combined with volvulus is even rarer. A 70-year-old patient was hospitalized with the clinical signs of pain in the right hypochondriac region associated with fever. The computed tomography scan images showed some signs of gallbladder herniation through the foramen of Winslow. We decided to remove the gallbladder and found the gallbladder infundibulum twisted and necrotic. This was the first case of a male patient who suffered from gallbladder herniation with volvulus after three cases of female patients reported in the literature.
Engineered human immunoglobulin anti-yellow fever virus monoclonal antibodies to treat severe yellow fever
Authors: Leong W Y
Published: September 2020

Teaser A new engineered human immunoglobulin (Ig)G anti-yellow fever virus monoclonal antibody suggested potential clinical benefit in Phase 1a and 1b clinical trial.
Phase I/II study of sorafenib in combination with erlotinib for recurrent glioblastoma as part of a 3-arm sequential accrual clinical trial: NABTC 05-02
Authors: Chen Huanwen , Kuhn John , Lamborn Kathleen R , Abrey Lauren E , DeAngelis Lisa M , Lieberman Frank , Robins H Ian , Chang Susan M , Yung W K Alfred , Drappatz Jan , Mehta Minesh P , Levin Victor A , Aldape Kenneth , Dancey Janet E , Wright John J , Prados Michael D , Cloughesy Timothy F , Wen Patrick Y , Gilbert Mark R
Published: September 2020

Background

Receptor tyrosine kinases such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and their downstream signaling pathways such as the Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway play important roles in glioblastoma (GBM). This study investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of sorafenib (Ras/Raf/MAPK inhibitor) in combination with erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) for treatment of recurrent GBMs.

Methods

Patients with recurrent GBM were eligible. A novel sequential accrual trial design was used, where patients were sequentially accrued into separate treatment arms in phase I and phase II investigations to optimize recruitment efficiency. In phase I, a standard 3 + 3 format was used to identify dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and investigate pharmacokinetics. Phase II followed a 2-stage design with the primary endpoint being 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6).

Results

Sixteen patients were recruited for phase I, and the MTD was determined to be sorafenib 200 mg twice daily and erlotinib 100 mg once daily. DLTs include Grade 3 hypertension, Grade 3 elevated liver transaminases, and Grade 4 elevated lipase. While erlotinib did not affect sorafenib levels, sorafenib reduced erlotinib levels. In phase II, 3 of 19 stage 1 participants were progression free at 6 months. This did not meet the predetermined efficacy endpoint, and the trial was terminated.

Conclusion

This study identified the MTD and DLTs for sorafenib and erlotinib combination therapy for recurrent GBMs; however, efficacy data did not meet the primary endpoint. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of a novel sequential accrual clinical trial design that optimizes patient recruitment for multiarm studies, which is particularly effective for multicenter clinical trials.
Legality, Legitimacy, and Legislation: The Role of Exceptional Circumstances in Common Law Judicial Review
Authors: Hooper Hayley J
Published: September 2020

Preventing the overconcentration of power is a central component of Western constitutional thought. However, in the British constitution power is generally concentrated in representative legislatures. Although these legislatures generally possess legitimating characteristics that courts lack, we cannot assume that this balance will hold true for all time. This article argues that the common law judicial review jurisdiction contains a power to invalidate the Acts of representative legislatures in certain extreme, hypothetical situations. The seeds of this line of thought began with dicta from a minority in Jackson v Attorney General and similar claims have appeared in several other landmark cases, such as AXA Insurance v Lord Advocate and Moohan v Lord Advocate. Rather than something novel, the power to invalidate legislation is best understood as a natural outgrowth of the seeds of a theory of legislative legitimacy present in the common law that began in the late 20th century.
Heroes and Filipino Migrations
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights the stories of 1990s and 2000s street dancers in order to explore the impact of Filipino familial and labor migration since the early 1970s. Although scholars have usually depicted global hip-hop as an outward flow from the United States, this chapter points to an alternative trajectory—when Filipino talent is part of the 10 percent of the Filipino population to have worked outside the Philippines. This chapter analyzes two figurations—overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) and Petisyonados—that simultaneously recode state-brokered gendered migration, economic motivation, and personal rationale. The processes of migrant identity formation reveal a crucial narrative by which racial and sexual formation factor into the rooting and uprooting of Filipino people and culture. Demythologizing talent and the migrant hero trope, these Filipinos exemplify how the global mobility of people and individual motility of bodies prove to be more closely related than previously thought.
Judges and International Competitions
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

This chapter continues to emphasize embodied critiques against liberal multiculturalism and post-raciality by turning to large-scale commercial competitions and their increasing role in rejuvenating street dance globally. The chapter focuses on the World Hip-Hop Dance Championships (HHI), which enlists judges to watch more than 3,500 dancers from over fifty countries. With an analysis of judges and their practices from 2012 to 2014, the chapter shows that their standardization euphemizes racial, gender, ethnic, and technical difference. At the same time, the chapter reveals dance criticism that undermines the stereotype of Filipinos as naturally gifted dancers in the cultural imaginary. Discourse around dance judging enables discussions of how multiple ethnic traditions are codified similarly amidst a vexed desire for hip-hop universalism.
Foot Voting and Federalism
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how foot voting in a federal system enhances political freedom. Foot voting between various regional and local governments provides extensive opportunities for political choice, particularly for the poor and disadvantaged. Opportunities for foot voting can be augmented by decentralizing functions of government, and breaking down obstacles to mobility. The chapter also responds to claims that foot voting under federalism is likely to be ineffective because of moving costs, “races to the bottom,” discrimination against minority groups, and inequality. These problems are overstated, amenable to a variety of fixes, or some combination of both. Some issues are so large-scale that they can only be addressed by national governments, thereby making it difficult to effectively decentralize power over them. But such cases are unusual.
What Is This Book About?
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Technology evokes numerous feelings in educators, from frustrations to joy, when they try to utilize it in the classroom. It has the ability to be a very purposeful and efficient tool when used correctly. Research is showing that technology is becoming more prominent in education as more schools are adopting 1:1 technology. In addition, music educators are being evaluated on ways they use technology in their classrooms. Finally, educators are now teaching students who are digital natives. With all of this in mind, when technology is used well and has a meaningful purpose in the elementary music classroom, embracing it can enhance and bring another level of success to students.
Why Would We Use Technology in the Elementary Music Classroom?
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

If the music classroom is meant to be a creative, safe, music-making space, how do educators balance technology in that space? Technology can be used in the simplest teacher-directed ways, as well as in a more student-centered “doing music” environment, depending on how the teacher wants to utilize it and how the students respond to it. Using approaches like Dr. Ruben Puentedura’s SAMR (Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition) model and Liz Kolb’s Triple E (Engage, Enhance, Extend) Framework can help elementary music educators realize how much technology they want to use and when it would be the best tool for the students’ learning styles.
Orff Schulwerk
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Ardith Collins writes about the wonderful and historical, evolving background to the Orff Schulwerk approach. With this approach, children learn music in a setting that is similar to teaching children a language through the concepts of play, sing, speak, and move. The approach is about process teaching, where higher value is placed on the learning process rather than the final product of the performance. Orff Schulwerk is child-centered music education with imitation, exploration, improvisation, and creativity at its core. Amy M. Burns demonstrates ways to utilize technology to assist students with various learning styles in creating, exploring, and making music.
Technology Integration with the Orff Schulwerk Approach
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Amy M. Burns integrates technology into the Orff Schulwerk approach so that students with various learning styles can successfully create and make music. With the recent developments of teaching through distance learning, these lessons assist elementary music educators in teaching from a traditional classroom setting to teaching in an online platform. In addition, the supplemental website gives teachers downloadable manipulatives to successfully use in a variety of learning environments.
Introduction to the Principles of Virology
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter defines what a virus is, how it replicates, and how it causes diseases. Peter Medawar, a biologist awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology in 1960, defined viruses as a piece of nucleic acid surrounded by bad news. Viruses cannot multiply until they invade a living cell. However, viruses can enter all cellular forms of life from plants and animals to bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. As opposed to plants and animals, which are made up of cells, viruses lack cell walls and are therefore obligatory parasites that depend for replication on the cells they infect. The attachment or binding of a viral protein to a cell receptor is the first step that initiates infection of a cell. The type of cells with such receptors and/or with the ability to replicate a given virus often determines the severity of illness that a virus can cause, the distribution of areas in the body that can be affected, and the host’s potential for recovery.
Hepatitis Viruses: Oysters, Blood Transfusions, and Cancer
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies the history of hepatitis virus infection. Hepatitis and/or jaundice were recorded in the fourth century BC by Hippocrates and over 1,000 years ago in the ancient Chinese literature. By the end of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the association of a virus infection with jaundice and liver disease was made. The major hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), and non-A, non-B or hepatitis C (HCV). HAV is transmitted almost always by fecal–oral routes but occasionally by transfusion or inoculation of blood obtained during the transient stage of viremia that occurs during the HAV incubation period. While there is currently no effective vaccine for HCV, an effective vaccine exists for HBV. A problem with the HBV vaccine is individuals refusing to be vaccinated. Nevertheless, recent progress made on the understanding and treatment of these viruses has led to the World Health Organization planning that by 2030 hepatitis infections will be reduced by 90% and deaths by 65%.
Hantavirus
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at hantavirus in detail. Hantaviruses are among the infectious agents currently found in the United States with the potential of causing plagues. Generally, symptoms are fever, muscle pain, cough, nausea, vomiting, and headache lasting about 4 but up to 15 days and eventually requiring hospitalization of the patient. To this day, no one knows exactly how the hantavirus causes disease, although recent evidence suggests that the release of certain proteins, possibly the cytokines and chemokines that are such prominent moderators of the immune response, are responsible. During the inflammation that results from this infection, a so-called cytokine storm plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. No treatment other than supportive therapy and prevention is available to alleviate the symptoms of hantavirus infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus: AIDS, the Current Plague
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a lethal disease cause by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Of the more than 75 million people HIV has infected in the 36 years (1983–2019) since the initial case report, nearly one-half of them have died. Not only the victims of this infection but also their families, communities, countries, and even continents endured years of suffering as AIDS proceeded on its long course of physical destruction. Today, however, the enormous advance in antivirus drug therapy has dramatically reduced the death rate and altered the portrait of this disease from an acute lethal disease to a chronic persistent infection. In 2019, the combination antiretroviral therapy has enabled those infected to survive at roughly the same rate as the general non-infected population. However, this increased longevity includes an upsurge in the former group’s medical problems caused by the side effects of antiretroviral therapy. Despite an outlay of $1 billion per year for AIDS research, no vaccine is on the horizon for preventing this medical catastrophe.
Cognitions
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Teams perform better when its members possess a shared, accurate, and complimentary understanding about key elements such as the team’s purpose, priorities, roles, and tasks—“shared cognitions.” This chapter describes eight types of shared cognitions, including an understanding of who on the team has specific expertise (sometimes called transactive memory) and if–then contingencies (what to do when certain situations arise). Shared cognitions improve routine coordination and enable faster, smarter adjustments. This chapter also reveals that team member familiarity can help up to a point, but too much familiarity may create a risk of complacency. Research shows that professional familiarity, such as knowing team members’ work-related strengths and weaknesses is more valuable than personal familiarity, such as knowing their hobbies. Methods for building shared cognitions are described related to direction setting (e.g., visioning, chartering), preparing (e.g., role clarification exercises, scenario-based training), updating (e.g., debriefs, huddles), and assimilating (e.g., onboarding).
Coaching
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

This chapter is about coaching or, more specifically, team leadership. We specify seven essential team leadership functions: (a) ensuring clarity and alignment; (b) holding teammates accountable; (c) removing obstacles and garnering support; (d) managing team emotions and attitudes; (e) fostering psychological safety; (f) encouraging participation and empowerment; and (g) promoting learning and adaptation. Each function has a key set of behaviors associated with it. Team members other than the leader can at times demonstrate some of those leadership behaviors. The functions and behaviors specify the “what” of effective team leadership. The authors also consider the “how” of leadership by highlighting the practical implications of four leadership theories: transformational leadership, shared leadership, servant leadership, and civil leadership.
Consultants
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Consultants are often asked to help boost teamwork and collaboration. This chapter is written for internal consultants, for example, people in a human resource business partner, organization development, learning and development, or quality role, as well as external consultants who supports teams across different organizations. Consultants can be called upon to help a struggling team, to coach a team leader, or to advise a senior leader on how to promote greater collaboration throughout a unit or organization. To address any of these needs, it helps to understand what really drives teamwork. This chapter offers 10 tips for applying the science of teamwork as a consultant.
Introduction
Authors: Marine Susan B , Lewis Ruth
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how rape culture, as a concept, is used to mobilize efforts to reduce campus sexual violence and how people’s understanding of rape culture has limited their ability to change it. Although rape culture is not simple, individuals’ responses assume it is. This insight is informed by complexity theory. Rape culture is a complex context that does not respond well to solutions that assume static, cause-effect relationships. The chapter describes a Canadian project that used narrative methods to solicit stories about rape culture from students and invited them to code their own stories and share how they would characterize aspects of their experiences. The chapter explores how students make meaning of and understand rape culture in contrast to dominant narratives in research and advocacy. Additionally, it explores the students’ stories’ themes to illustrate limitations inherent in current efforts to transform campus rape culture.
Teaching “Love and War”
Authors: Floyd Dawn Barker , Deckard Michael Funk
Published: September 2020

Colleges and universities in the United States have been challenged to implement sometimes vague and constantly evolving federal laws and departmental guidance regarding how to respond to and prevent gender-based violence (GBV). State legislatures are also creating laws that may not be consistent with federal law and guidance. This chapter challenges the current model for addressing GBV by suggesting that, to be truly transformational, universities must give pedagogical time and space to the root causes and cultural underpinnings of GBV. The chapter describes a year-long interdisciplinary course offered to freshmen, co-taught by a philosophy professor and the Title IX coordinator, which, to transform students’ understanding, uses philosophers such as Plato to examine sexual violence and how it is structured in Western culture. The authors advocate for universities to incorporate classroom and organizational responses and collaborations to mitigate a culture of violence to eradicate GBV from higher education.
Building Authentic Partnerships for Responding to Gender-Based Violence in Universities
Authors: Burman Michele , Dawson Kathryn , McDougall Lauren , Morton Karen , Nokhbatolfoghahai Fatemeh
Published: September 2020

This chapter critically discusses the importance of coalition-building in challenging gender-based violence (GBV) in universities and for laying the groundwork to facilitate and support cultural transformation in the complex and risk-averse environment of higher education. Drawing on the example of a cross-institutional, multipartner coalition initiated by student organizations in collaboration with security, service, and academic staff in two Scottish universities, local service providers, and police, this chapter critically discusses the tensions encountered and challenges posed in creating a “whole-university” approach to preventing and responding to GBV. In so doing, it highlights the centrality of student leadership for developing an informed response and driving forward meaningful change and the importance of internal/external partnerships for prevention work, root and branch reform of university policies and practices, the provision of training and awareness-raising, and the delivery of a thorough institutionalized response to tackling GBV.
Solutions, Solutions
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes stock of the book’s First Path. Positing that death can be bad for us because of the deprivations of passing away has three strengths: it explains how there is an identifiable subject who is harmed, it locates the time at which they are harmed, and it clarifies how death is different from pre-vital nonexistence. But, if we don’t assume any particular religious approach, how can we find some comfort in death? Is there any upside or positive value in passing away?
Changes
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Would being immortal mean losing the kind of human life to which we are attached? This is the question taken up in this chapter. Even if immortality did cost us the kind of life to which we are attached, it is argued that there might be tradeoffs that make it worth it. Moreover, it is hard to evaluate such tradeoffs, because the two kinds of lives are so different. They arguably demand different standards of evaluation, and it is difficult to make a comparative evaluation. Consequently, the supposed downsides of immortality are too uncertain to be a place where we can find solace in death.
Valuable Imperfections
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter asks: How can we value imperfections, given that they are imperfections? When those imperfections are bundled up in something that has value for us (a memento, a loved one), that relation to us changes the value of the imperfection from wholly negative to partly negative and partly positive. This is not the claim that the whole can have a value different than the sum of the parts. Rather, it is the claim that the part’s value can change based on its relationship to the whole, when the whole has a particular relation to the valuer. Some such imperfections become good overall, while some stay in the bad column—but either way we can value them.
History
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

We would not have existed were it not for the terrible history that preceded us: if history had been kinder to the victims of war, oppression, and other suffering, different people would have met and reproduced, resulting in a different population. So if we are grateful for our existence, do we also have to affirm the history that made our existence possible? That is the question of this chapter. Some believe that affirming our own lives means affirming that history—which just means we cannot affirm our lives. In contrast here it is argued that we can affirm our lives without affirming the history that got us here. However, this does not mean that we should choose to repeat that history over again if we had such a power; rather it means that we are right to be irresolvably torn between our resistance to that history and our attraction to our own lives and those we love. Moreover, saying that our lives are good for us does not entail that they are good in all respects; and being grateful for the parts of our lives is not identical to being grateful for the causal origins of our lives.
Experience
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter asks: Does holistic gratitude for existing as an experiencer commit us to also being grateful for all particular experiences? It is argued here that the radiant value for which we can be holistically grateful extends from wholes to their parts, but not also to their contents. And since specific experiences are contents of our lives as experiencers, they do not get radiant value to be grateful for. Instead, consciousness, sensitivity, and other elements of experiencing life are the parts of our lives that get radiant value from life. As such, they are what we can affirm when we affirm our lives.
The Conversation
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Having now articulated the book’s theories of life’s meaningful value, holistic gratitude, and solace in death, in this chapter the author presents the overall view to his dying mother.
Introduction
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This introduction highlights the controversial nature and limited extent of interest group electioneering in the early twentieth century compared to its pervasiveness today. When early interest groups did engage in elections, they sought to appear nonpartisan, whereas many contemporary interest groups operate in effect as allies of the major parties. While different generations of political scientists have offered theories that explain each approach to elections and partisanship, they do not explain the shift in interest group behavior apparent across the twentieth century. This introduction provides a developmental account, elaborated in later chapters, that explains the intertwined embrace of electioneering and partisanship among major interest groups in the mid-twentieth century. It recounts when and why these groups formed political action committees (PACs) to undertake these electioneering activities and argues that such PACs have been used to transform the American party system.
“Pressure” as Prologue
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the relatively limited involvement of business and labor groups in early twentieth-century elections. Though such groups emphasized lobbying, they might occasionally seek to reward or punish their “friends and enemies” in Congress by mobilizing voters on a “nonpartisan” basis. But as lobbying came to involve appeals to public opinion as a means of persuading lawmakers, the threat of electoral punishment became more prominent. This model of “pressure politics” was perfected by temperance groups like the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) in the 1910s and early 1920s but soon came under strain due to presidential politics. The chapter examines the hesitant involvement of the ASL in the 1928 election amid the rise of a powerful opponent with ties to business leaders: the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA). The ASL and AAPA ultimately backed opposing presidential nominees, which challenged nonpartisan pretensions and played out differently for each side.
Introduction
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter uses as a case study an incident from 1824 in which the New York Tract Society convinced John Van Ness Yates, New York’s acting superintendent of common schools, to encourage the use of its literature in schools under his oversight. This incident highlights the significance of growing educational bureaucracy in this era and how it might be used for distinctly religious aims. This educational bureaucracy emerged as part of what this book calls the “Common School Awakening,” a transatlantic, transdenominational movement that introduced systematized, professionalized schools to America in the first half of the nineteenth century. Previous historical scholarship on education in this era, notably the very different work of Ellwood Cubberley and Michael Katz, has ignored the strongly religious roots of the movement for common schools that has found its representative figure in the person of Horace Mann.
“The Schoolmaster Is Abroad”
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter fills out the picture of early American schools by surveying developments in several fields of education, ranging from charity institutions to elite academies, including those for the deaf and blind, as well as those aimed distinctly at boys and distinctly at girls. Tracing the transatlantic trips of different educational leaders—John Griscom, Thomas Gallaudet, Samuel Gridley Howe, Joseph Cogswell, George Bancroft, Henry Dwight, Sereno Edwards Dwight, and Emma Willard—this chapter focuses on the religious rhetoric underlying attempts to introduce new types of schooling to the American landscape in the early years of the Common School Awakening.
The “Prussian System”
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the European inspiration for the legislative changes of the late 1830s that are now most frequently associated with the Common School Awakening in America. Beginning with the Prussian school reform that followed the Napoleonic defeats, the chapter demonstrates how news about Prussian schools traveled from Prussia, through France and then England, and eventually to America. Victor Cousin, famous in America as a French philosopher, served as the principal, if indirect, means of this transmission. His report on Prussian schools, translated in England and then published in abbreviated forms in America, helped to inspire American reforms. After closely examining the report in its several incarnations, especially focusing on its multiple appeals to religion, the chapter concludes by surveying American responses to the report to lay the groundwork for the specific ways that individual states would implement some of its suggestions.
Music and Visual Arts
Authors: Harney Kristin
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores connections between music and visual arts. It includes rationales for integrating music and art, common links between the two disciplines, and a discussion of the National Core Arts Standards. A table clearly shows the standards that are incorporated throughout the lessons and examples. The chapter contains four detailed, full-length lessons that integrate music and visual arts. These include a student-focused arts analysis; exploring repetition, mood, context, and movement in Michael Torke’s “Bright Blue Music”; connecting artistic and music techniques through the painting of a pastiche collage; and delving into French Impressionism. The chapter ends with an inventory of ideas detailing nineteen additional lesson topics, specific teaching strategies, and recommended activities.
Shaping Brahmsian Themes
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

This chapter studies six themes from Brahms’s violin sonatas, exploring many different ways that he crafts musical expression. Each theme demonstrates different aspects of Brahmsian compositional techniques, illustrating the infinitely varied ways he used harmony, texture, motivic evolution, and continuity in what has been described as “developing variation.” These discussions repeatedly show how a musical event that seems to be new (such as a surprising turn of harmony) quite frequently develops from something already heard, imparting the sensation that Brahms’s music is simultaneously drawing upon what has been heard and becoming something new. Awareness of these techniques prepares us for the later chapters, which focus on musical narratives that span entire movements or entire sonatas.
Constitutional Orphan
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

This book explores the role of former suffragists in the constitutional development of the Nineteenth Amendment, during the decade following its ratification in 1920. It examines the pivot to new missions, immediately after ratification, by two national suffrage organizations, the National Woman’s Party (NWP) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). The NWP turned from suffrage to a federal equal rights amendment. NAWSA became the National League of Women Voters (NLWV), and turned to voter education and social welfare legislation. The book connects that pivot by both groups, to the emergence of a “thin” conception of the Nineteenth Amendment, as a matter of constitutional interpretation. It surfaces the history around the congressional failure to enact enforcement legislation, pursuant to the Nineteenth Amendment, and connects that with the NWP’s perceived need for southern congressional votes for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). It also explores the choice to turn away from African American women suffragists asking for help to combat voter suppression efforts, after the November 1920 presidential election. And it evaluates the deep divisions among NWP members, some of whom were social feminists who opposed the ERA; and the NLWV, which supported the social feminists in that opposition. The book also analyzes how state courts, left without federal enforcement legislation to constrain or guide them, used strict construction to cabin the emergence of a more robust interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment. It concludes with an examination of new legal scholarship, which suggests broader ways in which the Nineteenth Amendment could be used today to expand gender equality.
Enforcement Legislation
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 raises the issue of how race intersected with the constitutional development of the Nineteenth Amendment. It argues that the immediate pivot of the National Woman’s Party (NWP), to a federal equal rights amendment, played a significant role in the failure of enforcement legislation to be enacted by Congress. The chapter explores the fear of a “Second Reconstruction,” by white southern congressmen, as an element in that story. And it suggests that the NWP’s failure to support African American women suffragists, and white NWP members who were co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was both a moral and a strategic failing. That choice, animated by concerns around white southern political support for the proposed equal rights amendment, contributed to the failure of enforcement legislation. The chapter links the lack of such legislation to the absence of a federal judicial forum, in which to more fully develop the meaning and scope of the Nineteenth Amendment.
A Self-Executing Amendment
Authors: Monopoli Paula A.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 examines the state cases that were brought, after ratification, around the validity of voter petitions and elections in which women voted and around preconditions to voting, like poll taxes. Those cases gave state courts a forum to discuss the self-executing nature of the Nineteenth Amendment, in terms of its impact on existing state law. The general conclusion was that the Nineteenth Amendment was self-executing as to voting itself. But state differences in statutory and constitutional construction yielded mixed results, in terms of its actual impact on state laws around voter eligibility, including the requirement that women pay poll taxes. These cases demonstrate the broad discretion in state court judges regarding what was encompassed within “voting” as a matter of constitutional interpretation and statutory construction.