bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Providing digital identity and academic attributes through European eID infrastructures: Results achieved, limitations, and future steps
Authors: Berbecaru Diana , Lioy Antonio , Cameroni Cesare
Published: August 2019

Electronic identity is getting an increased importance nowadays since relentless digitalization and 24/7 connectivity continue to transform everyday life. To support the recognition of electronic identification cross‐border within the European Union, the European Commission (EC) released the eIDAS Regulation, which became effective on September 2018. To put eIDAS in practice, the EC has supported the definition of the technical specification; it provides a sample implementation; and it coordinates the eIDAS Network composed of eIDAS nodes of various countries. Each eIDAS node has a generic part required for the communication with the other nodes, and a specific part that each country has to modify independently according to its legal, operational, and technical requirements. Although this specific part is very important because it affects the node flexibility and the interaction with the other actors at the national level, it is less known in practice. We describe the adaptation of this specific part in Italy to perform authentication and provision of attributes through the STORK and STORK 2.0 infrastructures (the predecessors of eIDAS), based on our experience in the homonym projects. Significant effort is spent currently to build real services exploiting the eIDAS infrastructure, eg, the eID4U project proposes eIDAS node extension with new attributes required by some common academic services, such as student registration at a foreign university. We describe the support for these new attributes in the eIDAS nodes and the modification of the specific part of the Italian eIDAS node to allow attributes retrieval from different authorities.
Multiresolution clustering of dependent functional data with application to climate reconstruction
Authors: Abramowicz Konrad , Schelin Lina , Sjöstedt de Luna Sara , Strandberg Johan
Published: August 2019

We propose a new nonparametric clustering method for dependent functional data, the double clustering bagging Voronoi method. It consists of two levels of clustering. Given a spatial lattice of points, a function is observed at each grid point. In the first‐level clustering, features of the functional data are clustered. The second‐level clustering takes dependence into account, by grouping local representatives, built from the resulting first‐level clusters, using a bagging Voronoi strategy. Depending on the distance measure used, features of the functions may be included in the second‐step clustering, making the method flexible and general. Combined with the clustering method, a multiresolution approach is proposed that searches for stable clusters at different spatial scales, aiming to capture latent structures. This provides a powerful and computationally efficient tool to cluster dependent functional data at different spatial scales, here illustrated by a simulation study. The introduced methodology is applied to varved lake sediment data, aiming to reconstruct winter climate regimes in northern Sweden at different time resolutions over the past 6,000 years.
Fatigue behavior of strain‐hardening cement‐based composites—From the single fiber level to real‐scale application
Authors: Mueller Steffen , Ranjbarian Majid , Mechtcherine Viktor
Published: August 2019

Strain‐hardening cement‐based composites (SHCC) are a class of fiber‐reinforced cementitious materials, which exhibits large non‐elastic deformations and high strain capacity under tensile loading. Mix design, mechanical performance under quasi‐static and impact loading as well as durability properties of SHCC has been intensively investigated in the last two decades. Furthermore, a number of pilot and real applications in the practice of construction have been reported. However, there is still a considerable lack of knowledge regarding the behavior of material under cyclic loading. The paper at hand gives an overview of the authors work on the fatigue behavior of SHCC. Starting at the single fiber level, deterioration processes caused by different cyclic loading scenarios are presented and discussed. Next, the fatigue behavior of composite material is studied accompanied by morphological investigation of crack patterns and fracture surfaces. Finally, a practical application of SHCC in road construction is presented highlighting the advantages of using this high‐performance material.
Deep neural network‐based mechanical behavior analysis for various masonry infill walls with hybrid fiber mortar
Authors: Pitchaipillai Neelamegam , Paramasivam Suresh Kumar
Published: August 2019

Reinforced Concrete buildings with masonry infills are among the most common structural systems in many countries with regions of high seismicity. Masonry infill walls increase robustness of damaged RC structures. Although their mechanical contribution is usually neglected in structural analysis and design, they significantly affect the seismic response of RC frames. In this paper, we concentrate on the development of infill walls by using various structure design and brick types. An experimental investigation is carried out on two types of mortar mixes like conventional mortar and mortar used with hybrid fibers (polypropylene, sisal, kenaf, and aramid). Here, two types of masonry brick infills such as clay bricks and fly ash bricks are used. After construction of the specimens, each was marked properly according to their respective test of total 60 specimens, which have conventional and fiber‐mixed mortars. After 28 days curing, the masonry specimens attain their full strength and they became ready for the test. The material ratio followed to construct test specimens was according to the Indian standard. The shear test is conducted for masonry triplets and the flexural test is conducted for masonry wall panel structures. After that, the mechanical properties of this structure are validated with the help of the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM)‐based Deep Neural Network (DNN). The performance of the proposed modeling is evaluated by comparing with those of the existing techniques.
Experimental analysis on the relationship between pore structure and capillary water absorption characteristics of cement‐based materials
Authors: Zhao Haitao , Ding Jian , Huang Yuyu , Tang Yimin , Xu Wen , Huang Donghui
Published: August 2019

Capillary absorption capacity has an important influence on the durability of concrete and is closely related to pore structure. In this study, the pore structure and capillary water absorption of samples were determined by low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the gravimetric method, respectively. The test results show that the most probable pore diameter and equivalent pore diameter of cement‐based materials increase with increasing water to cement ratio (w/c) and fly ash (FA) content and decrease with increasing curing age and cement to sand ratio (c/s). The porosity of cement‐based materials increases with increasing w/c and c/s, decreases with increasing curing age, and first decreases and then increases with increasing FA content. The curves for the amount of capillary water absorption per unit area in specimens with the square root of time for cement‐based material under different influence factors are similar and show obvious linear and stable stages. The capillary absorption coefficient is nearly linearly related to w/c or c/s, and nonlinearly related to curing age or FA content, observation that are well correlated with the porosity and square root of the equivalent pore radius. A modified model is proposed for the capillary absorption coefficient with consideration of the pore structure, and the theoretical results of the model are in good agreement with the test results.
Movement and Out‐Migration of Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon in Georgia, USA
Authors: Fox Adam G. , Peterson Douglas L.
Published: August 2019

Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus, a federally endangered anadromous fish, persist along the East Coast of North America. Despite two decades of federal protection, many populations have yet to fully recover and major knowledge gaps remain, especially in the southern portion of the species’ range. The seasonal movement patterns of river‐resident juveniles (RRJs) are not well understood, and little is known about the transition from the RRJ life stage to the marine‐migratory juvenile (MMJ) life stage. During the summers of 2014–2016 we captured and acoustically tagged age‐1 RRJ Atlantic Sturgeon in the Ogeechee, Altamaha, and Satilla rivers, Georgia, to (1) describe and quantify seasonal movements of RRJ Atlantic Sturgeon in order to identify important estuarine nursery areas and (2) examined temporal patterns of out‐migration in order to better understand the critical transition from RRJ to MMJ in Georgia rivers. Movements of 79 fish were monitored using an array of stationary receivers deployed downstream from the heads of tide in each river system. During the summer months in each river, the fish congregated in upriver, freshwater reaches, but during the winter months they moved downriver and became more broadly distributed. Some fish (36.7%; n = 29) migrated back up their natal river in the spring and remained there as age‐2 RRJs. We observed the out‐migration of 30.4% (n = 24) of age‐2 MMJs only during December–March, based on detections outside their natal river. The results of this study support the assumption of the closure of age‐1 populations that underpins recent quantitative studies of Atlantic Sturgeon recruitment.
Sleep‐related behaviors in zoo‐housed giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata): Basic characteristics and effects of season and parturition
Authors: Takagi Naoko , Saito Miho , Ito Hideyuki , Tanaka Masayuki , Yamanashi Yumi
Published: August 2019

Despite increasing interest in the behavior of zoo animals, studies of nocturnal behavior of zoo animals are limited. In this study, we investigated the relationship between parturition, season, and the sleep‐related behaviors in captive reticulated giraffes to better understand the nocturnal life in giraffes. The subjects were two adult reticulated giraffes living in Kyoto City Zoo, Japan. Observations were made via an infrared camera that was mounted in the indoor enclosure between June 2007 and August 2009. We analyzed video clips that were recorded between 16:30 and 09:00 the next morning, over a total of 199 days. Sleep‐related behaviors were classified into two categories based on the posture of the giraffes; recumbent posture and paradoxical sleep. We also recorded the laterality of recumbent posture, which was coded based on the direction of the legs against the torso (right or left). Seasonal differences in sleep behaviors between summer and winter were observed in both individuals. They tended to start to lie down earlier in the winter than in the summer. Parturition also affected the behaviors as both individuals decreased the behaviors before and after the parturition of the female. Additionally, the female lay on her left side less frequently than her right when resuming a recumbent posture in the pre‐parturition period, while such laterality was not observed in the baseline and post‐parturition period. These results suggested that season and parturition are important factors for determining the sleep‐related behaviors in giraffes. Further studies are needed to understand how these changes in sleep affect other welfare parameters.
Holomorphic anomaly of 2d Yang-Mills theory on a torus revisited
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi , Sakai Kazuhiro
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We study the large N ’t Hooft expansion of the chiral partition function of 2d U(N) Yang-Mills theory on a torus. There is a long-standing puzzle that no explicit holomorphic anomaly equation is known for the partition function, although it admits a topological string interpretation. Based on the chiral boson interpretation we clarify how holomorphic anomaly arises and propose a natural anti-holomorphic deformation of the partition function. Our deformed partition function obeys a fairly traditional holomorphic anomaly equation. Moreover, we find a closed analytic expression for the deformed partition function. We also study the behavior of the deformed partition function both in the strong coupling/large area limit and in the weak coupling/small area limit. In particular, we observe that drastic simplification occurs in the weak coupling/small area limit, giving another nontrivial support for our anti-holomorphic deformation.
Supersymmetric inflation from the fifth dimension
Authors: Deshpande Kaustubh , Sundrum Raman
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We develop a supersymmetric bi-axion model of high-scale inflation coupled to supergravity, in which the axionic structure originates from, and is protected by, gauge symmetry in an extra dimension. While local supersymmetry (SUSY) is necessarily Higgsed at high scales during inflation we show that it can naturally survive down to the ∼ TeV scale in the current era in order to resolve the electroweak hierarchy problem. We show how a suitable inflationary effective potential for the axions can be generated at tree-level by charged fields under the higher-dimensional gauge symmetry. The inflationary trajectory lies along the lightest direction in the bi-axion field space, with periodic effective potential and an effective super-Planckian field range emerging from fundamentally sub-Planckian dynamics. The heavier direction in the field space is shown to also play an important role, as the dominant source of super-Higgsing during inflation. This model presents an interesting interplay of tuning considerations relating the electroweak hierarchy, cosmological constant and inflationary superpotential, where maximal naturalness favors SUSY breaking near the electroweak scale after inflation. The scalar superpartner of the axionic inflaton, the “sinflaton”, can naturally have ∼ Hubble mass during inflation and sufficiently strong coupling to the inflaton to mediate primordial non-Gaussianities of observable strength in future 21-cm surveys. Non-minimal charged fields under the higher-dimensional gauge symmetry can contribute to periodic modulations in the CMB, within the sensitivity of ongoing measurements.
Non-relativistic effective interactions of spin 1 Dark Matter
Authors: Catena Riccardo , Fridell Kåre , Krauss Martin B.
Published: August 2019

Abstract

We investigate the non-relativistic reduction of simplified models for spin 1 dark matter (DM) with the aim of identifying features in the phenomenology of DM-quark interactions which are specific to vector DM. In the case of DM-quark interactions mediated by a spin 1 particle, we find two DM-nucleon interaction operators arising from the non-relativistic reduction of simplified models for spin 1 DM that are specific to spin 1 DM, and which were not considered in previous studies. They are quadratic in the momentum transfer, linear in a symmetric combination of polarisation vectors for the DM particle, and arise from simplified models which do not generate momentum transfer independent operators as leading interactions in the non-relativistic expansion of DM-nucleon scattering amplitudes. Within these simplified models, the new operators cannot be neglected when computing DM signals at direct detection experiments. For example, we find that nuclear recoil energy spectra computed by including or neglecting the new operators can differ by up to one order of magnitude for nuclear recoil energies larger than about 20 keV and DM masses below 50 GeV. Furthermore, the shape of the expected nuclear recoil spectra depends significantly on whether the new operators are taken into account or not. Finally, neglecting the contribution to DM direct detection signals from the new operators leads to inaccurate conclusions when assessing the compatibility of a future direct detection signal with CMB constraints on the DM relic density, especially when the number of signal events is small, e.g.

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(1).
Special Issue on Variational Inequalities: Consistent Conjectural Variations Coincide with the Nash Solution in the Meta-Model
Authors: Kalashnikov Viacheslav , Kalashnykova Nataliya , Flores-Muñiz José G.
Published: August 2019

We keep investigating the properties of consistent conjectural variations equilibrium (CCVE) developed for a single-commodity oligopoly. Although, in general, the consistent conjectures are distinct from those of Cournot-Nash, in our previous papers, we established the following remarkable fact. Define a meta-model as such where the players are the same agents as in the original oligopoly but now using the conjectures as their strategies. Then the Cournot-Nash equilibrium in the meta-model generated the consistent conjectural variations equilibrium in the original oligopoly. In this paper, we study the conditions under which the inverse is also true, that it, every consistent CVE provides for the Cournot-Nash optimal strategies for the meta-model. This equivalence allows one to extend the concept of CCVE to other kinds of economic and financial models lacking the oligopoly structure.
Relative Assessment of Tectonic Activity along the Seismically Active Katrol Hill Fault, Kachchh, Western India
Authors: Das Archana , Prizomwala S.P. , Solanki Tarun , Chauhan Gaurav , Thakkar M.G. , Bhatt Nilesh
Published: August 2019

The Katrol hill fault (KHF) is a 71 km long fault, striking E-W in the Kachchh intraplate region, western India which is moderately active, seismically, but exhibit high strain rate with considerable vertical deformation. It is dissected by several young transverse faults. Based on these transverse faults, KHF is longitudinally, divided into five segments. Even though there are evidences of its active nature during the Holocene Period, no studies have been carried out for quantifying the spatial variation in relative tectonic activity along the KHF, which is vital for assessing a more realistic seismic hazard potential of the fault. Quantitative geomorphic indices are employed to evaluate the ‘Relative Index of Tectonic Activity (RITA)’. It has been observed that the central part (segment 2 & 3) is the most active segment, which covers an aerial extent of 38% of total KHF (class 1), compared to the eastern (segment 4 & 5) and the western segments (segment 1), which are moderately active (class 2). Interestingly none of the segments of the KHF, corresponded to class 3 of RITA i.e. least active/inactive class. The study highlights the important role of transverse faults, which cut across the major E-W faults in the Kachchh, and may regulate the relative activity and the earthquake potential of an individual segment. The study thus, hints the KHF as an under-rated source for future seismic hazard for the Kachchh and western India region.
Depressive symptoms and non‐suicidal self‐injury during adolescence: Latent patterns of short‐term stability and change
Authors: Tilton‐Weaver Lauree , Marshall Sheila K. , Svensson Ylva
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Depressive symptoms and non‐suicidal self‐injury not only increase in prevalence during adolescence, but they can also occur together. Both psychological problems seem to have similar precipitating conditions, suggesting they have transdiagnostic conditions—personal or contextual characteristics that contribute to co‐occurrence. We sought to understand when these two problems co‐occur and what is related to their co‐occurrence.

Methods

Using a pattern‐centered approach and two waves of longitudinal data collected annually, we examined latent profiles of depressive symptoms and self‐injury among a Swedish sample of adolescents aged 12 to 16 (MageT1 = 13.65 years, SD = 0.64), 53.7% boys and 47.3% girls. Most of the adolescents were Swedish (89%), with parents who were married or cohabitating (68%). We also examined the transitions between profiles over time.

Results

Our results suggest that during this time frame, depressive symptoms and self‐injury tend to emerge and stabilize or abate together. We also examined a broad array of predictors, including individual characteristics, emotion dysregulation, experiences with friends, parents' negative reactions to behavior, and school stress. The significant unique predictors suggest that adolescents who reported being subjected to relational aggression, having negative experiences while drinking, and low self‐esteem had a greater probability of moving from moderate to high levels or maintaining high levels of depressive symptoms and self‐injury, compared to adolescents classified in the other statuses.

Conclusions

Focusing on negative interpersonal experiences and selfesteem as transdiagnostic conditions may guide research and aid clinicians in supporting adolescents who feel depressed and engage in self‐injury.
On a construction of multivariate distributions given some multidimensional marginals
Authors: Kazi-Tani Nabil , Rullière Didier
Published: August 2019

In this paper we investigate the link between the joint law of a d-dimensional random vector and the law of some of its multivariate marginals. We introduce and focus on a class of distributions, that we call projective, for which we give detailed properties. This allows us to obtain necessary conditions for a given construction to be projective. We illustrate our results by proposing some theoretical projective distributions, as elliptical distributions or a new class of distribution having given bivariate margins. In the case where the data does not necessarily correspond to a projective distribution, we also explain how to build proper distributions while checking that the distance to the prescribed projections is small enough.
E. J. Edmunds, School Integration, and White Supremacist Backlash in Reconstruction New Orleans
Authors: Zelbo Sian
Published: August 2019

When the New Orleans school board appointed E. J. Edmunds, a light-skinned Afro-Creole man, the mathematics teacher for the city's best high school in 1875, the senior students walked out rather than have a “negro” as a teacher of “white youths.” Edmunds's appointment was a final, bold act by the city's mixed-race intellectual elite in exercising the political power they held under Radical Reconstruction to strip racial designations from public schools. White supremacist Redeemers responded with a vicious propaganda campaign to define, differentiate, and diminish the “negro race.” Edmunds navigated the shifting landscape of race in the New Orleans public schools first as a student and then as a teacher, and the details of his life show the impact on ordinary Afro-Creoles as the city's warring politicians used the public schools both to undermine and reinforce the racial order.
Measuring Subgroup Preferences in Conjoint Experiments
Authors: Leeper Thomas J. , Hobolt Sara B. , Tilley James
Published: August 2019

Conjoint analysis is a common tool for studying political preferences. The method disentangles patterns in respondents’ favorability toward complex, multidimensional objects, such as candidates or policies. Most conjoints rely upon a fully randomized design to generate average marginal component effects (AMCEs). They measure the degree to which a given value of a conjoint profile feature increases, or decreases, respondents’ support for the overall profile relative to a baseline, averaging across all respondents and other features. While the AMCE has a clear causal interpretation (about theeffectof features), most published conjoint analyses also use AMCEs to describelevelsof favorability. This often means comparing AMCEs among respondent subgroups. We show that using conditional AMCEs to describe the degree of subgroup agreement can be misleading as regression interactions are sensitive to the reference category used in the analysis. This leads to inferences about subgroup differences in preferences that have arbitrary sign, size, and significance. We demonstrate the problem using examples drawn from published articles and provide suggestions for improved reporting and interpretation using marginal means and an omnibus F-test. Given the accelerating use of these designs in political science, we offer advice for best practice in analysis and presentation of results.
Update on the Absolute Chronology of the Migration period in Central Europe (375–568 AD): new data from Maria ponsee, Lower Austria
Authors: Kaizer Jakub , Wild Eva Maria , Stadler Peter , Teschler-Nicola Maria , Steier Peter
Published: August 2019

The Danube region in Central Europe was one of the areas where several cultures appeared before moving further or being defeated during the Migration Period in the middle of the first millennium AD. The Lombards, who crossed the Danube in 505 AD, settled in the “Tullnerfeld” where the Maria Ponsee graveyard was excavated in 1965–1972. From the historical evidence about the temporal and spatial migration of the Lombards, it was concluded that the graveyard was in use between 505 and 568 AD by three groups of migrants. We processed and dated a new set of 23 bones, found in the Maria Ponsee site. The determined 14C dates fit well in the expected time interval, though discrimination between the grave groups could not be obtained. The dates were added to the chronological sequence, recording the Migration Period in Central Europe. The sequence lead to a good correlation of the modelled and historical data (Amodel = 87.6%). The results show differentiations of the respective tribes in the pre-Lombardic period. However, transitions between the Lombard phases were rather ambiguous, indicating that the Lombards set up new settlements while only partially abandoning the already inhabited ones before 546 AD.
PERFECT 1-FACTORISATIONS OF
Authors: GILL MICHAEL J. , WANLESS IAN M.
Published: August 2019

We report the results of a computer enumeration that found that there are 3155 perfect 1-factorisations (P1Fs) of the complete graph $K_{16}$. Of these, 89 have a nontrivial automorphism group (correcting an earlier claim of 88 by Meszka and Rosa [‘Perfect 1-factorisations of $K_{16}$ with nontrivial automorphism group’, J. Combin. Math. Combin. Comput. 47 (2003), 97–111]). We also (i) describe a new invariant which distinguishes between the P1Fs of $K_{16}$, (ii) observe that the new P1Fs produce no atomic Latin squares of order 15 and (iii) record P1Fs for a number of large orders that exceed prime powers by one.
The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa
Authors: Mall Sumaya , Platt Jonathan M. , Temmingh Henk , Musenge Eustasius , Campbell Megan , Susser Ezra , Stein Dan J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Evidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa.

Methods

Data were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia.

Results

Traumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77–3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28–1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16–1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03–1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose–response relationship.

Conclusion

Childhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.
Sleep problems in adolescence are prospectively linked to later depressive symptoms via the cortisol awakening response
Authors: Kuhlman Kate Ryan , Chiang Jessica J. , Bower Julienne E. , Irwin Michael R. , Seeman Teresa E. , McCreath Heather E. , Almeida David M. , Dahl Ronald E. , Fuligni Andrew J.
Published: August 2019

Sleep disturbance is a symptom of and a well-known risk factor for depression. Further, atypical functioning of the HPA axis has been linked to the pathogenesis of depression. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of adolescent HPA axis functioning in the link between adolescent sleep problems and later depressive symptoms. Methods: A sample of 157 17–18 year old adolescents (61.8% female) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI) and provided salivary cortisol samples throughout the day for three consecutive days. Two years later, adolescents reported their depressive symptoms via the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Individuals (age 17–18) with greater sleep disturbance reported greater depressive symptoms two years later (age 19–20). This association occurred through the indirect effect of sleep disturbance on the cortisol awakening response (CAR) (indirect effect = 0.14, 95%CI [.02 -.39]). Conclusions: One pathway through which sleep problems may lead to depressive symptoms is by up-regulating components of the body’s physiological stress response system that can be measured through the cortisol awakening response. Behavioral interventions that target sleep disturbance in adolescents may mitigate this neurobiological pathway to depression during this high-risk developmental phase.
The temporal sequence of depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and self-esteem across adolescence: Evidence for an integrated self-perception driven model
Authors: Saint-Georges Zacharie , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: August 2019

Depression is associated with a multiplicity of adverse outcomes in adolescence, including peer victimization and low self-esteem. Depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and self-esteem are linked in cross-sectional studies, but no longitudinal study has been conducted assessing their developmental pathways in one integrated model across adolescence. We explored their temporal sequencing in a normative sample of 612 Canadian adolescents (54% girls) assessed annually over 5 years (Grade 7 to Grade 11). Potential confounders such as biological sex, ethnicity/race, and parent income and education were statistically controlled. We found evidence for thevulnerabilitymodel (self-esteem predicting depression) and thesymptoms-drivenmodel (depression predicting peer victimization). Our findings also supported the integration of these pathways into aself-perception drivenmodel characterized by the indirect effect of self-esteem on later peer victimization via depressive symptoms. Specifically, poor self-esteem initiated a developmental cascade that led to poor mood and poor peer relations. These results highlight the importance of helping youth form a healthy identity that promotes positive mental health and peer relations, and the need to intervene with depressed, victimized, and at-risk adolescents to instill positive self-regard. Our results also emphasize the central role that self-perceptions play in the onset and maintenance of poor outcomes.
Predictors of Episodic Memory Performance Across Educational Strata: Multiple-Group Comparisons
Authors: Bertola Laiss , Wei-Ming Watson Caitlin , Avila Justina F. , Zahodne Laura B. , Angevaare Milou , Schupf Nicole , Manly Jennifer J.
Published: August 2019

Objectives: Low educational attainment is a risk factor for more rapid cognitive aging, but there is substantial variability in cognitive trajectories within educational groups. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that confer resilience to memory decline within educational strata. Methods: We selected 2573 initially nondemented White, African American, and Hispanic participants from the longitudinal community-based Washington Heights/Inwood Columbia Aging Project who had at least two visits. We estimated initial memory (intercept) and the rate of memory decline (slope) using up to five occasions of measurement. We classified groups according to the educational attainment groups as low (≤5 years), medium (6–11 years), and high (≥12 years). We used a multiple-group latent growth model to identify the baseline predictors of initial memory performance and rate of memory decline across groups. The model specification considered the influence of demographic, socioeconomic, biomedical, and cognitive variables on the intercept and the slope of memory trajectory. Results: Our results indicated that the three educational groups do not benefit from the same factors. When allowed to differ across groups, the predictors were related to cognitive outcomes in the highly educated group, but we found no unique predictor of cognition for the low educated older adults. Conclusions: These findings highlight that memory-protective factors may differ across older adults with distinct educational backgrounds, and the need to evaluate a broader range of potential resilience factors for older adults with few years of school.
Old English  and its sound correspondences in Old English and Middle English
Authors: STENBRENDEN GJERTRUD F.
Published: August 2019

This article seeks to identify the phonetic correspondence(s) of the digraph  in Old English (OE) and Middle English (ME), assessing a range of sources: the etyma in early Germanic (Gmc) languages, the various spellings in OE and the spelling evidence in theLinguistic Atlas of Early Middle English. Almost all the textbooks on OE claim that  was pronounced /dʒ/, i.e. as a phonemic affricate, in OE. Evidence is thin on the ground, and the argument rests on certain back spellings  for words with etymological , e.g.midgern. Words with  in OE go back to Gmc*g(g)j, which subsequently underwent palatalisation, and eventually assibilation and affrication. This article argues that the value [ɟj] is more likely for OE and early ME, and that such an interpretation agrees with the available spelling evidence for both OE and ME, in that there is not one -type spelling in the entire historical corpus until late ME. It is also argued that the development of the voiced (pre-)affricate was later than that of its voiceless counterpart, as voiced fricative phonemes are a late, and infrequent, development in Gmc. Moreover, it is likely that the development of /dʒ/ was affected by the high number of French loans with /dʒ/ which entered the English lexicon after 1066. Thus, the English system of consonant phonemes may not have acquired /dʒ/ until the thirteenth century at the earliest.
Does Exposure to Gender Role Models Increase Women’s Political Ambition? A Field Experiment with Politicians
Authors: Foos Florian , Gilardi Fabrizio
Published: August 2019

There is a persistent gender gap in motivations to run for political office. While exposure to role models is widely believed to increase women’s political ambition, there is little field experimental evidence on whether exposure to female politicians in realistic settings can increase political ambition. We conducted a field experiment in which a sample of 612 female students was randomly assigned to receive emails inviting them to an event that included career workshops with female politicians, or no email. The treatment increased interest in the ongoing national election campaign, but, against expectations, did not have any positive effect on political ambition. Our results suggest that female politicians who discuss their experience bluntly, instead of following a motivational script, may fail to motivate other women to pursue a political career. These results highlight the need for more research into the type of events and messages that bring more women into politics.
Über das Smartphone Wissen und Unterstützung für pflegende Angehörige bereitstellen
Authors: Rutz Maria , Gerlach Mario , Schmeer Regina , Gaugisch Petra , Bauer Alexander , Wolff Dominik , Behrends Marianne , Kupka Thomas , Raudies Stephanie , Meyenburg-Altwarg Iris , Dierks Marie-Luise
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Befragungen von pflegenden Angehörigen von Menschen im Projekt MoCaB (Mobile Care Backup) zeigen, dass u. a. ein Mangel an Krankheitswissen und Unwissen über pflegerische Handlungsoptionen als belastend erlebt werden. Zielsetzung und Fragestellung: Ziel ist es, pflegende Angehörige in ihrer Häuslichkeit zu unterstützen. Dazu werden pflegerelevantes Wissen und Anleitungen zur Selbstpflege situationsgerecht über eine mobile Applikation (MoCaB-App) bereitgestellt. Methoden: Das Kernelement der mobilen Applikation, die personalisierte Wissensvermittlung in Dialogform, wird in einem partizipativen Verfahren mit potenziellen Nutzerinnen und Nutzern entwickelt. Das relevante evidenzbasierte Pflegewissen wurde im Experten-Review-Verfahren gesichtet und für die Zielgruppe der pflegenden Angehörigen aufbereitet. Ergebnisse: Bislang wurden 86 pflegerelevante Themen identifiziert und formuliert. Die Usability-Testungen mit potenziellen Anwenderinnen und Anwendern zeigen, dass die Inhalte selbst, die sprachliche Aufbereitung und die Darbietung über die MoCaB-App gut angenommen werden. Ausblick: In einem nächsten Schritt wird die App im häuslichen Setting mit pflegenden Angehörigen getestet, um ggf. weitere Überarbeitungsbedarfe zu identifizieren.
Farbkodierte Duplexsonografie der Gefässe in der Praxis: Artefakte
Authors: Hügel Ulrike , Rosenov Alexander , Baumgartner Iris , Thalhammer Christoph
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Artefakte sind durch technische Einwirkungen entstehende Phänomene, die eine diagnostische Fehlerquelle darstellen und nichts über das eigentliche Untersuchungsobjekt aussagen. Dem regelmässigen Anwender der farbkodierten Duplexsonografie begegnen diese optischen, z.T. auch akustischen Phänomene häufig, und sie können zu Interpretationsschwierigkeiten und Fehldiagnosen führen. So kann ein «Twinkling»-Artefakt als Flussbeschleunigung gelesen werden und zur Fehldiagnose einer hochgradigen Stenose führen oder eine Vaskularisierung vortäuschen. Auch Spiegelartefakte können den Untersucher fehlleiten und den Verdacht einer Gefässdopplung hervorrufen. Der Möwenschrei, ein hochfrequenter Ton im Doppler-Modus, tritt in der Regel im Zusammenhang mit hochgradigen Stenosen neben dem eigentlichen Stenosegeräusch auf. Sein Entstehungsmechanismus ist analog dem «Twinkling»-Artefakt physikalisch nicht vollständig geklärt.
Assessing Marine Nitrogen Cycle Rates and Process Sensitivities With a Global 3‐D Inverse Model
Authors: Martin T. S. , Primeau F. , Casciotti K. L.
Published: August 2019

We present results from a global inverse marine nitrogen (N) cycle model that include nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) concentrations and their N isotopic compositions as constraints on N cycle process rates in marine oxygen deficient zones (ODZs). NO2− is an important intermediate in the N cycle, particularly in ODZs where it is a substrate in the N loss processes, denitrification, and anammox. Similar to earlier work, our model yields a total water column N loss rate of 61 ± 10 Tg N/year. However, by including NO2− and its N isotopic composition, we are able to assess the relative contributions of denitrification and anammox to N loss and examine some of the potential drivers of that balance. We find that anammox contributes 60% of global water column N loss, dominating N loss along the edges of ODZs, while denitrification is more important in the anoxic ODZ cores. The decoupling of anammox and denitrification is supported by NO2− oxidation, which co‐occurs with NO3− reduction and anammox in ODZs. High rates of NO2− oxidation (up to 400 nM/day), which are tightly coupled to heterotrophic NO3− reduction, are required to match NO3− and NO2− concentration and isotope observations in marine ODZs. Lowering the rate of NO2− oxidation in ODZs by adjusting O2‐sensitive parameters results in higher rates of water column N loss, highlighting the role of NO2− oxidation in maintaining the marine fixed N inventory.
Effectiveness of CMIP5 Decadal Experiments for Interannual Rainfall Prediction Over Australia
Authors: Choudhury Dipayan , Mehrotra Rajeshwar , Sharma Ashish , Sen Gupta Alexander , Sivakumar Bellie
Published: August 2019

Phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project enabled a range of decadal modeling experiments where climate models were initialized with observations and allowed to evolve freely for 10–30 years. However, climate models struggle to realistically simulate rainfall and the skill of rainfall prediction in decadal experiments is poor. Here, we examine how predictions of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) indices from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 decadal experiments can provide skillful rainfall forecasts at interannual timescales for Australia. Forecasts of commonly used SSTA indices relevant to Australian seasonal rainfall are derived from decadal hindcasts of six different climate models and corrected for model drift. The corrected indices are then combined to form a multimodel ensemble. The resultant forecasts are used as predictors in a statistical rainfall model developed in this study. As SSTA forecasts lose skill with increasing lead time, a new methodology for predicting interannual rainfall is proposed. We allow our statistical prediction model to evolve with lead time while accounting for the loss of skill in SSTA forecasts instead of using one statistical model for all lead times. Results in this pilot study across two of the largest climate zones in Australia show that SSTA outputs from the decadal experiments provide enhanced skill in rainfall prediction over using the conventional model (based purely on lagged observed indices) up to a maximum of three years ahead. This methodology could be used more broadly for other regions around the world where rainfall variability is known to have strong links to ocean temperatures.
Global‐Scale Observations of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
Authors: Eastes R. W. , Solomon S. C. , Daniell R. E. , Anderson D. N. , Burns A. G. , England S. L. , Martinis C. R. , McClintock W. E.
Published: August 2019

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet spectrograph has been imaging the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), regions of the ionosphere with enhanced electron density north and south of the magnetic equator, since October 2018. The initial 3 months of observations was during solar minimum conditions, and they included observations in December solstice of unanticipated variability and depleted regions. Depletions are seen on most nights, in contrast to expectations from previous space‐based observations. The variety of scales and morphologies also pose challenges to understanding of the EIA. Abrupt changes in the EIA location, which could be related to in situ measurements of large‐scale depletion regions, are observed on some nights. Such synoptic‐scale disruptions have not been previously identified.
Compton Scattering Effects on the Spectral and Temporal Properties of Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Xu Wei , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P. , Marshall Robert A.
Published: August 2019

Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are high‐energy photon bursts originating from the Earth's atmosphere. In this study, using first‐principles Monte Carlo simulations, we quantify the effects of Compton scattering on the temporal and spectral properties of TGFs induced by a tilted source geometry. Modeling results indicate that the source orientation is a critical parameter in TGF analysis but has been significantly underestimated in previous studies. Offset distance between the lightning source and satellite location cannot be used as a single parameter characterizing Compton scattering effects. In the tilted geometry, Compton scattering effects are more pronounced in the falling part of TGF pulses and can lead to an increase of the falling part of TGF pulses by several tens of microseconds. Moreover, by performing curve‐fitting analysis on simulated TGF light curves, we explain how the symmetric and asymmetric pulses measured by the Gamma‐Ray Burst Monitor on Fermi satellite are consistent with the Compton scattering effects. Fermi‐measured TGF pulses can be fully explained using Gaussian‐distributed TGF sources with an average duration of ∼206 μs.
The Stability of the AMOC During Heinrich Events Is Not Dependent on the AMOC Strength in an Intermediate Complexity Earth System Model Ensemble
Authors: Goes Marlos , Murphy Lisa N. , Clement Amy C.
Published: August 2019

Previous studies that used Earth system models of intermediate complexity showed that stronger background winds drove a more vigorous and stable Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), while those with weaker winds had a more sluggish and unstable AMOC. In other studies, ensembles under vertical mixing uncertainty showed the opposite effect, where the simulations with a stronger AMOC were more unstable. To tackle this conundrum, we produce a model ensemble featuring uncertainties related to wind forcing and vertical mixing to understand the role of feedbacks on the AMOC stability. We show that the stability of the AMOC is not influenced by vertical mixing and the AMOC strength, and rather, it is determined by the strength of the Northern Hemisphere winds. Paleoproxies indicate an AMOC shutdown during the last Heinrich Stadial. Our comparisons to sea surface temperature proxies show a better fit with the simulations under a stable AMOC, which corresponds to a forced off‐state. The sign of the AMOC‐driven freshwater transport in the South Atlantic, which is regarded as an index for its stability, is shown not to be an absolute measure, although its evolution agrees with the salt advection feedback.
LncRNA NR_003923 promotes cell proliferation, migration, fibrosis, and autophagy via the miR-760/miR-215-3p/IL22RA1 axis in human Tenon’s capsule fibroblasts
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhang Feng , Pan Zheng , Luo Haomin , Liu Ke , Duan Xuanchu
Published: August 2019

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long ncRNAs (lncRNA) have manifested an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases. Glaucoma is a primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. However, the involvement of lncRNAs in glaucoma remains largely unknown. Here, we performed the lncRNA expression assay based on clinical tissues and identified a specific functional lncRNA, NR_003923, and investigated its potential role in glaucoma. Knockdown of NR_003923 in human Tenon’s capsule fibroblast cells (HTFs) inhibited TGF-β-induced cell migration, proliferation, fibrosis, and autophagy. The dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-760 and miR-215-3p interacted with NR_003923. miR-760 and miR-215-3p inhibitor reversed the effects of NR_003923 and TGF-β-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of miR-760 and miR-215-3p was decreased in glaucoma comparing with control. Furthermore, through microarray we found IL22RA1 was increased in glaucoma and both of miR-760 and miR-215-3p bound to the 3′ UTR of IL22RA1. Overexpression of IL22RA1 enhanced HTFs migration and proliferation, while miR-760 and miR-215-3p mimics reversed these promotive biological roles induced by IL22RA1. In conclusion, NR_003923 and IL22RA1 might contribute to glaucoma progression and be a novel and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glaucoma.