bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deal–Grove-like thermal oxidation of Si (001) buried under a thin layer of SrTiO3
Authors: Guo Wei , Posadas A. B. , Demkov A. A.
Published: February 2020

Dry oxidation of Si (001) beneath a thin epitaxial SrTiO3 layer has been studied using furnace annealing in flowing oxygen. A 10-nm layer of SrTiO3 is epitaxially grown on Si with no SiO2 interlayer. For such a structure, an annealing temperature of 800 °C was found to be the limiting temperature to prevent silicate formation and disruption of the interface structure. The effect of annealing time on the thickness of the SiO2 layer was investigated. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reflection-high-energy electron diffraction were used to ensure that the quality of SrTiO3 is unchanged after the annealing process. The experimental annealing data are compared with a theoretical oxygen diffusion model based on that of Deal, Grove, and Massoud. The model fits the experimental data well, indicating that oxygen diffusion through the SrTiO3 layer is not the limiting factor. One can therefore readily control the thickness of the SiO2 interlayer by simply controlling the annealing time in flowing oxygen.
A short introduction to the Lindblad master equation
Authors: Manzano Daniel
Published: February 2020

The theory of open quantum systems is one of the most essential tools for the development of quantum technologies. Furthermore, the Lindblad (or Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad) master equation plays a key role as it is the most general generator of Markovian dynamics in quantum systems. In this paper, we present this equation together with its derivation and methods of resolution. The presentation tries to be as self-contained and straightforward as possible to be useful to readers with no previous knowledge of this field.
Extended-magnetohydrodynamics in under-dense plasmas
Authors: Walsh C. A. , Chittenden J. P. , Hill D. W. , Ridgers C.
Published: February 2020

Extended-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) transports magnetic flux and electron energy in high-energy-density experiments, but individual transport effects remain unobserved experimentally. Two factors are responsible in defining the transport: electron temperature and electron current. Each electron energy transport term has a direct analog in magnetic flux transport. To measure the thermally driven transport of magnetic flux and electron energy, a simple experimental configuration is explored computationally using a laser-heated pre-magnetized under-dense plasma. Changes to the laser heating profile precipitate clear diagnostic signatures from the Nernst, cross-gradient-Nernst, anisotropic conduction, and Righi-Leduc heat-flow. With a wide operating parameter range, this configuration can be used in both small and large scale facilities to benchmark MHD and kinetic transport in collisional/semi-collisional, local/non-local, and magnetized/unmagnetized regimes.
Characterization of an imploding cylindrical plasma for electron transport studies using x-ray emission spectroscopy
Authors: Dozières M. , Hansen S. , Forestier-Colleoni P. , McGuffey C. , Kawahito D. , Bailly-Grandvaux M. , Bhutwala K. , Krauland C. M. , Wei M. S. , Gourdain P. , Davies J. R. , Matsuo K. , Fujioka S. , Campbell E. M. , Peebles J. L. , Santos J. J. , Batani D. , Zhang S. , Beg F. N.
Published: February 2020

We report on the characterization of the conditions of an imploding cylindrical plasma by time-resolved x-ray emission spectroscopy. Knowledge about this implosion platform can be applied to studies of particle transport for inertial confinement fusion schemes or to astrophysical plasmas. A cylindrical Cl-doped CH foam within a tube of solid CH was irradiated by 36 beams (Itotal ∼ 5 × 1014 W/cm2, 1.5 ns square pulse, and Etotal ∼ 16.2 kJ) of the OMEGA-60 laser to radially compress the CH toward the axis. The analysis of the time-resolved spectra showed that the compression can be described by four distinct phases, each presenting different plasma conditions. First the ablation of the cylinder is dominant; second, the foam is heated and induces a significant jump in emission intensities; third, the temperature and density of the foam reaches a maximum; and finally, the plasma expands. Ranges for the plasma temperature were inferred with the atomic physics code SCRAM (Spectroscopic Collisional-Radiative Atomic Model) and the experimental data have been compared to hydrodynamic simulations performed with the 2D code FLASH, which showed a similar implosion dynamic over time.
A new BGK model to compute the scattering characteristics of electromagnetic waves by weakly ionized dusty plasma shroud
Authors: Liu Song-hua , Zhu Cong-kuan , Guo Li-xin , Li Jiang-ting , Dan Li , Wang Zhao-ying
Published: February 2020

The dynamics theory of dust charging in the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model is changed, and the updated expression of the complex permittivity for weakly ionized dusty plasma is derived. Then, by using the physical optics method, the radar-cross section (RCS) of electrically large blunt cones covered by dusty plasma with weak ionization is calculated under the new complex permittivity and compared with the traditional results. The numerical results indicate that the new values of the RCS are significantly smaller than their traditional values. In addition, the influence of dust plasma parameters on the scattering characteristics of EM waves is discussed under the new BGK model. The results enriched the physical mechanisms of the scattering characteristics of weakly ionized dusty plasma shroud and provide a theoretical basis for future studies.
The study of spatial dispersion effect on electromagnetic waves propagation in the warm non-uniform re-entry plasma sheath
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Liu Yanming , Li Xiaoping
Published: February 2020

“Communication blackout” is such a consequence that the attenuation of electro-magnetic (EM) waves becomes drastic when the frequency of EM waves is near or below the oscillation frequency of plasmas. Deep comprehension on the propagation characteristics of EM waves in the plasma sheath plays an important role in solving this issue. However, relevant works in the literature are almost based on the cold plasma sheath model, neglecting the temperature of the plasmas as well as the spatial dispersion effect. We apply COMSOL Multiphysics software to simulate and study the spatial dispersion effect in the warm plasma sheath in this paper. The mode conversion between EM waves and Langmuir waves in the warm plasmas is observed. The characteristics of field distributions in the warm plasma sheath are different from the cold plasma sheath distinctly, when the resonance between EM waves and the plasmas happens. The reflection and absorption coefficients are also influenced accordingly. The research in this paper gives an insight into EM waves propagation in the warm re-entry plasma sheath and supplies a better comprehension on the interaction between EM waves and the plasma sheath.
Quantifying the pressure-dependence of work of adhesion in silicon–diamond contacts
Authors: Chen Rimei , Vishnubhotla Sai Bharadwaj , Khanal Subarna R. , Jacobs Tevis D. B. , Martini Ashlie
Published: February 2020

Continuum mechanics models for contacting surfaces assume a constant interfacial energy, or work of adhesion, between materials. Recent studies have challenged this assumption, instead demonstrating that stress-dependent chemical reactions across the interface modify the work of adhesion. Here, we perform 77 adhesion tests on diamond–silicon contacts using in situ transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulations to quantify how the adhesion changes as a function of applied pressure. The results show a sevenfold increase in the work of adhesion (from approximately 1 to 7 J/m2) with an increase in the mean applied pressure from 0 to 11 GPa, where the most significant increase occurs above 5 GPa. We rule out alternative explanations for the changing work of adhesion, such as electron-beam artifacts, bulk shape change by inelastic deformation, and time-dependent processes such as creep. Therefore, these results confirm the presence of stress-driven chemical reactions in the contact and quantify the resulting change in the adhesion of these materials with applied pressure.
Performance verification of DR-PMSM for traction system according to permanent magnet shape
Authors: Park Chan-Bae , Lee Hyung-Woo , Jeong Geochul , Jo Ik-Hyun , Kim Taehyung
Published: February 2020

Unlike the conventional railway traction motor, the concept of the dual-rotor in a dual-rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (DR-PMSM) is that two rotors are mounted on the same rotation axis, and the outer rotor and the inner rotor rotate at different speeds. The DR-PMSM can transmit the power to the wheels in a structure that can cope with various problems of the reducer systems using mechanical gear mechanisms. In this research, the design study of the inner rotor including the permanent magnet is carried out in the application of the DR-PMSM. In designing the DR-PMSM models, surface permanent magnet (SPM) type and interior permanent magnet (IPM) type are considered according to the permanent magnet type of rotor, and IPM type is designed by dividing into bar type and V type. A comparative analysis of the three 1kW-class DR-PMSM models, in terms of electromagnetic properties, is performed to assess their general performance. The overall electromagnetic properties of the three designed models are similarly derived. But, the cogging torque and the rated torque characteristics of the IPM (V) type model are the best in comparison with the other models. In addition, the 1kW-class DR-PMSM prototype with V type magnet is fabricated to verify the validity of the analytical model and performance verification is performed.
Coherent states for the Manin plane via Toeplitz quantization
Authors: Durdevich Micho , Sontz Stephen Bruce
Published: February 2020

In the theory of Toeplitz quantization of algebras, as developed by the second author, coherent states are defined as eigenvectors of a Toeplitz annihilation operator. These coherent states are studied in the case when the algebra is the generically non-commutative Manin plane. In usual quantization schemes, one starts with a classical phase space and then quantizes it in order to produce annihilation operators and then their eigenvectors and eigenvalues. However, we do this in the opposite order, namely, the set of the eigenvalues of the previously defined annihilation operator is identified as a generalization of a classical mechanical phase space. We introduce the resolution of the identity, upper and lower symbols, and a coherent state quantization, which in turn quantizes the Toeplitz quantization. We thereby have a curious composition of quantization schemes. We proceed by identifying a generalized Segal–Bargmann space SB of square-integrable, anti-holomorphic functions as the image of a coherent state transform. Then, SB has a reproducing kernel function, which allows us to define a secondary Toeplitz quantization, whose symbols are functions. Finally, this is compared with the coherent states of the Toeplitz quantization of a closely related non-commutative space known as the paragrassmann algebra.
Resonant transport in Kekulé-distorted graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Andrade Elias , Carrillo-Bastos Ramon , Pantaleón Pierre A. , Mireles Francisco
Published: February 2020

The formation of a superlattice in graphene can serve as a way to modify its electronic band structure and thus to engineer its electronic transport properties. Recent experiments have discovered a Kekulé bond ordering in graphene deposited on top of a copper substrate, leading to the breaking of the valley degeneracy while preserving the highly desirable feature of linearity and gapless character of its band dispersion. In this paper, we study the effects of a Kekulé distortion in zigzag graphene nanoribbons in both the subband spectrum and on its electronic transport properties. We extend our study to also investigate the electronic conductance in graphene nanoribbons composed of sequentially ordered ν=±1 Kek-Y superlattices. We find interesting resonances in the conductance response emerging in the otherwise energy gap regions, which scales with the number of Kek-Y interfaces minus one. Such features resemble the physics of resonant tunneling behavior observed in semiconductor heterostructures. Our findings provide a possible way to measure the strength of the Kekulé parameter in graphene nanoribbons.
Hot electrons between cold walls
Authors: Kiramov Dmitrii I. , Breizman Boris N.
Published: February 2020

We consider electron cooling in a collisionless plasma slab between two cold and freely emitting walls. Numerical calculations suggest a counterintuitive behavior of this system: the cooling rate slows down and eventually stops, leaving the system with a significant fraction of its initial thermal energy. Analytical treatment within the Vlasov–Poisson model reveals a set of steady-states with a two-component distribution of electrons: the primary electrons trapped within the potential wells and the secondary electrons forming the counterstreaming beams. We show that such steady-states are linearly stable with respect to one-dimensional perturbations. Establishment of a particular steady-state depends on initial conditions.
Coherent microwave scattering from xenon resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization-initiated plasma in air
Authors: Galea Christopher A. , Shneider Mikhail N. , Gragston Mark , Zhang Zhili
Published: February 2020

Here we present the experimental and computational study of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of xenon and subsequent avalanche ionization of air. Xenon was excited from the ground state to the excited 6p state (89162cm−1) by two photons at 224.3 nm. The third photon at 224.3 nm subsequently produced ionization of xenon in air. The seed electrons from the ionization served as the medium to further absorb the laser pulse for the rotational and vibrational excitation and avalanche ionization of O2 and N2. Plasma chemistry of O2 and N2 in air was included in the model. The results are useful for understanding REMPI-initiated plasma in air and possibly new diagnostics tools based on REMPI-initiated plasma emissions.
Transport of poloidal momentum induced by ion cyclotron range of frequencies waves
Authors: Zhang Debing , Xu Yingfeng , Wang Shaojie , Zhang Xianmei , Yu Limin , Xue Erbing , Zheng Shuyu
Published: February 2020

By using the Lie-transform method, transport of the poloidal momentum induced by the ion cyclotron range of frequencies waves is calculated in the slab geometry. The poloidal momentum equation is derived in the cases with the equilibrium distribution function adopted as a Maxwellian distribution and an anisotropic distribution in the velocity space; in both cases, the poloidal Reynolds stress (PRS) is due to the correlation between the deviation of particle position and the deviation of particle energy, and the poloidal momentum source term is due to the correlation between the deviation of particle poloidal velocity and the deviation of particle energy. The PRS can be partly canceled out by the poloidal momentum source term, resulting in an effective PRS, which is related to the symmetry of poloidal spectrum and the order of cyclotron resonance. In the basic frequency cyclotron resonance case, by adopting the long-wave-limit approximation, the effective PRS is related to the gradient of electric field energy; this term dominates in the case with a strong asymmetry of poloidal spectrum. The calculation is extended to the case with a spatially inhomogeneous equilibrium distribution. The contribution from the inhomogeneity in the configuration space to the effective PRS is derived, which is found to be comparable to the part driven by the inhomogeneity in the velocity space in the case with a symmetric poloidal spectrum.
Hydrogen storage capability of cagelike Li3B12 clusters
Authors: Du Jiguang , Sun Xiyuan , Jiang Gang
Published: February 2020

The cagelike Li3B12 cluster that was predicted to possess high stability in a recent report [X. Dong et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 4627 (2018)] was investigated as a candidate for hydrogen storage material within the density functional theory framework. Our computational results indicate that every Li atom in a Li3B12 cluster can at most attach six H2 molecules, resulting in the gravimetric hydrogen uptake capacity of 24.8%. The binding energies of H2 on clusters are in the range of 0.06–0.14 eV predicted with the wB97xD functional. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations indicate that H2 molecules are substantially attached by the host cluster at low temperature (77 K) and can be efficiently released at room temperature (298 K). Moreover, the adsorption and desorption kinetics of hydrogen molecules on the cluster can be adjusted by applying the external electric field.
Modified Boltzmann equation and extended Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Han Guofeng , Liu Xiaoli , Huang Jin , Nawnit Kumar , Sun Liang
Published: February 2020

We refine the derivation of the Boltzmann equation by considering that the molecules passing through the interfaces of a volume element of physical space and velocity space exhibit different velocity distribution functions and number densities. The resulting equation has a time parameter close to the relaxation time and degenerates into the conventional Boltzmann equation when this parameter takes a value of zero. By considering the macroscopic averaging of mass, momentum, and energy, the corresponding continuity, momentum, and energy equations are obtained. Compared with the extended Navier–Stokes equations, the momentum and energy equations contain additional terms to represent the external forces.
Dislocation energy and line tension in molecular crystal cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (β-HMX)
Authors: Khan Mohammad , Picu Catalin R.
Published: February 2020

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (β-HMX) is an energetic molecular crystal often used in plastic bonded explosives. Its decomposition reaction may be triggered by plastic deformation. Efforts have been made in recent years to evaluate the mechanisms of plasticity in these crystals and to develop constitutive descriptions that can be used to represent plastic deformation on the microstructural level. In this work, we use atomistic simulations to evaluate the dislocation self-energy, core energy, and line tension in four slip systems previously identified as being the most active. The cores are compact and the anisotropic elasticity solution applies at distances from the dislocation line larger than approximately one Burgers vector. Core energies between 0.3 and 0.5 eV/Å result. The line tension varies rapidly when the character of the dislocation is modified due to the strong elastic anisotropy of the crystal, with maxima at approximately ±40° relative to the screw orientation. The line tension also varies from slip system to slip system. These quantities enter many models of elementary mechanisms of dislocation motion such as cross-slip, dislocation nucleation from stress concentrators, the strength of dislocation junctions and other dislocation structures, and the critical stress for the operation of Frank–Read dislocation sources. The data reported here can be used to evaluate the conditions in which these processes operate and as an input to dislocation dynamics simulations.
Instantaneous shear modulus of Yukawa fluids across coupling regimes
Authors: Khrapak Sergey A. , Klumov Boris A.
Published: February 2020

The high frequency (instantaneous) shear modulus of three-dimensional Yukawa systems is evaluated in a wide parameter range from the very weakly coupled gaseous state to the strongly coupled fluid at the crystallization point (Yukwa melt). This allows us to quantify how shear rigidity develops with increasing coupling and inter-particle correlations. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) needed to calculate the excess shear modulus have been obtained from extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD results demonstrate that fluid RDFs appear quasi-universal on the curves parallel to the melting line of a Yukawa solid in accordance with the isomorph theory of Roskilde-simple systems. This quasi-universality allows us to simplify considerably calculations of quantities involving integrals of the RDF (elastic moduli represent just one relevant example). The calculated reduced shear modulus grows linearly with the coupling parameter at weak coupling and approaches a quasi-constant asymptote at strong coupling. The asymptotic value at strong coupling is in reasonably good agreement with the existing theoretical approximation.
Sensor for the evaluation of dielectric properties of sulfur-containing heteroatomic hydrocarbon compounds in petroleum based liquids at a microfluidic scale
Authors: Kutia Mykhailo , Mukhin Nikolay , Petrova Hanna , Oseev Aleksandr , Bakhchova Liubov , Schmidt Marc-Peter , Aman Alexander , Palis Stefan , Tarasov Sergey , Hirsch Soeren
Published: February 2020

Desulfurization of hydrocarbons is an important step in the processing of petroleum products, which requires an accurate and robust method for the sulfur-containing component evaluation. On the other hand, sulfur-containing heteroatomic hydrocarbon additives are harmful for people and the environment. Therefore, it is advantageous to conduct laboratory tests at low volumes to reduce doses of exposure of sulfur-containing vapors to the personnel. Microfluidics is an emerging platform that provides an advantage to operate with low volumes. The microfluidic dielectric spectroscopy approach is proposed in the current contribution as a platform for determination of the concentration of polar heteroatomic components in binary mixtures. The presence of heteroatomic components in petroleum products leads to a perceptible change in the dielectric properties of the blend. This paper shows the technological aspects for the microfluidic sensor chip design. It was successfully used to determine the concentration of thiophene (as a typical sulfur-containing hydrocarbon) in gasoline. We compare the commercially available solution with the developed microfluidic sensor. We demonstrate the developed microfluidic sensor chip that has a comparable sensitivity as a macroscopic commercial measurement cell but at the microscale. It is able to operate at 103 times reduced volume of liquid analyte, providing stable control of the sulfur-containing additive concentration. The obtained results are intended to be applied for lab monitoring of sulfur-containing components in petroleum products.
Microscope imaging mass spectrometry with a reflectron
Authors: Burleigh Robert J. , Guo Ang , Smith Natasha , Green Andrew , Thompson Steve , Burt Michael , Brouard Mark
Published: February 2020

A time-of-flight microscope imaging mass spectrometer incorporating a reflectron was used to image mass-resolved ions generated from a 270 μm diameter surface. Mass and spatial resolutions of 8100 ± 700 m/Δm and 18 μm ± 6 μm, respectively, were obtained simultaneously by using pulsed extraction differential acceleration ion optical focusing to create a pseudo-source plane for a single-stage gridless reflectron. The obtainable mass resolution was limited only by the response time of the position-sensitive detector and, according to simulations, could potentially reach 30 200 ± 2900 m/Δm. The spatial resolution can be further improved at the expense of the mass resolution to at least 6 μm by increasing the applied extraction field. An event-triggered fast imaging sensor was additionally used to record ion images for each time-of-flight peak resolved during an experimental cycle, demonstrating the high-throughput capability of the instrument.
Acoustic levitation facilitates contactless movement of millimetric objects
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: February 2020

A self-orienting, self-centering near-field acoustic levitation device controls and moves fragile electronic components without contact.
Phenol as a Modulator in the Chemical Reactivity of 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine: Rules of the Game II
Authors: Sheyi Rotimi , Sharma Anamika , El-Faham Ayman , de la Torre Beatriz G. , Albericio Fernando
Published: February 2020

2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT) is a privileged core that has the capacity to undergo sequential nucleophilic substitution reactions. Three nucleophiles, namely phenol, thiol and amine, were studied and the preferential order of incorporation on TCT was found to be first phenol, second thiol and third amine. The introduction of phenol was achieved at −20°C. The incorporation of this nucleophile in TCT helped to replace the third ‘Cl’ at 35°C, which is compatible with a biological context. The atomic charges on ‘Cl’ calculated by theoretical approaches were consistent with the experimental findings.
Drosophila
YBX1 homolog YPS promotes ovarian germ line stem cell development by preferentially recognizing 5-methylcytosine RNAs
Authors: Zou Fan , Tu Renjun , Duan Bo , Yang Zhenlin , Ping Zhaohua , Song Xiaoqing , Chen Shiyuan , Price Andrew , Li Hua , Scott Allison , Perera Anoja , Li Sisi , Xie Ting
Published: February 2020

5-Methylcytosine (m
5
C) is a RNA modification that exists in tRNAs and rRNAs and was recently found in mRNAs. Although it has been suggested to regulate diverse biological functions, whether m
5
C RNA modification influences adult stem cell development remains undetermined. In this study, we show that Ypsilon schachtel (YPS), a homolog of human Y box binding protein 1 (YBX1), promotes germ line stem cell (GSC) maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation in the
Drosophila
ovary by preferentially binding to m
5
C-containing RNAs. YPS is genetically demonstrated to function intrinsically for GSC maintenance, proliferation, and progeny differentiation in the
Drosophila
ovary, and human YBX1 can functionally replace YPS to support normal GSC development. Highly conserved cold-shock domains (CSDs) of YPS and YBX1 preferentially bind to m
5
C RNA in vitro. Moreover, YPS also preferentially binds to m
5
C-containing RNAs, including mRNAs, in germ cells. The crystal structure of the YBX1 CSD-RNA complex reveals that both hydrophobic stacking and hydrogen bonds are critical for m
5
C binding. Overexpression of RNA-binding–defective YPS and YBX1 proteins disrupts GSC development. Taken together, our findings show that m
5
C RNA modification plays an important role in adult stem cell development.
Shale gas development has limited effects on stream biology and geochemistry in a gradient-based, multiparameter study in Pennsylvania
Authors: Mumford Adam C. , Maloney Kelly O. , Akob Denise M. , Nettemann Sarah , Proctor Arianne , Ditty Jason , Ulsamer Luke , Lookenbill Josh , Cozzarelli Isabelle M.
Published: February 2020

The number of horizontally drilled shale oil and gas wells in the United States has increased from nearly 28,000 in 2007 to nearly 127,000 in 2017, and research has suggested the potential for the development of shale resources to affect nearby stream ecosystems. However, the ability to generalize current studies is limited by the small geographic scope as well as limited breadth and integration of measured chemical and biological indicators parameters. This study tested the hypothesis that a quantifiable, significant relationship exists between the density of oil and gas (OG) development, increasing stream water concentrations of known geochemical tracers of OG extraction, and the composition of benthic macroinvertebrate and microbial communities. Twenty-five headwater streams that drain lands across a gradient of shale gas development intensity were sampled. Our strategy included comprehensive measurements across multiple seasons of sampling to account for temporal variability of geochemical parameters, including known shale OG geochemical tracers, and microbial and benthic macroinvertebrate communities. No significant relationships were found between the intensity of OG development, shale OG geochemical tracers, or benthic macroinvertebrate or microbial community composition, whereas significant seasonal differences in stream chemistry were observed. These results highlight the importance of considering spatial and temporal variability in stream chemistry and biota and not only the presence of anthropogenic activities in a watershed. This comprehensive, integrated study of geochemical and biological variability of headwater streams in watersheds undergoing OG development provides a robust framework for examining the effects of energy development at a regional scale.
Real-time particle-by-particle detection of erythrocyte-camouflaged microsensor with extended circulation time in the bloodstream
Authors: Di Wenjun , Tan Xuefei , Calderon Isen Andrew C. , Neal Reilly Ashlyn E. , Niedre Mark , Clark Heather A.
Published: February 2020

Significance

We developed and validated an approach for long-term in vivo monitoring of sodium levels in the bloodstream using erythrocyte camouflaging of microsensors combined with noninvasive optical readout of the microsensors while in circulation. Sodium imbalance is an important indicator for toxicity during lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Lithium treatment has a toxic threshold close to its narrow therapeutic window, which drives the need for long-term continuous monitoring to prevent adverse effects. Our study describes an approach to drug monitoring by using biomimicry and optical reader technology, with wide potential impact toward treatment regimens for bipolar disorder and other conditions.
Synaptotagmin 1 oligomers clamp and regulate different modes of neurotransmitter release
Authors: Tagliatti Erica , Bello Oscar D. , Mendonça Philipe R. F. , Kotzadimitriou Dimitrios , Nicholson Elizabeth , Coleman Jeff , Timofeeva Yulia , Rothman James E. , Krishnakumar Shyam S. , Volynski Kirill E.
Published: February 2020

Significance

Release of neurotransmitters relies on submillisecond coupling of synaptic vesicle fusion to the triggering signal: AP-evoked presynaptic Ca
2+
influx. The key player that controls exocytosis of the synaptic vesicle is the Ca
2+
sensor synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1). While the Ca
2+
activation of Syt1 has been extensively characterized, how Syt1 reversibly clamps vesicular fusion remains enigmatic. Here, using a targeted mutation combined with fluorescence imaging and electrophysiology, we show that the structural feature of Syt1 to self-oligomerize provides the molecular basis for clamping of spontaneous and asynchronous release but is not required for triggering of synchronous release. Our findings propose a mechanistic model that explains how Syt1 oligomers regulate different modes of transmitter release in neuronal synapses.
The variation of the subjunctive II in Austria
Authors: Breuer Ludwig Maximilian , Wittibschlager Anja
Published: February 2020

The primary goal of this paper is to investigate areal-horizontal as well as the social-vertical
(morpho-)syntactic variation of subjunctive II in urban and rural areas in Austria. The data come from two different corpora that
consist of spoken data gathered in two different projects on German in Austria, collected using the method of Language Production
Experiments. The high degree of comparability of our data between the two studies highlights the success and reliability of this
elicitation method. Beyond this methodological insight, the study has found a global tendency towards a decline of synthetic
subjunctive II constructions, whereas periphrastic constructions show an increase, both in more dialect and more standard oriented
registers. Our findings further suggest that the city of Vienna exerts a minor influence on neighboring locations regarding the
use of subjunctive II forms. At the same time, our data provide evidence for a more decisive influence of the dialect region.
The rite of reintegrative shaming in Chinese public dispute mediation
Authors: Ran Yongping , Zhao Linsen , Kádár Dániel Z.
Published: February 2020

This paper examines the ways in which mediators deploy the rite of public shaming in the activity type of public
mediation, as a pragmatic device by means of which they exert social control. Our data consists of episodes of public mediation
events in rural China, aired in the Chinese Television. Our analytic framework is anchored to the model of interactional
relational rituals: we interpret shaming as a morally loaded communal interactional practice, which the mediator can deploy due to
their ratified role, but only within frame of the ritual activity type, and with the communal goal of resolving the conflict.
Thus, while ritual forms of shaming may be interactionally intensive – e.g. the person who inflicts shame may inflict shame with
little mitigation to put pressure on the shamed person – strict rights and obligations regulate the behaviour of the mediator who
needs to act as a ‘moral educator’.
What psycholinguistic studies ignore about literary
experience
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W. , Colston Herbert L.
Published: February 2020

Multiple decades of psycholinguistic research exploring people’s
reading of different types of language has delivered much improved understanding
of textual comprehension experience. Psycholinguistic studies have typically
focused on a few cognitive and linguistic processes presumed to be central in
reading comprehension of language, but this emphasis has omitted other processes
and products readers commonly experience in their imaginative, aesthetic
encounters with literature. Our paper describes some of the limitations of
psycholinguistics for explaining people’s literary experiences. Nonetheless, we
argue that recent research on embodied simulation processes may help close the
gap between psycholinguistics, with its emphasis on generic processes of
non-literary language use, and studies associated with the scientific study of
literature with their focus on phenomenological, lived reactions to literary
texts.
Some experimental evidence for sound–emotion
interaction
Authors: Gafni Chen , Tsur Reuven
Published: February 2020

This paper describes a structural account of phonetic symbolism
and submits it to empirical investigation. To enable testing for possible iconic
sound–emotion relations, participants compared pairs of syllables (e.g.,
ma – ba) as well as pairs of emotional
states (e.g., joyful – sad) on various perceptual scales (e.g., softness). In
addition, we replicated the classic ‘bouba/kiki’ experiment to investigate
sound-shape symbolism. In accordance with the theoretical model, the results of
the experimental tasks suggest that participants can detect abstract
similarities between speech sounds and emotions as well as geometrical shapes.
We discuss the theoretical model and the experimental results in relation to
previous empirical findings and conflicting evidence from the study of affective
iconicity in poetry.
Reader expertise and the literary significance of small-scale textual
features in prose fiction
Authors: Parente Fabio , Conklin Kathy , Guy Josephine , Carrol Gareth , Scott Rebekah
Published: February 2020

We use eye tracking to investigate the attention readers pay to
different textual features to determine their significance in the appreciation
of prose fiction. Previous research examined attention allocation to lexical and
punctuation variants, and the impact on reading dynamics for the remainder of
the text, demonstrating that readers notice both kinds of variants but assign
less value to the latter (Carrol, Conklin,
Guy, & Scott, 2016). Here, in two experiments, we examine two
conditions that may affect attention allocation: We investigate the influence of
reader expertise (Experiment 1) and whether performance is influenced by a
task-specific “spot-the-difference” effect (Experiment 2). We found that
expertise plays little role in readers’ greater sensitivity to lexical rather
than punctuation changes, and that the advantage for lexical changes persisted
when the time interval between exposures is increased. These results confirm
earlier findings: that small-scale features may not possess the creative
significance predicated of them by critics and text-editors.
Effect of strain rate on self-organisation of adiabatic shear bands in steel
Authors: Yang Yang , Lian Xiaolong , Wang Junliang
Published: February 2020

The experiment was conducted by the radical collapse of thick-walled cylinders. Optical microscopic examination showed that sample ([Formula: see text]  = 7.3 × 104 s−1, εef = 0.45) failed to produce adiabatic shear bands (ASBs), while ASBs were obtained in samples ([Formula: see text]  = 1.48 × 105 s−1, εef = 0.86; [Formula: see text]  = 1.18 × 105 s−1, εef = 0.81), which shows that the energy barrier in shear band formation was decreased with the increase of shear strain rate. With the increase of strain rate, the number of ASBs decreased and the spacing and the average length increased, and the propagation rate of ASBs increased from 213 m s−1 ([Formula: see text]  = 1.18 × 105 s−1) to 417 m s−1 ([Formula: see text]  = 1.48 × 105 s−1).
Stochastic cooling simulation of rare isotope beam and its secondary beam
Authors: Hu X J , Wu J X , Zhu G Y , Du Z , Yuan Y J
Published: February 2020

Stochastic cooling is a broadband feedback system, which is very effective for reducing the beam size without beam loss [1]. It has advantage over electron cooling in cooling low intensity beam with large emittance and momentum spread, and is required for precise study of the decay properties of RIB (Radioactive Ion Beam) by use of the SMS (Schottky Mass Spectrometry) method [2]. This paper mainly concerns on cooling of primary beam and its secondary beam, pointing out the range of mass-to-charge spread that could be cooled for secondary particles. Meanwhile, TOF cooling combined with filter cooling was also studied. The simulation results provide theoretical supports for analysing different ions circulating in the ring at the same time in the experiments.
Multipole magnets for the HIAF fragment separator using the Canted-Cosine-Theta (CCT) geometry
Authors: Wu Wei , Liang Yu , Zhou Lun-Cai , Mei En-Ming , Ni Dong-Sheng , Zhen Shi-Jun , Ou Xian-Jin , Yang Wen-Jie
Published: February 2020

The fragment separator of the HIAF (High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility) project called HFRS requires quadrupoles with high gradients (11.4 T/m) and large bores (320 mm in diameter). The iron dominated magnets with superconducting coils have been widely used in the similar facilities such as A1900, BigRIPS, Super!FRS and RISP with the advantages of low request for coils installation precision, simple fabrication and low cost, but they have large cold mass and helium containment, which result in long time cooling down and high pressure rise during a quench. In addition, due to iron saturation, it is hard to guarantee on the field quality in the operated field range. A new coil dominated design based on the Canted!Cosine!Theta geometry is presented for HFRS, which is expected to overcome these problems. The design superimposes several layers of oppositely wound helical windings to generate high quality quadrupole. Sextupole, octupole and steering dipole can also be easily integrated to reduce the length of cryostat. This paper reports the detailed design of HFRS multiplets based on the CCT concept and the construction of a subscale prototype.
Design of fast pulse generator for Kicker power supply in HIAF*
Authors: Liu Y , Gao D Q , Zhao J , Gao J , Shang-guan J B
Published: February 2020

Kicker power supply is one of the key components in the injection and extraction system of HIAF (High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility, the 12th five-year national big science project). The PFN-Marx generator technology based on solid-state IGBT switch will be applied to HIAF-Kicker power supply. Hundreds of fast pulse signals are required to control these IGBTs. The PFN-Marx generator has many requirements for these control signals, such as adjustable pulse-widths and time-delay. The maximum value of adjustment accuracy of the pulse-widths and delay among multiple control signals need to be 10ns. In this paper, a fast pulse generator circuit based on an emerging ARM-embedded FPGA have been designed for HIAF-Kicker power supply. The test results show that the output performance of the fast pulse generator circuit meets the requirements of the PFN-Marx generator.
Commissioning progress of LEAF at IMP
Authors: Yang Y , Zhai Y H , Jiang P Y , Sun L T , Lu L , Jia H , Dou W P , Fang X , Jing L , Wei Y , Ma W , Sun L P , Lu W , Guo Y H , Liu X J , Zhao H W
Published: February 2020

A Low Energy high-intensity high-charge-state ion Accelerator Facility (LEAF), which mainly consists of a 45 GHz superconducting ECR ion source, LEBT and a 81.25 MHz 4-vane RFQ, was designed to produce and accelerate heavy ions, from helium to uranium with A/Q between 2 and 7, to the energy of 0.5 MeV/u. The typical beam intensity is designed up to 2 emA CW for the uranium beam. The project was launched in 2015 and has been successfully commissioned with He+ (A/Q=4), N2+ (A/Q=7) beam and accelerated the beams in the CW regime to the designed energy of 0.5 MeV/u. Beam commissioning results of He+ beam have been reported previously. This paper presents the details of N2+ commissioning and beam studies.
The digital controller for power supplies in HIAF
Authors: Tan Y L , Gao D Q , Huang Y Z , Cui Y , Zhang H J , Zhang S , Li J Q , Zhu F F
Published: February 2020

High Intensity Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) project has been proposed by Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP) for high power heavy ion researches. Due to the unique requirements of the Booster Ring (Bring) in HIAF, a digital controller is used as the controlling system of power supplies to achieve high performances. This paper explains the hardware and software architecture of the digital controller. It uses Cyclone V SX SoC FPGA which integrates dual-core ARM Cortex-A9 MP Core processor. The controller consists of high precision ADC, DAC, optical fibre modules, DDR3 SDRAM and Gigabit Ethernet modules. The PI regulation and PWM modulation have been realized in FPGA. The data pre-setting, web service, database, power supplies detection and protection management have been established in ARM. Finally, the results of prototype output measurements prove that this design is feasible and qualified.
Development of an all permanent magnet ECR ion source for low and medium charge state ions production
Authors: Li J. Q. , Sun L. T. , Yang Y. , Cao Y. , Zhang X. Z. , Fang X. , Guo J. W. , Zhai Y. H. , Wang H. , Ma B. H. , Li L. B. , Lu W. , Zhao H. W.
Published: February 2020

An all permanent magnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source-LAPECR1U (Lanzhou All Permanent magnet ECR ion source no.1 Upgraded), has been built at IMP in 2017 to satisfy the requirements of LEAF (Low Energy intense-highly-charged ion Accelerator Facility) for first two years commissioning. LAPECR1U was designed to be operated at 14.5 GHz to produce intense low and medium charge state ion beams. LAPECR1U features a compact structure, small size, and low cost. A cone-shape iron yoke in injection side and an iron plasma electrode in extraction side were used to enhance the axial magnetic field strength. The typical parameters and the preliminary beam results of the source are given in this paper.
Development of a Pepper Pot probe to measure the Four-dimensional emittance of low energy beam of electron cyclotron resonance ion source at IMP
Authors: Fang X , Sun L T , Yuan Y J , Yang Y , Qian C , Cao Y , Zhang X Z , Chen R F , Wu J X , Li X X , Wang H , Lu W , Zhao H W
Published: February 2020

The ion beams extracted from an Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source always exist strong transverse coupling effect that is caused by the field of the axis mirror magnets and the extraction solenoid. In order to obtain the four-dimensional (4D) characteristic matrix with coupling elements, a Pepper Pot probe was developed and used to obtain the full 4D transverse phase space distribution of the low energy beam extracted from the ECR ion source at IMP. This paper describes the detailed design and image processing procedure of Pepper Pot probe, especially the analysis results verification compared to another type emittance meter. The first 4D transverse phase space distribution measurement data of oxygen beams from the LECR4 experimental platform are presented and discussed.
Dynamics study of a drift tube linac for both heavy ions and proton
Authors: Du Heng , Yin Xuejun , Yang Jancheng , Yuan Youjin , Xia Jiawen , Li Xiaoni , Li Zhongshan , Wang Kedong , Kong Qiyu
Published: February 2020

An accelerator complex for Space Environment Simulation and Research Infrastructure (SESRI) has been designed by Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) and will be constructed in Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT). This accelerator consists of an ECR ion source, a linac injector, a synchrotron and 3 experiment terminals. As an important part of the complex, the linac injector should provide both proton and different kinds of heavy ions, from helium to bismuth, with energy of 5 MeV and 1 MeV/u respectively for the synchrotron. In order to provide beams with the mass to charge ratio (A/Q) range from 1 to 6.5 (for proton to 209Bi32+) by only one linac injector, a special solution of the main acceleration section DTL is carried out. The relevant dynamics calculations, such as beam matching, stripping process of the hydrogen molecule ion and beam energy spread reducing, are performed by Particle in Cell (PIC) method.
STUDY ON A HOM TYPE BUNCHER1
Authors: Lu Liang , Xing Chaochao , He Tao , Yang Lei , Xu Xianbo , Shi Longbo , Sun Liepeng , Li Jia , Xia Qianxu , Gao Zhichao
Published: February 2020

Normally, drift tube linacs (DTL) are used following RFQ linacs for beam acceleration in middle and high beam energy region. The acceleration efficiency of DTLs is decreasing with beam energy increasing. Using resonated higher order mode (HOM) of cavity, DTL can achieve higher effective shunt impedance. We proposed a 325 MHz DTL with TE115 mode. In this paper, the dynamics calculation and electromagnetic design of the HOM-DTL will be reported.
Error analysis and RF optimization of a compact RFQ
Authors: Wang K. D. , Yin X. J. , Li Z. S. , Du H. , Kong Q. Y. , Li X. N.
Published: February 2020

A 162.5 MHz, 7.2 MeV 4-rod radio frequency quadruples (RFQ) dynamics design has been studied for injector of a carbon ion cancer therapy facility which is promoted by the Institution of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS). A detailed error analysis was performed after the optimization process. Field flatness error is analysed for determining a RF optimization target. The RF structure is designed based on a new type dynamics design. Electric field of the RF structure is optimized in order to support the dynamics design. The error analysis and detailed field flatness optimization of this compact RFQ have been presented and discussed in this paper.
Hydrological regime of the Black and Azov Seas catchment under the global warming
Authors: Evstigneev V P , Lemeshko N A , Ostroumova L P
Published: February 2020

Estimates of probable change in water balance parameters of the Black and Azov Seas drainage basin under the global warming by 1°C were obtained. A steady-state hydrological model has been developed for evaluation of river runoff and evaporation. The paleoclimatic reconstruction for global warming on 1°C has been used as empirical scenario. This scale of climate change corresponds to the warm epoch of the past, considered as an analogue of the future climate: the Holocene Thermal Maximum (7-6 ka BP). The estimates indicate possible increase in the total river inflow into the Black and Azov Seas by about 17 km3 per year and increase of the mean annual evaporation by 27 mm per year relative to the period of 1961-1990 years. Estimation was made notwithstanding water consumption.