bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Color-Coded Maps: An Alternative to Tractography
Authors: Schneider Julia R. , Raval Ami B. , Black Karen , Schulder Michael
Published: January 2021

Introduction: White matter tracts can be observed using tractograms generated from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). However, the dependence of these white matter tract images on subjective variables, including how seed points are placed and the preferred level of fractional anisotropy, introduces interobserver inconsistency and potential lack of reliability. We propose that color-coded maps (CCM) generated from DTI can be a preferred method for the visualization of important white matter tracts, circumventing bias in preoperative brain tumor resection planning. Methods: DTI was acquired retrospectively in 25 patients with brain tumors. Lesions included 15 tumors of glial origin, 9 metastatic tumors, 2 meningiomas, and 1 cavernous angioma. Tractograms of the pyramidal tract and/or optic radiations, based on tumor location, were created by marking seed regions of interest using known anatomical locations. We compared the degree of tract involvement and white matter alteration between CCMs and tractograms. Neurological outcomes were obtained from chart reviews. Results: The pyramidal tract was evaluated in 20/25 patients, the visual tracts were evaluated in 10/25, and both tracts were evaluated in 5/25. In 19/25 studies, the same patterns of white matter alternations were found between the CCMs and tractograms. In the 6 patients where patterns differed, 2 tractograms were not useful in determining pattern alteration; in the remaining 4/6, no practical difference was seen in comparing the studies. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Thirteen patients were neurologically improved or remained intact after intervention. In these, 10 of the 13 patients showed tumor-induced white matter tract displacement on CCM. Twelve patients had no improvement of their preoperative deficit. In 9 of these 12 patients, CCM showed white matter disruption. Conclusion: CCMs provide a convenient, practical, and objective method of visualizing white matter tracts, obviating the need for potentially subjective and time-consuming tractography. CCMs are at least as reliable as tractograms in predicting neurological outcomes after neurosurgical intervention.
Ole e 3, a Candidate for in vivo Diagnosis of Polcalcin Sensitization
Authors: Moya Raquel , González-Ruiz Azahara , Beitia Juan María , Carnés Jerónimo , López-Matas María Ángeles
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Polcalcins belong to the family of calcium-binding proteins. They are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and highly conserved, which leads to these panallergens showing a high degree of inter-cross-reactivity. They are responsible for allergic polysensitization, and therefore, their diagnosis is necessary for correct selection of immunotherapy. The objectives were to develop a method to purify native polcalcin with intact allergenic properties and to validate its use for diagnosis of polcalcin sensitization. Methods: Ole e 3 was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-rChe a 3 polyclonal antibodies and identified by mass spectrometry. Calcium-binding assays were performed in immunoblot and ELISA assays. Diagnostic capacity of Ole e 3 was analyzed by ELISA and compared to ImmunoCAP with sera from a pollen-sensitized population. Cross-reactivity with other polcalcins was investigated by ImmunoCAP inhibition. Results: Immunogenicity of purified Ole e 3 was not affected by the addition of calcium. However, the presence of a calcium chelator agent completely inhibited IgG binding by immunoblot and produced a 32.3% reduction in IgE binding by ELISA. Ole e 3 enabled diagnosis of polcalcin-sensitized patients, and a good correlation was revealed with ImmunoCAP. A 50% inhibition in IgE binding was obtained with 2.8 ng of Ole e 3 for rBet v 4 and 3.9 ng for rPhl p 7. Discussion/Conclusion: Native Ole e 3 was purified by maintaining its allergenic properties. This innovative method enables obtaining this active native allergen to be used for in vivo diagnosis of polcalcin sensitization.
Neonatal Uterine Bleedings: An Ignored Sign but a Possible Cause of Early-Onset Endometriosis – A Systematic Review
Authors: Dekker Judith  , Hooijer Isabelle , Ket Johannes C.F. , Vejnović Aleksandra , Benagiano Giuseppe , Brosens Ivo , Mijatovic Velja
Published: January 2021

Objective: Based on the hypothesis that neonatal uterine bleedings (NUB), occurring mostly in the first week after birth, could represent a pathogenetic mechanism for early-onset endometriosis, this systematic review (SR) was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence and screening strategies used to assess and quantify NUB. Design: Both a SR and a sample literature search in PubMed and Embase were conducted to gather information on NUB prevalence and screening techniques. This was performed by an information specialist. Only full-text articles regarding the assessment of NUB in neonates in the first 2 weeks after birth were included. No limit on language or publication data was used. Materials and Methods: The SR was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019138121). Data was first assessed for eligibility on title and abstract by 2 blinded review authors. Any disagreements were discussed with a third reviewer if necessary. Subsequently, full-text articles were read and assessed for quality using the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Results: Out of 1,988 articles in the systematic search, 10 relevant articles were selected, of which 8 were identified through the systematic search and 2 were found through other sources. The sample search of 4,445 articles did not bring up relevant articles. Results were not comparable due to the heterogeneity of screening techniques, although data showed consensus. The prevalence of visible bleeding ranged from 3.3 to 53.8% and the prevalence of occult bleeding from 25.4 to 96.7%. The occurrence was the highest between the 3rd and 7th day postpartum (PP) and the bleeding lasted for 3–4 days on average. Various screening techniques for detecting NUB were found in the literature, including the use of hemoglobin detection devices (such as Hemastix) in the vaginal vestibulum, comparison of diapers with stains of known volume, colposcopy, and ultrasonography. Conclusion: The reported prevalence of NUB varies considerably, with a consistent occurrence between the 3rd and the 7th day PP. Literature to assess NUB is dated. The techniques are poorly described and heterogeneous. Future research should focus on prospective cohort studies in order to attempt to correlate NUB cases to (early-onset) endometriosis.
Herpesvirus Infections and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Camacho-Soto Alejandra , Faust Irene , Racette Brad A. , Clifford David B. , Checkoway Harvey , Searles Nielsen Susan
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Herpesviruses might play a role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. We sought to examine a possible association between alpha herpesvirus infections and Parkinson’s disease. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of incident Parkinson’s disease in 2009 Medicare beneficiaries age 66–90 years (89,790 cases, 118,095 randomly selected comparable controls). We classified beneficiaries with any diagnosis code for “herpes simplex” and/or “herpes zoster” in the previous 5 years as having had the respective alpha herpesviruses. In beneficiaries with Part D prescription coverage, we also identified those prescribed anti-herpetic medications. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI between alpha herpesvirus diagnosis/treatment and Parkinson’s disease with logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, and use of medical care. Results: Parkinson’s disease risk was inversely associated with herpes simplex (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.74–0.84), herpes zoster (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.85–0.91), and anti-herpetic medications (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80–0.96). Conclusion: Herpesvirus infection or treatment might reduce risk of Parkinson’s disease, but future studies will be required to explore whether this inverse association is causal.
Ethical Principles of Yoga Philosophy in Western Yoga Practitioners: Validation of the Yama/Niyama Questionnaire
Authors: Büssing Arndt , Bretz Sukadev Volker , Beerenbrock Yvonne
Published: January 2021

Yoga is mainly known for its postures, while it has a rich philosophical/spiritual background which is often not well known. Particularly the ethical principles of Yoga, the Yamas and Niyamas, are of relevance for Western practitioners also. We thus intended to develop and validate an instrument that operationalizes the Yamas and Niyamas and performed a cross-sectional survey among 901 Yoga practitioners in Germany with standardized instruments. Principal component analysis of the 23-item Yama/Niyama Questionnaire (YaNiQ) pointed to 4 factors with good internal consistencies (Cronbach’s α = 0.86, 0.82, 0.85, and 0.63). Best predictors of these factors were conscious presence (“mindfulness”) and inner correspondence with Yoga practices. The YaNiQ seems to be suited for Western practitioners and could be a useful measure in future studies which intend to analyze the social and health-related attitudes and behaviors of Yoga practitioners. It can be assumed that the ethical principles are important contributors for lifestyle and behavior changes.
Assessment of MRI-Detected Breast Lesions: A Benign Correlate on Second-Look Ultrasound Can Safely Exclude Malignancy
Authors: Hellerhoff Karin , Dietrich Hanna , Schinner Regina , Rjosk-Dendorfer Dorothea , Sztrókay-Gaul Anikó , Reiser Maximilian , Grandl Susanne
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Due to the increasing use of dynamic breast MRI and the limited availability of MR-guided interventions, MRI-detected lesions usually undergo a second-look ultrasound (SLUS). We investigated the safety of a negative SLUS and a benign SLUS correlate in excluding malignant and high-risk lesions (B3) and evaluated criteria for the rate of detection on SLUS. Methods: In the retrospective analysis, all breast MRIs performed between 2011 and 2013 were screened for newly detected lesions. We analyzed the SLUS detection rate dependent on breast density, mass character, lesion size, and histology. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of a negative and benign SLUS for malignant lesions (B5) and lesions requiring surgical excision (including high-risk and B5 lesions). Results: We successfully correlated 110 of 397 lesions. The detection rate was significantly higher for mass than for non-mass lesions and correlated with lesion size for mass lesions only. Lesions without/with a benign SLUS correlate were more frequently benign (including B3) or required no further procedure (B2). The sensitivity of SLUS in the detection of B3 and B5 lesions was 58%, and 73% in the detection of B5 lesions. The NPV of a negative or benign SLUS for B3 and B5 lesions was 89%, and 96% for B5 lesions. Discussion: SLUS is a safe diagnostic tool for the management of MRI-detected lesions and can spare patients from undergoing invasive procedures.
Desde la periferia: la noción de espacio social en la movilización sociopolítica de la juventud
Authors: Soler-i-Martí Roger , Ballesté Eduard , Feixa Carles
Published: January 2021

Resumen (analítico)Este artículo pone de manifiesto la existencia de un elemento transversal en la relación de la juventud con la esfera pública, que contribuye a comprender mejor la naturaleza de sus expresiones políticas: la asimilación de una cierta posición periférica impuesta dentro del espacio social. La idea de espacio social, y en particular la de periferia, contribuyen a dar coherencia a determinados fenómenos y tendencias de la movilización sociopolítica de la juventud en su conjunto. Para ello, se analizan tres movimientos juveniles surgidos en Barcelona durante el año 2019, en los que la juventud tuvo especial protagonismo. Las diferencias y similitudes entre los tres movimientos muestran la versatilidad de la noción de periferia, que sirve para visualizar la precariedad vital que identifica a toda una generación, más allá de sus diferencias.
Palabras clave: Juventud, generación, movimientos juveniles, participación, Espacio social, periferia, precariedad, Barcelona, Fridays for Future, Movimiento independentista, ExMenas.
Generación blockchain: movimientos juveniles en la era de la web semántica
Authors: Feixa Pampols Carles
Published: January 2021

Resumen (analítico)Este artículo propone el concepto de Generación ₿ (o blockchain) como paradigma para analizar los movimientos juveniles en la era de la web semántica. Partiendo de conceptualizaciones anteriores sobre la Generación @ (o arroba) y sobre la Generación # (o hashtag), se presentan el significante, el significado y los rasgos de la Generación ₿, que se ilustran con el análisis de las protestas de 2019, en el contexto del ciclo de movilizaciones de la última década. El concepto de blockchain o cadena de bloques sirve para reflexionar sobre el tipo de movimientos juveniles surgidos a la salida de la crisis de 2008, que se encadenan en bloques como táctica de resistencia frente a los poderes estatales y corporativos y como forma colaborativa de producir valor frente a la anomia social imperante.
Palabras clave: Juventud, generación, sociedad de la información, movimientos juveniles, medios sociales.
Palabras clave autor: Generación @, generación arroba, generación #, generación hashtag, generación ₿, generación blockchain.
Effects of Race, Cardiac Mass, and Cardiac Load on Myocardial Function Trajectories from Childhood to Young Adulthood: The Augusta Heart Study
Authors: Kapuku Gaston , Howie Melissa , Ghosh Santu , Doshi Vishal , Bykhovsky Michael , Ange Brittany , Halbert James D. , Robinson Vincent , Bagi Zsolt , Harshfield Gregory , George Varghese
Published: January 2021

Background

The overall goal of this longitudinal study was to determine if the Black population has decreased myocardial function, which has the potential to lead to the early development of congestive heart failure, compared with the White population.

Methods and Results

A total of 673 subjects were evaluated over a period of 30 years including similar percentages of Black and White participants. Left ventricular systolic function was probed using the midwall fractional shortening (MFS). A longitudinal analysis of the MFS using a mixed effect growth curve model was performed. Black participants had greater body mass index, higher blood pressure readings, and greater left ventricular mass compared with White participants (all
P
<0.01). Black participants had a 0.54% decrease of MFS compared with White participants. As age increased by 1 year, MFS increased by 0.05%. As left ventricular mass increased by 1 g, MFS decreased by 0.01%. As circumferential end systolic stress increased by 1 unit, MFS decreased by 0.04%. The MFS trajectories for race differed from early age to young adulthood.

Conclusions

Changes in myocardial function mirror the race‐dependent variations in blood pressure, afterload, and cardiac mass, suggesting that myocardial function depression occurs early in childhood in populations at high cardiovascular risk such as Black participants.
Meisterfeldia bitsevi—new testate amoeba of the family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung, 1942 (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) from the tree hollow in the urban park (Moscow, Russia) with a key to species of the genus Meisterfeldia
Authors: BOBROV ANATOLY , MAZEI YURI
Published: January 2021

The new testate amoeba species Meisterfeldia bitsevi is described from the linden-tree trunk hollow in the urban park in Moscow (Russia). New species is characterized by elongated ovoid bilaterally symmetrical shell, which is laterally not compressed. The shell is composed of proteinaceous material without mineral particles. Almost circular subterminal aperture is placed on ventral side. The key to the species of the genus Meisterfeldia is developed.
Oxynoemacheilus shehabi, a new nemacheilid loach from the upper Orontes in southern Syria (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)
Authors: FREYHOF JÖRG , GEIGER MATTHIAS F.
Published: January 2021

Oxynoemacheilus shehabi, new species, is described from the upper Orontes in southern Syria. It is distinguished from other Oxynoemacheilus species in the Levant by possession of a complete lateral line, a deeply emarginate caudal fin, a narrow caudal peduncle, a suborbital groove in male individuals, a well-developed pelvic axillary lobe, and 5–7 dark-brown bars on the flank. Molecular data suggest that the new species is characterised by a minimum K2P distance of 3.8% to O. “seyhanicola” in the COI mtDNA barcode region.
A revision of the dark-bellied, stream-dwelling snakes of the genus Hebius (Reptilia: Squamata: Natricidae) with the description of a new species from China, Vietnam and Thailand
Authors: DAVID PATRICK , VOGEL GERNOT , NGUYEN TRUONG QUANG , ORLOV NIKOLAI L. , PAUWELS OLIVIER S. G. , TEYNIÉ ALEXANDRE , ZIEGLER THOMAS
Published: January 2021

Species of the genus Hebius Thompson, 1913 with 17 or 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody and an overall dark venter are reviewed, including the two species previously known as Parahelicops annamensis Bourret, 1934 and Pararhabdophis chapaensis Bourret, 1934. Specimens with 17 scale rows are morphologically similar to Hebius venningi (Wall, 1910), which is here redefined based on external morphological characters such as scalation, and dorsal and ventral patterns. Consequently, Natrix nigriventer Wall, 1925 is resurrected from its synonymy with Hebius venningi, whereas Natrix taronensis Smith, 1940, previously considered a subspecies of H. venningi or a full species by some authors but without justification, is here confirmed to full species status. Another group of species, mostly similar in coloration and pattern to the H. venningi group but with 19 dorsal scale rows, includes H. modestus (Günther, 1875), H. deschauenseei (Taylor, 1934) and a new species which is described herein based on specimens from northern Vietnam, southern China and north-eastern Thailand due to distinct morphological differences. We also provide updated taxonomic accounts for the species of this group, including an identification key and distribution maps.
Reducing Solar Radiation Forcing Uncertainty and Its Impact on Surface Energy and Water Fluxes
Authors: Peng Liqing , Wei Zhongwang , Zeng Zhenzhong , Lin Peirong , Wood Eric F. , Sheffield Justin
Published: January 2021

Downward shortwave radiation Rsd determines the surface energy balance, alters evapotranspiration and hydrological conditions, and feeds back to the regional and global climate. Large-scale Rsd estimates are usually retrieved from satellite-based top-of-atmosphere radiation and cloud parameters. These estimates are subject to biases and temporal inhomogeneity due to errors in atmospheric parameters, algorithms, and sensor changes. We found that three satellite products overestimate Rsd by 8%–10% over Asia for 1984–2006, particularly in high latitudes. We used the model tree ensemble (MTE) machine-learning algorithm and commonly used ensemble averaging methods to integrate ground observations and satellite products. Validations based on test stations and independent networks showed that the MTE approach reduces the median relative biases from 8%–10% to 2%, which is more effective than the ensemble averaging methods. We further evaluated the impacts of uncertainty in radiation forcing on surface energy and water balances using the land surface model Noah-MP. The uncertainty of radiation data affects the prediction of sensible heat the most, and also largely affects latent heat prediction in humid regions. Holding the other variables constant, a 10% positive bias in Rsd can lead to a 20%–60% positive bias in the monthly median sensible heat. The simulated hydrological responses to changing radiation forcing are nonlinear as a result of the interactions among evapotranspiration, snowpack, and soil moisture. Our analysis concludes that reducing uncertainty of radiation data is beneficial for predicting regional energy and water balances, which requires more high-quality ground observations and improved satellite retrieval algorithms.
Hydrological Response of the Pampanga River Basin in the Philippines to Intense Tropical Cyclone Rainfall
Authors: Macalalad Rhonalyn V. , Badilla Roy A. , Cabrera Olivia C. , Bagtasa Gerry
Published: January 2021

The Philippines is frequently affected by tropical cyclones (TCs), and understanding the flood response of the Pampanga River basin (PRB) from TC-induced rain is needed in effective disaster risk management. As large uncertainties remain in TC rain forecasting, we propose a simple checklist method for flood forecasting of the PRB that depends on the general TC track, season, and accumulated rainfall. To this end, flood events were selected based on the alert, alarm, and critical river height levels established by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Results show that all flood events in the PRB were induced by TCs. All intense TCs that directly traversed the PRB resulted in critical-level floods. These TCs also had the shortest flood onset of 7–27 h from alert to critical level. Flooding from distant landfalling TCs, on the other hand, are dependent on season. TCs traversing north (south) of the PRB induced flooding only during the southwest (northeast) monsoon season. These TCs can raise water levels from alert to critical in 11–48 h. Remote precipitation from non-landfalling TCs can also induce critical-level flooding but with a longer onset time of 59 h. These results indicate that a simple checklist method can serve as a useful tool for flood forecasting in regions with limited data and forecasting resources.
Use of a Genetic Algorithm to Optimize a Numerical Weather Prediction System
Authors: Houtekamer P. L. , He Bin , Jacques Dominik , McTaggart-Cowan Ron , Separovic Leo , Vaillancourt Paul A. , Zadra Ayrton , Deng Xingxiu
Published: January 2021

An important step in an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithm is the integration of an ensemble of short-range forecasts with a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. A multiphysics approach is used in the Canadian global EnKF system. This paper explores whether the many integrations with different versions of the model physics can be used to obtain more accurate and more reliable probability distributions for the model parameters. Some model parameters have a continuous range of possible values. Other parameters are categorical and act as switches between different parameterizations. In an evolutionary algorithm, the member configurations that contribute most to the quality of the ensemble are duplicated, while adding a small perturbation, at the expense of configurations that perform poorly. The evolutionary algorithm is being used in the migration of the EnKF to a new version of the Canadian NWP model with upgraded physics. The quality of configurations is measured with both a deterministic and an ensemble score, using the observations assimilated in the EnKF system. When using the ensemble score in the evaluation, the algorithm is shown to be able to converge to non-Gaussian distributions. However, for several model parameters, there is not enough information to arrive at improved distributions. The optimized system features slight reductions in biases for radiance measurements that are sensitive to humidity. Modest improvements are also seen in medium-range ensemble forecasts.
The Endoscopic Management of Achalasia: Less May Lead to More
Authors: Haskins Ivy N. , Lombardi Megan E. , Overby David Wayne , Farrell Timothy M.
Published: January 2021

Achalasia is a rare motor disorder of the lower esophageal sphincter. Currently, both endoscopic and surgical techniques are used to treat achalasia. Herein, we detail our institutional experience of surgical re-intervention following the endoscopic management of achalasia.
Wealth and preferences for redistribution: The effects of financial assets and home equity in 31 countries
Authors: Steele Liza G
Published: January 2021

How does wealth affect preferences for redistribution? In general, social scientists have largely neglected to study the social effects of wealth. This neglect was partially due to a dearth of data on household wealth and social outcomes, and also to greater scholarly interest in how wealth has been accumulated rather than the social effects of wealth. While we would expect household wealth to be an important component of attitudes toward inequality and social welfare policies, research in this area is scarce. In this study, the relationship between wealth and preferences for redistribution is examined in cross-national global and comparative perspective using data on 31 countries from the 2009 wave of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), the first wave of that study to include measures of wealth. The findings presented compare the effects of two types of wealth—financial assets and home equity—and demonstrate that there are differences in effects by asset type and by redistributive policy in question. Financial wealth is more closely associated with attitudes about income equality, while home equity is more closely associated with attitudes about unemployment benefits. Moreover, while the upper categories of financial wealth have the largest negative effects on support for income equality, it is the middle categories of home equity that are most strongly associated with opposition to unemployment benefits. Effects also differ by country, but not in patterns that theories of comparative welfare states nor political economy would adequately explain.
Human Rights Violations, Political Conditionality and Public Attitudes to Foreign Aid: Evidence from Survey Experiments
Authors: Dasandi Niheer , Fisher Jonathan , Hudson David , vanHeerde-Hudson Jennifer
Published: January 2021

There has been much criticism of donor governments who give aid to states that violate human rights. This has fuelled concerns about how such coverage affects public support for foreign aid. In response, donors increasingly use aid suspensions to signal to domestic audiences that a regime has been sanctioned and aid is not misspent. This article examines how reports of rights violations affect attitudes to aid and what, if any, impact donor responses have on public perceptions. We conduct survey experiments using nationally representative samples of the British public. Our findings demonstrate that reports of rights abuses reduce public support for aid. However, contrary to conventional wisdom, any response from donors, whether it be to justify continuing aid or to cut aid, prevents a decline in support. In policy terms, the findings demonstrate the importance of government responsiveness in maintaining public support for a frequently contested aspect of foreign policy.
Deflecting Privilege: Class Identity and the Intergenerational Self
Authors: Friedman Sam , O’Brien Dave , McDonald Ian
Published: January 2021

Why do people from privileged class backgrounds often misidentify their origins as working class? We address this question by drawing on 175 interviews with those working in professional and managerial occupations, 36 of whom are from middle-class backgrounds but identify as working class or long-range upwardly mobile. Our findings indicate that this misidentification is rooted in a self-understanding built on particular ‘origin stories’ which act to downplay interviewees’ own, fairly privileged, upbringings and instead forge affinities to working-class extended family histories. Yet while this ‘intergenerational self’ partially reflects the lived experience of multigenerational upward mobility, it also acts – we argue – as a means of deflecting and obscuring class privilege. By positioning themselves as ascending from humble origins, we show how these interviewees are able to tell an upward story of career success ‘against the odds’ that simultaneously casts their progression as unusually meritocratically legitimate while erasing the structural privileges that have shaped key moments in their trajectory.
Developing Collaborative Thinkers: Rethinking how we Define, Teach, and Assess Class Participation
Authors: Hard Bridgette Martin , RaoShah Taalin
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

Class participation is a common component of many college classes and is typically defined as involving students’ active, oral engagement in class.

Statement of the Problem:

Class participation is often an under-utilized pedagogical tool for skill-building and development.

Literature Review:

We present an evidence-based framework that encourages instructors and students to rethink class participation as collaboration. Drawing on a review of over 40 years of research, we argue that this framework for defining class participation will lead to better classroom discussions, academic and social-emotional benefits for students, and prepare students with essential workforce readiness skills.

Teaching Implications:

We describe how instructors can adopt our framework with evidence-based suggestions for: (1) redefining participation as collaboration with explicit criteria (2) structuring course experience to develop students as active collaborators (3) working to build productive classroom teams, and (4) evaluating participation through a collaborative lens.

Conclusions:

We offer a novel framework for redefining participation through a collaborative lens, along with a suite of evidence-based suggestions for shifting the thought processes and behaviors of students toward collaboration.
BSTP Review of 12 Case Studies Discussing the Challenges, Pathology, Immunogenicity, and Mechanisms of Inhaled Biologics
Authors: Hall A. Peter , Tepper Jeffrey S. , Boyle Molly H. , Cary Maurice G. , Flandre Thierry G. , Piaia Alessandro , Tarnow Inge , Macri Nicholas P. , Freke Mark C. , Nikula Kristen J. , Paul Graham R. , Cauvin Annick , Gregori Michela , Haworth Richard , Naylor Stuart , Price Mark , Robinson Ian N. , Allen Andrew , Gelzleichter Tom , Hohlbaum Andreas M. , Manetz Scott , Wolfreys Alison , Colman Karyn , Fleurance Renaud , Jones David , Mukaratirwa Sydney
Published: January 2021

The inhalation route is a relatively novel drug delivery route for biotherapeutics and, as a result, there is a paucity of published data and experience within the toxicology/pathology community. In recent years, findings arising in toxicology studies with inhaled biologics have provoked concern and regulatory challenges due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the expected pathology, mechanisms, and adversity induced by this mode of delivery. In this manuscript, the authors describe 12 case studies, comprising 18 toxicology studies, using a range of inhaled biotherapeutics (monoclonal antibodies, fragment antigen-binding antibodies, domain antibodies, therapeutic proteins/peptides, and an oligonucleotide) in rodents, nonhuman primates (NHPs), and the rabbit in subacute (1 week) to chronic (26 weeks) toxicology studies. Analysis of the data revealed that many of these molecules were associated with a characteristic pattern of toxicity with high levels of immunogenicity. Microscopic changes in the airways consisted of a predominantly lymphoid perivascular/peribronchiolar (PV/PB) mononuclear inflammatory cell (MIC) infiltrate, whereas changes in the terminal airways/alveoli were characterized by simple (“uncomplicated”) increases in macrophages or inflammatory cell infiltrates ranging from mixed inflammatory cell infiltration to inflammation. The PV/PB MIC changes were considered most likely secondary to immunogenicity, whereas simple increases in alveolar macrophages were most likely secondary to clearance mechanisms. Alveolar inflammatory cell infiltrates and inflammation were likely induced by immune modulation or stimulation through pharmacologic effects on target biology or type III hypersensitivity (immune complex disease). Finally, a group of experts provide introductory thoughts regarding the adversity of inhaled biotherapeutics and the basis for reasonable differences of opinion that might arise between toxicologists, pathologists, and regulators.
Switching to centrifugal pumps may decrease hemolysis rates among pediatric ECMO patients
Authors: Johnson Kevin N , Carr Benjamin , Mychaliska George B , Hirschl Ronald B , Gadepalli Samir K
Published: January 2021

Recent advances in ECLS technology have led to the adoption of centrifugal pumps for the majority of patients worldwide. Despite several advantages of centrifugal pumps, they remain controversial because a number of studies have shown increased rates of hemolysis. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of transitioning from roller to centrifugal pumps on hemolysis rates at our center. A retrospective analysis of all pediatric ECMO patients at a single center between 2005 and 2017 was undertaken. Hemolysis was defined as a plasma free hemoglobin >50 mg/dL. Multivariable logistic regression was performed correcting for several factors to determine risk factors for hemolysis and analyze outcomes among patients with hemolysis. Significant findings were those with p < 0.05. A total of 590 patients were identified during the study period. Multivariable logistic regression for risk factors for hemolysis showed roller pumps (OR 1.92, CI 1.11–3.33) and ECMO duration (OR 1.002 per hour, CI 1.00–1.01) to be significant factors. Rates of hemolysis significantly improved following conversion from roller to centrifugal pumps, with significantly lower rates of hemolysis in 2012, 2015, 2016, and 2017 when compared to the historical average with roller pumps from 2005 to 2009 (34.7%). Additionally, hemolysis was associated with an increased risk of death (OR 3.59, CI 2.05–6.29) when correcting for other factors. These data suggest decreasing rates of hemolysis with centrifugal pumps compared to roller pumps. Since hemolysis was also associated with increased risk of death, these data support the switch from roller to centrifugal pumps at ECMO centers.
Animals in our Lives: An Interactive Well-Being Perspective
Authors: Wünderlich Nancy V. , Mosteller Jill , Beverland Michael B. , Downey Hilary , Kraus Karen , Lin Meng-Hsien (Jenny) , Syrjälä Henna
Published: January 2021

Humans have long interacted with animals. Recently, market-based responses to societal challenges, including loneliness and mental well-being include the use of animals. Considerable research concerning consumer–animal relationships has also examined the benefits (micro, meso, and macro) of human-animal interaction and companionship. However, much of this research is fragmented and lacks a broader organizing framework. It also suffers from an anthropomorphic bias, whereby the interests of animals are excluded. To address this, we provide a macromarketing perspective on consumer–animal relations and explore the interdependencies of consumer–animal relationships on consumer, animal, and community well-being. We introduce and apply the Interactive Well-Being framework to four contexts –ranging from private to public consumption spaces– that highlight the interdependencies and systems involved in consumer–animal relationships: (1) co-habitation with animals, (2) emotional support animals, (3) working with animals, and (4) animals in commercial service contexts. We discuss the implications of our framework for the resilience of marketing systems and how the framework aligns with alternative economy development.
Serum uric acid level as a biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Herui , Chen Yan
Published: January 2021

Objective

To determine if there is a relationship between the levels of serum uric acid and the different Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages (1–4) classified by the severity of the airflow limitation in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

Electronic databases, including PubMed®, Embase®, Web of Science™ and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were searched from inception to December 2018. Observational studies that reported serum uric acid levels in stable COPD patients were included. Two investigators independently extracted data and RevMan version 5.3 was used to carry out the statistical analyses.

Results

Seven studies with 932 stable COPD patients and 401 healthy control subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Serum uric acid levels were significantly higher in stable COPD patients compared with healthy control subjects (mean difference [MD] 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55, 2.28). Serum uric acid levels were significantly lower in the GOLD 1+2 subgroup compared with the GOLD 3+4 subgroup (MD −1.39, 95% CI −1.63, −1.15).

Conclusion

Serum uric acid might be a useful biomarker for identifying disease severity in stable COPD patients, but further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
The Paradox of Extreme Close-Up Gaze
Authors: Anstis Stuart
Published: January 2021

If somebody gazes at your left eye, you perceive them as looking straight at you. They switch their gaze with a single saccade to your right eye. You see their eyes move, yet they paradoxically end up still looking straight at you. Comparable paradoxical effects can arise when you view your own selfie image on a phone screen—but not when you look in a mirror.
The emergence of a Build to Rent model: The role of narratives and discourses
Authors: Brill Frances , Durrant Daniel
Published: January 2021

This paper analyses ‘Build to Rent’ (BTR), a new form of tenure in London’s housing market. We examine the ways in which private and public sector actors have shaped the context of BTR’s emergence, and developed a model for delivery in London. We argue they relied on and constructed narratives of negativity about the private rental sector, which were juxtaposed with their product to position BTR as a solution to part of London’s housing crisis. Building on this, and leveraging an emerging but supportive institutional context, real estate professionals have adapted a US model to the UK. We argue that both the narrative-generating activities and the model development reveal tensions, which help theorise the ways new models of financing housing emerge.
Investigating the Relationship between Urban Form and Economic Mobility in Forsyth County, NC
Authors: Blizard Zachary D. , Smith Russell M.
Published: January 2021

Forsyth County, NC, is the third lowest ranked county in the United States for upward economic mobility. Urban scholars argue that sprawling development is an obstacle. This paper includes a focused analysis of the census tracts in Forsyth County. Using a spatial autoregressive model, we find some evidence that less sprawling tracts have higher rates of upward mobility. We find that tracts with more bus stops and less brownfields have higher rates of upward mobility. Though there are data limitations, findings still offer insights for policies and programs that may help in reversing the county’s low mobility rates.
Skill Overshooting in Job Training With the Trade Adjustment Assistance Program
Authors: Barnette Justin , Park Jooyoun
Published: January 2021

The authors investigate the training choices made by workers entering the Trade Adjustment Assistance program and their postexit outcomes. This is important as more workers enter these types of programs due to technological change and globalization. Their study shows that workers that choose a training occupation beyond their skill level (skill overshooting) achieve higher earnings ($615 annually) and wage replacement rates (2.0 percentage points) at the cost of lower reemployment rates (−1.9 percentage points) immediately following program exit. An investigation of subsamples shows that skill overshooting is especially beneficial to females and those living in rural areas with earnings gains of $1,443 and $1,080, respectively, without hurting their chances of reemployment.
Gendered Deference: Perceptions of Authority and Competence among Latina/o Physicians in Medical Institutions
Authors: Flores Glenda M. , Bañuelos Maricela
Published: January 2021

Prior studies note that gender- and race-based discrimination routinely inhibit women’s advancement in medical fields. Yet few studies have examined how gendered displays of deference and demeanor are interpreted by college-educated and professional Latinas/os who are making inroads into prestigious and masculinized nontraditional fields such as medicine. In this article, we elucidate how gender shapes perceptions of authority and competence among the same pan-ethnic group, and we use deference and demeanor as an analytical tool to examine these processes. Our analysis underscores three main points of difference: (1) gendered cultural taxation; (2) microaggressions from women nurses and staff and; (3) the questioning of authority and competence to elucidate how gendered racism manifests for Latina/o doctors. Taking demonstrations of gendered deference and demeanors are vital to transforming medical schools and creating more inclusive spaces for all physicians and patients. Conclusions are based on experiences reported in interviews with 48 Latina/o physicians and observation in their places of work in Southern California.
Experimental investigation into polishing of monocrystalline silicon wafer using double-disc chemical assisted magnetorheological finishing process
Authors: Srivastava Mayank , Pandey Pulak M
Published: January 2021

In the present work, a novel hybrid finishing process that combines the two preferred methods in industries, namely, chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) and magneto-rheological finishing (MRF), has been used to polish monocrystalline silicon wafers. The experiments were carried out on an indigenously developed double-disc chemical assisted magnetorheological finishing (DDCAMRF) experimental setup. The central composite design (CCD) was used to plan the experiments in order to estimate the effect of various process factors, namely polishing speed, slurry flow rate, percentage CIP concentration, and working gap on the surface roughness ([Formula: see text]) by DDCAMRF process. The analysis of variance was carried out to determine and analyze the contribution of significant factors affecting the surface roughness of polished silicon wafer. The statistical investigation revealed that percentage CIP concentration with a contribution of 30.6% has the maximum influence on the process performance followed by working gap (21.4%), slurry flow rate (14.4%), and polishing speed (1.65%). The surface roughness of polished silicon wafers was measured by the 3 D optical profilometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were carried out to understand the surface morphology of polished silicon wafer. It was found that the surface roughness of silicon wafer improved with the increase in polishing speed and slurry flow rate, whereas it was deteriorated with the increase in percentage CIP concentration and working gap.
Dual-mode regenerative braking control strategy of electric vehicle based on active disturbance rejection control
Authors: Sun Dongsheng , Zhang Junzhi , He Chengkun , Han Jinheng
Published: January 2021

The traditional regenerative braking control strategy usually uses the torque control mode and does not perform closed-loop control on the charging current, when the vehicle needs to be charged with a small current, the regenerative braking system cannot work effectively. The dual-mode regenerative braking control strategy proposed in this paper unifies the closed-loop control of regenerative current and the closed-loop control of regenerative torque. Especially when the battery is in a state of high charge or the temperature of the battery is too high or too low, this strategy can ensure charging safety, regeneration efficiency, and ride comfort. In the current closed-loop control mode, this proposal uses the ADRC controller to dynamically adjust the motor torque to achieve the purpose of accurately controlling the regenerative current. This method does not need to change the original vector control frame of the motor, which is convenient for engineering applications. The designed regenerative control strategy is verified through typical braking simulation. Bench tests are carried out and the results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the designed strategy. Based on the realization of the safety of charging and the vehicle ride comfort, the proposed regenerative braking control strategy can achieve higher regeneration efficiency under the dynamical limitation of battery charging current, which further expands the operating range of the regenerative braking system.
Recent morphological changes of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) mega-delta in the Anthropocene, China: Impact from natural and anthropogenic changes
Authors: Zhao Yifei , Zou Xinqing , Liu Qing , Xu Min , Yao Yulong
Published: January 2021

Many of the world’s largest deltas are increasingly threatened by impact of climate change and human activities. The Changjiang (Yangtze River) is among the largest river, and its change of delta has received extensive attention. However, many studies covered smaller delta areas, which cannot reflect the changes of the entire delta region. Here, we present an assessment of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) mega-delta (CMD) using 60 years of bathymetric data covering the entire study area in order to gain clear insight into the comprehensive morphological changes in the Anthropocene. The net deposition rate decreased from 3.47 cm/year over the period 1954–1986 to 0.074 cm/year for the period 2005–2013 in the subaqueous-delta because of a dramatic decline in the sediment load. In particular, as the sediment load further decline due to the implementation of soil and water conservation engineering since 1980s, slight erosion occurred at a rate of −0.0019 cm/year during 1986–2002. However, the subaqueous-delta converted to a balanced state from one of slight erosion, and the depocenter moved southward between 2002 and 2013. Consequently, the morphological change of the CMD went through the following periods: fast accumulation from 1954 to 1986, and balanced accumulation/erosion during 1986–2013 (conservative state in1986–2002 and steady state in 2002–2013). Moreover, the subaerial delta of the Changjiang experienced continued progradation; the area of the subaerial delta increased from 14,857.74 km2 in 1974 to 16,039.03 km2 in 2013 (7.9% increase), with a net progradation rate of 29.53 km2/year; and the most pronounced progradation occurred at Chongming Island and the eastern parts of Nanhui. An important reason for these changes was land reclamation, deep-water channel projects, and shore protection, despite a marked decrease in the river sediment supply. In the future, whether the accumulation/erosion balance continues to be maintained will be an urgent research in the CMD.