bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On analyticity of travelling water waves
Authors: Nicholls David P , Reitich Fernando
Published: April 2005

In this paper we establish the existence and analyticity of periodic solutions of a classical free-boundary model of the evolution of three-dimensional, capillary–gravity waves on the surface of an ideal fluid. The result is achieved through the application of bifurcation theory to a boundary perturbation formulation of the problem, and it yields analyticity
jointly
with respect to the perturbation parameter and the spatial variables. The travelling waves we find can be interpreted as resulting from the (nonlinear) interaction of two two-dimensional wavetrains, giving rise to a periodic travelling pattern. Our analyticity theorem extends the most sophisticated results known to date in the absence of resonance; ‘short crested waves’, which result from the interaction of two wavetrains with unit amplitude ratio are realized as a special case. Our method of proof also sheds light on the convergence and conditioning properties of classical boundary perturbation methods for the numerical approximation of travelling surface waves. Indeed, we demonstrate that the rather unstable numerical behaviour of these approaches can be attributed to the strong but subtle cancellations in the formulas underlying their classical implementations. These observations motivate the derivation and use of an alternative, stable, formulation which, in addition to providing our method of proof, suggests new stabilized implementations of boundary perturbation algorithms.
Flexibility in assessment of prey cues: frog-eating bats and frog calls
Authors: Page Rachel A , Ryan Michael J
Published: April 2005

Predators use cues associated with their prey to assess prey quality and to avoid consuming poisonous prey. Considerable attention has been given to predators' use of aposematic cues to assess prey quality, but little is known about predators that eavesdrop on prey cues that are not intended for them. Here we investigate the prey-cue/prey-quality associations of a predator that eavesdrops on the sexual advertisement signals of its prey. Stability is expected in prey-cue/prey-quality associations when mistakes in prey assessment are lethal. Conversely, flexibility is possible when mistakes are less costly. Predators that must respond to temporal and spatial fluctuations in prey availability should be more flexible in their assessment of prey quality. Given these predictions, we examined flexibility in the ability of wild-caught bats to reverse prey-cue/prey-quality associations for a preferred prey and a poisonous one. We found that the predatory bat,Trachops cirrhosus, has a heretofore undescribed ability to reverse its evaluations of the cues that signal preferred prey.
Multi-branching flows from one mother tube to many daughters or to a network
Authors: Bowles R.I , Dennis S.C.R , Purvis R , Smith F.T
Published: April 2005

Multiply branching fluid flows are modelled in two contexts. The first (type I) is for one-to-many branching. Computations are described for flow through a channel, with fully developed motion upstream, which branches abruptly into a number of subchannels downstream. The differences in pressure between the upstream end of the channel and the downstream ends of the subchannels are substantial. Comparisons with recent analytical predictions show fair agreement for Reynolds numbers in the low tens and above. The second context (type II) has successive generations of bifurcation in a network. Modelling, computations and analysis include the effects of many bifurcations.
Droplet impact on water layers: post-impact analysis and computations
Authors: Purvis R , Smith F.T
Published: April 2005

An inviscid model of droplet impact into a water layer is examined analytically for small times just after impact and computationally for order-one distortion times. Various layer depths are considered, as are surface-tension effects. Good correspondence is found between analysis, computation and experiments.
A monoclonal antibody recognizing a complex tubular structure in rainbow trout pillar cells
Authors: Köllner B. , Mundt E. , Fischer U.
Published: April 2005

Pillar cells are important to maintain the structural integrity of the fish gills. This study describes a new monoclonal antibody (mab 25) which detects a complex tubular structure of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gill pillar cells. This mab was selected and established after immunization of mice with density gradient separated trout mononuclear cells. In primary screening using a cell enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) the corresponding hybridoma supernatant reacted with viable and fixed trout leukocytes. In immunofluorescence analysis mab 25 showed a distinct reaction with a prominent snow chain like tubular structure in pillar cells. It consists of seven to 11 concave turned tubuli of about 5 μm length forming a circle of about 7 μm. Reactivity of mab 25 with fibrous structures was observed in cryostat sections of gill, pseudobranchia, spleen, striated muscle and heart muscle. mab 25 recognized a protein with a molecular weight of about 58 kDa as determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. This structure appears to be related to elements which have been described as membrane enclosed collagen columns by electronmicroscopic analysis and is reminiscent of patterns labelled with anti‐human cytokeratin antibodies. mab 25 may be an important tool to study the impact of environmental and physiological conditions on the structural integrity of this complex structure in trout gill pillar cells.
Mouth morphology, testes size and body size in male Tilapia zillii: implications for fighting and assessment
Authors: Neat F. C.
Published: April 2005

In Tilapia zillii, the outcome of fights is closely related to difference in testis weight between opponents rather than differences in body weight. Testes size was predictable statistically on the basis of the size of the mouth in relation to body size, suggesting that among other functions mouth morphology may have evolved to facilitate assessment during fighting.
How we do it: Nerve monitoring in ENT surgery: current UK practice
Authors: Hopkins C. , Khemani S. , Terry R.M. , Golding‐Wood D.
Published: April 2005

Keypoints

• Nerve injury may complicate mastoid, thyroid, parotid or cervical lymph node surgery. Continuous intra‐operative monitoring may help prevent such injury.

• Nerve monitoring is used by 51% of UK consultant surgeons performing primary mastoid surgery, 90% undertaking parotid surgery, and 24% of surgeons performing routine thyroid surgery.

• The efficacy of such monitoring in reducing nerve injury during these procedures has not been established. Unless such evidence emerges, a surgeon will not automatically be considered negligent if operating without monitoring.
Differences in coping style and locus of control between older and younger patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Derks W. , de Leeuw J.R.J. , Hordijk G.J. , Winnubst J.A.M.
Published: April 2005

Objectives:  This prospective study analyses whether older and younger patients with cancer of the head and neck make use of different coping styles and locus of control mechanisms, and how these mechanisms are related to quality of life (QOL) and depressive symptoms.

Design:  Before treatment, 78 older (≥70 years) and 105 younger patients (45–60 years) with carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx (stage II–IV), or larynx (stage III–IV) completed questionnaires on QOL (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30), depression (CES‐D), coping (Utrecht Coping List), and locus of control (Cancer Locus of Control Scale). Fifty‐one older and 70 younger patients completed the follow‐up questionnaires at 6 and 12 months.

Results:  Before treatment and at 12 months, the number of depressive symptoms and QOL scores, apart from physical functioning, did not differ between the two groups. Before treatment and at 6 months, younger patients used active coping strategies significantly more often and they perceived more internal control over the cause of their disease. Older patients used religious coping and religious control more frequently at all assessments. In both groups, avoidance coping was associated with more depressive symptoms and a worse QOL.

Conclusions:  Although older and younger patients use different coping and locus of control strategies, this does not give rise to differences in QOL and depressive symptoms after treatment.
Hypoxia and anaemia in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma – mechanisms of therapy failure and provision of new therapeutic targets
Authors: Winter S.C.A. , Corbridge R.J. , Cox G.J. , Harris A.L.
Published: April 2005

Keypoints

• Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents the sixth most common tumour worldwide.

• Tumour hypoxia and anaemia are both independent prognostic indicators of disease free and overall survival in solid tumours, including HNSCC.

• Hypoxia promotes tumour progression through the hypoxia inducible factor 1 pathway (HIF‐1), upregulating factors that control angiogenesis, glycoloysis, pH regulation, erythropoiesis and apoptosis.

• Oxygen delivery to tumours is influenced by the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, and therefore anaemia may promote tumour hypoxia.

• Targeting the HIF‐1 pathway and anaemia represent potential therapeutic targets in HNSCC and other solid tumours.
Assessment of Cottle's areas through the application of a mathematical model deriving from acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometric data
Authors: Zambetti G. , Filiaci F. , Romeo R. , Soldo P. , Filiaci F.
Published: April 2005

Objectives:  Each nasal area, as defined by Cottle, has a different influence on the nasal airflow. The longitudinal distribution of resistances in nasal cavities was calculated by the anterior rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry data.

Design:  Dynamic study of Cottle's areas in normal subjects was carried out by rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry.

Setting:  Study by the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Rome‐La Sapienza.

Participants:  Twenty‐seven Caucasian adults in local and general healthy conditions took part and completed this study, with a total of 54 nasal cavities included because of negativity at ENT‐examination and clinical history, with normal respiratory parameters at the rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry.

Main outcome measures:  We determined nasal and acoustic resistances, nasal volumes and cross‐sectional surface areas, as defined by Cottle, using nasal endoscopy. The longitudinal distribution of nasal resistances was obtained by integrating experimental surface areas using a novel mathematical model. The estimation of the longitudinal nasal resistance variations as a result of a theoretical reduction of the surface areas.

Results:  The reduction of the 2–3–1 areas (in this order of importance) showed the greatest influence on the nasal resistances with coefficients of determinations greater than 0.98, this being quite different from that of the areas 4 and 5 for quite smaller area reduction percentages.

Conclusions:  The areas 2–3–1 control the overall nasal resistance so the surgical procedures on these areas greatly influence the dynamics of nasal airflow. The mathematical model developed here gives useful information to nasal functional surgery and may be applied to other schemes of nasal cavity.
Prevention of cerumen impaction by treatment of ear canal skin. A pilot randomized controlled study
Authors: Saloranta K. , Westermarck T.
Published: April 2005

Objectives:  To evaluate the effect of topical skin treatment of the ear canal in the prevention of impacted earwax.

Design:  The study was prospective, randomized and controlled.

Setting:  Secondary ORL care and Institute for the Mentally Retarded.

Participants:  Thirty‐nine consecutive patients aged 1–74 years. Selection criteria were impacted earwax more than once a year and impacted earwax completely obstructing the lumen of the ear canal at the time of inclusion. Patients were randomized to active therapy or no intervention. The active therapy was Ceridal® lipolotion instilled in the ear canal with a syringe once a week for 12 months. In the control group, earwax was removed without other intervention. The lipolotion was administered by the participants themselves with exception of the mentally retarded who were treated by nurses. Follow‐up visits were at 3 and 12 months.

Main outcome:  The main outcome was recurrence of impacted earwax with complete obstruction of the ear canal. There was significantly lower recurrence rate of impacted earwax in the treated compared with the control group (23%versus 61%, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  This study suggests that prophylactic treatment of the ear canal with a topical emollient may prevent formation of impacted earwax.
How we do it: Stapes surgery without postoperative packing of the external auditory canal
Authors: Hirvonen T.P.
Published: April 2005

Keypoints

• Packing of the external auditory canal after ear surgery has been a clinical practice to assure haemostasis and to allow reposited ear canal skin to heal.

• The healing of minor transcanal incision without any postoperative tamponation or local medication has not been reported.

• The treatment rationale was local anaesthesia, tympanomeatal flap through a speculum, careful reposition of the flap, and neither packing nor ear drops to the external auditory canal postoperatively.

• The postoperative complications were rare and temporary.

• The external auditory canals remained patent postoperatively in significant proportion of the patients despite some blood clot accumulation. Thus the need for scheduled follow‐up visits with this treatment rationale seems to be reduced.
A novel isoform of Vinexin, Vinexin γ, regulates Sox9 gene expression through activation of MAPK cascade in mouse fetal gonad
Authors: Matsuyama Makoto , Mizusaki Hirofumi , Shimono Akihiko , Mukai Tokuo , Okumura Katsuzumi , Abe Kuniya , Shimada Kiyoshi , Morohashi Ken‐ichirou
Published: April 2005

Recent loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function studies have revealed that transcription factor Sox9 is required for testis formation by governing Sertoli cell differentiation, and thereafter regulating transcription of Sertoli marker genes. In the present study, we identified a novel isoform of Vinexin, which is expressed in somatic cells but not germ cells of sexually indifferent stages of fetal gonads. After the sex is determined, the expression continues in testicular Sertoli cells. Immunohistochemical analyses with a specific antibody to Vinexin indicated that Vinexin γ is localized in the cytoplasm. Functional studies with C3H10T1/2 cells showed that Vinexin γ acted as a scaffold protein to activate MEK and ERK through interaction with c‐Raf and ERK. Ultimately, Sox9 transcription was induced by Vinexin γ. This up‐regulation of Sox9 expression disappeared when the cells were treated with a specific MEK inhibitor, U0126. To determine the role of Vinexin γ during gonad formation, the gene was disrupted by targeted mutagenesis. The phenotype displayed by the mice indicated that ERK activation was decreased in the Vinexin γ−/– XY gonads, and Sox9 expression was down‐regulated. Thus, Vinexin γ seems to be implicated in regulation of Sox9 gene expression by modulating MAPK cascade in mouse fetal gonads.
Processes for disciplining nurses for unprofessional conduct of a serious nature: a critique
Authors: Johnstone Megan‐Jane , Kanitsaki Olga
Published: April 2005

Aims.  This paper critiques the deliberative processes used by the discipline panels of an Australian statutory nurse regulating authority when appraising the alleged unprofessional conduct of nurses and determining appropriate remedies.

Background.  Little is known about the nature and effectiveness of the deliberative processes used by nurse regulating authorities (NRAs) disciplinary panels established to appraise and make determinations in response to allegations of unprofessional conduct by nurses.

Methods.  A qualitative exploratory descriptive/pragmatic research approach was used. Data were obtained from two case‐orientated sampling units: (1) 84 Reasons for Determination made between 1994 and 2000 and (2) a purposeful sample of 12 former and current nurse regulating authority members, nurse regulating authority staff and a nurse regulating authority representative who had experience of disciplinary proceedings and/or who had served on a formal hearing panel. Data were analysed using content and thematic analysis strategies.

Results.  Attitudinal considerations (e.g. whether a nurse understood the ‘wrongness’ of his or her conduct; accepted responsibility for his or her conduct; exhibited contrition/shame during the hearing; was candid in his or her demeanour) emerged as the singularly most significant factor influencing discipline panel determinations. Disciplinary action is taken appropriately against nurses who have committed acts of deliberate malfeasance. NRAs may not, however, be dealing appropriately with nurses when disciplining them for making honest mistakes/genuine practice errors.

Conclusion.  Traditional processes used for appraising and disciplining nurses who have made honest mistakes in the course of their work need to be substantially modified as they are at odds with the models of human error management that are currently being advocated and adopted globally to improve patient safety and quality of care in health care domains.
Palliative care for patients with cancer: district nurses’ experiences
Authors: Dunne Kathleen , Sullivan Kate , Kernohan George
Published: April 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring district nurses’ experiences of providing palliative care for patients with cancer and their families.

Background.  There is an increasing demand for palliative care in the community, as many patients wish to die at home. District nurses are central to providing palliative care in the community, but there is a dearth of literature on district nurses’ experiences in palliative care.

Method.  A Husserlian phenomenological approach was adopted with a purposive sample of 25 female district nurses. Data were collected using unstructured, tape‐recorded interviews and analysed using Colaizzi's seven stages of data analysis.

Findings.  Four themes were identified: the communication web; the family as an element of care; challenges for the district nurse in symptom management and the personal cost of caring.

Conclusions.  District nurses’ experiences of providing palliative care to family units was challenging but rewarding. The emotive nature of the experience cannot be under‐estimated, as many district nurses were touched by the varying situations. Whilst acknowledging the need to maintain an integrated approach to care, district nurses should be identified as the key workers in the complex situation of palliative care.
Hardiness in families of young children with asthma
Authors: Svavarsdottir Erla Kolbrun , Rayens Mary Kay
Published: April 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study (a) to assess whether there are cultural and gender differences in parents’ general well‐being, sense of coherence and perception of family hardiness when they have a young child with asthma; and (b) to examine the effects of parents’ sense of coherence and well‐being on family hardiness.

Background.  Research on hardiness, a resilience factor that fosters adaptation over time, has been widely studied from an individual perspective, but less from the viewpoint of the family unit. In particular, no study was found that assessed how members of a couple interact to affect their family's hardiness. Consideration of this dyadic phenomenon may provide unique insight about how family members interact with each other faced with a challenge, such as the chronic illness of a child.

Methods.  A cross‐sectional research design was used with a sample of 137 two‐parent families [76 from Iceland and 61 from the United States of America (USA)]. Questionnaires measuring sense of coherence, parents’ well‐being and family hardiness were used, and demographic data were also collected.

Results.  The most striking differences in well‐being were between mothers and fathers. In addition to a lower average on the total score for the well‐being scale, mothers had poorer scores than fathers on the subscales of depression, self‐control, vitality, and general health. Family hardiness differed between countries. The regression indicated that the individual's sense of coherence, depression and positive well‐being (all actor effects), as well as the partner's anxiety (partner effect) all contributed significantly to family hardiness, as did nationality.

Conclusion.  Focused interventions for families with young children with asthma should be developed to enable them to feel more confident in using their resources to meet their demands and increase parents’ general well‐being and family adaptation. Research is needed to develop and test such interventions, particularly with diverse participant samples, encompassing not only a variety of ethnicities, but also a range of children's ages.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Care Dependency Scale
Authors: Dijkstra Ate , Tiesinga Lucas J. , Plantinga Liesbeth , Veltman Getine , Dassen Theo W.N.
Published: April 2005

Aim.  This paper reports an investigation of the diagnostic accuracy of the Care Dependency Scale (CDS).

Background.  Assessment tools can be described in terms of diagnostic accuracy, or the ability to correctly classify subjects into clinically relevant subgroups. Diagnostic accuracy can be determined by several techniques as sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating curve analysis and likelihood ratios.

Method.  A cross‐sectional design was used with data from 237 patients from two studies. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of the CDS and the Barthel Index (BI). The CDS is a relatively new instrument and should be validated by comparison against an established gold standard, in this case the BI. Measures to quantify the validity of diagnostic tests, such as sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, prevalence and likelihood ratios were calculated. In addition, the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to report the test accuracy of the CDS and to determine an appropriate cut‐off point for care dependency detection.

Findings.  The prevalence in the sample study was very high (84%). The area under the ROC curve for the CDS was 0·81, which indicates moderate diagnostic accuracy. Patients with a CDS sumscore ≤68 (rule‐out cut‐off point) were classified as care dependent, all others as independent. The determination of the appropriate cut‐off point was based on sensitivity (0·85) and positive predictive valued (0·90).

Conclusion.  The CDS may be used for to estimate care dependency among hospital patients with various conditions.
Activation of Hypothalamic ATP‐Sensitive K+ Channels by the Aminoguanidine Carboxylate BVT.12777
Authors: Mirshamsi S. , Laidlaw H. A. , Spanswick D. , Ashford M. L. J.
Published: April 2005

Derivatives of 3‐guanidinopropionic acid, such as leptin, reduce body weight in obese, diabetic mice. We have assessed whether one of these analogues, BVT.12777 activates intracellular signalling pathways in the arcuate nucleus in a manner analogous to leptin and insulin. In addition, because these hormones have been shown to activate KATP channels in a subset of arcuate neurones, we examined whether this channel is also a functional endpoint for BVT.12777 in the arcuate nucleus. BVT.12777 transiently increased phosphorylation of MAPK, STAT3, PKB and GSK3, in a manner identical to that observed for leptin and insulin. BVT.12777 also hyperpolarized glucose‐responsive neurones by increasing the activity of KATP channels. The increase in KATP activity driven by BVT.12777 was PI3‐kinase independent, unlike leptin and insulin activation of this channel, and could also be elicited in isolated patches. However, KATP activity induced by BVT.12777 was dependent on actin filament dynamics, both in intact neurones and isolated patches. Thus, BVT.12777 modulates arcuate neurone KATP activity by re‐organization of the cytoskeleton, a mechanism that has also been ascribed to leptin and insulin. Consequently, BVT.12777 appears to act as a leptin and insulin mimetic with respect to at least some elements of arcuate neurone intracellular signalling and the activation of KATP channels. Resistance to leptin and insulin, associated with obesity has, at least in part, been postulated to be due to aberrant intracellular signalling in arcuate neurones. The data presented here indicate that it may be possible to develop drugs, which by‐pass up‐stream signalling components associated with adiposity hormone resistance, such as PI3‐kinase, but can still induce functional outputs from arcuate neurones by targeting downstream components of the leptin and insulin signalling cascades.
Bio‐sorption of acidic gelatine hydro‐gels implanted in the back tissues of Fisher's rats
Authors: TAIRA M. , FURUUCHI H. , SAITOH S. , SUGIYAMA Y. , SEKIYAMA S. , ARAKI Y. , TABATA Y.
Published: April 2005

summary  Recent advance in tissue engineering therapy requires new scaffold materials. Acidic gelatine powders (10 wt%) were, thus, dissolved in water, were or were not cross‐linked, and freeze‐dried. After sterilization, prepared small sponges were implanted in 7‐week‐old Fisher's rats’ subcutaneous tissues for up to 2 weeks. Sponges absorbed body fluid and changed into hydro‐gels in vivo. Non‐cross‐linked hydro‐gels were absorbed within 3 days, while cross‐linked hydro‐gels were eliminated after 7 days’ implantation. Histological observations revealed that the common captivation process was mild while granulocytes and macrophages were encountered. Because acidic gelatine sponges can accommodate various basic growth factors, it can be speculated that prepared sponges might be used as short‐time hydro‐gel scaffolds and growth‐factor carriers.
Microleakage of glass–ionomer cement placed in association with non‐setting calcium hydroxide
Authors: MAHMOOD S. A. , WOOD D. J. , BOYLE E. L. , JARAD F. D. , YOUNGSON C. C.
Published: April 2005

summary  The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether non‐setting calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH)2] cement placed in the root canal system of premolar teeth would affect the subsequent microleakage of a glass–ionomer restoration (GIC). Following selection, 62 human premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons were accessed and root canals prepared according to a standardized procedure. The specimens were then allocated randomly into two major groups each of 30 teeth. Two other teeth were used as a positive and a negative control. The control group was restored with glass–ionomer cement following drying of the canal and placement of a cotton wool pledget. The test group had all canals dressed with non‐setting Ca(OH)2 and then was subdivided, one set (n=22) being restored following conditioning of the access cavity margins, the other (n=8) having the margins cleaned with a hand excavator. Samples were assessed for microleakage using a two‐point scoring system (leakage or no leakage) in conjunction with a clearing technique using AgNO3. Using Fisher's exact test, a statistically significant difference was found between the control and test groups (P < 0·05) but there was no significant difference between the excavated and conditioned cavities (P=0·55). It is concluded that contamination of access cavity margins with Ca(OH)2 during medication of a root canal interferes with the bond of GIC, resulting in increased microleakage in vitro.
A metabolically active dermal replacement (Dermagraft) for vestibuloplasty
Authors: RAGUSE J. D. , GATH H. J.
Published: April 2005

summary  This article describes the use of tissue‐engineered dermal replacement in the vestibular extension instead of palatal donor tissue or (split‐thickness) skin graft. In three patients the living human‐derived fibroblast skin substitute (Dermagraft) was implanted on the wound surface after mucogingival junction and supraperiosteal dissection. Following application of Dermagraft, epithelial closure starting from the resection margins of the defect was observed, obviating further surgical treatment. Vestibular depth was increased and no scarring or frena occurred. Tissue‐engineered dermal replacement consisting of living human fibroblasts appears to be a useful substitute for autogenous grafts in pre‐prosthetic surgery, offering the advantages of unlimited availability, good colour match and no donor site morbidity.
The comparison between pains, difficulties in function, and associating factors of patients in subtypes of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: KINO K. , SUGISAKI M. , HAKETA T. , AMEMORI Y. , ISHIKAWA T. , SHIBUYA T. , SATO F. , AMAGASA T. , SHIBUYA T. , TANABE H. , YODA T. , SAKAMOTO I. , OMURA K. , MIYAOKA H.
Published: April 2005

summary  The aim of this study was to compare the multidimensional properties among subtypes of painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD): myofascial pain (group I), disc displacement (group II), arthralgia (group IIIa) and osteoarthritis (group IIIb). A total of 511 patients answered a battery of questionnaires, which included questions relating to intensity and duration of pain, the Japanese version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, limitation of daily functions, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire short‐form and 34 items of behavioural contributing factors. Group IIIb showed significantly the highest age in all subtypes. Those in group I had higher depression scores than those in group II (P=0·005). Group IIIa had a lower women's ratio than in group II (P=0·001) and the patients showed a shorter pain duration than those in groups I (P=0·000) and II (P=0·001). Group IIIa patients also showed lower visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings for pain descriptors ‘heavy’ (P=0·002) and ‘tiring’ (P=0·004) than those of group I, and ‘dull’ (P=0·005), ‘heavy’ (P=0·001) and ‘tiring’ (P=0·005) than those of group II. Group IIIa showed lower ratios of contributing factors of ‘an awareness of grinding/clenching during sleep’ (P=0·000) and ‘an awareness of clenching sensation when waking up at night’ (P=0·002) than those of group I, and also showed a higher ratio of ‘a liking for a hard food’ (P=0·000) and lower ratio of ‘talking for a long time on the telephone’ (P=0·001) than those of group II. In conclusion, although several properties were different between subtypes, the majority of them were similar in the four subtypes of TMD.
Diagnosis of allergy syndromes: do symptoms always mean allergy?
Authors: Eigenmann P. A.
Published: April 2005

Allergic disease has become a major burden in westernized societies because of a recent rise in its prevalence. Approximately one‐third of children suffer from an allergic disease, with the prevalence varying from 15 to 20% for atopic dermatitis, 7 to 10% for asthma and 15 to 20% for allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Despite the increase, it is important not to assume a diagnosis of allergy on the basis of symptoms alone, because allergic and nonallergic conditions may present with similar symptoms. An accurate allergy diagnosis is important in order to treat the patient most appropriately and to potentially prevent or delay the development of allergic disease. A good clinical history is the starting point for accurate allergy diagnosis but is not unequivocal. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology has recognized the importance of allergy testing and therefore developed evidence‐based recommendations on allergy testing in children. Widespread adherence to these recommendations should improve the quality of care for allergy patients. Cooperation between all healthcare professionals involved in the treatment of allergy patients is also a key to improve our response to the allergy epidemic.
Inflation, Price Level and Hybrid Rules under Inflation Uncertainty
Authors: Jääskelä Jarkko P.
Published: April 2005

The performance and robustness of optimised interest rate rules are analysed in a New Keynesian model estimated for the euro area economy. In particular, we examine the properties of rules responding to inflation, the price level, or a combination of the two (a hybrid rule). All the rules also respond to the output gap. The optimal hybrid rule is only marginally superior when there is no model uncertainty. When there is uncertainty about the degree of inflation persistence, the inflation rule is the most robust rule and the performance of the other two rules deteriorates. However, all the rules perform well if the true degree of inflation persistence turns out to be less than policymakers’ estimate.
The Gendered Nature of Mergers
Authors: Collins Grainne
Published: April 2005

This article ties together two research areas: the gendering of organizations and the effects of organizational change on workers. The article then suggests seven reasons why mergers are gendered. These are: possible differences in undermining or eliminating job security between men and women; contract changes; breaking internal contracts; the loss or undermining of gendered tacit knowledge; emotional reactions; risk perception and the discourse of mergers. The article argues for looking at mergers and organizational change through a gender lens.
THE ECLIPSE OF GROWTH CAPITAL
Authors: Waite Stephen R.
Published: April 2005

The truth is that junk bonds were misnamed, and therefore misunderstood.

The Economist, February 9, 1991
SECURITIZATION: A FINANCING STRATEGY FOR EMERGING MARKETS FIRMS
Authors: Hill Claire A.
Published: April 2005

With emerging markets now in crisis, companies in developing countries are finding it difficult to obtain financing. Securitization, a transaction structure in which the securities sold to investors are backed by a company's receivables, is one of the few vehicles with at least the potential to provide financing at economic rates in the current environment of uncertainty.

Unlike U.S. securitization issues, emerging markets transactions often use a structure known as “future flows” securitization, in which the securities are backed by receivables that are not expected to be generated until after issuance. This article begins by describing how the process of future flows securitization carves out securities with levels of political risk acceptable to foreign capital market investors. Then it traces the history of emerging markets securitization from its origins in Latin America to its more recent uses during the Asian crisis. Securitization helped bring foreign investors back to Latin America after its debt crisis of the early 1980s. And while the Asian crisis has sharply reduced new issuance for all kinds of emerging market financings, the volume of securitization issues appears to have declined less precipitously than other types of transactions geared to foreign investors. Moreover, investment bankers are now hard at work planning new securitization issues for companies in both Latin America and Asia.

In exploring the longer‐term effects of securitization on both domestic issuers and their economies, the author suggests that securitization could play a pivotal role in restoring emerging markets companies' access to global financial markets. Indeed, with a few exceptions such as Malaysia, most emerging markets are now responding to the crisis by taking measures to protect investors, such as requiring greater financial transparency and dispelling legal uncertainties that have discouraged securitization in particular and overseas investment more generally.
USING DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS IN AN INTERNATIONAL SETTING: A SURVEY OF ISSUES IN MODELING THE COST OF CAPITAL
Authors: Keck Tom , Levengood Eric , Longfield AL
Published: April 2005

Based on the results of a recent survey of University of Chicago Graduate School of Business alumni, the authors of this article suggest that prevailing corporate practice in valuing overseas investments reflects a flawed understanding of finance theory. Although the survey finds that almost all respondents use the discounted cash flow (DCF) method in some fashion or another, there is significant variation both in the application of DCF and in the weighting that different groups assign to DCF in dealing with segmented markets. Of greater interest, the survey also shows that, as the complexity and uncertainty involved in valuation tasks increases, practitioners appear to place greater reliance on heuristics, or conventional rules of thumb. And in relying on heuristics as perceived risk increases, the authors warn, “people tend to become less consistent, less systematic, and less rigorous in the methods they use to measure and evaluate risk.”

Also of interest to the authors, many practitioners doing international valuations appear to be unwitting adherents to a “multi‐factor” asset pricing model. For, in addition to traditional market factor proxies, they tend to incorporate country‐specific risks, such as political and sovereign risk, into the discount rate. The authors attribute this practice to the implicit (and generally mistaken) assumption that there is a significant relationship between systematic risk and the degree of foreign market segmentation.

Following presentation of their survey results, the authors explore several important issues surrounding international cost of capital. Perhaps most important is the degree of market “segmentation” and how it affects the pricing model (whether a global or a local version of the CAPM, for example) used to calculate the cost of capital. The article provides a framework to help practitioners decide which pricing model is appropriate for valuing a given investment. Moreover, since the cost of capital affects EVA‐type measures of operating performance that are often used in performance evaluation schemes, the framework also can be used to guide senior management in thinking about the proper hurdle rates for their overseas business units.
DOES VENTURE CAPITAL REQUIRE AN ACTIVE STOCK MARKET?
Authors: Black Bernard S. , Gilson Ronald J.
Published: April 2005

The United States has both an active venture capital industry and well‐developed stock markets. Japan and Germany have neither. The authors argue that this is no accident— that venture capital flourishes especially, and perhaps only, when venture capitalists can exit from successful portfolio companies through initial public offerings (IPOs), which in turn require an active stock market.

Understanding the link between the stock market and the venture capital market requires understanding the contractual arrangements between entrepreneurs and venture capital providers, particularly (1) the importance of exit by venture capitalists and (2) the implicit contract over control between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs created by the possibility of exit through an IPO. This possibility gives entrepreneurs a valuable option that, in the event they are successful, allows them to reacquire control of their enterprises from venture capitalists.
CONTROL: GETTING IT AND KEEPING IT IN BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING
Authors: Linder Jane C. , Sawyer Joseph P.
Published: April 2005

Proposals to outsource corporate functions often meet with resistance because of control issues and concerns about proprietary information. But proponents of outsourcing are quick to note that many of these reservations dwell on perceptions and apprehensions, rather than on the track record of outsourced projects. In fact, veterans of successful arrangements observe that outsourcing frees up valuable management time and thus enables an enhanced form of control.

The key is to supplement direct, supervisory control mechanisms like service control agreements and performance tracking with indirect, enabling controls—senior team affiliation, performance visibility, interface management, and employee allegiance—and then lay the groundwork for these enabling controls early in the outsourcing relationship. Rather than getting locked into static controls, forward‐looking managers adopt a broad control framework to go beyond achieving the expected improvements and create the potential to add new value. The result is an outsourcing relationship that can accommodate change, move in a new direction, and seize emerging opportunities.
SOME DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR EQUITY‐BASED PAY
Authors: Hudson Nick , Pichler Karl
Published: April 2005

Almost everyone agrees that equity‐based incentive compensation can play an important role in increasing shareholder value, but there is considerable disagreement as to what that role should be and how equity pay should be packaged. What's more, there has been a backlash against equity pay that has compensation committees, investors, and corporate watchdogs on full alert. The authors of this article provide some basic guidelines for equity pay that could help to restore confidence in this useful element of compensation–guidelines that encompass the type of equity instrument, the level of equity‐based pay, the extent to which equity pay is performance based, and the structure of the equity package in terms of vesting, exercise, and expiry. They start by acknowledging that the role of equity pay is limited by the extent to which shareholder value can be affected by the manager in question. They recommend building steadily to a constant level of stock price exposure and then gradually reducing this level after retirement. For most companies, equity‐based pay should be significant only for a handful of employees; performance based cash bonuses provide better “line‐of‐sight,” especially for operating managers who are somewhat removed from corporate‐wide decisions. And disclosure–both internal and external–is perhaps the most important aspect of equity‐based pay plans.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE AND CROSS‐BORDER VALUATION
Authors: O'Brien Thomas J.
Published: April 2005

Should a corporate financial manager analyze a cross‐border investment proposal from the perspective of the foreign currency or the home currency? The conventional wisdom among economists is that it doesn't matter–the valuation of an asset should be the same in one currency as in another, given the spot FX rate. This assertion implies that it is irrelevant whether we analyze an overseas investment's NPV in the home currency or the foreign currency, as long as we use consistent cross‐border conversions.

But what happens if managers' foreign exchange forecasts differ from the efficient markets forecast that is implicit in interest rates? In that case, as this article demonstrates through a series of examples, managers' FX forecasts can affect their investment, hedging, and financing decisions.
A Conformational Change in the Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Capsid Leads to the Exposure of Hidden VP1 N Termini
Authors: Kronenberg Stephanie , Böttcher Bettina , von der Lieth Claus W. , Bleker Svenja , Kleinschmidt Jürgen A.
Published: April 2005

The complex infection process of parvoviruses is not well understood so far. An important role has been attributed to a phospholipase A
2
domain which is located within the unique N terminus of the capsid protein VP1. Based on the structural difference between adeno-associated virus type 2 wild-type capsids and capsids lacking VP1 or VP2, we show via electron cryomicroscopy that the N termini of VP1 and VP2 are involved in forming globules inside the capsids of empty and full particles. Upon limited heat shock, VP1 and possibly VP2 become exposed on the outsides of full but not empty capsids, which is correlated with the disappearance of the globules in the inner surfaces of the capsids. Using molecular modeling, we discuss the constraints on the release of the globularly organized VP1-unique N termini through the channels at the fivefold symmetry axes outside of the capsid.
Array Analysis of Simian Varicella Virus Gene Transcription in Productively Infected Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Deitch Steven B. , Gilden Donald H. , Wellish Mary , Smith John , Cohrs Randall J. , Mahalingam Ravi
Published: April 2005

Simian varicella virus (SVV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus of monkeys that is a model for varicella pathogenesis and latency. Like human varicella-zoster virus (VZV), SVV causes chicken pox (varicella), becomes latent in ganglia along the entire neuraxis, and reactivates to produce shingles (zoster). We developed macroarrays to determine the extent of viral transcription from all 70 predicted SVV open reading frames (ORFs) in infected cells in tissue culture. Cloned fragments (200 to 400 bp) from the 5′ and 3′ ends of each ORF were PCR amplified, quantitated, spotted onto nylon membranes, and fixed by UV cross-linking. Using a cDNA probe prepared from poly(A)
+
RNA extracted from SVV-infected Vero cells at the height of the cytopathic effect (3 days after infection) and chemiluminescence for detection, transcripts corresponding to all SVV ORFs were identified. The abundance of each SVV transcript was compared with that previously demonstrated for VZV in infected tissue culture cells.
RhoA Signaling Is Required for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Syncytium Formation and Filamentous Virion Morphology
Authors: Gower Tara L. , Pastey Manoj K. , Peeples Mark E. , Collins Peter L. , McCurdy Lewis H. , Hart Timothy K. , Guth Alex , Johnson Teresa R. , Graham Barney S.
Published: April 2005

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that can cause severe and life-threatening respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults. RSV infection of HEp-2 cells induces the activation of RhoA, a small GTPase. We therefore asked whether RhoA signaling is important for RSV replication or syncytium formation. The treatment of HEp-2 cells with
Clostridium botulinum
C3, an enzyme that ADP-ribosylates and specifically inactivates RhoA, inhibited RSV-induced syncytium formation and cell-to-cell fusion, although similar levels of PFU were released into the medium and viral protein expression levels were equivalent. Treatment with another inhibitor of RhoA signaling, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, yielded similar results. Scanning electron microscopy of C3-treated infected cells showed reduced numbers of single blunted filaments, in contrast to the large clumps of long filaments in untreated infected cells. These data suggest that RhoA signaling is associated with filamentous virus morphology, cell-to-cell fusion, and syncytium formation but is dispensable for the efficient infection and production of infectious virus in vitro. Next, we developed a semiquantitative method to measure spherical and filamentous virus particles by using sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the separation of spherical and filamentous forms of infectious virus into two identifiable peaks. The C3 treatment of RSV-infected cells resulted in a shift to relatively more spherical virions than those from untreated cells. These data suggest that viral filamentous protuberances characteristic of RSV infection are associated with RhoA signaling, are important for filamentous virion morphology, and may play a role in initiating cell-to-cell fusion.