bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish passage modelling for environmental flows: Hawkesbury‐Nepean River, NSW, Australia
Authors: Reinfelds Ivars V. , Keenan Helen , Walsh Christopher T.
Published: May 2019

Robust, objective, and repeatable approaches that define flow thresholds for fish passage across critical natural barriers such as riffles, rapids, and waterfalls are required for determining environmental flow strategies. These approaches also provide an opportunity to garner community sector backing for environmental flow releases from dams in support of tangible environmental beneficiaries—native fish. This paper outlines the results of a two‐dimensional hydraulic modelling approach to fish passage assessment for Australian bass (Percalates novemaculeata) that was used to inform the development of an environmental flow regime downstream of Warrragamba Dam, NSW, Australia. Flow rates of ≥500 MLd−1 were found to facilitate depth‐limited upstream passage through a 20‐km river reach that contained 19 natural passage barriers to adult Australian bass up to 400–450 mm in length. Ideal passage conditions were determined at flow rates of ≥1,000 MLd−1. Juvenile bass passage was found to be inhibited by high velocities at flow rates >250 MLd−1, with flows of 100–250 MLd−1 providing ideal conditions for juvenile passage. Fish length, body depth, and caudal fin depth data, as used in this study for Australian bass, provided more precise fish passage depth thresholds. Precision in fish passage assessments is important as each centimetre of additional flow depth influences cost–benefit analyses of environmental flow releases versus consumptive water uses. Although hydraulic modelling and field‐based approaches to fish passage assessment are well established, there is currently a lack of published data on native Australian freshwater fish length, body depth, and caudal fin depth data for use in fish passage assessments and for inclusion in “fish‐friendly” government policy initiatives.
National classification of surface–groundwater interaction using random forest machine learning technique
Authors: Yang Jing , Griffiths James , Zammit Christian
Published: May 2019

Characterization of surface–groundwater interaction is an increasingly useful skill for riverine ecologists and water resource managers interested in the dynamics of water, nutrient, and micro‐organism exchange at the reach scale, as it can be used to better represent point‐scale processes within larger catchment‐scale models. This study describes a method for predicting the nature of reach‐scale surface–groundwater interaction, using the random forest (RF) machine learning technique with national‐scale geology, hydrology, and land use data. Observed stream flow depletion and accretion surveys from riparian areas and spring‐line flow accretion surveys were also used. The RF model allowed prediction of observed losing and gaining reaches with a high prediction accuracy (“out‐of‐bag” error < 10%). The performance of the model, however, was found to be dependent on the geographic administrative region. The model was also found to be sensitive to slope, distance to headwater, distance to coast, and underlying geological characteristics. When applied in New Zealand, this approach yielded a realistic conceptual representation of national surface–groundwater dynamics that are subsequently being used to inform a national‐scale hydrological model.
Effect of chewing gum on stress, anxiety, depression, self‐focused attention, and academic success: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Yaman‐Sözbir Şengül , Ayaz‐Alkaya Sultan , Bayrak‐Kahraman Burcu
Published: May 2019

Chewing gum is thought to increase focus via a reduction in stress and anxiety. Chewing gum contributes to success by improving short‐term memory. This study was conducted to determine the effect of chewing gum on stress, anxiety, depression, self‐focused attention, and exam success. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a total of 100 students. In the long‐term (19 days) and short‐term (7 days) chewing gum groups, the pretest scores of depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher than the posttest scores. Although the posttest scores on the self‐focused attention subscale were higher than the pretest scores in long‐term chewing gum group, there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores in this group. The academic success mean scores of the long‐term experimental group students were higher than those of the other groups. Students are recommended to chew gum before exams in order to overcome exam stress and to enhance exam success. However, chewing gum is not recommended in the long term for students who have difficulty focussing their attention.
Synthesis of Sulfur/Nitrogen‐Enriched Polyimide and Interlayer Application for Inverted Polymer:Nonfullerene Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Dohan , Seo Jooyeok , Lee Chulyeon , Lee Sooyong , Kim Hwajeong , Kim Youngkyoo
Published: May 2019

Herein, it is reported that sulfur/nitrogen‐enriched polyimide can act as a stable interlayer for inverted‐type polymer:nonfullerene solar cells because it improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the devices. The sulfur/nitrogen‐enriched polyimide (E‐PI) interlayers are prepared on the zinc oxide layers via the thermal imidization of corresponding films of soluble precursor polymer, poly(N‐(2‐((carboxymethyl)(2‐((5‴‐methyl‐[2,2″:5″,2″:5″,2‴‐quaterthiophen]‐5‐yl)amino)‐2‐oxoethyl)amino)ethyl)‐N‐(2‐(methylamino)‐2‐oxoethyl)glycine acid), which is synthesized from ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride and 5,5‴‐diamino‐2,2″:5″,2″:5″,2‴‐quaterthiophene. The E‐PI films exhibit high glass transition temperature (≈204 °C) and broad optical absorption up to ≈1000 nm (absorption edge). Results show that the average PCE of polymer:nonfullerene solar cells is increased from 10.86% to 11.6% at the E‐PI thickness of 3 nm. In particular, the stability of polymer:nonfullerene solar cells is clearly improved by inserting the 3 nm‐thick E‐PI interlayers.
Influence of Nutritional Status on Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Avoidance Behavior in a Freshwater Teleost
Authors: Suski Cory D. , Philipp Madison A. , Hasler Caleb T.
Published: May 2019

Challenging environmental conditions can induce voluntary behavioral avoidance in animals. Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) is an environmental stressor that was previously shown to upregulate the stress axis in fish and also causes voluntary avoidance. Variation in individual state or context, such as whether an animal is fasted or fed, can alter animal behavior, including the response to environmental challenges. In the current study, we sought to define the influence of nutritional status on the response of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides to elevated CO2. Two groups of Largemouth Bass—one fed group and one fasted group—were first subjected to a CO2 shuttling protocol to define avoidance thresholds, followed by a CO2 tolerance protocol to define the time required to lose equilibrium and recover. Data showed that although feeding and fasting had no influence on the avoidance of CO2, fasted fish required 17% longer to lose equilibrium in elevated CO2. Avoidance of elevated CO2 is therefore independent of animal state, but fish in poor nutritional condition from fasting are more tolerant. Thus, managers considering elevated CO2 as a nonphysical barrier to deter fish movements should be cognizant of food availability, as fasted animals may require increased partial pressures of CO2 to ensure successful deterrence.
Report of the General Committee: 21
Authors: Wilson Karen L.
Published: May 2019

Decisions of the General Committee are reported on: (1) translations of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and (2) appointment of the members of the post‐Shenzhen Special‐purpose Committees.
The valid publication of Abroma (Malvaceae)
Authors: Lin Qin‐Wen , Liao Shuai , Ma Jin‐Shuang , Wiersema John H.
Published: May 2019

“Abroma” Jacq. and “Ambroma” L.f. have been alternatively adopted in different publications for the same genus of Malvaceae. The correct spelling and ascription of this generic name remain in dispute. Fosberg reviewed the nomenclature of this genus and concluded that Jacquin did not validly publish Abroma in 1776 because he failed to provide a separate generic description or diagnosis, and because validation with a combined genus/species description or diagnosis was not possible, as another prior name (Theobroma augustum L.) was included based on the same type as his sole species A. fastuosum. However, Jacquin had, in fact, validly published his new genus by providing both a generic diagnosis and description after his species description. Given the inconsistent opinions about the author and spelling of the genus in different publications and databases, a detailed clarification is presented here to promote nomenclatural stability of the genus. We hope this explanation will eliminate the erroneous adoption of “Ambroma” L.f., as in the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and Flora of China.
Neutropenia management with palbociclib in Japanese patients with advanced breast cancer
Authors: Masuda Norikazu , Mukai Hirofumi , Inoue Kenichi , Rai Yoshiaki , Ohno Shinji , Mori Yuko , Hashigaki Satoshi , Muramatsu Yasuaki , Umeyama Yoshiko , Iwata Hiroji , Toi Masakuzu
Published: May 2019

Background

The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor palbociclib, in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), significantly prolonged progression-free survival in women with hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced breast cancer (HR+/HER2− ABC) in PALOMA-2 and PALOMA-3. Neutropenia and palbociclib dose reductions/interruptions occurred more frequently in the Japanese versus overall populations. We evaluated neutropenia patterns, palbociclib dose management, and clinical responses after dose reduction in Japanese patients in PALOMA-2 and PALOMA-3 and a single-arm Japanese phase 2 study.

Methods

PALOMA-2 and the Japanese phase 2 study enrolled postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor–positive, HER2− ABC who had not received prior systemic therapy for advanced disease; PALOMA-3 enrolled women with HR+/HER2− ABC, regardless of menopausal status, whose disease had progressed after prior ET. Palbociclib (125 mg/day) was administered 3 weeks on/1 week off. Dose reduction/interruption, cycle delay, tumor response, and laboratory-assessed neutropenia were analyzed in Japanese patients who received palbociclib.

Results

A total of 101 Japanese patients received palbociclib + ET. Among Japanese patients in the 3 studies, the frequency of all-grade/grade 3/grade 4 neutropenia was 94%/53%/34%, 100%/69%/21%, and 100%/67%/26%, respectively. Twenty (63%), 28 (67%), and 15 (56%) patients required palbociclib dose reduction. Dose interruption or reduction did not affect palbociclib treatment duration, and durable tumor response was observed despite dose reduction.

Conclusion

Neutropenia was manageable with dose modifications, without affecting palbociclib treatment duration or efficacy.

Trial registration

Pfizer (NCT01740427, NCT01684215, NCT01942135).
How Ideas and Institutions Shape the Politics of Public Policy
Authors: Béland Daniel
Published: May 2019

This Element provides a critical review of existing literature on the role of ideas and institutions in the politics of public policy with the aim of contributing to the study of the politics of public policy. Because most policy scholars deal with the role of ideas or institutions in their research, such a critical review should help them improve their knowledge of crucial analytical issues in policy and political analysis. The following discussion brings together insights from both the policy studies literature and new institutionalism in sociology and political science, and stresses the explanatory role of ideas and institutions.
Une vie sur plusieurs continents: Microhistoire globale d’un agent arménien de la Compagnie des Indes orientales, 1666-1688
Authors: Aslanian Sebouh David
Published: May 2019

Résumés

En 1666, Jean-Baptiste Colbert décidait d’engager Martin di Marcara Avachinz, un marchand arménien originaire de Perse et d’Inde, comme agent de la Compagnie française des Indes orientales nouvellement instituée. Ce dernier réussit à négocier, auprès du souverain du sultanat de Golconde, l’octroi d’un édit qui permettait aux Français d’ouvrir un comptoir dans le port de Masulipatam en 1669. Cependant, peu de temps après, Marcara fut brutalement arrêté, torturé et envoyé en France par ordre de son supérieur, François Caron. Cet article propose une analyse fouillée des factums, les mémoires judiciaires produits durant son procès tenu à Paris à la suite de sa libération en 1675. À travers une « microhistoire globale » de la vie de Marcara, suivie d’un continent à l’autre, il s’agit de mieux comprendre les mécanismes du commerce de longue distance dans l’océan Indien. L’enjeu est d’abord de comparer le réseau de la Compagnie française des Indes orientales et des autres compagnies à charte avec celui des diasporas négociantes « sans État », représentées ici par les marchands arméniens venus de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa, la ville d’où est originaire Marcara, à la périphérie de la capitale safavide Ispahan. L’article examine ensuite le fonctionnement et le rôle des factums dans la France de l’époque moderne. Enfin, il revient sur la façon dont l’histoire « exceptionnellement normale » de la vie de Marcara témoigne des perceptions françaises de l’Orient, notamment de l’hostilité et de la crainte à l’égard de certaines communautés de marchands, banquiers et courtiers arméniens et indiens.
Predictors of Collegiate Student-Athletes’ Concussion-Related Knowledge and Behaviors
Authors: Bernstein John PK , Calamia Matthew , Mullenix Shelly
Published: May 2019

Objective:

This study aimed to explore student-athletes’ concussion-related knowledge and attitudes toward reporting symptoms, demographic predictors of knowledge and attitudes, and determine whether responses to the survey changed following an online educational intervention.

Methods:

A total of 108 Division I student-athletes enrolled at a large southern university completed a survey evaluating knowledge regarding concussion-related terminology, symptoms and recovery trajectories, as well as attitudes toward reporting symptoms following a possible concussion. Student-athletes completed the questionnaire both 24–48 h before and one week after reviewing the educational presentation.

Results:

At baseline, participants correctly identified 72% of concussion symptoms included in the questionnaire, as well as correctly identified 75% of items related to the typical recovery trajectory post-concussion. A total of 54% of baseline attitudes toward reporting symptoms matched clinical best practices. Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that male sex and non-Caucasian race were associated with worse baseline knowledge of concussion symptoms. Concussion knowledge was not associated with attitudes toward reporting symptoms. Paired samples t-tests indicated that knowledge of concussion-related terminology improved modestly following the educational presentation.

Conclusions:

Some subsets of collegiate student-athletes show relatively lower knowledge about symptoms of concussion than others. As a result, these groups may benefit from increased educational efforts to ensure they recognize when a concussion may have occurred. Additionally, as knowledge and attitudes were unrelated and the intervention had a modest effect on knowledge but not attitudes, future work should explore interventions that are designed to directly alter attitudes.
COOL potatoes? Poland plans to introduce mandatory country of origin labelling for fresh potatoes
Authors: CARREÑO Ignacio , MEDINA PÉREZ Lourdes
Published: May 2019

On 14 November 2018, Poland’s Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development notified the European Commission (hereinafter, Commission) of its intention to introduce mandatory country of origin labelling (hereinafter, COOL) for potatoes on the basis of a Draft Regulation of the Minister for Agriculture and Rural Development amending the Regulation on the labelling of certain foodstuffs (hereinafter, Draft Regulation).1 Poland’s notification is the most recent example of the continuously increasing number of EU Member States’ measures on COOL for foodstuffs. While the EU already provides COOL requirements for fruits and vegetables in Regulation (EU) No 543/2011 of 7 June 2011 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 in respect of the fruit and vegetables and processed fruit and vegetables sectors2 (hereinafter, Regulation (EU) No 543/2011), they do not apply to fresh potatoes.
What Shall we do with the Drunken Sailor? Product Safety in the Aftermath of 3D Printing
Authors: HEINE Klaus , LI Shu
Published: May 2019

This article contributes to the discussion about proper product safety in the wake of disruptive digital technologies. By picking the example of 3D printing we analyse why incumbent product liability law does not incentivise optimal deterrence of harmful 3D printed products. We identify the new business models associated with 3D printing as the main trigger for the non-applicability of incumbent liability law. The new business models are characterised by making no strong reference to economies of scale. As a result, the informational content of specific producers and their products is scarce and the identification of tortfeasors becomes a challenge for the legal system. While there is yet no easy solution to the problem, we provide at the end of the article an inventory of institutions that may take the lead in finding new proper liability rules and safety regulations.
Chaotic mixing in crystalline granular media
Authors: Turuban Régis , Lester Daniel R. , Heyman Joris , Borgne Tanguy Le , Méheust Yves
Published: May 2019

We study the Lagrangian kinematics of steady three-dimensional Stokes flow over simple cubic (SC) and body-centred cubic (BCC) lattices of close-packed spheres, and uncover the mechanisms governing chaotic mixing in these crystalline structures. Due to the cusp-shaped sphere contacts, the topology of the skin friction field is fundamentally different to that of continuous (non-granular) media, such as open pore networks, with significant implications for fluid mixing. Weak symmetry breaking of the flow orientation with respect to the lattice symmetries imparts a transition from regular to strong chaotic mixing in the BCC lattice, whereas the SC lattice only exhibits weak mixing. Whilst the SC and BCC lattices posses the same symmetry point group, these differences are explained in terms of their space groups. This insight is used to develop accurate predictions of the Lyapunov exponent distribution over the parameter space of mean flow orientation. These results point to a general theory of mixing and dispersion based upon the inherent symmetries of arbitrary crystalline structures.
On the large difference between Benjamin’s and Hanratty’s formulations of perturbed flow over uneven terrain
Authors: Luchini Paolo , Charru François
Published: May 2019

Flow over an uneven terrain is a complex phenomenon that requires a chain of approximations in order to be studied. In addition to modelling the intricacies of turbulence if present, the problem is classically first linearized about a flat bottom and a locally parallel flow, and then asymptotically approximated into an interactive representation that couples a boundary layer and an irrotational region through an intermediate inviscid but rotational layer. The first of these steps produces a stationary Orr–Sommerfeld equation; since this is a one-dimensional problem comparatively easy for any computer, it would seem appropriate today to forgo the second sweep of approximation and solve the Orr–Sommerfeld problem numerically. However, the results are inconsistent! It appears that the asymptotic approximation tacitly restores some of the original problem’s non-parallelism. In order to provide consistent results, Benjamin’s version of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation needs to be modified into Hanratty’s. The large difference between Benjamin’s and Hanratty’s formulations, which arises in some wavenumber ranges but not in others, is here explained through an asymptotic analysis based on the concept of admittance and on the symmetry transformations of the boundary layer. A compact and accurate analytical formula is provided for the wavenumber range of maximum laminar shear-stress response. We highlight that the maximum turbulent shear-stress response occurs in the quasi-laminar regime at a Reynolds-independent wavenumber, contrary to the maximum laminar shear-stress response whose wavenumber scales with a power of the boundary-layer thickness. A numerical computation involving an eddy-viscosity model provides a warning against the inaccuracy of such a model. We emphasize that the range $k\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/u_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}<10^{-3}$ of the spectrum remains essentially unexplored, and that the question is still open whether a fully developed turbulent regime, similar to the one predicted by an eddy-viscosity model, ever exists for open flow even in the limit of infinite wavelength.
A NEW SUM–PRODUCT ESTIMATE IN PRIME FIELDS
Authors: CHEN CHANGHAO , KERR BRYCE , MOHAMMADI ALI
Published: May 2019

We obtain a new sum–product estimate in prime fields for sets of large cardinality. In particular, we show that if$A\subseteq \mathbb{F}_{p}$satisfies$|A|\leq p^{64/117}$then$\max \{|A\pm A|,|AA|\}\gtrsim |A|^{39/32}.$Our argument builds on and improves some recent results of Shakan and Shkredov [‘Breaking the 6/5 threshold for sums and products modulo a prime’, Preprint, 2018,arXiv:1806.07091v1] which use the eigenvalue method to reduce to estimating a fourth moment energy and the additive energy$E^{+}(P)$of some subset$P\subseteq A+A$. Our main novelty comes from reducing the estimation of$E^{+}(P)$to a point–plane incidence bound of Rudnev [‘On the number of incidences between points and planes in three dimensions’,Combinatorica 38(1) (2017), 219–254] rather than a point–line incidence bound used by Shakan and Shkredov.
The Last Big One?
Authors: Cooper John
Published: May 2019

Some two hundred psychiatrists from all corners of the globe were gathered together in April for a week in Copenhagen, under the auspices of the World Health Organisation and the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Government (ADAMHA). This meeting was the culmination of a programme of several years preparatory work by representatives of these two organisations, which had its origins in an initiative during Dr Gerald Klerman's period as administrator of ADAMHA. The stated objectives of both the preparatory work and the conference itself were to review the current state of work in classification and diagnosis of mental disorders, to identify gaps in present knowledge, and to define priorities for future collaborative research. Implicit in this programme of work is a realisation that there are many fundamental aspects of diagnosis in psychiatry that can only be studied fruitfully by international collaborative studies. Acceptance of this principle is, in itself, a sign of the progress that has taken place in this field in the last 15 years or so.
From Rome to Jerusalem: An Icelandic Itinerary of the Mid-Twelfth Century
Authors: Hill Joyce
Published: May 2019

In 1940 and 1944 F. P. Magoun published two articles that commented in detail on part of the pilgrim itinerary of a mid twelfth century Icelander who is identified in the text as “Abbot Nikulás.” The first of Magoun's articles deals with Nikulás’ stay in Rome; the second with his journey from Iceland to Rome, and for both parts of the itinerary Magoun provided, for the first time, a translation into English. Nikulás went on from Rome to Jerusalem before returning to Iceland, where he dictated the account of his travels, which survives in a fourteenth-century manuscript.
A Prudent Ambiguity in Saadya Gaon's Book of Doctrines and Beliefs
Authors: Septimus Bernard
Published: May 2019

Among the outstanding scholarly careers of the Jewish Middle Ages, none seems so dominated by polemic as that of Saadya Gaon (882–942). His intellectual environment was crowded with a bewildering array of rival religious groups and philosophical creeds engaged in vigorous debate. The chaotic variety and aggressiveness of intellectual life in Saadya's Baghdad are frequently illustrated by the account of some remarkable theological debating societies given by a contemporary Muslim visitor:

At the first meeting there were present not only people of various [Islamic] sects, but also unbelievers, Magians, materialists, atheists, Jews and Christians, in short, unbelievers of all kinds. Each group had its own leader, whose task it was to defend its views, and every time one of the leaders entered the room, his followers rose to their feet and remained standing until he took his seat. In the meanwhile, the hall had become overcrowded with people. One of the unbelievers rose and said to the assembly: we are meeting here for a discussion. Its conditions are known to all. You, Muslims, are not allowed to argue from your books and prophetic traditions since we deny both. Everybody, therefore, has to limit himself to rational arguments. The whole assembly applauded these words. So you can imagine … that after these words I decided to withdraw. They proposed to me that I should attend another meeting in a different hall, but I found the same calamity there.
The Caesarean Omission of the Phrase ‘Son Of God’ in Mark 1:1
Authors: Globe Alexander
Published: May 2019

Whether the phrase ‘Son of God’ should be included in the first verse of Mark is one of the thorniest New Testament textual cruxes. Nineteenth-century scholars, overawed by its omission in the newly discovered codex Sinaiticus (ℵ = 01) and wary of theological features that did not appear to be primitive, tended to view the phrase with suspicion. Thus Tischendorf, Westcott-Hort, and Nestle banished it from their Greek testament texts, while von Soden placed it in brackets. Although all modern English translations include the phrase (as do the Greek editions of Lachmann, Tregelles, Souter, Merk, and NEB Greek), it is placed in brackets by the widely used United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament and is omitted by the British and Foreign Bible Society's Greek, Aland's Greek Synopsis, Nestle's 25th edition, and some current European vernaculars (including the French version by Jean Grosjean in La Bibliothèque de la Pléiade [Paris, 1971], and the Dutch version of the Netherlands Bible Society, 1951). Three recent discussions of the text reflect the same variety of opinion. Cranfield adduces five “very strong reasons for regarding [the longer text] as original.”
On the Efficacy of a Conditional Contract
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

In connection with section 27 of the Contracts (General Part) Law of 1973, Prof. D. Friedmann has dealt with the nature of the conditional contract. In his view a conditional contract is complete, valid and effective, and only differs from an absolute binding contract in its contents.

One reason for that he finds in the fact that section 27 does not appear in Chapter One of the Law, which treats of the making of a contract, or in Chapter Two, that deals with avoidance of a contract because of a defect in its making, but in Chapter Three, that is concerned with the form and contents of a contract.

To make a contract subject to a condition is certainly not a defect in its making. But the location of section 27 does not of itself yield any of Prof. Friedmann's conclusions. Chapter Three covers contracts which are illegal and therefore invalid (section 30, a propos illegal or immoral contracts, or contracts contrary to public policy) or are at all events void (contracts lacking form ad substantiam, falling within section 23) or contracts that are not enforceable by specific performance or actionable in damages (gaming, betting and lottery contracts, under section 32) or are unjusticiable (contracts for giving marks and the like, regulated by section 33).
Legislative Reaction to Judicial Decisions in Public Law
Authors: Klinghoffer Hans
Published: May 2019

It is known to lawyers in this country, and no news to those who deal with public law or are concerned with the drafting of legislation, that the legislative and the judicial branches of government are engaged in a continuous dialogue. The role of the courts in the dialogue consists of interpreting statutes to be applied by them, while the legislator at times enters into discussion with the Judiciary by reacting to a court decision through legislative action. It is these phenomena in the field of legislation, occurring as reactions to decisions of the courts, which will be briefly considered in the present article.

The determination of the legislative power to act in reply to a judgment of a court may be based on a number of different reasons. One possible reason is that the court expressed an unfavorable opinion upon the contents of a statute and the legislator, in response to the criticism of the judges, amends the statute in order to do away with the imperfections revealed by the court.
Ethnic Pluralism or Melting Pot?: The Dilemma of Rabbinical Adjudication in Israeli Family Law
Authors: Eliash Ben Zion
Published: May 2019

Israeli family law is essentially governed by the personal law of the parties concerned since the religious affiliation of the litigants forms the basis for determination of the applicable personal law. This phenomenon is historically rooted in themilet(religious communities) system practised in the Ottoman Empire, which included Palestine until 1917. Ottoman law, regarding itself as an integral part of Moslem law, adopted the fundamental Islamic notion that its law applied to the “faithful” alone. Hence the judicial autonomy extended to “non-believers”, especially the Jewish and Christian communities. These were subject to their own ecclesiastical courts, administered and supervised by their respective religious heads and authorities. In the second half of the 19th century, with the development of contemporary legal systems, the Ottoman legal system underwent a transition from a personal law to a uniform territorial law in most legal fields. The jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts, Moslem as well as Jewish and Christian, was restricted to purely religious and family matters. The British Mandate, which in 1917 replaced the Ottoman rule in Palestine, principally retained the existing legal order under which the ecclesiastical courts of the respective religious communities were invested with exclusive jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce as well as other matters of personal status.
A Man's Right to be Equal: The Abortion Issue
Authors: Shalev Carmel
Published: May 2019

The law's treatment of abortion has undergone a fundamental transformation in the present century which has been marked by a clear trend towards decriminalization of the matter vis-à-vis the abortionist and the woman. The increasing secularization of society, the advance of libertarian thinking in western democracies and the movement towards social equality for women has increasingly led to the view that the abortion decision is one which properly belongs to the private realm of the individual woman. This view has been reinforced by utilitarian arguments founded on acknowledgement of the fact that the criminal prohibition has always been evaded by a resort to illegal procedures with all the danger to the woman's health that this entails.

Despite religious and moral objections based on the interest in protecting fetal life, the law has responded to pressures for the legitimization of abortion in varying degrees. In some countries abortion has been totally decriminalized and indeed made available on demand; in others decriminalization has been only partial and abortion allowed only upon a showing of cause defined by statute (abortion on cause) or only at certain stages of pregnancy.

On the whole, the law has remained silent as to the status of the father in the abortion decision; in any event he was not subject to any criminal sanction.
Septin6 regulates cell growth and casein synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells via mTORC1 pathway
Authors: Li Bin , Basang Zhuzha , Hu Lijun , Liu Liu , Jiang Nan
Published: May 2019

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that Septin6 is a key regulatory factor influencing amino acid (AA)-mediated cell growth and casein synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). DCMECs were treated with absence of AA (AA−), restricted concentrations of AA (AAr) or normal concentrations of AA (AA+) for 24 h. Cell growth, expression of CSN2 and Septin6 were increased in response to AA supply. Overexpressing or inhibiting Septin6 demonstrated that cell growth, expression of CSN2, mTOR, p-mTOR, S6K1 and p-S6K1 were up-regulated by Septin6. Furthermore, overexpressing or inhibiting mTOR demonstrated that the increase in cell growth and expression of CSN2 in response to Septin6 overexpression were inhibited by mTOR inhibition, and vice versa. Our hypothesis was supported; we were able to show that Septin6 is an important positive factor for cell growth and casein synthesis, it up-regulates AA-mediated cell growth and casein synthesis through activating mTORC1 pathway in DCMECs.
Weeds in New Seedings of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for Seed Production: Competition and Control
Authors: Dawson J. H. , Rincker C. M.
Published: May 2019

Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal′) seeded in April in rows 55 cm apart and kept free of weeds produced 820 kg/ha of seed during the year of seeding. Competition from a dense popualtion (40 plants/m of row) of mixed species of annual weeds reduced the seed yield to 45 kg/ha. Competition from a dense population (55 plants/m of row) of broadleaf weeds, a light population (4 plants/m of row) of broadleaf weeds, or a heavy population (75 culms/m of row) of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.] reduced yields to 80, 310, and 160 kg/ha, respectively. A weed management system, consisting of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) or profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] applied at or before planting, 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid] applied postemergence, trifluralin (α,α,α- trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) incorporated with the soil when the alfalfa was 20 cm tall, interrow tillage, and a modest input of hand labor brought the crop to harvest free of weeds, and the yields of alfalfa seed were similar to those from plots kept weed-free by hand labor only. When weeds within the rows were controlled by hand labor only, labor inputs as great as 930 h/ha were required to bring the crop to harvest free of weeds, whereas labor inputs of 7 to 17 h/ha removed all surviving weeds when effective weed management systems had been applied.
Seasonal Patterns of Growth Regulators in Tubers of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Muñiz B. Fernandez , Tames R. Sanchez
Published: May 2019

Tubers of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) were collected over a 2-yr period to investigate the variation in abscisic acid (ABA) and total phenols throughout the year. The amount of ABA increased gradually from the end of the summer to November when it reached the highest level (6.81 μg/g fresh wt of tubers). This coincided with the onset of dormancy of the tubers in the field. In April, when a maximum of tubers showed sprouting, no free ABA was detected in tuber extracts. These data seem to indicate that free ABA is, in part at least, responsible for the dormant state of tubers. No obvious relation was seen between the state of dormancy of the tubers and their total phenolic content. It is unlikely that the phenolics as a group have one specific role in regulating dormancy of the tubers, but is possible that individual classes, or individual phenols, may possess significant activity.
Temperature Responses and Potential for Spread of Witchweed (Striga lutea) in the United States
Authors: Patterson David T. , Musser Robert L. , Flint Elizabeth P. , Eplee Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Ethylene-stimulated germination of witchweed [Striga luteaLour. =S. asiatica(L.) O. Ktze.] seed first occurred after 13, 10, 6, 3, and 2 days of conditioning in moist sand at day/night temperatures of 20/14, 23/17, 26/20, 29/23, and 32/26 C, respectively. Maximum germination percentages in these regimes were 0.5, 3, 20, 24, and 37%, respectively. No germination occurred at 17/11 C. Witchweed seed survived in sand frozen for 7 weeks at −7 or −15 C and subsequently germinated in response to ethylene or in the presence of corn (Zea maysL., ‘DeKalb B73 × Mo.17H′) roots. The parasites emerged from the soil and flowered when maintained at 29/23 C after the termination of the freezing treatments. In other experiments, witchweed parasitized corn and/or sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘DeKalb E-59+′] root systems in a sandy loam under 26/17, 26/20, 29/20, 32/23, and 32/26 C day/night regimes. Witchweed emerged from the soil with 26/20, 29/20, 32/23, and 32/26 C and flowered with 26/20, 32/23, and 32/26 C day/night regimes. Underground development and subsequent emergence of the parasites were substantially reduced with day/night temperatures below 29/20 C. Winter soil temperatures and growing season soil and air temperatures are unlikely to limit the spread of witchweed into important corn- and sorghum-producing areas of the United States.
Water Stress Increases Alkaloid Concentrations in Threadleaf Groundsel (Senecio longilobus)
Authors: Briske David D. , Camp Bennie J.
Published: May 2019

The influence of water stress on toxic alkaloid concentrations in threadleaf groundsel (Senecio longilobus Benth.) was investigated in a controlled environment by monitoring leaf xylem water potential during a 32-day period, and then analyzing for alkaloid concentration by plant part. Total plant alkaloid concentration increased with increasing severity of water stress. The most severe water stress (−2.0 MPa) for the 32-day period increased alkaloid concentration by 4.6 times, compared to the least stress imposition (−1.0 MPa). Averaged across watering regimes, alkaloid concentrations (percent dry weight) were highest in threadleaf groundsel roots (0.088%) and occurred in similar concentrations in stems (0.046%) and leaves (0.050%). These results indicate the importance of considering the influence of plant water stress when investigating secondary plant compounds.
Persistence of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Herbicides and Injury to Replacement Soybeans (Glycine max) after Stand Failure
Authors: Sharp Tim , Frans Robert , Talbert Ronald
Published: May 2019

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] are often the replacement crop when cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) is abandoned because of stand failure in the southern United States. Injury from cotton herbicides may be reduced if the soybean planting is delayed more than 4 weeks after cotton planting or if the original herbicide-treated area is fully tilled and a new seedbed formed. Planting delay intervals were compared with five cotton preemergence herbicides on Calloway silt loam at one location. Seedbed-preparation methods were included in a similar experiment at two locations on Sharkey silty clay. Herbicides compared were fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Seedbeds compared were no-till and conventional (fully tilled). Soybean planting delays after cotton planting were 20, 29, and 56 days (first year), and 15 and 29 or 15 and 30 days (second year). We found in the 2-yr studies that fluridone severely damaged soybeans both years. Fluometuron and diuron also caused damage the second year when we experienced wet, cool conditions in the spring. Most injury occurred on the clay, with yield reductions occurring even after the 30-day delay. Norflurazon was most injurious at this location. The no-tillage planting method resulted in the least herbicide injury on the silt loam and the conventional tillage method was better on the clay. Detailed studies with fluometuron under incubation conditions showed that degradation was inhibited most by low temperatures and high soil moisture.
Parental Stress and Prechilling Effects on Pennsylvania Smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum) Achenes
Authors: Jordan James L. , Staniforth David W. , Jordan Catalina M.
Published: May 2019

Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.) achenes were harvested from plants growing either free from competition or in competition with corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3780′) plants. Seeds were dormant when harvested. After 15 weeks of prechilling, 4 and 35% of the seeds germinated from plants with and without corn competition, respectively; after 30 weeks of prechilling, more than 92% of all seeds germinated. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the carpel walls of achenes from plants with corn competition were porous with many channels. Carpel walls of achenes from plants without corn competition were without pores and channels. Transmission electron microscopy showed more lipid bodies in the embryo epidermal cells of seeds from plants with corn competition. Cell walls of embryos from non-prechilled seeds from plants with corn competition contained lipoidosomes that traversed cell walls. Lipoidosomes did not occur in cells of prechilled seeds.
Control of Wild Allium Species with Perfluidone in Warm – Season Turf
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide} controlled wild Allium species when applied in the fall, winter, or early spring after the plants had emerged in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and zoysia (Zoysia spp.) turf. A single 3.4- or 4.5-kg/ha rate generally resulted in good to excellent control, but repeated treatments for 2 consecutive yr were required to obtain consistent control.
Variation in Growth Habit and Response to Chemicals among Three Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Selections
Authors: Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

Burs of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) obtained from Stoneville, Mississippi; Urbana, Illinois; and Lamberton, Minnesota, were used in greenhouse and growth chamber studies. The Mississippi and the Illinois strains were both classified as being in the “strumarium” complex of X. strumarium, whereas, the Minnesota strain was classified as being in the “hybrid” complex. The Minnesota common cocklebur developed branch leaves in the leaf axils of the main stem to a much greater extent than did the Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur. The Mississippi common cocklebur was frequently more tolerant of postemergence applications of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] than were the Illinois and Minnesota common cockebur. The Mississippi and Illinois common cocklebur developed leaf necrosis when sprayed with an insecticide formulation containing malathion (o, o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate of mercaptosuccinate) and petroleum solvents; the Minnesota common cocklebur did not.
Tolerance of Three Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivars to Metribuzin
Authors: Barrentine William L. , Hartwig Edgar E. , Edwards Calton J. , Kilen Thomas C.
Published: May 2019

‘Tracy′, ‘Tracy-M′, and ‘Centennial′, soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions for their tolerance to metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one]. The I50(50% injury) concentration of metribuzin, as determined in nutrient culture, for Tracy-M was more than three times the I50for Tracy, but was equivalent to the I50for Centennial. Data from greenhouse and field studies on Sharkey clay and Dundee silt loam soils indicated that Tracy-M was more tolerant to metribuzin than its parent selection, Tracy, but no more tolerant than Centennial when metribuzin was applied preplant soil incorporated or surface preemergence alone or in combination with several dinitroaniline herbicides.
Herbicidal Control of Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca)
Authors: Bhowmik Prasanta C.
Published: May 2019

Five field experiments were conducted to evaluate effectiveness of postemergence herbicidal treatments. Amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole) at 1.1 kg ai/ha and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) at 0.6 kg ai/ha reduced stands of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) for a 4-yr period. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] at 2.2 kg ai/ha reduced stands of milkweed for two to three growing seasons. Glyphosate or amitrole applied in June (early bud stage) more effectively reduced milkweed stands in the second year than did the herbicides when applied in August (post-flowering stage). Treatments of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) did not reduce stands of common milkweed.
Control of Aster (Aster subspicatus) and Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) in Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) with Napropamide
Authors: Shawa Azmi Y.
Published: May 2019

Napropamide [2-(a-naphthoxy)N,N-diethylpropionamide] applied to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarponAit.) as a granular or wettable powder formulation at 20 kg/ha in March 1978 controlled aster (Aster subspicatusNees) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatusL.) without any phytotoxicity to ‘McFarlin’ cranberry vines. Earlier application in February was ineffective, and late application in April injured the vines. Napropamide 10% granular applied at 14 kg/ha in March 1979 controlled aster 90% and birdsfoot trefoil 70%, and the 50% wettable powder formulation controlled aster 90% and birdsfoot trefoil 80%. Applications of granular napropamide at 12 kg/ha in March of 1979 or 1980 controlled both weeds 70%.
Brush Response to Spacing and Individual-Plant Herbicide Treatments
Authors: Meyer Robert E.
Published: May 2019

Soil-applied herbicides were evaluated for control of blackjack oak (Quercus marilandicaMuenchh.), huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), winged elm (Ulmus alataMichx.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.) in Texas. Various spacing of spot treatments of pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} on huisache and live oak and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) on Macartney rose up to a 2.7-m square grid did not change herbicide effectiveness. Pelleted tebuthiuron at 2.2 kg/ha reduced the canopy of live oak and killed a significant percentage of plants; however, differences among herbicide formulations and distance of placement in a grid were small. On unburned plots, 2.2 kg/ha of tebuthiuron applied as pellets at 2.7-m centers and as a broadcast wettable-powder treatment killed fewer yaupon than pellets applied in most broadcast treatments. In individual-plant treatments, bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and picloram solutions at 2 g/plant killed 45% of the yaupon 1.5 to 2 m tall on a fine sandy loam, whereas 0.5 g/plant of either herbicide killed 70% or more of the yaupon plants 1 m tall on a loamy fine sand. Both bromacil and picloram at 1 g/plant killed all blackjack oak and winged elm sprouts 1 to 2 m tall. On a clay soil, 1 g of bromacil/plant killed 79% of the live oak and 88% of the winged elm plants, whereas picloram killed only 38 and 45%, respectively. Neither bromacil nor picloram was effective as soil treatments for killing honey mesquite.