bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Mating Habits of some Web‐spinning Spiders.
Authors: Locket G. H. , Bristowe W. S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A tactile, display may occur in web‐spinners analogous to the visual display of the Attidæ and Lycosidæ and having the same function (e. g. Amaurobius similis).

The female may be ready for the male on his approach and show him no hostility (usually the case with species with a short mating period); the tactile display is now reduced and has a kind of trigger‐action. If, in these cases, a female must be induced to come out of a retreat or onto special threads, the tactile display is more marked.

Females usually attack males after mating, but in some species tolerate them, when, if food is plentiful, a common life may occur.

In some species, males react to threads left by the female and even to those of another male. Possibly threads of males (often spun in female's webs) stimulate females, which would be a factor in the common life of species such as Dictyna, and may be a part of the courtship in other cases.

All females remain motionless during copulation and some assume a rigid cataleptic condition, induced probably by the male's pre‐coition caresses or by the introduction of his style into the epigynum.

In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Professor J. S. Huxley for much valuable advice and encouragement with regard to this paper, to Mr. W. S. Bristowe for allowing me to add his notes to my own and for many helpful criticisms, and to Dr. A. R. Jackson, who has very kindly classified many of my specimens from time to time.
Notes on the Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Excess Base, and Oarbon‐dioxide Pressure of Marine Aquariu u Waters.
Authors: BROWN ELEANOR M.
Published: August 2010

Water from tanks and reservoirs at the Societ.y's Aquarium has bee11 examined over a period of a year with respect to excess base, hydrogen ion concentration salinity, oxygen content, and pal tial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Similar estimations have been carried ont on fresh sea‐water sent froin tile Bay of Biscay, Plymouth outside sea‐water, Plymouth dquariuin water, aud tank water from University College Aquarium, London.

In all cases the values are found to deviate from the normal to a greater or less extent.

Plymouth Aquarium water maintains a nearly constant pH, as it is treated with lime, but is supersaturated with carbon dioxide.

The Society's Aquarium shows the greatest variation in hydrogen ion concentration and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, but the animals adapt themselves to this.

The rate at which the excess base alters in the Aquarium when a new consignment of water is used was examined.

The advantages of liming aquarium water are discussed.
36. The Health and Parasites of a Wild Mouse Population.
Authors: Elton Charles , Ford E. B. , Baker John R. , Gardner A. D.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The trapping of wild mice in sufficient numbers to provide adequate material for routine examinations from month to month is exceedingly laborious, and forms more than half the labour of such an investigation. Of the three common British mice, the Long‐tailed Field‐mouse or Wood‐mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) was chosen as the main object of study. The technique of trapping is described, and also the methods of examination in the laboratory, which involved carefully organised team work on the different aspects of the problem.
54. On the Structure of Larva of Hispine Beetles.
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

As a result of my studies on the larvæ of the Hispinæ, including the present and others published elsewhere, the general ideas arrived at can be summarized as follows; but I reserve the right of altering or modifying them if it is necessary in the light of further study of more material.

The body is always flattened. This is in accordance with the habit of living in the mines the larvæ make in the leaves or living between leaves.

Within the group the larvae exhibit a gradation of structure, principally of the head, which changes from one of well‐formed capsule to a very flattened one, this modification being accompanied by consequent changes in other structures, namely, the mouth‐parts, the antenns, the prothorax, and other body‐segments.

The legs are not always present, but when present they are flexible.

Lateral processes from each segment are usually present, but they may be altogether lost; when such is the case the segment of the body is at least triangularly produced.

The number of segments of the abdomen may be nine or ten, but it is debatable whether it is reduced to eight.

The surface of the skin shows various kinds of structures.

Respiration being important there are various spiracular devices with appropriate modifications of the parts concerned.

Although the head and thorax of the pupa resemble those of the adult and the abdomen that of the larva, these structures may have their own modifications.

The leaves of the food‐plant, owing to the special circumstances of the mode of life of the larvae, have undoubtedly considerable influence on their structure. The physical condition of the leaves, the moisture content, the rate of evaporation of moisture from the leaves are factors which should be taken into account.

Within the limits of a species the characters of the larva seem to be constant. However, there are larvæ which, although they show greater general resemblances among themselves, differing only in details, produce imagos of totally different structure.

It would seem that the larvæ in this group respond more quickly to stimuli and undergo modification of structure more readily than do the adults. It may be said that the larvæ are more plastic. Therefore, in the cases where a doubtful point of relationship is to be settled more reliance should be placed on the adult characters.
17. Coat and Fibre Development in some British Sheep.
Authors: Wildman A. B.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

1. The development of the coat is essentially the same in all breeds examined, viz., Leicester, Southdown, Suffolk down, Oxford down, Dorset down, Scots Blackface, Scots Blackface X Wensleydale, Leicester X Cheviot, Southdown X Leicester, Oxford down X Suffolk down, and Suffolk down X Cheviot.

2. Hair follicles in these sheep begin to develop before wool follicles. Wool fibres grow rapidly, and in late fœtuses are arranged in rows at the skin surface and grow faster than the hairs, which show no special arrangement at the skin surface.

3. Wool follicles in the breeds examined are spirally shaped. The shape of the basal portion of the follicle largely determines the shape of the fibre produced.

4. The development of the wool fibre is essentially the same as that of fibres in mammals generally, but differs in important detail.

5. The sudoriferous or sweat gland is differentiated early, and much sooner than the sebaceous or fat gland. The duct of the sudoriferous gland always opens into the follicle.

6. The structure of the inner root‐sheath layers of all types of follicles is the same as the structure of these layers in the human hair follicle, as described by A. von Brunn (1).

7. Before appearing above the skin, the tip of the young fibre is pushed along a curved passage in the epidermis. This passage is excavated by cells from the sebaceous gland.

8. It is shown that during growth of the wool follicle in the Scots Blackface X Wensleydale cross, the level of the arrector‐muscle insertion changes from the lower half to the upper half of the follicle.
18. The Morphology of the Central Nervous System of the Cteno‐glossa (Cephalopoda).
Authors: Robson G. C.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The features of the central nervous system of the Ctenoglossa may thus be summarised. The suboesophageal complex shows distinct abdominal, pedal, and brachial elements, not as separate ganglia, but as clearly differentiated parts. This is a condition not found in any Heteroglossate nor in Vitreledonella. The lateral commissure is longer than in Octopus, Eledone, and Vitreledonella, but not so long as in Argonauta. There is a well‐developed brachial commissure, as in most of the Octopoda. The degree of fusion between the cerebral and the superior buccal ganglia is slight, but they are in close contact. None of the Incirrata appear to differ much in this respect. The cerebral ganglion is divided into three lobes only (instead of four, as in the Heteroglossa), and the verticalis is not subdivided into lateral and median gyri. In Vitreledonella there is one lobe less and the posterior is tripartite (?= subdivisions of the verticalis).

It will thus be seen that as regards the brachial ganglion the Ctenoglossa are less specialized than the Incirrata (including Vitreledonella). As regards the length of the lateral commissure the same is true, though Argonauta is even less specialised. They agree with the other Incirrata in possessing a well‐developed brachial commissure and in the close approximation of the cerebral and superior buccal ganglia. The cerebral ganglion is less subdivided than in the Heteroglossa.

The result of this study supports the view recently put forward that the Ctenoglossa and Vitreledonellidae should be separated, as their central nervous systems are definitely dissimilar. Whether on the characters of the nervous system alone one would treat the latter as more closely related to the Incirrata I am somewhat doubtful. When I previously examined this question I was impressed by the great degree of condensation in the system of Vitreledonella and its likeness therein to the other Heteroglossa. It is now, however, apparent that the system contains special features, and though it might pass for a more condensed type of, e. g., Octopod system, it is less evolved in the character of the cerebral ganglion. On this system it seems to me an open question whether we should regard Vitreledonella as a highly evolved Heteroglossate in which the cerebral ganglia have undergone less division, or whether it should be placed in a group of its own equivalent to the Heteroglossa.
On the Structure of Larvæ of Hispine Beetles.—III
Authors: Maulik S.
Published: August 2010

The structure of the immature stages shows clearly that the genus Platyauchenia should be removed from the Cassidinæ and put in the Hispinæ.

The head, though of a true miner, does not show any of the types of structure previously recorded as belonging to a miner.

The mouth‐parts have become greatly simplified.

The last segment of the abdomen belongs to one of the types described as occurring among the Hispinæ, and they do not show any of the typical abdominal modifications of the Cassidine larvæ.

The last pair of spiracles open laterally, a modification which has not been previously recorded in the Hispinæ.
Notes on Australian Snakes of the Genera Pseudechis and Oxyuranus.
Authors: Thomson Donald F.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Pseudechis platycephalus is allied to P. australis Gray, but differs from it and all other members of the genus in possessing:

Grooved palatine and pterygoid teeth;

Obtuse keels or ridges on the scales of the dorsal line.
Morphological Notes on the Terrestrial Triclad Rhynchodemus britannicus Percival.
Authors: Eastham L. E. S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The occurrence in Sheffield of the terrestrial planarian Rhynchodemus britannicus is recorded.

Variations in the genital system, in addition to those already recorded, are described, and it is suggested that these are stages in the attainment of sexual maturity.

A sphincter on the female vestibular apparatus formed by longitudinal muscles arranged spirally is described.

The previously recorded secretion of calcareous slime is attributed to gland cells in the ectoderm and subectodermal parenchyma.
The Feeding Mechanism of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost, the Fairy Shrimp
Authors: Lowndes A. G.
Published: August 2010

Summary

The commonly accepted view that Chirocephalus feeds chiefly or entirely on minute suspended particles is incorrect. Its chief food consists of detritus.

There is also a filter‐feeding apparatus which is here described for the first time.

The larger food particles consisting of filamentous algæ and the leaves of mosses etc., are not sucked into the median groove, but are pushed in by the endites and pushed towards the mouth by the spines and setæ on the basal endites. The basal endites are thus gnathobasic lobes, which may act in apposition.

Water which may be carrying minute suspended particles finds its way into the inter‐limb space probably by the 7th endites and exopodites, together forming a series of vortices which converge. Suspended particles which are drawn into the median groove cannot settle there by reason of the increase in the rate of flow, nor is it likely that they could be caught by an existing secretion of mucus.

As the limbs move backwards the water at their base is under pressure and enters the median groove after passing through the filter process.

The movement of the limbs is irregular and only roughly metachronial. Any account of feeding, swimming, or respiratory process which demands precise co‐ordination of the limbs is untenable.

The limbs are highly muscular, and both the endites and exites are definitely controlled both during the forward and backward movements.

The real action of the limbs is highly complicated, and its complete investigation would involve more mathematical data than are available at the present moment.

It is suggested that the chief swimming‐limb is the exopodite which, functions as a propeller and not as a paddle or oar.

The view taken by Sars that the proepipodites function as covering scales is upheld. They definitely do not function as valves.

The view taken by Sars that the primary function of the phyllopod post oral limb is respiratory is upheld.

The present habitat of Chirocephalus diaphanus must be entirely different from any which existed in early palæozoic times. Speculations dealing with the phylogeny of Crustacea, based as they must be almost entirely on structure, require considerable caution.
The Interpretation of Arthrodires
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The conclusions which result from this analysis are:‐

The Arthrodira are gnathostomes which possessed powerful palato‐quadrate and Meckel's cartilages which were never more than very superficially ossified. These were connected by a powerful masticatory muscle.

They were operculate, with deep gill‐slits and a general “teleostome”‐like gill arrangement.

The dentition was at first complex, with an “elasmobranch” replacement of true teeth. Subsequently this replacement was abolished, the teeth becoming permanently fused to bony plates, and subsequently destroyed by wear in the adult.

In asSociation with the well‐developed hinge between dermal bones which supplements an original dorso‐ventral joint between the neural cranium and the vertebral column, the anterior part of the trunk musculature became functionally disconnected from the posterior part which carried out the swimming movements. In asSociation with this isolation and reduction the anterior part of the trunk became surrounded by a long rigid body armour.

Subsequently this armour was shortened; its anterior margin was always rebind as a point of attachment of the body musculature.

So interpreted, the Athrodira become more intelligible than they would be were. they non‐gnathostome craniates, and I propose on a future occasion to discuss their afiities.
On Oodinium ocellatum Brown, a Paxasitic Dinoflagellate causing Epidemic Disease in Marine Fish
Authors: Brown Eleanor M.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The occurrence of a perioa of heavy mortality among the sea‐water fish in the London Aquarium in 1929 and 1930 and its amociation with a parasitic infection is discussed.

The vegetative stage of the parasite which occurs in the gills and body‐surface of the fish is described. It is shown to be a species of Dinoflagellate belonging to the genus Oodinium, as described in a preliminary note 1931 (3). The resemblances to, and differences from, other members of the genus are pointed out, and the mode of nutrition of the organism and the function of certain structures comparable with the pusule apparatus of free‐living forms are discussed, and also the form of the organs of fixation. The organiem is regarded as a true parasite living at the expense of its host.

The behaviour of the parasite on being freed from its host is noted, and a description of its division up to the production of motile dinospores is given, together with a description of the dinospores themselves.

The conditions under which sporulation occurs are discussed, showing that temperatures from 23–27° C. are favourable, and that the process stops at low temperatures, the parasite remaining quiescent. Sporulation occurs at pH 8 and over.

The conditions under which the parasite occurs in the Aquarium are noted, temperature again being an important factor, and the pH being usually 7–2–7.6.

The animals infected and the origin of the parasite and the reasons for its success in the Aquarium are investigated. It is regarded as being imported from Bermuda and dying out when importation ceases. A similar parasite is also known on Amphiprion in Berlin and Amsterdam, where no fish are imported from Bermuda.

The symptoms and effoct of parasitic infection of the fish and cures which have been attempted are described. No satisfactory cure has been discovered.

The species O. ocellatum is redefined.
Studies on the Temnocephaloidea.–II. The Embryology of Caridi‐nicola indica
Authors: Fernando Wilfred
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Segmentation is irregular, and results in a syncytial blastoderm in which are found micronuclei and macronuclei.

The micronuclei represent ectoderm, the macronuclei the endoderm.

The endodermal nuclei are situated more posteriorly.

A cavity appears in the endodermal mass. It is the endocœle which becomes very large.

The other endodermal cells arrange themselves at the sides of the endocœle, and a few remain ventral to it.

Three regions are differentiated in the ectodermal mass–an anterior group forms the brain and nerves; a middle group gives rise to the pharynx; and a posterior group, which lies ventral to the endocœle and gives rise to muscles, the parenchyma, and the outer ectodermal epithelium.

The endocœle divides into two–a posterior part disappears among the yolk‐mass, while the anterior past unites with the pharynx and opens into it.

The alimentary canal consists of a pharynx, œsophagus, and intestine.

The pharynx differentiates from the middle ectodermal mass; the cesophagus is the persistent anterior section of the endocœle; the intestine develops from cells proliferated from the posterior wall of the œophagus (persistent section of endocœle).

The endoccele is homologous with the archenteron of other animals.

The germariurn is differentiated from the median, ventral endodermal mass, the testes from the lateral endodermal masses; the genital ducts are formed partly of ectoderm and partly of endoderm.
The Swimming and Feeding of certain Calanoid Copepods.
Authors: Lowndes A. G.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

There is little or no justification for the modern theory that the feeding of Calanoid Copepodes is ether automatic or non‐selective, nor is it in accordance with the work of Lebour and Marashall on the investigation of gut‐contents.

Nine species have been examined critically.

The feeding of Calanus finmarchicus is neither automatic nor non‐selective. It also diffes consideraly from that of D. castor.

The movement of the antennæ of Eurytemora velox has been investigated, chiefly 1 y ultra ‐rapid photograpy.

Gurney's conclusion that the Centropagina are the more primitve group, and not the Calanina, is supported.

The maxillæ and maxillipeds of the Centropagina are in general raptorial, and not fitratory.

The femals of Eucháta norvegica feed almost entirely on Calannus finmarchicus.
20. The Ecology of Young Tadpoles, with special reference to the Nutrition of the Early Larvze of Rana temporaria temporaria Linn., Bufo bufo bufo Linn., and Bombina variegata variegata Linn.
Authors: Savage R. Maxwell
Published: August 2010

The early larvæ of the Common Frog, the Common Toad, and the Yellow‐bellied Toad, Bombina variegala variegata Linn., do not derive noticeable quantities of food matserial from their own egg‐envelopes.

The envelopes are the seat of more active bacterial growth than the open water of the ponds, and this probably accounts largely for their disappearance.

Frog and Toad‐tadpoles seem to develop faster when they are allowed to remain on the envelopes.
23. Experiments on the Sterility ofEphestia kühniellaZ. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidz), in Relation to High Temperature (30° C.)
Authors: Raichoudhury D. P. , Jacobs S. E.
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Cultures ofEphestia kühniellawere reared at 30° C. and 23° C. These were mainly related stocks, and the emergence of adults from the two types of culture overlapped sufficiently to enable the high temperature moths to be paired with those reared at the lower temperature.

The effect of temperature on the longevity and the number of eggs laid was determined by placing alternate females (from both types of cultures) at 23° C. and 30° C. immediately after pairing. The percentage of eggs hatching was also determined.

Males reared at 30° C. were impotent when young,i. e., aged two days or less, but a small percentage of them (5 per cent.) attained potency as they aged.

Females reared at 30° C. and aged two days or less gave as high a percentage of successful pairings with males reared at 23° C. as did females reared at 23° C., irrespective of the temperature at which the eggs were laid.

Older females reared at 30° C. gave no successful pairings with males reared at 23° C. when the eggs were laid at 30° C., but gave a moderate percentage (64 per cent.) of successful pairings when the eggs were laid at 23° C. The conclusion drawn was that a temperature of 30° C. had a sterilizing effect on the females.

When young females reared at 30° C. were paired with males reared at 23° C. a smaller percentage of eggs hatched when these were laid at 30° C. than when they were laid at 23° C. This indicated that potent sperm may be weakened by exposure to the higher temperature. The possibility that the effect observed was due at least in part to a higher degree of abortion of the fertilized eggs when these were laid at 30° C. could not be excluded.

The number of eggs laid was greater and the longevity was less in females reared at 30° C. which received potent sperm than in those receiving impotent sperm.

The longevity of females, whether they were impregnated with potent or impotent sperm, was determined by the temperature at which they were kept after emergence, and not by the temperature at which they were reared.

Among females reared at 30° C. and receiving potent sperm the number of eggs was independent of the temperature at which they were laid.

Among females receiving impotent sperm the number of eggs laid was directly proportional to the longevity, which itself depended on the temperature at which the females were kept after pairing.
2. On the Species of the Genus Duthiersia Perrier, 1873 (Cestoda).
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: August 2010

.The Duthiersia material at my disposal is clearly divisible into five, and probably seven, distinct species. Four of these species are Asiatic forms and are, on the evidence at present available, distinguished from the African forms by the possession of posterior pores in the scolex, but this association of a small though definite anatomical feature with geographical distribution can hardly be regarded as a distinction which will hold for all Asiatic and African species yet to be discovered. Duthiersia expansa Perrier is a species distinguished from D. venusta, sp. n., the other common Indian species, by its relatively slender strobila and great length in some examples, form of scolex, presence of unsegmented neck, smooth proglottids, and flat ovary in transverse section, D. venusta being relatively a short stout form, with a very characteristic scolex, lack of neck, wrinkled proglottids, and U‐shaped ovary in transverse section. Duthiersia sarawakensis, sp. n., from Sarawak, is distinguished from the preceding two, and most or all other species, by its form of scolex, total absence of elongated proglottids, and multiplicity of excretory canals. Duthiersia crassa, sp. n., the remaining Indian species, is also distinguishable from all other species by its form of scolex. Duthiersia elegans Perrier is distinguishable from all other species chiefly by its slender translucent strobila, very elongated hind segments, and presence of calcareous corpuscles, while Duthiersia robusta, sp. n., is unique in that the bothrial grooves of the scolex extend down nearly to the scolex base. A seventh species, Duthiersia latissima, sp. n., is probably represented by an African worm supplied by Professor Leiper and by portions of three strobila^ contained in the Wellcome Bureau collection, the chief features of this species being the great breadth of the gravid segments and the absence of elongated segments, the length of the full‐grown strobila as a whole, and the form of the scolex.
8. An Account of Surface Ciliation in some Polychsete Worms.
Authors: Segrove F.
Published: August 2010

Epidermal cilia are employed in the production of feeding currents and the collection of food in a number of Polychzte families.

 In certain cases epidermal cilia are not related to this function. The distribution and arrangement of such cilia and the currents they produce are described for members of the families Aphroditidz, Phyllodocids, Syllidae, Hesionida, Spionida, Sabellariidz, Sabellidae, and Serpulids.

 Absence of such cilia is recorded in members of the Tomopterids, Nereids, Eunicids, GlyceridAElig;, and ArenicolidAElig;,

 In the Aphroditidze the interrelation of the genera based on the distribution of epidermal cilia is in complete agreement with that based on other morphological data.

 The significance of such cilia is discussed. are merely vestigial larval organs. Their employment for the removal of detritus or the “incubation” of eggs is thought to be incidental. It is concluded that their importance lies in the production of respiratory currents.

 In the Spionids Polydora and Scolecolepis it is shown that the adult cilia are persistent larval structures. The initially locomotor cilia of the larva are retained to meet the respiratory requirements of the adult. In Scolecolepis experimental evidence indicates that the cilia are still under the control of the adult worm, though such control is of no apparent value.

 The phylogenetic origin of cilia is discussed. It is suggested that they evolved, in the first place, as locomotor organs and were under the control of the organism. Subsequent adaptation for other purposes has probably been responsible for the loss of control with resulting automatism.

 Epidermal cilia are to be associated with ccelomic cilia and circulation and intestinal cilia as features of the primitive Polychzete. Their disappearance is associated with two tendencies. Muscular activity has replaced ciliary activity on several occasions, in the Aphroditidq Chztopteridz, and Sabellidae. The disappearance is closely associated with the evolution of a contractile vascular system and the association with i t of respiratory pigments.

 The several stages occurring in this process are exemplified by various families of modern PolychAElig;tes.
Preliminary Note on the Reproductive Cycle of the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris)
Authors: Rowlands I. W.
Published: August 2010

A preliminary account is given of the reproductive cycle in the red squirrel
On a Ciliary Process of Food‐collecting in the Gastropod Turritella communis Risso
Authors: Graham Alastair
Published: August 2010

The mantle‐cavity of Turritella communis has an inhalent aperture on the left side and an exhalent one on the right. The former is guarded by a complex array of tentacles preventing the ingress of large particles. Ciliary currents collect particles falling on these and transport them to the foot (text‐fig. 1).

Particles are collected on the gill‐filaments and are transferred to a deep groove bounded by folds which runs along the floor of the mantle‐cavity to the right side of the head, ending in a projection below the mouth. Food‐particles are built into a ropy string with mucus in this groove, and this is slowly passed forwards to the mouth, into which it is raked.

Exhalent currents pass from the right side of the cavity to a siphonal process on the foot (text‐fig. 2).

The mucous string is passed into the buccal cavity, in which lies a reduced odontophore and into which open minute salivary glands, thence down the oesophagus, which is straight apart from the twisting caused by torsion, to the stomach. Into this projects a crystalline style, its head bearing against a gastric shield, and a complex ciliary sorting and mixing mechanism is described on its walls. Small particles pass to the digestive diverticula for ingestion, larger ones to the intestine, where they will be elaborated into fa;cal pellets (text‐fig. 3).

In the light of these facts the peculiarities of the feeding mechanism of Turritella are discussed, and it is concluded that they have been evolved in relation to its habitat.
The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.–III.
Authors: Fox H. Munro
Published: August 2010

The rates of cleavage of the eggs in two species of the sea‐urchin Psamm‐echinus show an adaptation to environmental temperature. This is not the case for the rates of development of different species of Aplysia.
Metabolic Rate of Early vestigial and wild‐type Prepupse of Drosophila melanogaster in Relation to Genotype, Sex, and Size
Authors: Ellenby C.
Published: August 2010

Using a manometric method, the oxygen consumption of early D. melano‐gaster prepupae was studied.

 It was found that males respired faster per unit wet weight than females, that wild‐type respired faster than vestigial, and that the heterozygote did not differ from the wild‐type.

 It was then noticed that the prepupae in the different groups differed in size, owing to differences in population density in the culture bottles. On modifying the culture conditions so that the prepupae were of the same size, the differences in respiration between the sexes and between vestigial and wild‐type disappeared.

 It is concluded that, in early prepupae, (a) significant differences in respiratory rate between the sexes, and between the genotypes employed, are absent; (6) that body‐size has considerable influence on the respiratory rate, large animals consuming less oxygen, per mg. wet weight, than animals of smaller size. The importance of controlling the size factor in work of this type is emphasized.
On Relative Growth in Pinnotheres pisum
Authors: Williams G. , Needham A. E.
Published: August 2010

The abdomen of the female Pea‐Crab Pinnotheres yisum shows an extremely high growth‐rate relative to that of the carapace, especially in early stages measured. That of the male shows very slight positive allometry.

 There is a very shallow growth‐gradient in the male abdomen with its centre in segments V, VI. In the female the gradient is at first very steep with its centre further back, between segment VI and the telson.

 The relative growth of each segment of the female abdomen shows three successive periods of simple allometry with a progressively lower relative growth‐rate.

 In the second period the fall in growth‐rate is less marked in the telson than in the segments immediately in front. Finally, in the third period a definite centre of low growth‐rate appears in segment VI, where originally it was highest, the growth‐rate increasing both forwards and backwards. This encourages speculations concerning the control of growth by a centre of inhibition.“

 Direct plotting of the data gives a somewhat simpler picture of growth, though careful scrutiny of the relative goodness of fit indicates that the logarithmic plotting gives a better representation of growth. This may mean that growth is determined intrinsically in the tissues themselves rather than by a general supply of “growth‐factor” from the body.

 An analogy is offered to the distal movement of the growth‐centre and steepness of the gradient when relative growth of the whole organ becomes very high.

 Growth during this period is largely by increase in cell‐number rather than by increase in cell‐size.
Observations on Pregnancy in the Common Bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus)
Authors: Deanesly R. , Warwick T.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and eighty‐five common bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) were collected during June and July from two cottages near Clovenfords, Selkirkshire. Most of them were pregnant or lactating females, and their examination has provided fresh data on the length of gestation, the distribution of pregnancies between the two horns of the uterus, and other points of interest in connection with the reproductive cycle.
Notes on an Interspecific Pigeon Cross
Authors: J.Bond C.
Published: August 2010

The bearing of the above observations on interspecific sterility.

These observations raise the question, to what extent, if any, an intersexual constitution may be resposible for the sterility observed in F. 1 hybrids in other interspecific pigeon crosses and in other species of birds.

Unfortunately the importance of intersexuality as a possible cause of sterility in these Stock‐Dove Pigeon hybrids was not fully appreciated when the interbreeding was commenced in 1932.

The sex‐organs of the chicks which died prematurely in the earlier years of the enquiry were not microscopically examined.

If the opportunity to repeat the same cross should occur to any one interested, it is much to be desired that accurate records should be kept of (1) the sex behaviour, (2) the fertility, and (3) the constitution of the sex‐organs of the F. 1 hybrids in such a cross.

In the absence of absolutely conclusive evidence of the existence of testicular tissue in the ovaries of the hybrid birds now described we must regard the question of the influence of intersexuality on sterility as at present undecided, though I think that further observations will show that such an influence does exist.

In conclusion, I will mention two cases of crossbred, Br. Leg. × R.I. hens, which showed abnormal sex behaviour, and male secondary sex characters limited to the comb and wattles. In both cases the ovary contained a nodule of interstitial, but not spermatogenic testicular tissue.

(C. J. Bond, Journ. Genetics, vol. xxxvi. no. 3, with references to the literature on intersexual hybrids.)
A Study of the Reproductive Cycle of the Minnow in Relation to the Environment
Authors: Bullough W. S.
Published: August 2010

The normal reproductive cycle of the minnow, Phoxinus laevis, is described, and some environmental factors which influence it are examined.

 A high temperature of 17° C. in winter allows the early maturation stages, started in the previous summer, to continue. Such development, however, only proceeds as far as the production of primary spermatocytes, or the early part of the secondary growth phase of the primary oocytes.

 Long daily periods (17 hours) of artificial light in winter, together with a temperature of 17° C., induce maturation of the gonads with the formation of spermatozoa and ova. A certain critical temperature is necessary before the gonads can be stimulated to maturity.

 In male fish subjected to extra light, together with a temperature of 17° C., the vas deferens is found to have acquired an opening into the kidney duct. In the female a comparable opening is not induced.

 The implications of these results are examined in relation to other known types of reproductive cycles of the fish and higher vertebrates.
The Activity and Metabolism of Poikilothermal Animals in Different Latitudes.—IV.*
Authors: Wingfield C. A.
Published: August 2010

The oxygen consumption of the two British species of the polychæte worm Pectinaria has been measured for comparison with published data for an arctic species of this genus. It is shown that comparing the arctic species P. granulata and the British P. auricoma there is no metabolic adaptation to latitude, but when the former species is compared with the British P. koreni such an adaptation exists.
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE FOSSIL HEMIBHAMPHIDæ: 9. A Comparative and Descriptive Study of the fossil Hemirhamphidse from the Lower Oligocene of Chadrat (Auvergne)
Authors: PITOU Louis E.
Published: August 2010

The fossil fish Cobitopsis acutus (P. Gervais) of the tertiary of Auvergne, which is the object of this study, has already been described several times under different names by various authors. It has been classified also in different families. The author has redescribed it carefully from a perfect specimen in good preservation, and demonstrates its affinities and its differences with the genus Ghriodorus. For him it is an extinct form, the type of a subfamily hitherto unknown, that of Pseudochriodorinee, whose features partake both of the subfamily of the Chriodorinss and that of the Hemirhamphinse.
A NEW ENTEBOPNETJST OCCURRING IN WALES: 13. Saccoglossus cambrensis, sp. n., an Enteropneust occurring in Wales
Authors: Brambel F. W. Rogers
Published: August 2010

1. The occurrence of an Enteropneust in Wales is described, and an account given of the environment.

2. Saccoglossus cambrensis, sp. n., is distinguished by the following characters:‐

Coloration; relative proportion of proboscis and collar; dorsal groove running the whole length of the proboscis, with a well‐marked nervous thickening beneath; large number of gill‐slits (80–90 pairs); gonads beginning a t the middle of the branchial region; absence of genital ridges; absence of projecting ridges formed by the ventral longitudinal muscle bands of the trunk; four to six concentric rings distinguishable in the arrangement of the longitudinal musculature of the proboscis; large pericardium; absence of a dorsal glomerulus; proboscis skeleton not reaching beyond the middle of the collar, and little more than half‐way round the buccal cavity; five epidermal zones in the collar; complete separation of right and left collar cavities; absence of a dorsal pouch of the buccal cavity; discontinuity between the tissues of the nerve cord and the epidermis of the collar, except at the ends; collar‐trunk septum deflected forwards to the middle of the collar; marked ciliation of the epidermis covering the ventral nerve cord in the intestinal region; shallow ventral pharynx; broad tongues, projecting more than the septa; histological details of the oesophagus; eight to twelve intestinal pores, of which the first three to five are rudimentary; simple unlobed gonads, large size of ova, and presence of yolk‐cells in the ovaries.

We are greatly indebted to Professor W. M. Tattersall and to Professor C. J. van der Horst for much advice, and to the former for specimens of S. ruber. We wish to take this opportunity of expressing our thanks also to Professor J. P. Hill, F.R.S., for his advice and interest in the work; to Professor G. W. Robinson for preparing the analyses of soil given in Appendix I.; to Mr. L. H. Jackson for assistance in various ways, and to Mrs. Jackson for the drawing reproduced in PI. I.
Numerical Data on African Birds' Behaviour at the Nest: Hirundo s. smithii Leach, the Wire‐tailed Swallow
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: August 2010

The data, from three nests at Amani, are derived from a total of 500 hours of observations made in spells of five hours and upwards. The effect of rain on the parent birds' activity is given in detail; rain much heavier than 1 mm. per hour reduced feeding heavily, except when termites were on the wing.

Brooding of eggs and young was done only by the females; their mates helped to bring food, as a rule slightly less than half the total. Incubation period 14 days; fledging 18–21.

The daily percentage of time the eggs were brooded varied from 43 to 66, with no tendency to rise at lower air‐temperatures or towards the end of the incubation periods. Frequency distribution curves are given of the duration of (a) individual spells on the eggs and (b) intervals when the eggs were left uncovered. About 70 per cent, of the spells “on” lasted 2–7 minutes and 70 per cent, of the intervals “off” 2–5 minutes. Few intervals uncovered exceeded 15 minutes and none 37. Corresponding data for the fledging period are tabulated. For the first three days the young in all the nests were brooded much as the eggs had been, but after that the amount of brooding varied greatly between the nests.

After a slow rise, comparatively stable feeding rates were attained at each nest during the last week of fledging. Then the average number of feeds brought in 200 minutes varied between 75 and 97 for two young and between 49 and 65 for one. The latter, which received more meals, had the shorter fledging period. There was no well‐marked diurnal rhythm in the feeding activity except that it was usually least in the early morning. The frequency distribution of length of intervals between feeds, which naturally changed with the age of the young, is tabulated. Less than 1 per cent, of the intervals exceeded 30 minutes.
A Gynandromorph Grasshopper
Authors: Agar W. E.
Published: August 2010

A bilateral gynandromorph of Acridopeza reticulata is described. The sexual dimorphism in this species is very marked, the male having tegmina and wings of the usual type, while the female has no wings, and the tegmina are short and crumpled. The gynandromorph has a tegmen and wing of the male type on the right side, and on the left a female tegmen and no wing. Other minor differences between the normal male and female are reproduced on the two sides. Internally, there is a testis and male accessory organs on the right side, and an ovary with its associated organs on the left. This correspondence between the gonads and the somatic sexual characters of the two sides of the body contrasts with the situation in Drosophila, where the two gonads are always of the same sex in gynandromorphs.

On the usually accepted theory of the origin of this type of gynandromorph by loss of an X‐chromosome from a daughter cell during cleavage, this difference between the gynandromorphs of Drosophila and Acridopeza is in accordance with the different modes of origin of the germ‐cells in the Diptera and Orthoptera.
The Visual Responses of Flying Mosquitoes.
Authors: Kennedy John S.
Published: August 2010

1. Observations were made on females of the yellow‐fever mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) wgypti, which had not had a blood meal.

2. When suspended by a silk fibre they orientated inaccurately but consistently away from the source of an horizontal beam of artificial light.

3. They orientated accurately towards a vertical black stripe on a white background, and would rotate maintaining this position when the stripe was rotated around them up to 25 revolutions per minute.

4. Presented with two black stripes the mosquitoes faced one or other stripe, and not between the two. Light stimulation of the front part of the eye evoked a more powerful turning‐away response than stimulation of the sides.

5. The mosquitoes were attracted by and followed stripes which were moving, abandoning stationary similarly striped or darker walls to do so.

6. Unsuspended, freely flying mosquitoes in a wind tunnel orientated consistently up wind, keeping position or making headway as long as the background was visible, but not in darkness. Without a wind, but with transverse stripes moving along the floor, they flew with or ahead of the stripe movement, the visual equivalent of flying up wind.

7. The above evidence that up wind orientation involves a visual “compensation” mechanism is discussed, and a theory of the mechanism put forward.

8. The lateral ommatidia initiate the responses to light and to moving objects, working in a different way from the dorsal and ventral ommatidia, which are concerned in up wind orientation. Interplay between the two classes of response may take place.

The work was carried out in the Department of Entomology of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, during my tenure of the Avebury Studentship. I wish to thank Professor P. A. Buxton and all the members of his department, especially Dr. V. B. Wigglesworth, for their hospitality and fruitful suggestions.
Delayed Reproduction in the Spotted Salamander.
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: August 2010

.(1) A Spotted Salamander, kept in captivity without other salamanders, gave birth to a brood of larvae in May 1937, and another brood in April 1939. There was thus an interval of nearly two years between the broods.

(2) Possible explanations of this are discussed in the light of what is known of the reproductive cycle, and possibly analogous cases in reptiles are cited.

(3) It is suggested that two factors may have been involved–the retention of sperm for a longer time than usual, and an unusually prolonged gestation‐period.
The Development of Rudimentary Wings in Ptinus tectus Boield (Coleoptera: Family Ptinidse).
Authors: Waddington C. H.
Published: August 2010

The reduction of the hind wings in Ptinus tectus Boield takes place exclusively during the pupal period. It is caused primarily by the necrosis of cells throughout the whole extent of the wing epithelia; some part may also be played by a failure of the remaining cells to expand normally towards the end of the pupal period, but this is uncertain.
Corrigenda and Addenda to “The Land Vertebrates of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mafia: A Zoo‐geographical Study.”
Authors: Moreau R. E. , Pakenham R. H. W.
Published: August 2010

During the long period that elapsed between the submission of this paper and its publication a certain amount of further taxonomic and field‐work on the island faunas continued, the results being communicated by the authors from time to time in order that when the paper eventually appeared it should be as complete and up to date as possible. Owing to the war, the authors, both resident in East Africa, u‐ere naturally unable to see the proof of their paper, and when it eventually reached them in published form it became obvious that one of their communications, containing the bulk of the amendments given below, had failed to reach the Editor and so had failed to be incorporated f.