bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness for Interpersonal Problem‐Solving is Reduced in Women with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Svaldi Jennifer , Dorn Christina , Trentowska Monika
Published: October 2010

Objective

Therapeutic programs for binge eating disorder (BED) often include the mediation of problem‐solving skills to deal with the desire to binge. In women with BED, problem‐solving abilities have not been studied yet. Knowing that reasons for binge episodes are often linked to interpersonal topics, we expected women with BED to have poorer problem‐solving abilities than healthy controls (HC).

Methods

Twenty‐five women with BED and 30 overweight HC were given a shortened version of the Means‐Ends Problem‐Solving Procedure (MEPS). Dependent variables were the number of relevant means, the effectiveness and the specificity of the generated solution.

Results

Generated solutions in the group of women with BED were significantly less effective and less specific compared to HC. Moreover, reduced effectiveness of interpersonal problem‐solving was related to increased binge frequency.

Conclusions

The results support the importance of teaching problem‐solving ability in individuals with BED to promote behaviour change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Invalidating Childhood Environments and Core Beliefs in Women with Eating Disorders
Authors: Ford Gillian , Waller Glenn , Mountford Victoria
Published: October 2010

It can be hypothesised that invalidating environments in childhood influence the negative core beliefs that are found in the eating disorders. This study of eating‐disordered women aimed to test the relationships between perceived childhood invalidating environments and negative core beliefs. Forty‐one eating‐disordered females completed the measures of childhood invalidating experiences and core beliefs. Such core beliefs were most closely related to the individuals' perceptions of having grown up in a ‘chaotic’ family environment. Future clinical practice should continue to target core beliefs in formulating cases of eating disorders. Explaining those core beliefs may depend on understanding the individual's experiences of invalidation in early years. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Several lymphoma‐specific genetic events in parallel can be found in mature B‐cell neoplasms
Authors: Bacher Ulrike , Haferlach Torsten , Alpermann Tamara , Kern Wolfgang , Schnittger Susanne , Haferlach Claudia
Published: October 2010

The mature B‐cell neoplasms frequently result from translocations involving the IGH gene localized on 14q32. In rare instances, combinations of different IGH rearrangements were described, and even coincidence of three genetic lymphoma‐specific events has been rarely reported. We here present eight patients with triple hit lymphoma, and two with four different lymphoma specific events detected by chromosome banding analysis and interphase FISH (seven males, three females, 47–82 years). All showed bone marrow involvement (Burkitt's lymphoma: n = 5, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: n = 2; features intermediate between BL/DLBCL: n = 1; secondary aggressive B‐cell lymphoma: n = 1; follicular lymphoma: n = 1). Eight patients had triple hit lymphoma combining IGH‐BCL2/t(14;18)(q32;q21), MYC/8q24, and BCL6/3q27 rearrangements. Two showed an additional IGH‐CCND1/t(11;14)(q13;q32) as fourth genetic event (according to research of the Mitelman database, the first reports on four genetic hits in lymphomas). All cases had complex aberrant karyotypes (median, 11 cytogenetic alterations per patient). Interphase FISH revealed a high rate of CDKN2A deletions (five of nine cases investigated; 56%), being homozygous in two of these cases. At the time of study, four of nine patients with follow‐up data were alive (44%), one of these in remission. The two patients with four genetic hits died 6 and 9 days from diagnosis. Additional cases of lymphomas with three or four genetic hits should be collected to evaluate whether their clinical course differs from dual hit lymphomas. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between expression of embryonic lethal abnormal vision‐like protein HuR and cyclooxygenase‐2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cha Jeong‐Dan , Li ShengJin , Cha In‐Ho
Published: October 2010

Background

Increased cytoplasmic HuR expression has been noted in several cancer types, where it may contribute to the increased cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression observed during tumorigenesis and metastasis.

Methods

To assess the correlation between COX‐2 and HuR in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the expression patterns of HuR and COX‐2 were assessed via immunohistochemistry analyses of 103 OSCC samples.

Results

Cytoplasmic HuR expression was significantly associated with COX‐2 expression (p < .025) and lymph node metastasis (p < .050) and distant metastasis (p < .025). In multivariate analysis, cytoplasmic HuR expression was identified as an independent prognostic parameter for reduced overall survival. The inhibition of HuR expression by siRNA or leptomycin B (LMB) caused a reduction in the inducibility of COX‐2 in oral cancer cells.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic expression of HuR is associated with COX‐2 expression in OSCCs and HuR can regulate COX‐2 expression in oral cancer cell lines. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Dual catheter placement technique for treatment of biliary anastomotic strictures after liver transplantation
Authors: Gwon Dong Il , Sung Kyu-Bo , Ko Gi-Young , Yoon Hyun-Ki , Lee Sung-Gyu
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of percutaneous transhepatic management of anastomotic biliary strictures using the dual catheter placement technique (2 drainage catheters inserted via single percutaneous tract). The protocol of this retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board of our institution and written informed consent was waived. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and subsequent balloon dilation of anastomotic strictures were performed in 79 patients. Serial exchanges of drainage via catheter with larger diameters up to 14-French were performed at 1-month intervals followed by 3 exchanges of dual catheters at 2 month intervals. Drainage catheters were removed when follow-up cholangiography revealed improved strictures without recurrence of symptoms or elevation of biochemical findings. Technical success was achieved in all 79 (100%) patients after percutaneous transhepatic treatment. The mean period of dual catheter placement was 6.5 ± 1.1 months (range, 5.5-14.2 months). Clinical success was achieved in 78 (98.7%) of 79 patients and drainage catheters were removed 23.8 ± 8.8 months (range, 11.4-43.3 months) after the initial percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Procedure-related complications occurred in 14 (17.8%) patients. During the mean follow-up period of 34.5 ± 3 months (range, 24.4-38.5 months) in the 78 patients, the primary patency rates were 96%, 92%, and 91% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. Seven (9%) of the 78 patients experienced recurrent symptoms at a mean of 15.4 ± 8.9 months (range, 6.1-26.2 months) after catheter removal. In conclusion, the dual catheter placement technique seems to be an easy, safe, and effective method with an acceptable catheter intervention period for the treatment of anastomotic strictures following LDLT. Liver Transpl 17:159–166, 2011. © 2011 AASLD
Immediate noninvasive ventilation may improve mortality in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation
Authors: Chihara Yuichi , Egawa Hiroto , Tsuboi Tomomasa , Oga Toru , Handa Tomohiro , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Mishima Michiaki , Tanaka Koichi , Uemoto Shinji , Chin Kazuo
Published: October 2010

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined as hypoxemia induced by intrapulmonary vascular dilations associated with liver disease. Although liver transplantation (LT) is the only effective therapy established for severe HPS, patients with a partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) less than 60 mm Hg have a poor prognosis. We treated a 4-year-old boy with HPS whose preoperative PaO2 level was 48.8 mm Hg. After LT, he had persistent severe hypoxemia, although he was receiving high-flow oxygen. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) was introduced, and his respiratory insufficiency promptly improved. Therefore, NIV therapy immediately after extubation following transplantation was administered to the next 4 consecutive HPS patients whose preoperative PaO2 was less than 60 mm Hg. The NIV treatment of these 5 patients could have been responsible for preventing severe postoperative complications as well as reintubation and hospital death. NIV therapy for both pediatric and adult patients with severe HPS immediately after extubation might protect them from severe hypoxemia after transplantation and from complications necessitating reintubation and might improve their prognosis. Liver Transpl 17:144–148, 2011. © 2011 AASLD
Synthesis and Characterization of a Block Copolymer Containing Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate)
Authors: Hundt Nadia , Hoang Quan , Nguyen Hien , Sista Prakash , Hao Jing , Servello John , Palaniappan Kumaranand , Alemseghed Mussie , Biewer Michael C. , Stefan Mihaela C.
Published: October 2010

Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (P3HT‐b‐PBLG) rod–rod diblock copolymer was synthesized by a ring‐opening polymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate‐N‐carboxyanhydride using a benzylamine‐terminated regioregular P3HT macroinitiator. The opto‐electronic properties of the diblock copolymer have been investigated. The P3HT precursor and the P3HT‐b‐PBLG have similar UV–Vis spectra both in solution and solid state, indicating that the presence of PBLG block does not decrease the effective conjugation length of the semiconducting polythiophene segment. The copolymer displays solvatochromic behavior in THF/water mixtures. The morphology of the diblock copolymer depends upon the solvent used for film casting and annealing results in morphological changes for both films deposited from chloroform and trichlorobenzene.

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Influence of surface texture on electrochemical potential
Authors: Alar V. , Runje B. , Baršić G.
Published: October 2010

In this Paper potentiodynamic and Tafel (anodic and cathodic) polarization tests were conducted in order to relate the dependence of surface roughness on the resistance to pitting corrosion (pitting potential) of AISI 316 stainless steel in spring water at 20°C. Furthermore, uniform corrosion resistance of AISI 316 steel was studied. Tests were performed on seven samples that were polished with emery paper with silicon carbide particles of various grits. Using scanning electron microscope qualitative evaluation of surface roughness was done, and roughness parameter Ra was measured using stylus instrument. Achieved results show that with decreasing mean arithmetic deviation of profile investigated surface significantly increases the resistance to pitting potential, and expands the passivation area of the AISI 316 stainless steel in spring water.

In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von der Rauhheit der Oberfläche auf die Beständigkeit des Stahles AISI 316 gegen die Lochfraßkorrosion (pitting Potenzial) im Quellwasser bei 20°C anhand von elektrochemischen Methoden der Tafel (anodische und kathodischen) und potenziodynamischen Polarisierung untersucht. Auch die Tendenz des Stahles zur allgemeinen Korrosion wurde untersucht. Die Tests wurden anhand von sieben Proben, die mit Schleifpapier mit Siliziumkarbid – Partikeln verschiedener Körnungen poliert wurden, durchgeführt. Die Proben sind qualitativ auf den Zustand der Oberfläche geprüft worden, wobei ein Elektronenmikroskop angewendet wurde. Zusätzlich wurden auch die Parameter der Rauhheit Ra gemessen. Die erzielten Resultate zeigen, dass ausgehend vom untersuchten Profil der Oberfläche mit abnehmender mittlerer arithmetischer Abweichung die Beständigkeit gegen Lochfraßpotenzial erhöht wird. Außerdem wird der Bereich der Passivierung des Edelstahles AISI 316 im Quellwasser erweitert.
Consideration of fundamental influence parameters for the simulation of sheet‐metal forming processes by means of plastic melt pressure
Authors: Behrens B.‐A. , Bouguecha A. , Götze T.
Published: October 2010

A numerical simulation of an active media based forming process has been carried out by means of the finite element method, where molten plastic was used as pressure medium. The material behaviour of the sheet metal component has been modelled in the FEA package Ls‐Dynawith a temperature dependent elasto‐plastic material model. Besides that, the interaction between the sheet metal component and the molten plastic has been realized by means of the fluid structure coupling. The fundamental process parameters for a realistic modelling of the process under study were considered within the framework of this research. The represented numerical results show a good agreement with experimentally determined results.

Mit Hilfe der Finite‐Element Methode wurde ein wirkmedienbasierter Blechumformprozess numerisch abgebildet. Als Wirkmedium wurde ein schmelzflüssiger Kunststoff eingesetzt. Neben der temperaturabhängigen elasto‐plastischen Modellierung des Blechs wurde die Interaktion zwischen dem Blechbauteil und der Kunststoffschmelze über die Fluid‐Struktur‐Kopplung innerhalb des FE‐Systems Ls‐Dynarealisiert. Die dargestellten Berechnungsergebnisse zeigen gute Übereinstimmungen mit experimentell ermittelten Ergebnissen. Die wesentlichen prozessspezifischen Parameter für eine realitätsnahe Abbildung des untersuchten Fertigungsprozesses wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit berücksichtigt und qualifiziert.
Toward process optimization in laser welding of metal to polymer
Authors: Tillmann W. , Elrefaey A. , Wojarski L.
Published: October 2010

The joining technology of dissimilar lightweight materials between metals and polymer is essential for realizing cars with hybrid structures and for other engineering applications. These types of joints are still difficult to generate and their behaviour is not fully understood. Laser welding offers specific process advantages over conventional technologies, such as short process times, while providing optically and qualitatively valuable weld seams and imposing minimal thermal stress. Furthermore, the process is compatible with automation. This paper summarizes the efforts to attain suitable joint strengths with the stainless steel plate type S30400 and a Polyethylene Terephtalate Glycol (PETG) plastic sheet. The study considers the optimization of two important process parameters, namely laser power, and welding speed. Microstructure features, test of tensile shear strength, investigation of the fracture location, and morphology were used to evaluate the joint performance. The result indicates that there is an optimum value for laser power, which achieves a sufficient melting and heat transfer to the joint without decomposing the plastic sheet and hence, enables to obtain high joint strength. Moreover, a low welding speed is preferable in most combinations of welding parameters since it achieves an adequate melting and wetting of the polymer to the steel surface.

Das Fügen der artungleichen Leichtbauwerkstoffe Metall und Kunststoff ist im hybriden Automobilbau wie auch anderen Ingenieursanwendungen essentiell. Derartige Fügeverbunde sind immer noch schwierig umsetzbar und ihr Verhalten ist noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Laserstrahlschweißen bietet gegenüber konventionellen Verfahren prozessspezifische Vorteile wie kurze Taktzeiten bei gleichzeitig optisch wie qualitativ hochwertigen Schweißnähten und geringen thermisch induzierten Eigenspannungen. Weiterhin ist der Prozess leicht automatisierbar. In den vorliegenden Untersuchungen wurden der Stahl S30400 und Polyethylene Terephtalate Glycol (PETG) erfolgreich gefügt und moderate Festigkeiten wurden erzielt. Innerhalb der Untersuchungen wurde der Einfluss der beiden wichtigsten Prozessparameter, die Laserleistung und die Verfahrgeschwindigkeit, analysiert. Die Mikrostruktur, Scherzugfestigkeit, Bruchfläche und Morphologie wurden untersucht, um die Verbundperformance zu bewerten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass es ein Optimum für die Laserleistung gibt, die eine ausreichende Aufschmelzung und Wärmeleitung in der Fügezone sicher stellt, ohne den Kunststoff zu zersetzen und führt somit zu einer hohen Festigkeit. Darüber hinaus ist eine geringe Schweißgeschwindigkeit vorzuziehen, da sie ein adäquates Aufschmelzen und Benetzen des Polymers auf der Stahloberfläche erlaubt.
Analysis on the micro structural material characteristic of the DC06 steel by the plastic deformation
Authors: Gershteyn G. , Nowak M. , Schaper M. , Bach Fr.‐W.
Published: October 2010

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist als Teil des Projekts zur Erforschung der mikrostrukturellen Werkstoffcharakteristik bei der plastischen Umformung von Stählen entstanden. Es wurde ein gemeinsames Ziel verfolgt: die Strukturanalyse der umgeformten Proben unterschiedlichen Umformgrades und die Definition des Gesamtspektrums der Größenordnungsniveau der Struktur. Dafür wurden die Versetzungsstruktur‐ und Kornstrukturänderungen in Abhängigkeit von der Größe der plastischen Umformung ermittelt und die bei der plastischen Umformung gebildeten Strukturen ausgewertet. Die Strukturuntersuchungen des Stahls DC06 wurden mit Hilfe der Lichtmikroskopie und der Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie durchgeführt. Die mikrostrukturellen Untersuchungen der Rissinitiierung des Stahls DC06 dienen der Definition der Versagensgrenzen.

This paper presents part of the project for investigation on the microstructural characteristic by the plastic deformation of the DC06 steel. The aim of the work is common objective of the dislocation structure and the grain structure changes in the connection to the size of the plastic deformation and also the definition of the overall spectrum of the scale level. Moreover the precise analysis of the crack initiation of the DC06 steel provides to the definition of the breakdown boundaries. A whole microstructure research of the material was carried out with the use of the light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy.
Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials are intact in cervical dystonia
Authors: Rosengren Sally M. , Colebatch James G.
Published: October 2010

Vestibular dysfunction has been reported in patients with cervical dystonia (CD), but it is still unclear whether the abnormalities occur as part of the CD syndrome or whether they arise from the abnormal posture and movement of the head. We compared vestibular‐evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) recorded from the affected neck muscles (i.e., cervical VEMPs) with those recorded from muscles unaffected by the dystonia, the extraocular muscles (i.e., ocular VEMPs). We compared 21 patients and age‐matched normal controls to investigate whether these short‐latency reflexes are altered in CD. We also measured subjective visual horizontal (SVH). Seven patients had not received botulinum toxin treatment (naïve group), 10 were receiving regular injections (treatment group), and four had previously received treatment but had developed antibodies (antibody group). Both cervical and ocular VEMPs were present in the majority of patients and controls. For both reflexes, there were no significant differences between stimulation of the two sides of the head, between the treatment groups, or between the patients and controls. There was also no difference in degree of deviation of SVH between the groups. Our results showed that VEMPs can be reliably recorded from both the neck and extraocular muscles in patients with CD, even after long disease or treatment durations, and provide evidence for intact short‐latency vestibular reflexes in CD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Loss of sensory function in patients with idiopathic hand dystonia
Authors: Suttrup Inga , Oberdiek Denise , Suttrup Judith , Osada Nani , Evers Stefan , Marziniak Martin
Published: October 2010

Former studies suggest an additional involvement of the sensory nervous system, beside the involuntary contractions of antagonist muscles, in idiopathic hand dystonia. We studied contact heat‐evoked potentials and quantitative sensory testing (QST) in 10 patients suffering from idiopathic hand dystonia and 10 age‐matched healthy controls. Cortical potentials recorded from the vertex (Pz) after contact heat stimulation of the volar forearm and the dorsum of the hand at a temperature of 51°C showed significantly reduced A‐δ‐amplitudes. Numerical pain ratings on the affected side in comparison to the unaffected side and to healthy controls were significantly reduced. QST results showed an impairment of the thermal detection thresholds, the mechanical pain sensitivity and the mechanical pain threshold at the affected body side of the patients. Our results suggest a loss of distinct sensory functions of the affected hand in comparison with the contralateral hand and to matched healthy subjects in patients suffering from idiopathic hand dystonia. For the first time, an extended loss of sensory function could be shown in patients suffering from idiopathic hand dystonia. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
Estimation of poromechanical and thermal conductivity properties of unsaturated isotropically microcracked cement pastes
Authors: Bary Benoît
Published: October 2010

This study focuses on the estimation of mechanical, hydromechanical and thermal conduction parameters of isotropic microcracked hydrated cement pastes in unsaturated conditions. The prediction of these parameters is obtained as a function of saturation degree and isotropic microcrack density parameter by applying an explicit effective medium approximation scheme on the basis of a simple microstructure description of the material. This latter is supposed to be composed of a homogeneous matrix in which are distributed ellipsoidal particles and penny‐shaped inclusions representing pores and microcracks, respectively. These two types of inclusions are assumed to be of well‐separated sizes so that a two‐step homogenization procedure is employed. The effects of the pore shape and both open and close microcracks on the considered physical properties are investigated in partially saturated conditions by adopting a simplified desaturation–resaturation scenario. It is shown that the saturation degree repercussions on these properties increase when the pores have an oblate shape with low aspect ratio. Moreover, while Biot coefficient and thermal conductivity are significantly affected by saturation degree, undrained mechanical parameters appear to be only moderately modified by this factor. Besides, as expected microcracks induce important changes in all properties. The effects of the adsorbed water layers covering the surface of desaturated pores on the Biot coefficient are investigated by making use of the disjoining pressure concept, and results show only a moderate influence for very small pores. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IKBKE is over‐expressed in glioma and contributes to resistance of glioma cells to apoptosis via activating NF‐κB
Authors: Guan Hongyu , Zhang Heng , Cai Junchao , Wu Jueheng , Yuan Jie , Li Jun , Huang Zhengsong , Li Mengfeng
Published: October 2010

IκB kinase‐ε (IKBKE), a member of the IκB kinase (IKK) family, has been identified as an oncogenic protein and found to be up‐regulated in breast cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. Nonetheless, the expression status and functional significance of IKBKE in human glioma remain unexplored. For the first time, we have demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of IKBKE were robustly up‐regulated in glioma cell lines and human primary glioma tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that 53.5% (38/71) paraffin‐embedded archived glioma specimens exhibited high levels of IKBKE expression. Intriguingly, there was no significant difference in IKBKE expression among different grades of glioma. To understand the biological function of IKBKE in the development and progression of human glioma, glioma cells lines ectopically over‐expressing IKBKE were established and tested for their responsiveness to apoptotic inducers. Our data showed that IKBKE over‐expression inhibited cell apoptosis induced by UV irradiation or adriamycin and, in contrast, shRNAi‐mediated suppression of IKBKE increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to the apoptotic inducers. Importantly, we found that up‐regulated IKBKE could induce the expression of Bcl‐2 through activating NF‐κB signalling, and that, specifically, we identified IκB as a critical component for this signalling cascade. The current study suggests that up‐regulation of IKBKE may represent an important molecular hallmark that is biologically and clinically relevant to the development and progression, as well as the chemo‐ and radio‐resistance, of the disease. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical modification of chloromethylated polysulfones via click reactions
Authors: Gaina Constantin , Gaina Viorica , Ionita Daniela
Published: October 2010

A new approach to the modification of azidomethyl polyethersulfones using click reactions with acetylenic derivatives in the presence of CuBr as catalyst is presented. An azidomethyl polyethersulfone was prepared by the reaction of chloromethylated polysulfone with sodium azide in dimethylformamide. By the Cu(I)‐catalysed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the azidomethyl polyethersulfone to acetylenic derivatives, new polyethersulfones containing 1,2,3‐triazole rings were obtained. The structures of the polymers were confirmed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy. The polymers were characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, stress‐strain and water contact angle measurements and solubility tests. The polymers bearing 1,2,3‐triazole rings having OH or COOH as substituents exhibited static contact angles smaller than that of the parent polyethersulfone. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Steps towards integration of PV‐electricity into the GRID
Authors: Baumgartner F. P. , Achtnich T. , Remund J. , Gnos S. , Nowak S.
Published: October 2010

The high growth rate of photovoltaic (PV) installations leads to the question about the consequences for grid integration and management. As a case study, we present an analysis of the first limits for the amount of PV electricity in the utility grid of the greater Zurich area. The first limit is found at an amount of 6% of the yearly electricity generation from PV, where the PV generation capacity begins to exceed the daytime increase of the load profile. This scenario assumes no changes of the daily constant base load generation. If the PV power is further increased to an amount of 10% of the overall electricity generation, about 8% of the PV electricity production could find no demand, starting with a surplus of PV production at noon at sunny weekends in summer time. This would reduce the nominal working hours of the PV plants by 8%, increasing the PV generation costs by the same factor. An amount of 17% of PV generation can be reached in the Zurich utility grid by storing the surplus of unused PV electricity as produced, by the widely available pumped hydro plants in the Swiss Alps. The 17% PV target would also be possible without storage, but it would require reducing the base load power production in favour of PV electricity generation. To further increase the amount of PV electricity generation above 20%, low cost storage means or changes of the load profile would be required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐reflection and hydrophobic characteristics of M‐PDMS based moth‐eye nano‐patterns on protection glass of photovoltaic systems
Authors: Shin Ju‐Hyeon , Han Kang‐Soo , Lee Heon
Published: October 2010

To maximize the incident light, moth‐eye nano‐patterns were formed on a glass plate that was used as the protection glass for photovoltaic systems. These moth‐eye nano‐patterns were formed using a nano‐imprint lithography process and increased the transmittance of the glass plate by minimizing the reflection of light at the surface. After the formation of the moth‐eye nano‐patterns, the surface was coated with a trichloro‐silane based self‐assembled monolayer in order to create a hydrophobic surface because the hydrophobic surface induced a self‐cleaning effect. The transmittance of the glass plate increased from 91 to 94% at wavelength of 500 nm after the moth‐eye structure was introduced. Thus, the short circuit current (JSC) of the I–V characteristics and the charged capacity of the photovoltaic system increased up to 6% after replacing the conventional protection glass with the moth‐eye nano‐patterned glass. The durability of the moth‐eye nano‐patterns was evaluated with respect to an acidic environment, high temperatures and UV irradiation. From these evaluation results, the values of the transmittance and contact angle did not decrease after the nano‐patterns were soaked in sulfuric acid solutions with a pH of 2.0 for 48 h, exposed to a temperature of 120°C for 48 h, and irradiated 10 times with UV light for 4 h. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and solution properties of a pH‐responsive cyclopolymer of zwitterionic ethyl 3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)propanephosphonate
Authors: Ali Shaikh A. , Abu‐Thabit N. Y. , Al‐Muallem Hasan A.
Published: October 2010

The zwitterionic monomer, ethyl 3‐(N,N‐diallylammonio)propanephosphonate, was cyclopolymerized in aqueous solutions using t‐butylhydroperoxide or ammonium persulfate as initiators to afford a polyphosphonobetaine (PPB). The protonation of P(O)OEtO– and deprotonation of NH+ groups in PPB by HCl and NaOH, gave the corresponding cationic polyphosphononic acid (CPP) and anionic polyphosphonate (APP). The presence of two pH‐responsive functionalities in APP has led to establish the equilibria:
APP ⇌ PPB ⇌ CPP, the position of which very much dictates the viscosity behavior of its aqueous solution. The PPB demonstrated “antipolyelectrolyte” viscosity behavior; however, in contrast to many polycarbo‐ and polysulfo‐betaines, it was found to be soluble in salt‐free water as well as in salt‐added solutions. Basicity constant (K1) of the amine group in APP, as determined by potentiometric technique, were found to be “apparent,” and as such followed the modified Henderson‐Hasselbalch equation. The study demonstrated a correlation between the basicity constants and viscosity values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Radical–radical coupling of polystyrene chains using AGET ATRC
Authors: Domingues Katelyn M. , Tillman Eric S.
Published: October 2010

Activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) was integrated into atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) systems to drastically reduce the amount of copper catalyst required to achieve dimerization of monohalogenated polystyrene (PStX) precursors. PStCl or PStBr, prepared by ATRP, were activated and coupled in ATRC systems with varying equivalents of the reducing agent tin(II) ethyl hexanoate (Sn(EH)2) with ligand‐bound copper(I) and/or copper(II) present. Effective coupling was only observed in PStBr systems, with total copper content in the reaction mixture able to be reduced into the range of 10–25% of what is typically reported in traditional ATRC reactions of PSt while maintaining coupling yields of >50%. Additional reducing agents, glucose and ascorbic acid, were also studied and were found to be even more effective in some AGET ATRC reactions compared with Sn(EH)2. Best results were achieved with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent (>80% coupled product) with total copper content 25% of what was used for a traditional ATRC. Using an activators regenerated by electron transfer ATRP–AGET ATRC sequence resulted in an overall reduction of total copper down to 0.1–0.25% for the overall reaction sequence (compared with a traditional ATRP–ATRC sequence). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Photoinitiation mechanism of free radical photopolymerization in the presence of cyclic acetals and related compounds
Authors: Xiao P. , Lalevée J. , Allonas X. , Fouassier J.P. , Ley C. , El‐Roz M. , Shi S. Q. , Nie J.
Published: October 2010

The behavior of six cyclic acetals and related compounds in the photoinitiation step of a radical photopolymerization was investigated. As shown by the photopolymerization kinetic data obtained from FTIR spectroscopy, most of them are efficient coinitiators in the presence of benzophenone (BP) with efficiencies close to a reference amine coinitiator (ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate, EDB). Laser flash photolysis and ESR spin trapping technique were used to study the photochemical mechanisms of the production of initiating radicals and explain the differences in reactivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Pressure–volume–temperature behavior of two polycyanurate networks
Authors: Guo Jiaxi , Simon Sindee L.
Published: October 2010

The pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) behavior was studied for two polycyanurate networks having different crosslink densities using a pressurizable dilatometer. The samples were studied at temperatures ranging from 60 to 180 °C and at pressures up to 170 MPa to yield PVT data in both rubbery and glassy states. The Tait equation is found to well describe the isobaric temperature scan and isothermal pressure scan data. The thermal expansion coefficients, instantaneous bulk moduli, and thermal pressure coefficients are extracted from the data and their dependence on crosslink density is examined. The time‐dependent viscoelastic bulk modulus (K(t)) is also calculated in the vicinity of the α‐relaxation from previously published pressure relaxation experimental data, and the strength and shape of the dispersion are found to be independent of crosslink density. The limiting bulk moduli depend strongly on temperature with those of the more loosely crosslinked sample being lower at a given temperature and pressure, although at Tg(P), the limiting moduli of the more loosely crosslinked sample are slightly higher than those of the more highly crosslinked sample. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Microstructure and morphology of self‐assembling multiblock poly(ethylene‐1‐butene)‐n copolymers in solution studied by wide‐Q small‐angle neutron scattering and microscopy
Authors: Radulescu A. , Schwahn D. , Stellbrink J. , Monkenbusch M. , Fetters L. J. , Richter D.
Published: October 2010

Multiblock ethylene‐1‐butene copolymers (PEB‐n) with graded ethylene content (where n is the number of ethyl branches per 100 backbone carbons) represent efficient cold filter plugging point (CFPP) depressants for crude oils and middle distillates. The aggregation behavior and the interaction with wax molecules of a tetrablock PEB‐2.6/PEB‐6.0/PEB‐10.9/PEB‐13.2 and triblock PEB‐6.5/PEB‐8.9/PEB‐10.1 copolymers in decane solutions were investigated over a wide temperature range by combining different small‐angle neutron scattering techniques and optical microscopy. The experimental results revealed in the decrease of temperature formation and evolution of multisized structural levels showing a hierarchical organization on the length scale from 1 nm up to 10 μm. One‐dimensional polymer aggregates arising as initial structures associate and branch that lead to the occurrence of complex macroaggregates with diffusive interfaces and sizes of several microns. The one‐dimensional copolymer structure shows longitudinal density modulation and micellar‐like substructures in neat polymer solutions. When wax is added, this structure becomes more homogeneous in decrease of temperature as a consequence of the cocrystallization of wax and copolymer. The wax crystallization in board‐like objects of much smaller size than required by the CFPP criterion of oil and refinery industry (filter mesh size of 45 μm) is templated and controlled by the assembling features of the crystalline–amorphous PEB‐n multiblock copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Solution structures of chicken parvalbumin 3 in the Ca2+‐free and Ca2+‐bound states
Authors: Henzl Michael T. , Tanner John J. , Tan Anmin
Published: October 2010

Birds express two β‐parvalbumin isoforms, parvalbumin 3 and avian thymic hormone (ATH). Parvalbumin 3 from chicken (CPV3) is identical to rat β‐parvalbumin (β‐PV) at 75 of 108 residues. CPV3 displays intermediate Ca2+affinity—higher than that of rat β‐parvalbumin, but lower than that of ATH. As in rat β‐PV, the attenuation of affinity is associated primarily with the CD site (residues 41–70), rather than the EF site (residues 80–108). Structural data for rat α‐ and β‐parvalbumins suggest that divalent ion affinity is correlated with the similarity of the unliganded and Ca2+‐bound conformations. We herein present a comparison of the solution structures of Ca2+‐free and Ca2+‐bound CPV3. Although the structures are generally similar, the conformations of residues 47 to 50 differ markedly in the two protein forms. These residues are located in the C helix, proximal to the CD binding loop. In response to Ca2+removal, F47 experiences much greater solvent accessibility. The side‐chain of R48 assumes a position between the C and D helices, adjacent to R69. Significantly, I49 adopts an interior position in the unliganded protein that allows association with the side‐chain of L50. Concomitantly, the realignment of F66 and F70 facilitates their interaction with I49 and reduces their contact with residues in the N‐terminal AB domain. This reorganization of the hydrophobic core, although less profound, is nevertheless reminiscent of that observed in rat β‐PV. The results lend further support to the idea that Ca2+affinity correlates with the structural similarity of the apo‐ and bound parvalbumin conformations. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognition of β–calcineurin by the domains of calmodulin: Thermodynamic and structural evidence for distinct roles
Authors: O'Donnell Susan E. , Yu Liping , Fowler C. Andrew , Shea Madeline A.
Published: October 2010

Calcineurin (CaN, PP2B, PPP3), a heterodimeric Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent Ser/Thr phosphatase, regulates swimming in Paramecia, stress responses in yeast, and T‐cell activation and cardiac hypertrophy in humans. Calcium binding to CaNB (the regulatory subunit) triggers conformational change in CaNA (the catalytic subunit). Two isoforms of CaNA (α, β) are both abundant in brain and heart and activated by calcium‐saturated calmodulin (CaM). The individual contribution of each domain of CaM to regulation of calcineurin is not known. Hydrodynamic analyses of (Ca2+)4‐CaM1–148 bound to βCaNp, a peptide representing its CaM‐binding domain, indicated a 1:1 stoichiometry. βCaNp binding to CaM increased the affinity of calcium for the N‐ and C‐domains equally, thus preserving intrinsic domain differences, and the preference of calcium for sites III and IV. The equilibrium constants for individual calcium‐saturated CaM domains dissociating from βCaNp were ∼1 μM. A limiting Kd ≤ 1 nM was measured directly for full‐length CaM, while thermodynamic linkage analysis indicated that it was approximately 1 pM. βCaNp binding to 15N‐(Ca2+)4‐CaM1–148 monitored by 15N/1HN HSQC NMR showed that association perturbed the N‐domain of CaM more than its C‐domain. NMR resonance assignments of CaM and βCaNp, and interpretation of intermolecular NOEs observed in the 13C‐edited and 12C‐14N‐filtered 3D NOESY spectrum indicated anti‐parallel binding. The sole aromatic residue (Phe) located near the βCaNp C‐terminus was in close contact with several residues of the N‐domain of CaM outside the hydrophobic cleft. These structural and thermodynamic properties would permit the domains of CaM to have distinct physiological roles in regulating activation of βCaN. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of somatic mutations on CDR loop flexibility during affinity maturation
Authors: Wong Sergio E. , Sellers Ben D. , Jacobson Matthew P.
Published: October 2010

Prior studies suggest that antibody affinity maturation is achieved, in part, via prearranging the CDRs for binding. The implication is that the entropy cost of binding is reduced and that this rigidification occurs as a consequence of somatic mutations during maturation. However, how these mutations modulate CDR flexibility is unclear. Here, molecular dynamics simulations captured CDR flexibility differences between four mature antibodies (7G12, AZ28, 28B4, and 48G7) and their germline predecessors. Analysis of their trajectories: (1) rationalized how mutations during affinity maturation restrict CDR motility, (2) captured the equilibrium between bound and unbound conformations for the H3 loop of unliganded 7G12, and (3) predicted a set of new mutations that, according to our simulations, should diminish binding by increasing flexibility. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hopping and radiative recombination at localized band tail states in hydro‐ genated amorphous silicon
Authors: Murayama Kazuro
Published: October 2010

The primary photocurrent in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) is shown to be due to the hopping controlled by deep localized band tail states from the time‐of‐flight (TOF) experiment and the Monte Carlo simulation. The power law decay of the luminescence observed at temperatures higher than 70 K is shown to be due to the recombination between the trapped hole and the electron making the hopping randomwalk at localized band tail states. The luminescence center in a‐Si:H is shown to be the hydrogen‐free Si nanostructures from the comparison with the luminescence from the Si nano‐particles in the porous Si (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Screened excitons in strained wurtzite AlxGa1–xN/GaN/AlyGa1–yN quantum wells
Authors: Ha S. H. , Ban S. L. , Zhu J.
Published: October 2010

The binding energies of heavy‐hole excitons in asymmetric strained wurtzite Alx Ga1‐xN/GaN/Aly Ga1‐yN quantum wells are investigated theoretically with a variational method and a self‐consistent procedure. The screening effect due to the 2‐dimensional electron‐hole gas and the built‐in electric field produced by spontaneous and strain‐induced piezoelectric polarization are considered in our calculation. The result indicates that the strong built‐in electric field is modulated obviously by the well width, barrier thickness and Al content. The decrease of well width increases the absolute value of built‐in electric field in the well layer, but reduces the strength of the field in barrier layers. The calculated results are found in agreement with previous works in symmetric structures but the strong built‐in electric field modulated by the barrier thickness and Al content results in the reduction of the excitonic binding energy in asymmetric ones. It is also found that the screening effect on the coloumbic interaction of electron and hole is stronger than on the built‐in electric field, leading to a reduction of excitonic stability (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of strain and hydrostatic pressure on the binding energy of excitons in wurtzite cylindrical quantum dots
Authors: Shi Lei , Yan Zu Wei
Published: October 2010

A variational method is used to discuss the binding energies of excitons in a strained wurtzite cylindrical quantum dot by considering the hydrostatic pressure effect. Besides the built‐in electric field due to the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations, the strain dependence of parameters is also considered in our calculation. The results indicate that the binding energies of excitons with strain effect are higher than that without strain effect when the quantum dot height is small, but the binding energy with strain effect becomes lower than that without strain effect as the quantum dot height increases. The contribution from the built‐in electric field to the strain effect is dominant, but the contribution from the strain dependence of parameters is quite small (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anomalous detection‐energy dependence of coherent phonon in bismuth thin films
Authors: Morishita Ryosuke , Oohata Goro , Mizoguchi Kohji
Published: October 2010

Coherent phonons in semimetal Bi thin films have been studied by using a spectrally‐resolved pump‐probe technique. It is found that the intensity of the coherent phonon with A1g symmetry in the Bi thin film changes with the detection energy. The detection‐energy dependence of the coherent phonon intensity indicates that the phonon intensity has two peaks at the energies shifted by about twice the phonon energy from the central energy of the pulse laser. We discuss the origin of the detection‐energy dependence of the phonon intensity from the viewpoint of the generation mechanism of the coherent phonon. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of coherent vibronic oscillations in β‐carotene by ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: Sugisaki Mitsuru , Kosumi Daisuke , Saito Keisuke , Cogdell Richard J. , Hashimoto Hideki
Published: October 2010

The nonlinear optical responses of carotenoids can be investigated by means of the four‐wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy. Here we especially focus on the relationship among the pulse sequences, temporal separations between the pulses and the resulting coherent signals. In the transient grating configuration, coherent oscillations with a period of a few tens femtoseconds are clearly observed, which reflect nuclear motions in the ground state. Interestingly, it was found that the Raman inactive modes can be excited by properly controlling the temporal separation of the first and second excitation pulses. The amplitudes of these oscillations are more than three orders of magnitude stronger in comparison with the predicted values obtained by well‐established quantum mechanical calculations. We propose a model to explain our finding that takes the state mixing between S2 and Sx and the higher‐order interaction of the electron‐phonon coupling into consideration. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of hydroxyfullerene on the structure of water
Authors: Khokhriakov Nicolai , Kodolov Vladimir
Published: October 2010

The interaction of hydroxyfullerene with water molecules is investigated in the frameworks of ab initio and semiempirical methods of quantum chemistry. The calculations demonstrate that the energy of cluster interaction with a water is twice as much as the energy of interaction between water molecules. Thus qualitative changes in the water structure take place when introducing small quantities of hydroxyfullerene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011