bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Halothane and Isoflurane on Hyperexcitability of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons after Incision in the Rat
Authors: Kawamata Mikito , Narimatsu Eichi , Kozuka Yuji , Takahashi Toshiyuki , Sugino Shigekazu , Niiya Tomohisa , Namiki Akiyoshi
Published: December 2004

Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether halothane and isoflurane used during and after surgical injury attenuate subsequent hyperexcitability of spinal dorsal horn (SDH) neurons by preventing development of central sensitization.

Methods

Activity of a wide-dynamic-range neuron of the SDH was isolated in decerebrate-spinal Sprague-Dawley rats, and neuronal activity (receptive field size and responses to nonnoxious and noxious stimuli) was recorded. A 1-cm-long incision was made through the skin, fascia, and muscle under anesthesia with halothane (1.1% or 2.2%) and isoflurane (1.4% or 2.8%). Anesthesia was discontinued just after the incision had been made or was continued until 30 min after the incision, and activity of the SDH neurons was measured for up to 2 h after the incision. In a control group, the incision was made without anesthesia.

Results

In the control group, the incision resulted in maximum excitation in the SDH neurons during surgery; spontaneous activity significantly increased for up to 30 min after the incision (P < 0.05) but did not significantly increase thereafter, returning to the preincision value. Halothane and isoflurane suppressed excitation of the neurons during the incision in a concentration-related manner. Administration of 2.2% halothane and 2.8% isoflurane during the incision and for up to 30 min after the incision almost abolished activity of the neurons for 30 min after the incision. The magnitude of neuronal activity 2 h after the incision was not significantly different among all groups, including the control group.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate that administration of halothane and isoflurane does not attenuate development of hyperexcitability of SDH neurons despite the fact that excitation and spontaneous activity during and after the incision were greatly suppressed by administration of halothane and isoflurane.
Double Epidural Catheter with Ropivacaine versus Intravenous Morphine: A Comparison for Postoperative Analgesia after Scoliosis Correction Surgery
Authors: Blumenthal Stephan , Min Kan , Nadig Marco , Borgeat Alain
Published: December 2004

Background

Major spine surgery with a dorsal or ventrodorsal approach causes severe postoperative pain. The use of continuous epidural analgesia through one or two epidural catheters placed intraoperatively by the surgeon has been shown to provide efficient postoperative pain control. In this prospective unblinded study, the authors compared the efficacy of continuous intravenous morphine with a continuous double epidural catheter technique with ropivacaine after scoliosis correction.

Methods

Thirty patients with American Society of Anesthesiology physical status I-III were prospectively randomized to either the morphine group or the epidural group. At the end of surgery, patients in the epidural group received two epidural catheters placed by the surgeon, one directed cephalad and one caudally. Correct placement was checked radiographically. Postoperative analgesia until the first postoperative morning was performed with remifentanil target-control infusion for all patients. From that time remifentanil was stopped and continuous intravenous analgesia with morphine or double epidural analgesia with ropivacaine 0.3% was initiated (T0 = beginning of study). Pain at rest and pain in motion (using a visual analog scale from 0-100), the amount of rescue analgesics, sensory level, motor blockade, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus were assessed every 6 h and bowel function was assessed every 12 h until T72 (end of study). Two days later, patient satisfaction was assessed.

Results

Pain scores at rest were significantly decreased in the epidural group at all time points except at T12, T60, and T72. Pain scores in motion were significantly decreased in the epidural group at T24, T48, and T72. Bowel activity was significantly better in the epidural group at T24, T36, T48, and T60. Postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus occurred significantly less frequently in the epidural group. No complications related to the epidural catheter occurred.

Conclusions

Both methods provide efficient postoperative analgesia. However, double epidural catheter technique provides better postoperative analgesia, earlier recovery of bowel function, fewer side effects, and a higher patient satisfaction.
Anesthesia for Patients with Congenital Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Kies Susan J. , Pabelick Christina M. , Hurley Heather A. , White Roger D. , Ackerman Michael J.
Published: December 2004

Long QT syndrome is a malfunction of cardiac ion channels resulting in impaired ventricular repolarization that can lead to a characteristic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia known as torsades de pointes. Stressors, by increasing sympathetic tone, and drugs can provoke torsade de pointes, leading to syncope, seizures, or sudden cardiac death in these patients. Beta blockade, implantation of cardioverter defibrillators, and left cardiac sympathetic denervation are used in the treatment of these patients. However, these treatment modalities do not guarantee the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Certain drugs, including anesthetic agents, are known to contribute to QT prolongation. After reviewing the literature the authors give recommendations for the anesthetic management of these patients in the perioperative period.
Static and dynamic heterogeneities in water
Authors: Stanley H. Eugene , Buldyrev Sergey V. , Franzese Giancarlo , Giovambattista Nicolas , Starr Francis W.
Published: December 2004

The thermodynamic behaviour of water seems to be related to static heterogeneities. These static heterogeneities are related to the local structure of water molecules and, when properly characterized, may offer an economical explanation of thermodynamic data. ‘What matters’ most in determining some of the unusual properties of liquid water may be the fact that the local geometry of the liquid molecules is not spherical or oblong, but rather tetrahedral. In respect to static heterogeneities, this local geometry is critical. The dynamic behaviour of water seems to be related to dynamic heterogeneities, which seem to explain the dynamics of supercooled liquid water well.
An Apologia for Theoretical History
Authors: Rozov Nikolai S.
Published: December 2004

Karl Popper's critique of theoretical history remains formidable but contains serious flaws. Popper held erroneous views about the practice of the natural sciences and created overly severe strictures for theoretical statements in the social sciences. General theory and general theoretical statements play a legitimate role in the social sciences. Merton has promoted middle‐range theories and models and Lakatos multiple ontologies. One can answer Popper's criticisms of either the impossibility or triviality of long‐term historical laws by searching for stable constellations of local or middle‐range laws rather than a universal law. Moreover, the successful use in the social sciences of various types of scales of measurement rather than an absolute scale shows that quantitative analysis is possible in history. Investigators need to find the boundaries, the frameworks of feasibility, in which historical trends and laws operate. Popper's maximalism plays into the irrationalist trends that he himself deplored. If historical investigators and theoreticians set appropriate goals for theoretical history, they can practice their discipline responsibly and find meanings, if not a single meaning, in history.
Corporatism, Pluralism, and Democracy: Toward a Deliberative Theory of Bureaucratic Accountability
Authors: Hunold Christian
Published: December 2004

This essay proposes a deliberative model of bureaucratic accountability and assesses its feasibility. Conventional wisdom suggests that a deliberative theory of bureaucratic accountability has little utility outside corporatist contexts. I reject this view because recent changes in patterns of interest representation have transformed both corporatist and pluralist bureaucracies into more hospitable environments for public deliberation. Contrary to the claims of democratic corporatists, recent pluralist practices of interest representation also seem to be compatible with public deliberation. Hence, movement toward greater openness in administrative decision‐making is possible from both liberal pluralist and corporatist starting points. Corporatism clearly has no monopoly on democratic deliberation.
Calvin’s View of Natural Knowledge of God
Authors: Adams Edward
Published: December 2004

For Calvin, the relation between God’s revelation in the sensus divinitatis and God’s revelation in his works is not reducible to the distinction between internal and external revelation. Adams’ contextual interpretation of Calvin’s treatment of the natural knowledge of God in the Institutes illumines some the subtle complexity of Calvin’s argument – an argument which is informed both philosophically and biblically. Both Calvin’s positive evaluation of natural revelation and his pessimistic stance vis‐à‐vis the ability of humanity to appropriate it emerge from Adams’ analysis.
Productivity, Profitability, and Firm Value
Authors: Riahi‐Belkaoui Ahmed
Published: December 2004

This study examines the role of productivity in the prediction of future profitability and firm valuation. The results indicate that productivity does not provide much information about future profitability incremental to that provided by current profit rate, but explains cross‐sectional differences in market value incremental to that explained by book value and current profit rate.
The Accuracy of Profit Forecasts and their Roles and Associations with IPO Firm Valuations
Authors: Chen Gongmeng , Firth Michael
Published: December 2004

China's recent economic reforms include the corporatization and listing of formerly state‐owned enterprises. In order to sell shares to both domestic and foreign investors, IPOs have to overcome significant asymmetric information problems. Prospectuses for new issues in China contain forecasts of corporate profits for the next year and these forecasts can be used by investors to value companies and to make investment decisions. The study sets out to assess the accuracy of these forecasts and hence the credibility that can be attached to them. In addition to calculating various measures of accuracy and forecast superiority, we also examine the bias and rationality of the forecasts. The results show that profit forecasts are moderately accurate and they are better than time series extrapolations of historical profits. Explaining cross‐sectional differences in accuracy measures proves to be difficult. Finally, the results indicate that profit forecasts are related to company valuations and that investors predict the sign, and to some extent the magnitude, of forecast errors.
Business Models and the Transfer of Businesslike CentralGovernment Agencies
Authors: James Oliver
Published: December 2004

At the same time as many researchers in public administration are suggesting the emergence of similar New Public Management (NPM) forms in Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries, a substantial number of those working in comparative political economy are rediscovering differences between countries. This paper explores a key component of NPM—business‐like central government agencies—in four countries: the UK, the U.S., Germany, and Japan. So far, the private sector side of the NPM story has largely been neglected. However, the business‐like agency model as developed in the UK was influenced by the Anglo‐American system of corporate governance. In comparative political economy, the Anglo‐American system is seen as different from that in Germany or Japan. These differences are important for understanding transfer through emulation of the UK agency model by policy‐makers in other countries. An apparent inconsistency may be developing, with governments using an NPM form based on an Anglo‐American model of business that is far from universal in business itself.
Dates in History: Chronology and Memory1
Authors: Greenway Diana E.
Published: December 2004

The modern method of dating events by reference to an independent time‐line came into use slowly, recently and partially. The predominant chronological device in the ancient and medieval worlds was dating by the year of an office, such as a king's reign. The Roman and medieval calendars had much in common, including the annual commemorations of religious, civil and family events. The Jewish idea of jubilee lies behind the growth of centennial and similar celebrations. Personal memory has difficulty with intervals of time and the sequence of happenings, and even today individuals often resort to the ancient dating mechanisms of relative chronology, centred on persons and offices.
James VI and I and rule over two kingdoms: an English view*
Authors: Russell Conrad
Published: December 2004

This article compares English and Scottish responses to the union of the crowns in 1603 following the accession of James VI and I. It examines the reluctance of the English to rethink their ideas on sovereignty, and the problems inherent in an ‘imperfect union’.
Authority, accountability and representation: the United Provinces police and the dilemmas of the colonial policeman in British India, 1902–39*
Authors: Campion David A.
Published: December 2004

This article examines police administration and the experience of colonial policing in the villages and towns of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, one of the largest and most important regions of British India in the early twentieth century. During this time it was the inefficiency and weakness of the British in their policing methods, rather than the brutally effective use of the Indian Police Service, that fuelled resentment among the population of colonial India and led to widespread discontent among European and Indian officers and constables. Yet throughout this period, the police remained the most important link between Europeans and Indians, and were a frequent conduit for social exchange as well as a point of bitter conflict.
Fascist violence and the politics of public order in inter-war Britain: the Olympia debate revisited*
Authors: Lawrence Jon
Published: December 2004

This article uses press reports, pamphlet literature, politicians' diaries, parliamentary debates and Home Office/police papers at the Public Record Office to sustain two main arguments. Firstly, that contrary to recent revisionist accounts, revulsion at fascist violence played an important part in the failure of Mosley and British fascism. It is shown that the furore over blackshirt violence at Olympia in 1934 served to alienate Conservative opinion from fascist ‘extremism’ both in parliament and in the press, and also convinced both British Union of Fascists and communist leaders that they must dissociate themselves from responsibility for the organization of violence. Secondly, the article suggests that debates about Olympia highlighted profound disagreements over the legitimacy of dissent and protest in public politics, and over the proper role for the police and the law at indoor political meetings. Ultimately the reaction against fascist violence led to a significant increase in the state's role in this traditionally private sphere of political life.
Henry VIII's ecclesiastical and collegiate foundations
Authors: Rex Richard , Armstrong C. D. C.
Published: December 2004

This article investigates Henry VIII's ecclesiastical foundations in order to assess their significance and to see what they can tell us about the king's personal religious convictions—a relatively under–explored area. After sketching the medieval background, the article catalogues Henry's foundations, and then explores their perceived and stated purposes, and their implications for the general course of the Reformation under Henry VIII. The main original sources are the patent rolls (here referred to mainly via the calendar of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII). Henry's choices about the dedications of his foundations are found to cast interesting new light on his devotional tastes and development. More broadly, the history of his foundations illustrates his hesitancy in breaking with traditional religion, and leads the authors to take issue with interpretations of Henry VIII's religious development advanced by G. W. Bernard.
A Note on Racial Differences in Employed Male Job Search
Authors: Keith Kristen , Williams Donald R.
Published: December 2004

This article examines why black males are more likely to engage in employed job search than are their white counterparts. We focus primarily on the roles that expected wages, wage growth, and job characteristics have on explaining the observed differential. Using a sample of young men from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), the results indicate that the greater propensity of blacks to engage in employed job search is the result of their desire to obtain better jobs with more agreeable working conditions.
Union Response to Teamwork: the Case of Opel Spain
Authors: Ortiz Luis
Published: December 2004

The article examines the unions’ response to teamwork in Opel Spain in the light of the different theoretical analyses of this change. It is argued, through this case study, that both the unions’ responses and the theoretical approaches to teamwork, are partially derived from particular features of the national systems of industrial relations from where they stem.
Kuruvilla—the Political Economy of Industrialisation and Industrial Relations: a Comment
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: December 2004

Kuruvilla, drawing upon the experience of countries in South and South East Asia, found a clear and positive association between the stages and types of industrialisation and the systems and forms of industrial relations. In this rejoinder Gall, though partly sympathetic to the thesis, argues that Kuruvilla fails to give sufficient weight to the contingencies of political economy, ie. The role of the state and, in particular, the political process.
Paradise postponed: dilemmas facing shop stewards in the new South Africa—accommodation orresistance?
Authors: Catchpowle Lesley , Winters Janet , Stanworth John
Published: December 2004

The growth of the shop stewards movement in South Africa prior to majority rule represented a challenge to the institutionalised managerial prerogative and cemented the position of black trade unions in the workplace, posing a threat to both Apartheid’s cheap labour system and also to the political control of the Apartheid regime. With the advent of majority rule in 1994, shop stewards are now expected to comply with, and co‐operate in, the implementation of workplace changes which they would have traditionally opposed. This, plus the move towards Japanese‐style ‘lean’ work practices, is creating farreaching challenges for the ‘New’ South African shop steward movement.
A slow burning flame? Organisational change and industrial relations in the fire service
Authors: Fitzgerald Ian , Stirling John
Published: December 2004

The process of organisational change in the public sector has led to a restructuring of the employment relationship in a context of budgetary constraints, the introduction of performance indicators and the development of new management strategies. The pace of change has been uneven and mediated by service cultures that have been resistant to innovation. Our case study of a metropolitan fire brigade explores these issues and suggests that financially driven organisational change has a major impact on industrial relations and that trade union organisation rooted in workplace culture can provide a significant challenge to restructuring.
New forms of employment relations in the public services: the limits of strategic choice
Authors: Kessler Ian , Purcell John , Coyle Shapiro Jackie
Published: December 2004

Drawing on a strategic choice model, this article examines the extent to which public service organisations have used their newly established employment relations discretion. Constrained by external pressures and upstream decisions on purpose and structure, the exercise of genuine choice is seen to vary between organisations and according to the nature of the issue.
Trends and developments in east central European industrial relations
Authors: Cox Terry , Mason Bob
Published: December 2004

This article overviews developments in industrial relations in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland since the fall of the communist regimes in 1989, and assesses the extent to which key developments in these countries reflect both change and continuity from the communist period. We explore the four main institutions through which industrial relations have been conducted: trades unions, workers’ councils, employer organisations, and the tripartite arrangements involving representatives of unions and employers with the state.
The German model of industrial relations at the crossroads: past, present and future
Authors: Tüselmann Heinz , Heise Arne
Published: December 2004

This article examines the pressures for reform in the German model of industrial relations, with particular emphasis on the sectoral bargaining system. It assesses if, how and to what extent the German model with its proven track record should be reformed. The article advocates a reform path within the parameters of the excisting system in order to strike subtle balance between stability and change.
Facing ‘fairness at work’: union perception of employer opposition and response to union recognition
Authors: Gall Gregor , McKay Sonia
Published: December 2004

The introduction of statutory mechanisms by which unions can gain union recognition in Britain has stimulated employer activity to avoid and subvert union recognition campaigns. This article examines the nature and extent of such employer activities and how unions have responded.
Negotiating European Works Councils: contours of constrained choice
Authors: Gilman Mark , Marginson Paul
Published: December 2004

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the factors influencing the nature of the ‘constrained choices’ being made by management and employee representatives in concluding agreements establishing EWCs. Four influences—a ‘statutory model effect’; a ‘learning effect’; a ‘country effect’; and a ‘sector effect’—are found to be at work.
Pay determination in small firms in the UK: the case of the response to the National Minimum Wage
Authors: Gilman Mark , Edwards Paul , Ram Monder , Arrowsmith James
Published: December 2004

Pay determination in small firms is widely expected to follow the dictates of the market. Research on 81 firms in three competitive sectors finds, instead, loosely defined and variable pay structures. This variability is explained in terms of the interplay between labour and product markets, firms’ own choices, and ‘shocks’ such as the National Minimum Wage. This analysis thus contributes to developing institutional theories of labour markets and pay systems.
Procedural Justice and Perceptions of Fairness in Selection Practice
Authors: Harris Lynette
Published: December 2004

Demonstrating procedural justice through a focus on the psychometric job‐related approach to selection continues to be the most effective means for employers to meet legal requirements and potential claims of unfair treatment. A study of selection practice in a large local UK City Council reports how a structured, highly ‘job‐focused’ approach can result in negative perceptions about the fairness of the process, its outcomes and effectiveness. Its findings reveal an organizational dilemma – how to develop selection systems that are sufficiently robust in terms of demonstrating maximum procedural fairness and objectivity to withstand potential litigation but are sufficiently flexible to accommodate those other factors which influence individual perceptions of fairness. It considers the future of the highly structured approach in the light of pressures to develop selection processes which can meet the needs of rapidly changing organizational structures as well the expansion of anti‐discrimination legislation and litigation.
An Analysis of the Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire
Authors: Alban‐Metcalfe Robert J. , Alimo‐Metcalfe Beverly
Published: December 2004

This article sets out to provide evidence of the convergent and discriminant validity of a recently developed leadership questionnaire to support the assessment and development of leadership in organizations, the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire (TLQ). The TLQ was developed on the basis of eliciting constructs of leadership from managers working at different levels (executive, top, senior, middle) in two large parts of the UK public sector, using a Grounded Theory approach.

Evidence is presented that eight scales which measure different aspects of transformational leadership are significantly correlated with each of five criterion variables, even when the instrument is used in a public sector different from the one in which it was developed.

Discriminant analysis indicated, however, that the relationship between the scales and the criterion variables is not consistent for the different groups and sub‐groups of managers, divided by level, by sex, and by level x sex. These latter data were interpreted, in the light of the ‘range of convenience’ corollary of Kelly's Personal Construct Theory, and of the concept of ‘substitutes for leadership’, as evidence that certain TLQ scales have particular relevance to certain groups and sub‐groups of managers, and thus of the discriminant validity of the instrument, and further evidence of its construct validity.
Personality and Performance at the Beginning of the New Millennium: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?
Authors: Barrick Murray R. , Mount Michael K. , Judge Timothy A.
Published: December 2004

As we begin the new millennium, it is an appropriate time to examine what we have learned about personality‐performance relationships over the past century and to embark on new directions for research. In this study we quantitatively summarize the results of 15 prior meta‐analytic studies that have investigated the relationship between the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits and job performance. Results support the previous findings that conscientiousness is a valid predictor across performance measures in all occupations studied. Emotional stability was also found to be a generalizable predictor when overall work performance was the criterion, but its relationship to specific performance criteria and occupations was less consistent than was conscientiousness. Though the other three Big Five traits (extraversion, openness and agreeableness) did not predict overall work performance, they did predict success in specific occupations or relate to specific criteria. The studies upon which these results are based comprise most of the research that has been conducted on this topic in the past century. Consequently, we call for a moratorium on meta‐analytic studies of the type reviewed in our study and recommend that researchers embark on a new research agenda designed to further our understanding of personality‐performance linkages.
Personality Predictors of Citizenship Performance
Authors: Borman Walter C. , Penner Louise A. , Allen Tammy D. , Motowidlo Stephan J.
Published: December 2004

This article briefly introduces the criterion construct, citizenship performance, describes how this construct is different from task performance and presents a recently derived 3‐dimension model of the domain. Evidence is then reviewed for links between personality constructs and citizenship performance. An update of the Organ and Ryan (1995) meta‐analysis of personality‐organizational citizenship behavior relationships suggests slightly higher correlations than those found in the meta‐analysis and also indicates that personality, at least the conscientiousness and dependability constructs, correlates more highly with citizenship performance than with task performance. These results are discussed in the broader context of building models of job performance and studying linkages between individual differences and relatively specific criterion constructs.
Virtual Reality Technology: A New Tool for Personnel Selection
Authors: Aguinas Herman , Henle Christine A. , Beaty Jr. James C.
Published: December 2004

The purpose of this article is to introduce virtual reality technology as a potential tool for personnel selection in organizations. We describe virtual reality technology, its hardware and software requirements, and some current applications. Then we propose specific types of job knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) particularly suitable to being assessed using virtual reality technology. We emphasize KSAOs that hold the greatest promise in terms of yielding greater validity than more commonly used selection techniques. We hope the present article will stimulate and guide future empirical research on the potential of virtual reality technology as a personnel selection tool.
Determinants, Detection and Amelioration of Adverse Impact in Personnel Selection Procedures: Issues, Evidence and Lessons Learned
Authors: Hough Leatta M. , Oswald Frederick L. , Ployhart Robert E.
Published: December 2004

Mean subgroup (gender, ethnic/cultural, and age) differences are summarized across studies for several predictor domains – cognitive ability, personality and physical ability – at both broadly and more narrowly defined construct levels, with some surprising results. Research clearly indicates that the setting, the sample, the construct and the level of construct specificity can all, either individually or in combination, moderate the magnitude of differences between groups. Employers using tests in employment settings need to assess accurately the requirements of work. When the exact nature of the work is specified, the appropriate predictors may or may not have adverse impact against some groups. The possible causes and remedies for adverse impact (measurement method, culture, test coaching, test‐taker perceptions, stereotype threat and criterion conceptualization) are also summarized. Each of these factors can contribute to subgroup differences, and some appear to contribute significantly to subgroup differences on cognitive ability tests, where Black–White mean differences are most pronounced. Statistical methods for detecting differential prediction, test fairness and construct equivalence are described and evaluated, as are statistical/mathematical strategies for reducing adverse impact (test‐score banding and predictor/criterion weighting strategies).
The Structure of Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Dimensionality and Relationships with Facets of Job Performance
Authors: Sackett Paul R.
Published: December 2004

Personnel selection as an applied domain of work and organizational psychology has over one century of scientific history. This paper presents a historical account of the last 100 years of personnel selection by presenting some of the more important landmarks of the discipline. This historical account includes events, theoretical contributions, and methodological advances that have consolidated the discipline as a scientific one. The paper also serves as an introduction to the second part of the special issue devoted to the presentation of the state‐of‐art of personnel selection at the beginning of the XXIst Century.
Building an Integrative Model of Extra Role Work Behaviors: A Comparison of Counterproductive Work Behavior with Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Miles Donald E. , Borman Walter E. , Spector Paul E. , Fox Suzy
Published: December 2004

Researchers have recently drawn attention to performance elements that extend beyond task performance (often labeled as organizational citizenship behavior, or OCB). A second stream of research concerns detrimental, potentially destructive acts that hurt colleagues or organizations (labeled counterproductive work behavior, or CWB). Spector and Fox (in press) have proposed a model based upon conceptual parallels that may help connect these two disparate fields of research, using positive and negative emotions as intermediary variables between environmental conditions and extra‐role work behaviors. The current study tested portions of the overall model, and found reasonable support for the components. Suggestions for further research designed to test the overall model are presented.
Effective Interview Practices for Accurately Assessing Counterproductive Traits
Authors: Blackman Melinda C. , Funder David C.
Published: December 2004

A first line of defense for an organization against counterproductive behavior in the workplace is the accurate detection during the interview process of a job candidate’s counterproductive traits. This article discusses aspects of the interview format and other considerations relevant to increasing the accuracy of the assessment of a job candidate’s personality. Recent research suggests that the unstructured interview may be of high value in comparison to the traditional structured interview format, when accurate personality prediction is the criterion (Blackman, in press–a; Ickes, Snyder and Garcia 1997). Interviewers can also become more sophisticated in evaluating the probable accuracy of their judgments by learning about four important moderators of accuracy: properties of the judge, of the target, of the trait being judged, and of the information upon which the judgment is based (Funder 1995).
Self‐Reported Counterproductive Behaviors and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: Separate but Related Constructs
Authors: Kelloway E. Kevin , Loughlin Catherine , Barling Julian , Nault Alison
Published: December 2004

The construct validity of self‐reported counterproductive work behaviors (CPBs) and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) was explored by separating item content from item wording, through the confirmatory factor analysis of three scales: a CPB scale containing only negatively worded items, an OCB scale with only positively worded items, and the supervision subscale of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) (Smith, Kendall and Hulin 1969) comprised of both negatively and positively worded items. Results (N = 475) suggest that self‐report measures of CPBs and OCBs are affected by method variance, but that the presence of such an influence does not compromise the substantive interpretation of these scales. Consequently, these scales do appear to be unique constructs.
Odyssean and Rubicon Refugees: Toward a Typology of Refugees in the Land of Exile
Authors: Joly Danièle
Published: December 2004

With a focus on refugees in Western Europe, this paper seeks to establish refugees in their country of exile/settlement as social types distinct from labour migrants. It looks at the notion of ethnic groups and their strategies as a theoretical tool for better understanding refugees. The refugees' positioning within the structure of conflict of their country of origin is posited as a determining factor of their modes of settlement. It is possible to find two large categories:

1. Odyssean refugees: refugees who nurtured a collective project in the land of origin and took it with them in the land of exile.

2. Rubicon refugees: refugees who did not partake in a collective project oriented toward the homeland or who have forsaken it.
Qualifications Recognition Reform for Skilled Migrants in Australia: Applying Competency‐based Assessment to Overseas‐qualified Nurses
Authors: Hawthorne Lesleyanne
Published: December 2004

The past two decades have coincided with unprecedented Australian selection of skilled migrants, in particular professionals from non‐English speaking background (NESB) source countries. By 1991, the overseas‐born constituted 43 to 49 per cent of Australia's engineers, 43 per cent of computer professionals, 40 per cent of doctors, 26 per cent of nurses, and rising proportions in other key professions. Within one to five years of arrival, just 30 per cent of degree‐qualified migrants were employed. However, few diploma holders had found work in any profession, and select NESB groups were characterized by acute labour market disadvantage.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, barriers to credential recognition were identified as a major contributing factor to these inferior employment outcomes. This paper describes the evolution of Australia's qualifications recognition reform agenda for NESB migrants, including progressive growth in support of a shift from paper to competency‐based assessment (CBA). Within this context, the paper examines the degree to which improvements were achieved in the 1990s in the field of nursing — the first major Australian profession to embrace CBA, and one promoted by the National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition as an exemplar of the reform process. Assessment protocols and outcomes are analysed within two contrasting contexts: pre‐migration at Australian overseas posts, and within Australia following overseas‐qualified nurses' (OQNs) arrival. Based on empirical data from a wide range of sources, the paper identifies the development of a major paradox. Substantial improvements in qualifications recognition were indeed achieved for NESB nurses through CBA in Australia, in particular in the dominant immigrant‐receiving states of Victoria and New South Wales. At the same time, it is argued, a significant tightening of recognition procedures was occurring at Australian overseas posts where CBA was unavailable. The Immigration Department placed pre‐migration assessment more, rather than less, exclusively in the hands of the professional nursing bodies, in a period coinciding with their harsher, rather than more lenient, treatment of NESB migrants' qualifications. Minimal improvement in recognition of overseas qualifications was achieved in other professions.
The Commodification of International Marriages: Cross‐border Marriage Business in Taiwan and Viet Nam
Authors: Wang Hong‐zen , Chang Shu‐ming
Published: December 2004

In this article, we attempt to place the issue of international marriage in an institutionalized profit‐oriented social context, which is described as “the commodification process”. The starting point included measuring the scale of the international marriage market in Taiwan.

Socio‐demographic change in Taiwan and Viet Nam has created a market for profit‐pursuing marriage agents. Agents scattered in different social spheres have gradually linked to form a profitable industry. Two different industrial organization types have emerged in the matchmaking process to meet different market constraints. As the cross‐border marriage market matures, more and more people enter the market, and competitive price, good quality and delivery on time become the necessary conditions for success. In this competitive process, female migrant partners become increasingly commodified to conform to the new situation. They are required to accept reduced prices, to be “good enough” to marry and to be married when there is demand. The social networks of individuals are gradually transformed by agents in pursuit of profit.
Regulation and supervision of pension funds: Principles and practices
Authors: Queisser Monika
Published: December 2004

This paper examines the current principles and practices of pension fund regulation and supervision around the world. First an overview of the main approaches in OECD and non‐OECD countries and the most important issues and their relevance for different types of pension plans will be given. Then the paper will focus on a selection of issues which are the subject of intense debate at the moment, particularly in the Latin American context: the imposition of quantitative restrictions on pension fund investments, state guarantees for private pensions, and fee and cost controls.
Distinguishing disability and incapacity
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: December 2004

This paper discusses the distinctions between disability and incapacity for work, from both a theoretical and an operational perspective. Disability refers mainly to a functional limitation in ordinary activity; incapacity for work concerns people who are unable to work because of a medical condition. Although the terms overlap, they are conceptually distinct. People can be disabled without being unable to work, and unable to work without being disabled. Clarifying these distinctions is important for policy: social security benefits for disability are liable to be given on different principles from benefits for incapacity. The implications are considered for systems in development.
Aboriginal Entitlement and Conservative Theory
Authors: Lea David R.
Published: December 2004

It is noteworthy that much of recent liberal scholarship aimed at empowering aboriginal peoples, and supporting their land rights, has often unwittingly embraced the conservative Lockean‐Nozickian tradition rather than the tradition of left‐leaning thinkers. Many of the supporters of aboriginal land rights tend to view property rights as contingently determined historical entitlements which are established independently of the state’s authority, thereby creating structures which morally bind the authority of the state. This, in fact, also represents the view of the conservative supporters of untrammelled capitalism. Secondly, there is often little discussion of the bundle of rights which are derived from these acts of original acquisition. This may lead one to the assumption that these supporters of aboriginal land rights agree with the conservative view that all the recognised components of modern liberal ownership, from the right to use, to the right to income, are acquired in the initial events associated with historical entitlement. It is my argument in this paper that basing aboriginal land claims solely on customary historical entitlement results in too close an alignment with a conservative ideology which has been used to support unrestrained capitalism.
In Defence of Radical Disobedience
Authors: Carter Alan
Published: December 2004

The article defends the forms of civil disobedience currently practised by environmental protesters. It reviews the justifications of civil disobedience by Dworkin, Rawls and Singer, and finds them more or less wanting. A new and more extensive justification is provided on the basis of our duties to prevent harm befalling future generations.
Contrasting Role Morality and Professional Morality: Implications for Practice
Authors: Gibson Kevin
Published: December 2004

Abstract The notion of role morality suggests individuals may adopt a different morality depending on the roles they undertake. Investigating role morality is important, since the mentality of role morality may allow agents to believe they can abdicate moral responsibility when acting in a role. This is particularly significant in the literature dealing with professional morality where professionals, because of their special status, may find themselves at odds with their best moral judgments. Here I tell four stories and draw out some distinctions. I conclude that role morality is a genuine and useful distinction. However, I suggest that the purported distinction between role morality and professional morality is over‐determined. Therefore, alleged conflicts between the demands of role and profession (such as the different pressures on Pinto designers as employees and as engineers) are not conflicts between different kinds of demands, but rather conflicts arising from divergent roles that most workers will encounter regularly. Another analytical perspective is to look at moral choices at work in terms of power and the ability to bring about change. Finally, I draw the implication that we should stress moral awareness at a fairly abstract level for all employees and reinforce the moral primacy of individual choice.
Gamete Donation and Parental Responsibility
Authors: Bayne Tim
Published: December 2004

Abstract Unlike surrogacy and cloning, reproduction via gamete donation is widely assumed to be morally unproblematic. Recently, a number of authors have argued that this assumption is mistaken: gamete donors, they claim, have parental responsibilities that they typically treat too lightly. In this paper I argue that the ‘parental neglect’ case against gamete donation fails. I begin by examining and rejecting the view that gamete donors have parental responsibilities; I claim that none of the current accounts of parenthood provides good reason for ascribing parenthood to gamete donors. I then argue that even if gamete donors do have parental responsibilities for ‘their’ children, it is not clear that they treat these responsibilities too lightly. I conclude the paper by examining the wider question of just what kind of responsibilities gamete donors might have towards the children that they have a role in creating.
Liberalized capital markets, state autonomy, and European monetary union
Authors: Jones Erik
Published: December 2004

The conventional wisdom is that capital market integration and now monetary union have limited the options available to macroeconomic policy makers in Europe. The question considered here, therefore, is why many prominent Europeans insist that monetary union is a rational response to capital market integration. Monetary union eliminates exchange rate volatility — but only at a cost in terms of tightening the constraints on macroeconomic policy. Using a combination of macroeconomic theory and (descriptive) statistical analysis of European performance, I find that: capital market integration has increased macroeconomic flexibility through a mitigation of the current account constraint; European states have combined macroeconomic policies in a manner that has taken advantage of greater flexibility on the current account; the cost of such flexibility in terms of the impact of financial volatility on the real economy manifests differently in different countries; and monetary union both enhances flexibility on the current account and mitigates financial volatility.
Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semi‐presidential and parliamentary distinction
Authors: SIAROFF ALAN
Published: December 2004

Abstract. The role of the president is presumed to vary amongst presidential, semi‐presidential and parliamentary systems. However, there are a variety of subtypes within semi‐presidential systems. Debate often hinges on the prime minister and government, and to whom they are more accountable. However, the accountability of prime ministers and governments to presidents can be rather ‘fuzzy’. This article looks through the prism of the president rather than that of the government. After examining definitions of presidential, parliamentary and semi‐presidential systems, several dispositional categories of political regimes will be established. Then presidential power will be assessed through a series of dichotomous measures, and for all electoral democracies with a president. Finally, the character of each category will be assessed. The concept of ‘semi‐presidentialism’ is rejected in favour of more meaningful labels: presidential systems, parliamentary systems with presidential dominance, parliamentary systems with a presidential corrective and parliamentary systems with figurehead presidents.