bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decay of Scalar Quantity Fluctuations in a Stationary Isotropic Turbulent Velocity Field
Authors: Lee Jon
Published: December 2004

The direct interaction approximation suggested by Kraichnan is used to study the scalar mixing problem in a stationary isotropic turbulent velocity field. The main part of this paper deals with the decay of scalar quantity fluctuations in a simplified stationary velocity field. The numerical integration of the direct interaction equations was carried out with several different initial spectra for Peclet numbers of 50 and 500. The results seem to demonstrate naturalness of the direct interaction approximation; however, no comparison with experiments can be made at present.
Growth and Excitation of Electrohydrodynamic Surface Waves
Authors: Crowley Joseph M.
Published: December 2004

Waves on the surface of a capillary liquid jet stressed by a steady applied electric field will grow in space if the velocity of the jet is supercapillary. Experimental measurements of this growth rate confirm previous theoretical discussions. The excitation of these waves by means of an applied electric field with steady and time varying components is also studied theoretically, and the frequency response is found to depend on both the shape of the electrodes and on the convective growth of the waves due to the steady component of the field. The predictions of this theory are confirmed by measurements on a water jet.
Impossible Shadows and Lightness Constancy
Authors: Soranzo Alessandro , Agostini Tiziano
Published: December 2004

The intersection between an illumination and a reflectance edge is characterised by the ‘ratio-invariant’ property, that is the luminance ratio of the regions under different illumination remains the same.

In a CRT experiment, we shaped two areas, one surrounding the other, and simulated an illumination edge dividing them in two frames of illumination. The portion of the illumination edge standing on the surrounding area (labelled contextual background) was the contextual edge, while the portion standing on the enclosed area (labelled mediating background) was the mediating edge. On the mediating background, there were two patches, one per illumination frame. Observers were asked to adjust the luminance of the patch in bright illumination to equate the lightness of the other. We compared conditions in which the luminance ratio at the contextual edge could be (i) equal (possible shadow), or (ii) larger (impossible shadow) than that at the mediating edge. In addition, we manipulated the reflectance of the backgrounds. It could be higher for the contextual than for the mediating background; or, vice versa, lower for the contextual than for the mediating background. Results reveal that lightness constancy significantly increases when: (i) the luminance ratio at the contextual edge is larger than that at the mediating edge creating an impossible shadow, and (ii) the reflectance of the contextual background is lower than that of the mediating one. We interpret our results according to the albedo hypothesis, and suggest that the scission process is facilitated when the luminance ratio at the contextual edge is larger than that at the mediating edge and/or the reflectance of the including area is lower than that of the included one. This occurs even if the ratio-invariant property is violated.
The Influence of Cast Shadows on Visual Search
Authors: Rensink Ronald A , Cavanagh Patrick
Published: December 2004

We show that cast shadows can have a significant influence on the speed of visual search. In particular, we find that search based on the shape of a region is affected when the region is darker than the background and corresponds to a shadow formed by lighting from above. Results support the proposal that an early-level system rapidly identifies regions as shadows and then discounts them, making their shapes more difficult to access. Several constraints used by this system are mapped out, including constraints on the luminance and texture of the shadow region, and on the nature of the item casting the shadow. Among other things, this system is found to distinguish between line elements (items containing only edges) and surface elements (items containing visible surfaces), with only the latter deemed capable of casting a shadow.
No snow in the mountains: Early Eocene plant fossils from Hotham Heights, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Carpenter Raymond J. , Hill Robert S. , Greenwood David R. , Partridge Alan D. , Banks Meredith A.
Published: December 2004

An Early Eocene plant assemblage from near the summit of Mt Hotham, Victoria, is described, using a combination of macro- and microfossils, especially cuticles. This is important since no other Australian macrofossil sites from this time, when environmental conditions are believed to have been the warmest of the Cenozoic, have been described in detail. The nature of the flora and vegetation supports geological evidence that the site was upland (approximately 800 m above sea level) at this time, with climatic conditions similar to those now experienced in regions such as the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland and mid-montane Papua New Guinea. The vegetation was probably a form of rainforest dominated by mesotherm elements, with abundant ferns including Gleicheniaceae and the tree ferns Cnemidaria, Cyathea and Dicksonia. Gymnosperms included Araucariaceae (Agathis) and Podocarpaceae (at least Acmopyle and Dacrydium). Angiosperms were diverse in Lauraceae (at least nine species including probably Cryptocarya, Endiandra and Litsea) and Proteaceae (at least nine species including probably Musgravea and Darlingia). Other angiosperms included Cunoniaceae, Gymnostoma (Casuarinaceae), Diospyros-like Ebenaceae, and the vine Cissocarpus (Vitaceae). Nothofagus was rare or absent from the Mt Hotham region at this time, as no macrofossil evidence was found, and pollen percentages were very low.
Vegetation patterns in permanent spring wetlands in arid Australia
Authors: Fensham R. J. , Fairfax R. J. , Pocknee D. , Kelley J.
Published: December 2004

A transect-based quadrat survey was conducted within 11 spring wetlands fed by permanent groundwater flows from the Great Artesian Basin at Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland. Flow patterns within individual wetlands change with sedimentation associated with mound building, siltation of abandoned drains and changes in aquifer pressure associated with artificial extraction from bores. The pattern of floristic groups for the wetland quadrats was poorly related to soil texture, water pH, slope and topographic position. Patterns were most clearly related to wetland age as determined from aerial photography, with a clear successional sequence from mono-specific stands of Cyperus laevigatus on newly formed wetland areas to more diverse wetland assemblages. However, evidence from other Great Artesian Basin springs suggests that succession can also result in reduced species richness where the palatable tall reed Phragmites australis develops mono-specific stands.
Temporal changes in the quality of hot-iron brands on elephant seal (Mirounga leonina L.) pups
Authors: van den Hoff John , Sumner Michael D. , Field Iain C. , Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Burton Harry R. , McMahon Clive R.
Published: December 2004

Hot-iron brands were used to mark permanently 14 000 six-week-old southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina L.) pups at Macquarie Island between 1993 and 2000. We assessed temporal changes in the quality of 4932 brands applied in 1998 and 1999 to determine the duration of the brand wound, and the relationships between brand healing, brand readability and the amount of skin and hair damage peripheral to the brand characters. Most (98%) brand wounds were healed within one year. Brand-mark healing, peripheral skin damage and brand readability were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated. The proportion of healed and readable brands increased in the population during the first annual moult, and thereafter these proportions remained high (>95%) for the marked population. The mean number of brand characters with peripheral skin damage decreased significantly over the same period. The seal’s annual hair and skin moult is the process that contributed most to the healing of brand wounds. We also assessed our branding technique to determine whether any of the features we measured contributed to a poor-quality brand. Excessive pressure used during brand-iron application is the most probable cause of unsightly peripheral skin damage, but this damage is short lived.
An unusual signal peptide facilitates late steps in the biogenesis of a bacterial autotransporter
Authors: Szabady Rose L. , Peterson Janine H. , Skillman Kristen M. , Bernstein Harris D.
Published: December 2004

Bacterial autotransporters are proteins that use a C-terminal porin-like domain to facilitate the transport of an upstream “passenger domain” across the outer membrane. Although autotransporters are translocated across the inner membrane (IM) via the Sec pathway, some of them contain exceptionally long signal peptides distinguished by a unique N-terminal sequence motif. In this study, we used the
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 autotransporter EspP as a model protein to investigate the function of the unusual signal peptides. We found that removal of the N-terminal motif or replacement of the EspP signal peptide did not affect translocation of the protein across the IM. Remarkably, modification of the signal peptide caused EspP to misfold in the periplasm and blocked transport of the passenger domain across the outer membrane. Further analysis suggested that the EspP signal peptide transits slowly through the Sec machinery. Based on these results, we propose that the unusual signal peptides not only function as targeting signals, but also prevent misfolding of the passenger domain in the periplasm by transiently tethering it to the IM.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an essential component of a self-enforcing loop coupling heterochromatin assembly to siRNA production
Authors: Sugiyama Tomoyasu , Cam Hugh , Verdel André , Moazed Danesh , Grewal Shiv I. S.
Published: December 2004

In fission yeast, factors involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway including Argonaute, Dicer, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are required for heterochromatin assembly at centromeric repeats and the silent mating-type region. Previously, we have shown that RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing (RITS) complex containing the Argonaute protein and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) localizes to heterochromatic loci and collaborates with heterochromatin assembly factors via a self-enforcing RNAi loop mechanism to couple siRNA generation with heterochromatin formation. Here, we investigate the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rdp1) and its polymerase activity in the assembly of heterochromatin. We find that Rdp1, similar to RITS, localizes to all known heterochromatic loci, and its localization at centromeric repeats depends on components of RITS and Dicer as well as heterochromatin assembly factors including Clr4/Suv39h and Swi6/HP1 proteins. We show that a point mutation within the catalytic domain of Rdp1 abolished its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and resulted in the loss of transcriptional silencing and heterochromatin at centromeres, together with defects in mitotic chromosome segregation and telomere clustering. Moreover, the RITS complex in the
rdp1
mutant does not contain siRNAs, and is delocalized from centromeres. These results not only implicate Rdp1 as an essential component of a self-enforcing RNAi loop but also ascribe a critical role for its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in siRNA production necessary for heterochromatin formation.
Towards complete descriptions of the free–energy landscapes of proteins
Authors: Vendruscolo Michele , Dobson Christopher M.
Published: December 2004

In recent years increasingly detailed information about the structures and dynamics of protein molecules has been obtained by innovative applications of experimental techniques, in particular nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and protein engineering, and theoretical methods, notably molecular dynamics simulations. In this article we discuss how such approaches can be combined by incorporating a wide range of different types of experimental data as restraints in computer simulations to provide unprecedented detail about the ensembles of structures that describe proteins in a wide variety of states from the native structure to highly unfolded species. Knowledge of these ensembles is beginning to enable the complete free–energy landscapes of individual proteins to be defined at atomic resolution. This strategy has provided new insights into the mechanism by which proteins are able to fold into their native states, or by which they fail to do so and give rise to harmful aggregates that are associated with a wide range of debilitating human diseases.
X–ray and neutron diffraction studies and MD simulation of atomic configurations in polyamorphic Y2O3-Al2O3systems
Authors: Wilding M. C. , Wilson M. , McMillan P. F.
Published: December 2004

Supercooled liquids in the Y2O3-Al2O3system undergo a liquid–liquid phase transition between a high–temperature, high–density amorphous (HDA) polymorph form and one with lower density (LDA form) that is stable at lower temperature. The two amorphous polymorphs have the same chemical composition, but they differ in their density (ca.4% difference) and in their heat content (enthalpy) and entropy determined by calorimetry. Here we present new results of structural studies using neutron and high–energy X–ray diffraction to study the structural differences between HDA and LDA polyamorphs. The combined datasets show no large differences in the average nearest–neighbour Al−O or Y−O bond lengths or coordination numbers between the low– and high–density liquids. However, the data indicate that substantial changes occur among the packing geometries and clustering of the Al−O and Y−O coordination polyhedra, i.e. within the second–nearest–neighbour shell defined by the metal–metal (i.e. Y−Y, Y−Al, Al−Al) interactions. Polarizable ion model molecular dynamics simulations of Y2O3−Al2O3liquids are used to help interpret the pair–correlation functions obtained from X–ray and neutron scattering data. Unexpectedly large density fluctuations are observed to occur during the simulation of nominally equilibrated systems. These are interpreted as being due to dynamic sampling of high– and low–density configurations within the single–phase liquid at temperatures above the critical point or phase transition line. Calculated partial radial distribution functions indicate that the primary differences between HDA and LDA configurations occur among the Y−Y correlations.
Mnemonic Schemes in the New History of Memory
Authors: Hutton Patrick H.
Published: December 2004

Books reviewed in this article:

The Memory of the Modern By Matt K. Matsuda

Landscape and Memory By Simon Schama
Moltmann and the Anti‐Monotheism Movement
Authors: Otto Randall
Published: December 2004

Building on the discredited work of Erik Peterson, Jürgen Moltman insists that monotheism is a foreign philosophical influence that corrupted Christianity into validating political domination. Christianity should renounce monotheism in favor of trinitarianism. Moltmann’s trinitarian God, however, can never actually exist, but must always be coming from the future, lest it lose its condition of being in presence. Moltmann’s future orientation serves as a heuristic to induce eschatological human community. The cost of accepting Moltmann’s anti‐monotheism undermines Christianity’s moorings in Judaism and the trinitarian relations of an actually existing God, all for the sake of repudiating monotheism’s ambiguous political significance.
Polish Public Sector Accounting in Transition: Evidence From the Mid 1990s
Authors: Jaruga Alicja , Nowak Wojciech A. , Lisiecka‐Zajac Bożena
Published: December 2004

The Polish public sector is still under transition that began at the turn of 1989/1990. In the mid‐1990s a new significant development in public sector accounting took place. A substantial differentiation of the accounting system was introduced. New elements and relationships appeared, along with general domination of the Accounting Act, tax regulations and the Budgetary Law. The system of basic regulation of accounting and reporting has also changed. There were also some changes in the auditing system. The enactment in 1994 of the Accounting Act has brought to light the political character and political importance of financial information in Poland. This paper presents the current mode of public sector accounting regulation and its relationship with the overall system of Polish accounting regulations. Much attention has been devoted to specific principles of public sector accounting and financial reporting in the public sector, and to government accounting. Some political contaminations and consequences of the current accounting system have been pointed out.
Due Process Failure in Sector‐neutral Accounting Standard‐setting
Authors: Baskerville Rachel F. , Pont Newby Sonja
Published: December 2004

This study of due process in New Zealand draws upon information concerning events from 1993 to 1996 that resulted in the revision of a newly approved financial reporting standard and the withdrawal of requirements for the disclosure of director remuneration. Traditional consultation processes preceding approval of the standard failed to provide the FRSB with an adequate signal of the opposition to come, indicating a failure of due process. Analysis of this case study suggests adoption of a single and sector‐neutral Board in New Zealand was undertaken with a poor appreciation of how to manage effective due process in a ‘sector‐neutral’ world.
Chancery's ‘Younger Sister’: the Court of Exchequer and its Equity Jurisdiction, 1649–1841*
Authors: Horwitz Henry
Published: December 2004

An analysis of Exchequer equity litigation (subject‐matter, parties and procedures), in part by comparison to Chancery. The analysis identifies general similarities as well as some particular features of Exchequer process that help to account the preference of some litigants (or their legal advisers) for pursuing their disputes in Exchequer rather than in Chancery.
William Law and Cambridge Jacobitism, 1713–16
Authors: Starkie Andrew
Published: December 2004

The case of William Law, a Cambridge fellow and high–profile Jacobite, illustrates the character of Jacobitism in the universities and opposition to it at the time of the Utrecht treaty negotiations. This article outlines Law's political beliefs and university career, and suggests that, although Law was disciplined for his vocal Jacobitism, he was not politically isolated, but had support from others with influence in the university. Law's decision to refuse the oaths of allegiance and abjuration in 1715 set him apart from other tories in the university, not because of political ideology or dynastic allegiance, but because of conscience.
Managerial Pay and Governance in American Nonprofits
Authors: Hallock Kevin F.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the compensation of top managers of nonprofits in the United States using panel data from tax returns of the organizations from 1992 to 1996. Studying managers in nonprofits is particularly interesting given the difficulty in measuring performance. The article examines many areas commonly studied in the executive pay (within for‐profit firms) literature. It explores pay differences between for‐profit and nonprofit firms,pay variability within and across nonprofit industries, managerial pay and performance (including organization size and fund raising) in nonprofits, the effect of government grants on managerial pay, and the relationship between boards of directors and managerial pay in nonprofits.
Managing an Externalised Workforce: Freelance Labour‐use in the UK Book Publishing Industry
Authors: Stanworth Celia , Stanworth John
Published: December 2004

Editorial departments in the UK book publishing sector have shrunk considerably recently and many former in–house employees have transferred to home–based, self–employed (freelance) status, often still working for their former employers. The results of interviews with in–house managers of externally–based freelancers are presented here, along with a model of segmented labour markets.
Equal Opportunities for Men and Women in the EU: A Commentary
Authors: Singh Ramsumair
Published: December 2004

This commentary examines the main objectives of the European Commission Fourth Medium‐Term Action Programme on Equal Opportunities for Men and Women (1996–2000). An assessment is made of the objectives, and the methods proposed to achieve them.
The industrial relations of appraisal: the case of teachers
Authors: Healy Geraldine
Published: December 2004

The industrial relations of appraisal is a neglected area. Here the author examines the introduction of an appraisal scheme of a unionised, public sector occupational group, and shows how an apparently individualised approach is collectivised by union involvement. It draws on documentary sources, quantitative and qualitative data in the analysis.
Post‐privatised Shop Steward Organisation and Union Renewal at Girobank
Authors: Dundon Tony
Published: December 2004

Using an ethnographic case study approach this article provides empirical evidence concerning the response of local union stewards to managerial‐led change during and after the process of privatisation. It is suggested that the key mediating factors of a decisive ideological purpose and local leadership style provide the ingredients for sustainable union renewal. Wider implications are noted, in particular a gap between national trade union policies and workplace industrial relations practices.
Personnel Policies and Practices in British Trade Unions: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Clark Paul F. , Gilbert Kay
Published: December 2004

Full‐time trade union professional employees play a significant role in the formulation and implementation of union policy and are, therefore, an important asset of any labour organisation. In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on this important union resource. This study reports the results of a survey of the internal personnel policies and practices of British trade unions in an effort to gain insights into trade unions as organisations.
Labour unions and industrialrelations in Japan: crumblingpillar or forging a ‘third way’?
Authors: Whittaker D
Published: December 2004

This article offers a wide ranging survey of labour unions and industrial relations in contemporary Japan, through a framework which encompasses corporate governance and national level concertation. This helps framework helps to understand pressures for change from corporate and economic restructuring. As a result of restructuring, labour unions do not face the same direct threats as counterparts elsewhere, but they do face challenges to assuming an active role in the process.
Persuasion and industrial relations: a case of argument in a joint consultative committee
Authors: Hamilton Peter M
Published: December 2004

As persuasion and argument are central to the processes of industrial relations this article makes a plea for a ‘rhetorical turn’ within industrial relations. Using Toulmin’s model of argument, it highlights the utility of such an approach through analysis of the argumentative nature of discussion within a JCC.
Employer strategies in the face of a national minimum wage: an analysis of the hotel sector
Authors: Brown Donna , Crossman Alf
Published: December 2004

The introduction of the National Minimum Wage provides an opportunity to examine whether hotel managers act strategically. Most of our sample are affected by this wage floor, and their managers have selected clear response strategies. The majority, 55 per cent, planned to adopt cost minimisation techniques and one third the quality enhancement route.
Managing through contracts: the employment effects of compulsory competitive tendering in Australian local government
Authors: Walsh Janet , O’Flynn Janine
Published: December 2004

This article brings new evidence to bear on the employment and human resource effects of competitve tendering and contracting. Drawing on a database of over two hundred workplace agreements, the article examines the impact of compulsory competitive tendering on employees’ pay and employment arrangements in the Australian local government sector. The findings are contextualised in the light of evidence on the outcomes of a similar contracting regime in Britain.
The resurgence of national‐level bargaining: union strategies in Spain
Authors: Hamann Kerstin
Published: December 2004

Spain has witnessed an oscillating pattern of bargaining in which national‐level agreements were first present, then declined, and have since resurfaced. While economic pressures may have motivated changing union responses, the specifics of the bargaining patterns can be better understood if domestic institutions are included in an explanation of union strategies.
South Africa's Workplace Forum system: A Stillborn Experiment in the Democratisation of Work?
Authors: Wood Geoffrey , Mahabir Pralene
Published: December 2004

The 1995 South African Labour Relations Act introduced a system of Workplace Forums, a form of works council. Currently, Forums are only operational in a small minority of workplaces. This article explores the reasons underlying the apparent failure of this new system.
Employee Representatives on Company Boards in Sweden
Authors: Levinson Klas
Published: December 2004

Data from a survey indicate that a large majority of managing directors in Sweden have a positive experience of employee representation on company boards, and regard it as a resource for the company. The survey also shows that employee representatives are well integrated in local union activities.
Ringing the changes? Union recognition and organisation in call centres in the UK finance sector
Authors: Bain Peter , Taylor Phil
Published: December 2004

The massive rise in UK call centre employment in recent years has been closely related to developments in the finance sector. This paper analyses these developments in order to contextualise the organisational experiences of unions in the sector. Recruitment activity in both hostile and compliant employer environments, and findings from the first national survey of call centre employees’ attitudes towards trade unionism, are discussed, and the prospects for union recruitment and organisation are assessed.
Integrity Tests and Other Criterion‐Focused Occupational Personality Scales (COPS) Used in Personnel Selection
Authors: Ones Deniz S. , Viswesvaran Chockalingam
Published: December 2004

This article focuses on personality measures constructed for prediction of individual differences in particular work behaviors of interest (e.g., violence at work, employee theft, customer service). These scales can generically be referred to as criterion‐focused occupational personality scales (COPS). Examples include integrity tests (which aim to predict dishonest behaviors at work), violence scales (which aim to predict violent behaviors at work), drug and alcohol avoidance scales (which aim to predict substance abuse at work), stress tolerance scales (which aim to predict handling work pressures well) and customer service scales (which aim to predict serving customers well). We first review the criterion‐related validity, construct validity and incremental validity evidence for integrity tests, violence scales, stress tolerance scales, and customer service scales. Specifically, validities for counterproductive work behaviors and overall job performance are summarized as well as relations with the Big Five personality scales (conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness and extraversion). Second, we compare the usefulness of COPS with traditional, general purpose, adult personality scales. We also highlight the theoretical and practical implications of these comparisons and suggest a research agenda in this area.
Modern Insights About Pearson’s Correlation and Least Squares Regression
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: December 2004

As is well known, Pearson’s correlation, ρ, can be used to characterize how well a least squares regression line fits data, and it provides a test of the hypothesis that two measures are independent. However, many articles in statistical journals indicate that the usual estimate of ρ, r, is sensitive to at least six features of data, and that least squares regression and ρ are not robust in the sense reviewed in this article. In practical terms, r can be a highly unsatisfactory measure of the strength of an association, no matter how large the sample size might be. One specific problem is that it can miss strong associations that are detected by more modern techniques. The practical problems with r reflect fundamental concerns about a strict reliance on least squares regression. A few of the many modern methods for dealing with these concerns are briefly indicated.
Evaluating guided reflection: a US case study
Authors: Lee Doris , Birdsong Sabatino Karen
Published: December 2004

This study examines the effects of guided reflection on thelearners’ ability to recall, explain and apply newly acquired principles of instructional design and to investigate their attitude toward the reflection. The results of the regression analysis revealed that the guided reflection had no significant impact on the learners’ posttest performance. Despite these results, eighty‐three percent of the learners perceived a positive impact from the reflections on their ability to recall, understand and apply the covered principles. Continued research is needed to measure the presence and complexity of reflective thinking on learning principles of instructional design.
The organisational learning system within small UK manufacturing firms
Authors: Chaston Ian , Badger Beryl , Sadler‐Smith Eugene
Published: December 2004

Organisational learning is increasingly being mentioned in the literature as a mechanism for assisting the market performance of small firms. There exists, however, limited empirical evidence on the learning systems utilised to manage the process. A survey was undertaken to acquire data on whether a relationship exists between learning style and the nature of learning systems used by small UK manufacturing firms. The results suggest that as firms move from single towards double‐loop learning this is accompanied by the adoption of a more formalised learning system inside the organisation. The implications of these finding are discussed and proposals presented on the needs for further research.
Minimum and preferred entry qualifications and training provision for British workers
Authors: Miller Linda , Acutt Bruce , Kellie Deborah
Published: December 2004

This article reports the outcomes of a survey of British employers that requested information on the qualifications sought when recruiting employees, and on training and development offered subsequently to employees. Responses revealed that few employers actively sought vocational awards in potential employees. The only occupational category for which more employers specified a vocational award than an academic award was service workers. A substantial number of organisations specified no minimum entry level of qualification, even for higher–status occupations. Those organisations that did specify a minimum qualification level for recruits were significantly more likely to report that they trained their employees.
Report on the Workshop on Practical Protection in Humanitarian Crises
Authors: Moller Elizabeth , Fagen Patricia Weiss , Martin Susan
Published: December 2004

With a global crisis of approximately 15 million refugees and an estimated 20 to 25 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in need of protection, the current protection regime is under increased scrutiny. “Practical Protection” is a fairly new concept. Those pursuing it aim to expand understanding and responsibilities for protection beyond those institutions with a specific protection mandate. “The Workshop on Practical Protection in Humanitarian Crises” was organized to bring the practical protection concept to representatives from a wide range of international agencies, governmental agencies and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), who discussed its implications for their work in humanitarian crises.

Organizations with specific protection mandates, primarily the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC), work to protect uprooted groups through legal tools and recognized principles, often in the context of assistance programmes that provide shelter, food, water, medical care, education and other forms of humanitarian assistance. They work in collaboration with NGOs and other international organizations that focus primarily on assisting forced migrants. These latter agencies have traditionally avoided overt involvement in protection activities. When UNHCR and ICRC are not present or are over‐extended, gaps in the protection regime emerge. The gap is particularly evident with regard to internally displaced and other war‐affected populations, but it is present in most refugee situations as well.
Social security for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Euzéby Chantal
Published: December 2004

Social security schemes are accused of undermining both competitiveness and employment, because of the burden of contributions, and weakening economic vitality through their disincentive effects on work and levels of saving. Yet at the same time they are called upon to meet new social needs arising from family instability and changes in the labour market – growing unemployment and reduced job security, widening pay differentials and a decline in the position of self‐employed workers – trends which coincide with the globalization of markets. This article postulates the need for improved redistribution (without making changes in social security coverage) in order to achieve a balance between occupational and national solidarity which favours the latter, since stable and full‐time employment for all can no longer be assured.
The future of the Welfare State
Authors: Lazar Harvey , Stoyko Peter
Published: December 2004

This paper explores the tension within advanced capitalist economies between the growing need for social security and emerging pressures to scale back the Welfare State. Empirical evidence related to recent Welfare State developments is surveyed along three dimensions: (1) summary statistical indicators of state redistribution efforts; (2) specific policy areas that affect the level of employment, distribution of employment, distribution of earnings, and redistribution of income; and (3) public management practices. The results show that the primary building blocks of the postwar Welfare State have eroded significantly. Important design considerations for future Welfare State reforms are then discussed.
Expertise, Democracy, and Applied Ethics
Authors: D’Agostino Fred
Published: December 2004

Is expertise in applied ethics compatible with individual autonomy and democratic self‐governance? This depends on whether a ‘tracking condition’ is satisfied for expert claims about issues in applied ethics. This condition requires that, when expert deliberations are properly conducted they ‘track’ the courses of reasoning that the experts’ clients would themselves have undertaken if they had (perhaps subject to certain conditions) considered the matters for themselves. Pluralism of the kind thematised by Isaiah Berlin and Stuart Hampshire suggests that the tracking condition typically will not be satisfied and, hence, that whatever experts are praticising in applied ethics they are doing it contrary to democratic principles of autonomy and self‐government. The implications of this result are sketched and some standard objections briefly considered.
Against Unconditional Love
Authors: Edyvane Derek
Published: December 2004

Abstract While unconditional love is frequently regarded as the best kind of romantic commitment, our commitments in general are not thought to be unconditional. In other contexts, we think conditional commitment (commitment which can in some sense be rendered intelligible by appeal to reasons) to be superior. This paper examines the peculiar status of unconditional love in the romantic context and argues that it is unwarranted; the best kind of romantic commitment should be viewed as conditional. The first part of the paper examines and criticises those arguments which attempt to defend conditional love by appeal to the idea that love is based upon the properties of the beloved. The second part of the paper examines Harry Frankfurt's narrowly subjective conception of unconditional love and highlights certain counterintuitive consequences of it. The final section of the paper argues that the best kind of love will prompt us to adopt two perspectives with regard to the beloved. While loving does involve the narrowly subjective perspective defended by Frankfurt, it also demands that we strive for a more objective perspective, which takes into consideration the reasons we might be able to offer to render our commitment intelligible to others.
Explaining and predicting coalition outcomes: Conclusions from studying data on local coalitions
Authors: BÄCK HANNA
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Because the importance of coalition formation has been long established, there is no shortage of ideas explaining and predicting coalition outcomes. However, one of the problems for contemporary coalition research is that most coalition theories have been thoroughly tested on the same data on national governments that have formed in the West European postwar democracies. This stresses the need for finding new data that can increase our ability to test and refine coalition theories. This article uses unique elite survey data from an investigation conducted among councilors in a large sample of local authorities in Sweden to test hypotheses on coalition formation.

Another problem in coalition research is that the large number of coalition hypotheses have not been tested extensively using multivariate models that provide sufficient controls. By using a methodological approach that models government formation as a discrete choice between potential governments, we can draw conclusions about the relative importance of different types of variables. The results found in this analysis indicate that we have to pay attention to both traditional variables, such as size and policy, and institutional variables if our aim is to explain and predict coalition formation.
‘Citoyennes à part entière’?The Constitutionalization of Gendered Citizenship in France and the Parity Reforms of 1999‐2000
Authors: Lovecy Jill
Published: December 2004

In France the Last Decade has Witnessed a Notable Attempt at renewing the theory and practice of representative democracy. This has taken the form of a campaign, first launched in 1992, to tackle the significant under-representation of women in all of France's main arenas of elective representation by according constitutional status to the principle ofparite. The campaign focused on the claim that, as one half of humankind, women in democratic polities should have the right to hold half of all elective offices:‘Femmes: moitie de la terre, moitie du pouvoire. Its supporters contended that the requirement that elective positions be held by equal numbers of men and women would revitalize French democracy, ushering in a new form of democratic polity:une democratie paritaire.
The European Union in Nice: A Minimalist Approach to a Historic Challenge
Authors: Neunreither Karlheinz
Published: December 2004

In Early December 2000 The Political Leaders Of The European Union (EU) met in Nice in order to decide on the treaty adaptations needed before the enlargement envisaged for the next decade. The overall goal was to render the EU more efficient and its decision making more transparent. The outcome of this important event was widely considered as disappointing. Some observers even came to the conclusion that there were no leaders of the EU as such, but only rather narrow-minded, egotistical national leaders who did not – with minor exceptions – care about the ‘common good’ at all. Never had it become so evident, in the opinion of some, that the European perspective had been fading away for many years, and that it was being replaced by national considerations which are often short-sighted and limited to the horizon of the next national elections. One of the classical theories on European integration, neo-functionalism, measures the progress of integration in terms of the Europeanization of its political elites. From this perspective, the top decision-makers seem to be on a downward trend. Is it then a case for the opposite theory, that of intergovernmentalism, which claims that national interests continue to be in the centre of EU decision-making and that tough bargaining is of its very nature?
Taking Stock of Constitutional Reform
Authors: Johnson Nevil
Published: December 2004

During Its First Two Years Or So In Office The Blair Government gave great prominence to its programme of constitutional reform. But more recently its priorities appeared to shift back to more familiar issues. As the election approached social and economic policies were brought to the top of the political agenda, and for the most part opposition parties too have been content to follow suit. All this ref lects the familiar belief that both politicians and most of the electorate in Britain are more interested in ‘bread-and-butter’ issues and the aspirations fuelling them than in constitutional arguments and abstractions. Nor is this view at all surprising. The British constitution is an elusive and ambiguous matter and its history has been one of continuous, often imperceptible, institutional adaptation rather than one marked by periodic formal amendment and revision. As a result the constitution as a whole has usually been taken for granted. It has been assumed to be sound in essentials, though no doubt capable of improvement here and there in response to serious political or social pressures.
Identity Politics: Introduction to a New Series
Authors: Bellamy Richard
Published: December 2004

Commissioning A Series On ‘Identity Politics’ Inevitably involves making contentious, if hopefully defensible, editorial choices about what each of these terms involves. Issues relating to ‘identity’ and ‘difference’ have figured ever more prominently on both the political and academic agendas over the past thirty years. These terms are often employed to describe a wide range of somewhat heterogeneous phenomena. For example, a recent UK Economic and Social Research Council Programme on ‘Identity and Choice’ lists under this rubric everything from ethnicity, nationality, gender and religion, to class, disability, shopping and musical preferences. However, such usage risks broadening the concept of identity to the point of vacuity. Therefore, the scope of this series is somewhat narrower: namely, political identity. Of course, the concept of the ‘political’ is itself contested and likewise seemingly infinitely expandable to all issues and areas of life. Consequently, a more restricted meaning applies here too, with politics limited to the making of collectively binding decisions amongst people holding divergent opinions and interests.
Between Two Worlds: Europe in a Globalizing Era
Authors: McGrew Anthony
Published: December 2004

Globalization – Simply The Growing Intensity, Extent And deepening impact of worldwide interconnectedness – poses anew the classic questions of political life, namely: who rules, by what means, in whose interests and to what purpose? This is not to suggest, as some do, that the forces of globalization are eclipsing sovereign states but it is to acknowledge that the necessary conditions for sovereign and democratic self-government are undergoing a significant transformation. This is especially evident in Europe where, at the great intersection of regionalism and globalism, a novel continental political order is crystallizing: not quite federalism in its orthodox form but clearly something more than classic intergovermentalism. Caught between two worlds – a Europe of nation-states and a Europe of Citizens to use Joschka Fischer's construction – the future political trajectory of the continent, in part, will depend upon how effectively regionalism mediates the dynamics of globalism and localism.
The Social Responsibility of Business and New Governance
Authors: Moon Jeremy
Published: December 2004

This Article Considers The Social Responsibility Of Business, why it exists, why governments might be interested in it, and its place in new governance. The discussion is primarily conceptual, informed and stimulated by empirical findings from Australia and the UK, countries which have been associated neither with the extent of business social responsibility long-witnessed in the USA nor with the extent of neo-corporatism characteristic of parts of northern Europe and Scandinavia.
Transformations of Citizenship: The Case of Contemporary Europe
Authors: Benhabib Seyla
Published: December 2004

In The Mid-Morning Hours Of 11 September 2001, Shortly After the second Twin Tower of the World Trade Center had collapsed, amidst the fog surrounding us all – who, when, why – I heard a brief item of news on the radio. Canada had closed its airspace to all American planes still en route; since US airports were also closed for several hours on that day, these pilots would have no choice but to return to their destinations or to circle the airs in search of ‘safe haven’. This news was not repeated. Canada eventually did permit US airplanes to land and many transatlantic passengers found safety in Iceland's Reykjavik airport for a period of time, up to several days in some cases.

This small incident is one among the many in recent years that have made increasingly transparent the fragility of the territorially bounded and state-centric international order. For a few brief hours, the passengers of the airplanes that could not obtain landing permission were like refugees without first admittance claims. The same logic that permits states to deny first admittance to certain refugees and asylees, and often contrary to the Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees, was operative in this instance as well. Invoking national security concerns, the USA's closest neighbour could, even if briefly, follow the imperatives of sovereign statehood and close its airspace as well as landing privileges to passengers who had now become ‘refugees in orbit‘ in the heavens.
An Intentions–Based Model of Entrepreneurial Teams’ Social Cognition*
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Krueger Norris F.
Published: December 2004

Research has identified crucial antecedents of corporate entrepreneurship. Research has also identified crucial antecedents of entrepreneurial thinking. This article uses lessons from social cognition to explicitly link these two issues. We adapt an intentions–based model of how to promote entrepreneurial thinking from its original domain of individual entrepreneurship and translate that model to the domain of corporate entrepreneurship. From our intentions–based model of the social cognition of entrepreneurial teams, we emphasize the importance of perceptions of desirability and feasibility and that these perceptions are from the team as well as the individual perspective. This leads to three propositions about entrepreneurial teams and an outline of the opportunities for future research.