bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Reflection in Shaping Physical Education Teachers’ Educational Values and Practices
Authors: Tsangaridou Niki , O’Sullivan Mary
Published: August 2016

This study was motivated by the need to understand the role and function of teachers’ reflection as it “is” rather than as it “ought” to be. The focus of the study was to describe teachers’ reflection within the teaching and learning environment, as well as the role of reflection in their professional development. Participants were four experienced elementary and secondary physical education teachers from urban and suburban school districts. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and journals. Case analysis and crosscase analysis were employed in analyzing the data. Findings indicated that the participants’ microreflection, the type of reflection that informs teachers’ day-to-day practices, addressed pedagogical, content, ethical, moral, and social issues. Their reflections were situationally driven and contextually bound. Macroreflection, the type of reflection that informs teachers’ practices over time, influenced changes in the teachers’ classroom practice and professional development.
The Effect of Different Teaching Strategies on the Moral Development of Physical Education Students
Authors: Gibbons Sandra L. , Ebbeck Vicki
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effectiveness of social learning (SL) or structural developmental (SD) teaching strategies on the moral development of elementary-age students. Participants were 204 physical education students in Grades 4,5, and 6; three classrooms in each grade were randomly assigned to control, SL, or SD groups. Self-report measures assessed moral judgment, reason, and intention; teachers rated prosocial behavior. By mid- and postintervention class-level analyses, the SL and SD groups scored significantly higher than the control on moral judgment and/or intention; by postintervention, the SD group was significantly higher on moral reason. Mid- and postintervention student-level analyses showed that the SL and SD groups scored significantly higher on moral judgment, intention, and behavior; the SD group was significantly higher on moral reason. These results provide support for the effectiveness of both social learning and structural-developmental teaching strategies on the moral development of children in physical education.
A Journey into Narrative Analysis: A Methodology for Discovering Meanings
Authors: Oliver Kimberly L.
Published: August 2016

Narrative analysis uses stories to describe human experience and action Because people give meaning to their lives through the stories they tell, it seems appropriate for those who study human experience to use a research methodology that connects with how people construct the meanings of life experiences. Thus, if the interest is in telling the stories of physical education students, teachers, and classrooms, a methodology is needed that captures how people interpret the meanings of life experiences. Narrative analysis is such a methodology. This article begins with three fictionalized adolescents’ stories. With the stories as an entry point, the power of narrative is examined, followed by an explanation of the different types of narrative inquiry. Next, the mechanics of configuring a narrative are discussed, and the article concludes with illustrations of the need for narrative analysis in physical education research.
Situated Learning in Physical Education
Authors: Kirk David , Macdonald Doune
Published: August 2016

In this paper we argue that a version of situated learning theory, as one component of a broader constructivist theory of learning in physical education, can be integrated with other forms of social constructionist research to provide some new ways of thinking about a range of challenges currently facing physical educators, such as the alienation of many young people from physical education. The paper begins with a brief comment on some uses of the term “constructivism” in the physical activity pedagogy literature, then provides a more detailed outline of some of the key tenets of Lave and Wenger’s (1991) theory of situated learning. We then go on to show how this theory of situated learning can be applied to thinking about the social construction of school physical education, using the example of sport education.
Differential Effects of Peer-Mediated Accountability on Task Accomplishment in Elementary Physical Education
Authors: Ward Phillip , Smith Shannon L. , Makasci Kemal , Crouch Darrell W.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of peer-mediated accountability (PMA) on average male and female students and low skilled female students during the performance of the lay-up in basketball. A multiple baseline design was used to assess the effects of PMA on the number of trials performed and the percentage of correct trials. Participants were 9 elementary school students in Grades 4 and 5. Peer-mediated accountability was effective in increasing the opportunities to respond for both average and low skilled students but did not change the percentage of correct performances by the students. These results support previous findings that suggest that, though PMA is an effective strategy to promote opportunities to respond, it is an inappropriate strategy to use when students cannot perform the skill. An analysis of the data also revealed that the lower skilled students performed a similar number of trials as their counterparts.
Physical Educators’ Participation in Decision-Making Processes in Dynamic Schools
Authors: Fejgin Naomi , Hanegby Ronit
Published: August 2016

Teacher participation in school decision-making processes is considered one of the major components of school dynamics. It is not known, however, whether all teachers participate in the process to the same extent. This study examines whether teacher participation is related to school dynamics and to subject matter taught. In a 3-step sequential model, the relative contribution of background variables, school measures, school dynamics, and subject matter taught to teacher participation was estimated. Findings showed that school dynamics had the strongest effect on teacher participation, but the effect was not the same for all teachers. Physical educators participated in school decision-making processes less than did other teachers. Physical educators in dynamic schools reported a higher degree of participation than physical educators in non-dynamic schools but a lower degree of participation compared to other teachers in dynamic schools.
Effects of Direct Instruction and Environmentally Designed Instruction on the Process and Product Characteristics of a Fundamental Skill
Authors: Sweeting Terry , Rink Judith E.
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effects of direct instruction and an environmentally designed instructional strategy on the product and process characteristics of kindergarten and second grade children in the standing long jump. One hundred and sixteen kindergarten and second grade students participated in the study and were assigned to a 3-day, 60-trial, direct instruction group or a 3-day, 60-trial, environmentally designed instruction group. A pretest, posttest, and retention test were administered in a flat mat testing condition and one designed to elicit performance through the testing environment (the swamp). Both instructional intervention groups were different from the control group at the posttest and the retention test. Younger students, less skilled students, and students tested at the pretest benefited most from the environmental testing condition. With age, skill, and experience the environmental testing condition lost its advantage. The instructional interventions had different effects on the process characteristics of the jump.
The Try-Out of a Team Sport Performance Assessment Procedure in Elementary and Junior High School Physical Education Classes
Authors: Richard Jean-François , Godbout Paul , Tousignant Marielle , Gréhaigne Jean-Francis
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study is to describe the results of a try-out of Gréhaigne, Godbout, and Bouthier’s (1997) team sport performance assessment procedure in elementary and junior high school physical education classes and to expose issues related to its potential implementation. Six elementary and junior high school teachers were asked to use this assessment procedure with their Grade 5 to 8 class-groups for a 6-week period in order to gather data for the establishment of performance norms. As it was developed for peer assessment purposes, the teachers instructed their students in observing and coding. Teachers and their students then proceeded to collect team sport performance data. Following this process, interviews were conducted in order to gather the teachers’ perceptions and opinions regarding the potential integration of this assessment procedure. From the collected data, topics focusing on the possible applications in a team sport teaching-learning context are presented and discussed.
Effects of Two Instructional Models—Skill Teaching and Mastery Learning—On Skill Development, Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Game Play in Volleyball
Authors: Harrison Joyce M. , Preece Lisa A. , Blakemore Connie L. , Richards Robert P. , Wilkinson Carol , Fellingham Gilbert W.
Published: August 2016

This study examined volleyball achievement and task-specific self-efficacy for 182 students in 6 beginning college volleyball classes taught using either the Mastery Learning or Skill Teaching models. Three instructors each taught one Mastery Learning and one Skill Teaching class. Assessments included the AAHPERD pass, set. and serve tests, the Stanley spike test, successful and unsuccessful game trials. Bandura-type self-efficacy scales, and a knowledge test. A random coefficients growth curve model analyzed the intercepts and slopes of the learning curves and revealed significant pre- to posttest improvement on skills tests, self-efficacy, and the percentage of correct passes and serves in game play for all students. No significant difference existed between the two models on average number of trials per day; rate of improvement for the pass, serve, or spike skills tests; self-efficacy; percentage of correct passes, sets, or serves in game play; contacts per serve in game play; or knowledge scores. The Mastery students’ rate of learning was significantly better on the set skills test (1.3 points higher) and the percentage of successful spikes in game play, in which they started significantly lower. The low-skilled students improved at a faster rate on the serve and on self-efficacy for the pass, set, and serve. Males had higher self-efficacy than females, while females increased more rapidly in self-efficacy for the pass, set, and serve. All results were analyzed at the .05 level of significance. Students learned to play volleyball and improved significantly in skill performances with either model.
Relationship between Teachers’ Belief Systems and Actions Toward Teaching Physical Activity and Fitness
Authors: Kulinna Pamela Hodges , Silverman Stephen , Keating Xiaofen Deng
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between teachers’ belief systems toward physical activity and fitness and what is taught in their classes. Forty-two physical education teachers were selected based on high physical activity and fitness or low physical activity and fitness belief system scores on a previously validated instrument. Each teacher was observed twice to measure instructional behaviors related to physical activity and fitness. The relationship between their belief systems and actions was determined. There were no significant differences between the high physical activity and fitness belief system and low physical activity and fitness belief system groups in the percent of class time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity, fitness activities, or teacher behaviors related to fitness.
The Contribution of Two Research Programs on Teaching Content: “Pedagogical Content Knowledge” and “Didactics of Physical Education”
Authors: Amade-Escot Chantal
Published: August 2016

Content in physical education has been the subject of research for some years, with most studies being carried out under two scientific programs. One, in North America, concerned primarily with pedagogical content knowledge; the other, in France, studying the didactics of physical education. The purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical framework, methodology, and principal results of these programs. It examines their similarities, differences, and the contribution of each to the teaching and learning of content in physical education. Researchers in both fields state that pedagogical content in physical education (a) is highly domain-specific to the activity being taught. (b) falls within an analysis of the situated-action, (c) undergoes long-term evolution in relation to professional competence, and (d) depends on constraints inherent in the system. Beyond the specifics of each program, there are some similarities that open up possibilities for fruitful collaboration between researchers in the two communities.
Value Orientations of Physical Education Preservice and Inservice Teachers
Authors: Behets Daniel
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research was to examine and compare physical educators’ value profiles in Flanders, Belgium. The revised Value Orientation Inventory (Ennis & Chen. 1995) was used to collect data from 274 preservice teachers and 637 inservice teachers at the secondary level. Descriptive data on teachers’ value profiles were consistent with data gathered in the United States by Ennis and colleagues. Years of teaching experience and type of teaching degree were related to differences in values, but gender was not. The value profiles of both preservice teachers and inservice teachers reflected the recently introduced curricular innovations and physical education concepts. The teachers in this study placed a high priority on their social responsibility orientation, not supporting the traditional dominance of the disciplinary mastery orientation. The findings suggest that the process of enculturation and social construction (Pajares, 1992) created educational beliefs that are similar to the value orientations observed in other studies.
Cooperative Learning in an Elementary Physical Education Program
Authors: Dyson Ben
Published: August 2016

Cooperative learning is an instructional format in which students work together in small, structured, heterogeneous groups to master content. The purpose of this study was to describe and interpret a teacher’s and the students’ experiences of cooperative learning in an elementary physical education program. A multiple-method design included interviews of a physical education teacher and 5th and 6th grade students, nonparticipant observation, field notes, and document analysis. Inductive analysis and constant comparison were used to analyze and organize the data throughout the research process. The findings suggest that the teacher and students held similar perceptions of the cooperative learning program. Themes emerged under four main categories: goals of the lessons; cooperative learning roles; benefits of cooperative learning; and implementation of cooperative learning. The teacher believed that the cooperative learning program allowed students of all ability levels to improve motor skills, develop social skills, work together as a team, help others improve their skills, and take responsibility for their own learning.
Learning to Coach through Experience: Reflection in Model Youth Sport Coaches
Authors: Gilbert Wade D. , Trudel Pierre
Published: August 2016

The present study examined how model youth sport coaches learn to coach through experience. Yin’s multiple-case study approach was used with six youth team sport coaches. Data were collected over an entire sport season through a series of semi-structured interviews, observations, and documents. All six case study coaches developed and refined coaching strategies through a process of reflection. Six components characterized reflection: coaching issues, role frame, issue setting, strategy generation, experimentation, and evaluation. A reflective conversation comprising the latter four components, triggered by coaching issues and bound by the coach’s role frame, was central to reflection. The selection of options at each stage in a reflective conversation was influenced by access to peers, a coach’s stage of learning, issue characteristics, and the environment. Furthermore, three types of reflection were evident: reflection-in-action, reflection-on-action, and retrospective reflection-on-action.
Active Supervision and Students’ Physical Activity in Middle School Physical Education
Authors: Schuldheisz Joel M. , van der Mars Hans
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effects of active supervision on the moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels of middle school students during fitness instruction. Students from four separate classes, characterized as “low activity students,” and their teacher participated in the study. Students’ MVPA levels during fitness instruction served as the target behavior. Two supervisory conditions were contrasted using a reversal design. Passive supervision was characterized by low rates of teacher interaction, such as prompting, encouragement, feedback, and movement. Active supervision consisted of teaching patterns that included higher rates of interactions with students and movement. Mean MVPA levels during passive condition were 49.7% while mean MVPA levels during active supervision were 68%. Findings point to a functional relationship between specific components of teachers’ supervisory efforts and students’ MVPA levels during fitness instruction. The importance of active supervision, within die context of holding students accountable for engaging in physical activity, is underscored by this study.
The Impact of a Field-Based Elementary Physical Education Methods Course on Preservice Classroom Teachers’ Beliefs
Authors: Xiang Ping , Lowy Susan , McBride Ron
Published: August 2016

The present study focused on preservice classroom teachers’ beliefs about elementary physical education and the impact of a field-based elementary physical education methods course on their beliefs. Participants (N = 97) completed questionnaires at the beginning and at the end of the course. Results indicated that the preservice classroom teachers held similar beliefs about the values and purposes of elementary physical education as were shared by physical education professionals. The methods course had a positive impact on the participants’ beliefs but no impact on their disposition toward teaching elementary physical education. Teaching physical education in an elementary school setting and observing physical education classes were the two most important components of the course that contributed to changes in the participants’ beliefs.
“I’d Rather Chew on Aluminum Foil:” Overcoming Classroom Teachers’ Resistance to Teaching Physical Education
Authors: Faucette Nell , Nugent Peg , Sallis James F. , McKenzie Thomas L.
Published: August 2016

Classroom teachers’ responses to a 2-year professional development program are presented. Sixteen 4th- and 5th-grade teachers involved in Project SPARK completed structured interviews, questionnaires, and written evaluations of program sessions. Although in Year 1 more than half of the teachers expressed concerns about schedules and equipment management, results indicated that the program helped increase their self-confidence when teaching physical education. Participants believed that students benefitted from their enhanced knowledge and instructional behaviors. Program components most appreciated included: the input received and responsiveness of the design team; opportunities to collaborate, discuss concerns, and problem-solve with each other and the facilitators; and having on-site and large-group-session modeling. Results indicated that the teachers were less enthusiastic about a self-management curriculum due to its behavioral emphasis, yet supported the assertion that an ongoing, supportive professional development program can substantially improve classroom teachers’ physical education programs.
State-Mandated Curriculum Change in Three High School Physical Education Programs
Authors: Wirszyla Chris
Published: August 2016

High school physical education programs in South Carolina have undergone a major reform effort which was implemented through extensive staff development called the Physical Education Institute (PEI). How to teach toward student performance indicators became the focus of the in-services. This study identified factors that facilitated or hindered implementing the performance indicators, and examined the extent to which key players from three selected programs of secondary physical education were able to achieve the goals of the reform effort. Data were collected through interviews, document analysis, and videotaping lessons. Results reveal that “lead teachers” facilitated the extent to which programs met the goals of reform. The teaching/coaching role conflict was a main hindrance. Each school and teacher met each of the student performance indicators to varying degrees. Implications include the need for a shared reform, holding teachers and students accountable, and the need for administrators and university faculty to be involved.
The Implementation of Cooperative Learning in an Elementary Physical Education Program
Authors: Dyson Ben
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore (a) a teacher’s perspective of the implementation of cooperative learning in an elementary physical education program, and (b) the students’ responses to the implementation into their own physical education classes. Data collection included interviews with a physical education teacher and students in two mixed third- and fourth-grade classes and two fourth-grade classes, nonparticipant observation, fieldnotes, a teacher journal, and documents. Inductive analysis and constant comparison methods were used to analyze and organize the data throughout the research process. The findings revealed that the teacher and students held similar perceptions of cooperative learning. This was evident from the categories that emerged from the data: goals of the lessons, student roles, accountability, communication skills, working together, and practice time. This study demonstrated that the cooperative learning instructional format holds much promise for physical education, but that its implementation will likely not be smooth or trouble free.
Prevalence and Sources of Burnout in Singapore Secondary School Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Smith Daniel , Leng Goh Wai
Published: August 2016

Physical education teachers have received little attention in the literature on burnout. This study assessed the burnout levels of secondary school physical education teachers in Singapore and identified some specific work conditions related to burnout. The Work Environment (WE) questionnaire (Fejgin, Ephraty, & Ben-Sira, 1995), administered to 74 Singapore physical education teachers, measured the relationship between burnout and four theoretical dimensions: psychological (PD), structural-physical (SPD), social (SD), and bureaucratic (BD). The level of burnout was assessed by a burnout inventory compiled by Pines and Aronson (1981). A bivariate correlation established the relationship between burnout and the four dimensions. Multiple regression determined the relationship between burnout and the demographic data. It was found that physical education teachers in Singapore experienced only moderate levels of burnout. They perceived BD, PD, and SD to be significant contributors. However, there was no significant relationship between the demographic data (age, gender, race, marital status, position, years of teaching, and educational level) and burnout among teachers.
Incidences of Student Support for and Resistance to a Curricular Innovation in High School Physical Education
Authors: Kinchin Gary D. , O’Sullivan Mary
Published: August 2016

While there have been frequent calls for reform in secondary physical education, little research has focused on the implementation and assessment of curriculum from the perspective of students. Drawing upon the theoretical frame of student resistance, the purpose of this study was to describe how high school students demonstrated support for and resistance to implementation of a 20- day curricular initiative termed a Cultural Studies unit. This approach consists of an integrated practical and theoretical study of sport and physical activity. Data were collected through student focus group interviews, student journals, nonparticipant observations, and informal conversations. Students responded favorably to the principles of Sport Education and the opportunities to critique issues of social justice. Such content was considered appropriate for physical education. Resistance to some aspects of the unit was both overt and covert. Meticulous and careful planning of content and choice of pedagogy to facilitate delivery is crucial to positioning a Cultural Studies unit in a high school program.
Relations of Parents’ Beliefs to Children’s Motivation in an Elementary Physical Education Running Program
Authors: Xiang Ping , McBride Ron , Bruene April
Published: August 2016

Using achievement goal theory and the expectancy-value model of achievement choice as theoretical frameworks, this study examined relationships between parents’ beliefs and their children’s motivation in an elementary physical education running program. Participants included 102 parents and their children (49 boys; 53 girls) in the third and fourth grades. The parents completed questionnaires assessing their achievement goals, competence beliefs, task values, and gender stereotypic beliefs about running. Children’s persistence/effort was assessed by the number of laps run/walked over the year-long running program. Performance was measured by the timed mile run. Results indicated that only parents’ competence/value beliefs were predictive of their children’s persistence/effort and mile run performance. Gender stereotypic beliefs influenced achievement goals the parents adopted for their children. Findings provided empirical support for the importance of parental beliefs for children’s motivation in physical activity.
Sport Education: Promoting Team Affiliation through Physical Education
Authors: MacPhail Ann , Kirk David , Kinchin Gary
Published: August 2016

The development of feelings of identity, the sense of belonging to a team, and the growth of social skills are experiences that sport, if properly conducted, is well placed to offer (Siedentop, 1994). Evidence suggests that some characteristics of traditional, multiactivity forms of physical education work against realizing these goals (Locke, 1992). Siedentop’s Sport Education (SE) model is one attempt to overcome this shortcoming by recasting units as seasons and maintaining persisting groups as teams throughout the season. Extended units intended to foster team affiliation while promoting affective and social development are common objectives in physical education. We report on a 16-week SE unit that includes over 70 Year-5 students (9- to 10-year-olds) from one UK school. Our findings show that the opportunity to become affiliated with a team was an attractive feature of the pupils’ physical education experience and that, under the framework of SE, there was an obvious investment made by the Year-5 Forest Gate students in relation to their sense of identity and involvement as members of a persisting group.
Measuring Students’ Physical Activity Levels: Validating SOFIT for Use with High-School Students
Authors: Rowe Paul , van der Mars Hans , Schuldheisz Joel , Fox Susan
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to validate the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) for measuring physical activity levels of high-school students. Thirty-five students (21 girls and 14 boys from grades 9-12) completed a standardized protocol including lying, sitting, standing, walking, running, curl-ups, and push-ups. Heart rates and Energy Expenditure, that is, oxygen uptake, served as concurrent validity criteria. Results indicate that SOFIT discriminates accurately among high-school students’ sedentary behaviors (i.e., lying down, sitting, standing) and moderate to vigorous physical activity behavior and is recommended for use in research and assessment of physical activity levels in physical education classes for this age group. Implications for use of SOFIT by both researchers and teachers in physical education are described, as well.
Preservice Teacher Observations in Peer Coaching
Authors: Jenkins Jayne M. , Garn Alex , Jenkins Patience
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify what and how preservice teachers observe when peer coaching during an early field experience. Twenty-three male and 14 female preservice teachers trained in peer coaching participated in the study. Coaches observed a peer partner teach five 40-min lessons to small groups of elementary or junior high school students in a semester-long second practicum experience. During observation, coaches completed a Peer Coaching Form that included a praise statement and observation notes. A total of 169 Peer Coaching Forms containing 946 statements were collected and analyzed using traditional, naturalistic methods of inductive analysis. Three themes emerged: (a) systematic observation, (b) theory to practice, and (c) students as individuals. Observation changes occurring across the semester suggest peer coaching needs to occur over an extended period of time emphasizing the role of coach as observer for optimal teacher knowledge development.
Classroom Teachers’ Reflections on Teaching Physical Education
Authors: Tsangaridou Niki
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to explore preservice classroom teacher reflection in a physical education teaching and learning environment and to describe how the teachers’ reflections related to their practices. Two preservice classroom teachers voluntarily participated in the study. Data were collected using observations, journals, documents, and interviews and were analyzed inductively (Patton, 1990). Four major themes emerged from the data: (a) the role of reflection, (b) reflection in action and reflection on action, (c) agency for changes in teaching, and (d) nature and focus of reflection. Findings suggested that the two participants considered reflection a necessity in teaching. Student progress and learning was the most powerful agency for changes to the participants’ practices. Results also indicated that the participants’ reflections related to pedagogical, content, and social issues of teaching, as well as pedagogical content knowledge, and that the nature of their reflection was mostly positive across the lessons.
Effects of Cooperative Learning on Performance of Sixth-Grade Physical Education Students
Authors: Barrett Tim
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of a cooperative learning strategy in physical education on academic learning time, the percentage of correct trials, the total number of trials, and correct trials. A cooperative learning strategy, Performer and Coach Earn Rewards (PACER), was implemented in a sixth-grade physical education class. Four children (two boys and two girls) participated. An ABAB withdrawal design was used to assess the effects of PACER during an 18-day unit of instruction. Functional relationships were demonstrated for the percentage of correct trials for all participants. Interestingly, low-skilled students performed as well as their average- and highly skilled counterparts.
Peer-Assisted Learning in Physical Education: A Review of Theory and Research
Authors: Ward Phillip , Lee Myung-Ah , Lee Myung-Ah
Published: August 2016

In this article we provide a review of theory and research on the use of peers to influence learning outcomes in physical education. First, we summarize the empirical literature on the use of peers in general education. Next, Piaget’s equilibration theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and Skinner’s behavior analytic theory are discussed with particular reference to their implications for the use of peers in educational settings. This is followed by a review of findings from research studies using peers in physical education settings and includes suggestions for future research. We conclude with a discussion of implications for practice.
Achievement Goals, Social Goals, and Students’ Reported Persistence and Effort in High School Physical Education
Authors: Guan Jianmin , Xiang Ping , McBride Ron , Bruene April
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship between achievement goals and social goals and explored how students’ achievement goals and social goals might affect their reported persistence and effort expended toward physical education in high school settings. Participants were 544 students from two high schools in the southwest U.S. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social responsibility goals represented the greatest contributor to students’ expenditure of persistence and effort toward physical education. This was followed by mastery-approach goals, mastery-avoidance goals, and performance-approach goals. In addition, girls reported significantly higher values on both social-relationship goals and responsibility goals than did boys. Findings revealed that students had multiple goals for wanting to succeed in physical education; using both achievement goals and social goals when studying student motivation and achievement in high school physical education settings is recommend.
The Emotional Dimensions of Urban Teacher Change
Authors: McCaughtry Nate , Martin Jeffrey , Kulinna Pamela Hodges , Cothran Donetta
Published: August 2016

This study used an emotional geographies theoretical framework to analyze the emotional dimensions of urban teacher change. Fifteen urban physical education teachers involved in a comprehensive curriculum reform project were interviewed and observed multiple times across one school year. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis, and trustworthiness measures included triangulation, peer debriefing, researcher journals, and member checks. Teachers reported that emotional dimensions related to their urban students, colleagues, and status heavily influenced their engagement in the project. The discussion section maps the emotional dimensions of these teachers’ change experiences onto an emotional geographies framework that situates their experiences in change literature and offers a roadmap for future reform initiatives.
Implications of Student Teachers’ Implementation of a Curricular Innovation
Authors: Wright Steven , McNeill Michael , Fry Joan , Tan Steven , Tan Clara , Schempp Paul
Published: August 2016

This study examined 49 student teachers’ actions and perspectives when implementing a curricular innovation (the tactical games approach). Data were collected via videotaped lessons, interviews, and follow-up questionnaires. Questions for interviews and questionnaires were pilot tested and data were analyzed using the constant comparison method. Videotape analysis was facilitated by Noldus’s Observer (4.0) software and was tested for interobserver reliability. Results revealed that pupils were actively engaged for more than half (52%) of class time. The majority of student teachers’ questions were of low order (76%). The greatest challenges student teachers faced were pupils being new to the approach, or lacking skills. The greatest facilitators to implementing the tactical approach were physical education teacher education courses. Student teachers suggested that more opportunities to teach using the tactical approach in schools during methods classes would better prepare them for practicum. A follow-up questionnaire, one year later, determined that 87% of participants were still using the “innovation” in their teaching.
The Impact of a Critically Oriented Physical Education Teacher Education Course on Preservice Classroom Teachers
Authors: Curtner-Smith Matthew D.
Published: August 2016

Studies of the influence of conventional methods courses on preservice classroom teachers (PCTs) have provided mixed results. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to break new ground and examine the effects of a critically oriented 6-week methods course and a 9-week early field experience on one class of 24 PCTs. Data were collected during and immediately after the early field experience by asking PCTs to complete critical incident reflective sheets, success/nonsuccess critical incident reflective sheets, and an anonymous reflective questionnaire. Analytic induction was used to analyze them. Results indicated that PCTs were able to reflect at a technical and practical level and achieved many of the goals at which conventional methods courses are aimed. Conversely, there were few examples of critical reflection. Personal, cultural, and programmatic factors explaining this finding are discussed.
Measuring Perceived Motivational Climate in Physical Education
Authors: Papaioannou Athanasios G. , Tsigilis Nikolaos , Kosmidou Eudoxia , Milosis Dimitrios
Published: August 2016

A new instrument of motivational climate in physical education is presented with the goal of measuring perceptions of teachers’ emphasis on mastery, performance–approach, performance–avoidance, and social approval goals. The measure was based on the principle of compatibility, according to which climate perceptions and achievement goals should be compatible between each other in terms of target, action domain, life context, and time. The measure was administered to 928 middle school students alongside scales of intrinsic motivation, amotivation, and satisfaction. The statistical analyses included structural equation modeling, investigation of factor correlations, correlation of this measure with intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, and amotivation in physical education and investigation of intraclass correlations. The findings provide evidence of construct validity for the new measure and suggest that mastery and social approval goals can facilitate intrinsic motivation of students.
Self-Determination in Physical Education: Designing Class Environments to Promote Active Lifestyles
Authors: Bryan Charity L. , Solmon Melinda A.
Published: August 2016

Recently, the lack of physical activity and increasing rates of childhood obesity have received a great deal of attention in the United States. One way to combat inactivity in children is to utilize physical education programs as a means to promote active lifestyles. There is not, however, a consensus concerning how physical education programs can achieve the goal of increasing children’s physical activity patterns. The purpose of this review is to examine motivational constructs that can provide a theoretical framework to identify strategies that can be used in physical education classes to promote engagement in physical activity. Self-determination theory is offered as a framework that has the potential to integrate these motivational constructs and provide a more complete understanding of how practitioners can structure learning environments to foster motivation and engagement in activity. Suggestions are made for implementing the research into practice, as well as future research directions.
A Descriptive Analysis of Undergraduate PETE Programs
Authors: Ayers Suzan F. , Housner Lynn D.
Published: August 2016

The current study describes the nature of physical education teacher education (PETE) programs in the United States. Of the 200 institutions of higher education invited to participate, 116 PETE programs completed a comprehensive questionnaire regarding their undergraduate programs (58% response rate). Respondents reported employing an average of 3.84 (SD = 2.80) full-time and 3.07 (SD = 3.52) part-time faculty members, nearly equal in gender (females = 48%), and overly representative of Caucasians (92% of respondents reported employing a faculty of at least 60% Caucasian). First- and second-year field-based teaching experiences were provided by 77% of respondents. A majority (65.8%) of institutions provided student teaching experiences at the elementary and either middle or high school settings. These experiences typically lasted 9 weeks and were supervised by university personnel three times per setting, and 76.3% were conducted exclusively by PETE faculty. Emphasis on specific curricular models was reported by 83% of respondents, 45.3% reported electronic portfolio development as a primary technology experience, and 62% reported coursework as the primary means by which candidates received multicultural experiences.
Achievement Goals and Their Relations to Self-Reported Persistence/Effort in Secondary Physical Education: A Trichotomous Achievement Goal Framework
Authors: Agbuga Bulent , Xiang Ping
Published: August 2016

Guided by the trichotomous achievement goal framework, the current study examined mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals and their relations to self-reported persistence/effort among Turkish students in secondary physical education. Two hundred twenty-nine students in grades 8 and 11 completed questionnaires assessing their achievement goals and self-reported persistence/effort in secondary physical education. Results of this study revealed that 8th-graders scored significantly higher than 11th-graders on performance-approach goals and self-reported persistence/effort. Mastery goals and performance-approach goals emerged as significant positive predictors of students’ self-reported persistence/effort, but their predictive power varied by grade. Overall, results of this study provide empirical support for the trichotomous achievement goal framework in the context of secondary school physical education.
The Influence of Professional Development on Teachers’ Psychosocial Perceptions of Teaching a Health-Related Physical Education Curriculum
Authors: Kulinna Pamela Hodges , McCaughtry Nate , Martin Jeffrey J. , Cothran Donetta , Faust Roberta
Published: August 2016

The impact of a yearlong professional development intervention on physical education teachers’ psychosocial perceptions was investigated. Experienced mentor teachers (n = 15) were paired with inexperienced protégé teachers (n = 15) who helped them learn how to teach a health-related physical education curriculum (i.e., the Exemplary Physical Education Curriculum). Using the theory of planned behavior as the guiding theory, it was hypothesized that teachers would experience favorable increases in various psychological constructs (e.g., attitude) and variables reflecting the social culture of their schools (e.g., administrator’s perceptions) as compared with control teachers (n = 17). A variety of statistically significant main and interaction effects with mean scores in expected directions were found. In general, mentors and protégés developed a more positive view of their own psychological state (e.g., perceived behavioral control) and of the immediate school social environment (i.e., support from administrators and fellow teachers). The significant results, combined with meaningful effect sizes, supported the effectiveness of this intervention.
Physical Activity and Environmental Influences during Secondary School Physical Education
Authors: Chow Bik C. , McKenzie Thomas L. , Louie Lobo
Published: August 2016

Physical activity engagement during physical education is important for many reasons, including developing physical fitness and movement skills and promoting health. Much more is known about physical activity in elementary than secondary schools. We examined physical activity and how it was influenced by instructor-related and environmental characteristics during 238 lessons taught by 65 physical education specialists in 30 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong. Trained observers used SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) in randomly selected grade 7–12 classes over a 6-month period. Results showed students engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) about 35% of lesson time, a level similar to that found in U.S. elementary schools and short of the U.S. Healthy People 2010 objective of 50% engagement time. Multiple regression analyses found that six potentially modifiable variables contributed to 35% of the variability in lesson MVPA percent.
Influence of Occupational Socialization on Two Preservice Teachers’ Interpretation and Delivery of the Sport Education Model
Authors: Stran Margaret , Curtner-Smith Matthew
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to (a) examine how two preservice teachers (PTs) interpreted and delivered the sport education (SE) model during their student teaching and (b) discover factors that led to the their interpreting and delivering the model in the ways they did. The theoretical framework used to guide data collection and analysis was occupational socialization. Data were collected using a variety of qualitative techniques and analyzed using standard interpretive methods. Results revealed that high quality SE-Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) facilitated both a commitment to the model and the ability to teach the full version of it for a teaching-oriented and moderately coaching-oriented PT. Key elements of SE-PETE responsible for this commitment and competence appeared to be the teaching of prescribed mini-seasons before student teaching, the conditions encountered by PTs during teaching practice, and a host of PETE faculty characteristics congruent with the general PETE occupational socialization literature.
Antecedents of Approach-Avoidance Achievement Goal Adoption in Physical Education: A Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Warburton Victoria E. , Spray Christopher M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal pattern of pupils’ approach-avoidance achievement goal adoption in physical education across Key Stage 3 of secondary school. Moreover, we determined the predictive utility of implicit theories of ability and perceived competence in explaining change in achievement goals, along with the moderating influence of pupils’ year group. On four occasions, over a 9-month period, 511 pupils in Years 7, 8, and 9 completed measures of perceived competence, incremental and entity beliefs, and approach-avoidance goals. Mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance-avoidance goals exhibited a linear decline over time, whereas performance-approach goals showed no significant change. Theoretical propositions regarding the antecedents of approach-avoidance goal adoption were supported. Year group was found to moderate a number of these antecedent-goal relationships. Results suggest that Year 7 is a critical time for adolescents’ motivation in school physical education.
The Theory of Planned Behavior: Predicting Teachers’ Intentions and Behavior during Fitness Testing
Authors: Stanec Amanda D. Stewart
Published: August 2016

The twofold purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument that assessed teachers’ intentions, attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control to administer fitness tests effectively, and to determine how well the instrument could predict teachers’ intentions and actual behavior based on Ajzen’s (1985, 1991) theory of planned behavior. In the development phase of the study, 104 physical educators completed the pilot version of the survey to refine the instrument. In the prediction of behavior phase of the study, a convenience sample of 195 physical educators completed (a) the Teachers’ Intentions to Administer Physical Fitness Tests Effectively (TIAPFTE) before fitness testing and (b) a behavior self-report after they administered fitness testing. Standard multiple regression analyses showed perceived behavioral control and attitude significantly predicted intention. Furthermore, results showed that attitude significantly predicted teachers’ behavior directly.