bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Palsy Among Asian Ethnic Subgroups
Authors: Lang Tess C. , Fuentes-Afflick Elena , Gilbert William M. , Newman Thomas B. , Xing Guibo , Wu Yvonne W.
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Asians have a reduced risk for cerebral palsy (CP) compared with whites. We examined whether individual Asian subgroups have a reduced risk of CP and whether differences in sociodemographic factors explain disparities in CP prevalence.

METHODS:

In a retrospective cohort of 629 542 Asian and 2 109 550 white births in California from 1991 to 2001, we identified all children who qualified for services from the California Department of Health Services on the basis of CP. Asians were categorized as East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans), Filipino, Indian, Pacific Islander (Guamanians, Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders), Samoan, or Southeast Asian (Cambodian, Laotian, Thai, Vietnamese).

RESULTS:

Overall, CP prevalence was lower in Asians than whites (1.09 vs 1.36 per 1000; relative risk = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74–0.87) and ranged from 0.61/1000 in Thai children to 2.08/1000 in Samoan children. Several Asian subgroups had low risk profiles with respect to maternal age, educational attainment, and birth weight. However, after we adjusted for maternal age and education, infant gender, and birth weight, the adjusted risk of CP remained lower in East Asians (odds ratio [OR] = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.65–0.87), Filipinos (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.75–0.99), Indians (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.44–0.80), Pacific Islanders (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.40–0.97), and Southeast Asians (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.57–0.82) compared with whites.

CONCLUSIONS:

Most Asian national origin subgroups have a lower rate of CP than whites, and this disparity is unexplained. Additional studies that focus on the cause of ethnic disparities in CP may provide new insights into pathogenesis and prevention.
Impact of Rotavirus Vaccine on Diarrhea-Associated Disease Burden Among American Indian and Alaska Native Children
Authors: Desai Rishi , Haberling Dana , Holman Robert C. , Singleton Rosalyn J. , Cheek James E. , Groom Amy V. , Steiner Claudia A. , Parashar Umesh D. , Esposito Douglas H.
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Beginning in 2006, the Indian Health Service (IHS) began rotavirus vaccination of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) infants. To assess vaccine impact, we examined trends in IHS diarrhea-associated hospitalization and outpatient visits among AI/AN children in the pre- and postrotavirus vaccine era.

METHODS:

Diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits among AI/AN children <5 years of age during 2001 through 2010 were examined by gender, age group, and region for prevaccine years 2001–2006 and postvaccine years 2008, 2009, and 2010. To account for secular declining trends observed in prevaccine years, expected diarrhea-associated hospitalization and outpatient rates for postvaccine years were generated by using Poisson regression analysis of the 2001–2006 annual rates.

RESULTS:

Coverage with at least 1 dose of rotavirus vaccine among AI/AN infants aged 3 to 5 months in the first half of 2008, 2009, and 2010 ranged from 48% to 80% in various IHS regions. The prevaccine average annual diarrhea-associated hospitalization rates among AI/AN children <5 years of age was 63 per 10 000 persons (range: 57–75 per 10 000), and declined to 39, 31, and 27 per 10 000 in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. Observed 2008, 2009, and 2010 rates were 24%, 37%, and 44% lower than expected rates, respectively. Decreases in diarrhea-associated hospitalizations and outpatient visits were observed in all IHS regions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Diarrhea-associated hospitalization and outpatient visit rates among AI/AN children have declined after implementation of rotavirus vaccination in AI/AN populations.
Factors affecting influenza vaccine uptake among health care workers in the Medical and Health Sciences Center of Debrecen University, Hungary
Authors: Orosi Piroska , Borbély Ágnes , Szidor Judit , Sándor János
Published: March 2012

Influenza vaccination is the most effective way of influenza prevention. The vaccination rate is low worldwide. In Hungary, the vaccine is free of charge to health care workers and, therefore, the low vaccination rate is unaccountable. Aims: In this study, the authors wanted to explore those factors which influence the refusal of vaccination. Methods: The Health Science Center of Debrecen University has about 4000 employees. The authors adjusted a questionnaire with 45 questions and sent it to 525 randomly selected health care workers, 294 of whom responded (response rate, 56%). The Epiinfo software was used for statistical evaluation. Results: The respondents strongly agreed that the vaccine is free and easy to obtain at the workplace. Official recommendations of the occupational health, the Medical Association of Hungary and advice of the family doctors failed to influence the decision. However, a significant impact of communication with family members, friends and colleagues on the decision was documented. Conclusions: The results indicate that the most important tool in decision making of influenza vaccination is the internal communication, but this effect is not a permanent one. International data show highly variable vaccination rates (between 2.1% and 82%). A better vaccination rate (98% or above) may be achieved with a mandatory influenza vaccination program among health care workers. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 505–513.
A response to—“Comment on the evaluation of the constant β relating the contact stiffness to the contact area in nanoindentation for sphero-conical indenters:” Comment to paper “Penetration depth and tip radius dependence on the correction factor in nanoindentation measurements” by J.M. Meza et al. [J. Mater. Res. 23(3), 725 (2008)]
Authors: Meza Juan Manuel , Abbes Fazilay , Guzman Jaime Alexis Garcia , Troyon Michel
Published: March 2012

The signification of the correction factor β that we defined for elastic material [J.M. Meza et al. J. Mater. Res.23(3), 725, (2008)] does not correspond to that of factor β in the Sneddon relationship between unloading contact stiffness, elastic modulus, and contact area as remarked by Durst et al. in their Comment (doi:10.1557/jmr.2012.41). To complete the results of Durst et al., the calculation of β is extended to a larger penetration depth range. It is shown that β depends on the depth to tip radius ratio, h/R, and on the Poisson’s ratio according to dimensionless analysis. The variation range of β is about 1.02–1.09 for 0.3 < h/R < 3 for purely elastic materials but can be much larger in case of elastic–plastic materials as shown [F. Abbes et al. J. Micromech. Microeng.20, 65003 (2010)].
Concentrações e composições químicas do meio nutritivo para o cultivo in vitro de orquídea
Authors: Rodrigues Donizetti Tomaz , Novais Roberto Ferreira , V. Víctor Hugo Alvarez , Dias José Maria Moreira , Villani Ecila Mercês de Albuquerque
Published: March 2012

Plântulas de orquídeas cultivadas in vitro respondem de forma distinta aos vários meios de cultura empregados nessa técnica. Este trabalho comparou o meio nutritivo Knudson C, utilizado no cultivo de orquídeas, com o denominado MN e outros dois meios preparados com fertilizantes Peters®: NPK 10-30-20 + micronutrientes e NPK 30-10-10 + micronutrientes para o cultivo in vitro de plântulas do híbrido Etibaia (Cattleya walkeriana x C. loddigesii), com seis meses de idade, germinadas sobre o meio Knudson C. Os três últimos meios foram testados com as seguintes doses de sais: 0,25; 0,50; 1,00; 1,75; e 2,25 g L-1, e o meio Knudson C, 2,0 g L-1. A todos os meios adicionaram-se 20 g L-1 de sacarose, solidificado com 10 g L-1 de ágar, e o pH foi ajustado a 5,7. Aos meios MN e Peters® foram acrescentados 2 g L-1 de carvão ativado e 200 ml L-1 de água de coco. Foram utilizados frascos de vidro de 320 mL contendo 35 mL de meio nutritivo, e o experimento foi mantido em sala de crescimento a 27 ± 2 ºC, 16/8 h luz/escuro e irrdiância de 48 µmol m-2s-1. Melhores respostas para produção de matéria fresca foram obtidas com os fertilizantes NPK, em comparação com os meios Knudson C e MN. A produção de matéria fresca aumentou linearmente com o aumento da dose de nutrientes nos meios MN e nos dois NPK. As plântulas de orquídea cultivadas em meio Knudson C apresentaram os menores valores para as variáveis avaliadas.
Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos e correlações entre caracteres fenológicos e morfoagronômicos em feijão-caupi
Authors: Correa Agenor Martinho , Ceccon Gessi , Correa César Murilo de Albuquerque , Delben Donato Spagnoli
Published: March 2012

Mensurar a variabilidade genética e conhecer as correlações entre caracteres de interesse para seleção numa população constitui uma das etapas iniciais em um programa de melhoramento genético. Com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial para o melhoramento genético de uma população composta por 19 genótipos de feijão-caupi de porte ereto e semiereto, entre variedades comerciais e linhagens avançadas, foram estimados parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos e correlações entre caracteres fenológicos e morfoagronômicos da população. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, em Aquidauana, no período da seca do ano agrícola 2007/2008. Foram avaliados os caracteres: dias para o florescimento (DF), dias para a maturação (DM), massa de 100 grãos (MCG), comprimento de vagem (CV), massa de vagem (MV), número de grãos por vagem (NGV) e produtividade de grãos secos (PROD). Verificou-se efeito significativo de genótipos para todas as características indicando existência de variabilidade. O maior valor da estimativa do coeficiente de variação genética foi obtido para PROD, que também apresentou o mais alto valor de coeficiente b, 2,05, indicando condição favorável para seleção desse caráter. Dentre os demais caracteres apenas para DM o valor do coeficiente b foi superior a um. Foram observadas correlações genéticas positivas e significativas entre todos os caracteres e PROD, sendo as mais elevadas com DF, MV e NGV. Concluiu-se que a população apresentou potencial para o melhoramento genético e que aumento da produtividade de grãos pode ser obtido principalmente para genótipos mais tardios.
Atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho correlacionados linear e espacialmente com a consorciação de guandu com milheto
Authors: Montanari Rafael , Zambianco Edmar Casarin , Corrêa Adriany Rodrigues , Pellin Douglas Martins Pereira , Carvalho Morel de Passos e , Dalchiavon Flávio Carlos
Published: March 2012

O sistema cultivo mínimo, por possibilitar pouca movimentação de solo, menor número de operações agrícolas sem incorporação dos resíduos vegetais, apresenta vantagens em razão do menor custo de preparo e da redução das perdas de solo e água. No ano agrícola de 2006/2007, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil - FEIS/UNESP, situada nas condições do Cerrado Brasileiro, objetivou-se analisar a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação de forragem (guandu+milheto) (MSF), em função de atributos físicos do solo, tais como resistência à penetração (RP), umidade gravimétrica (UG), umidade volumétrica (UV) e densidade do solo (DS) nas profundidades de 0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,30 m. Para tanto, foi instalado um ensaio, contendo 117 pontos amostrais, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob pivô central, numa área experimental de 1600 m² sob cultivo mínimo. A análise estatística constou de análise descritiva inicial dos atributos e análise das correlações lineares simples entre eles, e, finalmente, de análise geoestatística. Do ponto de vista da correlação espacial, o atributo que mais bem explica a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação é a densidade do solo na camada de 0,20-0,30 m, com uma correlação inversa, indicando que as espécies se desenvolvem bem em solos adensados.
Disponibilidade de "açúcares de adição" no Brasil: distribuição, fontes alimentares e tendência temporal
Authors: Levy Renata Bertazzi , Claro Rafael Moreira , Bandoni Daniel Henrique , Mondini Lenise , Monteiro Carlos Augusto
Published: March 2012

OBJETIVOS: Estimar o consumo de "açúcar de adição" pela população brasileira, nos estratos regionais e socioeconômicos, destacando suas principais fontes alimentares e verificar a tendência do seu consumo nas últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Contou-se com informações das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares a partir da década de 80 sobre o tipo e a quantidade de alimentos e bebidas adquiridos pelas famílias brasileiras. Os indicadores analisados foram: % das calorias de açúcar no total calórico da dieta e % calórico das frações de açúcar de mesa e de açúcar adicionado aos alimentos pela indústria/kcal açúcar da dieta. RESULTADOS: Em 2002/03, 16,7% das calorias totais eram provenientes de "açúcar de adição" e sua participação mostrou-se elevada em todos os estratos regionais e de renda. A razão açúcar de mesa/açúcar adicionado pela indústria se inverte com o aumento da renda. A participação do açúcar de mesa nos últimos 15 anos foi reduzida, enquanto a contribuição do açúcar adicionado aos alimentos dobrou, especialmente por meio do consumo de refrigerantes e biscoitos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de açúcar no Brasil excede largamente a recomendação da OMS e verificou-se importante alteração nas fontes de consumo.
Sulfate resistance of mortars containing silica fume and pozzolan
Authors: Canpolat Fethullah
Published: March 2012

An investigation was carried out on the effect of sulfate attack on the sulfate durability of mortars produced with natural zeolite and silica fume having pozzolanic character. Experiments were conducted on the standard RILEM-sand and Portland cement mortars where the cement was replaced by various rates of natural zeolite and silica fume separately and together. Five percent sodium sulfate solution and 5% magnesium sulfate solution were used for sulfate exposures of mortars, after 28 days of lime-saturated water curing. Compressive strength and density were determined at the beginning of exposure and at the 2nd, 7th, 28th, and 90th days. Water and sulfate solutions were renewed after each period of experimental time at 14 days. Mass changes were determined at the time of renewing the solutions. The effects of sodium sulfate solutions on the properties of mortars were studied due to the zeolite and silica fume ratio. It was found that zeolite and silica fume replacement had caused significant increase in sulfate durability of mortars even at the highest sulfate or magnesium or both sulfate concentration up to 90 days of exposure. The test results showed that the use of zeolite and silica fume in concrete exposed to the magnesium sulfate environment is not recommended.
Flexural performance of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams
Authors: Choi Won-Chang , Yun Hyun-Do , Kim Sun-Woo
Published: March 2012

The amount of concrete waste has increased significantly over the years due to reconstruction and the demolition of old buildings. Efforts have been made to utilise recycled aggregates to address some of the environmental problems associated with concrete waste and to promote the sustainability of concrete. A number of studies have been carried out to examine the mechanical properties, mixture design and structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams comprising recycled aggregate. These studies report a reduction in strength, relatively large deflections and wider crack widths in reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams compared with conventional concrete members. This study evaluates the flexural performance of RC beams with recycled aggregate and proposes strain limits for tension-controlled behaviour. Eight full-scale RC beams were cast using different types of recycled aggregate, including recycled fine and/or coarse aggregate, and using different grades of recycled aggregate that have different replacement ratios. This study also examines the flexural performance of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams in terms of crack patterns, flexural strength, ductility and failure modes. The flexural strength and material properties of the RC specimens with recycled aggregate are compared with the predicted values based on the ACI 318 code.
Response of decomposing litter and its microbial community to multiple forms of nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Hobbie Sarah E. , Eddy William C. , Buyarski Christopher R. , Adair E. Carol , Ogdahl Megan L. , Weisenhorn Pamela
Published: March 2012

Despite the importance of litter decomposition for ecosystem fertility and carbon balance, key uncertainties remain about how this fundamental process is affected by nitrogen (N) availability. Resolving such uncertainties is critical for predicting the ecosystem consequences of increased anthropogenic N deposition. Toward that end, we decomposed green leaves and senesced litter of northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) in three forested stands dominated by northern pin oak or white pine (Pinus strobus) to compare effects of substrate N (as it differed between leaves and litter) and externally supplied N (inorganic or organic forms) on decomposition and decomposer community structure and function over four years. Asymptotic decomposition models fit the data equally well as single exponential models and allowed us to compare effects of N on both the initial decomposition rate (ka) and the level of asymptotic mass remaining (A, proportion of mass remaining at which decomposition approaches zero, i.e., the fraction of slowly decomposing litter). In all sites, both substrate N and externally supplied N (regardless of form) accelerated the initial decomposition rate. Faster initial decomposition rates corresponded to higher activity of polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes associated with externally supplied N and greater relative abundances of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria associated with green leaves and externally supplied organic N (assessed using phospholipid fatty acid analysis, PLFA). By contrast, later in decomposition, externally supplied N slowed decomposition, increasing the fraction of slowly decomposing litter (A) and reducing lignin‐degrading enzyme activity and relative abundances of Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. Higher‐N green leaves, on the other hand, had lower levels of A (a smaller slow fraction) than lower‐N litter. Contrasting effects of substrate and externally supplied N during later stages of decomposition likely occurred because higher‐N leaves also had considerably lower lignin, causing them to decompose more quickly throughout decomposition. In conclusion, elevated atmospheric N deposition in forest ecosystems may have contrasting effects on the dynamics of different soil carbon pools, decreasing mean residence times of active fractions in fresh litter (which would be further reduced if deposition increased litter N concentrations), while increasing those of more slowly decomposing fractions, including more processed litter.
The Effect of Non‐Surgical Periodontal and Adjunctive Minocycline‐HCL Treatments on the Activity of Salivary Proteases
Authors: Atilla Gül , Balcan Mehmet , Biçakçi Nurgün , Kazandi Alican
Published: March 2012

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of non‐surgical periodontal treatment and adjunctive systemic minocycline therapy on the level of neutral protease activity in whole saliva of adults with periodontitis. A test group of 21 adult patients with moderate to severe periodontitis was compared to a control group of 5 adults with healthy periodontium. Four test groups were examined: 1) scaling and root planing (SRP), probing depth = 4 to 5 mm; 2) SRP, PD ≥ 6 mm; 3) SRP and adjunctive systemic minocycline therapy, PD = 4 to 5 mm; and 4) SRP and adjunctive systemic minocycline therapy, PD ≥ 6 mm. Clinical parameters and levels of neutral protease in whole saliva were assessed at baseline and on the sixth week after the non‐surgical periodontal treatment. Neutral protease activity was measured by spectrofluorimetric method. Statistical tests of Mann‐Whitney and Spearman Rank correlation coefficient were used in the evaluation of the mean values of measurements. The mean values of protease activity were significantly higher in the test groups than in the control group at baseline. Six weeks after non‐surgical therapy, patients with 4 to 5 mm probing depth had approximate values of protease activity comparable to the control group. Hence it can be argued that these patients did not need minocycline HCL as an adjunctive therapy. However, non‐surgical therapy had limited effects on both clinical parameters and enzyme activities for subjects with ≥ 6 mm probing depth; on the other hand, gingival inflammation and enzyme activities were reduced significantly by the usage of minocycline as adjunctive therapy in these patients. According to our results, neutral protease activity in saliva is related to probing depth and gingival bleeding index, and not related to age and epithelial cell number. For these reasons, systemic minocycline therapy might be useful as an adjunct to non‐surgical therapy in the presence of deep pockets, especially for reinfected cases. Further investigations are needed to confirm this suggestion. J Periodontol 1996;67:1–6.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Features of the Ground Substance in Cyclosporin A‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth
Authors: Mariani Giustiniano , Calastrini Carla , Carinci Francesco , Bergamini Luca , Calastrini Fiorella , Stabellini Giordano
Published: March 2012

The overgrowth‐affected gingiva of patients treated with cyclosporin A after kidney transplant was examined with ultrastructural and histochemical methods to evaluate the involvement of connective tissue. Gingival overgrowth has the same clinical signs as local edema. The ultrastructural study showed that the dimensional increase was largely due to increased production of amorphous ground substance by fibroblasts, possibly resulting from an increased release of histamine by mast cells. The histochemical data revealed that the affected tissues contained higher levels of glycosaminoglycans and that cyclosporin A induced comparably high levels of glycosaminoglycans in in vitro cultures of fibroblasts obtained from normal gingiva. The combination of ultrastructural and histochemical data, therefore, strongly suggests that the response of the connective tissue in gingival overgrowth cannot be ignored and may be the main cause of the observed pathological condition. J Periodontol 1996;67:21–27.
Exploratory Case‐Control Analysis of Psychosocial Factors and Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Moss Mark E. , Beck James D. , Kaplan Berton H. , Offenbacher Steven , Weintraub Jane A. , Koch Gary G. , Genco Robert J. , Machtei Eli E. , Tedesco Lisa A.
Published: March 2012

We explored the association between social factors and adult periodontitis by comparing self‐reported information for daily strains and symptoms of depression in 71 cases and 77 controls. Cases and controls were selected from among 1,426 participants in the Erie County Risk Factor Study. We found differences among those who scored higher than their peers on measures of social strain. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between case status and Role Strain score of 2.27 or more was 2.84, 95% CI = 1.08 to 7.46. We also examined serum antibody, dichotomized at the median, for three periodontal pathogens (Bacteroides forsythus [IgG Bf], Porphyromonas gingivalis [IgG Pg], Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [IgG Aa]), and assessed interaction between antibody levels and a Depression score derived from the Brief Symptom Inventory. IgG Pg and IgG Aa were both strongly associated with case status (OR = 4.52, 95% CI = 1.99 to 10.3 and OR = 5.29, 95% CI = 2.34 to 12.0, respectively). IgG Bf was associated with periodontal disease but only among individuals who had higher scores for Depression (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.25 to 36.5). Smoking status was associated with case status (OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.86 to 13.2). We assessed these findings prospectively by examining factors associated with more extensive disease among the 71 case subjects after 1 year of follow‐up. We found baseline smoking status and IgG Bf among individuals scoring high on Depression at baseline to be associated with more extensive disease (8.1% or more of the sites showing further breakdown). In this population an elevated Depression score may be a marker for social isolation, which could play a role in immune function during periods of social strain. This exploratory analysis has served to identify specific lines of inquiry concerning psychosocial measures as important environmental factors in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1996;67:1060–1069.
Relationships Between Periodontal Disease and Bacterial Pneumonia
Authors: Scannapieco Frank A. , Mylotte Joseph M.
Published: March 2012

Bacterial pneumonia is a prevalent and costly infection that is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients of all ages. The continuing emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (e.g., penicillin‐resistant pneumococci) suggests that bacterial pneumonia will assume increasing importance in the coming years. Thus, knowledge of the pathogenesis of, and risk factors for, bacterial pneumonia is critical to the development of strategies for prevention and treatment of these infections. Bacterial pneumonia in adults is the result of aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lower respiratory tract and failure of host defense mechanisms to eliminate the contaminating bacteria, which multiply in the lung and cause infection. It is recognized that community‐acquired pneumonia and lung abscesses can be the result of infection by anaerobic bacteria; dental plaque would seem to be a logical source of these bacteria, especially in patients with periodontal disease. It is also possible that patients with high risk for pneumonia, such as hospitalized patients and nursing home residents, are likely to pay less attention to personal hygiene than healthy patients. One important dimension of this personal neglect may be diminished attention to oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease may promote oropharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens (PRPs) including Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, etc.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. This paper provides the rationale for the development of this hypothesis especially as it pertains to mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients and nursing home residents, two patient groups with a high risk for bacterial pneumonia. J Periodontol 1996;67:1114–1122.
Increased Expression of Interleukin‐1 Receptors on Fibroblasts Derived From Inflamed Gingiva
Authors: Kanda‐Nakamura Chieko , Izumi Yuichi , Sueda Takeshi
Published: March 2012

We investigated the expression of interleukin‐1 receptors (IL‐1R) on the surfaces of cultured gingival fibroblasts derived from healthy and inflamed gingiva and the effects of IL‐1α and IL‐1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on IL‐1R expression. Fibroblasts were obtained from expiant culture of both healthy and inflamed gingiva. IL‐1R on cell surfaces was detected immunohistochemically using an anti‐human IL‐1R monoclonal antibody. IL‐1R expression was assessed quantitatively using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive staining for IL‐1R was more evident on cells from inflamed gingiva compared with cells from healthy gingiva. The ELISA showed a significantly increased number of IL‐1R on cells from inflamed gingiva compared with cells from healthy gingiva (P < 0.05). Treatment with IL‐1 but not PGE2 increased expression of IL‐1R on fibroblasts. These findings suggest that gingival fibroblast responses to IL‐1 may represent a mechanism for amplification of gingival inflammation. J Periodontol 1996;67:1267–1273.
Root Surface Removal With Diamond‐Coated Ultrasonic Instruments: An In Vitro and SEM Study
Authors: Lavespere J. Eric , Yukna Raymond A. , Rice David A. , LeBlanc Denis M.
Published: March 2012

Adequate root preparation in periodontal procedures includes the removal of plaque, calculus, and perhaps contaminated cementum and dentin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the amount of root surface removal and residual surface texture using similarly shaped regular (US) and both fine (FINDIAM) and medium (MEDDIAM) grit diamond‐coated ultrasonic inserts. Forty‐five (45) premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 teeth each. They were individually mounted in a jig and instrumented with a standardized 500 gram force while they were moved a precise horizontal distance of 12 mm over a 1.2 second period‐using specially designed and computer controlled instrumentation. Three measurements were made to the nearest 0.0005″ at 3 points along the test area before instrumentation and after 10 and 20 strokes. The mean depth of root structure removed was US 5.8 ± 6.6 μm, FINDIAM 50.1 ± 14.2 μm, MEDDIAM 30.8 ± 12.1 μm, after 10 strokes, and US 12.7 μ 10.9 μm, FINDIAM 83.3 ± 20.1 μm, MEDDIAM 58.7 ± 17.9 μm after 20 strokes, respectively. All 3 instruments were different from each other (P < 0.001) in the 10 stroke group, while in the 20 stroke group FINDIAM and MEDDIAM were different from US (P < 0.001), but not from each other. Only FINDIAM showed a significant difference between 10 and 20 stroke values for depth of root removal. Modified loss of tooth substance index SEM scores indicated increasingly greater root surface roughness from US to FINDIAM to MEDDIAM. Substantially greater root surface removal and greater residual root surface roughness occurred with diamond‐coated ultrasonic inserts under standardized in vitro conditions. These results suggest that caution should be used with diamond‐coated ultrasonic instruments during periodontal root planing procedures. J Periodontol 1996;67:1281–1287.
Image Homogeneity and Recording Reproducibility With 2 Techniques for Serial Intra‐Oral Radiography
Authors: Sander Lone , Wenzel Ann , Hintze Hanne , Karring Thorkild
Published: March 2012

The present study compared recording reproducibility and image homogeneity after applying two techniques for recording of serial intra‐oral radiographs: 1) a technique previously described in 1990 based on mechanical fixation between the patient, the film holder, and the x‐ray tube; and 2) a newly developed technique which operates with an optical alignment provided by a light beam. Twenty adults participated in the study. Two intra‐oral radiographs were taken with a 30‐minute time interval of the mandibular premolar/molar and the incisor region in each individual with either of the methods. All radiographs were scanned and digitized. Subtractions were performed between the two radiographs taken of the same individual and region with the same method. The standard deviation (SD) of the histogram defining the distribution of the grey shades in the subtraction image was used as the statistical test parameter. Subtractions were performed with an automated method and using a reference point‐based program in order to test recording reproducibility and image homogeneity, respectively. Paired t‐tests revealed that the average SDs obtained by the mechanical fixation method and the optical method were not statistically significantly different neither when applying the automated nor the reference point‐based subtraction method (P > 0.05). The SDs increased significantly when the automated method was used compared to the reference point‐based method (P = 0.001). In conclusion, the optical method and the mechanical method provided images of similar recording reproducibility and homogeneity. J Periodontol 1996;67:1288–1291.
Reproducibility of Attachment Level Recordings Using an Electronic and a Conventional Probe
Authors: Villata Luke , Baelum Vibeke
Published: March 2012

This study describes the variations in the reproducibility of attachment level recordings for different subjects at different examinations. Twenty patients with different degrees of periodontal disease were recruited and examined bi‐monthly for their attachment levels using an electronic probe in two quadrants and a conventional probe in the other two quadrants. At each of the 7 examinations attachment level recordings were repeated with the appropriate probe after approximately 30 minutes. Results demonstrate that the reproducibility of attachment level recordings was slightly better for the conventional probe than for the electronic probe. Attachment level recording reproducibility varied considerably between subjects and between examinations for the same subject. Aggregation of attachment level recordings in the form of mean tooth values or mean individual values reduced the range of the differences, but considerable between‐subject and between‐examination variation was still seen. These results indicate that no single uniformly valid estimate of attachment level reproducibility exists which can be used to set diagnostic thresholds such that a minimum number of incorrect diagnoses are made. J Periodontol 1996;67:1292–1300.
Periodontal Repair in Intrabony Defects Treated With a Calcium Carbonate Implant and Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Kim Chong‐Kwan , Choi Eun‐Jeong , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Wikesjö Ulf M.E.
Published: March 2012

Clinical outcome following the concurrent use of a porous resorbable calcium carbonate (CC) implant and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in intrabony periodontal defects was evaluated in a randomized four‐treatment parallel arm study. Eighty (80) patients, each contributing one interproximal intrabony defect, were assigned to the four treatments (20 patients per treatment) including the CC implant and GTR (CC+GTR), GTR alone (GTR control), CC implant alone (CC control), and gingival flap surgery alone (GFS control). Fourteen patients treated with CC+GTR, 19 patients treated with the GTR control, 13 patients treated with the CC control, and 18 patients treated with the GFS control completed the study. Clinical healing was evaluated 6 months postsurgery and included changes in probing depth, clinical attachment level, probing bone level, and gingival recession. Postsurgery probing depth reduction was 4.5 ± 1.7 mm (CC+GTR; P < 0.01), 4.8 ± 1.8 mm (GTR; P < 0.01), 3.7 ± 2.2 mm (CC; P < 0.01), and 3.3 ± 1.6 mm (GFS; P < 0.01). Clinical attachment gain amounted to 3.3 ± 1.4 mm (CC+GTR; P < 0.01), 4.0 ± 2.1 mm (GTR; P < 0.01), 3.0 ± 2.4 mm (CC; P < 0.01), and 2.0 ± 1.7 mm (GFS; P < 0.01). The CC+GTR and GTR treatments exhibited significantly greater improvements compared to GFS (P < 0.05). Postsurgery probing bone level gain amounted to 4.0 ± 1.7 mm (CC+GTR; P < 0.01), 4.1 ± 1.5 mm (GTR; P < 0.01), 4.0 ± 2.2 mm (CC; P < 0.01), and 0.5 ± 2.0 mm (GFS; P > 0.05). The CC+GTR, GTR, and CC treatments exhibited significantly greater improvements compared to GFS (P < 0.05). Gingival recession increased significantly compared to presurgery for GTR, CC, and GFS treatments (−0.9 ± 1.2, −0.7 ± 0.7, and −1.2 ± 1.4 mm, respectively; P < 0.01). The results suggest that the concurrent use of a porous resorbable CC implant and GTR has limited adjunctive effect in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. J Periodontol 1996;67:1301–1306.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Reduces Mitogenic and Chemotactic Responses of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells to Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor In Vitro
Authors: Matsuda N. , Takemura A. , Taniguchi S. , Amano A. , Shizukuishi S.
Published: March 2012

The effects of a sonicated Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 protein extract on the mitogenic and chemotactic responses of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to the recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB homodimer (PDGFBB) were examined in vitro. Proliferation of PDL cells was inhibited by P. gingivalis extract at concentrations higher than 10 μg/mL protein. At 100 μg/mL of P. gingivalis extract, cells did not proliferate. DNA synthesis in PDL cells, as revealed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, was also inhibited by approximately 50% in the presence of 50 μg/mL P. gingivalis extract for 24 hours. In contrast, PDGF‐BB at 1 ng/mL enhanced DNA synthesis in PDL cells, followed by maximum enhancement at concentrations higher than 10 ng/mL PDGF‐BB. However, this mitogenic response to PDGF‐BB was markedly reduced in the presence of 20 μg/mL of P. gingivalis extract and did not reach the maximum level even if PDGF‐BB concentrations were increased to 250 ng/mL. PDL cells exhibited a chemotactic response to PDGF‐BB at 1 ng/mL, which was also inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with P. gingivalis extract at 10 to 50 pg/mL. Scatchard analysis of a [125I]‐PDGF binding assay demonstrated that PDL cells have both high and low PDGF binding affinity sites. Treatment of the cells with P. gingivalis extract decreased the number of PDGF‐binding sites to approximately 35% of the control level, while it caused only a slight change in the affinities of both types of binding site. These results indicated that the P. gingivalis extract reduced mitogenic and chemotactic responses of human PDL cells, possibly through mechanisms involving a decrease in PDGF‐binding capacity of these cells. Due to this inhibitory effect of P. gingivalis, the normal levels of PDGF in periodontal lesions may not be sufficient to promote periodontal regeneration through activation of PDL cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, the therapeutic use of PDGF‐BB, as a supplement to pre‐existing PDGF and as an adjunct, while also eliminating P. gingivalis from periodontal lesions, would help periodontal tissue regeneration. J Periodontol 1996;67:1335–1341.
Long‐Term Evaluation of Periodontal Therapy: II. Incidence of Sites Breaking Down
Authors: Kaldahl Wayne B. , Kalkwarf Kenneth L. , Patil Kashinath D. , Molvar Michael P. , Dyer John K.
Published: March 2012

Eighty‐two patients were treated in a split mouth design with coronal scaling (CS), root planing (RP), modified Widman surgery (MW), and flap with osseous surgery (FO) which were randomly assigned to the various quadrants in the dentition. Following phase I and phase II therapy, the patients received supportive periodontal treatment (SPT) at 3‐month intervals for up to 7 years. Clinical attachment level (CAL) was determined initially, post‐phase I, post‐phase II and prior to each SPT appointment. If a site lost ≥ 3 mm of CAL from its baseline, it was classified as a breakdown site. Baselines were the initial exam for sites treated by CS and 10 weeks post‐phase II for sites treated by RP, MW, and FO. Data were grouped by probing depth (PD) severity at the initial exam and at post‐phase II. The breakdown for CS sites was assessed separately from RP, MW, and FO sites because of different baselines and retreatment protocols. Sites treated by CS had a higher incidence of breakdown than the other therapies through year 1 of SPT. The breakdown incidences/year for RP and MW sites were similar and greater than for FO sites in 1 to 4 mm and 5 to 6 mm PD categories. Breakdown incidence of RP sites was greater than MW sites which was greater than FO sites initially ≥ 7 mm. Differences in incidence of breakdown between therapies after recategorizing data by post‐phase II PD were the same as above, except no difference was present between RP and MW sites ≥ 7 mm. Breakdown incidences were greater in increasing PD severities regardless of when they were categorized. There was no further loss of CAL one year after retreatment in 88% of sites. Patients with higher breakdown incidences tended to be smokers at the initial exam. J Periodontol 1996;67:103–108.
Periodontal Status and Detection Frequency of Bacteria at Sites of Periodontal Health and Gingivitis
Authors: Riviere George R. , Smith Kathryn S. , Tzagaroulaki Eleni , Kay Susan L. , Zhu Xianglian , DeRouen Timothy A. , Adams Donald F.
Published: March 2012

It is generally recognized that bacteria in dental plaque at sites of periodontal diseases are not commonly found at sites of periodontal health. One hypothesis to explain the etiology of periodontitis is that pathogenic bacteria from diseased sites infect healthy sites. It has been suggested that gingival inflammation may predispose sites to colonization by bacteria associated with periodontal diseases. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to determine whether the detection frequency of selected bacteria at sites of periodontal health or gingivitis differed between subjects who were in good periodontal health, subjects who had gingivitis, or subjects with periodontitis. The clinical status of every tooth (except third molars) from 106 subjects was characterized by means of clinical attachment level, probing depth and by signs of inflammation. Subgingival plaque was collected from mesio‐facial and disto‐lingual surfaces. Specific monoclonal antibodies were used in an immunocytochemical assay to identify Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, pathogen‐related oral spirochetes (PROS, using Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum monoclonal antibodies), T. denticola (serotypes A‐D), T. socranskii subspecies buccale and T. socranskii subspecies socranskii. Differences in detection of bacteria between groups of subjects were measured using odds ratios (OR). Results of this study indicate that PROS was the only identified bacterium at sites of both health and gingivitis that demonstrated a significant positive relationship with the presence of periodontitis. These findings do not prove that bacteria spread from periodontitis sites, nor do they imply that disease necessarily results from infection. However, these data do suggest that some bacteria associated with periodontitis are more likely than others to tolerate conditions at healthy sites and that the presence of periodontitis increases risk of infection at healthy sites. J Periodontol 1996;67:109–115.
Periodontal and Microbiological Changes Associated With the Placement of Orthodontic Appliances. A Review
Authors: Atack Nikki E. , Sandy Jonathan R. , Addy Martin
Published: March 2012

This review examines specific aspects of orthodontic treatment and periodontal health, namely the effects of orthodontic banded attachments on periodontal disease and more specifically the microflora found around the gingival margins. This review highlights critical developments in orthodontic techniques and microbiological advances which have helped clarify the interrelationships between orthodontic appliances and periodontal disease. Suggestions as to how these may be modified are made, as well as targeting specific areas for research. J Periodontol 1996;67:78–85.
Long‐Term Evaluation of Periodontal Therapy: I. Response to 4 Therapeutic Modalities
Authors: Kaldahl Wayne B. , Kalkwarf Kenneth L. , Patil Kashinath D. , Molvar Michael P. , Dyer John K.
Published: March 2012

Eighty‐two periodontal patients were treated in a split mouth design with coronal scaling (CS), root planing (RP), modified Widman surgery (MW), and flap with osseous resection surgery (FO) which were randomly assigned to various quadrants in the dentition. Therapy was performed in 3 phases: non‐surgical, surgical, and supportive periodontal treatment (SPT) ≤ 7 years. Clinical data consisted of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (REC), bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration (SUP), and supragingival plaque (PL). Because of the necessity to exit many CS treated sites due to breakdown, data for CS were reported only up to 2 years. All therapies produced mean PD reduction with FO > MW > RP > CS following the surgical phase for all probing depth severities. By the end of year 2 there were no differences between the therapies in the 1 to 4 mm sites. There were no differences in PD reduction between MW and RP treated sites by the end of year 3 in the 5 to 6 mm sites and by the end of year 5 in the ≥ 7 mm sites. FO produced greater PD reduction in ≥ 5 mm sites through year 7 of SPT. Following the surgical phase, FO produced a mean CAL loss and CS and RP produced a slight gain in 1–4 mm sites. RP and MW produced a greater gain of CAL than CS and FO following the surgical phase in 5 to 6 mm sites, but the magnitude of difference decreased during SPT. Similar CAL gains were produced by RP, MW, and FO in sites ≥ 7 mm. These gains were greater than that produced by CS and were sustained during SPT. Recession was produced with FO > MW > RP > CS. This relationship was maintained throughout SPT. The prevalences of BOP, SUP, and PL were greatly reduced throughout the study and were comparable between sites treated by RP, MW, and FO while the CS sites had more BOP and SUP. J Periodontol 1996;67:93–102.
Altered Neutrophil Function in Localized Juvenile Periodontitis: Intrinsic or Induced?
Authors: Agarwal Sudha , Huang Jian Ping , Piesco Nicholas P. , Suzuki Jon B. , Riccelli Angelina E. , Johns Lee P.
Published: March 2012

Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is an aggressive periodontal disease of familial nature. Neutrophils from a majority of patients with this disease exhibit decreased Chemotaxis with increased adherence, oxidative burst, and degranulation in response to opsonized bacteria. It is proposed that the biological basis for these altered neutrophil functions in LJP may be due either to intrinsic cell abnormalities or to the effect of factors present in the sera of LJP patients, which can modulate neutrophil functions. LJP neutrophils exhibit a lower number of receptors for chemoattractants and GP‐110 molecules which are known to facilitate Chemotaxis. Furthermore, these cells exhibit lower signal transduction in response to a biological stimulus. These observations suggest that intrinsic cellular defects may be responsible for altered neutrophil functions in LJP. However, healthy neutrophils, when treated with very low concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, also exhibit the characteristics of altered or “defective” LJP neutrophils. Additionally, healthy neutrophils, when treated with LJP serum, also exhibit many of the characteristics associated with LJP neutrophils. Attempts to identify these factors have shown that cytokines like TNF‐α and/or IL1 β in LJP sera may be at least partially responsible for modulating neutrophil functions in LJP. These cytokines are primarily produced by activated macrophages, indicating a role for these cells in the etiology of LJP. The hyper‐responsiveness of these cells to an immunologic challenge can result in local increases in cytokines leading to excessive bone loss and tissue damage at the site of infection, while systemic elevations in cytokines would lead to decreased neutrophil Chemotaxis, both of which are observed in LJP. Present evidence indicates that neutrophil functions are indeed altered in the majority of LJP patients. However, the biological basis for the alteration may not be due to the neutrophils themselves but, rather, a consequence of an inherent hyperactive immune response during the host‐pathogen interaction. J Periodontol 1996;67:337–344.
The Molecular Basis for Neutrophil Dysfunction in Early‐Onset Periodontitis
Authors: De Nardin Ernesto
Published: March 2012

In recent years, much debate has surrounded the neutrophil defects associated with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). Controversy exists on the existence of the defect itself, its genetic nature, and the molecular entities and mechanisms which may be involved in such defects and subsequent biological phenomena. This review attempts to summarize neutrophil functions and their role in periodontal diseases, as well as the observed neutrophil defects reported for LJP. J Periodontol 1996;67:345–354.