bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between simulated dense Scenedesmus dimorphus (Chlorophyta) bloom and freshwater meta-zooplankton community
Authors: Ma Zengling , Yu Hengguo , Thring Ronald , Dai Chuanjun , Shen Anglv , Zhao Min
Published: March 2018

Algal bloom has been a subject of much research, especially the occurrence of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) blooms and their effects on aquatic ecosystems. However, the interaction between green algae blooms and zooplankton community was rarely investigated. In the present study, the effects exerted by Scenedesmus dimorphus (green alga) bloom on the community structure of zooplankton and the top-down control of the bloom process mediated by the zooplankton were evaluated using a series of laboratory cultures. The results showed that a dense S. dimorphus bloom could change the zooplankton community structure by decreasing its diversity indices, leading to the enrichment of a particular zooplankton species, Brachionus calyciflorus. In the presence of mixed species of zooplankton, the density of S. dimorphus in the culture was decreased as determined by a change in total chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, which was about 200 μg L-1 lower than that of the zooplankton-free culture. Furthermore, the number of species belonging to Cladocera, Copepoda and Rotifera all decreased, with all the cladocerans disappeared in the co-culture within 2 weeks of culturing, while the density of rotifers increased from 818 (±243) ind L-1 at the time of inoculation to 40733 (±2173) ind L-1 on the 14th day post-inoculation. Grazing of S. dimorphus by the rotifer B. calyciflorus neutralized its growth, and the gradual increase in B. calyciflorus density eventually led to the collapse of the bloom. Furthermore, grazing by B. calyciflorus also led to a decrease in the maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII). The combined changes occurring in the zooplankton community structure during the process of S. dimorphus bloom and the negative effects of grazing on algal growth, morphology and photosynthetic activities confirmed the key role of zooplankton in the control of algal bloom. The results of the study therefore indicated that dense algal blooms caused by non-toxic algae could still remain a threat to aquatic ecosystems.
Long-term fish monitoring underlines a rising tide of temperature tolerant, rheophilic, benthivore and generalist exotics, irrespective of hydrological conditions
Authors: Milardi Marco , Lanzoni Mattia , Gavioli Anna , Fano Elisa Anna , Castaldelli Giuseppe
Published: March 2018

The invasion of exotic species is one of the main threats to worldwide biodiversity and can be aided by changes in environmental conditions. We hypothesized that a temporal trend of decreasing discharge and increasing temperature might have favored the invasion of warm-adapted, lentic exotic fish species in the lower Po River, northern Italy. We used presence/absence data over a long-term period (over 20 years) to investigate the dynamics of exotic fish invasion along water temperature and discharge gradients. Mean annual discharge and temperature did not show a clear trend and did not affect exotic fish species invasion, which progressed with time irrespective of these factors. The total number of species fluctuated without a clear trend, which underlined a progressive substitution of native species with exotic ones. Perhaps surprisingly, the community composition changed over time towards more temperature tolerant but also rheophilic, benthivore and generalist fish species. These results highlight how species interactions could be one of the main factors driving the invasion. Furthermore, our data underlines a continuously rising tide of exotics, which questions the success of past control strategies. Considering the current conservation resources limitations, priority should be given to the development of prevention strategies in order to avoid new species introductions.
Nasal reconstruction with pre-laminated forehead flap
Authors: S. Prasanna N.
Published: March 2018

Loss of nasal skin as well as loss of both lateral alar cartilages and vestibular lining with exposure of septum presents a grotesque deformity by itself, with further danger of loss of nasal bones and other cartilaginous structures leading to total loss of nose. The Goal of the treatment is to restore the skin cover as well as lining and cartilage support, restoring nose while avoiding the deformity. In an elderly patient with Spiritual restrictions, with diabetes and Hypertension, the treatment was needed to be carried out under local anesthesia as a daycare procedure. Forehead flap was pre-Laminated on forehead before the transfer to have all the three layers of nasal covering. Next the flap was transferred, customizing to recipient site. Finally pedicle was divided retaining the supratrochlear vessels, ensuring the vascularity of the reconstruction and retaining the ability to debulk/manipulate the flap later.
Odziv na “Anketo o slovenščini” projekta Jezikovna politika Republike Slovenije in potrebe uporabnikov
Authors: Logar Nataša , Gantar Polona , Arhar Holdt Špela , Gorjanc Vojko , Kosem Iztok , Krek Simon , Stabej Marko
Published: March 2018

Odziv na “Anketo o slovenščini” projekta Jezikovna politika Republike Slovenije in potrebe uporabnikov
Ambiente Robótico Lúdico para Terapias de Rehabilitación de Pacientes Pediátricos con Lesión del Miembro Superior
Authors: Acevedo-Londoño Jairo A. , Caicedo-Bravo Eduardo , Castillo-García Javier F.
Published: March 2018

Este trabajo presenta una propuesta de asistencia para las terapias de rehabilitación de niños con lesión del miembro superior, basada en el desarrollo de un ambiente lúdico de asistencia tecnológica, cuyo objetivo es contribuir al aumento del beneficio de las terapias, en cuanto a la motivación y avance en el componente de rehabilitación físico. Este ambiente se denominó SpinBOT, y está compuesto por:  un guante didáctico instrumentado con un acelerómetro, un módulo de control, una plataforma robótica y una herramienta de visualización. Se seleccionaron 4 sujetos de estudio, divididos en dos grupos, grupo objetivo y grupo de control. La intervención de la terapia consistió en el desarrollo de 3 tareas durante 4 semanas y 2 sesiones por semana. Mediante la valoración GAS, (del inglés: “Goal Attainment Scale”) se observó el progreso del uso operativo del robot, lo que ayudó en la motivación para asistir a las terapias; además de, generar habilidades físicas y cognitivas.
Establishing an expert advisory commission to assist the G20’s energy transformation processes
Authors: Löschel Andreas , Großkurth Philipp , Colombier Michel , Criqui Patrick , Xiangwan Du , Frei Christoph , Gethmann Carl Friedrich , Gummer John , Deben Lord , FREng Baroness Brown of Cambridge DBE , Lecocq Franck , Parikh Jyoti , Sauer Dirk Uwe , Schlögl Robert , Schmidt Christoph M. , Staiß Frithjof , Stephanos Cyril , Tanaka Kanako , Zhiyu Tian , Umbach Eberhard , Wenham Matt , Yamada Koichi , Cong Yu
Published: March 2018

The ongoing transformation of the world’s energy systems requires an international monitoring to evaluate the transformation processes and to identify transferable leading practice policies. For this purpose, an independent scientific expert commission should be established for the G20. By actively involving political decision-makers in the discussion of the final results a broad basis of support can be ensured. The Climate and Energy Action Plan for Growth agreed at the G20 Summit in Hamburg recognizes explicitly the main proposals of this paper. The paper provides a broader discussion how to assist the G20’s energy transformation processes and describes steps towards implementation.
Effect of anxiety and depression on the fatigue of patients with a permanent pacemaker
Authors: Polikandrioti Maria , Tzirogiannis Konstantinos , Zyga Sofia , Koutelekos Ioannis , Vasilopoulos Georgios , Theofilou Paraskevi , Panoutsopoulos George
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Permanent cardiac pacemakers (PPM) are the most common treatment for severe symptomatic bradycardia. This implanted life-saving device may involve a severe psychological burden to recipients or aggravate their symptoms such as fatigue. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of anxiety and depression on fatigue of patients’ with a PPM.

Material and methods: The study group consisted of 250 patients with a PPM. Data collected included: a) patients’ characteristics, b) the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and c) the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS).

Results: High levels of anxiety and depression were observed in 27.2% and 14.0% of the sample, respectively. Regarding the fatigue total score it was found that 25% of the participants had a score higher than 26. Accordingly, with regard to physical and mental fatigue, 25% of enrolled patients had a score higher than 20 and 8, respectively. These values indicate moderate to low levels of fatigue. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant association between anxiety/depression and the total score of fatigue as well as between anxiety/depression and physical and mental fatigue (p < 0.001 for all associations).

Conclusions: Socio-demographic and patients’ clinical characteristics are related to anxiety and depression. Understanding the association between psychological burden and fatigue after implantation as well as factors associated with these variables will help health professionals to provide beneficial care for PPM patients that will significantly contribute to better device outcomes.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, mean platelet volume and plateletcrit in isolated intrauterine growth restriction and prediction of being born small for gestational age
Authors: Koroglu Nadiye , Tayyar Ahmet , Tola Esra Nur , Cetin Berna Aslan , Ozkan Berfin Okmen , Bahat Pinar Yalcın , Yilldirim Gonca Yetkin , Cakmak Kubra Bagci , Yuksel Ilkbal Temel
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are accepted as inflammatory markers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes occurring in these parameters in pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and the role of these parameters in the prediction of being born small for gestational age (SGA).

Material and methods: The study concerned a group of 200 patients with isolated IUGR and a control group of 200 patients without IUGR. Changes in MPV, PCT, NLR, and PLR were analyzed in patients with IUGR and prediction of SGA.

Results: Gravida, parity, gestational week at birth, and birth weight were significantly lower in the IUGR group. The PCT and MPV values were similar in both groups. Lymphocyte count was significantly higher and the PLR and NLR values were significantly lower in the IUGR group. In the ROC curve analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) values for NLR, PLR, and lymphocyte count were statistically significant (p = 0.005, 0.0001, 0.0001, respectively).

Conclusions: The NLR, PLR, and lymphocyte count appear to be useful markers for the prediction of SGA newborns. However, their low sensitivity and specificity values restrict their use in clinical practice.
Morphological characteristics of the proximal femur in elderly patients with hip fractures: a case-control study
Authors: Fan Jixing , Li Ning , Gong Xiaofeng , He Liang
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Owing to the diverse design, measurement methods and ethnic differences, the influence of the proximal femur geometry on hip fractures is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate morphological characteristics of the proximal femur in senile patients with hip fractures on three-dimensional images.

Material and methods: One hundred and sixteen women and 38 men with hip fractures were included in the fracture group. The control group included 74 women and 63 men. The geometrical parameters of the proximal femur were measured after three-dimensional reconstruction. The femoral neck width (FNW), femoral neck length (FNL), femoral head height (FHH), femoral head diameter (FHD), neck shaft angle (NSA) and offset were measured and statistically analyzed.

Results: The NSA in fracture cases was significantly larger than controls in both men and women (130.18 vs. 126.93, p = 0.001; 131.07 vs. 128.68, p < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, a lower total hip bone mineral density (BMD) in fracture cases was found in both sexes (0.725 vs. 0.812, p = 0.001; 0.743 vs. 0.830, p < 0.001, respectively). In multiple logistic regression analysis, a larger NSA and a lower total hip BMD were independent predictors for hip fractures in both men and women (OR = 1.143 and 1.171, p = 0.010 and 0.016, respectively). However, the FNL was an independent predictor for hip fractures only for women (OR = 1.201, 95% CI: 1.106–1.305, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: A larger NSA and a lower BMD were independent predictors for hip fractures of senile patients in both sexes. Moreover, a longer FNL was an independent risk factor for patients with hip fractures in women. As a result, we hypothesized that the geometrical measurement of the proximal femur on three-dimensional images might be appropriate.
Comparison between NOD2 gene mutation carriers (3020insC) and non-carriers in breast cancer patients: a clinicopathological and survival analysis
Authors: Huszno Joanna , Kołosza Zofia , Tęcza Karolina , Pamuła-Piłat Jolanta , Mazur Magdalena , Grzybowska Ewa
Published: March 2018

Introduction: The 3020insC mutation of NOD2 predisposes to many types of common cancers, e.g. breast cancer. In this report we compare NOD2 3020insC mutation carriers with non-carriers in a similar age range at diagnosis according to clinicopathological factors and survival in breast cancer patients from the Silesia region in Poland.

Material and methods: We reviewed the medical records of 72 early breast cancer patients, who were diagnosed and treated in COI in Gliwice. Genetic diagnostics was conducted in all patients. Twenty-eight (39%) patients were NOD2 mutation carriers and 44 (61%) were non-carriers.

Results: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was detected more often in NOD2 mutation carriers than non-carriers (25% vs. 11.4%, p = 0.194). Similarly, lymph nodes without metastases (N0) were reported more frequently in patients with NOD2 mutation (71.4% vs. 43.2%, p = 0.029). HER2 without overexpression was observed insignificantly more often in group with NOD2 mutation (82.1% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.115). Similarly, lower histological grade (G1+G2). There was no difference in tumor size (T1–T2) (89.3% vs. 86.4%, p = 1.00) or steroid receptor status (28.6% vs. 29.5%, p = 1.00) between groups. The median follow-up was 5.1 years (range: 0.6–26.1 years) for NOD2 carriers and 5.3 years (range: 2.0–19.7 years) for non-carriers. There was no difference between mutation carriers and non-carriers according to overall survival (5-year OS: 96% vs. 93%, p = 0.427).

Conclusions: There were no differences between NOD2 (3020insC) mutation carriers and non-carriers, according to comorbid condition, drugs, tumor size, steroid receptor status and 5-year overall survival.
When does self-improvement undermine materialistic tendencies, and when does it strengthen them?
Authors: Zawadzka Anna Maria
Published: March 2018

Background

In view of the fact that materialism may be caused by feelings of insecurity and low self-esteem, this paper attempts to answer the question of what the role of self-improvement is in the development of materialistic tendencies.

Participants and procedure

Two experiments were carried out (n = 144, n = 126). Half of the participants were exposed to self-threat (failure), which boosts materialistic tendencies, and the others were exposed to self-enhancement (success), which allows maintenance of good self-esteem. In both cases participants were given an opportunity to undertake self-improvement (i.e. redo a task that previously had turned out to be a failure/success). Analyses of materialistic tendencies were based on financial aspirations (study 1) and intentions to purchase luxurious good (study 2).

Results

The results show that people have lower fiscal aspirations (study 1) and want to buy luxury products less (study 2) when they undertake self-improvement in a self-threat (failure) situation. However, when people undertake self-improvement in a self-enhancement situation (success) they have higher fiscal aspirations (study 1) and want to buy luxury products more (study 2).

Conclusions

Self-improvement may be an antidote to materialistic aspirations if undertaken in a self-threat situation, but it may also be a source of materialistic aspirations if undertaken in a self-enhancement situation.
The motivational function of an objective in physical activity and sport
Authors: Lipowski Mariusz , Ussorowska Anna
Published: March 2018

Background

As a conscious activity of an individual, physical activity (PA) constitutes an element of the free-time dimension. The type of goal allows us to distinguish between sport and PA: sport performance vs. psychophysical health. Drawing on the theory of the motivational function of an objective, this study examined the motivational function of an objective in physical activity and sport.

Participants and procedures

The sample consisted of 2141 individuals: 1163 women aged 16-64 years (M = 23.90, SD = 8.30) and 978 men aged 16-66 years (M = 24.50, SD = 9.40) who completed the Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives (IPAO), which includes the following scales: 1) motivational value, 2) time management, 3) persistence in action, and 4) motivational conflict. There are also questions that allow one to control for variables such as the variety of forms, duration, and frequency of PA, and socio-demographic variables.

Results

Males presented different motives of physical activity than females. Motives related to shapely body and health were more important for females. The most important motives for males were physical fitness and shapely body. The gender of participants moderates the motivational value of the specific objectives of physical activity and persistence in action.

Conclusions

With knowledge about the purposefulness of actions, it is possible to support and shape additional motivation experienced by an individual, by setting new, realistic objectives.
Polish adaptation and validation of the Dieting Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Obara-Gołębiowska Małgorzata , Michałek-Kwiecień Justyna
Published: March 2018

Background

Dieting self-efficacy is defined as individual’s belief in his or her ability to adhere to a diet in order to lose or maintain current weight. Self-efficacious individuals can overcome challenges and obstacles while dieting. The main objective of this study is to report the psychometric properties of the first Polish adaptation of the Dieting Self-Efficacy Scale (DIET-SE) of Christine Stich, Barbel Knauper, and Ami Tint. The original Canadian DIET SE is a scenario-based scale assessing dieting self-efficacy for weight loss and maintenance. It consists of three subscales and assesses dieting self-efficacy for three different types of temptation situations.

Participants and procedure

There were 552 students (age M = 20.32, SD = 2.98) participating in the study. The original Canadian Dieting Self-Efficacy Scale was translated into Polish, and its factor structure, reliability and construct validity were determined.

Results

The study showed that the Polish version of the Dieting Self-Efficacy Scale is a reliable and valid scale. The obtained results support the same three-factor structure that was previously documented in the original version of the scale.

Conclusions

The Polish version of the DIET-SE can be used to identify personal factors that obstruct weight reduction or weight maintenance.
Chest adipose tissue distribution in patients with morbid obesity
Authors: Lemanowicz Adam , Leszczyński Waldemar , Rusak Grażyna , Białecki Marcin , Ratajczak Przemysław
Published: March 2018

Purpose: Obesity is a well-known of risk factor for atherosclerosis and the amount of visceral adipose tissue is considered as an independent predictor of coronary artery disease (CAD). An aim of the study was to investigate the distribution of intrathoracic adipose tissue in morbidly obese patients.

Material and methods: Fifty-one patients with morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) and thirty controls were scanned in a coronary calcium scoring protocol. Control group consisted of patients scanned due to a clinical suspicion of CAD, who did not fulfill obesity criteria. The amount of adipose tissue was measured as epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness, pericoronary fat (PCF) thickness, total intra-pericardial fat (IPF) volume, and total intrathoracic fat (ITF) volume.

Results: Mean BMI of obese patients and controls was 47.3 and 26.5, respectively (p < 0.0001). Patients with obesity and controls did not differ with respect to mean EAT, mean PCF, and IPF. However, ITF was lower in obesity group than in control group (268 vs. 332 cm3, respectively; p < 0.03). Moreover, ROC analysis presented relation between obesity and the superior EAT thickness, PCF at LCX, mean PCF, ITF, and chest soft tissue (CST) thickness (p < 0.03). CST thickness of > 60 mm was the parameter that presented the strongest association with morbid obesity (AUC 0.95; p < 0.0001).

Conlcusions: Increased chest soft tissue thickness but not the increased intrathoracic adipose tissue volume was associated with morbid obesity. Since the quantity of the pericardiac fat is not directly related to the obesity, its accumulation may be related to a mechanism different than that of subcutaneous adipose tissue growth.
Effects of total replacement of soybean meal and corn on ruminal fermentation, volatile fatty acids, protozoa concentration, and gas production
Authors: Bahri Amani , Joy Marga , Blanco Mireia , Bertolin Juan Ramon , Amaraoui Marouen , Rouissi Hamadi
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of total replacement of soybean meal and corn with triticale and faba bean or field pea on rumen fermentation, protozoa counts, and gas production of lactating ewes. A total of 30 Sicilo-Sarde ewes were randomly allocated into three groups and were fed 1.8 kg drymatter of oat hay plus 500 g of one of three concentrates: the first concentrate (CS) was mainly composed of soybean meal, corn, and barley; the second (TFB) was formed by triticale and faba bean; and the third (TFP) was composed of triticale and field pea. The type of concentrate did not affect ruminal pH or ammonia nitrogen concentration (P > 0.05). The individual concentrations of volatile fatty acids showed a significant interaction between the type of concentrate and sampling time (P < 0.05), except for Butyric and Isobutyric acids. Within a post-feeding time, the pattern of evolution of total volatile fatty, acetic, and propionic acids differed significantly at 2 h post feeding (P < 0.05), while butyric and valeric acid changed at 0 and 4 h post feeding. The type of concentrate affected the total number of ciliate protozoa and the Isotricha species (P < 0.05), whereas Entodinium, Ophryoscolex, and Polyplastron were similar among concentrates (P > 0.05). The cumulative gas production from the in vitro fermentation, the time of incubation, and their interaction was affected by concentrate (P < 0.001). The substitution of soybean meal and corn in the concentrate with faba bean or field peas and triticale might maintain rumen parameters of dairy ewes.
An examination of melanogenic traits and TYRP1 polymorphism in Nanping and Romney Marsh sheep breeds
Authors: Li Gouzhi , Xiong Heli , Xi Dongmei , Memon Sameeullah , Wang Liping , Liu Xiangying , Deng Weidong
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The effects of mutations of the gene for tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) on the black muscles and coat color in Nanping black-boned sheep were investigated. Tyrosinase activity and melanin content in plasma were measured and compared in three random groups of sheep: Nanping black-boned (101 heads), Nanping normal (106 heads) and Romney Marsh sheep (82 heads, Ovis aries). Eight exons and their partial flanking regions of the TYRP1 gene were amplified. Six intronic mutations and six exonic polymorphisms including two non-synonymous mutations [c.203C > T (p.A68V) and c.1202T > C (p.V401A)] were identified. Using a bi-directional polymerase chain reaction allele-specific amplification (bi-PASA) of the mutation c.203C > T it was shown that the frequencies of allele C in the Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal and Romney Marsh sheep were respectively 0.955, 0.967 and 0.744. For the mutation c.1202T > C, the frequencies of allele T in the three populations of sheep were respectively 0.777, 0.745 and 0.793 as measured using the single-strand conformation polymorphism. When the data from sheep of all three populations with the CC genotype of SNP c.203C > T were pooled, it was found that there was significantly higher (P < 0.05) tyrosinase activity, content of alkali-soluble melanin and ratio of eumelanin : total melanin than in the plasma of sheep with the CT and TT genotypes. This was not so within each of the three groups of sheep. No significant effect of the TRYP1 genotype on coat color was found. Further studies will be necessary to determine the cause of the black traits in Nanping black-boned sheep.
Influence of geomagnetic activity on mesopause temperature over Yakutia
Authors: Gavrilyeva Galina , Ammosov Petr
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The long-term temperature changes of the mesopause region at the hydroxyl
molecule OH (6-2) nighttime height and its connection with the geomagnetic
activity during the 23rd and beginning of the 24th solar cycles are
presented. Measurements were conducted with an infrared digital spectrograph
at the Maimaga station (63∘ N, 129.5∘ E). The hydroxyl
rotational temperature (TOH) is assumed to be equal to the neutral atmosphere
temperature at the altitude of ∼ 87 km. The average temperatures
obtained for the period 1999 to 2015 are considered. The season of
observations starts at the beginning of August and lasts until the middle of
May. The maximum of the seasonally averaged temperatures is delayed by
2 years relative to the maximum of the solar radio emission flux (wavelength of
10.7 cm), and correlates with a change in geomagnetic activity (Ap index).
Temperature grouping in accordance with the geomagnetic activity level showed
that in years with high activity (Ap > 8), the mesopause
temperature from October to February is about 10 K higher than in years with
low activity (Ap < = 8). Cross-correlation analysis showed no
temporal shift between geomagnetic activity and temperature. The correlation
coefficient is equal to 0.51 at the 95 % level.
Implications of potential future grand solar minimum for ozone layer and climate
Authors: Arsenovic Pavle , Rozanov Eugene , Anet Julien , Stenke Andrea , Schmutz Werner , Peter Thomas
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Continued anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are expected to cause further global warming throughout the 21st century. Understanding the role of natural forcings and their influence on global warming is thus of great interest. Here we investigate the impact of a recently proposed 21st century grand solar minimum on atmospheric chemistry and climate using the SOCOL3-MPIOM chemistry–climate model with an interactive ocean element. We examine five model simulations for the period 2000–2199, following the greenhouse gas concentration scenario RCP4.5 and a range of different solar forcings. The reference simulation is forced by perpetual repetition of solar cycle 23 until the year 2199. This reference is compared with grand solar minimum simulations, assuming a strong decline in solar activity of 3.5 and 6.5 W m−2, respectively, that last either until 2199 or recover in the 22nd century. Decreased solar activity by 6.5 W m−2 is found to yield up to a doubling of the GHG-induced stratospheric and mesospheric cooling. Under the grand solar minimum scenario, tropospheric temperatures are also projected to decrease compared to the reference. On the global scale a reduced solar forcing compensates for at most 15 % of the expected greenhouse warming at the end of the 21st and around 25 % at the end of the 22nd century. The regional effects are predicted to be significant, in particular in northern high-latitude winter. In the stratosphere, the reduction of around 15 % of incoming ultraviolet radiation leads to a decrease in ozone production by up to 8 %, which overcompensates for the anticipated ozone increase due to reduced stratospheric temperatures and an acceleration of the Brewer–Dobson circulation. This, in turn, leads to a delay in total ozone column recovery from anthropogenic halogen-induced depletion, with a global ozone recovery to the pre-ozone hole values happening only upon completion of the grand solar minimum.
Assessment of GNSS radio occultation refractivity under heavy
precipitation
Authors: Padullés Ramon , Cardellach Estel , Wang Kuo-Nung , Ao Chi O. , Turk F. Joseph , de la Torre-Juárez Manuel
Published: March 2018

Abstract. A positive bias at heights between 3 and 8 km has been observed when comparing the radio occultation retrieved refractivity with that of meteorological analyses and re-analyses, in cases where heavy precipitation is present. The effect of precipitation in RO retrievals has been investigated as a potential cause of the bias, using precipitation measurements interpolated into the actual three dimensional RO raypaths to calculate the excess phase induced by precipitation. The study consisted in comparing the retrievals when such extra delay is removed from the actual measurement and when it is not. The results show how precipitation itself is not the cause of the positive bias. Instead, we show that the positive bias is linked to high specific humidity conditions regardless of precipitation. This study also shows a regional dependence of the bias. Furthermore, different analyses and re-analyses show a disagreement under high specific humidity conditions and in consequence, heavy precipitation.
Raindrop fall velocities from an optical array probe and 2-D video disdrometer
Authors: Bringi Viswanathan , Thurai Merhala , Baumgardner Darrel
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We report on fall speed measurements of raindrops in light-to-heavy
rain events from two climatically different regimes (Greeley,
Colorado, and Huntsville, Alabama) using the high-resolution
(50 µm) Meteorological Particle Spectrometer (MPS) and
a third-generation (170 µm resolution) 2-D video
disdrometer (2DVD). To mitigate wind effects, especially for the
small drops, both instruments were installed within a 2∕3-scale
Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR) enclosure. Two cases
involved light-to-moderate wind speeds/gusts while the third case
was a tornadic supercell and several squall lines that passed over
the site with high wind speeds/gusts. As a proxy for turbulent
intensity, maximum wind speeds from 10 m height at the
instrumented site recorded every 3 s were differenced with
the 5 min average wind speeds and then squared. The fall speeds
vs. size from 0.1 to 2 and >0.7 mm were derived from the
MPS and the 2DVD, respectively. Consistency of fall speeds from the
two instruments in the overlap region (0.7–2 mm) gave
confidence in the data quality and processing methodologies. Our
results indicate that under low turbulence, the mean fall speeds
agree well with fits to the terminal velocity measured in the
laboratory by Gunn and Kinzer from 100 µm up to
precipitation sizes. The histograms of fall speeds for 0.5, 0.7, 1
and 1.5 mm sizes were examined in detail under the same
conditions. The histogram shapes for the 1 and 1.5 mm sizes
were symmetric and in good agreement between the two instruments
with no evidence of skewness or of sub- or super-terminal fall
speeds. The histograms of the smaller 0.5 and 0.7 mm drops
from MPS, while generally symmetric, showed that occasional
occurrences of sub- and super-terminal fall speeds could not be
ruled out. In the supercell case, the very strong gusts and
inferred high turbulence intensity caused a significant broadening
of the fall speed distributions with negative skewness (for drops of
1.3, 2 and 3 mm). The mean fall speeds were also found to
decrease nearly linearly with increasing turbulent intensity
attaining values about 25–30 % less than the terminal
velocity of Gunn–Kinzer, i.e., sub-terminal fall speeds.
Wind Turbine Wake Measurements with Automatically Adjusting
Scanning Trajectories in a Multi-Doppler Lidar Setup
Authors: Wildmann Norman , Vasiljevic Nikola , Gerz Thomas
Published: March 2018

Abstract. In the context of the Perdigão 2017 experiment, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) deployed three long-range scanning Doppler lidars with the dedicated purpose of investigating the wake of a single wind turbine at the experimental site. A novel method was established to investigate wake properties with ground-based lidars over a wide range of wind directions. For this method, the three lidars, which were space- and time-synchronized using the WindScanner software, were programmed to measure with crossing beams at individual points up to ten rotor diameters downstream the wind turbine. Every half hour, the measurement points were adapted to the current wind direction to obtain a high availability of wake measurements in changing wind conditions. The linearly independent radial velocities where the lidar beams intersect allow the calculation of the wind vector at those points. Two approaches to estimate the prevailing wind direction were tested throughout the campaign. In the first approach, VAD scans of one of the lidars were used to calculate a five-minute average of wind speed and wind direction every half hour, whereas later in the experiment, five-minute averages of sonic anemometer measurements of a meteorological mast close to the wind turbine became available in real-time and were used for the scanning adjustment. Results of wind speed deficit measurements are presented for two measurement days with varying westerly winds and it is evaluated how well the lidar beam intersection points match the actual wake location. The new method allowed to obtain wake measurements over the whole measurement period, whereas a static scanning setup would only have captured short periods of wake occurrences. The analysed cases reveal that state-of-the-art engineering models for wakes underestimate the actual wind speed deficit.
Characterization of blackbody inhomogeneity and its effect on the retrieval results of the GLORIA instrument
Authors: Kleinert Anne , Krisch Isabell , Ungermann Jörn , Adibekyan Albert , Gutschwager Berndt , Monte Christian
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Limb sounding instruments play an important role for the monitoring of climate trends, as they provide a good vertical resolution. Traceability to the SI via onboard reference or transfer standards is needed to compare trend estimates from multiple instruments. This study investigates the required uncertainty of these radiation standards to properly resolve decadal trends of climate relevant trace species like ozone, water vapor and temperature distribution for the Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA). Temperature nonuniformities of the onboard reference blackbodies, used for radiometric calibration, have an impact on the calibration uncertainty. The propagation of these nonuniformities through the retrieval is analyzed. A threshold for the maximum tolerable uncertainty of the blackbody temperature is derived, so that climate trends can be significantly identified with GLORIA.
Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in Icelandic proglacial streams
Authors: Chifflard Peter , Fasching Christina , Reiss Martin , Ditzel Lukas
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Here for the first time, we analyze the concentration of dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), as well as its optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) in proglacial streams of Iceland, location of Europe's largest nonpolar ice cap. DOC and POC concentrations range from 0.11 mg L−1 to 0.94 mg L−1 and from 0.67 mg L−1 to 173.33 mg L−1, respectively. We estimate an annual release of 0.008 Tg C yr−1 (DOC) and 1.72 Tg C yr−1 (POC) from Icelandic glaciers. Compared to the global release of 1.97 Tg C yr−1 POC, these first calculations underline the necessity to include the Icelandic glaciers in global organic carbon budgets. Based on optical properties, we found that although glacial derived organic matter (OM) was dominated by proteinaceous florescence, organic matter composition was variable among glaciers, often exhibiting relatively higher aromatic content and increased humification closer to the glacier terminus, modulated by the presence of glacial lakes. While POC concentration decreased downstream, DOC concentration as well as the autochthonous fraction of OM increased suggesting the reworking of the OC by microbial communities, which has implications for downstream ecosystems as glaciers continue to melt.
Oscillation criteria for generalized Liénard type system
Authors: Kasbi Tohid , Roomi Vahid , Akbarfam Aliasghar Jodayree
Published: March 2018

‎In this work we use qualitative theory of differential equations to study the qualitative behavior of the solutions of a generalized Liénard‎‎ system‎. ‎Under quite general assumptions we present some sharp conditions under which the‎‎solutions of the system are oscillatory‎. ‎Some examples are presented to illustrate our results‎.
Note on $p_1$-Lindelof spaces which are not contra second countable spaces in bitopology
Authors: Acharjee Santanu , Papadopoulos Kyriakos , Tripathy Binod Chandra
Published: March 2018

In this article we show that a contra second countable bitopological space is a $p_1$-Lindelof space, but the converse is not true in general. We provide suitable example with the help of concepts of nest and interlocking from LOTS. The relation between pairwise regular spaces and $p_1$-normal spaces is studied. At the end, we propose some open questions which may enrich various concepts related to Lindelofness in a bitopological space and other areas of mathematical ideas.
Taha Hussein and the Case for World Literature
Authors: Hawas May
Published: March 2018

How and why has world literature been promoted as a discipline outside of Western contexts? Expanding the grounds of comparative literature to include non-Western texts also requires emphasizing the work of non-Western theorists as cultural actors. In an effort to widen the conversation on the early theoretical tenets of the field, this article presents the vision of world literature promoted by one of the foremost Egyptian writers of the twentieth century, Taha Hussein, drawing on his writings in English, Arabic, and French. The article examines Hussein's understanding of why literary comparison was important for developing countries beyond postcolonial paradigms, and specifically what the classical tradition of Arabic education might offer the study of modern world literature.
Neglected Iatrogenic Elbow Joint Dislocation. Didactic Case Report
Authors: Pawelec Bartłomiej , Waśko Marcin K. , Pomianowski Stanisław
Published: March 2018

We present a case of a neglected dislocation of the elbow joint. A 28-year-old patient suffered elbow joint dislocation with fracture of the radial head after a fall from a considerable height. Following a failed attempt at manual repositioning, the dislocation was reduced surgically and free fragments of the radial head were removed without stabilisation with a Kirschner wire. The joint was immobilised for 6 weeks in an arm-to-hand plaster cast, followed by two weeks during which an elbow joint orthosis with adjustable flexion was worn. The patient then attended rehabilitation. The first follow-up radiograph was obtained as late as 5 months following the operation and revealed a neglected dislocation and periarticular ossifications. Subsequent procedures did not improve limb function and the course was also complicated by a joint infection. The ultimate functional outcome is unsatisfactory. According to the principles of trauma care, all repositioning procedures need to be confirmed with a follow-up radiograph.
Simultaneous Symmetrical Bilateral Bimalleolar Open Fracture with Ankle Dislocation by Indirect Injury – Case Study
Authors: Sultan Asif , Shabir Maajid , Mehmood Mufti , Manzoor Qazi Waris
Published: March 2018

A rare case of symmetrical open bimalleolar fractures with bilateral dislocation of ankles is described. A 30-year-old man sustained indirect trauma working in squatting position with a heavy log of wood falling on his knees with ankles in inversion, and sustained symmetrical open III B bimalleolar fractures with dislocation of bilateral ankles with the distal fibula coming out of the skin. The patient underwent operative management on bilateral ankles and the post-operative course was uneventful. The patient had no complaints at 4 years’ follow-up and had a full, pain-free function. The probable mechanism of the fracture is discussed.
ПОСЕБНА ЗАШТИТА ЖЕНЕ И МАТЕРИНСТВА У РАДНОМ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Миловић Гордана
Published: March 2018

Породица je основна ћелија друштва и има право на пуну економску,друштвену и правну заштиту. У раду су на детаљан начин обрађене одредбеЗакона о раду Републике Српске које регулишу посебну заштиту жене и мате-ринства. Прaва жене приликом заснивања радног односа и за вријеме труд-ноће обрађена су у раду, као и права за вријеме породиљског одсуства и наконистека породиљског одсуства. Посебна пажња је посвећена накнади плате изаштити од отказа уговора о раду жене за вријеме трудноће и породиљскогодсуствa. Аутор, је анализирајући одредбе Закона о раду Републике Српске,истакао непотпуна и неадекватна законска рјешења. Такође, аутор је у радупокушао да предложи de lege ferenda одређена законска рјешења. С обзиромна то да се већ дужи временски период припрема нови Закон о раду потребноје посебно регулисати заштиту од отказа жени за вријеме трудноће, поро-диљског одсуства и скраћеног рада жене због његе или посебне његе дјетета.
СИСТЕМИ ОЦЈЕЊИВАЊА ДРЖАВНИХ СЛУЖБЕНИКА У БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ
Authors: Јелисић Јелена
Published: March 2018

У раду је свеобухватно обрађено оцјењивање државних службени-ка у Босни и Херцеговини, као важан инструмент потпоре укупном си-стему управљања људским потенцијалима, почевши од запошљавањаи увођења у посао државног службеника, па до обуке, напредовања инаграђивања. Аутор даје објашњења појма, врста и основних карак-теристика система оцјењивања државних службених лица. Посебнапажња је посвећена посљедицама оцјењивања државних службеникакоје могу бити, с једне стране, позитивне, а с друге стране, негативне.Аутор закључује да је престанак радног односа државног службеника,у случају да два пута узастопно буде негативно оцијењен, престрогасанкција, јер директно угрожава стабилност запослења, као и начеломатеријално-социјалне сигурности запосленог. Ово поготово из разлогашто систем оцјењивања државних службеника у инстутуцијама Боснеи Херцеговине одликује и потенцијална субјективност надређеног у по-ступку оцјењивања, а то отвара веома широке могућности за разно-врсне злоупотребе од стране надређеног који спроводи оцјењивање. Утом случају, сматра да је потребно увести неке друге облике стручногоспособљавања државног службеника (разне обуке, курсеве и сл.), каои унаприједити поступак сарадње надређеног и државног службеника,а све с циљем утврђивања и отклањања узрока који доводе до његовогузастопног негативног оцјењивања.
ОБРИСИ ДИСФУНКЦИЈЕ УПРАВЉАЊА ЈАВНИМ ДУГОМ У БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ
Authors: Крунић Мирољуб
Published: March 2018

Босна и Херцеговина има успостављене системске прописе у обла-сти јавног дуга од 1997. године. Основни закон донесен је на нивоу БиХ,а представљао је оквир за законе донесене на нивоу ентитета. Проте-ком времена ентитетски прописи су претрпјели промјене које су уносилевиши степен дисхармоније, при чему је изостало доношење кључних под-законских аката на нивоу Босне и Херцеговине, а спровођење тих про-писа довело је до изостављања елементарних аналитичких процедура ипроцедура надзирања функција спољњег и унутрашњег дуга. У таквимоколностима, функција планирања јавног дуга скоро да не постоји, апрописи БиХ и њених ентитета у овој области добијају обрисе подвоје-ности и паралелног егзистирања.У таквим околностима јавља се мноштво дисфункционалнихпромјена у систему управљања јавним дугом, што представља озбиљанфактор ризика за релевантне елементе економске политике и циље-ве развоја економије Босне и Херцеговине у цјелини. Садашњи режимуправљања дугом и систем селекције пројектних потреба захтијевајуда буду преиспитани, а субјективни фактори конзервирања дисфункци-оналног стања отклоњени.
О МОЖДАНОЈ СМРТИ
Authors: Кандић Љубана
Published: March 2018

Мождана смрт представља губитак и престанак свих можданихфункција. Изворно је медицински појам, али изазива интересовање и у об-ласти религије, која још увијек није заузела став прихвата ли је или не, иправа, које је у законским текстовима прихвата. Прије мождане, егзисти-рала је срчана смрт која је означавала смрт лица у тренутку престанкасрчаних и плућних функција. Занимање за мождану смрт појачано је свевећим бројем оних којима је потребна трансплантација органа, а проблемнастаје због недовољно правно регулисаних поступака трансплантацијеи донирања органа. И поред жеље законодавца да ова питања регули-ше законима и правилницима, велики број питања остаје без одговора. Занека од њих, правна теорија налази бројне алтернативе, судска праксапостаје немоћна, а законодавац треба имати на уму да правне празнине,посебно нејасноће и простор за арбитрерност, кога овдје има на претек,себи не смије дозволити.
The impact of family socialization on development of ecology consciousness at children - Example of Montenegro
Authors: Barjaktarović Violeta
Published: March 2018

This scientific work analyses the results of research on the impact offamily and youth ecological awareness in Montenegro. The surveywas conducted on a sample of 454 respondents aged over 25 years.Respondents expressed their views on their own perception of environmentalproblems, ecological awareness and environmental behaviorin their community about the need to adopt the necessary ecologicalvalue, possibilities and importance of ecological education. Thefirst part provides review of attitudes towards environmental issues inmodern world representing different authors, scientists and researchesin the field of ecology, sociology and anthropology.
Uticaj napojnice (bakšiša) na motivaciju radnika: poređenje zaposlenih u ugostiteljstu i industriji igara na sreću u Sloveniji
Authors: Raspor Andrej , Rozman Tomislav
Published: March 2018

Osnovni cilj rada je da istraži uticaj različitih vrsta napojnica (bakšiša)na motivaciju radnika u slovenačkom hotelijerstvu i industrijiigara na sreću, i da razvije model - na osnovu nalaza istraživanja - zadistribuciju napojnice među radnicima kako bi se povećala njihovamotivacija.Glavni nalaz istraživanja je da zaposleni u slovenačkim preduzećimasa uređenim sistemom distribucije napojnice imaju tendenciju dabudu bolje motivisani i tretiraju svoje goste bolje od svojih kolega uneregulisanim sredinama. S druge strane, zaposleni u ugostiteljstvusu manje motivisani za napojnicu od svojih kolega u oblasti igara nasreću, iako im se individualne napojnice daju direktno.Osnovni razlog za ovu razliku je to što kompanije u ugostiteljstvuobično ne primenjuju metode distribucije napojnica, a zaposlenimaje dato direktno pravo na svaku napojnicu. Napojnice su primljene(dnevno) u malim iznosima. U međuvremenu, zaposleni u ovoj industrijiprimaju napojnice, zajedno sa svojim mesečnim platama. Zbogtoga, možemo reći da model i proces distribucije napojnica u velikojmeri utiče na motivaciju zaposlenih.