bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ПРО КАПІТАЛИ В ІНТЕГРОВАНІЙ ЗВІТНОСТІ
Authors: Прозоров Денис Вікторович
Published: April 2021

Formulation of problem. Meeting the needs of stakeholders for the disclosure of financial and non-financial information about the effectiveness of enterprises actualizes the solution of disclosure of information about the contribution of capital to the creation of value added in integrated reporting. The aim of the article is research of problems of formation of the integrated reporting and justification of scientific and methodical recommendations about reflecting indicators of the formation and use of capital in reporting. The object of the research is the process of the formating accounting and analytical information in integrated reporting. Methods used in the research: logical and informative, scientific generalization, induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis. The hypothesis of the research is the assumption about improving the information support for integrated reporting by disclosing information about capital in accordance with the requirements of international standards that will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of management decisions about creation of value and addressing informational needs of stakeholders. The statement of basic materials. Based on the research, the structure of integrated reportings of individual companies is analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages, the basic principles of the formation of integrated reporting are determined, indicators of integrated reporting in terms of six types of capitals are disclosed, the stages of formation of the information about human capital in the integrated reporting are determined. The originality and practical significance of the research is the description of the information about capital in integrated reporting of scientific and methodical recommendations for the disclosure of information about the capital of integrated reporting and the formation of information and analytical platform for human capital Conclusions and perspectives of further research. The research proves that the disclosure of information about capital in integrated reportingt allows to form the mission and vision about the prospects of increasing value for the future. The given system of indicators characterizing efficiency of human capital allows to estimate the contribution of the capital in creation of value of the enterprise and to form strategy of its sustainable development.
ГАСТРОТУРИЗМ ЯК СКЛАДОВА ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ НА СХОДІ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Зеленко Олена Олександрівна , Готкевич Регіна Анатоліївна
Published: April 2021

Problem statement: The recovery of the tourism industry after the pandemic requires the use of new tools and directions of development. Gastrotourism, as a component of the tourism industry, is gaining momentum in Ukraine, has every chance to become the highlight of the eastern regions, rich in gastronomic traditions against the background of the development of modern food industry enterprises. The purpose of the study: identification of Ukrainian gastronomic product and ways of its development in the eastern regions of Ukraine, which will help create a tourist attraction of these areas for domestic and foreign tourists. The subject of research is the theoretical and practical aspects of gastrotourism development as a component of the tourism industry. Research methods: in the process of scientific work were used general and special methods of scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, statistical analysis, analogy and quantitative and qualitative comparison. Research hypothesis: it is assumed that the development of the gastronomic component of the tourism industry in eastern Ukraine should be based on a set of theoretical foundations, historical background and current circumstances of business development in the region. Presentation of the main material: The review of theoretical aspects and historical facts of development of gastrotourism allowed to supplement the existing classification of its kinds. Analysis of trends in gastrotourism in Ukraine shows that, despite the rich gastronomic diversity in the east, the leaders in this activity are the western regions. Originality and practical significance of the research: the objects of Luhansk region presented in the research, at the request of the owners themselves, can become promising gastronomic attractions of Luhansk region. Conclusions and prospects for further research: gastrotourism development will contribute to the restoration of abandoned areas of eastern Ukraine, will identify an alternative way of their development and create new tourist destinations at the interregional level.
Inclusão dos estudantes surdos no contexto educacional brasileiro
Authors: Batistella Marta Aparecida Abraão
Published: April 2021

Esta pesquisa tem ênfase à inclusão dos estudantes surdos no contexto educacional brasileiro, mostrando um breve histórico de como as pessoas que possuíam debilidades físicas e mentais eram tratados na antiguidade, claramente sem muito respeito e sem admiração por parte da sociedade; acompanhamos as mudanças que vão ocorrem durante o século XX, e o que temos de tendências educacionais na atualidade, os documentos que norteiam a nossa educação brasileira que são à base, as diretrizes, Leis, normativas e Resoluções estão expostas nesse trabalho; construímos assim entendimentos e conceitos educacionais que nos desperta para o com grande é o desafio de inclusão dos Surdos nas escolas Brasileira. Identificamos á importância da apropriação pelos surdos da língua portuguesa, o que diminuiria o fracasso escolar deste estudante. Deixamos claro á importância do professor e de um interprete em sala de aula para facilitar o ensino e aprendizado dos surdos.
O Computador como Ferramenta no Ensino e Aprendizagem de Biologia e Química: Conceitos e Perspectivas de Professores e Estudantes de uma Escola Pública de Sinop-MT
Authors: Batistella Jefferson
Published: April 2021

Este artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa desenvolvida na Escola Estadual “Professora Edeli Mantovani”. Nesta pesquisa, a proposta era conhecer os conceitos e perspectivas dos professores da área de Biologia e Química e estudantes de segundo e terceiro anos do ensino médio sobre a utilização do Computador como Ferramenta no Processo de Ensino e Aprendizagem de Biologia e Química. Utilizamos os pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa, com a aplicação de questionários para os estudantes e professores de Biologia e Química do ensino médio na Escola Estadual “Professora Edeli Mantovani”. Com base nos dados coletados, verificamos que os professores e estudantes admitem a importância da utilização do computador como recurso didático. Os estudantes pesquisados expressaram o desejo de que os professores de Biologia e Química utilizem o computador com mais freqüência em suas práticas educativas, pois é prático interessante e divertido, eles acreditam que facilita o aprendizado dos conteúdos, por isso sugerimos que as instituições formadoras invistam mais na formação continuada de professores, principalmente na área de Biologia e Química, para inserção das novas tecnologias em suas experiências educacionais.
Doses e fontes de fósforo na cultura da soja
Authors: Kaneko Flávio Hiroshi , Rinzo Rubens Takeshi , Oliveira Bruno Levino de , Prado Jalyson Araujo do , Assis Gabrielly Patricy Bezerra de , Piletti Lígia Maria Maraschi da Silva , Silva Ilca Puertas de Freitas e
Published: April 2021

A adequada adubação fosfatada na cultura da soja se faz importante para atingir elevadas produtividades. Desse modo, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de doses e fontes de fósforo (P) no desenvolvimento e na produtividade da cultura da soja. Na safra 2015/16, no município de Nova Andradina/MS, foram implantados dois experimentos utilizando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições, em Latossolo vermelho de textura média. No primeiro experimento testou-se quatro doses de P2O5 (0, 40, 80, e 120 kg ha-1) utilizando como fonte o superfosfato simples. O segundo, avaliou-se cinco fontes de P na dose de 80 kg ha-1 (Controle sem P; Superfosfato simples - 18% P2O5, 16% Ca e 8% S; Yoorin Master 1 Si® - termofosfato magnesiano -  97% de termofosfato magnesiano + óxido cúprico, óxido de zinco e óxido manganoso – 17,5% P2O5, 18% Ca, 7% Mg, 0,10% B, 0,05% Cu, 0,3%Mn, 10% Si, 0,55% Zn;  YaraMila Soberano® -06-27-06 + 9,1% Ca, 8,4% S, 0,03% B, 0,05% Mn + 0,1% Zn e YaraMila Absoluto® - 04-28-08 – 11,3%Ca, 7,9% S, 0,03% B, 0,05% Mn, 0,1% Zn). Foram avaliadas a altura de plantas, população de plantas, massa de 1.000 grãos, produtividade de grãos e eficiência agronômica. O incremento nas doses de P aumentou linearmente a produtividade de grãos da cultura da soja, com acréscimos em 3,53 kg de grãos para cada unidade de P2O5 fornecida no sulco de semeadura, entretanto, com a dose de 63 kg ha-1 de P2O5 atingiu-se o ponto máximo de eficiência agronômica. Em relação às fontes, todas proporcionaram maior produtividade de grãos que o tratamento controle, porém sem haver diferenças entre si. Assim, a dose 63 kg ha-1 resultou na maior eficiência agronômica bem como todas as fontes de P foram adequadas para o manejo da cultura da soja.
Inoculação e coinoculação de Azospirillum e Bradyrhizobium, via sementes e em cobertura, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja
Authors: Bazzo José Henrique Bizzarri , Monteiro Jaqueline , Marinho Jéssica De Lucena
Published: April 2021

A utilização de bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas no cultivo da soja tem favorecido a produtividade de grãos da oleaginosa. Contudo, as formas de aplicação e os efeitos desses microrganismos na produção de sementes de qualidade ainda são pouco estudados. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inoculação e da coinoculação de Azospirillum brasilense e Bradyrhizobium japonicum, aplicadas via tratamento de sementes e em cobertura, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja. No campo, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 5 repetições, sendo testados cinco diferentes tratamentos: testemunha (sem inoculação e coinoculação); inoculação com B. japonicum aplicado via semente; aplicação de B. japonicum em cobertura; coinoculação com A. brasilense e B. japonicum aplicados via semente e; A. brasilense e B. japonicum aplicados em cobertura. Após a colheita, a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, por meio dos seguintes testes: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e comprimento e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz da plântula. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância, sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Os tratamentos com inoculação das bactérias promotoras de crescimento produziram sementes de maior qualidade fisiológica em comparação à testemunha. A aplicação isolada de B. japonicum, via semente, resulta na produção de sementes de menor desempenho, enquanto a aplicação isolada de B. japonicum em cobertura, ou em conjunto com A. brasilense, aplicadas via semente ou em cobertura, favorecem a produção de sementes vigorosas.
Teor de nutrientes foliares e produtividade de híbridos de eucalipto submetidos à irrigação localizada em Aquidauana – MS
Authors: Brito Kelvin Rosalvo Melgar , Lopes Adriano Da Silva , Fanaya Júnior Eder Duarte , Oliveira Jean Carlos Lopes de , Belchior Isabela Braga
Published: April 2021

A silvicultura apresenta forte papel no desenvolvimento econômico e social brasileiro e no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. O eucalipto é a cultura florestal mais bem cultivada, devido aos altos investimentos tecnológicos em sua produção, uso de pesquisa de ponta e consequentes aumentos na demanda dos produtos oriundos desta espécie. Porém, como qualquer vegetal exposto as mais variadas situações a campo, entre as mais comuns de se achar são a deficiência hídrica e nutricional, que desencadeiam comportamentos fisiológicos indesejáveis. Assim esse trabalho teve como objetivo relacionar a concentração de nutrientes foliares (nitrogênio, fósforo e boro) com o volume de madeira do eucalipto submetidos à dois sistemas de irrigação. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental de irrigação da Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, em Aquidauana-MS. O delineamento experimental empregado foi em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, utilizando quatro repetições. As parcelas foram compostas pelos tratamentos de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão) e área sem irrigação; e as subparcelas compostas pelos híbridos de eucalipto, apenas com adubação de plantio. Os maiores acúmulos de biomassa foram apresentados pelos tratamentos irrigados. O nitrogênio foliar não variou significativamente nos períodos avaliados, porém, obteve correlação positiva com o volume de madeira para o manejo sem irrigação. Os tratamentos irrigados proporcionaram maiores concentrações foliares de fósforo e volume de madeira. O boro foi o nutriente mais suscetível a variações foliares.
Metonymic Words and Expressions Characteristic of American English
Authors: Putayeva Elnara
Published: April 2021

When a particular metonymic word or expression is used, it is necessary to have certain cultural and historical knowledge in order to understand what is concealed within these metonymic expressions. Sometimes these metonymic expressions reveal the variety and characteristic features of a culture and give an idea of its being different from others. In the following paper the main intention is to analyze metonymic expressions in American English and to indicate variety that they bring to the speech of language carriers. Metonymy is also used in everyday language in order to give a more colorful and precise expression to ideas. Metonymies are approached as conceptual processes of extension, i.e. they are not so much relationships between words as relationships between concepts. It is interesting to note from a methodological point of view that while research on metaphor, cognitive or otherwise, has been able to focus on its object of matter without necessarily considering metonymy, things are quite different when metonymy comes under analysis. People with resembling cultural backgrounds and many similarities in common may share similar metonymic expressions, but for those who do not have the same cultural background it could sound like a challenge. Metonymy is accordingly a relevant linguistic device that plays a key role in the study of language and culture, and in understanding the speech of people from different cultures. The variety that these expressions cover may range from proper names to names of food and meals.
Needs Analysis of Reading and Writing Skills for Tour guide Students in Kenya
Authors: Orang’i Douglas Ondara
Published: April 2021

A course designed on the premise of needs analysis contributes, to some extent, to the threshold for curriculum development and syllabus design. This article presents an argument that needs analysis is an integral part of course design by focusing on the skills of reading and writing both as learning and target needs for tour guide diploma students in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design and the data is extracted from Orang’i (2013) MA study. It emerged that reading tasks of scanning, skimming, reading for note taking, and summarizing revealed needs as learnings for both learners and teachers. In addition, the writing skills tasks that revealed learning needs for both learners and teachers were developing ideas, grouping ideas, and spelling correctly. Further, reading tasks that revealed target needs are business letters, e-mail messages, fax messages, instruction booklets, minutes of a meeting, tickets, and invoices. On the other hand, writing tasks that revealed target needs were writing: business letters, e-mail messages, reports, itineraries, tour commentaries, legal documents, and brochures. Based on the findings of this study, it can be summed up that learners’ needs are revealed whenever a needs analysis is conducted and should, therefore, be a must-do in any course design.
The Effectiveness of Prompt and Recast on the Pronunciation of Moroccan EFL Learners: The Case of English Department Students in Sais Faculty
Authors: Benhima Mohamed , Slaoui Souad
Published: April 2021

This study aims to investigate the differential effects of two methods of error correction, namely prompt and recast, on the pronunciation of Moroccan EFL learners. Accordingly, an exploratory observation was conducted to design a test instrument followed by an experimental design wherein thirty English Department students in Sais Faculty in Fes (n=30) were divided into prompt, recast and no-feedback control groups. A pre-test was administered to the three groups, revealing that EFL learners make similar mistakes in the pronunciation of some English sounds due to the lack of correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. Subsequently, the experimental groups received immediate treatment for their pronunciation mistakes. The post-test, as examined by the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), revealed a significant difference between the prompt as compared to the other groups.
The Effectiveness of Communicative Speaking Activities on EFL UNRWA 9 graders’ Motivation from Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Abu Sharkh Ahmed Naim Hamed
Published: April 2021

The current study attempts to investigate the influence of communicative speaking activities on motivation of the UNRWA 9th graders to learn English as a foreign language (EFL) from teachers ‘points of view. Conducting qualitative analysis, the researcher uses semi-structured interviews in order to get data of the study. The 'Behaviorism Theory' by the behaviorist P.F. Skinner is the theoretical framework of the study. Twenty EFL instructors, 10 males and 10 females, participated in the present study from five UNRWA schools in Gaza. The study finds that communicative speaking activities increase learners` motivation to learn EFL especially when the learners engaged effectively in such activities that also, according to the most majority of the interviewees, increase their level of achievement, a solid correlation between communicative speaking activities and the increase of EFL learners` motivation to learn EFL. The researcher recommends adopting various communicative activities, by EFL instructors, to motivate learners to learn EFL through the main four skills, setting up training programs, by MOE, for EFL instructors to train them how to foster learners` motivation through communicative activities and conducting further researches to investigate the impact of communicative listening, reading and/or writing activities on learners` motivation to learn EFL.
Prediction Chart: A Tool in Enhancing Reading Comprehension
Authors: Pitogo Jesum M.
Published: April 2021

Reading is considered as one of the essential components of the macro-skills in Linguistics and it is one of the various language skills that a learner must possess. It is an acquired skill for which the individual has the unique ability to pursue meaning from the text. Given this definition, the main purpose therefore of reading is comprehension, and without it, reading does not take place. The study assessed the effectiveness of prediction chart in enhancing the reading comprehension of Grade 12 students of University of Cebu Lapu-lapu Mandaue, Mandaue City, Cebu, S.Y. 2019-2020. The study employed a quasi-experimental design. The research subjects of the study were 46 Grade 12 students. These subjects were grouped into two heterogeneous groups: the control group and experimental group. The experimental group were the only subjects exposed to the use of prediction chart, using the interventional material “My Father Goes to Court” by Carlos Bulosan, while the control group were exposed to the traditional classroom instruction using the same intervention material. A researcher-made questionnaire was utilized to assess the effectiveness of prediction chart. Based on the study results, the control group's pretest performance has a significant difference from their posttest performance. This implies that the use of the traditional classroom instruction or pure lecture does not enhance the reading comprehension of the control group. In contrary, pretest performances of experimental group significantly differ from their posttest performances. Thus, the study concluded that the use of prediction chart in enhancing the reading comprehension of grade 12 students is effective. With this premise, the students can develop higher order thinking skills (HOTS) and camaraderie while learning as they step higher on their level of education.
Investigating the Speed of Lexical Activation in the Bilinguals' L1 and L2 through Forward and Backward Translation Task
Authors: Issa Saddam H.M. , Shyamala K.C
Published: April 2021

The relationship between lexical activation in L1 and L2 was investigated using a backward and forward translation task. Bilingual Arabic-English speakers first translated forward from L1 to L2, then backward from L2 to L1. Two groups of participants were established (high and low proficient bilinguals). The translation task included words that were being translated in both L1 and L2. The goal of the study was to see how strong the relation between L1 and L2 translation is. The findings of the study revealed that bilingual memory relations are asymmetric: translation from L1 to L2 is conceptually mediated, but the translation from L2 to L1 is lexically mediated.
Evaluating the Textbook Used in the Greek Centre of Further Merchant Marine Education: School of Mechanics
Authors: Giannarou Effrosyni K.
Published: April 2021

This paper attempts to evaluate a teaching textbook used in the Greek Merchant Marine Center of Further Education: School of Mechanics. The evaluation considers adult learners’ needs and practices to evaluate the prescribed textbook used in this institution. This textbook has been used for a long time and, though it includes proper ESP knowledge, it is considered to need embellishment to satisfy learners’ growing needs, especially as it concerns engineering vocabulary. The research question mainly investigates whether this textbook helps learners in their practice of receptive and productive language skills both in general English and English for Specific Purposes use. Following a checklist of evaluation criteria, internal and external evaluation took place. It was found that the textbook is considered very plain and unattractive by learners. Though it includes the teaching of main vocabulary and grammar necessary to learners, it does not include material for pronunciation practice. Furthermore, it does not offer enough practise of all four language skills. It does not present activities for the practicing of vocabulary use or writing. There is also a lack of participatory tasks like group activities or teamwork. The findings contribute to the field because they could help embellish the teaching material with more communicative tasks and open-ended activities, which would motivate, interest, and engage learners more. The more purposeful use of technical language would be aiding mechanics in their training and in their work field in merchant navy vessels.
The Pragmatics of Civility in Prince Harry's Exit Speech
Authors: Al-Hindawi Fareed Hameed , Al-Aadili Nesaem Mehdi
Published: April 2021

Civility is a widespread phenomenon in societies as it has its own place as one of the social values of humanity. In this regard, civility is conceived of as the act of showing regards for others through civilized verbal behaviour. However, civility is much more than that since it is viewed as the baseline of respect people owe to each other in public life. Generally speaking, civility prevails in religious contexts; nevertheless, it can be investigated in other contexts. Accordingly, the present study purports to set itself this task through concerning itself with the investigation of civility in a context other than the religious one. Precisely, it is intended to scrutinize this linguistic phenomenon in a speech by Prince Harry of Britain (the Duke of Sussex) with the aim of revealing the strategies through which civility is pragmatically realized. The data is purposefully chosen since Prince Harry is described as being civil and courteous. To achieve the aim of the study, the relevant literature on civility is surveyed and a model is developed for the purpose of pragmatically analyzing the data under perusal and coming out with certain findings.
The Use of Capital Computer-mediated Communication Expressions in the Non-Capital Cities as a Sign of Language Unification
Authors: Ali Bushra W.
Published: April 2021

Recent researches on computer-mediated communication (CMC) have focused mainly on linguistic analysis for the different types of internet chats. This study observes the differences in chats between the informal social chat and the formal chat by Iraqi university non-capital informants. The difference is on their use of capital and non-capital expressions. The location of the experiment is the University of Sumer. The research focuses upon the capital and non-capital expressions used at the university community depending upon 9 variables for 97 samples. The data reveals that there is a distinction between university and non-university chat on their capital expressions usage: (Laad, Aady, Hello, Dez, Mnower, Shakbark, Wyaya, Ok and Bye), at the non-capital area.  Moreover, data shows that there is a distinction between university chat at the university community and their chat outside the university community. This study observes the written chats of the Iraqi university informants: students, teaching staff, and employees. The study sample is random using social media such as Viber, Facebook and WhatsApp. This is to observe that how the public and private atmospheres participate in language change to be unified at the time of the social networking use. Although they did not use certain expressions at their real life or informal chat, it is explored that how much they used the capital expressions in the non-capital areas. The study manages a quantitative and statistical analysis and investigates the use of capital expressions by users from the noncapital inhabitants’ background. Results of the study revealled that the university informants elude to use the capital expressions at the university atmosphere in the non-capital areas. It also reflects the fact that the use of capital expressions in the non-capital areas is a clear sign for the language unification concept.
Translation Technique of Women Anger Speech Act in Television Series 13 Reasons Why Season 1
Authors: Syarif Hayati Elmarhamah , M.R. Nababan  , Santosa Riyadi
Published: April 2021

The study aimed to analyze the translation technique used in women's anger speech acts in a television series entitled 13 Reasons Why Season 1. This study was a descriptive qualitative research and an embedded case study. Analysis document and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were used to collect the data. The result shows the behaviour patterns of the translator using various translation techniques in all types of speech acts including direct verbal or cognitive sign, thinly veiled verbal sign, and indirect verbal sign.  The most frequently used techniques in direct verbal or cognitive signs are establish equivalent and followed by variation and explicitation, while establish equivalent, variation, and pure borrowing are frequently used in thinly veiled verbal signs and indirect verbal signs. In addition, compensation technique is only used in direct verbal or cognitive signs and indirect verbal signs while paraphrase is used in translating anger speech acts in terms of direct verbal or cognitive signs and thinly veiled verbal signs.  Meanwhile, other techniques such as generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, and adaptation are the least frequent techniques used in direct verbal or cognitive signs and thinly veiled verbal signs.
The Translation of Islamic Women-Related Legal Terms and Metaphors: A Comparative Study of Fazlul Karim’s (1938) and Robson’s (1963) Versions of Mishkat-ul-Masabih
Authors: Al-Jalahma Dheya , Gomaa Yasser A.
Published: April 2021

Through the instrumentality of the translation allusions strategies proposed by Leppihalme (1997) and the Skopos-plus-loyalty approach developed by Nord (1997), the present study scrutinizes the English translation of six Islamic-legal terms and six metaphors used for women in selected Prophetic Hadith from two English versions of Al-Tabrīzī’s (d. 1348 A.D.) Mishkat-ul-Masabih that have been translated by Fazlul Karim (1938) and Robson (1963). The results indicate that Fazlul Karim’s (1938) translation of the of Islamic-legal terms shows his commitment to provide the Muslim reader with the necessary Islamic rulings and opinions taken from the Prophetic Hadith. However, the language in his translation is found to be incomprehensible in many cases because it strictly adheres to the Arabic structure. By comparison, Robson’s (1963) language appears natural and the terms are translated more accurately regarding the ‘general meaning’ of the word. In addition, his translation is comprehensible and coherent.  Fazlul Karim’s (1938) translation of metaphors of women shows that, in most cases, he uses an inaccurate translation for the respective metaphor. Robson (1963) is found to be consistent with his skopos of using natural English. This study is an attempt to shed light on the importance of gaining knowledge about the culture that surrounds the terms related to women and its effects on translation. It endeavors to draw attention to the role of translation in reflecting the appropriate status and societal role of women at a particular time with special emphasis on terms that consist of a combination of physical, social, and legal aspects.
The Use of Nominal Subordinate Clause as a Syntactic Complexity Measure by Some National University of Lesotho Students
Authors: MORATO-MALEKE ʼMATŠITSO EUGENIA , PHAFOLI LEHLOHONOLO SAMUEL
Published: April 2021

The paper explores the use of nominal subordinate clause as a syntactic complexity measure in some examination scripts of the National University of Lesotho (NUL) fourth year students. The study is based on the employment of the interpretivist paradigm as well as descriptive and case study designs. Data was collected from the students’ essays in the (2016/2017) examination papers and analysed qualitatively, following the Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) and the Cognitive Grammar (CG), both of which formed the theoretical frameworks for the study. The paper shows that NUL students have a reasonably high level of syntactic complexity with the use of nominal subordinate clause.
An investigation of EFL Teachers’ Professional Development in Algeria: Practices and Perspectives
Authors: Melouka Ziani , Saadia Lahma
Published: April 2021

In English Language Teaching, the complexity of competencies and skills required for maximum achievement calls for a highly structured training programme which caters for a Continuing Professional Development(CPD)  of EFL teachers. Hence, it has become more important than ever to involve teachers in the decision making and designing of their CPD programmes. The present paper, then investigates how effective is continuing teacher training to teacher professional development in Algeria. In an attempt to answer this question, an investigation was carried out on a sample of 56 secondary school teachers of English in RELIZANE, Algeria. Using observation and interviews, teachers and teacher trainers were examined on their different standpoints to CPD. The research findings revealed that the participants expressed the same need for a continuing professional development regardless their expertise. But, their perceptions regarding their role in their CPD reflected their dependence on the institutional training programmes. Indeed, it was found that teachers rarely reflected on their education or kept track of their development as teachers.
Digital Inequity Survey to the Teachers of St. Aloysius Academy of Dasmariñas: A Basis for Digital Trust and Intuition
Authors: Avila Crisanto E.
Published: April 2021

In the field of education, teachers must be technologically abreast especially in time of the COVID-19 Pandemic addressing the demand of the New Normal. To build confidence and capacity in digital teaching-learning, teachers must consider developing their skills in using digital technologies in education and they must also embed the use of digital devices in the teaching-learning practice. In this premise, this research article explains the digital inequality that the teachers are experiencing and its effect on their teaching profession and on establishing among themselves the digital trust and intuition. This study also aimed to answer, “What are the digital equalities do teachers encounter?” Th teachers’ decision for digital trust and intuition is affected by the digital inequalities they are experiencing. This study draws insights from a one-page survey questionnaire to 20 selected teachers of St. Aloysius Academy of Dasmariñas representing the faculty from the 3 departments such as preschool, grade school and high school. The results of this study indicate that teachers of St. Aloysius Academy of Dasmariñas are digitally inclined as manifested by their subscriptions to various digital devices and services. The impact of the digital technology to them in terms of social, economic, political and cultural affects their decision in digital trust and intuition.  Overcoming issues on digital inequality among teachers will lead to digital trust and intuition.  The school, from where the teachers are employed must address the digital inequality by ensuring that all teachers have equal chances in accessing the technology-based teaching devices and by providing them capacity building trainings which are imperative for the demand of the new normal. Teachers must embrace the digital technology in the community and in their workplace and imbibe the digital trust and intuition in education.
Comparing Predictive Validity of Islamic Azad University English Proficiency Test and Standard Proficiency Tests against a Socio-Cognitively Validated Test of English for Specific Purpose
Authors: Motallebzadeh Khalil , Khosravani Mahmood
Published: April 2021

In spite of the facts that validity is known as a unified concept in contemporary theory and practice, investigating the sub-construct of this concept enlightens the discipline to a great extent. Predictive validity of high-stakes tests such as English proficiency tests (EPTs) which are used for critical educational decisions is an example. EPT of Islamic Azad University (IAU), as a localized form of national and international scale proficiency tests, is served as an obligatory part of exit program for PhD candidates. Considering the fact that manipulating ESP texts is a major language learning goal in the university, the current research was an attempt to examine the predictive validity of IAU-EPT against a valid third measure in comparison with other EPT exams. To this aim, adopting Weir’s socio-cognitive framework, an ESP test of politics was developed and validated. Then, the test was administered to 19 PhD candidates of politics with IAU-EPT certification and 16 PhD candidates certified at other EPTs (TOEFL, GRE, and Tolimo). Pearson correlation was employed to investigate the relationship between their authorized EPT scores and their performance in a real context validated ESP test. The findings revealed a weak predicting value for IAU-EPT in a ESP task while a strong and significant correlation was reported between standard EPTs scores and ESP test. Further investigation is required to investigate the construct validity of IAU-EPT. Future researchers are recommended to include more participants from other disciplines. These findings have implications for language learners, language teachers, researchers and educational policy makers.
Articulating the Optimal Features of a Good Muslim Wife: Some Qur’anic expressions that Affiliate with the Woman’s Perfect, Metaphysical and Real Worlds
Authors: Al-Heeh Sami
Published: April 2021

This small-scale study investigates the optimal features of good Muslim woman. It aims to describe, interpret, and explain the rhetorical features of the properties the Qur’anic discourse (QD) maintains for both sexes and those it excludes for the good Muslim woman. The study benefits from corpus, i.e. text, linguistics for data collection. It also applies a critical discourse analysis (CDA) approach to the Quotes collected from the Noble Qur’an (NQ). The paper builds on Van Dijk’s 1998 model of analysis at the syntactic, semantic and schematic levels of the properties identified for a good Muslim woman. It has been found that the QD assigns ten properties to describe a good Muslim man and woman; they include submission, belief, obedience, truthfulness, faithfulness, humbleness, alms giving, fasting, chastity, and turning to Allah. Among these, the QD exclusively and inclusively lists ‘being resigned, believing, always turning to Him, being devoted to worship, fasting’, and ‘being a widow or a virgin’ as general semantic features for a good Muslim wife. It has been concluded that the properties identified for a good Muslim woman have directive, informative, meta-linguistic and affective functions. They are part of the sociology of Islam which accommodates the ontological principle of creating women as a different sex having other roles to play with the deontological theory of moral obligation to obey freely the other sex. The Qur’anic engineering tactfully goes beyond reconciling both sexes’ needs and roles to repair some social norms established and entrenched against the woman who has already experienced marriage before.
Translation Techniques of Sentences Accommodating Satirical Language Styles in The Historical Novels Bumi Manusia and Anak Semua Bangsa
Authors: Murdiyati Noviana , . M.R. Nababan , . Djatmika
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the research is to identify the translation techniques used in translating satirical language style in historical novels Bumi Manusia and Anak Semua Bangsa. This research is an embedded research with a descriptive qualitative approach conducted on the romance Bumi Manusia and Anak Semua Bangsa. Data were collected through content analysis and validated by rater through focus group discussions (FGD). The results show that there were 183 satirical language style data in historical novels Bumi Manusia and Anak Semua Bangsa which used 16 translations techniques namely established equivalence, explicitation, modulation, paraphrase, implicitation, compensation, pure borrowing, variant borrowing, transposition, addition, reduction, generalization, literal, discursive creation, particularization and neutralization.
Holistic vs. Analytic Scoring between Expository and Narrative Genres: Does the Assessment Type Matter?
Authors: Asassfeh Sahail M.
Published: April 2021

The unprecedented emphasis on EFL students' development of their writing skills has invited researchers and EFL instructors to look for the most effective methods of teaching writing and assessing it. Within this context, two main dominant assessment types have been used by EFL writing instructors: holistic and analytic scoring with ambiguous research findings about the use of each. Moreover, ambiguity has also been surrounding variability in raters' scoring across genre types. This study aims at uncovering the difference between using the two scoring schemes across two genres in EFL writing: expository and narrative. Two texts each representing a genre type from 10th grade EFL writers' compositions were presented to a sample of 90 in-service EFL teachers for holistic scoring. Two months later, the same texts were presented to the same teachers for analytic scoring in order to compare between the grades assigned in each round for arriving at results. Results suggest significant differences between the scores obtained according to the grading method. Also, narrative essays received higher scores in both assessment types. These results are discussed, and recommendations are derived.
An Investigation into Lexical Aspect of Persian Light Verbs: zadan, dǎdan and xordan Based on Huddleston and Pullum (2002)
Authors: Berenjian Shapour Reza , Rahimian Jalal
Published: April 2021

The verb and its complement have their specific contributions to the meaning of predicate. Sometimes, the verb takes a more modest share than the complement in expressing the predicate; such verbs are referred to as light verbs. However, the degree of the lightness of the verbs is neither systematic nor predictable in verb constructions. We aim to investigate the lexical aspects of the Persian light verbs “zadan” (to hit), “dǎdan” (to give), and “xordan” (to eat) based on Huddleston and Pullum’s Model (2002). There are many verbs that lend themselves to light verb constructions. The data are collected from the Updating Persian Corpus consisting of 48M words. To this end, we extracted all light verbs in the sentences stored on the Updating Persian Corpus using the AntConc software based on Mansouri’s approach (2013). The sampling was done using random sampling method that has scientific validity and is generalizable. In random sampling, every entity of the population enjoys equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Then we analyzed the sentences containing light verbs in terms of the state and activity lexical aspects. The results were plotted in tables and figures with annotations of the verb features. For similar patterns, only one pattern was selected for further analysis. The light verb patterns were listed and analyzed in an inventory one by one. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical method and a corpus-based survey design. Descriptive research has both applied and basic aspects so that it leads to the discovery of facts and bodies of knowledge in an inductive way. An important characteristic of descriptive studies is that the researcher may not manipulate or control the status and role of variables. The researcher merely tends to study and describe what already exists. In this study, we used library research and content analysis methods.
Translation Competence and Translator Training: A Review
Authors: Salamah Dania
Published: April 2021

Translator training is an area that has received much interest among the research community of Translation Studies’ scholars. This is driven by the need for highly qualified and skilled professional translators around the world. This need has motivated research into the skills and competences professional translators need to perform their tasks effectively. This review addresses translator training and translation competence, underscoring the need for further research in this area in the Saudi context. It also presents some translation competence models that have been proposed. The review indicated that translation competence is an under-researched area in the Saudi context. Further research is needed in this area to contribute to improving the quality of translator training, which will enhance the quality of translation services by improving the outcomes of these programs.
Communicative Sessions in Mixed-abilities Classroom: The Big Challenge for Low Achievers
Authors: Bellil Nedia
Published: April 2021

Theoretically speaking, the communicative approach, and the communicative sessions based on it may seem to be suitable to all teaching contexts. However, in real classroom context, realities may be different especially in mixed abilities classes.  This study is an attempt to bring awareness of the different kinds of difficulties low achievers face during the communicative sessions in mixed abilities classrooms. It tries to build links between the principles on which those sessions are built and the difficulties engendered by mixed-abilities classes. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and an interview for both students and teachers of English, in addition to an observation of a number of communicative sessions in the Tunisian ELT context. The study revealed that the majority of low-level students are unable to cope with those sessions. They are highly demanding for them especially in a mixed-abilities context. They negatively affect low achievers’ self-esteem and motivation to learn English. The findings of the study can be used to enrich and support other researches dealing with similar issues. They can also help in deciding on the adequate solutions to low achievers’ problems with communicative activities in mixed-abilities learning context.
Teaching English during COVID-19: Nepalese Teachers’ Voices
Authors: Kapar Hiralal , Bhandari Laxman Prasad
Published: April 2021

Paradigm has been shifted from face to face to online teaching and learning. This paper is written with the COVID-19 pandemic in mind where it delves into the opportunities and challenges faced by Nepalese teachers taking virtual classes in the context of Nepal. The major purpose of this study is to explore the Secondary English teachers’ experiences in teaching English during the pandemics. For this, we interviewed four teachers of the Kathmandu district who had been taking online classes. Their experiences were analyzed through a constructive approach. The findings suggested that the teachers were quite positive and optimistic towards teaching virtually despite the lack of adequate training, consistent internet services, regular power supply, and suitable devices. Further, it explored that the participants had taken the online mode of teaching as one of the best options as it opens several optimistic doors to both teachers and students though they realized that there were challenges to teaching virtually.
Examining the Significance of General Indian English and Soft Skills: An Employability Perspective
Authors: Khan Usman , Zaki Syed Abid , Abu Rehan  , Adam Mirza , Ahmad Shaweez
Published: April 2021

The Corporate sector has witnessed a drastic change in the last few decades around the world and India is no exception to it. Ever since the proliferation of globalization, inter-state business has grown up like never before. Consequently, multinational companies are gradually taking over the local businesses, which created a paradigm shift in the recruitment processes of companies to meet the demands of the job market. Earlier, people used to get recruited merely on the basis of their job-specific skills called Hard Skills. Today, employers need candidates who can communicate well in English as this language serves as the lingua franca, i.e. a common language of communication among employees of different regional and linguistic backgrounds. Moreover, particular preference is given to the candidates who possess certain necessary skills in addition to hard skills such as communication skill, time management, leadership, adaptability, team work and so on. These skills are known as soft skills. Thus, young job aspirants who can speak fluently and intelligibly in English and possess soft skills get an edge not only during the recruitment process but also during the job. In the above-discussed context, this paper attempts to carry out a critical analysis of teaching General Indian English and soft skills for generating employability among Indian job. To test the same an activity-based study was conducted with a group of 20 undergraduate students which consisted of pre-training and a post-training test. The analysis of the results showed positive changes in students’ attitudes and confidence after they undergo soft skills activities as well as spoken English lessons in General Indian English. Thus, this study suggests the integration of a paper on GIE and soft skills across all disciplines at undergraduate level or a short course on the same.