bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Feedback, Distribution of Practice, and Intermanual Transfer of Prism Aftereffects
Authors: Cohen Malcolm M.
Published: September 2011

These experiments tested the hypothesis that intermanual transfer of prism aftereffects depends on both the type of visual feedback provided to the observer and the distribution of practice during the antecedent prism-wearing session. In Exp. I, 8 Ss reached for a visible target that they viewed through prisms. They responded for 60 trials at rates of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 times per minute, viewing the reaching hand only after each trial was completed (terminal visual feedback). Measures of coordination were taken both before and after exposure, and shifts in coordination were used as measures of the aftereffects. With increased rates of responding, the magnitude of intermanual transfer significantly decreased, but the magnitude of the aftereffects in the reaching hand remained unchanged. In Exp. II, 9 Ss responded for 60 trials at rates of 6, 12, and 24 times per minute, viewing the reaching hand through the prisms at all times (continuous visual feedback). Although aftereffects were obtained with the reaching hand, no significant transfer resulted. Results suggest prism-adapted Ss attain different end-states, depending on the specific antecedent exposure conditions, and any description of the mechanism underlying prism aftereffects must be restricted to the particular conditions under which the aftereffects were generated.
The Moon and the Emergency Room
Authors: Blackman Sheldon , Catalina Don
Published: September 2011

The commonly held superstition of the staff of an emergency room in a mental health center prompted a data analysis. Admissions to that unit on days of a full moon were compared with other periods during the month for the period of a year. Significant moon effects, unrelated to visibility, were found. Suspicions were confirmed.
Comparisons of an Hologram and a Slide of a Room Interior
Authors: Canter D. , Benyon M. , West S.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of size and ratings of ‘friendliness’ of an interior presented as a slide and as an hologram are compared for different orders of presentation. The effect of mode of presentation relates to the sequence in which judgments are made. Implications for the potential use of holograms in perceptual studies of architectural variables are indicated.
Bilateral Practice and Tactual Discrimination
Authors: Ton William H.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to replicate, with modern procedures, early work which purported to demonstrate bilateral transfer of the effects of training on two-point thresholds. Two groups of Ss received practice consisting of 120 stimulations daily for 10 consecutive days. The control group received practice on the preferred arm only, while the experimental group alternated arms. While the initial thresholds of the two groups differed, their final thresholds did not differ significantly, indicating the possibility of efficient bilateral transfer of two-point discrimination.
Effects of Preference on Interspecies Non-Spatial Habit Reversal Learning
Authors: Kolb Bryan E. , Franken Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The effect of visual preference on the development of reversal-learning sets was studied in each of three species of rodents ( Rattus, Sciurus, and Eutamias). Ss from each species were divided into two groups, and within each species each group was trained on a different pattern discrimination. Following initial learning, Ss were then trained on 10 reversals of their respective discrimination. Within each training group, all 3 species improved over the reversals. However, there was a significant Species X Discrimination interaction. The implications of this research on interspecies comparisons were discussed.
Temne-Arunta Hand/Eye Dominance and Susceptibility to Geometric Illusions
Authors: Dawson John L. M.
Published: September 2011

Dawson (1972) has described a relationship between mixed hand/eye dominance and cognitive style, which is thought to influence susceptibility to those illusions requiring greater spatial discrimination. Present data show that right-eyed Ss were significantly less susceptible to the Horizontal-Vertical (contiguous and non-contiguous) and the Perspective Drawing. It was further hypothesized that this lower susceptibility for right-eye dominant Ss was due to interaction of (a) better spatial skills (as lower susceptibility to these illusions also correlated more highly with Kohs Blocks' scores) and (b) eye dominance, culturally determined glance curves, and position of the illusion in the visual field. While there was some evidence to support (a), due to a lack of adequate controls and other methodological problems, it was not possible to draw any definite conclusions concerning (b).
Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response under Odor-Intensified or -Minimized Conditions, Within-Subjects Trial Administration, and a One-Minute Intertrial Interval
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Payne James H.
Published: September 2011

A two-phase study was conducted during which 2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward, the same magnitude of reward and nonreward confinement, the same intertrial and intersubject intervals and the same trial order. The only difference was that one group of Ss was trained and extinguished under an odor-intensified condition, whereas the second group was trained and extinguished under an odor-reduced condition. In the goal segment Ss trained under an odor-intensified condition discriminated the schedule perfectly during acquisition and were less resistant to extinction than Ss trained under the odor-reduced condition. Following a 2-wk. interval, Phase II, the groups underwent acquisition and extinction again under reversed odor-conditions. The results were replicated within the study.
Sensitivity to Visual Gaussian Noise Patterns as Determined by Binary and Rating Procedures
Authors: Weitzel Charlotte , Dobson Ricardo
Published: September 2011

Trained Os made judgments as to the presence of a signal plus noise pattern adjacent to a noise pattern with binary and 4-category rating response procedures. Two mean differences between stimulus distributions, 2 criterion levels, and 2 response procedures were factorially combined to produce 8 experimental conditions. Individual protocols of all Os in rating sessions and of 2 Os in most binary sessions resulted in straight line z-coordinate receiver operating functions. A receiver operating function expresses the probability of a hit as a function of the probability of a false alarm. As predicted by the theory of signal detection, neither response procedures nor criterion manipulations affected de, but de was sensitive to the magnitude of the mean difference between the signal and signal plus noise distributions. However, Os were not influenced by pay-off conditions to adopt low criteria in binary sessions even though criterion shifts were produced in rating sessions. Finally, the obtained slope for the receiver operating functions was nearly twice as large as predicted by the theory. On the basis of these mixed positive and negative results, the acceptance of the theory as a general model for visual detection may be questioned even while some successful applications of the theory to visual detection problems exist.
Experimental Participation as a Source of Stimulation in Sensory and Perceptual Deprivation Studies of Stimulus-Seeking Behavior by Introverts and Extraverts
Authors: Miyashiro Clifford M. , Russell David L.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that the experiment itself provided a change in stimulation was tested under conditions of perceptual deprivation with and without delay of self-stimulation in a free operant situation. Also tested was the hypothesis that extraverts would differ from introverts in seeking more frequent changes in self-administered sound stimulation, rather than in seeking stimulation of greater duration. Parametric tests indicated no significant difference between delay and non-delay groups or between introverts and extraverts with respect to duration and frequency of sound stimulation. Non-parametric test, however, showed extraverts tended to seek significantly more changes of self-stimulation than introverts.
Responses of Stuttering and Non-Stuttering Children to a Dichotic Listening Task
Authors: Gruber L. , Powell R. L.
Published: September 2011

Performance on a dichotic listening task of 28 normally speaking and 28 stuttering elementary and high school children showed no significant inter-ear differences. These results do not support the idea that stuttering results from lack of cerebral dominance for speech.
Another Utilization of Mesa in the Evaluation-Grading of a Class of Medex Trainees
Authors: Stone Leroy A. , Brosseau James D.
Published: September 2011

A recently proposed multidimensional similarity judgment analysis methodology (the Stone-Coles method) was used again to analyze the dimensionality of another class of Medex (physician's extension) trainees as perceived by the staff of the involved Medex training project. The extracted dimensions resembled rather closely, especially the primary dimension, those extracted from judgmental data pertaining to an earlier class of trainees. The results seemed to support a contention that multidimensional scaling of judgment may be valuable to use in personnel evaluation matters such as academic grading when the basis for such evaluation-grading is limited to the opinion of others (e.g., teachers).
Perceived Personal Control and Attribution of Causality
Authors: Joe Victor C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relation between the assignment of causality for successes and failures on an ambiguous task and personal control and control ideology as measured by scales derived from factor analysis. As predicted, 60 high personal-control Ss in comparison to 60 low personal-control Ss perceived that successful outcomes were determined by skill rather than by luck and exhibited a lower tendency to attribute causality to physical surroundings and experimental factors for task failures. Furthermore, when high personal-control Ss were asked how hard they tried on the ambiguous task, these Ss indicated that they showed more effort for successful outcomes than for failure outcomes. These results suggested that high personal-control Ss believe in internal attribution of causality, while low personal-control Ss believe in external attribution of causality.
Factorial Independence of Perceptual Egocentrism
Authors: Bowd Alan D.
Published: September 2011

The factorial analysis of several measures of perceptual egocentrism and field dependence together with age, sex, SES and inductive reasoning indicated the comparative independence of perceptual egocentrism with regard to the other variables for 53 kindergarten children.
Eye-Movement Parameters and Total Figure Complexity of Simple Geometric Shapes
Authors: Locher Paul J.
Published: September 2011

Support for the value of the measure, total figure complexity, of the model of perception of simple geometric figures developed by Vitz and Todd (1971) in predicting eye-movement parameters of Ss performing a learning task is described.
Perceptual-Motor Skills, Ability to Conserve, and School Readiness
Authors: Ayers Jerry B. , Rohr Michael E. , Ayers Mary N.
Published: September 2011

To determine the relationship of perceptual-motor skills and ability to conserve to school readiness, 94 Ss in kindergarten and first grade were administered the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, the Metropolitan Readiness Test, and six Piaget tasks to measure logical thinking. Scores on the Purdue scale and Piaget tasks were not correlated; however, both sets of scores were moderately correlated with school readiness as measured by the Metropolitan test.
Interrater Reliability of the Handler Draw-a-Person Scoring
Authors: Attkisson C. Clifford , Waidler Valerie J. , Jeffrey Paula M. , Lambert E. Warren
Published: September 2011

Draw-a-Person test scoring systems developed prior to 1967 had low levels of predictive validity and reliability estimates for these scales are rarely found in the literature. Then, in 1967, Handler developed a set of scales for scoring anxiety indices in the Draw-a-Person test. The Handler scoring manual may offer more promise for future studies designed to validate the clinical and research use of human figure drawings. Reliability estimates reported in the present investigation provide independent support that Handler's scoring procedures have high interrater reliabilities. The Draw-a-Person indices had a median interrater reliability of .90, this being congruent with the median coefficient of .87 reported by Handler.
Handedness, Ear-Preference, and Field-Dependence
Authors: Pizzamiglio Luigi
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesized relationship between the degree of lateralization of different brain functions and that of cognitive differentiation, using the field dependence-independence construct, 50 normals, half right-handed and half ambilateral, were given 3 different measures of field-dependence. The right-handed were more field-independent than the ambidexterous ones. A subgroup of strongly ear-preferent Ss in dichotic listening were more field-independent than a subgroup of mixed-ear-preferent ones.
Mirror-Image Discrimination: A Purely Perceptual Measurement with Phi Motion
Authors: Ball Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

Mirror-image forms were used as phi stimuli in a measurement procedure rendered automatically and compellingly meaningful through the unique contribution of perceptual constancy to the determination of the threshold for phi. Because phi responses are based on unlearned behavior, the pretraining required on conventional tests is eliminated, and a purer measurement of discrimination ability is attained. Using the phi technique, it was found that a group of 12 5-yr.-olds could discriminate like-oriented from mirror-image stimuli as well as did 12 adults.
Response Differentiation under Sensory Reinforcement in Two-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Vietze Peter , Foster Martha , Friedman Steven
Published: September 2011

The present study provides evidence that infants as young as 8 wk. of age are capable of showing clear differentiation of directional head-turns for visual reinforcement.
Locus of Attribution in Perceived Choice
Authors: Kidd Robert F. , Harvey John H.
Published: September 2011

36 college students were involved in a decision task in which the two optional choices were varied to create either a large difference, a small difference, or no difference in attractiveness. It was predicted that conditions which produce high perceived choice, i.e., a small difference in attractiveness, would cause an individual to attribute his decision to an internal factor while conditions mediating low perceived choice, i.e., a large or no difference in attractiveness, would lead to attributions based on an external factor. Data from 36 college Ss confirmed these predictions.
The Bender-Gestalt Test as an Indicator of Neurological Impairment in Young Inner-City Children
Authors: Welcher Doris W. , Wessel Kenneth W. , Mellits E. David , Hardy Janet B.
Published: September 2011

The black and white, 7- and 8-yr.-old “inner-city” children in the Johns Hopkins Collaborative Perinatal Study obtained generally higher error scores on the Bender-Gestalt test than Koppitz's norms. They also performed less well on the WISC, Wide Range Achievement tests, and the Gray Oral Reading tests than the standardization populations for each test. Contrary to expectations, no significant relationship was found between high Bender error scores and neurological status or reading ability. Thus, the Bender at 7 yr. was not a good predictor of neurological abnormality in these young “inner-city” children.
Temporal Patterns of Neonatal Vocalizations: A Normative Investigation
Authors: Caldwell H. Stephen , Leeper Herbert A.
Published: September 2011

Temporal acoustic features of the cry were elicited and recorded from 26 male and female neonates with high (8 up) Apgar scores on the second, third, and fourth days of life. The findings indicated no significant differences in any of the cry parameters across sexes or days. Mean values for cry latency 1.51 sec., vocalization time .65 sec., and pause time .49 sec. were reported as normative data. Results suggested that research with neonates should include timing features of crying behavior with respect to judging integrity of central and peripheral nervous systems.
Interlingual Facilitation and Retrieval Processes
Authors: Weist Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Two multitrial free-recall experiments were designed to evaluate conditions of interlingual facilitation. In Exp. I, recall on a list of translated pairs exceeded performance on a list of unrelated words when the basis for comparison was the number of words recalled but not when the comparison was based on the number of concepts recalled. In Exp. II, the performance of 5 bilingual Ss asked to recall translated pairs together exceeded that of 5 Ss instructed to organize recall by language. This difference was not obtained with non-bilingual Ss.
Transfer of Training on Location of a Fault: Effects of Trainer's Observation, Prompting, and Achievement Level
Authors: Putz Vernon R.
Published: September 2011

Four training conditions were investigated with human Ss differentiated according to high achievement and low achievement academic histories. Trainer's presence or absence was paired with conditions of trial and error and prompting in a complete factorial. It was hypothesized based on a Hull-Spence interpretation of social facilitation that trainer's presence with prompting during training would lead to superior transfer over conditions of trainer's absence and prompting, while the lowest transfer was expected with the combined condition of trainer's presence and trial and error. It was further assumed that high achievers would learn the task readily and be relatively unaffected by the four training conditions. On the transfer task for both fault-misses and response time trial and error for the low achievers was superior to prompting. Trainer's presence was insignificant, while achievement level was influential. The results suggested that active learning involving the task-activity of trial and error was more arousing than the social factor of the trainer's presence, particularly in view of the fact that the trainer lacked significant evaluative ability for the trainee- Ss in the laboratory setting.
Social Reinforcement Effects on Block Design Performance by Brain-Damaged Children of Normal Intelligence
Authors: McManis Donald L. , Roth Gloria
Published: September 2011

12 male and 6 female cerebral palsied children of normal general intelligence (IQ range 80 to 127), ranging in age from 6-4 to 14-5, were equated for IQ and WISC Block Design pretest performance accuracy and speed and served in experimental and control groups ( ns = 9). Control Ss repeated the test under standardized conditions while experimental Ss received praise for each correct block placement on retesting. Experimental Ss decreased significantly ( p < .05), while control Ss increased slightly, in performance accuracy from pretest to posttest. Control Ss exceeded experimental Ss significantly ( p < .05) in posttest but not pretest accuracy. Both groups showed nonsignificant increases in speed on the posttest.
On the Study of Personality Factors in Research on Driving Behavior
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Bowman Roland G.
Published: September 2011

The involvement of personality factors in traffic accidents is supported by findings from psychiatric studies which focus on psychopathology, psychopathy, stress, alcoholism, and accident-proneness and from other studies which make use of psychological testing devices to measure components of personality. Further progress in clarifying the relationship between personality and traffic accidents may be achieved through the use of more appropriate validation criteria and more inclusive stylistic conceptions of personality.
Visual Serial Search for Letters, Roman and Arabic Numbers
Authors: McCarthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

A repeated measurements design with 30 undergraduate female Ss and 21 secondary school teachers of psychology was used to compare Ss' visual serial search for letters, Roman and Arabic numbers. Across 30-sec. trials with a 30-sec. rest interval between target displays, independent analyses of data from both groups demonstrated that visual serial search for Arabic numbers was significantly superior to search for letters and search for letters was significantly superior to search for Roman numerals. The outcomes might be related to the relative heterogeneity or balance of linear and curvilinear target features.
Effectiveness of Visual Perceptual Training on Reading Skills of Non-Readers, an Experimental Study
Authors: Bieger Elaine
Published: September 2011

48 second and third grade non-readers who were estimated to have visual perceptual deficiences were randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The experimental group received perceptual training plus remedial instruction. The control group received only remedial instruction. After 7 mo., the low perceivers given visual training improved significantly in visual perception, but improvements were not reflected in improved reading achievement. Controls gained 8 mo. in reading achievement versus 6 mo. for experimentals, indicating that visual perceptual training did not influence the achievement of reading skills for this group.
Repressors' and Sensitizers' Affective Change during Free Association
Authors: Haney Jack N.
Published: September 2011

Repressors, sensitizers, and a control group free-associated to threatening and nonthreatening stimuli for time periods ranging from 1 to 40 sec., giving ratings of affective states after each response period. In spite of the fact that sensitizers showed greater “approach” responding, they did not reduce their anxiety levels. The evidence suggests the need to reevaluate the presumed anxiety-reducing function of sensitizing behaviors.
Effects of Background Event Rate and Critical Signal Amplitude on Vigilance Performance
Authors: Metzger Kurt R. , Warm Joel S. , Senter Roderick J.
Published: September 2011

Ss monitored a display consisting of the repetitive presentation of pairs of movements of a bar of light. A neutral background event, for which no overt response was required, was a double deflection of 24 mm. The critical signal for detection was a longer deflection in the second movement within an event. Detection probability was greater for incremental excursions of 33% relative to 8.3% of the base movement. This effect was enhanced twofold when the event rate in which the signals were embedded was 21 as compared to 6 events/min. The results are considered in terms of the elicited observing rate hypothesis proposed by Jerison (1970).
English Students' Perception of Heath and Ideal Self
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Shapurian Reza
Published: September 2011

50 English university students were asked to give their perceptions of Prime Minister Heath and of the ideal self using the Activity Vector Analysis. Two distinct clusters were noted which correspond quite closely to previously obtained perceptions of national leaders vs the ideal self-concept. The mean vectors for the Heath vs ideal self clusters were essentially uncorrelated ( r = −.17).
Biophysical Assessments of Diseases of Involuntary Movement
Authors: Robinson Daniel N. , Berman A. J.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes certain quantitative approaches to the study of diseases of involuntary movement. Such movements are examined in the context of a simple tracking task in which the elasticity ( K), electromagnetic damping ( B), and inertia ( J) of the control-stick are systematically varied. While the study is limited, it does indicate one means by which analytical procedures may be brought to bear constructively on a problem of clinical importance.
Correlations among Bender-Gestait, Wisc Block Design, Memory-for-Designs, and the Pupil Rating Scale
Authors: Simensen Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt, WISC Block Design, Memory-for-Designs, and the Pupil Rating Scale were administered to 87 Ss. The resultant correlation matrix and coefficients of determination appear to indicate that these measures are measuring different variables. Such findings indicate the need for extended research in diagnostics for children with learning disabilities.
Lateral Body Sensitivity and Lateral Eye-Movements
Authors: Hines Dwight , Martindale Colin , Schulze Sharon
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to assess the relationship between lateral body sensitivity and lateral eye-movements elicited by reflective questions. The latter correlated with a paper-and-pencil measure of lateral body sensitivity in the first part of the experiment. In the second part, induced heightened awareness of one side of the body was associated with more eye-movements toward that side.
End-Spurt in Addition of Numbers
Authors: Catalano John F.
Published: September 2011

End-spurt (performance improvement as the end of a task is approached) has been previously found among those individuals who believed that the task was 90% completed in both vigilance and rotary pursuit tracking. The present experiment was carried out to determine whether this would hold true if the task involved mental activity such as the addition of numbers. The end-spurt did occur when Ss believed that the task was 90% completed. Also, significant performance decrement occurred when it was believed they were only 50% completed.
Laboratory-Reared Rhesus Monkeys can Use Their Tails as Tools
Authors: Erwin J.
Published: September 2011

4 rhesus monkeys reared in the laboratory have been observed to use their tails to acquire objects (food and non-food) from outside their cages. They have also been seen to use their tails to hit humans and to tease both humans and conspecifics. These observations are discussed in the context of a report of similar behavior performed by crab-eater macaques in a laboratory setting.
Factor Analytic Study of the Test, what Kind of Person are You?
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of 645 responses to What Kind of Person Are You? test, a 50-item inventory of self-perception of creativity, yielded five factors: Acceptance of Authority, Self-confidence, Inquisitiveness, Awareness of Others and Disciplined Imagination. The analysis gives some support to the construct validity of the measure, providing a more sensitive appraisal of an individual's self-perceptions including creative and less creative orientations.
Sex Stereotyping in Values: A Comparison of Three Generations and Two Sexes
Authors: Raymond Beth , Damino Joan , Kandel Nina
Published: September 2011

A total of 240 male and female elementary school children, college students, and adults were asked to rank the values, using the Rokeach Value Scale, they believed existed for males and females in our society. Few differences in sex stereotyping of values were found as a function of age and sex and, more impressively, the absolute level of stereotyping in all conditions was very low.
Responses of Rhesus Monkeys to Separation Vocalizations of a Conspecific Infant
Authors: Erwin J.
Published: September 2011

The vocalizations of a rhesus monkey infant were recorded immediately following separation of the infant from its mother. The recorded vocalizations were played to 12 young adult rhesus monkeys, 6 of each sex. The adults were less active during the time when the recorded vocalizations were being played than during equivalent periods of time before and after the stimulus tape had been played. Ss also spent more time near the stimulus source and looked at it longer when infant vocalizations were audible. Two of the females responded to the infant sounds immediately by looking down at their breasts and by displaying retrieval or support postures typical of mother monkeys with small infants.
The Eye Blink as Artifact in Pupillometric Research
Authors: Marais H. C.
Published: September 2011

Upon examination of pupillary recordings made at eight recordings per second during presentation of control and authority-related experimental stimuli, a significant difference in the number of eye blinks was found. More eye blinks were recorded with control stimuli. The potential artifactual effects of this finding in research where only two recordings per second are made, is discussed. A possible solution of the problem is also offered.
Wechsler Memory Scale Paired-Associate Learning in Discrimination of Brain-Damaged and Non-Brain-Damaged Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Holland Terrill R.
Published: September 2011

The Wechsler Memory Scale paired-associate learning performance of 32 brain-damaged and 32 non-brain-damaged age-matched inpatients was examined to assess the extent to which the groups would improve at different rates across the three administrations of the list. Both mean-difference and individual prediction analyses suggested that the non-brain-damaged Ss were improving more rapidly than the brain-damaged patients for Trial 1 versus Trial 2, although this was not the case for Trial 2 versus Trial 3. Moreover, an index based on relative improvement from Trial 1 to Trial 2 differentiated between the groups independently of their over-all level of memory functioning as reflected in Memory Quotient. These findings were interpreted as lending support to the hypothesis that repeated measures on the same Ss and under the same stimulus conditions might be useful in discriminating between brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged patients who did not differ on ability measures yielding single scores.
Individual Differences and Reliability of Information Transmission in Absolute Judgments of Loudness, Brightness and Line Lengths
Authors: Landau Stephen G. , Buchsbaum Monte S. , Coppola Richard , Sihvonen Miriam
Published: September 2011

Information transmission, as estimated from absolute judgments of loudness, brightness and line length, was measured in 35 normal Ss. Each S was tested on all modalities on each of three days. Individuals varied widely in their ability to transmit information and were consistent across modalities and days; reliabilities for loudness, brightness and line length between Days 2 and 3 were 0.72, 0.81, and 0.89 respectively. The mean intercorrelation between modalities was 0.40. WAIS Digit Span but no other intelligence scale was positively correlated with transmission of information. The results suggest the existence of a single information-processing facility in the central nervous system.
Determination of Handedness Using Hand-Efficiency Tests
Authors: Rigal Robert A.
Published: September 2011

A new approach to determine S's handedness from hand-efficiency tests, instead of hand-preference questionnaires, is presented here. A formula to isolate ambidextrous individuals is also proposed. Using this method, it is possible to determine simultaneously the hand dominance and the skill level of Ss.
An Autokinetic Stimulus-Light Modification Providing Uniform Intensity at Wide Viewing Angles
Authors: MacNeil Mark K.
Published: September 2011

A simple modification of the autokinetic-stimulus apparatus removes differences in Ss' judgments caused by unequal intensities of the stimulus due to differing viewing angles.
Studies of Auditory-Visual Differences in Human Time Judgment: 2. More Transmitted Information with Sounds than Lights
Authors: Lhamon William T. , Goldstone Sanford
Published: September 2011

11 experiments are reported which confirmed the presence of a striking auditory-visual difference in the judgments of short durations. There was more information transmitted with auditory durations than with visual durations using the methods of pair-comparison and absolute judgment. Variations of several stimulus properties and aspects of the psychophysical context did not alter this intersensory difference.
Recording Activities and Recall of Information
Authors: Howe Michael J. A. , Ormond Valerie , Singer Linda
Published: September 2011

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects on recall of activities which involved the recording by S of information as he listened to a prose passage. Conditions involving such recording produced significantly greater improvements in accuracy of recall than conditions not requiring S to record the information.
Relationship between Hand-Eye Dominance and Lateral Errors in Free-Throw Shooting
Authors: Shick Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

116 Ss took a total of 50 free throws, with 10 shots on each of 5 days. Eye dominance was determined by the “hole-in-card test;” handedness by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills. No statistically significant differences were found in comparing the lateral errors made by the unilaterally dominant Ss with those made by contralaterally dominant Ss.
Motion-Picture Screening Device for the Identification of Perceptual Disabilities
Authors: Rohr Michael E. , Ayers Jerry B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Purdue Motion Picture Screening Test for the identification of perceptual disabilities in 360 rural Appalachian fourth grade children. Results indicated that test scores are related to achievement, and children scoring in the bottom 5% exhibited deficiencies in perceptual development. The test can be easily administered in a group situation at minimal cost.
A Signal-Detection Evaluation of Flat vs Curved Marker Performance
Authors: Ladan C. J. , Heron R. M. , Nelson T. M.
Published: September 2011

Driving decisions based on traffic markers placed at acute-angled intersections are considered within the framework of the theory of signal detectability. The implied task requires a binary decision based on sensory information having some uncertainty and thus is amenable to analysis within this framework. The ability to separate the psychological and sensory components of performance can extend analyses from previous research with curved and flat markers. Data from prior laboratory studies rendered d' values of 1.08 and 2.25 for the flat and curved targets respectively, thus lending strong support to the hypothesis that slant is more accurately discriminated when a curved marker is viewed.
Effects of Trait Guilt on Impressions of Character and Prescriptions of Punishment and Guilt
Authors: Heying Robert H. , Munz David C.
Published: September 2011

In order to determine the effect of trait guilt on impression formation, high and low G-trait Ss read a simulated newspaper story of a student caught cheating on an examination. High and low G-trait males and females, presented with either a male or female stimulus person, indicated ratings of credibility and character, prescribed punishment and appropriate guilt for the offense, and estimated the stimulus person's and their own guilt in the cheating situation. Results indicated that high G-trait Ss prescribed significantly less severe punishment for the female stimulus person. There was also a tendency for high G-trait Ss to impute more intense guilt to the stimulus person and to estimate their own guilt for cheating to be greater than low guilt Ss. These findings and other trends were interpreted from a sex-typing and role-expectation perspective.
Müller-Lyer Illusion Decrement as Related to Adaptation Preceding Negative Aftereffect: Correlational Analysis
Authors: Swisher Charles W. , Mandes Evans
Published: September 2011

56 adult Ss participated in an experiment to test the hypothesis that the Müller-Lyer illusion decrement is related to adaptation effects involved in the perception of angled lines. A Pearson significant ( p < .01) correlation of .89 between the time it took to perceive an increment of the angle in angled lines and the time it took to perceive a decrement in the Müller-Lyer illusion was interpreted as supporting a greater emphasis on the use of adaptation effects as explanatory concepts for the Müller-Lyer figure.
Oral-Movement Abilities and Articulatory Characteristics of Brain-Injured Adults
Authors: La Pointe Leonard L. , Wertz Robert T.
Published: September 2011

We compared the performance of 28 brain-injured adults who displayed articulation problems with that of 28 adults with no history of brain-injury on tests of isolated oral movement and oral-motor sequencing. An attempt was made to classify the brain-injured patients by administering an articulation test and employing three criteria for differentiating apraxia of speech from dysarthria: presence of initiation errors, more substitution errors than combined omission and distortion errors, and the presence of islands of error-free production. While the brain-injured group performed significantly worse on the isolated oral-movement and oral-motor sequencing tests than the normal adults, not all brain-injured patients demonstrated difficulty on these tasks. We were able to identify 13 patients who met all three criteria (apraxia of speech), 3 who met none (dysarthria), and 12 who met one or two but not all (mixed apraxia of speech and dysarthria). Isolated oral-movement and oral-motor sequencing deficits were found in all three groups, but no significant differences among groups on these tasks were observed.
Newborn Walking: A Reply to Pontius
Authors: Zelazo Philip R. , Konner Melvin , Kolb Sara , Zelazo Nancy A.
Published: September 2011

Pontius (1973) raised ethical questions concerning research on reflexive stimulation in newborn infants. A reliance on poor data, theoretical misinterpretations, and inappropriate generalizations seriously weaken the scientific merit of her case. Available research reveals no detrimental consequence of reflexive stimulation during infancy.
Alternative Conceptualizations of Space: Implications for Educational and Clinical Practice
Authors: Shilkret Robert B. , Friedland Seymour J.
Published: September 2011

Much of the literature on learning disabilities which has dealt with the child's perception of space has seemed to view problems in spatial perception as primarily lack of accuracy or veridicality, e.g., poor organization or distortion of assumed spatial “givens.” This paper examines other factors which are important in the child's spatial functioning, and which can be helpful in understanding and remediating problems in the learning problem child. Specifically, this paper outlines a distinction between topological versus Euclidean-geometric conceptions of space, action-function space in contrast to perceptual space, and impersonal space in contrast to interpersonal space.
Reduction or Augmentation? why We need Two “Planks” before Deciding
Authors: Petrie Asenath
Published: September 2011

This note concentrates on two developments since the experimentally based concepts of the reducer and augmenter were introduced a decade and a half ago by Petrie and colleagues (5). These two are chosen because they emphasize how obsolete is the proposal of Baker, et al. that we discard the data from the second session of the investigation in determining the perceptual characteristics of juvenile delinquents. (1) An atypical perceptual modulation pattern occurs in adults with known abnormalities of the nervous system. A considerable number of juvenile delinquents present the same atypical ‘stimulus-governed’ pattern. The only way to date of identifying the stimulus-governed person, who differs in important ways from the rest of the population, is by having his performance from two sessions to allow for comparison. The stimulus-governed person is wrongly characterized on one session alone. (2) The neurophysiological finding that augmenters have larger cortical-evoked responses than have reducers is based on measurements combining the information from two sessions. Other spinal neurophysiological correlates are similarly based. Thus, the bridge between reduction and augmentation on a perceptual level and these neurophysiological correlates was built on two ‘planks.’ The economy of discarding one of these planks, as suggested by Baker, et al., would prevent our using this vital bridge.
Some Characteristics of the Track of an Automobile Driven at Two Different Speeds
Authors: Soliday Stanley M.
Published: September 2011

10 Ss drove an automobile over a 3-mile long portion of an interstate highway, once at 45 mph and once at 65 mph. A photoelectric device mounted on the automobile recorded its lane position every 3.81 ft. throughout each trip. Results showed that the mean maintained position was significantly farther from the right edge of the pavement at the 65 mph speed and that dispersions about the mean were greater at 65 mph. Distributions of position measurements were essentially normal at both speeds. It was concluded that measurement of the entire track of a vehicle provides several advantages not possessed by techniques that study lane position at discrete points on the highway.
Perception, Binocular Fusion, and an Image Theory of Classical Conditioning
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

According to an image theory of classical conditioning and a theory of images, after viewing a visual complex consisting of S1 and S2, focusing on S1 should lead to two types of temporary brain events (Ts), Ta1, produced directly by receptor stimulation, and Ts2, produced through learning by way of S1. It is assumed that in everyday perception Ts1 and Ts2 combine by a binocular-fusion-like process. This idea makes sense, partly because both in everyday perception and in binocular fusion Ts1 and Ts2 appear to combine to yield a report of a single, composite, smoothly integrated whole. The present proposal is compared to Hebb's and Konorski's views of perception.
Effects of Novel Environment on Predatory Behavior of Golden Hamsters
Authors: Polsky Richard H.
Published: September 2011

20 golden hamsters were tested for capture of locusts in several different cage conditions which included their own familiar home cage, a neutral cage, a hamster-soiled cage and a locust-soiled cage. Ss showed a significantly greater latency to capture when taken from their own home cage and tested in a neutral cage, however, latencies decreased with repeated testing. Further, Ss showed a relatively high latency to capture when tested in the locust-soiled cage. This later finding was explained in terms of prey camouflage.
Comparison of Social Norms across Four Judgment Situations
Authors: Pace D. J. , Macneil M. K.
Published: September 2011

The comparability of emergent norms in four judgment situations was investigated. A moderately arbitrary prescribed norm was presented with a low degree of social pressure. One member of each of 8 groups of 4 Ss was an experimental collaborator who presented arbitrary ranges of judgments. Each group participated in the autokinetic, shotgun, pinball, and hex situations. The norms formed in 3 of the situations were equivalent; those in the hex situation were not. The lack of comparability of the hex situation is attributed to a relatively greater degree of structure, resulting from psychophysical and cultural anchorages.
Factors Affecting the Magnitude and Proportionality of Solutions to Problems of Coordination
Authors: Rubin Jeffrey Z. , Greller Martin , Roby Thornton B.
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were conducted to assess the nature and generality of people's solutions to problems of temporal and numerical coordination in which interests are primarily opposed. In Exp. I, subjects were placed in a timing task with a group of nonpresent others and were asked to make a simple pushbutton response when they believed they would be exactly the Nth person in their group to do so. In Exp. II, groups of randomly chosen respondents in the Boston metropolitan area took part in a mail contest in which a cash prize was awarded to the Nth person in a group to return a postcard. In Exp. III, subjects were placed in a simulated auction setting in the laboratory and were required to compete with a group of nonpresent others in order to make the Nth bid in their group. Five variables were manipulated, two of which proved to be significant in all three studies. Thus, it was found that the wider the temporal or numerical continuum with which an individual is provided, and the higher the ordinal position he is required to occupy in relation to other members of his group, the larger the magnitude of his judgments. Subjects' coordination judgments were further analyzed in relation to the objectively imposed and subjectively defined contexts within which they were made. The findings indicate that coordination judgments are fundamentally alike in the three experiments, and are made not in absolute, but in proportional, fashion.
Memory Span as a Function of Amount of Information
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

Memory span for binary, quaternary, octal, and hexadecimal digits, containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 bits of information per item respectively, was determined for 4 independent groups of 25 college Ss. Except for comparison of quaternary and octal digits, memory span in item units decreased as a function of amount of information per item. The results were interpreted as inconsistent with a “constant-chunk” hypothesis and providing further support for an explanation based on reduction of redundancy.
Effect of Emotions on Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

The effects of anxiety and anger on the visual evoked potentials generated by exposure to visual stimuli (circle or square as compared to blank card) did not for 80 human Ss modify the latencies or the amplitude of P1, P2, N1 and N2 peaks. Anxiety and anger modified, however, in a statistically significant manner P3 and the following waves. The P3 – N4 wave complex seemed to relate to cognitive processes. The results suggest that the effects of cognitive processes related to anxiety and rage differ, at least in part.
An Indirect Measure of Predicting Speed Performance for Industrial Operators
Authors: Smith M. C.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are described, one in an electronics firm and another in the laboratory. Ss were given a task and asked how long they thought it would take them, timed at the task, and asked how long they thought they had taken. The task in each experiment was repeated at least five times. A strong relationship was found between the average of the estimated times at the end of the task and subsequent speed performance on the two different sorts of criteria used ( rs = .91, rating; .54, writing).
Effects of I-E Control and Instructional Set on Actual and Estimated Performance in an Angle-Matching Task
Authors: Black F. William , Blankenship Dumont G.
Published: September 2011

The personality variable of internal-external locus of control and the situational condition variables of chance, moderate-skill, and high-skill conditions were investigated in the context of an angle-matching task with 184 volunteer college students. As predicted, the situational condition (instructional set) effect was more powerful than the I-E personality effect on both actual and estimated performance. The performance of external Ss was less consistent across situational conditions than that of internal Ss for both measures.
Method for Quantitative Analysis of Dramatic Play
Authors: Tait Perla
Published: September 2011

A method for the quantitative analysis of dramatic play is presented based on narrative case records in which the following items were isolated: dramatic units, involvement of O requested by S, longest dramatic unit. The longest dramatic units were further analyzed for amount of time, sub-units introduced, intensity, and themes expressed. This method appears potentially useful for intensive study of dramatic play.
Behavioral Research via Closed Circuit Television
Authors: Dambrot F. , Reighard E. M.
Published: September 2011

Four studies which have utilized closed circuit television as an integral part of the experimental methodology ace briefly reviewed to illustrate some applications in behavioral research.