bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratégies résidentielles et position sociale : l'exemple des localisations périurbaines
Authors: Debroux Josette
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’analyse des rapports entre social et spatial s’élargit, depuis quelques années, aux zones périurbaines dont le développement n’est pas sans effet sur l’accentuation des polarisations au sein des métropoles puisque s’y installent, de manière privilégiée, les « classes moyennes ». Une analyse rapprochée des caractéristiques sociales de ces périurbains montre que, s’ils sont socialement diversifiés, leurs trajectoires professionnelle et sociale présentent certaines similitudes les rendant incertains de leur position sociale. Profitant d’une conjoncture biographique favorable, et mobilisant le modèle résidentiel de la maison individuelle, ils vont investir, de manière socialement différenciée, la sphère résidentielle pour améliorer leur position sociale. La progression dans la trajectoire résidentielle s’avère d’autant plus nécessaire que l’identité sociale d’origine professionnelle est insatisfaisante.
« Faire le beau chez soi » : la part du corps dans l'aménagement et la décoration des espaces du quotidien
Authors: Beldjerd Sofian
Published: May 2011

Résumé Le corps sensible joue un rôle central dans les processus d’appropriation des espaces du quotidien. L’enquête empirique menée sur la mise en forme, l’usage et l’appréciation de territoires personnels (domestiques et professionnels) donne à voir de nombreux dialogues entre les sensations et les sentiments, l’agréable et le beau. Après avoir mis en évidence les enjeux distincts (instrumentaux, hédoniques et formalistes) caractérisant l’appropriation corporelle de ces environnements (l’« aisance », le « confort » et la « beauté »), il s’agit de montrer que le corps habitant, contraint, voire dressé, ne se trouve pas seulement enjoint de « faire le beau », comme on l’attendrait d’un animal. Il se montre en effet tout autant capable de faire le beau, c’est-à-dire d’alimenter des mises en forme et des appréciations des espaces du quotidien qui relèvent d’une esthétique pleinement formaliste.
Is This Continuing Education?
Authors: Dickerson Pamela S.
Published: May 2011

Several recent columns have addressed common challenges for provider units. This column focuses on another common challenge—how to determine whether a proposed learning activity is continuing nursing education. Case studies provide an opportunity to examine factors in making this decision.
Common Themes in Clinical Education Partnerships
Authors: Teel Cynthia S. , MacIntyre Richard C. , Murray Teri A. , Rock Kim Z.
Published: May 2011

The concurrent nursing and faculty shortages continue to be critical issues for the nation’s health care system. As academic nursing programs struggle with maintaining and increasing enrollment in the midst of a faculty shortage, one solution is to expand the faculty’s capacity through innovative academic-service partnerships. Schools and clinical partners identified as having implemented innovative partnerships were invited to participate in this descriptive study. Site visitations to schools in Florida and Texas were conducted to gain in-depth knowledge of the clinical education model, the academic-service partnership, and the strengths and challenges associated with planning, implementing, and sustaining programs. Four underlying features were common across the successful implementation: supportive relationships, goodness of fit, flexibility, and communication. Consideration of the four features will be useful as nursing programs and their clinical partners are developing, implementing, and evaluating new models for increasing educational capacity and lessening the nursing shortage.
Case Study of the Attitudes and Values of Nursing Students Toward Caring for Older Adults
Authors: Evers Courtney , Ploeg Jenny , Kaasalainen Sharon
Published: May 2011

Given the aging population and the complex needs of older adults, there is considerable need for additional gerontological nurses. This pilot study explored fourth-year nursing students’ attitudes and values toward caring for older adults and the influence of their experiences with older adults on these attitudes and values. Using Yin’s exploratory case study design, 51 fourth-year nursing students constituted the single case. An initial quantitative survey placed students in three embedded units of analysis: neutral, pro-aged, and anti-aged bias toward older adults. Using purposeful sampling from each of the embedded units, 9 students were interviewed. Four main values (respect, caring, independence, and wisdom and experience) and five attitudes (enjoy older adults, see older adults as normal, feel sorry for older adults, are frustrated by older adults, and dislike gerontological nursing) were identified. The authors’ findings have important implications for education and practice.
Simulation-Enhanced Pediatric Clinical Orientation
Authors: Harris Margaret A.
Published: May 2011

Nursing actively engages various technologies to enhance education and training with increased learner confidence and patient safety. Simulation is a key technology to address the strain on the current nursing education system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simulation-enhanced orientation on pediatric acute care examination scores and pediatric clinical course grades among junior-level baccalaureate nursing students. No significant difference between groups (
p
< 0.05) was detected for the students’ examination scores. Clinical grades of the intervention group (mean = 3.7) were significantly higher (
t
[75.3] = 5.2,
p
< 0.001) than those of the control group (mean = 3.4). These results support the expansion of simulation in the curriculum and prompt the proposal of simulation as an appropriate substitution for portions of pediatric clinical experience. Given the strain on the current nursing education system, simulation will be a critical component of nursing education in the future.
Wavefront-Optimized Ablation Versus Topography-Guided Customized Ablation in Myopic LASIK: Comparative Study of Higher Order Aberrations
Authors: El Awady Hatem E. , Ghanem Asaad A. , Saleh Sameh M.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare the outcomes of wavefront-optimized ablation and topography-guided ablation in fellow eyes of patients undergoing laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

This prospective study included 84 patients who underwent LASIK in both eyes: wavefront-optimized ablation in one eye (group I) and topography-guided ablation in the fellow eye (group II). The Moria2 microkeratome with a 110 single-use head (Moria, Antony, France) was used to create a superior hinged flap and the Allegretto Wave Excimer Laser (Alcon/Wavelight Light Laser Technologie GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) for photoablation. The Allegretto wave analyzer was used to measure the ocular aberrations before and 6 months after LASIK. Refractive visual outcomes and ocular aberration changes were compared between the two treatment modalities.

RESULTS:

Six months postoperatively, the mean uncorrected visual acuity of group II was statistically better than that of group I (
P
= .02). Seventy percent of group I and 83% of group II achieved a postoperative spherical equivalent refraction of ±0.5 diopters. The postoperative total root-mean-square of higher order aberrations (HOAs) of group II was smaller than that of group I, but the difference was not statistically significant (
P
= .51). There was a decrease in most of the individual terms of HOAs in group II, but it was only statistically significant in Z
3
−1
(
P
= .04). The reverse occurred in group I, where most of the individual terms of HOAs increased, but it was not statistically significant. Significant improvement was only noted in Z
5
3
(
P
= .05) and Z
5
5
(
P
= .04).

CONCLUSION:

Both wavefront-optimized ablation and topography-guided ablation provided good refractive results, but the latter induced fewer HOAs.
Fat Embolism Syndrome After Femur Fracture With Intramedullary Nailing: Case Report
Authors: Powers K. A. , Talbot L. A.
Published: May 2011

Fat embolism syndrome is a life-threatening condition that can develop after orthopedic injury and surgery. This syndrome developed in a 19-year-old man after a traumatic femoral fracture that was surgically repaired with intramedullary nailing. The complications experienced by the patient highlight the importance of prevention and early detection of fat embolism syndrome. Although minimization of the syndrome focuses primarily on prehospital care and early stabilization of a patient’s condition, prevention of the potential consequences requires early detection by bedside nurses who care for trauma and orthopedic patients. Detailed nursing assessment and rapid recognition and reporting of the signs and symptoms associated with fat embolism syndrome are key to improving the outcomes of these patients.
Effect of MHC Class I Diversification on Influenza Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Precursor Frequency and Subsequent Effector Function
Authors: Day E. Bridie , Charlton Kim L. , La Gruta Nicole L. , Doherty Peter C. , Turner Stephen J.
Published: May 2011

Earlier studies of influenza-specific CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchies indicated that expression of the H2Kk MHC class I allele greatly diminishes responses to the H2Db-restriced DbPA224 epitope (acid polymerase, residues 224–233 complexed with H2Db). The results suggested that the presence of H2Kk during thymic differentiation led to the deletion of a prominent Vβ7+ subset of DbPA224-specific TCRs. The more recent definition of DbPA224-specific TCR CDR3β repertoires in H2b mice provides a new baseline for looking again at this possible H2Kk effect on DbPA224-specific TCR selection. We found that immune responses to several H2Db- and H2Kb-restricted influenza epitopes were indeed diminished in H2bxk F1 versus homozygous mice. In the case of DbPA224, lower numbers of naive precursors were part of the explanation, though a similar decrease in those specific for the DbNP366 epitope did not affect response magnitude. Changes in precursor frequency were not associated with any major loss of TCR diversity and could not fully account for the diminished DbPA224-specific response. Further functional and phenotypic characterization of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells suggested that the expansion and differentiation of the DbPA224-specific set is impaired in the H2bxk F1 environment. Thus, the DbPA224 response in H2bxk F1 mice is modulated by factors that affect the generation of naive epitope-specific precursors and the expansion and differentiation of these T cells during infection, rather than clonal deletion of a prominent Vβ7+ subset. Such findings illustrate the difficulties of predicting and defining the effects of MHC class I diversification on epitope-specific responses.
Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Unique Regulation of Transcription of Th2-Specific Genes by GATA3
Authors: Horiuchi Shu , Onodera Atsushi , Hosokawa Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yukiko , Tanaka Tomoaki , Sugano Sumio , Suzuki Yutaka , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: May 2011

Differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells is accompanied by chromatin remodeling and increased expression of a set of Th2-specific genes, including those encoding Th2 cytokines. IL-4–mediated STAT6 activation induces high levels of transcription of GATA3, a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, and enforced expression of GATA3 induces Th2 cytokine expression. However, it remains unclear whether the expression of other Th2-specific genes is induced directly by GATA3. A genome-wide unbiased chromatin immunoprecipitation assay coupled with massive parallel sequencing analysis revealed that GATA3 bound to 1279 genes selectively in Th2 cells, and 101 genes in both Th1 and Th2 cells. Simultaneously, we identified 26 highly Th2-specific STAT6-dependent inducible genes by DNA microarray analysis-based three-step selection processes, and among them 17 genes showed GATA3 binding. We assessed dependency on GATA3 for the transcription of these 26 Th2-specific genes, and 10 genes showed increased transcription in a GATA3-dependent manner, whereas 16 genes showed no significant responses. The transcription of the 16 GATA3-nonresponding genes was clearly increased by the introduction of an active form of STAT6, STAT6VT. Therefore, although GATA3 has been recognized as a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, many Th2-specific genes are not regulated by GATA3 itself, but in collaboration with STAT6.
On the Geometry of the Moduli Space of Real Binary Octics
Authors: Chu Kenneth C. K.
Published: May 2011

The moduli space of smooth real binary octics has five connected components. They para- metrize the real binary octics whose defining equations have 0, … , 4 complex-conjugate pairs of roots respectively. We show that each of these five components has a real hyperbolic structure in the sense that each is isomorphic as a real-analytic manifold to the quotient of an open dense subset of 5- dimensional real hyperbolic space by the action of an arithmetic subgroup of Isom. These subgroups are commensurable to discrete hyperbolic reflection groups, and the Vinberg diagrams of the latter are computed.
Continuity and Change of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Obara Mayumi , Yamauchi Takeo , Watanabe Mamoru , Hasegawa Sumiyo , Ueda Yasufumi , Matsuno Kentaro , Iwai Masae , Horimoto Eiji , Kurata Takeshi , Takizawa Takenori , Kariwa Hiroaki , Takashima Ikuo
Published: May 2011

To determine the mechanisms of maintenance and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in a temperate zone, we attempted to isolate JEV from mosquitoes and pigs in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. A total of 87 JEVs were isolated from female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes and pigs during 2005–2009. The prevalence of JEV in Toyama Prefecture was seasonally late in comparison with that of the virus during 1966–1972. Furthermore, JEVs were isolated after the peak in the number of female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Among JEV strains isolated in this study, two distinct groups were observed within genotype I of the phylogeny generated from nucleotide sequence information derived from the envelope and capsid/premembrane genes: strains belonging to the major type were isolated during 2005–2009, and strains from the minor type were isolated only in 2007. The major type has exhibited gradual change in its envelope and capsid/premembrane genes, and all isolates obtained in 2008 and 2009 had a novel deletion of seven nucleotides in the variable region of the 3′-untranslated region.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Isolates from Florida
Authors: White Gregory S. , Pickett Brett E. , Lefkowitz Elliot J. , Johnson Amelia G. , Ottendorfer Christy , Stark Lillian M. , Unnasch Thomas R.
Published: May 2011

Florida has the highest degree of endemicity for eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) of any state in the United States and is the only state with year-round transmission of EEEV. To further understand the viral population dynamics in Florida, the genome sequence of six EEEV isolates from central Florida were determined. These data were used to identify the most polymorphic regions of the EEEV genome from viruses isolated in Florida. The sequence of these polymorphic regions was then determined for 18 additional Florida isolates collected in four geographically distinct regions over a 20-year period. Phylogenetic analyses of these data suggested a rough temporal association of the Florida isolates, but no clustering by region or by source of the isolate. Some clustering of northeastern isolates with Florida isolates was seen, providing support for the hypothesis that Florida serves as a reservoir for the periodic introduction of EEEV into the northeastern United States.
Influence of Pregnancy on Trypanosoma cruzi Parasitemia in Chronically Infected Women in a Rural Bolivian Community
Authors: Brutus Laurent , Ernould Jean-Christophe , Postigo Jorge , Romero Mario , Schneider Dominique , Santalla José-Antonio
Published: May 2011

To determine the role of pregnancy on Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia, a matched cohort study was carried out in a rural Bolivian community comparing parasite rates in gravidae, puerperae, and non-pregnant infected women. A selection of 67 chronically infected women, who delivered between March 2004 and May 2005, were initially evaluated during the third trimester of pregnancy and again after delivery. They were matched for age, parity, and location with 104 seropositive non-pregnant women, who likewise had submitted blood for microscopic examination for T. cruzi parasites in June 2005. Seroreactive pregnant women had a higher rate of T. cruzi parasitemia (14.9%) than matched non-pregnant infected women (2.9%; P = 0.004). After delivery, parasitemia significantly decreased during puerperium (1.5%) compared with the period of pregnancy (14.9%; P = 0.03). This study showed an increase of parasite loads in maternal peripheral blood, during the third trimester, and a significant decline after delivery.
Therapeutic Efficacy and Effects of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine Coformulated or Copackaged on Malaria-Associated Anemia in Children with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Gbotosho Grace O. , Sowunmi Akintunde , Okuboyejo Titilope M. , Happi Christian T. , Folarin Onikepe A. , Michael Obaro S. , Adewoye Elsie O.
Published: May 2011

The therapeutic efficacy and effects of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine co-formulated (AAcf) or co-packaged (AAcp) on malaria-associated anemia (MAA) were evaluated in 285 children < 12 years of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria randomized to receive one of the three drug combinations. Fever and parasite clearance times were similar in all treatment groups. Mean drug-attributable fall in hematocrit (DAFH), defined as difference between hematocrit values pre- and 3 d post- initiation of treatment, was low (< 4.5%) and rates of recovery from MAA were similar with all treatments. Mean areas under curve (AUCs) of the plot of deficit in hematocrit levels from 30% versus time in anemic children were similar in all groups. All regimens were well tolerated. AL, AAcf and AAcp cleared fever and parasitemia rapidly and had similar rates of resolution of MAA after treatment in malarious Nigerian children.
Evaluation of a Comprehensive Refresher Training Program in Malaria Microscopy Covering Four Districts of Uganda
Authors: Kiggundu Moses , Nsobya Samuel L. , Kamya Moses R. , Filler Scott , Nasr Sussan , Dorsey Grant , Yeka Adoke
Published: May 2011

Microscopy remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. However, quality microscopy services are severely lacking in most African countries. To improve capacity for malaria microscopy in Uganda, a 3-day refresher training program was conducted in four districts. Training impact was measured through a written examination and evaluation of the quality of blood-slide preparation and accuracy of field microscopy. A total of 184 of 192 (96%) identified laboratory personnel participated in the training. Average test scores improved from 41% to 75% (P < 0.001). A total of 1,079 and 1,190 routinely made thick blood smears were collected before and after the training, respectively. Sensitivity improved from 84% to 95% (P < 0.001), and specificity improved from 87% to 97% (P < 0.001). The proportion of well-prepared blood smears improved from 6% to 75% (P < 0.001). Supplemental training can have a significant impact on the knowledge of staff, accuracy of microscopy, and quality of blood-slide preparation.
Economic Value of Dengue Vaccine in Thailand
Authors: Lee Bruce Y. , Connor Diana L. , Kitchen Sarah B. , Bacon Kristina M. , Shah Mirat , Brown Shawn T. , Bailey Rachel R. , Laosiritaworn Yongjua , Burke Donald S. , Cummings Derek A. T.
Published: May 2011

With several candidate dengue vaccines under development, this is an important time to help stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, scientists, clinicians, and manufacturers) better understand the potential economic value (cost-effectiveness) of a dengue vaccine, especially while vaccine characteristics and strategies might be readily altered. We developed a decision analytic Markov simulation model to evaluate the potential health and economic value of administering a dengue vaccine to an individual (≤ 1 year of age) in Thailand from the societal perspective. Sensitivity analyses evaluated the effects of ranging various vaccine (e.g., cost, efficacy, side effect), epidemiological (dengue risk), and disease (treatment-seeking behavior) characteristics. A ≥ 50% efficacious vaccine was highly cost-effective [< 1× per capita gross domestic product (GDP) ($4,289)] up to a total vaccination cost of $60 and cost-effective [< 3× per capita GDP ($12,868)] up to a total vaccination cost of $200. When the total vaccine series was $1.50, many scenarios were cost saving.
Comparison of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Indoor Residual Spraying to Control the Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Rajib , Dotson Ellen , Blackstock Anna J. , McClintock Shannon , Maheswary Narayan P. , Faria Shyla , Islam Saiful , Akter Tangin , Kroeger Axel , Akhter Shireen , Bern Caryn
Published: May 2011

Integrated vector management is a pillar of the South Asian visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination program, but the best approach remains a matter of debate. Sand fly seasonality was determined in 40 houses sampled monthly. The impact of interventions on Phlebotomus argentipes density was tested from 2006–2007 in a cluster-randomized trial with four arms: indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), environmental management (EVM), and no intervention. Phlebotomus argentipes density peaked in March with the highest proportion of gravid females in May. The EVM (mud plastering of wall and floor cracks) showed no impact. The IRS and ITNs were associated with a 70–80% decrease in male and female P. argentipes density up to 5 months post intervention. Vector density rebounded by 11 months post-IRS, whereas ITN-treated households continued to show significantly lower density compared with households without intervention. Our data suggest that both IRS and ITNs may help to improve VL control in Bangladesh.
Personal Factors Predictive of Health-Related Lifestyles of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Peralta-Catipon Terry , Hwang Jengliang Eric
Published: May 2011

We explored personal factors that can predict health-related lifestyles of community-dwelling older adults. A convenience sample of 253 older adults was recruited to complete the Health Enhancement Lifestyle Profile (HELP), a comprehensive measure of health-promoting behaviors. Data were analyzed through univariate correlational/comparative statistics followed by stepwise multiple regression analysis to determine significant predictor variables for different aspects of health-related lifestyle. Personal health conditions, including the number of chronic diseases or impairments and self-rated health, were two strong predictors for the HELP (R2 = .571, p < .0001). Demographic characteristics, including age, gender, race, education, and employment status, also demonstrated varied degrees of capability for predicting the different HELP scales (e.g., Exercise, Diet, Leisure). When developing individualized plans for older adults in community settings, occupational therapists should consider the clients’ strengths and vulnerabilities potentially derived from personal health factors and demographic attributes to yield more effective lifestyle interventions.
An SEM Perspective on Evaluating Mediation: What Every Clinical Researcher Needs to Know
Authors: Woody Erik
Published: May 2011

After a brief consideration of the definition and importance of mediation, statistical tests for mediation are reviewed, including the joint significance of the two effects involved in the mediation, the Sobel test and its variants, resampling with the bootstrap, Bayesian estimation using MCMC simulation, and the effect ratio. A structural-equation-modeling (SEM) perspective on mediation then introduces the alternative scenarios that could yield a false-positive mediation finding. Design-based, partial solutions are advanced for problems of measurement, uncontrolled common causes, and temporal ordering that can confound mediation analysis. Next, the issue of heterogeneity of effects and statistical interactions in mediation analyses are addressed, including a discussion of moderated mediation and mediated moderation. Finally, the relation of mediation analysis to experimentation is discussed, with attention to the possibility of creatively integrating SEM-based mediation analysis and experimental design.
A Primer on Using Multilevel Models in Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Research
Authors: Field Andy P. , Wright Daniel B.
Published: May 2011

A Multilevel model is a statistical tool for analysing data that has a hierarchical data structure (in other words, data are nested within contexts). This paper describes what a multilevel model is, how it is described mathematically, the advantages of using this data analysis technique, and some practical issues to consider. We then move on to describe the application of multilevel models using two scenarios pertinent to researchers interested in clinical trial analysis and experimental psychopathology research. We describe how to use the software R to run these analyses.
Structural capital, innovation capability, and size effect: An empirical study
Authors: Aramburu Nekane , Sáenz Josune
Published: May 2011

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of different organizational enablers – i.e. ‘structural capital’ – on the ideation stage of innovation processes from an ‘intellectual capital’ (IC) perspective. Considering company size as one of the most relevant contingent variables as regards organizational conditions, the moderator role of this variable is also examined. To gather information about the variables under study, a questionnaire has been designed and addressed to the CEOs of a set of 142 Spanish manufacturing firms with more than 50 employees and which carry out R&D activities. Structural equation modelling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) has then been applied in order to test the hypotheses drawn from the research. The results obtained show the organizational components which exert the greatest impact on the ideation phase and, therefore, the priority aspects to work on, in order to enhance this particular dimension of the innovation capability.
Who initiates and who implements? A multi-stage, multi-agent model of organizational innovation
Authors: Sung Sun Young , Cho Dong-Sung , Choi Jin Nam
Published: May 2011

Innovation researchers have typically focused on either the adoption or the implementation phase of organizational innovation. In the present study, we propose that four agents of innovation (i.e., top management, external environment, innovation, and employees) play distinct roles in the adoption and implementation stages, and that, together, they predict innovation outcomes. We test the phase-dependent process of organizational innovation using data drawn from intensive interviews with 40 executives of a consumer product company. A path analysis of 94 innovations introduced to the organization over the past 20 years indicates that there is a significant level of stability in innovation-driving dynamics. Particularly, top management and employees tend to remain heavily involved in the implementation of an innovation if they played an important role in adopting it. The four agents of innovation play different roles in accruing benefits from the innovation. The results also suggest that employees tend to produce positive innovation outcomes when they have been involved in the innovation from the very beginning and are thus responsible for its adoption. The present study makes a distinct contribution to the literature by exploring the multi-stage, unfolding processes of organizational innovation.
Coping with boycotts: An analysis and framework
Authors: Shebil Saleh Al , Rasheed Abdul A , Al-Shammari Hussam
Published: May 2011

In recent years, consumer boycotts are increasingly being used by various activist groups to punish targeted countries. This paper develops an analytic framework to help managers formulate strategies to cope with country-of-origin-related consumer boycotts. Based on the two dimensions of brand–country association and boycott intensity, we propose four possible strategies. We discuss spillover effects wherein certain firms become unintended victims of boycotts due to misperceptions about their nationality. Also discussed are economic opportunities that boycotts present to potential new entrants.
Test of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal analysis of temperatures from SABER-like sampling of a realistic global model, CMAM-DAS
Authors: Meek C. E. , Manson A. H. , Drummond J. R.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Because the TIMED satellite orbit precesses slowly in local time, 3 degrees (12 min) per day, thus apparently covering all local times at low and mid latitudes in 2 months when ascending and descending nodes are included, there is a potential for determining migrating and non-migrating tides from temperatures. Many papers have been written on the subject, but none have taken a realistic model atmosphere with high time resolution and tested tidal analysis. The present paper contains results from a tidal analysis of a SABER-sampled global model, the Canadian Middle Atmosphere (data assimilated) Model, CMAM-DAS, which has hourly values, and compares these with analysis using the full model. Fits to 60 d intervals at the equator show reasonable agreement between full and SABER-sampled data analysis for mean, diurnal and semidiurnal tides, with or without inclusion of a linear detrend term. At 50° N where there is irregular coverage of local times, there are serious disagreements in all parameters except the background mean, and detrending has a significant effect.
Numerical study of tracers transport by a mesoscale convective system over West Africa
Authors: Barthe C. , Mari C. , Chaboureau J.-P. , Tulet P. , Roux F. , Pinty J.-P.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. A three-dimensional cloud-resolving model is used to investigate the vertical transport from the lower to the upper troposphere in a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that occurred over Niger on 15 August 2004. The redistribution of five passive tracers initially confined in horizontally homogeneous layers is analyzed. The monsoon layer tracer (0–1.5 km) is the most efficiently transported in the upper troposphere with concentrations 3 to 4 times higher than the other tracers in the anvil. On the contrary the African Easterly Jet tracer (~3 km) has the lowest contribution above 5 km. The vertical profiles of the mid-troposphere tracers (4.5–10 km) in the MCS exhibit two peaks: one in their initial layers, and the second one at 13–14 km altitude, underlying the importance of mid-tropospheric air in feeding the upper troposphere. Mid-tropospheric tracers also experience efficient transport by convective downdrafts with a consequent increase of their concentrations at the surface. The concentration of the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere tracer exhibits strong gradients at the edge of the cloud, meaning almost no entrainment of this tracer into the cloud. No downward transport from the upper troposphere is simulated below 5 km. A proxy for lightning produced NOx is transported preferentially in the forward anvil in the upper troposphere. Additionally, lateral inflows significantly contribute to the updraft and downdraft airflows emphasizing the three-dimensional structure of the West African MCSs.
Colon Carcinoma Presenting with a Synchronous Oesophageal Carcinoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Kapoor Rakesh , Sharma Suresh C.
Published: May 2011

With advances in
diagnostic techniques and treatment modalities,
the number of patients identified with
colorectal carcinoma who develop multiple
primary malignancies during long-term followup
has been increasing. We report a patient who
developed three histologically distinct
malignancies. Primary colon carcinoma treated
radically followed by an 8-year disease-free
period. The patient then presented with
progressive dysphagia and was investigated and
diagnosed to have a synchronous multicentric
squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus and
basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
There was a simultaneous multicentric recurrence in the
colon. This case is worth mentioning because the clustering of three primary malignancies
(synchronous and metachronous) is of rare
occurrence in a single patient, and, to our
knowledge, this is the first report of this
combination occurring in the same
individual. In addition, the report emphasizes
the importance of evaluating patients with known
colonic primary neoplasms for synchronous
colonic and extracolonic tumors.
Knowledge and Practice Gaps among Pediatric Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi Pakistan
Authors: Roshan Essani Rozina , Ali Tazeen Saeed
Published: May 2011

The advancement in medical science has created health care environments that require nursing professionals who posses specialized clinical knowledge and skills to provide care and deal with critically and acutely ill children. This study explored gaps between knowledge and practice as perceived by the registered nurses of pediatric units by further recommending the changes suggested by them. A descriptive exploratory study design under the quantitative research methodology was utilized using universal sampling of all pediatric nurses working at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. The gaps between knowledge and practice, as perceived by the participants, were categorized into five major categories: (1) medication (34%), (2) skills (28.3%), (3) knowledge (13.36%), (4) handling of code blue and intubations (12.6%), and (5) operating medical devices (11.58%). As a result, anxiety and incompetency were notably seen in the participants which had great amount of impact on the level of care provided to the patients. The implications of the findings for quality patient care were also analyzed.
Live Showups and Their Influence on a Subsequent Video Line‐up
Authors: Valentine Tim , Davis Josh P , Memon Amina , Roberts Andrew
Published: May 2011

A live showup (known as a street identification in the UK) allows the perpetrator to be identified shortly after a street crime. If the suspect disputes the identification, a video line‐up often ensues. Four experiments examined the reliability of live showups and their influence on a subsequent video line‐up using realistic procedures and conditions. Similar proportions of culprits and innocent suspects were identified from live showups and video line‐ups. Both culprits and innocent suspects previously identified were likely to be identified again in a subsequent line‐up, with delays from a few minutes to a month. Only a weak effect of clothing bias was observed. There was strong evidence of commitment to a previous identification but no reliable evidence of source monitoring errors. The results suggest that a live showup is not less fair than a line‐up, but the use of repeated identification procedures introduces an unfair bias against innocent suspects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐Level Biomimetic Rice‐Leaf Surfaces with Controllable Anisotropic Sliding
Authors: Wu Dong , Wang Jian‐Nan , Wu Si‐Zhu , Chen Qi‐Dai , Zhao Shuai , Zhang Hao , Sun Hong‐Bo , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2011

Rice leaves with anisotropic sliding properties have the ability to directionally control the movement of water microdroplets. However, the realization of artificial anisotropic sliding biosurfaces has remained challenging. It is found, by a systematic investigation, that the height of 200‐μm‐width groove arrays on rice leaves reaches up to 45 μm, far greater than the smaller microgrooves that are widely adopted for the study of anisotropic wetting. A new model based on three‐level microstructures (macro/micro/nano) is developed to interpret the anisotropic sliding behavior. Moreover, artificial rice leaves with different macrogrooves are demonstrated by combining micro/nanostructures and macrogrooves, which are prepared by photolithography, PDMS imprinting, and micro/nanostructure coating. Sliding‐angle measurement further prove that the third‐level macrogroove arrays are the determining factor for anisotropic sliding. Finally, a new testing method, curvature‐assisted droplet oscillation (CADO), is developed to quantitatively reveal the anisotropic dynamic behavior of biomimetic rice‐leaf‐like surfaces.
Asymmetric Aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman‐Type Reactions: The Highly Enantioselective Reaction between Unmodified α,β‐ Unsaturated Aldehydes and N‐Acylimines by Organo‐co‐catalysis
Authors: Číhalová Sylva , Dziedzic Pawel , Córdova Armando , Veselý Jan
Published: May 2011

The highly enantioselective organo‐co‐catalytic aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH)‐type reaction between N‐carbamate‐protected imines and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The organic co‐catalytic system of proline and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) enables the asymmetric synthesis of the corresponding N‐Boc‐ and N‐Cbz‐protected β‐amino‐α‐alkylidene‐aldehydes in good to high yields and up to 99% ee. In the case of aza‐MBH‐type addition of enals to phenylprop‐2‐ene‐1‐imines, the co‐catalytic reaction exhibits excellent 1,2‐selectivity. The organo‐co‐catalytic aza‐MBH‐type reaction can also be performed by the direct highly enantioselective addition of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to bench‐stable N‐carbamate‐protected α‐amidosulfones to give the corresponding β‐amino‐α‐alkylidene‐aldehydes with up to 99% ee. The organo‐co‐catalytic aza‐MBH‐type reaction is also an expeditious entry to nearly enantiomerically pure β‐amino‐α‐alkylidene‐amino acids and β‐amino‐α‐alkylidene‐lactams (99% ee). The mechanism and stereochemistry of the chiral amine and DABCO co‐catalyzed aza‐MBH‐type reaction are also discussed.
N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols Catalyzed by a Water‐Soluble Cp*Iridium Complex: An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Amines in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kawahara Ryoko , Fujita Ken‐ichi , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: May 2011

An efficient and environmentally benign catalytic system for the synthesis of various organic amines catalyzed by the water‐soluble and air‐stable (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)‐iridium‐ammine iod‐ ide complex, [Cp*Ir(NH3)3][I]2 (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), has been developed. A wide variety of secondary and tertiary amines were synthesized by the N‐alkylation reactions of theoretical equivalents of amines with alcohols in water under air without a base. The synthesis of cyclic amines was also achieved by the N‐alkylation of benzylamine with diols. Furthermore, the recycle use of the present water‐soluble Cp*Ir catalyst was accomplished.
Efficient Semi‐Transparent Organic Solar Cells with Good Transparency Color Perception and Rendering Properties
Authors: Colsmann Alexander , Puetz Andreas , Bauer Andreas , Hanisch Jonas , Ahlswede Erik , Lemmer Uli
Published: May 2011

Window integrated photovoltaics for automotive and building applications are a promising market segment for organic solar modules. Besides semi‐transparency, window integrated applications require a reasonable transparency perception and good color rendering properties in order to be suitable for realistic scene illumination. Here, the transmitted light through semi‐transparent organic solar cells comprising the polymer/fullerene blend poly[(4,4'‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2',3'‐d]silole)‐2,6‐diyl‐alt‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)‐4,7‐diyl]: [6,6]‐phenyl C71‐butric acid methyl ester (PSBTBT:PC70BM) as active layer and a sputtered aluminum doped zinc oxide cathode were found to exhibit a color neutral perception for the human eye and very good color rendering properties. Moreover, the electrical cell properties allow for efficient energy harvesting with an overall power conversion efficiency η ≈ 3%.
The nutrition transition in amazonia: Rapid economic change and its impact on growth and development in Ribeirinhos
Authors: Piperata Barbara A. , Spence Jennifer E. , Da‐Gloria Pedro , Hubbe Mark
Published: May 2011

The goal of this longitudinal study was to assess the impact of economic change and increased market integration on subsistence strategies, living conditions, growth, and nutritional status of Ribeirinhos living in the rural Amazon, Brazil. Data on weight, height, skinfolds, and circumferences, as well as data on economic strategies and living conditions were collected from 469 individuals in 2002 and 429 in 2009. Of these, 204 individuals were measured on both occasions. Independent and paired t‐tests were used to identify changes in nutritional status over time in the larger sample and smaller, longitudinal subsample, respectively. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between changes in economic/living conditions and nutritional status in the longitudinal subsample. Results indicate modest improvements in linear growth (HAZ) and among male children the observed increase was related to enrollment in the Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, Bolsa Família (P = 0.03). In terms of short‐term measures of nutritional status, we found a significant increase in ZTSF and a reduction in ZUMA in most age/sex groups. Among subadults, there was a negative relationship between ZUMA and access to electricity (P = 0.01) and positive relationship between ZUMA and the sale of the açaí fruit (P = 0.04). Significant changes in weight and BMI (P < 0.01) were found among adult females and both were negatively related to household cash income (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). Despite significant changes in economic strategies and lifestyle, changes in nutritional status were modest which may be explained by increased food insecurity documented during this early stage of transition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indirect evidence for the genetic determination of short stature in African Pygmies
Authors: Becker Noémie S.A. , Verdu Paul , Froment Alain , Le Bomin Sylvie , Pagezy Hélène , Bahuchet Serge , Heyer Evelyne
Published: May 2011

Central African Pygmy populations are known to be the shortest human populations worldwide. Many evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain this short stature: adaptation to food limitations, climate, forest density, or high mortality rates. However, such hypotheses are difficult to test given the lack of long‐term surveys and demographic data. Whether the short stature observed nowadays in African Pygmy populations as compared to their Non‐Pygmy neighbors is determined by genetic factors remains widely unknown. Here, we study a uniquely large new anthropometrical dataset comprising more than 1,000 individuals from 10 Central African Pygmy and neighboring Non‐Pygmy populations, categorized as such based on cultural criteria rather than height. We show that climate, or forest density may not play a major role in the difference in adult stature between existing Pygmies and Non‐Pygmies, without ruling out the hypothesis that such factors played an important evolutionary role in the past. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between stature and neutral genetic variation in a subset of 213 individuals and found that the Pygmy individuals' stature was significantly positively correlated with levels of genetic similarity with the Non‐Pygmy gene‐pool for both men and women. Overall, we show that a Pygmy individual exhibiting a high level of genetic admixture with the neighboring Non‐Pygmies is likely to be taller. These results show for the first time that the major morphological difference in stature found between Central African Pygmy and Non‐Pygmy populations is likely determined by genetic factors. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of limb proportions in late through final Jomon period foragers
Authors: Temple Daniel H. , Okazaki Kenji , Cowgill Libby W.
Published: May 2011

This study reports on developmental patterning in the intralimb indices of Late/Final Jomon period (4000–2300 BP) people. Jomon foragers represent the descendants of migrants from Northeast Asia, who arrived in the Japanese Islands around 20,000 BP. Among adults, Jomon brachial indices are elevated and similar to warm adapted, low latitude people, while crural indices are intermediate and similar to people from moderate latitudes. Two hypotheses regarding the development of intralimb indices among Jomon period foragers are tested: (1) intralimb indices of Jomon people maintain predicted ecogeographic relationships over ontogeny; (2) greater evolvability will be observed in the brachial index, while greater developmental constraint will be observed in the crural index. Changes in intralimb proportions in a Jomon skeletal growth series are compared to those in two contrasting samples: Inuit from Point Hope (cold adapted) and Nubians from Kulubnarti (warm adapted). A quadratic equation best describes the ontogeny of brachial and crural indices, with high indices in infancy followed by a decline in childhood and an increase in adolescence. Despite these shifts, ecogeographically predicted differences and similarities in the indices are maintained between samples throughout ontogeny. In addition, radial relative to humeral length is significantly less correlated than tibial relative to femoral length. These results suggest genetic conservation of intralimb indices over the course of development. However, radial and humeral lengths are less correlated than tibial and femoral lengths among Jomon subadults and adults, potentially suggesting greater evolvability of the brachial index and more developmental constraint on the crural index. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: Dental development timing in captivePan paniscuswith comparisons toPan troglodytes
Authors: Bolter Debra R. , Zihlman Adrienne L.
Published: May 2011

Dental eruption provides markers of growth and is one component of a chimpanzee's physical development. Dental markers help characterize transitions between life stages, e.g., infant to juvenile. Most of what we know about the timing of development in chimpanzees derives fromPan troglodytes.Much less is known about the sister species,Pan paniscus, with few in captivity and a restricted wild range in central Africa. Here we report on the dental eruption timing for female captiveP. paniscus(n= 5) from the Milwaukee and San Diego Zoos whose ages are known and range from birth to age 8.54 years. Some observations were recorded in zoo records on the gingiva during life; others were made at death on the gingiva and on the skeleton. At birth,P. paniscusinfants have no teeth emerged. By 0.83 years, all but the deciduous second molars (dm2) (when both upper and lower dentitions are referenced collectively, no super or subscript notation is used) and canines (dc) are emerged. For permanent teeth, results show a sequence polymorphism for an early P4 eruption, not previously described forP. paniscus. Comparisons betweenP. paniscusandP. troglodytesdocument absolute timing differences of emergence in upper second incisors (I2), and upper and lower canines (C) and third molars (M3). The genusPanencompasses variability in growth not previously recognized. These preliminary data suggest that physical growth in captiveP. paniscusmay be accelerated, a general pattern found in captiveP. troglodytes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.