bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The inflammasome activating caspase 1 mediates fibrosis and myofibroblast differentiation in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Artlett Carol M. , Sassi‐Gaha Sihem , Rieger Judy L. , Boesteanu Alina C. , Feghali‐Bostwick Carol A. , Katsikis Peter D.
Published: July 2011

Objective

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic idiopathic disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs mediated by activated myofibroblasts. The recently identified inflammasomes are cytosolic receptors that tightly regulate the activity of caspase 1 and downstream signaling molecules such as interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18. The nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been implicated in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This study was undertaken to assess the role of the inflammasome in SSc‐related dermal or pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods

Inflammasome gene transcripts were assayed in fibroblasts obtained from patients with SSc. Caspase 1 activation in SSc primary dermal and lung fibroblasts was inhibited, and the levels of hydroxyproline, COL1A1, COL3A1, IL‐1β, IL‐18, and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were measured. The role of the inflammasome in dermal fibrosis was investigated in NLRP3−/− and ASC−/− mice.

Results

We identified increased expression of 40 genes associated with the inflammasome or downstream signaling molecules in SSc fibroblasts. Inhibition of caspase 1 in SSc dermal and lung fibroblasts abrogated the secretion of collagens, IL‐1β, and IL‐18. In addition, we observed decreased expression of the myofibroblast protein α‐SMA in SSc dermal fibroblasts treated with a caspase 1 inhibitor. Furthermore, NLRP3−/− mice and ASC−/− mice were resistant to bleomycin‐induced skin fibrosis, which suggests a key role for the inflammasome in in vivo fibrosis.

Conclusion

Innate immune signaling contributes to SSc fibrosis via activation of the inflammasome and caspase 1. These results suggest that inflammasome activation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SSc.
Alpha‐tocopherol protects against memory impairment caused by L‐NAME and modulates the injury marker and blood coagulant parameters
Authors: Murad Leonardo Borges , Guimarães Marcela Rodrigues Moreira , Vianna Lucia Marques
Published: July 2011

Cerebrovascular disease studies have shown similarity between humans and spontaneously hypertensive rats stroke‐prone rats in the development of spontaneous stroke and transitory ischemic attacks (TIA). In addition, nitric oxide (NO) suppression by L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) can precipitate several vascular diseases including TIA and strokes. On the other hand, alpha‐tocopherol (AT) has been associated with beneficial effects on vascular disorders. Four groups were tested to evaluate AT effects on NO inhibition: AT, control (C), AT + L‐NAME, and L‐NAME. During 4 weeks, all groups had their physiologic parameters evaluated and were submitted to neurological tests. After the sacrifice of the animals, total L‐lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen levels, and platelet counts were measured. Our results demonstrated improvement in memory function and sensory–motor function of the rats treated with AT. The AT treatment also demonstrated a significant difference on the injury identifier, fibrinogen levels, and platelet count between the treated groups and the L‐NAME group. In conclusion, AT reversed damaging L‐NAME neurological effects and could be considered as a possible protective agent in neurological diseases.
A new practicum in compiler construction
Authors: Chakraborty Pinaki , Saxena P. C. , Katti C. P. , Pahwa Gauri , Taneja Shweta
Published: July 2011

This article introduces a compiler construction practicum based on the implementation of a compiler for a small C‐like language. The compiler has three phases, viz., lexical analysis, syntax analysis, and intermediate code generation. It uses some venerable principles of compiler construction like recursive descent parsing, syntax directed translation, and backpatching. The practicum is appropriate for pedagogical purposes because of its balanced design and the availability of an open source reference implementation of the compiler with a source code size of 2.2 KLOC only. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 22:429–441, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.10.1002/cae.20566
Primary angioplasty in patients following coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Neuman Yoram , Pereg David , Boyko Valentina , Behar Solomon , Mosseri Morris
Published: July 2011

Objectives: We aimed to study the trends in management and outcome of post CABG patients presenting with acute MI. Background: Primary angioplasty is the treatment of choice in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Saphenous vein grafts used for CABG are large‐diameter conduits that tend to accumulate a large mass of thrombus when they are the culprit artery for acute myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that performing PCI in these patients is more complex and possibly results in worse outcome compared to non‐CABG patients. Methods: Data for patients with STEMI was obtained from five acute coronary syndromes Israeli biennial Surveys (ACSIS) during 2000–2008. Baseline characteristics, management and outcome of post‐CABG patients were compared to non‐post CABG patients during 2006–2008 surveys. Results: A total of 9,781 patients were included. About 1,002 (10.2%) were post‐CABG. Reperfusion therapy for post‐CABG patients (34–48%) was consistently lower compared to non‐CABG patients (57–65%). Angiographic outcome in patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI (17 post‐CABG, mean age 66.6 ± 9.1 and 821 non‐CABG, age 60.1 ± 12.9) was successful (TIMI flow 3) in 86 and 88%, respectively. Thirty‐day mortality was 5.9 and 5.1% (P = 0.89) and MACE rates were 17.6 and 12.5%, respectively (P = 0.54). Conclusions: Use of primary PCI in post‐CABG patients was lower than in non‐CABG patients but increased steadily and to a similar extent in both groups. Angiographic and clinical outcome was similar despite assumingly larger thrombus burden in post CABG patients. Therefore, primary angioplasty is appropriate also in post‐CABG patients presenting with STEMI. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary intervention of unprotected left main coronary artery disease
Authors: Lee Michael S. , Stone Gregg W. , Park Seung‐Jung , Teirstein Paul , Moses Jeffrey , Colombo Antonio , Kandzari David E.
Published: July 2011

Data have emerged demonstrating the safety and efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the unprotected left main (ULM) artery. The 2009 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions focused guidelines for PCI no longer state that ULM PCI is contraindicated in patients with anatomic conditions that are associated with a low risk of procedural complications and clinical conditions that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes. ULM PCI should be performed by operators with experience in the management of the anatomic complexities of left main and multivessel disease, specifically in issues relating to bifurcation disease, calcification, and hemodynamic support. Patients with ostial or shaft disease have lower risk of restenosis compared with distal bifurcation disease. Drug‐eluting stents (DES) should be used whenever possible as they reduce clinical restenosis. Intravascular ultrasound is an integral component of the procedure as it provides accurate assessment of lesion severity and can confirm optimal stent expansion and apposition. Compliance with dual antiplatelet therapy for at least 12 months is essential if DES are used. A collaborative, multidisciplinary approach with a “Heart Team” represented by a cardiac surgeon, interventional cardiologist, and non‐invasive cardiologist may optimize patient education and objective decision making when obtaining informed consent. Application of clinical and angiographic variables into risk models facilitates appropriate patient selection. Randomized clinical trials will address unanswered issues and help build consensus between cardiology and surgical societies to inform clinical decision making and optimize the outcomes for patients with ULM coronary artery disease. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation within a previous bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement
Authors: Cockburn James , Trivedi Uday , Hildick‐Smith David
Published: July 2011

This report documents the first reported case of transaortic transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) using the CoreValve ReValving system (Medtronic CoreValve System, Luxembourg), within a previous bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. TAVI has become a recognized percutaneous treatment for patients with severe native or bioprosthetic aortic valve stenosis. However, as the number of patients screened for TAVI increases, a number of patients are found with absolutely no option for peripheral arterial access, either from the femoral or subclavian routes. Transaortic CoreValve placement offers an alternate minimally invasive hybrid surgical/interventional technique when peripheral access is not possible. A CoreValve prosthesis was implanted via the transaortic route in an 81‐year‐old woman with severe bioprosthetic aortic valve stenosis (21 mm Mitroflow pericardial valve, peak instantaneous gradient of 99 mmHg, effective valve orifice area (EOA) of 0.3 cm2, as ilio‐femoral and left subclavian angiography revealed small calibre vessels (<6 mm). Access was achieved via a mini thoracotomy via the left anterior second intercostal space. The procedure went without complication. Post procedure the patient was transferred directly to the Cardiac Care Unit for recuperation. Post procedure echocardiography showed that the TAVI was well positioned with no para‐valvular leak and a reduction in peak instantaneous gradient to 30 mmHg and an increase in EOA to 1.5 cm2. She was discharged on the third post‐procedural day in sinus rhythm with a narrow QRS complex. CoreValve implantation within previous surgical bioprosthesis is now an established treatment. The transaortic approach to transcatheter implantation is a promising recent development, when due to anatomical reasons, transfemoral or subclavian TAVI is not feasible. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrocracking of Anthracene to Ethyl Biphenyl Promoted by Coupling Supercritical Water and Cracking Catalysts
Authors: Fan Honglei , Han Buxing , Jiang Tao , Guo Jin , Wang Qian , Cheng Yan , Wu Suxiang
Published: July 2011

Efficient conversion of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into liquid fuels is crucial for the hydrocracking processes of heavy oils. In this work, we found that the hydrocracking of anthracene catalyzed by NiFe/HZSM‐5 could produce ethyl biphenyl (EB), which realizes high efficiency of hydrocracking of anthracene analogous to its central‐ring hydrocracking. More interestingly, addition of water could increase the yield of EB significantly, and the yield of EB could be as high as 34 %. A pathway for hydrocracking of anthracene to EB and the mechanism for water to enhance the yield of EB are proposed on the basis of control experiments. Furthermore, our work demonstrated that water could also increase the liquid yields and reduce the gaseous yields in the hydrocracking of the Daqing residue oil in the same reaction system. This work not only provides new chemical knowledge on hydrocracking of PAHs, but also provides very important information for improving the hydrocracking processes of heavy oils to obtain more liquid fuels with less hydrogen consumption.
Unusually Long, Multicenter, Cationδ+⋅⋅⋅Anionδ−Bonding Observed for Several Polymorphs of [TTF][TCNE]
Authors: Capdevila‐Cortada Marçal , Novoa Juan J. , Bell Joshua D. , Moore Curtis E. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Miller Joel S.
Published: July 2011

The α, β, and δ polymorphs of [TTF][TCNE] (TTF=tetrathiafulvalene; TCNE=tetracyanoethylene) exhibit a new type of long, multicenter bonding between the [TTF]δ+and [TCNE]δ−moieties, demonstrating the existence of long, hetero‐multicenter bonding with a cationicδ+⋅⋅⋅anionicδ−zwitterionic‐like structure. These diamagnetic π‐[TTF]δ+[TCNE]δ−heterodimers exhibit a transfer of about 0.5 e−from the TTF to the TCNE fragments, as observed from experimental studies, in accord with theoretical predictions, that is, [TTFδ+⋅⋅⋅TCNEδ−] (δ≅0.5). They have several interfragment distances <3.4 Å, and a computed interaction energy of −21.2 kcal mol−1, which is typical of long, multicenter bonds. The lower stability of [TTF]δ+[TCNE]δ−with respect to typical ionic bonds is due, in part, to the partial electron transfer that reduces the electrostatic bonding component. This reduced electrostatic interaction, and the large interfragment dispersion stabilize the long, heterocationic/anionic multicenter interaction, which in [TTFδ+⋅⋅⋅TCNEδ−] always involves two electrons, but have ten, eight, and eight bond critical points (bcps) involving CC, NS, and sometimes CS and CN components for the α, β, and δ polymorphs, respectively. In contrast, γ‐[TTF][TCNE] possesses [TTF]22+and [TCNE]22−dimers, each with long, homo‐multicenter 2e−/12c (c=center, 2 C+4 S) [TTF]22+cationic+⋅⋅⋅cationic+bonds, as well as long, homo‐multicenter 2e−/4c [TCNE]22−anionic−⋅⋅⋅anionic−bonding. The MO diagrams for the α, β, and δ polymorphs have all of the features found for conventional covalent CC bonds, and for all of the previously studied multicenter long bonds, for example, π‐[TTF]22+and π‐[TCNE]22−. The HOMOs for α‐, β‐, and δ‐[TTF][TCNE] have 2c CS and 3c CCC orbital‐overlap contributions between the [TTF]δ+−and [TCNE]δ−moieties; these are the shortest intra [TTF⋅⋅⋅TCNE] separations. Thus, from an orbital‐overlap perspective, the bonding has 2c and 3c components residing over one S and four C atoms.
Thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production from glycerol at energy self‐sufficient conditions
Authors: Pairojpiriyakul Thirasak , Kiatkittipong Worapon , Soottitantawat Apinan , Arpornwichanop Amornchai , Laosiripojana Navadol , Wiyaratn Wisitsree , Croiset Eric , Assabumrungrat Suttichai
Published: July 2011

A thermodynamic analysis based on the principle of minimising the Gibbs free energy is performed for hydrogen production from glycerol. When the operating parameters such as water/glycerol ratio (WGR), oxygen/glycerol ratio (OGR) and operating temperature (T) are carefully chosen, the energy self‐sufficient conditions can be achieved. Two levels of energy self‐sufficient, (i) within the reformer and (ii) within the overall system, are considered. Unlike the consideration in the reformer level reported in most works in literature, the consideration in the overall system level represents more realistic results based on the fact that some energy is required for heating up the feeds to a desired operating temperature. The obtained results demonstrate that the maximum hydrogen production significantly decreases from 5.65 mol H2/mol glycerol for the reformer level to 3.31 mol H2/mol glycerol for the system level, emphasising the significant demand of energy for feed preheating. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Analysis of surfactant laden liquid–liquid dispersion using an axisymmetric laminar jet
Authors: Walker Justin R. , Calabrese Richard V.
Published: July 2011

The contacting of multiple liquid phases is a complex process; and one that is often difficult to study experimentally. However, many multiphase mixers function by forcing an immiscible fluid through an orifice or nozzle, which can be modelled using an axisymmetric jet. Despite the extensive literature on jets, there is little information on the role played by surfactants in determining jet breakup length and drop diameter.

Experiments involving the discharge of oil jets into otherwise quiescent aqueous surfactant solutions were performed over a broad range of conditions. Jet length was found to increase with surfactant concentration, while droplet diameter was found to decrease (dependent on jet regime). These results compare favourably with, and can aid the interpretation of similar experiments in high shear mixers.
Cost‐effectiveness of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation testing and first‐line treatment with gefitinib for patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: de Lima Lopes Gilberto , Segel Joel E. , Tan Daniel S. W. , Do Young K. , Mok Tony , Finkelstein Eric A.
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND:

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) testing and first‐line therapy with gefitinib for patients with activating mutations is quickly becoming the standard option for the treatment of advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Yet, to date, little is known about the cost‐effectiveness of this approach.

METHODS:

A decision‐analytic model was developed to determine the cost‐effectiveness of EGFR testing and first‐line treatment with gefitinib for those patients who harbor activating mutations versus standard care, which includes first‐line treatment with chemotherapy followed by gefitinib as second‐line treatment. The model uses clinical and outcomes data from randomized clinical trials and societal costs from Singapore cancer centers. Health effects were expressed as quality‐adjusted life‐years. All costs and cost‐effectiveness ratios were expressed in 2010 Singapore dollars. Sensitivity and different scenarios analyses were conducted.

RESULTS:

EGFR testing and first‐line treatment with gefitinib is a dominant strategy (with lower costs and greater effectiveness) compared with standard care. Because the primary savings result from not providing gefitinib to those who are not likely to benefit, this finding holds regardless of the prevalence of activating mutations. In a secondary analysis, first‐line treatment with gefitinib was also dominant when compared with first‐line chemotherapy in patients with activating EGFR mutations.

CONCLUSIONS:

This strategy can be considered a new standard of care and should be of great interest for health care payers and decision makers in an era in which our greatest challenge is to balance hard‐won and incremental, yet small, improvements in patient outcomes with exponentially rising costs. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The extended connection‐dependent threshold model for call‐level performance analysis of multi‐rate loss systems under the bandwidth reservation policy
Authors: Vassilakis Vassilios G. , Moscholios Ioannis D. , Logothetis Michael D.
Published: July 2011

Firstly, we reviewed two extensions of the Erlang multi‐rate loss model, whereby we can assess the call‐level QoS of telecom networks supporting elastic traffic: (i) the extended Erlang multi‐rate loss model, where random arriving calls of certain bandwidth requirements at call setup can tolerate bandwidth compression while in service; and (ii) the connection‐dependent threshold model, where arriving calls may have several contingency bandwidth requirements, whereas in‐service calls cannot tolerate bandwidth compression. Secondly, we proposed a new model, the extended connection‐dependent threshold model. Calls may have alternative bandwidth requirements at call setup and can tolerate bandwidth compression while in service. We proposed a recurrent formula for the efficient calculation of link occupancy distribution and consequently call blocking probabilities, link utilization, and throughput per service class. Furthermore, in the proposed model, we incorporated the bandwidth reservation policy, whereby we can (i) equalize the call blocking probabilities of different service classes, (ii) guarantee specific QoS per service class, and (iii) implement different maximum bandwidth compression/expansion rate per service class so that the network supports both elastic and stream traffic. The accuracy of the new model is verified by simulation. Moreover, the proposed model performs better than the existing models. Finally, we generalize the proposed model by incorporating service classes with either random or quasi‐random arrivals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurophysiological and Behavioural Correlates of Coherent Motion Perception in Dyslexia
Authors: Taroyan Naira A. , Nicolson Roderick I. , Buckley David
Published: July 2011

Coherent motion perception was tested in nine adolescents with dyslexia and 10 control participants matched for age and IQ using low contrast stimuli with three levels of coherence (10%, 25% and 40%). Event‐related potentials (ERPs) and behavioural performance data were obtained. No significant between‐group differences were found in performance accuracy and response latencies of correct responses, for early (P1, N1, and P2) or late (P3) ERP peaks. However, attenuated early ERPs in the 10% coherent condition correlated significantly with lower performance accuracy (r = −.66) and with the magnitude of literacy deficit (r = −.46). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances NK susceptibility of human melanoma cells via Hsp60‐mediated FAS expression
Authors: Lee Ji H. , Park Sunyoung , Cheon Soyoung , Lee Joo H. , Kim Sunghan , Hur Dae Y. , Kim Tae S. , Yoon Suk R. , Yang Yoolhee , Bang Sa I. , Park Hyunjeong , Lee Hoon T. , Cho Daeho
Published: July 2011

The active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1α,25(OH)2D3, displays anticancer effects by regulating cell cycle and apoptosis in many cancer cells. However, it has not been determined whether 1α,25(OH)2D3 increases the susceptibility of cancer cells to NK cells. Here, we investigated the anticancer effect of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in human melanoma cell lines by investigating enhancement of NK susceptibility and elucidating the mediator of NK cytotoxicity. 1α,25(OH)2D3‐resistant melanoma cells (G‐361 and SK‐MEL‐5) treated with 1α,25(OH)2D3 showed higher susceptibility to NK cells with up‐regulation of Fas expression. Furthermore, G‐361 cells treated with 1α,25(OH)2D3 showed significantly increased caspase activity. In addition to Fas up‐regulation, expression of heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) was elevated by 1α,25(OH)2D3. Increased expression of Hsp60 by 1α,25(OH)2D3 was related to not only up‐regulation of Fas expression but also to NK susceptibility of G‐361 cells. Taken together, our data suggest that 1α,25(OH)2D3 acts as an anticancer agent by increasing expression of Fas on the surface of melanoma cells through Hsp60 induction and strengthens caspase sensitivity to Fas‐mediated apoptotic pathway by NK cells. 1α,25(OH)2D3 treatment may therefore have a preventive role in melanoma occurrence or potentiate the anticancer effects of NK‐cell immune therapy.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 8/11
Authors: Arshad Muhammad I. , Rauch Michel , L'Helgoualc'h Annie , Julia Valérie , Leite‐de‐Moraes Maria C. , Lucas‐Clerc Catherine , Piquet‐Pellorce Claire , Samson Michel
Published: July 2011

A cryosection of the liver taken from a mouse treated with concanavalin A to induce acute hepatitis features on this issue's cover; the section is stained with Hoechst, Texas red‐phalloidin and anti‐mIL‐33 goat IgG/Cy5‐conjugated secondary antibody, identifying the nuclei in blue, F‐actin filaments in orange and IL‐33‐expressing cells in green respectively. The image is taken from the article by Arshad et al. (pp. 2341–2349) in which the induction of IL‐33 expression in hepatocytes in concanavalin A‐induced hepatitis is suggested to be driven by NKT cells.
Formation of Chiral Heteronuclear LnIII Assemblies by Ion Pair Formation
Authors: Gregoliński Janusz , Wieczorek Robert , Lisowski Jerzy
Published: July 2011

Cationic LnIII complexes with the chiral macrocycle L, (P)‐[LnLRRRRRR]3+, interact with anionic LnIII tris(dipicolinate) complexes, [Ln′(dpa)3]3–, forming tight hydrogen‐bonded ion pairs in solution. Formation of these pairs has been documented by the DFT calculations, and a strong paramagnetic shift of the signals of the diamagnetic cation interacting with the paramagnetic anion was observed. This ion pair interaction leads to spectral enantiodifferentiation of the Λ‐[Ln′(dpa)3]3– and Δ‐[Ln′(dpa)3]3– enantiomers of the anionic complex.Although no Pfeiffer effect was observed for the (P)‐[LnLRRRRRR]3+ diastereomers of the cationic complex, the (M)‐[LnLRRRRRR]3+ diastereomers induce CD signals in the anionic [Ln′(dpa)3]3– partner. These spectra indicate a Pfeiffer effect, i.e. a shift of equilibrium between the Λ‐[Ln′(dpa)3]3– and Δ‐[Ln′(dpa)3]3– enantiomers. This effect arises from the ion pair interaction between the anionic complex [Ln′(dpa)3]3– and the intact cationic complex as well as between [Ln′(dpa)3]3– and L. The protonated macrocycle (H3LRRRRRR)3+ forms highly insoluble salts with [Ln′(dpa)3]3–. These supramolecular compounds are formed by the reaction of L, acids and [Ln′(dpa)3]3– anions. The same product can also be formed by the reaction of (M)‐[LnLRRRRRR]3+ with three equivalents of dipicolinic acid. The model structure of (H3LRRRRRR)[Ln′(dpa)3] corresponds with a linear polymer with alternate cationic macrocycles and anionic [Ln′(dpa)3]3– complexes interacting through charge interactions and multiple hydrogen bonds.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Lithium and Iron Complexes Containing a Chelating Phenolate Phosphane Ligand
Authors: Liang Lan‐Chang , Chang Yu‐Ning , Shih Huan‐Yu , Lin Sheng‐Ta , Lee Hon Man
Published: July 2011

The preparation and characterization of lithium and iron(II) complexes containing a potentially tridentate biphenolate phosphane ligand are reported. Deprotonation of 2,2′‐phenylphosphanyl‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) (H2LPh) with one or two equivalents of nBuLi in diethyl ether solutions at –35 °C produces binuclear {Li(HLPh)(OEt2)}2 or tetranuclear Li4(LPh)2(OEt2)3, respectively. An X‐ray study of {Li(HLPh)(OEt2)}2 showed it to be a Ci‐symmetric dimer composed of two Li(HLPh)(OEt2) units linked with dative O–Li bonds involving phenolate oxygen donor atoms whereas that of Li4(LPh)2(OEt2)3 revealed a C2‐symmetric structure in which the two biphenolate phosphane ligands are linked with four lithium atoms that bind to three diethyl ether molecules. Treatment of FeCl2 with one or two equivalents of Na2(LPh)(DME)2 in THF at –35 °C generates binuclear Fe2(LPh)2(THF)2 or mononuclear Fe(HLPh)2(THF)2, respectively. The two iron(II) centers in Fe2(LPh)2(THF)2 are antiferromagnetically coupled.
Low‐Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultrafine Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles
Authors: Primc Darinka , Drofenik Miha , Makovec Darko
Published: July 2011

Ultrafine strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of an appropriate suspension of Sr and Fe hydroxides in the presence of a large excess of OH– at temperatures between 130 and 170 °C. To avoid the parallel formation of any undesired hematite (α‐Fe2O3) during the synthesis, a large excess of Sr in the starting composition (Fe/Sr = 3) had to be used. When the treatment was performed below 170 °C, ultrafine nanoparticles were formed. The TEM images show they have a disc‐like shape, approximately 12 nm wide, but only around 4 nm thick. The EDS analysis showed their composition corresponded to SrFe12O19. When the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment exceeded 170 °C, larger hexagonal platelet crystals appeared as a consequence of Ostwald ripening. The evolution of the size and morphology of the nanoparticles with the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment was also monitored by XRD and measurement of the magnetic properties.
Combination of Rearrangement with Metallic and Organic Catalyses – a Step‐ and Atom‐Economical Approach to α‐Spiroactones and ‐lactams
Authors: Boddaert Thomas , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: July 2011

A general synthetic route to α‐spirolactones and ‐lactams from 2‐diazo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, (homo)allylic alcohols or amines and acrylic derivatives, involving a single consecutive reaction consisting of a Wolff rearrangement/α‐oxo ketene trapping/cross metathesis/Michael addition sequence is described. During the consecutive reaction optimization, the organocatalytic activity of N,N‐diaryl‐1,3‐imidazol(in)‐2‐ylidene N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in the Michael addition of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds was discovered. A conceptually attractive version of the consecutive reaction was then developed, involving the Grubbs–Hoveyda ruthenium‐based precatalyst containing the SIMes [1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene] NHC ligand as the source of both the organometallic catalyst of the cross metathesis and the organic catalyst of the intramolecular Michael addition.
Metabolomic assessment with CE‐MS of the nutraceutical effect of Cystoseira spp extracts in an animal model
Authors: Moraes Edgar P. , Rupérez Francisco Javier , Plaza Merichel , Herrero Miguel , Barbas Coral
Published: July 2011

There is a need of scientific evidence of claimed nutraceutical effects, but also there is a social movement towards the use of natural products and among them algae are seen as rich resources. Within this scenario, the development of methodology for rapid and reliable assessment of markers of efficiency and security of these extracts is necessary. The rat treated with streptozotocin has been proposed as the most appropriate model of systemic oxidative stress for studying antioxidant therapies. Cystoseira is a brown alga containing fucoxanthin and other carothenes whose pressure‐assisted extracts were assayed to discover a possible beneficial effect on complications related to diabetes evolution in an acute but short‐term model. Urine was selected as the sample and CE‐TOF‐MS as the analytical technique to obtain the fingerprints in a non‐target metabolomic approach. Multivariate data analysis revealed a good clustering of the groups and permitted the putative assignment of compounds statistically significant in the classification. Interestingly a group of compounds associated to lysine glycation and cleavage from proteins was found to be increased in diabetic animals receiving vehicle as compared to control animals receiving vehicle (N6,N6,N6‐trimethyl‐L‐lysine, N‐methylnicotinamide, galactosylhydroxylysine, L‐carnitine, N6‐acetyl‐N6‐hydroxylysine, fructose‐lysine, pipecolic acid, urocanic acid, amino‐isobutanoate, formylisoglutamine. Fructoselysine significantly decreased after the treatment changing from a 24% increase to a 19% decrease. CE‐MS fingerprinting of urine has provided a group of compounds different to those detected with other techniques and therefore proves the necessity of a cross‐platform analysis to obtain a broad view of biological samples.
Anaerobic digestion of flower waste for methane production: An alternative energy source
Authors: Singh Puja , Bajpai Usha
Published: July 2011

The waste generated in temples is presently piled at one place and then disposed off in water bodies or dumped on land to decay which causes several environmental problems such as water, soil pollution, etc. The aim of the paper is to determine the biogas yield by using temple waste as a raw material. A prototype experimental setup has been developed to find the quality of biogas produced by flower waste with the help of gas chromatographer. The experiment was conducted during cold months in the composite climatic conditions of Lucknow, India. Prototype digesters of 2 m3 capacity were used and fed with flower waste which was digested in daily feeding for a retention period of summer and winter seasons. Preliminary results indicate that the process is effective in reducing the pollution potential of the flower waste. The process removed a lot of environmental pollutants as total solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), etc. respectively, along with biogas production. The results of the biogas from flower waste were compared as 43%–50% methane (CH4) and 44%–50% carbon dioxide (CO2) during winter season (December to February) and 50%–54% methane (CH4) and 40%–43% carbon dioxide (CO2) during summer season (March to May). © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Mobilization of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and estrogenic activity in simulated rainfall runoff from land-applied biosolids
Authors: Giudice Ben D , Young Thomas M
Published: July 2011

Municipal biosolids are commonly applied to land as soil amendment or fertilizer as a form of beneficial reuse of what could otherwise be viewed as waste. Balanced against this benefit are potential risks to groundwater and surface water quality from constituents that may be mobilized during storm events. The objective of the present study was to characterize the mobilization of selected endocrine-disrupting compounds, heavy metals, and total estrogenic activity in rainfall runoff from land-applied biosolids. Rainfall simulations were conducted on soil plots amended with biosolids. Surface runoff and leachate was collected and analyzed for the endocrine-disrupting compounds bisphenol A, 17α-ethynylestradiol, triclocarban, triclosan, octylphenol, and nonylphenol; a suite of 16 metals; and estrogenic activity via the estrogen receptor-mediated chemical activated luciferase gene expression (ER-CALUX) bioassay. Triclocarban (2.3–17.3 ng/L), triclosan (<51–309 ng/L), and octylphenol (<4.9–203 ng/L) were commonly detected. Chromium (2.0–22 µg/L), Co (2.5–10 µg/L), Ni (28–235 µg/L), Cu (14–110 µg/L), As (1.2–2.7 µg/L), and Se (0.29–12 µg/L) were quantifiable over background levels. Triclosan, Ni, and Cu were detected at levels that might pose some risk to aquatic life, though levels of metals in the biosolids were well below the maximum allowable regulatory limits. The ER-CALUX results were mostly explained by background bisphenol A contamination and octylphenol in runoff, although unknown contributors or matrix effects were also found. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2220–2228. © 2011 SETAC
Anxiolytic‐like effect of essential oil extracted from Abies sachalinensis
Authors: Satou Tadaaki , Matsuura Mariko , Takahashi Mizuho , Umezu Toyoshi , Hayashi Shinichiro , Sadamoto Kiyomi , Koike Kazuo
Published: July 2011

It has been proposed that essential oil extracted from Abies sachalinensis (EOAS) has a relaxation effect, among others, in humans; however, the scientific evidence is currently insufficient. To clarify the influence of EOAS on emotional behaviour, we examined its anxiolytic‐like effect using a mouse model. The elevated plus maze task was used to evaluate the anxiolytic‐like effect. The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of EOAS at 0.6 g/kg body weight did not produce an anxiolytic‐like effect. However, a significant anxiolytic‐like effect was observed after inhalation of EOAS at 3.6 mg/l air (P < 0.05). Next, the effect of the route of administration (i.p. vs. inhalation) on the distribution of the major components of EOAS was analysed. α‐Pinene was observed in the brain at 5.7 ± 2.0 mg/kg (i.p.) and 19.7 ± 0.9 mg/kg (inhalation). The data showed that EOAS effectively produced an anxiolytic‐like effect after administration by inhalation. Thus, the efficacy of EOAS in producing an anxiolytic‐like effect is likely to be due to achieving adequate levels in the brain after EOAS had been inhaled. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution genomic mapping reveals consistent amplification of the fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 gene in well‐differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma
Authors: Wang Xiaoke , Asmann Yan W. , Erickson‐Johnson Michele R. , Oliveira Jennifer L. , Zhang Hongying , Moura Rafael D. , Lazar Alexander J. , Lev Dina , Bill Katelynn , Lloyd Ricardo V. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Maran Avudaiappan , Oliveira Andre M.
Published: July 2011

Well‐differentiated liposarcoma (WDLS) is one of the most common malignant mesenchymal tumors and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS) is a malignant tumor consisting of both WDLS and a transformed nonlipogenic sarcomatous component. Cytogenetically, WDLS is characterized by the presence of ring or giant rod chromosomes containing several amplified genes, including MDM2, TSPAN31, CDK4, and others mainly derived from chromosome bands 12q13‐15. However, the 12q13‐15 amplicon is large and discontinuous. The focus of this study was to identify novel critical genes that are consistently amplified in primary (nonrecurrent) WDLS and with potential relevance for future targeted therapy. Using a high‐resolution (5.0 kb) “single nucleotide polymorphism”/copy number variation microarray to screen the whole genome in a series of primary WDLS, two consistently amplified areas were found on chromosome 12: one region containing the MDM2 and CPM genes, and another region containing the FRS2 gene. Based on these findings, we further validated FRS2 amplification in both WDLS and DDLS. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed FRS2 amplification in all WDLS and DDLS tested (n = 57). Real time PCR showed FRS2 mRNA transcriptional upregulation in WDLS (n = 19) and DDLS (n = 13) but not in lipoma (n = 5) and normal fat (n = 9). Immunoblotting revealed high expression levels of phospho‐FRS2 at Y436 and slightly overexpression of total FRS2 protein in liposarcoma but not in normal fat or preadipocytes. Considering the critical role of FRS2 in mediating fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling, our findings indicate that FRS2 signaling should be further investigated as a potential therapeutic target for liposarcoma. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatocytes internalize trophic receptors at large endocytic “Hot Spots”
Authors: Cao Hong , Krueger Eugene W. , McNiven Mark A.
Published: July 2011

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian epithelial cells is believed to require the synergistic action of structural coat proteins and mechanochemical enzymes to deform and sever the plasma membrane (PM) into discreet vesicles. It is generally believed that the formation of clathrin-coated pits in epithelial cells occurs randomly along the apical and basolateral plasma membranes. In this study we visualized the endocytic machinery in living hepatocytes using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged dynamin, a large mechanochemical guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase implicated in the liberation of nascent vesicles from the plasma membrane and a variety of internal membrane compartments. Confocal microscopy of living cells expressing the epithelial isoform of GFP-tagged dynamin [Dyn2-GFP] revealed a distribution along the ventral PM in discrete vesicle-like puncta or in large (2-10 μm) tubuloreticular plaques. Remarkably, these large structures are dynamic as they form and then disappear, while generating large numbers of motile endocytic vesicles with which dynamin associates. Inhibiting dynamin function by microinjection of purified dynamin antibodies increases the number and size of the tubuloreticular plaques. Importantly, these “hot spots” sequester specific trophic receptors and cognate ligands such as transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), but not TfR2. Conclusion: These findings suggest that hepatocytes sequester or prerecruit both structural and enzymatic components of the clathrin-based endocytic machinery to functional hot spots, from which large numbers of coated pits form and vesicles are generated. This process may mimic the endocytic organization found at the synapse in neuronal cells. (Hepatology 2011;)
Dispersion in composite porous medium with homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions
Authors: Prathap Kumar J. , Umavathi J.C. , Madhavarao Shivakumar
Published: July 2011

The effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions on the dispersion of a solute in a composite porous medium between two parallel plates is studied. The solution approach suggested by Taylor [2] is generalized for the present model. The Brinkman model is used to define the flow through the porous medium. The fluids in both the regions of the parallel‐plate channel are incompressible and transport properties are assumed to be constant. The closed‐form solutions are obtained in both the regions of the channel. The results are tabulated for various values of viscosity ratio, pressure gradient, and porous parameter on the volumetric flow rate and the effective Taylor dispersion coefficient. It is found that for a homogeneous chemical reaction, the effective Taylor dispersion coefficient decreases as the reaction rate parameter and porous parameter increase. The validity of the results obtained for a composite porous medium is compared with the available porous medium results for a one‐fluid model and the values tallied for the small values of porous parameter. Also a two‐fluid model in the absence of a porous matrix is compared with the available one‐fluid model and good agreement is found. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20364
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins
Authors: Buck Robert C , Franklin James , Berger Urs , Conder Jason M , Cousins Ian T , de Voogt Pim , Jensen Allan Astrup , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Mabury Scott A , van Leeuwen Stefan PJ
Published: July 2011

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC
Phenotypic plasticity and epithelial‐mesenchymal transitions in cancer and normal stem cells?
Authors: Scheel Christina , Weinberg Robert A.
Published: July 2011

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are similar to normal stem cells in their ability to self‐renew and to generate large populations of more differentiated descendants. In contrast to the hierarchical organization that is presumed to be the prevalent mode of normal tissue homeostasis, phenotypic plasticity allows cancer cells to dynamically enter into and exit from stem‐cell states. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been closely associated with the acquisition of both invasive and stem‐cell properties in cancer cells. Thereby, EMT programs emerge as important regulators of phenotypic plasticity in cancer cells including their entrance into stem‐cell states. Much is still to be learned about the regulation of EMTs through epigenetic mechanisms in cancer cells and the contributions that EMT programs make to normal tissue homeostasis.
Photophysics Applied to Cavitands and Capsules
Authors: Berryman Orion B. , Dube Henry , Rebek Julius
Published: July 2011

The use of light as a stimulus to control functional materials or nano‐devices is appealing, because it provides convenient control of triggering events where and when they are desired without introducing extra components to the system. Many photophysical and photochemical processes are extremely fast, giving rise to nearly instantaneous onset of events. However, these fast processes can be challenging to engineer into chemical systems. Supramolecular chemistry offers a convenient way to study and control photoprocesses. Given the reversible and self‐programmed nature of modern host–guest systems, a modular approach can be considered in which different photoprocesses are coupled to obtain complex functions that emerge and are controlled solely by light inputs. In this review, we highlight recent examples of photoswitching and photophysics applied in the context of supramolecular host–guest systems, with a particular emphasis on resorcinarene‐based cavitands and hydrogen‐bonded capsules.
Novel platforms for vascular carriers with controlled geometry
Authors: Pillai Jonathan D. , Dunn Stuart S. , Napier Mary E. , DeSimone Joseph M.
Published: July 2011

COVER: Carrier geometry influencing navigation through the blood stream, by J. Pillai et al., pp. 596–606.
A comparison of methods using optical coherence tomography to detect demineralized regions in teeth
Authors: Sowa Michael G. , Popescu Dan P. , Friesen Jeri R. , Hewko Mark D. , Choo‐Smith and Lin‐P'ing
Published: July 2011

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a three‐ dimensional optical imaging technique that can be used to identify areas of early caries formation in dental enamel. The OCT signal at 850 nm back‐reflected from sound enamel is attenuated stronger than the signal back‐reflected from demineralized regions. To quantify this observation, the OCT signal as a function of depth into the enamel (also known as the A‐scan intensity), the histogram of the A‐scan intensities and three summary parameters derived from the A‐scan are defined and their diagnostic potential compared. A total of 754 OCT A‐scans were analyzed. The three summary parameters derived from the A‐scans, the OCT attenuation coefficient as well as the mean and standard deviation of the lognormal fit to the histogram of the A‐scan ensemble show statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) when comparing parameters from sound enamel and caries. Furthermore, these parameters only show a modest correlation. Based on the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) plot, the OCT attenuation coefficient shows higher discriminatory capacity (AUC = 0.98) compared to the parameters derived from the lognormal fit to the histogram of the A‐scan. However, direct analysis of the A‐scans or the histogram of A‐scan intensities using linear support vector machine classification shows diagnostic discrimination (AUC = 0.96) comparable to that achieved using the attenuation coefficient. These findings suggest that either direct analysis of the A‐scan, its intensity histogram or the attenuation coefficient derived from the descending slope of the OCT A‐scan have high capacity to discriminate between regions of caries and sound enamel. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)