bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inversion of Supramolecular Helicity in Oligo‐p‐phenylene‐Based Supramolecular Polymers: Influence of Molecular Atropisomerism
Authors: Aparicio Fátima , Nieto‐Ortega Belén , Nájera Francisco , Ramírez Francisco J. , López Navarrete Juan T. , Casado Juan , Sánchez Luis
Published: December 2013

The helical organization of oligo‐p‐phenylene‐based organogelators has been investigated by atomic force microscopy, circular and vibrational circular dichroism, and Raman techniques. Whilst OPPs with more than two phenyl rings in the core self‐assemble into left‐handed helices, that with a biphenyl core shows an inversion of the supramolecular helicity depending on the formation conditions through the atropisomerism of the biphenyl central unit. The results presented herein outline a new example of kinetically controlled modulation of supramolecular helicity.
Vollständige Funktionalisierung des Imidazolgerüsts durch selektive Metallierung und Sulfoxid‐Magnesium‐Austausch
Authors: Sämann Christoph , Coya Estibaliz , Knochel Paul
Published: December 2013

Eine einfache und flexible Methode für die selektive Funktionalisierung aller Positionen des Imidazolrings durch regioselektive Arylierungen, Allylierungen, Acylierungen und Additionen an Aldehyde ist entwickelt worden. Ausgehend von dem leicht herzustellenden Imidazol 1 konnten durch dirigierte Metallierungen und einen Sulfoxid‐Magnesium‐Austausch hochfunktionalisierte Imidazole regioselektiv synthetisiert werden. Des Weiteren ermöglicht die Kombination aus selektiver N3‐Alkylierung gefolgt von der Entschützung an N1 (Trans‐N‐alkylierung) die regioselektive N‐Alkylierung von komplexen Imidazolen.
Experimental study of colloidal flow in porous media at high velocities
Authors: Aji Kaiser
Published: December 2013

Latex colloidal particle deposition onto an engineered porous medium has been studied at high suspension velocities at conditions favorable for particle attachment. Low value of ratio between particle diameter and mean pore size ensured the absence of particle straining due to size exclusion. Particle deposition is accompanied by the formation and destruction of bridges at high flow velocities accompanied by a sudden increase in hydraulic resistance. Treatment of experimental permeability data with the Forchheimer equation shows that the formation damage coefficient is a function of the critical retained concentration and inverse function of fluid velocity. The inertia coefficient shows similar behavior at low velocities, although it remained almost constant at low surface coverage. Particle deposition at lower fluid velocities is accompanied by a significant increase of inertia coefficient and formation damage. This is explained by a partial formation of the external cake on the inlet surface of the filter. Deep bed filtration continues even at high surface coverage and is characterized by a high filtration coefficient at lower velocities. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Reported Pain and Disease Symptoms Persist in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Despite Treatment Advances: An Electronic Diary Study
Authors: Bromberg Maggie H. , Connelly Mark , Anthony Kelly K. , Gil Karen M. , Schanberg Laura E.
Published: December 2013

Objective

To use electronic diaries (e‐diaries) to determine whether pain, stiffness, and fatigue continue to be common, disabling symptoms in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) despite the use of aggressive treatments in contemporary medical management.

Methods

Fifty‐nine children with JIA (ages 8–18 years) provided ratings of pain, stiffness, and fatigue intensity and functional limitations using a smartphone e‐diary 3 times each day for 1 month. Medication information was collected via parent report and checked for accuracy by chart review. Descriptive analyses were conducted to determine typical symptom intensity, frequency, and variability. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze associations between symptoms and functional outcomes and between medication use and symptom intensity.

Results

Children reported moments of pain in 66% of e‐diary entries. No children were entirely pain‐free across the reporting period. In 31% of all e‐diary entries the visual analog scale score for pain was >40 (high pain intensity), with 86% of children reporting a high level of pain at least once during the study period. The mean ratings of pain, stiffness, and fatigue intensity were in the mild‐to‐moderate range. Medication class was not a reliable predictor of differences in symptom intensity, even though 79% of children were prescribed a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug and 47% were prescribed a biologic agent. Moments of higher pain intensity and higher stiffness intensity were each uniquely predictive of higher concurrent functional limitations.

Conclusion

Self‐reported pain, stiffness, and fatigue continue to be common in children with JIA, despite contemporary advances in treatment strategies, including use of biologic agents. These findings are surprisingly consistent with previous results from research using daily paper diaries in the pre‐biologics era. There remains a pressing and ongoing need to optimize pain and symptom management in JIA.
The Trophy Effect
Authors: Bühren Christoph , Pleßner Marco
Published: December 2013

By extending a typical endowment effect experiment with the possibility of winning the endowment in a real effort contest, we found two reinforcing effects that led to a complete market failure. Subjects who won the item in the effortful competition had a very high willingness to accept (trophy winner effect). By contrast, subjects who were not successful had an extremely low willingness to pay for the same item (trophy loser effect). We disentangle different components of these effects and investigate the underlying emotional responses. Further, we analyze the duration of the effects and discuss economic implications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel insights on interactions between folate and lipid metabolism
Authors: da Silva Robin P. , Kelly Karen B. , Al Rajabi Ala , Jacobs René L.
Published: December 2013

Folate is an essential B vitamin required for the maintenance of AdoMet‐dependent methylation. The liver is responsible for many methylation reactions that are used for post‐translational modification of proteins, methylation of DNA, and the synthesis of hormones, creatine, carnitine, and phosphatidylcholine. Conditions where methylation capacity is compromised, including folate deficiency, are associated with impaired phosphatidylcholine synthesis resulting in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis. In addition, folate intake and folate status have been associated with changes in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we provide insight on the relationship between folate and lipid metabolism, and an outlook for the future of lipid‐related folate research. © 2013 BioFactors, 40(3):277–283, 2014
Longitudinal study of alexithymia and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chahraoui Khadija , Duchene Céline , Rollot Fabien , Bonin Bernard , Moreau Thibault
Published: December 2013

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the course of alexithymia and its relation with anxiety and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), over a period of 5 years.

Methods

Sixty‐two MS patients were examined at two timepoints, 5 years apart, and they answered questionnaires collecting socio‐demographic, medical, and psychological data (depression, anxiety, alexithymia).

Results

Our data show that emotional disorders remain stable over time in patients with MS, particularly as regards alexithymia and anxiety. Conversely, the rate of depression decreased between the two evaluations, falling from 40% to 26%. The two dimensions of alexithymia (i.e., difficulty describing and difficulty identifying feelings) were correlated with anxiety and depression, whereas the third component of alexithymia (externally oriented thinking) was independent, and was the only component to change over time, with a significant fall observed at 5 years.

Conclusion

Alexithymia was associated with increased severity of anxiety and attack relapses.
How gender affects the relationship between hedonic shopping motivation and purchase intentions?
Authors: Davis Robert , Lang Bodo , San Diego Josefino
Published: December 2013

Five hundred and fifteen consumer responses are used to model the affect of online hedonic shopping motivation and online purchase intentions: moderated by the consumers' perceptions of their offline and online gendered behaviour. The model was applied across five product categories using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. We conclude that there is no online‐gender effect on hedonic shopping motivation and purchase intentions. However, offline‐gendered behaviour does significantly affect hedonic shopping motivation and purchase intentions for females across all product categories. Our findings support the proposition that gender is merely a prosthetic device of the private self and is an intentional manipulation and misrepresentation of the anonymous body. Online gender is a performance that is hidden by the technological veil from the offline space and public self, without social constraints or criticisms. Research implications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The culture of gift giving: What do consumers expect from commercial and personal contexts?
Authors: Antón Carmen , Camarero Carmen , Gil Fernando
Published: December 2013

Gift giving forms part of a symbolic exchange ritual that is common to all cultures and all periods of history. The goal of the present study is to explore such acts as exchange processes that seek reciprocity aimed at perpetuating relations. From the standpoint of the recipient, we posit the existence of a pattern of behaviour based on the sequence of perceived value–satisfaction–reciprocity. Findings obtained from a sample of 797 individuals indicate that how this sequence works is shaped by the occasion on which the gift is given, whether on commercial occasions—dates marked out by retailers on which everybody gives gifts—or personal occasions—dates marked by private celebrations. If we bear in mind that the ultimate goal of giving gifts is reciprocity or the intention to give in return, choosing an appropriate value may prove to be of particular interest in commercial terms for givers (buyers), recipients (users) and firms (influencers). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternol induces an S‐phase arrest of melanoma B16F0 cells
Authors: Liu Liangliang , Zhang Bo , Yuan Xuan , Wang Penglong , Sun Xiling , Zheng Qiusheng
Published: December 2013

Alternol is a novel compound purified from the fermentation products of a microorganism in the yew tree bark. This study looks at the effects of alternol on the proliferation and cell cycle distribution of mouse melanoma cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation and changes in cell cycle distribution were analysed by sulforhodamine B and flow cytometry assays, respectively. mRNA expression of cyclin A, cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CDK inhibitor1A (p21) were measured by real‐time reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR). The protein levels of cyclin A, CDK2 and PCNA were analysed by Western blot analysis. p21 was measured by ELISA. Alternol treatment caused a significant decrease in the proliferation rate of B16F0 and B16F10 cells, which were significantly arrested in S phase, but this treatment had less effect on normal human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The mechanism by which alternol inhibits B16F0 proliferation in vitro may be associated with the inhibition of CDK2 and PCNA, and the activation of p21.
3D CoMFA, CoMSIA, topomer CoMFA and HQSAR studies on aromatic acid esters for carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity
Authors: Nilewar Shrikant S. , Kathiravan Muthu K.
Published: December 2013

Molecular modelling studies [comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), topomer CoMFA and hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship (HQSAR)] have been performed on the series of 28 molecules belonging to the series of aromatic acid ester derivatives for their carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity. The model exhibited good correlation coefficient (r2) and cross‐validated correlation coefficient (q2) for CoMFA, CoMSIA and HQSAR methods. On the basis of the findings from all these studies, a structure–activity relationship was established. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance characteristics of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of axillary lymph nodes for metastatic breast cancer employing rapid on‐site evaluation of adequacy: Analysis of 136 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Fung Adele D. , Collins Jennifer A. , Campassi Christina , Ioffe Olga B. , Staats Paul N.
Published: December 2013

BACKGROUND

It has been demonstrated that axillary ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (US‐FNA) has excellent positive predictive value for the axillary lymph node status of patients with breast cancer before surgery or neoadjuvant therapy and, thus, can obviate the need for sentinel lymph node biopsy in FNA‐positive patients. However, US‐FNA has only moderate sensitivity, in part because of the collection of nondiagnostic or equivocal specimens. Rapid on‐site evaluation for adequacy (ROSE) can improve definitive diagnosis rates but has not been well characterized in this setting.

METHODS

One hundred thirty‐three patients with breast carcinoma were identified who underwent 136 US‐FNAs of axillary lymph nodes, all with ROSE, and the results were correlated with the diagnosis on a subsequent surgical procedure.

RESULTS

The adequacy rate was 95.6% (130 of 136 FNAs), and a definitive diagnosis was made in 91.2% (124 of 136 FNAs). Among definite diagnoses, sensitivity was 75%, specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 79%. Sources of false‐negative and potential false‐positive diagnoses were evaluated among these cases and in the literature.

CONCLUSIONS

Small metastasis size is the most common cause of false‐negative results, whereas interpretation errors by pathologists are quite rare. ROSE appears to improve adequacy and definitive diagnosis rates and, thus, can more accurately triage patients to appropriate care. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:282–291. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Genetic and morphometric divergence in threespine stickleback in the Chignik catchment, Alaska
Authors: Taugbøl Annette , Junge Claudia , Quinn Thomas P. , Herland Anders , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn
Published: December 2013

Divergent selection pressures induced by different environmental conditions typically lead to variation in life history, behavior, and morphology. When populations are locally adapted to their current environment, selection may limit movement into novel sites, leading to neutral and adaptive genetic divergence in allopatric populations. Subsequently, divergence can be reinforced by development of pre‐ or postzygotic barriers to gene flow. The threespine stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatus, is a primarily marine fish that has invaded freshwater repeatedly in postglacial times. After invasion, the established freshwater populations typically show rapid diversification of several traits as they become reproductively isolated from their ancestral marine population. In this study, we examine the genetic and morphometric differentiation between sticklebacks living in an open system comprising a brackish water lagoon, two freshwater lakes, and connecting rivers. By applying a set of microsatellite markers, we disentangled the genetic relationship of the individuals across the diverse environments and identified two genetic populations: one associated with brackish and the other with the freshwater environments. The “brackish” sticklebacks were larger and had a different body shape than those in freshwater. However, we found evidence for upstream migration from the brackish lagoon into the freshwater environments, as fish that were genetically and morphometrically similar to the lagoon fish were found in all freshwater sampling sites. Regardless, few F1‐hybrids were identified, and it therefore appears that some pre‐ and/or postzygotic barriers to gene flow rather than geographic distance are causing the divergence in this system.
Neutral Hexacoordinate Silicon(IV) Complexes with a SiO4NC or SiO3N2C Skeleton and Neutral Pentacoordinate Silicon(IV) Complexes Containing a Trianionic Tetradentate O,N,O,O Ligand
Authors: Weiß Jörg , Sinner Katharina , Baus Johannes A. , Burschka Christian , Tacke Reinhold
Published: December 2013

A series of neutral hexacoordinate silicon(IV) complexes with a SiO4NC or SiO3N2C skeleton was synthesized. Additionally, two neutral pentacoordinate silicon(IV) complexes with a SiO3NC skeleton were synthesized. All compounds studied were structurally characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in the solid state and in solution and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The hexacoordinate compounds studied contain a tridentate dianionic O,N,O or N,N,O ligand, a phenyl ligand, and a symmetrically substituted derivative of an acetylacetonato ligand of the formula type RC(O)–CH=C(OSiMe3)R (R = Me, Ph, CF3). The two pentacoordinate complexes contain a tetradentate trianionic O,N,O,O ligand and a phenyl ligand.
Unveiling Benznidazole's mechanism of action through overexpression of DNA repair proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Rajão Matheus Andrade , Furtado Carolina , Alves Ceres Luciana , Passos‐Silva Danielle Gomes , de Moura Michelle Barbi , Schamber‐Reis Bruno Luiz , Kunrath‐Lima Marianna , Zuma Aline Araújo , Vieira‐da‐Rocha João Pedro , Garcia Juliana Borio Ferreira , Mendes Isabela Cecília , Pena Sérgio Danilo Junho , Macedo Andrea Mara , Franco Glória Regina , de Souza‐Pinto Nadja Cristhina , de Medeiros Marisa Helena Gennari , Cruz Angela Kaysel , Motta Maria Cristina Machado , Teixeira Santuza Maria Ribeiro , Machado Carlos Renato
Published: December 2013

Benznidazole (BZ) is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. Although BZ is known to induce the formation of free radicals and electrophilic metabolites within the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, its precise mechanisms of action are still elusive. Here, we analyzed the survival of T. cruzi exposed to BZ using genetically modified parasites overexpressing different DNA repair proteins. Our results indicate that BZ induces oxidation mainly in the nucleotide pool, as heterologous expression of the nucleotide pyrophosphohydrolase MutT (but not overexpression of the glycosylase TcOgg1) increased drug resistance in the parasite. In addition, electron microscopy indicated that BZ catalyzes the formation of double‐stranded breaks in the parasite, as its genomic DNA undergoes extensive heterochromatin unpacking following exposure to the drug. Furthermore, the overexpression of proteins involved in the recombination‐mediated DNA repair increased resistance to BZ, reinforcing the idea that the drug causes double‐stranded breaks. Our results also show that the overexpression of mitochondrial DNA repair proteins increase parasite survival upon BZ exposure, indicating that the drug induces lesions in the mitochondrial DNA as well. These findings suggest that BZ preferentially oxidizes the nucleotide pool, and the extensive incorporation of oxidized nucleotides during DNA replication leads to potentially lethal double‐stranded DNA breaks in T. cruzi DNA. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:309–321, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relating nano‐particle properties to biological outcomes in exposure escalation experiments
Authors: Patel T. , Telesca D. , Low‐Kam C. , Ji ZX. , Zhang H Y. , Xia T. , Zinc J.I. , Nel A.E.
Published: December 2013

A fundamental goal in nano‐toxicology is that of identifying particle physical and chemical properties, which are likely to explain biological hazard. The first line of screening for potentially adverse outcomes often consists of exposure escalation experiments, involving the exposure of micro‐organisms or cell lines to a library of nano‐materials. We discuss a modeling strategy that relates the outcome of an exposure escalation experiment to nano‐particle properties. Our approach makes use of a hierarchical decision process, where we jointly identify particles that initiate adverse biological outcomes and explain the probability of this event in terms of the particle physicochemical descriptors. The proposed inferential framework results in summaries that are easily interpretable as simple probability statements. We present the application of the proposed method to a dataset on 24 metal oxides nano‐particles, characterized in relation to their electrical, crystal and dissolution properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant activities of chick embryo egg hydrolysates
Authors: Sun Hao , Ye Ting , Wang Yuntao , Wang Ling , Chen Yijie , Li Bin
Published: December 2013

Chick embryo egg hydrolysates (CEEH) were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of chick embryo egg in vitro‐simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The antioxidant activities of CEEH were investigated by employing three in vitro assays, including the 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonate)/1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (ABTS/DPPH)/hydroxyl radical‐scavenging assays. The radical‐scavenging effect of CEEH (1.0 mg/mL) was in a dose‐dependent manner, with the highest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity for ABTS, DPPH, and that of hydroxyl radicals found to be 569, 2097, and 259.6 μmol/L, respectively; whereas the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of unhatched egg for ABTS, DPPH, and that of hydroxyl radicals were found to be 199, 993, and 226.5 μmol/L, respectively. CEEH showed stronger scavenging activity than the hydrolysates of unhatched egg against free radicals such as ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals. The antioxidant amino acid analysis indicated that the 14‐day CEEH possess more antioxidant amino acids than that of the unhatched egg. In addition, essential amino acids analysis showed that the 14‐day CEEH have the highest nutritional value. Combined with the results of the amino acid profiles, CEEH were believed to have higher nutritive value in addition to antioxidant activities than the unhatched egg.
Socially induced placebo analgesia: A comparison of a pre‐recorded versus live face‐to‐face observation
Authors: Hunter T. , Siess F. , Colloca L.
Published: December 2013

Background

Recently, it has been shown that live, face‐to‐face social observation induces marked placebo analgesia. Despite the phenomenal growth of video sharing platforms, the potential analgesic effects of video‐based social observation are largely unknown. This study compared video‐based and live social observation induced placebo analgesia and whether there was a similar relationship between analgesic responses and empathy traits for both conditions.

Methods

Here, we compared placebo analgesia in four groups: social observation through a video (SOV group), social observation in person (SOP group), verbal suggestion alone (VS group) and a natural history group (NH group). The SOV and SOP groups underwent a placebo treatment and painful stimuli following respectively a video‐based and live observation of a demonstrator showing analgesic effects when the painful stimuli were paired to a green light but not a red light. The VS group received painful stimuli after they had been verbally instructed to expect less pain after the green light. The NH group received painful stimuli, but was told nothing about the meaning of the lights. Individual pain reports and empathy traits were measured.

Results

We found that video‐based observation induced substantial placebo analgesic responses that were of similar magnitude to live observation. Notably, the analgesic scores were strongly correlated with empathetic concern in the live observation group but not in the video replay group.

Conclusions

These findings add evidence that placebo analgesia can be induced by social observation and that empathy interacts with these effects in a context‐dependent manner.
Endocrine Disruptors Differently Influence Estrogen Receptor β and Androgen Receptor in Male and Female Rat VSMC
Authors: Pellegrini Marco , Bulzomi Pamela , Lecis Marco , Leone Stefano , Campesi Ilaria , Franconi Flavia , Marino Maria
Published: December 2013

Sex steroid hormones differently control the major physiological processes in male and female organisms. In particular, their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration are at the root of sex/gender‐related differences reported in the cardiovascular system. Several exogenous substances, defined endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), could interfere with these androgen and estrogen effects; however, the sex/gender‐related susceptibility of VSMC motility to EDCs is completely unknown. Here, the effect of naturally occurring (naringenin, Nar) and synthetic (bisphenol A, BPA) EDCs on male and female VSMC motility has been evaluated. 17β‐estradiol (E2, 0.1 nM–1 µM) induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of motility in female‐derived VSMC. In contrast, neither dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 0.01–100 nM) nor the common precursor of sex steroid hormones, testosterone (Tes, 0.01–100 nM) modified male‐derived VSMC motility. Estrogen receptor (ER) β subtype‐dependent activation of p38 was necessary for the E2 effect on cell motility. High BPA concentration prevented E2 effects in female‐derived cells being without any effect in male‐derived cells. Nar mimicked E2 effects on female‐derived cells even in the presence of E2 or BPA. Intriguingly, Nar also inhibited the male‐derived VSMC mobility. This latter effect was prevented by ERβ inhibitor, but not by the androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor. As a whole, ERβ‐dependent signals in VSMC results more susceptible to the impact of EDCs than AR signals suggesting a possible high and overall susceptibility of female to EDCs. However, several male‐derived cells, including VSMC, express ERβ, which could also serve as target of EDC disruption in male organisms. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 1061–1068, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2‐Bromo‐6‐[18F]fluoropyridine: two‐step fluorine‐18 radiolabelling via transition metal‐mediated chemistry
Authors: Betts Helen M. , Robins Edward G.
Published: December 2013

Novel radiolabelling methods are important for the development of new tracers for positron emission tomography. Direct nucleophilic fluorination of aromatic rings with [18F]fluoride is limited to activated substrates, restricting the application of this approach. Inspired by transition metal‐mediated transformations, a fluorine‐18 synthon was prepared to supplement the radiolabelling methods available for molecules unsuitable for direct labelling. 2‐Bromo‐6‐[18F]fluoropyridine (denoted [18F]1) was prepared in high yield, and palladium‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions were exemplified. High incorporation of fluoride and efficient cross‐coupling reactions demonstrate that compound [18F]1 holds promise as a new synthon for construction of fluorine‐18‐labelled molecules via transition metal‐mediated reactions.
Chelators for copper radionuclides in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Cai Zhengxin , Anderson Carolyn J.
Published: December 2013

The development of chelating agents for copper radionuclides in positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals has been a highly active and important area of study in recent years. The rapid evolution of chelators has resulted in highly specific copper chelators that can be readily conjugated to biomolecules and efficiently radiolabeled to form stable complexes in vivo. Chelators are not only designed for conjugation to monovalent biomolecules but also for incorporation into multivalent targeting ligands such as theranostic nanoparticles. These advancements have strengthened the role of copper radionuclides in the fields of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging. This review emphasizes developments of new copper chelators that have most greatly advanced the field of copper‐based radiopharmaceuticals over the past 5 years.
Quasi‐TEM Rectangular Waveguides with Frequency Selective Surface Walls: Part II—Physical Mechanism
Authors: Li Duochuan , Khaddaj Mallat Nazih , Wu Ke
Published: December 2013

The physical mechanism of quasi‐TEM (transverse electromagnetic) waveguides with frequency selective surface (FSS) walls is established on the basis of an equivalent magnetic current technique in this paper. The equivalent magnetic current distributions in the slots of dielectric surfaces with dipole‐FSS walls and dielectric surface of bare‐slab, as well as hexagonal crystal FSS walls, are presented and discussed. This study shows that the electromagnetic fields in waveguide are mainly radiated from the concurrent magnetic current bands in longitudinal slots. The relationship between the uniformity of electromagnetic fields and the phase variation of longitudinal magnetic currents is discussed. The electrical properties and mechanism of quasi‐TEM rectangular waveguides with slotlines are also investigated to confirm the proposed mechanism. Three categories of periodic structure, which are potentially useful as artificial magnetic conductor, are investigated, and the required conditions to realize quasi‐TEM mode in rectangular waveguide are proposed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of parameters for nano‐scale surrounding‐gate MOSFET considering quantum mechanical effect
Authors: Chanda Manash , De Swapnadip , Sarkar Chandan K.
Published: December 2013

In this paper, an analytical surface potential and threshold voltage model for surrounding gate metal‐oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor are proposed considering the quantum mechanical effect (QME). Considering variable Fermi potential along the channel, a simple relation between the eigen energies and the potential energy distribution is also provided for the first time. The variation of surface potential and the threshold voltage due to QMEs are computed analytically without using any numerical iteration technique in the model. QME on drain‐induced barrier lowering and threshold voltage roll‐off are also studied to provide a more accurate model. The proposed models are compared with existing surface potential and threshold voltage models and validated by comparing with the simulated results obtained from the 2D device simulator ATLAS of Integrated Systems Engineering Technology Computer Aided Design (ISE TCAD). Very good agreement of our model with TCAD is obtained for a wide variation of device parameters. Hence, the models will aid the designing of practical surrounding gate nano‐wire transistors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demography of Mexican spotted owls in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Ganey Joseph L. , White Gary C. , Ward James P. , Kyle Sean C. , Apprill Darrell L. , Rawlinson Todd A. , Jonnes Ryan S.
Published: December 2013

Information on population dynamics is key to gauging the status of threatened or endangered species. We monitored demography of a population of threatened Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. We estimated reproductive output for territorial pairs of owls; used mark‐recapture methodology and Pradel's reparameterized Jolly‐Seber models to estimate annual apparent survival rates, recapture rates, recruitment rates, and annual rate of population change (λRJS) for 2005–2009; and used estimates of λRJS to assess short‐term population viability. Reproductive output was highly variable for 2004–2011, whereas annual apparent survival and recapture rates were less variable among years. Annual rates of population change exceeded 1.0 for both sexes from 2005 to 2009, and empirical observations of numbers of territorial owls supported the model‐based trend estimate. Abundance of territorial owls was strongly related to reproduction within the study area, suggesting that population change was driven largely by internal processes. Population viability analyses suggested that population growth was likely to continue in the short term if current conditions persist. The positive growth rates observed in our study populations are encouraging, and may indicate that current recommendations for recovering this owl are succeeding. However, our estimates of λRJS covered a very short time period, given both the potential lifespan of Mexican spotted owls and the extent of temporal variability in weather typical of the southwestern United States. Longer studies of owl demography than we present will be required to understand long‐term population trends, and such studies should extend across the range of the subspecies. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Optical frequency comb technology for ultra‐broadband radio‐frequency photonics
Authors: Torres‐Company Victor , Weiner Andrew M.
Published: December 2013

The outstanding phase‐noise performance of optical frequency combs has led to a revolution in optical synthesis and metrology, covering a myriad of applications, from molecular spectroscopy to laser ranging and optical communications. However, the ideal characteristics of an optical frequency comb are application dependent. In this review, the different techniques for the generation and processing of high‐repetition‐rate (>10 GHz) optical frequency combs with technologies compatible with optical communication equipment are covered. Particular emphasis is put on the benefits and prospects of this technology in the general field of radio‐frequency photonics, including applications in high‐performance microwave photonic filtering, ultra‐broadband coherent communications, and radio‐frequency arbitrary waveform generation.
Nanostructured Polymeric Functional Micelles for Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Tripodo G. , Mandracchia D. , Dorati R. , Latrofa A. , Genta I. , Conti B.
Published: December 2013

Inulin (INU) is a polyfructose which have the unique features to not bind plasmatic proteins and to be totally filtered by the kidneys where it is neither secreted nor reabsorbed. These behaviors make it an ideal candidate to target and delivery drugs into the kidneys for the therapy of urinary tract affections. On the other side, Vitamin E (VITE) is a hydrophobic molecule with important antioxidant activities. Therefore, the chemical conjugation of INU and VITE, led to amphiphilic INVITE polymers able to self‐assemble in nanostructured micelle.

The obtained micelle have been drug loaded with the model hydrophobic drug curcumin (solubility ≈ 11 ng/ml), the drug release and micelles stability studies have been performed in‐vitro in simulated physiological fluids. Furthermore, biological studies on suitable cell lines have been carried out to assess the cytotoxicity of INVITE conjugates.
Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose Stem Cells Towards Smooth Muscle Cells on Poly(trimethylene carbonate) Membranes
Authors: German Salvador Jimenez , Behbahani Mehdi , Miettinen Susanna , Grijpma Dirk W. , Haimi Suvi P.
Published: December 2013

Multipotent human adipose stem cells (hASCs) are an abundant and potential source of cells for vascular tissue engineering when combined with a suitable biomaterial scaffold. Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) has been shown to be a useful biodegradable material for tissue engineered vascular grafts due to its flexibility, excellent biocompatibility and enzymatic degradation by surface erosion in vivo. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the proliferation and differentiation of hASCs towards smooth muscle cells (SMCs) on gamma‐crosslinked and photo‐crosslinked PTMC membranes.

PTMC macromers were functionalized with methacrylate end groups and crosslinked by UV initiated radical polymerization. High molecular weight linear PTMC was crosslinked by gamma irradiation. Cell viability, cell numbers and SMC differentiation of hASCs were evaluated on the differently crosslinked PTMC films at 7 and 14 days (d).

On the photo‐crosslinked membranes, homogenous monolayers of hASC were detected by live/dead assay. Consistently, cells on the photo‐crosslinked membranes had significantly higher cell numbers compared to cells on the gamma‐crosslinked membranes after 14 d of culture. SMC specific genes were expressed on both membranes at 14 d. Photo‐crosslinked membranes showed higher expression of SMC specific proteins at 14 d compared to gamma‐crosslinked membranes.

These results suggest that especially the photo‐crosslinked PTMC membranes are suitable for vascular tissue engineering applications when combined with hASCs.
Histological Evaluation of Degradable Guided Bone Regeneration Membranes Prepared from Poly(trimethylene carbonate) and Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Composites
Authors: Zeng Ni , van Leeuwen Anne , Bos Ruud R.M. , Grijpma Dirk W. , Kuijer Roel
Published: December 2013

In oral and maxillofacial surgery, guided bone regeneration using barrier membranes is an important strategy to treat bone defects. The currently used barrier membranes have important disadvantages. Barrier membranes prepared from resorbable poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) performed as well as collagen barrier membranes. We hypothesized that composite membranes prepared from surface‐eroding PTMC and osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) would enhance bone formation even further. Bicortical critical size defects in the mandibular angle of rats were covered on both sides with the membranes. After 2, 4, and 12 weeks the extent of bone formation in the defects and the soft tissue reaction towards the membranes was examined histologically. At 2 and 4 weeks, the formation of new bone was observed in defects covered with PTMC, PTMC‐BCP and Biogide collagen membranes. At 12 weeks, bone defects that were covered with PTMC membranes and control Biogide collagen membranes were fully filled with new formed bone. However, at this time point, defects covered with PTMC‐BCP composite membranes had not led to new bone in the defects. Instead a significant tissue reaction, likely to remaining BCP particles, was observed.
Influence of Drying Procedures on Network Formation and Properties of Hydrogels from Functionalized Gelatin
Authors: Racheva Miroslava , Julich‐Gruner Konstanze K. , Nöchel Ulrich , Neffe Axel T. , Wischke Christian , Lendlein Andreas
Published: December 2013

Side chain functionalization of gelatin with tyrosine‐derived moieties, desaminotyrosine (DAT) or desaminotyrosyl tyrosine (DATT), has been reported to lead to physical networks stabilized by aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, while the inherent ability of gelatin chains to organize in helices is suppressed. Here, the treatment of DAT and DATT gelatin films at defined temperatures (drying at 5 °C, freeze‐drying, and freeze‐thawing) were explored for the potential to additionally stabilize the hydrogels by increasing the content of helical domains as additional physical netpoints. The influence of the drying procedures on the hydrogel properties such as network morphology and mechanical properties were analyzed by WAXS, swelling, and rheological measurements. The triple helix content had a stabilizing effect on gelatin‐based hydrogels at temperatures below the helix‐to‐coil transition. However, this effect was less pronounced at physiological conditions above the transition temperature, resulting in rapid dissolution of the physical gelatin networks.
Viscoelastic and thermal properties of polysulfide modified epoxy resin: The effect of modifier molecular weight
Authors: Farajpour T. , Bayat Y. , Keshavarz M. , Zanjirian E.
Published: December 2013

In this research two grades of polysulfide resin with low and high molecular weight (respectively G4 and G112) as reactive modifier was used to toughen epoxy resin. The effect of modifier molecular weight on impact resistance, thermal expansion coefficient, storage and loss modulus, decomposition temperature and adhesion properties of toughened epoxy was investigated. The impact strength and the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of epoxy resin was increased with increasing polysulfide but the G112 modified epoxy samples showed higher CTE values and impact resistance than those of modified with G4. Comparing of the same weight percent inclusion of G4 and G112 effect on decomposition temperature show that G4 modified epoxy resin has lower decomposition temperature than the G112 modified epoxy resin. Also addition of G112 up to 10 weight percent leads to higher bond strength with aluminum sheets. According to the DMTA graphs, glass transition temperature (Tg) of the modified epoxy was decreased with increasing polysulfide weight percent in composition. At the same time G4 modified epoxies have lower Tg and storage modulus than that of modified with G112.
Early retirement and non‐employment after breast cancer
Authors: Lindbohm M.‐L. , Kuosma E. , Taskila T. , Hietanen P. , Carlsen K. , Gudbergsson S. , Gunnarsdottir H.
Published: December 2013

Objective

This study examined whether workplace support, sociodemographic factors and co‐morbidity are associated with early retirement or non‐employment due to other reasons among breast cancer survivors. We also compared quality of life and chronic symptoms (pain, fatigue, anxiety and depression) among employed, retired and other non‐employed breast cancer survivors.

Methods

We identified breast cancer survivors diagnosed between 1997 and 2002 from either a hospital or a cancer registry in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway (NOCWO study). All patients had been treated with curative intent. Information on employment, co‐morbidity and support was collected via a questionnaire. The sample included 1111 working‐aged cancer‐free survivors who had been employed at the time of diagnosis. We used multinomial logistic regression models to analyse the association of various determinants with early retirement and other non‐employment (due to unemployment, subsidized employment or being a homemaker).

Results

Low education, low physical quality of life, co‐morbidity and pain were associated with both early retirement and other non‐employment after cancer. Other non‐employed survivors also rated their mental quality of life as lower and experienced anxiety and fatigue more often than all the other survivors. Moreover, they reported a lower level of supervisor support after their diagnosis than the employed survivors. Retired survivors more often reported weak support from colleagues.

Conclusions

Differences in ill health and functional status between various groups of non‐employed cancer survivors need to be considered when planning policy measures for improving the labour market participation of this population and preventing their early withdrawal from working life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Gangue and Additives on the Divalent Iron Content of Magnetite Pellets
Authors: Ferreira Serafín , Cores Alejandro , Robla J. Ignacio , Verdeja Luis Felipe , Ruiz‐Bustinza Iñigo , García‐Carcedo Fernando , Mochon Javier
Published: December 2013

During the pyroconsolidation of magnetite pellets in an aerobic atmosphere, the mineral practically oxidizes in the beginning stages of the process. However, as the temperature increases, the hematite dissociates into magnetite. The temperature at which this phenomena occurs depends on the additives present and is significantly lower than that corresponding to pure magnetite. In this paper a series of magnetite pellets were formed, varying the alkalinity (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) from 0.4 to 1.9, and the MgO/CaO ratio from 0.12 to 1.3. The pellets were pyroconsolidated at temperatures ranging from 1050 to 1350°C. Pellet structure was determined and analyzed using electron microscopy. The influence of additives and gangue composition was studied at the hematite disassociation temperature.
Winter climate change, plant traits and nutrient and carbon cycling in cold biomes
Authors: Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Makoto Kobayashi
Published: December 2013

It is essential that scientists be able to predict how strong climate warming, including profound changes to winter climate, will affect the ecosystem services of alpine, arctic and boreal areas, and how these services are driven by vegetation–soil feedbacks. One fruitful avenue for studying such changing feedbacks is through plant functional traits, as an understanding of these traits may help us to understand and synthesise (1) responses of vegetation (through ‘response traits’ and ‘specific response functions’ of each species) to winter climate and (2) the effects of changing vegetation composition (through ‘effect traits’ and ‘specific effect functions’ of each species) on soil functions. It is the relative correspondence of variation in response and effect traits that will provide useful data on the impacts of winter climate change on carbon and nutrient cycling processes. Here we discuss several examples of how the trait‐based, response–effect framework can help scientists to better understand the effects of winter warming on key ecosystem functions in cold biomes. These examples support the view that measuring species for their response and effect traits, and how these traits are linked across species through correspondence of variation in specific response and effects functions, may be a useful approach for teasing out the contribution of changing vegetation composition to winter warming effects on ecosystem functions. This approach will be particularly useful when linked with ecosystem‐level measurements of vegetation and process responses to winter warming along natural gradients, over medium time scales in given sites or in response to experimental climate manipulations.
Rasch Trees: A New Method for Detecting Differential Item Functioning in the Rasch Model
Authors: Strobl Carolin , Kopf Julia , Zeileis Achim
Published: December 2013

A variety of statistical methods have been suggested for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) in the Rasch model. Most of these methods are designed for the comparison of pre-specified focal and reference groups, such as males and females. Latent class approaches, on the other hand, allow the detection of previously unknown groups exhibiting DIF. However, this approach provides no straightforward interpretation of the groups with respect to person characteristics. Here, we propose a new method for DIF detection based on model-based recursive partitioning that can be considered as a compromise between those two extremes. With this approach it is possible to detect groups of subjects exhibiting DIF, which are not pre-specified, but result from combinations of observed covariates. These groups are directly interpretable and can thus help generate hypotheses about the psychological sources of DIF. The statistical background and construction of the new method are introduced by means of an instructive example, and extensive simulation studies are presented to support and illustrate the statistical properties of the method, which is then applied to empirical data from a general knowledge quiz. A software implementation of the method is freely available in the R system for statistical computing.
Property Law and Social Morality
Authors: Gerhart Peter M.
Published: December 2013

Property Law and Social Morality develops a theory of property that highlights the social construction of obligations that individuals owe each other. By viewing property law through the lens of obligations rather than through the lens of rights, the author affirms the existence of important property rights (when no obligation to another exists) and defines the scope of those rights (when an obligation to another does exist). By describing the scope of the decisions that individuals are permitted to make and the requirements of other-regarding decisions, the author develops a single theory to explain the dynamics of private and common property, including exclusion, nuisance, shared decision making, and decision making over time. The development of social recognition norms adds to our understanding of property evolution, and the principle of equal freedom underlying social recognition that limit government interference with property rights.