bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into Hydration Kinetics of Cement Pastes Evaluated by Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Effects of Super-Absorbent Polymer as Internal Curing Agent and Calcium Oxide as Expansive Agent
Authors: Liu Meixin , Hu Yuan , Li Jing , Liu Xiaolin , Sun Huiwen , Di Yunfei , Wu Xia , Zhang Junyi
Published: February 2025

Understanding the hydration kinetics of cement paste is essential for adjusting the early-age performance of concrete. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) has emerged as an innovative technique to evaluate cement hydration progress by analyzing the evolution of transverse relaxation time (T2) signals. This study provides insights into the influence of a super-absorbent polymer (SAP) as an internal curing agent and calcium oxide (CaO) as an expansive agent (EA) on LF-NMR spectroscopy of cement paste for the first time. The chemical compositions of the cement and CaO-based EA were determined by X-ray fluorescence, while the morphological characterizations of the cement, SAP and CaO-based EA materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the extreme points in the first-order derivatives of the T2 signal maximum amplitude curve, the hydration progress was analyzed and identified with four stages in detail. The results showed that the use of the SAP with a higher content retarded the hydration kinetics more evidently at a very early age, thus prolonging the duration of the induction and acceleration stages. The use of the CaO-based EA shortened the induction, acceleration and deceleration stages, which verified its promotion of hydration kinetics in the presence of the SAP. The combination of 3 wt% SAP and 2 wt% CaO consumed more water content synergistically in the first 100 h by hydration reactions. These findings revealed the roles of SAP and CaO-based EA (commonly adopted for low-shrinkage concrete) in adjusting hydration parameters and the microstructure evolution of cement-based materials, which would further offer fundamental knowledge for the early-age cracking control of concrete structures.
The Effect of Different Thermomechanical Treatments on the Metastable Phase in a Cu-Ni-Be Alloy
Authors: Xu Jinwen , Yuan Qinde , Jia Junbo , Wang Tianhong , Shen Yubo , Zhu Zhiyuan
Published: February 2025

This study primarily investigated the microstructural and mechanical properties of Cu-Ni-Be alloys subjected to thermomechanical treatments at 30% and 75% deformation levels. Precipitates in Cu-Ni-Be alloys are dominated by Ni-Be phases. The misfit between the Ni-Be phase/Cu interface is 0.12%. Experimental observations have revealed the existence of three classical orientation relationships between precipitates and the matrix: (110)p//(100)α; [110]p//[001]α, (110)p//(010)α; [110]p//[001]α, and (110)p//(100)α; [001]p//[001]α (p: precipitates, α: α-Cu supersaturated solid solution). Additionally, a fourth orientation relationship, (110)p//(1-1-1)α; [110]gp//[1-1-1]α (gp: Guinier–Preston), induced by deformation, has also been identified. The width of the second phase was found to be two to three atomic layers. Under 75% deformation, a substantial amount of the γ′ phase emerged at grain boundaries. Notably, at neither 30% nor 75% deformation levels were prominent cellular structures observed.
Comparison of Automation-Supported and Conventional Methods for Measuring Energy Consumption in Computer Numerical Control Machining
Authors: Zurnacı Erman , Uzuner Sabri , Nas Engin
Published: February 2025

Optimizing energy consumption in machining processes is critical for achieving sustainable manufacturing. This study introduces an Automation-Supported measurement approach that integrates a custom power analyzer with real-time data logging and visualization capabilities to accurately measure energy usage during CNC (computer numerical control) operations. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the independent samples t-test and Taguchi analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method against traditional measurement techniques. The results revealed that there is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the current measurements across X, Z, and spindle motors between the proposed and conventional methods. The advanced method based on automation reduced the error rate in measuring spindle motor power consumption due to the selection of processing parameters from 34.17% to 2.7%. Additionally, Taguchi analysis demonstrated that the measurement method influenced the optimization of machining parameters, with S/N ratio improvements observed. These findings confirm that the proposed method enhances energy efficiency, reduces environmental impact, and supports sustainable manufacturing practices.
Stochastic Zeroth-Order Multi-Gradient Algorithm for Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Li Zhihao , Wu Qingtao , Zhang Moli , Wang Lin , Ge Youming , Wang Guoyong
Published: February 2025

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) has become an important method in machine learning, which involves solving multiple competing objective problems simultaneously. Nowadays, many MOO algorithms assume that gradient information is easily available and use this information to optimize functions. However, when encountering situations where gradients are not available, such as black-box functions or non-differentiable functions, these algorithms become ineffective. In this paper, we propose a zeroth-order MOO algorithm named SZMG (stochastic zeroth-order multi-gradient algorithm), which approximates the gradient of functions by finite difference methods. Meanwhile, to avoid conflicting gradients between functions and reduce stochastic multi-gradient direction bias caused by stochastic gradients, an SGD-type method is adopted to acquire weight parameters. Under the non-convex setting and mild assumptions, the convergence rate is established for the SZMG algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the SZMG algorithm.
Antiaging Potential of Lipophilic Extracts of Caulerpa prolifera
Authors: Rosa Gonçalo P. , Barreto Maria Carmo , Seca Ana M. L. , Pinto Diana C. G. A.
Published: February 2025

The cosmeceutical industry has increasingly turned its attention to marine macroalgae, recognizing their significant bioactive potential as sources of natural compounds for skincare applications. A growing number of products now incorporate extracts or isolated compounds from various macroalgae species. However, many species remain underexplored, highlighting a valuable opportunity for further research. Among these, Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) J.V. Lamouroux has emerged as a promising candidate for cosmeceutical applications. This study provides the most comprehensive phytochemical assessment of C. prolifera to date, revealing its potential as a source of bioactive extracts and compounds. The analysis identified key components of its lipophilic profile, predominantly saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, alongside di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate—an endocrine disruptor potentially biosynthesized or bioaccumulated by the algae. While the crude extract exhibited moderate tyrosinase inhibitory activity, its overall antioxidant capacity was limited. Fractionation of the extract, however, yielded subfractions with distinct bioactivities linked to changes in chemical composition. Notably, enhanced inhibitory activities against elastase and collagenase were observed in subfractions enriched with 1-octadecanol and only traces of phthalate. Conversely, antioxidant activity diminished with the loss of specific compounds such as β-sitosterol, erucic acid, nervonic acid, and lignoceric acid. This work advances the understanding of the relationship between the chemical composition of C. prolifera and its bioactivities, emphasizing its potential as a source of cosmeceutical ingredients, leading to a more comprehensive valorization of this macroalga.
Mathematical Modeling and Artificial Intelligence to Explore Connections Between Glaucoma and the Gut Microbiome
Authors: Rocks Madeline C. , Bhatnagar Priyanka , Verticchio Vercellin Alice , Sala Lorenzo , Siesky Brent , Antman Gal , Wood Keren , Sacco Riccardo , Harris Alon
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most prevalent form. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-known risk factor for POAG, emerging evidence suggests that the human gut microbiome may also play a role in the disease. This review synthesizes current findings on the relationship between gut microbiome and glaucoma, with a focus on mathematical modeling and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to uncover key insights. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar, covering studies from its inception to 1 August 2024. Selected studies included basic science, observational research, and those incorporating mathematical-related models. Results: Traditional statistical and machine learning approaches, such as random forest regression and Mendelian randomization, have identified associations between specific microbiota and POAG features. These findings highlight the potential of AI to explore complex, nonlinear interactions in the gut–eye axis. However, limitations include variability in study designs and a lack of integrative, mechanistic models. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence supports the existence of a gut–eye axis influencing POAG disease. Combining data-driven and mechanism-driven models with AI could identify therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies in diverse populations and integrate physiological data to improve model accuracy and clinical relevance. Furthermore, physics-based models could deepen our mechanistic understanding of the gut–eye axis in glaucoma, advancing beyond associative findings to actionable insights.
Gold Leaching from an Auriferous Ore by Alkaline Thiosulfate–Glycine–Copper Solution
Authors: Redrovan Alex S. , Torre Ernesto de la , Aragón-Tobar Carlos F.
Published: February 2025

The thiosulfate–glycine–copper system has emerged as a promising alternative for gold recovery, offering significant advantages over cyanidation and ammoniacal thiosulfate leaching. Recognizing the limitations of thiosulfate degradation in ammoniacal systems, this study focused on optimizing the thiosulfate–glycine–copper system for gold recovery using an auriferous ore with (10 g t−1) of Au. The ore was associated with aluminosilicates such as grossular (64%) and clinochlore (12%). Leaching conditions were systematically varied, including thiosulfate (0.5–1 M), glycine (0.3–1.75 M), copper sulfate (2–10 mM), pH (9.3–10.5), temperature (20–60 °C), 6 h, and potassium permanganate concentrations (0.004–0.04 M), and dosing intervals were also optimized. Thus, the best conditions were thiosulfate (0.7 M), glycine (1.75 M), copper sulfate (5 mM), pH 9.3, 60 °C, and permanganate addition every 2 h. This system achieved 89.3% gold recovery in just 6 h, comparable to cyanidation (89.8% in 24 h) and ammoniacal thiosulfate (58% in 6 h), but without generating toxic effluents, such as in the cyanidation process. Additionally, a gold dissolution mechanism was proposed, highlighting glycine’s role in stabilizing cupric ions and enhancing thiosulfate efficiency. This study underscores the thiosulfate–glycine–copper system as a sustainable and effective method for gold recovery.
Spatial Landscape Structure Influences Cross-Species Transmission in a Rabies-like Virus Model
Authors: Forero-Muñoz Norma Rocio , Dansereau Gabriel , Viard Francois , Acheson Emily , Leighton Patrick , Poisot Timothée
Published: February 2025

In this study, we simulated biologically realistic agent-based models over neutral landscapes to examine how spatial structure affects the spread of a rabies-like virus in a two-species system. We built landscapes with varying autocorrelation levels and simulated disease dynamics using different transmission rates for intra- and interspecies spread. The results were analysed based on combinations of spatial landscape structures and transmission rates, focusing on the median number of new reservoir and spillover cases. We found that both spatial landscape structures and viral transmission rates are key factors in determining the number of infected simulated agents and the epidemiological week when the highest number of cases occurs. While isolated habitat patches with elevated carrying capacity pose significant risks for viral transmission, they may also slow the spread compared to more connected patches, depending on the modelled scenario. This study highlights the importance of spatial landscape structure and viral transmission rates in cross-species spread. Our findings have implications for disease control strategies and suggest that future research should also focus on how landscape factors interact with pathogen dynamics, especially in those locations where susceptible agents could be more in contact with pathogens with high transmission rates.
Microwave-Assisted Doping Engineering Construction of Spinel-Structured Nonstoichiometric Manganese Cobaltite with Mixed 1D/2D Morphology for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Sheng Yuxuan , Sun Yin , Yan Jin , Wang Wei , Tan Shuhuang , Lin Yuchen , Wang Haowei , Liu Yichen , Xie Baotong , Sun Xiaoran
Published: February 2025

High-performance electrode materials are fundamental to improving supercapacitor performance, serving as key factors in developing devices with high energy density, high power density, and excellent cyclic stability. Non-stoichiometric spinels with phase deficiencies can achieve electrochemical performance that surpasses that of stoichiometric materials, owing to their unique structural characteristics. In this study, we used a microwave-assisted method to synthesize a high-performance non-stoichiometric spinel material with phase deficiencies, Mn0.5Co2.5O4, which displayed a wide potential window (1.13 V in a traditional aqueous three-electrode system) and high specific capacitance (716.9 F g−1 at 1 A g−1). More critically, through microwave-assisted doping engineering, nickel was successfully doped into the phase-deficient Mn0.5Co2.5O4, resulting in a spinel material, Ni−Mn0.5Co2.5O4, with significant lattice defects and a mixed 1D/2D morphology. The doping of nickel effectively promoted the high-state conversion of manganese valence states within the manganese cobaltite material, substantially increasing the quantity of highly active Co3+ ions. These changes led to an increase in the density of reactive sites, effectively promoting synergistic interactions, thereby significantly enhancing the material’s conductivity and energy storage performance. The specific capacitance of Ni−Mn0.5Co2.5O4 reached 1180.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, a 64.7% improvement over the original Mn0.5Co2.5O4; at a high current density of 10 A g−1, the capacitance increased by 14.3%. Notably, the charge transfer resistance was reduced by a factor of 41.6. After 5000 cycles of testing, the capacity retention stood at 79.2%. This work reveals the effectiveness of microwave-assisted doping engineering in constructing high-performance non-stoichiometric spinel-type bimetallic oxide materials, offering advanced strategies for the development of high-performance electrode materials.
Electroanalytical Approaches to Combatting Food Adulteration: Advances in Non-Enzymatic Techniques for Ensuring Quality and Authenticity
Authors: Tsopelas Fotios
Published: February 2025

Food adulteration remains a pressing issue, with serious implications for public health and economic fairness. Electroanalytical techniques have emerged as promising tools for detecting food adulteration due to their high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to field conditions. This review delves into the application of these techniques across various food matrices, including olive oil, honey, milk, alcoholic beverages, fruit juices, and coffee. By leveraging methodologies such as voltammetry and chemometric data processing, significant advancements have been achieved in identifying both specific and non-specific adulterants. This review highlights novel electrodes, such as carbon-based electrodes modified with nanoparticles, metal oxides, and organic substrates, which enhance sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, electronic tongues employing multivariate analysis have shown promise in distinguishing authentic products from adulterated ones. The integration of machine learning and miniaturization offers potential for on-site testing, making these techniques accessible to non-experts. Despite challenges such as matrix complexity and the need for robust validation, electroanalytical methods represent a transformative approach to food authentication. These findings underscore the importance of continuous innovation to address emerging adulteration threats and ensure compliance with quality standards.
Biocidal Properties of New Silver Nanoparticles Argirium SUNc® Against Food Hygiene Indicator Microorganisms
Authors: Mancusi Andrea , Egidio Marica , Proroga Yolande Thérèse Rose , Scotti Luca , Deigner Hans Peter , Di Maro Orlandina , Girardi Santa , Di Paolo Marika , Marrone Raffaele
Published: February 2025

Microbial resistance to conventional biocides is closely linked to the more complex problem of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the development of novel and highly antimicrobial effective disinfectants is encouraged. Due to their broad spectrum of action and low toxicity, Argirium Silver Ultra Nano Clusters (Argirium SUNc®), a new generation of silver nanoparticles, could be one of them. In this regard, the aim of the present work was to evaluate their biocidal properties in two different formulations against the hygiene indicator microorganisms potentially present in three different Italian food industries and to compare them with the chemical disinfectant most commonly used by operators for routine cleaning. Therefore, a series of microbiological swabs on different foodstuff contact surfaces were performed before and after the application of the solutions at each food company. The data showed that this novel nanomaterial was effective against all the parameters analyzed, being able to inhibit or reduce the growth of the tested microorganisms. Furthermore, in most cases, the two sanitizing solutions tested had a greater inhibitory power than the conventional disinfectant. For this reason, Argirium SUNc® has great potential to be used in the near future as a new-generation disinfectant, an alternative to conventional disinfectants that promote the spread of antibiotic resistance.
A Non-Destructive Search for Holocaust-Era Mass Graves Using Ground Penetrating Radar in the Vidzgiris Forest, Alytus, Lithuania
Authors: Reeder Philip , Jol Harry
Published: February 2025

The non-destructive geophysical testing method ground penetrating radar (GPR), along with satellite image and air photo assessment, a review of the existing literature sources, and Holocaust survivor testimony, was used to document the location of potential mass graves in Alytus, Lithuania. In World War II, six million Jews were murdered, as were as many as five million other victims of Nazi Germany’s orchestrated persecution. In the summer of 1941, 8030 Jews (4.70 percent of Lithuania’s Jewish population) lived in Alytus County, where the town of Alytus is located. It is estimated that over 8000 Jews were murdered in Alytus County, including nearly the entire Jewish population of the town of Alytus. The murder of Jews from Alytus County accounts for approximately 4.2% of the total number of Lithuanian Jews killed in the Holocaust. Survivor testimony indicates that several thousand Jews from both the town and county were murdered and buried in the Vidzgiris Forest about 1000 m from the town center. In 2022, field reconnaissance at locations in the forest, which appeared to be disturbed in a 1944 German Luftwaffe air photograph, indicated that these disturbances were associated with natural geomorphic processes and not the Holocaust. Analysis of GPR data that was collected using a pulseEKKO Pro 500-megahertz groundpenetrating radar (GPR) system in 2022 in the vicinity of monuments erected in the forest to memorialize mass graves indicates that no mass graves were directly associated with these monuments. The 1944 air photograph contained two roads that traversed through and abruptly ended in the forest, which was the impetus for detailed field reconnaissance in that area. A segment of a 150 m long linear surface feature found in the forest was assessed using GPR, and based on the profile that was generated, it was determined that this feature is possibly a segment of a much more extensive mass grave. Testimony of a Holocaust survivor stated that as many as three burial trenches exist in this portion of the forest. Additional research using non-destructive GPR technology, air photograph and satellite image assessment, and the existing literature and testimony-based data are required for the Vidzgiris Forest to better define these and other potential mass graves and other Holocaust-related features.
Simulation-Based Evaluation of V2X System with Variable Computational Infrastructure
Authors: Vladyko Andrei , Plotnikov Pavel , Tambovtsev Gleb
Published: February 2025

The issue of organizing efficient interaction between vehicle-to-everything (V2X) system elements has become increasingly critical in recent years. Utilizing V2X technology enables achieving the necessary balance of safety, reducing system load, and ensuring a high degree of vehicle automation. This study aims to develop a simulation system for V2X applications in various element placement configurations and conduct a numerical analysis of several V2X system interaction schemes. The research analyzes various methods, including clustering, edge computing, and fog computing, aimed at minimizing system losses. The results demonstrate that each proposed model can be effectively implemented on mobile nodes. The results also provide insights into the average expected request processing times, thereby enhancing the organization of the V2X system. The authors propose a model that enables the distribution of system parameters and resources for diverse computational tasks, which is essential for the successful implementation and utilization of V2X technology.
Slag Injuries to the Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear—A Systematic Review
Authors: Mangan Andrew R. , Farsi Soroush , Speed Olivia , Alsup Nickolas , Bareiss Anna , Dornhoffer John L. , Saadi Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Slag injuries in industrial settings pose risks of hearing loss and complications. The aim of this study is to provide specialists with a better understanding of the sequelae, treatment, and long-term outcomes that a patient may have following a slag injury to the tympanic membrane. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), multiple databases were queried for articles published from inception to 2023 describing Tympanic membrane injuries from welding. The publications were screened by two independent viewers. The Joanna Briggs Institute 2017 Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the quality of studies. Results: A total of 227 articles were identified, and 9 full-text articles were included in this review, comprising a total of 18 patients. The patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 75 years. Most commonly, patients were welding overhead in a tight working space, and none of the patients were wearing protective ear equipment in addition to their welding masks. Patients experienced otalgia (n = 10; 55%), hearing loss (n = 11; 65%), vertigo (n = 6; 35%), chronic otorrhea (n = 5; 29%), and facial paralysis (n = 4; 23%). A total of 12 patients (70.6%) required surgery, most requiring debridement of metallic foreign body multiple times, some undergoing surgery up to four years post-injury. Conclusions: Tympanic membrane injuries from welding are often overlooked. They cause hearing loss and facial nerve damage. Following a period of observation, sturdy reconstruction with cartilage grafting is recommended, given the poor vasculature and inflammation after this injury.
Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic Alphaviruses in Non-Human Primate and Mouse Models of Infection
Authors: Woodson Caitlin M. , Carney Shannon K. , Kehn-Hall Kylene
Published: February 2025

Encephalitic alphaviruses, including eastern, Venezuelan, and western equine encephalitis virus (EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV, respectively) are New World alphaviruses primarily transmitted by mosquitos that cause debilitating and lethal central nervous system (CNS) disease in both humans and horses. Despite over one hundred years of research on these viruses, the underpinnings of the molecular mechanisms driving virally induced damage to the CNS remain unresolved. Moreover, virally induced encephalitis following exposure to these viruses causes catastrophic damage to the CNS, and survivors of infection often suffer from permanent neurological sequelae as a result of sustained neuroinflammation and neurological insults encountered. Animal models are undoubtedly invaluable tools in biomedical research, where physiologically relevant models are required to study pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions. Here, we review the literature to examine nonhuman primate (NHP) and mouse models of infection for EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV. We provide a brief overview of relevant background information for each virus, including geography, epidemiology, and clinical disease. The primary focus of this review is to describe neuropathological features associated with CNS disease in NHP and mouse models of infection and compare CNS invasion and neuropathogenesis for aerosol, intranasal, and subcutaneous routes of exposure to EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV.
Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Bleomycin and Hesperidin Combination on A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells: Antiproliferative, Apoptotic, Anti-Angiogenic, and Autophagic Insights
Authors: Erdogan Mehmet Kadir , Ozer Guleser
Published: February 2025

Background: This study investigated the combined effects of hesperidin (Hesp), a natural flavonoid, with bleomycin (BL), a commonly used chemotherapy agent, on A549 human lung cancer cells. Methods: Key parameters assessed included cell viability, colony formation, and cell migration, alongside the expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers (p53, p21, Bax, cleaved PARP, and Beclin-1), VEGF levels, and caspase-3 activity. Results: The findings revealed that the Hesp + BL combination significantly amplified antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and autophagic effects compared to either treatment alone. The combination therapy effectively inhibited colony formation and cell migration while markedly reducing VEGF levels, indicating strong anti-angiogenic properties. Apoptotic markers such as p53, p21, Bax, and cPARP were significantly upregulated, with caspase-3 activity confirming robust apoptosis induction. Furthermore, autophagy was notably enhanced, as reflected by increased Beclin-1 expression. Conclusions: Synergistic interactions between Hesp and BL, validated through combination index analysis, underscore the therapeutic potential of this combination. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of the Hesp + BL combination as a promising strategy for lung cancer treatment, meriting further exploration in diverse lung cancer cell lines to validate and expand its applicability in developing novel therapeutic approaches.
Anti-Hyperalgesic Effect of Isopulegol Involves GABA and NMDA Receptors in a Paclitaxel-Induced Neuropathic Pain Model
Authors: Martins Deyna , Acha Boris , Cavalcante Mickael , Pereira Suellen , Viana Ana , Pinheiro-Neto Flaviano Ribeiro , Mendes Priscyla , Dittz-Júnior Dalton , Oliveira Francisco , Ventura Tatiana , Lobo Maria da Graça , Ferreirinha Fátima , Correia-de-Sá Paulo , Almeida Fernanda
Published: February 2025

Background: Neuropathic pain can be triggered by chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel (PTX). Management of pain is limited by drugs’ ineffectiveness and adverse effects. Isopulegol (ISO) is a monoterpene present in the essential oils of several aromatic plants and has promising pharmacological activities. Objectives: to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of ISO in a PTX-induced neuropathic pain model. Methods: the toxicity of ISO was evaluated in healthy and cancerous cells. Behavioral assessments were performed using the von Frey and acetone tests. We investigated the involvement of the GABAergic pathway, NMDA, TNF-α, and the release of GABA and glutamate in the presence of ISO. Results: ISO showed little or no cytotoxicity in U87 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In both acute and subacute treatment, ISO at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (* p < 0.05) increased the mechanical nociceptive threshold of neuropathic animals compared to the control group and reduced thermal sensitivity. Its action was reversed by pre-treatment with flumazenil and potentiated by the NMDA antagonist, MK-801. TNF-α and glutamate levels were reduced and GABA release was increased in the tests carried out. Conclusions: ISO shows low toxicity in neuronal cells and its association with PTX generated synergism in its cytotoxic action. The antinociceptive effect of ISO is due to activation of GABA and antagonism of NMDA receptors and involves the stabilization of neuronal plasma membranes leading to an imbalance in the release of neurotransmitters, favoring GABA-mediated inhibition over glutamatergic excitation.
Nano-Radiopharmaceuticals in Colon Cancer: Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Alkatheeri Ajnas , Salih Suliman , Kamil Noon , Alnuaimi Sara , Abuzar Memona , Abdelrahman Shahd Shehadeh
Published: February 2025

Colon cancer remains a significant global health challenge; however, the treatment outcome for colon patients can be improved through early detection and effective treatment. Nano-radiopharmaceuticals, combining nanotechnology with radiopharmaceuticals, are emerging as a revolutionary approach in both colon cancer diagnostic imaging and therapy, playing a significant role in the management of colon cancer patients. This review examines the use of nano-radiopharmaceuticals in the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer, highlighting current applications, challenges, and future directions. Nanocarriers of radionuclides have shown potential in improving cancer treatment, including liposomes, microparticles, nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and hydrogels, which are approved by the FDA. These nanocarriers can deliver targeted drugs into malignant cells without affecting normal cells, reducing side effects. Antibody-guided systemic radionuclide-targeted therapy has shown potential for treating cancer. Novel cancer nanomedicines, like Hensify and 32P BioSilicon, are under clinical development for targeted radiation delivery in percutaneous intratumoral injections. Although using nano-radiopharmaceuticals is a superior technique for diagnosing and treating colon cancer, there are limitations and challenges, such as the unintentional accumulation of nanoparticles in healthy tissues, which leads to toxicity due to biodistribution issues, as well as high manufacturing costs that limit their availability for patients. However, the future direction is moving toward providing more precise radiopharmaceuticals, which is crucial for enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer and reducing production costs.
History of Suicide Prevention with Lithium Treatment
Authors: Tondo Leonardo , Baldessarini Ross J.
Published: February 2025

Suicidal behavior is prevalent among individuals with psychiatric illnesses, especially mood, substance abuse, and psychotic disorders. Over the past several decades, lithium treatment in patients with mood disorders has been increasingly used to lower the risk of suicidal behavior. This overview considers that lithium treatment has the most abundant evidence of reducing suicidal behavior. It also examines the hypothesis that higher natural lithium levels in drinking water correlate with reduced suicide rates. We report findings from trials comparing lithium treatment with its absence, placebos, or alternative treatments for suicide prevention and address substantial challenges in such studies. The mechanisms behind lithium’s potentially protective effects against suicidal behavior remain uncertain. However, it is believed that lithium may produce anti-aggressive/anti-impulsive effects that directly contribute to anti-suicidal outcomes and mood-stabilizing effects that indirectly lead to the same results. Anti-aggressive/anti-impulsive effects may be obtained at the very low levels of lithium present in drinking water, whereas recurrence prevention may be attained at therapeutic levels.
Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Biomarker of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Tonello Stelvio , D’Onghia Davide , Di Ruscio Annalisa , Mora Silvia Maria , Vincenzi Federica , Caria Giulia , Fracchia Alessia , Vercellino Nicole , Bussolati Benedetta , Tanzi Adele , Rizzi Manuela , Minisini Rosalba , Sola Daniele , Scacchi Massimo , Mai Stefania , Pirisi Mario , Smirne Carlo , Grossini Elena , Cantaluppi Vincenzo , Comi Cristoforo , Murdaca Giuseppe , Colangelo Donato , Sainaghi Pier Paolo
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) are severe complications of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Currently, there are a few tests for early identification of these conditions, although they are invasive and time-consuming. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer a promising possibility for gathering information on tissue health. This study aims to characterize EVs in cases of systemic sclerosis complicated by pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: A cohort of 58 patients with SSc was evaluated, including 14 with pulmonary hypertension, 17 with pulmonary fibrosis, and 27 without complications. Additionally, 11 healthy subjects, matched for sex and age, served as a control group. EVs were characterized by using a MACSplex kit to analyze the expression of 37 membrane markers. Results: After the overall analysis, we show that EVs from SSc patients had higher expression of CD146, CD42a, and CD29 (p = 0.03, p = 0.02 and p = 0.05) but lower expression of HLA-ABC with respect to the control patients (p = 0.02). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that only CD42a has a significant association with the disease (p = 0.0478). In group comparative analyses (PAH, ILD, uncomplicated systemic sclerosis (named SSc no PAH no ILD), and controls), CD3 and CD56 were higher in PAH patients, with respect to the controls, ILD, and the group SSc no PAH no ILD (CD3: p = 0.01, p = 0.003, p = 0.0005; CD56: p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0002). HLA-DR showed higher expression in PAH patients with respect to ILD patients (p = 0.02), CD25 showed higher expression in PAH patients with respect uncomplicated SSc (p = 0.02), and CD42a showed higher expression in PAH patients with respect to the controls (p = 0.03); nevertheless, multivariate analyses demonstrated that only CD3 retained its association with PAH. Conclusions: The expression of CD42a, a platelet-derived marker indicating endothelial damage, suggests its potential to provide information on the state of the microcirculation in systemic sclerosis. The higher expression of CD3 on the surface of the EVs in PAH patients might indicate increased T-cell activity in tissues, with a possible association with the development of pulmonary hypertension.
High-Efficiency Lithium Niobate Electro-Optic Modulator with Barium Titanate Cladding on Quartz
Authors: Liu Hongkang , Li Jianping , Zheng Weiqin , Chen Zixin , Zhang Jianbo , Qin Yuwen
Published: February 2025

The thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN)-based electro-optic (EO) modulator is one of the most important devices for optical communications in terms of the advantages of low voltages and large bandwidth. However, the large size of devices limits their applicability in large-scale integrated optical systems, posing a key challenge in maintaining performance advantages under restricted design space. In this paper, we propose a novel TFLN modulator on a quartz substrate incorporating barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) as the cladding material. The device is designed with silicon–lithium niobate (Si-LN) hybrid waveguides for operation at a wavelength of 1.55 µm. After theoretical analysis and parameter optimization, the proposed 10 mm long modulator demonstrates high-efficiency modulation, featuring a low half-wave voltage-length product of 1.39 V·cm, a broad 3 dB EO bandwidth of 152 GHz, and low optical loss. This theoretical model provides a novel design solution for TFLN modulators on quartz substrates. Moreover, it is a promising solution for enhancing the integration of photonic devices on the TFLN platform.
Differences in Accumulation of Rare Earth Elements by Plants Cultivated in Soil and Substrates from Industrial Waste Materials
Authors: Gmur Dominika , Siebielec Grzegorz , Pecio Monika
Published: February 2025

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the differences in the uptake and accumulation of rare earth elements (REEs) between selected plant species and the substrates used (soil with increased REE content, ash, and smelter waste). Eight plant species were included in the study: common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), false mayweed (Triplerosperum maritimum), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), marigold (Tagetes sp.), maize (Zea mays), white mustard (Sinapis alba), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and autumn fern (Dryopteris erythrosora). The study focused on the following REE representatives: lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), europium (Eu), and gadolinium (Gd). Plant samples, divided into roots and shoots, were analyzed by ICP-MS. The obtained REE concentrations in plant tissues ranged from 9 to 697 µg kg−1 (La), 10 to 1518 µg kg−1 (Ce), 9 to 69 µg kg−1 (Eu), and 9 to 189 µg kg−1 (Gd). To determine the ability of plants to phytoextract REE, two factors were calculated: the translocation factor (TF) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF). The highest TF value was obtained for D. erythrosora growing on a substrate consisting of soil with increased REE content (Gd, TF = 4.03). Additionally, TF > 1 was obtained for all REEs in T. pratense L. In the experiment, the BCF was lower than 1 for all the plants tested. The study provided insight into the varying ability of plants to accumulate REEs, depending on both the plant species and the chemical properties of the substrate.
Optimal Dispatch for Electric-Heat-Gas Coupling Multi-Park Integrated Energy Systems via Nash Bargaining Game
Authors: Shao Xuesong , Huang Yixuan , Duan Meimei , Fang Kaijie , He Xing
Published: February 2025

To improve the energy utilization rate and realize the low-carbon emission of a park integrated energy system (PIES), this paper proposes an optimal operation strategy for multiple PIESs. Firstly, the electrical power cooperative trading framework of multiple PIESs is constructed. Secondly, the hydrogen blending mechanism and carbon capture system and power-to-gas system joint operation model are introduced to establish the model of each PIES. Then, based on the Nash bargaining game theory, a multi-PIES cooperative trading and operation model with electrical power cooperative trading is constructed. Then, the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is used to solve the two subproblems. Finally, case studies analysis based on scene analysis is performed. The results show that the cooperative operation model reduces the total cost of a PIES more effectively compared with independent operation. Meanwhile, the efficient utilization and production of hydrogen are the keys to achieve carbon reduction and an efficiency increase in a PIES.
Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Intelligent Packaging for Food Preservation: A Review
Authors: Mkhari Tshamisane , Adeyemi Jerry O. , Fawole Olaniyi A.
Published: February 2025

The advancement of intelligent packaging technologies has emerged as a pivotal innovation in the food industry, significantly enhancing food safety and preservation. This review explores the latest developments in the fabrication of intelligent packaging, with a focus on applications in food preservation. Intelligent packaging systems, which include sensors, indicators, and RFID technologies, offer the real-time monitoring of food quality and safety by detecting changes in environmental conditions and microbial activity. Innovations in nanotechnology, bio-based materials, and smart polymers have led to the development of eco-friendly and highly responsive packaging solutions. This review underscores the role of active and intelligent packaging components—such as oxygen scavengers, freshness indicators, and antimicrobial agents in extending shelf life and ensuring product integrity. Moreover, it highlights the transformative potential of intelligent packaging in food preservation through the examination of recent case studies. Finally, this review provides a comprehensive overview of current trends, challenges, and potential future directions in this rapidly evolving field.
Catholic Martyrs and Canon Law: Reassessing the Meaning of Hagiographic Texts in Philip II’s Spain
Authors: Feola Vittoria
Published: February 2025

This essay is about the uses of martyrdom works in Spain and among Elizabethan English Catholics with special reference to their beatification cause by the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints. There are two related points in this essay. First, Spanish martyrdom was more about fighting the Turks than fighting the Protestant English; secondly, hagiographic texts were more about submitting evidence to Rome for classification as a martyr than overthrowing the English government. We need to consider these two issues together if we are to better understand that the story of Spanish Catholic martyrs is really not about a larger narrative of Catholics v. Protestants, especially English Protestants. I argue, first, that late sixteenth-century European works about martyrdom reflected competing definitions of the experience. This diversity cannot be summarised in Protestant vs. Catholic definitions of martyrdom, as has been argued so far. I will show that, within Catholicism, there were two main definitions of martyrdom: first, that which focused on Christian martyrs in relation to other faiths, especially Islam; and, secondly, that which focused on Catholic martyrs in relation to Protestant heretics. I will use Spanish evidence about the former and English and Italian evidence about the latter. Further, I will demonstrate that, within Counterreformation Catholicism, Canon law definitions and beatification procedures impacted the production and uses of martyrdom works both in Spain as well as among English Catholics who were implicated in the Impresa d’Inghilterra during Philip II’s reign. Secondly, I argue that the historiographical debate about whether Elizabethan English Catholics who were tried for treason died for their faith or, indeed, for treason, has been missing the point. I will show, first, that it is reasonable to state they died as martyrs according to Canon law and for treason according to common law; secondly, that most Catholic works about their martyrdom have been wrongly regarded as either hagiographical or aimed at keeping the old faith alive among exiles. New research about the Elizabethan Catholic martyrs conducted in previously ignored Roman archives reveals the importance of martyrdom literature for legal reasons. This essay begins to fill the gap about some of the legal uses of martyrdom literature which the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints needs in order to instruct and rule on beatification causes.
God Dwelling in the Clouds: The Dionysian Idea of the Triple Divine Darkness
Authors: Nie Jiansong
Published: February 2025

The God on Mount Sinai is the most widely used figure in Christian Negative Theology, with Dionysius Areopagita being its most famous interpreter. As Denys Turner described in his work The Darkness of God, the Dionysian God dwelling in the darkness has an intimate relationship with the Sun in the “Cave Allegory” of Plato’s Republic. This paper clarifies the complex relationship between these two figures, which remains largely underexplored in Turner’s book. The Dionysian God has three kinds of divine darkness: the first one stems from the Neoplatonist Porphyrius, who reinterpreted the darkness of the Cave to defend a Platonic positive view of the material world; the second one is attributed to Church Father Origen, who applied the Platonic philosophy to re-interpret the God on Mount Sinai; and finally, the last divine darkness, inspired by the Life of Moses, written by Gregory of Nyssa, which reaches the ultimate negation of any light.
Research on the Algorithm of Lake Surface Height Inversion in Qinghai Lake Based on Sentinel-3A Altimeter
Authors: Chen Chuntao , Li Xiaoqing , Zhu Jianhua , Peng Hailong , Xue Youhua , Zhai Wanlin , Lin Mingsen , Zhang Yufei , Liu Jiajia , Zhao Yili
Published: February 2025

Lakes are a crucial component of inland water bodies, and changes in their water levels serve as key indicators of global climate change. Traditional methods of lake water level monitoring rely heavily on hydrological stations, but there are problems such as regional representativeness, data stability, and high maintenance costs. The satellite altimeter is an essential tool in lake research, with the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) altimeter offering a high spatial resolution. This enables precise and quantitative observations of lake water levels on a large scale. In this study, we used Sentinel-3A SAR Radar Altimeter (SRAL) data to establish a more reasonable lake height inversion algorithm for satellite-derived lake heights. Subsequently, using this technology, a systematic analysis study was conducted with Qinghai Lake as the case study area. By employing regional filtering, threshold filtering, and altimeter range filtering techniques, we obtained effective satellite altimeter height measurements of the lake surface height. To enhance the accuracy of the data, we combined these measurements with GPS buoy-based geoid data from Qinghai Lake, normalizing lake surface height data from different periods and locations to a fixed reference point. A dataset based on SAR altimeter data was then constructed to track lake surface height changes in Qinghai Lake. Using data from the Sentinel-3A altimeter’s 067 pass over Qinghai Lake, which has spanned 96 cycles since its launch in 2016, we analyzed over seven years of lake surface height variations. The results show that the lake surface height exhibits distinct seasonal patterns, peaking in September and October and reaching its lowest levels in April and May. From 2016 to 2023, Qinghai Lake showed a general upward trend, with an increase of 2.41 m in lake surface height, corresponding to a rate of 30.0 cm per year. Specifically, from 2016 to 2020, the lake surface height rose at a rate of 47.2 cm per year, while from 2020 to 2022, the height remained relatively stable.