bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Ischemic Stroke Outcomes and Patient and Hospital Characteristics by Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Hanchate Amresh D. , Schwamm Lee H. , Huang Wei , Hylek Elaine M.
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—

Current literature provides mixed evidence on disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status in discharge outcomes after hospitalization for acute ischemic stroke. Using comprehensive data from 8 states, we sought to compare inpatient mortality and length of stay by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status.

Methods—

We examined all 2007 hospitalizations for acute ischemic stroke in all nonfederal acute care hospitals in Arizona, California, Florida, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Population was stratified by race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics) and socioeconomic status, measured by median income of patient zip code. For each stratum, we estimated risk-adjusted rates of inpatient mortality and longer length of stay (greater than median length of stay). We also compared the hospitals where these subpopulations received care.

Results—

Hispanic and black patients accounted for 14% and 12% of all ischemic stroke admissions (N=147 780), respectively, and had lower crude inpatient mortality rates (Hispanic=4.5%, blacks=4.4%; all
P
<0.001) compared with white patients (5.8%). Hispanic and black patients were younger and fewer had any form of atrial fibrillation. Adjusted for patient risk, inpatient mortality was similar by race/ethnicity, but was significantly higher for low-income area patients than that for high-income area patients (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.15). Risk-adjusted rates of longer length of stay were higher among minority and low-income area populations.

Conclusions—

Risk-adjusted inpatient mortality was similar among patients by race/ethnicity but higher among patients from lower income areas. However, this pattern was not evident in sensitivity analyses, including the use of mechanical ventilation as a partial surrogate for stroke severity.
Endoglin Deficiency in Bone Marrow is Sufficient to Cause Cerebrovascular Dysplasia in the Adult Mouse After Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Stimulation
Authors: Choi Eun-Jung , Walker Espen J. , Degos Vincent , Jun Kristine , Kuo Robert , Pile-Spellman John , Su Hua , Young William L.
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—

Bone marrow–derived cells (BMDCs) home to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced brain angiogenic foci, and VEGF induces cerebrovascular dysplasia in adult endoglin heterozygous (
Eng
+/−
) mice. We hypothesized that
Eng
+/−
BMDCs cause cerebrovascular dysplasia in the adult mouse after VEGF stimulation.

Methods—

BM transplantation was performed using adult wild-type (WT) and
Eng
+/−
mice as donors/recipients. An adeno-associated viral vector expressing VEGF was injected into the basal ganglia 4 weeks after transplantation. Vascular density, dysplasia index (vessels >15 µm/100 vessels), and BMDCs in the angiogenic foci were analyzed.

Results—

The dysplasia index of WT/
Eng
+/−
BM mice was higher than WT/WT BM mice (
P
<0.001) and was similar to
Eng
+/−
/
Eng
+/−
BM mice (
P
=0.2). Dysplasia in
Eng
+/−
mice was partially rescued by WT BM (
P
<0.001). WT/WT BM and WT/
Eng
+/−
BM mice had similar numbers of BMDCs in the angiogenic foci (
P
=0.4), most of which were CD68
+
.
Eng
+/−
monocytes/macrophages expressed less matrix metalloproteinase-9 and
Notch1
.

Conclusions—

Endoglin-deficient BMDCs are sufficient for VEGF to induce vascular dysplasia in the adult mouse brain. Our data support a previously unrecognized role of BM in the development of cerebrovascular malformations.
Post Stroke Use of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Clinical Outcome Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mortensen Janne Kaergaard , Larsson Heidi , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Andersen Grethe
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose—

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed after stroke. We aimed to investigate whether potential antiplatelet or vasospastic effects have important clinical implications.

Methods—

Using data from Danish medical registries, we did a nationwide follow-up study among ischemic stroke patients between 2003 and 2009. We identified 5833 SSRI users, and propensity score matched these patients with nonusers in a 1:1 ratio, followed by Cox regression analysis to compute hazard ratios (HRs) of acute myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, major bleeding, and death.

Results—

Median follow-up time (from 30 days after discharge to death/end of follow-up) was 1159 days. In total, 2.9% had myocardial infarction, 8.1% recurrent ischemic stroke, 20.2% major bleeding, 1.4% intracranial bleeding, and 34.4% died during follow-up. SSRI users had a lower risk of the combined outcome of myocardial infarction or recurrent ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 0.77; confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.96). However, the SSRI users also experienced a higher risk of overall major bleeding (adjusted HR, 1.33; CI, 1.14–1.55) and a nonsignificantly higher risk of intracranial bleedings (adjusted HR, 1.14; CI, 0.62–2.12). Mortality increased in SSRI users (adjusted HR, 1.13; CI, 1.00–1.28) and death caused by bleeding increased (adjusted HR, 1.89; CI, 0.97–3.66) as compared with death by other causes (adjusted HR, 1.11; CI; 0.98–1.26).

Conclusions—

SSRI use after ischemic stroke was associated with a lower risk of new cardiovascular events and also with an increased bleeding risk. There was an increased mortality among SSRI users, which may be related to the increased bleeding risk.
Leaders of spontaneous group movements influence whole-group social organization: an experimental study on grazing heifers
Authors: Della-Rossa Lia , Chadœuf Joël , Boissy Alain , Dumont Bertrand
Published: January 2013

Group-living animals have to reach consensus decisions through recruitment processes while collectively exploiting food resources in heterogeneous environments. In farming conditions, the group compositions are frequently modified, which can force the animals to readjust their collective strategies, e.g., when group leaders are removed. We, therefore, conducted a group-manipulation experiment for testing how the loss of the individual with the highest leadership score in spontaneous group movements is likely to influence decision-making and whole-group social organization. Observations were carried out in two groups of nine familiar heifers, as using animals of the same age-class simplifies the analysis of the proximate determinants of leadership. Under the hypothesis of distributed leadership, we expected the emergence of a new leader but no change in social relationships due to the stability of dominance hierarchy and affinities among the familiar remaining heifers. Both group leaders were heifers that had a low cohesion index and expressed few allogrooming interactions. Leadership did not relate to position in the dominance hierarchy. After removing the leader and replacing it with a familiar peer, the number of spontaneous group movements decreased by 40% in both groups, and no new leader emerged. Both groups maintained a structure after leader removal but the distribution of pairwise association was modified. Allogrooming interactions dropped by nearly 60% in one group and their overall distribution were modified in the other group. These findings demonstrate interrelations between various social traits — even in the case of same-age herbivore groups — and difficulties with rapidly reaching a new consensus for maintaining synchronized activity and group cohesion.
Sex and physiological state influence the rate of resource acquisition and monopolisation in urban free-ranging dogs, Canis familiaris
Authors: Mangalam Madhur , Singh Mewa
Published: January 2013

In animal populations, the constraints of energy and time can cause intraspecific variation in foraging behaviour. The proximate developmental mediators of such variation are often the mechanisms underlying perception and associative learning. Here, experience-dependent changes in foraging behaviour and their consequences were investigated in an urban population of free-ranging dogs, Canis familiaris by continually challenging them with the task of food extraction from specially crafted packets. Typically, males and pregnant/lactating (PL) females extracted food using the sophisticated ‘gap widening’ technique, whereas non-pregnant/non-lactating (NPNL) females, the relatively underdeveloped ‘rip opening’ technique. In contrast to most males and PL females (and a few NPNL females) that repeatedly used the gap widening technique and improved their performance in food extraction with experience, most NPNL females (and a few males and PL females) non-preferentially used the two extraction techniques and did not improve over successive trials. Furthermore, the ability of dogs to sophisticatedly extract food was positively related to their ability to improve their performance with experience. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that factors such as sex and physiological state can cause differences among individuals in the likelihood of learning new information and hence, in the rate of resource acquisition and monopolization.
Hot Off the Wiki
Authors: Keegan Brian , Gergle Darren , Contractor Noshir
Published: January 2013

Wikipedia’s coverage of breaking news and current events dominates editor contributions and reader attention in any given month. Collaborators on breaking news articles rapidly synthesize content to produce timely information in spite of steep coordination demands. Wikipedia’s coverage of breaking news events thus presents a case to test theories about how open collaborations coordinate complex, time-sensitive, and knowledge-intensive work in the absence of central authority, stable membership, clear roles, or reliable information. Using the revision history from Wikipedia articles about over 3,000 breaking news events, we investigate the structure of interactions between editors and articles. Because breaking article collaborations unfold more rapidly and involve more editors than most Wikipedia articles, they potentially regenerate prior forms of organizing. We analyze whether the structures of breaking and nonbreaking article networks are (a) similarly structured over time, (b) exhibit features of organizational regeneration, and (c) have similar collaboration dynamics over time. Breaking and nonbreaking article exhibit similarities in their structural characteristics over the long run, and there is less evidence of organizational regeneration on breaking articles than nonbreaking articles. However, breaking articles emerge into well-connected collaborations more rapidly than nonbreaking articles, suggesting early contributors play a crucial role in supporting these high-tempo collaborations.
A randomised controlled trial of the Flinders Program™ of chronic condition management in Vietnam veterans with co-morbid alcohol misuse, and psychiatric and medical conditions
Authors: Battersby Malcolm W , Beattie Jill , Pols Rene G , Smith David P , Condon John , Blunden Sarah
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the efficacy of the Flinders Program™ of chronic condition management on alcohol use, psychosocial well-being and quality of life in Vietnam veterans with alcohol misuse.

Method:

This 9-month wait-list, randomised controlled trial used the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥ 8 as the entry criterion. Intervention veterans received the Flinders Program plus usual care and controls received usual care. The primary outcome measure was AUDIT score at baseline, 3, 6 and 9 months. Secondary measures included quality of life, alcohol dependence (DSM-IV), anxiety and depression. All measures were repeated at variable trial end dates between 9 and 18 months in the intervention group.

Results:

Randomisation resulted in 46 intervention and 31 control participants. Intent-to-treat analyses showed AUDIT scores improved significantly from baseline to 9-month follow-up ( p = 0.039) in the intervention group compared to control group. The control group had 1.46 times the risk of alcohol dependence than the intervention group at 9 months ( p = 0.027). There were no significant differences between groups for secondary measures. Within-group analyses showed that both groups significantly improved in AUDIT ( p < 0.001), anxiety and depression ( p < 0.01), anger ( p < 0.001), and post-traumatic stress ( p < 0.01). Improvements in AUDIT ( p < 0.001) and alcohol dependence were maintained in the intervention group to 18 months.

Conclusions:

Use of the Flinders Program in addition to usual care resulted in reduced alcohol use, reduced alcohol dependence, and global clinical improvement in Vietnam veterans with risky alcohol behaviours and chronic mental health problems. The findings demonstrate that the Flinders Program provides a structured framework for delivering self-management support, case management and coordinated care for people with chronic conditions. This clinical approach has the potential to bridge the gap between physical and mental illness service delivery for people with long-term conditions in Australia.
Cooperative working towards family-centred health education in acute care: Improvement in client satisfaction
Authors: Bastani Farideh , Golaghaie Farzaneh , Farahani Mansoureh A. , Rafeie Mohammad
Published: January 2013

Objective:

To establish family-centred health education for patients in a neurosurgery unit and to evaluate its impact on patients’ and families’ satisfaction.

Design:

Cooperative participatory research through which a group of clinical nurses and an academic researcher engaged in cycles of action and reflection.

Setting:

The study was conducted in a 26-bed neurosurgery unit in a university hospital located in a central province of Iran.

Method:

Parallel mixed methods were used to gather and analyse the data. Qualitative data regarding existing health education practice among nurses were collected using focus group discussions. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify problems in context. Quantitative analysis using t test (two tailed) was also done to compare the scores of patients and their families’ satisfaction with the nurses’ educational activities before and after implementing the agreed action plans.

Results:

Three main hindering factors including intra-professional, inter-professional, and institutional factors were recognized as barriers to establishing family-centred health education. The satisfaction scores of patients and families with the nurses’ health education practices was significantly ( P < 0.001) improved after performing the action phases.

Conclusion:

It seems that improvement in patients and their families’ satisfaction indicated the success of the nurses in meeting health informational needs. Practical knowledge of health education practice was also enhanced through collaborative working.
Relationship Quality and Virtuousness
Authors: Stephens John Paul , Heaphy Emily D. , Carmeli Abraham , Spreitzer Gretchen M. , Dutton Jane E.
Published: January 2013

Virtuousness in organizations involves individuals and teams being resilient, or bouncing back from setbacks in ways that allow them to adapt and grow. In two studies, we focus on emotional carrying capacity (ECC), wherein relationship partners express more of their emotions, express both positive and negative emotions, and do so constructively, as a source of resilience in individuals and in teams. Study 1’s findings indicate that ECC is positively related to individual resilience and that ECC mediates the link between relationship closeness and individual resilience. Study 2’s findings indicate a similar pattern for resilience at the team level: ECC is positively related to team resilience and mediates the connection between trust and team resilience. Together, these studies provide insight into how emotional expression in relationships is a key mechanism in explaining resilience, a foundational element for the pursuit of long-term virtuousness for individuals and for teams.
Business under Fire
Authors: Brück Tilman , Naudé Wim , Verwimp Philip
Published: January 2013

In this article, we provide an introduction to the Special Issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution devoted to the impact of violent conflict on entrepreneurship in developing countries. First we note that there is insufficient attention in the literature on the impact of violent conflict on the firm or entrepreneur level. Then, after we define entrepreneurship and violent conflict, we provide a summary of the existing literature and give an overview of the contributions in this Special Issue. We conclude by noting policy implications and areas for further research.
Impact of Terrorism on Investment Decisions of Farmers
Authors: Singh Prakarsh
Published: January 2013

This article provides evidence for a particular channel through which sustained terrorism in rural areas may affect growth in developing countries. Using micro-level data from agricultural surveys during the period of insurgency in Punjab (India), I find significant negative effects of terrorism on the level of investment in long-term agricultural technology, but effects are small and insignificant for short-term investment. The presence of a major terrorist incident in a district in a year reduces long-term fixed investment by around 17 percent after controlling for district fixed-effects, time trends, district trends, and other farm-level controls. These negative effects are greater for richer farmers and those living in bordering districts. This results in a farmer losing close to 4 percent of his income annually because of the insurgency.
Foreign Aid as a Signal to Investors
Authors: Garriga Ana Carolina , Phillips Brian J.
Published: January 2013

Does development aid attract foreign direct investment (FDI) in post-conflict countries? This article contributes to the growing literature on effects of aid and on determinants of FDI by explaining how development aid in low-information environments is a signal that can attract investment. Before investing abroad, firms seek data on potential host countries. In post-conflict countries, reliable information is poor, in part because governments face unusual incentives to misrepresent information. In these conditions, firms look to signals. One is development aid, because donors tend to give more to countries they trust to properly handle the funds. Our results show that aid seems to draw FDI—however, this is conditional on whether the aid can be considered geostrategically motivated. We also show that this effect decreases as time elapses after the conflict. This suggests that aid’s signaling effect is specific to low-information environments, and helps rule out alternative causal mechanisms linking aid and FDI.
Allying to Kill
Authors: Horowitz Michael C. , Potter Philip B. K.
Published: January 2013

Terrorist organizations do not operate in isolation. Instead, they forge alliances with one another, which generate a tight network of intergroup relationships. We argue that these relationships serve to increase group capacity, manifesting itself in the ability of a group to conduct deadly attacks. However, groups are notably judicious when they forge these cooperative ties, preferring to link to the strongest groups to which they have access. The result of this process of preferential attachment is a core/periphery structure in the broader network of alliances. Moreover, groups with ties to organizations at the core of the broader universe of relationships reap more rewards than those with large numbers of less meaningful alliances. Terrorism research and counterterrorism policy should assess terrorist organizations in the broader context of their interrelationships and depth of alliances rather than in isolation.
Tracing the U.S. Deficit in PISA Reading Skills to Early Childhood
Authors: Merry Joseph J.
Published: January 2013

Why does the United States lag behind so many other countries on international education assessments? The traditional view targets school-based explanations—U.S. schools attract poorer teachers and lack the proper incentives. But the U.S. educational system may also serve children with comparatively greater academic challenges as a result of poorer social conditions. One way of gaining leverage on this issue is to understand when U.S. students fall behind their international counterparts. I first compare reading/vocabulary test scores for U.S. and Canadian children (ages 4-5) using National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979–Children and Youth (NLSY79) and Canada’s National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth (NLSCY). I then compare the magnitude of these differences to similar cohorts of students at ages 15 to 16 using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Findings indicate that while the Canadian advantage in PISA is substantial (0.30 standard deviation units), this advantage already existed at ages 4 to 5, before formal schooling had a chance to matter. I discuss the implications of this pattern for interpreting international test score rankings.
Sanctified and Commercially Successful Curses: On Gangsta Rap and the Canonization of the Imprecatory Psalms
Authors: Strawn Brent A.
Published: January 2013

The imprecatory psalms cause problems for modern theological sensibilities, raising the question (among others) of why they were canonized in the first place. The present article compares a similar “canonization” of violent speech in the phenomenon of gangsta rap generally, and in the rapper/actor/producer Ice Cube specifically. The reception of Ice Cube into mainstream and “family friendly” media attests to a dynamic in which an audience recognizes something of itself in extreme forms of speech and art. This recognition facilitates acceptance of what is, on the face of it, otherwise off-putting and socially uncouth. This dynamic can cast light on the canonization of the imprecatory psalms. The Psalter (and the Bible writ large), however, receives the imprecatory psalms within a larger field of reference—one with its own distinctive dynamic that serves to contain their violence in a way not replicated in gangsta rap. This “scripturalized” reception of the violent speech in the imprecatory psalms is thus a crucial difference between the two. At the same time, the commercial success of gangsta rap reveals much critique of the cursing psalms to be shallow and disingenuous, if not, in fact, a case of (Freudian) projection.
Job 28 and Modern Theories of Knowledge
Authors: Jones Scott C.
Published: January 2013

This article offers an interpretation of Job 28 in terms of modern theological discourse, with a focus on epistemology. The poem sets two ancient models of wisdom and knowledge in opposition: wisdom through individual exploration and wisdom through revelation. The first model finds its contemporary analogue in the Cartesian quest by a rational mind to possess objective knowledge. The second model, which the poem commends as its solution, is analogous to Michael Polanyi’s articulation of personal knowledge as submission to and embodiment of the superior knowledge of another.
Rebalancing the Poles in Mark C. Taylor’s (A)Theology
Authors: Nikkel David Henry
Published: January 2013

Mark C. Taylor’s After God offers resources for constructive theology, or (a)theology, as it develops an ontology of complexity. Taylor posits two poles pertaining to self-organizing wholes: (1) that of the formation of structures and (2) that of destabilizing or disrupting structures. While Taylor prioritizes the destabilizing pole, this article argues that this preference is misguided and offers a corrective intended to yield a more viable theology of complexity. It makes its case in terms of both theology/metaphysics and natural science. It concludes that when it comes to God or the divine, an equal valorization of the structuring and destabilizing poles commends itself, while in the case of finite creation, our experience of reality supports a priority to the structuring pole. Attendant to this second conclusion, Taylor’s position results in too close an entailment of the human with the divine. Finally, this article argues that Taylor’s emphasis on the destructuring pole discourages the most effective means to confront our contemporary situation “far from equilibrium,” a situation so well depicted by Taylor, namely, through reforming Christianity and other world religious traditions.
The Theologies of Black Folk in North America: Presidential Address to the American Theological Society, March, 2012
Authors: Paris Peter J.
Published: January 2013

In this article I argue that the black church tradition was born under the conditions of slavery more than two centuries ago for the purpose of proclaiming an alternative understanding of God and humanity from that of slave-holding Christians. As the socio-political conditions changed, however, the black churches revised their thought and practices in order to address the new challenges their people were facing. Yet they sought always to remain faithful to the liberating faith they had inherited from their ancestors. Consequently, this article classifies and discusses five types of theology in that tradition with variations within each of them namely: (1) the invisible theology of enslaved Africans; (2) the public theology of free Negroes in their independent churches; (3) the public theology of Martin Luther King, Jr.; (4) black theology in the theological academy; and (5) womanist theology in the theological academy. The article ends with a brief conclusion.
Searching for the Parallel Growth of Cities in China
Authors: Chen Zhihong , Fu Shihe , Zhang Dayong
Published: January 2013

Based on the parallel growth implications of the four urban growth theories (endogenous growth theory, random growth theory, hybrid growth theory and locational fundamentals theory), this paper uses Chinese city size data from 1984 to 2006 and time-series econometric techniques to test for parallel growth. The results from various types of stationarity tests show that city growth is generally random. Conditioning on growth trend and structural change, certain groups of cities with common location-specific characteristics, such as a similar natural resource endowment or policy regime, grow parallel in the long run, suggesting that locational fundamentals may have a persistent impact on city growth.
Carthage or Jerusalem? Princely Violence and the Spatial Transformation of the Medieval into the Early Modern City
Authors: Arnade Peter
Published: January 2013

This essay explores princely violence against cities and the transformation of the late medieval commune into the early modern city. Its consideration is European wide, with nascent Mexico City also studied, but its frame is the Burgundian-Habsburg urban world. Urban historians have long insisted that the transformation of the medieval commune into the Baroque city was a pivotal event in the history of modernity, the city a privileged site of and midwife to modernity. But the momentous change in civic life came not only because of the city’s commercial wealth, dense populations, and roaring economic might. Claims to political power, whether civic or princely, were enacted in the early modern city’s public places, with assertions of rulership performed at city gates, upon market spaces and other public squares, and through corporative and sacred symbols. In the early modern period, these civic spaces became marked as contested grounds, especially for those cities whose political boundaries were under the strain of dynastic rulers intent on better managing their subjects. My essay argues that princely violence against cities in the critical centuries from the late medieval to the early modern period sought to transform urban public space to better manage control over it.
School psychology in the Czech Republic: Development, status and practice
Authors: Kavenská Veronika , Smékalová Eleonora , Šmahaj Jan
Published: January 2013

This intensive exploratory research maps the working conditions of school psychologists in the Czech Republic. An electronic questionnaire consisting of 71 questions (58 quantitative, 13 qualitative) from nine fields was used as a research tool. The respondent sample ( N = 63; 53 females, 10 males) indicate that they are largely job-satisfied and there is significant statistical relationship between their job satisfaction and their acceptance by both management and teaching staff. Compared to prior years, these school psychologists appear more certain of their work identity.
The difference between living biblically and just imagining it: A study on experiential-based learning among Swedish adolescents
Authors: Rosenberg Patricia , Sikström Sverker , Garcia Danilo
Published: January 2013

As an assignment in their course on worldwide religions, a group of Swedish High School pupils followed 12 biblical rules for two weeks, while another group from the same school just imagined the experience. Groups were asked to reflect and write down either how it was (experience) or how it would have been (imagine) to follow the rules. By applying a semantic test, based on a Latent Semantic Analysis generated representation of the statements, we first found that the semantic representations of the written reflections differed between the experience and imagine groups, and between gender. Analysis of word frequency count suggests that the group that followed the rules were more likely to use words related to their task in their reflections, while the group that imagined the experience generated words related to themself and problems. The results suggest that the consequences of learning by experience might culminate in greater student engagement.
What Makes a Management Buzzword Buzz?
Authors: Cluley Robert
Published: January 2013

Would organizations function better if managers did not use buzzwords? This paper traces a history of buzzwords and highlights three ways they help managers. First, managers use buzzwords to claim authority. Second, managers use buzzwords to facilitate action. Third, managers use buzzwords to displace responsibility for hard decisions. The paper concludes that there are benefits to using buzzwords and managers should be conscious of them.
Institutionalization in the Context of Institutional Pluralism: Politics as a Generative Process
Authors: Yu Kyoung-Hee
Published: January 2013

Institutionalizing a new organizational template in a pluralistic environment where multiple institutional logics coexist entails unique challenges where actors must negotiate conflict and carry out integrative and adaptive work. This paper examines how organizational actors in a large service sector trade union managed to craft integrative processes out of contentious processes in institutionalizing a new organizational template. Recently, renewed attention has focused on politics as a means through which integration is achieved in organizations under multiple institutional pressures. However, we know relatively little about how politics achieves organizational integration in pluralistic contexts. This paper sheds light on how successful institutionalization processes actually unfold in organizations. While extant literature on intra-organizational political processes has depicted politics mainly as a zero-sum game, findings in this study suggest that politics can be a generative process through which organizations adapt to changing conditions.
Endoscopic Posterior Cricoid Split and Costal Cartilage Graft Placement in Children
Authors: Gerber Mark E. , Modi Vikash K. , Ward Robert F. , Gower Verlia M. , Thomsen James
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To review a multi‐institutional experience using endoscopic posterior cricoid split and costal cartilage graft (EPCSCG) placement in the management of pediatric bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI), posterior glottic stenosis (PGS), and subglottic stenosis (SGS).

Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary medical centers.

Methods

Review of all patients treated between 2004 and 2012 with EPCSCG placement in 3 academic and multispecialty group settings. The main outcomes measured include indications, complications, and outcome (need for additional procedures, decannulation rate).

Results

A total of 28 patients underwent EPCSCG. Age range at time of surgery was 1 month to 15 years (mean, 56 months). Overall, 25 of 28 were decannulated or never required tracheostomy, and 24 of 28 had adequate symptom control with mean follow‐up of 25 months. Twenty‐two patients had resolution of their symptoms without additional procedures. Sixteen patients had SGS in isolation or in combination with cricoarytenoid fixation, glottic stenosis, or vocal fold immobility. Decannulation and/or symptom control was achieved in 14 of 16. Three patients had isolated PGS or cricoarytenoid fixation with all achieving decannulation. Nine patients had isolated BVFI with 7 being able to achieve resolution of their airway symptoms, 5 without additional procedures.

Conclusion

This descriptive series shows a consistent outcome in more than double the number of cases previously reported in the previously published series. We believe that EPCSCG is an important option to have in the management of pediatric glottis/subglottic stenosis and bilateral vocal fold immobility.
Cerebellar Infarctions Mimicking Acute Peripheral Vertigo
Authors: Casani Augusto P. , Dallan Iacopo , Cerchiai Niccolò , Lenzi Riccardo , Cosottini Mirco , Sellari‐Franceschini Stefano
Published: January 2013

Objective

To determine the prevalence of cases of missed cerebellar stroke mimicking acute peripheral vertigo (APV), the so‐called pseudo‐APV, and to identify the clinical indicators useful for differentiating APV from cerebellar infarction that presents as isolated vertigo.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of cases of missed cerebellar infarction over the past 5 years. All patients had first undergone an otoneurological evaluation and computed tomography brain scan in the emergency department before a complete bedside examination was performed in our otoneurological unit.

Results

We identified 11 patients with pseudo‐APV (2.8% of all the cases presenting to our unit complaining of acute vertigo). Spontaneous nystagmus (of central type in 2 cases) was recorded in all patients. The Head Impulse Test was clearly negative in 9 cases. The duration of vertigo lasted more than 72 hours in 7 patients. In 4 patients, delayed neurological signs followed acute vertigo 2 to 3 days after the onset. Magnetic resonance imaging showed 8 cases of infarction in the posterior‐inferior cerebellar artery territory; in 1 patient, an involvement of the anterior‐inferior cerebellar artery territory was recorded; 2 patients showed a hemispheric ischemic cerebellar involvement.

Conclusions

Pseudo‐APV is not an uncommon diagnosis in otoneurological practice. The presence of moderate‐severe imbalance and the persistence of vertigo for more than 72 h from the onset, together with the results of bedside examination tests (spontaneous nystagmus and Head Impulse Test), are useful indicators for recognizing a cerebellar ischemic origin in cases of acute vertigo.
Using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 to Develop a Scale to Identify Test Anxiety Among Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lufi Dubi , Awwad Abeer
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this article was to describe an initial step developing a new scale to identify individuals with learning disabilities (LD) and test anxiety. Eighty-eight students answered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). The participants were drawn from the following three groups: (a) adults with LD and test anxiety, (b) adults with LD but no test anxiety, and (c) adults with no LD and no test anxiety. Each answer of the MMPI-2 was assessed using one-way ANOVA, and 37 items were selected. Additional ANOVA with both Bonferroni and Tukey post hoc tests at the .01 significance level reduced the new scale to 18 items. The final step assessed the reliability and convergent validity of the new scale with 18 items, by comparing it with the Test Anxiety Inventory. The authors discuss the relationship between the conventional classification of test anxiety (“Worry” and “Emotionality”) with the new scale.
Trash track – active location sensing for evaluating e-waste transportation
Authors: Offenhuber Dietmar , Wolf Malima I , Ratti Carlo
Published: January 2013

Waste and recycling systems are complex and far-reaching, but its mechanisms are poorly understood by the public, in some cases government organizations and even the waste management sector itself. The lack of empirical data makes it challenging to assess the environmental impact of trash collection, removal and disposal. This is especially the case for the global movement of electronic wastes. Senseable City Lab’s Trash Track project tackles this scarcity of data by following the trajectories of individual objects. The project presents a methodology involving active location sensors that were placed on end-of-life products donated by volunteers in the Seattle, Washington area. These tags sent location messages chronicling their journey, some over the course of a month or more. In this paper, the authors focus on the analysis of traces acquired from 146 items of electronic waste, estimating evaluating the environmental impact, including the travel distances and end-of-life treatments for the products. Combining this information with impact evaluation from the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Waste Reduction Model (WARM) allows for the creation of environmental impact profiles for individual pieces of trash.
Mitochondrial Depletion Causes Neonatal-Onset Leigh Syndrome, Myopathy, and Renal Tubulopathy
Authors: Lee Inn-Chi , Lee Ni-Chung , Lu Jang-Jih , Su Pen-Hua
Published: January 2013

The authors describe a newborn with postnatal myopathy who subsequently developed feeding difficulties, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, encephalopathy, and seizures. She became ventilator dependent after sudden apnea. The myopathy was without ragged red fibers in the muscle biopsy. An electron transport chain study showed a markedly generalized low level of enzyme activity, particularly in complexes I, I + III, and IV. An initial electroencephalogram finding was normal; subsequent electroencephalograms showed suppression bursts. The mitochondrial copy number in skeletal muscle was 2% of normal.
Mother-Child Agreement on Behavioral Ratings in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Termine Cristiano , Luoni Chiara , Selvini Claudia , Bandera Valentina , Balottin Umberto , Eddy Clare M. , Cavanna Andrea E.
Published: January 2013

In Tourette syndrome, motor and phonic tics are associated with a spectrum of psychiatric disorders. As proxy report instruments are commonly used to assess children with Tourette syndrome, we investigated the relationship between child and mother ratings of behavioral problems. We enrolled 28 children with Tourette syndrome (25 males; mean age, 13.9 years) and 61 gender- and age-matched healthy controls (55 males; mean age, 14.7 years). Clinicians completed measures of tic severity, and all children completed the Youth Self-Report version of the Child Behavior Checklist, while their mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist. In the clinical group, Youth Self-Report scores were significantly lower than mothers’ Child Behavior Checklist scores across the majority of subscales (especially affect and somatization). In contrast, for the control group, mother and child ratings only differed for the externalizing behavior subscales. Clinicians should be aware of these differences between self and mother ratings for specific behavioral problems in Tourette syndrome.
Cluster Headache in Childhood
Authors: Mariani Rosanna , Capuano Alessandro , Torriero Roberto , Tarantino Samuela , Properzi Enrico , Vigevano Federico , Valeriani Massimiliano
Published: January 2013

Childhood-onset cluster headache is an excruciatingly painful and distressing condition. A retrospective study was conducted on charts of patients referring to our Headache Center. Those diagnosed as cluster headache were selected. We identified 11 children (6 males and 5 females). The mean age of cluster headache onset was 10 years (range: 5-16). All children had episodic cluster headache. All children had unilateral orbital pain; 7 patients had throbbing pain, whereas 4 children complained stabbing pain. The mean duration of the attack was 86 minutes (ranging from 30 to 180 minutes). The frequency of episodes was between 1 and 4 per day. All children had the typical cluster headache autonomic features, such as lacrimation, conjunctival injection, ptosis, and nostril rhinorrhea. Steroids showed a good clinical efficacy in interrupting cluster headache recurrence. As symptomatic drugs, acetaminophen as well as ibuprofen were ineffective; indomethacin was effective in 1 case.
An Indian Boy With a Novel Leukodystrophy
Authors: Jauhari Prashant , Sahu Jitendra Kumar , Singhi Pratibha , Dayal Devi , Khandelwal N.
Published: January 2013

4H syndrome is a rare and distinct leukodystrophy characterized by hypomyelination, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hypodontia. Detecting signs of pubertal growth failure and abnormal dentition offer the clues to the diagnosis. We present an Indian boy with this novel syndrome with previously unreported feature of bilateral undescended testes. We also provide a brief overview of all published cases.
Sleep-Wake Cycling and Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism Among Critically Ill Neonates
Authors: Shellhaas Renée A. , Burns Joseph W. , Wiggins Stephanie A. , Christensen Mary K. , Barks John D. E. , Chervin Ronald D.
Published: January 2013

Among adults, wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, compared to non-REM sleep, require higher overall brain metabolism, but in neonates analogous data are not available. Behavioral states with higher metabolic demand could increase vulnerability to hypoperfusion or hypoxia in the compromised neonatal brain. Using cerebral oximetry (near-infrared spectroscopy), and simultaneous polysomnography, we evaluated whether brain oxygen metabolism varies by sleep-wake state among critically ill newborns. For each of 10 infants, sleep-wake cycling was detectable and cerebral oximetry varied ( P < .0001) across behavioral states, but the patterns differed among subjects. We conclude that cerebral oxygen metabolism varies with sleep-wake states in high-risk newborns. The direction and degree of these changes are variable and subject-specific in this initial sample, but could reflect or affect brain injury and vulnerability.
Alpha-Mannosidosis
Authors: Govender Rajeshree , Mubaiwa Lawrence
Published: January 2013

Alpha-mannosidosis is a rare lysosomal storage disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation. We describe a set of siblings with alpha-mannosidosis. The older child presented with a severe phenotype with multisystem involvement and had progressive deterioration in her motor and cognitive functioning. She had a poor outcome. The second child has a less severe disease course. He is being managed symptomatically only because of the family’s poor socioeconomic circumstances. Therapeutic options in this condition are limited to bone marrow transplant early in the disease course. These disorders, although rare, should be considered in the approach to a child with dysmorphism, developmental delay, skeletal deformities, and visceromegaly.
Drug–Vitamin D Interactions
Authors: Robien Kim , Oppeneer Sarah J. , Kelly Julia A. , Hamilton‐Reeves Jill M.
Published: January 2013

Extensive media coverage of the potential health benefits of vitamin D supplementation has translated into substantial increases in supplement sales over recent years. Yet, the potential for drug–vitamin D interactions is rarely considered. This systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the extent to which drugs affect vitamin D status or supplementation alters drug effectiveness or toxicity in humans. Electronic databases were used to identify eligible peer‐reviewed studies published through September 1, 2010. Study characteristics and findings were abstracted, and quality was assessed for each study. A total of 109 unique reports met the inclusion criteria. The majority of eligible studies were classified as class C (nonrandomized trials, case‐control studies, or time series) or D (cross‐sectional, trend, case report/series, or before‐and‐after studies). Only 2 class C and 3 class D studies were of positive quality. Insufficient evidence was available to determine whether lipase inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, antiepileptic drugs, highly active antiretroviral agents, or H2 receptor antagonists alter serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Atorvastatin appears to increase 25(OH)D concentrations, whereas concurrent vitamin D supplementation decreases concentrations of atorvastatin. Use of thiazide diuretics in combination with calcium and vitamin D supplements may cause hypercalcemia in the elderly or those with compromised renal function or hyperparathyroidism. Larger studies with stronger study designs are needed to clarify potential drug–vitamin D interactions, especially for drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for drug–vitamin D interactions.
An Assessment of the Determinants of University Technology Transfer
Authors: González-Pernía José L. , Kuechle Graciela , Peña-Legazkue Iñaki
Published: January 2013

We study the extent to which the characteristics of universities and technology transfer offices located within different regional contexts affect the transfer of scientific knowledge, both in the form of licensing and spin-off firm creation. By using data from Spain for the period 2005 to 2008, we show that technology transfer offices with more experienced and expert staff teams and universities with clearly established rules for creating academic startups and with higher patenting records are more likely to obtain better university technology transfer results (i.e., licensing and spin-off firm outcomes). Although the effects of R&D investment and venture capital available in the local region were not significant, the (subnational) regional context seemed to matter for explaining the variation in academic spin-off and licensing outcomes across universities.
Developments in stem cells: Implications for future joint replacements
Authors: Maclaine Sarah E , McNamara Laura E , Bennett Alan J , Dalby Matthew J , Meek Robert MD
Published: January 2013

Will stem cell research reverse the projected sevenfold increase in primary and revision knee replacements expected in the United States between 2005 and 2030? A focus on prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis may end the need for primary joint replacements. A more likely scenario can be described as slow and incremental changes in the prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis, accompanied by the continuing development of implant technology. Since the discovery of stem cells in the 1950s, research has increased exponentially. Expanded autologous chondrocytes, and more recently ex vivo expanded skeletal stem cells, are currently injected into osteochondral defects in the hope of regenerating cartilage and halting progression towards osteoarthritis. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells are being injected into human joints as a treatment for osteoarthritis despite a lack of quantitative research. Concurrently, stem cell research continues to contribute to chemical and topographical advancements in implant design. Advances in co-culture techniques mean it is possible that biologic articular replacements will develop prior to the cessation of the need for arthroplasty and radically change the nature of joint replacements. Whether it is through implant design or a potential cure for the pain attributable to osteoarthritis, as we hope to show in this ‘forward look article’, it is our opinion that stem cells will certainly impact future joint replacement.