bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can the Modes Theory of Religiosity Account for Mystical Traditions? An Empirical Study of Practitioners of Yoga and Meditation
Authors: Ketola Kimmo
Published: March 2009

One of the enduring problems in theories of religion is to explain why it often entails such a heavy investment of time and other resources without apparent prospects of immediate pay-off. This "costliness" of religion is especially salient in forms of religiosity known as mysticism and/or asceticism, both of which can be found in many religious traditions. The anthropologist Harvey Whitehouse's theory of the two modes of religiosity (or modes theory) attempts to explain costly and routinised religious practices by assuming that the frequent repetition of rituals serves the purpose of memorising religious teachings through activating the semantic memory. The present study tests the modes theory against an alternative hypothesis presented by Richard Payne that the repetition can be more fruitfully explained as an employment of effects produced by procedural memory involved in learning skills. The data examined here were obtained through questionnaire and interviews from contemporary Finnish practitioners of Hindu-based yoga and meditation. The results suggest that rather than activating semantic memory, the extremely high frequency practices found in Indian yoga can be more fruitfully explained as applications of procedures employing the effects of procedural memory. Mysticism may, thus, be regarded as cross-culturally recurrent pattern of religiosity precipitated by a number of mutually strengthening features.
Characterization of the interaction between Actinin-Associated LIM Protein (ALP) and the rod domain of α-actinin
Authors: Klaavuniemi Tuula , Alho Nanna , Hotulainen Pirta , Kelloniemi Annina , Havukainen Heli , Permi Perttu , Mattila Sampo , Ylänne Jari
Published: March 2009

Background

The PDZ-LIM proteins are a family of signalling adaptors that interact with the actin cross-linking protein, α-actinin, via their PDZ domains or via internal regions between the PDZ and LIM domains. Three of the PDZ-LIM proteins have a conserved 26-residue ZM motif in the internal region, but the structure of the internal region is unknown.

Results

In this study, using circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we showed that the ALP internal region (residues 107–273) was largely unfolded in solution, but was able to interact with the α-actinin rod domain in vitro, and to co-localize with α-actinin on stress fibres in vivo. NMR analysis revealed that the titration of ALP with the α-actinin rod domain induces stabilization of ALP. A synthetic peptide (residues 175–196) that contained the N-terminal half of the ZM motif was found to interact directly with the α-actinin rod domain in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. Short deletions at or before the ZM motif abrogated the localization of ALP to actin stress fibres.

Conclusion

The internal region of ALP appeared to be largely unstructured but functional. The ZM motif defined part of the interaction surface between ALP and the α-actinin rod domain.
Spectroscopic Study of Photoreduction by the Fourth Harmonic of Nd:YAG Laser in a Liquid–Liquid Extraction System
Authors: Saeki Morihisa , Sasaki Yuji , Yokoyama Atsushi
Published: March 2009

A new technique for the back-extraction using photoreduction by the fourth harmonic of Nd:YAG laser has been successfully demonstrated in a liquid–liquid extraction system composed of a 1-octanol solution of Eu3+(TODGA)n complex and water. The reduced product, Eu2+ ion, was stabilized by addition of 15-crown-5. The back-extraction process was investigated by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated slow diffusion of Eu2+(15-crown-5)m in the organic phase and fast transfer through the interface to the water.
Room-temperature Preparation of BaMoO4 Nano-octahedra by Microemulsion Method
Authors: Mi Yan , Huang Zaiyin , Zhou Zeguang , Hu Feilong , Meng Qiufeng
Published: March 2009

Uniform barium molybdate nano-octahedra with a mean edge length of 50 nm have been prepared in Triton X-100 water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions at room temperature. BaMoO4 nano-octahedra present tetragonal single crystals. The size of these nano-octahedra can be tuned conveniently by changing the reagent concentrations and the molar ratio of water and Triton X-100.
The Application of the Huang Method in the Analysis of Microwave Heating
Authors: Yang Xiao-Qing , Yang Li-Jun , Jia Guo-Zhu
Published: March 2009

In this paper, acetone iodation was carried out and the Huang method based on experimental results was employed to calculate the effective permittivity of acetone iodation system as a function of temperature and reaction time. The coupled electromagnetic field equations, reaction kinetics equations, and heat transport equation were solved to simulate the microwave heating on chemical reaction. Here, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method was used. Finally, the calculated results were compared with the measured results to verify this calculation. This method offers high potential applications in the explanation of some specific phenomena in the microwave heating on chemical reactions and instructs the design of microwave chemistry reactor.
Recognition of Monosaccharides with Energy-transfer Luminescence Using Residual Coordination Sites of Lanthanide(III)–4-Aminobenzyl-EDTA Complex in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Saito Shingo , Hikichi Atsushi , Kamura Takao , Hattori Kazuyuki , Aoyama Masakazu , Shibukawa Masami
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we present the luminescent lanthanide complexes, Tb3+– and Dy3+–4-aminobenzyl-EDTA as receptors for monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are recognized through their coordinate bonds and hydration bonds in alkaline aqueous solution by distinctive energy-transfer luminescence enhancement of the center metal ions. The stability constants of the ternary complexes formed with several monosaccharides, which are particularly sensitive in the case of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), were measured. A high stability constant for Neu5Ac was observed with an affinity of about 5000.
Electric Conduction Properties of Self-assembled Monolayer Films of Ru Complexes with Disulfide/Phosphonate Anchors in a Au–(Molecular Ensemble)–(Au Nanoparticle) Junction
Authors: Terada Keiichi , Kobayashi Katsuaki , Hikita Jiro , Haga Masa-aki
Published: March 2009

Electric conduction properties of SAM films of Ru complexes with disulfide or phosphonate anchors have been measured by Au-nanoparticle-assisted conducting probe atomic force microscopy. The I–V curves of these films were nonlinear, and the resistivities depend on the headgroups and the layered structure in ways that can be explained by the contact resistance and the insulating effect of the Zn–phosphonate interlayer in metal–molecule–metal junctions. Asymmetry in these films causes a rectification effect on the I–V response.
Stepwise Radial Complexation of Organic Molecules and Organic–Metal Hybrid Assembly in Dendritic Polyphenylazomethines
Authors: Fujii Atunobu , Ochi Yousuke , Nakajima Reina , Yamamoto Kimihisa
Published: March 2009

We found that triphenylmethylium tetrafluoroborate (TPM+BF4−) could be coordinated to the imine group of dendritic phenylazomethine (DPA) in stepwise radial fashion, which allows for control of the number and position of TPM and metals incorporated into the dendrimers. Organic–metal hybrid assembly was also achieved.
Institutional Repositories and Research Data Curation in a Distributed Environment
Authors: Witt Michael
Published: March 2009

Broadly speaking, the lack of a framework for organizing, preserving, and making research data available for the long term has resulted in valuable datasets becoming lost or discarded. The approach of the Distributed Data Curation Center of the Purdue University Libraries has been to integrate librarians and the principles of library and archival sciences with domain sciences, computer and information sciences, and information technology to address the challenges of managing collections of research data and to learn how to better support interdisciplinary research through data curation. One piece of infrastructure that supports these activities is a “distributed institutional repository” that includes electronic documents, digitized archival collections, and research datasets housed in multiple systems that are connected together using Web Services and other middle-ware. Concurrently, roles for librarians and institutional repositories in data curation are being explored.
Efficacy of Drinking‐Water Treatment Residual in Controlling Off‐Site Phosphorus Losses: A Field Study in Florida
Authors: Agyin‐Birikorang S. , Oladeji O. O. , O'Connor G. A. , Obreza T. A. , Capece J. C.
Published: March 2009

Land application of drinking‐water treatment residuals (WTR) has been shown to control excess soil soluble P and can reduce off‐site P losses to surface and ground water. To our knowledge, no field study has directly evaluated the impacts of land application of WTRs on ground water quality. We monitored the effects of three organic sources of P (poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids, Pompano biosolids) or triple superphosphate co‐applied with an aluminum‐based WTR (Al‐WTR) on soil and ground water P and Al concentrations under natural field conditions for 20 mo in a soil with limited P sorption capacity. The P sources were applied at two rates (based on P or nitrogen [N] requirement of bahiagrass) with or without Al‐WTR amendment and replicated three times. Without WTR application, applied P sources increased surface soil soluble P concentrations regardless of the P source or application rate. Co‐applying the P sources with Al‐WTR prevented increases in surface soil soluble P concentrations and reduced P losses to shallow ground water. Total dissolved P and orthophosphate concentrations of shallow well ground water of the N‐based treatments were greater (>0.9 and 0.3 mg L−1, respectively) in the absence than in the presence (∼0.6 and 0.2 mg L−1, respectively) of Al‐WTR. The P‐based application rate did not increase ground water P concentrations relative to background concentrations. Notwithstanding, Al‐WTR amendment decreased ground water P concentrations from soil receiving treatments with P‐based application rates. Ground water total dissolved Al concentrations were unaffected by soil Al‐WTR application. We conclude that, at least for the study period, Al‐WTR can be safely used to reduce P leaching into ground water without increasing the Al concentration of ground water.
Fuel cells and hydrogen economy
Authors: Barbir Frano
Published: March 2009

Fuel cells with applications ranging from power generation to transportation need hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen is not a source of energy, and hydrogen is not a readily available fuel. Hydrogen is more like electricity - an intermediary form of energy or an energy carrier. However, while electricity infrastructure is already in place, hydrogen infrastructure is practically nonexistent. It is this lack of hydrogen infrastructure that is considered to be one of the biggest obstacles to fuel cell commercialization. Commercialization of fuel cells, particularly for transportation and stationary electricity generation markets, must be accompanied by commercialization of hydrogen energy technologies, i.e., technologies for hydrogen production, distribution and storage. In other words, hydrogen must become a readily available commodity (not as a technical gas but as an energy carrier) before fuel cells can be fully commercialized. On the other hand, it may very well be that the fuel cells will become the driving force for development of hydrogen energy technologies. Fuel cells have many unique properties, such as high energy efficiency, no emissions, no noise, modularity, and potentially low cost, which may make them attractive in many applications even with a limited hydrogen supply. This creates what is often referred to as a 'chicken and egg problem' - does the development and commercialization of fuel cells come before development of hydrogen energy technologies or must hydrogen infrastructure be in place before fuel cells can be commercialized? Hydrogen as fuel cannot compete in today's market with the very fuels it is produced from (including electricity). Also, as any new technology, hydrogen energy technologies, such as fuel cells, are in most cases initially more expensive than the existing mature technologies, even when real economics is applied. Hydrogen energy technologies are expensive because the equipment for hydrogen production and utilization is not mass-produced. It is not mass-produced because there is no demand for it, and there is no demand because it is too expensive. This is a closed circle, or another chicken-and-egg problem. The only way for hydrogen energy technologies to penetrate into the major energy markets is to start with those technologies that may have niche markets, where the competition with the existing technologies is not as fierce and/or where they offer clear advantage over the existing technologies regardless of the price. Another push for commercialization may be gained through governmental and/or international subsidies for technologies that offer some clear advantages. Once developed, these technologies may help reduce the cost of other related hydrogen technologies, and initiate and accelerate their widespread market penetrations. This article discusses the role of fuel cells in the future Hydrogen Economy, and explores possible transition paths and strategies.
Fractal analysis of physical adsorption on surfaces of acid activated bentonites from Serbia
Authors: Rozic Ljiljana , Novakovic Tatjana , Petrovic Srdjan , Vukovic Zorica , Cupic Zeljko
Published: March 2009

Solid surfaces are neither ideally regular, that is, morphological and energetically homogeneous, nor are they fully irregular or fractal. Instead, real solid surfaces exhibit a limited degree of organization quantified by the fractal dimension, D. Fractal analysis was applied to investigate the effect of concentrations of HCl solutions on the structural and textural properties of chemically activated bentonite from southern Serbia. Acid treatment of bentonites is applied in order to remove impurities and various exchangeable cations from bentonite clay. Important physical changes in acid-activated smectite are the increase of the specific surface area and of the average pore volume, depending on acid strength, time and temperature of a treatment. On the basis of the sorption-structure analysis, the fractal dimension of the bentonite surfaces was determined by Mahnke and M?gel method. The fractal dimension evaluated by this method was 2.11 for the AB3 and 1.94 for the AB4.5 sample. The estimation of the values of the fractal dimension of activated bentonites was performed in the region of small pores, 0.5 nm < rp < 2 nm.
Public private partnership as a last resort for traditional public procurement
Authors: Bojovic Viktorija
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses recent changes in the way public services are delivered A marked increase in the cooperation between the public and private sector in the realization of complex projects, mostly concerning development of infrastructure, is the main characteristic of present-day developing economies. The creation of new, innovative agreements is driven by the limitation of public funds and an ever-growing demand for an increase in the quality of public services. Looking upon the western economies experience alternatives to the traditional public sector procurement are identified in the public/private partnership. The public/private partnership can be seen as one component in the rearrangement of the public sector with a management culture that focuses on the citizen or customer. Also included in this are accountability for results, investigation of a wide variety of alternative service delivery mechanisms, and competition between public and private bodies for contracts to deliver services consistent with cost recovery and the achievement of value for money. The partnership can be realized through an array of models and in this paper priority is given to the DBFO (design-build-finance-operate) model, due to its importance in implementation. The DBFO model is considered to be a synonym for the public/private partnership, as it is the most suitable for complex projects and gains the most benefits.
Serbian identity and the concept of Europeanness
Authors: Ristic Irena
Published: March 2009

Serbia is considered as "an unfinished state" with a rather "undefined Nation" and as such approaching the European Union. This raises the question to what extent these circumstances will influence the success of Serbia?s EU-integration process, since nation identity and statehood are in this article seen as constitutional parts of the concept of Europeanness. Thus this paper focuses on Europeanness and the identity behind it. It further gives an overview of the Serbian identity, first by presenting its dichotomy and then by highlighting the main factors, which have primarily shaped the identity of Serbia. Finally this paper shows why a clearly defined national identity would facilitate Serbia?s access to the EU.
Differences in Peak Bone Density Between Male and Female Students
Authors: Avdagić Selma , Barić Irena , Keser Irena , Cecić Ivana , Šatalić Zvonimir , Bobić Jasminka , Gomzi Milica
Published: March 2009

Differences in Peak Bone Density Between Male and Female Students

As an important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk, peak bone density tends to be higher in men than in women. The aim of this study was to see whether young men and women differed in the time and skeletal region of peak bone density. We also investigated the influence of diet and physical activity on bone mass. The study group included 51 male and 75 female students aged 19 to 25 years. Bone mineral density was measured for the spine, total femur, and the distal third of the radius using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary data were obtained using a specially designed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD; g cm-2) was higher in boys than in girls at all measured sites, while bone mineral apparent density (BMAD; g cm-3) was higher in girls. Age negatively correlated with bone mineral density in all measured sites except in the boys' spine. Sodium, protein, and fibres were nutrients that significantly correlated with bone mineral density. The study suggests that boys achieve peak bone density later than girls, and that this delay is the most prominent in the spine. In our study group, this difference could not be explained by different nutrition or the level of physical activity.
Evaluation of Oxime K203 as Antidote in Tabun Poisoning
Authors: Kovarik Zrinka , Vrdoljak Ana , Berend Suzana , Katalinić Maja , Kuča Kamil , Musilek Kamil , Radić Božica
Published: March 2009

Evaluation of Oxime K203 as Antidote in Tabun Poisoning

We studied bispyridinium oxime K203 [(E)-1-(4-carbamoylpyridinium)-4-(4-hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium)-but-2-ene dibromide] with tabun-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in vitro, and its antidotal effect on tabun-poisoned mice and rats in vivo. We compared it with oximes K048 and TMB-4, which have proven the most efficient oxime antidotes in tabun poisoning by now. Tabun-inhibited AChE was completely reactivated by K203, with the overall reactivation rate constant of 1806 L mol-1 min-1. This means that K203 is a very potent reactivator of tabun-inhibited AChE. In addition, K203 reversibly inhibited AChE (K
i = 0.090 mmol L-1) and BChE (K
i = 0.91 mmol L-1), and exhibited its protective effect against phosphorylation of AChE by tabun in vitro. In vivo, a quarter of the LD50 K203 dose insured survival of all mice after the application of as many as 8 LD50 doses of tabun, which is the highest dosage obtained compared to K048 and TMB-4. Moreover, K203 showed high therapeutic potency in tabun-poisoned rats, preserving cholinesterase activity in rat plasma up to 60 min after poisoning. This therapeutic improvement obtained by K203 in tabun-poisoning places this oxime in the spotlight for further development.
An Overview of the 1969-2007 Follow-up Study of Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing in Croatia and Pertinent Publications
Authors: Pavlović Mladen , Čorović Naima
Published: March 2009

An Overview of the 1969-2007 Follow-up Study of Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing in Croatia and Pertinent Publications

This article brings an overview of data collected in a follow-up study of chronic diseases in general adult population residing in inland and coastal Croatia, that was performed from 1969 to 2007. Despite the selection bias, the sample of volunteers examined in the last follow-up (2005 - 2007), now older than 70, remained as representative as in the previous three follow-ups (1969, 1972, and 1982). Here we report on the design of this prospective cohort study and on papers that have been published as a result. The obtained data could help in promoting healthy living and longevity. The results of our survey might also contribute to the development and implementation of national or international strategies and action plans intended to reduce health risks, and particularly to control and prevent chronic diseases.
Effects of Acid Washing and Additives on Qualities of Waste Lubricating Oil
Authors: Haque M Naimul , Miah M Yunus , Ashruf S Ali , Islam M Rafiqul , Das A Kumar
Published: March 2009

Waste lubricating oil has been reclaimed by treatment with commercial sulphuric acid followed by adsorption on fuller's earth. A maximum yield (75%) of reclaimed oil at acid- oil ratio of 10:100 with addition of 10% (w/v) fuller's earth has been obtained. Properties of reclaimed oil such as viscosity index, pour point, colour etc. have been improved from 93.4, +2, 5.0 to 109, -10.5, 4.0 by addition of certain proportion of additives. TGA analysis of waste lubricating oil, reclaimed oil and fresh lubricating oil has also been studied. The reclaimed oil obtained after addition of different types of additives is very comparable to SAE 30 grade lubricating oil in terms of properties and is applicable as a standard lubricant. Such a reuse of waste lubricating oil, in addition to its economic effect will help to reduce environmental problem. Key words: Lubricating oil, TGA analysis, Envirormentl problem and Vscosity index. Â Â Â Â  doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2243 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 529-536, 2008
tert.-Butylation of Toluene: A Statistical Study
Authors: Ismail Mohammad , Hanif Mohammad Abu , Galib Mirza , Saha Manoranjan
Published: March 2009

A statistical model was developed for the alkylation of toluene with tert.-butyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as catalyst. Temperature, molar ratio of toluene to tert.-butyl chloride and amount of anhydrous aluminum chloride were chosen for investigation. A set of trials was planned according to a 3 factor 2-level Yates pattern experimental design with 2 replicates and the center point trial with 4 replicates. The critical response was the yield of tert.-butyl toluene. Two- and three-factor interaction effects together with the main effects were statistically significant. The adequacy of the suggested model was checked up. The difference between the experimental and predicted yields did not exceed 2.22%. The best yield of the tert.-butyl toluene was 51.2%. Key words: tert. Butylation, Yates pattern, Experimental yield, Statistical model. Â Â Â  doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2245 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 545-552, 2008
Biodegradable Dextran Nanogels for RNA Interference: Focusing on Endosomal Escape and Intracellular siRNA Delivery
Authors: Raemdonck Koen , Naeye Broes , Buyens Kevin , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E. , Høgset Anders , Demeester Joseph , De Smedt Stefaan C.
Published: March 2009

The successful therapeutic application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) largely relies on the development of safe and effective delivery systems that are able to guide the siRNA therapeutics to the cytoplasm of the target cell. In this report, biodegradable cationic dextran nanogels are engineered by inverse emulsion photopolymerization and their potential as siRNA carriers is evaluated. The nanogels are able to entrap siRNA with a high loading capacity, based on electrostatic interaction. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis reveal that large amounts of siRNA‐loaded nanogels can be internalized by HuH‐7 human hepatoma cells without significant cytotoxicity. Following their cellular uptake, it is found that the nanogels are mainly trafficked towards the endolysosomes. The influence of two different strategies to enhance endosomal escape on the extent of gene silencing is investigated. It is found that both the application of photochemical internalization (PCI) and the use of an influenza‐derived fusogenic peptide (diINF‐7) can significantly improve the silencing efficiency of siRNA‐loaded nanogels. Furthermore, it is shown that an efficient gene silencing requires the degradation of the nanogels. As the degradation kinetics of the nanogels can easily be tailored, these particles show potential for intracellular controlled release of short interfering RNA.
Determination of crystallinity ratio and some physicochemical properties of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)
Authors: Yazici O. , Cakar F. , Cankurtaran O. , Karaman F.
Published: March 2009

It was determined that the thermal stability of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (P4MP) was maintained up to 424°C in an inert atmosphere by thermogravimetric analysis. The retention diagrams of ethyl acetate, tert‐butyl acetate, and benzene on P4MP were plotted at temperatures between 30 and 280°C by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique. Melting temperature of the polymer was determined as 230 and 239.5°C by IGC and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The percent crystallinity of P4MP was obtained from the retention diagrams at temperatures below melting point. The percent crystallinity obtained by IGC is in good agreement with the ones obtained by DSC. Then, specific retention volume, V, weight fraction activity coefficient, Ω, Flory‐Huggins polymer‐solvent interaction parameter, χ, equation‐of‐state polymer‐solvent interaction parameter, χ, and effective exchange energy parameter, Xeff of octane, nonane, decane, undecane, dodecane, tridecane, n‐butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isoamyl acetate with P4MP, were determined between 240 and 280°C by IGC. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Rethinking Arsenate Coordination at the Surface of Goethite
Authors: Loring John S. , Sandström Malin H. , Norén Katarina , Persson Per
Published: March 2009

When the truth stands on one leg: Arsenate coordinates at the water–goethite interface in a predominately monodentate fashion (see picture), a finding that impacts oxoanion bioavailability and challenges theories of mineral dissolution and surface complexation.

magnified image

A fundamental precept of geochemistry is that arsenate coordinates at mineral surfaces in a predominately bridging‐bidentate fashion. We show that this is incorrect for the model system, arsenate adsorbed at the surface of goethite (α‐FeOOH), using a combination of XRD, EXAFS, and IR spectroscopic results. We report the crystal structure of pentaamminecobalt(III) arsenate, which consists of monodentate‐coordinated metal–arsenato complexes that have CoAs distances of only 3.25 Å. This result implies that metal–arsenic distances are not diagnostic for the coordination mode of arsenate. We show that the K‐edge EXAFS spectra of pentaamminecobalt(III) arsenate and arsenate–goethite surface complexes are strikingly similar, which suggests that arsenate could be coordinated at the goethite surface in a monodentate fashion. Refinements of thek3‐weighted EXAFS spectra of arsenate adsorbed on goethite results in values of CNAsFebetween 0.8–1.1 (±0.7), and there is no evidence that the coordination mode of arsenate changes as a function of pH or arsenate surface coverage. We report IR spectra from the first simultaneous IR and potentiometric titration of arsenate adsorbed on deuterated goethite (α‐FeOOD) in D2O, and we show for the first time the AsO stretching bands of arsenate–goethite surface complexes. We deduce that arsenate–goethite surface complexes are un‐, singly , or doubly protonated, depending on pH, from a principal component analysis of the AsO stretching region and an interpretation of the Type‐B OH stretching region. In summary, our cumulative results show that arsenate coordinates at the water–goethite interface in a predominately monodentate fashion. Furthermore, we find no evidence for bridging‐bidentate coordination, which is a finding that impacts oxoanion bioavailability and challenges theories of mineral dissolution and surface complexation.
A study of interactions between soil fractions and PAH compounds in thermal desorption of contaminated soils
Authors: Maguire Vineeta , Svrcek William Y. , Mehrotra Anil K. , Razzaghi Minoo
Published: March 2009

The interactions between three polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), namely fluorene, naphthalene and anthracene, and three fractions of a soil, namely fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and humin/inorganic fractions, were studied experimentally. Prepared PAH + soil fraction binary mixtures, with PAH concentrations ranging over 0.8–7 mass%, were tested using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) over a temperature range of 20−390°C. The DSC thermograms for the PAH + HA mixtures showed distinctly different characteristics compared to mixtures with the other two soil fractions, where the endothermic peak for the vaporization of the PAH was absent. With the aid of vapour‐liquid flash calculations, the lack of the boiling point peak is interpreted to be due to the liquid‐phase miscibility of the PAHs and the HA fraction. Implications of the DSC results on the design and performance of the thermal desorption process are discussed.
Carbon dioxide absorption into a stable liquid rivulet
Authors: Nawrocki P. A. , Chuang K. T.
Published: March 2009

The wetting of the flow surfaces in heat exchangers, trickle‐bed reactors and columns containing structured packing has been shown to be discrete in nature involving rivulets. Detailed, fundamental modelling of the flow structure and transport processes occurring in rivulet flow is required in order to provide a basis from which more complex models can be built describing the overall processes occurring in the particular application of interest. To demonstrate the applicability of detailed rivulet modelling, theoretical analysis of the velocity and mass transfer characteristics in rivulet flows in an inclined, flat plate absorber has been performed. These theoretical results are compared with experimental data.
The solubility of ethane in n‐methylpyrrolidinone
Authors: Henni Amr , Lal Dhiraj , Mather Alan E.
Published: March 2009

The solubility of ethane in N‐methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) has been measured at −10, 25, 40, 50, 70, 75, 100, and 120°C at pressures up to 7.1 MPa. The solubility data obtained are compared with those of ethane in other physical solvents. The results were correlated with the Peng‐Robinson (1976) equation of state and the interaction parameters were obtained. Henry's constants were also determined.
Horizontal cross flow filtration and rinsing of ice from saline slurries
Authors: Dickey Leland C. , Dallmer Michael F. , Radewonuk E. Richard , Mcaloon Andrew
Published: March 2009

Continuous filtration of ice slurries (with particles of about 80 μm diameter) to generate potable water was investigated. In the filtration process the ice is driven through a stationary channel with liquid draining through narrow slots in the base. Most of the liquid drained from the slurry at ambient pressure and the residual liquid trapped in the pores of the consolidated ice bed was displaced to a vacuum after downstream rinsing with sprayed or melt water. The cost of this approach may be competitive with reverse osmosis if an automated unit is developed.
Hardwood fibre fractionation using rotating cone
Authors: Rewatkar V. B. , Masliyah J. H.
Published: March 2009

Rotating cones were used to carry out fibre fractionation of a 100% hardwood pulp having a consistency of 0.93± 0.02%. The unique features of the rotating cone fractionator adopted in this study were that its surface was constructed from a sieve mesh, thereby introducing a “rough” surface, and the feed pipe was located at an off‐centre position to the axis of rotation. In all earlier studies reported in the literature, the fibre fractions were collected at different radial locations. However, in the present study, collection of the various fractions was made either at different radial or at angular positions. Tests were conducted for 120 mm diameter cones having a cone angle of 30°.

Visual observations, photographs and fibre length measurements suggested that fibre fractionation performance strongly depended on the flow characteristics formed on and surrounding the rotating cone. In turn, they were found to be strongly dependent on the surface roughness, rotational speed and feed flow rate. Results for fibre fractionation showed quite conclusively that rotating cones made from 20‐mesh and 32‐mesh screens were more effective for fibre fractionation than “smooth” surface rotating cones.
Optimized design of wastewater treatment systems: Application to the mechanical pulp and paper industry: I. Design and cost relationships
Authors: Fels Mort , Pintér János , Lycon David S.
Published: March 2009

Four different end‐of‐pipe waste‐treatment processes applicable to mechanical pulp and paper manufacture were modelled. Calculated costs for an average mill were capital $34–$44 million, operating cost $3.5–$6 million/year and discounted (10 years) $60–$85 million. Compared with mill reported values, capital and operating costs of activated sludge treatment (AST) were higher by 17 and 29%, respectively; those for aerated stabilization basin (ASB) were higher by 27 and 180%. Major variables affecting the costs were BOD and TSS levels and the wastewater‐to‐pulp ratio. It was concluded that ASB is more economical than AST and that anaerobic treatment plus AST could be advantageous at high BOD levels.
Through a glass, darkly: Kinetics and reactors for complex mixtures syncrude innovation award lecture
Authors: Gray Murray R.
Published: March 2009

The concepts of chemical reaction engineering are powerful, because the most basic design equations are applicable to a wide range of physical phenomena. For example, the applicability of the ideal continuous‐flow stirred tank reactor goes far beyond chemical reactors to include biological, medical and environmental processes. The difficulty in analyzing these processes is not in formulating an appropriate reactor equation, but in modeling the chemical kinetics. The challenge is to define kinetic rate equations that allow for the mixtures of reactants and mixtures of catalysts, especially given incomplete information. Examples drawn from biology and medicine illustrate reaction kinetics that are complex due to the nature of the catalyst.

In contrast, processes for upgrading of bitumen to more valuable products exhibit ill‐defined reaction chemistry and mixtures of thousands of reactants and products. The need to define kinetics for such mixtures has given rise to several distinct approaches, including empirical rate equations, simplification to model reactions, lumped kinetics and Monte Carlo simulation. A summary of these methods shows that the key element for successful kinetic modeling is creative definition of a model, followed by vigorous testing of the model to determine its ability to predict performance.
Scalar mixing measurements in batch operated stirred tanks
Authors: Distelhoff M. F. W. , Marquis A. J. , Nouri J. M. , Whitelaw J. H.
Published: March 2009

An LIF technique was used to obtain unobtrusive measurements of scalar concentration as a function of time and mixing times in a fully baffled batch operated mixing vessel agitated by five forms of impeller (Rushton, ‘bucket’, six bladed 45°‐and 60°‐pitched blade, hyperboloid).

The mixing time was comparable to the time required for the dye/scalar to be transported from the top of the vessel to the bottom part plus the time required for a further two rotations of the bulk flow in the circumferential direction. At constant power input the mixing times for similar impellers were similar, although different for different types.
Exploration of mesoporous structure of tunisian raw and acid‐leached phosphate ore particles
Authors: Brahim F. Ben , Mgaidi A. , El Maaoui M.
Published: March 2009

Rock phosphate fractions were examined for their porous structure by nitrogen adsorption. The pore size distribution and the shape of pores does not seem to depend on the particle size. The specific surface area values present two regions, one above and one below that of the particles with 125 μrn diameter. Particles of a given size were leached with dilute phosphoric acid (1.5 mass% P2O5) at 25°C. It was observed that there is a widening of the initial pores during leaching. The particles collected at the initial period of the reaction are pitted and those collected at the final period are disintegrated.
Vortex shedding and turbulence scales in staggered tube bundle flows
Authors: Balabani S. , Ylannekis M.
Published: March 2009

Time‐resolved LDA measurements of the axial and transverse velocity components were performed in the first 6 rows of a staggered tube bundle with relative transverse and longitudinal pitch ratios of 3.6 and 1.6, respectively. Measurements were carried out in a flow of water at a Red of 12,858. A flow periodicity with a Strouhal number equal to 0.26 was detected, which is in agreement with published data. This periodicity was found to broaden the turbulence levels by up to 50% in some locations. Agreement between the experimental results and previously reported CFD predictions using the k‐ϵ model improved when this periodic component was removed from the spectra using appropriate filtering techniques. In an attempt to describe the turbulence structure more extensively, time‐ and length‐scales and dissipation rates were estimated from the filtered time‐resolved data. Integral time scales were on average equal to 4 ms and Taylor microscales 0.7 ms. Comparisons of the data with numerical predictions show promise for more extensive evaluation of CFD predictions in hture than has been possible hereto.
Ecoulement de fluides newtoniens et non newtoniens à travers des lits fixes stratifiés
Authors: Sabiri Nour‐Eddine , Comiti Jacques
Published: March 2009

Des lits stratifiés de plaquettes sont étudiés selon deux configurations opposées “écoulement‐particule”. Dans les deux configurations, à partir de mesures de chutes de pression effectuées avec un fluide newtonien, deux paramètres struc‐turaux caractéristiques du milieu sont déterminés à l'aide d'un modèle de type capillaire. Les différences concernant leur comportement hydrodynamique sont analysées et un facteur d'anisotropie est défini. Une équation adimensionnelle per‐mettant la détermination des chutes de pression lors de l'écoulement de fluides newtoniens et non newtoniens purement visqueux dans les deux configurations, sur un large intervalle de nombres de Reynolds, est proposée et validee expéri‐mentalement.
Pipeline scale‐up in drag reducing turbulent flow
Authors: Sood Arun , Rhodes Edward
Published: March 2009

Models available in literature for predicting drag reduction scale‐up are inadequate as they have been successful only over a narrow range of diameters. A new scale‐up model is presented which equates dampening of turbulent velocity fluctuations by drag reducing additives to a reduction in the Prandtl mixing length. Flow and pressure drop data from a laboratory scale pipe along with shear viscosity measurements are sufficient to predict drag reduction scale‐up in bigger diameter pipes. Using this approach, scale‐up was successfully predicted over a diameter range of 7 to 154 mm for a surfactant‐water system and 26.6 to 1194 mm for a polymer‐oil system.
Ordonnancement à court‐terme d'un atelier discontinu de chimie fine
Authors: Baudet Philippe , Azzaro‐Pantel Catherine , Domenech Serge , Pibouleau Etluc
Published: March 2009

Cette étude utilise certains concepts de productique pour résoudre des problèmes d'ordonnancement en génie des procédés. Nous étudions le cas de l'atelier discontinu multi‐objectifs de chimie fine, qui présente des contraintes très complexes: diversité des produits et de leurs procédés d'élaboration, intermédiaires réactionnels, politiques de stockage particulières, vérification de bilans matières, consommations d'utilités, limitation du taux de rejet de produits polluants. Un modèle de simulation détaillé du fonctionnement d'un atelier discontinu de chimie fine est proposé dans cet article. Sa mise en oeuvre et l'exploitation des résultats sont ensuite présentées. Les applications proposées ici nous paraissent intéressantes pour une gestion de production plus efficace mais également pour répondre à des préoccupations classiques en génie des procédés (conception d'ateliers, traitement des effluents, stockage et stabilité d'intermédiaires réactionnels).
A study of mass transfer behaviour in a catalytic distillation column
Authors: Huang Chuncheng , Podrebarac Gary G. , Ng Flora T. T. , Rempel Garry L.
Published: March 2009

Catalytic distillation (CD) is a process where reaction and separation take place simultaneously in a distillation column. Recently, a new CD process for the aldol condensation of acetone to diacetone alcohol and mesityl oxide was developed in our laboratory. Owing to the unique structure used to support catalysts in the CD column, mass transfer data are needed to model the CD process. The mass transfer behaviour in the CD column has been studied both for the reactive and non‐reactive sections of the column in our laboratory. Based on the experimental results, general correlations for the mass transfer coefficients have been established and the 95% confidence intervals for the associated parameters were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the catalyst bags did not play a significant role for the separation between the vapour and liquid phases. The mass transfer correlations developed in this study have been used successfully to model the CD process for the aldol condensation of acetone carried out in our laboratory.
Axial mixing in a 15 cm diameter reciprocating plate bubble column
Authors: Baird Malcolm H. I. , Rao Nadella V. Rama
Published: March 2009

Axial dispersion coefficients (E) in the liquid phase have been measured by unsteady tracer response methods in a 15 cm internal diameter reciprocating plate bubble column, using air and water in countercurrent and cocurrent flow. The operating variables studied were amplitude (0.6–1.27 cm) and frequency (0–5 Hz) of reciprocation, and the superficial velocities of the liquid and gas phases and the spacing between plates. Three types of plate were studied; conventional Karr‐type plates with perforation diameters 1.43 cm, plates with smaller (0.635 cm) perforations, and single‐perforation (doughnut) plates with internal diameter 7 cm. Measured values of E ranged from about 1 cm2/s to a maximum of 116 cm2/s. In general, the plates with 0.635 cm perforations gave the smallest values of E while the largest values of E were obtained with the doughnut plates, due to vortex ring shedding. The single liquid phase data for the three types of plate were approximately consistent with the correlation of Stevens and Baird (1990). The gas‐liquid flow results were interpreted in terms of several different hydrodynamic effects.
Characterization of stirred vessel hydrodynamics by three dimensional trajectography
Authors: Wittmer Stephan , Falk Laurent , Pitiot Pascal , Vivier Hervé
Published: March 2009

A simple method has been developed to track the three‐dimensional motion of a small particle convected in a stirred tank for about 1 h. Different flow patterns induced by a Rushton or a pitched blade turbine have been studied. The results have been compared with known results obtained by conventional techniques. Several tools which have been proposed for this purpose give rise to new insights and interpretation of transport and mixing processes in stirred tanks for engineering applications.
Effect of micro‐mixing on the yield of intermediates in triplet consecutive/competitive reactions
Authors: El‐Hamouz Amer M. , Mann Reginald
Published: March 2009

Micro‐mixing calculations based upon a simplified non‐deforming one‐dimensional diffusion‐reaction formulation are presented for the sequence of three reactions denoted by A + B → R + B → S + B → T. This triplet reaction under micro‐mixing is posed as five simultaneous parabolic partial differential equations which have been solved using a general purpose NAG library algorithm. The primary product R has an improved yield under perfect mixing conditions. The ultimate product T is shown to be always favoured by the perfect segregation of micro‐mixing. By contrast, the central intermediate S gives high yields under micro‐mixing at low conversions, but perfect mixing is preferable at higher conversions. In addition, predictions show that yield improvements for S might be possible by an engineered stretching of fluid lamellae and by the combination of micro‐mixing followed by perfect mixing, especially at intermediate levels of conversion. The calculations are relevant to multi‐step halogenations and they help to explain how the anomolous appearance of a tri‐halogenated species ahead of mono‐ and di‐halogenated ones in a stirred vessel can be attributed to micro‐mixing.
Quantitative description of the chloride effect on chlorine dioxide generation from the ClO2‐HOCl reaction
Authors: Yin Guohong , Ni Yonghao
Published: March 2009

The generation of chlorine dioxide from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and chlorite with or without an initial chloride addition has been studied under slightly acidic conditions. Chloride (Cl‐), one of the products from the reaction, not only changes the reaction stoichiometry, but also alters the rate law. It was found that the formation of chlorine dioxide from the HOCI‐ClO2‐ system consists of two distinct parts, one is promoted by chloride, the other is independent of chloride. The overall kinetics of the chlorine dioxide generation from the reaction is:

This model can very well predict the reaction under the following conditions: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 273 - 303{\rm K},\left[ {ClO_2^ - } \right] = 0.001 - 0.00267\;{\rm mol}/{\rm L},\left[ {ClO_2^ - } \right]/\left[ {HOCl} \right] = 2,\;{\rm and}\;{\rm pH}\;3.86 - 4.91 $\end{document}
Ozonation and photodegradation kinetics of pollutant acids in wastewaters
Authors: Benitez F. Javier , Beltran‐Heredia Jesus , Gonzalez Teresa , Real Francisco
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of the degradation of four phenolic acids by ozonation and polychromatic UV radiation were investigated. The acids: p‐hydroxyphenylacetic, homoprotocatechuic (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid), gentisic (2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid) and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoic, have been selected because of they constitute major pollutants present in some agro‐industrial wastewaters. The p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid was initially ozonated and UV irradiated alone. Its kinetic constants and reaction orders in the ozonation process were deduced by using a model based in the film theory which takes into account the mass transfer with the chemical reaction. The quantum yields in the photodegradation process were evaluated from a simple reaction mechanism with the help of an emission model to determine the radiation flow rate absorbed. Later, in the simultaneous ozonation and UV photodegradation of the mixtures of the four acids, competitive kinetic methods were developed to determine the individual rate constants between ozone and each acid in the ozonation process, and the individual quantum yields for every acid in the photodegradation process.