bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation of nonlinear magnetic flux tube wave energies in Procyon A
Authors: Fawzy D E , Saygac A T , Stȩpień K
Published: November 2019

The aim of the current study is the computation of the magnetic flux tube wave energies and fluxes generated in the convection zone of Procyon A. This is a subgiant of spectral type F5 IV-V showing chromospheric and coronal activities. The mechanisms responsible for the generation of different wave modes include the interaction of the thin and vertically oriented magnetic flux tube embedded in magnetic-free regions with turbulence in the convection zone of Procyon A. We are considering longitudinal, transverse and acoustic wave modes. Turbulence in the convection zone is modeled by the extended Kolmogorov turbulent energy spectrum and the modified Gaussian frequency factor. Different magnetic flux tube models with different degrees of magnetic activities were considered. The current approach takes the nonlinear effects into consideration. The results show that there is enough wave energy in the three different forms to heat the outer layers of the star. The obtained acoustic wave energies are larger than those of the longitudinal tube wave energies compared to the solar case. This can be explained by the relatively low magnetic field strength. On the other side, our computations show the importance of the transverse wave energies compared to the energies carried by the longitudinal waves. The former waves carry energy several (between 2 and 14) times higher than the latter. The obtained wave energies are essential for constructing time-dependent model chromospheres and for the predictions of atmospheric oscillations to be compared e.g. with the data collected by the CoRoT and Kepler missions.
Structural and photometric properties of barred galaxies from the Auriga cosmological simulations
Authors: Blázquez-Calero Guillermo , Florido Estrella , Pérez Isabel , Zurita Almudena , Grand Robert J J , Fragkoudi Francesca , Gómez Facundo A , Marinacci Federico , Pakmor Rüdiger
Published: November 2019

In this work we analyse the structural and photometric properties of 21 barred simulated galaxies from the Auriga Project. These consist of Milky Way-mass magnetohydrodynamical simulations in a Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmological context. In order to compare with observations, we generate synthetic SDSS-like broad-band images from the numerical data at z = 0 with different inclinations (from face-on to edge-on). Ellipse fits are used to determine the bar lengths, and 2D bulge/disc/bar decompositions with galfit are also performed, modelling the bar component with the modified Ferrer profile. We find a wide range of bar sizes and luminosities in the sample, and their structural parameters are in good agreement with the observations. All bulges present low Sérsic indexes, and are classified as pseudobulges. In regard to the discs, the same breaks in the surface brightness profiles observed in real galaxies are found, and the radii at which these take place are in agreement with the observations. Also, from edge-on unsharp-masked images at z = 0, boxy or peanut-shaped (B/P) structures are clearly identified in the inner part of four bars, and also two more bars are found in buckling phase. The sizes of the B/P match fairly well with those obtained from observations. We thus conclude that the observed photometric and structural properties of galaxies with bars, which are the main drivers of secular evolution, can be developed in present state-of-the-art ΛCDM cosmological simulations.
Internal magnetic fields, spin-orbit coupling, and orbital period modulation in close binary systems
Authors: Lanza A F
Published: November 2019

We introduce a new model to explain the modulation of the orbital period observed in close stellar binary systems based on an angular momentum exchange between the spin of the active component and the orbital motion. This spin-orbit coupling is not due to tides, but is produced by a non-axisymmetric component of the gravitational quadrupole moment of the active star due to a persistent non-axisymmetric internal magnetic field. The proposed mechanism easily satisfies all the energy constraints having an energy budget ∼102 − 103 times smaller than those of previously proposed models and is supported by the observations of persistent active longitudes in the active components of close binary systems. We present preliminary applications to three well-studied binary systems to illustrate the model. The case of stars with hot Jupiters is also discussed showing that no significant orbital period modulation is generally expected on the basis of the proposed model.
MEGARes 2.0: a database for classification of antimicrobial drug, biocide and metal resistance determinants in metagenomic sequence data
Authors: Doster Enrique , Lakin Steven M , Dean Christopher J , Wolfe Cory , Young Jared G , Boucher Christina , Belk Keith E , Noyes Noelle R , Morley Paul S
Published: November 2019

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a threat to global public health and the identification of genetic determinants of AMR is a critical component to epidemiological investigations. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) provides opportunities for investigation of AMR across all microbial genomes in a sample (i.e. the metagenome). Previously, we presented MEGARes, a hand-curated AMR database and annotation structure developed to facilitate the analysis of AMR within metagenomic samples (i.e. the resistome). Along with MEGARes, we released AmrPlusPlus, a bioinformatics pipeline that interfaces with MEGARes to identify and quantify AMR gene accessions contained within a metagenomic sequence dataset. Here, we present MEGARes 2.0 (https://megares.meglab.org), which incorporates previously published resistance sequences for antimicrobial drugs, while also expanding to include published sequences for metal and biocide resistance determinants. In MEGARes 2.0, the nodes of the acyclic hierarchical ontology include four antimicrobial compound types, 57 classes, 220 mechanisms of resistance, and 1,345 gene groups that classify the 7,868 accessions. In addition, we present an updated version of AmrPlusPlus (AMR ++ version 2.0), which improves accuracy of classifications, as well as expanding scalability and usability.
Microbiological Characterization and Clinical Outcomes After Extended-Pulsed Fidaxomicin Treatment for Clostridioides difficile Infection in the EXTEND Study
Authors: Wilcox Mark H , Cornely Oliver A , Guery Benoit , Longshaw Chris , Georgopali Areti , Karas Andreas , Kazeem Gbenga , Palacios-Fabrega Jose Alejandro , Vehreschild Maria J G T
Published: November 2019

Background

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) is diagnosed using clinical signs and symptoms plus positive laboratory tests. Recurrence of CDI after treatment is common, and coinfection with other enteric pathogens may influence clinical outcomes.

Methods

We aimed to assess rates of C difficile positivity, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) toxin A/B and BioFire FilmArray, and the effect of enteric coinfection on clinical outcomes, using samples from the EXTEND study of extended-pulsed fidaxomicin (EPFX) versus standard vancomycin.

Results

All 356 randomized and treated patients tested positive for C difficile toxin A/B by local tests; a majority (225 of 356, 63.2%) also tested positive by both ELISA and BioFire. Most stool samples taken at screening tested positive for C difficile only using BioFire (EPFX: 112 of 165, 69.7%; vancomycin: 118 of 162, 72.8%). Of the 5 patients who failed treatment and had stool samples available, all (1) had tested negative for C difficile by BioFire at screening and (2) were negative by ELISA at time of treatment failure. When analyzed by BioFire results at screening, rates of sustained clinical cure at 30 days after end of treatment were numerically higher with EPFX than with vancomycin for almost all patients, except for those who tested negative for C difficile but positive for another pathogen. However, these outcome differences by presence of coinfection did not reach statistical significance. Whole-genome sequencing analysis determined that 20 of 26 paired samples from patients with recurrence were reinfections with the same C difficile strain.

Conclusions

Testing for presence of copathogens in clinical trials of antibiotics could help to explain clinical failures.
The Psychological Characteristics of Situations: Towards an Integrated Taxonomy
Authors: Rauthmann John F. , Horstmann Kai T. , Sherman Ryne A.
Published: November 2019

Much current research on situations, instead of attending to single situation cues or abstract classes of situations, focuses on characteristics which capture the psychological meaning and interpretation of a situation. This focus allows a differential psychology of situations where any situation can be described and compared with a set of continuous dimensions (much like how persons can be described by traits). We provide an overview of extant taxonomies of situation characteristics and highlight their convergences. Several taxonomies—independently developed from different research teams with different item pools, samples, and data-analytic methods—have provided psychometrically validated measurement tools which make it possible to associate the (scales of the) taxonomies with one another. Upon examining the conceptual and empirical overlaps between those taxonomies, six replicable domains of situation characteristics can be identified: threat, stress, tasks, processing, fun, and mundane. These domains bear in content a striking resemblance to the Big Five or HEXACO dimensions of personality traits. We sketch how theory, methods, and research on situations may make further progress, especially regarding the goal of crafting an integrative and inclusive taxonomy of situation characteristics.
Emerging Powers and Global Health Governance
Authors: Huang Yanzhong
Published: November 2019

Focusing on BRICS countries, this chapter examines the profound implications arising from the growing and future role of emerging powers in global health governance (GHG). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, not only did BRICS countries shift towards net donors, but also their efforts in global health agenda setting and norm development increased. Their policy and practice in conducting health diplomacy constitute an alternative to the existing GHG paradigm. However, their role in GHG remains limited and mixed, as shown in the relatively small size of development assistance for health (DAH), a selective and state-centric approach to developing and participating in global health institutions, and the lack of progress working together and translating policy rhetoric into action. It is still too early to view these efforts as a counterbalance or counterforce to industrialized countries in GHG.
Pushing the Boundaries from the Inside
Authors: Conway Colleen M. , Hibbard Shannan
Published: November 2019

This chapter situates the study of music teacher education within the larger body of music education and teacher education research. It problematizes the terms teacher training, teacher education, and best practice and introduces the concept of teaching as an “impossible profession.” Goals of teacher education, including reflective practice and adaptive expertise, are discussed. The chapter outlines the challenges that music teacher educators face as they try to prepare preservice teachers for the realities of P-12 school-based music education while instilling in these new colleagues a disposition toward change. It concludes with narratives that examine teachers’ descriptions of classroom relationships throughout the lens of presence in teaching as a way to remind teacher educators of the importance of their work to push the boundaries of music teacher education in order to serve the profession at large.
Courses for Secondary Instruments
Authors: Weaver Molly A.
Published: November 2019

The main purpose of this chapter is to synthesize the literature regarding courses for secondary instruments in the interest of making recommendations for promising practices. The chapter also is intended to “push boundaries from within the system” of music teacher education. That is, it is intended to be a resource for those who prepare preservice music teachers (PMTs) for the realities of P-12 school-based music education and who aspire to instill in these new colleagues a disposition toward change. The chapter is divided into six sections: importance of secondary instrument courses, characteristics and configurations of secondary instrument courses, focus and content of secondary instrument courses, peer teaching activities and field experiences within secondary instrument courses, recommendations for promising practices (including professional development beyond the preservice music education curriculum and an institutional model for secondary instrument courses), and future considerations.
The Role of Technology in Music Teacher Education
Authors: Dammers Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Digital technology is a source of continual change in our society. The ongoing miniaturization of devices, as well as increases in computing power, connectivity, and affordability of devices, are providing ever-higher levels of access to digital technology for music educators and their students. This chapter focuses on the work in the field that addresses the opportunities and challenges for music education provided by technology. Specifically, frameworks for viewing technology within pedagogical practice are reviewed, as well as specific technology competencies needed by music educators. Research addressing the state of technology in music education and music teacher education is shared, followed by summary recommendations.
Planning and Preparation for Instruction
Authors: Shaw Ryan D.
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses lesson planning in music education. Such a discussion is necessary to better understand the unique contexts and challenges surrounding preparation for music instruction. An investigation of both historical elements—broad educational paradigms that shape planning approaches, past research on teacher practices, and beliefs outside of music—and contemporary scholarship on planning is essential to this understanding. Therefore, the chapter first reviews key movements that contextualize lesson planning concepts. Next, it discusses research on teacher lesson planning, both outside and within music education. The examination then turns to alternative lesson planning models and offers recommendations for engaging preservice educators with lesson planning. To conclude, the chapter discusses the many persistent questions surrounding music preparation and planning.
Music Teacher Preparation for Teaching Children With Exceptionalities
Authors: Hourigan Ryan M. , Hammel Alice M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines a framework for special education teacher preparation within music teacher education. According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, 6.5 million students representing 13% of all public school children qualify for special education services. This was an increase from 4.7 million, or 11%, in 1990–1991. Music education and special education share similar challenges with teacher preparation. Finding, preparing, and developing a qualified workforce in special education presents one of the field’s biggest challenges. The first logical place to examine pathways to successful preparation for music teachers is the literature focused on teacher preparation in special education. Brownell (2005) proposes a framework for special education teacher preparation that includes crafting impactful field experiences, working together (collaboration), examining outcomes of teacher education, and focusing on inclusion and cultural diversity.
English Language Learners
Authors: Eros John , Eros Rebecca
Published: November 2019

This chapter addresses topics related to English language learners (ELLs) in both K–12 music settings and music teacher education programs. Drawing on an overview of the foundational principles of English language development and acquisition, it discusses (a) practices for working with ELL students in K–12 music, (b) the needs and experiences of ELL preservice music teachers, and (c) curricular modifications that music teacher educators might make when working with ELL students. In the course of the discussion, it outlines specific ways in which music teacher educators might adapt content in such settings as conducting, methods, and introductory music education courses. Finally, the chapter addresses specific differences that might be addressed when working with international students (i.e., foreign students who are pursuing music education studies at American universities).
Race, Ethnicity, and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy
Authors: McKoy Constance L.
Published: November 2019

This chapter outlines how principles associated with culturally relevant pedagogy may be used in music teacher education to help preservice music teachers better understand how perceptions of race and ethnicity mediate teaching and learning in music. Specific attention is given to race and ethnicity as they relate to (a) facets of cultural identity, (b) the origins of culturally relevant pedagogy in US public education, and (c) the significance of culturally relevant pedagogy in music teacher education. The latter portion of the chapter provides examples of instructional strategies designed to develop a disposition toward culturally responsive teaching among preservice music educators. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenges that must be considered when viewing music teacher education through a cultural lens.
A Historical Overview of Music Teacher Education in the United States
Authors: Hash Phillip M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the history of music teacher education in the United States from its humble beginnings in the 19th century through the varied preservice and advanced programs offered today. The chapter describes the evolution of the field over the past 200 years and speculates on the future of the profession through a historical lens. Most music teachers of the 18th and early 19th centuries received little formal preparation in either music or pedagogy and earned most of their living in a trade. Around 1830, music teacher education began on an institutional basis in singing conventions, teacher institutes, and private academies. State normal schools and some conservatories extended this work in the mid-19th century by offering instruction in pedagogy and “public school music.” Colleges and universities followed suit around 1900 and, two decades later, began awarding undergraduate and graduate degrees in music education. These programs expanded a great deal through World War II and continued to develop in response to changing needs, values, and priorities of society. Today, initial preparation is highly accessible through public and private colleges and universities throughout the country. The same is true of graduate-level instruction, which will likely become more prevalent as institutions continue to develop fully online master’s and doctoral programs.
Preparing Music Teachers to Nurture the Musical Growth of Young Children
Authors: Burton Suzanne L.
Published: November 2019

Preparing preservice music teachers to support the innate musical abilities of young children begins an exciting pedagogical journey at a time when musical development is rapidly progressing. Through a well-designed early childhood music methods course, preservice music teachers can learn how to nurture young children’s musicality through playful and joyful music experiences that are developmentally appropriate. With these points in mind, this chapter features ways in which to construct curriculum for early childhood music methods courses. Topics include characteristics of music development, cultivating a practice grounded in a pedagogy of play and informal guidance, teaching early childhood music in varied contexts, starting and maintaining a business, the role of policy in early childhood music, and professional development. Through a course of this kind, preservice early childhood music teachers will learn how to establish a practice that fosters young children’s musical development.
Choral Music Education
Authors: Conkling Susan Wharton
Published: November 2019

Preservice choral music teacher preparation benefits from reviews of literature, published over four decades that, taken together, document the gradual transformation of practice. These reviews of literature provide a place to begin the present chapter, followed by an update of that literature to determine where the field has remained stable and where boundaries have been challenged and expanded in the 21st century. Subsequently, a content analysis of major textbooks for choral methods courses is undertaken, revealing gaps between research and practice in these areas: (a) connecting vocal development to social development, (b) connecting teacher effectiveness to student progress, and (c) recognizing the multiple cultural influences on choral singers. The chapter concludes with a proposed framework for preparation of choral music educators, borrowed from the training of healthcare professionals, called cultural humility. Cultural humility is not intended to be learned in a classroom, but instead through ongoing clinical practice.
Preparing Music Educators for Coaching and Conducting Musical Theatre
Authors: Marshall Herbert
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the role of the music director in school musicals and the dispositions, knowledge, and skills needed for success. Producing musical theatre requires the assimilation and application of many of the pedagogical and analytical skills acquired during teacher preparation. These skills may need to be learned through a combination of curricular and extracurricular experiences. Being part of a production team necessitates organization, leadership, and the ability to integrate multiple art forms. The aims of differentiated instruction and social justice may be achieved through this endeavor because musical production allows for multiple points of entry by participants with varying skills and experiences, in a genre that embraces inclusion of diverse participants and different points of view. Lives can be transformed through musical theatre, and skilled, engaged music educators can be catalysts for this transformation.
Beginning Strings
Authors: Hopkins Michael , Pellegrino Kristen
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to describe current research and practice in beginning string instruction and teacher preparation, to provide an overview of the challenges faced by music teacher educators (MTEs), and to offer suggestions for future directions. First, the chapter provides an overview of the curriculum for beginning string education classes and identifies performance and teaching competencies needed to teach beginning strings. Next, it describes the teacher education coursework and authentic-context learning experiences commonly used to address these performance and teaching competencies. Finally, the chapter challenges and promising practices for string teacher preparation and provides suggestions for future research.
Intermediate and High School Band
Authors: Isbell Daniel S.
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the assumptions and perceived boundaries of intermediate and high school concert band in an attempt to enhance and expand beyond traditional approaches to instruction. Extensive research on the skills necessary for preservice teachers to be successful are presented. The socialization and identity development of young instrumental teachers are also explored in detail. A comprehensive approach to teaching musicianship in band is advocated, one that reaches a larger and more diverse student population. It is recommended that the direct instruction model common in intermediate and high school band programs be complemented with more meaningful connections to students’ musical lives outside of school, aural learning experiences, and small peer-led learning opportunities.
Jazz Ensembles
Authors: Palmer C. Michael
Published: November 2019

This chapter acknowledges the growth of jazz ensembles in instrumental music education and the value of preparing future music educators to teach jazz. It situates jazz pedagogy in an authentic, experiential framework, emphasizing the important role of the rhythm section and what it means to be culturally literate through improvisation. Topics such as jazz theory, swing feel, and jazz styles are examined. The chapter also discusses a paradigm shift in the conceptualization of music education, whereby an interpreter-performer perspective is replaced by a creator-performer perspective. Musicians’ roles as composers and improvisers in the jazz idiom suggest learning this art form is relevant for developing creative performers who may then be able to participate in a variety of other musical cultures.
Emotion Dysregulation and Psychosis Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Wallace Gemma T. , Docherty Anna R.
Published: November 2019

Psychosis spectrum disorders (PSDs) are complex, highly heritable psychiatric conditions with high economic and societal costs. PSDs have historically been conceptualized as neurocognitive disorders in which psychotic episodes and impairments in social and emotional functioning are attributed to deficits in neurocognition. Although cognitive pathways play an important role in the etiology and presentation of PSDs, recent research suggests that interrelations between cognition and emotion are highly relevant. Moreover, aberrant emotion regulation likely plays a significant role in the presentation of PSDs. Emotion dysregulation (ED) may underlie and exacerbate both negative and positive symptoms in PSDs, such as blunted affect, avolition, disorganized speech and behavior, poor social cognition, and delusions and hallucinations. Advances in measurement of emotion dysregulation—including self-reports, behavioral paradigms, neuroimaging paradigms, and neurophysiological assessment—have informed etiological models of emotion dysregulation in PSDs. This chapter reviews research on emotion regulation and dysregulation in PSDs. Notably, more severe presentations of emotion symptoms and greater emotion regulation impairments are associated with worse outcomes in PSDs. It may therefore be the case that focusing on ED as an early risk factor and intervention target could improve outcomes and prevention approaches for psychotic disorders.
Race and the Adoption of Children
Authors: Banks Ralph Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers the role of race in the adoptive placement of children. In examining the law and policy issues, the chapter raises questions both about the role of race in American society and about the needs of children. These issues are reflected in the interplay in adoption law of two pivotal principles: the best interests of the child standard and the antidiscrimination principle. The best interests of the child standard is the guiding principle of child welfare law; the antidiscrimination principle has been incorporated into family law during the past half-century and disfavors decision making on the basis of race and certain other characteristics. Policy makers confront the challenge of how best to define each of these principles, and also how to balance or choose between them when they conflict. The chapter also identifies an apparent persistent gap in this realm between official policy and the daily practices of the social workers who orchestrate adoptions in the foster care system.
The Neurobiology of Childhood Psychosocial Adversity
Authors: Berens Anne E. , Jensen Sarah K. G. , Nelson Charles A.
Published: November 2019

This chapter begins by providing a basic overview of how the brain develops, starting with conception and continuing through adolescence. It emphasizes the experience-dependent nature of development and discusses how experience “cuts both ways.” Positive experiences can exert a healthy impact on development, whereas exposure to adverse experiences can have a deleterious impact on development. The chapter draws upon studies of both animals and humans. It pays particular attention to the range of adverse experiences that can selectively impact different aspects of brain and behavioral development, such as the effects of stress or neglect. The chapter then turns to how such experiences can become biologically embedded, leading to long-term changes in both biological and psychological development. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications such knowledge has for the law.
Health at Every Size (HAES™) as a Reform (Social) Movement within Public Health
Authors: Ingraham Natalie
Published: November 2019

This article uses situational analysis to examine the history and current applications of Health at Every Size™ as a reform movement within public health, supported by fat political/social movements. Situational mapping highlights the vast and diverse worlds of public health broadly conceived, and how fat politics intersects with HAES. Drawing on personal and organizational accounts of how HAES emerged through pathways of existing fat political activism and health professional work, the author shows how HAES aligns closely with public health by centering health and is sometimes critiqued for ignoring fat acceptance. However, HAES generally uses a “both/and perspective”—both health and acceptance as key and inseparable pieces of HAES. HAES’s position as a reform movement within public health highlights tensions between a politics of reform and a politics of radical change within and between body activism movements.
Autoantibodies and Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Dawes John M. , Bennett David L.
Published: November 2019

A number of clinical studies indicated an association between autoantibodies and neuropathic pain. This is supported by the observation that immunotherapies that reduce antibody levels alleviate pain in patients and suggests that autoantibodies are not a byproduct of pathology but instead important drivers of neuropathic pain. These autoantibodies can target both neuronal and nonneuronal antigens within the sensory nervous system. Possible pathogenic mechanisms include nerve damage and inflammation as well as disruption of ion channel function. Whether autoantibodies are truly causal to neuropathic pain and exactly what their prevalence is in such pain conditions are important questions that are being addressed with the use of passive transfer in preclinical models and the screening of patient sera. Such studies support the idea that autoantibodies are a mechanism to cause neuropathic pain and provide insight into the molecular components regulating pain sensitivity in a pathological setting. Therefore, this work not only will be applicable to the treatment of patients with autoantibody-mediated pain, but also will facilitate the development of therapies to treat neuropathic pain in the more general context.
Chemo- and Optogenetic Strategies for the Elucidation of Pain Pathways
Authors: Alles Sascha R. A. , Malfait Anne-Marie , Miller Richard J.
Published: November 2019

Pain is not a simple phenomenon and, beyond its conscious perception, involves circuitry that allows the brain to provide an affective context for nociception, which can influence mood and memory. In the past decade, neurobiological techniques have been developed that allow investigators to elucidate the importance of particular groups of neurons in different aspects of the pain response, something that may have important translational implications for the development of novel therapies. Chemo- and optogenetics represent two of the most important technical advances of recent times for gaining understanding of physiological circuitry underlying complex behaviors. The use of these techniques for teasing out the role of neurons and glia in nociceptive pathways is a rapidly growing area of research. The major findings of studies focused on understanding circuitry involved in different aspects of nociception and pain are highlighted in this article. In addition, attention is drawn to the possibility of modification of chemo- and optogenetic techniques for use as potential therapies for treatment of chronic pain disorders in human patients.
How the News Media Persuades
Authors: Leeper Thomas J. , Slothuus Rune
Published: November 2019

Framing research has greatly advanced our understanding of how mass communication shapes public opinion and political behavior. However, the dominance of the framing concept has limited integration across different theoretical approaches and concepts like priming, belief change, and persuasion, leading to theoretical confusion and empirical sloppiness. This chapter proposes a way to integrate various approaches to media effects and obtain more coherent, cumulative knowledge on how mass communication shapes political opinion. First, it distinguishes framing from other concepts, most notably persuasion, using the expectancy-value model as a common framework. Second, it discusses the implications of this more rigorous conceptualization for research design and offers an example of an experiment disentangling emphasis framing and persuasive information. Third, it highlights promising avenues for mass communication research emphasizing competition, dynamics over time, and struggle between political parties as key features of democratic politics.
Voting Advice Applications
Authors: Trechsel Alexander H. , Garzia Diego
Published: November 2019

This chapter deals with persuasion processes in modern elections. It focuses on the impact of so-called Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) that are becoming ever more popular among citizens in the Western world and beyond. By matching the political preferences of voters with the supply side (i.e., parties and candidates) in the campaign, these tools affect voters in several ways. Among others, they have a positive impact on turnout, as both observational and experimental studies could show. Furthermore, they trigger a process of self-persuasion, in which users reflect on the VAA-generated output in terms of partisan preferences, cognize these results, and change/reinforce their priors.
Characteristics of the Judge That Are Related to Accuracy
Authors: Colman Douglas E.
Published: November 2019

There exists a substantial body of work, dating back nearly a century, exploring individual differences in the ability to accurately judge the personality traits and characteristics of other people. While the picture of the good judge of others’ personality remains somewhat abstract, there are some characteristics that consistently bear out as important, such as intelligence and emotional stability. Overall, there are five characteristics that have been investigated as correlates of this ability: (1) cognitive functioning, (2) personality, (3) motivation, (4) gender, and (5) behavior. This chapter opens with an introduction to this area of scholarship, a brief coverage of the conceptual framework, and the definitions and measurement of accuracy. A description of the research within each of the five areas is then provided. Next, some theoretical considerations for ongoing research on the good judge are illuminated. Finally, this chapter concludes with some worthy directions for future research related to the good judge of personality.
Comics as Art
Authors: Ball David M.
Published: November 2019

This chapter argues that the history of physical, juxtaposed displays of comics and art in museum and gallery settings embodies curatorial containment strategies that perpetually fail. To pursue this claim is at the same time to assert that comics’ entrance into the art world, rather than a function of a postmodern turn and its contemporary reckoning, has been ongoing since the 1890s. To sketch this 130-year history, the chapter analyzes three key exhibitions in which museums and galleries have been unable to either fully disavow or fully integrate the connections between comics and art, comics as art, in the past century: the 1913 Armory Show, 1990’s “High and Low: Modern Art and Popular Culture” at MoMA, and the 2013 exhibition of Ad Reinhardt’s comics alongside his black cruciform paintings at the David Zwirner Gallery.
Structural Transformation, Deep Downturns, and Government Policy
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: November 2019

Most recessions are a result of some shock to the economic system, typically amplified by financial accelerators, and leading to large, persistent balance sheet effects on households and firms. Over time, however, the balance sheets get restored. Even banks recover. But episodically, the ‘shock’ is deeper. It is structural. Among advanced countries, such large economic transformations include the movement from agriculture to manufacturing (completed in the twentieth century), and the more recent movement from manufacturing to the service sector. The associated downturns are longer lasting. The usual tools for restoring growth, particularly monetary policy, are of only limited efficacy. Policies have to be designed to facilitate such transformations: markets on their own typically do not do well. This chapter explains why such transformations are associated with persistently high unemployment, and what kinds of government policies are needed. It looks at the lessons of the Great Depression both for the advanced countries and the developing countries today as they go through their structural transformations.
Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Lu Kevin , Mandri-Perrott Cledan
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the current investment gap in the emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) infrastructure market and proposes innovative solutions to help close the gap and supplement local financing by mobilizing international financial sources to support EMDE projects. The chapter highlights the importance of treating EMDE infrastructure as an asset class and the associated implications to investors, regulators, project sponsors, and other stakeholders. Specific products include project asset-based securities, puttable bonds, programmatic risk guarantees, and securitized infrastructure loan products. The chapter explores potential investor targets for the emerging market infrastructure sector and lays out proposed structures for alternative financing products that engage commercial and multilateral development banks to mobilize additional finance.
Economic Reform and Structural Change
Authors: Naughton Barry
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines China’s experience with structural change during three distinct periods of economic reform and growth: 1978–1995, 1995 through to about 2010, and 2010 to present. In each case, the chapter finds that the pattern of structural change is related to the choices made by policy makers with respect to reform and market transition. The first period saw a shift towards a more labour-intensive output basket, a structure that was more in line with China’s underlying comparative advantage, while the second period witnessed a move ‘upstream’ toward more capital and skill-intensive industries. Since 2010, China has begun to move toward a service economy and embarked on a new era of structural change. Each of these periods offers specific ‘lessons’ about the relationship between policy and structural change. The chapter concludes with a discussion of these lessons and a number of generalizations that apply to China’s experience as a whole.
Truth is the Safest Lie
Authors: Monga Célestin
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines some of the key elements of the knowledge accumulated in the field of development economics. It begins by challenging the dominant paradigms of development thinking, from a fundamental, philosophical perspective. To this end, the chapter uses the experiences of Ghana and other African and developing countries as examples to illustrate the analytical sins committed by development economists. It argues that the failures of those countries in terms of economic development is primarily due to the pervasiveness of bad ideas, which translate into bad advice by influential economists—those in the position to shape or influence policy making. Two major strategic mistakes of development economics are highlighted: first, the wrong model economy and reference and second, the wrong assumptions and preconditions. The chapter concludes with key recommendations for a more appropriate approach aimed at enriching and strengthening development thinking.
Remodelling Structural Change
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Wang Yong
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines how structural change can be formally modelled in the New Structural Economics (NSE) proposed by Justin Yifu Lin. According to NSE, the aggregate production function is no longer considered exogenous and time-invariant. Instead, it is derived from the compositions of underlying industries which are in turn determined by the endowment structure. The central economic idea of NSE is that endowment structure determines optimal industrial structures and that capital accumulation (improvement of endowment structure) drives changes in industrial structures. After a brief overview of the current dominant framework for macro-development analysis, the chapter explains why structures are important in understanding economic development. It then introduces a benchmark model of NSE and discusses several theoretical extensions to it. It argues that structural changes should be remodelled to emphasize the key roles of endowment structure and firm viability.
Desirable Directions of Structural Transformation
Authors: Phelps Edmund
Published: November 2019

This chapter considers three questions arising from the idea of a ‘structural transformation’ of present-day economies: What is harmful in the existing structures? What goals do we want any new structures to serve? And what structures would serve the chosen goals? It begins with a discussion of the various harms attributed to the structures of advanced economies today, noting the frustration and alienation felt by the working class. It then challenges the belief that optimal resource allocation and well-functioning institutions are sufficient for a satisfactory economy, suggesting that the right economic model is the good economy—the kind of economy offering the good life. It also examines structures that make it possible to attain the desirable goals of prospering, flourishing, and self-expression. Finally, it analyses corporatism as the alternative to genuine capitalism and how it has prevented the system of economic dynamism from delivering the good life for many people.
Structural Transformation and Income Distribution
Authors: Kanbur Ravi
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores the question of structural transformation and income distribution through the eyes of the pioneer in such analysis, Simon Kuznets. It argues that his 1955 paper stands the test of time in providing insights which are relevant to understanding current phenomena such as the evolution of Chinese inequality. The chapter shows how the Kuznetsian framework can be used, for example, in predicting the differential relationship between urbanization and inequality in India versus China, in assessing the detail of the contribution of sectoral mean and inequality evolution to overall inequality change, and in linking the recent inequality of opportunity literature to rural–urban migration. Thus the original Kuznets framework has the seeds of getting us beyond Kuznets as sometimes (mis)understood in the literature on structural transformation and income distribution.
The Flying-Geese Theory
Authors: Ozawa Terutomo
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the ‘flying-geese’ (FG) theory first introduced by Japanese economist Kaname Akamatsu in the mid-1930s, arguing that it must be reformulated in the light of stepped-up globalization. It first provides an overview of the basic assumptions of the FG theory before discussing the role of multinational corporations as an instrument of catch-up and an endogenizer of growth in the world economy. It then analyses the ‘(double-helix) ladder of development à la Schumpeter’ that can capture and expand on Akamatsu’s ideas about the inter- and intra-structural changes and the evolutionary hierarchy of economies aligned at different growth stages. It also considers the Schumpeterian ladder-related, S-shaped growth trajectory along which economic development proceeds. Finally, it describes three rounds of national ecosystem reform needed to move sustainable growth forward: from low-income stagnation towards middle-income status; bypassing the middle-income trap towards high-income status; and escaping the ‘high-income (sclerosis) trap’.
Environmental Management and Strategy
Authors: Marcus Alfred
Published: November 2019

This chapter starts by looking at waste production as the inevitable by-product of business activity. Then it examines the challenges to corporate environmental management that come from shifting public attitudes, the opposing ideological frameworks that proponents of the environmental movement advance, the limitations of economic analysis and reasoning for resolving controversial environmental dilemmas, and the inadequacies of scientific and technical information for accomplishing this purpose. The chapter then discusses solid waste management and atmospheric pollution as central issues in corporate environmental management. It concludes with an examination of strategic environmental management (SEM), a capability within the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm that can lead to better outcomes for companies and for society. The roles of public policies, markets, and the values and beliefs in firms acquiring a capability for SEM are considered.
New Roles for Business
Authors: Voegtlin Christian , Scherer Andreas Georg
Published: November 2019

This chapter discusses the new role of businesses as responsible innovators. The world is facing “grand challenges” of sustainability, and business will play a crucial role in contributing to a sustainable future by providing innovative solutions that avoid further harm and actively do good. Particular challenges and opportunities are highlighted across the spectrum of economic sectors and firm-specific capabilities for corporate governance and responsible leadership that are conducive to responsible innovation are addressed. The chapter concludes with an agenda for future research into this new role for business firms.
Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Mair Johanna , Rathert Nikolas
Published: November 2019

Social entrepreneurship constitutes a distinct organizing model that uses market activity to overcome social problems. This chapter introduces key elements of this model, including a focus on understanding the causal architecture and institutional embeddedness of social problems, the pursuit of multiple interrelated goals to effect social change, creative governance arrangements, and the contingencies of social entrepreneurship across contexts. We discuss these elements in light of the motives and challenges of social initiatives in the corporate sectors (corporate social responsibility; CSR), in particular how social problems are subjugated to a financial logic, in order to generate a constructive debate on learning potential for the corporate sector from social entrepreneurship. We conclude with an outlook on research gaps and opportunities as the study of social entrepreneurship moves beyond a phase of exploration.