bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric dynamics and midlatitude jets under geoengineering with space mirrors and sulfate and titania aerosols
Authors: Ferraro A. J. , Charlton‐Perez A. J. , Highwood E. J.
Published: December 2014

The impact on the dynamics of the stratosphere of three approaches to geoengineering by solar radiation management is investigated using idealized simulations of a global climate model. The approaches are geoengineering with sulfate aerosols, titania aerosols, and reduction in total solar irradiance (representing mirrors placed in space). If it were possible to use stratospheric aerosols to counterbalance the surface warming produced by a quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, tropical lower stratospheric radiative heating would drive a thermal wind response which would intensify the stratospheric polar vortices. In the Northern Hemisphere this intensification results in strong dynamical cooling of the polar stratosphere. Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warming events become rare (one and two in 65 years for sulfate and titania, respectively). The intensification of the polar vortices results in a poleward shift of the tropospheric midlatitude jets in winter. The aerosol radiative heating enhances the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere, influencing the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation. In contrast, solar dimming does not produce heating of the tropical lower stratosphere, and so there is little intensification of the polar vortex and no enhanced tropical upwelling. The dynamical response to titania aerosol is qualitatively similar to the response to sulfate.
Evidence for explosive silicic volcanism on the Moon from the extended distribution of thorium near the Compton‐Belkovich Volcanic Complex
Authors: Wilson J. T. , Eke V. R. , Massey R. J. , Elphic R. C. , Jolliff B. L. , Lawrence D. J. , Llewellin E. W. , McElwaine J. N. , Teodoro L. F. A.
Published: December 2014

We reconstruct the abundance of thorium near the Compton‐Belkovich Volcanic Complex on the Moon, using data from the Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer. We enhance the resolution via a pixon image reconstruction technique and find that the thorium is distributed over a larger (40km × 75 km) area than the (25km × 35 km) high‐albedo region normally associated with Compton‐Belkovich. Our reconstructions show that inside this region, the thorium concentration is 14–26ppm. We also find additional thorium, spread up to 300km eastward of the complex at ∼2 ppm. The thorium must have been deposited during the formation of the volcanic complex, because subsequent lateral transport mechanisms, such as small impacts, are unable to move sufficient material. The morphology of the feature is consistent with pyroclastic dispersal, and we conclude that the present distribution of thorium was likely created by the explosive eruption of silicic magma.
Synthesis and application of ethylenediamine tetrapropionic salt as a novel draw solute for forward osmosis application
Authors: Long Qingwu , Qi Guangxian , Wang Yan
Published: December 2014

The development of suitable draw solutes for forward osmosis (FO) process is a big obstacle on the way of its real industrialization. In this work, a novel draw solute, ethylenediamine tetrapropionic (EDTP) acid (salt) is developed for FO application. The successful synthesis is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high resolution mass spectrum. By optimizing the pH of EDTP solution, its composition is varied, and therefore, its water solubility and osmotic pressure are effectively improved. The effects of EDTP concentration on the osmotic pressure and FO performance are also investigated. Its outstanding osmotic pressure and big molecular size result in a high water flux of 22.69 LMH and a low salt flux of 0.32 gMH with 0.8 M EDTP draw solution (water as the feed solution, pressure retarded osmosis mode). The good stability and easy recovery by nanofiltration of EDTP solution also demonstrate its great potential as the draw solute for future FO applications. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1309–1321, 2015
Semianalytical characterization of turbulence from radial impellers, with experimental and numerical validation
Authors: Ben‐Nun Ronen , Sheintuch Moshe , Kysela Bohuš , Konfršt Jiří , Fořt Ivan
Published: December 2014

Based on conventional turbulent jet theory and the general theoretical framework of scalar dispersion in turbulent shear flows, a novel formulation of the radial impeller's jet in stirred tanks is introduced. Whereas previous studies considered the impeller's jet as developed, it is now comprised of two separate spatial regions along the radial axis: the zone of flow establishment (ZFE) and the zone of established flow (ZEF). This formulation is accompanied with semi‐analytical expressions for the prediction of turbulent key parameters including the random part of k and ε in the ZFE. The new theoretical framework is validated both with laser Doppler anemometry measurements and with 3‐D numerical simulations using the standard
turbulent model. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1413–1426, 2015
Impact of flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry in furnace simulations
Authors: Zhang Yu , Qian Feng , Zhang Yu , Schietekat Carl M. , Van Geem Kevin M. , Guy and , Marin Guy B.
Published: December 2014

Three fully coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a complete industrial steam cracking furnace equipped with floor burners are performed. The influence of the flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry on the flame front in the firebox, the heat transfer to the coils and the product selectivities has been investigated. A nine‐band model developed from the Exponential Wide Band Model (EWBM) is used as nongray gas radiation model to compare with the gray gas implementation of Weighted Sum of Gray Gas Model for the evaluation of the flue gas radiative properties. The gray gas radiation model predicts a flue gas outlet temperature that is 70 K lower than the temperature obtained with the nongray gas radiation model, resulting in a 3.6% higher thermal efficiency and 44 K higher average Coil Outlet Temperature (COT). Important differences between the 22 reactors in the furnace are seen because of shadow effects with and without accounting for the detailed burner geometry. The maximum difference between the COT of different reactors in the furnace caused by shadow effects is about 29 K which corresponds to a propene‐over‐ethene difference of 0.1. Full furnace CFD simulations prove thus to be essential in design and during debottlenecking, when aiming for a more uniform COT distribution to the reactors by feed or fuel distribution. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2015 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 936–954, 2015
Enhancing Electrochemical Water‐Splitting Kinetics by Polarization‐Driven Formation of Near‐Surface Iron(0): An In Situ XPS Study on Perovskite‐Type Electrodes
Authors: Opitz Alexander K. , Nenning Andreas , Rameshan Christoph , Rameshan Raffael , Blume Raoul , Hävecker Michael , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Rupprechter Günther , Fleig Jürgen , Klötzer Bernhard
Published: December 2014

In the search for optimized cathode materials for high‐temperature electrolysis, mixed conducting oxides are highly promising candidates. This study deals with fundamentally novel insights into the relation between surface chemistry and electrocatalytic activity of lanthanum ferrite based electrolysis cathodes. For this means, near‐ambient‐pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP‐XPS) and impedance spectroscopy experiments were performed simultaneously on electrochemically polarized La0.6Sr0.4FeO3−δ (LSF) thin film electrodes. Under cathodic polarization the formation of Fe0 on the LSF surface could be observed, which was accompanied by a strong improvement of the electrochemical water splitting activity of the electrodes. This correlation suggests a fundamentally different water splitting mechanism in presence of the metallic iron species and may open novel paths in the search for electrodes with increased water splitting activity.
Nonisothermal crystallization and morphology of crystallites of polyamide 66 and copolyamide 66 containing 2‐carboxyethyl phenyl phosphinic acid
Authors: Tan Sheng Long , Ma Lian Xin , Sun Xiao Guang , Tang Xu Dong
Published: December 2014

Flame‐retardant polyamide 66 with a 10% mass fraction of 2‐carboxyethyl phenyl phosphinic acid (CEPPA) hexamethylene diamine salt (PA66‐10) was fabricated in our previous study. In this study, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of pure polyamide 66 (PA66‐0) and PA66‐10 were measured by differential scanning calorimetry, and the data obtained were analyzed, and we calculated the average Avrami exponent (n) and used the Jeziorny, Mo, and Kissinger methods. The results from all of these methods show that the crystallization mechanism of PA66‐0 mainly consisted of three stages, whereas PA66‐10 mainly consisted of two stages. At the prime stage, both PA66‐0 and PA66‐10 may have had the same crystallization mechanism. When the cooling rates were 15 and 20°C/min, the approximate n suggested that the growth form of the spherulite mode in PA66‐0 may have been complicated, whereas PA66‐10 may have had a one‐dimensional, two‐dimensional space‐extension, circular, diffusion controlled growth. The crystallization activation energies were determined to be 183.2 and 301 kJ/mol for PA66‐0 and PA66‐10, respectively, by the Kissinger method. To further study the influence of the addition of CEPPA on the crystallization behaviors of PA66‐0, the spherulitic morphologies were examined by polarized light microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41790.
Effect of additives on the melt rheology and thermal degradation of poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyric acid]
Authors: Arza Carlos R. , Jannasch Patric , Johansson Peter , Magnusson Per , Werker Alan , Maurer Frans H. J.
Published: December 2014

Thermal degradation of poly[(R)−3‐hydroxybutyric acid] (PHB) during melt mixing results in random chain scission that produces shorter polymer chains containing crotonic and carboxyl end groups. One way of preventing this serious reduction of molar mass is to add agents that react with at least two of the newly generated end groups. Different types of commercially available additives known to react with carboxyl group, namely bis(3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl) adipate (BECMA), 2,2'‐bis(2‐oxazoline) (BOX), trimethylolpropane tris(2‐methyl‐1‐aziridinepropionate) (PETAP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), tris(nonylphenyl) phosphate (TNPP), polycarbodiimide (PCDI), and poly(methyl metharylate‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (GMA.MMA) were mixed with PHB by cocasting from solution in chloroform. Dynamic rheology as well as measurements of molar masses before and after dynamic analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the additives on the melt stability of PHB. Measurements of the dynamic shear modulus and the molar mass of molten PHB with the additives PCDI and GMA.MMA showed a minor improvement on the thermal stability. Furthermore, TPP and TNPP did not affect the thermal stability of PHB, whereas the presence of BECMA, BOX, and PETAP gave a strong decrease of the dynamic modulus compared with neat PHB. © 2014 The Authors Journal of Applied Polymer Science Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41836.
Naphthalimide‐Based Triptycenes: Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Wu Di , Zhang Hua , Liu Sheng Hua , Yin Jun
Published: December 2014

In the past decades, the naphthalimide structure has found application in many areas of chemistry due to its unique photophysical properties. Naphthalimide has two isomers, 1,8‐naphthalimide containing a six‐membered imide ring and 2,3‐naphthalimide containing a five‐membered imide ring. The former has been widely investigated while studies on the latter are considerably more rare. On the other hand, naphthalimide can also be regarded as a building block to construct polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have found wide applications in optical materials. Here we report the synthesis and optoelectronic properties of three 2,3‐naphthalimide‐based triptycenes. These three triptycene derivatives enrich the family of triptycenes.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Dolastatrienol
Authors: Leung Lai To , Chiu Pauline
Published: December 2014

The first asymmetric total synthesis of the tricyclic diterpenoid natural product (−)‐dolastatrienol has been accomplished using a rhodium(II)‐catalyzed carbene cyclization cycloaddition cascade reaction as the key step to construct the [5.4.0]carbobicyclic core. An intramolecular Heck reaction furnished the tricyclic skeleton and a challenging methylenation completed the synthesis of the target.
Segregated growth kinetics of Escherichia coli DH5α‐NH36 in exponential‐fed perfusion culture for pDNA vaccine production
Authors: Munguía‐Soto Rodolfo , García‐Rendón Aurora , Garibay‐Escobar Adriana , Guerrero‐Germán Patricia , Tejeda‐Mansir Armando
Published: December 2014

The clinical demand of plasmid DNA (pDNA) has been increasing constantly. An exponential‐fed perfusion (EFP) culture is a new mode for plasmid production for clinical trials and commercialization. However, the culture conditions may lead to cell filamentation and growth cessation. In this study, the variation of the physiological state and the plasmid contents of Escherichia coli DH5α hosting pVAX1‐NH36 in an EFP culture for application as a Leishmaniasis vaccine was investigated. The culture performance was monitored using flow cytometry (FC) and real‐time quantitative PCR. The FC studies showed a high viability of cell population and a constant distribution of complexity and size. A high homogeneity of pDNA (>95 % of supercoiled) was obtained, which might be attributed to a better culture environment. The obtained plasmid specific and volumetric yields of 1.8 mg/g dcw and 36.5 mg/L represent typical values for laboratory‐scale plasmid production in a defined medium. A segregated kinetic model of the perfusion system was developed and fitted to the experimental data (R2 > 0.96). A practical conclusion of this work is that a space–time yield analysis of a bioprocess requires a viability evaluation. This new strategy of culture operation might help in the efficient production of pDNA for therapeutic use.
Metabolic engineering of clostridia for the production of chemicals
Authors: Cho Changhee , Jang Yu‐Sin , Moon Hyeon Gi , Lee Joungmin , Lee Sang Yup
Published: December 2014

There have recently been significant advances in bio‐based production of chemicals from renewable resources. Microorganisms belonging to the genus Clostridium have been considered as one of the promising hosts for the production of desired chemicals of wide industrial use. Clostridium strains have capability to utilize diverse carbon sources, including C5 and C6 substrates, which thus allows production of chemicals from inexpensive and abundant biomass such as corn stover, straw, and woody waste. In addition, Clostridium strains naturally produce various chemicals, such as acetic acid, butyric acid, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, 1,3‐propanediol, 2,3‐butanediol, and acetone. Recently, several important strategies for the metabolic engineering of Clostridium have been developed not only for the enhanced production of these natural products and but also for the production of non‐natural isobutanol production. Here, we review the strategies employed for the development of metabolically engineered Clostridium strains for the production of such chemicals and provide future perspectives.
Ruthenium Oxide‐Doped TiO2 Nanotubes by Single‐Step Anodization for Water‐Oxidation Applications
Authors: Yoo Hyeonseok , Choi Yong‐Wook , Choi Jinsub
Published: December 2014

Single‐step anodization in NH4F‐based ethylene glycol electrolyte containing KRuO4 and H2O led to the production of high‐aspect‐ratio TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) with a doping of ruthenium oxide. These NTs were successfully used as electrodes for water oxidation in KOH. This method offers homogenous incor poration of a small amount of ruthenium oxide (≈0.12 wt %) into 25 μm TiO2 nanotubes without the need for complicated facilities or steps. The addition of H2O into electrolytes is a key step for the stable adhesion of long‐length TiO2 NT films on a substrate. The tips of the TiO2 nanotubes prepared by this novel method are not easily dissolved by electrolyte because the walls of the nanotubes are thickened by a factor of more than two in response to the addition of KRuO4 and H2O. The longest nanotubular TiO2 with a doping of ruthenium oxide and no wall dissolution shows the largest current density in the oxygen‐evolution reaction.
Aging attenuates acquired heat tolerance and hypothalamic neurogenesis in rats
Authors: Matsuzaki Kentaro , Katakura Masanori , Inoue Takayuki , Hara Toshiko , Hashimoto Michio , Shido Osamu
Published: December 2014

This study investigated age‐dependent changes in heat exposure‐induced hypothalamic neurogenesis and acquired heat tolerance in rats. We previously reported that neuronal progenitor cell proliferation and neural differentiation are enhanced in the hypothalamus of long‐term heat‐acclimated (HA) rats. Male Wistar rats, 5 weeks (Young), 10–11 months (Adult), or 22–25 months (Old) old, were subjected to an ambient temperature of 32°C for 40–50 days (HA rats). Rats underwent a heat tolerance test. In HA rats, increases in abdominal temperature (Tab) in the the Young, Adult, and Old groups were significantly smaller than those in their respective controls. However, the increase in Tab of HA rats became greater with advancing age. The number of hypothalamic bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐immunopositive cells double stained with a mature neuron marker, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), of HA rats was significantly higher in the Young group than that in the control group. In Young HA, BrdU/NeuN‐immunopositive cells of the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus appeared to be the highest among regions examined. Large numbers of newborn neurons were also located in the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, as well as the posterior hypothalamic area, whereas heat exposure did not increase such numbers in the Adult and Old groups. Aging may interfere with heat exposure‐induced hypothalamic neurogenesis and acquired heat tolerance in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1190–1201, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulmonary vascular response to exercise in symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Verbrugge Frederik H. , Dupont Matthias , Bertrand Philippe B. , Nijst Petra , Grieten Lars , Dens Joseph , Verhaert David , Janssens Stefan , Tang W. H. Wilson , Mullens Wilfried
Published: December 2014

Aims

To study pulmonary vascular response patterns to exercise in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods and results

In this prospective single‐centre cohort study, consecutive symptomatic HFrEF patients (n = 40) with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) ≥25 mmHg, pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) >15 mmHg, and cardiac index <2.5 L/min.m2, received protocol‐driven titrated sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diuretics to reach mean arterial blood pressure 65–75 mmHg and PAWP ≤15 mmHg. Patients performed symptom‐limited supine bicycle testing under continued SNP administration. Afterwards, SNP was gradually withdrawn, renin–angiotensin system blockers uptitrated, and hydralazine added to maintain haemodynamic targets. Subsequently, bicycle testing was repeated. Patients presented with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) = 3.8 ± 1.4 Wood Units at rest, decreasing to 2.9 ± 0.9 Wood Units after decongestion, with PH was completely reversed (MPAP <25 mmHg) in 22%. From rest to maximal exercise, the cardiac index did not change significantly (P = 0.334 under SNP; P‐value = 0.552 under oral therapy). A dynamic exercise‐induced PVR increase >3.5 Wood Units was noted in 19 patients (48%) under oral therapy vs. five (13%) under SNP. Such exercise‐induced PVR increase was associated with a 33% relative decrease in right ventricular stroke work index (P = 0.037).

Conclusions

Even after thorough decongestion and under continuous afterload reduction, PH secondary to HFrEF is completely reversible in only a minority of patients. Others demonstrate an exercise‐induced PVR increase, associated with impaired right ventricular stroke work, which might be ameliorated by nitric oxide donor support.
Tumour suppressors and cellular senescence
Authors: Chan Adelyne S. L. , Mowla Sophia N. , Arora Parineeta , Jat Parmjit S.
Published: December 2014

Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest that normal cells undergo in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, including progressive telomere shortening, changes in telomeric structure or other forms of genotoxic as well nongenotoxic stress. Senescence is thought to have originated as a remodelling program that is active in embryonic development and acts as a key tumour suppressor mechanism during the reproductive stage in early adult life, by leading to the removal of potentially cancerous cells. However, in later adult life, it promotes organismal aging by compromising tissue repair and regeneration due to the accumulation of senescent cells, depletion of stem/progenitor cells and secretion of an array of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteases. Whilst suppressing tumour formation in the senescent cells, these inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and metalloproteases can promote tumour progression and metastasis in the neighbouring cells. Herein, we review the molecular pathways that underlie cellular senescence and how it contributes towards tumour suppression. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(12):812–822, 2014
Effective collection of peripheral blood stem cells in children weighing 20 kilogram or less in a single large‐volume apheresis procedure
Authors: Salazar‐Riojas Rosario , García‐Lozano José Alberto , Valdés‐Galván Mayra , Martínez‐González Odra , Cantú‐Rodríguez Olga Graciela , González‐Llano Oscar , Gómez‐De León Andrés , Jaime‐Pérez José Carlos , Gómez‐Almaguer David , Gutiérrez‐Aguirre César Homero
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation has become a routine procedure in pediatric oncology. A special group of PBSC donors are children weighing 20 kg or less. Limited vascular access and low blood volume puts them at a higher risk. Central line placement and a priming apheresis machine are recommended to avoid these complications. Patients and Methods: PBSC collections performed from July 2006 to May 2013 in children weighing less than 20 kg were included. All donors had a central venous catheter (CVC). An apheresis machine was primed with packet red blood cells. Results: Twenty‐seven PBSC collections were performed in 22 children weighing 20 kg or less, 14 for allogeneic and 8 for autologous transplantation, in order to collect at least 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. In the allogeneic group, median age and weight were 3 years (0.8–7) and 15.5 kg (8–20). In the autologous group, median age and weight were 3 years (2–7) and 15.35 kg (12.5–19.5). A single large‐volume apheresis was sufficient to obtain the CD34+ cells needed in 78.5% and 75% of the allogeneic and autologous groups, respectively, with a median 11.84 × 106 and 5.79 × 106 CD34+ cells collected per kilogram of weight of the recipient. No serious complications related to the apheresis procedure or CVC placement occurred. Conclusion: PBSC collection in a single large‐volume apheresis for allogeneic and autologous transplants in children weighing 20 kg or less is a safe and effective procedure when based on standardized protocols. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:281–287, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence of psychological problems and associated transplant‐related variables at different time periods after liver transplantation
Authors: Annema Coby , Roodbol Petrie F. , Stewart Roy E. , Porte Robert J. , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: December 2014

After liver transplantation, recipients often experience psychological problems that are influenced by demographic, personal, and transplant‐related variables. However, because previous studies have mostly reported on psychological problems and their influencing factors in the first years after transplantation, less is known about their prevalence and influence in the long run. The aims of this study were to examine point‐prevalence rates of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress (PTS) at different time periods after transplantation and to examine the transplant‐related variables associated with these problems. A cross‐sectional survey was performed among 373 liver transplant recipients who received transplants between 1979 and 2009 at our center. Five clinically relevant time periods were identified: 0.5 to <2 years, 2 to <5 years, 5 to <10 years, 10 to <15 years, and ≥15 years after transplantation. The response rate was 75% (n = 281). Overall, 33.4% of the respondents experienced clinically relevant symptom levels of anxiety (28.7%), depression (16.5%), or PTS (10.0%). Symptoms of anxiety and depression were more prevalent in the first 2 years and in the long term after transplantation. PTS symptoms were more prevalent in the first 5 years after transplantation. However, the prevalence rates did not differ significantly between time periods. Viral hepatitis and the number of side effects of the immunosuppressive (IS) medication were found to be associated with all psychological problems. Alcoholic liver disease was associated with anxiety and depression in the short term after transplantation. In conclusion, a significant subset of transplant recipients experience psychological problems, both shortly after transplantation and in the long run. These problems are often associated with side effects from the IS medication. Therefore, the monitoring of psychological problems, the offering of psychological counseling, and the management of the medication's side effects should be part of the routine care of transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 21:524–538, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
The effect of reactive oxygen species on motility parameters, DNA integrity, tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatase activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) spermatozoa
Authors: Gazo Ievgeniia , Shaliutina‐Kolešová Anna , Dietrich Mariola A. , Linhartová Pavla , Shaliutina Olena , Cosson Jacky
Published: December 2014

The effect of reactive oxygen species production on the motility parameters, DNA integrity, acid phosphatase activity, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in spermatozoa of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was investigated. Spermatozoa were exposed to different concentrations of xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X‐XO) either in the presence or absence of antioxidants for 15 and 60 min. A dose‐ and time‐dependent reduction in spermatozoa motility and velocity was observed. Comet assays showed a dramatic increase in DNA fragmentation after 15 min. Changes in tyrosine phosphorylation of spermatozoa proteins were observed by Western blotting with anti‐phosphotyrosine antibodies, and proteins of interest were identified by mass spectrometry. After a 60 min exposure to X‐XO, O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine transferase, isoform 4 was phosphorylated and septin‐8‐A was dephosphorylated. Acid phosphatase activity also decreased in a dose‐dependent manner after a 60 min exposure to oxidative stress. The results demonstrate that oxidative stress impaired functional variables (sperm motility, velocity, DNA integrity) of carp spermatozoa, and altered intracellular signalling pathways through changes in tyrosine phosphorylation and acid phosphatase activity.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 48–57, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term Immunoglobulin therapy for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Rajabally Yusuf A.
Published: December 2014

Immunoglobulins are an effective but expensive treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Although the goal is to improve function, use of functional scales to monitor therapy is not widespread. Limited recent evidence suggests that doses lower than those used traditionally may be as effective. There are no proven correlations of effective dose with weight, disease severity, or duration. The clinical course of CIDP is heterogeneous and includes monophasic forms and complete remissions. Careful monitoring of immunoglobulin use is necessary to avoid overtreatment. Definitive evidence for immunoglobulin superiority over steroids is lacking. Although latest trial evidence favors immunoglobulins over steroids, the latter may result in higher remission rates and longer remission periods. This article addresses the appropriateness of first‐line, high‐dose immunoglobulin treatment for CIDP and reviews important clinical questions regarding the need for long‐term therapy protocols, adequate monitoring, treatment withdrawal, and consideration of corticosteroids as an alternative to immunoglobulin therapy. Muscle Nerve 51:657–661, 2015
Impact of myasthenia gravis on family planning: How do women with myasthenia gravis decide and why?
Authors: Ohlraun Stephanie , Hoffmann Sarah , Klehmet Juliane , Kohler Siegfried , Grittner Ulrike , Schneider Alice , Heuschmann Peter U. , Meisel Andreas
Published: December 2014

Introduction: We analyzed the impact of myasthenia gravis (MG) on decision‐making in family planning by women with the disease. Methods: In a cross‐sectional, anonymous survey, a standardized questionnaire was sent or handed out to 1,637 women with MG. Results: In total, 801 questionnaires were eligible for analysis. Over fifty percent of the patients had abstained from having children due to MG. The concern mentioned most often was the possible influence of MG medication on the unborn child (87.1%). Spouses/partners (91.8%) and MG treating physicians (82.9%) were the most important persons involved in the decision‐making process. Higher age and personal experience of intensive‐care treatment for MG were independently associated with the decision to abstain from having children. Lower level of knowledge was independently associated with the probability of discouraging other MG patients from having children. Conclusions: Women with MG need specific guidance about family planning issues, which may lead to lower rates of voluntary childlessness. On the basis of our data, more specific hypotheses can be generated that require prospective investigation. Muscle Nerve 52:371–379, 2015
Evaluating the Validity of the Braden Scale Using Longitudinal Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Jin Yinji , Piao Jinshi , Lee Sun‐Mi
Published: December 2014

In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Braden scale in assessing the risk of pressure ulcers. Longitudinal clinical data including weekly Braden scale scores for 1,138 patients admitted to a university hospital who developed pressure ulcers during the hospital stay and 4,794 who did not develop pressure ulcers were extracted from the hospital's electronic medical record system. Braden scale scores at three points during hospitalization were analyzed: the initial score at admission, the last score recorded before diagnosis (for pressure ulcer patients) or before discharge (for those without pressure ulcers), and the minimum (highest‐risk) score recorded. Using these data, the predictive validity of the scale was evaluated using a cut‐off score of 18, followed by an evaluation of the relative advantages and disadvantages of cut‐off scores from 12 to 19. Among patients in the general units, the minimum score had the greatest sensitivity (0.85), negative predictive value (NPV; 0.98), and Youden index (0.73). Among patients in the intensive care units, the last score had the best NPV (0.65), Youden index (0.53), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.78), while the minimum score had the highest sensitivity (0.88). The optimal cut‐off score for patients in the general units was 19 and for those in the intensive care units was 18. These results support a higher cut‐off score than previously recommended, particularly for severely ill patients who are more prone to developing pressure ulcers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Easy Money: Tax Exporting and State Support for Higher Education
Authors: Foster John M. , Fowles Jacob
Published: December 2014

There is a substantial literature that assesses the effects of tax‐exporting capacities on the tax structures and aggregate spending levels that state governments choose to implement, but no work exists that isolates the effects of state tax exporting on higher education spending. Using state‐level data for 1989, 1995, 2002, and 2007, we estimate for the median voter in each state the change in the marginal cost of higher education subsidization generated by tax exportation, and calculate the increased higher education spending that results. We consider three types of spending: state appropriations to public universities as well as need‐ and non‐need‐based aid awarded to in‐state students. We find that neither type of aid is responsive to the marginal cost, or tax price, faced by the median voter. However, the median voter's price elasticity of demand for state appropriations is statistically significant and negative. We find that the median voter's tax price is substantially reduced by the presence of prominent mining and tourism industries and by the federal deductibility offset available to firms. Thus, these tax‐exporting capacities exert upward pressure on voter demand for state appropriations to public universities.
Plasma Treatment to Improve the Surface Properties of Recycled Post‐Consumer PVC
Authors: Prestes Sabrina Moretto Darbello , Mancini Sandro Donnini , Rangel Elidiane Cipriano , da Cruz Nilson Cristino , Schreiner Wido Herwig , Junior Antonio Rodolfo
Published: December 2014

Recycled post‐consumer and virgin PVC were treated using SF6 radiofrequency plasmas of different powers (30–80 W) and exposure times (2–30 min). The treatment converted the hydrophilic PVC into hydrophobic. It was then determined the effect of the optimized treatment (2 min, 80 W, 120°) on the chemical composition, molecular structure, roughness, electrical resistivity and abrasion resistance. There was replacement of C, Cl and H atoms by F resulting in a structure that can no longer be characterized as PVC and explains the low surface wettability and its temporal stability. Upon the optimized treatment condition, it was possible to obtain recycled PVC with similar roughness and surface electrical resistivity but with higher contact angle and abrasion resistance than the untreated virgin material.
Novel outcome measures for clinical trials in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Puderbach Michael , Venegas Jose G. , Ratjen Felix , Donaldson Scott H. , Davis Stephanie D. , Rowe Steven M. , Sagel Scott D. , Higgins Mark , Waltz David A.
Published: December 2014

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common inherited condition caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane regulator protein. With increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying CF and the development of new therapies there comes the need to develop new outcome measures to assess the disease, its progression and response to treatment. As there are limitations to the current endpoints accepted for regulatory purposes, a workshop to discuss novel endpoints for clinical trials in CF was held in Anaheim, California in November 2011. The pros and cons of novel outcome measures with potential utility for evaluation of novel treatments in CF were critically evaluated. The highlights of the 2011 workshop and subsequent advances in technologies and techniques that could be used to inform the development of clinical trial endpoints are summarized in this review. Pediatr Pulmonol. © 2014 The Authors. Pediatric Pulmonology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation and investigation of mode locking in GaN‐based laser diodes in external cavity configuration
Authors: Weig Thomas , Höck Helge , Holc Katarzyna , Köhler Klaus , Wagner Joachim , Schwarz Ulrich T.
Published: December 2014

Investigation of spectro‐temporal characteristics of short‐pulse generation from a violet–blue AlGaInN multi‐section laser diode implemented in an external cavity is demonstrated. The front facet is coated with a single layer of anti‐reflection coating, resulting in superluminescent diodes with a broad spectrum. The coated diode is placed in an external cavity in Littrow configuration for wavelength‐tuning, and in Littman–Metcalf configuration for ultrashort pulse generation. We report on fundamental, harmonic, as well as hybrid mode locking. Compensating for the group velocity dispersion, we compress the pulse duration down to 2 ps, which is at the resolution limit of the streak camera. Mode locking and sub‐ps pulse generation are hindered by the photon density‐induced gain saturation, manifested as mode competition and mode clustering superimposed with mode locking. We show, that hybrid mode locking can suppress the mode competition successfully.
Micro‐PIXE analysis of doped SiO2 fibres intended as TL dosimeters for radiation measurements
Authors: Abdul Sani S. F. , Grime G. W. , Palitsin V. , Mahdiraji G. A. , Abdul Rashid H. A. , Maah M. J. , Bradley D. A.
Published: December 2014

Sample elemental concentrations can be determined using the microbeam proton‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) technique, providing non‐destructive simultaneous low‐background multi‐element analysis. Present interest concerns analysis of Ge‐doped SiO2 fibres intended as high spatial‐resolution thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeters for radiation measurements in place of their more typical applications in telecommunications. During fibres fabrication, defined amounts of the Ge dopant are added, the dopant more usually having a determining role in the transmission properties of the fibre. Characteristic X‐rays produced in PIXE analysis provide information on the relative distribution of elements within a sample, as in for instance Ge and Si concentrations, the Ge acting as point defect centres that promote TL. With the dopant tending to diffuse in and away from the fibre core, it is essential to define the sample matrix composition in order to accurately evaluate the X‐ray yield. This is determined in part using simultaneous Rutherford Back Scattering analysis. In present work, PIXE/Rutherford Back Scattering measurements have been employed to ascertain dopant concentrations of fibres that have been fabricated at the University of Malaya with a view to improving TL yield. Present results concern cylindrical fibres, nominally with 4%, 6% and 8% weight peak Ge concentrations and flat fibres of nominal 6% weight Ge concentration. For the cylindrical fibres, Ge dopant concentration has been found to be in the range of 2.41–4.56%, 6.44–8.29% and 10.27–12.25% weight, respectively, while for the flat fibres, the Ge concentration range is broader, at 0.07–6.55% weight. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polysiloxanes with Quaternary Ammonium Groups for SPPO Aqueous Emulsions
Authors: Hou Zhaosheng , Kan Chengyou
Published: December 2014

In this paper, polysiloxanes with pendant quaternary ammonium groups (QAPS, cationic silicone surfactants) were synthesized through hydrosilylation of poly(dimethylhydro)siloxane with allyl glycidyl ether, then ring‐opening reaction of epoxide groups with diethyl amine and quaternization with benzyl chloride. The chemical structures of QAPS and intermediate products were characterized by 1H NMR and FT‐IR. The surface and thermal properties of QAPS were researched through surface tension measurement and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The results showed that the QAPS had reduced critical micelle concentration values and lowered glass‐transition temperatures (Tg). Waterborne silyl‐terminated polypropylene oxide emulsions were prepared via phase‐inversion emulsification using QAPS and polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether (OP‐10) as composite emulsifiers and poly(ethylene glycol) ( = 400, PEG 400) as cosolvent. The electrical properties of the system indicated that the phase inversion was completely accomplished. The emulsions with smaller particle size (6.2 μm) had better storage stability (47 days at 50 °C) and freeze–thaw stability.
Effects of Sucrose Esters on Isothermal Crystallization of Palm Oil‐based Blend
Authors: Chen Cunhong , Zhang Hong , Bi Yanlan , Cheong Lingzhi
Published: December 2014

The effects of sucrose esters (SEs) with different acyl chain lengths, namely, lauryl (L‐195), palmitoyl (P‐170), stearoyl (S‐170), oleoyl (O‐170), and erucyl (ER‐190), on isothermal crystallization of a palm oil‐based blend (PO–PS) were studied. From this study, it was found that both α‐ and β′‐crystals coexisted following crystallization of PO–PS from melt to room temperature. Addition of SEs P‐170 and S‐170, which had saturated acyl chains similar to PO–PS, resulted in an accelerating crystallization rate, promoting the appearance of α‐crystals and transition to β′‐crystals and increasing viscosity of PO–PS blend. SE O‐170, which is liquid at room temperature, had little effect on blend crystallization. SEs L‐195 and ER‐190, with an acyl chain dissimilar to PO–PS, inhibited triacylglycerol bonding or further integration to the surface of crystals and reduced the crystallization rate and viscosity of the PO–PS blend. The PO–PS blend with SE L‐195 and ER‐190 contained large crystals and resulted in slower formation of α‐crystals and transformation to β′‐crystals. Results from this study indicate that crystallization of PO–PS was greatly influenced by acyl–acyl interactions between acyl chains of SEs and triacylglycerols.
Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning in At-Risk Mental State for Psychosis, First Episode Psychosis and Healthy Control Subjects
Authors: Ittig S. , Studerus E. , Papmeyer M. , Uttinger M. , Koranyi S. , Ramyead A. , Riecher-Rössler A.
Published: December 2014

Background:

Several sex differences in schizophrenia have been reported including differences in cognitive functioning. Studies with schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (HC) indicate that the sex advantage for women in verbal domains is also present in schizophrenia patients. However, findings have been inconsistent. No study focused on sex-related cognitive performance differences in at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS) individuals yet. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate sex differences in cognitive functioning in ARMS, first episode psychosis (FEP) and HC subjects. We expected a better verbal learning and memory performance of women in all groups.

Methods:

The neuropsychological data analysed in this study were collected within the prospectiveFrüherkennung vonPsychosen (FePsy) study. In total, 118 ARMS, 88 FEP individuals and 86 HC completed a cognitive test battery covering the domains of executive functions, attention, working memory, verbal learning and memory, IQ and speed of processing.

Results:

Women performed better in verbal learning and memory regardless of diagnostic group. By contrast, men as compared to women showed a shorter reaction time during the working memory task across all groups.

Conclusion:

The results provide evidence that women generally perform better in verbal learning and memory, independent of diagnostic group (ARMS, FEP, HC). The finding of a shorter reaction time for men in the working memory task could indicate that men have a superior working memory performance since they responded faster during the target trials, while maintaining a comparable overall working memory performance level.
RIP1 modulates death receptor mediated apoptosis and autophagy in macrophages
Authors: Yao Zhenyu , Zhang Peng , Guo Hui , Shi Juan , Liu Shilian , Liu Yanxin , Zheng Dexian
Published: December 2014

Macrophages are responsible for defending against diverse pathogens and play a crucial role in the innate immune system. Macrophage's lifespan is determined by homeostatic balance between survival and apoptosis. Here we report that tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers both apoptosis and autophagy in human U937 cells. Inhibition of autophagy facilitates TRAIL‐induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy of macrophages protects against TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. TRAIL treatment influences the expression of death receptors, indicating that TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and autophagy are mediated by death receptors. RIP1 ubiquitination and expression regulate apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, expression and bioactivity of the p43/41‐caspase‐8 variant are critical to TRAIL‐induced autophagy and apoptosis. Knockdown of RIP1 suppresses autophagy in macrophage. These data demonstrate that RIP1 is essential for the regulation of death receptor mediated autophagy and apoptosis. The results in this study contribute to understanding the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in macrophages, and shed lights on death receptor‐targeted therapy for cancer, inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
Association of oral tumor suppressor gene deleted in oral cancer‐1 (DOC‐1) in progression of oral precancer to cancer
Authors: Katarkar Atul , Patel Leelavati , Mukherjee Sanjit , Ray Jay Gopal , Haldar Pallab Kanti , Chaudhuri Keya
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Deleted in oral cancer‐1 (DOC‐1), a highly conserved tumor suppressor gene, encodes a specific cyclin‐dependent kinase 2‐associated protein 1 (p12DOC‐1). The protein DOC‐1 arrests the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and regulates DNA replication in the S phase of the cell cycle. It is known that DOC‐1 is downregulated in head and neck cancer. Hence, the aim of the study was to analyze the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of DOC‐1 in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP), leukoplakia (LPK), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in comparison to normal control subjects, and these were correlated with differential oral habits and duration of exposure.

Materials and methods: Semiquantitative one‐step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was used to assess the potential role of DOC‐1 in differential oral conditions.

Results: The expression of DOC‐1 at the transcriptional level was found to be consistently reduced (39.13%) or non‐detectable (60.87%) in OSCC cases; LPK cases also showed reduced (26.19%) or non‐detectable (59.52%) DOC‐1 expression, and overexpression of DOC‐1 was observed in patients with OSF (42.3%) and OLP (35.29%) as compared to the normal control groups. A marked reduction in DOC‐1 expression was observed in patients who smoke bidi and chew tobacco compared to patients who smoke cigarettes and chew pan. An overall reduced expression of DOC‐1 with an increase in the duration of exposure was observed.

Conclusions: The overexpression of DOC‐1 in oral premalignant disease groups with reduced or loss of expression in OSCC groups suggests its association in the progression of oral carcinogenesis, suggesting DOC‐1 to be an important prognostic indicator for oral cancer.
ERDŐS AND SET THEORY
Authors: KANAMORI AKIHIRO
Published: December 2014

Paul Erdős (26 March 1913—20 September 1996) was a mathematicianpar excellencewhose results and initiatives have had a large impact and made a strong imprint on the doing of and thinking about mathematics. A mathematician of alacrity, detail, and collaboration, Erdős in his six decades of work moved and thought quickly, entertained increasingly many parameters, and wrote over 1500 articles, the majority with others. Hismodus operandiwas to drive mathematics through cycles of problem, proof, and conjecture, ceaselessly progressing and ever reaching, and hismodus vivendiwas to be itinerant in the world, stimulating and interacting about mathematics at every port and capital.