bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Motivates Student Environmental Activists on College Campuses? An In-Depth Qualitative Study
Authors: Fung Cadi Y. , Adams Ellis Adjei
Published: November 2017

Public concern for the natural environment continues to grow as complex environmental problems emerge. One avenue where concern for the environment has been expressed is through activism. However, research on environmental activism, often aimed at understanding the motivations behind activist behavior, has largely focused on older adults. In this study, we extend the state of knowledge on environmental activism further by focusing on college students. We use qualitative methods (in-depth interviews and observations) to examine the motivations behind student involvement in environmental activism on a state university campus. Our findings underscore that young people’s activist motivations are not stand-alone phenomena; they work in tandem with other processes and factors in a dynamic way and are influenced by an individual’s history, previous experiences and passion, a sense of community, existing incentives, and self-satisfaction derived from activist behavior.
Digital Ecologies of Youth Mental Health: Apps, Therapeutic Publics and Pedagogy as Affective Arrangements
Authors: Fullagar Simone , Rich Emma , Francombe-Webb Jessica , Maturo Antonio
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we offer a new conceptual approach to analyzing the interrelations between formal and informal pedagogical sites for learning about youth mental (ill) health with a specific focus on digital health technologies. Our approach builds on an understanding of public pedagogy to examine the pedagogical modes of address (Ellsworth 1997) that are (i) produced through ‘expert’ discourses of mental health literacy for young people; and (ii) include digital practices created by young people as they seek to publicly address mental ill health through social media platforms. We trace the pedagogic modes of address that are evident in examples of digital mental health practices and the creation of what we call therapeutic publics. Through an analysis of mental health apps, we examine how these modes of address are implicated in the affective process of learning about mental (ill) health, and the affective arrangements through which embodied distress is rendered culturally intelligible. In doing so, we situate the use of individual mental health apps within a broader digital ecology that is mediated by therapeutic expertise and offer original contributions to the theorization of public pedagogy.
Analyzing Drivers of Conflict in Energy Infrastructure Projects: Empirical Case Study of Natural Gas Pipeline Sectors
Authors: Park Chan , Han Seung , Lee Kang-Wook , Lee Yong
Published: November 2017

Energy infrastructure projects have caused various conflicts between stakeholders, particularly among the residents around construction sites and operators. The conflicts are largely due to the “Not in My Backyard” mentality associated with hazardous projects. In natural gas pipeline (NGP) projects, conflicts have been increasing with the increase in a wider range of linear projects, and they have been worsening because of the lack of clear countermeasures. This study proposes an effective conflict management strategy for NGP projects in Korea. To achieve the objectives, 25 conflict drivers were identified and 143 case-based surveys were conducted to determine the causal relationship between the drivers and the level of conflict using structural equation modeling (SEM). The SEM results show that factors such as economic (e.g., decreased value of the land), construction-related (e.g., disturbance due to using the original route and site), and safety-related characteristics (e.g., concerns about explosions and accidents) are the most important in understanding the causes of conflicts. Based on the causal relationship, five key strategies were proposed to manage the critical conflicts. This study can serve as a basis for implementing better conflict management plans in the future for a more sustainable project execution.
Fuzzy-System-Based Detection of Pupil Center and Corneal Specular Reflection for a Driver-Gaze Tracking System Based on the Symmetrical Characteristics of Face and Facial Feature Points
Authors: Lee Dong , Yoon Hyo , Hong Hyung , Park Kang
Published: November 2017

Recently, many studies have actively dealt with the issue of driver-gaze tracking for monitoring the forward gaze and physical condition. Driver-gaze tracking is an effective method of measuring a driver’s inattention that is one of the major causes of traffic accidents. Among many gaze-tracking methods, the corneal specular reflection (SR)-based method becomes ineffective, unlike in an indoor environment, when a driver’s head rotates, which makes SR disappear from input images or disperses SR in the lachrymal gland or eyelid, thereby increasing the gaze-tracking error. Besides, since a driver’s eyes in a vehicle environment need to be captured in a wide range covering his head rotation, the eye region is captured in a relatively low resolution compared to face-only images taken in indoor environments at the same resolution, making pupil and corneal SR difficult to detect accurately. To solve these problems, we propose a fuzzy-system-based method for detecting a driver’s pupil and corneal SR for gaze tracking in a vehicle environment. Unlike existing studies detecting pupil and corneal SR in both eyes, the method proposed in this research uses the results of a fuzzy system based on two features considering the symmetrical characteristics of face and facial feature points to determine the status of a driver’s head rotation. Based on the output of the fuzzy system, the proposed method excludes the eye region, which is very likely to have a high error rate of detection due to excessive head rotation, from the detection process of the pupil and corneal SR. Accordingly, the proposed method detects pupil and corneal SR only in the eye region that apparently has a low detection error rate, thereby achieving accurate detection. We use 20,654 images capturing 15 subjects (including subjects wearing glasses), who gaze at pre-set fifteen regions in a vehicle, to measure the detection accuracy of the pupil and corneal SR for each region and the gaze tracking accuracy. Our experimental results show that the proposed method performs better than existing methods.
β-Cyclodextrin Attenuates Perfluorooctanoic Acid Toxicity in the Zebrafish Embryo Model
Authors: Weiss-Errico Mary , Berry John , O’Shea Kevin
Published: November 2017

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been linked to negative health outcomes including cancer, thyroid disease, infertility, and developmental delays. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), a cyclic sugar, has been previously shown to form strong host–guest complexes with PFOA, and is proposed as a means of environmental remediation with respect to this widespread contaminant. In the present study, β-CD was directly examined with regards to possible attenuation of the toxicity of PFOA specifically employing the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of PFOA without β-CD, and with equimolar (1:1) and excess (2:1) molar ratios of β-CD to PFOA, and assessed for lethality and developmental toxicity through seven days post-fertilization (dpf). Rapid onset of lethality with limited morphological abnormalities was observed at relatively low concentrations of PFOA (LC50 ≈ 50 ppm), along with effects on morphometric and neurobehavioral parameters in surviving embryos. A highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed between the 2:1 treatment, and both 1:1 and PFOA only treatments, with respect to lethal concentration and apparent neurobehavioral effects, suggesting an effectively reduced toxicity of the fully complexed PFOA. In contrast, however, neither β-CD treatment reduced developmental toxicity with respect to the morphometric endpoint (i.e., interocular distance). Whereas LC50 of PFOA alone did not change over 7 dpf, the 1:1 and 2:1 values decreased slightly over time, suggesting either delayed or alternative toxic effects on later developmental stages at presumptively lowered levels. This study, therefore, indicates β-CD may be an effective agent to reduce toxicity of and mitigate environmental health concerns associated with PFOA, but that further study is required to elucidate the mechanism of complexation as it relates to the attenuation of toxicity.
pH-Responsive Micelle-Based Cytoplasmic Delivery System for Induction of Cellular Immunity
Authors: Yuba Eiji , Sakaguchi Naoki , Kanda Yuhei , Miyazaki Maiko , Koiwai Kazunori
Published: November 2017

(1) Background: Cytoplasmic delivery of antigens is crucial for the induction of cellular immunity, which is an important immune response for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. To date, fusogenic protein-incorporated liposomes and pH-responsive polymer-modified liposomes have been used to achieve cytoplasmic delivery of antigen via membrane rupture or fusion with endosomes. However, a more versatile cytoplasmic delivery system is desired for practical use. For this study, we developed pH-responsive micelles composed of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) and deoxycholic acid and investigated their cytoplasmic delivery performance and immunity-inducing capability. (2) Methods: Interaction of micelles with fluorescence dye-loaded liposomes, intracellular distribution of micelles, and antigenic proteins were observed. Finally, antigen-specific cellular immune response was evaluated in vivo using ELIspot assay. (3) Results: Micelles induced leakage of contents from liposomes via lipid mixing at low pH. Micelles were taken up by dendritic cells mainly via macropinocytosis and delivered ovalbumin (OVA) into the cytosol. After intradermal injection of micelles and OVA, OVA-specific cellular immunity was induced in the spleen. (4) Conclusions: pH-responsive micelles composed of DLPC and deoxycholic acid are promising as enhancers of cytosol delivery of antigens and the induction capability of cellular immunity for the treatment of cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases.
Simulation of Infrastructure Options for Urban Water Management in Two Urban Catchments in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Peña-Guzmán Carlos , Melgarejo Joaquín , Lopez-Ortiz Inmaculada , Mesa Duvan
Published: November 2017

Urban areas are currently experiencing rapid growth, which brings with it increases in the population, the expansion of impervious surfaces, and an overall jump in the environmental and hydrological impact. To mitigate such an impact, different strategies proposed to tackle this problem often vary; for example, stormwater tanks, the reuse of wastewater and grey water, the installation of equipment to reduce water consumption, and education-based approaches. Consequently, this article presents the simulation and evaluation of implementing infrastructure options (stormwater harvesting, reuse of industrial waters, water-saving technology in residential sectors, and reuse of water from washing machines) for managing urban water in two urban catchments (Fucha and Tunjuelo) in Bogotá, Colombia, over three periods: baseline, 10 years, and 20 years. The simulation was performed using the software Urban Volume Quality (UVQ) and revealed a possible reduction in drinking water consumption of up to 47% for the Fucha Catchment and 40% for the Tunjuelo Catchment; with respect to wastewater, the reduction was up to 20% for the Fucha Catchment and 25% for the Tunjuelo Catchment. Lastly, two scenarios were evaluated in terms of potential savings related to water supply and sewage fees. The implementation of strategies 3 and 6 insofar as these two strategies impacted the hydric resources. Therefore, there would be a significant reduction in contaminant loads and notable economic benefits attributable to implementing these strategies.
Fluorination of some highly functionalized cycloalkanes: chemoselectivity and substrate dependence
Authors: Remete Attila Márió , Nonn Melinda , Fustero Santos , Haukka Matti , Fülöp Ferenc , Kiss Loránd
Published: November 2017

A study exploring the chemical behavior of some dihydroxylated β-amino ester stereo- and regioisomers, derived from unsaturated cyclic β-amino acids is described. The nucleophilic fluorinations involving hydroxy–fluorine exchange of some highly functionalized alicyclic diol derivatives have been carried out in view of selective fluorination, investigating substrate dependence, neighboring group assistance and chemodifferentiation.
Performance of CURB-65 in predicting mortality of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A. , Diamond Michael , Joy Diamond , Hinedi Kareem
Published: November 2017

Introduction: Various objective scoring systems were developed to standardize the approach to the designation of severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). There is limited data on the use of CURB-65 among admitted CAP patients in Saudi Arabia. 

Methodology: The retrospective study included CAP patients, admitted to a general hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia. The CURB-65 was extracted from the available medical records.

Results: During the study period, from 2013 to 2016, a total of 1786 adults were admitted with a mean age of 63.9 ± 21.7 (range 14-108 years). The majority of the patients (51.7%) had CURB-65 score 0 or 1 followed by the score 2, 3 and 4/5 (29%, 15.2%, and 4.1%, respectively).  The mean CURB-65 was 1.4 ± 1.12 for those who survived and 2.27 ± 1.03 for those who died (p < 0.001). The mean age was 63.01± 21.9 years for survived patients and 75.1 ± 15.58 years for fatal cases (p < 0.001). The overall 30-day crude mortality rate was 7.6%. The mortality rates for CURB-65 scores 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4/5 were 1.8%, 4.3%, 10.2%, 14%, and 21.9%, respectively.

Conclusions: The mortality rates of admitted patients with CAP did not differ from those reported in the literature. However, the utilization of CURB-65 score was low and there is a need for wider implementation of pneumonia severity index for patients presenting with CAP.
Enoturismo y entornos sostenibles
Authors: González San José M.ª Luisa
Published: November 2017

La sostenibilidad es un modelo de desarrollo en el que las acciones presentes no deben comprometer el futuro de las generaciones venideras, y se vincula con un desarrollo económico y social respetuoso con el medio ambiente. El enoturismo supone un modo de ocio placentero que conjuga el placer del disfrute de los vinos con aspectos relacionados con la cultura, como conocimientos sobre elaboración de los vinos, sobre los ecosistemas asociados a los viñedos, sobre expresiones artísticas, etc. Todo ello constituye parte del desarrollo cultural de las regiones vitivinícolas, en las que la cultura del vino ha marcado su devenir histórico y lo que son hoy en día. Por tanto, se puede afirmar que la cultura del vino, y su uso a través de las experiencias enoturísticas, está claramente relacionada con la sostenibilidad social, económica, ambiental y cultural de los territorios.
Los museos, oferta consolidada para el turismo sostenible y la calidad del paisaje
Authors: Zárate Martín Manuel Antonio , García Ferrero Alejandro
Published: November 2017

El Consejo Internacional de Museos (ICOM) y la Federación Mundial de Amigos de los Museos (WFFM) reconocen los museos como oferta de turismo cultural sostenible para una sociedad cada vez con más tiempo libre y capacidad de desplazarse por ocio y turismo. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de los museos desde su primera función de acopio de materiales para su conservación hasta la situación actual, en la que forman parte de la oferta turística y compiten para aumentar sus visitantes, potenciando sentimientos de identidad colectiva y de respeto y tolerancia hacia otras culturas, de acuerdo con la Carta del Turismo Sostenible de Lanzarote de 1995. Los museos contribuyen también a través del turismo a la generación de empleo y a la puesta en valor del paisaje siguiendo estrategias de la Convención del Paisaje Europeo de 2000.
El problema del déficit en los modelos democráticos de divulgación científica
Authors: Escobar Jorge M.
Published: November 2017

Existe una tendencia en los estudios CTS contemporáneos a contraponer modelos deficitarios y modelos democráticos de divulgación científica. Esta contraposición suele apoyarse en lo que se conoce como el nuevo contrato social sobre ciencia y tecnología, y puede formularse así: mientras el viejo contrato social implicaba un modelo deficitario de divulgación científica, el nuevo contrato social implica un modelo democrático, que no es deficitario. En este artículo, defiendo la tesis de que dicha contraposición está mal fundada por dos razones. En primer lugar, el nuevo contrato social es compatible con diversos modelos democráticos de divulgación científica, y estos modelos no son compatibles entre sí necesariamente. En segundo lugar, algunos de estos modelos democráticos pueden calificarse también como deficitarios. Esto deja abierta la pregunta de cómo entender la divulgación científica en el marco del nuevo contrato social sobre ciencia y tecnología.
A comparative look at a centenary. A review of World War I commemorative events in Brussels
Authors: Jaumain Serge , Vaesen Joost , Benvindo Bruno , Bouchat Pierre , Bousmar Eric , Degryse Iadine , Kesteloot Chantal , Klein Olivier , Vanraepenbusch Karla
Published: November 2017

The centenary of World War I has marked an abrupt change: historical events will never be commemorated in the same way, especially in Belgium. The federated entities have demonstrated the autonomous role which they intend to play in future events of this type. The Brussels-Capital Region was not outdone. While the political choice to be directly involved in the commemorative events was made later there than in the other main regions and communities, it demonstrated its will and capacity to implement different activities aimed at reaching a very wide public. The systematic study of just over 430 activities identified between January 2014 and June 2017 in the territory of the Brussels-Capital Region thus highlights their extreme diversity as well as the exceptional dynamism of the municipalities which were at the origin of one quarter of them. Overall, the theme of the majority of events studied wavered between two main lines: the daily life of the inhabitants of Brussels and the global history of the conflict in its Belgian dimension. But these approaches were also used to prompt debates and reflection on current issues which make sense in today's society: the defence of freedom, solidarity, democracy, social cohesion, etc. The historical approach was therefore used as a tool for cohesion and as a lever for integration, with a past which concerns everybody: the inhabitants of Brussels from here and elsewhere, history enthusiasts, lovers of historical memory tourism, non-natives, expatriates, tourists for a day, etc.
The Type 1 Diabetes–Resistance Locus Idd22 Controls Trafficking of Autoreactive CTLs into the Pancreatic Islets of NOD Mice
Authors: Whitener Robert L. , Gallo Knight Lisa , Li Jianwei , Knapp Sarah , Zhang Shuyao , Annamalai Mani , Pliner Vadim M. , Fu Dongtao , Radichev Ilian , Amatya Christina , Savinov Alexei , Yurdagul Arif , Yuan Shuai , Glawe John , Kevil Christopher G. , Chen Jing , Stimpson Scott E. , Mathews Clayton E.
Published: November 2017

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has a strong genetic component. The insulin dependent diabetes (Idd)22 locus was identified in crosses of T1D-susceptible NOD mice with the strongly T1D-resistant ALR strain. The NODcALR-(D8Mit293-D8Mit137)/Mx (NOD-Idd22) recombinant congenic mouse strain was generated in which NOD mice carry the full Idd22 confidence interval. NOD-Idd22 mice exhibit almost complete protection from spontaneous T1D and a significant reduction in insulitis. Our goal was to unravel the mode of Idd22-based protection using in vivo and in vitro models. We determined that Idd22 did not impact immune cell diabetogenicity or β cell resistance to cytotoxicity in vitro. However, NOD-Idd22 mice were highly protected against adoptive transfer of T1D. Transferred CTLs trafficked to the pancreatic lymph node and proliferated to the same extent in NOD and NOD-Idd22 mice, yet the accumulation of pathogenic CTLs in the islets was significantly reduced in NOD-Idd22 mice, correlating with disease resistance. Pancreatic endothelial cells from NOD-Idd22 animals expressed lower levels of adhesion molecules, even in response to inflammatory stimuli. Lower adhesion molecule expression resulted in weaker adherence of T cells to NOD-Idd22 endothelium compared with NOD-derived endothelium. Taken together, these results provide evidence that Idd22 regulates the ability of β cell–autoreactive T cells to traffic into the pancreatic islets and may represent a new target for pharmaceutical intervention to potentially prevent T1D.
A Protective Function of IL-22BP in Ischemia Reperfusion and Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Kleinschmidt Dörte , Giannou Anastasios D. , McGee Heather M. , Kempski Jan , Steglich Babett , Huber Francis Jessica , Ernst Thomas Michael , Shiri Ahmad Mustafa , Wegscheid Claudia , Tasika Elena , Hübener Peter , Huber Philipp , Bedke Tanja , Steffens Niklas , Agalioti Theodora , Fuchs Tobias , Noll Jill , Lotter Hannelore , Tiegs Gisa , Lohse Ansgar W. , Axelrod Jonathan H. , Galun Eithan , Flavell Richard A. , Gagliani Nicola , Huber Samuel
Published: November 2017

Acute liver injury can be secondary to a variety of causes, including infections, intoxication, and ischemia. All of these insults induce hepatocyte death and subsequent inflammation, which can make acute liver injury a life-threatening event. IL-22 is a dual natured cytokine which has context-dependent protective and pathogenic properties during tissue damage. Accordingly, IL-22 was shown to promote liver regeneration upon acute liver damage. However, other studies suggest pathogenic properties of IL-22 during chronic liver injury. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP, IL-22Ra2) is a soluble inhibitor of IL-22 that regulates IL-22 activity. However, the significance of endogenous IL-22BP in acute liver injury is unknown. We hypothesized that IL-22BP may play a role in acute liver injury. To test this hypothesis, we used Il22bp-deficient mice and murine models of acute liver damage induced by ischemia reperfusion and N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetaminophen) administration. We found that Il22bp-deficient mice were more susceptible to acute liver damage in both models. We used Il22 × Il22bp double-deficient mice to show that this effect is indeed due to uncontrolled IL-22 activity. We could demonstrate mechanistically increased expression of Cxcl10 by hepatocytes, and consequently increased infiltration of inflammatory CD11b+Ly6C+ monocytes into the liver in Il22bp-deficient mice upon liver damage. Accordingly, neutralization of CXCL10 reversed the increased disease susceptibility of Il22bp-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-22BP plays a protective role in acute liver damage, via controlling IL-22–induced Cxcl10 expression.
A public theology discourse in practice: Perspectives from the oeuvre of Yolanda Dreyer
Authors: Van Wyk Tanya
Published: November 2017

This article can serve as an overview of the work of Yolanda Dreyer, or as an introduction to her work, by conversing with her as a public theologian in the tradition of Schleiermacher. The article highlights her passion to listen to the voices that are normally ignored or to hear what needs to be heard to transform discourses. It investigates the contribution of Yolanda Dreyer to public theology with regard to the newspaper columns she has been writing for more than 17 years. It compares aspects of her public theology with the theology of Friedrich Schleiermacher, which can be characterised by an internalised spirituality and a critical hermeneutic of suspicion towards the abuse of power. Gender injustice and cultural criticism are prominent themes within Dreyer’s public theology. She emphasises the vocation to speak out, but also the necessity to listen. These contributions also characterise Dreyer as a pastor-theologian.
Towards a conceptual framework for protection of personal information from the perspective of activity theory
Authors: Iyamu Tiko , Ngqame Yandiswa
Published: November 2017

Background: Personal information about individuals is stored by organisations including government agencies. The information is intended to be kept confidential and strictly used for its primary and legitimate purposes. However, that has not always been the case in many South African government agencies and departments. In recent years, personal information about individuals and groups has been illegally leaked for other motives, in which some were detrimental. Even though there exists a legislation, Protection of Personal Information (POPI) Act, which prohibits such malpractices, illegally leaked information has however, not stopped or reduced. In addition to the adoption of the POPI Act, a more stringent approach is therefore needed in order to improve sanity in the use and management of personal information. Otherwise, the detriment that such malpractices cause too many citizens can only be on the increase.Objectives: The objectives of this study were in twofold: (1) to examine and understand the activities that happen with personal information leaks, which includes why and how information is leaked; and (2) to develop a conceptual framework, which includes identification of the factors that influence information leaks and breaches in an environment.Method: Qualitative research methods were followed in achieving the objectives of the study. Within the qualitative methods, documents including existing literature were gathered. The activity theory was employed as lens to guide the analysis.Result: From the analysis, four critical factors were found to be of influence in information leaks and breaches in organisations. The factors include: (1) information and its value, (2) the roles of society and its compliance to information protection, (3) government and its laws relating to information protection and (4) the need for standardisation of information usage and management within a community. Based on the factors, a conceptual framework was developed.Conclusion: This study can be used to guide implementation of information protection acts in any environment. It empirically contributes to societal awareness on how and why personal information is leaked and breached. Also, it will benefit academic domain, particularly in the use of activity theory.
Review of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in human immunodeficiency virus-associated cardiovascular disease
Authors: Sood Vishesh , Jermy Stephen , Saad Hadil , Samuels Petronella , Moosa Sulaiman , Ntusi Ntobeko
Published: November 2017

Despite ongoing advances in the treatment of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), they remain a major global public health concern conferring an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in affected individuals. This is, in part, because of the widespread dysfunction imposed by HIV and its treatment on the cardiovascular system, including the myocardium, valvular apparatus, pericardium and coronary, pulmonary and peripheral vasculature. In recent times, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has emerged as the gold standard tool for assessment of a variety of indications, allowing comprehensive characterisation of functional, morphological, metabolic and haemodynamic sequelae of several cardiovascular pathologies. Furthermore, continued advancement in imaging techniques has yielded novel insights into the underlying pathophysiology and guides future therapeutic strategies. In this article, we review the various clinical phenotypes of HIV-associated cardiovascular disease and highlight the utility of CMR in their assessment.
Choosing Wisely: Experience of a Community Academic Hospital Pharmacy in Identifying Opportunities and Implementing Changes
Authors: Lee Monica , Chiu Jenny , Rolko Edith
Published: November 2017

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Pharmacy in Brazil: Progress and Challenges on the Road to Expanding Clinical Practice
Authors: Melo Angelita Cristine , Galato Dayani , Maniero Hellen Karoline , Frade Josélia Cintya Quintão Pena , Palhano Tarcisio José , Silva Wellington Barros da , João Walter da Silva Jorge
Published: November 2017

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Should Digoxin Continue To Be Used for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation?
Authors: DiDomenico Robert J , Leung Ann , Kertland Heather
Published: November 2017

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Choosing Excellence
Authors: Doucette Douglas
Published: November 2017

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Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials Response to Its Color Stability with Effect of Energy Beverages
Authors: Al-Samadani Khalid H
Published: November 2017

Introduction

To evaluate the effects of energy drinks on glass ionomers (GI) restorative materials color stability after different periods of aging time.

Materials and methods

Glass ionomers disks, 8 mm diameter, 3 mm thickness within Teflon beverages are Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse. Specimens were tested for aging in beverages (Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse). The distilled water was used as a control. The variations in color were evaluated in the CIELAB [CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) is a color space specified by Commission International de Eclairage (CIE)] using a colorimeter pre- and post-storage period. Color differences (ÄE*ab, Äb*) in each specimen were recorded. The t-test analysis was performed (p < 0.05 was considered as significant).

Results

The color changes by Code Red, Red Bull, and Power Horse energy drinks were significantly different for all tested materials (p < 0.05). Each specimen exhibited total color changes toward yellowness, after a period of 1, 7, and 30 days. The greatest color difference (ÄE*ab) was observed in the case of Red Bull group following 1 week.

Conclusion

The energy beverages affected the color stability of tested GI restorative materials with the increase of aging time. The effect on the color stability of GI was influenced by factors, such as the type of solution and the presence of the acids causing erosion.

Clinical significance

Glass ionomer is used as cosmetic filling material. Energy beverages have erosive effect on glass ionomer which influences clinical importance by influencing on mastication and TMJ problem.

How to cite this article

Al-Samadani KH. Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials Response to Its Color Stability with Effect of Energy Beverages. World J Dent 2017;8(4):255-261.
Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer
Authors: Rikhtegaran Sahand , Rahbar Mahdi , Mohammadi Narmin , Mowlaie Shadieh , Savadi-Oskoee Siavash , Ebrahimi Mohammad E , Pirzadeh Tahereh
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Adhesion of bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), to the surface of tooth restorations is a factor in the etiology of secondary caries. Given the ever-increasing popularity of bleaching procedures, the aim of the present study was to evaluate adhesion of S. mutans and surface roughness (SR) of microhybrid composite resin and giomer subsequent to the application of 15% carbamide peroxide.

Materials and methods

Twenty disk-shaped samples were prepared from each material, measuring 8 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness. Then, the samples of each material were divided into two groups (n = 10): (a) microhybrid without bleaching; (b) microhybrid with bleaching; and (c) giomer without bleaching; and (d) giomer with bleaching. The samples in groups I and III were immersed in artificial saliva for 14 days without any bleaching procedure; the samples in groups II and IV underwent a bleaching procedure on their polished surfaces with 15% carbamide peroxide for 14 days (4 hours of bleaching and 20 hours of immersion in artificial saliva). The SR of all the samples was determined with the use of a profilometer. The samples were added to the culture medium after 4 hours of placement in a microbial suspension at 37°C; after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, the bacterial counts, indicating the number of bacteria adhering to the surface, were determined by counting them in the plates containing the solid culture medium.

Results

The type of the restorative material had a significant effect on SR, with greater SR in giomer (p = 0.03). However, bleaching had no significant effect on SR (p = 0.099). In relation to the rate of bacterial adhesion (BA), both the types of the restorative materials and bleaching procedures were significantly effective; in this context, there was more BA in microhybrid composite resin samples that did not undergo bleaching (p < 0.001). Bleaching resulted in the adhesion of S. mutans to the surface of both materials decrease. Pearson's correlation coefficient did not reveal any correlation between BA and SR (p = 0.42).

Conclusion

The BA was higher in microhybrid composite resin, and SR was higher in giomer. The BA was higher in samples that did not undergo a bleaching procedure.

Clinical significance

There is no change in the SR of microhybrid composite resin and giomer after application of 15% carbamide peroxide; therefore, it is not necessary to polish or replace these restorative materials after bleaching. In addition, use of 15% carbamide peroxide does not increase caries risk.

How to cite this article

Mohammadi N, Mowlaie S, Savadi- Oskoee S, Ebrahimi ME, Rikhtegaran S, Rahbar M, Pirzadeh T. Effect of 15% Carbamide Peroxide on the Surface Roughness and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to Microhybrid Composite Resin and Giomer. World J Dent 2017;8(4):288-295.
Factors influencing Oral Health and Utilization of Oral Health Care in an Indian Fishing Community, Mangaluru City, India
Authors: Pai Mithun BH , Rao Ashwini , Bhatt Sumeet , Rajesh Guru R , Nayak Vijayendra
Published: November 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess factors influencing the oral health and utilization patterns of oral health services by fishermen community in Mangaluru city, Karnataka, India.

Materials and methods

A house-to-house survey was conducted among 840 individuals in fishermen population. Oral health status was evaluated by employing the World Health Organization basic oral health survey form. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess patterns of utilization of dental services and their sociodemographic details.

Results

Mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) of the population was 3.78 ± 6.02 and prevalence of caries and periodontal conditions was 55 and 99% respectively. About 55% participants had never visited a dentist. Age, gender, and education of the respondents showed significant associations with DMFT status. Periodontal health showed significant association with age, gender, education, and income of the respondents. Visit to the dentist was associated with age, gender, education, and dental caries. The major barrier recognized in seeking dental care was the perception of not having any dental problem.

Conclusion

The dental care utilization was poor, and majority of the dental visits were for tooth extraction. Lack of perceived oral health care need was the main barrier to the utilization of dental services.

Clinical significance

The fishing population had high dental caries and poor periodontal health due to low utilization of dental care.

How to cite this article

Bhatt S, Rajesh GR, Rao A, Shenoy R, Pai MBH, Nayak V. Factors influencing Oral Health and Utilization of Oral Health Care in an Indian Fishing Community, Mangaluru City, India. World J Dent 2017;8(4):321-326.
Gemination of Primary Canine with Congenitally Missing Primary Central Incisors
Authors: Lakshmi Vijay
Published: November 2017

Aim

To differentiate between gemination and fusion as both are consequences of the developmental anomalies resulting in the formation of a wide tooth, difficult to differentiate clinically.

Introduction

Gemination is often confused with fusion. Fusion occurs when two tooth buds unite, while gemination is said to occur when one tooth bud tries to divide. Various terms, such as double tooth, connation, linking tooth, synodontia, and shizodontia are also used for describing fusion or gemination.

Case Report

This article presents the case report of a 6-yearold girl with an asymptomatic wide primary canine present in the right mandibular arch.

Conclusion

The tooth was finally diagnosed as gemination, although clinical features suggested fusion, but radiographic evaluation led to gemination.

Clinical significance

Gemination ranges from 0.5 to 2.5%. Early and correct diagnosis of such cases helps clinician in the proper treatment planning and avoiding of complications.

How to cite this article

Lakshmi V, Marwah N, Goenka P. Gemination of Primary Canine with Congenitally Missing Primary Central Incisors. World J Dent 2017;8(4):331-333.
Mixing times of organic molecules within secondary organic aerosol particles: a global planetary boundary layer perspective
Authors: Maclean Adrian M. , Butenhoff Christopher L. , Grayson James W. , Barsanti Kelley , Jimenez Jose L. , Bertram Allan K.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. When simulating the formation and life cycle of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) with chemical transport models, it is often assumed that organic molecules are well mixed within SOA particles on the timescale of 1 h. While this assumption has been debated vigorously in the literature, the issue remains unresolved in part due to a lack of information on the mixing times within SOA particles as a function of both temperature and relative humidity. Using laboratory data, meteorological fields, and a chemical transport model, we estimated how often mixing times are  < 1 h within SOA in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the region of the atmosphere where SOA concentrations are on average the highest. First, a parameterization for viscosity as a function of temperature and RH was developed for α-pinene SOA using room-temperature and low-temperature viscosity data for α-pinene SOA generated in the laboratory using mass concentrations of  ∼ 1000 µg m−3. Based on this parameterization, the mixing times within α-pinene SOA are  < 1 h for 98.5 % and 99.9 % of the occurrences in the PBL during January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant (total organic aerosol concentrations are  > 0.5 µg m−3 at the surface). Next, as a starting point to quantify how often mixing times of organic molecules are  < 1 h within α-pinene SOA generated using low, atmospherically relevant mass concentrations, we developed a temperature-independent parameterization for viscosity using the room-temperature viscosity data for α-pinene SOA generated in the laboratory using a mass concentration of  ∼ 70 µg m−3. Based on this temperature-independent parameterization, mixing times within α-pinene SOA are  < 1 h for 27 and 19.5 % of the occurrences in the PBL during January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant. However, associated with these conclusions are several caveats, and due to these caveats we are unable to make strong conclusions about how often mixing times of organic molecules are  < 1 h within α-pinene SOA generated using low, atmospherically relevant mass concentrations. Finally, a parameterization for viscosity of anthropogenic SOA as a function of temperature and RH was developed using sucrose–water data. Based on this parameterization, and assuming sucrose is a good proxy for anthropogenic SOA, 70 and 83 % of the mixing times within anthropogenic SOA in the PBL are  < 1 h for January and July, respectively, when concentrations are significant. These percentages are likely lower limits due to the assumptions used to calculate mixing times.
Marine cloud brightening – as effective without clouds
Authors: Ahlm Lars , Jones Andy , Stjern Camilla W. , Muri Helene , Kravitz Ben , Kristjánsson Jón Egill
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Marine cloud brightening through sea spray injection has been proposed as a climate engineering method for avoiding the most severe consequences of global warming. A limitation of most of the previous modelling studies on marine cloud brightening is that they have either considered individual models or only investigated the effects of a specific increase in the number of cloud droplets. Here we present results from coordinated simulations with three Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4sea-salt experiment. Injection rates of accumulation-mode sea spray aerosol particles over ocean between 30° N and 30° S are set in each model to generate a global-mean effective radiative forcing (ERF) of −2.0 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. We find that the injection increases the cloud droplet number concentration in lower layers, reduces the cloud-top effective droplet radius, and increases the cloud optical depth over the injection area. We also find, however, that the global-mean clear-sky ERF by the injected particles is as large as the corresponding total ERF in all three ESMs, indicating a large potential of the aerosol direct effect in regions of low cloudiness. The largest enhancement in ERF due to the presence of clouds occur as expected in the subtropical stratocumulus regions off the west coasts of the American and African continents. However, outside these regions, the ERF is in general equally large in cloudy and clear-sky conditions. These findings suggest a more important role of the aerosol direct effect in sea spray climate engineering than previously thought.
The Contribution of Fires to TES Observations of Free Tropospheric PAN over North America in July
Authors: Fischer Emily V. , Zhu Liye , Payne Vivienne H. , Worden John R. , Jiang Zhe , Kulawik Susan S. , Brey Steven , Hecobian Arsineh , Gombos Daniel , Cady-Pereira Karen , Flocke Frank
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is a critical atmospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals, and it plays a lead role in their redistribution in the troposphere. We analyze new Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) PAN observations over North America during July 2006 to 2009. Using aircraft observations from the Colorado Front Range, we demonstrate that TES can be sensitive to elevated PAN in the boundary layer even in the presence of clouds. In situ observations have shown that wildfire emissions can rapidly produce PAN, and PAN decomposition is an important component of ozone production in smoke plumes. We identify smoke-impacted TES PAN retrievals by co-location with NOAA Hazard Mapping System (HMS) smoke plumes. We find that 15–32 % of cases where elevated PAN is identified in TES observations (retrievals with DOF > 0.6) overlap smoke plumes. A case study of smoke transport in July 2007 illustrates that PAN enhancements associated with HMS smoke plumes can be connected to fire complexes, providing evidence that TES is sufficiently sensitive to measure elevated PAN several days downwind of major fires. Using a subset of retrievals with TES 510 hPa carbon monoxide (CO) > 150 ppbv, and multiple estimates of background PAN, we calculate enhancement ratios for tropospheric average PAN relative to CO in smoke-impacted retrievals. Most of the TES-based enhancement ratios fall within the range calculated from in situ measurements.
High-resolution sampling and analysis of ambient particulate matter in the Pearl River Delta region of Southern China: source apportionment and health risk
implications
Authors: Zhou Shengzhen , Davy Perry K. , Huang Minjuan , Duan Jingbo , Wang Xuemei , Fan Qi , Chang Ming , Liu Yiming , Chen Weihua , Xie Shanju , Ancelet Travis , Trompetter William J.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Hazardous air pollutants, such as trace elements in particulate matter (PM), are known or highly suspected to cause detrimental effects on human health. To understand the sources and associated risks of PM to human health, hourly time-integrated major trace elements in size-segregated coarse (PM2.5–10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter were collected at the industrial city of Foshan in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Receptor modeling of the dataset by positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify six sources contributing to PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the site. Dominant sources included industrial coal combustion, secondary inorganic aerosol, motor vehicles and construction dust along with two intermittent sources (biomass combustion and marine aerosol). The biomass combustion source was found to be a significant contributor to peak PM2.5 episodes along with motor vehicles and industrial coal combustion. Conditional probability function (CPF) was applied to estimate the source locations using the PMF-resolved source contribution coupled with the surface wind direction data. Health exposure risk of hazardous trace elements (Pb, As, Si, Cr, Mn and Ni) and source-specific values were estimated. The total hazard quotient (HQ) of PM2.5 was 2.09, higher than the acceptable limit (HQ = 1). The total carcinogenic risk (CR) was 3.37 × 10−3 for PM2.5, which was three times higher than the most tolerable limit (1.0 × 10−4). Among the selected trace elements, As and Pb posed the highest non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health, respectively. In addition, our results showed that industrial coal combustion source was the dominant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks contributor, highlighting the need for stringent control of this source. This study provides new insight for policy makers to prioritize sources in air quality management and health risk reduction.
Modeling the impact of chlorine emissions from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration on tropospheric ozone formation in China
Authors: Liu Yiming , Fan Qi , Chen Xiaoyang , Zhao Jun , Ling Zhenhao , Hong Yingying , Li Weibiao , Chen Xunlai , Wang Mingjie , Wei Xiaolin
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Chlorine radicals can enhance atmospheric oxidation which potentially increase tropospheric ozone concentration. However, few studies have been done to quantify the impact of chlorine emissions on ozone formation in China due to lack of chlorine emission inventory used in air quality model with sufficient resolution. In this study, Anthropogenic Chlorine Emissions Inventory for China (ACEIC) was developed for the first time, including emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) from coal combustion and prescribed waste incineration (waste incineration plant). The HCl and Cl2 emissions from coal combustion in China in 2012 were estimated to be 232.9 and 9.4 Gg, respectively, while HCl emission from prescribed waste incineration was estimated to be 2.9 Gg. Spatially high chlorine emissions were found in the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and the Sichuan Basin. Air quality model simulations with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system were performed for November 2011 and the modeling results derived with and without chlorine emissions were compared. The magnitude of the simulated HCl, Cl2 and ClNO2 agreed reasonably with the observation when anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model. The inclusion of the ACEIC increased the concentration of fine particulate Cl−, leading to enhanced heterogeneous reactions between Cl− and N2O5 which resulted in the higher production of ClNO2. Photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 in the morning and the reaction of HCl with OH in the afternoon produced chlorine radicals which accelerated tropospheric oxidation. When anthropogenic chlorine emissions were included in the model, the monthly mean concentrations of fine particulate Cl−, daily maximum 1-h ClNO2 and Cl radicals were estimated to increase by up to about 2.0 μg m−3, 773 pptv and 1.5 × 103 molecule cm−3 in China, respectively. Meanwhile, the monthly mean daily maximum 1-h O3 concentration was found to increase by up to 2.2 ppbv (3.8 %), while the monthly mean NOx concentration decreased by up to 0.5 ppbv (6.1 %). The anthropogenic chlorine emissions potentially increased the 1-h O3 concentration by up to 7.7 ppbv in China. This study highlights the need for the inclusion of anthropogenic chlorine emission on air quality modeling and demonstrated its importance on tropospheric ozone formation.