bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychotherapy Specialist Section
Authors: Ashurst Pamela , Nightingale Anne
Published: January 2018

Consultant posts in psychotherapy appeared separately in DHSS statistics for 1975 for the first time, having previously been included within the figures for Adult Mental Illness. In 1975, ten Consultant Psychotherapist posts (six whole-time equivalents) were recorded, and this figure increased steadily as more post holders declared themselves as specialist psychotherapists, after initial reluctance on the part of many to relinquish the title of Consultant Physician in Psychological Medicine or Consultant Psychiatrist, since the title of Psychotherapist did not assert medical status. By 1984 there were 91 Consultant Psychotherapist posts (61.2 whole-time equivalents), but there was no record of the number of Consultant Psychiatrist post holders with specified contractual Special Responsibility or Special Interest in psychotherapy. Such details are held only by Regional Health Authorities, and are not available for manpower statistics.
Andrew Croyden Smith, Consultant Psychiatrist to Greenwich District Hospital and Bexley Hospital, Honorary Consultant and Senior Lecturer, Guy's Hospital Medical School, London
Authors: GKS  , Hkr
Published: January 2018

Andrew Smith died at his home in Beckenham on 26 December 1986.
A Survey of Liaison Psychiatry in the United Kingdom and Eire
Authors: Mayou Richard , Lloyd Geoffrey
Published: January 2018

The recent formation of a Liaison Psychiatry Group within the College reflects the growing integration of psychiatry with other medical specialties in the general hospital. The Group was established to foster the development of psychiatry in relation to medical and surgical patients, including its clinical, teaching and research components. The title, Liaison Psychiatry, is not an ideal term but has become firmly established in other countries to denote that area of psychiatry where the psychiatrist has particular skills to contribute to the care of the physically ill, and to those in whom psychiatric disorder presents in somatic terms.1
February 1985–July 1985: Part I
Authors: Bluglass Robert
Published: January 2018

In reply to a question on 12 February, Mr John Patten said that patients leaving mental illness hospitals had the same right as anybody else to choose where they live. The full range of community resources is available. The Department is not responsible for accepting or rejecting individual homes, but the Registered Homes Act 1984 has tightened the conditions for the registration and inspection of such homes by local social service authorities. The DHSS commended a code of practice for residential care, ‘Home Life’, to registration authorities last year; it contains a section specifically about mentally ill people and their rehabilitation.
The College Study Tour of the People's Republic of China, March–April 1985
Authors: Rollin Henry R.
Published: January 2018

For the fortunate few who participate in College study tours abroad, an added bonus—and a not inconsiderable one at that—is the opportunity to abdicate all responsibility. From the moment of take-off on the way out to the moment of touch-down on the way back, the tour leader takes over as a sort of surrogate father. On this occasion our father, ironically enough, may not have been the youngest among us chronologically speaking, but he was nevertheless the youngest in heart. He was irrepressible, imperturbable and ebullient, and on his, admittedly, broad shoulders fell the onus of caring for a mixed bag of psychiatrists and their spouses, mixed, that is, in terms of age, sex and, in particular, temperament. We, with little respect for his status, chose to call him ‘Cyril’, whereas our Chinese colleagues with their traditional sense of propriety and respect for parental status, gave him his due and saw fit to address him reverentially as, ‘The Honourable Dr Cyril Davies’.
February 1985–July 1985: Part II
Authors: Bluglass Robert
Published: January 2018

This Bill had its Third Reading on 19 April 1985. It seeks to increase to life imprisonment the maximum penalty available to the courts in sentencing people convicted of trafficking in Class A drugs, principally heroin and cocaine.
The Psychopathology of Nuclear War
Authors: Dyer Jim
Published: January 2018

We are mad, not only individuals but nations also. We restrain manslaughter and isolated murders; but what of war and the so-called glory of killing whole peoples?
North West Division Trainees Day
Authors: Craufurd D. , Davidson I. , Simpson N.
Published: January 2018

The annual Trainees Day in the North West Division was held on 6 March 1985, at Winwick Hospital, Warrington, Cheshire. The meeting was attended by more than 60 trainees and psychiatric tutors from the Division.
A Psychiatric Service Almost Without a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Black Eddie , Moore Richard , Whitehead Tony
Published: January 2018

For the past twenty years or more it has been suggested that all our large psychiatric hospitals should be closed and psychiatry transferred to the community. This idea has generated a large amount of discussion, innumerable papers and much anxiety. More recently it has become the stated objective of the Department of Health, and now every region in the country is making concrete plans to transfer psychiatry from the mental hospital to facilities in the community with the definite objective of closing down psychiatric hospitals within a measurable time. Naturally this has generated even more discussion—and even more anxiety.
Why do Overseas Trainees Fail?
Authors: White Peter
Published: January 2018

Do overseas graduates fail the MRCPsych exam more than indigenous graduates; if so, why? After passing the MRCPsych exam, do overseas graduates do less well in their career: if so, why? A trainees' forum was held at the College Quarterly Meeting in February 1985 to try to provide some answers to these questions. Professor Cawley (Chief Examiner) presented comparative data regarding failure in the MRCPsych. Dr Bhate (Chairman, Overseas Trainees' Sub-Committee, OTSC) gave preliminary results on the OTSC's career survey of all successful MRCPsych candidates from November 1981 and April 1982. Dr Julie Hollyman (Chairman, Collegiate Trainees' Committee, CTC) chaired the forum which was attended by an audience including examiners, consultants and trainees.
Development of Mental Health Services
Authors: Cookson Ian B.
Published: January 2018

In the Mersey Regional Health Authority it has been decided that closure of at least one large mental illness hospital will take place within some 10 years and may be complete by 1992. To facilitate this the region has provided funding for every long-stay patient who might be discharged to the care of voluntary organisations or Social Services Departments and joint assessments of patients have been undertaken by the Health Service and Social Services staff.
The Computerisation of Israel's Psychiatric Case Register: Blessings and Dangers of Automated Information Systems
Authors: Rahav Michael
Published: January 2018

Psychiatric case registers (PCRs) have been in operation since the beginning of this century. At the present time there are numerous PCRs operating in many countries around the world on a national or regional basis (e.g. Scandinavia, Ireland, Scotland, England, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Israel, Japan, The Netherlands, USA).
The Mental Health Act 1983 Draft Code of Practice: Mental Health Act Commission's Discussion Paper on Consent to Treatment
Authors: Colville Lord
Published: January 2018

Professor Bluglass has recently written in the Bulletin on this subject. Articles have also appeared in the British Medical Journal by Dr Hamilton and Professor Kendell. Comments were invited on both documents: to the DHSS on the Code and to MHAC on their paper. To judge by the articles referred to, clarification of the background to and function of both documents is urgently needed.
Psychiatry in Albania
Authors: Prasad Ashoka
Published: January 2018

The very mention of Albania conjures up the wildest fantasies. For years we have been hearing about this ‘most closed society in the world’ where ‘people are locked up for watching football on television’, the roads of which are lined up with horse-carts, the only place in the world where no cars are seen and where dissent from the state is dealt with by Stalinistic means.
La Rafle du Vél d'Hiv à la télévision française (1957–1995)
Authors: Brunetaux Audrey
Published: January 2018

Précis

Depuis 1957, les émissions et journaux télévisés ainsi que les documentaires diffusés sur les chaînes et les radios publiques françaises sont devenus les relais de la mémoire du Vél d'Hiv en tentant, tant bien que mal, de mettre en images et en paroles cet événement-symbole de la Shoah en France. Le cadre temporel choisi pour notre étude marque l'évolution de cette médiatisation du Vél d'Hiv à la télévision et à la radio françaises bien avant la saturation mémorielle des années 2000. Dans le trop-plein d'images de ces vingt dernières années, il nous a semblé important et utile de revenir sur les programmes et segments télévisés d'avant 1995 trouvés dans les archives de l'INA car ils nous renseignent sur la manière de voir et d'entendre cet événement historique selon les époques.

Since 1957 television shows and news broadcasts have become the vectors through which the Vél d'Hiv roundup has emerged and shaped the collective and individual memory of the Shoah in France. From the resistancialist narratives of the 1950s–1960s to the acknowledgment of France's responsibility in the Holocaust in 1995, the memory of this tragic event has left a lasting imprint on French television. A close analysis of the representation of the Vél d'Hiv roundup in news broadcasts and television shows in postwar France will illuminate the tensions and difficulties of dealing with the legacy of the Dark Years. It will also reevaluate the role of television in creating both a dynamic platform for debates and discussions about the Shoah and an interactive lieu de mémoire.
Using genetic buffering relationships identified in fission yeast to reveal susceptibilities in cells lacking hamartin or tuberin function
Authors: Rayhan Ashyad , Faller Adam , Chevalier Ryan , Mattice Alannah , Karagiannis Jim
Published: January 2018

Tuberous sclerosis complex is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by benign tumors arising from the abnormal activation of mTOR signaling in cells lacking TSC1 (hamartin) or TSC2 (tuberin) activity. To expand the genetic framework surrounding this group of growth regulators, we utilized the model eukaryote Schizosaccharomyces pombe to uncover and characterize genes that buffer the phenotypic effects of mutations in the orthologous tsc1 or tsc2 loci. Our study identified two genes: fft3 (encoding a DNA helicase) and ypa1 (encoding a peptidyle-prolyl cis/trans isomerase). While the deletion of fft3 or ypa1 has little effect in wild-type fission yeast cells, their loss in tsc1Δ or tsc2Δ backgrounds results in severe growth inhibition. These data suggest that the inhibition of Ypa1p or Fft3p might represent an “Achilles’ heel” of cells defective in hamartin/tuberin function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the interaction between tsc1/tsc2 and ypa1 can be rescued through treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, torin-1, and that ypa1Δ cells are resistant to the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose. This identifies ypa1 as a novel upstream regulator of mTOR and suggests that the effects of ypa1 loss, together with mTOR activation, combine to result in a cellular maladaptation in energy metabolism that is profoundly inhibitory to growth.
META-pipe cloud setup and execution
Authors: Agafonov Aleksandr , Mattila Kimmo , Tuan Cuong Duong , Tiede Lars , Raknes Inge Alexander , Bongo Lars Ailo
Published: January 2018

META-pipe is a complete service for the analysis of marine metagenomic data. It provides assembly of high-throughput sequence data, functional annotation of predicted genes, and taxonomic profiling. The functional annotation is computationally demanding and is therefore currently run on a high-performance computing cluster in Norway. However, additional compute resources are necessary to open the service to all ELIXIR users. We describe our approach for setting up and executing the functional analysis of META-pipe on additional academic and commercial clouds. Our goal is to provide a powerful analysis service that is easy to use and to maintain. Our design therefore uses a distributed architecture where we combine central servers with multiple distributed backends that execute the computationally intensive jobs. We believe our experiences developing and operating META-pipe provides a useful model for others that plan to provide a portal based data analysis service in ELIXIR and other organizations with geographically distributed compute and storage resources.
Perturbation of PALB2 function by the T413S mutation found in small cell lung cancer
Authors: Bleuyard Jean-Yves , Butler Rosie M. , Esashi Fumiko
Published: January 2018

Background: Germline mutations in the PALB2 gene are associated with the genetic disorder Fanconi anaemia and increased predisposition to cancer. Disease-associated variants are mainly protein-truncating mutations, whereas a few missense substitutions are reported to perturb its interaction with breast cancer susceptibility proteins BRCA1 and BRCA2, which play essential roles in homology-directed repair (HDR). More recently, PALB2 was shown to associate with active genes independently of BRCA1, and through this mechanism, safeguards these regions from DNA replicative stresses. However, it is unknown whether PALB2 tumour suppressor function requires its chromatin association.

Methods: Mining the public database of cancer mutations, we identified four potentially deleterious cancer-associated missense mutations within the PALB2 chromatin association motif (ChAM). To assess the impact of these mutations on PALB2 function, we generated cell lines expressing PALB2 variants harbouring corresponding ChAM mutations, and evaluated PALB2 chromatin association properties and the cellular resistance to camptothecin (CPT). Additionally, we examined the accumulation of γH2A.X and the RAD51 recombinase as readouts of DNA damage signalling and HDR, respectively.

Results: We demonstrate that a small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)-associated T413S mutation in PALB2 impairs its chromatin association and confers reduced resistance to CPT, the only FDA-approved drug for relapsed SCLC. Unexpectedly, we found a less efficient γH2A.X nuclear foci formation in PALB2 T413S expressing cells, whereas a near-normal level of RAD51 nuclear foci was visible.

Conclusions: These findings support the importance of PALB2 chromatin association in the suppression of tumours, including SCLC, an unusually aggressive type of cancer with poor prognosis. PALB2 T413S has little impact on RAD51 recruitment, likely due to its intact interaction with BRCA1 and BRCA2. However, this mutant shows inefficient DNA stress signalling. This finding sheds new light on the function of PALB2, playing a role in efficient DNA stress signalling through constitutive chromatin association.
Reflections for the construction of an intercultural musical education: When pedagogical and epistemologica! aspects are out of focus
Authors: Carabetta Silvia , González Joaquín V.
Published: January 2018

The present work seeks to analyze the formative models of music educators at the conservatories of Buenos Aires, attentive to a certain difficulty manifested in students and novice graduates for generating significant musical practices in classrooms with a high level of cultural and social diversity. Firstly, ideas of diversity and interculturality in the current contexts marked by globalization, as a figure of a homogeneous world will be discussed. Then, a genealogical tracing of the ancient, but still valid, classical-popular dichotomy, will be coped with, showing that, far from referring to a strictly musical dispute, it drags from its origins an homologation of the classical to the cultured, and from the popular to the vulgar, defined from the paradigm of the Enlightenment in Modern Europe. Thus, it is argued that the construction of an intercultural musical curriculum must necessarily deconstruct these models, in order to reconstruct them in permanent dialogue between historical traditions, situated traditions and the multiplicity of current musical experiences.
Regulating your actions
Authors: Martland Rebecca
Published: January 2018

It is becoming the latest buzz word in education, but what exactly is ‘self-regulation’, why is it so important, and what can we, as childminders, do to help young children?
Helping out around the house
Authors: Chalmers Debbie
Published: January 2018

Daily tasks that adults may view as chores are fascinating to young children and provide as much fun and as many learning opportunities as carefully selected toys and activities.
Survey of smoking cessation services and pregnant women's views on use of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy
Authors: Mann Rachel , Faflik Fran
Published: January 2018

There is scant published evidence regarding electronic cigarette (EC) use during pregnancy and little is known in England, UK, about smoking cessation services policy and types of advice given to women about EC use during pregnancy. The study involved conducting an online survey of smoking cessation services in England, and administering a self-report questionnaire to pregnant women accessing such a service. The survey of services elicited a response rate of 36 out of 82. Of these, 60% reported not having a policy on advice they give pregnant women on the use of ECs and 69% reported advising women that their use in pregnancy is a personal choice. Of 30 pregnant women approached, 29 completed the self-report questionnaire. Of these, 28% had considered or tried using ECs, 76% were unsure about the potential harms of these compared with smoking and 62% were unsure if women should even have the choice to use ECs during pregnancy. There is uncertainty in smoking cessation services around the use of ECs in pregnancy, robust information is lacking and pregnant women are uncertain about the relative benefits and harms. There is a need for evidence from large, well-designed research studies on the outcomes, attitudes and safety of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy.
Lashing out at others
Authors: Millre Hilda
Published: January 2018

Why is Bobby's aggressive behaviour in the setting becoming worse? Hilda Miller advises taking an objective approach to understanding its triggers and consequences, before deciding on possible solutions.
Find your best form
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: January 2018

In the first of a new series looking at the nuts and bolts of pre-school administration, Karen Hart outlines the key information required from parents and how you can ensure that this is understood by staff and kept up-to-date.
When a system clicks
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: January 2018

Sal McKeown finds out how a management software system described as being ‘like Facebook for nurseries' has transformed the operations of a city-centre provider and pulled the staff team together.
How to be a good friend
Authors: Blank Jo , Matthews Gill
Published: January 2018

When approached in a structured way, circle time for three-to-five-year-olds can be a great opportunity to explore ideas of friendship and empathy. Jo Blank and Gill Matthews provide ideas to start the conversation.
Lessons and Legacies
Authors: Burch William R. , Machlis Gary E. , Force Jo Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how the Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) consolidates and restructures some of the systematic thought and action on human–nature transactions. Specifically, it outlines a framework for decisions that are effective, efficient, and equitable in sustaining human and biophysical ecology. Not surprisingly, professionals and concerned citizens have generated many differing perspectives on the nature of the problems, the theories about cause and consequence, and the methods for resolving the perceived issues. The HEM seeks to fit this scientific and experiential information into a more manageable and cumulative organizational frame. This frame reduces much of the information “noise” to some key variables and relations that guide crucial questions about patterns and processes of the human ecosystem.
Goals, Strategies, and Tactics for Inquiry and Action
Authors: Burch William R. , Machlis Gary E. , Force Jo Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a version of human ecology called practical ecology. It argues that the application of the Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) as an organizing concept for resource management, environmental decision-making, and human ecological research is both real-world and worldly. Ecosystem theory is to be tempered by the complexity of practice. In formulating the HEM, the scientists’ inspiration comes from the work of Goethe, who was both a scientist and a poet. The challenge of combining art and science brings these scientists closer to Goethe’s ideal. They emphasize that the HEM is a menu of possibility organized by a logical structure that permits one to learn how the components and variables of the human ecosystem respond to particular forces of environmental change.
Toward a More Perfect Civic Order
Authors: Burch William R. , Machlis Gary E. , Force Jo Ellen
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the general awakening of conservation organizations throughout the world. In this transition, organizations are learning that if they hope to sustain biophysical systems, they need to pay more attention to how their actions affect the health and interests of local human communities. This transition is still a work in progress as new professional educational curricula are put in place, as changes in the recruitment of professionals are made, and as changes in the cultures of the organizations are established. Furthermore, resource professionals accustomed to working in the lightly populated corners of the world can gain necessary lessons emerging from urban places on what works and what does not as they try to integrate human realities into their policies, planning, and management practices.
Conceptualizing Time in Historiography
Authors: Becker Eve-Marie
Published: January 2018

This chapter develops insights into the relation between memory, time, and history. Writing history implies the “ordering and controlling of time.” All types of history-writing, including fasti, geography, ethnography, and biography, function as literary means for the chronologizing and interpreting of time. In order to collect the necessary material (stories and facts), and then to systematically organize this material in a way that makes evident the interrelatedness of events, historians reflect on how best to subdivide and depict sequences of time. The organizing of time in the context of historiography is first of all a literary task. If narrative can best organize the experience of time, then historiography is definitive in terms of literary techniques for depicting the past.
Josiah
Authors: Marshall Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Edward VI's accession to the throne in 1547 at the age of nine following the death of his father, Henry VIII. The weight of evangelical expectation resting on Edward's shoulders was made plain to him at his coronation on 20 February. A much quoted address on the occasion by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer — in which he hailed the young king as ‘a second Josiah’, the King of Judah who succeeded his father at the age of eight, and as a young adult destroyed altars and images erected to the worship of Baal — is a clever late-seventeenth-century forgery. The chapter discusses the changes and problems that marked Edward's reign, focusing on issues relating to royal visitation, the nature of the eucharist, liturgy and the introduction of a new Prayer Book, and the heresy of the anabaptists.
From the Thule Society to the NSDAP
Authors: Kurlander Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the organizational and ideological connections between late-Wilhelmine occult organizations such as the German Order and Thule Society and the early National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). The Thule Society and early Nazi movement shared a supernatural imaginary that transcended the particulars of their internal political and organizational differences. They were all, to varying degrees, fascinated by Nordic mythology and Germanic paganism, occult doctrines such as ariosophy, and border scientific theories of race (‘blood’), space (‘soil’), and psychology (‘magic’). In contrast to the mainstream parties that dominated the first decade of the Weimar Republic, the NSDAP drew upon a broader supernatural imaginary which spoke to a diverse social milieu that had lost faith in secular liberalism, traditional Christian conservatism, and Marxist socialism. Like the Germans themselves, many Nazis, living in a society riddled by crisis, increasingly viewed popular aspects of occultism, paganism, and border science as fundamental to negotiating the complexities of modern life.
The Third Reich’s War on the Occult
Authors: Kurlander Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the regime's policies toward occultists in the early to middle years of the Third Reich, including ‘Hitler's Magicians' Controversy’ — a debate over whether to allow professional anti-occultists to debunk ‘magic’ and occultism. When the regime worked to repress or ‘coordinate’ esoteric groups, it had more to do with controlling than eliminating occult ideas. Indeed, like border scientists generally, many Nazis worked carefully to distinguish between commercial and popular occultism on the one hand and ‘scientific’ occultism on the other. While the Nazis indicated considerable hostility toward commercial occultism, practitioners of the scientific variety enjoyed remarkable latitude, even sponsorship, by the Third Reich. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ‘Hess Action’ against the occult and its longer term consequences.
Monstrous Science
Authors: Kurlander Eric
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates the ways in which science and the supernatural intersected in the Third Reich's approach to anti-Semitism, human experimentation, and ethnic cleansing. Certainly, the Nazi resettlement project was based on broader European colonial premises and practical military-economic necessities. The ideology that guided these policies, however, was fuelled by supernatural conceptions of race and space. Similarly, not all aspects of Nazi eugenics were motivated by border science. However, Nazi attempts to sterilize and murder millions went beyond any prevailing understanding of eugenics in natural scientific circles within the United States, Britain, or Sweden. If the process of genocide was conducted in a highly technocratic fashion, its foundations lay in a conception of the Jews as supernatural monsters. Only by associating Jews with vampiric, parasitic, almost superhuman opponents locked in a centuries-old conspiracy to destroy the Aryan race could the Nazis lay the conceptual groundwork for murdering so many innocent civilians in so monstrous a fashion.
Space Shuttle: Going to Work in Space
Authors: Neal Valerie
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2, “Space Shuttle: Going to Work in Space,” explores the deliberate redefinition of spaceflight as practical work and routine commuting in a space truck. It identifies the verbal and visual rhetorics that NASA used to establish this concept and traces their emergence in the media as a framework for public understanding and shared meaning. A rich body of resources from the early 1970s into the mid-1980s is mined to reveal how meaning was shaped and shared to launch a new imaginary of spaceflight around a new icon for a new era.
Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space
Authors: Neal Valerie
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5, “Space Station: Campaigning for a Permanent Human Presence in Space,” transitions from the space shuttle as the focus of U.S. human spaceflight to NASA’s push for a permanent space station from the 1980s into the new century. The space station became the new icon for justifying humans living and working off the planet. The focus here is the constant effort to shape and reshape both the rationale for the station and its actual configuration in the face of mounting opposition. Two phrases served to reshape the meaning of spaceflight once a space station claimed the agenda: “the next logical step” and “a permanent presence in space.”
Sons of Liberty, Sons of Licentiousness
Authors: du Rivage Justin
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how colonists responded to the transformation of the British Empire. Radical resistance gained strength from economic anxiety and the fact that authoritarian imperial reform was clearly and explicitly designed to subordinate the colonial economy. American radicals, far from being libertarians, were fully committed to using the power of government to achieve their goals. They used the language of political economy to argue for a boycott of British goods, believing that this not only would stimulate American manufacturing but would make the colonies less dependent on the mother country. When a majority of colonists, who were keen observers of Britain's political scene, became convinced that authoritarian reformers had taken control of Westminster and Whitehall, they declared their independence.
Restricting Private Warfare
Authors: Lockwood Matthew
Published: January 2018

One aspect of an effective monopoly of violence is the elimination of private warfare and the power of individuals to raise armies against the state or their neighbors. Chapter 1 outlines the process by which the private power projection of the medieval aristocracy, so central to operation of medieval warfare but also the cause of instability, was restricted in the years following the conclusion of the Wars of the Roses. The chapter demonstrates how laws against retaining, the creation of regional royal councils, the invention of a fixed court, the trend away from feudal armies and the regulation of rights of assembly all contributed to the elimination of non-state warfare in England in the years between 1485 and 1569. With the threat of violence from over-mighty subjects effectively removed by the middle of the sixteenth century, the sole requirement for a true monopoly of violence became the regulation of non-judicial and inter-personal violence.
Passions and Priorities (Iliad 1)
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

This chapter offers a narrative retelling of the Iliad, followed by a discussion of the story's themes and emphases, and their importance for modern societies confronting the same issues. The Iliad cultivates the audience's capacity for critical reflection and rational judgment. It emphasizes the role of human choices from the outset, thus exposing the problem that rage poses for the community. The confrontation between Agamemnon and Achilles, their obsession with honor, their short fuses and willingness to indulge their own anger will have adverse effects for the community that has chosen to honor them. Homer's narrative reveals the inadequacy of vengeance and hints that empathy better serves an individual's self-interest. Above all, the Iliad calls into question the characters' narrow definition of great achievement as success in warfare.
Conclusion
Authors: Anhalt Emily Katz
Published: January 2018

This conclusion summarizes the book's main themes and their significance for self-government in the twenty-first century. Ancient Greek myths remind us that rage provokes rage, brutality begets brutality, and atrocity evokes atrocity. The Iliad calls into question its characters' certainty that success in warfare is the highest form of human accomplishment, thus undermining the audience's eagerness to celebrate physical combat and violent vengeance above all else. Ajax warns against overconfidence in the value of democratic institutions alone, while Hecuba warns against the failure to uphold farsighted absolute standards of compassionate justice and humanity. Although the Athenians continued to employ violence in their relations with other “citizen-communities,” their experience and above all their stories remind us that self-government is necessary for a successful society and a fully realized human life.
Aspirational Labor’s (In)Visibility
Authors: Duffy Brooke Erin
Published: January 2018

This chapter reveals the extent to which social media producers must reconcile the tensions between labor and leisure, between the internal self and external publics, between authenticity and self-promotion, and between creativity and commerce. It is these same patterned contradictions that configure the system of aspirational labor that has been discussed throughout this book. Thus, while blogging/vlogging/Instagramming is framed in the popular imagination as individualized self-expression, social media producers instead tend to approach these activities with the commitment and purpose of full-time, paid employment. In addition to scheduling and producing textual material, staging photos, and promoting content across the vast social media landscape, these aspirational laborers worked vigilantly to build and maintain “relationships” in both online and offline contexts.
The Problem of Culture
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the question of cultural identity and cultural minorities, particularly the state's proper relationship to the values associated with Christianity and Judaism—the two main religions represented among the nation's population. As a precondition of entry to the League of Nations, the governments of new states in central and eastern Europe with a regional history of ethnic strife were required to negotiate treaties guaranteeing specific rights for people who did not identify as the national majority and thus faced a danger of discrimination. The League Council's commission on minorities had not, however, required the German government to sign any special protection treaty regarding Jews. Leaders of the central Jewish organizations in Germany had never sought a legal minority status. On the contrary, they claimed to be an integral part of the German cultural community, a religious faith group just like Protestants or Catholics whose members were inseparable from and contributed actively to German culture as Jews.
Two Competing Ideals for a Third Reich
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the radical efforts of National Socialists and their supporters to create order out of the “chaos” of Weimar-era dissensus, as well as the difficulty they faced because of a fundamental internal conflict within the movement itself. The project to create a common German way of life out of the “worldview chaos” of Weimar was hampered by the persistence of competing visions of Germany's future among the younger generation of Nazis and conservatives. In particular, minds divided on the question of the Christianization of the state. The clash of visions became more apparent when the nation's economic situation revealed itself as less sustainable than previously thought. At that point, it became clear that the leaders of the Nazi regime, despite running a dictatorship, were not necessarily better equipped to bridge the deep divisions among Germans than the founders of the liberal democracy in Weimar had been.
The Creation of Constitutional Consensus
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter demonstrates how, over the following decade, leaders of the old judiciary and the old labor unions attempted to find resolution to the class conflict that had pitched their forces against each other during the Weimar years, ultimately laying the foundation for the constitutional consensus of a post-Nazi, Western Germany in 1948. This constitutional consensus enabled partnership between the two largest political parties in Western-occupied Germany: the rebranded Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the new Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which together received the vast majority of votes in the elections for a constitutional convention in Bonn. Despite their bitter differences on questions of economic and cultural policy, the leaders of these two parties were in near unanimous agreement that the will of the people as represented in a democratic parliament should not be sovereign, and that an unelected, elite judiciary should be able to review and strike down legislation whenever found to be unconstitutional.
Living with Liberal Democracy
Authors: Strote Noah Benezra
Published: January 2018

This chapter looks at the rise in prominence of the Institute for Social Research, a small academic center whose work became a lodestar for left-wing politics among secular West Germans in the 1960s. That an institution which had previously been forced into exile because of its Marxist politics had returned in the form of a quasi-state agency in an age of extreme anticommunism was remarkable in itself. Still more impressive, perhaps, is the fact that the Institute for Social Research has come to represent West Germany's shift from the Christian conservatism of the Adenauer era into the multicultural era of present-day Germany. The chapter then examines the institute's role as a left-wing entity whose members were deeply disappointed with how the constitutional, economic, educational, and cultural reconstruction had played out in West Germany, and yet accepted the new liberal democracy's legitimacy, actively endorsing it against the alternative of the communist German Democratic Republic.
“Homer is My Example”: Yeats, Paganism, and the Emotions
Authors: Mutter Matthew
Published: January 2018

There has been a resurgence of contemporary literary and theoretical interest in the status of emotion and affect. The example of Yeats suggests that the discourse surrounding emotion must take into account the religious and secular paradigms within which emotion is evaluated. This chapter shows how Yeats rejected the cultural authority of what he called “spiritual emotion,” “vague propagandistic emotion,” and “modern lyric feeling”—all inheritances, for him, of the inward, ascetic Christian self and its “affections”—and sought to replace them with the pagan “passions.” These passions assent to the singular, despotic nature of the will’s claims on the world and refuse to be subjugated to therapeutic or moral ends. They are equally martial states; they welcome conflict as the condition of their amplification. But in his treatment of “joy,” which he understands as the energy underwriting all manifestations of passion, Yeats “vacillates” between Christian models of the receptivity, gratuitousness, and communal reciprocity of joy, and pagan models where joy is an achievement of the victorious “will.”
The Flea from Tangier
Authors: Irmscher Christoph
Published: January 2018

Max Eastman secretly marries the brilliant activist and artist Ida Rauh (1877–1970), who introduces him to socialism. A honeymoon trip takes the couple to Europe, where an annoying flea Max picks up in Tangier serves as a metaphor for his continuing sexual frustrations. He is asked to assume editorship of The Masses, which he reinvents as a cutting-edge forum for politically motivated art and writing. His son Daniel is born in 1912, to his father’s surprise and mystification. Max publishes Enjoyment of Poetry, his most enduringly successful book, as well as his first volume of poetry, Child of the Amazons. Max’s marital problems engender his interest in Freudian psychoanalysis. Dissatisfied with his analyst, Dr. Jelliffe, Max embarks on a course of self-analysis, diagnosing himself with “unsublimated heterosexual lust.” He acquires a small house in Croton-on Hudson, where he becomes the unofficial leader of a flourishing socialist commune. His increasing skepticism of Woodrow Wilson’s commitment to peace helps radicalize his writing. After meeting the beautiful actress Florence Deshon at a fund-raiser for The Masses, he leaves Ida Rauh, relinquishing his parental rights.
Max in Purgatory
Authors: Irmscher Christoph
Published: January 2018

Infatuated with his secretary Florence Norton, Eastman completes the first volume of his tell-all autobiography, Enjoyment of Living, a testament to his prodigious erotic energies that leads critics to compare him with sexologist Alfred Kinsey. Trips for Reader’s Digest lead him to Italy, Greece, Norway, and Ireland. Now a vocal anticommunist, Max condemns McCarthy but not the idea behind McCarthyism and joins the editorial board of William Buckley’s National Review. After being diagnosed with cancer, Eliena Krylenko Eastman dies on October 9, 1956, at their Martha’s Vineyard home, leaving Max “in the shadows,” as a mutual friend observed.
Same Essence, Same Food: Nourishment, Formation, and Education in Early Christianity
Authors: Penniman John David
Published: January 2018

Ancient theories of intellectual formation depended upon corresponding theories of the power of material food to shape both body and mind. These theories show little investment in a stark distinction between literal and metaphoric nourishment. This introduction unpacks the dynamic relationship between literal and symbolic food within ancient discussions of human formation. It argues that, in the Greco-Roman world, food was understood to contain an essence that was transferred to the one being fed, transforming them from the inside out. Scholarship on ancient education has often overlooked this crucial emphasis on food and nurturance within the source material and that this has resulted in a false dichotomy between “literal food” and metaphorical references to “food for the soul.” Discussing the ambiguous Greek and Latin vocabulary for food and formation, and engaging post-structural linguistic theory, the introduction concludes that the proper education and formation of children was, throughout antiquity, dependent upon the material provision of food and the ways in which that provision was theorized and regulated.
The Symbolic Power of Food in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Penniman John David
Published: January 2018

This chapter highlights some of the foundational philosophical, medical, and moral texts that account for the power of nourishment within the formation of the human person in the Greco-Roman world. Focusing primarily on Hippocratic treatises, Plato, and Aristotle, it first considers how classical anthropological theories about the relationship between body and soul broadly emphasize the importance of food in shaping human nature (both bodily and intellectually). The chapter then turns to the social and political context of the Roman Empire and its explicit program of family values within which breast-feeding and child-rearing were highly politicized—and thus highly theorized—activities. These disparate texts contribute to the discourse of human formation in antiquity. In each attempt to describe or theorize the power of food, such writings are located within a larger ideological constellation about eating and feeding, the result of which is what the book broadly identifies as the symbolic power of nourishment. This symbolic power produces a tension, or at least an ambiguity, between statements about actual nourishment and what it was specifically believed to do, on the one hand, and the symbol of nourishment as a nebulous cultural value, on the other.
Conclusion
Authors: Penniman John David
Published: January 2018

This Conclusion explores how the imperative “to eat well” has been an undercurrent, a connecting thread, linking disparate arguments about food and formation within the figures and texts explored. Gastronomy inevitably carries with it a set of social, physiological, and intellectual valences regarding the power of nourishment in human development. The simplicity of the phrase “eat well” obscures the complex of ideologies in which a community gathers and to which its individuals are held accountable. The phrase thus evokes a process of growth and development, at once essentially materialistic and profoundly symbolic. What else is gastronomy, then, but a kind of socializing curriculum, a system for incorporating ambient cultural values into one’s own person? A meal materializes the porous boundary between our individual bodies and the social body in which we participate. Drawing upon theorists such as Donna Haraway, Jacques Derrida, and Judith Butler, this conclusion considers whether the trope of milk and solid food might be wrested from its traditional and more restrictive use in regulating bodies and minds. Is it possible to imagine a new Pauline gastronomy that focuses not on power exerted but rather on the vulnerability shared between eater and feeder?
Paul: Mission and Persecution
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This chapter reconstructs the views of Paul's communities and especially of his opponents, taking into consideration the fact that he had a good education, he was passionate in his convictions, and he was a fierce (and trained) word-warrior. It begins with a discussion of “spirit” and “flesh,” which represent two of Paul's favorite and frequent verbal pairings, focusing on the question of circumcision involving Jews. It then considers Jewish missions to turn pagans into Jews through circumcision, along with Jewish speculations about the ultimate fate of gentiles at the End of the Age and eschatological traditions about receiving gentiles into the Kingdom of God. The chapter proceeds by examining the context for Paul's remarks in Galatians that “preaching circumcision” entailed no persecution.
Christ and the Kingdom
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines Paul's conviction that Jesus Christ was about to return in the way that a warrior-messiah—a messiah son of David—should return: conquering, triumphant, establishing the Kingdom of God, in power. It was Christ's resurrection, communicated to Paul by his own vision, that convinced him of the nearness of the End. The chapter considers Paul's argument against apostolic competitors who want male believers to be circumcised, in which he insists that huiothesia, or sonship, comes through spirit and not flesh. It also discusses Paul's language of hagiasmos, “sanctification,” with respect to his gentiles-in-Christ, and the way that his thought integrates gentiles with Jerusalem's temple. Finally, it analyzes Paul's letter to the Romans, in which he addresses the issue of gentile Judaizing as well as the “fullness of the nations” and “all Israel.”
1858 in History
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred in London in the in the summer of 1858. For Charles Darwin, the hot summer of 1858 was the time of crisis, as it was, for different reasons, for his close contemporaries Charles Dickens and Benjamin Disraeli. Other Victorians of lasting fame, and some whose notoriety did not outlast the stifling summer heat, found themselves intricately involved in political, social, or cultural events of national importance during the short four-month period from May to August 1858. Several far-reaching acts of parliament were debated and passed: on the governance of India, Jewish representation in parliament, the medical profession, marriage and divorce, and — most visibly and nauseatingly — the ‘Great Stink’ for which 1858 is best known.
June 1858, Part II
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred in London in June 1858. These include the soaring temperatures which reached 94.5 °F in the shade on 16 June; weekly newspapers' focus on the heat, the Thames, and public health; the show of famous American horse tamer, James Rarey, along with his book The Art of Taming Wild Horses as one of the entertainment sensations of the year; the popularity of crinoline petticoats among ladies; and Charles Darwin's sojourn in Moor Park to seek relief from his chronic ailments and from working too hard on his ‘everlasting species-Book’ as he told Charles Lyell.