bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Glycemic Control Offer Similar Benefits Among Patients With Diabetes in Different Regions of the World?
Authors: Woodward Mark , Patel Anushka , Zoungas Sophia , Liu Lisheng , Pan Changyu , Poulter Neil , Januszewicz Andrzej , Tandon Nikhil , Joshi Prashant , Heller Simon , Neal Bruce , Chalmers John
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

Participants in ADVANCE were drawn from many countries. We examined whether the effects of intensive glycemic control on major outcomes in ADVANCE differ between participants from Asia, established market economies (EMEs), and eastern Europe.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

ADVANCE was a clinical trial of 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes, lasting a median of 5 years. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared across regions using generalized linear and mixed models. Effects on outcomes of the gliclazide modified release–based intensive glucose control regimen, targeting an HbAlc of ≤6.5%, were compared across regions using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

When differences in baseline variables were allowed for, the risks of primary outcomes (major macrovascular or microvascular disease) were highest in Asia (joint hazard ratio 1.33 [95% CI 1.17–1.50]), whereas macrovascular disease was more common (1.19 [1.00–1.42]) and microvascular disease less common (0.77 [0.62–0.94]) in eastern Europe than in EMEs. Risks of death and cardiovascular death were highest in eastern Europe, and the mean difference in glycosylated hemoglobin between the intensive and standard groups was lowest in EMEs. Despite these and other differences, the effects of intensive glycemic control were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.23) between regions for any outcome, including mortality, vascular end points, and severe hypoglycemic episodes.

CONCLUSIONS

Irrespective of absolute risk, the effects of intensive glycemic control with the gliclazide MR-based regimen used in ADVANCE were similar across Asia, EMEs, and eastern Europe. This regimen can safely be recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes in all of these regions.
Reduced Prevalence of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Children Participating in Longitudinal Follow-Up
Authors: Elding Larsson Helena , Vehik Kendra , Bell Ronny , Dabelea Dana , Dolan Lawrence , Pihoker Catherine , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Lindblad Bengt , Samuelsson Ulf , Holl Reinhard , Haller Michael J. ,   on behalf of the TEDDY Study Group,   SEARCH Study Group,   Swediabkids Study Group,   DPV Study Group,   Finnish Diabetes Registry Study Group
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

Young children have an unacceptably high prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine whether knowledge of genetic risk and close follow-up for development of islet autoantibodies through participation in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study results in lower prevalence of DKA at diabetes onset in children aged <2 and <5 years compared with population-based incidence studies and registries.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Symptoms and laboratory data collected on TEDDY participants diagnosed with type 1 diabetes between 2004 and 2010 were compared with data collected during the similar periods from studies and registries in all TEDDY-participating countries (U.S., SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study; Sweden, Swediabkids; Finland, Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register; and Germany, Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumenation [DPV] Register).

RESULTS

A total of 40 children younger than age 2 years and 79 children younger than age 5 years were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in TEDDY as of December 2010. In children <2 years of age at onset, DKA prevalence in TEDDY participants was significantly lower than in all comparative registries (German DPV Register, P < 0.0001; Swediabkids, P = 0.02; SEARCH, P < 0.0001; Finnish Register, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of DKA in TEDDY children diagnosed at <5 years of age (13.1%) was significantly lower compared with SEARCH (36.4%) (P < 0.0001) and the German DPV Register (32.2%) (P < 0.0001) but not compared with Swediabkids or the Finnish Register.

CONCLUSIONS

Participation in the TEDDY study is associated with reduced risk of DKA at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in young children.
Risk of Breast Cancer After Onset of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Bowker Samantha L. , Richardson Kathryn , Marra Carlo A. , Johnson Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

To examine the risk of breast cancer in pre- and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a population-based retrospective cohort study. Cox regression, stratified by pre- (<55 years) and postmenopausal (≥55 years) status, was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer, during earlier (0–3 months) and later (3 months to 10 years) time windows after diabetes index date.

RESULTS

Compared with women without T2D, HRs for breast cancer were 0.95 (95% CI 0.48–1.86; P = 0.88) and 1.31 (0.92–1.86; P = 0.14) in pre- and postmenopausal women with T2D, respectively, in the early time window, and 0.92 (0.75–1.13; P = 0.45) and 1.00 (0.90–1.11; P = 0.93) in pre- and postmenopausal women with T2D, respectively, in the later time window.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed a trend toward an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with T2D, but only in the time period immediately after diabetes index date.
Evaluation of Postural Asymmetry and Gross Joint Mobility in Elite Female Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Vařeková Renata , Vařeka Ivan , Janura Miroslav , Svoboda Zdenek , Elfmark Milan
Published: October 2011

Evaluation of Postural Asymmetry and Gross Joint Mobility in Elite Female Volleyball Athletes

The purpose of the study was to evaluate marked postural asymmetry and gross joint mobility in elite female volleyball athletes.

Sixty-two Czech and Slovak elite female volleyball athletes (age 20.7±2.03 years, body mass 71.1±6.18 kg, body height 1.804±.0618 m, BMI 21.8±1.78) were examined by an experienced rehabilitation physician. The set of tests included the frontal posture gross examination, the forward bending test from the standing position and the deep squat test. The spiking hand and the presence of any lower extremity injury were estimated by interview. The proportion test, Mann-Whitney test and t-test were used to evaluate statistical significance (p<0.05).

Fifty subjects (80.6%) exhibited "typical" frontal plane posture in which the acromion, scapula and the iliac crest were in a higher position on the left side than on the right, significantly more frequently than all the other patterns (proportion test, p<0.0001). Ninety-eight percent of the subjects with the "LLL pattern" preferred the right arm for spiking (proportion test, p<0.0001). Forty-one subjects (66%) exhibited hypermobility in the forward bending test, significantly more frequently than twenty-one subjects (34%) with normal results (proportion test, p=0.0003). Thirty-four subjects (55%) did not succeed in the deep squat test and hypermobility in the forward bending test paradoxically prevailed in them significantly (proportion test, p=0.004). Restriction in the deep squat test was not linked to obesity, age (t-test, p=0.081) nor knee (proportion test, p=0.85) and ankle injury (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.36) in the past. Significant prevalence of hypermobility in the forward bending test was not surprising because of general body composition and the performance of regular stretching exercises in elite female volleyball athletes. On the other hand, surprisingly, more than half of the subjects did not succeed in the deep squat test. The cause of poor results in the deep squat test could be due to the tightness of the soleus muscle suffering from chronic overloading and/or an inappropriate stretching methods. An inappropriate and/or insufficient compensatory exercise and stretching method or system could be the cause of their marked postural asymmetry as well.

A detailed examination of posture and muscle imbalance performed by an experienced physician or physiotherapist as well as individually tailored compensatory exercises and a stretching system can be strongly recommended to all elite athletes, not only to volleyball players.
Effects of Exercise and/or Diet Programs on Kinanthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Obese Children: a Pilot Study
Authors: Saavedra José , Garcia-Hermoso Antonio , Escalante Yolanda
Published: October 2011

Effects of Exercise and/or Diet Programs on Kinanthropometric and Metabolic Parameters in Obese Children: a Pilot Study

This study was aimed at determining the effects of implementing a medium-term (six-month) exercise and/or a diet program on the kinanthropometric and metabolic parameters of obese children. The participants were 42 subjects (27 boys, 15 girls), whose ages were between 8 and 11, divided into three groups according to the program they followed. The E group followed a physical exercise program (three 90-minute sessions per week), the D group a low calorie diet, and the E+D group both interventions. A repeated-measure ANOVA was used to compare measurements of the participants' kinanthropometric and metabolic parameters at different times of the program, with the means being compared using the Tukey post-hoc test. It was found that medium-term intervention based on the combination of exercise and low calorie diet improved the obese children's kinanthropometric and metabolic parameters, especially those related to the lipid profile. Also, this combined program was more effective in controlling weight than the exercise or low calorie diet interventions alone.
Somatic Profile of Competitive Sport Climbers
Authors: Tomaszewski Paweł , Gajewski Jan , Lewandowska Joanna
Published: October 2011

Somatic Profile of Competitive Sport Climbers

Since rock climbing grows in popularity, the number of the respective scientific reports increases. However, those concerning anthropometric profile of elite climbers are scarce and inconsistent, thus the aim of the study was to describe the anthropometric characteristics of competitive sport climbers. Male rock climbers (n = 21) aged 17 - 29 years took part in the study; their climbing ability ranged from 6b to 8c in the French scale. Body height, body mass, arm span, length and girths of both extremities, shoulder and pelvis widths, as well as thickness of 5 skinfolds were determined. From these, body mass index (BMI), body fat content and selected anthropometric indices were calculated. Data collected for climbers were compared with those of untrained students (n = 165) of Warsaw Technical University. Although no between-group differences were found for body height, body mass, BMI or body fat content, the climbers exhibited significantly (p<0.001) lower pelvis-to-shoulder ratio, longer lower extremities (p<0.05), and greater arm length and arm span (p<0.001) compared to untrained students. The results of this study do not support the view that climbers are small in stature and of low body mass. It seems that the core of the issue is not in body size but rather in specific body proportions and this may be of great importance in selecting subjects to competitive sport climbing.
Psychometric Properties of The Greek Version of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition Scale (TOPS-CS)
Authors: Katsikas Christos , Donti Olyvia , Psychountaki Maria
Published: October 2011

Psychometric Properties of The Greek Version of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition Scale (TOPS-CS)

The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Test of Performance Strategies-Competition scale (TOPS-CS; Thomas et al., 1999) in Greek athletic population. The TOPS-CS was designed to assess eight psychological strategies used by athletes in competition (activation, automaticity, emotional control, goal-setting, imagery, negative thinking, relaxation and self-talk). In order to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inventory, two different research studies were conducted in two different age groups (n1=382 athletes, aged 16 to 20 years and n2=343 athletes, aged 12 to 15 years). Furthermore, 263 athletes, (aged 16 to 20 years) completed the TOPS-CS, purposing to perform confirmatory factor analysis. The results of the first study supported the initial factorial structure of the TOPS-CS for athletes aged 16-20 years. Reliability analysis also provided adequate evidence for the internal consistency and stability of the scale for Greek athletes of this age. However, for athletes aged 12 to 15 years, the validity and reliability of the inventory were questionable and further research is required.
The Effect of Hand Dimensions, Hand Shape and Some Anthropometric Characteristics on Handgrip Strength in Male Grip Athletes and Non-Athletes
Authors: Fallahi Ali , Jadidian Ali
Published: October 2011

The Effect of Hand Dimensions, Hand Shape and Some Anthropometric Characteristics on Handgrip Strength in Male Grip Athletes and Non-Athletes

It has been suggested that athletes with longer fingers and larger hand surfaces enjoy stronger grip power. Therefore, some researchers have examined a number of factors and anthropometric variables that explain this issue. To our knowledge, the data is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hand dimensions, hand shape and some anthropometric characteristics on handgrip strength in male grip athletes and non-athletes. 80 subjects aged between 19 and 29 participated in this study in two groups including: national and collegian grip athletes (n=40), and non-athletes (n=40). Body height and mass were measured to calculate body mass index. The shape of the dominant hand was drawn on a piece of paper with a thin marker so that finger spans, finger lengths, and perimeters of the hand could be measured. The hand shape was estimated as the ratio of the hand width to hand length. Handgrip strength was measured in the dominant and non-dominant hand using a standard dynamometer. Descriptive statistics were used for each variable and independent t test was used to analyze the differences between the two groups. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate the correlation between studied variables. Also, to predict important variables in handgrip strength, the linear trend was assessed using a linear regression analysis. There was a significant difference between the two groups in absolute handgrip strength (p<0.001) and handgrip/height ratio (p<0.001). The indices of body height, body mass, lean body mass and body fat content (p<0.001) were significantly greater in grip athletes. All hand variables except FS1-4 (p>0.05) were significantly different between the groups (p<0.001). After controlling body mass all hand anthropometric characteristics except thumb length (r=0.240, p=0.135), hand shape (r=-0.029, p=0.858), middle finger length (r=0.305, p=0.056) and forearm circumference (r=0.162, p=0.319) significantly correlated with handgrip strength in grip athletes, but not in non-athletes, except for forearm circumference (r=0.406, p=0.010). The results showed that handgrip strength and some of the hand dimensions may be different in athletes who have handgrip movements with an object or opponent in comparison to non-athletes. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between handgrip strength and most of the hand dimensions in grip athletes. Therefore, these can be used in talent identification in handgrip-related sports and in clinical settings as well.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy During Resistance Exercise at 80% 1RM
Authors: Vianna Jefferson , Lima Jorge , Saavedra Francisco , Reis Victor
Published: October 2011

Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy During Resistance Exercise at 80% 1RM

The present study investigated the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) method to assess the energy cost in resistance exercises (RE). The aim of the study was to evaluate the aerobic and anaerobic energy release during resistance exercises performed at 80% 1-RM in four exercises (half squat, bench press, triceps extension and lat pull down), as well as the accuracy of its estimation. The sample comprised 14 men (age = 26.6 ± 4.9 years; height = 177.7 ± 0.1 cm; body mass = 79.0 ± 11.1 kg; and estimated fat mass = 10.5 ± 4.6%). Test and re-test of 1-RM were applied to every exercise. Low-intensity bouts at 12, 16, 20, and 24% of 1-RM were conducted. Energy cost was then extrapolated to 80% 1-RM exhaustive bout and relative energy contribution were assessed. By utilizing the AOD method, the results of the present study suggest a great proportion of anaerobic metabolism during exercise at 80% 1-RM in the four RE that were analyzed: Bench press = 77,66±6,95%; Half squat = 87,44±6,45%; Triceps extension = 63,91±9,22%; Lat pull down = 71,99±13,73 %. The results of the present study suggest that AOD during resistance exercises presents a pattern that does not match the reports in the literature for other types of exercise. The accuracy of the total energy demand estimation at 80% 1-RM was acceptable in the Bench press, in the Triceps extension and in the Lat pull down, but no in the Half squat. More studies are warranted to investigate the validity of this method in resistance exercise.
The Studies of Assumptions Accompanying the Calibration of High-Temperature Solution Calorimeter
Authors: Maciąg T. , Dębski A. , Rzyman K.
Published: October 2011

The Studies of Assumptions Accompanying the Calibration of High-Temperature Solution Calorimeter

The main thesis of the research was the problem concerning calibration of high-temperature solution calorimeter with aluminum. The important assumptions applied at calibration of a device with aluminum were verified. Enthalpy values determined during the experiment clearly suggest that the level of deformation and diameters of aluminum samples used for calibration are negligible. The assumption that the temperature of the samples at the moment they reach the bath level is very close to room temperature, is appropriate.
Simulation of Oxygen and Nitrogen Removal from Steel by Means of Titanium and Aluminum
Authors: Iwanciw J. , Podorska D. , Wypartowicz J.
Published: October 2011

Simulation of Oxygen and Nitrogen Removal from Steel by Means of Titanium and Aluminum

Authors' computer program was employed in the simulation of the course of steel refining by means of simultaneously used aluminium and titanium. The mass and chemical composition of liquid steel and non-metallic precipitates, were calculated at constant or variable temperature. The influence of assumed nitrides form on the results of simulation was determined. Nitrides may be considered either as separate phases or as the components of non-metallic solution. The stoichiometry of titanium oxide obtained also influences the results of simulation. Parallel analysis of steel refining was carried out with the use of FactSage program. As a result of calculations the subsequent states of equilibrium between steel and non-metallic phase were determined. It was found that aluminium and titanium nitrides may exist only as the components of oxide-nitride solution, not as separate phases.
Effect of Shot Peening and NiAl Coating on Fatigue Limit of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn Alloy
Authors: Mrva P. , Kottfer D. , Kaczmarek Ł.
Published: October 2011

Effect of Shot Peening and NiAl Coating on Fatigue Limit of Mg-Al-Zn-Mn Alloy

The paper deals with an influence of cylic load on fatigue limit of the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy without or with the NiAl coating. The fatigue limit was determined for the following three types of specimens of the Mg-Al-Zn-Mn alloy: (1) fine-turned specimens; (2) fine-turned specimens with an application of the shot peening process; (3) fine-turned and shot-peened specimens with the NiAl coating deposited by the thermal spraying technique. A standard measurement of the fatigue limit was used for the analytical determination of the Wohler curves (S-N curves). The Wohler curves for the specimens (1) and (3) were in agreement with those presented in literature. The specimens (2) exhibited a lower value of the fatigue limit compared with that of the specimens (1), although the increase of the fatigue limit of the specimens (2) was expected due to the presence of the application of the shot peening process. An analysis of reasons of the decrease of the fatigue limit of the specimens (2) is presented.
Short Time Algorithm of Power Waveforms Fundamental Harmonic Estimation With Use of Prony's Methods
Authors: Zygarlicki Jarosław , Mroczka Janusz
Published: October 2011

Short Time Algorithm of Power Waveforms Fundamental Harmonic Estimation With Use of Prony's Methods

This paper presents an example of practical use of Prony's method for monitoring of power waveform fundamental harmonic fluctuations, which is required for the analysis of window synchronizations in frequency analyses in power monitoring systems. The example presented offers verification of the authors' theoretical considerations published earlier in articles about Prony's method and its opportunities for practical use for real life signals. The investigations shown are based on the least squares Prony's method, which, in connection with digital filtrations, enables estimations of fundamental frequency at the rate of even tens of times per one fundamental harmonic period.
Measurement, Modeling and Evaluation of Surface Parameter Using Capacitive-Sensor-Based Measurement System
Authors: Murugarajan A. , Samuel G.
Published: October 2011

Measurement, Modeling and Evaluation of Surface Parameter Using Capacitive-Sensor-Based Measurement System

Surface roughness parameter prediction and evaluation are important factors in determining the satisfactory performance of machined surfaces in many fields. The recent trend towards the measurement and evaluation of surface roughness has led to renewed interest in the use of newly developed non-contact sensors. In the present work, an attempt has been made to measure the surface roughness parameter of different machined surfaces using a high sensitivity capacitive sensor. A capacitive response model is proposed to predict theoretical average capacitive surface roughness and compare it with the capacitive sensor measurement results. The measurements were carried out for 18 specimens using the proposed capacitive-sensor-based non-contact measurement setup. The results show that surface roughness values measured using a sensor well agree with the model output. For ground and milled surfaces, the correlation coefficients obtained are high, while for the surfaces generated by shaping, the correlation coefficient is low. It is observed that the sensor can effectively assess the fine and moderate rough-machined surfaces compared to rough surfaces generated by a shaping process. Furthermore, a linear regression model is proposed to predict the surface roughness from the measured average capacitive roughness. It can be further used in on-machine measurement, on-line monitoring and control of surface roughness in the machine tool environment.
Fire risk in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) plantations under various temperature and wind conditions
Authors: Cseresnyés Imre , Szécsy Orsolya , Csontos Péter
Published: October 2011

Fire risk in Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) plantations under various temperature and wind conditions

The Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), an introduced conifer in Hungary, forms a highly flammable vegetation type. The fire risk of such stands was examined using McArthur's empirical forest fire danger model. Our study focused on the effects of temperature and wind speed on fire behaviour. By keeping the input parameters of the model constant while changing temperature andwind speed within a specified interval the resulting fire danger index (FDI) and fire behaviour were examined. The applied fixed parameters were: 30 °C temperature, 30% relative humidity, 30 km h-1 wind speed, 30 degree of slope and drought factor value 10. The annual trends of the Byram-Keetch drought index (BKDI) and the drought factor were also calculated. Our results show that increasing temperature and wind speed raises the FDI, flame height, rate of fire spread (ROS) and spotting distance. The amount of fuel does not influence the FDI, but increasing the amount promotes the ROS and raises the flame height. Wind speed was the most important factor in the ROS. A serious fire risk of these plantations was determined. The reliability of McArthur's model was proved by comparison of our results with experimental laboratory data based on literature.
Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungi
Authors: Corriol G.
Published: October 2011

Checklist of Pyrenean alpine-stage macrofungi

Macrofungi from the alpine stage of the Pyrenees are poorly known. In this paper we first describe the alpine habitats of this mountain chain, then provide an overview with bibliography for all known taxa, with information on distribution and habitat. In addition to the 214 taxa of macrofungi previously known from the Pyrenees, 83 new taxa are reported from the French side of the Pyrenees. The total number of taxa reported for the alpine stage of the Pyrenees is now 297, of which 19 are Ascomycetideae, 260 Agaricomycetideae, 11 Gasteromycetideae and 7 Aphyllophoromycetideae. The genera richest in species are: Inocybe (53 taxa), Entoloma (41 taxa), Cortinarius (36 taxa), Hygrocybe ss. lato (20 taxa) and Melanoleuca (12 taxa). Of the 297 taxa reported, 103 are true arctic-alpine fungi.
Checklist and Ecology of the Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales in the alpine zone of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) at 3000-4000 m a.s.l.
Authors: Cripps C. , Horak E.
Published: October 2011

Checklist and Ecology of the Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales in the alpine zone of the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Montana, Wyoming) at 3000-4000 m a.s.l.

Previously, the Rocky Mountain alpine zone was a mycological blank spot. There have only been a few scattered records of macrofungi from this region and limited number of publications. This alpine survey covers the Beartooth Plateau in Montana/Wyoming for the North-central Floristic Region (lat 45°N) and the Front Range, San Juan Mountains, Sawatch Range for the Southern Floristic Region in Colorado (lat 36°-38°N), and reports over 165 species in 46 genera and 11 families (ca 1 500 collections). It is estimated that over 75% are known arctic-alpine macromycetes and the remainder are Rocky Mountain species. Of these, we estimate that 2-5% are new to science, 75% are new records for this Rocky Mountain alpine zone, and that over half will be new to Colorado or Montana/Wyoming. Approximately 56% are mycorrhizal species associated with Salix reticulata, S. arctica, S. planifolia, S. glauca, Betula nana = B. glandulosa, Dryas octopetala and Polygonum viviparum. Mycorrhizal species that occur with Betula are rare in the Rockies due to a paucity of this host. The most diverse mycorrhizal family is the Cortinariaceae with over 74 species, primarily of Inocybe and Cortinarius. Saprobic genera associate with a diversity of bryophytes or are terrestrial primarily in grassland; macrofungi on woody debris are rare. A greater diversity occurs in southern mountain ranges which are more diverse in geology and habitat. The southern extent of the Rockies at latitudes of 36-38°N likely includes the southernmost extent of certain Arctic-alpine fungi such as Arrhenia auriscalpium for the Northern hemisphere. Macrofungal fruitings are sparse compared to those in maritime arctic-alpine habitats due to a well-defined continental climate with drying winds, low relative humidity, periodic droughts, fire, strong diurnal temperature fluctuations and high elevations of 3 000-4 000 m. This report helps complete distributions of arctic-alpine fungi, and discusses the ecology of individual taxonomic groups in relation to other Arctic-alpine areas.
Cortinarius alpinus as an example for morphological and phylogenetic species concepts in ectomycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Peintner U.
Published: October 2011

Cortinarius alpinus as an example for morphological and phylogenetic species concepts in ectomycorrhizal fungi

Extensive morphological and molecular analyses of closely related species from alpine, subalpine and montane habitats should enable a comparison of ecological, morphological and phylogenetic species concepts in ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. One fundamental question of this study was whether alpine species really exist, and which criteria, besides the specific habitat, could reliably be used for the de-limitation of such taxa. For this reason, 56 rDNA ITS sequences were generated or downloaded from GenBank for 10 closely related species of Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium, section Myxacium. Several collections were sequenced for each of the following taxa: Cortinarius absarokensis, C. alpinus, C. favrei, C. fennoscandicus, C. grallipes, C. mucosus, C. muscigenus, C. septentrionalis, C. trivialis and C. vernicosus. Moreover, spore statistics were carried out for 38 collections of alpine and subalpine taxa. These data provide clear evidence for C. favrei being a synonym of C. alpinus. C. absarokensis and C. alpinus can clearly be delimited based on pileus diameter and average dry weight per basidiome, even in overlapping habitats, but spore size and shape is not a good distinguishing character. Phylograms have very short branches, and base differences between ITS sequences are generally very low in this group, and give no resolution for the included taxa of this section. Based on these results, species concepts of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms are discussed in detail.
Establishing a Multicentre Clinical Research Network: Lessons Learned
Authors: Hagen N.A. , Stiles C.R. , Biondo P.D. , Cummings G.G. , Fainsinger R.L. , Moulin D.E. , Pereira J.L. , Spice R.
Published: October 2011

Background: Within many health care disciplines, research networks have emerged to connect researchers who are physically separated, to facilitate sharing of expertise and resources, and to exchange valuable skills. A multicentre research network committed to studying difficult cancer pain problems was launched in 2004 as part of a Canadian initiative to increase palliative and end-of-life care research capacity. Funding was received for 5 years to support network activities. Methods: Mid-way through the 5-year granting period, an external review panel provided a formal mid-grant evaluation. Concurrently, an internal evaluation of the network by survey of its members was conducted. Based on feedback from both evaluations and on a review of the literature, we identified several components believed to be relevant to the development of a successful clinical cancer research network. Results: These common elements of successful clinical cancer research networks were identified: shared vision, formal governance policies and terms of reference, infrastructure support, regular and effective communication, an accountability framework, a succession planning strategy to address membership change over time, multiple strategies to engage network members, regular review of goals and timelines, and a balance between structure and creativity. Conclusions: In establishing and conducting a multi-year, multicentre clinical cancer research network, network members were led to reflect on the factors that contributed most to the achievement of network goals. Several specific factors were identified that seemed to be highly relevant in promoting success. These observations are presented to foster further discussion on the successful design and operation of research networks.
ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER ROLLING STOCK FAULTS AND ITS STATISTICS IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Gelumbickas Gintaras , Vaičiūnas Gediminas
Published: October 2011

Performed data analysis aims to determine the number of rolling stock breakdowns and how it depends on rolling stock age, the number of passengers and operations. The mathematical model, stated below, analyses correlation between passenger fleet upgrade intensity and the number of faults. When planning to buy some new rolling stock (3÷6 wagons electric or diesel trains) while using this model, the number of faults can be predicted up to five years.
ASSESSING THE EFFICIENCY OF LITHUANIAN TRANSPORT SECTOR BY APPLYING THE METHODS OF MULTIMOORA AND DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Baležentis Alvydas , Baležentis Tomas
Published: October 2011

This study focuses on evaluating Lithuanian transport sector throughout 1995–2009 by applying multi–criteria decision making method MULTIMOORA (Multi–Objective Optimization plus the Full Multiplicative Form) and data envelopment analysis (DEA). MULTIMOORA provided ranks that enabled to perform time series analysis, whereas DEA made possible to identify both technical and scale inefficiencies. Due to limited data availability, we analyzed the transport sector as a whole, i. e. it was not decomposed into that of land, air, railway or water. Although every production factor, including labour, capital and land is required for developing the transport sector, due to limited data availability, it is not possible to tackle them all when performing analysis. Consequently, one input, namely energy consumption in transport, was considered in the conducted analysis. On the other hand, two forms of transport – passenger and freight transport – were distinguished, and each of them was measured using composite indicators of passenger and tonne kilometres respectively. These two indices were considered as the outputs of transport sector activity. The final ranks provided by MULTIMOORA indicate that the transport sector was operating most effectively during 2004–2008, whereas it exhibited relative inefficiency throughout 1996–1998. The application of DEA suggests that the efficiency downturn of 1996–1998 might have been caused by technical inefficiency, whereas that of 2008–2009 was driven by scale inefficiency. Indeed, the technical modernization of the transport sector as well as the resolution of resource allocation problems might have lead to an increase in technical efficiency. Meanwhile, economic downturn prevents the transport system from working at full capacity; hence, scale efficiency is still observed.
MODELLING OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES’ EMISSION THROUGH THE USE OF TRAFFIC FLOW MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Authors: Junevičius Raimundas , Bogdevičius Marijonas , Török Ádám
Published: October 2011

Road traffic flows on a straight road segment are modelled in this article. The mathematical model of traffic flows has been constructed by using the method of lumped parameters. CO2, CO, CH, NOx, PM regression equations of internal combustion engines’ (ICE) emission has been developed. The accuracy of regression equations is 0.98÷0.99. The article presents assumptions for constructing the mathematical model, description of the mathematical model and gives simulation results. Traffic flow parameters, such as traffic flow concentration and traffic flow speed are presented as modelling results. ICE emission depending on the concentration and traffic flow speed are presented as well.
THE RESTORATION OF PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEEL RIM METAL
Authors: Somov Dmitrij , Bazaras Žilvinas
Published: October 2011

Despite reduced resistance to wheel rim wear, after every grinding, only geometrical parameters of wheels are restored at maintenance depots. A tendency towards a decrease in the exploitation of wheel rim working edge induces the acquisition of new wheels, is related to a considerable increase in axle load and train speed as well as linked to the ineffective methods of repairing wheel rim working edge. A solution to the problem of restoring the surface of wheelset rolling, as a wider problem of rolling stock durability, is determined by the fact that the breakdown of the rolling wheelset and the loss of its efficiency shortens the service time of the wheelset. The cost of pointless and inefficient renovations of geometrical wheelset parameters increases and is of a very high rate. The problem of efficient renovations to rims and steel used for wheels within the maintenance of wheelsets becomes a burning issue today.
BUS ROUTE DESIGN IN SMALL DEMAND AREAS
Authors: Černá Anna , Černý Jan , Přibyl Vladimír
Published: October 2011

The paper deals with the situation when a low populated area is in need of public transport service. It is necessary to design a bus route, passing through the area and meeting the accessibility and efficiency requirements. The article presents a mathematical formulation of the problem in terms of the network theory together with two exact and several heuristic methods for finding a solution. The paper describes that the problem is NP-hard, and therefore computing experience is outlined.
DYNAMIC REACTION FORCES OF AN OVERHEAD CRANE ON LIFTING
Authors: Spruogis Bronislovas , Jakštas Arūnas , Turla Vytautas , Iljin Igor , Šešok Nikolaj
Published: October 2011

In the recent period, girder bridge cranes are replaced with double-beam overhead cranes with a rectangular cross-section of the beams. In addition, new materials are used for producing them thus applying other values of allowable loads and deformations. The paper focuses on two overhead cranes working for JSC Vilniaus kranai (Vilnius Cranes). The presented mathematical model provides an opportunity to assess the structural peculiarities of the above introduced cranes. The calculated results of dynamic loads appearing in the beginning and the end of the lifting process and having an impact on the lifting mechanism and metal structure are provided in the article.
ETHANOL–BIODIESEL–DIESEL BLENDS AS A DIESEL EXTENDER OPTION ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES
Authors: Zöldy Máté
Published: October 2011

Increasing fuel demand, decreasing natural reserves and environmental consciousness have together led to testing and implementing new fuels and blending components of compression ignition engines. Biofuels are very commonly added to fossil fuels, mostly ethanol to gasoline and FAME to diesel. Harmonizing their properties with engines is a great challenge for automotive and oil industry. Increasing demand for diesel oil in Europe raised the question about the possibility of increasing the amount of bio extenders. There were and certainly there are a number of experiments aimed at substituting or blending diesel with other fuels. One group of such fuels makes bioethanol– biodiesel–diesel oil mixtures. The paper proposes a global overview on literature and presents the obtained results. The article explores the possibility of using bioethanol–biodiesel–diesel oil mixtures in vehicles and agricultural compression ignition engines. The main aspect of researches was to find blends substitutable for compression ignition engines. Investigations were made to determine the maximum volume of a renewable part thus reaching the same or similar power output with lowering emissions. The received results were used for environmental and economical investigations. The valorisation of the results shows that bioethanol–biodiesel–diesel blends fulfil the cetane number, viscosity and lubricity requirements for standard diesel. Practical measurements and engine tests show that the utilization of a new fuel decreases emissions from the engine. The results of agricultural feedstock calculation indicate that in Hungary the biofuel part of the investigated fuels can be produced from an overflow.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP / VIEŠOJO IR PRIVAČIOJO SEKTORIŲ PARTNERYSTĖS GALIMYBIŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Meidutė Ieva , Paliulis Narimantas Kazimieras
Published: October 2011

Public-private partnership may cover various forms of partnership, viz. as the property of the private sector in the state of municipal activities or information and consultations between the public and private sectors, also as an unconventional method of public procurement when the public and private sectors enter into a long-term contract on the establishment of public infrastructure or the provision of public services. The most important thing in implementing PPP projects is to properly draw up the contract between the public and private partners, which should explicitly state all terms and conditions, undertakings and liabilities, evaluate risks, determine the payment mechanism and dispute settlement procedure, etc. In order to reduce any risk associated with such projects, a proper legal framework should be developed, which would provide liabilities and undertakings of both parties of the project (the private and public sectors), and more information should be disbursed as to how such projects are being implemented, what the structures of financing are, and what the benefit of such projects is. Santrauka Viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių partnerystė gali apimti įvairias partnerystės formas: kaip privačiojo sektoriaus nuosavybė valstybės ar savivaldybių veikloje ar informavimas ir konsultavimas tarp viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių, taip pat kaip netradicinis viešujų pirkimų būdas, kai sudaroma ilgalaikė sutartis tarp viešojo ir privačiojo sektorių dėl viešosios infrastruktūros sukūrimo ar viešųjų paslaugų teikimo. Vykdant VPP projektus būtina tinkamai parengti sutartį tarp viešojo ir privataus partnerio, kurioje turi būti vienareikšmiškai apibrėžtos visos sąlygos, įsipareigojimai, atsakomybė, įvertintos rizikos, atsiskaitymo mechanizmas, konfliktų sprendimo tvarka ir t. t. Siekiant sumažinti bet kokią su tokiais projektais susijusią riziką, reikia suformuoti tinkamą teisinę bazę, kuri numatytų abiejų projekto šalių - tiek privačiojo, tiek valstybinio sektoriaus - atsakomybes ir įsipareigojimus, bei teikti daugiau informacijos, kaip tokie projektai vykdomi, kokios finansavimo struktūros, kokia gaunama nauda.
PERMANENT HOUSING PRODUCTION PROCESS AFTER 17 AUGUST 1999 MARMARA EARTHQUAKE IN TURKEY / NUOLATINIO BŪSTO STATYBOS PROCESAS PO 1999 M. RUGPJŪČIO 17 D. ŽEMĖS DREBĖJIMO MARMURO REGIONE (TURKIJA)
Authors: Tas Nilufer , Cosgun Nilay
Published: October 2011

In recent years, one of the biggest investments and projects that developed in Turkey is in permanent housing. The emergency case experienced after the 17 August 1999 Marmara Earthquake featured the permanent housing need; thus, within the meaning of Disaster Law, a large number of housings were to be built in designated residential areas in various provinces. Once a building has been designed, impediments that arise either cannot be fixed any longer or require an extra cost to be fixed. In order to create a high quality built environment, production process of constructions as a long lasting effect becomes important. This study examines how the production process of the permanent housings to be built in Turkey after 1999 Marmara Earthquake was managed considering the current legal framework. In this context, the aim is to state how permanent housings are produced and determination of the points seen as problems by the builders (contractors) and occupants through this process. The main concern is to determine the outcomes that could act as answer to problems that might arise in permanent housing production after a probable earthquake. The obtained information is thought to act as reference in the practices of meeting permanent housing need that will arise after disasters.

Santrauka

Nuolatinis būstas – tai viena sričių, į kurią Turkijoje pastaraisiais metais investuojama daugiausia, o projektai stambiausi. Po 1999 m. rugpjūčio 17 d. Marmuro regione įvykusiožemės drebėjimo susidariusi kritinė situacija buvo susijusi su nuolatinio būsto poreikiu. Tad tam skirtose įvairių provincijų gyvenamosiose zonose pagal stichinių nelaimių istatyme apibrėžtą prasmę reikėjo pastatyti daug būstų. Pastatą suprojektavus, atsiradusių defektų arba nebeįmanoma pataisyti, arba jiems taisyti reikia papildomų išlaidų. Norint suformuoti kokybišką užstatytą aplinką, dėl ilgalaikio poveikio svarbus tampa statybų procesas. Šiame tyrime nagrinėjama, kaip, atsižvelgiant į esamą teisinę bazę, buvo valdomas nuolatinių būstų, kuriuos Turkijoje reikėjo pastatyti po 1999 m. žemės drebėjimo Marmuro regione, statybos procesas. Siekiama nurodyti, kaip statomas nuolatinis būstas, ir nustatyti, kuriuos aspektus statytojai (rangovai) ir gyventojai šiame procese laiko problematiškais. Svarbiausia nustatyti pasekmes, kurios gali būti atsakas į problemas, galinčias kilti statant nuolatinius būstus po galimo žemės drebėjimo. Manoma, kad gauta informacija bus galima remtis siekiant patenkinti nuolatinio būsto poreikius, atsirasiančius po stichinės nelaimės.
IDENTIFICATION AND ALLOCATION OF RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH PPP WATER PROJECTS IN CHINA / SU KINIJOS VANDENS PROJEKTAIS, PAGRĮSTAIS VIEŠOJO IR PRIVAČIOJO SEKTORIŲ PARTNERYSTE, SUSIJUSIŲ RIZIKOS RŪŠIŲ NUSTATYMAS IR PASKIRSTYMAS
Authors: Xu Yelin , Yang Yunfang , Chan Albert P. C. , Yeung John F. Y. , Cheng Hu
Published: October 2011

As part of a comprehensive research into PPP implementation, nine case studies were scrutinized to explore the critical risks influencing the success of PPP water projects in China. Eleven critical risks were identified from real-life risk events through the content analysis. They were further analyzed in the aspects of risk origin and their allocation mechanism. It has been found that the government risks are considered as the most critical risks encountered by the Chinese project practitioners. To allocate risk, industrial practitioners should not only take into account of their management capability, but they should also pay more attention to the overall balance of risks and benefits, and risk guarantee through rigorous contract structure. The findings presented here are believed to enable interested investors to better understand the risks of PPP water projects in China.

Santrauka

Atliekant išsamų tyrimą dėl viešojo ir privačiojo sektoriaus partnerystės diegimo, buvo išnagrinėti devyni atvejo tyrimai, siekiant ištirti svarbiausias rizikos rūšis, kurios daro įtaką sėkmingai viešojo ir privačiojo sektoriaus partnerystei Kinijos vandens projektuose. Analizuojant turinį, pagal realius rizikos atvejus nustatyta 11 svarbiausių rizikos rūšių. Jos buvo nagrinėjamos papildomai, apžvelgiant į su rizikos kilme ir jos paskirstymo mechanizmu susijusius aspektus. Nustatyta, kad su vyriausybe susijusios rizikos rūšys laikomos svarbiausiomis rūšimis, su kuriomis susiduria Kinijoje projektus diegiantys asmenys. Siekdami paskirstyti riziką, pramonės atstovai turėtų ne tik atsižvelgti į savo vadybinius pajėgumus, bet ir daugiau dėmesio skirti bendrai rizikos ir naudos pusiausvyrai bei rizikos garantijoms per griežtą sutarčių struktūrą. Manoma, kad čia pateikiamos išvados susidomėjusiems investuotojams leis geriau suprasti, kokia rizika kyla vykdant viešojo ir privačiojo sektoriaus partneryste pagrįstus vandens projektus Kinijoje.
Le développement de l'enseignement secondaire en Tanzanie et la scolarisation des Maasai
Authors: Bonini Nathalie
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article est consacré aux effets de la récente augmentation de l’offre scolaire secondaire en Tanzanie et plus particulièrement à ses conséquences sur l’évolution de la demande scolaire des pasteurs Maasai. Après l’indépendance, le développement de l’enseignement secondaire n’avait jamais constitué une priorité éducative du gouvernement Tanzanien. Très faible jusque-là, le taux net de scolarisation à ce niveau a fortement augmenté pendant les années 2000. Bien qu’en proportion moindre que leurs compatriotes, les Maasai ont profité du développement des écoles secondaires dans les zones rurales isolées qu’ils occupent. Ainsi, alors que ceux qui étaient scolarisés ne dépassaient généralement pas le niveau de l’école primaire dans les années 1990, ils sont désormais plus nombreux à atteindre le secondaire. Ceux qui s’inscrivent en secondaire le font le plus souvent dans des écoles communautaires offrant de médiocres conditions d’apprentissage. La récente ouverture de l’enseignement secondaire influence les attentes des Maasai à l’égard de l’école comme leurs pratiques éducatives, mais ces dernières dépendent aussi très largement de leur situation géographique et surtout, économique, affectée pour nombre d’entre eux, par le déclin du pastoralisme.