bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a virtual biomechanical manikin used in vibrations studies in occupied spaces
Authors: Conceição Eusebio , Conceição Mª Inês , Lúcio Mª Manuela
Published: September 2021

In this paper is developed and applied a virtual biomechanical manikin used in occupied spaces. This multi-nodal numerical model is applied in the vibrations of the different sections of the human body, under transient conditions. The integration of second order equations systems, based
in Newton equation, after being converted in a first order equation system, is solved through the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with error control. This multi-nodal numerical model will be used, in this work, in the study of the vibrations that a standing person is subjected when stimuli are
applied to the feet. The influence of various types of stimuli is analyzed, with periodic irregularities, in the dynamic response of the vibrations in different sections of the human body. The signals of the stimuli, the displacement of some sections of the body and the power spectrum of the
same signals will be presented. In the study the influence of the floor vibration in the human body sections is analyzed and presented.
Computing Radiated Sound Power using Quadratic Power Transfer Vector (QPTV)
Authors: Gunda Rajendra , Vijayakar Sandeep
Published: September 2021

Pressure Acoustic Transfer Functions or Vectors (PATVs) relate the surface velocity of a structure to the sound pressure level at a field point in the surrounding fluid. These functions depend only on the structure geometry, properties of the fluid medium (sound speed and characteristic
density), the excitation frequency and the location of the field point, but are independent of the surface velocity values themselves. Once the pressure acoustic transfer function is computed between a structure and a specified field point, we can compute pressure at this point for any boundary
velocity distribution by simply multiplying the forcing function (surface velocity) with the acoustic transfer function. These PATVs are usually computed by application of the Reciprocity Principle, and their computation is well understood. In this work, we present a novel way to compute the
Velocity Acoustic Transfer Vector (VATV) which is a relation between the surface velocity of the structure and fluid particle velocity at a field point. To our knowledge, the computation of the VATV is completely new and has not been published in earlier works. By combining the PATVs and VATVs
at a number of field points surrounding the structure, we obtain the Quadratic Power Transfer Vector (QPTV) that allows us to compute the sound power radiated by a structure for ANY surface velocity distribution. This allows rapid computation of the sound power for an arbitrary surface velocity
distributions and is useful in designing quiet structures by minimizing the sound power radiated.
Computation analysis of regularization methods and parameter selection for acoustics radiation modes source reconstruction of vibrating plates
Authors: Corral Luis , Román Pablo E.
Published: September 2021

Source localization and power estimation is a topic of great interest in acoustics and vibration. Acoustic source radiation modes reconstruction is a method of particular interest. Solutions leads to determinate sound/vibration power and surface velocity distribution from sparse acoustics
samples. It has been shown that the quality of the results depends on Tikhonov regularization parameter. This inverse method is based on the radiation resistance matrix and we show that a single instruction multiple threads computing approach for graphics processing unit device exhibit better
speed performance than common approaches to achieve the solution. We compare four regularization and three estimating methods for regularization parameters. We use a similarity measure to the simulated cases in three frequencies. Tikhonov regularization exhibits best reconstruction results.
However, truncated singular vector decomposition also shows good performance with the advantage of not using a regularization parameter. Graphics processing unit implementation reduce reconstruction's computing time at least in a half.
Effects of degree of consonance and temporal pattern of the auditory signals on the auditory impression of warning
Authors: Abe Rikako , Otsuka Sho , Nakagawa Seiji
Published: September 2021

Disaster alerts are usually accompanied by auditory signals at the beginning. It is to be desired that the auditory signal itself produces the sense of warning. Effects of (1) degree of consonance and (2) temporal pattern of the auditory signal on the auditory impression of warning
were investigated using paired-comparison tests. In the both tests, sequences of 3 triads were used as stimuli. First, 7 types of stimuli were generated by varying the degree of consonance of the triad (frequency ratio of sinusoids was varied systematically from 2:3:4, 4:5:6, 6:7:8, 8:9:10,
10:11:12, 12:13:14 through to 14:15:16). Each subject showed changes of the auditory impression of warning depending on the degree of consonance, however, variation among subjects were observed. Second, 21 types of stimuli were generated in total by changing several temporal parameters (duration
of the triad, interval between the triads, duty rate of the sequence). The results indicated that the auditory impression of warning increased as the duration of the triad increased the interval between the triads decreased.
Empirical prediction of flight effect on subsonic coaxial-jet noise by introducing an adjusted flight velocity term
Authors: Lee Incheol
Published: September 2021

The effect of forward flight on jet noise is difficult to quantify through flyover tests since only the total noise is measured in a full-scale flyover test, and the contribution of the jet noise is difficult and sometimes nearly impossible to identify. Thus, most studies on the flight
effect have been carried out through model-scale experiments with a single-stream jet simulator in a free jet facility. In this paper, the effect of forward flight was captured by using an adjusted flight velocity term (αV) to describe jet velocity in a new prediction of coaxial-jet
noise. The new jet noise prediction method assumes that there are three components: primary, secondary, and mixed components with no filter functions. The coefficient α is determined by a thorough investigation of the model-scale data gained from an experiment in the anechoic wind tunnel
of ONERA. The value of α is 1 for the primary component, 0.5 for the secondary component, and a linear function of the angle for the mixed component. The simple adjustment of the flight velocity successfully embodied the effect of forward flight at all angles, with no separate velocity
exponent or an additional term.
Trial applications at gymnasiums of in-situ sound absorption measurement method by ensemble averaging technique
Authors: Otsuru Toru , Tomiku Reiji , Okamoto Noriko , Lawanwadeekul Siwat
Published: September 2021

The authors have been published a series of papers on a measurement method for sound absorption characteristics of materials using ensemble averaging technique, i.e., EA method. The papers' results included measurement mechanisms, measurement uncertainty, and so on. Herein, to examine
adaptability, especially in in-situ conditions, the EA method is applied to measure absorption characteristics of materials installed in two gymnasiums. A glass-wool panel with the dimension of 0.5 m by 0.5 m by 0.05 m and with the density of 32 kg m^-3 was brought around and measured to check
the measurement consistency. Several measurements were conducted during badminton plays were undergoing. Measured sound absorption coefficients revealed that most results agree well with those measured in reverberation rooms. Certain improvement is necessary for the specimen brought to the
in-situ measurement to keep the consistency. The inconsistency is considered to originate from unstable conditions between the specimen and floor.
Equivalent sound level as a predictor for road traffic noise annoyance assessment
Authors: Felcyn Jan , Preis Anna
Published: September 2021

Noise annoyance can be rated either in situ or in laboratory conditions. Regarding the , many papers indicate that only 30% of the variance in people's answers can be explained by sound level values. This value increases when a single type of noise is presented to participants in lab.
However, the relationship between time structure of the noise stimulus and annoyance rating is still ambiguous. In this study road traffic noise stimuli with different time structure at three different sound levels were created. Moreover, the psychoacoustical characteristics of them were also
computed. The calculated data was compared with results of the listening test in which participants rated each stimulus on the numerical ICBEN scale. Analysis showed that loudness and sound level are the dominant factors, they correlate quite well (~70%) with people's ratings. However, the
different time structure of the road traffic noise at the same sound level did not evoke significantly different noise annoyance ratings. Since there are no standards available for loudness measurement, the sound level for the same type of noise remains the simplest factor to reliably predict
its impact on people regarding noise annoyance.
Validation of the aviation environmental design tool's noise model using high fidelity weather
Authors: Gabrielian Ana , Puranik Tejas , Bendarkar Mayank , Kirby Michelle , Marvis Dimitri
Published: September 2021

To enable sustainable aviation growth, mitigation of environmental effects must be developed in parallel. To further this effort, these effects are modeled using capabilities such as the Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT), a program that is able to model aircraft performance,
fuel burn, emissions, and noise. Past and current projects are performed with the intent of improving the accuracy of the models within AEDT to capture various real-world effects. This paper targets the sensitivity of the noise prediction and propagation by varying multiple assumptions within
AEDT. To validate the noise capabilities, multiple streams of real-world data will be used to accurately model actual flights to and from SFO airport. This data includes High-Fidelity weather data,detailed flight performance characteristics from airline flight data records and noise monitoring
data obtained from stations around the airport. The results from this study are expected to offer recommendations and help users prioritize and more accurately quantify community noise exposure using AEDT.
Acoustical analysis of sound generated by synthetic jet actuators
Authors: Wang Song , Ait Oubahou Rayane , He Zixin , Mickalauskas Anthony , Menicovich David , Mongeau Luc
Published: September 2021

Piezoelectrically driven synthetic jet actuators (SJA) are useful in various applications such as flow control, heat transfer and camera lens cleaning. This paper aims to better understand the fundamental sound generation mechanisms of synthetic jet actuators and investigate methods
for the noise reduction and vibration control. The SJAs tested in this paper are driven by sinusoidal signals at frequencies ranging between 100 and 600 Hz, and can produce pulsated air jets at high velocity, up to 100 m/s. The sound generated by these devices, generally tonal and rich in
harmonics, was modeled as the superposition of two monopoles associated with the breathing mode of the diaphragm and of the pulsated jet. Component analyses showed that the two monopoles cancelled each other partially depending on their amplitudes and phase relationship. A computational aeroacoustic
model of the SJAs was built using PowerFLOW, a computation fluid dynamic simulation software. Simulation results were compared with jet velocities measured with a hot-wire anemometer and flow patterns were analyzed. Active and passive control methods were investigated, and a sound quality
analysis was performed in order to reduce the overall radiated sound power and improve sound quality.
The effect of two trains passing at the same time on the ground borne vibration level
Authors: Ostendorf Carel
Published: September 2021

When predicting the ground borne vibration level, it is assumed that only one train passes so the predicted vibration level is caused by a single train. When there is one track for every direction of the train, it is possible that two trains will pass each other on a specific location
at the same time. What influence do these two trains have on the vibration level compared to the vibration level of a single train passing that same location? For this study ground borne vibration levels have been measured on two locations in The Netherlands using a 3 by 3 grid, 25 meters
apart, on a distance of 25, 50 and 75 meters of the track. During the 4 weeks measuring time, all the trains have been captured on video. All the double train situations have been marked. The corresponding vibration level Vmax (according to the Dutch SBR B guideline) has been determined for
both the single trains and the double trains and compared to each other. In the analysis, the type of trains passing each other and the distance of the receiver to the track, has been taken into account when determining the difference in vibration level.
Development of disc spring stack containment methods for vibration isolation
Authors: Gilmore Paul , Gandhi Umesh
Published: September 2021

Cone disc springs exhibit quasi-zero stiffness behavior that is useful in isolating objects from low frequency vibrations. However, the stroke of a single disc spring is too low for most applications, and springs are stacked to increase the displacement. A method to contain the isolator
stack then becomes critical for practical uses. Many challenges in developing these containment methods have been identified and can be collectively described as how to appropriately contain the stack without affecting isolation performance. In this work, three designs are considered: a retaining
ring design, tube and shaft design, and zero poisson ratio sleeve design. Disc spring stacks with containment method are built, and load-deflection curves are measured and compared with standalone stacks. Under quasi-static compression testing, each containment method has minimal effect on
the standalone stack load-deflection curve. However, significant differences in isolation performance are observed in vibration testing and found to depend on characteristics such as lateral stability, lateral strength, and degrees of freedom. Lastly, advantages, disadvantages, and appropriate
applications for each containment method are summarized. The conclusions of this work are that containment method is an important variable in the application of disc spring isolators and robust, versatile containment designs have been demonstrated.
Unmanned air systems (UAS/UAV) (drone) and aerial mobility: summaries of the 2018 and 2020 TQA workshops
Authors: Hellweg Robert , Fleming Gregg G.
Published: September 2021

Unmanned air system (UAS/UAV) noise and urban mobility noise were the subject of two National Academy of Engineering (NAE) hosted workshops under the auspices of the Technology of Quieter America (TQA) program. Both workshops were organized by the INCE Foundation in cooperation with
the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The first workshop "UAS and UAV (Drone): Noise Emissions and Noise Control Engineering Technology" was held in Washington, DC in December, 2018. manufacturers, users,
U.S. government agencies, universities, consultants and professional societies. The second was an e-workshop "Aerial Mobility: Noise Issues and Technology" in December, 2020. Participants at each workshop included representatives from manufacturers (US and international), users,
U.S. government agencies, academia, consultants, professional societies, and law firms. Topics included: modelling, testing, psychoacoustics, community impact, noise reduction strategies, measurement techniques, and uses of both UAS/UAVs and aerial mobility.
Measurement survey using acoustic measurement network and sound environment evaluation system by experience sampling
Authors: Togashi Kengo , Sugahara Akiko , Nagasawa Yasuhiro , Hiraguri Yasuhiro , Harada Kazunori , Suga Kentaro , Onoe Aya
Published: September 2021

The use of open-plan offices is increasing as they are effective in improving intellectual productivity by fostering a communication among workers. Previous research on the relationship between the indoor sound environment and intellectual productivity has mostly reported the impact of the sound environment on the tasks that individuals work on. However, there has been no research on the impact of sound environment on office spaces where multiple workers are actually working. In this study, we developed a system that can analyze the individual characteristics of workers in relation to the sound environment by simultaneously measuring their evaluation to the sound environment and the sound environment of the office. The system collected workers' evaluation of their impressions to the sound environment through a regular questionnaire using the experience sampling method. At the same time, it measured the sound environment of the office with multiple small measurement devices. The obtained sound environment evaluation data and the acoustic data of the office were stored in a single database. Finally, this system was run in a working environment to evaluate the sound environment on a trial basis.
Soundscape assessment of non-acoustic factors for effective stakeholder engagement in airport expansion projects in the UK
Authors: Lavia Lisa , Brown Caroline , Payne Sarah R.
Published: September 2021

Effective soundscape planning, in accordance with the ISO soundscape standard series, is predicated on accurately assessing the human response to sound in context. ccurately assess the human response for this purpose requires the identification of context specific non-acoustic factors (NAFs). In particular, the NAF of stakeholders' perceived control over sound from developments directly impacts the effectiveness of engagement in planning processes. However, what constitutes perceived control can vary widely, including stakeholders' experiences, perceptions and requirements in context. Perceived control affect quality of life and therefore it is a factor in sustainable planning and development processes. This primarily qualitative constructivist grounded theory study investigates the NAFs comprising stakeholders' perceived control and the impact on effective engagement in the context of planning and soundscape management for airport expansion projects in the UK. The initial stages of this research included participant observation and 1:1 interviews. Preliminary findings indicate context specific discrete aspects regarding communication quality (as distinct from quantity) as intrinsic to developing, supporting and maintaining perceived control amongst stakeholders. This research builds on existing soundscape and noise and health findings to develop a conceptual framework for effective stakeholder engagement for standardised soundscape design and planning in the built environment.
The influence of link characteristics on road traffic noise mapping by using Big Data
Authors: Licitra Gaetano , Moro Antonino , Teti Luca , Del Pizzo Lara Ginevra
Published: September 2021

This paper describes a new method developed within the BEEP project (Big data for Environmental and occupational EPidemiology) to estimate road traffic flows and to improve the truthfulness of noise maps for agglomerations through Big Data treatment. This new approach, based on data
provided by Google API, acquires information regarding travel time to estimate traffic volumes using link delay functions. To achieve this goal, an appropriate experimental plan was designed to simultaneously collect travel times by Google Application Programming Interface (API) and traffic
volumes on site. The experimental survey, carried out in the cities of Rome and Pisa, involved different types of road links with traffic lights or roundabouts and different number of lanes. The influence of link characteristics on the correlation between travel time and traffic flow was analysed.
The method developed was used in a small area of the city of Rome, and noise maps derived by Big Data were compared to noise maps produced via conventional means.
Medical debates and musical interpretations of vibroacoustic disease in Vieques, Puerto Rico
Authors: Bronfman Alejandra
Published: September 2021

In 2001 the band Cornucopia (Puerto Rican musicians Jorge Castro and Claudio Chea) released an album called "Vibroacústica". The title refers to a disease that allegedly afflicts people who have been exposed to loud noise over long periods of time. The vibrations thicken
the walls of the heart, so the theory goes, and damage the immune, gastrointestinal, and neurological systems. This is noise as toxin, entering and sickening the body. The album takes the disease as its point of departure, and using location recordings of the coast of Puerto Rico, analog synthetic
manipulations and digital processing, both recreates and protests the noise and its impact on human beings in Vieques, Puerto Rico, which was the target of bombing practice for over sixty years. This paper argues that the album subverts the idea of the preservation of a soundscape and instead
reinterprets the sonic violence of occupation with the tweets, chirps and burbles of its soundtracks.
Brazilian BIM Objects Technical Standard: a first approach on Acoustics parameters
Authors: Weitbrecht Paola , Monteiro Carolina , Jardim Cecilia
Published: September 2021

The Building Information Modeling (BIM) has increased worldwide as a new approach on the building design, construction, and facilities management. Given this panorama, the Brazilian Government enforced a regulation in 2019, Decreto 9983, which outlines a roadmap for the BIM implementation
in the Brazilian construction ecosystem. As one of its guidelines is to publish the necessary technical standards, a special committee, ABNT CEE 134, was hosted at the Brazilian organization for Technical Standardization with a dedicated WG for establishing BIM objects parameters. In the framework
of the WG, a subgroup on Acoustics analysis aimed to deal on how to incorporate acoustic requirements to the BIM Object. In this paper, the authors describe the development of this feature, unprecedented so far. The approach adopted for incorporating acoustic requirements into BIM objects
at the Brazilian BIM Standard aimed to facilitate the workflow of acoustic consulting, while adapting it to the limitations imposed by the existing software and the construction market culture in Brazil. This paper also provides some guidelines on how this issue could be addressed in future
standards revisions.
Efficient prediction of construction equipment exterior and cabin interior noise over broad frequency range using novel SEA method
Authors: Emoto Hiromitsu , Yamaguchi Taisei , Suganuma Hiroki , Kawano Atsushi
Published: September 2021

Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) is commonly used for the prediction of interior cabin noise from construction equipment such as excavators, dump trucks, or graders. While traditional SEA method is computationally efficient and effective for the prediction of total radiated noise,
it isn't suitable for prediction of sound diffraction around machinery and evaluation of spatial variations in sound field. As a result, prediction of cabin airborne interior noise transmission using SEA method typically requires experimental measurements in order to estimate incident sound
field over the exterior boundary of the cab which makes it unsuitable for use in early stage design where test data isn't available. A novel SEA method that accounts for spatial gradients in the reverberant field has been developed and is introduced in this paper. It's usage for prediction
of both exterior and cab interior noise over broad frequency range is demonstrated along with experimental validation for construction equipment under operating conditions.
Road traffic noise mapping based on aerial photographs - sound power level determination of road vehicles
Authors: Sakamoto Shinichi , Fukuda Taiki , Yonemura Miki , Lee Hyojin
Published: September 2021

As the first step to obtain a city urban area noise map of road traffic noise, sound power levels of vehicles on the roads should be accurately estimated over a wide area. In Japan, ASJ RTN-Model 2018 was proposed as the representative road traffic noise prediction model, and by using
the model sound power level of a vehicle can be determined if the vehicle type, traveling speed, and driving mode are known. As such data on urban road network, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Japan publishes the road traffic census including road traffic volume and travel
speed of major roads in Japan. The data, however, is limited to major roads and there is no data on minor roads. In this study, to estimate noise condition and situation on arbitrary road, a method for estimating the traveling speed and the traffic volume of vehicles on the road from aerial
photographs was examined. Road traffic noise levels along several roads in Tokyo were analyzed by the proposed method and the validity of the calculation results were verified by comparing with short-time measurement results obtained along the target roads.
Study for the interaction between the medium in the middle ear and vibro-acoustic transmission
Authors: Jonghoon Jeon , Jeon Jonghoon , Gu Kyunglae , Park Junhong
Published: September 2021

This study presented a quantitative evaluation index related to sound response for diagnosis of middle ear condition. The signal transmission paths for human perception of sound are divided into bone conduction and air conduction, respectively, depending on the path through which vibration
and sound are transmitted. The components of auditory system that can affect the sound signal variability include temporal bone, ear canal, eardrum, and middle ear cavity. The specific acoustic impedances were obtained through simple geometric model of the auditory components, and the sound
transmission mechanism was implemented through the outer-middle ear circuit model. The frequency range corresponding to the resonance characteristics of each components were calculated. The response difference for the medium of middle ear was confirmed by deriving frequency response function
between the input sound and the output sound in the frequency domain through the transfer function method. The reliability of the algorithm was confirmed through the ROC curve, and individual evaluation indexes were derived according to the priority factor between classification accuracy and
error rate.
Spatial uniformity tolerances for sound masking systems in open-plan offices
Authors: Mackenzie Roderick , Zarei Farideh , Le Men Vincent , Lee Joonhee
Published: September 2021

Electronic sound masking systems raise the ambient sound level in offices to a controlled minimum sound level in order to increase speech privacy and reduce distractions. Sound masking systems are calibrated to provide the most uniform sound field achievable, as a spatially non-uniform masking sound field could result in occupant perception and uneven speech privacy conditions. Tolerances for acceptable spatial uniformity vary between specifiers, and may be based on different evaluation methods using only a few discrete measurement points to represent an entire office space. However, the actual uniformity of a masking sound field across an office, and the parameters influencing it, has not been widely investigated. Thus, this study aims to investigate the masking sound uniformity in a typical open-plan office space using fine-grid measurements conforming to measurement method of ASTM E1573-18. Percentages of measured locations where the sound pressure levels were within specified tolerances (with increments of 0.5 dB) were calculated using the measured 1/3 octave band levels. The research also utilized geometric acoustical simulations to investigate how physical office parameters (number of loudspeakers, partition heights, ceiling absorption, and diffusion characteristics) affect the sound field uniformity of the sound masking system.
Obesity, Anion Accumulation, and Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Lambert Douglas C. , Abramowitz Matthew K.
Published: September 2021

Key Points

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of high serum levels of abnormal, negatively charged solutes and acid.

Findings were present among patients with normal kidney function, suggesting acid overproduction rather than acid retention.

Background

Obesity is associated with low serum bicarbonate, an indicator of metabolic acidosis and a CKD risk factor. To further characterize acid-base disturbance and subclinical metabolic acidosis in this population, we examined prospective associations of body mass index (BMI) with elevated anion gap and whether anion gap values in obesity associate with low bicarbonate.

Methods

Data from adult outpatients (n=94,448) in the Bronx, New York were collected from 2010 to 2018. Mixed effects models and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations of BMI with elevated anion gap and anion gap metabolic acidosis and of baseline anion gap with incident low bicarbonate and anion gap metabolic acidosis. Anion gap was defined using traditional and albumin-corrected calculations.

Results

Greater BMI was associated with higher anion gap over time and with progressively greater risk of developing an elevated anion gap (hazard ratio [HR] for body mass index [BMI]≥40 kg/m2 versus 18 to <25 kg/m2, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.23 to 1.42 for traditional and HR for BMI≥40 kg/m2 versus 18 to <25 kg/m2, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.85 for corrected). Higher BMI was also associated with increased risk of developing anion gap metabolic acidosis (HR for BMI≥40 kg/m2, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.39 to 1.69). Among patients with obesity, higher anion gap was associated with increased risk of incident low bicarbonate (HR for fourth versus first quartile, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.44 for traditional and HR for fourth versus first quartile, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.48 for corrected) and higher risk of anion gap metabolic acidosis (HR for fourth versus first quartile, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.59 to 1.99).

Conclusions

Obesity is characterized by unmeasured anion accumulation and acid retention or overproduction. Modest elevations in anion gap among patients with obesity are associated with previously unrecognized anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Tobacco Farming and Illness Induced Poverty in Pakistan
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad , Shah Anwar , Chaloupka Frank Joseph
Published: September 2021

Tobacco has been projected for its economic prosperity in Pakistan and many other developing countries while the opportunity cost of domestic labor, health issues and associated health cost related with tobacco farming are often overlooked. Various health conditions associated with tobacco farming result in catastrophic health expenditures which not only increase the chances of poverty head counts but also deepens it further. Taking into account the opportunity cost of domestic labor and health cost associated with tobacco induced illnesses obscure the tobacco prosperity rhetoric. This study examined effect of incremental health cost associated with tobacco farming on poverty head counts and severity. Using survey data from the tobacco producing districts in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, this study found that tobacco farmers experienced higher proportion of sever health hazards and illnesses like CVD and respiratory issues.  The severe nature of ailments caused them higher share of out of pocket expenditures as compared to non-tobacco farmers and general population. Increase in health expenditures not only increased their poverty head counts by four and half percent but also severity of poverty worsened further by 8 percentage points using the Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) approach for measuring poverty. This study concludes that it is not only tobacco consumption associated with various health conditions but also tobacco farming. It is recommended that health cost associated with tobacco farming be considered both in setting up of minimum indicative prices for tobacco and consideration of health cost can be used as a tool against prosperity rhetoric which is used to block tobacco control policy.
El dispositivo pedagógico en la educación de adultos
Authors: Cárdenas Contreras Víctor Manuel
Published: September 2021

El Sistema Educativo sigue siendo propiedad del Estado independientemente de las políticas neoliberales que han transferido a la Sociedad Civil antiguas responsabilidades que gozaban del monopolio gubernamental.El actual proceso de desinstitucionalización que padecen los sistemas escolares en tiempos de la postmodernidad ha implicado la ampliación de los ambientes educativos, la participación de nuevos actores en la educación, el acoso de la tecnología educativa, la virtualización del aprendizaje. Las reformas escolares priorizan un sistema de educación empresarial que debe ser permanentemente acreditado en términos de eficiencia y calidad, y cuya democratización implica crecimiento de la cobertura a toda costa, con sistemas de autofinanciamiento y autoevaluación que obligan a la intervención directa de los usuarios o consumidores.
Evolución del conocimiento de la mecánica y su relación con la enseñanza
Authors: Ramírez Ramírez Ramiro , Bernaza Rodríguez Guillermo , Fiallo Jorge
Published: September 2021

En este artículo se hace una aproximación a la integración entre la evolución de los conocimientos de la mecánica y la enseñanza de los mismos al hombre occidental, estableciendo para ello tres momentos históricos relevantes: principios de la Edad Media, época en la cual la concepción física del universo estaba dominada por la cosmología aristotélica y la astronomía ptolemaica; la primera mitad del siglo XVII, cuando la mecánica newtoniana se convirtió en el paradigma dominante, y principios del siglo XX, época en que se produjo la revolución científica más importante de la historia de la física con la teoría de la relatividad y los inicios de la mecánica cuántica. En cuanto a la evolución de los conocimientos de la mecánica se hará énfasis en los esfuerzos que se hicieron a través de la historia por encontrar modelos unificadores del mayor número de observaciones alrededor del comportamiento de los fenómenos físicos. Respecto a la enseñanza, se hará desde un componente fundamental del acto educativo: el sistema de finalidades.
Necesidades, retos y propuestas de acción para la formación permanente del profesorado de educación infantil
Authors: Úcar Martínez Xavier , Belvis Pons Esther , Pineda Herrero Pilar , Moreno Andrés María Victoria
Published: September 2021

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación se enmarca en una investigación realizada, entre enero y septiembre del año 2006, sobre la formación permanente del profesorado de educación infantil. El objetivo de este artículo no consiste, sin embargo, en la descripción o el análisis en profundidad de la formulación, el desarrollo o los resultados de aquella investigación. Lo que nos interesa es mostrar las propuestas y líneas de acción que el equipo de investigación elaboró como resultado de las conclusiones obtenidas en el estudio. Entendemos que todas las propuestas de acción que se presentan pueden ayudar a diseñar políticas —sean educativas o curriculares— en los tres ámbitos para los cuales aquellas fueron elaboradas: la administración educativa, las entidades de formación permanente y, por último, los centros educativos. Todas estas propuestas se orientan a la configuración de escenarios que permitan mejorar, de forma significativa, los procesos de formación permanente del profesorado; cosa que significa incidir, de manera directa, en la propia calidad de la educación infantil.
Del conflicto a la cultura de paz: implicaciones
Authors: Chica Jiménez Manuela
Published: September 2021

El trabajo que presentamos consta de una serie de reflexiones sobre la importancia de la educación en valores en la resolución de conflictos, así como sobre la necesidad de construir una cultura de paz como garante de las relaciones humanas. Partimos de la necesidad del desarrollo de la comunicación como habilidad humana que nos facilita conocer y comprender al otro y al mundo que habitamos (todo ello en la llamada sociedad del conocimiento y de la comunicación). Conocer y convivir desde la aceptación de la diversidad en todas sus manifestaciones, que implica el reconocimiento de valores universales que generan ciudadanos activos y sociedades multi e interculturales, donde las diferencias representan una riqueza y el conflicto un crecimiento para todos. Propugnamos la construcción de una cultura de paz basada en la integridad del ser humano y que considere las tres dimensiones de la paz (Fernández Herrerías 2004): Paz Social, Paz Gaia-ecológica, Paz Interna. Dimensiones que encierran tanto el ser personal, como lo social, como lo contextual en el que se desarrolla y ello en relación con el medio ambiente o planeta del que formamos parte activa.
Novas tecnologias, educação, formação de professores e construção do conhecimento
Authors: Klix Freitas Neli
Published: September 2021

O artigo trata de questões referentes às novas tecnologias em educação e comunicação, apresentando reflexões e dados de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema. O artigo apresenta ainda uma análise sobre a importância da tecnologia na sociedade de nosso tempo. Focaliza a reflexão sobre a formação continuada de professores, questões da legislação e de acesso universal à educação, valorizando as interações sociais e as contribuições das novas tecnologias no processo de construção do conhecimento. Acrescenta avanços na legislação referente às novas tecnologias em educação no Brasil. Apresenta ainda contribuições de diferentes autores sobre o tema. Não se pode negar a contribuição das novas tecnologias para a educação e para a sociedade em geral. Entretanto, alguns seres humanos ainda são excluídos do acesso a essas tecnologias, ou possuem um acesso restrito. Essa questão necessita ser revisada, por novos investimentos governamentais. No Brasil há avanços, especialmente nos últimos anos, mas perante a velocidade do mundo das informações e das comunicações, novos investimentos são essenciais. Deve-se refletir sobre a importância das novas tecnologias nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento, mas deve-se questionar se esses avanços podem ou não ocasionar o isolamento dos sujeitos. Na realidade, reside aí um paradoxo: as tecnologias em rede permitem avanços na troca veloz de informações e na comunicação, mas os seres humanos, diante do computador ou de outros equipamentos tecnológicos permanecem solitários. Trata-se de reflexões que assinalam a importância da pesquisa nessa temática.
Escuela tecnificada y sociedad del conocimiento
Authors: Martínez-Otero Pérez Valentín
Published: September 2021

El recorrido por estas páginas permite comprobar que la sociedad del conocimiento muestra luces y sombras. El imparable progreso técnico y la descomunal disponibilidad de información, desigualmente repartidos, por cierto, no se acompañan de genuino acrecentamiento humano. Iberoamérica, por ejemplo, se ve afectada en gran medida por una bochornosa “destecnologización” que frena el desarrollo de centenares de millones de personas.

El esfuerzo inversor en tecnología y la distribución más justa y estratégica de la misma han de ser dos requisitos generales de la política educativa. En aras de una pedagogía tecnológica consistente, capaz de mejorar sustancialmente la realidad escolar y social de Iberoamérica, es igualmente necesaria la mayor y mejor coordinación internacional.
Actitud y contexto ante los quehaceres escolares: el estudio de un caso en primaria en España
Authors: Gil Madrona Pedro , Roblizo Colmenero Manuel Jacinto , Gómez Barreto Isabel
Published: September 2021

A lo largo de los últimos cursos académicos, el profesorado del centro escolar en el que hemos enfocado nuestro estudio ha ido detectando en el alumnado una significativa falta de motivación con respecto a la escuela y las tareas escolares, observable tanto en aquellos estudiantes que tienen "éxito escolar" como en los que tienen ciertas dificultades y precisan apoyos o refuerzos educativos.

Partiendo de esta realidad, y desde una vocación aplicada que trata de mitigar esta carencia para atenuar asimismo sus efectos, el propósito de nuestro trabajo ha sido conocer cuál es la percepción que los distintos colectivos implicados en el proceso educativo tienen acerca de la motivación de los alumnos del centro y cuáles son las condiciones contextuales y los usos o rutinas de los estudiantes que pueden incidir en su actitud frente a las tareas escolares.
La lectura como política educativa
Authors: Bombini Gustavo
Published: September 2021

En este artículo se plantean cuestiones relacionadas con la lectura como política pública, desarrollada desde el ámbito estatal, tales como las representaciones sociales sobre la lectura, su promoción y sus relaciones con las funciones históricas de la escuela como garante del acceso a la cultura escrita. Asimismo, se propone una nueva construcción epistemológica y metodológica que permita abordar las prácticas de lectura como práctica sociocultural apoyada en los aportes de la sociología de la cultura, la antropología cultural y la etnografía, para nuevos abordajes y problematizaciones que someten a revisión categorías tradicionales, con el objetivo de construir lo que podría denominarse una teoría empírica de la lectura en contextos pedagógicos.
Usar la lengua en la escuela
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana
Published: September 2021

La meta del proceso de aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura en un sentido amplio es la participación activa de los nuevos miembros en las prácticas letradas de su comunidad. Dado que lo que se busca es pericia en determinadas prácticas, el mejor camino para alcanzarla es por medio de la inmersión en versiones auténticas de esas prácticas, en las cuales el uso de la lengua y de los textos responde a propósitos que van más allá de la enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura. Una vez discutidas las evidencias empíricas que apoyan esta propuesta, se presentará un enfoque transversal de la lectura y la escritura. Según este enfoque, la formación de miembros activos de la cultura escrita ha de realizarse no solamente desde la clase de lengua sino desde otras disciplinas curriculares no lingüísticas. A diferencia de lo que sucede en el área de lengua, en la cual hay que tratar de que se cree la necesidad para que tenga sentido introducir diversos tipos de texto, en las otras áreas curriculares se trata de crear los textos para responder a necesidades que ya existen. En las áreas no lingüísticas es donde hay más posibilidades de utilizar con sentido textos auténticos con diversas finalidades.

La propuesta de transversalidad ha encontrado escollos importantes para atender los requerimientos de diversidad y autenticidad de los textos, la interacción entre lengua oral y escrita y el intercambio entre pares, entre ellos, el uso exclusivo de libros de texto, la dificultad de encarar en las aulas un trabajo diversificado y la fragmentación de responsabilidades. Estos escollos reflejan los cambios cruciales que esta propuesta implica y algunos aspectos de nuestra cultura escolar que convendría superar si se quiere formar lectores comprensivos y críticos, ciudadanos hábiles en el manejo de la información escrita.
La formación de lectores críticos desde el aula
Authors: Jurado Valencia Fabio
Published: September 2021

La escuela tiene la oportunidad de formar lectores críticos a pesar de sus limitaciones. Se trata de trascender el enfoque meramente alfabetizador hacia otro que pone el acento en la interpretación crítica de los textos. El dialogismo intertextual es un juego que tiene como fundamento el acto de reconocer diversos textos dentro de un texto. El trabajo pedagógico a partir de proyectos de aula, si flexibiliza las prácticas pedagógicas y reconoce la autonomía de los docentes en la elaboración de propuestas, constituye una estrategia definitiva para la seducción de los niños y los jóvenes hacia la lectura. La lectura de textos breves, como los minicuentos, garantizan la experiencia de la interpretación crítica en el contexto escolar.
READING HABITS AND SELF-ASSESSMENT OF READING COMPREHENSION SKILLS AMONG HUNGARIAN STUDENTS IN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Gergelyová Viktória
Published: September 2021

This paper introduces the results of a survey examining the reading habits and self-assessment of reading comprehension skills of Hungarian students in Slovakia. As the largest ethnic minority in Slovakia is Hungarian, it has extensive primary and secondary native language school networks. The purpose of this research is to map the reading habits and self-assessment of reading comprehension skills of students to answer the question how these subjective views of different age groups change and what indicators (social background, school success) they correlate with. We have chosen questionnaires composed of 28 questions as a method for examining the students’ reading habits. The total number of survey respondents was 131. There were 98 respondents from average schools where reading comprehension and reading habits are not taught separately. In that case three age groups were involved: 23 students at a secondary grammar school, 38 pupils in the second stage of primary school and 37 pupils in the first stage of primary school. Interestingly, there is no big difference in reading attitudes among the different age groups. The respondents’ answers prove that only a fraction of students read in their free time. On the other hand, the groups, regardless of age, subjectively claim that they do not have problems with reading comprehension tasks. They claim that reading is easy for them, so they understand everything that they read. It can be concluded that these statements are highly controversial with the results of international surveys. At a later stage of the research the survey was conducted in a primary school where pupils have regularly reading comprehension classes. The number of respondents from this school was 33. There were 21 pupils from the second stage and 12 pupils from the first stage of primary school. Based on the results, there are considerable differences in the answers provided by the two groups. The pupils from the primary school with reading comprehension classes differently judge their level of understanding. These results have potential implications for further research to determine the reading habits and reading comprehension skills of Hungarian pupils in Slovakia.