bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Relative Waist Circumference between Asian Indian and US Adults
Authors: Bajaj Harpreet S. , Pereira Mark A. , Anjana Rajit Mohan , Deepa Raj , Mohan Viswanathan , Mueller Noel T. , Rao Gundu H. R. , Gross Myron D.
Published: September 2014

Background. Relative to Europeans, Asian Indians have higher rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Whether differences in body composition may underlie these population differences remains unclear.Methods. We compared directly measured anthropometric data from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) survey of southern Indians (I) with those from three US ethnic groups (C: Caucasians, A: African Americans, and M: Mexican Americans) from NHANES III (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). A total of 15,733 subjects from CURES and 5,975 from NHANES III met inclusion criteria (age 20–39, no known diabetes).Results. Asian Indian men and women had substantially lower body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body surface area relative to US groups (Pvalues <0.0001). In contrast, the mean (±se) waist-weight ratio was significantly higher (P<0.001) in I (men 1.35 ± 0.002 and women 1.45 ± 0.002) than in all the US groups (1.09, 1.21, and 1.14 in A, M, and C men; 1.23, 1.33, and 1.26 in A, M, and C women (se ranged from 0.005 to 0.006)).Conclusions. Compared to the US, the waist-weight ratio is significantly higher in men and women from Chennai, India. These results support the hypothesis that Southeast Asian Indians are particularly predisposed toward central adiposity.
Pemphigus Vulgaris with Solitary Toxic Thyroid Nodule
Authors: Alfishawy Mostafa , Anwar Karim , Elbendary Amira , Daoud Ahmed
Published: September 2014

Background.Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune vesiculobullous disease, affecting the skin and mucous membranes. It is reported to be associated with other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid diseases. However we report herein a case of pemphigus vulgaris associated with autonomous toxic nodule.Case Presentation.A 51-year-old woman was evaluated for blisters and erosions that develop on her trunk, face, and extremities, with a five-year history of progressively enlarging neck mass, and a past medical history of pemphigus vulgaris seven years ago. The condition was associated with palpitation, dyspnea, and heat intolerance. Thyroid function tests and thyroid scan were compatible with the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis due to autonomous toxic nodule. Exacerbation of pemphigus vulgaris was proved by skin biopsy from the patient which revealed histologic picture of pemphigus vulgaris.Conclusion.Autoimmune thyroid diseases are reported to associate pemphigus vulgaris. To our knowledge, this case is the first in the English literature to report association between pemphigus vulgaris and autonomous toxic nodule and highlights the possibility of occurrence of pemphigus vulgaris with a nonautoimmune thyroid disease raising the question: is it just a coincidence or is there an explanation for the occurrence of both conditions together?
Pinning Synchronization of Linear Complex Coupling Synchronous Generators Network of Hydroelectric Generating Set
Authors: Wu Xuefei
Published: September 2014

A novel linear complex system for hydroturbine‐generator sets in multimachine power systems is suggested in this paper and synchronization of the power‐grid networks is studied. The advanced graph theory and stability theory are combined to solve the problem. Here we derive a sufficient condition under which the synchronous state of power‐grid networks is stable in disturbance attenuation. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the results by the IEEE 39 bus system.
A Generalized Fuzzy Integer Programming Approach for Environmental Management under Uncertainty
Authors: Fan Y. R. , Huang G. H. , Huang K. , Jin L. , Suo M. Q.
Published: September 2014

In this study, a generalized fuzzy integer programming (GFIP) method is developed for planning waste allocation and facility expansion under uncertainty. The developed method can (i) deal with uncertainties expressed as fuzzy sets with known membership functions regardless of the shapes (linear or nonlinear) of these membership functions, (ii) allow uncertainties to be directly communicated into the optimization process and the resulting solutions, and (iii) reflect dynamics in terms of waste‐flow allocation and facility‐capacity expansion. A stepwise interactive algorithm (SIA) is proposed to solve the GFIP problem and generate solutions expressed as fuzzy sets. The procedures of the SIA method include (i) discretizing the membership function grade of fuzzy parameters into a set of α‐cut levels; (ii) converting the GFIP problem into an inexact mixed‐integer linear programming (IMILP) problem under each α‐cut level; (iii) solving the IMILP problem through an interactive algorithm; and (iv) approximating the membership function for decision variables through statistical regression methods. The developed GFIP method is applied to a municipal solid waste (MSW) management problem to facilitate decision making on waste flow allocation and waste‐treatment facilities expansion. The results, which are expressed as discrete or continuous fuzzy sets, can help identify desired alternatives for managing MSW under uncertainty.
A Smoothing Process of Multicolor Relaxation for Solving Partial Differential Equation by Multigrid Method
Authors: Zhu Xingwen , Zhang Lixiang
Published: September 2014

This paper is concerned with a novel methodology of smoothing analysis process of multicolor point relaxation by multigrid method for solving elliptically partial differential equations (PDEs). The objective was firstly focused on the two‐color relaxation technique on the local Fourier analysis (LFA) and then generalized to the multicolor problem. As a key starting point of the problems under consideration, the mathematical constitutions among Fourier modes with various frequencies were constructed as a base to expand two‐color to multicolor smoothing analyses. Two different invariant subspaces based on the 2h‐harmonics for the two‐color relaxation with two and four Fourier modes were constructed and successfully used in smoothing analysis process of Poisson’s equation for the two‐color point Jacobi relaxation. Finally, the two‐color smoothing analysis was generalized to the multicolor smoothing analysis problems by multigrid method based on the invariant subspaces constructed.
Early Introduction of Everolimus Immunosuppressive Regimen in Liver Transplantation with Extra-Anatomic Aortoiliac-Hepatic Arterial Graft Anastomosis
Authors: Felli Emanuele , Vennarecci Giovanni , Colasanti Marco , Santoro Roberto , de Werra Edoardo , Scotti Andrea , Burocchi Mirco , Levi Sandri Giovanni B. , Campanelli Alessandra , Lepiane Pasquale , Ettorre Giuseppe M.
Published: September 2014

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with acute and chronic end-stage liver disease, when no other medical treatment is possible. Despite high rates of 1- to 5-year survival, long-term adverse effects of immunosuppressant agents remain of major concern. Current research and clinical efforts are made to develop immunosuppressant agents that minimize adverse effects along with a low rate of graft rejection. Tailoring immunosuppressive therapy to individual patients by the use of proliferation signal inhibitors seems to be the best way to minimize toxicity and increase efficacy. Recently everolimus has been introduced in clinical practice; among its adverse effects an increased incidence of arterial graft thrombosis in renal transplants, vascular anastomosis leakage, impaired wound healing, and thrombotic microangiopathy have been reported. We present the case of a 54-year-old patient submitted to liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease treated by an extra-anatomic aortoiliac-hepatic arterial graft anastomosis and early postoperative introduction of everolimus for acute renal failure. Postoperative period was characterized by two abdominal collections and reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection that were treated by percutaneous drainage and antiviral therapy, respectively; the patient is well after 8-month followup with patency of the arterial conduit and no leakage.
Distributed Fault Detection for a Class of Nonlinear Stochastic Systems
Authors: Yan Bingyong , Wang Huazhong , Wang Huifeng
Published: September 2014

A novel distributed fault detection strategy for a class of nonlinear stochastic systems is presented. Different from the existing design procedures for fault detection, a novel fault detection observer, which consists of a nonlinear fault detection filter and a consensus filter, is proposed to detect the nonlinear stochastic systems faults. Firstly, the outputs of the nonlinear stochastic systems act as inputs of a consensus filter. Secondly, a nonlinear fault detection filter is constructed to provide estimation of unmeasurable system states and residual signals using outputs of the consensus filter. Stability analysis of the consensus filter is rigorously investigated. Meanwhile, the design procedures of the nonlinear fault detection filter are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Taking the influence of the system stochastic noises into consideration, an outstanding feature of the proposed scheme is that false alarms can be reduced dramatically. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach.
Autoimmune Cholangitis: A Variant Syndrome of Autoimmune Hepatitis
Authors: Sharma Brij , Raina Sujeet , Sharma Rajesh
Published: September 2014

Autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) or autoimmune cholangiopathy is a chronic inflammation of liver and a variant syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). We present a case of an adult female who had biochemical features of cholestasis and transaminasemia but aminotransferases were not in the hepatitis range and had histological evidence of bile duct injury which was subsequently diagnosed as autoimmune cholangitis.
Bayesian Inference for Source Reconstruction: A Real-World Application
Authors: Yee Eugene , Hoffman Ian , Ungar Kurt
Published: September 2014

This paper applies a Bayesian probabilistic inferential methodology for the reconstruction of the location and emission rate from an actual contaminant source (emission from the Chalk River Laboratories medical isotope production facility) using a small number of activity concentration measurements of a noble gas (Xenon-133) obtained from three stations that form part of the International Monitoring System radionuclide network. The sampling of the resulting posterior distribution of the source parameters is undertaken using a very efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo technique that utilizes a multiple-try differential evolution adaptive Metropolis algorithm with an archive of past states. It is shown that the principal difficulty in the reconstruction lay in the correct specification of the model errors (both scale and structure) for use in the Bayesian inferential methodology. In this context, two different measurement models for incorporation of the model error of the predicted concentrations are considered. The performance of both of these measurement models with respect to their accuracy and precision in the recovery of the source parameters is compared and contrasted.
Influence of Commercial Saturated Monoglyceride, Mono-/Diglycerides Mixtures, Vegetable Oil, Stirring Speed, and Temperature on the Physical Properties of Organogels
Authors: Rocha-Amador Omar Gerardo , Gallegos-Infante Jose Alberto , Huang Qingrong , Rocha-Guzman Nuria Elizabeth , Moreno-Jimenez Martha Rocio , Gonzalez-Laredo Ruben F.
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of gelator, vegetable oil, stirring speed, and temperature on the physical properties of obtained organogels. They were prepared under varying independent conditions and applying a fractional experimental design. From there a rheological characterization was developed. The physical characterization also included polarized light microscopy and calorimetric analysis. Once these data were obtained, X-Ray diffraction was applied to selected samples and a microstructure lattice was confirmed. Commonly, the only conditions that affect crystallization have been analyzed (temperature, solvent, gelator, and cooling rate). We found that stirring speed is the most important parameter in the organogel preparation.
On Vector-Valued Generalized Lorentz Difference Sequence Space
Authors: Sağır Birsen , Oğur Oğuz
Published: September 2014

We introduce generalized Lorentz difference sequence spaces d(v,Δ,p). Also we study some topologic properties of this space and obtain some inclusion relations.
Global Minimization of Nonsmooth Constrained Global Optimization with Filled Function
Authors: Wang Wei-xiang , Shang You-lin , Zhang Ying
Published: September 2014

A novel filled function is constructed to locate a global optimizer or an approximate global optimizer of smooth or nonsmooth constrained global minimization problems. The constructed filled function contains only one parameter which can be easily adjusted during the minimization. The theoretical properties of the filled function are discussed and a corresponding solution algorithm is proposed. The solution algorithm comprises two phases: local minimization and filling. The first phase minimizes the original problem and obtains one of its local optimizers, while the second phase minimizes the constructed filled function and identifies a better initial point for the first phase. Some preliminary numerical results are also reported.
The Relationship of Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour with Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Weight
Authors: Ruifrok Anneloes E. , Althuizen Ellen , Oostdam Nicolette , van Mechelen Willem , Mol Ben Willem , de Groot Christianne J. M. , van Poppel Mireille N. M.
Published: September 2014

Objective. To evaluate the relationship of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight.Design. Combined data from two prospective studies: (1) nulliparous pregnant women without BMI restrictions and (2) overweight and obese pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes.Methods. Daily PA and sedentary behaviour were measured with an accelerometer around 15 and at 32–35 weeks of gestation. The association between time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and in sedentary activities with GWG and birth weight was determined. Main outcome measures were GWG between 15 and 32 weeks of gestation, average GWG per week, and birth weight.Results. We studied 111 women. Early in pregnancy, 32% of women spent ≥30 minutes/day in at least moderate PA versus 12% in late pregnancy. No significant associations were found between time spent in MVPA or sedentary behaviour with GWG or birth weight.Conclusions.We found no relation between MVPA and sedentary behaviour with GWG or birth weight. The small percentage of women meeting the recommended levels of PA indicates the need to inform and support pregnant women to maintain regular PA, as there seems to be no adverse effect on birth weight and maintaining PA increases overall health.
A Generalized Coning Correction Structure for Attitude Algorithms
Authors: Tang Chuanye , Chen Xiyuan
Published: September 2014

A new coning correction structure is presented for attitude update coning correction. Different from the previous rate‐based and increment‐based coning correction structures, the new structure contains cross‐product of angular rates, cross‐product of angular increments, and cross‐product of angular rate and increment (an angular increment may be approximated from angular rate samples). Two types of optimization methods including time Taylor‐series method and frequency Taylor‐series method were utilized to design the structure coefficients including the uncompressed and the compressed. Two types of algorithm error models including one applicable to coning environments and the other two applicable to maneuver environments were defined and used for analyzing or evaluating the algorithm performance. The derivation procedure of a rotation vector magnitude extraction method is included. Analysis and simulation results indicate that the new structure‐based algorithm with the compressed coefficients designed by using frequency Taylor‐series method gives a superior algorithm performance in coning environments and maneuver environments.
Computational Approaches for Microalgal Biofuel Optimization: A Review
Authors: Koussa Joseph , Chaiboonchoe Amphun , Salehi-Ashtiani Kourosh
Published: September 2014

The increased demand and consumption of fossil fuels have raised interest in finding renewable energy sources throughout the globe. Much focus has been placed on optimizing microorganisms and primarily microalgae, to efficiently produce compounds that can substitute for fossil fuels. However, the path to achieving economic feasibility is likely to require strain optimization through using available tools and technologies in the fields of systems and synthetic biology. Such approaches invoke a deep understanding of the metabolic networks of the organisms and their genomic and proteomic profiles. The advent of next generation sequencing and other high throughput methods has led to a major increase in availability of biological data. Integration of such disparate data can help define the emergent metabolic system properties, which is of crucial importance in addressing biofuel production optimization. Herein, we review major computational tools and approaches developed and used in order to potentially identify target genes, pathways, and reactions of particular interest to biofuel production in algae. As the use of these tools and approaches has not been fully implemented in algal biofuel research, the aim of this review is to highlight the potential utility of these resources toward their future implementation in algal research.
Thermohydraulic Performance of a Series of In-Line Noncircular Ducts in a Parallel Plate Channel
Authors: Mhaske Siddharth D. , Sunny Soby P. , Borse Sachin L. , Parikh Yash B.
Published: September 2014

Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics for two-dimensional laminar flow at low Reynolds number for five in-line ducts of various nonconventional cross-sections in a parallel plate channel are studied in this paper. The governing equations were solved using finite-volume method. Commercial CFD software, ANSYS Fluent 14.5, was used to solve this problem. A total of three different nonconventional, noncircular cross-section ducts and their characteristics are compared with those of circular cross-section ducts. Shape-2 ducts offered minimum flow resistance and maximum heat transfer rate most of the time. Shape-3 ducts at Re < 100 and Shape-2 ducts at Re > 100 can be considered to give out the optimum results.
Cervical Cancer Cell Supernatants Induce a Phenotypic Switch from U937-Derived Macrophage-Activated M1 State into M2-Like Suppressor Phenotype with Change in Toll-Like Receptor Profile
Authors: Sánchez-Reyes Karina , Bravo-Cuellar Alejandro , Hernández-Flores Georgina , Lerma-Díaz José Manuel , Jave-Suárez Luis Felipe , Gómez-Lomelí Paulina , de Celis Ruth , Aguilar-Lemarroy Adriana , Domínguez-Rodríguez Jorge Ramiro , Ortiz-Lazareno Pablo Cesar
Published: September 2014

Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common cancer among women worldwide. Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main risk factor for developing CC. Macrophages are important immune effector cells; they can be differentiated into two phenotypes, identified as M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). Macrophage polarization exerts profound effects on the Toll-like receptor (TLR) profile. In this study, we evaluated whether the supernatant of human CC cells HeLa, SiHa, and C-33A induces a shift of M1 macrophage toward M2 macrophage in U937-derived macrophages.Results. The results showed that soluble factors secreted by CC cells induce a change in the immunophenotype of macrophages from macrophage M1 into macrophage M2. U937-derived macrophages M1 released proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide; however, when these cells were treated with the supernatant of CC cell lines, we observed a turnover of M1 toward M2. These cells increased CD163 and IL-10 expression. The expression of TLR-3, -7, and -9 is increased when the macrophages were treated with the supernatant of CC cells.Conclusions. Our result strongly suggests that CC cells may, through the secretion of soluble factors, induce a change of immunophenotype M1 into M2 macrophages.
Application of Hybrid Optimization Algorithm in the Synthesis of Linear Antenna Array
Authors: Deniz Ülker Ezgi , Haydar Ali , Dimililer Kamil
Published: September 2014

The use of hybrid algorithms for solving real‐world optimization problems has become popular since their solution quality can be made better than the algorithms that form them by combining their desirable features. The newly proposed hybrid method which is called Hybrid Differential, Particle, and Harmony (HDPH) algorithm is different from the other hybrid forms since it uses all features of merged algorithms in order to perform efficiently for a wide variety of problems. In the proposed algorithm the control parameters are randomized which makes its implementation easy and provides a fast response. This paper describes the application of HDPH algorithm to linear antenna array synthesis. The results obtained with the HDPH algorithm are compared with three merged optimization techniques that are used in HDPH. The comparison shows that the performance of the proposed algorithm is comparatively better in both solution quality and robustness. The proposed hybrid algorithm HDPH can be an efficient candidate for real‐time optimization problems since it yields reliable performance at all times when it gets executed.
Algorithms for Location Problems Based on Angular Distances
Authors: Kazakovtsev Lev A. , Stanimirović Predrag S. , Osinuga Idowu A. , Gudyma Mikhail N. , Antamoshkin Alexander N.
Published: September 2014

This paper describes four mathematical models for the single-facility location problems based on four special distance metrics and algorithms for solving such problems. In this study, algorithms of solving Weber problems using four distance predicting functions (DPFs) are proposed in accordance with four strategies for manipulator control. A numerical example is presented in this proposal as an analytical proof of the optimality of their results.
From Pathways to Targets: Understanding the Mechanisms behind Polyglutamine Disease
Authors: Weber Jonasz Jeremiasz , Sowa Anna Sergeevna , Binder Tina , Hübener Jeannette
Published: September 2014

The history of polyglutamine diseases dates back approximately 20 years to the discovery of a polyglutamine repeat in the androgen receptor of SBMA followed by the identification of similar expansion mutations in Huntington’s disease, SCA1, DRPLA, and the other spinocerebellar ataxias. This common molecular feature of polyglutamine diseases suggests shared mechanisms in disease pathology and neurodegeneration of disease specific brain regions. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic pathways including proteolytic processing, nuclear shuttling and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and clearance of misfolded polyglutamine proteins and point out possible targets for treatment.
Periorbital Necrotising Fasciitis after Minor Skin Trauma
Authors: Günel Ceren , Eryılmaz Aylin , Başal Yeşim , Toka Ali
Published: September 2014

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a fatal and rare disease, mainly located in extremity and body. Due to the good blood supply, the occurrence of this infective disease of skin and subcutaneous tissue/fascia is much rarer in the head and neck region. In this study, we represent periorbital necrotizing fasciitis case in a patient with normal immune system. The patient applied the emergency clinic with the complaints of swelling and redness on the left eye. It was found out that a skin incision occurred at 2 cm below the left eye with razor blade 2 days ago. After taking swab culture sample, patient was started on parenteral Vancomycin + Ampicillin-Sulbactam treatment. It was observed that necrosis spread within hours and an emergent deep surgical debridement was performed. Following the debridement, it was observed that periorbital edema began to regress prominently on the 1st day of the treatment. Treatment was carried on with daily wound care and parenteral antibiotherapy. The patient was discharged from the hospital with slightly cosmetic defect.
Prediction of BP Reactivity to Talking Using Hybrid Soft Computing Approaches
Authors: Kaur Gurmanik , Arora Ajat Shatru , Jain Vijender Kumar
Published: September 2014

High blood pressure (BP) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, optimal precision in measurement of BP is appropriate in clinical and research studies. In this work, anthropometric characteristics including age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and arm circumference (AC) were used as independent predictor variables for the prediction of BP reactivity to talking. Principal component analysis (PCA) was fused with artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and least square-support vector machine (LS-SVM) model to remove the multicollinearity effect among anthropometric predictor variables. The statistical tests in terms of coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) revealed that PCA based LS-SVM (PCA-LS-SVM) model produced a more efficient prediction of BP reactivity as compared to other models. This assessment presents the importance and advantages posed by PCA fused prediction models for prediction of biological variables.
Effects of Ambient Temperature and Wind Speed on Performance of Monocrystalline Solar Photovoltaic Module in Tripura, India
Authors: Bhattacharya Tanima , Chakraborty Ajoy K. , Pal Kaushik
Published: September 2014

The effects of ambient temperature and wind speed on the performance analysis of a monocrystalline silicon solar photovoltaic module have been analyzed in a particular location called Tripura, India, for the period of 2012-2013. The research work has been carried out by monitoring the variation of module efficiency with ambient temperature and wind speed. A statistical analysis has also been done and the result indicates that the values of correlation coefficient are 96% and 68% for ambient temperature and wind speed, respectively, considering confidence level of 95%.The result shows that there is a strong positive linear relationship between module efficiency and ambient temperature and a moderate positive linear relationship between module efficiency and wind speed. The deviation from the standard test condition (STC) affects the generation of output power while designing green buildings in Tripura.
Design of the Congestion Control for TCP/AQM Network with Time‐Delay
Authors: Wang Dazhong , Wu Shujing
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this paper is to design congestion controller for TCP/AQM (transmission control protocol/active queue management) networks using model following control; the equilibrium of a class of TCP/AQM networks with time‐delay is investigated, and the effect of communication time‐delay on the stability is addressed. The features of this design method are bounded property of the internal states of the control system being given and the utility of this control. Such design exhibits important attributes including fast convergence with high accuracy to a desired queue length. Simulation results show that the time‐delay nonlinear behavior of the system can be controlled by this method.
A Novel Wideband Miniaturized-Element Frequency Selective Surface
Authors: Oh Semyoung , Lee Hanjun , Jung Joo-Ho , Lee Gil-Young
Published: September 2014

This letter presents a novel wideband miniaturized-element frequency selective surface (MEFSS). The simulation and measurement results show that the bandwidth of the proposed MEFSS is remarkably enhanced compared to that of an original second-order MEFSS while its size and total thickness are still small. A parametric study is also conducted to understand the operating mechanism of the proposed structure. The phenomenon observed in the parametric study is explained with an equivalent circuit model.
A Novel Method for Improving Water Injectivity in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Alklih Mohamad Yousef , Ghosh Bisweswar , Al-Shalabi Emad Waleed
Published: September 2014

Applicability of electrokinetic effect in improving water injectivity in tight sandstone is studied. DC potential and injection rate are varied for optimization and determination of their individual impact on clay discharge and movement. The liberated clays were characterized through size exclusion microfiltration and ICP-MS analysis. Real time temperature and pH monitoring were also informative. Results showed that severalfold (up to 152%) apparent increase of core permeability could be achieved. Some of the experiments were more efficient in terms of dislodgement of clays and enhanced stimulation which is supported by produced brines analysis with higher concentration of clay element. The results also showed larger quantity of clays in the produced brine in the initial periods of water injection followed by stabilization of differential pressure and electrical current, implying that the stimulation effect stops when the higher voltage gradient and flow rates are no more able to dislodge remaining clays. Additionally, fluid temperature measurement showed an increasing trend with the injection time and direct proportionality with the applied voltage. The basic theory behind this stimulation effect is predicted to be the colloidal movement of pore lining clays that results in widening of pore throats and/or opening new flow paths.
Methanolysis of Carica papaya Seed Oil for Production of Biodiesel
Authors: Agunbiade Foluso O. , Adewole Tolulope A.
Published: September 2014

The future of fossil fuel sources of energy has necessitated the need to search for renewable alternatives. Thus, Carica papaya seed oil (CPSO) was employed as feedstock for the production of biodiesel by methanolysis. The seed was obtained locally, dried, and extracted with n-hexane. The CPSO was analyzed for specific gravity, viscosity, iodine value, and saponification value, among others using standard methods. The oil was transesterified by two-stage catalysis with oil to methanol mole ratio of 1 : 9. The biodiesel produced was subjected to standard fuel tests. The seed has an oil yield of 31.2% which is commercially viable. The kinematic viscosity of the oil at 313 K was 27.4 mm2s−1 while that of Carica papaya oil methylester (CPOME) was reduced to 3.57 mm2s−1 and the specific gravity was 0.84 comparable with other seed-oil biodiesels and number 2 diesel. Other oil properties were compared favourably with seed oils already documented for biodiesel synthesis. CPOME’s cloud and pour points were 275 K and 274 K, respectively, and relatively higher than other biodiesels and number 2 diesel. CPOME exhibits moderate corrosion of copper strip. The methanolysis improved the fuel properties of the CPOME similar to other biodiesels. CPSO therefore exhibits a potential for biodiesel production.
Quality Control of Lead‐Acid Battery according to Its Condition Test for UPS Supplier and Manufacturers
Authors: Hsiao Tsung-Chih , Chen Tzer-Long , Liu Chia-Hui , Lee Chih-Ming , Yu Hsin-Chun , Chen Tzer-Shyong
Published: September 2014

The risk of insufficient petroleum resources has forced human beings to emphasize the acquisition and storage of energy. To avoid such situation, this study tends to explore the effective management of lead‐acid batteries for effective utilization conforming to the industrial requirements.
Dynamic Changes in Bacterial Population and Corresponding Exoenzyme Activity in Response to a Tropical Phytoplankton BloomChattonella marina
Authors: Thomas Anit M. , Sanilkumar M. G. , Vijayalakshmi K. C. , Hatha A. A. Mohamed , Saramma A. V.
Published: September 2014

The raphidophyteChattonella marina(Subrahmanyan) Hara & Chihara bloom which causes lethal effects on marine ecosystem has been reported intermittently from Indian waters. In the present study, periodic samplings were made in aChattonella marinabloom area, off Mahe, on 27 and 29 October and 1 November 2011 (in different phases of the bloom) to assess the associated bacterial population and their exoenzyme activity. Microbial community composition ofChattonella marinabloom revealed a twentyfold increase in bacterial load over the nonbloom area. The bacterial genera,Micrococcus,Flavobacterium,Vibrio, andPseudomonas, increased significantly during the declining phase of the bloom. An assessment of the extracellular enzyme production also showed a marked increase in percentage of bacterial strains, potent in protease production, suggesting the possible role of proteolytic bacteria in bloom crash. This study reveals the bacterial community succession during the bloom and indicates that bacteria play an important role in bloom regulation.
Simulation of Vortex Shedding behind a Flat Plate with Vorticity Based Adaptive Spectral Element Method
Authors: Hsu Li-Chieh , Gao Guo-Jhih
Published: September 2014

Vorticity error based adaptive meshes refinement scheme is developed and employed using spectral element method to simulate flow past object problems. In general, it is hard to predict and enhance meshes effectively in a region where the error is larger in the computational domain by using the conforming mesh method. Employing finer meshes throughout the whole domain leads to lengthy computational time and excessive storage. Therefore, an indicator is used to predict the regions where larger errors exist and mesh refinement is needed. To compare the efficiency of indicators, three kinds of properties are used as mesh refinement indicators, including the synthesis of velocity and pressure estimated error, vorticity estimated error, and estimated error decay rate. Simulations of the cavity flow in Re = 100 and 1000 and the cases of flow past an inclined flat plate in Re = 100 to 1000 are performed with the adaptive mesh method and conforming mesh method. The results show that the adaptive mesh method can provide the same accuracy as that of the conforming mesh method with only 62% of the elements.
Links between Psychotropic Substance Use and Sensation Seeking in a Prevalence Study: The Role of Some Features of Parenting Style in a Large Sample of Adolescents
Authors: Scalese Marco , Curzio Olivia , Cutrupi Valentina , Bastiani Luca , Gori Mercedes , Denoth Francesca , Molinaro Sabrina
Published: September 2014

Aims. The objectives of the study were to (a) investigate the prevalence risk of current drug users and (b) explore the association between parental monitoring, adolescent-parent relationship, family structure, financial status, and sensation-seeking and psychotropic substance use.Methods. Data were drawn from the 2002 Italian student population survey of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. The sample size was 10,790 adolescents, aged 15–19 years. Multivariate logistic analyses were performed.Findings. The prevalence of users was 27.3% (34.2% males; 21.6% females). Single-parent and reconstructed families were related to the greatest likelihood of substance use. A medium financial status and, for females, a satisfying relationship with father were protective factors. Probability of engaging in risk-taking behavior increased when parental knowledge decreased. Exploring deeper how parental monitoring could modify the relation between different traits of sensation seeking and substances use revealed the following: “thrill and adventure seeking,” within the case of a good monitoring, can help against the use of substances; “boredom susceptibility” is not associated with drug use, except when parental monitoring is weak.Conclusions. Specific subdimensions, associated with substance use, may be more amenable to prevention than general interventions on sensation-seeking personality. Family is the context that could promote health education.
Duration of Electrically Induced Atrial Fibrillation Is Augmented by High Voltage of Stimulus with Higher Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Nagayama Tomomi , Hirooka Yoshitaka , Chishaki Akiko , Takemoto Masao , Mukai Yasushi , Inoue Shujiro , Kishi Takuya , Sunagawa Kenji
Published: September 2014

Objective.Many previous clinical studies have suggested that atrial fibrillation (AF) is closely associated with hypertension. However, the benefits of antihypertensive therapy on AF are still inconsistent, and it is necessary to explore the factors augmenting AF in hypertensive rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between arterial pressure or voltage stimulus and to the duration of electrically induced AF in normotensive or hypertensive rats.Methods.AF was reproducibly induced by transesophageal atrial burst pacing in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). We did the burst pacing at high (20 V) or low (5 V) voltage.Results.Duration of AF did not correlate with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and stimulus voltage in WKY. However, only in SHR, duration of AF with high stimulus voltage significantly correlated with SBP and was significantly longer in high than in low voltage stimulus.Discussion and Conclusion.Duration of AF is augmented by high voltage stimulus with higher blood pressure in SHR.
Genetic Variations in the Kir6.2 Subunit(KCNJ11)of Pancreatic ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Gene Are Associated with Insulin Response to Glucose Loading and Early Onset of Type 2 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in Taiwan
Authors: Jiang Yi-Der , Chuang Lee-Ming , Pei Dee , Lee Yann-Jinn , Wei Jun-Nan , Sung Fung-Chang , Chang Tien-Jyun
Published: September 2014

To investigate the role of E23K polymorphism of theKCNJ11gene on early onset of type 2 diabetes in school-aged children/adolescents in Taiwan, we recruited 38 subjects with type 2 diabetes (ages 18.6 ± 6.6 years; body mass index percentiles 83.3 ± 15.4) and 69 normal controls (ages 17.3 ± 3.8 years; body mass index percentiles 56.7 ± 29.0) from a national surveillance for childhood/adolescent diabetes in Taiwan. We searched for the E23K polymorphism of theKCNJ11gene. We found that type 2 diabetic subjects had higher carrier rate of E23K polymorphism ofKCNJ11gene than control subjects (P= 0.044). After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index percentiles, and fasting plasma insulin, the E23K polymorphism contributed to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (P= 0.047). K23-allele-containing genotypes conferring increased plasma insulin level during OGTT in normal subjects. However, the diabetic subjects with the K23-allele-containing genotypes had lower fasting plasma insulin levels after adjustment of age and BMI percentiles. In conclusion, the E23K variant of theKCNJ11gene conferred higher susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in children/adolescents. Furthermore, in normal glucose-tolerant children/adolescents, K23 allele carriers had a higher insulin response to oral glucose loading.
Comparison of Two Quantitative Analysis Techniques to Predict the Evaluation of Product Form Design
Authors: Chen Hung-Yuan , Chang Yu-Ming , Tung Ting-Chun
Published: September 2014

Consumer satisfaction with a product’s form plays an essential role in determining the likelihood of its commercial success. A consumer perception‐centered design approach is proposed in this study to aid product designers with incorporating consumers’ perceptions of product forms in the design process. The consumer perception‐centered design approach uses the linear modeling technique (multiple linear regression) and the nonlinear modeling technique (neural network) to determine the satisfying product form design for matching a given product image. A series of experimental evaluations are conducted to collect evaluation results for examining the relationship between the automobile profile features and the consumers’ perceptions of the automobile image. The result of predictive performance comparison shows that both the nonlinear neural network modeling technique and the multiple linear regression technique are comparably good for predicting the consumers’ likely response to a particular automobile profile since the predictive performance difference between the two modeling techniques is very slight in this study. Although this study has chosen a 2D automobile profile for illustration purposes, the concept of the proposed approach is expansively applicable to 3D automotive form design or other consumer product forms.
Dose–Response Relationship in Phase I Clinical Trials: A European Drug Development Network (EDDN) Collaboration Study
Authors: Moreno García Victor , Olmos David , Gomez-Roca Carlos , Cassier Philippe A. , Morales-Barrera Rafael , Del Conte Gianluca , Gallerani Elisa , Brunetto Andre T. , Schöffski Patrick , Marsoni Silvia , Schellens Jan H.M. , Penel Nicolas , Voest Emile , Evans Jeffrey , Plummer Ruth , Wilson Richard H. , Soria Jean Charles , Tabernero Josep , Verweij Jaap , Kaye Stan B.
Published: September 2014

Introduction: Because a dose–response relationship is characteristic of conventional chemotherapy, this concept is widely used for the development of novel cytotoxic (CTX) drugs. However, the need to reach the MTD to obtain optimal benefit with molecularly targeted agents (MTA) is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between dose and efficacy in a large cohort of phase I patients with solid tumors.

Experimental Design: We collected data on 1,182 consecutive patients treated in phase I trials in 14 European institutions in 2005–2007. Inclusion criteria were: (i) patients treated within completed single-agent studies in which a maximum-administered dose was defined and (ii) RECIST/survival data available.

Results: Seventy-two percent of patients were included in trials with MTA (N = 854) and 28% in trials with CTX (N = 328). The objective response (OR) rate was 3% and disease control at 6 months was 11%. OR for CTX was associated with higher doses (median 92% of MTD); this was not the case for MTA, where patients achieving OR received a median of 50% of MTD. For trials with MTA, patients treated at intermediate doses (40%–80%) had better survival compared with those receiving low or high doses (P = 0.038). On the contrary, there was a direct association between higher dose and better OS for CTX agents (P = 0.003).

Conclusion: Although these results support the development of novel CTX based on MTD, we found no direct relationship between higher doses and response with MTA in unselected patients. However, the longest OS was seen in patients treated with MTA at intermediate doses (40%–80% of MTD). Clin Cancer Res; 20(22); 5663–71. ©2014 AACR.
Access to Follicular Dendritic Cells Is a Pivotal Step in Murine Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-cell Activation and Proliferation
Authors: Heinig Kristina , Gätjen Marcel , Grau Michael , Stache Vanessa , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Gerlach Kerstin , Niesner Raluca A. , Cseresnyes Zoltan , Hauser Anja E. , Lenz Peter , Hehlgans Thomas , Brink Robert , Westermann Jörg , Dörken Bernd , Lipp Martin , Lenz Georg , Rehm Armin , Höpken Uta E.
Published: September 2014

In human chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) pathogenesis, B-cell antigen receptor signaling seems important for leukemia B-cell ontogeny, whereas the microenvironment influences B-cell activation, tumor cell lodging, and provision of antigenic stimuli. Using the murine Eμ-Tcl1 CLL model, we demonstrate that CXCR5-controlled access to follicular dendritic cells confers proliferative stimuli to leukemia B cells. Intravital imaging revealed a marginal zone B cell–like leukemia cell trafficking route. Murine and human CLL cells reciprocally stimulated resident mesenchymal stromal cells through lymphotoxin–β-receptor activation, resulting in CXCL13 secretion and stromal compartment remodeling. Inhibition of lymphotoxin/lymphotoxin–β-receptor signaling or of CXCR5 signaling retards leukemia progression. Thus, CXCR5 activity links tumor cell homing, shaping a survival niche, and access to localized proliferation stimuli.

Significance: CLL and other indolent lymphoma are not curable and usually relapse after treatment, a process in which the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role. We dissect the consecutive steps of CXCR5-dependent tumor cell lodging and LTβR-dependent stroma–leukemia cell interaction; moreover, we provide therapeutic solutions to interfere with this reciprocal tumor–stroma cross-talk. Cancer Discov; 4(12); 1448–65. ©2014 AACR.

See related commentary by López-Guerra et al., p. 1374

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1355
Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Severe Acne in a Han Chinese Population
Authors: Yang Jian-Kang , Wu Wen-Juan , He Li , Zhang Ya-Ping
Published: September 2014

Background: Two novel susceptibility gene loci (1q24.2 and 11p11.2) for severe acne have been identified in a genome-wide association study of a Han Chinese population. Objective: The current study investigated the relationships of these gene loci with clinical phenotypes, including onset age, atrophic scarring, hypertrophic scarring and family history. Furthermore, we investigated the correlations between these four clinical phenotypes. Methods: We used the χ2 test to compare the allele frequency among the different clinical phenotypes. We calculated Spearman's correlation coefficient to measure the relationship between the different clinical phenotypes. Results: We identified significant associations between the 11p11.2 locus and disease family history (p < 0.05). We also determined that hypertrophic scarring was moderately correlated with atrophic scarring (rs = 0.315). Conclusions: This study suggests that the susceptibility gene locus 11p11.2 may contribute to the complex phenotypes of severe acne, particularly in cases of hereditary severe acne, whereas there are also correlations between the different phenotypes.
Can Multiparametric MRI and FDG-PET Predict Outcome in Diffuse Brainstem Glioma? A Report from a Prospective Phase-II Study
Authors: Goda Jayant S. , Dutta Debnarayan , Raut Nirmal , Juvekar Shashikant L. , Purandare Nilendu , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Arora Brijesh , Gupta Tejpal , Kurkure Purna , Jalali Rakesh
Published: September 2014

Purpose: To study the impact of multiparametric MRI and 18F-FDG-PET on the outcome of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG). Materials and Methods: Imaging data from a phase-II prospective therapeutic study in children with newly diagnosed DIPG were considered for evaluation. They included baseline MRI with contrast enhancement before treatment. Functional imaging included MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion and FDG-PET studies. All patients (n = 20) had baseline MRI and 11 patients had FDG-PET. Response was assessed by MRI and PET 4 weeks after therapy. Baseline imaging findings were correlated with survival. Presence or absence of adverse parameters on MRI (heterogeneous contrast enhancement, hyperperfusion or increased choline:NAA ratio) was used to develop a cumulative radiological prognostic index (RPI). Sensitivity and specificity of each imaging modality in tumour grading was estimated. Results: The cumulative RPI was able to classify the patients into different grades and was predictive of overall survival (p = 0.02). MR perfusion also predicted survival (p = 0.039). Sensitivity and specificity of MRI and FDG-PET to detect low-grade gliomas were low to moderate (33-66%), but moderate to high in detecting high-grade gliomas (50-100%). Baseline FDG uptake on PET scan did not correlate with survival (p = 0.7). Conclusions: Cumulative RPI was able to classify tumours into different grades and predicted clinical outcome. At baseline, MR hyperperfusion indicated a shorter survival for DIPG patients. Sensitivity and specificity of imaging modalities to detect low-grade gliomas were poor.