bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological Progress, Capital Deepening, and Manufacturing Productivity Growth in the USA: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Casetti E
Published: October 2006

According to the Verdoorn law productivity rises faster in expanding economic sectors. The validity of the Verdoorn law has been investigated primarily for industries. Does the law also hold with respect to areal aggregates? Specifically, in the USA, are productivity gains larger in regions in which jobs and population expand faster?

In this paper a technique for separating productivity gains associated with capital deepening, economies of scale, and neutral technological progress is discussed and is then applied to investigate, in a US setting, the ‘spatial’ validity of the Verdoorn law.
Regional and Interregional Interdependencies: Alternative Accounting Systems
Authors: Hewings G J D
Published: October 2006

Increasing interest in the changing degree of interrelatedness within the industrial system and between the industrial system and the rest of the economy has given rise to the need for alternative accounting frameworks. This paper explores a number of these alternatives, and focuses in particular on social accounting systems, modified input-output frameworks, and micro-to-macro linkage systems.
Summary Measures of Interconnectedness for input-output Models
Authors: Hamilton J R , Jensen R C
Published: October 2006

The performance of six alternative measures of input-output model interconnectedness was tested on a set of fourteen empirical models for Australia, for the State of Queensland, and for subregions within Queensland. Such measures of interconnectedness could be analytically useful, along with the input-output models themselves, as descriptions of the nature of the modeled economies, as aids in model estimation, and perhaps as indications of the level of economic development. Since there is no generally accepted interconnectedness measure, the six tested measures could be judged only on their consistency of behavior and on the validity of their underlying logic. Accounting conventions and model aggregation both affected most of the measures. The results suggest that mean intermediate coefficient total per sector is the most generally useful interconnectedness measure.
Capital Accumulation and Chemicals Production in Western Europe in the Postwar Period
Authors: Hudson R
Published: October 2006

In the years following 1945, especially those preceding the 1970s, the expansion of chemicals production became a central element in the more general growth of the capitalist world economy. Much of this growth took place in Western Europe, and was increasingly associated with the development of a small number of major maritime industrial complexes. Although the growth of the chemicals sector slowed down after 1973, the tendency of a locational concentration of new investment was maintained, indeed enhanced. The main explanatory thesis around which the paper is structured is that the changes in chemicals production (structural and technical, as well as locational) are most appropriately understood in relation to the dynamics of the process of capital accumulation. This in turn requires an analysis on two levels. The first of these is that of ‘capital in general’, involving an analysis of accumulation in terms of exchange value, of the imperatives that drive this process and the restructuring of capital that these of necessity bring about. The second involves examining the competitive strategies of ‘many capitals’ through which this restructuring is brought about and, related to these, the role of the state. The paper concludes by suggesting some possible future developments within chemicals production.
Patterns of Family Migration: Two Methodological Approaches
Authors: Castro L J , Rogers A
Published: October 2006

It is widely recognized that many internal migrations are undertaken by individuals whose moves are dependent on those of others. For example, children migrate with their parents and wives with their husbands. This paper suggests two formulations of family migration that permit the introduction of such family dependencies into the population projection process.
Life-Cycle Stages, Mobility, and Metropolitan Change: 2. A Model of Migration
Authors: Webber M J
Published: October 2006

It is shown how one dynamic element may be incorporated into operational urban models. That element is household mobility, caused by the evolution of households through stages in the life cycle. First, the paper is placed within the context of urban models; next, a model is built and formally stated which incorporates the life-cycle process within the framework of dynamic operational urban models; and then some implications of that model are drawn.
A Cost-Efficiency Approach to the Analysis of Congested Spatial-Interaction Behavior
Authors: Smith T E
Published: October 2006

A new approach is proposed for the analysis of spatial-interaction behavior under conditions of congestion. This approach, which is based on a cost-efficiency principle of interaction behavior, is shown to lead to a new class of exponential probability models for realized spatial-interaction patterns. In addition, these exponential trip-pattern models are shown to yield a natural stochastic generalization of the deterministic ‘user-equilibrium’ models currently employed in the analysis of urban traffic flows. In particular, such user-equilibria now constitute the ‘most probable states' in these new models.
On Spatial Justice
Authors: Pirie G H
Published: October 2006

This essay reflects on the desirability and possibility of fashioning a concept of spatial justice from notions of social justice and territorial social justice. The contested meaning, rival formulations, and uncertain status of social justice form a cloudy and dissuasive foundation. The appeal of evaluations of locational justice steers investigation towards new spatial referents for justice and the prospect of principles of spatial justice. However, it seems that in the term ‘spatial justice’ the prefix can only denote concept context and not concept content. Conceptualising space as a social product rather than as a context for society may yield a substantive concept of spatial justice.
Independence, Stationarity, Categorical Spatial Data and the Chi-Squared Test
Authors: Fingleton B
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a correction to the simple chi-squared test for spatial data. The paper commences with an outline of the temporal analogue before giving a proof for a deflating factor appropriate to a square lattice sampling scheme. The effects of varying degrees of spatial autocorrelation are illustrated, though the correction is designed to require only minimum assumptions about the nature of the autocorrelation mechanism.
Rural Settlement Policies and Local Authority Housing: Observations from a Case-Study of South Hams, Devon
Authors: Phillips D R , Williams A M
Published: October 2006

Settlement planning and council housing development and management are functions of different departments and, at least partly, of different tiers within local government; and there have been few attempts to harmonise the aims of these interrelated functions. Research has also tended to ignore the links between settlement policies and local authority housing. This paper, drawing on evidence from a case study in South Devon, investigates three of these relationships: the distribution of local authority housing stock and completions, applicants' preferences for rehousing, and housing management procedures and allocations with respect to different tiers in the settlement hierarchy.
Solution Algorithms for a Combined Residential Location and Transportation Model
Authors: Los M , Nguyen S
Published: October 2006

A model is specified for predicting residential location, modal choice, and transportation system performance which is formulated as a convex programming problem. Two solution algorithms belonging to the class of feasible descent direction methods are proposed for solving this problem. Several extensions of the basic model are discussed and the associated solution algorithms are outlined.
A Causal Model of Attitudes toward Mental Health Facilities
Authors: Hall G B , Taylor S M
Published: October 2006

Nonuser responses to community facilities are recognised as among the most important factors determining the success or failure of community-based systems of service delivery. A causal model of individual attitudes to community mental health care is defined and tested with survey data collected in Toronto, Ontario. The results from a path analysis show the strong antecedent influence of attitudes toward facility users and of perceived impacts of facilities on facility desirability. The importance of personal nonattitudinal characteristics on reactions to facilities is also revealed. The implications of familiarity with mental illness and of attitudes toward the mentally ill for the acceptance of community mental health facilities are considered.
Optimum Control in Nonlinear Ecological Dynamics of Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Dendrinos D S , Mullally H
Published: October 2006

After an ecological-type formulation of single-city aggregate urban dynamics, the optimum time trajectory of such a system is analyzed. A set of models are discussed which use different objective functions, and it is shown that erratic on-off switches of the urban controls are the optimum strategies under any type of objective function. Solutions for the optimum timing of bang-bang-type application of any specific urban policy instrument would need to be determined numerically.
Travel Probability Fields and Urban Spatial Structure: 1. Theory
Authors: Beckmann M J , Golob T F , Zahavi Y
Published: October 2006

The proposed model attempts to explain how particular spatial distributions of trip destinations might arise as manifestations of the accessibility benefits and travel costs associated with a housing location. The trip distributions are elliptical, being expressed as bivariate normal distributions. The parameters of these distributions are shown to be related to the parameters of an assumed density function for activity sites (such as jobs and shops) and to travel speeds. The model implies a housing density function in a monocentric urban area which is negative exponential.
The Inconsistency of Eclecticism
Authors: Fincher R
Published: October 2006

The epistemological and political characteristics of Marxian science distinguish it from empiricist science and from explanations using nonmaterialist abstraction. It is argued that these differences preclude the combination of Marxian with non-Marxian categories and the selective adoption of some Marxian insights rather than the whole theoretical ‘package’.
The Use of the Life-Style Concept in Travel Demand Models
Authors: Salomon I , Ben-Akiva M
Published: October 2006

The concept of life-style is becoming a major differentiating trait between population groups substituting for economic and social classes.

This paper describes the utilization of the concept of life-style in the context of travel demand models. Life-style is defined as a pattern of behavior under constrained resources which conforms to the orientations an individual has toward three major ‘life decisions' he or she must make: (a) formation of a household (of any type), (b) participation in the labor force, and (c) orientation toward leisure.

A population is classified into life-style groups based on similarity in a multivariate space. Socioeconomic and demographic variables define that space, and emphasis is put on variables which are indicative of emerging new life-styles (for example, the relative contribution of the female spouse to the household income). Cluster analysis is employed to identify the life-style groups.

Models for the combinations of choice of mode and destination for shopping trips are estimated for the pooled sample and the life-style segments. Comparisons of these models with the performance of other market segmentation schemes and with the pooled model demonstrate that the life-style groups account for taste variations better than the other schemes.
Takeover, Closures, and the Restructuring of the United Kingdom Ironfoundry Industry
Authors: Smith I J , Taylor M J
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the regional dimension of plant and firm closure in the United Kingdom using data for the ironfoundry industry over the whole of the postwar period but with particular emphasis on the 1967–1980 period. The impact of ownership on plant closure is stressed, and patterns of ownership change are shown to seriously prejudice the survival of plant in the industry in UK peripheral regions.
Building Societies and Local Lending Behaviour
Authors: Doling J , Williams P
Published: October 2006

This paper considers the determinants of variation in individual building society lending behaviour. A level of conformity in lending behaviour is identified, which it is argued results from a number of constraints that arise from the environment in which lending decisions are made. It is further argued, however, that considerable variation in lending behaviour is also apparent and is made possible by the practice of charging interest rates which are lower than the market clearing rate. The first part of the paper expands on these arguments and develops a model of managerial lending behaviour. The paper then continues with an examination of successful mortgage applicants in a sample of building society branch offices and attempts to show what statistical evidence there is for the pattern of variation and constraints described at the inter- and intrasociety levels.
A Behavioural Approach to Retail Blight
Authors: Marcus M
Published: October 2006

This paper examines one type of decline referred to as retail ‘blight’. It is argued that retail blight is most frequently defined in terms of undesirable structural phenomena, such as high vacancy rates, and that this has led to considerable confusion. A case is made for an alternative approach, that is, to define retail blight as a deviant behavioural process which may eventually result in loss of retail activity; undesirable changes in retail structure are viewed as symptoms of this process. This alternative approach is explained in relation to blighted shopping precincts in England and Wales.
Spectral Analysis and Distributed Lags in Geographical Studies of Local Unemployment: 1. Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysis
Authors: Dunn R
Published: October 2006

This is the first part of a two-part paper in which the related topics of spectral analysis and the identification and estimation of distributed-lag models between time series are discussed. In this paper, the theoretical background of spectral and cross-spectral analysis is discussed in some depth, since in the estimation of the spectrum and cross-spectrum a number of important decisions must be made for which no hard-and-fast rules are available, and which necessitate some theoretical knowledge. Empirical examples of the use of spectral and cross-spectral analysis are presented from a study of local unemployment in the Severnside region.
A Regional Econometric Analysis of Energy Prices and Economic Activity
Authors: Considine T J , Mount T D
Published: October 2006

An econometric model of the interactions between energy demand and regional economic activity is discussed. The model combines dynamic cost functions, consumer fuel demand equations, and a demographic model, all within the context of a regional econometric model. The model is used to estimate the effects of a graduated fifty-cent gasoline tax on the New York State economy. The gasoline tax revenues are rebated to users in the form of reduced State taxes. The results suggest that this policy would lead to higher State output and income if the inflationary impacts of the tax are minimal.
Spectral Analysis and Distributed Lags in Geographical Studies of Local Unemployment: 2. Distributed Lags
Authors: Dunn R
Published: October 2006

This is the second part of a two-part paper in which the related topics of spectral analysis and the identification and estimation of distributed-lag models between time series are discussed. This paper is mainly concerned with distributed-lag models, in particular the use of spectral estimators developed by Hannan. A number of previous studies have used the phase statistics from the cross-spectrum as an indication of lead/lag relations between unemployment series, but it is shown here that this is likely to lead to incorrect conclusions. As an empirical example, lead/lag relations between local unemployment in Severnside and the national series are investigated. The correspondence between time-domain (regression) and frequency-domain (spectral) methods of estimating relations between time series is also discussed, using empirical material from both parts of the paper.
The Distribution of Urban Voluntary Resources: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Wolch J R , Geiger R K
Published: October 2006

The role of voluntary sector service provision in local communities has been largely overlooked, but is increasingly critical to the quality of urban life. This paper provides an exploratory analysis of questions about the distribution of voluntary activity within metropolitan regions and the determinants of voluntary service provision levels. A variety of hypotheses concerning the distribution of voluntary resources in the social welfare and community services (SWCS) sector are tested utilizing data on nonprofit organizations and local jurisdictions within the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Results indicate that cities within this region with relatively abundant SWCS resources tend to be older inner-ring working-class suburbs, in contrast to the significantly reduced scale of SWCS activities found in outlying affluent communities, industrial enclaves, and cities with large minority and service-dependent populations.
Business Service Offices in British Provincial Cities: Location and Control
Authors: Daniels P W
Published: October 2006

There are only a few studies of business service activities and most have concentrated on the behaviour of these activities in large cities. By taking a wider cross section of urban areas, this study explores some possible sources of variation in the role of business services in local economies with particular reference to the location and control of these services. Low-growth cities with a large proportion of their business services under external control show a limited amount of new-firm formation since indigenous firms are outnumbered by about two to one. Nonindigenous firms are significantly more likely to set up new branches or to relocate existing ones. The ratio of indigenous to nonindigenous business services in each urban area is significant for the location, status, function, and other changes reported by establishments. Many of these changes are a response to market adjustment or a need to ‘colonize’ new areas. The types of change, particularly of location, are also significantly related to office function. Provincial business services have shown a propensity to expand their employment, but this may only reflect the general trend since 1975. The role of London as the location of headquarters controlling provincial business services is far from dominant.
Some Theoretical Aspects of Destination Choice and Their Relevance to Production-Constrained Gravity Models
Authors: Fotheringham A S
Published: October 2006

Aspects of destination choice which concern relationships between destinations are explored in the context of a production-constrained gravity model. It is shown that, if competition exists between destinations or, alternatively, if agglomeration effects are present, the gravity model is misspecified and estimated distance-decay parameters obtained from the model are related to spatial structure.
A Model of Population Change with New and Return Migration
Authors: Alexander S
Published: October 2006

A model of population change is applied to the analysis of new and return migration in a two-region system. The structure of the model is examined analytically given various assumptions about constancy in numbers of migrants and in migration rates. The model is applied to the numerical example of birthplace-specific movement between Great Britain and the rest of the world.
The Strength of the Centre: Downtown Offices and Metropolitan Decentralization Policy in Toronto
Authors: Code W R
Published: October 2006

Within the context of recent attempts by Toronto to restrict office development in its downtown, the author examines, from several perspectives, the apparent locational conservatism of office activities in the existing core. He begins by arguing that in terms of overall systems efficiency the rationale for the decentralization strategy for Toronto was incomplete and that existing data on the frequencies of face-to-face contact indicated that a substantial increase in the difference between core and suburban rents was necessary to induce a significant removal of office activities from the central area. The subsequent increase in this difference beyond the theoretical level where out-migration should occur suggests the importance of other variables besides those traditionally measured by information linkage studies. Neglected among these factors is the quality of information, reflecting the ability to ‘shop’ among alternative information sources, which in a fundamental sense depends on accessibility. It is suggested that Toronto should not be surprised at increasing resistance to outward movement among the remaining office functions and the consequent higher differences between core and suburban rents, which are necessary to induce decentralization. Finally, through an examination of the origins of demand for suburban office-space in Metropolitan Toronto, the increasing level of resistance to removal by the office functions which remain in the core is shown to be consistent with recent migration trends.
Some Methods for the Testing and Estimation of Dynamic Models Which Use Panel Data
Authors: Davies R B , Pickles A R , Crouchley R
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors address some of the inferential problems posed by longitudinal data on the discrete choice behaviour of a collection of individuals. In particular, an integrated framework is developed which enables heterogeneity and nonstationarity to be explicitly included in stochastic models of binary choice behaviour. The emphasis is upon minimum assumptions about the nature and determinants of heterogeneity and nonstationarity, as any uncontrolled variations may result in the identification of spurious adaptive behaviour. Moreover, all the models are readily calibrated and tested using widely available computer software. Some assessment is made of the flexibility of the modelling framework with respect to its potential for handling attrition in panel membership, more extensive choice sets, and exogeneous variables.
The Spatial Consequences of Bureaucratic Decisionmaking
Authors: Bohland J R , Gist J
Published: October 2006

The research tests the proposition that risk aversion is a basic goal of bureaucratic decisionmaking within the Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAGP) and that this type of behavior influences the spatial distribution of UDAGP grants. The results demonstrate that risk aversion is evident and that it tends to divert funds away from those cities with high distress. Political accommodation is shown to be evident in cases where bureaucrats are faced with high-risk projects. This accommodation influences the spatial distribution of UDAGP funds.
Least Squares Calibration of the Gravity Model When Intrazonal Flows are Unknown
Authors: Sen A , Pruthi R K
Published: October 2006

Some very fast least-squares based calibration procedures for the gravity model have been presented in earlier papers. Since these procedures are inconvenient or impossible to use when diagonal elements of the base period origin—destination (O—D) matrix are unavailable, one of the procedures has been modified to handle such situations. This modified procedure is described in this paper and then applied to two O—D tables—one for food grains and the other for coal. For these two data sets the procedure yields estimates which are virtually identical to corresponding maximum likelihood estimates.
Multiregional Mathematical Demography: Themes and Issues
Authors: Rees P H
Published: October 2006

People live in many regions and move between those regions over time. These facts have been incorporated into demographic analysis via the subfield of multiregional mathematical demography. In this paper the author reviews themes in that subfield over the past two decades and discusses current issues that have yet to be resolved.
The Feedback Component of the Pork Barrel: Tests Using the Results of the 1983 General Election in Britain
Authors: Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

The pork-barrel concept suggests a simple process-response model. It is extended here into a system with feedback and feedforward components. The feedback component suggests that voting at one election should reflect the spatial impact of policies implemented since the previous election. This is tested using unemployment as a consequence of government policy in Britain between the General Elections of 1979 and 1983.
Inefficiency of Spatial Prices Using the Thermodynamic Formalism
Authors: Curry L
Published: October 2006

A set of relationships is provided between an existing map of prices and flows of a commodity and that map which would occur under the assumptions of competitive spatial price-equilibrium. The primary concepts developed are areal (configurational) entropy of prices, general level of intensity of exploitation of opportunities, and the equilibrium prices set by a linear programming solution of an interregional commodity-distribution problem. Secondary concepts are the inefficiencies of flows and of prices due to insufficient exploitation of opportunities and due to ‘wrong’ pricing (or transaction costs). The value of information is discussed and an application made to the contribution of externalities to land rent.
Neighborhood Influences on Travel Behavior and Availability Constraints
Authors: Naroff J L , Madden T J , Dillon W R
Published: October 2006

Traditionally, transportation demand studies have, for the most part, viewed modal choice in terms of an aggregate system-wide function. However, it seems reasonable to expect that the travel decision may be influenced by a composite of factors that include not only availability conditions, but determinants relating to neighborhood characteristics and peer-group pressures. In this paper, supply-side constraints on availability were used to segment the market and logit probabilistic choice models were fitted to each segment. It was found that inducements to individuals to alter their modal choice must consider not only cost factors and standard demographics, but also peer-group (class) constraints. System-wide approaches will fail to consider these important demand considerations.
Influences on Educational Attainment: The Importance of the Local Residential Environment
Authors: Moulden M , Bradford M G
Published: October 2006

The local residential environment is shown to be a major factor affecting the educational attainment of thirteen-year-old and fifteen-year-old schoolchildren. Its strength and effect relative to other variables, like intelligence and social class, are demonstrated via path analysis. It has a greater influence on the educational attainment of girls than of boys. Possible processes leading to both the differential and the general effect are discussed. The scale of analysis suggests that exactly where within a catchment area people live affects their children's educational attainment.
Calibrating Urban Residential Location Models 4: Effects of Log-Collinearity on Model Calibration and Formulation
Authors: Putman S H , Kim Y-S
Published: October 2006

In extensive empirical testing of the disaggregated residential allocation model (DRAM), the Tanner function (a modified gamma function) was used as the work-trip-travel function. More recent application work with the model revealed difficulties in calibration due to log-multicollinearity, which led to a reexamination of the formulation of the model and the general question of the use of the Tanner function in spatial interaction models. An analytical examination of the Tanner function reveals that some of its desirable properties arise from phenomena different from the original hypotheses. The log-collinearity problem is also analyzed analytically. A set of numerical experiments and empirical tests confirm the analytical results and argue for discontinuing the use of the Tanner function as the trip function in spatial interaction models, and for using a negative power or a declining exponential function instead.
The Statistical Analysis through a Computational Method of a Distribution of Points in Relation to its Surrounding Network
Authors: Okabe A , Fujii A
Published: October 2006

The authors give first a statistical method for testing whether or not the distribution of point-like elements on a geographical plane is independent of a network-like element. Second, as this statistical test involves several difficulties in geographical computation, a computational method is developed, by which it can be executed practically.
The Postwar Restructuring of the British Housing and Labour Markets: A Critical Comment on Thorns
Authors: Hamnett C
Published: October 2006

In a recent paper in this journal, Thorns sought to relate together changes in the labour and domestic property markets in Britain since World War II. He argued that it was important to analyse the operation of these markets and the extent to which they operate to reinforce social inequalities. In this paper, it is argued that, although the issues Thorns raises are important ones, his analysis and conclusions are marred by his treatment of regional differences and trends in the rate of house price inflation over time. By generalising from data over a single year, Thorns sought to show that there was a strong link between the gains received from the labour market and those from the domestic property market.

Although there is no evidence at the regional level to support Thorns's assertions regarding the growth of interregional differentials in average house prices over time (if anything the evidence shows the reverse), it is suggested that the regional scale may not be the most appropriate scale of analysis, and some evidence is presented which indicates the possibility of growing inner-city/suburban differentials.

Finally, it is argued that the concentration on owner occupiers may well obscure the equally, if not more important, changes which are occurring in the distribution of owner occupiers and council tenants. It is argued that there is a growing social and spatial polarisation between the two main tenures at the intraurban level; some evidence from London is presented to support this.
Interaction Modeling Using Second-Order Analysis
Authors: Getis A
Published: October 2006

After the author has reviewed second-order theory for map-pattern analysis, he sets forth an approach for the study of interaction where spatial structure is implicitly built into various pattern models. The models are models of clustering when all members of the cluster are centered at one point. A density analysis is proposed where spatial autocorrelation may be discerned. An example using population distribution in East Anglia, 1971, is given along with comparisons to a central place model.
On Testing for Structural Effects in Electoral Geography, Using Entropy-Maximising Methods to Estimate Voting Patterns
Authors: Johnston R J , Hay A M , Rumley D
Published: October 2006

Entropy-maximising methods have been introduced in recent papers for estimating spatial variations in voting behaviour. The estimates can be used to test structural effect hypotheses. This paper illustrates such usage and discusses a major technical issue relating to it.
Structural Fire as an Urban Parasite: Population Density Dependence of Structural Fire in New York City, and its Implications
Authors: Wallace D N , Wallace R
Published: October 2006

In further exploration of structural fire as an urban parasite, the influence of areal population density and housing overcrowding on incidence and average size of structural fires is analyzed. Because the more people per square mile and per room the greater the incidence and size of the structural fires, the destruction of housing by fire and fire-related building abandonment creates fertile ground for even greater fire damage due to the crowding of the refugees into the remaining housing stock. The vicious circle of housing overcrowding and fire holds serious implications with respect to other density dependent factors, such as public health, the public transportation system, and sanitation. Parasitology continues to provide insight into the mechanisms of the behavior of structural fire and its impacts.
Forms of Housing Production—The Birth of a New Concept or the Creation of a Cul-De-Sac?
Authors: Ball M
Published: October 2006

In a recent article in Environment and Planning A, Cardoso and Short discussed a concept called ‘forms of housing production’. In this paper, 1 comment on the arguments they associated with the concept. I suggest that, despite their attempts to situate themselves within the Marxist tradition, Cardoso and Short have neglected and misinterpreted much of the Marxist work on housing of the past decade. Furthermore, their particular interpretation of the social relations of housing provision contains theoretical errors which make it of little practical use.
The p-Median Structure as a Unified Linear Model for Location—Allocation Analysis
Authors: Hillsman E L
Published: October 2006

The p-median problem is to select p facility sites from among n locations to minimize the average distance from the populations at the n locations to their nearest facility. A set of linear constraints and a linear objective function describe the problem. By varying the way that the objective function coefficients are derived, many other location problems can be defined as special cases of the same general mathematical form of the p-median model. These models include maximum distance-covering problems, problems with facility costs, and problems having multiple objectives. The diversity of these special cases suggests the use of the model as the core of a computer software system for location—allocation and spatial analyses.
Decisionmaking between Multiattribute Choice Alternatives: A Model of Spatial Shopping-Behaviour Using Conjoint Measurements
Authors: Timmermans H J P , van der Heijden R , Westerveld H
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors are concerned with the application of conjoint measurement models to predict consumer choice of shopping centres. First, conjoint measurement models are discussed in the context of the development of spatial shopping-models. Next, the conceptual framework underlying the model and conjoint measurement are discussed. The second part of the paper describes an application of the methodology. Conjoint measurement is used to estimate consumer utility functions and a multivariate logit model as an approximation of the unit multivariate normal distribution is used to predict the probability that a consumer will choose a particular shopping centre. The results indicate that the methodology offers a potentially valuable approach to the modelling of spatial shopping-behaviour.
Does Inflation Vary between Cities?
Authors: Clark G L
Published: October 2006

Apart from occasional anecdotal observation, there has been little systematic study of the patterns of local inflation. The strongest theoretical argument is that local price inflation should be no different from national inflation. Alternatively, it has been suggested that spatial price equilibrium is implausible and that spatial price interdependence is more likely. Quarterly data for some sixteen large US urban areas over the period 1950–1980, are analyzed via stochastic time-series models. It is concluded in this paper that, although inflation does vary, if only slightly, between cities and with respect to the nation, in some instances national inflation may fairly represent local inflation.
Stochastic Panel-Data Models of Urban Shopping Behaviour: 1. Purchasing at Individual Stores in a Single City
Authors: Wrigley N , Dunn R
Published: October 2006

In this paper, the first application of the NBD (negative binomial distribution) consumer purchasing model is presented in the context of purchasing at individual stores in a single city. Empirical results derived from a recently conducted spatially disaggregate consumer-panel survey in Cardiff, United Kingdom, are reported. The fit of the model, in general, is extremely good, although there are certain small but consistent discrepancies, the explanation of which has both statistical and geographical components.
Vacancies and Mobility in the Housing Market: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Rietveld P
Published: October 2006

In this paper, vacancies in the housing market are studied in the context of a stock-flow framework. Two roles of vacancies are dealt with: vacancies are the consequence of residential mobility, but, at the same time, residential mobility is also determined by the number of vacancies. For an adequate insight into the meaning of vacancies in the housing market, a separate analysis of flows into and out of the vacant stock is necessary, rather than an analysis of net changes. Therefore, a method is developed to estimate inflow and outflow separately on the basis of data on vacancy duration. Numerical results are reported for the Netherlands during the period 1966–1981.
Probabilistic Versions of the Short-Run Herbert—Stevens Model
Authors: Grigg T J
Published: October 2006

The original Penn—Jersey housing market model proposed by Herbert and Stevens and many of its early modifications are deterministic in construct. It is therefore unreasonable to expect such models to account adequately for observed market behaviour. For more realistic and operationally useful models, a probabilistic approach is required. Several probabilistic versions of the short-run (fixed housing supply) Herbert—Stevens model have been published in the literature, the models being derived by employing either entropy-maximising methodology and/or random utility theory. Limited empirical testing of the models has been reported. The aim of this paper is to consolidate the existing models into a general model structure using probabilistic random utility theory. The major departure from existing versions will be the recognition of within-dwelling-type attribute variability and the extent to which this variability is perceived by locators. This additional source of variability introduces another parameter into the model. When applied to a published empirical example, the proposed model results in greatly improved empirical performance.
The Shape of City-Size Distributions in a Central Place System
Authors: Beguin H
Published: October 2006

The purpose of the paper is to provide an explanation for the shape of city-size distributions in the context of a central place system. Under given assumptions, a model is presented relating this distribution to individual labour productivity and individual consumption pattern. Simulation results show how variations in productivity and consumption explain the slope and curvature (primacy, convexity, S-shape) of city-size distributions.
The City around the Clock: Space—Time Patterns of Urban Ecological Structure
Authors: Goodchild M F , Janelle D G
Published: October 2006

The space—time diaries for more than 1500 respondents in Halifax, Canada are used to generate census-like data for spatial units at six different times during the day. A space—time factorial ecology reveals distinctive diurnal patterns in the city's social geography. Aside from illustrating temporal variations in traditional factors, such as status and family orientation, additional factors relating to activity patterns and their social settings are identified.
Justice and Efficiency with the Sum of Discounted Consumption Flows Method
Authors: Kula E
Published: October 2006

In an attempt to criticise the recently established public sector investment evaluation method, which is known as the sum of discounted consumption flows, Price makes a number of points. First, the method may yield perplexing results in practice, especially in forestry investments; second, it tends to discriminate against present generations; third, the method yields less-efficient results than the net present value criterion. All of these points are based on superficial analyses for which counterarguments are presented in the text to clarify the situation.
The Cusp Catastrophe in the Urban Retail Model
Authors: Kaashoek J F , Vorst A C F
Published: October 2006

In this paper we will show that for a suitable choice of the parameters in an urban retail model as developed by Huff and by Lakshmanen and Hansen one finds a cusp catastrophe in the surface of equilibrium points. We give some economic consequences of the fact that we have a cusp catastrophe. Furthermore, we show that for other choices of the parameters the equilibrium points of the model depend smoothly on the parameters.
Committee Rules OK? An Examination of Planning Committee Action on Officer Recommendations
Authors: Fleming S C , Short J R
Published: October 2006

In this paper the authors examine the role of councillors at the committee stage of development-control decisions. Their rejection of officer recommendations is studied for Bracknell District Council between 1974 and 1981. In rejecting recommendations, the committee may act to facilitate the approval of an application, or it may attempt to block a proposal. The issues at stake and the consequences of their actions are discussed.
The Revolution in International Capital Markets: Urban Growth and Australian Cities
Authors: Daly M T
Published: October 2006

Australia has suffered in line with other nations from the recession of the 1970s. Behind the downturn lay a major structural change in the economies of Western Nations; a change which resulted from the movement from a system of monopoly capitalism to one of global capitalism. Much attention has been paid to the rise of multinational manufacturing corporations in this process; relatively little to the fundamental revision of the world's capital markets.

The process of change began with the shortcomings of the Bretton Woods system and the rise of the Eurocurrencies. A vast and undisciplined international capital market was created, the hallmarks of which were highly volatile exchange rates and a greatly expanded pool of capital which was very mobile. The power of individual governments to control the system was reduced, and the new system was organized through a group of key global cities which operated the market throughout the world on a twenty-four-hour basis. A fourfold hierarchy of centres evolved. In Australia there was an historic transition from the dominance of Melbourne to that of Sydney as a result of the changing world scene.

The growth of the international markets has produced a revolution in the distribution of wealth and activities throughout the world. The problems resulting from this have called for a regulatory body to control the new system. The prospects for creating such a body are clouded by the scale of the problem and by the lack of understanding of its causes. The result is an indecisive and probably wrongly directed approach to the question of regional development.
Determinants of Housing Expenditure in Australia
Authors: Butler G J , Flood J , Tucker S N
Published: October 2006

Research on the determinants of housing expenditure in Australia is limited by inadequate treatment of the distinction between three types of households: home renters, homeowners in the process of purchase, and homeowners who own outright. In this paper the authors use published and unpublished cross-sectional data from 1966–1968 and 1975–1976 to demonstrate the importance of the various determinants of housing across the three household types and, for the first time, to compare the characteristics at two points in time almost a decade apart. It was found that the influence of sociodemographic variables such as age, employment status, and household size was statistically significant, and that their influence varied considerably across the three household types. Detailed analysis has shown that income elasticity estimates of demand for housing were all found to be invariant over time, to be substantially less than 1.0 and to differ markedly between tenure type, with home renters having the lowest values (0.46–0.49), outright homeowners the highest (0.69), and mortgaged homeowners in between (0.53–0.59).
Housing Policy and Conversions to Condominiums in the Netherlands
Authors: van Weesep J , Maas M W A
Published: October 2006

The conversion of rental housing to condominiums has become a significant feature of the housing markets in major Dutch cities. The large number of conversions is in part a reaction to housing market regulations, by which specific categories of households are de facto excluded from the rental market. The conversion of the rental units and their subsequent sale to owner-occupiers diminished the availability of rental housing, which aroused the concern of housing authorities.

Their evaluation of the conversion activity had direct implications for policy, but so far the enacted controls on conversion to condominiums have been ineffective, and occupancy regulations have been nullified by the courts.

After discussing the origin of condominiums in the Netherlands, we sketch the context of the current housing policies. This precedes a description of the conversion activity in the cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam and of the futile attempts at regulation. We conclude with an evaluation of the conversion phenomenon.
Individual and Geographical Variation in Longitudinal Voting Data for England 1964–1970
Authors: Pickles A R , Davies R B , Crouchley R
Published: October 2006

A two-state Markov model of individual voting transitions is developed which allows voters to differ with respect to their voting propensities and loyalties. Such a model allows the estimation of various process parameters without the specification errors common in other models. Additional parameters are introduced to allow for the effects of a third party, considerably extending the scope of application. The model is applied to the electoral voting histories for 1964, 1966, and 1970 of 671 individuals from sixty-seven English constituencies.
A Robust Analysis of a Minority Census: The Distribution of Travelling People in England
Authors: Sibley D
Published: October 2006

Although there must be some doubts about the value of economic and social analyses of peripheral minority groups in promoting their interests, an account of the spatial dimensions of the Traveller community in England may at least help to dispel some myths. Counts of caravans compiled by the Department of the Environment are described using exploratory data methods. The distributional pattern and the patterns of variability and periodicity provide some clues about the factors contributing to change, but local studies are required to complement this kind of analysis if the statistics are to be useful in critical evaluations of policy.
Energy and Spatial Structure: A Rural Example
Authors: Owens S E
Published: October 2006

Energy requirements for the journey to work, resulting from alternative population and employment growth patterns in a rural area of England, are estimated and compared. Both the absolute and relative energy-efficiency of alternative land-use patterns are shown to depend on assumptions about future mobility, implying that ideal spatial structures cannot be defined without reference to other important factors affecting travel behaviour and life-styles. Current trends in the area are leading to the land-use patterns which consistently emerged as being energy intensive in the analysis.