bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximin and Bayesian robust experimental design for measurement set selection in modelling biochemical regulatory systems
Authors: He Fei , Brown Martin , Yue Hong
Published: March 2010

Experimental design is important in system identification, especially when the models are complex and the measurement data are sparse and noisy, as often occurs in modelling of biochemical regulatory networks. The quality of conventional optimal experimental design largely depends on the accuracy of model parameter estimation, which is often either unavailable or poorly estimated at the stage of design. Robust experimental design (RED) algorithms have thus been proposed when model parametric uncertainties need to be addressed during the design process. In this paper, two robust design strategies are investigated and the comparative study has been made on signal pathway models. The first method is a maximin experimental design approach which is a worst‐case design strategy, and the second method is the Bayesian experimental design that ‘takes an average’ of the parametric uncertainty effects. The limitations of the maximin design which describes the structural uncertainty using a local Taylor representation are quantitatively evaluated. To better quantitatively assess the differences between the maximin and the Bayesian REDs, a concept of effective design parameters is proposed, from which the advantages of the Bayesian design is demonstrated especially in the case of large model uncertainties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive load balancing management technique for RFID middleware systems
Authors: Chae Heung Seok , Park Jae Geol , Cui Jian Feng , Lee Joon Sang
Published: March 2010

In recent years, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) industries have taken a great interest in utilizing the benefits of RFID for supply chain management, inventory control and various other applications. This paper proposed an adaptive load balancing technique for RFID middleware systems to meet the demands of scalability and heterogeneity. First, we explored five basic load balancing policies, namely, information policy, job selection policy, transfer policy, initiation policy and location policy. Eighteen load balancing schemes were then proposed for RFID middleware systems that were combinations of various types of the five basic load balancing policies. Our empirical study suggested that these load balancing strategies performed differently under different workload statuses. Finally, an adaptive load balancing strategy was proposed. The load balancing schemes and the proposed adaptive load balancing strategy have been implemented in the RFID Middleware Load Management System (RM‐LMS). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Mind the Gap: Challenges in Characterizing and Quantifying Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapies for Clinical Translation
Authors: Rayment Erin A. , Williams David J.
Published: March 2010

There are many challenges associated with characterizing and quantifying cells for use in cell- and tissue-based therapies. From a regulatory perspective, these advanced treatments must not only be safe and effective but also be made by high-quality manufacturing processes that allow for on-time delivery of viable products. Although sterility assays can be adapted from conventional bioprocessing, cell- and tissue-based therapies require more stringent safety assessments, especially in relation to use of animal products, immune reaction, and potential instability due to extended culture times. Furthermore, cell manufacturers who plan to use human embryonic stem cells in their therapies need to be particularly stringent in their final purification steps, due to the unrestricted growth potential of these cells. This review summarizes the current issues in characterization and quantification for cell- and tissue-based therapies, dividing these challenges into the regulatory themes of safety, potency, and manufacturing quality. It outlines current assays in use, as well as highlights the limits of many of these product release tests. Mode of action is discussed, with particular reference to in vitro surrogate assays that can be used to provide information to correlate with proposed in vivo patient efficacy. Importantly, this review highlights the requirement for basic research to improve current knowledge on the in vivo fate of these treatments; as well as an improved stakeholder negotiation process to identify the measurement requirements that will ensure the manufacture of the best possible cell- and tissue-based therapies within the shortest timeframe for the most patient benefit.
Concise Review: Isoforms of OCT4 Contribute to the Confusing Diversity in Stem Cell Biology
Authors: Wang Xia , Dai Jianwu
Published: March 2010

The human OCT4 gene can generate at least three transcripts (OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1) and four protein isoforms (OCT4A, OCT4B-190, OCT4B-265, and OCT4B-164) by alternative splicing and alternative translation initiation. OCT4A is a transcription factor responsible for the pluripotency properties of embryonic stem (ES) cells. While OCT4B cannot sustain ES cell self-renewal, it may respond to cell stresses. Yet, the function of OCT4B1 is still unclear. Lack of distinction of OCT4 isoforms could lead to confusions and controversies on OCT4 in various tissues and cells. One important issue we emphasize in this review article is that alternatively spliced transcripts and alternative translation products of OCT4 exhibit diverse expression patterns and functions. Furthermore, simple approaches and methods to detect and distinguish OCT4 isoforms are discussed. This article underscores the importance of identifying and discriminating the expression and functions of OCT4 isoforms in stem cell research.
Chronic nicotine exposure produces lateralized, age‐dependent dendritic remodeling in the rodent basolateral amygdala
Authors: Bergstrom Hadley C. , Smith Robert F. , Mollinedo Nadia S. , McDonald Craig G.
Published: March 2010

This study investigated the dendritic morphology of neurons located in the right and left basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic (IL) cortex following chronic nicotine exposure during adolescence or adulthood. Sprague–Dawley rats were administered subcutaneous injections of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg; free base) or saline three times per week for 2 weeks (six total injections). The dose period began on either postnatal day (P) 32 (adolescent) or P61 (adult). Twenty days following the end of dosing, brains were processed for Golgi‐Cox staining, and dendrites from principal neurons in the BLA and pyramidal neurons in the IL were digitally reconstructed in three dimensions. Morphometric analysis revealed a contrasting pattern of BLA dendritic morphology between the adolescent and adult pretreatment groups. In the adult control group, basilar dendritic length did not differ with respect to hemisphere. Nicotine induced robust hemispheric asymmetry by increasing dendritic length in the right hemisphere only. In contrast, adolescent nicotine exposure did not produce significant alteration of basilar dendritic morphology. There was, however, an indication that nicotine eliminated a naturally existing hemispheric asymmetry in the younger cohort. At both ages, nicotine produced a reduction in complexity of the apical tree of principal neurons. Chronic nicotine did not affect the dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons from the IL in either age group, indicating another dimension of anatomical specificity. Collectively, these data implicate the BLA as a target for lasting neuroplasticity associated with chronic nicotine exposure. Further, hemispheric differences in dendritic morphology were uncovered that depended on the age of nicotine exposure, a finding that underscores the importance of considering laterality when investigating neurodevelopmental effects of drug exposure. Synapse 64:754–764, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simplified bit error rate evaluation of Nagakami‐mPSK systems with phase error recovery
Authors: Smadi Mahmoud A. , Aljazar Saleh O. , Ghaeb Jasim A.
Published: March 2010

An efficient analytical and simulation techniques were developed to analyze the bit error rate of PSK Nakagami‐mfading systems with imperfect carrier recovery. We evaluate the detection loss due to the carrier recovery for different rms phase error values when coherent BPSK and QPSK systems are used in wireless channels. Our results are useful in designing practical systems and will enable designers to determine the phase precision of PSK systems in wireless environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Analysis between Clinical Outcomes of Primary Radical Resection and Second Completion Radical Resection for T2 Gallbladder Cancer: Single‐center Experience
Authors: Cho Seong Yeon , Park Sang‐Jae , Kim Seong Hoon , Han Sung‐Sik , Kim Young‐Kyu , Lee Kwang‐Woong
Published: March 2010

Background

Gallbladder (GB) cancer may be discovered incidentally by histopathologic examination following simple cholecystectomy. Incidental GB cancer ≥T2 or ≥N1 needs a second radical resection. It is a matter of concern whether the prognosis may be worse in patients with T2GB cancer who undergo a second radical resection than in those who undergo primary radical resection.

Methods

Between March 2001 and March 2009, 21 patients underwent a one‐step operation (OSO group), and 17 patients underwent a two‐step operation (TSO group) for T2GB cancer. We compared clinicopathologic factors and survival between patients in the OSO group (n = 9) and those in the TSO group (n = 9) with T2N0M0 GB cancer and between patients in the OSO group (n = 12) and those in the TSO group (n = 8) with T2N1M0 GB cancer.

Results

Except for patient age, clinicopathologic factors as well as disease‐free survival were not significantly different between the OSO group and the TSO group in the aforementioned cancer stages. Patient age was significantly higher in the OSO group than in the TSO group.

Conclusions

Second completion radical resection following initial simple cholecystectomy (TSO) provided a survival benefit similar to that of primary radical surgery (OSO) for patients with both T2N0M0 and T2N1M0 GB cancers in our study.
Brief report: Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome in older adolescents: Prevalence and correlates
Authors: Pallesen Ståle , Saxvig Ingvild West , Molde Helge , S⊘rensen Eli , Wilhelmsen‐Langeland Ane , Bjorvatn Bj⊘rn
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of “behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome (BIISS)” which is a newly defined hypersomnia, among adolescents. BIISS is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, short habitual sleep duration and sleeping considerably longer than usual during weekend/vacations. The study was conducted in the Hordaland County, Norway using a cluster sampling procedure. In all, 1285 high school students (aged 16–19 years) participated by completing self‐report questionnaires on a computer. The estimated prevalence of BIISS was 10.4%. The results from logistic regression analyses showed that use of alcohol and living in an urban area were positively related to BIISS, whereas a high level of education in mothers was negatively related to BIISS. BIISS was associated with poor grades and symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Automated Luminescence-Based Cytochrome P450 Profiling Using a Simple, Elegant Robotic Platform
Authors: Larson Brad , Banks Peter , Cali James J. , Sobol Mary , Shultz Sarah
Published: March 2010

The determination of inhibitory effects that lead compounds have on cytochrome P450 (CYP) ezymes is an important part of today's drug discovery process. Assays can be performed early in the discovery process to predict adverse drug—drug interactions caused by CYP inhibition and to minimize the costs associated with terminating candidates in late stage development or worse, removing a drug from the market after launch. For early discovery work, testing substantial numbers of compounds is desirable, thus automated “mix and read” assays are beneficial. Here, we demonstrate the automation of the CYP profiling process using a simple, yet robust robotic platform. Compound titration, as well as transfer of compounds and assay components was performed by the same automated pipetting system. IC50s of small molecule drugs were determined using recombinant CYP enzymes, CYP3A4, −2C9, and −2D6 and luminogenic substrates specific to each. Compounds were profiled against all three enzymes on the same 384-well assay plate.
Matrix Effects—A Challenge toward Automation of Molecular Analysis
Authors: Chiu May L. , Lawi Walson , Snyder Steven T. , Wong Pak Kin , Liao Joseph C. , Gau Vincent
Published: March 2010

Many components in biological matrices influence the result of an analysis, affecting assay sensitivity and reproducibility. Improved matrix management becomes critical as requirements for higher assay sensitivity and increased process throughput become more demanding. There are several robotic laboratory automation systems that are commercially available, which serve to minimize matrix interference by performing purification and extraction protocols. However, there is an unmet need of inline matrix effect reduction solutions to reduce the processing time and cost for automated sample preparation. In microfluidics, effective matrix management is essential for developing fully integrated systems capable of meeting these requirements. This review surveys current biological matrix management techniques for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods and binding assays with a view toward building automatable processes. For some systems, simple sample-preparation methods, such as dilution and protein precipitation (PPT), are sufficient, whereas other systems require labor-intensive methods, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). To achieve high throughput, PPT, LLE, and SPE have been adopted to 96-well-plate format. Online SPE has also been coupled with LC-MS/MS to automate sample preparation and analysis of urine, plasma, and serum matrices. However, offline processing of whole blood is still required to obtain plasma and serum. The ultimate goal of implementing sample preparation to reduce matrix effects within untreated sample is to achieve reproducibility and sensitivity required by the application; therefore, inline sample preparation integrated with molecular analysis will be highly significant for laboratory automation. Electrokinetic methods have the potential of handling whole-blood, urine, and saliva samples and can be incorporated into microfluidic systems for full automation. Optimization of analysis conditions and the use of appropriate standards have likewise assisted in reducing or correcting matrix effects and will also be discussed.
Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty for treatment of dysphagia
Authors: Hendricker Ryan M. , deSilva Brad W. , Forrest L. Arick
Published: March 2010

Objective

Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty is a well described procedure for the management of glottal incompetence with associated phonatory disturbance. Limited literature exists describing the use of this procedure in the management of dysphagia. We describe our experience with Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty and the treatment of dysphagia.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Between April 2000 and September 2008, 189 Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasties were performed on 180 patients by the senior author. Complete records and analysis were available for and performed on 121 procedures for 113 patients. The main outcome measures were discontinuation of gastrostomy tube (g‐tube) use or avoidance of g‐tube, as well as clinical subjective improvement in swallowing function.

Results

Fifty‐seven of 113 (50%) patients had complaints of dysphagia at presentation, with 47 of 57 (82%) having an objective swallowing evaluation. Thirty‐two of 47 (68%) had documented penetration and/or aspiration. Twenty of 57 (35%) patients with dysphagia required g‐tubes for alimentation. Eleven of 20 (55%) patients were able to discontinue g‐tube use after Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty, and an additional five patients with aspiration were able to avoid need for g‐tubes with Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty and swallowing therapy.

Conclusions

Gore‐Tex medialization laryngoplasty is a well tolerated and well described treatment for the management of glottal incompetence. The procedure is an appropriate adjunct in dysphagia management for the appropriate patient population.
Long‐term prognosis of low‐frequency hearing loss and predictive factors for the 10‐year outcome
Authors: Oishi Naoki , Inoue Yasuhiro , Saito Hideyuki , Kanzaki Sho , Kanzaki Jin , Ogawa Kaoru
Published: March 2010

Objectives

To determine the long‐term prognosis of low‐frequency hearing loss and predictive factors for the 10‐year outcome of low‐frequency hearing loss.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

From 1979 to 1998, 466 consecutive patients with low‐frequency hearing loss received initial treatment at the Hearing and Tinnitus Clinic of Keio University Hospital. Of the 49 eligible patients, pure‐tone threshold data obtained over a period of 10 years after onset of low‐frequency hearing loss were available for analysis. To determine the progression of hearing loss, we analyzed audiometric pattern changes. We also examined how the following factors affected 10‐year prognosis: sex, age, side of hearing loss, accompanying dizziness, pre‐therapeutic hearing thresholds at low frequencies, initial therapy results, and fluctuation of hearing during the first year after onset.

Results

High‐ and pan‐frequency hearing loss increased as time progressed. About half of the cases developed high‐ or pan‐frequency hearing loss within 10 years of onset. Audiometric patterns measured at 10 years significantly correlated with those measured at one (r = 0.57), three (r = 0.73), and five years (r = 0.85). The 10‐year prognosis significantly correlated with only two factors: initial therapy results (r = 0.49) and fluctuation of hearing during the first year (r = 0.43).

Conclusions

About half of the cases in our study developed high‐ or pan‐frequency hearing loss within 10 years of onset of low‐frequency hearing loss. The initial therapy results and fluctuation of hearing during the first year may indicate the long‐term prognosis of patients presenting with low‐frequency hearing loss.
High‐speed digital imaging of the neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy
Authors: Saito Koichiro , Kimura Miwako , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nito Takaharu , Tayama Niro , Shiotani Akihiro
Published: March 2010

Objective

To determine the utility of high‐speed digital imaging (HSDI) in evaluating vocal kinetics of the neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (SCL‐CHEP).

Study Design

Case series.

Setting

The University of Tokyo Hospital.

Subjects and Methods

High‐speed digital recordings of laryngeal images were obtained from six patients after SCL‐CHEP to clarify the vocal kinetics of the postoperative neoglottis. Simultaneous recording of electroglottograms (EGGs) were obtained and multiline kymograms were generated on the basis of the recorded images. The distribution of frequency, amplitude, and phase in the neoglottis were visualized by using gradients of colors superimposed onto the glottal and supraglottal areas of laryngeal images to produce laryngeal topograms. Furthermore, waveforms of estimated laryngeal sound source (ELSS) were obtained on the basis of glottal inverse filtering of the vocal signal to reflect vibratory motions in the neoglottis. The vibratory part of the neoglottis was determined as a possible sound source when the frequencies of the ELSS, EGG, and laryngeal topograms, as well as the waveforms of ELSS, EGG, and kymograms, were consistent with each other.

Results

Spaces between the arytenoid(s) and epiglottis (5 patients) or pyriform sinus mucosa (1 patient) were estimated as the major source of sound during postoperative vocalization. The possible sound source could be determined by HSDI, even in the neoglottis, with more than one vibratory position.

Conclusion

HSDI could be useful for evaluating the vocal kinetics of the neoglottis after SCL‐CHEP.
Effects of type II thyroplasty on adductor spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Sanuki Tetsuji , Yumoto Eiji , Minoda Ryosei , Kodama Narihiro
Published: March 2010

Objectives

Type II thyroplasty, or laryngeal framework surgery, is based on the hypothesis that the effect of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) on the voice is due to excessively tight closure of the glottis, hampering phonation. Most of the previous, partially effective treatments have aimed to relieve this tight closure, including recurrent laryngeal nerve section or avulsion, extirpation of the adductor muscle, and botulinum toxin injection, which is currently the most popular. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of type II thyroplasty on aerodynamic and acoustic findings in patients with AdSD.

Study Design

Case series.

Setting

University hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Ten patients with AdSD underwent type II thyroplasty between August 2006 and December 2008. Aerodynamic and acoustic analyses were performed prior to and six months after surgery. Mean flow rates (MFRs) and voice efficiency were evaluated with a phonation analyzer. Jitter, shimmer, the harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (HNR), standard deviation of the fundamental frequency (SDF0), and degree of voice breaks (DVB) were measured from each subject's longest sustained phonation sample of the vowel /a/.

Results

Voice efficiency improved significantly after surgery. No significant difference was found in the MFRs between before and after surgery. Jitter, shimmer, HNR, SDF0, and DVB improved significantly after surgery.

Conclusions

Treatment of AdSD with type II thyroplasty significantly improved aerodynamic and acoustic findings. The results of this study suggest that type II thyroplasty provides relief from voice strangulation in patients with AdSD.
Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 staining in parotid cancer patients: Markers of susceptibility in radiotherapy?
Authors: Giotakis John , Gomatos Ilias P. , Alevizos Leonidas , Georgiou Anastasia N. , Leandros Emmanuel , Konstadoulakis Manousos M. , Manolopoulos Leonidas
Published: March 2010

Objective

Negative bcl‐2 and HLA‐DR protein expression have been associated with responsiveness to adjuvant radiotherapy in surgically treated parotid cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 protein expression in a group of surgically treated patients to determine whether they also suggest markers of responsiveness to adjuvant radiotherapy.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Otolaryngology department in a university hospital.

Subjects and Methods

The immunohistochemical expression of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 were studied in paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens originating from 27 surgically treated parotid cancer patients and nine patients with Warthin parotid tumors (control group) and correlated with the patients' clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome.

Results

Caspase‐8 negative staining was more frequently observed in higher TNM stages and in tumors measuring more than 4 cm (P = 0.009 and P = 0.018, respectively). Caspase‐8 (−)/cytochrome c (−) patients carried low‐grade lesions without nodal involvement (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively). Caspase‐8 (−) patients who received postoperative radiotherapy presented a significantly increased disease‐free survival compared to those who did not (P = 0.04). Patients bearing bax (−) tumors who received postoperative radiotherapy presented an improved four‐year disease‐free survival compared to bax (−) patients who did not receive any type of adjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.017).

Conclusion

Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 protein expression failed to independently predict survival in parotid cancer patients. However, patients with bax (−) or caspase‐8 (−) tumors should be considered as candidates for adjuvant radiotherapy in order to achieve better local disease control.
Auto‐crosslinked hyaluronan gel injections in phonosurgery
Authors: Molteni Gabriele , Bergamini Giuseppe , Ricci‐Maccarini Andrea , Marchese Caterina , Ghidini Angelo , Alicandri‐Ciufelli Matteo , Luppi Maria Pia , Presutti Livio
Published: March 2010

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical performance of an auto‐crosslinked gel obtained from hyaluronic acid (ACP‐based gel) as an anti‐adhesive agent and/or augmentative agent in vocal cord surgery for the treatment of vocal fold (VF) atrophy, sulcus vocalis, and postsurgery scarring as well as its tolerability at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.

Study Design

This was a prospective multicenter trial conducted between 2007 and 2009.

Setting

Academic center.

Subjects and Methods

Inclusion criteria were patients with glottic gap due to previous endoscopic phonosurgery, VF scars, vocal cord atrophy, and sulcus vocalis. Forty patients who underwent endoscopic injection of hyaluronic acid under general anesthesia were enrolled. Two different injections sites were used: the thyroarytenoid muscle in cases of glottic gap for augmentative purposes, and the lamina propria for treatment of scars and sulcus vocalis. A voice‐evaluation protocol was performed before surgery, at the first follow‐up visit (3 mo), and at the final follow‐up (12 mo).

Results

Follow‐up data at three months were available for 38 patients, while data at 12 months follow‐up were available for 27 patients. No side effects, hematoma, or infection and allergic reactions were reported in either the perioperative or postoperative period. Patients had statistically significant improvement in voice parameters compared with the baseline data at the first follow‐up visit and at the 12‐month follow‐up.

Conclusion

ACP‐based gel seems to be a new tool in the challenging treatment of VF scarring, functioning as both an anti‐adhesive product and an augmentation agent. Improvements in all glottal parameters and in both objective and subjective evaluation of voice performance were observed.
Measurements of adult lingual tonsil tissue in health and disease
Authors: Friedman Michael , Wilson Meghan N. , Pulver Tanya M. , Golbin Dina , Lee George P. , Gorelick Gleb , Joseph Ninos J.
Published: March 2010

Objectives

To report computed tomography (CT) measurements of lingual tonsil tissue (LTT) in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), both LPR and OSAHS, or neither disease.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Subjects and Methods

Ninety‐eight patients with CT scans including the tongue base and complete historical data regarding the presence or absence of symptoms, signs, and laboratory confirmation of LPR and/or OSAHS were included. LTT was measured on CT. Charts of patients meeting inclusion criteria were subsequently reviewed and patients were divided into four groups: 1) those without LPR or OSAHS, 2) those with LPR only, 3) those with OSAHS only, and 4) those with both LPR and OSAHS. Statistical analysis focused on correlating LTT thickness with the presence or absence of LPR and/or OSAHS.

Results

The mean LTT thickness for group 1 (21 patients without reflux or OSAHS) was 0.937 mm (range 0‐2.67 mm). The mean for group 2 (29 patients with LPR only) was 3.35 mm (range 0‐7.4 mm). The mean for group 3 (16 patients with OSAHS only) was 4.29 mm (range 0‐9 mm). The mean for group 4 (32 patients with LPR and OSAHS) was 4.00 mm (range 0‐19.2 mm). The mean for group 1 was lower than the other 3 groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

CT images including the tongue base allow precise measurement of LTT thickness. LTT > 2.7 mm was not identified in patients without OSAHS or LPR. The mean LTT for patients with LPR and/or OSAHS was significantly greater than for patients without either disease.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition causes luminal narrowing and ring thickening in the cricoid cartilage
Authors: Martinez‐Alvernia Efrain A. , Mankarious Leila A.
Published: March 2010

Objective

Luminal expansion of the cricoid cartilage appears to be stunted by loss of luminal epithelium (LE) and can be enhanced by transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3). When both the LE and perichondrium are disrupted, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels within adjacent chondrocytes are diminished but can be restored by exogenous TGF‐β3. Cricoid growth stunting and luminal expansion that occur in the absence and presence of MMP activity, respectively, suggest that MMPs play an important role in normal subglottal development. The study objective was to determine if MMP inhibition affects cricoid expansion and by what mechanism, which will in turn help to define the mechanism of action of TGF‐β3‐induced luminal expansion.

Study Design

Ex vivo, in vitro whole organ culture of subglottises grown with and without the presence of an MMP inhibitor.

Setting

Tertiary care facility.

Subjects and Methods

Subglottises from 20 neonatal mice were divided into 10 grown with an MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and 10 grown in basic medium alone. The luminal cross‐sectional area, apoptosis levels, cell proliferation rates, and presence or absence of cleaved aggrecan fragments were determined.

Results

Subglottises that were exposed to the MMP inhibitor displayed statistically significant luminal narrowing, accompanied by apparent circumferential thickening of the cricoid ring, relatively decreased apoptosis, increased chondrocyte proliferation, and decreased amounts of aggrecan cleavage fragments in the extracellular matrix.

Conclusion

Matrix metalloproteinases likely play a significant role in growth of the cricoid cartilage such that their inhibition leads to marked changes in the shape of the ring.
How to review journal manuscripts
Authors: Rosenfeld Richard M.
Published: March 2010

Reviewing manuscripts is central to editorial peer review, which arose in the early 1900s in response to the editor's need for expert advice to help select quality articles from numerous submissions. Most reviewers learn by trial and error, often giving up along the way because the process is far from intuitive. This primer will help minimize errors and maximize enjoyment in reviewing. Topics covered include responding to a review invitation, crafting comments to editors and authors, offering a recommended disposition, dealing with revised manuscripts, and understanding roles and responsibilities. The target audience is primarily novice reviewers, but seasoned reviewers should also find useful pearls to assist their efforts.
PERIODIC 2-GRAPHS ARISING FROM SUBSHIFTS
Authors: PASK DAVID , RAEBURN IAIN , WEAVER NATASHA A.
Published: March 2010

Higher-rank graphs were introduced by Kumjian and Pask to provide models for higher-rank Cuntz–Krieger algebras. In a previous paper, we constructed 2-graphs whose path spaces are rank-two subshifts of finite type, and showed that this construction yields aperiodic 2-graphs whoseC*-algebras are simple and are not ordinary graph algebras. Here we show that the construction also gives a family of periodic 2-graphs which we calldomino graphs. We investigate the combinatorial structure of domino graphs, finding interesting points of contact with the existing combinatorial literature, and prove a structure theorem for theC*-algebras of domino graphs.
Party Policy and Group Affiliation in the European Parliament
Authors: McElroy Gail , Benoit Kenneth
Published: March 2010

Systematic empirical research has yet to explain how national parties join political groups in the European Parliament. This article first demonstrates, using original empirical measures from expert surveys of party positions, that EP party groups consist of national parties sharing similar policy positions. Secondly, using Bayesian/MCMC methods, the paper estimates the policy determinants of group affiliation using a (conditional) multinomial logit model to explain that ‘party group’ choice is largely driven by policy congruence. Finally, predictions from the model identify national parties not in their ‘ideally congruent’ EP groups. The findings suggest that the organization of and switching between EP groups is driven mainly by a concern to minimize policy incongruence between national and transnational levels.
Citrobacter freundiicausing pharyngitis and secondary retropharyngeal abscess with intrathoracic extension to the diaphragm: minimally invasive management of a rare case
Authors: Trinidade A , Sekhawat V , Andreou Z , Meldrum J , Kamat S , Panesar J
Published: March 2010

Introduction:

Citrobacter freundiiis a rare but potentially aggressive cause of pharyngitis which may progress to retropharyngeal abscess with diaphragmatic extension.

Objective:

To raise awareness of: (1) citrobacter as a potential cause of head and neck infection, including retropharyngeal abscess; (2) a novel surgical approach to draining such an abscess; and (3) citrobacter's particular biological properties which may affect the clinical course.

Method:

Case report.

Results:

The abscess was drained via a minimally invasive posterior pharyngeal wall incision and placement of a suction catheter into the mediastinum through this incision. Residual intrathoracic collections were drained by the cardiothoracic team via percutaneous aspiration. The patient made a full recovery.

Conclusion:

Early recognition of citrobacter head and neck infections, an awareness of the peculiarities of the clinical course of such infections, and timely surgical intervention can prevent catastrophic outcomes. A minimally invasive approach to mediastinal collections can be considered as a viable alternative to open thoracotomy, which carries a high morbidity rate.
Management of carcinoma showing thymus-like element
Authors: Biswas D , Karsai L , Atkin S L , England R J
Published: March 2010

Objective:

To consolidate the key features of carcinoma showing thymus-like element, including its management.

Method:

We present our experience of the difficult diagnosis and management of this rare tumour. We also present the results of an extensive literature search, documenting those aspects of the clinical picture, natural history and management of carcinoma showing thymus-like element which are relevant to head and neck surgeons.

Result:

Intrathyroidal, epithelial carcinoma showing thymus-like element is a rare, malignant tumour of the thyroid gland, with histopathological features similar to squamous cell carcinoma but a more favourable prognosis. It is usually treated surgically using a combination of total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in selected cases.

Conclusion:

Carcinoma showing thymus-like element of the thyroid gland is a rare condition. Head and neck surgeons with a thyroid interest should be aware of this tumour, because of its close histological resemblance to other, commoner malignancies of the thyroid gland.
Cana, café, cacau: agrarian structure and educational inequalities in Brazil
Authors: Wegenast Tim
Published: March 2010

The present paper explores the relationship between agrarian structure and human capital formation between and within Brazil’s federal units. It is argued that whether states’ agriculture is in plantation style, based on cheap coerced labor, or organized around family farming matters for the formulation of educational policies. According to the main claim, landlords were not interested in paying higher taxes to educate the masses and curtailed the expansion of schooling in order to keep a cheap workforce and maintain their monopoly over the decision-making process. Describing several episodes in Brazil’s history of public instruction, the paper stresses the distributional conflicts over education as well as the rural aristocracy’s resistance towards broadly-targeted, citizenship-enhancing educational policies. The descriptive evidence is complemented by statistical analyses employing historical as well as more recent data. It is shown that states characterized by a more egalitarian land distribution, which are not under the dominance of powerful landlords, exhibit better educational coverage and enhanced instruction quality. They also spend more on schooling.
Are factor endowments fate?
Authors: Nugent Jeffrey B. , Robinson James A.
Published: March 2010

In recent theories of comparative development, the role of institutional differences has been crucial. Yet, what explains comparative institutional evolution? We investigate this issue by studying the coffee exporting economies of Latin America. Although homogeneous in many ways, they experienced radically different paths of economic (and political) development, which is conventionally traced to the differential organization of the coffee industry. We show that the different forms that the coffee economy took in the 19thcentury was critically determined by the legal environment determining access to land, and that different laws resulted from differences in the nature of political competition and the backgrounds of political elites. Our analysis suggests that explanations of institutional differences that stress economic fundamentals can only be part of the story. At least in the economies that we study, while geography, factor endowments and technology are clearly important, their implications for the institutional structure and thus development are conditional on the form that political competition takes in society. For interesting variations in economic outcomes, endowments are not fate.
Learning Qualitative Differential Equation models: a survey of algorithms and applications
Authors: Pang Wei , Coghill George M.
Published: March 2010

Over the last two decades, qualitative reasoning (QR) has become an important domain in Artificial Intelligence. QDE (Qualitative Differential Equation) model learning (QML), as a branch of QR, has also received an increasing amount of attention; many systems have been proposed to solve various significant problems in this field. QML has been applied to a wide range of fields, including physics, biology and medical science. In this paper, we first identify the scope of this review by distinguishing QML from other QML systems, and then review all the noteworthy QML systems within this scope. The applications of QML in several application domains are also introduced briefly. Finally, the future directions of QML are explored from different perspectives.
Soil preservation and ventifact recycling from dry-based glaciers in Antarctica
Authors: Bockheim James G.
Published: March 2010

Soil preservation from three glacial thermal regimes was examined in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) using the University of Wisconsin Antarctic Soils Database (http://nsidc.org/data/ggd221). Glacial thermal regimes included temperate (wet-based) glaciers from overriding of the TAM prior to c. 15Ma bp and subsequent polar (dry-based) glaciers. The glacial thermal regimes were distinguished from landform, sediment and erosional features. Buried soils were most common from deposition by dry-based glaciers (44 of 51 pedons). Several of these buried soils had a desert pavement intact with in situ ventifacts. Fifteen percent of the pedons contained recycled ventifacts in relict and buried soils that ranged from late Quaternary to Miocene in age, particularly in drift from dry-based glaciers (56 of 77 pedons). Overall 84% of the buried soils and 78% of the pedons with recycled ventifacts originated from dry-based glaciers. The proportion of soils with recycled clasts on a particular drift was greatest where the ratio of drift thickness to soil thickness (“recycling ratio”) was the least. These data illustrate the effectiveness of Antarctic dry-based glaciers in preserving underlying landforms and deposits, including soils. Moreover, the data imply that Antarctic glaciers have been recycling clasts for the past c. 15Ma. These findings have important implications in selecting surface boulders for cosmogenic dating.
Physical and psychological maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M. , Claussen Angelika H. , Sugarman David B.
Published: March 2010

Although maltreatment is known to have detrimental effects on socioemotional development, the relation of those effects to type of maltreatment and child age is not clear. Most studies either focus solely on physical abuse or do not differentiate among types of maltreatment. Furthermore, most concentrate on young children. Studies of psychological maltreatment in young children indicate that physical abuse and psychological maltreatment tend to co-occur, severity of injury is not related to severity of psychological maltreatment or to developmental problems, and severity of psychological maltreatment is related to developmental outcomes. The present study investigated (a) relations among types of physical and psychological maltreatment and (b) their effect on development in an ethnically diverse sample of maltreated school-age children and adolescents. The results indicated that, as in young children, physical and psychological maltreatment co-occurred in most cases. As with young children, severity of emotional abuse was related to severity of physical neglect in school-age children; among adolescents, however, it was related to severity of physical injury. Moreover, severity of emotional abuse was related to both behavior problems and depression. The differences between the patterns of effects for school-age children and those for adolescents are discussed, as are implications of the findings for intervention.
A stable trace formula for Igusa varieties
Authors: Shin Sug Woo
Published: March 2010

Igusa varieties are smooth varieties in positive characteristic p which are closely related to Shimura varieties and Rapoport–Zink spaces. One motivation for studying Igusa varieties is to analyse the representations in the cohomology of Shimura varieties which may be ramified at p. The main purpose of this work is to stabilize the trace formula for the cohomology of Igusa varieties arising from a PEL datum of type (A) or (C). Our proof is unconditional thanks to the recent proof of the fundamental lemma by Ngô, Waldspurger and many others.

An earlier work of Kottwitz, which inspired our work and proves the stable trace formula for the special fibres of PEL Shimura varieties with good reduction, provides an explicit way to stabilize terms at ∞. Stabilization away from p and ∞ is carried out by the usual Langlands–Shelstad transfer as in work of Kottwitz. The key point of our work is to develop an explicit method to handle the orbital integrals at p. Our approach has the technical advantage that we do not need to deal with twisted orbital integrals or the twisted fundamental lemma.

One application of our formula, among others, is the computation of the arithmetic cohomology of some compact PEL-type Shimura varieties of type (A) with non-trivial endoscopy. This is worked out in a preprint of the author's entitled ‘Galois representations arising from some compact Shimura varieties’.
Communicating terminal diagnoses to Hispanic patients
Authors: Carrion Iraida V.
Published: March 2010

Objective:

This study addressed factors physicians employ in their communication of a terminal diagnosis and a hospice referral to Hispanic patients.

Method:

The research method used was an exploratory qualitative in-depth semi-structured interview with thematic analysis. The interviews were with ten physicians in Central Florida. The interviews were conducted in Spanish and/or English with physicians who serve terminally ill Hispanic patients.

Results:

The findings provide vital information on factors that impact communication of diagnosis and hospice referral. Themes emerged relating to role of family members and end-of-life decision-making. Language barriers and limited knowledge of cultural factors and beliefs impacted communication related to end-of-life decisions. Gaps in training and education for physicians were also identified.

Significance of results:

These results suggest that discussing end-of-life issues with the diverse category of Hispanic patients and families will be enhanced by eliminating language barriers, increased understanding of the role of family members, and knowledge of cultural factors and beliefs related to end-of-life decisions.
The significance of fatigue in relatives of palliative patients
Authors: Carlsson Maria E.
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the significance of fatigue among relatives of palliative patients.

Method:

This pilot study has a descriptive and cross-sectional design and is the report of four open-ended questions focusing on the relatives' experiences of fatigue. The study population consisted of relatives of patients who were cared for in palliative care settings either at home or in an institution in Uppsala County during a specific day.

Results:

The relatives were very tired and identified worries, uncertainty, the patient's suffering, and many demands as the causes for the fatigue. The most obvious consequences of the tiredness were a lack of motivation, feelings of insufficiency and apathy, and putting their own interests aside. Many relatives expressed that having the company of close family members, taking exercise and spending time outdoors gave them strength to carry on. The health care system could make the situation easier for relatives of patients in palliative care by providing good care for the patient, and psychosocial support and respite care for the relatives.

Significance of results:

The result of the pilot study is only preliminary, but it showed that relatives caring for patients in a late palliative phase suffer from great fatigue and require more attention, both scientifically and in the clinical settings.
Hospice volunteer as patient advocate: A trait approach
Authors: Savery Carol A. , Egbert Nichole
Published: March 2010

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to examine traits of hospice volunteers that facilitate their success in this informal caregiving role, with the larger goal of alleviating the family caregiver burden and providing additional support to the hospice patient. To achieve this goal, a new scale was developed to tap into how hospice volunteers view their patient advocacy role.

Method:

Participants were 136 trained hospice volunteers from the Midwest who had direct contact with hospice patients. Volunteers mailed anonymous surveys that included measures of argumentativeness, locus of control, attitudes toward patient advocacy, and key demographic items. A new scale was developed to measure patient advocacy by hospice volunteers called the Hospice Volunteer as Patient Advocate.

Results:

Submitting this scale to exploratory factor analysis, two factors emerged: duty as patient advocate and support of patient rights. After performing a multiple regression analysis, results showed that female volunteers who were high in internal locus of control were more likely to perceive that volunteers have a duty as patient advocates. Younger volunteers with more years of volunteer experience, higher levels of internal locus of control, and lower external locus of control were more likely to support patient rights.

Significance of results:

The findings of this study could be used to formalize hospice volunteers' role as patient advocates, thus better utilizing them as committed, caring communicators and improving patient-centered care at end-of-life.