bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocompatibility of a Conventional Glass Ionomer, Ceramic Reinforced Glass Ionomer, Giomer and Resin Composite to Fibroblasts: In vitro Study
Authors: Tamilselvam S , Divyanand MJ , Neelakantan P
Published: April 2015

Objective: This aim of this study was at compare the fibroblast cytotoxicicty of four restorative materials - a conventional glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji Type II GIC), a ceramic reinforced glass ionomer cement (Amalgomer), a giomer (Beautifil II) and a resin composite (Filtek Z350) at three different time periods (24, 48 and 72 hours). Method: The succinyl dehydrogenase (MTT) assay was employed. Cylindrical specimens of each material (n=15) were prepared and stored in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium, following which L929 fibroblasts were cultured in 96 well plates. After 24 hours of incubation, the MTT assay was performed to detect the cell viability. The method was repeated after 48 and 72 hours. The impact of materials and exposure times on cytotoxicity of fibroblasts was statistically analyzed using two way ANOVA (P=0.05). Results: Both time and material had an impact on cell viability, with giomer demonstrating the maximum cell viability at all time periods. The cell viability in the giomer group was significantly different from all other materials at 24 and 72 hours (P<0.05), while at 48 hours giomer was significantly different only with resin composite (P<0.05). Conclusions: Giomers showed better biocompatibility than conventional and ceramic reinforced glass ionomer cements and, resin composite. Ceramic reinforced glass ionomer demonstrated superior biocompatibility compared to conventional glass ionomer.
Dental Findings in a Child with Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis (OS-CS): A Case Report
Authors: Nishiguchi M , Satoh K , Kamasaki Y , Hoshino T , Fujiwara T
Published: April 2015

The dental management of an 8-year-old girl with osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OS-CS) is described. The girl presented with various oral abnormalities. The aim of this case report was to describe in detail the dental findings in a patient with OC-CS and the precautions to be taken when planning treatment. In the present case, many dental anomalies, such as delayed eruption of the permanent teeth, obliteration of the dental pulp, short roots, fused roots and taurodontism, were detected. In patients with OS-CS, routine dental care from an early stage is recommended to manage this anomaly properly.
Orthodontic Treatment of Hypodontia and Delayed Development of a Maxillary Second Premolar
Authors: Tai K , Park JH , Kanao A
Published: April 2015

It can be difficult to formulate a definitive diagnosis and treatment plan for patients with hypodontia while dental development is still in progress. Proper radiographs should be used periodically to check for the possibility of delayed tooth development to reduce the potential of misdiagnosis and improper treatment. This article presents a case with orthodontic treatment of hypodontia and delayed development of a maxillary second premolar.
Propolis and Commonly Used Intracanal Irrigants. Comparative Evaluation of Inflammatory Potential
Authors: Jolly M , Singh N , Rathore M , Tandon S , Sharma S
Published: April 2015

The present study evaluated the inflammatory/irritant potential of propolis in comparison with commonly used intracanal irrigants such as chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide, with normal saline solution as control using an animal (Wistar rats) model. Method: 2% Evans blue was intravenously injected into the lateral caudal vein. 0.1 ml each of the test solutions was intradermally injected into the experimental sites designed on their shaved backs. The animals were then sacrificed after 1½ and 3 hours respectively. Each piece of skin containing the injected solution was excised, immersed in 4ml formamide and incubated at 45°C for 72 hours. After filtration with glass wool, optical density(OD) was measured using a spectro-photometer and analyzed statistically. Results: At 620 nm irrespective of time, the mean optical density with Calcium Hydroxide was found to be maximum (0.197±0.095) while that with DMSO Propolis was found to be minimum (0.070±0.016). Both at 90 min and 180 min, the mean optical density with Calcium Hydroxide was found to be maximum. Conclusions: On short term evaluation, maximum inflammation was seen with calcium hydroxide followed by chlorhexidine and DMSO extract of propolis. Minimum inflammation was seen with sterile physiologic saline. With progress of time, maximum inflammation was seen with calcium hydroxide followed by chlorhexidine and DMSO extract of propolis which was non-significant.
Pediatric Dental Practice and Changing Population Demographics: A Commentary
Authors: Waldman HB , Schindel RH , Perlman SP
Published: April 2015

U.S. Census Bureau reports for the 2010 census detail the slowing overall growth of the number of children with specific emphasis on the increasing proportion of Hispanic children in the population. A review of these data is considered in terms of the potential impact on pediatric dental practices.
Effectiveness of a New Fluoride Varnish for Caries Prevention In Pre-School Children
Authors: Pitchika V , Kokel C , Andreeva J , Crispin A , Hickel R , Kühnisch J , Heinrich-Weltzien R
Published: April 2015

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a new fluoride varnish (Clinpro White Varnish, 3M Espe, Seefeld, Germany) with regard to the caries incidence within a 2-year period. Study design: A non-randomized sample of 400 children from the Kyffhäuser district (Thuringia, Germany) was divided into a fluoride group (FG, biannual application of fluoride varnish) and control group (CG, no intervention). (Non-)cavitated caries lesions were recorded using World Health Organization (WHO) and Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) criteria. Parents were given questionnaires to gather information about their socio-economic status (SES). Non-parametric methods and binomial logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant increase in caries incidence in both groups. The number of non-cavitated carious lesions was significantly lower in the FG (mean 2.2; sd 2.3) compared with the CG (mean 2.9; sd 1.9). Initial statistical analysis revealed that fluoride varnish might prevent non-cavitated carious lesions. When including SES as a confounder into regression model, potential preventive effect was lost. Conclusions: This study underlines the importance of the multi-factorial etiology of caries and illustrates that the effectiveness of biannual fluoride varnish application was evident in non-cavitated carious lesions only.
Alternative Approaches to Managing the Cleft Alveolus
Authors: Sabarinath VP , Radhakrishnan Vasant , Hazarey PV , Sreeja Ravindran
Published: April 2015

The cleft alveolus component of the oral cleft deformity is addressed with a separate surgical stage. Several host and operator related factors affect the surgical outcome. When factors that increase the likelihood of secondary alveolar bone graft failure are identified, alterative methods like dentoalveolar distraction (DAD) may be employed. In infants, molding of the alveolar segments is possible and when a synergistic surgical approach is used, the possibility of successful alveolar cleft repair is increased. The authors present two case reports wherein the use of nasoalveolar molding (NAM) and DAD helped to tackle the alveolar cleft deformity.
Esthetic and Functional Recovery of Extensively Decayed Posterior Teeth Through Conservative Treatment
Authors: Barroso SD , Jales TS , Corrêa-Faria P , Alcântara CEP , Botelho AM , Tavano KTA
Published: April 2015

The case exemplifies the combination of two important principles in dentistry: 1) the maintenance of pulp vitality by the partial excavation of the contaminated dentin followed by the application of a biomaterial; and 2) esthetic and functional recovery based on biological restoration. Tooth vitality was confirmed two months after pulp treatment and restoration was accomplished with a fragment of a tooth extracted from another individual. This method is easy to perform and offers esthetic, functional, emotional and social benefits to the patient.
Biological Restoration in a Young Patient with a Complicated Crown Root Fracture with an Autogenous Tooth Fragment
Authors: Kulkarni Vinaya Kumar , Sridhar Raja , Duddu Mahesh Kumar , Banda Naveen Reddy , Vyawahare Saket , Sharma Divya
Published: April 2015

Crown-root fractures are one of the most challenging trauma cases to treat. Reattachment of tooth fragment to a fractured tooth being a simple procedure conserves the tooth structure, maintains the natural esthetics value and is thus considered as a favorable treatment option. The reattachment procedure using composite resin should be considered if the subgingival fracture can be exposed to provide isolation after a careful evaluation of the biologic width involvement. This case report presents a complicated crown-root fracture of permanent maxillay left central incisor, involving the biologic width in an 11-year-old boy. The traumatized tooth was treated endodontically and reinforced by using glass fiber-post. Access to the subgingival margins was gained by electro surgery. The fractured fragment was reattached using bonding system and composite resin.
Prevalence of Salivary Streptococcus mutans Serotype k in Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery
Authors: Topcuoglu Nursen , Bozdogan Elif , Ozsoy Sadiye Deniz , Haberal Ismail , Cetin Gurkan , Aktoren Oya , Kulekci Guven
Published: April 2015

Objective: The prevalence of Streptococcus mutans serotype k, which was speculated that might be associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases, has been reported in adult cardiovascular surgery patients. There is no information about presence of serotype k in children with cardiac disease. The aim of this study was to determine the salivary prevalence of S.mutans serotype k in children with congenital heart disease. Study Design: Salivary samples of 25 patients undergoing elective surgery for congenital heart defects with cardiopulmonary bypass and an age and gender matched control group of 25 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Species-specific 16SrRNA gene sequences were used for S. mutans and serotype-specific rgpF gene sequences were used for S.mutans serotype k determination in stimulated saliva samples. Results: S.mutans was detected in 19 (76%) of the study and 15 (60%) of the control children. The difference was not shown to be statistically significant. Serotype k was determined from 3 (12%) of the study group, while it was not determined from the samples of the control group. Conclusions: Our results indicate that those children with congenital heart disease may possess S.mutans serotype k in oral cavity at a higher frequency as similar with the adult cardiac surgery patients.
Zirconia Crowns - An Esthetic and Resistant Restorative Alternative For ECC Affected Primary Teeth
Authors: Planells del Pozo P , Fuks AB
Published: April 2015

The present report discusses briefly the problem of ECC in very young children and the recommended approaches for prevention and treatment.

The esthetic restoration of the maxillary incisors with Zirconia Nu Smile™ crowns is described. It is also stressed that the luxation injury two months after placement did not damage the appearance nor the stability of the crowns.
Chemotherapy Induced Dental Changes in a Child with Medulloblastoma: A Case Report
Authors: Peretz B , Sarnat H , Kharouba J
Published: April 2015

We describe the dental findings and therapeutic management of a child aged three years and eight months with medulloblastoma treated by surgical resection at age eight months followed by 20 months of chemotherapy. Thin and short roots of the primary molars were observed, as were microdontia and anodontia of the premolars. The boy suffered from severe early childhood caries (ECC). Dental treatment was carried out under general anesthesia. Follow-up examinations at three, six and twelve months after the initial dental treatment revealed healthy gingival tissue and no new caries. The boy passed away before the next scheduled follow-up dental examination.
Assessing Changes in Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Following Dental Rehabilitation under General Anesthesia
Authors: Almaz M Erkmen , Sönmez I Şaroğlu , Oba A Akbay , Alp S
Published: April 2015

Objective: To determine whether dental treatment under general anesthesia (GA) improved oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in pre-school children, to evaluate the sensitivity and responsiveness of the Turkish version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and to examine parental satisfaction with the care received. Study design: The parents/caregivers of 120 pre-school children receiving dental treatment under GA, were asked to complete the ECOHIS before and after treatment. Participants were also asked a global transition judgement concerning change in their child's condition after treatment. Global transition judgement and distribution changes in ECOHIS scores were used to assess the sensitivity and responsiveness. Results: 98 children completed the follow-up survey. Between pre- and post-treatment ECOHIS scores, significant reduction was observed (p<0.001). The effect sizes were moderate and large (0.36 to 1.63). Global transition rating groups were compatible with statistical differences between pre- and post-treatment scores, supporting the responsiveness of the ECOHIS. 91% of parents regarded the experience to be positive. Conclusions: Children's OHRQoL showed significant improvement after treatment. The majority of parents reported a high degree of satisfaction. Also, Turkish version of the ECOHIS was sensitive to dental treatment under GA for pre-school children and responsive to treatment-associated changes.
Electromyographic Muscular Activity Improvement in Class II Patients Treated with the Pre-Orthodontic Trainer
Authors: Satygo E A , Silin A V , Ramirez-Yañez G O
Published: April 2015

Objective: A study was designed to determine changes in the amplitude of the EMG muscular activity of the Masseter and Temporalis muscles at clench in children with a Class II, division 1 malocclusion treated with the pre-orthodontic Trainer functional appliance, for 12 months. Study Design: 36 Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients (mean age 7.6 ± 1.3 years) composed the treated group and wore the functional appliance; 22 children with a similar age and malocclusion composed the untreated controls; and, 20 children with no dental malocclusion participated as normal controls. Electromyographic (EMG) muscular activity of the Temporalis and Masseter muscles were recorded before and after treatment. Results: Subjects in the treated group reported a bilateral significant increase in the muscular electrical activity in the both tested muscles (p < 0.001). After treatment, they recorded values similar to those measured in normal controls, whereas the untreated controls remained on lower values. Conclusion: These results confirm that treatment with the pre-orthodontic Trainer functional appliance significantly increases the EMG muscular activity in the Temporalis and Masseter muscles at clench in patients with Class II, division 1 malocclusion.
In Vitro and Clinical Outcome of Sandwich Restorations with a Bulk-Fill Flowable Composite Liner for Pulpotomized Primary Teeth
Authors: Cantekin K , Gumus H
Published: April 2015

Objective: The present study determined whether primary molar pulpotomies showed equal in vitro and clinical success when restored with sandwich restoration with a bulk-fill flowable composite (BFRBC) liner versus a stainless steel crown (SSC) restoration. Study design: Sixty extracted human primary second molars with proximo-occlusal cavities were selected for in vitro test. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) and restored with sandwich restoration with a BFRBC liner, composite (RBC) restoration and SSC. In addition, sixty teeth were selected from 20 children and each child had at least three primary molars (first and/or second primary molar) requiring pulpotomy. The patients were recalled for clinical and radiographic evaluation at approximately 6- and 12-month intervals. Results: The SSC restoration had significantly higher microleakage than the others. Although there was a significant difference between the RBC and the SSC (P = 0.02), the differences between the BFRBC and the RBC, as well as between the BFRBC and the SSC, were not statistically significant at the 12-month radiographic evaluation (P = 0.33 and P = 0.11, respectively). Conclusion: In laboratory conditions, sandwich restoration with BFRBC liner showed a superior seal margins of pulpotomized primary molars. Based clinical and radiographical evaluation, teeth treated with formocresol pulpotomy and restored with sandwich restoration with BFRBC liner were as successful as those restored with a SSC.
Tissue Engineering in Endodontics: Root Canal Revascularization
Authors: Palit M C , Hedge K S , Bhat S S , Sargod S S , Mantha S , Chattopadhyay S
Published: April 2015

Root canal revascularization attempts to make necrotic tooth alive by the use of certain simple clinical protocols. Earlier apexification was the treatment of choice for treating and preserving immature permanent teeth that have lost pulp vitality. This procedure promoted the formation of apical barrier to seal the root canal of immature teeth and nonvital filling materials contained within root canal space. However with the success of root canal revascularization to regenerate the pulp dentin complex of necrotic immature tooth has made us to rethink if apexification is at the beginning of its end. The objective of this review is to discuss the new concepts of tissue engineering in endodontics and the clinical steps of root canal revascularization.
Primate Pulpal Healing after Exposure and TheraCal Application
Authors: Cannon M , Gerodias N , Vieira A , Percinoto C , Jurado R
Published: April 2015

Aim: The purpose of this in vivo study was to compare the effectiveness of a new light cured resin based dicalcium/tricalcium silicate pulp capping material (TheraCal LC, Bisco), pure Portland cement, resin based calcium hydroxide or glass ionomer in the healing of bacterially contaminated primate pulps. Study design: The experiment required four primates each having 12 teeth prepared with buccal penetrations into the pulpal tissues with an exposure of approximately 1.0 mm. The exposed pulps of the primate teeth were covered with cotton pellets soaked in a bacterial mixture consisting of microorganisms normally found in human pulpal abscesses. After removal of the pellet, hemostasis was obtained and the pulp capping agents applied. The light cured resin based pulp capping material (TheraCal LC) was applied to the pulpal tissue of twelve teeth with a needle tip syringe and light cured for 15 seconds. Pure Portland cement mixed with a 2% Chlorhexidine solution was placed on the exposed pulpal tissues of another twelve teeth. Twelve additional teeth had a base of GIC applied (Triage, Fuji VII GC America) and another twelve had a pulp cap with VLC DYCAL (Dentsply), a light cured calcium hydroxide resin based material. The pulp capping bases were then covered with a RMGI (Fuji II LC GC America). The tissue samples were collected at 4 weeks. The samples were deminerilized, sectioned, stained and histologically graded. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in regard to pulpal inflammation (H= 0.679, P=1.00). However, both the Portland cement and light cured TheraCal LC groups had significantly more frequent hard tissue bridge formation at 28 days than the GIC and VLC Dycal groups (H= 11.989, P=0.009). The measured thickness of the hard tissue bridges with the pure Portland and light cured TheraCal LC groups were statistically greater than that of the other two groups (H= 15.849, P=0.002). In addition, the occurrence of pulpal necrosis was greater with the GIC group than the others. Four premolars, one each treated according to the protocols were analyzed with a microCT machine. The premolar treated with the light cured TheraCal LC demonstrated a complete hard tissue bridge. The premolar treated with the GIC did not show a complete hard tissue bridge while the premolar treated with VLC Dycal had an incomplete bridge. The pure Portland with Chlorhexidine mixture created extensive hard tissue bridging.

Conclusion: TheraCal LC applied to primate pulps created dentin bridges and mild inflammation acceptable for pulp capping.
Indicators of Dental Anxiety in Children Just Prior to Treatment
Authors: Majstorovic M , Morse DE , Do D , Lim LL , Herman NG , Moursi AM
Published: April 2015

Objectives: We evaluated the relationship between child dental anxiety and selected child and parental characteristics. Study design: Children and their parents were interviewed at the New York University, College of Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry Clinic. The Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) evaluated child self-reported anxiety; the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) measured self-reported parental anxiety when the parent received dental treatment. Results: Ninety-three children and their parents completed the questionnaires. Mean CFSS-DS scores were higher for girls than boys (32.5 vs. 26.3, p=0.003) and for children whose accompanying parents had MDAS scores of 11+ vs. ≯11 (32.8 vs. 26.6, p=0.001). There was little difference in mean CFSS-DS scores among those aged 6-10 yrs. vs. 11-14 yrs. (30.1 vs. 29.3). Significant correlations were found between CFSS-DS and both gender (Spearman's rho, rs=0.31) and MDAS scores (rs=0.33), but not between CFSS-DS and child age (rs=-0.05). Controlling simultaneously for gender, MDAS score and child age, a high CFSS-DS score (38+ vs. ≯38) was positively associated with girls (ORadj=3.76, 95% CI: 1.13-12.54) and an MDAS score of ≤15 vs. ≯11 (ORadj=2.50, 0.73-8.54), but weakly and inversely associated with age (ORadj=0.80, 0.25-2.52). Conclusion: Child gender and parental anxiety are indicators of child dental anxiety.
Pediatric Dental Patients are Part of a Larger Picture: Detailing Population Realities
Authors: Waldman HB , Perlman SP
Published: April 2015

The traditional setting of a dental practice may offer pediatric dentists a potentially isolated picture of the general health and use of health services by youngsters in their community. Results from the latest National Health Interview Survey are reviewed to provide broad dimensions to supplement and reinforce the general and specific information usually developed regarding individual patients.
Giving a Second Thought to Brisement Force – A Case Report
Authors: Thakur R , Shigli AL , Thakur G , Ahuja R
Published: April 2015

Fractures of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) may be caused by indirect trauma where force of trauma is transmitted to the mandibular condyle from a blow elsewhere or in other situations may also result from direct trauma. TMJ trauma in children is usually accompanied with pain, swelling, limited jaw movement and other additional findings. This report highlights a case of post traumatic trismus successfully managed with Brisement force - gradual tractional forces applied to the temporomandibular joint.
A Comparative Clinical Study of Three Fissure Sealants on Primary Teeth: 24-Month Results
Authors: Ünal M , Oznurhan F , Kapdan A , Dürer S
Published: April 2015

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical success of three fissure sealants(FSs) with different contents on primary teeth. Study design: Three FSs were used to seal 150 primary molars in 75 children aged 4–7 years. All FSs were placed on occlusal surfaces in a split-mouth and randomized clinical trial. For patients in Group1,amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP) containing resin-based sealant(RBS)(Aegis) was applied to a primary molar tooth on one side ,and non-fluoride RBS(Helioseal) FS was applied to symmetrical molar tooth. For patients in Group2, fluoride-containing RBS(Helioseal F) was applied to a primary molar tooth on one side, and Helioseal FS was applied to symmetrical molar tooth. For patients in Group3,Helioseal FS was applied to a primary molar tooth on one side, and Aegis FS was applied to symmetrical molar tooth. Clinical evaluation of FSs was carried out to assess retention, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation,and the presence of caries in months 1,3,6,12,18 and 24 after FS application. Results: There were no significant differences for all criteria in groups 2 and 3(p≯0.05). In group 1,cumulative success rates according to 24 months’ follow-up were statistically insignificant during the comparisons performed in terms of retention, marginal adaptation, and presence of caries(p≯0.05). Marginal discoloration was found to be statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion: RBS containing ACP or fluoride may be more effective than conventional RBS for caries prevention.
Effect of Ethanol Wet Bonding Technique on the Durability of Resin- Dentin Bond with Contemporary Adhesive Systems
Authors: Nagpal R , Manuja N , Pandit IK
Published: April 2015

Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanol wet bonding technique on the immediate and long term bond strength of simplified etch and rinse adhesive systems to dentin. Study Design: 96 extracted human permanent molars were ground to expose the flat dentin surface. The teeth were divided into four groups (n=24) according to the adhesives used, either Tetric N Bond or Solobond M and bonding techniques i.e. water wet bonding or ethanol wet bonding (EWB). Composite cylinder was bonded to each specimen using the respective adhesive technique. Ten samples from each group were then tested immediately for shear bond strength evaluation and two samples for SEM analysis. The remaining samples (12) were tested after 6 month storage in distilled water. Results: Upon immediate testing, there was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength of the groups regardless of the bonding technique or adhesive used. The bond strength fell dramatically in the water wet bonded specimens after 6 months water storage, while the bond strength of both the adhesives was maintained when EWB technique was used. SEM observation revealed good interfacial adaptation in EWB groups even after six months. Conclusion: For both simplified etch and rinse adhesives used, ethanol wet bonding technique led to significant preservation of the resin dentin bond over 6 months.
Reduction in Bacterial Loading Using MTAD as an Irrigant in Pulpectomized Primary Teeth
Authors: Farhin K , Viral PM , Thejokrishna P , Sajjad M
Published: April 2015

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reduction in bacterial loading uing MTAD as an irrigating solution in pulpectomized primary teeth. Study design: A randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed that included primary teeth with pulp necrosis. Sixty necrotic canals were included, 30 irrigated with MTAD (experimental group) and 30 with 1% Na0Cl solution (control group); in all cases, 2 microbiological samples from within the canals were taken with sterile paper points, the first after the canal opening and before the first irrigation, and the second after instrumentation and final irrigation, before obturation. All samples were evaluated by Agar plate method. Results: The results were statistically analyzed by student ‘t’ test. After analyzing samples before and after irrigation in the control group (NaOCl), we found a significant decrease of bacterial load ( p = < 0.001). The same occurred in the MTAD group samples ( p = < 0.001). When both groups were compared post irrigation, a statistically significant difference was observed in favor of MTAD. Conclusion: MTAD can be suggested as an alternative irrigant for pulpectomy of necrotic teeth.
Thank you and looking forward
Authors: Gregory Mark A
Published: April 2015

On behalf of the Editorial Board, authors and readers of the Journal, the recently appointed Managing Editor Mark Gregory thanks the outgoing Managing Editor Peter Gerrand for his leadership, scholarly editing and hard work over the past 21 years.
The world’s fastest wireless backhaul radio
Authors: Gilmore Rowan
Published: April 2015

Fibre is commonly perceived to be the dominant transport mechanism for transferring data from access points back to a central office, where it is aggregated onto the core network. However, high speed and long range wireless backhaul remains a cost-effective alternative to fibre networks. In some areas, wireless backhaul is dominant and becoming more and more attractive. However, commercially available wireless backhaul systems do not meet the requirements for both high speed and long range at the same time with sufficiently low latency for some applications. Traditional microwave systems can achieve long transmission range, but the data rates are then limited to a few hundred megabits per second. Multi-gigabit per second wireless communications can be achieved using millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands, especially in E-band, but the practical transmission range has then always been a major weakness.
In this article, the world’s first 5Gbps radio solution – and the fastest commercial backhaul product – developed by EM Solutions Pty Ltd with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) – is described. As well as achieving a state-of-the-art data rate, other key design features include maximal path length, minimal latency, and constant antenna pointing under wind and tower vibration.
Net Neutrality in the U.S. – 2015
Authors: Larribeau Robert
Published: April 2015

A U.S. Federal Court ruling in January 2014 overturned Net Neutrality rules issued in 2010 by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the body that regulates both the telecommunications and the cable industries in the U.S.  This sparked significant support for establishing new rules to provide Net Neutrality and resulted in the submission of more than one million comments to the FCC, which broke all records.  This led to the FCC adopting new Net Neutrality rules in February 2015.  The FCC followed President Barack Obama’s lead and classified the broadband operators as common carriers, which will require that they treat all of their customers and all content providers equally.  As common carriers the broadband operators will not be able to favour one content provider over another or favour their own content services.  It is very likely that these new rules will not settle the issue and will be challenged in Congress and in the courts. The Net Neutrality controversy will continue.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale
Authors: Grinslade Susan , Paper Bruce , Jing Hongjuan , Quinn Laurie
Published: April 2015

Background and Purpose: No scales measure self-efficacy in women with Type 2 diabetes. A scale was developed and tested. Methods: Items generated, content validity index (CVI) assessed by experts, the 2-part Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSLF-I and DSLF-II) was piloted with 62 women, administered to 208 women, and then readministered to 30 women to determine initial reliability. Factor analysis was conducted for construct validity. Discriminant, convergent, and predictive validity was examined. Results: The CVI index was 98%. Cronbach’s alphas were 0.88 (DSLF-I) and 0.82 (DSLF-II; pilot) and 0.87 and 0.86, respectively (main study); test–retest correlation was .60 (DSLF-I) and .69 (DSLF-II). There were 3 factors that emerged: diabetes knowledge of self-care activity, diabetes diet self-care, and diabetes medication self-care. Conclusions: The Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale demonstrates good initial reliability and validity.
Toward an interoperable software platform for sustainable energy
Authors: Aubry Alexis , Panetto Hervé , Dassisti Michele
Published: April 2015

A draft architecture of a software platform is proposed to support software
components interoperability in energy production systems. The scope of the
platform is to address the sustainability of energy production and use
efficiency. A first prototype of this platform is under development in the
framework of the French ANR Plate-Form(E)3 project. Interoperability issues
have been faced to design the platform. Best available candidate technologies
for implementing the platform are also discussed. One architecture for facing
the basic interoperability issues is also presented. A real industrial
application case example is proposed to show the potential use of the
proposed architecture.
Direct and Indirect Benefits Reported by Users of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Qualitative Exploration Using Patient Interviews
Authors: Gladwell Peter William , Badlan Kathryn , Cramp Fiona , Palmer Shea
Published: April 2015

Background

There is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for management of chronic musculoskeletal pain or chronic low back pain. A recent review of previous trial methodology identified significant problems with low treatment fidelity. There is little information available to guide selection of patient-reported outcome measures appropriate for TENS evaluation.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of patients at a secondary care pain clinic who successfully used TENS to help manage chronic musculoskeletal pain. These key informants were selected because they had the potential to generate knowledge that could inform research design and clinical practice.

Design

A qualitative method using individual semistructured interviews with open questions was selected for its capacity to generate rich data.

Methods

A mini focus group informed the development of a discussion guide for semistructured interviews with 9 patients (6 women, 3 men). Thematic analysis was used as the primary data analysis method, and this analysis was enhanced by a case-level analysis of the context and processes of TENS use of each individual.

Results

Data analysis indicated that distraction from pain and a reduction in the sensations associated with muscle tension or spasm should be considered as separate outcomes from pain relief. These direct benefits led to a wide range of indirect benefits dependent on patient decision making, including medication reduction, enhanced function, psychological benefits, and enhanced ability to rest.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that evaluating TENS using a unidimensional pain scale is likely to overlook potential benefits. The complex pattern of TENS usage, as well as multiple direct and indirect outcomes, indicates that TENS could be considered as a complex intervention.
Multilayer Coextrusion of Polymer Composites to Develop Organic Capacitors
Authors: Mondy L. , Mrozek R. , Rao R. , Lenhart J. , Bieg L. , Spangler S. , Stavig M. , Schroeder J. , Winter M. , Diantonio C. , Collins R.
Published: April 2015

Multilayer coextrusion is applied to produce a tape containing layers of alternating electrical properties to demonstrate the potential for using coextrusion to manufacture capacitors. To obtain the desired properties, we develop two filled polymer systems, one for conductive layers and one for dielectric layers. We describe numerical models used to help determine the material and processing parameters that impact processing and layer stability. These models help quantify the critical ratios of densities and viscosities of the two layers to maintain stable layers, as well as the effect of increasing the flow rate of one of the two materials. The conducting polymer is based on polystyrene filled with a blend of low-melting-point eutectic metal and nickel particulate filler, as described by Mrozek et al. (2010). The appropriate concentrations of fillers are determined by balancing measured conductivity with processability in a twin screw extruder. Based on results of the numerical models and estimates of the viscosity of emulsions and suspensions, a dielectric layer composed of polystyrene filled with barium titanate is formulated. Despite the fact that the density of the dielectric filler is less than the metallic filler of the conductive phase, as well as rheological measurements that later showed that the dielectric formulation is not an ideal match to the viscosity of the conductive material, the two materials can be successfully coextruded if the flow rates of the two materials are not identical. A measurable capacitance of the layered structure is obtained.
Heat Flow Analysis and Efficiency Optimization of Rotational Molding Equipment for Large Plastic Products
Authors: Qin L. , Ding Y.-M. , Zhu G.-C. , Yu H.-C. , Yang W.-M.
Published: April 2015

There exists an important relationship between the temperature fields and the heat utilization efficiency in the oven of rotational molding equipment. If the temperatures at the main locations can be reasonably controlled, then the efficiency of the rotational molding machine can be effectively improved. The main objective of this research project is to carry out numerical simulation and analysis of the velocity field and temperature field in the oven of a shuttle-type rotational molding machine by using the commercial code FLUENT. The machine was selected as the research object owing to its uneven temperature fields and large energy wastage. The simulation results were then verified by experiments. By improving the structure of the outlets of rotational molding machine and by reasonably controlling the temperature distribution in the oven and die, the working temperature can quickly reach the maximum point, and the uniformity of the temperature in the working area can be ensured. The results showed that the molding efficiency and energy efficiency of the rotational molding machine can be improved by controlling the temperature distribution, thereby increasing the production efficiency of rotational molding.
Thermoplastic Cellulose Stearate and Cellulose Laurate: Melt Rheology, Processing and Application Potential
Authors: Krasnou I. , Tarasova E. , Märtson T. , Krumme A.
Published: April 2015

In this work thermoplastic materials from cellulose fatty acid esters were manufactured, their properties described and application and processing perspectives evaluated. Rheological properties of some cellulose esters in melt were studied under conditions similar to those usually used in industrial polymer processing. Thermoplastic properties of cellulose esters were compared with properties of low density polyethylene under the same conditions. It was discovered that long chain fatty acid cellulose esters could be processed in the same way as commodity polymers, but these materials need further improvement for being industrially applied as thermoplastic polymers.
The Effect of ZnO Nanoparticle Filler on the Attenuation of ZnO/PCL Nanocomposites Using Microstrip Line at Microwave Frequency
Authors: Yakubu A. , Abbas Z. , Esa F. , Tohidi P.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes attenuation measurement using the modified micrsotrip line technique from new microwave substrate material. The magnitudes of the transmission coefficient (S21) from the microstrip measurement were used to determine the attenuation of the ZnO/PCL nanocomposites substrate with respect to different percentages of ZnO nanoparticles filler. Result from the measurement showed amongst others that as the filler content increases, the attenuation increases. The highest magnitude for attenuation was calculated for the 70% ZnO nano filler with a value of 14.92 dB and the least attenuation was calculated for the 25% ZnO nano filler, which value gave 6.72 dB which is very good for shielding applications. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to analyse the average particle size of the ZnO powder used as filler in the study. The analysis showed that the average partcile size was 52.7 nm.
Melt Elongation Strength and Drawability of LDPE/LLDPE Blends
Authors: Liang J. Z. , Tan L. C. , Wang K. J. , Li F. J. , Zhang S. D.
Published: April 2015

The melt strength behavior and drawability during elongation flow of low density polyethylene (LDPE)/linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends were investigated using the Rheotens test method under temperature ranging from 160 to 200 °C and die extrusion velocity varying from 9 to 36 mm/s. It was found that the blend melt strength decreased with a rise of temperature while increased with increasing the LDPE weight fraction when the extension rate or drawing ratio is constant; the dependence of the blend melt strength on the melt extension temperature roughly obeyed the Arrhenius equation; the dependence of the blend melt strength on the die extrusion velocity roughly obeyed the index equation. The drawing ratio at the melt fracture decreased with increasing the LDPE weight fraction and the die extrusion velocities, while increased with a rise of the melt extension temperature.
Evolution de la gestion des chablis ces 50 dernières années dans la région du Bas-Valais (essai)
Authors: Métral Roland
Published: April 2015

Trends in windthrow management during the last 50 years in Lower Valais (essay)

A review on the measures taken in forests hit by storms during the last 50 years reveals the mind-set behind the evolution of management operations. In the 1960s, to remove all dead wood in a stand was perfectly normal due to timber prices. Between 1984 and 1990, vast sums of money were pumped into the improvement of forest structures facing the threat of a general forest dieback. As a consequence, only few of the windthrow areas caused by storm Vivian remained with no intervention. Vivian also marked the beginning of manifold research activities and practical terrain examination in windthrow gaps. Conclusions of this first research phase resulted in a critical assessment of the windthrow areas caused by Lothar in 1999, considering different goals than systematic removal of damage wood and the prevention of bark beetle outbreaks. Since the 1990s, retaining timber after windthrow has been lively discussed, as well as the maintenance of the protection function against natural hazards and opportunities for biodiversity. Several handbooks were developed and successfully used for the planning and defining of top priority measures in damaged forests that resulted from disturbances in 2011 and 2012 in Lower Valais. These recent disturbances together with the certainty that storms will recur led to the formation of a task force in the canton Valais, aiming to organize both logistics and funds, as well as to define management priorities regarding a next hazard.
Waldverjüngung und Totholz in Sturmflächen 10 Jahre nach Lothar und 20 Jahre nach Vivian
Authors: Wohlgemuth Thomas , Kramer Kathrin
Published: April 2015

Forest regeneration and deadwood in windthrow gaps 10 years after Lothar and 20 years after Vivian

Tree regeneration in Swiss forests after winter storms Lothar (1999) and Vivian (1990) was analysed based on a sample of 90 totally wind damaged forest gaps of at least 3 ha size, located in the Jura Mountains, the Central plateau, the Prealps and parts of the Alps. In the less elevated Lothar gaps (Ø 860 m a.s.l.) mean stem densities in no intervention gaps (NI) were 7,644 and in salvage logged gaps (SL) 10,786. Means in Vivian gaps (Ø 1428 m a.s.l.) were significantly smaller with 2,572 in NI and 4,600 in SL gaps. Pre-storm regeneration in Lothar gaps amounted to one third of the total stem density and in Vivian gaps to one tenth. The ten tallest trees in both Lothar and Vivian gaps were similar sized with 6.3 m and 6.5 m in average. Most abundant tree species were beech (Fagus sylvatica), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Lothar gaps, and Norway spruce, sycamore and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) in Vivian gaps. Stem density increased with soil pH and decreased with elevation and the portion of tall herbs, raspberry and blackberry. The deadwood volume amounted to average 266 and 285 m3 per ha in NI gaps of Lothar and Vivian, respectively. In the SL gaps, volumes averaged to 74 and 76 m3 per ha, respectively. Deadwood as regeneration substrate matters predominantly in forests at higher elevations and favouring Norway spruce in particular. Natural regeneration takes place in all studied forest gaps, sooner or later. To achieve specific forest aims, however, competing understory vegetation needs to be controlled. Our results serve as a reference for tree regeneration in wind damaged forests of Central Europe.
Wintersturmschäden im Schweizer Wald von 1865 bis 2014
Authors: Usbeck Tilo
Published: April 2015

Forest damages from winter storms in Switzerland from 1865 to 2014

Winter storms cause the most catastrophic damages in Swiss forests. The present article analyses how these storm damages correspond with wind gust speed, growing stock and forest area, in regard to the whole country and individual cantons, and from 1865 to 2014. During the study period, 26 storm events each totalling a volume of at least 70,000 m3 damaged wood were registered. Winter storm damages were highly variable regarding absolute numbers (volume) and portions per area (m3 per ha) and per growing stock (%). In the past 150 years, the cantons Nidwalden, Freiburg, Aargau, Zurich and Zug were hit most often by storm events, with damages ranging per event in average from 2.2 m3 per ha (Zurich) to 3.1 m3 per ha (Nidwalden). At the turn of the millennium, not only the greatest damages occurred but also growing stock peaked as well did the wind gust speeds.
Automatism and Mental Disorder in Scots Criminal Law
Authors: Shaw Elizabeth
Published: April 2015

In this article, Elizabeth Shaw examines the rule of Scots law that mental abnormality can sometimes entirely eliminate a person's criminal responsibility for her actions. Two separate defences are considered: (1) mental disorder excluding responsibility and (2) automatism. The former is a new statutory defence, replacing the old defence of insanity, which was created following a report by the Scottish Law Commission. That report ignored automatism, an omission argued by the author to be unfortunate since automatism and the mental disorder defence are very closely related. By looking at the mental disorder defence in isolation, the Commission missed an opportunity to make sure that the criminal law takes a philosophically coherent and practically workable approach to people with mental abnormalities. The author's analysis of the Scots law is undertaken in comparison with legal developments in the same field in English law.
Wheel Torque Distribution of Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Lin Cheng , Xu Zhifeng
Published: April 2015

The wheel driving torque on four-wheel-drive electric vehicles (4WDEVs) can be modulated precisely and continuously, therefore maneuverability and energy-saving control can be carried out at the same time. In this paper, a wheel torque distribution strategy is developed based on multi-objective optimization to improve vehicle maneuverability and reduce energy consumption. In the high-layer of the presented method, sliding mode control is used to calculate the desired yaw moment due to the model inaccuracy and parameter error. In the low-layer, mathematical programming with the penalty function consisting of the yaw moment control offset, the drive system energy loss and the slip ratio constraint is used for wheel torque control allocation. The programming is solved with the combination of off-line and on-line optimization to reduce the calculation cost, and the optimization results are sent to motor controllers as torque commands. Co-simulation based on MATLAB® and Carsim® proves that the developed strategy can both improve the vehicle maneuverability and reduce energy consumption.