bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trans-Response Stimulus Control of an Operant Established Prior to Discrimination Training
Authors: Elkins Ralph L. , Cahoon D. D.
Published: September 2011

After learning a chain-pulling operant, rats were taught a bar-press response which was subsequently brought under SD-SΔ control for some Ss. The manipulanda occupied opposite ends of the apparatus and were never simultaneously present. Discrimination trained Ss continuously exposed to the SΔ for bar pressing during a chain-pull extinction test emitted significantly fewer responses than controls, a result interpreted as trans-response SΔ suppression. A similar decrement in chain pulling was obtained from Ss extinguished under constant exposure to the SD for bar pressing, a result limiting the generality of reports of SD facilitation across response classes.
Changes in Objective Measures of Fear Motivation as a Function of Laboratory-Controlled Manipulation
Authors: Kawash G. W. , Dielman T. E. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

The Motivational Analysis Test was administered prior and subsequent to an experimental manipulation designed to increase the Fear erg for 74 Ss. A control group ( N = 33) received a filler task during the manipulation period. A pilot study showed no significant main effect of pretest or significant pretest-treatment interaction. There was a significant treatment by occasion interaction for the Unintegrated MAT Fear score, as hypothesized. The results are briefly discussed in terms of the content of the subscales.
Concurrent Validity of the Quick Test
Authors: Sawyer R. N. , Whitten James R.
Published: September 2011

27 Ss in a diagnostic clinic for mental retardation were administered the QT and the WISC. The intercorrelations between the QT individual and combination forms were extremely high. Significant rs were obtained between the QT and Picture Arrangement, Coding, Performance Scale scores, and Full Scale scores. The magnitude of the rs, the speed and ease of administration, suggests the QT can be used for deriving an IQ and screening patients in mental retardation facilities.
Changes in Measured Intelligence of Academic Low Achievers in a Process-Oriented Learning Program
Authors: Felton Gary S.
Published: September 2011

79 students enrolled in a process-oriented learning program for academic low achievers completed the CTMM 1 mo. prior to enrollment and again 14 wk. later. The results show that, as a group, IQs of these Ss improved significantly ( p < .001), that men and women improved equally but appreciably ( p < .001), and that Ss initially scoring in the lower 42% of pretest scores improved more ( p < .001) than Ss initially scoring in the higher 42%, as might be expected.
Conjugate Reinforcement of Differential Responding
Authors: Edwards Joseph S. , Upp Larry
Published: September 2011

Conjugate reinforcement of radio listening was used to assess response differentiation end differential directional responding (push-pull) in human Ss. Response differentiation and differential responding were established in 8 Ss. Of the 8 Ss 7 differentially responded under differential and nondifferential reinforcement procedures. One S learned to differentiate as a function of visually presented instructions. Differential responding was also maintained with instructions or penalties when both responses were reinforced.
Racial Prejudice and Authoritarianism: A Test in White South Africa
Authors: Orpen Christopher , Tsapogas Georgia
Published: September 2011

The relationship between authoritarianism and racial prejudice in white South Africa was investigated by means of a forced-choice version of the F-scale, a social distance scale and a specially constructed anti-African scale. The insignificant correlations between the F-scale and the latter two prejudice scales are taken as indicating that, in a ‘prejudiced’ society, prejudiced attitudes serve a utilitarian rather than an ego-defensive function for its members.
Frequency Stability of Adjective Trait Names
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

Using frequencies from the earlier Thorndike-Lorge and the later Kučera-Francis frequency counts, a lognormal distribution model is applied to judge shifts in the frequencies of occurrence of trait adjectives from a like-ableness scale. In the time between frequency counts, the frequencies of the adjectives have shifted an average of approximately .68 words per million toward higher frequencies of occurrence. The amount of shift would probably not vitiate the generalizability of results based upon the Thorndike-Lorge count.
Operant Verbal Self-Control of Studying
Authors: Miller Adam , Gimpl Michael P.
Published: September 2011

Treatments devised to investigate verbal self-control of the amount of study behavior were compared for their relative effectiveness at increasing the study of college students. 77 Ss learned under one of 5 conditions involving various combinations of self-instruction, reinforcements for self-instructions, and/or reinforcements for increased study. For all groups combined there was 61.3% increase in the amount Ss studied from wk. 1 to 3. Self-instructions alone appeared to increase effectively the amount of study (30.9%), but the condition in which reinforcement was contingent upon both self-instructions gradually to increase study and conformity to the instructions was most effective (153.6%).
Death Concern: Measurement and Correlates
Authors: Dickstein Louis S.
Published: September 2011

Psychological research on death concern has been impeded by the absence of measuring instruments with high reliability and by the dearth of systematic research into the relationships of death concern with other personality variables. The present paper describes the construction of a Death Concern Scale with a high level of internal consistency and stability. Relationships between the Death Concern Scale and State Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Manifest Anxiety, Repression-Sensitization, as well as needs Heterosexuality, Succorance, and Change of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule are presented and discussed.
Reinforcement and Weight Loss in Schizophrenics
Authors: Klein Bernard , Steele Richard L. , Simon William E. , Primavera Louis H.
Published: September 2011

Weight loss for 5 schizophrenics was effected during 90 days of a 180-day period in a token-economy paradigm using tokens as reinforcers for weight loss.
Punishment and Frustration: Serendipitous Findings
Authors: Franklin Clyde W.
Published: September 2011

Much conjecture exists about the relationship between punishment, frustration and learning. This study attempted to clarify the relationship between types of punishment and frustration. Because the findings are serendipitous, systematic exploration of the three variables could not be attempted. However, the results can be useful in interpretation of sometimes confusing results in experiments on learning.
Construction and Validation of Formal Reasoning Instruments
Authors: Bart William M.
Published: September 2011

This report describes the construction and validation of paper-and-pencil instruments to test for formal operational thought. Three structurally parallel tests in three content areas and four Piagetian formal thought tasks were administered to 90 scholastically above-average adolescents of 13, 16, and 19 yr. Items were six-choice logic items with abstruse and absurd content. The reasoning tests had substantial content validity, modest concurrent validity, and limited construct validity. These formal reasoning tests could be employed by educators to select students who are capable of abstract conceptualization and theoretically might profit from a curriculum emphasizing symbolic and verbal instruction and an abstract mode of learning.
Program of Psychotherapy for Inmates at the Montana State Prison
Authors: Moore Ray T. , Zimmermann Robert R. , Estelle James
Published: September 2011

A program of psychotherapy provided by the Department of Psychology to inmates at the Montana State Prison is described. Graduate students are used as therapists in group and individual therapy sessions. About 25% of the prison population of 250 men is serviced by 2 graduate students who visit the institution twice a week and by 3 faculty consultants who participate in the program approximately once a month. Success of the program as measured by inmates' attendance at the voluntary meetings and by the perceived attitude change of the correctional officers toward the therapists indicates that the program is having a positive effect on the institution.
Diagnostic Implications of WISC Scores: A Reanalysis
Authors: Winne John F. , Schoonover Sarah M.
Published: September 2011

An attempt to use Gittinger's Personality Assessment System as a diagnostic tool did not yield statistically significant results for a sample of 318 children in 9 diagnostic groups. However, in this sample, there were many clear-cut sex differences in WISC performance and some evidence of interaction among age, sex, and diagnostic classifications. None of the observed differences proved useful in differentiation among these Ss.
Some Effects of Scopolamine on Acquisition and Extinction Performance in Rats
Authors: McCoy Donald F.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments indicated that .4- and .6mg/kg doses of scopolamine blocked the normal course of response decrement in extinction. In Exp. I, this extinction-suppression effect was observed over repeated extinction sessions, despite an intervening session without the drug. Exp. II also indicated that scopolamine inhibited learning and disrupted performance of a learned task. The relationship of these results to Carlton's (1963) cholinergic inhibition hypothesis is indicated.
Covert Sensitization as a Treatment for Weight Control
Authors: Sachs Lewis B. , Ingram Gilbert L.
Published: September 2011

Factors responsible for the success of covert sensitization were investigated with regard to effectiveness in initiating an aversion toward selected foods. 5 volunteers first were given forward-conditioning, then backward-conditioning trials using Cautela's covert sensitization procedures, and 5 Ss were given the opposite sequence. Conditions were then reversed allowing each S to serve as his own control. Significant reductions were found for all Ss in the intake of selected foods but no differential effect was found for the two conditioning procedures. This study supported the efficacy of using the rehearsal of an aversive scene to reduce food intake but suggests that motivational rather than learning factors may account for the results.
Hormonal Control of Spontaneous Activity during the Estrous Cycle of the Rat
Authors: Stern Jeffrey J. , Zwick Gary
Published: September 2011

24 female rats were ovariectomized at different times on the day of expected estrus. One group received estrogenic stimulation only while a second received estrogen and progesterone stimulation. The results demonstrate that estrogen is sufficient to produce the activity increase coincident with sexual receptivity.
Real and Perceived Similarities in Personality between Spouses: Test of “Likeness” versus “Completeness” Theories
Authors: Barton K. , Cattell R. B.
Published: September 2011

Cattell and Nesselroade (1967) examined the hypothesis that the personality structures of spouses enjoying a stable marriage were more similar to each other than the personalities involved in an unstable marriage. An alternate hypothesis would be that personalities tend to complement each other in stable marriages but not so in unstable marriages. Results were in favor of the former “likeness” hypothesis as more positive correlations between personality variables were found in a stably married group than in an unstably married group. This present study attempted to test the above hypotheses on a new group of Ss and, in addition, examined the relationships among personality variables in terms of perceived similarities between spouses. Results supported the “likeness” theory of spouse-spouse personality comparisons.
Orienting Reflex and Attention in Concept Utilization
Authors: Michels Eugene , Bartel Helmut
Published: September 2011

30 Ss, 10 each in one control and two experimental groups, sorted 144 cards, 12 per trial under speeded conditions, into three relational concept categories. Experimental Ss encountered 4 intradimensional or extradimensional stimulus-change cards over Trials 7 and 8 designed to elicit the orienting reflex. Across Trials 6 through 12 mean sorting-time per trial was transiently affected by extradimensional stimulus change only, while mean transformed errors rose for the control group and declined for both experimental groups, indicating that stimulus change facilitated attention to concept utilization.
Effect of Ego-Involvement Instructions and Intralist Similarity on Stimulus Generalization Errors in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Ferguson Eva D.
Published: September 2011

To assess the effect of motivation and list characteristics on verbal learning performance, 60 Ss in a 3 × 2 factorial design learned paired associates consisting of CVC as stimuli and digits as responses, in lists of high or low formal intralist similarity and under high, low, or control Ego-involvement (E-I) conditions. No significant differences in errors were found as a function of ego involvement. The increase of errors with high formal intralist similarity was specific to the effect of stimulus generalization and did not represent an over-all increase in list difficulty: no significant differences were found between lists for non-generalization errors but significant list differences were found for stimulus-generalization intrusions ( p < .01).
Alteration of Sidman Avoidance Baselines by CSS Paired with Avoidable or Unavoidable Shock
Authors: Payne Ralph J.
Published: September 2011

2 tones, paired either with avoidable or unavoidable shock, were assessed for relative aversiveness or fear-evoking properties by presentation during Sidman avoidance responding. Results obtained from 8 dogs indicated no significant difference in the increase in avoidance rates produced by either tone. The increase in rate change was related to the ratio of reinforced to unreinforced CS presentation during fear conditioning.
The R Scale and Acquiescent Tendencies on Scales Consisting of Items from the CPI, PRF, and EPI
Authors: Edwards Allen L. , Abbott Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies involving the R scale of the MMPI as a measure of acquiescent tendencies were replicated with items from the California Psychological Inventory, the Personality Research Form AA, and Booklet II of the Edwards Personality Inventory. The results obtained support the interpretation of scores on the R scale as measuring acquiescent tendencies with respect to items with a non-pathological content.
Students' Attitudes and Absenteeism, a Possible Link
Authors: Lamberth John , Padd Wayne
Published: September 2011

64 undergraduates were asked to imagine that they had awakened during the middle of the week not feeling very well and had to decide whether to go to work or not. They were told that they worked in a 2-person office and were given information about their work partner. All of the information, with the exception of 15 attitudes, was standardized across conditions. The attitudinal information was simulated to agree with S on either 20%, 47%, or 80% of the items. Ss were then asked to indicate whether they would go to work and to evaluate their work partner. As agreement between S and the work partner increased, attraction toward the work partner increased (F = 22.64, df = 2/61, p < .01). Also, as attitudinal similarity increased, Ss indicated a greater willingness to go to work (F = 4.27, df = 2/61, p < .05). Applications of the present results to industrial settings were discussed.
Values and Estimation of Word Frequencies
Authors: Milburn Thomas W. , Bell Nancy
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that people scoring high on a value or need such as evaluative dependence (measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, M-C SD) would be more sensitive to words relevant to this need than would low scoring Ss and thus would tend to overestimate the frequency of occurrence of the need-relevant words. Words chosen for frequency ratings varied on a good-bad dimension pertaining to human characteristics or behaviors, and appropriate word classification was determined by the evaluative ratings of an initial sample of Ss. Words within each category were also matched for actual frequency of occurrence according to Thorndike-Lorge counts. The results did not support the hypothesis since high and low M-C SD scorers did not differ in their frequency ratings. The major finding, replicated in a second experiment, was that all Ss rated evaluative words as occurring more frequently than neutral words, even though the actual frequency of occurrence of the word types was the same.
A Scaled Ratio of Body Weight to Brain Weight as a Comparative Index for Relative Importance of Brain Size in Mammals of Widely Varying Body Mass
Authors: Herschel John
Published: September 2011

Since very little can be determined about the relative importance of brain size in mammals from a simple body-weight/brain-weight ratio, a scaled ratio is proposed that takes into account the mathematical peculiarities of the cube/square relationship between body size and brain size in mammals of widely varying body masses. The values obtained from this scaled ratio appear to arrange these animals in an order more consistent with their observed intellectual capacities.
Item Overlap and the “Built-In” Factor Structure of the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

5 sets of empirical correlations were factored, along with correlations based solely on the (corrected) numbers of overlapping items in the Personal Orientation Inventory. The factor structure of the item-overlap data resembled that of the empirical data, although differences were also noted. Alternative interpretations of the findings were considered.
Effects of Physical Appearance on Social Responsiveness
Authors: Barocas Ralph , Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

A behavioral analysis of the consequences of physical appearance on social behavior was undertaken with the view that physical attractiveness operates as a stimulus control variable by occasioning differential interpersonal reinforcement. Fifty-six males were requested to role-play an interaction with the taped performance of a young woman. Video-taped performances were presented under two conditions, attractive and unattractive, to Ss instructed to translate their enacted social responses into “button-presses.” The audio portions of these tapes were presented alone to two additional groups of Ss and no differences attributable to voice quality or speech content were observed. The attractive appearance evoked more social reinforcement and enhanced cognitive-evaluative ratings of calmness, popularity, and friendship desirability.
Originality on Demand
Authors: Gilchrist M. B. , Taft R.
Published: September 2011

Measures of fluency and originality were obtained from the Unusual Uses Test administered twice to the same group of 60 Ss: first, under “neutral” instructions, and second under instructions which stressed originality. Compared with scores obtained from the first administration, under “originality” instructions the number of responses (fluency) decreased, but the number and proportion of original responses increased. Improvement in originality was not related to either creativity or academic achievement.
Intercorrelations among Repression-Sensitization, Extroversion, Neuroticism, Social Desirability, and Locus of Control
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D.
Published: September 2011

Descriptive statistics for 70 undergraduate women on 5 personality scales are given. Intercorrelations among scales varied from –.13 to .81 but were predominantly small and nonsignificant.
Psychological Need Relationships in Dyadic Attraction and Rejection
Authors: Markey Vicki K.
Published: September 2011

Need relationships in dyadic attraction and rejection were studied within a fully delimited field of available choices. Sorority women ( N = 49) were Ss. Convergent validities for 3 need assessment methods utilized indicated significant validities on 4 of the 7 needs. With few exceptions, self- and EPPS need ratings suggested neither complementary not homogamous need relationships between dyads. Peer ratings gave some support for similarity of needs between Ss and their friends and social companions. Choice of task companion was in most cases associated with complementary need relationships. Rejection of individuals as friends or social companions was associated with dissimilar needs, while rejection of individuals as task companions was generally associated with homogamous needs. This study points out the importance of measurement method and role factors in investigations of dyadic attraction and rejection.
Militance in a Women's Profession: Psychological Characteristics of Partisans and Critics of a Nurses' “Strike”
Authors: Olesen Virginia
Published: September 2011

Omnibus Personality Inventory scores obtained before and after the professional education of 59 baccalaureate nurse graduates who favored, justified, were ambivalect about or were critical of a nurses' “strike” were compared. Significant differences were found among these various opinion groups on the Complexity, Impulse Expression and Non-authoritarian scales. (1) These opinion groups' median scores at graduation were significantly different, with the larger median scores in decreasing order shown by those who favored, those who justified, and those who were ambivalent or critical. (2) Those who favored or justified the strike were shown to have changed significantly between the outset of their professional education and graduation. Such differences between entry and graduation scores for the other groups were not significant. (3) The amount of change shown by those who favored the strike was larger than the amount of change shown by other groups.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Teacher-Rated Verbal Behavior of Slum Preschoolers
Authors: Richards Herbert C.
Published: September 2011

2 samples ( N = 74; N = 181) of 4- and 5-yr.-old slum preschoolers were administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a part of a wider testing program. These same children were rated by teachers independently on 17 scales, three of which concerned verbal skills, quality of speech, and activity of speech. All product-moment correlations between these teacher-ratings and the Peabody IQs were of moderate magnitude and statistically significant for both samples. The results were interpreted to mean that the Peabody taps a source trait related to daily classroom verbal interchange.
Memory Effects for Test-Like-Events during Acquisition of Foreign Language Vocabulary
Authors: Royer James M.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of Ss learned a 20-item Turkish-English vocabulary list under the following conditions: Group T was instructed to use a self-test procedure while learning the list and to study the list until they felt they had mastered all of the words. Group S was given the same amount of time to learn the list as was Group T bat studied the list under conditions which made it difficult to use a self-test technique. Group SM studied the list under the same conditions as did Group S but was instructed to study the list to mastery. The results of the experiment suggested that the self-testing technique provided more efficient learning of the list than did the study-alone procedures. The findings were interpreted as providing support for the hypothesis that test-like-events encourage memory search activity during learning, and that this activity leads to more rapid and thorough learning.
Varied Reward Magnitude Effects in the Rat: Patterning and Resistance to Extinction
Authors: Crumbaugh Charles M. , Campbell Patrick E. , File Portia E. , Batsche Catherine Nizzi
Published: September 2011

3 groups of 10 rats were trained for 6 trials per day for 34 days on one of the following reward schedules: 2 pellets on odd trials and 4 pellets on even trials (Group 2–4), 2 pellets on odd trials and 8 pellets on even trials (Group 2–8), and 2 pellets on odd trials and 16 pellets on even trials (Group 2–16). Following acquisition, extinction training was given at 6 trials per day for 6 days. In acquisition, the 2–16 group learned to run fast on the even trials and slow on the odd trials (patterned running). In extinction, Groups 2–4 and 2–16 ran similarly but both ran significantly more slowly than the 2–8 group. These results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the increased resistance to extinction usually provided by large variation in reward depends upon the absence of patterned running in acquisition.
Evaluation of Male and Female Ability: Bias Works Two Ways
Authors: Deaux Kay , Taynor Janet
Published: September 2011

47 male and 50 female college students rated 1 of 4 stimulus persons on competence and intelligence. Data showed highly competent males were rated more positively than highly competent females and males of low competence lower than similar females. Ss' sex was nonsignificant.
Comments on Randomization Tests
Authors: Gocka Edward F.
Published: September 2011

Although t tests are known to be robust, randomization tests have their unique role in instances of complex test criteria, censored observations, and unknown small sample characteristics.
Runway Performance as a Function of Magnitude of Runway Reward and Intertrial Reinforcement
Authors: Black Roger W. , House William , Moss Jon
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to traverse a straight alley for either 1 or 10 food pellets as reward. Each runway trial was preceded by an intertrial reinforcement of 1 or 10 pellets. A negative contrast effect obtained and persisted throughout the 72 trials conducted. Although there was a strong suggestion of a positive contrast effect throughout training, the effect did not prove reliable. The contrast effect results were interpreted as challenging the view that with extended training ITRs become “irrelevant” to runway reward.
Relationship between Quick Test and Wais IQS for Brain-Injured and Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Dizzonne Michael F. , Davis William E.
Published: September 2011

Quick Test IQs (combination form) correlated highly with WAIS Full Scale IQs (.80, .79) and WAIS Verbal IQs (.86, .79) obtained from separate groups of 48 brain-injured and 48 schizophrenic Ss. Significantly lower relationships were found between Quick Test IQs and WAIS Performance IQs (.60, .56). These results were interpreted as supporting the position that the Quick Test is a valid, reliable estimate of intelligence which “holds up” with populations notorious for their variability and which seems resistant to the type of reduction in performance on intelligence test tasks often associated with psychopathology.
Error Goal-Gradients of Mature-Young and Aged Rats during Training in a 14-Unit Spatial Maze
Authors: Goodrick Charles L.
Published: September 2011

16 mature-young and 16 aged rats were tested in a 14-unit spatial T-maze using distributed practice of one trial per day and differential motivation. Mature-young rats learned the maze more quickly than aged rats, and age differences increased with increasing trials. Error goal-gradients were obtained which were similar for both age groups and which were maintained over trials.
Acquisition and Extinction of a Runway Response as a Function of a Between- or Within-Subjects Odor Condition
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Cox Thomas P. , Bridges Cecil C.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of albino rats received the same schedule of reward and nonreward (NNNRN), the same magnitude of reward, the same intertrial interval but differed in terms of odor conditions. Each S in a partial reinforcement, within- Ss group received all 5 daily trials before the second S received its first daily trial, etc. Tor Ss in a between- Ss, odor group, 4 other Ss received a given trial before the first S received its second trial, etc. Thus, the only difference between these groups was whether an S followed itself or other Ss. The results showed that during acquisition there was no difference in goal approach rate between the groups, but during extinction, the group of Ss receiving all trials before others were tested extinguished significantly faster than the group of Ss run 1 trial at a time in the start, run, and goal segments of the runway. The study points to important methodological considerations for odor control.
Obscene Language and Evaluative Response: An Empirical Study
Authors: Baudhuin E. Scott
Published: September 2011

126 Ss' responses to obscene language from the evaluative dimension of meaning were investigated. Results indicated that Ss respond most favorably to religious profanities and that sexual words generally received the most negative evaluative response of those words surveyed.
Secrecy and Written Dialogue
Authors: Wilson Wayne
Published: September 2011

Exp. I showed that the probability of disclosing bad news about a best friend to that best friend was high for males and females. But Exp. II, conducted at a more impersonal level, indicated that females but not males exercised a low probability of revealing bad news to a best friend. It was concluded that to comprehend the parameters of a psychology of secrets, we must know more about the capabilities and intent of the secret bearer.
Examiner Effect on Sex-Role Preference among Black and White Lower-Class Female Children
Authors: Doll Paddy A. , Fagot Hacker J. , Himbert Joanna D.
Published: September 2011

The IT Scale for Children (ITSC) was administered to 240 white and black lower-class gills at 6-, 9-, and 12-yr.-old age levels. On the standard version, race and age of Ss had significant effects on sex-role preference scores, but the sex of the examiner did not. On the concealed version, the sex of the examiner had a significant main effect. In addition, there was significant interaction between sex of examiner and the age and race of Ss.
Effects of Overt Verbalization of Information before and after Instance Selection on Concept Attainment
Authors: McKinney James D.
Published: September 2011

60 undergraduate students solved four conjunctive concept attainment problems. The experimental design varied sex, type of array, and type of verbalization. The stimulus arrays were either in ordered or random form, and Ss were instructed to either verbalize the information they expected to gain prior to a card choice, the information they obtained from their card choice, or were given no verbalization instructions. Under the ordered array, males who verbalized after instance selection showed better performance than those who verbalized prior to instance selection. When the stimuli were randomly arranged, males who verbalized before instance selection were superior to those who verbalized after instance selection. Both verbalization procedures facilitated the performance of females under the ordered array; however, when the stimuli were randomly arranged, verbalization either interfered with or had no effect on performance.
Attribution of Responsibility Implied in a Notice of Acceptance or Rejection
Authors: Bowerman William R.
Published: September 2011

200 college students reported which of 2 messages they would send, as representatives of a social club, to a person whose application to join the club had been accepted or rejected. One message had the effect of assigning less internal responsibility to the sender ( S) for the decision than did the other. Ss were randomly assigned to send either an acceptance or a rejection notice and were randomly assigned to one of two message pairs which differed in the manner in which the locus of control for the decision was varied. When the results from both message conditions are combined, the difference between the proportion of “internal responsibility” messages in the accept versus the rejection conditions is significant ( p < .06), indicating that Ss tend to imply more internal responsibility in the acceptance notices they send and more external responsibility in their rejection notices. There is a rather weak curvilinear relationship between the message chosen to send in the rejection condition and S‘s Machiavellianism score, with very high and very low Machs being the most apt to select the external responsibility note to send to the applicant.
Marihuana Extract in Chimpanzees: Absence of Long-Term Effects on Operant Behavior
Authors: Ferraro Douglas P. , Grilly David M.
Published: September 2011

6 chimpanzees were given 37 doses of marihuana extract over a 7-mo. period. No long-term effects on baseline operant responding were observed in these animals when compared with the behavior of non-drug control chimpanzees.
Male and Female Reactions to Erotic Literature
Authors: Englar Ronald C. , Walker C. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Jakobovits (1965) found that females respond more strongly than males to stories classified as hard core pornography. The present study showed no difference between responses to erotic literature by 40 men and 40 women, in most of the comparisons studied. Thus, the data did not confirm Jakobovits' earlier findings, but were consistent with most other research.
Locus of Control and Judgments about Another's Accident
Authors: Schiavo R. Steven
Published: September 2011

Female Ss scoring internal and external on Rotter's scale rated the personal characteristics and responsibility of a stimulus person who experienced a chemical laboratory accident which varied in severity and type of consequences. Consistent with a strategy of denying threat, Internals reported that they were less like the accident perpetrator than did Externals, but contrary to predictions did not hold the person more accountable. Contrary to other studies and defensive attribution theory no support was found that the stimulus person's responsibility and characteristics were assigned on the basis of the accident's consequences.
Intelligence of Pregnant Indigent Negro Adolescents Assessed by the Quick Test
Authors: Goldfarb Joyce , Basen Jeffrey A. , Kersey Joseph
Published: September 2011

323 Ss were administered the Quick Test (QT) to determine their level of functioning by ages and to compare that level with the published levels for the standardization sample. Scores were age-related. Significant differences were found in mean scores between this sample and the standardization sample. Differences in educational, geographical, and cultural background, as well as the factor of the pregnancy were suggested as possible sources of the differences in scores.
Subprocesses of, and Rated Similarity in, Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Weinstock Roy B. , Miller Stuart M.
Published: September 2011

Examination was made of a proposal by Underwood, Ekstrand, and Keppel (1965) concerning the effects of the various subprocesses that are assumed jointly to determine paired-associate learning. Runquist's (1968a, 1968b, 1969) recently presented distinction between formal and rated similarity was evaluated. Only minimal support was found for the Underwood, et al. predictions which involve the paired-associate learning subprocesses of response-learning and associative interference where formal similarity is concerned. Further, the use of rated similarity as a ratio-scale measure on intralist similarity appears to furnish a definition of formal similarity which is more rigorous than the manner by which it has been traditionally ordinally scaled.
Anger and Systematic Desensitization: A Follow-up
Authors: Evans David R. , Hearn Margaret T.
Published: September 2011

The effect of systematic desensitization on anger in response to treatment related and non-treatment-related items on the Reaction Inventory was studied 6 mo. following systematic desensitization or no treatment. 6 mo. after treatment, the treatment group had maintained reduction in anger, whereas, the no-treatment group showed no change in anger to the treatment and non-treatment-related items.
Instructions, Word Association, and the Hospitalized Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Routh Donald K. , Keller William
Published: September 2011

Hospitalized psychiatric patients who had high scores on MMPI Scale 8 were given word-association tests under three instructions, namely, free association, instructions to give the responses most people would give, and instructions to give responses no one else besides themselves would give. These Ss, in contrast to Ss in previous studies selected for either psychiatric hospitalization or high Scale 8 scores alone, failed to produce a significant change in either popular or original responses under “most people” instructions. It is evidently only the combination of psychometrically defined “schizophrenia” and psychiatric hospitalization which predicts the inability to show more conventional associative processes when asked to do so.
Predetermined Sequences and a Direct Measure of Memory in a Concept-Identification Task
Authors: Gettys Vesta S. , Gettys Charles F.
Published: September 2011

Predetermined sequences of stimuli and a direct measuring technique were used to estimate the specific hypotheses Ss used to solve concept-identification problems. Results indicate that Ss did not choose hypotheses at random and that the focus sample of most Ss contained those hypotheses which were consistent with reinforcement on previous trials. A comparison was also made between predictions of the Trabasso and Bower (1968) and Chumbley (1969) models concerning Ss' sampling behavior after error trials. Ss eliminated irrelevant hypotheses on both error and correct choice trials at about the same rate, supporting the predictions of the Chumbley (1969) model.
The Token Economy and a Target Behavior
Authors: McQueen Robert
Published: September 2011

Weight loss and lessening of depression in a 33-yr.-old woman is described following choice of an appropriate plan (earning a private room) for weight loss (target behavior).
Self-Concept and Achievement in Self-Enhancing Education
Authors: Williams John D. , Beebe J. Daniel
Published: September 2011

A self-enhancing education program was implemented in two elementary schools. In general, Ss showed an increase in cognitive skills but a decrease in self-concept. A positive correlation was shown between the cognitive domain and the affective domain on the initial and final testings which occurred 6 mo. apart.
Effects of Test Anxiety and Testing Conditions on Intelligence Test Scores of Elementary School Boys and Girls
Authors: Young Filson A. , Brown Marvin
Published: September 2011

264 grade five boys and girls were divided into high, middle, and low test-anxious and were matched on previously obtained IQs. Group intelligence tests were then administered under either relaxed or achievement-oriented conditions. The hypotheses were suggested by test anxiety theory. The prediction that low-anxious Ss would perform better under achievement conditions than under relaxed conditions was supported by the results for the boys but not for the girls. The results failed to support predictions that highly anxious Ss would perform better under relaxed conditions or that there would be little difference between the performance of the low- and high-anxious Ss under relaxed conditions. Horner's concept of fear of success in women was suggested as an explanation for the differences among the low-anxious Ss. Low-anxious boys improved their performance from relaxed to achievement conditions, while that of the girls deteriorated under the achievement condition.
Bender-Gestalt as an Indicator of Suicidal Potential
Authors: Leonard C. V.
Published: September 2011

An attempt to differentiate 46 suicidal psychiatric patients from 46 non-suicidal psychiatric patients, all of whom were hospitalized, yielded good rater reliability. However, only two of the several measures differentiated these groups and might be explored further to ascertain how impulse control might best be assessed with the Bender.
Physical Attributes of Tokens: Comparison
Authors: Wolff Richard , Gray James J.
Published: September 2011

The physical attributes of six types of tokens commonly used in token economies are discussed. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each are presented, and a token which would have several advantages and few disadvantages is suggested.
Effects of Sucrose Concentrations upon Schedule-Induced Polydipsia on a Ffi-60-Sec. Dry-Food Reinforcement Schedule
Authors: Christian Walter P. , Schaeffer Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Food-deprived female albino rats were tested under a free-food schedule (FFI-60-sec.) in which water was freely available in both the test chamber and the home cage. 5 groups of 4 Ss each received different formulae of Noyes 45-mg. dry-food pellets. Group 1 received standard formula pellets containing 7.5% glucose. Group 2 received “no glucose” formula pellets. Groups 3, 4, and 5 received “no glucose” formula pellets with 4.0%, 16.0%, and 32 0% sucrose added, respectively, by weight. An inverse relationship between sucrose concentration of the pellets and water intake levels was obtained and all groups receiving sucrose or glucose pellets drank less than the group that received the “no-glucose” pellet.
Stability of IQ Differences of Twins between Ages Twelve and Twenty
Authors: Osborne R. T. , Suddick David
Published: September 2011

Environmental effects on IQ do not cumulate with age. An analysis of test results of 284 pairs of twins between 12 and 20 shows no systematic change in intraclass rs with age.
Delinquents' Attitudes toward the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Woodbury Roger
Published: September 2011

The study investigated (1) the differences in attitudes toward legal agencies between white and black delinquents, (2) group differences on anomie scales and (3) intergroup correlational analyses among attitudes toward legal agencies and anomie scales. A random sample of delinquents (73 white and 73 black) were administered measures of attitudes toward the police, juvenile court, probation and anomie. t tests of significance and z tests using Fisher's r to z transformation assessed group differences. White delinquents had more unfavorable attitudes toward the juvenile court while black delinquents had more hostile attitudes toward the police. White delinquents had more feelings of valuelessness and hopelessness. Black delinquents had more of powerlessness. Correlations suggest that attitudes toward legal agencies and those of anomie may be acquired independently.
Further Correlational Analyses of Five Versions of Two-Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Waters L. K. , Roach Darrell , Batlis Nick
Published: September 2011

5 versions of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction were tested for a sample of male radio/TV employees. No support was found for any of the versions of the theory. Two trends in the data, greater saliency of the intrinsic job-facets and greater predictability of over-all satisfaction, seemed to account largely for the results. These trends, previously noted by Hulin and Waters (1971) and Waters and Waters (1972), are more consistent with traditional approaches to job attitudes.
Extra Version, Neuroticism and the Volunteer Subject
Authors: McLaughlin Robert J. , Harrison Noble W.
Published: September 2011

Personality differences in volunteering for experiments were studied in 231 college students. The Eysenck Personality Inventory was used to measure extraversion and neuroticism. Ss were asked to volunteer for four experiments: general, boring, social, or shock experiment. Ss who volunteered for the general and social experiments were significantly more extraverted, while the high neuroticism-extraverts volunteered significantly more for the shock experiment.
Activational and Behavioral Aspects of Spontaneous Skin Potential Responses in Rats
Authors: Tajimi Tetuo , Yamazaki Katuo , Takei Hideo , Niimi Yosizumi
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous skin potential responses (spontaneous SPRs) were recorded from the foot pad of nonanesthetized and unrestrained rats. It was observed that frequency of spontaneous SPRs varied directly with the states of activation. A remarkable diminution of spontaneous SPRs was noted during the grooming and the face washing.
Internal-External Control and Anxiety following Success and Failure
Authors: Siegel Jerome M. , Mayfield Roxie
Published: September 2011

This study investigated self-reported anxiety in internals and externals after failure or success on an experimental task. Results indicated that externals who had failed were lower in anxiety than externals who had succeeded, internals who had failed, and internals who had succeeded. These results were discussed within the framework of a social learning theory of anxiety.
Cued Forgetting: Short-Term Memory Effect
Authors: Yinger Robert J. , Johnson William L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effectiveness of a “forgetting cue” under different inter-stimulus intervals. Each S had each combination of 3 list conditions (2 trigrams, no cue; 2 trigrams, with cue; 1 trigram) and 3 inter-stimulus intervals (6, 15, and 40 sec.). Recall of the second trigram was measured. Performance with the cue was significantly better at 6 and 15 sec., while at 40 sec., there was no difference between 3 list conditions.
Pyrazole Diuresis in Rats with and without Alcohol
Authors: Crow Lowell T. , Thompson James R.
Published: September 2011

Water intake and urinary output were observed in 20 rats treated with pyrazole and/or alcohol combinations. Results indicate water losses after pyrazole, but no pyrazole with alcohol interaction effect.
Effects of Sex and Need to Avoid Success on Verbal Mediation of Experimenter Bias
Authors: Hertzog Jane , Walker C. Eugene
Published: September 2011

Biases of +5 (positive bias) or −5 (negative bias) were induced in 4 male and 4 female Es high on n Avoid Success and 4 male and 4 female Es low on n Avoid Success. Instructions tape-recorded by these Es for Rosenthal's photo-rating task were then played for 64 male and 64 female Ss who rated 8 photographs on degree of perceived success or failure by means of a rating scale which ranged from +10 (extreme success) to −10 (extreme failure). Failure of either the chi-square test or the analysis of variance to indicate a significant experimenter bias effect questions Barber's acceptance of previous research which indicated that “the experimenter bias effect is produced by subtle (paralinguistic) cues” but supports his contention that the effect is not the pervasive and easily demonstrable phenomenon Rosenthal has claimed. The only analysis of variance component to reach statistical significance, Ss' sex, appeared due to a response set in which female Ss tended to view individuals pictured in the photo-rating task as more successful, regardless of E's induced bias.
Tests of an Alternative Explanation of Data Supporting the R Scale of the MMPI as a Measure of Acquiescence
Authors: Abbott Robert D. , Fry R. Michael , Keim-Abbott Sylvia
Published: September 2011

An alternative hypothesis explaining the greater proportion of True responses given by Ss with low scores on the R scale of the MMPI when compared with Ss with high scores on the R scale was not supported in two experiments. The results supported the original hypothesis of Edwards and Abbott that the R scale is measuring in some degree the tendency to respond True to personality items and trait adjectives without regard to the substantive content of these items.
Mood Ratings in Early Termination from an Alcoholism Unit
Authors: Ravensborg Milton R.
Published: September 2011

Male Early Terminators from an AA-oriented alcoholism program did not differ significantly from Completers on demographic or hospitalization variables. Also, there was no difference in tendency to deny Mood Scale items. But Early Terminators reported more fatigue, depression, restlessness, and inability to relax than Completers.