bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical activity and childbirth classes during a pregnancy and the level of perceived stress and depressive symptoms in women after childbirth
Authors: Kowalska Joanna , Olszowa Daria , Markowska Dominika , Teplik Marzena , Rymaszewska Joanna
Published: January 2015

Cel

Celem badania była odpowiedź na pytanie czy aktywność fizyczna w trakcie ciąży oraz uczestnictwo w zajęciach w Szkole Rodzenia przygotowuje kobiety do porodu oraz wpływa na poziom postrzeganego stresu i występowanie u nich objawów obniżonego nastroju.

Metoda

Badania przeprowadzono wśród 100 kobiet, z których połowa uczestniczyła przed porodem w zajęciach Szkoły Rodzenia. Do przeprowadzenia badań wykorzystano ankietę własnego autorstwa, Edynburską Skalę Depresji Poporodowej (EPDS) oraz Skalę Postrzeganego Stresu (PSS-10).

Wyniki

Nie stwierdzono istotnej zależności między uczestniczeniem w zajęciach w Szkole Rodzenia a wynikami EPDS i PSS-10. Nastrój kobiet po porodzie korelował istotnie z poziomem odczuwanego stresu w całej badanej grupie (p<0,0001). Najlepsze średnie samopoczucie i najniższy średni odczuwany stres prezentowały kobiety pozostające w związku (p=0,0029, p=0,0008). Kobiety aktywne fizycznie charakteryzowały się również lepszym samopoczuciem i mniejszym poziomem odczuwanego stresu (odpowiednio 6,7 i 14,4 vs. 8,4 i 16,0). Wśród kobiet ćwiczących w czasie ciąży zdecydowanie liczniejsze były uczestniczki zajęć w Szkole Rodzenia (p<0,0001).

Wnioski

Deklarowana aktywność fizyczna w czasie ciąży była związana z niższym poziomem odczuwanego przez kobiety stresu oraz mniejszym nasileniem objawów depresyjnych po porodzie, szczególnie w grupie uczestniczek zajęć Szkoły Rodzenia.
Group psychoeducation in bipolar mood disorders – the influence on the cognitive representation of the illness. The results of the program “Taming the bipolar affective disorder”
Authors: Mączka Grzegorz , Grabski Bartosz , Dudek Dominika , Gierowski Józef
Published: January 2015

Cel

Zbadanie wpływu psychoedukacji grupowej w zaburzeniach dwubiegunowych na wybrane aspekty poznawczej reprezentacji choroby.

Metoda

51 pacjentów z rozpoznaniem zaburzeń dwubiegunowych włączono do badania, a 24 do ostatecznej analizy statystycznej. Uczestnicy wzięli udział w 8 spotkaniach grupowej psychoedukacji. Poddano ich trzykrotnej (przed, po i w 18 miesięcy po interwencji) ocenie za pomocą kwestionariuszy badających wybrane aspekty poznawczej reprezentacji choroby: akceptację choroby, umiejscowienie kontroli zdrowia, uogólnioną własną skuteczność, nadzieję na sukces, współpracę terapeutyczną, przekonania wobec zaburzeń dwubiegunowych, w celu zarejestrowania ewentualnych zmian po zastosowaniu psychoedukacji.

Wyniki

Wykazano istotny statystycznie wzrost w zakresie poziomu akceptacji choroby, spostrzeganej własnej skuteczności, poziomu nadziei na sukces, współpracy w zażywaniu leków normotymicznych, a także korzystną modyfikację przekonań na temat zaburzeń dwubiegunowych. Zaobserwowana zmiana wystąpiła zaraz po zakończeniu oddziaływań i nie utrzymała się w czasie okresu obserwacyjnego.

Wnioski

Psychoedukacja może wywierać korzystny wpływ na potencjalnie ważne z punktu widzenia efektów leczenia zaburzeń dwubiegunowych zmienne poznawcze. Wpływ ten może zanikać w czasie, stąd oddziaływania powinny być powtarzane lub czas trwania interwencji wydłużony. Badanie wyznacza możliwe dalsze kierunki prac badawczych w obszarze poszukiwania mechanizmów działania psychoedukacji oraz aktywnych komponentów stosowanych interwencji.
Mood stabilisers and pregnancy outcomes - a review
Authors: Costoloni Giulia , Pierantozzi Elisa , Goracci Arianna , Bolognesi Simone , Fagiolini Andrea
Published: January 2015

Celem tego przeglądu jest zapewnienie przydatnych informacji , aby poprowadzić klinicystów w leczeniu kobiet ciężarnych dotkniętych chorobą afektywną dwubiegunową . Ta opinia koncentruje się na tym stabilizatorów nastroju , walproinianu sodu, litu , karbamazepina, okskarbazepina , gabapentyny , lamotryginy i topiramatu. Dane zostały wydobyte z wyszukiwania MEDLINE. Dane z prospektywnych i retrospektywnych badań kliniczno- kontrolnych , jak i systematycznych przeglądów , meta- analizy i dane z rejestru zostały uwzględnione ciąży . Główne wady wrodzone , jak i konkretne wady zostały zgłoszone do każdego leku . Wstępne wyniki wydają się zidentyfikować lamotryginę jako jeden z najbardziej bezpiecznych leków przeciwpadaczkowych , które mają być stosowane w okresie ciąży . Ryzyko Teratogenity topiramatu jest nadal w dużej mierze nieznane i nie ma wystarczającej liczby badań wyciągnąć nawet wstępne wnioski . Wstępne badania nie stawiła się na zwiększone ryzyko poważnych wad wrodzonych wśród gabapentyny lub okskarbazepiny w czasie ciąży . Nawet jeżeli podniesienie mniejsze znaczenie w stosunku do kwasu walproinowego , karbamazepina , należy unikać jego udokumentowane ryzyko teratogenity . Wydaje się, że walproinian najgorsze rozważają poważne wady wrodzone , specyficzne wady , jak również na jego niekorzystny wpływ na rozwoju neurologicznego. Z drugiej strony, sole litu, który może być uważanydobrym rozwiązaniem przy leczeniu ciężarnych kobiet dotkniętych zaburzeniem dwubiegunowym. Biorąc pod uwagęograniczone badania stabilizatorów nastroju w ciąży , lekarze muszą być bardzo ostrożni podczas leczenia kobiet w wieku rozrodczym.
Inhaled loxapine: A novel treatment for agitation in psychotic disorders
Authors: Siwek Marcin
Published: January 2015

Pobudzenie psychoruchowe jest zjawiskiem powszechnie obserwowanym w przebiegu schizofrenii i choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej. Stanowi ono bardzo trudne wyzwanie terapeutyczne, wiążące się z istotnym ryzykiem działań niepożądanych oraz traumatycznych dla pacjenta (i niejednokrotnie personelu) doświadczeń. Obecnie dostępne metody farmakologicznego leczenia pobudzenia mają liczne mankamenty. Podania doustne leku (preferowane przez pacjentów) wiążą się z koniecznością długiego oczekiwania na efekt terapeutyczny w trakcie którego może dojść do eskalacji pobudzenia. Zaletą iniekcji domięśniowych jest znacznie szybszy początek działania, jednak ich stosowanie jest postępowaniem bardziej inwazyjnym oraz wiąże się z większym ryzykiem działań niepożądanych. Istnieje zatem potrzeba poszukiwania nowych sposobów podawania leków, pozwalających na połączenie zalet leczenia doustnego i parenteralnego przy jednoczesnej minimalizacji ich wad. Przykładem tego jest zastosowanie loksapiny w postaci wziewnej Jak wynika z dostępnych badań pozwala ono na skuteczne opanowanie pobudzenia w schizofrenii i chorobie dwubiegunowej, z szybkością podobną do podań domięśniowych innych leków przeciwpsychotycznych. Ma ono jednak charakter mało inwazyjny, i wiąże się z bardzo niskim ryzykiem działań niepożądanych, czy powikłań.
Cognitive dysfunctions in depression – underestimated symptom or new dimension?
Authors: Jarema Marek , Dudek Dominika , Czernikiewicz Andrzej
Published: January 2015

Zaburzenia funkcji poznawczych są integralną częścią obrazu klinicznego depresji, ale nie poświęca się im zasadniczej uwagi, głównie z powodu przekonania, że są one wtórne wobec innych, typowych objawów depresji. Uważa się, że dysfunkcje poznawcze stanowią jedną z przyczyn złego funkcjonowania chorych na depresję. Deficyty poznawcze są obecne już w pierwszym epizodzie depresji. Uważa się, że są one związane z nasileniem objawów depresji, hospitalizacją, wiekiem i wykształceniem chorych na depresję. Mogą się utrzymywać pomimo istotnej poprawy w zakresie innych objawów depresyjnych. Deficyty poznawcze w depresji dzielą się na „zimne” (niezwiązane z emocjami) i „gorące” (związanym z emocjami). Te deficyty kognitywne związane z poznaniem zimnym wydają się nie ustępować w czasie remisji, a przetrwałe deficyty tego typu wiążą się z gorszą reakcją na leki przeciwdepresyjne. Wortioksetyna to nowy lek przeciwdepresyjny o unikalnych mechanizmie działania: wpływa nie tylko na transport zwrotny serotoniny, ale wykazuje działanie agonistyczne wobec receptorów serotoninowych 5-HT 1A, będąc częściowym agonistą receptorów 5-HT 1B lub antagonistą receptorów 5-HT 1D , 5-HT 3 i 5-HT 7. W badaniach przedklinicznych, wortioksetyna znacząco normalizowała neurotransmisję serotoninergiczną, noradrenergiczną i dopaminergiczną, a dodatkowo przez efekt GABAergiczny i glutaminianergiczny. Działa przeciwdepresyjnie, jest skuteczna w różnych postaciach depresji: ciężkiej, z lękiem, u osób starszych; okazała się skuteczna u chorych, którzy nie odpowiadają wystarczająco na leczenie lekami z grupy SSR lub SNRI. Wpływakorzystnienafunkcjepoznawcze u chorychnadepresję.
Homocysteine and cognitive functions in bipolar depression
Authors: Permoda-Osip Agnieszka , Kisielewski Jacek , Dorszewska Jolanta , Rybakowski Janusz
Published: January 2015

Cel

Celem badania była ocena związku między stężeniem homocysteiny (HCY), witaminy B12 i kwasu foliowego, a zaburzeniami funkcji poznawczych w okresie ostrego epizodu depresji w przebiegu choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej (CHAD).

Metoda

W badaniu uczestniczyło 116 osób (93 kobiety, 23 mężczyzn), w wieku od 20 do 78 (średnio 51±13) lat, z epizodem depresyjnym w przebiegu CHAD. Do określenia stanu psychicznego posłużyła 17-itemowa Skala Depresji Hamiltona (HDRS). Zastosowano testy badające wybiórcze sprawności poznawcze: Test Łączenia Punktów, Test Sortowania Kart Wisconsin, Test Stroopa i Skala Inteligencji Wechslera (WAIS-R). U wszystkich pacjentów wykonano oznaczenia poziomu homocysteiny, witaminy B12 i kwasu foliowego w surowicy krwi.

Wyniki

Hiperhomocysteinemię (HCY > 15µM/l) stwierdzono u 41 osób (35%), częściej mężczyzn (52%) niż kobiet (31%). Pacjenci z hiperhomocysteinemią osiągnęli gorsze wyniki w podtestach WAIS-R (rozumienie werbalne i organizacja percepcyjna). U mężczyzn stwierdzono ujemną korelację między stężeniem HCY, a liczbą błędów w teście Stroopa B i teście Wisconsin (ogólna liczba i błędy nieperseweracyjne). U kobiet z CHAD typu II ujemna korelacja dotyczyła stężenia HCY i czasu wykonania testu Stroopa B oraz stężenia witaminy B12 i liczby błędów w teście Stroopa A. W całej grupie oraz grupie mężczyzn stwierdzono dodatnią korelację między liczbą błędów w teście Stroopa B, a wyższym stężeniem kwasu foliowego.

Wnioski

Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na istnienie podwyższonego stężenia HCY u znacznej części pacjentów w depresji CHAD, zwłaszcza w grupie mężczyzn. Potwierdzają również związek wysokiego stężenia homocysteiny z gorszym wykonaniem testów neuropsychologicznych w różnych obszarach funkcji poznawczych. Zależność taka wyrażona jest w większym stopniu u mężczyzn.
Stem cell research and its growing impact on contemporary psychiatry
Authors: Ratajczak Mariusz , Kucharska-Mazur Jolanta , Samochowiec Jerzy
Published: January 2015

Rozwijające się badania nad komórkami macierzystymi zaczynają obecnie być pomocne w rozwiązywaniu problemów współczesnej psychiatrii. Z jednej strony, indukowane pluripotencjalne komórki macierzyste (iPSCs) mogą być używane do generowania linii komórek nerwowych od pacjentów z zaburzeniami psychicznymi, przydatnych jako modele do badania zmian ekspresji genów wpływających na patogenezę tych zaburzeń. Te sztucznie stworzone komórki nerwowe można także wykorzystać do oceny skuteczności nowo odkrywanych leków przeciwpsychotycznych. Z drugiej strony, gromadzą się dowody, że nie tylko monocyty, które mogą być prekursorami mikrogleju, ale także pewne inne komórki pochodzące ze szpiku kostnego mogą przekraczać barierę krew – mózg i wpływać na procesy zachodzące w tkance mózgowej. Obok komórek krążących i infiltrujących do mózgu, przedmiotem intensywnych badań są także czynniki modulujące przemieszczanie się tych komórek między szpikiem kostnym a tkanką mózgową (na przykład chemokiny, fosfosfingolipidy, składowe kaskady dopełniacza). Obserwacje te mogą pomóc w rzuceniu nowego światła na patogenezę zaburzeń psychicznych, a także w przyszłości być może pomogą odkryć nowe skuteczne metody ich leczenia.
Delegation Within Hierarchies: How Information Processing and Knowledge Characteristics Influence the Allocation of Formal and Real Decision Authority
Authors: Dobrajska Magdalena , Billinger Stephan , Karim Samina
Published: January 2015

We investigate trade-offs associated with delegating authority over multiple interrelated decisions in a complex task structure. The empirical setting is a business process of a global Fortune 50 firm. The firm decentralized its organization and redefined decision authority across organizational hierarchies between 2008 and 2011. We employ regression analysis of microlevel data on the allocation of decision authority between formal and real authority, and further on the organization design of 761 decision tasks within a hierarchy. Our findings show how the specialization of decision-relevant knowledge, the matching of required knowledge and managers’ expertise, and information processing intensity affect (a) the occurrence of delegation and, (b) if delegation occurs, how far down the organizational hierarchy authority is delegated. We discuss how these findings complement existing theories on delegation by providing insights into when and how interrelated decisions are delegated across multiple levels of an organizational hierarchy.
Short and Long Interpregnancy Intervals: Correlates And Variations by Pregnancy Timing Among U.S. Women
Authors: Cheslack Postava Keely , Winter Alix S.
Published: January 2015

CONTEXT

Short and long interpregnancy intervals are associated with adverse health outcomes. Little is known about the correlates of short and long interpregnancy intervals in the general population, and whether correlates vary by pregnancy intention.

METHODS

Data on 10,236 pregnancies following a live birth were drawn from the 1995, 2002 and 2006–2010 waves of the National Survey of Family Growth. Logistic regression was used to assess characteristics associated with women's reporting short interpregnancy intervals (less than 12 months) and long intervals (greater than 60 months). Analyses were stratified by whether women considered their pregnancies well timed or mistimed.

RESULTS

Thirty‐one percent of pregnancies following short intervals and 47% following long intervals were well timed. Among well‐timed pregnancies only, the odds of short intervals were elevated if women had been 35 or older, rather than aged 20–29, at last pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.3); if their prior infant had died (10.6); or if they had wanted their prior pregnancy sooner than it had occurred (2.2). Overall, the odds of long intervals were higher among minority groups than among whites (1.4–1.6) and were lower among women who had been 30 or older at prior pregnancy than among those who had been in their 20s (0.1–0.5); they increased with level of family income. Correlates of long intervals generally varied little by intention.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the majority of pregnancies at short intervals are unintended, specific subsets of women have elevated odds of intending short interpregnancy intervals.
Post-planting effects of early-season short-day treatment and summer planting on Norway spruce seedlings
Authors: Luoranen Jaana , Rikala Risto
Published: January 2015

Effects of short-day (SD) treatment on bud burst, growth and survival of Norway spruce ( [L.] Karst.) container seedlings after summer planting were studied in an experiment established in Suonenjoki, Central Finland. One-year-old seedlings were SD-treated for three weeks starting on 18 June, 24 June and 8 July 2004 and then planted on 22 July, 5 August, 6 September 2004 and, as a normal spring planting, on 10 May, 2005. Untreated control seedlings were also planted on these dates. Second flush on the planting year and bud burst the following spring was monitored in planted seedlings, whereas seedling height and survival were determined at the end of growing seasons 2004â2006. We observed a non-significant risk of a second flush if seedlings were SD-treated on 18 June. Also, SD-treated seedlings planted in July or August showed advanced bud burst and increased height the following growing season without significant effects on survival, compared to autumn and spring planted seedlings. Planting in July or early August was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of multiple leaders in later years. Based on our results, to begin a three-week SD treatment in late June or early July and then plant seedlings in late July or early August could be a good practice.Picea abies
Investigation of applying dampers in elevated water tanks using time-history analysis
Authors: Rajaie Ehsan
Published: January 2015

In this paper, the dynamic behavior of water storage tanks in investigated. Using time-history analysis based on three major earthquakes, the performance of system is illustrated. Two conditions, first with damper and second with no damper are presented and the relevant results are compared. The main results consist of base shear forces and also maximum target displacements.
Core versus Peripheral Innovations: The Effect of Innovation Locus on Consumer Adoption of New Products
Authors: Ma Zhenfeng , Gill Tripat , Jiang Ying
Published: January 2015

In four experimental studies, the authors investigate the effect of innovation locus—whether the innovation is integrated with the base product (the core locus) or offered as a detachable accessory (the peripheral locus)—on consumers’ adoption intentions. The findings show that offering a really new innovation (RNI) as a detachable peripheral component leads to higher adoption intentions than integrating the same innovation into the core. Innovation locus, however, does not have an effect on incrementally new innovations. The positive effect of peripheral locus (relative to core locus) for RNIs occurs through four mechanisms: (1) reduced schema incongruity, (2) lower risk perceptions, (3) increased benefit understanding, and (4) greater perceived usage flexibility associated with the new product. The authors demonstrate these effects by using stimuli from four product categories and including both attitudinal and behavioral measures of innovation adoption. The findings have implications for product design strategies for RNIs.
A Model of the Academic Review Process with Informed Authors
Authors: Azar Ofer H.
Published: January 2015

Research on the academic review process may help to improve research productivity. The article presents a model of the review process in a top journal, in which authors know their paper’s quality whereas referees obtain a noisy signal about quality. Increased signal noisiness, lower submission costs and more published papers all reduce the average quality of published papers in the journal. The model allows analyzing how the submission cost, the accuracy of referees and the number of published papers affect additional equilibrium characteristics. Implications of the model for journal policies are also discussed.
Structural transformation and productivity in Latin America
Authors: Ferreira Pedro Cavalcanti , da Silva Leonardo Fonseca
Published: January 2015

This article examines the effects of sectorial shifts and structural transformation on the recent productivity path of Latin America. We use a four-sector (agriculture, industry, modern services and traditional services) general equilibrium model calibrated to the main economies in the region. The model very closely replicates labor reallocations across sectors and the growth of aggregate labor productivity from 1950 to 2005. Structural transformation explains a sizeable portion of the region’s convergence in the first decades. In most cases, the poor performance of the traditional services sector is the main cause of the slowdown in productivity growth observed in the region after the mid-1970s and is a key factor in explaining the divergence during this period.
Comparison of two methods for measuring methylmalonic acid as a marker for vitamin B12 deficiency
Authors: Obeid Rima , Geisel Jürgen , Herrmann Wolfgang
Published: January 2015

Background: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a functional marker of vitamin B12 status and a valuable diagnostic tool. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) MMA assay has been used for decades in clinical studies.

Methods: In this study, we compared a newly developed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for MMA (ClinMass® Complete Kit) with the GCMS method and further measured other relevant vitamin B12 markers (homocysteine, total B12 and holotranscobalamin) to validate the new liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. For this purpose, 138 samples that were sent to our routine laboratory total B12 assay were used.

Results: The GCMS and LC-MS/MS assays showed a strong correlation (r=0.92, p<0.001) particularly at low holoTC levels (deficiency is more probable). Forty six cases had MMA>300 nmol/L with both methods. Only five subjects showed MMA GCMS>300 nmol/L, but MMA LC-MS/MS≤300 nmol/L. However, the LC-MS/MS method showed a slightly better correlation with other B12 markers (holoTC, total B12). In addition, the LC-MS/MS method offers several advantages over the GCMS method, such as saving time and costs, precision, flexibility and popularity in modern labs.

Conclusions: The new LC-MS/MS assay for MMA showed an excellent correlation to the GCMS method. The two methods showed similar agreements with other vitamin B12 markers.
Making the LINC: SUN and KASH protein interactions
Authors: Kim Dae In , KC Birendra , Roux Kyle J.
Published: January 2015

Cell nuclei are physically integrated with the cytoskeleton through the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, a structure that spans the nuclear envelope to link the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. Outer nuclear membrane KASH domain proteins and inner nuclear membrane SUN domain proteins interact to form the core of the LINC complex. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the reported protein-protein interactions for KASH and SUN domain proteins. This critical structure, directly connecting the genome with the rest of the cell, contributes to a myriad of cellular functions and, when perturbed, is associated with human disease.
HIV testing among non-incarcerated substance-abusing juvenile offenders
Authors: Tolou-Shams Marina , Conrad Selby , Louis Alaina , Shuford Sarah Hart , Brown Larry K.
Published: January 2015

Juvenile offenders are a subgroup of adolescents at particular risk for HIV/STI infection. Although HIV prevalence among these youth is low (<1%) in the US, rates of other STIs, unprotected sexual activity, multiple partners, and incidents of substance use during sex are high compared with other adolescent populations. Many of these youth will enter the adult criminal justice system, which is known to have an extremely high rate of HIV infection. US constitutional mandates provide HIV/STI testing for incarcerated juveniles, but close to 80% of juvenile arrestees are never detained. Moreover, although they engage in similar HIV risk behaviors as those detained, they have limited access to available HIV/STI testing services. Thus, our study examined rates of lifetime HIV testing among a pilot sample of 60 court-involved, substance-using juveniles monitored in the community to explore rates of testing and the reasons related to lifetime testing among a high-risk, yet understudied US juvenile population.
Perceptions of family styles by adolescents with eating disorders and their parents
Authors: Fisher Martin , Bushlow Megan
Published: January 2015

Purpose: The traditional view has been that there is a great deal of rigidity and enmeshment in the families of adolescents with eating disorders, with poor communication and satisfaction among family members. We used the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales IV (FACES-IV) to study whether this traditional view remains true or whether family styles among those with eating disorders have changed over time to include a wider range of families.

Methods: Forty-four patients (aged 14–18 years; mean, 15.4 years; 38 females and 6 males) being treated for an eating disorder in a Division of Adolescent Medicine completed the FACES-IV questionnaire, along with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Patients were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (38.6%), eating disorders not otherwise specified (59.5%), and bulimia nervosa (2.3%) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. They had a mean BMI of 19.6 at the time of questionnaire completion, which was an average of 175 days from first visit. Parents (38 mothers and 6 fathers) completed the FACES-IV and the BDI at the same visit without conferring with their children.

Results: A great majority of patients and parents reported their families as being connected/very connected (93% of patients and 98% of parents) and flexible/very flexible (80% and 93%), with low/very low enmeshment (89% and 89%), moderate/low/very low rigidity (77% and 95%), low/very low chaos (84% and 86%), and moderate/high/very high communication (85% and 50%). Despite these scores, all well within the normal range for families with teenagers, 70% of patients and 64% of parents reported low/very low satisfaction with their families, well below the normal range. Depression scores were moderate/severe for 44% of patients and 14% of parents. Analysis of variance and t-tests showed no differences between FACES-IV scores and age, gender, ethnicity, diagnosis, and time from first visit for patients, whereas patients and parents who were more depressed were each more likely (p<0.05) to report greater dissatisfaction with their families.

Conclusion: A great majority of patients with eating disorders and their parents reported their family styles to be in the healthy range. However, many patients and parents, especially those with depression, expressed dissatisfaction with their families. These data demonstrate that older concepts of the families of adolescents with eating disorders need to be reconsidered.
Community physiotherapy in India: short review on research
Authors: Rajan Pavithra
Published: January 2015

Community physiotherapy in India is an important but under researched field. There are three components of community physiotherapy that are associated with each other, namely, education, research, and service delivery. There have been previous attempts to study the components of education and service delivery in the field of community physiotherapy in India. However, there is little published research. The aim of the current paper is to understand the contribution of Indian physiotherapists to the field of community research in an Indian and a global context. A research journal called
Challenge and promotion: influence of religion on Tibetan special education
Authors: Chen Ge
Published: January 2015

There is a close relationship between religion and education. Tibetan religions have a far-reaching influence on all aspects of Tibetan lives. Tibetan religious ideas bring both challenge and promotion to Tibetan special education, including special schooling and the parenting of disabled children. Both positive and negative influences of religious philosophies on Tibetan special schooling and parenting are analyzed based on the introduction of three kinds of Tibetan religions.
A Short Remark on WAN Model for Electrospinning and Bubble Electrospinning and Its Development
Authors: Liu Hong Yan , Wang Ping
Published: January 2015

This paper points out that the Bratu-like equation for the charged jet in electrospinning process (Yu-Qin Wan, Qian Guo & Ning Pan, International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation, 5(1), pp. 5–8) requires much improvement.
Effect of carbon fiber surface modification on the flexural mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone biocomposites
Authors: Pan Yusong , Chen Yan , Shen Qianqian , Pan Chengling
Published: January 2015

Carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is one of the most promising orthopedic implant biomaterials. In this paper, CF reinforced PEEK biocomposites were fabricated by hot press molding technology. The influence of the CF surface modification on the flexural mechanical properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites was investigated. Studies on the flexural mechanical properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites revealed that the flexural stress-strain behavior of the biocomposites possessed linear elastic characteristics. The fracture mechanism of the biocomposites was predominated by brittle rupture. Both flexural strength and modulus of the biocomposites obviously increased with the rise of CF content. The influence degree of different CF modification on the flexural properties of CF/PEEK biocomposites increased with the rise of CF content. Moreover, the CF modified by concentrated HNO3 is beneficial for the flexural strength of the CF/PEEK biocomposites improvement. Conversely, CF modified by KH-560 coupling agent played an adverse influence on the flexural strength of the biocomposites.
RUBELLA VIRUS AND ITS TERATOGENIC ACTION. PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL COURSE, DIAGNOSTICS AND PREVENTION OF CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME. ARTICLE 1. RUBELLA VIRUS: MOLECULAR–BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Antipova A. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This review summarizes data about rubella virus and its teratogenic action, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), modern methods of diagnostics and prevention of infection. The current article provide information concerning modern knowledge about structural and functional organization of Rubella virus (genius Rubivirus, family Togaviridae), stages of viral reproduction.
TOXOPLASMOSIS: MODERN STRATEGIES OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Dolgikh T. I.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Modern conceptions concerning congenital and acquired toxoplasmosis and some indications for patients’ examination are discussed in the paper. Methods of toxoplasmosis laboratory diagnostics focused on DNA, toxoplasms’ antigens, IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies identification with avidity determination and Line-blot evidence have been elucidated. Liquor analysis specificity in cerebral damage in HIV patients and acquired toxoplasmosis has been reproduced.
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF THE MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION AND PURULENT BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Kraeva L. A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In the review modern data on taxonomy, biological features and clinical significance of agent of meningococcal infection and bacterial purulent meningitis are presented. Methods of laboratory diagnostics as well as recommendations about use of high-quality culture media and diagnostic kits for isolation and identification of microorganisms are described. Modern techniques to detect sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics are proposed.
OPPORTUNITIES OF FLOW CYTOMETRY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES. PART 1
Authors: Khaidukov S. V. , Zurochka A. V.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Development of a modern medical science demands more thorough and deeper approach to diagnostics of diseases. New diagnostic technologies for these investigations are necessary and flow cytometry is such technology. Modern achievements in the field of fluorescent dyes, development of laser and computer technologies, have led to wide use of the given technology in medical practice. Infectious immunology is not exception. Cytokines production analysis at tuberculosis, HLA-DR expression changes for monocytes and CD64 for granulocytes at sepsis are the important diagnostic attributes. Flow cytometry offers new approaches to early and faster diagnostics of infringements of immune system at tuberculosis and sepsis, allows supervising development of these pathologies more effectively and estimate efficiency of therapy.
VACCINATION OF PATIENTS WITH ONCOLOGY DISEASES AGAINST MEASLES AND MUMPS
Authors: Kharit S. M. , Cherniaeva T. V. , Cherniaeva E. V. , Brusov N. K.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. One hundred and seven children (45 girls and 62 boys) in the age of 20 months — 14 years old (mean 9,62±0,37) suffered from acute lymphoblast leukosis and solid tumors in history have been examined in the clinic of Research Institute of children infections of FMBA. The vaccination history was studied in all children and the titers of specific antibodies to measles and mumps viruses as well as immune status were determined. 83,8% and 85,4% of studied children had no protection against measles and mumps respectively or had low titers of antibodies. Immunological examination of these children conducted within 4 months after finishing of therapy revealed absence of immunodeficiency. It gave opportunities to vaccinate or revaccinate these children against mentioned infections. Fifty three children were immunized against measles and 47 — against mumps. Application of live vaccines was safe because majority of vaccinated against measles (81,1%) and mumps (82,9%) children had mild vaccination process. It was established that to increase immunological efficacy of vaccination using of polyoxidony during 5 days before vaccination and 5 days after vaccination is reasonable.
ProMMP-1 PRODUCTION BY CULTIVATED CELLS OF VASCULAR ENDОTHELIUM IN VITRO AND IN A HUMAN BODY
Authors: Scliankina N. N. , Boldyreva N. V. , Babayants A. A. , Frolova I. S. , Belyaev D. L. , Portnova Yu. A. , Scheglovitova O. N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are structurally related endopeptidase composed of active sites which include ions Zn2+ and Ca2+. Cultured cells of human blood vessels produce MMP-1, proteolytic effect is aimed at splitting the collagen I and III types, and subsequent vascular remodeling. MMP-1 is synthesized as an inactive zymogen proMMP-1. It was shown that interferon alpha, beta and gamma inhibited production by culture of HUVEC proenzyme MMP-1, which seems to characterize their anti-angiogenic action. The effect of immunomodulators is more difficult to explain: perhaps inhibiting effect of imunofan and, as well as activating effect of cycloferon due to their internal structural peculiarities. The action of interferon alpha, beta and gamma, used as HUVEC before infection with HSV-1, and after it led to decrease in production proMMP-1. Apparently, the antiangiogenic effect of IFN is saved in the case of infection of cultures of vascular endothelium with HSV-1. Scatter in the content of proMMP-1 in the serum of blood donors was 1.625–11.8 ng/ml and in patients with chronic microbial-viral infections was 1.22–21.16 ng/ml. Higher rates of proMMP-1 were in older patients group. To estimate the system of MMP in vitro, and in the body a comprehensive study must be conducted, including proMMP-1, the active form of proenzyme and specific inhibitor of MMP-1.
THE PREVALENCE OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS INFECTION IN SAINT-PETERSBURG
Authors: Kulyashova L. B. , Berezina L. A. , Zakrevskaya A. V. , Zhebrun A. B. , Mayatskaya M. V. , Makovskaya O. A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Chlamydia trachomatis causes various diseases of reproductive organs. Only limited data on the incidence of urogenital chlamydia infection in the Russian Federation are available. The main goal of this study was to detect the prevalence of infection associated with Chlamydia trachomatis in citizens of St.Petersburg. Overall 3833 individuals including 2190 children and adolescents aged from 0 to 18 years old and 1643 adults aged 19–70 years old were tested in 2008–2010. This group included patients with acute and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility as well as patients without clinical symptoms of Chlamydia infection. The high level of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among newborns and dramatic increase of the infection among adolescents were determined. These results support urgent needs to develop adequate preventive measures to control Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the population. The effectiveness of different laboratory tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection depends on the causative agent localization in the macroorganism, on acuity of infection process and on immune response. The combined using of different laboratory tests give the possibility to obtain objective results about Chlamydia etiology role in inflammatory disease of urogenital tract as well as about prevalence of infection in regions of the country.
ECOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TICK-BORN ENCEPHALITIS AND TICK BORRELIOSIS (THE LIME DISEASE) IN KALININGRAD OBLAST
Authors: Tokarevich N. K. , Tronin A. A. , Seljuk V. N. , Grunicheva T. P. , Babura E. A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Results of monitoring of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and tick borreliosis (TB) in the western enclave of Russia in Kaliningrad oblast in 1999-2008 are presented in the article. The number of basic vector of the agents of these infections — I. ricinus during the analyzing period in the territory of Kurshskaya spit increased. The number of tick attacked persons in the oblast also increased. Despite these events the TBE incidence rates remained not so high and have tendency to decrease. At the same time the TB morbidity has moderate trend to increase. The link between increase of average annual air temperature and incidence of "tick" infections was not proved for the studying period of time. The people of pre-pension and pension ages living in cities more often suffer from TBE and TB. The most part of patients are exposed to tick attack during visiting of rest places. It was determined that eastern districts of Kaliningrad oblast are more problematic on "tick" infections.
APPLICATION OF MODERN STATISTICAL METHODS TO ASSESS THE INTERACTION OF THE INTERFERON STATUS OF FULL-TERM NEONATAL INFANT AND HIS MOTHER
Authors: Selkov S. A. , Koroleva L. I. , Tishkov A. V. , Anikin V. B. , Khromov-Borisov N. N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The analysis of the IFN-status of healthy full-term neonatal infants and their healthy mothers with modern statistical methods was conducted. It was established that the IFN status of healthy full-term neonatal infants differs from the same of their mothers with higher occurrence of IFNs and strengthened induced production of IFNα/β and IFNγ. The statistically significant interaction between indicators of the IFN status of newborns and their mothers has been revealed. The obtained data is important for assessment of nonspecific resistance in system mother–newborn.
PHOSPHORILATED POLYPRENOLS — A NOVEL CLASS OF COMPOUNDS WITH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND BRONCHIAL SPASMOLYTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Sanin A. V. , Ganshina I. V. , Sudiyna G. F. , Sanina V. Yu. , Kozhevnikova T. N. , Pronin A. V. , Narovlyanskiy A. N. , Sukhanova S. A. , Proskurina O. V. , Mitrokhin N. M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Phosphorilated polyprenols (PP) isolated from different sources are known to exert immunomodulating and antiviral activities. In this paper possible anti-inflammatory action of PP were studied using sensitive models of 5-lypoxigenase and 15-lypoxigenase activity inhibition, as well as a model of the hypostasis induced by the complete Freundt’s adjuvant, or carraginan. Also in vitro model of bronchospasm was used to study prospective broncholytic activity of PP. The latter was found to exert dose-dependent inhibitory effect upon both 5-lypoxigenase and 15-lypoxigenase activity. In the suspension cell culture significant inhibitory effect of PP upon leukotriens production was found even at a concentration of 5 mcg/ml; at concentration of 100 mkg/ml activity of the enzyme was suppressed almost to zero. In neutrophil cells cultivated on a collagenic substrate the significant inhibitory effect was also found at the concentration of 5 mcg/ml; 20 mcg/ml of PP reduced 5-LOX activity approximately 20-fold. In another protocol PP significantly inhibited 15-LOX activity. Thus, PP may be regarded as active inhibitor of both lipoxygenases. The PP exerted anti-inflammatory activity at both models of hypostasis, though it was weaker compared with indomethacin. Also PP was found to possess broncholytic activity in vitro in the bronchospasm model. Taking into account early established findings proving that PP may function as a physiological counterregulator of MIF (macrophage inhibitory factor), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, our data prove that PP possess anti-inflammatory and broncholytic activities, which might be used for development of novel drugs for preventive care and treatment of bronchial asthma, inflammatory diseases and other pathologies.
SIGNIFICANCE OF IMMUNE MECHANISMS IN PATHOGENESIS OF SOME ACUTE AND CHRONIC VIRAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Authors: Ivanis V. A. , Markelova E. V. , Sklyar L. F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In the last years immunological aspects are studying in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The influence of immune response to the infectious processes of acute and chronic virus infectious (Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and Chronic Viral Hepatitis C, as an example) has been revealed. Misbalance of system and local cytokine status characterizes the direct influence of immune system to all organs and systems of human organism. It determines the severity of the disease and its outcomes.
POLYPRENYL PHOSPHATES AS ADJUVANTS, POLARIZING THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO Th1
Authors: Pronin A. V. , Ozherelkov S. V. , Deyeva A. V. , Sanin A. V. , Narovljansky A. N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The attempts to decrease a toxic action of Freund complete adjuvant have led to development of new emulsion adjuvant compositions. More often they are based on metabolizable oil (squalene) with addition the Tween 80 (Polisorbate 80) as an emulsifier. The third component is an immunomodulator. Adjuvants, intended for prevention of virus infections, should include the immunomodulators polarizing the immune response to Th1. From this point of view adjuvant based on a colloidal solution prepared by means of the Tween 80 from polyprenyl phasphates of fir needles (Phosprenyl) can be rather perspective. The last one, as well as squalene, is constructed by isoprene links, but has them not 6, but 16 that essentially reduces its toxicity. The obtained data shows that Phosprenyl essentially enhances efficiency of vaccination in such virus infections as tick born encephalitis, bird flu, poliomyelitis and polarizes the immune response to Th1.
THE ROLE OF CYTOKINE GENES POLYMORPHISM IN HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Arsentieva N. A. , Semenov A. V. , Totolian Areg A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection depends on the immune response caused by the host genetic factors. Cytokines are key mediators of inflammation and development of specific immunity, which is responsible for the elimination of HCV. It has been found that the polymorphisms in several cytokine genes play role in human susceptibility to HCV infection, determine its differences in response to HCV and treatment-induced HCV clearance. This review summarizes the results of studies on the single-nucleotide polymorphisms of cytokine genes that complete our knowledge of the pathogenesis of HCV infection.
PATTERNS OF REGULATORY T-CELLS AND NK-CELLS LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Selkova M. S. , Selutin A. V. , Selkov S. A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The clinical course of hepatitis C virus infection partially depends on the patient’s immune system status. It was shown that balance between levels of regulatory T-cells and activated NK-cells changed depending on viral load and virus genotype. Patients with high viral load demonstrated shift of this balance toward regulatory T-cells increasing.
EXPRESS-DIAGNOSTIC OF RUBELLA INFECTION BY THE IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ASSAY USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO PROTEIN E1 OF RUBELLA VIRUS
Authors: Lisakov A. N. , Nagieva F. G. , Barkova E. P. , Niculina V. G. , Uminova N. V. , Antonova T. P. , Fedotov A. U.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The high rubella incidence rate in the Russian Federation and the low registration level of the rubella congenital syndrome which is not reflect the epidemic situation requiring optimization of the rubella diagnostics. In the present study the possibility of early detection of rubella virus in case of inoculation of sensitive cell culture by the nasopharyngeal washouts with following detection of rubella antigen with highly specific monoclonal antibodies to the basic structural protein E1 of rubella virus using direct immunofluorescent method have been shown. Using of the rapid cell cultural method allows providing etiological diagnosis of high specificity within 5 hours after inoculation of virus to the sensitive cells Vero E6 or BHK-21-F.
STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION PREVALENCE IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS OF ST. PETERSBURG POPULATION IN 2007-2011
Authors: Svarval A. V. , Ferman R. S. , Zhebrun A. B.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Presence of specific antibodies to H. pylori and to its Cag A toxin was studied in 1917 persons, including 860 children and 1057 adults, in Pasteur Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, St. Petersburg, Russia. The studied group was presented by the subjectively healthy individuals and blood donors living in St. Petersburg. The growth and stabilization of serological positive rates to H. pilory at high level, as well as increasing the proportion of CagA-positive infection among children and adults in St. Petersburg in 2007–2011 have been established. There are 3 age risk groups of H. pylori infection among children population: 4–5 years, 7–8 years and 14–15 years. The shift of the maximum H. pylori seropositivity rates from age group of 30–39 years in 2007 to age group 40–49 years in 2011 was detected.
THE SEASONAL INCREASE OF ENTEROVIRAL INFECTION INCIDENCE IN THE NOVGOROD OBLAST
Authors: Bichurina M. A. , Pianykh V. A. , Novikova N. A. , Leonova N. P. , Klevtsova G. A. , Romanenkova N. I. , Ivanova T. G. , Golitsina L. N. , Fomina L. B. , Rozaeva N. R. , Tseits O. E. , Lukovnikova L. B. , Kanaeva O. I. , Epifanova N. V.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The analysis of epidemic process and definition of the etiology of the seasonal increase of serosal meningitis incidence in the Novgorod oblast in September-November, 2008 has been carried out. It was shown that in the specified period 73 persons had enteroviral meningitis. The proportion of children under 17 years old in the group of patients was 89.9%. The etiological agents of disease (enteroviruses ECHO 6 и ECHO 30) were detected by the virological and molecular-biological methods. It was established that two genetic variants of ECHO 6 and one variant of ECHO 30 co-circulated in the Novgorod oblast. The last virus variant was closely related to the strain isolated from enteroviral meningitis patients in Nizhniy Novgorod in 2007. The obtained data support the idea about necessity of systematic epidemiological and virological surveillance on enteroviral infection to get new information about circulation of non-poliomyelitis enteroviruses in the population and to define peculiarities of epidemic process development.
Sobrecarga de familiares cuidadores de pacientes psiquiátricos: relação com assertividade
Authors: Bandeira Marina , Tostes Joanna Gonçalves de Andrade , Santos Daniela Cristina Souza , Lima Diego Costa , Oliveira Marcos Santos de
Published: January 2015

Foi avaliada a sobrecarga de familiares cuidadores de pacientes psiquiátricos e sua relação com as habilidades sociais e assertividade. Participaram 53 familiares, atendidos em um CAPS tipo I. Utilizou-se a Escala de Sobrecarga BI, o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais IHS-Del-Prette, a Escala de Assertividade RAS e um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico. Os resultados mostraram que os familiares com maior grau de inibição e timidez (RAS) apresentaram escores significativamente mais elevados de sobrecarga. A análise de regressão múltipla mostrou que a timidez foi o principal fator preditivo da sobrecarga. Não foi encontrada relação da sobrecarga com os escores do IHS-Del-Prette. Os dados apontam para a necessidade de implementar ações psicoeducacionais nos serviços de saúde mental, envolvendo o treinamento de assertividade dos familiares cuidadores, contribuindo, assim, para um melhor relacionamento com os pacientes e uma busca mais eficiente de suporte social, para o desempenho do papel de cuidador com menor sobrecarga.