bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ressourcenplan Boden – neue Impulse für die forstliche Planung (Essay) | Soil resource plan – new stimuli for forest planning (essay)
Authors: Hepperle Erwin
Published: December 2010

Sustainable use of soils requires a long-term equilibrium between the demand of society for ecological goods and services of soils and their actual capacity, also in forest areas. In general, the way soils are treated at present is too much influenced by reasoning along sectorial lines. Protection of this resource is very complex and involves a number of specialist departments. This requires a high degree of coordination. The presented resource protection concept intends to make pedological knowledge of the systemic behavior of soils available for spatial planning. Soil protection is not only a concern of forestry itself, safeguarding the sustainability of forest soil capacities is also relevant to the whole society. Therefore, social demands and activities inside and outside forests have to be adjusted to the capacities of forest soils. There is a wide range of methods to deduce the potential and sensitivities of soils. The bases for the implementation of the resource protection concept are, however, rather inhomogeneous, thus reducing the applicability of the deduction methods. Despite the insufficient data and some knowledge gaps it should nevertheless be possible to improve the basis for decision-making aiming to assure a sustainable development of the soil resource.
Bewertung von befahrungsbedingten Bodenveränderungen mittels Bakterienpopulationen | Evaluation of machine-induced soil compaction in forest soils by means of changes in soil bacteria populations
Authors: Frey Beat
Published: December 2010

The use of heavy logging machinery in the Swiss forest most often leads to the formation of ruts in which the soil suffers profound and long-lasting damage. In Switzerland the establishment of legal guidelines concerning the measurement of parameters in forest soil physics is being devised, although the necessary scientific bases are still largely lacking. The central question is what degree of structural change in the soil is to be regarded as soil damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional relationship between the physical properties of the soil (compaction), the way these influence vital soil functions and the composition of the bacterial population in the deep ruts. Wheel tracks were divided into three categories, depending on the degree of compaction, by an optical evaluation of easily recognizable morphological characteristics. Soil samples from places showing typical characteristics were investigated for their physical parameters, and genetic analyses of the soil bacteria were carried out. First results show that mechanical pressure on soil by heavy harvesting machines interferes with the balance of gases in the soil of the ruts, and this leads to a shift in the species of soil bacteria present. Anaerobic conditions in the compacted wheel tracks encourage those bacteria adapted to conditions of low oxygen, and increase the production of trace gases (methane, nitrous oxide). The study shows that bacterial populations are sensitive to mechanical pressures on the soil and react to changing habitats. They can thereby be used in an evaluation of the degree of structural damage in the forest soil after the passage of machines.
25 Jahre nationale Bodenbeobachtung im Schweizer Wald | 25 years of soil monitoring at forest sites in Switzerland
Authors: Meuli Reto Giulio , Schwab Peter
Published: December 2010

The national soil monitoring network (Nabo) consists of 105 sites across Switzerland, 28 of which are located in forests. After 25 years already seven forest sites (25%) were more or less damaged by storms. Two of them had to be abandoned for a decade to recover. Concerning precautionary soil protection the legal guide value is exceeded at three forest sites for cadmium and at one site also for chromium. These sites are all based on Jurassic limestone, and it is well known that residuals of limestone weathering can be rich in cadmium. Hence, the enrichment is supposed to be of geogenic origin. In the Canton Ticino the top soil at Novaggio site exceeds the guide value for lead. Here, anthropogenic origin is very likely. The analysis of the organic pollutants PAH and PCB in the third sampling campaign revealed moderate concentrations with a maximum lower than or equal to ⅔ of the corresponding guide value. Based on the results of the first four sampling campaigns it can be concluded that only small changes in the measured heavy metal concentrations in the top soils at the 28 Nabo sites were found. The most dynamic element is lead. Most of the concentrations are far below the guide values, the same holds for the organic pollutants PAH and PCB.
Säurestatus und Versauerungszustand von Waldböden im Kanton Bern | State of acidification and sensitivity to acidification of forest soils in the canton of Bern
Authors: Zimmermann Stephan , Chervet Andreas , Maurer Claudia , Sturny Wolfgang G.
Published: December 2010

The state of acidification of the soil and the sensitivity to further acidification of 238 forest soils in the canton of Bern are assessed by means of the pH-value and the exchangeable cations. Summing up all criteria of the assessment allows the building of seven classes of forest soils with increasing state of acidification, decreasing base saturation and cation exchange capacity and increasing risk for further acidification (decrease in pH-value and base saturation, increase in potential Al-toxicity). This assessment allows the identification of soils which are vulnerable to a fast further acidification and which are especially appropriate to be monitored in future in an environmental monitoring system.
A Method to Use Solar Energy for the Production of Gas from Marine Hydrate-Bearing Sediments: A Case Study on the Shenhu Area
Authors: Ning Fulong , Wu Nengyou , Jiang Guosheng , Zhang Ling , Guan Jin’an , Yu Yibing , Tang Fenglin
Published: December 2010

A method is proposed that uses renewable solar energy to supply energy for the exploitation of marine gas hydrates using thermal stimulation. The system includes solar cells, which are installed on the platform and a distributor with electric heaters. The solar module is connected with electric heaters via an insulated cable, and provides power to the heaters. Simplified equations are given for the calculation of the power of the electric heaters and the solar battery array. Also, a case study for the Shenhu area is provided to illustrate the calculation of the capacity of electric power and the solar cell system under ideal conditions. It is shown that the exploitation of marine gas hydrates by solar energy is technically and economically feasible in typical marine areas and hydrate reservoirs such as the Shenhu area. This method may also be used as a good assistance for depressurization exploitation of marine gas hydrates in the future.
Synthesis of the Marine Bromotyrosine Psammaplin F and Crystal Structure of a Psammaplin A Analogue
Authors: Yang Qianjiao , Liu Dan , Sun Deyang , Yang Sen , Hu Guodong , Wu Zuti , Zhao Linxiang
Published: December 2010

Psammaplin F, an unsymmetrical disulfide bromotyrosine, was isolated from the sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea in 2003. We reported here the first total synthesis of psammaplin F in 12% overall yield by employing Cleland’s reagent reduction as key step. The longest linear synthetic sequence starting from 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydantoin was seven steps. In addition, a detailed X-ray crystal structure analysis of psammaplin A analogue 8b is given for the first time.
Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Fenbufen Amide Analogs
Authors: Lin Kun-I , Yang Chao-Hsun , Huang Chia-Wen , Jian Jhen-Yi , Huang Yu-Chun , Yu Chung-Shan
Published: December 2010

The previous discoveries of butyl fenbufen amide analogs with antitumor effects were further examined. The amide analogs with 1, 3, 4 and 8 carbons chains were prepared in 70-80% yield. Fenbufen had no cytotoxic effects at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. Methyl fenbufen amide had significant cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 100 μM. As the length of the alkyl amide side chain increased, the cytotoxic effects increased, and the octyl fenbufen amide had the greatest cytotoxic effect. After treatment with 30 μM octyl fenbufen amide, nearly seventy percent of the cells lost their viability. At the concentration of 10 μM, fenbufen amide analogs did not show cytotoxicity according to the MTT assay results. The NO scavenging activities of the fenbufen amide analogs were not significantly different from those of fenbufen.
Upper Limb Portable Motion Analysis System Based on Inertial Technology for Neurorehabilitation Purposes
Authors: Pérez Rodrigo , Costa Úrsula , Torrent Marc , Solana Javier , Opisso Eloy , Cáceres César , Tormos Josep M. , Medina Josep , Gómez Enrique J.
Published: December 2010

Here an inertial sensor-based monitoring system for measuring and analyzing upper limb movements is presented. The final goal is the integration of this motion-tracking device within a portable rehabilitation system for brain injury patients. A set of four inertial sensors mounted on a special garment worn by the patient provides the quaternions representing the patient upper limb’s orientation in space. A kinematic model is built to estimate 3D upper limb motion for accurate therapeutic evaluation. The human upper limb is represented as a kinematic chain of rigid bodies with three joints and six degrees of freedom. Validation of the system has been performed by co-registration of movements with a commercial optoelectronic tracking system. Successful results are shown that exhibit a high correlation among signals provided by both devices and obtained at the Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital.
Generalization of DT Equations for Time Dependent Sources
Authors: Neri Lorenzo , Tudisco Salvatore , Musumeci Francesco , Scordino Agata , Fallica Giorgio , Mazzillo Massimo , Zimbone Massimo
Published: December 2010

New equations for paralyzable, non paralyzable and hybrid DT models, valid for any time dependent sources are presented. We show how such new equations include the equations already used for constant rate sources, and how it’s is possible to correct DT losses in the case of time dependent sources. Montecarlo simulations were performed to compare the equations behavior with the three DT models. Excellent accordance between equations predictions and Montecarlo simulation was found. We also obtain good results in the experimental validation of the new hybrid DT equation. Passive quenched SPAD device was chosen as a device affected by hybrid DT losses and active quenched SPAD with 50 ns DT was used as DT losses free device.
Detecting Vital Signs with Wearable Wireless Sensors
Authors: Yilmaz Tuba , Foster Robert , Hao Yang
Published: December 2010

The emergence of wireless technologies and advancements in on-body sensor design can enable change in the conventional health-care system, replacing it with wearable health-care systems, centred on the individual. Wearable monitoring systems can provide continuous physiological data, as well as better information regarding the general health of individuals. Thus, such vital-sign monitoring systems will reduce health-care costs by disease prevention and enhance the quality of life with disease management. In this paper, recent progress in non-invasive monitoring technologies for chronic disease management is reviewed. In particular, devices and techniques for monitoring blood pressure, blood glucose levels, cardiac activity and respiratory activity are discussed; in addition, on-body propagation issues for multiple sensors are presented.
IgM Anti-ß2Glycoprotein I Is Protective Against Lupus Nephritis and Renal Damage in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: MEHRANI TARANEH , PETRI MICHELLE
Published: December 2010

Objective.

Antibodies to ß2glycoprotein I (IgG and IgM isotypes) have recently been added to the laboratory criteria of the revised antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. We investigated whether IgM anti-ß2-glycoprotein I (anti-ß2-GPI) is associated with clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods.

Anti-ß2-GPI was measured in 796 patients with SLE (93% women, 53% white, 38% African American, mean age 45 yrs). IgM anti-ß2-GPI (> 20 phospholipid units) was found in 16%. Associations were determined with clinical manifestations of SLE and with components of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index.

Results.

As expected, IgM anti-ß2-GPI was highly associated with both the lupus anticoagulant and with anticardiolipin. It was associated with transient ischemic attack (OR 2.64, p = 0.04), but not significantly with venous or arterial thrombosis. IgM anti-ß2-GPI was protective against lupus nephritis (OR 0.54, p = 0.049), renal damage (p = 0.019), and hypertension (OR 0.58, p = 0.008). This protective effect remained after adjustment for ethnicity.

Conclusion.

In SLE, IgM anti-ß2-GPI is not associated with thrombosis but is protective against lupus nephritis and renal damage. “Natural” autoantibodies of the IgM isotype may have a protective effect.
Publicité et obésité enfantine. L'impact des annonces publicitaires télévisées sur les choix alimentaires des enfants
Authors: Masserot Claire , Brée Joël
Published: December 2010

Résumé L’objectif de cette recherche est d’évaluer l’influence des annonces publicitaires télévisées sur les choix alimentaires des enfants. Une démarche expérimentale permet de mesurer les choix alimentaires des enfants après exposition à des annonces pour des produits équilibrés vs peu équilibrés. Les résultats, relativement inattendus, ne démontrent pas d’influence directe de la catégorie nutritionnelle des annonces sur les choix des enfants.
Monitoring électronique des performances : sources de stress
Authors: Ben Fekih Aissi Linda
Published: December 2010

Résumé Ce travail de recherche s’appuie sur une étude menée dans trois centres d’appels différents et s’intéresse plus particulièrement aux différentes sources de stress inhérentes au « monitoring des performances». En se basant sur des données qualitatives, provenant d’entretiens semi directifs, nous nous proposons de définir les sources de stress provenant du monitoring électronique et non électronique des performances. Cette étude démontre, conformément à la théorie de facilitation sociale, que la présence directe et indirecte d’autrui dans les centres d’appels influence les efforts et les performances des salariés. De même, le monitoring des performances est perçu différemment selon le niveau de maîtrise du salarié de ses tâches et son ancienneté.
Le New Public Management est-il bon pour la santé ?
Authors: Chanial Philippe
Published: December 2010

Se demandant si le nouveau management public est bon pour la santé, cet article vise à souligner toute l’importance de la part du gratuit et du don dans la relation de soin. Or lorsque ce domaine est toujours davantage dirigé par des considérations comptables et marchandes, cette part essentielle en vient à être invisibilisée et déniée. Plus encore, cette chasse à la gratuité ne vient-elle pas fragiliser l’hôpital comme institution et mettre en cause l’idée même que la santé constituerait un bien commun ?
Les laboratoires de l'antipathie.
Authors: Renou Gildas
Published: December 2010

Prise de position d’un chercheur en science politique qui a enquêté plusieurs années dans le monde des salariés de France Télécom, ce texte propose de mettre en relation la fragilité psychique des travailleurs de cette entreprise avec une donnée fondamentale : l’antipathie est devenue une forme de compétence professionnelle valorisée dans l’entreprise. Désormais, plus on grimpe dans la hiérarchie, plus les salariés doivent démontrer la maîtrise de cette compétence : savoir fermer les yeux et les oreilles à la souffrance d’autrui, savoir cacher les existences humaines meurtries derrière des ritournelles souriantes et aseptisées : productivité, efficacité, compétitivité, excellence, modernisation, leadership ... Face à l’hégémonie des paradigmes utilitaristes de la vie en société qui semblent les avoir rendus invisibles, impensables (et implicitement superflues), cette analyse appelle les sciences sociales à remettre plus fondamentalement, au cœur de leur travail, l’étude des formes d’être-ensemble et de sentir-ensemble qui soutiennent de façon déterminante les existences humaines.
Une valeur gratuite, une complication inutile.
Authors: Dewitte Jacques
Published: December 2010

Maurice Merleau-Ponty, dans sa lecture de biologistes hétérodoxes comme Adolf Portmann, souligne comme eux la part considérable de gratuité, de non-nécessité fonctionnelle, dans la forme et le comportement des êtres vivants. Chez le philosophe, cette critique du principe d’utilité va de pair avec l’élaboration d’une ontologie lacunaire caractérisée par une alliance d’être et de néant, de plein et de vide. Ainsi dépasse-t-il le dilemme de Sartre : ou bien un être plein et sans faille, ou bien le néant pure et simple.
L'apport d'André Gorz au débat sur le capitalisme cognitif
Authors: Gollain Françoise
Published: December 2010

Ce texte dégage l’apport spécifique d’André Gorz (1923-2007) à l’analyse des mutations récentes du capitalisme au cours de la période postfordiste par l’analyse de ses rapports avec les collaborateurs de la revue Multitudes , avec une référence particulière à Yann Moulier-Boutang et Antonio Negri. Sont mises en évidence des différences théoriques et politiques significatives manifestées par trois trames critiques qui portent, respectivement, sur la mobilisation des courants structuralistes et systémistes, le statut accordé à la subjectivité dans l’héritage opéraïste, et l’objectif assigné au revenu garanti par certains membres de Multitudes . Cette dernière revendication constitua en revanche pour Gorz l’instrument d’une radicalisation de sa critique de la centralité du travail-emploi et de l’économicisme imprégnant les traditions ouvrière et marxiste. Il considérait que traiter la « connaissance », fruit de la diversité des activités humaines les plus communes, comme un capital et un moyen de production revenait purement à étendre le paradigme de la production et de l’accumulation comme fins en soi.
Règles d'allocation pour les programmes de pass culturel
Authors: Béal Sylvain , Solal Philippe
Published: December 2010

Résumé On envisage le problème de l’allocation de la recette issue d’un programme de pass culturel. Différentes propriétés sont introduites pour une règle d’allocation sur cette classe de problèmes. On combine ensuite certaines de ces propriétés afin de caractériser deux règles d’allocation. La première de ces deux règles coïncide avec la valeur de Shapley [1953] d’un jeu coopératif à utilité transférable introduit par Ginsburgh et Zang [2003]. La seconde règle d’allocation coïncide avec le partage égalitaire (de la capacité de la grande coalition) de ce même jeu. En conséquence, nous obtenons une caractérisation de la valeur de Shapley et une caractérisation du partage égalitaire pour cette classe de jeux. Ces deux caractérisations sont comparables dans le sens où l’on passe de l’une à l’autre en supprimant une propriété et en étendant le principe d’une autre propriété.
Pratiques corporelles et paysages vécus de la côte d'albâtre. Clichés, îlots verts et « verrues »
Authors: Evrard Barbara , Féménias Damien , Bussi M.
Published: December 2010

Résumé À partir de l’exemple de la côte d’Albâtre, l’objectif de cet article est de montrer dans quelle mesure les activités de nature pratiquées, et les expériences qu’elles font vivre, construisent des paysages singuliers. Le paysage est ici pensé dans une relation de médiation entre un environnement et des représentations culturelles. Il apparaît que les contraintes de cette côte engendrent différents rapports au territoire maritime. On a dès lors une sédimentation des pratiques où différentes strates du présent et du passé se superposent dans une même réalité sociale. Les représentations des paysages des pratiquants ne sont pas uniformes. Elles sont au contraire constituées de multiples tensions, contradictions et superpositions. Comprendre et aménager les milieux signifie dès lors prendre en compte les environnements effectifs autant que les paysages apparents.
L'idée de distance optimum chez Georg Simmel et les formes ludiques de la vie sociale
Authors: Ho Park Jung
Published: December 2010

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de comprendre, avec la notion esthétique de distance optimum, les formes ludiques de la vie sociale que G. Simmel développe dans sa sociologie. L’importance de cette notion réside dans une double exclusion du rapprochement excessif du moi vis-à-vis de l’objet et des autres et de son éloignement trop objectif. Seule la création d’une distance optimum autorise à une dimension ludique de la vie sociale.
Complex and Multidimensional Lipid Raft Alterations in a Murine Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Chadwick Wayne , Brenneman Randall , Martin Bronwen , Maudsley Stuart
Published: December 2010

Various animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been created to assist our appreciation of AD pathophysiology, as well as aid development of novel therapeutic strategies. Despite the discovery of mutated proteins that predict the development of AD, there are likely to be many other proteins also involved in this disorder. Complex physiological processes are mediated by coherent interactions of clusters of functionally related proteins. Synaptic dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of AD. Synaptic proteins are organized into multiprotein complexes in high-density membrane structures, known as lipid rafts. These microdomains enable coherent clustering of synergistic signaling proteins. We have used mass analytical techniques and multiple bioinformatic approaches to better appreciate the intricate interactions of these multifunctional proteins in the 3xTgAD murine model of AD. Our results show that there are significant alterations in numerous receptor/cell signaling proteins in cortical lipid rafts isolated from 3xTgAD mice.
Intravenous Thrombolysis of Occlusion in the Middle Cerebral and Retinal Arteries from Presumed Ventricular Myxoma
Authors: Ong Cheung-Ter , Chang Rei-Yeuh
Published: December 2010

Background. Although thrombolytic therapy has been shown to be beneficial to stroke patients, the effectiveness of intravenous thrombolysis in ischemic stroke patients with ventricle myxoma is unknown.Case Description. A 22-year-old woman with left hemiplegia was sent to the emergency department at a teaching hospital. The magnetic resonance angiography showed occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, and the echocardiography showed a mass in the left ventricle. Intravenous recombined tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was administrated, and the postthrombolysis transcranial Doppler exam showed that her right middle cerebral artery was circulative. The patient's condition improved gradually, and no complication was observed up to 16 months of follow-up.Conclusion. Intravenous rt-PA is a reasonable treatment for stroke patients with ventricle myxoma.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Well Water Used as a Source of Public Supply
Authors: Ramirez Elizabeth , Robles Esperanza , Gonzalez Maria Elena , Martinez Maria Elena
Published: December 2010

The sources of microbial and chemical contamination of groundwater are numerous and have severe implications for public health. The objective was to determine the microbiological and physicochemical quality of wells in the west and east of the Cuautla-Yautepec aquifer in Mexico. Wells showed bacteriological contamination in at least one sampling. Coliform values were lower than the maximum permissible limit indicated in the Mexican Ecological Criteria of Water Quality (1000 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 ml of fecal coliforms) for supply sources. The number of isolated amoebae was low, but these were present all year round. Amoebae were found in 71.7% of the samples and belonged to 13 genera. The most frequent amoeba, Hartmannella, occurring in 44% of the samples, has been associated with eye and brain infection, but its role as a cause of infection has not been confirmed. A gradient was observed for dissolved solids according to altitude; the concentrations of dissolved solids increased in wells with lower altitudes. Total hardness values were above 180 mg/L CaCO3, therefore the water is considered very hard, and both carbonate and non-carbonate hardness was detected. The average values of physicochemical parameters were below the maximum permissible limits indicated in the Mexican official norm.
Nelarabine in the Treatment of Refractory T-Cell Malignancies
Authors: Roecker Andrew M. , Stockert Amy , Kisor David F.
Published: December 2010

Nelarabine is a nucleoside analog indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) or T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) that is refractory or has relapsed after treatment with at least two chemotherapy regimens. After being first synthesized in the late 1970s and receiving FDA approval in 2005, the appropriate use of nelarabine for refractory hematologic malignancies is still being elucidated. Nelarabine is the prodrug of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) which when phosphorylated intracellularly to ara-G triphosphate (ara-GTP), preferentially accumulates in cancerous T-cells. Dose-dependent toxicities, including neurotoxicity and myelosuppression, have been documented and may, in turn, limit the ability to appropriately treat the diagnosed malignancy. This article will summarize the pharmacologic properties of nelarabine and will address the current place in therapy nelarabine holds based upon the results of the available clinical trials to date.
New cloud chamber experiments on the heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of oxalic acid in the immersion mode
Authors: Wagner R. , Möhler O. , Saathoff H. , Schnaiter M. , Leisner T.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of oxalic acid in the immersion mode has been investigated by controlled expansion cooling runs with airborne, ternary solution droplets composed of, (i), sodium chloride, oxalic acid, and water (NaCl/OA/H2O) and, (ii), sulphuric acid, oxalic acid, and water (H2SO4/OA/H2O). Polydisperse aerosol populations with median diameters ranging from 0.5–0.7 μm and varying solute concentrations were prepared. The expansion experiments were conducted in the AIDA aerosol and cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology at initial temperatures of 244 and 235 K. In the ternary NaCl/OA/H2O system, solid inclusions of oxalic acid, presumably nucleated as oxalic acid dihydrate, were formed by temporarily exposing the ternary solution droplets to a relative humidity below the efflorescence point of NaCl. The matrix of the crystallised NaCl particulates triggered the precipitation of the organic crystals which later on remained as solid inclusions in the solution droplets when the relative humidity was again raised above the deliquescence point of NaCl. The embedded oxalic acid crystals reduced the critical ice saturation ratio required for the homogeneous freezing of pure NaCl/H2O solution droplets at a temperature of around 231 K from 1.38 to about 1.32. Aqueous solution droplets with OA inclusions larger than about 0.27 μm in diameter efficiently nucleated ice by condensation freezing when they were activated to micron-sized cloud droplets at 241 K, i.e., they froze well above the homogeneous freezing temperature of pure water droplets of about 237 K. Our results on the immersion freezing potential of oxalic acid corroborate the findings from a recent study with emulsified aqueous solutions containing crystalline oxalic acid. In those experiments, the crystallisation of oxalic acid diyhdrate was triggered by a preceding homogeneous freezing cycle with the emulsion samples. The expansion cooling cycles with ternary H2SO4/OA/H2O solution droplets were aimed to analyse whether those findings can be transferred to ice nucleation experiments with airborne oxalic acid containing aerosol particles. Under our experimental conditions, the efficiency by which the surface of homogeneously nucleated ice crystals triggered the precipitation of oxalic acid dihydrate was very low, i.e., less than one out of a hundred ice crystals that were formed by homogeneous freezing in a first expansion cooling cycle left behind an ice-active organic crystal that acted as immersion freezing nucleus in a second expansion cooling cycle.
Intriguing diversity among diazotrophic picoplankton along a Mediterranean transect: from the origin of plastids to the dominance of rhizobia
Authors: Le Moal M. , Collin H. , Biegala I. C.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most oligotrophic marine areas on earth where nitrogen fixation has been formally believed to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen fluxes. Although this view is under debate, the diazotrophs responsible for this activity have still not been investigated in the open sea. In this study we characterised the surface distribution and species richness of unicellular and filamentous diazotrophs across the Mediterranean Sea by combining microscopic counts with size fractionated in situ hybridization (TSA-FISH), and 16S rDNA and nifH phylogenies. These genetic analyses were possible owning to the development of a new PCR protocol adapted for scarce microorganisms (0.2 cell ml−1). Low concentrations of diazotrophic cyanobacteria were detected and this community was dominated at 99.9% by picoplankton hybridized with Nitro821 probe, specific for unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria (UCYN). Among filamentous cyanobacteria only 0.02 filament ml−1 of Richelia were detected in the eastern basin, while small (0.7–1.5 μm) and large (2.5–3.2 μm) Nitro821-targeted cells were recovered at all stations and averaged 3.5 cell ml−1. The affiliation of the small Nitro821-targeted cells to UCYN-A was confirmed by 16S and nifH phylogenies in the western Mediterranean Sea. Surprisingly, the larger hybridized cells were not belonging to UCYN-B and C but to plastids of picoeukaryote. NifH gene was not recovered among picoeukaryotes, when rhizobia sequences, including the ones of Bradyrhizobia, were dominating nifH clone libraries from picoplanktonic size fractions. Few sequences of γ-proteobacteria were also detected in central Mediterranean Sea. While low phosphate and iron concentrations could explain the absence of Trichodesmium sp., the factors that prevent the development of UCYN-B and C remain unknown. We also propose that the dominating picoplankters probably developed specific strategies, such as associations with protists or particles and photosynthetic activity to acquire carbon for sustaining diazotrophy. Among UCYN further work will be necessary to understand their suggested role in plastid evolution.
Respuestas a preguntas y comentarios
Authors: Editor The
Published: December 2010

DOI: 10.5377/wani.v58i0.203Wani No.58 2009 pp.27-29
Comportamiento de la Regeneración Natural en el Bosque Húmedo Tropical Latifoliado Año y Medio Después del paso del Huracán Félix
Authors: Calero German López
Published: December 2010

DOI: 10.5377/wani.v58i0.205Wani No.58 2009 pp.33-34
Memory narrowing in children and adults
Authors: Rush Elizabeth B. , Quas Jodi A. , Yim Ilona S.
Published: December 2010

The memory narrowing effect posits that stress enhances memory for central information at the expense of memory for peripheral details. This effect is well established in adults, but not in children, although studies have not directly compared children's and adults' memory for central versus peripheral details of an identical distressing experience. In the present study, 9–12 year‐old and adult participants completed a laboratory stressor during which measures of self‐reported stress was collected. Two weeks later, participants returned for a surprise memory test regarding central and peripheral details of the laboratory stressor. Greater stress predicted memory narrowing in both children and adults, as indexed via decreased correct responses and increased don't know responses to questions about peripheral relative to central details. Findings have implications for theories concerning stress and memory, particularly in children, and for evaluating eyewitness memory in legal contexts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's episodic and generic reports of alleged abuse
Authors: Schneider Luke , Price Heather L. , Roberts Kim P. , Hedrick Amy M.
Published: December 2010

With the present data, we explored the relations between the language of interviewer questions, children's reports, and case and child characteristics in forensic interviews. Results clearly indicated that the type of questions posed by interviewers—either probing generic or episodic features of an event—was related to the specificity of information reported by children. Further, interviewers appeared to adjust their questioning strategies based on the frequency of the alleged abuse. Children alleging single instances of abuse were asked more episodic questions than those alleging multiple abuses. In contrast, children alleging multiple incidents of abuse were asked a greater proportion of generic questions. Given that investigators often seek forensically relevant episodic information, it is recommended that training for investigators focus on recognition of prompt selection tendencies and developing strategies for posing non‐suggestive, episodically focused questions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium carbonate and ammonium polyphosphate‐based flame retardant composition for polypropylene
Authors: Deodhar Sarang , Shanmuganathan Kadhiravan , Fan Qinguo , Wilkie Charles A. , Costache Maurius C. , Dembsey Nicholas A. , Patra Prabir K.
Published: December 2010

The chemical mode of action as a flame retardant of calcium carbonate nanoparticles combined with ammonium polyphosphate in polypropylene was investigated. Reduction in burning rates for 0.5 mm thick samples were observed without appreciable char formation up to 30 wt % loading of additives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the mixture of CaCO3 and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) showed that calcium carbonate nanoparticles react with ammonium polyphosphate before the degradation of the phosphate chains. TGA–FTIR studies of the polymer composite samples and powder mixtures of the additives confirmed the evolution of ammonia and carbon dioxide due to interaction between the additives. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of chars, obtained after burning the films, showed definite diffraction peaks corresponding to that of calcium metaphosphate. The inert gasses produced by the interaction of the additives hindered the advancing flame and, thus, reduces the burning rates, at times even without char formation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Cloacal Morphology in Bolitoglossa nicefori (Caudata: Plethodontidae): Variation During the Reproductive Cycle
Authors: González‐León Ezequiel , Ramírez‐Pinilla Martha Patricia
Published: December 2010

Male and female plethodontid salamanders have specialized cloacal glands associated with the reproductive activity. The reproductive cycle in Bolitoglossa nicefori is characterized by males that are potentially reproductive throughout the year, and females that are reproductive only for a few months. To determine whether morphological and histochemical variation occur in cloacal structures related to reproductive activity, the cloacal region of male and female specimens of B. nicefori was studied in different stages of their annual reproductive cycle using light microscopy and compared with features reported in other plethodontid salamanders. The main anatomy and histology of the male and female cloacal regions of B. nicefori are similar to those of other salamanders; however, in comparison to other Bolitoglossa previously studied, B. nicefori has a relatively larger cloacal tube and a tubular rather than acinar spermatheca. As a common trait, the spermatheca has a common tube that diverges into two tubules, before branching into spermathecal tubules, horizontally arranged on frontal planes. The secretions of the spermathecal glands differed between reproductive and nonreproductive adult females. This secretory product consists of prevailing neutral carbohydrates that were related to the increase in ovarian follicular size during the breeding season. Sperm was found only in the spermatheca of reproductive periovulatory females, suggesting that the reproductive cycle involves a no long‐term storage of sperm. Although males can produce sperm throughout the year, spermatophores, namely specialized structures involved in sperm transport, were found in their cloaca only during the breeding season. In these males, some of the cloaca‐associated glands were seen to undergo change their secretory activity and their secretory products were related to spermatophore formation. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy “steeplechase” online: Necessity sometimes is the catalyst for innovation
Authors: Inuwa Ibrahim Muhammad , Al Rawahy Maimouna , Taranikanti Varna , Habbal Omar
Published: December 2010

In most medical schools, summative practical examination in Anatomy usually takes the format of a “steeplechase” (“spotters” or “bell ringers”) conducted in the gross anatomy laboratory using cadaveric material and prosected specimens. Recently, we have started to administer similar examinations online using the quiz facility in WebCT™ and Moodle™. This article chronicles how we conceived and developed this method within the peculiar nature of our medical school setting. Over a five year period, practical summative examinations were organized as “steeplechase” online. The online examinations were administered using WebCT™ and later Moodle™ learning management software. Assessment “objects” were created from the materials available for anatomy teaching. These were digital images of cadaveric materials, radiological, and prosected specimens. In addition, short video clips of 30 seconds duration demonstrating muscle action were produced. These objects were optimized for online viewing and then uploaded onto the learning management software. A bank of questions (multiple choice or short answer type) was then created and linked to the assessment objects. These were used in place of the steeplechase in the computer laboratory. This method serves a crucial purpose in places like ours where continuous availability of human cadavers is impossible. Although time consuming initially, once questions are setup online, future retrieval, and administration becomes convenient especially where there are large batches of students. In addition, the online environment offers distinct advantages with regards to image quality, psychometric analysis of the examination and reduction of staff preparation time compared to traditional “steeplechase.” Anat Sci Educ 4: 115–118, 2011. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Fatty acids and the endoplasmic reticulum in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Gentile Christopher L. , Frye Melinda A. , Pagliassotti Michael J.
Published: December 2010

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a burgeoning public health concern in westernized nations. The obesity‐related disorder is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and liver failure. Although the underlying pathogenesis of NAFLD is unclear, increasing evidence suggests that excess saturated fatty acids presented to or stored within the liver may play a role in both the development and progression of the disorder. A putative mechanism linking saturated fatty acids to NAFLD may be endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specifically, excess saturated fatty acids may induce an ER stress response that, if left unabated, can activate stress signaling pathways, cause hepatocyte cell death, and eventually lead to liver dysfunction. In the current review we discuss the involvement of saturated fatty acids in the pathogenesis of NAFLD with particular emphasis on the role of ER stress.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Vibrational Spectra of KLn(SO4)2·H2O (Ln: La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy).
Authors: Kazmierczak Karolina , Hoeppe Henning A.
Published: December 2010

The title compounds are prepared by slow evaporation of aqueous solutions of Ln(SO4)2 (Ln: La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy) and KSCN in the molar ratio 1:2 (room temperature, several weeks) and characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Structure Type of RE4B4O11F2: High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure of La4B4O11F2.
Authors: Haberer Almut , Kaindl Reinhard , Oeckler Oliver , Huppertz Hubert
Published: December 2010

Single crystals of the new title compound are obtained from a mixture of La2O3, B2O3, and LaF3 in the molar ratio 5:6:2 (Walker‐type multianvil apparatus, 6 GPa, 1300 °C, 10 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Optical and Magnetic Properties of Some REZnPnO (Pn: P, As, Sb) Phases.
Authors: Schellenberg Inga , Lincke Hannes , Hermes Wilfried , Dittrich Volker , Glaum Robert , Moeller Manfred H. , Poettgen Rainer
Published: December 2010

LnZnPO, LnZnAsO, and LnZnSbO compounds with Ln: La—Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Er, and Tm are prepare by reaction of Ln, ZnO, and the corresponding pnictide in a NaCl/KCl flux (evacuated quartz tube, 770 K, 1 d; annealing at 1120—1170 K, 6—24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: The New Binary Intermetallic YbGe2.83.
Authors: Sebastian C. Peter , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: December 2010

The new title compound is obtained as a byproduct in the reaction of Yb, Ge, and Ag or Pd in liquid In (alumina crucible in a sealed silica tube, 1000 °C, 5 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalous Stoichiometry, Layered Structure, and Magnetic Ordering for the Prussian Blue Analogue [NEt4]2[MnII3(CN)8].
Authors: Her Jae‐Hyuk , Stephens Peter W. , Kareis Christopher M. , Moore Joshua G. , Miller Joel S.
Published: December 2010

The title compound is produced in 91% yield by dropwise addition of aq.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Extended Architecture with 46·64 Topology Based on Mixed‐Valence Wells—Dawson Arsenotungstate and Mixed‐Ligand Cu(I) Units.
Authors: Tong Ruizhan , Ren Xiaoyu , Li Zuoxi , Liu Bin , Hu Huaiming , Xue Ganglin , Fu Feng , Wang Jiwu
Published: December 2010

Orange red crystals of CuI8(imi)4(bpy)6 (H2O) [AsV2WV2W VI16O62]·2H2O (imi: imidazole; bpy: 4,4′‐bipyridine) are hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of Cu(OAc)2, As2O3, WO3, bpy, imi, and H2O (autoclave, 160 °C, 4 d, 25% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Carboxylation of C—H Bonds Using N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes.
Authors: Boogaerts Ine I. F. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: December 2010

NHC gold(I) hydroxide complexes catalyzes the carboxylation of carbo‐ and heterocycles with high regioselectivity at the most acidic C—H bond position.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Stereoselective Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Cyclopropylmethylene‐1,3‐dihydro‐indol‐2‐one via the Condensation Reaction of cis‐1‐Aryl‐2‐benzoyl‐3,3‐dicyanocyclopropanes with Oxindole in Water.
Authors: Zhou Dong , Yu Haigang , Liu Ying , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Ren Zhongjiao , Cao Weiguo
Published: December 2010

The resulting functionalized cyclopropanes, which are of interest in natural product and drug chemistry, are formed by completely selective formation of the trans double bond and concomitant diastereoselective hydrolysis of one cyano group.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐(Pyridyl, quinolyl, and isoquinolyl)azulenes by Reissert—Henze Type Reaction.
Authors: Shoji Taku , Okada Kazuyuki , Ito Shunji , Toyota Kozo , Morita Noboru
Published: December 2010

Heteroarylation of azulenes (I) and (IV) with N‐oxides (II), promoted by Tf2O, affords the title compounds in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of Imines by Selective Gold‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Alcohols and Amines under Ambient Conditions.
Authors: Kegnaes Soeren , Mielby Jerrik , Mentzel Uffe V. , Christensen Claus H. , Riisager Anders
Published: December 2010

The title reaction proceeds with excellent selectivity (above 98%).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed ortho‐C—H Acylation/Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Ketone O‐Methyl Oximes with Aldehydes Using tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide as Oxidant.
Authors: Chan Chun‐Wo , Zhou Zhongyuan , Chan Albert S. C. , Yu Wing‐Yiu
Published: December 2010

The reaction proceeds with excellent regioselectivity to afford ortho‐arylated products.
ChemInform Abstract: Titanium(IV) Chloride Mediated Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reaction Between 3,3‐Dialkylcyclobutanones and Aldehydes.
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Kawano Mizuki , Okuno Ryosuke , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2010

The reaction results in formation of diastereomeric mixtures of β′‐chloro‐β‐hydroxy ketones, precursors of multisubstituted cyclopentenones.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I) Catalysis of X—H Bond Insertions.
Authors: Mangion Ian K. , Weisel Mark
Published: December 2010

It is discovered that a simple gold catalysis can promote the insertion of sulfoxonium ylides into N—H and O—H bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Dual Catalytic System for Asymmetric Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Shah Jabbar , Yacob Zekarias , Bunge Alexander , Liebscher Juergen
Published: December 2010

The combination of a chiral guanidine catalyst and triphenylphosphine as promotor produces functionalized alcohols with up to 88% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfate Additives Generate Robust and Highly Active Palladium Catalysts for the Cyanation of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Shevlin Michael
Published: December 2010

Addition of H2SO4 greatly increases the reactivity and robustness of the catalytic process.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Disulfides Offers a Highly Efficient Synthesis of Diverse Benzofused Nitrogen—Sulfur Heterocycles in One Pot.
Authors: Zhu Ning , Zhang Fa , Liu Gang
Published: December 2010

The method involves a new thiol‐disulfide interchange reaction of aromatic disulfides such as (I) initiated by DBU to form thioethers in the presence of alkyl halides or Michael acceptors within seconds at room temperature, followed by cyclization under modified conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C—F Activation of Polyfluoronitrobenzene Derivatives in Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Cargill Matthew R. , Sandford Graham , Tadeusiak Andrezj J. , Yufit Dmitrii S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Kilickiran Pinar , Nelles Gabrielle
Published: December 2010

In the presence of KF‐Al2O3 and Pd(PPh3)4 highly fluorinated nitrobenzenes undergo efficient and regioselective coupling to new 2‐nitrobiphenyl derivatives like (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Double S‐Alkenylation of Potassium Sulfide: A Highly Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Various Thiophenes.
Authors: You Wei , Yan Xiaoyu , Liao Qian , Xi Chanjuan
Published: December 2010

A simple methodology is presented for the synthesis of di‐, tri, and tetra‐substituted derivatives (18 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted Biaryl Pyrazoles as Sodium Channel Blockers.
Authors: Tyagarajan Sriram , et al. et al.
Published: December 2010

Compound (Ia), a Nav1.7 blocker, has excellent efficacy in the Chung model of neuropathic pain.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 2,4,5‐Triarylimidazol‐4‐ols and Their Stereoselective Rearrangement by 1,5‐Phenyl Migration.
Authors: Lu Gonghao , Katoh Akira , Zhang Zhiqiang , Hu Zhizhi , Lei Peng , Kimura Masaru
Published: December 2010

Lophine hydroperoxides (I) undergo base‐triggered phenyl migration to provide the imidazolones (III) instead of amidines with chemiluminescence properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Access to a Variety of 2,5‐Biaryl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones via Regioselective N‐Arylation of Triazolones.
Authors: Park Jiyeon , Chae Junghyun
Published: December 2010

Optimum reaction conditions and catalysts are examined for the regioselective synthesis of difficultly available 2,5‐biaryl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones (III) from the corresponding triazolones (I).