bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Bibliographic Searching for Animal Alternatives in Veterinary Medical Education: The UC Davis Web Site
Authors: Wood Mary W. , Hart Lynette A. , Weng Hsin-Yi
Published: January 2008

To prepare students in just four years to enter veterinary practice, veterinary medical educators offer an array of laboratory and clinical experiences coordinated with didactic instruction. Recent curricular changes have reduced the numbers of animals involved in painful or terminal procedures. For each use of animals, veterinary educators are required by the USDA’s policies 11 and 12 to complete animal-use protocols that include questions on alternatives to procedures causing more than momentary pain or distress. Veterinary medical educators seeking improved teaching resources and methods or completing animal-use protocols may find it frustrating to locate the relevant information, which is dispersed across many databases. This paper addresses a gap facing veterinary educators by presenting user-friendly searching tools that are targeted toward (a) locating teaching resources and (b) conducting effective bibliographic searches on standard teaching laboratory procedures, as required for animal-use protocols. These tools simplify searching by providing streamlined access to the resources being sought. Facilitating efficient and effective searching by users can improve teaching and simplify compliance with USDA requirements.
Perceptions of the Human–Animal Bond in Veterinary Education of Veterinarians in Washington State: Structured versus Experiential Learning
Authors: Martin François , Taunton Anne
Published: January 2008

Rationale for the study – The purpose of this research was to describe Washington private practitioners’ beliefs about how the Human-Animal Bond (HAB) should be addressed in DVM curricula and continuing education.

Methodology – 1,602 Washington veterinarians in private practice were asked to participate in an online survey that addressed the importance of HAB and of DVM/post-DVM HAB education.

Results and conclusions – The response rate was 25.9% (415/1,602). Eighty-one percent (334/412) of respondents indicated that the HAB was important to their decisions to become veterinarians. The HAB was more important to the most recent graduates than to earliest graduates and to females than to males. Forty-four percent (184/415) of respondents considered mentoring to be the best way to learn about the HAB while in veterinary school. Of the 40% (165/415) of respondents who indicated that their veterinary schools offered structured learning on the HAB, 89% (145/163) said they had participated in it. Seven percent (29/415) indicated that entry-level veterinarians were very prepared to identify and facilitate the HAB, while 54% (224/415) said that they were somewhat prepared. Only 32% (131/415) had participated in any HAB structured learning since having started practicing, and the earliest graduates were twice as likely to have participated as the most recent graduates. More than half (55%, 223/407) disagreed or strongly disagreed that post-DVM, the best way to learn about the HAB is through structured learning. However, 83% (342/414) agreed that continuing-education credits should be given for HAB classes. Eighty-six percent (358/414) supported additional HAB research. Ninety-seven percent (402/414) agreed that the best way to learn about the HAB is through experience. These results suggest that veterinarians do not value HAB structured learning as much as experiential learning and that they are not very confident in recent graduates’ abilities regarding the HAB. We propose HAB structured learning in the first three years of DVM education, complemented by the incorporation of the HAB into clinical rotations and post-DVM continuing education.
Listing of Inherited Disorders in Animals (LIDA): An Online Relational Database, Using Non-Technical Descriptions Written by Veterinary Students
Authors: McGreevy Paul D. , Costa Federico , Torre Paul Della , Thomson Peter C. , Nicholas Frank W.
Published: January 2008

This online database uses a search facility that allows users to select from the 180 recognized dog breeds in Australia and find out which ones are prone to the more than 500 inherited disorders on record. It was developed in consultation with a number of supporting organizations, including the local breeders’ governing body and animal-welfare groups, as well as owners. It is hoped that, although primarily for veterinary education, the Web site will increase awareness among breeders and may encourage them to adopt breeding programs that decrease the occurrence of the most prevalent disorders.
Toward a Practice-Based Approach to Legal Education in the Veterinary Medical Curriculum
Authors: Babcock S.L. , Hambrick D.Z.
Published: January 2008

I have a little dog, a little Maltese dog, Billy Byrd. He is approaching his 14th birthday. If I ever saw in this world anything that was made by the Creator's hand that is more dedicated, more true, more undeviant, more faithful than this little dog, I am at a loss to state what it is … We love that little dog. (Robert S. Byrd, U.S. Senator) 1
Availability of Theriogenology Training at North American and Caribbean Veterinary Colleges
Authors: Root Kustritz Margaret V. , Tibary Ahmed , Chenoweth Peter J.
Published: January 2008

A survey of the veterinary colleges in North America and the Caribbean was undertaken to determine the extent of availability of theriogenology training. Didactic training in at least one species was required at all schools that responded to the survey. Laboratory experience in at least one species was required by 75.0% and clinical theriogenology experience in at least one species by 72.7%. The mean number of board-certified or board-eligible theriogenology faculty did not vary between 1995 and 2005, but there was a decrease in the number of such faculty at 57.2% of the schools that responded to the survey.
Faculty Development: Principles and Practices
Authors: Steinert Yvonne , Mann Karen V.
Published: January 2008

Instructors in the health professions today must acquire knowledge and competencies that go beyond disciplinary expertise. It is now generally accepted that educational training as a teacher is essential to a faculty member's effectiveness as an educator. The educational challenges across the health professions share many similarities. In this article, we draw on the medical education literature and focus on faculty development designed to enhance teaching effectiveness. We first address commonly included faculty development topics, including instructional improvement, organizational development, the development of professional academic skills, and the teaching of specific content areas. We then review a variety of educational approaches and formats that are described in the literature. Included in this discussion are commonly used workshops, seminars, short courses, and fellowships, as well as longitudinal programs, peer coaching, mentorship, self-directed learning, and computer-aided instruction. We also briefly explore learning at work and in communities of practice, and we discuss several frequently encountered challenges in designing and implementing faculty development activities, including motivating colleagues and assessing program effectiveness. We conclude the discussion by presenting a set of guidelines for the design of effective faculty development programs.
Global Veterinary Opportunities and Responsibilities: Some Recent Graduates' Perspectives
Authors: Marshall Edith S. , Smith Rebecca , Watts Corey
Published: January 2008

The veterinary profession has critical global responsibilities. To help meet these responsibilities, it is critical that the training programs for veterinary graduates provide them with the skills, knowledge, understanding, and professional attributes pertinent to meeting these responsibilities. The programs at US veterinary schools, in the full range from admissions, to curriculum, to post-graduate opportunities, fall short in many critical arenas.
Predictors of Depression and Anxiety in First-Year Veterinary Students: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Hafen McArthur , Reisbig Allison M.J. , White Mark B. , Rush Bonnie R.
Published: January 2008

Historically, veterinary medical students’ mental health has rarely been investigated, but recently there has been renewed interest in this topic. The present study evaluated depression and anxiety levels in a cross-sectional investigation of 93 first-year veterinary medical students enrolled at Kansas State University (KSU). During their first semester, students completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Mental Health Inventory's Anxiety Scale (MHI-A). Results indicate that 32% of these first-year KSU veterinary students were experiencing clinical levels of depressive symptoms. Additionally, students reported elevated anxiety scores. Predictors of depression and anxiety levels include homesickness, physical health, and unclear instructor expectations. Areas of intervention with a focus on improving veterinary medical student well-being are discussed.
Veterinarians and the Animal-Health Industry: A Complex Dimension of Opportunity
Authors: Sibbel R.L. “Rick”
Published: January 2008

The animal-health industry continues to offer many different opportunities for veterinarians interested in business applications for products and ideas vested in animal health and animal husbandry. These opportunities are expanding rapidly and becoming more diverse every day. Successful animal-health companies are increasing the recruiting and retention of business-savvy veterinary professionals. Employment earnings and broad offerings of employment extras in the animal health industries are in the top strata of the many veterinary professional options.
Academic Food-Supply Veterinarians: Future Demand and Likely Shortages
Authors: Bruce Prince J. , Andrus David M. , Gwinner Kevin
Published: January 2008

The future demand for and potential shortages of food-supply veterinarians have been the subject of much concern. Using the Delphi forecasting method in a three-phase Web-based survey process, a panel of experts identified the trends and issues shaping the demand for and supply of academic food-animal veterinarians, then forecasted the likely future demand and shortages of food-supply veterinarians employed in academic institutions in the United States and Canada through 2016. The results indicate that there will be increasing future demand and persistent shortages of academic food-supply veterinarians unless current trends are countered with targeted, strategic action. The Delphi panel also evaluated the effectiveness of several strategies for reversing current trends and increasing the number of food-supply veterinarians entering into academic careers. Academic food-supply veterinarians are a key link in the system that produces food-supply veterinarians for all sectors (private practice, government service, etc.); shortages in the academic sector will amplify shortages wherever food-supply veterinarians are needed. Even fairly small shortages have significant public-health, food-safety, animal-welfare, and bio-security implications. Recent events demonstrate that in an increasingly interconnected global economic food supply system, national economies and public health are at risk unless an adequate supply of appropriately trained food-supply veterinarians is available to counter a wide variety of threats ranging from animal and zoonotic diseases to bioterrorism.
Education and the Food-Systems Veterinarian: The Impact of New Information Technologies
Authors: Bernardo Theresa M.
Published: January 2008

Food systems educators face a double challenge: (1) the inherent change in scope and perspective from raising animals to producing safe food in an environmentally conscientious manner; and (2) the unprecedented demand for higher education, both nationally and internationally. In the modern world, small numbers of producers are capable of feeding a growing population. As demographics have shifted from rural to urban areas, more global livelihoods are derived from manufacturing and services than from agriculture. Education, as one of those services, is accounting for an increasing percentage of world trade, through the physical translocation of students and, more recently, through online education. Within the veterinary realm, colleges outside the United States seek accreditation to better compete for students, and there is increasing pressure from private schools.

Today's food systems require a high level of veterinary expertise, with specialization in a particular production system as well as the ability to contribute as part of a larger team that can address economic, bio-security, biological-waste, animal-welfare, food-safety, and public-health concerns. The need for different expertise from food systems specialists (indeed, shortages of all types of veterinary specialists), combined with global competition in education, is a call to action for the veterinary profession. This is an opportunity to revisit and reorganize the delivery of veterinary education, making use of new collaborative technologies for greater efficiency and effectiveness.
Consortia and Centers of Excellence: Issues and Answers
Authors: Miller Gay Y. , Prasse Keith W.
Published: January 2008

As the demand for food-supply veterinarians changes, while the level of expertise necessary in this field markedly increases, there is a need to examine alternative modalities for delivering food-supply veterinary education. It seems clear that not all veterinary schools in the United States can sustain optimally sized facilities for the broad-based training in all species of food animals that the current and future food-supply veterinarian needs. An alternative model is for select schools to establish consortial centers of excellence in specific food-animal species, to which students from other schools can go for optimum final-year education. This alternative mode of food supply-veterinary medical education is discussed here.
Career Opportunities in Public Health: One Veterinarian's Experience
Authors: Jacobs Candace A.
Published: January 2008

The veterinary profession is rich in opportunities that are ignored. The veterinary profession should evolve to a new level—to more broadly include all aspects of public health. Veterinary education, even in its current classical mode, provides a rich base for multiple careers. With expansion, there will be a wealth of opportunities for veterinarians to be leaders in many phases of business and society.
Registration of Spring Wheat Germplasm ND 756 Combining Resistances to Foliar Diseases and Fusarium Head Blight
Authors: Mergoum Mohamed , Frohberg Richard C. , Stack Robert W. , Singh Pawan K. , Ali Shaukat , Rasmussen Jack W. , Friesen Timothy L. , Adhikari Tika B.
Published: January 2008

ND 756 hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) (Reg. No. GP‐837, PI 648034) was developed at North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. ND 756 was derived from the ND 2849/ND 721 cross made in 1996. ND 2849 and ND 721 are two experimental lines developed by NDSU HRSW breeding program. ND 2849 is derived from a cross (ND 674//ND 2710/ND 688) involving NDSU HRSW experimental lines (ND 674 and ND 688) and ND 2710 (PI 633976, Frohberg et al., 2004) that was previously released for its resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) [caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]. ND 756 was produced from a bulk of one F5:6 head row selected in 2002 at the Christchurch, New Zealand off‐season nursery. ND 756 was released mainly for its resistance to Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) [caused by Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E.Müller) Hedjarroude], Septoria tritici blotch (STB) [caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückl) J. Schröt. in Cohn] and tan spot [caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechs]. ND 756 is also resistant to the prevalent races of stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis Pers:Pers. f. sp.tritici Eriks. & E. Henn) and leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.). ND 756 is moderately resistant to FHB and has good agronomic performance but does not meet the high grain quality requirements to qualify for release by NDAES.
Registration of ‘NE01643’ Wheat
Authors: Baenziger P. S. , Beecher B. , Graybosch R. A. , Ibrahim A. M. H. , Baltensperger D. D. , Nelson L. A. , Jin Y. , Wegulo S. N. , Watkins J. E. , Hatchett J. H. , Chen Ming-Shun , Bai Guihua
Published: January 2008

‘NE01643’ (Reg. No. CV‐1020, PI 647959) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS and released in 2007 by the developing institutions and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. NE01643, the legal name for this cultivar, will be marketed under the name Husker Genetics Brand Overland in honor of the pioneers who crossed and stayed in the northern prairies. In addition to researchers at the releasing institutions, USDA‐ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, and St. Paul, MN, participated in the development of NE01643. NE01643 was selected from the cross ‘Millennium’ (PI 613099) sib/ND8974 that was made in 1995. The pedigree of ND8974 is ‘Seward’ (PI 508289)/‘Archer’. Archer was developed by AgriPro Seeds Inc. and has the pedigree: ‘Sonora 64’ (CI 13930)/‘Trapper’ (CI 13999)/2/‘Warrior’ (CI13190)/3/‘Centurk’ (CI 15075). NE01643 was selected as an F3:4 line (F3‐derived line in the F4 generation) in 1999, and in 2001 was assigned experimental line number NE01643. NE01643 was released because of its superior grain‐yield performance under non‐irrigated production in Nebraska, South Dakota, and adjacent states.
Registration of ‘RWA 1758’ Russian Wheat Aphid‐Resistant Spring Barley
Authors: Bregitzer P. , Mornhinweg D. W. , Obert D. E. , Windes J.
Published: January 2008

‘RWA 1758’ (Reg. No. CV‐336; PI 648913) is a spring, Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) (RWA)–resistant two‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) developed by the USDA‐ARS. RWA 1758 was selected and released on the basis of competitive agronomic performance and resistance to damage caused by RWA feeding. RWA 1758 derives from a BC3F3:4 selection from the cross ‘Baronesse’*4/STARS 9577B. It was tested under the experimental designation 01ST1758. STARS 9577B is a six‐rowed spring RWA‐resistant germplasm line developed and released by the USDA‐ARS. STARS 9577B is resistant to the five RWA biotypes known to be present in the United States. STARS 9577B was developed via selection from CIho 4165, a landrace originally collected in Afghanistan. The main component of the resistance is tolerance, conferred by two dominant genes with recessive epistasis.
Formation of coke and minor products in 2‐methylpentane cracking over USHY
Authors: Zhao Yingxian , Wei Feng , Yu Ying
Published: January 2008

The formation of coke and minor products in 2‐methylpentane cracking on USHY has been examined at 673, 723, and 773 K. The results show that the coke precursors are various dehydrogenated carbocations on catalyst surface. Despite the increase of coke yield with reaction time, the selectivity and H/C atomic ratio of coke decrease with rising temperature. Echoing to the formation of coke, minor products including acyclic paraffins, acyclic olefins, methylcyclopentane, diolefins, cyclic olefins, and aromatics are formed by various side‐reactions of carbenium ions, such as dehydrogenation, elimination, disproportionation, cyclization, and aromatization. Undergoing of such pathological reaction processes gradually lead to catalyst deactivation. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008.
Further evidence for shared genetic effects between psychotic bipolar disorder and P50 suppression: A combined twin and family study
Authors: Hall Mei‐Hua , Schulze Katja , Sham Pak , Kalidindi Sridevi , McDonald Colm , Bramon Elvira , Levy Deborah L. , Murray Robin M. , Rijsdijk Frühling
Published: January 2008

P50 suppression deficit has been reported in patients with psychotic bipolar disorder. In our previous report on twin pairs concordant and discordant for bipolar disorder, we found significant genetic overlap between bipolar disorder and P50 sensory gating. However, the sample size in that study was relatively small. A separate study, the Maudsley Bipolar Family Study, reported diminished P50 gating in unaffected relatives of psychotic bipolar patients. However, genetic and environmental influences are confounded in family studies due to lack of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. The current study combines the twin sample and the family sample in order to improve statistical power and study design, with the aims of: (1) substantiating the association between psychotic bipolar disorder and diminished P50 suppression and (2) verifying the genetic overlap between the two traits reported in the twin sample. We also assessed the relationship between bipolar disorder and an alternative suppression index, the P50 Condition–Testing (C–T) amplitude difference. A total of 309 subjects was included in this study, comprising 91 twin pairs, 31 bipolar families, and 45 unrelated healthy controls. Statistical analyses were based on structural equation modeling. Bipolar disorder was significantly associated with a diminished P50 suppression ratio and decreased C–T amplitude difference. Shared genetic factors were the main source of these associations. Suppression impairment was due to larger, poorly gated, T amplitude responses. The results provide further evidence that impaired P50 suppressions are promising endophenotypes for psychotic bipolar disorder. The non‐specificity of impaired P50 suppression may reflect the impact of shared psychosis susceptibility genes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DSM‐IV combined type ADHD shows familial association with sibling trait scores: A sampling strategy for QTL linkage
Authors: Chen Wai , Zhou Kaixin , Sham Pak , Franke Barbara , Kuntsi Jonna , Campbell Desmond , Fleischman Karin , Knight Jo , Andreou Penny , Arnold Renée , Altink Marieke , Boer Frits , Boholst Mary Jane , Buschgens Cathelijne , Butler Louise , Christiansen Hanna , Fliers Ellen , Howe‐Forbes Raoul , Gabriëls Isabel , Heise Alexander , Korn‐Lubetzki Isabelle , Marco Rafaela , Medad She'era , Minderaa Ruud , Müller Ueli C. , Mulligan Aisling , Psychogiou Lamprini , Rommelse Nanda , Sethna Vaheshta , Uebel Henrik , McGuffin Peter , Plomin Robert , Banaschewski Tobias , Buitelaar Jan , Ebstein Richard , Eisenberg Jacques , Gill Michael , Manor Iris , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Taylor Eric , Thompson Margaret , Faraone Stephen V. , Asherson Philip
Published: January 2008

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a discrete clinical syndrome characterized by the triad of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in the context of marked impairments. Molecular genetic studies have been successful in identifying genetic variants associated with ADHD, particularly with DSM‐IV inattentive and combined subtypes. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) approaches to linkage and association mapping have yet to be widely used in ADHD research, although twin studies investigating individual differences suggest that genetic liability for ADHD is continuously distributed throughout the population, underscoring the applicability of quantitative dimensional approaches. To investigate the appropriateness of QTL approaches, we tested the familial association between 894 probands with a research diagnosis of DSM‐IV ADHD combined type and continuous trait measures among 1,135 of their siblings unselected for phenotype. The sibling recurrence rate for ADHD combined subtype was 12.7%, yielding a sibling recurrence risk ratio (λsib) of 9.0. Estimated sibling correlations around 0.2–0.3 are similar to those estimated from the analysis of fraternal twins in population twin samples. We further show that there are no threshold effects on the sibling risk for ADHD among the ADHD probands; and that both affected and unaffected siblings contributed to the association with ADHD trait scores. In conclusion, these data confirm the main requirement for QTL mapping of ADHD by demonstrating that narrowly defined DSM‐IV combined type probands show familial association with dimensional ADHD symptom scores amongst their siblings. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genomic scan for age at onset of alzheimer's disease in 437 families from the NIMH genetic initiative
Authors: Dickson M. Ryan , Li Jian , Wiener Howard W. , Perry Rodney T. , Blacker Deborah , Bassett Susan S. , Go Rodney C. P.
Published: January 2008

We performed linkage analysis for age at onset (AAO) in the total Alzheimer's disease (AD) NIMH sample (N = 437 families). Families were subset as late‐onset (320 families, AAO ≥65) and early/mixed (117 families, at least 1 member with 50< AAO <65). Treating AAO as a censored trait, we obtained the gender and APOE adjusted residuals in a parametric survival model and analyzed the residuals as the quantitative trait (QT) in variance‐component linkage analysis. For comparison, AAO–age at exam (AAE) was analyzed as the QT adjusting for affection status, gender, and APOE. Heritabilities for residual and AAO–AAE outcomes were 66.3% and 74.0%, respectively for the total sample, 56.0% and 57.0% in the late‐onset sample, and 33.0% for both models in the early/mixed sample. The residual model yielded the largest peaks on chromosome 1 with LOD = 2.0 at 190 cM in the total set, LOD = 1.7 at 116 cM on chromosome 3 in the early/mixed subset, and LOD = 1.4 at 71 and 86 cM, respectively, on chromosome 6 in the late‐onset subset. For the AAO–AAE outcome model the largest peaks were identified on chromosome 1 at 137 cM (LOD = 2.8) and chromosome 6 at 69 cM (LOD = 2.3) and 86 cM (LOD = 2.2) all in the late‐onset subset. Additional peaks with LOD ≥1 were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 for the total sample and each subset. Results replicate previous findings, but identify additional suggestive peaks indicating the genetics of AAO in AD is complex with many chromosomal regions potentially containing modifying genes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene influence plasma total homocysteine levels
Authors: Tunbridge Elizabeth M. , Harrison Paul J. , Warden Donald R. , Johnston Carole , Refsum Helga , Smith A. David
Published: January 2008

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for various disorders. We investigated whether functional polymorphisms in catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) influence tHcy, since COMT activity producesS‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a homocysteine precursor. We hypothesized that high activity COMT variants would be associated with high tHcy, since they presumably result in increased formation of SAH. We genotyped 780 community‐dwelling elderly individuals for functionalCOMT(Val158Met and A−287G) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; C677T) polymorphisms, and measured plasma tHcy. As predicted,COMTVal158carriers had significantly higher tHcy than Met158homozygotes. The effect was limited to individuals homozygous for theMTHFRT677allele. In addition, individuals homozygous for theCOMTG−287allele tended to have lower tHcy levels. High activity variants ofCOMTinteract with the low activity variant ofMTHFRto increase tHcy levels. The effect on tHcy may contribute to the reported associations of COMT genotype with psychiatric and neurobiological phenotypes. The results also indicate that COMT activity may influence a broader range of biochemical pathways than hitherto appreciated. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological and behavioral effects of social introduction on adult male rhesus macaques
Authors: Doyle Lara A. , Baker Kate C. , Cox Lauren D.
Published: January 2008

Pair housing of laboratory macaques is widely considered to lead to positive changes in well‐being, yet the process of introduction is viewed as potentially stressful and risk‐prone. Behavioral and physiological data were collected on eight adult male rhesus macaques before, during, and after the process of introduction, in order to measure the initial stress of introduction as well as long‐term changes in well‐being. Socially experienced subjects, all implanted with biotelemetry devices, were studied in five successive phases: baseline (singly housed), 1 day each of protected contact and full contact introduction, post‐introduction (1–3 weeks after introduction), and settled pairs (≥20 weeks after introduction). One hundred and seventy‐six hours of behavioral data and 672 hr of heart rate data were analyzed. Fecal cortisol was also measured for the baseline, post‐introduction, and settled pair phases. All introductions were successful and subjects showed no physiological or behavioral signs of stress, such as increased heart rate, abnormal behavior, or psychological indices of distress (depressive/anxiety‐related behavior). Agonism was minimal throughout the introduction process and over the subsequent months; only one wound was incurred over the course of the study. Levels of abnormal behaviors, psychological indices of distress, locomotion, inactivity, and affiliation showed improvements within several weeks after introduction; these changes were still present 5–9 months later for the latter two categories. Heart rates during introduction fell significantly in the settled pair phase, and also varied predictably with time of day. Fecal cortisol levels were lower in settled pairs than in single housing. The fact that reductions in abnormal behavior did not persist over the long term may have been confounded by increasing duration of time spent caged. The results of this study may be of practical use for designing and monitoring social introductions and suggest that managers should not dismiss the feasibility of successful pairing of adult male rhesus macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 70:542–550, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stipanowich resigns, and heads to Pepperdine's Straus Institute
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: January 2008

CPR President Thomas J. Stipanowich will depart to become academic director at Pepperdine University School of Law's Straus Institute. Full details on the move are provided, along with information on CPR's Annual ADR Award winners; a new commission on facilities for mass claims' resolution, and more.
Conflict resolution at a classical tempo: In conducting their proceedings, the neutral and the maestro share common ground
Authors: Shafton Robert M.
Published: January 2008

Inspired by a classical festival, Robert Shafton, of Los Angeles, takes a lighter look at conflict resolution techniques and practices, analogizing conductors and orchestra members to neutrals and advocates.
Now weekly: CPR's IDN podcasts, featuring GE's McIlwrath, available via iTunes
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: January 2008

A full listing of the offerings and archive for CPR's new International Dispute Negotiation podcast series, available free on the web; Part II of the highlights of CPR's 2007 Fall Meeting, and a CPR senior vice president departs after a decade
Who else will step up? A mentor plan seeks to spread ADR diversity
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: January 2008

A Pittsburgh attorney who developed a diversity fellowship now focuses on a report that will help others expand the profession through a mentor program. Also, the Italian Legislature proposes permitting, for the first time, class actions for money damages–but sets up an ADR facility to administer the payouts
Resin I: Synthesis, characterization, and ion‐exchange properties of terpolymer resins derived from 2,4‐dihydroxypropiophenone, biuret, and formaldehyde
Authors: Tarase M. V. , Zade A. B. , Gurnule W. B.
Published: January 2008

Terpolymers (2,4‐DHPBF) were synthesized by the condensation of 2,4‐dihydro‐xypropiophenone, biuret, and formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst with varying the molar ratio of reacting monomers. Terpolymer composition has been determined on the basis of their elemental analysis and their number–average molecular weight of these resin were determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous medium. The viscosity measurements were carried out in N,N‐dimethyl formamide which indicate normal behavior. IR spectra were studied to elucidate the structure. The terpolymer resin has been further characterized by UV–visible and 1H‐NMR spectra. The newly synthesized terpolymers proved to be selective chelating ion‐exchange terpolymers for certain metals. The chelating ion‐exchange properties of this terpolymer was studied for Fe (III), Cu (II), Hg (II), Cd (II), Co (II), Zn (II), Ni (II), and Pb (II) ions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurement of the distribution of a given metal ion between the terpolymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strengths. The terpolymer showed a higher selectivity for Fe (III), Hg (II), Cd (II), and Pb (II) ions than for Cu (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Ni (II) ions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Terpolymer resin II: Synthesis, characterization, and ion‐exchange properties of 2,4‐dihydroxyacetophenone–dithiooxamide–formaldehyde terpolymers
Authors: Rahangdale S. S. , Zade A. B. , Gurnule W. B.
Published: January 2008

Terpolymers have been prepared by the condensation of 2,4‐dihydroxyacetophenone (2,4‐HA) and dithiooxamide (D) with formaldehyde (F) in the presence of hydrochloric acid as catalyst with varying the molar proportions of the reactant. Compositions of the terpolymer have been determined by elemental analysis. The number average molecular weight $\overline M_n$ has been determined by conductometric titration in nonaqueous medium. Intrinsic viscosities of the solution of the terpolymer have been determined in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF). The terpolymers have been characterized by UV–visible, IR, and proton NMR spectra. Chelation ion‐exchange properties have also been studied employing the batch equilibrium method. It was employed to study selectivity of metal ion uptake over a wide pH range and in media of various ionic strength. The overall rate of metal uptake follows the order: Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Co2+ = Zn2+. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Using polystyrene‐co‐maleic acid for molecularly imprinted membranes prepared in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Kobayashi Takaomi , Leong Su Si , Zhang Quanqiu
Published: January 2008

Supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) has been used to prepare molecularly imprinted polymers of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic acid) (PSMA) for targeted uracil (URA). The condition of ScCO2 was on 16 MPa between 35 and 50°C. The resultant imprinted membranes prepared at 35 and 50°C bound URA with 9.2 ± 0.10 and 12.6 ± 0.06 μmol g−1, respectively. Competitive binding studies were undertaken in binary substrate solution containing each of URA/DMURA, URA/Thymine, and URA/Cytosine with 2 μM. The URA imprinted membrane showed high separation factor (α) with 17 for both URA/DMURA and URA/Thymine and for URA/Cytosine, α = 13. Results strongly suggested that the URA imprinted membrane had effective selectivity hydrogen bonding to separately bind in the binary components to the template. Effect of organic solvents on the URA imprinting in ScCO2 was also studied, in addition to comparison of properties with those obtained in both ScCO2 and water. Evidence presented that ScCO2 medium was effective to prepare the URA imprinted membrane. We discussed that ScCO2 fluid was efficient to fix the shape of URA template into the PSMA membrane through hydrogen bonding. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Surface characterization of PET nonwoven fabric treated by He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma
Authors: Shin Younsook , Yoo Dong Il
Published: January 2008

The surface of polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) nonwoven fabric was modified by He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma treatment, varying plasma exposure time. The plasma treated PET surfaces have been analyzed to investigate the chemical nature and morphology of surface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The change of wettability was measured depending on plasma exposure time. XPS results indicated the presence of oxygen‐based functional groups on the PET nonwoven fabric surface after plasma treatment and oxygen content increased as exposure time increased. The mean roughness increased after 30 s exposure and further increase in exposure to 60 s led to decrease of the roughness and then again increase. The root mean square roughness followed the similar trend to mean roughness. The average difference in height, Rz, increased after plasma exposure for 30 s, while it slightly decreased after 60 s exposure. Despite of redeposition, the Rz of 90 s exposed sample increased more than two times compared with those of 30 and 60 s exposed. Wettability increased progressively up to 10 times after 90 s exposure compared with the untreated. It is attributed to the increases of hydrophilicity and surface roughness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Mechanical properties and linear infrared dichroism of thin films of polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Bistričić Lahorija , Leskovac Mirela , Baranović Goran , Blagojević Sanja Lučić
Published: January 2008

Morphological, mechanical, and Fourier transform infrared dichroic investigations were performed on neat polyurethane (PU) polymer matrix and PU+CaCO3 nanocomposite thin films to determine how the nanofiller influenced the mechanical properties. The measurements were performed on strips that were cut from the prepared films in parallel and perpendicular directions with respect to the direction of film preparation. Optical microscopy of PU and the PU+CaCO3 nanocomposite revealed the strain‐induced transition from a continuous spherulitic morphology to a fiberlike structure. The stress–strain behavior of the neat PU and PU+CaCO3 nanocomposite films showed significant differences at large strain regimes. The experimental results suggest that the mechanical properties were strongly related to the orientational behavior of the separated phases. The orientation of the hard and soft segments was analyzed by the orientation function calculated from the IR absorbances. A correlation between the orientations of segments, tensile properties, and hardness of the investigated polymer films was established. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A Cell‐Based Adrenaline Assay for Automated High‐Throughput Activity Screening of Epoxide Hydrolases
Authors: Kahakeaw Daniel , Reetz Manfred T.
Published: January 2008

Herein we describe the development of a cell‐based pretest for high‐throughput screening of the activity of epoxide hydrolases (EHs) by using the chemistry of the known adrenaline test. It is a practical tool for the directed evolution of EHs as catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry and/or for assaying culture strains. The pretest can be applied to a wide variety of epoxide substrates, thereby circumventing the need for cell rupture and enzyme purification. In the present study we focus on parameters to improve assay specificity and sensitivity in order to obtain a robust and reproducible cell‐based test. The introduction of threshold values allows a clear and reliable hit identification which is a prerequisite for industrial or academic prescreens probing thousands of samples in strain collections or in directed evolution libraries.
Juvenile toxicity assessment of d,l‐methylphenidate in rats
Authors: Beckman David A. , Schneider Marilynn , Youreneff Maureen , Tse Francis L.S.
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND: The oral administration of d,l‐methylphenidate (MPH) was designed to encompass the major part of postnatal development in the rat and to evaluate potential chronic effects. METHODS: Wistar Hannover rats were cross‐fostered on postpartum day 0 (day of birth) and were administered MPH at doses of 5, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day (mpkd) on postpartum days 7 to 70. Clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, developmental, behavioral, clinical/anatomic pathology, toxicokinetic, and fertility evaluations were conducted. RESULTS: MPH‐related effects on clinical signs, body weight, and behavior tests were noted. Increased locomotor activity and cage biting/chewing occurred at ≥5 mpkd (females) and ≥50 mpkd (males) and were absent after dosing ceased. Body weight parameters were decreased at ≥50 mpkd and were comparable to controls at 5 weeks' recovery. Open field motor activity tests conducted 2 weeks after dosing ceased revealed decreased peripheral beam breaks at ≥50 mpkd. Passive avoidance tests conducted 3 weeks after dosing ceased indicated decreased females reaching learning criterion at 100 mpkd. This is considered of nominal significance as there were no effects in the water maze test or retention in passive avoidance test. After multiple doses, females exhibited higher exposures than males and exposures were reduced in all groups in comparison to those after a single dose. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that MPH can produce enduring behavioral effects in rats. The no‐toxicologic‐effect‐level was 5 mpkd, associated with AUC(0–24 h) racemate values in males and females, respectively, of 101 and 153 ng.h/mL after chronic dosing. Birth Defects Res (Part B) © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of radiotherapy response in cervix cancer by Raman spectroscopy: A pilot study
Authors: Vidyasagar M. S. , Maheedhar K. , Vadhiraja B. M. , Fernendes Donald J. , Kartha V. B. , Krishna C. Murali
Published: January 2008

Radiotherapy is the choice of treatment for locally advanced stages of the cervical cancers, one of the leading female cancers. Because of intrinsic factors, tumors of same clinical stage and histological type often exhibit differential radioresponse. Radiotherapy regimen, from first fraction of treatment to clinical evaluation of response, spans more than 4 months. Clinical assessment by degree of tumor shrinkage is the only routinely practiced method to evaluate the tumor response. Hence, a need is created for development new methodologies that can predict the tumor response to radiotherapy at an early stage of the treatment which can lead to tailor‐made protocols. To explore the feasibility of prediction of tumor radioresponse, Raman spectra of cervix cancer tissues that were collected before (malignant) and 24 h after patient was treated with 2nd fraction of radiotherapy (RT) were recorded. Data were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and results were correlated with clinical evaluation of radioresponse. Mean Raman spectra of RT tissues corresponding to different levels of tumor response, complete, partial, and no response, showed minute but significant variations. The unsupervised PCA of malignant tissues failed to provide any classification whereas RT spectra gave clear classification between responding (complete and partial response) and nonresponding conditions as well as a tendency of separation among responding conditions. These results were corroborated by supervised classification, by means of discrimination parameters: Mahalanobis distance and spectral residuals. Thus, findings of the study suggest the feasibility of Raman spectroscopic prediction of tumor radioresponse in cervical cancers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 530–537, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The relationships between learning outcomes and methods of teaching anatomy as perceived by professional anatomists
Authors: Patel K.M. , Moxham B.J.
Published: January 2008

Changes in the teaching of gross anatomy have often involved decreasing student contact time alongside the use of new methods for teaching. However, there remains controversy over teaching methods and about whether cadaveric dissection by students should remain the preferred method. Furthermore, decisions concerning changes to curricula are more likely to be taken by choosing a method of teaching rather than by proper evaluation of what are the desired learning outcomes for a course in anatomy. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the attitudes of anatomists in Europe towards the methods of teaching best fitting a series of learning outcomes for anatomy and secondarily to test the hypothesis that, from evaluation of learning outcomes, anatomy is best taught by cadaveric dissection by the students. About 113 completed questionnaires were received from anatomists who are employed at higher education institutions that use various teaching methods. Most anatomists (69%) favored the use of cadaveric dissection above other teaching methods when considering the whole series of learning comes, this method seeming to achieve a range of different course aims/objectives, P < 0.001; Kruskal–Wallis). Consequently, these findings are consistent with our initial hypothesis. However, when individual learning outcomes were considered, the relationship was not so clear cut and, for example, little difference was discernible between teaching methods when considering learning outcomes related to the acquisition of anatomical knowledge. The use of human cadaveric dissection gained more approval when the skills‐base was considered rather than just the content(knowledge)‐base of an anatomical course. Clin. Anat. 21:182–189, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three methods to characterize reversed phase liquid chromatographic columns applied to pharmaceutical separations
Authors: Németh Tamás , Haghedooren Erik , Noszál Béla , Hoogmartens Jos , Adams Erwin
Published: January 2008

Selecting a suitable reversed phase liquid chromatographic (RP‐LC) column for a particular separation is complicated. More than 600 brands of C18 columns are available on the market. Therefore, determining the characteristics influencing the selectivity of the different stationary phases is necessary. In this paper, three different methods to characterize RP‐LC columns are compared. Hoogmartens et al. developed a column characterization system based on test methods from literature, which were reduced with principal component analysis (PCA), and led to four final chromatographic parameters. The second method studied is this of Euerby et al. who developed a column classification system using six parameters, based on the method of Tanaka and also applying PCA. The third method, developed by Snyder et al. is different from the other two. It uses five parameters, calculated by multiple linear regression from the retention data of 18 solutes. The suitability of the column classification systems was examined on pharmaceutical separations. It seems that all three methods can facilitate the selection of a suitable column for an analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.