bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robust Optimal Operation of Two‐Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell System Under Uncertainty: A Stochastic Simulation Based Multi‐Objective Genetic Algorithm Approach
Authors: He Y.‐J. , Ma Z.‐F.
Published: March 2013

This investigation is performed to study the optimal operation decision of two‐chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) system under uncertainty. To gain insight into the mechanism of uncertainty propagation, a Quasi‐Monte Carlo method‐based stochastic analysis is conducted not only to elucidate the effect of each uncertain parameter on the variability of power density output, but also to illustrate the interactive effects of the all uncertain parameters on the performance of MFC. Moreover, a systematic stochastic simulation‐based multi‐objective genetic algorithm framework is proposed to identify a set of Pareto‐optimal robust operation strategies, which is helpful to provide an imperative insight into the relationship between the mean and standard deviation of output power density. The results indicate that (1) the coefficient of variance (COV) value of output power density has a linear relationship with the COV value of each uncertainty parameter as well as all interactive parameters; and (2) a significant performance improvement with respect to both mean and standard deviation of power density is observed by implementing the multi‐objective robust optimization. These results thus validate that the proposed uncertainty analysis and robust optimization framework provide a promising tool for robust optimal design and operation of fuel cell systems under uncertainty.
Option Valuation Under a Double Regime‐Switching Model
Authors: Shen Yang , Fan Kun , Siu Tak Kuen
Published: March 2013

This paper is concerned with option valuation under a double regime‐switching model, where both the model parameters and the price level of the risky share depend on a continuous‐time, finite‐state, observable Markov chain. In this incomplete market set up, we first employ a generalized version of the regime‐switching Esscher transform to select an equivalent martingale measure which can incorporate both the diffusion and regime‐switching risks. Using an inverse Fourier transform, an analytical option pricing formula is obtained. Finally, we apply the fast Fourier transform method to compute option prices. Numerical examples and empirical studies are used to illustrate the practical implementation of our method. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:451–478, 2014
New views on “old” carbon in the Amazon River: Insight from the source of organic carbon eroded from the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Clark K. E. , Hilton R. G. , West A. J. , Malhi Y. , Gröcke D. R. , Bryant C. L. , Ascough P. L. , Robles Caceres A. , New M.
Published: March 2013

Mountain rivers play a key role in the delivery of particulate organic carbon (POC) to large river systems and the ocean. Due to the extent of its drainage area and runoff, the Amazon River is one of Earth's most important biogeochemical systems. However, the source of POC eroded from the humid region of the Eastern Andes and the input of fossil POC from sedimentary rocks (POCfossil) remains poorly constrained. Here we collected suspended sediments from the Kosñipata River during flood events to better characterize Andean POC, measuring the nitrogen to organic carbon ratio (N/C), stable carbon isotopes (δ13Corg) and radiocarbon (Δ14Corg). Δ14Corg values ranged from −711‰ to −15‰, and significant linear trends between Δ14Corg, N/C and δ13Corg suggested that this reflects the mixing of POCfossil with very young organic matter (Δ14Corg ~ 50‰) from the terrestrial biosphere (POCnon‐fossil). Using N/C and Δ14Corg in an end‐member mixing analysis, we quantify the fraction of POCfossil (to within 0.1) and find that it contributes a constant proportion of the suspended sediment mass (0.37 ± 0.03%) and up to 80% of total POC. In contrast, the relative contribution of POCnon‐fossil was variable, being most important during the rising limb and peak discharges of flood events. The new data shed light on published measurements of “old” POC (low Δ14Corg) in Andean‐fed tributaries of the Amazon River, with their Δ14Corg and δ13Corg values consistent with variable addition of POCfossil. The findings suggest a greater persistence of Andean POC in the lowland Amazon than previously recognized.
Evaluating upper versus lower crustal extension through structural reconstructions and subsidence analysis of basins adjacent to the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, eastern Papua New Guinea
Authors: Fitz Guy , Mann Paul
Published: March 2013

The D'Entrecasteaux Island (DEI) gneiss domes are fault‐bounded domes with ~2.5 km of relief exposing ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) and high‐pressure (HP) metamorphic gneisses and migmatites exhumed in an Oligocene‐Miocene arc‐continent collision and subduction zone subject to late Miocene to recent continental extension. Multichannel seismic reflection data and well data show the Trobriand basin formed as a fore‐arc basin caused by southward Miocene subduction at the Trobriand trench. Subduction slowed at ~8 Ma as the margin transitioned to an extensional tectonic environment. Since then, the Trobriand basin has subsided 1–2.5 km as a broad sag basin with few normal faults deforming the basin fill. South of the DEI, the Goodenough rift basin developed after extension began (~8 Ma) as the hanging wall of the north‐dipping Owen‐Stanley normal fault that bounds the basin's southern margin. The lack of upper crustal extension accompanying subsidence in the Trobriand and Goodenough basins suggests depth‐dependent lithospheric extension since 8 Ma has accompanied uplift of the DEI gneiss domes. Structural reconstructions of seismic profiles show 2.3–13.4 km of basin extension in the upper crust, while syn‐rift basin subsidence values indicate at least 20.7–23.6 km of extension occurred in the entire crust since ~8 Ma. Results indicating thinning is preferentially accommodated in the lower crust surrounding the DEI are used to constrain a schematic model of uplift of the DEI domes involving vertical exhumation of buoyant, postorogenic lower crust, far‐field extension from slab rollback, and an inverted two‐layer crustal density structure.
NADPH oxidase and aging drive microglial activation, oxidative stress, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration following systemic LPS administration
Authors: Qin Liya , Liu Yuxin , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Crews Fulton T.
Published: March 2013

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons with age. We previously found that a single systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) injection caused a slow progressive loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH+IR) neurons in SN associated with increasing motor dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in inflammation‐mediated SN neurotoxicity. A comparison of control (NOX2+/+) mice with NOX subunit gp91phox‐deficient (NOX2−/−) mice 10 months after LPS administration (5 mg/kg, i.p.) resulted in a 39% (P < 0.01) loss of TH+IR neurons in NOX2+/+ mice, whereas NOX2−/− mice did not show a significant decrease. Microglia (Iba1+IR) showed morphological activation in NOX2+/+ mice, but not in NOX2−/− mice at 1 hr. Treatment of NOX2+/+ mice with LPS resulted in a 12‐fold increase in NOX2 mRNA in midbrain and 5.5–6.5‐fold increases in NOX2 protein (+IR) in SN compared with the saline controls. Brain reactive oxygen species (ROS), determined using diphenyliodonium histochemistry, was increased by LPS in SN between 1 hr and 20 months. Diphenyliodonium (DPI), an NOX inhibitor, blocked LPS‐induced activation of microglia and production of ROS, TNFα, IL‐1β, and MCP‐1. Although LPS increased microglial activation and ROS at all ages studied, saline control NOX2+/+ mice showed age‐related increases in microglial activation, NOX, and ROS levels at 12 and 22 months of age. Together, these results suggest that NOX contributes to persistent microglial activation, ROS production, and dopaminergic neurodegeneration that persist and continue to increase with age. © 147.
Impaired glutamate recycling and GluN2B‐mediated neuronal calcium overload in mice lacking TGF‐β1 in the CNS
Authors: Koeglsperger Thomas , Li Shaomin , Brenneis Christian , Saulnier Jessica L. , Mayo Lior , Carrier Yijun , Selkoe Dennis J. , Weiner Howard L.
Published: March 2013

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed throughout the CNS. Previous studies demonstrated that TGF‐β1 contributes to maintain neuronal survival, but mechanistically this effect is not well understood. We generated a CNS‐specific TGF‐β1‐deficient mouse model to investigate the functional consequences of TGF‐β1‐deficiency in the adult mouse brain. We found that depletion of TGF‐β1 in the CNS resulted in a loss of the astrocyte glutamate transporter (GluT) proteins GLT‐1 (EAAT2) and GLAST (EAAT1) and decreased glutamate uptake in the mouse hippocampus. Treatment with TGF‐β1 induced the expression of GLAST and GLT‐1 in cultured astrocytes and enhanced astroglial glutamate uptake. Similar to GLT‐1‐deficient mice, CNS‐TGF‐β1‐deficient mice had reduced brain weight and neuronal loss in the CA1 hippocampal region. CNS‐TGF‐β1‐deficient mice showed GluN2B‐dependent aberrant synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus similar to the glutamate transport inhibitor DL‐TBOA and these mice were highly sensitive to excitotoxic injury. In addition, hippocampal neurons from TGF‐β1‐deficient mice had elevated GluN2B‐mediated calcium signals in response to extrasynaptic glutamate receptor stimulation, whereas cells treated with TGF‐β1 exhibited reduced GluN2B‐mediated calcium signals. In summary, our study demonstrates a previously unrecognized function of TGF‐β1 in the CNS to control extracellular glutamate homeostasis and GluN2B‐mediated calcium responses in the mouse hippocampus.
Interstellar He+ ring‐beam distributions: Observations and implications
Authors: Drews C. , Berger Lars , Wimmer‐Schweingruber Robert F. , Galvin Antoinette B.
Published: March 2013

We report systematic measurements of the distribution of the incident angle of interstellar pickup He+ ions as observed by STEREO/Plasma and Supra‐Thermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC). We have organized these observations according to the angle spanned by the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF), , and the bulk solar wind velocity, . Our measurements show clear evidence of a relatively local injection of He+ pickup ions into the solar wind, which are then seen as a ring distribution perpendicular to . Changes of the spectral shape and a reduced flux of interstellar He+ during radial IMF configuration, as observed by, e.g., Ulysses/Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS), SOHO/Charge Time‐Of‐Flight (CTOF), Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers/SUprathermaL Energy Ionic Charge Analyzer (SULEICA), have generally been attributed to inefficient scattering across 90° pitch‐angle. Our observations of the pitch‐angle distribution of interstellar He+ suggest that these changes are instead a result of locally injected pickup ions that escape detection for IMF configuration in which the Solar Wind Sector of PLASTIC, as well as SWICS, CTOF, and SULEICA, are not sensitive to the measurement of the locally injected pickup ion ring.
Detecting overlapping gravity waves using the S‐Transform
Authors: Wright C. J. , Gille J. C.
Published: March 2013

We discuss an adaptation to the widely‐used Stockwell Transform based method for the detection of gravity waves to allow the detection of multiple overlapping waves. This adjusted method is applied to data from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder for the period of May 2006 and is found to change the measured distribution of gravity wave momentum flux on a global scale. An overall 68% increase in measured momentum flux is observed for the 20–30km altitude range, with significant regional variability. The largest absolute increase is over India, the Southern Ocean, and the Antarctic Peninsula, regions previously known to exhibit high levels of momentum flux. A strong relative increase is observed north of the equator, particularly in the tropics; analysis of the wavelength distribution of detected gravity waves shows that the majority of this increase is due to the detection of small vertical‐ and horizontal‐scale waves which were presumably previously masked by higher‐amplitude events in the same profile.
Distinctive climate signals in reanalysis of global ocean heat content
Authors: Balmaseda Magdalena A. , Trenberth Kevin E. , Källén Erland
Published: March 2013

The elusive nature of the post‐2004 upper ocean warming has exposed uncertainties in the ocean's role in the Earth's energy budget and transient climate sensitivity. Here we present the time evolution of the global ocean heat content for 1958 through 2009 from a new observation‐based reanalysis of the ocean. Volcanic eruptions and El Niño events are identified as sharp cooling events punctuating a long‐term ocean warming trend, while heating continues during the recent upper‐ocean‐warming hiatus, but the heat is absorbed in the deeper ocean. In the last decade, about 30% of the warming has occurred below 700 m, contributing significantly to an acceleration of the warming trend. The warming below 700 m remains even when the Argo observing system is withdrawn although the trends are reduced. Sensitivity experiments illustrate that surface wind variability is largely responsible for the changing ocean heat vertical distribution.
Role of mode and intermediate waters in future ocean acidification: Analysis of CMIP5 models
Authors: Resplandy L. , Bopp L. , Orr J. C. , Dunne J. P.
Published: March 2013

Consistent with recent observations, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 Earth System Models project highest acidification rates in subsurface waters. Using seven Earth System Models, we find that high acidification rates in mode and intermediate waters (MIW) on centennial time scales (−0.0008 to −0.0023 ± 0.0001 yr−1 depending on the scenario) are predominantly explained by the geochemical effect of increasing atmospheric CO2, whereas physical and biological climate change feedbacks explain less than 10% of the simulated changes. MIW are characterized by a larger surface area to volume ratio than deep and bottom waters leading to 5 to 10 times larger carbon uptake. In addition, MIW geochemical properties result in a sensitivity to increasing carbon concentration twice larger than surface waters (ΔH+ of +1.2×10−4 mmol m−3 for every mmol m−3 of dissolved carbon in MIW versus +0.6×10−4 in surface waters). Low pH transported by mode and intermediate waters is likely to influence surface pH in upwelling regions decades after their isolation from the atmosphere.
Distinct set of kinases induced after retrieval of spatial memory discriminate memory modulation processes in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Li Lin , Sase Ajinkya , Patil Sudarshan , Sunyer Berta , Höger Harald , Smalla Karl-Heinz , Stork Oliver , Lubec Gert
Published: March 2013

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events play a key role in memory formation and various protein kinases and phosphatases have been firmly associated with memory performance. Here, we determined expression changes of protein kinases and phosphatases following retrieval of spatial memory in CD1 mice in a Morris Water Maze task, using antibody microarrays and confirmatory Western blot. Comparing changes following single and consecutive retrieval, we identified stably and differentially expressed kinases, some of which have never been implicated before in memory functions. On the basis of these findings we define a small signaling network associated with spatial memory retrieval. Moreover, we describe differential regulation and correlation of expression levels with behavioral performance of polo‐like kinase 1. Together with its recently observed genetic association to autism‐spectrum disorders our data suggest a role of this kinase in balancing preservation and flexibility of learned behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleophosmin 1, upregulated in adenomas and cancers of the colon, inhibits p53‐mediated cellular senescence
Authors: Wong John C.T. , Hasan Mohammad R. , Rahman Mahbuba , Yu Angel C. , Chan Simon K. , Schaeffer David F. , Kennecke Hagen F. , Lim Howard J. , Owen David , Tai Isabella T.
Published: March 2013

Dysregulation of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) has been found in numerous solid and hematological malignancies. Our previous meta‐analysis of colorectal cancer (CRC) high throughput gene expression profiling studies identified it as a consistently reported up‐regulated gene in the malignant state. Our aims were to compare NPM1 expression in normal colon, adenoma and CRC, to correlate their expressions with clinico‐pathological parameters, and to assess the biological role of aberrant NPM1 expression in CRC cells. NPM1 transcript levels were studied in human CRC cell lines, whereas a tissue microarray of 57 normal human colon, 40 adenoma and 185 CRC samples were used to analyze NPM1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. CRC cell lines were subjected to transient siRNA‐mediated knockdown to study NPM1's roles on cell viability and senescence. NPM1 transcript levels were 7–11‐folds higher in three different human CRC cell lines compared to normal colon cells. NPM1 protein expression was found to be progressively and significantly upregulated in CRC compared to adenomas and in adenomas compared to normal mucosa. Reducing NPM1 expression by siRNA had caused a significant decrease in cell viability, a concomitant increase in cellular senescence and cell cycle arrest. Cellular senescence induced under conditions of forced NPM1 suppression could be prevented by knocking down p53. The differential expression of NPM1 along the normal colon‐adenoma‐carcinoma progression and its involvement in resisting p53 related senescent growth arrest in CRC cell lines implicate its role in supporting CRC tumorigenesis.
SOMEONE TO LISTEN: INCREASING YOUTH HELP‐SEEKING BEHAVIOR THROUGH A TEXT‐BASED CRISIS LINE FOR YOUTH
Authors: Evans William P. , Davidson Laura , Sicafuse Lorie
Published: March 2013

A multi‐method evaluation was conducted to assess the TextToday pilot program, the nation's first crisis line with the capacity to accept text messages. Objectives of the evaluation included how successful the system was in meeting the needs of underserved youth and how effectively the social marketing campaign reached the target population with information about the texting crisis service. The service was found to increase youth help‐seeking behaviors among our pilot study population. Implications for replication, integrating texting into community crisis services, and future research are discussed.
Axitinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results of a Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis
Authors: Rini Brian I. , Garrett May , Poland Bill , Dutcher Janice P. , Rixe Olivier , Wilding George , Stadler Walter M. , Pithavala Yazdi K. , Kim Sinil , Tarazi Jamal , Motzer Robert J.
Published: March 2013

Axitinib is a potent and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, approved for second‐line therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Axitinib population pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships were evaluated. Using nonlinear mixed effects modeling with pooled data from 383 healthy volunteers, 181 patients with metastatic RCC, and 26 patients with other solid tumors in 17 trials, the disposition of axitinib was best described by a 2‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and a lag time, with estimated mean systemic clearance (CL) of 14.6 L/h and central volume of distribution (Vc) of 47.3 L. Of 12 covariates tested, age over 60 years and Japanese ethnicity were associated with decreased CL, whereas Vc increased with body weight. However, the magnitude of predicted changes in exposure based on these covariates does not warrant dose adjustments. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression and logistic regression analyses showed that higher exposure and diastolic blood pressure were independently associated with longer progression‐free and overall survivals and higher probability of partial response in metastatic RCC patients. These findings support axitinib dose titration to increase plasma exposure in patients who tolerate axitinib, and also demonstrate diastolic blood pressure as a potential marker of efficacy.
Ultrastructural observations of programmed cell death during metanephric development in mouse
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Guo Min , Shao Youzhi
Published: March 2013

Previous studies revealed apoptosis as an only programmed cell death (PCD) during renal morphogenesis before alternative type of PCD, necroptosis were introduced. Evidences of non‐apoptotic PCD during renal development were scarce and needed to be accumulated. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether non‐apoptotic PCD is involved in and observe ultrastructural features of apoptotic cells or non‐apoptotic PCD during metanephros development. For this purpose, light and transmission electron microscopy were used. The most significant finding to come out of this study was that necroptosis was observed during developing metanephros by electron microscopy. The results also provided another fact that apoptosis and necroptosis constituted the PCD during embryonic development of kidney in mouse. Compared to necroptosis, apoptosis was more predominantly evident throughout whole development period and in every compartment of metanephros except for proximal tubule. However, necroptosis was only exhibited in developing nephrons also except for proximal tubule. In addition, outcomes of PCD were related to morphogenetic features of metanephric development. Efferocytosis for apoptotic cell or bodies took place in each type cell and whole period of developing metanephros. Besides efferocytosis blood flow and urine flux were available to remove the corpses of PCD, especially PCD from developing nephrons. Our findings suggested that both apoptosis and necroptosis play important roles during nephrogenesis and observed three ways to clear the PCD cell: efferocytosis, blood flow, and urine flux. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:467–475, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Date fruit: chemical composition, nutritional and medicinal values, products
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Xing , Shi Lu‐E , Aleid Salah M
Published: March 2013

Date fruit has served as a staple food in the Arab world for centuries. Worldwide production of date fruit has increased almost threefold over the last 40 years, reaching 7.68 million tons in 2010. Date fruit can provide many essential nutrients and potential health benefits to the consumer. Date fruit goes through four ripening stages named kimri, khalal, rutab and tamer. The main chemical components of date fruit include carbohydrates, dietary fibre, enzymes, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins, phenolic acids and carotenoids. The chemical composition of date fruit varies according to ripening stage, cultivar, growing environment, postharvest conditions, etc. The nutritional and medicinal activities of date fruit are related to its chemical composition. Many studies have shown that date fruit has antioxidant, antimutagenic, anti‐inflammatory, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunostimulant activities. Various date fruit‐based products such as date syrup, date paste, date juice and their derived products are available. Date by‐products can be used as raw materials for the production of value‐added products such as organic acids, exopolysaccharides, antibiotics, date‐flavoured probiotic‐fermented dairy produce, bakery yeasts, etc. In this paper the chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal values of date fruit as well as date fruit‐based products are reviewed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Clinical and histologic studies of olfactory outcomes after nasoseptal flap harvesting
Authors: Kim Sang‐Wook , Park Kyung Bum , Khalmuratova Roza , Lee Hong‐Kyoung , Jeon Sea‐Yuong , Kim Dae Woo
Published: March 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Since the introduction of an endonasal endoscopic approach in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, reports of perioperative olfactory changes have presented conflicting results. We examined the incidence of olfactory loss in cases of endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with skull base repair using the nasoseptal flap (NSF) and the effects of monopolar electrocautery commonly used in designing the NSF.

Study Design

Case‐control study.

Methods

Fifteen patients who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with skull base reconstruction using the NSF were divided into cold knife (n = 8) and electrocautery (n = 7) groups according to the device used in the superior incision of the NSF. Patients were followed regularly to monitor the need for dressing or adhesiolysis around the olfactory cleft. All subjects received olfactory tests before and 6 months after surgery. Septal mucosa specimens obtained during posterior septectomy were incised with different devices, and the degree of mucosal damage was evaluated.

Results

One patient in the electrocautery group demonstrated olfactory dysfunction postoperatively, but the other 14 patients showed no decrease in olfaction. In histologic analyses, 55.8% and 76.9% of the mucosal surface showed total epithelial loss when the mucosa was cut with cutting‐ and coagulation‐mode electrocautery, respectively. In contrast, only 20% of the mucosal surface exhibited total epithelial loss when the mucosa was cut with a cold knife (P < .01).

Conclusions

Olfactory impairment is not common after use of the NSF. Use of the cold knife in making superior incision may reduce tissue damage with better olfactory outcomes.

Level of Evidence

3b Laryngoscope, 2013
Suramin attenuates dystrophin‐deficient cardiomyopathy in the mdx mouse model of duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: De Oliveira Moreira Drielen , Pereira Juliano Alves , Taniguti Ana Paula Tiemi , Matsumura Cíntia Yuri , Ramos Luis Alberto Ferreira , Areas Miguel Arcanjo , Neto Humberto Santo , Marques Maria Julia
Published: March 2013

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of suramin, an antifibrotic agent, on cardiac function and remodeling in mdx mice. Methods: mdx mice (8 months old) received intraperitoneal injections of suramin twice a week for 3 months. Control mdx mice (8 months old) were injected with saline. Results: Suramin improved the electrocardiography profile with the main corrections seen in S‐ to R‐wave ratio, PR interval, and Q amplitude, and a significant decrease in the cardiomyopathy index. Suramin decreased myocardial fibrosis, inflammation, and myonecrosis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that suramin may be a new adjunctive therapy to help improve cardiomyopathy in DMD. Muscle Nerve 48: 911–919, 2013
Atlantic Water advection versus sea‐ice advances in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 9 ka: Multiproxy evidence for a two‐phase Holocene
Authors: Werner Kirstin , Spielhagen Robert F. , Bauch Dorothea , Hass H. Christian , Kandiano Evgeniya
Published: March 2013

A sediment core from the West Spitsbergen continental margin was studied to reconstruct climate and paleoceanographic variability during the last ~9 ka in the eastern Fram Strait (FS). Our multiproxy evidence suggests that the establishment of the modern oceanographic configuration in the eastern FS occurred stepwise, in response to the postglacial sea‐level rise and the related onset of modern sea‐ice production on the shallow Siberian shelves. The late Early and Mid‐Holocene interval (9 to 5 ka) was generally characterized by relatively unstable conditions. High abundance of the subpolar planktic foraminifer species Turborotalita quinqueloba implies strong intensity of Atlantic Water (AW) inflow with high productivity and/or high AW temperatures, resulting in a strong heat flux to the Arctic. A series of short‐lived cooling events (8.2, 6.9, and 6.1 ka) occurred superimposed on the warm late Early to Mid‐Holocene conditions. Our proxy data imply that simultaneous to the complete postglacial flooding of Arctic shallow shelves and the initiation of modern sea‐ice production, strong advance of polar waters initiated modern oceanographic conditions in the eastern FS at ~5.2 ka. The Late Holocene was marked by the dominance of the polar planktic foraminifer species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a significant expansion of sea ice/icebergs, and strong stratification of the water column. Although planktic foraminiferal assemblages as well as sea subsurface temperatures suggest a return of slightly strengthened advection of subsurface AW after 3 ka, a relatively stable cold‐water layer prevailed at the sea surface, and the study site was probably located within the seasonally fluctuating marginal ice zone during the Neoglacial period.
Initial testing (stage 1) of eribulin, a novel tubulin binding agent, by the pediatric preclinical testing program
Authors: Kolb E. Anders , Gorlick Richard , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Carol Hernan , Lock Richard , Keir Stephen T. , Maris John M. , Billups Catherine A. , DesJardins Christopher , Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Houghton Peter J. , Smith Malcolm A.
Published: March 2013

Background

Antimitotic agents are essential components for curative therapy of pediatric acute leukemias and many solid tumors. Eribulin is a novel agent that differs from both Vinca alkaloids and taxanes in its mode of binding to tubulin polymers.

Procedures

Eribulin was tested against the PPTP in vitro cell line panel at concentrations from 0.1 nM to 1.0 μM and against the PPTP in vivo xenograft panels at a dose of 1 mg/kg (solid tumors) or 1.5 mg/kg (ALL models) using a q4dx3 schedule repeated at Day 21.

Results

In vitro eribulin demonstrated cytotoxic activity, with a median relative IC50 value of 0.27 nM, (range <0.1–14.8 nM). Eribulin was well tolerated in vivo, and all 43 xenograft models were considered evaluable for efficacy. Eribulin induced significant differences in event‐free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 29 of 35 (83%) of the solid tumors and in 8 of 8 (100%) of the ALL xenografts. Objective responses were observed in 18 of 35 (51%) solid tumor xenografts. Complete responses (CR) or maintained CR were observed in panels of Wilms tumor, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, glioblastoma, and osteosarcoma xenografts. All eight ALL xenografts achieved CR or MCR.

Conclusions

The high level of activity observed for eribulin against the PPTP preclinical models makes this an interesting agent to consider for pediatric evaluation. The activity pattern observed for eribulin in the solid tumor panels is equal or superior to that observed previously for vincristine. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;601325‐1332. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New PINCER Query Library tool to support safer prescribing
Authors: Rodgers Sarah
Published: March 2013

The PINCER Query Library is a new software tool to identify at‐risk patients who have been prescribed drugs commonly associated with medication errors.
Hexagonal germanium formed via a pressure‐induced phase transformation of amorphous germanium under controlled nanoindentation
Authors: Williams James S. , Haber Bianca , Deshmukh Sarita , Johnson Brett C. , Malone Brad D. , Cohen Marvin L. , Bradby Jodie E.
Published: March 2013

We have studied the stable end phase formed in amorphous germanium (a‐Ge) films that have been subjected to a pressure‐induced phase transformation under indentation loading using a large (20 µm) spherical indenter. After indentation the samples have been annealed at room temperature to remove any residual unstable R8 and BC8 phases. Raman spectroscopy indicates a single broad peak centred around 292 cm–1 and we have used first principles density functional perturbation theory calculations and simulated Raman spectra for nano‐crystalline diamond cubic germanium (DC‐Ge) to help identification of the final phase as hexagonal diamond germanium (HEX‐Ge). Transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of a dominant HEX‐Ge end phase. These results help explain significant inconsistencies in the literature relating to indentation‐induced phase transitions in DC‐ and a‐Ge. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A ‘Boscastle‐type’ quasi‐stationary convective system over the UK Southwest Peninsula
Authors: Warren R. A. , Kirshbaum D. J. , Plant R. S. , Lean H. W.
Published: March 2013

An investigation is presented of a quasi‐stationary convective system (QSCS) which occurred over the UK Southwest Peninsula on 21 July 2010. This system was remarkably similar in its location and structure to one which caused devastating flash flooding in the coastal village of Boscastle, Cornwall on 16 August 2004. Both events were characterised by deep southwesterly flow and saw the repeated development of convective cells along the west coast of the Southwest Peninsula. However, in the 2010 case, rainfall accumulations were around four times smaller and no flooding was recorded. The more extreme nature of the Boscastle case is shown to be related to three factors: (1) higher rain rates, associated with a warmer and moister tropospheric column and deeper convective clouds; (2) a more stationary system, due to slower evolution of the large‐scale flow; and (3) distribution of the heaviest precipitation over fewer river catchments.

A numerical simulation of the July 2010 event was performed using a 1.5 km grid length configuration of the Met Office Unified Model. This reveals that convection was repeatedly initiated through lifting along a quasi‐stationary boundary‐layer convergence line. Sensitivity tests are used to show that this convergence line was a sea‐breeze front which temporarily stalled along the coastline due to the retarding influence of an offshore‐directed background wind component. Several deficiencies are noted in the 1.5 km model's representation of the storm system, including delayed convective initiation; however, significant improvements are observed when the grid length is reduced to 500 m. These result in part from an improved representation of the convergence line, which enhances the associated low‐level ascent, allowing air parcels to more readily reach their level of free convection. The implications of this finding for forecasting convective precipitation are discussed.
Ensemble simulations to investigate the impact of large‐scale urbanization on precipitation in the lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley, China
Authors: Wan Hongchao , Zhong Zhong
Published: March 2013

The influence of urban clusters in the lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley (YRV) on a summertime heavy precipitation event is evaluated based on ensemble simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results show that control runs with realistic representation of urban areas perform better than the sensitivity runs with urban areas replaced by cropland, suggesting that the urban canopy physics in the surface layer, and hence realistic urban land‐use classification, is crucial for urban‐induced precipitation modelling. Precipitation starts later but is stronger due to the urban effects. Urbanization leads to two adjacent belts of increasing and decreasing precipitation to the north of the Yangtze River. These urban‐induced variations in precipitation are attributed to the impact of urban clusters in the lower reaches of the YRV, which act like a single large (non‐continuous) city to slow down the precipitation process due to its building barrier effect. Such an impact leads to more precipitation in the north of the precipitation field but provides less moisture for precipitation in the south. The variations of turbulent kinetic energy and vorticity that resulted from the effects of urban clusters show upward propagation during the precipitation event, suggesting that the urbanization impact may be transferred from surface to upper atmosphere, which could exert important influences on precipitation processes.
Evaluation of several rainfall products used for hydrological applications over West Africa using two high‐resolution gauge networks
Authors: Gosset Marielle , Viarre Julien , Quantin Guillaume , Alcoba Matias
Published: March 2013

The evaluation of rainfall products over the West African region will be an important component of the Megha‐Tropiques (MT) Ground Validation (GV) plan. In this paper, two dense research gauge networks from Benin and Niger, integrated in the MT GV plan, are presented and are used to evaluate several currently available global or regional satellite‐based rainfall products. Eight products—the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), Climate Prediction Center Morphing method (CMORPH), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 real‐time and gauge‐adjusted version, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), Climate Prediction Center (CPC) African Rainfall Estimate (RFE), Estimation des Precipitation par SATellite (EPSAT), and Global Precipitation Climatology Project One Degree Daily estimate (GPCP‐1DD)—are compared to the ground reference. The comparisons are carried out at daily, 1° resolution, over the rainy season (June–September), between the years 2003 and 2010. The work focuses on the ability of the various products to reproduce salient features of the rainfall regime that impact the hydrological response. The products are analysed on a multi‐criteria basis, focusing in particular on the way they distribute the rainfall within the season and by rain rate class. Standard statistical diagnoses such as the correlation coefficient, bias, root mean square error and Nash skill score are computed and the inter‐annual variability is documented. Two simplified hydrological models are used to illustrate how the nature and structure of the product error impact the model output in terms of runoff (calculated using the Soil Conservation Service method, SCS, in Niger) or outflow (calculated with the ‘modèle du Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier’, GR4J model, in Benin). Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
An anonymous data aggregation scheme for smart grid systems
Authors: Liu Xuefeng , Zhang Yuqing , Wang Boyang , Wang Huaqun
Published: March 2013

By integrating the traditional grid with the advanced communication and information technologies, smart grid can provide a reliable and efficient energy service for our modern society. Data aggregation plays an important role in evaluating the current energy usage information of consumer domains, based on which the operation center can accommodate distributed power sources to maximize the utilization efficiency. However, it also incurs a potential risk to the consumer privacy. In this paper, we propose an anonymous multi‐dimensional data aggregation for smart grid systems. With the proposed scheme, the operation center can compute both additive and non‐additive aggregation functions over the collected reports from consumers. The computation cost of each consumer is independent of the number of collected data types. In addition, by using the batch verification technique, the operation center's computation cost can be significantly reduced. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed scheme can achieve identity privacy preserving, data authentication, and confidentiality. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure and transparent network traffic replay, redirect, and relay in a dynamic malware analysis environment
Authors: Lin Ying‐Dar , Shih Tzung‐Bi , Wu Yu‐Sung , Lai Yuan‐Cheng
Published: March 2013

Dynamic analysis is typically performed in a closed network environment to prevent the malware under analysis from attacking machines on the Internet. However, many of today's malwares require Internet connectivity to operate and to be thoroughly analyzed in a closed network environment. We propose a secure and transparent network environment that allows the malware in a dynamic analysis environment to have seemingly unrestricted Internet access in a secure manner. Our environment transparently dispatches malicious network traffic to compatible decoys while allowing harmless control traffic to have Internet access. We use 12 real‐world malware samples, which involve Internet connections, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed environment. The evaluation shows that the proposed environment can allow malware to exhibit more network activities than a closed network environment and can even outperform the baseline open network environment in some cases. In the meantime, Internet security is maintained by the dispatching of attack and propagation traffic to decoys inside the analysis environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hilfsdiagramme zum Nachweis der Lochleibung bei Schraubenverbindungen nach DIN 18800 (11.90)
Authors: Siebert G. , Siebert B.
Published: March 2013

Die Möglichkeiten bei Entwurf und Nachweis eines Schraubenbildes sind nach der neuen DIN 18800 Teil 1 (11.90) gegenüber den Regelungen in der DIN 18800 (3.81) bedeutend vielfältiger geworden. Die Loch‐ und Randabstände haben weitergefaßte Grenzen; diese Ausweitung wird durch eine genauere Berechnung der Widerstandsgrößen (d. h. hier Grenzlochleibungskräfte) möglich.

Dabei wird die größere Vielfalt und damit verbunden auch bessere Ausnutzbarkeit der Anschlüsse "erkauft" durch eine entsprechend aufwendigere Nachweisführung. In diesem Beitrag werden als Hilfsmittel Diagramme bereitgestellt, welche die Nachweise für Lochleibung nach der DIN 18800 Teil 1 erleichtern.
Protection of Norwegian Steel Bridges against Corrosion (Korrosionsschutz von norwegischen Stahlbrücken)
Authors: Klinge R.
Published: March 2013

Thermisch gespritzte Schichten aus Zink und Aluminium, allein oder mit zusätzlichen Anstrichen, die letzteren als "Duplex‐Systeme" bekannt, sind in Europa seit ungefähr 1920 als Korrosionsschutz von Stahlkonstruktionen verwendet worden. Seit 1965 werden sämtliche stählerne Teile für die neuen norwegischen Hauptstraßenbrücken in der Vorfertigung mit Spritzmetallüberzüge ausgestattet. Die Ökonomie, die Ressourcenschonung, der Umweltschutz und das Aussehen der Konstruktion während ihrer langen Nutzungsdauer sind hier Schlüsselwörter. An existierenden Brücken verwendete Korrosionsschutzsysteme sowie die Haltbarkeit und der Bedarf an Erhaltung dieser Systeme werden beschrieben. Weiter wird über umfassende Forschungsarbeiten in den USA und in Norwegen berichtet.
Fritz Leonhardts Schrägkabelbrücken
Authors: Svensson H.
Published: March 2013

Fritz Leonhardt war an der gesamten Entwicklung der Schrägkabelbrücken maßgebend beteiligt. Seine Tätigkeit umfaßt die Düsseldorfer Brückenfamilie, Entwürfe für Spannweiten bis 1300 m, die Entwicklung eines neuen Types von Schrägkabeln, eines neuen aerodynamisch stabilen Querschnittes und grundsätzliche Erkenntnisse zum Tragverhalten. Er und seine Mitarbeiter haben Schrägkabelbrücken in aller Welt entworfen und ausführungsreif bearbeitet, sowohl in Stahl als in Beton und in Verbundbauweise.
Fritz Leonhardt als Stahlbrücken‐Ingenieur
Authors: Saul R.
Published: March 2013

Es wird über Entwürfe und Forschungsvorhaben von Leonhardt auf dem Gebiet von Stahlbrücken mit orthotroper Platte, Hängebrücken und Verbundbrücken berichtet. Um die Leistungen von Leonhardt auf diesem Gebiet über mehr als ein halbes Jahrhundert hinweg aufzuzeigen, werden exemplarisch Brücken aus der Frühzeit (1940 bis 1950) ‐ die Rheinbrücken Köln‐Rodenkirchen und Köln‐Deutz ‐ und aus der späten Schaffensperiode (1985 bis 1995) ‐ z. B. die Mainbrücke Nantenbach ‐ sowie Forschungsarbeiten zu aerodynamisch günstigen Gesamttragwerken und Querschnitten von Hängebrücken und zur Bemessung von Verbundbrücken dargestellt.
Die neue Kuppel auf dem Reichstagsgebäude ‐ Tragwerksentwurf und Konstruktion
Authors: Fink R. , Horstkötter K. , Zschippang S.
Published: March 2013

Das Reichstagsgebäude war vor mehr als 100 Jahren als Parlamentsgebäude mit einer Kuppel über dem Sitzungssaal erbaut worden. Mit der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands 1990 war auch die Entscheidung verbunden, daß der Reichstag wieder Sitz des Parlamentes werden sollte. Es war die Entscheidung des Bundestages, auf dem Reichstagsgebäude anstatt der nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg gesprengten Kuppel eine neue Kuppel entstehen zu lassen. An Stelle der alten entstand so ein neues, wesentlich komplexeres Bauwerk. Die Kuppel als reine Stahl‐Glas‐Konstruktion dient der Plenarsaalbelichtung, als Aussichtsplattform für Besucher und als Haustechnikzentrale. Der Beitrag berichtet über die grundlegenden statischen Annahmen, den Tragwerksentwurf, die statische Berechnung und die konstruktiven Details. Abschließend wird die Montage des 38 m breiten und 26 m hohen Tragwerks beschrieben.
Neubau eines technologischen Laborgebäudes an der Technischen Universität Ilmenau
Authors: Büttner A. , Pritzl H.‐J.
Published: March 2013

Im nachfolgenden Beitrag wird ein Überblick über Entwurf, Konstruktion und Statik des technologischen Laborgebäudes gegeben. Das Laborgebäude besteht aus einem Reinraum‐ und einem Bürotrakt und wird für die Grundlagenforschung und die angewandte Forschung auf den Gebieten der Mikroelektronik, der Informationstechnik sowie der Mikrosystemtechnik benötigt. Im Laborbereich wird unter Reinraumbedingungen gearbeitet, die gleichzeitig auch erhöhte Anforderungen an den Schwingungsschutz der gesamten Konstruktion stellen. Aus Gründen des Schwingungsschutzes erfolgt die Dimensionierung des Tragwerkes primär nach dynamischen Kriterien. Die Grundrißabmessungen des Bürobereichs betragen ca. 11,50 m x 72,50 m und des Reinraumbereiches ca. 26,0 m x 47,50 m.
Verbundkonstruktion beim Millennium Tower. Fertigung, Montage neue Verbindungsmittel
Authors: Taus M.
Published: March 2013

In diesem Artikel werden die wesentlichen Überlegungen zur Fertigung im Hinblick auf optimale Montagebedingungen erläutert. Die Montage wird im Zusammenhang mit den parallel laufenden Betonarbeiten erklärt. Im letzten Kapitel wird die erstmalige Anwendung von Setznägeln und Setzbolzen an Sonderkonstruktionen gezeigt.
Der Einfluß von Imperfektionen auf das Tragverhalten von Platten
Authors: Ruff D. C. , Schulz U.
Published: March 2013

Es wird auf das Tragverhalten der imperfekten längsbelasteten Platte eingegangen. Dabei wird zunächst der Einfluß von geometrischen Imperfektionen untersucht und eine Modifizierung sowohl im Hinblick auf die Fertigungstoleranzen als auch im Hinblick auf die bezogenen Tragspannungen (DIN 18800 T. 3) vorgeschlagen. Weiterhin werden die traglastmindernen Einflüsse von strukturellen Imperfektionen und Aufstandsimperfektionen quantifiziert.
Die Behandlung des Beulens bei dünnwandigen Stahlkonstruktionen in ENV 1993‐Teil 1.5 (Eurocode 3‐1‐5)
Authors: Johansson B. , Maquoi R. , Sedlacek G. , Müller Ch. , Schneider R.
Published: March 2013

Im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung wurde auch ein besonderer Teil 1.5 der ENV 1993 von Bemessungsregeln für Stahlbrücken im Teil 2 der ENV 1993 für die Berücksichtigung des Beulens beim Tragsicherheitsnachweis dünnwandiger Stahlkonstruktionen mit und ohne Blechaussteifungen entwickelt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt die neuen Regelungen vor und begründet die neuen Vorgehensweisen und Verbesserungen gegenüber den bisher im Teil 1.1 der ENV 1993 veröffentlichten Beulregelungen bei Schub und örtlicher Lasteinleitung. Die neuen Beulregelungen sind an Bauteilversuchen kalibriert, und die Sicherheitselemente wurden so festgestellt, daß die für die Eurocodes geforderten Zuverlässigkeiten erreicht werden. Es werden auch einige Unterschiede zur Vorgehensweise nach DIN 18800 ‐ Teil 3 aufgezeigt.