bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualizing hypochlorous acid production by human neutrophils with fluorescent graphene quantum dots
Authors: Golubewa Lena , Kulahava Tatsiana , Klimovich Aliona , Rutkauskas Danielis , Matulaitiene Ieva , Karpicz Renata , Belko Nikita , Mogilevtsev Dmitri , Kavalenka Alena , Fetisova Marina , Karvinen Petri , Svirko Yuri , Kuzhir Polina
Published: November 2021

In living organisms, redox reactions play a crucial role in the progression of disorders accompanied by the overproduction of reactive oxygen and reactive chlorine species, such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid, respectively. We demonstrate that green fluorescence graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can be employed for revealing the presence of the hypochlorous acid in aqueous solutions and cellular systems. Hypochlorous acid modifies the oxygen-containing groups of the GQD, predominantly opens epoxide ring C–O–C, forms excessive C=O bonds and damages the carbonic core of GQDs. These changes, which depend on the concentration of the hypochlorous acid and exposure time, manifest themselves in the absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the GQD, and in the fluorescence lifetime. We also show that the GQD fluorescence is not affected by hydrogen peroxide. This finding makes GQDs a promising sensing agent for selective detecting reactive chlorine species produced by neutrophils. Neutrophils actively accumulate GQDs allowing to visualize cells and to examine the redox processes via GQDs fluorescence. At high concentrations GQDs induce neutrophil activation and myeloperoxidase release, leading to the disruption of GQD structure by the produced hypochlorous acid. This makes the GQDs a biodegradable material suitable for various biomedical applications.
A novel free-standing metal organic frameworks-derived cobalt sulfide polyhedron array for shuttle effect suppressive lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Han Tianli , Lin Xirong , Cai Junfei , Li Jinjin , Zhu Yajun , Meng Yijing , Hu Chaoquan , Liu Jinyun
Published: November 2021

Metal-organic-frameworks-derived nanostructures have received broad attention for secondary batteries. However, many strategies focus on the preparation of dispersive materials, which need complicated steps and some additives for making electrodes of batteries. Here, we develop a novel free-standing Co9S8 polyhedron array derived from ZIF-67, which grows on a three-dimensional carbon cloth for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery. The polar Co9S8 provides strong chemical binding to immobilize polysulfides, which enables efficiently suppressing of the shuttle effect. The free-standing S@Co9S8 polyhedron array-based cathode exhibits ultrahigh capacity of 1079 mAh g−1 after cycling 100 times at 0.1 C, and long cycling life of 500 cycles at 1 C, recoverable rate-performance and good temperature tolerance. Furthermore, the adsorption energies towards polysulfides are investigated by using density functional theory calculations, which display a strong binding with polysulfides.
Corrigendum: A Fast Instantaneous Frequency Estimation for Underwater Acoustic Target Feature Extraction (2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. Vol 2031 012018)
Authors: Ma Yanxin , Zhang Yifan , Zhu Jiahua , Xu Ke , Cai Yujin
Published: November 2021

Please see Article PDF for corrigendum text.
Evaporation of a liquid, initiated by condensation of vapor on its surface
Authors: Biryukov D A , Gerasimov D N , Yurin E I
Published: November 2021

The paper considers mechanisms of initiation of liquid evaporation by contact with hot vapor (with temperature greater and much greater than the temperature of liquid). Two fundamentally different mechanisms of such initiation are distinguished - equilibrium and non-equilibrium. The process of non-equilibrium initiation of evaporation by hot vapor was studied using the method of molecular dynamics; the results agree with the theoretical estimate given in the work for determining the temperature of the beginning of the non-equilibrium mechanism of evaporation initiation.
Investigation of transport properties of porous coatings from nanoparticles of aluminum oxide
Authors: Ivanov N S , Kuzma-Kichta Yu A , Lavrikov A V
Published: November 2021

In this work, coatings of nanoparticles of aluminum oxide are investigated. Photos were obtained using an electron and optical microscope. A method is proposed for the formation of a coating of nanoparticles with and without agglomerates. The transport properties of nanoparticles of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, titanium oxide and diamond have been investigated. The effect of agglomerates of nanoparticles on the rise of liquid has been determined.
Numerical study of swirling flow in a steam generating element model with double-sided heating
Authors: Mamaev A V , Dmitriev S M , Ryazapov R R , Sobornov A E , Kotin A V
Published: November 2021

The paper is devoted to numerical modelling of the swirling flow in an annular channel with an inner twisted pipe. The computational model is designed. The technique of swirling flow calculation is tested for CFD packages LOGOS and ANSYS CFX. The velocity and pressure calculated fields are obtained. Experimental and calculated velocity profiles over the channel cross section are presented. The loss coefficient values is obtained. Experimental and calculated comparison of results is made.
Simulation of mixing flows with different temperatures in a T-junction using OpenFOAM code
Authors: Ouregani Najmeh Jafari , Melikhov V I , Melikhov O I
Published: November 2021

This paper aims to evaluate the frequency of velocity and temperature fluctuations in the mixing region using OpenFOAM code. Turbulent mixing of fluids at different temperatures can lead to temperature fluctuations at the pipe material. These fluctuations, or thermal striping, inducing cyclical thermal stresses and resulting thermal fatigue, may cause unexpected failure of pipe material. Therefore, an accurate characterization of temperature fluctuations is important in order to estimate the lifetime of pipe material. Thermal fatigue of the coolant circuits of nuclear power plants is one of the major issues in nuclear safety. To investigate thermal fatigue damage, the OECD/NEA-Vattenfall T-Junction Benchmark was initiated to test the ability of state-of-the-art Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes to predict the important parameters affecting high-cycle thermal fatigue in mixing tees. In this study, to simulate the standard problem described above, the OpenFOAM code is used, which is an open integrated platform for numerical simulation of problems in continuum mechanics. At the first with Salome-meca code, a computational grid was created, consisting of about 450,000 nodes, and k-eps model and RANS models were used to simulate turbulence. OpenFOAM code results were compared with the available experimental results. The results were found to be in well-agreement with the experimental results in terms of amplitude and frequency of temperature and velocity fluctuations.
Simulation of the two-phase flow across tube bundle
Authors: Abdi Hossein , Melikhov O I , Melikhov V I
Published: November 2021

Experiments on two-phase flow across an in-line tube bundle are analyzed with the STEG code, which has been developed for modeling thermal-hydraulic processes in a horizontal steam generator (SG). An adiabatic, vertical two-phase flows of air-water across horizontal in-line, 5 x 20 rod bundles, with a pitch-to-diameter ratio P/D=1.3 are considered, the mass velocity is varied in the range 27 - 818 kg/m2s. The calculated values of void fraction in the tube bundle are compared with the experimental ones measured by a gamma densitometer. A reasonable agreement between the calculations and the experimental data is obtained.
Non-isothermal vortex flow in the T-junction channel
Authors: Baranova T A , Zhukova Yu V , Chorny A D , Skrypnik A N , Aksyanov R A , Popov I A
Published: November 2021

In this work we present the numerical simulation of coolant mixing modes in the T-junction. We shows that the RANS approach is beneficial for a qualitative flow analysis to obtain relatively agreed averaged velocity and temperature. Moreover, traditionally, the RANS approach calculates only the averaged temperature distribution. It should also be emphasized that unlike the LES approach, the steady RANS approach cannot express a local flow structure in intense mixing zones. Nevertheless, apparently the used RANS approach should be used for assessing the quality of computational grids, boundary conditions in order to use the LES approach for further numerical simulation.
The effect of the initial swirl of the supersonic flow of humid air on the adiabatic wall temperature
Authors: Zditovets A G , Kiselev N A , Popovich S S , Vinogradov Yu A
Published: November 2021

The paper presents the results of measuring the adiabatic wall temperature of an axisymmetric channel during acceleration of the moist air flow in it to supersonic speed. The initial swirl was imparted to the flow (swirling parameter S = 0.5, 1.0, 2.5). The relative initial humidity (RH) of the flow varied in the range of 10 ÷ 90%. When the flow was accelerated to supersonic speeds, part of the moisture condensed, which influenced the wall temperature. It is shown experimentally that with an increase in the initial moisture content of the flow to certain values, the distribution of the wall temperature for a flow without initial swirl (S = 0) and with swirl with S = 0.5, 1.0 practically coincide. However, from a certain value of RH, the wall temperature in the case of a swirling flow decreases in comparison with a flow without swirling. The maximum decrease in the wall temperature was achieved at RH = 90%. An increase in the initial swirl to S = 2.5 led to a greater decrease in the wall temperature, while the mass air flow through the channel decreased by 26% at an identical pressure drop.
Study on the Mechanical Characteristics of the Screw Driving Torque during the Emptying of the Shield Soil Bin
Authors: Li Xingchun , Yang Yi , Li Xinggao , Su Weilin , Liu Zhi , Fu Yue
Published: November 2021

This article studies the changing law of the driving torque of the screw conveyor during the emptying process of the earth pressure balance shield chamber. First, the discrete element method of discrete medium theory and 3D software SolidWorks were used to create the research object and the screw conveyor model, and then the model parameters were determined and calibrated through numerical calculations and indoor experiments. The final numerical calculation results show that: 1) the screw torque will drop in waves with the increase of the calculation time. When the screw conveyor rotates at 360 deg/s, the calculated screw torque fluctuation amplitude is small; 2) when the number of particles in the soil bin is reduced to a certain extent, the use of a higher screw speed to improve the “dumping soil effect” is of little significance; 3) the negative exponential function can be used to better fit the decrease of screw torque with time; 4) for the bulk medium, for a given particle size and screw structure, there is a suitable speed, so that the effect of “machine-soil collision” is small, and the torque change of the screw is relatively stable.
Study on Fatigue Performance of Non-Uniform Thickness Markless Laser Lap Welding
Authors: Song Huijuan , Zhang Longhua , Niu Ke , Marina Petrovna Gnativ
Published: November 2021

In this paper fatigue properties of three groups of unequal thickness unmarked overlap laser welding of the external wallboard connected of type A and B vehicle were studied. In addition, a group of overlap penetration welded structures of 1.5mm-301L-HT+0.8mm-301L-DLT is designed to study the impact of penetration rate to the mechanical properties. The influence of the weld geometry and plate combination on fatigue fracture behavior and fatigue property is studied based on the combination of fatigue test and simulation stress analysis. Fatigue studies have shown that in spite of the thickness of the two lap unequal thickness welded plate is disparities -- unmarked non-penetration welding outer plate is thicker but it appears fatigue fracture on the outer plate. The safety fatigue limit of three different non-penetration welded structures of plate combinations and weld structures is close which further proofs that the stress state and microstructure of non-penetration outer plate is not conducive to fatigue fracture. It is consistent with the results of the finite element simulation. The fatigue limit of lap welded structure increase with the increase of plate thickness.
Influence Mechanism of Electromechanical Parameters on Transient Dynamics of FWD-EVs: Part I: Co-Modeling of IWM and Vehicle System
Authors: Li Zhe , Ba Qin , Ou Yang , Wang Yi , Zhao Zhichao , Fan Jie , Deng Bo , Wang Peng
Published: November 2021

In-wheel motor (IWM), as an ideal power source of independent four-wheel drive electric vehicles, has been paid more and more attention due to its high-power density, low starting current, wide speed adjustment range, simple control system and robustness. However, the electromechanical issue is enlarged in both longitudinal and vertical because of in-wheel driven scheme. In this paper, the electromagnetic multi-field characteristic of IWM is investigated based on Fourier series method. The negative vibration coupling on vehicle dynamics is discussed by proposing a conjoint electromechanical FWD-EV model. Results shows that the motor incentive coupled with the vehicle system in multi-degree of freedom, caused the body and wheel resonance in the low speed, meanwhile deteriorated the anti-rollover capability of the IWM-EV in the high speed.
Comparison of the Performance of the Two Dry Block Furnaces for RTC158B and Const660
Authors: Zhao Xia , Wang Ying , Wu Jian , Jia Xin , Shi Qufei
Published: November 2021

The dry block temperature calibrator uses air as the calibration medium with small volume and light weight, and therefore is widely applied in field calibration work. With the improvement and vigorous development of the technology of domestic instruments, the technology of domestic dry body furnace is also developing rapidly. Whether the performance of domestic dry block temperature calibrator is better than the foreign instruments, this question is not very clear yet. Therefore, this study focuses on the comparative analysis of the performance parameters of the two dry-type temperature calibrators of Foreign dry furnace-RTC158 and domestic dry furnace-Const660, such as temperature deviation, temperature volatility, axial deviation, and radial deviation. The results reveal that the comprehensive performance of domestic instrument-Const660 is better than foreign instrument-RTC158.
New Method of Temperature and Strain Decoupling Based on Directivity of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing
Authors: Huang Xiao , Jin Zhenkun , Shen Qing
Published: November 2021

Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) has been widely used in temperature and strain measurement. Its center wavelength drift is affected by both temperature and strain. The influence of temperature and strain on center wavelength should be decoupled when measuring. In this paper, the sensing characteristics of FBG which pasted at different angles were simulated and analyzed, and it was found that FBG sensing for strain has strong directivity. A dual FBG composite construction based on the directivity of FBG sensing was proposed. Two FBGs were at an Angle of 62°. One FBG was sensitive to both temperature and strain, and the other was only sensitive to temperature. The structure can realize the decoupling of temperature and strain, and it doesn’t depend on feature of cantilever beam. It was verified by experimental analysis that the decoupling result was good by utilizing the combined FBG structure, and decoupling was realized easily.
Analysis of Damage Tolerance of the Stiffened Structure Based on XFEM
Authors: Zhang Juan , She Wenming , Zhou Wei , Yang Wenya , Wei Jicheng , Ma Lanling
Published: November 2021

A calculation method of damage tolerance of stiffened structure based on extended finite element method (XFEM) is proposed.The crack propagation process is divided into small intervals to calculate the amplitude of stress intensity factor of the structure under different crack lengths. Each small interval is integrated to calculate the crack growth life. The accuracy of the method is verified by calculating the stress intensity factor, the load at both ends and crack growth life. The flat slab structure model with different numbers of stiffeners is established. The above calculation method shows that the stiffeners can share the load for the structure, reduce the amplitude of stress intensity factor, increase the fatigue life.The more the number of stiffeners, the more obvious the improvement effect. The equivalent treatment of the stiffened structure was conducted, and the equal area widening model, unfolding model and thickening model were established. The calculation results show that the calculation results of expansion model is very close to the stiffened structure. It shows that the stiffeners share the load for the structure by increasing the local thickness of the area, reduce the amplitude of stress intensity factor and improve the fatigue intensity.
Design and Theoretical Analysis of High-Static-Low-Dynamic Stiffness Torsion Vibration Isolator Based on Oblique Springs
Authors: Yang Zhirong , Li Lintao , Yao Jiacheng , Wang Qingkai
Published: November 2021

A torsion vibration isolator composed of oblique springs with high-static-low-dynamic stiffness (HSLDS) is proposed to attenuate the transmission of torsion vibration along the shipping shaft in this paper. It is good at in low frequency vibration isolation as it can significantly reduce the resonance frequency of the system with the same load capability. Firstly, the model of HSLDS torsion vibration isolator is introduced in this paper. Secondly, the non-dimensional torsion stiffness is formulated using mechanics theory, and the HSLDS characteristic of designed torsion vibration isolator is verified. Finally, the torque transmissibility is analyzed using the Increment Harmonic Balance (IHB) method, and the effects of the system parameters on it are analyzed. The results show that the resonant frequency increases accordingly as the stiffness ratio and the excitation torque are increased. However, the peak value of the torsion transmissibility is decreased as the damper ratio increasing.
Parametric and Metallurgical Investigation of Modified 3D AM 80 HD Steel for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Lin Zidong , Song Kaijie , Ya Wei , Yu Xinghua
Published: November 2021

Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an advanced 3D printing method for metallic materials on the foundation of traditional arc welding processes. WAAM is regarded as a proper way to manufacture large-dimensional metallic parts with the combination of high deposition rate and low cost. In this research, a specifically designed and manufactured low carbon high strength steel (Grade 3D AM 80 HD) wire, equivalent to a composition of AWS ER 110S-1 wire, was deposited using WAAM to print a muti-beads wall aiming to explore its feasibility for heavily loaded marine applications. A parametric investigation was proceeded to find the optimal deposition voltage and overlap ratio. A vertical position compensation method was adopted to optimize the step-up distance for welding torch between neighboring layers. Microstructure of the deposited component was characterized and also indicated by Thermal-Calc Software, followed by the measurement of hardness and prediction of tensile strength. Furthermore, a comparison of tensile strength of the WAAMed 3D AM 80 HD wall, 3D AM 80 HD wire, AWS ER 110S-1 wire, and a WAAMed wall produced by wire manufacturer (Voestalpine Böhler Welding Corporation) was conducted.
Design of Low-Pressure Sand Casting Process for Water-Cooled Motor Shell in Electric Vehicle
Authors: Jin Yanzhu , Song Yulai , Liu Yaohui , Cui Wei , Sun Chi
Published: November 2021

Aluminium alloy motor shell is the core part of the new energy vehicle powertrain. It has a complex structure with an average wall thickness of 4∼5mm, a side wall with 6∼7mm spiral water jacket, and the bottom of the shell inlaid with cast steel bearing bushing. Because of its complex structure characteristics, as well as higher internal quality requirements and air tightness requirements, the casting process of motor housing is very difficult. This paper introduces the structural characteristics and common casting defects of the motor shell. On this basis, the typical casting process scheme of motor shell with sand core casting technology and the application of computer simulation technology in the development of motor shell casting process are discussed and shared.
Study on Mix Proportion Optimization of C50 High Strength Concrete
Authors: Wang Yunhua , Cai Fanji , Wang Qiong , Li Dongfeng , Guo Pan
Published: November 2021

With the progress of engineering technology, C50 high-strength coagulation came into being for the needs of actual engineering. This research mainly focuses on the selection of cement varieties and admixtures of C 50 high-strength concrete, so as to realize the optimization research of the mix ratio of C 50 high-strength concrete. The results show that ordinary P.O 42.5 and fly ash admixture can increase the mechanical performance of concrete. However, the concrete compressive strength with the mixed admixture of fly ash and mineral powder is even lower than that without any admixture. On the premise of meeting actual engineering needs, the optimization of the mix ratio of high-strength concrete can not only achieve sustainable development, but also save investment in project economic costs.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Dimensional Stability of Y-Modified AlSi7Cu3Mg Alloy
Authors: Jin Yanzhu , Song Yulai , Liu Yaohui , Sun Chi , Dai Junliang
Published: November 2021

The application of rare earth modified AlSi7Cu3Mg alloy in automobile engine and motor casing has increased. The dimensional stability of this alloy is an important feature. In this paper, the effects of yttrium addition and different heat treatment on the microstructure and dimensional thermal stability of AlSi7Cu3Mg alloy were studied by OM, SEM and dimensional measurement. Research shows that: The dimensional stability of AiSi7Cu3Mg alloy after T6 heat treatment is better than that after T4 heat treatment, and the dimensional stability after T7 heat treatment is the best. The addition of rare earth Y can improve the dimensional stability of AiSi7Cu3Mg alloy.
Study on the Synthesis Technology of High Molecular Weight Hydrophilic Polyether
Authors: Zhao Xin , Xu Shirui , Huang Dandan , Ji Jinwei
Published: November 2021

KOH is used as a catalyst. The synthesis of a high molecular weight (relative molecular mass) hydrophilic polyether was carried out. One is to synthesize 1000 molecular weight (relative molecular mass) from the initiator, and then directly synthesize the product (original production process), and then carry out refining treatment by pipetting; the other is to synthesize 1000 molecular weight from the initiator. Molecular mass), further processing in the subsequent synthesis, when the molecular weight reaches 4000 (relative molecular mass), the curing degassing treatment is carried out, and after completion, the mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide is continuously continued to synthesize the product (new production process) ), the synthesis is finished, and after aging, the liquid is pipetted to be refined. The results show that the quality of the new process product is improved, the yield of hydrophilic polyether is improved, and the waterproof effect is improved to 25%; the molecular weight of the old process is not up to the designed molecular weight, and the yield of hydrophilic polyether is lower and the waterproof application effect is less than 25%.
Static Gait Scheme for Horizontal Posture Slope Climbing with Quadruped Robot
Authors: Majithiya Ashish , Dave Jatin
Published: November 2021

With a view to expanding serviceability in different applications, the slope climbing ability of a quadruped robot is important. In this paper, a gait scheme i.e. walking algorithm for slope climbing is proposed. It differs from the previous studies in terms of the posture of the robot while climbing. The presented scheme is designed such a way that the body of the robot maintains horizontal posture with positive static stability which can be used for carrying a load and disabled while climbing the slope. For this proposed scheme, different parameters of gait are shown. The algorithm is tested with a multibody simulation and based on the results of transformation of the inertial frame about the world frame; it is proven to be steady.
IoT based smart ferry system
Authors: Gahalyan Suraj , Sriramalakshmi P
Published: November 2021

This research work discusses an IoT based smart ferry system. The proposed system is implemented in NODE Red based simulations. Each component is considered as nodes and analysis is done. The technical process is explained with the help of a flowchart. And how the information is passed on to the sailors, ferry crew, ferry operators, ferry controllers and maintenance engineer is discussed. In addition it is displayed using the Node red dashboard as well as through ThingSpeak cloud server for further analysis. The proposed idea is to build an IoT infrastructure consisting of smart devices which will measure different attributes of a boat and notify the captain or the rescue team of the difficulties or the problem faced by the boat during a trip. The monitoring system is based on open source software to retrieve data from the sensors at intervals and send them to the cloud in order to easily monitor them via a dashboard. Fully automated and robust IOT enabled smart devices are developed to collect the data from the boat. The Data to measure the weight and passenger on board is collected by Weight Sensor and IR Sensor and the Captain of the Ship is notified for the same. Temperature of the engine room is monitored and under severe circumstances the rescue team is notified for the same. The wind speed is also monitored in case of stormy conditions.
Roadmap to Implementation of Industry 4.0 in Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises in India
Authors: Bisht Vaibhav , Sridhar V G
Published: November 2021

The paradigm of Industry 4.0 finds major promise for deployment in Indian industries. This paper discusses a qualitative research methodology and strategies for the implementation of Industry 4.0 in MSMEs from various sectors in India. The researchers have collected data from experts from different MSMES through questionnaires and personal interviews. Difficulties and barriers for implementation of industry 4.0 in India have been analysed using the snowball sampling method where the sample units expect different academic and government organisations to develop an apparatus for efficient implementation of the technologies of Industry 4.0. A technical framework for processing real-time big data using the Knowledge Data Discovery (KDD) pipeline for quick decision-making is discussed in this study. The study concludes with the use of the framework for use of process data to improve process efficiency.
Modeling of Battery Management for Standalone PV System
Authors: Ashok Kumar B , Seshadri Parthasarathy , Senthilrani S , Bagavat Perumal T S
Published: November 2021

This work is focused on developing a model for a Battery management unit for a Solar PV based off grid standalone system and implementing the same using MATLAB tool. A secondary storage device in form a battery is essential to provide an energy backup in any autonomous system. In this work Lithium ion (Li Ion) battery has been considered for modeling as it offers good charge and discharge profile, high power density, occupies less space and less maintenance. It is essential to ensure secure function of such batteries by closely monitoring and control of their State of Charge (SOC). Determination of SOC ensures the remaining energy available in the battery which further helps in discharging the same based on system requirements. The major components of this work include representation of PV source, employing MPPT, regulating the DC output via boost converter, inverter and controlling the flow of energy between the source to battery, load and vice versa.
Effect of Geometrical Shape on Axial Deformation of Soft Actuator
Authors: Mehta Vishal , Chauhan Mihir
Published: November 2021

Soft actuators are the latest trend of research because of their light weight and ease of manufacturing and control. Soft actuators have expanded their fields and taken place in many applications where linear or angular deflection is required. Soft actuators are very useful in the applications where deflection is required with soft touch. Soft Actuators are highly compliant and adaptive to unknown environments. Because of these characteristics, soft actuators are very popular in the field of medical and in the applications where interaction with fragile structure is required. The soft actuators can give required responses mostly depends on their shape. Linear or angular deformation can be achieved by changing the geometrical shape of actuators. This paper presents the effect of geometrical shape on axial deformation of soft pneumatic actuator. Samples of soft actuators are selected with various shapes for finite element analysis. Results are obtained in form of axial and lateral deformation. An attempt is made to achieve good amount of axial deformation with very less or negligible lateral deformation by selecting appropriate shape. Based on the generated results, the shape is identified which gives desired results and more suitable among the selected nine samples. This sample can be useful in the application having space constraint in lateral direction.
Additive Manufacturing of a Shredder
Authors: Aswin Alenkar K , Maanav Charan K S , Mirthul E S , Nandhini C , Sivarajan S
Published: November 2021

Shredders have become an indispensable pail of modern life. Variety of shredders are available for different purposes such as Paper shredders, metal shredders, etc. They come in different sizes, ranging from small sizes for household applications to large sizes for industrial applications. These shredders are used to break down the material into smaller pieces so that they could be disposed of more easily and efficiently. Currently, these shredders are majorly used by large industries for waste disposal systems. This process of shredding the large waste produced by common households by itself will take an enormous amount of energy when accumulated overall as they mainly use fossil fuels for this purpose. This can be reduced by reducing to an extent if all the possible household waste is manually shredded at houses themselves instead of taking it to the industries. For this purpose. in this study, an economical shredder that has the capability to plastics, wood, and few low strength metals like aluminium has been designed. Beginning with a base design and have worked to improvise it in considered parameters. These parameters are the shredder being efficient, economical, and lighter. The design was repaired and optimized in Meshmixer Software and then sliced in Ultimaker Cura Software and was made 3-D printable. The developed model was found to be more helpful than the conventional shredders, as to its economical viability, ease in use and handling, and to its efficiency in shredding the plastics. As a result, a successful and efficient design of a portable shredder has been developed.
Influence of Pitting Corrosion on TIG Welded Joints of AA2024 Aluminum Alloy Joints
Authors: Gunasekaran K N , Balamurugan D , Babin M , Barath Raj K J , Arun S
Published: November 2021

In this investigation, AA2024 alloy was welded by tungsten inert gas welding. Access the influence of pitting corrosion on TIG weld; the joints were heat-treated after welding with different techniques. Moreover, the corrosion test was carried out with 3.5% NaCl solution under different pH values such as pH:5, pH:7, and pH: 12. From the experimental results, the joint treated with solution treatment with pH: 7 showed high corrosion resistance than its counterparts.
Challenges to aboveground biomass prediction from waveform lidar
Authors: Bruening Jamis M , Fischer Rico , Bohn Friedrich J , Armston John , Armstrong Amanda H , Knapp Nikolai , Tang Hao , Huth Andreas , Dubayah Ralph
Published: November 2021

Accurate accounting of aboveground biomass density (AGBD) is crucial for carbon cycle, biodiversity, and climate change science. The Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI), which maps global AGBD from waveform lidar, is the first of a new generation of Earth observation missions designed to improve carbon accounting. This paper explores the possibility that lidar waveforms may not be unique to AGBD—that forest stands with different AGBD may produce highly similar waveforms—and we hypothesize that non-uniqueness may contribute to the large uncertainties in AGBD predictions. Our analysis integrates simulated GEDI waveforms from 428in situstem maps with output from an individual-based forest gap model, which we use to generate a database of potential forest stands and simulate GEDI waveforms from those stands. We use this database to predict the AGBD of the 428in situstem maps via two different methods: a linear regression from waveform metrics, and a waveform-matching approach that accounts for waveform-AGBD non-uniqueness. We find that somein situwaveforms are more unique to AGBD than others, which notably impacts AGBD prediction uncertainty (7–411 Mg ha−1, average of 167 Mg ha−1). We also find that forest structure complexity may influence the non-uniqueness effect; stands with low structural complexity are more unique to AGBD than more mature stands with multiple cohorts and canopy layers. These findings suggest that the non-uniqueness phenomena may be introduced by the measuring characteristics of waveform lidar in combination with how forest structure manifests at small scales, and we discuss how this complexity may complicate uncertainty estimation in AGBD prediction. This analysis suggests a limit to the accuracy and precision of AGBD predictions from lidar waveforms seen in empirical studies, and underscores the need for further exploration of the relationships between lidar remote sensing measurements, forest structure, and AGBD.
Study of the tribological properties of nano lubricating oil blends for diesel engines
Authors: Kuang Xin , Yin Bifeng , Yang Xiping , Jia Hekun , Xu Bo
Published: November 2021

The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the tribological properties of lubricating oil blends with added nano graphene and nano cerium oxide (CeO2) on the key friction pairs of diesel engines. Dispersion stability is the premise of the study of tribological properties. In this paper, nano CeO2 particles were self-made and high-quality nano graphene was purchased. The dispersion stability of the two nanomaterials in lubricating oil was studied after the same modification. According to the working conditions of the cylinder liner and piston ring, friction and wear tests of the lubricating oil blends containing the modified nanomaterials were carried out at different temperatures. The results showed that both nanomaterials were successfully modified with oleic acid and stearic acid. The dispersion stability of the modified nanomaterials in lubricating oil was improved. The dispersion stability of the lubricating oil blends with graphene before and after modification was slightly higher than that of lubricating oil blends with CeO2 before and after modification. At high temperature, the anti-friction properties of the two nano lubricating oil blends were similar. At ambient temperature, lubricating oil blends containing modified CeO2 did not play a role in reducing friction, while lubricating oil blends with modified graphene had the effect of reducing friction. Whether at ambient temperature or high temperature, the anti-wear property when lubricated with lubricating oil blends with modified CeO2 within the right concentration range was better than that when lubricated with lubricating oil blends containing modified graphene.
The ARF GAPs ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 act at the Golgi and cilia to regulate ciliogenesis and ciliary protein traffic
Authors: Turn Rachel E. , Hu Yihan , Dewees Skylar I. , Devi Narra , East Michael P. , Hardin Katherine R. , Khatib Tala , Linnert Joshua , Wolfrum Uwe , Lim Michael J. , Casanova James E. , Caspary Tamara , Kahn Richard A.
Published: November 2021

ELMODs are a highly conserved family of three mammalian paralogues that display GTPase-activating protein activity toward a uniquely broad array of ADP-ribosylation factor family GTPases. Here, we identify novel functions for ELMOD1 and ELMOD3 in ciliogenesis and Golgi-ciliary traffic, acting in the same pathway as ARL3 and ARL16.
The short flagella 1 (SHF1) gene in Chlamydomonas encodes a Crescerin TOG-domain protein required for late stages of flagellar growth
Authors: Perlaza Karina , Mirvis Mary , Ishikawa Hiroaki , Marshall Wallace
Published: November 2021

The SHF1 gene of Chlamydomonas encodes a Crescerin family TOG-domain protein required for flagella to attain full length. Mutants in SHF1 grow at normal speed but then stop going when flagella reach half length. A combination of measurements and modeling suggest that the protein is functioning to promote tubulin transport during flagellar assembly.
Mary in the New Testament, history, and earliest Christianity
Authors: Leith Mary Joan Winn
Published: November 2021

‘Mary in the New Testament, history, and earliest Christianity’ discusses the Virgin Mary and her role in Christianity as it is first described in the New Testament Gospels. There are two key factors that are important in the development of Marian beliefs: the evolution of Christian doctrine over time and the idea of God’s plan of salvation. Mary can be examined based on relevant archaeological and historical data. There are discontinuities between the scriptural Mary of the New Testament and many Marian beliefs and doctrines that eventually developed within the Church. It is important also to remember the doctrinal disagreements about Mary among Christian denominations that arise from differences in how they approach the Bible.
Empress of heaven and hell
Authors: Leith Mary Joan Winn
Published: November 2021

‘Empress of heaven and hell’ recounts how the Virgin Mary came into her own during Europe’s High Middle Ages. Between 1150 and 1250, over 80 cathedrals and 500 churches were erected in honour of the Virgin Mary. There were a variety of factors that contributed to the explosion of Marian devotion in medieval and Renaissance spirituality. For example, Mary’s intercession with Christ acquired new urgency with a change in expectations about the soul’s fate after death. Related to this was belief in Mary’s Assumption, which is examined in light of theology and art. Mary’s place in medieval anti-Judaism is also worth considering. Historian Henry Adams’s description of medieval Marian energy carried over into the Renaissance, when Jesus’s humanity, based on Mary’s motherhood, became the touchstone for the humanist temper of the age.
3. Arctic ecosystems
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Woodward Jamie
Published: November 2021

‘Arctic ecosystems’ highlights the treeless landscapes that fringe the Arctic Ocean, in which the diversity of plants is low, nutrient supply is limited, and soil depth is constrained by permafrost. The aim is to capture some of the key characteristics of the Arctic biome in the past and present. How do ecosystems function in the northern high latitudes? How have they responded to the recent environmental change? Arctic vegetation is grouped into twenty-one provinces based on various characteristics including relative uniformity of species and number of endemics. High fluctuation in animal populations is a key feature of the Arctic biome.
4. Peoples of the Arctic
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Woodward Jamie
Published: November 2021

‘Peoples of the Arctic’ focuses on the 4 million people that live north of the Arctic Circle, providing an important distinction between indigenous and settler residents, as over 1 million indigenous peoples live in the eight Arctic states. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first people in the Arctic arrived about 40,000 years ago as there were Upper Palaeolithic hunting communities in north-eastern Siberia. There is considerable diversity of indigenous peoples that have called the Arctic home. Arctic demographers predict that more and more Arctic peoples will be based in towns and cities, but in the Russian and North American Arctic there will still be dispersed and small-scale settlements. Indigenous peoples of the Arctic are culturally, economically, and politically active in all the Arctic states.
5. Exploration and exploitation
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Woodward Jamie
Published: November 2021

‘Exploration and exploitation’ reviews the history of Arctic exploration and exploitation, which owes a great deal to early European encounters with the 'New World'. This topic includes the earliest Viking settlement of Greenland to a succession of European explorers and expeditions that were designed to search for the Northwest Passage. The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), which specialized in fur trading, was integral to the early exploitation of the Canadian north since it was chartered in May 1670. The history and presence of industrial-scale mining in the Arctic over the last 300 years also played an important part. The term 'Arctic paradox', used by Arctic observers, describes a series of contradictory pressures facing the region—managing resources, promoting sustainable development, and ensuring that indigenous and northern communities are beneficiaries from any form of resource-led development.
6. Arctic governance
Authors: Dodds Klaus , Woodward Jamie
Published: November 2021

‘Arctic governance’ discusses how the Arctic, unlike many other parts of the world, has been spared military conflict, civil wars, and terrorism. Arctic governance involves an array of actors, legal regimes, institutional and social contexts, and strategic aspirations. In 1989, Finland approached the other seven Arctic states with a proposal for the Rovaniemi Meeting, which discusses the protection of the Arctic environment. This provided the foundation for the intergovernmental forum the Arctic Council (1996). The eight Arctic states will remain significant players in the future governance of the northern latitudes alongside indigenous peoples/permanent participants. There will always be powerful drivers that ensure that the 'global Arctic' will be prominent in multiple ways, including the role that China, the European Union, and other external states will play in shaping its future.
1. Progress of a dream
Authors: Virdee Pippa
Published: November 2021

‘The progress of a dream’ provides an explanation of the ‘Lahore Resolution’, which was passed by the All-India Muslim League (AIML) in 1940.
The ‘two-nation’ theory paved the pathway to the creation of Pakistan at the time of Indian independence in August 1947. The spirit of struggle for Pakistan from 1940 to 1947 has been metamorphosed into the spectre of an existential crisis, as the Pakistan regime confronts challenges of consolidating a national culture and a political economy. A distinct identity for all territories was created as the heart of Pakistan’s political idea. There were fundamental challenges in comprehending the political construction of Pakistan.
6. Visualizing the land of the pure
Authors: Virdee Pippa
Published: November 2021

‘Visualizing the land of the pure’ answers the question of what was to be Pakistan’s ‘national culture’ after its creation, mentioning the slogan ‘What does Pakistan mean? No God but Allah’, which reflects the consensus among the Muslim community in late-colonial India. Two culturally diverse wings of Pakistan that were geographically separated by India came together to create a new promised land. Amidst this diversity of locals and migrants, it was religion and the concomitant desire to have a representative homeland for Indian Muslims that had brought them together. The complications and contradictions carved out a national culture from layers of ethnicities, linguistic identities, and regional affiliations.
7. The world outside
Authors: Virdee Pippa
Published: November 2021

‘The world outside’ discusses the political idea of Pakistan that had connections to the outside world through the seas and by land. The Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Silk Road, and the Khyber Pass served as corridors for ideas, goods, and armies for Pakistan for thousands of years. The themes of contemporary political imaginations, Cold War geopolitical relations, and post-Cold War globalization are important here. In May 1963, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto declared that Pakistan has arrived at a peaceful settlement with all neighbouring countries, except India. Ali Bhutto's statement is relevant even today as it calls for a solution to the Kashmir problem.
8. Looking backwards, going forward?
Authors: Virdee Pippa
Published: November 2021

‘Looking backwards, going forward?’ begins with a statement by Imran Khan, prime minister of Pakistan, wherein he mentioned Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the prophet Hazrat Muhammad and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. He tied the three historical figures with the thread of Islam as he sketched plans for his Naya Pakistan. In its seventieth year, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan had settled down to a democratic pattern or ‘hybrid regime’. Pakistan’s three successive elections since 2008 after six decades of military rule are important here. The question is whether Naya Pakistan is something new or is simply old Pakistan dressed up in a new outfit?
History and politics
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: November 2021

‘History and politics’ starts with the editorial print by James Sayers from December 1783, elaborating how the history of political thought can explain the print of a plump man riding an elephant with a human face, which caused the Indian Bill to be rejected by parliament. The history of political thought reveals a variety of perceptions of political projects. There is of course Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s infamous Contrat social in 1762, which is considered a call to rebellion and acknowledgment of human bondage. Rousseau’s words sent a warning to people in commercial societies that they are to repeat a cycle of war and rule by tyrannical Caesar figures.
The history of political thought and Marxism
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: November 2021

‘The history of political thought and Marxism’ focuses on Marxism, which became the most global and scientific philosophy in the twentieth century. An important figure here is Karl Marx, the outcast from Prussian Trier that famously contributed to the science of historical materialism. Marx’s The Condition of the Working Class in England justified revolution through a philosophy that emerged from reading European history. Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, accepted that the progress of commerce by the end of the eighteenth century made European states more powerful than others in history. Marx’s contemporaries believed that the study of societies in every stage of history is vital in understanding the future.
The ‘Cambridge School’
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: November 2021

‘The ‘Cambridge School’’ talks about the Cambridge School of the History of Political Thought, which rejected Marxist approaches for propagating bad history. Cambridge School’s story is very complex and is the product of John Pocock, Quentin Skinner, and John Dunn. The three scholars formulated their ideas about how the history of political thought should become a field in the 1960s. It is worth considering the history of political thought in Britain and Cambridge as a way to understand why Pocock, Skinner, and Dunn wanted to do things differently. The story of the three scholars is tied to the history of liberalism or the story of Britain as a liberal state.