bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies of diffusion-doped Co2+:ZnSe
Authors: Luo Ming , Garces N. Y. , Giles N. C. , Roy Utpal N. , Cui Yunlong , Burger Arnold
Published: April 2006

The efficacy of diffusing cobalt into window-grade polycrystalline ZnSe during high-temperature anneals has been studied. Absorption, photoluminescence (PL), time-resolved PL, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were used to characterize samples with cobalt concentrations ranging from 1017to1019cm−3. Absorption and PL were used to monitor the optical properties of Co2+ impurities, as well as detect Ni2+ and Fe2+ ions due to unintentional contamination. The temperature dependence of the 3μm emission due to Co2+ ions was measured and lifetimes were determined. EPR was used to monitor the paramagnetic charge states (Co2+, Ni3+, and Fe3+) of the transition-metal ions in our samples. The effects of nickel and iron impurities on the Co2+ infrared emission intensity and lifetime are discussed.
Evolution of short-range to long-range monoclinic order of MB type with decreasing temperature in 0.75[Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3]-0.25PbTiO3
Authors: Singh Akhilesh Kumar , Pandey Dhananjai , Zaharko Oksana
Published: April 2006

Results of Rietveld analysis of powder neutron diffraction data on 0.75[Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3]-0.25PbTiO3 (PMN-0.25PT) at room temperature and 80K are presented. It is shown that the currently believed structural model based on average rhombohedral structure (space group R3m) with local ⟨110⟩ disordered Pb atoms cannot account for the structure of PMN-0.25PT at 80K. The low temperature structure of PMN-0.25PT is best refined using Cm space group of MB type. It is argued that with decreasing temperature the short-range monoclinic order at 300K grows into a truly long-range ordered monoclinic structure at 80K.
Si
H
x
film growth precursors during high-rate nanocrystalline silicon deposition
Authors: Kessels W. M. M. , Nadir K. , van de Sanden M. C. M.
Published: April 2006

The densities of the silane radicals Si, SiH, and SiH3 have been measured in a remote SiH4 plasma for various H2 dilution ratios yielding amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon film growth. The measurements carried out under high deposition rate conditions of nanocrystalline silicon reveal typical densities of ∼1012cm−3 for SiH3 and ∼1011cm−3 for both Si and SiH. It is concluded that SiH3 is the dominant silane radical in the plasma for both amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon depositions although the importance of Si and SiH to film growth increases drastically when going from amorphous to nanocrystalline material.
Effect of epitaxial temperature on N-polar InN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Wang Xinqiang , Che Song-Bek , Ishitani Yoshihiro , Yoshikawa Akihiko
Published: April 2006

Effect of growth temperature on 2.3μm thick N-polar InN films grown on GaN template at 440–620°C by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy was investigated. We found different growth behaviors depending on the growth temperatures, which greatly influenced surface morphology. The surface showed dendritic morphologies at temperatures lower than 540°C while step-flow-like morphologies and spiral growth were clearly observed at temperatures higher than 540°C. Crystalline quality was improved with increasing growth temperature up to 540°C and was almost saturated at higher temperatures. A gradual blueshift of the emission peak was observed from 13K photoluminescence (PL) spectra with increasing growth temperature, which was due to the increased compressive strain in InN films. A Poisson ratio (ν=0.21±0.05) for InN and a slope of PL peak energy as a function of εc (δE∕δεc=18.9eV) were obtained. Our results indicated that the epitaxial temperatures of 540–600°C were best to achieve high quality InN films with a smooth surface.
In
2
O
3
nanowires grown from Au∕In film on glass
Authors: Li S. Q. , Liang Y. X. , Wang C. , Fu X. Q. , Wang T. H.
Published: April 2006

Two kinds of In2O3 nanowires (NWs), i.e., straight and tapered ones, are grown from 20-nm-thick Au∕300-nm-thick In and 20-nm-thick Au∕1-μm-thick In films on glass at 400°C by a one-step annealing method, respectively. All the NWs are single crystalline. The growth of the NWs is initiated by Au catalyst particles via vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism, and an additional side growth might be responsible for the nonuniform diameters of the tapered NWs. It is revealed that a certain content of oxygen in the In film facilitates the large-scale growth of the In2O3 NWs. The field-emission studies show that the In2O3 NWs on glass have a low turn-on electric field of about 4.3V∕μm. Our growth method has potential applications in the in situ fabrication and integration of the In2O3 NWs-based devices, especially with glass as substrates.
Nanosecond excitonic spin relaxation in cubic GaN
Authors: Tackeuchi Atsushi , Otake Hirotaka , Ogawa Yusuke , Ushiyama Takafumi , Fujita Taisuke , Takano Fumiyoshi , Akinaga Hiro
Published: April 2006

The excitonic spin relaxation process in cubic GaN is observed by spin-dependent pump and probe reflectance measurements with subpicosecond time resolution. The spin polarization presents at temperatures lower than 100K. The spin relaxation times at 15–75K are found to be longer than 5ns and short spin relaxation times on the picosecond order are not present. Although these long spin relaxation times are in striking contrast to the subpicosecond spin relaxation of A-band free excitons in hexagonal GaN, they are consistent with the dependence that spin relaxation time becomes longer for wider-band gap zinc blende semiconductors.
Retrospective Study of 156 Atrial Septal Defects in Dogs and Cats (2001–2005)
Authors: Chetboul V. , Charles V. , Nicolle A. , Sampedrano C. Carlos , Gouni V. , Pouchelon J.‐L. , Tissier R.
Published: April 2006

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a common congenital heart disease (CHD) in humans, but considered relatively rare in veterinary medicine. However, modern echocardiographic and Doppler techniques currently offer a good view of the morphology of the interatrial septum, thus facilitating earlier detection of ASD in awake animals. In this context, we carried out a retrospective study of cases of recently diagnosed ASD in dogs and cats at the Cardiology Unit of Alfort (2001–2005) using echocardiography combined with colour Doppler mode. ASD was diagnosed in 156 animals and represented 37.7% of all canine and feline CHDs (n = 414). ASD was the most common CHD after mitral dysplasia in both species. Boxer and Domestic shorthair were the most common canine and feline breeds affected. Most defects (98.7%) were secundum‐type ASD, without clinical signs in 73.7% of cases. The most common clinical signs included systolic murmur heard over the left heart base (20.2%), exercise intolerance (7.0%), syncope (5.3%), dyspnoea (2.6%) and cough (2.6%). Animals that presented a systolic heart murmur over the left base had a significantly larger ASD than others (P < 0.05). These data suggest that the incidence of ASD is higher than previously assumed. ASD should be suspected, for example, in instances of left basal systolic heart murmur, although its clinical and haemodynamic consequences are usually minor.
Limited Pathogenicity of Usutu Virus for the Domestic Goose (Anser anser f. domestica) Following Experimental Inoculation
Authors: Chvala S. , Bakonyi T. , Hackl R. , Hess M. , Nowotny N. , Weissenböck H.
Published: April 2006

Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito‐borne flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group, which has been associated with avian mortality in Austria since 2001. The affected birds are predominantly Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula). In the present study, the pathogenicity of USUV for domestic geese (Anser anser f. domestica) was investigated. Eleven 2‐week‐old geese were inoculated intramuscularly with 5 × 104 50% tissue culture infectious dose of USUV strain Vienna‐2001 blackbird. No clinical signs were seen during the observation period. Four inoculated and one in‐contact geese died without preceding clinical signs. Two of the deaths could be attributed to bacterial septicaemia and strangulation, respectively. The cause of death of two experimental and one in‐contact animals remained unclear, but lack of evidence for viral lesions and viral antigen in their tissues argued against association with the USUV infection. Although in organs of the majority of inoculated geese (9/11) USUV was detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry for USUV antigen was negative in all tissues of all geese. Evidence of plasma viraemia or viral excretion was found in one goose only. Seroconversion was detected in three inoculated geese 10 days post‐inoculation. Geese placed in contact with inoculated geese and control animals did not exhibit USUV in their internal organs or plasma and lacked USUV‐specific antibodies. This experiment shows that USUV is able to replicate in geese, but does not induce clinical disease, is unlikely to induce mortality, and only infrequently leads to viraemia or virus shedding.
Prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome
Authors: RICE Todd W. , RODRIGUEZ R. Michael , BARNETTE Randal , LIGHT Richard W.
Published: April 2006

Objective and background: The prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions occurring in adults with the superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to characterize these pleural effusions.

Methods: Charts of patients diagnosed with SVC syndrome at a tertiary care referral centre were reviewed. Radiographs were evaluated for the presence and size of pleural effusions, presence and location of masses and mediastinal width. If a pleural effusion was present, the patient's chart and a pre‐existing database on pleural effusions were searched to determine whether the effusion was sampled and the results of any laboratory investigations on the fluid.

Results: The SVC syndrome occurred in 78 patients. Malignancy was the aetiology in 60% of the cases and bronchogenic carcinoma was the most common malignancy. An intravascular device was the aetiology in the majority of benign cases. Pleural effusion was found in 70% of patients with a malignant aetiology and 58% of those with a benign cause (P = 0.345). The mean size of the effusions was larger in malignant cases (P = 0.012). Of the 44 effusions 22 were sampled (17 in malignancy and five with benign processes); none was transudates, 20 (91%) were exudative (four of these were chylous) and the remaining two were reported as exudates but did not have pleural chemistries documented.

Conclusions: More than half of patients with SVC syndrome have pleural effusions, regardless of the aetiology. However, the effusions are larger when associated with malignancy. The majority of these effusions are exudative and occasionally chylous. None was transudates.
Four cases of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule and a review of other cases in Japan
Authors: KOBASHI Yoshihiro , FUKUDA Minoru , YOSHIDA Kouichiro , MIYASHITA Naoyuki , NIKI Yoshihito , OKA Mikio
Published: April 2006

Objective:  To evaluate clinical findings of patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule in Japan caused by pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease.

Methods:  The authors investigated the clinical features of 12 patients diagnosed as having pulmonary MAC disease who had presented with a solitary pulmonary nodule.

Results:  The causative microorganisms were M. avium in seven patients, Mycobacterium intracellulare in two and MAC in three. The diagnostic methods were bronchoscopic biopsy or percutaneous lung biopsy in three patients and surgical operations in the remaining nine. Eleven patients had a complete surgical resection of the nodule and antituberculous drugs were administered to eight. On X‐ray, there was an absence of calcification, satellite lesions, cavities, or bronchoectasis that are often thought to be characteristic of pulmonary mycobacterial disease. Differentiation from lung cancer was thought necessary in five patients. There was no microbiological or radiological relapse in those who underwent complete surgical resection.

Conclusions:  Because treatment is often poorly effective for patients with pulmonary non‐tuberculous mycobacterial disease, it is important to identify the causative microorganisms by performing a culture examination of resected lung tissue especially if there is a solitary pulmonary nodule.
Photographic Essays
Authors: Fraser Clare , Liew Simon , Fitzsimmons Ross , Arnold Jennifer
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Herein, a case of a 66‐year‐old man who developed corneal blood staining secondary to hyphaema after trabeculectomy is reported. No significant increase in intraocular pressure was recorded. The corneal staining spontaneously cleared from the periphery and resolved fully over the following 2 years.
I Remember You: Independence and the Binomial Model
Authors: Levine Douglas W. , Rockhill Beverly
Published: April 2006

We focus on the problem of ignoring statistical independence. A binomial experiment is used to determine whether judges could match, based on looks alone, dogs to their owners. The experimental design introduces dependencies such that the probability of a given judge correctly matching a dog and an owner changes from trial to trial. We show how this dependence alters the probability of a successful match of dog to owner, and thus alters the expected number of successful matches and the variance of this expected quantity. Finally, we show that a false assumption of independence that results in incorrect probability calculations changes the probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (i.e. the Type I error).
A Note on Skewness Coefficients
Authors: Broca D. S.
Published: April 2006

This note gives a warning about skewness coefficients.
How a Dummy Replaces a Student's Test and Gets an F (Or, How Regression Substitutes for t tests and ANOVA)
Authors: Eisenhauer Joseph G.
Published: April 2006

Using dummy variables, this note offers a convenient illustration to demonstrate that regression can replace both the one‐factor analysis of variance and the two‐population t test with independent random samples. The exercise also helps to develop students’ intuition regarding regression coefficients.
The assessment of enriched apoplastic extracts using proteomic approaches
Authors: HASLAM R P , DOWNIE A L , RAVETON M , GALLARDO K , JOB D , PALLETT K E , JOHN P , PARRY M A J , COLEMAN J O D
Published: April 2006

In plant tissues the extracellular environment or apoplast, incorporating the cell wall, is a highly dynamic compartment with a role in many important plant processes including defence, development, signalling and assimilate partitioning. Soluble apoplast proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa were separated by two‐dimensional electrophoresis. The molecular weights and isoelectric points for the dominant proteins were established prior to excision, sequencing and identification by matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI ‐ TOF MS). From the selected spots, 23 proteins from O. sativa and 25 proteins from A. thaliana were sequenced, of which nine identifications were made in O. sativa (39%) and 14 in A. thaliana (56%). This analysis revealed that: (i) patterns of proteins revealed by two‐dimensional electrophoresis were different for each species indicating that speciation could occur at the level of the apoplast, (ii) of the proteins characterised many belonged to diverse families reflecting the multiple functions of the apoplast and (iii), a large number of the apoplast proteins could not be identified indicating that the majority of extracellular proteins are yet to be assigned. The principal proteins identified in the aqueous matrix of the apoplast were involved in defence, i.e. germin‐like proteins or glucanases, and cell expansion, i.e. β‐D‐glucan glucohydrolases. This study has demonstrated that proteomic analysis can be used to resolve the apoplastic protein complement and to identify adaptive changes induced by environmental effectors.
Soaking seeds of Lens culinaris with 28‐homobrassinolide increased nitrate reductase activity and grain yield in the field in India
Authors: HAYAT S , AHMAD A
Published: April 2006

Surface‐sterilised seeds of Lens culinaris cv. Pusa‐6 were soaked in 0 M, 10−6 M, 10−8 M or 10−10 M aqueous solutions of 28‐homobrassinolide (HBR) for 4 h, 8 h or 12 h and planted in the field in a sandy loam soil. Plants were sampled 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Soaking with HBR decreased root length and nodule number per plant but increased nitrate reductase activity (E.C.1.6.6.1). Soaking with HBR also increased grain yield at the final harvest 140 DAS. The greatest increase was obtained with an HBR concentration of 10−8 M.
PHASE TRANSITIONS IN A SOCIAL IMPACT MODEL FOR OPINION FORMATION
Authors: BORDOGNA CLELIA M. , ALBANO EZEQUIEL V.
Published: April 2006

A model for opinion formation in a social group, based on the Theory of Social Impact developed by Latané, is studied by means of numerical simulations. Interactions among the members of the group, as well as with a strong leader competing with the mass media, are considered. The model exhibits first-order transitions between two different states of opinion, which are supported by the leader and the mass media, respectively. The social inertia of the group becomes evident when the opinion of the leader changes periodically. In this case two dynamic states are identified: for long periods of time, the group follows the changes of the leader but, decreasing the period, the opinion of the group remains unchanged. This scenery is suitable for the ocurrence of dynamic phase transitions.
Perturbation of glucose flux in the liver by decreasing F26P2levels causes hepatic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia
Authors: Wu Chaodong , Khan Salmaan A. , Peng Li-Jen , Li Honggui , Carmella Steven G. , Lange Alex J.
Published: April 2006

Hepatic insulin resistance is one of the characteristics of type 2 diabetes and contributes to the development of hyperglycemia. How changes in hepatic glucose flux lead to insulin resistance is not clearly defined. We determined the effects of decreasing the levels of hepatic fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F26P2), a key regulator of glucose metabolism, on hepatic glucose flux in the normal 129J mice. Upon adenoviral overexpression of a kinase activity-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, the enzyme that determines F26P2level, hepatic F26P2levels were decreased twofold compared with those of control virus-treated mice in basal state. In addition, under hyperinsulinemic conditions, hepatic F26P2levels were much lower than those of the control. The decrease in F26P2leads to the elevation of basal and insulin-suppressed hepatic glucose production. Also, the efficiency of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production was decreased (63.3 vs. 95.5% suppression of the control). At the molecular level, a decrease in insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was consistent with hepatic insulin resistance. In the low hepatic F26P2states, increases in both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver are responsible for elevations of hepatic glucose production and thereby contribute to the development of hyperglycemia. Additionally, the increased hepatic gluconeogenesis was associated with the elevated mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and phospho enolpyruvate carboxykinase. This study provides the first in vivo demonstration showing that decreasing hepatic F26P2levels leads to increased gluconeogenesis in the liver. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that perturbation of glucose flux in the liver plays a predominant role in the development of a diabetic phenotype, as characterized by hepatic insulin resistance.
Low autochtonous urban malaria in Antananarivo (Madagascar)
Authors: Rabarijaona Léon Paul , Ariey Frédéric , Matra Robert , Cot Sylvie , Raharimalala Andrianavalona Lucie , Ranaivo Louise Henriette , Le Bras Jacques , Robert Vincent , Randrianarivelojosia Milijaona
Published: April 2006

Background

The study of urban malaria is an area undergoing rapid expansion, after many years of neglect. The problem of over-diagnosis of malaria, especially in low transmission settings including urban areas, is also receiving deserved attention. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of malaria among febrile outpatients seen in private and public primary care facilities of Antananarivo. The second aim was to determine, among the diagnosed malaria cases, the contribution of autochthonous urban malaria.

Methods

Two cross-sectional surveys in 43 health centres in Antananarivo in February 2003 (rainy season) and in July 2003 (dry season) were conducted. Consenting clinically suspected malaria patients with fever or history of fever in the past 48 hours were included. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests and microscopy were used to diagnose malaria. Basic information was collected from patients to try to identify the origin of the infection: autochthonous or introduced.

Results

In February, among 771 patients, 15 (1.9%) positive cases were detected. Three malaria parasites were implicated: Plasmodium. falciparum (n = 12), Plasmodium vivax (n = 2) and Plasmodium. ovale (n = 1). Only two cases, both P. falciparum, were likely to have been autochthonous (0.26%). In July, among 739 blood smears examined, 11 (1.5%) were positive: P. falciparum (n = 9) and P. vivax (n = 2). Three cases of P. falciparum malaria were considered to be of local origin (0.4%).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that malaria cases among febrile episodes are low in Antananarivo and autochthonous malaria cases exist but are rare.
Diencephalic Syndrome due to Hypothalamic Tumor: A Model of the Relationship between Weight and Puberty Onset
Authors: Brauner Raja , Trivin Christine , Zerah Michel , Souberbielle Jean-Claude , Doz François , Kalifa Chantal , Sainte-Rose Christian
Published: April 2006

Context: Changes in body weight, statural growth rate, and puberty may be the presenting symptoms of hypothalamic-pituitary tumors.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the tumor and its treatment and the weight, growth rate, and onset of puberty, using the diencephalic syndrome of emaciation as model.

Patients: Eleven patients seen before 1 yr of age, except one aged 9 yr, for diencephalic syndrome of emaciation due to hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma, were treated by surgical resection (n = 9), cranial irradiation (n = 7), and/or chemotherapy (n = 10).

Results: At diagnosis, growth rate was normal, despite the emaciation, and there was no hypothalamic-pituitary deficiency, except in the oldest patient. After tumor treatment, all had GH and thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiencies, but only three, who underwent major surgical resection, also had ACTH deficiency and diabetes insipidus. Eight became obese, and all but the oldest had transient precocious puberty. Plasma leptin concentrations were very low at diagnosis, increased after tumor treatment, and decreased transiently in one boy when the testosterone increased. The plasma soluble leptin receptor concentrations changed in the opposite direction, leading to an increase in the free leptin index, including in the three patients whose tumor was reduced without surgery. The body mass index was correlated positively with plasma leptin (rho = 0.73, P = 0.0004) and free leptin index (rho = 0.63, P < 0.004) and negatively with ghrelin (rho = −0.49, P < 0.03) concentrations.

Conclusions: The obesity that occurs after treatment of hypothalamic tumors is not due to dysregulation of leptin secretion because it and plasma soluble leptin receptor remain regulated by factors like testosterone. This study also shows the influence of weight, possibly via leptin secretion, on the transient hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal activation that occurs during the first year of life.
Formation of Strained Cyclic Azapolysila Compounds via N-(Azidosilyl)germanimines and Stannanimines
Authors: Ohtaki Toshiyuki , Ando Wataru
Published: April 2006

The reaction of bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]germylene (1) with 1,1-diazidosilanes gave siladihydrotetrazole derivative and cyclodisilazane. The structure of the latter has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The similar reaction of 1 or bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]stannylene with 1,3-diazidohexamethyltrisilane furnished azatrisilacyclobutanes in quantitative yield respectively.
Palladium-catalyzed Chemoselective Reaction of Allylic Carbonate with Nucleoside Bases and Its Application for the Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides. (−)- and (+)-Carbovirs
Authors: Nokami Junzo , Matsuura Hiroyuki , Nakasima Köichi , Shibata Satoshi
Published: April 2006

Palladium(0)-catalyzed reaction of 2-cyclopenten-1-yl methyl carbonate derivatives with nucleoside bases gave carbocyclic nucleosides chemo- and regioselectively under the neutral reaction conditions. The reaction was effectively used for the synthesis of (−)- and (+)-carbovir and its analogues.
An Efficient Procedure for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Phosphopeptides by the Fmoc Strategy
Authors: Wakamiya Tateaki , Saruta Kunio , Yasuoka Jun-ichi , Kusumoto Shoichi
Published: April 2006

The Fmoc-mode solid-phase method was successfully applied to establish a practical procedure for the synthesis of phosphopeptides. Both Fmoc-phosphoserine with free phosphoric moiety and its monobenzyl phosphate derivative were examined as one of starting materials for the synthesis of peptides. The employment of the latter gave better result in respects of the yield and purity of the product than that obtained with the former.
Electrical Conduction of Black Foam Films Formed by Lysophospholipids
Authors: Yamanaka Teruko , Tano Takanori , Tozaki Ken-ichi , Hayashi Hideko
Published: April 2006

The lateral film conductivity along the polar head-groups and the core thickness of film have been measured on the black foam films formed from aqueous solution of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-lauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine without and with different concentration of NaCl and CaCl2. It is found that conductivity of each film depends on the core thickness and the type and the concentration of added electrolyte.
Enhancement of Electroluminescence at Porous Silicon/Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Ogasawara Kako , Momma Toshiyuki , Osaka Tetsuya
Published: April 2006

An Electroluminescence (EL) of porous silicon in the electrolyte of Na2SO4 + S2O82− at the cathodic bias was greatly enhanced as much as 30 times by adding C2H5OH. The dependence of EL spectra on cathodic bias potential was also detected similarly to as that without C2H5OH. The enhancement mechanism of EL was discussed considering with the current density dependence during EL emission in the electrolyte with and without C2H5OH.
Dimethyl 2-{3,3-Bis(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}malonate. Synthesis and Base-Catalyzed C–C Bond Cleavage Reaction
Authors: Kitano Kenji , Katagiri Nobuya , Kaneko Chikara
Published: April 2006

The reaction of cyclopentadiene with 1,1,3,3-tetrakis(methoxycarbonyl)propene gives an endo and exo mixture of dimethyl 2-{3,3-bis(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo-[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl}malonate, which by base-mediated retro-Michael reaction gives stereoselectively the cis-isomer of dimethyl 2-{4-[2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl}malonate.
ESR Study and Surface Reaction of Laser-Ablated Polymer Films
Authors: Niino Hiroyuki , Imura Tatsuya , Ohana Tsuguyori , Nagai Chiaki , Yabe Akira
Published: April 2006

The formation of radicals on the surface of poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films after KrF excimer laser ablation was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement and by surface immobilization reaction with an acrylic acid ester and a styrene derivative at a cryogenic temperature. The ESR spectrum of ablated PEN film in a sealed quartz tube shows a broad singlet-like peak.
Oxidation of Phenols and Hydroquinones by Dioxygen Catalyzed by Mixed Addenda Heteropolyoxometalate on Active Carbon (NPV6Mo6/C)
Authors: Fujibayashi Shinya , Nakayama Kouichi , Nishiyama Yutaka , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: April 2006

Vanadomolybdophosphate supported on active carbon, NPV6Mo6/C, catalyzed the oxidation and coupling reaction of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol by dioxygen to give trimethyl-p-benzoquinone and 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′,3,3′,5,5′-hexamethylbiphenyl, respectively, depending on the solvent used. Hydroquinones and benzyl alcohol were selectively dehydrogenated by the present system, giving the corresponding p-benzoquinones and benzaldehyde, respectively, in good yields.
Structural Characterization and Ion Conductive Behavior of Li–La–Si Oxide System
Authors: Sato Mineo , Kono Yasuhisa , Uematsu Kazuyoshi
Published: April 2006

The crystal structure and the electrical conductivity of the previously reported “LiLaSiO4” were examined. The Rietveld analysis indicated an apatite structure as a possible structure for the bulk of this system. The electrical conductivity together with the chemical formula deduced from the bulk structure strongly suggested that the grain boundaries participate in the great deal of the lithium ion conduction.
Palladium-Catalyzed Ternary Coupling Reaction of Aryl Halide, Phenyltributyltin, and Norbornadiene. Catalyst Tailoring
Authors: Oda Hiroshi , Ito Ken , Kosugi Masanori , Migita Toshihiko
Published: April 2006

The use of diphenyl(o-tolyl)phosphine as a ligand on palladium and tetraethylammonium chloride as an additive drastically increased the yield of the product, 5,6-diarylnorbornene for palladium-catalyzed ternary coupling reaction of aryl bromide, phenyltributyltin, and norbornadiene.
Photochemically Induced Exchange of Fluorine and β-Silyl Moieties in 2-Fluorophenyldisilanes
Authors: Kira Mitsuo , Tokura Satoshi
Published: April 2006

A novel type of photoisomerization of aryldisilanes, which involves 1,3-migration of a β-trimethylsilyl group from silicon to a fluorinated aromatic carbon accompanied by backward 1,3-migration of the fluorine to the α-silicon, was found during irradiation of 2,6-difluorophenyldisilanes.
A Novel High-Speed Pulsed Electric Dichroism Spectrophotometer with Multichannel Photodiode Detection System. Construction of Apparatus and Application to DNA-Dye Complex Solution
Authors: Yamaoka Kiwamu , Takata Noriyuki
Published: April 2006

The title apparatus with a 512 channel photo-detector was constructed for measuring electric linear dichroism (ELD) spectra of DNA-ethidium bromide in solutions. An ELD spectrum could be accumulated at a 280- or 140-nm interval under a single fast-orienting electric pulsed field.
Synthesis of Benzothiazolyl[2.2]metacyclophanes and Their Structural and Spectral Properties
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Ishii Tsutomu , Sawada Tsuyoshi , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi
Published: April 2006

Benzothiazolyl chromophore was introduced into the inner position of [2.2]metacyclophanes(= MCPs) which have various kinds of substituents at the outer position. Structural properties for such MCP derivatives were clarified by X-ray analysis. It was also found out that there exist specific relationships between the electronic nature of the outer substituent and λmax of the inner chromophore.
A New Triterpenoid Saponin (Chromosaponin I) with a Reducing Power
Authors: Tsujino Yoshio , Tsurumi Seiji , Osakai Toshiyuki , Saito Atsuyoshi
Published: April 2006

γ-Pyronyl-triterpenoid saponin (chromosaponin I; CSI) isolated from pea is strongly adsorbed at a glassy-carbon electrode, and gives an irreversible oxidation wave at 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The γ-pyronyl moiety is responsible for the electroactivity. CSI can reduce 1,4-benzoquinone, some of its derivatives and also cytochrome c. From comparison with other reductants, the formal redox potential of CSI was estimated to be 0.3–0.4 V vs. NHE (pH 7.0).
Oxidation of Long Alkyl-substituted Sexithiophene with FeCl3
Authors: Sato Masa-aki , Hiroi Masao
Published: April 2006

The visible-near IR and ESR spectral changes of long alkyl-substituted oligothiophene during the chemical oxidation indicated that the first oxidation yielded cation radicals (polarons) and the successive second oxidation did not dications (bipolarons) but trication radicals.
Novel Photo-Rearrangement of Oxime Methyl Ethers of 3-Acyl-1,2-dihydrocinnoline-N-phenyl-1,2-dicarboximides
Authors: Tanaka Satoko , Seguchi Kazuyoshi , Itoh Kuniaki , Sera Akira
Published: April 2006

Irradiation of conjugated imino ethers containing an adjacent 1,2-diazadicarboximide group in benzene afforded rearranged indole derivatives (3) and a novel dimer in good yields. The latter was formed by nucleophilic attack of 3 to a dipolar intermediate.
Synthesis of (1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-2-ylidene)pentacarbonylchromium and -tungsten Using Reaction of 2-Unsaturated Carbene Complexes with 6-Membered Hydrazine
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Zhao Li , Matsuyama Haruo
Published: April 2006

The reaction of styryl carbene complexes of chromium and tungsten with 6-membered hydrazine proceeded smoothly to give the bicyclic carbene complexes, together with dehydropiperidazine complexes.
Selective Formation of Acetal by Photooxidation of Ethanol over Silica-supported Niobium Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Tanaka Tsunehiro , Takenaka Sakae , Funabiki Takuzo , Yoshida Satohiro
Published: April 2006

UV-irradiation of silica-supported niobium oxide suspended in liquid ethanol under atmospheric oxygen led to the selective production of 1,1-diethoxyethane. The absence of oxygen or UV-irradiation with wavelengths of λ > 320 nm remarkably suppressed the reaction. The activity normalized to the number of niobium ions suggests that the active site is highly dispersed niobate species. Ethanal is the primary product of the photooxidation and 1,1-diethoxyethane is formed by acid catalysis.
Tetraphenylstibonium Methoxide Promoting C-Alkylation of 2-Substituted Cyclic 1,3-Diketones
Authors: Fujiwara Masahiro , Hitomi Kazuhisa , Baba Akio , Matsuda Haruo
Published: April 2006

Selective C-alkylation of 2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentanedione and 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione was performed by using tetraphenylstibonium methoxide (Ph4SbOMe). The presence of a substituent at the 2-position was essential for C-alkylation.
Z-Selective Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols via 2-Alkenylation of Aldehydes by 1-(Tributylstannyl)-2-alkene
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Yamamura Kimiaki
Published: April 2006

1-(Tributylstannyl)-2-alkene reacts with a solution of an aldehyde and BuSnCl3 to give (Z)-homoallylic alcohol. Z-Selective 2-methyl-2-butenylation can be accomplished by using (Z)-2-methyl-1-(tributylstannyl)-2-butene instead of 1-(tributylstannyl)-2-alkene. This reaction is useful as a new method to make (Z)-double bond. An application of the present method for a synthesis of pheromones is also described.
Polymerization of Pyrrole on a Roughened Gold Electrode Studied by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Fujita Wataru , Ishioka Toshio , Teramae Norio , Haraguchi Hiroki
Published: April 2006

The polymerization of pyrrole adsorbed on a roughened gold electrode was studied by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. It was found that pyrrole was polymerized at −0.2 V vs. SCE and under open circuit. It is concluded that the polymerization of pyrrole occurs by the catalytic action of adatoms on a roughened gold electrode because pyrrole is adsorbed with the molecular ring parallel to the surface plane.
In-Situ Observation of Second Harmonic Lights from Amphiphilic Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2′-bipyridine) Complex at Glass/Liquid Interface
Authors: Yamada Sunao , Yamada Yasuhiro , Nakano Takashi , Matsuo Taku
Published: April 2006

Interfacial second harmonic generation (SHG) from amphiphilic ruthenium(II) tris(2,2′-bipyridine) complex (RuC12B) was clearly observed with an alkaline-treated glass substrate in a RuC12B - ethylacetate solution, but not with an octadecylsilyl (ODS)-derivatized glass substrate. Interference fringe patterns due to SHG strongly indicate that RuC12B is adsorbed at the alkaline-treated glass surfaces, with its head group pointing toward the glass surfaces.
Three New Taxanes from the Roots of Taxus yunnanensis
Authors: Zhang Honjie , Takeda Yoshio , Minami Yoshinori , Yoshida Kenichiro , Matsumoto Takashi , Xiang Wei , Mu Oing , Sun Handong
Published: April 2006

Three new taxane type diterpenoids, taxuyunnanine B, C and D were isolated together with the known taxusin, 2α-deacetoxytaxinine J and taxinine J from the roots of Taxus yunnanensis and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means.
Deprotection of 1,3-Dithianes by 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ)
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Dohya Hiroshi , Imamura Masanori , Suzuki Tsuneo , Horaguchi Takaaki
Published: April 2006

A variety of 1,3-dithianes were converted to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good yields by treatment with 1.5 equiv. of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in MeCN–H2O (9 : 1).
Custo da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur no sistema suplementar de saúde brasileiro
Authors: Araújo Denizar Vianna , Oliveira Juliana H. A. de , Bracco Oswaldo Luís
Published: April 2006

OBJETIVO: Estimar custo direto durante hospitalização para fratura osteoporótica de fêmur no sistema privado de saúde brasileiro, pela perspectiva das empresas de planos de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo sobre custos hospitalares em pacientes acima de 50 anos com fratura osteoporótica de fêmur, entre julho 2003 e junho 2004. A amostra estudada foi extraída da base de dados de processamento eletrônico das faturas de pacientes beneficiários de planos de saúde. RESULTADOS: Houve 129.611 pacientes com diagnóstico de osteoporose. A incidência de fratura osteoporótica de fêmur foi 4,99% (mulheres). A média de permanência hospitalar foi 9,21 dias (2,13 dias na UTI). O custo médio total da hospitalização foi de R$ 24.000. O maior componente de custo foi atribuído ao material médico (61%). O impacto econômico da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur foi estimado em R$ 12 milhões. CONCLUSÃO: Os custos do tratamento da fratura osteoporótica de fêmur são consideráveis no sistema privado de saúde brasileiro. Este estudo destaca a minimização de custos para empresas de planos de saúde caso a fratura osteoporótica de fêmur possa ser evitada.
Macroangiopatia diabética coronariana precoce no diabetes do jovem: relato de dois casos
Authors: Giuffrida Fernando M.A. , Fusaro Annunziata Sonia , Dib Sergio Atala
Published: April 2006

A macroangiopatia é multifatorial. No diabetes melito (DM) é mais grave e está frequentemente relacionada à nefropatia, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em ambos os tipos de DM. Apesar disso, é pouco estudada no jovem com DM. Apresentamos dois casos de diabéticas jovens com coronariopatia precoce. Caso 1, 40a., branca, DM tipo 2 há 21a., tratada com sulfoniluréias até os 25a., foi insulinizada devido a gestação. Desenvolveu pré-eclâmpsia, porém o parto ocorreu a termo. Permaneceu com macroproteinúria (0,99g/24h), evoluindo para insuficiência renal (clearance 52,7mg/min) (tratamento conservador). Aos 36a., apresentou infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Constatada lesão tri-arterial grave, sofreu revascularização. Caso 2, 34a., negra, DM tipo 1 há 24a., diagnóstico em cetoacidose diabética. Com mau controle metabólico crônico (HbA1c persistentemente acima de 4 pontos percentuais além do limite superior da normalidade), evoluiu com microalbuminúria (0,26g/24h) aos 22a., após gestação. Desenvolveu macroproteinúria (1,7g/24h) após a 2ª. gestação. Aos 31a. iniciou quadro de angina estável. Foi indicada revascularização após cinecoronariografia. Estes dois casos de macroangiopatia em pacientes com DM de diagnóstico na juventude mostram uma rápida progressão no desenvolvimento da coronariopatia, sugerindo uma abordagem multifatorial, agressiva e precoce, independente da sua etiologia.
Aplicação de molibdênio e cobalto na semente para cultivo da soja
Authors: Marcondes José Alfredo Prestes , Caires Eduardo Fávero
Published: April 2006

A aplicação de molibdênio e cobalto nas sementes tem sido uma prática comum para o cultivo de soja no Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de molibdênio e cobalto na nodulação da soja, na nutrição da planta e seus reflexos sobre o rendimento de grãos. O experimento foi realizado no município de Ponta Grossa (PR), em Latossolo Vermelho textura argilosa, com pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1) 5,2. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas doses de Mo (0 e 48 g ha-1) e quatro doses de Co (0, 2, 4, e 8 g ha-1), aplicadas via semente. Não se observou interação significativa entre esses dois elementos. A aplicação de molibdênio e, ou cobalto na semente de soja não alterou a nodulação e a eficiência do processo biológico de fixação de N2, avaliada pela absorção de nitrogênio e pela concentração de nitrogênio nas folhas e nos grãos. O molibdênio aplicado na semente reduziu o teor de ferro nas folhas e não alterou a produtividade da soja. Houve redução linear na altura das plantas, na concentração foliar de zinco e no rendimento de grãos de soja com as doses de cobalto aplicadas. Pelos resultados observou-se que a aplicação de molibdênio na semente de soja não é necessária em solo com pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1) 5,2 e que o cobalto aplicado na semente em doses superiores a 3,4 g ha-1 é tóxico para a cultura da soja.
Esquistossomose mansônica autóctone no Distrito Federal, Brasil
Authors: Barbosa Frederico Simões , Coimbra Junior Carlos E. A.
Published: April 2006

Sete casos autóctones de esquistossomose mansônica são descritos no Distrito Federal (Brasil). Todos os casos são de crianças cujas idades variavam de 3 a 13 anos e que habitavam área suburbana da cidade de Planaltina. Cinco destes casos pertencem a uma mesma família vivendo às margens de um criadouro de Biomphalaria glabrata onde foram encontrados dois caramujos infectados por Schistosoma mansoni em 229 examinados.
Contribuição das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias na morbi-mortalidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP (Brasil)
Authors: Carvalheiro José da Rocha , Carvalheiro Clarisse Dulce Gardonyi , Xavier Amábile Rodrigues , Costa João Carlos da
Published: April 2006

Apresentam-se os resultados da mortalidade e morbidade cansadas por doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (Grupo I da Classificação Internacional de Doenças). Os dados de mortalidade basearam-se em informações da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo; os de morbidade, em estatísticas de egressos hospitalares produzidos pelo Centro de Processamento de Dados Hospitalares, do Departamento de Medicina Social da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto e nos resultados de um levantamento de morbidade por entrevistas domiciliárias. Enquanto as estatísticas de mortalidade exibiram, no ano de 1974, uma proporção de 15,2% de doenças desse Grupo, em 1975 as estatísticas hospitalares mostraram 3,3% e as entrevistas domiciliárias 5,2%.
Uso de cigarros entre adolescentes de uma escola de 1º grau da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Stewien Glacilda Telles de Menezes , Marcondes Ruth Sandoval
Published: April 2006

Foi realizado estudo em uma escola de 1° grau da rede estadual de ensino da cidade de São Paulo (Brasil), com o objetivo de investigar o hábito de fumar cigarros entre adolescentes de 5ª a 8ª série, mediante a aplicação de um questionário a um total de 1.001 adolescentes. Os resultados mostraram que o hábito de fumar cigarros é bastante difundido entre os adolescentes, aumentando proporcionalmente da 5ª para a 8ª série. O maior aumento na proporção de fumantes foi verificado da 6ª para a 7ª série (8,3% para 21,5%). Observou-se que o hábito de fumar dos adolescentes atingiu, no grupo etário de 16 anos, proporções semelhantes às dos adultos, e que o hábito de fumar cigarros levou, em média, aproximadamente dois anos para se estabelecer entre os adolescentes investigados.
Competição biológica entre Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) e Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835) em criadouros naturais no município de Ourinhos, SP (Brasil)
Authors: Kawazoe Urara , Magalhães Luiz Augusto , Hotta Luiz Koodi , Takaku Luiz
Published: April 2006

Foram feitas observações sobre a provável competição entre Biomphalaria tenagophila e Biomphalaria glabrata, em três criadouros do tipo vala, situados no Município de Ourinhos (SP), durante o período de 27-11-73 a 20-02-79. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente até dezembro de 1976 e de 1977 a 1979, semestralmente, num total de 17 capturas. Foram coletados 5.249 exemplares de B. tenagophila e 353 de B. glabrata no criadouro 1; no criadouro 2 o total de exemplares foi de 1.703 e 64 para B. tenagophila e B. glabrata, respectivamente e no criadouro 3, 1.249 e 4 exemplares de B. tenagophila e É. glabrata, respectivamente. Apenas os dados relativos ao primeiro criadouro forneceram informações relacionadas com o deslocamento de B. glabrata e B. tenagophila, sendo que a análise estatística sugeriu ter havido competição entre as duas espécies estudadas, com tendência a exclusão de B. glabrata. A substituição parece ter ocorrido num período de pelo menos cinco anos. Apesar de terem sido observadas evidências de deslocamento competitivo entre as duas espécies, não foi possível detectar o mecanismo do fenômeno.
Fonoaudiologia em saúde pública: apreciações preliminares a propósito de experiência pioneira em São Paulo, SP (Brasil)
Authors: Sampaio Marina de Mesquita , Gonçalves Aguinaldo
Published: April 2006

Apresentam-se e discutem-se a fundamentação teórica e os dados preliminares sobre uma experiência de fonoaudiologia em unidade sanitária local. Quanto à primeira, detalham-se os níveis de atuação na especialidade, sobretudo quanto à sua aplicação preventiva, especialmente prevenção primária. Tais dados, referentes ao Centro de Saúde I "Geraldo de Paula Souza'', Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, S. Paulo (Brasil), abrem espaço para discussão de alguns aspectos básicos da importância de serviços desta natureza na prática sanitária corrente.
Relationship between acute diarrhoea and low plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol binding protein
Authors: Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo , Roncada Maria José , Toporovski Julio , Okani Eliza T. , Wilson Donald
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study was to assess vitamin A status and association between acute diarrhoea and plasma levels of vitamin A through cross-sectional comparison in children. Plasma vitamin A was measured by colorimetric method of Neeld & Pearson and RBP by radial immunodiffusion technique. Seventy eight children (aged 18-119 months), 26 with current history of diarrhoea and 52 children as controls (outpatient from the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in metropolitan area of São Paulo City, Brazil) were studied. Children with history of diarrhoea showed significant low levels (mean ± s.e.) as compared to controls, vitamin A (15.87 ± 1.4 µg/dl vs. 21.14 ± 1.15 µg/dl, p < 0.007) and RBP (1.70 ± 0.2 mg/dl vs. 2.52 ±0.11 mg/dl). Multivariate logistic regression adjusted by sex, age, nutritional status and mother education revealed association between diarrhoea and inadequate levels of vitamin A and RBP.