bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration as a predictor of von Willebrand’s disease status in German Wirehaired Pointers
Authors: Brooks Marjory , Raymond Sharon , Catalfamo James
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the use of plasma von Willebrand's factor (vWF) concentration as a screening test for inherited von Willebrand's disease (vWD) in German Wirehaired Pointers (GWHP).

Design

Prospective study.

Sample Population

Plasma samples from 467 GWHP.

Procedure

Plasma vWF concentrations were measured as vWF antigen (vWF:Ag), using ELISA, and test values were used to estimate prevalence of vWD in GWHP and predict parental vWD status. Test results of progeny from matings of carrier and noncarrier parents were then compared with the predicted outcome of such matings.

Results

376 (81%) GWHP were classified as VWD noncarriers, 58 (12%) as carriers, and 5 (1%) as affected with VWD. An additional 28 (6%) GWHP could not be classified on the basis of plasma VWF:Ag concentration. The observed outcome of tests of 213 pups was not significantly different from that predicted on the basis of parental VWWF:Ag concentration. The predictive value of a positive test result (vWF: Ag% < 50) for identifying VWD carriers was 0.89.

Clinical Implications

Plasma vWF:Ag concentration was an effective predictor of genetic status for the vWD trait, and for the outcome of matings between carriers and noncarriers of vWD in this study of GWHP. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:930-933)
Evaluation of sedation in quail induced by use of midazolam and reversed by use of flumazenil
Authors: Day Thomas K. , Roge Cheryl K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the sedative properties of 3 dosages of the benzodiazepine tranquilizer midazolam as a means of chemical restraint in quail (Colinus virginianus) and to evaluate the ability of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil to reverse the sedative effects of midazolam

Design

Prospective randomized controlled trial

Animals

Study 1, 30 birds; study 2, 10 birds.

Procedure

2 studies were performed. In the first study, 30 birds were randomly assigned to receive midazolam at a dosage of 2, 4, or 6 mg/kg of body weight (10 birds/dosage). Degree of sedation was evaluated by use of a numerical scale, and the peak time of adequate chemical restraint was determined. The dosage in study 1 that produced the highest degree of sedation was administered to 10 birds in study 2. Flumazenil was administered at a dosage of 0.1 mg/ kg at the peak time of sedation that had been determined in study 1.

Results

Administration of 6 mg of midazolam/kg induced the highest degree of chemical restraint without causing alterations in cardiopulmonary function. Peak time of sedation was 10 minutes after administration; however, administration of 4 mg of midazolam/ kg also induced a high degree of sedation, but for a shorter period. Administration of flumazenil caused complete recovery from sedation induced with midazolam.

Clinical Implications

Administration of midazolam to wild birds induced adequate sedation. Results of the study reported here may be extrapolated to other species of wild birds, including raptors and, possibly, pet birds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:969-971)
Evaluation of plasma androgen and estrogen concentrations in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Rosenthal Karen L. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia or nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland, the effect of surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland on concentrations of these hormones, and whether any hormone concentrations could be used as a marker for the disease.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

32 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia or nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland.

Procedure

blood sample was obtained from each ferret before adrenalectomy. In 26 of the 32 ferrets, a second blood sample was collected 24 to 48 hours after adrenalectomy. Plasma concentrations of 7 hormones were measured (cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate).

Results

Median plasma concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were significantly higher in ferrets with adrenal gland disease, compared with concentrations in clinically normal ferrets. After adrenalectomy, median concentrations of estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione decreased significantly. Of 23 ferrets in which concentrations of estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione all were measured, 22 (96%) had high concentrations of at least 1 of these 3 hormones, but only 5 (22%) ferrets had high concentrations of all 3 hormones.

Clinical Implications

The condition that develops in ferrets with adrenal gland disease apparently is caused by excessive secretion of 1 or more steroids other than cortisol. Because concentration of a particular hormone was not high in all ferrets, we recommend determining plasma concentrations of several sex steroids, including androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and estradiol. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1097-1102)
Open resection for subvalvular aortic stenosis in dogs
Authors: Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher , Gaynor James S. , Boon June , Wagner Ann , Linn Kathy , Eddleman Lee Ann , Brevard Sean
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe the surgical technique for open resection of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis in dogs and to determine outcome of dogs undergoing the procedure.

Design

Uncontrolled clinical trial.

Animals

17 dogs with congenital discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis.

Procedure

Dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass by catheterizing the femoral artery and both vena cavae. The aorta was cross clamped, and cold cardioplegia solution was administered. The aortic root then was opened with a curvilinear incision. A subvalvular discrete fibrous ring was resected in all dogs. Septal myectomy was performed simultaneously on 11 dogs.

Results

15 of 17 dogs survived the operation and were discharged from the hospital. Mean ± SD maximal instantaneous aortic systolic pressure gradient measured by means of Doppler echocardiography was significantly reduced from 119 ± 42 mm of Hg before surgery to 41 ± 10 mm of Hg 12 months after surgery. Despite substantial reduction in the systolic pressure gradient, 4 of 15 dogs died suddenly between 7 days and 30 months after surgery. Three of the 4 dogs that died suddenly had pressure gradients ≥ 180 mm of Hg and ventricular tachycardia before surgery. Eleven dogs were still alive between 1 and 48 months after surgery.

Clinical Implications

The procedure resulted in substantial reductions in systolic pressure gradients in dogs with severe congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. However, some dogs with severe aortic stenosis died suddenly after surgery. Thus, this surgery should not be considered curative. Proof of a survival benefit in dogs undergoing this surgery will have to await longer term follow-up. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1255–1261)
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs
Authors: Miller Craig W. , Prescott John F. , Mathews Karol A. , Betschel Stephen D. , Yager J. A. , Guru Veena , DeWinter L. , Low Donald E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic findings in dogs that developed severe invasive infections with group G streptococci (GGS) over a 6-month period in southern Ontario.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

7 dogs in southern Ontario with severe streptococcal infection during a 6-month period.

Procedure

Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, molecular typing of streptococcal isolates was performed. Isolates were examined for the M protein gene emm1.0, pyrogenic exotoxin genes speA, speB, speF, hyaluronic acid synthase genes hasA, hasB, and for C5a peptidase gene scpA by use of DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction.

Results

3 dogs with streptococcal shock without necrotizing fasciitis died or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission, whereas 4 dogs with streptococcal shock and necrotizing fasciitis survived following surgical debridement, supportive medical treatment, and treatment with antibiotics. Of the 6 Lancefield group G streptococcal isolates available for characterization, 5 were Streptococcus canis and 1 had characteristics of group G streptococcal strains of human origin. Results of molecular typing indicated that isolates were unrelated to each other. Examination of the canine isolates for putative virulence genes found in human group A streptococci resulted in identification of the the emm1.0 gene only in 1 of the isolates. The canine isolates otherwise lacked virulence genes associated with human group A streptococcal toxic shock infections.

Clinical Implications

The development of severe invasive infection in dogs resulting from GGS indicates that a virulent form of GGS has developed in southern Ontario. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1421–1426)
Results of a survey of equine practitioners on the use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
Authors: Caron J. P. , Kaneene J. B. , Miller R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the patterns of use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) for the treatment of degenerative joint disease in horses.

Design

Cross-sectional mail survey.

Sample Population

1,522 equine practitioners.

Procedure

Information was obtained on frequency and route of administration of PSGAG for the treatment of each of 4 forms of degenerative joint disease, the efficacy of PSGAG, and its efficacy compared with that of sodium hyaluronate. Data were analyzed by nonparametric and multivariate regression methods.

Results

Response rate was 40.5%. Of practitioners responding, 26% were classified as having a special interest in lameness and 74% as general practitioners. Use of PSGAG was reported by 90.5% of all practitioners, but lameness practitioners used PSGAG more frequently than general practitioners. Use of PSGAG also was significantly more common among practitioners involved predominately with racing Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, or show horses. Use of PSGAG was reported to be moderately effective in the treatment of the 4 joint disease conditions. Practitioners treating Thoroughbred racehorses gave highest efficacy scores, and pleasure horse practitioners gave lowest efficacy scores. Use of PSGAG was considered more effective than sodium hyaluronate for the treatment of subacute degenerative joint disease and less effective for idiopathic joint effusion and acute synovitis.

Clinical Implications

Use of PSGAG is regarded as moderately effective overall and is considered most useful in the treatment of subacute degenerative joint disease. The efficacy of PSGAG for incipient and chronic forms of degenerative disease is considered comparable to that of sodium hyaluronate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1564–1568)
Prevalence of Salmonella organisms in swine feed
Authors: Harris Isabel Turney , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Gray Jeffrey T. , Thomas Lee Ann , Ferris Kathy
Published: December 2023

Objective

To test feed and feed ingredients on swine farms for Salmonella organisms and to analyze data from these farms to determine risk factors associated with Salmonella organisms in the feed and feed ingredients.

Design

Epidemiologic survey and retrospective case-control study.

Sample Population

30 swine farms.

Procedure

Samples of feed and feed ingredients and information regarding herd characteristics were collected from 30 swine farms. Samples were tested for Salmonella organisms, and data compiled from herd information forms were examined for associated risk factors between herd characteristics and isolation of Salmonella organisms.

Results

Salmonella organisms were isolated from 36 of 1,264 (2.8%) feed and feed ingredient samples and from 14 of 30 (46.7%) farms. Thirteen Salmonella sp serotypes and 2 untypeable isolates were cultured. Recovery of Salmonella organisms from at least 1 feed or feed ingredient on a farm was significantly associated with 6 herd characteristics (lack of bird-proofing, using farm-prepared feed for finishing-age pigs rather than purchased feed, and housing pigs in facilities other than total confinement in the growing, finishing, gestating, and breeding stages of production, respectively). Isolation of Salmonella sp was not associated with a history of salmonellosis on a farm.

Clinical Implications

Salmonella organisms were readily isolated from samples of feed and feed ingredients, illustrating that salmonellae are ubiquitous in a farm environment. Implementing sanitary and pestcontrol measures continues to be a prudent recommendation. Salmonella serotypes found in feed and feed ingredients have the potential to cause disease in pigs that consume the feed or, ultimately, in people that consume pork. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210: 382–385
Clinical and pathologic findings in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984-1991)
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Hall Gregory , Jacobs Gilbert , Pickus Cynthia
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and histologic abnormalities in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly and to compare findings with those of Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy that died of congestive heart failure.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

14 Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly (group 1) and 40 Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure (group 2).

Procedure

Serial echocardiography and continuous, ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring were performed. Hearts of dogs that died suddenly were examined histologically.

Results

Group-2 dogs died at a significantly older age than did group-1 dogs. All dogs had echocardiographic abnormalities, but changes were more severe in group-2 than in group-1 dogs. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were documented in all dogs. Group-1 dogs were more likely to have episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia than were group-2 dogs. Multifocal interstitial fibrosis and replacement of muscle fibers with collagen and fat were consistently observed in hearts from dogs that died suddenly. Ten group-1 dogs had received antiarrhythmic treatment prior to death.

Clinical Implications

Occult cardiomyopathy can be identified by means of echocardiography and Holter monitoring in Doberman Pinschers. Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy that had episodes of sustained (> 30 seconds) ventricular tachycardia were at risk of dying suddenly. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:505–511)
Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats
Authors: Brown Dorothy Cimino , Conzemius Michael G. , Shofer Frances , Swann Heather
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine postoperative wound infection rates in dogs and cats for various wound contamination categories and to identify factors that influence postoperative wound infection rates.

Design—

Epidemiologic study.

Sample Population—

1,574 wounds in 1,255 dogs and cats.

Procedure—

Information recorded included signalment, nutritional status, surgery duration, surgical procedures, wound contamination classification, interval from clipping until surgery, blood pressure values, active infection at a distant site, endocrinopathy, and administration of immunosuppressive medications or antibiotics. Relative risk, 95% confidence intervals, and multiple regression analyses were performed.

Results—

Postoperative infection was evident in 86 of 1,574 (5.5%) wounds, including 54 of 1,146 (4.7%) and 13 of 259 (5.0%) animals with clean and clean-contaminated wounds, respectively, and 12 of 100 (12.0%) and 7 of 69 (10.1 %) animals with contaminated and dirty wounds, respectively. Animals with clean wounds that received antibiotics other than as prescribed in our perioperative protocol had a higher infection rate than animals that did not receive antibiotics. Surgical sites clipped before anesthetic induction were 3 times more likely to become infected than sites clipped after induction. Risk of wound infection increased with increasing duration of surgery.

Clinical Implications—

Wound contamination categories had too much variation to make them useful for predicting animals that would develop wound infections. Surgical sites should be clipped immediately prior to surgery, and intraoperative time should be kept to a minimum. Unless indicated for other current active infection, prolonged use of antibiotics after surgery should be avoided in animals with clean wounds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1302–1306)
Organisms isolated from dogs and cats with anaerobic infections and susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents
Authors: Jang Spencer S. , Breher Julie E. , Dabaco Lori A. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria in bacterial infections in dogs and cats and susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents.

Design—

Case series.

Sample Population—

Specimens from 1,267 dogs and 243 cats.

Procedure—

Standard anaerobic and aerobic bacterial culture methods were used. Anaerobic isolates were tested for susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents.

Results—

Obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 199 (15.7%) and 69 (28.4%) specimens obtained from dogs and cats, respectively. More than half of the specimens that contained obligate anaerobic bacteria were from draining tracts (exclusively dogs), pleural fluid, abscesses, bones, the respiratory tract, or the abdominal cavity. The most commonly isolated obligate anaerobic bacteria (approx 70% of all isolates) were Bacteroides spp, Peptostreptococcus spp, Fusobacterium spp. and Porphvromonas spp. Eighty percent of the specimens that contained obligate anaerobic bacteria also contained facultative anaerobic or aerobic organisms. The organisms most commonly isolated in association with obligate anaerobic bacteria were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli was the most common), Pasteurella spp, and Staphvlococcus intermedius. Ninety-seven obligate anaerobic isolates were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and metronidazole. All were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol, and most were susceptible to metronidazole. Only 71% of the Bacteroides isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, and only 83% were susceptible to clindamycin. Only 80% of the Clostridium isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, but all were susceptible to ampicillin.

Clinical Implications—

Data on sites and conditions from which anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated, along with results of susceptibility testing, may be useful in designing antimicrobial treatment regimens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:1610–1614)
Epidemiologic evaluation of decubital ulcers in farrowing sows
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Morrow W. E. Morgan , Rountree Wendy G. , Miller Dale C.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To define temporal patterns and risk factors for development of decubital ulcers over the tuber of the spine of the scapula (tuber) of lactating sows.

Design—

Prospective study.

Animals—

147 late-gestation sows and gilts.

Procedure—

Females were examined for skin lesions over the tubers, and body condition score, depth of back fat and depth of soft tissues over the tuber (tuber depth) were determined (day 0). On days 5, 12, 18,40, 54, and 68, sows were examined for lesions over the tubers. Data on sow parity, date of farrowing, total number of pigs born/litter, and number of stillborn pigs/litter were obtained from farm records.

Results—

Ulcers were recorded for 33 of 206 (16%) shoulders by day 5. Peak prevalence (99/206; 48% of shoulders) was on day 12, and all ulcers had resolved by day 68. Ulcers were more common on the right shoulder. Considerable resolution of ulcers was evident between days 12 and 18, when sows still were housed in farrowing crates. Parity and tuber depth were significantly associated with ulcers and ulcer severity (size) on day 12.

Clinical Implications—

Decubital ulcers in lactating sows are a multifactorial condition. Factors such as floor type are important, but other physiologic and behavioral factors of periparturient swine, including body weight, body condition and mobility of lategestation animals, duration of farrowing, and patterns of recumbency and activity, appear to be important in the pathogenesis of lesions. Housing sows on hard floors is not a sufficient cause of decubital ulcers over the scapula. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1173–1178)
Evaluation of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in nine horses
Authors: Ball Michael A. , Rebhun William C. , Gaarder James E. , Patten Valerie
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate the efficacy of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in horses in the northeastern United States.

Design—

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—

9 horses (10 affected eyes).

Procedure—

All horses treated for keratomycosis at Cornell University between July 1994 and July 1996 were included in the study. The diagnosis of keratomycosis was confirmed by cytologic examination, and all horses were treated with 0.25 ml of a 1% itraconazole-30% dimethyl sulfoxide petrolatum-based ointment, applied to the affected eye every 4 hours.

Results—

Topical application of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment (q 4 h) resolved keratomycosis in 8 of 10 eyes; mean duration of treatment was 34.6 days (range, 16 to 53 days).

Clinical Implications—

Results of this study indicate topical administration of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment may provide an additional treatment option for horses with keratomycosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:199–203)
Ovariectomy of granulosa cell tumors in mares by use of the diagonal paramedian approach: 12 cases (1989–1995)
Authors: Carson-Dunkerley Suzann A. , Hanson R. Reid
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To describe the short-and long-term survival rates in horses undergoing ovariectomy for granulosa cell tumors by use of the diagonal paramedian approach.

Design—

Retrospective case study.

Animals—

12 horses with granulosa cell tumors.

Procedure—

A diagonal paramedian approach for unilateral ovariectomy was used for removal of each mare’s granulosa cell tumor. Information about complications and outcomes was analyzed.

Results—

Only minimal complications were detected postoperatively when the diagonal paramedian approach was used, regardless of the preferred technique for ovarian pedicle ligation or incisional closure and the use of pre- and postoperative medications. Clinical signs of moderate or severe postoperative abdominal pain were not evident in any of the 12 horses. Short- and long-term survival rates were 100%.

Clinical Implications—

The diagonal paramedian approach was advantageous for ovarian tumor removal, because the ovary was immediately adjacent to the body wall at a portion of the incision site. Size of the ovary was not a limitation, because muscle tissues at the edges of the incision were flexible and easily retractable. All of these factors improved exposure, decreased traction on the ovary, increased our ability to observe the vasculature, and decreased postoperative morbidity, aiding in the removal of granulosa cell tumors in mares. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:204–206)
Orbital exenteration and placement of a prosthesis in fish
Authors: Nadelstein B. , Bakal R. , Lewbart G. A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To develop a procedure for orbital exenteration and prosthesis placement in fish.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

5 cultured hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X M chrysops) ranging from 30 to 50 cm in length.

Procedure

Exenteration was performed, using a dorsal approach in which blunt dissection was performed in the circumorbital sulcus. The orbit was then dried, and simple interrupted sutures were placed, leaving 2 suture loops within the orbit. The orbit was filled with polyvinylsiloxane, and a prosthetic glass eye was seated in the polyvinylsiloxane.

Results

All fish retained the prosthesis and had satisfactory cosmetic results at the end of the 8-week study period.

Clinical Implications

The increase in popularity of pet fish and abundance of valuable aquarium and show fish have led to heightened awareness of piscine ocular disease. Aquarium fish are often euthanatized because of disfiguring ocular problems. The technique described here for surgical exenteration and cosmetic orbital prosthesis placement in fish may extend the captive life of public display fish. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:603–606)
Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983–1996)
Authors: Helman R. G. , Edwards W. C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To document clinical signs and gross pathologic changes associated with naturally acquired cantharidiasis (blister beetle poisoning) in equids.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

70 equids with laboratory-confirmed blister beetle poisoning.

Procedure

Medical records were reviewed to obtain history, physical examination findings, feeding practices, and diagnostic test and necropsy results.

Results

32 horses and 2 donkeys died from exposure to cantharidin, whereas 36 horses survived. Diet content varied, but alfalfa hay was the common component. Onset of signs of disease was rapid. Most equids had signs of gastrointestinal tract distress. Six horses had nonspecific neurologic signs. All equids dying from cantharidiasis were in shock terminally, with duration of clinical signs ranging from 3 to 18 hours. Six horses that died had no gross lesions, whereas 14 had mild to moderate erythema of gastric, small intestinal, or colonic mucosa. Only 2 horses had gastric or duodenal ulceration, and 2 had hemorrhage of the urinary bladder mucosa. One horse had cardiac muscle necrosis. Clinicopathologic data available on 10 horses included hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and azotemia. Cantharidin concentrations in urine or pooled gastric-cecal contents did not always correlate with severity of disease.

Clinical Implications

Blister beetle poisoning is not universally fatal in equids. Clinical signs are related to the amount of cantharidin ingested. Every horse that survived was treated aggressively. In fatal poisonings, gross lesions may be minimal or inapparent, and diagnosis must be confirmed by chemical detection of cantharidin in urine, blood, or stomach or cecal contents. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1018–1021)
Number of viable bacteria and presumptive antibiotic residues in milk fed to calves on commercial dairies
Authors: Selim Sheikh A. , Cullor James S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the number of bacteria and presumptive antibiotic residues in milk fed to calves and to identify those bacteria and the antibiotic susceptibility of selected bacterial strains.

Design

Cross-sectional prospective study.

Sample Population

189 samples obtained from 12 local dairies.

Procedure

Samples of waste milk and milk-based fluids (eg, milk replacer, colostrum, bulk-tank milk) were obtained. Cumulative number of viable bacteria was determined. Bacteria were cultured aerobically, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of selected strains was performed. Presumptive antibiotic residues were detected by use of test kits.

Results

Geometric mean of the cumulative number of bacteria for waste milk samples was significantly higher than for other types of milk or milk-based products. Streptococcus sp (84/165 samples) and Enterobacteriaceae (83/165 samples) were the predominant bacteria identified, followed by Staphylococcus sp (68/165 samples). Escherichia coli was the gram-negative species most commonly isolated (52/165 samples; 32%); however, none were strain O157. Salmonella sp or Mycoplasma sp were not isolated. Of 189 samples, 119 (63%) were positive when tested for β-lactams or tetracycline by use of 2 commercially available assays. In vitro, some bacteria were resistant to commonly used antibiotics.

Clinical Implications

Waste milk that has not been effectively treated (eg, pasteurization) to reduce microbial load prior to use as calf feed should be used with caution, because it may contain a high number of bacteria that may be pathogenic to cattle and human beings. Antibiotic residues that would constitute violative amounts and existence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacterial strains are concerns in calf health management and dairy food safety. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1029–1035)
Photoreceptor outer segments in aqueous humor from dogs with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments
Authors: Smith Patricia J. , Mames Robert N. , Samuelson Don A. , Lewis Patricia A. , Brooks Dennis E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether photoreceptor outer segments can be found in aqueous humor from dogs with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Design

Case series.

Animals

4 dogs with unilateral RRD, 2 dogs with bilateral RRD, 1 dog with unilateral non-RRD, and 1 dog with glaucoma without retinal detachment.

Procedure

Aqueous humor samples were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and examined by means of transmission electron microscopy.

Results

Outer segments were found in aqueous humor from 7 of 8 eyes with RRD but were not found in aqueous humor from dogs with non-RRD or glaucoma.

Clinical Implications

Photoreceptor outer segments may move into the anterior chamber of eyes with RRD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1254–1256)
Intrinsic, management, and nutritional factors associated with equine motor neuron disease
Authors: de la Rúa-Domènech Ricardo , Mohammed Hussni O. , Cummings John F. , Divers Thomas J. , de Lahunta Alexander , Summers Brian A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify intrinsic, management, nutritional, and environmental risk factors associated with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and to determine whether epidemiologic evidence supports oxidative stress as a risk factor for developing EMND.

Design

Case-control study.

Animals

87 horses with EMND and 259 control horses.

Procedure

Information concerning each horse’s history of exposure to multiple environmental factors prior to developing EMND was obtained by means of a questionnaire or personal interview. Exposure histories of horses with EMND and control horses were compared, and the association of each risk factor with EMND was evaluated, using logistic regression analysis.

Results

Factors significantly associated with risk of developing EMND included age, breed of horse, duration of residence at the farm, not vaccinating against rabies, and certain feeding practices. Horses that were exercised on green pasture or in grass paddocks were less likely to develop EMND, compared with horses that were exercised in dirt paddocks. Feeding complete pelleted feed as the only source of concentrate or combined with sweet feed was associated with a significant increase in the risk of EMND. Supplementary feeding of vitamin and mineral mixtures not formulated to provide vitamin E or selenium was associated with increased risk of EMND. Horses with a history of cribbing or coprophagia were also at higher risk of developing EMND.

Clinical Implications

Several husbandry practices and intrinsic characteristics of horses appear to modify the risk of EMND. The relationship of specific nutritional factors to EMND supports the hypothesis that a deficiency of vitamin E contributes to the disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1261–1267)
Attitudes of veterinarians, animal control directors, and county prosecutors in Michigan regarding enforcement of state animal cruelty legislation
Authors: Stolt Laura B. , Johnson-Ifearulundu Yvette J. , Kaneene John B.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To determine attitudes of veterinarians, animal control directors, and county prosecutors in Michigan toward enforcement of state animal cruelty legislation and to identify factors associated with whether veterinarians would report suspected cases of animal cruelty.

Design

Survey.

Sample Population

Questionnaires were sent to 1,146 Michigan Veterinary Medical Association member veterinarians, 139 animal control directors, and 83 county prosecutors in Michigan.

Results

740 (65%) veterinarians, 70 (50%) animal control directors, and 43 (52%) prosecutors responded. Six hundred forty six of 735 (88%) veterinarians reported having treated an animal that they believed had been a victim of animal cruelty, but only 192 of 719 (27%) had ever reported a case of animal cruelty, and only 217 of 734 (30%) had ever testified in an animal cruelty case. Logistic regression analysis of responses revealed that the only factor associated with whether veterinarians would report cases of suspected animal cruelty was the potential reactions of the involved clients to the accusation of animal cruelty. Veterinarians who rated reaction of the involved client as important, very important, or essential to their decision whether to report a case of animal cruelty were less likely to report such cases than were veterinarians who rated potential client reaction as somewhat important or unimportant.

Clinical Implications

Concern about potential client reaction was the most important factor in whether veterinarians would report cases of suspected animal cruelty. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1521–1523)
Efficacy of cobalt 60 radiotherapy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Goossens Marielle M. C. , Feldman Edward C. , Theon Alain P. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine efficacy of cobalt 60 radiotherapy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadreno-corticism (PDH) that have detectable tumors but no neurologic abnormalities.

Design

Case series.

Animals

6 dogs with PDH that had a detectable pituitary mass on magnetic resonance images.

Procedure

Radiation was delivered in 11 fractions during a 3.5-week period for a total dose of 44 Gy. Clinical signs were evaluated, a urinalysis and ACTH stimulation test were performed, and urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio and plasma endogenous ACTH concentration were measured before, immediately after, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was repeated 1 year after radiotherapy.

Results

Clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism resolved in 3 dogs but recurred in 2 of the 3. Clinical condition of 2 dogs improved but did not return to normal. One dog did not improve. Results of ACTH stimulation tests and urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratios correlated with clinical signs. Plasma endogenous ACTH concentration transiently decreased in all 6 dogs. One year after radiotherapy, size of tumors was decreased by 25% in 2 dogs; in the other 4 dogs, tumors could no longer be detected. None of the dogs developed neurologic abnormalities. Adverse effects of radiotherapy were mild.

Clinical Implications

Radiotherapy did not result in adequate control of clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in 5 of 6 dogs, but size of pituitary tumors was dramatically reduced. Thus, it may be reasonable to recommend radiotherapy in dogs with PDH that have pituitary tumors for which greatest vertical height is 8 mm or more. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:374-376)
Physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age for early diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi infection on endemically infected farms
Authors: Higuchi Tohru , Taharaguchi Sadao , Hashikura Shingo , Hagiwara Shin-taroh , Gojo Chikara , Satoh Shinsuke , Yoshida Masato , Takai Shinji
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate results of physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age on 3 types of farms with various prevalences of clinical disease (endemic, sporadic, none) caused by Rhodococcus equi and to determine whether evaluations were helpful in early diagnosis and control of the disease.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

144 foals at 30 and 45 days of age.

Procedure

During a 2-year period, 36 foals on farms at which R equi infection was endemic, 71 foals on farms at which the disease was sporadically detected, and 37 foals on farms without the disease were examined by means of auscultation of lungs, serum biochemical and hematologic analyses, and determination of antibody titers against R equi, using ELISA. Transtracheal aspirates were obtained from 14 of 32 foals that had clinical signs of disease and 7 of 41 seropositive foals that did not have clinical signs of disease.

Results

Prevalences of respiratory tract disease and seropositive conversion rates for 45-day-old foals on endemically and sporadically infected farms were significantly higher than on farms without the disease. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from tracheal aspirates of seropositive foals, even when clinical signs were not evident.

Clinical Implications

Physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age were useful for early diagnosis of R equi infection, especially for foals on farms at which the disease was endemic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:976–981)
Analysis of prognostic indicators for dogs with pericardial effusion: 46 cases (1985-1996)
Authors: Dunning Dianne , Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine factors associated with disease-free interval and survival time for dogs with pericardial effusion.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

46 dogs.

Procedure

Signalment, history, results of physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and thoracic radiography; disease-free interval; and survival time were obtained from medical records or telephone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians.

Results

Dogs that had ascites at the time of the initial physical examination were significantly less likely, and dogs that had evidence of pulmonary metastases on thoracic radiographs or that had echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial mass were significantly more likely, to have died of pericardial effusion or the underlying cause of effusion than were dogs that did not. Median survival time was 15.3 months for dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion, 16 days for dogs with hemangiosarcoma, and 13.6 months for dogs with mesothelioma. Dogs that had a nonspecific extracardiac mass and underwent pericardiectomy were significantly less likely to have had recurrence of signs than were dogs that did not. However, dogs with mesothelioma or hemangiosarcoma that underwent pericardiectomy did not have a significantly different risk of recurrence of signs or survival time, compared with dogs that did not.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that pericardiectomy will not affect risk of recurrence or survival time in dogs with pericardial effusion secondary to hemangiosarcoma or mesothelioma. However, pericardiectomy is still needed to differentiate dogs with neoplastic pericardial effusion from dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1276–1280)
Reliability of the hip distraction index in two-month-old German Shepherd Dogs
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Hill Christopher M. , Gregor Thomas P. , Olson Kim
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether distraction index (DI), a measure of passive hip joint laxity, at 2 months of age was predictive of DI at 4 or 12 months of age in German Shepherd Dogs.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

45 German Shepherd Dogs.

Procedure

DI was measured at 2, 4, and 12 months of age. At the same times, a standard ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis with the hip joints extended was obtained and examined for evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD). To facilitate radiographic positioning, dogs were sedated or anesthetized.

Results

DI at 2 months of age was not significantly correlated with DI at 4 or 12 months of age. However, DI at 4 months of age was correlated with DI at 12 months of age. The proportion of dogs with DI ≥ 0.3 at 12 months of age that had radiographic evidence of DJD by 12 months of age (13/22; 59%) was significantly greater than the proportion of dogs with DI < 0.3 at 12 months of age that had radiographic evidence of DJD by 12 months of age (1/9; 11 %).

Clinical Implications

For German Shepherd Dogs, DI at 2 months of age was not sufficiently reliable to predict DI at 4 and 12 months of age; however, DI at 4 and 12 months of age were comparable. We recommend that, for German Shepherd Dogs, DI not be measured before 4 months of age and that particularly for breeding dogs, DI be remeasured after maturity to confirm DI obtained at earlier ages. Studies including other breeds of dogs should be done to determine the youngest reliable age to initiate hip joint screening. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1560–1563)
Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988–1997)
Authors: East Leslie M. , Savage Catherine J. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Dickinson Charles E. , Ellis Robert P.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To identify clinical signs, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, treatments administered, and clinical outcome of neonatal foals with enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

54 neonatal foals.

Results

Most foals had acute onset of obtunded mentation, colic, or diarrhea and developed leukopenia, neutropenia, an abnormally high number of band neutrophils, toxic WBC, and hypoproteinemia within 24 hours after admission, despite high serum lgG concentrations (> 800 mg/dl). Abdominocentesis and abdominal radiography of some foals revealed exudative peritonitis and gaseous distention of the small and large intestine, respectively. Cytologic examination of feces revealed spores or gram-positive rods in 8 of 10 foals. The most common genotypes of C perfringens isolates were type A and C, alone or in combination. Treatment did not alter mortality rate for most foals that had a positive culture for C perfringens type C. Of 54 foals, 29 (54%) that had C perfringens-associated enterocolitis died. Foals that had a culture that yielded C perfringens had higher sepsis scores, IgG concentrations, and mortality rates, compared with the overall hospital population of neonatal foals.

Clinical Implications

Foals less than 7 days old that have enterocolitis associated with C perfringens infections, especially type C, have a guarded prognosis. Cytologic examination of feces to determine spore counts and detect rods may be a means for early identification of C perfringens infections. Polymerase chain reaction assays to determine genotype are important for designing preventive treatment regimens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1751–1756)
Alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984–1994)
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D. , Holland Patricia S. , Taliaoferro Lecreca , Green Robert , Benson Patricia , Navarre Christine B. , Hooper R. Neil
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine typical alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle grouped on the basis of age, breed type, hydration status, clinical signs, and underlying disease.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

632 cattle.

Procedure

Information on blood pH, Pvo2, Pvco2, HCO3− concentration, and base excess (BE) as well as serum or plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide concentrations was obtained. Values for calves (ie, cattle ≥ 1 month old) were compared with values for cattle ≥ 1 month old. Within each age-group, values were compared for cattle grouped on the basis of breed type, previous treatment, and hydration status. Proportions of cattle with various disorders for which values were within, greater than, or less than reference ranges were determined.

Results

BE, pH, and HCO3− concentration were significantly higher and Pvco2 and sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among cattle ≥ 1 month old than calves. Base excess and HCO3- concentration were significantly lower among dairy than beef calves. Sodium and potassium concentrations were significantly lower among dairy than beef cattle ≥ 1 month old. A higher proportion of cattle that did not survive had a high anion gap than cattle that did survive. Sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among dehydrated cattle than cattle that were not dehydrated.

Clinical Implications

Because certain alterations were consistently found in some groups of cattle, it may be possible to make reasonable predictions of alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations when laboratory evaluations are not available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1769–1775)
Isolation of Salmonella serotypes from feces of pigs raised in a multiple-site production system
Authors: Davies Peter Robert , Bovee Frank Gerardus Elisabeth Maria , Funk Julie Ann , Morrow William Edward Morgan , Jones Frank T. , Deen John
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella organisms in feces of pigs raised in a modern, multiple-site production system.

Design

Cross-sectional study of prevalence.

Sample Population

Swine housed on 7 farms (1 gilt development farm, 2 breeding farms, 1 nursery farm, and 3 finishing farms) that formed a multiple-site production system.

Procedure

Fecal samples were obtained from 792 pigs (96 to 202/farm) and submitted for bacteriologic culture of Salmonella organisms.

Results

Salmonellae were isolated from pigs on all 7 farms and from 95 of 792 (12%) fecal samples. Prevalence ranged from 3.4% at the gilt development farm to 18 and 22% at the breeding farms. Serotypes identified were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium var. Copenhagen, S heidelberg, S typhimurium, S mbandaka, S worthington, and S tennessee. No single serotype was not isolated from all the farms of the production system and the most prevalent serotypes at the 3 finishing farms (S typhimurium or S typhimurium var. Copenhagen) were not isolated from the breeding or nursery farms.

Clinical Implications

Upstream infection (pigs infected before arriving at finishing farms) appears to be an unimportant source of Salmonella infection of finished hogs in multiple-site systems. High prevalence of Salmonella shedding in breeding animals suggests that food products derived from culled breeding livestock may be an important source of foodborne disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1925–1929)