bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOLUBILIZATION AND DEPOLYMERIZATION OF PECTINS DURING AVOCADO FRUIT RIPENING
Authors: Huber Donald J. , O'Donoghue Erin M.
Published: April 2024

The dramatic softening of avocado fruit is frequently attributed to endo-B-l,4-glucanase, an enzyme which accumulates to high levels during ripening. Definitive proof is lacking, however, and the in vivo function of this protein remains to be determined. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of pectic polysaccharides in avocado fruit ripening. Soluble uronic acids increased dramatically during avocado ripening, ranging from 30 ug/mg (15% of total uronic acids) in preripe fruit to 180 ug/mg (90% of total) in ripe fruit. During this period, soluble pectins exhibited dramatic downshifts in mol wt along with a loss in associated neutral sugars, primarily GAL and ARA. Quantities of oligomeric uronic acids were also recovered, but only during the latter stages of ripening. The degree of depolymerization observed with avocado fruit far exceeds that reported for tomato fruit; however, differences can not be explained on the basis of the activity of extractable polygalacturonase.
ISOZYME CHARACTERIZATION IN ALSTROEMERIA SPECIES AND CULTTVARS
Authors: Stephens Janice L. , Hughes Harrison G.
Published: April 2024

Isozymes have been used since the 1960's to identify species and cultivars in many different genera in the plant and animal kingdom. Each species has a unique banding pattern for its various isozymes with the number of detectable isozymes dependent on factors such as the number of genes coding for the enzyme, the number of alleles of each gene, the quarternary structure of the enzyme and the possible formation of intergenic enzymes. Alstroemeria is an important cut flower currently ranked 4th in production in the U.S. The cultivars that are available to the growers have largely been developed in England and the Netherlands. The origin of these cultivars has not been well documented. As a consequence, cultivar development in the U.S. cannot easily resynthesize new cultivars from the original parents used in Europe. We are currently using isozymes to characterize some of the species which are thought to have been the progenitors of the commercial hybrids. These isozyme systems are then used to screen available hybrids for determination of the parental origin of the hybrids. This information could be used to narrow the choice of parents to be used in a breeding program for the development of the U.S. hybrids.
TRANSFORMATION OF GLADIOLUS FOLLOWING PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
Authors: Kamo Kathryn , Blowers Alan , Smith Franzine , Serlemitsos Katerina
Published: April 2024

A genetic transformation system has been developed utilizing Gladiolus suspension cells bombarded with high-velocity DNA coated particles. Transient β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression levels from the uidA gene were measured to assess efficiency of DNA delivery following particle bombardment. We have determined that 1) non-regenerable cells express higher levels of GUS activity than regenerable cells; 2) gold particles are superior to tungsten for DNA delivery; 3) maximum GUS expression occurs in suspension cells bombarded 10-13 days after subculture; and 4) incubation of bombarded cells in osmoticum-containing medium after particle bombardment enhances GUS expression levels. Several gene promoters have been evaluated for their ability to direct GUS expression in Gladiolus and a putative stably-transformed Gladiolus callus has been isolated.
IMPROVED FREQUENCIES OF AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION IN CITRUS
Authors: Alejandra Gutiérrez-E. , Moore Gloria A. , Jacono Colette , Lawrence Susan , McCaffery Michael , Cline Kenneth
Published: April 2024

We have previously developed a protocol for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of internodal stem sections of Citrus seedlings [Moore et al., Plant Cell Rep. (1992) 11:238-242]. However, most studies were done with a single genotype, Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]; putatively transformed, β-glucuronidase positive (GUS+) shoots were obtained infrequently; and, rooting of shoots was problematic. Recent studies have led to the development of an improved protocol for Citrus transformation that is applicable to a range of citrus types. Factors influencing transformation frequencies included plant genotype, Agrobacterium strain used for inoculation, and, especially, vector plasmid used. The effect of wounding the explant tissue by particle bombardment prior to inoculation with Agrobacterium was also evaluated. Rooting frequency of regenerated shoots was found to be influenced by the concentration of benzyladenine in the regeneration medium and was increased through the use of an improved soil mixture.
GENETIC MAPPING OF RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS IN CITRUS
Authors: Cai Oinyin , Guy Charles , Moore Gloria A.
Published: April 2024

Genetic mapping with RAPD markers has been initiated in Citrus. Reproducible polymorphism of amplified DNA fragments has been revealed with approximately half of the 80 random primers thus far tested. Apparent segregating loci revealed with these primers are being analyzed for reproducibility, inheritance, and linkage using 60 BC, progeny from an intergeneric cross of Citrus grandis (L.) Osb. × [C. grandis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. This progeny population has been previously used to map 57 isozyme and RFLP markers [Durham et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. (1992) 84:39]. Thus far 70 RAPD markers have been placed on the map; a current map will be presented. We hope to use a highly populated linkage map to map quantitative trait loci for cold tolerance in this cross between very cold-sensitive C. grandis and extremely cold-hardy P. trifoliata. As a part of this project, we have thus far isolated 6 unique cold acclimation responsive cDNA clones through differential screening of a library constructed from cold acclimated tissue of P. trifoliata. Work is also in progress to place these clones on the linkage map.
USE OF PCR AND RFLP TECHNIQUES TO MAP THE SW-5 LOCUS CONFERRING RESISTANCE TO TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS (TSWV) IN TOMATOES
Authors: Stevens M.R. , Rhoads D.D. , Lamb E.M. , Gegerich R.C. , Morelock T.E.
Published: April 2024

An F2 population of an interspecific hybrid between a homozygous (Sw-5) TSWV resistant Lycopersicon esculentum cultivar and the susceptible L. pennellii LA 716 accession was tested repeatedly for resistance to TSWV. The ratio was three resistant to one susceptible. Previous research with isozymes and phenotypic markes suggested that Sw-5 was not on chromosome one, four, eleven or twelve; and that it was possibly on seven. However, preliminary RFLP analysis using telomeric probes indicated that the resistance gene is found somewhere near TG 623 and CT 101 on chromosome five. Over 450 ten-base random primers have been used on homozygous TSWV resistant and susceptible L. esculentum lines to find RAPD markers to aid in isolating Sw-5. Several polymorphisms have been identified; however, none have been identified to segregate with the Sw-5.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF DINITROANILINE-RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE GOOSEGRASS [ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) GAERTN.j.
Authors: Zeng Linghe , Werth C. R. , Mysore K. S. , Baird Wm. V.
Published: April 2024

Goosegrass biotypes resistant to the dinitroaniline herbicides have recently been identified in many of the cotton growing areas of the southeastern U.S. Knowledge of the molecular basis of this resistance will be critical to understanding the genetics and evolution of this interesting and agronomically important phenotype. Our initial efforts have focused on developing bioassays (e.g., root and pollen tube growth) and identifying genetic markers (using isoenzymes, RFLP's and RAPD's) for these herbicide-response phenotypes. Although 7 of 15 isozyme systems were polymorphic in our study populations, and 63% of the among-population variance could be attributed to population location, none of the variance could be attributed to differences in herbicide response. We have identified 8 RAPD markers that are, at least, population specific. Four of these appear to be herbicide-response specific in our initial evaluations. We have initiated an RFLP analysis using heterologous, ß-tubulin gene probes. The genetic markers will be used to identify hybrid progeny of a cross between inbred lines of resistant and susceptible biotypes, in order to determine the number of genes involved in the expression of resistance to the dinitroanilines.
REDUCTION OF CHILLING INJURY WITH HIGH- AND LOW-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONING
Authors: Wang Chien Y.
Published: April 2024

The severity of chilling injury in zucchini squash stored at 5C than transferred to 20C was reduced with the prestorage treatment of 42C hot water for 30 min. The chilling injury was further reduced when squash were preconditioned at 15C for 2 days after hot water treatment but before the 5C storage. Squash stored at 15C did not develop any symptoms of chilling injury. However, weight loss was most severe in squash stored at 15C. Squash kept at 5C had the least weight loss during the 2-week storage. Weight losses were comparable in squash treated or not treated with hot water. Analysis of polyamines in squash preconditioned with high and low temperatures is in progress. The effect of hot water treatment on the changes of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and its implication in reducing chilling injury will be discussed.
POLLEN VIABILITY AND FRUIT SET OF HEAT-TOLERANT AND SENSITIVE TOMATO GENOTYPES UNDER OPTIMUM AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE REGIMES
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref , Stommel John R.
Published: April 2024

Heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were grown in the greenhouse under optimum and high temperature stress regimes. Levels of heat tolerance in the genotypes were established by determining percent fruit set under the high temperature regime. Under optimum temperature, fruit set in the heat-sensitive genotypes ranged from 41 to 54% and in the heat-tolerant genotypes from 45 to 91%. Under high temperature, no fruit set was observed in the heat-sensitive genotypes whereas, fruit set in the heat-tolerant genotypes ranged from 5 to 64%. In vitro germination and pollen tube growth of pollen taken from genotypes grown under optimum temperature conditions were determined before and after subjecting the pollen to 45C for 1, 2, and 4 hours. Pollen viability of heat tolerant genotypes was less affected by heat treatment than that of most heat sensitive genotypes. The results suggest that environmental factors independent of temperature may also influence pollen viability.
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEXTURE, MOISTURE LEVEL, AND DEPTH OF PLANTING ON ONION FREEZING INJURY.
Authors: Rivera-Figueroa C.H. , Corgan J. , Clason D.
Published: April 2024

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of soil texture, planting depth, and soil moisture level at time freezing on temperature required to kill 50 percent of onion seedlings (LT50). In one experiment onion seedlings were sown at two planting depths and frozen at two soil moisture levels to temperatures of -7, -9, -11, -13, -15, -17, or -19 °C. In other experiments seedlings were grown in two soil textures, planted at two depths, 2 or 4 cm, and frozen to temperatures of -8, -11, -14, - 16, -17, or -20 °C. The LT50, for plants frozen in wet soil was -14.8 °C, while in dry soil the LT50 was significantly (p = 0.008) higher at -11.3 °C. Neither planting depth nor soil texture had a significant effect on LT50. At 4 cm planting depth, seedling emergence was delayed, an plant stands were less than for the 2 cm depth.
HIGH TEMPERATURES DURING DORMANCY INFLUENCED BUDBREAK OF TABLE GRAPES CV. FLAME SEEDLESS.
Authors: Osorio Guadalupe , Siller-Cepeda Jorge , Báez M. , Sanchez A.
Published: April 2024

Table grape production on desert regions present a narrow period of low temperatures during dormancy, with a high oscillation between day and night temperature. Under this situations chilling accumulation and budbreak are influenced on early cultivars. Treatments consisted on continuous (100, 200 and 300) or interrupted chilling hours (CH) at 4°C, with and without 0.1M cyanamide application. The interruptions were at 100 or 200 CH for 2,4 or 6 day at temperatures of 20 or 25°C. High temperatures intervals after 100 CH affected more negatively budbreak on cyanamide treated plants than no treated, regardless of temperature. Budbreak was earlier and higher when chilling was interrupted after 200 CH for 2 days at 20°C or 4 and 6 days at 25°C and no cyanamide was applied. With cyanamide application, 200 CH interruption for 2, 4, or 6 days at 20°C reduced and delayed budbreak. At 25°C, and non cyanamide application, only 2 days interruption after 200 CH affected negatively budbreak, while 4 and 6 days intervals at this temperature stimulated budbreak. When cyanamide was applied on this treatment, no differences were found with respect to continuous CH.
SEASONAL COLD-ACCLIMATION PATTERNS OF `AUTUMN JOY' AND `BRILLIANT' SEDUM
Authors: Iles Jeffery K. , Agnew Nancy Howard
Published: April 2024

Electrolyte leakage and regrowth tests were performed in successive months from September to January to determine cold hardiness of container-grown Sedum spectabile Xtelephium L. `Autumn Joy' and Sedum spectabile Boreau. `Brilliant' plants exposed to natural temperature and photoperiod. Plant crowns were subjected to 0, -3, -6, -9, -12, -15, -18, -21, -24, or -27C in a programmable freezer. Regrowth tests were performed on whole crowns and electrolyte leakage determinations were made on excised tuberous root and crown tissues. Regrowth data indicate both cultivars had killing temperatures of -3C at the September test date, prior to the onset of cold-acclimation. By October, the killing temperature for `Autumn Joy' had dramatically decreased to -12C, with more gradual acclimation occurring thereafter. The killing temperature for `Brilliant' decreased from -3C in October to -18C in November. In this study, maximum hardiness was achieved on the January test date with killing temperatures of -24 and -21C for `Autumn Joy' and `Brilliant', respectively. Correlation coefficients suggest the electrolyte leakage procedure was able to reliably estimate `Autumn Joy' cold hardiness at each test date, but was less accurate for `Brilliant'. Regrowth tests are tedious and qualitative, but remain reliable predictors of plant viability. Electrolyte leakage tests were successful in estimating survival potential of plants exposed to freezing temperatures using either excised crown or tuberous root tissue.
METHANOL PRODUCTION FROM HEAT-STRESSED PEPPER AND CORN LEAF DISKS
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2024

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. `Early Calwonder') and corn (Zea mays L. `Jubilee') leaf disks exposed to high temperature stress produced ethylene, ethane, methanol, acetaldehyde, and ethanol based on comparison of retention times during gas chromatography to authentic standards. Methanol, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were also identified by mass spectroscopy. Corn leaf disks produced lower levels of ethylene, ethane and methanol, but more acetaldehyde and ethanol than pepper. Production of ethane, a by-product of lipid peroxidation, coincided with an increase in electrolyte leakage (EL) in pepper but not in corn. Compared with controls, pepper leaf disks infiltrated with linolenic acid evolved significantly greater amounts of ethane, acetaldehyde and methanol, and similar levels of ethanol. Introduction of linoleic acid did not significantly affect volatile hydrocarbon production in pepper. Electrolyte leakage and volatile hydrocarbon production were not affected by fatty acid infiltration in corn.
EFFECTS OF COMBINING POSTHARVEST CALCIUM AND HEAT TREATMENT ON REDUCING DECAY AND MAINTAINING QUALITY IN APPLES
Authors: Conway William S , Sams Carl E. , Wang Chien Yi , Abbott Judith A.
Published: April 2024

Heat treatment of `Golden Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh) at 38C for 4 days, pressure infiltration with 2 or 4% solutions of CaCl2, or a combination of both with heat following CaCl2 treatment affected both decay and firmness during 6 months storage at 0C. The heat treatment alone reduced decay caused by B. cinerea by about 30%, while heat in combination with a 2% CaCl2 solution reduced decay by about 60%. CaCl2 solutions of 2 or 4% alone reduced decay by 40% and 60%, respectively. Heat treatments, either alone or in combination with CaCl2 treatments, best maintained firmness (80 N), followed by fruit infiltrated with 2 or 4% solutions of CaCl2 alone (70 N) and then the nontreated controls (66 N). Instron Magness-Taylor and Instron Compression Test curves show that heat treated fruit differed qualitatively and quantitatively from nonheated fruit. A combination of heat treatment after CaCl2 infiltration increased surface injury over those fruit heated or infiltrated with CaCl2 solutions alone.
POSTHARVEST RESPONSE OF BLUEBERRIES AFTER LOW-DOSE IRRADIATION
Authors: Miller William R. , McDonald Roy E.
Published: April 2024

Fruit of `Climax' rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were exposed to relatively low energy dosages of gamma or electron irradiation ranging from 0.25 to 3.0 kGy, and evaluated after various storage regimes to determine threshold levels of physiological and physical tolerance of treatment. Dosages above 1.0 kGy seriously affected berry firmness, acceptability of flavor, and texture. Electrolyte leakage, skin color, total soluble solids, acidity, and pH were not affected by dosages from 0.25 to 1.0 kGy. There was no evidence of loss of pectin as dosage increased, but decreased berry firmness indicated loss of structural integrity of the cell wall. Berry weight loss averaged 4.0% after 14 days storage at 1C plus 2 days at 15C and was not affected by dosage. Irradiation of blueberries at 0.75 to 1.0 kGy may be a feasible quarantine treatment for blueberry pests.
LONG TERM EFFECTS WHEN BENZYLADENINE IS USED REPEATEDLY AS A CHEMICAL THINNER ON MCINTOSH APPLES
Authors: Greene Duane W.
Published: April 2024

The long term effects of benzyladenine (BA) were assessed when it was applied as a chemical thinner to the same mature McIntosh trees for four consecutive years 0, 50, or 100 mg·liter-1. NAA at 6 mg·liter-1 was used each year as the standard thinning treatment. BA and NAA thinned comparably in most years. BA frequently increased fruit size more than NAA at comparable crop loads. When BA was applied at temperatures above 30°, spur elongation was noted, and flower bud the following year were smaller. BA reduced seed number in some years. It had no adverse effects on postharvest storage life of treated apples that could not be explained directly by increased fruit size due to thinning. BA appears to be a promising chemical thinner for use on McIntosh apples.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON TISSUE-CULTURED APPLE TREES
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Steffens George L.
Published: April 2024

Tissue-cultured (TC) own-rooted `Gala' and `Triple Red Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, planted at three different spacings (1121, 747 and 561 trees per hectare) and treated with the plant growth regulators alar plus ethrel, paclobutrazol or uniconazole using several application techniques, were evaluated for a total of 9 years in the orchard. Cumulative yields did not differ between TC and budded (on M.7a) controls, although the budded trees had larger yields for the first 2 (`Gala') or 3 (`Triple Red Delicious') years of the 7 seasons in which fruit were harvested; yields from trees treated with alar-ethrel were significantly larger than for budded controls but did not differ from the TC controls. Uniconazole spray applications had an earlier and more consistent effect on fruit yield than any other uniconazole or paclobutrazol treatment, although cumulative yields were not as great as for alar-ethrel treated or TC control trees, but were equal to the budded control trees. The alar-ethrel combination had less effect on tree size control than most of the paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments. Trees of `Gala' bloomed and fruited earlier than those of `Triple Red Delicious' and had significantly higher yields.
THINNING OF “EMPIRE” APPLE WITH BENZYLADENINE
Authors: Emongor V.E. , Proctor J.T.A. , Lougheed E.C. , Murr D.P.
Published: April 2024

In a two-year trial using mature Empire/M.27 apple trees, application of 100 or 200 mg·l-1 benzyladenine (BA) as dilute sprays 16 or 22 days after full bloom (DAFB) thinned to 6 or 5 fruit cm-1 limb circumference. BA reduced fruit set by 50% and proportionately increased trunk cross-sectional area growth. BA increased return bloom, total shoot growth and shoot number cm-1 limb circumference, but decreased mean shoot length. At harvest, fruit from thinned trees were significantly greater in weight, diameter, length and L/D ratio, but fruit colour and harvest maturity was unaffected. Firmness and soluble solids (TSS) of fruit from thinned trees were higher than control at harvest and following storage at 0-0.5°C and 90-95% RH. BA-treated fruit exhibited reduced respiration rate and ethylene production, and exhibited no storage disorders.

Application of 500 or 1000 mg 1-1 BA 4 weeks before harvest to mature Empire and McIntosh/M.27 apple trees was performed to determine if late BA application could reduce the loss of fruit firmness that occurs upon storage, especially in McIntosh. BA-treated fruit of both cultivars, were firmer at harvest and following storage in air for up to 4 months. Fruit TSS were unaffected.
EFFECTS OF REDUCING PESTICIDE RATES ON TRELLISED APPLES
Authors: Crassweller R. M. , Clark T. C. , Travis J. W. , Rajotte E. G.
Published: April 2024

Chemical rates for commercial apple orchards are derived from replicated single-tree spray studies based upon dilute (>3740 l/ha) amounts of carrier to standard trees and are not adjusted to tree size. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a season long pest management program where rates had been reduced to 60% of standard recommended rates on trellised apple trees. The experimental unit consisted of 4 trellised rows of apples planted in 1976. The cultivars in the study were `McInstosh', Golden Delicious, and spur and nonspur `Delicious'. Treatments were full rate (100), 60% of the full rate (60) and a control (0). Disease and insects damage was monitored periodically throughout the season and damage was assessed at harvest on the spur `Delicious' and `Golden Delicious' fruit. During the experiment it was discovered that the orchard used had developed resistance to benomyl resulting in some apple scab present even in the 100 treatment. There was a reduction in the level of scab however in the 60 and the 100 trt compared to the 0 trt. At harvest the major diseases observed in the 0 trt blocks was sooty blotch and flyspeck. Insect damage was minimal. Results from the study suggest that pesticide rates may be reduced by 40% with little impact upon fruit quality.
DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL IN GRAPES WITH METALAXYL
Authors: Abbott J. D.
Published: April 2024

Downy mildew (Plamopara viticola Berk. & Curt.) is a major disease in humid grape-growing areas potentially resulting in major crop loss. Tests were conducted in PA from 1990-1992 in two commercial vineyards to evaluate crop safety and downy mildew control in grapes (vitis sp. L.) with two metalaxyl-containing formulations compared to a standard program and untreated check. Four applications were made at 7-15 day intervals beginning when the shoots were 15-25 cm long using a handgun set to deliver 1870 l ha-1. In 1990, Ridomil MZ58WP (2.2 kg ha-1) applied prebloom followed by Ridomil Copper 70WP (1.1-2.2 kg ha-1) post bloom provided excellent control of downy mildew compared to Nova 40WP + mancozeb 80WP (0.28+3.3 kg ha-1). Twenty-four days after the last application, disease incidence and severity on the leaves was 100 and 67% in the check plants, respectively. The Ridomil-treated plants ranged from 6.7-16.7% and 1.7-10.7% while the Nova+manco-zeb-treated plants had 26.7 and 20% disease incidence and severity, respectively. The untreated check had 63% of its fruit infected compared to <1% in the Ridomil-treated and 6.7% in the Nova+mancozeb-treated plants. In 1991, no disease developed and disease control results in 1992 were similar to those observed in 1990. Little to no crop injury was observed in tests conducted from 1990-1992 on both copper-sensitive and copper-tolerant varieties.
GENOTYPIC VARIATION OF LIPOXYGENASE/LYASE-DERIVED VOLATILE PRODUCTION BY FRAGARIA SPECIES
Authors: McDonald S.S. , Hamilton-Kemp T.R. , Archbold D.D.
Published: April 2024

Products of the lipoxygenase/lyase (LOX) pathway such as hexanal, c-3-hexenal, and t-2-hexenal may promote plant pest resistance. The objective of this study was to screen for differences in LOX products among 5 Fragaria species, two selections from each. Volatiles produced upon freezing/thawing leaf disks were measured by capillary GC using a direct headspace sampling technique. The primary volatiles produced were hexanal, c-3-hexenal, and t-2-hexenal. The total yield of each compound and their relative proportions varied among selections. The highest individual yields for hexanal, c-3-hexenal, and t-2-hexenal were observed in F. vesca, F. virginiana, and F. virginiana glauca, respectively. The greatest variation in relative proportion was with c-3-hexenal which ranged from 35% of the total yield in a selection of F. virginiana to 6% in a selection of F. chiloensis. This same selection of F. chiloensis also had the lowest total yield of c-3-hexenal, approximately 25% of the average yield of this compound. F. xananassa produced intermediate yields of the compounds. t-2-Hexenal typically contributed 40-50% of the total yield of each of the screened selections.
VEGETABLE OIL APPLICATIONS CONTROL SCALE INSECTS ON DORMANT APPLE AND PEACH TREES.
Authors: Pless C.D. , Deyton D.E. , Sams C. E.
Published: April 2024

Twigs from peach trees heavily infested with terrapin scale (Lecanium nigrofasciatum) and from apple trees heavily infested with San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) were collected in January 1993. The twigs (10 replications) received no treatment (control) or dips for 1 second in 2.5 or 5.0% petroleum (dormant) oil (PO), 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5% soybean oil (SO), 5.0% corn oil (CO), 5.0% canola oil (CAO), or 0.6% Latron AG44M emulsifier. All vegetable oil treatments contained 0.6% Latron AG44M. After 2 weeks, mortalities of San Jose scale on apple (“blackcap” stage, 10 per twig) and terrapin scale on peach (mean of 36 scale insects per twig) were visually determined. Approximately 2% of the terrapin scale and 6% of San Jose scale on control twigs were dead at time of evaluation. Twigs treated with 2.5 or 5.0% PO had 76 or 97% mortality of terrapin scale on peach, respectively. Twigs dipped in 5% SO, CO, or CAO had 89%, 88%, and 96% mortality of terrapin scale. On apple, twigs dipped in 5% SO, CO, or CAO had 98, 100, and 100% mortality of San Jose scale, respectively, compared to 94% mortality for the 5.0% PO treatment.
Numerical Coupling Simulation of the Vertical Blowing Suspension Position of Tea Leaves Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics and the Discrete Element Method
Authors: Zhang Xu , Zhu Xinyu , Yu Kai , Wang Rongyang
Published: April 2024

To provide reference for the design of the air-suction tea sorting device, the coupled numerical simulation model was established by the coupling method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) with tea of different quality as test objects, and the model was verified experimentally. Regarding tea particles of different quality, when the test tea particle mass was 0.215, the test value was located in the simulation value with a minimum error of 9 mm, which an error rate of 3.33%, and maximum error of 19 mm, with an error rate of 7.03%. When the test tea particle mass was 0.145, the minimum error of the test value was 5 mm and the error rate was 1.54%, and the maximum error was 9 mm and the error rate was 3.33%. The verification results established the accuracy of the model. During the suspension test and simulation, tea particles were affected by the air flow field of the observation tube, and tea particles fluctuated. During suspension, tea particles were attached to the inner wall of the observation tube under the action of the air flow field. An in-depth study showed that the relationship between the different distances from the initial position of the particles during suspension and the simulation time was a peak function. The extreme function is used to fit the actual trajectory, and the fitting degree is good. The fitting degree of the particle closest to the initial position was 0.9455, and the fitting degree of the particle farthest from the initial position was 0.9981.
Resensi Buku: Ideology: An Introduction
Authors: Simanjuntak Wilda
Published: April 2024

Resensi Buku:
Dalam menelusuri book review ini, penulis menjatuhkan pilihan pada karya Terry Eagleton. Untuk menelusuri pemahaman dan gagasan mengenai ideologi, strategi ideologi dan pendapat para filsuf pada mazhab tertentu. Terry Eagleton, seorang kritikus sastera yang banyak memakai paradigma Marxis dalam karya-karyanya. Sekilas ringkas mengenai ketokohan Eagleton. Ia lahir pada tanggal 22 Februari 1943, menikah dengan Willa Murphy. Ayahnya bernama Francis Paul Eagleton dan ibunya Rosaleen Eagleton. Terry Eagleton adalah seorang Professor sastra Inggris di Universitas Oxford. Terdapat sekitar 40 karya artikel dan buku-buku Eagleton, seperti Criticism and Ideology, Walter Benjamin, The Function of Criticism, Literary Theory: An Introduction, The Ideology of the Aesthetic, and a novel, Saints and Scholars (Eagleton, 1991). Karya Eagleton mengenai Ideology an Introduction ini merupakan pembahasan yang mendasar akan pemahaman dan gagasan ideologi. Setidaknya, kita disuguhkan sebuah gambaran akan idea dan gagasan tentang ideologi serta hal-hal yang mengitarinya.
Flood hazard analysis in Mumbai using geospatial and multi-criteria decision-making techniques
Authors: Solanki Yash Parshottambhai , Kumar Vijendra , Sharma Kul Vaibhav , Deshmukh Arpan , Tiwari Deepak Kumar
Published: April 2024

Flood risk assessment remains a crucial element, particularly within locations highly susceptible to repeated flood occurrences. This study seeks to conduct an elaborate flood risk analysis for Mumbai, India based on an integrated method of geographic information systems and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In this study, land use/land cover, average annual rainfall, elevation, drainage density, normalized difference vegetation index, distance from rivers as well as distance from roads are identified and considered. For this reason, the expert survey utilizes the AHP weights so as to find out the significance of these factors towards flooding danger. Investigations show a flood risk index and a corresponding map for Mumbai, where all areas are divided into risk zones very low to very high. Very high risks are particularly situated along rivers. Such details offer critical knowledge to policymakers who will undertake informed emergency preparedness measures designed to shield Mumbai's citizens and assets. Therefore, this research is considered as one of the modern techniques for flood risk assessment, which can be applied in other flood-affected areas worldwide.
Quantifying the influence of climate change on streamflow of Rietspruit sub-basin, South Africa
Authors: Banda Vincent Dzulani , Dzwairo Rimuka Bloodless , Singh Sudhir Kumar , Kanyerere Thokozani
Published: April 2024

This study integrated climate projections from five global climate models (GCMs) into the soil and water assessment tool to evaluate the potential impact of climate alterations on the Rietspruit River sub-basin under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and 8.5). The model's performance was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2), percent bias (PBIAS), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), probability (P)-factor and correlation coefficient (R)-factor. Calibration results showed an R2 of 0.62, NSE of 0.60, PBIAS of 20, P-factor of 0.86 and R-factor of 0.91, while validation produced an R2 of 0.64, NSE of 0.61, PBIAS of 40, P-factor of 0.85 and R-factor of 1.22. Precipitation is predicted to increase under both RCPs. Maximum temperature is projected to increase under both RCPs, with a major increase in the winter months. Minimum temperatures are projected to decrease under RCP4.5 in the near (−0.99 °C) and mid (−0.23 °C) futures, while the far future is projected to experience an increase of 0.14 °C. Precipitation and temperature changes correspond to increases in streamflow by an average of 53% (RCP4.5) and 47% (RCP8.5). These results indicate a need for an integrated approach in catchment water resource management amid potential climate and land use variations.
O movimento da Escola Nova no contexto histórico do primeiro Governo de Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945)
Authors: Coutinho Priscila Muniz
Published: April 2024

Apresentamos uma análise da Escola Nova no Brasil enquanto movimento político-educacional de um contexto histórico. O trabalho objetiva corroborar para a produção sobre a História da Educação e para o campo de produção da História Cultural segundo a perspectiva de estudos da contracultura, assim destacamos interesses que versões históricas podem conter na produção acadêmica. A partir da análise de fontes documentais e referencial bibliográfico relacionado tratamos da conjuntura política na instituição do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública em 1930; as bases filosóficas e propostas de aplicação da Escola Nova; bem como a conexão e heterogeneidade entre intelectuais do movimento como uma rede interligada de fatores fundamentais para tratar do Grupo Escolanovista brasileiro.
A Systematic Patent Review (2008-2023) for Treatment in Pregnancy
Authors: Pereira Kélle Velasques , Pacheco Camila Oliveira , Alves Izabel Almeida , Haas Sandra Elisa
Published: April 2024

Introduction:

During pregnancy, the woman’s body undergoes anatomical
and physiological changes, making this period susceptible to maternal-fetal diseases and
complications. The consequences of not treating pregnant women include premature
birth, low birth weight fetuses, and postnatal behavior disorders. Developing new therapies
can accelerate the discovery of safe and effective drugs, contributing to designing
novel natural and synthetic products to treat complications the pregnancy.

Objective:

This study aimed to carry out a patent review to identify and explore trends
in innovation and therapeutic strategies for treating pregnant women.

Methods:

The Espacenet and WIPO databases were used, with the inclusion criteria being
the keywords “pregnancy and drug” and code A61k, from 2008 to 2023, and as exclusion
were the access to the patent and focus on human pregnant women.

Results:

After the final screening, 32 patents were selected, with strategies for the treatment
of diseases in pregnant women. Of these, 20 patents are on preclinical studies on
animals and 12 on pregnant women. It was observed that universities lead the ranking of
applications (17/32), and China has the highest number of patents (18/32). Most findings
contain herbal medicines and/or the association of natural extracts with synthetic
drugs.

Conclusion:

From this perspective, new drug administration systems were also developed,
which can be a promising source for obtaining new medicines for the treatment of
pregnant women; however, research is still limited and shows a gap in stimulating the
rapid development of safe drugs that improve the health of pregnant women.
Design and Biological Evaluation of Cephalosporin Based Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) Inhibitors
Authors: Patel Shaan , Jadav Pradip , Bahekar Rajesh , Nagaswamy Kumargurubaran , Viswanathan Kasinath , Vyas Purvi , Giri Poonam , Sachchidanand S. , Jain Mukul
Published: April 2024

Background:

Prevalence of microbial resistance due to Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) enzyme pose a serious threat to human life. MBLs depend on active site zinc for their hydrolytic activity; hence, the investigation of zinc chelators emerged as an attractive strategy for the development of
potent MBL inhibitors.

Methods:

To prove that such chelators selectively target MBLs, in the present investigation, novel
cephalosporins based MBL inhibitors (Cef-MBLi) were designed as a conjugate of cephalosporins
with a potent zinc binder 8-thioquinoline (8-TQ).

Results:

Cef-MBLi showed site specific release of conjugate only in the presence of a Veronaintegron encoded metallo-β-lactamase 2 (VIM-2) bacterial enzyme through hydrolytic cleavage
mechanism. A total of 6 (4a-e and 6f) New Chemical Entities (NCE’s) were prepared, characterized
and subjected for in vitro study.

Conclusion:

Among tested NCE’s, 4c showed potent MBL inhibitory activity against the VIM-2
enzyme.
Fluorometric Determination of Fe3+ Ions using Carbon Dots Prepared from the Extract of Singapore Cherry
Authors: Dhanapalan Sangeetha , Magesh Vasanth , Atchudan Raji , Arya Sandeep , Nallaswamy Deepak , Sundramoorthy Ashok K.
Published: April 2024

Background:

The development of affordable and ecologically acceptable technologies
for heavy metal detection and removal is required due to the rising levels of water and soil
pollution. Carbon Dots (CDs) have emerged as a promising nanomaterial for heavy metal detection
due to their unique properties. In this study, we report a simple and eco-friendly method to
produce CDs using Muntingia calabura fruit extract as a precursor.

Methods:

The hydrothermal method produced a well-defined size, structure, and optical properties
of CDs, which were analyzed by using various characterization techniques, including Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
(EDS), Elemental mapping (E-map), UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier
Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM). Additionally, Zeta potential and DLS analysis were used to
characterize the CDs.

Results:

As-synthesized CDs exhibited strong fluorescence emission, making them suitable for
the selective determination of Fe3+ ions. The detection limit was found to be 3.6 μM for Fe3+
ions, which highlighted the potential application of as-prepared CDs in environmental monitoring.

Conclusion:

The green synthesized CDs from Muntingia calabura fruit extract provided a sustainable
approach for developing efficient nanoprobes for detecting Fe3+ ions in environmental
and biological samples.
Cell-Derived Allograft Models as a Solution to the Obstacles of Preclinical Studies under Limited Resources: A Systematic Review on Experimental Lung Cancer Animal Models
Authors: Mahendra Isa , Kurniawan Ahmad , Febrian Muhamad Basit , Halimah Iim , Rizaludin Asep , Syarif Dani Gustaman
Published: April 2024

Background:

The use of appropriate animal models for cancer studies is a major challenge,
particularly for investigators who lack the resources to maintain and use xenograft animals or
genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM). In addition, several countries intending to incorporate
these models must conduct importation procedures, posing an additional challenge.

Objective:

This review aimed to explore the use of cell-derived allograft or syngeneic models under
limited resources. The results can be used by investigators, specifically from low-middle-income
countries, to contribute to lung cancer eradication.

Methods:

A literature search was carried out on various databases, including PubMed, Web of Science,
and Scopus. In addition, the publication year of the selected articles was set between 2013 and
2023 with different search components (SC), namely lung cancer (SC1), animal models (SC2), and
preclinical studies (SC3).

Results:

This systematic review focused on selecting animals, cells, and methods that could be applied
to generating allograft-type lung cancer animal models from 101 included articles.

Conclusion:

Based on the results, the use of cell-derived allograft models in cancer studies is feasible
and relevant, and it provides valuable insights regarding the conditions with limited resources.
The Avellino Event. Cultural and Demographic Effects of the Great Bronze Age Eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Overview of main project results, publications and valorisation activities
Authors: Attema P.A.J. , Van Leusen P.M. , Alessandri L.
Published: April 2024

Between 2015 and 2019, a team of archaeologists, palaeobotanists and geologists from the Universities of Groningen, Amsterdam and Leiden looked into the distal effects of a powerful eruption of the Somma–Vesuvius volcano in Campania on the former wetlands of the Agro Pontino and Fondi coastal plains in Central Tyrrhenian Italy. These wetlands are located c. 60 km south of Rome and between 90 and 140 km north-west of Mount Vesuvius. The ‘Avellino’ eruption took place during an advanced stage of the Early Bronze Age and was radiocarbon dated around 1900 BCE. This article reports on the results of the research programme “The Avellino Event: Cultural and Demographic Effects of the Great Bronze Age Eruption of Mount Vesuvius”, funded by the Dutch Research Council. The team’s main hypothesis, that people living in the surroundings of Mount Vesuvius in the Early Bronze Age who had time to escape the proximal effects of the eruption – pyroclastic flows and heavy ash falls – fled to the relative safety of nearby coastal areas to build a temporary or permanent new existence, was disproved by field evidence early on. No major environmental and archaeological impacts were evident in the archaeological and environmental record of the study area around the date of the eruption. Nonetheless, the research resulted in a significant increase in geological and palaeobotanical data, which has proved extremely useful for the reconstruction of the longue durée of human–landscape interactions. The Avellino tephra was a most reliable chronological horizon in this reconstruction contributing to the overall objectives of the long-running Pontine Region Project of the University of Groningen. This contribution contains an overview of the main results of the Avellino Event Project, including an overview of scientific publications, valorisation output, and a brief discussion of some remarkable spin-off projects.
Possibilities of virtual exchange for Internationalization at Home: Insights from the Global South
Authors: Finardi Kyria , Aşık Asuman
Published: April 2024

The paper discusses the potential of virtual exchange (VE) to promote the development of Internationalization at Home (IaH) approaches. With that aim, the GAZUFES VE project was undertaken in the COVID-19/post-pandemic scenario between two universities in the Global South: one in Brazil and another one in Turkey. The theoretical framework informing the research is that of VE as a strategy to internationalize higher education and English teacher education. The methodology employed is qualitative, using content analysis to analyze data collected through reflection reports, interviews, journals, and observations produced by the project informants: preservice English teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and international relations office (IRO) staff in the two institutions involved in the GAZUFES project. Results of the analysis suggest that the GAZUFES project made a significant contribution to English Language Teaching (ELT) education and IaH in the contexts researched, not least by raising the awareness at the IRO offices and the two institutions about the potential of VE for IaH approaches. The implementation of the GAZUFES project was a teacher-led innovation in the two institutions involved and more work is required to institutionalize VE projects beyond individual teachers’ efforts. Results are discussed in terms of the challenges and benefits of VE for ELT education in general and IaH in particular through the inclusion of voices and perspectives of different agents in the two institutions (student teachers, researchers, teacher trainers and IRO staff) involved in the GAZUFES project.
Telaah Arsitektur Kubisme pada Bangunan: Analisis pada Perkantoran, Pendidikan, dan Peribadatan
Authors: Anisa Anisa , Fahrezzy Farhan , Faizulhafidz Maulana Sadam , Fakhri Reza M
Published: April 2024

Konsep dalam arsitektur merupakan tataran abstrak yang dapat melatarbelakangi terbentuknya suatu bangunan. Sebuah konsep arsitektur dapat memberi ciri khas pada suatu bangunan. Pada era modern bermacam-macam konsep arsitektur diterapkan pada bangunan, konsep itu berawal dari ide arsitek dan juga sebagai solusi desain. Salah satu konsep yang muncul pada masa modern adalah arsitektur kubisme, yang dicirikan dengan bangunan berbentuk kubus. Pada masa sekarang masih dapat dijumpai bentuk bangunan yang mirip dengan kubisme. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi pentingnya dilakukan penelitian. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan data kombinasi primer dan sekunder sebanyak 9 bangunan sebagai kasus penelitian. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi lapangan, wawancara, dan literatur. Sedangkan analisis kualitatif menggunakan model miles-huberman. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah telaah penerapan arsitektur kubisme pada 9 kasus bangunan dengan tipologi perkantoran, pendidikan, dan peribadatan yang ditunjukkan dengan tiga hal yaitu bentuk massa bangunan, fasad bangunan, dan hubungan ruang-bukaan untuk pencahayaan alami. Bentuk massa bangunan berupa kubus walaupun pada perkembangannya tidak harus semua sisinya persis sama, karena ditunjang dengan fasad yang memiliki kesamaan antar sisi. Kesamaan dapat berupa pola, bentuk, warna, maupun elemen dan material. Sedangkan hubungan ruang di dalam bentuk massa tersebut meminimalisir pembatas sehingga dengan desain bukaan yang tepat dapat meneruskan cahaya masuk ke dalam bangunan.
Return on investment for developing electronic courses at Umm Al-Qura University: A case study
Authors:   Information Science Department, College of Computer and Information Systems, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia, Yamani Hanaa A. , Elsigini Waleed T. ,   Deanship of Information Technology and E-Learning, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia,   Education Technology Department, Education Faculty, Mansoura University, El-Mansours, Egypt
Published: April 2024

This study focuses on using the return-on-investment (ROI) method to assess the effectiveness of e-learning programs and projects at universities. It aims to increase the efficiency of these programs and help identify promising e-learning initiatives for the future. Research indicates that only a small percentage (8%) of educational institutions measure the ROI of their teaching programs. This particular research evaluates the ROI of an e-learning course development project at Umm Al-Qura University, conducted between 2019 and 2021 under the E-Learning and Distance Education Deanship. The methodology of the study involves descriptive analysis. This includes assessing the project's ROI, reviewing related literature, creating research tools, and performing statistical data analysis. The study found that the project had an ROI of 189.9%, meaning it produced nearly double the investment made in it. This indicates financial success, as the benefits of the project surpassed its costs. Moreover, the study highlights several indirect advantages of the project. These include increased satisfaction levels among students and faculty with the e-learning courses and enhanced learning outcomes. The project also aimed to improve the skills of students and faculty in using computers, the internet, and distance communication tools, thereby contributing to the overall institutional work system at Umm Al-Qura University.