bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Open Standard for Camera Trap Data
Authors: Forrester Tavis , O'Brien Tim , Fegraus Eric , Jansen Patrick , Palmer Jonathan , Kays Roland , Ahumada Jorge , Stern Beth , McShea William
Published: December 2016

Camera traps that capture photos of animals are a valuable tool for monitoring biodiversity. The use of camera traps is rapidly increasing and there is an urgent need for standardization to facilitate data management, reporting and data sharing. Here we offer the Camera Trap Metadata Standard as an open data standard for storing and sharing camera trap data, developed by experts from a variety of organizations. The standard captures information necessary to share data between projects and offers a foundation for collecting the more detailed data needed for advanced analysis. The data standard captures information about study design, the type of camera used, and the location and species names for all detections in a standardized way. This information is critical for accurately assessing results from individual camera trapping projects and for combining data from multiple studies for meta-analysis. This data standard is an important step in aligning camera trapping surveys with best practices in data-intensive science. Ecology is moving rapidly into the realm of big data, and central data repositories are becoming a critical tool and are emerging for camera trap data. This data standard will help researchers standardize data terms, align past data to new repositories, and provide a framework for utilizing data across repositories and research projects to advance animal ecology and conservation.
Un groupe Photolangage © : à la croisée des cliniques singulières, groupales et institutionnelles
Authors: Talpin Jean-Marc
Published: December 2016

L’auteur présente le processus d’un groupe Photolangage © sur deux années au sein d’un centre de post-cure pour patients psychotiques présentant des souffrances narcissiques identitaires ou névrotiques graves. L’auteur discute les effets et la dynamique thérapeutique observés, les fantasmes qui structurent le groupe et sa fonction aux niveaux individuel, groupal et institutionnel. En particulier, il montre de quelle manière le groupe occupe une fonction de révélateur de ce qui souvent demeure non pensé, voire non perçu dans l’institution et la clinique.
Fonction médiationnelle d’une cellule psychologique interne : vers la reprise d’un récit interrompu ?
Authors: Antigny Cécile , Katchadourian Francis , Costantino Charlotte
Published: December 2016

Le travail en institution de soin offre un certain confort, celui du travail à plusieurs au regard de l’âpreté de la clinique quotidienne. Mais il confronte aussi parfois les soignants à des situations difficiles qui peuvent nécessiter un accompagnement psychologique ponctuel. Les auteurs présentent dans cet article deux situations cliniques d’intervention d’une cellule psychologique sollicitée suite à des passages à l’acte en institution, pour soutenir les équipes de soin transitoirement en difficulté. Partant d’elles, ils exposent une réflexion à propos des mouvements psychiques institutionnels que traversent les établissements lorsqu’ils rencontrent, au cours de leur histoire, des changements importants touchant à leur identité. Quels sont les enjeux psychiques institutionnels vécus par un établissement lorsqu’il est racheté ? Comment comprendre les agir que manifeste l’institution ? Dans quelle mesure cette cellule psychologique parvient-elle à faire médiation ? Les réflexions des auteurs s’appuient sur différents corpus théoriques à la croisée des prises en charge post-traumatiques, de la psychologie des groupes et de la psychodynamique du travail.
Économie et fonds d’investissement
Authors: Tibi Philippe , Véron François
Published: December 2016

L’Europe peine dramatiquement à développer une économie de l’innovation. Pourtant, tant l’épargne que les talents y sont abondants et mobilisables. Le « chaînon manquant » est plutôt à chercher du côté de la transformation de l’épargne en capital et des facteurs culturels. Plus spécifiquement, c’est parce que manquent les leviers essentiels que sont l’ambition ainsi que des institutions et des pratiques de gouvernance adaptées à la nouvelle économie entrepreneuriale. Cet article explore précisément les éléments nécessaires à l’essor d’une nouvelle économie et le rôle qu’y devraient jouer les fonds d’investissement. Classification JEL : G32, O31.
Quelle place pour les marchés financiers en Europe ?
Authors: Claeys Grégory
Published: December 2016

Un système financier efficient est indispensable au bon fonctionnement de l’économie. Les fonctions essentielles de la finance peuvent être assurées par les banques ou par les marchés. Ces deux modes de financement sont complémentaires, et la composition exacte entre banques et marchés n’est en général pas déterminante. Néanmoins le système financier européen repose de façon excessive sur le secteur bancaire tandis que ses marchés sont sous-développés. Il est nécessaire de le rééquilibrer afin qu’il redevienne favorable à la croissance et à l’emploi. Développer et intégrer les marchés européens permettra d’une part aux entreprises d’avoir accès à des sources de financement diversifiées et adaptées à leurs besoins, et d’autre part un partage des risques entre pays européens afin d’absorber les chocs. L’union des marchés de capitaux est un projet de long terme, mais une série de réformes ambitieuses et une nouvelle architecture institutionnelle pourraient orienter le système financier dans la direction souhaitée. Classification JEL : G10, G18, G20, G28.
Désintermédier : pourquoi, comment et que peut-on en attendre ?
Authors: Levieuge Grégory , Pollin Jean-Paul
Published: December 2016

Nous nous interrogeons sur les causes et les conséquences de la désintermédiation observée depuis quelque temps, notamment depuis la crise, en Europe. D'abord nous présentons l'évolution du financement par crédits et par titres, qui semble pouvoir s'expliquer en grande partie par le contexte conjoncturel particulier que nous connaissons depuis 2008. Ensuite nous analysons les objectifs poursuivis par certaines institutions nationales et européennes qui militent pour une désintermédiation élargie, contre ce qu'elles considèrent comme de la « surbancarisation ». Enfin nous analysons d'un œil critique les effets de la désintermédiation en termes de facilitation d'accès au financement des (petites) entreprises, d'efficacité de la politique monétaire et de stabilité réelle et financière. Classification JEL : E50, G20.
Le marché Euro PP : Une nouvelle source de financement dans un contexte de désintermédiation
Authors: Collet Stéphanie , Peny Caroline
Published: December 2016

Cet article explique le contexte économique dans lequel est né le marché des placements privés en France (Euro PP). Celui-ci se présente comme étant un mode de financement alternatif dans un contexte de désintermédiation, notamment pour les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et les entreprises de taille intermédiaire (ETI). Basé sur l'analyse de placements privés de juillet 2012 à juillet 2015, l'article fait un état des lieux de ce nouveau marché. Le marché Euro PP a vu progresser la part d'émissions de sociétés non cotées et de plus petites tailles, ainsi que l'émergence d'émissions sur des maturités plus longues, afin de pouvoir satisfaire les investisseurs à la recherche de rendement. Les auteurs mettent en avant le fait que l'Euro PP allège les entreprises de nombreuses garanties ( covenants ) et que l'investisseur semble sélectionner ses placements selon les caractéristiques de l'émetteur et sa qualité de crédit, plutôt que selon le contexte économique. Classification JEL : E51, G20, L25.
Do Climate Mitigation Efforts Hurt Trade Performance?
Authors: Combes Jean-Louis , Combes-Motel Pascale , Romuald Kinda Somlanare
Published: December 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à l’effet des politiques climatiques sur le commerce bilatéral de pays développés et en développement. L’analyse est conduite en deux étapes. Tout d’abord, un indicateur de politique climatique est construit. Celui-ci mesure l’effort que font les pays en matière de réduction des émissions de CO2. Cet effort est calculé comme la différence entre les émissions de CO2 observées et les émissions « structurelles ». Les émissions structurelles sont celles qui sont prédites par une équation de convergence des émissions de CO2 issue du modèle de Solow vert. Ensuite, l’indicateur d’effort est introduit dans un modèle de gravité estimé sur un échantillon de pays en développement et de pays développés sur la période 1980 – 2010. Les résultats montrent que les différences ou les similitudes dans les politiques climatiques mesurées comme la différence entre les efforts de réduction des émissions de CO2, n’ont pas d’effet sur le commerce bilatéral. Autrement dit, nos résultats ne corroborent pas l’idée selon laquelle les différences dans les politiques climatiques engendrent un avantage comparatif. Ces résultats sont robustes à l’utilisation de différents estimateurs et ne sont pas influencés par la nature des biens.
Le leurre du « violone » dans The Concert de Sir Peter Lely : les sources intimes de l’harmonie
Authors: Berget Claire
Published: December 2016

The Concert, tableau de Peter Lely (fin de la décennie 1640), offre la vision bucolique d’un concert dans une clairière, où un violiste et un flûtiste semblent jouer pour un groupe de quatre femmes, placées devant un élégant écran de tentures de velours. Si la présence saillante de la basse de violon suggère que le tableau représente un concert, le spectateur attentif détecte néanmoins que l’harmonie du tableau ne passe pas par l’élément musical, mais par une construction spatio-temporelle complexe. Les incohérences que l’on pourrait attribuer à la licence poétique – décor hésitant entre nature et espace intérieur, postures et costumes variés des femmes, absence de connivence entre les personnages – dévoilent à contre-jour, dans un esprit du plus pur baroque, que les apparences sont trompeuses. La musique, par l’entremise de cette basse aux contours féminins que caresse le personnage masculin, est ainsi le révélateur de l’émotion trouble du violiste dans toute sa théâtralité.
Dire le temps, dire le changement
Authors: Carcassonne Marie , Servel Laurence
Published: December 2016

Comment parle-t-on aujourd’hui de son temps de travail dans les organisations en mouvement ? La mise en mots de ce temps permet-elle de donner du sens à son activité, comme l’entend Schütz, en envisageant la rétrospection et la prospection du point de vue d’une temporalité chronologique ? À la lumière des apports des théories narratives ayant insisté sur cette temporalité chronologique, mais aussi des apports des théories phénoménologiques ayant insisté sur la temporalité affective, nous analysons des extraits d’entretiens où des acteurs de l’entreprise contemporaine évoquent leur temps de travail sur un mode très affectif, avec une difficulté à se projeter dans l’avenir ou à relire le passé. Si les unités discursives renvoyant à une temporalité narrative affective ne sont pas répertoriables a priori, nous proposons cependant en conclusion une synthèse des différents aspects repérés dans les extraits. La façon de dire le thème des changements permanents qui touchent aujourd’hui l’entreprise nous interpelle finalement en ce qu’elle n’apparaît pas propre à une catégorie spécifique de personnel mais se repère à de multiples niveaux de responsabilités dans l’organisation. Le contexte de changement permanent de l’univers productif français influencerait ainsi les mises en récit, lesquelles sont de moins en moins marquées par des scansions clairement repérables mais soumises à une temporalité plus cyclique, vécue et dite sur un mode affectif, au sens phénoménologique du terme.
Exposer un maitre ancien
Authors: Ughetto Pascal
Published: December 2016

À première vue, dans une exposition de maîtres anciens, des conservateurs offrent à un public de remonter le temps, avec l’aide de médiateurs chargés de rendre accessibles le savoir et la familiarité des conservateurs avec les artistes et leur époque. Cependant, ces acteurs s’appuient sur des représentations et des pratiques plurielles qui ne tiennent ensemble que parce qu’elles ne sont pas complètement explicitées ni défendues. À partir de l’exposition Fouquet, peintre et enlumineur du XVe siècle, l’article aborde l’exposition et le temps lui-même comme des « objets-frontières » autour desquels un conservateur, des médiateurs et des publics se rencontrent. L’exposition illustre une conception et une pratique professionnelle de l’histoire de l’art qui impliquent de reconstituer scientifiquement un passé dont la connaissance a été perdue. Reconstituer les temporalités des œuvres est ce qui préoccupe le conservateur. Mais ce n’est pas forcément précisément ce que viendra chercher le public ni ce sur quoi portera le travail du médiateur, plus soucieux de faire la médiation vers une histoire « autour » de l’œuvre, par exemple celle des modes de vie.
Divergent Functions of TLR2 on Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Konowich Jill , Gopalakrishnan Archana , Dietzold Jillian , Verma Sheetal , Bhatt Kamlesh , Rafi Wasiulla , Salgame Padmini
Published: December 2016

We have reported that TLR2 is crucial for host resistance against chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; however, which cell types are key players in this response remain unknown. This led us to decipher the relative contribution of TLR2 on nonhematopoietic and hematopoietic cells in resistance against chronic M. tuberculosis infection in mice infected with M. tuberculosis Erdman. Consistent with our previous report, at 8 wk of infection, TLR2 knockout (TLR2KO)→TLR2KO bone marrow chimeric mice exhibited increased bacterial burden, disorganized accumulation of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells, and extensive pulmonary immunopathology compared with wild-type (WT)→WT chimeric mice. Bacterial burden and pulmonary immunopathology of chimeric mice lacking TLR2 in the hematopoietic compartment (TLR2KO→WT) was comparable to TLR2KO mice. In contrast, chimeric mice deficient in TLR2 in the nonhematopoietic compartment (WT→TLR2KO) exhibited a marked attenuation in granulomatous inflammation compared with WT mice. Although the latter mice did not exhibit improved pulmonary bacterial control, significant reductions in bacterial burden in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were observed. These findings establish that the TLR2-mediated hematopoietic response promotes stable control of pulmonary bacterial burden and granuloma integrity, whereas TLR2 signaling on nonhematopoietic cells may partly facilitate granulomatous inflammation and bacterial dissemination.
Visible gold content and lithology of till from overburden drillholes, Beardmore-Geraldton area, District of Thunder Bay, northern Ontario
Authors: Thorleifson L H , Kristjansson F J
Published: December 2016

A Canada-Ontario Mineral Development Agreement program of glacial geological research is presently underway in the Beardmore-Geraldton area of northern Ontario. This study is meant to test the usefulness of and provide guidelines for till sampling as a mineral
exploration method. Elsewhere, it has been shown that analysis of the geochemistry, mineralogy and visible gold content of till samples can lead to the recognition of mineralized bedrock which acted as the source of glacially dispersed debris.
In the vicinity of and northeast of Beardmore, samples from the uppermost metre of thin, discontinuous till contain numerous fine gold grains. This is a preliminary indication that surface till sampling is likely to be an effective exploration tool in this area.
In the Wildgoose Lake-Geraldton area, however, thick till contains abundant Paleozoic limestone and Proterozoic metasediments, derived from the Hudson Bay Lowland 150 km to the northeast, which dilute and/or bury locally derived debris. In order to determine the stratigraphy and composition of this
thick till fourteen rotasonic overburden boreholes were drilled by the Geological Survey of Canada, in cooperation with the Ontario Geological Survey, during September, 1987.
The first analytical results of this drilling program, visible gold grain counts, are presented here. More detailed geochemical, lithological and mineralogical data will be presented in future publications. Included will be analysis for gold which may reside in a fraction which would be overlooked
in visible gold analysis, such as gold in sulphides or extremely fine grained gold. Other elements, which may serve as indicators of gold mineralization, are also being studied.
The Paleozoic carbonate (limestone) rich upper till which is present throughout the area and which is responsible for the great till thicknesses encountered in the study contains isolated single gold grains which are probably unrelated to local mineralization.
Low gold grain counts, accompanied by very abundant sulphides, were obtained from the lower till in two holes located in Colter Township, between Turkey and Scroll Lakes.
A high gold grain count and numerous sulphides were obtained in a lower till unit at a site located in central Lindsley Township. This hole was located on Highway 11 at a pipeline access road 0.3 km east of the Wildgoose Beach road. Neither the distance nor the direction of glacial dispersal for
this till unit is known. Ice flow indicators such as striations and drumlins imply southwestward or south-southwestward dispersal. The possibility that this till is associated with an older west-southwestward ice flow should not, however, be discounted.
Correlation between central obesity and blood pressure in an adult Nigerian population
Authors: Onuoha Franklin M. , Ebirim Canice C. , Ajonuma Benneth C. , Alabi Nkechi T. , Eseigbe Patricia , Okezue Odinakachukwu S.
Published: December 2016

Background: Obesity has been recognised as a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of central obesity [using waist–hip ratio (WHR) as an indicator] and the correlation between central obesity and blood pressure (BP) in adults seen in a Nigerian tertiary health facility.Materials and methods: The study was a cross-sectional design carried out between February and November 2015 at the General Outpatient Clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. A total of 482 consenting adults aged 16–40 years formed the study population. Consecutive sampling was used in the recruitment of subjects, whereas data were collected by the use of an interviewer-administered questionnaire.Results: The mean age of the study population was 25.37 ± 5.49, whereas the mean WHR for men and women was 0.83 ± 0.04 and 0.82 ± 0.05, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity in the study population was 39.4% (n = 190). Female respondents had a higher prevalence (59.2%) than male respondents (8.5%), and the relationship between central obesity and sex was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between WHR and BP (diastolic BP: r = 0.122, p = 0.008; systolic BP: r = 0.015, p = 0.742) in both sexes. Obese respondents were observed to be more likely to develop hypertension than the non-obese respondents.Conclusion: This study showed a correlation between central obesity and BP in adults aged 16–40 years.
Retraction notice to: ‘Literacy lessons learnt from parents after attending a seven-week Home-School Partnership Programme’, South African Journal of Childhood Education 6(1), a291
Authors: Publishing AOSIS
Published: December 2016

Reason: The article ‘Literacy lessons learnt from parents after attending a seven-week Home School Partnership Programme' (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i1.291)’ published on 30 June 2016 in the South African Journal of Childhood Education has been retracted by agreement between the authors (Dawn Cozett and Janet Condy) and the journal’s Editor-in-Chief Elizabeth Henning because of duplicate publication. The initial article was published on 21 June 2016 in the South African Journal of Childhood Education (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v6i1.364). Duplicate publication was not the authors’ intention, but a mistake of the publisher. We deeply regret this mistake and apologise for any inconvenience to the authors and readers of the South African Journal of Childhood Education.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Health-Care Workers About Viral Hepatitis B and C in South Kivu
Authors: Shindano Tony Akilimali , Bahizire Esto , Fiasse René , Horsmans Yves
Published: December 2016

Health-care workers (HCWs) are at risk of infections associated with accidental exposure to blood, including viral hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV). A survey using a questionnaire was conducted on 250 HCW in Bukavu, an eastern town of the Democratic Republic of Congo, to analyze their attitude and knowledge about these two viruses. A response rate of 86.8% (217/250) was obtained. The mean age of the respondents was 39.6 ± 9.8 years, in majority from paramedical staff (66.4%) and with more than 5 years of professional experience (60.8%). The mean proportion of adequate answers on HBV and HCV was 33.2% (±11%) and 30.6% (±7%), respectively. Ninety-three HCW (42.8%) reported recent experience of blood exposure accident, more frequently among the paramedical staff (50%) than physicians (28.8%; P = 0.002). This was mainly related to inadequate protection resources (76.9%). Among all participants, only 24.4% had a history of at least one injection of HBV vaccine; this was more frequently found among physicians than among paramedical staff (49.3% versus 11.8%; P < 0.001). Moreover, only 3.8% of vaccinated HCW received the complete vaccination schedule of three vaccine doses. The efficiency of this vaccine is not well recognized by HCW, and the majority of them seemed to be more worried about the risk of infection by human immunodeficiency virus than by viral hepatitis. Our study reveals that the level of knowledge about HBV and HCV is rather low among HCW in Bukavu.
Tetanus Immunity Gaps in Children 5–14 Years and Men ≥ 15 Years of Age Revealed by Integrated Disease Serosurveillance in Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique
Authors: Scobie Heather M. , Patel Minal , Martin Diana , Mkocha Harran , Njenga Sammy M. , Odiere Maurice R. , Pelletreau Sonia , Priest Jeffrey W. , Thompson Ricardo , Won Kimberly Y. , Lammie Patrick J.
Published: December 2016

Recent tetanus cases associated with male circumcision in Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) prompted an examination of tetanus immunity by age and sex using multiplex serologic data from community surveys in three ESA countries during 2012–2013. Tetanus seroprotection was lower among children 5–14 years versus 1–4 years of age in Kenya (66% versus 90%) and Tanzania (66% versus 89%), but not in Mozambique (91% versus 88%), where children receive two booster doses in school. Among males ≥ 15 years of age, tetanus seroprotection was lower than females in Kenya (45% versus 96%), Tanzania (28% versus 94%), and Mozambique (64% versus 90%). Tetanus immunity from infant vaccination doses wanes over time, and only women of reproductive age routinely receive booster doses. To prevent immunity gaps in older children, adolescents, and adult men, a life-course vaccination strategy is needed to provide the three recommended tetanus booster doses.
Prevalence and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis sp. in Healthy Individuals in the Tunis Area, Tunisia
Authors: Ben Abda Imène , Maatoug Nabil , Ben Romdhane Rania , Bouhelmi Nada , Zallegua Najet , Aoun Karim , Viscogliosi Eric , Bouratbine Aïda
Published: December 2016

Blastocystis sp. is currently the most common eukaryotic parasite found in humans. Despite its potential public health impact, epidemiological data regarding its prevalence and molecular subtype (ST) distribution in Maghreb are rarely reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the parasite in a cohort of healthy food handler Tunisian individuals and to acquire the first molecular data regarding the distribution of Blastocystis sp. STs in this country. Therefore, 524 fecal samples were collected, and 68 of them (13%) were identified as positive for the parasite by direct-light microscopy of smears. Seventeen samples of 100 negative by microscopy were also shown to be positive by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Among all the positive samples, 61 Blastocystis isolates were subtyped using partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene analysis. ST3 was the most abundant (51%) followed by ST1 (30%), ST2 (16%), and ST4 and ST7 (both 1.6%).
Blood Transfusion Delay and Outcome in County Hospitals in Kenya
Authors: Thomas Julius , Ayieko Philip , Ogero Morris , Gachau Susan , Makone Boniface , Nyachiro Wycliffe , Mbevi George , Chepkirui Mercy , Malla Lucas , Oliwa Jacquie , Irimu Grace , English Mike
Published: December 2016

Severe anemia is a leading indication for blood transfusion and a major cause of hospital admission and mortality in African children. Failure to initiate blood transfusion rapidly enough contributes to anemia deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. This article examines delays in accessing blood and outcomes in transfused children in Kenyan hospitals. Children admitted with nonsurgical conditions in 10 Kenyan county hospitals participating in the Clinical Information Network who had blood transfusion ordered from September 2013 to March 2016 were studied. The delay in blood transfusion was calculated from the date when blood transfusion was prescribed to date of actual transfusion. Five percent (2,875/53,174) of admissions had blood transfusion ordered. Approximately half (45%, 1,295/2,875) of children who had blood transfusion ordered at admission had a documented hemoglobin < 5 g/dl and 36% (2,232/6,198) of all children admitted with a diagnosis of anemia were reported to have hemoglobin < 5 g/dL. Of all the ordered transfusions, 82% were administered and documented in clinical records, and three-quarters of these (75%, 1,760/2,352) were given on the same day as ordered but these proportions varied from 71% to 100% across the 10 hospitals. Children who had a transfusion ordered but did not receive the prescribed transfusion had a mortality of 20%, compared with 12% among those transfused. Malaria-associated anemia remains the leading indication for blood transfusion in acute childhood illness admissions. Delays in transfusion are common and associated with poor outcomes. Variance in delay across hospitals may be a useful indicator of health system performance.
Seasonal cycle of desertic aerosols in West Africa: Analysis of the
Coastal transition with passive and active sensors
Authors: Senghor Habib , Machu Éric , Hourdin Frédéric , Gaye Amadou Thierno
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The impact of desertic aerosols on climate, atmospheric processes and the environment is still debated in the scientific community. The extent of their influence remains to be determined and particularly requires a better understanding of the variability of their distribution. In this work, we studied the variability of these aerosols in West Africa using different types of satellite observations. SeaWiFS and OMI data have been used to characterize the spatial distribution of mineral aerosols from their optical and physical properties over the period 2005–2010. In particular, we focused on the variability of the transition between the West African continent and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Data provided by the Lidar scrolling CALIOP onboard the satellite CALIPSO (Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) for the period 2007–2013 were then used to assess the seasonal variability of the vertical distribution of desertic aerosols. We first obtained a good representation of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) by satellites (SeaWiFS and OMI, respectively) in comparison with AERONET estimates, both above the continent and the ocean. Dust occurrence frequency is higher in spring and boreal summer. In spring, the highest occurrences are located between the surface and 3 km above sea level, while in summer the highest occurrences are between 2 and 5 km altitude. The vertical distribution given by CALIOP also highlights an abrupt change at the coast from spring to fall with a layer of desertic aerosols confined in an atmospheric layer uplifted from the surface of the ocean. This uplift of the aerosol layer above the ocean contrasts with the winter season during which mineral aerosols are confined in the atmospheric boundary layer. Radiosondes at Dakar Weather Station (17.5° W, 14.74° N) provide basic thermodynamic variables which partially give causal relationship between the layering of the atmospheric circulation over West Africa and their aerosol contents throughout the year. A SSA increase is observed in winter and spring at the transition between the continent and the ocean. The analysis of mean NCEP winds at 925 hPa between 2000 and 2012 suggest a significant contribution of coastal sand sources from Mauritania in winter which would increase SSA over the ocean.
Politische Ökologie: nicht-deterministische, globale und materielle Dimensionen von Natur/Gesellschaft-Verhältnissen
Authors: Bauriedl Sybille
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Political ecology is a research field comprising studies with a critical perspective on human/nature-relations – critical in both a political and an epistemological sense. Fundamental questions of political ecology, here, are related to just and equal access to resources, their contribution and control, and to the regimes of regulation. The article specifies the empirical and epistemological approaches within political ecology in the last decades. It does not tell a linear history or a single story, because political ecology emerges out of a continuous process of mutual inspirations of academic debates and activist practices. The research strands in political ecology operate with different ideas on how to conceptionalize nature: as social product, technonature, hybrid, or as actant. These conceptualisations are related to different approaches of neo-Marxist and post-structural epistemology. This article discusses the present debate of political ecology in two steps. After introducing a broader perspective of what critique means in political ecology, it gives an account of the various approaches for analysis of both, geographies and materialities of uneven development. The early studies of political ecology explain human/nature-relations as socially produced, related to a Marxist understanding of historical materialism. In recent debates of political ecology, this approach was confronted with a new materialist thinking of more fluid interrelations between nature and non-nature; it also addresses postcolonial studies' claim to decentralize the perspectives on history and geography in order to understand new forms of connectivity of nature and culture.
Politische Ökologie und Politics of Scale – Vermittlungszusammenhänge zwischen Raum, Natur und Gesellschaft
Authors: Brad Alina
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Political ecology approaches examine how the relation between society and nature has historically and geographically evolved through material and discursive practices. This grounds a perspective which explore the social production of nature as a physical foundation of society. This article develops a conceptual framework to integrate the dimension of scale into political ecology. This allows political ecology approaches to understand social processes and the transformation of nature in the context of the production of scale. Against the background of palm oil production in Indonesia this article argues that combing political ecology and scale enhances our understanding of the way in which access to and control over natural resources change over time.
Water Food Energy Nexus: Changing Scenarios in India during recent Decades
Authors: Barik Beas , Ghosh Subimal , Sahana A. Saheer , Pathak Amey , Sekhar Muddu
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Meeting the growing water and food demands in a densely populated country like India is a major challenge, requiring extensive investigations into the changing patterns of the checks and balances behind the maintenance of food security at the expense of depleting groundwater, along with high energy consumption. Here we present a comprehensive set of analyses which assess the present status of the water-food-energy nexus in India, along with its changing pattern, in the last few decades. We find that with the growth of population and consequent increase in the food demands, the food production has also increased and this has been made possible with the intensification of irrigation. However, during the recent decade (after 1996), the increase in food production has not been sufficient to meet its growing demands precipitating a decline in the per-capita food availability. We also find a statistically significant declining trend of ground water storage in India during the last decade, as derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite datasets. Regional studies reveal contrasting trends between Northern and West-Central India. North-Western India and the Middle Ganga Basin shows a decrease in the groundwater storage as opposed to an increasing storage over West-Central India. Comparison with well-data reveals that the highest consistency of GRACE derived storage data with available well measurements, are in the Middle-Ganga basin. After analysing the data for the last two decades, we further showcase that after a drought, the groundwater storage drops but is unable to recover to its original condition even after good monsoon years. The groundwater storage reveals a very strong negative correlation with the electricity consumption for agricultural usage, which may also be considered as a proxy for groundwater pumped for irrigation in a region. The electricity usage for agricultural purposes has an increasing trend and interestingly, it does not have any correlation with the monsoon rainfall as computed with the original or de-trended variables. This reveals an important finding that the irrigation has been intensified irrespective of rainfall. This also resulted in a decreasing correlation between the food production and monsoon rainfall revealing the increasing dependency of agricultural activities on irrigation. We conclude that irrigation has now become essential for agriculture to meet the food demand; however, it should be judiciously regulated and controlled, based on the water availability from monsoon rainfall, specifically after the drought years, as it is essential to recover from the deficits suffered previously.
River predisposition to ice jams: a simplified geospatial model
Authors: De Munck Stéphane , Gauthier Yves , Bernier Monique , Chokmani Karem , Légaré Serge
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The goal of this work was to develop a simplified geospatial model to estimate the predisposition of any river channel to ice jams. Rather than predicting river ice break up, the main question here was to predict where the broken up ice is susceptible to jam based on the river’s geomorphological characteristics. Thus, six parameters referred to potential causes for ice jams in the literature were selected: presence of an island, narrowing of the channel, high sinuosity, presence of a bridge, confluence of rivers, and slope break. A GIS-based tool has been used to generate the aforementioned factors over regular-spaced segments along the entire channel using available geospatial data. An "Ice Jam Predisposition Index" (IJPI) was calculated by combining the weighted optimal factors. Three Canadian rivers (Province of Quebec) have been chosen as test sites. The resulting maps were assessed from historical observations and local knowledge. Results show 77 % of the observed ice jam sites on record occurred in river sections that the model considered as having high or medium predisposition. This leaves 23 % of false negative errors (missed occurrence). Between 7 % and 11 % of the highly "predisposed" river sections did not have an ice jam on record (false-positive errors). Potential improvements are discussed.
Value Relevance (VR), Earnings Management and Corporate Governance System
Authors: Dowlatabadi Reza , Filsaraei Mahdi
Published: December 2016

Today, to make investment decisions, investors analyze the stock in the stock market and an information source used by them isthe financial report of the related firms. In some cases, the report may be prepared in accordance with management policies, which is known as an earnings management.Earnings management will affect intelligence value and consequently have negative impact. Due to these issues, in this study, the relationship between VRof earnings, earnings management and corporate governance is discussed. Using a sample of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the regression model, the results showed that the ownership of institutional investors has reduced the earnings management, but compared to major shareholders and company's audit by the National Audit Office, it has increased earnings management.The results also show that there is no significant relationship between management and the stock price as an indicator of measuring the VR of earnings.
EFL Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Dictionary Use and Preferences
Authors: Alhaisoni Eid
Published: December 2016

The present study provides insights into the perception of EFL teachers (Native and Non-native) and students of dictionary use. Participants were 99 (56 NS and 43 NNS) EFL teachers and 3993 (1815 male and 2178 female) students and were invited to respond to a questionnaires. 40 students participated in a follow-up interview. The results indicate that students overwhelmingly prefer bilingual dictionary to another type of dictionaries. Moreover, the students reported using online dictionaries and Google translator significantly more than print dictionaries. The study also revealed that meaning was reported to be the most lexical information sought by the subjects of the current study. Furthermore, the findings showed that most of the students refer to their dictionaries for word meaning and spelling but pay little attention to other aspects such as pronunciation, illustrated examples, and collocations. The findings revealed that EFL teachers held different perceptions on the role of the dictionary in their learning and teaching experiences. The results of the study suggest that the EFL teachers should incorporate ongoing training about dictionary use in the teaching-learning process and make the students aware of the extensive vocabulary input available in the standard dictionaries. Exposure to the parts of speech and collocation in dictionary entries can be useful for improving productive language abilities.
Marginal contrasts and the Contrastivist Hypothesis
Authors: Hall Daniel Currie , Hall Kathleen Currie
Published: December 2016

The Contrastivist Hypothesis (CH; Hall 2007; Dresher 2009) holds that the only features that can be phonologically active in any language are those that serve to distinguish phonemes, which presupposes that phonemic status is categorical. Many researchers, however, demonstrate the existence of gradient relations. For instance, Hall (2009) quantifies these using the information-theoretic measure of entropy (unpredictability of distribution) and shows that a pair of sounds may have an entropy between 0 (totally predictable) and 1 (totally unpredictable).We argue that the existence of such intermediate degrees of contrastiveness does not make the CH untenable, but rather offers insight into contrastive hierarchies. The existence of a continuum does not preclude categorical distinctions: a categorical line can be drawn between zero entropy (entirely predictable, and thus by the CH phonologically inactive) and non-zero entropy (at least partially contrastive, and thus potentially phonologically active). But this does not mean that intermediate degrees of surface contrastiveness are entirely irrelevant to the CH; rather, we argue, they can shed light on how deeply ingrained a phonemic distinction is in the phonological system. As an example, we provide a case study from Pulaar [ATR] harmony, which has previously been claimed to be problematic for the CH. This article is part of the special collection: Marginal ContrastsNote: Correspondence can be addressed equally to Daniel Currie Hall (daniel.hall@utoronto.ca), Kathleen Currie Hall (kathleen.hall@ubc.ca).
A região do Contestado, a fome e a pobreza como permanência da guerra
Authors: Ludka Vanessa Maria
Published: December 2016

A noção que se tem corretamente do que seja fome é uma noção bem incompleta, como já dizia Josué de Castro. O tema da fome é bastante vasto e complexo. Seus aspectos são vários, embora os fundamentos e origens do fenômeno conduzam a uma conclusão lógica, a de que a fome é um problema social.  Dentro deste escopo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender a fome e a pobreza existentes na Região do Contestado, buscando avaliar se a mesma é uma herança da Guerra do Contestado ou uma questão social, política, econômica e cultural que permanece ao longo do tempo. Para formar e designar como Região do Contestado a área de estudo, optou-se por estudar duas associações de municípios que compõem as microrregiões catarinenses: a AMPLANORTE e AMARP – a estas duas, se dá, o nome de Região do Contestado, por serem mais do que representativas no contexto das análises desta pesquisa. Percebe-se que a persistência da fome e da pobreza, não está liga à escassez ou à dificuldade física de acesso ao alimento, mas, sim, ao baixo poder aquisitivo de boa parcela da população que por conta disso, não possui renda suficiente para que possam alimentar-se de forma adequada.
Manoel Correia Defreitas na literatura sobre o Contestado
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: December 2016

Manoel Correia Defreitas (1851-1932) foi deputado federal pelo Paraná nas legislaturas de 1909 a 1914. Durante o ano de 1914 visitou os redutos de Taquaruçu e Caraguatá na tentativa de convencer os moradores desses redutos a se dispersarem e evitar o ataque das forças oficiais. Essa visita ficou conhecida como CAMPANHA HUMANITÁRIA na imprensa curitibana e MISSÃO REPUBLICANA DE PAZ na literatura em geral. Correia Defreitas foi acompanhado de Antonio da Rocha Tico (fazendeiro gaúcho estabelecido em Jaguaraíva e que era representante do jornal Diário da Tarde de Curitiba). Poucas são as informações específicas sobre essa campanha, assim sendo o trabalho faz uma revisão bibliográfica de como foi analisada a participação de Defreitas na Guerra do Contestado.
Coronelismo, Guerra Civil Federalista e Contestado: Breve Análise das Relações Políticas no Paraná
Authors: Souza Cassio Alexandre de
Published: December 2016

Coronelismo, Guerra Civil Federalista e Contestado: Breve Análise das Relações Políticas no Paraná
CASTELLO, José. Vinícius de Moraes: o poeta da paixão, uma biografia. 2º edição. SP: Cia das Letras, 1994. 456 p.
Authors: Vanali Ana Crhistina
Published: December 2016

CASTELLO, José. Vinícius de Moraes: o poeta da paixão, uma biografia. 2º edição. SP: Cia das Letras, 1994. 456 p.
Staphylococcal Biofilms and Immune Polarization During Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Gries Casey M. , Kielian Tammy
Published: December 2016

Staphylococcal species are a leading cause of community- and nosocomial-acquired infections, where the placement of foreign materials increases infection risk. Indwelling medical devices and prosthetic implants are targets for staphylococcal cell adherence and biofilm formation. Biofilm products actively suppress proinflammatory microbicidal responses, as evident by macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype and the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. With the rise in prosthetic hip and knee arthroplasty procedures, together with the recalcitrance of biofilm infections to antibiotic therapy, it is imperative to better understand the mechanism of crosstalk between biofilm-associated bacteria and host immune cells. This review describes the current understanding of how staphylococcal biofilms evade immune-mediated clearance to establish persistent infections. The findings described herein may facilitate the identification of novel treatments for these devastating biofilm-mediated infections.
Patient-reported Outcome Measurement for Patients With Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lyman Stephen , Yin Kaitlyn L.
Published: December 2016

Total knee arthroplasty is a large contributor to Medicare costs. In an effort to lower costs and improve outcomes, the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services has implemented the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement model, which incentivizes surgeons to submit both general health and joint-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). However, in addition to using PROMs for reporting purposes, surgeons should also consider incorporating PROMs into clinical practice. Currently, PROMs are not widely implemented in the clinical setting despite their value in measuring factors such as patients' expectations and mental state, which impact outcomes. Furthermore, as technology improves, PROM collection will become faster and more efficient. The information collected by PROMs can inform treatment decisions and facilitate communication between the surgeon and the patient.
Minimally Processed Jackfruit: Opportunity for the Foodservice Industry
Authors: Ramli Rafidah A. , Azmi Azila , Johari Noorsa R. , Noor Syuhirdy M.
Published: December 2016

Jackfruit is found in abundance in Malaysia. However the use of jackfruit as fresh dessert or in fruit platter has not been fully utilized in the foodservice industry due to the short shelf life of fresh jackfruit. The aim of this paper is to compare two simple calcium-infusion methods in ripe jackfruit pulps. Calcium is infused into the jackfruit pulps through immersion and vacuum-infusion techniques. The addition of calcium into the jackfruit enhanced the firmness and textural integrity of the fruit, thus prolonging the shelf life to 10 days. The minimally processed jackfruit exhibit fresh-like quality and longer shelf stability. It provides a variation in the fruits offered in foodservice establishment.
EXTENDED CLARKE TRANSFORMATION FOR n-PHASE SYSTEMS
Authors: JANASZEK Michał
Published: December 2016

The article describes how to convert space vectors written in a stationary multiphase system, consisting of a number of phases where n > 3, to the stationary alfa beta orthogonal coordinate system. The transformation of vectors from a stationary n-phase system to the stationary alfa beta orthogonal coordinate system is defined The inverse transformation
of a vector written in the orthogonal coordinate system to a stationary n-phase system is also defined. The application of the extended Clarke transformation allows control calculations to be performed in both stationary alfa beta or rotating dq orthogonal coordinate systems. This gives the possibility of performing different control strategies. It has a practical application for drive systems with five-phase, six-phase or dual three-phase motors.
ISSUES INVOLVED IN USING THE DIRECT METHOD FOR MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL STEEL SHEETS – REVIEW
Authors: GAWORSKA-KONIAREK Dominika , BAJOREK Jerzy , WILCZYŃSKI Wiesław
Published: December 2016

The paper presents, based on a review of relevant literature, the existing problems of magnetic field strength measurements of electrical steel sheets by means of the indirect and direct methods. It also describes some attempts to solve these problems. The magnetic field strength sensors most widely used for testing electrical steel sheets are also discussed.