bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dismantling airway disease with the use of new pulmonary function indices
Authors: Zimmermann Sabine C. , Tonga Katrina O. , Thamrin Cindy
Published: March 2019

We are currently limited in our abilities to diagnose, monitor disease status and manage chronic airway disease like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Conventional lung function measures often poorly reflect patient symptoms or are insensitive to changes, particularly in the small airways where disease may originate or manifest. Novel pulmonary function tests are becoming available which help us better characterise and understand chronic airway disease, and their translation and adoption from the research arena would potentially enable individualised patient care.

In this article, we aim to describe two emerging lung function tests yielding novel pulmonary function indices, the forced oscillation technique (FOT) and multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBNW). With a particular focus on asthma and COPD, this article demonstrates how chronic airway disease mechanisms have been dismantled with the use of the FOT and MBNW. We describe their ability to assess detailed pulmonary mechanics for diagnostic and management purposes including response to bronchodilation and other treatments, relationship with symptoms, evaluation of acute exacerbations and recovery, and telemonitoring. The current limitations of both tests, as well as open questions/directions for further research, are also discussed.
Predicting enhancers in mammalian genomes using supervised hidden Markov models
Authors: Zehnder Tobias , Benner Philipp , Vingron Martin
Published: March 2019

Background

Eukaryotic gene regulation is a complex process comprising the dynamic interaction of enhancers and promoters in order to activate gene expression. In recent years, research in regulatory genomics has contributed to a better understanding of the characteristics of promoter elements and for most sequenced model organism genomes there exist comprehensive and reliable promoter annotations. For enhancers, however, a reliable description of their characteristics and location has so far proven to be elusive. With the development of high-throughput methods such as ChIP-seq, large amounts of data about epigenetic conditions have become available, and many existing methods use the information on chromatin accessibility or histone modifications to train classifiers in order to segment the genome into functional groups such as enhancers and promoters. However, these methods often do not consider prior biological knowledge about enhancers such as their diverse lengths or molecular structure.

Results

We developedenhancer HMM(eHMM), a supervised hidden Markov model designed to learn the molecular structure of promoters and enhancers. Both consist of a central stretch of accessible DNA flanked by nucleosomes with distinct histone modification patterns. We evaluated the performance of eHMM within and across cell types and developmental stages and found that eHMM successfully predicts enhancers with high precision and recall comparable to state-of-the-art methods, and consistently outperforms those in terms of accuracy and resolution.

Conclusions

eHMM predicts active enhancers based on data from chromatin accessibility assays and a minimal set of histone modification ChIP-seq experiments. In comparison to other ’black box’ methods its parameters are easy to interpret. eHMM can be used as a stand-alone tool for enhancer prediction without the need for additional training or a tuning of parameters. The high spatial precision of enhancer predictions gives valuable targets for potential knockout experiments or downstream analyses such as motif search.
Recent trends from the results of clinical trials on gastric cancer surgery
Authors: Kiyokawa Takashi , Fukagawa Takeo
Published: March 2019

The Japan Clinical Oncology Group has recently conducted large scale clinical trials with findings that have revealed pivotal strategies for the treatment of resectable gastric cancer surgery. These findings include the fact that D3 lymphadenectomy does not improve survival rates when compared to D2 lymphadenectomy, and it is not recommended for resectable gastric cancer. Also, a transhiatal approach is recommended, instead of the left thoraco‐abdominal approach, for the treatment of adenocarcinoma of the esophago‐gastric junction or gastric cardia which has invaded ≤ 3 cm of the esophagus. Gastrectomy with splenectomy and bursectomy had been recommended as a part of the D2 lymphadenectomy. However, the results of the recent clinical trials revealed that splenectomy should be avoided in total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for proximal gastric cancer and that bursectomy should be avoided in gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer. Both splenectomy and bursectomy were found to be unable to improve survival, but instead increased operative morbidity. These trials revealed that the above‐mentioned invasive and aggressive procedures did not provide sufficient survival benefits and that gastric cancer surgery may be trending from an “invasive to less invasive” and “aggressive to more conservative” approach.
Spherical multifocusing method for irregular topography
Authors: Chang Dingyue , Zhang Cai , Hu Tianyue , Wang Dan
Published: March 2019

Moveout correction for irregular topography has been a longstanding challenge in processing seismic exploration data. Irregular topography usually results in large moveout among traces, a low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), and difficulty in modeling near-surface velocities. Conventional normal moveout (NMO) corrections and elevation static methods are imprecise and tend to introduce significant errors for large offsets. Over the past two decades, several multiparameter time corrections and stacking techniques to reduce noise and improve resolution have been proposed in place of the classic NMO and common-midpoint stack. These include the common-reflection-surface (CRS), common-offset CRS, nonhyperbolic CRS, implicit CRS, multifocusing (MF), irregular surface MF (IS-MF), spherical MF (SMF), and common-offset MF methods. Various CRS-type operators that consider the top-surface topography have been proposed. For MF-type operators, only IS-MF can be applied directly to the irregular topography with no elevation statics required. In this study, we have developed a new MF formulation, modifying the SMF method to consider nonzero elevations of sources and receivers and we corrected moveout of nonplanar data directly without prior elevation static corrections. The proposed extension combines the sensitivity to spherical reflectors of SMF with the applicability of the IS-MF method to irregular topography. We investigated the behavior of the new operator using a physical model data set and compared the results with those from the conventional IS-MF method. The results revealed that the new operator is more robust over a wide range of source and receiver elevations and has advantages on strongly curved interfaces. We also confirmed the potential of the proposed approach by comparing stacking results for a real-land data set with a low S/N.
Predictors of Nephrolithiasis, Osteoporosis, and Mortality in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Reid Laura J , Muthukrishnan Bala , Patel Dilip , Seckl Jonathan R , Gibb Fraser W
Published: March 2019

Context

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has a prevalence of 0.86% and is associated with increased risk of nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis. PHPT may also be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality.

Objective

To identify risk factors for nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and mortality in PHPT.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Patients

Presented with PHPT between 2006 and 2014 (n = 611).

Main Outcome Measure

Assessment of nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and mortality.

Results

Of patients with PHPT, 13.9% had nephrolithiasis. Most had previously documented stone disease, and only 4.7% of asymptomatic patients who were screened for renal stones had calculi identified, not very dissimilar to the rate in the non-PHPT population. Younger age (P < 0.001) and male sex (P = 0.003) were the only independent predictors of nephrolithiasis. Of patients with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data, 48.4% had osteoporosis (223/461). Older age (P < 0.001), lower body mass index (P = 0.002), and lower creatinine (P = 0.006) were independently associated with a diagnosis of osteoporosis. Higher PTH was independently associated with lower z score at the hip (P = 0.009); otherwise, calcium and PTH were not associated with lower z scores. Mortality in PHPT was associated with older age (P < 0.008), social deprivation (P = 0.028), and adjusted calcium (P = 0.009) but not independently with PTH at diagnosis.

Conclusions

Screening for nephrolithiasis has a low yield, particularly in lower risk patients. Osteoporosis is only minimally associated with biochemical indices of PHPT. Mortality is associated with higher calcium (and possibly vitamin D deficiency) but not PTH.
Evaluation of Job Stress and Burnout Among Anesthesiologists Working in Academic Institutions in 2 Major Cities in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Fauzia A. , Shamim Mubashir H. , Ali Liaqat , Taqi Arshad
Published: March 2019

Work stress is an integral part of anesthetic practice and has been a subject of many studies. Persistent stress can lead to burnout. There is limited published literature from lower- and middle-income countries where job stressors may be different from high-income countries. The aim of this study was to find out the level of burnout in a cohort of anesthesiologists working in academic institutions in 2 major cities of Pakistan, a low middle income country. We conducted an anonymous survey based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory scale with 3 major components: emotional exhaustion; depersonalization; and burnout in personal achievement. The demographic and other work-related details were collected in a standardized manner. Our response rate was 74.5%. Seventy-seven percent of the participants were residents and 23% consultants. Gender distribution was 66.9% males and 33.1% females. Thirty-nine percent (95% CI, 34.8%–44.1%) showed moderate- to high-level emotional exhaustion, 68.4% (95% CI, 63.9%–72.7%) showed a moderate to high level of depersonalization, and 50.3% (95% CI, 45.6%–55.07%) showed a moderate to high level of burnout in personal achievements. On multivariable analysis, anesthesia not being the primary career choice was significantly associated with all 3-dimensional scales for the whole cohort. Factors significantly associated with emotional exhaustion were Lahore as city of work, >2 nights on call per week, and >40 h/wk work inside the operating room. Depersonalization burnout was again associated with Lahore as city of work, >40 h/wk work inside the operating room, and personal achievement burnout with >2 on-call nights per week. No association was observed for gender, marital status, or having children. In conclusion, a high rate of burnout was identified in anesthesiologists working in 2 major cities in Pakistan. Some new associated factors such as initial choice of specialty and city of work were highlighted. Based on these findings, preventive and coping strategies need to be introduced at institutional and national levels.
Assessing Long-term Neurodevelopmental Outcome Following General Anesthesia in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Walkden Graham J. , Pickering Anthony E. , Gill Hannah
Published: March 2019

Neurodegeneration has been reported in young animals after exposure to all commonly used general anesthetic agents. The brain may be particularly vulnerable to anesthetic toxicity during peak synaptogenesis (in gestation and infancy). Human studies of long-term neurodevelopmental outcome following general anesthesia in early childhood report contradictory findings. This review assesses the strengths and deficiencies in human research methodologies to inform future studies. We identified 76 studies, published between 1990 and 2017, of long-term neurodevelopmental outcome following early childhood or in utero general anesthesia exposure: 49 retrospective, 9 ambidirectional, 17 prospective cohort studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial. Forty-nine studies were explicitly concerned with anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. Full texts were appraised for methodological challenges and possible solutions. Major challenges identified included delineating effects of anesthesia from surgery, defining the timing and duration of exposure, selection of a surgical cohort and intervention, addressing multiple confounding life course factors, detecting modest neurotoxic effects with small sample sizes (median, 131 children; interquartile range, 50–372), selection of sensitive neurodevelopmental outcomes at appropriate ages for different developmental domains, insufficient length of follow-up (median age, 6 years; interquartile range, 2–12 years), and sample attrition. We discuss potential solutions to these challenges. Further adequately powered, multicenter, prospective randomized controlled trials of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in children are required. However, we believe that the inherent methodological challenges of studying anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity necessitate the parallel use of well-designed observational cohort studies.
Neuroinflammation and Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Subramaniyan Saraswathi , Terrando Niccolò
Published: March 2019

Neuroinflammation has become a key hallmark of neurological complications including perioperative pathologies such as postoperative delirium and longer-lasting postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Dysregulated inflammation and neuronal injury are emerging from clinical studies as key features of perioperative neurocognitive disorders. These findings are paralleled by a growing body of preclinical investigations aimed at better understanding how surgery and anesthesia affect the central nervous system and possibly contribute to cognitive decline. Herein, we review the role of postoperative neuroinflammation and underlying mechanisms in immune-to-brain signaling after peripheral surgery.
International Environmental Law for the 21st Century: The Constitutionalization of the Right to a Healthy Environment in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights Advisory Opinion No. 23
Authors: Feria-Tinta Mónica , Milnes Simon C.
Published: March 2019

This article analyses the recent Advisory Opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on Environment and Human Rights and argues that it constitutes a milestone effectively reorientating international environmental law.   The article is divided as follows.  First, it analyses the most salient aspects of the Advisory Opinion inter alia (1) The right to a healthy environment as binding law and; (2) The Advisory Opinion as a landmark in the gradual development of international jurisprudence on cross-border (or “diagonal”) human rights obligations (i.e. the possibility for human rights claims to be brought by individuals not under the territorial jurisdiction of the State whose international responsibility for environmental harm is invoked).  Second, it contextualizes the Advisory Opinion by discussing what we consider to be four key vectors currently affecting the trajectory of the ongoing development of international environmental law and how the advances made in the Advisory Opinion fit with those developments.  Third, it places the Advisory Opinion in the wider context of developments moving towards a needed reorientation in international environmental law, in particular: integration (or de-fragmentation) of international law, the operationalization of environmental principles into working-level legal norms, and a focus on practical remedies.   It is argued that as the world experiences the pressure for more effective environmental law and accountability, some of the most sophisticated and innovative thinking on international environmental law today, is emanating from countries in the Southern hemisphere, as attested to by the Advisory Opinion.
Who Benefits When Prescription Drug Manufacturers Offer Copay Coupons?
Authors: King Gregory J. , Chao Xiuli , Duenyas Izak
Published: March 2019

The rising cost of prescription drugs is a concern in the United States. To manage drug costs, insurance companies induce patients to choose less-expensive medications by making them pay higher copayments for more-expensive drugs, especially when multiple drug options are available to treat a condition. However, drug manufacturers have responded by offering copay coupons—coupons intended to be used by those already with prescription drug coverage. Recent empirical work has shown that such coupons significantly increase insurer costs without much benefit to patients, who incur lower out-of-pocket expenses with coupons but may eventually see higher costs passed to them. As a result, there is pressure from the insurance industry and consumer advocacy groups to ban copay coupons. In this paper we analyze how copay coupons affect patients, insurance companies, and drug manufacturers, while addressing the question of whether insurance companies would in fact always benefit from a copay coupon ban. We find that copay coupons tend to benefit drug manufacturers with large profit margins relative to other manufacturers, while generally, but not always, benefiting patients; insurer costs tend to increase with coupons from high-price drug manufacturers and decrease with coupons from low-price manufacturers. Although often helping drug manufacturers and increasing insurer costs, we also identify situations in which copay coupons benefit both patients and insurers. Thus, a blanket ban on copay coupons would not necessarily benefit insurance companies. In addition to the policy implications of our work, we make concrete managerial recommendations to insurers. We discuss how they should set formulary selection policies taking into account the fact that drug manufacturers may offer coupons; and we suggest how they can benefit from subsidizing coupons from drug manufacturers with low-price drugs, or from having drug manufacturers compete on price, to receive a favorable formulary position (i.e., copay).

This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.
Simultaneous Optimization of Speed and Buffer Times with an Application to Liner Shipping
Authors: Mulder Judith , van Jaarsveld Willem , Dekker Rommert
Published: March 2019

Transport companies often have a published timetable. To maintain timetable reliability despite delays, companies include buffer times during timetable development and adjust the traveling speed during timetable execution. We develop an approach that integrates timetable development and execution. We model execution of the timetable as a stochastic dynamic program (SDP). An SDP is a natural framework to model random events causing (additional) delay, propagation of delays, and real-time optimal speed adjustments. However, SDPs alone cannot incorporate the buffer allocation during timetable development, as buffer allocation requires choosing the same action in different states of the SDP. Motivated by the practical need for timetables that operate well during timetable execution, our model seeks the buffer allocation that yields the SDP that has minimal long-run average costs. We derive several analytical insights into the model. We prove that costs are joint convex in the buffer times, and we develop theory to compute subgradients. Our fast and exact algorithm for buffer time allocation is based on these results. Our case study considers container vessels sailing a round tour consisting of 14 ports based on Maersk data. The algorithm finds the optimal timetable in roughly 70 seconds for realistic problem instances. The optimal timetable yields cost reductions of about four to 10 million U.S. dollars per route per year in comparison with the current timetable. Finally, we show the robustness of our solution approach for different parameter settings using a sensitivity analysis.

The online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0842 .
Poor form?
Authors: Cheung Ronny
Published: March 2019

Dr Ronny Cheung, author of International Comparisons of Health and Wellbeing, talks to Meredith Jones Russell about the UK's health outcomes for babies and young children
At the museum
Authors: MacRae Christina
Published: March 2019

Museum visits with parents as ‘co-researchers’ brought about meaningful connections with two-year-olds, explain Dr Christina MacRae and members of the Martenscroft Nursery School and Children's Centre research collective
Schools urged to give teachers more flexible working options
Authors: Parr Chris
Published: March 2019

Education secretary also reveals plan to let non-teachers ‘have a go’ in the classroom to see if teaching is the right career for them
Coaching or mentoring?
Authors: Dabell John
Published: March 2019

Would you make a good mentor or coach? With these approaches forming a core part of professional development and support in schools, John Dabell looks at what makes for effective practice
Building positive student relationships
Authors: Sherwood Caroline
Published: March 2019

Building positive student relationships can have an above average impact on outcomes. But it is not always straight-forward. Having moved to a new school, Caroline Sherwood discusses how she has begun to build those crucial relationships
Handling exam stress
Authors: Knightsmith Pooky
Published: March 2019

Exam season is on the horizon and we must help students to handle the pressure if they are to excel. Dr Pooky Knightsmith offers some practical ideas for reducing stress and anxiety in the run up to exams
FORMS OF REJUVENATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION POLITICAL AND STATE ELITE IN THE 2000S
Authors: Шарапов Алексей Владимирович
Published: March 2019

We studied the effect of events for the recruitment of young people into the federal elite held by the state authorities and the United Russia party over the past 15 years.  The article presents advantages and disadvantages of staff projects: "Political Plant", "Youth Primaries" and "Leaders of Russia".  As a result of these projects implementation, the concept of “youth” has become essentially blurred.  The degree of youth involvement in these projects has increased.  But there was no significant influx of young personnel to leading managerial positions through these measures, which reveals an underestimation of the young people’s role in the social and political development of the country by the current elite.  Each new project started before the beginning of the next federal election.
FORMATION OF THE PERSONALITY OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIAL AND ITS MOTIVATION TO THE PROFESSION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPETENCE-BASED APPROACH INTO THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS: ON THE MATERIALS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Шинкевич Владимир Ефимович , Карлова Полина Владимировна
Published: March 2019

The article considers the value of a competency building approach in the context of educational arrangements in educational organizations of internal affairs bodies. The idea to increase attention to police training as professionals is justified; attention is drawn to the need to develop acme potential of future police officers from the very first days of their vocational training. The author analyzes the results of a social research aimed at studying the subjective acmeological attitudes of students at an educational organization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the main acmeological factors contributing to the development of a student's personality, the formation of professional competence while in an educational institution of law enforcement bodies.
SOCIAL SECURITY OF A RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE (ON THE MATERIALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE KRASNOYARSK REGION)
Authors: Немировский Валентин Геннадьевич , Кареева Анна Петровна
Published: March 2019

The objectives of the research presented in the article are the study of the Institute of security and its institutional form «social security» at various levels of society and the analysis of the representations of employees of one of the Russian modern industrial enterprises of the existing social security. The qualitative analysis of documentary sources allowed to carry out the social and historical analysis of social risks and social reserves of work of Mining and chemical plant in a binding to historical periods of its development (in the period from 1950 to 2012 were used). Content analysis revealed the views of the leadership of the MCC on the existing social security of the plant. A mass questionnaire survey helped to analyze the views of employees regarding the existing social security of the Mining and chemical plant. The study was conducted twice-in 2013, in 2017. The study proved that during its existence, the MCC, faced with social risks, minimized them with the help of existing social security in the enterprise. The historical periods of its development were divided into stable and transitional types of society. A comparative analysis of the views of the management of the plant and employees regarding the existing social security at the MCC revealed significant differences between them. 

Keywords: security, institutional approach, risky society, social security, stableand transitional type of society, social security effectiveness.
ETHNIC DIASPORAS: ADAPTIVE AND INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL IN CROSS-BORDER REGIONS OF RUSSIA
Authors: Черепанова Мария Ивановна , Горбунова Анастасия Андреевна
Published: March 2019

The social significance of scientific studies of ethnic communities is conditioned by the increase of diasporas becoming a common stationary phenomenon in most countries of the world. The scientific discourse of the problem is aimed at analyzing the integral and conflict-causing aspects of the activities of modern diasporas, which will be determined by the specificity of the historical, socio-economic situation, region of residence, features of interethnic policy, etc. The goal of the article was to analyze evaluations of representatives of diasporas in six regions of the Russian borderland about success of adaptation and integration of migrants in the host community. The set of indicators included attitudes towards migrant children in educational institutions, opinions about the restriction or stimulation of migration in the regions, attitudes towards illegal migrants, the problem of national enclaves. The presented results are based on a systems approach, the theory of interdependence in the world development, the essence of which is the formation of the transnational structure of the world community. Conclusions about the adaptive and integration potential of regional diasporas are made, differential assessments on a number of socially significant issues thatdetermine the scientific field of the phenomenon of transit migration in the border areas of the Russian Federation under study are presented. The scientific novelty of the proposed results consists in the study of the role of ethnic communities, in comparison with the local population of the recipient countries, which can be used in forecasting the effectiveness of integration processes and providing the scientific basis for regulating the risk of interethnic conflicts. The practical significance consists in the possibility of optimizing the activities of diasporas for effective social management in the field of migration policy.
THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ELDERLY RUSSIANS
Authors: Козлова Татьяна Захаровна
Published: March 2019

The article is based on the materials of a sociological study and analyzes the quality of life the elderly, i.e. people over 60. It considers their satisfaction with the important aspects of their lives: financial stability, health, nutrition, etc.
The implementation of IFRS in Indonesian Islamic accounting
Authors: Arwani Agus
Published: March 2019

This research examines the IFRS Â implementation in Indonesian Islamic accounting. It employs a literature review method to systematically explain the accounting theory, the Islamic Financial Accounting Standards, and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Â  This study concludes that there is a conflict between the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and some Islamic principles which has not been yet resolved. The Islamic accounting is also facing some complex issues related to the convergence of International Financial Reporting Standards in Indonesia due to incorrect implementation of IFRS in some countries related to the translation problems from English to local languages. The biggest problem in implementing IFRS convergence for business is dealing with the expenses spent for the development of knowledge, supports and trainings for consultants
Réformes fiscales et organisations internationales
Authors: Angel Alejandro
Published: March 2019

Alors qu’il relève traditionnellement des prérogatives des États nationaux, le domaine fiscal ne fut pas épargné par la mondialisation. Les processus décisionnels et les choix des instruments techniques en matière de fiscalité sont perméables aux influences d’acteurs internationaux, en particulier de certaines organisations internationales. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons au cas de la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA) et au rôle du Fonds monétaire international (FMI) dans la diffusion planétaire de cet instrument fiscal apparu pour la première fois dans la France d’après-guerre. Nous avançons que cette institution participa à la création d’un modèle standardisé de la TVA pour la rendre plus facilement exportable et transposable à d’autres contextes. Plus précisément, nous détaillons les trois mécanismes – certification, décontextualisation et cadrage – propres au processus de standardisation. Nous montrons d’abord que le FMI s’imposa comme un acteur légitime en matière de réforme fiscale. Nous mettons ensuite en évidence la façon dont cette organisation fit de la TVA un élément incontournable tantôt des réformes d’ajustements structurels proposées aux pays du Sud, tantôt des programmes d’accompagnement vers l’économie de marché suggérés aux pays de l’ancien bloc communiste. En définitive, loin de révéler des tensions entre un FMI potentiellement trop interventionniste et des décideurs nationaux possiblement réticents à toute ingérence supranationale en matière fiscale, notre recherche met au contraire en lumière la collaboration continue entre ces deux niveaux d’acteurs politiques.
Le « national » et l’« international » dans les sciences sociales
Authors: Houle Vincent , Maillet Solène , Martin Guillemette , Saunier Pierre-Yves
Published: March 2019

M. Pierre-Yves Saunier est professeur agrégé au département des sciences historiques de l'Université Laval à Québec. Cet entretien a été réalisé par Vincent Houle, doctorant en histoire en cotutelle entre l'Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (SIRICE) et l'Université de Montréal, Solène Maillet, doctorante en histoire à l’Université de Montréal et à l’Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (Inalco, Paris), et Guillemette Martin, titulaire d'un Doctorat en Histoire contemporaine obtenu en 2013 à l’IHEAL (Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amérique Latine- Université Paris III Sorbonne Nouvelle) et enseignante et chercheuse dans le Département d’Histoire de la Universidad Iberoamericana à Mexico.
Introduction
Authors: Frieden Marie-Cécile , Graber Nils , M’zoughi Meriem
Published: March 2019

« Maladies chroniques » et « Suds » sont des termes rarement associés mais qui constituent le cœur des réflexions menées au sein de ce numéro thématique. Si la catégorie de maladie chronique connaît un essor aux États-Unis puis en Europe occidentale au cours du XXe siècle, elle n’est que faiblement mobilisée dans le champ de la santé mondiale. Renvoyant à la « victoire » de la médecine occidentale sur les maladies infectieuses, l’expansion des maladies chroniques est perçue comme la conséquence de l’industrialisation et des progrès socioéconomiques. Une abondante littérature en sciences sociales, notamment en sociologie, s’est développée au « Nord » à partir des années 1970 pour aborder la trajectoire des patients atteints de maladies au long cours. Leur prise en charge requiert de multiples formes d’adaptations des comportements individuels et des dispositifs institutionnels, ce qui tranche avec le modèle thérapeutique des maladies aigües – diagnostic, traitement, guérison.
D’un service à un autre
Authors: Guindo Abdoulaye
Published: March 2019

Cet article s’intéresse au parcours de soin de l’enfant atteint de cancer dans le système de santé du Mali. La prise en charge de cette maladie implique, en plus du pédiatre oncologue, différents spécialistes (chirurgiens pédiatres, anatomopathologistes, radiologues) et sites hospitaliers. Il s’agit ici de mettre à jour les formes de collaboration entre ces différents acteurs autour des soins. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique, ce travail jette les bases d’une réflexion plus large sur l’organisation des soins en oncologie pédiatrique au Mali. L’étude a permis d’éclairer le parcours de soin de l’enfant atteint de cancer en mettant en évidence les facteurs déterminants de la collaboration. Elle a montré que la prise en charge des cancers de l’enfant est révélatrice des enjeux socioéconomiques, professionnels et géopolitiques.
Possession et ensorcellement comme « maladies chroniques »
Authors: Cherak Fatima Zohra
Published: March 2019

La rouqya, visible depuis les années 1990 en Algérie et en Égypte, se présente comme une pratique thérapeutique islamique. Ses acteurs, les malades et leurs familles, s’interrogent sur la maladie et le malheur qui perdurent. Leur itinéraire thérapeutique s’appuie sur la biomédecine et d’autres soins non conventionnels où la maladie « naturelle » côtoie les entités surnaturelles également tenues responsables de la souffrance. Les symptômes sont interprétés, évalués, pris en charge dans un processus de quête de guérison durant des mois, voire des années. La rouqya inscrit la souffrance dans la logique d’une agression extérieure par les djinns et les jeteurs de sort. Bien que Dieu soit reconnu comme acteur suprême, l’étiologie de la possession et de la sorcellerie est privilégiée pour expliquer une certaine chronicité de la maladie et la permanence ou le renouvellement du malheur, d’où l’intérêt de l’engagement thérapeutique dans un modèle exorcistique tel que la rouqya.
Conclusion
Authors: Gobatto Isabelle
Published: March 2019

Les articles qui structurent ce numéro dédié aux maladies chroniques aux Suds offrent différents angles de compréhension des multiples réalités que recouvre une même catégorie générique : la maladie chronique, lorsque celle-ci est interrogée à partir du quotidien des individus qui y sont confrontés. Les contributions s’attachent à documenter comment diverses pathologies au caractère chronique s’inscrivent dans des parcours de vie et/ou de travail pour y produire l’ordinaire de chacun face à un problème de santé qui affecte le corps de manière récurrente. C’est là un point fort de ce numéro car une perspective s’impose : il s’avère évident que ce n’est pas la même expérience de vivre avec une maladie chronique d’une part, de la prendre en charge dans la durée d’autre part, dans un pays des Suds ou des Nords. Les corpus ethnographiques sont ancrés dans l’observation de situations de travail et de pratiques de soin, de relations entre soignants et soignés permettant le dévoilement de vécus de malades et de leur famille tout en exposant ce que chacun dit et déchiffre de sa situation, s’agissant de sa pratique professionnelle, des difficultés rencontrées pour faire face aux soins, des accommodements mis en place pour contourner moult contraintes, parfois pour les intégrer à des savoir-faire pratiques.
La « précarité » au prisme de l’exclusion
Authors: Ritz Mahaut
Published: March 2019

Cet article interroge le concept de précarité problématisé à travers le paradigme de l’intégration/exclusion et son potentiel critique. Née dans les années 1980, cette lecture se développe en miroir de la forte hausse du chômage et de l’émergence d’une nouvelle pauvreté, dont on commence à prendre conscience. Elle dépasse désormais la préoccupation des années 1970 concentrée sur l’essor des formes précaires d’emploi. Les sciences sociales développent particulièrement cette grille de lecture relative à l’intégration et à l’exclusion sociales, devenue aujourd’hui l’horizon d’entente général que l’on a de la précarité. En s’appuyant sur des travaux sociogénétiques, cet article questionne le concept de précarité lui-même, en tant que concept capable de saisir une réalité (concept diagnostique) tout comme de catégoriser le monde social (concept idéologique). Il s’intéresse aux présupposés théoriques et aux effets politiques et pratiques de cette lecture qui fait des « précaires », des « exclus », ou des individus en voie d’exclusion.
The strike has become social
Authors: Pirone Maurilio
Published: March 2019

The article aims first of all to retrace the evolution of some paths of social mobilization around precariousness in Italy. The basic assumption is that such condition cannot be reduced to a sociological or economic category, but rather constitutes a ground for trade union organisation and political claims. I will articulate this analysis into two historically distinct moments on the basis of the ways in which precariousness has been described and opposed. Compared to a first moment in which the rise and narration of new working subjects took the centre of the stage, it seems possible to identify a second kind of mobilisations in which – while maintaining an alternation between specific disputes and general movements – the issue of precariousness spilled over and involved bio-political aspects as social reproduction and self-determination. Therefore, the forms of protest are also transformed: in the final part of the article I will try to clarify the main features of the social strike experiments that have occurred in Italy in recent years.
Re-situer la précarité en temps de crise
Authors: Zechner Manuela , Gérardin Isabelle , Mazières-Vaysse Adrien , Tasset Cyprien
Published: March 2019

Ce texte, traduit pour ce dossier, inscrit la précarité au cœur d’une réflexion sur la faillite de l’autonomie présumée du sujet néolibéral. À travers l’expérience de la crise économique de l’Espagne après 2008, l’auteure décrit l’ébranlement de l’idéologie des classes moyennes, fondées sur un mirage de liberté, sur une autonomie fictive vis-à-vis des structures sociales. Elle défend le développement d’interdépendances et de codépendances, modes de vie bien connus des populations subalternes, et montre que le déclassement violent produit par la crise de 2008 aura peut-être eu l’intérêt d’affaiblir un mythe qui voit l’indépendance comme la norme et la dépendance comme l’exception. L’auteure défend ainsi une compréhension de la précarité en termes de reproduction sociale plutôt que de proposition dans les seuls rapports de production à laquelle l’ont en partie cantonnée certaines approches.
Overview on a grounded précarité
Authors: McRobbie Angela , Mazières-Vaysse Adrien , Mensitieri Giulia , Tasset Cyprien
Published: March 2019

In this interview with Angela McRobbie, the author, who is a specialist in creative labor, traces the path which led her to contribute introduce into cultural studies the elaborations – notably from France and Italy – of the notion of precariousness. This scientific and epistemological trajectory shows the importance of the international circulation of the notion of precariousness, but also the limits of notions that claim to be inclusive and may actually be situated. The author thus points to the trend, particularly in operaist approaches, of underestimating both the prominence and the lifespan of precariousness in the marginalized sectors of the labor market occupied for a long time by female and male migrants in many countries. She points to the importance of the feminist tradition and of postcolonial studies to question the multifaceted extent of precariousness beyond the standard representation of the white male worker.
« Travail précaire », « précarité »
Authors: Cingolani Patrick
Published: March 2019

Pour conclure ce dossier, Patrick Cingolani, essaie de penser ensemble les deux univers de sens que recouvre, dans son acception la plus large, la notion de précarité telle qu’elle a été enrichie par la circulation internationale : les luttes d’un travail privé de ses droits et les expérimentations communautaires. Il envisage les horizons qu’ouvrent la précarité et les précaires pour « repenser les solidarités » aujourd’hui. L’auteur fait ainsi de la polysémie du champ sémantique et intellectuel de la précarité un outil porteur de nouvelles ambitions ainsi que de désirs émancipés de ceux que le capitalisme impose, un outil à travers lequel on peut expérimenter des manières de faire, de penser et de se penser. C’est précisément dans l’épaisseur des marges, des situations, des conditions et des revendications liées à la précarité qu’auteur·e·s et acteurs·trices ont trouvé de la matière et de l’énergie heuristique à même de nous sortir de l’ensorcellement du capitalisme et de la sidération impuissante devant les effondrements à venir.
Laurent Di Filippo, Émilie Landais (dir.) – Penser les relations entre médias. Dispositifs transmédiatiques, convergences et constructions des publics
Authors: Campion Baptiste
Published: March 2019

Dans un contexte d’évolution rapide et profonde du paysage médiatique sous l’emprise du développement des technologies numériques et, par conséquent, de transformation de la production et de la réception des médias, les notions de « convergence » médiatique, de « transmédia » et de « cross-média » apparaissent de plus en plus centrales dans l’étude des pratiques culturelles médiatisées.
Yasmine Bouagga (dir.) – De Lesbos à Calais : comment l’Europe fabrique des camps
Authors: Dauchy Alise
Published: March 2019

De Lesbos à Calais : Comment l’Europe fabrique des camps est un des sept titres de la collection « Bibliothèque des frontières », qui rassemble des publications de chercheur·e·s réuni·e·s autour de Michel Agier, dans le cadre du programme de recherche Babels.
Anne Gillet, Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay (dir.) – Les recherches partenariales et collaboratives
Authors: Demoulin Jeanne
Published: March 2019

Recensé : Anne Gillet, Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay (dir.), Les recherches partenariales et collaboratives, Rennes/Québec, Presses universitaires de Rennes/Presses de l’Université du Québec, 2017.
Rommel Mendès-Leite – Des mots, des pratiques et des risques. Études sur le genre, les sexualités et le sida
Authors: Pagiusco Maialen
Published: March 2019

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Frédéric Diaz – L’ordre et la fête
Authors: Tignol Jean
Published: March 2019

Les études sur les dispositifs de sécurité et la gouvernance de la sécurité ne manquent plus. Cependant, cet objet de recherche a été peu investigué sur le terrain particulier des événements festifs.
Le rapport de la Communauté de l’Emmanuel avec ses paroisses parisiennes
Authors: Dolbeau Samuel
Published: March 2019

Cet article propose d’étudier le rapport entretenu par la Communauté de l’Emmanuel avec le monde paroissial. En prenant comme échelle d’observation les quatre églises parisiennes qui lui ont été confiées, il s’agit de saisir dans la quotidienneté, l’intégration du plus important mouvement issu du Renouveau charismatique européen à de l’Église catholique. Cette intégration se traduit concrètement par des accommodements entre des conceptions issues de traditions religieuses distinctes (protestante et catholique). L’approche sociologique se focalise ici sur l’observation de l’adaptabilité de l’Emmanuel. L’intégration n’est pas seulement appréhendée comme un mouvement unilatéral de régulation par l’institution ecclésiale. Plus largement, cet article aborde la relation que des chrétiens convertis, les membres de la communauté, entretiennent avec des chrétiens nominaux, les paroissiens ordinaires. Comment en effet concilier en un seul lieu une certaine virtuosité religieuse, portée par l’Emmanuel, avec une vie paroissiale ordinaire ?
The Changes of House’s Spatial Caused by The User’s Religiosity in Pondok Indah Housing Estate Semarang
Authors: Zalva Annisa Dhia , Fikri Sumayya Ahida , Suprapti Atiek
Published: March 2019

Indonesia is a country with a majority Muslim population, which has been increasing its population every year. The increase in population is also accompanied by an increase in the need for residential houses. Residential houses that are now being developed are mostly located in a housing estate created by developers with the same physical form. This causes many phenomena to change the shape and spatial changes of the house due to the needs of different residents. One of those needs, is the need for religiosity to obey the teachings of religion. The example of places that experience the phenomenon of the change are Pondok Indah Housing Estate Semarang. Pondok Indah is a housing estate that has established for a long time and has undergone many changes in its houses. This research seeks to see how spatial changes occurs in Pondok Indah housing estate and how religiosity plays a role in these changes. Religiosity refers to the values of Muslim society based on the conception of Hablum Minallah, hablum minannas wa hablum minal ‘Alamien which means an islamic harmony of relations between humans and Allah, with each other, and with their natural environment. The retrieval of research data is done by interview and observation methods. In the changes in the spatial of houses in Pondok Indah Semarang housing estate there is an influence of religiosity on several aspects, including zoning, space, circulation, and spatial organization. These changes intentionally or not, have led to houses that are in accordance with the concepts of Islamic practice, namely Hablum Minallah, Hablum Minannas, and Hablum Minal ‘Alamin. The concept of Hablum Minallah's practice influences the changes in organizational and spatial aspects, Hablum Minannas influences the changes in zoning and spatial aspects, and Hablum Minal Alamin influences the change in aspects of circulation.
Space Function and Shape of Balai Adat in Koto Sentajo Traditional Village
Authors: Yandri Sepli , Sari Suzanna Ratih , Sardjono Agung Budi
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The country of Indonesia is known for its diversity of tribes in various regions. One area that still has traditional villages is the Koto Sentajo area. the lives of people in the Koto Sentajo village still use traditional values that are inherited from generation to generation. As a village, it certainly has a shelter in the form of a house and a worship facility in the form of a mosque. In the Koto Sentajo traditional village, there are traditional buildings called Balai adat. The existence of a Balai adat is inseparable from the traditional values that develop in the community.  Balai adat has an important role in a traditional village as a gathering place and deliberation to find solutions to problems that occur in the village. The purpose of this study was to find out the role of Balai adat in koto sentajo village and to conclude the function of space and the shape of the building that became the identity of traditional settlements in Kuantan Singingi. The method of descriptive analysis is used as a way of delivering in-depth descriptions that will discuss in depth how the functions of space and the forms contained in the traditional hall in Koto Sentajo. Keywords: Balai Adat, Koto Sentajo, Kuantan Singingi.