bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of density loads on performance of duckweed bioreactor: A potential system for synchronized wastewater treatment and energy biomass production
Authors: Verma Rashmi , Suthar Surindra
Published: June 2015

Duckweed Lemna gibba has been listed as a promising plant for wastewater treatment and energy biomass production. This study aims to study the efficacy of L. gibba based bioreactor in removal of wastewater pollutants loads and energy‐rich biomass harvesting under different plant biomass density loads. A total of four density loads: 20% (T1), 40% (T2), 60% (T3), and 80% (T4) of inoculants biomass were used to construct duckweed reactors and changes in wastewater (WW) and duckweed biomass characteristics (growth rate, biochemical composition etc.) were recorded for 21 days. The nutrient load in WW reduced significantly: NO3−N (83–89%), SO42– 30 (85–86%) and total phosphorus (TP) (67–72%) at the end in all experimental set‐ups. The reactor with 20% inoculation density showed the maximum WW nutrient removal. The weed biomass yield showed the direct relationship with inoculation density in all experimental set‐ups. The yield (dry weight basis) of carbohydrate, starch and protein was: 1.39–1.77 g m−2 day−1, 1.10–1.20 g m−2 day−1, and 1.9–2.24 g m−2 day−1, respectively in different set‐ups. The high yield of starch under optimized density load suggests the utility of harvested biomass for bioethanol production. Results thus, suggested that inoculation density directly plays an important role in performance of duckweed reactors in terms of WW treatment and energy biomass synthesis. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1596–1604, 2015
Effect of emergent carrying capacity in an eco‐epidemiological system
Authors: Saifuddin Md. , Sasmal Sourav Kumar , Biswas Santanu , Sarkar Susmita , Alquran Marwan , Chattopadhyay Joydev
Published: June 2015

The paper explores an eco‐epidemiological model of a predator–prey type, where the prey population is subject to infection. The model is basically a combination of S‐I type model and a Rosenzweig–MacArthur predator–prey model. The novelty of this contribution is to consider different competition coefficients within the prey population, which leads to the emergent carrying capacity. We explicitly separate the competition between non‐infected and infected individuals. This emergent carrying capacity is markedly different to the explicit carrying capacities that have been considered in many eco‐epidemiological models. We observed that different intra‐class and inter‐class competition can facilitate the coexistence of susceptible prey‐infected prey–predator, which is impossible for the case of the explicit carrying capacity model. We also show that these findings are closely associated with bi‐stability. The present system undergoes bi‐stability in two different scenarios: (a) bi‐stability between the planner equilibria where susceptible prey co‐exists with predator or infected prey and (b) bi‐stability between co‐existence equilibrium and the planner equilibrium where susceptible prey coexists with infected prey; have been discussed. The conditions for which the system is to be permanent and the global stability of the system around disease‐free equilibrium are worked out. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioconversion of d-glucose to d-psicose with immobilized d-xylose isomerase and d-psicose 3-epimerase on Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores
Authors: Li Zijie , Li Yi , Duan Shenglin , Liu Jia , Yuan Peng , Nakanishi Hideki , Gao Xiao-Dong
Published: June 2015

Saccharomyces cerevisiae spores are dormant cells, which can tolerate various types of environmental stress. In our previous work, we successfully developed biological and chemical methods for enzyme immobilization based on the structures of S. cerevisiae spore wall. In this study, we employed biological and chemical approaches for the immobilization of d-xylose isomerase (XI) from Thermus thermophilus and d-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens with yeast spores, respectively. The enzymatic properties of both immobilized XI and DPEase were characterized and the immobilized enzymes exhibit higher thermostability, broader pH tolerance, and good repeatability compared with free enzymes. Furthermore, we established a two-step approach for the bioconversion of d-glucose to d-psicose using immobilized enzymes. To improve the conversion yield, a multi-pot strategy was adopted for d-psicose production by repeating the two-step process continually. As a result, the yield of d-psicose was obviously improved and the highest yield reached about 12.0 %.
The Intrinsic Duality of Movement and Sound: Investigating the Intersections of Dance and Music Through Bach
Authors: Kao Josephine Amber
Published: June 2015

To the musician, the polyphony inherent within Bach's music offers multiple interpretations for a persuasive performance. “Which measures are climactic? Which phrases deserve rubato?” These notations of a violin score translate into movements of the bow arm and fingering for the left hand, which then convey intentions and emotions. The score does not merely imply the music to be played, but instead describes how a body moves in order to play the music and, thus, in the case of Bach, express emotion. How might the relation of polyphony and space be conceptualized through the embodiment of music to the dance artist? My research examines the musical score as a text where these intersections exist. As I integrate my training as a classical musician and dancer, I have discovered an intrinsic duality of music and movement that has led me to explore the embodiment of sound. Psychologist and music theorist, Eric Clarke, in his writings on the ecology of listening, further emphasizes this relationship by stating that the significance of music lives within its ability to convey motion and, inversely, that sound gives evidence to motion. I believe the score embraces the greater context of the performance of the music and the dance. To explore this argument, I have chosen J.S. Bach's first violin partita, where the melodic and harmonic relationships within Baroque music are well defined. This paper will demonstrate several ways in which I employ Bach's text as the point of origin and basis to inform my choreography.
Kissing the Cactus: Dancing Gender and Politics in Spain
Authors: Aymamí Reñé Eva
Published: June 2015

In Bésame el Cactus (2004), Sol Picó, modern dancer and choreographer, simultaneously performs flamenco music and dance. Using her body, her shoes, castanets, and hands, she is integrating flamenco—as a cultural symbol of Spain—into a contemporary performance. In a Spain impacted by Franco's dictatorship (1939–1975), the peculiar ambiguous choice of using flamenco in a modern performance raises questions about the construction of national and gender identity, both during the dictatorship and now. Franco's regime promoted a centralized nationalism, and imposed it on the other cultures that were part of the Spanish state. These were cultural regionalisms linked to the historic communities of Catalonia, Galicia, and the Basque Country. During Francoism, popular and folk music and dances were employed as an effort to construct a unified Spanish culture. This paper will address the problems of gender and national construction in contemporary Spain through a close reading of this choreographic piece. A methodological analysis of Bésame el Cactus will be presented using applied performing arts theories. I will also draw upon interview material with the choreographer/performer, Sol Picó. In conclusion, this paper will illustrate the ways in which the heritage of Francoism still informs choreographers' choices, and thereby creates an artificial national music and dance in Spain.
Red, White, and Blue: Finding the Black Behind George M. Cohan's Patriotic Success
Authors: Shiovitz Brynn Wein
Published: June 2015

George M. Cohan was one of the first dancers to juxtapose tap dancing with “all-American” tunes. After his Broadway success, Little Johnny Jones, a number of American-themed musicals, books, and films based on his life and repertoire followed. Such profound influence on American entertainment demonstrates how other social histories can slip under the cloak of one man's patriotism. Currently I am researching the relationship between tap dance and nation-ness on both the visual and aural levels. This paper illumines how tap dance choreographs individual and social histories, from the black man through the white man to the nation. Throughout its history, tap dance has frequently been subject to the problem of promoting white worth and values while at the same time denigrating black accomplishments. Cohan embodies this process of covering up black accomplishments by cloaking them in white American patriotism. On the Broadway stage, Cohan represents Irish America with buck-and-wing dancing and patriotic “rags,” but does so without blackface make-up. Cohan's removal of blackface deliberately attempts to remove any trace of blackness from material he deems valuable to the nation. By removing all hints of blackness from certain steps, and juxtaposing them with patriotic ditties, Cohan constructs a dance style that America can call its own. This paper locates where and how Cohan takes credit for steps and sounds with a complicated genealogy and connection to black America by performing them on a white proscenium stage.
Revisioning Cultural Diversity Through Music and Dance Curricula
Authors: Doumbia Kadidia V.
Published: June 2015

Many schools express a commitment to diversity, yet curriculum focus and student outcomes demonstrate a clear Euro-centrism.

Cultural diversity is a sociocultural and political reality in most countries nowadays, and particularly in the United States. Nevertheless, to understand this factor and to include it in the system of education is a difficult path to walk through.
Introduction to the Proceedings of the 49th European Marine Biology Symposium
Authors: Sukhotin Alexey , Frost Matthew , Hummel Herman
Published: June 2015

In September 2014 a group of 130 marine biologists from 26 countries assembled in the 49th European Marine Biology Symposium (EMBS) held in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The EMBS is a series of annual conferences providing presentations and dialogue in a fairly informal atmosphere – the perfect conditions for encouraging interactions on state-of-art issues in marine science in Europe and beyond. The 49th symposium, organized by the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, included four keynote lectures, 65 oral presentations and 92 poster contributions under the overarching theme ‘A variety of interactions in the marine environment’.
DIAGNOSTIC COLPOSCOPIC ACCURACY BY THE GYNOCULAR AND A STATIONARY COLPOSCOPE
Authors: Kallner Helena Kopp , Persson Maria , Thuresson Marcus , Altman Daniel , Shemer Isaac , Thorsell Malin , Shemer Elisabeth Andrea Wikström
Published: June 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sensitivity and specificity of cervical lesions by the low-cost, portable Gynocular colposcope and a stationary colposcope, in women referred for colposcopy with abnormal cervical cytology.

Methods: A randomized cross-over clinical trial for evaluating the diagnostic accuracy in detecting cervical lesions by the Gynocular and a stationary colposcope. The Swede score systematic colposcopy system was used for evaluation of colposcopic abnormalities. Directed punch biopsy and excisional cone biopsy were used as the “gold-standard” by histologically confirmed high grade cervical lesions CIN2+ (CIN2, CIN3, CIN3+). In total, 123 women referred for colposcopy due to abnormal cervical cytology were recruited at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. The percentage agreement and the kappa statistic were calculated for Swede score by the Gynocular and a stationary colposcope. Swede scores were compared with the results from directed punch biopsy and excisional cone biopsy.

Results: The Gynocular and the stationary colposcope had a high agreement of Swede scores with a Kappa statistic of 0.947, p < .0001. Punch biopsy diagnosed CIN2+ (CIN2, CIN3, and invasive cancer) in 44 (35.7 percent) women while cytology detected CIN2+ in 34 (27.6 percent) women. There were no significant differences of the sensitivity and specificity for different Swede scores by the Gynocular or a stationary colposcope in detecting CIN 2+.

Conclusions: There were no significant differences in sensitivity or specificity in detecting cervical lesions by the Gynocular or stationary colposcope. The Gynocular is as accurate in diagnosing cervical lesions as a stationary colposcope.
The structure of the folded domain from the signature multifunctional protein ICP27 from herpes simplex virus-1 reveals an intertwined dimer
Authors: Tunnicliffe Richard B. , Schacht Mitchell , Levy Colin , Jowitt Thomas A. , Sandri-Goldin Rozanne M. , Golovanov Alexander P.
Published: June 2015

Herpesviruses cause life-long infections by evading the host immune system and establishing latent infections. All mammalian herpesviruses express an essential multifunctional protein that is typified by ICP27 encoded by Herpes Simplex Virus 1. The only region that is conserved among the diverse members of the ICP27 family is a predicted globular domain that has been termed the ICP27 homology domain. Here we present the first crystal structure of the ICP27 homology domain, solved to 1.9 Å resolution. The protein is a homo-dimer, adopting a novel intertwined fold with one CHCC zinc-binding site per monomer. The dimerization, which was independently confirmed by SEC-MALS and AUC, is stabilized by an extensive network of intermolecular contacts and a domain-swap involving the two N-terminal helices and C-terminal tails. Each monomer contains a lid motif that can clamp the C-terminal tail of its dimeric binding partner against its globular core, without forming any distinct secondary structure elements. The binding interface was probed with point mutations, none of which had a noticeable effect on dimer formation; however deletion of the C-terminal tail region prevented dimer formation in vivo. The structure provides a template for future biochemical studies and modelling of ICP27 homologs from other herpesviruses.
Nickel(ii) radical complexes of thiosemicarbazone ligands appended by salicylidene, aminophenol and aminothiophenol moieties
Authors: Kochem Amélie , Gellon Gisèle , Jarjayes Olivier , Philouze Christian , du Moulinet d'Hardemare Amaury , van Gastel Maurice , Thomas Fabrice
Published: June 2015

The neutral nickel(ii) complexes are chameleon pro-radical compounds: under their one-electron oxidized form they feature an iminosemiquinonate (or iminothiosemiquinonate) radical, while under their reduced form they are α-diimine π-radicals.
Decoration of the layered manganese oxide birnessite with Mn(ii/iii) gives a new water oxidation catalyst with fifty-fold turnover number enhancement
Authors: McKendry Ian G. , Kondaveeti Sandeep K. , Shumlas Samantha L. , Strongin Daniel R. , Zdilla Michael J.
Published: June 2015

The role of the manganese average oxidation state (AOS) in water oxidation catalysis by birnessite was investigated.
Surface fluorinated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 as a positive electrode material for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zhu Lei , Liu Yang , Wu Wenyi , Wu Xiongwei , Tang Weiping , Wu Yuping
Published: June 2015

A surface-fluorinated NCA is prepared for the first time by a one-step facile and dry method, and it exhibits higher capacity, better rate capability and excellent cycling stability.
Chirality analysis of horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes: decoupling populations and lengths
Authors: Inoue Taiki , Hasegawa Daisuke , Chiashi Shohei , Maruyama Shigeo
Published: June 2015

Populations and lengths of single-walled carbon nanotubes with different chiralities (n,m) were evaluated by Raman mapping together with scanning electron microscopy.
Factors affecting the stability of chitosan/tripolyphosphate micro- and nanogels: resolving the opposing findings
Authors: Huang Yan , Cai Yuhang , Lapitsky Yakov
Published: June 2015

The stability of submicron chitosan/tripolyphosphate particles depends on the chitosan type, pH, ionic strength and particle concentration.
Modelling and mitigating dose to firefighters from inhalation of radionuclides in wildland fire smoke
Authors: Viner Brian J. , Jannik Tim , Stone Daniel , Hepworth Allan , Naeher Luke , Adetona Olorunfemi , Blake John , Eddy Teresa
Published: June 2015

Firefighters responding to wildland fires where surface litter and vegetation contain radiological contamination will receive a radiological dose by inhaling resuspended radioactive material in the smoke. This may increase their lifetime risk of contracting certain types of cancer. Using published data, we modelled hypothetical radionuclide emissions, dispersion and dose for 70th and 97th percentile environmental conditions and for average and high fuel loads at the Savannah River Site. We predicted downwind concentration and potential dose to firefighters for radionuclides of interest (137Cs, 238Pu, 90Sr and 210Po). Predicted concentrations exceeded dose guidelines in the base case scenario emissions of 1.0 × 107 Bq ha–1 for 238Pu at 70th percentile environmental conditions and average fuel load levels for both 4- and 14-h shifts. Under 97th percentile environmental conditions and high fuel loads, dose guidelines were exceeded for several reported cases for 90Sr, 238Pu and 210Po. The potential for exceeding dose guidelines was mitigated by including plume rise (>2 m s–1) or moving a small distance from the fire owing to large concentration gradients near the edge of the fire. This approach can quickly estimate potential dose from airborne radionuclides in wildland fire and assist decision-making to reduce firefighter exposure.
Group-type subfactors and Hadamard matrices
Authors: Burstein Richard
Published: June 2015

A hyperfiniteII1\mathrm {II}_1subfactor may be obtained from a symmetric commuting square via iteration of the basic construction. For certain commuting squares constructed from Hadamard matrices, we describe this subfactor as a group-type inclusionRH⊂R⋊KR^H \subset R \rtimes K, whereHHandKKare finite groups with outer actions on the hyperfiniteII1\mathrm {II}_1factorRR. We find the group of outer automorphisms generated byHHandKKand use the method of Bisch and Haagerup to determine the principal and dual principal graphs. In some cases a complete classification is obtained by examining the element ofH3(H∗K/IntR)H^3(H \ast K / \mathrm {Int} R)associated with the action.
The Virtues of Geometry
Authors: Garrett Aaron
Published: June 2015

Spinoza consistently used geometrical demonstrations to present his philosophical ideas. This is evident in the Ethics, Short Treatise, and Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy Demonstrated in the Geometric Manner. In Tractatus de Intellectu Emendatione, Spinoza talks about “a way of healing the intellect, and purifying it” that might precede geometrical demonstration but gives no definition of the intellect or any general procedure for acquiring true definitions. This chapter examines how one acquires these definitions, discussing first what Spinoza might have considered to be the advantages or virtues of geometrical demonstration: transparency, force, security, scale, compactness, flexibility, generality, and sense-independence. It then analyzes Spinoza’s relation to Descartes, highlighting the distinction between the analytic and the synthetic method, their different sense of geometrical order, and another virtue of geometry: ease. Finally, it invokes the idea of method Spinoza outlined in Emendatione as a solution to the puzzle mentioned earlier.
Women’s Talk?
Authors: Sutton Katelin A. , Oaten Megan J.
Published: June 2015

According to some feminist critiques, gossip is merely a form of women’s talk and thus an activity that men do not participate in. Yet gossip may be an ideal strategy for both men and women to engage in when involved in mate competition, allowing the individual to covertly damage a competitor’s reputation while simultaneously preserving his or her own. This chapter investigates the role of gossip in mate competition, considering the influence of variables including sex and attraction context on both the usage and success of a gossip-based competition strategy. Evidence shows that, although sex differences do exist in reputation-based gossip, both men and women are willing to use gossip strategically in order to gain a mating advantage. Overall, it appears that gossip is an effective, low-risk, and non-sex-specific intrasexual competition strategy for individuals to employ in both traditional and poaching attraction contexts.
Music Therapy for People with a Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
Authors: Odell-Miller Helen
Published: June 2015

Towards the end of the twentieth century focus upon the diagnosis of personality disorder began to change. Previously, people with personality disorders experienced marginalization within mental health services. People with a diagnosis of personality disorder may feel distressed, frightened, and in psychic pain on a daily basis, as well as having emotional and relationship difficulties. They may also engage in self-harm which is difficult to alleviate and often hidden. Music therapists can engage musically with patients, and listen to the music they create in order to better understand their emotions and how they interact with others. These experiences and emotions can then be made more meaningful through subsequent discussions. Through group work processes members can take care of themselves and develop concern for others. In music therapy feelings can be explored that may be difficult to discuss, and a focus away from preoccupation with self-harm can be provided.
A 2-Step Laemmli and Antigen Retrieval Method Improves Immunodetection
Authors: Scalia Carla R. , Gendusa Rossella , Cattoretti Giorgio
Published: June 2015

Detection by immunohistochemistry of antigens relies on reproducibly optimal preanalytical and analytical variables such as fixation conditions, antigen retrieval (AR), and the resolutive power of the detection system. There is a need to improve immunodetection on routinely fixed and embedded material, particularly for scarcely represented but relevant antigens. We devised a 2-step method and applied it to a panel of antigens of common use for diagnosis, prognosis, individualized therapy use, or research. The first step consists of a 10 minutes. Incubation at 95°C with a modified Laemmli extraction buffer. This was followed by a traditional AR method. Detection of the vast majority of antigens was improved over a simple AR with preservation of tissue integrity, as shown by quantitative image analysis. The mechanism underlying the improved detection may be controlled denaturation followed by heat-mediated retrieval, a method we dubbed “antigen relaxing” and which will improve routine detection of scarce antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material.
Human telomerase: biogenesis, trafficking, recruitment, and activation
Authors: Schmidt Jens C. , Cech Thomas R.
Published: June 2015

Telomerase is the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the extension of telomeric DNA in eukaryotes. Recent work has begun to reveal key aspects of the assembly of the human telomerase complex, its intracellular trafficking involving Cajal bodies, and its recruitment to telomeres. Once telomerase has been recruited to the telomere, it appears to undergo a separate activation step, which may include an increase in its repeat addition processivity. This review covers human telomerase biogenesis, trafficking, and activation, comparing key aspects with the analogous events in other species.
Combinatorial selection of molecular conformations and supramolecular synthons in quercetin cocrystal landscapes: a route to ternary solids
Authors: Dubey Ritesh , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: June 2015

The crystallization of 28 binary and ternary cocrystals of quercetin with dibasic coformers is analyzed in terms of a combinatorial selection from a solution of preferred molecular conformations and supramolecular synthons. The crystal structures are characterized by distinctive O—H...N and O—H...O based synthons and are classified as nonporous, porous and helical. Variability in molecular conformation and synthon structure led to an increase in the energetic and structural space around the crystallization event. This space is the crystal structure landscape of the compound and is explored by fine-tuning the experimental conditions of crystallization. In the landscape context, we develop a strategy for the isolation of ternary cocrystals with the use of auxiliary template molecules to reduce the molecular and supramolecular `confusion' that is inherent in a molecule like quercetin. The absence of concomitant polymorphism in this study highlights the selectivity in conformation and synthon choice from the virtual combinatorial library in solution.
Serials use in post graduates’ dissertations of pharmaceutical sciences: collection building by citation analysis
Authors: Nagaraja Aragudige , Prashanth A.B
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to analyze the resources used in the citations of 156 postgraduate dissertations submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS) through the Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy (ABMRCP), and prepares the core journal list according to the Bradford’s law of scattering. For any research and academic institutional libraries, books and journals are considered as key resources. As the resources are more and diverse, collection building is a tough task for librarians. Citation analysis is one of the best methods to list the most used resources by the users. The paper highlights the extent use of in-house resources and open access journals in the citations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Citations of PG dissertations during 2010-2013 (four years) were compiled, the data about the resources cited in each were taken and the list of resources used in PG dissertations was prepared. The list of core journals obtained by citation analysis was matched with the list of online journals provided by Health Science Library & Information Network (HELINET) of RGUHS as well as print list of journals subscribed by ABMRCP Library, and evaluated the print and online consortia journals used by ABMRCP community. The list of core journals’ ranking in the SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) list-pharmaceutical sciences was identified to know the impact of the journals.

Findings

– The study gives the list of different information resources cited in the pharmacy dissertations. The core list obtained by applying the Bradford’s law of scattering in this study has 19 journals pertaining to pharmacy. After matching the core list with the Keogh’s list, it is found that 31 journals can be considered very useful in the field of pharmacy. Twelve journals listed in the core list have different positions in the SJR ranking 2013. The results indicate that open-access journals with online journals subscribed through HELINET and print holdings have been cited more in the PG dissertations.

Originality/value

– The topic of journal use in this case may be of greatest interest to those who purchase journals in the sciences and, very specifically, the pharmaceutical sciences.
Health transition in India: does data on causes of death reveal trends, patterns and determinants?
Authors: Agrawal Gopal
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– Twenty-first century has dawned with substantial achievements in population health outcome indicators in India. However, very little is known on patterns in causes of death in India. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this paper, data was drawn from two sources namely, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1, 1992-1993 and NFHS-2, 1998-1999) and published reports of Survey of Cause of Death (Rural). Three-years moving average causes-of-death estimates were calculated based on World Health Organization classification of causes of death. Negative binomial regression models were fitted to capture the effect of socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of patterns in causes of death.

Findings

– The leading causes of death were heart diseases, tuberculosis, asthma, paralysis, prematurity and cancer. Three-fifth of the deaths to children under the age of ten was from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions. On the other hand, about two-third persons aged 45 years and above were dying from non-communicable diseases. Female were at greater risk of dying from non-communicable diseases (IRR: 1.22, 95 per cent CI: 1.11-1.34,p< 0.001).

Research limitations/implications

– The epidemiologic transition in India has produced a shift in mortality from communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions to non-communicable diseases, with little or no role played by injuries regardless of the level of all-cause mortality. Coupled with the effects of population age structures, other factors were also responsible for the bulk of the inter-regional disparities. These factors include differences in the populations’ health risks associated with the natural or built environments, prevalence of behavioural risk factors, or gaps in the capacities of health systems to respond to specific disease challenges, social stratification and others.

Originality/value

– This paper described the trends, patterns and geographic variability in India’s causes-of-death profile in terms of communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases and injuries, and socio-economic and demographic determinants of patterns in the profile.
Ethnic and Religious Differences in the Attitudes of People towards Being ‘British’
Authors: Karlsen Saffron , Nazroo James Y.
Published: June 2015

Negative rhetoric and policy regarding Muslims has been justified according to a perceived lack of integration into British society. However, this lack of integration has not been empirically established and remains poorly described. This paper explores whether there are variations in levels of ‘Britishness’ and perceptions of the compatibility between Britishness and other cultural/religious identities among different minoritized groups in England and Wales. It examines the impact of racialization and other forms of social and economic exclusion on ideas of Britishness, focusing on similarities and differences in a sense of access to forms of Britishness among migrant groups. Descriptive and multivariate analyses of Citizenship Survey data showed that 90 per cent of Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Christians felt part of Britain. Muslims were more likely than Caribbean Christians to report a strong British identification and (along with Hindus and Sikhs) to recognize potential compatibility between this and other aspects of national identity. The strength of this feeling was associated with age, gender, generation and, importantly, risk of racist victimization. Greater recognition must be given to the impact of social exclusion on the ability of ethnic and religious minority groups to feel part of British society, and also to the strong claim to Britishness made by Muslim people in England.
Seasonal variation in detection of oesophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Jensen E. T. , Shah N. D. , Hoffman K. , Sonnenberg A. , Genta R. M. , Dellon E. S.
Published: June 2015

Background

Seasonal variation has been reported in diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE), but results are not consistent across studies and there are no national‐level data in the USA.

Aim

To determine if there is seasonal variation in diagnosis of oesophageal eosinophilia and EoE in the USA, while accounting for factors such as climate zone and geographic variation.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study using a USA national pathology database. Patients with oesophageal eosinophilia (≥15 eosinophils per high‐power field) comprised the primary case definition and were compared to those with normal oesophageal biopsies. We calculated the crude and adjusted odds of oesophageal eosinophilia by season, as well as by day of the year. Sensitivity analyses were performed using more restrictive case definitions of EoE, and after stratification by climate zone.

Results

Exactly, 14 524 cases with oesophageal eosinophilia and 90 459 normal controls were analysed. The adjusted odds of oesophageal eosinophilia were higher in the late spring and summer months, with the highest odds in July (aOR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03–1.24). These findings persisted with increasing levels of oesophageal eosinophilia, as well as across EoE case definitions. Seasonal variation was strongest in temperate and cold climates, and peak diagnosis varied by climate zone.

Conclusions

There is a mild but consistent seasonal variation in the diagnosis of oesophageal eosinophilia and EoE, with cases more frequently diagnosed during summer months. These findings take into account climate and geographic differences, suggesting that aeroallergens may contribute to disease development or flare.
Incorporating social preferences into the ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA): a case study in the Yampa‐White River basin, Colorado
Authors: Martin David M. , Labadie John W. , Poff N. LeRoy
Published: June 2015

River management involves satisfying societal preferences alongside environmental needs for a healthy river ecosystem. Environmental flows is a discipline that aims to define streamflow requirements that achieve desired social and ecological conditions in rivers.

The ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) framework takes a regional approach towards assessing relationships between human‐caused river flow alterations and social–ecological benefits. ELOHA allows for, but does not specify, a social process with practical guidelines for incorporating social preferences into environmental flow management problems. Studies using the ELOHA framework are being performed around the world.

This study presents development of a decision support tool to prioritise river basin criteria and to rank river segments in order of combined hydro‐ecological and social environmental flow needs. We integrate this tool with hydro‐ecological components of an ELOHA application in the Yampa–White River basin in north‐west Colorado. Stakeholder preferences were collected with a survey, and the analytic hierarchy process was applied to estimate the importance of five criteria identified as socially valued proxies of freshwater management in the basin. Analytical methods for multicriteria decision analysis were used to integrate the preference information with results from the ELOHA application to prioritise the basin river segments.

Our methods and results provide a means to facilitate stakeholder negotiation and future environmental flow policy analyses. By extending the existing ELOHA framework to include a social preference component, this approach is general and can be applied to environmental flow policy and management in other river basins.
Factors Affecting the Compaction and Densification Behavior of Ti(C, N)‐Based Cermet Powders
Authors: Lei Yan , Wu Runni , Yang Bing , Xia Re
Published: June 2015

In this study, the effects of the major factors on compaction and densification behavior are investigated for Ti(C, N)‐based cermet powders. The relative density equation for green compact of composite powders is modified to predict the green density of Ti(C, N)‐based cermet powders prepared under different degrees of pressing pressures, and the theoretical values are found to be in good agreement with experimental results. It has been found that the composite powders with micron‐sized particles have a better compatibility than those with nano‐sized particles by analyzing the effects of the particle size and purity on the starting mono‐powders. It has also been found that the volume shrinkage and porosity of the former are lower than that of the latter. In addition, it shows that high oxygen content has a negative impact on both the compatibility of composite powders and the uniformity of pore size distribution of sintered cermets. It has also been discussed in this study how the pressing parameters such as pressing pressure, pressing temperature, and dwell time influence the resulting cermets. The results indicate that a better compatibity is reached at a pressing rate of 100 mm/min or a pressing temperature of 100°C.
Coronary Bifurcation Intervention: What Role Do Bifurcation Angles Play?
Authors: ZHANG DONG , DOU KEFEI
Published: June 2015

Bifurcation angles play an important role in coronary bifurcation intervention. Bifurcation angles affect the coronary bifurcation intervention from many aspects: (1) impact the atherosclerosis proliferation via affecting the hemodynamic parameters at bifurcation regions; (2) impact side branch compromise after main vessel stenting via hemodynamics, atherosclerosis proliferation, geometric characteristics, and plaque/carina shift; (3) affect the long‐term clinical outcome after coronary bifurcation stenting. Bifurcation angles are key factors to formulate the intervention strategy of stenting procedure and can also be modified by different bifurcation stenting strategies. In the last few years, significant improvements have occurred in understanding the role of bifurcation angles. However, there are still questions remain to be clarified: (1) How to measure the bifurcation angles accurately and comprehensively? (2) How do bifurcation angles impact the immediate and long term outcome of PCI? (3) Why the results of previous studies remain controversial? The exact influence of bifurcation angles on post‐PCI effect like side branch compromise and clinical outcome has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge of bifurcation angles, summarize the questions remained to be clarified, and discuss the implications for clinical practice and future studies. (J Interven Cardiol 2015;28:236–248)
Effect of hypnosis on masseter EMG recorded during the ‘resting’ and a slightly open jaw posture
Authors: Al‐Enaizan N. , Davey K. J. , Lyons M. F. , Cadden S. W.
Published: June 2015

The aim of this experimental study was to determine whether minimal levels of electromyographic activity in the masseter muscle are altered when individuals are in a verified hypnotic state.

Experiments were performed on 17 volunteer subjects (8 male, 9 female) all of whom gave informed consent. The subjects were dentate and had no symptoms of pain or masticatory dysfunction. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were made from the masseter muscles and quantified by integration following full‐wave rectification and averaging. The EMGs were obtained (i) with the mandible in ‘resting’ posture; (ii) with the mandible voluntarily lowered (but with the lips closed); (iii) during maximum voluntary clenching (MVC). The first two recordings were made before, during and after the subjects were in a hypnotic state. Susceptibility to hypnosis was assessed with Spiegel's eye‐roll test, and the existence of the hypnotic state was verified by changes in ventilatory pattern.

On average, EMG levels expressed as percentages of MVC were less: (i) when the jaw was deliberately lowered as opposed to being in the postural position: (ii) during hypnosis compared with during the pre‐ and post‐hypnotic periods. However, analysis of variance followed by post hoc tests with multiple comparison corrections (Bonferroni) revealed that only the differences between the level during hypnosis and those before and after hypnosis were statistically significant (P < 0·05).

As the level of masseter EMG when the mandible was in ‘resting’ posture was reduced by hypnosis, it appears that part of that EMG is of biological origin.
Heinrich Schenker and the Photogram Archive
Authors: DEISINGER MARKO
Published: June 2015

In 1927 Anthony van Hoboken, at Heinrich Schenker's urging, founded the Archive for Photograms of Musical Master Manuscripts, the goal of which was to collect photographic reproductions of the autograph manuscripts of famous composers so that they could be made generally available for the purposes of study and preparing editions without the originals themselves being susceptible to damage. The administration of the Archive required a Board of Trustees, on which Schenker and the music historian Robert Haas sat under Hoboken's chairmanship. After the official inauguration of the Archive in October 1927, Hoboken and the Board of Trustees sent out an Appeal to publicise their intentions; this was followed by a radio broadcast, given by Otto Erich Deutsch, and several magazine articles which called attention to the new institution.

In the years that followed, there were repeated conflicts of interest among the trustees. Tensions arose, for instance, in connection with the International Schubert Congress of 1928, organised by Hoboken and Haas under the auspices of the Archive, in which Schenker refused to participate. A collected edition of the works of C. P. E. Bach, planned in 1930, never materialised: Schenker could not be persuaded to act as one of its editors. A crisis was reached in 1932, when Hoboken drastically reduced his annual financial contribution to the enterprise. Nonetheless, the Archive developed into an internationally recognised centre for musical documentation, whose holdings steadily increased over time.
Pregnancy Hyperglycaemia and Risk of Prenatal and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Huang Tianyi , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Ertel Karen A. , Rich‐Edwards Janet , Kleinman Ken , Gillman Matthew W. , Oken Emily , James‐Todd Tamarra
Published: June 2015

Background

Glucose dysregulation in pregnancy may affect maternal depressive symptoms during the prenatal and postpartum periods via both physiologic and psychological pathways.

Methods

During mid‐pregnancy, a combination of 50‐g 1‐h non‐fasting glucose challenge test (GCT) and 100‐g 3‐h fasting oral glucose tolerance test was used to determine pregnancy glycaemic status among women participating in Project Viva: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), isolated hyperglycaemia (IHG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), we assessed depressive symptoms at mid‐pregnancy and again at 6 months postpartum. We used logistic regression, adjusted for sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle factors, to estimate the odds of elevated prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 13 on 0–30 scale) in relation to GCT glucose levels and GDM status in separate models.

Results

A total of 9.6% of women showed prenatal and 8.4% postpartum depressive symptoms. Women with higher GCT glucose levels were at greater odds of elevated prenatal depressive symptoms [multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation (SD) increase in glucose levels (27 mg/dL): 1.25; 95%: 1.07, 1.48]. Compared with NGT women, the association appeared stronger among women with IHG [OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 3.00] than among those with GDM (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.72, 2.91) or IGT (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.59, 3.46). Neither glucose levels assessed from the GCT nor pregnancy glycaemic status were significantly associated with elevated postpartum depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

Pregnancy hyperglycaemia was cross‐sectionally associated with higher risk of prenatal depressive symptoms, but not with postpartum depressive symptoms.
Regulation of breathing by CO
2
requires the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons
Authors: Kumar Natasha N. , Velic Ana , Soliz Jorge , Shi Yingtang , Li Keyong , Wang Sheng , Weaver Janelle L. , Sen Josh , Abbott Stephen B. G. , Lazarenko Roman M. , Ludwig Marie-Gabrielle , Perez-Reyes Edward , Mohebbi Nilufar , Bettoni Carla , Gassmann Max , Suply Thomas , Seuwen Klaus , Guyenet Patrice G. , Wagner Carsten A. , Bayliss Douglas A.
Published: June 2015

Receptor in the brain controls breathing

Control of breathing in mammals depends primarily not on sensing oxygen, but rather on detecting concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood. Failure of this system can cause potentially deadly sleep apnias. Taking a hint from insects, which use a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to sense carbon dioxide, Kumar
et al.
demonstrate that the GPCR GPR4 is essential to control breathing in mice. GPR4 senses protons generated by the formation of carbonic acid in the blood and works with a pH-sensitive potassium channel called TASK-2 in a set of brain cells that control breathing.

Science
, this issue p.
1255
Inhibition of the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH potentiates tissue regeneration
Authors: Zhang Yongyou , Desai Amar , Yang Sung Yeun , Bae Ki Beom , Antczak Monika I. , Fink Stephen P. , Tiwari Shruti , Willis Joseph E. , Williams Noelle S. , Dawson Dawn M. , Wald David , Chen Wei-Dong , Wang Zhenghe , Kasturi Lakshmi , Larusch Gretchen A. , He Lucy , Cominelli Fabio , Di Martino Luca , Djuric Zora , Milne Ginger L. , Chance Mark , Sanabria Juan , Dealwis Chris , Mikkola Debra , Naidoo Jacinth , Wei Shuguang , Tai Hsin-Hsiung , Gerson Stanton L. , Ready Joseph M. , Posner Bruce , Willson James K. V. , Markowitz Sanford D.
Published: June 2015

A shot in the arm for damaged tissue

Tissue damage can be caused by injury, disease, and even certain medical treatments. There is great interest in identifying drugs that accelerate tissue regeneration and recovery, especially drugs that might benefit multiple organ systems. Zhang
et al.
describe a compound with this desired activity, at least in mice (see the Perspective by FitzGerald). SW033291 promotes recovery of the hematopoietic system after bone marrow transplantation, prevents the development of ulcerative colitis in the intestine, and accelerates liver regeneration after hepatic surgery. It acts by inhibiting an enzyme that degrades prostaglandins, lipid signaling molecules that have been implicated in tissue stem cell maintenance.

Science
, this issue
10.1126/science.aaa2340
; see also p.
1208
A tunable library of substituted thiourea precursors to metal sulfide nanocrystals
Authors: Hendricks Mark P. , Campos Michael P. , Cleveland Gregory T. , Jen-La Plante Ilan , Owen Jonathan S.
Published: June 2015

Quality manufacture beats quality control

For semiconductor nanocrystals, tight control over particle size is needed to obtain particles with uniform properties. However, post-synthesis purification methods can be difficult and costly. Hendricks
et al.
present a family of substituted thioureas as a class of chalcogen precursors (see the Perspective by Hens). The rate of reactivity is connected to the specific chemistry of the precursor, making it possible to synthesize metal chalcogenide nanocrystals, such as PbS, with a specific size, narrow size distribution, and full conversion of the reactants.

Science
, this issue p.
1226
; see also p.
1211