bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serologic Markers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Bossuyt Xavier
Published: December 2005

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an enduring disease involving mostly young people, with symptoms of bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Several antibodies have been associated with IBD, the 2 most comprehensively studied being autoantibodies to neutrophils (atypical perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies. This review focuses on the value of these antibodies for diagnosing IBD, differentiating Crohn disease from ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, monitoring disease, defining clinical phenotypes, predicting response to therapy, and as subclinical markers. Pancreatic antibodies and newly identified anti-microbial antibodies (anti-outer membrane porin C, anti-I2, and anti-flagellin) are also reviewed.
How to find small non-coding RNAs in bacteria
Authors: Vogel Jörg , Sharma Cynthia Mira
Published: December 2005

Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have attracted considerable attention as an emerging class of gene expression regulators. In bacteria, a few regulatory RNA molecules have long been known, but the extent of their role in the cell was not fully appreciated until the recent discovery of hundreds of potential sRNA genes in the bacteriumEscherichia coli. Orthologs of theseE. colisRNA genes, as well as unrelated sRNAs, were also found in other bacteria. Here we review the disparate experimental approaches used over the years to identify sRNA molecules and their genes in prokaryotes. These include genome-wide searches based on the biocomputational prediction of non-coding RNA genes, global detection of non-coding transcripts using microarrays, and shotgun cloning of small RNAs (RNomics). Other sRNAs were found by either co-purification with RNA-binding proteins, such as Hfq or CsrA/RsmA, or classical cloning of abundant small RNAs after size fractionation in polyacrylamide gels. In addition, bacterial genetics offers powerful tools that aid in the search for sRNAs that may play a critical role in the regulatory circuit of interest, for example, the response to stress or the adaptation to a change in nutrient availability. Many of the techniques discussed here have also been successfully applied to the discovery of eukaryotic and archaeal sRNAs.
RNA thermometers are common in α- and γ-proteobacteria
Authors: Waldminghaus Torsten , Fippinger Anja , Alfsmann Juliane , Narberhaus Franz
Published: December 2005

Expression of many rhizobial small heat-shock genes is controlled by the ROSE element, a thermoresponsive structure in the 5′-untranslated region of the corresponding mRNAs. Using a bioinformatics approach, we found more than 20 new potential ROSE-like RNA thermometers upstream of small heat-shock genes in a wide variety of α- and γ-proteobacteria. Northern blot analyses revealed heat-inducible transcripts of the representative candidateCaulobacter crescentus CC2258,Escherichia coli ibpAandSalmonella typhimurium ibpAgenes. Typical σ32-type promoters were mapped upstream of the potential RNA thermometers by primer extension. Additional translational control was demonstrated in alacZreporter system and by site-directed mutagenesis. RNA secondary structure predictions strongly suggest that the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the RNA thermometers is masked at low temperatures. Combining two regulatory modules, a σ32promoter and a ROSE-type RNA thermometer, provides a novel stringent mechanism to control expression of small heat-shock genes.
Determination of uranium concentration and burn-up of irradiated reactor fuel in contaminated areas in Belarus using uranium isotopic ratios in soil samples
Authors: Mironov V. P. , Matusevich J. L. , Kudrjashov V. P. , Ananich P. I. , Zhuravkov V. V. , Boulyga S. F. , Becker J. S.
Published: December 2005

An analytical method is described for the estimation of uranium concentrations, of 235U/238U and 236U/238U isotope ratios and burn-up of irradiated reactor uranium in contaminated soil samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Experimental results obtained at 12 sampling sites situated on northern and western radioactive fallout tails 4 to 53 km distant from Chernobyl nuclear power plant (NPP) are presented. Concentrations of irradiated uranium in the upper 0–10 cm soil layers at the investigated sampling sites varied from 2.1 × 10−9 g/g to 2.0 × 10−6 g/g depending mainly on the distance from Chernobyl NPP. A slight variation of the degree of burn-up of spent reactor uranium was revealed by analyzing 235U/238U and 236U/238U isotope ratios and the average value amounted to 9.4 ± 0.3 MWd/(kg U).
Is human longevity a consequence of cultural change or modern biology?
Authors: Caspari Rachel , Lee Sang‐Hee
Published: December 2005

Increased longevity, expressed as the number of individuals surviving to older adulthood, represents a key way that Upper Paleolithic Europeans differ from earlier European (Neandertal) populations. Here, we address whether longevity increased as a result of cultural/adaptive change in Upper Paleolithic Europe, or whether it was introduced to Europe as a part of modern human biology. We compare the ratio of older to younger adults (OY ratio) in an early modern human sample associated with the Middle Paleolithic from Western Asia with OY ratios of European Upper Paleolithic moderns and penecontemporary Neandertals from the same region. We also compare these Neandertals to European Neandertals. The difference between the OY ratios of modern humans of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic is large and significant, but there is no significant difference between the Neandertals and early modern humans of Western Asia. Longevity for the West Asian Neandertals is significantly more common than for the European Neandertals. We conclude that the increase in adult survivorship associated with the Upper Paleolithic is not a biological attribute of modern humans, but reflects important cultural adaptations promoting the demographic and material representations of modernity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Function of snake mobbing in spectral tarsiers
Authors: Gursky Sharon
Published: December 2005

Numerous species are known for their tendency to approach and confront their predators as a group. This behavior is known as mobbing. Snakes seem to be one of the more consistent recipients of this type of predator‐directed behavior. This paper explores individual differences (sex and age) in the mobbing behavior of the spectral tarsier toward live and model snakes. This study was conducted at Tangkoko Nature Reserve (Sulawesi, Indonesia) during 2003–2004. During this research, 11 natural mobbing events and 31 artificially induced mobbing events were observed. The mean number of individuals at a mobbing was 5.7. The duration of mobbing events was strongly correlated with the number of assembled mobbers. Adults were more likely than other age classes to participate in mobbings. Males were more likely than females to participate in mobbings. Mobbing groups often contained more than one adult male, despite the fact that no spectral tarsier group contains more than one adult male. No difference in body size between extragroup males and resident males was observed, refuting the “attract the mightier” hypothesis. The number of mobbers did not affect whether the tarsier or the snake retreated first, countering the “move‐on” hypothesis. The “perception advertisement” hypothesis was tentatively supported, in that live snakes were rarely seen in the area following mobbing calls, in comparison to when tarsiers either ignored the snake or alarm call. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange reactions of poly‐2‐(N‐phthalimido)ethyl acrylate with hydroxy and amino compounds
Authors: Khalil A. A.
Published: December 2005

2‐(N‐Phthalimido)ethyl acrylate was prepared by the reaction of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)phthalimide with acrylic acid in the presence of N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The exchange reactions of the resulting polymer with hydroxy and amino compounds have been studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Structure and adsorption properties of activated carbon aerogels
Authors: Wu Dingcai , Sun Zhuoqi , Fu Ruowen
Published: December 2005

Activated carbon aerogels (ACAs) with excellent microporosity (e.g., 0.44 cm3/g) and mesoporosity (e.g., 1.72 cm3/g) were prepared by CO2 activation. Their structures were investigated with transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. Subsequently, their adsorption properties toward organic vapors were studied with static and dynamic adsorption experiments. The micropores of the ACAs had stronger adsorption ability than those of normal porous carbons. Furthermore, the condensation of organic vapors in the mesopores of ACAs greatly enhanced their equilibrium adsorption at high relative pressures. As a result, the adsorption capacities of organic vapors on the typical ACAs prepared were about 2–3 times greater than those on normal porous carbons. In addition, they also possessed excellent adsorption dynamics and outstanding desorption and regeneration properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
In vivo delivery of fluoresceinated dextrans to the murine growth plate: Imaging of three vascular routes by multiphoton microscopy
Authors: Farnum Cornelia E. , Lenox Michelle , Zipfel Warren , Horton William , Williams Rebecca
Published: December 2005

Bone elongation by endochondral ossification occurs through the differentiation cascade of chondrocytes of cartilaginous growth plates. Molecules from the systemic vasculature reach the growth plate from three different directions: epiphyseal, metaphyseal, and a ring vessel and plexus associated with the perichondrium. This study is an analysis of the real‐time dynamics of entrance of fluoresceinated tracers of different molecular weights into the growth plate from the systemic vasculature and tests the hypothesis that molecular weight is a key variable in the determination of both the directionality and the extent of tracer movement into the growth plate. Multiphoton microscopy was used for direct in vivo imaging of the murine proximal tibial growth plate in anesthetized 4‐ to 5‐week‐old transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein linked to the collagen II promoter. Mice were given an intracardiac injection of either fluorescein (332.3 Da) or fluoresceinated dextrans of 3, 10, 40, 70 kDa, singly or sequentially. For each tracer, directionality and rate of arrival, together with extent of movement within the growth plate, were imaged in real time. For small molecules (up to 10 kDa), vascular access from all three directions was observed and entrance was equally permissive from the metaphyseal and the epiphyseal sides. Within our detection limit (a few percent of vascular concentration), 40 kDa and larger dextrans did not enter. These results have implications both for understanding systemic and paracrine regulation of growth plate chondrocytic differentiation, as well as variables associated with effective drug delivery to growth plate chondrocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microstructure and innervation of the mystacial vibrissal follicle‐sinus complex in bearded seals, Erignathus barbatus (Pinnipedia: Phocidae)
Authors: Marshall Christopher D. , Amin Heidi , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian
Published: December 2005

Vibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes (F‐SCs) are sensory receptors of the mammalian integument system. They are best developed within Pinnipedia. The objective of this study was to investigate the F‐SCs of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) for benthic foraging adaptations. Bearded seals possessed approximately 244 mystacial F‐SCs. In this species, F‐SCs consisted of an outer dermal capsule (DC) surrounding a blood sinus system [upper cavernous sinus (UCS), ring sinus (RS), and lower cavernous sinus (LCS)] and concentric rings of epidermal tissue. The UCS comprised up to 62% of the F‐SC length and may function as thermal protection for mechanoreceptors. A large asymmetrical ringwulst was located in the RS. A deep vibrissal nerve penetrated the DC at its base and terminated on mechanoreceptors in the epidermal tissues of the LCS and RS. The mean number of myelinated axons per F‐SC was 1,314 (range, 811–1,650) and was among the highest number of axons per F‐SC reported to date. An estimated mean number of 320,616 myelinated axons innervate the entire mystacial vibrissal array. Merkel‐Neurite complexes (MNCs) and small simple laminated corpuscles were found in the region of the LCS. Myelinated axons also terminated on MNCs and lanceolate endings apical to the ringwulst. The number of F‐SCs, their geometry in the mystacial region, the number of myelinated axons per F‐SC, and the distribution of mechanoreceptors support the premise that pinniped vibrissae are sensitive active‐touch receptor systems, and that structural differences in bearded seals, relative to other phocids, may be adaptations for benthic foraging. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conflicting interests in the funding of the early two‐year college
Authors: Pedersen Robert
Published: December 2005

Our understanding of the funding of public junior colleges prior to 1940 has been strongly influenced by the ideology of current scholars. A close reading of the historical record reveals that early junior colleges were rarely subsidized by states. Rather, their costs were met by approximately equal contributions of local tax revenue and unaided tuition, in an era that can best be characterized as one of high tuition and low aid.
Increased competition for scarce state dollars
Authors: Katsinas Stephen G.
Published: December 2005

This chapter describes the dramatically changed external landscape in which community college leaders pursue state dollars and details how other spending priorities in health care, K–12 education, and corrections negatively affect the states' ability to fund community colleges.
Seeking the proper balance between tuition, state support, and local revenues: An economic perspective
Authors: Romano Richard M.
Published: December 2005

This chapter argues that a relatively high tuition, high financial aid policy is the most equitable and efficient way to fund community college operating budgets and promote access.
Sustaining local tax support for community colleges: Recommendations for college leaders
Authors: Miller Michael Thomas , Holt Carleton R.
Published: December 2005

Community colleges often rely on local taxes as an important revenue source and must occasionally seek voter approval for a local mill levy increase—a tax on property to fund a specific activity. This chapter describes strategies for planning and carrying out a campaign for securing that approval.
Staged carotid artery stenting and coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Initial results from a single center
Authors: Kovacic Jason C. , Roy Paul R. , Baron David W. , Muller David W.M.
Published: December 2005

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical course of patients undergoing planned percutaneous carotid stenting followed by staged coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Coexisting carotid and coronary atherosclerotic disease is relatively common. A combined or staged surgical approach has a composite stroke, myocardial infarction, or death rate of > 10%. We performed a retrospective search of our single‐institution database to identify all patients scheduled to undergo staged carotid stenting followed by CABG. Twenty‐three such patients (17 males, 6 females) were identified, with 3/23 (13%) requiring bilateral carotid stenting. Most carotid lesions were asymptomatic (18/26; 69.2%) and severe (mean stenosis, 82.9% 6± 8.6%). Stents were successfully placed in 26/26 carotid arteries (100%). One stent procedure (1/26; 3.8%) resulted in a minor stroke, but full recovery occurred within 1 week. There were no other peristenting complications. Three patents (3/23; 13%), none of whom suffered an adverse event at carotid stenting, elected not to undergo CABG. The mean interval from last carotid stent to CABG was 69.6 6± 39.6 days (range, 8–157 days). Antiplatelet therapy was ceased > 3 days prior to CABG in 10/20 patients (50%), but continued until surgery in the remainder. There were no peri‐CABG bleeding or neurological complications, but one myocardial infarction occurred (1/20; 5%). Therefore, of the 20 patients who underwent planned carotid stenting followed by CABG, our overall rate of death, stroke, or myocardial infarction was 10%. However, our rate of death, persistent stroke or myocardial infarction was 5%. Planned carotid stenting followed by staged CABG is a viable method of treatment for patients with coexistent carotid and coronary atherosclerosis.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three dimensional CT angiography for patients with congenital heart disease: Scanning protocol for pediatric patients
Authors: Jelnin Vladimir , Co Jennifer , Muneer Basharat , Swaminathan Balasubramanian , Toska Suzanna , Ruiz Carlos E.
Published: December 2005

The objective of our study was to determine the contrast attenuation level that yields high quality cardiac three‐dimensional (3‐D) images and to predict the contrast injection rate (IR), from body weight, to reach this attenuation level. Enhanced electron beam computerized tomography (EBCT) with 3‐D reconstruction is useful in delineating cardiac anatomy in complex congenital heart disease (CHD). The current experience of using electron beam angiography (EBA) in pediatric CHD is limited. Well‐defined contrast injection protocols, specifically the contrast IR, have not been standardized when compared to those for adults. Establishing the contrast IR is essential in obtaining high quality 3‐D images. We retrospectively analyzed the studies of 115 pediatric patients with CHD. EBA images were divided into group 1 with good quality 3‐D images and group 2 with poor quality. The mean of measured enhancement level, expressed in Hounsfield units (HU), and contrast IR were analyzed in both groups. Spearman correlation was used to examine the relationship between weight and IR. The IR was predicted from weight using simple linear regression analysis. The mean level of enhancement was 344 ± 91 and 174 ± 31 HU for group 1 and group 2, respectively. Group 1 consisted of 103 patients (90%) and the IR strongly correlated with weight (ρ = 0.861, P < 0.01). The IR was estimated from the linear regression equation IR = 0.59 + 0.056 × weight. Necessary contrast enhancement level for quality 3‐D reconstruction should be greater than 250 HU, and the IR can be estimated from patient's weight. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Both Spacer Length and Parity Influence the Thermal and Light‐Induced Properties of Iron(II) α,ω‐Bis(tetrazole‐1‐yl)alkane Coordination Polymers
Authors: Absmeier Alina , Bartel Matthias , Carbonera Chiara , Jameson Guy N. L. , Weinberger Peter , Caneschi Andrea , Mereiter Kurt , Létard Jean‐François , Linert Wolfgang
Published: December 2005

A new series of [μ‐tris‐{1,n‐bis(tetrazol‐1‐yl)alkane‐N4,N4′}iron(II)] bis(perchlorate) spin‐crossover coordination polymers ([Fe(nditz)3](ClO4)2]; n=4–9) has been synthesised and characterised. The ditetrazole bridging ligands provide octahedral symmetry at the iron(II) centres while allowing the distance between iron(II) centres to be varied. These polymers have therefore been investigated to determine the effects of spacer length on their thermal and light‐induced spin‐transition behaviour. An increase in the number of carbon atoms in the spacer (n) raises the thermal spin‐crossover temperature, while decreasing the stability of the light‐induced metastable state generated through the light‐induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) effect by irradiating the sample at 530 nm. Remarkably, however, the parity of the spacer also has an effect, enabling the series of complexes to be divided into two sub‐series depending on whether the bridging ligand possesses an even or an odd number of carbon atoms. An explanation at the molecular level using the single configurational coordinate (SCC) model is presented.
Local perspective of the impact of the HIPAA privacy rule on research
Authors: Wolf Michael S. , Bennett Charles L.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The operational and economic impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 was evaluated. The setting was a natural experiment which involved a single‐site, clinical research study that was initiated before the enactment of HIPAA and subsequently modified to be compliant with the new policy.

METHODS

A formative assessment was conducted of the recruitment process to a clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of an educational strategy to inform Veterans about the National Cancer Institute/Department of Veterans Affairs cosponsored Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Personnel time and costs were determined based on weekly accrual for study periods before and after the implementation of HIPAA. Root cause analysis was used to assess the recruitment protocol and to identify areas for improvement.

RESULTS

The implementation of HIPAA resulted in a 72.9% decrease in patient accrual (7.0 patients/wk vs. 1.9 patients/wk, P < 0.001), and a threefold increase in mean personnel time spent recruiting (4.1 hrs/patient vs. 14.1 hrs/patient, P < 0.001) and mean recruitment costs ($49/patient vs. $169/patient, P < 0.001). Upon review of the modified HIPAA‐compliant protocol, revisions in the recruitment procedure were adopted. The revised protocol improved weekly accrual by 73% (1.9 patients/wk vs. 7.1 patients/wk, P < 0.001) and resulted in improvements in personnel time (5.4 hrs/patient) and recruitment costs ($65/patient).

CONCLUSION

Enactment of HIPAA initially placed a considerable burden on research time and costs. Establishing HIPAA‐compliant recruitment policies can overcome some of these obstacles, although recruitment costs and time are likely to be greater than those observed before HIPAA. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Changing patterns of gallbladder carcinoma in New Mexico
Authors: Barakat Jehad , Dunkelberg Jeffrey C. , Ma Thomas Y.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

American Indians in the U.S. have a high incidence of gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Furthermore, American Indians in New Mexico (NM) have the highest incidence rate of GBC in the U.S. The epidemiology of GBC in NM has not been studied in the past 3 decades.

METHODS

By using the NM Tumor Registry (NMTR) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, age‐specific incidence rates, average annual age‐adjusted incidence rates, and incidence rate time trends of GBC were compared among the three major ethnic groups in NM: American Indians, Hispanics, and non‐Hispanic whites, for the period 1973–2001.

RESULTS

A sharp increase in GBC incidence occurred with advanced age and started earlier in American Indians (at age 55) than Hispanics (at age 60) than non‐Hispanic whites (at age 65). GBC occurred more frequently in females than in males in all ethnic groups. In females, the incidence of GBC was the highest in American Indians (14.5 per 100,000) followed by Hispanics (6.8 per 100,000) and non‐Hispanic whites (1.4 per 100,000). Similarly in males, American Indians had the highest incidence rate of GBC (7.8 per 100,000), followed by Hispanics (2.0 per 100,000), and non‐Hispanic whites (1.0 per 100,000). The time trend analysis revealed that there has been a disproportionate decline in the incidence of GBC in the three ethnic groups, with the greatest drop in American Indians and Hispanics followed by non‐Hispanic whites. Despite the decline, American Indians continued to have the highest incidence rate of GBC in NM.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of GBC has declined disproportionately in the three major ethnic groups, with the greatest decrease in American Indians and Hispanics followed by non‐Hispanic whites. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Analytic smoothing effect for the Schrödinger equation with long‐range perturbation
Authors: Martinez Andre , Nakamura Shu , Sordoni Vania
Published: December 2005

We study the microlocal analytic singularity of solutions to the Schrödinger equation with analytic coefficients. Using microlocal weight estimates developed for estimating phase space tunneling, we prove microlocal smoothing estimates that generalize results by Robbiano and Zuily. We show that the exponential decay of the initial state in a cone in the phase space implies microlocal analytic regularity of the solution at a positive time. We suppose the Schrödinger operator is a long‐range‐type perturbation of the Laplacian, and we employ positive commutator‐type estimates to prove the smoothing property. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in transgenic mice expressing ovalbumin in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Cao Yi , Toben Catherine , Na Shin‐Young , Stark Kirsten , Nitschke Lars , Peterson Alan , Gold Ralf , Schimpl Anneliese , Hünig Thomas
Published: December 2005

We have used the 5′ flanking sequence of the myelin basic protein gene known to include the core promoter and a strong oligodendrocyte (ODC)‐specific enhancer to target expression of the well‐studied model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) to ODC in transgenic mice. OVA protein was detected in a tissue‐ and cell‐specific manner in these "ODC‐OVA" mice. Without immunization, CD4 T cells and B cells remained ignorant of the neo‐self antigen expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), as indicated by unimpaired development and lack of activation of OVA/IAb‐specific TCR transgenic T cells in these mice, and the ability to mount normal OVA‐specific recall and antibody responses. Upon immunization with OVA in complete Freund's adjuvant, about half of the transgenic mice developed neurological symptoms characteristic of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mononuclear infiltrates in the brain and spinal cord contained both macrophages and T cells, similar to classical models of EAE induced by immunization with CNS antigens in adjuvant. The wealth of immunological reagents available to study and manipulate the OVA‐specific response should make this new model useful for the investigation of components and mechanisms involved in CNS‐specific autoimmunity.
Hybrid Inorganic–Organic 1D and 2D Frameworks with [As6V15O42]6– Polyoxoanions as Building Blocks
Authors: Zheng Shou‐Tian , Chen Yong‐Mei , Zhang Jie , Xu Ji‐Qing , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: December 2005

Three novel heteropolyoxovanadates, [Ni(2,2′‐bpy)3]2[{Ni(en)2}As6V15O42(H2O)]·9.5H2O (1), [Zn2(dien)3(H2O)2]1/2{[Zn2(dien)3]As6V15O42(H2O)}·2H2O (2), and [Co(enMe)2]3[As6V15O42(H2O)]·2H2O (3), were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 14.0324(9) Å, b = 13.9900(8) Å, c = 30.5785(19) Å, β = 102.861(1)°, Z = 2; 2, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 13.361(5) Å, b = 23.979(8) Å, c = 22.873(8) Å, β = 102.459(4)°, Z = 4; 3, triclinic, P$\bar {1}$, a = 13.2976(1) Å, b = 15.0583(1) Å, c = 20.1661(2) Å, α = 85.620(8)°, β = 79.553(9)°, γ = 65.087(9)°, Z = 2. Compound 1 consists of 1D [{Ni(en)2}As6V15O42(H2O)]4– chains and [Ni(2,2′‐bpy)3]2+ cations, in which the chain host has a molecular recognition ability for the chiral guest cations. Compound 2 is constructed from linking of the [As6V15O42]6– polyoxoanions and novel dinuclear [Zn2(dien)3]4+ cations into the first 1D helical As–V–O cluster chain. Compound 3 is the first 2D framework based on [As6V15O42]6– polyoxoanions as building blocks. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Structural, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Investigations of New Thio‐ and Selenoether Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten
Authors: Ma Xiaoli , Starke Kerstin , Schulzke Carola , Schmidt Hans‐Georg , Noltemeyer Mathias
Published: December 2005

Molybdenum and tungsten complexes with tridentate bisanionic ligands (–OC2H4XC2H4O–, X = S, Se) were synthesized and analyzed electrochemically. Crystal structures of [{MoO2[O(CH2)2S(CH2)2O]}2] and [{WO2[O(CH2)2S(CH2)2O]}3] were obtained. For these two complexes as well asfor the virtual molybdenum trimer and the tungsten dimer,DFT calculations were performed in order to better understand the formation of two significantly different complexes for molybdenum and tungsten with the same ligandand by the same preparation method. The compound WO2Cl2[MeS(CH2)2SMe] was synthesized and characterized by crystal structure analysis. A structural and electrochemical comparison of this compound with the recently published analogous molybdenum compound and the dme analogs of molybdenum and tungsten were undertaken. All these data were used to evaluate the structural and electronic influences of replacing molybdenum by tungsten and of varying the ligand atoms (O/S/Se) from the point of view of the different coordination spheres of the molybdopterin‐dependent oxygen‐atom‐transfer enzymes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Analysing the relation between rainfall characteristics and lahar activity at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
Authors: van Westen C. J. , Daag A. S.
Published: December 2005

The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 altered the conditions of the surrounding river catchments. Pyroclastic flows and tephra fall were deposited over extensive areas, stripping off the forest cover and burying drainage divides. These recent deposits are very loosely consolidated and generally consist of sand‐sized particles, which commonly mobilize into lahars in response to rainfall of a certain magnitude. Several devastating lahar occurrences have buried settlements covering tens to several hundred square kilometres in a single event. Correlation of storm rainfall intensities and durations with lahar activity as recorded by acoustic flow monitors is used to investigate trends in the initiation conditions for lahar activity. This research confirms that the relationships of rainfall intensity and duration with lahar initiation threshold values are not linear but rather approximate a power relation. Different relations were found for lahar initiation in different years, from 1991 to 1997, as a result of the dynamic changes in hydrologic and geomorphic conditions of the affected catchments. Data from acoustic flow monitors are used to distinguish debris flow and hyperconcentrated flow activity from that of muddy water. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of sedimentation and occupation histories inside and outside rock shelters, Keep‐River region, northwestern Australia
Authors: Ward I.A.K. , Fullagar R.L.K. , Boer‐Mah T. , Head L.M. , Taçon P.S.C. , Mulvaney K.
Published: December 2005

This paper compares archaeological evidence of Aboriginal occupation inside rock shelters and outside in adjacent sand sheets, focusing on two locations in the Keep‐River region, northwestern Australia. Luminescence and radiocarbon dating reveal that occupation sequences inside rock shelters are generally younger ( < 10,000 yr B.P.) than outside ( < 18,000 yr B.P.). Differences in occupation chronology and artifact assemblages inside and outside rock shelters result from depositional and postdepositional processes and shifts in site function. An increase in regional sedimentation rate from 10 cm/ka − 1 in the Pleistocene to 20 cm/ka − 1 in the Holocene may account for late buildup of sediments within rock shelters, increased artifact accumulation, and reduced postdepositional disturbance in some settings. More intense use of rock shelters in the Late Holocene is indicated from a change in hunting technology and greater production of rock art. The results indicate that some cultural interpretations might be flawed unless archaeological evidence from rock‐shelter and open‐site excavations is integrated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Installation age of limestone masonry determined from its viscous remagnetization
Authors: Borradaile Graham John , Almqvist Bjarne Sven
Published: December 2005

Many rocks passively acquire some time‐dependent or “viscous” remanent magnetism (VRM) at ambient temperatures, without any extraordinary energetic intervention. This magnetization overprints existing remanent magnetization so that it is effectively a remagnetization subparallel to the contemporary geomagnetic field, averaging the geomagnetic field orientation. Certain limestone masonry remagnetizes viscously over an archaeologically useful interval (100 to 8000 Ka) so that the degree of remagnetization is monotonically (but not linearly) related to the construction age. The laboratory unblocking temperature (TUB) that removes the viscous magnetization is a simple monotonic measure of relative age. The longer a piece of masonry remained stabilized in a certain orientation, the greater is its viscous remagnetization and the higher is its TUB. Monuments of known age with a similar limestone source permit us to establish a calibration curve of T UB against historical ages. The resulting calibration curve may then be used to predict the ages of otherwise‐undated masonry. Viscous remanent magnetism dating provides precision of <50a in medieval monuments in England and <150a precision for classical to Neolithic monuments in Cyprus; precision depends on the remagnetization rate of the limestone in question. Our calibration curves, for the Jurassic Oolitic Limestone of England and for the Lefkara‐Pakhna Chalks of Cyprus, allowed us to investigate the authenticity of a medieval English synagogue in Lincoln, England, and of a medieval house in Cyprus. Multiple archaeologic VRMs show that masonry was recycled in historical times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The management of arable land from prehistory to the present: Case studies from the Northern Isles of Scotland
Authors: Guttmann Erika B. , Simpson Ian A. , Davidson Donald A. , Dockrill Stephen J.
Published: December 2005

The arable soils from two multiperiod settlements were analyzed to identify changes in agricultural methods over time. The settlement middens were also analyzed to determine whether potential fertilizers were discarded unused. Results suggest that in the Neolithic period (˜4000–2000 B.C. in the UK) the arable soils at Tofts Ness, Orkney, and Old Scatness, Shetland, were created by flattening and cultivating the settlements' midden heaps in situ. The arable area at Tofts Ness was expanded in the Bronze Age (˜2000–700 B.C. in the UK), and the new land was improved by the addition of ash, nightsoil, and domestic waste. Cultivation continued briefly after the fields were buried in windblown sand in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age, but by the Early Iron Age cultivation ceased and organic‐rich material was allowed to accumulate within the settlement. By contrast, at Old Scatness, arable production was increased in the Iron Age (˜700 B.C.–A.D. 550 in Scotland) by the intensive use of animal manures. The results indicate that during the lifespan of the two settlements the arable soils were fertilized to increase production, which was intensified over time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid protein identification using monolithic enzymatic microreactor and LC‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Duan Jicheng , Liang Zhen , Yang Chun , Zhang Jie , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Yukui
Published: December 2005

A monolithic enzymatic microreactor was prepared in a fused‐silica capillary by in situ polymerization of acrylamide, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of a binary porogenic mixture of dodecanol and cyclohexanol, followed by ammonia solution treatment, glutaraldehyde activation and trypsin modification. The choice of acrylamide as co‐monomer was found useful to improve the efficiency of trypsin modification, thus, to increase the enzyme activity. The optimized microreactor offered very low back pressure, enabling the fast digestion of proteins flowing through the reactor. The performance of the monolithic microreactor was demonstrated with the digestion of cytochrome c at high flow rate. The digests were then characterized by CE and HPLC‐MS/MS with the sequence coverage of 57.7%. The digestion efficiency was found over 230 times as high as that of the conventional method. In addition, for the first time, protein digestion carried out in a mixture of water and ACN was compared with the conventional aqueous reaction using MS/MS detection, and the former solution was found more compatible and more efficient for protein digestion.
Proteome analysis of human lung squamous carcinoma
Authors: Li Cui , Xiao Zhiqiang , Chen Zhuchu , Zhang Xiaopeng , Li JianLing , Wu Xiaoying , Li Xinying , Yi Hong , Li Maoyu , Zhu Guo , Liang Songping
Published: December 2005

Few lung cancer‐specific molecular markers have been established in regard of “early‐stage” diagnosis and prognosis. In this study the proteome analysis of human lung squamous carcinoma (hLSC) was carried out using two strategies to explore the carcinogenic mechanisms and identify its molecular markers more directly and comprehensively. Comparative proteome analysis on 20 hLSC tissues and paired normal bronchial epithelial tissues revealed 76 differential proteins, among which 68 proteins were identified by PMF. The identified proteins fell into three categories: oncoproteins, cell cycle regulators and signaling molecules. To validate the identified differential proteins, the expressions levels of three differential proteins mdm2, c‐jun and EGFR were determined by immunohistochemical staining and immunoblots. The results verified proteome analysis results. Serological proteome analysis (SERPA) of ten hLSC tissues was performed to identify the tumor‐associated antigens. The results revealed 36 ± 8 differential proteins reactive with patients' autologous sera, of which 14 proteins were identified. Six of the 14 proteins, alpha enolase, pre‐B cell‐enhancing factor precursor, triosephosphate isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase 1, fructose‐bisphosphate aldolase A, and guanine nucleotide‐binding protein beta subunit‐like protein, were also up‐regulated in hLSCs in the comparative proteomic study, which suggests potential application of these 6 hLSC‐associated antigens in diagnosis and therapy of hLSC.
Proteome analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma by laser capture microdissection
Authors: Ai Jianhua , Tan Yexiong , Ying Wantao , Hong Yi , Liu Shuqing , Wu Mengchao , Qian Xiaohong , Wang Hongyang
Published: December 2005

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent visceral neoplasia worldwide and is a multifactorial and multistage pathogenesis that finally leads to the deregulation of cell homeostasis. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) may allow a more ready identification of differences in protein expression in selected cell types or areas of tissue, and microscopic regions as small as 3–5 μm in diameter can be sampled. Here we applied the LCM to the proteomic study of hepatitis B‐related HCC and surrounding non‐tumor tissues. Proteome alterations were observed using 2‐DE and ESI‐MS/MS, and alterations in the proteome were examined. Twenty protein spots were selected, of which 11 proteins were significantly altered in the HCC compared with the surrounding non‐tumor tissues. Of the proteins that were selected, peroxiredoxin 2, apolipoprotein A‐I precursor, 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase type II, and 14.5‐kDa translational inhibitor protein appear to be novel candidates as useful hepatitis B‐related HCC markers. This study indicates that LCM is a useful technological method in the proteomic study of cancer tissue. The proteins revealed in this experiment can be used in the future for studies pertaining to hepatocarcinogenesis, or as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for HCC associated with hepatitis B virus infection.
Use of detergents to increase selectivity of immunoprecipitation of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides prior to identification by MALDI quadrupole‐TOF MS
Authors: Zhang Guoan , Neubert Thomas A.
Published: December 2005

Identification of tyrosine phosphorylation by MS is challenging due to its low abundance in biological samples. Therefore, specific enrichment of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides prior to their analysis is highly desirable. The application of immunopurification of phosphotyrosine (pY) peptides using pY antibodies has been greatly limited by poor selectivity. In the present study, we have shown that the selectivity of pY peptide immunopurification can be dramatically improved by adding detergents to immunoprecipitation buffers. Optimum selectivity and sensitivity were achieved using an immunoprecipitation buffer containing n‐octyl glucoside with a concentration above its critical micelle concentration (0.7%). The optimized method was used to identify in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation on proteins isolated from cell extract by anti‐pY protein immunoprecipitation. After immunopurification, non‐pY‐containing peptides from protein digests were readily removed and pY peptides became the dominant peaks in MALDI quadrupole‐TOF mass spectra. In addition, the signal intensities from pY‐containing peptides were enhanced significantly after enrichment, allowing characterization of tyrosine phosphorylation sites with greater sensitivity.
Thermochemistry of oxabicycloheptenes: enthalpy of formation, entropy and heat capacity
Authors: Bozzelli Joseph W. , Rajasekaran Indumathi , Hur Jin
Published: December 2005

Cyclohexene isomers with an epoxide ring (oxabicycloheptenes) are reportedly formed in atmospheric photochemical oxidation of aromatics. They may also be formed in higher temperature oxidation and oxygen‐catalyzed pyrolysis of aromatics. Thermochemical properties, ΔH°f(298), S°298 and Cp(T) (10 K ≤ T ≤ 5000 K) of five target oxabicycloheptenes were calculated using density functional methods. Structures for 7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2‐ene, 7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐3‐ene, 7‐oxabicyclo[3.1.1]hept‐1‐ene, 7‐oxabicyclo[3.1.1]hept‐2‐ene and 7‐ oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene were calculated at the B3LYP/6–31g(d,p) level of theory. Enthalpies of formation were determined at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) calculation level using isodesmic and homodesmic working reactions with the ΔH°rxn and known enthalpies of reference reactants in each of four different work reactions. Enthalpy values for the following bicyclic ether structures were also calculated for comparison of the calculation method with literature: 6‐oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 8‐oxabicyclo[5.1.0]octane, 7‐oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo‐2‐methyl‐7‐oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, exo‐2‐methyl‐7‐oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane and 7‐oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐2,4‐ene. Entropy (298 K) and heat capacity [Cp(T)] values along with Benson group additivity parameters for each ring system are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are nicotinoids protonated on the pyridine or the amino nitrogen in the gas phase?
Authors: Koné Mawa , Illien Bertrand , Laurence Christian , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles
Published: December 2005

The gas‐phase basicities (GBs) of 12 nicotinoids were calculated for the two potential sites of protonation, the sp2 pyridine and the sp3 amino nitrogen atoms, at the B3LYP/6–311 + G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level and estimated from substituent effects on the GBs of 2‐substituted pyrrolidines and N‐methylpyrrolidines. It was found that, in contrast to the Nsp3 protonation in water, nicotinoids with a secondary amino nitrogen (substituted nornicotines, anabasine, anatabine) are protonated on the pyridine nitrogen. Nicotinoids with a tertiary amino nitrogen (substituted nicotines, N‐methylanabasine, N‐methylanatabine) are protonated on either the pyridine or the amino nitrogen, depending on the electronic effects of the substituents and the strength of an intramolecular CH···Nsp3 hydrogen bond. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration of protein subcellular location and domain formation by alternative translational initiation
Authors: Cai Jun , Huang Ying , Li Fei , Li Yanda
Published: December 2005

Alternative translation is an important cellular mechanism contributing to the generation of proteins and the diversity of protein functions. Instead of studying individual cases, we systematically analyzed the alteration of protein subcellular location and domain formation by alternative translational initiation in eukaryotes. The results revealed that 85.7% of alternative translation events generated biological diversity, attributed to different subcellular localizations and distinct domain contents in alternative isoforms. Analysis of isoelectric point values revealed that most N‐terminal truncated isoforms significantly lowered their isoelectric point values targeted at different subcellular localizations, whereas they had conserved domain contents the same as the full‐length isoforms. Furthermore, Fisher's exact test indicated that the two ways—targeting at different cellular compartments and changing domain contents—were negatively associated. The N‐term truncated isoforms should have only one way to diversify their functions distinct from the full‐length ones. The peculiar consequence of subcellular relocation as well as change of domain contents reflected the very high level of biological complexity as alternative usage of initiation codons. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational reconstruction of the human skeletal muscle secretome
Authors: Bortoluzzi Stefania , Scannapieco Paolo , Cestaro Alessandro , Danieli Gian Antonio , Schiaffino Stefano
Published: December 2005

In multicellular organisms, secreted proteins play pivotal regulatory roles in intercellular communication. Proteins secreted by skeletal muscle can act locally on muscle cells through autocrine/paracrine loops and on surrounding tissues such as muscle blood vessels, or they can be released into the blood stream, thus producing systemic effects. By a computational approach, we have screened 6255 products of genes expressed in normal human skeletal muscle. Putatively secreted proteins were identified by sequential steps of sieving, through prediction of signal peptide, recognition of transmembrane regions, and analysis of protein annotation. The resulting putative skeletal muscle secretome consists of 319 proteins, including 78 still uncharacterized proteins. This is the first human skeletal muscle secretome produced by computational analysis. Knowledge of proteins secreted by skeletal muscle could stimulate development of novel treatments for different diseases, including muscle atrophy and dystrophy. In addition, better knowledge of the secretion process in skeletal muscle can be useful for future gene therapy approaches. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fire engineering design of steel structures
Authors: Moore D B , Lennon T
Published: December 2005

This article reviews progress in the fire engineering design of steel structures. The problems associated with the tradiational prescriptive methods of achieving regulatory compliance are identified. The concept of a fire safety engineering approach to design is discussed in relation to the structural performance of complete buildings in fire and the development of analytical models to predict structural response at elevated temperature. Full‐scale tests, observations from real fires and predictive models have all indicated that the fire resistance of complete structures is significantly better than that of the single elements from which fire resistance is universally assessed. Recent full‐scale tests on an eight‐storey steel framed building with composite floors have attempted to identify the alternative load paths which provide this enhanced performance and to quantify the present factors of safety. These tests are described in some detail. Conclusions are drawn from previous experience and current research, and directions for future research efforts are identified.