bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIETARY PATTERN AND NUTRIENT INTAKE OF OVERWEIGHT AND NORMAL WEIGHT ADOLESCENT GIRLS – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
Authors: Parveen N Asma , John Sheila , Monica Sarah Jane
Published: January 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the dietary pattern and nutrient intake of overweight and normal weight adolescent girls.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adolescent girls aged 18–22 years. Information regarding demographic profile and the dietary pattern was obtained using a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements such as height, body weight, and waist circumference were measured and body fat percentage was estimated. Nutrient intake was calculated using 3 days dietary recall method. In addition, a nutrition education program was conducted to create an impact on the dietary habits.Results: The study showed that majority of the subjects in both the groups was non-vegetarians. With regards to meal skipping, 76% of the overweight girls had the habit of skipping meal and breakfast was the most common meal that was skipped. There was a significant difference in the anthropometric indices and nutrient intake between normal and overweight subjects. Subjects in both the groups were fond of eating junk foods followed by inadequate intake of fruits. Nutrition education program helped them to change their dietary habits.Conclusion: Providing nutrition education to adolescents is essential as it creates an impact on the eating habits by modifying their dietary pattern and creating awareness about the ill health effects of junk food consumption.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DRUG USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL.
Authors: Paul Nimin , V Santhosh Kumar
Published: January 2018

Objective: To identify the pattern of drug utilization of antimicrobials in prescriptions of patients admitted at medical intensive care unit (MICU) and surgical intensive care unit (SICU) department and to analyze the utilization of different classes of drugs.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in 10 bedded medical and surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of tertiary care hospital, Adayar, from October 1st 2016 to March 1st 2016. The study was performed in 100 prescriptions. The relevant data on drug prescription of each patient were collected from in-patient records. The demographic data, disease data, and the utilization of different classes of antimicrobial agents (AMAs) were analyzed.Results: In MICU, a total of 648 drugs were prescribed during the period of stay and AMAs accounted for 15% of total drug. The average length of stay was found to be 8 (±8.73). The mean number of drugs received by patients is 11.6 ± 2 drugs. The most frequently prescribed AMAs were ceftriaxone followed by meropenem and clindamycin. Cephalosporin is commonly prescribed due to their relatively lower toxicity and broader spectrum activity. The generally prescribed AMA combination was amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (32.50%) and piperacillin + tazobactam (27.50%). The laboratory reported positive cultures for 30 patients. The most prevailing organisms were Escherichia coli (50%). In SICU, a total of 780 drugs were prescribed during the period of stay and AMAs accounted for 18% of total drug. An average of 5 (±2.0) drugs was prescribed for each patient and each prescription contains an average of 2 (±0.9) AMAs. The results indicated that ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed AMAs (22%), followed by meropenem (18%), ciprofloxacin (18%), and colistin (8%). A total of five AMA combination therapies were used in SICU. Among them, piperacillin+clavulanic acid (36.84%) was the most commonly prescribed combination. In the study, 30 (60 %) cases had microbial growth and have performed sensitivity test.Conclusion: A wide class and percentage of AMAs were prescribed in ICUs. There is a need of antimicrobial agent’s usage guidelines and restriction policies for the rational prescribing of antimicrobials in critically ill patients.
GUT MICROBIOTA AND DIABETES MELLITUS - AN INTERLINKAGE
Authors: Rp Jayaswal , M Vijayasimha , Pk Prabhakar
Published: January 2018

In recent years, the curiosity to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetes development has increased. Evidence from previous studies suggests that gut microbiota manipulation may assure to prevent diabetes development in future, primarily in susceptible individuals. Here, we reviewed special gut microbiota types proposing development of Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans and laboratory animals. The available data we found are still inconclusive and required more attention in discriminating specific groups of gut microbiomes strongly indicating T1D and T2D development or prevention. Further, we suggested for the first time to study the gut microbiota in different ways to find the root cause of diabetes development.
THE ADDITIVITY ANTINOCICEPTIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DICLOFENAC AND THE DERRIS SCANDENS EXTRACT DRUG IN MICE.
Authors: Punjanon Tadsanee
Published: January 2018

Objective: Combination therapy is a valid approach in pain treatment, in which a reduction of doses could reduce side effects and still achieve optimal analgesia. The objective was to determine the effects of coadministered diclofenac and the Derris scandens extract drug.Methods: Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test in mice was used to determine the type of interaction between components. The effective dose that produced 50% antinociception (ED50) was calculated from the log dose-response curves of fixed ratio combinations of diclofenac with the D. scandens extract drug. The ED50 was compared to the theoretical additive ED50 calculated from the ED50 of diclofenac and of the D. scandens extract drug alone.Results: Diclofenac and the D. scandens extract drug dose‐dependently and significantly reduced the abdominal writhing. The combination was the additive effect, the experimental ED50 being smaller than the theoretically calculated ED50. Interaction index of the combination was 0.89.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the additivity antinociceptive interactions between diclofenac and the D. scandens extract drug and may be used as a combination analgesic in the treatment of pain conditions.
SALMONELLA OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE: AN UNUSUAL PRESENTATION IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT MALE
Authors: Mohanty Aroop , Pandita Naveen , Kandwal Pankaj , Omar Balram Ji , Gupta Pratima , Gupta Priyanka
Published: January 2018

Prevalence of Salmonella vertebral osteomyelitis has increased in recent years due to greater number of spinal surgical procedures, ageing population, and intravenous drug abuse. It is a rare complication of Salmonella infection. We report a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with low back pain for past 1 month. Physical examination revealed spinal tenderness over L2-L5 spine with sensory and motor deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging of dorsolumbar spine showed spondylodiscitis at L2-L5 and epidural collection at L4-L5 level. The patient did not respond to conservative treatment and trial of antitubercular drugs. He underwent open discal biopsy and decompression laminotomy. Intraoperatively, he was found to have epidural abscess and discitis at L3-L4 level. Tissue and wound culture grew Salmonella typhi, and with antibiotic susceptibility guidance, he was treated with intravenous cefuroxime for 4 weeks. On his latest follow-up, there was complete recovery and fusion at diseased vertebrae level.
ANEMIA AND VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY IN ELDERLY.
Authors: Gonmei Zaozianlungliu , Dwivedi Supriya , Toteja Gurudayal Singh , Singh Karuna , Vikram Naval Kishore , Bansal Priyanka Gupta
Published: January 2018

Objective: The present study was carried out to assess the prevalence of anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia among elderly in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 234 elderly aged 60 and above in slums of West Delhi. 5 ml blood was collected from 116 elderly and was analyzed for hemoglobin, Vitamin B12 and homocysteine. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <130 g/L and <120 g/l for male and female, respectively, Vitamin B12 deficiency as serum Vitamin B12 <203 pg/ml and hyperhomocysteinemia as serum homocysteine >15 μmol/l.Results: The overall prevalence of anemia, Vitamin B12 deficiency, and hyperhomocysteinemia among elderly was 57.76%, 36.36%, and 57.57%, respectively. Among anemic elderly, 33.33% and 64.15% had Vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia, respectively.Conclusion: More than half of the elderly population was anemic, while one-third was having Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Structural analysis of river basins of the Upper Angara region
Authors: Opekunova M.Y. , Bardash A.V. , Tukhta S.A.
Published: January 2018

Oyek-river basin (right tributary of the Kuda-river) was used as a model site for revealing the features of the structure of river basins in the low-water karst region. Using the methodical approach of the Horton analysis, which was improved by Yu. G. Simonov, the main structural indices of the basin - bifurcation indices, lengths, areas, slopes, geomorphological work for sub-basins of the third order were determined. An analysis of the distribution of indices showed the greatest spread of the western part of the basin in the upper links of the erosion network. It is determined that the third-order sub-basins located in the western part within the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovskaya plain have the greatest homogeneity of structural indices, and the sub-basins of the Kudinskaya depression have the greatest diversity in the distribution of structural indices. An analysis of the distribution of the indicators of geomorphological work showed that significant work on the transfer of matter is performed by tributaries of the first orders of the western part of the basin, and maximum inflows are carried out in tributaries in the basins with the largest areas.
Articulações e tensionamentos do tempo nas Teorias da Comunicação
Authors: Salgueiro Marques Ângela Cristina , Sá Martino Luis Mauro
Published: January 2018

O tempo, nos estudos de Comunicação, não é explicitamente problematizado em sua dimensão constitutiva dos fenômenos interacionais, ou, mais ainda, como variável de toda a ação e da própria existência. Nota-se, com muita frequencia, sua apreensão enquanto variável histórica delimitadora de determinados aspectos da apreensão social das temporalidades. Em outras palavras, os estudos de Comunicação privilegiam o tempo como história, não como categoria analítica ou mesmo epistemológica. Este artigo tenta desenvolver uma visão específica a respeito das potencialidades e limites da presença do tempo nos processos comunicacionais. A partir da reflexão acerca de dimensões temporais em certas Teorias da Comunicação, percebemos que o tempo é componente de destaque nas formulações conceituais, mas que seus aspectos específicos parecem diluir-se como uma dimensão entre outras dos fenômenos interacionais.
The Time of Teaching in the Global South: Networking Pedagogy and the Teaching of Caribbean poetry (with an example from Derek Walcott)
Authors: West-Pavlov Russell
Published: January 2018

This article asks about the time(-space) of teaching as a creative process. In order to address this issue, it turns to the teaching of a particular poetic form, that of the sonnet, which it reads as an exemplification of creative constraint as an apprenticeship in enabling networks. In order to exemplify that process of spatial constraint revealing itself as enabling creative networking, it turns to a sonnet by the Caribbean poet Derek Walcott in which the natural environment as a network of sites of distributed agency is foregrounded asthe instantiation of creative networking. In all three instances (teaching the sonnet as genre via a specific example from Walcott’s oeuvre), what counts is the network, in which agency is distributed/dispersed, and creativity consists of connectivity with other nodes on the network so as to interact with them.
Laissez-faireism and Export-oriented Industrialization: the Hong Kong Experience
Authors: Sit V.F.S
Published: January 2018

Hong Kong is the earliest of the Asian Newly Developed Economies to have embarked on export-oriented industrialization. Its success has also been portraited as the best example of a free-trade policy that leads to sustained development. The paper presents the factors leading to Hong Kong's post-Second World War industrialization, the characteristics of its industries as well as the related government policies. In the second half, the paper treats in detail how Hong Kong's industrial economy has been extended into neighbouring South China in a new cross-border system since the 1980s. The paper doubts the relevance of non-interventionist policies in the current situation of industrial growth based on cross-border co-operation and argues for more government input for sustaining Hong Kong's future industrial growth.
The 'Shequ Construction' Programme and the Chinese Communist Party
Authors: Kojima Kazuko , Kokubun Ryosei
Published: January 2018

In recent years, the community development programme called 'Shequ

Construction' has been making rapid progress in China. The discussion

surrounding the programme focuses on how to adjust the relationship between

the street offices (which fall under the jurisdiction of the government) and the

shequ residents' committees (defined as the people's self-governing entity).

The programme has also led the debate over the position and role of the

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the newly reconstructed shequ. While the

party's Organization Department proposes the unification of the shequ party

branches and shequ residents' committees, others maintain that the shequ party

branch should be differentiated from the shequ residents' committee, which is

still viewed as an agent of government. They say 'the greatest advantage of the

CCP is that it is the embodiment of social power and it is not a non-socialist

external force like the administrative organ'. Their proposal raises further

questions: How should the party change its direction and guidance within the

framework of the separation of government and society? Will this affect the

party's ability to continue to provide society with effective 'guidance' and

become representative of society? This paper will provide some clues to help

answer these questions.
Norms, Values and Cynical Games with Party Ideology
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: January 2018

The Chinese Communist Party is based on an ideology that was once fundamentally

linked to social norms and values. The original charisma of the party

and its leaders seems to have gone in the direction predicted by Max Weber: that

charisma cannot stand the test of everyday routines; it will eventually be rationalized

and bureaucratized. The party's slogan of 'three representations' seems to

reach out to the 'new social strata,' allowing entry to those who 'became rich first,'

namely the entrepreneurs. At the same time, the party struggles to redefine the

Marxist paradigm of exploitation in a situation where workers increasingly live

under conditions akin to those in England at the time of the Industrial Revolution.

Sweeping changes are being implemented but without any modification to

the verbal baggage of socialist propaganda.
Process Ambiguities in Sino-Danish Busi ness Negotiations
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Worm Verner
Published: January 2018

The article analyses the role played by process ambiguities in Sino-Danish

busi ness negotiations. Process ambiguities refer to perceived expectational

inconsistency concerning (i) appropriate forms of behaviour; (ii) attributional

judgements; and (iii) structuring of the negotiation process. These ambiguities

stem from dif fer enc es in negotiation scripts across Chinese and Danish cultures.

The essential ar gu ment being advanced here is that it is the effective and/or

the ineffective management of process ambiguities that shapes the evolution

of the negotiating dynamic be tween Danish and Chinese business people. An

inductive model of Sino-Dan ish business negotiations is developed that is

based on 24 interviews conducted with Danish expatriate managers in China

and 4 interviews with Chinese working in Danish companies. Implications for

research and practice are discussed.
Crisis, States and the Sociology of Southeast Asia: Constructing and Deconstructing 1997
Authors: Clammer John
Published: January 2018

The events of 1997 in Southeast Asia have been largely interpreted as a financial crisis, as a momentary problem in an otherwise smoothly operating development model. This paper takes issue with this interpretation and argues that in fact it indicated the extent of the penetration of globalization in the region and threw into stark relief the underlying sociological transformations that have accompanied and been created by the developmentalist policies of regional states. The paper attempts to indicate what the major sociological issues generated by the crisis are, to argue for the continuing salience of class analysis in interpreting social transformations in contemporary Southeast Asia and to propose the elements of a fresh sociological model for examining post-crisis Southeast Asian societies encapsulated in a pattern of globalization that is having profound but not yet fully mapped cultural and social consequences. The paper in other words attempts a sociological interpretation of what has been mostly read as an economic problem, and indicates necessary linkages between the economic, the sociological and the cultural in the interpretation of social change in the region.
Greater Self-Assertion and Nationalism in Japan
Authors: Togo Kazuhiko
Published: January 2018

Out of the deep spiritual vacuum from defeat in the Second World War, two fundamental rifts emerged in Japan. First, on the foreign policy front, the realism embraced by the conservative government was opposed by strong idealistic pacifism advocated by opposition parties and media, and this rift continued until the end of the Cold War. Second, with regard to the war in Asia, the Japanese gradually learned of atrocities committed, for which Japan owed an apology. However, views prevailing at the time to totally reject the past caused discomfort aming many Japanese, and the issue of lost identity was left unanswered during the Cold War. When the Cold War ended, Japan began to move towords a more responsible and self-assertive security and defence policy. A series of initiatives toward clearer apology and reconciliation were confronted by a strengthened nationalism, and the issue of lost identity remained unresolved at the end of the 1990s. Koizumi has done well to implement a more responsible, proactive, realistic and self-assertive security and defence policy; moreover relations with the US have been considerably strengthened. But in East Asia, the issue of lost identity has reappeared and foreign policy towards Russia, Korea and China has resulted in a hardning of Japan's position in the region. Japan needs to have the courage to overcome this unresolved issue, while other countries' greater understanding of Japan's move toward a re-established identity will facilitate this process. Genuine dialogue is needed on all fronts.
'Globalizing' Management Theories: Knowledge, Ignorance and the Possibility of a Postcolonial Critique
Authors: Wong Loong
Published: January 2018

In international management, the study of culture has rapidly become critically salient. Business and management consultants, academics and practitioners alike all claim that the development of cross-cultural skills is crucial in the new era of globalization. This, they claim, will enable managers to better manage the risks within a globalized economy and consequently, add to greater productive growth and increased competitiveness. This 'turn to culture' has generated diverse competency skills training programmes, units and writings dealing with cross-cultural skills in management. Whilst the call for greater cultural literacy in international business and management is welcome, many of these 'new' analyses tend towards the simplistic. This paper posits that international management knowledge is actively constructed by these experts and that in their representations of culture, the issue of power is neglected and/or glossed over. The paper therefore argues that to understand these cultural representations, it is necessary to locate these views within a discourse of truth and power. Via a contrapuntal reading of key critical international management texts, the paper seeks to challenge and provide a counterpoint to these views. In so doing, it aims to foster a more critical, reflexive, engaged and open management practice.
Det uhæmmede begær - Vestens fantasier om Orienten
Authors: Bagge Laustsen Carsten
Published: January 2018

Desire Unlimited - Western Fantasies of the East

This essay focus on the European dis¬course of the Orient taking as its point of departure Alain Grosrichard’s book The Sultans Court - Western Fantasies of the Orient (1998). It focus on historical ana¬lysis of the European discourse on the Orient, and argues that there is a par¬ticular European way to approach the Orient, a way that does not necessarily illuminate the nature of the “despotic” Orient, but rather illustrates the construc¬tion of Europe itself. The distinction be¬tween the Orient and the Occident is central in this discourse. This distinction condenses a number of other distinctions between for example the law and its transgression, heterosexuality and perversion, democracy and despotism. Using Lacanian psychoanalysis and the work of the “Slovenian school” as theore¬tical inspiration, it is argued that these distinctions originate in the projection of perverted excess onto Europe’s “ot¬her”. The existence of fantasies of these excesses elucidate the double bind of European power, which is fundamental¬ly split between official, overt regulations and forbidden, hidden fantasies of trans¬gression. It is imperative to recognize the status as fantasy of these fantasies, which locks us in rigid patterns, and to recogni¬ze that the perverse Orient is a product of European “normalization”.
Rasjonell solidaritet
Authors: Hagen Roar
Published: January 2018

Rational Solidarity

The notion of rational solidarity may ap¬pear as a contradiction of terms at first glance to a sociologist, in that actors are either rational or solidary. This dichoto¬my, however, leads to problems, for in¬stance in explaining public allocations in the welfare state. This is because much sociological theory is based on the di¬stinction between homo economicus and homo sociologicus and therefore cannot have a concept of collective rationality. This is a self-imposed limitation created at the level of general theory in the so-called problem of order or collective action. This limitation is illustrated in an analysis of the works of Talcott Parsons, Jon Elster and Jürgen Habermas.
In order to develop a concept of collec¬tive rationa¬lity, sociology must change some of its basic assumptions. Following the thoughts of Niklas Luhmann it must re¬place action and individuals with com¬munication as the basic unit of society. By doing so, it will be possible to appreci¬ate the fact that solidarity is not some¬thing typical of archaic societies or small groups, but rather a medium for the allocation of collective goods by the welfare state. The idea of rational solidarity sym¬bolizes the difference between individual and collective rationality as a unity: one should sacrifice individual opportuni¬ties to achieve collective goods and solve social problems. Taken as a medium for the allocation of collective goods, there is more to solidarity than Luhmann will admit: solidarity is the nexus of functio¬nal differentiation.
Hvordan er systemteorien mulig?
Authors: Bjerg Ole
Published: January 2018

How is Systems Theory possible?

This article tries to undercover some of the fundamental premises of Niklas Luhmann’s Systems Theory by looking at its way of asking questions. The question: “how is communication possible?” is seen to be the theory’s core question, and the concept of autopoietic social systems the answer to this question. Inspired by Nietzsche’s critique of the Kantian question: “how are synthetic propositions a priori possible?” The article confronts System Theory with the question: “why is there being communicated?” I argue that Systems Theory is unable to answer this question without making some ontological assumptions about social systems. However these conflict with the theory’s insistence on a radical constructivist epistemology; and too these assumptions involve ascribing social systems with characteristics that we would ‘normally’ only use in connection with living beings. The article discusses perspectives of introducing the Heideggerian concept of Dasein into Systems Theory to deal with the shortcomings of the theory that are discussed.
Idealtyper og fuzzy mængdelære i komparative studier - nordisk familiepolitik i 1990´erne som eksempel
Authors: Kvist Jon
Published: January 2018

Ideal types and fuzzy sets -Exemplified by Nordic family policy in the 1990s

Fuzzy-set theory is a new method for the social sciences. It allows for a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs such as idealtypes, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory is useful for ideal type analysis as it combines the study of qualitative and quantitative differentiation in a single instrument. It allows the measurement and computation of theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner that is true to their original formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy-set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis and presents an illustrative example of how it can be used in comparative studies. The example concerns changing Nordic family policies in the 1990s in relation to their conformity to the ideal typical Social Democratic family policy model characterised by generous family allowances coupled with universal child care of a high quality. All Nordic countries expanded the universality of childcare, but its quality remained only fairly good, when measured by number of children, staff, which was 4.7 in 1993 in Denmark. Generosity was increased in Denmark, but reduced in Sweden and Finland. As a result of numerous changes, the most traditional country, Norway, got more in line with the other Nordic countries and Sweden lost its role as the examplar country of Social Democratic family policy. However, none of the countries experienced a qualitative shift in family policy towards a Conservative or Liberal model of family policy. The analysis demonstrates how fuzzy-set theory allows for fine-grained assesments, and is particularly well-suited to the analysis of diversity for a medium number of cases.
Kontekstuelle og tværnationale komparative analyser
Authors: Jensen Per H.
Published: January 2018

Contextualisation of cross-national comparisons

Most social scientists agree that it is necessary to analyse social phenomenon in context. However, the notion of context is most often used loosely and arbitrary. Therefore, this article invites to reconsider the notion of contextualisation, and it is argued that a contextual approach entails that social relations must be given primacy in the analysis of social phenomenon.

A contextual model is developed in order to understand the marked differences in female labour force participation in Denmark and Italy. It is argued that we find low female participation rates in Italy due to a familial social system (traditional family, residuel welfare state, closed labour markets) which corresponds to a centripetal female orientation, while we find high female labour force partici-pation in Denmark due to a contractual social system (dual family, institutional welfare state, open labour markets) which corresponds to a centrifugal female orientation.
Stil som social identitetsmarkør - en flerperspektivistisk tilgang til unges stil
Authors: Stormhøj Christel
Published: January 2018

Christel Stormhøj: Style as a marker of social identity

– a multi-perspective approach to young people’s style.

This article analyses the relations between social identities and style among youth in contemporary Danish society. It deals with the social sources and functions of style. It is based on a study of young men and women from two social classes: working class youths and youth from academic families (middle and upper-middle class).

While social class and gender are basic positional factors in the taste patterns of the young people to a certain extent, there are other significant factors. Among the important generative forces are individual choice, age, and identification with school culture and with different kinds of sub- and micro-cultures. Young people employ style in different ways: as a status marker, as a instrument of resistance, as a way of expressing autonomy, in positioning themselves in relation to others and in developing social groups. Because of this plurality of sources to style and taste, it is necessary to employ a “multi-perspective“ in this kind of research.
Michel Foucault og kritiske perspektiver på liberalismen. Governmentality eller genealogi som analysestrategi
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar
Published: January 2018

Kaspar Villadsen: Michel Foucault and critical perspectives on liberalism. Governmentality or genealogy as a strategy of analysis

Although the literature on governmentality has produced a series of highly interesting studies focusing on questions of liberalism, government and the state, it is troubled by a number of problems. This paper suggests that some of these problems result from the unclear status of a core analytical concept within this literature: political rationality. The paper seeks to clarify the epistemological and analytical meaning of this concept and to give some suggestions as to which alternative concepts and analytical strategies we can draw from Foucault for future studies of government and its rationalities. It is proposed that we should avoid seeing politics as shot through by some kind of homogeneous, all-embracing rationality. Rather, we should explore, in its unique specificity, the interplay of discourses and counter-discourses and their complex relation to various institutions.
Civilsamfund eller social kapital?
Authors: Hulgård Lars
Published: January 2018

Lars Hulgård: Civil Society or Social Capital? An institutional critique of theories of civil society inspired by Habermas and Putnam.

There have been two main approaches to theory about the relations between civil society and democracy and the welfare state. One is the approach by Habermas that emphasizes the role of the public sphere as mediator between civil society and representative democracy. The other is an approach inspired by Putnam that emphasizes the importance of social capital. Putnam focuses on how civil involvement and voluntary associations raise the effectiveness of institutions in modern society. Both approaches have met with considerable criticism from different points of view. However the article argues that a similar criticism can be made of both approaches although they seem so different. It argues that the crucial challenge is to include an institutional perspective in whichever perspective one employs in the study the status of civil society as a democratic or welfare impulse in modern society. The article reviews the various criticisms of the two approaches and shows how an institutional perspective can be employed to both approaches.
Følelser og sociale bånd i Akademia
Authors: Bloch Charlotte
Published: January 2018

Charlotte Bloch: Emotions and Social Bonds in Academia

The purpose of this article is to expand our understanding of social relations in academia by examining the role that the emotional dimensions of these social relations play in academic life. It is based on the results of an interview study of emotions and emotional culture among people in various scholarly positions in academia. The article makes analytical distinctions between the structural conditions of emotions, the emotional culture of academia, lived or felt emotions and the management of emotions. And it identifies different ways of managing the emotions of uncertainty, shame, anger, pride and laughter. These feelings emerge from the structural conditions of the social relations in academic life, and the tacit rules of feeling in academic life define how these feelings are managed. Life in academia presupposes a certain amount of feeling labour and management of feelings. Thomas Scheff’s theory about emotions and social bonds is employed to identify what this management of feelings means for social relations in academia. Bonds in academia are stable and fluctuate between solidarity, isolation and engulfment, but primarily the last two. Loneliness, group conformity, absence of real cooperation, and weakening of individual and collective creativity are some of the consequences of this kind of social bond.
Børns koloniserede arbejde
Authors: Qvortrup Jens
Published: January 2018

Jens Qvortrup: The colonization of children’s work

This article develops both historical and theoretical arguments against the flawed logic of a conventional wisdom. This conventional wisdom is the notion that while children in pre-industrial society were actively taking part in work, the scholarised children in modern society are merely preparing themselves to become contributors to the social fabric. Combined with family ideology, this view has implications for low fertility rates and greater risk of poverty for children and their families. The modern schooling marathon should be understood as a continuation of children’s organic participation in activities deemed necessary by the mode of production, reflecting an historical shift from manual to mental child work. This understanding of children’s schoolwork logically implies that children are part of a societal division of labour, and therefore have legitimate claims to societal resources and public economic responsibility. Putting these insights into public practice would, on the one hand, alleviate the economic burdens of parents and the risk of child poverty, and, on the other, create incentives for increased fertility. In the long run this would contribute to the solution of the impending pension crisis. And too, it would help reestablish the intergenerational balance.
Barndommens kroppe: Konstruktion, handling og hybriddannelse
Authors: Prout Alan
Published: January 2018

Alan Prout:

Childhood bodies: construction, agency and hybridity

This paper explores the relationship between the sociology of childhood and the sociology of the body. Noting that the two fields are marked by mutual neglect, it reviews some of the theoretical issues that underlie the enterprise of bringing them together. Three key themes emerge from this discussion. The first concerns social constructionism. Both fields draw on this theoretical approach and, it is argued, both meet its limits. The paper argues that social constructionist accounts of both childhood and the body tend to exclude (or at least de-emphasize) the possibility that social life has a material as well as discursive (or representational) component. The second theme is that of children’s agency in the interpretation, negotiation and utilisation of their bodies. Seeing children as social actors balances a former emphasis on the socialization of children by highlighting the ways in which they are also agents, participants shaping as well as being shaped by society. However, it is argued that the sociology of childhood has tended to essentialise children’s agency rather than decentering it and analyzing it as an effect. The third theme draws on actor network theory in order to unravel some of the ways in which children’s bodies are inextricably interwoven with other aspects of the material environment – artifacts, machines and technologies. Children’s bodies emerge as hybrid entities. They are inseparable from, produced in, represented by and performed through their connections with other material objects. This line of enquiry feeds back into the question of children’s agency by reconstituting it less as an essential attribute of children and more as an effect of the connections made between a heterogeneous array of materials including bodies, representations and technologies.
Højreradikalismen i Danmark - en politik model på historisk-sociologisk grund
Authors: Karpantschof René
Published: January 2018

Rene Karpantschof: The Radical Right in Denmark: a historical sociological perspective for a model of politics

During the past quarter century, disputes connected to the radical right and the related issue of immigration have occupied a central field of contention in Danish society. Governments have been brought down, the party system has been radically reshuffled, a new and polarized agenda has emerged in media and in parliament, popular attitudes have changed, and the pattern of grassroots participation has shifted. Social scientists have tended to restrict their analyses of this situation to the “view of specialist“, approaching the phenomena in question through the perspectives of civic culture, policy and party system

conditions, public opinion creation, or social movement struggle. The present article suggests another approach, employing a historical-sociological perspective that analyses the political turn as a consequence of processes and causal mechanisms involving and intersecting all these above-mentioned elements. The article also develops a model of politics as regards the manner in which societal

actors act and struggle for symbols and identities in a contingent environment of specific political circumstances

and interaction. This model finds important processes and causal mechanisms related to four main dynamics: (1)

identity formation, (2) interplay between institutionalised politics and protest, (3) movement-countermovement interaction, and (4) national-international relations.
Kroppens vej ind og ud af samfundsvidenskaben
Authors: Alzaga Cristina
Published: January 2018

The body’s journey in and out of social science theory.

In the last couple of decades we have witnessed a veritable explosion of literature about the body. This article poses the question of whether the recent “rediscovery” of the instinctual, habitual, feeling, knowing, communicative, erotic and political organism by diverse currents of social inquiry has redeemed the body and moved us toward a resolution of its mystery, or whether it has consigned the body to newer forms of peripherality and obscurity, reducing it to yet another sign, thereby eliding its special presence, knowledge and powers. As opposed to the argument put forward by some students of the body that the fundamental existential fact of human embodiedness belongs to a domain of research neglected in sociological inquiries of the past, this article maintains that in order to hold together and reconcile the body’s manifold facets and guises we need to excavate and build upon the analytical resources handed on to us from the sociological past. It is argued that this can help us to adequately grasp the body as social product, matrix, and mediation, in an effort to move beyond the dualistic and disincarnated theories of action, knowledge and structure that dominate sociological analysis. The article pursues these issues by means of a close examination of several contemporary currents of social theory that circle about and/or through the body. The article draws upon ideas developed at a seminar held at UC Berkeley, USA, with Professor Loic Wacquant, during the fall of 2001.
Ordet for samfund er gentagelse
Authors: Held Lars
Published: January 2018

The word for society is repetition.

The notion of ’the social’ as a distinct reality in its own right is a central concept in sociology. In one of the earliest methodological disputes within the science of sociology, Emile Durkheim and Gabriel Tarde put forward two radically different perspectives bout how to conceptualize this reality as an object of scientific investigation. The debate between Durkheim and Tarde has primarily been perceived as a confrontation between a ’holistic’ and an ’individualistic’ sociological perspective – an account which doesn’t do justice to Tarde’s original, but today almost forgotten, sociology of imitations. This article attempts to develop a different perspective on this dispute. The concept of repetition is taken as the starting point for the discussion, and the article argues that both Durkheim and Tarde, although with very different conclusions, invoke a concept of repetition in their attempt to construct ’the social’ as an object of science.
Livschancer og social mobilitet - forskellige fødselsårganges vilkår
Authors: Munk Martin D.
Published: January 2018

Life chances and social mobility: different cohort conditions.

Social position still depends on social origin, gender and work experience. Cohorts born in the mid- 1960s are less advantaged than cohorts born in the mid- and late 1950s, when studied at the time the respective birth cohorts were 31 years old. Research indicates that younger cohorts have a lesser chance of obtaining social positions such as higher-grade professionals/managers than relatively older cohorts had, when education, gender and other background factors have been controlled for. In addition, the younger cohorts have an increased risk of ending up in unskilled occupational groups. This development can be explained in part by the change in labour market conditions, such as unemployment, and in part by educational inflation (educational expansion), which means that similar social positions will be increasingly over time occupied by individuals who have more education and credentials that are demanded by workplaces. Agents are positioned according to a state of distribution of the specific capital (e.g. educational capital). Generally, a highly educated population, under pressure, will influence strong families to invest more in their children’s education, in order to defend their position (a “defensive expenditure“). This social process of differentiation can be characterised as an unequal achievement society.
En kamp om kvindelighed: Bourdieus feltbegreb som værktøj
Authors: Poulsen Anne Lykke
Published: January 2018

Anne Lykke Poulsen: The struggle for femininity: Bourdieu’s concept of field as an analytical instrument

In the late 19th century, the modern Danish sports movement developed and was organised around an ideological tension between gymnastics and competitive sports. Women participated in this movement, although to a lesser extent than men. Gymnastics was considered an acceptable physical activity for women, and female gymnastics teachers began to argue that women’s gymnastics was a specific female professional domain. Empirical evidence shows that women’s gymnastics was a contested domain in which discussions and struggles about content and leadership took place. In this article, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of field is employed as an analytic instrument to elucidate, understand and explain the importance of female gymnastics teachers in the developmentmaof woman’s gymnastics in the years 1900-1940. It can be argued that women’s gymnastics in this period can be constructed as a specific subfield belonging to the field of sport while at the same time overlapping a number of social fields in society. The overlapping fields are educational and scientific fields and a so-called “shadow field“ of citizenship.
Kampen mot kjønnsstereotypiene: En komparativ studie av kvinnelige fotballspilleres oppfattelse av maskulinitet og feminitet
Authors: Fasting Kari , Pfister Gertrud , Scraton Sheila
Published: January 2018

Kari Fasting, Gertrud Pfister & Sheila Scraton: Disrupting

gender? A cross-national study of female soccer players’ perceptions of masculinity and femininity

Traditionally football has been a masculine sport, even though there has been a dramatic increase in the number of female footballers in many countries since the beginning of the 1970s. Through qualitative, in-depth interviews with female football players in England, Germany, Norway and Sweden (N= 40), the article explores how far women, who are engaged at a highly competitive level in a “male“ sport like football, actively construct alternative femininities, subvert traditional meanings of femininity and/or respond to the cultural ideals of “acceptable“ femininity. The results indicate that the football players do all these.They actively construct alternative femininities while responding to cultural ideals of acceptable femininity at the same time. The data also revealed that sport is a social field that not only produces gender, but that it is also an arena where gender can be bent, shifted and changed. The most striking result of the study, however, was that the results were much the same across the national borders.
Idrott och genus: Kroppens materialisering
Authors: Larsson Håkan
Published: January 2018

Håkan Larsson: Sport and gender

This article concerns bodily materialisation as it occurs in youth sport. It is based on interviews with teenagers 16 to 19 years of age doing track and field athletics. The purpose of the article is to elucidate how the notion of a “natural body“ can be seen as a cultural effect of sports practice and sports discourse. On the one hand, the body is materialised as a performing body, and on the other as a beautiful body. The “performing body“ is a single-sexed biological entity. The “beautiful body“ is a double-sexed and distinctly heterosexually appealing body. As these bodies collide in teenager track and field, the female body materialises as a problematic body, a body that is at the same time the subject of the girl’s personality. The male body materialises as an unproblematic body, a body that is the object of the boy’s personality. However, the body as “(a problematic) subject“ or as “(an unproblematic) object“ is not in itself a gendered body. Rather, these are positions on a cultural grid of power-knowledge relations. A girl might position herself in a male discourse, and a boy might position himself in a female discourse, but in doing so, they seem to have to pay a certain price in order not to be seen as queer.