bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Scale Effects on Erosive Runoff and Sediment Flow Behavior on Loessial Slopes: An Erosive Energy Basis
Authors: Wang Qingyuan , Zhang Letao , Wei Yiyuan , He Mengzhen , Zheng Zehao
Published: December 2024

Runoff erosion response associated with sediment transport as influenced by erosive energy variability is a highly scale‐dependent process. Identifying the spatial scale effect on erosive runoff energy is important to understand the spatial pattern of sediment flow behavior across various sites. This issue was resolved by establishing thresholds for erosive runoff based on frequency analysis, which considered four selected threshold parameters: runoff duration (T), stream power (ω), stream energy factor (SE), and area‐specific sediment yield (SSY). Based on these thresholds, 77 erosive events were identified and separated from nonerosive events for further analysis of energy–sediment relationships. The threshold for T was roughly constant at hillslopes but rapidly increased at the entire slope. Thresholds for ω and SE exhibited positive linear relationships with the plot area, whereas the threshold for SSY showed a general increasing trend along the downslope direction. The R2 values of erosive energy–sediment relationships at inter‐ and intra‐event time scales were generally higher for erosive events than for nonerosive events. The sediment delivery capacity (Cd) for erosive runoff ranged from 0.075 to 0.115 kg·m·J−1. It demonstrated an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease from the upper hillslope to the entire slope. Conversely, Cd for nonerosive runoff increased with the rise in plot area, and it ranged from 0.053 to 0.083 kg·m·J−1. The sediment‐increasing capacity (Ci) for erosive runoff ranged from 0.43 to 4.47 kg·m−2·W−1, whereas Ci for nonerosive runoff varied from 3.39 to 17.6 kg·m−2·W−1. The sediment reduction benefit by regulation unit stream energy factor varied from 5% at the entire slope to 65% at the upper hillslope. Therefore, anti‐erosion measures should be implemented at the upper hillslope to prevent nonerosive runoff from becoming erosive runoff.
Otoliths, bones, teeth, and more: Development of a new polishing wheel for calcified structures
Authors: Strait Nicholas , Taylor David , Forney Rebecca , Amos Jacob , Miller Jessica
Published: December 2024

Biochronological information stored in the calcified structures of organisms provide fundamental organismal, environmental, and ecological data. Bones, teeth, statoliths, corals, and otoliths are widely used to answer a myriad of questions related to trophic position, migration, age and growth, environmental variation, and historical climate. Many calcified structures, particularly the ear stones of fishes (otoliths), are small (50 μm to 5 mm) and require precise preparation methods, which vary depending on the structure and research question but commonly include embedding, sectioning, and polishing prior to structural or chemical analysis. Globally, management agencies rely on the precise polishing of millions of otoliths each year to obtain vital demographic data, such as age and growth. However, this process is time consuming, labor intensive, and ergonomically strenuous. Since the early 1970s, there has been limited advancement in preparation methods with many still using manual approaches or costly, and at times inefficient, equipment. Therefore, we designed and fabricated an affordable, adjustable speed, multi‐wheel polisher, which can be powered with alternating or direct current. Sample preparation time is reduced, and sample consistency is notably improved compared to manual approaches. While specifically designed for consistent and relatively rapid preparation of otolith thin sections, the polisher is readily adaptable to a variety of applications. Designs and manufacturing for these wheels are publicly available through the iLab at Oregon State University.
A computer vision‐based approach for estimating carbon fluxes from sinking particles in the ocean
Authors: Amaral Vinícius J. , Durkin Colleen A.
Published: December 2024

The gravitational settling of organic particles in the ocean drives long‐term sequestration of carbon from surface waters to the deep ocean. Quantifying the magnitude of carbon sequestration flux at high spatiotemporal resolution is critical for monitoring the ocean's ability to sequester carbon as ecological conditions change. Here, we propose a computer vision‐based method for classifying images of sinking marine particles and using allometric relationships to estimate the amount of carbon that the particles transport to the deep ocean. We show that our method reduces the amount of time required by a human image annotator by at least 90% while producing ecologically informed estimates of carbon flux that are comparable to estimates based on purely manual review and chemical bulk carbon measurements. This method utilizes a human‐in‐the‐loop domain adaptation approach to leverage images collected from previous sampling campaigns in classifying images from novel campaigns in the future. If used in conjunction with autonomous imaging platforms deployed throughout the world's oceans, this method has the potential to provide estimates of carbon sequestration fluxes at high spatiotemporal resolution while facilitating an understanding of the ecological pathways that are most important in driving these fluxes.
Sterilization and Filter Performance of Nano‐ and Microfibrous Facemask Filters – Electrospinning and Restoration of Charges for Competitive Sustainable Alternatives
Authors: Herwig Gordon , Batt Till , Clement Pietro , Wick Peter , Rossi René M.
Published: December 2024

Facemask materials have been under constant development to optimize filtration performance, wear comfort, and general resilience to chemical and mechanical stress. While single‐use polypropylene meltblown membranes are the established go‐to material for high‐performing mask filters, they are neither sustainable nor particularly resistant to sterilization methods. Herein an in‐depth analysis is provided of the sterilization efficiency, filtration efficiency, and breathing resistance of selected aerosol filters commonly implemented in facemasks, with a particular focus on the benefits of nanofibrous filters. After establishing a general overview over face mask filters and machine washing parameters required for successful decontamination, respective changes in filter performance and structure are presented. Sustainably manufactured, highly efficient, but also more fragile electrospun membranes not only offer competitive performance as well as a more environment‐friendly production and degradation process, but also support a subsequent sterilization and recharging approach via alcohol exposition and drying in an electric field. It is further elaborated on the prospective sustainability of each material to offer a clear outlook on electrospun membranes as the most promising filter membranes of the future.
Discretization of the Wave Equation on a Metric Graph
Authors: Avdonin Sergei A. , Mikhaylov Alexander S. , Mikhaylov Victor S. , Choque‐Rivero Abdon E.
Published: December 2024

The question of what conditions should be set at the nodes of a discrete graph for the wave equation with discrete time is investigated. The variational method for the derivation of these conditions is used. A parallel with the continuous case is also drawn. As an example, the problem of shape controllability from the boundary is studied.
Effectiveness and Safety of IVIG for the Treatment of HMGCR Immune‐Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy
Authors: Suh Joome , Amato Anthony A.
Published: December 2024

Introduction/Aims

Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is an autoimmune myopathy. We aimed to compare clinical outcomes in patients with antibodies against 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (HMGCR) treated on immunotherapy regimens with and without maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). The secondary aim was to assess outcomes in a subset that received IVIG monotherapy.

Methods

This was a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between IVIG and the probability of reaching normal creatine kinase (CK) and normal/near‐normal proximal muscle strength at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐ups. In patients treated with IVIG monotherapy, changes in CK and strength were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank tests.

Results

Patients treated with IVIG (n = 40) had higher odds of CK normalization at 6 months (OR 9.44, 95% CI 1.19–74.89, p = 0.03) although not at 3 months (p = 0.08) compared to patients not treated with IVIG (n = 13). Increased odds of normal/near‐normal proximal muscle strength was not observed at 3 months (p = 0.14) or 6 months (p = 0.35). Subgroup analysis of patients on IVIG monotherapy (n = 15) showed a median CK reduction of 84.5% at 3 months (p < 0.001) and 95.7% at 6 months (p < 0.001). CK normalized in 40% by 6 months. Proximal muscle strength improved at 3 months (p = 0.003) and 6 months (p = 0.008). 76.9% had normal/near‐normal proximal strength by 6 months.

Discussion

Patients treated with immunotherapy regimens that included IVIG were more likely to reach normal CK at 6 months. Maintenance IVIG monotherapy also induced marked improvements in CK and strength. IVIG monotherapy can be an effective first‐line treatment for HMGCR IMNM.
Predicting the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Profile of Pregnant Women Based on Their Health Literacy Levels: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Rafat Nastaran , Bakouei Fatemeh , Adib‐Rad Hajar , Nikbakht Hossein‐Ali , Bakouei Sareh
Published: December 2024

Aim

Health literacy is considered as key factor to empower women to participate in self‐care and child‐care activities. The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between health‐promoting behaviours and health literacy among pregnant women.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

This study surveyed 308 pregnant women in 2022 using questionnaires, including the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) and the Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA). Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyse the data by IBM SPSS 23.0 statistics package program.

Results

The mean scores for women's health literacy and health‐promoting behaviours were 70.31 ± 13.56 and 135.56 ± 17.38, respectively. The lowest score in the health literacy subscales was related to the appraisal (66.07 ± 17.81) and in the health‐promoting lifestyle dimensions was associated with the physical activity dimension (13.87 ± 3.87). There was a significant and positive correlation between health literacy and health‐promoting behaviours (r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Among the health literacy dimensions, decision‐making showed the strongest correlation with health‐promoting lifestyle (r = 0.55, p < 0.001).

Patient or Public Contribution

The results of this study demonstrated that pregnant women with higher health literacy scores exhibited a higher level of engagement in health‐promoting behaviours. Assessing health‐promoting behaviours in pregnant women by health providers during prenatal care helps identify dimensions receiving less attention during pregnancy, and solutions can be provided to women to address these issues.
Impact of joint boundary geometry on the mechanical behavior of variable‐diameter bistable composite structures
Authors: Li Yuxin , Luo Haitao , Wang Tiejun , Yu Changshuai
Published: December 2024

Variable‐diameter bistable composite structures with joint boundaries have significant potential for application in engineering, particularly in aerospace systems. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of joint boundary geometry, specifically the parameters of wavy boundaries, on the bending stiffness of these structures. To simplify the analysis, a beam model was established, with the joint boundary approximated as a rotational spring characterized by rotational stiffness. Using this model, the influences of wavy boundary geometric parameters, specifically the amplitude and wavelength, on the bending stiffness were systematically analyzed and compared against those of structures with straight joint boundaries. The findings indicate that larger amplitudes and suitable wavelengths can significantly enhance the bending stiffness, thereby improving the overall mechanical performance of the structure. The accuracy of the theoretical model was further verified through finite element numerical simulations. The experimental results demonstrated the practical influence of the wavy joint boundary parameters on the bending stiffness, underscoring the importance of the wavy boundary design in optimizing the performance of bistable structures, particularly in aerospace applications where an increased bending stiffness can contribute to lightweight and flexible structural designs. This work provides a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the optimal design of variable‐diameter bistable composite structures.

Highlights

Investigated the impact of wavy spliced boundaries on the bending stiffness of bistable structures.

A beam model for predicting the effect of the joint shape on the bending performance was developed.

Compared with straight‐edge joints, irregularly spliced joints increased the peak bending load by 22%.

The irregular joints had an MFS of 0.45, three times greater than that of the straight‐edge joints.
Integrating UPLC‐MS/MS Bioinformatics and In Vivo Experiments Validation to Elucidate the Mechanism of Wenzi Jiedu Decoction in Suppressing Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sang Tianqing , Liang Aoshengxiong , Zhou Hongli , Qiu Wenli , Shi Lijing , Zhou Hongguang
Published: December 2024

Objectives

We used ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS), bioinformatics, and in vivo experiments to study the anti‐colorectal cancer (CRC) effects of Wenzi Jiedu Decoction (WJD).

Methods

Detected the main components of WJD by UPLC‐MS/MS. Obtained WJD targets and CRC targets through the open source database. Analyzed the WJD‐CRC targets from a macro perspective by PPI, GO, and KEGG analyses. Validated bioinformatics findings by molecular docking and animal experiments.

Results

This study obtained 91 active compounds and 240 targets of WJD. Intersection with CRC genes (GSE32323 388 DEGs, GSE 215510 1253 DEGs), 36 WJD‐CRC common targets were obtained. PPI and enrichment analyses indicated WJD exerted anti‐CRC effects mainly through the chemokine signaling pathway and apoptosis. Quercetin, Luteolin, Kaempferol, Formononetin, Stigmasterol, and Hederagenin were the main compounds of WJD. CXCL8, BCL‐2, BAX, BCL2L1, CASP3, AKT1, and TP53 were the core targets of WJD‐CRC. Bulk molecular docking showed that core WJD compounds had good docking activity with WJD‐CRC targets. Animal experiments had shown the tumor inhibition rate of the WJD group was 36.53%. WJD could regulate the ratio of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+, reduce the expression of CXCL8, and BCL‐2, and increase the expression of BAX.

Conclusions

This study indicated that the potential mechanism of WJD in the prevention and treatment of CRC had the characteristics of the multi‐target, multi‐path, and multi‐system mechanisms, which were mainly related to the regulation of chemokines and the promotion of apoptosis.
Effect of Graphene on Ignition Mechanism of HMX Powder and Propellant Under Low‐Velocity Impact
Authors: Duan Hongzheng , Wu Yanqing , Yang Kun
Published: December 2024

In order to investigate the effect of graphene powder on the ignition mechanism of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) and propellant under low‐velocity impact, an improved drop hammer impact system equipped with a high‐speed camera was used to study the ignition response of HMX, HMX and graphene mixture, and graphene‐based propellant. The results show that HMX undergoes mechanical deformation, physical melting, and chemical response under different impact loading heights. The mixture of HMX and graphene experienced crack initiation, crack propagation, jetting, and carbonization effect during the whole impact loading process. The whole process of graphene‐based propellant impact undergoes mechanical deformation and chemical response (hot‐spot and ignition). The ignition thresholds of HMX and HMX powder‐graphene mixture were 20 and 25 cm, respectively. It is revealed that graphene powder has an inhibitory effect on the hot‐spot ignition formation of HMX. The ignition threshold of the graphene‐based propellant is 4.245 m/s. It is revealed that the ignition mechanism of the three types of specimens under low‐velocity impact loading is particle friction.
Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity evaluation of novel Marinoquinoline derivatives against phytopathogenic bacteria
Authors: Zhou Han , Wang Deng‐Tuo , Ma Li , Jin Ya‐Rui , Qin Lu‐Lu , Dai Tian‐Li , Zhang Yue , Zhang Wen , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Shao‐Yong , Chen Gui‐Sha , Mou Guo‐Liang , Liu Ying‐Qian
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND

Plant diseases caused by plant pathogens pose a great threat to biodiversity and food security, and the problem of drug resistance caused by traditional antibiotics and fungicides is becoming more and more serious. It is urgent to develop new antibacterial molecules with low toxicity and high efficiency. Marinoquinoline A is an alkaloid isolated from marine actinomycetes and has a variety of pharmacological activities. In this study, a series of compounds were designed and synthesized by fragment fusion strategy inspired by Marinoquinoline, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated, and the structure–activity relationship was discussed.

RESULTS

Among these derivatives, ZM‐9 showed the most significant antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo) with MIC of 1.56 μg mL−1, while ZN‐8 showed the best antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Citri (Xac) with MIC of 0.78 μg mL−1, both of which were better than Thiodiazole copper. The results of in vivo antibacterial activity test showed that 200 μg mL−1 ZM‐9 and ZN‐8 had significant control effects on rice and citrus. The biochemical experiments showed that ZM‐9 and ZN‐8 could inhibit the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides, destroy the biofilm integrity of the pathogens, increase permeability, and cause oxidative stress damage.

CONCLUSION

In summary, most of the chemical entities inspired by Marinoquinoline have shown good antibacterial activity. In particular, compounds ZM‐9 and ZN‐8 can be used as lead compounds for further structural optimization to develop new antibacterial agents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nanomembrane Etching and Release Process for the Realization of Hybrid InP/Si Photonic‐Crystal Surface‐Emitting Lasers Using Micro‐Transfer Printing
Authors: Sjödin Olof , Urdhwareshe Rutvik , Koirala Ishwor , Strömberg Axel , Hammar Mattias
Published: December 2024

Herein, the fabrication of hybrid InP/Si 1.55 μm range photonic‐crystal surface‐emitting lasers (PCSELs) using micro‐transfer printing is reported on. This fabrication technology is expected to have important advantages in manufacturing, performance, and silicon integration, but it relies on a fine‐tuned process for selective etching, release, and subsequent printing of active InP membranes on top of a Si photonic‐crystal layer. Herein, the appropriate wet etching chemistry and processing methodology for preserved layer and interface integrity are discussed and the technology by optically pumped PCSELs is demonstrated, showing continuous‐wave operation at room temperature.
Uptake of the Hepatitis B Vaccine Among Pre‐Service Health Professionals in Rwanda
Authors: Ntwari Bivegete Kenny , Rubuga Felix K. , Uwingabiye Silene Jolie , Dushimimana Vincent , Hategekimana Jean Baptiste , Cyubahiro Serieux , Rwema Ivan Steve , Ukwishatse Daniel , Karakwende Patrick , Muhire Jean , Ndikubwimana Adolphe , Ntakirutimana Theoneste , Dukuziyaturemye Pierre , Mugisha Didas , Gasana Canisius , Musabwa Edith , Irafasha Felicien , Banamwana Celestin , Gasana Frank , Nkurunziza Idrissa , Shomuyiwa Deborah Oluwaseun , Lucero‐Prisno Don Eliseo
Published: December 2024

Background

High hepatitis B vaccine uptake has led to significant reductions in hepatitis B infection rates and associated health burdens in many countries. Despite the administration of the same vaccine, there has been a lack of emphasis on pre‐service health professionals. This study aimed at assessing uptake of hepatitis B vaccine among pre‐service health professionals at the University of Rwanda.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional descriptive study. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire, whereas data analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 25; IBM Corp).

Results

A total of 360 respondents participated in the study; among them, 218 (60.6%) were males. About half of the participants, 170 (47.2%), scored between 40% and 60% on the knowledge assessment, whereas the majority of the respondents, 354 (98.3%), were aware of the hepatitis B vaccine. Most of the participants 334 (92.8%), were vaccinated, whereas 231 (69.2%) received the complete 3‐dose vaccination. The most commonly cited reason for not getting vaccinated was lack of awareness (45%). The factors that influenced vaccination status were free vaccination provided by institutions, awareness of the vaccine, and knowledge of hepatitis B infection and its vaccine.

Conclusion

Pre‐service health professionals are at risk of hepatitis infection due to low coverage of hepatitis B vaccination and lack of comprehensive knowledge and awareness regarding the hepatitis B infection and its vaccination.
Calibration of an apparent electrical conductivity sensor using capacitance probes for determining soil water content
Authors: Barnard J. H. , Edeh J. A. , van Rensburg L. D. , du Preez C. C.
Published: December 2024

Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements, although more suitable for soil salinity quantification, are often used to determine volumetric soil water content, θv, in site‐specific crop management. Generally, the approach is to develop a field‐specific calibration function between ECa and measured θv, θv(m). Such a calibration function is possible when soil water dominates ECa at a field. When this is not the case, θv(m) data taken over time may be helpful to develop a function. Data regarding θv(m) can be costly and time‐consuming as soil samples are needed to measure bulk density and gravimetric soil water. We postulate that capacitance probes, which measure scaled frequency (SF) as an indicator of the dielectric constant to estimate θv, can be used to establish ECa‐θv calibration functions. Capacitance probes that simultaneously provide temperature readings allow for ECa to be temperature‐corrected to 25°C, enabling development of ECa25‐θv calibration functions. A field experiment was set up to establish whether SF readings can be used to estimate θv, θv(SF), in structured high montmorillonite clay soils accurately and determine if ECa25‐θv(SF) calibration functions are possible. Our results revealed that a single SF‐θv(m) calibration function representing 12 probes, or a specific soil form, is impossible. Each capacitance probe should be calibrated separately. The parameters for ECa25‐θv(m) calibration functions were like ECa25‐θv(SF) functions. The R2 for ECa25‐θv(m) calibration functions was higher compared to the ECa25‐θv(SF) functions. Further investigation of using capacitance probes to estimate θv for developing ECa‐θv functions is needed before this approach can be applied confidently.
Rebound Effects as an Obstacle to Sustainable Housing Goals: How Green Features Lead to Larger‐Sized Homes
Authors: Olson Erik L.
Published: December 2024

Global resource use and emissions continue to rise despite the widespread adoption of more energy‐efficient products and technologies. The current research addresses this green paradox by examining how the availability of rooftop solar panels and other energy‐saving green features leads to rebound effects that inadvertently increase the popularity of physically larger and more resource‐intensive homes. A conjoint analysis‐based survey of US home buyers is utilized to determine the presence of income and moral licensing‐based rebound effects, which together are predicted to increase buyer preference for larger homes. As expected, the findings show a shift in buyer preference towards larger homes due to significant income and moral licensing‐based rebound effects created by the availability of energy‐saving/guilt‐reducing green features. The conjoint analysis results are then utilized in conjunction with home construction‐sourced secondary data to estimate the economic and environmental implications of the larger home sizes. These estimates reveal that larger homes increase the financial attractiveness of green features for home builders and buyers, but at the cost of largely eliminating their environmental benefits. This suggests that efforts to achieve the widespread adoption of green features should focus on introducing them on physically larger products first when doing so makes the features more popular and profitable, because such popularity may create the potential for scale‐based cost reductions that could lead to their wider adoption across all product sizes with consequent environmental benefits.
Android Source Code Smells: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Fawad Muhammad , Rasool Ghulam , Palma Francis
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Modern software developers strive to develop applications that are robust, easy to maintain, and possess high levels of quality. However, code smells can hinder this goal as they are visible signs of underlying issues. Numerous techniques and tools have been proposed for detecting code smells in various contexts and programming languages. Despite this, research on Android‐specific code smells and their impact on external quality attributes is still in its early stages.

Objective

This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of state‐of‐the‐art techniques, tools, and approaches used for detecting and refactoring code smells in Android applications.

Methodology

A systematic literature review was conducted between November 2007 and December 2023, adhering to standard guidelines. In total, 79 primary studies were identified, analyzed, and synthesized.

Results

A total of 237 code smells were identified using 51 techniques and tools, based on seven distinct approaches. Efficiency was found to be the most affected external quality attribute. The code smell Durable Wakelock was the most studied.

Challenges

Despite the extensive research, the software engineering community faces numerous challenges. These include a lack of in‐depth investigation into Android‐specific code smells, a limited number of studied quality attributes, insufficient involvement of industry experts in the research process, scarcity of Android‐oriented metrics, and dependence on industry‐exclusive datasets.

Future Directions

This review suggests potential research directions that are valuable for researchers and practitioners seeking to gain insights into current open research problems in this domain.
Improved Mobile Security Based on Two‐Factor Authentication
Authors: Jayaram Raja Sekar , Balajothi Dinesh , Natchirajan Deepu
Published: December 2024

Despite password‐based security schemes offering increased protection against unwanted access, two‐factor authentication (TFA) is still not widely used primarily because users find additional login steps to be exhausting. To solve this challenge, SoundSignature, a unique TFA technique, is introduced that is intended to be both deployable and user friendly. It verifies that the user's phone is in close proximity to the login device by recording background noise using the microphones on the device. By mimicking the seamless experience of password‐only authentication, this technique enhances security without requiring direct user intervention. Our experimental research demonstrates in both indoor and outdoor scenarios, as well as those in which a phone is carried in a pocket or handbag, ambient noise serves as an effective classifier for device proximity. SoundSignature, being easy to set up and compatible with most devices and browsers without the need for additional plugins, stops attackers from trying to impersonate or predict by utilizing a complicated connection between acoustic propagation mechanisms and the constant frequency response of hardware components. A prototype implementation of SoundSignature, which attains an average accuracy rate of about 90.2% with a minimal equal error rate of 8.5%, validates the system's robustness and effectiveness in five different environments.
Liquid Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Pharmacokinetics of Doxorubicin and Its Prodrug in Rats After Administration of Nanoparticles
Authors: Bai Chenxia , Xu Xiaolan , Zhang Jiaming , Fu Yang , Jiang Qikun , Zhang Tianhong
Published: December 2024

To further improve the dilemma facing the clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX), we designed a cathepsin B sensitive DOX prodrug albumin nanoparticle (NP). To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of prodrug albumin NPs (C16‐GFLG‐PAB‐DOX NPs), we developed and validated a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for the same time analysis of DOX and its fatty acid prodrug (C16‐GFLG‐PAB‐DOX) in rat plasma. The method uses the precipitated protein method to extract analytes from rat plasma. The validated method on selectivity, linearity (r ≥ 0.992), precision (relative standard deviation: 3.5%–9.5%), accuracy (relative error: −2.9% to 3.5%), extraction recovery (80.2% to 90.4%), matrix effect (87.8% to 96.6%), and stability in different conditions were satisfied. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic behavior of C16‐GFLG‐PAB‐DOX NPs in rats was investigated using this analytical approach. The outcome of the pharmacokinetic study illustrated that prodrug albumin NPs are promising to alleviate the problems associated with DOX in clinical applications.
Effect of polypropylene and brass‐coated steel fibers on bond behavior of GFRP bars in normal and high‐strength geopolymer concrete
Authors: Niyazuddin  , Umesh B.
Published: December 2024

In the current study, the effect of two types of fibers, polypropylene (PP) and brass‐coated steel (BS) fibers, on the bond performance of glass fiber‐reinforced polymer bars with geopolymer concrete is investigated. Additionally, the impact of embedment length, bar diameter, and compressive strength of the concrete on the bond behavior was considered. The result shows that inclusion of BS fibers considerably improves the pullout capacity and the curve's initial stiffness, as the BS fibers have a superior tensile strength than PP fibers. In the case of PP specimens, few samples demonstrated a change in failure mode from split to pullout. However, in the case of BS specimens, including those that showed split failure in PP specimens, failed in a pullout fashion. The crack width seen on the exterior concrete surface is considerably reduced with the addition of fibers. To assess the post‐peak response of the bond stress versus slip curves, energy‐based bond toughness parameters were proposed, and the results indicate that the post‐peak response was enhanced by the addition of BS fibers. Increasing the embedment length and bar diameter has a negative impact on the bond characteristics, whereas the concrete strength has the opposite effect. Experimental results compared with analytical models, and Cosenza‐Manfredi‐Realfonzo model outperformed the modified Eligehausen, Popov, and Bertero model. Overall, BS fibers produce superior outcomes.
Correction to: Algorithms for Sparse Linear Systems
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Tůma Miroslav
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Frans Hals Connoisseurship
Authors: Tummers Anna
Published: December 2024

Of all seventeenth-century Dutch painters, Frans Hals is the most controversial in as far as the exact scope of his oeuvre is concerned. The most prominent twentieth-century Hals experts, Harvard Professor Seymour Slive (1920–2014) and his German peer Professor Claus Grimm (born 1940) disagreed about no less than a third of Hals’s oeuvre. Moreover, some of the fiercest public debates and legal battles about attributions in this field concern paintings in the style of Frans Hals. This chapter provides an overview of the evolving insights in this field, both in theory and in practice.
Case Study 1: Portrait of a Young Woman: Assessing New Technologies
Authors: Tummers Anna , Wallert Arie , Kleinert Katja , Hartwieg Babette , Laurenze-Landsberg Claudia , Dik Joris , Groves Roger , Anisimov Andrei , Papadakis Vassilis , G. Erdmann Robert
Published: December 2024

This case study evaluates the respective use of five non-destructive techniques that are at our disposal to research the characteristic style and painting technique of Frans Hals. For this purpose, a typical Frans Hals portrait of around 1635, Portrait of a Woman in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin, was researched using not only observations with the naked eye, x-rays (XR) and infrared reflectography (IRR), but also macro-x-ray fluorescence scans (MA-XRF), hyperspectral imaging also known as reflectance imaging spectroscopy (HI/RIS), and even neutron activated radiographs (NAR). As the portrait is the only painting to date to have been researched with all these techniques, it provided a unique opportunity to compare their respective merits and assess their potential.
Case Study 2: The New York Malle Babbe (‘Mad Barbara’): Original, Studio Work or Forgery?
Authors: Tummers Anna , Wallert Arie , G. Erdmann Robert , Kleinert Katja , Hartwieg Babette , Mahon Dorothy , Centeno Silvia , Groves Roger , Anisimov Andrei , Dik Joris
Published: December 2024

Quite a few of the most innovative and best-known paintings by Frans Hals exist in several variants. Attributing some of these versions or imitations is a notoriously difficult challenge. A case in point is the Malle Babbe painting at the Metropolitan Museum in New York, which has a rich attribution history: it has been called an original Frans Hals, a work by one of his sons, an early imitation with a forged signature and even a modern forgery (Fig. 4.1). This case study sheds new light on its attribution by comparing its style, technique and materials in depth to the well-known original by Frans Hals in Berlin, to the Malle Babbe forgery created by Han van Meegeren at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, and by relating it to relevant primary sources and seventeenth-century art theory. New technical research was done on all three paintings specifically for this study, including infrared reflectography (IRR), macro X-ray fluorescence scanning (MA-XRF), hyperspectral imaging or reflectance imaging spectroscopy (HI/RIS) and lead isotope analysis. Advanced digital tools were developed to aid the comparison (sn.pub/3xs1ac; https://images.erdmann.io/Draper/?manifest=/NICAS/Frans_Hals/image_manifest_MB.json).
Conditional Independence
Authors: Dieker Antonius B. , Hackman Steven T.
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides the requisite foundations for the remaining chapters in Part II and for some of the results established in Part III. We use graphs to represent conditional independence among counter and label variables. This leads to a probabilistic graphical model, defined via a graph in which the vertex set is the set of counter and label variables, and the edge set effectively determines the degree of conditional independence among these variables.
Efficient Calculation for Distributional Programs
Authors: Dieker Antonius B. , Hackman Steven T.
Published: December 2024

This chapter shows how to calculate the output of a distributional program efficiently. This computational task is a so-called exact computational inference task at its core, and we carry out this task with the so-called sum-product message passing algorithm.
Introduction to Foundations
Authors: Dieker Antonius B. , Hackman Steven T.
Published: December 2024

In Part III, we provide the mathematical foundations of the QPLEX methodology. While the material presented in this part is self-contained from a mathematical perspective, it heavily uses the results presented in Chaps. 11 and 12.
Models with Simple Transition Dynamics
Authors: Dieker Antonius B. , Hackman Steven T.
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides examples of practical models that can be represented as QPLEX chains with simple transition dynamics via suitable choices of model primitives. These examples include generalizations and variations of the multiserver queueing model presented in Chap. 2, a stochastic infectious disease model, a production-inventory model with backlogs and finished goods capacity, and several variations of a queueing network of multiserver stations.
Introduction to Graphical QPLEX Calculus
Authors: Dieker Antonius B. , Hackman Steven T.
Published: December 2024

In the worst case, the computational effort to evaluate a QPLEX map grows at least linearly in the cardinality of the support of the marginal pmf of the counter vector. Thus, for models involving many counters, such as (large) network models, evaluating the QPLEX map (and calculating QPLEX iterates) can require an effort that is exponential in the number of counters, resulting in a second curse of dimensionality. We call this the curse of dimensionality for counters. Instead of working with pmfs of a counter vector and a label vector, we overcome this curse of dimensionality for counters in Part II by working with collections of pmfs of (generally) fewer variables.
Why Utopia Instead of What Utopia
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: December 2024

This introductory chapter paves the way for a reconciliation of Utopian Studies, philosophy of technology and political philosophy. It introduces the general idea of vindicating technological utopias and engagement with them. The value question is being moved to the fore of the present essay, sidestepping the quest for a definition to unresolved methodological problems. A commonsensical idea of utopia is not a priori flawed; its value still remains unclear. Some paradigmatic technological utopias are introduced.
Perfectionism, Stagnation and Transcendental Theorizing
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: December 2024

Various arguments that consider utopianisms as risky or dangerous will be discussed—many of them related to the notion of perfectionism: violence as a result of careless politics, stagnation and the assumption of normative superiority. Rebutting these concerns, paves the way toward a more positive perception of utopianism. Utopianism, while unable to directly guide governance, can fulfill both important cognitive and dispositional functions, which are intertwined.
Technological Anti-anti-utopianism
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: December 2024

Critics claim that technological utopias are flawed in particular ways: Their proponents are elitist and ruthless. While some of this criticism can be equally leveled at more realistic forms of socio-political engagement, there are concerns about the roots of technological utopias that must be taken seriously. Still, the overarching benefits of technological utopias might well outbalance those concerns. We will unpack the idea of technological utopias’ social obliviousness, which will pave the way toward our discussion of utopia and the scope and location of justice.
Justice in Technological Utopia
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: December 2024

In this chapter, it will be outlined in more detail and with some examples, how technological utopias relocate justice from institutions and individuals, for example, to human biology. The idea is controversially discussed and need not be endorsed to fulfill its illustrative function for the purpose of the present argumentation. Additionally, technological utopias suggest the possibility of reconciling incompatible views of the good life in virtual reality and resolving the problem of scarcity that underlies some of the most prominent theories of justice.
Conclusions
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: December 2024

The final chapter synthesizes the main threats of the previous and recaps the main conclusions. Since my defense of technological utopianisms is conditional to their ability of advancing our understanding of justice, one might wonder—if justice is so broadly construed—whether any fail to do so. I will also suggest that the methodological point developed here requires us to accept the existence of evil utopias, a fate it shares to the same degree with more realistic approaches. The need and desire for utopianism will always embark on a particular perception of the unacceptability of the present.
Dynamic and quasi-static evaluation of stiffness properties of CLT: longitudinal MoE and effective rolling shear modulus
Authors: Olsson Anders , Schirén Whokko , Hu Min
Published: December 2024

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product composed of solid layers of glued sawn timber. In this study, essential material stiffness parameters for CLT made from Norway spruce and Scots pine are evaluated. Specifically, the longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MoE) for longitudinally oriented layers and the effective rolling shear modulus for transversely oriented layers are the focus. By combining finite element (FE) analysis with four-point, out-of-plane bending tests using digital image correlation (DIC), a robust assessment of the effective rolling shear modulus of CLT layers is achieved. Additionally, eigenvalue analysis, applied to an FE model, along with resonance frequencies obtained from dynamic excitation of CLT, enables stable and simultaneous assessment of the dynamic longitudinal MoE and effective rolling shear modulus. Notably, while the dynamic MoE of longitudinal CLT layers is only 4% higher than the quasi-static local MoE, the dynamic effective rolling shear modulus of CLT layers is 40% higher than the quasi-static effective rolling shear modulus. This finding indicates a tangible viscoelastic behavior of wood concerning rolling shear.
An empirical method for modelling the secondary shock from high explosives in the far-field
Authors: Rigby S. E. , Mendham E. , Farrimond D. G. , Pickering E. G. , Tyas A. , Pezzola G.
Published: December 2024

As the detonation product cloud from a high explosive detonation expands, an arresting flow is generated at the interface between these products and the surrounding air. Eventually this flow forms an inward-travelling shock wave which coalesces at the origin and reflects outwards as a secondary shock. Whilst this feature is well known and often reported, there remains no established method for predicting the form and magnitude of the secondary shock. This paper details an empirical superposition method for modelling the secondary shock, based on the physical analogy of the secondary loading pulse resembling the blast load from a smaller explosive relative to the original. This so-called dummy charge mass is determined from 58 experimental tests using PE4, PE8, and PE10, utilising Monte Carlo sampling to account for experimental uncertainty, and is found to range between 3.2–4.9% of the original charge mass. A further 18 “unseen” datapoints are used to rigorously assess the performance of the new model, and it is found that reductions in mean absolute error of up to 40%, and typically 20%, are achieved compared to the standard model which neglects the secondary shock. Accuracy of the model is demonstrated across a comprehensive range of far-field scaled distances, giving a high degree of confidence in the new empirical method for modelling the secondary shock from high explosives.
Characteristics of Energy Fluxes and Cold Frontal Effects on Energy Exchange over a Boreal Lake
Authors: Xu Lujun , Liu Huizhi , Mammarella Ivan , Vähä Aki , Ala-Könni Joonatan , Li Xuefei , Du Qun , Liu Yang , Vesala Timo
Published: December 2024

Understanding the characteristics and variations of heat exchange and evaporation of lakes is important for regional water resource management and sustainable development. Based on eddy covariance measurements over Lake Vanajavesi in southern Finland, characteristics of energy fluxes and cold frontal effects on energy exchange were investigated. The lake acted as a heat sink in spring and summer and a heat source in winter. The latent heat flux reached its minimum value in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. The diurnal variation of sensible heat flux was opposite to that of latent heat flux. Impact factors for the sensible heat flux were mainly the lake-air temperature difference and the product of lake-air temperature difference and wind speed. The latent heat flux was mainly affected by the vapor pressure deficit and the product of vapor pressure deficit and wind speed. The annual mean values of bulk transfer coefficients for momentum, heat, and water vapor were 1.98 × 10−3, 1.62 × 10−3, and 1.31 × 10−3, respectively. Bulk transfer coefficients for heat and water vapor were not equal, indicating that the parameterization of energy exchange in numerical models, where the assumption that the heat coefficient equals the water vapor coefficient needs improvement. During the ice-free season, cold fronts resulted in 28 sensible heat pulses and 17 latent heat pulses, contributing to 50.59% and 34.89% of sensible and latent heat exchange in Lake Vanajavesi. These results indicate that cold fronts significantly impact the surface energy budget and evaporation over lakes.
Characteristics of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Their Impact on Heavy Rainfall in Indonesia’s New Capital City, Nusantara, in March 2022
Authors: Hermawan Eddy , Risyanto Risyanto , Purwaningsih Anis , Ratri Dian Nur , Ridho Ainur , Harjana Teguh , Andarini Dita Fatria , Satyawardhana Haries , Sujalu Akas Pinaringan
Published: December 2024

Nusantara, the new capital city of Indonesia, and its surrounding areas experienced intense heavy rainfall on 15–16 March 2022, leading to devastating and widespread flooding. However, the factors triggering such intense heavy rainfall and the underlying physical mechanisms are still not fully understood. Using high-resolution GSMaP (Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation) data, we show that a mesoscale convective system (MCS) was the primary cause of the heavy rainfall event. The rainfall peak occurred during the MCS’s mature stage at 1800 UTC 15 March 2022, and diminished as it entered the dissipation stage. To understand the large-scale environmental factors affecting the MCS event, we analyzed contributions from the MJO, equatorial waves, and low-frequency variability to column water vapor and moisture flux convergence. Results indicate a substantial influence of the MJO and equatorial waves on lower-level (boundary layer) meridional moisture flux convergence during the pre-MCS stage and initiation, with their contributions accounting for up to 80% during the growth phase. Moreover, while La Niña and the Asian monsoon had negligible impacts on MCS moisture supply, we find a large contribution from the residual term of the water vapour budget during the maturation and decay phases of the MCS. This suggests that local forcing (such as small-scale convection, local evaporation, land-surface feedback, and topography) also contributed to modulation of the intensity and duration of the MCS. The results of this study can help in our understanding of the potential causes of extreme rainfall in Nusantara and could be leveraged to improve rainstorm forecasting and risk management across the region in the future.