bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Bilingual Primary Education: CLIL Activity Design for Arts and Social Sciences
Authors: Sánchez Ruiz Raquel , López Campillo Rosa María
Published: June 2018

La educación bilingüe se ha convertido en una tendencia de innovación e investigación educativa durante los últimos diez años; de hecho, es una prioridad del sistema educativo actual. Por tanto, los centros de formación, como las Facultades de Educación, deben proporcionar al alumno las herramientas y los conocimientos necesarios para que sean buenos profesionales en sus futuros centros plurilingües y pluriculturales. Así, este trabajo tiene dos objetivos: mostrar la implementación de un proyecto de innovación en la Modalidad Bilingüe de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete, que consistió en el diseño de recursos AICLE (Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lenguas Extranjeras) para Plástica y Ciencias Sociales; y explicar cómo esta experiencia supuso una oportunidad para profundizar en CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Language, equivalente a AICLE) y otras necesidades específicas de los futuros maestros de Primaria en colegios plurilingües. Este estudio se enmarca en la innovación educativa y se sirve de la investigación-acción, la investigación en el aula y el enfoque etnográfico de estudios de caso. Los resultados pondrán de manifiesto los beneficios de este tipo de proyectos en la formación de los futuros maestros, en sus prácticas y Trabajo de Fin de Grado, y demostrarán que las mencionadas Facultades están trabajando para acercar la realidad de los colegios a las aulas universitarias.
Estado de bienestar y turismo para todos. Motivos para no viajar
Authors: Álvarez Sousa Antonio
Published: June 2018

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las características de las personas que no realizan viaje turístico en la Unión Europea y los motivos que le llevan a ello. Nos basamos en las desigualdades sociales analizadas a partir de variables individuales y contextuales. También estamos interesados en conocer cómo influyen las situaciones de crisis que afectaron a ciertos países de Europa. Empleamos los datos del Eurobarómetro. Aplicamos la técnica de Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM). Los resultados son que el no realizar viaje turístico se debe fundamentalmente a razones económicas y de tiempo libre que están influenciados por el modelo de Estado de Bienestar, las condiciones sociales de existencia y la percepción de riesgo de la crisis.
Active labour market policies in economies based on tourism: The Balearic Island experience
Authors: Caparrós Alcaráz Francisco
Published: June 2018

Balearic Islands are a European-leading destination but the economic specialization in
tourism activities produce dysfunctionalities in the labour market such as seasonality, a high
demand of human resources in a short period, low level of educational attainment and underemployment.
As counterpart, Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) are a set of interventions
aimed to enhance human capital and to smooth career transitions. The aim of this paper is
to shed light on these issues. Results suggest that Balearic Islands Employment Service (SOIB)
is focused on counselling and training while other policies are not properly developed.
La intensidad de la externalización hotelera y sus beneficios y riesgos percibidos
Authors: Espino-Rodríguez Tomás F. , Ramírez-Fierro Juan Carlos
Published: June 2018

Este trabajo se centra en identificar el papel de la estrategia de externalización en los hoteles. Para ello, se analiza los niveles de externalización actual y deseada. El artículo intenta determinar qué ventajas así como los riesgos que perciben los directivos de esta estrategia. Por otra parte se analiza la relación entre el tamaño, categoría y tipo de hotel con la externalización. Los resultados indican que el nivel de externalización es bastante usado. Por otra parte, los beneficios que perciben los directivos son más tácticos que estratégicos. Existe una relación entre la externalización y el tamaño del hotel.
Exploración de tipologías hoteleras según el nivel de implementación de medidas de ahorro hídrico a través de un análisis cluster. El caso de Lloret de Mar (Costa Brava)
Authors: Gabarda-Mallorquí Ariadna , Ribas Palom Anna
Published: June 2018

En los últimos años, las investigaciones sobre el consumo de agua en hoteles han prestado especial atención en relacionar esta variable con diferentes factores explicativos de tipo estructural. Sin embargo, los factores organizativos que pueden influir y modular el consumo de agua han sido poco explorados. A partir de la realización de encuestas a establecimientos hoteleros de Lloret de Mar (España), el presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de conocer el nivel de implementación actual de medidas de ahorro hídrico y de analizar los incentivos y barreras que perciben los gestores a la hora de aplicar nuevas medidas. A partir de un análisis clúster, los resultados indican que existen acusadas diferencias entre estos establecimientos en función de su grado de proactividad, sensibilización ambiental y tecnificación, y de las motivaciones y barreras que explican el nivel de implementación de medidas de ahorro hídrico.
Viajar con la tradición: Los pescadores artesanales ante la pesca-turismo en la Comunidad Valenciana (España)
Authors: Herrera-Racionero Paloma , Miret-Pastor Luis , Lizcano Emmánuel
Published: June 2018

A pesar del potencial de los puertos españoles, la pesca-turismo no acaba de implantarse en nuestro país. Solucionados, en principio, los problemas legislativos, la actitud de los pescadores frente a esta actividad parece uno de los asuntos clave que determinará su éxito o fracaso. Este trabajo se centra en analizar la percepción que los pescadores tienen de la pesca-turismo, concretamente, en las oportunidades y amenazas que perciben. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un estudio cualitativo basado en el análisis en profundidad de 32 entrevistas a pescadores de la Comunidad Valenciana (España).  
Los Baños de Mula (Murcia): Un entorno rural en declive. Propuestas patrimoniales y didácticas
Authors: López Fernández José Antonio , Canales Martínez Gregorio , Vera Muñoz María Isabel
Published: June 2018

El entorno rural de Los Baños, pedanía del municipio de Mula (Región de Murcia) presenta un claro declive demográfico y económico. Uno de los principales factores de este proceso reside en la escasa actualización del uso de sus aguas termales, dispuestas tradicionalmente en paradores y casas de baños de forma independiente. Sin embargo, la singularidad patrimonial de su arquitectura urbana e hidráulica, los recursos arqueológicos y naturales que circundan el área, además de la importancia actual del turismo de salud, son aspectos a tener en cuenta en la promoción y desarrollo de este territorio. En este trabajo se proponen una serie de actuaciones que podrían mejorar notablemente la situación social y económica de este paraje tan atractivo y único. 
Las romerías, oportunidad turística y relaciones sociales entre locales y visitantes. El caso de la Cerdanya en Cataluña
Authors: Prat Forga José María , Cànoves Valiente Gemma
Published: June 2018

En los estos últimos años se están desarrollando nuevas actividades alrededor del turismo cultural-religioso con el objetivo de dar a conocer y mantener vivo el folklore propio de las generaciones pasadas. Entre estos fenómenos histórico-culturales y turísticos están las romerías. Se trata de excursiones grupales, generalmente a pie, a ermitas y santuarios donde, además de las actividades puramente religiosas, también se aprovecha para realizar otros actos festivos vinculados con las tradiciones del lugar. De este modo, con las romerías, algunos lugares religiosos en los territorios de interior se han convertido en puntos de encuentro entre los turistas y la población local, con una triple función: revalorizar el patrimonio local, atraer visitantes y ser lugar de encuentro entre la comunidad local y los turistas. En este trabajo, a partir de documentación y estadísticas sobre el tema y de entrevistas a participantes, se ha analizado el caso de las romerías en la Cerdanya española (los llamados “aplecs”), y se ha confirmado que se trata de unos eventos populares que permiten revalorizar turísticamente el territorio, ayudando a reafirmar la identidad local, conservando el patrimonio material e inmaterial y favoreciendo las relaciones sociales entre gente con diferentes intereses y motivaciones. 
Equal Education, Unequal Jobs: College and University Students with Disabilities
Authors: Stewart Jennifer M. , Schwartz Saul
Published: June 2018

Are students with a permanent disability more likely to drop out of post-secondary education than students without a permanent disability? Once they are out of postsecondary education, do their experiences in the labour market differ? Answers to these questions are necessary to evaluate current policies and to develop new policies.

This paper addresses these two questions using a unique data set that combines administrative records from the Canada Student Loans Program with survey responses. Our measure of permanent disability is an objective one that requires a physician’s diagnosis. The survey data supply information on the students’ education and labour market status.

Simple descriptive statistics suggest that, compared to students without a permanent disability, students with a permanent disability are equally likely to drop out of postsecondary education, but less likely to be in the labour force and more likely to be unemployed. We use propensity score matching to address potential selection into the group of students who documented their disability. The results using propensity score matching are consistent with the descriptive statistics.

Our story is one of an underpublicized success—the rising number of students with disabilities in postsecondary institutions and their equal likelihood of graduation—and a persistent problem—the continued disadvantage that people with disabilities, even those with the same educational attainment as people without disabilities, face in the labour market.
Epidermal LysM receptor ensures robust symbiotic signalling in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Murakami Eiichi , Cheng Jeryl , Gysel Kira , Bozsoki Zoltan , Kawaharada Yasuyuki , Hjuler Christian Toftegaard , Sørensen Kasper Kildegaard , Tao Ke , Kelly Simon , Venice Francesco , Genre Andrea , Thygesen Mikkel Boas , Jong Noor de , Vinther Maria , Jensen Dorthe Bødker , Jensen Knud Jørgen , Blaise Michael , Madsen Lene Heegaard , Andersen Kasper Røjkjær , Stougaard Jens , Radutoiu Simona
Published: June 2018

Recognition of Nod factors by LysM receptors is crucial for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in most legumes. The large families of LysM receptors in legumes suggest concerted functions, yet only NFR1 and NFR5 and their closest homologs are known to be required. Here we show that an epidermal LysM receptor (NFRe), ensures robust signalling in L. japonicus. Mutants of Nfre react to Nod factors with increased calcium spiking interval, reduced transcriptional response and fewer nodules in the presence of rhizobia. NFRe has an active kinase capable of phosphorylating NFR5, which in turn, controls NFRe downstream signalling. Our findings provide evidence for a more complex Nod factor signalling mechanism than previously anticipated. The spatio-temporal interplay between Nfre and Nfr1, and their divergent signalling through distinct kinases suggests the presence of an NFRe-mediated idling state keeping the epidermal cells of the expanding root system attuned to rhizobia.
A novel source of arterial valve cells linked to bicuspid aortic valve without raphe in mice
Authors: Eley Lorriane , Alqahtani Ahlam MS , MacGrogan Donal , Richardson Rachel V , Murphy Lindsay , Salguero-Jimenez Alejandro , Sintes Rodriguez San Pedro Marcos , Tiurma Shindi , McCutcheon Lauren , Gilmore Adam , de La Pompa José Luis , Chaudhry Bill , Henderson Deborah J
Published: June 2018

Abnormalities of the arterial valve leaflets, predominantly bicuspid aortic valve, are the commonest congenital malformations. Although many studies have investigated the development of the arterial valves, it has been assumed that, as with the atrioventricular valves, endocardial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the predominant mechanism. We show that arterial is distinctly different from atrioventricular valve formation. Whilst the four septal valve leaflets are dominated by NCC and EndMT-derived cells, the intercalated leaflets differentiate directly from Tnnt2-Cre+/Isl1+ progenitors in the outflow wall, via a Notch-Jag dependent mechanism. Further, when this novel group of progenitors are disrupted, development of the intercalated leaflets is disrupted, resulting in leaflet dysplasia and bicuspid valves without raphe, most commonly affecting the aortic valve. This study thus overturns the dogma that heart valves are formed principally by EndMT, identifies a new source of valve interstitial cells, and provides a novel mechanism for causation of bicuspid aortic valves without raphe.
Predictive regulation and human design
Authors: Sterling Peter
Published: June 2018

Organisms evolving toward greater complexity were selected across aeons to use energy and resources efficiently. Efficiency depended on prediction at every stage: first a clock to predict the planet’s statistical regularities; then a brain to predict bodily needs and compute commands that dynamically adjust the flows of energy and nutrients. Predictive regulation (allostasis) frugally matches resources to needs and thus forms a core principle of our design. Humans, reaching a pinnacle of cognitive complexity, eventually produced a device (the steam engine) that converted thermal energy to work and were suddenly awash in resources. Today boundless consumption in many nations challenges all our regulatory mechanisms, causing obesity, diabetes, drug addiction and their sequelae. So far we have sought technical solutions, such as drugs, to treat complex circuits for metabolism, appetites and mood. Here I argue for a different approach which starts by asking: why does our regulatory system, which evolution tuned for small satisfactions, now constantly demand 'more'?
The impact of the Wenchuan earthquake on early puberty: a natural experiment
Authors: Lian Qiguo , Zuo Xiayun , Mao Yanyan , Zhang Yan , Luo Shan , Zhang Shucheng , Lou Chaohua , Tu Xiaowen , Zhou Weijin
Published: June 2018

Background

The factors influencing pubertal timing have gained much attention due to a secular trend toward earlier pubertal onset in many countries. However, no studies have investigated the association between the Great earthquake and early puberty. We aimed to assess whether the Wenchuan earthquake is associated with early puberty, in both boys and girls.

Methods

We used data from two circles of a survey on reproductive health in China to explore the impact of the Wenchuan earthquake on early puberty , and a total of 9,785 adolescents (4,830 boys, 49.36%) aged 12–20 years from 29 schools in eight provinces were recruited. Wenchuan earthquake exposure was defined as those Sichuan students who had not experienced oigarche/menarche before May 12, 2008. Early puberty was identified as a reported onset of oigarche/menarche at 11 years or earlier. We tested the association between the Wenchuan earthquake and early puberty in boys and girls. Then, subgroup analysis stratified by the age at earthquake exposure also was performed.

Results

In total, 8,883 adolescents (4,543 boys, 51.14%) with a mean (SD) age of 15.13 (1.81) were included in the final sample. In general, children exposed to the earthquake had three times greater risk of early puberty (boys, RR [95% CI] = 3.18 [2.21–4.57]; girls: RR [95%CI] =3.16 [2.65–3.78]). Subgroup analysis showed that the adjusted RR was 1.90 [1.19–3.03] for boys and 2.22 [1.75–2.80] for girls. Earthquake exposure predicted almost a fourfold (RR [95%CI] = 3.91 [1.31–11.72]) increased risk of early puberty in preschool girls, whereas the increase was about twofold (RR [95%CI] = 2.09 [1.65–2.64]) in schoolgirls. Among boys, only older age at earthquake exposure was linked to early puberty (RR [95%CI] = 1.93 [1.18–3.16]).

Conclusions

Wenchuan earthquake exposure increased the risk of early puberty in boys and girls, and preschoolers were more at risk than schoolchildren. The implications are relevant to support policies for those survivors, especially children, to better rebuild after disasters.
Bibliometric analysis of research on the role of intestinal microbiota in obesity
Authors: Yao Haiqiang , Wan Jin-Yi , Wang Chong-Zhi , Li Lingru , Wang Ji , Li Yingshuai , Huang Wei-Hua , Zeng Jinxiang , Wang Qi , Yuan Chun-Su
Published: June 2018

Background

Obesity is a key public health problem. The advancement of gut microbiota research sheds new light on this field. This article aims to present the research trends in global intestinal microbiota studies within the domain of obesity research.

Methods

Bibliographic information of the publications on intestinal microbiota and obesity was retrieved from the Scopus database, and then analyzed by using bibliometric approaches.

Results

A total of 3,446 references were retrieved; the data indicated a steady growth and an exponential increase in publication numbers. The references were written in 23 different languages (93.8% in English). A number of 3,056 English journal papers were included in the further analyses. Among the 940 journals, the most prolific ones were PLOS ONE, Scientific Reports, and British Journal of Nutrition. North America and Europe were the highest publication output areas. The US (995 publications) ranked first in the number of publications, followed by the China (243 publications) and France (242 publications). The publication numbers were significantly correlated with gross domestic product (GDP), human development index (HDI), and population number (PN). International collaboration analysis also shows that most of the collaborations are among developed countries.

Discussion

This comprehensive bibliometric study indicates that gut microbiota is a significant topic in the obesity research. The structured information may be helpful in understanding research trends, and locating research hot spots and gaps in this domain.
Achilles and tail tendons of perlecan exon 3 null heparan sulphate deficient mice display surprising improvement in tendon tensile properties and altered collagen fibril organisation compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice
Authors: Shu Cindy C. , Smith Margaret M. , Appleyard Richard C. , Little Christopher B. , Melrose James
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the perlecan (Hspg2) heparan sulphate (HS) side chains on cell and matrix homeostasis in tail and Achilles tendons in 3 and 12 week oldHspg2exon 3 null HS deficient (Hspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 −) and C57 BL/6 Wild Type (WT) mice. Perlecan has important cell regulatory and matrix organizational properties through HS mediated interactions with a range of growth factors and morphogens and with structural extracellular matrix glycoproteins which define tissue function and allow the resident cells to regulate tissue homeostasis. It was expected that ablation of the HS chains on perlecan would severely disrupt normal tendon organization and functional properties and it was envisaged that this study would better define the role of HS in normal tendon function and in tendon repair processes. Tail and Achilles tendons from each genotype were biomechanically tested (ultimate tensile stress (UTS), tensile modulus (TM)) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (hydroxyproline) compositional analyses were undertaken. Tenocytes were isolated from tail tendons from each mouse genotype and grown in monolayer culture. These cultures were undertaken in the presence of FGF-2 to assess the cell signaling properties of each genotype. Total RNA was isolated from 3–12 week old tail and Achilles tendons and qRT-PCR was undertaken to assess the expression of the following genesVcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1.Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils were imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FGF-2 stimulated tenocyte monolayers displayed elevatedAdamts4,Mmp2, 3, 13 mRNA levelscompared to WT mice. Non-stimulated tendonCol1A1, Vcan, Bgn, Dcn, Lum, Hspg2, Ltbp1, Ltbp2, Eln and Fbn1 mRNA levelsshowed no major differences between the two genotypes other than a decline with ageing while LTBP2 expression increased. Eln expression also declined to a greater extent in the perlecan exon 3 null mice (P < 0.05). Type VI collagen and perlecan were immunolocalised in tail tendon and collagen fibrils imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This indicated a more compact form of collagen localization in the perlecan exon 3 null mice. Collagen fibrils were also smaller by TEM, which may facilitate a more condensed fibril packing accounting for the superior UTS displayed by the perlecan exon 3 null mice. The amplified catabolic phenotype ofHspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 −mice may account for the age-dependent decline in GAG observed in tail tendon over 3 to 12 weeks. After Achilles tenotomyHspg2Δ3 − ∕Δ3 −and WT mice had similar rates of recovery of UTS and TM over 12 weeks post operatively indicating that a deficiency of HS was not detrimental to tendon repair.
Beyond the reactive‐proactive dichotomy: Rage, revenge, reward, and recreational aggression predict early high school bully and bully/victim status
Authors: Runions Kevin C. , Salmivalli Christina , Shaw Therese , Burns Sharyn , Cross Donna
Published: June 2018

The role of reactive and proactive aggression in school bullying perpetration remains unclear. In this study, we explore the predictive value of an expanded model of aggression motives based on the Quadripartite Violence Typology (QVT), which distinguishes between motivational valence (appetitive or aversive) and recruitment of deliberative self‐control to derive four classes of motives: Rage, Revenge, Reward, and Recreation. With a sample of 1,802 students from grades 7–9, we assessed aggression motives via self‐report, along with self‐report of bullying perpetration and victimization, which were used to assign students into categories of Pure Bully, Bully/Victim (B/V), Pure Victim, and Uninvolved. Two structural models were computed to examine the relationship between these four categories of bullying involvement and aggression motives, using conservative and liberal bullying cutoffs. As predicted, B/V status was more strongly related to Rage and Revenge motives. However, B/Vs had higher scores than Pure Bullies for almost all aggression motives, including Recreation. We discuss the implications of addressing Revenge and Recreation, as well as Reward and Rage (which map most clearly to proactive and reactive aggression, respectively) aggression motives, for bullying prevention and intervention strategies, especially among adolescents for whom extant bullying prevention strategies may be ineffective or counterproductive.
Body mass index, facial width‐to‐height ratio, and perceived formidability in female Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) fighters
Authors: Palmer‐Hague Jaime L. , Twele Anita C. , Fuller Alexandra J.
Published: June 2018

Both facial width‐to‐height ratio (fWHR) and body mass index (BMI) have been associated with aggressive behavior in women but how they influence perception of their potential threat remain unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of fWHR and BMI on perceived formidability from faces of 42 female Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) fighters. In study 1, BMI, but not fWHR, positively predicted participants’ ratings of aggressiveness and fighting ability from facial photographs. In study 2, both high fWHR and high BMI composite faces were rated as more aggressive, tougher, and more likely to win a fight than low fWHR and low BMI composite faces, respectively. Further analyses revealed that the high BMI composite face was rated as more aggressive and tougher than the high fWHR composite face. Taken together, these results suggest that compared to fWHR, BMI may be a more salient cue to women's formidability.
The association between peer network centrality and aggression is moderated by moral disengagement
Authors: Chen Guanghui , Zhao Qingling , Dishion Thomas , Deater‐Deckard Kirby
Published: June 2018

There is very little research on the dynamics of peer groups in schools and aggressive behavior among Chinese youth. In the present study, we investigated the link between pure indegree centrality and aggression (i.e., overt and relational aggression), and examined moderating effects of moral disengagement on this association, among Chinese adolescents in classes with different percentage of aggressors. Participants were 589 sophomore students (446 boys, 75.72% of sample; Mage = 15.98, SD = 0.64) from 16 classes in one vocational secondary school. The results showed that the effects for overt and relational aggression were moderated by the proportion of aggressors within classes and moral disengagement. For students in classes with a higher density of aggressors, there was a strong positive association between pure indegree centrality and overt aggression (but not relational aggression) for those students with higher moral disengagement. Conversely, in classes with fewer aggressive students, the covariation between centrality and both overt and relational aggression was negative for students with higher moral disengagement. These findings are consistent with an ecological perspective on the development of aggression, which shows that aggregating aggressive students in school classes may strengthen the associations between peer dynamics, moral disengagement, and aggressive behavior.
Holographic Recording and Hierarchical Surface Patterning on Periodic Submicrometer Pillar Arrays of Azo Molecular Glass via Polarized Light Irradiation
Authors: Hsu Chungen , Xu Zeda , Wang Xiaogong
Published: June 2018

Periodic submiocrometer pillar arrays are fabricated from a photoresponsive azo molecular glass (IA‐Chol) by soft‐lithographic hot embossing with elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) modes. Through deformation of each submicrometer‐sized pillar in response to the local amplitude and polarization of the superimposed electric waves, optical holograms are recorded on the IA‐Chol pillar arrays. When the interference pattern is formed by two polarized beams with opposite‐circular polarizations, the recorded patterns mainly reflect the polarization state variations with spatial phase difference of the interfering waves. When two plane waves with the same linear polarizations are superimposed, where the polarization direction is almost the same as the writing beams, the intensity variation of the superimposed electric waves is recorded by the pillar arrays changing spatially with the phase variations. Various ordered surface patterns with distinct hierarchical configurations are successfully developed by the intensity and polarization modulations of the interfering waves. This approach not only allows to directly visualize the intensity and polarization of the coherent light captured by the holograms, but also provides a powerful platform to fabricate various complex surface patterns. The submicrometer pillar arrays can also be used to record polarization hologram and the images are reconstructed by reference light in diffracted spots.
Dopant‐Free Hydrogels with Intrinsic Photoluminescence and Biodegradable Properties
Authors: Tsou Yung‐Hao , Zhang Xue‐Qing , Bai Xin , Zhu He , Li Zhongyu , Liu Yanlan , Shi Jinjun , Xu Xiaoyang
Published: June 2018

Photoluminescent hydrogels that function as both injectable scaffolds and fluorescent imaging probes hold great potential for therapeutics delivery and tissue engineering. Current fluorescent hydrogels are fabricated by either conjugating or doping a fluorescent dye, fluorescent protein, lanthanide chelate, or quantum dot into polymeric hydrogel matrix. Their biomedical applications are severely limited due to drawbacks such as photostability, carcinogenesis, and toxicity associated with the above‐mentioned dopants. Here, a successful development of dopant‐free photoluminescent hydrogels in situ formed by crosslinking of biocompatible polymer precursors is reported, which can be synthesized by incorporating an amino acid to a citric acid based polyester oligomer followed by functionalization of multivalent crosslinking group through a convenient transesterification reaction using Candida Antarctica Lipase B as a catalyst. It is demonstrated that the newly developed hydrogels possess tunable degradation, intrinsic photoluminescence, mechanical properties, and exhibit sustained release of various molecular weight dextrans. In vivo study shows that the hydrogels formed in situ following subcutaneous injection exhibit excellent biocompatibility and emit strong fluorescence under visible light excitation without the need of using any traditional organic dyes. Their in vivo degradation profiles are then depicted by noninvasively monitoring fluorescence intensity of the injected hydrogel implants.
Engineering the Future of Silk Materials through Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Zhou Zhitao , Zhang Shaoqing , Cao Yunteng , Marelli Benedetto , Xia Xiaoxia , Tao Tiger H.
Published: June 2018

Silk is a natural fiber renowned for its outstanding mechanical properties that have enabled the manufacturing of ultralight and ultrastrong textiles. Recent advances in silk processing and manufacturing have underpinned a re‐interpretation of silk from textiles to technological materials. Here, it is argued that silk materials—optimized by selective pressure to work in the environment at the biotic–abiotic interface—can be harnessed by human micro‐ and nanomanufacturing technology to impart new functionalities and opportunities. A critical overview of recent progress in silk technology is presented with emphasis on high‐tech applications enabled by recent innovations in multilevel modifications, multiscale manufacturing, and multimodal characterization of silk materials. These advances have enabled successful demonstrations of silk materials across several disciplines, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, implantable medical devices, and biodissolvable/degradable devices.
Silicon Oxide (SiOx): A Promising Material for Resistance Switching?
Authors: Mehonic Adnan , Shluger Alexander L. , Gao David , Valov Ilia , Miranda Enrique , Ielmini Daniele , Bricalli Alessandro , Ambrosi Elia , Li Can , Yang J. Joshua , Xia Qiangfei , Kenyon Anthony J.
Published: June 2018

Interest in resistance switching is currently growing apace. The promise of novel high‐density, low‐power, high‐speed nonvolatile memory devices is appealing enough, but beyond that there are exciting future possibilities for applications in hardware acceleration for machine learning and artificial intelligence, and for neuromorphic computing. A very wide range of material systems exhibit resistance switching, a number of which—primarily transition metal oxides—are currently being investigated as complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible technologies. Here, the case is made for silicon oxide, perhaps the most CMOS‐compatible dielectric, yet one that has had comparatively little attention as a resistance‐switching material. Herein, a taxonomy of switching mechanisms in silicon oxide is presented, and the current state of the art in modeling, understanding fundamental switching mechanisms, and exciting device applications is summarized. In conclusion, silicon oxide is an excellent choice for resistance‐switching technologies, offering a number of compelling advantages over competing material systems.
Flexible Nanoparticles Reach Sterically Obscured Endothelial Targets Inaccessible to Rigid Nanoparticles
Authors: Myerson Jacob W. , Braender Bruce , Mcpherson Olivia , Glassman Patrick M. , Kiseleva Raisa Y. , Shuvaev Vladimir V. , Marcos‐Contreras Oscar , Grady Martha E. , Lee Hyun‐Su , Greineder Colin F. , Stan Radu V. , Composto Russell J. , Eckmann David M. , Muzykantov Vladimir R.
Published: June 2018

Molecular targeting of nanoparticle drug carriers promises maximized therapeutic impact to sites of disease or injury with minimized systemic effects. Precise targeting demands addressing to subcellular features. Caveolae, invaginations in cell membranes implicated in transcytosis and inflammatory signaling, are appealing subcellular targets. Caveolar geometry has been reported to impose a ≈50 nm size cutoff on nanocarrier access to plasmalemma vesicle associated protein (PLVAP), a marker found in caveolae in the lungs. The use of deformable nanocarriers to overcome that size cutoff is explored in this study. Lysozyme‐dextran nanogels (NGs) are synthesized with ≈150 or ≈300 nm mean diameter. Atomic force microscopy indicates the NGs deform on complementary surfaces. Quartz crystal microbalance data indicate that NGs form softer monolayers (≈60 kPa) than polystyrene particles (≈8 MPa). NGs deform during flow through microfluidic channels, and modeling of NG extrusion through porous filters yields sieving diameters less than 25 nm for NGs with 150 and 300 nm hydrodynamic diameters. NGs of 150 and 300 nm diameter target PLVAP in mouse lungs while counterpart rigid polystyrene particles do not. The data in this study indicate a role for mechanical deformability in targeting large high‐payload drug‐delivery vehicles to sterically obscured targets like PLVAP.
Second Harmonic Generation in Atomically Thin MoTe2
Authors: Song Yu , Tian Ruijuan , Yang Jiulong , Yin Rui , Zhao Jianlin , Gan Xuetao
Published: June 2018

Optical second harmonic generations (SHGs) from atomically thin MoTe2 flakes with 2H and 1T′ phases are studied. From 2H‐MoTe2 samples with odd (even) numbers of layers, strong (negligible) SHGs are observed due to the layer‐dependent broken inversion symmetry. When pumped by a telecom‐band laser, SHG from a monolayer 2H‐MoTe2 is about one order of magnitude stronger than that from a monolayer WS2; an extremely high second‐order nonlinear susceptibility of 2.5 nm V−1 is estimated, presenting the highest value among those reported in 2D materials. SHG measurements in MoTe2 are also demonstrated as an efficient way to distinguish the 2H‐to‐1T′ phase transition. Compared with the SHG in 2H‐MoTe2, 1T′‐MoTe2's SHG has much lower efficiency and the polarization dependence is changed from a six‐fold pattern to a two‐lobe pattern.
Phosphine‐Free NNN‐Manganese Complex Catalyzed α‐Alkylation of Ketones with Primary Alcohols and Friedländer Quinoline Synthesis
Authors: Barman Milan K. , Jana Akash , Maji Biplab
Published: June 2018

Herein, we report a very simple and inexpensive catalytic system based on Earth's abundant transition metal manganese and on a bench‐stable phosphine‐free NNN‐pincer ligand for an atom‐efficient α‐alkylations of ketones with primary alcohols via hydrogen‐autotransfer C−C bond formation protocol. The precatalyst could be generated in situ and could be activated by using catalytic amount of base under milder conditions. A range of ketones were efficiently diversified with a broad range of primary alcohols in good to excellent isolated yields. Remarkably, this catalyst could also be employed for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives using 2‐aminobenzyl alcohol as an alkylating agent. The later reaction is highly benign producing only hydrogen and water as byproducts.

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Integrating Solar Energy in Rome's Built Environment: A Perspective for Distributed Generation on Global Scale
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Pecoraino Mario , Meneguzzo Francesco , Pagliaro Mario
Published: June 2018

Large‐scale integration of solar energy technologies in Rome's built environment epitomizes the needed general adoption of distributed generation via functionalization of buildings of all size and end use across the world, to become active energy generators and no longer energy users only. This essay identifies selected technology solutions and critical policy and educational initiatives to effectively achieve within the next decade (2018–2027) the widespread uptake of decentralized solar energy systems in the built environment on a global scale.
Green Biobatteries: Hybrid Paper–Polymer Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Mohammadifar Maedeh , Yazgan Idris , Zhang Jing , Kariuki Victor , Sadik Omowunmi A. , Choi Seokheun
Published: June 2018

Paper‐based electronics have recently emerged as a simple, biodegradable, and low‐cost paradigm for disposable electronics and may be an excellent way to reduce the dramatic increase in electronic waste. Paper‐based batteries are imperative for stand‐alone and self‐sustained paper‐based electronics. Ideally, paper‐based batteries must be simple, biodegradable, inexpensive, and provide realistic and accessible power. Among many paper‐based batteries, paper‐based microbial biobatteries attract significant attention because of their self‐sustainability, cost‐effectiveness, eco‐friendliness, and potential for energy accessibility in resource‐constrained settings. However, the promise of this technology has not translated into practical power applications because of its low performance. Furthermore, its biodegradability remains questionable. In this work, an easily biodegradable paper‐polymer substrate is engineered as a part of a novel, high‐performance microbial battery. Poly (amic) acid and poly(pyromellitic dianhydride‐p‐phenylenediamine) are processed and incorporated into a porous, hydrophilic network of intertwined cellulose fibers to revolutionize oxygen‐blocking, proton‐exchanging, and biodegrading properties of the paper‐based microbial biobatteries, which ultimately offer the transformative potential of “green” electronics. Furthermore, the battery, formed by adding engineered polymers to the paper, exhibits a much higher power‐to‐cost ratio than all previously reported paper‐based microbial batteries. The biobattery clearly biodegrades without the requirements of special facilities, conditions, or introduction of other microorganisms.
Toward Light‐Regulated Living Biomaterials
Authors: Sankaran Shrikrishnan , Zhao Shifang , Muth Christina , Paez Julieta , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: June 2018

Living materials are an emergent material class, infused with the productive, adaptive, and regenerative properties of living organisms. Property regulation in living materials requires encoding responsive units in the living components to allow external manipulation of their function. Here, an optoregulated Escherichia coli (E. coli)‐based living biomaterial that can be externally addressed using light to interact with mammalian cells is demonstrated. This is achieved by using a photoactivatable inducer of gene expression and bacterial surface display technology to present an integrin‐specific miniprotein on the outer membrane of an endotoxin‐free E. coli strain. Hydrogel surfaces functionalized with the bacteria can expose cell adhesive molecules upon in situ light‐activation, and trigger cell adhesion. Surface immobilized bacteria are able to deliver a fluorescent protein to the mammalian cells with which they are interacting, indicating the potential of such a bacterial material to deliver molecules to cells in a targeted manner.
Photoswitchable Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene Devices Enabled by In Situ Covalent Functionalization
Authors: Lu Jingzhi , Lipatov Alexey , Vorobeva Natalia S. , Muratov Dmitry S. , Sinitskii Alexander
Published: June 2018

A chemical approach is demonstrated for covalent functionalization of graphene devices with photochromic azobenzene moieties using diazonium chemistry. The approach utilizing in situ generated aryl diazonium cations enables multilayer deposition of photochromic species on graphene surfaces. It is demonstrated that the thickness of the resulting optically responsive films can be tuned from about 1 to over 20 nm by varying the functionalization time. Cis and trans forms of azobenzene can be achieved by illumination with UV and visible light, respectively, which enables reversible optically tunable change in the doping level of graphene. Interestingly, the bilayer graphene devices, while showing robust photoswitching, do not exhibit any considerable degradation of conductivity and charge carrier mobilities upon chemical functionalization, which is not the case for monolayer graphene devices. This work paves a way for multilayer functionalization of graphene devices with photochromic species and highlights bilayer graphene as a promising platform for high mobility devices with covalent functionalization.
Correlation of Molecular Structure and Charge Transport Properties: A Case Study in Naphthalenediimide–Based Copolymer Semiconductors
Authors: Hu Yuanyuan , Li Zhaojun , Jiang Lang , Chen Zhuojun , Liao Lei , Wang Ergang
Published: June 2018

Recent development of donor–acceptor (D–A) structure copolymers has led to the remarkable enhancement of mobility over 10 cm2 (V s)−1 in organic semiconductors. Despite these achievements, a thorough understanding of the correlation between molecular structure and charge transport properties is still not achieved. With this goal in mind, the electrical properties of three copolymers based on the naphthalenediimide (NDI) acceptor with different donor units are compared, and the effect of increasing donor length on the electronic structure of semiconductors and the resulting charge transport performance is studied. Structural and morphological characterizations are done to reveal the macro transport properties of the semiconductor films. Then, electrical measurements of the field‐effect transistors at variable temperatures are carried out to probe the charge transport property of the semiconductor films. Overall, it is found that the increasing of the donor length from one to three thiophene units would reduce the energetic disorder in the semiconductor films. Meanwhile, the electron cloud overlap between acceptor units would be weakened, which is detrimental to electron transport. Thus, a trading‐off between energetic disorder and electron cloud overlap is critical for achieving high mobility in this NDI–based copolymer system.
Adjustable Current‐Induced Magnetization Switching Utilizing Interlayer Exchange Coupling
Authors: Sheng Yu , Edmonds Kevin William , Ma Xingqiao , Zheng Houzhi , Wang Kaiyou
Published: June 2018

Electrical current–induced deterministic magnetization switching in a magnetic multilayer structure without any external magnetic field is realized by utilizing interlayer exchange coupling. Two ferromagnetic Co layers, with in‐plane and out‐of‐plane anisotropy, respectively, are separated by a spacer Ta layer, which plays a dual role in inducing antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling, and contributing to the current‐induced effective magnetic field through the spin Hall effect. The current‐induced magnetization switching behavior can be tuned by premagnetizing the in‐plane Co layer. The antiferromagnetic exchange coupling field increases with decreasing thickness of the Ta layer, reaching 630 ± 5 Oe for a Ta thickness of 1.5 nm. A model is developed to separate the Joule heating and spin–orbit torques caused by the electrical current. The magnitude of the current‐induced perpendicular effective magnetic field from spin–orbit torque is 9.2 Oe/(107 A cm−2). The large spin Hall angle of Ta, opposite in sign to that of Pt, results in a low critical current density of 9 × 106 A cm−2. This approach is promising for the electrical switching of magnetic memory elements without any external magnetic field.
Vapor‐Coated Monofilament Fibers for Embroidered Electrochemical Transistor Arrays on Fabrics
Authors: Zhang Lushuai , Andrew Trisha
Published: June 2018

Fiber‐based electrochemical transistors can be embroidered onto fabrics for wearable and implantable bioelectronics. However, the active channel length of known fiber‐based electrochemical transistors is defined by the dynamic contact area between the conductive fiber and a liquid electrolyte, meaning that existing iterations cannot be reliably operated upon immersion in biological media. A proof‐of‐concept parallel‐junction electrochemical transistor on a silk fabric with a fixed, micrometer‐sized channel length that is independent of electrolyte contact area is reported. A high on/off ratio of 1000, and notable transconductance value of 100 µS at zero gate voltage and low applied drain bias (0.7 V) is obtained, making this device amenable to subsequent incorporation into low‐power‐consuming integrated circuits. Large‐area arrays of this transistor can be rapidly created by straight‐stitching a monofilament fiber channel onto a fabric substrate, meaning that simple embroidery approaches can be used to fabricate spatially resolved electrode arrays for electrophysiological applications.
Bandgap Engineering of Organic Semiconductors for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Yiou , Silveri Fabrizio , Bayazit Mustafa K. , Ruan Qiushi , Li Yaomin , Xie Jijia , Catlow C. Richard A. , Tang Junwang
Published: June 2018

The bandgap engineering of semiconductors, in particular low‐cost organic/polymeric photocatalysts could directly influence their behavior in visible photon harvesting. However, an effective and rational pathway to stepwise change of the bandgap of an organic/polymeric photocatalyst is still very challenging. An efficient strategy is demonstrated to tailor the bandgap from 2.7 eV to 1.9 eV of organic photocatalysts by carefully manipulating the linker/terminal atoms in the chains via innovatively designed polymerization. These polymers work in a stable and efficient manner for both H2 and O2 evolution at ambient conditions (420 nm < λ < 710 nm), exhibiting up to 18 times higher hydrogen evolution rate (HER) than a reference photocatalyst g‐C3N4 and leading to high apparent quantum yields (AQYs) of 8.6%/2.5% at 420/500 nm, respectively. For the oxygen evolution rate (OER), the optimal polymer shows 19 times higher activity compared to g‐C3N4 with excellent AQYs of 4.3%/1.0% at 420/500 nm. Both theoretical modeling and spectroscopic results indicate that such remarkable enhancement is due to the increased light harvesting and improved charge separation. This strategy thus paves a novel avenue to fabricate highly efficient organic/polymeric photocatalysts with precisely tunable operation windows and enhanced charge separation.
Metal–Organic Framework Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhu Bingjun , Zou Ruqiang , Xu Qiang
Published: June 2018

Highly efficient hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) will determine the mass distributions of hydrogen‐powered clean technologies in the future. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as a class of crystalline porous materials. Along with their derivatives, MOFs have recently been under intense study for their applications in various hydrogen production techniques. MOF‐based materials possess unique advantages, such as high specific surface area, crystalline porous structure, diverse and tunable chemical components, which offer attractive functionalities in catalyzing hydrogen evolution processes, by lowering reaction potentials, and speeding up reaction rates. Considering the rapid increase in research interest in hydrogen evolution in the last several years, this review aims to summarize recent advances in MOF‐associated hydrogen evolution research, including electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and chemocatalytic HER. Particular attention is paid to the design and utilization of postsynthetic modification of MOFs, MOF‐supported catalysts, and MOF derivatives for highly efficient HER. The opportunities and challenges for MOF‐based materials in a hydrogen‐powered clean future are also discussed.