bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Monumentum aere perennius’ –
Discussions and Decisions by the Synod of Dort on the Translation of the Bible
Authors: d'Assonville Victor E.
Published: December 2019

The Synod of Dordrecht 1618/19 was not only the most ecumenical synod of reformed churches in history, but is also famous for reaching closure with the formulation of the Canons of Dort, on the highly controversial discussions of election, grace, predestination, free will and other related theological themes that disturbed the Netherlands during the first two decades of the 17th century. Unfortunately, in the wake of this, other crucial matters that also were dealt with at the Synod tend to be obscure. The critical issue of Bible translation is one such example. Although this theme appears to be in the shadow of the contentious debates on election etc., till today the importance of the decisions of the Synod on the principles of Bible translation, which gave rise to the well-known Dutch “Statenvertaling” (State Translation), remain unassailed. These include principles such as translating from the original languages, staying as close as possible to the original source text, remaining as faithful as possible to the typical Hebrew and Greek idiom, as well as the use of an unadulterated, understandable language as target language – with special consideration of and respect for the Names of the Lord, while also taking other important translations into account.
Key concepts
Statenvertaling (Dutch State Translation); Dordrecht/Dort ; Bible translation ; Translation principles
 
‘Monumentum aere perennius’ – Diskussies oor en besluite deur die Sinode van Dordrecht oor Bybelvertaling
Opsomming
Die Sinode van Dordrecht 1618/19 was nie slegs die mees ekumeniese sinode van gereformeerde kerke in die geskiedenis nie, maar dit is ook beroemd vir die vasstelling van die Dordtse Leerreëls wat terselfdertyd as afsluiting gedien het vir die hoogs omstrede diskussies oor die uitverkiesing, genade, voorsienigheid, vrye wil en ander samehangende teologiese onderwerpe – temas wat groot onrus veroorsaak het in die Nederlande gedurende die eerste twee dekades van die sewentiende eeu. Ongelukkig bring die bekendheid van die Dordtse Leerreëls mee dat ander sleutelsake wat ook deur die sinode hanteer is in die vergetelheid raak. Die sentrale kwessie van Bybelvertaling is een só ’n aspek. Ofskoon dit lyk of hierdie saak in die skaduwee van die kontensieuse diskussies oor uitverkiesing ensovoorts staan, is die betekenis van die sinodebesluite oor die beginsels van Bybelvertaling (wat uiteindelik in die Statevertaling uitgemond het) ’n uitgemaakte saak. Dit sluit beginsels in soos om uit die oorspronklike tale te vertaal, om so na as moontlik aan die oorspronklike bronteks te bly, terwyl ook so getrou as moontlik die tipiese Hebreeuse en Griekse idioom weergegee word en terselfdertyd van ’n suiwer, verstaanbare segswyse en uitdrukking in die doeltaal gebruik gemaak word. Hierby kom besondere aandag aan en respek vir die Name van die Here terwyl ook ander belangrike vertalings in ag geneem word in die vertaalproses.
Kernbegrippe: Statevertaling; Dordrecht / Dordt; Bybelvertaling; Vertaalbeginsels
Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Yerleşkelerine Gelen Şebeke Sularının Bazı Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Özelliklerinin Araştırılması
Authors: Demirarslan Kazım Onur , Başak Serden
Published: December 2019

Dünyada yaşamın devamlılığını sağlayan maddelerin
başında su gelmektedir. Yeryüzünde suyun yokluğu şuan için düşünülememekle
birlikte insanoğlu elinde bulunan kaynakları kirletmek için neredeyse
birbirleri ile yarış halindedir. Her gün evlere, okullara, işyerlerine
rahatlıkla ulaşabilen suların belli bir standardı ve kalitesi olmalıdır. Bu da
içme suyu kalite standardı olarak adlandırılmakta ve suyun taşıması gereken
özellikler Türkiye’de ve dünyada yönetmeliklerle belirlenmektedir. Yapılan bu
çalışmada, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi yerleşkelerinden alınan (Şehir, Seyitler,
Hopa, Arhavi, Borçka Acarlar, Yusufeli, Şavşat) şebeke sularının fiziksel ve
kimyasal yönden içme suları standartlarına uygunluğu araştırılmış ve bulunan
değerlerin halk sağlığı açısından potansiyel bir risk oluşturup
oluşturmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Su numuneleri ilkbahar, yaz,
sonbahar ve kış olmak üzere dönemsel olarak alınmıştır. Alınan örneklerin
bulanıklık, iletkenlik, pH, çözünmüş oksijen (ÇO), sıcaklık, toplam sertlik,
klorür, NO3-N ve NH3-N tayinleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar
genel olarak sınır değerler içinde olmasına rağmen NO3 değeri Şehir
Yerleşkesi’nde limit değer olan 50 ppm’in üzerinde bulunmuştur. İnsan sağlığı
açısından önemli olan bu parametrenin neden sınır değer üzerinde olabileceği de
makalede tartışılmıştır.
O cinema-lagarta dos Tikmũ’ũn: teoria-prática das imagens xamânicas
Authors: Brasil André
Published: December 2019

Neste texto, abordo os filmes Tatakox (2007); Tatakox Vila Nova (2009) e Kakxop pit hãmkoxuk xop te yũmũgãhã (Iniciação dos filhos dos espíritos da terra, 2015), dirigidos por coletivos Tikmũ’ũn, buscando apontar nessa série de trabalhos sobre o ritual de iniciação das crianças, traços precários de um “xamanismo múltiplo”. Trata-se de pensar o encontro entre o cinema – tecnologia de ĩnmõxa? – e o povo-espírito da lagarta (tatakox), que, com seus aerofones, perfuram sua pele, nela abrindo passagens.
Antifilosofia: Jean Epstein e realismo especulativo
Authors: Bezerra Julio
Published: December 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo propor um diálogo entre o cinema e a teoria de Jean Epstein e o realismo especulativo. A interação de forças subjetivas e objetivas no cinema é um campo atraente de investigação para um realista especulativo, e a convicção epsteiniana de que o cinema nos abre para novos domínios do conhecimento do mundo está absolutamente sintonizada com esse movimento filosófico. Ao longo desse diálogo, esboçamos um modo diverso de pensar sobre o cinema: uma “antifilosofia”.
Poesia e violência no berço da linguagem silenciosa: o caso de Chaplin
Authors: Marcondes Ciro Inácio
Published: December 2019

A carreira de Charles Chaplin, especialmente em sua fase na Keystone, tem um fundamento na violência. Ou em duas violências: a primeira, a violência física das trombadas e pontapés que seu personagem Carlitos desfere em seus antagonistas; e a segunda, a violência motora, do movimento incessante pelo campo cinematográfico e através dos planos. Propomos uma análise desta dupla valência da violência em Chaplin como princípio fundador da poesia cinematográfica silenciosa: como esta violência motora e física se transforma em balé? Será analisada a trajetória de Chaplin em seus primeiros curtas por meio de uma reconstrução narrativa e histórica do cinema, em busca do nascimento da poesia fílmica.
Fazer a teoria do cinema a partir de cineastas – entrevista com Manuela Penafria
Authors: Leites Bruno , Baggio Eduardo , Carvalho Marcelo
Published: December 2019

Nesta entrevista, a pesquisadora e professora Manuela Penafria (Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal) expõe o cenário atual da abordagem Teoria dos Cineastas, destacando a pertinência de renovar a teoria do cinema a partir do pensamento expresso nas imagens, nos sons e nas palavras de cineastas. Penafria discute uma série de temas relevantes à pesquisa e à teorização em cinema, tais como: as fontes de pesquisa; a diferença entre a palavra e a imagem na Teoria dos Cineastas; a relação da Teoria dos Cineastas com a pesquisa de Jacques Aumont sobre as teorias dos cineastas; o conceito de espectador que circula entre cineastas; e a suspeição que pode surgir no meio acadêmico com relação à Teoria dos Cineastas.
Uso do inglês como estratégia de internacionalização da produção científica em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas: estudo de caso na SciELO Brasil
Authors: Cintra Paulo Roberto , Silva Marco Donizete Paulino da , Furnival Ariadne Chloe
Published: December 2019

O inglês é visto como a “língua franca” da ciência, pois oferece a possibilidade para que pesquisadores de todos os países possam se comunicar e trocar informações por meio do mesmo idioma. Há uma tendência crescente da publicação de artigos na língua inglesa, reflexo do esforço de cientistas, instituições de ensino e periódicos de países não anglófonos em prol da internacionalização das suas produções científicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se artigos em inglês, publicados em periódicos da coleção SciELO Brasil, e pertencentes às áreas das Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, tendem a receber mais citações dentro do SciELO Citation Index, índice de citações integrado à Web of Science, da empresa Clarivate Analytics. Para tanto, foram coletados metadados e número de citações de artigos publicados em 19 periódicos selecionados. Como resultado, verificou-se que há uma tendência à internacionalização científica, considerando o aumento do número de artigos publicados na língua inglesa ao longo dos anos. No entanto, em 14 periódicos, os artigos publicados somente na língua portuguesa ou espanhola foram os que apresentaram a maior média de citações, quando comparados aos demais idiomas. Como conclusão, aponta-se que, para a área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, os artigos publicados em inglês tendem a ser menos citados dentro do SciELO Citation Index. Logo, ainda que o propósito seja dar maior visibilidade internacional às publicações brasileiras, em alguns casos, o fator idioma, como elemento isolado, não se mostra capaz de alterar o impacto desses documentos.
Taxonomias, ontologias e tesauros: possibilidades de contribuição para o processo de Engenharia de Requisitos
Authors: Fagundes Priscila Basto , Freund Gislaine Parra , Vital Luciane Paula , Barros Camila Monteiro de , Jeronimo de Macedo Douglas Dyllon
Published: December 2019

Algumas das atividades fundamentais do processo de desenvolvimento de software estão relacionadas à disciplina de Engenharia de Requisitos, cujos objetivos são descobrir, analisar, documentar e verificar os requisitos que farão parte do sistema. Os requisitos são as condições ou capacidades que um software precisa ter ou realizar para atender às necessidades de seus usuários. O presente estudo faz parte de uma pesquisa que está sendo desenvolvida com o intuito de propor um modelo de cooperação entre a Ciência da Informação e a Engenharia de Requisitos, e tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados de uma análise sobre as possibilidades de utilização dos sistemas de organização do conhecimento: taxonomias, tesauros e ontologias durante as atividades da Engenharia de Requisitos. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar em qual etapa do processo da Engenharia de Requisitos cada um dos tipos de sistema de organização do conhecimento é passível de ser utilizado. Espera-se com este estudo evidenciar a necessidade de novas pesquisas e propostas para fortalecer o intercâmbio entre a Ciência da Informação, como ciência, cujo objeto de estudo é a informação, e a Engenharia de Requisitos que, por sua vez, tem na informação a matéria-prima para a identificação das necessidades informacionais dos usuários de softwares.
«Mind in Russia, the soul in Azerbaijan»: identities of Azerbaijani immigrants in Russia
Authors: Endryushko Anna A.
Published: December 2019

Over the last few decades, immigrant adaptation issues have continued to bear relevance both in Russia and around the world. Those who relocated to new places of residence no longer attach themselves to one place (locale), nation (state-civil community), or culture, which, of course, takes a toll on their self-perception and adaptation – this creates new opportunity and new dimensions in terms of identity. This mostly applies to civil, ethnic and local identities, due to their complex nature and their proportion between the country of origin and host environment. Both foreign and Russian researchers recognize the importance of studying immigrant identities, which is regarded as one of the components of their capacity for integration. This article considers the proportion of Russian identity, identity of country of origin, as well as local and ethnic identities of Azerbaijani immigrants living in Russia. Their readiness to transform their self-consciousness, with it being a key indicator of their integration into Russian society, is analyzed. This study’s empirical basis consists of data from an all-Russian survey among labor immigrants, conducted by the HSE and CEPRS in 19 Russian regions in 2017, as well as data from semi-structured interviews with Azerbaijani immigrants living in Moscow, which helped identify situational factors in their hierarchy of identities and understand the foundations on which their self-consciousness is based. Analyzed is how immigrants’ identity structure is influenced by age and place of residence, education level, type of immigration and duration of stay in Russia. It was revealed, based on in-depth interviews, that Russian identity among Azerbaijanis is based around a state-civil foundation, while in the case of elder generations it is based around their having been a common nation in the past. A conclusion is drawn indicating a transnational direction in Azerbaijani immigrants’ identity, with ethnic identity prevailing, which fits in favorably with a developing sense of connection to Russia both among circular and long-term migrants. In relation to comparable studies conducted in 2011, analyzed are the increasingly more positive assessments of the host Russian environment by Azerbaijani immigrants, which, in our estimation, creates a favorable foundation for developing a positive Russian identity among them.
Spanish mass-media on Latin American migrants: between fear and pity
Authors: Kosevich Ekaterina Y.
Published: December 2019

Mass-media discourse is a “mirror” of sorts, which reflects general opinions and allows for understanding society’s mindset concerning migration issues. This article is devoted to analyzing the images created by Spanish mass-media regarding Latin American immigrants residing in Spain. Such a vision ultimately led to the emergence of an enduring perception of said immigrants by Spanish society from two main points of view – fear and pity. Columbians and Ecuadorians served as the prototypes for all Latin Americans who illegally entered Spain. The author reveals the reasons for the “divide” in Spanish mass-media’s perception of Columbia and Columbians, who became synonymous with danger, as well as Ecuador and Ecuadorian immigrants, who are primarily associated with Испанские СМИ о латиноамериканских мигрантах: между страхом и жалостью 110 № 4, Том 10, 2019 compassion and pity. This article examines the main stages of Latin American migration to Spain at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, which were primarily comprised in succession by immigrants from Columbia, Argentina, Venezuela and Cuba. The author characterizes the most numerous of Spain’s Latin American Diasporas. It is revealed that immigration is a collectively constructed social phenomenon. In turn the host society attributes certain characteristics to visitors (“others”) which they in fact do not possess. Such artificially assigned qualities are the result of a so-called “symbolic structure”, attributed to each “imaginary migrant”. Latin American migration to Spain is a result of a multitude of factors lying on various levels. However, it is very uncommon for the news to carefully examine the regional and global aspects of this process. This article reveals the specific image of Latin American migrants which developed in Spain towards the beginning of the 21st century. The author attempts to define the hidden ideology supporting the vast majority of those negative Latin American migrant stereotypes broadcast by national mass-media.
Educational inequality in Russian schools: the influence of territorial factor
Authors: Filipova Alexandra G. , Vysockaya Aliona V.
Published: December 2019

Educational inequality is constantly in the scope of foreign and Russian scientists alike, however there are differences in the way it is interpreted. If we were to consider education as a system, we could acknowledge the existence of inequality in initial educational opportunities (at the system’s gateway), as well as inequality in the education process itself (within the system), and inequality of education results (when transitioning from one stage to the next, or when exiting the system). The goal of this study was to determine the specifics of how territorial factor in a specific type of environment influences educational inequality among children. Part of the study was to verify the suggestion that this factor has been increasing its influence in Russia. Empirical data was collected using focus group and expert interview methods. Adult and adolescent participants of the study were asked questions about the interpretation of educational inequality (how it manifests in schooling), determining factors which affect the reproduction of educational inequality, including whether there is a territorial aspect to how it manifests. Study participants described local features in educational inequality, comparing city and village, large and small towns. The logic of comparing large and small settlements can be traced throughout the remarks of informants of all ages. Children spoke more of inequality within the education system, citing examples such as differences in how schools are equipped, varying level of skill among teachers, differences in the amount of cultural-leisure, educational and other facilities in their settlement. Experts also pointed out examples of educational inequality at the system’s “gateways” and “exits”, while speaking about socio-cultural and financial capital being possible sources for educational inequality, which from an organizational standpoint is considered by the study participants on the level of school – locale – region. The suggestion that territorial factor currently plays an increased role in reproducing educational inequality needs to be further researched utilizing regional statistical data.
O Hamlet brasileiro de Machado de Assis
Authors: Diego Marcelo
Published: December 2019

Este ensaio parte de uma provocação em relação à contribuição crítica seminal de Helen Caldwell (com o seu O Otelo brasileiro de Machado de Assis, de 1960), para discutir o diálogo intertextual de Dom Casmurro com o Hamlet de Shakespeare. Para tanto, dá particular atenção à centralidade, no interior do romance e da peça, da figuração do teatro, ou melhor, de processos de encenação; figuração que se dá por meio do desnudamento de uma consciência cênica, de uma forma teatral e de uma visão do mundo como representação. Por fim, sugere que, assim como o resgate da presença de Otelo em Dom Casmurro, então, abriu caminho para que a crítica literária debatesse questões candentes do seu tempo, a recuperação da presença de Hamlet em Dom Casmurro possibilita que a crítica cultural discuta algumas das questões mais prementes dos dias atuais.
Reimaginar a vida, reimaginar a forma
Authors: Azevedo Luciene
Published: December 2019

Na tentativa de contornar os diagnósticos apocalípticos que preveem o fim do literário, o presente ensaio quer investir em outra tendência, considerando o inespecífico (GARRAMUÑO, 2014) presente em obras contemporâneas menos como uma dissolução da forma do que como um rearranjo das estratégias de composição narrativa, o que garantiria a vitalidade do romance no século XXI. Assim, o ensaio parte da noção de “estética da iminência” apresentada por Canclini (2012) para discutir o romance Estação Atocha de Ben Lerner, romance que oferece ao leitor o processo de sua composição e a obra em arcabouço como um “laboratório de experimentação intelectual”. A análise busca avançar na compreensão das formas romanescas do presente, em especial aquelas que se inscrevem no hibridismo formal, colocando-se na fronteira do ensaio e do que entendo como “estética da anotação”.
Procedimentos de visualidade nos diários de Ricardo Piglia
Authors: Klein Kelvin Falcão
Published: December 2019

Nos Diários de Emilio Renzi, publicados pelo escritor argentino Ricardo Piglia, em paralelo ao grande projeto de registro do cotidiano e da subjetividade, corre uma narrativa que se poderia chamar “suplementar” e que diz respeito ao contato com as imagens – fotográficas, cinematográficas ou mesmo cenas evocadas pela memória. Toda vez que a imagem é requisitada, por conta de sua materialidade ou sua ausência, Piglia articula um processo volátil de posicionamento narrativo e histórico que joga com três posições: “eu”, “tu” e “ele/ela”. Trata-se, portanto, de investigar como as imagens surgem nos Diários na condição de rastros, sintomas de uma espécie de condição irrefletida de estar no mundo e estar na linguagem por parte do narrador. Ou ainda, investigar como a requisição das imagens indica um caminho alternativo para a genealogia – sempre diferida e renovada – do processo de distanciamento/estranhamento tão caro a Piglia em toda a sua produção.
Diario diferido
Authors: Kohan Martín
Published: December 2019

Ricardo Piglia decidió publicar sus diarios personales, no sin antes retocarlos, modificarlos, agregarles nuevos textos. De ese modo, la escritura diaria se reformuló como escritura retroactiva y cambió decisivamente el carácter de algunos tramos planteados bajo un gesto claramente polémico. En especial cuando, en la circunstancia dramática de declarársele una enfermedad terminal en pleno proceso de revisión de los textos, Piglia supo que la publicación de esos diarios no habría de ser sino póstuma.
A lembrança da juventude aventureira e tumultuosa
Authors: Gialoretto Andrea
Published: December 2019

O artigo propõe uma leitura da obra do escritor italiano Giovanni Comisso (1895-1969), com ênfase especial em suas memórias de combatente da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Para tanto, o artigo oferece uma análise detida de Dias de guerra, publicado por ele em 1930, posicionando a obra em um contexto amplo da literatura italiana do início do século XX (com nomes como Renato Serra, Scipio Slataper, Piero Jahier, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Ardengo Soffici e Emilio Lassu). A leitura de Dias de guerra proposta neste artigo privilegia a relação entre a obra publicada e a experiência direta do combatente. Fazendo uso da correspondência de Comisso e da leitura cruzada com outros momentos de sua obra, busca-se delinear a genealogia da escrita de suas memórias e a relação dessa publicação com um conjunto amplo de outros esforços de memória e registro das experiências dos combatentes italianos na Primeira Guerra Mundial.
A história local ensinada na E.R.C. instituto Stella Maris, em Soure-PA (1973-1985)
Authors: Melo Clarice Nascimento de , Santos Ely Carlos Silva
Published: December 2019

É intenção deste texto apresentar os modos como os conteúdos relativos à história de Soure se manifestaram na disciplina Integração Social, na E.R.C. Instituto Stella Maris a partir da reforma educacional instituída pela Lei 5.692/71 imposta pela ditadura civil militar no Brasil e no Pará. A inserção do conteúdo da história local será apresentada como elemento marcado pelas relações de poder presentes na elaboração de currículos. O conhecimento sobre o local, articulado como conteúdo escolar é tratado como resultado de disputas sociais que são estabelecidas, produzidas, negociadas e reproduzidas na escola. O texto segue destacando dois tempos de feitura curricular. O primeiro que articula as formas de fazer a história local com documentos relativos aos anos de 1974 a 1990, o segundo apresentando a documentação escolar de 1983 a 1985, apresentando os sinais de mudanças e permanências nessa história, seguindo o processo ditatorial para a redemocratização brasileira.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE ALUMINUM SULFATE AND PAC (POLY ALUMINUM CHLORIDE) COAGULANT ON TELLO RIVER WATER TREATMENT
Authors: Widiyanti Setyo Erna
Published: December 2019

Abstract- Tello River water used by PT. PLN SULTANBATARA for sanitation and process water. One of the process's water is boiler feed water. River water has fluctuative characteristics depending on the season that occurs such as turbidity and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The presence of TSS in boiler feed water needs to be minimized as it can decrease boiler performance in generating heat. The concentration of TSS in river water can be removed by coagulation and flocculation method with the addition of coagulant. Excessive coagulant distribution will increase the concentration of dissolved solids (TDS) of water. Thus, it is necessary to determine the optimum concentration of coagulant based on initial TSS concentration of river water. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum concentration of Aluminum Sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) and PAC (Poly Aluminum Chloride) Coagulant in reducing TSS water of Tello River. The sample used in this research is Tello river water which has an initial TSS concentration of 150 mg/L. The coagulant used was Aluminum Sulfate and PAC with several concentration variation of 5% - 40% to the initial TSS concentration of river water. Analysis of TSS content of samples using Gravimetry method. The optimum concentration of coagulant Aluminum Sulfate and PAC was 35% and 25% to the initial TSS concentration of river water where the final concentration of TSS obtained was 20 mg/L and 15.5 mg/L with percent TSS removal of 86.67% and 89.6 %. Keywords:      Total Suspended Solid, Coagulation, Aluminium Sulfate, Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC)
CRUDE BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS FROM RUBBER SEED OIL
Authors: Wicakso Doni Rahmat , Najma Anniy Nurin , Retnowati Diah Ayu
Published: December 2019

Abstract-Biodiesel is a diesel engine fuel made from oil containing triglycerides as well as rubber seed oil. This research  aims to study how the extraction process of rubber seed oil, to know the effect of crude biodiesel manufacturing process by transesterification and esterification-transesterification and the addition of different catalysts on the transesterification process of crude biodiesel produced. Esterification process use H2SO4 catalyst and transesterification process use KOH and NaOH catalyst. The process of making crude biodiesel done by transesterification and can also by the merging of esterification-transesterification process. Based on this research, yield of crude biodiesel produced by transesterfication and esterification-transesterification by using NaOH catalyst is 38% and 75,6%, while yielded by KOH catalyst is 22,5% and 80%. While the acid number obtained from the transesterification process and esterification-transesterification using KOH catalyst is the same that is 1.33 and for the NaOH catalyst is 1,83 and 1,68. Saponification number obtained from both processes using KOH catalysts were 24,68 and 26,37 and for NaOH catalysts were 18,51 and 20,20.  Keywords: Rubber seed oil, crude biodiesel, acid number, saponification number.
STUDI KINETIKA PIROLISIS SEKAM PADI: PERBANDINGAN MODEL KINETIKA
Authors: Jelita Rinny , Wijayanti Hesti , Jefriadi Jefriadi
Published: December 2019

Abstrak: Peningkatan populasi dunia menuntut penambahan kebutuhan energi yang kian langka sehingga dibutuhkan sumber energi alternatif seperti bio oil. Sekam padi yang berupa limbah dapat diolah menghasilkan bio oil melalui proses pirolisis yang sederhana dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari reaksi dekomposisi sekam padi pada proses pirolisis dan mendapatkan parameter kinetika yang terlibat dalam reaksi pirolisis sekam padi. Sekam padi dihaluskan dan diayak hingga berukuran 0,25-1 mm, dikeringkan menggunakan oven dengan suhu 80˚C selama 180 menit dan dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor pirolisis sebanyak 500 gram. Proses pirolisis berlangsung sejak suhu kamar hingga 1 jam setelah suhu tercapai, yaitu pada suhu 550oC. Asap yang terbentuk dikondensasikan, ditampung sebagai bio oil dan dicatat setiap 10 menit sejak tetesan pertama keluar hingga waktu pirolisis selesai. Berat bio oil  yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk mensimulasikan perubahan massa sekam padi selama pirolisis berlangsung. Penentuan parameter kinetika dilakukan dengan membandingkan tiga model kinetika. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pirolisis sekam padi berlangsung mengikuti mekanisme reaksi orde satu dengan parameter kinetika pre-exponensial faktor (A) 0,0347 s-1 dan energi aktivasi (E) 27,9517 kJ/mol. Parameter kinetika yang menghubungkan harga konstanta laju reaksi dengan suhu mengikuti persamaan Arhenius. Kata kunci: dekomposisi, kinetika, pirolisis, sekam padi
TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU KERTAS KEMASAN
Authors: Indriati Lies , Elyani Nina
Published: December 2019

Abstrak: Dengan semakin terbatasnya ketersediaan kayu sebagai bahan baku kertas maka penggunaan bahan baku non kayu sebagai alternatif semakin menarik perhatian. Salah satu bahan baku non kayu yang cukup potensial adalah tandan kosong kelapas awit (TKKS) yang merupakan limbah biomasa dari proses produksi CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Penelitian pembutan pulp TKKS untuk kertas telah banyak dilakukan, baik dengan proses kimia maupun proses mekanis semi-kimia. Proses pulping kimia untuk TKKS umumnya menggunakan proses basa dengan penambahan NaOH 10-20% dari berat kering serat TKKS dengan rendeman berkisar 45-50%. Kualitas pulp yang dihasilkan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan proses mekanis semi-kimia. Kelemahan lembaran kertas tulis-cetak yang dibuat dari pulp kimia TKKS adalah masih mengandung ekstraktif yang berpotensi menimbulkan masalah pada proses pembuatan kertas di mesin kertas serta menyebabkan cacat hole (lubang halus) pada lembaran kertas yang dihasilkan. Penggunaan proses pulping mekanis semi-kimia, ditinjau dari sisi lingkungan memiliki kelebihan dikarenakan penggunaan bahan kimia yang lebih rendah, yaitu NaOH 1-5% namun dibarengi dengan penggunaan energi yang intensif untuk membantu penguraian serat secara mekanis. Kualitas kertas yang dihasilkan dari proses pulping mekanis semi-kimia ini cukup bersaing dengan pulp hasil daur ulang kotak karton bekas (OCC atau Old Corrugated Container). Serat hasil proses daur ulang OCC umumnya digunakan sebagai bahan baku kertas kemasan untuk pembuatan kotak karton gelombang (KKG). Dengan ketersediaan TKKS yang melimpah, penggunaan TKKS sebagai sumber serat dalam industri kertas kemasan merupakan salah satu alternatif potensial untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri akan kemasan yang terbuat dari kertas / karton. Kata kunci: TKKS, pulp, kertas, karton, kemasan
FABRIKASI SILICA THIN FILM MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS ORGANIK SEBAGAI PELAPIS MEMBRAN ANORGANIK
Authors: Elma Muthia , Lestari Aptar Eka , Rabiah Sadidan
Published: December 2019

Abstrak: Silika thin film dihasilkan dengan menggunakan proses sol gel menjadi bahan keramik anorganik melalui hidrolisis dan reaksi kondensasi. Proses ini bertujuan untuk membentuk sol silika yang memberikan struktur jaringan yang kuat yang dapat diterapkan sebagai film tipis pada fabrikasi membran. Proses ini dilakukan dengan mencampur tetra etil ortosilikat (TEOS) sebagai prekursor utama, etanol dan H2O sebagai pelarut dan asam sitrat sebagai katalis. Konsentrasi asam sitrat yang digunakan yaitu 0,001 % dan 0,005 %. Proses ini dilakukan selama 3 jam  pada suhu 0 °C. Sols dikeringkan dalam oven dan dikalsinasi dalam berbagai suhu (200, 250 dan 400°C) untuk mengetahui rantai karbon dalam  matriks silika. Pengaruh karbon dalam struktur silika kemudian di analisis dengan FTIR dan TGA.Hasil panjang gelombang yang ditunjukan oleh Infra Red diketahui bahwa katalis yang optimum digunakan sebagai yaitu konsentrasi asam sitrat  0,001 %,  karena pada konsentrasi tersebut silanol yang dihasilkan tidak begitu besar jadi dapat menghasilkan ukuran mesopori pada matrik silika dan pH yang dihasilkan adalah 6 sehingga efektif diaplikasikan sebagai pelapis membran. Adapun hasil TGA menunjukkan bahwa suhu kalsinasi optimum yaitu pada 400°C karena terjadi stabilitas termal yang baik, selain itu ikatan karbon juga masih ada pada matriks silika.      Kata kunci: Silika thin film, sol gel, prekursor, kalsinasi, katalis.
DESALINASI AIR LIMBAH PABRIK TAHU MENGGUNAKAN MEMBRAN SILIKA DENGAN PREKURSOR TEOS (Tetraethyl orthosilicate)
Authors: Elma Muthia , Riskawati Nur , Marhamah Marhamah
Published: December 2019

Abstrak: Air limbah pabrik tahu jika dibuang langsung ke lingkungan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan yang akan merusak kualitas air, terutama air limbah tersebut dialirkan ke badan sungai. Oleh sebab itu, sangatlah diperlukan suatu teknologi yang efisien untuk pengolahan air limbah tahu ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh performansi membran silika pada proses desalinasi via pervaporasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menyiapkan silika sol yang dipersiapkan dari proses sol-gel menggunakan prekursor TEOS dalam larutan etanol. Selanjutnya adalah dengan menggunakan metode “2 step acid and base catalysts” dengan menggunakan HNO3 dan NH3 sebagai katalis. Silica thin film yang dihasilkan berupa sol di-dipcoating dan kemudian dilakukan proses kalsinasi pada suhu 600oC selama 1 jam menggunakan metode RTP (Rapid Thermal Process). Jumlah lapisan/layer dari membran silika tersebut adalah berdasarkan pengulangan proses dipcoating dan kalsinasi yang mana pada penelitian ini menggunakan variasi 3 layer. Performansi membran ini dilakukan dengan proses desalinasi via pervaporasi dengan menggunakan air limbah tahu yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh air bersih. Adapun nilai water flux membrane ini berkisar antara 1,74 – 1,48 kg m-2 h-1 dengan rejection berkisar antara 93,63 – 89.27 %. Hasil ini membuktikan bahwa membrane silika bisa mengolah air limbah tahu menjadi potable water walaupun nilai water flux perlu ditingkatkan. Sebagai tambahan analisis, uji karakteristik membran seperti uji FTIR dilakukan untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi dari membran silika dan uji morfologi menggunakan SEM untuk mengetahui ketebalan lapisan membran yang dihasilkan.       Keywords: limbah tahu, water flux, rejection, membran silika dan pervaporasi.
PRODUKSI BAHAN BAKAR PADAT DARI TEMPURUNG KELAPA DENGAN METODE HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT
Authors: Irsan Muhammad , Yuliansyah Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman , Purwono Suryo
Published: December 2019

Abstrak- Hidrotermal treatment merupakan salah satu proses konversi biomassa menggunakan air sebagai media sekaligus reaktan dalam prosesnya. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan proses hidrotermal terhadap tempurung kelapa, yang merupakan salah satu sumber biomassa yang jumlahnya cukup besar di Indonesia. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan menggunakan autoklaf yang beroperasi secara batch dan  dilengkapi dengan pengaduk, sensor temperatur dan tekanan. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan variasi berupa perbandingan Biomass Water (B/W ratio) 1:20 dan suhu 240, 270, 300, 330 0C. Tempurung kelapa yang sudah dihaluskan (berukuran -32+48 mesh) sebanyak 7,5 gram dicampur dengan 150 ml air. Kemudian dimasukkan dalam autoklaf yang kemudian ditutup rapat. Sebelum dimulai ekperimen, udara yang ada di dalam autoklaf di-purge menggunakan gas N2 sebanyak tiga kali, kemudian tekanan di dalam autoklaf dinaikkan menjadi 10 bar juga dengan memasukkan gas N2. Setelah itu, pemanas dinyalakan untuk mencapai suhu yang diharapkan, dan dipertahankan selama 30 menit, dan kemudian pemanas dimatikan. Setelah autoklaf dingin, campuran dikeluarkan dari dalam autoklaf dan kemudian disaring dengan bantuan pompa vacuum. Padatan yang tersaring kemudian dihitung yield-nya dan dianalisis dengan proximate dan ultimate analysis. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut diperoleh hasil bahwa semakin tinggi suhu yang digunakan maka semakin rendah yield produk arang yang dihasilkan. Yield yang diperoleh yaitu 50,60% (240 0C) dan 32,44% (330 0C). Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa kandungan carbon dalam padatan naik, diiringi dengan penurunan kandungan oksigen yang menyebabkan naiknya nilai kalor produk padatan. Nilai kalor tertinggi dicapai pada suhu 330 0C yakni sebesar 6.282 cal/g. Kata kunci: hidrotermal, biomassa, yield, nilai kalor.
PEMANFAATAN PATI GEMBILI (Dioscorea esculenta) MENJADI GLUKOSA DENGAN METODE HIDROLISIS ASAM MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS HCl
Authors: Rukmini Piyantina , Santosa Insap
Published: December 2019

Abstrak- Konsumsi gula nasional semakin bertambah tiap tahunnya, selain karena pertumbuhan penduduk, pertumbuhan ekonomi, pertumbuhan industri makanan dan minuman yang membutuhkan gula, juga karena semakin berkurangnya luas perkebunan tebu.  Hal ini menyebabkan alternatif pemenuhan gula dengan mencari sumber alam hayati lainnya. Gembili (Dioscorea esculenta) merupakan salah satu jenis umbi minor (jenis umbi yang pengembangan budidaya dan pemanfaatan hasilnya belum mendapat prioritas oleh pemerintah, populasinya belum  terbatas dan belum terancam kelestariannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu terhadap perolehan berat pati, pengaruh HCl dan suhu hidrolisis terhadap kadar glukosa yang diperoleh. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hidrolisis asam menggunakan Erlenmeyer 250 mL sebanyak 6 buah. Pati disuspensikan ke dalam air dan HCl dengan volume total 100 mL di dalam Erlenmeyer. Suspensi di masukkan ke dalam autoclave, dibiarkan sampai pada suhu yang dikehendaki dan suhu dipertahankan dengan mengatur pemanas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada perolehan pati sebanyak 57,58 g, kemudian melalui proses hidrolisis dengan pemanasan suhu 1200C dan konsentrasi HCl 0,25 N menghasilkan glukosa sebanyak 23,08 g/100mL. Kata kunci: Pati, gembili, hidrolisis, hidrolisis asam, glukosa
SYNTHESIS OF ACTIVATED CARBON (AC) FROM BAMBOO WASTE AS A SUPPORT OF ZINC OXIDE (ZnO) CATALYST
Authors: Fanani Nurull , Ulfindrayani Ika Fitri
Published: December 2019

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik karbon aktif yang terbuat dari limbah bambu untuk dapat digunakan sebagai pendukung katalis Seng Oksida (ZnO). Limbah bambu yang diperoleh dari industri kerajinan bambu dan bekas pemasangan baliho ini di potong-potong terlebih dahulu agar dapat dimasukkan kedalam reaktor karbonisasi (kalsiner), kemudian dilakukan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 400oC selama 2 jam. Karbon yang dihasilkan dari proses karbonisasi diaktivasi dengan menggunakan H3PO4  kemudian di impregnasi dengan katalis Seng oksida (ZnO). Impregnasi dilakukan dengan perbandingan loading katalis yaitu 2,5%, 5% dan 10%. Katalis yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan BET untuk mengetahui luas permukaan dan XRD untuk menunjukkan kristalinitasnya. Sedangkan untuk identifikasi gugus karbon digunakan spektofotometer FTIR. Hasil dari karakterisasi BET menunjukkan luas permukaan sebesar  292.219 m2/g pada loading 10%, hasil XRD menunjukkan bahwa katalis yag telah diimpregnasi bersifat amorf atau tidak menunjukkan perubahan dan hasil FTIR menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diperoleh memiliki gugus fungsi OH, C-O, CH, C-OH, dan CH2.
Maize Leaf Disease Image Classification Using Bag of Features
Authors: Syarief Mohammad , Prastiti Novi , Setiawan Wahyudi
Published: December 2019

Image classification is an image grouping based on similarities features. The features extraction stage is a crucial factor for classifying an image. In the conventional image classification, the features commonly used are morphology, color, and texture with various derivative features. The type and number of appropriate features will affect the classification results. In this study, image classification by using the Bag of Features (BOF) method which can generate features automatically. It consists of 4 stages: feature point location by using grid method, feature extraction by using Speed Up Robust Feature (SURF), clustering word-visual vocabularies by using k-means, and classification by using Support Vector Machine (SVM). The classification data are maize leaf images from the PlantVillage-Dataset. The data consists of 3 types of images: RGB, grayscale and segmentation images. Each type includes four classes: healthy, Cercospora, common rust, and northern leaf blight. There are 50 images for each class. We used two scenarios of testing for each type of data: training and validation, 70%  and 80% images for training, and the rest for validation. Experimental results showed that the validation accuracies of RGB, grayscale, and segmentation images were 82%, 77%,  and 85%.
Breast Cancer Detection using Residual Convolutional Neural Network and Weighted Loss
Authors: Sena Samuel Aji , Mudjirahardjo Panca , Pramono Sholeh Hadi
Published: December 2019

This research presents a breast cancer detection system using deep learning method. Breast cancer detection in a large slide of biopsy image is a hard task because it needs manual observation by a pathologist to find the malignant region. The deep learning model used in this research is made up of multiple layers of the residual convolutional neural network, and instead of using another type of classifier, a multilayer neural network was used as the classifier and stacked together and trained using end-to-end training approach. The system is trained using invasive ductal carcinoma dataset from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and The Cancer Institute of New Jersey. From this dataset, 80% and 20% were randomly sampled and used as training and testing data respectively. Training a neural network on an imbalanced dataset is quite challenging. Weighted loss function was used as the objective function to tackle this problem. We achieve 78.26% and 78.03% for Recall and F1-Score metrics, respectively which are an improvement compared to the previous approach.
LIBRARY INFORMATION SERVICES FOR THE MEDICAL COMMUNITY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Bagirova A. V. , Chesnyalis P. A.
Published: December 2019

The authors study the experience of foreign libraries (especially of USA and Canada) in rendering information services to the professional medical community. Publications on this item from 1980-es up to present times are the material for the analysis. As an example of successful interaction between foreign libraries and physicians, the following models are listed as “clinical librarianship”, ”embedded librarianship”, research information management.
On Sequencing a Protein with Nanopores, tRNAs, and RNAs with Matching Terminal Codons
Authors: Sampath G
Published: December 2019

A method for sequencing a protein from a codon sequence is proposed. An unfolded protein molecule is threaded through a nano-sized pore in an electrolytic cell carboxyl end first and held with a voltage such that only the first residue is exposed in the trans chamber of the cell. A tRNA molecule in trans with matching anticodon for the residue binds itself to the latter in the presence of suitable catalysts. It is then cleaved and transferred to an extended electrolytic cell with N pores, 40 ≤ N ≤ 61, in N individual cis chambers and a single trans chamber. Each pore holds an RNA molecule ending in a unique codon that is held exposed in the trans chamber. In the presence of suitable catalysts the anticodon in the transferred tRNA binds with the codon of a matching RNA molecule. By reversing the voltages in the extended cell every RNA molecule except the one to which the transferred tRNA is bound retracts into its cis chamber, this identifies the residue unambiguously. The detected residue in the first cell is cleaved and the process repeated. Unlike in other nanopore-based methods, it suffices to detect the occurrence of a current blockade without having to measure the pore current precisely. A simplified but more time-consuming version that uses only the first cell is also described. In either case no a priori information about the protein is needed so de novo sequencing is possible. A feasibility analysis of the proposed scheme is presented.
Geoacumulation of Heavy Metals in Sediment of the Fluvial-Lagoon-Deltaic System of the Palizada River, Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Navarrete-Rodríguez Gabycarmen , Castañeda-Chávez María del Refugio , Lango-Reynoso Fabiola
Published: December 2019

The fluvial-lagoon-deltaic system of the Palizada river in Campeche is an ecosystem of socioeconomic and ecological importance. It is justifiable to carry out studies in this system, due to its connection with another larger ecosystem called Términos lagoon. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the concentration of Pb and Cd in sediments of the fluvial-lagoon-deltaic system of the Palizada river and to determine, with this, the contamination index of these metals. Cd presented the highest concentration in sampling sites and climatic seasons with respect to Pb, with a maximum value of 53.926 ± 5.045, while Pb was 10.421 ± 0.218 μg g-1. The same tendency was presented with pollution and geoaccumulation indexes, where the Cd index stands out. The enrichment of heavy metals was identified through the accumulation of Cd and Pb, such process was evaluated through the geoacumulation index (Igeo). The results of this indicated that these elements are contaminating with an anthropogenic origin mainly. This element represents a toxic risk for the Palizada system, due to its high toxicity even at low concentrations, as well as to evaluate the sublethal effects in organisms that inhabit this system and it requires the implementation of an integral monitoring.
Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded AA1050-H14 and AA5083-H111 Joint: Sampling Aspect
Authors: Msomi Velaphi , Mbana Nontle
Published: December 2019

Welding of dissimilar aluminium alloys has been a challenge for a long period until the discovery of the solid state welding technique called friction stir welding (FSW). The discovery of this technique encouraged different research interests revolving around the optimization of this technique. This involves the welding parameters optimization and this optimization is categorized into two classes i.e. similar alloys and dissimilar alloys. This paper reports about the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded dissimilar AA1050-H14 and AA5083-H111 joint. The main focus is to compare the mechanical properties of specimens extracted from different locations of the welds i.e. the beginning, middle and the end of the weld. The specimen extracted at the beginning of the weld showed low tensile properties compared to specimens extracted from different locations of the weld. There was no certain trend noted through the bending results. All three specimens showed dimpled fracture which is the characterization of the ductile fracture.
Deep Learning for Mango (Mangifera Indica) Panicle Stage Classification
Authors: Koirala Anand , Walsh Kerry , Wang Zhenglin , Anderson Nicholas
Published: December 2019

A pixel-based segmentation method was demonstrated to be confounded by developmental stage in estimation of flowering of mango. Categorization of panicles into three developmental stages was undertaken with a single and a two-stage deep learning framework (YOLO and R2CNN), using either upright or rotated bounding boxes. For a validation image set and for total panicle count, the models MangoYOLO(-upright), MangoYOLO-rotated, YOLOv3-rotated, R2CNN(-rotated) and R2CNN-upright achieved: (i) RMSEs of 25.6, 16.0, 15.4, 25.8 and 32.3 panicles per tree image, (ii) Mean average precision (mAP) scores of 72.2, 69.1, 65.0, 62.5 and 70.9% and (iii) weighted F1-scores of 76.5, 76.1, 74.9, 74.0 and 82.0, respectively. For a test set of images involving a different orchard and cultivar and use of a different camera, the R2 for machine vision to human count of panicles per tree was 0.86, 0.80, 0.83, 0.81 and 0.76 for the same models, respectively. Thus, models generalised well, but with no consistent benefit from use of rotated over upright bounding boxes. While the YOLOv3-rotated model was superior in terms of total panicle count, the R2CNN-upright model was more accurate for panicle stage classification. To demonstrate practical application, panicle counts were made weekly for an orchard of 994 trees, with a peak detection routine applied to document multiple flowering events.