bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and properties of poly(amide–imide)s based on N,N′‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4′‐oxydiphthalimide, p‐aminobenzoic acid and various aromatic diamines
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Chen Ruei‐Shin , Hung Kuei‐Shi , Woo Eamor M
Published: August 2002

A new diimide–diacid monomer, N,N′‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4′‐oxydiphthalimide (I), was prepared by azeotropic condensation of 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) and p‐aminobenzoic acid (p‐ABA) at a 1:2 molar ratio in a polar solvent mixed with toluene. A series of poly(amide–imide)s (PAI, IIIa–m) was synthesized from the diimide–diacid I (or I′, diacid chloride of I) and various aromatic diamines by direct polycondensation (or low temperature polycondensation) using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. It was found that only IIIk–m having a meta‐structure at two terminals of the diamine could afford good quality, creasable films by solution‐casting; other PAIs III using diamine with para‐linkage at terminals were insoluble and crystalline; though IIIg–i contained the soluble group of the diamine moieties, their solvent‐cast films were brittle. In order to improve their to solubility and film quality, copoly(amide–imide)s (Co‐PAIs) based on I and mixtures of p‐ABA and aromatic diamines were synthesized. When on equimolar of p‐ABA (m = 1) was mixed, most of Co‐PAIs IV had improved solubility and high inherent viscosities in the range 0.9–1.5 dl g−1; however, their films were still brittle. With m = 3, series V was obtained, and all members exhibited high toughness. The solubility, film‐forming ability, crystallinity, and thermal properties of the resultant poly(amide–imide)s were investigated.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Procedure for determining the uncertainty of photovoltaic module outdoor electrical performance‡
Authors: Whitfield K. , Osterwald C. R.
Published: August 2002

This paper sets forth an uncertainty estimation procedure for the measurement of photovoltaic (PV) electrical performance using natural sunlight and calibrated secondary reference cells. The actual test irradiance should be restricted to values between 800 and 1000 W/m2in order to assume that maximum power varies linearly with irradiance. Only the uncertainty of maximum power at standard test conditions (STC), i.e., 1000 W/m2plane‐of‐array irradiance and 25°C cell temperature, is developed in its entirety. The basic uncertainty analysis principles developed herein, however, can be applied to any electrical variable of interest (e.g., short‐circuit current, open‐circuit voltage and fill factor). Although the equations presented appear cumbersome, they are easily implemented into a computer spreadsheet. Examples of uncertainty analyses are also presented herein to make the concepts more concrete. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buried contact solar cells on textured tricrystalline CZ‐silicon wafers
Authors: Kim D. S. , Lee K. Y. , Kim J. , Lee S. H.
Published: August 2002

Buried contact solar cells (BCSC) have been fabricated on boron‐doped p‐type tricrystalline Czochralski silicon wafers (Tri‐Si) and the output characteristics were compared with those of multi‐crystalline silicon wafers and single crystalline Czochralski wafers. Optical properties and microstructures after texturing Tri‐Si with [110] growth axis in KOH solution have been studied. The textured surface of Tri‐Si has the shape of a V‐groove, with an angle of 110° between two (111) planes. Computer simulations show that a V‐groove composed of (111) planes after texturing decreases reflectance significantly when cells are encapsulated with ethylenevinylacetate (EVA). The efficiency of BCSC fabricated on Tri‐Si was measured as 15.05% before encapsulation. An increase of 2.7 mA/cm2in short‐circuit current density is expected, due to internal reflection of light at the air/glass interface when the textured Tri‐Si cells are encapsulated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of leakage currents in photovoltaic modules under high‐voltage bias in the field
Authors: del Cueto J. A. , McMahon T. J.
Published: August 2002

As photovoltaic modules become more widely disseminated in high‐power or utility‐power applications, their ability to withstand high voltage relative to ground becomes a reliability issue. Long‐term effects of exposure to high‐voltage stress in the field are investigated. Starting in early 1998, four commercially available PV modules inaugurated the high‐voltage stress test at the Outdoor Test Facility at NREL. Modules representing both crystalline and amorphous silicon technologies were deployed on the high‐voltage stress testbed located outdoors in order to simulate and assess operation in high‐voltage array configurations. They were biased at positive and negative polarity 600 V at all times—except for 1 min at noon each day, when they were subjected to 2200 V bias—and their leakage currents to ground were monitored continuously. The ubiquitous effects of moisture on leakage conductance are analyzed. Module leakage conductance is found to be thermally activated with a characteristic energy that depends on relative humidity. Separate current paths likely responsible for leakage conductance are analyzed and identified at opposite ends of the relative humidity range. Leakage current data are integrated against time to arrive at accumulated charge due to long‐term, high‐voltage exposure. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CIS‐based thin‐film photovoltaic modules: potential and prospects
Authors: Dimmler B. , Powalla M. , Schock H.W.
Published: August 2002

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS), one of the main candidates of thin film absorber materials, is considered to have the highest potential with respect to module quality. To achieve very large capacities further developments of the manufacturing technologies are still necessary. On the basis of the fundamental work of IPE the ZSW has developed the technologies for all process steps on a module size of 30 × 30 cm2 on glass substrates. Average module efficiencies are well above 10%, with a tendency to improve efficiency to a maximum of 12.7% on a 30 × 30 cm2 module area. The next step of scaling up has started as a joint venture of ZSW, the Würth group and the EnBW AG, forming Würth Solar GmbH & Co. KG. The objective of the company is to commercialise CuIn Se2 (CIS) technology and PV products. Operation of a pilot line with final nominal capacity of about 1 MWp/yr was began in spring 2000. After transfer of ZSW baseline technology and successful optimisation of the pilot line, the first modules of 60 × 120 cm2 area, with efficiencies exceeding 8%, have been fabricated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress on 15‐MW single‐thread silicon‐film™ solar cell manufacturing systems
Authors: Culik J. S. , Goncharovsky I. S. , Rand J. A. , Barnett A. M.
Published: August 2002

Advances in solar cell manufacturing systems for large‐area Silicon‐Film™ polycrystalline silicon sheet material are reviewed. Recent progress in continuous rapid thermal junction diffusion and cassetteless wet chemical processing is discussed. A single Silicon‐Film™ sheet generation system operating at 3.1 m/min now has a capacity of 15 MW of silicon sheet per year. This sheet generation system is used as the basis for an advanced single‐thread production line design for manufacturing the next generation of Silicon‐Film™ solar cells whose area is nominally 400 cm2. These solar cells are being used to design large‐area solar modules that can produce up to 220 W of power. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amorphous silicon PV module manufacturing at BP solar
Authors: Arya R. R. , Carlson D. E.
Published: August 2002

BP Solar started manufacturing small‐area, single‐junction amorphous silicon solar cells for consumer applications in 1984, began producing 1 ft2(∼0.09 m2) single‐junction modules for terrestrial applications in 1986 and initiated the production of 8.6 ft2(∼0.77 m2) tandem modules for both remote and building‐integrated applications in 1997. Over the last few years, the technical and manufacturing personnel at the BP Solar TF1 plant in Toano, Virginia have made tremendous progress in ramping up the plant to where it is now producing amorphous silicon tandem modules with electrical yields in excess of 95% and at a run rate of more than 7 MWpper year. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of behavioral momentum and academic achievement for students with behavior disorders: Theory, application, and practice
Authors: Belfiore Phillip J. , Lee David L. , Scheeler Mary Catherine , Klein Danielle
Published: August 2002

In this article, we explore the disconnect between applied behavioral research and classroom‐managed applied behavioral research. Much has been written about the gap between experimental (basic) and applied research, but for the practitioner in the field the true gap lies between tightly controlled, externally supported applied research and teacher‐managed, in‐house supported applied research. To this end, the purpose of this paper is twofold. First, a model continuum is presented to guide researchers through the stages of theory development, basic research, applied research, and applied action research. Second, the theory and application of behavioral momentum is used to illustrate how this continuum can function within an applied behavioral framework. The results of this study suggest that an intervention developed from the theory of behavioral momentum can be implemented within the context of a classroom and affect positive change in academic compliance among children identified for learning/behavioral support. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of siloxane‐crosslinked polysilylenemethylenes by chlorodephenylation
Authors: Ogawa Takuya , Lee Sang‐Do , Murakami Masashi
Published: August 2002

Thermally stable polysilylenemethylenes (PSMs) with siloxane crosslinking moieties were successfully synthesized by chlorodephenylation of preformed poly(methylphenylsilylenemethylene) (PMPSM) and subsequentin situalcoholysis/hydrolysis/condensation reactions. The simplified process and mild reaction conditions are quite advantageous. The crosslink density of these materials can be adjusted by the degree of chlorodephenylation, although an alkoxysilyl group remains to some extent. The resulting crosslinked PSMs have well defined structures in which the backbone is composed of MePhSiCH2and Me(MeO)SiCH2as well as Me(O1/2)SiCH2as a crosslinking moiety. The resulting crosslinked PSMs exhibited glass‐transition temperatures ranging from 15 to 20 °C, whereas that of linear PMPSM was 22 °C. The crosslinked PSMs remained unchanged in weight below 300 °C, suggesting that they are thermally stable up to that temperature. The good solvent resistance caused by crosslinking as well as high thermal stability of these materials allow us to design new PSM‐based polymer blends and preceramic polymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 416–422, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of end‐group modified hyperbranched polyetherimides
Authors: Orlicki Joshua A. , Thompson Julie L. , Markoski Larry J. , Sill Kevin N. , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: August 2002

End‐group modified hyperbranched polyetherimides were prepared by a one‐pot, two‐step reaction sequence. General synthetic techniques were developed to prepare both monofunctional terminating segments and the corresponding modified polyetherimide hyperbranched polymers. Monofunctional groups were used to terminate an AB2‐type polycondensation reaction, generating capped hyperbranched polymers (HBPs). The composition and constitution of the end groups controlled the solubility and thermal properties of the HBPs. For the same polymer backbone, different end groups were able to shift the glass‐transition temperature nearly 100 °C. End‐group modification greatly influenced the film‐forming ability of the HBPs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 936–946, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of fluoropolymers by the polyaddition of bis(epoxide)s with dicarboxylic acids and diols
Authors: Ito Nobuhito , Tonosaki Shingo , Kudo Hiroto , Kameyama Atsushi , Nishikubo Tadatomi
Published: August 2002

The synthesis and characterization of the fluoropolymers poly1a–1d and poly2a–2d with pendant hydroxyl groups were examined. The polyaddition of bis(epoxide)s [2,2′‐bis(4‐glycidyletherphenyl)hexafluoropropane and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether] with dicarboxylic acids (tetrafluoroterephthalic acid and terephthalic acid) and diols [2,2′‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, 2,2′,3,3′,5,5′,6,6′‐octafluoro‐4,4′‐biphenol, 1,4‐bis(hexafluorohydroxyisopropyl)benzene, and 1,3‐bis(hexafluorohydroxyisopropyl)benzene] was carried out at 50–100 °C for 6–48 h in the presence of quaternary onium salts (tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and tetrabutylphosphonium chloride; 2.5 mol %) as catalysts in dimethyl sulfoxide, N‐methylpyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dioxane, diglyme, o‐dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and toluene to afford the corresponding polymers, poly1a–1d and poly2a–2d, with number‐average molecular weights of 11,000–59,400 in 45–97% yields. The solubility of the obtained polymers was good, and their thermal stability might be assumed from their structures. A linear relationship was observed between the contents of the fluorine atoms and the refractive indices. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1395–1404, 2002
Synthesis and characterizations of the four‐armed amphiphilic block copolymer S[poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl acrylate)‐block‐poly(methyl acrylate)]4
Authors: Cai‐Yuan Pan , Lei Tao , De‐Cheng Wu
Published: August 2002

The polymers poly[(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4yl) methyl acrylate] (PDMDMA) and four‐armed PDMDMA with well‐defined structures were prepared by the polymerization of (2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4yl) methyl acrylate (DMDMA) in the presence of an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator system. The successive hydrolyses of the polymers obtained produced the corresponding water‐soluble polymers poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl acrylate) (PDHPA) and four‐armed PDHPA. The controllable features for the ATRP of DMDMA were studied with kinetic measurements, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and NMR data. With the macroinitiators PDMDMA–Br and four‐armed PDMDMA–Br in combination with CuBr and 2,2′‐bipyridine, the block polymerizations of methyl acrylate (MA) with PDMDMA were carried out to afford the AB diblock copolymer PDMDMA‐b‐MA and the four‐armed block copolymer S{poly[(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4yl) methyl acrylate]‐block‐poly(methyl acrylate)}4, respectively. The block copolymers were hydrolyzed in an acidic aqueous solution, and the amphiphilic diblock and four‐armed block copolymers poly(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl acrylate)‐block‐poly(methyl acrylate) were prepared successfully. The structures of these block copolymers were verified with NMR and GPC measurements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3062–3072, 2001
End‐capped AB3‐type hyperbranched carbosilane macromolecules
Authors: Kim Chungkyun , Kim Hyojeong
Published: August 2002

End‐capped carbosilane macromolecules were prepared via the hydrosilation and continual addition of phenylethynyl, amine, bis(trimethylsilyl)amine, and cholesterol groups on the AB3‐type hyperbranched carbosilane polymer. The matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopic views of the end‐capped hyperbranched carbosilanes agreed with the expected mass distribution, in close regularity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3287–3293, 2001
Birefringence and dichroism of oriented epoxy thermoset films
Authors: Tan Chibing , Fung B. M.
Published: August 2002

A series of oriented liquid–crystalline epoxy thin films were prepared by thein situpolymerization of a liquid–crystalline diepoxide, 1,4‐phenylene bis[4‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxy)benzoate], with an aromatic diamine, 4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl, in a 7.0‐T magnetic field. The birefringent measurements of the oriented films were made from 543.5 to 830 nm. In this range, the values of birefringence (Δn) range from 0.155 to 0.130. When they are extrapolated to the microwave region, Δn= 0.105. The dichroism of a guest azo dye, 4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)‐3‐hexyloxyaniline, in the oriented thin films was examined in the visible region. From the results, the order parameter of the polymer was calculated to 0.65 by extrapolating the concentration of the guest azo dye to zero. The guest azo dye compound does not affect the birefringence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 915–919, 2001
Simultaneous measurement of the solubility of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene and of the associated polymer swelling
Authors: Hilic Sacha , Boyer Séverine A. E. , Pádua Agílio A. H. , Grolier Jean‐Pierre E.
Published: August 2002

New experimental results for the solubility of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in polystyrene are reported, accompanied by data on the change in volume of the polymer caused by the sorption process. The two phenomena were measured simultaneously with a combined technique, in which the quantity of penetrating fluid introduced into the system was evaluated by pressure‐decay measurements in a calibrated volume, whereas a vibrating‐wire force sensor was employed for weighing the polymer sample during sorption inside of the high‐pressure equilibrium cell. The use of the two techniques was necessary because the effects of swelling and solubility could not be decoupled in a single gravimetric or pressure‐decay measurement. The sorption of nitrogen in polystyrene was studied along three isotherms from 313 to 353 K at pressures up to 70 MPa. The sorption of carbon dioxide was measured along four isotherms from 338 to 402 K up to 45 MPa. The results are compared with values from the literature when possible, although our data extend significantly the pressure ranges of the latter. The uncertainties affecting our measurements with nitrogen are 1 mg of N2/g of polystyrene in solubility and 0.1% of the volume of the polymer. For carbon dioxide, the uncertainties are 5 mg of N2/g of polystyrene and 0.5% respectively, carbon dioxide being about 1 order of magnitude more soluble than nitrogen. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2063–2070, 2001
Ground ice in the sedimentary rocks and kimberlites of Yakutia, Russia
Authors: Alexeev Sergey V. , Alexeeva Ludmila P.
Published: August 2002

The formation of cement (pore) and intrusive ice in the frozen rocks of the central part of the Yakutian diamond‐bearing province is considered. Cement ice is best developed in the sedimentary rocks and kimberlite pipes. Intrusive ice is formed only in areas of considerable tectonic disturbance. The geochemistry of the ground ice is the result of cryogenic processes that cause salt differentiation during water freezing, together with natural solute concentration and cryogenic mineral formation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula and tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia
Authors: Anuntaseree Wanaporn , Patrapinyokul Sakda , Suntornlohanakul Somchai , Thongsuksai Paramee
Published: August 2002

A case of initial esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula in a female newborn, later complicated by pneumonia and a second bronchoesophageal fistula, is reported. She was treated surgically by closure of the tracheoesophageal fistula and by end‐to‐end esophago‐esophageal anastomosis. An esophgram at 1 month of age was normal. Three months later she developed severe, persistent right lower lobe pneumonia that required intensive antibiotic therapy and respiratory support. Esophagography was repeated and revealed a second fistula between the right main‐stem bronchus and the lower esophagus. The bronchoesophageal fistula was repaired, and a right lower lobectomy was performed. Postoperative recovery was uncomplicated. Histologic examination indicated that the fistula was congenital in origin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a congenital bronchoesophageal fistula coexisting with a tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:162–164. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia associated with primary Epstein‐Barr virus infection
Authors: Abughali Nazha , Khiyami Amer , Birnkrant David J. , Kumar Mary L.
Published: August 2002

This is a case report of a child with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia and concurrent infection with Epstein‐Barr virus. We hypothesize that immunosuppression due to EBV may have contributed to the severity of his RSV infection. The diagnosis of RSV infection was facilitated by bronchoalveolar lavage. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:395–398. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exhaled nitric oxide at school age in prematurely born infants with neonatal chronic lung disease*
Authors: Mieskonen Suvi T. , Malmberg L. Pekka , Kari M. Anneli , Pelkonen Anna S. , Turpeinen Markku T. , Hallman N. Mikko K. , Sovijärvi Anssi R.A.
Published: August 2002

Prematurely born infants with neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) have increased respiratory morbidity and bronchial obstruction at school age. To evaluate the possible inflammatory basis of lung function abnormalities, we studied 40 children, 7.5–9.6 years of age, born very prematurely (birth weights, 600–1,575 g) and 14 nonatopic term‐born controls, using flow‐volume spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) measurements.

In children born prematurely, eNO was significantly higher in atopics than in nonatopics (respective means, 14.8 vs. 6.3 ppb, P = 0.02). Nonatopic prematurely born infants did not differ significantly from controls (means, 6.3 vs. 6.4 ppb, P = ns). Of the 27 nonatopic children not on regular glucocorticoid inhalations, 9 had a history of CLD. Spirometry indicated bronchial obstruction and values that were significantly lower in prematurely born infants with or without CLD than in controls, and they were lower in the CLD than the non‐CLD group. However, no significant differences were observed in eNO levels between CLD, non‐CLD, and control groups (means, 6.8, 5.9, and 6.4 ppb, P = ns).

In nonatopic schoolchildren born very prematurely and with a history of CLD, we found no evidence of airway inflammation associated with increased eNO concentrations. Neither were eNO levels associated with severity of chronic lung disease, as determined by conventional lung function tests. eNO levels were higher in atopic children born prematurely than in controls. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:347–355. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation and corrective surgery for treatment of a child with severe kyphoscoliosis
Authors: Lorenzo Fernando González , Lobato Salvador Díaz , Grueso Francisco Pérez , León José Villamor
Published: August 2002

We report on an 11‐year‐old boy with severe kyphoscoliosis and respiratory failure. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation by nasal mask and hospitalization resulted in improved pulmonary function, thus facilitating corrective surgery for kyphoscoliosis. Following surgery, the patient remained on mechanical ventilation at home. Clinical and pulmonary function stabilized after discharge, as noted on a 1‐month follow‐up visit. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:403–405. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombospondin‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor‐2 are key functional regulators of angiogenesis in the prostate
Authors: Doll Jennifer A. , Reiher Frank K. , Crawford Susan E. , Pins Michael R. , Campbell Steven C. , Bouck Noël P.
Published: August 2002

Background

Prostate cells secrete many molecules capable of regulating angiogenesis; however, which of these actually function as essential regulators of neovascularization is not yet clear.

Methods

Functional angiogenic mediators secreted by normal and diseased prostate cells were identified using an in vitro angiogenesis assay. These factors were quantified by immunoblot or ELISA and localized in tissue by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Normal prostate epithelial cell secretions were anti‐angiogenic due to inhibitory thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) whereas this inhibitor was decreased in the pro‐angiogenic secretions derived from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer cells. This pro‐angiogenic activity depended primarily on fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) and/or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) whose secretion was increased. Immunolocalization studies confirmed that the changes detected in vitro also occurred in vivo.

Conclusions

During disease progression in the prostate, production of TSP‐1, the major inhibitor, is down‐regulated while that of stimulatory FGF‐2 and/or VEGF rise, leading to the induction of the new vessels necessary to support tumor growth. Prostate 49:293–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo expression and function of the sodium iodide symporter following gene transfer in the MATLyLu rat model of metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: La Perle Krista M.D. , Shen Daniel , Buckwalter Tara L.F. , Williams Bonnie , Haynam Aaron , Hinkle George , Pozderac Rodney , Capen Charles C. , Jhiang Sissy M.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide uptake in thyroid follicular cells and provides a mechanism for effective radioiodide treatment of residual, recurrent, and metastatic thyroid cancers. This study investigated the clinical applications of NIS gene transfer for prostate cancer using the MATLyLu metastatic rat model.

METHODS

MATLyLu cells expressing NIS were injected subcutaneously in Copenhagen rats, which developed metastases in lymph nodes and lungs. NIS protein expression was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and function was measured by tissue gamma counts and whole‐body imaging following radionuclide administration.

RESULTS

In vitro radioiodide‐concentrating activity was increased up to 72‐fold in a mixed population of MATLyLu‐hNIS cells. NIS protein expression was confirmed in subcutaneous MATLyLu‐hNIS tumors by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Gamma counts of subcutaneous MATLyLu‐hNIS tumors were 23‐fold higher than parental MATLyLu tumors and radionuclide uptake in subcutaneous MATLyLu‐hNIS tumors and lymph node metastases was visualized by whole‐body image analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

NIS expression by a proportion of cells in a population was sufficient to confer radionuclide‐concentrating function in subcutaneous and metastatic MATLyLu tumors. Ablation of residual normal and neoplastic prostate tissues by radioiodide after prostate‐restricted NIS gene transfer might be a novel adjuvant therapy to prostatectomy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 50: 170–178, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of monoclonal antibodies specific for human kallikrein 2 (hK2) using hK2‐expressing tumors
Authors: Fisher Terrence L. , Nocera MaryAnn , Willis Richard A. , Turner Michael J. , Alim C. Siddiq Abdul , Brown Deborah M. , Bourne Patricia A. , Agnese P. Anthony di Sant' , Messing Edward M. , Lord Edith M. , Frelinger John G.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Human kallikrein 2 (hK2) and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) are serine proteases in the human kallikrein gene family that are 80% identical at the protein level. Like PSA, hK2 is expressed primarily in the prostate, making it an attractive bio‐marker for prostate cancer development. In addition, its potent enzymatic activity may functionally affect the biology of prostate cancer. In order to further elucidate the possible roles of hK2 in prostate cancer, we have generated a panel of hK2‐specific, non‐PSA cross‐reactive monoclonal antibodies.

METHODS

A novel tumor‐immunization strategy was used to produce monoclonal antibodies. Human hK2 cDNA was transfected into a BALB/c tumor cell line and used to immunize both BALB/c and PSA‐expressing BALB/c.PSA transgenic mice. Because the BALB/c.PSA transgenic mouse showed a biased response towards hK2, a B cell fusion was performed using spleen cells from a transgenic mouse immunized in this fashion.

RESULTS

A panel of monoclonal antibodies was produced and shown to be hK2‐specific using newly developed hK2‐specific sandwich ELISA and ELIspot assays. One of the monoclonal antibodies (6B7) was used to detect hK2 in human prostate by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, two of the antibodies affected the function of hK2. The 1F8 antibody enhanced the enzymatic activity of hK2 whereas the 3C7 antibody inhibited its function.

CONCLUSIONS

These hK2‐specific antibodies illustrate a novel approach for constructing B‐cell hybridomas and provide useful reagents to examine the role of hK2 in the biology and detection of prostate cancer. Prostate 51: 153–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
K+ channel currents in rat ventral prostate epithelial cells
Authors: Kim Jun Hee , Hong Eun‐Kyung , Choi Hee Sook , Oh Seung‐Joon , Kim Kwang Myung , Uhm Dae‐Yong , Kim Sung Joon
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Electrophysiological function of the normal prostate has not been extensively studied. In particular, ion channel currents and their regulation have not been studied in freshly‐isolated prostate cells.

METHODS

Rat prostate secretory epithelial (RPSE) cells were isolated by collagenase treatment. Columnar epithelial cells were used for nystatin‐perforated, whole‐cell voltage clamp, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured using fura‐2.

RESULTS

Step‐like depolarizing pulses (900 msec) starting from − 90 mV induced outwardly rectifying K+ currents without inactivation. ACh (10 μM) or ATP (100 μM) increased the outward current and hyperpolarized the cell membrane potential. Ionomycin (0.1 μM), a Ca2+ ionophore, induced a similar increase in the outward current. TEA (5 mM), charybdotoxin (50 nM), and iberiotoxin (30 nM) inhibited the effect of ACh (or ATP) on the outward current, whereas apamin (100 nM) had no effect. The [Ca2+]i of RPSE cells was increased by ACh, ATP, and UTP.

CONCLUSIONS

RPSE cells have iberiotoxin‐sensitive Ca2+‐activated K+ channels that may play an important role in the exocrine secretions of the prostate. Prostate 51: 201–210, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline mutations in the p73 gene do not predispose to familial prostate‐brain cancer
Authors: Peters Mette A. , Janer Marta , Kolb Suzanne , Jarvik Gail P. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Analysis of high‐risk prostate cancer (PC) families with at least one confirmed case of primary brain cancer (BC) has identified a region of genetic linkage on chromosome 1p36 termed CAPB. The p36 region of chromosome one has been reported to have frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors and epidemiological studies have shown an increased relative risk of BC and tumors of the CNS in PC families. In 1997 a reported tumor suppressor with high homology to p53, termed p73, was mapped to the p36 region of chromosome one. Here, we examine the p73 gene as a potential candidate for CAPB.

METHODS

Ninety‐four members from the 12 prostate‐brain cancer families in which linkage was originally found were examined. The complete coding region and intron‐exon boundaries of the p73 gene were analyzed for germline mutations by Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and direct DNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Silent nucleotide substitutions only were detected within the coding regions of the gene in affected individuals. Nucleotide changes were detected in introns 1, 6, 8, 9, and 10, but all were located ≥16 base pairs from the splice site, and are thus unlikely to be deleterious mutations.

CONCLUSIONS

Germline mutations in the p73 gene are unlikely to be critical for inherited susceptibility to PC in this specified subset of families. Prostate 48:292–296, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostatic expression of hensin, a protein implicated in epithelial terminal differentiation
Authors: Ma Jian F. , Takito Jiro , Vijayakumar S. , Peehl Donna M. , Olsson Carl A. , Al‐Awqati Qais
Published: August 2002

OBJECTIVES

Hensin induces terminal differentiation in rabbit kidney collecting tubule cells. Rabbit hensin and human DMBT1 result from alternative splicing of the same gene. The human DMBT1 gene is located on chromosome 10q25‐26, a region often deleted in prostate cancer. In this study we examined the potential role of this gene in terminal differentiation of prostate, as well as its role in prostatic carcinogenesis.

METHODS

We searched for deletions of this gene in prostatic cells cultured from cancer and benign tissues using PCR and cDNA cloning. The expression of hensin/DMBT1 in cultured cells and during prostate development was characterized by immunochemistry.

RESULTS

No deletions of hensin/DMBT1 similar to those found in glioblastomas, lung and esophageal cancers were observed in prostate cancer or BPH cells. Hensin/DMBT1 protein was localized in intracellular vesicles of epithelial cells in neonatal and 6‐week‐old mouse prostates. By 6 weeks, hensin/DMBT1 began to localize in the basal lamina of the prostate and vas deferens. In matured 6‐month‐old prostates, there was extensive deposition of hensin/DMBT1 in the basal lamina.

CONCLUSIONS

There is no evidence that hensin/DMBT1 is implicated in prostatic carcinogenesis. The localization of hensin/DMBT1 during maturation raises the possibility that hensin/DMBT1 is involved in terminal differentiation of the prostate and vas deferens. Prostate 49:9–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thioredoxin and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase: Convergence of similar structure and function in distinct structural folds
Authors: Gladyshev Vadim N.
Published: August 2002

Thioredoxin (Trx) and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase (PMSR) are small thiol oxidoreductases implicated in antioxidant defense and redox regulation of cellular processes. Here we show that the structures of Trx and PMSR exhibit resemblance in their αβ core regions and that the active site cysteines in two proteins occupy equivalent positions downstream of a central β‐strand and at the N‐terminus of an α‐helix. Moreover, we identified a PMSR subfamily that contains an active site CxxC motif (two cysteines separated by two other amino acids) positioned similarly to the catalytic redox active CxxC motif in Trx. However, Trx and PMSR are characterized by distinct ancient folds that differ in both orientation of secondary structures and their patterns. Trx is a member of the Trx‐fold superfamily, whereas PMSR has a unique fold not found in other proteins. The data suggest that similar structures and functions of Trx and PMSR were acquired independently during evolution and point to a general strategy of identifying new redox regulatory proteins. Proteins 2002;46:149–152. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Threading with chemostructural restrictions method for predicting fold and functionally significant residues: Application to dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP‐IV)
Authors: Reva Boris , Finkelstein Alexei , Topiol Sid
Published: August 2002

We present a new method for more accurate modeling of protein structure, called threading with chemostructural restrictions. This method addresses those cases in which a target sequence has only remote homologues of known structure for which sequence comparison methods cannot provide accurate alignments. Although remote homologues cannot provide an accurate model for the whole chain, they can be used in constructing practically useful models for the most conserved—and often the most interesting—part of the structure. For many proteins of interest, one can suggest certain chemostructural patterns for the native structure based on the available information on the structural superfamily of the protein, the type of activity, the sequence location of the functionally significant residues, and other factors. We use such patterns to restrict (1) a number of possible templates, and (2) a number of allowed chain conformations on a template. The latter restrictions are imposed in the form of additional template potentials (including terms acting as sequence anchors) that act on certain residues. This approach is tested on remote homologues of α/β‐hydrolases that have significant structural similarity in the positions of their catalytic triads. The study shows that, in spite of significant deviations between the model and the native structures, the surroundings of the catalytic triad (positions of Cα atoms of 20–30 nearby residues) can be reproduced with accuracy of 2–3 Å. We then apply the approach to predict the structure of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP‐IV). Using experimentally available data identifying the catalytic triad residues of DPP‐IV (David et al., J Biol Chem 1993;268:17247–17252); we predict a model structure of the catalytic domain of DPP‐IV based on the 3D fold of prolyl oligopeptidase (Fulop et al., Cell 1998;94:161–170) and use this structure for modeling the interaction of DPP‐IV with inhibitor. Proteins 2002;47:180–193. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated multiple structure alignment and detection of a common substructural motif
Authors: Leibowitz Nathaniel , Fligelman Zipora Y. , Nussinov Ruth , Wolfson Haim J.
Published: August 2002

While a number of approaches have been geared toward multiple sequence alignments, to date there have been very few approaches to multiple structure alignment and detection of a recurring substructural motif. Among these, none performs both multiple structure comparison and motif detection simultaneously. Further, none considers all structures at the same time, rather than initiating from pairwise molecular comparisons. We present such a multiple structural alignment algorithm. Given an ensemble of protein structures, the algorithm automatically finds the largest common substructure (core) of Cαatoms that appears in all the molecules in the ensemble. The detection of the core and the structural alignment are done simultaneously. Additional structural alignments also are obtained and are ranked by the sizes of the substructural motifs, which are present in the entire ensemble. The method is based on the geometric hashing paradigm. As in our previous structural comparison algorithms, it compares the structures in an amino acid sequence order‐independent way, and hence the resulting alignment is unaffected by insertions, deletions and protein chain directionality. As such, it can be applied to protein surfaces, protein–protein interfaces and protein cores to find the optimally, and suboptimally spatially recurring substructural motifs. There is no predefinition of the motif. We describe the algorithm, demonstrating its efficiency. In particular, we present a range of results for several protein ensembles, with different folds and belonging to the same, or to different, families. Since the algorithm treats molecules as collections of points in three‐dimensional space, it can also be applied to other molecules, such as RNA, or drugs. Proteins 2001;43:235–245. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A refined accuracy index to evaluate algorithms of protein secondary structure prediction
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Ting , Zhang Ren
Published: August 2002

Nowadays even a 1% increase of the accuracy for the secondary structure prediction is considered remarkable progress. In this case, we have to consider the reasonableness of the accuracy index Q3, which is used widely. A refined accuracy index, called Q8, is proposed to evaluate algorithms of secondary structure prediction. It is shown that Q8 is superior to the widely used index Q3 in that the former carries more information of the predictive accuracy matrix than does the latter. Therefore, algorithms are evaluated more objectively by Q8 than Q3. Based on 396 nonhomologous proteins, five currently available algorithms of secondary structure prediction were evaluated and compared using the new index Q8. Of the five algorithms, PHD turned out to be the unique algorithm, with Q8 accuracy better than 70%. It is suggested that Q3 should be replaced by Q8 in evaluating secondary structure prediction in future studies. Proteins 2001;43:520–522. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular mapping of thrombin‐receptor interactions
Authors: Ayala Youhna M. , Cantwell Angelene M. , Rose Thierry , Bush Leslie A. , Arosio Daniele , Di Cera Enrico
Published: August 2002

In addition to its procoagulant and anticoagulant roles in the blood coagulation cascade, thrombin works as a signaling molecule when it interacts with the G‐protein coupled receptors PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4. We have mapped the thrombin epitopes responsible for these interactions using enzymatic assays and Ala scanning mutagenesis. The epitopes overlap considerably, and are almost identical to those of fibrinogen and fibrin, but a few unanticipated differences are uncovered that help explain the higher (90‐fold) specificity of PAR1 relative to PAR3 and PAR4. The most critical residues for the interaction with the PARs are located around the active site where mutations affect recognition in the order PAR4 > PAR3 > PAR1. Other important residues for PAR binding cluster in a small area of exosite I where mutations affect recognition in the order PAR1 > PAR3 > PAR4. Owing to this hierarchy of effects, the mutation W215A selectively compromises PAR4 cleavage, whereas the mutation R67A abrogates the higher specificity of PAR1 relative to PAR3 and PAR4. 3D models of thrombin complexed with PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4 are constructed and account for the perturbations documented by the mutagenesis studies. Proteins 2001;45:107–116. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for assessing foliar uptake of fungicides using Congo Red as a tracer
Authors: Yu Ju‐Hyun , Lim He‐Kyoung , Choi Gyung‐Ja , Cho Kwang‐Yun , Kim Jeong‐Han
Published: August 2002

In order to develop a new method for measuring foliar uptake of fungicides, Congo Red was selected as a tracer, and optimum procedures were established for washing, extracting and analyzing it and fungicides from leaf surfaces. Congo Red, a water‐soluble dye, was not absorbed into cucumber or rice leaf, even in the presence of various surfactants, and was completely washable from leaf surfaces by aqueous acetonitrile solutions. Congo Red and fungicides in washings were quantified to calculate the amount of foliar uptake of the latter, by comparing the ratio to Congo Red. The optimum concentration of Congo Red in a formulation should be established in order to minimize its influence on fungicide uptake. Although Congo Red has proved to be useful with a conventional droplet application method, it will give more realistic and practical results with the spraying method used in the present study.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of a 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic‐acid‐sensitive protein kinase from tobacco by affinity chromatography on benzothiadiazole‐sepharose and NIM‐metal chelate adsorbent
Authors: Pillonel Christian
Published: August 2002

In the search for the target site of inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a BTH‐binding protein kinase (BBPK) has been identified from tobacco by affinity chromatography on benzothiadiazole‐sepharose (CGA 324041‐sepharose) and NIM‐metal chelate affinity resin. The substrate selectivity of the isolated enzyme (phosphorylation of histone type III‐S, IκBα,IkBα S32A/S36A and NIM1) suggested a possible BBPK‐mediated regulation of NIM1 in tobacco. The measurement of the effect of different SAR‐inducers showed an inhibition of BBPK by 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and, to a lower extent, by benzothiadiazoles and salicylic acid. Comparison between BBPK cell‐free inhibition and in vivo PR‐1 induction revealed that BBPK could be the target site of INA.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of propargyl bromide for control of barnyardgrass and Fusarium oxysporum in three soils
Authors: Ma Qingli , Gan Jianying , Becker J Ole , Papiernik Sharon K , Yates Scott R
Published: August 2002

With the scheduled phasing out of methyl bromide, there is an urgent need for alternatives. We evaluated the efficacy of propargyl bromide as a potential replacement for methyl bromide for the control of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) and Fusarium oxysporum in an Arlington sandy loam, a Carsitas loamy sand and a Florida muck soil. Soil was mixed with barnyardgrass seeds or F oxysporum colonized on millet seeds, and treated with propargyl bromide at a range of concentrations. The mortality of the fungi and weed seeds was determined after 24 h of exposure at 30 °C. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% barnyard seed germination (LC50) were 2.8, 2.4 and 48.5 µg g−1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. In contrast, the LC50 values for F oxysporum were 11.2, 10.8 and 182.1 µg g−1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. The low efficacy of propargyl bromide in the muck soil was a result of the rapid degradation and high adsorption of the compound in the soil. The degradation half‐life (t1/2) was only 7 h in the muck soil at an initial concentration of 6.8 µg g−1, compared to 60 and 67 h in the sandy loam and loamy sand, respectively. The adsorption coefficients (Kd) were 0.96, 0.87 and 5.6 cm3 g−1 in the sandy loam, loamy sand and muck soil, respectively. These results suggest that registration agencies should consider site‐specific properties in recommending application rates for propargyl bromide.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure–function relationships in the tryptophan‐rich, antimicrobial peptide indolicidin
Authors: Staubitz Petra , Peschel Andreas , Nieuwenhuizen Willem F. , Otto Michael , Götz Friedrich , Jung Günther , Jack Ralph W.
Published: August 2002

Indolicidin is a cationic 13 amino acid peptide amide produced in the granules of bovine neutrophils with the sequence H‐ILPWKWPWWPWRR‐NH2. Indolicidin is both antimicrobial and, to a lesser extent, haemolytic. In order to systematically investigate structure–function relationships, the solid‐phase synthesis of indolicidin and 48 distinct analogues are reported, as well as the characterization of their respective biological properties. Peptides synthesized and characterized include analogues with modified terminal functions, truncations from either terminus, an alanine scan to determine the role of each individual amino acid, specific amino acid exchanges of aromatic, charged and structural residues and several retro‐, inverso‐ and retroinverso‐analogues. Together, characterization of these analogues identifies specific residues involved in antimicrobial or haemolytic activity and suggests a core structure that may form a scaffold for the further development of peptidomimetic analogues of indolicidin. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Shilajit on the development of tolerance to morphine in mice
Authors: Tiwari P , Ramarao P , Ghosal S
Published: August 2002

Effects of concomitant administration of Processed Shilajit (PS, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), in Swiss mice were evaluated on the development of tolerance to morphine induced analgesia in the hot plate test. Chronic administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p., b.i.d.) to mice over a duration of 10 days resulted in the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine. Concomitant administration of PS with morphine, from day 6 to day 10, resulted in a significant inhibition of the development of tolerance to morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) induced analgesia. Processed Shilajit per se, in the doses used, did not elicit any significant analgesia in mice; nor did the chronic concomitant administration of Processed Shilajit alter the morphine‐induced analgesia. These findings with Processed Shilajit indicate its potential as a prospective modifier of analgesic tolerance to morphine. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.