bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PTFE plain bearings
Authors: Jones M.
Published: May 2004

Describes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bearing applications and details the fluorocarbon range of PTFE‐based compositions. Outlines the fluorocarbon organization and activities.
The future of marketing: old age or second adolescence?
Authors: Brady John
Published: May 2004

Suggests that the role of marketing, particularly in the fast‐moving consumer goods sector, is changing with the business environment. Points out that the need to maximize shareholder value is currently often a more important organizational objective than simply increasing market share. Also posits that the restructuring of many fast‐moving consumer goods markets has changed competitive priorities and that the shift from manufacturing to service industries poses new challenges. Asserts that, to maintain credibility, marketing must address these issues.
Marketing implementation in the UK engineering industry
Authors: Rafiq Mohammed , Pallett Richard A.
Published: May 2004

Based on a survey of 205 CEOs in the UK engineering industry, demonstrates that engineering companies have made a small, but progressive, move towards implementing a marketing orientation philosophy, but need to do much more if they are to be internationally competitive. In the survey 40 per cent of the firms were either product or production oriented, 7 per cent of them classified themselves as sales oriented and only 53 per cent of the companies professed to be marketing oriented. Marketing orientation tends to be overstated, as the role of marketing is largely seen as one of selling with emphasis on communications. Market research is extremely poorly funded. Planning tends to be short term and financially oriented. Provides evidence that marketing‐oriented firms are more likely to achieve higher profits than those that are not.
Cultural obstacles to market orientation
Authors: Harris Lloyd C.
Published: May 2004

Begins with a review and critical analysis of the literature surrounding the obstacles or barriers to the development of organization‐wide market orientation. Suggests that, though valiant attempts have been made to identify individual barriers, a diversity of academic opinion appears to prevail. Consequently, presents a preliminary framework for the study of barriers, which revolves around the application of a broad definition of organizational culture to orientation inhibitors. Then applies the framework of assumptions, values, artefacts and symbols to a company case study and discusses the issues involved. Draws managerial recommendations and outlines implications for further study.
Empowerment: the right medicine for improving employee commitment and morale in the NHS?
Authors: Cunningham Ian , Hyman Jeff
Published: May 2004

In recent years, empowerment of National Health Service (NHS) Trust employees has been given substantial political and managerial support. Examines the extent to which the commitment and morale of staff in two NHS Trust hospitals has altered following the introduction of a raft of techniques under the empowerment label. The researchers interviewed substantial numbers of staff with managerial responsibilities, personnel specialists and conducted written surveys seeking employee opinion. Reports the findings which confirm that, under empowerment, the work of both managers and staff has become more intensive but managers claim that their commitment has risen, while for non‐managerial employees, severe problems of commitment to the Trust, declining morale and high stress were exposed. Identifies reasons for these difficulties which were the salience of budgetary and operational priorities; lack of training; resistance to the implementation of empowerment and recognition that little real authority was being devolved to employees. Concludes that the limited effects attributable to empowerment could be explained by its association with harder‐edged manpower policies introduced to meet financial and competitive pressures. Under favourable contextual conditions, empowerment may exert more positive effects.
Viewpoint: an independent food agency?
Authors: Cockbill Charles
Published: May 2004

Claims that there is renewed pressure for an indpendent food agency to be established so that food safety and consumer protection decisions can be taken in a system where there is thought to be a better balance between the various pressure groups interested in such matters. States that, whatever the political conclusion on this, there are considerable practical issues that have to be examined and determined before any such agency could operate effectively. Suggests that in the end, the merits of the matter are probably presentational and political rather than offering a signficantly better route for reaching appropriate food safety decisions.
Addition of nutrients: the importance to public health
Authors: Brady Maeve C.
Published: May 2004

Notes that the Committee on Medical Aspects on Food Policy (COMA) is currently reviewing the nutritional status of the population in relation to micronutrients statutorily added to flour and yellow fats (iron, calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamins A and D) and folic acid. Also that, given the reduction of average energy intakes in the UK and changing food habits it is becoming more difficult for certain population groups to meet recommended intakes of essential nutrients. Focuses on three key areas of particular concern identified by COMA: iron status; bone health; and folate status. Suggests that the statutory addition of iron, calcium, thiamin, and niacin to flour and vitamins A and D to margarine, and the voluntary addition of folic acid to breakfast cereals and some breads are practices that can help to prevent nutritional inadequacies.
Supply chain re‐engineering: the experience of Littlewoods Stores Ltd
Authors: Hollis John
Published: May 2004

Examines a re‐engineering programme undertaken by Littlewoods Stores Ltd in an attempt to improve the company’s image and financial results. Describes the problems faced by the organization and the measures taken to improve the situation: key strategies were identified and senior staff were designated specific tasks. Outlines the key points in the process; the re‐engineering of the supply chain, the involvement of all staff and the two‐way communication system and openness of management.
Financial system design in the Asia Pacific context: costs and benefits of universal banking
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo
Published: May 2004

Considers universal banking’s role in the evolution of national financial systems, notably with respect to their role in overall economic performance. Deals with conceptual and empirical evidence regarding mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in the financial services industry, with special relevance to the Asia‐Pacific region. Develops a typology of intra‐ and inter‐sectoral M&A transactions among banks, insurance companies and securities firms, and examines the global deal flow during the 11‐year 1985‐1995 period. Discusses the dynamics of M&A transactions in the financial services industry, notably with respect to exploitation of economies of scale and economies of scope that are core to the universal banking concept. Develops the implications for the Asia‐Pacific region, with reference to the static and dynamic efficiency properties of national financial systems.
Moral consideration and strategic management moves: the Chinese case
Authors: Lee Kam‐hon
Published: May 2004

States that, although it differs from that practised in the West, moral consideration is a key factor in making strategic moves for business people in Chinese society. Substantiates this claim based on evidence from business history in China, overseas Chinese business practice and Chinese experiences today. Then, deliberates on the management implications of this phenomenon for people who want to do business with Chinese and in China.
Marketing: the need to contribute to overall business effectiveness
Authors: Grant Alistair
Published: May 2004

Considers the position of the marketing function in the overall operation of large companies in the UK. Suggests that there is a general perception that marketing has lost ground in comparison with other business disciplines. Concludes that there is a need for the marketing profession to re‐examine itself and its role and to adapt itself to the many changes it faces in the modern situation.
Interactive services: how to identify and target the new markets
Authors: Kangis Peter , Rankin Kathy
Published: May 2004

Suggests that the development of new interactive service is stimulating the global convergence of the telecommunications, computer and media markets, creating an integrated industry, but there is some doubt about customer demand and how to approach it. Presents a study which contributes to the discourse on segmentation with a view to targeting. Tests the hypothesis that there is a relationship between the early adoption of previous technological innovations introduced over the past 15‐20 years and the predisposition to use new interactive services. The results of a small scale survey did not lend full support to this hypothesis; associations were established only in a small number of pairs of innovations. There were, however, significant subsegments within the sample which were positively predisposed to using education services, travel, news/information and video‐on‐demand through the new interactive technologies. Within the evidence examined, it could not be established that early adopters of communications and computer products are necessarily a starting target market for emerging technologies. Concludes that exploitation of interactive services requires recognition of the likely existence of differentiated market segments and thus the crafting of focused marketing strategies for different service packages.
Marketing implementation: building and sharing real market understanding
Authors: Piercy Nigel F. , Lane Nikala
Published: May 2004

Suggests that one of the most critical problems faced in achieving the implementation of market strategies is building consensus among managers and technical specialists that change in strategy is needed, to respond to change in the outside marketplace. Observes that without the belief of key players in the need for strategic change, attempts to implement new strategies are likely to be ineffective. However, building this consensus is not likely to be achieved by management direction alone. We face the barrier of corporate culture acting as “the way we see things here”. Demonstrates a structured approach to building real market understanding among key players and line managers as a precursor to developing and implementing new market strategies, which has been used with a large number of companies. It is not a perfect answer, but the approach has proved useful in helping to break free of the inertia of the status quo in managers’ minds. The technique also has some notable implications for the role of the marketing planner and analyst ‐ a move from “teller” and reactive information provider, to manager of the continual process of building market understanding.
Characteristics affecting charitable donations: empirical evidence from Britain
Authors: Schlegelmilch Bodo B. , Diamantopoulos Adamantios , Love Alix
Published: May 2004

The need for charity services in Britain is increasing, particularly since the introduction of government incentives such as ‘Care in the Community’. However, large scale surveys of individual giving in Britain have indicated that donations to charity are at best remaining static. Careful administrative use of funds and accurate targeting of donors are therefore vital to a charity’s survival. Utilises empirical data from a nation‐wide survey to investigate in how far it is possible to accurately identify likely donors. Provides suggestions on how such information may be utilised in formulating fund‐raising strategies.
Alleviating professional immobility among librarians in Nigerian universities
Authors: Nkereuwem Edet E.
Published: May 2004

Examines the causes of job immobility among librarians in Nigerian universities. The analysis of previous studies show that job immobility in the profession is a direct result of one or a combination of socio‐economic and political considerations and materialistic tendencies. It is also due to the level of professional competencies in the field. Recommends exchange of librarians among university libraries in order to alleviate job immobility in librarianship.
The role of IT in the reshaping of marketing
Authors: Leverick Fiona , Littler Dale , Wilson Dominic , Bruce Margaret
Published: May 2004

There would appear to be a view in common currency that IT is revolutionizing marketing, offering the possibilities of enhanced operational efficiency, the facilitation of the development of innovative products and services as well as the potential for reconfiguring marketing in the organization. Addresses the manner in which IT has affected and may significantly affect marketing by references to an empirical study of the existing and projected impact of IT on marketing activities, as well as analysing the factors which are likely to facilitate or impede the process. IT can be the handmaiden to the erosion of marketing as a major organizational function, with many of the traditional customer oriented activities being more widely diffused throughout the organization. On the other hand, it may be that marketing retains its position by adopting the role of guardian of the customer orientation, taking responsibility for defining the form and content of information that is an acceptable basis for organizational discourse.
Closing the interorganizational information systems relationship satisfaction gap
Authors: Vlosky Richard P. , Wilson David T. , Vlosky Robert B.
Published: May 2004

The adoption of communication technologies that link marketing channel members has modified the way buyers and sellers interact. These technologies, termed interorganizational systems (IOS), are electronic buyer‐seller information exchanges that are implemented to facilitate business transactions and increase efficiency, competitiveness and profitability for participant companies. Shows how differences in buyer and seller perceptions and benefits IOS exist in early stages of implementation. Describes the IOS induced “Relationship Satisfaction Gap” and then offers thoughts and recommendations on how to close this gap. Believes that this gap is minimized when exchange partners are co‐operative and exhibit a high degree of understanding and commitment to the other party as implementation occurs. Additional factors that minimize the gap include trust that has evolved in the relationship over time, the existing mutually accepted power balance, the level of importance that the exchange partner represents from a strategic perspective and the general relationship structure.
Comment: are there any bargains left?
Authors: Bartley Douglas
Published: May 2004

Outlines the potential of business investment opportunities in Slovakia. Details some of the countries which have made foreign investment and formed joint ventures in Slovakia and presents a brief investment appraisal for potential investors. Concludes by finding that good investment in any of the previous states of the former Soviet Union is not easy, but the rewards are there if the company reviews several industries in several of the nations, and makes their decision after investigating all the facts.
Hydro‐Electric Corporation’s PMLink
Authors: Chu Johnny
Published: May 2004

Provides a case study that describes the successful re‐engineering of the project management process of the Hydro‐Electric Corporation (HEC) through workflow technology. Documents the background leading to the development of a workflow project management system and its adoption, and concludes with a number of insights into the complementary relationship between business process redesign and workflow computing in facilitating corporate implementation of strategic information management.
Definition and evaluation of competence, capability and skill gaps in international business
Authors: Koch Adam J.
Published: May 2004

Defining competences, capabilities and skills (CCSs) considered critical in the company’s international business environment is a most important, yet often neglected, strategic management task. Suggests number of core competences, capabilities and skills in international business and then assesses their relevance for selected product categories, countries and international business forms. Discusses three mini‐cases against the background of Sanchez‐Heene model of company as an open system, to suggest a basic framework for the international business CCS gap analysis.
Assessing human values
Authors: Buchanan Bruce
Published: May 2004

Considers the light thrown on values by cybernetics, the systems science which deals with goal‐directed behaviour. Values function as criteria which govern goals at various levels of organization. Higher level values influence the relevance and availability of options for choice. Purposive systems are enabled by negative feedback to liberate outputs, to some degree, from random or contingent factors, so that relative constancy of action towards goals can be maintained over time. Such relative freedom is vital for life, but depends on an enabling organization. Such an account points to possibilities for a more objective account of the nature and role of human values, with implications for epistemology, ethics and the philosophy of mind. Also suggests that, in a politically free society, the structure of authority must be a function of the needs and goals of the individuals within it.
Market similarity and advertising standardization
Authors: Seitz Victoria A. , Handojo Djoko
Published: May 2004

Advertising for three self‐image projective products (perfumes, cosmetics and women′s apparel) were content‐analysed in UK, German and US editions of Vogue. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between market similarity and advertising standardization of these products over a longitudinal period. Based on the literature reviewed, suggests that, due to their degree of similarity in markets, the UK. and the USA would have a higher degree of advertising standardization than that which existed between the UK and Germany. Moreover, given the finalization of the European unification process by December 1992, the researchers sought to determine if market similarity remained a dominant criterion in advertising standardization practices. Results showed that advertising standardization was higher overall among UK and German advertisements than between UK and US ads. Moreover, findings indicated that only a single brand showed a higher degree of standardization over the six‐month period for all countries investigated, suggesting that market similarity still remains as the dominant factor in advertising standardization practices.
Short‐term strategic management in mass customized markets
Authors: Saisse Manoel C.P. , Wilding Richard D.
Published: May 2004

Explains that globalization and new manufacturing technologies have been generating a new kind of product competition based on the ability of the producer to offer the most suitable product for each individual market. In this new environment, the relationship between short‐term logistical decisions taken within manufacturing and business performance becomes increasingly strong. This relationship can also be complex, owing to the large number of variables and trade‐offs within the decision process. Manufacturing managers must be aware of the strategic consequences of their daily short‐term decisions but they also need proper management tools to support this decision process. Discusses the concept of short‐term strategic management and how this can be used to guide the development of manufacturing management tools for mass customized industries. Argues that manufacturing management systems can act as a link between short‐term decisions and the business strategy objectives.
Current research‐Welfare
Authors: Kogi Kazutaka , Kawakami Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2004

Gives several examples from many countries of the rapid development in research on welfare, epidemiology, ergonomics, psychosocial issues, occupational medicine, toxicology, occupational hygiene, environmental health, and biological monitoring in the Asia‐Pacific region. These examples are chosen primarily to illustrate the large range of subjects researched and the wide number of countries involved.
IT enabled marketing: a framework for value creation in customer relationships
Authors: Peters Linda D.
Published: May 2004

Seeks to address the challenge of aligning IT systems and their use with the arena of value creation in customer relationships . It begins by characterizing value in customer relationships as being viewed along two dimensions; that of potency and of time. The interaction of these dimensions, and the implications for enhancing value as a result of these interactions are discussed. The impact of information technology (IT) on acquiring and utilizing customer information in consumer markets, and the ways in which it may facilitate the influence of outside environments upon customer/firm relationships is also explored. In conclusion, as marketing activity and value creation becomes IT driven, managers will be required to integrate both product and market knowledge in a more dynamic environment where customer input is critical, in order to enhance value in customer relationships.
The question we continue to ask: How do organisations define their mission?
Authors: Strong Carolyn
Published: May 2004

Argues that a mission statement should contain goals, differentiation factors identify organisations’ aspirations and define the role of all stakeholder groups. Additionally they should establish the behaviour standards required to achieve the goals set out. David (1989) stated that every organisation has a unique purpose, set of goals and priorities and concludes that these priorities currently focus on three determinants of competitive advantage which are reflected in the mission statements of the UK’s top business organsations. Reports on an examination of the components of the mission statements of a large cross section of organisations.
Segmenting the grey market: the case for fifty‐plus “lifegroups”
Authors: Carrigan Marylyn
Published: May 2004

Discusses changes in world demographic trends which are creating a growing ‘grey market’: consumers aged over fifty years. Reviews previous research and its limitations, while raising the issue of marketers mistakenly treating the grey market as homogeneous. Suggests sports centres in particular have a product which could be attractive to grey consumers, but one which tends to be marketed inappropriately. A lifegroup matrix based on more appropriate segmentation is suggested, management implications considered, and future research routes discussed.
A test of the Fishbein‐Ajzen behavioral intentions model under Chinese cultural settings: are there any differences between PRC and Hong Kong consumers?
Authors: Yee‐kwong Chan Ricky , Lau Lorett
Published: May 2004

This study attempts to examine the applicability of the Fishbein‐Ajzen behavioral intentions model under Chinese cultural settings. Linear structural equation modeling was utilized to test the competency of the model in explaining the intentions of Chinese consumers from the PRC and Hong Kong to purchase Chuk Kam (24 carat gold) finger rings. As a whole, the Fishbein‐Ajzen model explained well behavioral intentions under the cultural settings in question. Apart from the model’s general applicability in both the PRC and Hong Kong samples, a cross‐sample comparison seemed to suggest that the model performs slightly better in the more internationalized Hong Kong sample. Lastly, an examination of the relative influence of attitudes and subjective norms on consumption intentions revealed the collectivist culture of Chinese consumers. In view of this cultural characteristic, marketers are advised to take full advantage of the dynamics of opinion leadership in shaping the purchasing intentions of their target customers.
Retail store image: a means‐end approach
Authors: Thompson Keith E. , Ling Chen Yat
Published: May 2004

Retail store image has been shown to play an important role in store patronage, and it is widely accepted that psychological factors have a significant role in store image formation. Past research has often involved the measurement of tangible attributes, or links between store images and consumers’ self‐images. This study was undertaken to move to the next stage by exploring the link between perceived store image and the personal values which underlie behavioural choices. Fashion retailing was selected as an appropriate research domain because of the well‐established associations between clothing choice, personality, self concept, and personal values. Means‐end theory and laddering methodology were employed in interviews with 30 female respondents. The hedonic values of “enjoyment and happiness” and “quality of life” were found to be the terminal values most sought by consumers in association with store image. These were linked through the consequence “nice feeling” to the tangible attributes of “price”, “quality” and “reputation”. The study illustrates an application of means‐end methodology in a retail environment, and the results provide a platform for fashion store image and positioning strategies. Suggestions for further research are made.
Perceived obstacles of Saudi‐ Arabian exporters of non‐oil products
Authors: Crick Dave , Al Obaidi Mansour , Chaudhry Shiv
Published: May 2004

Reports on one part of a study which investigates selected aspects of the export behaviour and assistance requirements of Saudi Arabian exporters of non‐oil products; specifically, it focuses on results concerning firms’ perceived obstacles to exporting. Provides a contribution to the literature since, although a body of knowledge exists on the area of obstacles to exporting, empirical data has tended to relate to developed countries; indeed, the limited number of studies in developing countries have tended to avoid the case of Saudi Arabia. Using MANCOVA to analyse responses to a postal survey, findings are presented which establish that a limited number of statistical differences exist between both firms with either a low or high export involvement (export ratio) and various sizes of firms. Implications for policy makers within the respective government departments and associated organisations are discussed in relation to the way in which assistance might be more effectively provided for Saudi‐Arabian firms in order to address common obstacles to exporting.
Case study: Doing a market assessment for an unfamiliar product
Authors: Dawes John G.
Published: May 2004

Describes a real‐life market assessment study where the market and product were quite unfamiliar to the researcher. It shows the task to be an iterative, circuitous procedure under such circumstances. Describes several methods used to successfully overcome problems in obtaining information. It makes some contrasts between textbook recommendations and what was found in practice. A model of the process is created, based on observations made in the paper. Summarises by making four major points which may assist others undertaking such projects. These relate to (1) identifying secondary data sources, (2) tracking down industry experts for interview, (3) some methods that were used to overcome prospective respondents’ reluctance to be interviewed, and (4) how the research should seek to confirm information provided by other sources but also look for inconsistencies which can be a basis for further inquiry.
Commerical WWW site appeal: how does it affect online food and drink consumers’ purchasing behavior?
Authors: White Gregory K. , Manning Barbara J.
Published: May 2004

This paper reports the results of a recent online survey of consumer attitudes toward selected US online storefronts marketing barbecue sauce, cheese, olive oil, and potato chips as well as international companies marketing an assortment of specialty food products. It describes the relationship between consumer attitudes toward a commercial WWW site and likelihood of purchase as well as demographic factors which are related to online purchasing behavior of food and drink products.
From occasional training courses to systematic thinking on the continuing professional education of librarians in Hungary
Authors: Koltay Tibor , Téglási Ágnes
Published: May 2004

Research carried out by the authors has shown a wide divergence between the training needs of Hungarian librarians and the resources available to provide the necessary courses to meet those needs. The Association of Hungarian Librarians (AHL) and the Association of Information Institutes and Libraries (AIIL) have created a joint training committee to address current issues and look toward developing a framework which will provide ongoing training for librarians from both the academic and public sectors.
Relationship marketing and privacy: exploring the thresholds
Authors: Long George , Hogg Margaret K. , Hartley Mary , Angold Steven J.
Published: May 2004

The advocacy to extend relationship marketing into the management of the exchange processes within retailing and consumer service markets has meant a growing interest in the opportunities which are offered by technology‐based systems of customer management. A prerequisite for the successful translation of the relationship marketing paradigm from organizational to retailing and consumer service markets is customer information. As the technology for collecting customer data has become more sophisticated, so marketing managers have witnessed an increasing concern among consumers about the impact of these new marketing management techniques on their private rights. Discusses different aspects of information privacy and reports an exploratory study of consumers’ different privacy thresholds. The results indicate different levels of involvement towards privacy issues, and different perceptions of the trustworthiness of service sector companies, among consumers. The implications for relationship marketing strategies are discussed.
ACAS advice – a lost cause?
Authors: Sanderson Michael , Taggart James
Published: May 2004

Previous research has highlighted the trend that ACAS advice has long been held in high esteem by both employers and employees alike. A study of small to medium sized manufacturing establishments in Renfrewshire, Scotland, suggests that employers prefer partial advice as opposed to impartial advice. Instead they may turn to alternative bodies other than ACAS which have the ability to offer employee relations “support”, which is beyond the remit of ACAS. In light of limited resources due to funding constraints, the implications for the provision of ACAS advice are examined in relation to alternative bodies offering employee relations help.
Service performance measurement using simple techniques actually works
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: May 2004

Asserts that there is good evidence that service quality may be achieved and sustained in the same way as is currently achieved and sustained in manufacturing industry by using simple measurement techniques. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that the opportunity for continuous improvement that exists in manufacturing is also available in service applications. A simple experiment, using a small sample, indicated positive signs of predictive validity. The methodology chosen measured the service performance through a self‐assessment technique. A fortuitous error in sampling enabled a de facto control group to be inferred that substantiated the existence of a continuous improvement component that was driven by the “measurement effect”.
Electronic publishing in libraries: introduction
Authors: Kovacs Diane K.
Published: May 2004

The impact of electronic publishing (e‐publishing) on library collections, services and administration is complex. There are no simple solutions to the problems of managing the collection, archiving and access to e‐publications as well as including them in library services. There are, however, many good usable solutions that libraries can learn from each other. No one needs to recreate the wheel to cope with e‐publications. Many librarians feel that the technology to solve the problems and take advantage of e‐publishing is either currently available or clearly under development. How the advent and increasing presence of e‐publications will impact the people who will read them may ultimately be of more importance than what we will do with the machines, the storage media or the delivery mechanism. Therefore, emphasis in this special theme issue is more on the human‐interaction aspects of e‐publishing rather than on the technology or delivery mechanisms.
New product development at Pennine Bathrooms
Authors: Wilson Ian
Published: May 2004

Based on experience working with a manufacturer of ceramic sanitaryware, whose Chief Executive has recognized the need to introduce more (some?) marketing orientation and more (some?) design skills into the organisation. A marketer and a designer were recruited simultaneously and tasked with bringing about the introduction of new models of bathroom suites. Designed to involve students in the kind of culture and interface issues which in real life often present challenges equal to those posed by the marketing environment itself. Verbatim comments from different functional areas illustrate departmental perspectives. The case also raises some issues relating to the organisation of the new product development (NPD) process, particularly to marketing research and branding.
Market‐oriented methodologies to optimise consumer acceptability of Cheddar‐type cheeses
Authors: Bogue J.C. , Delahunty C.M. , Henry M.K. , Murray J.M.
Published: May 2004

The formulation and marketing of new food products are very complex and there are many interacting influences on consumer acceptance, e.g. the person, the food product and the environment. Market analysis and sensory analysis were used to determine consumer preferences for Cheddar‐type cheeses. Consumers’ attitudes, perceptions and purchase behaviour were investigated by means of a structured questionnaire. Eight Cheddar‐type cheeses were objectively assessed by a trained panel using descriptive sensory profiling, and, in parallel, were hedonically rated by 100 “naïve” consumers. Preference mapping was used to illustrate the subjective sensory data before the “naïve” consumers were segmented into homogeneous groups using hierarchical cluster analysis. Five focus groups, representing different socio‐economic categories, investigated in‐depth influences on preferences and purchase behaviour. Cheddar‐type cheese was the most frequently purchased and preferred cheese, and taste was the most important attribute influencing the purchase decision. Consumers preferred a premium cheese described as “creamy” and “mouthcoating” and least liked a reduced‐fat cheese described as “rancid” and “rubbery”. The focus groups helped explain issues that arose in both the questionnaire and sensory analysis. This study showed that a combination of market and sensory analysis gave a more valuable explanation of consumer acceptance of Cheddar‐type cheese than either method could on its own. However, relationships were determined by observation rather than mathematically and therefore this integration must be further developed in order to build a predictive model for this product.
Predicting behavioural intention in a small business context
Authors: Thompson Keith E. , Panayiotopoulos Paris
Published: May 2004

Investigates the proposition that reasoned action theory can be successfully applied in the small business (dairy farmers) domain. That proposition is supported by the outcome and, in common with many other studies, attitude was found to be the main predictor of behavioural intention. The normative component does not improve the efficacy of the model, possibly because of the routinised nature of the behaviour under scrutiny or the expertise of the decision makers concerned. It seems likely that the influence of other people may be greater in new‐buy situations, but that influence is unlikely to involve the element of social obligation that is behind consumers’ tendency to comply with the expectations and beliefs of salient referents. Some recommendations for further research into the stability and generalizability of the findings are made.
Strategic issues for training
Authors: Pollitt David
Published: May 2004

Concentrates on ways of helping employers to keep their workforce up to date and adaptable. Contains precised articles exploring the relationship between employers and the world of education. The final group of precis examines the concept of knowledge management, which can help organizations to exploit their hidden talents.
Korean Air Lines
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: May 2004

This case is about Korean Air Lines’ innovative idea to adopt a policy of vertical integration in catering. Rather than out‐source its in‐flight catering, this airline has moved away from industry norms, and is doing its own thing – literally.
Stress and consumer behavior
Authors: Mathur Anil , Moschis George P. , Lee Euehun
Published: May 2004

Social scientists, public policy makers, consumer researchers, and marketers have traditionally focused on age‐related differences to understand the behavior of older adults. This research focuses on the processes through which adults learn behavioral patterns and norms that characterize behavior in later life. The socialization framework is first presented as the process through which adults learn roles and norms for old age, and data from a national study are presented to test the hypotheses derived from this model. The results suggest that certain antecedents and processes are important in socializing adults to old age.
Heritage, nostalgia, and the “grey” consumer
Authors: Goulding Christina
Published: May 2004

Focuses on one leisure activity enjoyed by a number of elderly consumers, heritage visiting. Drawing on the findings of a study of consumer behaviour at a recreated living industrial museum, the analysis focuses on the behaviour of elderly visitors to the site, with a particular emphasis on how the experience is constructed. Highlights the role of nostalgia as a motivational and experiential factor behind the visit, and distinguishes between two types of nostalgic reaction, “recreational”, and “existential”. The intensity of the reaction is interpreted in the light of the stimulus provided by the museum, and in the context of individual life circumstances such as role loss, disempowerment, social contact, and the degree of personal experience and object familiarity. Concludes by proposing that it is not always the most obvious groups of consumers who offer the greatest opportunity for sustained and repeated visits.
A gap analysis of perceptions of hotel attributes by marketing managers and older people in Australia
Authors: Wei Sherrie , Ruys Hein , Muller Thomas E.
Published: May 2004

Surveys the perceptions of attributes of three‐ to five‐star hotels by marketing managers and by older people aged 60 and over who return to a satisfying hotel. The attributes studied were price, location, facilities, hotel restaurant, room furnishings, front‐desk efficiency and staff attitude. Usable data were analysed for 154 older consumers in Queensland, Australia, and 44 hotel marketing managers in Australia working at three‐ to five‐star hotels. Respondents’ ratings of a set of eight hotel attribute‐level scenarios were subjected to conjoint analysis in order to infer the relative importance of each attribute to both groups. Results show that both seniors and marketing managers considered hotel facilities to be the most important attribute, followed by room furnishings. The managerial implications for hotels and future research opportunities are also discussed.
Socialization influences on preparation for later life
Authors: Mathur Anil , Moschis George P.
Published: May 2004

States that although the concept of “stress” has received increased attention in the behavioral and social sciences throughout the past five decades, it has been virtually ignored by consumer researchers. Presents conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of stress research, which suggest that many changes in individuals’ consumption behaviors are efforts to cope with stressful life circumstances. A study was conducted to test specific hypotheses about the effects of stress on consumption‐coping strategies of older adults. Results suggest that when older consumers experience stressful life circumstances, they may initiate, intensify, or change consumption activities to handle stress. Specific coping strategies were found to differ by gender. Implications for future consumer research are discussed.
The portrayal of older characters in magazine advertising
Authors: Carrigan Marylyn , Szmigin Isabelle
Published: May 2004

Older consumers have grown in number and affluence in the UK, but past research evidence suggests that they are less likely to be portrayed in advertisements than younger people. The wisdom of this approach has been questioned, particularly where depictions of older people feature caricature portrayals of infirmity. Older people today are more likely to be fit and active, and desire to see themselves portrayed as such in advertisements. Investigates whether UK advertisements feature older people, and the nature of that portrayal, and compares and contrasts the findings with past studies in the USA and UK. The results suggest that in UK magazines specifically targeted at older consumers, the advertisements do contain acceptable levels of older characters portrayed in a favourable manner.
Tajik‐American Pepsi
Authors: Paul Dana Leo
Published: May 2004

In 1996, capital was raised to launch a Pepsi‐Cola production line in war‐torn Tajikistan. Production capacity was 6,000 bottles per hour, in a country experiencing a painful transition to a market economy.
Organizing unionism comes to the UK
Authors: Heery Edmund , Simms Melanie , Simpson Dave , Delbridge Rick , Salmon John
Published: May 2004

The concept of an “organizing model” of trade unionism has shaped union strategies for revitalization in a number of countries in recent years. This article examines the transfer of “organizing unionism” to the UK in two ways. It presents findings from a survey of unions to identify the extent to which the organizing model is influencing national recruitment policy and presents case studies of three union campaigns which have drawn upon the organizing model, in an attempt to assess its strengths and weaknesses in a UK context. The survey results indicate only limited take‐up of the organizing model, though there is a group of vanguard unions which have embraced it with enthusiasm. The case studies demonstrate some success in applying the model, though identify employer resistance and internal opposition as significant constraints.
The ICAAP Project, Part Three: OSF distributed computing environment
Authors: Cantor Scott
Published: May 2004

Outlines the use of distributed computing environment (DCE) software in the Inter Committee on Institutional Co‐operation Authentication and Authorisation project (ICAAP) project, which addresses the issues that arise in a distributed environment such as ensuring similar settings on all linked computers. Discusses the development of this program and the uses it can be put to. Suggests that a lot of this technology was ahead of its time, and its real value is only now being understood.
The ICAAPProject, Part Two: the Web architecture
Authors: Riddle Bob
Published: May 2004

Outlines the goals and objectives of the Inter Committee on Insitutional Co‐operation Authentication and Authorisation project (ICAAP) project in relation to the infrastructure. Aims to ‘demonstrate a secure and interoperable authentication and authorization architecture that allows the members of the CIC both inter‐ and intra‐institutional access to restricted materials and distributed computing resources’. Presents initial findings.
Clearwater Public Library World Wide Web site
Authors: Lofback Chris
Published: May 2004

Describes the reasons behind the establishment of the Clearwater Public Library Web site. Looks at the design considerations used together with who end user would be. Covers the concept of service to everyone and impact this has on the choice of methods. Discusses technical aspects such as access speed and graphics. Outlines the criteria used to evaluate success and the dilemmas over what content to include. Concludes with the challenges met and future development.
Designing and redesigning: Marquette Librarie’s Web site
Authors: McCready Kate
Published: May 2004

Examines the processes involved in creating a library/related Web site. Attempts to identify answers to the following questions: how a library should attempt to design or redesign a home page, why sites are needed, what content is required, how it is organized, what look is required, how is it evaluated and who is going to do the work? States future priority as being promotional.
The Michigan Electronic Library
Authors: Davidsen Susanna L.
Published: May 2004

Profiles the largest evaluated and organized Web based electronic library of resources in the world, Michigan Electronic Library. States the goals of the project and briefly the history of development. Looks at the staff involved, the subjects covered and the end user, content systems, access and uses for the information, Mentions future directions.
OhioLINK ‐ The Ohio Library and Information Network
Authors: Dowling Thomas
Published: May 2004

Profiles the project OhioLINK which is an online state‐wide project to provide centralized access to bibliographic databases held at different library locations and its subsequent conversion to a World Wide Web site. Discusses the original goals of the project, the design issues and technical limits encountered. Considers future areas for development.
Words to compute by: keeping up with personal computing terminology
Authors: Crawford Walt
Published: May 2004

If you want to make some sense of personal computer ads and articles, you need to understand the terminology ‐ not all of it, to be sure (that way lies madness), but a few of the key abbreviations and terms, and how significant they are in today‘s computing field. Some key abbreviations and terms have remained fairly consistent in the five years since “The Trailing Edge” last discussed terminoloyg ‐ but some terms have become passe, and new ones have come along. The author reviews some of 1992‘s terminology and how it‘s changed, introducing key new measures and phrases along the way. Don‘t expect the hot topics of programming and computer sociology, but do expect a grounding in the letters and numbers that make sense of it all.
The effects of hiring decisions on the level of discipline used in response to poor performance
Authors: Bellizzi Joseph A. , Hasty Ronald W.
Published: May 2004

The study’s hypothesis posited that a supervisor would use more severe discipline when sales subordinates engage in unethical sales practices when salespeople are hired directly by the supervising manager rather than by the personnel department. Based on attributional self‐justification theory, it was reasoned that under the condition of initially making the decision to hire, a supervisor would attribute undesirable behavior entirely to the salesperson, resulting in more severe disciplinary action. In cases where the initial hiring decision was made by the personnel department, less severe discipline was expected due to the sales manager’s willingness to allocate some responsibility for the undesirable behavior to the hiring department. Furthermore, if a hiring sales manager senses any responsibility for the undesirable behavior he or she can be expected to take strong action to decisively turn the event around in order to demonstrate the correctness of the hiring decision. The results support the expectation.