bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women, Work, and Babies: Family-Labor Market Policies in Three European Countries
Authors: Spakes Patricia
Published: March 2007

This analysis of the family-labor market policies of three European countries—Sweden, the former East Germany, and the former West Germany—contends that the major influences on such policies are the labor needs of the economic system; state-promoted notions of equality of opportunity versus equality of result; and public attitudes toward gender, motherhood, and equality. It demonstrates the contradiction inherent in policies that seek both to protect mothers and to promote equality in the workforce and the need to consider equality of result, as well as equality of opportunity, as a potential policy goal.
Occupational Status Differences Among Three Groups of Married Mothers
Authors: Secret Mary , Green Robert G.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a study of differences in the psychological and social well-being, spousal support, and job satisfaction of three groups of married mothers: those who were employed full-time in professional- managerial occupations, those who were employed full-time in work ing-class/blue-collar occupations, and those who were not employed. The results suggest the need to address differences in occupational status in future studies and to ensure that the needs of working class/blue-collar mothers receive particular consideration in policies and programs.
Gender and German Unification
Authors: Trzcinski Eileen
Published: March 2007

This article examines how past and present labor market policies and family policies have interacted to shape labor market opportunities for women from the former German Democratic Republic since the uni fication of Germany and why German social and economic policies have failed to protect unemployed east German women and their families from economic hardship since unification. It challenges the contention that these differences are inevitable, natural consequences of moving from a state-controlled economy to a market economy.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Post-Traumatic Stress for Sexually Abused Females
Authors: BARKER-COLLO SUZANNE L. , MELNYK WILLIAM T. , McDONALD-MISZCZAK LESLIE
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study was to evaluate Joseph, Williams, and Yule's cognitive-behavioral model of response to traumatic stress when applied to a sample of 122 female sexual abuse survivors. Participants completed surveys that measured each variable presented in Joseph, Williams, and Yule's model (i.e., event stimuli, personality, appraisals, coping, crisis support, event cognitions, and emotional states). Path analysis showed that although Joseph, Williams, and Yule's model did not fit the data, a modified version based on the sexual abuse literature fit the data well. Modifications to the model included the removal of the variable coping and the addition of paths from event characteristics to crisis support and from personality to event characteristics.
Influence of Interpersonal Violence and Community Chaos on Stress Reactions in Children
Authors: DUCKWORTH MELANIE P. , HALE D. DANIELLE , CLAIR SCOTT D. , ADAMS HENRY E.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the separate and additive contributions of direct violent victimization, witnessed violence, and community chaos to children's posttraumatic stress reactions and behavior problems. Participants were 181 African American youths residing in low-income urban communities. Regression analyses revealed direct victimization to be most predictive of behavior problems and community chaos most predictive of posttraumatic stress reactions in children. Path models established community chaos as a mediator of the relation between witnessed violence and posttraumatic stress reactions and the relation between witnessed violence and behavior problems. Community chaos did not mediate the relation between direct victimization and posttraumatic stress reactions or behavior problems; however, a significant direct contribution of violent victimization to behavior problems was established. Findings support the emphasis placed on community chaos and instability in exacerbating stress reactions in the presence of interpersonal violence. Findings are discussed in terms of risk minimization and distress management.
Mediators of the Link Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Depressive Symptoms
Authors: WHIFFEN VALERIE E. , THOMPSON JANICE M. , AUBE JENNIFER A.
Published: March 2007

A history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly associated with adult depression. The goal of the present study was to explore potential mediators of the CSA-depression link. The potential mediators were variables known to be associated with depression: interpersonal problems, gender role orientation, sociotropy, and self-silencing. The participants were 109 women and 83 men recruited from the community, approximately one third of whom had a history of CSA. The results indicated that gender role orientation, sociotropy, and self-silencing were not associated with a history of CSA. However, both men and women with a history of CSA reported more inter-personal problems than did individuals without this history. Whereas women reported being distant and controlling, men reported lacking assertiveness and taking too much responsibility in their relationships. These interpersonal variables partially mediated the link between CSA and depressive symptoms. Thus, in part, CSA survivors may be at risk for depression because they experience interpersonal problems.
Contrasting Views of the Role of Alcohol in Cases of Wife Assault
Authors: JOHNSON HOLLY
Published: March 2007

Research has shown that men with alcohol problems have higher rates of violence against their wives and that they tend to inflict more frequent and injurious assaults than men who do not abuse alcohol. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of alcohol abuse as a predictive factor in cases of wife assault relative to other sociodemographic and attitudinal factors using a nationally representative survey on violence against women conducted in Canada in 1993. The results show that heavy drinking predicts violence against wives in zero-order analysis and remains significant when the effects of class, age, and type of relationship are factored out. However, once proxy measures of attitudes about the rightness of male degradation and control of women are factored out, alcohol abuse is rendered nonsignificant. These findings have important implications for interventions and treatment of male batterers.
Assessing Police and Protective Order Reports of Violence
Authors: HARRIS SUSAN D. , DEAN KAMILLE R. , HOLDEN GEORGE W. , CARLSON MATTHEW J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of agreement between police and victims' reports of domestic violence. Data were examined from 77 couples in which the female member of the couple filed for a protective order and the couple had contact with the police about domestic violence. The hypothesis tested was that police and victim reports of physical violence would have some measure of agreement due to the serious nature of physical violence but that there would be little agreement for verbal violence or menacing behavior. Victims reported significantly more physical violence than police; however, there was a significant correlation between victims' reports of physical violence and police reports. These results suggest that although there is some relation between victim and police physical violence reports, victims perceived more violence had occurred than police reported.
MMPI-2 Assessment of Differential Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Patterns in Combat Veterans and Sexual Assault Victims
Authors: KIRZ JOSHUA L. , DRESCHER KENT D. , KLEIN JEFFERY L. , GUSMAN FRED D. , SCHWARTZ MARK F.
Published: March 2007

This study compared MMPI-2 profiles and trauma-specific subscales of the MMPI-2 in groups of combat veterans and sexual assault victims. Analyses indicated a trend toward externalizing symptoms for combat veterans and internalizing symptoms for sexual assault survivors. For diagnostic classification purposes, the PS scale was found to best differentiate post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cases from non-PTSD cases for the combat group, whereas the F-2-8 standard decision rule best differentiated the sexual trauma group from comparisons. These results suggest that type of trauma experienced is a key variable in understanding the patient and dictates the need for different therapeutic focuses. In addition, the results suggest that the MMPI-2 PTSD scales provide a reasonable classification of PTSD status.
Predictors of Premilitary Courtship Violence in a Navy Recruit Sample
Authors: WHITE JACQUELYN W. , MERRILL LEX L. , KOSS MARY P.
Published: March 2007

Research on intimate partner (IP) aggression was extended to premilitary experiences of IP violence among U.S. Navy recruits. Riggs and O'Leary's (1989) model of courtship aggression was examined separately for men (N = 1,307) and women (N = 1,477). A test was conducted of the model using participant gender along with the significant variables from the initial analyses and the interaction of gender with each of these variables. Situational components explained more variance that did the background components. For women and men, the amount of variance accounted for was almost tripled after the addition of the situational factors. Partner aggression contributed to a substantial increase in the amount of variance. Partner's verbal aggression was the single best predictor of aggression, and partner's physical aggression was the second-best predictor. The situational component substantially increased the predictive power of the model. The results support the validity of the Riggs and O'Leary model.
Stalking Behavior and the Cycle of Domestic Violence
Authors: COLEMAN FRANCES L.
Published: March 2007

The present study was conducted to refine the behavioral definition of stalking, investigate the role stalking plays in the cycle of domestic violence, and develop demographic profiles of stalkers and their victims. A total of 141 female undergraduates completed a questionnaire designed to assess the occurrence of threatening or violent behaviors in former heterosexual, romantic relationships. Subjects were placed in a control, harassed, or stalked group based on their responses to several questions modeled on Florida's antistalking law. The Conflict Tactics Scale was used to assess the presence of domestic violence during the relationships, and the Stalking Behavior Checklist was used to measure the occurrence of stalking behaviors after the relationships had ended. Results showed that subjects who reported significantly more verbal and physical abuse during the relationships were more likely to be stalked by their former partners after the relationships ended.
Predictors of Dating Violence Among High School Students
Authors: O'KEEFE MAURA
Published: March 2007

This study examined dating violence in a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of high school students to determine what factors or group of factors best predicted inflicting dating violence using a social-learning-theory-based model. Numerous variables belonging to one of three domains were entered into hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Findings revealed that males were more likely to inflict violence against a dating partner when they had witnessed more interparental violence; believed that male-female dating violence was justifiable; used alcohol/drugs; were the recipients of dating violence; and experienced more conflict in their dating relationships. Females were more likely to be violent toward a dating partner when they believed that female-to-male dating violence was justifiable and that male-to-female violence was not justifiable; experienced more conflict in the dating relationship; were the recipients of dating violence; used alcohol or drugs; and felt the relationship was more serious. The context of the violence was also examined and the implications of the study were addressed.
Beyond “No Means No”
Authors: LONSWAY KIMBERLY A. , KLAW ELENA L. , BERG DIANNE R. , WALDO CRAIG R. , KOTHARI CHEVON , MAZUREK CHRISTOPHER J. , HEGEMAN KURT E.
Published: March 2007

As part of a larger multimethod evaluation, this study examined the effects of a uniquely intensive rape education program. Participants included 74 undergraduates (53 women and 21 men) enrolled in Campus Acquaintance Rape Education (CARE), a semester-long university course designed to train peer facilitators to conduct rape education workshops. Ninety-six students (58 women and 38 men) enrolled in a general human sexuality course constituted a specialized comparison group. First, quantitative analysis of pre- and postcourse responses suggested that comprehensive attitude change occurred for students in CARE but not for those in the human sexuality course. Next, qualitative analyses explored the differences between pre- and postcourse responses to videotaped scenarios involving (hetero)sexual conflict. Responses suggested that, as a result of participating in CARE, both women and men become more willing and able to directly express themselves and assert their needs in ways that facilitated increased sexual communication. Finally, follow-up investigation conducted 2 years after course participation revealed that CARE students were less accepting of cultural rape myths than those in human sexuality.
Psychopathic Traits and Attitudes Associated With Self-Reported Sexual Aggression in College Men
Authors: HERSH KEITH , GRAY-LITTLE BERNADETTE
Published: March 2007

The relationships among psychopathic personality traits, rape-supportive attitudes, and self-reported sexual aggression were examined in a sample of 191 college men. It was hypothesized that participants who reported severe sexually aggressive acts (i.e., coerced intercourse) would endorse items indicating more extreme psychopathic traits than those who reported only less severe acts. In addition, we expected that psychopathic traits would play a unique role in severe sexual aggression, above the contribution of rape-supportive attitudes. Results were strongly supportive of the first hypothesis; however, there was no evidence that traits and attitudes contribute to sexually aggressive behavior in different ways. The discussion considers similarities and differences in the contribution of traits and attitudes to the development of sexually aggressive behavior.
Childhood Attachment and Adult Attachment in Incarcerated Adult Male Sex Offenders
Authors: SMALLBONE STEPHEN W. , DADDS MARK R.
Published: March 2007

Forty-eight incarcerated sex offenders were compared with 16 property offenders and 16 nonoffenders on self-report measures of childhood maternal and paternal attachment and adult attachment. The combined sex-offender groups reported significantly less secure maternal, paternal, and adult attachment than did the nonoffenders and significantly less secure maternal attachment than did the property offenders. Intrafamilial child molesters were found to have had particularly problematic relationships with their mothers, reporting a combination of anxious and avoidant qualities in their maternal attachment experiences. By contrast, stranger rapists were found to have had particularly problematic relationships with their fathers and were significantly more likely to have regarded their fathers as having been characteristically unsympathetic, uncaring, abusive, and violent toward them. These results suggest that insecure childhood attachments may be related to offending behavior generally and that certain combinations of childhood attachment experiences may relate more specifically to different kinds of sexual offending.
Current Status of North American Assessment and Treatment Programs for Sexual Offenders
Authors: MARSHALL W. L.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a summary of current assessment and treatment approaches in North America. With the advent of cognitive behavioral therapy in the early 1970s, programs for sexual offenders became more empirically based. Through the subsequent years, there has been both a proliferation of programs and an expansion in the range of assessment and treatment targets. Although there is some diversity, the following issues are the most commonly addressed: a life history revealing the origins of current problems; sexual functioning, including both appropriate and deviant activities and fantasies; empathy; cognitive distortions and dysfunctional attitudes; social and relationship skills; self-esteem; substance use and abuse; and anger. Assessment procedures include interviews, psychological tests, and phallometry. Treatment is typically conducted in groups within a relapse prevention framework. Fortunately, these processes seem to reduce recidivism.
Systemic Obstacles to the Criminal Prosecution of a Battering Partner
Authors: BENNETT LAUREN , GOODMAN LISA , DUTTON MARY ANN
Published: March 2007

It is well known in the criminal justice community that victims often wish to drop charges against their abusers, even after initially expressing enthusiasm about going forward. Despite the prevalence of no-drop prosecution policies, victim reluctance is important to understand because it is often the biggest obstacle to successful prosecution and because it implies that there are ways in which the court is not meeting victims' needs. There has been minimal research exploring victims' reasons for following through with pressing charges or asking that charges be dropped. This article presents one perspective: that of victims who have entered the process of pressing criminal charges against an intimate partner. Drawing on qualitative interviews and experience working with victims involved in the court system, the authors present several themes that reflect victims' experience. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Violent and Nonviolent Revictimization of Women Abused in Childhood
Authors: IRWIN HARVEY J.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between the severity of childhood trauma and proneness to victimization in adulthood in a sample of 155 Australian women. A tendency for both violent and nonviolent revictimization was observed. The classical “repetition compulsion” theory of revictimization is less able to accommodate these findings than theories that implicate an effect of childhood abuse on self-concept. Additionally, the factors of peritraumatic dissociation, coping styles, and attachment styles were examined as possible intervening variables in the revictimization relationship. The findings of the study suggest that some coping styles mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and victimization in adulthood, whereas aspects of attachment styles may serve to moderate this relationship.
Inside the Virtual Workplace: Forging a New Deal for Work and Rewards
Authors: Crandall N. Fredric , Wallace Marc J.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the challenges that companies face when trying to create virtual corporations. It describes the competitive environment that created the virtual organization, illustrates the changes with three developmental models, and describes a New Deal employment relationship that replaces lifetime employment and requires changes to work and rewards systems. To creative an effective New Deal, companies must accept that the Old Deal is gone. They also must focus on processes, not functions; develop such virtual relationships as alliances, joint ventures, and partnerships; and send clear messages to employees for a workable policy.
Compensation Ethics: Guidelines for Developing a Code
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

Companies that cancel underwater stock options and reissue them-ensuring that executives are protected from market risks on their options aren't doing anything illegal, the author states. On the other hand, is the practice ethical? Ditto for shifting executives' incentives to base salaries shortly before they retire to sweeten their pensions. These are among numerous compensation practices that the author considers unethical. He says that compensation professionals need an ethics code similar to codes for lawyers, doctors, and accountants. Such a code would make companies better and fairer places for employees as well as stockholders.

Nevertheless, the author maintains he is not trying to preach a specific ethics code. Instead, he wants to place ethics issues on the compensation agenda for discussion by presenting his views on ethics for compensation practitioners, as well as companies, top management, supervisors, and employees.
Case Study
Authors: Gross Steven E. , Duncan Dan
Published: March 2007

Ameri Steel's experience with gainsharing demon-strates the effectiveness of using incentives to improve productivity within an organization. The advantages of gainsharing over profit sharing are two-fold: first, gainsharing distributes operating gains (as opposed to bottom-line profits), and, because it is easier to measure, can be paid out with a greater frequency than profit-sharing awards. The frequency of payouts is vital to the effectiveness of the plan, since there is a more immediate incentive with which to motivate employees. A further advantage of gainsharing is that, rather than basing rewards on total company profits, payouts can be based on the performance of plants, teams, or small work units. This struc-ture encourages employees to work together cohesively in a team environment. Companies with gainsharing programs are thus able to attract team-oriented risk-takers who are not afraid to bet the farm on their performance, while ensuring that excellence is rewarded with frequent and substantial payouts. Indeed, the Ameri Steel gain-sharing plan has helped the company generate an average of 8% annual improvements in productivity in the four years since management adopted this program, while employees have enjoyed average payouts equal to 46% of their base pay.
The Organizational Diffusion of a Correctional Reform
Authors: Winn Russ , Musheno Michael C. , Jurik Nancy C.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on a western state's effort to implement a reform policy to professionalize its correctional system. Specifically, we study the process of implementing a new in-service training regimen designed to instill professional ethics and practices in the correctional work force. Conceptually, we reject the top-down perspective of the policy process, which holds that public officials can achieve routine implementation of policies through the use of bureaucratic controls and hierarchical authority. Using mixed methods and triangulation of data sources, we find that differences in organizational capacity and commitment are important determinants of why the training regimen was implemented variably across three facilities of a large correctional complex. We also find that highly committed participants find productive ways to use the training regimen which are unanticipated by those proposing the reform. Our research contributes to a growing body of inquiry which challenges routine administration and goal fidelity as appropriate constructs for studying social policy reforms.
Community Crime Prevention: A Review Essay On Program Evaluations And Policy Implications
Authors: Dershem Holly A.
Published: March 2007

Rising crime rates through the 1980s suggest that traditional methods of policing society (i.e., police patrol and arrest) are not fully effective in controlling criminal victimizations. Analysis of community crime prevention programs suggests that while such programs tend to be favorably received by the public and the police, they only infrequently reduce crime. Evaluation research in this area tends to suggest that the apparent failures of crime prevention programs do not result from inappropriate conceptualization, but rather stem from inadequate program implementation and subsequent monitoring. This article examines the evaluation studies usually done as part of community crime prevention programs and addresses the methodological and substantive problems associated with them. Policy guidelines for implementing future crime prevention programs are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of two common themes implicit in the community crime prevention literature which could provide a solution to crime prevention program implementation difficulties.
A Process Model of Public Police Violence
Authors: Ross Jeffrey Ian
Published: March 2007

The author proposes and outlines a three stage process model to explain the reactions to public police violence. He argues that this model provides a better explanation of the effects of police violence than "natural history" and "public arenas" models can. The model consists of three stages: arousal, reactions, and outcomes, and four categories of actors: victims, police, public, and government.
Victim Service Or Self Service: An Analysis of Prosecution Based Victim-Witness Assistance Programs And Providers
Authors: Jerin Robert A. , Moriarty Laura J. , Gibson Melissa A.
Published: March 2007

Victim witness assistance programs are found throughout the United States. This paper analyzes one state's prosecution based victim witness programs and the individuals responsible for service delivery. We report on the services offered, a comparison tot he legislative intent, a description of the advocates and an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of these programs. The findings suggest that prosecution based victim witness programs do little to meet most needs of crime victims. Additionally, the oversight of these programs by the local District Attorneys determines what services are offered and the role the advocates will assume.
Turning Rights Into Symbols: The U.S. Supreme Court And Criminal Justice
Authors: Smith Christopher E.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. Supreme Court has often been analyzed in light of its symbolic importance. While most such analyses focus solely on the high court's insti tutional image, this article examines the justices' techniques for manipulating the symbolic qualities of their decisions affecting criminal justice rights. By creating a gap between the formal pronouncements about rights contained in well-known precedents and the actual implementation of those rights, the Supreme Court maintains its image as the institutional guardian of constitu tional rights while simultaneously advancing the crime control policy prefer ences favored by the dominant conservative justices.
A Five-Year Study of Juvenile Waiver and Adult Sentences: Implications for Policy
Authors: Clement Mary J.
Published: March 2007

Despite the widespread transfer of juveniles from juvenile to criminal court in Virginia, there was little empirical knowledge of the exact sen tences juveniles received. This study examines 250 youths in Richmond, Virginia, who were waived into adult court from 1987-1991. Only for serious crimes such as rape or murder does the offender receive a prison time above the mean of five years. Sixteen repeat offenders, over the five-year period, came into the juvenile court and were waived a second time, four were waived three times and two were waived four times. Sixty-five youth (26%) were not guilty or nolo processed. Identification of that particular group of youth was identified by tracking the youth through a case by case, hand by hand method. The paper discusses how this research was put into changes in the policy and practice of dealing with youth. Some of the practices include ISS-KPGB (suspended sen tences based upon keeping the peace and being of good behavior - a con dition similar to probation but with no cost to the state for a probation officer), retention of adult classification once waived, decrease in the dis cretion of criminal judges by use of sentencing guidelines, and a three-tier certification or transfer process. Implications for incarcerating more juvenile offenders for longer periods and redefining more of them as adults is also discussed.
Garbage Laws and Symbolic Policy: Governmental Responses to the Problem of Waste in the United States
Authors: Howard Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to examine governmental responses to the environmental problem of waste in the United States. The main thesis of this paper contends that environmental laws, particularly those concerned with addressing the problem of waste, are symbolic exercises because they reaffirm the ideological commitments of the industrial-consumer process, commitments that fail to recognize basic principles of ecology and stir the problem of waste in the first instance. The thesis that garbage laws are mainly symbolic exercises is elaborated in the following manner. First, drawing from the work of other scholars who have invoked the notion of symbolic law, the chief characteristics of the concept are iden tified. Having framed the concept of symbolic law, three ideological com mitments of the industrial-consumer process — belief in human domina tion of nature, creativity as a moral pursuit, and linearity of thought - are described. These ideological commitments contribute directly to the problem of waste through the championing of unadulterated consump tion. Noting some ecological challenges raised by garbage and waste dis posal to these ideological commitments, the next section relates some basic principles of ecology that would serve well as the underpinnings for environmental policy. An examination of the federal government's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 as well as New York State's Solid Waste Management Act of 1988 confirms, however, that governmental responses to the problem of waste fail to slip free of indus trial-consumer ideological commitments. After assessing the response articulated by these two pieces of legislation, the paper concludes with some observations on symbolic law and environmental problems and with a few suggestions for informing our environmental policy with eco logical principles.
The Salience of Race and Gender in Pretrial Release Decisions: A Comparison Across Multiple Jurisdictions
Authors: Maxwell Sheila Royo , Davis Jessica S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines disparities in pretrial release decisions based on race or gender, using a large dataset representing seventy five of the largest counties in the United States. This representative sample makes findings of this study more generalizable across jurisdictions, and enables examination of racial and gender disparities across geographic regions.
Populism as a Political Force in Postcommunist Russia and Ukraine
Authors: Prizel Ilya
Published: March 2007

The “masses” as they appear in modern European history are not composed of individuals; they are composed of “anti-individuals” united in a revulsion from individuality.

Michael Oakeshott
Breast Engorgement: Patterns and Selected Outcomes
Authors: Humenick Sharron S. , Hill Pamela D. , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

For 14 days following birth, 114 breastfeeding mothers rated their level of breast engorgement twice daily, using a six-point engorgement scale. Individual engorgement ratings were plotted by intensity over time to provide a visual display of each subject's breast engorgement experience. Four distinct patterns of breast engorgement emerged; mothers experienced either a bell-shaped pattern, a multi-modal pattern, a pattern of intense engorgement, or a pattern of minimal engorgement. Characteristics of mothers and infants, and feeding frequency were similar across the four breast engorgement patterns.
Incoordination of Sucking, Swallowing, and Breathing as an Etiology for Breastfeeding Difficulty
Authors: Glass Robin P. , Wolf Lynn S.
Published: March 2007

This case report describes an infant who presented with coughing and choking during breastfeeding. Comprehensive clinical evaluation of these difficulties included assessment of sucking, swallowing, and breathing. Stridor and difficulty interspersing breaths during sucking bursts were observed, although sucking mechanics were normal. Further evaluation of airway structure revealed asymmetric laryngomalacia. This structural problem, exacerbated by the breastfeeding position, impeded respiration and resulted in poor coordination of sucking, swallowing, and breathing. This case underscores the need to include respiratory function and coordination in the evaluation of breastfeeding difficulties.
Cultural Paradoxes Relating to Sexuality and Breastfeeding
Authors: Rodriguez-Garcia Rosalia , Frazier Lara
Published: March 2007

Despite the widely acknowledged evidence supporting the benefits of breastfeeding, the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding in the United States and other Western countries remain low. To investigate this phenomenon, we conducted an analysis of the socio-cultural factors that influence women's infant-feeding decisions and examined how breastfeeding is treated in the mass media and by U.S. legislation. We found that cultural notions of the female breast as a primarily sexual object place the act of breastfeeding in a controversial light and can be one of the most influential factors in a woman's decision not to breastfeed. This notion is often supported by the media and legislation. Further research needs to focus on the relationship between sexuality and breastfeeding to help our understanding of breastfeeding behavior. This research should assist policymakers and health workers in their efforts to protect and promote breastfeeding and to increase its social acceptability.
Bubble Palate and Failure to Thrive: A Case Report
Authors: Snyder Joanne Burke
Published: March 2007

In this report, a mother presents at 29 days postpartum with extremely sore nipples. Her infant is 1 lb 2 oz (511 gins) below birth weight, a continuing weight loss consistent with failure to thrive. Failure to thrive may be caused by a variation in infant palatal structure (VIPS) such as a bubble palate. The mother demonstrated correct latch-on, positioning, and soreness secondary to nipple candidiasis concealing the VIPS as a hidden component to this breastfeeding problem. A thorough assessment of the infant at breast, the infant's oral anatomy and the mother's breasts revealed the VIPS and information necessary for treatment. Alternative positioning and repatterning of oral behavior resolved the breastfeeding problem. A variation in infant palatal structure may be a hidden breastfeeding problem and needs to be considered.
Methadone Levels in Breast Milk
Authors: Geraghty Barbara , Graham Elinor A. , Logan Barry , Weiss Egle L.
Published: March 2007

Two case reports of breastfeeding mothers on high doses of methadone and a literature review reveal that minimal transmission of methadone into breast milk occurs regardless of the mother's methadone dose. The current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations that only women in drug treatment programs on less than 20 mg/day of methadone be advised to breastfeed should be reconsidered.
Breastfeeding the Infant with PKU
Authors: Duncan Laura L. , Elder Sonyia B.
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding is possible with children who have phenylketonuria. Based on the decisions made by the breastfeeding mother and the infant's physician, there are multiple methods of management which can be utilized to provide breast milk for the infant with PKU. This article describes some of the methods that have been used to manage the treatment of phenylketonuria when a mother chooses to breastfeed.
Covert Participant Observation
Authors: Hilbert Richard A.
Published: March 2007

EDITOR'S NOTE: Doing covert research remains a problem for researchers trying to resolve the ethical and practical dilemmas inherent in "secret" observation. Richard Hilbert suggests that not all covert participant observation research is necessarily unethical, although such research does invariably create its own particular problems. Among these are the need to maintain a credible identity and the problems of gathering data in an unobtrusive, yet accurate manner. Drawing from his own experiences in covert research, Hilbert describes selected strategies, often coinciding with the observed activities, which he himself found useful in his own research
Equal Time for Women
Authors: Petersen David M. , Dressel Paula L.
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes data from observations at a male strip club and semistructured interviews with the club's strippers to explore the gender roles and the sexual behaviors associated with the strip show and with dancer-audience interaction. The male strip show is described in terms of three interrelated features: (1) the fabricated egalitarian motif of the show; (2) the heterosexual and homosocial functions of the club setting; and (3) the dancers and the audience and the degree to which they portray gender role transcendence Given a supportive opportunity structure, women, who have traditionally been stereotyped as sexually passive, exhibit sexual behaviors with an aggressiveness usually associated with the societal stereotypes of men.
New Ethnographies
Authors: Warren Carol A. B.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800-1000-word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to: David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
THE PERFECT VALENTINE
Authors: FREEMAN JENNIFER A.
Published: March 2007

Jennifer Freeman's article is an example of Jean-Francois Lyotard's petit recit, a moving away from grandiose, pretentious metanarratives toward a local dialogue. The article is an exquisite fragment of everyday life narrated in what John Van Maanen has referred to as an “impressionistic tale,” a first-person account of literary quality that not only tells that the author “was there” but makes all of us feel that we were “there” and leaves us breathlessly terrified while, against our better judgment, a quiver of eroticism trembles down our spine. Not since Susan Krieger has a female voice spoken so eloquently and made us ponder about ourselves, our interactions, and our language.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Foltz Tanice G.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
ILLNESS AMBIGUITY AND THE SEARCH FOR MEANING
Authors: KARP DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports on a group of people who met weekly to discuss problems associated with suffering from depression or manic depression. Group discussion constituted a collective search for meaning about an inherently ambiguous chronic illness. The analysis in the article centers on how the members of this self-help group collectively produced a perspective for making sense of their trouble. Although group discussion covered a range of topics, questions about the meaning of diagnosis, the extent of personal responsibility for the illness, the nature of members' reliance on medical experts, and the efficacy of psychotropic medications were dominant themes. Data illustrate how group discussion generated a rhetoric that provided plausible explanations for members' shared difficulty while protecting their identities. Group talk also implied an antipsychiatry ideology that questioned medical dominance in the treatment of affective disorders.
RETURN TO SENDER
Authors: HERMAN NANCY J.
Published: March 2007

With the exception of a few studies, little systematic attention has been given to individuals in their postdeviant careers. Drawing on data collected through participant observation and informal interviews with 146 nonchronic ex-psychiatric patients, this article explicates dimensions of their exit process and social reintegration. Specifically, attention is given to ex-patients' perceptions of mental illness as a stigmatizable/stigmatizing attribute, the problems they faced, the manner by which they manage discreditable/discrediting information about themselves, and the consequences of such for altering their deviant identities and social reintegration. This article suggests that ex-psychiatric patients are strategists and negotiators who play active roles in attempting to shape their deviant outcomes, techniques which have implications for identity transformation and reintegration.
IDENTITY TALK IN THE PEACE AND JUSTICE MOVEMENT
Authors: HUNT SCOTT A. , BENFORD ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

This article examines identity talk in several peace movement organizations from 1982 to 1991. Identity talk directs attention to how identity discourse concretizes activists' perceptions of social movement dramas, demonstrates personal identity, reconstructs individuals' biographies, imputes group identities, and aligns personal and collective identities. Six types of identity talk are identified and illustrated: associational declarations, disillusionment anecdotes, atrocity tales, personal is political reports, guide narratives, and war stories. These stories revolve around the themes of becoming aware, active, committed, and weary. Suggestions are offered for possible future research.
POLICY AS PRACTICE
Authors: McCALLION MICHAEL J. , MAINES DAVID R. , WOLFEL STEVEN E.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the processes of change that were put into motion by the Second Vatican Council. Our focus is on the central liturgical Vatican II principle of the “full, active, conscious participation of the faithful.” This tenet changed the terms through which community was to be enacted. Our inquiry focuses on the consequences of this policy, and we approach our concern with the Weberian and Pragmatist assumptions that all human affairs must be worked out in processes of social action. We specifically follow Hall and Estes and Edmonds in conceptualizing policy as a set of intentions. We present observational and interview data from a local parish that show how parish members and officials interpreted the policy of active participation as it pertained to the ritual celebration of first holy communion. We then discuss issues of segmentation and the changing church in contemporary America.
Community College/Cluster Connections: Specialization and Competitiveness in the United States and Europe
Authors: Rosenfeld Stuart A.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes a study conducted in 1997 and 1998 for the Community College Research Center at Columbia University’s Teachers College that examined industry clusters in which 2-year colleges specifically targeted the clusters and influenced their performance. The core assumptions were that colleges that target local clusters are better able to create a real-life context for learning relevant to the lives of students; encourage informal learning that is not easily verbalized or codified; support more effective informal labor market information systems; and are more likely to accumulate useful technical expertise, information, and knowledge. The research, based on four case studies—two in a traditional industry and two in a technologically advanced industry (furniture and electronics)—illustrates the ways in which industry clusters influence community colleges and how community colleges, in turn, influence industry clusters and the regional economies. Advantages and disadvantages are identified for students, enterprises, and regional economies.
If Civic Culture is the Answer, What is the Question?
Authors: Stone Clarence N.
Published: March 2007

Governing coalitions arise in response to recognized problems. They are mediating forces, not isolated universes operating only by an inner logic. The character of urban regimes concerns not only simply who makes up a governing coalition but also how the members are related to one another—the terms on which they cooperate and the resources they bring to bear. Regime analysis does not in itself explain the context from which members of a governing coalition come, but it provides a gateway to forms of explanation. With greater specificity about what civic culture is and what it explains, the concept of civic culture could help illuminate the local political context. However, at its current level of development, civic culture sheds little light on some key questions, such as those about political agency and how change occurs or about why economic development holds such a high place on the policy agenda of most localities.
Policy-Based Analysis for Local Economic Development
Authors: Thompson Wilbur R.
Published: March 2007

Local development policymakers, strategists, and analysts should target industries with much more information than usual about wide differences between industries in growth rates, cycle patterns, wage rates, concentration ratios, foreign trade balances, labor market behavior, and occupation mixes. All this needs to be complemented with a new "occupational-functional approach." Functions common to all industries, such as innovation, decision making, research, precision and routine production, make locational choices and have local impacts more alike than the diverse functions within an industry. States and localities should pick functions in which to specialize, even more than industries. Broad policies on income level and stability, foreign trade, education, and intraurban planning are realistic and reinforcing when founded on explicit choices of what a place does as well as what it makes.
The Future of Downtown as a Center for Business Knowledge Activity: A Review of the Literature in the Context of Organizational Theory
Authors: Kinsella Timothy K.
Published: March 2007

The literature on the future of downtown as a center for business knowledge activity is examined in this article. Researchers emphasize two major concerns, the efficiency of a downtown location and the resulting equity issue, or the impact of location on people and space. A conceptual framework is presented, drawing from organizational theory, with which to place and analyze these concerns. It is argued that the framework provides insight into the importance of downtown for certain "high level" types of business knowledge activity, but accompanied by continued equity concerns. Moreover, the framework seems a promising one for better understanding city structures and processes generally, including the many interactions within and among organizations internal and external to the city.
Biotechnology: Industrial Growth in a Period of Crisis
Authors: Kenney Martin
Published: March 2007

In the last ten years, biotechnology has become a subject of intense interest to many persons concerned with high technology and regional development. This review article undertakes to evaluate the written documents on the development of the biotechnology industry so that people unfamiliar with the industry will be able to identify documents useful to their needs. The review pays special attention to those documents referring to the social, economic, and political aspects of biotechnology. The role of the university in biotechnology is examined in depth.