bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studi Lapisan Termoklin untuk Menentukan Pola Perambatan Gelombang Suara (Studi Kasus Laut Banda)
Authors: Winanta Jaka , Kuswardani A. Rita Tisiana D. , Setiadi Hendrawan , Riyadi Nur
Published: June 2020

Ada beberapa wilayah laut yang sangat menarik di Indonesia, salah satunya yaitu laut banda. Laut Banda adalah sebuah laut yang terletak di Kepulauan Maluku, Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi lapisan termoklin dan mempelajari perubahan cepat rambat gelombang suara didalam air khususnya pada area penelitian di Laut Banda. Data CTD bulan Juni 2010 menunjukan kedalaman batas atas lapisan termoklin yang bervariasi berkisar antara 51 – 88 meter dibawah permukaan laut dan ketebalan lapisan termoklin berkisar antara 145 – 225 meter kemudian terjadi perubahan cepat rambat gelombang suara dimana berkisar antara 1500,9 – 1538,7 ms-1. Data CTD bulan November 2014 menunjukan kedalaman batas atas lapisan termoklin yang bervariasi berkisar antara 30 – 95 meter dibawah permukaan laut dan ketebalan lapisan termoklin berkisar antara 185 – 297 meter, kemudian terjadi perubahan cepat rambat gelombang suara dimana berkisar antara 1495,8 – 1537,5 ms-1. Analisa data model menunjukkan kedalaman lapisan termoklin pada bulan Januari – Juni 2014 berada pada kedalaman 50 – 250 meter dengan cepat rambat gelombang suara yang terjadi berkisar antara 1466 – 1506 ms-1. Bulan Juli – Oktober 2014 lapisan termoklin naik dan berada pada kedalaman 5 – 180 meter perubahan cepat rambat gelombang suara berkisar antara 1470 – 1502 ms-1. Pada bulan November – bulan Desember 2014 dimana lapisan termoklin kembali turun dan berada pada kedalaman 50 – 240 meter dan terjadi perubahan pada cepat rambat gelombang suara yang berkisar antara 1466 – 1506 ms-1.
Studi Karakteristik Massa Air untuk Menentukan Shadow Zone di Selat Makassar
Authors: Agustinus Agustinus , Kuswardani A. Rita Tisiana Dwi , Pandoe Wahyu W. , Riyadi Nur
Published: June 2020

Perairan Laut Indonesia memiliki arus yang bergerak dari Samudera Pasifik ke Samudera Hindiadisebut Arus Lintas Indonesia (ARLINDO), ARLINDO membentukkarakteristik massaair yang khas di Perairan Laut Indonesia. Besaran nilai massa air dan ARLINDO mempengaruhi nilai-nilai parameter untuk penentuan Shadow Zone di Selat Makassar. Data CTD 1991, 2005 dan 2015 digunakan untuk menentukan Shadow Zone dengan karakteristik massa air. Metode yang digunakan dengan membagi 3 zona wilayah yang berdekatan dengan memperhitungkan titik ekstrim nilai massa air dan propagasi akustik bawah air. Dari hasil pengolahan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa pada data CTD tahun 1991, 2005, dan 2015 di titik ekstrim maksimum Selat Makassar memiliki nilai massa air salinitas yang tinggi dan ditemukan massa air Eastern South Pacific Central Water(ESPCW). Massa air ESPCW  sangat berperan dalam mempengaruhi propagasi akustik bawah air. Massa air ESPCW  menghasilkan daerah Shadow Zone yang luas berada di lapisan permukaan dan dibawah pancaran sonar sedangkan di titik ekstrim minimum Selat Makassar memiliki nilai massa air salinitas yang rendah dan ditemukan massa air Western South Pacific Central Water(WSPCW). Massa air WSPCW tidak begitu berperan dalam mempengaruhi propagasi akustik bawah air. Massa air WSPCW menghasilkan daerah Shadow Zone hanya berada di bawah pancaran sonar sedangkan di lapisan permukaan cenderung tertutupi oleh sonar.
A prospective comparative study of Proximal Femoral Nailing Anti-rotation (PFNA) and Sliding Hip Screw (SHS) for Per-trochanteric Femur Fracture
Authors: Khan Amer , Ali Muhammad , Tahir Ayesha , Saleem Muhammad , Sarwar Usman , Manzoor Imran
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To determine the functional outcome, operative risks, rate of union, and complication in Per-trochanteric  Fracture fixed with PFNA and SHS.

Material and Methods: The present study has been conducted at Shalamar Medical and Dental College Lahore from January 2018 to December 2018.40 patients with per-trochanteric femur fracture treated with proximal femoral nailing anti-rotation (PFNA)  and Sliding hip screw (SHS) were enrolled in our study.20 patients were treated by PFNA and 20 patients by SHS. Timing of surgery, mobilization status, hospital stay, infection, weight-bearing status, radiological union, complications both technical and implant-related, amount of blood loss(ml), C ARM Exposures, and Harris hip score at the end of 6 months were recorded.

Results: Union was better in the PFNA group (95%) as compared to the SHS group (85%). Complication rate, hospital stay, surgery timing, and requirement of revision surgery were more in the SHS group. The functional outcome was better in the PFNA group as compared to the SHS group.

Conclusion: From our study, we concluded that PFNA is a better alternative than SHS in terms of higher union rates, low complication rates, and better functional outcomes.
Estimation of Final Size of COVID-19 Epidemic in Balochistan Province, Pakistan
Authors: Arif Muhammad , Kakar Aftab , Larik Ehsan
Published: June 2020

COVID-19 is a new disease that is spreading very fast in Pakistan. Cases have been reported from all of the provinces including Balochistan. The first two confirmed cases in Pakistan had travel history by road from Iran to Balochistan, hence SIR model used to predict the magnitude of the disease in Balochistan from May 2020 on wards when lock down and other social distancing measures were loosen up by the government of Balochistan. Our Prediction model shows that about 30,00000 individuals in Balochistan will be infected by 5th of July 2020. Over all 25% of the total population of Balochistan will be affected by this disease with 98% (2940,000 ) recovery rate by the end of 15th July 2020.
Bir Afet Olarak Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin İklim Değişikliği Farkındalığının İncelenmesi: Gümüşhane İli Örneği
Authors: AKBULUT Meryem , KAYA Afşin Ahmet
Published: June 2020

Küresel iklim değişikliğinin afet olarak önemi ve
günümüzdeki en önemli çevre sorunlarından biri olması, bizi küresel iklim
değişikliğiyle ilgili bilime katkı sağlayacak bir çalışma yapmaya yöneltmiştir.
Araştırma kapsamında öncelikle afetlere, ardından küresel iklim değişikliğiyle
ilgili genel bir literatür araştırmasına yer verilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında
ilkokul öğretmenlerinin iklim değişikliği farkındalığını ölçmek için, inanç,
tutum, davranış ve bilgi alt boyutlarından oluşan bir farkındalık ölçeği kullanılmıştır.
Araştırmanın evrenini Gümüşhane ilinde görev yapan toplamda 300 ilkokul
öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama sürecinin sonunda 214 ilkokul
öğretmenine ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri Amos 23 ve SPSS 21 paket
programlarında analiz edilmiştir. Ortaya çıkan sonuçlar Gümüşhane ilinde görev
yapan ilkokul öğretmenlerinin iklim değişikliği farkındalıklarının yüksek
olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum araştırmanın amaçlarından olan iklim
değişikliği farkındalığı yüksek bireyler yetişmesi açısından önem arz
etmektedir. Son olarak tartışma, öneri ve sonuç başlıklarıyla genel bir
değerlendirme yapılmıştır ve küresel iklim değişiklinin önemine dikkat
çekilmiştir.
Lise Öğrencilerinin Para Kavramına İlişkin Algılarının Metaforlar Aracılığıyla İncelenmesi
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Turan
Published: June 2020

Toplumda iş bölümünün gelişimiile birlikte artan mübadele ve yoğunlaşan
ticari ilişkiler takas edilen mallar arasında uyumsuzlukları beraberinde
getirmiş, bu uyumsuzluklara çare olarak insanlar arasında seçilecek bir malın
değerini öbürleri için değer ölçüsü kabul etme eğilimini ortaya çıkarmıştır.
Bir ortak değer bulma zorunluluğu paranın ortaya çıkışına yol açarken tarihsel
süreç içinde paraya ilişkin gelişmelerle birlikte, bireylerin parayı kullanma
ve anlamlandırma biçimi değişmiştir. Bu bağlamda günlük yaşamın hemen hemen her
anında kullanılan paranın bireyler tarafından nasıl algılandığı ve bireylerin para
kavramına yükledikleri anlamların bilinmesi önemlidir. Lise öğrencilerinin para
kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlayan bu
araştırmada nitel araştırma deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırma,lise öğrencilerinin
para kavramına ilişkin metaforik algılarının tespit edilmesine, bilinçli
tüketim bağlamında para yönetimi ve finansal okuryazarlık düzeyinin artırılması
için önerilerde bulunulmasına odaklanmıştır.

Çalışma grubu, sosyo ekonomik özellikleri birbirinden farklı üç farklı
lisede öğrenim gören 256 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Öğrencilerin % 10.93’ü 9.
Sınıfta (n= 28), % 17.57’si 10. Sınıfta (n= 45), % 39.84’ü 11. Sınıfta (n=102)
ve % 31.64’ü 12. Sınıfta (n=81) okumaktadır. Veriler, lise öğrencilerinin,
“Para……. gibidir; çünkü, ……….” cümlesini tamamlamasıyla elde edilmiştir. İlk
bölümde “para” kavramını tek bir sözcükle ifade etmeleri, ikinci bölümde
kullandıkları metaforun nedenini açıklamaları, bir gerekçe ya da mantıksal
dayanak sunmaları istenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde, üretilen bütün
metaforların geçici bir listesi oluşturulmuş, listesi çıkarılan metaforların
belli bir metaforu net bir şekilde ifade edip etmediği incelenmiştir. Tüm
metaforlar ve gerekçeleri incelenerek, ortak özellikleri belirlenmiş ve bunları
temsil edebileceği düşünülen kategoriler oluşturulmuştur. Bulgulara göre, lise
öğrencilerinin, para kavramına ilişkin olarak toplam 104 adet geçerli metafor
ürettikleri, üretilen bu metaforların on kavramsal kategori altında toplandığı
tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada üretilen metaforlar ve bu
metaforlara yönelik olarak geliştirilen kavramsal kategoriler genel olarak
değerlendirildiğinde, öğrencilerin paraya yönelik sahip oldukları algıların
olumlu bir nitelikte olduğu finansal okuryazarlık bağlamında para kullanımı ve
yönetimine ilişkin farkındalık düzeylerinin ise düşük olduğu sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır.
İSKOÇ AYDINLANMASININ TEMEL DEĞERLERİ VE İSKOÇ DÜŞÜNÜRLER HAKKINDA GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: BAYGÜL Sefa
Published: June 2020

Aydınlanmanın Avrupa’yı sarmasıyla beraber Britanya adasıda bu sessiz çığlığa duyarsız kalmamış ve bu serüvene katılmıştır. İngilizlerin kendilerine özgü aydınlanma düşüncesi İskoç Aydınlanması sürecinde etkisini göstermiş olmakla birlikte farklı bir perspektifte eklenerek kendisini göstermiştir. O Döneme İskoçya’da meydana gelen durumlar ise ekonomik, dini ve sosyo-kültürel etkilerle açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında dini temelde meydana gelen Katolik düşüncenin tepkisiyle ortaya çıkan Protestanlık ve buna bağlı İskoçya’da gelişen Presbiteryenizm temelinde dini öğretilerle İskoç felsefesinin yapı taşları anlatılarak başlanıp, daha sonra İskoç Aydınlanması ve buna bağlı gelişen temel değerler şeklinde incelenmektedir. Daha sonra ise İskoçya’nın yetiştirdiği en bilindik isimlerden olan Hutcheson’dan ahlâk temelli öğreti anlatılmaktadır. Sonrasında ise Hume’un temeli niteliği olan Hutcheson’un düşünceleri esas alınarak benzer düşünceleri ve eleştirileri aktarılmıştır. Son olarak ise Smith’in Hutcheson ve Hume’a dayanarak geliştirdiği teoriler ve felsefi kimliği anlatılarak, aydınlanma dönemi sonuç bölümünde değerlendirilmişidir.
Comentario a diez números del Anuario de Investigación de la Comunicación CONEICC
Authors: Gómez Vargas Héctor
Published: June 2020

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Küçük Hücreli Dışı Akciğer Kanseri Tanısıyla Opere Edilen Hastalarda t3n0 Tümörlerin Subgrubuna Göre Sağkalım Analizi Sonuçları
Authors: SAYAN Muhammet , ŞATIR Merve , BAŞ Aynur , ÇELİK Ali , KURUL İsmail , ARIBAŞ Olgun , TAŞTEPE Abdullah
Published: June 2020

Amaç:  Akciğer kanserlerinin 8.TNM evrelemesine göre T3 tümörler heterojen bir grubu içermekte olup çap, aynı lobta satellit nodül ve invazyon (toraks duvarı, perikard, frenik sinir, parietal plevra) sebebiyle t3 kabul edilebilmektedir. Çalışmamızda aynı evredeki (evre IIB) T3 tümör subgrupları arasında sağkalım farkı araştırıldı.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza lokal etik onayını takiben Ocak2010-Aralık 2018 arasında Küçük Hücreli Dışı Akciğer Kanseri (KHDAK) tanısıyla opere edilen ve patolojik evrelemesi T3N0 olarak raporlanan hastalar dahil edildi. Hastalar yaş, cinsiyet, T3 alt grubu, histopatolojik tip, tümör çapı, parietal plevra invazyonuna göre analiz edildi.Bulgular: Çalışmaya kriterleri taşıyan 83 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların 72’ si (%86.8) erkek, 11’i (%13.2) kadındı. Median yaş 62 (36-81) ortalama tümör çapı 4.9 cm (SS:2.1) idi. Uygulanan operasyona göre 45 hastaya (%54.2) lobektomi, 9 hastaya (%12.1) bilobektomi, 14 hastaya (%16.9) pnömonektomi, 11hastaya (%13.2) akciğer rezeksiyonu + toraks duvar rezeksiyonu 3 hastaya  (%3.6) segmentektomi operasyonu yapıldı. T3 alt grubları şu şekilde idi; 38 hastada (%45.7) tümör çapı, 11 hastada (%13.2) çevre doku invazyonu, 7 hastada (%8.5) parietal plevra invazyonu (toraks duvarı invazyonu olmadan) ve 10 hastada (%12.1) aynı lobta satellit nodül ve 17 hastada (%20.5) çoklu- miks sebep mevcuttu. En kötü median sağkalım çevre invazyon alt grubunda 22 ay (7.1-37.0) iken, en iyi sağkalım çap subgrubunda idi.  Fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı idi (p=0.001). Pnömonektomi grubunda sağkalım anlamlı olarak kötüydü (p=0.005).Sonuç: KHDAK’ de aynı patolojik evredeki tümörlerde alt gruplar arasında anlamlı sağkalım farkı görülebilmektedir. Sonuçlar daha çok merkezli ve daha çok hasta sayısı içeren çalışmalarla desteklenirse kanser evrelemesinde ilave faktörler gündeme gelebilir.
Rupture Lung Cyst Hydatid: A Case Report
Authors: USUL Eren , HOKE Mehmet , GÖKÇE Anıl
Published: June 2020

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease that ongoing in visceral organs with cyst formation particularly by Echinococcus granulosus. The primarily effected organ is liver by hydatid cyst while the secondary is lungs. Chest pain, dyspnea, fever, weakness, cough, hemoptysis and phlegm are symptoms of pulmonary cystic hydatitosis in addition patients can be asymptomatic. The clinical symptoms differ to location and size of cyst. Herein, we aimed to report 30-year-old-woman having ruptured pulmonary cystic hydatitosis admitted to emergency department with cough, phlegm, dyspnea and fever.
Epidemiological Research for Who has Ischemic Diseases While Using Effective Oral Anticoagulant Drug
Authors: DİBEK Kadir , ÖZKAN Seda , YILDIRIM Sinan , GENÇ Selim , BURUL ALP Sinem
Published: June 2020

Objective: Many complications can occur while treating the ischemic diseases, also while under treatment some patients have recurrent ischemic diseases. In our study we aimed that to investigate dermographic characteristics, risk factors, and causes for patients, who has ischemic disease while under treatment of oral anticoagulant therapy for any reason and INR levels between 2-3.
Method: The files of patients diagnosed with myocardial infarction, ischemic cerebro vascular disease and pulmonary embolism who applied to the emergency department between 01.01.2014 and 31.12.2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The data of patients with an INR value of 2-3 and using oral anticoagulants were found from the hospital automation system. The data obtained were evaluated with the SPSS 17 Statistical analysis program.
Results: The INR value was determined in 2-3 of 452 pulmonary embolus patients, 24 of 1442 ischemic cerebrovascular patients, and 55 of 1263 myocardial infarction patients. 6 people from 55 patients with myocardial infarction, 3 people from 24 patients with pulmonary embolism and 3 people from 24 patients with stroke had the same disease before. The patients who diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, were seen less frequently received high Wells scores and big vessels embolism in the group with INR levels in treatment range. The patients diagnosed with stroke whose INR levels in treatment range, had atrial fibrillation more frequently. Congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary embolism were found to be high risk factors in myocardial infarction patients with an INR value of 2-3.
Conclusion: As a result, we believe that patients who is under oral anticoagulant therapy, always carrying a risk of ischemic diseases and in this patient group risk factors are different from well known risk factors, so there will be a need for more work on this issue.
Psoriasis Hastalarında Klinik Şiddet, Saçlı Deri Tutulum Şiddeti ve Tırnak Tutulum Şiddetinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÇELİK Şirin , ONSUN Nahide , SU KÜÇÜK Özlem
Published: June 2020

Amaç
Psoriasis deri, tırnak ve eklem tutulumu ile seyredebilen kronik immün aracılı bir cilt hastalığıdır. Cilt lezyonları gerek kaşıntılı olmalarından gerek de estetik kaygı oluşturmalarından ötürü kişinin yaşam kalitesini kötü yönde etkilemektedirler. Yine tırnak ve eklem lezyonları da estetik ve fonksiyonel açıdan kişinin yaşam kalitesini düşürür. Çalışmamızdaki amaç psoriasis hastalarında, saçlı deri tutulum şiddeti ve tırnak tutulum şiddetinin psoriasis cilt lezyonlarının şiddeti ile ilişkisini saptamaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntem
Bu prospektif çalışmaya 2010 ve 2011 yılları arasında psoriasis polikliniğinde takip ve tedavileri devam etmekte olan 18-70 yaş arası toplam 267 psoriasis (plak ve guttat tip) hastası alındı. Klinik veya histopatolojik olarak tanıları konmuş olan bu hastaların hastalık şiddetini belirlemek için psoriasis alan şiddet indeksi hesaplandı. Saçlı deri tutulum şiddeti Psoriasis Saçlı Deri Şiddeti İndeksi ile tırnak tutulum şiddeti ise Tırnak Psoriasisi Şiddet İndeksi skorlaması ile değerlendirildi.
Değişkenler arasındaki korelasyon Pearson korelasyon testi ile, bu korelasyonlar arasındaki fark ise Z testi ile değerlendirildi.

Bulgular
Çalışmaya alınan 267 hastanın 135’i erkek, 132’si kadın idi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 43,64 (18-70) idi. Hastaların 106’sı topikal tedavi, 103’ü sistemik tedavi, 53’ü biyolojik ajan tedavisi, 5’i fototerapi almaktaydı. Hastaların 173’ü plak, 84’ü guttat lezyona sahipken, 10’unun lezyonu yoktu. Hastaların psoriasis alan şiddet değerleri ile Psoriasis Saçlı Deri Şiddeti İndeksi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptandı (p<0,001). Hastaların psoriasis alan şiddet değerleri ile Tırnak Psoriasisi Şiddet İndeksi değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptandı (p<0,001). Ancak hastaların Psoriasis Saçlı Deri Şiddeti İndeksi değerleri ile Tırnak Psoriasisi Şiddet İndeksi değerleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı (p=0,440).

Sonuç
Psoriasis hastalarında hastalığın klinik şiddeti arttıkça saçlı deri tutulum şiddeti ve tırnak tutulum şiddeti artmaktadır. Saçlı deri tutulum şiddeti ile tırnak tutulum şiddeti arasında bir ilişki yoktur.
Innovative logistics as a tool to increase the competitiveness of the polish construction industry
Authors: Cherniavskyi Bohdan , Vazov Radostin
Published: June 2020

The role of logistics and logistic potential in effective development of building branch of economy is investigated in article. The authors focus on the need to actively implement progressive innovations in logistics activities of Polish companies. The innovative approach in the development of the logistics system will contribute to an increase in the level of competitiveness of Poland and increase the efficiency of operation of related sectors of the national economy.
Quantitative methods in the field of economic sciences
Authors: Borowska Maria
Published: June 2020

The usage of quantitative tools for creating the mathematical models of functioning different economic facilities abounds the opportunity for better understanding and acquaintance of the surrounding reality. A lot of thinkers identify even universality of the particular branch of knowledge with the extent of its ‘mathematization’. Applying mathematical methods so called quantitative provide great and not to overestimate services not only in the science research of technique, physics, astronomy, biology and medicine, but also – within the qualitative methods- in the field of social science in the sphere of the control of the quality of production or in the process of service management or decision making. Complex nature of the social and economic phenomena requires making the usage of the most modern means and the ubiquitous computerization significantly confirms the usefulness of these methods. Progressing ‘mathematization’ and computerization of the science forces creating and applying quantitative (mathematical) models including economic science. The model of operating of studied system was considered in two variants. I. when the process of the product delivery to the store represents inclusively the subsystem of production and the subsystem of the transportation – it could be then said that the level of filling the store up is controlled by the aggregated process of the delivery of the product. 

when the process of the product delivery to the store takes into account explicate both the production process and also the operating of transportation subsystem, so it is then the structural process of the product delivery. Both in the aggregated and structural version, the analyses of the functioning of the system was made in three variants of the store filling: intermediate state of the store filling; zero state of the store filling that is lower barrier; the state of full storage of the store, that is the upper barrier. The result of my analyses are two proprietary probabilistic models of system operation which are presented through the system of differential equations both in the aggregated and structural variant. Probabilistic models of functioning of the system in both variants presented throughout the probabilistic model also enable determining sizing prognosis which are characteristic for the functioning of this system. These prognoses are transferred to the unit of the management system and they provide the premises to the streamline of its functioning.

These tools create the basics of theoretical and methodological constructed computer programmes of the informative systems of decision-making support.
Reduction of Liver Iron Load in Adult Patients with β-Thalassemia Major Treated with Modern Chelation Modalities
Authors: Georgiev Pencho G. , Sapunarova Katya G. , Goranova-Marinova Veselina S. , Goranov Stefan E.
Published: June 2020

Background: Management of beta-thalassemia major (TM) requires life-long hemotransfusions leading to iron overload. Iron elimination is enhanced by the use of modern chelators. 

Aim: To assess the effect of modern chelation therapy by dynamics of serum ferritin concentration and liver MRI T2*.

Patients and methods: Forty-six patients with TM (male to female ratio =1:1, mean age 33.2±10.9 years) were prospectively studied between 2011 and 2014. Twenty-one patients (45.7%) were treated with deferasirox, 17 (37%) – with deferiprone, and 8 (17.3%) – with deferiprone in combination with deferoxamine. Ferritin was measured by ELISA. MRI T2* was assessed by Siemens Magnetom Avanto 1.5T. The patients were allocated into 3 groups based on their initial ferritin level and liver MRI T2*. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v. 18 for Windows. Data were analysed by descriptive analysis, analysis of variance and correlative analysis, means were compared using t-test and one-way ANOVA.

Results: In 2011, 9 (19.5%) patients had normal liver MRI T2*; in 2014 they were 17 (37%). The patients with mild grade liver siderosis were 12 (26%) in 2011, and in 2014 they were 14 (30.4%). In 2011, the patients with moderate liver siderosis were 14 (30.4%), and in 2014 – 12 (26.0%). Eleven patients (23.9%) had severe liver siderosis in 2011 and only two patients (4.0%) were diagnosed with the condition in 2014.

Conclusion: A reduction of iron overload was found in all studied groups. This positive effect is attributed to the use of modern chelators and the ease of access to accurate monitoring.
Protective Effect of Flax Seed on Brain Teratogenicity Induced by Lamotrigine in Rat Fetuses
Authors: Kamali Mahsa , Johari Habibolah , Hami Javad
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of flax seed on the teratogenic activity of lamotrigine in the brain of fetuses of rats who had received the drug. In this experimental study, 40 female rats were assigned randomly into four groups and after mating and confirming the vaginal plug, the control animals (group 1) were kept with no intervention, and the other three experimental groups were intraperitoneally injected with respective lamotrigine (75 mg/kg), and 100 and 200 mg/kg of flax seed hydroalcoholic extract. The drug was administered during the organogenesis period. Rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation (one day before term) and fetuses were macroscopically examined, weighed and crown-rump length measured. Fetal brain specimens were processed for H&E and for histological study, using the ImageJ software. Results showed that fetuses of the experimental groups that received lamotrigine had reduced body weight, prefrontal cortical and hippocampal thickness, and pyramidal neurons in the hip­pocampus; Nevertheless, these factors were improved by high-dose administration of flax seed in the experimental group 3 and 4. Our research concludes that lamotrigine negatively influences the development of brain in rats and flax seed has a protective impact on these complications.
Does the Bulgarian Health Care System Need a Health Ombudsman?
Authors: Dzhafer Nigyar , Vodenicharov Tzekomir , Papathanasiou Janis
Published: June 2020

Background: The Office of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Bulgaria (ORB) is an independent constitutional body elected by Bul­garian Parliament in 2005. It serves to protect the rights of all citizens, including the rights of patients, children, people with disabilities, minorities, foreigners, etc. Bulgarian healthcare users complain when they feel that the healthcare system (HCS) has failed their needs or they have been recipients of an inappropriate treatment.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the structure and dynamics of all complaints from Bulgarian healthcare users referred to the ORB over a 13-year period (2005 – 2018).

Materials and methods: Retrospective documental research was used in the present study. The data included the complaints ob­tained from the official annual reports of the ORB that are available online. Bibliographic and documental searches were also used as sources. The complaints were analyzed by their annual distribution and classified by problem areas in the HCS.

Results: Between 2005 and 2018, there were a total of 3288 complaints filed to ORB against HCS. In 2015, 368 complaints were re­ceived by ORB from Bulgarian healthcare users and from various patient organizations concerning problems in the HCS. The filed complaints to ORB increased by 82% in 2016 (n=421). In 2017, the overall number of ORB-referred complaints amounted to 494, and in 2018 their number was as high as 607, which represents an increase by 23% compared to the number of complaints in 2017.

Conclusion: The great number of complaints referred to ORB about the HCS over the last four years strongly suggests that the institu­tion of the Ombudsman in Bulgaria enjoys high confidence among Bulgarian healthcare users.
Genetic Polymorphisms Implicated in Major Pregnancy Complications: a Review
Authors: Dryllis Georgios , Liakou Panagiota , Politou Marianna
Published: June 2020

Pregnancy short- or long-term complications may involve the mother’s health, the fetus’s health, or both. A systematic literature review was performed, including studies up to October 2018 from Medline (PubMed), Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The following inclusion criteria were applied: studies published until 2018 concerning the genetic background of pregnancy complications such as high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, pregnancy loss, endometrial death, placental abruption, premature labor, and intrauterine growth retardation which may render pregnancy a high risk condition.

We identified 164 articles that met the inclusion criteria and reviewed and analyzed them. The results so far are contradictory and the pathogenicity of these pregnancy complications remains unclear. For most of the polymorphisms studied so far, data refer to small studies size but research is on-going.

The identification of genetic polymorphisms with strong correlations with certain pregnancy complications could provide us with useful tools which could be incorporated in diagnostic algorithms that could facilitate early detection and treatment of major pregnancy complications.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection - Lessons from a Clinical Case
Authors: Stoykova Zhivka , Ivanova Liliya , Cvetkova Snejinka , Yordanova Diana
Published: June 2020

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a worldwide spread herpes virus that establishes a latent infection after the primary infection. It becomes a major problem in immunocompromised patients and in cases of primary or reactivated infection during pregnancy. CMV is the most common congenital infection and is the leading infectious cause of sensoneural deafness and cerebral mental retardation.

Aim: Тo raise the attention to the discordance in our knowledge of cCMV infection and the implementation of the knowledge in prac­tice.

Materials and methods: CMV-DNA was extracted from saliva and plasma samples according to the protocol of DNA-Sorb-A, Sacace, Biotechnologies, Italy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using a commercial kit based on the Taq-man principle: Quantitative RT-PCR for CMV-DNA detection (Sacace, Biotechnologies, Italy). The linear range of the CMV Real-TM Quant PCR test is 500-10000000 copies/ml, and the reported sensitivity is 400 copies/ml.

Results: The infant was born with clinical manifestations involving development of hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, anemia, mi­crocephaly and simultaneous dilatation of the brain ventricles. CMV infection was confirmed using modern PCR studies.

Conclusions: This case highlights the need for specific virological/PCR tests to be performed for all children with the least suspected congenital infection, especially when there is an option of a specific treatment.
A revision of the abandoned snailfish genus Menziesichthys with description of a new species (Teleostei, Scorpaeniformes, Liparidae)
Authors: Prokofiev Artem M. , Iftime Alexandru
Published: June 2020

The genus Menziesichthys is revised and re-diagnosed, its type-species, M. bacescui, is redescribed and a new species is described. Menziesichthys shares intermediate morphological characters between the genera Psednos and Rhodichthys. It is unique within all liparid genera in the combination of strongly humpbacked body, uninterrupted infraorbital canal with huge pore openings, relative position of sec- ond nasal pore and nostril, very large gill slits, and diminutive size of adult specimens. A new species, M. alaid, is described from the Sea of Okhotsk off the northern Kuriles. It differs from the type-species (distributed in the southeastern Pacific) in having a lower pectoral-fin ray count, more anteriorly situ- ated anus, minute (vs. well-developed) protrusion at the posterior end of the maxilla and in other minor characters.
First record of the land operculate snail Cyclophorus pfeifferi Reeve, 1861 (Mollusca, Cyclophoroidea, Cyclophoridae) from India
Authors: Sajan Sheikh , Kumari Deepti , Jahan Sonam , Chakrabarty Arghya , Kushwaha Sandeep , Sharma Lalit Kumar , Tripathy Basudev , Chandra Kailash
Published: June 2020

Through the present manuscript, we are reporting for the first time the presence of Cyclophorus pfeifferi Reeve, 1861 in India. Previously, this species of land snail was reported only from South-East Asian countries Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. The specimens were collected during field sur- veys in Dampa Tiger Reserve in Mizoram state, India. The presence of C. pfeifferi in India reveals the range expansion and long-distance dispersal abilities of the species. Here we discuss the taxonomy, ecology and possible routes of dispersal of the species in India.
A note on the larva of Chalcophora japonica chinensis (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) based on morphological characters and molecular data
Authors: Wei Zhonghua , Zhang Liumei , Shi Aimin
Published: June 2020

Larvae of Chalcophora japonica chinensis Schaufuss, 1879 were collected from within dead trunks in Hubei Province, China, in February 2019. These specimens created an opportunity to provide the first description of the larval stage of this subspecies; The larva is described and illustrated based on morphological characters and DNA barcoding.
Taiwanoshaira Lee & Beenen, a new genus and first record of moss-inhabiting Galerucinae sensu stricto (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Taiwan
Authors: Lee Chi-Feng , Beenen Ron
Published: June 2020

Taiwanoshaira Lee & Beenen gen. nov. is described. It represents the first genus of Galerucinae (s. str.) in Taiwan documented to inhabit moss cushions. Shaira chujoi Kimoto, 1982 is transferred to Taiwanoshaira, as follows: T. chujoi (Kimoto), comb. nov. Two new species, T. taipingshanensissp. nov. and T. tsouisp. nov., are described. Adults of T. taipingshanensissp. nov. were observed feeding on the moss species Plagiomnium vesicatum (Besch.) T.J. Kop. (Mniaceae). Microhabitats and distribution of Taiwanoshaira species are discussed.
First description of the male Quelaestrygon puetzi Smetana, 1999 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) from China
Authors: Cai Yanpeng , Li Xiaoyan , Zhou Hongzhang
Published: June 2020

A male of the very rare and phylogenetically puzzling species, Quelaestrygon puetzi Smetana, 1999, is described for the first time based on a single specimen from Sichuan Province, China. High quality color images and line drawings of the male external and genitalic traits are provided.
Des inégalités déconfinées par le coronavirus
Authors: Damon Julien
Published: June 2020

Comme indiqué en ouverture de ce forum (p. 43), le sujet de la crise du Covid-19 et de ses impacts n’est pas près d’être épuisé, et il intégrera progressivement le contexte général d’analyse de nombreux champs d’études. Il nous est cependant apparu important, en ce début d’été 2020, d’ouvrir les colonnes de Futuribles à divers experts pour en évoquer, encore « à chaud », différents aspects, d’ordre économique, social, sanitaire, alimentaire, écologique… Ce deuxième article, de Julien Damon, propose un éclairage sur les inégalités renforcées ou révélées par la crise du Covid-19, au sein de la société française, et celles qu’elle pourrait aussi engendrer dans les mois ou années à venir. La hiérarchie des priorités sociales va-t-elle en sortir bouleversée ? S.D.
Télétravail et croissance économique : une opportunité à saisir
Authors: Cette Gilbert
Published: June 2020

Voici un cinquième article publié dans le cadre de notre forum « Covid-19 : causes, impacts et stratégies », qui vise à ouvrir les colonnes de Futuribles à divers experts pour évoquer, encore « à chaud », différents aspects, d’ordre économique, social, sanitaire, alimentaire, écologique…, de la crise du Covid-19. Gilbert Cette y montre qu’en dépit des difficultés inhérentes à cette crise sanitaire et aux conséquences économiques qui vont s’ensuivre, il existe aussi une opportunité à saisir dans le domaine du travail. En effet, le confinement et la limitation des déplacements ont permis une large extension du télétravail, qui pourrait perdurer par la suite et permettre, à terme, de relancer la productivité économique, qui semblait en phase d’épuisement depuis plusieurs décennies.  S.D.
Covid-19 et comportements alimentaires
Authors: Laisney Céline
Published: June 2020

Pour clore notre forum « Covid-19 : causes, impacts et stratégies », qui vise à éclairer nos lecteurs sur différents aspects de la crise du Covid-19, d’ordre économique, social, sanitaire, alimentaire, écologique…, Céline Laisney, notre spécialiste de l’agroalimentaire, nous propose un éclairage sur ce qu’a induit ou révélé la crise dans ce secteur. Elle montre ainsi que cette crise, qui constitue une véritable rupture pour de nombreux acteurs, a principalement servi d’accélérateur à un certain nombre de tendances déjà en germe s’agissant de l’approvisionnement, de la consommation locale, du bio, des comportements alimentaires, etc. Elle précise ces évolutions et les perspectives que celles-ci s’inscrivent dans la durée.  S.D.
La Terreur, ou comment écrire l’histoire
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: June 2020

Arrivera-t-on à prendre nos distances avec « La Terreur » ? Trois publications récentes invitent à revenir sur cette notion qui est au cœur de nos mémoires et de notre culture, et à lui faire perdre son mystère. La question est plus importante qu’il n’y paraît, n’étant ni simplement érudite voire anecdotique, ni réservée aux spécialistes de la Révolution française. La Terreur est un terme entré dans l’histoire mondiale, même dans la philosophie de l’histoire, pour comprendre le sens de l’Histoire et qualifier des événements survenus sur toute la planète. L’étude de « la Terreur » est donc un cas d’école exceptionnel qui fait réfléchir sur l’écriture même de l’histoire, à sa naissance.
Évaluation des compétences en littératie chez les enfants français de 4-5 ans
Authors: Écalle Jean , Labat Hélène , Thierry Xavier , Magnan Annie
Published: June 2020

Introduction : Très tôt, les enfants d’âge préscolaire développent des capacités langagières dont certaines sont fortement prédictives de l’apprentissage de la lecture. But de l’étude : Cette recherche vise à utiliser un outil court pour évaluer les compétences en littératie. Elle a été réalisée auprès d’enfants de 4-5 ans ( n  = 14 820) scolarisés dans des écoles maternelles publiques (réseau d’éducation prioritaire [REP] et non-REP) et privées en France. L’évaluation a porté sur trois domaines : la connaissance des lettres, les habiletés phonologiques et le vocabulaire, avec un nombre limité d’items. Résultats : Les enfants scolarisés en REP ont des scores significativement plus faibles que les enfants scolarisés dans des écoles hors REP. Aucune différence significative n’est relevée entre les scores des enfants scolarisés dans les écoles privées et les écoles publiques hors REP. Un impact significatif du sexe et de l’âge est observé – le premier en faveur des filles et le second en faveur des enfants plus âgés –, celui du sexe s’estompant chez les enfants plus âgés. Enfin, nous avons examiné la distribution des performances dans les trois domaines chez les enfants ayant obtenu les scores les plus faibles. Conclusions : L’utilisation d’un outil court de repérage des habiletés en littératie précoce permet d’examiner directement chez de jeunes enfants les compétences liées à l’apprentissage de la lecture. C’est aussi une occasion de définir et de coordonner des actions préventives pour réduire les difficultés d’apprentissage de la lecture.
Urinary bladder lipoma: an illustrative case
Authors: Paniagua Miguel , Parra Verónica , De Miguel Enrique
Published: June 2020

Urinary bladder lipomas are rare neoplasms. Therefore, very few of them have been reported in the literature. We present a case that illustrates the typical features that allow radiologists to diagnose this entity: a solid lesion that arises from the urinary bladder wall, showing an endophytic growth and homogeneous hypoattenuation. After its surgical resection, the diagnosis was confirmed by anatomo-pathological analysis. In the discussion we describe other neoplasms that should also be considered when a submucosal bladder neoplasm is detected on computed tomography or other imaging techniques.
A Study on the Usability of Moodle and Blackboard – Saudi Students Perspectives
Authors: Alghafis Aseel , Alrasheed Atheer , Abdulghany Amal
Published: June 2020

Nowadays, e-learning management systems are used in many universities around the world. In Saudi Arabia, universities use several systems such as Moodle and Blackboard. However, only little empirical research has been conducted on Saudi students’ preference for such systems. This study compared the usability of Moodle and Blackboard systems among Saudi university students. Specifically, three comparison metrics have been considered: user interface, download and upload service and materials organization. The results showed that the students preferred Moodle and believed that it is more usable than Blackboard in all studied metrics.
Slow and Steady: Gradual Drawdown of Private Wetlands Supports Shorebirds During Northbound Migration
Authors: Souza-Cole Ian , Arthur Samantha , Jensen Laura , Sesser Kristin A. , Strum Khara M.
Published: June 2020

The Grasslands Ecological Area is the largest contiguous wetland complex in California's Central Valley and is a stronghold for hundreds of thousands of waterbirds. Primarily managed for waterfowl habitat and forage production, landowners of these privately owned seasonal wetlands in the Grassland Ecological Area typically flood the wetlands in the fall and dewater them the following spring in February and March. These wetlands support large populations of nonbreeding shorebirds and other waterbirds in winter. When the number of migratory shorebirds using the region peaks in mid-April, landowners have already dewatered most wetlands. The mismatch in the timing of available habitat and the habitat needs of migrating shorebirds contributes to the observed deficit of shorebird habitat in the Central Valley in spring. Working with private landowners, we developed and tested a wetland management practice designed to increase the amount of shallow-water habitat available to shorebirds in April by delaying the drawdown and reducing water levels more slowly (gradual drawdown) relative to the traditional management practice. On average, we found that wetlands managed with gradual drawdown provided over twice as much shorebird habitat, contributing up to 26% of the overall shorebird habitat objective for the Central Valley. Wetlands managed with gradual drawdown supported up to 21 times more migratory shorebirds during peak migration and a greater number of shorebird species than traditionally managed wetlands. Our results demonstrate the potential of working with private landowners to implement small changes in wetland management that can have a large impact in meeting regional conservation objectives for migratory shorebirds.
Crono-génesis de la historiografía asturiana alfonsina
Authors: Martin Georges
Published: June 2020

Muy al contrario de lo que se afirmó antaño y alguno sigue opinando, la producción historiográfica del reinado de Alfonso III no tuvo los “pobres” y “bárbaros” albores de algún esbozo cronístico “seco”, “frío”, “lacónico” y “oscuro” –ni aun “sencillo” ni “sobrio”–. Tampoco se formó progresivamente, completando con retazos informativos alguna crónica de anteriores reinados. Surgió de golpe, por los años 877-881, con una obra amplia, densa, estructurada, razonada, culta e informadísima a la vez que inventiva, y de ambicioso alcance político: la versión “rotense” de la Crónica de Alfonso III. Sobre esta espléndida base, en el fervoroso scriptorium de la iglesia del Salvador, donde clérigos de procedencia astur, goda o mozárabe colaboraban a su manera en la conquista de un territorio otrora cristiano y en la construcción de la infraestructura gubernativa de un reino en pleno desarrollo, nació primero, en 881, un compendio historiográfico que vinculaba a Alfonso III y a los anteriores monarcas asturianos con los emperadores romanos y los reyes godos. En 883, este entró a formar parte de un memorándum o manual de saberes naturales e históricos que integró la monarquía asturiana en las grandes coordenadas físicas, históricas y culturales del ámbito universal e hispánico. Entre tanto, en el mismo año 883, se había forjado una profecía destinada a afianzar y alentar el impulso reconquistador de Alfonso III. Seguidamente, entre 883 y 890, un historiador regio que tenía a mano el conjunto de los textos conservados o producidos en Oviedo procedió a realzar la dignidad formal de la versión primitiva de la Crónica de Alfonso III, a expurgarla de sus contenidos molestos o escandalosos, y a centrarla más decididamente en la exaltación de la dinastía reinante.
La creación de un nuevo léxico ético y político en la obra jurídica de Alfonso X el Sabio: un breve glosario
Authors: Nanu Irina
Published: June 2020

La obra jurídica alfonsí y, particularmente, las Siete Partidas sientan las bases de un ambicioso discurso político, que propone la traducción e interpretación de algunos conceptos clave de la filosofía aristotélica. El presente artículo analiza el uso de varios términos políticos y morales a la luz de sus fuentes aristotélicas y de su transmisión en Occidente.
Controversias eclesiológicas y eclesiásticas alrededor del arzobispado de Toledo durante la revuelta de las Comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521)
Authors: Rizzuto Claudio César
Published: June 2020

Entre la Edad Media y el Renacimiento, el arzobispo de Toledo era el principal prelado de España y uno de los más importantes de la Cristiandad. La revuelta de las Comunidades de Castilla (1520-1521) fue contemporánea al nombramiento como arzobispo del joven Guillermo de Croy y su prematura muerte, colocando el problema del arzobispado en el centro de la escena. Este artículo se ocupa de las disputas alrededor de la posibilidad de elegir un nuevo arzobispo en medio de la revuelta. Así, podrá mostrarse la convergencia de tradiciones y conflictos alrededor de la elección episcopal.
La translation du Libro del Tesoro de Brunet Latin au cœur des enjeux culturels et politiques sous Sanche IV
Authors: Robert Sylvie
Published: June 2020

Rédigé à Paris entre 1260 et 1267 par Brunet Latin, le Libro del Tesoro est une œuvre à caractère encyclopédique qui traite de l’homme, de Dieu, ou de l’histoire des peuples, mais elle ne peut se résumer à une simple compilation. Le prologue annonce que les trois livres qui constituent le Libro del Tesoro suivent les différentes parties de la philosophie, et le deuxième se centre sur l’Éthique à Nicomaque d’Aristote. Cet ouvrage entend dresser le portrait d’un monarque idéal, juste, savant et sage à travers l’exposition des vices et des vertus. Enfin, le Tesoro réaffirme l’importance du lien à Dieu promu par Sanche IV. On peut donc considérer l’œuvre de Latin comme un véritable manuel de comportement royal, rappelant ainsi la volonté du roi Sanche : asseoir une monarchie forte et chrétienne.
Traduire pour convaincre dans Le Libro de buen amor : les connecteurs en question
Authors: Mencé-Caster Corinne
Published: June 2020

Le présent article entend examiner les rapports entre « traduire » et « convaincre », à la lumière de l’approche pragmatique de la traduction. En se fondant sur la distinction heuristique entre « sens » et « signification », il s’agira d’analyser la manière dont le traducteur-réenonciateur, qu’est souvent le scripteur médiéval, s’y prend pour inscrire dans le texte source les marques de son propre projet d’écriture. Ce faisant, ce traducteur s’essaie à convaincre son lecteur de la pertinence de sa lecture et de la nécessaire actualisation de sa source. La fable du coq et du saphir du Libro de buen amor constituera le corpus de base et sera analysé à partir des connecteurs.
Traduire pour quoi faire ? Arguments justifiant l’utilité de la traduction dans le prologue de l’Ysopete historiado
Authors: Coussemacker Sophie
Published: June 2020

La communication examine les arguments avancés pour justifier la traduction en langue vernaculaire des fables, dans le prologue de l’Ysopete historiado castillan, présent dans plusieurs éditions (1482 à 1496). Il s’agit en fait d’une reprise du prologue inventé par le traducteur allemand des fables ésopiques, Heinrich Steinhöwel. Pour justifier ces traductions, ce dernier évoque la longue filiation de traductions de fables du grec au latin, puis aux langues vernaculaires. Il y ajoute aussi une justification par le lectorat : les fables ne doivent pas être réservées aux seuls princes lettrés, mais doivent servir à éduquer tout un chacun. Cette justification s’inscrit dans un débat qui anima le milieu humaniste, notamment italien, qui n’était pas en soi hostile aux fables, mais à leurs versions vernaculaires « populaires ».