bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘An overwhelming tide of disappointments and vexation’: A Case Study of Reform in Estate Management on the Island of Lewis, 1817–1837
Authors: McKichan Finlay
Published: September 2022

The ownership and management of Scotland’s foreshore has been a matter of a prolonged controversy; rights over the foreshore were contested for much of the nineteenth century, most notably between the Crown and private proprietors, and concerns over how, and by whom, the Crown-owned foreshore should be managed became prominent in the mid-nineteenth century and remain an active issue today. The paper discusses the management during the period between 1833 and the present, and especially the changes brought about by the Crown Lands Act 1866, culminating in the devolution of the Scottish Crown-owned foreshore to the Scottish Government in 2017. The paper shows how the management was switched over the period between various government departments passing successively from the Barons of His Majesty’s Court of Exchequer in Scotland to the Office of Woods and Forests, the Board of Trade, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Shipping and finally back to the successors of the Office of Woods, the Crown Estate Commissioners. A theme runs through the paper: whether the public interest should be the touchstone for how the foreshore should be managed or whether it should be managed so as to realise the greatest amount of revenue that can legitimately be obtained, and how, if at all, these two principles can be reconciled or whether there is an inherent conflict between them; and indeed whether, given the virtual monopoly which the Crown has over the foreshore, its management should be treated in a different way from all the other Crown estate assets.
Public Interest or Profit? The Management of the Crown-owned Foreshore, 1866–2019
Authors: MacAskill John
Published: September 2022

Dr Gavin B. Clark has some claim to be being the most radical member of the UK Parliament in the late nineteenth century. He sat as a ‘Crofter’ MP for Caithness from 1885 to 1900. He was identified as the most extreme ‘Pro-Boer’ and defeated by a Liberal Imperialist in the 1900 election. Clark has left an impressionistic account of his career, ‘Rambling Recollections of an Agitator’, an appropriately entitled series of articles in The Forward, the Glasgow based newspaper of the Independent Labour Party. What emerges from this account is the range of radical causes in which Clark had been involved from the late 1860s until his election to Parliament for Caithness in 1885. His view on the land question, on which he agitated in Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland, was straightforward advocacy of land nationalisation. The chapter looks at Clark's views in their wider context, analyses his publications and parliamentary speeches and other public statements in order to place his views on the land question in relation to his wider demands for social reform.
The Liberties of the Land: Preserving the Commons in England in the Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Cowell Ben
Published: September 2022

In the course of the proceedings of the British House of Commons on 29 March 1847, William Gregory (1816–92), a county Galway landowner and MP for Dublin, proposed a clause to the Irish Poor Law Bill then under discussion as a means of alleviating the distress caused by the onset of Famine. Known officially as the ‘Quarter Acre Clause’, but thereafter more commonly referred to as the ‘Gregory Clause’, after much discussion the proposal eventually passed into law. This contentious clause had a detrimental impact on how the Great Irish Famine played out at a local level and would become a byword for landlord neglect and clearance. Almost as soon as it became law it had the effect of filling the already overcrowded Irish workhouse system and dominated debate both during and after the Famine. Moreover, the clause haunted Gregory and his legacy.
‘The price of our loyalty?’ Ulster Landlords, Tenants and the Northern Ireland Land Act of 1925
Authors: Purdue Olwen
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the particular relationship that existed between 'unbought' northern Protestant tenants and their landlords in Northern Ireland following partition and the creation of the new state. It examines the campaign for land reform, the progress of the Act, and its implications for landed estates in Northern Ireland. By exploring the responses to the Act among northern tenants, many of whom were Protestant unionists, it seeks to highlight the complexity of social, religious and economic relationships in the north of Ireland during the opening decades of the twentieth century.
From Landlord to Rentier: The Wealth Management Practices of Irish Landlords, 1903–1933
Authors: McCarthy Tony
Published: September 2022

By the time the Irish Land Act 1903 (The Wyndham land Act) had run its course in 1919, over 70 per cent (9.2 million acres) of the agricultural land of Ireland, representing 256,735 individual holdings, had been sold to their former tenants creating a new peasant proprietor class, at a cost of £82.2 million. The Act also had a profound effect on the near 5,000 landlords who sold their estates under its provisions, in that they had to transition from a landlord to rentier class whereby they had to live off the returns generated from their investments rather than their lands. This transition generated many problems for landlords and exposed them to great threats. Through the tumultuous inflationary years of the Great War, the deflationary nineteen twenties, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed their family fortunes fluctuated wildly. This essay throws a light on this previously unexplored aspect of Irish history by examining the investment practices and detailed financial records of five landed families who sold their estates under the Wyndham Act.
Pulpit, Mosque and Nation
Authors: Özdalga Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

A historical and sociological analysis of the role of Friday sermons in the nation-building process in modern Turkey.
Since the formation of the Republic in 1923, Friday sermons (hutbes) have been an important platform that allows the state to engage and communicate with the Turkish people. Sermon topics vary from religious and ethical issues to matters concerning family, women, health, education, business and the environment. Even if politics, in the name of secularism, has been banned from mosques and sermons, questions of how to be a good citizen and honour the Turkish nation have been of utmost importance. With an all-pervading sermon theme of social, national and political unity, this book explores how long-standing religious rituals are utilised and mobilised in the formation of modern political loyalties and national identities.
Key features:
- Presents a new field of research, which focuses on the role of Islamic oratory in the nation-building process in modern Turkey.
- Analyses various forms of contents (including a large number of translations from Turkish to English) of Friday prayer oratory.
- Highlights how state patronage conducted through a secular political order has controlled religion, but also how an overpowering state has been challenged by various religious groups and institutions.
- Synthesises three basic analytical dimensions of official Muslim oratory: the religious ritual; political and ideological discourses; and governmental supervision through the official religious institution Diyanet.
Pulpit under Islamist Banner
Authors: Özdalga Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses developments of Friday sermons after the Justice and Development Party, AKP, came to power in 2002. Since then Diyanet has expanded both in terms of its annual budgets and number of personnel. Diyanet has also more and more come to serve the interests of the ruling party itself, increasingly more so as the party has turned more and more authoritarian. Based on various activity reports the chapter maintains that these partisan trends often appear in Turkey’s and AKP’s engagements outside of the country’s borders, in Europe and Syria. However, the enrichment and expansion of Diyanet has not affected the character and quality of the Friday sermons. A policy of decentralization (each province its own committee of sermon writers) during the early 2000s was abandoned and brought back to a production of sermons operated through Internet from Diyanet in Ankara. Thereby, the overall predicament of Turkey’s ambition to unite the nation through a common sermonizing discourse lingers on: sermons aimed at everyone run the risk of being so unspecific and abstract that they end up speaking to nobody.
The Laureate Roles: Three Poets and a Professor
Authors: Varty Anne
Published: September 2022

This juxtaposes the notion of ‘national poet’ which emerged during the Romantic era with the contemporary offices of poet laureate which obtain in post-devolution Britain and Ireland. Today, the idea of ‘national poet’ in the UK encompasses, in tandem with figures from the past, the elected, time-bound, and bureaucratically configured offices of Poet Laureate, Ireland Chair of Poetry, Scots Makar, and National Poet of Wales. The chapter is organised under subheadings of each of these roles. Each section offers an overview of the offices themselves, their formation and inter-relationship. It attends to the way the traditional but unstated ‘English’ nature of the Poet Laureate is affected by the Irish and devolved roles. It gives an account of how Clarke, Duffy, Lochhead and Meehan approached their tenures. It pays careful attention to the anomalous position of Ireland Professor of Poetry which is an academic post.
Carol Ann Duffy: ‘The edge has become the centre’
Authors: Varty Anne
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores Carol Ann Duffy’s negotiation between the margins and the centre of cultural establishment and the way her poetics defy this dichotomy. It pursues the trajectory of her career from 1994 New Generation Poet onwards, and considers how politics (sexual, national, social, familial) are a driving force of her poetry. The section Sincerity considers how her work responds to the political crises of the referenda on Scottish independence and Brexit which took place during her tenure and which feature in her Laureate collection Sincerity along with delicately personal lyric poetry. The section, Aphorisms and Authority, considers the aphorisms about poetry which Duffy articulates in the media throughout her career and which she uses to further the authority of women’s public voice, as well as to support the cultural significance of poetry. The final section, ‘Poetry must always change’, explores Duffy’s invocation of vocal diversity if poetry is to maintain a leading, position in cultural politics.
Brexit and Britannia
Authors: Varty Anne
Published: September 2022

Tensions between and within the four nations of Britain became intensely visible as a result of the Brexit referendum in 2016, made more acute by its coincidence with the centenary of the Easter Rising in Ireland. This chapter considers public poetry and drama by women as they respond to the idea and motif of an outmoded and fracturing ‘Britannia’ under these severe political provocations. It encompasses ‘Threshold’, the poetic address by the new Makar, Jackie Kay, to the opening of the fifth session of the Scottish Parliament, Carol Ann Duffy’s verbatim play, My Country: A Work in Progress, her poem ‘Britannia’, Liz Lochhead’s double bill Britannia Rules, Sinead Morrissey’s collection On Balance, and Medbh McGuckian’s poem ‘Kepler 452B’.
Poetry’s Lyric Call
Authors: Johnson Stephanie L.
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that the polysemy of poetic language opens up rich possibilities for the self and the world. By resisting the aphoristic use of poetic fragments to serve easy moral lessons or neatly packaged vocational itineraries that limit students’ scope of vision, we can introduce students to the creative capacity of language. We can help them navigate ambiguity and identify the significance of a multiplicity of meanings, both for the literary texts that they encounter and for the texts of their own lives. The chapter considers Emily Dickinson’s “I dwell in Possibility,” Mary Oliver’s “The Summer Day,” Reginald Dwayne Betts’s “Temptation of the Rope” and Lucille Clifton’s “won’t you celebrate with me” to model such close reading. By teaching poetry in all its varied, lyrical forms, we can facilitate literary encounters that help students see potentiality in their multiple vocations, value in complexity, and beauty in their lived experiences.
Anti-Racism as Vocational Practice: Reading with Alice Walker, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Edwidge Danticat
Authors: Hasler-Brooks Kerry
Published: September 2022

Literary reading, used as vocation-building both individually and collectively, can enact antiracism. Focusing on significant voices within Black women’s writing, the chapter contends that reading can cultivate antiracist thinking and action, both through an examination of the writer’s personal experience and through textual analysis. Reading calls us to reimagine a world held captive by racism. In personal essays that are simultaneously aesthetic treatises, literacy narratives, and vocation memoirs, Alice Walker, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, and Edwidge Danticat tell and retell their reading stories. Three modes of reading shape these writers’ vocational ethics and, by extension, the vocation-building of their readers: reading as intertextual reflection, reading as social transformation, and reading as global connection. This chapter casts the imaginative work of reading as means to do the vocational work of restoring and remaking the world around us—even a world that privileges white identity and that denies black women in particular a voice.
Translating Vocation
Authors: Paden Jeremy
Published: September 2022

For students of literature-in-translation, the linguistic and cultural nuances that are lost may also be generative places for discovery and transformation. As translators, we emphasize the importance of cultural difference and literary study to broader audiences, expanding the ways we read literature, language and the concept of vocation itself. The challenge of finding a shared vocabulary to speak about vocation can be understood as a problem of translation. Recognizing the richness of difference allows for an expansive lens through which to see how the study of literature in translation and the theory of translation can prompt self-reflection and awareness. This chapter considers vocational discernment through the teaching of literature in translation—primarily Don Quixote and Latin American philosophy—and in doing so addresses the problematic notion of ‘world literature’ as well as the issues presented by variances in national/linguistic traditions. Approaching vocation through the lens of translation illumines the necessity of deep listening to the particularities of self and other. Both stress the importance of context, the need for cultural awareness, respect for the other, and intellectual humility.
Encountering the Archive
Authors: Myers Joanne E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that an encounter with rare books can be a decentring experience for students, one that ultimately yields a new sense of self. It uses the example of a methods course in which students analyse books and their contexts through tactile examination and theories of authorship, cultural production and technology. By recognizing the labour involved in bringing literary works to print, students cultivate humility and a responsiveness to difference as vocational tools. Taken together, the estranging and compelling features of book history can provide a valuable preparation for vocational discernment, which entails a balance: between individual vision and communal context, between aptitude and need, between self and world.
Creative Criticism and the Vital Friction of Otherness
Authors: Maupin Giffen Mare
Published: September 2022

This chapter argues that courses on creative criticism, in which student writers draw their own pieces of creative nonfiction into dialogue with literary texts, introduce students to a vital principle of vocational exploration—namely that the trajectories of our own lives are informed by the others who cross our paths. In the process of writing creative criticism, students experience a version of selfhood in which the self is temporary, dynamic and plural. By juxtaposing their own experiences with careful close readings of texts that add complexity to those experiences, students learn to understand the perspectives of others as uncomfortably generative provocations to shift the focus of their vocational journeys from the worlds they make alone to the worlds they build among and with others.
Community-Engaged Pedagogy, Literary Studies and Vocation
Authors: Egan-Ryan Deirdre
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the impact of community-engaged pedagogy in literary studies through a ‘Literature of Service’ course. Students explore vocation through engaged conversations about social justice and community, both in field placements and in texts. This chapter identifies the habits cultivated by literary studies and shared by community engagement – mutuality, attentiveness and intentional action – and suggests that they lead to greater empathy and capacity for understanding that benefit the common good. At the intersection of literary analysis and storytelling, students find that analysis of the systems that marginalize both fictional characters and real people can serve others through writerly advocacy. In this process, many students embody new writerly voices themselves, which can contribute to their own vocational explorations. Such ‘literature of service’ courses encourage students to understand the relationship between service and story—in narrative, poetry, analytic and advocacy writing—as a means to examine vocation within texts and life.
Burton in Aberdeen and Edinburgh, 1809–49
Authors: Beveridge Craig
Published: September 2022

The chapter commences with the social and cultural influences that shaped Burton’s character and sensibilities before his move to Edinburgh, the Scottish capital in 1830, including his involvement at Aberdeen’s Marischal College with a constituted ‘Society of Writers’ which it is suggested had much in common with the prominent Edinburgh writers associated with Blackwood’s Magazine. Drawing on a surviving manuscript, an account is provided of Burton’s prodigious trek of some 200 miles through the Highlands in 1829 as revealing a romantic sensibility expressed in terms of the aesthetic theories of the Sublime, the Beautiful and especially the Picturesque.
In Edinburgh, Burton is identified as a recurrent figure in a number of partially-overlapping literary groups whose membership included Sir William Hamilton, Thomas Carlyle, Robert Chambers and George Combe. He is also shown as developing a nexus of relationships with leading Radical politicians, newspapermen and administrators, most notably Edwin Chadwick, yet also with a number of the establishment Whig grandees including Francis Jeffrey and Henry Cockburn. His associations are further explored with less mainstream figures such as Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, the novelist Catherine Crowe, Thomas De Quincey, and the painter David Scott, revealing more otherworldly preoccupations within the ‘Modern Athens’.
Utilitarian History
Authors: Beveridge Craig
Published: September 2022

Burton’s scepticism is identified both on early historical sources and on more recent ‘conjectural’ and antiquarian approaches to Scottish history. Allied to an insistence that history be founded on credible facts and inductive reasoning, his approach to events themselves is shown to reflect an admiration for practical thought and actions. This valorisation of ‘practicality’ is traced in a number of instances, particularly in his treatment of political history. The chapter concludes by examining the formative influences shaping these veins of scepticism and practicalism in his work. It is proposed that these relate to Burton’s significant literary endeavours in promoting the work of David Hume and Jeremy Bentham to the Victorian Age as the central modern exponents of utilitarianism; as well as his close relationship with contemporary social reformers, particularly Edwin Chadwick, at a point when they were seeking to move beyond utilitarian theory to champion practical reform.
History and Heritage: The Revival of Scottish National Identity
Authors: Beveridge Craig
Published: September 2022

The book’s biographical approach is summarised as eschewing an account of all that befell Burton, instead focussing on his responses to intense life experiences whether inspiring or traumatic, as revealing his underlying cultural and psychological reflexes.
A summary is provided of the work’s overall conclusions which are viewed as challenging established assumptions concerning Scottish historical confidence in the period. The related negative interpretation of the influence of Walter Scott’s oeuvre is questioned. The reception accorded to Burton’s national History is then related to cultural developments in the second half of the century, particularly the establishment of a range of national art and history museums by the Scottish elites. The characteristics of these elites are viewed as similar to those identified by Benedict Anderson as active in other European nations seeking to assert national identity. The cultural institutions the elites established in Scotland are interpreted in terms of recent scholarship which has identified such ‘assemblages’ of cultural institutions as helping to ‘constitute’ national identity at this time. Given the highly positive reception accorded Burton’s national history in the same period, it is argued they together evidence a revival of national identity founded on a new engagement with the nation’s past.
Development and Cultural Affinities of the Mevlevi Ayin
Authors: Feldman Walter
Published: September 2022

Musical and choreographic processes—termed sama’/sema—were employed continuously from the lifetime of Rumi up until the twentieth century. While certain technical questions of the development of this sema can be be answered more or less empirically, a synthesis of the available sources of highly varied origin and nature, can only yield results that are often more suggestive than conclusive. Some of the earliest bases of the Mevlevi movement seem to have been related both to medieval Iranian Sufi practices, and to the traditions of heterodox Anatolian Sufi groups. Side by side with this movement (and its music) is a symbolic discourse, which was usually written down in the form of poetry. At the same time there was an oral tradition of the meaning of the movements and their connection with the developing forms of the music of the ayin. Most of this oral discourse has left little documentation, but some of the theoretical symbolism was enshrined in poetry. One of the most extensive of these poems is the Turkish “Treatise or Mesnevi Concerning the Mevlevi Mukabele’ written by the Karahisar Sheikh Divane Mehmed Çelebi (d. 1529), which is discussed here at some length.
The Musical Structure of the Ayin
Authors: Feldman Walter
Published: September 2022

Already in Anatolia the Mevlevis had been formalizing their musical ritual, which came to be called a ‘ceremony’ (ayin), with discrete composed sections. The earliest anonymous ayins seem to date from the later 16th century. Hence they are at least a century older than the Ottoman courtly suite or ‘fasıl.’ Although both ayin and fasıl were transmitted orally, the Mevlevis did not share the general Ottoman attitude toward the repertoire of the past. They were more pragmatic and ‘historical,’ and did not totally recompose their older ayins to conform to current musical taste. An important criterion in assessing the relative age of Ottoman compositions is their use of rhythmic cycles (usul). In general after the mid-18th century the usuls often were played at a slower tempo than previously, necessitating a lengthier melodic line. A key point is the appearance of the usul devr-i kebir in the beginning of the Third Selam section of the ayin. An analysis of Third Selams created from the later 16th to the early 19th centuries demonstrates a fundamental shift from a structure of 14/4 in the earlier ayins to 28/4 (or 14/2) in the later ones.
‘Madimak Shall Be Turned into a Museum’: Negotiating the Sivas Massacre through the Built Environment
Authors: Çayli Eray
Published: September 2022

This chapter studies the ways in which the legacy of the Sivas massacre is negotiated through the built environment. On 2 July 1993, hundreds of rioters stormed the streets of Sivas, Turkey, in protest against a culture festival and its participants. They ultimately set ablaze the Madımak Hotel where the festival’s guests were accommodated. Thirty-three of the guests died as a result. The site of the arson attack has since hosted commemorative demonstrations attended by thousands who have demanded that the state turn the site into a memorial museum. While the demand has yet to be met, the pressure it exerted led to the state’s expropriation of the hotel in late 2010, and to the building’s subsequent transformation into the Science and Culture Center. Building on in situ research and archival work, this chapter examines both the commemorative gatherings that take place annually and the consequences of the site’s transformation into the Science and Culture Center. In so doing, it aims to attend to the divergences between how different actors negotiate the attack. The chapter concludes that these divergences have to do more with conflicting experiences of historical time, than with a diametrical opposition between remembering and forgetting.
Ritual, Musical Performance and Identity: The Transformation of the Alevi Zakir
Authors: Özdemi̇r Ulaş
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the change and transformation of one of the twelve hizmets (services) of the Alevi cem ritual, that of the zakir (music performer), in the context of ritual and musical performance and identity. As a part of the institutionalization and standardization efforts of Alevism that began in the 2000s, zakirs became more visible within and outside of the ritual compared with the other hizmets. The cemevi-based institutionalization process of Alevism in the same period influenced the dynamics of this visibility. In 2010, UNESCO added the Alevi-Bektaşi semah ritual to the “Representatives of Intangible Human Cultural Heritage” list and recognized Dertli Divani as a “Living Human Treasure” in the category of zakir. The formal recognition of the semah and zakirs represents an essential development in the name of the Alevi identity, musical performance, and the cem ritual. Exploring the changes in the institution of the zakir provides important clues towards understanding the change of Alevism during the last two decades.
Concluding Remarks: Alevi Agency and Visibility
Authors: Markussen Hege
Published: September 2022

This concluding chapter revisits central themes in the book from the perspective of Alevi visibility. It argues that the quest for various forms of societal visibility is at the core of Alevi mobilization and agency. In Europe, Alevis have gained legal and political visibility in some areas and countries. Recognition of Alevism as a religion and some cases of Alevism being a part of school curricula are direct results of strategic and transnational Alevi mobilization. In present Turkey, the situation for Alevis is worsening with increased social and political polarization and political and legal strategies of keeping the Alevis invisible in the face of the state. These concluding remarks also point out achievements and blind spots in the field of Alevi studies and suggest ways forward to increase the complexities of our understanding of Alevi communities and ensure that Alevi experiences influence the study of modern and contemporary Turkey.
Craftworkers in Nineteenth Century Scotland
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

Craftworkers making fine goods using traditional techniques in wood, stone, metals or textiles, flourished in the nineteenth century, adapting to new technologies, creating new markets and exploiting new cultural devices, such as the great exhibitions, to showcase their wares and culture. But this side of Scotland’s history is conventionally overlooked. The book examines individuals, families and communities of craft workers and their changing experience in town and country. It looks at workplace dynamics and handmade wares shaped by personal consumption not industrial production, with craftsmen and women catering for mainly domestic and often leisure-motivated customers. It is about the ‘things’ that were made and the values they embodied at a time when Scotland became a great industrial powerhouse, but most Scots, be they workers or amateurs, were still engaged in hand making - for income or pleasure and personal and collective creative identity.
Introduction: Craftworkers Today and in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

The timeliness of craft studies introduces the volume, including the current interest in craft theory and the popularity of handmade things today. The chapter then considers the reasons why the nineteenth century craftworker has been side-lined by historians and offers new conceptual approaches based on ‘flexible specialisation’ theory and material culture studies. Scottish craftworkers in the long eighteenth century are considered along with the new craft skills for making fashionable wares that were imported by entrepreneurs and the role of government agencies in supporting individuals and innovations. A case study of the Glasgow Delftfield pottery business is discussed. The importance of London connections is highlighted.
Rural Craft in the Lowlands and Highlands
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

In this chapter attention turns to the rural economy where craftworking was sustained and evolved in a range of sectors, both long established and new. Photographic evidence is used, including images of a wheelwright’s shop and a small Mid-Lothian hamlet c.1890, a photo album of a Highland (Argyllshire) estate in the 1860s showing the people who lived and worked there and portraits of known individuals in workshop settings or with family members. The complexity of individual craftsmen’s lives and work forms the core of the chapter with four case illustrations of a weaver, stonemason, blacksmith and patternmaker. The latter from Ayrshire, emigrated to Canada. Craft profiles in Ayrshire and Ross-shire complete the chapter.
Tourism and Craftwork
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the impact of tourism, which was a significant phenomenon in the evolution of the nineteenth-century Scottish economy giving rise to new crafts and demand for invented ‘traditional’ craft wares. It starts with an exploration of the modern desire to acquire souvenirs and their meaning, followed by an account of souvenirs made in wood, either decorated small boxes – called Mauchline ware - or carved ‘relic’ wood. Pebble jewellery form one case illustration and knitted textiles another along with Orkney chairs. Encouragement of souvenir making on landed estates is considered as is craft souvenir making in towns. Elite landowners are revealed as major supporters of craftworker employment, which dovetailed with encouragement of tourism on their estates.
Exhibiting Craftwork
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

Exhibitions, large and small, showcased artisans and craft wares and were visitor attractions. Their purpose included training, advertising and cultural expression. Board of Trustees exhibitions in Edinburgh are examined as early devices for encouraging new skills. The first big international exhibitions - Edinburgh1886 and Glasgow 1888 - are explored, with a focus on ‘artisan courts’ and ‘ladies industries’ displays. Other forms of exhibition, such as those held by the art-manufactures associations and trades unions or sponsored by elites in small towns, are highlighted. Case illustrations include the celebrated ceramics firm the Dunmore Pottery as well as working displays, such as the Shetland and Fair Isle knitters. The importance of exhibition for the creative identity of craftsmen and women is examined in the final section.
Conclusion: Evaluating the Craft Economy
Authors: Nenadic Stana
Published: September 2022

The final chapter draws the multiple themes together with an assessment of the craft economy, its changing dynamics and successful evolution in parallel with industrialisation and factory production through to the early twentieth century. It starts with David Bremner’s pioneering 1869 industrial survey, which gave prominence to craftworkers within a range of sectors and seeks to uncover the changing rates of craftworker employment, demonstrating through census data that numbers grew over the nineteenth century, particularly in areas like furniture making and in certain regional and urban contexts. The changing character of apprenticeships is explored as is the impact of new technologies such as electricity or motorised vehicles. A brief survey of the impact of the First World War ends the study.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Kyle
Published: September 2022

The opening section introduces readers to the aims and scope of the book. The editor provides Mary Harron’s biographical details to establish the frameworks, themes and contexts in which her projects are produced, such as feminism, Hollywood cinema, and the biopic genre. It concludes with an overview of the remaining chapters.
Charismatic Breadwinner Killer: Gender Power Relations in Charlie Says
Authors: Piercy-Cameron Gemma
Published: September 2022

Gemma Piercy-Cameron explores Charlie Says and the conceptualization of masculinities. Piercy-Cameron argues that Harron incorporates several hypermasculinities within the character of Charlie to convey the severe impact of patriarchy on the young, female characters. The chapter posits that Charlie adopts various masculine gender roles throughout the film, from “breadwinner” to “rescuer/protector” in his efforts to brainwash his followers.
Strategic Uses of Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: September 2022

The cataclysmic upheavals in the Soviet Union during and after perestroika led to an upsurge of nationalism and ethnic conflicts. Not only the communist regime, but the unitary Soviet state exited the historical scene, leaving behind a power vacuum. Politics became a free-for-all: power was up for grabs, and nationalism in various guises – both as a programme for state legitimation and for ethnic mobilisation outside of and against the state –made itself felt on numerous political arenas. This development engendered renewed interest in nationalism studies generally, influencing the interpretation of conflicts also in other parts of the world.
In this book, I do not try to answer the question what nationalism “is”, instead, I accept as a fact that nationalism has become a ubiquitous feature of politics in the modern world. I examine some of the ways nationalism has been used as a political strategy, by whom and for what purposes. I argue that national identities cannot be conjured out of thin air. they have to be based on the cultural reservoirs and historical memories of groups.
Nationalism is mobilisation to promote the interests of an identity group, the imagined community of ‘the nation’. For some members of the nation (however understood), immaterial goods such as the possibilities to practise one’s culture and language may be paramount, whereas others hope to reap more mundane rewards. Precisely in situations when large numbers of people are caught up in nationalist enthusiasm, some may tap into this fervour, basing their careers on it.
The Concept of ‘Rootedness’ in the Struggle for Political Power in the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: September 2022

The chapter employs the ‘sons of the soil’-theory which Myron Weiner developed in the 1970s and applies it to three former Soviet political units: Kazakhstan, Bashkortostan, and Tatarstan. In the Soviet Union, each federal unit was named after a particular ethnic group, the ‘titulars’. During perestroika and after independence, these groups presented themselves as ‘rooted’ in the territory: Since they allegedly ‘arrived there first’ they are in a sense the ‘owners’ of the state. This seems to have been a successful strategy which gave the titulars considerable legitimacy and power. The titular elites managed to a surprising degree to dominate public life and prestigious sectors of the job market, also when their share of the population was low (even down to one third). All the while, political stability and social peace was retained. ‘Rootedness’ was successfully applied to provide the titular population with political hegemony and a competitive edge on the labour market – but, in contrast to cases of ‘sons of the soil’-conflicts elsewhere – without unleashing any violence. An important reason seems to be that the ‘non-rooted’ part of the population accepted, albeit often with fists clenched in the pockets, that the state did indeed ‘belong’ to the locals.
Antemurale Thinking as Historical Myth and Ethnic Boundary Mechanism in Eastern Europe
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: September 2022

The chapter builds on Fredrik Barth’s theory of ethnic boundaries and my own elaboration of this theory into a typology of historical myths as boundary-creating mechanisms. According to this theory, the boundary between groups is the locus of identity formation and differentiation. These boundaries are rarely something ‘out there’: they are typically located in the minds of the beholders. Groups create myths about themselves and others to show that ‘we’ are different from ‘them’. One such myth is the myth of being antemurale: We are a smaller group which occupies a frontier territory of a larger civilization confronted by hostile aliens ‘outside the gates’. I trace this self-perception as a major boundary-creating mechanism in the relationships of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Georgians vis-à-vis Russia. This myth presents these groups as the frontline defenders of a larger (European) civilization against outside ‘non-European’ Russians.
Historically, antemurale ideology has been based on religious differences. What makes the post-Soviet cases special is the fact that all the examined groups traditionally belong to the same religion -- Eastern Orthodoxy. Therefore, we ought to look for the dynamics behind it in other mechanisms, which I find in power relations: weak nations confronting a stronger, threatening neighbor.
The St George Ribbon and the Immortal Regiment: New Symbols and Rituals in Russian Regime-Legitimation
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses one particularly successful application of nationalism in Putin’s nation-building and regime legitimation strategy: the invention of the tradition of the Ribbon of St George, promoted as a symbol of Russia’s victory in the Second World War. From a modest start in 2005, the Ribbon ‘action’ has become a major event, involving millions of participants in various activities in the weeks leading up to Victory Day, 9 May. The new Ribbon tradition has been interwoven with another recently created ritual, the ‘Immortal Regiment’, where descendants of deceased war veterans walk through Russian cities carrying photographs of their loved ones.
I begin by discussing the role of symbols in nation-building theory (Anthony Cohen, Gabriella Elgenius, David Kertzer and others), and then chronicle the short but eventful history of the Ribbon of St George in Russia, focusing on its capacity to unite the population. I discuss why this particular symbol was chosen, by whom, and why and how its meaning is constantly changing. Further, I show how the Ribbon symbol is manipulated by the authorities for regime legitimation.
Crimea versus Donbas: Russian Nationalist Reactions
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses how the nationalist segment of the Russian public engaged in attempts to interpret and evaluate the fast-changing Ukrainian scene after the Euromaidan revolution and the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. Before the impact of the Crimean takeover could be fully digested, insurrections broke out in the Donbas, soon escalating into full-fledged war, with thousands of casualties. Images on Russian TV of maimed Russian-speakers and devastated East Ukrainian towns and hamlets made a tremendous impact on viewers in Russia who engaged in the classical Russian debate ‘Who is to blame’?
The Crimean annexation was justified in the Kremlin by a novel – and fleeting – use of nationalist rhetoric. This rhetoric initially paid off well, boosting Putin’s popularity ratings to unprecedented levels and endearing him to virtually all Russian nationalists. Putin could present himself as the foremost defender of ethnic Russians abroad and of Russia’s national interests. However, despite the initial euphoria, the war in Eastern Ukraine proved to antagonise the nationalist segment of the Russian public which had been won over by the Kremlin only months earlier.
In the Shadow of the Forms: The Sunset Limited as Educational Encounter
Authors: O'Connor Patrick
Published: September 2022

Analyzing McCarthy’s The Sunset Limited is essential to my thesis as the play provides a nominal polar opposition between two distinct philosophical traditions. The Sunset Limited is therefore important for understanding the philosophical dimension of McCarthy’s oeuvre, since the play demonstrates his distinctive literary strategy of viewing humans as placed between spiritualism and materialism, matter and meaning, despair and hope. The play’s two central protagonists (Black and White) represent opposing forces of the theological and religious, and the rational and materialist. This chapter argues that the apparent educational asymmetry of the two characters in fact reveals a more profound solidarity, albeit a solidarity tragically forsaken. Furthermore, I also examine how the play adopts Platonic themes. While I argue that McCarthy falls short of a full-throated Platonism, I do find evidence in the text of how both characters educate each other beyond competing and antagonistic opinions
Anti-Matters: Mortal Ethics in The Road
Authors: O'Connor Patrick
Published: September 2022

My argument in this chapter is that there is an unambiguous material ethics on display in The Road. While McCarthy is not offering a naive materialist reductionism, there is a sense that human endeavour is caught up in the wider material processes of the world. In a direct reversal of a theological cosmos, the characters of the novel participate in the broader material dissolution of the universe. The consequences of this strange anti-metaphysics allow us to grasp more clearly the philosophical, ethical, and political imaginary of The Road. This is particularly evident in relation to questions of structure, memory, and a suspicion of community. The chapter concludes by explaining how The Road depicts a radical difference between those entrenched in cults and communities and those who are refugees, those without borders, those without walls.
THE APPLICATION OF RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE IN CHINA’S RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN CIVIL AND COMMERCIAL JUDGMENTS
Authors:   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China, YUE QIANG , QIAN YIQING
Published: September 2022

With the increase of transnational economic and trade as well as civil and commercial exchanges, the importance of the recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments between countries has become more and more pronounced. The reciprocity principle is an important basis for recognition and enforcement, and China has adopted a relatively single, strict standard of de facto reciprocity in judicial practice. However, China has taken a proactive approach to the application of reciprocity, promptly following the precedents set by foreign courts on recognition and enforcement, and has introduced a series of judicial policies to promote the flexible and liberal application of the reciprocity principle. It has also summarized and clarified the thinking on the adjudication of the reciprocity principle, promptly responding to difficulties and irregularities in practice and showing good prospects for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in China. China still needs to establish the rules for the application of the reciprocity principle in the form of law, regulate judicial operations more, and dovetail with international conventions and bilateral judicial assistance treaties to establish a sound system for the recognition and enforcement of foreign civil and commercial judgments and better promote the circulation of global judgments.
CIRCUMSTANCES SUBJECT TO PROOF IN THE COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS ON AN APPLICATION, CONSIDERATION AND RESOLUTION OF PETITIONS FOR THE DETENTION OF SUSPECTS ACCUSED OF BEING PLACED IN CUSTODY
Authors:   Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation, KALINKINA LYUBOV
Published: September 2022

Purpose of the study. The article deals with the problems of legal regulation and practice of proof in the production of an application, consideration and resolution of petitions for the conclusion of suspects accused in custody. Conclusions. Detention is the most severe measure of restraint in the Russian criminal process. Its severity dictates the need for a correct definition of the subject and limits of production for its application. The limits of the above proceedings should be determined by the scope and content of the application for the application of detention. In particular, specific information about the involvement of a person in a committed crime, for which he is suspected or charged, data characterizing the identity of the suspect, the accused with their documentary confirmation attached to the same petition, the motives of why in relation to a particular suspect, the accused other, milder preventive measures, data indicating the existence of the provisions of Art. 97 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation on grounds for choosing preventive measures, on the special complexity of a criminal case, on the effectiveness of organizing a preliminary investigation, etc.
Specification-driven acceptance criteria for validation of biopharmaceutical processes
Authors: Marschall Lukas , Taylor Christopher , Zahel Thomas , Kunzelmann Marco , Wiedenmann Alexander , Presser Beate , Studts Joey , Herwig Christoph
Published: September 2022

Intermediate acceptance criteria are the foundation for developing control strategies in process validation stage 1 in the pharmaceutical industry. At drug substance or product level such intermediate acceptance criteria for quality are available and referred to as specification limits. However, it often remains a challenge to define acceptance criteria for intermediate process steps. Available guidelines underpin the importance of intermediate acceptance criteria, because they are an integral part for setting up a control strategy for the manufacturing process. The guidelines recommend to base the definition of acceptance criteria on the entirety of process knowledge. Nevertheless, the guidelines remain unclear on how to derive such limits. Within this contribution we aim to present a sound data science methodology for the definition of intermediate acceptance criteria by putting the guidelines recommendations into practice (ICH Q6B, 1999). By using an integrated process model approach, we leverage manufacturing data and experimental data from small scale to derive intermediate acceptance criteria. The novelty of this approach is that the acceptance criteria are based on pre-defined out-of-specification probabilities, while also considering manufacturing variability in process parameters. In a case study we compare this methodology to a conventional +/- 3 standard deviations (3SD) approach and demonstrate that the presented methodology is superior to conventional approaches and provides a solid line of reasoning for justifying them in audits and regulatory submission.