bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Diorganotin(IV) Complexes Bearing Binary Schiff‐Bases and Crystal Structure of nBu2SnL1
Authors: Wang Qibao , Ding Ruifang , Wang Ning , Zhang Daodong , Li Jikun
Published: October 2009

Four novel diorganotin(IV) complexes with general formula R2SnL (R = nBu, PhCH2) were synthesized from diorganotin dichlorides and binary Schiff‐bases (H2L) containing N2O2 donor atoms in the presence of sodium ethoxide. The Schiff bases were prepared by reactions of o‐phenylenediamine with 3‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzaldehyde (H2L1) and salicylaldehyde (H2L2) respectively. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The solid‐state crystal structure of the compound nBu2SnL1 was determined by single‐crystal structural analysis.
Impact of Preoperative Bevacizumab on Complications After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases: Case‐Matched Control Study
Authors: Mahfud Mahfud , Breitenstein Stefan , El‐Badry Ashraf Mohammad , Puhan Milo , Rickenbacher Andreas , Samaras Panagiotis , Pessaux Patrick , Lopez‐Ben Santiago , Jaeck Daniel , Figueras Joan , Alain‐Clavien Pierre
Published: October 2009

Background

Chemotherapy may increase postoperative morbidity and mortality after liver surgery. Especially bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), could have a detrimental effect. To assess the impact of neoadjuvant bevacizumab on clinical outcome after hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) this case‐matched control study was initiated.

Methods

The multicentric data collection was performed in the Swiss HPB Center of the University Hospital Zurich (CH), the Department of Digestive Surgery and Transplantation Strasbourg (F), and the Division of Hepato‐biliary‐pancreatic surgery of “Josep Tureta” Hospital Girona (E). Consecutive patients operated onbetween July 2005 and December 2007 due to CRLMs who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were assessed. Patients were divided in two groups: group A had neoadjuvant chemotherapy with bevacicumab, and group B had it without bevacizumab.

Results

No differences in overall morbidity (56 vs. 40% in the bevacizumab and control groups, respectively, p = 0.23) or mortality could be documented. Similarly, the incidence of severe postoperative complications was not statistically different between the bevacizumab and control groups (31 and 18%, respectively, p = 0.31). Wound complications were comparable (11% in the bevacizumab group compared and 9% in the control group, p = 1.00). However, bevacizumab was associated with a significantly decreased incidence of postoperative hepatic insufficiency (7 vs. 20%, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

No impact on the incidence or severity of complications by bevacizumab could be shown. Bevacizumab may even reduce the incidence of liver failure after liver surgery.
Eight‐Year Experience with Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery
Authors: Iribarne Alexander , Karpenko Anna , Russo Mark J. , Cheema Faisal , Umann Tianna , Oz Mehmet C. , Smith Craig R. , Argenziano Michael
Published: October 2009

Background

Over the past decade, minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) has emerged as an accepted approach for the management of cardiac disease that requires a surgical solution. We report the results of an 8‐year, single‐institution experience with MICS.

Methods

Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2007, a total of 910 patients underwent MICS. Major cases included aortic valve procedures (71, 7.8%), coronary artery bypass grafting (96, 10.5%), atrioseptal defect repair (103, 11.3%), and mitral valve procedures (507, 55.7%). Major outcomes of interest included the complication and mortality rates.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 57 ± 15 years; the mean ejection fraction was 55% ± 11%; and the mean body mass index was 26.1 ± 4.9. Overall, 782 cases (85.9%) were performed through a mini‐thoracotomy. Most of the cases were accomplished through central cannulation (765, 84.0%), and venous drainage was most commonly performed in a bicaval fashion (percutaneous superior vena cava and percutaneous inferior vena cava). The mean aortic cross‐clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times were 58.1 ± 44.9 and 101.9 ± 66.8 min, respectively. Conversion to full sternotomy occurred in 10 patients, and the median length of stay in hospital was 6 days. The overall complication rate was 8.8%, and the 30‐day mortality rate was 2.9%. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with in‐hospital complications included age, CPB time, arterial cannulation location, conversion from off‐CPB to on‐CPB, hepatic insufficiency, and diabetes. In the multivariate hazards regression analysis, risk factors associated with mortality included postoperative stroke, renal failure, and sternal wound infection; CPB time; and previous surgery.

Conclusions

In our experience, minimally invasive approaches are effective and reproducible for a variety of cardiac operations, with acceptable operating time durations, morbidity, and mortality.
The Importance of the Community Context in the Epidemiology of Early Adolescent Substance Use and Delinquency in a Rural Sample
Authors: Chilenski Sarah M. , Greenberg Mark T.
Published: October 2009

Considerable research has demonstrated that substance use and delinquency during early adolescence can have long‐term negative health consequences. As the correlates of these behaviors cross levels and contexts, it is likely that a social ecological approach will provide insight to inform community prevention. This approach informs the present study, which focuses on developing a multiple‐method measurement strategy to examine associations among community risks, resources, and rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency in 28 rural and small town communities. Measures include five domains of community risk, four domains of community resources, and population rates of early adolescent substance use and delinquency. Results demonstrated that several measures of context were significantly associated with community rates of adolescent substance use and delinquency, and different risks and resources appear important for different outcomes. Multiple associations were curvilinear, and interactions may also be important. Findings suggest that it may be worthwhile to create and test new intervention strategies that target community factors in the pursuit of prevention.
African‐American Women's Conceptualizations of Health Disparities: A Community‐Based Participatory Research Approach
Authors: Baffour Tiffany D. , Chonody Jill M.
Published: October 2009

Health disparities among African‐American families represent a significant social problem. Nationally, African‐American infants have dramatically worse birth outcomes than other racial and ethnic groups. A Community‐Based Participatory Research approach was utilized to engage community residents. This study examined participants' definitions of infant mortality, views on the community impact of infant mortality, and strengths and vulnerabilities in the health care service delivery system. Qualitative data were gathered in a rural North Florida community where health education groups are conducted. Eight focus groups were arranged with African‐American women (n = 46), ranging in age from 14 to 35, who were pregnant, parenting children under the age of two. Respondents poignantly described personal experiences of loss associated with infant mortality. They indicated awareness of problems related to lack of accessibility and availability of medical and social services. The use of social‐ecological theory and implications for policy and social justice are discussed.
Area‐Based Socioeconomic Characteristics of Industries at High Risk for Violence in the Workplace
Authors: Ta Myduc L. , Marshall Stephen W. , Kaufman Jay S. , Loomis Dana , Casteel Carri , Land Kenneth C.
Published: October 2009

This study examined socioeconomic factors associated with the presence of workplaces belonging to industries reported to be at high risk for worker homicide. The proportion of 2004 North Carolina workplaces in high‐risk industries was computed following spatial linkage of individual workplaces to 2000 United States Census Block Groups (n = 3,925). Thirty census‐derived socioeconomic variables (selected a priori as potentially predictive of violence) were summarized using exploratory factor analysis into poverty/deprivation, human/economic capital, and transience/instability. Multinomial logistic regression models indicate associations between higher proportion of workplaces belonging to high‐risk industries and Block Groups with more poverty/deprivation or transience/instability and less human/economic capital. The relationship between human/economic capital and Block Groups proportion of high‐risk industry workplaces was modified by levels of transience/instability. Community characteristics therefore contribute to the potential for workplace violence, and future research should continue to understand the relationship between social context and workplace violence risk.
Sequence and Timing of Three Community Interventions to Domestic Violence
Authors: Hovmand Peter S. , Ford David N.
Published: October 2009

Community responses to domestic violence typically involve the introduction of multiple interventions. Yet very little is known about the impact of the timing and sequencing of these interventions on community outcomes. A reason for this is the inherent limitations of traditional methods in social science. New methods are needed to understand the effect of varying the sequence and timing of interventions. This study responds to the issue by introducing system dynamics as a method for modeling community interventions. The paper presents a model of domestic violence cases moving through a criminal justice response, and uses the simulation model to evaluate the impact of implementing three interventions—mandatory arrest, victim advocacy, and changes in level of cooperation—on two system‐level outcomes: improving offender accountability and increasing victim safety. Results illustrate the complex nature of these relationships. Implications for community practice and future research are also discussed.
Researching a Local Heroin Market as a Complex Adaptive System
Authors: Hoffer Lee D. , Bobashev Georgiy , Morris Robert J.
Published: October 2009

This project applies agent‐based modeling (ABM) techniques to better understand the operation, organization, and structure of a local heroin market. The simulation detailed was developed using data from an 18‐month ethnographic case study. The original research, collected in Denver, CO during the 1990s, represents the historic account of users and dealers who operated in the Larimer area heroin market. Working together, the authors studied the behaviors of customers, private dealers, street‐sellers, brokers, and the police, reflecting the core elements pertaining to how the market operated. After evaluating the logical consistency between the data and agent behaviors, simulations scaled‐up interactions to observe their aggregated outcomes. While the concept and findings from this study remain experimental, these methods represent a novel way in which to understand illicit drug markets and the dynamic adaptations and outcomes they generate. Extensions of this research perspective, as well as its strengths and limitations, are discussed.
Examining the Etiology of Childhood Obesity: The IDEA Study
Authors: Lytle Leslie A.
Published: October 2009

The prevalence of childhood obesity is of great public health concern. A social ecological framework that is transdisciplinary and multilevel by nature is recognized as the most promising approach for studying this problem. The purpose of this paper is to describe longitudinal research using a social ecological framework to study the etiology of childhood obesity. Individual and contextual factors are assessed in a cohort of youth and their parents including psychosocial factors, and home, school and neighborhood environments. The conceptual model guiding the research and the study design and measures used to operationalize the factors in the model and the descriptive characteristics of the baseline sample of youth and parents enrolled in the research are presented. The use of a conceptual model to guide the research, a transdisciplinary approach, a longitudinal cohort design and state‐of‐the‐art measures of the individual and the environment are strengths of this research.
Local Food Environments: They're All Stocked Differently
Authors: Freedman Darcy A.
Published: October 2009

The obesity epidemic has widened the aims of prevention research to include the influence of local food environments on health outcomes. This mixed methods study extends existing research focused on local food environments by examining whether community members' find food accessible. Data from food store audits and one‐on‐one interviews were analyzed. Results reveal that most of the food stores surrounding the three research sites were convenience stores and non‐chain grocery stores; interviewees did not perceive these stores to be “real” food stores. Tobacco and alcohol products were more prevalent in the food stores than all varieties of milk, fresh fruits, or fresh vegetables. Food access varied by site in a manner that was designed to appeal to customers' race, class, gender, or environment. Findings reveal that local food environments are reflections of social hierarchies. Unraveling the politics of space ought to be a part of broader efforts to promote the public's health.
Multiple Psychological Senses of Community in Afghan Context: Exploring Commitment and Sacrifice in an Underground Resistance Community
Authors: Brodsky Anne E.
Published: October 2009

The study of positive outcomes associated with strong psychological sense of community (PSOC) has grown worldwide. Yet most research explores PSOC as a uni‐dimensional (positive) variable operating in a single referent community. Theoretical and empirical literature has suggested, however, that PSOC can be positive, neutral or negative (Brodsky in J Commun Psychol 24(4):347–363,1996; Brodsky et al. in Psychological sense of community: Research, applications and implications. Kluwer, New York2002) and since people live in multiple physical and relational communities, there may be multiple PSOCs (M‐PSOC) operating simultaneously and interactively (Brodsky and Marx in J Commun Psychol 29(2):1–18,2001). This paper explores the operation of M‐PSOC in the lives of Afghan women, and male supporters, who belonged to a resistance organization before, during and after the Taliban regime. Decisions to join and stay in this community can be explained, in part, through the differentiation of positive, organizational‐level PSOC from negative, macro‐community‐level PSOC. In addition, M‐PSOC suggests unique cultural meanings of the terms “community” and “choice.” Findings have implications for cross‐cultural community work and for fostering resilient sub‐communities in the face of macro and societal‐level risks and oppression.
Mental Health Risk and Social Ecological Variables Associated with Educational Attainment for Gulf War Veterans: Implications for Veterans Returning to Civilian Life
Authors: Smith-Osborne Alexa
Published: October 2009

This study examines how post‐secondary educational attainment among young veterans of the first gulf war affects their mental health status. The all‐volunteer military attracts recruits by offering them veterans' educational benefits. Education should help veterans adjust to civilian life. Few studies have shown whether education following military service helps improve veterans' mental health, however. Viewing resiliency, life span and life course, and social geography theories through the lens of social ecology, it is hypothesized that selected contextual factors in the personal, interpersonal, and organizational domains could mediate or moderate the relationship between education and veterans' mental health. Informational social networks showed an association with obtaining mental illness treatment. Recent treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed an association with use of veterans' educational benefits. Residing with a small nuclear family in conjunction with having higher levels of health and educational benefits and a higher family income was associated with higher educational attainment.
Lysosomal degradation of membrane lipids
Authors: Kolter Thomas , Sandhoff Konrad
Published: October 2009

The constitutive degradation of membrane components takes place in the acidic compartments of a cell, the endosomes and lysosomes. Sites of lipid degradation are intralysosomal membranes that are formed in endosomes, where the lipid composition is adjusted for degradation. Cholesterol is sorted out of the inner membranes, their content in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate increases, and, most likely, sphingomyelin is degraded to ceramide. Together with endosomal and lysosomal lipid‐binding proteins, the Niemann–Pick disease, type C2‐protein, the GM2‐activator, and the saposins sap‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and ‐D, a suitable membrane lipid composition is required for degradation of complex lipids by hydrolytic enzymes.
Modeling membrane shaping by proteins: Focus on EHD2 and N‐BAR domains
Authors: Campelo Felix , Fabrikant Gur , McMahon Harvey T. , Kozlov Michael M.
Published: October 2009

Cellular membranes are highly dynamic, undergoing both persistent and dynamic shape changes driven by specialized proteins. The observed membrane shaping can be simple deformations of existing shapes or membrane remodeling involving fission or fusion. Here we describe several mechanistic principles by which membrane shaping proteins act. We especially consider models for membrane bending and fission by EHD2 proteins and membrane bending by N‐BAR domains. There are major challenges ahead to understand the general principles by which diverse membrane bending proteins act and to understand how some proteins appear to span multiple modes of action from driving curvature to inducing membrane remodeling.
Membrane protein assembly into Nanodiscs
Authors: Bayburt Timothy H. , Sligar Stephen G.
Published: October 2009

Nanodiscs are soluble nanoscale phospholipid bilayers which can self‐assemble integral membrane proteins for biophysical, enzymatic or structural investigations. This means for rendering membrane proteins soluble at the single molecule level offers advantages over liposomes or detergent micelles in terms of size, stability, ability to add genetically modifiable features to the Nanodisc structure and ready access to both sides of the phospholipid bilayer domain. Thus the Nanodisc system provides a novel platform for understanding membrane protein function. We provide an overview of the Nanodisc approach and document through several examples many of the applications to the study of the structure and function of integral membrane proteins.
Value for Money: Health System Efficiency and Preferences for Health Care
Authors: Kotzian Peter
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Health expenditure is influenced by health system efficiency, but it is also the result of societal decisions and preferences. Existing cross-national efficiency evaluations often do not fully take this into account, misinterpreting differences in preferences as differences in efficiency. This article estimates health system efficiency by taking preferences fully into account. The empirical findings confirm the theoretical argument, that omitting preferences leads to biased efficiency estimates. Countries and health systems differ with regard to health expenditure not so much because their institutional setting affects their efficiency, but because preferences and demands of their “customers” differ.

Résumé. L'efficacité du système de santé influe, certes, sur les dépenses de soins de santé, mais celles-ci sont également le résultat des décisions et des préférences de la société. Souvent, les évaluations transnationales existantes de l'efficacité du système de santé ne tiennent pas pleinement compte de ce facteur et prennent des différences de préférences pour des différences d'efficacité. Cet article évalue l'efficacité des systèmes de santé en tenant pleinement compte des préférences. Les données empiriques confirment l'argument théorique voulant que l'omission des préférences mène à des estimations d'efficacité déformées. Les dépenses de soins de santé varient d'un pays et d'un système à l'autre, non pas tant parce que leur cadre institutionnel influe sur l'efficacité, mais plutôt parce que les préférences et les demandes de leurs «clientèles» varient.
Constituency Influence in Parliament
Authors: Soroka Stuart , Penner Erin , Blidook Kelly
Published: October 2009

Abstract.“Dyadic representation” has received considerable attention in the US, but much less attention in parliamentary systems where party discipline strongly limits representatives' capacity for individual action. A link between the legislative behaviour of representatives and the preferences of their geographic constituencies may nevertheless exist outside the US, however, particularly in single member plurality systems where the “electoral connection” is strong. This paper tests for evidence of this dyadic relationship in Question Period in the Canadian Parliament, across three policy domains: defense, debt and taxes, and welfare. As anticipated, there is evidence of dyadic representation in Canada. Results are discussed as they pertain to the comparative study of legislative institutions and political representation.

Résumé.La «représentation dyadique» a reçu une attention considérable aux États-Unis, mais elle est beaucoup moins étudiée au sein des démocraties parlementaires où la discipline de parti limite fortement la marge de manœuvre des élus. Malgré tout, le lien entre le comportement politique des élus et les préférences de leurs commettants demeure important ailleurs qu'aux États-Unis, mais particulièrement dans les systèmes électoraux pluralitaires où la «connexion électorale» est forte. Cet article s'intéresse à cette représentation dyadique dans le cadre de la période des questions au Parlement canadien et plus particulièrement pour les trois enjeux suivants : la défense nationale, la politique fiscale et les services sociaux. Tel qu'attendu, la représentation dyadique semble se confirmer au Canada. Les résultats des analyses statistiques sont discutés et apportent un éclairage original sur l'étude comparée des institutions législatives et de la représentation politique.
Deliberative Democratic Practices in Canada: An Analysis of Institutional Empowerment in Three Cases
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Fuji
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Analyzing three timely Canadian cases, this article develops an important relationship between the theory and practice of deliberative democracy. The Canadian Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO), Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSP), and Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) recently held consultative initiatives appearing to seek the democratic empowerment of citizens. In each case, we see institutional features of deliberative democracy. But only the TCHC's participatory budgeting process begins to fulfill the promise of deliberative empowerment, that is, inclusive, informed, and equal public deliberation focused on a common good at the policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation stages. Why is the case of the TCHC characterized by greater deliberative empowerment than the cases of NSP and the NWMO? I explore possible explanations, all of which focus on the political context in which deliberation takes place. My overarching finding is that the motivation of policy elites within these organizations is key in the deliberative empowerment of citizens at the institutional level. I conclude by identifying factors that might account for the presence or absence of this motivation.

Résumé.En analysant trois cas canadiens opportuns, cet article développe une relation importante entre la théorie et la pratique de la démocratie délibérative. La Société de gestion des déchets nucléaires (SGDN) du Canada, Nova Scotia Power Incorporated (NSPI) et la Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC) ont récemment mis en oeuvre des initiatives consultatives qui semblent vouloir donner le pouvoir démocratique délibératif aux citoyens. Dans chaque cas, on observe des caractéristiques institutionnelles représentant les valeurs d'une démocratie délibérative. Mais le processus budgétaire participatif de la TCHC est le seul qui commence à tenir les promesses d'une prise de pouvoir délibérative, caractérisée par une délibération inclusive, informée et égalitaire, axée sur un bien commun, aux étapes de la formulation, de la mise en oeuvre et de l'évaluation d'une politique. Pourquoi le cas de la TCHC atteste-t-il d'une plus grande prise de pouvoir délibérative que ceux de NSPI et de la SGDN? J'explore des explications possibles, qui sont toutes centrées sur le contexte politique dans lequel survient la délibération. En général, je constate que la motivation des élites politiques à l'intérieur de ces organisations est primordiale pour la prise de pouvoir délibérative des citoyens au niveau institutionnel. En conclusion, j'identifie les facteurs pouvant justifier la présence ou l'absence de cette motivation.
La création de la première structure administrative postsecondaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique : une étude de cas dans le domaine de la francophonie
Authors: Dudas Adriana , Chenard Kina
Published: October 2009

Résumé. Cet article propose une réflexion autour de la création du Bureau des affaires francophones et francophiles de l'Université Simon Fraser, institution dont la mission est de stimuler le rayonnement du français dans un contexte majoritairement anglophone et qui attribue sa réussite aux efforts conjoints des communautés francophone et francophile de la Colombie-Britannique ainsi qu'aux structures gouvernementales provinciales et fédérales. La recherche vise à identifier l'apport de chacun des groupes pour l'aboutissement du projet, en utilisant dans l'explication le modèle de la fenêtre d'opportunité de Kingdon ainsi qu'un corpus constitué de 17 entrevues réalisées avec plusieurs acteurs ayant participé au processus et des documents portant sur la création du programme.

Abstract. This article proposes a reflection on the creation of the Bureau des affaires francophones et francophiles from Simon Fraser University. The institution's mission is to foster the influence of French in a predominantly English-Speaking environment. The Bureau attributes its success to the joint efforts of Francophone and Francophile communities from British Columbia and the Provincial and Federal governments. The research aims to identify the contribution of each group to the success of the project. Our article is based on Kingdon's theory of the “window of opportunity” and our findings were as a result of 17 interviews of stakeholders. A comprehensive literature review was also carried out as part of the impaired research.
Claiming the City: Co-operation and Making the Deal in Urban Comprehensive Land Claims Negotiations in Canada
Authors: Alcantara Christopher , Nelles Jen
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Since their introduction in 1973, comprehensive land claims (CLC) agreements have become important mechanisms for Aboriginal peoples to achieve their political, social, cultural, and economic goals. Although the literature on CLC negotiations is a rich and varied one, it has tended to ignore the role that municipal governments have on influencing negotiation outcomes. This lacuna is surprising since a number of treaty negotiations in the Yukon Territory and BC involve lands located in major municipalities. This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the influence that municipal governments can have on treaty negotiation outcomes. Using a case study of the Kwanlin Dün First Nation treaty negotiations in the Yukon Territory, we find that institutional and milieu factors are important. However, leadership was the most important and decisive factor.

Résumé. Depuis leur apparition en 1973, les ententes portant sur les revendications territoriales globales sont devenues des mécanismes importants pour les peuples autochtones dans l'atteinte de leurs objectifs politiques, sociaux, culturels et économiques. Bien que la documentation sur ces ententes soit volumineuse et variée, elle tend à ignorer le rôle influent que jouent les administrations municipales lors de telles négociations. Cette lacune est surprenante, dans la mesure où plusieurs de ces traitésconcernaient des territoires situés dans des zones urbaines d'importance de la Colombie-Britannique et du Yukon. Cet article vise à développer un cadre théorique pour mieux comprendre l'influence des administrations municipales dans le dénouement de négociations territoriales. En utilisant l'étude de cas des négociations de la Première nation de Kwanlin Dün au Yukon, nous constatons l'importance de la structure institutionnelle et communautaire. Cependant, le leadership demeure le facteur le plus crucial lors d'un tel processus.
Solidarity Forever? The NDP, Organized Labour, and the Changing Face of Party Finance in Canada
Authors: Jansen Harold J. , Young Lisa
Published: October 2009

Abstract.We consider the impact of changing Canadian national party finance laws that banned trade union donations on the relationship between the New Democratic party (NDP) and organized labour. Although the changed laws have required a restructuring of the relationship between the two actors, we find evidence of a continued commitment to co-operation. We conclude that accounts that stress the ideological affinity between the NDP and labour explain the preservation of the relationship better than political economy or rational exchange models.

Résumé.Nous considérons les changements apportés aux lois canadiennes sur le financement des partis politiques, lois qui ont banni les donations des syndicats, dans la perspective de leur incidence sur la relation entre le Nouveau Parti démocratique (NPD) et les syndicats. Malgré le fait que les nouvelles lois ont nécessité une restructuration de la relation entre les deux acteurs, nous avons découvert la présence d'un engagement continu envers la coopération. Nous concluons que les interprétations qui mettent l'accent sur l'affinité idéologique entre le NPD et les syndicats expliquent mieux le maintien de cette relation que l'économie politique ou les modèles d'échange rationnel.
Non-resonant viscous theory for the stability of a fluid-filled gyroscope
Authors: LAMBELIN JEAN-PIERRE , NADAL FRANÇOIS , LAGRANGE ROMAIN , SARTHOU ARTHUR
Published: October 2009

In the case of a gyroscope including a cylindrical fluid-filled cavity, the classic Poinsot's coning motion can become unstable. For certain values of the solid inertia ratio, the coning angle opens under the effect of the hydrodynamic torque. The coupled dynamics of such a non-solid system is ruled by four dimensionless numbers: the small viscous parameter ε = Re−1/2 (where Re denotes the Reynolds number), the fluid–solid inertia ratio κ which quantifies the proportion of liquid relative to the total mass of the gyroscope, the solid inertia ratio σ and the aspect ratio h of the cylindrical cavity. The calculation of the hydrodynamic torque on the solid part of the gyroscope requires the preliminary evaluation of the possibly resonant flow inside the cavity. The hydrodynamic scaling used to derive such a flow essentially depends on the relative values of κ and ε. For small values of the ratio /ε (compared to 1), Gans derived an expression of the growth rate of the coning angle. The principles of Gans' approach (Gans, AIAA J., vol. 22, 1984, pp. 1465–1471) are briefly recalled but the details of the whole calculation are not given. At the opposite limit, that is for large values of /ε, the dominating flow is given by a linear inviscid theory. In order to take account of viscous effects, we propose a direct method involving an exhaustive calculation of the flow at order ε. We show that the deviations from Stewartson's inviscid theory (Stewartson, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 5, 1958, p. 577) do not originate from the viscous shear at the walls but rather from the bulk pressure at order ε related to the Ekman suction. Physical contents of Wedemeyer's heuristic theory (Wedemeyer, BRL Report N 1325, 1966) are analysed in the view of our analytical results. The latter are tested numerically in a large range of parameters. Complete Navier–Stokes (NS) equations are solved in the cavity. The hydrodynamic torque obtained by numerical integration of the stress is used as a forcing term in the coupled fluid–solid equations. Numerical results and analytical predictions show a fairly good quantitative agreement.
Escherichia coli (O-types 111, 55 and 26) and their association with infantile diarrhoea. A five-year study
Authors: Hutchinson R. Irene
Published: October 2009

The relationship of Esch. coli 0.26, 0.55 and 0.111 to the incidence and spread of infantile gastro-enteritis in a defined area has been studied over a period of 5 years in the Public Health Laboratory, Southampton.

In the main, the study was concerned with infants up to 1 year of age suffering from gastro-enteritis, and from this age group faecal specimens from 1234 individuals were examined for three sero-types of Esch. coli (0.55 and 0.111 from the autumn of 1949 until September 1954 and 0.26 from May 1953 until September 1954). Esch. coli O.111 was isolated from 66 infants of whom 56 had enteritis, type 0.55 from 159 infants of whom 126 had acute symptoms, and type 0.26 from 14 infants all but two of whom had enteritis.

During widespread outbreaks there were sometimes multiple foci of infection. The determination of the H-antigen carried by the O sero-types showed, for instance, that the 0.55 outbreak in 1952 was almost entirely due to subtype 0.55 H.2, but that a second subtype 0.55 H.7 was also incriminated. Similarly, an 0.111 outbreak in 1953 was due to a mixture of two subtypes (0.111 H. 2 and 0.111 H. 12), but in 1954 the former subtype was not seen and only O. 111 H. 12 was identified.

During epidemic times Esch. coli 0.55 was isolated from 37·2% of the infants examined, whereas in non-epidemic periods the figure was only 1·2%. In the case of type 0.111 the figureswere 26·9 and 1·4% respectively.

Symptomless excreters were found throughout the period of the study and at all ages, but the proportion as compared with cases was significantly higher in children over 1 year of age. Nevertheless, there were several symptomless excreters less than 4 weeks old. While there was some evidence to suggest that the young child who was a symptomless excreter might be responsible for maintaining a low-grade infection in a community, there was no indication that the rare adult-carrier played any significant part in this.

The specific types of these coliform organisms can survive for long periods outside the body. Naturally infected dust contained viable organisms 12 days after it was first found to be so contaminated; the dust was maintained in a cool shady room.

There is great variety in the clinical severity of the disease as seen in comparable groups of infants, from a very grave illness to the very mildest of diarrhoeas. The very young and those with some other complicating illness are always at a greater risk.

The pattern of the outbreaks as seen in this study suggests a gradual enhancement of virulence of the two main types of Esch. coli with local spread at first and then wide dispersal throughout the district followed by a reversion to the poorly invasive type.
Routine experience of the mouse-protection assay of pertussis vaccine
Authors: Ungar J. , Basil B.
Published: October 2009

The mouse-protection test is discussed as a routine procedure. It has been shown that the assay is exceptionally subject to variation and that an average slope of 1·47 has been found over a year. With this slope and tests involving 90–180 mice it is possible tobe reasonably sure that a vaccine actually 3 times as potent as needed passes a test which lays down that the lower fiducial limit (P = 0·95) should exceed the specified requirement. For a vaccine only 1·5 times as potent as needed, much more extensive laboratory work would be necessary.
The intracerebral mouse-protection test for pertussis vaccines
Authors: Irwin J. O. , Standfast A. F. B.
Published: October 2009

Four series of tests, A, B, C and D, have been considered in detail. In the first two series, to obtain the values of the ImD 50, percentages of survivors were transformed into probits, and the best-fitting straight lines connecting the probits with the logarithms of the doses were obtained by the method of maximum likelihood. This is the most accurate method to use. These results showed that the error of the test was large, but there were no significant differences in the slope of the probitlog dose relation in the results of tests from any one laboratory. The slope (1·46 ± 0·09) obtained from series A was greater than that from series B (0·79 ± 0·06). with a consequent increase in accuracy.
The conglutination phenomenon. XI. Immuno-conglutinin in human sera
Authors: Marks John , Coombs R. R. A.
Published: October 2009

1. A survey has been made of the serum levels of immuno-conglutinin in apparently healthy persons.

2. The level of immuno-conglutinin is raised in infective diseases and in other diseases where an antigen-antibody interaction is incriminated in the aetiology.

3. The significance of immuno-conglutinin is discussed.
The function of the Vi antigen ofSalmonella paratyphiA. Comparison between virulence, agglutinability by anti-O immune sera and sensitivity to the bactericidal actionin vitro
Authors: Olitzki A. L. , Fleischhacker E. , Olitzki Z.
Published: October 2009

Experiments were performed which show that virulent strains ofSalmonella paratyphiA contain an additional antigen which has all the properties of a Vi antigen.

The anti-Vi immune serum combined in suitable proportions with an anti-0 immune serum exerted maximal bactericidal effect on virulent strains.
The duration of bacteraemia in relation to the virulence of Brucella strains
Authors: Cruickshank J. C.
Published: October 2009

The duration of bacteraemia in guinea-pigs following the subcutaneous inoculation of brucellae can be used as a measure of the virulence of the strains. Strains of low virulence (e.g. Brucella abortus S19) are almost always cleared from the blood stream within a week, whereas virulent strains produce a bacteraemia that regularly persists for 4 weeks and may last very much longer.

All of four strains of Br. melitensis isolated from cow's milk in Great Britain behaved in the same way as the typical and virulent strains of Br. abortus and Br. melitensis tested, regularly producing prolonged bacteraemia. These results do not support the suggestion that the strains of Br. melitensis isolated in this country are of low virulence.
Physical aspects of air disinfection
Authors: Nash T.
Published: October 2009

A consistent picture of the state of a bacteria-carrying particle in a bactericidal atmosphere is given. The particle is referred to an ideal ternary system where two of the components are volatile and in equilibrium with their respective vapours. The ideal phase diagrams for systems with one independent variable are given, and the large deviations from the ideal of an actual system are shown from calculations using published data on salivary particle masses in the presence of bactericide vapour at various relative humidities.
The survival of Trichomonas vaginalis at temperatures below +37° C.
Authors: Whittington M. Joan
Published: October 2009

When Trichomonas vaginalis in culture medium was exposed in three successive experiments to temperatures fluctuating between +7·2 and +13·0°C., between +10·5 and +15·5° C. and between +5·9 and +7·0° C., two strains survived for 3 days but no longer. One other strain used in these experiments lived for 1 day only, and two other strains did not survive for a single day.
Studies on the agent of canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's disease) I. Complement-fixation and precipitin tests
Authors: Larin N. M.
Published: October 2009

The preparation of purified antigen from canine hepatitis virus sources is described. This includes the manufacture of crude antigenie suspensions and their subsequent treatment to remove non-specific interfering substances.

The solubility of the antigenie substance in various solvents has been studied and its stability is briefly discussed.

The complement-fixation and precipitin tests are described in detail as they have been used for the virus studies.

Various virus-rich body tissues and fluids have been serologically tested, and the identity of antigens prepared from them as well as the antigenie similarity of the various strains of canine hepatitis virus have been established.
The chronic toxicity of p-nitrophenyl diethyl thiophosphate (E. 605): A long-term feeding experiment with rats
Authors: Barnes J. M. , Denz F. A.
Published: October 2009

1. The results of feeding albino rats on diets containing 100, 75, 50, 20 and 10 parts per million of the insecticide p-nitrophenyl diethyl thiophosphate (E. 605, Parathion) are described. The feeding of 50, 20 and 10 p.p.m. was continued for a year.

2. At 100 and 75 p.p.m. most of the rats died in the first few weeks. At 50 p.p.m. a few deaths resulted from poisoning, and symptoms were seen on and off throughout the year. At 20 and at 10 p.p.m. no evidence of poisoning was found.

3. Histological examination of animals dying with symptoms showed the lesions of the exocrine glands and the hypoplasia of spleen and thymus that have been reported in acute poisoning by E.605. No other lesions attributable to chronic poisoning were found.

4. Breeding experiments were done with animals from all groups. The second generation of rats fed at 10 p.p.m. produced many dead in their litters. No explanation has been found for this observation.
The significance of Vi-phage types F1 and F2 of Salmonella typhi
Authors: Anderson E. S.
Published: October 2009

1. Type F1 will appear in old Dorset egg cultures of Type F2 after storage for months or years at room temperature in the dark.

2. It is probable that a similar change is responsible for the appearance of Types F1 and F2 in the same carrier and outbreak of typhoid fever.

3. The two types are stable when growing logarithmically in the pure state.

4. There is also evidence that the two types are stable under ordinary field conditions.

5. Logarithmic growth of F1 in the presence of F2 results in the disappearance of F1.

6. This change is caused by a phago carried by F2, which converts F1 into F2.

7. The significance of these observations is discussed. It is suggested that the two types retain their status in the typing scheme.
An ox cell haemolysin test for the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Mason J. K.
Published: October 2009

It is suggested that routine tests for infectious mononucloosis in a large number of apparently unrelated syndromes would disclose a frequent common aetiology and perhaps modify the present conception of the course of the disease.

A technique is suggested for a simple test involving tho demonstration of ox cell haemolysins which would make the testing of large numbers of sera practicable.

The results in sixty cases of infectious mononucleosis and 200 controls are evaluated. The test does not reduce significantly the proportion of serologically negative cases but may confirm the diagnosis before the characteristic sheep cell agglutinins are demonstrable.

The test is as sensitive and as specific as other serological tests for infectious mononucleosis and is very much easier to perform.
The use of cylinder model vacuum cleaners
Authors: Rogers K. B. , Johnstone Muriel M.
Published: October 2009

Cylinder-model vacuum cleaners cause no bacterial contamination of the air, whereas even on oiled floors domestic brooms caused statistically significant contamination of the air when compared with a vacuum cleaner.

The Hoover model 402 was the only machine tested whose bag is never removed, a theoretical as well as a practical advantage. Domestic brooms can destroy an otherwise efficient barrier nursing system and should bo avoided in hospital wards.
Epithelial migration in the atelectatic tympanic membrane
Authors: Tang I P , Prepageran N , Raman R , Sharizhal T
Published: October 2009

Objective:

To determine whether epithelial migration in the atelectatic tympanic membrane (secondary to any pathology) occurs in a similar fashion to that in the normal (non-pathological) tympanic membrane, by calculating and comparing the epithelial migration rate and pattern.

Study design:

Prospective, non-randomised, case–control study. This study was a pilot study. We included patients with an atelectatic pars tensa region of the tympanic membrane and a healthy contralateral tympanic membrane (the latter used as the control).

Setting:

Otorhinolaryngology out-patient clinic. The study was conducted from January 2006 to January 2008.

Intervention:

A total of 40 patients (80 ears) were included based on their otoscopic appearance and tympanography findings. All patients' ears were examined under an operating microscope. A dot of methylene blue dye was applied in the immediate vicinity of the umbo of the atelectatic tympanic membrane, and in the same position on the tympanic membrane of the control ear. Patients were then followed up weekly until the dye dot had migrated to reach the annulus.

Main outcome measures:

Direction and rate of epithelial migration.

Results:

In the atelectatic tympanic membranes, epithelial migration proceeded from the centre of the retraction pocket toward the annulus in a lateral, radiating manner. Thirty-three (82.5 per cent) of the 40 patients showed a similar migratory pattern in both the study and control ears. Sixty per cent of the retracted tympanic membranes showed no migration in the first week after methylene blue staining. After the first week, the migration rate was nearly constant from the umbo towards the periphery, in both the study and control ears. The mean daily epithelial migration rate in the study and control ears was 62.6 and 64.7 µm/day, respectively; however, this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.202, independent samplest-test).

Conclusion:

There is no difference in the epithelial migration rate or pattern, comparing atelectatic tympanic membranes and normal tympanic membranes. However, there may be a significant difference in the epithelial migration rate with increased grades of tympanic membrane atelectasis.
The Sense-organs and Perceptions of Fishes; with Remarks on the Supply of Bait
Authors: Bateson W.
Published: October 2009

The Council of the Marine Biological Association appointed me, in 1889, to make observations on the perceptions of fishes, and especially on those which constitute the modes by which they hunt for and recognise their food. It was suggested that this subject should be treated in as wide a manner as possible, and in accordance with this suggestion I have endeavoured to utilize any opportunities which presented themselves of getting an insight into the natural history of marine animals. In addition to this I have also made some experiments towards the practical solution of the bait question, both by making artificial baits, and by endeavouring to preserve materials which are already in use for bait.