bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Inflammatory Activity in Diabetic Atherosclerotic Plaques
Authors: Marfella Raffaele , D’Amico Michele , Esposito Katherine , Baldi Alfonso , Di Filippo Clara , Siniscalchi Mario , Sasso Ferndinando Carlo , Portoghese Michele , Cirillo Francesca , Cacciapuoti Federico , Carbonara Ornella , Crescenzi Basilio , Baldi Feliciano , Ceriello Antonio , Nicoletti Giovanni Francesco , D’Andrea Francesco , Verza Mario , Coppola Ludovico , Rossi Francesco , Giugliano Dario
Published: May 2006

The role of ubiquitin-proteasome system in the accelerated atherosclerotic progression of diabetic patients is unclear. We evaluated ubiquitin-proteasome activity in carotid plaques of asymptomatic diabetic and nondiabetic patients, as well as the effect of rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ activator, in diabetic plaques. Plaques were obtained from 46 type 2 diabetic and 30 nondiabetic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Diabetic patients received 8 mg rosiglitazone (n = 23) or placebo (n = 23) for 4 months before scheduled endarterectomy. Plaques were analyzed for macrophages (CD68), T-cells (CD3), inflammatory cells (HLA-DR), ubiquitin, proteasome 20S activity, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, inhibitor of κB (IκB)-β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitrotyrosine, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and collagen content (immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Compared with nondiabetic plaques, diabetic plaques had more macrophages, T-cells, and HLA-DR+ cells (P < 0.001); more ubiquitin, proteasome 20S activity (TNF-α), and NF-κB (P < 0.001); and more markers of oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine and O2− production) and MMP-9 (P < 0.01), along with a lesser collagen content and IκB-β levels (P < 0.001). Compared with placebo-treated plaques, rosiglitazone-treated diabetic plaques presented less inflammatory cells (P < 0.01); less ubiquitin, proteasome 20S, TNF-α, and NF-κB (P < 0.01); less nitrotyrosine and superoxide anion production (P < 0.01); and greater collagen content (P < 0.01), indicating a more stable plaque phenotype. Similar findings were obtained in circulating monocytes obtained from the two groups of diabetic patients and cultured in the presence or absence of rosiglitazone (7.0 μmol/l). Ubiquitin-proteasome over-activity is associated with enhanced inflammatory reaction and NF-κB expression in diabetic plaques. The inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome activity in atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic patients by rosiglitazone is associated with morphological and compositional characteristics of a potential stable plaque phenotype, possibly by downregulating NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways.
Diabetes Alters Osmotic Swelling Characteristics and Membrane Conductance of Glial Cells in Rat Retina
Authors: Pannicke Thomas , Iandiev Ianors , Wurm Antje , Uckermann Ortrud , vom Hagen Franziska , Reichenbach Andreas , Wiedemann Peter , Hammes Hans-Peter , Bringmann Andreas
Published: May 2006

The development of edema in the diabetic retina may be caused by vascular leakage and glial cell swelling. To determine whether diabetic retinopathy alters the swelling characteristics of retinal glial cells and changes the properties of the glial membrane K+ conductance, isolated retinas and glial cells of rats were investigated at 4 and 6 months of chemical diabetes. After 6 months of hyperglycemia, application of a hypotonic solution to retinal slices induced swelling of glial cell bodies, a response not observed in control retinas. The osmotic glial cell swelling was blocked by inhibitors of phospholipase A2 or cyclooxygenase and by a thiol-reducing agent. Glial cells from diabetic retinas displayed a decrease of K+ currents that was associated with an altered subcellular distribution of the K+ conductance and a loss of perivascular Kir4.1 protein. The observation that swelling of cells in control retinas was inducible with K+ channel–blocking Ba2+ ions suggests a relationship between decreased K+ inward currents and osmotic cell swelling in diabetic retinas. The data show that glial cells in diabetic retinas are more sensitive to osmotic stress, which is associated with a decrease of K+ currents, than cells in control retinas. It is suggested that these alterations may be implicated in the development of diabetic retinal edema.
Blockers of the Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Current in Pancreatic β-Cells Enhance Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion
Authors: Herrington James , Zhou Yun-Ping , Bugianesi Randal M. , Dulski Paula M. , Feng Yue , Warren Vivien A. , Smith McHardy M. , Kohler Martin G. , Garsky Victor M. , Sanchez Manuel , Wagner Michael , Raphaelli Kristin , Banerjee Priya , Ahaghotu Chinweze , Wunderler Denise , Priest Birgit T. , Mehl John T. , Garcia Maria L. , McManus Owen B. , Kaczorowski Gregory J. , Slaughter Robert S.
Published: May 2006

Delayed-rectifier K+ currents (IDR) in pancreatic β-cells are thought to contribute to action potential repolarization and thereby modulate insulin secretion. The voltage-gated K+ channel, KV2.1, is expressed in β-cells, and the biophysical characteristics of heterologously expressed channels are similar to those of IDR in rodent β-cells. A novel peptidyl inhibitor of KV2.1/KV2.2 channels, guangxitoxin (GxTX)-1 (half-maximal concentration ∼1 nmol/l), has been purified, characterized, and used to probe the contribution of these channels to β-cell physiology. In mouse β-cells, GxTX-1 inhibits 90% of IDR and, as for KV2.1, shifts the voltage dependence of channel activation to more depolarized potentials, a characteristic of gating-modifier peptides. GxTX-1 broadens the β-cell action potential, enhances glucose-stimulated intracellular calcium oscillations, and enhances insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets in a glucose-dependent manner. These data point to a mechanism for specific enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion by applying blockers of the β-cell IDR, which may provide advantages over currently used therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Clustering of Insulin Resistance With Vascular Dysfunction and Low-Grade Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Natali Andrea , Toschi Elena , Baldeweg Stephanie , Ciociaro Demetrio , Favilla Stefania , Saccà Luigi , Ferrannini Ele
Published: May 2006

Vascular dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, and impaired fibrinolysis have each been reported to be present in type 2 diabetes, but their relationships, and the role of obesity, have not been investigated. We measured insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp), forearm blood flow responses to graded local acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) infusions, plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, von Willebrand factor (vWF), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in 81 diabetic patients. When patients were stratified by insulin resistance, more severe insulin resistance was associated (P < 0.05) with overweight, central fat distribution, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (with similar sex distribution, age, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c). With regard to vascular function, both endothelium-dependent (Ach) (−22, −40, and −52%; P < 0.0001) and -independent (SNP) (−3, −7, and −27%; P < 0.02) vasodilatation were progressively reduced across insulin resistance tertiles. In multivariate analysis, inflammatory markers (IL-6, hs-CRP, and TNF-α) were independently associated with insulin resistance and fasting glycemia, fibrinolytic markers PAI-1 and tPA with insulin resistance and central fat distribution, and vascular indexes (vWF, Ach, and SNP vasodilation) with insulin resistance and obesity or cytokines (TNF-α or IL-6). In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance is associated with vascular dysfunction/damage, impaired fibrinolysis, and low-grade inflammation independently of obesity and poor glycemic control.
Accelerated Diabetic Nephropathy in Mice Lacking the Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor α
Authors: Park Cheol Whee , Kim Hyeong Wook , Ko Seung Hyun , Chung Hyun Wha , Lim Sun Woo , Yang Chul Woo , Chang Yoon Sik , Sugawara Akira , Guan YouFei , Breyer Matthew D.
Published: May 2006

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)α, a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily, plays an important role in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis and is highly expressed in the kidney. The present studies were aimed at determining the role of PPARα in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy using PPARα-knockout mice and cultured murine mesangial cells. Diabetes was induced using a low-dose streptozotocin protocol in 8-week-old male 129 SvJ PPARα-knockout and wild-type mice. Diabetic PPARα-knockout and wild-type mice developed elevated fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001) and HbA1c levels (P < 0.001). Renal functional and histopathological changes in diabetic and nondiabetic PPARα-knockout and wild-type mice were evaluated after 16 weeks of hyperglycemia. PPARα immunostaining of the cortical tubules of diabetic wild-type mice was elevated by hyperglycemia. In diabetic PPARα-knockout mice, renal disease with accompanying albuminuria, glomerular sclerosis, and mesangial area expansion was more severe than in diabetic wild-type mice (P < 0.05) and was accompanied by increased levels of serum free fatty acids and triglycerides (P < 0.01). Furthermore, they exhibited increased renal immunostaining for type IV collagen and osteopontin, which was associated with increased macrophage infiltration and glomerular apoptosis. There were no significant differences in these indexes of renal disease between nondiabetic PPARα-knockout and wild-type mice and diabetic PPARα wild-type mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that high glucose levels markedly increased the expression of type IV collagen, transforming growth factor-β1, and the number of leukocytes adherent to cultured mesangial cells. Adherence of leukocytes was inhibited by the PPARα agonist fenofibrate. Taken together, PPARα deficiency appears to aggravate the severity of diabetic nephropathy through an increase in extracellular matrix formation, inflammation, and circulating free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations. PPARα agonists may serve as useful therapeutic agents for type 1 diabetic nephropathy.
Gonadal Hormones Determine Sensitivity to Central Leptin and Insulin
Authors: Clegg Deborah J. , Brown Lynda M. , Woods Stephen C. , Benoit Stephen C.
Published: May 2006

Males have proportionally more visceral fat and are more likely to develop complications associated with obesity than females, and the male brain is relatively more sensitive to the catabolic action of insulin and less sensitive to that of leptin than the female brain. To understand the underlying mechanism, we manipulated estrogen through ovariectomy (OVX) and estradiol administration. Rats with relatively high systemic estrogen (intact females and OVX females and males administered estrogen subcutaneously) were significantly more sensitive to leptin’s anorexic action in the brain (i3vt), as well as significantly less sensitive to insulin’s i3vt action, than intact males. Administering estradiol directly into the brain of our females increased i3vt leptin sensitivity while decreasing i3vt insulin sensitivity and changed the body fat distribution of our females to resemble that of intact females. These data indicate that estrogen acts within the brain to increase leptin sensitivity, decrease insulin sensitivity, and favor subcutaneous over visceral fat.
Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage Coincides With Microalbuminuria in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Nieuwdorp Max , Mooij Hans L. , Kroon Jojanneke , Atasever Bektas , Spaan Jos A.E. , Ince Can , Holleman Frits , Diamant Michaela , Heine Robert J. , Hoekstra Joost B.L. , Kastelein John J.P. , Stroes Erik S.G. , Vink Hans
Published: May 2006

Chronic hyperglycemia underlies microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. The mechanisms leading to these vascular complications are not fully understood. Recently, we observed that acute hyperglycemia results in endothelial glycocalyx damage. To establish whether glycocalyx is associated with microvascular damage, we performed glycocalyx perturbation volume measurements in type 1 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria (DM1-MA group; n = 7), without microalbuminuria (DM1-NA group; n = 7), and in age-matched control subjects (CON; n = 7). Systemic glycocalyx volume was determined comparing intravascular distribution volume of a glycocalyx-permeable tracer (dextran 40) to that of a glycocalyx-impermeable tracer (labeled erythrocytes). Sublingual capillaries were visualized using orthogonal polarization spectral microscopy to estimate microvascular glycocalyx. Patients and control subjects were matched according to age and BMI. Glycocalyx volume decreased in a stepwise fashion from CON, DM1-NA, and finally DM1-MA subjects (1.5 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.4, and 0.2 ± 0.1 l, respectively, P < 0.05). Microvascular glycocalyx in sublingual capillaries was also decreased in type 1 diabetes versus the control group (0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 μm, P < 0.05). Plasma hyaluronan, a principal glycocalyx constituent, and hyaluronidase were increased in type 1 diabetes. In conclusion, type 1 diabetic patients are characterized by endothelial glycocalyx damage, the severity of which is increased in presence of microalbuminuria.
Frequency of and risk factors associated with lingual lesions in dogs: 1,196 cases (1995–2004)
Authors: Dennis Michelle M. , Ehrhart Nicole , Duncan Colleen G. , Barnes Ashley B. , Ehrhart E. J.
Published: May 2006

Objective—To categorize histologic lesions affecting the tongue, determine the frequency with which they develop, and identify risk factors associated with their development in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—1,196 dogs.

Procedures—Diagnostic reports of lingual biopsy specimens from dogs evaluated from January 1995 to October 2004 were reviewed.

Results—Neoplasia comprised 54% of lingual lesions. Malignant tumors accounted for 64% of lingual neoplasms and included melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. Largebreed dogs, especially Chow Chows and Chinese Shar-Peis, were at increased risk for melanoma. Females of all breeds and Poodles, Labrador Retrievers, and Samoyeds were more likely to have squamous cell carcinomas. Hemangiosarcomas and fibrosarcomas were commonly diagnosed in Border Collies and Golden Retrievers, respectively. Benign neoplasms included squamous papilloma, plasma cell tumor, and granular cell tumor. Small-breed dogs, especially Cocker Spaniels, were at increased risk for plasma cell tumors. Glossitis accounted for 33% of diagnoses; in most cases, the inciting cause was not apparent. Whereas large-breed dogs were more likely to have lingual neoplasia, small-breed dogs were more likely to have glossitis. Calcinosis circumscripta accounted for 4% of lingual lesions and predominately affected young large-breed dogs. The remaining submissions consisted mostly of various degenerative or wound-associated lesions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The frequency of lingual lesions was not evenly distributed across breeds, sexes, or size classes of dogs. Veterinarians should be aware of the commonly reported lingual lesions in dogs so that prompt diagnosis and appropriate management can be initiated.
Integrated genome‐wide gene expression map and high‐resolution analysis of aberrant chromosomal regions in squamous cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Xin-Yu , Hu Ying , Cui Yong-Ping , Miao Xiao-Ping , Tian Feng , Xia Yong-Jing , Wu Yi-Qing , Liu Xiangjun
Published: May 2006

The recognition of recurrent aberrant regions in cancer is important to the discovery of candidate cancer related genes. Here we first constructed a genome‐wide gene expression map of squamous lung carcinoma from the Stanford Microarray Database. High‐resolution detection of aberrant chromosomal regions was performed by using moving‐median method. 84% (27 of 32) of our results were consistent with the previous studies of comparative genomic hybridization or loss of heterozygosity. One overrepresented region in Xq28 was newly discovered to be related to squamous cell lung carcinoma. These observations could be of great interest for further studies.
Proteomic analysis of UVC irradiation‐induced damage of plasma proteins: Serum amyloid P component as a major target of photolysis
Authors: Chan Hong-Lin , Gaffney Piers R. , Waterfield Michael D. , Anderle Heinz , Peter Matthiessen H. , Schwarz Hans-Peter , Turecek Peter L. , Timms John F.
Published: May 2006

Ultraviolet‐C (UVC) irradiation is a pathogen inactivation method used for disinfection of pharmaceutical products derived from human blood. Previous studies have shown that UVC can potentially damage proteins through photolysis or can generate reactive species resulting in protein thiol oxidation. In this study, two fluorescence‐based quantitative proteomic approaches were used to assess the effects of a novel UVC‐disinfection strategy on human plasma fractions. We show minimal changes in protein content, but gross alterations in protein thiol reactivity, indicative of oxidative damage. We identify a number of the damaged proteins by mass spectrometry, including serum amyloid P component, and further demonstrate UVC‐induced photolysis of its disulphide bond.
Functional dissection of human protease μ‐calpain in cell migration using RNAi
Authors: Wu Meiqun , Yu Zhenbao , Fan Jinjiang , Caron Antoine , Whiteway Malcolm , Shen Shi-Hsiang
Published: May 2006

Calpains are a family of calcium‐dependent cysteine proteases involved in a variety of cellular functions. Two isoforms, m‐calpain and μ‐calpain, have been implicated in cell migration. However, since conventional inhibitors used for the studies of the functions of these enzymes lack specificity, the individual physiological function and biochemical mechanism of these two isoforms, especially μ‐calpain, are not clear. In contrast, RNA interference has the potential to allow a sequence‐specific destruction of target RNA for functional assay of gene of interest. In the present study, we found that small interfering RNAs‐mediated knockdown of μ‐calpain expression in MCF‐7 cells that do not express m‐Calpain led to a reduction of cell migration. This isoform‐specific function of μ‐calpain was further confirmed by the rescue experiment as overexpression of μ‐calpain but not m‐calpain could restore the cell migration rate. Knockdown of μ‐calpain also altered cell morphology with increased filopodial projections and a highly elongated tail that seemed to prevent cell spreading and migration with reduced rear detachment ability. Furthermore, knockdown of μ‐calpain decreased the proteolytic products of filamin and talin, which were specifically rescued by overexpression of μ‐calpain but not m‐calpain, suggesting that their proteolysis could be one of the key mechanisms by which μ‐calpain regulates cell migration.
Academic Analysis and U.S. Policy-Making on Africa: Reflections and Conclusions
Authors: Wiley David S.
Published: May 2006

Late in the 1980s, several major U.S. private foundations concluded that the concern for Africa in the country was weak. This weakness was reflected in the faint focus on U.S. foreign policy toward Africa in all three branches of government, in the halting voice for Africa or for U.S. interests there in the non-governmental organizations (think-tanks, religious organizations, lobbies), and in the small concern for U.S. policy or for affecting it in the African studies scholarly community. Indeed, the voice for Africa in the United States was neither strong nor effective.
The Politics of Indifference: Portugal and Africa, A Case Study in American Foreign Policy
Authors: Marcum John
Published: May 2006

To those who peer into the shadows beneath the dazzling peaks of media-lit summitry, the shape of America's projected post (Vietnam) war foreign policy is becoming discernible. Thoroughly nationalist and pragmatic, it stresses advantage and comity in relations with other major powers — whether politico-military (China and the Soviet Union) or economic (Western Europe and Japan). Coonskin zealotry having given way to cost-benefit real-politik, military withdrawal from Southeast Asia is being accompanied by strategic retrenchment. From Guam and Micronesia in the Pacific, to Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, to Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, to the Azores in the Atlantic, American air and sea power is taking on an insular “low profile” — while maintaining a long reach. At the same time, domestic postwar introversion threatens a further decline in already minimal American concern for the fate of the world's relatively powerless and economically disadvantaged.
Rawlings, Populism, and the Civil Liberties Tradition in Ghana
Authors: Gyimah-Boadi E. , Rothchild Donald
Published: May 2006

On returning to power following the coup d’etat of December 31, 1981, Flight-Lt. Jerry John Rawlings set two major goals: the restoration of power to the people and the waging of a “holy war” against corruption. In line with these objectives, he suspended the constitution, banned political parties, detained party leaders, and took a number of extra-legal actions. Almost immediately questions began to surface about the prospects of the regime’s impact on Ghana’s long civil liberties tradition. This essay will examine the basis for these fears and assess whether or not they might be justified. An attempt is made to do this by placing the Ghanaian civil liberties situation in a broader comparative context, seeking in this way to give a balanced perspective on this subject.
Ideology and Praxis in Thomas Sankara’s Populist Revolution of 4 August 1983 in Burkina Faso
Authors: Martin Guy
Published: May 2006

This article is an inquiry into the origins, the ideological basis, political and economic organization and prospects of the Populist Revolution ushered in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) by the military coup d’état of 4 August 1983 led by Captain Thomas Sankara. Set against an inauspicious background of scarce resources, dismal poverty, recurrent drought and regional and international hostility, and occurring at a time when Socialism is on the wane in Africa, the coup initially seemed doomed to failure. The very fact that it has been able to survive for almost three years in such an unfavourable context is in itself intriguing. We venture the hypothesis that the relative longevity and temporary success of the Sankara regime is to be explained by the fact that-contrary to many similar socialists experiments-it has actually managed to actively and durably mobilize genuine and significant popular support for its policies.
Statement on South Africa and United States Policy
Authors: Davis Jennifer
Published: May 2006

One of the major problems for anyone trying to understand United States-South Africa policy and relationships is the long established tradition of double talking. To find the truth it is necessary to penetrate behind the coded language and to recognize a series of myths which serve to cloak a far more unpleasant reality.
Relations Between Some Cardinals in the Absence of the Axiom of Choice
Authors: Halbeisen Lorenz , Shelah Saharon
Published: May 2006

If we assume the axiom of choice, then every two cardinal numbers are comparable. In the absence of the axiom of choice, this is no longer so. For a few cardinalities related to an arbitrary infinite set, we will give all the possible relationships between them, where possible means that the relationship is consistent with the axioms of set theory. Further we investigate the relationships between some other cardinal numbers in specific permutation models and give some results provable without using the axiom of choice.
THE ABC'S of Mice
Authors: Schimmerling Ernest
Published: May 2006

This is the introductory half of a lecture given at the Association for Symbolic Logic Annual Meeting in Philadelphia in March, 2001. Our goal is to give logicians and advanced students who are unfamiliar with inner model theory a taste of what the subject is about at a level where it is possible to say something meaningful about the intuitions and proofs. At the same time, we wish to avoid overwhelming the reader, so we will leave out many well known closely related theorems and give only short proof sketches. Neither the results nor the proofs found here are due to the author. We will begin near the beginning but still touch on some modern aspects of the theory. The proofs and historical notes that we leave out can be found in the books and articles listed in the references. Our approach to the theory of 0# is a combination of that taken by Dodd in his book and by Steel in his lectures to students. Dodd's introduction is one of the author's favorite essays on inner model theory; another is the introduction to Martin-Steel [6]. In Section 2, we review the theory of 0# in a form that touches on some of the techniques that have been and continue to be generalized. These combine what is commonly called iteration and fine structure. In Section 3, we give a superficial description of what comes after 0#. Those interested in learning about more recent developments in inner model theory are encouraged to see the articles Lowe-Steel [5] and Steel [8], both of which are currently available online at http://www.math.berkeley.edu/~ steel.
Ammianus Marcellinus
Authors: Mackail J. W.
Published: May 2006

Ammianus Marcellinus has in this country long suffered undue and unfortunate neglect. No edition of him, so far as I know, has ever been produced in England. A translation executed between thirty and forty years ago by the late Professor C. D. Yonge, for Bohn's Classical Library, is, I think, not now readily accessible. Mr. Fisher, before he was called from the University of Sheffield to a larger and more laborious sphere, had bestowed much study on him; some of its results appeared in an article in the Quarterly Review for July 1918, which was last year republished in his volume of Studies in History and Politics. The Teubner text edited by Gardthausen in 1874–5 has long been out of print.
The Triumphal Route, with particular reference to the Flavian Triumph
Authors: Makin Ena
Published: May 2006

The principal authorities for the route followed by the Triumphal procession are, naturally, the ancient authors themselves. They, unfortunately, are seldom precise in their descriptions, being more concerned to reproduce their own impressions than to provide accurate material for the future historian. So, when all the literary notices of the Triumphal Route are put together, the detail still leaves much to be supplied by archaeology.
Four notes on Tacitus
Authors: Haverfield F.
Published: May 2006

This passage is usually taken to be a description, in however informal terms, of the constitutional position which Augustus (Octavian) held in the years immediately after the end of the Triumvirate. I propose to argue that in reality it has a different meaning.

The facts are fairly simple. The second period of the Triumvirate ended with the end of 33 B.C. After that date, it seems that Octavian did not use the title Triumvir, though he probably considered his extraordinary triumviral powers as still running till he formally laid them down in 28–27 B.C. The consulship began in 33 when Octavian was consul for a few hours on 1st January. He was consul again for the whole of 31 and for all the following years continuously till midsummer, 23 ; then he finally resigned the office. The question of the tribunicia potestas is more difficult. According to Appian, Octavian received the tribunicia potestas in 36 B.C. According to Dio, a vote was then passed “that neither in act or word should any violence be offered him, and that in the contrary case (that is, if he were assaulted) the assailant should be liable as in the case of assaulting a tribune.” The Monumentum Ancyranum adds what may be a third statement to the same effect. In a mutilated passage in chapter x it records, without giving a date, that Augustus was made sacrosanct, and that he received the tribunicia potestas for life. A further statement appears in Dio (li, 19, 6) to the effect that in 30 B.C., just after Actium, Octavian received the tribunician power for life, and that this power extended even a little way beyond the pomerium. Otherwise there is no mention of the tribunician power as used by Octavian (Augustus), till he began to reckon the dates of his reign by it in 23 B.C. (Dio, liii, 17 and 32).
Varro's Aviary at Casinum
Authors: Van Buren A. W. , Kennedy R. M.
Published: May 2006

Of all the products of ancient Roman civilisation, few were more distinctive than the great villas which, especially in the last century of the republic and the first of the empire, sprang up in obedience to the owners' will, not only on the outskirts of the capital, on the lower slopes of the Alban Hills, and along the fair and salubrious shores of the gulfs of Baiae and Neapolis, but at many a remote point where pure air, fertile soil, broad views and running water, with, if possible, the proximity of a frequented highway, combined to attract the weary administrator or business man in search of repose and to offer the most fascinating of problems to the architect and dillettante.
The Bodleian MS. of Pirro Ligorio
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: May 2006

Antiquarian research in the Renaissance period was unfortunately not always free from the reproach of deliberate falsification. It seems strange, at first sight, that the amount of genuine material discovered did not suffice to occupy the minds of archaeologists, and that they should have found it necessary to add to it by purely gratuitous inventions. But, given a certain knowledge of the subject, it was easy for a fertile brain and a facile pen to fabricate inscriptions, coins, plans of buildings, etc., whether in order to prove a favourite theory or to attain an ideal completeness which could not be attained by more prosaic, though more honest, means.
Virgil and Roman Studies
Authors: Mackail J. W.
Published: May 2006

“Virgile,” Sainte-Beuve wrote between fifty and sixty years ago in words which have become classical, “depuis l'heure où il parut a été le poète de la Latinité toute entière.” The saying has long been noted as marking what may be called the reinstatement of Virgil as a poet, after a period in which he had suffered some partial eclipse under the ignorant and impatient attacks of the romantic school. But to us now it may bear a further and a larger significance. The position of Virgil as a poet stands at the present day in need of no defence, but it is only during the last generation that his importance has come to be realised as an interpreter and recorder of Roman history and of the Latin civilisation. Classical study has during that generation been revolutionised. Our knowledge and understanding of the ancient world have become not only immensely greater in amount, but different in kind; year by year, almost day by day, we are getting more into touch with that world as something alive and solid. The studies of this Society, defined by us as those dealing with the history, art, and archaeology of Rome, Italy, and the Roman Empire, bear directly on our appreciation of the most learned and most comprehensive of Roman or Italian poets; and conversely Virgil's poetry yields up to the new methods and new enthusiasm of historians, artists, and archaeologists material which is so far from being exhausted that we seem still only beginning to sort it out, co-ordinate it, and use it.
The Ara Pacis Augustae
Authors: Van Buren Albert W.
Published: May 2006

It is my purpose in this article to discuss the interpretation of the relief from the Ara Pacis, now in the Uffizi Gallery, which is traditionally known as the “Tellus relief” (plate IV).

The most recent detailed discussion of the, Ara Pacis is the monograph of F. Studniczka, which marks a considerable advance on previous work. Studniczka shows that the west door was flanked by two reliefs having to do with legendary figures of Italic or Roman history; to the south, Aeneas sacrificing, and to the north, Mars gazing on the wolf and twins; while the east door was flanked to the south by the so-called “Tellus,” facing right, and to the north by a relief representing Roma and secondary figures, facing left. That the west end was the front of the structure is made clear by the fact that the figures of the north and south sides are facing in that direction.
A Sarcophagus Lid in the Terme Museum, Rome
Authors: Van Buren Albert W.
Published: May 2006

“Data sunt ipsis quoque fata sepulcris!” It is a pleasure to be able to inform the readers of the Roman Journal that an important monument, which they have known only as described and inadequately illustrated in works of a century ago, is still extant and available for study; and moreover to be able to publish it in photograph (plates VI and VII).
The Family of the Caristanii at Antioch in Pisidia
Authors: Cheesman G. L.
Published: May 2006

The following inscriptions from the Roman colony of Antioch in Pisidia, which form part of the fruits of expeditions made in 1912 and 1913, have been kindly communicated to me by Sir W. M. Ramsay. I am indebted to him and to Mr. J. G. C. Anderson for helping me to elucidate several of the points discussed below, and I have also to thank Mr. W. M. Calder for suggestions made at a later stage.
Vacuna
Authors: Van Buren A. W.
Published: May 2006

Probably no individual subject in the whole field of the topography of ancient Italy has attracted the attention of scholars to a greater degree than the quest for Horace's Sabine farm. The appeal which any contribution to the discussion of this question is sure to make to the historical and the literary student alike, and the special interest which the recent excavations at the probable site of the villa have aroused, encourage me to publish a monument, hitherto, I believe, unnoticed, which appears to deserve serious consideration in this connexion. This monument (fig. 14) is a bas-relief of a good quality of limestone, height 1 ft. 10¾ ins. (0·58 m.), width I ft. (0·30 m.), built into the wall of the palace of the Marchese di Roccagiovine at the town of that name, not far from the well-known inscription (fig. 15) commemorating the restoration by Vespasian of a temple of Victoria. The relief represents a female figure, clad in chiton and himation, facing to front; the head is much worn; the right hand clasps the forelegs of a deer; the left hand is badly damaged, so that its action is no longer intelligible.
A note on the Vandal occupation of Hippo Regius
Authors: Howard E. C.
Published: May 2006

It is usually held (e.g. Bury, History of Later Roman Empire, ed. 1923, vol. 1, pp. 248, 249) that Hippo Regius was abandoned by the Romans shortly after the unsuccessful siege by the Vandals in the course of which St. Augustine died; that the Vandals burnt it; and that it was subsequently reoccupied by the Romans. This seems a very singular and unlikely sequence of events. The idea is derived from a passage in the twenty-eighth chapter of the Life of St. Augustine, by Possidius, the principal, if not the only, strictly contemporary document. He says, to quote the translation by Weiskotten (p. 115): ‘Of the innumerable churches he saw only three survive, namely, those of Carthage, Hippo and Cirta, which by God's favour were not demolished. These cities, too, still stand, protected by human and divine aid, although after Augustine’s death the city of Hippo, abandoned by its inhabitants, was burned by the enemy. … And it increased his grief and sorrow that this same enemy also came to besiege the city of the Hippo-Regians, which had so far maintained its position.’
The Epitaph of Avircius Marcellus
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: May 2006

The capitals are preserved on the fragment in the Lateran Museum, the minuscules were read from the stone in the fourth century by the Writer of the Life. In 1. 7, the MSS of the Life give βασιλείαν or βασίλειαν; the former is printed by most editors in defiance of Ramsay's report that ΒΑΣ[ι]ΛΗ was on the stone when he and Sterrett saw it at Hieropolis in 1883. No disputed reading in the whole range of ancient Christian epigraphy has aroused keener controversy; no reading affects so vitally the whole purport of a document. If we read βασιλῆαν, the Pure Shepherd sent a second-century Phrygian Bishop to Rome to look upon the Emperor and Empress. If we read βασιλείαν, Avircius was sent to Rome during the reign of Marcus Aurelius to look upon Sovereignty and a Sovereign Church. The reading βασίλειαν of some MSS, implying a visit to the Empress and Princess, need not be considered. It has the advantage of βασιλείαν in point of metre, but the Epitaph elsewhere (lines 8, 14, 15, 18, to say nothing of 21, 22) is irregular in its scansion.
The Dating Value of Samian Ware: A Rejoinder
Authors: Macdonald George
Published: May 2006

The paper by Messrs. Davies Pryce and Birley on ‘The First Roman Occupation of Scotland’ is so obviously a friendly challenge addressed to myself that I cannot in courtesy allow it to pass un-noticed. My critics indeed were good enough to give me timely warning of their impending attack. Now that it has been delivered, my first impression is one of disappointment. I had expected them to deal with the various arguments that I have from time to time advanced, and I had hoped that their discussion of these would throw fresh light on what is at the best a very obscure episode. Instead, they have elected to concentrate on a single branch of the evidence, and that a branch in which the interpretation of the facts is beset with so many uncertainties as to make it peculiarly ill-fitted to serve as our sole guide. Being on the defensive, I have no alternative but to conform to the prescribed initiative. Hence the title I have chosen. For the rest, I can only ask those interested to read (or re-read) what I have written on the subject elsewhere. In particular, they might find ‘The Agricolan Occupation of Scotland’ a helpful tonic.
The Sculpture in front of the Lateran as described by Benjamin of Tudela and Magister Gregorius
Authors: Borchardt Paul
Published: May 2006

The English Magister Gregorius, and the Spanish Jew, Benjamin ben Jonah of Tudela, lived towards the end of the twelfth century Our knowledge of the former's description of Rome is due to G. McN. Rushforth, who attempts to date his visit to Rome more precisely but has to admit that this is not possible. He can only say that it took place in the latter part of the twelfth or the earlier part of the thirteenth century. The visit of Rabbi Benjamin can be fixed more exactly. He mentions Alexander III as Pope : he made his entry into Rome on the 23rd of November, 1165, and was driven out again in 1167 but returned in 1177. On passing through Bari he mentions that the city had been destroyed by King William of Sicily (1156) It was rebuilt by William the Good in 1169, so that his visit to Rome must have been before this. When he travels to Lesser Armenia, he names as its ruler Thoros, who died in December 1167 or February 1168. As by this time he had travelled through Greece and Constantinople, and along the coast of Asia Minor to Lesser Armenia we may reasonably date his visit to Rome in the year 1166.
Rome and the Italian Confederation (200–186 B.C.)
Authors: McDonald A. H.
Published: May 2006

By the beginning of the second century B.C. Italy was developing from federal conditions towards full social unity. Vital political issues were involved in these social changes. Earlier the local autonomy allowed by Rome had made the Roman domination in foreign policy and military organisation seem less pressing to the Italians, and in any event the Roman policy in the Gallic and Punic Wars had been closely connected with the immediate security of Italy. Now, in the common interest, Rome was extending her control gradually to Italian affairs where these were no longer purely local in their effect, and in foreign policy the overseas campaigns in East and West offered less obvious advantage to the Italians. The confederation began to lose its federal character. This was a natural development, due to its very success; but it called for a conscious response of statesmanship. As Roman and Italian politics came to coincide, the Senate needed to adjust the balance of rights and representation by an extension of Roman citizenship.
Diocletian and the Decline of the Roman Municipalities
Authors: van Sickle C. E.
Published: May 2006

It has for a long time been recognized that a sharp decline in the prosperity and strength of municipal life in the Roman Empire took place during and shortly after the reign of Diocletian, and this has been attributed largely to his bureaucratic administrative system and heavy increases in taxation, with their consequent pressure upon the urban middle class—the curiales. Of the essential correctness of this view there can be no doubt; and apart from possible new evidence there is little more to be said on that phase of the subject. But there are other aspects of this important problem which seem to have received less attention than they deserve. Bureaucracies and crushing taxes have not always destroyed the middle classes of the countries in which they have existed, as the case of France under the Old Régime clearly proves; so there must be other contributory factors which helped to produce this result in the case under consideration. Some of these have been dealt with ; but one at least—the continuance under the new system of a type of internal municipal government suited only to the most prosperous period of the system which it replaced—seems to have been largely, if not entirely, ignored by investigators. Diocletian not only tried to make the municipia of his empire efficient agents of the central government, but in addition attempted to render them once more the energetic and prosperous organisms which they had been before the Military Anarchy ; and, as his efforts in the end contributed powerfully to produce exactly the opposite result, this portion of his work is worthy of note, if for no other reason than to serve as a warning for would-be benevolent despots in other ages.
Lentulus and the Origin of Moesia
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: May 2006

The ancient evidence for the wars and conquests of Augustus is not only fragmentary: the fragments themselves are capricious and misleading. Chance and design have conspired to produce a like result; and the interested partiality of contemporary authorities has been nobly seconded by the ignorance or the indifference of subsequent compilers. The successes of the Princeps and of his stepsons received ample commemoration and overshadowed the achievements of his lieutenants. The existence of a relatively full narrative in Florus and Orosius of the ‘Bellum Cantabricum’ of 26 B.C, the only Spanish campaign directed by Augustus in person, serves to illustrate by contrast how meagre is the record of that part of the long and arduous task of subduing Spain which was prosecuted and consummated in his absence. Similarly the spectacular conquest of the Alps by Tiberius and Drusus in 15 B.C. is more fully recorded and more widely known than the campaigns of P. Silius Nerva which preceded it and which made it possible.
Notes on Building-Construction in Roman Britain
Authors: Wheeler R. E. M.
Published: May 2006

No systematic survey of the methods adopted by military and civil builders in Roman Britain has yet been attempted. Nor does the present brief paper profess to fill the gap. It is merely a collection of notes based mostly upon a personal experience of varied types of Romano-British structure observed during excavation. As such, it may have a contributory value when a more comprehensive review of the subject is undertaken.

The best single collection of Roman building-material from Britain is that recovered from the factory of the 20th Legion at Holt, near Chester, and now exhibited in the National Museum of Wales at Cardiff. For the rest, building-materials and methods receive less than their due in our museums.
Consular Provinces under the Late Republic II. Caesar's Gallic Command
Authors: Balsdon J. P. V. D.
Published: May 2006

When, before the consular elections in 56 B.C., the Senate, in obedience to the terms of the lex Sempronia, was choosing the provinces for the consuls of the following year, their choice lay between four possibilities: Cisalpine Gaul, held by Caesar, Transalpine Gaul, also held by Caesar, Syria, held by A. Gabinius, and Macedonia, held by L. Calpurnius Piso. Cicero urged that neither of the Gauls should be made a consular province. He argued, in general, that it would be wrong to disturb Caesar before his work in Gaul was finished, and then he spoke against those who wished to select not both, but one of, the Gauls. He considers the case of each of the two Gauls separately.
St. George and Mithra ‘The Cattle-Thief’
Authors: Cumont Franz
Published: May 2006

Since the time of Edward III, St. George has been the patron-saint of England, and his fight with the dragon is familiar wherever the gold sovereign has been in circulation. As a special guardian of soldiers, this hero of the Faith has won a world-wide fame: his achievements have inspired innumerable artists and have produced, a whole literature of edifying stories in many tongues. But the oldest legend of the Cappadocian martyr is so wild a fable, so utterly devoid not only of truth but of plausibility, that the great wonder-worker himself has sometimes been regarded—in my opinion wrongly–as purely mythical. The paucity of authentic information in the hagiographical writings increases the value for the historian of such popular traditions as are connected with his cult.
The Study of the ‘Persecutions’
Authors: Last Hugh
Published: May 2006

The relations between the Empire and the Church are a subject of such major interest, which has attracted so much attention from historians both ecclesiastical and lay, that it would be rash to suppose anything relevant and of value still to remain unsaid. Nevertheless, if it be permissible to think that the most familiar accounts are not the most satisfactory, some service may be done by emphasizing again certain considerations which, though they have not completely escaped notice hitherto, have too often been overlooked; and for such an undertaking the present occasion is perhaps made appropriate by the interest in early Christian history which the scholar whom we honour has combined with his studies of pagan Rome.
The Cult of Volkanus at Rome
Authors: Rose H. J.
Published: May 2006

Few mythological names are more familiar than that of Vulcan; and few cults present more puzzling difficulties than his. I propose to review the chief points connected with this god and one or two of the main theories concerning him, ending by putting forward the view which seems to me the most likely.

What may be called the orthodox theory concerning him is to be found in the works of the late Professor Wissowa, and is as follows. He was a genuinely Roman god, a deus indiges. His department was fire, considered, not as the flame of the hearth or of the smith's forge, but as the destroying element, pure and simple. Hence, he was regularly worshipped outside the city walls, or at all events outside the pomerium. For this reason the Volcanal at Rome was at one end of the Forum, outside the original Palatine settlement and the ‘Servian’ city ; the later temple of the god, of date about 540/214, was in the Circus Flaminius ; perhaps also at Perusia he was worshipped outside the walls ; at all events, the fire of 714/40, which destroyed all the rest of the city, spared his temple and, according to Cassius Dio, that of Juno likewise.