bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERAN KOMUNIKASI PEMBANGUNAN DALAM PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT TANI DI REMBANG
Authors: Safitri Priska Nur
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine and analyze the role of development communication in the empowerment of peasant communities in Rembang. The focus of this study is on the role of agricultural development communication in the village of Dadap Mulya, Sarang, Rembang. Data collection techniques include documentation, observation, and interviews. This study concludes that communication carried out is still conventional logic so that it requires empowerment with a biotechnology digitization system. Technology with good accessibility will result in the availability of mass production. Based on real conditions, farmers must make better agricultural innovations. Therefore, the researchers offered a VAD Model for empowering peasant communities. VAD is considered suitable when applied to the quality of its human resources. Improving the quality of human resources can be done through socialization, training, teaching, and direct practice. The VAD model is considered suitable because in operation it involves physical to virtual, human to autonomus, and intermediacy to disentermediacy.
DAKWAH POLITIK NABI MUHAMMAD SAW MELALUI SURAT KEPADA RAJA HERAKLIUS, KISRA ABRAWAIZ, MUQAUQIS, DAN NAJASYI
Authors: Nurul Insani Agusti Alfi
Published: July 2019

Da'wah must be carried out using the right approach. Among the da'wah approaches is a political approach, called political da’wah. The practice of political da'wah has been exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad in the form of sending da'wah to rulers outside of Islamic rule. In this article, the author discusses the political da’wah of the Prophet Muhammad through a letter to four rulers, namely Heraclius, Kisra Abrawaiz, Muqauqis, and Najasyi. This study concluded that the Prophet Muhammad's political da'wah was a form of the head of state's political da'wah to the head of state. The da'wah method used is writing da'wah (da'wah bi al-qalam) through diplomacy strategies using letter media. Systematic of letters include the beginning of letters, letterhead, topic switching, contents of letters, and letter
stamps. The Prophet Muhammad's letter contained an invitation to convert to Islam, good news (tabsyir), warning (tandzir), and also the verses of the Qur'an.
STRATEGI DAKWAH MASYARAKAT SAMIN
Authors: Hidayah Lutfi
Published: July 2019

The life of the Samin community has undergone many changes and shifts since they embraced Islam. This paper examines the strategy of implementing da'wah to their community. The implementation of Islamic da'wah has existed among them, which can be seen from Islamic nuances, carried out by Fatayat, Muslimat, TPQ, the Hadrah Art group, and the Selapanan Recitation group. The activity became a forum for the development of Islamic teachings among the community. This paper concludes that the da'wah strategy used by the Samin community is the strategy of preaching bi al-hikmah, namely preaching by looking at the situation and condition of them first so that they do not feel compelled or objected to accepting and implementing Islamic teachings. This strategy is quite appropriate to be applied, because before delivering da'wah, da'i already knew the situation and conditions of them. Through the da'wah strategy mentioned above, they can receive da'wah well so that it has a positive impact on their lives.

 
Urgensi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Perilaku Seksual Pra Nikah Remaja
Authors: Suwarno Suwarno
Published: July 2019

The adolescent courtship and sexual behavior, and also gender-based violence against children continue to be a national concern because the condition is quite alarming. Surveys conducted by the Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia/KPAI (Indonesian Child Protection Commission) and the Ministry of Health in 2013 mentions Indonesia 62.7% of adolescents have had sex outside of marriage, and 20% of the 94.270 women aged adolescents in Indonesia had become pregnant out of wedlock, and 21% of them had an abortion. This condition has been increasing vulnerability to various kind of health hazards especially related to reproductive and sexual health, including the growing threat of HIV/AIDS. This study aims to find out how dating and sexual behavior of adolescents in Central Java, and how to handle it. Using a survey method of 10,160 adolescents in Central Java in 2012-2016, the study found that in general, (an average of 67.2%) of adolescents declared that they were dating. While the form of expression of affection towards his courtship is done in various ways, including; holding hands (average 83.4%), lip kisses (average 20%), feeling / stimulating (average 6.7%), and even many have had sex outside of marriage (average 3.3%). If not done prevention and control efforts, it will have a long impact on the nation's resilience. This study recommends the importance of character education in the prevention and control of adolescent’s courtship and sexual behavior.
Kriminalisasi Perempuan Pekerja Seks Komersial dalam Perluasan Pasal Zina RUU KUHP
Authors: Suryani Leony Sondang , Purwanti Ani
Published: July 2019

This article discusses the Criminal Code Bill which has unjust legal potential because the provision of adultery has been extended to sexual acts by unmarried couples. This article presents an analysis of the possible implications of the Criminal Code Bill - specifically the section on the adultery of sex workers through the socio-legal method in which a combination of normative legal approaches and social research methods is applied. This article states that broadly defined provisions of adultery can lead to unfair penalties -due to injustice- sex workers who by law must be treated as victims of sexual exploitation and fraud rather than perpetrators of crime.
Synthesis and Anti Cervical Cancer Activity of Novel 5H-Thiochromeno [4,3-d]pyrimidines
Authors: Pandya Dhananjay , Naliapara Yogesh
Published: July 2019

A series of novel 5H-Thiochromeno[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized, purified
and characterized by different spectroscopy techniques such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass and Elemental
Analysis. The new compounds were evaluated for their anti-cervical cancer activity on Human
Cervical Cell Line HeLa. They were found to be potent anti-cervical cancer agents with GI50 values
less than 10 μg/mL with respect to positive control drug Adriamycin.
Synthesis and Assessment of 3-Substituted Phenazines as Novel Antichlamydial Agents
Authors: Bao Xiaofeng , Liu Ziyi , Ni Min , Xia Chao , Xu Shunxin , Yang Shengju , Zhao Yu
Published: July 2019

Background:

In the past century, many phenazines were isolated from the marine microorganism,
and some of these phenazines possessed potent antibacterial activities. We found that
a few of the synthesized 4-substituted phenazines could block the infectivity of chlamydiae without
host cell toxicity.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to design and synthesize two series of novel 3-substituted
phenazines to find novel antichlamydial agents.

Methods:

The 3-substituted phenazines were synthesized via Buchwald-Hartwig cross coupling
reaction and Suzuki reaction from 3-bromo-1-methoxyphenazine. The antichlamydial activity of
these synthesized compounds was evaluated by determining their effect on the yield of infectious
progeny EBs. Cytotoxicity of these compounds on host cells was assessed by the treatment of uninfected
HeLa cells using WST-1 method.

Results:

Most of the 3-substituted phenazines possessed potent antichlamydial activity with IC50
values from 0.15 to 12.08 μM against Chlamydia trachomatis L2, C. muridarum MoPn and C.
pneumoniae AR39. Among them, 7d and 9a exhibited better antichlamydial activity with IC50 values
from 0.20 to 1.01 μM while they have no apparent cytotoxicity to host cells. Biological assay
disclosed that both 7d and 9a inhibited chlamydial infection by reducing elementary body infectivity
and disturbing chlamydial growth during the whole chlamydial developmental cycle.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggested that 3-substituted phenazine derivatives might be a promising
class of therapeutic agents for chlamydial infections. More effective phenazines with low toxicity
could be acquired through further chemical modification on C-3 position rather than C-4 position
of phenazine.
Schistosomal Sulfotransferase Interaction with Oxamniquine Involves Hybrid Mechanism of Induced-fit and Conformational Selection
Authors: Ezebuo Fortunatus C. , Uzochukwu Ikemefuna C.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Sulfotransferase family comprises key enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Oxamniquine is a pro-drug converted into its active form by schistosomal sulfotransferase. The conformational dynamics of side-chain amino acid residues at the binding site of schistosomal sulfotransferase towards activation of oxamniquine has not received attention.

Objective:

The study investigated the conformational dynamics of binding site residues in free and oxamniquine bound schistosomal sulfotransferase systems and their contribution to the mechanism of oxamniquine activation by schistosomal sulfotransferase using molecular dynamics simulations and binding energy calculations.

Methods:

Schistosomal sulfotransferase was obtained from Protein Data Bank and both the free and oxamniquine bound forms were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations using GROMACS-4.5.5 after modeling it’s missing amino acid residues with SWISS-MODEL. Amino acid residues at its binding site for oxamniquine was determined and used for Principal Component Analysis and calculations of side-chain dihedrals. In addition, binding energy of the oxamniquine bound system was calculated using g_MMPBSA.

Results:

The results showed that binding site amino acid residues in free and oxamniquine bound sulfotransferase sampled different conformational space involving several rotameric states. Importantly, Phe45, Ile145 and Leu241 generated newly induced conformations, whereas Phe41 exhibited shift in equilibrium of its conformational distribution. In addition, the result showed binding energy of -130.091 ± 8.800 KJ/mol and Phe45 contributed -9.8576 KJ/mol.

Conclusion:

The results showed that schistosomal sulfotransferase binds oxamniquine by relying on hybrid mechanism of induced fit and conformational selection models. The findings offer new insight into sulfotransferase engineering and design of new drugs that target sulfotransferase.
ESM-1: A Novel Tumor Biomaker and its Research Advances
Authors: Li Chen , Geng Hui , Ji Linhua , Ma Xiaojing , Yin Qichao , Xiong Hua
Published: July 2019

Background:

Cancer kills nearly 9,000,000 people worldwide, and its mortality was reported up to 28% in the past decade. Few available tumor markers have been known to help early stage diagnosis. In this study, Endocan was taken as a novel tumor marker, which has been found in many cancers related to cancer cell proliferation, neoangiogenesis, etc.

Methods:

Studies on Endocan and its correlation with cancer were reviewed, and key points of meaningful studies on the structure, pathways and targeted agents of Endocan were drawn.

Results:

Endocan leads to tumorigenesis and promotes tumor cells proliferation via HGF/SF signal transmission pathway, suppresses tumor cells apoptosis via NF-κB signaling pathway and promotes angiogenesis within tumors via VEGF and HIF pathway. Medicine suppressing the expression of Endocan could prevent tumorigenesis and even improve survival rate of mice with tumor significantly.

Conclusion:

Endocan is capable of promoting prognosis of cancer patients. Moreover, Endocan is supposed to a potential target of tumor-targeted therapy.
A Context-Specific Training Programme for Home Based Carers Who Care for People With Diabetes: A Necessity at Ga-Dikgale Village in South Africa
Authors: Bopape Mamare A. , Mothiba Tebogo. M. , Bastiaens Hilde
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

South Africa, like many countries, has been experiencing an increase in the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and is amongst the top five countries with a high number of diabetes mellitus cases. Home Based Carers (HBCs) have been involved in the care of people with diabetes because of the need for efficient and cost-effective use of healthcare resources, especially in low-income countries. Previous research showed that HBCs are insufficiently trained in T2DM which leads to low-quality care but also disrespect by patients towards HBCs. The aim of this article was to develop a training program necessary for HBCs who care for People With Diabetes (PWD).

Methods:

Mixed method was used for the main study and both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to serve as a base for this phase. ADDIE model was used to guide the development of the training programme for HBCs.

Results and Discussion:

A context-specific training programme consisting of three modules was developed: (1) Basic knowledge and classification of diabetes mellitus, (2) prevention and control of diabetes and (3) management of diabetes and prevention of complications by HBCs. Development of the training programme was necessary because its availability and training of HBCs will increase disease-specific knowledge.

Conclusion:

This is the first training programme developed for HBCs in this region to address diabetes knowledge training gaps. The training programme might be of assistance to other researchers who may want to train HBCs in their regions.
Research and Organization of Priority Modes in a Network Distributed Computing System with Cloud Service Architecture
Authors: Sadeq Jaafar M.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research.The object of the study is a network cloud service built on the basis of a replicated database. Data in distributed computing systems are replicated in order to ensure the reliability of their storage, facilitate access to data as well as to improve the storage system performance. In this regard, the problem of analyzing the effectiveness of processing the queries to replicated databases in a network-based cloud environment, and, in particular, the problem of organizing priority query queues for updating databae copies (update requests) and for searching and reading information in databases (query-requests). The purpose of this work is to study and organize priority modes in a network distributed computing system with cloud service architecture.

Methods.The study was conducted on the basis of two types of behavioural patterns: models based on Petri nets to describe and verify the functioning of a distributed computing system with replicated databases represented as a pool of resource units with several units, and models based on the GPSS simulation language for possible evaluation of passage of query time of each type in queues depending on the priority of queries.

Results.Based on two simulation methods, the operation of a cloud system with database replicas was analyzed. In this system two distributed cloud computing systems interact: MANET Cloud based on a wireless network and Internet Cloud based on the Internet. These databases together are the basis of the DBaaSoD (Data Bases as a Service on Demand) cloud service (databases as a service organized at user’s query). To study this system the models of two classes were developed. The model based on Petri nets is designed to test the simulated distributed application for proper functioning. The decisions on the mapping of Petri nets on the architecture of computer networks are discussed. The simulation statistical model is used to compare the priority and non-priority maintenance modes of query- and update-requests by the criterion of average passage of time of queries in queues.

Conclusion.System models based on Petri nets were tested, which showed their liveness and security, which makes it possible to move from models to building formalized specifications for network applications for network cloud services in distributed computing systems with replicated databases. The study of GPSS-model showed that in the case of priority service of update-requests, the time of passage for them is reduced by about 2 to 4 times compared with query-requests, depending on the intensity of the query-requests. In the non-priority mode, the serving conditions for update-queries deteriorate and the time of passage in the queue for them increases by about 2 to 6 times as compared with query-requests depending on the intensity of the query-requests.
The Study of Buildings' Thermal Mode with the Development of Actions for Power Efficiency Increase (on the Example of "Southwest State University")
Authors: Umerenkov E. V. , Umerenkova E. V. , Semicheva N. E. , Nasonova A. A. , Sazonova A. A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. The purpose of the study is to carry out an applied research of buildings' thermal mode of Southwest state university on the basis of energy audit results and development of scientific and technical actions of thermal sanitation including search of expedient options of enclosing structures' warming and increase of heat supply system by thermal energy accumulation.

Methods. Heat power indicators of research objects and their comparison with standards were defined on the basis of energy audit results. It was done for the research objective achievement. Possible options of bringing thermal resistance of enclosing structures to required values were analysed taking into account minimization of capital expenditure. Inclusion of warmth accumulators on transition phase in the system of heat consumption is offered. It is used for removal of heat superfluous at night from heating system and its rational use for economy consumption of thermal energy. Saved thermal energy is supposed to be used for hot water supply (HWS) in the afternoon. Integration of thermal accumulators allows to smooth unevenness of HWS loadings for decentralized heat supply system. Shutdown of the main source (heat generator) on usage time of accumulated warmth gives positive ecological effect, i.e. provides reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Ways in efficiency increase of warmth faze changing accumulator of housing type is offered to use.

Results. Development of technical actions for ensuring power efficiency and increase in consumer's quality of research objects is a result of the carried-out research.

Conclusion. Implementation of developed actions for thermal protection and the use of energy efficient engineering actions allows to achieve the following results: to increase consumer quality of buildings, to bring parameters of an internal microclimate to standards; to prolong service life of enclosing structures considerably, to provide consumption economy of energy resources on heat supply due to decrease in transmission and filtration heat losses and rational heat expenses with the use of thermal storage devices; to reduce the volume of harmful emissions of combustion products due to shutdown of heat source by usage time of accumulated warmth.
Identification of Anchor Inertia Motor Moment of Direct Current and Loading in Experimental Vibration Installation for Chaotic Dynamics Study
Authors: Rubanov V. G. , Bushuev D. A. , Parashchuk E. M. , Trikula A. K.
Published: July 2019

Purpose of research. The article is devoted to development and approbation of parameters' assessment technique of anchor inertia moments of direct current motor with an independent excitation (DCM IE) and its loadings used in laboratory vibration installation for chaotic dynamics research.

Methods. The DCM IE mathematical model and technique description for assessment of anchor inertia moment with loading as a result of parametrical identification on the basis of approximation integrated curve of current runaway and implementation of spectral analysis is described in the article. Joint dynamics modeling of Maxon RE25 electric motor with electric and mechanical part was done in Matlab Simulink system. Mechanical part was constructed in MSC Adams. Technique operability of parametrical identification was checked on the basis of machine experiment results.

Results. Structure and general view of information and measuring system of laboratory vibration installation for chaotic dynamics research on the basis of input-output NI USB-6009 module is presented. Dispersal curves and an amplitude range of current received during experiment for definition of anchor inertia moments of Maxon RE25 engine and debalances are analysed. Calculation of anchor inertia moments and debalances are made according to an offered technique. Calculation of relative errors in comparison with passport value is also made.

Conclusion. According to the results of carried out parallel experiments it is found out that experiments can be made according to Kokhren's criterion. And the error of DCM anchor inertia moments definition is no larger than 5%. Therefore it can also be used for calculations with sufficient accuracy of debalances inertia moments.
The Role of Metaphor in Advertisement Texts: A Psycholinguistic-Structural Study
Authors: Al-Heety Raafat Nazar , Hussein Huda Abdulhakeem
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates the role and usage of metaphor in advertising texts from a psycho-linguistic, structural perspective. It adopts Al- Najjar (1984) structural classification of metaphor to go hand in hand with Frazier's (1987) perceptual theory of garden path of comprehension on the side of the advertisees. The analysis traces the impact of employing metaphorical texts in texting adverts. It discusses how, linguistically, unrelated words are connected together in terms of cognitive process (garden path). Indirect targeting of meaning by manipulating linguistic tools like structural options generates one of the most attractive factors for a text which is vagueness. Hovering around the exact wording of some meaning provides the advertiser enough space to insert multi-meanings, concepts, and ideas. As such, different unique impact can be made on the advertisees. The paper analyses some selected English advertising texts depending on an eclectic model made out of these two models. Finally, it ends with some conclusions which assure that relational metaphor is comprehended serially, while sentential metaphor is comprehended in a parallel garden path.
Measuring EFL Teachers’ Implementations of Communicative Language Teaching in Teaching Speaking Skills
Authors: Al-Khayyat Ali Sabah
Published: July 2019

The aim of the study is to investigate EFL teachers’ use of Communicative Language Teaching techniques (CLT) in teaching speaking skills at schools from teachers’ perspectives. The participants were from the intermediate schools located at Al-America District in Baghdad. The total number is 29 EFL male and female teachers. A questionnaire was used to collect the data of the study. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were computed. The findings reveal that the English language teachers sometimes use CLT Techniques and strategies in teaching speaking skills, and even the students are evaluated even by paper and pencil test more than oral test.
Teachers’ Perspectives towards the Implementation of Constructivism in Teaching EFL at Salahaddin University
Authors: Zahawi Qismat M. , Al Bajalani Fatimah R. Hasan
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study is to elicit Kurdish EFL teachers’ perspectives on constructivism and its implementation at university level. To obtain the needed data, a questionnaire is administered to 49 EFL teachers at Salahaddin University. According to the most significant results of the research, the Kurdish EFL teachers in general have positive perspectives toward constructivism as a teaching and learning approach. However, their agreement with the implementation of the different principles of constructivism varied and the agreement percentage for the items ranged from 89.39% to 73.47%. It is worth mentioning that the current study is an extract from a PhD dissertation that investigates the effectiveness of implementing the principles of constructivism in the Kurdish context.
Cancer Survivors’ Receptiveness to Digital Technology–Supported Physical Rehabilitation and the Implications for Design: Qualitative Study (Preprint)
Authors: Rossen Sine , Kayser Lars , Vibe-Petersen Jette , Christensen Jesper Frank , Ried-Larsen Mathias
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Physical activity is associated with a positive prognosis in cancer survivors and may decrease the risk of adverse effects of treatment. Accordingly, physical activity programs are recommended as a part of cancer rehabilitation services. Digital technology may support cancer survivors in increasing their level of physical activity and increase the reach or efficiency of cancer rehabilitation services, yet it also comes with a range of challenges.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore cancer survivors’ receptiveness to using digital technology as a mode of support to increase their physical activity in a municipality-based cancer rehabilitation setting.

METHODS

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 cancer survivors (3 males, 8 females, age range 32-82 years) who were referred for cancer rehabilitation and had participated in a questionnaire survey using the Readiness and Enablement Index for Health Technology (READHY) questionnaire. Data analysis was based on the content analysis method.

RESULTS

Two themes were identified as important for the interviewees’ receptiveness to using digital technology services in connection with their physical activity during rehabilitation: their attitude toward physical activity and their attitude toward digital technology–assisted physical activity. Our results indicated that it is important to address the cancer survivors’ motivation for using technology for physical activity and their individual preferences in terms of the following: (1) incidental or structured (eg, cardiovascular and strength exercises or disease-specific rehabilitative exercises) physical activity; (2) social or individual context; and (3) instruction (know-how) or information (know-why).

CONCLUSIONS

The identified preferences provide new insight that complements the cancer survivors’ readiness level and can likely help designers, service providers, and caregivers provide solutions that increase patient receptiveness toward technology-assisted physical activity. Combining digital technology informed by cancer survivors’ needs, preferences, and readiness with the capacity building of the workforce can aid in tailoring digital solutions to suit not only individuals who are receptive to using such technologies but also those reluctant to do so.
Pengantar Redaksi: “Dekolonisasi Ilmu Sosial Humaniora: dari Pengetahuan Lokal ke Pemberdayaan Masyarakat”
Authors: Sosiologi Jurnal Pemikiran
Published: July 2019

-
Wisata Halal dan Identitas Islami: Studi Kasus Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat
Authors: Maulidi Mohammad Jeffry
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus penelitian lapangan yang menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan sejarah dan sosiologis. Subyek penelitian ini adalah masyarakat pelaku pariwisata di Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus di pulau Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat sejauhmana implementasi syariah Islam melalui wisata halal berkontribusi pada kondisi masyarakat lokal di pulau Lombok, NTB. Orientasi perubahan sosial masyarakat melalui formalisasi identitas Islam dianggap sebagai wujud kebijakan lokal untuk pembangunan sumberdaya manusia. Pemerintah lokal dan didukung oleh pemerintah pusat mewujudkannya dengan pembangunan ‘Daerah Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus’ (KEK). Kesimpulan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa implementasi pembangunan Daerah Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) lebih mendatangkan keuntungan bagi kepentingan yang bersifat pro bisnis ketimbang pemberdayaan bagi masyarakat di Lombok yang relijius.
Bukan Sekedar Menggambar: Dinamika Kartunis Lepas Indonesia di Era Digital
Authors: Roikan Roikan
Published: July 2019

Dalam tradisi media, kartunis lepas menyandarkan kehidupannya pada kegiatan menggambar kartun untuk dimuat di rubrik humor atau politik di media massa cetak terutama koran atau majalah. Perkembangan teknologi digital telah berdampak pada aktivitas produktif kartunis tradisional yang semakin berkurang. Selain itu, perubahan pola konsumsi literasi masyarakat dari media cetak ke media daring juga telah mengubah proses kreatif para kartunis terutama yang masih resisten bergantung pada honor karya yang dimuat di media. Kartunis lepas berhadapan dengan perkembangan teknologi digital yang mutakhir, sehingga harus berinovasi dalam proses kreatifnya. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan observasi partisipasi dan wawancara mendalam yang melibatkan para kartunis lepas. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya dinamika aktivitas ekonomi para kartunis lepas yang dipengaruhi oleh budaya siber (cyberculture) sebagai moda produksi untuk pengembangan karir. Kartunis dituntut untuk menghasilkan kartun sebagai karya seni yang populer, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan dengan mengembangkan strategi adaptasi proses kreatif melalui digitalisasi dan diversifikasi kekaryaan.
Merebut Paus di Laut Sawu: Konflik Kepentingan Konservasi Paus antara Negara dan Masyarakat Lamalera, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Dasion Agustinus Gregorius Raja
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan kerangka teoritis wacana Laclau dan Mouffe. Analisa ini bertujuan untuk melihat seluruh praktik sosial yang dilakukan oleh negara dan masyarakat terkait wacana konservasi paus di Laut Sawu, NTT. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konflik antara masyarakat Lamalera dengan negara terjadi sejak tahun 2001. Konflik itu terkait wacana konservasi Laut Sawu yang secara langsung membatasi wilayah melaut masyarakat Lamalera. Wacana konservasi dimulai dengan pembentukan Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah Solor-Lembata-Alor (KKLD-Solar) di tahun 2006. Negara berusaha membangun kesadaran masyarakat lewat berbagai seminar, sosialisasi, dan program Dinas Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Masyarakat lokal merasa terusik dan berusaha menolak rencana konservasi tersebut. Mereka menilai bahwa perburuan paus yang mereka lakukan sejak dahulu, selalu mematuhi aturan-aturan adat lokal, dengan menerapkan pengetahuan tradisional tentang konservasi kehidupan laut.
Kemiskinan Perempuan Dayak Benawan di Kalimantan Barat sebagai Bentuk Kolonialisme Baru
Authors: Niko Nikodemus
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan kondisi kemiskinan perempuan di komunitas adat Dayak Benawan Kalimantan Barat. Akses pengambilan keputusan yang terbatas bagi perempuan Dayak Benawa berimbas kepada adanya struktur pembagian kerja gender yang tidak adil. Tradisi adat yang tidak adil juga ikut menyebabkan kemiskinan. Studi ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif melalui observasi dan wawancara di lapangan dan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber pustaka seperti buku, dokumen dari kantor desa dan jurnal ilmiah.. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemiskinan yang dialami kaum perempuan Dayak Benawan tidak hanya bersifat kultural dan struktural saja, melainkan juga bersifat multidimensi. Diberlakukannya tradisi lokal justru menjadi alat pelemahan posisi perempuan secara politis di dalam komunitas. Hal semacam itu merupakan praktik yang melangengkan patriarki di dalam komunitas masyarakat Dayak Benawan. Narasi kolonialisme baru muncul dalam konteks dimana keterlibatan perempuan ditiadakan melalui tradisi adat sehingga memperparah kondisi kemiskinan khususnya bagi perempuan di dalam komunitas Dayak Benawan.
POTENTIAL OF CELLULASE OF CHAETOMIUM GLOBOSUM FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE FROM WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES)
Authors: SURYADI HERMAN , INDAH LESTARI YULIANITA PRATIWI , MIRAJUNNISA  , YANUAR ARRY
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) made from water hyacinth ɑ-cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis by using purified enzyme and to find it’s characteristics compared to the reference.

Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from water hyacinth powder through the chemical isolation process of ɑ-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Chaetomium globosum. The yield of MCC was improved by using purified enzyme and optimization of temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) compared to reference Avicel PH 101.

Results: Purified enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has high activity with a clear zone area of 45 mm with cellulolytic index 6.5 that almost same as Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), with the cellulase enzyme activity of 6.691 U/ml. The optimum condition was at a temperature of 50⁰C and pH 6.0 with the hydrolysis time of 2 h, which produced 95% yield of MCC. Identification with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum showed positive results, similar to the reference. The results of organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristic similar to reference (Avicel PH 101).

Conclusion: Enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has a higher activity of cellulase than Trichoderma reesei with MCC obtained was 95%. Based on the comparison of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern, MCC from water hyacinth has a great potential which showed similar characteristic to reference (Avicel pH 101).
ENHANCED ORAL BIOAVAILABILITY OF TENOFOVIR FROM IONOTROPICALLY GELLED MICROBEADS
Authors: VENKATESH DHANDAPANI NAGASAMY , RAO PREETY , RAJESHKUMAR RAMAN
Published: July 2019

Objective: The main objective of the present investigation was to develop microbeads of tenofovir. Tenofovir, a BCS class III drug has a poor bioavailability of 25%, and it is administered 300 mg once a day. By incorporating the drug into a microparticulate carrier, it is expected that the dissolution profile and the oral bioavailability may be increased.

Methods: Reinforced gellan-chitosan and calcium chloride beads of tenofovir were prepared by ionotropic gelation method employing various different concentrations of gellan, chitosan, calcium chloride and tenofovir. The beads were evaluated for various physico-chemical parameters such as particle size determination, drug entrapment efficiency, swelling studies, infra red spectroscopy study, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release study, cytotoxicity study and in vivo oral bioavailability studies.

Results: From the results, it can be concluded that the formulation TB-III exhibited higher drug entrapment efficiency (46.09±0.21), a higher swelling index, sustained drug release for a period of 24 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of the drug from microbeads exhibited an increased oral bioavailability (1.25 times higher than that of pure drug), decreased elimination rate (1.32 times lesser for drug in microbeads) with prolonged elimination half-life (1.32 times higher than pure tenofovir).

Conclusion: Tenofovir loaded microbeads demonstrated as a better delivery system for the modified release of drug and also to navigate the drawbacks associated with the conventional therapy.
A FORMULATION OF ORALLY DISINTEGRATING SECANG (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L.) TABLETS AS AN ANTIOXIDANT WITH HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE AS A MASKING AGENT
Authors: Mustarichie Resmi , PRIAMBODO DRADJAD
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of this research was to formulate Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODT) preparations for secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) wood extract as antioxidants that met the requirements as a pharmaceutical preparation.

Methods: Three ODT formulas were made using the composition of the extract of secang wood, HPC-H, kollidon® CL, Avicel® PH 101, mannitol, acesulfame, magnesium stearate, citric acid, and menthol. The bitter taste of the extract of wood secang was covered with the Hydroxy Propyl Cellulose High Substitution (HPC-H) masking agent. Variations in HPC-H concentration were 4%, 4.5%, and 5%. The evaluation of tablet print mass tested included water content, flow velocity, and resting angle, real density, incompressible density, and compressibility. Evaluation of tablets tested included weight uniformity, uniformity of size, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The tablet antioxidant activity testing was carried out by the Diphenylpicylhydrazyl (DPPH) method.

Results: The results showed that all ODT formulas of secang wood extract were fulfilling the requirements as a tablet preparation according to Indonesian Pharmacopoeia IV. IC50 values ​​obtained from antioxidant testing on the three ODT formulas for a secang wood extract for formula I was 3.614 ppm, formula II was 3.464 ppm, formula III was 3.173 ppm, and the wood extract was 3.757 ppm.

Conclusion: The results obtained in this research work clearly indicated ODT formulas of secang wood extract fulfilled Indonesian Pharmacopea IV requirement and belong to the category of very strong antioxidants because they have an IC50 value of less than 50 ppm.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON ANTISEPTIC GEL STABILITY CONTAINING GREEN TEA EXTRACT FORMULATED WITH ALOE VERA GEL
Authors: KUSUMA SRI AGUNG FITRI , YUSUF DEFU
Published: July 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containing green tea extract combined with aloe vera gel by observing the physical properties and the antibacterial effectivity during storage time with different temperature.

Methods: The gel of Aloe vera were separated from the leaves using a sterile knife. While the dried green tea leaves were extracted using a maceration method. Both of active agents were combined with different concentration and formulated into an antiseptic gel product. The carbopol in a fixed concentration was used as a gelling agent. The antiseptic gel in different formulas (F1-F9) were evaluated for 56 d in different temperature storage of 18 and 25 °C. The physical properties (color, pH and viscosity) were observed and the antibacterial effectivity of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus.

Results: As a result, the green tea extract and aloe vera gel were successfully incorporated into the carbopol formulation. Each formula represented a slight difference in the pH and viscosity value of each temperature during the storage time. But statistically, both temperatures did not give a significant difference to the pH and viscosity of each gel product. Therefore, the different effect given by the storage temperature was determined by analyzing the antibacterial effectivity results. The storage temperature of 18 °C gave a significant difference in the diameter of inhibition zones against S. aureus, compared to that of 25 °C. Formula number 9 containing the combination of 5% green tea extract and 6.24% aloe vera gel performed the highest antibacterial effectivity with the optimum storage temperature at 18 °C.

Conclusion: The storage temperatures used in this study gave significant effect to physical properties stability and its antibacterial effectivity.
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF EUDRAGIT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MICROPARTICLES OF WATER SOLUBLE DRUG USING QUALITY BY DESIGN APPROACH
Authors: SHARMA SHAILESH , SETH NIMRATA
Published: July 2019

Objective: In the present protocol, employability of polymethacrylate polymer Eudragit RS100 for development of microparticles of water soluble drug with desired values of response variables was investigated by central composite optimization design through application of Design Expert® software (Series DX10).

Methods: The microparticles were developed by emulsion solvent evaporation process employing Eudragit RS100. Two effective independent variables drug: polymer ratio and stirring speed were selected to assess performance prospective of Eudragit on mean particle size, entrapment efficiency, percent yield and drug release in 12 h of microparticles. Thirteen batches generated by software were prepared and subjected to different characterization test parameters obligatory for the evaluation of formulation. Validation of optimization model and Statistical interpretation of results was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Results: ANOVA indicated that the independent variables had significant effect on response variables. Optimized formulation demonstrated close agreement amongst experimental and predicted responses with high desirability factor. In vitro drug liberation study for optimized formulation proposed a sustained release of drug from microparticles.

Conclusion: In conclusion, optimization technique was imperative in indicating the efficient applicability of Eudragit RS100 polymer in controlling the drug release of hydrophilic drugs.
AN INNOVATIVE WAY FOR EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS FROM PIMPINELLA ANISUM L. FRUITS
Authors: Boyko Nikolay N. , Pisarev Dmitriy I. , Zhilyakova Elena T. , Malyutina Anastasiya Yu. , Novikov Oleg O. , Kuznietsova Victoria Yu. , Sahaidak-Nikitiuk Rita V. , Blazheyevskiy Mykola Ye. , Shpychak Oleg S. , Sushchuk Natalia A.
Published: July 2019

Objective: The aim of this article was to test the hypothesis about the possibility for extraction of essential oil components from the plant raw material (PRM) by the example of Pimpinella anisum L. fruits with two different perfluoro organic solvents, Novec 1230 and Novec 7100.

Methods: For the studies, we used Pimpinella anisum L. fruits ground to obtain particle size between 0.1 and 0.5 mm. The study of qualitative and quantitative content of the extracts was carried out by the following method: simple maceration, PRM: extractant ratio 1:10 w/v; and circulation method for extraction using Soxhlet extractor, PRM: extractant ratio 1:5 w/v. Qualitative analysis of extracts was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Quantitative analysis of trans-anethole in the extracts was carried out by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) method.

Results: The largest yield of anethole was observed for n-hexane, 84±4 %, and for Novec 7100, 81±4 %. In case of Novec 1230 solvent, the yield of anethole was noted to be three times less, 32±2 %. The yield of anethole under the conditions of solvents (Novec 1230 and Novec 7100) circulation method was up to 94±5 % within two hours.

Conclusion: Adequacy of the working hypothesis about the possibility for extraction of essential oil components from Pimpinella anisum L. fruits by two different perfluoro organic solvents, Novec 1230 and Novec 7100, was verified experimentally. In the context of the solvents tested, it was found that the level of fluorination of the solvent’s molecule had a great influence on its extraction properties in regard to anethole and vegetable oil.
STUDIES ON REFINED LIQUISOLID SYSTEM FOR SIMULTANEOUS IMPROVEMENT OF CONTENT UNIFORMITY AND DISSOLUTION PROFILE OF GLIMEPIRIDE
Authors: Dhall Manish , Phaugat Parmita , Nishal Suchitra
Published: July 2019

Objective: To improve and compare dissolution contour of poorly soluble BCS Class II drug Glimepiride (GLD) by altering it to conventional solid dispersion (CSD), surface solid dispersion (SSD) and refined liquisolid system (RLS).

Methods: The three formulations of GLD namely CSD, SSD and RLS were fabricated using the conventional methods by employing the suitable polymer and solvent system. These formulations were optimized on the basis of powder flow properties, FTIR, DSC and XRD analysis. All the optimized formulations were compared to the marketed formulation for content uniformity and dissolution rate.

Results: The characteristic analysis of all the optimized formulations was obtained in the standard range. The average content uniformity (% age) of Marketed formulation, CSD, SSD and RLS found to be 88.28±0.721, 92.91±0.789, 95.98±0.478, 99.32±0.744 respectively. The in vitro dissolution rate  (%age at 30 min time interval) fall in the range 59.78±0.036, 75.78±0.013, 93.11±0.019, 93.99±0.062 and 98.55±0.043 for pure drug, Marketed formulation, CSD, SSD and RLS respectively. All the analytical studies exhibited improved homogeneity/distribution of the drug in RLS.

Conclusion: The RLS formulation presented sheer expansion in the content uniformity and dissolution contour of GLD at a minimal cost.
SUSTAINED RELEASE MICROBEADS OF RITONAVIR: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION
Authors: VENKATESH D. NAGASAMY , KUMAR S. SHASHI , RAJESHKUMAR RAMAN
Published: July 2019

Objective: The main aim of the present investigation was to develop sustained release microbeads of ritonavir that has a shorter half-life (3-5 h) and requires twice a day administration. These formulations exhibit a sustained release of ritonavir that would expect to improve the therapy, better drug utilization, and patient compliance.

Methods: Gellan-chitosan and calcium chloride reinforced beads of ritonavir were prepared by ionotropic gelation method employing different concentrations of gellan, chitosan, calcium chloride and drug. The prepared beads were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters such as particle size determination, drug entrapment efficiency, swelling studies, infrared spectroscopy study, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, in vitro drug release study and in vivo bioavailability studies.

Results: From the results, formulation GC-II exhibited higher drug entrapment efficiency (79.65±0.012), higher swelling index, sustained drug release over a period of 24 h, increased oral bioavailability (2.07 times higher than that of pure drug) and decreased elimination rate (2.15 times lesser for ritonavir microbeads) with prolonged elimination half-life (2.15 times more than pure drug) as compared to pure drug.

Conclusion: Ritonavir microbeads have demonstrated as a better delivery system for the sustained release of the drug; which may in turn circumvent the drawbacks associated with the conventional therapy.
DISSOLUTION PERFORMANCE OF MELOXICAM FORMULATIONS UNDER HYDRODYNAMICS OF USP PADDLE APPARATUS AND FLOW-THROUGH CELL METHOD
Authors: MEDINA-LOPEZ OSE RAUL , OROZCO-JUAREZ JOSE ANGEL , HURTADO MARCELA
Published: July 2019

Objective: To study the in vitro dissolution performance of four generic formulations of the poorly soluble drug meloxicam and the reference under hydrodynamic environments generated by flow-through cell method and USP paddle apparatus (pharmacopeial test).

Methods: Dissolution method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Dissolution profiles were carried out with an automated flow-through cell apparatus (laminar flow at 16 ml/min with 22.6 mm cells) and USP paddle apparatus at 75 rpm. Phosphate buffer pH 7.5 at 37.0±0.5 °C was used as dissolution medium. Spectrophotometric determination of drug at 362 nm was carried out during 30 min. Dissolution profiles were compared with model-dependent and-independent methods.

Results: Practically, all generic formulations showed significant differences with the percentage of drug dissolved at 30 min, mean dissolution time and dissolution efficiency, when USP paddle apparatus was used (*P<0.05), while only two generic formulations were different to reference using flow-through cell method. After adjustment to different mathematical equations, Weibull function was the best model to describe meloxicam dissolution performance and significant differences were found with all drug products when USP paddle apparatus was used, while only one formulation was different with flow-through cell method.

Conclusion: The study reveals the need to look for better dissolution schemes for meloxicam tablets since USP paddle apparatus may not reflect properly the in vitro dissolution performance of meloxicam generic formulations and reference.