bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Science museum educators' professional growth: Dynamics of changes in research–practitioner collaboration
Authors: Piqueras Jesús , Achiam Marianne
Published: January 2019

Educators' work is a key element in museums' learning experience, yet knowledge about their professional development is still limited. In this study, we followed three science museum educators' professional growth during collaboration with researchers, with special focus on the introduction of research‐based frameworks in their practice. To analyse the dynamics of educators' changes in knowledge, practices, and beliefs, we used the interconnected model of professional growth (Clarke & Hollingsworth, 2002. Teach Teacher Edu, 18, 947‐967). During the collaboration, key educators' changes were evidenced in a progressive acquisition of the concepts and ideas and their transformation in functional tools for museum practice. However, the anticipation of potential benefits of the use of the theoretical frameworks, as well as the close collaboration in dialogue between researchers and educators, were pivotal for the development of these changes. Furthermore, our results show the significance of the contextualization of the frameworks in familiar practices, exhibits, and specific science content to use the theory in new contexts. Overall, our results suggest that introducing research‐based frameworks in the work of museum educators was a successful approach in the collaboration but, at least to some extent, challenge the use of learning theories as solely ground for professional development in informal settings.
Socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, life stress, and health behaviors in a national sample of adolescents
Authors: Milas Goran , Klarić Irena Martinović , Malnar Ana , Šupe‐Domić Daniela , Slavich George M.
Published: January 2019

Adolescence is a developmental period during which time individuals adopt health behaviors that affect their lifelong health and disease risk. Socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, and stress have all been hypothesized to play a role in this association, but very few studies have examined how these factors interrelate and explain differences in health behaviors in adolescence. To address this issue, we assessed youths' socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, life stress levels across seven domains, and health behaviors in a national sample of 1,830 high school seniors living in the four largest cities in Croatia. Structural equation modelling examined the extent to which stress mediates the effects of socioeconomic status and social‐cultural values on positive and negative health behaviors. As hypothesized, stress levels significantly mediated associations between youths' socioeconomic status, social‐cultural values, and healthy and unhealthy habits. Additionally, whereas better socioeconomic status predicted less stress, greater social‐cultural value on achieving a “good life” predicted more stress. More stress, in turn, was associated with engaging in fewer healthy behaviors for both males and females, and more unhealthy behaviors for males. Socioeconomic status and social‐cultural values thus appear to influence stress levels, which may in turn affect adolescents' health behaviors and, potentially, their lifespan health.
Shear‐displacement diagram of steel plate shear walls with precompression from adjacent frame columns
Authors: Lv Yang , Li Ling , Wu Di , Chen Yu , Li Zhong‐xian , Chouw Nawawi
Published: January 2019

An analytical model of the unstiffened steel plate shear wall (SPSW) considering precompression from the adjacent frame columns is proposed and experimentally verified. First, the distribution and transferring of the gravity loads between boundary columns and the infill steel plate was proposed. Second, the shear‐displacement diagram of the SPSW under compression–shear interaction was obtained, and to further consider the global bending deformation, the shear‐displacement diagram of the SPSW under compression–shear–bending interaction was obtained. Third, the load‐carrying capacities and deformations at the state of elastic buckling of the infill steel plate, the yield of Zones I and III, the yield of Zone II, and the yield of the boundary frame were presented. Finally, cyclic loading test on four scaled one story single bay unstiffened SPSWs under different axial forces at the top of the columns was carried out to verify the proposed analytical model. Shear‐displacement relationship, shear capacity, and envelope curves of the specimens were compared with the predicted values. Results indicate that the proposed analytical model can reasonably predict the decrease of the shear load capacity and stiffness of the SPSWs due to the existence of the axial load at the boundary columns.
XRF mapping and TEM analysis of coated and uncoated silica nanoparticles in A549 cells and human monocytes
Authors: Rio‐Echevarria Iria M. , Ponti Jessica , Bogni Alessia , Gilliland Douglas , Altissimo Matteo , Pascolo Lorella , Ceccone Giacomo , Gianoncelli Alessandra
Published: January 2019

The evaluation of nanomaterials intracellular distribution still remains a challenge in nanomedicine applications and toxicological studies. Synchrotron radiation X‐ray microscopy combined with X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) microspectroscopy provides unique information that has pushed the frontiers of biological research, particularly when investigating intracellular mechanisms. In this work, the presence of silica nanoparticles in in vitro cultured human lung epithelial cell line and freshly extract human monocytes has been investigated. For the uptake and intracellular distribution of NPs, cells were cultured on polymeric substrates (Mylar). The SiO2–NPs have been synthesized at JRC and characterized by dynamic light scattering, centrifugal liquid sedimentation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas their interaction with cells was investigated with TEM and XRF. For the latter, we used TwinMic in scanning transmission mode coupled with low‐energy XRF spectroscopy, paying particular attention to the distribution of different elements, namely, Fe, O, C, Si, and Mg. Si XRF signals recorded on cells exposed to uncoated silica and epoxy‐coated silica nanoparticles are comparable, indicating low difference in cellular uptake and suggesting a similar interaction between nanoparticles and cells. However, the TEM analysis indicates a better affinity of the coated nanoparticles for the cell membrane. Moreover, the TEM analysis shows also the presence of nanoparticles in endosomes.
Cyber-Physical System to Improve Machining Process Performance
Authors: Armendia Mikel , Fuertjes Tobias , Plakhotnik Denys , Sossenheimer Johaness , Flum Dominik
Published: January 2019

Machining process is set-up in the machines at different levels of maturity. While in large batch manufacturing, a long time is spent in process design and optimization, and in small batch production, the process design time is limited, and the designed process is far to be optimized. In any case, the possibility to control and optimize the process at machine level is very important to increase the productivity. The concept of cyber-physical systems (CPS) is introduced in this paper to increase machine tool performance and process productivity. Several CPS-based features developed in Twin-Control are presented.
Visualization of Simulated and Measured Process Data
Authors: Plakhotnik Denys , Berglind Luke , Stautner Marc , Euhus Dirk , Ozturk Erdem , Fuertjes Tobias , Murtezaoglu Yavuz
Published: January 2019

Although process monitoring can facilitate to detect deviations from required part quality and safe process conditions, the analysis and postprocessing of the measured data are not embedded into the CAx workflow. Binding the measurement data together with material removal simulation creates a powerful tool for CAM programmers and process engineers. The user can analyze 3D visualization of the machining process more intuitively. A developed CAM integration simulates material removal considering the actual tool coordinates (measured during the process) and can depict the acquired and simulated cutting conditions (spindle torque, axes accelerations, etc.) with various color schemes on in-process stock simulation.
Twin-Control Evaluation in Industrial Environment: Automotive Case
Authors: Armendia Mikel , Ghassempouri Mani , Selmi Jaouher , Berglind Luke , Sossenheimer Johannes , Flum Dominik , Peysson Flavien , Fuertjes Tobias , Plakhotnik Denys
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the evaluation of Twin-Control in an automotive validation scenario consisting in the production line of a RENAULT electrical motor component that is composed by three COMAU machine tools. Automotive industry requires very optimized and controlled machining process, due to large batches and tight margin cost. In addition, life-cycle features like energy consumption and maintenance costs are of special relevance. The evaluation covers the different stages of the product developing cycle. This document highlights different obtained results of the implementation of Twin-Control features and their impact. Great benefits are provided to the industrial end-users.
Towards Energy-Efficient Machine Tools Through the Development of the Twin-Control Energy Efficiency Module
Authors: Flum Dominik , Sossenheimer Johannes , Stück Christian , Abele Eberhard
Published: January 2019

Energy efficiency is an essential quality and cost feature of modern machine tools. The main measures to increase energy efficiency have been investigated many times and are therefore well known. Nevertheless, it must be noted that even with new machine tools, on many occasions only part of this potential is exploited. One reason for this is that the benefits of an energy efficiency measure are not transparent in the planning phase. This often results in a design according to the lowest investment costs. The energy efficiency module of Twin-Control is a simulation tool to support machine tool builders in choosing an optimal machine configuration regarding both the investment and the energy costs. An essential element is simulation models based on physical modelling. These can predict the energy demand of modules within machine tools without prior measurements and ensure that the technical requirements are maintained. During the automated compilation and evaluation of the configuration, the optimization algorithm of the platform, amongst other things, accesses a component database. Using the configuration platform allows the machine manufacturer to offer an individually customized machine tool with the lowest total costs to the machine user.
New Approach for Bearing Life Cycle Estimation and Control
Authors: Olabarrieta Eneko , Konde Egoitz , Guruceta Enrique , Armendia Mikel
Published: January 2019

A new approach for the control of the life cycle of rolling bearings in machine tools is presented. The approach is based on a new simulation tool that has been developed using the well-known ISO 281 standard as a reference. This new tool improves the accuracy of the estimations in two fields: model-based and feature-based prognostics. The tool provides accurate end-of-life estimations, thanks to the determination of more realistic component loads for a defined manufacturing cycle. In addition, it can be embedded in monitoring devices using real machine tool usage data and calculate remaining useful life (RUL) of the analyzed component. Experimental tests confirm that the ISO 281 standard overestimates end-of-life of bearings under controlled conditions and presents vibration analysis as a key tool for an early detection of bearing failure. Indeed, the application of the module for remaining useful life calculation should be combined with vibration-based condition monitoring in order to detect unexpected component degradation.
Method and Analysis
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

In this short chapter we outline the three sub-studies which comprise the basis of this book. We give an account of the selection process for those men we have interviewed in this qualitative study, and the kinds of violence of which they have been victim. We also outline our methods of interview and analysis and the ethical aspects of interviewing victims of violence.
Men’s Experience of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

In this chapter we present men’s experience of intimate partner violence and discuss their experiences in the light of Michael P. Johnson’s typologies of intimate partner violence. We also offer descriptions of some of the men’s childhood experiences of violence. To the best of our knowledge, there are few narrative studies on men’s experiences with partner violence that have investigated men’s childhood experiences, and we have therefore chosen to devote a relatively large amount of the chapter to this subject. The interview studies are part of a visibility project. Both in the Nordic and international contexts, there are few qualitative studies of men’s experiences of partner violence. In this chapter we look in detail at men’s experiences, asking: When and where does the violence occur? How they have experienced this violence? What have the consequences been on their health, working life and relationships with other people? Several of the men’s stories share common features and also bear similarities to those presented in earlier research on the experiences of women victims of violence. The participants from immigrant backgrounds all describe a childhood in which it was quite common for children to be hit, especially by fathers, but also teachers and other people in authority. They are reluctant to call it violence; it was so common in their experience that they saw nothing special about it. As we will see in this chapter, the interviews reveal a complex variety of reasons for the men having ended up in violent relationships.
The Need to Develop the Established Theory of Partner Violence Further
Authors: Lien Marianne Inéz , Lorentzen Jørgen
Published: January 2019

This chapter opens with a discussion about Johnson’s (2008) concepts of intimate terrorism and situational violence. We found that the majority of the men we interviewed have been subjected to intimate terrorism, which provides the basis for a renewed theorisation of domestic violence. Traditional patriarchal values are not the sole source of such violence. Theories must be expanded to include complex psychological mechanisms and the need for control across genders. The main focus of research within men’s studies to date has been on men as perpetrators; however, our material shows that there is a need for more nuanced research on men as victims to understand masculinity/ies in a contemporary context. It highlights that structural theories about gender must be supplemented with more psychological and phenomenological theories to achieve a greater understanding of domestic violence as a whole.
The Queer Materiality of History: H.D., Freud and the Bronze Athena
Authors: Funke Jana
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a new reading of the relationship between modernist author H.D. (Hilda Doolittle) and Sigmund Freud. It focuses on the bronze statuette of Athena that was part of the psychoanalyst’s collection of antiquities and played an important role in his analytical sessions with H.D. in 1933–34. The chapter demonstrates that the material qualities of bronze took on a specific meaning in H.D.’s writings, especially Tribute to Freud (1956). In contrast to white marble, which was linked to transcendence and abstraction, the materiality of bronze drew attention to the difficulties of reaching back to the past. H.D. and Freud shared a queer attachment to the partially damaged bronze statuette, which was associated with the inevitable losses of history as well as the possibility of anachronistic survival. As such, the ancient object facilitated dialogue between H.D. and Freud and their literary and scientific projects.
Dark monopoles in Grand Unified Theories
Authors: Deglmann Maria de Lourdes Z. P. , Kneipp Marco A. C.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We consider a Yang-Mills-Higgs theory with gauge groupG= SU(n) broken toGv= [SU(p) × SU(n−p) × U(1)]/Zby a Higgs field in the adjoint representation. We obtain monopole solutions whose magnetic field is not in the Cartan Subalgebra. Since their magnetic field vanishes in the direction of the generator of the U(1)emelectromagnetic group, we call them Dark Monopoles. These Dark Monopoles must exist in some Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) without the need to introduce a dark sector. We analyze the particular case of SU(5) GUT, where we obtain that their mass isM = 4πvẼ(λ/e2)/e, whereẼ(λ/e2) is a monotonically increasing function ofλ/e2withẼ(0) = 1.294 andẼ(∞) = 3.262. We also give a geometrical interpretation to their non-abelian magnetic charge.
Cluster algebras and the subalgebra constructibility of the seven-particle remainder function
Authors: Golden John , McLeod Andrew J.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We review various aspects of cluster algebras and the ways in which they appear in the study of loop-level amplitudes in planar

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. In particular, we highlight the different forms of cluster-algebraic structure that appear in this theory’s two-loop MHV amplitudes — considered as functions, symbols, and at the level of their Lie cobracket — and recount how the ‘nonclassical’ part of these amplitudes can be decomposed into specific functions evaluated on the A
2 or A
3 subalgebras of Gr(4, n). We then extend this line of inquiry by searching for other subalgebras over which these amplitudes can be decomposed. We focus on the case of seven-particle kinematics, where we show that the nonclassical part of the two-loop MHV amplitude is also constructible out of functions evaluated on the D
5 and A
5 subalgebras of Gr(4, 7), and that these decompositions are themselves decomposable in terms of the same A
4 function. These nested decompositions take an especially canonical form, which is dictated in each case by constraints arising from the automorphism group of the parent algebra.
U(1) gauge vector field on a codimension-2 brane
Authors: Fu Chun-E , Zhong Yuan , Liu Yu-Xiao
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we obtain a gauge invariant effective action for a bulk massless U(1) gauge vector field on a brane with codimension two by using a general Kaluza-Klein (KK) decomposition for the field. It suggests that there exist two types of scalar KK modes to keep the gauge invariance of the action for the massive vector KK modes. Both the vector and scalar KK modes can be massive. The masses of the vector KK modes m
(n) contain two parts, m
1
(
n)
and m
2
(
n)
, due to the existence of the two extra dimensions. The masses of the two types of scalar KK modes m

ϕ

(
n)
and m

φ

(
n)
are related to the vector ones, i.e., m

ϕ

(
n)
 = m
1
(
n)
and m

φ

(
n)
 = m
2
(
n)
. Moreover, we derive two Schrödinger-like equations for the vector KK modes, for which the effective potentials are just the functions of the warp factor.
On quantum quenches at one loop
Authors: Goykhman Mikhail , Shachar Tom , Smolkin Michael
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We study global quenches in a number of interacting quantum field theory models away from the conformal regime. We conduct a perturbative renormalization at one-loop level and track the modifications of the quench protocol induced by the renormalization group flow. The scaling of various observables at early times is evaluated in the regime of rapid quench rates, with a particular emphasis placed on the leading order effects that cannot be recovered using the finite order conformal perturbation theory. We employ the canonical ideas of effective action to verify our results and discuss a potential route towards understanding the late time dynamics.
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Predicting Deltoid Ligament Ruptures in Ankle Fractures
Authors: Warner Stephen J. , Garner Matthew R. , Fabricant Peter D. , Schottel Patrick C. , Loftus Michael L. , Hentel Keith D. , Helfet David L. , Lorich Dean G.
Published: January 2019

Background

Operative indications for supination-external rotation (SER) ankle fractures depend on the integrity of the medial structures. Despite the importance of assessing deep deltoid ligament injuries, the accuracy of common diagnostic tests has not been established.

Questions/Purposes

The objective of this study was to compare the ability of injury (non-stress) and stress radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose deep deltoid ligament ruptures in operative SER ankle fractures.

Methods

Patients were included who underwent surgical fixation of SER ankle fractures and had appropriate injury and manual stress test radiographs, pre-operative ankle MRI, and intra-operative assessment of deep deltoid integrity by direct visualization. The medial clear space (MCS) was considered positive for all values over 5 mm on the injury or stress mortise radiographs. MRI analysis of the deep deltoid ligament injury was performed by blinded fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. Intra-operative direct visualization and assessment of the deltoid was performed using a direct medial ankle approach at the time of operative fracture fixation.

Results

Using intra-operative visualization as the gold standard, MCS measurements and MRI had differing abilities to diagnose a deep deltoid rupture. In cases where the MCS was less than 5 mm on injury radiographs and stress tests were performed, MCS measurements were much less accurate than MRI in predicting deltoid ruptures (46% versus 79%, respectively) with a high false positive rate (80%). In contrast, an MCS measurement of greater than 5 mm on injury radiographs was a strong predictor of deep deltoid rupture (accuracy of 95%).

Conclusion

Compared with direct visualization of the deltoid ligament intra-operatively, these data support proceeding with surgery when the MCS on injury radiographs is greater than 5 mm without any additional stress tests or advanced imaging. When the MCS is less than 5 mm, we recommend MRI analysis because of its increased accuracy and decreased false positive rate. Improving our ability to diagnose deltoid ruptures will contribute to more effective management of patients with SER ankle fractures.
Auditory hallucinations, top-down processing and language perception: a general population study
Authors: de Boer J. N. , Linszen M. M. J. , de Vries J. , Schutte M. J. L. , Begemann M. J. H. , Heringa S. M. , Bohlken M. M. , Hugdahl K. , Aleman A. , Wijnen F. N. K. , Sommer I. E. C.
Published: January 2019

Background

Studies investigating the underlying mechanisms of hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia suggest that an imbalance in top-down expectations v. bottom-up processing underlies these errors in perception. This study evaluates this hypothesis by testing if individuals drawn from the general population who have had auditory hallucinations (AH) have more misperceptions in auditory language perception than those who have never hallucinated.

Methods

We used an online survey to determine the presence of hallucinations. Participants filled out the Questionnaire for Psychotic Experiences and participated in an auditory verbal recognition task to assess both correct perceptions (hits) and misperceptions (false alarms). A hearing test was performed to screen for hearing problems.

Results

A total of 5115 individuals from the general Dutch population participated in this study. Participants who reported AH in the week preceding the test had a higher false alarm rate in their auditory perception compared with those without such (recent) experiences. The more recent the AH were experienced, the more mistakes participants made. While the presence of verbal AH (AVH) was predictive for false alarm rate in auditory language perception, the presence of non-verbal or visual hallucinations were not.

Conclusions

The presence of AVH predicted false alarm rate in auditory language perception, whereas the presence of non-verbal auditory or visual hallucinations was not, suggesting that enhanced top-down processing does not transfer across modalities. More false alarms were observed in participants who reported more recent AVHs. This is in line with models of enhanced influence of top-down expectations in persons who hallucinate.
Childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality: a comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Angelakis Ioannis , Gillespie Emma Louise , Panagioti Maria
Published: January 2019

This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis aims to quantify the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and suicidality. We searched five bibliographic databases, including Medline, PsychINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL, until January 2018. Random-effects meta-analysis was employed followed by univariable and multivariable meta-regressions. Heterogeneity was quantified using theI2statistic and formal publication bias tests were undertaken. The methodological quality of the studies was critically appraised and accounted in the meta-regression analyses. Data from 68 studies based onn= 261.660 adults were pooled. All different types of childhood maltreatment including sexual abuse [odds ratio (OR) 3.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.76–3.64], physical abuse (OR 2.52, 95% CI 2.09–3.04) and emotional abuse (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.64–3.77) were associated with two- to three-fold increased risk for suicide attempts. Similar results were found for the association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation. Complex childhood abuse was associated with a particularly high risk for suicide attempts in adults (OR 5.18, 95% CI 2.52–10.63). Variations across the studies in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants and other core methodological factors did not affect the findings of the main analyses. We conclude that there is solid evidence that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased odds for suicidality in adults. The main outstanding challenge is to better understand the mechanisms which underpin the development of suicidality in people exposed to childhood maltreatment because current evidence is scarce.
Effects of chronic physical disease and systemic inflammation on suicide risk in patients with depression: a hospital-based case–control study
Authors: Oh Kyu Young , Van Dam Nicholas T. , Doucette John T. , Murrough James W.
Published: January 2019

Background

Few studies have examined the concurrent effects of physical disease and systemic inflammation on suicide risk in patients with depression. The authors investigated the independent contributions of chronic physical disease and systemic inflammation as indexed by C-reactive protein (CRP), on risk of suicide attempt.

Methods

In this case–control study, 1468 cases of suicide attempters and 14 373 controls, both aged 18–65 years with a diagnosis of depression during 2011–2015, were identified from the hospital-wide database. Regression models were implemented to identify separate effects of physical diseases and systemic inflammation indexed by CRP, on risk of suicide attempt.

Results

Compared with having no physical disease, having one, two, and three or more physical diseases was associated with a 3.6-, 6.4-, and 14.9-fold increase in odds of making a suicide attempt, respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. In a sub-sample of cases and controls with available CRP values, patients with high CRP (>3 mg/L) had 1.9 times the odds of suicide attempt compared with patients with low CRP (<1 mg/L). This association was no longer significant when controlling for the effect of physical disease.

Conclusions

The presence of physical disease is an important risk factor for suicide attempt among patients with depression. Systemic inflammation is likewise associated with increased risk for suicide attempt, however, this association appears to be accounted for by the presence of physical disease among patients receiving care in a medical center setting. Healthcare providers should consider the risk of suicide attempt in depressed patients burdened with multiple comorbidities.
Gli amministratori locali di Forza Italia
Authors: Tonarelli Alessandro
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

A pochi mesi dal primo congresso nazionale di Forza Italia riteniamo utile esporre, sia pure in forma sintetica, i risultati di una ricerca empirica sugli eletti di questo partito nei consigli comunali, provinciali e regionali. La decisione di focalizzare l'analisi sui rappresentanti di Forza Italia nelle amministrazioni locali è suggerita da una serie di fattori, alcuni di rilievo sistemico e altri di portata più circoscritta. I primi inducono a collocare lo studio dei gruppi dirigenti locali di Forza Italia nel più ampio contesto della crisi e del cambiamento del sistema partitico italiano. A tale proposito, posto che fra gli indicatori più importanti di questo fenomeno troviamo il mutamento organiz-zativo ed il ricambio delle élites (Morlino 1996), uno studio del caso come quello condotto consente di misurare, con riferimento ad un importante attore politico, l'intensità e le modalità con le quali si sono manifestati questi processi. La scelta di Forza Italia è dovuta al fatto che, per la sua stessa apparizione, ha significativamente rappresentato la crisi del sistema partitico e quella più generale della democrazia italiana.
FORZA ITALIA A LIVELLO LOCALE: UN MARCHIO IN FRANCHISING?
Authors: Paolucci Caterina
Published: January 2019

Introduzione

In questo saggio presenterò alcuni risultati di una ricerca empirica sugli amministratori locali di Forza Italia, che si inserisce in un più ampio progetto di analisi del processo di istituzionalizzazione di questo partito. La scelta di concentrare l'attenzione sugli eletti locali nasce dalla convinzione che il futuro di Forza Italia sia legato non solo agli eventi organizzativi e politici che la riguardano a livello nazionale e di leadership, ma anche allo sviluppo di strutture e procedure preposte alla formazione e al consolidamento di una classe dirigente locale. In altri termini, la persistenza organizzativa di questo nuovo partito dipenderà dalla realizzazione, quantomeno a livello locale, di quella «infusione di valori» che rappresenta la premessa indispensabile di ogni compiuta istituzionalizzazione (Huntington 1968, 15; Selznick 1957, 21-22). Il fatto che a cinque anni dalla sua fondazione Forza Italia sia ancora un'organizzazione patrimoniale fortemente caratterizzata in senso personalistico ed aziendalista (Maraffi 1996; Panebianco 1995), suggerisce che tale infusione di valori, e dunque l'inizio del processo di consolidamento organizzativo, non possa aver luogo per impulso delle élites nazionali. A livello centrale questo processo è reso infatti assai difficile dalle modalità di reclutamento e selezione del personale partitico e parlamentare, miranti a creare o confermare un rapporto di fiducia personale con il leader Silvio Berlusconi, tale per cui la legittimazione dei prescelti diventa una funzione diretta delle oscillazioni del rapporto fiduciario che li lega al capo. E a quest'ultimo, non già all'organizzazione, che si dirige la lealtà delle élites centrali, e non potrebbe essere altrimenti, data la natura del partito. A livello locale, al contrario, la distanza dal centro potrebbe aver favorito un reclutamento più aperto e una selezione meno personalistica, e dunque l'emergere di un personale politico più libero di dirigere la propria lealtà verso l'organizzazione in sé, piuttosto che esclusivamente verso il suo capo. Pertanto, se esiste una possibilità di consolidamento per Forza Italia, essa è sicuramente maggiore a livello locale. In questa prospettiva è necessario dunque valutarne le dinamiche organizzative sul territorio, tenendo presente tuttavia che l'istituzionalizzazione presuppone l'esistenza di un legame tra centro e periferia che favorisca coesione e coordinamento tra i diversi livelli, senza le quali difficilmente l'organizzazione potrà stabilizzarsi nel tempo (Huntington 1968, 23).
The urban inn: gathering space, hierarchy and material culture in the eighteenth-century British town
Authors: MAUDLIN DANIEL
Published: January 2019

This article locates the ‘principal inn’ within the physical and cultural space of the eighteenth-century British town. The principal inn was the all-purpose venue for the sociable activities of polite society: from dining, drinking and conversing with friends to business deals, meetings of club and societies, legal proceedings, military musters, civic and religious proceedings. Through their central location, carefully designed interior spaces and refined material culture of furniture, fixtures and fittings, principal inns were key sites in the elite control of urban space, the enforcement of social hierarchies and the reinforcement of social values.
Douglass North’s Theory of Politics
Authors: Levi Margaret , Weingast Barry R.
Published: January 2019

Douglass C. North, co-winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1993, became a major leader in historical and comparative political science and in the study of institutions more generally. His work proved particularly relevant for those interested in questions of state building, state variation, development, and long-term secular change.
Teaching Trump: Why Comparative Politics Makes Students More Optimistic about US Democracy
Authors: Baron Hannah , Blair Robert A. , Grossman Shelby
Published: January 2019

How does learning about democratic erosion in other countries shape opinions about the state of democracy in the United States today? We describe lessons learned from a collaborative course on democratic erosion taught at nearly two dozen universities during the 2017–18 academic year. We use survey data, student-written blog posts, exit questionnaires, and interviews with students who did and did not take the course to explore the effects of studying democratic erosion from a comparative perspective. Do comparisons foster optimism about the relative resilience of American democracy or pessimism about its vulnerability to the same risk factors that have damaged other democracies around the world? Somewhat to our surprise, we find that the course increased optimism about US democracy, instilling greater confidence in the relative strength and longevity of American democratic norms and institutions. We also find, however, that the course did not increase civic engagement and, if anything, appears to have exacerbated skepticism toward activities such as protest. Students who took the course became increasingly sensitive to the possibility that some forms of civic engagement reflect and intensify the same threats to democracy that the course emphasized—especially polarization.
MODALITY AND EXPRESSIBILITY
Authors: MANDELKERN MATTHEW
Published: January 2019

When embedding data are used to argue against semantic theoryAand in favor of semantic theoryB, it is important to ask whetherAcould make sense of those data. It is possible to ask that question on a case-by-case basis. But suppose we could show thatAcan make sense ofallthe embedding data whichBcan possibly make sense of. This would, on the one hand, undermine arguments in favor ofBoverAon the basis of embedding data. And, provided that the converse does not hold—that is, thatAcan make sense of strictly more embedding data thanBcan—it would also show that there is a precise sense in whichBis more constrained thanA, yielding apro tantosimplicity-based consideration in favor ofB. In this paper I develop tools which allow us to make comparisons of this kind, which I call comparisons ofpotential expressive power. I motivate the development of these tools by way of exploration of the recent debate about epistemic modals. Prominent theories which have been developed in response to embedding data turn out to be strictly less expressive than the standard relational theory, a fact which necessitates a reorientation in how to think about the choice between these theories.
14C‐Free Carbon Is a Major Contributor to Cellular Biomass in Geochemically Distinct Groundwater of Shallow Sedimentary Bedrock Aquifers
Authors: Schwab Valérie F. , Nowak Martin E. , Elder Clayton D. , Trumbore Susan E. , Xu Xiaomei , Gleixner Gerd , Lehmann Robert , Pohnert Georg , Muhr Jan , Küsel Kirsten , Totsche Kai U.
Published: January 2019

Despite the global significance of the subsurface biosphere, the degree to which it depends on surface organic carbon (OC) is still poorly understood. Here, we compare stable and radiogenic carbon isotope compositions of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) with those of in situ potential microbial C sources to assess the major C sources for subsurface microorganisms in biogeochemical distinct shallow aquifers (Critical Zone Exploratory, Thuringia Germany). Despite the presence of younger OC, the microbes assimilated 14C‐free OC to varying degrees; ~31% in groundwater within the oxic zone, ~47% in an iron reduction zone, and ~70% in a sulfate reduction/anammox zone. The persistence of trace amounts of mature and partially biodegraded hydrocarbons suggested that autochthonous petroleum‐derived hydrocarbons were a potential 14C‐free C source for heterotrophs in the oxic zone. In this zone, Δ14C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (−366 ± 18‰) and 11MeC16:0 (−283 ± 32‰), an important component in autotrophic nitrite oxidizers, were similar enough to indicate that autotrophy is an important additional C fixation pathway. In anoxic zones, methane as an important C source was unlikely since the 13C‐fractionations between the PLFAs and CH4 were inconsistent with kinetic isotope effects associated with methanotrophy. In the sulfate reduction/anammox zone, the strong 14C‐depletion of 10MeC16:0 (−942 ± 22‰), a PLFA common in sulfate reducers, indicated that those bacteria were likely to play a critical part in 14C‐free sedimentary OC cycling. Results indicated that the 14C‐content of microbial biomass in shallow sedimentary aquifers results from complex interactions between abundance and bioavailability of naturally occurring OC, hydrogeology, and specific microbial metabolisms.
A Machine Learning (kNN) Approach to Predicting Global Seafloor Total Organic Carbon
Authors: Lee Taylor R. , Wood Warren T. , Phrampus Benjamin J.
Published: January 2019

Seafloor properties, including total organic carbon (TOC), are sparsely measured on a global scale, and interpolation (prediction) techniques are often used as a proxy for observation. Previous geospatial interpolations of seafloor TOC exhibit gaps where little to no observed data exists. In contrast, recent machine learning techniques, relying on geophysical and geochemical properties (e.g., seafloor biomass, porosity, and distance from coast), show promise in making comprehensive, statistically optimal predictions. Here we apply a nonparametric (i.e., data‐driven) machine learning algorithm, specifically k‐nearest neighbors (kNN), to estimate the global distribution of seafloor TOC. Our results include predictor (feature) selection specifically designed to mitigate bias and produce a statistically optimal estimation of seafloor TOC, with uncertainty, at 5 × 5‐arc minute resolution. Analysis of parameter space sample density provides a guide for future sampling. One use for this prediction is to constrain a global inventory, indicating that just the upper 5 cm of the seafloor contains about 87 ± 43 gigatons of carbon (Gt C) in organic form.
Anomalously Deep BSR Related to a Transient State of the Gas Hydrate System in the Western Black Sea
Authors: Ker S. , Thomas Y. , Riboulot V. , Sultan N. , Bernard C. , Scalabrin C. , Ion G. , Marsset B.
Published: January 2019

A comprehensive characterization of gas hydrate system offshore the western Black Sea was performed through an integrated analysis of geophysical data. We detected the bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR), which marks, in this area, the base of gas hydrate stability. The observed BSR depth does not fit the theoretical steady state base of gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). We show that the disparity between the BSR and predicted BGHSZ is the result of a transient state of the hydrate system due to the ongoing reequilibrium since the Last Glacial Maximum. When gas hydrates are brought outside the stability zone due to changes in temperature and sea level, their dissociation generates an increase in interstitial pore pressure. This process is favorable to the recrystallization of gas hydrates and delays the upward migration of the hydrate stability zone explaining the anomalously deep BSR. The BSR depth, which is commonly used to derive geothermal gradient values by assuming steady state conditions, is used here to derive the maximum excess pore pressure at the BGHSZ. Derived excess pore pressure values of 1–2 MPa are probably the result of the low permeability of hydrate‐bearing sediments. Higher pore pressure values derived at the location of a fault system could cause hydrofracturing enabling the free gas to cross the gas hydrate stability zone and emerge at the seafloor, forming the flares observed in close vicinity to where the shallow gas hydrates were sampled.
Neoproterozoic Low‐δ18O Zircons Revisited: Implications for Rodinia Configuration
Authors: Huang Ding‐Ling , Wang Xiao‐Lei , Xia Xiao‐Ping , Wan Yu‐Sheng , Zhang Feng‐Feng , Li Jun‐Yong , Du De‐Hong
Published: January 2019

Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks and detrital zircons with low‐δ18O values were frequently identified in the Yangtze Block, Madagascar, and India. Here we first report Neoproterozoic low‐δ18O zircons from the central part of the Cathaysia Block in South China. These zircons include detrital grains from the Early Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, inherited domains from the Early Paleozoic granitic rocks, and igneous ones from the Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks. In combination with the available data for Neoproterozoic18O‐depleted magma and zircons worldwide, we conclude that, globally,18O‐depleted magmatic activities generally began after 800 Ma and reached the peak at 780–760 Ma, corresponding to the rifting of Rodinia supercontinent. The occurrence of low‐δ18O magmatism after approximately 730 Ma in the northern Yangtze Block possibly indicates extended rifting that was associated with Neoproterozoic glaciations. The similarity in low‐δ18O magmatism between northwest India, Madagascar, and South China suggests close connections in the Rodinia supercontinent during the middle Neoproterozoic.
Regional 3‐D Modeling and Verification of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Sweden
Authors: Rosenqvist L. , Hall J. O.
Published: January 2019

Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) flowing in long conductors can pose a threat to critical infrastructure such as the power grid in cases of extreme geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic activity is more pronounced at high latitudes; thus, Nordic countries, such as Sweden, can potentially be vulnerable to GIC. Previous studies have identified the southern region of Sweden as the most vulnerable to extreme space weather, but these studies have relied on 1‐D models of the ground conductivity. Sweden, however, has large lateral variations in the underlying ground conductivity structure across the country. Thus, the understanding of the ground response to space weather events cannot be captured by 1‐D models. In this paper, we utilize a 3‐D crustal conductivity map with surrounding oceans to model the geoelectric ground response due to a uniform magnetic field. We show that southern Sweden is exposed to stronger electric fields due to a combined effect of a low crustal conductivity and the influence of the coast‐land interface from both the east and the west coast. The model can further be used to calculate GICs in the Swedish power grid and has been validated by GIC measurements from a site in northern Sweden. The measured and predicted GIC amplitudes are in excellent agreement. The model can be used to quantitatively asses the hazard from space weather in Sweden. Upon further validation at additional sites it can be used as a powerful predictive tool of the response to extreme space weather events in the Swedish power network.
Theoretical Analysis of Groundwater Flow Patterns Near Stagnation Points
Authors: Bresciani Etienne , Kang Peter K. , Lee Seunghak
Published: January 2019

The importance of stagnation points for characterizing groundwater flow patterns has long been recognized. However, the possible streamline configurations near stagnation points under the constraints of Darcy's law have not been thoroughly investigated. We fill this gap by conducting a systematic analysis of groundwater flow patterns near stagnation points in two and three dimensions. The approach borrows ideas from dynamical systems theory, as often done in fluid mechanics. The most general form of Darcy's law, which applies to variable‐density, compressible fluids flowing through heterogeneous, anisotropic, compressible porous media, is first considered. Under these conditions, there are no major restrictions on the possible flow patterns near stagnation points. The common types of stagnation points are thus minimums (spiral or nonspiral), maximums (spiral or nonspiral), and saddles (in three dimensions, these can be converging or diverging and spiral or nonspiral). The implications of dealing with more restrictive fluid and porous medium properties are then systematically investigated. In particular, important restrictions on the possible types of stagnation points exist when the flow is constant density or divergence free. The theoretical analysis is complemented by a series of examples of groundwater flow fields in which different types of stagnation point arise. The findings highlight key differences between two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional flows and provide new insights on the patterns of variable‐density groundwater flow. The fundamental knowledge on groundwater flow patterns gained from this study will benefit both theoretical and applied studies of groundwater flow and solute transport.
Oblique Porous Composite as Evaporating “Cap”: Do Desert Dunes Preserve Moisture by Capillary Barriers and Tilt of Their Slopes?
Authors: Al‐Shukaili A. , Al‐Busaidi H. , Al‐Maktoumi A. , Abdalla O. , Shelukhina O. , Kacimov A. R.
Published: January 2019

Evaporation from desert sand dunes is studied practically using laboratory columns and mathematically using both analytical and numerical modeling. On outcropping cliffs of the dunes of Buwshar (Oman), microstratification, with layers' thickness of 1–2 mm, was observed. Loose sand and consolidated core samples were collected for laboratory experiments. Imbibition into initially dry sand columns and ensuing steady state evaporation from a capillary fringe above a horizontal water table were studied. The evaporating, negative‐pressure topsoil of the columns was slanted mimicking the cliffs' tilt. In the columns plugged by a thin composite “cap” made by tooling the dune stratified clod, evaporation was impeded and reduced as compared with a homogeneous column. The same outlet evaporating boundaries were considered in HYDRUS‐2D simulations, which showed that 2‐D evaporation from a homogenous column was significantly higher than that from the column with a stratified “plug” at the top. Analytical solution for a 2‐D tension‐saturated homogeneous trapezium was obtained by conformal mappings of pentagon in the physical plane onto a rectangle in the Zhukovsky plain, via a reference plane. This solution combines the versatility of the Toth model, where topology of flow is controlled by an isobaric boundary of a flow tube, and of the Vedernikov model, which assumes a constant hydraulic conductivity in the negative pressure zone of a capillary fringe. Analytical formulae also manifest a decrease of the flow rate with the increase of the angle of tilt of an evaporating isobar.
Regional Metamorphism Occurs Before Continents Collide
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: January 2019

Evidence from collision zones suggests that the high temperatures that create regional zones of metamorphic minerals occur in wide, hot back arcs prior to continental collision deformation.