bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HortBase, a Global Electronic Information System for Decision Support
Authors: Green J.L.
Published: February 2019

HortBase, a global electronic information system to support horticultural decisions in classroom, distance education, lifelong learning, and Extension, incorporates three innovative concepts: 1) Three-dimensional team creation of individual electronic information files (subject, communications, and information science authors collaborating from start to finish to create the file). Team-creation respects, utilizes, and develops professional strengths and resources of each team member. 2) Nationwide, or even worldwide, distribution of the workload and costs of creation, review, revision, and distribution of the individual electronic information files rather than redundant individual efforts and expenditures, enables us to do more as a group and to specialize individually. 3) National peer review by each file creator's professional society (ASHS, ACE, and ASIS respectively) enhances information quality, continued professional development of the authors, and wider acceptance and use of the information. Capabilities of electronic information systems facilitate, indeed require, this new approach to information development and delivery. For additional information, http://forages.css.orst.edu/HortBase/.
The Role of Communicators in Agricultural Global Information Systems for Decision Support
Authors: Liss Evie , Duncan Andy
Published: February 2019

University communicators (writers, editors, designers, videographers, multimedia specialists, etc.) often are asked by a scientist to help her or him redesign a completed, or partially-completed, information package. This may be a rough draft of a publication that will include photos already taken, a plan for a video that will include field work already competed, a CD-ROM that will include photos, video, and sound already in hand. Communicators call these “salvage jobs.” It is like being asked to give advice on the most effective design of an experiment—when the experiment is three-fourths done. The emerging world of on-line electronic information offers support in real time to people working in a vast array of fields. It is critically important that communicators and other information professionals collaborate, at the project initiation stage, with scientists in “creation teams” to plan effective information design and delivery. Also, it is important that electronic information packages to be used for decision support be peer reviewed for communication, as well as scientific, integrity. The session's presenters will explain why.
Forage Information System as a Model for Development of Agricultural Information Systems for Decision Support
Authors: Hannaway David
Published: February 2019

To demonstrate current electronic communication capabilities, an on-line demonstration of the Forage Information System (http://www.forages.css.orst.edu) is planned. This will include accessing various forage and grassland web sites and exploring available information resources, thereby demonstrating existing global connectivity and cooperatively developed projects. What does the future hold for electronic communications? We've seen some of the tremendous progress that has been made over the course of the last 100 years. Even the changes of the last decade have been astounding. Since 1969 (the year of the manned moon landing), the number of networked servers has grown from 4 to 13 million! How can we even pretend to forecast the future of development? It's probably sheer folly.
On-line Field Guide to Native Plants for Introductory Biology Students
Authors: Quinn R.D. , Haselfeld D.J.
Published: February 2019

We are developing an on-line guide to introduce biology students to the native plants of the Cal Poly campus. It will be used prior to field laboratory exercises, and as a reinforcement after field study. It presents reference information in an interactive and nonlinear manner which encourages students to pursue information in the way that is most interesting to them. The guide is organized by a very simple key that divides plants according to habit (trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, forbs). This simple approach is possible because the guide includes only the 30 common species that students must recognize to do plant sampling exercises. Each species has a screen that displays photographs, line drawings, and a nontechnical narrative. This guide displays the appearance of plants in all seasons, and will be available at all times as a web site. It is particularly useful when laboratories meet in inclement weather or at night. As a web site, it displays the native flora of the Cal Poly campus to the world. The guide was relatively easy to construct with common multimedia equipment. The same approach could be readily employed by any educational program that repeatedly uses the same field site.
Design and Development of Interactive Media: Creating Educational Materials for CD-ROM and the Web
Authors: Johnson Sarah Minier
Published: February 2019

This workshop offers an overview of the production process for CD-ROM and Web materials, as well as pragmatic advice on how to structure effective interactive presentations. Many educators and practitioners consider interactive computer-based education the technology of tomorrow. However, evidence of high-level computer literacy among many young people suggests that a “technology gap” already exists between student computer literacy and the learning modules that instructors can prepare. As with all media presentations, the basis of effective multimedia project structure is instructional design. This includes design of both the content and the navigational interface. Given the relative complexity of these projects, a clear and logical design is essential to effective conveyance of content. The presentation of content via computer differs from “traditional” media presentations in terms of how content is structured; interactive elements; user selectivity; user motivation, and immediate, response-specific performance assessment (among other things). There are a number of differences in the production process as well. Computer-based instruction requires early definition of end-use platforms, software requirements, use of communication, testing, and grading tools, and more. Content is organized on a flowchart which, along with the design document (which contains the script/text, graphic descriptions, and programming directions), becomes the blueprint for project production. Early project prototypes are tested for ease of use, logical flow, and structure, with “typical end-user” representatives. The final project is alpha- and beta-tested prior to distribution. Although preparing computer-based media materials is time-consuming, the resulting product can greatly enhance teaching by enabling self-paced, asynchronous, active learning and accommodating different learning styles.
Fruit Fresh Mass—Diameter Relationship for `Royal Gala' Apple across Seasons and among Fruit Production Regions of New Zealand
Authors: De Silva H.N. , Tustin D.S. , Cashmore W.M. , Stanley C.J. , Lupton G. , McArtney S.J.
Published: February 2019

A number of mass—diameter equations were compared for their potential use in indirect measurement of fruit masses of `Royal Gala' apple (Malus ×domestica). The fruit fresh-mass—diameter relationship changed with time during the season, hence no single function fitted the data well. Smooth piecewise functions that assume different relationships for intervening segments of a curve bounded by knots on the x-axis are particularly useful for modeling such data. The curve is said to be smooth because the first derivative of the function is continuous on the interval, including the knots. Two such equations, a three-parameter piecewise power function and a five-parameter spline exponential function, provided good fits to data. For both equations, the estimated mean bias on individual fruit predictions was within 5% of predicted mass over the two validating data sets. As for the precision conditional on no bias, a sample size of 20 fruit gave standard errors within 2.5% of mean predicted mass. These precisions are adequate to meet the industry requirements for monitoring fruit mass through the growing season. There was evidence of a seasonal difference in the estimated bias, but we were unable to confirm that this variation resulted from seasonal differences in fruit shape. Application of these two equations to data from other regions suggested that divergence from the estimated functional form may in fact be greater under increasingly different climatic conditions. Hence, further investigations to identify possible sources of these differences are necessary before the proposed equations can be applied across climatically different regions.
Effects of Rhizosphere Carbon Dioxide on the Nutrition and Growth of Peach Trees
Authors: Glenn D.M. , Welker W.V.
Published: February 2019

Our objectives in this study were to measure the effects of low levels of root system carbon dioxide on peach tree growth (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and nutrient uptake. Using soil and hydroponic systems, we found that increased root CO2: 1) increased root growth without increasing shoot growth, 2) increased leaf P concentration, 3) decreased leaf N concentration, and 4) reduced water use relative to air injection or no treatment.
Potassium Source and Rate for Polyethylene-mulched Tomatoes
Authors: Locascio S.J. , Hochmuth G.J. , Olson S.M. , Hochmuth R.C. , Csizinszky A.A. , Shuler K.D.
Published: February 2019

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown with polyethylene mulch at five locations during a total of nine seasons to evaluate the effects of K source and K rate on fruit yield and leaf K concentration with drip and subsurface irrigation. K sources evaluated were KCl, K2SO4, and KNO3, and K rates varied from 0 to 400 kg·ha-1. Preplant soil K concentrations by Mehlich-1 extraction on the sandy soils and loamy sands used in the study varied from 12 mg·kg-1 (very low) to 60 mg·kg-1 (medium). In seven of the eight studies, K source did not significantly influence fruit yield or leaf K concentration. In the other study with subsurface irrigation at Bradenton in Spring 1992, marketable yields were significantly higher with KNO3 than with KCl as the K source. Tomato fruit yield responded to the application of K in all studies. At Gainesville, Quincy, and Live Oak, with drip irrigation on soils testing low to medium in K, maximum yields were produced with 75 to 150 kg·ha-1 K where the K was broadcast preplant. These rates were 25% to 30% higher than those predicted by soil test. At Bradenton and West Palm Beach on soils testing low to very low in K, where all or part of the K was applied in double bands on the bed shoulder with subsurface irrigation, yield responses were obtained to 225 to 300 kg·ha-1 K. These rates exceeded the maximum recommended K rate of 150 kg·ha-1. Tomato leaf tissue K concentrations increased linearly with increased rates of K application, but were not influenced by K source. These data suggest that the recommendation for K on soils testing low in K be increased from 150 to 210 kg·ha-1 and that this increase should suffice for tomatoes grown with either drip or subsurface irrigation.
The Effects of Umbel Order, Soaking, and Scarification on Germination Inhibiting Substances in Petroselinum crispum L. and Other Apiaceae Seeds
Authors: Hassell Richard L. , Kretchman Dale W.
Published: February 2019

Seed from six species of the Apiaceae and six parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) cultivars with three seed lots of each parsley cultivar were tested for the presence of germination inhibiting substances. Aqueous leachate from seed of all six species inhibited germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Leachate from root parsley seeds (P. crispum tuberosum) were least inhibitory, while leachate from celery and celeriac (both Apium graveolens L.) seeds were most inhibitory. Inhibitory concentrations in leachate varied by seed lot within a cultivar. Aqueous leachate of seeds from the primary umbels caused less inhibition of germination than did leachate from tertiary umbels. Washing parsley seeds in aerated water for 3 hours or more removed some of the germination inhibitory substance as indicated by the germination bioassay. An aqueous extract prepared from seedcoat tissue, removed during mechanical scarification, inhibited radish seed germination; inhibition was proportional to the duration of scarification and the amount of seedcoat tissue extracted. Parsley seeds scarified ≤60 minutes germinated at rates comparable to washed seeds, but longer scarification time reduced germination. Washing seeds of Apiaceae prior to commercial drying and cleaning may be a practical solution for removal of inhibitors.
Initial Low Oxygen Stress Offers No Scald Control Benefits to `Starkrimson Delicious' Apples in 0.7 kPa O2 Storage
Authors: Lau O.L.
Published: February 2019

In a 2-year study, the benefits and risks of an initial low O2 stress treatment (ILOS; 0.04 kPa O2 for 10 days) as a supplement to 1.5 or 0.7 kPa O2 storage for controlling scald in `Starkrimson Delicious' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) were evaluated. The fruit were picked from 15 orchards and harvested over five successive weeks to generate a wide range in maturity. Storage in 0.7 kPa O2 did not adequately control scald in fruit picked at starch index between 1.0 and 2.1 (10% to 35% scald), but reduced watercore-induced breakdown in fruit picked at starch index ≥2.4 (0–9 scale). The ILOS treatment gave a statistically significant but commercially nonsignificant scald control benefit to fruit held in 1.5 kPa O2 in 1 year, but not to fruit held in 0.7 kPa O2. ILOS did not increase alcoholic taste, but increased skin purpling in 0.7 kPa O2-stored fruit from the final harvest in 1 year. ILOS decreased flesh firmness in fruit picked at starch index ≥1.7 and increased watercore-induced breakdown in fruit picked at starch index ≥2.1 in both years.
Drying and Rehydration of Atlantic White Cedar, Arizona Cypress, Eastern White Pine, Leyland Cypress and Virginia Pine Christmas Trees
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Snelling Layne K.
Published: February 2019

Drying and rehydration characteristics were measured for Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.], Arizona cypress [Cupressus arizonica var. glabra `Carolina Sapphire' (Sudworth) Little], Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.)], Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) Christmas trees. Species varied in drying rate, loss of mass during display, water use after rehydration, the relationship between moisture content and xylem water potential (Ψ), and keeping quality. Leyland cypress and Arizona cypress rehydrated from Ψ values as low as –5.0 MPa, and remained in good condition after rehydration. The critical moisture content for Virginia pine and white pine was between –2.5 and –3.0 MPa. The ability of Atlantic white cedar to rehydrate decreased quickly with time out of water, and water consumption dropped sharply within a few days after placement in water. Change in fresh mass varied from +1% for Arizona cypress to –29% for Atlantic white cedar. Keeping quality of Virginia pine was poor, even for trees that were placed in water the day of cutting.
Response of Lychee Fruit to Cold and Gamma Irradiation Treatments for Quarantine Eradication of Exotic Pests
Authors: McGuire Raymond G.
Published: February 2019

In separate treatments, fruit of Litchi chinensis Sonn. were subjected to 15 days at 1.1 °C or to gamma irradiation from a 60Co source at dosages of 100, 200, or 300 Gy. Cold-treated `Mauritius' fruit lost some color intensity externally and internally, and the pale flesh had a greener hue. The pericarp of `Brewster' fruit was injured to a greater extent by cold treatment than that of `Mauritius', and the pulp of treated fruit had lower concentrations of acids and soluble solids. Cold treatment increased decay susceptibility of both cultivars. `Mauritius' fruit were also more susceptible to decay following irradiation at 300 Gy and 6 days of storage at 5 °C. Both cultivars lost firmness after this treatment. The pericarp of irradiated `Mauritius' fruit became more orange, whereas the flesh of both cultivars became greener. Irradiated `Brewster' fruit were less acidic and contained less soluble solids, but sensory evaluations could not differentiate between irradiated and nontreated fruit regardless of cultivar. Loss of quality was minimal with either cold or irradiation treatment, and both should be acceptable for lychees requiring quarantine treatment for eradication of exotic pests.
Determining the Self-incompatibility Alleles of Japanese Apple Cultivars
Authors: Sakurai Kenji , Brown Susan K. , Weeden Norman F.
Published: February 2019

The S alleles of 15 Japanese apple cultivars were determined by using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion system developed by Janssens et al. (1995). Both S alleles were identified in eight diploid cultivars, two S alleles in three triploid cultivars, and one S allele in the remaining four diploid cultivars. Two cultivars had S alleles different than those predicted by their parentage, and in one comparison of a cultivar with its sport, an identity problem was discovered. The technique helped to indicate the parent contributing the unreduced gamete in triploids.
Onion Cultivars Differ in Pungency and Bulb Quality Changes during Storage
Authors: Kopsell David E. , Randle William M.
Published: February 2019

Pungency and bulb quality changes during storage were evaluated using onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars representing different storage abilities, pungency, and soluble solids content. Bulbs were harvested from greenhouse-grown plants, cured, and stored for 3 or 6 months at 5 ± 3 °C, 80% ± 5% relative humidity (0.8 to 1.1 kPa vapor pressure deficit). Prior to storage, and after each month of storage, bulbs were evaluated for pungency by measuring enzymatically formed pyruvic acid (EPY), soluble solids content (SSC), percent loss in mass (%ML), and loss of dormancy. Pungency differed among cultivars prior to and during storage. Among short-day (SD) cultivars, EPY either decreased or increased linearly with increased storage duration. Among intermediate (ID)- and long-day (LD) cultivars, EPY decreased linearly or quadratically during storage. Short-day cultivar SSC increased, then decreased quadratically during storage, while ID and LD cultivar SSC decreased linearly over time. Percent loss in mass increased linearly during storage among all cultivars, although SD cultivars exhibited greater %ML than did ID or LD cultivars.
Extracting DNA from Cambium Tissue for Analysis of Grape Rootstocks
Authors: Lin Hong , Walker M. Andrew
Published: February 2019

The DNA extracted from cambium tissues of grape (Vitis spp., Muscadinia rotundifolia Small) rootstocks was found to be suitable for molecular analysis. Its quality was equivalent to that of DNA extracted from leaf tissues, although the yield was higher from leaves. The use of cambium tissue allows DNA extractions during dormancy or from grafted rootstocks where leaves are not available. The DNA extracted was suitable for restriction enzyme digestion and for analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and simple sequence repeats.
Micropropagation of Yellow Passionfruit by Axillary Bud Proliferation
Authors: Faria Joao L.C. , Segura Juan
Published: February 2019

A protocol for in vitro propagation in yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis F. flavicarpa Deg) has been developed. Shoot apices from aseptically grown seedlings were used as initial explants. Multiple shoot formation was obtained by placing the explants on solidified Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA. Regenerated shoots were rooted on media without growth regulators. Following conventional procedures, plantlets were transferred to soil with more than 90% success. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA).
Influence of Short-term Treatment with High CO2 and N2 on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Tomato Fruit
Authors: Terai Hirofumi , Tsuchida Hironobu , Mizuno Masashi , Matsui Noriyoshi
Published: February 2019

Tomato fruit were given a short-term (24 h) high CO2 (80%) or N2 (100%) treatment and then transferred to air storage at 20 °C. The CO2 treatment stimulated ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production, whereas the N2 treatment increased ACC content but did not increase ethylene production. Both CO2, and N2 treatments delayed ripening for one day, but fruit ripened normally. Although short-term 80% CO2, had a stimulating effect, and 100 % N2 had no effect on ethylene production, ripening was delayed slightly by both treatments. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Identification of Raspberry Cultivars by Sequence Characterized Amplified Region DNA Analysis
Authors: Parent Jean-Guy , Pagé Danièle
Published: February 2019

Five polymorphic random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for 13 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and two purple raspberry (R. idaeus L. × R. occidentalis L.) cultivars were cloned and their termini sequenced. Sequence-specific 24-mer primer pairs were synthesized as extended RAPD primers and used in sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) DNA analysis. All primer pairs generated polymorphic SCAR markers of the original RAPD marker sizes and length variants. Markers from four of the primer pairs could be easily scored and were adequate to identify the raspberry cultivars of the certification program of the province of Quebec.
Incomplete Dominance of Rust Resistance in Tepary Bean
Authors: Miklas Phillip N. , Stavely J. Rennie
Published: February 2019

Foliar diseases are a major constraint to cultivated tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman) production in some environments. The reactions of 12 cultivated teparies to eight individual races (41, 47, 49, 51, 53, 58, 67, and 73) of the bean rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus maintained at Beltsville, Md., were examined under greenhouse conditions. These diverse races, used together, overcome all of the major rust-resistance genes present within the 19 host differential cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seven lines (GN-605-s, GN-610-s, PI 321638-s, PI 502217-s, Neb-T-6-s, Neb-T-8a-s, and Neb-T-15-s) exhibited similarly high levels of resistance (immunity or necrotic spots without sporulation) to all eight races. Inheritance of resistance was examined across five susceptible × resistant (S × R) and three resistant × resistant (R × R) populations. The rust reactions in the F1, F2, and F3 generations derived from S × R crosses revealed that the immune or necrotic resistance response was conditioned by a single locus exhibiting incomplete dominance. The rust resistance of four lines tested for allelism in R × R crosses was found to be derived from the same gene. This apparent lack of variability for rust resistance suggests that a single introgression event may realize the full potential for cultivated tepary bean to contribute rust resistance to common bean through interspecific hybridization. In addition, the limited variability for resistance to the highly variable rust pathogen in cultivated tepary bean supports the occurrence of a “bottleneck effect” during domestication of this species, as observed in germplasm diversity studies.
Calcium and Nitrogen Fertilization of Alstroemeria for Cut Flower Production
Authors: Smith Mark A. , Elliott George C. , Bridgen Mark P.
Published: February 2019

The effects of Ca and N on cut flower production of Alstroemeria were determined in separate greenhouse experiments. Calcium was supplied as Ca(NO3)2 and CaCl2 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 mmol·L-1 added to tap water containing Ca at ≈0.2 mmol·L-1. Nitrogen was supplied as KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2 providing total N at 0, 3.5, 7, 14, 28.5, and 57 mmol·L-1 in tap water containing N <0.2 mmol·L-1. Nutrient solutions were applied at 7- or 10-day intervals to plants growing in a soilless medium in 2.6- or 5.5-L containers. Flowering stems were harvested when the primary florets opened. Total N concentration was measured in leaf tissue from the upper portion of flowering stems. Flower production was not affected by Ca supply, but increased with N supply to a maximum of about four stems per plant on a weekly basis at 28.5 mmol·L-1, then decreased to less than three stems per plant at 57 mmol·L-1. Nitrogen concentration in leaf tissue on a dry mass basis was maintained at 45 ±3 g·kg-1 in plants supplied with N at 28.5 mmol·L-1, 52±5 g·kg-1 at 57 mmol·L-1, but <40 g·kg-1 with N supply of 14 mmol·L-1 or lower. Nitrogen fertilization of Alstroemeria should be managed to maintain leaf tissue N close to 45 g·kg-1.
By-product Iron-humate Increases Tree Growth and Fruit Production of Orange and Grapefruit
Authors: Alva A.K. , Obreza T.A.
Published: February 2019

Citrus trees planted in alkaline soils typically show iron (Fe) deficiency chlorosis. Currently, Fe-EDDHA (ethylenediiminobis-2-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid) chelate is the most effective source of Fe for high pH soils. Iron humate (FeH), a by-product of the drinking water decolorization process, was compared with Fe-EDDHA for Fe deficiency correction on nonbearing `Ambersweet' orange and `Ruby Red' grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macf., and bearing `Hamlin' orange Citrus sinensis and `Flame' grapefruit trees, all on Swingle citrumelo rootstock, planted on high pH (>7.6) soils. Iron humate was applied under the tree canopy in spring at rates from 2 to 200 g Fe (nonbearing trees), or 22 to 352 g Fe (bearing trees) per tree per year. Application of FeH to nonbearing trees decreased twig dieback rating and increased flush growth, flush color rating, tree size, and leaf Fe concentration. Addition of urea or ammonium nitrate to FeH did not increase Fe availability. Iron amendments (22 g Fe per tree per year) increased fruit yield after the 1st year of application. Further increases in the rate of Fe, from 22 to 352 g Fe per tree per year as FeH, did not significantly increase tree growth, fruit yield, or fruit quality. This study demonstrated that FeH was an effective Fe source for citrus trees planted on alkaline soils.
Enhanced Bud Production in Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Response to Paclobutrazol
Authors: Ehlenfeldt Mark K.
Published: February 2019

Blueberry cultivars were treated with either soil drenches or foliar applications of paclobutrazol. Soil drenches of 25 mg·L-1 inhibited shoot elongation and stimulated earlier and greater flower bud production on `Bluetta', `Bluecrop', and `Jersey'. The treatments increased bud numbers 359% to 797%, and stimulated compound bud formation, while reducing formation of vegetative buds. This resulted in overcropping and reduced fruit size. Foliar applications at concentrations of 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg·L-1 increased bud set. Treatments did not significantly alter time to 50% flowering in `Bluecrop' or `Duke', but hastened flowering up to 5 days in `Blueray' at 200 ppm. Fruit ripening was significantly delayed at 100 and 200 ppm in `Bluecrop' due to overcropping, but no delays were observed in `Blueray' or `Duke'. Plant size and vigor appeared to be a determining factor in plant response. Chemical name used: PP333 or (2RS,3RS)-l(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(l,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Yield and Fruit Quality of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Response to Bioregulators
Authors: Belakbir A. , Ruiz J.M. , Romero L.
Published: February 2019

To test the effectiveness of different bioregulators in enhancing bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) yield and fruit quality, the commercial bioregulators CCC, NAA, GA3, and Biozyme® were sprayed on plants at flower initiation, followed by two additional applications at 30-day intervals. Biozyme produced a significant increase in total yield but ≈40% of the fruit were not marketable. Treatment with NAA produced the highest yield of marketable fruit. Treatments did not affect fruit firmness compared to the control. Gibberellic acid increased fruit ascorbic acid and citric acid concentrations and Biozyme, GA3, and CCC increased fruit soluble solids content. Biozyme treatment increased fruit fructose, sucrose, carotenoid, and lycopene concentration. Treatments had no effect on fruit calcium concentration or pH. Chemical names used: chlormequat chloride (CCC); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3); GA3 + IAA (indoIe-3-acetic acid) + zeatine + micronutrients (Biozyme®).
The Effect of Weed-free Period and Nitrogen on Eastern Black Nightshade Competition with English Pea
Authors: Croster Michael P. , Masiunas John B.
Published: February 2019

Studies established the critical period for eastern black nightshade (nightshade) (Solanum ptycanthum Dun.) competition in pea (Pisum sativum L.) and determined the effect of N fertility on pea and nightshade growth. In 1992, pea yields were most affected when nightshade was established at planting and remained for 4 or 6 weeks, while in 1993, competition for 6 weeks caused the greatest reduction in pea yields. In a sand culture study, pea biomass and N content were not affected by three N levels (2.1, 21, and 210 mg·L-1). Nightshade plants were five to six times larger in the highest N treatment than at lower N levels. Nitrogen content of nightshade was 0.76% at 2.1 ppm N and 3.22% at 210 ppm N. Choosing soils with low N levels or reducing the N rates used in pea may decrease nightshade interference and berry contamination of pea.
Germination Procedures and Successes of the Unique Blister Run West Virginia Population of Abies balsamea
Authors: McCarthy Carol L.
Published: February 2019

A local population of (Abies balsamea Mill.), referred to by growers as Canaan Fir, has become a popular variety for Christmas tree production. Germination procedures with varying stratification times are compared to X-ray and cut-test estimations of germination percentage. Recommendations for optimal stratification times are discussed.
Field Performance and Phenotypic Variation of Passiflora incarnata L. in New York State
Authors: McGuire Christopher M.
Published: February 2019

Passiflora incarnata L., a perennial vine native to southeastern North America, bears fruit containing an edible juice. I observed the growth, flowering, fruit yield, and fruit traits of P. incarnata plants grown in the field for one season in Ithaca, N.Y. Plants flowered throughout the summer and were pollinated by carpenter bees, but fruit set was low without additional hand-pollination. Fruits set before mid-August matured in 52 to 113 days, but fruits set after mid-August usually failed to mature. Following hand-pollination of some flowers, plants matured 0 to 14 fruits, and yield of edible juice was 5 to 10 mL per fruit. Vegetative growth, plant architecture, number of flowers produced, number of fruits matured, days from flower opening to fruit maturity, fruit size, the proportion of fruits filled with juice and seeds, and the size of juice-containing arils all varied greatly among plants. Part of this variation was probably genetic.
Iron Deficiency Chlorosis and Seed Yield in Dry Edible Beans Grown on High-pH Calcareous Soils
Authors: Gonzales J.W. , Coyne D.P. , Stroup W.W.
Published: February 2019

Iron deficiency chlorosis (FeDC) can cause significant seed yield reduction in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high-pH calcareous soils. To determine the effects of FeDC on seed yield, and the effect of Fe-spray as a correction factor for FeDC, 22 breeding lines/cultivars were planted on high-pH (8.0), calcareous (3.2–3.5 calcium carbonate equivalent), and low-Fe (1.8–4.2 ppm DTPA) sandy clay loam Tripp soils at Mitchell and Scottsbluff in western Nebraska. A split-plot design was used with Fe treatments as main plots and breeding lines/cultivars as subplots. Three foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (2.4 kg·ha–1) were applied at V4, R5, and R7 dry bean growth stages, during 1996 and 1997. Leaf chlorosis was measured simultaneously by using a Minolta Chroma-meter (CIE L* a* b* color space system), a Minolta Chlorophyll-meter (chlorophyll content index), and by visual ratings (1 = normal green to 5 = severe chlorosis). In 1996 no significant Fe-spray × line interaction (P = 0.776) and Fe-spray effect (P = 0.884) on seed yield was observed. Breeding lines showed significant differences in seed yield (P = 0.0001) with WM2-96-5 being the highest-yielding line (4047 kg·ha–1). In 1997 a significant Fe spray × line interaction (P = 0.029) was observed. The cultivar Chase without Fe spray (3375 kg·ha–1), and lines WM2-96-5 (3281 kg·ha–1), WM2-96-8 (3171 kg·ha–1) with Fe spray were the highest yielding entries under those treatments. Differences in visual ratings after the third Fe spray in 1997 were significant (P = 0.004) for Fe spray × line interaction. In 1996 visual ratings were different only for breeding lines. Chlorophyll content index showed a significant Fe spray × line interaction after the second Fe spray (P = 0.022) and after the third Fe spray (P = 0.0003) in 1997.
Screening Perennial Bedding Plants for Response to Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Latimer Joyce G. , Thomas Paul A.
Published: February 2019

Perennial bedding plant species were tested for response to single treatments of Sumagic (0, 15, 30, 45, or 60 ppm), Bonzi (0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 ppm), Cycocel (0, 750, 1500, 2250, or 3000 ppm) or B-Nine (5000 ppm, applied twice) applied during greenhouse production in Spring 1997. Plant height of both Chrysanthemum parthenium and Malva alcea had a quadratic response to Sumagic and Bonzi rates, with excessive height reductions at the lowest application rates at 4 weeks after treatment. All rates of Cycocel reduced plant height of C. parthenium and M. alcea by 33% and 40%, respectively. These species did not establish in the landscape. Verbena bonariensis was moderately responsive to Sumagic and Bonzi, but not Cycocel. Application rates of 15 and 30 ppm Sumagic or 160 ppm Bonzi provided moderate height control without landscape persistence beyond 4 weeks after planting. Leucanthemum × superbum `Alaska' was responsive to Sumagic and Bonzi, but not Cycocel or B-Nine. Rates of 15 ppm Sumagic or 40 ppm Bonzi provided moderate control without landscape persistence. Plant height of Monarda didyma `Blue Stocking' had a linear response to Sumagic and Bonzi rates. Plant height of Rudbeckia fulgida var. Sullivantii `Goldstrum' was reduced by Bonzi and Sumagic but not B-Nine or Cycocel, with recommended rates of 30 to 40 ppm Sumagic or 160 ppm Bonzi. Treatment of Sedum × `Autumn Joy' with Sumagic resulted in excessive landscape persistence of growth retardation at all rates, but Sedum was not responsive to Cycocel. Veronica alpina `Sunny Border Blue' was responsive to all rates of Cycocel, but growth retardation persisted through 12 weeks after planting.
Historic Military Landscapes: A Design and Management Opportunity
Authors: Loechl Suzanne K. , Kesler Gary , Loechl Paul , Timlin Diane , Burt Geoffrey , Duwall Lisa , Weaver Megan , Balbach Harold E.
Published: February 2019

The United States Army has recently recognized the evaluation and management of historic military landscapes as an integral component of cultural resource management. The process of properly assessing and managing military landscapes, however, can be problematic due to the need to preserve the historic character of the landscape, to enhance the military image and to improve quality of life. In addition there is a desire to implement “...environmentally and economically beneficial landscape practices on Federal properties...,” as set forth in a memorandum from the President. USACERL recently completed an historic landscape inventory and management plan for Fort Sam Houston, Texas. The landscape master plan was awarded the Texas Historical Commission's Award of Excellence in Historic Architecture. The management plan provides historically and ecologically sensitive designs that relate to each of the periods represented in the installations' historic district. Included are appropriate plant lists and guidelines for enhancing the image of the base and improving quality of life for residents and installation personnel. Of some concern here, as in many Southwest installations, is the overuse of irrigation in historic areas, and the need to replace ecologically (and historically) inappropriate plants with more drought-tolerant species. Plan implementation in these areas is expected to reduce both water usage and associated costs.
The Presence of Heat-shock Proteins in Sun-exposed and Heat-treated Apple Fruit
Authors: Ritenour Mark , Schrader Larry , Ku Maurice
Published: February 2019

Sunburn of apples is frequently a significant cause of cullage in Washington State. Some cultivars are more susceptible to sunburn than others. Further, apples that have acclimated to full sunlight exposure in the field (“sun”) have been reported to be less likely to sunburn when exposed to full sunlight than apples growing within the canopy (“shade”). We hypothesize that heat-shock proteins (HSPs) might be involved in these differences in sunburn susceptibility. Western blots of total protein extracts from apple peel identified the presence of protein recognized by antibodies raised against small HSPs (smHSPs) from different plant species. SmHSPs in apple were very low or non-detectable in “shade” fruit, but were relatively high in “sun” or heat-treated (4 h at 40 °C) “shade” fruit. SmHSP accumulation in `Fuji' apples could be detected after the first hour of a 4-h heat treatment at 40 °C, and continued to increase over the next 8 to 10 h. The smHSPs did not begin to decline even after the apples had been held for 48 h at room temperature. Initial studies indicate that cultivars differ in smHSP content. Results from biweekly samplings of several cultivars will be reported.
Changes in Non-structural Carbohydrates in Tulip Bulb Scales during Cold Treatment and Greenhouse Forcing
Authors: Ranwala Anil P. , Hardin Beth , Miller William B.
Published: February 2019

The energy and carbon needs for early shoot growth in tulips are mainly provided by reserve carbohydrates in bulbs. The cold-treatment of bulbs before greenhouse forcing enhances the breakdown and remobilization of reserve carbohydrates in bulb scales, and is necessary for proper shoot growth and flowering in tulips. Tulip bulbs are known to contain both starch and fructans as reserve carbohydrates. We evaluated several extraction solvents, including ethanol and distilled water, and several extraction temperatures to accurately determine the amounts of different types of non-structural carbohydrates in tulip bulb scales. Extraction with distilled water resulted in excessive solubilization of starch. For example, extraction at 70 °C solubilized more than 80% of starch to glucan polymers. On the other hand, 80% ethanol at 70 °C extracted all soluble sugars including fructans with no apparent solubilization of starch. The changes in non-structural carbohydrates in the outermost bulb scale of tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L. `Frankfurt') during 12 weeks of cooling at 8.8 °C followed by 5 weeks of greenhouse forcing were determined. Starch was the major carbohydrate in bulb scales consisting of ≈70% of the dry weight at the beginning of cold treatment. Starch content per scale decreased slightly during cold treatment, but rapidly after transferring to greenhouse. Sucrose and soluble fructan content per scale increased during cold treatment, then decreased after transferring to greenhouse. Glucose content per scale remained fairly constant during cooling and greenhouse forcing, while fructose content increased in the greenhouse.
Evaluation of Zeolite-based Soilless Root Media for Potted Chrysanthemum Production
Authors: Carlino Janet L. , Williams Kimberly A. , Allen Earl R.
Published: February 2019

Chrysanthemum growth and nutrient leaching of three clinoptilolite-based root media, which were formulated and provided by Boulder Innovative Technologies, Inc. and ZeoponiX, Inc., were compared to the performance of control plants grown in Sunshine Mix #2 (3 peat: 1 perlite, v/v). The control received 210 mg·L–1

N from an 18N–4P–15K soluble fertilizer at each irrigation. The experimental zeolite-based medium NZ, which contained untreated zeolite and received the same soluble fertilizer as the control, leached lower concentrations of NH4-N, K, and PO4-P for most of the production cycle compared to the control. Medium EZ1 was formulated to provide N, P, and K as fertilizer nutrients and produced plants similar to the control based on ratings, height, width, and dry mass, but not fresh mass, at harvest when the fertilizer rate was half of that applied to the control, 105 mg·L–1 N. Medium EZ2, which did not receive P or K from soluble fertilizer, produced plants similar to the control based on rating, height, and dry mass, but not width or fresh mass, with soluble fertilizer input reduced to only N. Tissue N, P, and K concentrations of plants grown in media EZ1 and EZ2 were lower than those of control plants. With further refinements, these zeolite-based products show promise for decreasing nutrient leaching during crop production and allowing for application of lower rates of soluble fertilizers.
Viticultural Performance of Thirteen Rootstocks Grafted to `Chardonnay' in the Russian River Valley, Sonoma County, California
Authors: Smith Rhonda J. , Wolpert James A.
Published: February 2019

Thirteen grapevine rootstocks grafted to Vitis vinifera L. `Chardonnay' clone 4 were compared over 5 years of fruiting in a replicated trial. The scion and all rootstocks were certified as virus tested and true-to-type. Green-growing bench grafted vines were planted in 1989 and vine growth and yield component data collected in 1993–1997. Planting density was 2.44 × 3.66 m vine by row (1122 vines/ha). All vines were harvested on one date each year. Analyses conducted on the 5-year averages of most parameters indicated the year by treatment (rootstock) interaction was significant (P < 0.05). Within years, rootstock response was significantly different for most parameters. In the last 3 years (1995 to 1997), AXR#1 and 5C were among the highest-yielding stocks, ranging from 15.2 to 26.8 kg/vine and 13.8 to 26.1 kg/vine, respectively. Among the lower-yielding stocks during the same period was 101-14, which ranged from 11.6 to 22.9 kg/vine. Other low-yielding rootstocks included 110R and 779P. Vine yield was not highly correlated with either cluster number or cluster weight in any year; however, AXR#1 consistently produced among the highest number of clusters per vine. 5C had the greatest pruning weights in 1994 and 1995 (3.2 and 3.1 kg/vine, respectively) and 1045P had the highest in 1996 (2.4 kg/vine). 1045P also had the greatest shoot weights in each of the last 3 years for which pruning weights are available (1994–96). In 1994 and 1995, 101-14 had among the lowest shoot weights and shoot numbers per vine.
Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Wang Z. , Acock M.C. , Acock B.
Published: February 2019

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.
Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration
Authors: Barry Lisa M. , Dana Michael N.
Published: February 2019

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.
Chilling Injury Determination in Tomato Fruit using Electrolyte Leakage and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Techniques
Authors: Moura M.A. , Mendonça G.A. , Finger F.L.
Published: February 2019

The present work was carried out to evaluate chilling injury in tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara and EF-50, employing chlorophyll fluorescence and electrolyte leakage techniques. Fruit were harvested at the mature-green stage and stored at 5 and 10 °C for 14 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed every 2 days, whereas electrolyte leakage was measured every 7 days. It was observed that cv. Santa Clara stored at 10 °C had no statistical alteration in Fv/Fm ratio and did not show a significant increase in electrolyte leakage. These results indicate that tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara, were not injured during the analyzed period. On the other hand, fruit stored at 5 °C showed a significant decrease in Fv/Fm ratio after 6 days whereas electrolyte leakage was significantly higher at the 14th day of storage. For cv. EF-50, it was observed that fruit stored at 10 °C had a significant decrease in the Fv/Fm ratio after 10 days, although there was no statistical difference for electrolyte leakage. For fruit stored at 5 °C, it was verified that Fv/Fm ratio significantly decreased after 2 days and electrolyte leakage was significantly higher after 7 days of storage. Based on the results presented, it is suggested that tomato fruit, cv. Santa Clara, is potentially more resistant to chilling injury than cv. EF-50 and chlorophyll fluorescence proved to be a useful tool to study physiological stresses such as chilling injury.