bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural effects of dinotefuran and analogues in insecticidal and neural activities
Authors: Kiriyama Kazuhisa , Nishimura Keiichiro
Published: October 2002

The insecticidal potencies of dinotefuran and analogues against the adult male American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L) were measured by injection with or without metabolic inhibitors. The potency of dinotefuran was close to those of clothianidin and imidacloprid under the conditions used. The nerve‐excitatory and nerve‐blocking activities were measured with central nerve cords of P americana. The nerve‐excitatory activity of dinotefuran was lower than that of imidacloprid, but was comparable with that of clothianidin. The nerve‐blocking activity of dinotefuran was comparable with that of imidacloprid and slightly higher than that of clothianidin. Quantitative analyses showed that variations in the insecticidal activity were better correlated with variations in the nerve‐blocking activity than with those in the nerve‐excitatory activity when the contribution of the hydrophobic factor was allowed for.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced conditioned inhibitory avoidance by a combined extract of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Topic B. , Hasenöhrl R. U. , Häcker R. , Huston J. P.
Published: October 2002

Previous work has shown that intragastric administration of Zingicomb®, a preparation consisting of Zingiber officinale and Ginkgo biloba extracts, has anxiolytic‐like properties. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of acute treatment with this preparation on inhibitory avoidance learning. The influence of pre‐trial administered Zingicomb (ZC) on inhibitory avoidance conditioning was investigated in adult male Wistar rats, with a one‐trial step‐through avoidance task. The animals were treated intragastrically with either vehicle, 0.5, 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg ZC 60 min prior to the acquisition trial. When tested 24 h after training, rats which had received 10 mg/kg ZC exhibited significantly longer step‐through latencies than vehicle treated animals. This result, thus, demonstrates the beneficial effects of Zingicomb on conditioned inhibitory avoidance. Unlike conventional anxiolytic drugs, such as the benzodiazepines, which tend to have amnesic properties, this phytopharmacon is a potent anxiolytic agent which, additionally, can facilitate performance on a learning task, indicating promising clinical applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ent‐Kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid, a KB cells cytotoxic diterpenoid from Elaeoselinum foetidum
Authors: Mongelli E. , Pomilio A. B. , Sánchez J. Bustamante , Guerra F. M. , Massanet G. Martínez
Published: October 2002

Toxic and cytotoxic activities of the toxic plant Elaeoselinum foetidum (Apiaceae) were evaluated using the brine shrimp toxicity (BST) and KB cell cytotoxicity assays. The active chloroform extract was subjected to a bioactivity‐directed fractionation, monitored by the BST assay, that led to the isolation of the diterpenoid ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid. This compound was potent against the brine shrimp (LC50 = 4.8 μg/mL) and KB cells (IC50 = 1.6 μg/mL). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitivity analysis of an integrated model for joint determination of economic design of $\overline{x}$‐control charts, economic production quantity and production run length for a deteriorating production system
Authors: Lam K. K. , Rahim M. A.
Published: October 2002

This study presents an integrated model for the joint economic design of $\overline{x}$‐control charts and maintenance schedules and, simultaneously, determines the economic production quantity and production run length for a deteriorating production system. The operating state of the production process is classified as either in control or out of control. In the latter state, the process produces some defective items. An $\overline{x}$‐control chart is used to monitor the process mean. Both uniform and non‐uniform inspection schemes are adopted. Inspection and maintenance are performed simultaneously. Replacement cost is assumed to be very high. The process failure mechanism is assumed to follow a general probability distribution with an increasing failure rate. The concept of a truncated production cycle is introduced. The production cycle begins when a new component is installed and ends with a repair after the detection of a failure or after a specified number of inspection intervals, $m$, whichever occurs first. The effects of preventive maintenance on quality control are discussed. Numerical examples are provided to evaluate the performance of the model. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to study the effects of various model parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supershells in deformed harmonic oscillators and atomic clusters
Authors: Bonatsos Dennis , Lenis D. , Raychev P. P. , Terziev P. A.
Published: October 2002

From the mathematical point of view, the appearance of supershells is a general feature of potentials having relatively sharp edges. In physics, supershells have been observed in systems of metal clusters, which are also known to exhibit an underlying shell structure with magic numbers intermediate between the magic numbers of the 3‐D isotropic harmonic oscillator and those of the 3‐D square well. In the present study, Nilsson's modified harmonic oscillator (without any spin–orbit interaction), as well as the 3‐D q‐deformed harmonic oscillator with uq(3) ⊃ soq(3) symmetry, are considered. The former model has been used for an early schematic description of shell structure in metal clusters, while the latter has been found to successfully reproduce the magic numbers of metal clusters up to 1500 atoms, the expected limit of validity for theories based on the filling of electronic shells. The systematics of the appearance of supershells in the two models will be considered, putting emphasis on the differences between the spectra of the two oscillators. While the validity of Nilsson's modified harmonic oscillator framework is limited to relatively low particle numbers, the 3‐D q‐deformed harmonic oscillator gives reliable descriptions of the first supershell in metal clusters, which lies within its region of validity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Magnetic moments of hindered rotators by off‐center impurity ions
Authors: Andreev A.G. , Georgiev M. , Mladenova M.S. , Krastev V.
Published: October 2002

Off‐center impurity ions in solids often perform rotations around their regular lattice sites. Unlike quasifree rotors with rotational line spectra subject to textbook attention in quantum mechanics, the off‐center species are hindered rotors with spectra quantized in rotational bands. These bands occur because of tunneling through barriers arising along the orbital path. For an off‐center ion rotating along a planar orbit, such as the Li+ impurity nearest‐neighboring an F center in alkali halide, the hindered rotation will give rise to specific magnetic moments that couple to and quantize external magnetic fields normal to the orbital plane. We present a simple theory and estimates of Li+ magnetic dipoles and rotational bands to find conditions for an experimental verification. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Quantum chemical prediction of the adsorption conformations and dynamics at HCOOH‐covered ZnO(1010) surfaces
Authors: Persson Petter , Lunell Sten , Ojamäe Lars
Published: October 2002

Results from ab initio Hartree–Fock and gradient‐corrected density functional theory calculations of formic acid interactions with ZnO (1010) surfaces are reported. Surface relaxation is found to affect equilibrium geometries and adsorption energies significantly. Large variations in adsorption energy with coverage and ordering of the adsorbates are revealed and explained in terms of strong and highly anisotropic electrostatic adsorbate–adsorbate interactions. The results are compared to published experimental and theoretical results, and differences in suggested binding geometries from the different studies are discussed. Dynamic properties of the adsorption, surface mobility, and surface reactivity are inferred from key elements of the potential energy surface obtained from the quantum chemical computations and supported by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Optimal fault signal estimation
Authors: A. Stoorvogel A. , H. Niemann H. , Saberi A. , Sannuti P.
Published: October 2002

We consider here both fault identification and fault signal estimation. Regarding fault identification, we seek either exact or almost fault identification. On the other hand, regarding fault signal estimation, we seek either ℋ︁2 optimal, ℋ︁2 suboptimal or ℋ︁∞ suboptimal estimation. By appropriate combination of these two aspects, we formulate five different fault identification and fault signal estimation problems. We analyse and synthesize appropriate residual generators for fault identification and estimators which generate fault signal estimates for all these problems. Solvability conditions for all these problems are given. Also, for each of these problems, the architecture of integrating the residual generator that isolates the fault and estimators that estimate the fault signals is developed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution and turnover of benthic organic matter in a lowland river: influence of hydrology, seston load and impoundment
Authors: Wanner S.C. , Ockenfeld K. , Brunke M. , Fischer H. , Pusch M.
Published: October 2002

The standing stocks of benthic organic matter (BOM) and some of its biochemical compounds (particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen, protein, and chlorophyll a) were investigated in the upper 12 cm of the sediments at several sampling sites in a free‐flowing and in an impounded river section of the lowland River Spree (Germany). Several environmental variables were recorded, in order to determine their potential influence on the organic matter content in the sediments. It was shown that the organic matter content in the upper sediment layers was mainly determined by the local hydrological regime, which was best reflected by the particle size distribution at the sampling sites. For the deepest investigated sediment strata, no influencing factors could be determined. The amount and quality of suspended matter was of minor importance to sediment composition. Also seasonal effects could not be detected.

The impounded river section exhibited less seasonal variation in organic matter storage, as well as shorter carbon turnover lengths, longer carbon turnover times and lower rates of annual organic matter recycling than the free‐flowing river section, which indicates that changes in river hydraulics result in alterations to the organic matter budget. These alterations could be related to the changed mesohabitat composition and to the higher standing stocks of organic matter in the impounded river reach. We conclude that both morphological and hydrological alterations affect the structure and function of running water ecosystems because of their negative effect on the organic matter cycling. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video summarization based on the psychological unfolding of a drama
Authors: Moriyama Tsuyoshi , Sakauchi Masao
Published: October 2002

This paper proposes a method of composing digests of TV videos based on their psychological unfolding. Most of the studies of video summarization to date have been based on the video structure, such as cuts or objects in the video. It is generally considered, however, that the observer of a TV drama emphasizes instead the psychological unfolding of the video content (such as the climax). However, no method of summarizing a drama based on the psychological aspect of the video has been proposed. Track structures [such as cutting, lines spoken by the actors, BGM (background music), and sound effects] constitute physical components, and the dramatist skillfully manipulates the time structure based on his empirical knowledge in order to present a particular psychological impression. This paper proposes a method in which the psychologically important part is detected on the basis of empirical knowledge as a corresponding time‐series pattern of the track structure, and a summarized video is generated. As an experiment, the proposed method was applied to a TV drama, and the time length was reduced to approximately 1/14. Subjective evaluation experiments show that the proposed method preserves the content of the main plot, with naturalness of extraction, thus indicating the usefulness of the proposed method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(11): 39–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10066
Accurate RBS measurement of ion implant doses in silicon
Authors: Boudreault G. , Jeynes C. , Wendler E. , Nejim A. , Webb R. P. , Wätjen U.
Published: October 2002

We demonstrate very accurate ion implant dose measurements using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) traceable to a certified reference material from IRMM, Geel and the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung (BAM), Berlin. The measurements have an absolute accuracy of better than 1.4% and a precision of better than 1.25%. The certified standard sample is compared directly with recent absolute determinations of the energy loss of He in Si, and also with a sample calibrated against the Harwell Bi standard. We determine the dose in a series of three In implants and six As implants of various doses and energies. Some of the samples were amorphized to eliminate channelling effects. A double detector geometry was used, giving pairs of spectra with a common incident charge but where the solid angle and the electronic gain were determined for each detector channel independently. The statistical uncertainty is reduced to <1%. The non‐linear pile‐up background is determined carefully. The errors are determined critically. The experiments were carried out at different dates and different places, so time and space reproducibility of the results is confirmed. The IBA DataFurnace is used for analysis of the certified standard reference material and compared with a transparent manual data reduction method: the use of this code for routine data analysis at the highest accuracy is validated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of surface coverage for tetraphenylporphyrin monolayers using ultraviolet visible absorption and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies
Authors: Bramblett Ariana L. , S. Boeckl Maximiliane , Hauch Kip D. , Ratner Buddy D. , Sasaki Tomikazu , Rogers J. W.
Published: October 2002

The surface coverage of thiolated tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives assembled on gold has been determined using ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis) and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy was used to calculate the surface concentration of porphyrin molecules through two independent approaches: the first measured the porphyrin concentration in solution after the displacement of a porphyrin monolayer from the gold surface; and the second directly exploited the absorptivity of the monolayers. Furthermore, we determined experimentally the extinction coefficients for the porphyrin monolayers and verified that the extinction coefficients are in agreement with a simple theoretical model that is frequently applied to porphyrin monolayers. Two separate models, both based on a uniform overlayer, were applied to the XPS data to determine the surface concentration of the porphyrin monolayers. Finally, for comparison of the UV/Vis and XPS results, a model of an ordered tetraphenylporphyrin arrangement on a surface was utilized to calculate coverage. The results of these two spectroscopic techniques differed by as much as a factor of 4, but they were generally comparable to those for related porphyrin systems. Determination of the surface coverage of monolayers is often challenging, thus the comparison of two independent experimental techniques allows for a more accurate estimation of monolayer coverage, and demonstrates the often unrealized potential to calculate the coverage of organic monolayers using XPS. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of surface modification processes using a ternary XPS diagram
Authors: Olander Björn , Albertsson Ann‐Christine
Published: October 2002

The use of a ternary XPS diagram to follow surface modification processes involving three elements is described. The elemental composition is represented by a single data point on a plane instead of by two or three elemental ratios or percentages. Vectors are defined between the data points, and simple vector algebra is used to interpret the results. The extent of the surface change is determined by calculating the length of the vector from untreated to a treated composition point, and this leads to a value for the overall change in elemental composition. The direction of the vector indicates how the changes in the individual elemental percentages are related to each other, i.e. what elemental composition the surface is approaching. The ternary XPS diagram is demonstrated and compared with elemental percentages and ratios using XPS data from hydrogen microwave plasma‐treated polydimethylsiloxane. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative confidence intervals for the assessment of bioequivalence in four‐period cross‐over designs
Authors: Quiroz Jorge , Ting Naitee , Wei Greg C. G. , Burdick Richard K.
Published: October 2002

Bioequivalence studies are conducted to demonstrate equivalence in the bioavailability of the active ingredient in different formulations. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires pharmaceutical companies to show bioequivalence between different formulations or generic companies to show bioequivalence between generic drugs and brand drugs before approval. A recent FDA guidance on bioequivalence proposes criteria for assessment of population bioequivalence (PBE) and individual bioequivalence (IBE) in a four‐period cross‐over design. In this paper, computer simulation is used to compare modified large sample (MLS) upper bounds with those proposed by the FDA to test for both PBE and IBE. The comparison criteria are the ability to maintain the stated test size and the simulated power of tests based on these bounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis combining parallel and cross‐over clinical trials. II: Binary outcomes
Authors: Curtin François , Elbourne Diana , Altman Douglas G.
Published: October 2002

We examine different methods to pool binary outcomes used both in parallel and cross‐over trials. Odds ratio (OR) estimators obtained from joint conditional probabilities in cross‐over trials, such as the Mantel–Haenszel and Peto methods, are compared to an OR estimator using marginal results of cross‐over trials. When there is correlation between the outcomes in the two cross‐over periods, joint conditional ORs differ from marginal ORs and cannot be combined with OR estimates from parallel trials. The marginal OR estimate is independent of the between‐period correlation and it includes a correction for cross‐over correlation in the variance estimate. As its computation is similar in cross‐over and parallel trials, it is the method of choice to pool results from parallel and cross‐over trials in a combined design meta‐analysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing and maintaining de‐localized software systems in a multi‐site environment using Web‐based tools
Authors: .V Balaji , .B Sangeetha
Published: October 2002

Web‐based approaches used during software maintenance for testing de‐localized software in a multi‐site environment are described. The supporting infrastructure uses the Internet for communications and project management practices for procedural direction. Processes involve specifying personnel roles and using a configuration management system for test schedules and the handling of test results. Different testing strategies are used during various stages of the maintenance lifecycle; each has benefits and weaknesses. Test results are automated using scripts, and a Web interface is provided to obtain better tracking. This achieves a $24\times7$ operational effectiveness by using automation and regression testing mechanisms, and results in documented cost savings and software quality improvements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creating a reusable GUI component
Authors: Stoecklin Sara , Allen Clement
Published: October 2002

Application development of a large number of graphical user interface (GUI) screens and reports requires a labor‐intensive process. In the typical scenario, a GUI developer drags each component, such as the textfield, label, and error messages, on each of the new GUI screens or reports. They then set the component properties and perhaps write any validation routines for input data. Using the proposed Observation Panel Bean (OPB), the developer drags only one component per field, and the OPB dynamically builds the GUI components with consistent properties and links the observation field to the needed validation routine. With little development effort these fields are simply selected from the data dictionary and placed on the GUI. The proposed OPB uses Fowler's observation pattern as a high‐level abstraction representing attributes observed about information in the application domain. The panel collaborates with the observation pattern to set the label, error message, and properties of the various components. Yoder's validator pattern collaborates with the observation pattern and the data dictionary to validate the observations. The proposed OPB decreases GUI development time, adds adaptability to GUI design, and increases consistency in GUI component presentation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for table driven testing of Java classes
Authors: Daley Nigel , Hoffman Daniel , Strooper Paul
Published: October 2002

With the advent of object‐oriented languages and the portability of Java, the development and use of class libraries has become widespread. Effective class reuse depends on class reliability which in turn depends on thorough testing. This paper describes a class testing approach based on modeling each test case with a tuple and then generating large numbers of tuples to thoroughly cover an input space with many interesting combinations of values. The testing approach is supported by the Roast framework for the testing of Java classes. Roast provides automated tuple generation based on boundary values, unit operations that support driver standardization, and test case templates used for code generation. Roast produces thorough, compact test drivers with low development and maintenance cost. The framework and tool support are illustrated on a number of non‐trivial classes, including a graphical user interface policy manager. Quantitative results are presented to substantiate the practicality and effectiveness of the approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FC++: Functional tools for object‐oriented tasks
Authors: Smaragdakis Yannis , McNamara Brian
Published: October 2002

FC++ is a library for programming functionally in C++. Compared to other C++ functional programming libraries, FC++ is distinguished by its powerful type system which allows the manipulation of parametrically polymorphic functions (e.g., passing them as arguments to other functions and returning them as results).

In this paper, we show how FC++ can be used in common object‐oriented programming tasks. We demonstrate FC++ implementations of several common design patterns (Adapter, Builder, Command, and more). Compared to conventional C++ implementations of these patterns, our implementations are either simpler (in that fewer classes/dependencies are needed), more efficient, or more type‐safe (thanks to parametric polymorphism and type inference). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopaminergic synapses in the matrix of the ventrolateral striatum after chronic haloperidol treatment
Authors: Roberts Rosalinda C. , Force Michelle , Kung Lili
Published: October 2002

Antipsychotic drugs (APD) are used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and exert their effects, in part, through dopamine receptor blockade. APD treatment causes many changes in the brains of humans and experimental animals including therapeutic, pathologic, or changes associated with motor side effects. Typical APD given chronically to animals induce behavioral sequelae that mimic tardive dyskinesia in several ways. Our previous work has shown that chronic treatment with haloperidol decreases striatal synaptic density but that symmetric synapses are lost only in rats that develop oral dyskinesias. The goals of this study were to determine if the density of dopaminergic terminals was affected by chronic haloperidol treatment and/or correlated with dyskinesias. Rats were given haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg/rat) or water, as a control. After 6 months of treatment, rats were divided into nondyskinetic or dyskinetic groups according to the behavior scores determined in the last month. Striatal volume was similar between controls and drug‐treated rats. Synaptic density, calculated using stereological methods, was obtained from the matrix of the ventrolateral striatum. The density of symmetric synapses (mean ± SD, per 100/μm3) formed by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) containing terminals in haloperidol treated rats (3.58 ± 1.64) was not significantly different from that of controls (3.06 ± 1.00). The density of TH‐labeled terminals forming symmetric synapses in the nondyskinetic group (3.65 ± 1.67) vs. the dyskinetic group (3.54 ± 1.73) was similar and neither was different from that of the controls. These data indicate that terminals other than dopaminergic ones form fewer symmetric synapses in dyskinetic rats. Moreover, these data have implications for interpreting results obtained in humans treated with typical antipsychotic drugs. Synapse 45:78–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonin mediates CA1 spine density but is not crucial for ovarian steroid regulation of synaptic plasticity in the adult rat dorsal hippocampus
Authors: Alves Stephen E. , Hoskin Elena , Lee Susan J. , Brake Wayne G. , Ferguson Deveroux , Luine Victoria , Allen Patrick B. , Greengard Paul , McEwen Bruce S.
Published: October 2002

The activity of the serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) system is sensitive to estradiol and progesterone. During the ovarian cycle, dendritic spines on CA1 pyramidal neurons of the dorsal hippocampus are increased by estradiol and later decreased by progesterone. We sought to determine whether 5‐HT is involved in maintaining CA1 spine density and/or in steroid regulation of synaptic plasticity in dorsal hippocampus. Ovariectomized rats were treated (sc) over 10 days with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) to deplete 5‐HT, followed by estradiol benzoate on days 10 and 11. A subset of animals received progesterone on day 12. The day after the last treatment, rats were perfused and brains were processed for Golgi impregnation. Separate groups were processed for radioimmunocytochemistry (RICC) for the spine‐associated protein, spinophilin, or high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for monoamine analysis. Golgi and RICC data indicate that CA1 apical spine density was significantly decreased by pCPA (17–20%). Estradiol increased spine density in both saline‐ and pCPA‐treated rats compared to respective controls (30%); however, pCPA animals maintained significantly fewer spines. No differences in spine densities were observed between saline‐ and pCPA‐treated rats given estradiol and progesterone. Depletion of 5‐HT by pCPA was confirmed in the CA1 (−90%) and dorsal raphe (−80%) by HPLC analysis. While 5‐HT depletion was associated with a 57% decrease in CA1 norepinephrine (NE), there was no difference in dorsal raphe NE. Thus, whereas 5‐HT is involved in maintaining spine density in the adult female rat CA1, it is not crucial for steroid‐mediated plasticity. 5‐HT‐regulated spines/synapses may represent distinct populations from those modulated by estradiol and progesterone in dorsal hippocampus. Synapse 45:143–151, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flip and flop splice variants of AMPA receptor subunits in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Tomiyama Masahiko , Rodríguez‐Puertas Rafael , Cortés Roser , Pazos Angel , Palacios José M. , Mengod Guadalupe
Published: October 2002

Excitotoxicity mediated by AMPA receptors has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To investigate the relevance of AMPA receptors to motor neuron degeneration in ALS, we evaluated the expression of mRNAs coding for flip and flop splice variants of AMPA receptor subunits (GluR‐A to GluR‐D) in the cervical segment of the spinal cord from control individuals and patients with ALS using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Transcript mRNAs coding for flop variants were significantly decreased in the ventral horn of the spinal cord from patients with ALS, whereas the mRNAs for flip variants were preserved. These findings suggest that the relative abundance of flip variants vs. flop variants is increased in spinal motor neurons of ALS patients when compared to that of control individuals. Flip variants promote assemblies of slowly desensitizing AMPA receptors. These results imply that spinal motor neurons of ALS patients possess more slowly desensitizing AMPA receptors than those of control individuals. This expression change of AMPA receptors in ALS may account for vulnerability of motor neurons in this disease. Synapse 45:245–249, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Concept: The Use of Vanadium Complexes in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sakurai Hiromu
Published: October 2002

In the 21st century, patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), a lifestyle‐related disease, will increase more than in the 20th century. DM is threatening because of the development of many severe secondary complications, including atherosclerosis, microangiopathy, renal dysfunction and failure, cardiac abnormalities, diabetic retinopathy, and ocular disorders. Generally, DM is classified as either insulin‐dependent type 1 or noninsulin‐dependent type 2 DM. Type 1 DM is treated only by daily insulin injections; type 2 DM is treated by several types of synthetic therapeutic substances together with a controlled diet and physical exercise. Even with these measures, the daily necessity for several insulin injections can be painful both physically and mentally, whereas the synthetic therapeutic substances used over the long term often have side effects. For those reasons, the creation and development of a new class of pharmaceuticals for treatment of DM in the 21st century would be extremely desirable. In the last half of the 20th century, investigations of the relationships among diseases and micronutrients, such as iron, copper, zinc, and selenium, have been numerous. Research into the development of metallopharmaceuticals involving the platinum‐containing anticancer drug, cisplatin, and the gold‐containing rheumatoid arthritis drug, auranofin, has also been widespread. Such important findings prompted us to develop therapeutic reagents based on a new concept to replace either insulin injections or the use of synthetic drugs. After many trials, we noticed that vanadium might be very useful in the treatment of DM. Before the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921 and its clinical trial for treating DM, the findings in 1899, in which orally administered sodium vanadate (NaVO3) was reported to improve human DM, gave us the idea to use vanadium to treat DM. However, it has taken a long time to obtain a scientific explanation as to why the metal ion exhibits insulin‐mimetic or blood‐glucose lowering effects in in vitro and in vivo experiments. After investigations from many perspectives involving biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry, vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) and its complexes with several types of ligands have been proposed as useful for treating DM in experimental diabetic animals. On the basis of a mechanistic study, this article reports on recent progress regarding the development of antidiabetic vanadyl complexes, emphasizing that the vanadyl ion and its complexes are effective not only in treating or relieving both types of DM but also in preventing the onset of DM. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 2: 237–248, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10029
Influence of explicit and reflective versus implicit inquiry‐oriented instruction on sixth graders' views of nature of science
Authors: Khishfe Rola , Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad
Published: October 2002

This study investigated the influence of an explicit and reflective inquiry‐oriented compared with an implicit inquiry‐oriented instructional approach on sixth graders' understandings of nature of science (NOS). The study emphasized the tentative, empirical, inferential, and imaginative and creative NOS. Participants were 62 sixth‐grade students in two intact groups. The intervention or explicit group was engaged in inquiry activities followed by reflective discussions of the target NOS aspects. The comparison or implicit group was engaged in the same inquiry activities. However, these latter activities included no explicit references to or discussion of any NOS aspects. Engagement time was balanced for both groups. An open‐ended questionnaire in conjunction with semistructured interviews was used to assess participants' NOS views before and at the conclusion of the intervention, which spanned 2.5 months. Before the intervention, the majority of participants in both groups held naive views of the target NOS aspects. The views of the implicit group participants were not different at the conclusion of the study. By comparison, substantially more participants in the explicit group articulated more informed views of one or more of the target NOS aspects. Thus, an explicit and reflective inquiry‐oriented approach was more effective than an implicit inquiry‐oriented approach in promoting participants' NOS conceptions. These results do not support the intuitively appealing assumption that students would automatically learn about NOS through engagement in science‐based inquiry activities. Developing informed conceptions of NOS is a cognitive instructional outcome that requires an explicit and reflective instructional approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 551–578, 2002
Preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of moon phases before and after instruction
Authors: Trundle Kathy Cabe , Atwood Ronald K. , Christopher John E.
Published: October 2002

This study focused on the conceptual understandings held by 78 preservice elementary teachers about moon phases, before and after instruction. Participants in the physics groups received instruction on moon phases in an inquiry‐based physics course; participants in the methods group received no instruction on moon phases. The instructive effect of two different types of preinstruction interviews also was compared. The instruction on moon phases used in the study is from Physics by Inquiry by Lillian McDermott. In the study, the method of inquiry followed a qualitative design, involving classroom observations, document analysis, and structured interviews. Inductive data analysis identified patterns and themes in the participants' conceptual understanding. Results indicate that without the instruction, most preservice teachers were likely to hold alternative conceptions on the cause of moon phases. Participants who had the instruction were much more likely to hold a scientific understanding after instruction. The instruction appears to be more effective in promoting a scientific understanding of moon phases than instruction previously reported in the literature. It also appears that using a three‐dimensional model or making two‐dimensional drawings during the preinstruction interviews does not have instructive value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 633–658, 2002
Turner Syndrome morphology and morphometrics: Cardiac hypoplasia as a cause of midgestation death
Authors: Barr Mason , Oman‐Ganes Loraine
Published: October 2002

Background

A female fetus with massive truncal‐limb hydrops and large, loculated, nuchal hygromas in midgestation is highly likely to have Turner syndrome. This phenotype is recognized to be usually lethal, with only more mildly affected fetuses surviving to term birth.

Methods

The morphology and morphometrics of 117 midgestation fetuses with phenotypic Turner syndrome were analyzed.

Results

More than 90% of fetuses with phenotypic Turner syndrome were found to have heart weights below the 2.5 centile, as well as lung hypoplasia and restricted limb growth for brain weight standards, although brain weight was only mildly reduced for gestational age. In contrast, subnormal heart weight was much less common among fetuses with other etiologies of hydrops, hygromas, or pleural effusions.

Conclusions

We hypothesize that myocardial hypoplasia is a primary defect in Turner syndrome, and it leads to or is a major contributor to the phenotypic features that end in midgestational death. Teratology 66:65–72, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Removal of microcystins by slow sand filtration
Authors: Grützmacher Gesche , Böttcher Gabriele , Chorus Ingrid , Bartel Hartmut
Published: October 2002

To assess the elimination potential of slow sand filters for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins (microcystins), two full‐scale experiments were conducted using the German Federal Environment Agency's experimental field in Berlin, Germany. One experiment was carried out with dissolved microcystins extracted from a cyanobacterial bloom on one of Berlin's lakes, dosed as short‐term, single‐pulse application. The other experiment simulated natural conditions more closely, with a longer‐term exposure of the filter to living cyanobacterial cells (collected from the same lake) so that most toxins were initially contained inside the cells. The microcystins were detected by ELISA and HPLC/photodiode array detector and subsequently identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. The experiment with dissolved microcystins yielded very high elimination rates (>95%) inside the filter bed attributed to biodegradation, whereas retardation by adsorption was low. The obtained half‐lives for the microcystins detected by ELISA were about 1 h. The second experiment, which was with mostly cell‐bound microcystins, showed similar results during the first days after application of cyanobacteria (elimination >85%). As the population declined in late autumn, the proportion of extracellular to cell‐bound microcystins increased. At the same time the elimination rates declined to values <60%. This decline is most likely attributable to retarded biodegradation at temperatures of <4°C. Altogether the results of the experiments show that under moderate temperatures, with an intact schmutzdecke (biofilm) with previous contact with microcystins, slow sand filtration is an effective treatment for eliminating microcystins from drinking water. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 386–394, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10062
A survey of interactive mesh‐cutting techniques and a new method for implementing generalized interactive mesh cutting using virtual tools‡
Authors: Bruyns Cynthia D. , Senger Steven , Menon Anil , Montgomery Kevin , Wildermuth Simon , Boyle Richard
Published: October 2002

In our experience, mesh‐cutting methods can be distinguished by how their solutions address the following major issues: definition of the cut path, primitive removal and re‐meshing, number of new primitives created, when re‐meshing is performed, and representation of the cutting tool. Many researches have developed schemes for interactive mesh cutting with the goals of reducing the number of new primitives created, creating new primitives with good aspect ratios, avoiding a disconnected mesh structure between primitives in the cut path, and representing the path traversed by the tool as accurately as possible. The goal of this paper is to explain how, by using a very simple framework, one can build a generalized cutting scheme. This method allows for any arbitrary cut to be made within a virtual object, and can simulate cutting surface, layered surface or tetrahedral objects using a virtual scalpel, scissors, or loop cautery tool. This method has been implemented in a real‐time, haptic‐rate surgical simulation system allowing arbitrary cuts to be made on high‐resolution patient‐specific models. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐layer LMDS system architecture: DAVIC‐based approach and analysis
Authors: Mähönen P. , Jamin A. , Saarinen T. , Shelby Z. , Muñoz Luis , Sukuvaara T.
Published: October 2002

Despite the growing interest for LMDS systems there have been only a few commercial implementations until now especially outside of the U.S.A. The use of hierarchical structure through two‐layer networking has been even rarer. In many cases LMDS systems have strong advantages against their competitors to cover the last mile. In this article, we review and analyze the standards currently available and describe the European two‐layer trial system developed in 1996–2000. We show why further development towards IP based LMDS is useful in the future. Most of our recommendations are based on results derived from the European Union supported research project CABSINET. It had the aim of demonstrating the viability of a 40 GHz cellular digital television system with a return channel to offer interactive services. Two systems were tested: a line of sight link using QPSK, and a non‐line of sight with COFDM modulation scheme. In the RF‐subsystems, the greatest difficulty of any viable LMDS system is to obtain a moderately low price for the user receiver, while fulfilling the hard OFDM requirements in terms of phase noise, stability and spectrum restrictions. Several options have been studied in order to design the subsystems with the smallest cost. This paper will present the architectures of the transmitters, nomadic terminals, and the design of the IF/RF subsystems for both types of modulations. The discussion is focused on system engineering and selections required in order to build a full two‐layer LMDS system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of engineering aerodynamics models using a viscous flow methodology on the NREL Phase VI rotor
Authors: Xu Guanpeng , Sankar Lakshmi N.
Published: October 2002

A numerical technique has been developed for efficiently simulating fully three‐dimensional viscous fluid flow around horizontal axis wind turbines. In this approach the viscous region surrounding the blades is modelled using the 3D unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. The inviscid region away from the boundary layer and the wake is modelled using potential flow. The concentrated vortices that emanate from the blade tip are treated as piecewise straight line segments that are allowed to deform and convect at the local flow velocity. The Biot–Savart law is used to estimate the velocity field associated with these vortices. Calculations are presented under axial wind conditions for the NREL Phase VI rotor, a two‐bladed rotor tested at the NASA Ames Research Center 80 ft × 120 ft wind tunnel. Good agreement with the measurements is found. The computations were verified against the experimental data and then used to develop improved engineering models for the loss of lift at the blade tip and for the delay in the stall angle at inboard locations. The procedure of developing improved aerodynamics models using validated CFD results as a guide is presented. The improved models are incorporated in a blade element momentum analysis to study the post‐stall behaviour of a three‐bladed rotor tested at NREL for further validation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of iron, copper and zinc concentrations in skin phantoms using XRF spectrometry
Authors: Bagshaw Andrew P. , Farquharson Michael J.
Published: October 2002

X‐ray fluorescence analysis was used to determine the concentrations of iron, copper and zinc in skin phantoms. The system used consisted of a high‐output tungsten target x‐ray tube and a germanium secondary target, the fluorescence from which was used to excite the elements in the sample. Calibration models were constructed in order to allow quantitative predictions of metal concentrations, with spectral analysis performed using the Marquardt method of non‐linear least‐squares fitting. For an acquisition time of 2000 s, minimum detectable concentrations of <10 µg g−1 for iron and <5 µg g−1 for copper and zinc were measured. These values are comparable to the levels encountered in healthy human skin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Youth development and afterschool time: Policy and programming in large cities
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Miller Beth M. , Barry Susanna
Published: October 2002

This chapter reviews the issues associated with the growth of after‐school programming and the impact on major urban centers.
Captive duiker management at the Duiker and Mini‐Antelope Breeding and Research Institute (Dambari), Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Bowman Verity , Plowman Amy
Published: October 2002

The Dambari Field Station (near Bulawayo, Zimbabwe), owned and run by the Marwell Zimbabwe Trust, holds a unique collection of seven duiker species. Health and breeding records are good, with annual birth rates of approximately 50% for those species for which there are breeding pairs. There are no indications of recurrent disease syndromes, and regular health checks reveal very few endo‐ or ectoparasites. Blood values for hematology and chemistry are within ranges found in free‐living conspecifics, with the exception of serum albumin, which is considerably lower than values found in all comparable species. Serum albumin is also lower than those reported in other captive duikers, whereas serum globulin and hemoglobin are substantially higher. Naturally vegetated duiker enclosures and nonintrusive husbandry routines are designed to stimulate as near to natural behavior patterns as possible. Although time spent foraging by duikers at Dambari is significantly less compared to free‐living conspecifics, daily patterns of activity and rest by common and blue duikers are very similar to those of free‐living conspecifics. There are activity peaks in the early morning and late evening, with long rest periods in the middle of the day. Blue duikers at Dambari tend to be more active at night than has been reported for wild blue duikers. This collection of healthy, breeding, and relatively naturally behaving duikers represents a unique opportunity for furthering our knowledge of these diminutive antelope. Excellent residential accommodations, office facilities, and a small laboratory are available for visiting researchers who wish to study duiker biology. Zoo Biol 21:161–170, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.