bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical Nucleation Length for Accelerating Frictional Slip
Authors: Aldam Michael , Weikamp Marc , Spatschek Robert , Brener Efim A. , Bouchbinder Eran
Published: November 2017

The spontaneous nucleation of accelerating slip along slowly driven frictional interfaces is central to a broad range of geophysical, physical, and engineering systems, with particularly far‐reaching implications for earthquake physics. A common approach to this problem associates nucleation with an instability of an expanding creep patch upon surpassing a critical length Lc. The critical nucleation length Lc is conventionally obtained from a spring‐block linear stability analysis extended to interfaces separating elastically deformable bodies using model‐dependent fracture mechanics estimates. We propose an alternative approach in which the critical nucleation length is obtained from a related linear stability analysis of homogeneous sliding along interfaces separating elastically deformable bodies. For elastically identical half‐spaces and rate‐and‐state friction, the two approaches are shown to yield Lc that features the same scaling structure, but with substantially different numerical prefactors, resulting in a significantly larger Lc in our approach. The proposed approach is also shown to be naturally applicable to finite‐size systems and bimaterial interfaces, for which various analytic results are derived. To quantitatively test the proposed approach, we performed inertial Finite‐Element‐Method calculations for a finite‐size two‐dimensional elastically deformable body in rate‐and‐state frictional contact with a rigid body under sideway loading. We show that the theoretically predicted Lc and its finite‐size dependence are in reasonably good quantitative agreement with the full numerical solutions, lending support to the proposed approach. These results offer a theoretical framework for predicting rapid slip nucleation along frictional interfaces.
Asymmetric Space Weathering on Lunar Crater Walls
Authors: Sim Chae Kyung , Kim Sungsoo S. , Lucey Paul G. , Garrick‐Bethell Ian , Choi Young‐Jun
Published: November 2017

Using new topography‐corrected spectral data from the SELENE spacecraft, here we report a new lunar crater property produced by space weathering. We find that the optical properties of north, south, east, and west walls vary systematically across the Moon; pole‐facing walls are brighter and less red (i.e., less mature) than their equator‐facing counterparts as latitude increases, which we explain by reduced solar wind flux in pole‐facing slopes. On the nearside, we find that east‐west differences in crater wall brightness and redness vary with longitude, which we explain by solar wind shielding as the Moon passes through the Earth's magnetosphere. Because micrometeoroids are largely unaffected by magnetosphere passage, the longitudinal effect is used to discriminate between micrometeoroid and solar wind effects. Thus, for the first time we quantify how surface optical properties vary with solar wind flux.
High‐Altitude Closed Magnetic Loops at Mars Observed by MAVEN
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David , Luhmann Janet , Ma Yingjuan , Fang Xiaohua , Harada Yuki , Hara Takuya , Brain David , Weber Tristan , Mazelle Christian , DiBraccio Gina A.
Published: November 2017

With electron and magnetic field data obtained by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, we have identified closed magnetic field lines, with both foot points embedded in the dayside ionosphere, extending up to 6,200 km altitude into the Martian tail. This topology is deduced from photoelectrons produced in the dayside ionosphere being observed traveling both parallel and antiparallel to the magnetic field. At trapped‐zone pitch angles (within a range centered on 90° where electrons magnetically reflect before interacting with the atmosphere), cases with either solar wind electrons or photoelectrons have been found, indicating different formation mechanisms for these closed loops. These large closed loops are present in MHD simulations. The case with field‐aligned photoelectrons mixed with solar wind electrons having trapped‐zone pitch angles is likely to be associated with reconnection, while the case with photoelectrons at all pitch angles is probably due to closed field lines being pulled tailward by the surrounding plasma flow. By utilizing an algorithm for distinguishing photoelectrons from solar wind electrons in pitch angle‐resolved energy spectra, we systematically map the spatial distribution and occurrence rate of these closed magnetic loops over the region sampled by the MAVEN orbit. We find that the occurrence rate ranges from a few percent to a few tens of percent outside of the optical shadow and less than one percent within the shadow. These observations can be used to investigate the general magnetic topology in the tail, which is relevant to cold ion escape, reconnection, and flux ropes.
Earthquakes in the Mantle? Insights From Rock Magnetism of Pseudotachylytes
Authors: Ferré Eric C. , Meado Andrea L. , Geissman John W. , Di Toro Giulio , Spagnuolo Elena , Ueda Tadamasa , Ashwal Lewis D. , Deseta Natalie , Andersen Torgeir B. , Filiberto Justin , Conder James A.
Published: November 2017

Ultramafic pseudotachylytes have been regarded as earthquake fossils formed at mantle depths (i.e., >30 km). Here we show that pseudotachylytes hosted by ultramafic rocks from three localities have distinct magnetic properties. Fresh host peridotites contain only small amounts of coarse‐grained magnetite. In contrast, the ultramafic pseudotachylytes contain variable amounts of significantly finer magnetite that formed coseismically through melting. Among each locality, magnetite abundance in the pseudotachylytes ranges over several orders of magnitude (4–2,000 ppm), and magnetic grain size varies considerably (from single domain to multidomain). Because the host peridotites are compositionally similar, the pseudotachylyte magnetic properties are interpreted to primarily reflect the physical and cooling conditions prevailing during seismic slip. Further, the examination of laboratory‐produced ultramafic pseudotachylytes shows that quenching does not produce superfine magnetite. We hypothesize that the magnetic properties of ultramafic pseudotachylytes are controlled by fO2 and in consequence vary systematically with depth of formation. Therefore, these properties can be used to assess if the ruptures producing the earthquakes that these pseudotachylytes represent nucleated at actual mantle depths or at shallow depths during exhumation of mantle rocks.
Fasciculation and elongation zeta‐1 protein (FEZ1) interacts with the retinoic acid receptor and participates in transcriptional regulation of the Hoxb4 gene
Authors: Bertini Teixeira Mariana , Figueira Ana Carolina M. , Furlan Ariane S. , Aquino Bruno , Alborghetti Marcos R. , Paes Leme Adriana F. , Wei Li‐Na , Kobarg Jörg
Published: November 2017

Fasciculation and elongation zeta‐1 (FEZ1) protein is involved in axon outgrowth and is highly expressed in the brain. It has multiple interaction partners, with functions varying from the regulation of neuronal development and intracellular transport mechanisms to transcription regulation. One of its interactors is retinoic acid receptor (RAR), which is activated by retinoic acid and controls many target genes and physiological process. Based on previous evidence suggesting a possible nuclear role for FEZ1, we wanted to deepen our understanding of this function by addressing the FEZ1–RAR interaction. We performed in vitro binding experiments and assessed the interface of interaction between both proteins. We found that FEZ1–RAR interacted with a similar magnitude as RAR to its responsive element DR5 and that the interaction occurred in the coiled‐coil region of FEZ1 and in the ligand‐binding domain of RAR. Furthermore, cellular experiments were performed in order to confirm the interaction and screen for induced target genes from an 86‐gene panel. The analysis of gene expression showed that only in the presence of retinoic acid did FEZ1 induce hoxb4 gene expression. This finding is consistent with data from the literature showing the hoxb4 gene functionally involved in development and acute myeloid leukemia, as is FEZ1.
Quantification and comparison the dosimetric impact of two treatment couch model in VMAT
Authors: Zhang Ruohui , Gao Yulan , Bai Wenwen
Published: November 2017

The use of Monte Carlo treatment planning systems (TPS) in radiation therapy has increased the dosimetric accuracy of VMAT treatment sequences. However, this accuracy is compromised by not including the treatment couch into the treatment planning process. Therefore, the impact of the treatment couch on radiation delivery output was determined, and two different couch models (uniform couch model A vs two components model B) were included and tested in the Monaco TPS to investigate which model can better quantify the couch influence on radiation dose. Relative attenuation measurements were performed following procedures outlined by TG‐176 with three phantom positions for A–B direction: on the left half (L), in the center (C) and on the right half (R) of the couch. As well as absolute dose comparison of static fields of 10 × 10 cm2 that were delivered through the couch tops with that calculated in the TPS with the couch model at 2 mm and 5 mm computing grid size respectively. The most severe percentage deviation was 4.60% for the phantom positioned at the left half of the couch with 5 mm grid size at gantry angle 120°. The couch model was included in the TPS with a uniform ED of 0.26 g/cm3 or a two component model with a fiber 0.52 g/cm3 and foam core 0.1 g/cm3. After including the treatment couch, the maximum mean dose attenuation was reduced from 3.68% without couch included to (0.60, 0.83, 0.72, and 1.02) % for model A and model B at 2 and 5 mm voxel grid size. The results obtained showed that Model A performed better than the model B, demonstrating lower deviations from measurements and better robustness against dose grid resolution changes. Considering the results of this study, we propose the systematic introduction of the couch Model A in clinical routine. All the reported findings are valid for the Elekta iBEAM® evo Extension 415 couch and these methods can also be used for other couch model.
mGluR2/3 activation of the SIRT1 axis preserves mitochondrial function in diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Chandrasekaran Krish , Muragundla Anjaneyulu , Demarest Tyler G. , Choi Joungil , Sagi Avinash R. , Najimi Neda , Kumar Pranith , Singh Anmol , Ho Cheng‐Ying , Fiskum Gary , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven L. , Russell James W.
Published: November 2017

Objectives

There is a critical need to develop effective treatments for diabetic neuropathy. This study determined if a selective mGluR2/3 receptor agonist prevented or treated experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) through glutamate recycling and improved mitochondrial function.

Methods

Adult male streptozotocin treated Sprague‐Dawley rats with features of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or Low Capacity Running (LCR) rats with insulin resistance or glucose intolerance were treated with 3 or 10 mg/kg/day LY379268. Neuropathy end points included mechanical allodynia, nerve conduction velocities (NCV), and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). Markers of oxidative stress, antioxidant response, glutamate recycling pathways, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) associated proteins were measured in dorsal root ganglia (DRG).

Results

In diabetic rats, NCV and IENFD were decreased. Diabetic rats treated with an mGluR2/3 agonist did not develop neuropathy despite remaining diabetic. Diabetic DRG showed increased levels of oxidized proteins, decreased levels of glutathione, decreased levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and OXPHOS proteins. In addition, there was a 20‐fold increase in levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the levels of glutamine synthetase and glutamate transporter proteins were decreased. When treated with a specific mGluR2/3 agonist, levels of glutathione, GFAP and oxidized proteins were normalized and levels of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), SIRT1, PGC‐1α, TFAM, glutamate transporter proteins, and glutamine synthetase were increased in DRG neurons.

Interpretation

Activation of glutamate recycling pathways protects diabetic DRG and this is associated with activation of the SIRT1‐PGC‐1α–TFAM axis and preservation of mitochondrial OXPHOS function.
Dermi‐Domus: A Grown Wardrobe for Bodies and Buildings
Authors: Oxman Neri
Published: November 2017

Stitching and assembly are yesterday's methods of wearables manufacturing. 3D printing, growing, and inbuilt responsive functionality are its future. The Mediated Matter Group founded by architect, designer, inventor and professor Neri Oxman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab is showing the way. Here she describes some of the group's recent ventures: from a filtering cape and skirt, to an artificial organ system that provides useful microbes to the wearer, to a mask designed to capture a person's dying breath.
Interactions: Dialogues on Body, Protections and Derivatives
Authors: Casas Niccolò
Published: November 2017

Could kinetic clothing be the next big thing? A collaboration between Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen and Italy‐based architect and educator Niccolò Casas has produced a series of dresses that blur the boundaries between the body and the space around it. Casas explains how they have fused handcraft with technology, using 3D printing, mass customisation techniques, and morpho‐dynamic simulations, among other means, to produce couture pieces that react to bodily movement in extraordinary new ways.
Dress/Code Democratising Design Through Computation and Digital Fabrication
Authors: Rosenkrantz Jessica , Louis‐Rosenberg Jesse
Published: November 2017

Computer‐controlled manufacturing techniques offer the possibility of making bespoke design accessible to all. Jessica Rosenkrantz and Jesse Louis‐Rosenberg, cofounders of design studio Nervous System in Somerville, Massachusetts, have made some ground‐breaking ventures into this new field. Their projects, described here, offer customisation of items such as jewellery, dresses and running shoes through interfaces between specially developed Web apps, body scans and biometric data.
Mass Customisation: Designed in China, Produced Globally
Authors: Ma Steven
Published: November 2017

Given the right level of creativity and entrepreneurship, designing for customised 3D printing can offer highly profitable business opportunities anywhere in the world. Xuberance is a case in point. Set up in Shanghai in 2014, the firm's innovative approach to working in both business‐to‐business and consumer markets has earned it huge international recognition and commercial success in an astoundingly short time. Cofounder and Chief Design Officer Steven Ma outlines the journey so far.
Reinventing Shoes: United Nude
Authors: Koolhaas Rem D
Published: November 2017

Based in Amsterdam, United Nude is a world leader in the design of technically advanced architectural footwear. After working separately with fashion designer Iris van Herpen and architect Zaha Hadid, the practice went on to collaborate with a number of pioneering architects and product designers worldwide for an exhibition at the 2015 Salone del Mobile in Milan. As a cofounder of the firm, Rem D Koolhaas recounts the journey so far, revealing the questions it raises and the capacities and limitations of 3D printing in this field.
Crystalline Tectonics: An Architect's Guide to 3D‐Printing Sugar or Anything Else
Authors: von Hasseln Kyle
Published: November 2017

Architecture and the culinary arts appear as polar opposites: one generally designed to last, the other inherently ephemeral. But for Kyle von Hasseln, a postgraduate architecture research project became the starting point for the two to come together, when he and his partner Liz von Hasseln tried out their second‐hand 3D printer with some novel materials. Sugar, chocolate, milk powder, dehydrated powdered fruit: the Los Angeles design firm they cofounded – now known as 3D Systems Culinary Lab – has experimented with them all. Presenting their work, Kyle ponders how it recalls elaborate historical desserts, but with structurally poetic and sometimes challenging twists.
Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Stripe Patterned TiN Film Prepared with Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition (FCVAD)
Authors: Chen Ping , La Yingqian
Published: November 2017

This paper describes an experimental investigation into the influence of the stripe interspace and applied load on the tribological behavior of stripe patterned TiN films. The stripe patterned TiN films are deposited on an H13 steel surface by masked deposition with the filtered cathodic vacuum arc discharge (FCVAD) technique. The surface micro morphology, chemical composition, crystal structure, and mechanical properties of the films is characterized using 3D white light interferometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), and a nano‐indentation tester, respectively. The tribological performance of patterned TiN is measured using a UMT‐5 tribometer, and the friction and wear mechanisms are analyzed, compared with that of the full TiN film and H13 steel substrate. The results show that the stripe patterned TiN films has better tribological properties than the full TiN film. These results are attributed to the synergistic effect between the surface pattern and the TiN film. The stripe interspace and the applied load has a more significant effect on the wear rate of the stripe patterned TiN films than the coefficient of friction of their friction pairs. A further study, however, is needed to analyze the relationship between the applied load and the wear rates of the stripe patterned TiN films.
Mixed‐Dimensional 1D ZnO–2D WSe2 van der Waals Heterojunction Device for Photosensors
Authors: Lee Young Tack , Jeon Pyo Jin , Han Jae Hyun , Ahn Jongtae , Lee Hyo Sun , Lim June Yeong , Choi Won Kook , Song Jin Dong , Park Min‐Chul , Im Seongil , Hwang Do Kyung
Published: November 2017

2D layered van der Waals (vdW) atomic crystals are an emerging class of new materials that are receiving increasing attention owing to their unique properties. In particular, the dangling‐bond‐free surface of 2D materials enables integration of differently dimensioned materials into mixed‐dimensional vdW heterostructures. Such mixed‐dimensional heterostructures herald new opportunities for conducting fundamental nanoscience studies and developing nanoscale electronic/optoelectronic applications. This study presents a 1D ZnO nanowire (n‐type)–2D WSe2 nanosheet (p‐type) vdW heterojunction diode for photodetection and imaging process. After amorphous fluoropolymer passivation, the ZnO–WSe2 diode shows superior performance with a much‐enhanced rectification (ON/OFF) ratio of over 106 and an ideality factor of 3.4–3.6 due to the carbon–fluorine (CF) dipole effect. This heterojunction device exhibits spectral photoresponses from ultraviolet (400 nm) to near infrared (950 nm). Furthermore, a prototype visible imager is demonstrated using the ZnO–WSe2 heterojunction diode as an imaging pixel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an optoelectronic device based on a 1D–2D hybrid vdW heterojunction. This approach using a 1D ZnO–2D WSe2 heterojunction paves the way for the further development of electronic/optoelectronic applications using mixed‐dimensional vdW heterostructures.
Integrated Quasiplane Heteronanostructures of MoSe2/Bi2Se3 Hexagonal Nanosheets: Synergetic Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Yang Jing , Wang Chunde , Ju Huanxin , Sun Yuan , Xing Shiqi , Zhu Junfa , Yang Qing
Published: November 2017

MoSe2 as a typical transition metal dichalcogenide holds great potential for energy storage and catalysis but its performance is largely limited by its poor conductivity. Bi2Se3 nanosheets, a kind of topological insulators, possess gapless edges on boundary and show metallic character on surface. According to the principle of complementary, a novel integrated quasiplane structure of MoSe2/Bi2Se3 hybrids is designed with artistic heteronanostructures via a hot injection in colloidal system. Interestingly, the heteronanostructures are typically constituted by single‐layer Bi2Se3 hexagonal nanoplates evenly enclosed by small ultrathin hierarchical MoSe2 nanosheets on the whole surfaces. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations suggest obvious electron transfer from Bi2Se3 to MoSe2, which can help to enhance the conductivity of the hybrid electrode. Especially, schematic energy band diagrams derived from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy studies indicate that Bi2Se3 has higher EF and smaller Φ than MoSe2, further confirming the electronic modulation between Bi2Se3 and MoSe2, where Bi2Se3 serves as an excellent substrate to provide electrons and acts as channels for high‐rate transition. The MoSe2/Bi2Se3 hybrids demonstrating a low onset potential, small Tafel slope, high current density, and long‐term stability suggest excellent hydrogen evolution reaction activity, whereas a high specific capacitance, satisfactory rate capability, and rapid ions diffusion indicate enhanced supercapacitor performance.
Nanofluidics: A New Arena for Materials Science
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: November 2017

A significant growth of research in nanofluidics is achieved over the past decade, but the field is still facing considerable challenges toward the transition from the current physics‐centered stage to the next application‐oriented stage. Many of these challenges are associated with materials science, so the field of nanofluidics offers great opportunities for materials scientists to exploit. In addition, the use of unusual effects and ultrasmall confined spaces of well‐defined nanofluidic environments would offer new mechanisms and technologies to manipulate nanoscale objects as well as to synthesize novel nanomaterials in the liquid phase. Therefore, nanofluidics will be a new arena for materials science. In the past few years, burgeoning progress has been made toward this trend, as overviewed in this article, including materials and methods for fabricating nanofluidic devices, nanofluidics with functionalized surfaces and functional material components, as well as nanofluidics for manipulating nanoscale materials and fabricating new nanomaterials. Many critical challenges as well as fantastic opportunities in this arena lie ahead. Some of those, which are of particular interest, are also discussed.
“Electro‐Typing” on a Carbon‐Nanoparticles‐Filled Polymeric Film using Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Goswami Sumita , Nandy Suman , Banerjee Arghya Narayan , Kiazadeh Asal , Dillip Gowra Raghupathy , Pinto Joana V. , Joo Sang Woo , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira
Published: November 2017

Next‐generation electrical nanoimprinting of a polymeric data sheet based on charge trapping phenomena is reported here. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) (waste carbon product) are deployed into a polymeric matrix (polyaniline) (PANI) as a charge trapping layer. The data are recorded on the CNPs‐filled polyaniline device layer by “electro‐typing” under a voltage pulse (VET, from ±1 to ±7 V), which is applied to the device layer through a localized charge‐injection method. The core idea of this device is to make an electrical image through the charge trapping mechanism, which can be “read” further by the subsequent electrical mapping. The density of stored charges at the carbon–polyaniline layer, near the metal/polymer interface, is found to depend on the voltage amplitude, i.e., the number of injected charge carriers. The relaxation of the stored charges is studied by different probe voltages and for different devices, depending on the percolation of the CNPs into the PANI. The polymeric data sheet retains the recorded data for more than 6 h, which can be refreshed or erased at will. Also, a write–read–erase–read cycle is performed for the smallest “bit” of stored information through a single contact between the probe and the device layer.
Nanoparticulate Delivery of Cancer Cell Membrane Elicits Multiantigenic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Kroll Ashley V. , Fang Ronnie H. , Jiang Yao , Zhou Jiarong , Wei Xiaoli , Yu Chun Lai , Gao Jie , Luk Brian T. , Dehaini Diana , Gao Weiwei , Zhang Liangfang
Published: November 2017

Anticancer vaccines train the body's own immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells based on differential antigen expression. While conceptually attractive, clinical efficacy is lacking given several key challenges stemming from the similarities between cancerous and healthy tissue. Ideally, an effective vaccine formulation would deliver multiple tumor antigens in a fashion that potently stimulates endogenous immune responses against those antigens. Here, it is reported on the fabrication of a biomimetic, nanoparticulate anticancer vaccine that is capable of delivering autologously derived tumor antigen material together with a highly immunostimulatory adjuvant. The two major components, tumor antigens and adjuvant, are presented concurrently in a fashion that maximizes their ability to promote effective antigen presentation and activation of downstream immune processes. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that the formulation can elicit potent antitumor immune responses in vivo. When combined with additional immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockades, the nanovaccine demonstrates substantial therapeutic effect. Overall, the work represents the rational application of nanotechnology for immunoengineering and can provide a blueprint for the future development of personalized, autologous anticancer vaccines with broad applicability.
Oxygen Vacancies Dominated NiS2/CoS2 Interface Porous Nanowires for Portable Zn–Air Batteries Driven Water Splitting Devices
Authors: Yin Jie , Li Yuxuan , Lv Fan , Lu Min , Sun Ke , Wang Wei , Wang Lei , Cheng Fangyi , Li Yefei , Xi Pinxian , Guo Shaojun
Published: November 2017

The development of highly active and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is crucial for improving the efficiency of water splitting and metal–air battery devices. Herein, an efficient strategy is demonstrated for making the oxygen vacancies dominated cobalt–nickel sulfide interface porous nanowires (NiS2/CoS2–O NWs) for boosting OER catalysis through in situ electrochemical reaction of NiS2/CoS2 interface NWs. Because of the abundant oxygen vacancies and interface porous nanowires structure, they can catalyze the OER efficiently with a low overpotential of 235 mV at j = 10 mA cm−2 and remarkable long‐term stability in 1.0 m KOH. The home‐made rechargeable portable Zn–air batteries by using NiS2/CoS2–O NWs as the air–cathode display a very high open‐circuit voltage of 1.49 V, which can maintain for more than 30 h. Most importantly, a highly efficient self‐driven water splitting device is designed with NiS2/CoS2–O NWs as both anode and cathode, powered by two‐series‐connected NiS2/CoS2–O NWs‐based portable Zn–air batteries. The present work opens a new way for designing oxygen vacancies dominated interface nanowires as highly efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts for electrochemical reactions and renewable energy devices.
D–A–A‐Type Emitter Featuring Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole and Polar CN Bond as Tandem Acceptor for High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Ya‐Kun , Wu Sheng‐Fan , Li Si‐Hua , Yuan Yi , Wu Fu‐Peng , Kumar Sarvendra , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Fung Man‐Keung , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: November 2017

Though urgently required, high performance near‐infrared (NIR) emitters are still rare given the challenge of obtaining high photoluminance quantum efficiency (PLQY) at the same time ensuring NIR emission. The major issue lies in the design strategy for which strong electron donating/withdrawing moieties with high PLQY should be integrated with a scrumptious way. Herein, a novel donor–acceptor–acceptor (D–A–A) type NIR emitter comprising highly polar cyano group (CN) together with rigid benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole as tandem acceptor and 4,4′‐dimethyltriphenylamine as donor is successfully designed. This constructing strategy not only allows the D/A maintain their intrinsic electron‐donating/withdrawing characteristics, but also retains high PLQY. In merits of these features, excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.8% with peak emission at 692 nm for 15% doped device is achieved. Encouragingly, impressive EQE of 3.1% with the peak emission at 708 nm is also successfully achieved without doping technique. It is believed that these efficiencies are the best or among the best comparing to those of the reported NIR organic light‐emitting diodes with similar electroluminescence peak. Notably, efficiency roll‐offs of both doped and nondoped device are also quite flat.
Bifunctional Pancharatnam‐Berry Metasurface with High‐Efficiency Helicity‐Dependent Transmissions and Reflections
Authors: Cai Tong , Wang Guang‐Ming , Xu He‐Xiu , Tang Shi‐Wei , Li Haipeng , Liang Jian‐Gang , Zhuang Ya‐Qiang
Published: November 2017

Manipulating circularly‐polarized (CP) waves in desired multi‐prescribed manners, especially in both transmission and reflection schemes, in a single flat device is of particular importance in photonic integration, imaging processing and communication systems. However, available approaches suffer from large thickness, low efficiencies as well as limited wavefront control spaces. Here, we propose a general strategy by using specially tailored Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) meta‐atoms with helicity‐dependent transmissions and reflections to design high‐efficiency CP bifunctional metasurfaces. As a proof of the strategy, two metadevices are designed and characterized at microwave frequencies: the former one achieving focusing/diverging lenses at transmission/reflection side of the metasurface; the latter one realizing CP beam separation under illuminations of CP waves with different chirality, respectively. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate the predicted EM functionalities, and all these functionalities exhibit very high efficiencies (88%∼94%). Our findings afford a new route to design high‐performance CP bi‐functional metasurfaces operating in other frequency domains or with other functionalities.
High‐Magnesium Calcite Mesocrystals: Formation in Aqueous Solution under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yu Pao‐Tao , Tsao Chieh , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Chang Chun‐Yu , Wang Chia‐Hsin , Chan Jerry Chun Chung
Published: November 2017

Mesocrystals of high‐magnesian calcites are commonly found in biogenic calcites. Under ambient conditions, it remains challenging to prepare mesocrystals of high‐magnesian calcite in aqueous solution. We report that mesocrystals of calcite with magnesium content of about 20 mol % can be obtained from the phase transformation of magnesian amorphous calcium carbonate (Mg‐ACC) in lipid solution. The limited water content on the Mg‐ACC surface would reduce the extent of the dissolution–reprecipitation process and bias the phase transformation pathway toward solid‐state reaction. We infer from the selected area electron diffraction patterns and the dark‐field transmission electron microscopic images that the formation of Mg‐calcite mesocrystals occurs through solid‐state secondary nucleation, for which the phase transformation is initiated near the mineral surface and the crystalline phase propagates gradually toward the interior part of the microspheres of Mg‐ACC.
The MOF+ Technique: A Significant Synergic Effect Enables High Performance Chromate Removal
Authors: Luo Ming Biao , Xiong Yang Yang , Wu Hui Qiong , Feng Xue Feng , Li Jian Qiang , Luo Feng
Published: November 2017

A significant synergic effect between a metal–organic framework (MOF) and Fe2SO4, the so‐called MOF+ technique, is exploited for the first time to remove toxic chromate from aqueous solutions. The results show that relative to the pristine MOF samples (no detectable chromate removal), the MOF+ method enables super performance, giving a 796 Cr mg g−1 adsorption capacity. The value is almost eight‐fold higher than the best value of established MOF adsorbents, and the highest value of all reported porous adsorbents for such use. The adsorption mechanism, unlike the anion‐exchange process that dominates chromate removal in all other MOF adsorbents, as unveiled by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), is due to the surface formation of Fe0.75Cr0.25(OH)3 nanospheres on the MOF samples.
Sulfamate Esters Guide Selective Radical‐Mediated Chlorination of Aliphatic C−H Bonds
Authors: Short Melanie A. , Blackburn J. Miles , Roizen Jennifer L.
Published: November 2017

Masked alcohols are particularly appealing as directing groups because of the ubiquity of hydroxy groups in organic small molecules. Herein, we disclose a general strategy for aliphatic γ‐C(sp3)−H functionalization guided by a masked alcohol. Specifically, we determine that sulfamate ester derived nitrogen‐centered radicals mediate 1,6‐hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) processes to guide γ‐C(sp3)−H chlorination. This reaction proceeds through a light‐initiated radical chain‐propagation process and is capable of installing chlorine atoms at primary, secondary, and tertiary centers.
Soy protein isolate nanocomposite film enriched with eugenol, an antimicrobial agent: Interactions and properties
Authors: Fernandes Nassar Samira , Dombre Clara , Gastaldi Emmanuelle , Touchaleaume François , Chalier Pascale
Published: November 2017

Nanocomposites films were designed from soy protein isolates (SPI), clays (Na+‐MMT), and eugenol an antimicrobial agent. Interactions between Na+‐MMT and eugenol were evidenced by a shift of the d‐spacing by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The addition of Na+‐MMT (5 and 7.5% w/w) in SPI solution increased its shear thinning behavior and its consistency. Accordingly, a good exfoliation of clays in SPI films was observed. The glass transition temperature of SPI films was impacted by the clays addition but not the water vapor permeability. In contrast, the addition of eugenol in SPI solution did not affected the consistency but induced a decrease of the SPI film Tg and an increase of the water vapor permeability. The presence of eugenol counterbalanced the effect of clays on consistency of film‐forming solution. The clay intercalation process was facilitated and the water vapor permeability and active agent release were modified. The presence of clay did not affect the antibacterial effect of eugenol/SPI films. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45941.
Effects of nonionic surfactants and external factors on stability of latex in cement paste
Authors: Han Dongdong , Chen Weideng , Zhong Shiyun , He Yan
Published: November 2017

To clarify why different surfactants affect stability of latex in cement paste and why many latexes qualified in standard stability test still coagulate when mixed with cement, several kinds of nonionic surfactants with different structures were selected to improve stability of latex and the interactions among cement, latex, and surfactant were discussed. Results show that a higher affinity of surfactant to polymer contributes to a higher stability of latex in cement paste. When surfactants have similar hydrophilic group with each other, surfactants with phenyl in hydrophobic group can more effectively improve stability of styrene–acrylate (SA) latex in cement paste than that with n‐alkyl. With the same hydrophobic group (octyl phenyl) in molecules, surfactants with shorter hydrophilic group show better stabilization effect on SA latex. The combined action of high Ca2+ concentration, high solid concentration, and mechanical shear during agitation process of cement paste is the decisive factor causing coagulation of latex. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45946.
Nanofibrous nonwovens based on dendritic‐linear‐dendritic poly(ethylene glycol) hybrids
Authors: Kikionis Stefanos , Ioannou Efstathia , Andrén Oliver C. J. , Chronakis Ioannis S. , Fahmi Amir , Malkoch Michael , Toskas Georgios , Roussis Vassilios
Published: November 2017

Dendritic‐linear‐dendritic (DLD) hybrids are highly functional materials combining the properties of linear and dendritic polymers. Attempts to electrospin DLD polymers composed of hyperbranched dendritic blocks of 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid on a linear poly(ethylene glycol) core proved unsuccessful. Nevertheless, when these DLD hybrids were blended with an array of different biodegradable polymers as entanglement enhancers, nanofibrous nonwovens were successfully prepared by electrospinning. The pseudogeneration degree of the DLDs, the nature of the co‐electrospun polymer and the solvent systems used for the preparation of the electrospinning solutions exerted a significant effect on the diameter and morphology of the electrospun fibers. It is worth‐noting that aqueous solutions of the DLD polymers and only 1% (w/v) poly(ethylene oxide) resulted in the production of smoother and thinner nanofibers. Such dendritic nanofibrous scaffolds can be promising materials for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, multifunctionality, and advanced structural architecture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45949.
What type of learner are your students? Preferred learning styles of undergraduate gross anatomy students according to the index of learning styles questionnaire
Authors: Quinn Melissa M. , Smith Theodore , Kalmar Eileen L. , Burgoon Jennifer M.
Published: November 2017

Students learn and process information in many different ways. Learning styles are useful as they allow instructors to learn more about students, as well as aid in the development and application of useful teaching approaches and techniques. At the undergraduate level there is a noticeable lack of research on learning style preferences of students enrolled in gross anatomy courses. The Index of Learning Styles (ILS) questionnaire was administered to students enrolled in a large enrollment undergraduate gross anatomy course with laboratory to determine their preferred learning styles. The predominant preferred learning styles of the students (n = 505) enrolled in the gross anatomy course were active (54.9%), sensing (85.1%), visual (81.2%), and sequential (74.4%). Preferred learning styles profiles of particular majors enrolled in the course were also constructed; analyses showed minor variation in the active/reflective dimension. An understanding of students' preferred learning styles can guide course design but it should not be implemented in isolation. It can be strengthened (or weakened) by concurrent use of other tools (e.g., flipped classroom course design). Based on the preferred learning styles of the majority of undergraduate students in this particular gross anatomy course, course activities can be hands on (i.e., active), grounded in concrete information (i.e., sensing), utilize visual representation such as images, figures, models, etc. (i.e., visual), and move in small incremental steps that build on each topic (i.e., sequential). Anat Sci Educ 11: 358–365. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Zum Torsionstragverhalten extern vorgespannter Kreissegmente mit trockenen Fugen
Authors: Hartwig Steffen , Marx Steffen
Published: November 2017

Im Turmbau von Windenergieanlagen haben sich insbesondere bei großen Turmhöhen Beton‐ oder Hybridtürme etabliert, welche durch ihre bessere Transportfähigkeit die traditionellen Stahltürme abgelöst haben. Speziell die Fertigteilbauweise bringt jedoch aufgrund der erforderlichen Fugen Fragestellungen mit sich, welche durch die derzeitigen Modelle und Berechnungsansätze nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst werden. Bei der Ausbildung sogenannter Trockenfugen (Horizontalfugen) zwischen den Segmenten erfolgt die Kraftübertragung der Querkräfte und Torsionsmomente ausschließlich über die Reibung in der Fuge, wobei der Reibwiderstand durch die externe Vorspannung und den Reibbeiwert erzeugt wird. Die Querkrafttragfähigkeit in der Fuge ermittelt sich über einen linearen Ansatz, wonach die zulässige Querkraft der Vorspannkraft, multipliziert mit dem Reibbeiwert, entspricht. Für die Übertragung der Torsionsmomente erfolgt die Berechnung nach den bekannten Torsionstheorien nach Bredt und Saint‐Venant, wonach die Fuge, solange diese überdrückt ist, ein sehr großes Torsionsmoment übertragen kann. Kommt es jedoch im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit zum Aufklaffen der Fuge, fällt das zulässige Moment um ein Vielfaches ab und wird somit zu einem Grenzkriterium in der Bemessung des Turms. Nach aktuellen Untersuchungen beschreiben diese Ansätze das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten einer solchen Fuge unzutreffend, woraus sich in der Bemessung sowohl ein Unsicherheitsbereich, aber auch ein sehr großes ungenutztes Potenzial ergibt.
Filigrane Betonschalen am Hauptbahnhof in Berlin
Authors: Paech Christoph , Burkhardt Uwe , Schlaich Mike
Published: November 2017

Am Berliner Hauptbahnhof entstand im Zuge der Straßenbahnverlängerung ein wichtiger Umsteigepunkt. Zwei langgestreckte, geschwungene Stahlbetonschalen überdachen die neue Haltestelle. Die Form der beiden jeweils 58 m langen und 6 m breiten symmetrischen Dächer entwickelt sich aus den zentral angeordneten, vertikalen Fahrtreppenschachtwänden, die zur geplanten unterirdischen S‐Bahnstation führen. Die weit auskragenden Dächer werden am äußeren Rand zusätzlich in einzelnen Punkten von dünnen Stahlstützen getragen. Durch die sehr komplexen Randbedingungen waren nicht nur der Entwurf und die Bemessung der Dächer eine Herausforderung, sondern auch die sichere und setzungsarme Gründung des Bauwerks.

Die Krümmung der Dachfläche ermöglicht ein Schalentragverhalten, bei dem Biegemomente weitgehend minimiert werden. Durch den Einsatz eines hochfesten Leichtbetons (LC45/50 nach DIN EN 1992) in Kombination mit einer nichtrostenden Betonstahl‐Bewehrung konnte eine schlanke Betonschale mit einer Dicke von lediglich sieben Zentimetern in den Randbereichen umgesetzt werden. Im Folgenden wird auf den Entwurf und die konstruktiv schwierige und nicht unproblematische Ausführung eingegangen.
Comparison of the thermostability of recombinant luciferases from Brazilian bioluminescent beetles: Relationship with kinetics and bioluminescence colours
Authors: Oliveira Gabriela , Viviani Vadim R.
Published: November 2017

Firefly luciferases have been used extensively as bioanalytical reagents and their cDNAs as reporter genes for biosensors and bioimaging, but they are in general unstable at temperatures above 30°C. In the past few years, efforts have been made to stabilize some firefly luciferases for better application as analytical reagents. Novel luciferases from different beetle families, displaying distinct bioluminescence colours and kinetics, may offer desirable alternatives to extend the range of applications. In the past years, our group has cloned the largest variety of luciferases from the three main families of bioluminescent beetles (Elateridae: P. termitilluminans, F. bruchi, P. angustus; Phengodidae: P. hirtus, P. vivianii; and Lampyridae: A. vivianii, C. distinctus and Macrolampis sp2) occurring in Brazilian biomes. We compared the thermostability of these recombinant luciferases and investigated their relationships with bioluminescence spectra and kinetics. The most thermostable luciferases were those of Pyrearinus termitilluminans larval click beetle (534 nm), Amydetes vivianii firefly (539 nm) and Phrixotrix vivianii railroad worm (546 nm), which are the most blue‐shifted examples in each family, confirming the trend that the most blue‐shifted emitting luciferases are also the most thermostable. Comparatively, commercial P. pyralis firefly luciferase was less thermostable than P. termitilluminans click beetle and A. vivianii firefly luciferases. The higher thermostability in these luciferases could be related to higher degree of hydrophobic packing and disulfide bond content (for firefly luciferases).
A sensitive fluorescence quenching method for the detection of tartrazine with acriflavine in soft drinks
Authors: Yang Huan , Ran Guihua , Yan Jingjing , Zhang Hui , Hu Xiaoli
Published: November 2017

In this work, a simple, rapid, sensitive, selective spectrofluorimetric method was applied to detect tartrazine. The fluorescence of acriflavine could be efficiently quenched by tartrazine. The method manifested real time response as well as presented satisfied linear relationship to tartrazine. The linear response range of tartrazine (R2 = 0.9995) was from 0.056 to 5 μmol L−1. The detection limit (3σ/k) was 0.017 μmol L−1, indicating that this method could be applied to detect traces of tartrazine. The accuracy and precision of the method was further assured by recovery studies via a standard addition method, with percentage recoveries in the range of 96.0% to 103.0%. Moreover, a quenching mechanism was investigated systematically by the linear plots at varying temperatures based on the Stern–Volmer equation, fluorescence lifetime and UV–visible absorption spectra, all of which proved to be static quenching. This sensitive, selective assay possessed a great application prospect for the food industry owing to its simplicity and rapidity for the detection of tartrazine.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor and rituximab‐CHOP treatment for concurrent chronic myeloid leukemia and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Takeyasu Yuki , Satake Atsushi , Azuma Yoshiko , Tsubokura Yukie , Yoshimura Hideaki , Hotta Masaaki , Nakanishi Takahisa , Fujita Shinya , Nakaya Aya , Ito Tomoki , Nomura Shosaku
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma can occur concurrently with chronic phase‐chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) at initial diagnosis. Combination treatment with second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors and rituximab‐CHOP for patients newly diagnosed with CML and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma is effective for both diseases. However, we found that this treatment combination may induce severe myelosuppression.
Rationally Designed Chemically Modified Glycodendrimer Inhibits Streptococcus suis Adhesin SadP at Picomolar Concentrations
Authors: Haataja Sauli , Verma Priya , Fu Ou , Papageorgiou Anastassios C. , Pöysti Sakari , Pieters Roland J. , Nilsson Ulf J. , Finne Jukka
Published: November 2017

Host cell surface carbohydrate receptors of bacterial adhesins are attractive targets in anti‐adhesion therapy. The affinity of carbohydrate ligands with adhesins is usually found in the low μm range, which poses a problem for the design of effective inhibitors useful in therapy. In an attempt to increase the inhibitory power of carbohydrate ligands, we have combined the approach of chemical modification of ligands with their presentation as multivalent dendrimers in the design of an inhibitor of streptococcal adhesin SadP binding to its galactosyl‐α1‐4‐galactose (galabiose) receptor. By using a phenylurea‐modified galabiose‐containing trisaccharide in a tetravalent dendrimeric scaffold, inhibition of adhesin at a low picomolar level was achieved. This study has resulted in one of the most potent inhibitors observed for bacterial adhesins and demonstrates a promising approach to develop anti‐adhesives with the potential of practical applicability.