bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Transparency and Controller Type on Performance in A Multi-Layer Display
Authors: Leibner Sarah C. , Proaps Alexandra , Bliss James P.
Published: November 2019

Augmented reality application development faces the challenge of balancing key information visualization with user’s cognitive constraints. Virtual Reality Rehab, Inc. is developing an application blending augmented reality (AR) with synthetic vision for use in complex, time-sensitive military operations. This study investigated the effects of controller use and transparency on marker placement speed and accuracy. Method: Participants were required to mark targets by placing icons on the synthetic environment using either a mouse, speech recognition, or Xbox One controller. They were also asked to recall AR building labels. For each scenario, the display was set to 100%, 25%, 50%, or 75% transparency. Results: The 50% transparency condition resulted in the lowest speed and accuracy, while 25% and 75% were not significantly different. Participants performed the best while using the Xbox One controller. Discussion: Findings suggest that transparency should be investigated within the context of task, controller type, and interface design.
Human Performance in Google’s Two-factor Authentication Setup Process
Authors: Pandey Shivam , Taffese Tewodros , Huang Michelle , Byrne Michael D.
Published: November 2019

Due to the proliferation of online services such as social networking, online banking, and cloud computing, more personal data are potentially exposed than ever before. Efforts such as two factor authentication (2FA) aim to make these services more secure; however, existing research efforts suggest this may come at the expense of usability. We conducted a usability evaluation of Google's 2FA setup process that confirms this concern, and extends previous efforts by identifying several problem areas and specific usability issues that affect human performance in 2FA setup processes. Future research should include more diverse populations but also continue efforts in improving the usability of 2FA setup processes. This will hopefully lead to increased adoption of 2FA systems.
Effect of Anthropomorphic Design on the Effectiveness of Motivational Messages
Authors: Sikorski Eric , Mulvey Shawn , Wiese Eva
Published: November 2019

The potential for social robots to provide assistance to those in need continues to increase though optimal design for user acceptance and engagement continues to be elusive. The design of social robots for user motivation specifically has not been well researched yet evidence does indicate that virtual agents can be motivational. Theory of mind and social facilitation research points to the motivational potential of social robots. This study examines the effect of human-like appearance (i.e. anthropomorphism) on the effectiveness of motivational messages. Results indicate that images of humans paired with motivational messages were perceived as significantly more motivating than anthropomorphic images and zoomorphic images paired with motivational messages. There were no differences in motivation between anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images. Data indicates that participants tended to prefer human images to anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images for motivational purposes.
Best Practices: Usability Testing Across (Un)Common Platforms
Authors: Amberkar Sophie , Delchamps Anna , Glas Zoe , Miller Chelsea , Scribner Ryle , Wang Marshall , Edwards Rochelle
Published: November 2019

Usability testing is typically taught with a desktop or mobile device in mind. As new platforms become more commonplace, it is important to master usability testing as applications scale cross-platform (including television, virtual reality, voice user interfaces, and screen readers). For all devices, there are key considerations across study recruitment, selection of the right prototype fidelity, lab research (including lab environment, observing, and recording the participant), and moderated remote research that should be kept in mind. This paper aggregates best practices for all six devices across these various topics.
Determining Static Mount Accuracy with a Mid-Range Eye Tracker
Authors: Crosser Andrea , Snideman Monica , Vazquez Klisans Daniela
Published: November 2019

Technological advances and decreases in cost have allowed eye trackers to become available to a wider range of industries. This research sought to examine the accuracy of a mid-range eye tracker while viewing small and large targets on two static mounts. Total dwell time was collected for 16 participants with the tripod-mount and laptop-mount. The results indicated that the size of the target significantly affects the accuracy, however the type of mount did not affect the accuracy. The findings indicate that either mount type can be used as long as defined Areas of Interest (AOI) are large enough for successful detection.
Accessible Design of Low-Speed Automated Shuttles: A Brief Review of Lessons Learned from Public Transit
Authors: Tabattanon Kamolnat , Sandhu Nicholas , D’Souza Clive
Published: November 2019

Low-speed, driverless automated shuttles have the potential to significantly improve community mobility for older adults and people with disabilities who are otherwise unable or ineligible to drive. However, accessibility and inclusive design of these shuttles to accommodate the spectrum of human abilities and impairments is impeded by the lack of accessible design regulations, standards, and information tools specific to automated vehicles. In light of the scarce accessibility research on automated shuttles, a literature review on public transit was performed. A total of 66 documents were identified addressing components of the public transit travel chain involving older adults and people with disabilities. This paper reviewed 11 of the documents pertaining to onboard circulation. Findings highlight the importance of vehicle interior design on accessibility and usability for people with impairments, the inadequacy of existing accessibility standards when designing beyond minimum requirements, and a lack of evidence-based design tools and information to support designing for accessibility. An interactive web-based repository for transportation accessibility research is introduced to inform the accessible design of LSAS, along with directions for future research.
Mapping Center Of Pressure during Standing Reach Tasks
Authors: Jones Monica L. H. , Ebert Sheila M. , D’Souza Clive , Reed Matthew P.
Published: November 2019

Postural stability and balance during manual material handling and industrial tasks are fundamental to ergonomic assessment of workplace tasks. Previous research has determined that accurate prediction of a person’s balance maintenance strategy is one of the most important parameters affecting the accuracy of posture prediction algorithms. Digital human modeling has the potential to provide designers with accurate tools to represent human posture, but currently available software typically lacks empirically-derived models of center of pressure (CoP) excursion. This paper presents an overview of a study that systematically quantified CoP excursion behavior through a series of standing reach tasks for participants with a wide range of body size. CoP excursion was greatly affected by foot placement and target location. The overall goal of this research is to develop an empirical model of center of pressure (CoP) excursion that can be integrated into human figure modeling software to improve prediction of standing postures typically observed in industrial tasks.
SAE Automotive Human Factors Standards: Finding Them and What They Contain
Authors: Green Paul
Published: November 2019

An HFES Task Force is considering if, when, which, and how HFES research publications should require the citation of relevant standards, policies, and practices. To support the Task Force activities, papers are being written about how to find relevant standards produced by various development organizations (such as the Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE) and the content of those standards. This paper describes which groups at SAE produce standards, with a focus on the SAE Safety and Human Factors Steering Committee. This paper also gives a step-by-step description of how to find standards on the SAE web site and obtain copies. In addition, in order to contextualize content, example sections from 1 standard, SAE J2944, Operational Definitions of Driving Performance Measures and Statistics, are provided. Also included are references to other materials on finding standards and standards-related teaching materials.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care Systems: Identifying Roles and Strategies for Success
Authors: Ponnala Siddarth , Joy Rivera A. , Ramly Edmond , Catchpole Ken , Yin Shanqing
Published: November 2019

Healthcare systems have begun to recognize the value of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) and have started to create dedicated roles within their organizational structure for HFE practitioners and researchers to work with safety and quality groups to enhance safety, productivity, and overall system efficiencies. This panel brings together HFE personnel from different organizations, who will share their experiences working with clinical partners, in healthcare systems. Specifically, the panelists will lead an interactive discussion with audience members on strategies for changing the safety culture required to achieve the status of a high reliability organization (HRO). The panel will also share methods for demonstrating return on investment for HFE and techniques for successful implementation to continue the long-term integration of HFE into safety and quality improvement projects within healthcare organizations.
Measuring the Static Coefficient of Friction of Non-Fluid Contaminants
Authors: DeBusk Hunter , Dixon Levi , Gill Joellen , Gill Richard
Published: November 2019

The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether there are differences between measuring the static coefficient of friction (SCOF) of a non-fluid contaminant when it is directly attached to a tribometer test foot, or “Attached”, versus when it is lying loose on the floor, or “Loose”. The non-fluid materials used in this study included Mylar, Cardboard, Terrycloth Bathmat, and Terrycloth Bathmat with Rubberized Silicon Backing; the floor material was porcelain tile. In addition, 10 participants subjectively rated the “slipperiness” of each material by pushing the materials with one foot across the porcelain tile. The findings of this study revealed that within each technique, Attached and Loose, the measurements were consistent and reliable. Furthermore, both techniques resulted in identical ordering of the materials from lowest to highest SCOF, which was verified by the human subjects’ subjective ratings of slipperiness. However, the Loose technique SCOF values were slightly but consistently greater than the Attached technique SCOF values; the Loose tests of the entire bathmats were found to have greater SCOF values when compared to Loose tests of small samples. These findings suggest that when investigating a specific slip event, a practitioner should measure the SCOF of the non-fluid contaminant using the technique which most closely represents the conditions of the slip event.
Anthropometric Characteristics of Chinese Auricles for Ergonomic Design
Authors: Wang Mengcheng , Fan Hao , Harris Carisa , Yu Suihuai
Published: November 2019

With the increased demand of auricular measurements for application in ergonomics, clinical diagnosis and identity recognition, the need for comprehensive and new auricular measurements is rising. Similarly, the design forms of ear-related wearable products vary with new functions. Ergonomic design refers to designing for humans; accordingly, designing ear-related wearable products requires anthropometric characteristics of human ears. However, despite the large need, anthropometric characteristics of the Chinese population is lacking. Thus, most ear-related product manufacturers in China make their products following different standards, which can lead to poor fit, discomfort and poor performance of ear-related products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide summarized anthropometric characteristics about Chinese auricles and determine distinct factors which were associated with the variation of auricular shape.
Understanding Distress: An Examination of the Role of Stereotype Threat in Vigilance Tasks
Authors: Rice Lindsay , Greenlee Eric T.
Published: November 2019

Vigilance tasks are known to be stressful and highly practical tasks present in many workplace environments. Research has examined ways to alleviate this stress but has often failed to include individual difference characteristics that might increase stress. The current research examined potential gender differences in stress after completing a vigilance task. Participants completed a questionnaire pre- and post-task measuring worry, engagement, and distress (Matthews et al., 1999) for a vigilance task. Results showed that women reported more distress after the vigilance task when reminded of a negative stereotype about their gender. Results are discussed in terms of practical implications for research examining distress during vigilance tasks, as well as considerations for future research.
Foraging for Handholds: Attentional Scanning Varies by Expertise in Rock Climbing
Authors: Hartkop Emily , Wickens Christopher D. , Keller John , McLaughlin Anne C.
Published: November 2019

Efficiency of search often comes with experience. We explored search processes during a highly dynamic and complex task: rock climbing. In general, we found similarities between expert and non-expert climbers regarding their visual search and differences in their tactile search. Analyses determined that experts and non-experts did not differ in their visual fixations toward areas of interest (AOIs), but differed in their mean fixation times depending on the terrain. Experts performed fewer investigative touches than non-experts, suggesting that experts might have climbed faster due to their reliance on visual rather than tactile cues. These findings support the theory of information foraging in a dynamic environment by suggesting that non-experts used tactile search to acquire information rather than relying on visual search.
An Exploratory Study Comparing the Hand Arm Vibration Exposures Measured from Bucking Bars using Traditional Tool-mounted Accelerometers and Wrist Worn IMUs
Authors: Zaklit Wadih , Reinhall Per , Anderson Livia , Sarnowicz Szymon , Quigley Cassidy , Ryou Hyoung Frank , Gardner Richard , HansonSmith Riley , Johnson Peter W.
Published: November 2019

This controlled, exploratory laboratory study was conducted to measure hand-arm vibration (HAV) exposures when using a bucking bar fitted with three different handles: 1) a typical plastic handle, 2) a similarly designed handle with an aluminum core and a built-in dampening spring, and 3) a steel core handle with the same built-in spring. Using two experienced machinists, tri-axial HAV exposures were measured at the bucking bar handles; small, battery-powered, self-contained Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) were used to measure the vibration transmitted through the tool operator’s left and right arms; and a wearable device worn on the operator’s right wrist estimated the HAV exposures occurring at the tool handle. The plastic handle produced the highest HAV exposures while the aluminum-spring and steel spring handles reduced exposures by 19% and 39%, respectively. On average, 74%, 65% and 40% of the tool-measured vibration was transmitted to the right hand, forearm and upper arm, respectively. The wrist mounted sensor appeared to accurately estimate HAV exposures measured at the hand-tool interface.
The Intuitiveness of Gesture Control with a Mixed Reality Device
Authors: Benedict Jacob D. , Guliuzo Jacob D. , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: November 2019

Mixed reality is a new technology that requires users to control a head-mounted device via gestures with their hands. Users of these devices must learn and remember a new way of interacting. It has been shown that creating gestures that resemble movements used to operate touch screens can help with this new transfer. This study investigates how well people learn to use the out-of-the-box gestures for a mixed reality headset, Microsoft HoloLens, after interacting with it for a very short period of time. Performance with the gestures was measured with novices before and after approximately five minutes of practice game play. Participants showed a significant improvement on the gestures to open and position windows and reported them to be easier to do after the short practice. This information could help to create apps or tutorials that help teach these gestures, as well as identifying which gestures are more intuitive to users.
Three Dimensions of User Risk-Taking: Individual Differences in the TriRB
Authors: Asher Noam Ben , Meyer Joachim
Published: November 2019

Ben-Asher and Meyer (2018) developed a model of risk-related behavior in computer systems, named the Triad of Risk-related Behavior (TriRB). It identified three behaviors – the exposure to risk, the use of security features and the responses to security indications. Various factors affected the three behaviors differently. We report an experiment with 83 participants who performed the Tetris-game like task, designed for studying the TriRB. We also collected data on four measures of individual differences in risk-taking (BART, DOSPERT and questionnaires on assessing risk aversion in the utility functions). We computed the correlations between the behaviors in the TriRB and the risk measures. Different risk measures were correlated with the three behaviors, supporting the notion that these are indeed three different risk-related behaviors and not expressions of a general underlying tendency to take risks. We discuss some implications of these findings for cybersecurity research and praxis.
Cognitive Task Analysis Methods in Envisioned Tactical Command Decision Making
Authors: McGeorge Nicolette M. , Kane Stephanie , Muller Chris
Published: November 2019

The battlespace is a volatile and complex environment in which tactical commanders face cognitively challenging responsibilities, compounded with the increased complexity of emerging cyber warfare. It is critical that tactical commanders gain adequate situation awareness for effective decision making to achieve mission success. While current tools enable distribution of large quantities and types of information, they do not adequately support the underlying cognitive work and information needs of tactical commanders. We performed a domain analysis using Cognitive Task Analysis methods, developing a prototypical operational scenario representative of current and envisioned environments, centered on a cyber-attack. Using this analysis, we identified cognitive and information requirements for information displays that support effective tactical decision making. Tactical commanders need to understand dynamic situations in the field, understand the viable courses of actions, know how their mission fits into the larger mission, and communicate with their company subordinates and higher echelons of command.
Where are health IT patient safety event reports hiding? Identifying health IT patient safety events in self-reported databases
Authors: Adams Katharine T. , Howe Jessica L. , Gaunt Michael J. , Ratwani Raj M. , Fong Allan
Published: November 2019

Introduction: The objective of this paper is to describe a manual annotation process to identify likely health information technology (IT) related patient safety event (PSE) reports and the descriptive analysis of the self-reported event type categories of the resulting likely health IT related events. Methods: 5287 PSE reports were manually coded as likely or unlikely related to health IT and the structured general and specific event type categories were analyzed. Results: Of the 2435 likely health IT related events, 1200 were categorized as medication error events, 709 described an error related to a procedure, treatment, or test, and the remaining events were distributed among 19 different general event types. Discussion: The variety of self-reported general and specific event categories indicates a potential need to provide additional support for individuals reporting events to capture contextual nuances and incorporating advanced techniques to assist researchers and safety officers in identifying health IT related events.
Reading the Mind in Robots: How Theory of Mind Ability Alters Mental State Attributions During Human-Robot Interactions
Authors: Schreck Jacquelyn L. , Newton Olivia B. , Song Jihye , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: November 2019

This study examined how human-robot interaction is influenced by individual differences in theory of mind ability. Participants engaged in a hallway navigation task with a robot over a number of trials. The display on the robot and its proxemics behavior was manipulated, and participants made mental state attributions across trials. Participant ability in theory of mind was also assessed. Results show that proxemics behavior and robotic display characteristics differentially influence the degree to which individuals perceive the robot when making mental state attributions about self or other. Additionally, theory of mind ability interacted with proxemics and display characteristics. The findings illustrate the importance of understanding individual differences in higher level cognition. As robots become more social, the need to understand social cognitive processes in human-robot interactions increases. Results are discussed in the context of how individual differences and social signals theory inform research in human-robot interaction.
Improving hazard perception and tracking through part-task training
Authors: Dumessa Nathan , Gugerty Leo
Published: November 2019

Safe driving requires wisely allocating focal attention among multiple changing events and comprehending events that are attended to. Research suggests that attentional skills can be improved by training. In this experiment, we are using a low-fidelity driving simulator to train participants using part-task training on two attentional subskills: identifying (comprehending) and tracking potential hazards; and detecting and avoiding imminent hazards. Following initial familiarization with the driving simulator, each participant will receive training in one of these two attentional subskills. Scene comprehension probes train (and measure) identifying and tracking potential hazards by having participants watch a moving driving scenario and then select the vehicle that behaved hazardously during the scene. In hazard avoidance probes, participants must make driving responses to avoid imminent hazards without hitting nearby vehicles. After the training phase, there is a test phase measuring near transfer, to hazards similar to training, and far transfer, to untrained hazards. We hypothesize that the participants who receive part-task training on identifying and tracking hazards should perform better at scene comprehension probes than the hazard-avoidance training group in both near and far transfer conditions. We also hypothesize that the group trained on avoiding imminent hazards will perform better on hazard avoidance probes in both near and far transfer conditions.
Ergonomic Education and Training for Surgical Assistant Trainees
Authors: Linden Anna R. , Susan Hallbeck M. , Morrow Melissa , Becca Gas MPH , Olson Helga , Lowndes Bethany R.
Published: November 2019

There is a growing awareness of the physical demands of performing surgery and the need for ergonomic education and training, extending beyond the primary surgeon to other members of the surgical team who are also at risk for musculoskeletal injury. In this study, nine Surgical First Assistants received knowledge-based ergonomic education before their body postures were evaluated using inertial measurement units in an anatomy training lab setting and again in the operating room (OR). Five of those trainees comprised the intervention group, receiving a personalized report detailing their level of ergonomic risk, while the other four did not receive this individual feedback. The intervention group significantly improved their neck and left arm posture during the anatomy lab training with carryover into the OR, indicating some retention of ergonomic concepts, while the control group did not. The integration of wearable technology and individualized feedback into traditional educational settings helped trainees learn about their own behaviors and practice strategies for reducing risks in the OR with greater retention compared to knowledge-based education alone.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Human Factors Considerations and Usability Testing Guidelines
Authors: Tornblad McKenna K. , Jones Keith S. , Inan Fethi A.
Published: November 2019

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display an interest in and affinity for technology; however this population’s wide range of special needs is not often taken into account in technology design or usability testing. To assist human factors professionals in understanding this user population, we present a description of three domains of special needs for those with ASD: information processing, communication, and behavior. We then present a proposed model that human factors professionals could employ to understand the unique characteristics of individuals with ASD. We also synthesize research on design considerations for these users and present a composite list of recommendations for usability testing. Thus, this paper is intended to inform the human factors community of the unique characteristics of this user group, and provide guidelines for both design and usability testing.
Acceptance of Vehicle Automation: Effects of Demographic Traits, Technology Experience and Media Exposure
Authors: Lee Chaiwoo , Seppelt Bobbie , Reimer Bryan , Mehler Bruce , Coughlin Joseph F.
Published: November 2019

Transportation users are increasingly aware of a possible future where they may ride in or share the road with automated vehicles. However, even with recent technological advances, many are still hesitant to accept automated driving. This study explores effects of the following characteristics on acceptance: demographics including age, gender, level of education and income; experiences with technology in general, as well as technology in drivers’ current vehicles; and media exposure. Survey responses from 3505 adults in the United States indicate that younger age, a high level of education, positive affect for advanced driver assistance systems currently in use, and high self-rated early technology adoption tendency have significant influence on acceptance. Data reflecting time course and salience of media coverage on knowledge and attitudes, especially with high-profile events such as a fatal crash, is presented with implications around the need for balanced media reporting with more focus on the safety benefits.
Navigating the Crossroads: Career Transitions in Human Factors
Authors: Harper Christy , Rando Cynthia , Meingast Melissa , Edwards Rochelle , Graley Jeff
Published: November 2019

During your human factors (HF) career, you will encounter many challenging decisions to make as your career develops and changes. Whether it is moving into a new domain, deciding whether to stay in a large company or a small one, embracing the corporate world or consulting, becoming a manager or remaining as a practitioner, everyone will experience a crossroad at some point and have to decide whether to and how to transition into a new role. Our goal is to share how different paths have affected the type of work we are doing, briefly discuss the challenges and successes we have encountered, and provide some insight through our shared experiences. Panelists will share their perspectives based on leaving a related discipline to transition into a career in HF, abandoning the corporate world to open a small business partnership, transitioning from a consultant to corporate employee, moving from a government role to become an entrepreneur and shifting from individual contributor to management.
Multi-dimensional Workload in Two Types of Nuclear Power Plant Simulators
Authors: Reinerman-Jones Lauren , Lin Jinchao , Barber Daniel , Matthews Gerald , Hughes Niav
Published: November 2019

Analog, full-scope, full-scale simulators with the fidelity to simulate all of the physical and underlying thermodynamics in the real system are representative of training simulators used by current operating nuclear power plants. However, digital simulators are becoming desirable to researchers and utility companies alike due to their increased accessibility and the capability of integrating new system upgrades. The present study compared operators’ workload response in a given operating procedure using an analog, full-scope/scale simulator and a digital, part-task simulator. Subjective measures (NASA-TLX, MRQ, ISA) and physiological measures (electrocardiography) were used to profile workload response. The results suggested the feasibility of using digital simulators for research purposes with potential future implications for training.
Developing Human-Robot Team Interdependence in a Synthetic Task Environment
Authors: Lematta Glenn J. , Coleman Pamela B. , Bhatti Shawaiz A. , Chiou Erin K. , McNeese Nathan J. , Demir Mustafa , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: November 2019

In future urban search and rescue teams, robots may be expected to conduct cognitive tasks. As the capabilities of robots change, so too will their interdependence with human teammates. Human factors and cognitive engineering are well-positioned to guide the design of autonomy for effective teaming. Previous work in the urban search and rescue synthetic task environment (USAR-STE) used Minecraft, a customizable gaming platform. In this effort, we advanced the USAR-STE by increasing interdependence in dyadic human-robot teaming through the Coactive Design framework. In this framework, we defined required capacities of victim identification in USAR from literature, and used them as inputs for modeling interdependence, and determined recommendations that would enhance interdependence in the task environment. Although Coactive Design is typically used to design interdependence for robots or jobs, we demonstrated how it can also be used to design an experimental team task environment.
Driving Simulator Validation for In-Vehicle Human Machine Interface Assessment
Authors: McWilliams Thomas , Mehler Bruce , Seppelt Bobbie , Reimer Bryan
Published: November 2019

Driving simulator validation is an important and ongoing process. Advances in in-vehicle human machine interfaces (HMI) mean there is a continuing need to reevaluate the validity of use cases of driving simulators relative to real world driving. Along with this, our tools for evaluating driver demand are evolving, and these approaches and measures must also be considered in evaluating the validity of a driving simulator for particular purposes. We compare driver glance behavior during HMI interactions with a production level multi-modal infotainment system on-road and in a driving simulator. In glance behavior analysis using traditional glance metrics, as well as a contemporary modified AttenD measure, we see evidence for strong relative validity and instances of absolute validity of the simulator compared to on-road driving.
Assessing Mental Models from Communications: Patient, Family, and Care Team Messaging within the Hospital
Authors: Carter Rebecca R. , Rothwell Clayton D. , Sieck Cynthia J. , McAlearney Ann Scheck
Published: November 2019

Communication provides insight into both individual and team cognition. Team collaboration and performance can benefit from diversity of members and input, but challenges can arise when teams incorporate diverse members. Within health care, The Institute of Medicine strongly advocates for providers to engage patients and family members and work as a “team,” but differences in shared mental models can introduce barriers. This study examined differences in shared mental models through communication, focusing on knowledge and expectations of hospital care delivery. We combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to analyze the content of secure messages sent within an inpatient portal of a midwestern hospital system. Findings indicated differences between patients’ and care team members mental models of hospital care delivery, and further suggested that family mental models may differ from those of both patients and care team members. Future research will explore shared mental models in-depth via semi-structured interviews with patients and care team members, and evaluate if changes to the inpatient portal can increase shared mental models of patients, the care team and family members.
Implementing Human Systems Integration in the Department of Homeland Security
Authors: Kudrick Bonnie , Korbelak Kristopher , Dressel Jeffrey , Lockett-Reynolds Janae , Rutherford Mark , Witbeck Matthew , LaFreniere Jenny , Peterson Bret
Published: November 2019

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) formally incorporated Human Systems Integration (HSI) in systems and policy development in 2012. Since then, DHS components have been establishing HSI capabilities to meet their unique human needs. This discussion panel will focus on the operational transformation and governance strategy for implementing a successful human systems integration (HSI) program across components within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Members of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), United States Coast Guard (USCG), and Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate (DHS S&T) will discuss the challenges faced when advocating for HSI, and the best practices developed to better integrate research activities with systems engineering.
An Aging-focused Heuristic Evaluation of Home Automation Controls
Authors: Lopez Jeremy , Textor Claire , Hicks W. Braxton , Pryor Makenzie , McLaughlin Anne Collins , Pak Richard
Published: November 2019

Smart home technology can help older adults maintain independent lifestyles. Recent technological advancements have made smart home technology less expensive and more attainable for the average consumer. Older adults with limited technology experience can benefit from smart home systems with more natural interactions. One such example is the smart speaker, a device with a voice user interface. However, smart speakers are not explicitly designed for older adult use, thereby raising usability concerns. We conducted a heuristic evaluation of a smart speaker system. The results revealed several violations of both Nielsen’s and additional heuristics. Voiced agent interactions were rigid, unnatural, and uninformative. The companion mobile application was difficult to navigate and used low-contrast imagery. Future considerations of age-related differences will make smart speakers and other voice-user interfaces more usable for the aging population.
Self-Management Tasks of Adult Patients with Phenylketonuria: Needs Assessment for a Food Tracking Application
Authors: Corbett John P. , Rahman Himika , Peters Anthony , Eastham Margaret , Valdez Rupa
Published: November 2019

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a lifelong condition resulting from impaired metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine (Phe). To avoid neurological damage, patients must adhere to a low-Phe diet that severely limits natural foods. Due to the complicated nature of the diet, this study aimed to identify the self-management tasks performed by adults with PKU and assess the need for a technological solution to aid diet maintenance. Participants were recruited via Facebook for semi-structured interviews conducted remotely with two investigators. Eligible individuals were adults 18 years or older diagnosed with PKU. The eight interviewees consisted of two males and six females between the ages of 23 to 40 years located in the US, UK, and Canada. Interviews were transcribed and coded for common themes under the categories of illness-related, articulation, everyday life, biographical, sentimental, and technology work. General interview themes demonstrated a desire for the development of PKU specific mobile health applications.
Evaluation of Fiberglass and Aluminum Ladder Stability During a Simulated Tethered Operator Fall Event
Authors: McKinnon Colin D. , Fewster Kayla M. , Dickerson C.R. , Callaghan Jack P.
Published: November 2019

Ladder-related falls are common in many industries and lead to high rates of injury and hospitalization. This study aimed to establish safety criteria for ladder stability and potential for failure in the event of an operator fall when equipped with a fall arrest system that has been attached to the ladder as opposed to a fixed structure anchor point. All combinations of five variables were tested in a custom-built load drop apparatus: ground surface, leaning surface, force direction, operator tether method, and ladder type. Overall, all conditions tested in this investigation with a simulated worker falling from a ladder with the fall arrest device attached to the ladder rails or a rung resulted in a pass. While there were clear deformations to the aluminum ladders and there were 3 failures due to repeated drop tests on the same ladder, replication of failed tests on a new ladder passed the failure conditions. Given a ladder that is in good working condition, has not be subjected to prior falls or damage, is properly erected and secured - a worker with a mass below 113kg (250lb) would be safely restrained when tethered to the ladder as opposed to the lanyard being tied off to a structure or a lifeline based on the simulated mass drops performed in this study in controlled laboratory conditions.
Considerations for the Usability and Implementation of Augmented Reality in Production Environments
Authors: Perez Alicia A. , Hidalgo Maartje , Lediaeva Irina , Mouloua Mustapha , Hancock P. A.
Published: November 2019

Implementation of augmented reality (AR) devices in production floors is becoming increasingly popular for its creative potential in facilitating training and development. From a human factors perspective, there is thus a need to further examine the usability issues and design guidelines of these emerging augmented reality technologies especially with regard to various manufacturing industries. Such assessment efforts will serve to ensure that the fit between human and machine allows for user self-actualization and a safe and productive work environment. Despite the widespread interest in augmented reality, there is no clear set of principles yet established. Many usability models are based on traditional desktop-based computer applications which means unique augmented reality characters are overlooked including the physical ergonomics, expanded field of view, and device mobility features. Here, we review the fit of user-centered usability models to propose a set of criteria to serve as a guideline to implement augmented reality technologies efficiently in the production environment.
The Integrative Complexity of Media Reports of Natural Disasters: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: McCullough Hayley , Kalsher Michael J.
Published: November 2019

Integrative complexity is a measure of the intellectual style used by individuals or groups in processing information, problem-solving, and decision making. Research generally shows that integratively complex thinkers are better able to reach mutually advantageous solutions to complex problems, although they may also be less likely to act when necessary. A substantial portion of the published research on integrative complexity comes from political scientists who have focused on examining linguistic distinctions across the liberal-conservative political spectrum. In this research, we assessed integrative complexity in a sample of news stories concerning natural disasters (hurricanes, wildfires and floods) from three television news networks that span the liberal-conservative spectrum. The results showed that the news coverage of the network considered to be more liberal in its reporting scored significantly higher in integrative complexity than the news coverage of the more conservative network. These findings align with previous research that has used integrative complexity as a dependent measure. We discuss the practical implications of these findings as they relate to the quality of decisions made by relevant officials that typically precedes and follows large-scale natural disasters.
Visualizing Purpose and Functionality Overlaps of Health IT Systems using an Abstraction Hierarchy
Authors: Löscher Ida , Lind Thomas
Published: November 2019

The development of health IT fuels a digitalization process that affects the work of hospital staff negatively in the case of poor integration of IT systems. A challenge lies in keeping track of the existing IT systems and possible overlapping functions. The Abstraction Hierarchy model from the Cognitive Work Analysis framework describes how parts of a complex system relate to the over-arching goals of the system, which could work as an overview of the IT systems. In this study, we explore how an Abstraction Hierarchy can be used to visualize how IT systems’ functions overlap, interfere with, or depend on each other. The Abstraction Hierarchy was developed based on documentation, interviews, and a study visit at a hospital ward. The overlaps in functionality visualized in the Abstraction Hierarchy could serve as indicators for the need for further investigation of effects on the hospital staff’s work.
Text Mining Tweets on Driving Safety and Cellphone Use
Authors: Qian Chao , Li Yueqing , Wang Yuhong
Published: November 2019

Background: Cellphone usage while driving is one of the major distractions leading to traffic accidents. Twitter as a social media platform can provide useful information to explore the specific patterns of driving safety and cellphone use. Objective: To explore the text mining of tweets about cellphone use and driving safety. Methods: Tweets with hashtags: #distracteddriving, #textanddrive and #textinganddriving were collected. By using R studio, Tableau and Gephi software, text mining, statistical analysis and visualization were completed. Results: About 10,000 tweets were congregated from November 24th, 2018 to March 11th, 2019. Messages extracted from tweets were transferred into frequencies, associations and network map that revealed the specific patterns of cellphone distracted driving. Conclusion: Retweets pertaining to driving safety and cellphone use predominated. The frequencies, associations and the network map of tweet data provided a snapshot of the cellphone distracted driving.
Exploring the Utility of Subjective Workload Measures for Capturing Dual Task Resource Loading
Authors: Vasquez Gabrielle , Bendell Rhyse , Talone Andrew , Jentsch Florian
Published: November 2019

Our goal was to investigate the impact of dual-tasking on perceived workload, and to study the sensitivity of existing workload measures to components of primary and secondary tasks. Past research has investigated the impact of dual-tasking but has rarely compared the NASA-TLX and the Multiple Resources Questionnaire (MRQ). We made comparisons between workload measures completed after execution of a single-task trial (signal detection task) as compared to a dual-task trial (signal detection accompanied by a secondary auditory task). Special attention was given to comparing the results from the NASA-TLX and the MRQ, along with investigating the sensitivity of the MRQ to specific task components. Facets of the MRQ were analyzed to explore their sensitivity to specific task loading. Results indicate that while both measures reliably registered a change in workload, the MRQ was more sensitive to the source of the change and presented a more holistic picture of cognitive demands.
Exploring the Effect of Stimuli Characteristics on Signal Detection Performance: Sex Influenced Targeting Bias
Authors: Williams Jessica , Bendell Rhyse , Parker Jason , Talone Andrew , Sasser Jordan , Vasquez Gabrielle , Jentsch Florian
Published: November 2019

Research has shown that the perceived sex (female versus male features) of a presented threat can influence participants’ responses. This exploratory analysis examined data from an experiment which utilized a virtual reality signal detection task. Six categorically different character models (three males and three females) transported one of five potential objects (one signal: pistol; five noise: gardening tools) across a virtual environment. The focus of our analysis was to explore the influence of participant sex and character gender on participants' perceptual sensitivity ( d’) and response criterion ( C). Results suggest that character gender had significant effects on d’ and C such that male character models resulted in greater perceptual sensitivity and a more liberal response criterion. Our findings align with previous research that characterize females as less likely to be targeted as a threat, possibly due to stereotypes or predisposed social biases, as opposed to males.
Learning Drivers’ Behavior From Social Networking
Authors: Li Yueqing , Kaneria Acyut , Qian Chao , Craig Brian
Published: November 2019

In today’s fast developing civilization, transportation plays an important part in people’s economic growth and daily activities. This study analyzes the driving behavior and accidents related to traffic accidents using Twitter tweets as a tool for text mining. Active users when encounter any traffic incidents, post instant messages on Twitter. Various analyses were performed on these tweets and was represented graphically using tableau analy-sis software and Rstudio. This method proved to be an effective and inexpensive method to study peoples’ real time approach on traffic accident throughout the world. It proved to be a strong approach towards learning traf-fic accident behaviors.
The Effects Video Gameplay on Memory and Need for Cognition in Adults and Older Adults
Authors: Parker Jason A. , Barclay Paul A. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of video gameplay and biological sex on memory and the Need for Cognition in adults and aging adults. A sample of adults who played video games were identified from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The final poststrata sample included 242 respondents in the 2012 HRS wave. Of these respondents, 121 indicated engagement with video games (videogamers), and 121 were a match sample of non-videogamers on age, sex, and HRS cohort. Results revealed no difference in memory or the Need for Cognition between adults who played video games and those who did not play video games. There was an effect of biological sex on general memory performance. Implications of the results are further discussed.
Elements of Cyber-Cognitive Situation Awareness in Organizations
Authors: Macabante Chanel , Wei Sherry , Schuster David
Published: November 2019

Cybersecurity has large-scale versions of the challenges common to sociotechnical systems; in this high-risk, dynamic environment, attacks on organizations and governments are increasing in frequency, sophistication, and severity. In this paper, we summarize existing understanding of situation awareness in cybersecurity and propose additional factors that reflect emerging technology in the domain, incorporate the rising role of automation in cybersecurity, and are relevant to diverse organizations. To do this, we apply a distributed, sociotechnical systems approach to SA and consider the importance of multiteam cognition. Finally, we describe strategies for measurement to support future empirical research in cybersecurity.