bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bovine Cryptosporidiosis: A Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Some Stages in the Life Cycle and of the Host-Parasite Relationship
Authors: Pohlenz J. , Bemrick W. J. , Moon H. W. , Cheville N. F.
Published: January 2010

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the ileal mucosae from 12 calves infected with Cryptosporidium sp. showed cryptosporidia free in the lumen and attached to epithelium. The attached parasites were interpreted to be extracellular and adherent to the microvillous border of epithelial cells. Stages of the organism included crescentic-free merozoites, trophozoites, schizonts, gametes and oocysts. Attached parasites were detected chiefly at villous tips and all stages were present on a single villus. Attachment sites were characterized by absence or disintegration of microvilli, disorganization of the terminal web and development of a specialized attachment zone. There were increased numbers of lysosomes and irregularities in the nuclear membrane of parasitized epithelial cells. It was concluded that cryptosporidia exist in bovine intestine as extracellular parasites and cause epithelial changes that in turn probably cause or contribute to diarrheal disease.
Isolation of the Causative Organism of Canine Encephalitozoonosis
Authors: Shadduck J. A. , Bendele R. , Robinson G. T.
Published: January 2010

Spontaneous infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi resulted in a lethal disease in all but one of a litter of puppies in Texas. The disease was characterized by severe nonsuppurative nephritis, encephalitis and segmental vasculitis. Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain. The number of organisms decreased and the granulomatous character of the lesions became more prominent as the disease progressed. Sera from affected puppies and their parents reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with canine E. cuniculi propagated in vitro. The sera of owners of affected pups were negative.
Hypoplasia of the Left Ventricle in Four Ruminants
Authors: van der Linde-Sipman J. S.
Published: January 2010

Two different congenital malformations of the heart were seen in two calves and two ewe lambs. In all these malformations the left ventricle was more or less hypoplastic; it was small with a narrow lumen and a thick wall. In one malformation the aorta began as a cul-de-sac above the left ventricle; in the other, the aorta arose from the right ventricle, to the right of the supraventricular crest.
Fish Oil-induced Yellow Fat Disease in Rats. III. Lipolysis in Affected Adipose Tissue
Authors: Danse L. H. J. C. , Verschuren P. M.
Published: January 2010

Basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis of adipose tissue was measured at successive stages during the development of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. Changes of lipolytic activity at an early stage of yellow fat disease were not seen. There was a significant increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of stimulated lipolysis when many fat cells were affected (stage E). Since the increased basal lipolysis probably originates from degenerated fat cells, the mechanism of enzyme activation is not clear.

The decreased stimulated lipolysis was proportional to the number of affected fat cells and resulted from membrane damage of these cells. Increased 5-nucleotidase activity, seen in affected fat cells, may be important, to this reduced stimulated lipolysis.
Clinical and Biochemical Abnormalities in Porcine GM2-Gangliosidosis
Authors: Kosanke S. D. , Pierce K. R. , Bay W. W.
Published: January 2010

Progressive clinical changes of GM2-gangliosidosis in a herd of inbred Yorkshire swine were reduced postnatal growth rate; incoordination, usually evident at 3 months of age; numerous, gray-white spots scattered through the retina; prominent, dark blue cytoplasmic granules in many neutrophils; and an increased frequency of azurophilic granules in lymphocytes. There was less N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase in tissue homogenates from affected than from normal pigs, but there was more in serum from affected pigs than in serum from either carrier or normal pigs. The serum enzyme assay was a reliable test to distinguish carrier pigs from normal pigs; carrier pigs had moderate enzyme activity, and normal pigs had the lowest enzyme activity. The frequency of affected and carrier pigs in this herd suggested that porcine GM2-gangliosidosis is a familial disease transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Cerebral cortical ganglioside was about two times higher than normal in the stillborn and newborn affected pigs and three to four times higher than normal in the 140- to 167-day-old moribund affected pigs. The major cerebral cortical gangliosides in control pigs were GT1, GD1b, GD1a, and GM1, with only trace amounts of GM2-ganglioside. GM2-ganglioside was as much as 58% of the total gangliosides in the brains of moribund affected pigs. The clinical and biochemical features of porcine GM2-gangliosidosis closely resembled those of the juvenile (type AB) form of the disease in man.
Granular Cell Variants in a Rat Schwannoma. Evidence of Neurogenic Origin of Granular Cell Tumor (Myoblastoma)
Authors: Berman J. J. , Rice J. M. , Strandberg J.
Published: January 2010

A large, intraabdominal rat schwannoma had numerous granule-containing cells cytologically identical to cells of granular cell tumor (myoblastoma). The small eosinophilic granules stained positively by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, with intensity not reduced by diastase pretreatment. Granules stained positively with the Tibor Pap silver impregnation for reticulin and by electron microscopy were identical to myoblastoma cell granules. The nuclei of granular cells were morphologically identical to those of the neoplastic Schwann cells. The granular cells were in numerous foci within the tumor, frequently were seen in mitosis, and possessed an extremely variable volume of cytoplasm. They seemed to evolve from neoplastic Schwann cells. Cells with only a narrow perinuclear rim of granular cytoplasm were of the same size and general configuration as adjacent neoplastic Schwann cells, while cells with increasing volumes of granular cytoplasm were increasingly swollen and round. One area of the tumor was composed almost entirely of such large cells and was histologically identical to classic granular cell tumor.
Pathology of Experimental Histophilus ovis Infection in Sheep II. Pregnant Ewes
Authors: Rahaley R. S.
Published: January 2010

Intravenous inoculation of Histophilus ovis to pregnant ewes at mid or late gestation resulted in acute bacterial endometritis, placentitis and foetal death. There were no lesions in the foetuses but H. ovis was recovered from the uteri of the ewes and the placentas. Oral or intravaginal administration had no effect.
Paralysis in Swine Due to Focal Symmetrical Poliomalacia: Possible Selenium Toxicosis
Authors: Harrison L. H. , Colvin B. M. , Stuart B. P. , Sangster L. T. , Gorgacz E. J. , Gosser H. S.
Published: January 2010

A paralytic disease in swine was observed on three farms located in the same geographical area of Georgia. Postmortem examinations revealed the paralysis to be related to spinal poliomalacia. Feed collected from two of the affected farms was used in a feeding study, and the paralytic condition was reproduced. In pigs from both the feeding trial and field cases, the poliomyelomalacia was characterized by focal, symmetrical lesions located in the cervical and lumbar intumescences. Selenium was detected in the feed at levels ranging from 19 to 24 ppm.
Pathology of Spontaneous and Experimental Infection of North American Wild Ruminants withMycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Williams E. S. , Snyder S. P. , Martin K. L.
Published: January 2010

Spontaneous paratuberculosis was studied in free-ranging and captive bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis), and Rocky Mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus). Lesions of paratuberculosis in these species resembled the disease in domestic sheep and goats. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis cultured from bighorn sheep was used to orally infect bighorn x mouflon ( Ovis musimon) hybrid sheep, elk ( Cervus elaphus nelsoni), mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus), Clinical paratuberculosis developed only in mule deer and was characterized by poor growth and diarrhea. Gross lesions were mild in all species. Enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes was mild to moderate; the wall of the distal small intestine was affected minimally. Focal to diffuse infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages and giant cells occurred in the cortex of mesenteric lymph nodes, around mesenteric lymphatics, and in the intestinal mucosa. Extraintestinal lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lung were involved in some animals; focal necrosis and mineralization was present in all species but was severe and widespread in the ceervids.
Immunocytochemical Demonstration of Insulin in Spontaneous Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors of Fischer Rats
Authors: Stromberg P. C. , Wilson F. , Capen C. C.
Published: January 2010

Nineteen spontaneous pancreatic islet cell tumors were studied in 26-month-old control Fischer 344 rats. Seventeen of 19 (89%) tumors demonstrated insulin reactivity using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. None of ten tumors had positive glucagon immunoreactivity. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural observations suggested that spontaneous occurring islet cell tumors of F344 rats were composed exclusively of beta cells.
Retinal Dysplasia of English Springer Spaniel Dogs: Light Microscopy of the Postnatal Lesions
Authors: Toole D. O. , Young S. , Severin G. A. , Neumann S.
Published: January 2010

The histologic features of retinal dysplasia were studied in 26 English springer spaniel dogs of one day to four years of age. Dysplastic lesions in neonatal pups occurred predominantly in the peripapillary tapetal area of sensory retina. They consisted of complex linear folds and rosettes which were composed of hyperplastic neuroblasts. Dysplasia usually was not associated with incomplete differentiation of the outer neuroblastic layer. The outer limiting membrane was absent locally and numerous patent subretinal capillaries existed in the region of folds. The dysplastic features may be related to aberrant development of Muller cells and of retinal capillaries.

In adolescent dogs, dysplastic lesions were less complex and usually were not accompanied by aberrant capillaries. Focal or complete retinal separation was present in some adolescent dogs. In adult dogs, features of retinal atrophy were found within dysplastic areas. No significant histologic lesions were found in the extraocular tissues of 12 affected dogs which were surveyed extensively.
Cytochemical Reactions in Bovine and Ovine Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Raich P. C. , Takashima I. , Olson C.
Published: January 2010

Cytochemical reactions with a panel of special stains were explored in peripheral blood and lymph node cells of animals with the adult, calf, and thymic types of bovine lymphosarcoma as well as lymphosarcoma in sheep induced with the bovine leukosis virus. These results were compared with normal lymphoid cells. Cytochemical methods included Sudan black B. periodic acid-Schiff, acid phosphatase and three esterases. Cells from ovine lymphosarcomas and a thymic type of bovine lymphosarcoma were distinctively positive to the alpha naphthyl acetate esterase reaction. These cytochemical reactions which were obtained with standard cytochemical methods should aid in the characterization and classification of lymphoproliferative disorders in animals, especially when combined with immunologic surface markers.
Morphologic Studies on a Murine Reticulum Cell Sarcoma (Histiocytic Sarcoma) of Histiocytic Origin and its Metastases
Authors: Talmadge J. E. , Hart I. R.
Published: January 2010

The M5076 tumor, a reticulum cell sarcoma of histiocytic origin that arose spontaneously in the ovary of a C57BL/6 mouse, is highly invasive and metastatic. Regardless of the site of the primary tumor, this neoplasm rapidly and preferentially metastasizes to the liver and spleen, killing the host. Numerous other organs also are involved, including the lungs and bone marrow. This tendency to metastasize to osseous tissues appears to be a characteristic of the M5076 tumor that rarely is found with other rodent neoplasms. However, these extrahepatic foci are evident only microscopically and are seen relatively late in the progression of tumor growth. We describe the sequential gross and microscopic lesions that develop in syngeneic mice during the metastatic spread of the M5076 tumor. Since viable tumor cells form small tumor colonies in most organs, we suggest that the gross pattern of metastasis, with the apparent predilection for hepatic tissue, is caused by variations in tumor cell proliferation rather than by distinctive patterns of neoplastic cell spread and entrapment.
Pheochromocytomas and Ultimobranchial (C-cell) Neoplasms in the Bull: Evidence of Autosomal Dominant Inheritance in the Guernsey Breed
Authors: Sponenberg D. P. , McEntee K.
Published: January 2010

Pheochromocytomas and ultimobranchial (C-cell) neoplasms were diagnosed at a high frequency in a family of Guernsey bulls. The incidence supported the hypothesis of autosomal dominant inheritance of the neoplasms. These two neoplasms also occur in man as multiple endocrine adenomatosis type 2, which has autosomal dominant inheritance.
Ovarian Hemangioma in Swine
Authors: Hsu F. S.
Published: January 2010

Eighteen (3.9%) ovarian hemangiomas were diagnosed in a survey of reproductive disorders in 460 sows from two to eight years of age during a three-year study. Ovarian hemangiomas only were observed in sows aged over 30 months, and no such neoplasms were found in 42 gilts. The incidence of ovarian hemangioma was highest at five to eight years of age. Of the 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma, one was purebred and 17 were crossbred pigs; of these, twelve had farrowed 12 to 15 litters, four had farrowed six lo 11 litters and two had farrowed three litters. All 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma had one or more clinical signs related to reproductive disorders including small litter size, agalactia, fertilization failure, fetal death, silent estrus, anestrus, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathological features of the neoplasms in sows were similar to those described previously in swine and in man. Spontaneous ovarian hemangioma might provide a model for investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian hemangioma in man.
The Pathology of ExperimentalCorynebacterium equiInfection in Foals following Intrabronchial Challenge
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Prescott J. F. , Markham R. J. F.
Published: January 2010

Six foals were inoculated intrabronchially with a suspension of Corynebacterium equi. Six weeks before this challenge, three foals were vaccinated with a C. equi bacterin. Three foals were unvaccinated controls. All foals developed a severe bronchopneumonia in the inoculated lung, indicating that vaccination was not protective. Three foals (two vaccinated, one control) were killed eight to nine days after infection. One control died on day 9 with lesions of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The remaining two foals (one vaccinated, one control) were killed on day 17. C. equi was cultured in large numbers from affected lung and bronchial lymph nodes, and in smaller numbers from unaffected lung. spleen, and liver in all foals. In the 8- to 9-day-old lung lesions, the alveoli were filled with macrophages, neutrophils, and multinucleate giant cells and most contained numerous C. equi. The few foci of alveolar necrosis were associated with groups of bacteria-laden macrophages undergoing degeneration. In the lesions of 17-day duration. there was extensive parenchymal destruction with little fibrous tissue reaction. Lesions common to both groups included hyperplastic bronchiolitis, pulmonary edema, and perivascular lymphocytic cuffs and a pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis in bronchial nodes. One vaccinated foal had a microscopic pyogranulomatous colitis. The lesions in the experimentally infected foals are compared with those in naturally infected foals and discussed in terms of likely pathogenetic mechanisms involved in C. equi pneumonia in foals.
The Pathology of ExperimentalCorynebacterium equiInfection in Foals following Intragastric Challenge
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Prescott J. F. , Markham R. J. F.
Published: January 2010

The intragastric inoculation of a suspension of Corynebacterium equi on five consecutive days induced severe ulcerative colitis, typhilitis, and lymphadenitis of colonic and cecal nodes in two ponies necropsied three weeks after infection. No gross lesions were observed in two ponies necropsied ten days after infection. A single inoculum of equivalent size failed to induce gross lesions in four ponies killed at ten or 20 days after infection. Microscopic lesions consistent with early C. equi infection of Peyer's patches were seen in two of the ponies killed ten days after infection. Only one small pulmonary abscess occurred in one foal, suggesting that intestinal lesions are not likely the usual precursor of pulmonary disease in naturally infected foals. The gross and microscopic lesions in the experimentally infected ponies were typical of the intestinal form of naturally occurring C. equi associated disease in foals.
Morphologic Changes Following Intraarticular Inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis in Calves
Authors: Ryan M. J. , Wyand D. S. , Hill D. L. , Tourtellotte M. E. , Yang T. J.
Published: January 2010

Intraarticular inoculation of Mycoplasma bovis into the joints of six-week-old calves caused severe arthritis in five inoculates and mild arthritis in a sixth. Intraarticular inoculation of killed M. bovis did not cause arthritis.

Arthritic calves had fever, joint swelling, lameness, neutrophilia, and intercurrent pneumonia from which M. bovis could not be recovered.

Gross lesions were massive fibrinosuppurative synovitis and tenosynovitis, erosion of cartilage, and its replacement by polypoid granulation tissue. Histologic lesions were extensive ulceration of synovial membranes, leukocytic infiltration of the suhsynovium, congestion, hyperemia, and thrombosis of the subsynovial vessels. Cartilage erosion was accompanied by chronic osteomyelitis and formation of pannus tissue.

The presence of thrombi and platelet aggregates suggests that the inflammatory process in the synovium may arise from the interaction of M. bovis with the vasculature and the coagulation process of the host.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in BB Wistar Diabetic Rats
Authors: Wright J. R. , Senhauser D. A. , Yates A. J. , Sharma H. M. , Thibert P.
Published: January 2010

Spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis was observed at necropsy in 36 BB Wistar diabetic rats (63.2%) and in eight of their nondiabetic siblings (42.1%). The incidence of thyroiditis decreased both with age and with longer duration of diabetes. All rats with pancreatic insulitis (a manifestation of the onset of diabetes) also had thyroiditis. BB Wistar rats with insulitis had more severe lymphocytic thyroiditis, characterized by lymphocytic, plasmacytic, and macrophage infiltration of thyroid interstitium and follicles. A milder, mostly perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic thyroiditis was characteristic of lesions in rats which did not have insulitis. The histological appearance of the thyroiditis suggests that these rats may be subject to autoimmune disease at the onset of diabetes which involves sites other than just the pancreas.
Malignant Mesothelioma in Urban Dogs
Authors: Harbison M. L. , Godleski J. J.
Published: January 2010

Clinical and postmortem materials from six dogs with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma were studied retrospectively. The dogs were urban pets with clinical signs of malignant effusions. Two mesotheliomas were pleural, one pericardial, and one peritoneal. Both pleura and pericardium were involved in one dog, and the pleura and peritoneum in another. On gross examination at necropsy, diffuse granular or velvety plaques covering mesothelial surfaces were found in all dogs; firm discrete pleural nodules also were present in two dogs. Neither distant mestastases nor areas of deep lung invasion were found. The tumors varied histologically, but the most common type was epithelial with a papillary pattern. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells had prominent surface microvilli, numerous desmosomes, and tonofilaments.

Lung tissue from these dogs and from control dogs was evaluated for the presence of ferruginous bodies. Asbestos bodies were found in three of five dogs with mesotheliomas but rarely were found in control dogs. As a group, the mesothelioma cases had significantly more asbestos bodies and total ferruginous bodies than controls. The clinical and morphologic appearance of canine mesothelioma is similar to human mesothelioma and also may be associated with exposure to airborne fibers.
A Sparsely Granulated, Nonsecreting Adenoma of the Pars Intermedia Associated with Galactorrhea in a Male Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Chalifoux L. V. , MacKey J. J. , King N. W.
Published: January 2010

A pituitary mass was found at necropsy of a male Macaca mulatta. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were consistent with a chromophobe adenoma. Ultrastructural examination revealed the tumor to be comprised predominantly of sparsely granulated cells. The tumor cells were negative for prolactin, somatotropin, adrenocorticotropin, luteinizing hormone, and thyrotropin by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method. Other major lesions were gynecomastia and galactorrhea, testicular atrophy, ankylosing spondylitis, and amyloid deposition in the liver, spleen, adrenal, and intestinal tract.
Serum Erythropoietin Changes in Cats with Feline Leukemia Virus-induced Erythroid Aplasia
Authors: Kociba G. J. , Lange R. D. , Dunn C. D. R. , Hoover E. A.
Published: January 2010

Erythropoietin concentrations were increased significantly (p < 0.025) in nine cats with natural feline leukemia virus infection and associated erythroid aplasia compared to six clinically normal cats. Adult cats experimentally inoculated with the Kawakami-Theilen isolate of feline leukemia virus developed a progressive simultaneous increase in erythropoietin activity and decrease in packed cell volume. These findings indicate that erythroid aplasia associated with feline leukemia virus infection is not caused by a failure in erythropoietin production.
Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei Infection in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). V. Macrophage Infrastructure and Function
Authors: Anosa V. O. , Kaneko J. J.
Published: January 2010

Macrophage numbers increased in the spleen, liver, testes, heart, and kidney of deer mice infected for seven to ten weeks with Trypanosoma brucei EATRO 110. The macrophages were activated as indicated by their increased size and significant increases in numbers of cell organelles including profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (which also increased in length), mitochondria, primary and secondary lysosomes, bundles of Golgi's apparatus, and free lysosomes compared to macrophages from control mice. Some macrophages representing epithelioid cells have even greater numbers of organelles than the activated macrophages and had interdigitation in some locations, such as the heart, but with minimal phagocytic activity. These epithelioid cells were present in the kidney, testes, and particularly in the heart of infected mice. Few cardiac macrophages had finely granular deposits on their nuclear membrane. The activated macrophages had enhanced phagocytosis of trypanosomes. red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. In addition to phagocytosis, another probable consequence of macrophage activation may be depression of lymphocyte function. Phagocytosis of trypanosomes by neutrophils also was encountered occasionally.
Psoriatic Plaques in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Jayo M. J. , Zanolli M. D. , Jayo J. M.
Published: January 2010

An adult male cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis) developed erythematous plaques with adherent white scales on the skin. Microscopically, the epidermis had regular acanthosis with marked parakeratosis, focal absence of stratum granulosum, and spongiform pustules and Munro-like microabscesses. These histologic findings were suggestive of psoriasis vulgaris.
Mouse Hepatoblastomas: A Histologic, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Nonoyama T. , Fullerton F. , Reznik G. , Bucci T. J. , Ward J. M.
Published: January 2010

Hepatoblastomas from B6C3F1 and BALB/c mice were examined by light and electron microscopy and by immunohistochemical reactions for alpha-fetoprotein, keratin, and vimentin. Tumors occurred in one group of a chronic bioassay for the interaction of diet, genetic strain, and the carcinogen, 2-acetylaminofluorene. Tumors had several populations (including epithelial and mesenchymal cells) in various stages of differentiation. Neoplastic epithelial cells had features of embryonal hepatocytes, such as sparse cytoplasmic organelles, absence of glycogen, abundant free ribosomes, occasional bile canaliculi, and peroxisome-like dense bodies. Embryonal fibroblast-like cells had pleomorphic and folded nuclei with prominent perinuclear chromatin and dispersed cytoplasmic organelles. Fibroblast-like cells were surrounded by bundles of collagen fibrils. Intermediate or transitional types of cells were seen. No tumor cells were immunoreactive for mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) antibody, unlike those in hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas. Epithelial and mesenchymal tumor cells contained intermediate filaments throughout the cytoplasm; some of these cells stained for keratin but not for vimentin. These findings suggest that mouse hepatoblastomas are derived from bipotential liver blastema cells and are composed of a mixture of several cell populations.
Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein in Normal and Neoplastic Canine Tissues: Immunohistochemical Localization and Biochemical Extraction
Authors: Gröne A. , Werkmeister J. R. , Steinmeyer C. L. , Capen C. C. , Rosol T. J.
Published: January 2010

Two polyclonal antibodies, directed against N-terminal amino acids (1–36) or the midregion (amino acids 34–53) of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), were used to localize PTHrP in a variety of normal and neoplastic canine tissues. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) immunoreactivity was demonstrated using anti-bovine PTH (amino acids 14–34). The following tissues (among others) stained strongly positive for PTHrP: all layers of epidermal keratinocytes, with the most intense staining of the basal layer; hair follicle keratinocytes; myoepithelial cells of dermal apocrine glands, mammary glands, and apocrine glands of the anal sac; anal sac epithelium; mammary duct epithelium; and thyroid C cells. Adenocarcinomas of the anal sac stained moderately positive (5/22 dogs), weakly positive (11/22 dogs), or did not stain (6/22 dogs). Most parathyroid gland adenomas stained moderately (2/6 dogs) or weakly positive (3/6 dogs) for PTHrP. Squamous cell carcinomas (6/6 dogs) stained strongly positive. Lymphomas stained weakly positive (2/10 dogs) or did not stain (8/10 dogs). There was no consistent relationship between the staining intensity of the tumors and serum calcium concentrations of the dogs. The anti-PTH antibodies stained only parathyroid chief cells strongly positive. Concentrations of PTHrP were measured by radioimmunoassay in protein extracts from an adenocarcinoma derived from the apocrine glands of the anal sac, pancreas, kidney, liver, heart, thyroid, adrenal, and parathyroid glands. PTHrP concentrations varied from undetectable up to 150 pg/mg in normal tissues as compared with 2,000 pg/mg in apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. These findings demonstrate the widespread localization of PTHrP in normal and neoplastic canine tissues and suggest a physiological role for PTHrP as a paracrine or autocrine factor.
Plutonium-induced Proliferative Lesions and Pulmonary Epithelial Neoplasms in the Rat: Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Evidence for Their Origin from Type II Pneumocytes
Authors: Herbert R. A. , Stegelmeier B. S. , Gillett N. A. , Rebar A. H. , Carlton W. W. , Singh G. , Hahn F. F.
Published: January 2010

Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to clarify the cellular origin for plutonium-239-induced pulmonary proliferative (preneoplastic) epithelial lesions and epithelial neoplasms in F344 rats. Examples of each histologic type of proliferative lesion and neoplasm were stained by the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase method using antibodies to rat surfactant apoprotein and Clara cell antigen. Rat surfactant apoprotein immunostaining was detected in type II pneumocytes in sections of normal lung, in the cells of the proliferative lesions classified histologically as alveolar epithelial hyperplasia (51) and mixed foci (alveolar epithelial hyperplasia with fibrosis) (30), and in adenomas (2), adenocarcinomas (3), and adenosquamous carcinomas (2). With the exception of one adenosquamous carcinoma, Clara cell antigen immunostaining was not detected in any of the pulmonary lesions but was detected in nonciliated cuboidal epithelial (Clara) cells in normal bronchioles. The epithelial cells of the proliferative lesions and neoplasms had ultrastructural features consistent with type II pneumocytes, i.e., the presence of cytoplasmic lamellar and multivesicular bodies. The results of these studies indicate that the majority of plutonium-induced proliferative epithelial lesions and neoplasms in the rat originate from alveolar type II pneumocytes.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type Ia in Two Littermate Maltese Puppies
Authors: Brix A. E. , Howerth E. W. , McConkie-Rosell A. , Peterson D. , Egnor D. , Wells M. R. , Chen Y. T.
Published: January 2010

Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) (von Gierke's disease) was identified in two 47-day-old littermate Maltese puppies. The puppies were presented for necropsy with a history of failure to thrive, mental depression, and poor body condition. Gross findings included small body size and emaciation (212 and 246 g versus 595 g for normal littermate), severely enlarged pale livers (48 and 61 g), and pale kidneys. Histologically, there was marked diffuse vacuolation of hepatocytes with large amounts of glycogen and small amounts of lipid. Renal tubular epithelium was mildly to moderately vacuolated. Soft tissue mineralization was present in renal tubules and pulmonary alveolar septa. Biochemical analysis showed that levels of glucose-6-phosphatase were markedly reduced in liver (0.3 and 0.4 μM/minute/g tissue versus 4.7 ± 1.5 μM/minute/g tissue for controls) and kidney (0.45 and 0.4 μM/minute/g tissue versus 4.1 μM/minute/g tissue for controls) and that glycogen content was increased in liver (9.4% and 9.4% versus 1.3% ± 1.4% for controls). This is the first confirmed report of animals with glycogen storage disease type Ia.
Cutaneous Melanocytomas in 10 Young Cattle
Authors: Miller M. A. , Weaver A. D. , Stogsdill P. L. , Fischer J. R. , Kreeger J. M. , Nelson S. L. , Turk J. R.
Published: January 2010

Ten melanocytomas from 10 cattle were diagnosed by histopathologic examination of biopsy specimens submitted to the Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, between 1 January 1986 and 31 December 1993. One tumor was congenital; the others were first noticed between 2 months and 2 years of age (x = 9.9 months). Six tumors occurred in purebred (3) or crossbred (3) Angus cattle; one tumor each occurred in a Holstein, a Shorthorn, a Simmental, and a beef calf of unrecorded breed or coat color. Five calves were female, and five were male. Five tumors occurred in truncal dermis or subcutis (three in abdominal skin), four occurred on a limb, and one occurred on the jaw. Tumors varied in histologic appearance, but all were pigmented and all had few mitotic figures. Outcome was known for 8/10 cattle. In four cattle followed for at least 1 year, the tumor did not recur after surgical excision. Another heifer had residual gray tissue at the tumor site after surgery but remained in the herd without regrowth of the tumor 30 months after excision. Three other calves were slaughtered within 6 months of excision without apparent recurrence of the tumor.
An Animal Model of Gastric Ulcer Due to Bacterial Gastritis in Mice
Authors: Eaton K. A. , Radin M. J. , Krakowka S.
Published: January 2010

Conventional female BalbC mice were inoculated with Gastrospirillum-like bacteria in mouse gastric homogenate or in 5.0-μm filtrate of gastric homogenate. The bacteria were originally isolated from cheetahs with gastritis. The mice were killed 6 months, 7 months, or 1 year after inoculation. All mice became infected with Gastrospirillum-like bacteria that were confined to the gastric mucosa. Control mice, given either sterile Brucella broth, 0.22-μm filtrate of infected gastric homogenate, or uninfected gastric homogenate did not become infected with bacteria. Lesions in infected mice included severe lymphoplasmacytic gastritis (26/26 infected mice), gastric epithelial hyperplasia (25/26 infected mice), and gastric ulceration (11/26 infected mice). Neutrophilic inflammatory cell infiltrates were inconsistent. None of the uninfected control mice had Gastrospirillum-like bacteria, gastritis, gastric epithelial hyperplasia, or gastric ulceration. These results implicate Gastrospirillum-like bacteria from cheetahs in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration. This model will be useful in investigating the mechanisms of gastric ulceration associated with bacterial gastritis.
Eosinophil and Foam Cell Accumulation in Lungs of Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed Purified, Biotin-Deficient Diets
Authors: Tanaka M. , Yanagi M. , Shirota K. , Une Y. , Nomura Y. , Masaoka T. , Akahori F.
Published: January 2010

One hundred twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were given biotin-deficient diets containing ovalbumin as the protein source. Ten control rats of the same origin were fed a commercially available purified diet that used casein as a protein source. Eosinophils and histiocytes were observed at a higher frequency in lungs of rats fed the purified diets containing ovalbumin than in the controls. Foam cells were confined to subpleural and peribronchial regions, reacting positively to anti-lysozyme antibody. The incidence of pulmonary histiocytosis was 76/120 rats (63.3%) in the groups fed the ovalbumin-containing diets as compared with 1/10 (10.0%) in the controls. The accumulation of eosinophils in lung was highest (6/24 rats, 25%) at 3 months. This lesion was not seen in the controls. Eosinophils were first observed in the perivascular and peribronchiolar regions. In advanced lesions, macrophages and mast cells also appeared in the lesions, which at this stage resembled so-called idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia of human beings. Neither foam cells nor eosinophils were present in any of the other organs. Because there was no difference in the composition of the diets with the exception of the protein source, these lung lesions may be due to biotin deficiency resulting from the use of ovalbumin as the protein source.
Scarcity of γδ T Cells in Intestinal Epithelia Containing Coccidia Despite General Increase of Epithelial Lymphocytes
Authors: Aleksandersen M. , Landsverk T. , Gjerde B. , Helle O.
Published: January 2010

Lymphocytes of intestinal epithelia were examined in lambs experimentally infected with coccidia. Fourteen conventional, coccidia-free 3-week-old lambs of the Dala breed were given either 250,000 (eight lambs in experiment 1) or 100,000 (six lambs in experiment 2) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria ovinoidalis (>99.9% pure) via a stomach tube. Nine lambs (five in experiment 1 and four in experiment 2) of the same age served as uninoculated controls. The infected lambs developed diarrhea and dehydration between days 10 and 13 after infection. Intestinal specimens were collected 10-20 days after inoculation. A heavy multifocal infection of the epithelium comprising schizonts, gamonts, and oocysts resulted, with changes being most pronounced in the large intestine and the terminal part of ileum. Lesions included villous atrophy, villous fusions, and crypt hyperplasia. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis was applied to immunoperoxidase-stained sections for quantification of intraepithelial T cell subsets and included the distal jejunum of lambs of experiment 1. A significant increase in the epithelial area of the distal jejunum occupied by CD8+ lymphocytes was found in the infected lambs as compared with uninfected controls (18.3% versus 3.7%). The increased presence of CD8+ cells may be of significance in the intestinal immune response to ovine coccidiosis. A moderate, overall increase was also found for the γδ lymphocytes in the jejunal epithelium. Examination of the ileum of infected lambs of both experiments showed a scarcity of γδ cells (0.4% of epithelial area) in stretches of epithelium infected by coccida as compared with adjacent noninfected epithelium (4.0% of epithelial area). The significance of this negative association between γδ T cells and infected epithelial cells in ovine coccidiosis is unknown.
Progressive Retinal Toxicity in Neonatal Rats Treated with D, L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (D,L-AP3)
Authors: Fix A. S. , Horn J. W. , Hall R. L. , Johnson J. A. , Tizzano J. P.
Published: January 2010

D,L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (D,L-AP3) has complex pharmacologic activity at central nervous system metabotropic glutamate receptors important in excitatory neurotransmission and development. Previous studies have described retinal and optic nerve atrophy in adult rats after postnatal treatment with D,L-AP3. Using neonatal male Sprague-Dawley rats, the present studies examined normal postnatal retinal development ( n = 20) and the progression of retinal toxicity induced by D,L-AP3 ( n = 30). Retinal development was examined by light microscopy on postnatal days (PNDs) 5, 9, 12, 16, and 22. Between PNDs 5 and 16, the retina underwent considerable postnatal differentiation. A prominent neuroblastic layer evident on PND 5 differentiated into outer retinal layers by PND 16. To examine the effects of D,L-AP3, neonatal rats were treated intraperitoneally with sterile water or 400 mg/kg/day D,L-AP3 on PNDs 3-6. On PNDs 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20, retinas were examined by light and electron microscopy. On PNDs 5 and 7, cells with swollen, pale cytoplasm were evident in the more differentiated inner nuclear layer and in the middle of the developing neuroblastic layer. Retinal toxicity rapidly progressed after treatment, because developing outer retinal layers had cytoplasmic swelling, nuclear pyknosis, and necrosis on PND 10. By PNDs 15 and 20, retinal dystrophy was severe and involved primarily outer layers. This study showed that early postnatal treatment with D,L-AP3 initiates rapidly progressing retinal toxicity, thus implicating metabotropic glutamate receptors in the postnatal retinal development of rats.
Wilson's Disease-like Lesion in a Calf
Authors: Wada Y. , Kajiwara W. , Kato K.
Published: January 2010

Wilson's disease-like lesion was seen in a 2-month-old calf. Fibrosis was apparent in the liver, but there was no cholestasis or icterus. Marked spongy degeneration was seen in the central nervous system. Hepatic and brain copper values were significantly higher than normal: 1970 and 113 ppm dry matter, respectively. Serum ceruloplasmin was lower than normal: 17.5 U/liter. Etiology of this disease was unknown, but there is no evidence that the calf ingested a large quantity of copper.
Experimental Neosporosis in Pregnant Ewes and Their Offspring
Authors: McAllister M. M. , McGuire A. M. , Jolley W. R. , Lindsay D. S. , Trees A. J. , Stobart R. H.
Published: January 2010

Six groups of six pregnant ewes each were inoculated with 170,000 or 1,700,000 tachyzoites of Neospora caninum on gestation day 65, 90, or 120. All ewes seroconverted, and none showed signs of illness other than abortion. Regardless of the inoculum dose, all ewes inoculated on gestation day 65 aborted: ewes inoculated on gestation day 90 aborted, gave birth to weak lambs, or gave birth to clinically normal lambs; and all ewes inoculated on gestation day 120 gave birth to clinically normal lambs. Using an immunohistological procedure that stains bradyzoites, we observed protozoal cysts in brains of 11 of 29 (38%) aborted fetuses, in one of four (25%) weak lambs, and in seven of 18 (39%) clinically normal lambs. Cysts were not observed in extraneural tissues from two clinically normal lambs that had cysts in the brain. No evidence of infection was observed in tissues of five ewes examined using an immunohistological procedure that stains N. caninum tachyzoites and bradyzoites. Multifocal nonsuppurative encephalitis was observed in 46 of 51 (90%) aborted, weak, or clinically normal lambs. Cerebral necrosis, dystrophic mineralization, and meningitis were also commonly identified in live and aborted lambs (even when severely autolyzed). Nonsuppurative, necrotizing placentitis was observed in 15 of 17 (88%) placentas. Nonsuppurative myositis was common in fetuses but not in live lambs. Inflammation occurred less frequently in liver and lung. Clinical and pathological features of neosporosis in sheep closely resemble those of bovine neosporosis and ovine toxoplasmosis. Although abortion caused by naturally occurring neosporosis in sheep has not been reported, diagnosticians should carefully distinguish between neosporosis and toxoplasmosis in cases of ovine protozoal abortion unless future investigations exclude the likelihood of naturally acquired neosporosis in sheep.
Hydranencephaly, Cerebellar Hypoplasia, and Myopathy in Chick Embryos Infected with Aino Virus
Authors: Kitano Y. , Ohzono H. , Yasuda N. , Shimizu T.
Published: January 2010

Pathogenesis of Aino virus (AIV), a suspected causative agent of congenital abnormalities of calves, has not yet been established by experimental infection of dams. To investigate the pathogenesis, 103median tissue culture infective doses per 0.2 ml of AIV strain JaNAr 28 was inoculated into the yolk sac of 8-day-old chick embryos. At 4, 7, 10, and 13 days post-inoculation (PI) 20 eggs were opened and macro- and microscopic studies combined with virus recovery and immunohistochemical detection of the virus antigen were performed. At 7 to 13 days PI chick embryos manifested marked hydranencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, and scoliosis, with the highest incidences of 86.7%, 73.3%, 80,0%, and 20,0%, respectively. At 4 days PI the viral antigen was found in nerve cells, gitter cells in mild necrotic foci of the central nervous system (CNS), degenerative myotubules, and macrophages in the interstitium, which was associated with the early phase of AIV-induced encephalitis and polymyositis, with occasional accompanying hemorrhage and clumping of myotubular fragments. From 7 to 10 days PI, AIV antigen increased markedly in the liquefactive necrosis and in both degenerative and normal-looking myotubules in conjunction with developing hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis. The encephalitis and myositis had a tendency to mitigate by 10 days PI, coincident with a slight decrease in amount of AIV antigen. At 13 days PI there was almost no detectable AIV antigen in CNS and skeletal muscles, probably due to depletion of cells having affinity to AIV.
Encephalitis Associated with Giant Cells in a Cat with Naturally Occurring Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Demonstrated by In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Gunn-Moore D. A. , Pearson G. R. , Harbour D. A. , Whiting C. V.
Published: January 2010

This report describes the clinical, pathological, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization characteristics of encephalitis associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in a 4-year-old domestic cat. Lesions were identified throughout the brain, affecting the cerebrum, medulla, and cervical spinal cord. Perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, gliosis, and white matter vacuolation were most severe in the cerebrum, affecting the white matter and the deep laminae of the grey matter, Gemistocytes were prominent, and many bizarre cells with large, sometimes multinucleate, hyperchromatic nuclei were evident. Immunostaining with antibody specific for FIV p24 nucleocapsid protein produced staining in the gemistocytes and glial cells of the white matter. In situ hybridization with a 327-base pair fragment of the FIV gag gene produced staining that was most intense in the white matter and gemistocytes of the deep laminae of the grey matter. These findings indicated localization of FIV infection within the cerebrum, and the detection of FIV RNA by in situ hybridization confirms the infection as active.
Intimal Lipid Accretion and Elevated Serum Cholesterol in Marek's Disease Virus-inoculated Chickens
Authors: Njenga M. Kariuki , Dangler C. A.
Published: January 2010

In our previous studies of the early pathogenesis of the Marek's disease virus (MDV)-associated model of atherosclerosis, the brachiocephalic arteries and ascending aortas of MDV-inoculated chickens failed to develop lipid accretion and intimal/medial proliferation consistent with atherosclerotic lesions, as described in the original reports of this model. The role of cholesterol supplementation in the formation of MDV-associated atherosclerotic lesions was reexamined. At 3 days of age, 40 chicks were inoculated with the CU-2 strain of MDV. Another 40 chicks were sham inoculated. At 15 weeks postinfection, half of the sham- and MDV-inoculated birds received 2% cholesterol supplementation in the diet for the rest of the experimental period. At 30 weeks postinfection, the aortas and brachiocephalic arteries were evaluated. Several observations were different from the original description of the model. None of the chickens among the four experimental groups developed atherosclerotic lesions, regardless of MDV inoculation or cholesterol supplementation. However, intimal thickening and marked oil red O-positive foam cell accumulation were observed in all 11 MDV-inoculated, cholesterol-supplemented chickens. None of the nine MDV-inoculated, unsupplemented chickens manifested arterial lipid accumulation, despite the presence of an intimal cellular infiltrate. Also in contrast to the original model description, both cholesterol-supplemented and unsupplemented MDV-inoculated chickens manifested significant increases in serum cholesterol in comparison with the respective sham-inoculated groups.
Congenital Cystic Disease of the Liver, Pancreas, and Kidney in a Nubian Goat (Capra hircus)
Authors: Krotec K. , Meyer B. Smith , Freeman W. , Hamir A. N.
Published: January 2010

A congenital cystic disease of the liver, pancreas, and kidney was diagnosed in a 3-week-old female Nubian goat ( Capra hircus). Gross and histologic features were similar to autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in humans and to previous reports of juvenile polycystic disorders in several animal species. Grossly, the lesions were confined to the liver and pancreas. The liver was severely enlarged and contained multiple fluid-filled cysts of various sizes. There was tortuous ectasia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. In the pancreas, multiple small cysts were disseminated throughout the parenchyma. Histologically, there was cavernous ectasia of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary system. Dilated intrahepatic biliary channels formed a branching and anastomosing pattern throughout the hepatic parenchyma and were often bordered by fibrous connective tissue. The pancreas had dilation of intra- and interlobular ducts. Renal cortical tubules and collecting ducts were ectatic. Congenital polycystic disorder has not been documented previously in the goat.