bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Woody invaders are more highly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi than congeneric native species
Authors: Lamit Louis J. , Giovati Amy S. , Jo Insu , Frank Doug A. , Fridley Jason D.
Published: March 2022

Premise

Invasive species tend to possess acquisitive plant traits that support fast growth and strong competitive ability. However, the relevance of symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to the fast growing, acquisitive strategy of invasive species is still unclear.

Methods

We measured AMF colonization in roots of five congeneric pairs of invasive and native eastern North American woody species (10 species total; 4 lianas, 6 shrubs) that were grown in a monoculture common garden experiment in Syracuse, NY. We then examined the relationships of AMF colonization to above and belowground traits of these species.

Results

Total AMF colonization and arbuscule colonization were greater in invasive compared to native woody species, a pattern that was more distinct in congeneric shrubs than congeneric lianas. The level of AMF colonization was also positively correlated with traits indicative of rapid plant growth and nutrient uptake.

Conclusions

The concordance of a resource‐acquisitive strategy with higher AMF colonization suggests that symbioses with AMF may be part of the strategy by which invasive woody plants of eastern North America are able to maintain fast growth rates and outcompete their native counterparts.
External validation of the HIGH‐2‐LOW model: A predictive score for venous thromboembolism after allogeneic transplant
Authors: Li Ang , Martens Kylee L. , Nguyen Daniel , Basom Ryan , Rondon Gabriela , Jin Shida , Young Elliana , Amos Christopher I. , Lee Stephanie J. , Davis Chris , Garcia David A. , Champlin Richard , Shpall Elizabeth , Kebriaei Partow , Rojas Hernandez Cristhiam
Published: March 2022

In patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains a serious complication that lacks validated risk assessment models (RAMs) to guide thromboprophylaxis. To address this dilemma, we performed a temporal and external validation study of the recently derived HIGH‐2‐LOW RAM. We selected adult patients undergoing allogeneic HCT from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC) and MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). Patients who died, received anticoagulation, or did not engraft platelets by day 30 were excluded. Primary outcomes were defined as overall VTE and pulmonary embolism ± lower‐extremity deep venous thromboembolism (PE/LE‐DVT) by day 180. Covariates were weighted according to the original model, except that grade 2–4 GVHD was substituted for grade 3–4. Discrimination and calibration were assessed. A total of 765 patients from FHCRC and 954 patients from MDACC were included. Incident VTE by day 180 was 5.1% at FHCRC and 6.8% at MDACC. The HIGH‐2‐LOW score had a c‐statistic of 0.67 (0.59–0.75) for VTE and 0.75 (0.64–0.81) for PE/LE‐DVT at FHCRC and 0.62 (0.55–0.70) for VTE and 0.70 (0.56–0.83) for PE/LE‐DVT at MDACC. Twenty‐five percent and 23% of patients were classified as high risk (2+ points) in the two cohorts, respectively. High versus low‐risk was associated with odds ratio (OR) of 2.80 (1.46–5.38) for VTE and 4.21 (1.82–9.77) for PE/LE‐DVT at FHCRC and OR of 3.54 (2.12–5.91) for VTE and 6.82 (2.30–20.16) for PE‐LE‐DVT at MDACC. The HIGH‐2‐LOW RAM identified allogeneic HCT recipients at high risk for VTE in both validation cohorts. It can improve evidence‐based decision‐making for thromboprophylaxis post‐transplant.
Work‐related allergy and asthma associated with cleaning agents in health workers in Southern African tertiary hospitals
Authors: Mwanga Hussein H. , Baatjies Roslynn , Singh Tanusha , Jeebhay Mohamed F.
Published: March 2022

Background

Health workers (HWs) are exposed to diverse cleaning agents in large hospitals. This study determined the prevalence of work‐related symptoms, allergic sensitization, and lung function abnormalities in HWs of two tertiary hospitals in Southern Africa.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 699 HWs (South Africa: SAH, n = 346; Tanzania: TAH, n = 353) was conducted. Health outcomes were assessed using a standardized ECRHS questionnaire, immunological tests (specific IgE antibody to common aero‐allergens and to occupational allergens: natural rubber latex [NRL]  Hev b5 and Hev b6.02, chlorhexidine, and ortho‐phthalaldehyde [OPA]), spirometry [pre‐and post‐ bronchodilator], methacholine challenge, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).

Results

A large proportion of participants (78%) were women. Median age was 42 years, with 76% nurses, 12% cleaners, and 5% administrative workers. Current smoking was more common in SAHWs (12%) than TAHWs (1%). The overall prevalence of doctor‐diagnosed asthma was 7%. Atopy was present in 43% of HWs, while 4% were sensitized to OPA, 2% to NRL, and 1% to chlorhexidine. Prevalence of work‐related ocular‐nasal symptoms (16%) was higher than skin (12%) and chest (7%) symptoms. TAHWs had significantly lower mean lung volumes, higher degrees of significant airflow obstruction and impaired lung function. The prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in SAHWs (14%) was high. Overall, 23% of HWs had abnormal FeNO; 6% having high (>50 ppb) levels. FeNO was positively associated with sensitization to occupational allergens, primarily OPA and NRL.

Conclusions

HWs from both hospitals had similar prevalence of work‐related respiratory symptoms. Sensitization to OPA and NRL appears to be contributing to allergic airway inflammation in these HWs.
Modeling Communicable Diseases, Human Mobility, and Epidemics: A Review
Authors: Soriano‐Paños David , Cota Wesley , Ferreira Silvio C. , Ghoshal Gourab , Arenas Alex , Gómez‐Gardeñes Jesús
Published: March 2022

The spatiotemporal propagation patterns of recent infectious diseases, originated as localized epidemic outbreaks and eventually becoming global pandemics, are highly influenced by human mobility. Case exportation from endemic areas to the rest of the countries has become unavoidable because of the striking growth of the global mobility network, helping to overcome the physical distance existing between faraway regions. In this context, understanding the features driving contagions upon the arrival of an index case in local environments constitutes an essential task to devise policies aimed at avoiding the community transmission of these diseases and the subsequent case exportation to other unaffected areas. In this review, an overview of the different models addressing this topic is given, focusing on the movement–interaction–return model and different subsequent frameworks introduced to explain the complex interplay between the recurrent movements and contagion dynamics.
Integrative Dialogues in Family Therapy
Authors: Larner Glenn
Published: March 2022

Like many family therapists today my approach to therapy can be described as integrative; it utilises various therapy frameworks and models and combines individual and family therapy approaches in response to the needs of clients and the nature of the work. This paper begins with a brief professional retrospective that illustrates the integrative therapy challenge. It then describes integrative therapy assystemicin the sense of bringing together multiple conversations about therapy based on the idea of an ethic of hospitality. Integration as an ethics of practice is grounded in a finely honed attunement between therapist and client as well as an openness to considering multiple perspectives and frameworks of therapy. This is discussed in relation to the contemporary family therapy literature and illustrated by a practice example.
Soot blowing optimization for platen superheater of coal‐fired power plant boiler based on heat loss analysis
Authors: Xu Ligang , Huang Yaji , Yue Junfeng , Chen Bo , Yu Mengzhu , Zhu Zhicheng , Cheng Haoqiang , Xu Wentao , Li Zhiyuan
Published: March 2022

In the power plant boiler, the problems about the deterioration of the heat transfer performance of heat exchangers and the waste of steam caused by the inappropriate soot blowing operations need to be solved. In this paper, for the platen superheater, the model for detecting the ash fouling was established based on the heat loss analysis and the GA‐BP neural networks. The detection results have validated that the heat loss caused by fouling that was set as the detection indicator can reflect the actual fouling trend of the platen superheater. In addition, the optimization model for soot blowing was built by the model of maximum net heat profit per unit time and the proposed dynamic judgment method. The optimization results have shown that the heat transfer performance can be boosted significantly by the optimization model. Setting the cumulative increment of heat loss as the judging variable was much more reliable and can realize the timely modification of the optimum moment and duration of the soot blowing according to the actual working condition.
Preparation and research of optical coating of star‐shaped titanium‐oxo cluster‐hybrid material
Authors: Gu Qintian , Cheng Guixiang , Ji Bowen , Hu Jian , Yue Xibin , Guo Qiuyue , Mai Chongyang , Yang Li , Lv Chengcheng , Zhang Hongwen , Jiang Yan
Published: March 2022

In this article, the titanium‐oxo cluster containing bromine had been prepared by solvothermal synthesis, which was used to initiate the atom transfer radical polymerization of butyl methacrylate in order to obtain organic–inorganic hybrid materials. The structures and compositions of titanium‐oxo cluster and its hybrid materials were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H nuclear magnetic and infrared spectra tests. The hybrid materials with different molecular weights were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and coated on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, which was used to study the surface properties. Compared with 89.7% light transmittance of the pure PET film, the light transmittance of the modified films was up to 93.3%. Meanwhile, the water contact angles of the modified films also significantly increased. It would be conducive to the self‐cleaning of the film surface. The coatings prepared by the static respiration diagram method had better hydrophobic effect and show the performance of light scattering. All of that could be proved through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The elastic modulus and hardness of hybrid materials also change with the increase of molecular weight. In addition, the Tg of the hybrid materials increased, which means they have better thermal stability than that of Polybutylmethacrylate (PBMA).
Highly Crystalline Ag‐based Coordination Polymers for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxidation of Sulfides
Authors: Li Yang , Cheng Xiuyan , Jin Yigang , Li Ze , Sun Yimeng , Zou Ye , Liu Liyao , Zhang Jianling , Xu Wei
Published: March 2022

Coordination polymers (CPs) display great potential for the development of highly active photocatalysts. Herein, we report the fabrication of a highly crystalline CP, [Ag2BTT]n (BTT=benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetrathiol). The crystal structure of [Ag2BTT]n was resolved and its performance for photocatalytic oxidation of thioanisole was explored. [Ag2BTT]n is highly active and selective for the photo‐oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under mild conditions, that is, in air, at room temperature and in the absence of a sacrificial reagent, co‐catalyst or redox mediator.
Global finite‐time cooperative control for multiple manipulators using integral sliding mode control
Authors: Van Mien , Sam Ge Shuzhi , Ceglarek Dariusz
Published: March 2022

In this paper, a global finite‐time cooperative control is first time proposed for cooperative multiple manipulators. The proposed control scheme is developed based on an integration between a finite‐time disturbance observer (FTDO) and a finite‐time integral sliding mode controller (FTISMC) to get a high robustness against the effects of the model uncertainties and disturbances in the system. The switching term of the integral sliding mode controller is reconstructed such that the desired sliding manifold can be convergent in a finite time. The nominal controller of the integral sliding mode control is developed based on an advanced backstepping control, namely, finite‐time backstepping control, which also provides a finite time convergence. The integration of the finite‐time disturbance observer, finite‐time switching term, and the finite‐time backstepping controller forms a new global finite‐time integral sliding mode control. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated based on a cooperative control of a dual two‐link manipulators.
Effects of reinforcer type on the durability of treatment for escape‐maintained behavior
Authors: Bonner Andrew C. , Weinsztok Sarah C. , Fernandez Nathalie , Frank‐Crawford Michelle A. , DeLeon Iser G.
Published: March 2022

In the absence of escape extinction, evidence suggests that positive reinforcement may decrease escape‐maintained behavior. A variety of reinforcers (e.g., food, tokens, and escape) have been used to strengthen alternative behavior in prior research. But, the differential effects of these reinforcers on an intervention's capacity to maintain low rates of problem behavior in the absence of escape extinction during schedule thinning remains unknown. The current study evaluated whether interventions incorporating the use of tokens would equal the effects (in terms of the intervention's capacity to maintain low rates of problem behavior during schedule thinning) of interventions that incorporated escape or food. Results showed that for two of three participants diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities, token reinforcement produced therapeutic effects during schedule thinning. For all participants, the intervention involving negative reinforcement for compliance was either ineffective or deteriorated as the schedule of reinforcement was thinned.
Hsp90 inhibition protects brain endothelial cells against LPS‐induced injury
Authors: Uddin Mohammad A. , Akhter Mohammad S. , Kubra Khadeja‐Tul , Barabutis Nektarios
Published: March 2022

Dysfunction of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelium increases infiltration of lymphocytes and innate immune cells in the brain, leading to the development of neurological disorders. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors are anti‐inflammatory agents and P53 inducers, which reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a diverse variety of human tissues. In this study, we investigate the effects of those compounds in LPS‐induced brain endothelial inflammation, by utilizing human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3). Our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors suppress inflammation by inhibiting the LPS‐induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); and P38 activation. Moreover, those compounds reduce the P53 suppressors murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and murine double minute 4 (MDM4). Immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein/glucose‐regulated protein 78 (BiP/Grp78)—a key element of endothelial barrier integrity‐was also increased by Hsp90 inhibition. Hence, we conclude that application of Hsp90 inhibitors in diseases related to BBB dysfunction may deliver a novel therapeutic possibility in the affected population.
Exploring access to care from the perspective of patients with breast cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Brown Carolyn M. , Kanu Chisom , Richards Kristin M. , Stevens Laura , Sasane Rahul , McAneny Barbara
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Patients face a myriad of personal and system‐based challenges in accessing breast cancer care, but less is known about access as expressed and experienced by patients themselves. The objective of this qualitative study was to further explore the breadth of issues related to access from the perspective of patients with breast cancer across their care journey.

Methods

Twelve women participated in 1‐h semi‐structured interviews and 48 women participated in 2‐h focus groups at six oncology practices in 2018. Grounded theory was used to analyze the data.

Results

Six primary themes emerged concerning access to care: information, psychosocial support, health insurance, financial resources, timeliness, and emotions.

Conclusions

This study identified six core dimensions of access to care. Access encompassed not only gaining entrée to care services—in the traditional sense of access—but also the continuing support needed to effectively use those services throughout the cancer care journey. Future strategies aimed at improving access to breast cancer care should attend to these ongoing patient‐centric and system‐based issues which are mostly amenable to change.
A Study on AI‐based Waste Management Strategies for the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Rubab Saddaf , Khan Malik M. , Uddin Fahim , Abbas Bangash Yawar , Taqvi Syed Ali Ammar
Published: March 2022

COVID‐19 has swept across the globe and disrupted all vectors of social life. Every informed measure must be taken to stop its spread, bring down number of new infections and move to normalization of daily life. Contemporary research has not identified waste management as one of the critical transmission vectors for COVID‐19 virus. However, most underdeveloped countries are facing problems in waste management processes due to the general inadequacy and inability of waste management. In that context, smart intervention will be needed to contain possibility of the COVID‐19 spread due to inadequate waste management. This paper presents a comparative study of the artificial intelligence/machine learning based techniques, and potential applications in the COVID‐19 waste management cycle (WMC). A general integrated solid waste management (ISWM) strategy is mapped for both short‐term and long‐term goals of COVID‐19 WMC, making use of the techniques investigated. By aligning current health/waste‐related guidelines from health organizations and governments worldwide and contemporary, relevant research in area, the challenge of COVID‐19 waste management and, subsequently, slowing the pandemic down may be assisted.
Recent Advances in Detection and Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Water
Authors: Punia Pinki , Bharti Manish Kumar , Dhar Rakesh , Thakur Preeti , Thakur Atul
Published: March 2022

The water treatment process by removing heavy metals from polluted sources is explained in detail. Various detection and removal techniques and their modeling for heavy metal removal are reviewed. Detection of heavy metals is possible by several optical, spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Due to their high efficiencies and accurate evaluation capabilities, several spectroscopic as well as other techniques like neutron activation analysis and X‐ray fluorescence are discussed and found highly significant. Adsorption, photocatalysis, ion exchange, electrochemical methods, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, and forward osmosis are the most frequently used techniques for heavy metal removal, being up to 100 % efficient to detect and remove heavy metal ions. The design, operation, and key features of all techniques are explained. The regeneration of used adsorbents, resins, and other materials to remove heavy metals is found as key step in the wastewater treatment process.
Calcium sulfate matrix as local antibiotic carrier in the mastoid
Authors: Dalbert Adrian , Bächinger David , Soyka Michael , Röösli Christof , Inci Ilhan , Schuurmans Macé M. , Achermann Yvonne , Huber Alexander
Published: March 2022

We describe the use of calcium sulfate beads as antibiotic carrier in a patient, who suffered from chronic mastoiditis with consecutive otogenic meningitis due to Burkholderia cenocepacia. Our findings suggest a possible role of calcium sulfate matrix as a local antibiotic carrier in the mastoid in complicated mastoiditis cases.
Life‐threatening gastrointestinal bleeding from splenic artery pseudoaneurysm due to gastric ulcer penetration treated by surgical hemostasis with resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta: A case report
Authors: Nakata Tomonori , Okishio Yuko , Ueda Kentaro , Nasu Toru , Kawashima Shuji , Kunitatsu Kosei , Kato Seiya
Published: March 2022

We report the case of a patient for whom surgical hemostasis of gastrointestinal bleeding due to a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm, which developed due to gastric ulcer penetration, was achieved with resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta without ischemia of organs including the spleen.
Biomass Waste‐Derived Electrocatalyst Constructed with g‐C3N4 as a Multifunctional Template for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Liyan , Guo Sheng‐Qi , Hu Zhenzhong , Shen Boxiong , Zhou Wei
Published: March 2022

Exploring an effective way to convert biomass waste into highly active oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts will not only benefit alleviating environmental management pressure, but also open up new ways for the development of alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts. Although the traditional pyrolysis conversion method has been proved to be stable and feasible, the low electrocatalytic activity of the product and the cumbersome post‐treatment process make it difficult to be popularized. Here, we report an effective method to overcome the mentioned drawbacks: the introduction of g‐C3N4. The experimental results confirm that g‐C3N4 can be used as a multifunctional template for adjusting the morphology and providing N source. More importantly, it will decompose at 700 °C and avoid post‐treatment of residues. The pyrolysis products assisted by g‐C3N4 exhibit similar ORR performances to commercial Pt/C, including onset potential of 0.963 V (vs. RHE), half‐wave potential of 0.835 V (vs. RHE) and limiting current density of 6.35 mA ⋅ cm−2. Impressively, the product displayed outstanding performance on output power density (107 mW ⋅ cm−2) and discharge performance at different current densities as the air electrode of zinc‐air battery, which even superior to that of commercial Pt/C. This study elucidated the functional role of g‐C3N4 in reaction system and facilitated the development of more efficient biomass waste‐based ORR electrocatalysts.
Module Assembly Strategy for Single‐Cell Nucleic Acid Imaging at the Sub‐Molecule Level
Authors: Teng Xucong , Dai Yicong , Li Jinghong
Published: March 2022

Single‐cell imaging has unique advantages of maintaining the in situ physiological state, morphology, and microenvironment, becoming a powerful tool to unravel the nature of intracellular nucleic acids. The analysis of nucleic acids unprecedentedly demands the sub‐molecule details at segment or subunit, secondary structure and monomer levels, instead of just probing the sequence and the abundance of nucleic acids. Detection of nucleic acids at the sub‐molecule level requires higher specificity and higher sensitivity, which becomes a new challenge in nucleic acid analysis. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in the design and the application of single‐cell nucleic acid imaging methods at the sub‐molecule level, including the visualization of RNA splicing variants, RNA G‐quadruplexes in an individual gene, single nucleotide variation of mitochondrial DNA, and RNA m6A methylation. Remarkably, we highlight the key strategy, “Module Assembly”, for high‐performance molecular recognition and demonstrate the required improvements in future research.
Partial Phosphorization: A Strategy to Improve Some Performance(s) of Thiolated Metal Nanoclusters Without Notable Reduction of Stability
Authors: He Zongbing , Yang Ying , Zou Jiafeng , You Qing , Feng Lei , Li Man‐Bo , Wu Zhikun
Published: March 2022

Thiolates endow metal nanoclusters with stability while sometimes inhibit the catalytic activity due to the strong M−S interaction (M: metal atom). To improve the catalytic activity and keep the stability to some extent, one strategy is the partial phosphorization of thiolated metal nanoclusters. This is demonstrated by successful partial phosphorization of Au23(SC6H11)16 and by revealing that the products Au22(SC6H11)14(PPh3)2 and Au22(SC6H11)12(PPh3)4, with varied degree of phosphorization, both show excellent activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of thioanisole without notable reduction of stability. Furthermore, Au22(SC6H11)12(PPh3)4 exhibits better photoluminescence performance than the mother nanocluster Au23(SC6H11)16, indicating that partial phosphorization can also improve some other performance(s) except for the catalytic performance. The intermediates Au22‐xCux(SC6H11)12(PPh3)4 (x=1, 2) in the transformation from Au23(SC6H11)16 (Au22(SC6H11)14(PPh3)2) to Au22(SC6H11)12(PPh3)4 were captured and identified by mass spectrometry and single crystal X‐ray diffraction, which throws light on the understanding of the non‐alloyed anti‐galvanic reaction.
Single and two‐phase flows in a horizontal pipe with a Kenics static mixer: Effect of pressure drop on mixing
Authors: Hosni Massinissa , Hammoudi M'hamed , Si‐Ahmed El‐Khider , Legrand Jack , Douib Lamine
Published: March 2022

Single and two‐phase flows pressure drops through a Kenics static mixer were investigated, for liquid and gas Reynolds numbers ranging from 8110 < ReL < 18 940 to 1730 < ReG < 8680, respectively. New friction factor correlations were established for single and two‐phase flows, showing better agreement than those available in the literature. Dissipated energy and characteristic time constants were estimated from experimental data. For instance, a dissipated energy with a maximum value of 510 W/kg was calculated in two‐phase flow with the drift‐flux model. The dispersed phase reduced the characteristic mixing times and its influence was more important than the continuous phase for all the characteristic mixing time investigated. Furthermore, the macroscopic characteristic mixing time was shown to be the governing mixing process for almost all gas and liquid flow rates explored.
Immediate and early percutaneous coronary intervention in very high‐risk and high‐risk non‐ST segment elevation myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Lupu Lior , Taha Louay , Banai Ariel , Shmueli Hezzy , Borohovitz Ariel , Matetzky Shlomi , Gabarin Mustafa , Shuvy Mony , Beigel Roy , Orvin Katia , Minha Sa'ar , Shacham Yacov , Banai Shmuel , Glikson Michael , Asher Elad
Published: March 2022

Background

The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST‐segment elevation (non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]) has recommended immediate (<2 h) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in very‐high risk patients and early (<24 h) PCI in high‐risk patients.

Hypothesis

To examine the ESC NSTEMI guidelines adherence in a nationwide survey in Israel using the Acute Coronary Syndrome Israeli Survey (ACSIS). We hypothesized that adherence to the guidlines' recommnded PCI timing in NSTEMI pateints will be inadequate, partly due to the inconsistent evidence regarding its effect on clinical outcomes.

Methods

All NSTEMI patients who underwent PCI during the ACSIS surveys in 2016 and 2018 were included in the analysis.

Results

Out of 1793 NSTEMI patients, 1643 (92%) patients underwent PCI, and door to balloon time was documented in 1078 of them. One hundred and fifty‐six (14.5%) patients and 922 (85.5%) patients were defined as very high‐risk and high‐risk NSTEMI patients, respectively. Of the very high‐risk NSTEMI patients, only 10 (6.4%) underwent immediate coronary angiography, and 50 (32.1%) underwent early coronary angiography. Acute heart failure 139 (89.1%) was the main reason for including NSTEMI patients in the very high‐risk category. Of the high‐risk patients, early coronary angiography was performed in only 405 (43.9%) patients. Patients in whom coronary angiography was postponed were older and had more comorbidities.

Conclusions

Despite guidelines recommendations for immediate and early PCI in very high‐risk and high‐risk NSTEMI patients, respectively, most patients do not undergo immediate or early PCI according to contemporary guidelines. Further studies are needed to better understand the reasons for guidelines' nonadherence in those high‐risk patients.
An Unprecedented Interconversion Between Non‐covalent and Covalent Interactions Driven by Halogen Bonding
Authors: Jiang Xiankai , Miao Junjian , Gao Yi
Published: March 2022

The spontaneous interconversion between covalent forces and noncovalent counterparts remains an unexplained mystery to date. Here we have discovered a marvelous transformation between them through halogen bonding using NI3 as a prototype. Our results show that the interaction strength of the NI3 dimer is 7.01 kcal mol−1, demonstrating that it is a quite strong halogen bond. Molecular orbital analyses indicate that the frontier molecular orbitals result from strong mixing of the fragment orbitals, which may be the electronic structure basis for interconversion. Further studies on a series of NI3 oligomers (5‐, 10‐, 15‐, 20‐, 26‐, 30‐mer) show that the interconversion occurs approximately at 26‐mer on the basis on bond distance, ELF, etc.; the interconversion is a gradual transformation and not a sudden one. This study provides more insights into the halogen bonding and the high explosivity of NI3 containing species.
Deconstructing pathways to resilience: A systematic review of associations between psychosocial mechanisms and transdiagnostic adult mental health outcomes in the context of adverse childhood experiences
Authors: Panagou Corinna , MacBeth Angus
Published: March 2022

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are identified with increased risk of adult mental health difficulties and negative impacts on well‐being. However, there is a need to go beyond simple associations and identify candidate mechanisms underpinning the ACEs–mental health relationship. Further methodological heterogeneity points to issues around the operationalization of ACEs and the importance of modelling data using robust research designs. The aim of the current review was to synthesize studies that utilized formal mediation and/or moderation analyses to explore psychological and social variables on the pathway between clearly defined ACEs (as measured by the ACE questionnaire and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [CTQ]) and common mental health outcomes (depressive, anxiety and post‐traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] symptoms) across community samples aged over 18. A total of 31 papers were retrieved for critical appraisal. The majority of the studies explored factors mediating/moderating the link between child adversity and depression and less on anxiety and trauma. Most mechanisms were tested in only single studies, limiting the consistency of evidence. Evidence indicated that the mechanisms underlying associations between ACEs and adult mental health are likely to reflect multiple intervening variables. Further, there are substantial methodological limitations in the extant literature including the proliferation of causal inferences from cross‐sectional designs and both measurement and conceptual issues in operationalizing adversity. Consistent transdiagnostic mechanisms relevant to common mental health problems were identified, including perceived social support, emotion regulation and negative cognitive appraisals/beliefs. Further research using longitudinal design is required to delineate the potential contribution of the identified mechanisms.
Controlled Synthesis of Intermetallic Au2Bi Nanocrystals and Au2Bi/Bi Hetero‐Nanocrystals with Promoted Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Properties
Authors: Zhu Zhejiaji , Yu Zi‐Long , Gao Wen‐Yan , Su Xin , Chen Li‐Wei , Hao Yu‐Chen , Wu Si‐Qian , Liu Di , Jing Xiao‐Ting , Huang Hui‐Zi , Yin An‐Xiang
Published: March 2022

The electrocatalytic properties of metal nanoparticles (NPs) strongly depend on their compositions and structures. Rational design of alloys and/or heterostructures provides additional approaches to modifying their surface geometric and electronic structures for optimized electrocatalytic performance. Here, a solution synthesis of freestanding intermetallic Au2Bi NPs, the heterostructures of Au2Bi/Bi hetero‐NPs, and their promoted electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) performances were reported. It was revealed that the formation and in‐situ conversion of heterogeneous seeds (e. g., Au) were of vital importance for the formation of intermetallic Au2Bi and Au2Bi/Bi hetero‐NPs. It was also found that the Au components would act as the structure promoter moderating the binding strength for key intermediates on Bi surfaces. The alloying of Bi with Au and the formation of heterogeneous Au2Bi/Bi interfaces would create more surface active sites with modulated electronic structures and stronger adsorption strengths for key intermediates, promoting the CO2‐to‐HCOOH conversion with high activity and selectivity. This work presents a novel route for preparing intermetallic nanomaterials with modulated surface geometric/electric structures and promoting their electrocatalytic activities with alloying effects and interfacial effects. Such strategy may find wide application in catalyst design and synthesis for more electrocatalytic reactions.
Effect of washed versus unwashed red blood cells on transfusion‐related immune responses in preterm newborns
Authors: Crawford Tara M , Andersen Chad C , Hodyl Nicolette A , Robertson Sarah A , Stark Michael J
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Transfusion with washed packed red blood cells (PRBCs) may be associated with reduced transfusion‐related pro‐inflammatory cytokine production. This may be because of alterations in recipient immune responses.

Methods

This randomised trial evaluated the effect of transfusion with washed compared with unwashed PRBCs on pro‐inflammatory cytokines and endothelial activation in 154 preterm newborns born before 29 weeks’ gestation. Changes in plasma cytokines and measures of endothelial activation in recipient blood were analysed after each of the first three transfusions.

Results

By the third transfusion, infants receiving unwashed blood had an increase in IL‐17A (P = 0.04) and TNF (P = 0.007), whereas infants receiving washed blood had reductions in IL‐17A (P = 0.013), TNF (P = 0.048), IL‐6 (P = 0.001), IL‐8 (P = 0.037), IL‐12 (P = 0.001) and IFN‐γ (P = 0.001). The magnitude of the post‐transfusion increase in cytokines did not change between the first and third transfusions in the unwashed group but decreased in the washed group for IL‐12 (P = 0.001), IL‐17A (P = 0.01) and TNF (P = 0.03), with the difference between the groups reaching significance by the third transfusion (P < 0.001 for each cytokine).

Conclusion

The pro‐inflammatory immune response to transfusion in preterm infants can be modified when PRBCs are washed prior to transfusion. Further studies are required to determine whether the use of washed PRBCs for neonatal transfusion translates into reduced morbidity and mortality.
Rutin increases alpha‐tubulin acetylation via histone deacetylase 6 inhibition
Authors: Çetin Özge , Sari Suat , Erdem‐Yurter Hayat , Bora Gamze
Published: March 2022

Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal filaments composed of alpha‐ (α) and beta (β)‐tubulin proteins. α‐tubulin proteins are posttranslationally acetylated, and loss of acetylation is associated with axonal transport defects, a common alteration contributing to the pathomechanisms of several neurodegenerative diseases. Restoring α‐tubulin acetylation by pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6, a primary α‐tubulin deacetylase, can rescue impaired transport. Therefore, HDAC6 is considered a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, but currently, there is no clinically approved inhibitor for this purpose. In this study, using drug repurposing strategy, we aimed to identify compounds possessing HDAC6 inhibition activity and inducing α‐tubulin acetylation. We systematically analyzed the FDA‐approved library by utilizing virtual screening and consensus scoring approaches. Inhibition activities of promising compounds were tested using in vitro assays. Motor neuron‐like NSC34 cells were treated with the candidate compounds, and α‐tubulin acetylation levels were determined by Western blot. Our results demonstrated that rutin, a natural flavonoid, inhibits cellular HDAC6 activity without inducing any toxicity, and it significantly increases α‐tubulin acetylation level in motor neuron‐like cells.
Variation in insulative feather structure in songbirds replacing each other along a tropical elevation gradient
Authors: Barve Sahas , Cadena Carlos Daniel
Published: March 2022

High‐elevation organisms are expected to evolve physiological adaptations to cope with harsh environmental conditions. Yet, evidence for such adaptive differences, especially compared to closely related lowland taxa occurring along the same elevational gradient, is rare. Revisiting an anecdotal natural history observation by O. Bangs from 1899 and based on new measurements of museum specimens, we confirmed that the high‐elevation hermit wood wren (Henicorhina anachoreta) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, has longer, more insulative feathers on the chest and back, than its lower‐elevation counterpart the grey‐breasted wood wren (H. leucophrys). However, we did not find evidence for the same specializations in subspecies of H. leucophrys that live at high elevations on other elevational gradients in the Colombian Andes, although similar adaptive solutions have arisen in separate mountain systems like the Himalayas. Adaptations in plumage may be associated with the recurrence of elevational species replacements throughout the tropics.
Maximizing species distribution model performance when using historical occurrences and variables of varying persistency
Authors: Bracken Jason T. , Davis Amelie Y. , O'Donnell Katherine M. , Barichivich William J. , Walls Susan C. , Jezkova Tereza
Published: March 2022

Occurrence data used to build species distribution models often include historical records from locations in which the species no longer exists. When these records are paired with contemporary environmental values that no longer represent the conditions the species experienced, the model creates false associations that hurt predictive performance. The extent of mismatching increases with the number of historical occurrences and with inclusion of environmental variables that are prone to change over time. Indeed, the mismatch between occurrence data and contemporaneous environmental variables is a common dilemma when modeling rare or cryptic species, especially those of conservation concern that were once more abundant. Herein, we assess (1) the impact of historical occurrences on model performance across three sets of environmental variables of increasing persistency and (2) the performance of models built using selected‐historical occurrences from locations that showed evidence of limited environmental change over time. Concepts are tested on federally listed flatwoods salamanders, reflecting real‐world conservation management efforts. We predicted that, compared to other occurrence sets, (1) historical occurrences would perform best with environmental variables that were more persistent, (2) recent occurrences would perform best when the environmental variables were more impersistent, and that (3) our selected‐historical occurrences would perform best with a combination of persistent and impersistent variables. Our results showed the expected inversion of model performance of recent and historical occurrences across environmental variables of increasing persistency when evaluated by correct predictions. However, the inversion was not seen in area under the curve performance, in which historical occurrences outperformed recent occurrence models across all variable sets. Selected‐historical occurrences did not notably improve performance over all‐historical occurrences in any metric or variable set. To maximize utility and performance, modelers could acknowledge potential trade‐offs from inclusion of historical occurrences and consider number and age of recent and historical occurrences available, the persistency of environmental variables considered, and how their conservation goals are reflected in model design and evaluation, particularly with respect to sensitivity versus specificity. Our study lends support for inclusion of historical occurrences, with the potential exception of mostly impersistent variables when sensitivity is the highest priority.
Estimating widespread beaver dam loss: Habitat decline and surface storage loss at a regional scale
Authors: Scamardo Julianne E. , Marshall Sarah , Wohl Ellen
Published: March 2022

The loss of beaver populations has commonly been accompanied by the failure of beaver dams, leading to stream incision, water table lowering, and the eventual transition from a beaver meadow to a drier riparian corridor. Widespread decline in North American beaver populations (Castor canadensis) has been documented from pre‐European settlement to the current day, representing an estimated 80% to 98% loss of historical populations. While individual case studies have investigated the ecosystem impacts of local beaver population loss, few studies have quantified large‐scale changes associated with widespread population decline. Here, we use the Beaver Restoration Assessment Tool to model landscape‐scale habitat suitability and beaver dam capacity in Colorado, USA, in order to determine whether a widespread loss in beaver population corresponds to a similar scale decline in the capacity to sustain beaver on the landscape and declines in physical benefits associated with beaver, such as surface water and sediment storage. Currently, the statewide stream network (298,119 stream kilometers) can support approximately 1.36 million beaver dams, compared with 2.39 million dams historically. All regions of Colorado have seen a decline in beaver dam capacity from historical conditions, likely due to agriculture, urbanization, and loss of vegetation necessary to beaver. Beaver dam capacity loss is accompanied by an approximate 40% decline in beaver‐mediated surface water and sediment storage potential across the state. Regions with high percent loss in storage potentials also had a high percentage of drainage network that had experienced beaver dam capacity losses of 15 or more dams per kilometer, which highlights the disproportionate impacts of losing high dam density reaches (i.e., beaver meadows). Extreme dam density declines were rare, and instead, most reaches have undergone a shift from high to moderate capacity. Statewide shifts in beaver dam capacity highlight the opportunity for using beaver‐related restoration in Colorado and across the American West.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of 4‐Alkynylquinazolines
Authors: Uçar Sefa , Daştan Arif
Published: March 2022

Protocols have been developed that allow easy access to 4‐alkynylquinazolines under transition‐metal‐free conditions. The ring opening reaction of 4‐(benzofuran‐2‐yl)quinazolines obtained from the arylation of quinazolines with benzofuran is the first way to achieve 4‐alkynylquinazolines. Direct alkynylation of quinazolines with terminal alkynes in the presence of n‐BuLi and iodine or with alkynyl Grignard reagents is another strategy. Desilylation of 4‐((trimethylsilyl)ethynyl)quinazolines obtained by direct alkynation is the third approach to give 4‐alkynylquinazolines. It has also been shown that the protocols are applicable for scale‐up synthesis.
All‐day wearable health monitoring system
Authors: Han Sang A , Naqi Muhammad , Kim Sunkook , Kim Jung Ho
Published: March 2022

Wearable devices are widely used in the smart healthcare monitoring system to detect changes in user parameters through applications such as wristwatches, bands, and clothing electronic skin. In addition, multimode devices enable monitoring of vital signs, helping diagnose and prevent diseases. A wearable device detects the user's biological signals such as body temperature, movement, heartbeat, and humidity level, transmits the information to the mobile phone, and sends the information to an emergency center/family/clinician through cloud computing or wireless communication systems. This all‐day monitoring system enables the user's status information to be monitored 24 h a day to ensure appropriate treatment, thereby facilitating highly personalized care due to its human‐centricity. When integrated with higher‐level infrastructure, it is expected to be useful in healthcare scenarios, providing benefits to multiple stakeholders. In addition, it will help protect people exposed to potentially life‐threatening environments such as military personnel, first responders, and deep‐sea and space explorers. In this review, the components for implementing an all‐day monitoring system are described, including the electrode design strategy for realizing a skin attachable e‐skin device. Issues related to flexible storage devices and recent research results are also discussed.

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Chestnut shell‐like hollow spheres of C/Co3O4 nanoparticles as adsorbent for the removal of Congo red in wastewater
Authors: Wang Qian , Wang Xiaofei , Wang Yongni , Zhang Zhihao , Chen Yuan , Zhao Qunying
Published: March 2022

Chestnut shell‐like hollow spheres of C/Co3O4 nanoparticles was prepared through hydrothermal method, and occupied as adsorbent for the treatment of toxic dyes in wastewater. The obtained material was analyzed by XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, and BET, the resultant R‐Co3O4/C hybrid hollow spheres were of hollow structure and performed excellent in the adsorption of Congo red (CR). The adsorption capacities of CR and was determined to be 446.43 mg g−1. CR was calculated to be chemisorpted on R‐Co3O4/C hybrid hollow sphere, and R‐Co3O4/C hybrid hollow sphere after been used can be fast regenerated through UV‐Fenton process at pH 3 and showed good cyclic stability.
Between the sea and the sky: A social practice investigation into health behaviours during cruise travel
Authors: Werder Olaf , Holland Kate , Kiaos Theaanna , Ferson Mark J.
Published: March 2022

Issue addressed

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted organised cruise holidays as perfect incubators for microbiological infections due to the constant socialising within closed spaces. Little is known about people's health behaviours and perceptions during cruise holidays.

Methods

Narrative group interviews and respondent photo diary exercises were conducted with families (n = 25) residing in different areas across metropolitan NSW, Australia. Guided by a social practice theoretical approach we undertook a thematic analysis that identifies reasons for choosing a cruise, health considerations and behaviours in relation to cruise travel and awareness of official cruise health information.

Results

Cruise travel included a licence to abandon cautious behaviours, reinforced by confidence in the cruise organiser's risk management ability. Health concerns were not a high priority for participants and were mainly understood in terms of eating healthy, modest exercise, managing seasickness and having adequate supplies of medications. Awareness of official cruise health and risk information was largely non‐existent.

Conclusion

Understanding how travel health practices emerge and are likely to be modifiable produces health‐promoting awareness and intervention efforts that recognise and link with people's ideas about cruise holidays as times of fun, leisure, relaxation, without interfering with or imposing on them.

So what?

This study highlights the importance of developing health communication and promotion strategies that are responsive to the interconnected meanings, competencies and materials that have a bearing on how cruise travellers understand and enact health‐related behaviours in preparation for and during a cruise holiday.