bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LGBT
Activism in
W
estern
E
urope
Authors: de Vries‐Jordan Helma G.E.
Published: April 2016

European integration has contributed to a shift in the political opportunity structure for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activists in Western Europe, who use various tactics to advance LGBT rights at the supranational and domestic levels. Lobbying and litigation at the European level have been instrumental in creating shared understandings of equality and of LGBT rights as human rights. Transnational advocacy networks have encouraged domestic activists to embrace the Europeanization of LGBT rights as they target national governments and advocate for equality legislation. At the national level, lobbying and grassroots mobilization have been instrumental in driving forth policy diffusion across Europe, with the decriminalization of homosexuality, adoption of anti‐discrimination laws, and increase in same‐sex union recognition. Debates have emerged concerning the prioritization of same‐sex unions vis‐à‐vis other LGBT rights issues, the reliance on rights‐related framing and insider activism, and the inclusion of trans* voices in the movement.
Transgender Health and Healthcare
Authors: Bogan Rachel R.
Published: April 2016

Transgender health and healthcare refer to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of health issues for transgender or gender‐non‐conforming people. Like the general population, transgender people desire access to safe, non‐discriminatory, culturally sensitive, and affordable healthcare. However, although their healthcare needs are similar to that of the cisgender population, transgender people have specific physical health and psychological health needs related to their transgender identity – such as support surrounding gender transition. For the past century, Western medicine has treated transgender bodies – using gender‐confirming surgery, also known as sex reassignment surgery (SRS) or gender reassignment surgery (GRS), to align trans people's primary and secondary sex characteristics with their gender identity. Transgender patients are medicalized, often diagnosed with gender dysphoria before receiving gender‐confirming care such as hormones or SRS. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) provides “standards of care,” a set of clinical guidelines to help practitioners treat patients diagnosed with gender dysphoria.
Sex Selection
Authors: Hendl Tereza , Rothman Barbara Katz
Published: April 2016

Sex selection involves the determination of a future child's sex. It has most often been used to select against female offspring in many different countries around the world. Currently, it is estimated that the number of missing women is 200 million worldwide, with approximately 163 million of these missing in Asia. The problem of skewed sex ratios leads to various forms of social crises, mainly the reinforcement of women's oppression. However, some liberal theorists argue that prenatal sex selection should be legally available, at least in Western countries, out of respect for reproductive choice. In their view, Western parents who want to undertake sex selection are not motivated by strong preference for one gender but by a desire to have both male and female children. Critics of sex selection argue that this position fails to recognize the negative impact of sexism, particularly gender stereotyping.
LGBT
Activism in
A
ustralia and
N
ew
Z
ealand
Authors: Willett Graham , Brickell Chris
Published: April 2016

Beginning in the late 1960s, lesbians and gay men started to campaign in both Australia and New Zealand for liberation, equality, and justice. In the subsequent decades, other sexual and gender minorities have come on board, bringing these countries ever closer to their ideals of liberal and tolerant nations.
LGBT
Activism in
E
astern and
C
entral
E
urope
Authors: Pearce Susan C. , Cooper Alexander
Published: April 2016

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) activism in Eastern and Central Europe began in earnest with the collapse of state‐socialist regimes beginning in 1989. This review of the state of LGBT social movements across the region highlights patterns that are shared as well as divergences from these patterns. This entry describes the particular challenges that the movements have faced since 1989 as they mobilize in a region where there is suspicion of the relatively new LGBT activism, such as the rise of right wing religious and political groups in the wake of a discredited leftist political model. Given a strong set of international toolkits, the movements are making steady gains and finding corners of legitimacy but they are simultaneously experiencing violent backlashes.
Ecofeminism
Authors: Hawthorne Susan
Published: April 2016

Ecofeminism is one of the most broad‐based feminist theories since it draws together radical feminists, ecological feminists, Marxist and liberal feminists, and spiritual feminists. It is both philosophical and political; a theory and a movement. Ecological and feminist concerns enrich ecofeminism, but do not limit it. Theoretical, political, philosophical, and spiritual engagement with ecofeminism has come from women around the world from very different cultural backgrounds, creating new knowledge developed from indigenous and traditional women's beliefs and perceptions. Ecofeminism is an anti‐war philosophy and many of its adherents have been critical of neoclassical economics and globalization.
Maternal Activism
Authors: Orozco Mendoza Elva F.
Published: April 2016

This entry provides a brief overview of maternal activism. Succinctly stated, maternal activism refers to the process whereby a woman, or a group, adopts the figure of the mother to make claims on behalf of her sons or daughters. The central aim of maternal activism is to pursue a politics of visibility – a series of actions as well as performances to raise awareness about a particular concern in order to demand peace and or social justice. This politics of visibility is the driving force behind maternal activism and it is deployed through diverse practices, including direct action, public protests, teaching rallies, and press conferences. In this sense, it is widely recognized that activists' adoption of motherhood is performative, which indicates that maternal activism depicts not a biological experience but rather a public and collective one to bring about social justice.
Leftist Armed Struggle, Women in
Authors: Karcher Katharina
Published: April 2016

The active involvement of women constitutes a distinctive feature of revolutionary leftist movements. Since the late nineteenth century, women have not only constituted a significant part of their membership, they have also taken central positions in armed leftist struggles. Drawing on historical and contemporary examples from Syria, France, Spain, Greece, Germany, and many other countries, this entry shows that women joined armed leftist struggles for a range of reasons, developed different ideological frameworks, and held different views on feminism.
Stone Butch
Authors: Kohlsdorf Kai
Published: April 2016

Stone butch is an identity term that was popularized in the 1940s and 1950s in a largely US white, working‐class, lesbian context. The defining characteristic of a stone butch is their sexual untouchability. Stone butches most often identify as female but do not identify as women. They often partner with femmes. Stone butches often identify as the aggressive partner, taking on traditional masculinity codes in clothing and mannerisms, including an expectation of stoicism. This entry details stereotypical assumptions and histories of ostracism, including within lesbian and queer communities, and details contemporary alternate manifestations of “stone.”
Feminism, Liberal
Authors: Bailey Lucy E.
Published: April 2016

Liberal feminism is a form of feminist theory that has been instrumental in fueling women's rights movements in diverse contexts and remains a familiar and widespread form of feminist thought. Liberal feminism emerged as a distinct political tradition during the Enlightenment (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries), yet its empowering vision of freedom and equality primarily applied to men. Liberal feminist theory emphasizes women's individual rights to autonomy and proposes remedies for gender inequities through, variously, removing legal and social constraints or advancing conditions that support women's equality. A variety of critiques have been leveled against liberal feminism, including its European and middle class origins that limit its relevance to women of color, working class women, and women around the globe, as well as its focus on individual rights and reform through the state rather than critiques of structural oppression.
Women Suicide Bombers (LTTE,SriLanka)
Authors: Rajan V.G. Julie
Published: April 2016

Women suicide bombers deployed by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) are notorious for executing missions killing high‐level targets and mass numbers of people. The ethnic Tamil, predominantly Hindu LTTE, used these bombers, known as Black Tigresses, in its decades‐long struggle against the Sri Lankan government to establish a separate Tamil nation (Tamil Eelam) within Sri Lanka that would secure the Tamil minority community against nearly a century of socioeconomic, militant violence by Sri Lanka's majority Buddhist, ethnic Singhalese.
Incest, Social Practices and Legal Policies on
Authors: Nikolopoulou Asimina Ino
Published: April 2016

Incest, defined as sexual activity between family members regardless of consent or degree of affinity, is a phenomenon with elusive demarcations and unclear etiology. Scientists, scholars, and practitioners in the fields of biology, sociology, psychology, anthropology, and law have attempted to provide a definition that encompasses the implications of incest across disciplines.
Nuns, IncludingTaiwanBuddhist
Authors: Lu Hwei‐Syin
Published: April 2016

A Buddhist nun connotes a woman who renounces marriage and family, receives formal ordination, and leads a celibate religious life. She follows Vinaya rules set out by the Buddha, pursues enlightenment, and liberation from the cycle of existence. Nuns take residence in sanghas which may include monks or be unisex. The appearance of nuns differs from other women in that their heads are shaved and they wear robes as monks do, and as such are deprived of femininity. Buddhist nunneries accord women a spiritual and residential refuge which frees them from domestic and male bondage. Nuns have prevailed in Theravada, Mahayana and Tibetan Buddhism in Asia. Nowadays, the number of Western women who are attracted to Buddhism and become nuns is increasing.
Transgender Politics
Authors: Irving Dan
Published: April 2016

Transgender advocacy is an arena fraught with tensions. Two major streams of activism exist; first, rights‐based or single‐movement politics that focus on recognizing the legitimacy of transgender identities and gaining protections against discrimination. Social justice approaches to transgender activism constitute a more grassroots, multi‐issue, and intersectional approach to trans activism that problematizes the ways that transgender life experiences are mediated through colonialism, capitalism, and other structural relations of power. While transgender politics emerged within Western contexts, more global trans activism creates space for research into non‐Western gender non‐conforming identities and political practices at local and state levels.
Gender, Politics, and the State inSouthAsia
Authors: Shah Svati P.
Published: April 2016

There is a sizeable literature on gender and sexuality in relation to South Asian states. The term “South Asia” describes a geographic location, and is sometimes mistakenly thought to imply political and historical unity. This entry discusses broad trends in scholarship on gender, politics, and the state in South Asia, with emphasis on India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It discusses a range of issues: population control and reproductive rights, migration, development and economic informality, queer and transgender politics, the politics of militarization, and neoliberalism.
LGBTActivism inLatinAmerica
Authors: Serrano‐Amaya José Fernando , da Costa Santos Gustavo Gomes
Published: April 2016

Initiatives to politically mobilize lesbian women and gay men in Latin America have had parallel and interrelated paths in progressive social movements, leftist organizations, and communist parties since early 1970s. The first waveof organizations focused on deconstructing social ideas and stereotypes related to lesbian and gay people and denounced sexual oppression. The 1980s witnessed political opportunities in some countries. Human rights activism was a key element in the struggle for redemocratization. For homosexual militancy, it was the beginning of activism framed into rights discourses and the fight for equality. Lesbian activism inside the feminist movement continued its expansion at regional levels. It was also at this time that Latin America started to suffer the consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The need to create policies to deal with the impact of AIDS forced a closer working relationship among gay men's organizations, international cooperation agencies, and health services. The beginning of the new century witnessed two important changes in Latin American LGBT activism: a more institutionalized, rights‐based organization, with a closer relationship to state institutions; and a diversification and exponential increment in the number of groups, not only of gay men, but also of lesbians and transgender people.
Passing
Authors: Schlossberg Linda
Published: April 2016

This entry explores the concept of passing, which refers to the ability to convincingly appear as that which one is not, whether intentionally or accidentally. Although most commonly used when speaking about race and sexuality, passing has also proven to be a productive concept when discussing the socially constructed and historically contingent nature of categories such as gender, class, religion, and disability.
Heterosexual Imaginary
Authors: Ingraham Chrys , Saunders Casey
Published: April 2016

The theory of the heterosexual imaginary emerged in the 1990s to address a gap in feminist sociology and gender studies. It provides a concept to study the ways of thinking that conceal how institutionalized heterosexuality structures gender, as well as other stratification categories, and closes off any critical analysis of its consequences. This term can be applied to studies of a wide variety of practices (e.g., dating, proms, engagements, and weddings) that secure the intersection of several consequential social hierarchies including gender, race, class, and dis/ability.
Feminism,
C
hicana
Authors: Velasquez Jessica , Pérez Alejandra , Huffaker Elizabeth
Published: April 2016

The Chicana feminist movement emerged out of the Chicano movement, which fought against racism Mexican Americans faced as people of color in the United States. Chicana feminism embodies an intersectional analysis of race, gender, sexuality, nationality, and religion. As women of color, they understood that their multiple identities were inseparable. Chicanas faced machismo within the Chicano community, and racism in the dominant US society. In its early years, the Chicana feminist movement found itself in a double bind, caught between the Chicano movement, which rebelled against assimilation into the dominant US culture, and their feminist aspirations.
Feminism and Postmodernism
Authors: Wolff Kristina B.
Published: April 2016

Postmodern feminism is a body of scholarship that questions and rejects traditional essentialist practices, as established in and by modernity.
Feminism, Cultural
Authors: Wolff Kristina B.
Published: April 2016

Cultural feminism seeks to understand women's social locations in society by concentrating on gender differences between women and men. This type of feminism focuses on the liberation of women through individual change, the recognition and creation of “women‐centered” culture, and the redefinition of femininity and masculinity. Cultural feminism utilizes essentialist understandings of male and female differences as the foundation of women's subordination in society.
Size‐Controlled Formation of Noble‐Metal Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution with a Thiol‐Free Tripeptide
Authors: Corra Stefano , Lewandowska Urszula , Benetti Edmondo M. , Wennemers Helma
Published: April 2016

A combinatorial screening revealed the peptide H‐His‐d‐Leu‐d‐Asp‐NH2 (1) as an additive for the generation of monodisperse, water‐soluble palladium nanoparticles with average diameters of 3 nm and stabilities of over 9 months. The tripeptide proved to be also applicable for the size‐controlled formation of other noble‐metal nanoparticles (Pt and Au). Studies with close analogues of peptide 1 revealed a specific role of each of the three amino acids for the formation and stabilization of the nanoparticles. These data combined with microscopic and spectroscopic analyses provided insight into the structure of the self‐assembled peptidic monolayer around the metal core. The results open interesting prospects for the development of functionalized metal nanoparticles.
Fine Tuning of Chlorophyll Spectra by Protein‐Induced Ring Deformation
Authors: Bednarczyk Dominika , Dym Orly , Prabahar Vadivel , Peleg Yoav , Pike Douglas H. , Noy Dror
Published: April 2016

The ability to tune the light‐absorption properties of chlorophylls by their protein environment is the key to the robustness and high efficiency of photosynthetic light‐harvesting proteins. Unfortunately, the intricacy of the natural complexes makes it very difficult to identify and isolate specific protein–pigment interactions that underlie the spectral‐tuning mechanisms. Herein we identify and demonstrate the tuning mechanism of chlorophyll spectra in type II water‐soluble chlorophyll binding proteins from Brassicaceae (WSCPs). By comparing the molecular structures of two natural WSCPs we correlate a shift in the chlorophyll red absorption band with deformation of its tetrapyrrole macrocycle that is induced by changing the position of a nearby tryptophan residue. We show by a set of reciprocal point mutations that this change accounts for up to 2/3 of the observed spectral shift between the two natural variants.
Self‐Assembly of Multi‐nanozymes to Mimic an Intracellular Antioxidant Defense System
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Liu Zhen , Liu Chaoqun , Ju Enguo , Zhang Yan , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: April 2016

In this work, for the first time, we constructed a novel multi‐nanozymes cooperative platform to mimic intracellular antioxidant enzyme‐based defense system. V2O5 nanowire served as a glutathione peroxidase (GPx) mimic while MnO2 nanoparticle was used to mimic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Dopamine was used as a linker to achieve the assembling of the nanomaterials. The obtained V2O5@pDA@MnO2 nanocomposite could serve as one multi‐nanozyme model to mimic intracellular antioxidant enzyme‐based defense procedure in which, for example SOD, CAT, and GPx co‐participate. In addition, through assembling with dopamine, the hybrid nanocomposites provided synergistic antioxidative effect. Importantly, both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that our biocompatible system exhibited excellent intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal ability to protect cell components against oxidative stress, showing its potential application in inflammation therapy.
Controllable Hydrocarbon Formation from the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 over Cu Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Ma Ming , Djanashvili Kristina , Smith Wilson A.
Published: April 2016

In this work, the effect of Cu nanowire morphology on the selective electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is presented. Cu nanowire arrays were prepared through a two‐step synthesis of Cu(OH)2 and CuO nanowire arrays on Cu foil substrates and a subsequent electrochemical reduction of the CuO nanowire arrays to Cu nanowire arrays. By this simple synthesis method, Cu nanowire array electrodes with different length and density were able to be controllably synthesized. We show that the selectivity for hydrocarbons (ethylene, n‐propanol, ethane, and ethanol) on Cu nanowire array electrodes at a fixed potential can be tuned by systematically altering the Cu nanowire length and density. The nanowire morphology effect is linked to the increased local pH in the Cu nanowire arrays and a reaction scheme detailing the local pH‐induced formation of C2 products is also presented by a preferred CO dimerization pathway.
Temporäre Bildung eines Cyclopropyl‐Oxocarbeniumions ermöglicht eine außerordentlich diastereoselektive Cycloaddition von Donor‐Akzeptor‐Cyclopropanen
Authors: Sabbatani Juliette , Maulide Nuno
Published: April 2016

Eine neue formale [3+2]‐Cycloaddition von Cyclopropylacetalen und Aldehyden wurde entwickelt, in welcher die resultierenden drei Stereozentren der dreifach substituierten Tetrahydrofurane in hoch diastereoselektiver Weise gebildet werden. Die hier beschriebene Methode ist stereokomplementär zu den meisten bereits bekannten Cycloadditionen von Malonat‐Diestern, beruht auf der kurzzeitigen Generierung eines Cyclopropyl‐Oxocarbeniumions, verläuft unter milden Bedingungen und basiert auf dem Konzept der temporären Aktivierung einer ansonsten inerten Schutzgruppe.
Unerwartete Reaktivität von [(η5‐1,2,4‐tBu3C5H2)Ni(η3‐P3)] gegenüber Hauptgruppen‐Nucleophilen und durch Reduktion
Authors: Mädl Eric , Balázs Gábor , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Scheer Manfred
Published: April 2016

Die Reduktion von [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐P3)] (1; Cp′′′=η5‐1,2,4‐tBu3C5H2) mit Kalium ergibt das Komplexanion [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐P8)]2−(2), das eine Realgar‐ähnliche P8‐ Einheit enthält. Wenn1mit NaNH2als Nucleophil reagiert, wird der anionische Tripeldecker‐Sandwichkomplex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η3:3‐P3)]−(3) mit einem cyclo‐P3‐Mitteldeck erhalten. Na[3] kann anschließend mit AgOTf zum neutralen Tripeldecker‐Komplex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η3:3‐P3)] (4) oxidiert werden. Im Unterschied dazu reagiert1mit LiPPh2zur anionischen Verbindung [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐P6PPh2)]−(5), einem Komplex, der ein bicyclisches P7‐Fragment enthält, welches durch zwei Cp′′′Ni‐Einheiten überdacht wird. Die Protonierung von Li[5] mit HBF4führt zum neutralen Komplex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐(HP6PPh2)] (6). Durch Zugabe von LiNMe2zu1wird [Cp′′′Ni(η2‐P3NMe2)]−(7) zugänglich, ein Komplex, der sich infolge des nucleophilen Angriffs an den cyclo‐P3‐Ring von1bildet. Die Komplexe K2[2], Na[3],4,6und Li[7] wurden vollständig charakterisiert.
Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza‐o‐xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology
Authors: Kuznetsov Dmitry M. , Mukhina Olga A. , Kutateladze Andrei G.
Published: April 2016

A new method was developed for the photoinduced dearomatization of arenes through an intramolecular cycloaddition with aza‐o‐xylylenes generated by excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the readily available photoprecursors. The [2+4] topology of this cycloaddition is unprecedented for photo‐dearomatizations of benzenoid aromatic carbocycles. It provides rapid access to novel heterocycles, cyclohexadieno‐oxazolidino‐quinolinols, as valuable synthons for a broad range of post‐photochemical transformations.
Dual‐Doped Molybdenum Trioxide Nanowires: A Bifunctional Anode for Fiber‐Shaped Asymmetric Supercapacitors and Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Yu Minghao , Cheng Xinyu , Zeng Yinxiang , Wang Zilong , Tong Yexiang , Lu Xihong , Yang Shihe
Published: April 2016

A novel in situ N and low‐valence‐state Mo dual doping strategy was employed to significantly improve the conductivity, active‐site accessibility, and electrochemical stability of MoO3, drastically boosting its electrochemical properties. Consequently, our optimized N‐MoO3−x nanowires exhibited exceptional performances as a bifunctional anode material for both fiber‐shaped asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The flexible fiber‐shaped ASC and MFC device based on the N‐MoO3−x anode could deliver an unprecedentedly high energy density of 2.29 mWh cm−3 and a remarkable power density of 0.76 μW cm−1, respectively. Such a bifunctional fiber‐shaped N‐MoO3−x electrode opens the way to integrate the electricity generation and storage for self‐powered sources.
Molybdenum–Bismuth Bimetallic Chalcogenide Nanosheets for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol
Authors: Sun Xiaofu , Zhu Qinggong , Kang Xinchen , Liu Huizhen , Qian Qingli , Zhang Zhaofu , Han Buxing
Published: April 2016

Methanol is a very useful platform molecule and liquid fuel. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol is a promising route, which currently suffers from low efficiency and poor selectivity. Herein we report the first work to use a Mo‐Bi bimetallic chalcogenide (BMC) as an electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. By using the Mo‐Bi BMC on carbon paper as the electrode and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in MeCN as the electrolyte, the Faradaic efficiency of methanol could reach 71.2 % with a current density of 12.1 mA cm−2, which is much higher than the best result reported to date. The superior performance of the electrode resulted from the excellent synergistic effect of Mo and Bi for producing methanol. The reaction mechanism was proposed and the reason for the synergistic effect of Mo and Bi was discussed on the basis of some control experiments. This work opens a way to produce methanol efficiently by electrochemical reduction of CO2.
Defect‐Controlled Formation of Triclinic Na2CoP2O7 for 4 V Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Heejin , Park Chan Sun , Choi Jang Wook , Jung Yousung
Published: April 2016

Simple defects such as sodium deficiencies can induce the selective synthesis of triclinic Na2CoP2O7, providing an increase in energy density of more than 40 % compared to the stoichiometric polymorph that is preferentially formed under the commonly used synthesis conditions. Such a significant improvement, which was achieved just by changing the crystal structure, suggests that controlling the polymorphism could be an effective and facile method for developing high‐performance electrode materials and that defects can play a remarkable role in this process.
Temporary Generation of a Cyclopropyl Oxocarbenium Ion Enables Highly Diastereoselective Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropane Cycloaddition
Authors: Sabbatani Juliette , Maulide Nuno
Published: April 2016

A novel formal [3+2] cycloaddition of cyclopropylacetals and aldehydes was developed, and the resulting trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans display three new chiral centers formed with highly diastereoselectivity. This method is stereocomplementary to most previously reported cycloadditions of malonate diesters, relies on the transient generation of cyclopropyl oxocarbenium ions, proceeds under mild conditions, and is based on the concept of temporary activation of an otherwise inert protecting group.
Unexpected Reactivity of [(η5‐1,2,4‐tBu3C5H2)Ni(η3‐P3)] towards Main Group Nucleophiles and by Reduction
Authors: Mädl Eric , Balázs Gábor , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Scheer Manfred
Published: April 2016

The reduction of [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐P3)] (1; Cp′′′=η5‐1,2,4‐tBu3C5H2) with potassium produces the complex anion [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐P8)]2−(2), which contains a realgar‐like P8unit. The anionic triple‐decker sandwich complex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η3:3‐P3)]−(3) with a cyclo‐P3middle deck is obtained when1is treated with NaNH2as a nucleophile. Na[3] can subsequently be oxidized with AgOTf to the neutral triple‐decker complex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η3:3‐P3)] (4). In contrast,1reacts with LiPPh2to give the anionic compound [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐P6PPh2)]−(5), a complex containing a bicyclic P7fragment capped by two Cp′′′Ni units. Protonation of Li[5] with HBF4leads to the neutral complex [(Cp′′′Ni)2(μ,η2:2‐(HP6PPh2)] (6). Adding LiNMe2to1results in [Cp′′′Ni(η2‐P3NMe2)]−(7) becoming accessible, a complex which forms as a result of nucleophilic attack at the cyclo‐P3ring of1. The complexes K2[2], Na[3],4,6, and Li[7] were fully characterized and their structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Antifungal properties of chitosan–cobalt(II) complex and its potential on the suppression of damping‐off in cucumber seedlings
Authors: Yu Xueqing , Jing Yingjun , Xia Wenchen
Published: April 2016

Chitosan–cobalt(II) complex (CTS–Co) was prepared by the complexation of chitosan with cobalt(II) ions. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that the amine and secondary –OH groups of chitosan were involved in the complexation with Co(II) ions. The resultant CTS–Co exhibited slightly lower thermal stability than chitosan according to the thermogravimetric analysis. Compared with chitosan, CTS–Co possessed much stronger in vitro antifungal activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of CTS–Co against three pathogenic fungi were 250–500 µg/mL, depending on the fungal species. CTS–Co induced the serious leakage of intracellular constituents, which demonstrates that the disturbance on the integrity of the cell membrane is a possible antifungal action of CTS–Co. Furthermore, CTS–Co treatment reduced significantly the disease incidence of damping‐off in cucumber seedlings, and the relative control effect reached 72.2–74.3% after 21‐day cultivation. Additionally, low molecular weight CTS–Co promoted the growth of cucumber seedlings. Our results suggest that CTS–Co is a possible antifungal agent and has promising potential on the control of pathogenic diseases in crop production. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodol‐based far‐red fluorescent probe for the detection of cysteine and homocysteine over glutathione
Authors: Liu Yunchang , Xiang Kaiqiang , Tian Baozhu , Zhang Jinlong
Published: April 2016

The simultaneous discrimination of cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH) is of great importance due to their roles in biology and close link to many diseases, especially via the development of a far‐red fluorescent probe that could be used for rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of all three. Herein, we report the characterization of a far‐red fluorescent probe with turn‐on fluorescence properties and visible color changes that could be used for the detection of cysteine and homocysteine over glutathione. In this study we found that the sensor could discriminate cysteine and homocysteine over glutathione within 20 min. Function of this probe was based on the conjugate addition–cyclization reaction and showed a low detection limit to cysteine and homocysteine. Upon the addition of cysteine and homocysteine, the absorption band at 592 nm rose gradually and fluorescence was detected at 645 nm. The color changed from colorless to blue and fluorescence changed from absent to strong red fluorescence, which could be differentiated by the naked eye. All these unique features make this probe particularly potentially favorable for use in cysteine/homocysteine sensing and bioimaging applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subsequent primary malignancies and acute myelogenous leukemia transformation among myelodysplastic syndrome patients treated with or without lenalidomide
Authors: Rollison Dana E. , Shain Kenneth H. , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Hampras Shalaka S. , Fulp William , Fisher Kate , Al Ali Najla H. , Padron Eric , Lancet Jeffrey , Xu Qiang , Olesnyckyj Martha , Kenvin Laurie , Knight Robert , Dalton William , List Alan , Komrokji Rami S.
Published: April 2016

The few studies that have examined rates of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) transformation in lenalidomide‐treated myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients have been limited to deletion 5q MDS. The association between lenalidomide and subsequent primary malignancies (SPMs) in MDS patients has not been evaluated previously. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the risk of both SPM and AML in association with lenalidomide. A cohort of MDS patients (n = 1248) treated between 2004 and 2012 at Moffitt Cancer Center were identified, and incident cases of SPM and AML transformation were ascertained. Using a nested case–control design, MDS controls were 1:1 matched to SPM (n = 41) and AML (n = 150) cases, on age and date of MDS diagnosis, gender, follow‐up time, IPSS, and del (5q). Associations between lenalidomide and (1) SPM incidence and (2) AML transformation were estimated with hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the cohort and odds ratios (OR) in the case–control analysis. SPM incidence did not differ significantly between cohort MDS patients treated with (0.7 per 100 person‐years) or without lenalidomide (1.4 per 100 person‐years) (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.40–2.74), whereas a significantly reduced SPM risk was observed in the case–control sample (OR = 0.03, 95% CI = <0.01–0.63). Lenalidomide was not associated with AML transformation in the cohort analysis (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.44–1.27) or in the case–control analyses (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.52–2.56), after adjustment for potential confounders. Lenalidomide was not associated with increased risk of SPM or AML transformation in a large cohort of MDS patients mostly including nondeletion 5q MDS.
Investigating the effect of flexible constraints on the accuracy of self‐modeling curve resolution methods in the presence of perturbations
Authors: Rahimdoust Mojdehi Nahal , Sawall Mathias , Neymeyr Klaus , Abdollahi Hamid
Published: April 2016

Self‐modeling curve resolution methods have continuously been improved during recent years. Many efforts have been made on curve resolution methods to reduce the rotational ambiguity by means of different types of constraints. Choosing proper constraints and cost functions is critically important for the reduction of the rotational ambiguity because the constraints have a direct influence on the accuracy of the area of feasible solution (AFS).

In this work, we introduce a new improved cost function, which serves to apply nonnegativity, unimodality, equality, and closure constraints. We also investigate the reduction of the AFS under hard and soft constraints. Another point of this work is to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the reduced AFS in the presence of noise and perturbations, under hard and soft implementation of nonnegativity, unimodality, equality, and closure constraints. A comparison is given between the reduced AFS with soft constraints (small deviations from constraints are accepted) and the reduced AFS under hard constraints (restrictedly forced constraints). A graphical visualization of this comparison is presented for various model problems. The results show that an AFS computation with soft constraints provides more reliable results, especially in the presence of noise. The test problems substantiate significant advantages of soft constraints over hard constraints because the obtained profiles are closer to the potentially true noisy profiles, which contain small deviations from ideal responses. Using tunable parameters ϵ,γ,ω,δ is one of the advantages of soft constrained cost function that allows the small deviations from ideal responses. Ultimately, soft constraints can help to reduce the lack‐of‐fit, and they are a proper instrument to handle the effect of noise on the AFS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Motion of Chiral Azobenzene Crystals with Twisting upon Photoirradiation
Authors: Taniguchi Takuya , Fujisawa Juri , Shiro Motoo , Koshima Hideko , Asahi Toru
Published: April 2016

The photomechanical motion of chiral crystals of trans‐azobenzene derivatives with an (S)‐ and (R)‐phenylethylamide group was investigated and compared with a racemic crystal. Changes in the UV/Vis absorption spectra of the powdered crystals before and after UV irradiation were measured by using an optical waveguide spectrometer, showing that the lifetime of the cis‐to‐trans thermal back‐isomerization of the chiral crystals was faster than that of the racemic crystals. Upon UV irradiation, a long plate‐like chiral microcrystal bent away from the light source with a twisting motion. A square‐like chiral microcrystal curled toward the light with some twisting. Reversible bending of a rod‐like chiral microcrystal was repeatable over twenty‐five cycles. In contrast, bending of a plate‐like racemic microcrystal was small. A possible mechanism for the bending and twisting motion was discussed based on the optimized cis conformer determined by using calculations, showing that the bending motion with twisting is caused by elongation along the b axis and shrinkage along the a axis.
η4‐HBCC‐σ,π‐Borataallyl Complexes of Ruthenium Comprising an Agostic Interaction
Authors: Saha Koushik , Joseph Benson , Ramalakshmi Rongala , Anju R. S. , Varghese Babu , Ghosh Sundargopal
Published: April 2016

Thermolysis of [Cp*Ru(PPh2(CH2)PPh2)BH2(L2)] 1 (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5; L=C7H4NS2), with terminal alkynes led to the formation of η4‐σ,π‐borataallyl complexes [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)B{R‐C=CH2}(L)2] (2 a–c) and η2‐vinylborane complexes [Cp*Ru(R‐C=CH2)BH(L)2] (3 a–c) (2 a, 3 a: R=Ph; 2 b, 3 b: R=COOCH3; 2 c, 3 c: R=p‐CH3‐C6H4; L=C7H4NS2) through hydroboration reaction. Ruthenium and the HBCC unit of the vinylborane moiety in 2 a–c are linked by a unique η4‐interaction. Conversions of 1 into 3 a–c proceed through the formation of intermediates 2 a–c. Furthermore, in an attempt to expand the library of these novel complexes, chemistry of σ‐borane complex [Cp*RuCO(μ‐H)BH2L] 4 (L=C7H4NS2) was investigated with both internal and terminal alkynes. Interestingly, under photolytic conditions, 4 reacts with methyl propiolate to generate the η4‐σ,π‐borataallyl complexes [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)BH{R‐C=CH2}(L)] 5 and [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)BH{HC=CH‐R}(L)] 6 (R=COOCH3; L=C7H4NS2) by Markovnikov and anti‐Markovnikov hydroboration. In an extension, photolysis of 4 in the presence of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate yielded η4‐σ,π‐borataallyl complex [Cp*Ru(μ‐H)BH{R‐C=CH‐R}(L)] 7 (R=COOCH3; L=C7H4NS2). An agostic interaction was also found to be present in 2 a–c and 5–7, which is rare among the borataallyl complexes. All the new compounds have been characterized in solution by IR, 1H, 11B, 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and the structural types were unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis of 2 b, 3 a–c and 5–7. DFT calculations were performed to evaluate possible bonding and electronic structures of the new compounds.
Engyodontochones, Antibiotic Polyketides from the Marine Fungus Engyodontium album Strain LF069
Authors: Wu Bin , Wiese Jutta , Wenzel‐Storjohann Arlette , Malien Susan , Schmaljohann Rolf , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: April 2016

Six new (2, 4–8) and two known polyketides with a basic structure of an anthraquinone‐xanthone were isolated from mycelia and culture broth of the fungus Engyodontium album strain LF069. The structures and relative configurations of these compounds were established by spectroscopic means, and their absolute configurations were defined mainly by comparison of quantum chemical TDDFT calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Compounds 2 and 4–8 were given the trivial names engyodontochone A (2) and B–F (4–8). Compounds 5–8 represent the first example of a 23,28 seco‐beticolin carbon skeleton. The relative and absolute configurations of two known substances JBIR‐97/98 (1) and JBIR‐99 (3) were determined for the first time. All isolated compounds were subjected to bioactivity assays. Compounds 1–4 exhibited inhibitory activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that was 10‐fold stronger than chloramphenicol.
Incorporation of a Phenanthrene Subunit into a Sapphyrin Framework: Synthesis of Expanded Aceneporphyrinoids
Authors: Szyszko Bartosz , Małecki Marcin , Berlicka Anna , Białek Michał J. , Białońska Agata , Kupietz Kamil , Pacholska‐Dudziak Ewa , Latos‐Grażyński Lechosław
Published: April 2016

32‐Hetero‐5,6‐dimethoxyphenanthrisapphyrins—macrocycles that link structural features of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons and expanded porphyrins—were obtained in a straightforward [3+1] condensation reaction of dimethoxyphenanthritripyrrane and 2,5‐bis(arylhydroxymethyl)heterocyclopentadienes. The highly folded conformation of formally 4 n π‐electron macrocycles causes them to manifest only limited macrocyclic π conjugation as explored by means of NMR spectroscopic and X‐ray structural analyses, and supported by DFT calculations. Although protonation does not change their π‐conjugation characteristics, the cleavage of ether groups at the phenanthrenylene moiety yields nonaromatic 32‐hetero‐5,6‐dioxophenanthrisapphyrins.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF AMMONIUM DICOBALTO(II)‐40‐TUNGSTOTETRAARSENATE(III). ALLOSTERIC EFFECTS IN THE LIGAND
Authors: ROBERT F. , LEYRIE M. , HERVE G. , TEZE A. , JEANNIN Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Kristalle des aus Lösungen von C.o(NO3)2, Na23As4W40‐ 0,40 und NH4NO3 ausgefällten Salzes (I) sind orthorhombisch (Pmmn, Z=2).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF THE TERNARY SYSTEMS (ZIRCONIUM, HAFNIUM, NIOBIUM, TANTALUM)‐ALUMINUM‐CARBON AND STUDIES ON COMPLEX CARBIDES
Authors: SCHUSTR J. C. , NOWOTNY H.
Published: April 2016

Röntgenographische Untersuchungen von Lichtbogen‐geschmolzenen und bei 700 bzw. 1000°C getemperten Proben führen zu den Phasendiagrammen der ternären Titelsysteme und zum Nachweis der Phasen (I)‐(IX).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND SOLUTION BEHAVIOR OF PALLADIUM(II)‐THIOCYANATE COMPLEXES OF 1‐SUBSTITUTED 3,4‐DIMETHYLPHOSPHOLES
Authors: MACDOUGALL J. J. , HOLT E. M. , DE MEESTER P. , ALCOCK N. W. , MATHEY F. , NELSON J. H.
Published: April 2016

Die durch Metathese mit NaSCN aus ihren Dichloro‐Analogen dargestellten Titelkomplexe (I) (ohne Ausb.‐Angabe) werden mittels Leitfähigkeitsmessungen, IR‐ und NMR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, AND TUNGSTEN DERIVATIVES OF 6‐CHLORO‐2‐HYDROXYPYRIDINE. INDUCTIVE EFFECTS ON THE METAL‐METAL BOND LENGTH
Authors: COTTON F. A. , ILSLEY W. H. , KAIM W.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelkomplexe (I) wurden nach Literaturmethoden dargestellt und kristallographisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ELECTRODES IN DYE‐SENSITIZED PHOTOGALVANIC CELLS
Authors: FOX M. A. , NOBS F. J. , VOYNICK T. A.
Published: April 2016

Der Mechanismus der Entstehung von Photoströmen bei Verwendung Aryl‐derivatisierter SnO2‐ Elektroden in wäßrigen Rhodamin‐B/Hydrochinon‐Lösungen in photogalvanischen Zellen wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: (2,4‐PENTADIENYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE: A USEFUL PENTADIENYLATION REAGENT
Authors: SEYFERTH D. , PORNET J.
Published: April 2016

Pentadienyllithium (I) reagiert mit Trimethylchlorsilan (II) zum Substitutionsprodukt (III), das sich in Gegenwart von Titantetrachlorid an die Aldehyde (IV) zu den Carbinolen (V) addiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC 1,2‐MIGRATION OF HYDROXYL, ARYL, AND ALKYL GROUPS DURING THE NITROSATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN HYDROGEN FLUORIDE/PYRIDINE
Authors: KECK R. , RETEY J.
Published: April 2016

Die Nitrosierung von α‐Aminosäuren wie (I) (L‐ und D‐Formen) wird "neuuntersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 43. ELONGATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS BY UTILIZING ELECTROREDUCTION AS A KEY STEP
Authors: SHONO T. , MATSUMURA Y. , KASHIMURA S.
Published: April 2016

Elongation of Carbonyl Compounds by Utilizing Electroreduction as a Key Step.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF METHACRYLIC ACID BY THE SULFURIC ACID HYDROLYSIS OF METHACRYLAMIDE
Authors: OBMELYUKHINA T. N. , ZIL'BERMAN E. N. , CHUBAROV G. A. , SIVENKOV E. A.
Published: April 2016

Untersucht wird die Hydrolyse von Methacrylsäureamid (I) mit Schwefelsäure zu Methacrylsäure (II).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CYCLIZATION OF DIALKYLMALONURIC ESTERS
Authors: BERES J. A. , VARNER M. G. , BRIA C.
Published: April 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg werden die im Titel genannten Verbindungen (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT PREPARATIVE ROUTE TO FUNCTIONALIZED (D3)‐TRISHOMOCUBANES
Authors: MEHTA G. , CHAUDHURI B.
Published: April 2016

Das Diol (I) wird mit MeSO3H in das Mesylderivat (II) übergeführt, das dann durch Jones‐Oxidation zum Keton (III) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY AGENTS: SYNTHESES OF α‐SUBSTITUTED ARYLACETIC ACIDS
Authors: PRASHAD M. , SETH M. , BHADURI A. P. , SRIMAL R. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Verbindungen (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VIIa) (erhalten durch Reduktion des entsprechenden 5′‐Nitro‐benzophenons mit H2 /Raney‐Ni), (VIIb)/(VIIc) [durch N‐Acylierung von (VIIa)], (VIII), (IX) und (X) wurden auf ihre entzündungshemmende Aktivität hin untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: AN UNUSUAL RESTRICTED ROTATION AROUND A REMOTE SP2‐SP3 CARBON‐CARBON BOND IN OXAZIRIDINES
Authors: BOYD D. R. , MCCOMBE K. M. , JENNINGS W. B.
Published: April 2016

Rotationsbarrieren werden an den aus (I) hergestellten Oxaziridinen (II) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SMALL RINGS. 27. ATTEMPTS TO SYNTHESIZE AZACYCLOBUTADIENES
Authors: MAIER G. , SCHAEFER U. +
Published: April 2016

Bei der Tieftemp.‐Photolyse von Oxazinonen (I) können die bicyclischen Valenzisomeren (II) und die durch Ringöffnung entstehenden Ketene (III) spektroskopisch charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REPORTED PREPARATION OF DIETHYL DIACETYLMALEATE
Authors: FALES H. M. , HIGHET R. J.
Published: April 2016

Im Gegensatz zu früheren Angaben führt die Behandlung von Diacetyl‐bernsteinsäurediethylester (II) mit Schwefelsäure nicht zum Olefin (I), sondern unter Cyclisierung zum Furan (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE OXIDATION OF SIMPLE ETHERS: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY
Authors: SMITH A. B. III , SCARBOROUGH R. M. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Oxidation ′ der cyclischen Ether (I) mit stöchiometrischen Mengen Rutheniumtetroxid führt zu den Lactonen (II) oder im Falle von (III) zu einem Gemisch der isomeren Lactone (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: 2,5‐DI‐N‐CHLOROTHIOIMINO‐3,4‐DICYANOTHIOPHENE: A NOVEL MONOMER OF UNUSUAL MOLECULAR AND SOLID‐STATE STRUCTURE
Authors: WUDL F. , ZELLERS E. T.
Published: April 2016

Die in guter Ausb. kristallin erhältliche Titelverbindung (II) (keine weiteren Angaben zur Darstellung) ist gegenüber Luft beständig, kann aus chlorierten Lösungsmitteln umkristallisiert werden (Zers.
ChemInform Abstract: FURAZANS AND FURAZAN OXIDES. 8. PREPARATION OF 2‐OXY‐ AND 2‐AMINOINDAZOLES BY Y REARRANGEMENT OF BENZOFURAZAN OXIDE DERIVATIVES
Authors: BOULTON A. J. , KAN‐WOON T. , BALASUMBRAHMANYAM S. N. , MALLICK I. M. , RADHADRISHNA A. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Benzofurazanoxidformyl‐Verbindungen (I) entstehen über die Oxime und Hydrazone (III) beim Erhitzen die 2‐substituierten Nitro‐indazole (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF REACTIONS OF N‐TRIMETHYLSILYL‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF IMIDAZOLE, 3(5)‐METHYLPYRAZOLE, 3,5‐DIMETHYLPYRAZOLE, BENZOTRIAZOLE, AND BENZIMIDAZOLE WITH CYANOGEN CHLORIDE AND CARBONIC AND CARBAMIC ACID CHLORIDES
Authors: SHELUDYAKOV V. D. , SHELUDYAKOVA S. V. , KUZNETSOVA M. G. , SILKINA N. N. , MIRONOV MIRONOV
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung von Diazolen wie Verbindung (I) oder (IV) mit Hexamethyldisilazan (II) entstehen N‐trimethylsilylsubstituierte Diazole wie z.B. die Derivate (III) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: ANTILEUKEMIC ACTIVITY OF 2‐BIS(2‐METHYLTHIO)VINYL‐1‐METHYLQUINOLINIUM IODIDES
Authors: FOYE W. O. , KAUFFMAN J. M.
Published: April 2016

Auf dem im Formelschema beschriebenen Weg werden die Methylchinoliniumsalze (III) und (IV) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE RING CLOSURE AND REARRANGEMENT OF 1‐(2‐AMINO)‐BENZOYL‐1‐METHYLHYDRAZONES OF β‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS: ON THE FORMATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 3A,9A‐DIHYDRO‐1,3,3A,9A‐TETRAMETHYL‐4H‐PYRAZOLO(3,4‐B)QUINOLIN‐4‐ONE
Authors: GAL M. , FEHER OE. + , TIHANYI E. , HORVATH G. , JERKOVICH G. , ARGAY G. , KALMAN A.
Published: April 2016

Umsetzungsreaktionen an verschiedenen Hydrazonen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHERS THAT GEOMETRICALLY ORIENT CATIONS RELATIVE TO A NAPHTHALENE Π SYSTEM. A LOOK AT THE EQUILIBRATION OF ENANTIOMERIC CONFORMATIONS BY “ROPE‐SKIPPING” CROWN ETHERS
Authors: BROWN H. S. , MUENCHAUSEN C. P. , SOUSA L. R.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Bis‐halogenmethyl‐naphthaline (I) mit Polyethylenglykolen (II) werden Kronenether der allgemeinen Struktur (III), z.B. die Verbindungen (IV)‐(IX), hergestellt.