bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population genomics reveals historical and ongoing recombination in the Fusarium oxysporum species complex
Authors: McTaggart A.R. , James T.Y. , Shivas R.G. , Drenth A. , Wingfield B.D. , Summerell B.A. , Duong T.A.
Published: December 2021

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) is a group of closely related plant pathogens long-considered strictly clonal, as sexual stages have never been recorded. Several studies have questioned whether recombination occurs in FOSC, and if it occurs its nature and frequency
are unknown. We analysed 410 assembled genomes to answer whether FOSC diversified by occasional sexual reproduction interspersed with numerous cycles of asexual reproduction akin to a model of predominant clonal evolution (PCE). We tested the hypothesis that sexual reproduction occurred in
the evolutionary history of FOSC by examining the distribution of idiomorphs at the mating locus, phylogenetic conflict and independent measures of recombination from genome-wide SNPs and genes. A phylogenomic dataset of 40 single copy orthologs was used to define structure a priori
within FOSC based on genealogical concordance. Recombination within FOSC was tested using the pairwise homoplasy index and divergence ages were estimated by molecular dating. We called SNPs from assembled genomes using a k-mer approach and tested for significant linkage disequilibrium as an
indication of PCE. We clone-corrected and tested whether SNPs were randomly associated as an indication of recombination. Our analyses provide evidence for sexual or parasexual reproduction within, but not between, clades of FOSC that diversified from a most recent common ancestor about 500
000 years ago. There was no evidence of substructure based on geography or host that might indicate how clades diversified. Competing evolutionary hypotheses for FOSC are discussed in the context of our results.
Hagiography, Historiography, and Identity in Sixth-Century Gaul
Authors: Rotman Tamar
Published: December 2021

Gregory of Tours, the sixth-century Merovingian bishop, composed extensive historiographical and hagiographical corpora during the twenty years of his episcopacy in Tours. These works serve as important sources for the cultural, social, political and religious history of Merovingian Gaul. This book focuses on Gregory's hagiographical collections, especially the Glory of the Martyrs, Glory of the Confessors, and Life of the Fathers, which contain accounts of saints and their miracles from across the Mediterranean world. It analyses these accounts from literary and historical perspectives, examining them through the lens of relations between the Merovingians and their Mediterranean counterparts, and contextualizing them within the identity crisis that followed the disintegration of the Roman world. This approach leads to groundbreaking conclusions about Gregory's hagiographies, which this study argues were designed as an 'ecclesiastical history' (of the Merovingian Church) that enabled him to craft a specific Gallo-Christian identity for his audience.
The Post-Screen through Virtual Reality, Holograms and Light Projections
Authors: Ng Jenna
Published: December 2021

Screens are ubiquitous today. They display information; present image worlds; are portable; connect to mobile networks; mesmerize. However, contemporary screen media also seek to eliminate the presence of the screen and the visibilities of its boundaries. As what is image becomes increasingly indistinguishable against the viewer's actual surroundings, this unsettling prompts re-examination about not only what is the screen, but also how the screen demarcates and what it stands for in relation to our understanding of our realities in, outside and against images. Through case studies drawn from three media technologies - Virtual Reality; holograms; and light projections - this book develops new theories of the surfaces on and spaces in which images are displayed today, interrogating critical lines between art and life; virtuality and actuality; truth and lies. What we have today is not just the contestation of the real against illusion or the unreal, but the disappearance itself of difference and a gluttony of the unreal which both connect up to current politics of distorted truth values and corrupted terms of information. The Post-Screen through Virtual Reality, Holograms and Light Projections: Where Screen Boundaries Lie is thus about not only where the image's borders and demarcations are established, but also the screen boundary as the instrumentation of today's intense virtualizations that do not tell the truth. In all this, a new imagination for images emerges, with a new space for cultures of presence and absence, definitions of object and representation, and understandings of dis- and re-placement - the post-screen.
Post-discharge decolonization of patients harboring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 strains: secondary analysis of the CLEAR Trial
Authors: Gussin Gabrielle M. , Heim Lauren , Tjoa Thomas , McKinnell James A. , Miller Loren G. , Gillen Daniel L. , Sater Mohamad R.A. , Grad Yonatan H. , Singh Raveena D. , Huang Susan S.
Published: December 2021

The CLEAR Trial recently found that decolonization reduced infections and hospitalizations in MRSA carriers in the year following hospital discharge. In this secondary analysis, we explored whether decolonization had a similar benefit in the subgroup of trial participants who harbored USA300, using two different definitions for the USA300 strain-type.
Comparison of visual estimation and line-point intercept vegetation survey methods on annual grass–invaded rangelands of Wyoming
Authors: De Stefano Andrea , Fowers Beth , Mealor Brian A.
Published: December 2021

Scientists and natural resource managers require suitable vegetation survey methods to assess the success of rangeland restoration projects. Visual estimation and point intercept methods are commonly used to evaluate vegetation cover. This study compared the performance of one visual (quadrat-based) and two line-point intercept (LPI, canopy and basal) methods to assess biodiversity and cover and to estimate biomass production on sites invaded by introduced annual grasses across Wyoming, USA. Greater species richness and higher Shannon index values were measured in quadrats, while introduced annual and native perennial graminoid cover values were higher in LPI canopy in general. Overall, these outcomes indicate quadrats as the most suitable survey method when biodiversity monitoring is the primary objective, while suggesting LPI canopy when monitoring vegetation cover is prioritized. Finally, our regression models indicated quadrat-based estimates as the most reliable to predict introduced annual and native perennial graminoid biomass.
Identification of Preferences in Forced-Choice Conjoint Experiments: Reassessing the Quantity of Interest
Authors: Ganter Flavien
Published: December 2021

Forced-choice conjoint experiments have become a standard component of the experimental toolbox in political science and sociology. Yet the literature has largely overlooked the fact that conjoint experiments can be used for two distinct purposes: to uncover respondents’ multidimensional preferences, and to estimate the causal effects of some attributes on a profile’s selection probability in a multidimensional choice setting. This paper makes the argument that this distinction is both analytically and practically relevant, because the quantity of interest is contingent on the purpose of the study. The vast majority of social scientists relying on conjoint analyses, including most scholars interested in studying preferences, have adopted the average marginal component effect (AMCE) as their main quantity of interest. The paper shows that the AMCE is neither conceptually nor practically suited to explore respondents’ preferences. Not only is it essentially a causal quantity conceptually at odds with the goal of describing patterns of preferences, but it also does generally not identify preferences, mixing them with compositional effects unrelated to preferences. This paper proposes a novel estimand—the average component preference—designed to explore patterns of preferences, and it presents a method for estimating it.
Inverse nodal problems on quantum tree graphs
Authors: Yang Chuan-Fu , Liu Dai-Quan
Published: December 2021

We consider inverse nodal problems for the Sturm–Liouville operators on the tree graphs. Can only dense nodes distinguish the tree graphs? In this paper it is shown that the data of dense-nodes uniquely determines the potential (up to a constant) on the tree graphs. This provides interesting results for an open question implied in the paper.
‘The troubles of collecting’: William Henry Harvey and the practicalities of natural-history collecting in Britain's nineteenth-century world
Authors: McAleer John
Published: December 2021

In recent decades, historians have become increasingly interested in the logistical challenges and difficulties encountered by those responsible for the collection, preservation and safe transport of specimens from the field to the museum or laboratory. This article builds on this trend by looking beyond apparent successes to consider the practices and practicalities of shipboard travel and maritime and coastal collecting activities. The discussion focuses on the example of William Henry Harvey, who travelled to Australia in pursuit of cryptogams – non-flowering plants like mosses, lichens and algae – in 1853. In his private correspondence to family and friends, Harvey offered insights into the challenges and obstacles faced by all collectors in the period. His experiences were fundamentally shaped by the material culture, embodied knowledge and physical constraints he encountered on the way. On one level, shipboard and onshore collecting activities were facilitated by the connections forged by new technologies and Britain's global empire. But they also depended on specific contexts and relied on local agents and actors, as well as on the physical and technical facilities (and limitations) of those doing the collecting. The examples of Harvey and others shed light on the real, ‘lived’ experiences of individual collectors, the difficulties and challenges they encountered in amassing their collections, and the networks of people on which they relied.
To Purge or Not to Purge? An Individual-Level Quantitative Analysis of Elite Purges in Dictatorships
Authors: Goldring Edward , Matthews Austin S.
Published: December 2021

Why do dictators purge specific elites but not others? And why do dictators purge these elites in certain ways? Examining these related questions helps us understand not only how dictators retain sufficient competence in their regimes to alleviate popular and foreign threats, but also how dictators nullify elite threats. Dictators are more likely to purge first-generation elites, who are more powerful because they can negotiate their role from a position of strength and possess valuable vertical and horizontal linkages with other elites. Further, dictators tend to imprison purged first-generation elites – rather than execute, exile or simply remove them – to avoid retaliation from other elites or the purged elite continuing to sow discord. We find empirical support for our predictions from novel data on autocratic elites in 16 regimes from 1922 to 2020.
Eusebius of Caesarea, the Roman Empire, and the Fulfillment of Biblical Prophecy: Reassessing Byzantine Imperial Eschatology in the Age of Constantine
Authors: Bonura Christopher
Published: December 2021

Modern scholarship often attributes to Eusebius of Caesarea (d. circa 340 AD) the view that God's heavenly kingdom had become manifest in the Roman Empire of Constantine the Great. Consequently, Eusebius is deemed significant in the development of Christian eschatological thought as the supposed formulator of a new “realized eschatology” for the Christian Roman Empire. Similarly, he is considered the originator of so-called “Byzantine imperial eschatology”—that is, eschatology designed to justify the existing imperial order under the emperors in Constantinople. Scholars advancing these claims most frequently cite a line from Eusebius's Tricennial Oration in which he identified the accession of the sons of Constantine with the prophesied kingdom of the saints in the Book of Daniel. Further supposed evidence has been adduced in his other writings, especially his Life of Constantine. This article argues that this common interpretation of Eusebius's eschatology is mistaken and has resulted from treating a few passages in isolation while overlooking their rhetorical context. It demonstrates instead that Eusebius adhered to a conventional Christian eschatology centered on the future kingdom of heaven that would accompany the second coming of Christ and further suggests that the concept of “Byzantine imperial eschatology” should be reconsidered.
Connecting perception and production in early Catalan–Spanish bilingual children: language dominance and quality of input effects
Authors: RAMON-CASAS Marta , CORTÉS Susana , BENET Ariadna , LLEÓ Conxita , BOSCH Laura
Published: December 2021

This study investigates perception and production of the Catalan mid-vowel /e/-/ɛ/ contrast by two groups of 4.5-year-old Catalan–Spanish bilingual children, differing in language dominance. Perception was assessed with an XAB discrimination task involving familiar words and non-words. Production accuracy was measured using a familiar-word elicitation task. Overall, Catalan-dominant bilingual children outperformed Spanish-dominant bilinguals, the latter showing high variability in production accuracy, while being slightly above chance level in perception. No correlation between perception and production performance could be established in this group. The effect of language dominance alone could not explain the Spanish-dominant participants’ performance, but quality of Catalan input (native vs. accented speech) was identified as an important factor behind familiar-word production and the inaccurate representation of the target contrast in the lexicon of the bilinguals’ less-dominant language. More fine-grained measurements of experience-related factors are needed for a full understanding of the acquisition of challenging contrasts in bilingual contexts.
Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response: There’s an App for That 2.0
Authors: McAtee Kyle J. , Bedenbaugh Robert , Lakis Dorothy (Christie) , Bachmann Daniel J. , Kman Nicholas E.
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

In disaster response, smartphone applications (or apps) are being used by the layperson, emergency first responders, and health care providers to aid in everything from incident reporting to clinical decision making. However, quality apps are often diluted by the overwhelming number of apps that exist for both the lay public and first responders in the Apple iTunes (Apple Inc.; Cupertino, California USA) and Google Play (Google LLC; Mountain View, California USA) stores.

Hypothesis/Problem:

A systematic review of disaster response apps was originally completed in 2015; a follow-up review was completed here to evaluate trends and explore novel apps.

Methods:

A search of the Apple iTunes and Google Play stores was performed using the following terms obtained from PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information; Bethesda, Maryland USA) Medical Subject Headings Database: Emergency Preparedness; Emergency Responders; Disaster; Disaster Planning; Disaster Medicine; Bioterrorism; Chemical Terrorism; Hazardous Materials; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA [Washington, DC USA]). After excluding any unrelated apps, a working list of apps was formed and categorized based on topics. Apps were categorized by intended user (first responders or the public) and sub-categorized by topic for discussion. Sub-categories included News/Information, Reference/Education, Weather/Natural Disasters, Travel/Navigation, and Communication/Reunification.

Results:

A search of the Apple iTunes store revealed 394 unique apps and was narrowed to 342 based on relevance to the field and availability on the iPhone. A search of the Google Play store yielded 645 unique applications and was narrowed to 634 based on relevance. Of note, 49 apps appeared in both app stores using the search terms. An aggregate 927 apps from the Apple iTunes and Google Play stores were then critically reviewed by the authors. Apps were sub-categorized based on intended audience, layperson or first responder, and sorted into one of five disaster response categories. Two apps were chosen for discussion from each of the five sub-categories. The highest quality apps were determined from each group based on relevance to emergency preparedness and disaster response, rating, and number of reviews.

Conclusion:

After comparisons with the 2015 article, many new apps have been developed and previously described apps have been updated, highlighting that this is a constantly changing field deserving of continued analysis and research.
A narrative review exploring the professional practice training requirement of therapeutic radiographers undertaking effective remote/telephone review clinics in place of face-to-face radiographer-led review clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Andrews Gemma , Flood Terri , Shepherd Paul
Published: December 2021

Background and purpose:

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the introduction of alternative on-treatment and post-treatment radiographer-led review clinics in an attempt to protect patients, staff and the public. Pre-COVID, patient reviews were routinely undertaken face-to-face, led by therapeutic review radiographers with advanced practice qualifications and skills in radiotherapy symptom management, triage, referral and support services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an alternative option has been to follow-up in the form of telephone reviews to reduce face-to-face exposure whilst continuing to manage patient radiotherapy treatment-related toxicities. The aim of the narrative review is to explore the subject of telephone reviews and how therapeutic review radiographers might need to adapt communication skills so that they can continue to effectively assess and manage radiotherapy patient treatment reactions remotely.

Method and discussion:

A narrative review was conducted using the SCOPUS database and 28 publications were included from 2013 to 2021. The review highlights a paucity of literature exploring specific telephone training for radiographers and other allied healthcare professionals. Experiences within medical and nursing programmes demonstrate that development and integration of training in this area is critical in preparing for patient interaction via telephone.

Conclusion and implications for practice:

Multiple teaching modalities including simulation are ideal for teaching telephone-specific skills and content, demonstrating improvement in student knowledge, competence and confidence. Less is known regarding whether this knowledge translates to an improved patient experience. Enhancements in education and training, guided by the Health and Care Professions Council, may be warranted to ensure that patients continue to receive the optimal quality of care in a world where remote reviews are likely to become commonplace. Patient-reported outcome measures might be utilized for future training evaluations to ensure that effective patient care is being maintained.
Inhibition of Eye Movements Disrupts Spatial Sequence Learning
Authors: Medimorec Srdan , Milin Petar , Divjak Dagmar
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Implicit sequence learning is an integral part of human experience, yet the nature of the mechanisms underlying this type of learning remains a matter of debate. In the current study, we provide a test for two accounts of implicit sequence learning, that is, one that highlights sequence learning in the absence of any motor responses (with suppressed eye movements) and one that highlights the relative contribution of the motor processes (i.e., eye movements) to learning. To adjudicate between these accounts and determine whether a motor response is a requisite process in sequence learning, we used anticipation measures to compare performance on the standard oculomotor serial reaction time (SRT) task and on a version of the SRT task where the eye movements were restricted during the learning phase. our results demonstrated an increased proportion of correct anticipations in the standard SRT task compared to the restricted-movement task.
Anxiety-Related Difficulties With Complex Arithmetic
Authors: Huber Julia F. , Artemenko Christina
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Human behavior depends on the interplay between cognition and emotion. Negative emotions like anxiety affect performance, particularly in complex tasks, by limiting cognitive resources – known as the anxiety–complexity effect. This study set out to replicate the anxiety–complexity effect in a web-based experiment. We investigated individual differences in math anxiety – a negative emotional response specific to math – and arithmetic performance ( N = 382). The mental arithmetic task consisted of a two-digit addition and subtraction, with/without carrying or borrowing, respectively. As expected and preregistered, higher math anxiety was related to poorer arithmetic performance, especially in complex tasks – indicating the anxiety–complexity effect. Consequently, the negative math anxiety-performance link is especially pronounced for complex arithmetic, which requires calculations across place-values and thus working memory resources. This successful replication of the anxiety–complexity effect suggests that math-anxious individuals have particular difficulties in complex arithmetic.
Settlement of Rapa Nui May Have Been Doomed by a Dearth of Dust
Authors: Fritts Rachel
Published: December 2021

Rapa Nui and Hawai‘i offer a tale of two island settlements: Hawai‘i was close enough to Asia for continental dust to help replenish soil nutrients depleted by agriculture. Rapa Nui wasn’t.
Increasing River Alkalinity Slows Ocean Acidification in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gomez Fabian A. , Wanninkhof Rik , Barbero Leticia , Lee Sang‐Ki
Published: December 2021

Ocean acidification (OA) progression is affected by multiple factors, such as ocean warming, biological production, and river runoff. Here we used an ocean‐biogeochemical model to assess the impact of river runoff and climate variability on the spatiotemporal patterns of OA in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) during 1981–2014. The model showed the expected pH and aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) decline, due to the increase in anthropogenic carbon, with trends close to values reported for the Subtropical North Atlantic. However, significant departures from the basin‐averaged pattern were obtained in part of the northern GoM shelf, where pH and ΩAr increased. Model sensitivity analyses showed that OA progression was counteracted by enhanced alkalinity from the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya River System. Our findings highlight that river alkalinity is a key driver of carbon system variability in river‐dominated ocean margins and emphasize the need to quantify riverine chemistry to properly assess acidification in coastal waters.
Stress and Strain Rate Evolution During the Finite Strain Deformation of a Weak Ferropericlase Grain by Diffusion Creep: Implications for Shear Localization in the Lower Mantle
Authors: Cho H. E. , Karato Shun‐ichiro
Published: December 2021

We investigate the finite deformation of a weak inclusion embedded in a strong matrix. The goal is to understand the possible causes for shear localization that would explain the presence of geochemical heterogeneity in the Earth's lower mantle. The weak phase in the lower mantle is ferropericlase (Fp), and the strong phase is bridgmanite (Br). We herein consider deformation by diffusion creep for which some supporting evidence is available. When an inclusion deforms by diffusion creep, deformation itself modifies its geometry and stress distribution. The modified stress distribution in turn leads to strain‐dependent rheological properties due to the changes in diffusion path length and the stress gradient that drives diffusion flux. We investigate the evolution of deformation of a weak inclusion (i.e., Fp‐like weak grain embedded in Br‐like strong matrix) using the Eshelby theory (for stress and strain rate fields) combined with a theory of diffusional mass transport caused by the gradient in the normal stress within the inclusion. We found that finite strain leads to a significant strain weakening under simple shear deformation but not under axial deformation. Since diffusion creep is thought to be a dominant mechanism of the lower mantle rheology, the results of the present study provide a basis for investigating the nature of shear localization and its important implication for the preservation of geochemical heterogeneity and the distribution of seismic anisotropy in the lower mantle.
RANSE Modeling of the Oscillatory Flow Over Two‐Dimensional Rigid Ripples
Authors: Sishah B. , Vittori G.
Published: December 2021

The oscillatory turbulent flow over two‐dimensional ripples is numerically simulated. Both the profile of the ripples and the values of the parameters used in the present study are typical of vortex ripples at the bottom of sea waves. The flow is computed numerically by using a RANSE approach. The results show that, as the ratio between the fluid excursion and the ripple wavelength is increased, the vortex shed on one side of the ripple crest is no longer the mirror image of the vortex shed on the other side and the dynamics of the vortex structures becomes quite complex. Moreover, the formation of steady recirculating cells, which might distort the profile of ripples in an erodible bed, is observed. A horizontal steady streaming is also generated, whose positive/negative direction depends on the values of the parameters.
Longitudinal dietary trajectories from preconception to mid-childhood in women and children in the Southampton Women’s Survey and their relation to offspring adiposity: a group-based trajectory modelling approach
Authors: Dalrymple Kathryn V. , Vogel Christina , Godfrey Keith M. , Baird Janis , Harvey Nicholas C. , Hanson Mark A. , Cooper Cyrus , Inskip Hazel M. , Crozier Sarah R.
Published: December 2021

Background

Rates of childhood obesity are increasing globally, with poor dietary quality an important contributory factor. Evaluation of longitudinal diet quality across early life could identify timepoints and subgroups for nutritional interventions as part of effective public health strategies.

Objective

This research aimed to: (1) define latent classes of mother-offspring diet quality trajectories from pre-pregnancy to child age 8–9 years, (2) identify early life factors associated with these trajectories, and (3) describe the association between the trajectories and childhood adiposity outcomes.

Design

Dietary data from 2963 UK Southampton Women’s Survey mother-offspring dyads were analysed using group-based trajectory modelling of a diet quality index (DQI). Maternal diet was assessed pre-pregnancy and at 11- and 34-weeks’ gestation, and offspring diet at ages 6 and 12 months, 3, 6-7- and 8–9-years using interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaires. At each timepoint, a standardised DQI was derived using principal component analysis. Adiposity age 8–9 years was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and BMIz-scores.

Results

A five-trajectory group model was identified as optimal. The diet quality trajectories were characterised as stable, horizontal lines and were categorised as poor (n = 142), poor-medium (n = 667), medium (n = 1146), medium-better (n = 818) and best (n = 163). A poorer dietary trajectory was associated with higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, multiparity, lower maternal age and lower educational attainment. Using linear regression adjusted for confounders, a 1-category decrease in the dietary trajectory was associated with higher DXA percentage body fat (0.08 SD (95% confidence interval 0.01, 0.15) and BMIz-score (0.08 SD (0.00, 0.16) in the 1216 children followed up at age 8–9 years.

Conclusion

Mother-offspring dietary trajectories are stable across early life, with poorer diet quality associated with maternal socio-demographic and other factors and childhood adiposity. The preconception period may be an important window to promote positive maternal dietary changes in order to improve childhood outcomes.
Engineered HaloTag variants for fluorescence lifetime multiplexing
Authors: Frei Michelle S. , Tarnawski Miroslaw , Roberti M. Julia , Koch Birgit , Hiblot Julien , Johnsson Kai
Published: December 2021

Self-labeling protein tags such as HaloTag are powerful tools that can label fusion proteins with synthetic fluorophores for use in fluorescence microscopy. Here we introduce HaloTag variants with either increased or decreased brightness and fluorescence lifetime compared with HaloTag7 when labeled with rhodamines. Combining these HaloTag variants enabled live-cell fluorescence lifetime multiplexing of three cellular targets in one spectral channel using a single fluorophore and the generation of a fluorescence lifetime-based biosensor. Additionally, the brightest HaloTag variant showed up to 40% higher brightness in live-cell imaging applications.
Language distance modulates cognitive control in bilinguals
Authors: Radman Narges , Jost Lea , Dorood Setareh , Mancini Christian , Annoni Jean-Marie
Published: December 2021

Linguistic processes in the bilingual brain are partially shared across languages, and the degree of neural overlap between the languages is influenced by several factors, including the age of acquisition, relative language proficiency, and immersion. There is limited evidence on the role of linguistic distance on the performance of the language control as well as domain-general cognitive control systems. The present study aims at exploring whether being bilingual in close and distant language pairs (CLP and DLP) influences language control and domain-general cognitive processes. We recruited two groups of DLP (Persian–English) and CLP (French–English) bilinguals. Subjects performed language nonswitching and switching picture-naming tasks and a nonlinguistic switching task while EEG data were recorded. Behaviorally, CLP bilinguals showed a lower cognitive cost than DLP bilinguals, reflected in faster reaction times both in language switching (compared to nonswitching) and nonlinguistic switching. ERPs showed differential involvement of cognitive control regions between the CLP and DLP groups during linguistic switching vs. nonswitching at 450 to 515 ms poststimulus presentation. Moreover, there was a difference between CLP and DLP groups from 40 to 150 ms in the nonlinguistic task. Our electrophysiological results confirm a stronger involvement of language control and domain-general cognitive control regions in CLP bilinguals.
Water deficit changes the relationships between epidemiological traits of Cauliflower mosaic virus across diverse Arabidopsis thaliana accessions
Authors: Bergès Sandy E. , Vile Denis , Yvon Michel , Masclef Diane , Dauzat Myriam , van Munster Manuella
Published: December 2021

Changes in plant abiotic environments may alter plant virus epidemiological traits, but how such changes actually affect their quantitative relationships is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of water deficit on Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) traits (virulence, accumulation, and vectored-transmission rate) in 24 natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under strictly controlled environmental conditions. CaMV virulence increased significantly in response to water deficit during vegetative growth in all A. thaliana accessions, while viral transmission by aphids and within-host accumulation were significantly altered in only a few. Under well-watered conditions, CaMV accumulation was correlated positively with CaMV transmission by aphids, while under water deficit, this relationship was reversed. Hence, under water deficit, high CaMV accumulation did not predispose to increased horizontal transmission. No other significant relationship between viral traits could be detected. Across accessions, significant relationships between climate at collection sites and viral traits were detected but require further investigation. Interactions between epidemiological traits and their alteration under abiotic stresses must be accounted for when modelling plant virus epidemiology under scenarios of climate change.
Expression of immune-related genes as prognostic biomarkers for the assessment of osteosarcoma clinical outcomes
Authors: Guo Junjie , Li Xiaoyang , Shen Shen , Wu Xuejian
Published: December 2021

Cancer immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach, but the prognostic value of immune-related genes in osteosarcoma (OS) is unknown. Here, Target-OS RNA-seq data were analyzed to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OS subgroups, followed by functional enrichment analysis. Cox proportional risk regression was performed for each immune-related gene, and a risk score model to predict the prognosis of patients with OS was constructed. The risk scores were calculated using the risk signature to divide the training set into high-risk and low-risk groups, and validation was performed with GSE21257. We identified two immune-associated clusters, C1 and C2. C1 was closely related to immunity, and the immune score was significantly higher in C1 than in C2. Furthermore, we validated 6 immune cell hub genes related to the prognosis of OS: CD8A, KIR2DL1, CD79A, APBB1IP, GAL, and PLD3. Survival analysis revealed that the prognosis of the high-risk group was significantly worse than that of the low-risk group. We also explored whether the 6-gene prognostic risk model was effective for survival prediction. In conclusion, the constructed a risk score model based on immune-related genes and the survival of patients with OS could be a potential tool for targeted therapy.
Synergistic Pd/Cu-catalysed regio- and stereoselective borylation of allenylic carbonates
Authors: Zhang Wei-Dong , Zou Jia-Yu , Zhong Qin , Li Shi-Sen , Zhao Jian
Published: December 2021

Synergistic Pd/Cu catalysis was used to achieve regio- and stereoselective borylation of allenylic carbonates, offering a straightforward strategy to produce 2-boryl 1,3-butadienes.
Ultrafast dynamics of an azobenzene-containing molecular shuttle based on a rotaxane
Authors: Sartin Matthew M. , Osawa Masahisa , Takeuchi Satoshi , Tahara Tahei
Published: December 2021

Excited state dynamics of a rotaxane-based molecular shuttle were examined using femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. Results suggest two energetic barriers in the excited state along the isomerization coordinate precede the shuttling motion.
Microstructure evolution and plastic deformation of Ni47Co53 alloy under tension
Authors: Ma Rui-bo , Zhou Li-li , Liang Yong-chao , Tian Ze-an , Mo Yun-fei , Chen Qian , Liu Rang-su , Gao Ting-hong , Xie Quan
Published: December 2021

During the tension process, single crystal and polycrystal bear plastic strain through stacking faults and grain boundaries, respectively. In addition metallic glass bears plastic strain through tacking faults and grain boundaries.
The regioselectivity of the interaction between dextromethorphan and CYP2D6
Authors: Sun Min-Zhang , Zheng Qing-Chuan
Published: December 2021

Exploring the interactive details and the effects of concentration on CYP2D6 binding dextromethorphan in O-demethylation and N-demethylation pathways.
High-pressure phases of a Mn–N system
Authors: Jiao Fangbao , Huang Xin , Zhang Chaoyang , Xie Weiyu
Published: December 2021

By structural search and phase transition calculations of high-pressure MnNx, we propose MnN4_P-1 as a potential energetic material that is synthesizable above 40 GPa and recoverable until 10 GPa.
Calorimetric effect and thermokinetics in the formation process of a deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Lan Xue , Dong Yan Tao , Mu Tiancheng , Lan Xiao Zheng
Published: December 2021

Thermodynamic and kinetic properties in the formation process of a deep eutectic solvent, ChCl:urea, were investigated.
Multiple pathways in NaCl homogeneous crystal nucleation
Authors: Finney Aaron R. , Salvalaglio Matteo
Published: December 2021

The flux of trajectories in an extended reaction coordinate space characterising NaCl crystal nucleation pathways from biased and unbiased molecular dynamics simulations reveals multiple routes to phase separation far into the metastable zone.
Controlling lignin solubility and hydrogenolysis selectivity by acetal-mediated functionalization
Authors: Dick Graham R. , Komarova Anastasia O. , Luterbacher Jeremy S.
Published: December 2021

Aldehyde assisted fractionation of biomass produces an acetal-stabilised lignin that is fully upgradeable. We exploit the aldehyde to control the lignin's physical properties, producing lignins that can be soluble in both polar and apolar solvents.
Cycloaddition of N-sulfonyl and N-sulfamoyl azides with alkynes in aqueous media for the selective synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Prasanth Thumpati , Chakraborti Gargi , Mandal Tirtha , Ravichandiran Velayutham , Dash Jyotirmayee
Published: December 2021

The cycloaddition of N-sulfonyl and sulfamoylazides with terminal alkynes using a prolinamide ligand selectively provides 1,2,3-triazoles in aqueous media in the presence of CuI.
Editorial for the special issue of Materials Horizons in honor of Seth Marder
Authors: Brédas Jean-Luc , Bao Zhenan , Nguyen Thuc-Quyen , Thompson Mark E.
Published: December 2021

Jean-Luc Brédas, Zhenan Bao, Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, and Mark E. Thompson introduce the Materials Horizons special issue in honor of Seth Marder.
Two-photon fluorescence imaging of mitochondrial viscosity with water-soluble pyridinium inner salts
Authors: Fang Bin , Zhang Beilin , Zhai Rongxiu , Wang Limin , Ding Yang , Li Huizi , Bai Hua , Wang Zhenhua , Peng Bo , Li Lin , Fu Li
Published: December 2021

Viscosity-induced emission of fluorogenic probes was used to detect intracellular mitochondrial viscosity, even in different tissues and/or zebrafish via TPFM.
A silver-catalyzed [3 + 3]-annulation cascade of alkynyl alcohols and α,β-unsaturated ketones for the regioselective assembly of chromanes
Authors: Nakate Ashwini K. , Thorat Sagar S. , Jain Shailja , Rama Krishna Gamidi , Vanka Kumar , Kontham Ravindar
Published: December 2021

An unprecedented Ag(i)-catalyzed [3 + 3]-annulation of alkynyl alcohols (5-hexyn-1-ols) and α,β-unsaturated ketones is reported to construct simple to complex chromanes.
Translational control in cell ageing: an update
Authors: Woodward Katrina , Shirokikh Nikolay E.
Published: December 2021

Cellular ageing is one of the main drivers of organismal ageing and holds keys towards improving the longevity and quality of the extended life. Elucidating mechanisms underlying the emergence of the aged cells as well as their altered responses to the environment will help understanding the evolutionarily defined longevity preferences across species with different strategies of survival. Much is understood about the role of alterations in the DNA, including many epigenetic modifications such as methylation, in relation to the aged cell phenotype. While transcriptomes of the aged cells are beginning to be better-characterised, their translational responses remain under active investigation. Many of the translationally controlled homeostatic pathways are centred around mitigation of DNA damage, cell stress response and regulation of the proliferative potential of the cells, and thus are critical for the aged cell function. Translation profiling-type studies have boosted the opportunities in discovering the function of protein biosynthesis control and are starting to be applied to the aged cells. Here, we provide a summary of the current knowledge about translational mechanisms considered to be commonly altered in the aged cells, including the integrated stress response-, mechanistic target of Rapamycin- and elongation factor 2 kinase-mediated pathways. We enlist and discuss findings of the recent works that use broad profiling-type approaches to investigate the age-related translational pathways. We outline the limitations of the methods and the remaining unknowns in the established ageing-associated translation mechanisms, and flag translational mechanisms with high prospective importance in ageing, for future studies.
A high step‐up interleaved boost‐Cuk converter with integrated magnetic coupled inductors
Authors: Rong Desheng , Sun Xuanjin , Wang Ning
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a high step‐up interleaved boost‐Cuk converter with integrated magnetic coupled inductor that is suitable for photovoltaic systems. By connecting the boost converter and the Cuk converter in parallel at the input terminal and the output terminal in series and integrating a coupled inductor voltage multiplier cell, the proposed converter achieves a higher voltage gain while retaining the continuous input and output current characteristics of the Cuk converter. The passive clamping branch is used to absorb the leakage inductance energy, which effectively suppresses the voltage spike generated by the switch parasitic capacitance and leakage inductance resonance and reduces the maximum voltage stress of the switch. The operation principle of the converter is analysed and the magnetic integration equivalent model and design criteria of the two coupled inductors are given. An array magnetic integrated structure is designed, which effectively reduces the DC bias inside the magnetic core. Finally, a 380 W experimental prototype is built to verify the theoretical analysis.
Automotive radar interference study for different radar waveform types
Authors: Kumbul Utku , Uysal Faruk , Vaucher Cicero S. , Yarovoy Alexander
Published: December 2021

Mutual interference between different radar waveforms used in automotive radar applications is studied. The existing interference analysis is extended to a generalised radar‐to‐radar interference equation that covers most of the common interference scenarios for automotive radar systems. The outcome of the generalised equation is demonstrated for a number of typical scenarios where radars with different continuously transmitting waveforms are involved. The proposed equation can be used to characterise the received interference and its features by analysing the instantaneous beat frequency of the victim radar. Moreover, an interference analysis of phase‐coded frequency‐modulated continuous waveforms is performed and demonstrated experimentally by using real‐time automotive radars for the first time in the literature. The experimental results corroborate the interference analysis of different waveforms and validate the proposed generalised interference equation under various conditions.
Implicit-explicit multistep formulations for finite element discretisations using continuous interior penalty
Authors: Burman Erik , Guzmán Johnny
Published: December 2021

We consider a finite element method with symmetric stabilisation for the discretisation of the transient convection–diffusion equation. For the time-discretisation we consider either the second order backwards differentiation formula or the Crank–Nicolson method. Both the convection term and the associated stabilisation are treated explicitly using an extrapolated approximate solution. We prove stability of the method and the τ2 + hp+½ error estimates for the L2-norm under either the standard hyperbolic CFL condition, when piecewise affine (p = 1) approximation is used, or in the case of finite element approximation of order p ≥ 1, a stronger, so-called 4/3-CFL, i.e. τ ≤ Ch4/3. The theory is illustrated with some numerical examples.
Impact of Covid-19 on the Creative Industries in Slovakia: Evaluation and Elimination
Authors: Majduchova Helena , Kmety Bartekova Maria
Published: December 2021

Research background: The restrictions pose a threat to the creative industries, as some companies and self-employed persons suffer major losses. Many freelancers and micro-enterprises work in the creative industries. They depend more than others on events and markets for earning money. The 33 288 employees that comprise the CIs are therefore hit particularly hard by COVID-19.

Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to measure the Covid-19 impacts on the Creative industries in Slovakia and evaluate the economic compensation suffered from Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic. The compensation payments consist of a certain percentage of the income from the year 2019 and encompass business expenses such as rent and other fixed costs.

Methods: Our calculations on the extent to which the creative industries (CIs) and its sub-markets are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are based on data from Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic, the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic and the FINSTAT database for the year 2019 and 2020.

Findings & Value added: The effects of the ordered closures and the associated effects in the individual sub-sectors and occupational fields are estimated. For this reason, economic effects are calculated and recorded based on a scenario analysis. In a second step, the international perspective on the COVID-19 pandemic will be considered. Overall, the analysis of the consequences of the pandemic for the creative industries is intended to provide an overview of the possible consequences in the creative industries and, together with the knowledge about the procedures in other countries, to make political action needs more clearly recognisable.
Possibilities of collecting, analysing and visualizing groundswell communication data in a global environment
Authors: Kubovics Michal , Zaušková Anna
Published: December 2021

Research background: The groundswell is an undoubted threat, but also a potential of companies. It is important for business entities with a global scope to monitor potential customers and consumers when behaving in a digital environment, because there is a possibility of creating a so-called groundswell, which can have global adverse effects on the company's sales and reputation. Only if we continuously monitor and evaluate all aspects, including the activity of the groundswell, can we predict and intervene at the right time.

Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to map the possibilities of data collection, analysis, and visualization, which were created in the digital media environment using the groundswell. The partial goals are in the study of theoretical background and analysis of the possibilities of data collection, research, and evaluation.

Methods: We used the methods of thematic analysis for the theoretical framework of the paper. To explore the possibilities, we used the method of content analysis of individual tools and outputs of digital media, which provide data, analysis, and subsequent visualization. Qualitative analysis of the content of texts allows a basic prerequisite for fulfilling the objectives of the paper. Subsequent content analysis of tools and options enables comprehensive fulfilment of the main goal.

Findings & Value added: The presented paper focuses on specific possibilities of data collection originating from the digital environment, which can be used for further research of the issue and the design of a future system that would avert the global devastating effects of the groundswell. This is because only the prediction of behaviour and immediate response allows for a better response to a crisis.