bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CMOS weak‐inversion log‐domain glycolytic oscillator: a cytomimetic circuit example
Authors: Papadimitriou Konstantinos I. , Drakakis Emmanuel M.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a 3 V, 1.21μW subthreshold log‐domain circuit which mimics the oscillations observed during the biochemical process of glycolysis due to the phosphofructokinase enzyme. The proposed electronic circuit is able to simulate the dynamics of the glycolytic oscillator and represent the time‐dependent concentration changes of the reactants and the products of the chemical process based on nonlinear differential equations which describe the biological system. By modifying specific circuit parameters, which correspond to certain chemical parameters, good agreement between the biochemical and electrical model results has been reached. The paper details the similarities between the equations that describe the biochemical process and the equations derived from the circuit analysis of a transistor and a source‐connected linear capacitor, a topology also known as the Bernoulli Cell. With the use of the Bernoulli Cell formalism, the chemical equations which describe the biochemical system have been transformed into their electrical equivalents. The analog circuit, which implements the whole process, has been synthesised, and simulation results including Monte Carlo analysis are provided, in order to verify the robustness of the proposed circuit and to compare its dynamics with prototype biological behaviour. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiments and Simulations of Particle Flows in a Magnetized Dust Torus
Authors: Reichenstein T. , Wilms J. , Greiner F. , Piel A. , Melzer A.
Published: September 2012

An overview is given of the confinement and dynamical phenomena observed in experiments and simulations of magnetized dust tori. Due to the presence of gravity, a strongly inhomogeneous velocity field is found along the circumference of the torus. The simulations show that the dust flow, which is unsheared and nearly incompressible, exhibits a distinct shell structure, which can be understood by rapid frictional cooling and strong Coulomb coupling. At lower frictional damping, the symmetry of the flow can be spontaneously broken, leading to a region of strong velocity shear and excitation of Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. New experimental evidence of counterflows is found (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Sheath Structures in Complex Electrode Geometries
Authors: Schubert G. , Haass M. , Trottenberg T. , Fehske H. , Kersten H.
Published: September 2012

The behavior of microparticles trapped in the curved plasma sheath in the corner of a horizontal rf electrode and a vertical wall is investigated by experiments and simulation. Three types of walls are studied, namely a dielectric wall, a floating conductive wall, and a conductive wall at the same potential as the rf electrode. The particle's equilibrium position provides insight in the acting forces, associated potentials and field structures. Complementary particle‐in‐cell simulations elucidate the structure of the charged‐species densities and electric potential profile throughout the sheath. Thereby special emphasis is placed on how the sheath structure in the corner depends on the wall material (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass Spectrometric Investigations of Nano‐Size Cluster Ions Produced by High Pressure Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Ganeva M. , Peter T. , Bornholdt S. , Kersten H. , Strunskus T. , Zaporojtchenko V. , Faupel F. , Hippler R.
Published: September 2012

A comparison of quadrupole mass spectrometric (QMS) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) characterization of silver nano‐cluster deposition produced by a nano‐cluster source consisting of a planar DC magnetron sputter source in a high pressure gas aggregation chamber is presented and discussed. Cluster sizes and size distributions detected by the two different techniques are compared and the differences are discussed. The effects of He to Ar ratio, gas flow and magnetron power on the cluster size distribution are evaluated. The influence of the target erosion and aging effects are mentioned, too (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polyketide Skeletons from the Marine Alga‐Derived Fungus Coniothyrium cereale
Authors: Elsebai Mahmoud Fahmi , Nazir Mamona , Kehraus Stefan , Egereva Ekaterina , Ioset Karine Ndjoko , Marcourt Laurence , Jeannerat Damien , Gütschow Michael , Wolfender Jean‐Luc , König Gabriele M.
Published: September 2012

The fungus Coniothyrium cereale was isolated from the Baltic Sea alga Enteromorpha sp. Upon cultivation in saline medium, C. cereale produced the structurally unprecedented isoindole pseudoalkaloid conioimide (1) and the polyketide cereoanhydride (2). Because of the very limited amount of compounds isolated, the structures of 1 and 2 were established from extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, and in the case of 1, the structural analysis was completed by NMR shielding calculations. Conioimide and cereoanhydride represent new structural types of polyketides. Experiments with 13C‐labeled acetate proved the polyketide nature of the major and known C. cereale metabolite (–)‐trypethelone (3), which is proposed to be the precursor of cereoanhydride. Conioimide has prominent and selective inhibitory activity towards the protease human leukocyte elastase (HLE), an enzyme involved in many inflammatory diseases, with an IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) value of 0.2 μg mL–1.
Energy and the environment: Courts shut down nuclear licensing, not wasting a waste crisis
Authors: Lesser Jonathan A.
Published: September 2012

But with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's) August 7 decision to suspend all nuclear licensing decisions in response to an appeals court ruling in June 2012 that the NRC needed to analyze the environmental impacts of on‐site spent nuclear fuel storage, waste is the crisis.
Mission intentionality and operational integrity: The essential role of faculty in adult degree programs
Authors: Blair Anthony L.
Published: September 2012

Eastern University has moved from a distributed model to a centralized model for administration of its adult degree programs. Although the move was undertaken to address perceived inefficiencies in student services, which have not been entirely remedied, an unintended benefit of the restructuring was improvement of academic quality.
Starting from scratch: The evolution of one university's administrative structure for adult programs
Authors: Williams Carol G.
Published: September 2012

Abilene Christian University uses a hybrid governance model. Centralized structures include traditional program departments that supply the faculty and curriculum development for online graduate programs. Decentralized structures include an associate provost and separate student services for the online program.
Conclusion: Unique adult degree programs with unique relationships to the main campus
Authors: Holtrop Stephen D.
Published: September 2012

Stephen D. Holtrop defines the assumptions going into this study, reviews patterns in the case studies, and describes results of a follow‐up survey on adult programs.
Glass Wool Catalysed Regioselective Isomerization of Styrene Oxides
Authors: Ramaswamy Govindarajan K. , Somasundaram Angalan , Kuppuswamy Balasubramanian K. , Velayudham Murugesan
Published: September 2012

Glass wool is widely used as an insulating material. Here we report for the first time, the function of glass wool as a mild heterogeneous catalyst under vapor phase conditions — particularly for the rearrangement of styrene oxides including halogen‐substituted styrene oxides to the corresponding phenyl acetaldehydes. Using this methodology, 4‐isobutyl‐α‐methyl styrene oxide is smoothly converted to 4‐isobutyl‐α‐methyl phenyl acetaldehyde which is the precursor of the API “Ibuprofen” — an important pharmaceutical agent.
Development and Characterization of Gas Diffusion Layer Fabricated Using Carbon Slurry with Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate for Proton Exchange Member Fuel Cells
Authors: Villacorta R. , Kannan A. M.
Published: September 2012

The microporous layer of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs) was fabricated with the carbon slurry dispersed in water containing ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) using the wire rod coating method and evaluated the effects on PEMFC performance. GDLs were also fabricated with the carbon slurry dispersed in water containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) based for fuel cell performance comparison. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) with GDLs fabricated using MWCNTs and SDS exhibit the highest performance at 60 and 70% RH with a peak power density of 1100 and 850 mW.cm−2 using oxygen and air as an oxidant, respectively. This means that the gas diffusion characteristics of these two samples were optimum at 60 and 70% RH with extremely high limiting current density values. It was also found that the composition of the carbon slurry, specifically ALS concentration has the highest peak power density of 1300 and 500 mW.cm−2 for both H2/O2 and H2/Air at 100% RH, respectively. However, SDS and MWCNTs based GDLs exhibited the lowest peak power density values using air as well as with oxygen as an oxidants at 100% RH.
Influence of white matter fiber orientation on R2* revealed by MRI segmentation
Authors: de Pasquale Francesco , Cherubini Andrea , Péran Patrice , Caltagirone Carlo , Sabatini Umberto
Published: September 2012

Purpose:

To investigate white matter heterogeneity using a multichannel segmentation of a large sample of structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.

Materials and Methods:

A sample of 50 subjects was segmented using channels comprising exclusively structural (longitudinal and transverse relaxation times T1 and T2 and transverse relaxation rate R2*) and diffusion‐based MRI indices (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy). These data were analyzed using a data driven approach in which no prior information was used.

Results:

The analysis revealed the splitting of white matter into two subclasses in which the longitudinal fasciculi were distinguished from inferior/superior ones. The distribution of the adopted indices in the obtained clusters showed that R2* was mainly responsible for this splitting.

Conclusion:

This result supports the observation, previously hypothesized in the literature, that R2* is influenced by the fiber orientation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:85–91. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multi‐site statistical downscaling model for daily precipitation using global scale GCM precipitation outputs
Authors: Jeong D. I. , St‐Hilaire A. , Ouarda T. B. M. J. , Gachon P.
Published: September 2012

This study proposes a multi‐site statistical downscaling model (MSDM), which can downscale daily precipitation series at multiple sites in a regional study area by utilizing Global Climate Models' (GCMs) precipitation outputs directly. The at‐site precipitation occurrences and amount characteristics are reproduced by first‐order Markov chain and probability mapping approaches, respectively. The spatial coherence of precipitation series among multiple sites is reproduced by adding correlated random noise series to GCM precipitation outputs. The model is applied for two regional study areas in southern Québec (Canada). The MSDM results are compared to those of the local intensity scaling (LOCI) model, which is a single site downscaling model that uses GCM precipitation outputs. Both models reproduce probabilities of precipitation occurrence and mean wet‐day precipitation amounts. However, the MSDM reproduces the observed precipitation occurrence Lag‐1 autocorrelation, the standard deviation of the wet‐day precipitation amounts, maximum 3‐d precipitation total (R3days), and 90th percentile of the rain day amount (PREC90) better than the LOCI model. The MSDM also accurately reproduces cross‐site correlations of precipitation occurrence and amount among multiple observation series.
Measuring glucose concentrations in the rat brain using echo‐time‐averaged point resolved spectroscopy at 7 tesla
Authors: Steinberg Jeffrey D. , Velan S. Sendhil
Published: September 2012

Glucose has multiple functions in the brain, and there is interest in estimating in vivo concentrations rather than merely the uptake determined by nuclear medicine. Glucose can be estimated using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but measurement is difficult due to its multiple J‐coupled proton signals overlapping with other metabolite signals. To minimize the effect of interfering signals, echo time (TE) values between 60 and 95 ms were averaged, and the loss in signal due to the T2 effect was corrected in both the estimation of glucose concentration and in creation of the basis files for fitting. The effectiveness of the TE‐averaging method was evaluated by measuring the glucose concentration in fasted rats before and after feeding. The brain glucose in all rats increased after feeding with fasted and fed glucose‐to‐creatine ratios of 0.15 ± 0.03 and 0.24 ± 0.04, respectively. Data at a short TE of 13 ms measured ratios of 0.30 ± 0.16 and 0.36 ± 0.24 for the fasted and fed rats, respectively, demonstrating the difficulty in obtaining reliable glucose measurements at short TE. Overall, TE averaging minimizes the influence of macromolecular signals and nearby peaks to give precise, consistent estimates of glucose. Magn Reson Med 70:301–308, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and Optimization of 3D Wagon Wheel Grain for Dual Thrust Solid Rocket Motors
Authors: Raza Muhammad Aamir , Liang Wang
Published: September 2012

The combination of various design and performance parameters in dual thrust solid rocket motors coupled with constraints may lead to a multitude of configurations. It is difficult to initially determine a suitable design without optimization. In this article, a methodology for the design of a 3D wagon wheel that provides two levels of thrust, namely boost phase thrust and sustain phase thrust, is investigated. The proposed framework consists of an integrated approach of grain design, computer aided design and hybrid optimization. A hybrid genetic algorithm and simulated annealing are used for optimization due to their robustness and capability to find global optimal solution. Several benchmark test functions are used to validate the performance of the optimization algorithm and solution. Maximization of the average thrust ratio and the total impulse are the objective functions under the given constraints.
Terawatt laser system irradiation of carbon/tungsten bilayers
Authors: Lungu C. P. , Marcu A. , Porosnicu C. , Jepu I. , Lungu A. M. , Chiru P. , Luculescu C. , Banici R. , Ursescu D. , Dabu R. , Feraru I. D. , Grigorescu C. E. A. , Iacobescu G. , Osiac M. , Kovač J. , Nemanič V. , Hinkov I. , Farhat S. , Gicquel A. , Brinza O.
Published: September 2012

Using the original thermionic vacuum arc method (TVA), carbon films with the thickness of about 2500 nm were coated on top of 200 nm tungsten films deposited on fine grain graphite substrates. The carbon/tungsten bilayers were irradiated using a terawatt laser system (TEWALAS), 360 ps and 100 fs pulse duration, 110–150 mJ pulse energy. The analysis of the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern allowed the identification of rhomboedral structures corresponding to diamond. The Raman scattering measurements were also performed on the produced craters and the specific peak at 1330 cm−1 corresponding to diamond was observed. The CC sp3 bonding content increased to 39.4% in the irradiated region compared to 30.8% in the “as deposited” zone, as shown by XPS. The craters produced by the laser irradiation were morphologically studied using optical imaging and scanning electron microscopy.
Fast and scalable memory characteristics of Ge‐doped SbTe phase change materials
Authors: Cheong Byung‐ki , Lee Suyoun , Jeong Jeung‐hyun , Park Sohee , Han Seungwu , Wu Zhe , Ahn Dong‐Ho
Published: September 2012

Phase change memory (PCM) has opportunities of various applications on the premise of its high performance operations, which are still to develop with innovations such as change of a memory material. In respects of high‐speed and high‐scalability memory characteristics, δ‐phase Ge‐doped SbTe (GeST) materials stand as highly promising candidates. An overview of the material and device characteristics of these materials is presented primarily based on our recent experimental and computational studies and with a particular regard to their Sb‐to‐Te ratio (STR) dependence.

TEM images of the δ‐phase GeST microstructures of varying STR and a highly scaled PCM cell with a δ‐phase GeST of high STR.

magnified image
Comment to “Effect of an electric field and nonlinear optical rectification of confined excitons in quantum dots” [W. Xie, Phys. Status Solidi B 246, 2257 (2009)]
Authors: Flórez Jefferson , Camacho Ángela , Ramírez Hanz Y.
Published: September 2012

In this comment, we review the work by Xie [Phys. Status Solidi B 246, 2257 (2009)] on electric field effects and nonlinear optical properties of excitons confined in spherical quantum dots. We find an inconsistency in the calculation of the dipole moments, which lead to vanishing nonlinear optical results. For the same set of parameters studied by Xie, we obtain new and reliable optical rectification coefficients via a finite element approach.
Using data mining to enable integration of wind resources on the power grid
Authors: Kamath Chandrika , Fan Ya Ju
Published: September 2012

As renewable resources, such as wind, start providing an increasingly larger percentage of our energy needs, we need to improve our understanding of these resources, so we can manage them better. The intermittent nature of the power generation makes it challenging for control room operators to schedule wind energy while balancing the load on the grid. Forecasts of the energy to be generated by a wind farm in the hours ahead tend to be inaccurate, even under normal conditions. The problem is exacerbated during ramp events, where the generation changes by a large amount in a small time. In this paper, we analyze historical data to determine ways in which data mining techniques can enable the integration of wind energy into the grid. Our results indicate that we can use feature selection methods to identify important weather variables associated with ramp events and inaccurate forecasts, thus reducing the number of data streams an operator must monitor. In addition, we can use ensembles of decision trees to predict days likely to have ramp events or inaccurate forecasts, thus providing grid operators additional information they can use to make well‐informed decisions on scheduling wind energy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2012
Uncovering the hidden costs of offshoring: The interplay of complexity, organizational design, and experience
Authors: Larsen Marcus M. , Manning Stephan , Pedersen Torben
Published: September 2012

This study investigates estimation errors due to hidden costs—the costs of implementation that are neglected in strategic decision‐making processes—in the context of services offshoring. Based on data from the Offshoring Research Network, we find that decision makers are more likely to make cost‐estimation errors given increasing configuration and task complexity in captive offshoring and offshore outsourcing, respectively. Moreover, we show that experience and a strong orientation toward organizational design in the offshoring strategy reduce the cost‐estimation errors that follow from complexity. Our findings contribute to research on the effectiveness of sourcing and global strategies by stressing the importance of organizational design and experience in dealing with increasing complexity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying and Working Through Teachable Moments
Authors: Liddell Debora L.
Published: September 2012

We have an opportunity and an obligation to challenge and support students as they wrestle with moral choices.
Conduct Systems Designed to Promote Moral Learning
Authors: Lancaster James M.
Published: September 2012

This chapter describes the history of conduct and moral learning in higher education and offers suggestions for future conduct practice.
Wind Energy literature survey No. 26
Authors: Henriksen Lars
Published: September 2012

As a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant papers drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal and Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, PO Box 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please email any suggestions to larh@ dtu.dk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural SUSY endures
Authors: Papucci Michele , Ruderman Joshua T. , Weiler Andreas
Published: September 2012

Abstract

The first 1 fb−1 of LHC searches have set impressive limits on new colored particles decaying to missing energy. We address the implication of these searches for naturalness in supersymmetry (SUSY). General bottom-up considerations of natural electroweak symmetry breaking show that higgsinos, stops, and the gluino should not be too far above the weak scale. The rest of the spectrum, including the squarks of the first two generations, can be heavier and beyond the current LHC reach. We have used collider simulations to determine the limits that all of the 1 fb−1 searches pose on higgsinos, stops, and the gluino. We find that stops and the left-handed sbottom are starting to be constrained and must be heavier than about 200–300 GeV when decaying to higgsinos. The gluino must be heavier than about 600–800 GeV when it decays to stops and sbottoms. While these findings point toward scenarios with a lighter third generation split from the other squarks, we do find that moderately-tuned regions remain, where the gluino is just above 1 TeV and all the squarks are degenerate and light. Among all the searches, jets plus missing energy and same-sign dileptons often provide the most powerful probes of natural SUSY. Overall, our results indicate that natural SUSY has survived the first 1 fb−1 of data. The LHC is now on the brink of exploring the most interesting region of SUSY parameter space.
Implication of gluconate kinase activity in l-ornithine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Hwang Gui-Hye , Cho Jae-Yong
Published: September 2012

With the purpose of generating a microbial strain for l-ornithine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum, genes involved in the central carbon metabolism were inactivated so as to modulate the intracellular level of NADPH, and to evaluate their effects on l-ornithine production in C. glutamicum. Upon inactivation of the 6-phosphoglucoisomerase gene (pgi) in a C. glutamicum strain, the concomitant increase in intracellular NADPH concentrations from 2.55 to 5.75 mmol g−1 (dry cell weight) was accompanied by reduced growth rate and l-ornithine production, suggesting that l-ornithine production is not solely limited by NADPH availability. In contrast, inactivation of the gluconate kinase gene (gntK) led to a 51.8 % increase in intracellular NADPH concentration, which resulted in a 49.9 % increase in l-ornithine production. These results indicate that excess NADPH is not necessarily rate-limiting, but is required for increased l-ornithine production in C. glutamicum.
A Novel Tetrahydrofuranyl Fatty Acid from a New Microbial Isolate, Pestalotia sp. YIM 69032 Cultivated in Extract of Potato
Authors: Yang Xueqiong , Yang Yabin , Zhao Lixing , Zhou Hao , Xu Lihua , Ding Zhongtao
Published: September 2012

A novel tetrahydrofuranyl fatty acid (THFA) and a rare natural (R)‐configuration phenylethanediol were isolated from potato extract media in which Pestalotia sp. YIM 69032 had been cultivated. On the basis of spectral data including of HRMS, NMR and 2D NMR, their structures were determined as (3R,5S,6R,7S,8Z)‐8‐en‐5,7‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐epoxy‐tetradecanoic acid (1) and (R)‐1‐(3‐ethylphenyl)‐1, 2‐ethanediol (2). Thus, a new microbial isolate, Pestalotia sp. was found to produce THFA. The possible pathway from tetradecanoic acid (4) to THFA (1) in the extract of potato by Pestalotia sp. was proposed. Structures 1 and 2 showed no cytotoxicity against HL‐60, SMMC‐7721, A‐549, MCF‐7, SW480 cell lines.
Assessment of the relationship between joint laxity and migration of the hip in children with down syndrome
Authors: Eshuis R. , Boonzaaijer M. , van Wieringen H. , Pruijs J. E. H. , Sakkers R. J. B.
Published: September 2012

Purpose

The aim of this cross-sectional cohort study is to describe the incidence of joint laxity and the correlation between joint laxity and radiological migration of the hip in children with Down syndrome.

Methods

Sixty-five children (2–19 years) with Down's syndrome were examined for joint laxity. For each subject, laxity scores for joints were carried out with the Bulbena method. Plane pelvic radiographs were used to determine the migration of the hip, according to Reimer's migration index.

Results

In this study, 26 out of 65 children with Down's syndrome (40 %) were diagnosed with general joint laxity. On the radiographs of the hips we found a mean Reimer's Migration Index of 5.2 % for all the subjects. Children with general joint laxity showed a lower Reimer's Migration Index (2.1 %). No significant correlation was found between general joint laxity and migration of the hip.

Conclusions

This study showed no relationship between joint laxity and migration of the hip in children with Down's syndrome. This implicates that we were not able to prove that joint laxity is the major factor in developing hip migration in children with Down's syndrome.
Effect of ghrelin and its analogues, BIM‐28131 and BIM‐28125, on the expression of myostatin in a rat heart failure model
Authors: Lenk Karsten , Palus Sandra , Schur Robert , Datta Rakesh , Dong Jesse , Culler Michael D. , Anker Stefan , Springer Jochen , Schuler Gerhard , Adams Volker
Published: September 2012

Background

In chronic heart failure (CHF), cachexia is a hallmark of the terminal stage of this disease and is associated with a severely reduced quality of life and poor prognosis. Therapeutic options are currently not available. Ghrelin and its analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 (now known as RM‐131) have been shown to increase weight in a rat model of CHF. It has been further demonstrated that the expression of myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, is increased in CHF. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of ghrelin or its analogues on myostatin in CHF.

Methods

In an animal model of CHF, Sprague–Dawley rats received either ghrelin or two ghrelin analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 in two different concentrations (50 and 500 nmol/kg/day) compared to placebo. The compounds were delivered using osmotic mini pumps. The expression of myostatin was analyzed in skeletal muscle by RT‐PCR and Western blot, and muscle mass of gastrocnemius muscle was measured. The plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) were measured.

Results

The relative weight of the gastrocnemius muscle of the sham‐operated group was significantly increased compared to placebo‐treated CHF rats. The application of ghrelin analogue BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 in their higher concentrations led to a significant reduction in myostatin mRNA expression in comparison to placebo. Myostatin protein expression was significantly reduced in both concentrations of ghrelin and BIM‐28131 and in the lower concentration of BIM‐28125. The increase of TNF‐α plasma concentration in the CHF‐animals could be abolished by all used substances.

Conclusions

In an animal model of CHF, the expression of myostatin is significantly reduced in the skeletal muscle after application of ghrelin and most concentrations of its analogues BIM‐28125 and BIM‐28131 possibly due to anti‐inflammatory effects.
CRITERIA FOR THE SEQUENCE OF DIFFERENCES OF A BOUNDED SEQUENCE TO BE NULL
Authors: BORWEIN DAVID
Published: September 2012

Conditions are established for the sequence of differences $\{a_n-a_{n-1}\}$ of a bounded sequence $\{a_n\}$ of complex terms to converge to zero when a certain linear nonhomogeneous difference expression of the form $k_0 a_n+k_1a_{n-1}+\cdots +k_na_0$tends to zero as$n\to \infty .$
A Perspective on the Church–State Confrontation of 1515: The Passage of 4 Henry VIII, c. 2
Authors: CAVILL P. R.
Published: September 2012

The statute 4 Henry VIII, c. 2 denied benefit of clergy for particular crimes to certain offenders, and also modified due process in handling pleas of sanctuary. The statute's possible renewal in the parliament of 1515 triggered a confrontation between the crown and leading churchmen. The passage of the act through the parliament of 1512 illuminates this important episode. The law that was enacted is shown to have differed substantively from the measure that had been proposed. Extensive amendments reveal in what ways the bill provoked controversy. Positions adopted in 1512 may well have rehearsed those assumed three years later.
The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt
Authors: JANSSEN GEERT H.
Published: September 2012

This article explores the Catholic exile experience in the Dutch revolt of the 1570s and 1580s. It shows how Catholic refugees negotiated their stay in places such as Cologne and Douai and developed a more militant, Tridentine identity. This process of religious radicalisation is reflected in a series of white papers by leading refugees about Catholic renewal in the contested Netherlands. This article argues that Catholic exiles became the mobilising forces of a popular Counter-Reformation movement in the southern Netherlands, thereby facilitating the eventual split of the Low Countries into a northern and southern state.
‘It might not be a nuisance in a country cottage’: Sanitary Conditions and Images of Health in Victorian Rural Wales
Authors: WADDINGTON KEIR
Published: September 2012

Although historians have become increasingly sensitive to the contested nature of public health and the limitations of sanitary reform, studies have concentrated on the urban. In focusing on rural Wales in the period from the creation of rural sanitary authorities in 1872 to the end of the nineteenth century, the essay shifts the focus to ask questions about what the rural means in the context of public health. By making connections between ideas about the Welsh landscape, nationhood and health, and the nature of sanitary problems facing rural communities and how rural sanitary practices came to be viewed, the essay shows how enduring representations of rural healthiness masked a ‘long tale of filth, neglect, carelessness and disease’ in rural Wales. The essay demonstrates how a bifurcated view of rural Wales as healthy and unhealthy reflected ideas about nationhood and the nature of rural conditions that rendered sanitary problems less visible when they occurred in a rural environment.
Paternalistic Consumer Co-operatives in Rural England, 1870–1930
Authors: MANSFIELD NICK
Published: September 2012

The British co-operative movement is associated mainly with industrial areas. Where consumer co-operatives existed in the countryside they were located in market towns and formed by rural trade unions, especially railwaymen, occasionally quarrymen or farmworkers. Yet the Co-operative Union membership encompassed a significant number of small single village societies founded by paternalistic gentry.

This paper draws on examples in Shropshire, East Yorkshire, Berkshire and Oxfordshire, to offer an account and explanation of the never before studied, paternalistic co-operatives. Recruiting estate workers and farm labourers, individual country squires showed themselves capable of using a co-operative ideology and framework, usually associated with the labour movement, to achieve very different and paternalistic goals. The relationship between these paternalistic village societies and the wider co-operative movement, both locally and nationally, is discussed, including the company paternalism of the Co-operative Wholesale Society's own farming operations. A comparison with the ‘Blue co-ops’ of the Lancashire Conservative dominated cotton spinners’ union is also made. The paper concludes that the failure of paternalistic co-operatives was part of the post Great War revival of rural cultural conservatism, linked to the effects of agricultural depression.
Ethical Considerations in Embedding a Surgeon in a Military or Civilian Tactical Team
Authors: Kaplan Lewis J. , Siegel Mark D. , Eastman Alexander L. , Flynn Lisa M. , Rosenbaum Stanley H. , Cone David C. , Blake David P. , Mulhern Jonathan
Published: September 2012

Tactical emergency medical services (TEMS) bring immediate medical support to the inner perimeter of special weapons and tactics team activations. While initially envisioned as a role for an individual dually trained as a police officer and paramedic, TEMS is increasingly undertaken by physicians and paramedics who are not police officers. This report explores the ethical underpinnings of embedding a surgeon within a military or civilian tactical team with regard to identity, ethically acceptable actions, triage, responsibility set, training, certification, and potential future refinements of the role of the tactical police surgeon.

KaplanLJ, SiegelMD, EastmanAL, FlynnLM, RosenbaumSH, ConeDC, BlakeDP, MulhernJ. Ethical considerations in embedding a surgeon in a military or civilian tactical team. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(6):1-6.
CONFORMAL SLIT MAPS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS
Authors: CROWDY DARREN
Published: September 2012

Conformal slit maps play a fundamental theoretical role in analytic function theory and potential theory. A lesser-known fact is that they also have a key role to play in applied mathematics. This review article discusses several canonical conformal slit maps for multiply connected domains and gives explicit formulae for them in terms of a classical special function known as the Schottky–Klein prime function associated with a circular preimage domain. It is shown, by a series of examples, that these slit mapping functions can be used as basic building blocks to construct more complicated functions relevant to a variety of applied mathematical problems.
Gifts of Communion: Recovering an Anglican Approach to the ‘Instruments of Unity’
Authors: Pickard Stephen
Published: September 2012

The Anglican Communion has developed ‘Instruments of Communion’ to aid communication and sharing of wisdom throughout the Communion. When the Archbishop of Canterbury invited bishops from the Communion to attend a meeting at Lambeth in 1867 to consult and seek common counsel for the good order and care of the churches of the emerging Anglican Communion the first of the Lambeth Conferences took place. In more recent decades the Anglican Consultative Council and Primates’ Meeting have developed to enable the bishops, clergy and lay people of the worldwide Anglican Communion to listen to one another, share their life and join in common mission. In recent years these four elements in international Anglicanism – the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lambeth Conference, the Anglican Consultative Council and the Primates’ Meeting – have become known as Instruments of Unity or Communion. Tensions and fractures in the Communion have raised questions about the value or use of the so-called Instruments of Unity.This article analyses the concept of ‘Instrument’ and assesses its value for understanding the nature of the Anglican Communion. It argues that the Instruments have a gift-like character and function in a quasi sacramental manner. As such they are indwelt rather than used in a tool like way. This approach to the Instruments of Communion gives high priority to the character and disposition of human agents participating in Communion structures and the importance of fostering a deeper communion among the Instruments for the sake of the Church and its witness to the gospel.
First observations of 5fce auroral roars
Authors: LaBelle J.
Published: September 2012

Auroral radio emissions reveal physics of beam‐plasma interactions and provide possibilities to remotely sense ionospheric plasma processes.Sato et al. (2012) recently discovered that auroral roar emissions, long known to occur at two and three times the electron gyrofrequency (fce), also occur at 4fce. Using data from wave receivers in the British Antarctic Survey Automatic Geophysical Observatories, we confirm the existence of 4fce‐roars and observe for the first time 5fce‐roars. A search at higher frequencies did not find higher harmonics. Both 4fce‐ and 5fce‐roars only occur in sunlit conditions near summer solstice. Harmonic roar emission frequencies scale with the strength of the geomagnetic field, and combining data from four observatories suggests that the 4fce‐roar source height lies around 245 km, lower than the 275 km estimated for 2fce‐roar. These observations show that the auroral roar generation mechanism acts under a broader set of plasma conditions than previously considered.
Determining the full magnetic field gradient from two spacecraft measurements under special constraints
Authors: Shen C. , Rong Z. J. , Dunlop M.
Published: September 2012

In this exploration, it is revealed for the first time that the full magnetic field gradient and current density distribution can be derived from two spacecraft magnetic field measurements under the assumptions that the magnetic field is approximately stationary and force‐free, conditions which are particularly relevant to low altitude regions of the Earth's magnetosphere and in the regions containing the field aligned current systems. The magnetic field gradients along the spacecraft line, spacecraft velocity direction and the normal direction can be defined so that the full magnetic field gradient tensor is determined, projected into any coordinate system. One test for an ideal situation has been made, which confirms the validity of this approach with very high accuracy. This method can be applied to the determination of the magnetic field gradient tensor and current density for the forthcoming multispacecraft Swarm mission.
Multi‐scale dynamics and rheology of mantle flow with plates
Authors: Alisic Laura , Gurnis Michael , Stadler Georg , Burstedde Carsten , Ghattas Omar
Published: September 2012

Fundamental issues in our understanding of plate and mantle dynamics remain unresolved, including the rheology and state of stress of plates and slabs; the coupling between plates, slabs and mantle; and the flow around slabs. To address these questions, models of global mantle flow with plates are computed using adaptive finite elements, and compared to a variety of observational constraints. The dynamically consistent instantaneous models include a composite rheology with yielding, and incorporate details of the thermal buoyancy field. Around plate boundaries, the local resolution is 1 km, which allows us to study highly detailed features in a globally consistent framework. Models that best fit plateness criteria and plate motion data have strong slabs with high stresses. We find a strong dependence of global plate motions, trench rollback, net rotation, plateness, and strain rate on the stress exponent in the nonlinear viscosity; the yield stress is found to be important only if it is smaller than the ambient convective stress. Due to strong coupling between plates, slabs, and the surrounding mantle, the presence of lower mantle anomalies affect plate motions. The flow in and around slabs, microplate motion, and trench rollback are intimately linked to the amount of yielding in the subducting slab hinge, slab morphology, and the presence of high viscosity structures in the lower mantle beneath the slab.
Aerosol profiling with lidar in the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry season
Authors: Baars H. , Ansmann A. , Althausen D. , Engelmann R. , Heese B. , Müller D. , Artaxo P. , Paixao M. , Pauliquevis T. , Souza R.
Published: September 2012

For the first time, multiwavelength polarization Raman lidar observations of optical and microphysical particle properties over the Amazon Basin are presented. The fully automated advanced Raman lidar was deployed 60 km north of Manaus, Brazil (2.5°S, 60°W) in the Amazon rain forest from January to November 2008. The measurements thus cover both the wet season (Dec–June) and the dry or burning season (July–Nov). Two cases studies of young and aged smoke plumes are discussed in terms of spectrally resolved optical properties (355, 532, and 1064 nm) and further lidar products such as particle effective radius and single‐scattering albedo. These measurement examples confirm that biomass burning aerosols show a broad spectrum of optical, microphysical, and chemical properties. The statistical analysis of the entire measurement period revealed strong differences between the pristine wet and the polluted dry season. African smoke and dust advection frequently interrupt the pristine phases during the wet season. Compared to pristine wet season conditions, the particle scattering coefficients in the lowermost 2 km of the atmosphere were found to be enhanced, on average, by a factor of 4 during periods of African aerosol intrusion and by a factor of 6 during the dry (burning) season. Under pristine conditions, the particle extinction coefficients and optical depth for 532 nm wavelength were frequently as low as 10–30 Mm−1 and <0.05, respectively. During the dry season, biomass burning smoke plumes reached to 3–5 km height and caused a mean optical depth at 532 nm of 0.26. On average during that season, particle extinction coefficients (532 nm) were of the order of 100 Mm−1 in the main pollution layer (up to 2 km height). Ångström exponents were mainly between 1.0 and 1.5, and the majority of the observed lidar ratios were between 50–80 sr.
Modeling supraglacial water routing and lake filling on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Banwell Alison F. , Arnold Neil S. , Willis Ian C. , Tedesco Marco , Ahlstrøm Andreas P.
Published: September 2012

During more intense melt years, supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet are found to fill more rapidly and to drain earlier in the melt season. They also develop at higher latitudes and elevations. Since the rapid drainage of lakes has been shown to enhance basal sliding and since the lake volume can play an important role in determining if and when it drains, understanding and modeling the processes which control lake filling rates forms a key development in successfully modeling the possible impacts of lake drainage events on ice motion. We have developed a surface water routing and lake filling model and applied it to a 100 km2area of the Paakitsoq region, west Greenland. The model takes the time series of calculated runoff (melt minus refreezing) over the area and calculates flow paths and water velocities over the snow‐/ice‐covered surface, routing the water into topographic depressions which can fill to form lakes. Runoff is calculated from a distributed, surface energy‐balance model coupled to a subsurface model, which calculates changes in temperature, density and water content in the snow, firn and upper ice layers, and hence refreezing and therefore net runoff. The model is calibrated against field measurements of a filling lake in our study area during June 2011 and can be used to calculate the filling rate of the instrumented lake with a high degree of accuracy. The filling rate of the instrumented/modeled lake depends on melt and routing from the immediate lake catchment and from overflowing lakes in upstream catchments.
Snow cover dynamics of four lake basins over Tibetan Plateau using time series MODIS data (2001–2010)
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Xie Hongjie , Yao Tandong , Liang Tiangang , Kang Shichang
Published: September 2012

Snow over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is an important water source of major Asian rivers and greatly influences water availability in the downstream areas. In this study, snow cover dynamics of the four characteristic lake basins, Cedo Caka, Selin Co, Nam Co, and Yamzhog Yumco during hydrological years 2001–2010 (September through August) are examined at the basin scale using the flexible multiday combined MODIS snow cover products. The time series of multiday, seasonal, and annual snow covered area (SCA), onset/disappearance dates of snow, snow covered days (SCD), peaks of maximum SCA, and snow cover index (SCI) for each hydrological year (HY) are examined. Results show there is no obvious trend of snow cover change in the examined period, although Nam Co basin has the greatest SCA in all four basins and in all years, and Cedo Caka and Selin Co basins show the smallest SCA in most of the years. Overall, the HY2007 shows a greater snow extent and HY2010 a smaller for the region, with exceptions for the Nam Co basin where the HY2003 is the greatest and for Cedo Caka basin where the HY2004 is the smallest. Statistical analysis between lake level changes and lake basin's SCA, precipitation and pan evaporation (ETpan) changes shows that (1) Cedo Caka's water level rise was highly correlated with the basin's SCA changes (r = 0.94, p = 0.063); (2) Selin Co's water level rise was significantly correlated with the basin's SCA, precipitation and ETpan changes (r = 0.99, p = 0.029); and (3) lake level changes of Nam Co and Yamzhog Yumco were correlated with their corresponding lake basin's SCA, precipitation and ETpan changes (r = 0.87 and r = 0.86, respectively), although insignificant at the 95% level. This could have been due to precipitation and ETpan data of a distant meteorological station for Nam Co lake basin and the complex hydrological processes in the Yamzhog Yumco basin. This study suggests that the examination of time series snow cover dynamics is important to evaluate the water budget of lake basins with snow as a major component of water balance.
Enhancement and control of carrier lifetimes in p-type 4H-SiC epilayers
Authors: Hayashi T. , Asano K. , Suda J. , Kimoto T.
Published: September 2012

Enhancement and control of carrier lifetimes in p-type 4H-SiC have been investigated. In this study, thermal oxidation and carbon ion implantation methods, both of which are effective for lifetime enhancement in n-type SiC, were attempted on 147-μm thick p-type 4H-SiC epilayers. Effects of surface passivation on carrier lifetimes were also investigated. The carrier lifetimes in p-type SiC could be enhanced from 0.9 μs (as-grown) to 2.6 μs by either thermal oxidation or carbon implantation and subsequent Ar annealing, although the improvement effect for the p-type epilayers was smaller than that for the n-type epilayers. After the lifetime enhancement, electron irradiation was performed to control the carrier lifetime. The distribution of carrier lifetimes in each irradiated region was rather uniform, along with successful lifetime control in the p-type epilayer in the range from 0.1 to 1.6 μs.