bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary Approach to Cardiovascular Diseases for Research and Everyday Clinical Practice Purposes
Authors: Goch Aleksander , Rosiek Anna , Leksowski Krzysztof , Mikołajewska Emilia
Published: November 2015

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are perceived a leading cause of death globally. Scientists and clinicians still search for more efficient prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and care programs suitable for patients with CVD. Common social awareness and interdisciplinary effort may significantly improve current situation, but the problem is more complex. This chapter, based on research and own experiences of authors, tries to answer the question: how maximize professional resources and optimize outcomes in clinical practice. Aim of this chapter is discuss current issues which may potentially influence efficiency of CVD prevention and therapy, including prevention, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, ways of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and cardiac telerehabilitation (CTR), influence of researcher-subject relationship and patient-therapist relationship as far as placebo effect.
Primary Care Clinic Visit Efficiency
Authors: Farahmand Kambiz , Wadhwa Satpal Singh , Mostafa Mahmoud , Khiabani Vahid H , Upadhyaya Sudhi
Published: November 2015

A study was done in 2013 regarding Veteran's Affairs primary care clinics in New Mexico. The primary care clinics provide care for a group of patients on regular basis. They also see additional patients as needed. The team consisting of the provider(s), nurse(s), technician(s), and schedulers providing continuous and coordinated care throughout patient's life-time is called Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT). The purpose of the PACT is to maximize patient care using this continuous and familiar care model for the patients. The performance of five out of ten primary care teams were provided using the traditional measures identified by their healthcare system in the Patient Aligned Care Teams Compass Data Definitions. The measurements that were specifically interesting were Ratio of PC Telephone Encounters to All PC Encounters, Ratio of Non-Traditional Encounters, Same Day Appts. w/PC Provider Ratio, Continuity PCP (ER Excluded), Team 2ndDay Post DC Contact Ratio. The data was collected in 2012 and the evaluations, interviews, and analysis was completed in 2013. The team scores was provided and access was obtained to only five out of ten teams which data was available for. The Veteran's Affairs provided data regarding the performance metrics of the PACT teams. The data was evaluated by using statistical correlations. The interview questions were designed to further dissect the performance of each team and their practices. Teams were interviewed and the responses were summarized and analyzed. Responses from each team were converted into team's scores and compared to their PACT performance metrics. The comparison between teams' scores and PACT performance metrics provided insight into each team's perception of its own performance and its PACT performance metrics. The purpose of this project is to identify the value adding and non-value adding activities of the each team. So the management can encourage the promotion of value adding activities, decreasing the variation in the performance of the teams and so maximizing the patient care.
Coping and Transition in Young People with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) – Maintaining Best Practice
Authors: Muhammad Shahid
Published: November 2015

Most young people coping with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) know that over time this disease can affect their physical health, lifestyle and psychological wellbeing. Transition services and experiences differ; some young people also have better coping strategies than others. This article explores 1) whether there is a need for a transition reorganization to maintain best practice for young people with CKD and 2) what would make more effective coping and transition research for the future. Three coordinated meetings took place inviting young people to contribute their insights on transition and coping questions. 1) Twelve (12) young people from the Renal Patient Support Group (RPSG) online invited (mean age = 15 years), 2) Nine (9) young people attended a Medicines for Children Research Network (MCRN) Young Person's Advisory Group (YPAG) at the Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK (mean age = 14 years) and 3) Nine (9) from the MCRN YPAG meeting at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London UK (mean age = 15 years). Young people's contribution can be summarized: 1) The ‘rounded experiences' before, during and after transition of young people with CKD are still required, 2) It is important to see if there is an association between positive coping and smoother transition, 3) Need to appreciate care needs to be better integrated for young people ahead of their transition to achieve best practice and 4) Supporting young people with CKD to build aptitudes is important so they become independent and cope with their health. An overall transition guideline and reorganization that factors in coping strategies should be prompted in future research for teams supporting the care for young people to maintain best practice.
The Role of Health Inequalities and Assessing Impacts on Population Health
Authors: Muhammad Shahid
Published: November 2015

In ‘today's' world, technology advances are pacing and surrounding all areas of health and social care. Whilst the ‘age of technology' has its certainties, health professionals are still identifying missed opportunities in diagnosis for specific diseases and this has its own burden and impact on over budgeting and healthcare. There now seems to be charade in allocating the appropriate funds in those sectors that require more man-power than technology. In turn health has now become more about through-put then compassion (Barnett et al. 2012; Department of Health 2012; Luxford and Sutton 2014; Muhammad et al. 2015). Here, the author briefly explores the role of average health status – Health Inequalities (or Panayotov Matrix) for Assessing Impacts on Population Health and Health in All Policies (HiAP) in the ‘age of technology' and missed opportunity in diagnoses, providing a Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) example.
Creation of a New Class of Nanocomposite Coatings of the Increased Crack Resistance and Hardness on the Basis of Innovative Beam Technologies
Authors: Grigoriev Sergey Nikolaevich
Published: November 2015

Article is dedicated to development of the scientific and technological principles allowing by means of innovative beam and plasma technologies to receive a new class of heterogeneous nanocomposite coatings having the increased cyclic crack resistance and hardness on the conductive and dielectric complex-shaped products. On the basis of the received results the source of metal atoms and beams of high-energy molecules with a rectangular target was developed and new installation for coating deposition is made.
Laser Post Annealing of Cold-Sprayed Al–Ni Composite Coatings for Green Energy Tasks
Authors: Podrabinnik Pavel Anatolyevich , Shishkovsky Igor Vladimirovich
Published: November 2015

In this paper the principal feasibility of using cold gas dynamic spraying with laser post treatment technique to create Al-Ni composite coatings is demonstrated. The prepared mixture of two powders was coated on an aluminum substrate and laser annealed. As a result the AlxNy intermetallic phases were observed in the coating. Obtained laser-annealed coatings were studied be means of optical and electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometry and compared with as-sprayed coatings. Effects of laser processing parameters, such as scanning speed, power and beam shape on microstructural evolution of the composite coatings were discussed and optimal regimes for laser assisted CS were determined.
Technical Problems and Perspectives of Implementing the Selective Laser Melting Method for Producing Structural Components for Aircraft
Authors: Tarasova Tatiana Vasilievna , Filatova Anastasia Aleksandrovna , Dolzhikova Evgenia Yurievna
Published: November 2015

The article touches upon the technical problems and perspectives of implementing the Selective Laser Melting method for producing structural components for aircraft. The possibilities of additive manufacturing technology processes and their advantages in comparison with traditional methods of part formation are shown. Issues of standardization in the field of additive manufacturing, as well as terms and definitions adopted at the present time, are considered. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the necessity of developing selective laser melting methods for the specific steels and alloys used in aircraft production is shown.
New Approach to Study and Research of Causes of Operational Characteristics Disturbance for Ceramic Tool Materials
Authors: Volosova Marina Aleksandrovna , Cherkasova Natalia Yurievna , Peretyagin Pavel Yurievich , Dolzhikova Evgenia Yurievna
Published: November 2015

The system approach to study the causes of operational characteristics disturbance for ceramic tool materials based on complex research and its systematization. In the present study the defects by volume and by surface are researched. The main directions of operational characteristics improvement for tool materials are showed.
Modeling the Effect of Beam Shaping at Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Protasov Cyrill Eduardovich , Gusarov Andrey Vladimirovich
Published: November 2015

The influence of the laser-beam radial distribution of the energy flux density is theoretically studied for the Gaussian distribution (mode TEM00), and doughnut distribution of TEM01* mode for the values of the Peclet number from 0 to 3. The model of linear thermal conduction in the target indicates that profile TEM00 is the best for thermo-activated treatment processes that can be accomplished in a wide temperature range and profile TEM01* can be advantageous for a narrow range of the permissible processing temperature. If the phase transitions of melting/solidification and evaporation are included into the model, the estimate of the width of the laser-treated band is reduced but the tendencies predicted by the linear model are not changed.
Coding and data analysis during qualitative empirical research in Practical Theology
Authors: Theron Petria M.
Published: November 2015

I dedicate this article to Prof. George Lotter, who has been instrumental in the formation of more than 90 postgraduate students in practical theological studies at the North-West University (NWU). Under his guidance, a significant amount of empirical research has been conducted. This is in line with a movement among scholars, both national and international, towards a more empirical approach in Practical Theology. It is therefore indispensable that both lecturers and students in Practical Theology should further develop their empirical research capacities. In this article, it is argued for a more systematic approach during the coding and data analysis phase of qualitative research and the article concludes with a proposed model for coding and data analysis in practical theological studies.Kodering en data-analise tydens kwalitatiewe empiriese navorsing in Praktiese Teologie. Hierdie artikel word aan prof. George Lotter opgedra. Deur die jare was hy instrumenteel in die vorming van meer as 90 nagraadse studente in Praktiese Teologie by die Noord-Wes Universiteit (NWU). Baie empiriese navorsing het onder sy leiding plaasgevind. Dit is in ooreenstemming met die nasionale en internasionale tendens van ’n meer empiriese benadering in Praktiese Teologie. Dit is dus van die uiterste belang dat Praktiese Teologie-dosente en -studente se vaardighede in empiriese navorsing verder ontwikkel moet word. In hierdie artikel word aangetoon dat ’n meer sistematiese benadering gevolg moet word tydens die kodering en die data-analisefase van kwalitatiewe navorsing. ’n Model vir die kodering en data-analise vir navorsing in Praktiese Teologie word ook voorgestel.
Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Effect of Nano-powder Dispersed Epoxy Resin Composite
Authors: Han Jun-Young , Lee Chul-Hee , Choi Min-Gyu , Hong Soon-Jik , Park Joong-Hark , Lee Dong-Jin
Published: November 2015

Electronic products are a major part of evolving industry and human life style; however most of them are known to emit electromagnetic waves that have severe health hazards. Therefore, different materials and fabrication techniques are understudy to control or limit transfer of such waves to human body. In this study, nanocomposite powder is dispersed into epoxy resin and shielding effects such as absorption, reflection, penetration and multiple reflections are investigated. In addition, nano size powder (Ni, Fe2O3, Fe-85Ni, C-Ni) is fabricated by pulsed wire evaporation method and dispersed manually into epoxy. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy are used to investigate the phase analysis, size and shape as well as dispersion trend of a nano powder on epoxy matrix. Shielding effect is measured by standard test method to investigate the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of planar materials, ASTM D4935. At lower frequency, sample consisting nano-powder of Fe-85%Wt Ni shows better electromagnetic shielding effect compared to only epoxy, only Ni, Fe2O3 and C-Ni samples.
Pressureless Sintering and Spark-Plasma Sintering of Fe-TiC Composite Powders
Authors: Lee B. H. , Bae S. W. , Bae S. W. , Khoa H. X. , Kim J. S.
Published: November 2015

Two sintering methods of a pressureless sintering and a spark-plasma sintering are tested to densify the Fe- TiC composite powders which are fabricated by high-energy ball-milling. A powder mixture of Fe and TiC is prepared in a planetary ball mill at a rotation speed of 500 rpm for 1h. Pressureless sintering is performed at 1100, 1200 and 1300°C for 1-3 hours in a tube furnace under flowing argon gas atmosphere. Spark-plasma sintering is carried out under the following condition: sintering temperature of 1050°C, soaking time of 10 min, sintering pressure of 50 MPa, heating rate of 50°C, and in a vacuum of 0.1 Pa. The curves of shrinkage and its derivative (shrinkage rate) are obtained from the data stored automatically during sintering process. The densification behaviors are investigated from the observation of fracture surface and cross-section of the sintered compacts. The pressureless-sintered powder compacts show incomplete densification with a relative denstiy of 86.1% after sintering at 1300°C for 3h. Spark-plasma sintering at 1050°C for 10 min exhibits nearly complete densification of 98.6% relative density under the sintering pressure of 50 MPa.
Mono Drama: Categorization and Theoretical Scaffolds in the Universe of Africa
Authors: Binebai Benedict
Published: November 2015

Since the emergence of The Prime Minister’s Son as a published Solo text, Nigerian playwrights have been making some efforts to write and publish solo texts. Apart from the fact that not many texts have been written and published, scholarship on Solo drama, solo performance or what we may call monologue drama has not been given adequate attention. This leaves a lot of epistemological gap on the scholarship and creation of Solo drama. It is against this background that this study attempts to investigate very vital issues concerning mono drama, which include: the concept of Solo drama in creative and performance contexts, taxonomy of solo/monodrama as well as the deployment of appropriate theories that should be applied by both solo drama writers and performers. The paper holds the view that for solo drama to be effectively created written and performed it must adhere to appropriate theories. Theories such as minimalism, Jerzy Grotowski’s poor theatre theory, and Stanislavsky’s ‘Method of Physical Actions as well as the total theatre concepts fit in appropriately.Key Words: Categorization, Mono drama, solo performance, theoretical scaffold, monologue.
The Linguistic Culture of African Union: Implications to Regional Unity, Identity and Development
Authors: Udemmadu Thecla , Ogwudile Christian
Published: November 2015

The major objective of African Union is to have a united and strong Africa. This objective manifests in their anthem. One of the major media of unification, identification and development amongst a group of peoples is culture which embodies language. This paper attempts to investigate the linguistic culture of African Union (AU) and to find out whether language and culture go a long way in fostering unity, identity and development among member states of AU. The data were collected from the AU deliberations which were applied to the present day situation of AU. The finding show that the AU is still under linguistic imperialism; that the African identity has eluded AU and that the quest for African development is still a mirage. The suggestion then, is that AU should go back to the drawing board and be linguistically liberated and independent so as to foster real unity, to have real identity which will ignite reasonable technological, scientific and manpower development.
Prostitution as Resistance to Human and Societal Brutalities
Authors: Udogu Christiana O
Published: November 2015

A reading of modern African novels reveals that some female heroines are presented as prostitutes. Prominent among them are Firdaus in Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero, Mara in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon, Jagua Nana and Filia in Cyprain Ekensis Jaygua Nana and People of the City respectively, Wanja in Ngugi wa Thiongo’s Petals of Blood to mention but a few. The truth is that some of these heronies take to prostitution as an easy way to escape poverty and life in the rural villages. However, others become prostitutes because they are victims of human and societal brutalities. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the heroines in Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Amma Darkos’ Beyond the Horizon as women in their struggle against human and societal brutalities. These writers in their novels shed some light on the power of women in resistance against oppression at the hands of men and establish that women can resist these brutalities.
NIGER DELTA FOTOTALES…… A View of the Niger Delta through the Lens
Authors: Graves PN
Published: November 2015

This essay attempts a reflection on the exhibition Niger Delta Fototales, a photo exhibition showcasing  PEOPLES, RELICS and ISSUES of the Niger Delta: Novotel Hotels, Port Harcourt, on the 50th anniversary  Nigeria’s Independence. I take it that at the heart of the matter of photography is “the photographic paradox”,  “the coexistence of two messages, the one without a code (the photographic analogue), the other with a code  (the ‘art’/the treatment; the ‘writing’/the rhetoric of the photograph)”. Beyond a mere reportage of this  momentous event, I would attempt an exploration of these tenets of modern communication by interrogating the messages encrypted in a select number of images from this show utilizing the critical tools of  contemporary scholarship in an attempt at explicating the nature of the photographic essay itself. In a reading that imbricates the value of the punctum in the analysis of the rhetoric of the studium, therefore, the  groundings of the collaborative encoded features that intuit the photograph metonymically unfolds the  contingent realms of memory and subjectivity.Key words: - Niger Delta, Fototales, Peoples, Relics and Issues; Images and Words
The Nature of Philosophy of History
Authors: Eresia-Eke Agha
Published: November 2015

This study is set to examine the nature of the philosophy of history. A well-articulated argument ensures  concerning what philosophy of history is, and its ability to direct the course of history in the areas of historical evidence and the extent to which objectivity is possible. The paper argues that philosophy of history is a  genuine and legitimate study of the relationship between philosophy and history which engenders elements of criticality in the study of history as an account of human activities. This is against the view of scholars  especially, Frederick Copleston who doubts the legitimacy of philosophy of history. In order to appreciate  Copleston’s perspective, the paper investigates what he considers the nature and role of philosophy of history. Consequent on this therefore, this paper brings to the fore, the nature of philosophy of history, what it does,  and how its relationship with history is consolidated. The study also provides a concluding segment, which  contains an invitation to scholars, especially the Africans to learn from the lessons of the philosophy of history in order to shape their world view.Key words: Philosophy, History, Historiography, Historicism, Critical, Speculative, Methodology, Human events, Historical research, Historical facts,Scientific history, Civilization, Development, Intellectual form, Meaningful achievement, Explanation, Metaphysics
Orphan Tongues and the Economics of Language Shift in Nigeria: An Entremesa Discourse
Authors: Onyema Chris Chinemerem,
Published: November 2015

Complex experiences implicate a change in the structure of work, and consequent shift towards the functional language that expresses the new economic order. In other words, the “demand and supply” for a language  directs its distribution, determines its value and creates its direct or indirect profit; and the extent a particular language facilitates survival in a changing socio-economic ecology determines what particular languages are  given up, orphaned and rendered invisible in the global market. It is aspired in this paper to examine how  dimensions of language use in Nigeria and different axes of economic and cultural shift connect with the  developmental challenges and (in)visibility of the nation, as well as suggest practical steps towards language  revitalization as a dimension of remedying the developmental challenges in the country. The thesis here is that the phenomenal dominance pattern of English with the consequent shift indigenous languages suffer is  implicated in the economics of language. Especially, it is the position in this paper that language shift is  determined by the cost and benefit of languages in contact and the socio-economic ecologies of the speakers.Key words: Economics, Ecology, Language Shift, Nigeria.
The effects of global change upon United States air quality
Authors: Gonzalez-Abraham R. , Chung S. H. , Avise J. , Lamb B. , Salathé E. P. , Nolte C. G. , Loughlin D. , Guenther A. , Wiedinmyer C. , Duhl T. , Zhang Y. , Streets D. G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. To understand more fully the effects of global changes on ambient concentrations of ozone and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in the United States (US), we conducted a comprehensive modeling effort to evaluate explicitly the effects of changes in climate, biogenic emissions, land use and global/regional anthropogenic emissions on ozone and PM2.5 concentrations and composition. Results from the ECHAM5 global climate model driven with the A1B emission scenario from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were downscaled using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to provide regional meteorological fields. We developed air quality simulations using the Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) chemical transport model for two nested domains with 220 and 36 km horizontal grid cell resolution for a semi-hemispheric domain and a continental United States (US) domain, respectively. The semi-hemispheric domain was used to evaluate the impact of projected global emissions changes on US air quality. WRF meteorological fields were used to calculate current (2000s) and future (2050s) biogenic emissions using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN). For the semi-hemispheric domain CMAQ simulations, present-day global emissions inventories were used and projected to the 2050s based on the IPCC A1B scenario. Regional anthropogenic emissions were obtained from the US Environmental Protection Agency National Emission Inventory 2002 (EPA NEI2002) and projected to the future using the MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) energy system model assuming a business as usual scenario that extends current decade emission regulations through 2050. Our results suggest that daily maximum 8 h average ozone (DM8O) concentrations will increase in a range between 2 to 12 parts per billion (ppb) across most of the continental US. The highest increase occurs in the South, Central and Midwest regions of the US due to increases in temperature, enhanced biogenic emissions and changes in land use. The model predicts an average increase of 1–6 ppb in DM8O due to projected increase in global emissions of ozone precursors. The effects of these factors are only partially offset by reductions in DM8O associated with decreasing US anthropogenic emissions. Increases in PM2.5 levels between 4 and 10 μg m−3 in the Northeast, Southeast, Midwest and South regions are mostly a result of increase in primary anthropogenic particulate matter (PM), enhanced biogenic emissions and land use changes. Changes in boundary conditions shift the composition but do not alter overall simulated PM2.5 mass concentrations.
Significant increase of surface ozone at a regional background station in the eastern China
Authors: Ma Z. Q. , Xu J. , Quan W. J. , Zhang Z. Y. , Lin W. L.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Ozone pollution has become one of the top environmental concerns in eastern China. Quantifying temporal trend of surface ozone concentrations is very meaningful to assess the impacts of the anthropogenic precursor reductions and the effects of emission control strategies. The level of surface ozone is impacted by both emissions of precursors and meteorological conditions. In order to examine the variation trend of ozone from 2003 to 2015 in Shangdianzi regional atmosphere background station, the modified KZ filter method was performed in this study to remove the influence of meteorological fluctuations on ozone concentrations. Results reveal that the short-term component, seasonal component and long-term component of ozone account for 36.4, 57.6 and 2.2 % of the total variance, respectively. The long-term trend shows that the surface daily maximum 8-h O3 has undergone a significant increase during 2003–2015, with a rate of 1.1 ppb yr−1. We find that the increase was completely resulted from the change of the emissions when the influence of the meteorological factors was eliminated. Furthermore, the variation of NO2 indicated that VOCs seemed to play more important role in the increase trend of the surface ozone.
Optimizing the impact of temperature on bio-hydrogen production from food waste and its derivatives under no pH control using statistical modelling
Authors: Arslan C. , Sattar A. , Ji C. , Sattar S. , Yousaf K. , Hashim S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The effect of temperature on bio-hydrogen production by co-digestion of sewerage sludge with food waste and its two derivatives, i.e. noodle waste and rice waste, was investigated by statistical modelling. Experimental results showed that increasing temperature from mesophilic (37 °C) to thermophilic (55 °C) was an effective mean for increasing bio-hydrogen production from food waste and noodle waste, but it caused a negative impact on bio-hydrogen production from rice waste. The maximum cumulative bio-hydrogen production of 650 mL was obtained from noodle waste under thermophilic temperature condition. Most of the production was observed during the first 48 h of incubation, which continued until 72 h of incubation. The decline in pH during this interval was 4.3 and 4.4 from a starting value of 7 under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively. Most of the glucose consumption was also observed during 72 h of incubation and the maximum consumption was observed during the first 24 h, which was the same duration where the maximum pH drop occurred. The maximum hydrogen yields of 82.47 mL VS−1, 131.38 mL COD−1, and 44.90 mL glucose−1 were obtained from thermophilic food waste, thermophilic noodle waste and mesophilic rice waste, respectively. The production of volatile fatty acids increased with an increase in time and temperature in food waste and noodle waste reactors whereas they decreased with temperature in rice waste reactors. The statistical modelling returned good results with high values of coefficient of determination (R2) for each waste type and 3-D response surface plots developed by using models developed. These plots developed a better understanding regarding the impact of temperature and incubation time on bio-hydrogen production trend, glucose consumption during incubation and volatile fatty acids production.
Production regime and associated N cycling in the vicinity of Kerguelen Island, Southern Ocean
Authors: Cavagna A. J. , Fripiat F. , Elskens M. , Mangion P. , Chirurgien L. , Closset I. , Lasbleiz M. , Florez-Leiva L. , Cardinal D. , Leblanc K. , Fernandez C. , Lefèvre D. , Oriol L. , Blain S. , Quéguiner B. , Dehairs F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Although the Southern Ocean is considered a high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) area, massive and recurrent blooms are observed over and downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau. This mosaic of blooms is triggered by a higher iron supply resulting from the interaction between the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the local bathymetry. Net primary production, N uptake (NO3− and NH4+), and nitrification rates were measured at eight stations in austral spring 2011 (October–November) during the KEOPS 2 cruise in the Kerguelen Plateau area. Natural iron fertilization stimulated primary production, with mixed layer integrated net primary production and growth rates much higher in the fertilized areas (up to 315 mmol C m−2 d−1 and up to 0.31 d−1 respectively) compared to the HNLC reference site (12 mmol C m−2 d−1 and 0.06 d−1 respectively). Primary production was mainly sustained by nitrate uptake, with f ratios (corresponding to NO3−-uptake / (NO3−-uptake + NH4+-uptake)) lying at the upper end of the observations for the Southern Ocean (up to 0.9). We report high rates of nitrification (up to ~ 3 μmol N L−1 d−1, with ~ 90 % of them < 1 μmol N L−1 d−1) typically occurring below the euphotic zone, as classically observed in the global ocean. The specificity of the studied area is that at most of the stations, the euphotic layer was shallower than the mixed layer, implying that nitrifiers can efficiently compete with phytoplankton for the ammonium produced by remineralization at low-light intensities. Nitrate produced by nitrification in the mixed layer below the euphotic zone is easily supplied to the euphotic zone waters above, and nitrification sustained 70 ± 30 % of the nitrate uptake in the productive area above the Kerguelen Plateau. This complicates estimations of new production as potentially exportable production. We conclude that high productivity in deep mixing system stimulates the N cycle by increasing both assimilation and regeneration.
Morphology of meandering and braided gravel-bed streams from the Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, China
Authors: Métivier F. , Devauchelle O. , Chauvet H. , Lajeunesse E. , Meunier P. , Blanckaert K. , Zhang Z. , Fan Y. , Liu Y. , Dong Z. , Ye B.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The Bayanbulak Grassland, Tianshan, China is located in an intramountane sedimentary basin where meandering and braided gravel-bed streams coexist under the same climatic and geological settings. We report on measurements of their discharge, width, depth, slope and grain size. Based on this data set, we compare the morphology of individual threads from braided and meandering streams. Both types of threads share statistically indistinguishable regime relations. Their depths and slopes compare well with the threshold theory, but they are wider than predicted by this theory. These findings are reminiscent of previous observations from similar gravel-bed streams. Using the scaling laws of the threshold theory, we detrend our data with respect to discharge to produce a homogeneous statistical ensemble of width, depth and slope measurements. The statistical distributions of these dimensionless quantities are similar for braided and meandering streams. This suggests that a braided river is a collection of intertwined channels, which individually resemble isolated streams. Given the environmental conditions in Bayanbulak, we furthermore hypothesize that bedload transport causes the channels to be wider than predicted by the threshold theory.
Impacts of air–sea interactions on regional air quality predictions using WRF/Chem v3.6.1 coupled with ROMS v3.7: southeastern US example
Authors: He J. , He R. , Zhang Y.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Air–sea interactions have significant impacts on coastal convection and surface fluxes exchange, which are important for the spatial and vertical distributions of air pollutants that affect public health, particularly in densely populated coastal areas. To understand the impacts of air–sea interactions on coastal air quality predictions, sensitivity simulations with different cumulus parameterization schemes and atmosphere–ocean coupling are conducted in this work over southeastern US in July 2010 using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem). The results show that different cumulus parameterization schemes can result in an 85 m difference in the domain averaged planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), and 4.8 mm difference in the domain averaged daily precipitation. Comparing to WRF/Chem without air–sea interactions, WRF/Chem with a 1-D ocean mixed layer model (WRF/Chem-OML) and WRF/Chem coupled with a 3-D Regional Ocean Modeling System (WRF/Chem-ROMS) predict the domain averaged changes in the sea surface temperature of 0.1 and 1.0 °C, respectively. The simulated differences in the surface concentrations of ozone (O3) and PM2.5 between WRF/Chem-ROMS and WRF/Chem can be as large as 17.3 ppb and 7.9 μg m−3, respectively. The largest changes simulated from WRF/Chem-ROMS in surface concentrations of O3 and particulate matter with diameter less than and equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) occur not only along coast and remote ocean, but also over some inland areas. Extensive validations against observations, show that WRF/Chem-ROMS improves the predictions of most cloud and radiative variables, and surface concentrations of some chemical species such as sulfur dioxide, nitric acid, maximum 1 h and 8 h O3, sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, and particulate matter with diameter less than and equal to 10 μm (PM10). This illustrates the benefits and needs of using coupled atmospheric–ocean model with advanced model representations of air–sea interactions for regional air quality modeling.
Modeling 25 years of spatio-temporal surface water and inundation dynamics on large river basin scale using time series of earth observation data
Authors: Heimhuber V. , Tulbure M. G. , Broich M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The usage of time series of earth observation (EO) data for analyzing and modeling surface water dynamics (SWD) across broad geographic regions provides important information for sustainable management and restoration of terrestrial surface water resources, which suffered alarming declines and deterioration globally. The main objective of this research was to model SWD from a unique validated Landsat-based time series (1986–2011) continuously through cycles of flooding and drying across a large and heterogeneous river basin, the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) in Australia. We used dynamic linear regression to model remotely sensed SWD as a function of river flow and spatially explicit time series of soil moisture (SM), evapotranspiration (ET) and rainfall (P). To enable a consistent modeling approach across space, we modeled SWD separately for hydrologically distinct floodplain, floodplain-lake and non-floodplain areas within eco-hydrological zones and 10 km × 10 km grid cells. We applied this spatial modeling framework (SMF) to three sub-regions of the MDB, for which we quantified independently validated lag times between river gauges and each individual grid cell and identified the local combinations of variables that drive SWD. Based on these automatically quantified flow lag times and variable combinations, SWD on 233 (64 %) out of 363 floodplain grid cells were modeled with r2 ≥ 0.6. The contribution of P, ET and SM to the models' predictive performance differed among the three sub-regions, with the highest contributions in the least regulated and most arid sub-region. The SMF presented here is suitable for modeling SWD on finer spatial entities compared to most existing studies and applicable to other large and heterogeneous river basins across the world.
Hazard function theory for nonstationary natural hazards
Authors: Read L. K. , Vogel R. M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Impact from natural hazards is a shared global problem that causes tremendous loss of life and property, economic cost, and damage to the environment. Increasingly, many natural processes show evidence of nonstationary behavior including wind speeds, landslides, wildfires, precipitation, streamflow, sea levels, and earthquakes. Traditional probabilistic analysis of natural hazards based on peaks over threshold (POT) generally assumes stationarity in the magnitudes and arrivals of events, i.e. that the probability of exceedance of some critical event is constant through time. Given increasing evidence of trends in natural hazards, new methods are needed to characterize their probabilistic behavior. The well-developed field of hazard function analysis (HFA) is ideally suited to this problem because its primary goal is to describe changes in the exceedance probability of an event over time. HFA is widely used in medicine, manufacturing, actuarial statistics, reliability engineering, economics, and elsewhere. HFA provides a rich theory to relate the natural hazard event series (X) with its failure time series (T), enabling computation of corresponding average return periods, risk and reliabilities associated with nonstationary event series. This work investigates the suitability of HFA to characterize nonstationary natural hazards whose POT magnitudes are assumed to follow the widely applied Generalized Pareto (GP) model. We derive the hazard function for this case and demonstrate how metrics such as reliability and average return period are impacted by nonstationarity and discuss the implications for planning and design. Our theoretical analysis linking hazard event series X, with corresponding failure time series T, should have application to a wide class of natural hazards with rich opportunities for future extensions.
Mesoscale eddies and submesoscale structures of Persian Gulf Water off the Omani coast in Spring 2011
Authors: L'Hégaret P. , Carton X. , Louazel S. , Boutin G.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The Persian Gulf produces a high salinity water (Persian Gulf Water, PGW hereafter) flowing into the Sea of Oman, in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Past the Strait of Hormuz, the PGW cascades down the continental slope and spreads in the Sea of Oman under the influence of the energetic mesoscale eddies with different thermohaline signatures and pathways depending of the season. In spring 2011, the Phys-Indien experiment was carried out in the Arabian Sea an in the Sea of Oman. This study uses the results from the measurements to characterize the water masses, their thermohaline and dynamical signatures. During the spring intermonsoon, an anticyclonic eddy is often observed at the mouth of the Sea of Oman. This structure was present in 2011 and created a front between the eastern and western part of the basin. As well two energetic gyres were present along the Omani coast in the Arabian Sea. At their peripheries, injections of fresh and cold water are found in relation with the stirring of the eddies. The PGW observed below or between these eddies have a different dilution depending of the position and formation periods of the gyres. Furthermore, in the western Sea of Oman, the PGW is fragmented in filaments and submesoscale eddies. As well, recirculation of the PGW is observed, thus having the presence of salty nearby patches with two densities. Offshore, in the Arabian Sea, a submesoscale lens was recorded. The different mechanisms leading to its formation and presence are assessed here.
Multivariate extreme value analysis of storm surges in SCS on peak over threshold method
Authors: Luo Y. , Sui D. , Shi H. , Zhou Z. , Wang D.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We use a novel statistical approach-MGPD to analyze the joint probability distribution of storm surge events at two sites and present a warning method for storm surges at two adjacent positions in Beibu Gulf, using the sufficiently long field data on surge levels at two sites. The methodology also develops the procedure of application of MGPD, which includes joint threshold and Monte Carlo simulation, to handle multivariate extreme values analysis. By comparing the simulation result with analytic solution, it is shown that the relative error of the Monte Carlo simulation is less than 8.6 %. By running MGPD model based on long data at Beihai and Dongfang, the simulated potential surge results can be employed in storm surge warnings of Beihai and joint extreme water level predictions of two sites.
Indifference Curve Supremacy in Tourism Consumption Behaviour: Case of Zimbabwe Destination
Authors: Chigora Farai , Vutete Clever
Published: November 2015

The study was based on the indifference curve analysis as an economics concept that is premised on assessing consumer behaviour driven by their budgets, products choice and maximum satisfaction. The model was applied in the Zimbabwe tourism destination since the behaviour of the tourists has changed from positive to a negative over its offerings. The research was done using both qualitative and quantitative research designs which is a mixed method. The results of the research shows that the budgets of tourists are failing to meet the prices charged in the Zimbabwean tourism destination. Local participants pointed on the economic downfall which has reduced the value of their disposable income associated with high unemployment rate. Foreign respondents revealed that the Zimbabwean tourism destination is expensive for holiday makers as compared to other tourism destinations in the region. These factors have reduced the totals satisfaction of tourists in Zimbabwe. The research therefore recommended price discrimination charging relatively low prices to local tourists, intensive campaigns to positively change the behaviour of local tourists and mergers so as to achieve economies of scale and charge low prices.
The Rhetorics of Recognition in Geontopower
Authors: Povinelli Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2015

This article examines the rhetorics of recognition in postclimate change political theory. As the future of human life—or a human way of life—is put under pressure from the heating of the planet, critical theory has increasingly leveled the ontological distinctions among biological, geological, and meteorological existents, and a posthuman critique is giving way to a postliving critique and biopower is giving way to geontopower. Building on my recent reflections on geontopower, I explore how critical theory is absorbing nonliving existents into late liberal forms of democracy, focusing more specifically on the logos-oriented model of Jacques Rancière and post-Deleuzean vitalist oriented models.
Hegel's Pathology of Recognition: A Biopolitical Fable
Authors: Murray Stuart J.
Published: November 2015

This article examines the figures of life and death as rhetorical and material conditions for self-consciousness and mutual recognition, notoriously described in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. It turns to Hegel's treatment of life and death, concepts that—according to Hegel's mature system—anticipate and prefigure the struggle for recognition and its master-slave dialectic. Part 1 analyzes the Philosophy of Nature, with attention to how the sex relation, species-life, and the diseased body “pathologically” figure the life and death of the nonhuman (animal) organism. Part 2 takes up Hegel's “Anthropology,” which opens his Philosophy of Mind, exploring the problematic relationship between (reproductive) sex and love as an incipient politics of woman, family, civil society, and state. Part 3 brings Hegel's world-historical system into dialogue with contemporary biopolitics, arguing that recognition today is driven by a world-historical discourse on bios and that Hegel's “pathological” figures might occasion a productive critique of affirmative biopolitics.
Witnessing, Recognition, and Response Ethics
Authors: Oliver Kelly
Published: November 2015

First I discuss the limitations of recognition for grounding both politics and ethics, the main problem being that recognition is distributed according to an axis of power that is part and parcel of systems of dominance and oppression. Next, I take up more recent attempts to link recognition to vulnerability rather than to self-consciousness. I challenge the concept of vulnerability on the grounds that it is not exclusive to, or constitutive of, humanity, on the one hand, and criticize it for ignoring differences in levels of vulnerability, on the other. I propose witnessing, grounded in response ethics, as a supplement to recognition models of political and ethical subjectivity. Witnessing takes us beyond recognition to the affective and imaginative dimensions of experience, which must be added to the politics of recognition. It requires a commitment to what Jacques Derrida calls “hyperbolic ethics,” an ethics of impossible responsibilities for what we do not and cannot recognize.
Miracles, Cessationism, and Demonic Possession: The Darrell Controversy and the Parameters of Preternature in Early Modern English Demonology
Authors: Bhogal Harman
Published: November 2015

In Thinking with Demons, Stuart Clark demonstrated how one of the fundamental principles that informed early modern European demonological discussion was the concept that demons could not operate beyond the bounds of nature. They were incapable of supernatural acts, but because of their superior abilities and knowledge of the hidden properties of nature that were unknown to humans, they could operate preternaturally: that is, in wondrous ways but not miraculous ways. However, although this was an idea that was steadfastly upheld, its application in practical terms was often problematic. This article will demonstrate this by examining the debate between the Puritan exorcist John Darrell and his opponents, John Deacon and John Walker, who argued that contemporary possession and exorcism was not possible. In particular, it will explore the two main ways in which Deacon and Walker attempted to undermine Darrell's activities.
Becoming Benny
Authors: Fuller-Seeley Kathryn H.
Published: November 2015

This case study traces the evolution of Jack Benny's comedy practices as he moved across entertainment systems from vaudeville to radio in the early 1930s. The core of his comic identity endured—his self-deprecating humor—but other facets of his comic identity shifted and changed in reaction to the new environment. Facing the daunting challenge of filling radio's unprecedented, ferocious demand for new content, Jack Benny struggled but ultimately thrived by developing new approaches to comedy. Benny and writer Harry Conn began to craft a personality-based radio variety program that moved from Benny's vaudeville monologues to expanding the narrative world of the show with dialogue and skits. They created characters out of the show's performers, put them in situations, and turned Benny into a “fall guy” character, the butt of his cast's insulting jokes.