bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the species composition of fish parasites in rivers and lakes in the south of Western Siberia
Authors: Serbina E. A. , Interesova E. A.
Published: April 2024

The fish from 11 lakes and 4 rivers of four regions of the south of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo and Omsk regions), were examined from May to November 2015. A total of 817 specimens 14 fish species to five families: Coregonidae (1 species), Thymallidae (1), Cyprinidae (8), Lotidae (1), Percidae (3) were inspected for ectoparasites and endoparasites were infestation. In the present study taxonomic composition of ectoparasites includes representatives of four families of crustaceans (Lernaeopodidae, Lernaeidae, Argulidae and Ergasilidae) and leeches (Glossiphoniidae). Monogeneans were represented by three families: Dactylogyridae, Tetraonchidae and Diplozoidae. Cestodes of two families Ligulidae and Dilepididae were discovered. Fish infected with сestodes family Diphyllobothriidae were no found. The species composition of trematodes is the most diverse (7 genera to 4 families). Metacercariae of the families Diplostomatidae (genera Diplostomum , Posthodiplostomum , Tylodelphys ), Bucephalidae (genus Rhipidocotyle ), Prohemistomatidae (genus Paracoenogonimus ), and Opisthorchiidae (genus Metorchis and Opisthorchis ) were identified. Opisthorchis felineus , and Metorchis bilis , are two opisthorchiid species potentially perilous to human health, and domestic pets (cats, dogs) were found. Metacercariae of O. felineus , in all regions (Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo and Omsk), in all surveyed rivers: Kiya, Tom, Irtysh and Ob were found. The opisthorchiid metacercariae potentially perilous to human health in three species (dace, ide, roach) out of eight studied (Cyprinidae) were found. The trematodes of the family Diplostomatidae were found in 8 fish species. The highest rates of infection were observed in roach and pike perch.
Eutrophication of Arable Soil: The Comparative Effect of Mineral and Organic Fertilizer Systems
Authors: Semenov V. M. , Lebedeva T. N. , Zinyakova N. B. , Sokolov D. A. , Semenov M. V.
Published: April 2024

Agrogenic eutrophication refers to the artificial enrichment of soil with organic carbon and nutrients in result of applying mineral and organic fertilizers to increase soil fertility and plant productivity. Eutrophication of gray forest soils (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic)) was created by annual application of increasing doses of mineral (N 90–360, P2O5 75–300 and K2O 100–400 kg/ha) and organic (fresh cattle manure from 25 to 100 t/ha) fertilizers under plants of a 5–field crop rotation for 9 years in microplots experiment. The NPK amounts applied with the manure were approximately equal to the corresponding doses of mineral fertilizer. The rates of soil enrichment by Corg under mineral and organic fertilizer systems were, respectively, 0.29–0.38 and 0.76–1.56 g/kg per year, Ntot – 0.04–0.06 and 0.06–0.09 g/kg per year, available P2O5 – 4–57 and 11–55 mg/kg per year, available K2O – 5–44 and 6–31 mg/kg per year. The fertilizer doses under both systems were the most significant factor in the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, while the Ntot contents was controlled by the duration of fertilizer application. The Corg content in the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers depended on the dose of manure and the duration of NPK application, respectively. Soil eutrophication with mineral fertilizers was accompanied by a decrease in soil pH, and eutrophication with organic fertilizers, on the contrary, led to an increase in pH. It is emphasized that over–fertilization and long–term use of fertilizers are the main factors in the development of soil eutrophication and the concomitant change in soil pH.
Changes in Enzyme Activity in Post-Pyrogenic Soils (Physical Model Experiment)
Authors: Prikhodko V. D. , Kazeev K. S. , Vilkova V. V. , Nizhelskiy M. S. , Kolesnikov S. I.
Published: April 2024

Presented data on changes in the enzymatic activity of soils under pyrogenic effects in model experiments simulating natural fires. A series of experiments aimed at studying pyrogenic inhibition of enzyme activity and dynamics of their recovery in post-pyrogenic soils were performed under laboratory and natural conditions. The objects of the study were sandy soil (Seropeski, Arenosol) and migratory-segregation black soil (Haplic Chernozem (Loamic, Pachic) Rostov region. Model experiments were carried out by treating soil samples with gas burner flame (amount of heat 87–435 × 103 J) and pyrogenic action of wood fuel combustion (10–279 × 106 J). In the first case, the exposure duration was 1 to 5 min, and in the second case from 1 to 120 min. The response of enzymes (catalase, invertase, urease, peroxidase and phosphatase) to low-temperature plasma exposure (1–120 min) was found to differ depending on the enzyme group and degree of exposure. It was found that the depth of penetration of thermal effects in simulated fires was limited to the top soil layer (0–10 cm), and the radius of spread relative to the combustion source did not exceed 20 cm. Temperature values varied according to time, source of exposure and amount of fuel (400–600°C). Sandy soils and chernozem were heated and cooled down at different rates. The activity of catalase, invertase and urease were found to be inversely related to the intensity of pyrogenic exposure. The dynamics of enzyme activity recovery in post-pyrogenic soils was traced. Invertase activity recovered faster than catalase and urease activity, but full recovery after a year does not occur. The results obtained indicate a significantly prolonged effect of inhibition of enzymatic activity during simulation of natural fires.
Stability of Arable Soil Aggregates: Experimental Determination and Normative Characteristics
Authors: Ushkova D. A. , Konkina U. A. , Gorepekin I. V. , Potapov D. I. , Shein E. V. , Fedotov G. N.
Published: April 2024

Soil stability in modern soil physics is divided into two directions: water stability and resistance to mechanical influences (compression, wedging). Both soil properties in water-saturated soil are based on the rupture of intra-aggregate interparticle bonds, however, no standard physically justified values have been proposed to characterize the stability of aggregates. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the physical concept of stability of soil aggregates and to propose a single methodological method for quantifying stability as a normative soil characteristic. A high-performance method has been developed based on the dissection of linearly arranged water-saturated aggregates using blades under controlled load. The main stages of the technique are vacuuming of aggregates to eliminate the uncontrolled influence of trapped air, saturation of aggregates in vacuum with water and subsequent determination of the aggregates stability to penetration of blades. Experimental stability values (mN/aggregate) were obtained for 17 soils, which made it possible to form normative ranges for mountainous arable heavy loamy soils: sod-podzolic – 17–19, gray forest –27–29, chernozems – 34–37 mN/agr and a number of other soils, which makes it possible to apply the obtained value as a soil characteristic of the stability of aggregates. The possibility of using the stability values as a methodological basis for monitoring soil stability and degradation, quantitative directions for assessing the state of physical characteristics of soil aggregates (first their main parameter, their stability) is discussed. Taking into account the highly correlative dependence of the proposed stability characteristic on the water stability values obtained by the Savvinov method (85%) and the high performance of the stability determination method (the proposed method is about 20 times more productive than the Savvinov method), the possibilities of using the method and the obtained values of the stability of aggregates as a general physical characteristic and a separate well for quantifying water stability are discussed.
Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Organic Matter in Cambisols of Eastern Sayan Foothills
Authors: Golubtsov V. A. , Vanteeva Yu. V. , Bronnikova M. A. , Cherkashina A. A. , Znamenskaya T. I.
Published: April 2024

Understanding the variability of stable carbon isotopic composition of organic matter in Cambisols, one of the most widespread soils in the temperate zone, can shed light on the response of forest soils to changes in environmental conditions. The studies were carried out in the foothills of the northeastern macroslope of the Eastern Sayan ridge. For the first time, the formation of Cambisols here was established. Investigated soils are one of the isotopically lightest soils of the Baikal region which is most associated with favorable moistening conditions for the vegetation that forms soil organic matter (δ13С values of the dominant species vary from –32.6 to –27.8‰). The variations in δ13С values from site to site do not exceed 1‰ (–25.81…–26.81‰) for the organic matter of surface soil horizons despite significant differences in the input and subsequent transformation of organic matter. At the same time, there is a significant intrasoil gradient of δ13С values (4–5‰). An analysis of differences in the intensity of carbon turnover, expressed through the slope of the linear regression (β) between δ13C values and log-transformed content of total carbon in the soil, which varies with depth, showed that, most likely, the isotope profile of the studied Cambisols is formed under the influence of microbial utilization of organic matter, which manifests itself with different intensity depending on the composition of organic-rich horizons. The increased intensity of mineralization of labile components of plant material in the upper part of the organic profile of soils with developed litter and organic-accumulative horizons can lead to a noticeable increase in δ13С values and a more pronounced β, in contrast to soils with a predominance of mineral horizons in the organic profile.
Comparative Analysis of the Results of Traditional and Digital Large-Scale Soil Mapping on the Example of a Site at the National Park “Smolenskoe Lakeland”
Authors: Kulikova A. I. , Chechenko P. D. , Osipova M. S. , Shopina О. V. , Semenkov I. N.
Published: April 2024

For the territory of the Smolensk Lakeland with a complex and understudied soil cover and considerable influence of the anthropogenic factor, it is relevant to create soil maps using the comparative geographic method. For an area of 8.8 km2 in the southwestern part of the Smolenskoye Lakeland National Park, soil maps (scale 1 : 25 000) were created using the methods of traditional and digital soil mapping (DSM). And a comparison of the results obtained was made. The territory under consideration is dominated by gray-humus soils (Umbric Cambisol (Loamic) and Arenosols (Ochric)) on two maps. These soils are associated with past agricultural use and regeneration of old arable soils. Smaller areas are occupied by alpha-humus and texture-differentiated soils (Podzols (Arenic) and Retisols (Loamic), respectively). In addition, isolated areas of psammozems (Arenosols) have been found and identified on the map using traditional approach. The overall accuracy of the map compiled by the DSM methods was 55%. The leading factors were identified: the position in the relief, the nature of the substrate and vegetation. The distribution of texturally differentiated soils associated with loamic parent materials and humus-peat soils formed in local depressions and on the floodplain of Lake Baklanovskoye is predicted with an accuracy of 87% and 60%, respectively. The location of podzol soils (Entic Rustic Podzols (Ochric)) is predicted with an accuracy of only 29%. The traditional mapping method was able to better reflect the diversity of the soil cover on a large scale compared to the digital method.
Biocontrol Potential of Novel Borrelidin-Producing Streptomyces rochei 3IZ-6 Isolated from Izraeli Soil
Authors: Shirokikh I. G. , Osterman I. A. , Lukianov D. A. , Marina V. I. , Biryukov M. V. , Belozerova O. A. , Guglya E. B. , Shirokikh A. A. , Nazarova Ya. I. , Bokov N. A. , Zakalyukina Yu. V.
Published: April 2024

The soil actinobiota of various climatic zones are a rich source of bioactive natural products, including novel drugs. A complex of soil actinomycetes in the upper horizon of the grumusols (Vertisols) on the western coast of Lake Kinneret in the vicinity of Tiberias (Lower Galilee, Israel) was studied. The screening of the antagonistic activity of 26 isolates using on a dual reporter system revealed the bacterial strain 3IZ-6, which had the ability to inhibit protein synthesis. Strain 3IZ-6 was assigned to Streptomyces rochei by polyphase taxonomy approach. The active substance of S. rochei 3IZ-6 was isolated and purified using solid-phase extraction and HPLC. Toe-print analysis and mass spectrometry data allowed to establish, that active compound is a known inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, borrelidin. S. rochei 3IZ-6 can be used as a producer of borrelidin in biocontrol against phytopathogens and weeds.
Soil Bacterial Community during Straw Decomposition Depending on the Amount of Available Organic Matter
Authors: Orlova O. V. , Kichko A. A. , Chirak E. L. , Zverev A. O. , Lisina T. O. , Andronov E. E.
Published: April 2024

The properties and functions of soils are largely determined by the amount of available organic matter, which is most significant for the vital activity of microorganisms. The influence of the content of soil available organic matter on the composition and functioning of the microbial community during the transformation of barley straw in the soil is considered. A soddy-podzolic soil (Umbric Albic Retisols (Abruptic)), layer 0–20 cm, was incubated (t 25°C, 60% TFC) for 4 months and a model soil with a reduced content of available organic matter was obtained. Next, a laboratory experiment was carried out with the introduction of barley straw into native and model soil. In dynamics (0, 7, 40, and 70 days), soil respiration, microbial biomass (SBI), the number of microorganisms, and the taxonomic composition of the microbial community (16S-rRNA sequencing) were analyzed. The quality of soil organic matter was assessed by the content of total organic carbon (Ctot) and its fractions: available (Cavail), water-soluble (Cwat), labile (Clab). It has been shown that in the model soil the amount of Cwat and Cavail decreases by half in the absence of significant differences in the content of Ctot. In addition, there was a visible deterioration in the aggregate structure of the soil and an acceleration in the transformation of straw in it (25% more than in the native one). The taxonomic composition of the soil bacterial community was influenced by the amount of available organic matter in the soil, the addition of straw, and the time of incubation. A decrease in the content of available organic matter changes the composition of the microbial community: the proportions of the phyla Acidobacteria and Firmicutes decrease, while the proportions of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, and archaea increase. It was revealed that the dominant part (50% of the total) of the microbial community of the depleted soil is characterized by great diversity and oligotrophy. Indicators are proposed for comparing soils by the oligotrophy of the microbial community based on the taxonomic composition.
Express Analysis of Vertical Distribution of 137Cs to Assess the Rates of Erosion and Accumulation Processes in the Zone of Intense Radioactive Contamination
Authors: Ivanov M. M. , Ivanova N. N.
Published: April 2024

Field gamma-sensing under conditions of intense radioactive contamination has shown high productivity in studying the migration sediment associated pollutants via erosion and accumulation processes. The purpose of the presented work is to evaluate the applicability of compact gamma detectors without a collimator that narrows the area of gamma radiation registration to determine the vertical distribution of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs. Accum-ulative strata of sediments formed within the “Plavsk radioactive hot spot” in the southern part of the Tula region were chosen as the object of research. By comparing the obtained vertical distribution of the gamma quantum counting rate and the actual distribution of 137Cs deposits, the resulting distortions in the estimation of the relative vertical distribution of radionuclides in the soil were considered, limiting the applicability of the proposed measurement scheme. The main prospects for further application of the gamma-sensing technique of soil cover at relatively high concentrations of radionuclides in accumulated sediments were identified.
Factors for Conversion of the Content of Double-Stranded DNA to Carbon of Soil Microbial Biomass
Authors: Chernysheva E. V. , Fornasier F. , Borisov A. V.
Published: April 2024

The relationship between the concentration of soil DNA and microbial biomass, determined by the method of substrate-induced respiration was studied in a wide range of soils differing in particle size distribution, acidity, organic carbon content, microbial biomass, and type of human activity in antiquity and present time. Calcaric Leptosols and Leptic Phaeozems of medieval agricultural lands in the Central Caucasus, Stratozems of agricultural terraces of the late Middle Ages – Modern times in the middle mountain zone of the Eastern Caucasus, as well as Kashtanozems and Solonetzes with different grazing intensity in the dry steppe zone (Rostov region) were chosen as the key sites. It has been shown that the determination of soil dsDNA concentration is a reliable and simple method for determining microbial biomass in soils with a loam texture, organic carbon content less 2%, and microbial biomass less 700 µg C/g of dry soil. The conversion factor FDNA in such soils varied in a narrow range from 5.24 to 5.41. In soils with a high content of organic carbon, an increase of FDNA (6.56 and 10.56) was observed due to the presence of recalcitrant e-xtracellular DNA. Agristratified soil of sandy loam texture was characterized by a lower degree of preservation of dsDNA, which resulted in a decrease in the determined microbial biomass (FDNA = 4.22). A reduced conversion factor FDNA (4.78) was also found in the soils of pastures in the dry steppe zone, which confirms the known limitations of using the substrate-induced respiration method in alkaline soils. Human activity does not significantly affect the relationship between the amount of soil DNA and microbial biomass.
Biotechnological Potential of Hydrolytic Prokaryotic Component in Soils
Authors: Manucharova N. A. , Kovalenko M. A. , Alekseeva M. G. , Babenko A. D. , Stepanov A. L.
Published: April 2024

The phylogenetic and functional diversity of a prokaryotic complex with biotechnological potential (carrying out the destruction of biopolymers, hydrocarbons; capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites; nitrogen fixation process) in soil and associated ecosystems has been studied. In order to identify the specifics of the development of metabolically active prokaryotes with biotechnological potential, the patterns of their distribution and the dependence of functional activity on the main environmental factors have been established. The study used molecular biological and bioinformatic approaches. The range of samples studied included modern soils (Volgograd, Tula, Moscow regions, Siberia and the Northern part of Central Kamchatka), relict habitats (Volgograd Region and Central Kamchatka) and permafrost soils of Antarctica (King George Island). The impact of anthropogenic and abiogenic loads on the development of the prokaryotic community was considered. In soils exposed to anthropogenic or abiogenic loads, along with a decrease in the diversity and abundance of prokaryotes, an increase in the number of genes marking the ability of a community to biodegradate xenobiotics, as well as genes encoding nitrogen transformations and the level of metabolism of cofactors and vitamins was found. The bacterial complex is capable of nitrification with high oil contamination of the soil, and its role also increases in the lower layers of the soil profile. Archaea play a leading role in the nitrification process in undisturbed soils. The revealed patterns indicate a high metabolic potential of the prokaryotic component of the objects under consideration and open up opportunities for biotechnological use of strains isolated from relict habitats.
Abundance and Diversity of Prokaryotic Communities of Dust Aerosol and Urban Soils on the Territory of Moscow
Authors: Lysak L. V. , Shoba S. A. , Prokof’eva T. V. , Glushakova A. M. , Goncharov N. V. , Belov A. A.
Published: April 2024

The complex (quantitative and qualitative) characteristics of prokaryotic communities of solid atmospheric fallouts (dust aerosol) and soils in the territory of Moscow in areas with different intensity of anthropogenic load have been done. The total number of bacteria in the studied samples of solid atmospheric fallouts (SAF) was lower than the number of bacteria in soil samples; actinomycete mycelium was not found in the dust samples, although it was found in soil samples. The number of culturable saprotrophic bacteria in dust samples was an order of magnitude lower than in Urbic Technosols taken from the same plots. Representatives of the genus Micrococcus dominated among cultivated bacteria in the dust aerosols, while representatives of the phylum Proteobacteria dominated in soils. Representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family were found in the dust samples, among which there are species that are potential human pathogens. The maximum biodiversity of bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family was recorded in the dust samples taken in areas with increased anthropogenic and transport load. The sanitary-indicative bacterium Escherichia coli was found in all samples of the dust and Urbic Technosols, its content varied (from 10 to 100 CFU/g), according to the degree of epidemic danger it characterizes dust and soils as moderately dangerous. Ecological indices calculated for prokaryotic communities in situ (barcoding of the 16S rRNA gene) indicate a lower taxonomic diversity of SAF prokaryotic communities compared to communities of closely spaced Urbic Technosols.
Retrospective Analysis of Agricultural Development History and Evaluation of Soil Erosion Rates within the Lokna River Basin, Tula Region
Authors: Ivanova N. N. , Fomicheva D. V. , Rukhovich D. I. , Shamshurina E. N.
Published: April 2024

According to literary and archival data, the dynamics of the Tula region/province plowing as a whole, and its individual parts are revealed. It is established that the agricultural development of southern part of the modern Tula region began in the middle of the XVII century. According to the maps of different years of creation, changes in the area of arable land in the Lokna river basin (Plavsk district of the Tula region) from the end of the 18 to the present are determined. The reliability of the values of ploughing of the territory obtained by instrumental methods is confirmed by literature data. The composition of field crops and changes in farming systems during the period under review were reconstructed, significant conservatism of these indicators was revealed: the fallow three-field dominated throughout the XIX and the first half of the XX centuries, the predominance of rye in winter crops and oats in spring crops remained until the 1970s. According to the WaTEM/SEDEM, using historical data on the change in the main erosion factors as input parameters, the intensity and volume of rainfall run-off for the selected stages of agricultural development of the Lokna river basin were calculated. In order to compare the results with the literature data for the period 1980–1993 yr the snowmelt soil erosion rates were additionally calculated. The reliability of the obtained estimates for the last 40–50 years is confirmed by the literature data. It is established that the maximum plowing and intensity of the manifestation of erosion processes in the Lokna river basin was observed in the last quarter of the XIX–early XX centuries. The influence of the arable land location relative to the relief elements on the rates and volumes of run-off is revealed.
Qualitative Assessment of the Contribution of Various Components to Cu(II) Adsorption by Alluvial Soddy-Gley Soil
Authors: Pyatova M. I. , Tolpeshta I. I. , Izosimova Yu. G. , Karpukhin М. М. , Barsova N. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Using the method of sequential removal of various types of sorption surfaces, a qualitative assessment of the contribution of organic matter, non-silicate iron compounds, and clay minerals to the adsorption of Cu(II) by alluvial soddy-gley soil was carried out under the conditions of laboratory equilibrium experiments. It has been established that the contribution of each of the components is determined both by the ability to form surface inner-sphere complexes at pH-dependent positions, and by the availability of sorption centers in the places of localization of a constant charge of clay minerals. In the AY horizon, the main components sorbing Cu(II) are organic matter and nonsilicate iron compounds, while in the ABg and BDg horizons, clay minerals make the main contribution to Cu(II) adsorption under the experimental conditions. The main mechanism of Cu(II) adsorption in the AY horizon is ion exchange with H+ on functional groups of organic matter and surface hydroxyls of nonsilicate iron compounds. In the underlying horizons, Cu(II) is mainly sorbed as a result of ion exchange with cations that compensate for the constant charge of the crystal lattices of clay minerals. Soil treatment with 10% H2O2 and the Mehra-Jackson reagent leads to a change in the surface area, quality and quantity of sorption centers, and to the transformation of the crystal lattices of clay minerals. These changes should be taken into account when assessing the contribution of soil components to the sorption of metal ions.
Macrofauna and Organic Matter in Postagrogenic Sandy Soils at the NW Smolensk Region (Russia)
Authors: Terekhova D. A. , Smirnova M. A. , Geraskina А. P. , Shopina О. V. , Кuznetsova А. I. , Bavshin I. М. , Klink G. V. , Enchilik P. R. , Khokhryakov V. R. , Gerasimova M. I. , Semenkov I. N.
Published: April 2024

Natural reforestation on the abandoned arable lands is one of the characteristic processes that triggers the transformation of soils, accompanied by the change in the abundance, biomass, and taxonomic structure of the soil macrofauna. The assessment of the restoration potential of the soil properties and soil macrofauna to the natural state, the duration of this period, the dynamics of soil organic carbon stocks, and the role of macrofauna in this process at different stages of post-agrogenic successions is relevant for prediction of changes in ecosystem components and their role in the storage of organic carbon under various land use scenarios. The work is based on the data on organic carbon reserves, morphological properties of soils, abundance, biomass and taxonomic structure of the soil macrofauna of arable lands, primary forests and 5 stages of pine forest restoration (fallow meadows and pine forests of different ages) at the Smolenskoye Poozerye National Park (Smolensk region). It was revealed that in the soils of the 85–100-year-old pine forests, signs of plowing are preserved in the form of the smooth lower boundary of the humus horizon. At the same time, signs of soil regradation appear already at the meadow stage and are expressed in the formation of a thin humus horizon penetrated by roots, which transforms further at the next stages. In the litter and mineral part of the soil, the carbon stocks change non-monotonically with a maximum at the meadow stage and a minimum in 70–80-year-old forests. By the age of 80, the stock of organic carbon in the mineral part of soils is almost restored to the background values. The composition of soil macrofauna changes drastically during the transition from meadow to forest communities. At the initial stages (in agrocenoses and fallow meadows), the fauna of mineral soil horizons predominates: endogeic earthworms and larvae of lamellar beetles. Further, the fauna of organic horizons is restored, among which there is a high proportion of saprophages – epigeic and epi-endogeic earthworms, which contribute to the differentiation of litter. The biomass of saprophages has a negative correlation with the carbon reserves in the mineral part of forest soils, the thickness and reserves of organic carbon in the litter, and a positive correlation with the share of the easily decomposable litter fraction.
The Content of Various Forms of Potassium in the Soil Profile of the Sod-Podzolic Soil of the Pre-Urals
Authors: Zavyalova N. E. , Vasbieva M. T. , Shishkov D. G. , Ivanova O. V.
Published: April 2024

The effect of long-term use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers and their combinations (N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK) on chang in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil (Albic Retisol (Abruptic, Aric Loamic)) was studied the content of gross potassium and its easily exchangeable, exchangeable and non-exchangeable compounds. The research was carried out in a meter layer of soil under the conditions of a long-term stationary experiment laid down in the Perm Region in 1978. In the experiment, ammonium nitrate or urea, double or simple superphosphate and potassium chloride were used. The dose of fertilizers was 90 kg/ha in the primary plant food. Long-term application of potassium chloride in pure form and in combination with superphosphate and nitrogen fertilizers (K90, (PK)90, (NK)90, (NPK)90) provided an increase in the gross content of potassium in the arable soil layer by 1.1–1.2 times and its various compounds by 1.1–2.8 times (relative to the control variant). A narrowing of the ratio of non-exchangeable forms of potassium to exchange forms is noted here. Changes in the meter layer of soil depended on the combination of fertilizers, the studied form of potassium compounds in the soil. The introduction of only nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (N90, P90, (NP)90) without compensation for potassium removal during five rotations of the eight-field field crop rotation led to a decrease in the reserves of exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium compounds in the 0–40 cm layer by 15–20%. The minimum level of potassium exchange compounds in sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil in a layer of 0–20 cm was 108–112 mg/kg.
Ecological and Geochemical State of Soil Cover in Gusinoozersk in the Zone of Influence of Coal Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Sycheva D. G. , Kosheleva N. E.
Published: April 2024

The pollution of the topsoils of the city of Gusinoozersk (Republic of Buryatia) under the influence of emissions from State District Power Plant (SDPP) which used the Okino-Klyuchevskiy brown coal as fuel was studied. The content of 14 elements (Sr, As, Co, Mo, Sb, V, Cu, Ni, Cr, W, Zn, Bi, Cd, Pb) in bulk samples, as well as in the fraction of physical clay (particles with a diameter 10 µm, PM10) and in samples of brown coal and ash from the SDPP. Strontium, As, Co, Mo, Sb, V are the priority pollutants in the soils of Gusinoozersk with higher concentrations of most elements in the PM10 fraction. Soils and the PM10 fraction in the industrial operating subzone are the most polluted with Sr, As, Co, V, Cu, Mo, Ni, Cr, which are contained in the fly ash of the Gusinoozerskaya SDPP. Most of the territory (57% for soils in general and 47% for the PM10 fraction) is characterized by a low level of pollution (Zc = 8–16). Arsenic poses the greatest environmental hazard; in the PM10 fraction, its concentrations exceeded the MPC in 90% of the studied samples. In soils and their PM10 fraction, the leading factors for the accumulation of elements are the content of Fe2O3, organic matter, soil texture, alkaline-acid conditions, and belonging to a functional zone, which determine the formation of various classes of geochemical barriers. The polluting effect of brown coals depends on the content of heavy metals and metalloids in them. Comparison of the chemical composition of the Okino-Klyuchevskii brown coal and ash from the Gusinoozerskaya SDPP and the Kansk-Achinskii coal and ash from the Central Thermal Power Plant of Severobaikalsk showed that the brown coal and ash from Severobaikalsk were slightly enriched in metals and metalloids, which significantly reduced their accumulation in soils.
Evaluation of Direction and Mechanisms of Biochar Application Effect on Substrate-Induced Soil Respiration in a Long-Term Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Smirnova E. V. , Genyatullin K. G. , Okunev P. V. , Valeeva A. A. , Ryazanov S. S.
Published: April 2024

In a laboratory experiment, the effect of biochar (BC) on substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of soils was studied. In the experiment, 10 samples of BC obtained from woody and herbaceous materials in two modes of pyrolysis were used. The SIR intensity was determined after 3 days, 3 and 6 months of incubation. During short-term incubation, no effect of BC on SIR was observed. The exception was the corn-based BU application, which saw a 34.6% increase in SIR. Аfter incubation for 3 months, a significant increase in SIR was found (from 30.4 to 54.8%) for five BCs were added. When incubated for 6 months, a significant increase in SID (from 30.4 to 65.9%) was observed when eight BCs were applied. Lasso regression and 23 measures of BC properties were used as potential predictors to evaluate BC properties that affect SIR. It was found that during a three-day incubation, the following properties of BС have a positive effect on SIR: the content of oxidizable organic matter (OM), exchangeable calcium, and pH of the aqueous suspension, and a weak negative effect on the content of exchangeable sodium. When incubated for 3 months there is a positive effect of oxidized OM, and after 6 months – ash content. Since only a positive statistically significant effect of BC on SIR was observed in the experiments, the authors conclude that in order to objectively assess the effectiveness of their use for CO2 sequestration in soils, balance calculations are necessary, in which, along with the amount of stable carbon introduced into soils with BC, a potential increase in CO2 emissions from soils due to the activation of soil saprophytic microbiota.
CO2 Emission by Soils of the Ecotone Zone in the North of Western Siberia
Authors: Goncharova O. Yu. , Matyshak G. V. , Timofeeva M. V. , Chuvanov S. V. , Tarkhov M. O. , Isaeva A. A.
Published: April 2024

The study area in the North of Western Siberia is located at the southern limit of the distribution of surficial permafrost in the ecotone zone on the border of taiga and southern tundra. Area is characterized by the contrasting landscapes: pine forests with Albic Podzol; palsa with Histic Oxyaquic Turbic Cryosol and bog ecosystems with Fibric Histosol. The objectives of the study included evaluation the values of CO2 emission (SR) by soils of key landscapes in the growing seasons of 2019–2022, and evaluation the factors of spatial variability of this indicator and its interannual variability. The study included analysis of the RS database (static closed chamber method) and soil hydrothermal parameters for four years in August. In the absence of trends in changing climatic parameters over the past 10 years, a gradual increase in soil temperature in all landscapes and an increase in the depth of thawing in palsa were observed. These changes were not accompanied by significant changes in the SR value. It averaged from 485 to 540 mgCO2/(m2 h) in forest ecosystems, from 150 to 255 mgCO2/(m2 h) in the peat-bog complex with high coefficients of spatial variability. High values of SR in forest ecosystems are determined by a favorable hydrothermal regime, high reserves of root biomass, and good water-physical properties. Part of the CO2 produced by palsa soils is transported by supra-permafrost waters and released from the surface of bog soils. Soil temperature, regulated by seasonal thawing, was a significant predictor of the spatial variability of SR on the soils of the palsa-bog complex.
Effect of Individual Trees on the Soil Respiration in Forest Ecosystems under Industrial Pollution
Authors: Smorkalov I. A. , Vorobeichik E. L.
Published: April 2024

The effect of individual trees on soil and litter respiration in forests polluted with heavy metals from copper smelter emissions was investigated for the first time. We tested the hypothesis that polluted sites exhibit a d-ecrease in the portion of spatial variance of soil respiration associated with the distance to the tree trunk compared to the background area. The study was conducted in the southern taiga spruce-fir and birch forests exposed to long-term pollution from the Middle Ural Copper Smelter in Revda City, Sverdlovsk region, Russia. Measurement points were placed near spruce and birch trees at different distances from the tree trunk (tree-base site, middle of the crown projection, and canopy gap), and total CO2 emission, litter respiration, litter contribution to soil respiration, litter-specific respiratory activity, and litter stock were measured at each point. In the background area, soil respiration decreased from the tree trunk to the canopy gap. The hypothesis was partially confirmed, as the variance portion associated with distance to tree trunks decreased in spruce forests with increasing pollution but did not change in birch forests. A change in spruce forests was due to a decline in litter-specific respiratory activity, while litter stock was considerably higher in the tree-base site than in the canopy gap. It is proposed to locate measurement points in the middle of the crown projection, at a sufficient distance from tree trunks and outside the canopy gaps, to minimize bias in soil respiration estimates.
Bioindication of the Dark Gray Soil State in the Pine Forests of the Krasnoyarsk Forest-Steppe under Anthropogenic Influence
Authors: Grodnitskaya I. D. , Senashova V. A. , Antonov G. I. , Polyakova G. G. , Pashkeeva O. E. , Pashenova N. V.
Published: April 2024

The biological activity of dark gray soil was studied in a 100-year-old pine forb-green-moss forest of the Pogorelsky pine forest of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. In 2017, selective cuttings were carried out in the pine forest, and in May 2022 there was a strong fire. To improve reforestation and increase the biological productivity of the soil, bio-fertilizer based on sawdust-soil substrate with the addition of urea and mycoproduct (SSSU + M) was applied to cut and burned areas. On the experimental plots (Paseka, Volok, Fon), an annual count of self-seeding of pine was carried out. Bioindication of the soil condition was assessed based on the total number and ratio of ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms, enzyme activity, microbial biomass content, intensity of basal respiration and specific respiration of microbial biomass. The application of biofertilizer to the cut areas alkalized the soil by 0.2–0.4 units, retained moisture, increased the content of nitrogen (by 5–14%) and microbial biomass (by 1.2–1.6 times), compared with the control options. The impact of biofertilizers on the germination and growth of self-seeding of pine was noted in the second year after application – in the experimental plots of self-seeding it was 4–6 times greater than in the control ones. The entry of burnt plant residues, coals and ash into the soil in the first week after the fire led to an increase in some microbiological indicators, the activity of urease and invertase, and the activation of carbotrophic microorganisms. However, by the end of the growing season, a decrease in microbiological activity was noted, which indicated a post-pyrogenic depression of microbocenoses. The introduction of biofertilizer on the burnt surface of the plots leveled the effect of pyrogenic effects and stimulated the formation of shoots of scots pine, the number of which was significantly higher than in the control plots. It was found that the universal bioindicators that adequately reflect the state of the soil after all anthropogenic impacts were microbial biomass, specific microbial respiration, enzymatic activity and the total number of microorganisms. A specific bioindication of the soil condition after the fire was an increase in the proportion of bacteria Serratia plymuthica, Bacillus mycoides and fungi of the genera Trichoderma, Penicillium and Mortierela.
Soil Respiration in Agrarian and Natural Ecosystems of the European Part of Russia
Authors: Sukhoveeva O. E. , Karelin D. V. , Zolotukhin A. N. , Pochikalov A. V.
Published: April 2024

The results of the assessment of soil respiration (CO2 emission from soil) in three regions (Chuvash Republic, Ryazan and Kursk regions) are presented. Agrarian (crop and livestock) and natural ecosystems are combined into seven groups: croplands, pastures, hayfields, abandoned lands, forests, stockyards and open compost storages.CO2 emissions were measured in 2020–2022 using the close chamber method. Ecosystems were ranked by increasing rate of CO2 emission from soil in the following order: croplands (0.03–0.24 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) pastures (0.07–0.33 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) ≤ hayfields (0.06–0.35 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) ≤ ≤ forests (0.07–0.28 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) ≤ abandoned lands (0.08–0.37 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) \( \ll \) stockyards (0.21–8.61 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1) \( \ll \) compost storages (1.15–13.85 g C–CO2 m–2 h–1). Estimates of CO2 emissions from pasture, hayfield, forest, and abandoned land soils were not statistically different in most cases. The dependence of soil respiration rate on hydrothermal (temperature and humidity of the upper soil layer, air temperature) and agrochemical (content of total carbon and total nitrogen in the upper soil layer, pH) indicators by geographical regions and by types of ecosystems was analyzed. The most important among the evaluated factors at both ecosystem and regional levels is soil temperature at the 10 cm depth (r = 0.41–0.88, p 0.05). Moisture conditions do not play a significant role in the formation of carbon flux. On the regional scale, the stocks of carbon and nitrogen are significant (r = 0.33–0.92, p 0.05), which are more dependent on the geographical location of sites than on the characteristics of economic activity. The considered indicators determine the variance of CO2 emission from soils of the studied ecosystems by 17–78%.
Satellite Monitoring of Salinization of Irrigated Soils in South Kazakhstan
Authors: Savin I. Yu. , Terekhov A. G. , Amirgaliev E. N. , Sagatdinova G. N.
Published: April 2024

The results of approbation of new approaches to monitoring and forecasting of soil salinity of irrigated soils, based on indirect detection of soil salinity using multi-year archives of satellite data, are presented. Research was carried out on example of irrigated lands of Maktaaral district of Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As an indicator of soil salinity level frequency and terms of soil leaching from salts are used, which are identified on the basis of multi-year archives of satellite data Sentinel-1,2 and Landsat-8 (from 2016 to 2022). Information about the frequency of soil leaching from salts and the year of the last leaching allowed ranking the fields by the degree of soil salinity. Comparison of the obtained information with the fine-scale soil map and with statistical data based on field surveys of the fields showed a good level of similarity of the soil salinity level of the test region. A similar approach can be used for other regions with irrigated soils subjected to secondary salinization. It does not require additional adaptation and is based on simple algorithms of recognition from satellite data of water surface.
Sphagnum Litter as the Most Important Genetic Horizon in the Profile of Peat Soils of Boreal Bogs
Authors: Avetov N. A. , Shishkonakova E. A.
Published: April 2024

Peat soils of the taiga zone of West Siberia have historically been relatively poorly studied. In the diagnostics of peat soils, the question of the belonging of the sphagnum litter horizon to the soil profile, as well as the identification of its lower boundary, remains unresolved. In the WRB and Russian Soil Classification, sphagnum litter is considered as a vegetation cover, while in the Soviet classification it is considered as an integral part of the soil profile. The last point of view is also shared by the majority of Russian researchers. Using the material obtained in the study of peat soils in the basin of the river Kazym (subzone of the northern taiga, West Siberia), a comparative characteristic of the sphagnum litter horizon (0–20 cm) and the underlying peat horizon (20–50 cm) was carried out using three parameters: the botanical composition of peat, the degree of peat decomposition, and the color of the soil. All soils are differentiated into the litter horizon and the peat horizon by at least one parameter (5% of the profiles), but in 71% of cases, by three at once. The degree of profile differentiation into two horizons tends to increase in a series of soils formed, respectively, in oligotrophic pine-shrub-sphagnum, oligotrophic complex ridge-hollow, and mesotrophic biogeocenoses. In the overwhelming majority of oligotrophic peat soils, the transition from the litter horizon to the peat horizon is gradual, which does not allow a reproducible assessment of the boundary position in the soil profile. It is proposed to establish a fixed border of the litter horizon at 20 cm from the surface of the bog, referring it to the surface horizon of peat soil.
Seasonal Activity of Soil Peroxidase in Drained Swamp Pine Forests of Western Siberia: Systematic-Ecological Analysis
Authors: Efremova T. T. , Efremov S. P. , Avrova A. F.
Published: April 2024

We studied a mesotrophic swamp drained 25 years ago, in the northern part of the Ob and Tom rivers (geographical coordinates 56°23′710″ N, 84°34′043″ E). In forest peat soils (0–30 cm), the weighted average of peroxidase activity for the season (base level) was in the mode of weak hydro reclamation 14.4, moderate – 21.9, intensive 70 units (ml I/g of abs. dry sample in 2 min). Second-order parabola is a most adequate function of the main trend of the development of seasonal fluctuations in peroxidase activity. Numerical values and signs of the parabolic trend parameters show that from June to October, the average peroxidase activity decreased weekly by 4.4, 7.6 and 15.2 units with weekly average acceleration by 0.31, 0.59 and 1.54 units in the mode of weak, moderate and intensive drainage, respectively. The seasonal wave of peroxidase activity relative to the baseline level is characterized by a June increase in growth rates, the maximum in the 0–10 cm layer. In July, there is a decrease in the growth rate according to the depth of reclamation: in the mode of weak and moderate drainage the process already covers the entire soil profile in August, in conditions of intensive drainage – in October. The enzyme activity is significantly positively related with soil bulk moisture and pH, negatively – with redox potential and multidirectionally – with soil temperature. Environmental conditions act as duplicate parameters when assessing their contribution to the seasonal dynamics of peroxidase, creating the effect of interchangeability of environmental gradients. Canonical determination indices approximate the cumulative impact of the discussed set by 52–74%, depending on the depth of reclamation. Canonical weights show that the main factor regulating the seasonal activity of peroxidase is the hydrothermal regime. According to canonical correlations, in conditions of weak drainage, to a greater extent under the influence of temperature, intensive – humidity, moderate drainage – humidity and temperature. The differentiated contribution of peroxidase activity in the formation of the humus state of peat soils of different degrees of drainage was revealed.