bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic block‐based attention mechanism stacked autoencoder for describing typical unit connection industrial processes and their monitoring
Authors: Wang Chenhao , Tang Xujia , Yu Jianbo , Yang Xiaofeng , Yan Xuefeng
Published: June 2023

The overall information of a process can be obtained through global modelling, and the local information is easily ignored in the research of the industrial process monitoring of unit connection. Thus, finding the global type of faults is easy, but occurs at the expense of drowning out the local faults. The use of block modelling can highlight local information, thereby improving local fault detection capability. However, the connection information between blocks is usually ignored in block modelling, which makes finding fault classes that only affect the connection relationship between blocks difficult. A mechanistic block‐based attention mechanism stacked autoencoder (MB‐AMSAE) monitoring method is proposed in this paper. The industrial process is divided into several parts in accordance with its mechanistic relationships, and each part represents an independent block. Self‐attention is used to focus on the information of each block itself. Cross‐attention is adopted to focus on the information between blocks, and this information is fused to form new blocks. The new block is used as the feature of the original block, and the original block is reconstructed by using a stacked autoencoder. The corresponding control limit is obtained in accordance with the reconstruction ability of normal samples, and whether the working conditions are normal is judged according to the control limit. The proposed algorithm is used in numerical simulation, Tennessee‐Eastman processes, and is compared with other advanced algorithms based on its fault detection capability. Results show the effectiveness of the MB‐AMSAE algorithm in process monitoring.
Recent Progress on High‐Z Metal‐Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Radiosensitization
Authors: Zhao Xiu , Li Jun , Wang Qiongwei , Zhang Zhenzhong , Liu Junjie , Zhang Chaofeng , Shi Jinjin
Published: June 2023

Comprehensive Summary

Radiotherapy is a mainstay treatment for malignant tumors in clinical practice. However, enhancing radiation damage to tumor cells meanwhile sparing normal tissues is still a great challenge in radiotherapy. Nanomaterials with high atomic number (Z) values are promising radiosensitizers by promoting the radiation energy deposition in irradiated tumor cells, thus enhancing the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy. In this review, we described the mechanisms of high‐Z element based‐radiosensitizers and systematically summarized the recent progress on high‐Z metal‐based nanomaterials, including high‐Z metal‐based nanoparticles, high‐Z metal‐based nanoscale metal‐organic frameworks and high‐Z metal‐doping nanomaterials. Finally, further potential and challenges in this field were discussed.
General guidelines for the performance of viscoelastic property identification in elastography: A Monte‐Carlo analysis from a closed‐form solution
Authors: Van Houten Elijah , Geymonat Giuseppe , Krasucki Françoise , Wattrisse Bertrand
Published: June 2023

Identification of the mechanical properties of a viscoelastic material depends on characteristics of the observed motion field within the object in question. For certain physical and experimental configurations and certain resolutions and variance within the measurement data, the viscoelastic properties of an object may become non‐identifiable. Elastographic imaging methods seek to provide maps of these viscoelastic properties based on displacement data measured by traditional imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance and ultrasound. Here, 1D analytic solutions of the viscoelastic wave equation are used to generate displacement fields over wave conditions representative of diverse time‐harmonic elastography applications. These solutions are tested through the minimization of a least squares objective function suitable for framing the elastography inverse calculation. Analysis shows that the damping ratio and the ratio of the viscoelastic wavelength to the size of the domain play critical roles in the form of this least squares objective function. In addition, it can be shown analytically that this objective function will contain local minima, which hinder discovery of the global minima via gradient descent methods.
Evaluation of Cytochrome P450‐Mediated Cannabinoid‐Drug Interactions in Healthy Adult Participants
Authors: Bansal Sumit , Zamarripa C. Austin , Spindle Tory R. , Weerts Elise M. , Thummel Kenneth E. , Vandrey Ryan , Paine Mary F. , Unadkat Jashvant D.
Published: June 2023

Understanding cannabis‐drug interactions is critical given regulatory changes that have increased access to and use of cannabis. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC), the most abundant phytocannabinoids, are in vitro reversible and time‐dependent (CBD only) inhibitors of several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Cannabis extracts were used to evaluate quantitatively potential pharmacokinetic cannabinoid‐drug interactions in 18 healthy adults. Participant received, in a randomized cross‐over manner (separated by ≥ 1 week), a brownie containing (i) no cannabis extract (ethanol/placebo), (ii) CBD‐dominant cannabis extract (640 mg CBD + 20 mg Δ9‐THC), or (iii) Δ9‐THC‐dominant cannabis extract (20 mg Δ9‐THC and no CBD). After 30 minutes, participants consumed a cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug cocktail consisting of caffeine (CYP1A2), losartan (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6), and midazolam (CYP3A). Plasma and urine samples were collected (0–24 hours). The CBD + Δ9‐THC brownie inhibited CYP2C19 > CYP2C9 > CYP3A > CYP1A2 (but not CYP2D6) activity, as evidenced by an increase in the geometric mean ratio of probe drug area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) relative to placebo (AUCGMR) of omeprazole, losartan, midazolam, and caffeine by 207%, 77%, 56%, and 39%, respectively. In contrast, the Δ9‐THC brownie did not inhibit any of the CYPs. The CBD + Δ9‐THC brownie increased Δ9‐THC AUCGMR by 161%, consistent with CBD inhibiting CYP2C9‐mediated oral Δ9‐THC clearance. Except for caffeine, these interactions were well‐predicted by our physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model (within 26% of observed interactions). Results can be used to help guide dose adjustment of drugs co‐consumed with cannabis products and the dose of CBD in cannabis products to reduce interaction risk with Δ9‐THC.
Determining the critical recruitment needs for the declining population of Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green in Free State, South Africa
Authors: Vukeya Loyd R. , Mokotjomela Thabiso M. , Powrie Leslie W. , Nenungwi L.
Published: June 2023

Olea europaea subsp. africana (Mill.) P.S. Green (medium‐sized tree species known as “African wild olive”), provides important ecological goods and services for sustaining frugivores in the grassland biome in South Africa. We speculate that O. europaea subsp. africana's population has been declining due to habitat loss and exploitation for domestic benefits suggesting an unrecognized conservation threat. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the anthropogenic conservation threats for O. europaea subsp. africana in the Free State, South Africa and to determine the potential importance of seed dispersal effectiveness in the restoration of the species in the study area. Overall, the results showed that 39% of the natural habitat range has been transformed by human‐mediated activities. Agricultural activities accounted for 27%, while mining activities and human settlement accounted for 12%, of natural habitat loss. In support of the study predictions, seeds of O. europaea subsp. africana had significantly higher germination and germinated faster after passing through the mammal gut (i.e., 28% and 1.49 per week), compared to other seed treatments (i.e., over 39 weeks). However, there were no statistically significant differences between seed germination of the bird‐ingested seeds, with intact fruits as the experimental control, although both were significantly greater than the de‐pulped seeds. Potential seed dispersal distances by birds were relatively larger, ranging from 9.4 km to 53 km, than those of mammals (1.5 km–4.5 km). We propose that the O. europaea subsp. africana's habitat range may have been declining, and since it is a keystone plant species, we recommend that the complementary seed dispersal services by birds and mammals could be important for its recruitment and restoration in the degraded habitat.
Strategic multimodal non‐invasive assessment of cardiac performance in patients with heart failure
Authors: Kim Mi‐Jeong , Cho Jung Sun , Lee Kyusup , Kwon Woojin , Ohn Chaeryeon , Lee Myunhee , Kim Dae‐Won , Kim Tae‐Seok , Park Mahn‐Won
Published: June 2023

Aims

Although various non‐invasive cardiac examinations are known to be predictive of long‐term outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF), combining them properly would provide synergism. We aimed to show that non‐invasive cardiac assessments targeting left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP), left atrial remodelling, and exercise capacity would provide better prognostication in combination.

Methods and results

This prospective observational study included consecutive hospitalized stage A–C HF patients evaluated with N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), echocardiography including two‐dimensional speckle tracking, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. According to NT‐proBNP and echocardiographic semi‐quantitative LVFP grading (Echo‐LVFP), patients were classified into three LVFP groups: normal range of both Echo‐LVFP and NT‐proBNP (Group 1), normal range of Echo‐LVFP but elevated NT‐proBNP (Group 2), and elevated Echo‐LVFP and NT‐proBNP (Group 3). The adverse outcome was defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome, acute stroke, or HF‐related hospitalization. Among 224 HF patients (mean age of 63.8 ± 11.6 years, 158 men) analysed, 160 (71.4%) had ischaemic aetiology. During the follow‐up of 18.6 ± 9.8 months, event‐free survival in Group 2 (n = 56, age of 65.4 ± 12.4) was better than that in Group 3 (n = 45, age of 68.5 ± 11.5) but worse than that in Group 1 (n = 123, mean age of 61.4 ± 10.5) (log‐rank P < 0.001). Mechanical left atrial dysfunction (peak longitudinal strain <28%) (adjusted hazard ratio 5.69, 95% confidence interval 1.06–4.48) and limited exercise capacity (peak VO2 per +5 mL/kg/min) (adjusted hazard ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.46–0.87) were also predictable adverse outcomes. Serial addition of peak VO2 and left atrial strain to the model incrementally enhanced the predictive power of LVFP‐based risk stratification for adverse outcomes.

Conclusions

The combination of NT‐proBNP and Echo‐LVFP could be used to predict adverse outcomes in patients with HF of various stages. Left atrial mechanics and exercise capacity are incremental to prognostication. Non‐invasive test findings could be strategically combined to provide an integrative profile of cardiac performance.
Macitentan treatment of portopulmonary hypertension with hepatopulmonary syndrome: a case report and literature review
Authors: Li Niuniu , Wu Qiang , Meng Juan , Feng Cheng , Jiang Siwei , Chen Meixia , Xu Wenhui , Wang Fei , Zhang Yifan , Liu Juncai , Xu Cheng , Liu Gaolin , Gao Hong
Published: June 2023

Pulmonary arterial hypertension‐targeted therapies in portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) are scarce, let alone for patients with chronic liver failure (CLF) and hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). A 48‐year male was admitted to the hospital because of cirrhosis for 18 years, systemic oedema, and chest distress after exercise for 1 week. He was diagnosed with CLF, PoPH, and HPS. After 7 weeks of macitentan treatment, the patient's activity tolerance, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), cTNI, and NT‐proBNP changes indicated gradual recovery, without hepatic safety concerns. This case indicated that administering macitentan in patients diagnosed as PoPH (with CLF and HPS) may be efficient and safe enough in a clinical setting.
1‐Azathioxanthone Appended Lanthanide(III) DO3A Complexes That Luminesce Following Excitation at 405 nm**
Authors: Gundorff Nielsen Lea , Ravnsborg Hansen Anne Katrine , Stachelek Patrycja , Pal Robert , Just Sørensen Thomas
Published: June 2023

Since the pioneering report by Selvin, we have been fascinated by the potential of using lanthanide luminescence in bioimaging. The uniquely narrow emission lines and long luminescence lifetimes both provide the potential for background free images together with full certainty of probe localization. General use of lanthanide based bioimaging was first challenged by low brightness, and later by the need of UV (<405 nm) excitation sources not present in commercial microscopes. Here, we designed three lanthanide‐based imaging probes based on a known motif to investigate the limitations of 405 nm excitation. These were synthesized, characterized, investigated on dedicated as well as commercial microscopes, and the photophysics was explored in detail. It was proven without doubt that the lanthanide complexes enter the cells and luminesce internally. Even so, no lanthanide luminescence were recovered on the commercial microscopes. Thus, we returned to the photophysical properties that afforded the conclusion that – despite the advances in light sources and photodetectors – we need new designs that can give us brighter lanthanide complexes before bioimaging with lanthanide luminescence becomes something that is readily done.
Investigating the Mechanism by Which Intragap States Tailor Light Emission: Case of Copper Deficient and Zn Doped Cu−In−Se Quantum Dots**
Authors: Xie Youyang , Sheng Pengtao , Li Weili , Li Yanling , Li Songtian
Published: June 2023

The large structural tolerance of I–III–VI group quantum dots (QDs) to off‐stoichiometry allows their photoluminescence properties to be adjusted via doping, thereby enabling application in different fields. However, the photophysical processes underlying their photoluminescence mechanism remain significantly unknown. In particular, the transition channels of CuInSe2 QDs, which are altered by intrinsic and extrinsic intragap states, remain poorly reported. Herein, we investigated the photophysical processes associated with intragap states via electrochemical and optical techniques by using copper deficient Cu−In−Se QDs as well as Zn doped Cu−In−Se QDs. When the Cu/In molar ratios of Cu−In−Se QDs increased from 0.3 : 1 to 0.9 : 1, the photoluminescence spectra displayed a red‐shift from 700 nm to 1050 nm. Although there was a blue‐shift after the introduction of Zn2+ dopants in Cu−In−Se QDs, a significant red‐shift occurred (from 660 nm to 760 nm) when the Zn/Cu molar ratios decreased from 0.7 : 0.3 to 0.3 : 0.7. The Gaussian deconvolution results of the photoluminescence spectra and the band gap derived from absorption spectra by fitting supported the fact that the optical transition channels are dependent on the Cu/In and Zn/Cu molar ratios. After the introduction of the Zn2+ ions, the alloyed‐resultant blue‐shift of the emission spectra was observed, primarily due to the enlarged band gap; however, the radiative recombination of prominent intrinsic intragap states is still observed; and only a small proportion of the band‐edge exciton undergoes recombination for the sample with low Zn content. Cyclic voltammetry measurements revealed well‐defined extrinsic ZnCu intragap states (Zn substitution on Cu sites) and intrinsic Cux (x= 1+/2+) states in the band gap. The results presented here provide a better understanding of the varying effects of dopant on photoluminescence in terms of I–III–VI group QDs.
Highly Chemoselective Reduction of Phosphine Oxides through Electrophilic Activation of the P=O Bond with Anhydride
Authors: Jin Hongyu , Gu Chengshan , Xiao Zhihuan , Tan Qihang , Liu Long , Han Li‐Biao , Chen Wen‐Hao , Chen Tieqiao
Published: June 2023

A highly chemoselective reduction of phosphine oxides was demonstrated under transition‐metal‐free and alkaline reaction conditions. During the reaction, P=O bond was firstly electrophilically activated by an anhydride and subsequently reduced by the versatile and cheap NaH, which was strengthened by 15‐crown‐5. By this strategy, a variety of phosphine oxides including those bearing functional groups such as methyl, methoxyl, phenyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, trifluoromethyl, nitrile, ester, alkenyl, alkynyl and heterocycles were transformed readily into the corresponding phosphines in good to high yields. This work represents an efficient method for reducing phosphine oxides forming phosphines.
Construction of Difluoroalkylated Cyclopentenones through Photocatalytic Difluoroalkylative 5‐endo Cyclization Cascades of Ynones
Authors: Su Jingwen , Xu Jinming , Gu Zhenyu , Zhou Yulu , Zheng Hanliang , Zhu Gangguo
Published: June 2023

Difluoroalkyl groups and cyclopentenones are both important units in synthetic and medicinal chemistry. The difuoroalkylation coupled with a cyclopentenone formation still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a visible‐light‐induced cascade difluoroalkylative 5‐endo cyclization of ynones with difluoroalkyl bromides to access difluoroalkylated cyclopentenones, which may find wide applications for the concise synthesis of fluorinated cyclic molecules.
HIC: A high‐reliable in‐band control network for perception layer of software‐defined IoT
Authors: Huang Meigen , Gong Bi , Zhou Xin , Wang Tao , Wang Yanfeng
Published: June 2023

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the popularity of the software‐defined idea, the software‐defined Internet of Things (SD‐IoT) came into being. However, the transmission conflict between control flow and data flow in the perception layer with poor channel resources has become an important constraint for SD‐IoT. Thus, this paper adopts the idea of isolated forwarding control flow based on an in‐band channel, that is, selecting some sensor nodes to be responsible for forwarding control flow, and proposes high‐reliable in‐band control network (HIC), a high‐reliability in‐band control network. In order to support real‐time tasks in the IoT environment, HIC adopts a divided control area to support parallel responses of multiple partially overlapping tasks. Further, in each control area, the graph theory is used to model the control node selection problem, and an algorithm for efficiently solving the model is designed based on the community detection method. Finally, we developed the HIC experimental platform composed of HIC‐topology and HIC‐simulation and carried out simulation experiments and analysis from topology generation, maintenance, and operation. The experimental results show that HIC could better adapt to the SD‐IoT under multi‐task deployment, and has great advantages in terms of the success rate and time of topology rapid maintenance compared with similar solutions.
Participatory action research generates knowledge for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Snapp Sieglinde S , Bezner Kerr Rachel , Bybee‐Finley Ann , Chikowo Regis , Dakishoni Laifolo , Grabowski Philip , Lupafya Esther , Mhango Wezi , Morrone Vicki L , Shumba Lizzie , Kanyama‐Phiri George
Published: June 2023

New approaches to generating knowledge are needed to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Participatory action research (PAR) builds on and expands the scientific process through engagement of scientists (ecological, agricultural, and social) with stakeholders in a systematic manner. To illustrate iterative co‐learning cycles, we report on two decades of PAR in rural communities in Malawi. Novel findings include the expansion of agricultural diversity beyond agroforestry to meet farmer requirements while enhancing redundancy and supporting a broad range of functions. Insights from farmers facilitated identification of the value of intermediate growth habits (such as those of shrubs and vines) as “goldilocks” crop types that tighten nutrient cycles in mixed farming systems while providing multiple harvests of nutritious seeds and forage. This illustrates how PAR involves co‐design with stakeholders and learning by doing, to meet local needs and mediate trade‐offs, as well as generate knowledge that addresses SDGs.
Impacts of variable viscosity and chemical reaction on Ohmic dissipative fluid flow in a porous medium over a stretching sheet with thermal radiation
Authors: Samuel Damilare John , Fayemi Ibrahim Arinola
Published: June 2023

This study investigates the chemical reaction influence on heat transfer flow of viscous Newtonian fluid over a moving surface under the intensity of nonuniform heat source/sink. Variable fluid viscosity and ohmic heating effects are considered in the model equation. The uniqueness of the present investigation is to scrutinize the significance of nonuniform heat source/sink and ohmic heating on the heat transfer flow of optically thin radiative fluid in a permeable medium. The flow equations of continuity, momentum, thermal and solutal fields are converted by invoking relevant dimensionless variables. Also, the converted nonlinear equations are analyzed numerically by using the fourth order Runge–Kutta Fehlberg approach. The significance of model parameters are scrutinized and discussed in detail via graphs and tables. The important findings of this study are the effects of Joule heating , viscous dissipation parameter , variable fluid property parameter and radiation parameter on fluid flow, energy profile and solutal field. The results show that the thermal field depreciates as the Prandtl number increases but escalates against higher values of Joule heating parameter and Brinkman number. Also, the outcome of this study reveals that an enhancement in the values of variable viscosity parameter declines velocity distribution. Concentration distributions behave as a growing function of the Soret number and diminishing function of the Schmidt number. Furthermore, contrasting this study with existing results reveals excellent agreement.
Enhancing the lifetime and performance of WSNs in smart irrigation systems using cluster‐based selection protocols
Authors: Hassan Emad S. , Oshaba Ahmed S. , El‐Emary Atef , Elsafrawey Amir S.
Published: June 2023

This paper presents a comparative analysis of cluster‐based selection protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart irrigation systems. The study evaluates the performance of stable election protocol (SEP)‐based protocols, including conventional SEP, zonal SEP (ZSEP), enhanced SEP (ESEP) and threshold‐sensitive SEP (TSEP), and distributed energy‐efficient clustering (DEEC)‐based protocols, including conventional DEEC, developed DEEC (DDEEC), enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐sensitive DEEC (TDEEC). Simulation results show that TSEP and ZSEP outperform other SEP‐based protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability period, number of dead nodes and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC show superior performance compared to other DEEC‐based protocols. However, TDEEC and EDEEC have a lower performance in terms of packets sent to cluster heads (CHs) due to the three levels of energy heterogeneity, which reduce the average packets sent to CHs. Finally, a comparative analysis between the SEP‐based and DEEC‐based protocols is presented. The findings reveal that TSEP outperforms all other protocols in terms of the performance metrics examined in this paper, except for throughput, which is higher in the case of ZSEP. Overall, the proposed cluster‐based selection protocols improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in smart irrigation systems, and the results demonstrate their effectiveness in supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.
Selectively Probing the Magnetic Resonance Signals of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid in Human Brains In Vivo
Authors: Yang Xue , Liu Ying , Fu Cai‐xia , Chu Ying‐Hua , Chen Qun , Wang He , Wei Da‐Xiu , Yao Ye‐Feng
Published: June 2023

Background

Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in human brains, playing a role in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders. Current methods have some non‐neglectable shortcomings and noninvasive and accurate detection of GABA in human brains is long‐term challenge.

Purpose

To develop a pulse sequence capable of selectively detecting and quantifying the 1H signal of GABA in human brains based on optimal controlled spin singlet order.

Study Type

Prospective.

Subjects/Phantom

A phantom of GABA (pH = 7.3 ± 0.1) and 11 healthy subjects (5 females and 6 males, body mass index: 21 ± 3 kg/m2, age: 25 ± 4 years).

Field Strength/Sequence

7 Tesla, 3 Tesla, GABA‐targeted magnetic resonance spectroscopy (GABA‐MRS‐7 T, GABA‐MRS‐3 T), magnetization prepared two rapid acquisition gradient echoes sequence.

Assessment

By using the developed pulse sequences applied on the phantom and healthy subjects, the signals of GABA were successfully selectively probed. Quantification of the signals yields the concentration of GABA in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in human brains.

Statistical Tests

Frequency.

Results

The 1H signals of GABA in the phantom and in the human brains of healthy subjects were successfully detected. The concentration of GABA in the dACC of human brains was 3.3 ± 1.5 mM.

Data Conclusion

The developed pulse sequences can be used to selectively probe the 1H MR signals of GABA in human brains in vivo.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

1
Maternal anxiety‐driven modulation of fetal limbic connectivity designs a backbone linking neonatal brain functional topology to socio‐emotional development in early childhood
Authors: Canini Matteo , Pecco Nicolò , Caglioni Martina , Katušić Ana , Išasegi Iris Žunić , Oprandi Claudia , Scifo Paola , Pozzoni Mirko , Lorioli Laura , Garbetta Gisella , Poloniato Antonella , Sora Maria Grazia Natali , Cavoretto Paolo I. , Barera Graziano , Candiani Massimo , Kostović Ivica , Falini Andrea , Baldoli Cristina , Della Rosa Pasquale Anthony
Published: June 2023

A link between maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse socio‐emotional outcomes in childhood has been consistently sustained on the very early neurodevelopmental alteration of structural pathways between fetal limbic and cortical brain regions. In this study, we provide follow‐up evidence for a feed‐forward model linking (i) maternal anxiety, (ii) fetal functional neurodevelopment, (iii) neonatal functional network organization with (iv) socio‐emotional neurobehavioral development in early childhood. Namely, we investigate a sample of 16 mother–fetus dyads and show how a maternal state–trait anxiety profile with pregnancy‐specific worries can significantly influence functional synchronization patterns between regions of the fetal limbic system (i.e., hippocampus and amygdala) and the neocortex, as assessed through resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Generalization of the findings was supported by leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. We further show how this maternal–fetal cross‐talk propagates to functional network topology in the neonate, specifically targeting connector hubs, and further maps onto socio‐emotional profiles, assessed through Bayley‐III socio‐emotional scale in early childhood (i.e., in the 12–24 months range). Based on this evidence, we put forward the hypothesis of a “Maternal‐Fetal‐Neonatal Anxiety Backbone”, through which neurobiological changes driven by maternal anxiety could trigger a divergence in the establishment of a cognitive–emotional development blueprint, in terms of the nascent functional homeostasis between bottom‐up limbic and top‐down higher‐order neuronal circuitry.
A quantitative approach to study the adaptation of rhythmic eye movements and the resulting tonic eye deviation in larval zebrafish
Authors: Lin Ting‐Feng , Huang Melody Ying‐Yu
Published: June 2023

To optimize performance during vital tasks, animals are capable of tuning rhythmic neural signals that drive repetitive behaviors, such as motor reflexes under constant sensory stimuli. In the oculomotor system, animals track the moving image during slow phases while repetitively resetting the eye position from the eccentricity during quick phases. During optokinetic response (OKR), larval zebrafish occasionally show a delayed quick phase; thus, the eyes remain tonically deviated from the center. In this study, we scrutinized OKR in larval zebrafish under a broad range of stimulus velocities to determine the parametric property of the quick‐phase delay. A prolonged stimulation revealed that the slow‐phase (SP) duration—the interval between two quick phases—was tuned increasingly over time toward a homeostatic range, regardless of stimulus velocity. Attributed to this rhythm control, larval zebrafish exhibited a tonic eye deviation following slow phases, which was especially pronounced when tracking a fast stimulus over an extended time period. In addition to the SP duration, the fixation duration between spontaneous saccades in darkness also revealed a similar adaptive property after the prolonged optokinetic stimulation. Our results provide a quantitative description of the adaptation of rhythmic eye movements in developing animals and pave the way for potential animal models for eye movement disorders.
Bioactive components and nutritional properties of fiber‐rich cookies produced with different parts of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.)
Authors: Şahin Nazlı
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND

Oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) possesses exocarp and endocarp layers enriched with abundant phytochemicals and fiber. Flours produced in different parts of oleaster were used in cookie formulation to improve the bioactive components and nutritional properties of cookies.

RESULTS

The rheological properties of composite flours containing varying levels of oleaster exocarp flour (O'EX‐F) and endocarp flour (O'EN‐F), ranging from 0% to 30%, were assessed using Mixolab (Chopin Technologies, Villeneuve‐la‐Garenne, France). The physical, chemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of cookies made with these flours were also analyzed. The substitution of O'EX‐F and O'EN‐F in the cookies enhanced redness and total color differences at the same time as decreasing hardness and improving the spread ratio. Furthermore, using these flours elevated the dietary fiber content of the cookies, particularly in terms of soluble and total dietary fiber. O'EX‐F and O'EN‐F also significantly increased free, bound, and total phenolic contents, as well as antioxidant capacity. Sensory evaluation of cookies with 10% and 20% O'EX‐F and O'EN‐F indicated greater appreciation than control cookies. Incorporating 20% O'EX‐F and 20% O'EN‐F into cookies resulted in a notable increase in Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Zn levels.

CONCLUSION

The utilization of O'EX‐F and O'EN‐F, which contain a wealth of bioactive components, has significantly impacted the dough of rheology. Including these ingredients in cookie formulations has demonstrated improvements in ash, dietary fiber content, phenolics, antioxidant activity, and overall technological quality at the same time as providing distinctive sensory properties. The present study has contributed a new composite flour to the existing literature and has facilitated the development of novel cookie products for the functional food industry. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Resting eggs of Ceriodaphnia cornuta can sense predation risk and population crowding signals but cannot distinguish the types of predation risk
Authors: Zhou Qiming , Liu Qi , Gu Lei , Sun Yunfei , Yang Zhou
Published: June 2023

Cladocerans can produce dormant stages to avoid unfavorable environments, such as predation pressure and population crowding. However, only a few studies evaluated the influences of the biochemical signals of predation risk and population crowding on the termination of dormant stages of cladocerans. This study aimed to investigate the influences of predation risk signals from different predators and crowding signals from high‐density populations on the hatching of cladoceran resting eggs and the anti‐predation defensive traits of hatched offspring. We collected resting eggs of Ceriodaphnia cornuta from the surface of lake sediments and incubated them under different biochemical signals (fish kairomones, Chaoborus kairomones, alarm signals, and crowding signals) in the laboratory. In response to fish kairomones, Chaoborus kairomones, and alarm signals, the hatching time of resting eggs was delayed to a certain extent, and the body length of the offspring hatched from resting eggs increased at their birth and decreased at their first reproduction. This indicated that the offspring hatched from C. cornuta resting eggs possibly can sense predation risk signals but cannot distinguish the type of signals. In addition, the effects of crowding signals on the resting eggs were similar to those of fish kairomones, both of which can increase the body length of hatched offspring at birth, but these influences would not be further enhanced in the simultaneous presence of fish kairomones and crowding signals. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the perception of resting eggs to environmental biochemical signals and the corresponding hatching strategies of cladocerans.
Research on characteristics of splash lubrication and power losses of reducer based on MPS method
Authors: Liu Huanlong , Wei Tao , Zhou Jianyi , Xie Chixin
Published: June 2023

The distribution of lubricant flow field inside the two‐stage transmission reducer is very complicated during splash lubrication, which is difficult to be visually simulated and analysed using traditional finite element methods (FEM). There are many problems in model processing, algorithm selection, mesh division, and computational workload. Through sufficient investigation and experimental validation based on literature, the moving particle semi‐implicit (MPS) method is proposed to study the splash lubrication characteristics of a rail vehicle reducer. Through this method, the visual simulation calculation of multiple working conditions of reducer with complex structure is realised, and the unreasonable structure of the gearbox body is optimised. The model of oil supply demand in the Hertz contact zone of gear transmission is established, and the time‐domain variation law of oil particles number in the contact zone and oil supply state are analysed. It is found that the optimised reducer model can meet the demand of oil supply under the four typical working conditions of the rail vehicle. The higher the initial oil volume is, the more sufficient the oil supply is. Compared with the working temperature conditions of 20 and 80 °C, the lubrication effect is better at 40 and 60 °C. By analysing the power loss proportion of each gear, it is found that the sum of power loss of gear 1 and gear 2 is dominant under different working conditions, reaching 76%–99.5% of the total churning power losses.
Graphical exploration of 600‐ and 60‐MHz proton NMR spectral datasets from ground roast coffee extracts
Authors: Kemsley E. Kate
Published: June 2023

This article uses a variety of graphical and mathematical approaches to analyse 600‐ and 60‐MHz (‘benchtop’) proton NMR spectra acquired from lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts of roasted coffee beans. The collection of 40 authenticated samples comprised various coffee species, cultivars and hybrids. The spectral datasets were analysed by a combination of metabolomics approaches, cross‐correlation and whole spectrum methods, assisted by visualisation and mathematical techniques not conventionally employed to treat NMR data. A large amount of information content was shared between the 600‐MHz and benchtop datasets, including in its magnitude spectral form, suggesting the potential for a lower cost, lower tech route to conducting informative metabolomics studies.
Toward Reactive Processing of Polyamide 6 Based Blends with Polyethylene Grafted with Maleic Anhydride and Acrylic Acid: Effect of Functionalization Degree
Authors: Luna Carlos Bruno Barreto , Ferreira Eduardo da Silva Barbosa , Costa Anna Raffaela de Matos , de Almeida Yeda Medeiros Bastos , de Melo João Baptista da Costa Agra , Araújo Edcleide Maria
Published: June 2023

The reactivity of different polyethylene modifiers based on acrylic acid (AA) and maleic anhydride (MA) with polyamide 6 (PA6) is investigated, using several degrees of functionalization. The polymer blends are processed in an internal mixer and injection molded. Mechanical, rheological, infrared spectroscopy, thermal, thermomechanical properties, and morphology are evaluated. The torque rheometry results show that higher functionalization degrees favored a high reactivity with PA6. As a consequence, there is an increase in the viscosity of the polymer blends, which is reflected in the reduction of the melt flow index (MFI), compared to PA6. High impact strength and elongation at break properties confirm the blends' compatibility. The elastic modulus and the tensile strength maintain high values, suggesting a balance of mechanical properties. In addition, the polymer blends' heat deflection temperature (HDT) and thermal stability properties are comparable to neat PA6. The morphology obtained by scanning electron microscopy show dispersed and refined particles in the PA6 matrix, indicating stabilization at the interface. Incorporating only 10% of high‐density polyethylene grafted with acrylic‐acid (HDPE‐g‐AA) is very efficient in optimizing the properties of PA6, contributing to broadening the range of applications for the processing industry.
Applying the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria in patients admitted with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection using computed tomography imaging
Authors: Sheean Patricia , O'Connor Paula , Joyce Cara , Wozniak Amy , Vasilopoulos Vasilios , Formanek Perry
Published: June 2023

Background

Patients with low muscle mass and acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection meet the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) etiologic and phenotypic criteria to diagnose malnutrition, respectively. However, available cut‐points to classify individuals with low muscle mass are not straightforward. Using computed tomography (CT) to determine low muscularity, we assessed the prevalence of malnutrition using the GLIM framework and associations with clinical outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective cohort was conducted gathering patient data from various clinical resources. Patients admitted to the COVID‐19 unit (March 2020 to June 2020) with appropriate/evaluable CT studies (chest or abdomen/pelvis) within the first 5 days of admission were considered eligible. Sex‐ and vertebral‐specific skeletal muscle indices (SMI; cm2/m2) from healthy controls were used to determine low muscle mass. Injury‐adjusted SMI were derived, extrapolated from cancer cut‐points and explored. Descriptive statistics and mediation analyses were completed.

Results

Patients (n = 141) were 58.2 years of age and racially diverse. Obesity (46%), diabetes (40%), and cardiovascular disease (68%) were prevalent. Using healthy controls and injury‐adjusted SMI, malnutrition prevalence was 26% (n = 36/141) and 50% (n = 71/141), respectively. Mediation analyses demonstrated a significant reduction in the effect of malnutrition on outcomes in the presence of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, supporting the mediating effects of severity of illness intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU length of stay, mechanical ventilation, complex respiratory support, discharge status (all P values = 0.03), and 28‐day mortality (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Future studies involving the GLIM criteria should consider these collective findings in their design, analyses, and implementation.
Defying Deafness: Remembering Jack Ashley
Authors: Douglas‐Jones Paul , Magos Tiarnan , Rutka John
Published: June 2023

After he sustained a profound hearing loss in his only hearing ear following a routine myringoplasty, Jack Ashley became Britain's first deaf politician. His story is an inspiring one, converting a postoperative complication into a driver for success and change in the lives of millions of deaf and disabled people around the world.
Co‐production of nature's contributions to people: What evidence is out there?
Authors: Kachler Jana , Isaac Roman , Martín‐López Berta , Bonn Aletta , Felipe‐Lucia María R.
Published: June 2023

Nature's contributions to people (NCP) rarely originate from nature alone. Often, only by joining natural capital with forms of anthropogenic capital, NCP emerge benefitting people. Understanding how NCP are co‐produced by natural and anthropogenic capitals is needed to inform decision‐making on sustainable land‐use practices.

Through a systematic review of the literature, we compile existing empirical evidence on NCP co‐production and how this evidence was arrived at. We identified 237 observations from 25 publications on anthropogenic capital indicators co‐producing NCP. The reviewed studies were conducted mainly in cropland and forest ecosystems and at the landscape level.

Our results show that most evidence for co‐production exists for material NCP, with physical capital and/or human capital as main input. Interestingly, non‐material NCP relied mostly on human or social capital only, while material and regulating NCP involved multiple types of anthropogenic capital.

Our findings provide guidance for future research on how to explicitly incorporate NCP co‐production to analytically assess the relationships between anthropogenic capitals and NCP provision.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Allosteric regulatory control in dihydrofolate reductase is revealed by dynamic asymmetry
Authors: Kazan I. Can , Mills Jeremy H. , Ozkan S. Banu
Published: June 2023

We investigated the relationship between mutations and dynamics in Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) using computational methods. Our study focused on the M20 and FG loops, which are known to be functionally important and affected by mutations distal to the loops. We used molecular dynamics simulations and developed position‐specific metrics, including the dynamic flexibility index (DFI) and dynamic coupling index (DCI), to analyze the dynamics of wild‐type DHFR and compared our results with existing deep mutational scanning data. Our analysis showed a statistically significant association between DFI and mutational tolerance of the DHFR positions, indicating that DFI can predict functionally beneficial or detrimental substitutions. We also applied an asymmetric version of our DCI metric (DCIasym) to DHFR and found that certain distal residues control the dynamics of the M20 and FG loops, whereas others are controlled by them. Residues that are suggested to control the M20 and FG loops by our DCIasym metric are evolutionarily nonconserved; mutations at these sites can enhance enzyme activity. On the other hand, residues controlled by the loops are mostly deleterious to function when mutated and are also evolutionary conserved. Our results suggest that dynamics‐based metrics can identify residues that explain the relationship between mutation and protein function or can be targeted to rationally engineer enzymes with enhanced activity.
Benchmarking Simulated and Physical Quantum Processing Units Using Quantum and Hybrid Algorithms
Authors: Kordzanganeh Mohammad , Buchberger Markus , Kyriacou Basil , Povolotskii Maxim , Fischer Wilhelm , Kurkin Andrii , Somogyi Wilfrid , Sagingalieva Asel , Pflitsch Markus , Melnikov Alexey
Published: June 2023

Powerful hardware services and software libraries are vital tools for quickly and affordably designing, testing, and executing quantum algorithms. A robust large‐scale study of how the performance of these platforms scales with the number of qubits is key to providing quantum solutions to challenging industry problems. This work benchmarks the runtime and accuracy for a representative sample of specialized high‐performance simulated and physical quantum processing units. Results show the QMware simulator can reduce the runtime for executing a quantum circuit by up to 78% compared to the next fastest option for algorithms with fewer than 27 qubits. The Amazon Web Service State‐Vector Simulator 1 offers a runtime advantage for larger circuits, up to the maximum 34 qubits. Beyond this limit, QMware can execute circuits as large as 40 qubits. Physical quantum devices, such as Rigetti's Aspen‐M2, can provide an exponential runtime advantage for circuits with more than 30 qubits. However, the high financial cost of physical quantum processing units presents a serious barrier to practical use. Moreover, only IonQ's Harmony quantum device achieves high fidelity with more than four qubits. This study paves the way to understanding the optimal combination of available software and hardware for executing practical quantum algorithms.
C−H Activation of Benzamides Using Biogenically Synthesized Pd@CNTs Catalyst under External Ligand Free Condition: Access to Isoquinolones and A DFT Study of Phytochemicals
Authors: Hegde Rajeev V. , Bhondwe Rahul , Sree Raj K. A. , Ghosh Arnab , Rout Chandra Sekhar , R. Thrilokraj , Patil Siddappa A , Sridhar Balasubramanian , Dateer Ramesh B.
Published: June 2023

Environmentally amiable biogenic strategy for in‐situ one‐step synthesis of Pd‐NPs decorated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its synthetic utility for C−H activation of benzamides to access isoquinolones has been reported for the first time. The phytochemicals present in Gliricidia sepium leaves extract was found to be serve as a reducing agent to reduce Pd (II) to Pd (0) and subsequently acts as a stabilizing agent. The formation of Pd@CNTs was confirmed by P‐XRD, FE‐SEM, EDX and ICP‐OES analysis technique with active Pd content 42.82 % w/w. In addition, DFT study of phytochemicals found in Gliricidia sepium leaves extract were conducted. The catalytic activity was showcased for the cost‐effective, step and atom economic synthesis of isoquinolones via C−H and N−H bond activation without the aid of external ligands. A series of isoquinolone derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields under air as a sole oxidant. In addition, catalyst recyclability and mechanistic experiments were deliberated. The Pd@CNTs unveiled superior catalytic activity and high durability towards hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic media. The Pd@CNTs attains the current density of 10 mA/cm2 at an over potential of 127 mV with a small Tafel slope of 41 mV/dec.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibiting 4‐Aminoquinazolines as Promising Anticancer Agents: A Patent Review (2000‐Present)
Authors: Patel Rahul V. , Mistry Bhupendra M. , Gujarati Akash V. , Patel Amit B. , Patel Divyesh K.
Published: June 2023

Cancer is now recognized as a major threat to global health and a notable cause of human mortality. Rapid cell multiplication abilities and the unchecked cell expansion that develops from a single cell define it. The epidermal growth factor receptor is a member of the ERBB family of receptors (ERBB‐1/2/3/4), and cancer can occur due to EGFR mutations. A lot of research is now being done on 4‐aminoquinazolines to suppress EGFR. With FDA‐approved medications based on the 4‐aminoquinazoline core already in use, we think that this core holds a lot of promise for a novel type of cancer therapy with significant therapeutic benefits. In this patent review, we have surveyed a huge number of patents reported (2000‐present) involving 4‐aminoquinazoline core as an anticancer agent targeting EGFR. We attempt here, with a huge body of literature based on this core, to update researchers about the latest EGFR‐targeted developments utilizing 4‐aminoquinazolines, which will provide support for the development of novel kinase‐targeted cancer therapies.