bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phenomenological Description of Plastic Flow in Solids
Authors: Yushchenko O. V. , Trotskaya D. S.
Published: September 2013

In the framework of the phenomenological scheme a self-consistent description of the transition from the solid state to the plastic flow was presented taking into account the point defects such as interstitials and vacancies. On the basis of the system of synergistic equations the dependencies of the internal stresses and curvature of the velocity profile of the shear displacement on the order parameter as well as the stationary distribution of the concentration of vacancies were found.
Quasifinite Representations of Classical Subalgebras of the Lie Superalgebra of Quantum Pseudodifferential Operators
Authors: García José I. , Liberati José I.
Published: September 2013

We classify the anti-involutions of the superalgebra of quantum pseudodifferential operators on the super circle S1|1 preserving the principal gradation, producing in this way a family of Lie subalgebras minus fixed by these anti-involutions. We classify the irreducible quasifinite highest weight representations of the central extension of these Lie subalgebras.
Viscous Hydrodynamic Model for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
Authors: Chaudhuri A. K.
Published: September 2013

Viscous hydrodynamical modeling of relativistic heavy ion collisions has been highly successful in explaining bulk of the experimental data in RHIC and LHC energy collisions. We briefly review viscous hydrodynamics modeling of high energy nuclear collisions. Basic ingredients of the modeling, the hydrodynamic equations, relaxation equations for dissipative forces, are discussed. Hydrodynamical modeling being a boundary value problem, we discuss the initial conditions, freeze-out process. We also show representative simulation results in comparison with experimental data. We also discuss the recent developments in event-by-event hydrodynamics.
A Rare Presentation of Imperforate Hymen: A Case Report
Authors: Salhan Beena , Omisore Olufunmilayo Theresa , Kumar Priyadarshi , Potter John
Published: September 2013

Introduction. Acute urinary retention in a child is rare. Haematocolpos can cause a mechanical obstruction, resulting in acute urinary retention.Case Report. A 12-year-old girl presented to the surgical department with a one-day history of acute urinary retention and suprapubic tenderness. She had not started menses but had described period-like pains every month for the past six months. On examination, she had a palpable bladder with over 500 mls of residual urine and a bluish-grey bulge posterior to her urethral meatus. An US scan showed a large mass posterior to her bladder resembling a haematocolpos, and this was confirmed with an MRI scan. She was catheterised and eventually underwent a hymenectomy using a cruciate incision. She made a good recovery postoperatively.Conclusion. In the case of a peripubertal female presenting with acute urinary retention, haematocolpos should be considered as a diagnosis.
Exploring Flat Faced Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) from the Reserve Forests of Dooars, West Bengal, India
Authors: Saha Sumana , Özdikmen Hüseyin , Biswas Manish Kanti , Raychaudhuri Dinendra
Published: September 2013

The present study deals with 29 lamiid species under 21 genera of Dooars, West Bengal, India. These include 4 newly recorded species, namely, Macrochenus isabellinus Aurivillius, Aesopida malasiaca Thomson, Pterolophia (Hylobrotus) lateralis Gahan and Nupserha quadrioculata (Thunberg) from India while 16 others (marked by ●) from the state.
Mobile Phone Short Message Service (SMS) for Weight Management in Iranian Overweight and Obese Women: A Pilot Study
Authors: Faghanipour Somayeh , Hajikazemi Eftekharalsadat , Nikpour Soghra , Shariatpanahi Shabnam al-Sadat , Hosseini Agha Fatemeh
Published: September 2013

We conducted a text message-based intervention for weight management over three months by two months intervention and one month wash-out period. In a quasi-experimental study with control () and experimental group (), 80 overweight and obese employed women were entered. Participants were recruited via announcement. All subjects attended a face-to-face information session and received a booklet that contained food calorie chart and strategies and recommendations for weight management. The experimental group received text messages (SMS) about weight management twice a day for two months, in addition to the information and the booklet which they had received in the information session. Also, the experimental group was instructed to weekly self-weight and to send the data to the principle researcher. All subjects were measured for baseline and secondary weight in a standardized manner by a nurse, and the data were compared between the two groups. Experimental group lost more weight than the control group (1.5 kg difference, ). Text messaging seems to be an effective channel of communication for weight management in Iranian overweight and obese women. The clinical trial registration number isIRCT201204029360N1.
Point-of-Care HIV Testing and Linkage in an Urban Cohort in the Southern US
Authors: Zinski Anne , Dougherty Sarah M. , Tamhane Ashutosh , Ross-Davis Kelly L. , Raper James L.
Published: September 2013

The Southern states experience the highest rates of HIV and AIDS in the US, and point-of-care (POC) testing outside of primary care may contribute to status awareness in medically underserved populations in this region. To evaluate POC screening and linkage to care at an urban south site, analyses were performed on a dataset of 3,651 individuals from an integrated rapid-result HIV testing and linkage program to describe this test-seeking cohort and determine trends associated with screening, results, and linkage to care. Four percent of the population had positive results. We observed significant differences by test result for age, race and gender, reported risk behaviors, test location, and motivation for screening. The overall linkage rate was 86%, and we found significant differences for clients who were linked to HIV care versus persons whose linkage could not be confirmed with respect to race and gender, location, and motivation. The linkage rate for POC testing that included a comprehensive intake visit and colocated primary care services for in-state residents was 97%. Additional research on integrated POC screening and linkage methodologies that provide intake services at time of testing is essential for increasing status awareness and improving linkage to HIV care in the US.
Spectral Indices: In-Season Dry Mass and Yield Relationship of Flue-Cured Tobacco under Different Planting Dates and Fertiliser Levels
Authors: Svotwa Ezekia , Masuka J. Anxious , Maasdorp Barbara , Murwira Amon
Published: September 2013

This experiment investigated the relationship between tobacco canopy spectral characteristics and tobacco biomass. A completely randomized design, with plantings on the 15th of September, October, November, and December, each with 9 variety × fertiliser management treatments, was used. Starting from 6 weeks after planting, reflectance measurements were taken from one row, using a multispectral radiometer. Individual plants from the other 3 rows were also measured, and the above ground whole plants were harvested and dried for reflectance/dry mass regression analysis. The central row was harvested, cured, and weighed. Both the maximum NDVI and mass at untying declined with later planting and so was the mass-NDVI coefficient of determination. The best fitting curves for the yield-NDVI correlations were quadratic. September reflectance values from the October crop reflectance were statistically similar (P>0.05), while those for the November and the December crops were significantly different (P<0.05) from the former two. Mass at untying and NDVI showed a quadratic relationship in all the three tested varieties. The optimum stage for collecting spectral data for tobacco yield estimation was the 8–12 weeks after planting. The results could be useful in accurate monitoring of crop development patterns for yield forecasting purposes.
Role of Color Doppler Imaging in Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Progression in Glaucoma
Authors: Jimenez-Aragon Fatima , Garcia-Martin Elena , Larrosa-Lopez Raquel , Artigas-Martín Jose M. , Seral-Moral Pilar , Pablo Luis E.
Published: September 2013

This longitudinal and prospective study analyzes the ability of orbital blood flow measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) to predict glaucoma progression in patients with glaucoma risk factors. Patients with normal perimetry but having glaucoma risk factors and patients in the initial phase of glaucoma were prospectively included in the study and divided, after a five-year follow-up, into two groups: “Progression” and “No Progression” based on the changes in the Moorfields regression analysis (MRA) classification of Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT). An orbital CDI was performed in all patients and the parameters obtained were correlated with changes in HRT. A logistic discrimination function (LDF) was calculated for ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery (CRA) parameters. Receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) were used to assess the usefulness of LDFs to predict glaucomatous progression. A total of 71 eyes were included. End-diastolic velocity, time-averaged velocity, and resistive index in the OA and CRA were significantly different (P<0.05) between the Progression and No Progression groups. The area under the ROC curves calculated for both LDFs was of 0.695 (OA) and 0.624 (CRA). More studies are needed to evaluate the ability of CDI to perform early diagnosis and to predict progression in glaucoma in eyes.
The Association between Sleep and Injury among School-Aged Children in Iran
Authors: Rafii Forugh , Oskouie Fatemeh , Shoghi Mahnaz
Published: September 2013

Background. A good night’s sleep plays a key role in diseases resistance, injury prevention, and mood stability. The objective of this study was to examine relationship between sleep problems and accidental injury occurrences in school-aged children.Method. A retrospective study was conducted for comparing two groups of children. Children who have experienced injuries for at least two times during an academic year are the participants in the injury group (IG) and those who have not experienced any kind of injuries are placed in the noninjury group (NIG). Data was collected through parent-reported sleep patterns and problems using Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ).Findings. The findings showed that global sleep problems were more in the IG than in the NIG. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the daytime sleepiness and sleep duration are the two major reasons for accidental injury. In addition, significant difference was seen between the sleep patterns of the two groups. Sleep duration was also shorter in the IG, and this group had a greater percentage (63% versus 41.1%) of “short sleepers” (<9 h).Conclusion. There is a significant relationship between injury occurrence and sleep problems and sleep duration in Iranian school-aged children.
EpimediumExtract Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Rats
Authors: Kou Yuhui , Wang Zhiyong , Wu Zhihong , Zhang Peixun , Zhang Yu , Yin Xiaofeng , Wong Xisheng , Qiu Guixing , Jiang Baoguo
Published: September 2013

Effects ofEpimediumextract and its constituent icariin on peripheral nerve repair were investigated in a crush injury rat model. Animals were divided into four groups: sham, control,Epimediumextract, and icariin groups. At postoperative weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8, nerve regeneration and functional recovery were evaluated by sciatic functional index (SFI), nerve electrophysiology, nerve pinch test, and muscle wet weight. Results showed that at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery rats in theEpimediumgroup displayed a better recovery of nerve function than that in the icariin and control groups, with better recovery in the icariin group than in the control group. The nerve pinch test showed that nerve regeneration was greater in theEpimediumgroup and the icariin group as compared to the control group. In addition, the muscle wet weight in theEpimediumgroup was significantly improved when compared with the icariin group, and the improvement in the icariin group was better than that in the control group at 8 weeks after operation. Our findings suggest thatEpimediumextract effectively promotes peripheral nerve regeneration and improves the function of damaged nerves.
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 Is a Novel Plasma Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sun Nan , Chen Zhaoli , Tan Fengwei , Zhang Baihua , Yao Ran , Zhou Chengcheng , Li Jiagen , Gao Yibo , Liu Ziyuan , Tan Xiaogang , Zhou Fang , He Max Y.F , Shao Kang , Li Ning , Qiu Bin , Sun Jian , Yu Yue , Wang Suya , Zhao Yuda , Shi Xuejiao , He Jie
Published: September 2013

Purpose: Effective biomarkers for the diagnosis of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are needed. We previously showed that isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) is significantly increased in NSCLC tumors. This study aimed to examine the plasma levels of IDH1 in a large patient population to evaluate its effectiveness in NSCLC diagnosis.

Experimental Design: The plasma levels of IDH1, CA125, Cyfra21-1, and CEA were assayed by ELISA. Blood samples were obtained from 1,422 participants (943 patients with NSCLC and 479 healthy controls). The samples were randomly divided into a training set and a test set. Receiver operating characteristic and binary logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate diagnostic efficacy and establish diagnostic mathematical models.

Results: Plasma IDH1 levels were significantly higher in patients with NSCLCs than in healthy controls (P < 0.001). The diagnostic use of IDH1 in lung adenocarcinoma [area under curve (AUC): 0.858 and 0.810; sensitivity: 77.1% and 76.2%; specificity: 82.9% and 76.6%; in the training set and test set, respectively] was significantly greater than that of CA125, Cyfra21-1, or CEA (P < 0.001). The model combining IDH1 with CEA, CA125, and Cyfra21-1 was more effective for lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis than IDH1 alone (sensitivity and specificity in the training set: 75.8%, 89.6%; test set: 86.3%, 70.7%). In addition, the plasma levels of IDH1 could contribute to the diagnostic model of lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusions: IDH1 can be used as a plasma biomarker for the diagnosis of NSCLCs, particularly lung adenocarcinoma, with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5136–45. ©2013 AACR.
Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy versus Conventional Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy: Initial Experience by the Same Laparoscopic Surgeon
Authors: Wen Sheng-Chen , Yeh Hsin-Chih , Wu Wen-Jeng , Chou Yii-Her , Huang Chun-Hsiung , Li Ching-Chia
Published: September 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate our initial experience with and the feasibility of laparoendoscopic single-site retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (LESS-RA). Patients and Methods: 54 patients undergoing conventional retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy were compared with 27 patients undergoing LESS-RA. The adrenal tumors were considered to be benign preoperatively and <6 cm. Age, sex, laterality, body mass index, surgical indications, time to resuming oral intake, tumor size, operation time, estimated blood loss, intravenous or intramuscular analgesics (pethidine) and postoperative hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Analysis of covariance was applied to analyze postoperative hospital stay and time to resuming oral intake. Results: The length of postoperative hospital stay was significantly higher in the conventional retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy group in the adjusted and unadjusted model. The time to resuming oral intake was significant shorter in the LESS-RA group, but was not significant after adjusting opioid analgesics dosage. No conversions to an open or conventional retroperitoneoscopic approach were necessary. There were neither complications nor blood transfusions in both groups. Conclusions: LESS-RA for benign adrenal tumors is a feasible surgical procedure when tumors are <6 cm. Further clinical research is warranted to define the role of LESS in adrenal surgery and to prove its efficacy over conventional laparoscopic surgery.
Prognostic Factors in Patients Undergoing Lymphadenectomy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis
Authors: Wiechno Paweł , Kalinowski Tomasz , Itrych Bartosz , Sikora-Kupis Bożena , Demkow Tomasz , Karwański Marek
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Penile cancer is rare, and data on prognostic factors of the disease are scarce. The aim of the study was to assess prognostic factors in patients undergoing lymphadenectomy for penile cancer. Material and Methods: Ninety-eight men who underwent lymphadenectomy for penile cancer were enrolled in the study. Progression-free survival and overall survival were assessed. Results: Five-year progression-free survival and overall survival were 0.6651 (95% CI: 0.5151-0.7783) and 0.5516 (95% CI: 0.4412-0.6488), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors that reduce progression-free survival include delay of lymphadenectomy by more than 3 months after diagnosis (p = 0.045) and involvement of non-inguinal lymph nodes (N0 vs. affected lymph nodes other than superficial inguinal, p = 0.0004; superficial inguinal vs. others, p = 0.001). Factors deteriorating overall survival include high grade (G1 vs. G2, p = 0.0072, and G1 vs. G3, p = 0.0347), more than one lymph node affected (p = 0.001) and crossing the lymph node capsule (p = 0.034). Conclusions: The factors worsening the prognosis in patients with penile cancer after lymphadenectomy include delayed lymphadenectomy, involvement of lymph nodes other than the superficial inguinal, involvement of more than one lymph node, crossing the lymph node capsule, and high grade.
Motor Conduction Findings in Fisher Syndrome
Authors: Lyu Rong-Kuo , Chu Chun-Che , Kuo Hung-Chou , Chang Kuo-Hsuan , Ro Long-Sun
Published: September 2013

Objective: To report detailed motor conduction findings on Fisher syndrome (FS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed motor conduction findings of 55 patients with pure FS and compared them with those obtained from 83 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Results: In the FS group, distal and F-wave latencies of the median, ulnar, peroneal and tibial nerves were all significantly prolonged; motor conduction velocities were slowed in the median, ulnar and peroneal nerves. Conversely, an abnormally low compound muscle action potential amplitude was found only in the median and tibial nerves. Among the four parameters, distal and F-wave latencies were more frequently encountered abnormalities. None of our patients had abnormal temporal dispersion in any motor nerve. Focal involvement of the ulnar nerve across the elbow segment was observed in 6 patients (11%). Of the 55 FS patients, 31 (56%) had abnormal motor conduction results in at least one nerve. Abnormal motor conduction results were noted in 43 and 61% of patients when the tests were performed in the first week and 1 week after onset of FS, respectively (p = 0.238). Conclusion: Our results confirmed that mild motor conduction abnormalities were noted in pure FS, with a pattern similar to those observed in Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Population-Based Validation of the iScore for Predicting Mortality and Early Functional Outcome in Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Béjot Yannick , Jacquin Agnès , Daubail Benoit , Durier Jérôme , Giroud Maurice
Published: September 2013

Background: We aimed to determine the accuracy of the iScore for predicting mortality and early disability following ischemic stroke in a French population-based study. Methods: All patients with acute ischemic stroke were identified among residents of the city of Dijon, France, between 2006 and 2011, using a population-based stroke registry. The 30-day iScore and 1-year iScore were calculated. A logistic regression model was used to assess the performance of the iScore for predicting both 30-day and 1-year mortality, and poor functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6). The discrimination and calibration of the model were assessed using the c-statistic and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, respectively. Results: Among the 1,199 ischemic stroke patients recorded, 107 (8.9%) were excluded because at least one item of data was missing. For the remaining 1,092 patients, the c-statistic was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.82-0.89) for 30-day and 0.84 (0.81-0.87) for 1-year mortality, and calibration was good (p = 0.82 and p = 0.96, respectively, for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test). Similar results were found for disability (c-statistic 0.81, 95% CI: 0.79-0.84, and p = 0.45 for the Hosmer-Lemeshow test). Conclusion: This is the first population-based study to demonstrate the accuracy of the iScore for predicting mortality and early disability in ischemic stroke patients.
Prevalence in the General Population of a CFH Sequence Variant Associated with Atypical Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome in an Extensive Family from Southwest England
Authors: Hamilton Alexander J. , Lyons Carl B.A. , Goodship Timothy H.J. , Bingham Coralie
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims: Twenty-five members of a family from the county of Devon in England have been affected by atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) associated with a CFH mutation (c.3643C>G; p.Arg1215Gly). A 65-year-old male was diagnosed with aHUS after losing a renal transplant to a thrombotic microangiopathy. Subsequent mutation screening revealed the same CFH mutation without him being knowingly related to the local kindred. We designed a study to investigate the prevalence of this mutation in the local area. In addition, we examined the diagnoses of pre-existing haemodialysis patients to determine whether other patients might unknowingly be at risk of carrying the same CFH mutation. Methods: The Exeter Ten Thousand (EXTEND) study aims to recruit 10,000 healthy volunteers over the age of 18 years living within 25 miles of Exeter in Devon. We genotyped DNA from 4,000 EXTEND subjects for CFH c.3643C>G; p.Arg1215Gly. We reviewed the diagnoses of 294 haemodialysis patients in the Devon area and genotyped 7 patients with either end-stage renal disease of unknown aetiology, malignant hypertension or renovascular disease. Results: CFH c.3643C>G; p.Arg1215Gly was not detected in any of the 7 haemodialysis patients or the 4,000 individuals within the EXTEND study. Conclusions: We conclude that CFH c.3643C>G; p.Arg1215Gly is not endemic in Devon. This reinforces our existing practice of genotyping only patients with kidney disease and evidence of a thrombotic microangiopathy for this mutation. This is the first study looking at the prevalence of CFH mutations in the general population.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Regulates Endothelial Function During High Salt Intake in Rats
Authors: Ying Wei-Zhong , Aaron Kristal J. , Sanders Paul W.
Published: September 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that an increase in dietary NaCl (salt) intake stimulated endothelial cells to produce transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The intent of the present study was to determine the functional significance of increased TGF-β on endothelial cell function. Young Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 0.3 or 8.0% NaCl for 2 days before treatment with a specific inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor I/activin receptor-like kinase 5 kinase, or vehicle for another 2 days. At day 4 of study, endothelial phosphorylated Smad2 (S465/467) increased and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) levels decreased in the high-salt–treated rats. In addition, phosphorylated Akt (S473) and phosphorylation of the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (NOS3) at S1177 increased. Treatment with the TGF-β receptor I/activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor reduced Smad2 phosphorylation to levels observed in rats on the low-salt diet and prevented the downstream signaling events induced by the high-salt diet. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, reduction in PTEN levels increased phosphorylated Akt and NOS3. Treatment of macrovascular endothelial cells with TGF-β1 increased phosphorylated NOS3 and the concentration of NO metabolites in the medium but had no effect on either of these variables in cells pretreated with small interfering RNA directed against PTEN. Thus, during high salt intake, an increase in TGF-β directly promoted a reduction in endothelial PTEN levels, which in turn regulated Akt activation and NOS3 phosphorylation. This effect closes a feedback loop that potentially mitigates the effect of TGF-β on the vasculature.
Three Ways to Understand State Actors in International Negotiations: Climate Change in the Clinton Years (1993–2000)
Authors: Downie Christian
Published: September 2013

Different theoretical perspectives ask different questions about state behavior in international negotiations. For example, are governments moved by domestic political pressures? Are transnational networks influencing state behavior? Or do international regimes affect state decisions? However, these questions are almost always considered in the context of an individual negotiation outcome. Indeed, very little work has been undertaken on how these factors vary over time (the temporal dimension of international negotiations). This article addresses the temporal dimension by considering the role of the US across almost a decade of the international climate change negotiations. Drawing on an empirical data set based on elite interviews, this article suggests three factors that need to be taken into account by existing theoretical frameworks in order to capture the observed fluctuations in the behavior of state actors in a prolonged international negotiation, and explains why they matter.
Clistax bahiensis (Acanthaceae), a new epiphytic species from Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Profice Sheila , Leitman Paula
Published: September 2013

A new species of Acanthaceae from southern Bahia state, Clistax bahiensis Profice & Leitman, is described and illustrated. A comparison with previously described taxa in the genus, C. brasiliensis Mart. and C. speciosus Nees reveals distinct characteristics from the formers such as dimorphic bracteoles (anterior oblong-lanceolate and posterior lanceolate) and red corolla, beside the remarkable epiphytic habit.
New species of Neuronema McLachlan, 1869 from China
(Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae)
Authors: ZHAO YANG , YAN BINGZHEN , LIU ZHIQI
Published: September 2013

Two new species of Neuronema McLachlan are described from China: Neuronema ypsilum sp. nov., which was found in Beijing and Shaanxi provinces, and Neuronema maculosum sp. nov., which was found in Chongqing and Gansu provinces. Keys are given to identify the species of Neuronema in China.
The Dissipation Structure of Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Chylek Petr , Zhang Feng
Published: September 2013

The physical characteristics of extratropical cyclones are investigated based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, using entropy as its main tool, has been widely used in many scientific fields. The entropy balance equation contains two parts: the internal entropy production corresponds to dissipation and the external entropy production corresponds to boundary entropy supply. It is shown that dissipation is always present in a cyclone and the dissipation center is not always coincident with the low-pressure center, especially for incipient cyclones. The different components of internal entropy production correspond to different dissipation processes. Usually the thermal dissipation due to turbulent vertical diffusion and convection lags geographically the dynamic dissipation due to wind stress. At the incipient stage, the dissipation is mainly thermal in nature. A concept of temperature shear is introduced as the result of thermal dissipation. The temperature shear provides a useful diagnostic for extratropical cyclone identification. The boundary entropy supply and the entropy advection are also strongly associated with cyclones. The entropy advection is generally positive (negative) in the leading (trailing) part of a cyclone. A regional study in the western Pacific clearly demonstrates that the surface entropy flux and temperature shear are the most reliable early signals of cyclones in the cyclogenesis stage.
The South Pacific Meridional Mode: A Mechanism for ENSO-like Variability
Authors: Zhang Honghai , Clement Amy , Di Nezio Pedro
Published: September 2013

In this study, the authors investigate the connection between the South Pacific atmospheric variability and the tropical Pacific climate in models of different degrees of coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. A robust mode of variability, defined as the South Pacific meridional mode (SPMM), is identified in a multimodel ensemble of climate model experiments where the atmosphere is only thermodynamically coupled to a slab ocean mixed layer. The physical interpretation of the SPMM is nearly identical to the North Pacific meridional mode (NPMM) with the off-equatorial southeast trade wind variability altering the latent heat flux and sea surface temperature (SST) and initiating a wind–evaporation–SST feedback that propagates signals into the tropics. The authors also show that a positive cloud feedback plays a role in the development of this mode, but this effect is model dependent. While physically analogous to the NPMM, the SPMM has a stronger expression in the equatorial Pacific and directly perturbs the zonal gradients of SST and sea level pressure (SLP) on the equator, thus leading to ENSO-like variability despite the lack of ocean–atmosphere dynamical coupling. Further analysis suggests that the SPMM is also active in fully coupled climate models and observations. This study highlights the important role of the Southern Hemisphere in tropical climate variability and suggests that including observations from the data-poor South Pacific could improve the ENSO predictability.
A Dryline in Southeast Wyoming. Part I: Multiscale Analysis Using Observations and Modeling on 22 June 2010
Authors: Campbell Patrick C. , Geerts Bart , Bergmaier Philip T.
Published: September 2013

A first observational and modeling study of a dryline and associated initiation of deep convection over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming is presented. Radar and station measurements show that the dryline is a well-defined convergent humidity boundary with a modest density (i.e., buoyancy) gradient. Its development, intensity, and movement are regulated by the terrain, diurnal land surface and boundary layer processes, and synoptic-scale evolution. At least one of the thunderstorms that emerged from the dryline became severe. Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) simulations accurately reproduce measured aspects of this dryline, as well as the timing and location of convection initiation. The WRF output is used further to characterize the dryline vertical and horizontal structures and to examine convection initiation processes. A dryline bulge over a local terrain ridge appears to be an essential ingredient in convection initiation on this day: just north of this bulge the surface convergence and buoyancy gradient are strongest, and deep convection is triggered. In this region especially, the WRF simulation produces horizontal convective rolls intersecting with the dryline, as well as small cyclonic vortices along the dryline. In fact, the primary storm cell initiates just downwind of one such vortex. Part II of this study describes the finescale vertical structure of this dryline using airborne Raman lidar data.
Cell Phone Decision Making
Authors: Blair Bethany L. , Fletcher Anne C. , Gaskin Erin R.
Published: September 2013

The primary aim of this study was to examine how and why adolescents make decisions regarding whether to conduct their communication via texting versus calling features of cellular telephones. Individual semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 41 adolescents aged 14 to 18 focusing on their use of calling and texting when communicating with friends, parents, and romantic partners. Through grounded theory analysis, a conceptual decision-tree emerged depicting a process of decision making based on communication content, communication partner, and situational limitations. Further analysis indicated that the adolescents consistently perceived texting as easier than calling in ways that were meaningful to their everyday lives. Findings reflect the complex interweaving of logic, personal preference, and concession to social constraints that goes into adolescents’ choices to call versus text.
Imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Istanbul, Turkey: risk factors for severe course and mortality
Authors: Arslan Ferhat , Mert Ali , Batirel Ayse , Inan Asuman , Balkan Ilker Inanc , Nazlican Ozcan , Uzun Cengiz , Vahaboglu Haluk
Published: September 2013

We describe the epidemiological, clinical features and risk factors for the morbidity and mortality of imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases during the last 10 years in Istanbul, Turkey. The epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data of cases in six tertiary care hospitals in Istanbul between 2002 and 2012 were analysed. Seventy patients (65 males, five females; median age 37; range: 14–84) were included. Sixty-five (93%) patients had travelled to African countries and the remaining five to other malarious countries. Seventeen (24%) had a history of previous malarial episodes; eight (13%) developed recrudescence during the first month; 22 (31%), 17 (24%), 20 (29%) and three (4%) cases had cerebral malaria, cholestatic icterus, malarial hepatitis and respiratory distress syndrome on admission, respectively. Six of 12 patients with severe falciparum malaria died. Clinically, the presence of alteration in mental status, icterus, hypoglycaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and malarial hepatitis were statistically significant for the development of severe malaria and mortality. Recrudescence should not be forgotten, especially in uncomplicated cases.
In Pursuit of Equality and Respect
Authors: Kaufman Alison Adcock
Published: September 2013

This article examines the role of the League of Nations, particularly in the 1920s, in the foreign relations of the Republic of China (ROC). ROC diplomats targeted their activities in the League toward achieving two long-standing Chinese national aspirations: achieving formal legal equality with other states and thereby ending disadvantageous treaty relations, and gaining recognition for China’s self-assessed identity as a once and future great power. On the first issue, these figures wished the League to act indirectly on their country’s behalf, by supporting Chinese diplomatic activities in other venues and enhancing the authority of international legal regimes. On the second, they sought to have the League’s organizational structure directly reflect China’s self-perceived rightful status as an important nation. Examining their arguments helps to shed light on how these figures construed the nature of great power status, and on their sometimes contradictory views of equality and hierarchy among nations. It also illuminates mindsets that continued to shape Chinese attitudes toward international relations and international institutions in later years.
Designing of X-bar control charts based on process capability index using repetitive sampling
Authors: Ahmad Liaquat , Aslam Muhammad , Jun Chi-Hyuck
Published: September 2013

A control chart, being an important tool of statistical process control, has been used for process monitoring and detection of any out-of-control process situation. In this paper, the Shewhart [Formula: see text] chart, also known as the traditional control chart, in combination with the process capability index [Formula: see text] proposed by Subramani and Balamurali, is presented under the repetitive sampling scheme. The optimal design parameters of the proposed control chart are calculated. The performance of the proposed control chart is evaluated through the average run lengths (ARLs). Numerical tables have been constructed for the purpose of comparing the in-control ARL and the out-of-control ARL with the single sampling scheme. The findings of the study show that the newly suggested sampling scheme is better than the existing single sampling scheme in detection of mean shift of the process.
“It’s complicated”
Authors: Vennum Amber , Lindstrom Rachel , Monk J. Kale , Adams Rebekah
Published: September 2013

Given previous research on the risks associated with cycling in young adult dating relationships, the present study examines the frequency with which cyclical dating relationships (relationships that end and renew) persist into cohabitation and marriage, the characteristics of these relationships, and the constraints associated with cycling during these stages using a nationally representative sample of cohabiting ( n = 323) and married ( n = 752) couples. Using retrospective accounts, results suggest that over one-third of cohabiters and one-fifth of spouses have experienced a breakup and renewal in their current relationship. Additionally, partners who have experienced cycling are at greater risk for further cycling and experiencing greater constraints to permanently ending the relationship, greater uncertainty in their relationship’s future, and lower satisfaction.
Experience-based navigation for long-term localisation
Authors: Churchill Winston , Newman Paul
Published: September 2013

This paper is about long-term navigation in environments whose appearance changes over time, suddenly or gradually. We describe, implement and validate an approach which allows us to incrementally learn a model whose complexity varies naturally in accordance with variation of scene appearance. It allows us to leverage the state of the art in pose estimation to build over many runs, a world model of sufficient richness to allow simple localisation despite a large variation in conditions. As our robot repeatedly traverses its workspace, it accumulates distinct visual experiences that in concert, implicitly represent the scene variation: each experience captures a visual mode. When operating in a previously visited area, we continually try to localise in these previous experiences while simultaneously running an independent vision-based pose estimation system. Failure to localise in a sufficient number of prior experiences indicates an insufficient model of the workspace and instigates the laying down of the live image sequence as a new distinct experience. In this way, over time we can capture the typical time-varying appearance of an environment and the number of experiences required tends to a constant. Although we focus on vision as a primary sensor throughout, the ideas we present here are equally applicable to other sensor modalities. We demonstrate our approach working on a road vehicle operating over a 3-month period at different times of day, in different weather and lighting conditions. We present extensive results analysing different aspects of the system and approach, in total processing over 136,000 frames captured from 37 km of driving.
Diffusion tensor imaging of cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases of the liver
Authors: Erturk Sukru Mehmet , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Kaya Emel , Yapici Ozge , Ozel Alper , Mahmutoglu Abdullah Soydan , Basak Muzaffer
Published: September 2013

Background

Although diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging imaging (DW-MRI) is commonly used to characterize hepatic lesions, the literature is sparse about the use of MR diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in this regard. By using DTI, one is able to obtain not only apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) but also fractional anisotropy (Fa) values.

Purpose

To evaluate DTI using ADC and Fa values in the imaging of hepatic cysts, hemangiomas, and metastases.

Material and Methods

Sixty-six patients with 77 lesions were examined with DTI. There were 32 metastases, 13 cysts, and 32 hemangiomas. Two radiologists performed ADC and Fa measurements. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. ADCs and Fa values were correlated using Pearson correlation. The differences were compared using ANOVA and Tukey tests. A ROC analysis was applied; sensitivities and specificities were calculated.

Results

The inter-observer agreement was very good. The correlation between ADC and Fa was negative, weak, and significant ( r = −0.36). The mean ADC value of cysts (3.30 ± 0.8 × 10−3 mm2/s) was significantly higher than that of hemangiomas (2.23 ± 0.5 × 10−3 mm2/s) and metastases (1.62 ± 0.4 × 10−3 mm2/s). The mean Fa value of cysts (0.2 ± 0.05) was significantly lower than hemangiomas (0.37 ± 0.1) and metastases (0.46 ± 0.1). The Az values for discriminating metastases from benign hepatic lesions for ADC and Fa value were 0.885 and 0.731, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of ADC and Fa were 87.5% and 84.4%, and 78.1% and 57.8%, respectively. The Az value for discriminating cysts from hemangiomas for Fa was 0.96. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.6% and 92.3%, respectively.

Conclusion

Fa values may play a supportive role in the imaging of liver lesions. Whereas metastases tend to have low ADCs and high Fa values, cysts have high ADCs and low Fa values and hemangiomas have high ADCs and high Fa values.
The diagnostic sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and breast-specific gamma imaging in women with calcified and non-calcified DCIS
Authors: Kim Jin Sil , Lee Sang Min , Cha Eun Suk
Published: September 2013

Background

Early detection of breast cancer reduces mortality. Therefore, diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is important.

Purpose

To compare the sensitivities of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI) in pathologically proven calcified and non-calcified DCIS.

Material and Methods

Thirty-five patients with pathologically diagnosed DCIS from 1 June 2009 through 31 December 2011, underwent a protocol involving both breast MRI and BSGI. Each image was assessed by a separate dedicated breast radiologist. All lesions were divided into two groups; with or without microcalcifications on mammograms. In cases without microcalcifications, we recorded the mass, asymmetry, or negative findings on mammography. On MRI, the enhancement pattern was categorized as mass or non-mass-like enhancement. On BSGI, the uptake pattern was analyzed. The histopathological features of the lesions were obtained. Statistical analysis of the sensitivity of each modality was performed using McNemar’s test.

Results

Thirty-five women with a mean age of 48 years (range, 26–69 years) were enrolled in the study. The total sensitivities of MRI and BSGI in the 35 cases were 91.4% (32 of 35 DCIS) and 68.6% (24 of 35 DCIS), respectively. Eighteen cases with DCIS displayed microcalcifications on mammography, while 17 cases did not. Of these 17 cases without microcalcifications on mammography, 88.2% (15 of 17 DCIS) were detected by MRI and 52.9% (9 of 17 DCIS) by BSGI. Of 18 cases with microcalcifications on mammography, 94.4% (17 of 18 DCIS) were detected by MRI and 83.3% (15 of 19 DCIS) by BSGI.

Conclusion

MRI showed a higher sensitivity for the detection of calcified and non-calcified DCIS and is more helpful than BSGI in cases without microcalcifications on mammography.
Enhanced Tissue Regeneration Potential of Juvenile Articular Cartilage
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhao Zhixing , Clarke Rhonda B. , Gao Jizong , Garrett Ian R. , Margerrison Ed E.C.
Published: September 2013

Background:

Articular cartilage undergoes substantial age-related changes in molecular composition, matrix structure, and mechanical properties. These age-related differences between juvenile and adult cartilage manifest themselves as markedly distinct potentials for tissue repair and regeneration.

Purpose:

To compare the biological properties and tissue regeneration capabilities of juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Articular cartilage harvested from juvenile (age, 4 months) and adult (age, 6-8 years) bovine femoral condyles was cultured for 4 weeks to monitor chondrocyte migration, glycosaminoglycan content conservation, and new tissue formation. The cartilage cell density and proliferative activity were also compared. Additionally, the effects of age-related changes on cartilage gene expression were analyzed using the Affymetrix GeneChip array.

Results:

Compared with adult cartilage, juvenile bovine cartilage demonstrated a significantly greater cell density, higher cell proliferation rate, increased cell outgrowth, elevated glycosaminoglycan content, and enhanced matrix metallopeptidase 2 activity. During 4 weeks in culture, only juvenile cartilage was able to generate new cartilaginous tissues, which exhibited pronounced labeling for proteoglycan and type II collagen but not type I collagen. With over 19,000 genes analyzed, distinctive gene expression profiles were identified. The genes mostly involved in cartilage growth and expansion, such as COL2A1, COL9A1, MMP2, MMP14, and TGFB3, were upregulated in juvenile cartilage, whereas the genes primarily responsible for structural integrity, such as COMP, FN1, TIMP2, TIMP3, and BMP2, were upregulated in adult cartilage.

Conclusion:

As the first comprehensive comparison between juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels, the results strongly suggest that juvenile cartilage possesses superior chondrogenic activity and enhanced regenerative potential over its adult counterpart. Additionally, the differential gene expression profiles of juvenile and adult cartilage suggest possible mechanisms underlying cartilage age-related changes in their regeneration capabilities, structural components, and biological properties.

Clinical Relevance:

The results of this comparative study between juvenile and adult bovine articular cartilage suggest an enhanced regenerative potential of juvenile cartilage tissue in the restoration of damaged articular cartilage.
Book Review: Nutrition Support
Authors: Hornstrom Grete R.
Published: September 2013

Taylor SJ. Nutrition Support. Bristol, UK: Silhouette; 2012. 297 pp. Electronic. ISBN 978‐0‐9574558‐0‐1.
Densification behaviour of sintered-forged aluminium composite preforms
Authors: Ananthanarayanan Rajeshkannan , Rai Nischal S , Chand Miteshwar , Prasad Navneel , Ram Ravi , Naicker Munish
Published: September 2013

Powder forging is achieving wide industrial recognition and acceptance as being able to produce high-quality parts in an economical manner. The densification behaviour and forming limits of Al, Al-2WC and Al-2WC-4Fe3C preforms were investigated and is presented in this work. A suitable die-set assembly was used to produce powder performs with initial theoretical density of 83% ± 1% and aspect ratio of 0.5 on a 1-MN hydraulic press. Sintering was carried out in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 590 °C for 60 min. The sintered compacts were subjected to hot upsetting at dry friction condition to obtain different levels of height strain, and the operation was stopped when visible cracks appeared at the free surface. Densification behaviour and forming limits are elucidated by studying the diameter strain, height strain, flow stress and Poisson’s ratio parameters.