bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Variable Infiltration Capacity model version 5 (VIC-5): infrastructure improvements for new applications and reproducibility
Authors: Hamman Joseph J. , Nijssen Bart , Bohn Theodore J. , Gergel Diana R. , Mao Yixin
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is a macroscale semi-distributed hydrologic model. VIC development began in the early 1990s and the model has since been used extensively for basin- to global-scale applications that include hydrologic dataset construction, trend analysis of hydrologic fluxes and states, data evaluation and assimilation, forecasting, coupled climate modeling, and climate change impact assessment. Ongoing operational applications of the VIC model include the University of Washington's drought monitoring and forecasting systems and NASA's Land Data Assimilation System. This paper documents the development of VIC version 5 (VIC-5), which includes a major reconfiguration of the legacy VIC source code to support a wider range of modern hydrologic modeling applications. The VIC source code has been moved to a public GitHub repository to encourage participation by the broader user and developer communities. The reconfiguration has separated the core physics of the model from the driver source code, whereby the latter is responsible for memory allocation, preprocessing and post-processing, and input–output (I–O). VIC-5 includes four drivers that use the same core physics modules, but which allow for different methods for accessing this core to enable different model applications. Finally, VIC-5 is distributed with robust test infrastructure, components of which routinely run during development using cloud-hosted continuous integration. The work described here provides an example to the model development community for extending the life of a legacy model that is being used extensively. The development and release of VIC-5 represents a significant step forward for the VIC user community in terms of support for existing and new model applications, reproducibility, and scientific robustness.
Coastline evolution based on statistical analysis and modelling
Authors: Armenio Elvira , De Serio Francesca , Mossa Michele , Petrillo Antonio F.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Wind, waves, tides, sediment supply, changes in relative sea level and human activities strongly affect shorelines, which constantly move in response to these processes, over a variety of time scales. Thus, the implementation of sound coastal zone management strategies needs reliable information on erosion and/or deposition processes. Suggesting a feasible way to provide such information is the main motivation of the present work. A chain approach is here proposed, tested on a vulnerable coastal site located along the southern Italy, and based on the joint analysis of field data, statistical tools and numerical modelling. Firstly, the coastline morphology has been examined through interannual field data, such as aerial photographs, plane-bathymetric surveys, seabed characterization. After this, rates of shoreline changes have been quantified with a specific GIS tool. Correlations among the historical shoreline positions have been detected by statistical analysis and have been satisfactorily confirmed by numerical modelling, in terms of recurrent erosion/accretion area and beach rotation trends. Finally, based on field topographic, sediment, wave and wind data, the response of the beach by the numerical simulation has been investigated in a forecasting perspective. The scope of this study is providing a feasible, general and replicable chain approach, which could help to thoroughly understand the dynamics of a coastal system, identifying typical and recurrent erosion/accretion processes, and predict possible future trends, useful for planning coastal activities.
ANYCaRE: A role-playing game to investigate crisis decision-making and communication challenges in weather-related hazards
Authors: Terti Galateia , Ruin Isabelle , Kalas Milan , Láng Ilona , Cangròs i Alonso Arnau , Sabbatini Tommaso , Lorini Valerio
Published: August 2018

Abstract. This study proposes a role-playing experiment to explore the value of modern impact-based weather forecasts on the decision-making process to (i) issue warnings and manage the official emergency response under uncertainty and (ii) communicate and trigger protective actions at different levels of the warning system across Europe. Here, flood or strong wind game simulations seek to represent to the players realistic uncertainties and dilemmas embedded in the real-time forecasting-warning processes. The game was first tested in two scientific workshops in Finland and France where European researchers, developers, forecasters and civil protection representatives played the simulations. Two other game sessions were organized afterwards (i) with undergraduate University students in France and (ii) with Finnish stakeholders involved in the management of hazardous weather emergencies. First results indicate that multi-model developments and crowdsourcing tools increase the level of confidence in the decision-making under pressure. We found that the role-playing approach facilitates interdisciplinary cooperation and argumentation on emergency response in a fun and interactive manner. ANYCaRE experiment was proposed, therefore, as a valuable learning tool to enhance participants’ understanding of the complexities and challenges met by various actors in weather-related emergency management.
Three years of sea ice freeboard, snow depth, and ice thickness of the Weddell Sea from Operation IceBridge and CryoSat-2
Authors: Kwok Ron , Kacimi Sahra
Published: August 2018

Abstract. We examine the variability of sea ice freeboard, snow
depth, and ice thickness in three years (2011, 2014, and 2016) of repeat
surveys of an IceBridge (OIB) transect across the Weddell Sea. Averaged over
this transect, ice thickness ranges from 2.40±1.07 (2011) to
2.60±1.15 m (2014) and snow depth from 35.8±11.5 (2016) to
43.6±10.2 cm (2014), suggesting a highly variable but broadly thicker
ice cover compared to that inferred from drilling and ship-based
measurements. Spatially, snow depth and ice thickness are higher in the more
deformed ice of the western Weddell. The impact of undersampling the thin
end of the snow depth distribution on the regional statistics, due to the
resolution of the snow radar, is assessed. Radar freeboards (uncompensated
for snow thickness) from CryoSat-2 (CS-2) sampled along the same transect
are consistently higher (by up to 8 cm) than those computed using OIB data.
This suggests radar scattering that originates above the snow–ice interface,
possibly due to salinity in the basal layer of the snow column.
Consequently, sea ice thicknesses computed using snow depth estimates solely
from differencing OIB and CS-2 freeboards (without snow radar) are therefore
generally higher; mean differences in sea ice thickness along a transect are
up to ∼0.6 m higher (in 2014). This analysis is relevant to
the use of differences between ICESat-2 and CS-2 freeboards to estimate snow
depth for ice thickness calculations. Our analysis also suggests that, even
with these expected biases, this is an improvement over the assumption that
snow depth is equal to the total freeboard, with which the underestimation of
thickness could be up to a meter. Importantly, better characterization of
the source of these biases is critical for obtaining improved estimates and
understanding the limits of retrievals of Weddell Sea ice thickness from
satellite altimeters.
El empoderamiento femenino en los personajes del cine clásico norteamericano (1945-1959): casos e ideología
Authors: Jimeno-Aranda Ricardo
Published: August 2018

El artículo se centra en la cinematografía norteamericana clásica del periodo situado entre 1945 y 1959, analizando los casos singulares en los que puede hablarse de empoderamiento femenino. Dentro de un contexto sociopolítico eminentemente masculinizado, las tipologías hollywoodienses expresan de modo predominante una perspectiva masculina, pero este modelo general deja espacio para la aparición de casos aislados, tanto de cineastas, como de estructuras narrativas que avanzan un planteamiento de género a contracorriente. La revisión se detiene en determinados artífices de estas obras, y en particular en los géneros y temáticas en las que aparecen, notoriamente el western –con casos emblemáticos como Johnny Guitar (id., Nicholas Ray, 1954), planteando a partir de su existencia una serie de efectos ideológicos significativos.
RIZO-LIMINARIDADE: PERFORMANCES DO ‘ENTRE’
Authors: Barbara Rodrigo Peixoto , Curado Renata Valério Póvoa
Published: August 2018

O presente texto objetiva discorrer sobre duas performances do ‘entre’: uma em Victor Turner e outra em Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari. Em Turner, discorrer-se-á sobre a primeira, a ‘Liminaridade’, levando em consideração a extensão que este termo abarca: communitas, margem, status e ritos de passagem (este último, ancorado na teoria de Arnold Van Gennep). Em Deleuze e Guattari, dissertar-se-á acerca da segunda, o ‘Rizoma’, e, consequentemente, a sua condição de fluxo e corte, de desterritorialização, de nomadismo e multiplicidade. Este texto também está fundamentado teoricamente em Richard Schechner, importante teórico na área das Performances Culturais e de influência nos escritos de Victor Turner.
George Eliot and Spinoza: Toward a Theory of the Affects
Authors: Frazer Sophie Alexandra
Published: August 2018

This article argues that in The Lifted Veil George Eliot conducts a fictional experiment to test the limits of seventeenth-century philosopher Benedict de Spinoza's metaphysics. Eliot's Gothic novella, a significant generic departure from the realist fiction that established her fame, can arguably be read as a response to Spinoza's theory of the imagination, with its nursery of illusions and fears. Despite Eliot's years of studying and translating Spinoza's two major works, and the influence his philosophy exerted over both herself and George Henry Lewes, there has been a curious tendency to overlook this fundamental intellectual relationship. In The Lifted Veil Eliot does not merely give fictional form to Spinoza's ideas; rather, she contests and reshapes his affective philosophy, setting his intensely optical, phenomenal notion of the subject's enslavement to the vividness of imagination in an incendiary allegory of mid-century Victorian visual culture. The various epistemological crises of the mid-century moment find expression in Eliot's horrifying first-person account of delimited, inescapable sensory experience. What ensues is a destabilizing of the bluntly rational terms upon which Spinoza grounded his vision of the affective imagination, through which Eliot explores her own specular phenomenology of loss in a period when the very act of seeing was radically evolving.
Construção coletiva de estratégias para um programa de educação permanente em transplante hepático
Authors: Kuze Elisa Borges , Amante Lúcia Nazareth , Girondi Juliana Balbinot Reis , Sebold Luciara Fabiane , Sallum Nadia Chiodelli , Knihs Neide Da Silva
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Identificar, junto à equipe de enfermagem, estratégias educativas para a composição de um plano de ações educacionais em transplantehepático para a enfermagem do centro cirúrgico. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, qualitativa, realizada em um hospital escola da região sul dopaís, aprovada pelo comitê de ética em pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Resultados: Participaram 16 integrantes da equipe de transplante hepático,sendo que na análise de conteúdo emergiram três categorias: conhecimento de todo o processo de transplante hepático; apropriação dos cuidados deenfermagem perioperatória em transplante hepático; e integração e qualificação da equipe interdisciplinar. Conclusão: Deseja-se que esta pesquisa sirvade auxílio para outros centros transplantadores, sendo significativo o aprofundamento no que concerne à implantação do serviço com embasamento emum referencial metodológico para alicerçar a prática, configurando-o como um instrumento científico para o desenvolvimento das atividades e a formaçãode programas de educação permanente, de acordo com as necessidades das equipes que atuam com essa realidade.
Criação de um manual para posicionamento cirúrgico : relato de experiência
Authors: Sousa Cristina Silva , Bispo Daniela Magalhães , Acunã Andrea Alfaya
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Relatar a experiência da criação de um manual de posicionamento cirúrgico. Método: Relato de experiência da construção de ummanual de posicionamento cirúrgico para direcionar os profissionais de enfermagem, com base no fundamento teórico e na prática clínica da equipe deenfermagem de um hospital filantrópico de grande porte localizado no município de São Paulo. O guia foi desenvolvido como oportunidade de melhorara prevenção de lesões por posicionamento cirúrgico. Resultados: O manual é composto de 64 páginas, em apresentação paisagem, colorido e com ilustrações,validado pela gerente e coordenadora do bloco operatório. Contém introdução, avaliação de risco, dispositivos e práticas recomendadas. Para cadaposição cirúrgica, é demonstrado como realizar o posicionamento e os riscos envolvidos. Ao final do documento, são informados os dispositivos de prevençãoutilizados pela instituição. Conclusão: A criação de manual de posicionamento permite à equipe de enfermagem perioperatória o direcionamentoadequado para o posicionamento cirúrgico e, consequentemente, para a prevenção de lesões por pressão decorrentes do posicionamento equivocado.
An Investigation of Professional Problems of Physical Education and Sports Teachers and Effects of These Problems on their Performance and Motivation
Authors: Kul Murat , Yilmaz Sevim Handan , Yasartürk Fatih
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this research is to analyze professional problems faced by the physical education and sports teachers and effects of these problems on their performance and motivation. 41 physical education and sports teachers working in the province of Bartın participated in the research. Interview method was used in this study which was designed with the "phenomenology" concept for exploration - benefited from the interview method. Descriptive analysis and content analysis methods were used during the analyze of the data obtained. the most important problems that physical education and sports teachers face may be listed as; school administration's underestimation of physical education course, lacking of the qualification needed to inspect this course, parents' focus on academic achievement and therefore their underestimation towards physical education course, parents' failure to motivate their children towards doing sports, non-availability of sport facilities and course tools and equipment, low weekly course hours, frequent change of curriculum, students' desire to do extracurricular activities during the course and inadequacy of in-service and seminar programs. It was determined that; due to the problems they face with school management 46% of the participants, due to the problems they face with the parents 76% of the participants, due to the problems they face with the students 49% of the participants, due to the problems they face with the curriculum 44% of the participants, due to the problems they face about the facility and course tools and equipment 68% of the participants, due to the problems they face about the inspection 22% of the participants, due to the problems they face with the provincial directorates of sports 56% of the participants, due to the problems they face about the in-service programs 27% of the participants were negatively affected in terms of performance and motivation.
Association Between the Phenotypes of Haptoglobin and Tuberculosis in Ivory Coast-Haptoglobin Phenotypes and Tuberculosis
Authors: Fatoumata Kone , Ahiboh Hugues F T , Sibli-Koffi Joelle A , Traore Mamadou , Konan Jean-L K , Zein Mohamed B O , Yapi Houphouët , Joseph Djaman , Domoua Medard , Menan Hervé
Published: August 2018

The susceptibility of patients to certain pathologies, such as tuberculosis (TB), is associated to the phenotype of their haptoglobin (Hp). The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the haptoglobin phenotype in tuberculosis by determining the association of Hp phenotypes with certain epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in Côte d'Ivoire. In a case-control study, 131 tuberculosis and 109 non-tuberculosis as controls, voluntary blood donors were recruited in Abidjan. From venous blood samples, phenotyping of Hp was performed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis according to Raymond's method. Comparisons were made using chi2 test at risk α = 5%. We found three phenotypes: Hp1-1, Hp2-1, Hp2-2 in the respective proportions of 27.5%, 50.5% and 22 % in the control population (n = 109) and 36.6%, 54.2% and 9.2% in the tuberculosis population (n = 131). Among the population carrying the Hp1 allele, 58.3% were tuberculosis patients compared to 41.7% in controls subject (p = 0.006). Among TB patients, 33.3% carried Hp2-2 subtype compared to 66.7% in controls (p = 0.011). The Hardy-Weinberg’s equilibrium showed that tuberculosis patients carring Hp2-2 phenotype died early. Hp phenotype was not associated to TB-HIV co-infection, neither to TB treatment nor to response to anti-tuberculosis treatment. We concluded that there is an association between Hp phenotype and TB infection prognosis. Hp2-2, less antioxidant seemed to be associated to the disease with poor prognosis.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol. 10, No. 3
Authors: Luo Lesley
Published: August 2018

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Geography and Geology, Vol. 10, No. 3
International Trade Agreements and Their Relation to Core Labor Standards
Authors: Yu Shuhong , Zia-ud-Din Malik
Published: August 2018

The research is an attempt to comprehend with these issues and enunciate an argument that international labor rights and labor standards are a pivotal component of international trade, investment, and development strategy for the well-being of the entire society not only for the wealthy nations. Section 1 of the paper lays out unanimity of labor rights and standards depicted from different sources with evoking instances showing real concerns that have originated with the development of new universal trade. Section 2 illustrates various forums where the international labor rights assertion perhaps induced, through a discourse of multiple supervision or enforcement mechanism available under such forums. Last part of the paper concludes the study and proposes future initiatives to labor rights advocates from all discussions and further recommends new allegiances to international fair labor rights and standards by government, employers, and trade unions entered into a global economy.
Pharmacist and Pediatrician Knowledge of Codeine Use in Children
Authors: He Ting , Lardieri Allison B. , Morgan Jill A.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES In 2011, approximately 1.7 million pediatric patients had a codeine-containing prescription filled at a US retail pharmacy. Numerous cases involving serious adverse effects or fatalities have been reported in children who have been prescribed codeine. In 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration added a boxed warning to avoid codeine in children after a tonsillectomy. The purpose of this study is to determine pharmacists' and pediatricians' knowledge of the boxed warning for codeine in children.

METHODS Two separate surveys were administered to community pharmacists in Maryland, pediatricians, and pediatric residents at a single institution in Maryland. Both surveys consisted of questions regarding knowledge of the boxed warning for codeine in children.

RESULTS There was no difference in the awareness of the boxed warning between pharmacists (48.9%, n = 43) and pediatricians (51.3%, n = 41, p = 0.88). More pharmacists knew that ultrarapid metabolizers have the risk for increased adverse events from codeine (39.5% pharmacists vs. 20% pediatricians, p = 0.01). In addition, 36% of pharmacists and 33% of pediatricians noted that it was never appropriate to use codeine in a child (p = 0.73).

CONCLUSIONS Only half of pharmacists and pediatricians surveyed were aware of the boxed warning for codeine. One third of pharmacists and pediatricians in this study would never use codeine in a child. Therefore, more education is needed for pharmacists and pediatricians regarding the dangers of using codeine in children.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in Pediatric Patients With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support
Authors: Zylbersztajn Brenda L. , Izquierdo Giannina , Santana Roxana C. , Fajardo Christian , Torres Juan P. , Cordero Jaime , Valverde Cristián
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES Determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and optimal dosage of vancomycin for children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

METHODS Retrospective PK study of vancomycin in pediatric patients on ECMO who received IV vancomycin 40 to 60 mg/kg/day every 6 hours. Patients were analyzed according to the presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and requirement of renal replacement therapy (RRT).

RESULTS Data from 40 children, with a median age of 2.7 years of age (1 month to 14 years) were evaluated. Thirty-two patients (80%) received vancomycin. Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring was performed in 29 patients. The subgroup without AKI or RRT were 15. With initial doses, vancomycin trough levels were within therapeutic range in 53% of patients. After dose change, 93% of patients achieved therapeutic levels. The adjusted dose was 40 (34–60) mg/kg/day every 6 hours. Estimated PK parameters were clearance (CL) 1.67 (1–1.67) mL/kg/min; volume of distribution (Vd) 0.73 (0.7–0.9) L/kg; and half-life (t½) 6.2 (4.9–8.06) hours. In the AKI subgroup, 11 patients, the initial median dose was 40 (30–45) mg/kg/day every 8 (6–12) hours. Trough concentrations of vancomycin were within therapeutic range in 27% of patients. After dose modifications, 63% of patients achieved target trough concentration. The final adjusted dose was 20 mg/kg/day (15–30) every 12 (12–24) hours. Estimated PK parameters were Vd 1.16 (0.68–1.6) L/kg; CL 0.83 (0.38–1) mL/kg/min; and a t½ of 23.6 (16.2–31) hours.

CONCLUSIONS In patients without AKI or RRT, Vd of vancomycin was similar and CL was lower compared to pediatric critically ill patients without ECMO. Treatment could be started at 40 mg/kg/day every 6 hours. In patients with AKI, the use of lower doses should be used.
Impact of Two Educational Modules on Practitioner Knowledge of Pediatric Delirium
Authors: Gabbard Allyson D. , Patatanian Leslie K.
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of education modules in preparing staff before the implementation of a pediatric delirium screening protocol.

METHODS After consenting participants began phase 1 of the study, which covered general information on pediatric delirium. It comprised a 21-question assessment administered as a pretest followed by an education module and then the same 21-question assessment administered as a posttest. After completing phase 1, participants proceeded to phase 2, which focused on use of the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) tool. It comprised an education module and a 14-question postassessment. Participants completed these phases at their convenience via provided instruction documents. Assessments were delivered through the online service SurveyMonkey. Education modules were available online as invisible YouTube videos.

RESULTS A total of 50 nurses and pharmacists gave consent, and 37 of these participants initiated phase 1. All 37 participants completed the phase 1 preassessment, averaging a score of 46% (range, 29%–71%). A total of 27 participants completed the phase 1 postassessment, with an average score of approximately 76% (range, 48%–95%). A total of 20 participants, with no prior training on the CAPD, completed the phase 2 postassessment, averaging a score of 88% (range, 43%–100%).

CONCLUSIONS Both the pediatric delirium general education module and the CAPD use education module resulted in participant learning, as evidenced by the assessment score averages.
Intravenous Ribavirin for Parainfluenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in an Infant Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Sargel Cheryl L. , Aboud Mohammed , Forster Aimee , Langman Loralie J. , Tansmore Jessica , Mueller Bruce A. , Smoyer William E. , Auletta Jeffery J.
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND Viral bronchiolitis remains a significant cause of hospitalization as well as morbidity and mortality during the first year of life, with treatment options beyond supportive care being limited. In cases of severe illness, ribavirin may offer therapeutic benefit.

OBJECTIVE We report the use of intravenous (IV) ribavirin in an infant requiring concomitant venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) coinfection.

PATIENTS AND METHODS A 5-week-old male former 33-week preterm infant was admitted with respiratory failure and subsequently tested positive for RSV and PIV-type 1 infection. Progressive clinical deterioration subsequently required the initiation of both VV-ECMO and CVVH. Although the patient received combined VV-ECMO and CVVH, IV ribavirin was administered, and serial plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic analyses after the first dose (collection period 1) and again after an estimated 5 half-lives (collection period 2).

RESULTS Pharmacokinetics for collection period 1 demonstrated a calculated Cmax of 11.99 mg/L, an AUC0–24 of 43.32 mg·hr/L, ke 0.26 hr−1, t½ 2.69 hr, Vd 10.04 L (2.92 L/kg, using patient's dosing weight 3.43 kg), CLT 43.47 mL/min, and CLCVVH 6.75 mL/min. Pharmacokinetics for collection period 2 demonstrated a calculated Cmax of 10.31 mg/L, AUC0–6 of 52.55 mg· hr/L, ke 0.06 hr−1, t½ 10.69 hr, Vd 17.5 L (5.1 L/kg), and CLT 17.44 mL/min. The sieving coefficient during collection period 1 was 1.17 (range, 1.07–1.37). The percent decline between prefilter and postfilter oxygenator was 19.1%.

CONCLUSION Our patient demonstrated therapeutic concentrations of ribavirin, despite drug removal via CVVH and the ECMO oxygenator. Standard ribavirin dosing used and resultant concentrations achieved were associated with viral clearance and clinical improvement.
BOURDIEU AVEC FOUCAULT, UN RENDEZ-VOUS MANCATO? LE PERIPEZIE DELLO STATO TRA FOUCAULT E BOURDIEU
Authors: Mogno Clara
Published: August 2018

Tradicionalmente, o Estado é um dos principais objetos da teoria política, da filosofia política e da sociologia. Bourdieu e Foucault tentaram compreender o Estado e suas funções, abordando o tema de duas formas muito diferentes. Eles certamente compartilham a vontade de analisá-lo através de suas ações e práticas concretas: é possível ler uma redefinição do olhar que deve ser adotado para lidar com esse objeto peculiar. Depois de analisar brevemente como Bourdieu define o Estado, este trabalho se concentra em três momentos específicos, quando Bourdieu se refere aos trabalhos de Foucault durante as palestras sobre o Estado que ele deu no Collège de France.
A Strategic Plan for Increasing Scholarly Activity Among Medical Students, Residents, and Faculty
Authors: Wolfe Jesse , Wolfe Jenna , Smith Kevin , Yoho Robert , Vardaxis Vassilios
Published: August 2018

Background:

Scholarly activity among students, residents, and faculty provides the foundation for medical education. However, a decline in the number of physician-scientists has been acknowledged during the past few decades. As a result, institutions have attempted to increase research activity among students and residents through a variety of means. This study describes a replicative model for medical institutions to increase their research enterprises among medical students, residents, and faculty.

Methods:

Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery (DMU-CPMS) developed a Strategic Research Plan (SRP) to increase scholarly activity in the college. The SRP outlined an innovative model to increase research activity, including creating a Director of Research position, modifying the existing curriculum toward an evidence-based focus, increasing extracurricular research opportunities, and fostering collaborative research efforts among students, residents, and faculty.

Results:

After SRP implementation, an increase in scholarly activity was observed. In the 6 years before implementing the SRP, DMU-CPMS published 11 manuscripts. In the 6 years after initiating the SRP, manuscript publications increased to 50. During this same period, podium presentations at scientific meetings increased from 6 to 40, and students listed as lead author increased from 0 to 16.

Conclusions:

The SRP provides a replicative model for medical institutions seeking to increase their research enterprises through collaboration among students, residents, and faculty. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a research plan aimed at increasing scholarly activity among a comprehensive scope of individuals in medical education.
Morphological and Physiological Colour Changes in the Animal Kingdom
Authors: Figon Florent , Casas Jérôme
Published: August 2018

Colour change is the ability of an organism to modify its colouration in response to specific stimuli. Several biological functions have been proposed to explain colour changes, including ultraviolet (UV) protection, thermoregulation, crypsis, inter‐ and intraspecific communication. Changes in body colouration are mainly performed through two types of mechanisms referred to as morphological and physiological. Mechanistically, these two types of colour changes differ in their speed and the way coloured structures are altered. The proximal causes of these colour changes are identified in a handful number of species and demonstrate that common physiological, cellular and molecular actors are at play. However, the reasons why both colour‐change types are widespread in the animal kingdom and how they have evolved are still unknown. This is partly due to a lack of knowledge about the fitness implications of colour changes, particularly their energetic costs.

Key Concepts

Morphological and physiological colour changes are widespread in the animal kingdom.

It has been suggested that both types of colour changes have the same biological functions, which are UV protection, thermoregulation, crypsis, inter‐ and intraspecific communication.

Despite differences in speed and mechanisms, similar cellular and molecular actors are at play for both types of colour changes.

Colour changes are triggered by environmental stimuli, mainly light, and are regulated by the neuronal and hormonal systems.

The evolution of colour‐changing abilities is still poorly understood because the consequences of colour changes on individual fitness remain to be investigated.
N, P‐doped CoS2 Embedded in TiO2 Nanoporous Films for Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Guo Limin , Deng Jinan , Wang Guanzhi , Hao Yanan , Bi Ke , Wang Xiaohui , Yang Yang
Published: August 2018

The search for efficient and cost‐effective catalysts for bifunctional oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR and OER) is highly demanded because of the sluggish four‐electron transfer involved redox reactions in Zn–air batteries (ZABs). Herein, (N, P) codoped CoS2 nanoclusters embedded inside TiO2 nanoporous films (denoted as N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs) are synthesized as novel bifunctional ORR/OER catalysts for ZABs. The catalytic activity and stability are promoted by the (N, P)‐dopants due to the enhanced conductivity, increased active surface area, and facilitated reaction kinetics. The N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs exhibit exceptional onset potentials of 0.91 and 1.41 V for ORR and OER, respectively. When used as cathodes in ZABs, the N, P/CoS2@TiO2 NPFs exhibit a reduced charge–discharge gap of 0.8 V at 10 mA cm−2 and a stable cycling performance over 130 h, surpassing the conventional Pt/C+IrO2 catalysts. Moreover, the assembled ZABs delivering a specific capacity of 610 mAh g−1 can be used for flexible devices. This work provides a path for the rational design of bifunctional electrocatalyst for ZABs.
Searching for a Stable High‐Performance Magnetorheological Suspension
Authors: Seo Youngwook P. , Han Sangsok , Choi Junsok , Takahara Atsushi , Choi Hyoung Jin , Seo Yongsok
Published: August 2018

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are a type of smart material with rheological properties that may be controlled through mesostructural transformations. MR fluids form solid‐like fibril structures along the magnetic field direction upon application of a magnetic field due to magnetopolarization of soft‐magnetic particles when suspended in an inert medium. A reverse structural transition occurs upon removal of the applied field. The structural changes are very fast on the order of milliseconds. The rheological properties of MR fluids vary with the application of a magnetic field, resulting in non‐Newtonian viscoplastic flow behaviors. Recent applications have increased the demand for MR materials with better performance and good long‐term stability. A variety of industrial MR materials have been developed and tested in numerous experimental and theoretical studies. Because modeling and analysis are essential to optimize material design, a new macroscale structural model has been developed to distinguish between static yield stress and dynamic yield stress and describe the flow behavior over a wide range of shear rates. Herein, this recent progress in the search for advanced MR fluid materials with good stability is described, along with new approaches to MR flow behavior analysis. Several ways to improve the stability and efficiency of the MR fluids are also summarized.
Enzymology of Anthraquinone‐γ‐Pyrone Ring Formation in Complex Aromatic Polyketide Biosynthesis
Authors: Hou Xian‐Feng , Song Yu‐Jiao , Zhang Mei , Lan Wenxian , Meng Song , Wang Chunxi , Pan Hai‐Xue , Cao Chunyang , Tang Gong‐Li
Published: August 2018

Aromatic‐fused γ‐pyrones are structural features of many bioactive natural products and valid scaffolds for medicinal chemistry. However, the enzymology of their formation has not been completely established. Now it is demonstrated that TxnO9, a CalC‐like protein belonging to a START family, functions as an unexpected anthraquinone‐γ‐pyrone synthase involved in the biosynthesis of antitumor antibiotic trioxacarcin A (TXN‐A). Structural analysis by NMR identified a likely substrate/product‐binding mode and putative key active sites of TxnO9, which allowed an enzymatic mechanism to be proposed. Moreover, a subset of uncharacterized homologous proteins bearing an unexamined Lys‐Thr dyad exhibit the same function. Therefore, the functional assignment and mechanistic investigation of this γ‐pyrone synthase elucidated an undescribed step in TXN‐A biosynthesis, and the discovery of this new branch of polyketide heterocyclases expands the functions of the START superfamily.
The tough microcapsules of acrylic acid–styrene–isoprene–styrene quadrablock copolymer shell via Pickering emulsion technique
Authors: Xia Chunmiao , Luo Yingwu
Published: August 2018

Pickering emulsion technique has been demonstrated a simple method to fabricate the microcapsules. However, the resulted microcapsules are often fragile. This limits their applications. Here, we report that the microcapsules with the nanostructured shell of poly(acrylic acid‐b‐styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (ASIS), which is of high toughness and elasticity, could be fabricated via Pickering emulsions using ASIS nanoparticles as stabilizing particles. The surfactant‐free ASIS latex (with theoretical molecular weight for each block: 1.5k–15k–55k–10k) was synthesized by reversible additional fragmentation transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization using amphiphilic macro‐RAFT agent [poly(acrylic acid)20‐b‐polystyrene5 trithiocarbonate] as both reactive surfactant and polymerization mediator. It was found that the ASIS nanoparticles were able to self‐assemble on oil/water interface to stabilize Pickering emulsion of hexadecane in the pH range from 8 to 12. The droplet diameter was finely tuned from 17 to 5 µm by increasing the ASIS particle levels from 0.13 to 12 wt % based on the mass of the ASIS aqueous dispersions. With toluene as a coalescing aid, the capsules with a coherent and nonporous shell were obtained with the dispersed phase volume percentage as high as 50%. The toluene treated capsules were so mechanically strong to survive the utrasonic treatment. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46700.
Capacitance properties of unipolar pulsed electro‐polymerized PEDOT films
Authors: Du Haiyan , Liu Xiaoxiao , Ren Zhe , Yang Huimin , Yu Yunlong
Published: August 2018

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film has been prepared on conductive carbon paper (CP) substrates by unipolar pulse electrochemical deposition. The effects of different polymerization parameters, including pulse potential and width, deposition frequency, and duty cycle on the capacitance of PEDOT films, were studied by cyclic voltammetry in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution. The PEDOT‐coated CP electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm the three‐dimensional porous structure and the presence of dopant ion conjugation during the electro‐polymerization. The results of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge show that the PEDOT electrodes exhibit good specific capacitance of 151.31 F/g, rate performance and stability with a retention rate of 80.25% after 5000 cycles. The thin, lightweight electrode materials show considerable potential for low‐cost, high‐performance energy storage applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46729.
Exploiting pyrolysis protocols on BTDA‐TDI/MDI (P84) polyimide/nanocrystalline cellulose carbon membrane for gas separations
Authors: Sazali N. , Salleh W. N. W. , Ismail A. F. , Wong K. C. , Iwamoto Y.
Published: August 2018

Tubular carbon membranes were fabricated by the blending of BTDA‐TDI/MDI (P84) polyimide with nanocrystalline cellulose in a controlled pyrolysis process, specifically the pyrolysis environment (He, Ar, and N2) and the thermal soak time (30–120 min). The carbon membrane layer on a tubular support is converted to carbon matrix at 800 °C with a heating rate of 3 °C min−1. The effects of these controlled pyrolysis conditions on the gas permeation properties have been investigated. The results revealed that the pyrolysis under Ar gas environment at 120 min of thermal soak time have the best gas permeation performance with the highest CO2/CH4 selectivity of 68.2 ± 3.3 and CO2 permeance of 213.6 ± 2.2 GPU. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46901.
Electrically controlled cellular migration on a periodically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer platform
Authors: ElMahmoudy M. , Curto V. F. , Ferro M. , Hama A. , Malliaras G. G. , O'Connor R. P. , Sanaur S.
Published: August 2018

In the field of tissue engineering, the study of cellular adhesion and migration is of crucial interest. Conducting polymers such as poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) provide an outstanding interface with biology due to their soft nature, which is closer to the mechanical, chemical, and morphological properties of biological systems. In this work, periodically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS thin films are used as a platform to investigate cellular migration. Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC) show alignment and linear motion along PEDOT:PSS microstripes of varying widths (10–30 μm). In addition, an electrochemical gradient is created on the PEDOT:PSS film along these microstripes to influence the cell behavior. hCMEC cells linearly change their velocities depending on the redox state of the conducting polymer film. This work demonstrates the potential of such conducting polymer platforms to combine, at the same time, several key physicochemical factors for controlling cellular migration. In the future, we envision that these conducting polymer platforms will deliver tools for tissue regeneration and lead to new opportunities in regenerative medicine. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47029.
pH‐dependent property of carboxyl‐based ultrafiltration membranes fabricated from poly(vinyl chloride‐r‐acrylic acid)
Authors: Wang N.‐C. , Fang L.‐F. , Wang J. , Zhang P. , Wang W.‐B. , Lin C.‐E. , Xiao L. , Chen C. , Zhao B. , Abdallah H. , Matsuyama H. , Zhu B.‐K.
Published: August 2018

Carboxyl groups in the membranes usually contribute the hydrophilicity and antifouling properties. However, membrane performance including permeation and separation properties is not stable at different pH environments due to pH sensitivity of carboxyl groups. In this work, a series of membranes from random copolymers poly(vinyl chloride‐r‐acrylic acid) [P(VC‐r‐AA)] were fabricated via nonsolvent induced phase separation process. The morphology and surface properties were investigated. The pH‐dependent property of carboxyl groups contained ultrafiltration membranes were studied in detail. The results indicated that pH sensitivity of these membrane was restrained, which was mainly attributed to the random sequential structure of VC and AA repeating unit in P(VC‐r‐AA) copolymer. The probable arched structures on the pore surface/wall at alkaline environment limited the obvious change of the pore size, which resulted in the stable permeation and separation properties at the varied pH environments. Therefore, it indicated that P(VC‐r‐AA) was a kind of promising membrane material which would be widely applied in water treatment field. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47068.
Forecasting ethanol market volatility: new evidence from the corn implied volatility index
Authors: Dutta Anupam
Published: August 2018

Global ethanol production has expanded significantly in recent years as a result of a sharp rise in the worldwide crude oil price. Currently, the USA is the leading producer and exporter of ethanol fuel globally and hence fluctuations in ethanol price could play a vital role in influencing the country's overall bioenergy policy. It is hence important to model and forecast the US ethanol price precisely to minimize the market risk. Surprisingly, this issue has not received considerable attention in the biofuel and bioenergy literature. To rectify this situation, the present study aims to model and predict US ethanol market volatility using the recently published corn price implied volatility (CIV) index. Employing a set of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) volatility approaches, we show that the information content of CIV index is a significant factor in explaining the variation in the ethanol price. The inclusion of the CIV index also generally improves the volatility forecasts of the US ethanol price index. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Solving Donor Organ Shortage with Insights from Freeze Tolerance in Nature
Authors: Luu Bryan E. , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: August 2018

The North American wood frog, Rana sylvatica, endures seasonal whole‐body freezing during the winter and thawing during the spring without sustaining any apparent damage from ice or oxidative stress. Strategies from these frogs may solve the shortage of human donor organs, which is a multidisciplinary problem that can be alleviated by eliminating geographical boundaries. Rana sylvatica deploys an array of molecular and physiological responses, such as glucose production and microRNA regulation, to help it survive the cold. These strategies have been adapted in the lab to impart cryotolerance in liver cells, and the non‐freezing supercooled storage of transplantable rat livers − milestones that have advanced the field toward cryopreserving human donor organs in the clinic. In this review, a case is presented for the use of non‐coding RNAs to decrease oxidative damage of donor organs by activating endogenous antioxidant systems prior to procurement.
Dose escalation of radiotherapy in unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Elganainy Dalia , Holliday Emma B. , Taniguchi Cullen M. , Smith Grace L. , Shroff Rachna , Javle Milind , Raghav Kanwal , Kaseb Ahmed , Aloia Thomas A. , Vauthey Jean Nicolas , Tzeng Ching‐Wei D. , Herman Joseph M. , Koong Albert C. , Krishnan Sunil X. , Minsky Bruce D. , Crane Christopher H. , Das Prajnan , Koay Eugene J.
Published: August 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of escalated dose radiation therapy (EDR, defined as doses >50.4 Gy in 28 fractions [59.5 Gy BED]) on overall survival (OS), freedom from local progression (FFLP), and freedom from distant progression (FFDP) of patients with unresectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC).

Methods

A consecutive cohort of 80 patients who underwent radiotherapy for unresectable EHCC from 2001 to 2015 was identified. Demographic, tumor, treatment, toxicity, and laboratory variables were collected. The maximal RT doses ranged from 30 to 75 Gy (median 50.4 Gy, at 1.8‐4.5 Gy/fraction). Gross tumor volume (GTV) coverage by maximal dose in EDR group ranged from 38% to 100%. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate OS, FFLP, and FFDP. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were analyzed.

Results

After radiotherapy, median OS, FFLP, and FFDP were 18.7, 22.6, and 24.3 months, respectively. There was no significant difference in OS or FFLP between patients who received EDR to portions of the GTV and patients who did not. On multivariate analysis, bigger GTV, age, and ECOG performance status were independently associated with shorter OS. Local progression on chemotherapy prior to RT was independently associated with shorter FFLP. High baseline neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (>5.3) was independently associated with shorter FFDP. Toxicity grades were similar in EDR and lower doses except lymphopenia which was higher in EDR (P = 0.053).

Conclusions

EDR to selective portions of the GTV may not benefit patients with unresectable EHCC despite having acceptable toxicity. New methods to improve local control and survival for unresectable EHCC are needed.