bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The World’s Simplest Grammars Are Creole Grammars
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

It has long been a truism in creole studies that creoles are formally distinguishable from other languages only on the basis of their socio history and that there is no logically possible synchronic distinction between creole grammars and older grammars. In chapter l I argued that, in fact, a large subset of creole languages display a confluence of traits, predictable from the history of creoles in pidginization, which is unknown in any older language grammar and that creole creators strongly tend to eschew nonessential traits from their native languages when developing a creole.1 This research program dovetails with Bickerton’s Language Bioprogram Hypothesis (1981 and other works), which also proposes that creoles represent an underlying “layer’’ of language resulting from their roots in pidgins. Bickerton’ s main focus, however, was on the implications of his hypothesis for generative syntactic and ac quisition theory, and as such he had little occasion to examine creoles from a cross linguistic or typological perspective. My intention is a sustained investigation of creoles from the perspective of cross-linguistic configurational possibilities, beyond the Western European lexifier languages that have served as the primary focus of creolists’ attempts to define the term creole. The goal of the chapter is to render more precisely my grounds for the claim that creole grammars constitute a synchronically identifiable class.
The Diachrony of Predicate Negation in Saramaccan Creole Synchronic and Typological Implications
Authors: Mcwhorter John h.
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine the diachrony of predicate negation in Saramaccan Creole (henceforth SM). It is possible, through reference to historical documentation in conjunction with comparative and internal reconstruction, to chart the emergence of the synchronic predicate negator allomorphy in SM. The diachronic process in question differs significantly from the relatively straightforward one which the synchronic facts would lead one to expect, an aspect of the analysis that makes the study particularly valuable in the area of diachronic syntax. In addition, the results are of interest for the light they shed on typology and creole studies.
Prospects for Emerging-Market Flows Amid Investor Concerns about Corporate Governance
Authors: Reisen Helmut
Published: November 2023

While investor concerns have in the past focused on corporate governance practices in emerging markets, these concerns have now been redirected to the United States and other developed countries that are the core of the world financial system. During the 1990s, US and other countries’ economic performance had suggested that capital-market driven corporate governance generated higher productivity growth, finance for entrepreneurs, and dynamic competition. The problem of asymmetric information, the unique knowledge possessed by management, and the principal-agent dilemma, that minority shareholders must rely on somebody else to act in their interest, seemed solved by the concept of shareholder value and stock-related incentives for managers.
Corporate Governance Reform: Learning From Our Mistakes
Authors: Millstein Ira M , Gregory Holly J
Published: November 2023

Equity investors, no matter where they are situated or where they invest, share common expectations. Systematic failure to meet these expectations can result in a loss of investor confidence in entire markets. The challenge for all nations and corporations is to study these failures whenever they occur and apply their lessons to reform efforts. It is through shared learning from one another’s experience that meaningful convergence in governance practices will come about-and not by efforts to simply mimic one system or another.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

The Conceit Of Writing recollections may be forgiven only if the author has accomplished something memorable himself or has witnessed episodes of enduring importance. I invoke the latter excuse. At some critical moments during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, I occupied posts that afforded opportunities to observe, if not to influence, events and the words and deeds of those by whom they were enacted. Men differ, as they well may, about whether these measures were for better or worse in shaping our nation’s destiny. But no one can deny that the decisions of his administration were and are crucial in our history and, hence, that the future will want to learn all it can about them.

Not long ago I was sharply reminded that if I am ever to tell what I saw of the story of these times, I must be about it. In defending, before the Supreme Court, President Truman’s seizure of the steel plants, the Solicitor General cited President Roosevelt’s 1941 seizure of the North American Aviation plant in California and my justification of it as Attorney General. Turning to the record, it was a shock to realize that of those who participated in the conference at which that decision was made, I am the only survivor. That hinted to me that time does not wait upon our convenience.
That Man As Leader of The Masses
Authors: Jackson Robert H
Published: November 2023

It Was No Great Tribute to his skill, under the circumstances, that Roosevelt won a majority in the 1932 elections. But it was a tribute to his leader­ ship that he made a normally Republican country into a normally Democratic one. He was even able to take their following away from labor leaders when they opposed him, as John Lewis learned.1 He broke the firmly established two terms tradition. No President had obtained from Congress so much legislation it did not want as he had been able to do. How was it done?

There are those who think the sole secret is the “Santa Claus” theory. There is no denying that his Administration met with an extraordinary opportunity to extend government aid to an extraordinary number of persons, and that he took full advantage of the opportunity. Banks, railroads, and businessmen were aided through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Labor unions and their leaders were strengthened by enactment and administration of the National Labor Relations Act. Unorganized and inefficient labor was given the advantage of the Minimum Wage and Maximum Hour Act. Unemployment was relieved through a program of public works, and unemployed and aged persons received direct relief by the aid of the federal government. It bypassed the state governments and dealt directly with the municipal and local authorities and thereby established loyalties among local officials, who were enabled to solve their problems by direct contact with Washington. It would be idle to deny that these measures built up a strong popular following for the President based on benefits received.
Crisis and Risk Management
Authors: Scholes Myron S
Published: November 2023

From theory, alternative investments require a premium return because they are less liquid than market investments. This liquidity premium varies considerably over time as a function of preferences, leverage technology, the developments in financial technology, and changes in institutional arrangements. The dynamics of the liquidity premium depend on institutional reactions to financial crises.
On Cross-Sectional Determinants of Expected Returns
Authors: Lehmann Bruce N
Published: November 2023

It is both a pleasure and a privilege, albeit somewhat daunting ones, to discuss Brennan, Chordia, and Subrahmanyam’s chapter “Cross-Sectional Determinants of Expected Returns” in this volume (see chap. 7). It is a pleasure because this is an interesting essay, one that challenges both the reliability of recent empirical evidence on risk/return relations obtained by Fama and French (1992) and others and the interpretation of postulated risk exposures in factor-pricing models. It is an honor because Fischer was one of the most extraordinary students of all areas of financial economics and of most of economics more broadly defined. I am somewhat intimidated, however, for Fischer was justly famous for his voracious reading of an extraordinarily large fraction of the published and unpublished research in finance and economics available at any point in time along with his detailed, insightful commentary on those aspects of any analysis he found either compelling or wanting.1 Fischer set a very high bar indeed for commentary on papers prepared for a conference in his honor.
The Supply and Demand of Immediacy: Evidence from the NYSE
Authors: Stoll Roger D Huang & Hans R
Published: November 2023

Participants in a trading market can be partitioned into suppliers of immediacy and demanders of immediacy, as Demsetz (1968) first noted. Suppliers of immediacy stand ready to trade at the prices they post, and demanders of immediacy place market orders and require immediate execution at posted prices. On the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), immediacy is supplied by specialists, who post bid and/or ask quotes for their own accounts, by securities firms that place quotes for their own accounts, and by public traders, who place limit orders. The bid–ask spread is often used as a measure of the cost of immediacy to investors, but it is rare that the supplier of immediacy earns the entire spread. A supplier of immediacy earns the difference between the bid (ask) at which he buys (sells) and the subsequent price at which he sells (buys). Because prices tend to move against suppliers of immediacy, revenues on a round-trip trade are less than the spread. Consequently, revenues of suppliers of immediacy are typically less than the spread.
Equity Options: The Black-Scholes Model
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

Option pricing is an important subject. Stock options are traded on the exchanges. Many financial contracts contain options that cannot be detached and traded separately. These options are called embedded options. Many financial contracts have contingency features such that the holder has the right to pay for an instalment of the cost at a future date as a more complex form of an option.
Valuation of a Firm: The Business Model
Authors: Ho Thomas S Y , Lee Sang Bin
Published: November 2023

Corporate management begins with understanding the firm’s business model. A business model can be described as a contingent claim on the business risk by stating the underlying risks of the business, the cost structure (variable and fixed costs) of the business, and the allocation of the operating income to the claimants. The approach is an extension of the Merton model to include the operating leverage. Such a financial modelling of a firm enables us to appropriately determine the expected returns of equity; to explore arbitrage opportunities between equity and bond pricing; to determine the relative value of equities in similar market sectors; and to implement other equity portfolio valuation and strategies. In essence, financial modelling of the business model provides a framework to analyse equities as contingent claims, which has broad implications.
Thinking About Development
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

Do development economists really know how to put things right? Although the development record exhibits many achievements, there are also failures. Beneath the statistics of the development record lie vigorous controversies in ideas. There are also historic endeavors to translate the thinking of development economists into problem-solving and policy action. We want to appraise the evolution in development thought, its effects on policy, and the successes and disappointments.
Early Development Economics 1: Analytics
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

When Paul Samuelson first published his leading textbook Economics in 1948, it had only three brief—almost parenthetical—allusions to matters of development.1 Shortly thereafter, the first generation of development economists began to analyze some of the leading issues in the subject of development and to establish the subject’s policy orientation. Their studies during the 1950s and 1960s gave rise to development as a special subdiscipline of economics.
Orthodox Reaction
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

Concern about government failure became a landmark turning point in the thinking about development in the 1970s and 1980s. Contrary to the early development economists’ advocacy of centralized government interventions to remedy market failures, an orthodox reaction now focused on government failure and its antidote of neoclassical economics. A second generation of development economists criticized the first generation for having ignored fundamental principles of neoclassical economics. If pervasive market failures had earlier been seen to call for governmental remedies, by the 1970s the neoclassical case for the market-price system called for remedying government failures through policy reform. This “neoclassical resurgence” was based on both criticism of the earlier theories and disillusionment with the failed development strategies based on these theories. The subject of development economics— as known by the first generation—went into decline.
The New Development Economics
Authors: Meier Gerald M
Published: November 2023

Advances in general economic theory during the last two decades introduced marked changes in thinking about development. In both positive and normative analysis, the changed concepts are so different from traditional mainstream neoclassical economics that Joseph Stiglitz (1986) labels them the “new development economics.”1 He maintains that market failures, particularly those related to imperfect and costly information, may provide insights into why the LDCs have a lower level of income and why so many find it difficult to maintain existing current differentials, let alone to catch up. What is at stake is more than just differences in endowments of factors, but basic aspects of the organization of the economy, including the functioning of markets The kinds of market failures with which I have been concerned are markedly different from those that were the focus of attention some two decades ago. (1989: 201) In his Nobel lecture, Stiglitz recalls that his first visits to the developing world in 1967, and a more extensive stay in Kenya in 1969, made an indelible impression that turned him “away from the competitive equilibrium model to a concern with the imperfections of information, the absence of markets, and the pervasiveness and persistence of seemingly dysfunctional institutions, such as sharecropping” (2002: 460).
Judicial Supremacy as Orthodoxy
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

To the general public, even the educated public, constitutional law consists of various cases that wend their way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which periodically decides the meaning of the Constitution and communicates that fact to a waiting nation. Advocates of this model occasionally acknowledge that Congress, the President, and the states may participate in constitutional debate at earlier stages, but those activities are considered subordinate and given junior varsity status. According to this account, the authoritative and final voice, regardless of content and reasoning, belongs to the Court.
Who Participates?
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

When the Court interprets the Constitution it has plenty of company. Congress, the White House, government agencies, interest groups, the general public, and the states are all legitimate players. Before a case is ever considered, Congress or the states must enact a law or the executive branch must promulgate a regulation. Once a case is in court, the states, the Justice Department, and congressional coalitions, sometimes as parties to the case and sometimes as amici curiae (“friends of the court”), press their views on the judiciary. After a decision is issued, elected government may seek to expand or limit the holding with a number of techniques, including subsequent statutory action, creative interpretation and enforcement (to the point of nonenforcement), or nullifying the ruling through constitutional amendment. If a court lacks jurisdiction to decide a constitutional issue, the resolution of the dispute is left entirely to elected government.
Separation of Powers
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

The framers adopted a system of separated powers to avoid the kind of centralized authority that threatens individual liberty. By separating power among three branches, they hoped that checks and balances would restrain political abuse and preserve republican government. The great bulk of separation of power controversies are handled by the elected branches, not the courts.
Transparency and a Dialogue with the Customer
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Formerly, it was thought that the seller knew more than the customer about a product and its price. By bringing together all its knowledge about individual customers, the seller also knew more about the behavior of customers than did any one customer. The seller could reach large numbers of customers at the same time through mass media, efficiently and effectively. GM and other large manufacturers helped create this paradigm and took full advantage of this condition. Chapter 2 pointed out that, in a world in which future behavior was somewhat predictable, a firm could take full advantage of economies of scale by designing, developing, producing, and selling products in accordance with estimates of future demand.
Solving a Complex Problem Averting Unintended Consequences
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

In addition to learning how to better use information in product decisions, GM was also learning how to do the same in the manner in which it marketed its vehicles. This chapter addresses a situation in which the decision makers shared a reasonably consistent view of the problem, but their understanding of the complexity and the manner in which the problem interacted with other aspects of the business, particularly over the longer term, required a significantly different problem solving approach.
Challenging Our Critical Assumptions
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Although there are other definitions of the word assumption, defining the term is not the purpose of this chapter. Instead, the purpose is to make clear the importance of revealing, challenging, and making explicit critical assumptions underlying plans and decisions. Choosing from among alternative courses of action that have different impacts on interested and involved parties is often hampered by conflicts between equally competent individuals and organizations trying to do what is #x201C;right:· When these conflicts arise, it usually stems from one of two conditions. In the first condition, people have different views of the explicit underlying assumptions supporting estimates of current and future market conditions. Conflicts of this sort are actually healthy and beneficial to any type of decision making. Skillful interpretation of what is known and an open discussion around differences are the hallmarks of high-quality decision making.
Leveraging Knowledge Across the Enterprise
Authors: Barabba Vincent P
Published: November 2023

Most companies and institutions in one way or another organize around functional #x201C;silos,#x201D; such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, and engineering. Generally, this type of organizational structure has one #x201C;silo,#x201D; or group of people, determine what it thinks customers want; another group designs the product; other separate groups handle the engineering, manufacturing, and promotion; and still other groups sell and service the product and determine the terms of trade.
In Markets We Trust
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

The world is a market. The vision of the world as a market and the vision of relationships as exchanges are useful views for many situations. But in the past few decades, the market and exchange images have overshadowed and subsumed all other views of the world and all other kinds of relationships. The Supreme Court has spoken of the market for ideas;1 Roberta Romano wrote about the market for corporate laws.2 Daniel A. Farber and Phillip P. Frickey discussed the market among legislators.3 I wrote about a market for power.4 Robert C. Elickson examined the market for social norms;5 and Richard A. Posner analyzed the market for babies.6 The word “product” includes trust services and is used to emphasize what is sold rather than what and how it is produced. Thus, consumers are offered financial products, trust products, and legal products—or “legal commodities,” as one of the courses for practicing lawyers on how to make money described what lawyers do.
William Cobbett and the Politics of Personality
Authors: Daniel Marcus
Published: November 2023

In the first issue of his new daily newspaper, Porcupine’s Gazette, published in March 1797, William Cobbett called on his rival Benjamin Franklin Bache to observe a political truce. In the future, Cobbett promised, he would “avoid all personality whatever” in his discussion of politics, provided that Bache agreed to do the same. “I do not wish to fill my paper with personal satire and abuse,” he wrote:

Our readers, especially those of this city, know already every thing that is worth knowing about you and I. Nothing that we can say will alter their opinions of us; and as for altering our opinions of one another, that is a thing not to be thought of. It is therefore useless, my dear Bache, to say any more about the matter. Let us disappoint them; let us walk arm in arm: many a couple, even of different sex, do this, and at the same time like one another no better than we do.

As regular readers of Porcupine’s Gazette knew, this conciliatory gesture was simply another installment in a long-running feud between the two newspaper editors. But Bache was not the only object of Cobbett’s mockery. Cobbett’s tongue-in-cheek invitation also satirized the conventional pieties of American journalism, in particular the expressions of editorial impartiality and respectability that appeared in the inaugural issues of most newspapers.

To Cobbett, such pious intentions were trite and hypocritical. But his mockery of them was inspired by more than outraged honesty. Such commonplace statements of political impartiality and editorial decency expressed an ideal of “impersonality” that was deeply embedded in American print culture and remained highly influential throughout the 1790s.
Introduction
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

This book is a sustained argument purporting to show that Noam Chomsky’s latest version of his linguistic theory, recently published as The Minimalist Program (MP) (Chomsky 1995), though presented as the crowning achievement of the Chomskyan version of generative grammar, is in fact the clearest possible demonstration that that version is fundamentally flawed. The MP is not so much the crowning achievement as the undoing of the development started by Chomsky during the late 1960s, when he decided to dissociate himself from what was then the natural continuation of the new paradigm of transformational generative grammar.
The Mechanism of the MP under Scrutiny
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

What does the MP actually look like? It is useful to distinguish the actual grammatical machinery from what Chomsky himself calls “the guiding ideas” of the MP (1995:219)—that is, its wider conceptual, philosophical, and methodological embedding. The latter, as has been said, is discussed in later chapters of this book. Yet one should have at least a global idea of the guiding ideas before investigating the actual machinery of the grammar.
What Is Conceptually Necessary about the MP?
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

We now come to the question of what conceptual motivation for the random-generator position taken in the MP could be provided. Recall that the random-generator position entails the random generation of sentences. In minimalist terms this means that syntax is regarded as a random generator of sentential structures, each consisting of a pair (SA,PR) in such a way that SA (semantic analysis) and PR (phonological representation) are instructions to “external” systems of semantic interpretation and phonetic realization, respectively. (For a flowchart representation of this model of grammatical description, see fig. 6.3 later in this chapter.)
Race
Authors: Rosen Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

After the Civil War, the Reconstruction Congress proposed the Fourteenth Amendment, promising all United States citizens equal civil (but not political) rights; in practice, however, these rights were denied or abridged by state laws and practice for nearly a hundred years and didn’t begin to become meaningfully available to African Americans until after the civil rights movement of the 1960s. The framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment expected that civil rights would be defined and enforced primarily by Congress, not the courts; but the courts high-handedly insisted on their own supremacy, denying Congress the right to interpret civil rights more expansively.
George F. Kennan and the Strategy of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

Kennan’s abrupt transition from career diplomat to Cold War strategist grew out of more than just an “outrageous encumberment of the telegraphic process.”1 By the time the “long telegram” had won him the reputation of being the government’s foremost Soviet expert, there was already in his writing and thinking a depth of strategic vision—a knack for seeing relationships between objectives and capabilities, aspirations and interests, long-term and short-term priorities—rarely found in harried bureaucracies. It was this quality that commended him to Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal, a man of similar concerns, as the ideal “deputy for foreign affairs” at the newly established National War College in Washington, the nation’s first institution devoted to the study of political-military affairs at the highest level. Kennan’s success there in turn attracted the attention of George C. Marshall, who, upon becoming Secretary of State early in 1947, resolved to impart greater coherence to American diplomacy by organizing a “Policy Planning Staff,” charged with “formulating and developing... long-term programs for the achievement of U.S. foreign policy objectives.” In May of that year, Kennan left the war college to become the staff’s first director.2 His place in Washington was by that time unique.
Eisenhower, Dulles, and the New Look
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

Dwight D. Eisenhower did not run for president in 1952 out of any burning sense of dissatisfaction with the Truman administration’s approach to containment. With the single exception of its China policy, about which he had had private reservations, Eisenhower had supported each of the administration’s major diplomatic and strategic initiatives; indeed, since February 1951 he himself had been responsible for implementing its European strategy as NATO Supreme Commander. The general’s reasons for allowing his name to be placed before the 1952 Republican national convention had more to do with his determination to keep the nomination out of the hands of Robert A. Taft, whom Eisenhower regarded as an isolationist; his concern over Truman’s domestic programs, which he thought were leading to socialism; and his belief that survival of the two-party system required an end to twenty years of Democratic rule.
Kennedy, Johnson, and Flexible Response
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: November 2023

John F. Kennedy attached even greater importance than usual to the task of putting “distance” between himself and his predecessor. His campaign critique of the previous administration had been no hasty accommodation to the requirements of winning a nomination, as Eisenhower’s had been in 1952. The Massachusetts senator had articulated the basic elements of his position well before the Los Angeles convention in July 1960.1 Nor were his criticisms aimed at gaining the support of a particular wing of the Democratic party, as Eisenhower had sought to do with the Republicans eight years earlier. Most Democrats shared Kennedy’s reservations about the existing administration’s conduct of foreign and national security affairs, as did a fair number of prominent Republicans.2 Mixed with this uneasiness over past policies was a “generational” imperative, symbolized vividly in the transfer of power from the oldest elected president to the youngest: there was somehow the feeling that the promise—indeed the legitimacy— of a new generation of national leadership would be called into question if its programs were not made to differ visibly and substantially from what had gone before.
The Invention of Interest
Authors: Loans Sumerian
Published: November 2023

The first literate culture in world history originated in the southernmost part of modern Iraq, the region usually called southern Mesopotamia or Babylonia when its ancient history is discussed. After a long evolution starting in the fifth millennium B.C., when people first developed irrigation agriculture enabling them to settle year-round, true cities grew up in the late fourth millennium, around the year 3200. Relatively large populations-their exact size is hard to estimate but they must have amounted to tens of thousands in each case came to reside together in the same places. Such dense concentrations of people required the control of the surrounding agricultural land in order to guarantee food supplies. In southern Iraq ecological niches with different resources adjoin one another: fertile agricultural fields irrigated by nearby rivers, large grazing areas in the steppe, and rich fishing grounds in the marshes. In order to increase productivity, people became specialized in their labor (farming, herding, fishing), while in the urban centers professional groups emerged that did not engage in food production at all but worked purely in crafts manufacture and the like. The loss of economic self-sufficiency meant families needed to exchange products. In this world of exchange two indispensable elements developed: writing and credit.
From Tallies and Chirographs to Franklin’s Printing Press at Passy:The Evolution of the Technology of Financial Claims
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Williams Laura
Published: November 2023

In the process of reading and interpreting financial documents, it is easy to ignore their physical, technical nature as financial instruments. True, documents like printed share certificates or handwritten bonds have considerable textual information explaining their use, but their primary feature is that they physically represent the legal claims of their owners. Consider, for example, the 500-franc 3 percent bearer bond issued in 1879 by the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez. It is historically and economically important because it was used to finance the construction of the Suez Canal. The graphic design for the bond shows an aerial view of the proposed canal, Egyptian archaeological scenes, and stylized representations of the commodities the shareholders hope to ship through the new waterway: a mallet, pick, shovel, gear, and compass from Europe and America; ivory, textiles, and agricultural goods from Asia and Africa. As important as the text and the graphics, however, are the bond’s technical features. The panel (or face) in the upper right of the document specifies the obligation and describes the right of the holder of the security: a semiannual payment of 7 francs 50 on the first of March and the first of September each year until 1934, and a reimbursement of the 500-franc capital by way of annual drawings over the next fifty years.
Venture Shares of the Dutch East India Company
Authors: Neal Larry
Published: November 2023

The origin of modern stock exchanges that specialize in creating and sustaining secondary mar kets in corporate securities goes back to the formation of the Dutch East India Company in the year 1602. In March of that year, the States General of the United Provinces of the Netherlands adopted a charter that created the Verenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroy eerde Oostindische Compagnie (United Netherlands Chartered East India Company, thereafter referred to as the VOC). There can be no doubt this was a political de cision designed to aid the finances of the Netherlands in the midst of what turned out to the Eighty Years War against Spain, an ongoing military and naval effort that spawned many other financial innovations as well over the period of that conflict, 1572-1648. By 1688, when the Dutch joined forces with the English under the lead ership of William III, Prince of Orange, there was an active, sophisticated trade in the shares of the VOC carried on within the precincts of the Amsterdam Exchange by a specialized group of brokers, dealers, and speculators. Joseph Penso de la Vega, one of the Sephardic Jewish elite of Amsterdam that were to be so useful to William of Orange in helping to finance his ever more expensive military campaigns, described eloquently in Confusion de confusiones the operations of the Amsterdam stock ex change in 1688.
Perpetuities in the Stream of History:A Paying Instrument from the Golden Age of Dutch Finance
Authors: Goetzmann William M , Rouwenhorst K Geert
Published: November 2023

In 1323 Count William of Holland sent his army into the town of Mijdrecht, located in the Diocese of Utrecht, to expell its population and burn down the city. The dikes protecting the low land from the water of the Lek River had broken twice in 1321 and 1322, flooding not only Utrecht but also a large portion of William’s territory. When repeated appeals to the Bishop of Utrecht to make the necessary repairs failed, William resorted to military force to convince his neighbors to sign a charter regulating the upkeep of the waterworks around the Lek in Utrecht. The agreement between Holland and Utrecht marked a reorganization of the Lekdijk-college, one of the oldest water boards in the Netherlands.1 While their exact timing is disputed by historians,2 these events illustrate why water boards are among the oldest public institutions of the Netherlands: flood plains of rivers rarely coincide with state borders, and water management calls for organizations that transcend jurisdictions.
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: Mcgovern Margaret M
Published: November 2023

An 11-year-old Caucasian male was referred for evaluation of deteriorating school performance and the recent onset of ataxic (i.e., wide-based and unsteady) gait. He had been previously diagnosed with attention deficit disorder and had been treated with Ritalin for the past 3 years. There was no history of trauma or infection. He came to attention after his fifth grade teacher noted that his handwriting skills had declined noticeably from the end of fourth grade, and that there was a general decline in his cognitive abilities, including difficulties with mathematical calculations. In addition, his mother reported that he was having difficulty reading, had become clumsy, and was displaying behavioral changes.
Orthostatic tremor (“shaky legs syndrome”)
Authors: Uitti Dr. Ryan J
Published: November 2023

The patient’s complaint illustrates the scope of the differential diagnosis of “unsteadiness.” Shaking restricted to the legs is an unusual complaint, and unsteadiness does not typically dissipate with walking or movement. Patients with Parkinson’s disease usually note tremor or akathisia in the legs only while at rest when sitting or lying. Patients with essential tremor may complain of tremulousness and unsteadiness in the legs with action but typically have accompanying tremor in the arms, head and neck, or voice. In contrast, the worst unsteadiness and shaking in this patient with orthostatic tremor occurred while he was standing in place, as in line at the bank or grocery store. Often, a patient with orthostatic tremor may not report “shaking” but rather a sense of unpleasant, “vibratory” unsteadiness, further contributing to the diagnostic challenge. This patient’s history of sleep attacks and cataplexy also suggests a diagnosis of narcolepsy, although this is seemingly unrelated to the chief complaint.
Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) presenting after cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
Authors: Brown Dr. Robert D
Published: November 2023

The positional tinnitus and bruit suggested the diagnosis of DAVF developing as a complication of sagittal sinus thrombosis. The magnetic resonance angiogram and venogram demonstrated very slow flow in the right transverse and sigmoid sinuses. There were enlarged veins in the right jugular foramen. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a large DAVF in the right jugular foramen (Figure). The arterial supply was complex and included feeders from a large anomalous branch of the cervical internal carotid artery and branches from the ascending pharyngeal, posterior auricular, right occipital, and vertebral arteries.
α-Lipoprotein deficiency (Tangier disease)
Authors: Dyck Dr. Peter J
Published: November 2023

The patient has late-onset Tangier disease, a rare, autosomal recessively inherited, multisystem disorder, presenting neurologically as a primary axonal degeneration of unmyelinated (dorsal root and sympathetic) fibers, small (Aσ) and large (Aαβ) sensory fibers, and motor fibers, especially of the bulbar, cervical, and thoracic levels (Figure). Tangier disease was first described in 1960 in children from Tangier Island (Virginia) in the Chesapeake Bay. Their removed tonsils contained macrophages with excessive cholesterol esters. The increased cholesterol deposition was linked to extremely low levels of serum highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The molecular genetic defect that explains the clinical disorder is due to mutations in both alleles encoding a lipid transporter called “ABCA1.” A related lipid disorder, familial HDL deficiency (also called “familial hypoalph-alipoproteinemia”[FHA]), occurs in persons who have one normal and one mutant allele encoding ABCA1.
Diffuse B-cell lymphoma (primary central nervous system lymphoma[PCNSL])
Authors: Meissner Dr. Irene
Published: November 2023

The patient presented with a subacute progressive process that occurred over several months and affected cognition, multiple cranial nerves, and sympathetic, cerebellar, and pyramidal tracts, with associated imaging abnormalities. The symptoms of subtle cognitive changes, hearing loss (superimposed on known occupational hearing deficits), and multifocal white matter changes can be seen in many disorders. These include demyelinating processes, inflammatory disorders such as the microangiopathy of Susac’s syndrome (retinocochleocerebral vestibulopathy), sarcoidosis, Behçet’s syndrome, Listeria rhombencephalitis, and infiltrative tumors such as lymphoma or gliomatosis cerebri. In our patient, a brain biopsy specimen contained tumor cells positive for CD20 and CD79a, with a light chain restriction supporting the diagnosis of diffuse B-cell lymphoma (PCNSL).
Segmental paresis secondary to presumed herpes zoster infection
Authors: Aksamit Dr. Allen J
Published: November 2023

Segmental zoster paresis is a recognized complication of herpes zoster (shingles). This may occur in patients of any age, but the elderly and immunosuppressed are most vulnerable. The incidence of segmental weakness occurring in association with zoster infection has not been frequently studied. In a review of 1,210 cases of herpes zoster at Mayo Clinic, Thomas and Howard found 61 (5%) cases of segmental zoster paresis. Most often, the segmental weakness is manifest in the same myotome as the dermatome affected. Because a thoracic dermatome is usually affected, segmental weakness in the same myotome may not be manifested clinically. When herpes zoster affects cervical, lumbar, or trigeminal dermatomes, the clinical expression of segmental weakness may be demonstrated more easily. A better known example of segmental zoster paresis is Ramsay Hunt syndrome, with facial nerve paresis and zoster vesicles present on the ipsilateral ear pinna, the sensory representation of the facial nerve.
The Man From Nowhere
Authors: Jack Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Man On The Television Screen cut an awkward figure. For most Russians, a short broadcast in August 1999 was the first time they had seen Vladimir Putin, and there was little to impress in the bland, diminutive official now on show. A bureaucrat who had lived most of his life in the shadows, he had suddenly been thrust into the public eye by Boris Yeltsin’s latest bombshell. The ailing Russian president, himself out of public view for weeks on end while supposedly ‘working with documents’, had stirred from his slumbers to kick off a renewed round of political upheaval. On Monday 9 August, fresh from week­ end consultations, he announced to the nation his new prime minister, and the man he described as his choice to be the country’s future president. It was Yeltsin’s last chance, a gamble that was the best he could manage after months of agonizing over his choice of a successor as he felt his political power slipping away. Few believed then that Putin would be installed in the Kremlin within a few months, and heading towards a period of Russian leadership which may stretch at least as long as Yeltsin’s.
The Behavior of Corporate Species in Ecosystems and Their Roles in Environmental Change
Authors: Crawford-Brown Douglas
Published: November 2023

The scientific study of ecosystems and environmental change focuses on the ways in which species produce, use, and transform material and energy, as well as the roles they play in environmental processes. The behavior of species, in turn, may be viewed as having two components: a purely biophysical component explainable by principles of biology, chemistry, and physics, and a social component related to the decisions that lead to behaviors influencing material and energy use.
One Two Many Germanys
Authors: Hockenos Paul
Published: November 2023

So preoccupied were the Greens in the late 1980s that they failed to grasp the full significance of the momentous events unfolding next door in central and eastern Europe. The Soviet Union—s charismatic new leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, had embarked on sweeping political and economic reforms, called glasnost and perestroika, that were reverberating across the continent. In Poland, Hungary, and even staid East Germany, outlawed prodemocracy groups were raising their voices against the single-party states. In the eastern German city of Leipzig, the “Monday demonstrations,” which had begun in early September 1989 with a few hundred people at the Nikolai Church, had burgeoned into mass protests of thousands and then tens of thousands, and even hundreds of thousands.
Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women’s Rights Movement
Authors: McMillen Sally G
Published: November 2023

In a quiet town of Seneca Falls, New York, over the course of two days in July, 1848, a small group of women and men, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, held a convention that would launch the woman's rights movement and change the course of history. The implications of that remarkable convention would be felt around the world and indeed are still being felt today. In Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Woman's Rights Movement, the latest contribution to Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments in American History series, Sally McMillen unpacks, for the first time, the full significance of that revolutionary convention and the enormous changes it produced. The book covers 50 years of women's activism, from 1840-1890, focusing on four extraordinary figures--Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony. McMillen tells the stories of their lives, how they came to take up the cause of women's rights, the astonishing advances they made during their lifetimes, and the lasting and transformative effects of the work they did. At the convention they asserted full equality with men, argued for greater legal rights, greater professional and education opportunities, and the right to vote--ideas considered wildly radical at the time. Indeed, looking back at the convention two years later, Anthony called it "the grandest and greatest reform of all time--and destined to be thus regarded by the future historian." In this lively and warmly written study, Sally McMillen may well be the future historian Anthony was hoping to find. A vibrant portrait of a major turning point in American women's history, and indeed in human history, Seneca Falls is essential reading for anyone wishing to fully understand the origins of the woman's rights movement.
Separate Spheres: Law, Faith, Tradition
Authors: McMillen Sally G
Published: November 2023

Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy,’’ Judge Daniel Cady allegedly uttered to eleven-year-old Elizabeth, following the death in 1826 of her twenty-year-old brother Eleazar, Cady’s only surviving son. Now he had only daughters to raise. Whether or not he spoke these exact words, Elizabeth Cady Stanton later invoked them in written records of her life, identifying this as the moment when she first vowed to achieve all that men could. To her father, Elizabeth allegedly responded, ‘‘I will try to be all that my brother was.’’1 If the story is apocryphal, the sentiment was not, and Elizabeth would indeed eventually accomplish more during her lifetime than did most men. Judge Cady may have been expressing his sorrow at the loss of a male heir to carry on the family name. But perhaps he hoped to inspire his energetic, precocious daughter to succeed in a man’s world.
War, Disillusionment, Division
Authors: McMillen Sally G
Published: November 2023

The Civil War had a profound impact on the women’s movement. Once fighting broke out in April 1861, female reformers gave scant thought to the Declaration of Rights of Sentiments and the goals they had pursued throughout the 1850s. The outbreak of war caused the cancellation of the eleventh annual national convention, scheduled for that spring. In fact, no national women’s rights convention met during the four-year war. A disappointed Susan questioned why they should not convene, believing that nothing should impede their crusade. On this, she had little support. Martha Wright cautioned, ‘‘When the nation’s whole heart & soul are engrossed with this momentous crisis … it is useless to speak if nobody will listen.
The Cold War Economy: Opportunity Costs, Ideology, and the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Higgs Robert
Published: November 2023

Our government has kept us in a perpetual state of fear-kept us in a continuous stampede of patriotic fervor-with the cry of grave national emergency. Always there has been some terrible evil at home or some monstrous foreign power that was going to gobble us up if we did not blindly rally behind it by furnishing the exorbitant funds demanded. Yet, in retrospect, these disasters seem never to have happened, seem never to have been quite real. For four decades, the government of the United States waged the Cold War. Doing so brought about massive changes in the allocation of resources, with effects on many dimensions of the nation’s economic performance. Despite all that has been written by economists, historians, political scientists, and others about the Cold War economy, economic historians have given little attention to it as such. Most textbooks devote scant, if any, space to discussing it.1 Now that it can be viewed as a distinct phase of U.S. economic history, an analytical survey is in order.