bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aphid Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Mintarsih Tuti H. , Padgett Marion L.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco, 'Speight G-70', was transplanted on 29 Mar at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A preplant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied: Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Lorsban for wireworm and grub control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots 4 rows wide (36- inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of nine insecticide treatments (plus an untreated check). Treatments were applied on 13 May to control an aphid population that averaged around 500 per plant (4 upper leaves). The foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 35 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and a 4 ft alley on each end. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on plants 2, 4, and 6 on row 2 of each plot prior to application and 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Aphid damage ratings also were taken on 3 Jun from each of the 8 plants in row 2 of each plot. Damage scores ranged from 0 (no visible aphid damage) to 10 (all upper leaves essentially covered with aphids, honeydew, and sooty mold). The number of thrips, flea beetles, hornworms, and budworms on plants 2, 4, and 6 also were recorded 14 DAT. On 12 Jun, the 8 plants on row 2 were harvested and yield estimates obtained. DATA were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Aphid Control on Burley Tobacco, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Litton Jame. , Brock Alle.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were evaluated for control of the tobacco aphid on burley tobacco at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Glade Spring, VA. Tobacco was transplanted on 23 May in plots 2 rows (8 ft) wide and 30 ft long. The soil type was an Emory silt loam. A randomized complete block was utilized and treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single, untreated, border rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5-ft alleys. Except for insect control, production practices conformed to recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. On 24 May, after transplanting, transplant water (TPW) treatments wee applied to individual plants in designated plots at 8 fl oz/plant (340 gal/acre). Foliar treatments were applied on 18 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre through 3, TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/ row at 60 psi. During application, the weather conditions were cloudy and calm and the temperature ranged from 75 to 80°F. It rained 0.14, 0.72, 0.20, 0.10, and 0.44 inches at 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 d, respectively, after the foliar treatments were applied. Aphid infestations on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot (5 plants/row) were rated on a scale of 0 to 7, where 0 = 0 aphids, 1 = 1-10 aphids, 2 = 11-50 aphids, 3 = 51-100 aphids, 4 = 101-500 aphids, 5 = 500-1,000 aphids, 6 = 1,001-5,000 aphids and 7 = more than 5,000 aphids. Counts were made on 10 Jul, immediately before application of foliar treatments on 18 Jul, and on 22, 25 Jul, 1, and 8 Aug. On 18 Jul the growth of tobacco in each plot was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = all plants dead and 10 = large uniform plants. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Significantly different means were separated using DMRT.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed Martha B. , Wilkinson W. B.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, VA, to test various soil, transplant water, and foliar treatments for tobacco aphid control on tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil (pH 5.8) on 14 May. Experimental lots were 2 rows wide (8 ft) and 40 ft long and separated by single, untreated, border rows. Ten treatments were arranged in a randomized compete block design with 4 replications. Blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Except for insect control, production practices followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Liquid soil treatments were applied on 2 May using a CO2-pressurized tractor mounted sprayer that delivered 34 gal/acre through 8003LP flat fan nozzles at 30 psi. Treatments were incorporated by double discing. Temik was applied in 12-inch bands using a Gandy granular applicator and immediately incorporated at bed formation on 9 May. Immediately after transplanting (14 May), Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS) was applied to designated plots as a transplant water (TPW) treatment at 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) using a measuring cup. Foliar applications of Orthene were applied to designated plots on 3 and 19 Jul using a COrpowered sprayer that delivered 26.4 gal/acre of finished spray through 3, TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. Aphid numbers were estimated for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested and cured for yield determination. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1985) and significant means (P = 0.05) were separated using DMRT. Aphid data were transformed to log(x+ 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Hessian Fly with Seed Treatments, 1990
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: March 2022

Seed treatments of dimethoate, Orthene 75 S, and NTN 33893 240 FS were compared to standard in-furrow treatments of Di-Syston 15 G and Thimet 15 G for HF efficacy. The test was planted 26 Oct in Barnwell County, SC, on a Dothan sandy loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Di-Syston and Thimet were placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators mounted centered on the drill. Orthene 75 S seed treatments were applied by thoroughly mixing the appropriate amt of dry insecticide with 5 lb of seed in a plastic bag. Dimethoate (Clean Crop 2.67 EC) seed treatments were diluted with the appropriate amt of water, to a total vol of 30 ml and thoroughly mixed with 5 lb of seed in a plastic bag. The NTN 33893 treated seed were provided by Mobay and were from a different seed lot of the same variety. All other treatments were from the same bag of seed. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made at 11 and 19 d after planting by taking stand counts from two random 1 m row samples per plot. HF efficacy was evaluated by uprooting 10 randomly selected plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and examining them in the laboratory for larvae and puparia. The middle 6 rows were harvested with an Almaco plot combine for yield and test wt. All yields were corrected to 13.5% moisture.
Apple, Secondary Insecticide Testing, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: March 2022

Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a hand sprayer (32 kg/cm2) at pink (2 May), petal fall (15 May), and as cover sprays on 28 May, 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 12 Jul, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug. In the Penncap M/Danitol and Guthion 35 W/Danitol programs, Danitol was applied alone at pink (2 May), petal fall (15 May), third cover spray (25 Jun), and sixth cover spray (8 Aug), and the organophosphates were applied alone in the other sprays. Treatments were replicated 3 times (two 6-tree plots, 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Rhode Island Greening', 'Monroe', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Red Rome', and one 8-tree plot containing two adjacent 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Delicious' trees). Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest (12-17 Sep), 100 'McIntosh' and 100 'Cortland' apples were scored from each replication. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from the 'McIntosh' apple trees in each replication on 7 Jun, 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug, and 22 Aug. Mites were removed from leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. On 19 Jun, aphids were counted on the 2 distal leaves on each of 10-60 growing terminals/tree on a single 'McIntosh' tree in each plot and given a logarithmic rating based on the number of aphids per leaf (0 aphids = 0, 1-10 aphids = 1, 11-100 aphids = 2). WALH were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves ("Rhode Island Greening' trees in Rep I and II, and 'McIntosh' trees in Rep HI) on 23 Aug. PLH were counted on the 5 distal leaves of 10-60 growing terminals in each plot on 19 Jun. STLM tissue mines were counted on the 6 distal leaves of 20 randomly selected terminals from 'McIntosh' trees on 26 Aug. Fruit finish was evaluated at harvest by rating a sample of 100 randomly selected 'Golden Delicious' apples using a russet rating: 0 = No russet,1 = 0-33% russet, 2 = 34-66% russet, 3 = 67-100% russet.
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Study, Wenatchee 1991
Authors: Burts Everet.
Published: March 2022

Eleven-yr-old 'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' pear trees were sprayed with an air carrier sprayer to compare effectiveness of petal fall and second-generation timing of Agri-Mek for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of 2 replicates of 12 by 6 tree rectangles. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Guthion 35% WP 3 lb/acre on 17 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 25-beatingtray sample per replication. PP nymphs were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market pears on 50 mature fruit per cultivar per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Agri-Mek Timing Study, Orondo, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet.
Published: March 2022

Twenty-five-yr-old 'Bartlett' pear trees were sprayed with an air carrier sprayer to compare effectiveness of petal fall and second-generation timing of Agri-Mek for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of half-acre unreplicated rectangles. The earlier treatment was applied 10 May, the later one 5 Jun. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the growing season included Guthion 35% WP 2.5 lb/acre on 11 Jul and Guthion 35% WP 2 lb/acre plus Mitac 50% WP 3 lb/acre on 31 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult samples consisted of 2 25-beating-tray samples per plot on each date. PP nymphs were counted from 2 50-leaf samples per plot. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet and other pest damage were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market 'Bartlett' pears on 100 mature fruit per plot. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids, and size were evaluated from 4 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Pear, Soft Pesticide Test, 1991
Authors: Burts Everet.
Published: March 2022

'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' pears were sprayed with handgun or airblast equipment to compare seasonal programs of soft pesticides for control of insect and mite pests of pear and survival of beneficial arthropods. Plots consisted of 3 30-tree replicates in 3-row blocks. An untreated check was also included in the randomized block design. PP adults, PP predators, and parasite, Trechnites insidiosus, densities were monitored by limb-taps. PP nymphs were counted on 50-leaf samples per replication. Samples for first generation nymphs were collected from fruiting spurs, those for second and subsequent generations were collected from growing shoots. The proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle were picked from each of 10 shoots. Leaves were processed with a leaf brushing machine and PP nymphs and mites were counted on 20% of the resulting slides under 10 x magnification. Pest damage to fruit was determined by examining 50 fruit per replication at harvest. Fruit firmness, size, and soluble solids content were compared on 2 10-fruit samples per replication. Treatment histories for the 3 programs are presented in the table.
Acaricide Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Ti.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a one third acre block of 6-yr-old 'Redchief trees on M26, which measured 10.5 ft in height and 9 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 10 × 15 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied to runoff on 14 Jun with a WW Grinder, Inc. handgun sprayer (model no. PS325-3) operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately two-third gallon of spray (ca. 192 GPA). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Ambush, Asana, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dodine, Guthion, Lannate, Nova, Oil, Penncap-M, Rubigan, Sevin, Solubor, and Topsin-M. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Flea Beetle Adult Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 26 Jun to 20- by 20-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Cherryfield, Maine; plants were 3 to 5 inches tall. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a completely random design with a minimum of 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. On sample dates indicated in the table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the adults were counted and then released over the same plot. Weather conditions were warm and dry during the test.
Grape Scale Control, 1991
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Lewis B. A.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen grape scale-infested vines were located in a ‘Concord’ vineyard in early Apr. The vineyard was trained to a 4-cane, single-trunk, kniffin system. Individual vines were sprayed with an 11.4 liter (3 gal) hand pump sprayer at 2813 g/cm2 (40 psi) and delivered 946 ml/vine (1259 liters/ha or 133 gal/acre). Sprays were applied at bud swell on 4 or 5 Apr. Percentage of live adult scale/5 cm2 of cane was determined on 2 Apr (pre-treatment) and on 16 Apr and 9 May. Scale crawlers began emerging by 9 May at the 30% bloom stage. On 9, 16, and 30 May, 12.5 mm-wide Scotch double-stick tape was fastened on to the trunk immediately below the top two canes and at three sites beyond grape scale colonies on each of the two top canes. Scale crawlers were counted as the number of crawlers/cm-length of tape. The grower applied parathion 8 E at 779 ml/ha (2/3 pt/acre) on 16 May (50% bloom) to the whole vineyard for grape scale control.
Trials of Non-Conventional Insecticides for Grape Berry Moth Control, 1990
Authors: Martinson Timothy E. , Dennehy Timothy J. , Dunst Richard M. , Crowe Harold J. , Taft Theodore N.
Published: March 2022

A mature Concord’ vineyard of 15 acres size with a known history of GBM infestation, located in Fredonia, NY, was used for the evaluations. The vineyard rows were 9 ft apart and the vines set at 8 ft apart within the row. Seven different non-conventional insecticides were tested along with 3 conventional insecticides. Each treatment consisted of 45 vines (3 rows X 15 vines) and was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as dilute (100 gal/acre) foliar sprays with a hooded boom over-the-row sprayer operated at 400 psi. Two to 6 sprays were made (per treatment) between 15 Jun (Bloom) and 16 Aug 1990. Injury assessments were made on 5-6 Sep 1990, on the number of berries injured by GBM larvae per 100 clusters in each replication (10 clusters from 10 vines per replication). Sevin 50 WP (two sprays) applied at 4 lb product and Penncap-m (two sprays) applied at 4 pt product were the standards. Cover sprays, consisting of a tank mix of triademefon (Bayleton) at 1 oz AI/A and maneb (Dithane M-22) at 1.5 lb AI/A, were applied to all plots on 15 Jun and 7 Jul to suppress powdery mildew, black rot, and downy mildew. Injury assessment was made on 5-6 Sep based on the number of berries injured by GBM larvae per 100 clusters in each replication (10 clusters from 10 vines per replication).
Evaluation of Danitol 2.4 Ec During Summer Temperatures for Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , McDaniel C. W. , Rush Rober. , Solorzano Jos.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Danitol 2.4 EC and Lannate L as an insecticide comparison were applied to grapes on 29 Jul. Treatments were made with a ground sprayer applying 114 gal/acre. Plots were 500 ft long by 8 rows wide. Plots were sampled 1, 4, 11, and 21 DAT. Samples consisted of examining leaves 6- 15 from a vine terminal and counting VGLH nymphs. Six samples/plot were obtained, 3 from each of the center 2 plot rows, all from the north side of row. The entire field was treated with Lannate L on Aug 15. Daily high temperatures during the study ranged from 100-115°F.
Evaluation of Furadan 4 F Applied Via Drip Irrigation for Variegated Grape Leafhopper Control, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. , Rush Rober. , Solorzano Jos.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Furadan 4 F were applied via drip irrigation equipment on 29 Jul to 2-yr-old grapes. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. A single row of grapes (480 ft long) served as a plot. Each plot was sampled 1, 4, 11, and 21 DAT. Samples consisted of examining 10 consecutive leaves from a vine on north side of row and counting leafhopper nymphs. The 10 consecutive leaves were 6-15 from the terminal end of the vine on the first 3 sample dates and leaves 1-10 on 19 Aug. Six samples were obtained per row the first 3 sample dates and 4 the last sample date.
Control of Citrus Thrips on Valencia Oranges, 1991
Authors: Rethwisch M. D. , McDaniel C. W.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticide treatments were applied the evening of 5 Jul to 4 ft tall trees at the Dos Rios Nursery located south of Yuma, AZ. Treatments were applied with a backpack C02 sprayer calibrated to apply 12.0 gal/acre at 20 psi with 2 T-Jet 8001 nozzle tips. Plots were 20 ft long × 4 ft wide and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were approximately 1.5 ft apart in a single row within the plot. Samples were taken at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post treatment. Twelve terminals per plot were sampled during morning hours the first sample date and 10 terminals/plot thereafter. Sampling consisted of beating a tender terminal over a wire grid mesh screened, internally colored silver can approximately 8 inches deep that contained a white organdy cloth to assist in differentiating and counting nymphs and adult thrips. Only 2 replicates were sampled at 28 DAT. Thrips populations were moderately heavy when treated and daily high temperatures averaged 101.5°F the 6 d after treatment. Populations declined following 6 consecutive d of 107°F highs or more which began Jul 12.
Control of Fall Webworm on Walnut, 1991
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

Two separate experiments were conducted on walnut trees, 10-20 ft tall, growing in—n orchard located at the Agricultural Experiment Station in Payne Co. Treatments were applied 28 Jun using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/ min at 150 psi and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. At the time of treatment, temperature and wind velocity were 81°F and 0-5 Iripil respectively. Measurable precipitation during the test period occurred on 4 Jul (.44 inch). Three rates of the insect growth regulator RH-5992 were evaluated in Test 1. A spreader sticker, Latron B-1956, was added to the IGR treatments at 6 ml/gal of finished spray. Two formulations of chlorpyrifos, Pageant DF, at several rates were evaluated in Test 2. Both tests utilized Orthene 9.4 EC as a standard treatment. The number of FW larvae/nest was determined by removing and dismantling one nest from each treatment in all replicates and assessing the number of live larvae. Test 1 was replicated 5 times and Test 2 contained 4 replications. Both tests were evaluated at 5 and 10 DAT.
Evaluation of Alternate Row Applications of A Short-Residue Insecticide for Control of the Overwintering Generation of Codling Moth, 1991
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Grant J. A. , Hendricks L. C. , Olson W. H. , Sibbett G. S.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in 5 commercial walnut orchards throughout California. In each orchard, there were 5 treatments. Each treatment was applied to an area of 2 or more acres. Timing of the treatments was based on walnut tree phenology; that is, applications were made at 1/2-inch nut size and at various time periods after V2-inch nut size. All materials were applied with an air-blast sprayer delivering from 100 to 150 gal finished spray/acre, depending on the site. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts from around 6 trees in the center of each treatment weekly from 28 May through 11 Jul, depending on the site. Walnut aphid populations were monitored by counting all aphids on 10 leaflets/tree from 6 trees in the center of each treatment from 21 May through 7 Jul, depending on the site.
Pesticide Evaluations for Selected Insect Pest of Beans, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J. , Hessney M. L.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of double-row plantings 20 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment was separated by two border rows of beans. A hand-pushed ’V belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each row. A 2-4 inch wide band of meat and bone meal was placed over one treatment row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition with the exception of one Captan check treatment. Orthene was applied to the seeds 17 Jun and planting occurred on 29 Jun. Sprays were applied 3 Sep using a back pack C02 sprayer with 4 nozzles per row. Applications were made using 30 gal of water per acre. SM evaluations were made 18 Jul. Emerged seedlings in both rows were counted and an avg % damage from SM was calculated using no. of damaged plants. PLH counts were made from 50 trifoliate leaves in each replication picked at random. MBB counts were made by pulling 25 consecutive plants from one row in each doublerow plot, and recording all stages except eggs. Data were taken for PLH and MBB on 9 Sep.
Control of Afhids on Broccoli, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was direct seeded in double-row beds on 15 Jan at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Each plot measured 2 beds by 75 ft long, with an 8 inch spacing between rows and a 40 inch spacing between beds. A single bed was left untreated between each plot. Plants were thinned within rows at 6 inch intervals on 9 Feb. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular insecticides treatments at planting were applied by placing the granules just below the seed line with a Gandy granular applicator mounted on the planter. Plots were subsequently irrigated on 16 Jan. Layby applications of granular treatments were made on 14 Mar by placing the material into the soil just below the roots through shanks mounted to the Gandy granular applicator. Plots were subsequently irrigated on 14 Mar. Aphid populations were assessed on 24 Mar and 8 Apr by randomly removing 10 plants from each replicate and placing them in Berlese funnels. All alate and apterous aphids extracted from the foliage were counted. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Ryan’s Q test.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage with Starch-Encapsulated Microbial Formulations, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , McGuire M. R.
Published: March 2022

Green house transplants were planted 30 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each formulation contained the same amount of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was added to all treatments. Sprays were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS-8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 28 Jun, 18, 26 Jul, and 1 Aug. Heavy rainfall the week of 8 Jul prevented a scheduled application. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot in the first sampling, 4 plants/plot in the second sampling) were taken 1 Jul and 4-8 Aug. Laboratory bioassays (see Paper 2L) were done with treated foliage from these plots to determine residual efficacy against DBM. Quality ratings (Greene et al. 1969. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800) of mature cabbage heads (5 plants per plot) were determined 9 Aug.
Lepidopterous Larva Control on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 3 May, 1991, near Benson, NC. Single row plots, 10 ft long on 5 ft centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a C02 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 ×) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal/acre. Applications were made 13, 21, 28 Jun, 5, 12, 18, 25 Jul, 5, and 15 Aug. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made on 1, 17, 23 Jul, and 14 Aug. Cabbage was harvested and rated for quality on 21 Aug.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Express’ cabbage was transplanted into black plastic mulch on 30 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 30 ft long and one row wide with 6 ft spacing between rows and 10 ft unplanted buffers within rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Thirty plants per plot were spaced twelve inches apart. A trickle irrigation system was used beneath the black plastic and recommended rates of fertilizer and herbicide were applied. All insecticide treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 24 Jun at 27.8 gal/acre and on 4 Jul at 45.5 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 25 Jun, 5, 12, and 19 Jul. Five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled for CL, DBM, and other lepidopterous pests on 24 and 28 Jun, 2, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 25 Jul. Ten heads per plot were graded on 30 Jul for lepidopterous damage using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated one or two were considered marketable based on U.S.D.A. standards.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods in Celery, 1990
Authors: Carson W. G. , Robinson L. J. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 15 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots wee four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 26 Sep, 2, 12, 16, 23, 30 Oct, and 6, 13 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 oriftce discs, #23 or #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam°) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species was recorded in the same manner as for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Collards, 1990
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Collards were transplanted Mar, 1990, near Greenville, NC, using a row spacing of 42 inches. Single row plots 20 ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 14, 20, and 27 Nov. Visual estimates of foliar damage to all plants and/ or insect counts on 3 plants per plot were made 20, 27 Nov (before spraying), and on 5 Dec.
Black Cutworm Control on Transplanted Collards, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted to evaluate use of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) in transplant water to protect newly transplanted Brassica crops from cutworm damage. Five week old collard plants grown in 0880 A Todd Flats were set in a Calloway silt loam on 13 Sep. Plots consisted of a single row on raised beds (40 inch bed spacing), 20 ft long, with 1 unplanted row separating adjacent plots. Within rows plant spacing was 9.0 inches. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The transplanter delivered 50 ml transplant solution to the soil as each plant was set. Spray applications were made using a backpack sprayer equipped with a single hollow cone nozzle directed at the base of the plant and calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre at 40 psi. Soil temperature at the time of transplanting was 92°F. All plots were irrigated by furrow flood 2 h post treatment and again at 4 and 8 DAT. Plant loss due to cutworm damage was evaluated at 1, 3 and 10 DAT. Squareroot transformations of % data were subjected to ANOVA.
Reduction of Aphid Contamination on Sweet Corn Ears, 1992
Authors: Straub R. W. , Grimsland H.
Published: March 2022

‘Dazzel’ (sh2) sweet corn was planted 20 Jun in Tioga silt-loam soil at New Paltz, NY. Treatments were arranged in 2-row plots 149 m long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar spray treatments were applied to silking corn (27 Aug, 31 Aug and 4 Sep) using a high clearance sprayer driven at 2.12 km/hr equipped with three D2-25 cone nozzles/row, dispensing 450 liters/ha at 7.03 kg/cm2. On 9 Sep, 25 ears/replicate were randomly selected and given a rating based on the presence and location of aphid colonies (i.e. > 5 nymphs), where: 0 aphids = 0, aphids at the base of ear = 1, aphids at the side of ear or between husk layers = 2, aphids at the silk zone or on kernels = 3). The numerical ratings were additive if aphids were present at more than one location on the ear. The proportion of ears having a rating of 2 or less was used to determine percent marketability. The presence of aphids at the base is not in itself detrimental to marketability, but aphids located between the layers of husks or within the silks or kernels is cause for rejection.
Ear-Infesting Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Vaughn Ty T. , Hoy Casey W.
Published: March 2022

‘Quicksilver’ sweet corn was planted 30 Jun on the Snyder Farm at the OARCD, Wooster, Ohio. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows and 6-8 inches between plants. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 50 ft in length, with two untreated guard rows between plots and 5 ft of untreated corn at either end of each plot. Treatments were applied during the silking period on 1, 4, 9, and 12 Sep using a backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle directed at the ear zone. Plots were evaluated 18 Sep by examining 50 ears per plot for any larval pests infesting the ears and silks.
Evaluation of Insecticide Efficacy for Spwf Control on Cucurrits, 1992
Authors: Sparks Alton N.
Published: March 2022

A small plot study was conducted to evaluate selected insecticides and combinations of insecticides for their efficacy against the SPWF in cucurbits. Cucumbers were planted in 40 inch beds with one guard row planted to sudan grass between each row. Experimental plots measuring one row by 25 feet were established shortly after plant emergence. Plots were arranged in a random complete block design with four replications. Insecticide applications were initiated at the three true leaf stage, with applications made on 1, 7 and 12 Oct, 1992. Insecticides were applied with the CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (40 PSI), with three lOx hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overtop, 2 on drops), in a total volume of 50 GPA. Adult SPWF were monitored 24 hours after each application by counting the number of adults on the first fully expanded leaf from the growing terminal on three randomly selected plants per plot. For evaluation of immatures the 5th and 7th leaf were sampled on two randomly selected plants per plot. All immature SPWF were counted on two 2.2 cm diameter disks cut from each leaf (8 disks per plot).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Lepidoterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1992
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: March 2022

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 17 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. The plots were not thinned prior to the experiment. Each plot consisted of three, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Foliar treatments were applied on 8, 13, and 19 Oct with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 25 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Dynamic) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.5% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of small (1st and 2nd instars) and large (> 2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae on 25 randomly selected lettuce plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted on 7, 13, 19, and 25 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and a protected LSD.
Onion Maggot Control with Trigard Seed Treatments, 1992
Authors: Webb D. R. , Taylor A. G. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were planted 4 May in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Treatments were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All treated seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder that planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal of water/acre through a gravity-fed system based on a 15 inch row width. Trigard 75 WP was applied to the seed either by pelleting or film coating. Pelleted treatments were applied by mixing Trigard 75 WP with 140 mesh sand and coating it using a copper pan treater and air brush. Progrow (Vitavax and Thiram) was included in the pellet for each specified seed treatment at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of seed and Dithane (F45) applied in the furrow with the Lorsban drenches at 2.4 qts formulation/acre for control of onion smut, Urocystis cepulae. Film treatments were applied by suspending Trigard 75 WP in a 15% soln of Opadry F (Colorcon Co.) and then spraying the seeds. Progrow was applied during the film-coating procedure.
Onion Maggot Control with Seed Furrow Treatments, 1992
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Seeds were planted 4 May in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and treatments of insecticides were applied in the seed furrow using a hand-pushed cone seeder that planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal of water/acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Dithane F-45 was applied in the furrow with each treatment at 2.4 qts formulation/acre for control of onion smut, Urocystis cepulae. Stand counts were taken 28 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca. twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 20 Jul.
Thrips Control on Onions, 1992
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Each treatment consisted of a double row 12 inches apart replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Two untreated buffer rows were located between each treatment. Individual plots were 20 ft long. We sprayed with a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 nozzles, 2/row using 109 gal/acre. A sticker (X-77) was applied to all treatments at 8 fl oz/100 gals. Samples were taken by collecting foliage from 5 consecutive onions/rep/treatment and transferred to Berlese funnels placed above containers of 50% alcohol. Thrips counts were made 48 hrs later by screening the thrips from the alcohol solution. The present thrips threshold in N.Y. for initiating commercial treatment is 3/leaf.
Control of Armyworms on Bell Pepper in West-Central Florida, Fall 1991
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 5 Sep, 12 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 27 Sep, 4, 10, 17, 24, 31 Oct, 8, 14, 22 Nov and 12 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 55 gal/acre for the first spray and 80 gal/acre for the remaining sprays. The sprayer was outfitted with a single nozzle with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 8 Nov, the numbers of beet and southern armyworm larvae were counted on each plant. Fruit were harvested on 27 Nov and 16 Dec and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae were determined.
Control of European Corn Borer and Green Peach Aphid on Peppers, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Peppers were transplanted on 30 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inch with 36 inch between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 5 Aug through 28 Sep. Triton AG-98 (4 oz product/acre) was added to each treatment. Kocide (12 lb product/acre) and Maneb (2 lb product/acre) were applied weekly to control bacterial spot. Evaluation criteria consisted of harvests of all market-sized fruit per plot. This fruit was graded as either marketable (no insect damage) or worm-damaged. On 29 Sep stem holes from ECB feeding were counted on 10 randomly chosen plants per plot. The number of GPA on 25 leaves per plot was recorded on 5 Oct.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Daigle C. F.
Published: March 2022

Certified ‘La Rouge’ seed pieces were planted on 16 Dee in a Perrine marl soil and spaced 10 cm apart in rows that were 0.9 m apart. Sixteen treatments were arranged into a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 9.1 m long. Plants were fertilized with 896 kg/ha of granular (8:20:8) at planting and an additional 1456 kg/ha of liquid (4:4:12) during the growing season. Maneb 80 was applied (1.7 kg [AI]/ha) weekly and Benlate 50 was applied (1.1 kg [AI]/ha) on two dates to control foliar plant pathogens. Insecticide treatments were applied on three dates. Parathion was applied with a 9.1 m long Gandy applicator and incorporated into the soil with a disc harrow on 16 Dec. Thimet 20 G (4.0 kg [AI]/ha) was applied directly to the seed pieces in the furrow at planting on 16 Dec with a planter-mounted Gandy applicator. Thimet 20 G (2.0 kg [AI]/ha) and Force 1.5 G (0.1 and 0.3 kg [AI]/ha) were applied in the furrows 3 days after planting. Post-emergence applications of Thimet 20 G were also made 8 inches off center to both sides of each hill using a tractor-mounted, chain-driven Gandy and incorporated into the soil with a rolling cultivator after plant emergence on 17 Jan. Post-emergence applications of Vydate and Disyston 8 were made on 19 Jan using fumigator knives that delivered 1402 liter/ha at 4.8 km/h directly to the root zone 8 inches off center on both sides of each hill. Vines were killed on 13 Mar with Paraquat Plus (2.3 liter/ha; 29.1% [AI]). Two 6.1 m sections of row per treatment plot were harvested on 19 Apr. Tubers were washed, graded for wireworm injury (holes less than 1.9 cm in depth), damage (holes greater than 1.9 cm in depth), cracking, sunburn, disease, etc., and weighed fresh. Data for injury, damage, sunburn, and cracking are presented at a percentage of total fresh weight/section of row.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1992
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Rouse Robert
Published: March 2022

‘Red Norland’ potatoes were planted in 25 ft rows on 13 May ’92. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 72 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 4, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Jun; 7, 14 and 21 Jul. Plots receiving AC 303630 were treated 4, 16, 23, and 30 Jun. The plots receiving Trigard were treated with Vydate 2 L at 0.75 lb Al/acre on 3 and 7 Jul to control Colorado Potato beetle adults. Trigard treatments were applied biweekly on 4, 16 and 30 Jun; 7 and 21 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 29 Jul from 25 feet of row.
Biological and Synthetic Insecticide Combinations for Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, Big Lake, MN, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Watrin Cliff
Published: March 2022

This trial was established to compare several combinations of biologicals and synthetic materials for control of resistant CBP. Plots were established in a commercial potato field and consisted of 4 rows, 0.91 m wide and 9.1 m long. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block, replicated 3 times. The entire plot area was treated for adult control on 18 May and 24 Jun. The foliars were applied on 2, 12, 18, and 27 Jun, and then sprayed off with Karate 1 E 0.028 kg Al/ha on 7 Jul. Defoliation readings and larval ratings were taken 12, 18, 27 Jun, and 7 Jul.
Rose Leafhopper Control, 1992
Authors: Day Merry Lou , Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a one-acre block of 6-yr-old trees on M7A, which measured 10 ft high and 7.5 ft wide and were planted 18 x 24 ft apart. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied to runoff on 7 Jul with an Agrotec handgun sprayer (model no. ASA0287) operated at 100 psi. Other materials applied separately to the entire block throughout the season were Bayleton, Captan, Dodine, Ethrel, Javelin, Kocide, NAA, Nova, Solubor, Streptomycin, Supracide, Tenn-Cop, Topsin-M, and Ziram. RLH [control was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 randomly selected leaves per tree.
Foliar Sprays to Control Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, Painter, VA, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 18 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 36 inches between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal/acre water at 40 psi. Applications were made on 14, 21, and 27 May and 8, 15, and 23 Jun. Trigard 75 W was applied every 14 days beginning 14 May. The second applications for the ATI-720 2 X weekly treatment were on 18, 21, 26, and 29 May and 11, 19, and 24 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all CPB life stages present on 10 randomly chosen plants/plot, percent defoliation ratings on 15 and 22 Jun, and yield data on 2 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Vaughn Ty T. , Hoy Casey W.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted 21 May at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (150 lb/acre 19-19-19). Two NTN 33893 soil treatments were applied at planting using a Gandy 901 Jr. insecticide applicator that delivered the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated on 19 May with 0.75 lb/acre of Sencor DF which was then incorporated. Fungicide, Mancozeb at 2.0 lb/acre, was applied 19 Jul, 14, 21, and 26 Aug. Paraquat, 2 pt/acre, was applied 10 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft in length, with 10 ft alleys separating plots and 10 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots in early Jul. The NTN 33893 foliar treatments were applied on 7 Jul only. Other foliar applications were made 7, 19 Jul 8 and 21 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Number of adults, eggs, small (instar 1-2), and large (instar 3-4) larvae were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated, in five lm lengths of row per plot approximately five d after each application. Potato leafhoppers (PLH) and hopperburn were sampled on 26 Sep. The number of vines with hopperburn in each of five lm lengths of row per plot was visually estimated. PLH were sampled by vacuuming five lm lengths of row per plot using a modified leafblower with a 5 inch diameter suction tube. The samples were frozen and counted under a microscope. Harvest was on 29 Sep and grading was finished by 2 Oct.