bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Autonomy
Authors: McFarland David
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we saw that self-sufficient robots require a degree of energy autonomy and motivational autonomy. Autonomy implies freedom from outside control. What does this mean? Energy autonomy implies that the robot’s energy supply is free from outside control, and that the robot is able to gain its energy by itself, from sunlight, or by foraging for a suitable energy source. The degree of energy autonomy depends upon the number of resources that the robot requires for survival. Like a plant or animal, a robot is likely to require other commodities in addition to energy, such as water and oil. So the completely self-sufficient robot would have to be able to find all its ‘nutritional’ requirements by itself.
Epilogue
Authors: McFarland David
Published: November 2023

Where to begin? Let us begin at the beginning. You may have wondered why, at the beginning of this book, so much space was devoted to robots, their development and evolution. The reason is that to understand the mind of an alien, to understand how it works, one must understand what it is for. Many animals have no mind, they are automata. To have a mind, and especially to have language, is expensive. A bigger brain is needed, and brains are expensive to develop, to train, and to run. Bigger brains mean bigger bodies and fewer, more expensive, offspring. Fewer offspring mean less future genetic influence. So many animals do not need minds, thank you, they are doing very well as they are.
Introduction
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

A conversation involves acquiring and conveying information about the world, immediately and without much conscious reflection. Our linguistic capacity thereby enables us to engage in complex cooperative activities that require rapid information flow between large numbers of people, such as building bridges and superconductors (though unfortunately also waging war). We share our ability to perceive visually with many other species. In contrast, no other species has our advanced linguistic capacity. Any investigation into what makes humans distinctive as a species begins and ends with language-use. The inquiry into the nature of our linguistic capacities is therefore at the very center of the human sciences.
On Quantifler Domain Restriction (with Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

In interpreting the utterances of others, we cannot rely exclusively on the permanent features of the words used. For it is often the case that the very same words could be used in a different context to communicate something different. The problem of context dependence is the problem of explaining how context contributes to interpretation, that is to the process of determining what a speaker meant by making a linguistic utterance on a certain occasion.
Making it Articulated
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

Here is the view of linguistic communication I find plausible. First, a speaker makes an utterance, and her linguistic intentions uniquely determine a certain syntactic structure, or “logical form”, as it is known in syntax. If her utterance is a successful linguistic assertion, the logical form is sentential. Successful interpretation involves assigning denotations to the constituents of the logical form, and combining them in accord with composition rules that do not vary with extra-linguistic context. The denotations that successful interpreters will assign to constituents of a logical form will be constrained by the linguistic conventions governing those elements.
Introduction:Philosophy And Science Of Visual Perception And Cognition
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Consider your visual experience. In that experience, mind and world meet. The world is presented to you with its shapes, colors, and textures: a green expanse with moving blobs on it; or a whitish grey ribbon with shaped volumes of color moving at great speed. The mind responds by categorizing the objects and anticipating their behavior: here is a park with people playing volleyball, and someone is about to spike the ball; there is a busy highway as you navigate your vehicle at high speed, concerned that the car on the left is weaving a bit.
Perception as Unconscious Inference
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Consider for a moment the spatial and chromatic dimensions of your visual experience. Suppose that as you gaze about the room you see a table, some books, and papers. Ignore for now the fact that you immediately recognize these objects to be a table with books and papers on it. Concentrate on how the table looks to you: its top spreads out in front of you, stopping at edges beyond which lies unfilled space, leading to more or less distant chairs, shelves, or expanses of floor. The books and paper on the table top create shaped visual boundaries between areas of different color, within which there may be further variation of color or visual texture.
Introduction
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

The status of sensory qualities has been a topic in philosophy since the ancient Greeks. In the history of thought about color, scientific theories were formed in relation to a background of philosophy, and philosophical theories often arose in conjunction with or as a result of scientific work (as in the cases of Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle, Locke, and Newton). Through the end of the nineteenth century it was usual for color scientists, such as Helmholtz and Hering, to address the philosophical assumptions and implications of their work. They engaged such assumptions directly, and examined them with philosophical thoroughness.
Psychology, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science Reflections On The History And Philosophy Of Experimental Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Psychology has been self-consciously trying to be a science for two hundred years, give or take fifty. In the meantime, it has developed a variety of laboratory techniques, collected much experimental data, shown some theoretical development, and undergone changes of opinion about whether its primary object of study is mind or behavior. Has it made its way to sciencehood? Some have thought psychology became scientific by freeing itself from philosophy near the end of the nineteenth century, while others make it wait for behaviorism and positivism. A few recent thinkers believe that psychology can remain scientific only by becoming something else: neuroscience, cognitive science, or those and more.
Introspective Evidence in Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Introspection was once the mainstay of psychological research, the primary source of psychological evidence. But, as history would have it (e.g., Lyons 1986, chs. 1 – 2), in the first part of the twentieth century it was discredited by behaviorists in psychology and by the likes of Wittgenstein and Ryle in philosophy. These critics purportedly showed that introspection was unscientific, conceptually impossible, or akin to believing in ghosts. As a result, introspection “disappeared” as a source of evidence in psychology and philosophy alike (Lyons 1986).
What’s there to know?
Authors: Leng Mary
Published: November 2023

According to fictionalism in the philosophy of mathematics, we have no reason to believe that there are any mathematical objects, and so we have no reason to believe any mathematical statements whose truth would require the existence of such objects. Thus, fictionalists have a quick and easy response to the problem of accounting for mathematical knowledge. While they agree that mathematical knowledge (as knowledge of acausal, mind- and language-independent objects) would be difficult to account for, fictionalists do not need to provide an account of such knowledge.
On Quantifying into Predicate Position: Steps towards a new(tralist) perspective
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

In the Begriffsschrift Frege drew no distinction—or anyway signalled no import- ance to the distinction—between quantifying into positions occupied by what he called eigennamen—singular terms—in a sentence and quantification into predicate position or, more generally, quantification into open sentences—into what remains of a sentence when one or more occurrences of singular terms are re- moved. He seems to have conceived of both alike as perfectly legitimate forms of generalization, each properly belonging to logic.
Complications and extraintestinal manifestations
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause problems outside the guts. These are called extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs). Some are common and others are very rare. Sometimes they are a complication of IBD, resulting from the disease itself, for example, anaemia and osteoporosis. In other cases, there seems to be a genetic or pathological association with IBD.
Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) commonly first presents in young people often before they have even thought about having a family. However, questions regarding fertility and pregnancy are among the most commonly asked by people with IBD. Because this is such an important and common issue, a lot of research has been done in the area. This means that many of the questions have clear answers.
The relationship between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Psoriasis has diverse manifestations. The most common form is called psoriasis vulgaris. Psoriasis vulgaris presents with a plaque often associated with scaling. It can be localized or widespread. It most often affects the extensor surfaces of the knees and elbows (Fig. 2.1, p. 12), as well as the scalp, but may occur anywhere on the body. Psoriasis may also affect flexural areas (flexural psoriasis) such as under the arms or breasts, the groins, the genital areas, and the natal cleft. In these areas, it tends to be as thin plaques, often not associated with scales.
How is the diagnosis to psoriatic arthritis made?
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

A number of arthritic conditions may occur in patients with psoriasis, and these must be differentiated from psoriatic arthritis. Since psoriasis is a common condition, occurring in 2–3% of the population, and rheumatoid arthritis, the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, may occur in 1% of the population, the co-occurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis would be expected by chance alone in 1 in 10 000 people. Since rheumatoid arthritis, like psoriatic arthritis, is inflammatory in nature, the differentiation may be difficult. Osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of arthritis, occurs in about 5% of the population and it may co-exist with psoriasis. While osteoarthritis is not usually an inflammatory form of arthritis, it does affect the end joints of the fingers, a site commonly affected in patients with psoriatic arthritis, and therefore one needs to differentiate osteoarthritis from psoriatic arthritis. Psoriatic arthritis may sometimes be misdiagnosed as gout. Gout is a crystal-induced arthritis caused by uric acid deposition in the joints.
Surgery in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The arthritis presents with tender and swollen joints, and in about half the patients there is involvement of the spine, with pain, stiffness, and limitation of movement. The inflammation in the affected area may lead to deformities and damage if it is not controlled. Although many patients complain of joint pain and seek medical attention, as a group patients with psoriatic arthritis do not complain of as much pain as patients with other forms of arthritis. For that reason, many patients only realize that they have a problem once they have developed joint deformities.
Lessons from the University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

The University of Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Clinic has provided a unique opportunity to study the course and prognosis of psoriatic arthritis as well as its pathogenesis and management. The Clinic was established by Dr Dafna Gladman in 1978, when it became apparent to her that the understanding of this disease was minimal. In 1976, an elaborate outpatient facility for patients with psoriasis was established by the late Dr Ricky Kanee Schachter at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, Canada.
The Evolution of Irrationality: Insights from Non-Human Primates
Authors: Santos Laurie R
Published: November 2023

From the moment we wake up in the morning, we are confronted by a staggering array of choices. (Should I hit the shower or the snooze button, the highway or the byway?) Though sometimes our preferences are well-known to us, often we must make decisions with limited information about how different outcomes will affect our overall happiness and utility. (Having never tried Korean sannakji  1 for example, I am unsure whether I would find the experience glorious or repulsive.) Moreover, we can rarely be certain of what the outcome of our choice will be. (Generally, taking the highway increases my overall well-being, but if I have an accident, the utility is decidedly otherwise.)
Socratic Midwifery: A Second Apology?
Authors: Giannopoulou Zina
Published: November 2023

Plato’s Theaetetus is a peculiar dialogue. While it has generally been regarded as either middle/late or late, it possesses several features traditionally associated with Plato’s early philosophical works. The most important of them centre around the figure of Socrates: he is a self-proclaimed ignoramus who asks for the definition of a difficult term (knowledge), dialectically examines a variety of answers, rejects them all, and ends at an impasse (aporia). This preoccupation with the figure of Socrates of the early dialogues is reinforced by the dramatic date of the conversation, which is mentioned twice in the dialogue. In the preface, Eucleides remarks that Socrates met Theaetetus shortly before Socrates’ death (142 c 6) and, at the end, Socrates tells Theaetetus that he must go to the King Archon’s porch to meet the indictment that Meletus had brought against him (210 D 2–4).
The Structure Of Teleological Explanations In Aristotle: Theory And Practice
Authors: Leunissen Mariska E M P J
Published: November 2023

in the Aristotle discusses demonstrative knowledge. Despite the long tradition of Aristotelian scholarship on this treatise, many details concerning the nature of demonstration and its relation to explanation remain enigmatic, and are the subject of much controversy. This paper aims to shed light on Aristotle’s pivotal discussion of the relation of demonstration, explanation, and scientific knowledge in Post.An 2. 11, and specifically on the structure of teleological explanations as presented in this chapter. In the first part (Sections 1–3) I shall clarify the examples Aristotle provides to illustrate his theoretical remarks about causal explanation. In particular, I hope to make sense of the teleological example of walking after dinner for the sake of health.
Uncertain Decisions and the Many-Minds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Papineau David
Published: November 2023

Imagine you are faced with a quantum-mechanical device which will display either H or T (‘heads’, ‘tails’) when it is operated (‘spun’). You know that the single-case probability, or chance, of H is 0.8, and the chance of T is 0.2. (I could have taken a biased coin, but I wanted to make it clear that we are dealing with chances.)
Inheritance and Originality
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: November 2023

These words, it seems to me, give us a particular picture of the essence of philosophical writing—of what it is for such writing to be well shaped and disciplined, for its parts to form a genuine whole, for its sections and sentences to have neither too little nor too much vitality. But do they—in developing that metaphor of vegetable life perhaps a little too exuberantly, and amalgamating it perhaps a little too forcibly with another, more metallic or mechanical, one— observe the canons of propriety they deploy in criticism of another’s words? They certainly do not take the picture to which they officially cleave as open to question—as if the matter of philosophical form has been forgotten, or is capable at any moment of being passed over, even when the text we are reading all but explicitly aims to provide an occasion for us to question the obviousness or self-evidence of our picture of that matter. But since, to those in the grip of the picture, such texts are rather more likely to occasion exasperation, how might such all but inevitable circuits of mutual misunderstanding be disrupted? How might a text such as The Claim of Reason be understood as attempting to initiate such disruption? Since any such purposes can be effective only if those who encounter this text choose to stay with its orderings of words, we must first ask how it aims to justify or reward such a choice—how its opening encounter with its readers is designed to attract rather than repel them.
Abbreviation, Scope, and Ontology
Authors: Neale Stephen
Published: November 2023

Consider a language L containing several one-place predicates, an unending supply of variables x  I .. . xn, left and right parentheses as devices of punctuation, and the following logical vocabulary: ∀, ∨ , ∼, =. Assume a rudimentary Tarskian truth definition for L, where s ranges over infinite sequences of objects in the domain, k ranges over the natural numbers, skis the object in the kth position of s, and ϕ and ψ range over formulae .
What is Logical Form?
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell, in the second of his 1914 Lowell lectures, Our Knowledge of the External World, asserted famously that ‘every philosophical problem, when it is subjected to the necessary analysis and purification, is found either to be not really philosophical at all, or else to be, in the sense in which we are using the word, logical’ (Russell, 1993: 42). He went on to characterize that portion of logic that concerned the study of forms of propositions, or, as he called them, ‘logical forms’.
Identity Statements
Authors: Fiengo Robert , May Robert
Published: November 2023

It is common wisdom that primary among the things that one would want from an analysis of identity statements such as ‘Hesperus is Phosphorus’ or ‘Cicero is Tully’ is an account of their informativeness. But there is a problem that any such account will encounter, one that has been appreciated at least since Frege. We may put it in this familiar way.
Introduction
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

The Meno is the first Platonic dialogue to reflect systematically on some still fundamental issues in epistemology: What is knowledge? How does it differ from true belief? What if anything can we know, and how can we know it? In ‘Inquiry in the Meno’ (Chapter 2) I explore the Meno’s answers to some of these important questions.1
Immanence
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

Aristotle claims that Platonic forms are not in things, and that this is just as well, since ‘it is easy to collect many absurdities against such a theory’ (Metaph. A 9, 99lbl8–19; cf. M 5, 1079b22–3). He records some of the absurdities in the Peri Ideōn, portions of which are preserved by Alexander in his commentary on Metaphysics A 9. Many of the alleged absurdities were aired earlier by Plato in the Parmenides.
Plato and Aristotle on Form and Substance
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

Plato and Aristotle give different answers to the question ‘What are the substances [ousiai]?’ One way Aristotle defends his answer is by arguing that his candidate substances—particulars such as Socrates or Callias—better satisfy the criteria for substance than do Plato’s candidates—eternal, unchanging, nonsensible universals called ‘forms’.1 This defence goes along with another. For Aristotle disagrees with Plato, not only about the candidates, but also about the criteria, for substance: one reason Plato fastens on to the wrong candidates is that he focuses on some of the wrong criteria.
Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Dupré John
Published: November 2023

John Dupré explores the ways in which we categorize animals, including humans, and comes to refreshingly radical conclusions. He opposes the idea that there is only one legitimate way of classifying things in the natural world, the 'scientific' way. The lesson we should learn from Darwin is to reject the idea that each organism has an essence that determines its necessary place in the unique hierarchy of things. Nature is not like that: it is not organized in a single system. For instance, there is no universal principle by which organisms can be sorted into species. We are obliged to accept that different classificatory schemes are equally valid, and to take a pluralistic view of biology and the human sciences. These provocative and readable essays move on to discuss a set of contentious topics relating to human nature. To start with, Dupré argues that the concept of a universal human nature should be rejected. He questions the relevance of evolution to explanation of human behaviour, and casts doubt on the concept of normality in human behaviour. He shows that misunderstanding of biology and evolution has lead to widespread misconceptions about human sex and gender-in particular, about sexual behaviour and gender roles. The books concludes with a pair of essays about the differences between humans and animals, which may not be quite so clear-cut as we think.
Normative Ethics: Back to the Future
Authors: Hurka Thomas
Published: November 2023

The course of normative ethics in the twentieth century was a roller-coaster ride, from a period of skilled and confident theorizing in the first third of the century, through a virtual disappearance in the face of various forms of skepticism in the middle third, to a partial revival, though shadowed by remnants of that skepticism, in the final third. The ideal future of normative ethics therefore lies in its past. It must entirely shed its traces of mid-century skepticism if it is to return to the levels of insight provided by G. E. Moore, Hastings Rashdall, J. M. E. McTaggart, W. D. Ross,.
Philodemus on the Therapy of Vice
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: November 2023

Philodemus of Gadara (c.I I0-<7-40 Be), the Greek Epicurean philosopher, migrated to Italy at a relatively early age, placed himself under the patronage of the Roman patrician Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, and founded a flourishing Epicurean community at Herculaneum. He is a near contemporary of Cicero, Lucretius, Virgil, and Horace and, although the nature and extent of his influence on each of these authors is a matter of ongoing discussion, there is significant evidence that he was known to most of them, both in person and through his writings. Fragments of his works, which survive in the charred papyri of the so-called Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum, show him to be an intellectual of impressive range and talent. His elegant epigrams circulated from Italy to Roman Egypt, while his prose compositions targeted sma11er and varying audiences. Their subjects include poetics and literary theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, rhetoric, poetic theology, and philosophy of religion, as well as logic, epistemology, philosophical psychology, and ethics. In all these domains, Philodemus has much to contribute to the discussions of the ancients, as well as to our own.
Eugenio Montale And ‘I’He Inexpressible
Authors: Brook Clodagh J
Published: November 2023

An issue central to Montale’s poetry is the place of language in creating something quite different from and perhaps independent of any original state of mind during the process of 1inguistic expression. This process is a complex one, and one that has attracted much attention in the fields of psychology, linguistics, and literary criticism. It is often de scribed as being composed of two parts;, the first being the ‘translation’ of non-verbal fragments and images into the inner verbal language
Metaphor And Figurative Language
Authors: Brook Clodagh J
Published: November 2023

The recognition of the impoverished nature of human language does not inevitably lead a poet always to denial and silence. The very existence of limitation may encourage him or her to experiment, striving against the limits of the failing language in order to try to win new territory. Accordingly, the embattled poet may make a positive of pensive, expanding the number and type of words available by creating neologisms, importing obscure, archaic, or even technological words into the language of poetry, or using metaphor to bring words together in novel and innovative ways.
Plato
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Plato is the best known and most widely studied of all the ancient Greek philosophers. Malcolm Schofield, a leading scholar of ancient philosophy, offers a lucid and accessible guide to Plato’ s political thought, enormously influential and much discussed in the modern world as well as the ancient. Schofield discusses Plato’ s ideas on education, democracy and its shortcomings, the role of knowledge in government, utopia and the idea of community, money and its grip on the psyche, and ideological uses of religion.
The Republic: Contexts and Projects
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: November 2023

This book will inevitably be mostly, if by no means solely, about Plato’s Politeia or Republic (its familiar English title): ‘the first great work of Western political philosophy’ , in G. R. F. Ferrari’s simple statement, introducing what was perhaps the first new translation into English of the new millennium.1 There may be grumbles about that. Plato’s capacity for literary production was formidable, and few of his writings lack political resonances. A good number besides the Republic address substantial political issues in political philosophy more or less head on: the Crito, for example, our earliest philosophical text on political obligation, or the Gorgias, probing the unhealthy relationship— as Plato’s Socrates represents it— between rhetoric and democracy.
Philosophy of Mathematics
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: November 2023

It is clear that mathematics is involved in our best efforts to gain knowledge of the physical world, through science. Moreover, mathematics itself at least appears to be a knowledge-gathering activity. We speak of what theorems a given person knows and does not know. Thus, the philosophy of mathematics is a branch of epistemology. However, mathematics is at least prima facie different from other epistemic endeavors. Basic mathematical principles, such as ‘7+5=12’ or ‘there are infinitely many prime numbers’, enjoy a high degree of certainty. Sometimes mathematical principles are held up as paradigms of necessary truths and of a priori and infallible knowledge.
God and Human Knowledge in Seneca’s Natural Questions
Authors: Inwood Brad
Published: November 2023

In his Hymn to Zeus, Cleanthes celebrates the supreme deity, whom the whole cosmos obeys (ll. 7–8), so great is the power of the thunderbolt he wields (9–11). The thunderbolt is the means by which Zeus makes straight the koinos logoswhich penetrates and blends with everything (12–13). As a result, the world is a single coordinated whole (18–21). The moral implications of this order are not neglected (14–17, 22–31). As convention dictates, the hymn ends with a direct prayer for divine assistance (32–39):But Zeus, giver of all, you of the dark clouds, of the blazing thunderbolt, save men from their baneful inexperience and disperse it, Father, far from their souls; grant that they may achieve the insight relying on which you guide everything with justice, so that we may requite you with honour for the honour you give us, praising your works continually, as is fitting
Morality’s Progress
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

Recently I attended a family reunion. The site was a park near the homestead that had been farmed by my great grandfather, August (“Augie”) Kienast, who in 1872 had immigrated to the United States from a village near what was then Konigsberg in East Prussia, and is now Kaliningrad in Russia. After lumberjacking in Michigan and travelling throughout the West, Augie settled in an isolated immigrant farming community near Atlantic, Iowa. This community was defined by its pietistic Protestantism, and was intensely loyal to German language and culture. German remained the language of the community until the 1950s, even for public education, despite periodic attempts to suppress it.
Is Applied Ethics Worth Doing?
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

Throughout most of this century philosophers have sharply distinguished moral theory from moral practice, and many have held that moral theory has little or nothing to do with acting morally. It was commonly said that the proper domain of moral philosophy is moral theory: moral practice is the province of Everyman. The following passage from C. D. Broad (1959: 285) is a characteristic expression of this view. We can no more learn to act rightly by appealing to the ethical theory of right action than we can play golf well by appealing to the mathematical theory of the flight of the golf-ball. The interest of ethics is thus almost wholly theoretical, as is the interest of the mathematical theory of golf or billiards.
Animal Liberation is an Environmental Ethic
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

In an influential essay first published in 1980, J. Baird Callicott argued that animal liberation and environmental ethics are distinct and inconsistent perspectives.1 Callicott had harsh words both for animals and animal liberationists. He referred to domestic animals as “living artifacts” and claimed that it is “incoherent” to speak of their natural behaviour (1980/1989: 30). He wrote that it is a “logical impossibility” to liberate domestic animals and that “the value commitments of the humane movement seem at bottom to betray a world-denying or rather a life-loathing philosophy” (p. 31). All of this is in distinction to Aldo Leopold’s “land ethic” which, according to Callicott, is holistic:”[It] locates ultimate value in the biotic community and assigns differential moral value to the constitutive individuals relatively to that standard” (p. 58).
Values in Nature
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

Some people value nature while others do not. John Muir and Oscar Wilde were contemporaries, yet they expressed very different attitudes towards nature. While Muir (1994: 25) wrote about “the immortal truth and immortal beauty of Nature” and claimed that there is “an ancient mother-love” of wild nature in everyone, Wilde was un favourably comparing nature to art. Wilde (1989: 970) wrote: “What Art really reveals to us is Nature’s lack of design, her curious crudities, her extraordinary monotony, her absolutely unfinished condition … Art is our spirited protest, our gallant attempt to teach Nature her proper place:’
The City around Us
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

It may seem odd to many people that a book devoted to environmental ethics includes an essay on the city. We often speak of the environment as if it is everywhere except where we live. The environment is Yellowstone, Estes Park, Cape Hatteras, and other vacation spots. It is the Amazon River basin, Alaska, East Africa, places that many of us care about preserving even though we will never visit them. Indeed, the very logic of wilderness preservation demands that most of us will never visit these areas. For if a great many of us were to visit, say, the Maroon Bells Wilderness Area in Colorado, it would soon take on the trappings of an urban park. That so many of us are willing to pay to preserve places that we never expect to visit confounds conventional economists and would-be developers. After all, what could the value of these areas consist in if not their extractable resources and their potential for recreational development? It is no wonder that such people have no better explanation for the rise of preservationism than that it is a conspiracy of wealthy “limousine liberals” who are out to deny the rest of us the benefits of economic growth.
Ethics, Public Policy, and Global Warming
Authors: Jamieson Dale
Published: November 2023

There has been speculation about the possibility of anthropogenic global warming since at least the late nineteenth century. At times the prospect of such a warming has been welcomed, for it has been thought that it would increase agricultural productivity and delay the onset of the next ice age. At other times, and more recently, the prospect of global warming has been the stuff of “doomsday narratives’: as various writers have focused on the possibility of widespread drought, flood, famine, and the economic and political dislocations that might result from a “greenhouse warming” -induced climate change.
A Bit of Intellectual Autobiography
Authors: Strawson P F
Published: November 2023

Most of what I have to say under the heading of intellectual autobiography has already appeared in the Library of Living Philosophers volume published in 1998. But perhaps I can add something bearing mainly, though not exclusively, on my attitude to the work of Kant.
Kant ‘s and Strawson ‘s Descriptive Metaphysics
Authors: Bird Graham
Published: November 2023

The project of descriptive metaphysics in Strawson ‘s Individuals is that of identifying fundamental features, such as the role of external objects and persons, in our ordinary experience, and it is natural to associate that project with the defensible part of Kant ‘s epistemology identified in The Bounds of Sense. Subsequently Strawson modified some of the views expressed in both early books, and I shall note some of those changes; but my main aim is to contrast Kant ‘s position with those early accounts. Such an account of Kant contrasts with that of other commentators who, like Manfred Baum, regard Kant ‘s first Critiqueas essentially ontological rather than epistemo-logical or who, like Michael Friedman, emphasize Kant ‘s interest in the exact sciences rather than in ordinary experience. lt is not my intention here to defend Strawson ‘s view against these alternative positions, for they need not exclude each other, but I accept that at least part of Kant ‘s project isa descriptive metaphysics.
Strawson on Aesthetic Judgement in Kant
Authors: Förster Eckart
Published: November 2023

In his recent ‘Intellectual Autobiography ‘ that opens the Library of Living Philosophers volume in his honour Sir Peter Strawson reviews, among other things, his various publications on Kant subsequent to The Bounds of Sense. In this context he writes: ‘More recently I paid tribute to his [i.e. Kant ‘s] insight into the nature of aesthetic judgement. ‘ This attention to Kant ‘s theory of beauty must be most welcome to anyone who, like myself, has learned greatly from Strawson ‘s brilliant reading of the first Critique and who shares his high esteem for the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement. Unfortunately, the mentioned tribute is exceedingly short and condensed, occurring as it does in the context of a book review.
Indeterminacy of Function Attributions
Authors: Enç Berent
Published: November 2023

The thesis that minds are part of the natural scheme of things, and that intentionality of mental states is a manifestation of the causal relations and laws of the physical world, is a familiar one. A number of philosophers, myself being among them, are committed to it. And some of these philosophers have sought to show that a theory of content for mental states could be developed by appealing to the functions of our perceptual and mental organs. The rough thought was simply this: talk about functions is in its surface grammar teleological. Teleology is essentially intentional. So, if function assignments can be given a reductive analysis in terms of causal relations and causal laws, then we will have found a key to naturalizing intentionality, and this will be the first step towards understanding the source of the intentional nature of minds.
The One-and-Many Probleims at Philebus 15b
Authors: Delcomminette Sylvain
Published: November 2023

IN this paper I propose to focus on a short passage of Plato’s Philebus, the statement of what Socrates calls the serious one-and-many problems (15 B 1–8). The huge number of publications concerning this passage’ gives an idea of how controversial it is, and is a sign that no interpretation has found unanimous support. I shall try to show that a satisfactory interpretation of this text can be obtained only when its relation to the method introduced a little later (16 c 5–17 a 4) is rightly understood. The fact that these two passages are somehow connected has already been recognized by some commentators, but I believe that the connection is usually considered the wrong way round. I hope to demonstrate that, properly considered, this relation can lead us to an interpretation of the problems cited at 15 b which makes the text of the manuscripts perfectly sound as it stands, without introducing any emendation.
Introduction
Authors: Millar Alan , BermÚDez JosÉ Luis
Published: November 2023

It is hardly a matter of dispute that there is a normative dimension to reason and rationality. Actions, beliefs, and inferences can be reasonable or unreasonable. Reasons for belief or action can be good or bad. A body of beliefs can be rationally coherent or incoherent. A person’s behaviour can be rational or irrational. Presumably, then, there are norms or standards which contribute to determining such matters. The essays in this collection deal with the normative dimension of reason and rationality and with how it should be understood as relating to the natural world.
On Basic Logical Knowledge: Reflections on Paul Boghossian’s ‘How are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?’*
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: November 2023

1. Frege wrote that ‘There is nothing more objective than the laws of arithmetic.’ Acceptance of the objectivity of logic, mathematics, and of epistemic norms generally—norms determining when particular beliefs are justified, or knowledgeable, and which beliefs commit one to which others—used to be orthodoxy. Paul Boghossian is concerned to respond to its increasing dis- esteem among thinkers in the humanities and social sciences. ‘The suspicion is widespread’, he writes, ‘that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, setting need not count as knowledge in another.’
Reasons for Action and Instrumental Rationality*
Authors: Millar Alan
Published: November 2023

There is a familiar and highly plausible view, deriving from Elizabeth Anscombe, that an agent <fs intentionally if and only if she <fs for a reason, it being understood that the reason in question is the agent’s reason for <fing. It is easy to see why, at least on the face of it, this Anscombian Principle is plausible. Suppose you open a window. If you did so intention- ally, then there was a reason for your action. If the intention was to let in some fresh air, then your reason was to let in some fresh air. The intention specifies what you were aiming to do and thereby gives the reason for your opening the window. Conversely, if your reason for opening the window was to let in some fresh air, then you did so intentionally—your reason captures what you aimed to do by opening the window.
Rationality and Psychological Explanation without Language
Authors: BermÚDez JosÉ Luis
Published: November 2023

One important ramification of the ‘cognitive turn’ in the behavioural and cognitive sciences is that high-level cognitive abilities are being identified and studied in an ever-increasing number of species and at ever-earlier stages of human development. Contemporary behavioural sciences have more or less abandoned what was for many years an unquestioned tenet in the study of cognition, namely, that language and thought went hand in hand, and hence that the study of thought could only proceed via the study of language.
Normative Explanations: Invoking Rationality to Explain Happenings
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

The natural world is the only world. Reason, then, if any such thing exists, must be part of the natural world. To be rational, we might add, is to accord with reason, and so rationality, if any such thing exists, must be a natural property. To call an act or a way of thinking rational is to describe it, somehow, in naturalistic terms, in terms that can fit into empirical science. Or so we might think—but how this could be proves elusive. Attempts to formulate naturalistically what ‘rational’ means appear to fail.
Das Wort fur ‘Jahr’ und hieroglyphen-luwisch yari‘sich ausdehnen’
Authors: Oettinger Norbert
Published: November 2023

Ein Fortschritt beim Wort fuür das ‘Jahr’ hat sich durch die Entdeckung der verehrten Jubilarin1ergeben,2dass keilschrift-luwisch (k.-l.) aāara/i-ebenso wie seine gleichlautende hieroglyphen-luwische (h.-l.) Entsprechung ‘Zeit’ bedeutet und etymologisch zu gr.
Johannes Schmidt’s Academic Career and his Letters to August Schleicher
Authors: Strunk Klaus
Published: November 2023

‘The great Johannes Schmidt’, as Anna Morpurgo Davies called him (1998: 267, 278 n. 60), employing an epithet he had gained long before, occupies an important place in the history of Indo-European studies in the last three or four decades of the nineteenth century. His reputation is founded on several influential publications, among them particularly some that are still of exceptional importance today: firstly, Die Verwantschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen(1872), in which he set his wave theory on the subdivision of the Indo-European languages against the genetic-tree theory postulated by his academic teacher August Schleicher; secondly, Die Pluralbildungen der indogermanischen Neutra(1889), in which he ingeniously identified morphological and syntactical indications for a category of Proto-Indo-European collectives and their more recent continuants in the historical Indo-European languages. It is not necessary to enumerate a great number of further important works by Schmidt, such as Kritik der Sonantentheorie(1895), which greatly enlivened and enriched the linguistic discourse of the time.
Intrinsic and Relational Properties of Atoms in the Democritean Ontology
Authors: Mourelatos Alexander P D
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s survey, in book I of the Metaphysics, of the contributions of the earlier natural philosophers provides us with a major source-text for the fundamentals of fifth-century bce atomic theory: Leucippus and his associate Democritus declare the full and the empty [void] to be the elements, calling the former ‘what-is’ (Te Zv) and the latter ‘what-is-not’ (Te μc Zv).
On the Individuation of Times and Events in Orthodox Stoicism*
Authors: Salles Ricardo
Published: November 2023

Stoic philosophy has often come under attack with the charge of inconsistency. In this vein, Jonathan Barnes has argued that a logical tension emerges between two tenets of Stoicism: the doctrine of everlasting recurrence in its orthodox version, on the one hand, and the Stoic conception of time as an incorporeal entity (Iuwμ,ÆTov TØ), on the other.1 Barnes’s argument runs as follows. Suppose that (a) identically the same world recurs at different times with the same qualities and dispositions, as the orthodox version maintains; if times are incorporeal, however, (b) times are individuated by the qualities and dispositions of the bodies that characterize them. So if (b) is true, (a) has to be false: exactly the same world cannot recur at different times.
The Spirit and The Letter: Aristotle on Perception
Authors: Caston Victor
Published: November 2023

It is hard to imagine that a footnote could cause so much controversy. In his 1974 article, ‘Body and Soul in Aristotle’, Richard Sorabji claimed that perceiving, on Aristotle’s view, involves a physiological process in which the sense organ ‘literally takes on’ the perceptible quality of the object (49 n. 22).1 It was intended, no doubt, as a straightforward reading of Aristotle’s claim that perception is a form of assimilation, where the sense organ becomes like its object.
Plato’s Stoic View of Motivation
Authors: Carone Gabriela Roxana
Published: November 2023

According to a common interpretation of Plato’s Republic, the views on virtue and motivation expounded there might seem blatantly opposed to that of the Stoics. Two important differences could be summarized as follows: Whereas orthodox Stoics believe that all motivating desire requires assent and evaluative attitudes, Plato presents in the Republic a picture that allows for irrational, pre-evaluative, or even pre-propositional motivational appetites.
Shared Valuing and Frameworks for Practical Reasoning
Authors: Bratman Michael E
Published: November 2023

Intentions, plans, and policies provide background frameworks that structure deliberation and practical reasoning. These background frameworks have a characteristic stability over time. They shape practical reasoning, sometimes by shaping what options are to be considered, sometimes by shaping what is to count as a consideration of significance in favour of or contrary to options considered. In providing such frameworks our intentions, plans, and policies help constitute and support important forms of cross temporal co00ADordination and organization both within the life of an individual agent and socially, across different lives.
Reasons: A Puzzling Duality?
Authors: Scanlon T M
Published: November 2023

It would seem that our choices can affect the reasons we have. If I adopt a certain end, then it would seem that I have reason to do what is required to pursue it, a reason that I otherwise would not have had. On the other hand, many of us believe that we have other reasons that are not dependent on our choices. If accelerating my car and driving straight ahead would seriously injure a pedestrian, this is a reason for me not to do that. And it seems, to me at least, that this is a reason I would have whatever ends I may have chosen. Its being a reason is something I discover rather than create.
Projects, Relationships, and Reasons
Authors: Scheffler Samuel
Published: November 2023

The relation between values and reasons has been the subject of much discussion in recent moral philosophy, but few people have explored the topic with as much insight and sensitivity as Joseph Raz. In this essay, I will discuss one aspect of what Raz calls ‘the value reason nexus’:1 namely, the relation between valuing certain kinds of things and the recognition of reasons for action. Elsewhere I have argued that to value one’s relationship to another person non00ADinstrumentally just is, in part, to be disposed to treat that person’s needs, interests, and desires as providing one with reasons for action, reasons that one would not have had in the absence of the relationship. This is part of what valuing a relationship non instrumentally involves. In this essay, I want to extend the argument from interpersonal relationships to personal projects.
Aristotle’s Natural Teleology And Metaphysics Of Life
Authors: Pavlopoulos Marc
Published: November 2023

Over the past thirty years, two stances have dominated interpretations of Aristotle’s teleology. Martha Nussbaum and Hilary Putnam, in arguing that Aristotle was a functionalist, have barely conceded that the notion of a final cause is more than a mere epistemic concept. While they focus their reading on conceptual analysis, other commentators, chiefly David Balme and Allan Gotthelf, have relied on Aristotle’s scientific views on the constitution of living matter to interpret his arguments for final causation. Balme and Gotthelf both claim that this teleology rests on ontological, and not merely semantic, non-reductionism about forms, souls, and ultimately life, to physical matter. They further maintain that in the domain of life at least, such non-reductionism is largely an empirical claim.