bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pureed by Gastrostomy Tube Diet Improves Gagging and Retching in Children With Fundoplication
Authors: Pentiuk Scott , O'Flaherty Therese , Santoro Kathleen , Willging Paul , Kaul Ajay
Published: April 2011

Background: Children with feeding disorders requiring Nissen fundoplication may develop gagging and retching following gastrostomy feedings. We developed a “pureed by gastrostomy tube” (PBGT) diet in an attempt to treat these symptoms and provide adequate nutrition and hydration. Methods: Children post– fundoplication surgery with symptoms of gagging and retching with gastrostomy feedings were selected from our interdisciplinary feeding team. An individualized PBGT diet was designed to meet the child's nutrition goals. The child's weight gain was recorded at each follow‐up visit. A telephone survey was performed to determine parents' perceptions of the child's symptoms and oral feeding tolerance. Results: Thirty‐three children (mean age, 34.2 months) participated in the trial. Average weight gain on the PBGT diet was 6.2 g/d. Seventeen children (52%) were reported to have a 76%–100% reduction in gagging and retching. Twenty‐four children (73%) were reported to have a ≥50% decrease in symptoms. No child had worsened symptoms on the PBGT diet. Nineteen children (57%) were reported to have an increase in oral intake on the PBGT diet. Conclusions: A PBGT diet is an effective means of providing nutrition to children with feeding disorders. In children post–fundoplication surgery, a PBGT diet may decrease gagging and retching behaviors.
Commercial Enteral Formulas and Nutrition Support Teams Improve the Outcome of Home Enteral Tube Feeding
Authors: Klek Stanislaw , Szybinski Piotr , Sierzega Marek , Szczepanek Kinga , Sumlet Magdalena , Kupiec Monika , Koczur‐Szozda Elzbieta , Steinhoff‐Nowak Malgorzata , Figula Krzysztof , Kowalczyk Tomasz , Kulig Jan
Published: April 2011

Background: The benefits of home enteral tube feeding (HETF) provided by nutrition support teams (NSTs) have been questioned recently, given the growing costs to the healthcare system. This study examined the effect of a specialized home enteral nutrition program on clinical outcome variables in HETF patients. Methods: The observational study included 203 patients (103 women, 100 men; mean age 52.5 years) receiving HETF with homemade diets for at least 12 months before starting a specialized home nutrition program for another 12 months consisting of provision of commercial enteral formulas and the guidance of an NST. Both study periods were compared regarding the number of hospital admissions, length of hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and costs of hospitalization. Results: A specialized HETF program significantly reduced the number of hospital admissions and the duration of hospital and ICU stays. The need for hospitalization and ICU admission was significantly reduced, with odds ratios of 0.083 (95% confidence interval, 0.051–0.133, P < .001) and 0.259 (95% confidence interval, 0.124–0.539, P < .001), respectively. Specialized HETF was associated with a significant decrease in the prevalence of pneumonia (24.1% vs 14.2%), respiratory failure (7.3% vs 1.9%), urinary tract infection (11.3% vs 4.9%), and anemia (3.9% vs 0%) requiring hospitalization. The average yearly cost of hospital treatment decreased from $764.65 per patient to $142.66 per year per patient. Conclusions: The specialized HETF care program reduces morbidity and costs related to long‐term enteral feeding at home.
Ethical Issues in Nutrition Support of Severely Disabled Elderly Persons
Authors: Monod Stéfanie , Chiolero René , Büla Christophe , Benaroyo Lazare
Published: April 2011

Providing or withholding nutrition in severely disabled elderly persons is a challenging dilemma for families, health professionals, and institutions. Despite limited evidence that nutrition support improves functional status in vulnerable older persons, especially those suffering from dementia, the issue of nutrition support in this population is strongly debated. Nutrition might be considered a basic need that not only sustains life but provides comfort as well by patients and their families. Consequently, the decision to provide or withhold nutrition support during medical care is often complex and involves clinical, legal, and ethical considerations. This article proposes a guide for health professionals to appraise ethical issues related to nutrition support in severely disabled older persons. This guide is based on an 8‐step process to identify the components of a situation, analyze conflicting values that result in the ethical dilemma, and eventually reach a consensus for the most relevant plan of care to implement in a specific clinical situation. A vignette is presented to illustrate the use of this guide when analyzing a clinical situation.
Multiple-Father Families and Welfare
Authors: Evenhouse Eirik , Reilly Siobhán
Published: April 2011

In the United States, multipartnered fertility (MPF) has become commonplace. This study provides the first nationally representative measures of women’s MPF, across multiple years, using the U.S. Census Bureau’s Surveys of Income and Program Participation. Because welfare rules contain strong incentives for MPF, and because MPF is especially common among welfare recipients, the authors also examine the relationship between welfare and MPF. Focusing on the pre-TANF period 1985 to 1996, when welfare rules were more comparable across states and the absence of time limits made the incentives for MPF larger, the authors find little behavioral response. Among low-income mothers, MPF does not appear to be driven by program design. Because the incentives were relatively large and reached well up the income distribution, the findings amplify those of earlier studies that show little demographic response to antipoverty programs and invite reconsideration of how much these incentives should constrain transfer programs that target children.
Western Nihilism and Dialogue: Prelude to an Uncanny Encounter in International Relations
Authors: Kamal Pasha Mustapha
Published: April 2011

Recognition of other cultural mappings and sensitivities can facilitate meaningful dialogue in International Relations. On this assurance, the naturalised history of the discipline becomes more susceptible to rival accounts that materialise in other locales. Limits to dialogue, however, are internal to International Relations, a product of particular histories and settlements. This article probes some of the limits imposed by the spectres of nihilism on International Relations as theory and practice. These limits originate principally from the repudiation of Transcendence and the collapse of Western metaphysics as well as the imposition of a framework of ‘post-politics’ drawn from reading obituaries of the death of the liberal modern Western subject worldwide.
Glacier retreat and climate change: Documenting the last 50 years of Alpine glacier history from area and geometry changes of Dosdè Piazzi glaciers (Lombardy Alps, Italy)
Authors: Diolaiuti Guglielmina Adele , Maragno Davide , D'Agata Carlo , Smiraglia Claudio , Bocchiola Daniele
Published: April 2011

The recent rapid mass loss of mountain glaciers in response to climate warming has been reported for high and low latitudes all over the Earth. The paper analyses and discusses the recent evolution of a representative glacierized group within the Italian Alps, the Piazzi—Dosdè, where small glaciers are experiencing considerable retreat and shrinking. We analysed aerial photos to calculate area and geometry changes in the time window 1954—2003, and glaciological and geomorphological surveys were also performed. The estimated area change during 1954—2003 was —3.97 km2 (—51% of the area coverage in 1954). Area reduction increased more recently: area change during 1991—2003 (12 years) was —1.74 km2, against —0.67 km2 during 1981—1991 (10 years), and —1.57 km 2 during 1954—1981 (27 years). Moreover, analysis of the most recent orthophotos acquired during the summer of 2003 under exceptional conditions (i.e. total absence of snow cover) allowed observation and mapping of changes affecting glacier shape and morphology, including growing rock outcrops, tongue separations, formation of proglacial lakes, increasing supraglacial debris and collapse structures. Such processes cause positive feedbacks that accelerate further glacier disintegration once they appear. From a geodynamical perspective, the Dosdè Piazzi is now experiencing transition from a glacial system to a paraglacial one; areas where in the past the shaping and driving factors were glaciers are now subject to the action of melting water, slope evolution and periglacial processes.
Experimental and numerical investigation of Mode II fracture in fibrous reinforced composites
Authors: Anyfantis Konstantinos N. , Tsouvalis Nicholas G.
Published: April 2011

A straightforward procedure is described for utilizing experimentally evaluated bridging laws that characterize Mode II fracture growth of composite materials into numerical simulations. Unidirectional glass/epoxy end notch flexure (ENF) coupons have been fabricated and tested. Three data reduction schemes available in the literature were used for the construction of the R-curves together with the J-integral approach for the derivation of the bridging laws. Two traction— separation models have been utilized for the characterization of the fracture process zone (FPZ) developing during the delamination propagation process. The first model considers only the existence of a bridging zone behind the physical crack tip, whereas the proposed model considers both the existence of a bridging zone and of a cohesive zone in front of the physical crack tip. The traction—separation models were implemented into interface elements for the simulation of the ENF tests. Numerical results have shown that the proposed procedure together with the proposed traction— separation model is quite promising for simulations that involve Mode II fracture growth.
Modelling and analysis of a three-revolute parallel micro-positioning mechanism
Authors: Tian Y , Shirinzadeh B , Zhang D , Zhong Y
Published: April 2011

This article presents the modelling and analysis methodologies of a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) flexure-based mechanism. The mechanical design and working principle of a three revolute parallel mechanism is briefly provided. The kinematics of the proposed mechanism is established by simplifying flexure hinges into the revolute joints. The relationship of velocity between the Cartesian space and joint space is established. For small displacements of piezoelectric actuators, this velocity mapping can be simplified as the displacement relationship for the flexure-based mechanism. Two simplified methodologies, linearizing triangular functions and constant Jacobian, are utilized to conduct computational analysis for the flexure-based mechanism. The reachable workspace and theoretical resolution are also investigated. A novel empirical displacement mapping model is proposed based on finite-element analysis. Experiments are carried out to verify the established models of the three-DOF flexure-based mechanism. The maximum reachable workspace can reach up to approximately±68 and±76 μm in x and y directions, and the translational and rotational resolutions of the flexure-based mechanism are approximately 3 nm and 0.4 μrad, respectively.
Fault diagnosis of a machine tool rotary axis based on a motor current test and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method
Authors: Zhao F , Mei X , Tao T , Jiang G , Zhou Y
Published: April 2011

Faults frequently occur in the rotary axis of machine tools due to their complicated drive mechanism. The machining accuracy and life time span will decline when there is a fault in the machine tool. Hence, it is necessary to develop a method to detect faults efficiently. In this article, a fault diagnosis method of the rotary axis of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool based on servo motor current analysis is proposed. A two-degree-of-freedom dynamic model of worm and worm gear is used in this study to analyse the relationship between the current signal and the fault of the rotary axis of the CNC machine tool. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is used as a self-adaptive low-pass filter to extract valuable information from the current signal. A number of experiments are carried out on a CNC machine tool which is in a fault state to validate the presented method. The result shows that the current of the servo motor contains enough information to detect the fault state of the feed axis of the machine tool. After being calculated by the dynamic model, the current signal clearly reveals the fluctuation of stiffness of the teeth which is caused by the fault of the rotary axis.
Layer-wise finite-element analysis of a functionally graded hollow thick cylinder with a piezoelectric ring
Authors: Yas M H , Shakeri M , Khanjani M
Published: April 2011

In this work, a layer-wise finite-element formulation is developed for the analysis of a functionally graded material (FGM) hollow thick cylinder with one piezoactuator ring. The cylinder and ring is divided into many sublayers in the thickness direction and the full layer-wise shell theory is used to model a discretely stiffened FGM cylinder. In this model, the displacements are approximated linearly through each mathematical layer. This accounts for any discontinuities in the derivatives of the displacement at the interface of the ring and the cylindrical thick shell. This formulation is derived from the virtual work statement which includes the total structural potential energy and the electrical potential energy of the piezoelectric ring. Assembling stiffness and mass matrices, at each interface between two elements, stress and displacement continuity are forced, and then the finite-element model is solved. Static and dynamic responses of a functionally graded thick cylinder to electrical and mechanical loads with different exponent ‘ n’ of FGM are determined to show the significant influence of the material in homogeneity. The results obtained at a distance far from the ring are compared with the mechanical behaviour of an FGM cylindrical shell without a ring. Because of the Saint Venant effects, the piezoelectrically induced deformation of the shell is confined to a region close to the piezoelectric ring; thus agreements between these two results are observed.
Numerical investigations of wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Daud H A , Li Q , Bég O A , AbdulGhani S A A
Published: April 2011

This article investigates numerically the effects on turbulence in two important flow regimes – fully developed channel flow and flow past a NACA 0012 airfoil, using the commercial software – FLUENT 6.3. The solution accuracy is explored via a sensitivity study of mesh type and quality effects, employing different element types (e.g. quadrilateral and triangular). The significance of this article is to elucidate the effects of enhancement wall treatment and standard wall function on the turbulent boundary layer. Furthermore, three different turbulence models have been utilized in this study ( k−ε, re-normalization group (RNG), and shear stress transport (SST) k−ω). The numerical solutions have been compared with available direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental data and very good correlation has been achieved. In addition, the statistical turbulence results related to the RNG turbulence model are shown to yield much closer correlation with DNS and experimental data. The effect of Reynolds number ( Reτ = 590 and Reτ = 2320) is studied for the channel flow regime. The near wall resolution is examined in detail by controlling in the y+ value. A particularly important objective in this study is to highlight the importance of validation in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) turbulence simulations and sustaining a high degree of accuracy, aspects which are often grossly neglected with industrial CFD software. The authors therefore hope to provide some guidance to applied aerodynamicists utilizing CFD in future studies.
Friction compensation using a double pulse method for a high-speed high-precision table
Authors: Chen G S , Mei X S , Tao T
Published: April 2011

Friction error in reverse motion is one of the principal factors influencing the contour accuracy of high-speed and high-precision computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, on which closed-loop control is used. On the basis of transient response analysis of servo systems which a conventional proportion–integration–differentiation control strategy are used, the reason for quadrant protrusions occurring in circular motion for worktables is discovered, and the characteristics of the friction error during the feed process such as emergence time, duration, and magnitude of the error due to friction can be predicted correctly. A new approach of compensating for friction error using double compensation pulses is proposed in this article. The first compensation pulse made the worktable escape from the dead zone at the best times, and the second one made the worktable approach to the ideal feed path along the guide as fast as possible. Parameters of compensation pulses such as magnitudes, widths, and starting time are determined by simple mathematic calculation. Results of simulations and experiments show that the method using double pulses proposed in this article can effectively compensate for the friction error in circular motions for a high-speed and high-precision table.
Natural convection flow in an open rectangular cavity with cold sidewalls and constant volumetric heat source
Authors: Saleem M , Asghar S , Hossain M A
Published: April 2011

The transient two-dimensional natural convection flow of Newtonian fluid in an open rectangular cavity has been studied numerically. The flow is induced due to constant internal heat generation. The alternate direct implicit (ADI) finite difference, together with upwind finite-difference scheme and successive over relaxation method, are used to solve the non-dimensional equations numerically. Effects of Rayleigh number, Ra, Prandtl number, Pr, and cavity aspect ratio, A, on the flow patterns and isotherms as well as on the heat transfer rate are studied graphically. The maximum temperature induced due to the constant volumetric heat source is found with the increase in cavity width, and to decrease with the increase in Prandtl number and Rayleigh number. The numerical model employed here is found to be in good agreement with the previous work.
Practical reasoning in political discourse: The UK government’s response to the economic crisis in the 2008 Pre-Budget Report
Authors: Fairclough Isabela , Fairclough Norman
Published: April 2011

This article focuses on practical reasoning in political discourse and argues for a better integration of argumentation theory with critical discourse analysis (CDA). Political discourse and its specific genres (for example, deliberation) primarily involve forms of practical reasoning, typically oriented towards finding solutions to problems and deciding on future courses of action. Practical reasoning is a form of inference from cognitive and motivational premises: from what we believe (about the situation or about means—end relations) and what we want or desire (our goals and values), leading to a normative judgement (and often a decision) concerning action. We offer an analysis of the main argument in the UK government’s 2008 Pre-Budget Report (HM Treasury, 2008) and suggest how a critical evaluation of the argument from the perspective of a normative theory of argumentation (particularly the informal logic developed by Douglas Walton) can provide the basis for an evaluation in terms of characteristic CDA concerns. We are advancing this analysis as a contribution to CDA, aimed at increasing the rigour and systematicity of its analyses of political discourse, and as a contribution to the normative concerns of critical social science.
Ideological collocation and the recontexualization of Wahhabi-Saudi Islam post-9/11: A synergy of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis
Authors: Salama Amir H.Y.
Published: April 2011

This study proposes what is termed a ‘methodological synergy’ (Baker et al., 2008) of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis (CDA) for exploring how clashing ideologies have been actualized at collocation level across opposing discourses on Wahhabi-Saudi Islam/Wahhabism since 9/11. The discursive competition over Wahhabi-Saudi Islam reached a new extreme in the USA, when the 9/11 attacks called attention to ‘Islamic puritanical movements known as Wahhabism and Salafiyya’ (Blanchard, 2007). In this article, I argue that such discursive competition has linguistically crystallized via the biased collocations that permeate antagonistic texts, which recontextualize the same discourse topic of Wahhabi-Saudi Islam. This has eventually led to the emergence of ‘meaningful antagonism’ (Macdonell, 1986)1 between anti-Wahhabi and pro-Wahhabi discourses since 9/11. One striking instance of these collocation-based representations can be clearly found in two polemical books, the first of which was published immediately after 9/11: Stephen Schwartz’s (2002) The Two Faces of Islam: The House of Sa’ud from Tradition to Terror. The second came out as a reaction to the attacks against Wahhabi Islam and Saudi Arabia: Natana DeLong-Bas’s (2004) Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Thus, the article attempts to answer the following overarching question: how has Wahhabi-Saudi Islam been ideologically recontextualized across post-9/11 opposing discourses via collocation? There are two methodological procedures towards answering this question. First, employing a corpus method, I have statistically extracted the key words of the two texts under analysis, so that the different textual foci in each can be recognized; and then computed the collocates of the relevant key words (WAHHABI, WAHHAB’S and SAUDI). Second, using CDA tools, I have examined the contrastive lexico-semantic relations holding between the collocates of these key words in and/ or across the two texts, in terms of ‘textual synonymy’ (Fairclough, 2001) on the one hand, and oppositional paradigms (e.g. euphemism vs. dysphemism) on the other. Regarding the findings of the present study, combing corpus methods and CDA has opened up new horizons of the critical study of collocations at theoretical and methodological levels. First, collocational relations can ideologically contribute to the recontexualization of one discourse topic across clashing texts. Second, statistically significant collocations can precisely reveal opposing discursive voices or textual tones towards the same or similar topics. Last, there has become an ever-growing need for CDA people to build qualitatively on more reliably quantified textual features, especially when it comes to collocations.
Constructing ethnicity statistics in talk-in-interaction: Producing the ‘White European’
Authors: Wilkinson Sue
Published: April 2011

This article ‘looks behind’ official statistics, analysing the social context of their production. It uses conversation analysis to examine how an organization’s ethnic monitoring statistics are constructed in and through interactions between callers and volunteers on its telephone helpline. In particular, it examines how the process of self-categorization is shaped by the response categories on the organization’s monitoring form and by the format in which the ethnic monitoring question is asked. These analyses contribute to developing understandings of the social construction of ‘race’/ethnicity and of organizationally generated statistics.
Care Transition Experiences of Spousal Caregivers
Authors: Byrne Kerry , Orange Joseph B. , Ward-Griffin Catherine
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical framework about caregivers’ experiences and the processes in which they engaged during their spouses’ transition from a geriatric rehabilitation unit to home. We used a constructivist grounded theory methodology approach. Forty-five interviews were conducted across three points in time with 18 older adult spousal caregivers. A theoretical framework was developed within which reconciling in response to fluctuating needs emerged as the basic social process. Reconciling included three subprocesses (i.e., navigating, safekeeping, and repositioning), and highlighted how caregivers responded to the fluctuating needs of their spouse, to their own needs, and to those of the marital dyad. Reconciling was situated within a context shaped by a trajectory of prior care transitions and intertwined life events experienced by caregivers. Findings serve as a resource for scientists, rehabilitation clinicians, educators, and decision makers toward improving transitional care for spousal caregivers.
Young People Learning to Live With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Sargeant Sally , Gross Harriet
Published: April 2011

In a longitudinal study we investigated how young people come to live with a chronic disease, and asked them to record an audio diary on a regular basis. We also interviewed each participant every 6 weeks. Our analysis focused within and across the diary sets of 6 young people diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. All were aged between 11 and 16 years, and their recordings provided an insight into the experience of living within and beyond disease, and of negotiating health in the context of adolescence. This data collection method, which became known as the unclosed diary, was well received by the young people, who made use of their diaries in different ways. Three key aspects of their diary use, immediacy and intimacy, conversation, and reflection, demonstrate the flexibility of the method both as a means of accessing young people’s lives at a time of change and development, and as a personal resource for the participants.
Case Studies of African American Families: Self-Reports of Ethnically Diverse Practitioners
Authors: Faye Marbley Aretha , Wimberly Cynthia , Berg Rachelle , Rouson Leon , Wilkins Erica
Published: April 2011

Using the lessons learned from mistakes made in their earlier clinical work with African American families, through the lens of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy theory, these culturally diverse practitioners use reflections from their counseling experiences to offer clinicians a people-responsive, diversity-sensitive framework and provide recommendations for working with African American families in school and community counseling settings.
Leadership Lessons From Salvador Minuchin
Authors: Rockinson-Szapkiw Amanda J. , Payne L. Zoe , West Lucinda C.
Published: April 2011

As cultures become more integrated through the global networking of communication, transportation, and trade, it is a propitious time for therapists to consider changes that may need to be made for a conceptual shift toward globalization in both theory and practice. During this time, it would be advantageous to consider therapist in the field who successfully perpetuated change. Salvador Minuchin was a great leader and effective change agent in the field of psychotherapy. He set the pace for perspectives to shift from individual to broader scopes. The purposes of this article are to analyze Minuchin’s leadership using leadership theory and to determine the key attributes of his leadership, so that marriage and family therapists can learn from them and emulate them. The transformational and servant leadership (SL) models serve to theoretically ground the discussion of Minuchin’s leadership styles.
Reflections on an 18-Year Adventure Writing the ‘‘For Couples’’ Family Journal Column: An Annotated Bibliography
Authors: Eckstein Daniel
Published: April 2011

The author summarizes and provides an annotated bibliography based on 18 years of writing the ‘‘For Couples’’ column in The Family Journal. Articles are organized utilizing Jay Haley’s (1973) four ways of assessing couples including: understanding and respecting personality differences; role perceptions; communication skills; and problem-solving skills. The author also describes eight guidelines and recommendations for others writing about couple relationships.
Neuronal Autophagy as a Mediator of Life and Death
Authors: Puyal Julien , Ginet Vanessa , Grishchuk Yulia , Truttmann Anita C. , Clarke Peter G. H.
Published: April 2011

Autophagy is a cellular mechanism for degrading proteins and organelles. It was first described as a physiological process essential for cellular health and survival, and this is its role in most cells. However, it can also be a mediator of cell death, either by the triggering of apoptosis or by an independent “autophagic” cell death mechanism. This duality is important in the central nervous system, where the activation of autophagy has recently been shown to be protective in certain chronic neurodegenerative diseases but deleterious in acute neural disorders such as stroke and hypoxic/ischemic injury. The authors here discuss these distinct roles of autophagy in the nervous system with a focus on the role of autophagy in mediating neuronal death. The development of new therapeutic strategies based on the manipulation of autophagy will need to take into account these opposing roles of autophagy.
The Impact of Comprehensive Services in Substance Abuse Treatment for Women With a History of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Andrews Christina M. , Dingcai Cao  , Marsh Jeanne C. , Shin Hee-Choon
Published: April 2011

This study examines the impact of comprehensive services on posttreatment substance use among women with a history of intimate partner violence. The sample includes 1,123 women from 50 treatment facilities derived from the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES). Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to determine whether a history of intimate partner violence moderates the association between service receipt and posttreatment substance use. Significant interactions were found between history of intimate partner violence and concrete ( p = .016) and family services ( p = .023) in predicting substance use.
Security and secularization in International Relations
Authors: Mavelli Luca
Published: April 2011

What is the relationship between security and secularization in International Relations? The widespread acceptance of secularism as the paradigmatic framework that underlies the study of world politics has left this question largely unexplored. Yet, the recent challenges to the secularization thesis and the growing attention that is being devoted to questions of religion and secularism in international politics increasingly suggest the importance of undertaking this investigation. This article takes up this task in three main steps. First, it will explore how the limits of a widely accepted but nonetheless problematic account of the emergence of the modern Westphalian nation-state contribute to a dominant underlying assumption in security studies that implicitly associates security with secularization. Second, it will articulate a competing genealogy of security and secularization which suggests that rather than solving the problem of religious insecurity, secularization makes the question of fear and the politics of exceptionalism central to the state-centric project of modernity and its related vision of security. Finally, the article will examine how these elements inform and, most of all, constrain attempts to move beyond the traditional state-centric framework of security. The focus will be on three such attempts: human security, the securitization theory and Ken Booth’s critical theory of security.
The end of the net as we know it? Deep packet inspection and internet governance
Authors: Bendrath Ralf , Mueller Milton
Published: April 2011

Advances in network equipment now allow internet service providers to monitor the content of data packets in real-time and make decisions about how to handle them. If deployed widely this technology, known as deep packet inspection (DPI), has the potential to alter basic assumptions that have underpinned internet governance to date. The article explores the way internet governance is responding to deep packet inspection and the political struggles around it. Avoiding the extremes of technological determinism and social constructivism, it integrates theoretical approaches from the sociology of technology and actor-centered institutionalism into a new framework for technology-aware policy analysis.
GimpGirl grows up: Women with disabilities rethinking, redefining, and reclaiming community
Authors: Cole Jennifer , Nolan Jason , Seko Yukari , Mancuso Katherine , Ospina Alejandra
Published: April 2011

In this article, we undertake a reflective narrative inquiry into the GimpGirl Community (GGC), an online group of women with disabilities. We explore 12 years of GGC activity through community archives and auto-biographic narratives of GGC organizers, to understand how these women actively created a safe and open space for like-minded individuals, how community members used diverse online technologies for community building and social interaction, and how these online tools allow some members to experiment with their notions of self and identity outside dominant discourses. Our analysis of the lived experiences of GGC members reveals how they challenge the boundary between ‘abled’ and ‘disabled,’ and enact agency beyond their marginalization as women and as individuals with disabilities.
Interactive to me – interactive to you? A study of use and appreciation of interactivity on Swedish newspaper websites
Authors: Larsson Anders Olof
Published: April 2011

Research has indicated that although online interactive features are not used by the visitors of different websites, such features might be appreciated by the visitors. This article examines the use and appreciation of interactive features by visitors on Swedish newspaper websites. Utilizing an online survey focusing on different traits and habits of newspaper website visitors, the study presents a typology of visitor types, characterized by the different ways they use and appreciate interactive features in the online news media context. Although certain types make extensive use of interactivity, the overall results of the survey points towards rather low levels of both use and appreciation. As such, newspaper website visitors might be characterized as ‘slow learners’, taking their time to adapt to the interactive capabilities offered by the online news media.
Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with high-altitude pulmonary oedema: a meta-analysis
Authors: Qi Yue , Sun Jiayi , Zhu Tongchun , Wang Wei , Liu Jing , Zhou Wenyu , Qiu Changchun , Zhao Dong
Published: April 2011

Background and objective: High-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) is a non-cardiogenic hydrostatic oedema involving a genetic component. Considering the low incidence of HAPE, sample sizes in current reports are relatively limited. We aimed to assess the association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and HAPE via a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data.

Materials and methods: We searched PubMed, CBM, CNKI, and Cochrane Library Database before 20 November 2010. A random-effects model was applied (STATA) and study quality was assessed in duplicate.

Results: A total of five studies including 305 cases and 662 controls were meta-analysed. The summary odds ratio (OR) indicated that no significant differences in risk of developing HAPE were found between carriers of ACE D and I alleles (OR = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98–1.48; p = 0.084). Lack of association persisted for genotypes under the recessive mode. However, genotype association under the dominant mode showed D allele carriers significantly conferred a 1.55-fold increased HAPE risk compared with II genotype carriers (95% CI, 1.15–2.08; p = 0.004). Funnel plot and Egger’s test suggested no evidence of publication bias.

Conclusions: Our results supported the notion that ACE D allele carriers were at significant increased risk of developing HAPE.
Your Body Is the Temple
Authors: Holt Cheryl L. , Shipp Michele , Eloubeidi Mohamad , Fouad Mona N. , Britt Kristi , Norena Maria
Published: April 2011

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is third in cancer incidence and mortality, due in part to lack of awareness and low rates of screening. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a spiritually based CRC educational intervention delivered by trained Community Health Advisors, in Alabama churches. The aim of the intervention was to increase knowledge and awareness of CRC and early detection, and to eventually increase CRC screening rates. Participants age-eligible for screening ( N = 122) completed baseline, 6-month, and 12-month surveys by telephone. Increases in CRC knowledge, perceived benefits of CRC screening, and awareness of the screening modalities and decreases in perceived barriers to screening suggested that this type of intervention may be promising for CRC control and should be examined further.
Finding Common Ground
Authors: Porter Christine M. , Pelletier David L.
Published: April 2011

To support successful and inclusive community organizing for childhood obesity prevention, this research identified stakeholder perspectives on what communities should do to prevent childhood obesity. It employed factor analysis on statement sorts (Q methodology) conducted by 95 people in an upstate New York community. These participants sorted 36 statements about the issue by how much he or she agreed or disagreed with each. Participants were recruited through strategic snowball sampling to sample a variety of perspectives. The four resulting factors, or perspectives, were interpreted in the context of presort demographic surveys and postsort interviews. This research found one stance that fits the environmental perspective common in public health. The other three factors indicate important variations among perspectives centered on individual responsibility, ranging from libertarian to technocratic views. However, overall, results revealed a substantial degree of agreement among the four perspectives, including on providing access to family activities and on making fruits and vegetables more available and affordable, for example, through subsidies. This article points to common ground for community action on childhood obesity prevention, highlights areas likely to generate considerable contention, and shows whose views are not being accounted for in, at least, this community’s childhood obesity prevention project.
Environmental Determinants of Racial Attitudes Redux: The Critical Decisions Related to Operationalizing Context
Authors: Tam Cho Wendy K. , Baer Neil
Published: April 2011

Although scholars have long been interested in how context shapes racial attitudes, research in this area has fallen short of a consensus. Instead, the results span a wide range, with some studies finding that racial understanding is promoted by intergroup contact whereas others claim that racial and ethnic outgroups are perceived as a threat to economic and political interests. These varying results arise from research rooted in different conceptualizations of context. Our analysis is unique in the attention we pay to the measure of context for our particular data set. Employing a sociodemographic definition of neighborhood social context, we find that contextual socioeconomic status plays a critical role in mediating the effects of intergroup contact on racial attitudes. These contacts are more likely to produce racial harmony in high-status neighborhoods than in neighborhoods marked by low income and low levels of education.
Turning Out the Base or Appealing to the Periphery? An Analysis of County-Level Candidate Appearances in the 2008 Presidential Campaign
Authors: Chen Lanhee J. , Reeves Andrew
Published: April 2011

We examine county-level campaign appearances by the Republican and Democratic tickets during the 2008 general election. Our analysis reveals that the McCain-Palin ticket campaigned in a way that was quite different from the Obama-Biden ticket. McCain-Palin pursued a “base” strategy that was focused on counties where Bush-Cheney performed well in 2004. They also stayed away from counties that showed vote swings from 2000 to 2004 or population growth. On the other hand, the performance of the Kerry-Edwards ticket in 2004 was a very weak predictor of where Obama-Biden campaigned in 2008. They pursued a “peripheral” strategy that targeted counties that had experienced significant population growth. Their efforts to target peripheral, rather than base constituencies, have significant implications for our understanding of presidential campaign strategy.
Discrepancy between coronary artery calcium score and HeartScore in middle-aged Danes: the DanRisk study
Authors: Diederichsen Axel CP , Sand Niels Peter , Nørgaard Bjarne , Lambrechtsen Jess , Jensen Jesper Møller , Munkholm Henrik , Aziz Ahmed , Gerke Oke , Egstrup Kenneth , Larsen Mogens Lytken , Petersen Henrik , Høilund-Carlsen Poul F , Mickley Hans
Published: April 2011

Background: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is an independent and incremental risk marker. This marker has previously not been compared to the HeartScore risk model. Design: A random sample of 1825 citizens (men and women, 50 or 60 years of age) was invited for screening. Methods: Using the HeartScore model, the 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular events based on gender, age, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol was estimated. A low risk was defined as <5%. The CAC score was calculated from a non-contrast enhanced cardiac-CT scan and given in Agatston U. Results: A total of 1257 (69%) of the invited subjects were interested in the screening. Due to previous cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus, 101 were excluded. Of the remaining 1156, 47% were men and 53% women; one half were 50 years old and the other half 60 years old. A low HeartScore was found in 901 of which 334 (37%) had CAC. A high HeartScore was recorded in 251 of which 80 (32%) did not have any CAC. High HeartScores and CAC were significantly more common in males than females. Conclusions: CAC is common in healthy middle-aged Danes with a low HeartScore, and, on the contrary, high-risk subjects very frequently do not have CAC. The therapeutic and prognostic implications of these observations remain to be clarified.
Cause-specific mortality in diabetes: recent changes in trend mortality
Authors: Khalil Charbel Abi , Roussel Ronan , Mohammedi Kamel , Danchin Nicolas , Marre Michel
Published: April 2011

Diabetes is one of the most chronic diseases in Western populations. Mortality rates in diabetic patients are higher than in the general population and their prognosis following any cardiovascular event is generally worse. Type 1 diabetic patients’ acute complications-related mortality decreases with time and the interval free from the diagnosis of diabetes until the development of chronic complications is larger although global mortality is still higher than that of sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. As a consequence of better primary and secondary preventions, recent data in the general population show that there is a trend towards decreased cardiovascular events and increased life expectancy. The same thing applies for type 2 diabetic patients. However, increased survival in the general population associated to epidemic bursts of obesity and sedentarily all over the globe, leads to a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes worldwide. This counteracts the diminution of diabetes-related mortality that would move forward on an ascending slope in the next decades.
Virtuality in systems of memory: Toward an ontology of collective memory, ritual,and the technological
Authors: Bollmer Grant David
Published: April 2011

In recent years, ‘collective memory’ has been used to describe the organization of a group identity that either supplements or replaces identity categories. Despite the apparent emphasis on the ‘collective’, most theories of collective memory rely explicitly on ontological models derived from modes of thought that privilege the psychic memory of individuals rather than collective phenomena. This article sketches the beginnings of an ontological model for collective memory that defines collective memory as an active process via which collectivities are produced through embodied movements that serve to differentiate entities from a larger environment. While not the only form of movement, the article examines the role of material technologies in the shaping and transformation of embodied rituals, consequently transforming how collectives are produced through memory as embodied actions.
Effects of catecholamines on hepatic and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration after prolonged exposure to faecal peritonitis in pigs
Authors: Vuda Madhusudanarao , Brander Lukas , Schröder Ralph , Jakob Stephan M , Takala Jukka , Djafarzadeh Siamak
Published: April 2011

Use of norepinephrine to increase blood pressure in septic animals has been associated with increased efficiency of hepatic mitochondrial respiration. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the same effect could be reproduced in isolated hepatic mitochondria after prolonged in vivo exposure to faecal peritonitis. Eighteen pigs were randomized to 27 h of faecal peritonitis and to a control condition (n = 9 each group). At the end, hepatic mitochondria were isolated and incubated for one hour with either norepinephrine or placebo, with and without pretreatment with the specific receptor antagonists prazosin and yohimbine. Mitochondrial state 3 and state 4 respiration were measured for respiratory chain complexes I and II, and state 3 for complex IV using high-resolution respirometry, and respiratory control ratios were calculated. Additionally, skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration was evaluated after incubation with norepinephrine and dobutamine with and without the respective antagonists (atenolol, propranolol and phentolamine for dobutamine). Faecal peritonitis was characterized by decreasing blood pressure and stroke volume, and maintained systemic oxygen consumption. Neither faecal peritonitis nor any of the drugs or drug combinations had measurable effects on hepatic or skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Norepinephrine did not improve the efficiency of complex I- and complex II-dependent isolated hepatic mitochondrial respiration [respiratory control ratio (RCR) complex I: 5.6 ± 5.3 (placebo) vs. 5.4 ± 4.6 (norepinephrine) in controls and 2.7 ± 2.1 (placebo) vs. 2.9 ± 1.5 (norepinephrine) in septic animals; RCR complex II: 3.5 ± 2.0 (placebo) vs. 3.5 ± 1.8 (norepinephrine) in controls; 2.3 ± 1.6 (placebo) vs. 2.2 ± 1.1 (norepinephrine) in septic animals]. Prolonged faecal peritonitis did not affect either hepatic or skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. Subsequent incubation of isolated mitochondria with norepinephrine and dobutamine did not significantly influence their respiration.