bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les propriétés stratégiques et l’influence politique dans la post-délégation : le cas des agences européennes
Authors: Font Nuria
Published: December 2015

La littérature sur les agences européennes s’intéresse à la question du contrôle politique et de l’indépendance dans le cadre de la structure des agences européennes et de la post-délégation. On ne trouve cependant aucune étude dans la littérature spécialisée qui mesure et analyse l’influence politique qu’exercent la Commission, les États membres et le Parlement européen dans le processus décisionnel à l’échelle d’un vaste échantillon d’agences européennes. C’est cette question que nous abordons dans le présent article, en nous posant les questions suivantes : quelle est l’influence exercée par chacun des principaux acteurs institutionnels parents sur le processus décisionnel des conseils d’administration des agences ? Les compétences et les propriétés stratégiques des agences jouent-elles un rôle sur l’influence politique ? Notre article s’appuie sur une enquête en ligne, une analyse documentaire et des entretiens semi-structurés et combine une étude quantitative et qualitative visant à identifier les caractéristiques de l’influence politique des acteurs supranationaux et intergouvernementaux. Les fonctions de réglementation et l’importance sont des facteurs qui réduisent l’influence de la Commission et du Parlement européen, tandis que la complexité réduit l’influence des Etats membres. De plus, l’activité de réglementation très centralisée et de grande portée affecte les équilibres institutionnels dans la post-délégation. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Le présent article intéressera les praticiens qui s’intéressent à la question du contrôle politique et de l’indépendance des agences spécialisées européennes. Notre article identifie certaines des conditions dans lesquelles l’influence politique des principaux acteurs institutionnels parents sur les conseils d’administration des agences européennes diminue. Plus particulièrement, la Commission et le Parlement européen ont moins d’influence sur les conseils d’administration des agences de réglementation et des organismes plus importants, tandis que les États membres réduisent leur influence sur les conseils d’administration des agences qui réalisent des activités très complexes. Les propriétés stratégiques des agences ont une incidence variable sur l’influence politique des acteurs institutionnels selon que cette influence est exercée par des acteurs supranationaux ou intergouvernementaux.
Le groupe des 20. Une communauté stratégique transnationale : réseaux de gouvernance, analyses stratégiques et groupes de réflexion
Authors: Stone Diane
Published: December 2015

Le G20 est une institution internationale en constante évolution. Grâce aux avancées dans les technologies de l’information et à l’aide des gouvernements nationaux, un certain nombre d’acteurs et de réseaux de la connaissance tentent d’influencer la gouvernance économique mondiale au moyen d’analyses et de conseils stratégiques. Dans le présent article, nous nous intéressons au réseau international que constitue le groupe de réflexion du G20 baptisé « Think20 », ainsi qu’au plaidoyer politique des instituts privés de recherche (comme le Lowy Institute, en Australie, et le Centre for International Governance and Innovation, au Canada), qui sont dans l’orbite de la communauté stratégique du G20. Think20 vient en aide aux processus de gouvernance économique mondiale du G20 en mettant au point des « discours de coordination » en matière d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre des politiques. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les idées sont importantes, mais les idées qui supposent une réforme majeure des politiques et des innovations doivent le devenir aussi si l’on veut qu’elles aient une influence sur l’action du gouvernement. Les réseaux sont un moyen de diffuser des « discours communicatifs » à de nombreux publics différents — locaux ou internationaux —, ainsi que l’infrastructure permettant de concrétiser et d’amplifier les « discours de coordination » à la base des modèles stratégiques et des propositions de réforme des gouvernements qui doivent motiver leurs propres bureaucraties, de même que collaborer avec des gouvernements étrangers. Dans le présent article, nous analysons certains des outils et des pratiques de réseau en ce qui concerne la recherche du consensus dans les « communautés stratégiques transnationales » qui cultivent la coordination stratégique globale.
Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT3 Regulates Migration, Invasion, and Activation of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lao Minxi , Shi Maohua , Zou Yaoyao , Huang Mingcheng , Ye Yujin , Qiu Qian , Xiao Youjun , Zeng Shan , Liang Liuqin , Yang Xiuyan , Xu Hanshi
Published: December 2015

The aggressive phenotype displayed by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) is a critical factor of cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Increased FLSs migration and subsequent degradation of the extracellular matrix are essential to the pathology of RA. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), whose family members include PIAS1, PIAS2 (PIASx), PIAS3, and PIAS4 (PIASy), play important roles in regulating various cellular events, such as cell survival, migration, and signal transduction in many cell types. However, whether PIAS proteins have a role in the pathogenesis of RA is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the role of PIAS proteins in FLSs migration, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in RA. We observed increased expression of PIAS3, but not PIAS1, PIAS2, or PIAS4, in FLSs and synovial tissues from patients with RA. We found that PIAS3 knockdown by short hairpin RNA reduced migration, invasion, and MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 expression in FLSs. In addition, we demonstrated that PIAS3 regulated lamellipodium formation during cell migration. To gain insight into molecular mechanisms, we evaluated the effect of PIAS3 knockdown on Rac1/PAK1 and JNK activation. Our results indicated that PIAS3-mediated SUMOylation of Rac1 controlled its activation and modulated the Rac1 downstream activity of PAK1 and JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of Rac1, PAK1, or JNK decreased migration and invasion of RA FLSs. Thus, our observations suggest that PIAS3 suppression may be protective against joint destruction in RA by regulating synoviocyte migration, invasion, and activation.
Targeting of Ly9 (CD229) Disrupts Marginal Zone and B1 B Cell Homeostasis and Antibody Responses
Authors: Cuenca Marta , Romero Xavier , Sintes Jordi , Terhorst Cox , Engel Pablo
Published: December 2015

Marginal zone (MZ) and B1 B cells have the capacity to respond to foreign Ags more rapidly than conventional B cells, providing early immune responses to blood-borne pathogens. Ly9 (CD229, SLAMF3), a member of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors, has been implicated in the development and function of innate T lymphocytes. In this article, we provide evidence that in Ly9-deficient mice splenic transitional 1, MZ, and B1a B cells are markedly expanded, whereas development of B lymphocytes in bone marrow is unaltered. Consistent with an increased number of these B cell subsets, we detected elevated levels of IgG3 natural Abs and a striking increase of T-independent type II Abs after immunization with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Ficoll in the serum of Ly9-deficient mice. The notion that Ly9 could be a negative regulator of innate-like B cell responses was supported by the observation that administering an mAb directed against Ly9 to wild-type mice selectively eliminated splenic MZ B cells and significantly reduced the numbers of B1 and transitional 1 B cells. In addition, Ly9 mAb dramatically diminished in vivo humoral responses and caused a selective downregulation of the CD19/CD21/CD81 complex on B cells and concomitantly an impaired B cell survival and activation in an Fc-independent manner. We conclude that altered signaling caused by the absence of Ly9 or induced by anti-Ly9 may negatively regulate development and function of innate-like B cells by modulating B cell activation thresholds. The results suggest that Ly9 could serve as a novel target for the treatment of B cell–related diseases.
Categorical Analysis of Human T Cell Heterogeneity with One-Dimensional Soli-Expression by Nonlinear Stochastic Embedding
Authors: Cheng Yang , Wong Michael T. , van der Maaten Laurens , Newell Evan W.
Published: December 2015

Rapid progress in single-cell analysis methods allow for exploration of cellular diversity at unprecedented depth and throughput. Visualizing and understanding these large, high-dimensional datasets poses a major analytical challenge. Mass cytometry allows for simultaneous measurement of >40 different proteins, permitting in-depth analysis of multiple aspects of cellular diversity. In this article, we present one-dimensional soli-expression by nonlinear stochastic embedding (One-SENSE), a dimensionality reduction method based on the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) algorithm, for categorical analysis of mass cytometry data. With One-SENSE, measured parameters are grouped into predefined categories, and cells are projected onto a space composed of one dimension for each category. In contrast with higher-dimensional t-SNE, each dimension (plot axis) in One-SENSE has biological meaning that can be easily annotated with binned heat plots. We applied One-SENSE to probe relationships between categories of human T cell phenotypes and observed previously unappreciated cellular populations within an orchestrated view of immune cell diversity. The presentation of high-dimensional cytometric data using One-SENSE showed a significant improvement in distinguished T cell diversity compared with the original t-SNE algorithm and could be useful for any high-dimensional dataset.
Some petrological aspects of the Harbour Coal Seam, Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia
Authors: Cameron A R
Published: December 2015

Facies changes within the Harbour seam of the Sydney coalfield, Nova Scotia, were investigated by megascopic and microscopic methods. The megascopic approach was applied to the laboratory examination of fourteen column samples representing a linear distance of 23
miles in the seam, and to the description of fifty-three in situ sections of the seam in the Princes, Florence, and No. 12 Collieries. The components identified were vitrain, claro-durain, durain , bone, and three varieties of clarain. This part of the study showed that areas of significant changes
in petrographic composition could be distinguished laterally and vertically in the seam. Microscopic studies by transmitted light were confined to the dull layers sampled in the Princess Colliery. Compositions were determined by both maceral and microlithotype content. In this process the
microlithotype concept, as conventionally used, was revised to more clearly define natural assemblages of macerals. Two orders of microlithotypes were distinguished: simple and complex. Sixty simple and nine complex types have been defined. On the basis of the megascopic and microscopic data, the
writer concludes that much of the Harbour seam originated under forested-moor and reed-moor conditions. Deviations from these conditions are represented by the dull bands, one group of which appears to have originated during flooding or excessive subsidence. A second group is interpreted to be the
product of short-lived dry periods, and a third group appears to represent a transitional phase between the reed moor and open water.
Contributions to Canadian paleontology
Authors: Rafuse M ,   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: December 2015

Chaetetipora ellesmerensis new species and Sibiriolites sibiricus Sokolov are described from Judge Daly Promontory and M'Clintock Inlet. Both species are from rocks of Richmond (Ashgill) age.
Part A: Sedimentology of Pleistocene glacial varves in Ontario, Canada, Part B: Nature of the grain-size distribution of some Pleistocene glacial varves of Ontario, Canada
Authors: Banerjee I
Published: December 2015

Studies of the stratigraphy and sedimentary structures of Pleistocene glacial varves in Ontario reveal that turbidity currents, produced annually by sediment- laden meltwater, have a major role in the formation of varves. Sedimentary structures of the varves
studied indicate that, not only as individual layers, but also as a total assemblage and vertical sequence, they contain structures similar to those found in flysch - turbidites. The coarse (summer) layer of the varves studied occurs in three facies: (l) sandy: thick, sandy silt in proximal varves
displaying cross laminae and grading; deposited by turbidity currents possessing bedloads; (2) silty: thin fine silt in distal varves with single, or multiple graded units; deposited by auto suspension cur rents; and (3) diamictic: thin fine silt in ultradistal varves with numerous silt clasts;
deposited by mudflow or high - density turbidity currents. The shape of individual varves was studied by direct tracing of layers and by constructing an isopach map of a particular varve which had been correlated over a w ide area. Paleocurrent data from some localities provide a picture of the
dispersal pattern. The existence of "turbidites" in eskers and kame deltas and t heir lateral passage into cross bedded sand, noted in a few localities, indicate that varve - producing turbidity currents may have originated in delta - fronts. One example of slump - generated turbidity currents
depositing varve -like rhythmists in a glacial lake has been noted.
Report of activities for integrated Devonian to Cretaceous studies of the northern Mackenzie Corridor,
GEM2 Mackenzie Project
Authors: Hadlari T , Jiang C , Fallas K
M , Ardakani O H , Galloway J
M , Sulphur K C , Bell K
M
Published: December 2015

The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program lays the foundation for sustainable economic development in the North. The Mackenzie region of interest contains a producing oil field at Norman Wells. Our research seeks to better understand the Norman Wells
oil field in order to develop petroleum models for the broader region. We propose a new model of thrust-related exhumation and natural fracture-induced oil migration from the Canol Formation source rock to the carbonate reservoir. Ongoing research will test this hypothesis and explore the
implications of this model for the hydrocarbon potential of the region.
Eribulin in the Management of Advanced Breast Cancer: Implications of Current Research Findings
Authors: Kok Victor C.
Published: December 2015

The search for cytotoxic agents from marine natural products ultimately led to the production of eribulin, which is a synthetic macrocyclic ketone analog of halichondrin B. Eribulin binds to tubulin to induce mitotic arrest and gained approval in Japan in May 2010; it was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2010 and the European Medicines Agency in March 2011 and was reimbursed by the Taiwan National Health Insurance in December 2014 for patients with metastatic breast cancer who had received at least one anthracycline and one taxane. The recommended regimen for eribulin mesylate comprises intravenous administration of 1.4 mg/m2 (equivalent to 1.23 mg/m2 eribulin) over two to five minutes on days 1 and 8 of a three-week cycle. Since 2011, various clinical investigations of eribulin monotherapy with dose or schedule modifications, combined use with other antineoplastic therapeutics, or head-to-head comparisons with specific agents have been performed in the management of advanced breast cancer. Ethnic-specific data from Japan and Korea indicate higher rates (>85%) of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that eribulin can shrink brain and retinal metastases, which warrants further detailed studies. In this review, current observations of the effects of eribulin monotherapy are summarized and eribulin-backbone combination (bio-) chemotherapy is investigated.
Reuni e a formação acadêmica dos estudantes de saúde da UFBA: componentes curriculares, pesquisa e extensão
Authors: Vieira Carolinne Montes Baptista , Araújo Rafaela Alves Quadros de , Véras Renata Meira
Published: December 2015

O presente artigo aponta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), referente às percepções dos estudantes dos cursos de saúde, criados a partir do Programa de Apoio a Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI) sobre os componentes curriculares ofertados, as atividades de pesquisa e extensão. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar se houve mudanças na formação dos estudantes que frequentam os referidos cursos de saúde, já que o REUNI propõe uma reformulação curricular e de formação em geral. Os resultados apontam que os estudantes dos cursos de Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Saúde (BI) são os que mais têm vivenciado as mudanças na formação acadêmica tradicional, demonstrando um maior engajamento em atividades de pesquisa e extensão, bem como lhes tem sido ofertado disciplinas interdisciplinares em institutos diferentes.
Sentido do trabalho e orientação para o trabalho: um estudo em universidades públicas de Minas Gerais e do Quebec
Authors: Boas Ana Alice Vilas , Morin Estelle M.
Published: December 2015

Este estudo avalia a relação entre sentido do trabalho e a orientação para o trabalho de professores universitários de Minas Gerais e do Quebec e correlaciona estes resultados com questões de Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho. A amostra foi constituída por 274 professores de Minas Gerais e 252 professores do Quebec. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário online enviado, para 3 universidades públicas de Minas Gerais e 3 universidades do Quebec, no primeiro semestre de 2013. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias de percepção dos dois grupos de professores para meu trabalho é um emprego e meu trabalho é um carreira. Com relação ao sentido do trabalho e sentido no trabalho observou-se que estes dois indicadores de qualidade de vida no trabalho estão diretamente relacionados com a orientação para a vocação profissional dos professores que participaram da pesquisa. Estes resultados podem orientar os gestores universitários a conduzirem ações que melhorem as condições do ambiente físico de trabalho e as relações de trabalho, pois são estes aspectos que ajudam a melhorar a qualidade de vida no trabalho e a dar mais sentido ao trabalho como um todo.
Pesquisa empírica: método progressista para desenvolver competências de liderança em acadêmicos de Ciências Contábeis
Authors: Cardoso Rosigleide Reboli , Cardoso Rosana Reboli , Casemiro Ítalo de Paula , Neto Jose Moreira da Silva , Junior Aloir Pedruzzi , Lima Valdeson Amaro
Published: December 2015

A necessidade de adequação dos cursos de Ciências Contábeis para entregar ao mercado, profissionais com competências de liderança, capazes de atender as complexidades apresentadas pelas organizações, nortearam este trabalho que teve como objetivo identificar as contribuições da utilização de pesquisa empírica para desenvolvimento de competência de liderança no curso de Ciências Contábeis. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva utilizando os procedimentos estudo de caso e pesquisa bibliográfica, no qual utilizou-se como amostra os acadêmicos do curso de Ciência's Contábeis do ano de 2014/01, matriculados na disciplina Liderança Situacional na Atividade Contábil da UNIR. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem afirmar que o método, apresenta-se como ótima alternativa dentre as metodologias de ensino disponíveis aos docentes das áreas humanas nos cursos de Ciências Contábeis, ressaltando-se como suas contribuições, a capacidade de oportunizar a vivência real no contexto das organizações e possibilitar aos acadêmicos, a capacidade de avaliar criticamente os prós e contras dos comportamentos adotados quando no exercício profissional que demandar competências de líderes.
Percepção do estudante de graduação sobre o ambiente acadêmico da UFG: análise fatorial e de cluster
Authors: Silveira Everton Wirbitzki da , Verdu Victor Souza Martins e , Castro Rosangela Nunes Almeida de , Seraphin José Carlos , Barros Patrícia de Sá
Published: December 2015

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da utilização de análise fatorial e de cluster a partir da percepção dos estudantes de graduação em relação ao ambiente acadêmico da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). A primeira metodologia, qual seja, a análise fatorial, permite identificar cinco fatores extraídos a partir das 19 questões analisadas de um total de 26 respondidas pelos discentes no momento da matrícula no segundo semestre de 2013. Enquanto a segunda metodologia, a análise de cluster, segmentou oito grupos para os 106 cursos da UFG, destacando que em alguns agrupamentos predominaram áreas como das ciências da saúde, da informação e das engenharias, permitindo concluir que os estudantes possuem percepções semelhantes conforme sua área do conhecimento, mesmo variando os campi em que frequentam as aulas.
Mapeamento conceitual da inter-relação entre gestão do conhecimento, capital intelectual e métricas de qualidade nas universidades
Authors: Pereira Neimar Sousa Pinto , Pereira Cleber Augusto , Silva Telma Maria Chaves Ferreira da , Filho José Maria Paixão , Monteiro Renato Pereira , Borges Edson José
Published: December 2015

O novo contexto das exigências imputadas às Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) repercute em diversas dimensões dentro destas organizações. Neste contexto este trabalho apresenta um mapeamento conceitual resultante de uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre a aplicação da Gestão do Conhecimento (GC), do Capital Intelectual (CI) e dos Modelos ou Métricas de Qualidade (MQ) aplicados às universidades. Pretendeu-se compreender e identificar como as técnicas de GC, as aplicações do CI e a utilização ou adoção de MQ podem funcionar como instrumentos de apoio diferenciais as IES. A revisão de literatura baseou-se em artigos publicados em veículos de comunicação de reconhecida qualidade e com fator de impacto relevante. A contribuição principal deste trabalho residiu na elaboração de proposta de mapeamento integrativo dos conceitos, utilizando-se um mapa conceitual construído colaborativamente entre os autores, e, na elaboração do modelo conceitual do trabalho derivado deste mapeamento. Estes modelos permitiram identificar, de forma visual, a ocorrência de inter-relacionamentos entre os conceitos, que não seriam de fácil evidenciação num contexto meramente textual.
Universidade empreendedora: a ótica dos empresários sobre o posicionamento empreendedor da universidade na contribuição para o desenvolvimento regional
Authors: Chais Cassiane , Machado Claralucia Prates , Scopel Alexandra Mazzochi , Bohrer Cristina
Published: December 2015

A interação universidade-empresa está elencada como uma ferramenta propulsora do desenvolvimento tecnológico de um país. A empresa concentra suas atividades produtivas na economia e a universidade possui seu pilar na pesquisa e no conhecimento. Com estes importantes atores concentrando ações em conjunto, o desenvolvimento regional possui chances de atingir índices importantes de desenvolvimento para uma nação.  Dessa forma, esta pesquisa buscou identificar a opinião de empresários sobre a importância do posicionamento empreendedor da universidade para o desenvolvimento de uma região. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo multicaso com empresários, que possuem envolvimento com diferentes universidades. Foi empregada uma pesquisa exploratória de natureza qualitativa, cuja a técnica para a coleta de dados foi a aplicação de um questionário estruturado com perguntas abertas para três empresas indicadas pelos núcleos, em cada uma das três regiões de atendimento do PEPI: Região da Produção, Serra e Metropolitana do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Verificou-se que o empresariado anseia que as Universidades estejam presentes no contexto na qual estão inseridas e que a interação é dependente da visão e da necessidade de cada empresa.
Roles and Coping Strategies of Sons Caring for a Parent With Dementia
Authors: Grigorovich Alisa , Rittenberg Nira , Dick Talia , McCann Ashley , Abbott Amanda , Kmielauskas Andrea , Estioko Valerie , Kulasingham Sinthusha , Cameron Jill I.
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVE. Little is known about sons’ roles in caring for a parent with dementia. To ensure that interventions and practices appropriately match sons’ needs, we investigated their experiences.

METHOD. A qualitative descriptive approach was used; 20 sons of a parent with dementia participated in semistructured interviews.

RESULTS. Participants reported varied paths to becoming a caregiver, primarily undertaking a care management role and managing by using their own occupational experiences and receiving support from other family members, peers, and private and public community services. They experienced negative consequences such as participation restriction and stress and positive consequences such as feelings of satisfaction. Strategies used to cope included boundary setting and practicing self-care.

CONCLUSION. This study highlights the need to consider sons’ role as care managers for their parent with dementia in community-based settings, as well as their need for education and intervention. Occupational therapy practitioners can use this information to inform their practices and support clients and their families.
Differences in spatial and temporal root lifespan of temperate steppes across Inner Mongolia grasslands
Authors: Bai W.-M. , Zhou M. , Fang Y. , Zhang W.-H.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Lifespan of fine roots plays important roles in regulating carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Determination of root lifespan and elucidation of its regulatory mechanism in different plant communities are essential for accurate prediction of C cycling from ecosystem to regional scales. Temperate steppes in Inner Mongolia grasslands have three major types, i.e., Stipa krylovii, Stipa grandis and Stipa breviflora grasslands. There have been no studies to compare the root dynamics among the three types of grasslands. In the present study, we determined root lifespan of the three grasslands using the rhizotron. We found that root lifespan differed substantially among the three types of grasslands within the temperate steppes of Inner Mongolia, such that root lifespan of Stipa breviflora > Stipa grandis > Stipa krylovii grasslands. Root lifespan across the three types of grasslands in the Inner Mongolian temperate steppes displayed a similar temporal pattern, i.e. lifespan of the roots produced in spring and autumn was shortest and longest, respectively, whereas lifespan of summer-produced roots was between that of roots produced in spring and autumn. The spatial and temporal differences in root lifespan across the three types of grasslands were mainly determined by contents of soluble sugars in roots of the dominant species. The differences in root lifespan across the major types of grasslands and different seasons highlight the necessity to take into account these differences in the prediction of C cycling within grassland ecosystem by the simulating model.
A simple 3-D numerical model of thermal convection in Earth's growing inner core: on the possibility of the formation of the degree-one structure with lateral viscosity variations
Authors: Yoshida M.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. An east-west hemispherically asymmetric structure for Earth's inner core has been suggested by various seismological evidence, but its origin is not clearly understood. Here, to investigate the possibility of an "endogenic origin" for the degree-one thermal/mechanical structure of the inner core, I performed new numerical simulations of thermal convection in the growing inner core. A setup value that controls the viscosity contrast between the inner core boundary and the interior of the inner core, ΔηT, was taken as a free parameter. Results show that the degree-one structure only appeared for a limited range of ΔηT; such a scenario may be possible but is not considered probable for the real Earth. The degree-one structure may have been realized by an "exogenous factor" due to the planetary-scale thermal coupling among the lower mantle, the outer core, and the inner core, not by an endogenic factor due to the internal rheological heterogeneity.
Effect of biochar and liming on soil nitrous oxide emissions from a temperate maize cropping system
Authors: Hüppi R. , Felber R. , Neftel A. , Six J. , Leifeld J.
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Biochar, a carbon-rich, porous pyrolysis product of organic residues may positively affect plant yield and can, owing to its inherent stability, promote soil carbon sequestration when amended to agricultural soils. Another possible effect of biochar is the reduction in emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). A number of laboratory incubations have shown significantly reduced N2O emissions from soil when mixed with biochar. Emission measurements under field conditions however are more scarce and show weaker or no reductions, or even increases in N2O emissions. One of the hypothesised mechanisms for reduced N2O emissions from soil is owing to the increase in soil pH following the application of alkaline biochar. To test the effect of biochar on N2O emissions in a temperate maize cropping system, we set up a field trial with a 20t ha−1 biochar treatment, a limestone treatment adjusted to the same pH as the biochar treatment (pH 6.5), and a control treatment without any addition (pH 6.1). An automated static chamber system measured N2O emissions for each replicate plot (n = 3) every 3.6 h over the course of 8 months. The field was conventionally fertilised at a rate of 160 kg N ha−1 in three applications of 40, 80 and 40 kg N ha−1 as ammonium nitrate. Cumulative N2O emissions were 52 % smaller in the biochar compared to the control treatment. However, the effect of the treatments overall was not statistically significant (p = 0.27) because of the large variability in the data set. Limed soils emitted similar mean cumulative amounts of N2O as the control. There is no evidence that reduced N2O emissions with biochar relative to the control is solely caused by a higher soil pH.
Crisis Económica en África Occidental: el caso de Dakar, 1929-1939
Authors: Castillo Hidalgo Daniel
Published: December 2015

En este artículo se explora el impacto socio-económico de la crisis internacional de 1929 en Senegal y más concretamente en la ciudad-puerto de Dakar. Se analizan las consecuencias de la dependencia externa y la extroversión económica que caracterizaba a las estructuras productivas coloniales, destacando también la respuesta organizada de los movimientos sociales africanos. Por otra parte, se estudia la evolución de las infraestructuras y actividad portuaria, observando la metropolización regional de Dakar durante este periodo.
Relaciones de poder y memoria de un linaje. La intervención de la Casa de Moscoso en la Compostela de los siglos XIV-XVI
Authors: Galbán Malagón Carlos J.
Published: December 2015

La ciudad ofrecía en la Baja Edad Media claras oportunidades para aquellos nobles que supieran situarse en el complejo juego de la política urbana y sus diversas instancias de poder. Para ello siempre se hace necesario contar con los apoyos sociales y físicos adecuados. La dinámica de enfrentamientos entre el Arzobispo de Santiago y el concello compostelano presenta un ejemplo inmejorable para valorar en su justa medida la inserción de la nobleza territorial en las relaciones de poder. Para abordar este caso se analizará la participación en la vida pública –también las revueltas urbanas– de la Casa de Moscoso tanto a través de su larga trayectoria de enfrentamientos con la Iglesia como mediante el estudio de su patrimonio urbano, incluyendo aquellos elementos relacionados con la creación de una memoria específica del linaje dentro de la ciudad.
La etapa formativa de Picasso en Galicia
Authors: Zurrón López Inmaculada
Published: December 2015

Este artículo reconoce la importancia del periodo de escasos cinco años que Picasso pasó en A Coruña, el lugar donde inició sus estudios artísticos. A través de la narración de los acontecimientos vividos por el artista en Galicia, el objetivo de este texto es confrontar su obra de formación en tierras gallegas con su obra posterior donde se puede apreciar una estrecha relación tanto en los temas como las composiciones e incluso los colores.
Gender Diversity of Audit Committees and Audit Fees: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
Authors: Xiang Rui , Qin Meng , Peterson Craig A
Published: December 2015

This paper investigates whether women, who serve on the audit committee of the board, can have a significant impact in reducing audit fees paid by China's A-share listed companies during the period 2004 to 2007. We show that audit committees composed of both men and women pay significantly smaller audit fees. The relationship is significantly greater in non-state enterprises than that exhibited by state-owned enterprises and significantly greater in companies deemed to have weak management vis-à-vis strong management. Further analysis shows that the composition of the committee is irrelevant when management is strong, regardless of whether it provides guidance for a state-owned enterprise or a strictly public company. When management is deemed weak, however, gender diversity is associated with smaller fees.
The Muse and the Maker: Gender, Collaboration, and Appropriation in the Life and Work of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald
Authors: Lawson Ashley
Published: December 2015

The prolonged public fascination with the Fitzgeralds’ lives has not changed the way we think about inspiration, collaboration, or the personal and the professional designations used for various kinds of artists. By relying upon a traditional, stereotypical conception of the artist and the muse, we have reinforced an either/or schematic that erases the subtler, yet still meaningful elements of their relationship. Thanks to Zelda Fitzgerald's growing interest in her writing career, the Fitzgeralds’ personal and artistic relationship developed through phases during their years together—from musedom to apprenticeship, then from collaboration to a more autonomous sense of individual artistic identities. F. Scott Fitzgerald's periodic resistance to his wife's development, I argue, was influenced not only by a desire to defend his artistic turf but also by the modernist ideology of the period that portrayed the professional artist as a masculine paragon who defended “true” literature against the feminized popular masses. By placing the Fitzgeralds’ artistic struggles within this historical context, we are able to get a fuller, more accurate view of the nature of their conflict, and we can use their case as a representative example through which to examine the gendered notions inherent in the ideology of artistic production at the time.
Authorship and Artistry: Zelda Fitzgerald's “A Millionaire's Girl” and “Miss Ella”
Authors: Grogan Christine
Published: December 2015

Much has been written on Zelda Fitzgerald as F. Scott Fitzgerald's muse and as a victim of mental illness. Her novel, Save Me the Waltz, and even her artwork have received critical attention, but little scholarship has focused on her short stories. In this essay, I reengage one of the few but first essays on her stories—W. R. Anderson's “Rivalry and Partnership: The Short Fiction of Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald” (1977)—and argue that we can trace her growth as a serious writer most apparently when juxtaposing “A Millionaire's Girl” with “Miss Ella.” This essay provides a bio-critical reading to suggest that in the short, yet difficult, months between the publication of “A Millionaire's Girl” and “Miss Ella,” she started to gain a voice of her own.
“Scott Fitzgerald As I Knew Him”: F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Secondary Memoir
Authors: Gatzemeyer Jace
Published: December 2015

This essay deals with three memoirs on F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sheilah Graham's Beloved Infidel (1958), Tony Buttitta's After the Good Gay Times (1974), and Frances Kroll Ring's Against the Current (1985). These texts are representative examples of an interesting sub-genre of memoir I have labeled the “secondary memoir,” which takes as its focus the author's time with some other person, giving us a “moderated image” of that person, in this case F. Scott Fitzgerald. The secondary memoirs on Fitzgerald have been critically neglected and deserve scholarly attention, though they do present some problems. Although we might question the objectivity (or, conversely, the subjectivity) of each, these secondary memoirs present an image of Fitzgerald more comprehensive than the passing mentions in the memoirs of Cowley and Stein, and more sincere than the apparently contrived scenes in the memoirs of Hemingway and Callaghan. Graham, Buttitta, and Ring elegantly fill in the gaps, moderating between the rigid lines of serious scholarly study of Fitzgerald's life and the loose, superficial scribbles of the Fitzgerald myth.
Making Sense of Learning
Authors: Blackwood Tony , Round Anna , Pugalis Lee , Hatt Lucy
Published: December 2015

Entrepreneurial learning is complex, reflecting the distinctive dispositions of entrepreneurs (including nascent entrepreneurs at an early stage in their entrepreneurial life course). The surge in entrepreneurship education programmes over recent decades and the attendant increase in scholarship have often contributed to this convoluted field. Consequently, universally applicable articulations of entrepreneurship education can be problematic, especially demarcating between more formal and less formal learning experiences that are not necessarily confined to traditional educational institutions. The authors explore the ways in which nascent entrepreneurs experience and articulate their own ‘learning’ and development during the first year of a specific three-year experientially-based programme. Drawing attention to their deployment of sense-making narratives, the paper presents key findings that have implications for theory and practice.
Integrating Employability into Degree Programmes Using Consultancy Projects as a Form of Enterprise
Authors: O'Leary Simon
Published: December 2015

This paper reports on an assessment of how enterprise initiatives develop graduate employability attributes, exploring the use of client consultancy projects as a platform for such enterprise provision in higher education. The study was based on reviews of recent literature and an appraisal of an institutional initiative using live projects as an alternative to the more traditional final dissertation. Enterprise initiatives exist in many forms and the final semester postgraduate students in this research are shown to enhance their understanding of client needs, their individual confidence and their team-working abilities. After five years of the programme, and with 60% of students choosing the consultancy project option, the study is offered as a platform for other higher education institutions to use as a basis for enhancing graduate employability and the student experience. It is argued that enterprise activities, in addition to enhancing the student experience, are also of substantial value to higher education institutions themselves and their associated funding bodies.
Exploring ‘Successful’ Outcomes of Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Galloway Laura , Kapasi Isla , Whittam Geoff
Published: December 2015

During 2005–2006 entrepreneurship students in several UK universities completed a survey about their background and career intentions. This paper reports, eight years on, on a follow-up study with ten of these participants, with the aim of exploring the students' intentions and subsequent actions since graduating. Using a qualitative methodology, the authors examined whether those who were measured as likely to be entrepreneurial are entrepreneurs; and whether the participants consider that their entrepreneurship education experience was valuable. The study finds that career experiences and outcomes are highly idiosyncratic and do not seem to correspond closely to original intentions, regardless of original ambitions. The authors suggest that career destinations are complex in a dynamic graduate employment context, and that entrepreneurship education has a contribution to make for graduates, irrespective of whether or not they become entrepreneurs. The paper identifies a weakness in entrepreneurship education research in its over-reliance on agency-based approaches and its assumption that outcomes are measured in the binary terms of ‘entrepreneur’ or ‘not entrepreneur’. The authors recommend methodological development in the field to capture more appropriately the rich and nuanced relationship between entrepreneurship education and graduate careers. This should lead to a more robust understanding on which to base information for delivery and practice.
Where do Graduates Develop Their Enterprise Skills?
Authors: Refai Deema , Thompson John
Published: December 2015

This paper reports on an investigation into the value of the contribution of the higher education institution (HEI) context in developing graduates' enterprise skills. The study was an exploration of where graduates develop enterprise skills, examining the impact of the higher education and employment contexts on the development of these skills. The paper draws on a qualitative study in which interviews were conducted with pharmacy academics and employers. The results show that an ability to demonstrate skills in one context does not necessarily indicate an ability to demonstrate them in another, because the development and demonstration of enterprise skills are influenced by the contexts in which they are developed and demonstrated. The study adds value by highlighting the significant role of both the HE and employment contexts in developing enterprise skills, while emphasizing that these skills become more transferable through exposure to more contexts.
Interdependence between Managerial Ownership, Leverage and Firm Value: Theory and Empirical Validation
Authors: Hatem Ben Said
Published: December 2015

This paper test the interdependence between managerial ownership, debt and firm value. To this end, we examined a sample of 246 French firms over a period of 11 years is built. In addition, we use two estimation methods: simultaneous equations and data panels methods. The empirical results support the interaction between these three variables. We concluded a nonlinear relationship between insider ownership and shareholder wealth. An inverse U-shaped relationship was found between debt and managerial ownership. However, an increase in debt leads to an increase in managerial ownership. Moreover, the share capital held by managers is a significant factor in explaining debt ratio of French firms. Finally, we conclude that the disciplinary role of debt is valid only for the data panels method.

al Jordanian firms listed at Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) for the period of 2005-2013, by applying panel data regression analysis. It depends on building three OLS models: Pooled, Fixed Effects Model and Random Effects Model. In addition, a test for Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier (LM), and Hausamn test to choose among the three models which model is most suitable for our data. A main finding of the panel data analysis is that; fixed effect regression is the most convenient model. As a result, there is no strong evidence that there is a relationship between both institutional ownership and firm performance for Jordanian listed firms. This conclusion can be due to the fact that institutional ownership has its own pros and cons, therefore, their existence and influence could affect materially the types and risk level of investment decisions taken by the management which in return will affect the firm’s performance as a whole. ociation with external reserve and net credit to the economy. Based on these results; it is recommended that, the Nigeria government should designed programmes and incentives to boost industrial capacity utilization in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.

 
Analysis of Sell-in-May-and-Go-Away Strategy on the Markets of 122 Equity Indices and 39 Commodities
Authors: Borowski Krzysztof
Published: December 2015

The problem of efficiency of financial markets has always been one of the most important, including, among others, calendar effects. The sell-in-May-and-go-away (also called Halloween) effect is worth considering from the point of view of assessing the portfolio management effectiveness and behavioral finance. This paper tests the sell-in-May-and-go-away strategy and its modifications on the market of 122 equity indices and 39 commodities in the eight approaches, depending on the investment time horizon (October-15th May, November-15th May, October-1st May, November-1stMay) and types of computed rates of return (accrued rates of return and average daily geometric rates of return). Calculations presented in this paper indicate the presence of the sell-in-May-and-go-away effect on the analyzed markets in the classic time frame, as well as in the different time frames. ation in the country. Markets determine nominal exchange rate should prevail in the economy. The country should regulate its foreign reserve policy by setting a threshold, above which excess deposit should be plough back to the domestic economy inform of investments rather than support excessive importation.
 
Identifying Systemically Important Banks in Pakistan: A Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Zeb Shumaila , Rashid Abdul
Published: December 2015

The basic purpose of this study is to identify the systemically important banks of Pakistan using an unbalanced panel dataset of 21 commercial banks. The study covers the period 2004-2014. The systemic risk of financial institutes is calculated by using Conditional Value at Risk (CoVaR) approach. Specifically, first, the VaR and CoVaR are obtained as predicted values of quantile regression of individual and market losses. The state variables included in the analysis are the change in three month yield of treasury bills, the change in slope of yield curve, the inflation rate, monthly market returns, and the equity volatility. The study shows that the state variables have significant impacts on the CoVaR of financial institutions. The results of the study helps policy makers and regulatory authorities to revise policies and regulation by keeping in mind systemically important banks in the economy to reduce the chances of a financial debacle in future in Pakistan and thus rescuing the economy from financial crises.
Testing the Long-Run Fisher Effect in Selected African Countries: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test
Authors: Yaya Keho
Published: December 2015

This paper tests the validity of the Fisher hypothesis for a sample of ten African countries. Recognizing the possibility of spurious regression results, we undertook unit root and cointegration tests. We found nominal interest rates to be I(1) series while inflation rates are I(0) series. Hence, we employed the bounds test to cointegration. The results provide evidence supporting the full Fisher effect only in Kenya. In Cote d’Ivoire and Gabon, we found a positive but less than one-for-one reaction of nominal interest rates to changes in inflation rates, lending support to the partial Fisher effect. For the other seven countries, the results suggest no evidence of long-run relationship between nominal interest rates and inflation.