bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MENSURAÇÃO DOS NÍVEIS SÉRICOS DE CORTISOL E DE LACTATO DESIDROGENASE COMO INDICADORES DE ESTRESSE EM CUTIA (Dasyprocta azarae)
Authors: ACCO ALEXANDRA
Published: December 2014

O estresse é uma síndrome que acomete animais selvagens, e em particular, aqueles de vida cativa. Associada ao estresse está a miopatia de captura, enfermidade capaz de produzir lesões sistêmicas que levam os animais rapidamente a óbito. Em ambas as circunstâncias ocorrem alterações hormonais e enzimáticas. O presente trabalho objetivou mensurar níveis séricos de cortisol e de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) como indicadores de estresse em cutias (Dasyprocta azarae), animal típico de fauna paranaense e que possui importante ação ambiental como dispersor de sementes. Foram utilizadas 28 cutias, sendo cinco provenientes do Zoológico Municipal de Curitiba (ZMC) e 23 do Criadouro Científico do Museu de História Natural de Curitiba, Capão da Imbuia (MHN). Os animais foram mantidos em jejum por 14 a 16 h e então contidos farmacologicamente com a associação de cloridrato de xilazina, cloridrato de cetamina e sulfato de atropina. No 20º min de anestesia procedeu-se à colheita de sangue. O soro foi separado por centrifugação para subseqüente dosagem de LDH através de espectrofotometria e de cortisol através de radioimunoensaio de fase sólida (RIA) de uso humano. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferença entre os níveis séricos de LDH quando as variáveis procedência, sexo, idade e hora de colheita foram analisadas, sendo 259 ± 153.43 UI/L o valor médio. A análise das variáveis hora de colheita e procedência também mostrou não haver diferença significativa para os níveis de cortisol. No entanto, nas fêmeas o valor médio (82,25 ± 58,14 µg/dL) foi significativamente maior do que o valor nos machos (45,11 ± 13,35 µg/dL), sendo a maior diferença observada entre machos adultos e fêmeas jovens. O valor de cortisol em uma fêmea gestante (201,48 µg/dL) foi mais elevado do que a média das demais fêmeas. Conclui-se que ambos os grupos de cutias deviam estar sendo criados em condições adequadas; que os valores de cortisol foram mais elevados em fêmeas; que a associação anestésica utilizada foi eficaz para a contenção durante o colheita de sangue; que o kit de RIA de uso humano mostrou-se eficaz para a dosagem de cortisol sérico em cutias; que o cortisol não apresentou ritmo circadiano, e, adicionalmente, foi possível supor que durante a gestação de cutias a cortisolemia eleva-se. Unitermos: cutias, Dasyprocta azarae, cortisol, lactato desidrogenase.
EMPREGO DA COLA N-BUTIL CIANOACRILATO NA FIXAÇÃO DE RETALHO CUTÂNEO EM RATOS
Authors: SHIMIZU R.K. , RAHAL S.C. , SEQUEIRA J.L.
Published: December 2014

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar clínica e histopatologicamente o uso da cola de n-butil cianoacrilato em procedimentos de retalho de avanço, uma vez que a mesma é freqüentemente utilizada em feridas pequenas com baixa tensão de pele. Foram utilizados 18 ratos, linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos de nove. Após produzir-se uma ferida cutânea retangular de 2,0 x 1,5 cm, incluindo o músculo tronco cutâneo, na região torácica dorso-lateral esquerda, a mesma foi restaurada por meio de retalho cutâneo de pedículo único. No grupo I, o retalho foi fixado aplicando-se cola de n-butil cianoacrilato aplicada apenas na superfície interna das bordas e no grupo II realizaram-se pontos isolados com fio de náilon 4-0. Para avaliação histológica, três animais de cada grupo foram submetidos à eutanásia aos 07, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório.O tempo cirúrgico foi menor no grupo I, sendo a cola de fácil aplicação. Em ambos grupos observaram-se complicações, como inflamação e deiscência, porém sem diferenças estatísticas. O padrão cicatricial foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Foi possível concluir que a cola de n-butil cianoacrilato comportouse de forma semelhante à sutura, na síntese de retalhos cutâneos de pedículo único em ratos. Use of n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue with single pedicle advancement flap in rats Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically and histopathologically the use of nbutyl cyanoacrylate glue in advancement flap procedures, because this glue is usually used in small wounds with low skin tension. Eighteen Wistar rats with weight between 300 and 400 g were used and divided in two groups of nine each. A 2.0 x 1.5 cm rectangular skin wound, including the cutaneous trunci muscle, was performed in the left dorsal lateral thoracic side and repaired using the single pedicle advancement flap technique. In the first group, the flap was fixed with the glue on the internal surface of the edges. In the second group, the flap was fixed with simple interrupted suture using nylon 4-0. The surgical time was lower in group I, and glue application was easy. In both groups were observed complications, such as inflammation and wound dehiscence, but there was no statistical difference. Three animals from each group were euthanatized at seven, 15 and 30 days postoperative to realize the histological examination. It was possible to conclude that, macroscopically and microscopically, n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue was similar to suture in fixation of single pedicle advancement flap in rats.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE PRÓPOLIS OU MEL NO TRATAMENTO DE FERIDAS LIMPAS INDUZIDAS EM RATOS
Authors: RAHAL S.C. , BRACARENSE A.P.F.R.L. , TANAKA C.Y. , GRILLO T.P. , LEITE C.A.L.
Published: December 2014

O trabalho objetivou verificar a influência do mel e do propólis na cicatrização de feridas limpas por segunda intenção, induzidos cirurgicamente. Foram utilizados 60 ratos, Wistar, fêmeas, com peso inicial entre 200 e 250 gramas, divididos em três grupos de vinte animais. Produziu-se uma ferida cutânea limpa na região torácica lateral esquerda e os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: grupo I  própolis, grupo II  mel e grupo III  solução fisiológica 0,9% (controle). Com três, sete, 14 e 21 dias pós-operatórios, as feridas foram mensuradas e cinco ratos de cada grupo submetidos à eutanásia, para proceder exame histológico. A análise estatística das áreas das feridas não revelou diferenças significativas entre efeito de cada tratamento e número de dias após o tratamento. Histologicamente, os tratamentos com mel e própolis induziram melhor cicatrização pela redução da resposta inflamatória, havendo reepitelização mais rápida com o própolis. Use of propolis or honey in the treatment of clean wounds induced in rats Abstract Sixty female Wistar rats, initial weight from 200 to 250 g, were divided in three groups of twenty animals each. A clean skin wound was produced at the left lateral thoracic region. The wounds were treated with propolis (G1), honey (G2) and 0.9% saline solution (G3  control). Wounds were measured and five rats were euthanatized at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days postoperative to perform the histopathologic examination. There were no statistical differences among the effect of each treatment and number of days after the treatment. The histological examination showed that honey and propolis treatments induced better healing compared to saline solution due to the reduction of the inflammatory response, but the reepitelization was faster using propolis.
Deportation, Memory and the Self in Dalia Grinkevičiūtė’s Memoirs A Stolen Youth, A Stolen Homeland and Lithuanians by the Laptev Sea
Authors: Raskauskiene Audrone
Published: December 2014

The present discussion adresses the issue of deportation, displacement, memory and the self in Dalia Grinkevičiūtė’s Lietuviai prie Laptevų jūros: Atsiminimai, miniatiūros, laiškai, written in 1949–50, first published in 1997 and in 2002 translated as A Stolen Youth, a Stolen Homeland, and in the second version of the memoirs, Lietuviai prie Laptevų jūros, written in 1974, in 1990 translated as Lithuanians by the Laptev Sea. At the age of fourteen, Dalia Grinkevičiūtė (1927-1987) was deported from Lithuania to Siberia during the mass deportations of 1941 and spent almost 10 years in Yakut Republic. Considering Grinkevičiūtė’s life experience writing memoirs may be understood as a means of composing or re-creating the self. At the same time, this re-creating of the self through narrative becomes a healing process to that wounded by the tragic experiences of deportation and exile. If we refer to Lacan, relating self to the others brings a healing effect. According to such scholars as Kohut, Hartmann, Modell, and Kernberg, a sense of self depends on the negotiations of self defined against and in relation to others, where the “other” takes the form of an object of various emotions. For many of these scholars, creativity, especially writing, performs the function of restoring or re-creating a sense of self and re-negotiating self-object relations. The idea of writing as re-creation of the self, can be related to autobiographical writing where this is quite explicit.
Patrimony, Solitude and Obligation: Prodigal Sons and Absent Fathers
Authors: Duran Gimenez-Rico Isabel
Published: December 2014

As a contribution to the verifiable moment that auto/biographical explorations of the father are undergoing in the first two decades of the 21st century, my paper focuses on four authors whose relational memoirs "go beyond the subject." In particular, I focus on a comparative analysis of three hybrid texts -Paul Auster's The Invention of Solitude (1982), Philip Roth's Patrimony (1991), and Richard Rodriguez's Days of Obligation: an Argument with my Mexican Father (1992)-, and I include a parallel reading of Dutch author Henri J. M. Nouwen's spiritual journey The Return of the Prodigal Son (1992). My transnational, transethnic reading of these very disparate versions of what has been called "patremoir" (Andre Gerard, 2012) or "patriography" (Couser, 2011) will explore how these authors mix their own portrait with the extended portrait of their (real or metaphoric) father, applying different myths, borrowing forms and strategies from literary antecedents, transgressing norms of familial secrecy and privacy, but -in the end- paying homage to their paternal legacy.  This article was submitted on December 15th 2013 and first published on November 26th.
Structures of Tetrasilylmethane Derivatives C(SiXMe2)4 (X=H, F, Cl, Br) in the Gas Phase and their Dynamic Structures in Solution
Authors: Wann Derek A. , Young Stuart , Bätz Karin , Masters Sarah L. , Avent Anthony G. , Rankin David W. H. , Lickiss Paul D.
Published: December 2014

The structures of the molecules C(SiXMe2)4 (X=H, F, Cl, Br) have been determined by gas electron diffraction (GED). Ab initio calculations revealed nine potential minima for each species, with significant ranges of energies. For the H, F, Cl, and Br derivatives nine, seven, two, and two conformers were modelled, respectively, as they were quantum-chemically predicted to be present in measurable quantities. Variable-temperature 1H and 29Si solution-phase NMR studies and, where applicable, 13C NMR, 1H/29Si NMR shift-correlation, and 1H NMR saturation-transfer experiments are reported for C(SiXMe2)4 (X=H, Cl, Br, and also I). At low temperature in solution two conformers (one C1-symmetric and one C2-symmetric) are observed for each of C(SiXMe2)4 (X=Cl, Br, I), in agreement with the isolated molecule ab initio calculations carried out as part of this work for X=Cl, Br. C(SiHMe2)4 is present as a single C1-symmetric conformer in solution at the temperatures at which the NMR experiments were performed.
Hydrometallation (M = Al, Ga) of Silicon- and Germanium-centred Oligoalkynes
Authors: Uhl Werner , Bohnemann Jörg , Kappelt Benedikt , Malessa Kira , Rohling Martina , Tannert Jens , Layh Marcus , Hepp Alexander
Published: December 2014

Treatment of a variety of alkyl- and arylsilanes, R4-nSi(C≡C-R′)n, and -germanes, R4-nGe(C≡C-R′)n (1-7), with equimolar quantities of the dialkylmetal hydrides HMR″ 2 (M = Al, Ga; R″ = CMe3, CH2CHMe2) yielded by reduction of a single alkynyl group a series of mixed alkenyl-alkynyl compounds R4-nSi(C≡C-R′)n-1{C(MR″2) =CHR′} (n = 2, 3) and R2Ge(C≡C-R′){C[M(CMe3)2]=CHR′} (8-13). Reactions with two equivalents of the hydrides afforded the dialkenyl compounds R2E{C[(M(CMe3)2]=CHR′}2 (E = Si, Ge, 14-17), Ge(C≡C- CMe3)2{C[Ga(CMe3)2]=CH-CMe3}2 (18) and MeSi(C≡C-p-Tol){C[Ga(CMe3)2]=CH-p-Tol}2 (19) [R = Ph, Mes, Me, C6F5; R′ = CMe3, Ph). Most of the products were characterised by Xray crystallography which for the alkenyl-alkynyl derivatives revealed short intramolecular contacts between the coordinatively unsaturated metal atoms and the a-C atoms of unreacted ethynyl groups Cα≡C-R′.
Vocalization–whisking coordination and multisensory integration of social signals in rat auditory cortex
Authors: Rao Rajnish P , Mielke Falk , Bobrov Evgeny , Brecht Michael
Published: December 2014

Social interactions involve multi-modal signaling. Here, we study interacting rats to investigate audio-haptic coordination and multisensory integration in the auditory cortex. We find that facial touch is associated with an increased rate of ultrasonic vocalizations, which are emitted at the whisking rate (∼8 Hz) and preferentially initiated in the retraction phase of whisking. In a small subset of auditory cortex regular-spiking neurons, we observed excitatory and heterogeneous responses to ultrasonic vocalizations. Most fast-spiking neurons showed a stronger response to calls. Interestingly, facial touch-induced inhibition in the primary auditory cortex and off-responses after termination of touch were twofold stronger than responses to vocalizations. Further, touch modulated the responsiveness of auditory cortex neurons to ultrasonic vocalizations. In summary, facial touch during social interactions involves precisely orchestrated calling-whisking patterns. While ultrasonic vocalizations elicited a rather weak population response from the regular spikers, the modulation of neuronal responses by facial touch was remarkably strong.
Analysis of nonradiative recombination mechanisms and their impacts on the device performance of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes
Authors: Han Dong-Pyo , Oh Chan-Hyoung , Zheng Dong-Guang , Kim Hyunsung , Shim Jong-In , Kim Kyu-Sang , Shin Dong-Soo
Published: December 2014

We investigate the nonradiative recombination mechanisms of two conventional InGaN/GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes with different threading dislocation densities (TDDs). The current–voltage, the ideality factor, and the slope of the light-versus-current curve on log scales are analyzed to distinguish the dominant nonradiative recombination mechanisms at room temperature. Through the analysis, we infer the dominant nonradiative recombination mechanisms to be the Shockley–Read–Hall process for the sample with a low TDD (∼1 × 108 cm−2) and the defect-assisted tunneling for the sample with a high TDD (∼1 × 109 cm−2). For more detailed analysis of the nonradiative recombination mechanisms and their impacts on the device performance, we execute the temperature-dependent photovoltage and temperature-dependent electroluminescence efficiency experiments. The sample with a low TDD is found to be more prone to the carrier spill-over at cryogenic temperatures due to the deactivation of point defects, while the sample with a high TDD is more robust to the operation at cryogenic temperatures owing to the relative insensitiveness of the defect-assisted tunneling to temperature.
Setor, Domínio e Dimensão: uma Nova Sistematização da Produção Científica do Mestrado em Hospitalidade da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi- 2004 a 2013
Authors: Bastos Sênia , Stefanelli Mércia
Published: December 2014

A temática do presente artigo é a sistematização do conhecimento científico sobre hospitalidade das pesquisas acadêmicas defendidas no Mestrado em Hospitalidade da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM). Para tanto, institui a hospitalidade como indexador e as categorias setor, domínio e dimensão para a análise deste estudo. Nesse sentido, tem por objetivo sistematizar as dissertações a partir dessas categorias e identificar o perfil de seus autores. Caracterizada como um estudo exploratório descritivo, a pesquisa documental pautou-se pela análise de conteúdo do curriculum lattes dos discentes e das 227 dissertações defendidas entre 2004 e 2013, com base em autoria, título, resumo, palavras chave e ano de defesa. Os resultados revelam o equilíbrio entre as duas linhas de pesquisa do programa, mas com características específicas em cada uma; a baixa incidência de estudos dos domínios virtual e doméstico; o turismo e os meios de hospedagem como os setores abordados em todos os anos do período; e a dimensão econômica como a mais significativa. Apontam também a necessidade de aprofundamento do referencial teórico que fundamenta o estabelecimento das categorias de análise e de suas variáveis.
O Processo de Aprendizagem de Alunos de Turismo e Hotelaria Sob a Perspectiva Andragógica
Authors: Fagundes Brandão Jammilly Mikaela , Chaves Cavalcante Erica Dayane , Guedes Temoteo Joelma Abrantes
Published: December 2014

Crianças, adolescentes e adultos possuem modos diferenciados de aprender, tornando necessária a utilização de abordagens específicas em seus processos de aprendizagem. Considerando o nível de maturidade e autodirecionamento que os adultos tendem a possuir na medida em que vão se desenvolvendo e vivenciando experiências, percebeu-se a necessidade de uma abordagem que considerasse essas diferenças individuais no processo de aprendizagem, fazendo emergir a andragogia - a arte e a ciência destinada a auxiliar os adultos a aprender e a compreender o processo de aprendizagem. Com efeito, este estudo tem como objetivo central analisar a percepção dos discentes de turismo e hotelaria sobre sua atuação em seu processo de aprendizagem, tendo como base o modelo andragógico desenvolvido por Knowles, Holton e Seanson (2011). Buscou-se verificar o perfil de discentes de cursos de bacharelado em turismo e hotelaria e analisar o nível de autodirecionamento (autonomia e independência) desses alunos em seu processo de aprendizagem com base nos princípios andragógicos. Como procedimentos metodológicos, realizou-se uma pesquisa survey com 60 discentes dos cursos de hotelaria e turismo da Universidade Federal da Paraíba – UFPB, utilizando como instrumento uma escala de 5 pontos que versava sobre a concordância desses alunos em relação aos itens. Os dados foram analisados a luz da teoria base. Como resultados, evidencia-se que os alunos que participaram desta pesquisa possuem, na percepção dos mesmos, características como autonomia, autodirecionamento e apresentam níveis de independência enquanto sujeitos em processo de formação e de desenvolvimento de competências, o que revela a necessidade de repensar a formação profissional para melhor aproveitar essas características. Por fim, destaca-se a importância da utilização de uma metodologia de ensino que possibilite abertura para os alunos adequarem seu processo de aprendizagem a sua forma particular de estudar e aprender.
Resorbable Synthetic Mesh Supported With Omentum Flap in the Treatment of Giant Hiatal Hernia
Authors: Pérez Lara F. J. , Marín R. , del Rey A. , Oliva H.
Published: December 2014

Covering a large hiatal hernia with a mesh has become a basic procedure in the last few years. However, mesh implants are associated with high complication rates (esophageal erosion, perforation, fistula, etc.). We propose using a synthetic resorbable mesh supported with an omental flap as a possible solution to this problem. A 54-year-old female patient with a large hiatal defect (9 cm) was laparoscopically implanted with a synthetic resorbable mesh supported with an omental flap. The surgical procedure was successful and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 2. On a follow-up examination 6 months after surgery, she remained free of relapse or complication signs. Supporting an implanted resorbable mesh with an omental flap may be a solution to the problems posed by large esophageal hiatus defects. However, more studies based on larger patient samples and longer follow-up periods are necessary.
Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) Can Be a Useful Indicator to Determine Prognosis of Patients With Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Nozoe Tadahiro , Matono Rumi , Ijichi Hideki , Ohga Takefumi , Ezaki Takahiro
Published: December 2014

The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), an inflammation-based score, has been used to predict the biologic behavior of malignant tumors. The aim of the current study was to elucidate a further significance of GPS in colorectal carcinoma. Correlation of GPS and modified GPS (mGPS), which are composed of combined score provided for serum elevation of C-reactive protein and hypoalbuminemia examined before surgical treatment, with clinicopathologic features was investigated in 272 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Survival of GPS 1 patients was significantly worse than that of GPS 0 patients (P= 0.009), and survival of GPS 2 patients was significantly worse than that of GPS 1 patients (P < 0.0001). Similarly, survival of mGPS 1 patients was significantly worse than that of mGPS 0 patients (P = 0.009), and survival of mGPS 2 patients was significantly worse than that of mGPS 1 patients (P = 0.0006). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that GPS (P < 0.0001) as well as tumor stage (P= 0.004) and venous invasion (P = 0.011) were factors independently associated with worse prognosis. Both GPS and mGPS could classify outcome of patients with a clear stratification, and could be applied as prognostic indicators in colorectal carcinoma.
Definitive Chemoradiotherapy and Salvage Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer Associated With Multiple Lung Metastases: A Case Report
Authors: Fujinaka Yoshihiko , Morita Masaru , Ohga Takefumi , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Yano Tokujiro , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: December 2014

The prognosis of esophageal cancer with distant metastasis is dismal. We report a 70-year-old man with esophageal cancer and multiple lung and lymph node metastases. Complete response was achieved following definitive chemoradiotherapy. Twenty-four months after the initial chemoradiotherapy, local recurrence was detected but there was no evidence of distant metastasis. Therefore, the patient underwent salvage esophagectomy. The surgery was well tolerated without any postoperative complications. The patient is still alive 48 months after the salvage surgery. Our experience suggests that salvage esophagectomy is an important component of multimodal therapy for the recurrence of esophageal cancer.
Rectal Cancer With Disseminated Carcinomatosis of the Bone Marrow: Report of a Case
Authors: Nakashima Yuichiro , Takeishi Kazuki , Guntani Atsushi , Tsujita Eiji , Yoshinaga Keiji , Matsuyama Ayumi , Hamatake Motoharu , Maeda Takashi , Tsutsui Shinichi , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Fujihara Megumu , Ishida Teruyoshi
Published: December 2014

We report a rare case of disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow from rectal cancer with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). A 65-year-old man was admitted with melena and low back pain at rest. X-ray examination showed rectal cancer with multiple bone metastases. Laboratory examination showed severe anemia and DIC. Histologic examination showed disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow. The DIC was considered to be caused by disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow from rectal cancer, and we immediately started treatment with anti-DIC therapy and anticancer chemotherapy with the modified FOLFOX6 regimen (mFOLFOX6). After some response to therapy, the patient's general condition deteriorated, and he died 128 days after admission. This is the first English report showing disseminated carcinomatosis of the bone marrow from colorectal cancer treated with mFOLFOX6.
Multiple Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Presenting Intraluminal Gallbladder Bleeding
Authors: Onozawa Hisashi , Saito Motonobu , Yoshida Sayaka , Sakuma Takeshi , Matsuzaki Masami , Katagata Naoto , Watanabe Fumiaki , Yamaguchi Yoshiko , Takenoshita Seiichi , Nomizu Tadashi
Published: December 2014

We report a case of malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin presenting metastasis in various organs as well as intraluminal gallbladder bleeding due to gallbladder metastasis. A 58-year-old woman was diagnosed with stage IV metastatic malignant melanoma. Because she exhibited acute cholecystitis and hemobilia due to malignant melanoma of the gallbladder, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed to relieve the symptoms. The resected gallbladder specimen showed a pedunculated black mass indicating malignant melanoma. Pathologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis revealed malignant melanoma of the gallbladder. Only a few cases of gallbladder malignant melanoma presenting hemobilia have been reported; here we present our case, including the experience of multidisciplinary treatment.
Statistical analysis of the geomagnetic response to different solar wind drivers and the dependence on storm intensity
Authors: Katus R. M. , Liemohn M. W. , Ionides E. L. , Ilie R. , Welling D. , Sarno‐Smith L. K.
Published: December 2014

Geomagnetic storms start with activity on the Sun that causes propagation of magnetized plasma structures in the solar wind. The type of solar activity is used to classify the plasma structures as being either interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or corotating interaction region (CIR) driven. The ICME‐driven events are further classified as either magnetic cloud (MC) driven or sheath (SH) driven by the geoeffective structure responsible for the peak of the storm. The geoeffective solar wind flow then interacts with the magnetosphere producing a disturbance in near‐Earth space. It is commonly believed that a SH‐driven event behaves more like a CIR‐driven event than a MC‐driven event; however, in our analysis this is not the case. In this study, geomagnetic storms are investigated statistically with respect to the solar wind driver and the intensity of the events. We use the Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) model to simulate the inner magnetospheric hot ion population during all of the storms classified as intense (Dstmin ≤ −100 nT) within solar cycle 23 (1996–2005). HEIDI is configured four different ways using either the Volland‐Stern or self‐consistent electric field and either event‐based Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) magnetospheric plasma analyzer (MPA) data or a reanalyzed lower resolution version of the data that provides spatial resolution. Presenting the simulation results, geomagnetic data, and solar wind data along a normalized epoch timeline shows the average behavior throughout a typical storm of each classification. The error along the epoch timeline for each HEIDI configuration is used to rate the model's performance. We also subgrouped the storms based on the magnitude of the minimum Dst. We found that typically the LANL MPA data provide the best outer boundary condition. Additionally, the self‐consistent electric field better reproduces SH‐ and MC‐driven events throughout most of the storm timeline, but the Volland‐Stern electric field better reproduces CIR‐driven events. Contrary to what we expect, examination of the HEIDI model results and solar wind data shows that SH‐driven events behave more like MC‐driven events than CIR‐driven storms.
Quantifying the energy dissipation of overriding plate deformation in three‐dimensional subduction models
Authors: Chen Zhihao , Schellart Wouter P. , Duarte João C.
Published: December 2014

In a subduction system the force and the energy required to deform the overriding plate are generally thought to come from the negative buoyancy of the subducted slab and its potential energy, respectively. Such deformation might involve extension and back‐arc basin formation or shortening and mountain building. How much of the slab's potential energy is consumed during overriding plate deformation remains unknown. In this work, we present dynamic three‐dimensional laboratory experiments of progressive subduction with an overriding plate to quantify the force (FOPD) that drives overriding plate deformation and the associated energy dissipation rate (ΦOPD), and we compare them with the negative buoyancy (FBU) of the subducted slab and its total potential energy release rate (ΦBU), respectively. We varied the viscosity ratio between the plates and the sublithospheric upper mantle with ηSP/ηUM = 157–560 and the thickness of the overriding plate with TOP = 0.5–2.5 cm (scaling to 25–125 km in nature). The results show that FOPD/FBU has average values of 0.5–2.0%, with a maximum of 5.3%, and ΦOPD/ΦBU has average values of 0.05–0.30%, with a maximum of 0.41%. The results indicate that only a small portion of the negative buoyancy of the slab and its potential energy are used to deform the overriding plate. Our models also suggest that the force required to deform the overriding plate is of comparable magnitude as the ridge push force. Furthermore, we show that in subduction models with an overriding plate bending dissipation at the subduction zone hinge remains low (3–15% during steady state subduction).
Carbon dioxide evasion from headwater systems strongly contributes to the total export of carbon from a small boreal lake catchment
Authors: Kokic Jovana , Wallin Marcus B. , Chmiel Hannah E. , Denfeld Blaize A. , Sobek Sebastian
Published: December 2014

Inland waters are hotspots for carbon (C) cycling and therefore important for landscape C budgets. Small streams and lakes are particularly important; however, quantifying C fluxes is difficult and has rarely been done for the entire aquatic continuum, composed of connected streams and lakes within the same catchment. We investigated carbon dioxide (CO2) evasion and fluvial fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved organic carbon (DIC and DOC) in stream and lake systems within the 2.3 km2 catchment of a small boreal lake. Our results show pronounced spatial and temporal variability in C fluxes even at a small spatial scale. C loss from the catchment through CO2 evasion from headwaters for the total open water‐sampling period was 9.7 g C m−2 catchment, dominating the total catchment C loss (including CO2 evasion, DIC, and DOC export from the lake, which were 2.7, 0.2, and 5.2 g C m−2 catchment, respectively). Aquatic CO2 evasion was dominated by headwater streams that occupy ~0.1% of the catchment but contributed 65% to the total aquatic CO2 evasion from the catchment. The importance of streams was mainly an effect of the higher gas transfer velocities than compared to lakes (median, 67 and 2.2 cm h−1, respectively). Accurately estimating the contribution of C fluxes from headwater streams, particularly the temporal and spatial dynamics in their gas transfer velocity, is key to landscape‐scale C budgets. This study demonstrates that CO2 evasion from headwaters can be the major pathway of C loss from boreal catchments, even at a small spatial scale.
Observational evidence for impacts of vegetation change on local surface climate over northern China using the Granger causality test
Authors: Jiang Bo , Liang Shunlin , Yuan Wenping
Published: December 2014

The three‐north region in China (northeastern, northwestern, and northern China) is one of the most environmentally vulnerable regions in the country. To improve the local natural environment, the Chinese government launched the Three‐North Shelter Forest Program, one of the largest afforestation/reforestation programs in the world. This program has led to significant changes in vegetation. Although many studies have evaluated the impacts of vegetation changes on local climate in this region, their results are highly inconsistent. In this study, evidence for local monthly climate impacts of vegetation change was investigated using remotely sensed data and ground meteorological measurements during the growing season (May to September) from 1982 to 2011 using the bivariate Granger causality test. The results showed that the local near‐surface climate is sensitive mostly to vegetation changes characterized by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in arid and semiarid regions and that vegetation plays a more important role in influencing hydroclimate in the arid/semiarid zones than in other zones, which has great implications for water resources in this dry region. Moreover, NDVI changes in northeastern China have a significantly negative influence on air tembut no other climatic variables, whereas the test results in northern China is not as objective as the other zones due to the rapid urbanization. All these results suggest that the local climate is very sensitive to the variations in vegetation in arid and semiarid regions, so extra caution should be taken when planting trees in this area.
Frequently Asked Questions
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H.
Published: December 2014

The TNM Supplement: A Commentary on Uniform Use, provides explanations and examples to answer many questions that might arise during the daily use of TNM, particularly in unusual cases. The Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) presented here were derived from the activities of the TNM web site's “Help Desk” based on questions received by the TNM Prognostic Factors Project Committee concerning the use of TNM and how to interpret rules in specific situations.
Mutations in PTRH2 cause novel infantile‐onset multisystem disease with intellectual disability, microcephaly, progressive ataxia, and muscle weakness
Authors: Hu Hao , Matter Michelle L. , Issa‐Jahns Lina , Jijiwa Mayumi , Kraemer Nadine , Musante Luciana , de la Vega Michelle , Ninnemann Olaf , Schindler Detlev , Damatova Natalia , Eirich Katharina , Sifringer Marco , Schrötter Sandra , Eickholt Britta J. , van den Heuvel Lambert , Casamina Chanel , Stoltenburg‐Didinger Gisela , Ropers Hans‐Hilger , Wienker Thomas F. , Hübner Christoph , Kaindl Angela M.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To identify the cause of a so‐far unreported phenotype of infantile‐onset multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease (IMNEPD).

Methods

We characterized a consanguineous family of Yazidian‐Turkish descent with IMNEPD. The two affected children suffer from intellectual disability, postnatal microcephaly, growth retardation, progressive ataxia, distal muscle weakness, peripheral demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, exocrine pancreas insufficiency, hypothyroidism, and show signs of liver fibrosis. We performed whole‐exome sequencing followed by bioinformatic analysis and Sanger sequencing on affected and unaffected family members. The effect of mutations in the candidate gene was studied in wild‐type and mutant mice and in patient and control fibroblasts.

Results

In a consanguineous family with two individuals with IMNEPD, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation in the previously not disease‐associated peptidyl‐tRNA hydrolase 2 (PTRH2) gene. PTRH2 encodes a primarily mitochondrial protein involved in integrin‐mediated cell survival and apoptosis signaling. We show that PTRH2 is highly expressed in the developing brain and is a key determinant in maintaining cell survival during human tissue development. Moreover, we link PTRH2 to the mTOR pathway and thus the control of cell size. The pathology suggested by the human phenotype and neuroimaging studies is supported by analysis of mutant mice and patient fibroblasts.

Interpretation

We report a novel disease phenotype, show that the genetic cause is a homozygous mutation in the PTRH2 gene, and demonstrate functional effects in mouse and human tissues. Mutations in PTRH2 should be considered in patients with undiagnosed multisystem neurologic, endocrine, and pancreatic disease.
A Bio‐inspired Potassium and pH Responsive Double‐gated Nanochannel
Authors: Liu Meiying , Zhang Huacheng , Li Kan , Heng Liping , Wang Shutao , Tian Ye , Jiang Lei
Published: December 2014

Bio‐inspired nanochannels have emerged as an interface to mimic the functionalities of biological nanochannels. One remaining challenge is to develop double‐gated nanochannels with dual response, which can regulate the ion transport direction by alternately opening and closing the two gates. In this work, a bio‐inspired potassium and pH responsive double‐gated nanosystem is presented, constructed through immobilizing C‐quadruplex and G‐quadruplex DNA molecules onto the top and bottom tip side of a cigar‐shaped nanochannel, respectively. It is demonstrated that the two gates of the nanochannel can be opened and closed alternately/simultaneously. This phenomenon results from the attached DNA conformational transition caused by adjusting the concentrations of potassium ion and proton. This design is believed to be the first example of dual‐responsive double‐gated nanosystem, and paves a new way to investigate more intelligent bio‐inspired nanofluidic system.
ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐Dihydroindenofluorene Derivatives as Host Materials for Phosphorescent OLEDs
Authors: Romain Maxime , Thiery Sébastien , Shirinskaya Anna , Declairieux Céline , Tondelier Denis , Geffroy Bernard , Jeannin Olivier , Rault‐Berthelot Joëlle , Métivier Rémi , Poriel Cyril
Published: December 2014

This work reports the first structure–properties relationship study of ortho [2,1‐c]‐, meta [1,2‐a]‐, and para [1,2‐b]dihydroindenofluorenes, highlighting the influence of bridge rigidification on the electronic properties. This study has made it possible to devise an extended π‐conjugated molecule with both a high triplet state energy level and excellent thermal and morphological stability. As a proof of concept, dihydroindenofluorenes were used as the host in sky‐blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) with high performance.
Quantitative Trace Analysis of Complex Mixtures Using SABRE Hyperpolarization
Authors: Eshuis Nan , van Weerdenburg Bram J. A. , Feiters Martin C. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. , Wijmenga Sybren S. , Tessari Marco
Published: December 2014

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is an emerging nuclear spin hyperpolarization technique that strongly enhances NMR signals of small molecules in solution. However, such signal enhancements have never been exploited for concentration determination, as the efficiency of SABRE can strongly vary between different substrates or even between nuclear spins in the same molecule. The first application of SABRE for the quantitative analysis of a complex mixture is now reported. Despite the inherent complexity of the system under investigation, which involves thousands of competing binding equilibria, analytes at concentrations in the low micromolar range could be quantified from single‐scan SABRE spectra using a standard‐addition approach.
Identification of an Association Between Genomic Hypomethylation of FCGR2A and Susceptibility to Kawasaki Disease and Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance by DNA Methylation Array
Authors: Kuo Ho‐Chang , Chang Jen‐Chieh , Kuo Hsing‐Chun , Yu Hong‐Ren , Wang Chih‐Lu , Lee Chiu‐Ping , Huang Li‐Tong , Yang Kuender D.
Published: December 2014

Objective

Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by systemic vasculitis, and it is the most common acquired heart disease in children. However, the etiology and immunopathogenesis of KD are still unclear. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) identified polymorphisms in CD40, BLK, and FCGR2A as the susceptibility genes for KD. No epigenetic array studies of KD have previously been published. This study was undertaken to investigate differences in DNA methylation in patients with KD as compared to controls.

Methods

The HumanMethylation27 BeadChip (Illumina) was used to survey the differences in DNA methylation between KD patients and controls. DNA methylation array validation was performed in a separate cohort by pyrosequencing assay and reporter gene assays. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was determined, and the association of methylation with response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment was analyzed.

Results

HumanMethylation27 BeadChip assay showed a 15% difference in methylation of 10 genes between KD patients and controls. The FCGR2A cg24422489 group, which was recently reported to be associated with KD susceptibility in a GWAS, had significant hypomethylation of 15.54% less in the KD group than in the control group. Validation of FCGR2A methylation in another cohort also showed significant hypomethylation in the KD group (5 of 5 CpG sites [P < 0.01]; n = 43 in the KD group and n = 55 in the control group). KD patients with IVIG resistance showed hypomethylation of 5 CpG sites (P < 0.05). FCGR2A mRNA expression was significantly increased in patients in the acute stage of KD compared to controls. Reporter gene assays indicated that the CpG sites of the FCGR2A promoter region were sufficient to modulate gene expression.

Conclusion

This is the first study to examine the DNA methylation array in KD and identify a role of hypomethylation of FCGR2A in susceptibility to KD and IVIG resistance.
Dominant Role of the ERAP1 Polymorphism R528K in Shaping the HLA–B27 Peptidome Through Differential Processing Determined by Multiple Peptide Residues
Authors: Sanz‐Bravo Alejandro , Campos José , Mazariegos Marina S. , López de Castro José A.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To characterize the alterations, as well as their mechanisms, induced in the HLA–B27–bound peptidome expressed in live cells by the natural ERAP1 polymorphisms predisposing to ankylosing spondylitis (AS): R528K and N575D/Q725R.

Methods

HLA–B*27:05–bound peptides were isolated from 3 human lymphoid cell lines expressing distinct ERAP1 variants differing at residues 528 and/or 575/725. The high‐performance liquid chromatography–fractionated peptide pools were compared by mass spectrometry based on identity of molecular mass and chromatographic retention time. The relative amount of each shared peptide in any given cell line pair was estimated from the respective ion peak intensities. Peptide sequencing was also carried out by mass spectrometry.

Results

HLA–B27–bound ligands predominant in the context of the ERAP1 variant with K528 collectively showed higher molecular mass, higher frequency of N‐terminal residues resistant to ERAP1, and bulkier residues downstream of the N‐terminus, relative to peptides predominant in the R528 context. None of these differences were observed with ERAP1 variants differing at positions 575/725, but not at residue 528. Neither R528K nor N575D/Q725R altered the mean length of B*27:05‐bound ligands.

Conclusion

The R528K, but not the N575D/Q725R, polymorphism alters the expression levels of many HLA–B*27:05–bound peptides, depending on the susceptibility of their N‐terminal residues to trimming and depending on the size of the amino acid side chains at multiple positions downstream of the N‐terminus. The significant alterations in the B*27:05 peptidome and the structural features of the peptides that determine their differential expression in distinct ERAP1 contexts account for the association of the R528K polymorphism with AS.
A new perspective on Australian snow
Authors: Fiddes Sonya Louise , Pezza Alexandre Bernardes , Barras Vaughan
Published: December 2014

The Australian Alps have a unique climatological, ecological and hydrological environment and play a key role in water supply for southeastern Australia. Using resort observations we compile a new and robust snow accumulation data set. Both maximum snow depth and total snow accumulation have declined over the last 25 years. A significant decreasing trend was observed for the total number of light snow days, whereas the total number of heavy snow occurrences has remained constant. Maximum temperatures are highly related to all snow variables. It is suggested that global warming is already impacting light snowfall events, while heavy events are less affected.
α‐Hydroxymethylation of Pyridines at a Frustrated Lewis Pair Template
Authors: Sajid Muhammad , Kehr Gerald , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Erker Gerhard
Published: December 2014

The “η2‐formylborane” moiety formed by CO reduction with HB(C6F5)2 at a P/B frustrated Lewis pair template undergoes a hydroxymethylation reaction at the α‐position to nitrogen in pyridine or isoquinoline. The analogous reaction with pyrimidine revealed a mechanism related to the Tschitschibabin reaction.
Keeping an eye on SOXC proteins
Authors: Pillai‐Kastoori Lakshmi , Wen Wen , Morris Ann C.
Published: December 2014

The formation of a mature, functional eye requires a complex series of cell proliferation, migration, induction among different germinal layers, and cell differentiation. These processes are regulated by extracellular cues such as the Wnt/BMP/Hh/Fgf signaling pathways, as well as cell intrinsic transcription factors that specify cell fate. In this review article, we provide an overview of stages of embryonic eye morphogenesis, extrinsic and intrinsic factors that are required for each stage, and pediatric ocular diseases that are associated with defective eye development. In addition, we focus on recent findings about the roles of the SOXC proteins in regulating vertebrate ocular development and implicating SOXC mutations in human ocular malformations. Developmental Dynamics 244:367–376, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population history, gene flow, and bottlenecks in island populations of a secondary seed disperser, the southern grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis koenigi)
Authors: Padilla David P. , Spurgin Lewis G. , Fairfield Eleanor A. , Illera Juan Carlos , Richardson David S.
Published: December 2014

Studying the population history and demography of organisms with important ecological roles can aid understanding of evolutionary processes at the community level and inform conservation. We screened genetic variation (mtDNA and microsatellite) across the populations of the southern grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis koenigi) in the Canary Islands, where it is an endemic subspecies and an important secondary seed disperser. We show that the Canarian subspecies is polyphyletic with L. meridionalis elegans from North Africa and that shrikes have colonized the Canary Islands from North Africa multiple times. Substantial differences in genetic diversity exist across islands, which are most likely the product of a combination of historical colonization events and recent bottlenecks. The Eastern Canary Islands had the highest overall levels of genetic diversity and have probably been most recently and/or frequently colonized from Africa. Recent or ongoing bottlenecks were detected in three of the islands and are consistent with anecdotal evidence of population declines due to human disturbance. These findings are troubling given the shrike's key ecological role in the Canary Islands, and further research is needed to understand the community‐level consequences of declines in shrike populations. Finally, we found moderate genetic differentiation among populations, which largely reflected the shrike's bottleneck history; however, a significant pattern of isolation‐by‐distance indicated that some gene flow occurs between islands. This study is a useful first step toward understanding how secondary seed dispersal operates over broad spatial scales.