bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affine vector space partitions
Authors: Bamberg John , Filmus Yuval , Ihringer Ferdinand , Kurz Sascha
Published: June 2023

An affine vector space partition of

$${{\,\textrm{AG}\,}}(n,q)$$

AG

(
n
,
q
)

is a set of proper affine subspaces that partitions the set of points. Here we determine minimum sizes and enumerate equivalence classes of affine vector space partitions for small parameters. We also give parametric constructions for arbitrary field sizes.
Anatomy of Green Specialisation: Evidence from EU Production Data, 1995–2015
Authors: Bontadini Filippo , Vona Francesco
Published: June 2023

We study green specialisation across EU countries and detailed 4-digit industrial sectors over the period of 1995–2015 by harmonizing product-level data (PRODCOM). We propose a new list of green goods that refines lists proposed by international organizations by excluding goods with double usage. Our analysis reveals important structural characteristics of green specialisation in the manufacturing sector. First, green production is highly concentrated, with 13 out of 119 4-digit industries, which are high-tech and account for nearly 95% of the total. Second, green and polluting productions do not occur in the same sectors, and countries specialise in either green or brown sectors. Third, our econometric analysis identifies three key features as relevant for green specialisation: (i) first-mover advantage and high persistence of green specialisation, (ii) complementarity with non-green capabilities and (iii) the degree of diversification of green capabilities.
Social media influencer marketing: foundations, trends, and ways forward
Authors: Joshi Yatish , Lim Weng Marc , Jagani Khyati , Kumar Satish
Published: June 2023

The increasing use and effectiveness of social media influencers in marketing have intrigued both academic scholars and industry professionals. To shed light on the foundations and trends of this contemporary phenomenon, this study undertakes a systematic literature review using a bibliometric-content analysis to map the extant literature where consumer behavior, social media, and influencer marketing are intertwined. Using 214 articles published in journals indexed by the Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC), Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS), and Web of Science (WOS) from 2008 to 2021, this study unpacks the articles, journals, methods, theories, themes, and constructs (antecedents, moderators, mediators, and consequences) in extant research on social media influencer marketing. Noteworthily, the review highlighted that the major research streams in social media influencer marketing research involve parasocial interactions and relationships, sponsorship, authenticity, and engagement and influence. The review also revealed the prominent role of audience-, brand-, comparative-, content-, influencer-, social-, and technology-related factors in influencing how consumers react to social media influencer marketing. The insights derived from this one-stop, state-of-the-art review can help social media influencers and marketing scholars and professionals to recognize key characteristics and trends of social media influencer marketing, and thus, drive new research and social media marketing practices where social media influencers are employed and leveraged upon for marketing activities.
Is invertebrate conservation in Great Britain best achieved by policies that increase species protection?
Authors: Morris Roger K. A. , Welch Mark D.
Published: June 2023

We discuss proposals to extend the list of protected insect species in Great Britain and question whether existing species protection measures are appropriate for insects whose ecology is substantially unknown. We highlight the practicalities of applying such measures to very poorly known taxa, whose identification depends upon highly experienced specialists and a tiny pool of relevant expertise. We propose a seven-point plan that would strengthen invertebrate conservation in Great Britain. Our proposals could be applied to other countries with a protected sites network and a desire to improve habitat-based insect conservation measures.

Implications for insect conservation

Our analysis suggests that insect conservation will not be improved by legislation that restricts the potential for adhoc surveillance that currently provides almost all the data used to monitor rare and threatened insects. We highlight the need for Improvements in the understanding of insect micro-habitat requirements amongst conservation managers. Our proposed seven-point plan provides a structured approach to insect conservation that should improve identification of important insect sites, site management and landscape-scale conservation measures.
Chambers of Consciousness and Houses of Life: Nietzschean Hermeneutics in Arthur Machen’s The Great God Pan
Authors: Valls Oyarzun Eduardo
Published: June 2023

This article provides a comparative study of the underlying cognitive structures laid out in Arthur Machen’s decadent novellaThe Great God Pan(1894) and Friedrich Nietzsche’s “On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense” (1873). It scrutinizes the images of the “chamber of consciousness” and “the house of life”, deployed by the German philosopher and the Welsh author respectively, and explores how the use and the stylistic qualities of both images affect and determine the overall conception of reality exposed in each work. This analysis helps identify Nietzschean undertones in Machen’s novella, which, in turn, allows an interpretation ofThe Great God Panthrough the lens of Nietzsche’s discourses on cognition and reality. The reading resulting from the analysis puts forward two conclusions. Firstly, Nietzsche’s concept of “Dionysian wisdom” brings to light and informs a specific and yet unexplored source of horror in Machen’s novella, i.e., the feeling of revulsion developed by Helen Vaughn’s victims after they experience Dionysian rapture. Secondly, the analysis of the concepts of reality implied in Nietzsche’s and Machen’s imagery contributes an argument for the idea ofreality as becomingin the context of Machen’s novella.
The different values of nature: a comparison between university students’ perceptions of nature’s instrumental, intrinsic and relational values
Authors: Feucht Viktoria , Dierkes Paul Wilhelm , Kleespies Matthias Winfried
Published: June 2023

Human–nature relationships are in a critical state, characterized by increasing environmental problems caused by humans. Thus, it is essential to know how to motivate people for environmental protection. Motivation can arise from intrinsic, instrumental or relational perceptions of why nature is valuable. The present study investigates empirically how university students differ in their view of nature’s value. For this purpose, students from 13 different majors across Germany as well as students engaged in the environmental protection organization Health-for-Future (HfF) were surveyed via an online survey (N = 1885). The majors were divided into four thematic groups (environmental, people-aligned, structures-exploring as well as economics and political science). While all groups showed high levels of agreement with intrinsic and instrumental values, the groups differed strongly in their relational perception of nature. Environmental disciplines were characterized by a stronger relational view, followed by people-aligned disciplines, while disciplines not directly associated with either people or nature agreed less with relational and also intrinsic values. HfF as a conservation organization showed the highest level of agreement in all three value components. Further we found that gender plays a role in value perception, with women holding stronger intrinsic and relational values than men. The study concludes that among students in Germany, regardless of major, there is a pluralistic understanding of values: ecosystem services (instrumental values) and the intrinsic value of nature are both appreciated, whereas relational values appear to be more group specific. Since students will be future decision-makers of society, relational values have special significance for the understanding of conservation.
The effect of using pomegranate and strawberry juices with red beet puree on the physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of yoghurt
Authors: Basiony Monira , Saleh Abed , Hassabo Ramadan , AL-Fargah Ammar
Published: June 2023

There is currently a growing interest in creating dairy products fortified with natural fruits containing (phenolic and antioxidant compounds) and safe for human consumption. Therefore, this trend was applied in the current study, where a mixture of red beet puree with pomegranate and strawberry juices were used in the manufacture of yoghurt. The effect of supplementing yoghurt with the previous mixture on the physicochemical, microbiological properties, color, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, reduced sugars, was studied. The use of fruit juices had slightly significant effect on the acidification rate of milk and the basic physical and chemical properties of the resultant yoghurt, but it increased slightly the red color. The total phenol content and the antioxidant activity were increased in yoghurt containing the mixture of fruit than in control one. Microbiological results revealed that the counts of lactic acid bacteria were increased in all treatments during storage and reached the maximum after 7 days of storage as slightly lower counts were recorded in the control treatment than in the other treatments, when fresh and during the storage period. All treatments were free from coliform and yeast and molds when fresh but it were noticed in all treatments at the 7 day. Organoleptic examination indicates that fruit treatments yoghurt gained the higher significant (p ≤ 0.05) scores as compared to control, when fresh and during storage period. Generally, results of this study show that the use of the mixture of the former fruits may be applied to produce a functional yoghurt rich in phenolic components, antioxidants activity and nutrients.
Application of Statistical Tools to Optimize a Dual Source Electrical High Dc Resistance Bridge
Authors: Mihai I. , Galliana F.
Published: June 2023

At the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), a commercial dual source high resistance bridge has been optimized by means of the application of statistical tools and of the analysis of measurements distributions. These tools help to achieve the best precision for resistance ratio measurements in the range 10 TΩ ÷ 100 TΩ. A measurement procedure consisting of multiple steps, in which at each one the value of the resistor under calibration is updated and has been considered the best one. With this procedure, at the third step, the lowest standard deviation of the mean and the measurements distribution approximately normal are obtained regardless of the settle time, of the resistance ratio, of the measurement voltages and of the resistors under comparison. This comes from the achievement of the white noise regime and from a bridge balance close to the ideal. This measurement procedure therefore allows also to achieve the lowest measurement uncertainty due to the minimization of the type A uncertainty. The Allan variance and the power spectral density were used to identify the white noise analyzing the detector readings. Strict triangulation rules were also established and applied to validate both the measurement process and the chosen model to extrapolate the values of the standard resistors at low voltages.
Adaptive remaining useful life prediction framework with stochastic failure threshold for experimental bearings with different lifetimes under contaminated condition
Authors: Tajiani Bahareh , Vatn Jørn
Published: June 2023

Deterioration modelling and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of roller bearings is critical to ensure a safe, reliable, and efficient operation of rotating machinery. RUL prediction models in model-based approaches are often based on constant failure threshold and time-domain features for bearings’ failure prognosis. Due to nonlinearity of the acceleration signals, noises, and measurement errors, the time-domain features used as condition indicators are unable to track bearings’ degradation successfully and they are mostly utilized for fault diagnosis, especially in the fault classification field using machine learning algorithms. This paper proposes an adaptive RUL prediction framework with a stochastic failure threshold which comprises of two main phases of feature extraction and RUL prediction using laboratory-acquired accelerated life test data obtained from contaminated bearings. The first phase is to decompose the empirical input signals into different frequency bands using some time–frequency transformation functions and extract several condition indicators for the second phase. The second phase is based on a stochastic Wiener process while the key parameters of the model are updated iteratively using a Bayesian approach, and RUL at different degradation datapoints is computed numerically. The experimental results showed the good performance of the developed framework. Some factors affecting RUL prediction such as the length of bearing samples, and degradation mechanism are highlighted in the result. The results of this paper can be further used for an effective maintenance optimization, determining an optimal maintenance alarm threshold, improving the reliability and safety of rotating machinery, and reducing the downtime cost.
Flexor hallucis longus tendon morphology in dancers clinically diagnosed with tendinopathy
Authors: Mikkelsen Pamela , Andersen Alyssa , Shih Hai-Jung Steffi , Rowley K. Michael , Kulig Kornelia
Published: June 2023

Purpose

The unique demands of dance technique make dancers more prone to certain pathologies especially of the foot and ankle. Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) tendinopathy, colloquially known as “dancer’s tendinopathy,” is common in dancers and not well studied. The purpose of this study was to assess if morphological alterations in tendon structure occur as an adaptive response to dance activity by comparing the FHL tendon in dancers to non-dancers, and if pathology further alters tendon morphology in dancers clinically diagnosed with tendinopathy.

Methods

Three groups of ten participants were recruited (healthy non-dancers, healthy dancers, and dancers with FHL tendinopathy). Ultrasound images of the FHL tendons were analyzed for macromorphology by measuring the tendon thickness. The micromorphology was analyzed by determining the peak spatial frequency radius of the tendon. Our study did find increased tendon proper and composite tendon thickness in dancers with tendinopathy but no difference between asymptomatic dancers and non-dancers.

Results

There was no significant difference in micromorphology found between any of the groups. As expected, dancers with tendinopathy demonstrated increased composite tendon and tendon proper thickness however, there was no evidence of adaptive thickening of the FHL tendon as might be expected for the dance population. There was also no evidence of micromorphological changes in the presence of clinically diagnosed FHL tendinopathy.

Conclusion

Because of the limited normative data for this pathology, these results can help improve diagnosis and therefore treatment for dancers to decrease the impact of this injury on their careers.
Biochar derived from papermill factories improves soil physical and hydraulic properties in no-till cotton fields
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Feng Gary , Tewolde Haile
Published: June 2023

Whether biochar produced as a by-product of energy generation from the papermill industry, and often disposed in landfills, can be gainfully applied to commercial croplands has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and hydraulic properties of soils in commercial cotton fields managed as no-till systems following repeated applications of biochar generated as a waste of a papermill plant. Undisturbed cores and disturbed soil samples were collected from 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers from five commercial no-till fields in Mississippi, USA that received 6.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 biochar for 0, 2, 3, 5 or 10 years. A number of physical, hydraulic, and chemical properties of these samples were measured in the lab. The results showed that biochar reduced the degree of soil compactness and increased soil aggregation and structural stability index. The findings were particularly apparent for the 10  years of consecutive application, which increased soil aggregate stability by up to 67%, reduced bulk density from 1.40 to 1.26 g cm−3, and reduced degree of compactness from 73.2% to 62.8%. Biochar increased soil porosity but much of this increase (55%) occurred for small pores (< 0.5 μm) with little effect on storage pores (0.5–50 μm) or transmission pores (> 50 μm). Consequently, biochar increased soil field capacity by up to 26%, but PAW increased by only 17%. Biochar significantly increased soil physical quality index score in the 0–5 cm layer from 0.16 to 0.26 and the increase was positively correlated with the number of years of application. The results suggest biochar generated as a byproduct of papermill could be land-applied in real-world crop production systems to improve soil health as an alternative to disposal in landfills.

Graphical Abstract
Community type and disturbance type interact to determine disturbance response: implications for extending the environmental filter metaphor
Authors: Barrett Isabelle C. , McIntosh Angus R. , Warburton Helen J.
Published: June 2023

Ecological disturbances act as environmental filters by removing species with particular characteristics, resulting in community types associated with different disturbance histories. However, studies to date on community responses to disturbance have neglected the potential for different community assemblages to display different responses. Using lotic invertebrate communities as a study system, this study investigated the influence of community composition on disturbance response. We undertook a 26-h stream channel experiment to test how distinct invertebrate community types (an undisturbed spring community, flood-disturbed community, and agriculture-disturbed community), shaped by specific disturbance histories and characterised by different species with particular functional groups, responded to additional disturbance of varying types and combinations (an undisturbed control, high-flow, nutrients, sediment, and a combined sediment and nutrients treatment). Invertebrate drift was used as a diagnostic tool to assess community responses. Significant three-way interactions were identified for total invertebrate drift, drift of typically sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) and drift of cased organisms between community type, disturbance type and time, indicating that disturbance history and corresponding community type influenced community response to disturbance. Differing responses to disturbance between community types were often characterised by specific taxa, likely driven by adaptive traits, but also by phenotypic plasticity and altered biotic interactions. Community responses to the multiple disturbance scenario suggested potential for interactive effects, with differing responses potentially driven by species co-tolerance mechanisms. When determining the impacts of disturbance, our results suggest there is insight to be gained from a broader perspective incorporating multiple community types into future research. This approach could also improve management outcomes, facilitating tailored restoration and conservation strategies.
A Detailed Analysis of the Past 20 Years of US FDA-Approved Prescription to Over-the-Counter Switches
Authors: Fisher Matt , Rawal Kapil
Published: June 2023

Objectives

This evaluation assesses the quantity, uniqueness, and innovative nature of the past 20 years of Rx-to-OTC (RTO) switches, where a current prescription (Rx) product is reclassified for over-the-counter (OTC) status. Broadening access to more OTC drugs with well-established safety and efficacy could help to reduce healthcare expenditure and address public health challenges.

Methods

The FDA-maintained RTO switch list website was accessed to generate the primary dataset. Each product listed was assessed for the current OTC availability in the United States of its active ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication to determine its innovative quality. Descriptive statistics were employed in this study.

Results

From January 2002 through August 2022 there were 45 RTO switches. Among these, 51.1% involved a new to OTC active ingredient, 22.2% involved a new pharmacological class, 6.6% involved a new indication, and 82.2% were considered follow-on products that introduced a new to OTC active ingredient or new dosage form of an already marketed active ingredient to treat an existing OTC indication. A small minority (6.6%) were considered an exceptional innovation that would offer US consumers a genuinely novel OTC product, providing a new to OTC active pharmaceutical ingredient, pharmacological class, and indication. Overall, there was 1 exceptional innovation every 6.7 years.

Conclusions

Over 40 RTO switches have come to the OTC market in the past 20 years; however, exceptional innovations that expand access to new to OTC active ingredients for new indications are rare. Policies and strategies that result in more innovative switches that can benefit consumers and public health should be evaluated.
Current‐Induced Noise in Ocean Bottom Seismic Data: Insights From a Laboratory Water Flume Experiment
Authors: Wu Yuechu , Yang Ting , Liu Dan , Dai Yi , An Chao
Published: June 2023

The ocean‐bottom currents are believed to be largely responsible for the high noise level in ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) data, in particular on the horizontal components. Due to the lack of in‐situ experiments and measurements, the generation mechanism and characteristics of the current‐induced noise are still poorly understood. In this paper, we designed an experiment to explore the features of current‐induced noise. A sensor module from a typical passive‐source OBS was installed in a water flume that can produce controllable steady water flows. We measured and analyzed the recorded noise with changing current velocities, with and without shielding. With other noise sources, such as infragravity waves precluded, this experiment demonstrates that the currents can generate low‐frequency noise, particularly <0.1 Hz. The noise level depends on the current velocity as well as the frequency. While the current‐induced noise affects the horizontal components significantly, its impacts on the vertical component appear negligible. The experiment shows that current‐induced noise has a dominant direction approximately perpendicular to the currents, a pattern consistent with an actual OBS on the flank of Mariana Trench, where the current direction is supposed to be along the trench. Shielding the sensor module with a plastic casing can substantially suppress the noise, indicating that shielding is a practical, low‐cost scheme to reduce the current‐induced noise.
Characterizing Seismogenic Fault Structures of the Lake Pertusillo Reservoir Induced Seismicity (Southern Italy) Using a Relocated Template‐Matching Catalog
Authors: Valoroso L. , Piccinini D. , Improta L. , Gaviano S. , Giunchi C.
Published: June 2023

We present a detailed analysis of the small magnitude (ML < 3) Reservoir Induced Seismicity associated with the Pertusillo water reservoir located in the high seismic hazard zone of Val d'Agri (Southern Italy). We apply template‐matching detection to a 13‐month‐long dense passive survey, obtaining a final high‐precision double‐difference catalog of 5,070 earthquakes (−0.7 < ML < 2.6, MC = 0.2). The new catalog allows precisely tracking the spatiotemporal distribution of the swarm‐seismicity and to map the b‐value of the Gutenberg‐Richter law. We combine seismicity data with available subsurface geophysical data, fostering an improved interpretation of the induced seismicity. We identify four seismicity‐clusters showing rapid changes in seismic rate which correlate to severe seasonal oscillations. Seismicity unravels new km‐scale faults or better define faults partially‐illuminated by template earthquakes. b‐value shows a significant spatial variability, with very‐high b‐value (up to 2) within areas of distributed seismicity and lower (∼1.3) b‐value for on‐fault seismicity featuring larger magnitude events. Seismicity is confined within a brine‐saturated fractured carbonate reservoir, while earthquake distribution and rate are controlled by the fault architecture and rock properties (e.g., inherited fluid pathways, rock fracturing, pore fluid pressure). In particular, most earthquakes reactivate, with extensional kinematics, pre‐existing reverse/transpressional faults favorably oriented in the present‐day extension. All observations suggest that a poroelastic stress transmission mechanism, due to the seasonal water level oscillation, can explain the Pertusillo lake seismicity. This study confirms the importance of investigating the complex interaction among stress changes caused by human activities, pre‐existing faults and local stress field to correctly assess the hazard posed by induced seismicity.
Mechanisms of Shear Band Formation in Heterogeneous Materials Under Compression: The Role of Pre‐Existing Mechanical Flaws
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Manaska , Roy Arnab , Mandal Nibir
Published: June 2023

Shear bands critically govern the shear failure processes and associated geophysical phenomena, for example, faulting, in Earth's crust. Earlier studies on homogeneous materials recognized temperature and strain rate as principal factors controlling the band growth. However, how inherent mechanical heterogeneities can influence their growth mechanisms and complex internal structures needs further investigations. The present article revisits this problem by combining field observations and laboratory experiments, supported by numerical simulations considering geological strain‐rates. Field studies in the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex of eastern India reveal varied types of macro‐scale shear zone localization. We conducted plane‐strain compression experiments on rock‐analogue models to investigate their origin. The experiments show that mechanical heterogeneities develop wide bands, localized preferentially in their neighborhood, unlike uniformly distributed, conjugate sets of closely spaced narrow bands in a homogeneous system. The wide bands eventually attain a composite structure, containing a core of densely packed band‐parallel sharp secondary bands, flanked by linear zones of closely spaced, narrow bands. We also demonstrate the effects of global strain‐rate on the band evolution in heterogeneous systems. Decreasing strain‐rates replace the composite bands by well‐defined homogeneous shear bands, containing a core of uniform shear, bordered by weakly sheared narrow zones, grading into almost undeformed walls. The experimental results are complemented with numerical models based on visco‐elasto‐plastic rheology, which establish appropriate scaling of the rock analogue to mid‐crustal deformations. This integrated approach finally leads us to conclude that inherent heterogeneities can result in large variations of shear band structures in geological terrains.
Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice: A Review of Its Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology
Authors: Fraser A. D. , Wongpan P. , Langhorne P. J. , Klekociuk A. R. , Kusahara K. , Lannuzel D. , Massom R. A. , Meiners K. M. , Swadling K. M. , Atwater D. P. , Brett G. M. , Corkill M. , Dalman L. A. , Fiddes S. , Granata A. , Guglielmo L. , Heil P. , Leonard G. H. , Mahoney A. R. , McMinn A. , van der Merwe P. , Weldrick C. K. , Wienecke B.
Published: June 2023

Antarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast, grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms in narrow (generally up to 200 km wide) bands, and ranges in thickness from centimeters to tens of meters. In most regions, it forms in autumn, persists through the winter and melts in spring/summer, but can remain throughout the summer in particular locations, becoming multi‐year ice. Despite its relatively limited extent (comprising between about 4% and 13% of overall sea ice), its presence, variability and seasonality are drivers of a wide range of physical, biological and biogeochemical processes, with both local and far‐ranging ramifications for the Earth system. Antarctic fast ice has, until quite recently, been overlooked in studies, likely due to insufficient knowledge of its distribution, leading to its reputation as a “missing piece of the Antarctic puzzle.” This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge of the physical, biogeochemical and biological aspects of fast ice, based on the sub‐domains of: fast ice growth, properties and seasonality; remote‐sensing and distribution; interactions with the atmosphere and the ocean; biogeochemical interactions; its role in primary production; and fast ice as a habitat for grazers. Finally, we consider the potential state of Antarctic fast ice at the end of the 21st Century, underpinned by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. This review also gives recommendations for targeted future work to increase our understanding of this critically‐important element of the global cryosphere.
Comparative Assessment of the Performances of GPS‐TEC Assisted NTCM, NeQuick2 and Neural Network Models to Describe the East‐African Equatorial Ionosphere
Authors: Gelaw B. Getahun , Nigussie M. , Tebabal A.
Published: June 2023

Different ionospheric climatological models such as NeQuick2 and NTCM have been developed to mitigate the ionosphere impact on the trans‐ionosphere propagating radio wave. Moreover, the Neural Network (NN) is used to model and characterize the ionosphere. However, no one has compared the performances of NeQuick2, NTCM, and NN after adapting to GPS TEC. This study evaluates their performances in the East‐African region in 2013 and 2015. It has been done by computing their drivers (effective ionization level, Az for NeQuick2 and ionization driving index, Id for NTCM) through least‐square fitting to TEC observation sense. NN‐algorithm has also been trained and tested with observed TEC used for NeQuick2 and NTCM adaptation. The annual performance test has shown that the correlation coefficient (R) values between observed and NTCM modeled TEC, after an adaption, are better than the corresponding values obtained from NeQuick2 and NN. It also shows that the standard deviations (STD) and root‐mean‐square errors (RMSE) obtained for NTCM are smaller than the STD and RMSE computed for NeQuick2 and NN. On the other hand, the daily performance test of now‐casting and predicting showed that the NN performs the best, followed by NTCM. However, the 1‐hr prediction test showed that NTCM performs the best among the models considered in this study.
NN‐MLT Model Prediction for Low‐Latitude Region Based on Artificial Neural Network and Long‐Term SABER Observations
Authors: Lingerew Chalachew , Jaya Prakash Raju U. , Guimarães Santos Celso Augusto
Published: June 2023

The low‐latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) regions are distinct and, highly turbulent transition zones in Earth's atmosphere. The scarcity of reliable measurements makes continuous monitoring of these areas challenging. Therefore, the necessity for studies focused on the MLT region cannot be overstated, as they are essential for developing effective models that meet the accuracy requirements of satellite‐based observations. The neural networks NN‐MLT model, developed using 15 years of Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/satellite, equipped with Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observed temperature data spanning from January 2006 to December 2020, employs neural network techniques. The data set was split, with 90% used for training and the remaining 10% allocated for prediction. The model's validation was tested with two other partitions (80(20) and 70(30)). The 90(10) partition, exhibiting a high correlation coefficient (R), low standard deviation (σ), and low root mean square error (RMSE), demonstrated the model's good performance. As clearly shown from statistical metrics (R, RMSE, mean, and σ) at three specific altitude levels (60, 75, and 90 km), the NN‐MLT model's performance aligns closely with the empirical model (NRLMSISE2‐0) and SABER observations. The NN‐MLT model displays a high R (0.74) and low RMSE (4.35 K) at 60 km, indicating its effective performance compared to the other two heights of 75 and 90 km. The NN‐MLT model's spatiotemporal variability in MLT temperature prediction agrees well with the SABER data at all altitudes, particularly at 60 km. While the NN‐MLT model accurately captures the seasonal variations of MLT temperature, the analysis leads to the conclusion that it consistently outperforms the empirical model and aligns closely with observations.
Snow Loss Into Leads in Arctic Sea Ice: Minimal in Typical Wintertime Conditions, but High During a Warm and Windy Snowfall Event
Authors: Clemens‐Sewall David , Polashenski Chris , Frey Markus M. , Cox Christopher J. , Granskog Mats A. , Macfarlane Amy R. , Fons Steven W. , Schmale Julia , Hutchings Jennifer K. , von Albedyll Luisa , Arndt Stefanie , Schneebeli Martin , Perovich Don
Published: June 2023

The amount of snow on Arctic sea ice impacts the ice mass budget. Wind redistribution of snow into open water in leads is hypothesized to cause significant wintertime snow loss. However, there are no direct measurements of snow loss into Arctic leads. We measured the snow lost in four leads in the Central Arctic in winter 2020. We find, contrary to expectations, that under typical winter conditions, minimal snow was lost into leads. However, during a cyclone that delivered warm air temperatures, high winds, and snowfall, 35.0 ± 1.1 cm snow water equivalent (SWE) was lost into a lead (per unit lead area). This corresponded to a removal of 0.7–1.1 cm SWE from the entire surface—∼6%–10% of this site's annual snow precipitation. Warm air temperatures, which increase the length of time that wintertime leads remain unfrozen, may be an underappreciated factor in snow loss into leads.
MLT Dependence of Relativistic Electron Scattering Into the Drift Loss Cone: Measurements From ELFIN‐L on Board Lomonosov Spacecraft
Authors: Shprits Yuri Y. , Michaelis Ingo , Wang Dedong , Allison Hayley , Vasile Ruggero , Runov Andrei , Drozdov Alexander , Russell Christopher T. , Kalegaev Vladimir , Smirnov Artem
Published: June 2023

There have been a number of theories proposed concerning the loss of relativistic electrons from the radiation belts. However, direct observations of loss were not possible on a number of previous missions due to the large field of view of the instruments and often high‐altitude orbits of satellites that did not allow researchers to isolate the precipitating electrons from the stably trapped. We use measurements from the ELFIN‐L suit of instruments flown on Lomonosov spacecraft at LEO orbit, which allows us to distinguish stably trapped from the drift loss cone electrons. The sun‐synchronous orbit of Lomonosov allows us to quantify scattering that occurred into the loss cone on the dawn‐side and the dusk‐side magnetosphere. The loss at MeV energies is observed predominantly on the dawn‐side, consistent with the loss induced by the chorus waves. The companion data publication provides processed measurements.
Observing Aerosol Primary Convective Invigoration and Its Meteorological Feedback
Authors: Zang Lin , Rosenfeld Daniel , Pan Zengxin , Mao Feiyue , Zhu Yannian , Lu Xin , Gong Wei
Published: June 2023

Aerosols can invigorate deep convective clouds (DCCs) directly by nucleating more cloud droplets, named as Primary Aerosol Convective Invigoration (PAI). However, the covarying Meteorology‐Aerosol Invigoration (MAI) effect on DCC has been a long‐standing issue in quantifying PAI's contribution. Here, observations show that PAI causes positive feedback from DCC to meteorology, further invigorating DCC through enhanced humidity, updraft and destabilization, thereby adding to MAI. Further, PAI is separated from MAI observationally by quantifying the sensitivity of DCC properties to aerosol changes under fixed meteorology through the artificial neural network. When fine aerosol changes from the cleanest to optimal concentration (5 μg m−3), PAI contributes 72% ± 2% of the total aerosol‐associated cloud top cooling by 12°C, 42% ± 4% of the 30% prolonged lifetime, and 50% ± 4% of the more than doubled rainfall. This result underlines the comparable magnitudes of PAI and MAI, which have not been considered until now in weather and climate prediction.
Banana Current in the Inner Magnetosphere Observed by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Wang Tong‐Hui , Zhang Xiao‐Xin , He Fei , Lv Jing‐Tian , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Fu Hui‐Shan
Published: June 2023

By using the magnetic field data from Van Allen Probes, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of the electromagnetic environment in the inner magnetosphere on different Dst* index and magnetic local time. Our results show that for the response of different current systems, the dawn‐dusk and noon‐midnight asymmetry distribution of the residual magnetic field δB increases with Dst* index. When Dst* < −60 nT, a “banana”‐shaped geomagnetic field negative disturbance peak region appears in the sector from midnight to dusk. Then, we obtained the azimuthal current density and found the asymmetric internal eastward and external westward ring current. Through the vector analysis of three‐dimensional current density, the current density vector distribution in the magnetic equatorial plane is completely displayed for the first time, which directly proves the existence of banana current near r = 3.0–4.0 RE during strong geomagnetic storms.
Northern and Southern Hemisphere Polar Cap Indices: To What Extent Do They Agree and to What Extent Should They Agree?
Authors: Lockwood M.
Published: June 2023

The IAGA‐endorsed Polar Cap Indices for the northern and southern hemispheres, PCN and PCS, are compared for 1998–2018, inclusive. Potential effects of the slightly different, and changing, magnetic coordinates of the two magnetic stations employed, Thule (Qaanaaq) in Greenland and Vostok in Antarctica, are investigated. It is shown that the agreement in overall behavior of the two indices is very close indeed but that PCS consistently correlates slightly better with solar wind parameters than PCN. Optimum lags for these correlations are 19 min for 1‐min data and 37 min for hourly averages. The correlations are significantly highest for the predicted magnetopause reconnection voltage, which is a linear predictor of PCN and PCS for all 1‐hr data and for all but the largest 0.1% of 1‐min values. The indices show lower correlation and marked non‐linearity (tending to saturation) at all levels with the estimated magnetopause reconnection electric field or the estimated power input into the magnetosphere. The PCN index is shown to correlate closely with the transpolar voltage measured by the northern‐hemisphere SuperDARN radar network and both PCN and PCS clearly show the Russell‐McPherron effect of dipole tilt and the Y‐component of the interplanetary magnetic field. However the patterns in time‐of‐year and Universal Time (UT) are complicated by lobe reconnection during northward‐IMF, the effect of which on the indices is shown to be predominantly a summer hemisphere phenomenon and gives a UT dependence on the IMF Y‐component that is predicted theoretically.
Broadband picometer-scale resolution on-chip spectrometer with reconfigurable photonics
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Chen Minjia , Yan Ting , Ming Liang , Cheng Qixiang , Penty Richard
Published: June 2023

Miniaturization of optical spectrometers is important to enable spectroscopic analysis to play a role in in situ, or even in vitro and in vivo characterization systems. However, scaled-down spectrometers generally exhibit a strong trade-off between spectral resolution and operating bandwidth, and are often engineered to identify signature spectral peaks only for specific applications. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel global sampling strategy with distributed filters for generating ultra-broadband pseudo-random spectral responses. The geometry of all-pass ring filters is tailored to ensure small self- and cross-correlation for effective information acquisition across the whole spectrum, which dramatically reduces the requirement on sampling channels. We employ the power of reconfigurable photonics in spectrum shaping by embedding the engineered distributed filters. Using a moderate mesh of MZIs, we create 256 diverse spectral responses on a single chip and demonstrate a resolution of 20 pm for single spectral lines and 30 pm for dual spectral lines over a broad bandwidth of 115 nm, to the best of our knowledge achieving a new record of bandwidth-to-resolution ratio. Rigorous simulations reveal that this design will readily be able to achieve single-picometer-scale resolution. We further show that the reconfigurable photonics provides an extra degree of programmability, enabling user-defined features on resolution, computation complexity, and relative error. The use of SiN integration platform enables the spectrometer to exhibit excellent thermal stability of ±2.0 °C, effectively tackling the challenge of temperature variations at picometer-scale resolutions.
Predictors and motives for mask-wearing behavior and vaccination intention
Authors: Binter Jakub , Pešout Ondra , Pieniak Michał , Martínez-Molina Judit , Noon Edward J. , Stefanczyk Michal M. , Eder Stephanie J.
Published: June 2023

Containing a pandemic requires that individuals adhere to measures such as wearing face-masks and getting vaccinated. Therefore, identifying predictors and motives for both behaviors is of importance. Here, we study the decisions made by a cross-national sample in randomized hypothetical scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results show that mask-wearing was predicted by empathic tendencies, germ aversion, and higher age, whilst belief in misinformation and presentation of an interaction partner as a family member lowered the safety standards. The main motives associated with taking the mask off included: rationalization, facilitating interaction, and comfort. Vaccination intention was positively predicted by empathy, and negatively predicted by belief in misinformation and higher costs of the vaccine. We found no effect of immunization status of the surrounding social group. The most common motive for vaccination was protection of oneself and others, whereas undecided and anti-vaccine groups reported doubts about the effectiveness and fear of side effects. Together, we identify social and psychological predictors and motives of mask-wearing behavior and vaccination intention. The results highlight the importance of social context for mask-wearing, easy access to vaccines, empathy, and trust in publicly distributed information.
A novel CRISPR/Cas9-based iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) knockout human neuronal cell line reveals earliest pathological changes
Authors: Badenetti Lorenzo , Manzoli Rosa , Trevisan Marta , D’Avanzo Francesca , Tomanin Rosella , Moro Enrico
Published: June 2023

Multiple complex intracellular cascades contributing to Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) pathogenesis have been recognized and documented in the past years. However, the hierarchy of early cellular abnormalities leading to irreversible neuronal damage is far from being completely understood. To tackle this issue, we have generated two novel iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) loss of function human neuronal cell lines by means of genome editing. We show that both neuronal cell lines exhibit no enzymatic activity and increased GAG storage despite a completely different genotype. At a cellular level, they display reduced differentiation, significantly decreased LAMP1 and RAB7 protein levels, impaired lysosomal acidification and increased lipid storage. Moreover, one of the two clones is characterized by a marked decrease of the autophagic marker p62, while none of the two mutants exhibit marked oxidative stress and mitochondrial morphological changes. Based on our preliminary findings, we hypothesize that neuronal differentiation might be significantly affected by IDS functional impairment.
Relationships between local variability in parasite communities of the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) and host population structure and seasonality
Authors: Porter Megan , Barton Diane P. , Hearnden Mark , Randall Jo , Crook David A. , Shamsi Shokoofeh
Published: June 2023

We evaluated spatial and temporal variability in parasite communities from the commercially important tropical marine fish the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) to examine its population structure off the coast of the Northern Territory, Australia. Differences in parasite assemblage between four locations, across three seasons of the year, were used to evaluate the degree of connectivity of the sciaenid across coastal study areas. Analysis of parasite prevalence and mean intensity in these fish suggested the four sampling sites are distinct host populations. Across time, parasite assemblages at the four sites were distinct during the mid-dry (April–August) and build-up (September–November) seasons. During the wet season (December–March) there was substantial overlap in the parasite assemblages at three of the four sites indicating that fish population mixing may be occurring. Parasite assemblages at one nearshore site remained distinct across spatial and temporal scales. Our findings support the utility of parasitic organisms for elucidating the population structure of host species and reiterate the need to account for both spatial and temporal variability when performing stock discrimination analyses.
Frequency-domain interferometry for the determination of time delay between two extreme-ultraviolet wave packets generated by a tandem undulator
Authors: Hikosaka Y. , Kaneyasu T. , Wada S. , Kohguchi H. , Ota H. , Nakamura E. , Iwayama H. , Fujimoto M. , Hosaka M. , Katoh M.
Published: June 2023

Synchrotron radiation, emitted by relativistic electrons traveling in a magnetic field, has poor temporal coherence. However, recent research has proved that time-domain interferometry experiments, which were thought to be enabled by only lasers of excellent temporal coherence, can be implemented with synchrotron radiation using a tandem undulator. The radiation generated by the tandem undulator comprises pairs of light wave packets, and the longitudinal coherence within a light wave packet pair is used to achieve time-domain interferometry. The time delay between two light wave packets, formed by a chicane for the electron trajectory, can be adjusted in the femtosecond range by a standard synchrotron technology. In this study, we show that frequency-domain spectra of the tandem undulator radiation exhibit fringe structures from which the time delay between a light wave packet pair can be determined with accuracy on the order of attoseconds. The feasibility and limitations of the frequency-domain interferometric determination of the time delay are examined.
High yield co-production of isobutanol and ethanol from switchgrass: experiments, and process synthesis and analysis
Authors: Pastore de Lima Arthur E. , Wrobel Russell L. , Paul Brandon , Anthony Larry C. , Sato Trey K. , Zhang Yaoping , Hittinger Chris Todd , Maravelias Christos T.
Published: June 2023

Hybrid yeast strain co-produces isobutanol and ethanol at high yields. Reducing hydrolysis enzyme loading and enhancing xylose conversion greatly impact the economic potential of the biorefinery.
Biomass-derived carbon deposited TiO2 nanotube photocatalysts for enhanced hydrogen production
Authors: Althabaiti Shaeel Ahmed , Khan Zaheer , Malik Maqsood Ahmad , Bawaked Salem Mohamed , Al-Sheheri Soad Zahir , Mokhtar Mohamed , Siddiqui Sharf Ilahi , Narasimharao Katabathini
Published: June 2023

In this study, titanium oxide nanotubes (TiO2NTs) were deposited on the surface of activated carbon (AC) by varying the wt% of AC.