bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Skeletal Craniofacial Asymmetry in South Indian Population
Authors: Kumar G Anil , Farishta Saibel , Baiju G , Taneja VK , Minocha RC , Gopal Dinesh
Published: May 2012

The present study was undertaken to assess the skeletal craniofacial asymmetry in South Indian population by a posteroanterior cephalometric radiographic method. The skeletal craniofacial structures on one side of the face were compared with that of the other, by drawing various triangles representing different craniofacial regions.

The sample consisted of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) aged between 18 to 25 years, who were mainly dental college students from South India. Overall 52 X-rays were obtained, with four errors each in the male and the female groups.

The results revealed that the total facial structures in the South Indian population were larger on the left side (statistically insignificant). The cranial base area exhibited a greater degree of asymmetry than any other component area of the face, which might be due to the inaccuracy at the condylar point.

How to cite this article

Taneja VK, Kumar GA, Farishta S, Minocha RC, Baiju G, Gopal D. An Assessment of Skeletal Craniofacial Asymmetry in South Indian Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2012;13(1):80-84.
Executivos brasileiros: na contramão do perfil deificado da liderança transformacional
Authors: Carvalho Neto Antonio , Tanure Betania , Santos Carolina Maria Mota , Lima Gustavo Simão
Published: May 2012

O objetivo deste artigo é relacionar o tipo psicológico dos executivos que atuam no nível estratégico das grandes empresas com as características que a literatura aponta para o líder transformacional que, embora deificado, é o mais citado pela literatura atual. O referencial teórico apresenta uma síntese da literatura sobre liderança, desde a Teoria dos traços até a Teoria da liderança transformacional. Utiliza-se a ferramenta MBTI (Myers-BriggsTypeIndicator), um indicador de tipos psicológicos baseado no trabalho de Carl G. Jung. Uma pesquisa quantitativa com a amplitude da que originou este trabalho é rara mesmo na literatura internacional, utiliza-se uma amostra de 430 executivos. A pesquisa revela que existe mais divergência do que convergência entre as características encontradas nos executivos brasileiros e as características dos líderes transformacionais.Os brasileiros apresentam dificuldade para perceber a necessidade de mudanças, enquanto os líderes transformacionais seriam mais aptos para conduzilas. Os executivos brasileiros são enérgicos e inflexíveis quando a situação exige, ao contrário do que apregoa a teoria da liderança transformacional, para a qual o líder deve ter consideração e respeito pelos liderados. A empatia e a preocupação com os liderados são características presentes entre os líderes transformacionais, mas não tão presente entre os brasileiros.
In-situ measurements of atmospheric hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) at the Shangdianzi regional background station, China
Authors: Yao B. , Vollmer M. K. , Zhou L. X. , Henne S. , Reimann S. , Li P. C. , Wenger A. , Hill M.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. In-situ measurements of atmospheric hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been conducted at the Shangdianzi (SDZ) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) regional background station, China, from May 2010 to May 2011. The time series for 5 HFCs and 4 PFCs periodically showed high concentration events while background conditions occurred for 36% (HFC-32) to 83% (PFC-218) of all measurements. The mean mixing ratios during background conditions for HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152, CF4, PFC-116, PFC-218 and PFC-318 were 24.5, 5.86, 9.97, 66.0, 9.77, 79.1, 4.22, 0.56, 1.28 ppt (parts per trillion, 10−12, molar), respectively. The background mixing ratios for the compounds at SDZ are consistent with those obtained at mid to high latitude sites in the Northern Hemisphere, except for HFC-32 and PFC-318 for which background mixing ratios were not reported in recent years. All HFCs and PFCs show positive trends at rates of 0.7, 1.4, 1.6, 4.1, 1.1, 0.43, 0.05, 0.01, 0.04 ppt yr−1 for HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152, CF4, PFC-116, PFC-218 and PFC-318, respectively. North-easterly winds were connected with small contributions to atmospheric HFCs and PFCs loadings, whereas south-westerly advection (urban sector) showed increased loadings. Chinese emissions were estimated by a tracer ratio method using CO as tracer with rather well known emissions. The emissions, as derived from our measurement period, were 4.4 ± 0.7, 6.9 ± 0.9, 2.5 ± 0.3, 9.0 ± 1.3, 2.2 ± 0.4, 2.1 ± 0.3, 0.24 ± 0.06, 0.07 ± 0.04, 0.45 ± 0.09 kt yr−1 for HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152, CF4, PFC-116, PFC-218, and PFC-318, respectively. The lower HFC-23 emissions compared to earlier studies may be a result of the HFC-23 abatement measures taken as part of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project that started in 2005.
Contribution of sulfuric acid and oxidized organic compounds to particle formation and growth
Authors: Riccobono F. , Rondo L. , Sipilä M. , Barmet P. , Curtius J. , Dommen J. , Ehn M. , Ehrhart S. , Kulmala M. , Kürten A. , Mikkilä J. , Petäjä T. , Weingartner E. , Baltensperger U.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Lack of knowledge about the mechanisms underlying new particle formation and their subsequent growth is one of the main causes for the large uncertainty in estimating the radiative forcing of atmospheric aerosols in global models. We performed chamber experiments designed to study the contributions of sulfuric acid and organic vapors to formation and to the early growth of nucleated particles, respectively. Distinct experiments in the presence of two different organic precursors (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and α-pinene) showed the ability of these compounds to reproduce the formation rates observed in the low troposphere. These results were obtained measuring the sulfuric acid concentrations with two Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometers confirming the results of a previous study which modeled the sulfuric acid concentrations in presence of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. New analysis methods were applied to the data collected with a Condensation Particle Counter battery and a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, allowing the assessment of the size resolved growth rates of freshly nucleated particles. The effect of organic vapors on particle growth was investigated by means of the growth rate enhancement factor (Γ), defined as the ratio between the measured growth rate in the presence of α-pinene and the kinetically limited growth rate of the sulfuric acid and water system. The observed Γ values indicate that the growth is dominated by organic compounds already at particle diameters of 2 nm. Both the absolute growth rates and Γ showed a strong dependence on particle size supporting the nano-Köhler theory. Moreover, the separation of the contributions from sulfuric acid and organic compounds to particles growth reveals that the organic contribution seems to be enhanced by the sulfuric acid concentration. The size resolved growth analysis finally indicates that both condensation of oxidized organic compounds and reactive uptake contribute to particle growth.
Seasonal variation in nitrogen pools and 15N/13C natural abundances in different tissues of grassland plants
Authors: Wang L. , Schjoerring J. K.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Seasonal changes in nitrogen (N) pools, carbon (C) content and natural abundance of 13C and 15N in different tissues of ryegrass plants were investigated in two intensively managed grassland fields in order to address their ammonia (NH3) exchange potential. Green leaves generally had the largest total N concentration followed by stems and inflorescences. Senescent leaves had the lowest N concentration, indicating N re-allocation. The seasonal pattern of the Γ value, i.e. the ratio between NH4+ and H+ concentrations, was similar for the various tissues of the ryegrass plants but the magnitude of Γ differed considerably among the different tissues. Green leaves and stems generally had substantially lower Γ values than senescent leaves and litter. Substantial peaks in Γ were observed during spring and summer in response to fertilization and grazing. These peaks were associated with high NH4+ rather than with low H+ concentrations. Peaks in Γ also appeared during the winter, coinciding with increasing δ15N values, indicating absorption of N derived from mineralization of soil organic matter. At the same time, δ13C values were declining, suggesting reduced photosynthesis and capacity for N assimilation. δ15N and δ13C values were more influenced by mean monthly temperature than by the accumulated monthly precipitation. In conclusion, ryegrass plants showed a clear seasonal pattern in N pools. Green leaves and stems of ryegrass plants generally seem to constitute a sink for NH3, while senescent leaves have a large potential for NH3 emission. However, management events such as fertilisation and grazing may create a high NH3 emission potential even in green plant parts. The obtained results provide input for future modelling of plant-atmosphere NH3 exchange.
An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the c. 1450s eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu
Authors: Plummer C. T. , Curran M. A. J. , van Ommen T. D. , Rasmussen S. O. , Moy A. D. , Vance T. R. , Clausen H. B. , Vinther B. M. , Mayewski P. A.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are an important cause of natural climate variability. In order to improve the accuracy of climate models, precise dating and magnitude of the climatic effects of past volcanism are necessary. Here we present a 2000-yr record of Southern Hemisphere volcanism recorded in ice cores from the high accumulation Law Dome site, East Antarctica. The ice cores were analyzed for a suite of chemistry signals and are independently dated via annual layer counting, with 11 ambiguous years by the end of the record. Independently dated records are important to avoid circular dating where volcanic signatures are assigned a date from some external information rather than using the date it is found in the ice core. Forty-five volcanic events have been identified using the sulfate chemistry of the Law Dome record. Comparisons between Law Dome and NGRIP (Greenland) volcanic records suggest Law Dome is the most accurately dated Antarctic volcanic dataset and allows for the records to be synchronized with NGRIP, leading to an improved global volcanic forcing dataset. Volcanic sulfate deposition estimates are important for modeling the climatic response to eruptions. The largest volcanic sulfate events in our record are dated at 1458 CE (Kuwae, Vanuatu), 1257 and 423 CE (unidentified). Using our record we refine the dating of previously known volcanic events and present evidence for two separate eruptions during the period 1450–1460 CE, potentially causing confusion in the assignment of the Kuwae (Vanuatu) eruption to volcanic signatures during this time interval.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Staffs Knowledge Sharing In the Central Library of the University of Isfahan Using the Extension of Theory of Reasoned Action
Authors: Allameh Sayyad Mohsen , Abedini Ahmad , Khazaei Pool Javad , Kazemi Ali
Published: May 2012

The vital importance of knowledge management, in today’s complicated and changing environment as a source for strategic reconstruction of an organization cannot be denied. Furthermore, the effective sharing of knowledge is one of the most important success factors in an organization. This study aims at predicting the staff’s sharing of knowledge in the central library of the University of Isfahan. The conceptual framework for this study is consisted of the completed model of Theory of Reasoned Action. The statistical population of the current study contains the staffs of central library in university of Isfahan out of which 160 participants were studied by the census method. For the validity evaluation of the model, the structural equations model was applied and based on the results of path analysis relationship between research variables it was confirmed. The research results show that the expected organizational reward, reciprocal benefits, self-efficacy of knowledge, and enjoyment in helping others affect attitude and intention for the sharing of knowledge. The research findings indicate the positive impact of subjective norms on knowledge sharing intentions.
Competence, Creativity, Productivity and Performance through Human Capital
Authors: Butnaru Gina Ionela , Gherman Corina Matei
Published: May 2012

This work analyses a series of concepts regarding competence, creativity and productivity by the preparation of the future labour to become performant and creative, in order to support successfully and efficiently the future economy of the world.In this paper we analysed implications of the European Union concerning the development of human resources by presenting the funds allocated in this purpose from 2007 to 2013.The contribution of this work is of theoretical nature, and has the purpose to present as clearly as possible the necessity to invest in human resources in order to face the new requirements imposed by an economy based on knowledge, performance, and creativity.Keywords: Competence, Creativity, Productivity, Performance, Human Capital
A Functional for Copulas and Quasi-Copulas
Authors: Úbeda-Flores Manuel
Published: May 2012

We recall and study some properties of a known functional operating on the set of n-copulas and determine conditions under such functional is well defined on the set of n-quasi-copulas. As
a consequence, new families of copulas and quasi-copulas are defined, illustrating our results with several
examples.
Validity for an Integrated Laboratory Analogue of Sexual Aggression and Bystander Intervention
Authors: Parrott Dominic J. , Tharp Andra Teten , Swartout Kevin M. , Miller Cameron A. , Hall Gordon C. Nagayama , George William H.
Published: May 2012

This study sought to develop and validate an integrated laboratory paradigm of sexual aggression and bystander intervention. Participants were a diverse community sample (54% African American) of heterosexual males (N = 156) between 21 and 35 years of age who were recruited to complete the study with a male friend and an ostensibly single, heterosexual female who reported a strong dislike of sexual content in the media. Participants viewed a sexually explicit or nonsexually explicit film clip as part of contrived media rating task and made individual choices of which film clip to show the female confederate. Immediately thereafter, participants were required to reach consensus on a group decision of which film clip to show the female confederate. Subjecting a target to an unwanted experience with a sexual connotation was operationalized as selection of the sexually explicit video, whereas successful bystander intervention was operationalized as the event of one partner individually selecting the sexually explicit video but then selecting the nonsexually explicit video for the group choice. Results demonstrated that a 1‐year history of sexual aggression and endorsement of pertinent misogynistic attitudes significantly predicted selection of the sexually‐explicit video. In addition, bystander efficacy significantly predicted men's successful prevention of their male peer's intent to show the female confederate a sexually explicit video. Discussion focused on how these data inform future research and bystander intervention programming for sexual aggression. Aggr. Behav. 38:309–321, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anxiety and depression among US adults with arthritis: Prevalence and correlates
Authors: Murphy Louise B. , Sacks Jeffrey J. , Brady Teresa J. , Hootman Jennifer M. , Chapman Daniel P.
Published: May 2012

Objective

There has been limited characterization of the burden of anxiety and depression, especially the former, among US adults with arthritis in the general population. The study objective was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression among US adults with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis.

Methods

The study sample comprised US adults ages ≥45 years with doctor‐diagnosed arthritis (n = 1,793) from the Arthritis Conditions Health Effects Survey (a cross‐sectional, population‐based, random‐digit–dialed telephone interview survey). Anxiety and depression were measured using separate and validated subscales of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. Prevalence was estimated for the sample overall and stratified by subgroups. Associations between correlates and each condition were estimated with prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression models.

Results

Anxiety was more common than depression (31% and 18%, respectively); overall, one‐third of respondents reported at least 1 of the 2 conditions. Most (84%) of those with depression also had anxiety. Multivariable logistic regression modeling failed to identify a distinct profile of characteristics of those with anxiety and/or depression. Only half of the respondents with anxiety and/or depression had sought help for their mental health condition in the past year.

Conclusion

Despite the clinical focus on depression among people with arthritis, anxiety was almost twice as common as depression. Given their high prevalence, their profound impact on quality of life, and the range of effective treatments available, we encourage health care providers to screen all people with arthritis for both anxiety and depression.
Cardiovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Murray Sara G. , Yazdany Jinoos , Kaiser Rachel , Criswell Lindsey A. , Trupin Laura , Yelin Edward H. , Katz Patricia P. , Julian Laura J.
Published: May 2012

Objective

Cognitive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease are common and debilitating manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between cardiovascular events, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and SLE‐specific risk factors as predictors of cognitive dysfunction in a large cohort of participants with SLE.

Methods

Subjects included 694 participants from the Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS), a longitudinal study of SLE outcomes based on an annual telephone survey querying demographic and clinical variables. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test‐Revised and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test were administered to assess cognitive function. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke), traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking), and SLE‐specific risk factors (antiphospholipid antibodies [aPL], disease activity, disease duration) associated with cognitive impairment in year 7 of the LOS.

Results

The prevalence of cognitive impairment as measured by verbal memory and verbal fluency metrics was 15%. In adjusted multiple logistic regression analyses, aPL (odds ratio [OR] 2.10, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.3–3.41), hypertension (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.19–3.56), and a history of stroke (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.16–4.43) were significantly associated with cognitive dysfunction. In additional analyses evaluating the association between these predictors and severity of cognitive impairment, stroke was significantly more prevalent in participants with severe impairment when compared to those with mild or moderate impairment (P = 0.036).

Conclusion

These results suggest that the presence of aPL, hypertension, and stroke are key variables associated with cognitive impairment, which may aid in identification of patients at greatest risk.
Cellular Ceramics Produced by Replication: A Digital Approach
Authors: D'Angelo Claudio , Ortona Alberto
Published: May 2012

Ceramic foams are applied at high temperatures in harsh environments because of their unique properties. Most of them are produced by the replication method, a process which consists in depositing a layer of ceramic material on a template foam. Layer thickness has a great influence on final foam properties. We present in this work a digital replication approach to generate foam numerical models. This approach allows to simulate under different loads a large amount of cases, avoiding long and expensive experimental campaigns. As an example, we studied the influence of strut thickness on foam's elastic behavior. Moreover we were also able to quantify the edge effect in a finite foam under compression.
Critical Thickness Theory Applied to Micromechanical Testing
Authors: Dunstan D. J.
Published: May 2012

Critical thickness theory for the plastic deformation of small stressed volumes is reviewed, with particular emphasis on its application to the size effect in common micromechanical testing methods, foil flexure, wire torsion, and compression and tension of micropillars and wires. Key predictions which distinguish the theory from others are that plasticity initiates throughout a finite volume when a strain‐thickness product or strain‐volume integral exceeds a critical value related to the Burgers vector; that misfit or geometrically necessary dislocations will generally be found outside this volume; and that the intrinsic or bulk strength of the material is not changed by the size effect. Experiments designed to test these predictions are briefly described.
In Situ Electrochemical Electron Microscopy Study of Oxygen Evolution Activity of Doped Manganite Perovskites
Authors: Raabe Stephanie , Mierwaldt Daniel , Ciston Jim , Uijttewaal Matthé , Stein Helge , Hoffmann Jörg , Zhu Yimei , Blöchl Peter , Jooss Christian
Published: May 2012

Fundamental studies of catalysts based on manganese oxide compounds are of high interest since they offer the opportunity to study the role of variable valence state in the active state during O2 evolution from H2O. This paper presents a study of doping dependent O2 evolution electrocatalysis of Pr‐doped CaMnO3 via in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) combined with ex situ cyclic voltammetry studies. ETEM studies of heterogeneous catalysis are a challenge, since the reactions in the H2O vapor phase cannot directly be observed. It is shown that the oxidation of silane by free oxygen to solid SiO2‐x can be used to monitor catalytic oxygen evolution. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) as well as the in situ X‐ray absorption study of near edge structures (XANES) in H2O vapor reveals that the Mn valence is decreased in the active state. Careful TEM analysis of samples measured by ex situ cyclic voltammetry and an in situ bias‐controlled ETEM study allows us to distinguish between self‐formation during oxygen evolution and corrosion at the Pr1‐xCaxMnO3‐H2O interface. Including density functional theory (DFT) calculations, trends in O2 evolution activity and defect chemistry in the active state can be correclated to doping induced changes of the electronic band structure in A‐site doped manganites.
Band Structure Engineering at Heterojunction Interfaces via the Piezotronic Effect
Authors: Shi Jian , Starr Matthew B. , Wang Xudong
Published: May 2012

Engineering the electronic band structure using the piezopotential is an important aspect of piezotronics, which describes the coupling between the piezoelectric property and semiconducting behavior and functionalities. The time‐independent band structure change under short‐circuit condition is believed to be due to the remnant piezopotential present at the interface, a result of the finite charge‐screening depth at the interface. A series of materials, including metals, semiconductors and electrolytes, are selected to investigate the interfacial band structure engineered by remnant piezopotential when they are in contact with a strained piezoelectric semiconductor. The remnant piezopotential at the interface can switch the junction between Ohmic and Schottky characters, enhance charge combination/separation, regulate barrier height, and modulate reaction kinetics. The difference between the regular time‐dependent, pulse‐type piezopotential and constant remnant piezopotential is also discussed in detail using a ZnO‐based photoelectrochemical anode as an example. The piezotronic effect offers a new pathway for engineering the interface band structure without altering the interface structure or chemical composition, which is promising for improving the performance of many electronics, optoelectronics, and photovoltaic devices.
Silk Materials – A Road to Sustainable High Technology
Authors: Tao Hu , Kaplan David L. , Omenetto Fiorenzo G.
Published: May 2012

This review addresses the use of silk protein as a sustainable material in optics and photonics, electronics and optoelectronic applications. These options represent additional developments for this technology platform that compound the broad utility and impact of this material for medical needs that have been recently described in the literature. The favorable properties of the material certainly make a favorable case for the use of silk, yet serve as a broad inspiration to further develop biological foundries for both the synthesis and processing of Nature's materials for technological applications.
Adsorption of Vanillin by an Anisole‐Modified Hyper‐Cross‐Linked Polystyrene Resin from Aqueous Solution: Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Dynamics
Authors: Jin Xiaoying , Huang Jianhan
Published: May 2012

A type of anisole‐modified hyper‐cross‐linked polystyrene (PS) resin, named HJ‐J00, HJ‐J04, HJ‐J08, HJ‐J10, and HJ‐J12, was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for adsorption of vanillin from aqueous solution in this study. These resins were prepared from macroporous chloromethylated PS by adding different quantities of anisole in the Friedel–Crafts reaction; they had different adsorption selectivity toward β‐naphthol and vanillin from aqueous solution, and HJ‐J08 held the largest adsorption capacity toward vanillin. The isotherms of vanillin on HJ‐J08 were measured and fitted by the Freundlich equation, and isosteric adsorption enthalpies were calculated according to the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The second‐order rate equation was shown to be suitable for fitting the kinetic data, and the intraparticle diffusion was the rate‐controlling step in the first stage. The breakthrough point of HJ‐J08 toward vanillin was 75 BV (bed volume; 1 BV = 10 mL) with the initial concentration of 1000 mg/L, and a flow rate of 6 BV/h, exhibiting an excellent adsorption property toward vanillin. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E221–E230, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21268
A Metagenomic Study of Primate Insect Diet Diversity
Authors: PICKETT SARAH B. , BERGEY CHRISTINA M. , DI FIORE ANTHONY
Published: May 2012

Descriptions of primate diets are generally based on either direct observation of foraging behavior, morphological classification of food remains from feces, or analysis of the stomach contents of deceased individuals. Some diet items (e.g. insect prey), however, are difficult to identify visually, and observation conditions often do not permit adequate quantitative sampling of feeding behavior. Moreover, the taxonomically informative morphology of some food species (e.g. swallowed seeds, insect exoskeletons) may be destroyed by the digestive process. Because of these limitations, we used a metagenomic approach to conduct a preliminary, “proof of concept” study of interspecific variation in the insect component of the diets of six sympatricNewWorld monkeys known, based on observational field studies, to differ markedly in their feeding ecology. We used generalized arthropod polymerase chain reaction (PCR)primers and cloning to sequence mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) sequences of the arthropod cytochromeb(CYT B) gene from fecal samples of wild woolly, titi, saki, capuchin, squirrel, and spider monkeys collected from a single sampling site in westernAmazonia where these genera occur sympatrically. We then assigned preliminary taxonomic identifications to the sequences by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) comparison to arthropodCYT Bsequences present inGenBank. This study is the first to use molecular techniques to identify insect prey in primate diets. The results suggest that a metagenomic approach may prove valuable in augmenting and corroborating observational data and increasing the resolution of primate diet studies, although the lack of comparative reference sequences for manySouthAmerican insects limits the approach at present. As such reference data become available for more animal and plant taxa, this approach also holds promise for studying additional components of primate diets. Am. J. Primatol. 74:622–631, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive Reinforcement Training in Squirrel Monkeys Using Clicker Training
Authors: Gillis Timothy E. , Janes Amy C. , Kaufman Marc J.
Published: May 2012

Nonhuman primates in research environments experience regular stressors that have the potential to alter physiology and brain function, which in turn can confound some types of research studies. Operant conditioning techniques such as positive reinforcement training (PRT), which teaches animals to voluntarily perform desired behaviors, can be applied to improve behavior and reactivity. PRT has been used to train rhesus macaques, marmosets, and several other nonhuman primate species. To our knowledge, the method has yet to be used to train squirrel monkeys to perform complex tasks. Accordingly, we sought to establish whether PRT, utilizing a hand‐box clicker (which emits a click sound that acts as the conditioned reinforcer), could be used to train adult male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis, N = 14). We developed and implemented a training regimen to elicit voluntary participation in routine husbandry, animal transport, and injection procedures. Our secondary goal was to quantify the training time needed to achieve positive results. Squirrel monkeys readily learned the connection between the conditioned reinforcer (the clicker) and the positive reinforcer (food). They rapidly developed proficiency on four tasks of increasing difficulty: target touching, hand sitting, restraint training, and injection training. All subjects mastered target touching behavior within 2 weeks. Ten of 14 subjects (71%) mastered all tasks in 59.2 ± 2.6 days (range: 50–70 days). In trained subjects, it now takes about 1.25 min per monkey to weigh and administer an intramuscular injection, one‐third of the time it took before training. From these data, we conclude that clicker box PRT can be successfully learned by a majority of squirrel monkeys within 2 months and that trained subjects can be managed more efficiently. These findings warrant future studies to determine whether PRT may be useful in reducing stress‐induced experimental confounds in studies involving squirrel monkeys. Am. J. Primatol. 74:712–720, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Body Water and Hair: Modeling Isotope Dynamics in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: O'Grady Shannon P. , Valenzuela Luciano O. , Remien Christopher H. , Enright Lindsey E. , Jorgensen Matthew J. , Kaplan Jay R. , Wagner Janice D. , Cerling Thure E. , Ehleringer James R.
Published: May 2012

The stable isotopic composition of drinking water, diet, and atmospheric oxygen influence the isotopic composition of body water (2H/1H, 18O/16O expressed as δ2H and δ18O). In turn, body water influences the isotopic composition of organic matter in tissues, such as hair and teeth, which are often used to reconstruct historical dietary and movement patterns of animals and humans. Here, we used a nonhuman primate system (Macaca fascicularis) to test the robustness of two different mechanistic stable isotope models: a model to predict the δ2H and δ18O values of body water and a second model to predict the δ2H and δ18O values of hair. In contrast to previous human‐based studies, use of nonhuman primates fed controlled diets allowed us to further constrain model parameter values and evaluate model predictions. Both models reliably predicted the δ2H and δ18O values of body water and of hair. Moreover, the isotope data allowed us to better quantify values for two critical variables in the models: the δ2H and δ18O values of gut water and the 18O isotope fractionation associated with a carbonyl oxygen–water interaction in the gut (αow). Our modeling efforts indicated that better predictions for body water and hair isotope values were achieved by making the isotopic composition of gut water approached that of body water. Additionally, the value of αow was 1.0164, in close agreement with the only other previously measured observation (microbial spore cell walls), suggesting robustness of this fractionation factor across different biological systems. Am. J. Primatol. 74:651–660, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Low‐ and High‐Fiber Diets on the Population of Entodiniomorphid Ciliates Troglodytella Abrassarti in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes)
Authors: PetrŽelkovÁ KlÁra J. , SchovancovÁ KateŘina , ProfousovÁ Ilona , KiŠidayovÁ Svetlana , VÁradyovÁ Zora , PekÁr Stano , Kamler JiŘÍ , ModrÝ David
Published: May 2012

Troglodytella abrassarti is an intestinal entodiniomorphid ciliate commonly diagnosed in the feces of wild and captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Entodiniomorphids could be considered to have a mutualistic relationship with the great apes, in that the ciliates benefit from the intestinal ecosystem of the host, while also contributing to the fiber fermentation process. We examined the effect of diet on the infection intensities of T. abrassarti in two captive chimpanzees in the Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic. The chimpanzees were fed a low‐fiber diet (LFD) with 14% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and a high‐fiber diet (HFD; 26% NDF) for 10 days with one transition, and two 10‐day adaptation periods. Fecal samples were examined coproscopically with the merthiolate‐iodine‐formaldehyde concentration (MIFC) technique, in order to quantify the number of ciliates per gram of feces. A significant trend of increasing T. abrassarti numbers was observed when the animals were fed the LFD, compared to when they were fed the HFD. Our results suggest, however, that infection intensities of T. abrassarti in captive chimpanzees are not influenced primarily by the amount of fiber in the diet, but rather by the dietary starch concentration (HFD: 1%; LFD: 8%). Am. J. Primatol. 74:669–675, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differences in Titi Monkey (Callicebus cupreus) Social Bonds Affect Arousal, Affiliation, and Response to Reward
Authors: RAGEN BENJAMIN J. , MENDOZA SALLY P. , MASON WILLIAM A. , BALES KAREN L.
Published: May 2012

Titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) are a monogamous, New World primate. Adult pair‐mates form a bidirectional social bond and offspring form a selective unidirectional bond to their father. Some of the neurobiology involved in social bonds and maternal behavior is similar to the neural circuitry involved in nonsocial reward. Due to these overlapping mechanisms, social states may affect responses to external rewarding stimuli. We sought to determine whether having a social attachment, and/or being in the presence of that attachment figure, can affect an individual's response to a rewarding stimulus. In addition, we compared affiliative bonds between pair‐mates to those between offspring and fathers. Eighteen adult male titi monkeys were either living alone (Lone), with a female pair‐mate (Paired), or with the natal group (Natal; N = 6/condition). Each individual went through eight 30‐min preference tests for a sweet substance, Tang. For Paired and Natal males, half of the test sessions were with their attachment figure and half were alone. Lone males were always tested alone. Preference scores for Tang, time spent drinking, affiliative, and arousal behaviors were measured. Paired and Natal males emitted significantly more isolation peeps and locomoted more when tested alone compared to when tested with their attachment figure, and paired males engaged in more affiliative behavior than Natal males. Lone males engaged in significantly more behaviors indicative of behavioral arousal such as locomotion and piloerection compared to Paired and Natal males. Finally, Paired males drank significantly more Tang and had a significantly greater preference for Tang compared to Lone and Natal males. These results indicate that offspring undergo a behavioral separation response upon separation from their father that persists into adulthood, Lone males are more behaviorally reactive, and that living with an attachment figure and the type of attachment relationship result in different responses to a rewarding sweet stimulus. Am. J. Primatol. 74:758‐769, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disability, Compensatory Behavior, and Innovation in Free‐Ranging Adult Female Japanese Macaques (Macaca Fuscata)
Authors: TURNER SARAH E. , FEDIGAN LINDA M. , MATTHEWS H. DAMON , NAKAMICHI MASAYUKI
Published: May 2012

Little is known about consequences of disability in nonhuman primates, yet individuals with disabilities can reveal much about behavioral flexibility, innovation, and the capabilities of a species. The Macaca fuscata population surrounding the Awajishima Monkey Center has experienced high rates of congenital limb malformation for at least 40 years, creating a unique opportunity to examine consequences of physical impairment in situ, in a relatively large sample of free‐ranging adult monkeys. Here we present behavioral data on 11 disabled adult females and 12 nondisabled controls from 279 hours of randomly ordered 30‐minute focal animal follows collected during May–August in 2005, 2006, and 2007. We quantified numerous statistically significant disability‐related behavioral differences among females. Disabled females spent less time begging for peanuts from tourists, and employed a behavioral variant of such peanut begging; they had a lower frequency of hand use in grooming and compensated with increased direct use of the mouth or a two‐arm pinch technique; and they had a higher frequency of self‐scratching, and more use of feet in self‐scratching. Self‐scratching against substrates was almost exclusively a disability associated behavior. Two females used habitual bipedalism. These differences not withstanding, disabled females behaved similarly to controls in many respects: overall reliance on provisioned and wild foods, time spent feeding, and feeding efficiency did not differ among females, and there was no time difference in behavior performed arboreally or terrestrially. Disabled adult females were able to compensate behaviorally to perform social and life‐sustaining activities, modifying existing behaviors to suit their individual physical situations and, occasionally, inventing new ways of doing things. Am. J. Primatol. 74:788‐803, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Thermodynamic Comparison of Arboreal and Terrestrial Sleeping Sites for Dry‐Habitat Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at the Toro‐Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda
Authors: SAMSON DAVID R. , HUNT KEVIN D.
Published: May 2012

The nightly construction of an arboreal sleeping platform (SP) has been observed among every chimpanzee's population studied to date. Here, we report on bioclimatic aspects of SP site choice among dry‐habitat chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at the Toro‐Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. We placed a portable weather monitor within 1 m of chimpanzee SPs and compared the microenvironment of this site with terrestrial monitors placed 10 cm above the ground directly underneath the simultaneously studied SP. We calculated physical “comfort levels” of monitored sites using the RayMan thermophysiological model that we modified to take ape body proportions into account. The RayMan tool gauges energy balance using wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, and heat index in conjunction with the study subject's mass and stature to determine whether the individual is in energy balance or homeostasis. We found that (1) terrestrial microclimates have greater homeostatic potential than arboreal microclimates, and (2) there is a significant positive linear relationship between wind speed and height of SP in the forest canopy. Advantages of terrestrial sites are that they require lesser energetic expenditure to stabilize the body when the SP is under construction and perhaps during use as well. We found that terrestrial sites also had better homeostatic potentials. This combination of advantages explains why SPs are so often sited terrestrially in habitats where predation risk is low. Early hominins must have had technological or social measures to avoid or deter predators that were significantly advanced over those found among chimpanzees before they began sleeping on the ground. Am. J. Primatol. 74:811–818, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Influence of Sex and Relatedness on Stress Response in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: GALVÃO‐COELHO NICOLE L. , SILVA HÉLDERES PEREGRINO A. , DE SOUSA MARIA BERNARDETE CORDEIRO
Published: May 2012

Research in stress physiology has demonstrated the benefits of receiving social support during stressful conditions. However, recent data have shown that the efficacy of social support in buffering physiological and behavioral responses to stressor agents depends on species, sex, and relatedness among animals. This study investigated whether different kinds of social support (presence of same sex related or nonrelated conspecifics) have the same effect on hormonal (fecal cortisol levels) and behavioral responses (agonistic: scent‐marking and individual piloerection; anxiety: locomotion; tension‐reducing: autogrooming, allogrooming, and body contact). We used adult male and female isosexual dyads of Callithrix jacchus, a small Neotropical primate from the Callitrichidae family, widely used in the study of stress and related diseases. Following a 28‐day baseline phase, dyads faced three challenging situations (phase 1: dyads were moved together from the baseline cage to a similar new cage; phase 2: each dyad member was moved alone to a new cage; and phase 3: dyad members were reunited in the same baseline cage). Type of social support was found to influence the response to stressors differently for each sex. Related male dyads did not change their hormonal or behavioral profile over the three experimental phases, when compared to the baseline phase. For nonrelated male dyads, social support buffered hormonal but not behavioral response. For females, the social support offered by a related and nonrelated animal, does not seem to buffer the stress response, as shown by correlations between agonistic behaviors versus cortisol and locomotion during all three experimental phases and a significant increase in fecal cortisol levels during phases 2 and 3, when compared with baseline levels. The results only partially support the buffering model theory and corroborate other studies reporting that the benefits of social support during a period of crisis arise only when it is adaptive for that species. Am. J. Primatol. 74:819‐827, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clan, language, and migration history has shaped genetic diversity in Haida and Tlingit populations from Southeast Alaska
Authors: Schurr Theodore G. , Dulik Matthew C. , Owings Amanda C. , Zhadanov Sergey I. , Gaieski Jill B. , Vilar Miguel G. , Ramos Judy , Moss Mary Beth , Natkong Francis ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: May 2012

The linguistically distinctive Haida and Tlingit tribes of Southeast Alaska are known for their rich material culture, complex social organization, and elaborate ritual practices. However, much less is known about these tribes from a population genetic perspective. For this reason, we analyzed mtDNA and Y‐chromosome variation in Haida and Tlingit populations to elucidate several key issues pertaining to the history of this region. These included the genetic relationships of Haida and Tlingit to other indigenous groups in Alaska and Canada; the relationship between linguistic and genetic data for populations assigned to the Na‐Dene linguistic family, specifically, the inclusion of Haida with Athapaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit in the language family; the possible influence of matrilineal clan structure on patterns of genetic variation in Haida and Tlingit populations; and the impact of European entry into the region on the genetic diversity of these indigenous communities. Our analysis indicates that, while sharing a “northern” genetic profile, the Haida and the Tlingit are genetically distinctive from each other. In addition, Tlingit groups themselves differ across their geographic range, in part due to interactions of Tlingit tribes with Athapaskan and Eyak groups to the north. The data also reveal a strong influence of maternal clan identity on mtDNA variation in these groups, as well as the significant influence of non‐native males on Y‐chromosome diversity. These results yield new details about the histories of the Haida and Tlingit tribes in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol 148:422–435, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic rhinosinusitis symptoms and computed tomography staging: improved correlation by incorporating radiographic density
Authors: Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: May 2012

Background:

Traditional methods for staging of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by computed tomography (CT) have not proven to be predictive of subjective reports of patients' symptoms. An objective measure of CRS severity that correlates well with patients' symptoms, particularly if available from CT data, would be a valuable tool in assessment of disease status and outcomes after surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review of CRS patients with symptom data from the Rhinosinusitis Symptom Inventory (RSI) and objective data from a sinus CT scan. CRS disease severity on CT imaging was measured according to the traditional Lund‐Mackay scoring, as well as by raw measures of the densities of sinus opacities (in Hounsfield units [HU]) and density‐weighted Lund‐Mackay scoring. These data were related to symptom severity scores using a multivariate regression model.

Results:

There was no significant correlation between either raw density values of sinus opacities or weighted Lund‐Mackay scores with facial or total symptom scores. Oropharyngeal symptoms scores were negatively correlated with the sum of “average HU” values (p = 0.036, β = −1.120) but were positively correlated with the sum of “maximum HU” values (p = 0.047, β = 1.221). There was a significant negative correlation between the systemic symptoms score and mean of “average HU” values (p = 0.010, β = −0.272). Finally, there was a positive correlation between “maximum HU” value‐weighted Lund‐Mackay score with nasal symptom scores (p = 0.016, β = 0.241), systemic symptom scores (p = 0.008, β = 0.605), and total symptom scores (p = 0.078, β = 0.179).

Conclusion:

Incorporation of radiographic characteristics of sinus opacification with Lund‐Mackay scores offers greater predictive power of patients' subjective symptom severity. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.