bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Going Global? An Attempt to Challenge the Peripheral Position of Early Modern Polish-Lithuanian Painting in the Historiography of Art
Authors: Grusiecki Tomasz
Published: February 2016

This essay has been conceived from the desire to challenge the paradigm of core and periphery in the historiography of Western art: a long-embedded model that perpetuates the notion of early modern western European art as the sole locus of artistic innovation, at the expense of east-central European and American peripheries. In order to provide this article with a workable scope, the role of a benchmark by which to test the validity of the author’s claims has been assigned to the analysis of early modern Polish-Lithuanian artistic production and consumption as part of the greater network of trade and cultural exchange operating in the new globalizing world of early modernity. Through such discussion, this essay attempts to confront prevailing orthodoxies about artistic peripheries, and spark a debate about reasons for the exclusion of artistic peripheries from the hegemonic historiographies of art.
Catalyst for Revolution Pope John Paul II’s 1979 Pilgrimage to Poland and Its Effects on Solidarity and the Fall of Communism
Authors: Kraszewski Gracjan
Published: February 2016

George Weigel has argued, that "Poland was not a communist state; Poland was a Catholic nation saddled with communism." Pope John Paul II, as Wojtyła was now known, was not content with sitting in Rome and merely giving moral support to his home country. As soon as time allowed he planned to make a pilgrimage to his homeland. That historic visit, from June 2 through June 10, 1979, is the focus of this article. The Pope’s first trip to Poland awoke a religious zeal and national pride that had lain largely dormant for years under the weight of Soviet rule. This "renaissance" produced significant consequences both within Polish borders and beyond, serving as the glue of the 1980s’ Solidarity movement (Solidarność) and, therefore, helping to facilitate the collapse of Polish communism and indeed the entire Soviet Union. Drawing from a bevy of primary sources in the form of the Pope’s homilies, addresses, and speeches during his nine-day visit in 1979, this article takes a thematic look at the visit itself, reaction to it, and, finally, long-term effects. While done with words not guns, John Paul, via his 1979 pilgrimage, set off a revolution just as consequential as the storming of the Bastille and Lenin’s seizure of power in post-tsarist Russia.Throughout roughly a millennium of Polish history nothing has been more identifiable with the country than its Roman Catholicism. From MieszkoI’s baptism in the Western Rite in 966, to the crowning of Mary (Our Lady of Częstochowa) as Queen and Protector of Poland in 1656, the religion has defined Polish culture. But by the close of World War II, with Poland firmly in the grasp of the Soviet Union, Polish Christianity was threatened by a communist system that sought not only to subdue religious devotion but to utterly eradicate it. As the Cold War era commenced, the Soviet Union’s efforts to bend Polish society toward atheistic materialism, via the proxy rule of men such as Gomułka, Bierut, and Gierek, seemed to be working. In 1978, however, everything changed. In October of that year, the former Archbishop of Kraków, Karol Wojtyła, had been elected to the papacy. Even more striking than becoming the first non-Italian pope in four and a half centuries (since Dutchman Adrian VI, elected in 1523) was that Wojtyła hailed from a communist country, leading an Italian journalist to proclaim "the Soviets would prefer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn as Secretary-General of the United Nations than a Pole as Pope." Popular reaction in Poland was unprecedented and the mass outpouring of joy by the people made it clear, as George Weigel has argued, that "Poland was not a communist state; Poland was a Catholic nation saddled with communism."
The Polish Contribution to the Development of European Democracy: Interpretations in American Textbooks
Authors: Peck Anna
Published: February 2016

Teaching about democracy, its ideas and genesis, which are ingrained in the tradition of Western civilization, constitutes one of the fundamental educational objectives in the United States. A commitment to the values and principles of democracy and to the Constitution, which establishes and protects fundamental rights and liberties, is a foundation of American society. Tracing the roots of democracy in ancient Athens, and in medieval English documents, such as the Magna Carta Libertatum of 1215, high school and college textbooks usually discuss the development of democratic patterns of government in seventeenth-century England and Holland, and sometimes Switzerland. But what about the democracy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a unique political system that functioned during three centuries, from the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth? Does it belong to the Western tradition? How is Polish democracy, with all its developments, achievements, and imperfections, presented and perceived in contemporary American textbooks? The significance of these questions is closely related to the concept of the availability heuristic: the quality and quantity of provided information and its interpretation play a considerable role in creating and expressing opinions about Polish history and its contribution to the development of democracy. This article examines history textbooks used at three levels of education: basic high school, College Board Advanced Placement programs, and college undergraduate. The basic high school level includes World History or World Civilization courses; Advanced Placement programs offer courses in Advanced Placement (AP) World History and AP European History; and finally, the college undergraduate level recommends a course in Western Civilization. While the goal of the basic high school courses, taught to freshman or sophomore classes, is to present global history in a rather concise way, the College Board AP courses discuss problems in much a broader historical and cultural context. Especially important is the AP European History course, which covers modern European history from the High Renaissance of the fifteenth century, the time that Polish democracy began to develop. According to the course description, "the AP European History course corresponds to the most recent developments in history curricula at the undergraduate level"; and it covers "questions in cultural, diplomatic, economic, intellectual, political, and social history." Although it concentrates on Western Europe, AP European History has been enlarged to encompass areas of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland.
Stakeholders Participation and Sustainability of Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes in Ghana: A Study of AngloGold Ashanti Mine in Obuasi
Authors: Sarfo I , Twum E , Koku J. E. , Yankah K , Kloos H , Worku M
Published: February 2016

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has gained tremendous attention in the policy implementation of some organizations. National governments and societies have developed keen interest in the operations of organizations under this jurisdiction. Therefore, companies may not only be profit oriented but would seek to enhance the welfare of the people as they operate in a more sustainable way without harming the environment. It is on this premise that this article attempts to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability of corporate social responsibility programmes implemented by AngloGold Ashanti in Obuasi, Ghana.

CSR programmes initiated by AGA-Obuasi are categorized into four main areas: Community Health and Malaria Control Programme, Social Infrastructure, Education and Sports as well as Art, Culture & Heritage programmes (AngloGold Ashanti, 2013). Activities of the mines affect Obuasi and their allocated unit areas environmentally, socially, economically and culturally and hence, the company is not only profit oriented but has assumed responsibility of developing the community through CSR and the reclamation bond or process.

CSR programmes are undertaken voluntarily by the mine corporation to facilitate its operations. CSR policies, plans, program and projects are broad and hence, the study was conducted mainly to assess stakeholder participation and sustainability. The relevant stakeholders in various communities in the AGA-Obuasi operational area were involved in the formulation and implementation of CSR programmes through consultative committee meetings, community/public meetings in various allocated communities. Program were formulated and implemented based on request from host communities.
Electrochemical surface modification technique to impede mild steel corrosion using Perfluorooctanoic Acid.
Authors: Natarj Shubha H , Venkatarangaiah Venkatesha T , Subbarao Anantha N
Published: February 2016

The present work demonstrated that corrosion inhibition efficiency of electrochemically generated organic coat is remarkably effective than self-assembled monolayer (SAM) generated by dip coating technique. Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) is used to modify mild steel surface for effective protection. Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and contact angle measurements substantiate the modification of mild steel surface and its effect on surface hydrophobicity. A comparison between electrochemical properties of PFOA SAM generated by dip coat method (DC-PFOA) and PFOA coat generated by electrochemical method (EC-PFOA) is presented. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the corrosion protection efficiency of EC-PFOA (91%) is much superior to DC-PFOA (28%).
How to Leverage the Potential of Mathematical Errors
Authors: Bray Wendy S.
Published: February 2016

Incorporating a focus on students' mistakes into your instruction can advance their understanding.
Hvorfor viser mine mails en ’forkert’ afsender, når jeg anvender OJS’s interne mailsystem i min kommunikation med forfatter og bedømmer - og hvordan løser jeg det problem?
Authors: Frederiksen Niels Erik
Published: February 2016

I tidligere udgaver af OJS indsatte programmet altid den pågældende redaktørs e-mailadresse, når den interne mail blev aktiveret. Det er ikke længere tilfældet. Læs hvorfor og hvordan du bedst løser 'problemet'.
The Politics of Dreaming: From Diderot to Keats and Shelley
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: February 2016

test test
The Politics of Dreaming - from Diderot to Keats and Shelley
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: February 2016

Dreaming, seemingly a private activity, can exhibit political and ideological dimensions. The first part of this article looks at the ideological significance, within late Enlightenment and Romantic-era culture, of the very activity of dreaming, with particular reference to Diderot’s Le Réve de d'Alembert. Nocturnal dreaming and the somnambulistic behaviors closely associated with dreaming can and did challenge orthodox notions of the integral subject, of volition, of an immaterial soul, and even of the distinction between humans and animals. The second half of the article looks at two literary dreams, from the poetry of Shelley and Keats, considering how represented dreams can have pronounced ideological and political valences. The article as a whole illustrates the claims and methods of cognitive historicist literary critique.
The Politics of Dreaming – from Diderot to Keats and Shelley
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: February 2016

Dreaming, seemingly a private activity, can exhibit political and ideological dimensions. The first part of this article looks at the ideological significance, within late Enlightenment and Romantic-era culture, of the very activity of dreaming, with particular reference to Diderot’s Le Réve de d’Alembert. Nocturnal dreaming and the somnambulistic behaviors closely associated with dreaming can and did challenge orthodox notions of the integral subject, of volition, of an immaterial soul, and even of the distinction between humans and animals. The second half of the article looks at two literary dreams, from the poetry of Shelley and Keats, considering how represented dreams can have pronounced ideological and political valences. The article as a whole illustrates the claims and methods of cognitive historicist literary critique.
The Masses and the Elite: the Conception of Social Inequality in 1840s Scandinavian Literature
Authors: Schiedermair Joachim
Published: February 2016

The opposition between the masses and the elite is the constituting formula by which the classic texts of elite theory justified social inequality around 1900. Nowadays, contemporary theorists of social inequality interpret this opposition primarily as a panic reaction to demographic developments that occurred towards the end of the 19th century. Uncovering the same mechanisms in fiction from that period is an obvious task for literary scholars. In the present article, however, it will be argued that the ‘true’ contemporaries of elite theories are already manifest in texts from around 1840 – texts that are usually regarded as belonging to the Romantic period. The argument is based on Johan Ludvig Heiberg’s essay ‘Folk og Publikum’ [The People and the Audience] and the drama ‘Den indiske Cholear’ (1835) [The Indian Cholera] by Henrik Wergeland. Heiberg’s and Wergeland’s texts will not be read as anachronistic reflections of 1900 elite theories, but rather as complex analyses of precisely those bourgeois concerns that led to the emergence of the elite theories toward the end of the century.
‘Too Frivolous to Interest the Public’?: Walter Scott, Richard Polwhele and Archipelagic Correspondence
Authors: Moore Dafydd
Published: February 2016

The Cornish writer Richard Polwhele and Sir Walter Scott corresponded on matters literary and social for a period of 25 years at the start of the nineteenth century without ever meeting. This article examines the published traces of this epistolary acquaintance and establishes what it might tell us about the lines of connection and dissemination it was possible to establish in Romantic Britain between what might otherwise be thought of as outlying areas of the nation. The article contributes to a number of recent archipelagic attempts to better understand the distributed or devolved nature of print culture within the nations and regions of Britain, in this case through a focus on the interconnections between them.
Algorithms and Bounds for Overloaded Orthogonal Drawings
Authors: Kornaropoulos Evgenios , Tollis Ioannis
Published: February 2016

Orthogonal drawings are widely used for graph visualization due to their high clarity and ease of representation. But when it comes to high-degree and massive graphs, even orthogonal drawings have difficulties producing a clean and simple visualization. In this paper we present a technique called Overloaded Orthogonal Drawing that greatly improves the readability by proposing a new vertex placement and reframing the orthogonal edge routing approach. We first place the vertices on grid points following a relaxed version of dominance drawing, called weak dominance condition. Edge routing is implied automatically by the vertex coordinates. In order to simplify these drawings we use an overloading technique of the edges. All algorithms are simple and easy to implement and can be applied to directed acyclic graphs, planar, non-planar and undirected graphs. We also present bounds on the number of bends and the area. Overloaded orthogonal drawings present several interesting properties such as efficient visual edge confirmation as well as clarity of the drawing.
Pathologic Disorders of the Foot in Professional Female Flamenco Dancers
Authors: Castillo-López José M , Munuera-Martínez Pedro V , Algaba-Guisado Cristina , Reina-Bueno María , Salti-Pozo Nadia , Vargas-Macías Alfonso
Published: February 2016

Background: The foot is the main element of artistic creation in flamenco dancing. At the professional level, the foot undergoes high musculoskeletal demands, predisposing the development of podiatric pathologic disorders in this group. The principal objective of this study was to determine the most common foot lesions in professional female flamenco dancers.

Methods: In a cross-sectional observational study of 44 female professional flamenco dancers, the participants completed a short questionnaire about their demographic features, number of hours danced per week, and years of professional activity. Any foot lesions presented by the participant were also recorded.

Results: Some type of pathologic foot condition was noted in 75% of the women, with a particularly high prevalence of hallux abducto valgus (61.4%), hypermobility of the first ray (43.2%), claw toe (40.9%), and varus fifth toe (37.5%) compared with the general population. No significant differences in the presence of pathologic disorders of the foot were found according to the time dedicated to dance or the years of professional activity.

Conclusions: Female flamenco dancers in this study had a high prevalence of podiatric medical problems: some kind of pathologic abnormality of the foot was present in 75% of the participants. Hallux abducto valgus, claw toe, and hypermobility of the first ray were the most common pathologic disorders observed.
Foot Complications and Mortality
Authors: McEwen Laura N. , Ylitalo Kelly R. , Munson Michael , Herman William H. , Wrobel James S.
Published: February 2016

Background: We sought to study the impact of foot complications on 10-year mortality independent of other demographic and biological risk factors in a racially and socioeconomically diverse managed-care population with access to high-quality medical care.

Methods: We studied 6,992 patients with diabetes in Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD), a prospective observational study of diabetes care in managed care. Foot complications were assessed using administrative claims data. The National Death Index was searched for deaths across 10 years of follow-up (2000-2009).

Results: Charcot's neuro-osteoarthropathy and diabetic foot ulcer with debridement were associated with an increased risk of mortality; however, the associations were not significant in fully adjusted models. Lower-extremity amputation (LEA) was associated with an increased risk of mortality in unadjusted (hazard ratio [HR], 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.50–4.12) and fully adjusted (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.28–2.63) models. When we examined the associations between LEA and mortality stratified by sex and race, risk was increased in men (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.25–3.07), Hispanic individuals (HR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.48–18.01), and white individuals (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.37–3.47). In sensitivity analyses, minor LEA tended to increase the risk of mortality (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.92–2.40), and major LEA was associated with a significantly higher risk of death at 10 years (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.18–3.01).

Conclusions: In this managed-care population with access to high-quality medical care, LEA remained a robust independent predictor of mortality. The association was strongest in men and differed by race.
Investigating the chemical mist deposition technique for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) on textured crystalline-silicon for organic/crystalline-silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Hossain Jaker , Ohki Tatsuya , Ichikawa Koki , Fujiyama Kazuhiko , Ueno Keiji , Fujii Yasuhiko , Hanajiri Tatsuro , Shirai Hajime
Published: February 2016

Chemical mist deposition (CMD) of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was investigated in terms of cavitation frequency f, solvent, flow rate of nitrogen, substrate temperature T
s, and substrate dc bias V
s as variables for efficient PEDOT:PSS/crystalline silicon (c-Si) heterojunction solar cells. The high-speed-camera and differential mobility analysis characterizations revealed that the average size and flux of PEDOT:PSS mist depend on f, type of solvent, and V
s. Film deposition occurred when positive V
s was applied to the c-Si substrate at T
s of 30–40 °C, whereas no deposition of films occurred with negative V
s, implying that the film is deposited mainly from negatively charged mist. The uniform deposition of PEDOT:PSS films occurred on textured c-Si(100) substrates by adjusting T
s and V
s. The adhesion of CMD PEDOT:PSS film to c-Si was greatly enhanced by applying substrate dc bias V
s compared with that of spin-coated film. The CMD PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunction solar cell devices on textured c-Si(100) in 2 × 2 cm2 exhibited a power conversion efficiency η of 11.0% with better uniformity of the solar cell parameters. Furthermore, η was increased to 12.5% by adding an AR coating layer of molybdenum oxide MoO
x
formed by CMD. These findings suggest that CMD with negatively charged mist has great potential for the uniform deposition of organic and inorganic materials on textured c-Si substrates by suitably adjusting T
s and V
s.
In situ observation of containerless protein crystallization by magnetically levitating crystal growth
Authors: Maki Syou , Tanimoto Yoshifumi , Udagawa Chikako , Morimoto Shotaro , Hagiwara Masayuki
Published: February 2016

We report on the results of the crystal growth of hen-egg lysozyme by magnetically levitating crystals in a small amount of buffer solution. The concentrations of lysozyme and the precipitating agent (gadolinium chloride) were 6.53 wt % and 0.362 mol/kg, respectively. Gadolinium chloride, which induces the magneto-Archimedes effect, was utilized to levitate the crystals with B

z
· (dB

z
/d
z) = 22.46 T2/m, where B

z
is the vertical (z) component of the magnetic flux density vector. Although the collected crystals were small, we succeeded in maintaining the levitation of the crystals into a specific place in the liquid phase from the beginning of nucleation. In situ observation revealed that a state of pseudo-weightlessness was generated in the vicinity of the magnet bore edge, and small crystals were concentrated inside the domain moving along an hourglass-shaped surface. We found by numerical computations that the formation of the hourglass-shaped domain is attributable to the radial component of the magnetic force.
Optical properties of inorganic electroluminescent devices with nanostripe electrodes
Authors: Nonaka Toshihiro , Yamamoto Shin-ichi
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we report on the luminescence (emission) characteristics of a laminated dispersion-type inorganic electroluminescent (EL) device with a nanostripe electrode made of thin Al film, instead of a conventional indium–tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode, on the emission side of the device. The transmittance of the Al nanostripe electrode, with 60-nm line-and-space widths, was 45%. We compared an inorganic EL device positioned between two thin films of Al and the inorganic EL device with the Al nanostripe electrode using electric field simulations and actual experiments. We were able to apply the same electric field intensity to the phosphor layer in the conventional structure and to the new structure. Therefore, with an Al nanostripe electrode on one side of the EL device, it is possible to fabricate an ITO-free display.
Effects of applying bias voltage on metal-coated pentacene films on SiO2 studied by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Hirosawa Ichiro , Watanabe Takeshi , Oji Hiroshi , Yasuno Satoshi , Koganezawa Tomoyuki , Tada Keisuke , Yoshimoto Noriyuki
Published: February 2016

The effects of bias voltage application on C 1s photoelectron kinetic energies in Au- and Ag-coated pentacene films on SiO2 were studied by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was observed that the kinetic energies of C 1s were smaller in shallow regions in contact with metals than in mid regions of the pentacene films. The differences in C 1s kinetic energy between the shallow and mid regions of the Ag-coated pentacene films were slightly larger than those of the Au-coated films. The differences in the kinetic energies were decreased by applying negative voltages. The larger effect of voltage application was observed in the Ag-coated film than in the Au-coated film. In addition, partially reduced Si atoms in SiO2 were found at the interface to the pentacene film.
Fault‐controlled lithospheric detachment of the volcanic southern South Atlantic rift
Authors: Becker Katharina , Tanner David C. , Franke Dieter , Krawczyk Charlotte M.
Published: February 2016

We present structural models of two exemplary conjugate seismic lines of the southernmost South Atlantic margins to examine their initial evolution, especially the seaward‐dipping reflectors (SDRs). Modeling illustrates the different structure and inclination angles of the SDRs, which therefore require different subsidence histories. Since typical symmetrical subsidence models are not applicable, we suggest a model with a westward‐dipping detachment fault that offsets the SDRs on the South American margin and we speculate on passively subsided SDRs on the South African margin. We propose a simple‐shear rifting mechanism to explain the initial break‐up of the South Atlantic.
Dynamic simulations of potential methane release from East Siberian continental slope sediments
Authors: Stranne C. , O'Regan M. , Dickens G. R. , Crill P. , Miller C. , Preto P. , Jakobsson M.
Published: February 2016

Sediments deposited along continental margins of the Arctic Ocean presumably host large amounts of methane (CH4) in gas hydrates. Here we apply numerical simulations to assess the potential of gas hydrate dissociation and methane release from the East Siberian slope over the next 100 years. Simulations are based on a hypothesized bottom water warming of 3°C, and an assumed starting distribution of gas hydrate. The simulation results show that gas hydrate dissociation in these sediments is relatively slow, and that CH4fluxes toward the seafloor are limited by low sediment permeability. The latter is true even when sediment fractures are permitted to form in response to overpressure in pore space. With an initial gas hydrate distribution dictated by present‐day pressure and temperature conditions, nominally 0.35 Gt of CH4are released from the East Siberian slope during the first 100 years of the simulation. However, this CH4discharge becomes significantly smaller (∼0.05 Gt) if glacial sea level changes in the Arctic Ocean are considered. This is because a lower sea level during the last glacial maximum (LGM) must result in depleted gas hydrate abundance within the most sensitive region of the modern gas hydrate stability zone. Even if all released CH4reached the atmosphere, the amount coming from East Siberian slopes would be trivial compared to present‐day atmospheric CH4inputs from other sources.
Evaluating CMIP5 ocean biogeochemistry and Southern Ocean carbon uptake using atmospheric potential oxygen: Present‐day performance and future projection
Authors: Nevison C. D. , Manizza M. , Keeling R. F. , Stephens B. B. , Bent J. D. , Dunne J. , Ilyina T. , Long M. , Resplandy L. , Tjiputra J. , Yukimoto S.
Published: February 2016

Observed seasonal cycles in atmospheric potential oxygen (APO ~ O2 + 1.1 CO2) were used to evaluate eight ocean biogeochemistry models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Model APO seasonal cycles were computed from the CMIP5 air‐sea O2 and CO2 fluxes and compared to observations at three Southern Hemisphere monitoring sites. Four of the models captured either the observed APO seasonal amplitude or phasing relatively well, while the other four did not. Many models had an unrealistic seasonal phasing or amplitude of the CO2 flux, which in turn influenced APO. By 2100 under RCP8.5, the models projected little change in the O2 component of APO but large changes in the seasonality of the CO2 component associated with ocean acidification. The models with poorer performance on present‐day APO tended to project larger net carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean, both today and in 2100.
Probabilistic collocation method for strongly nonlinear problems: 3. Transform by time
Authors: Liao Qinzhuo , Zhang Dongxiao
Published: February 2016

The probabilistic collocation method (PCM) has drawn wide attention for stochastic analysis recently. Its results may become inaccurate in case of a strongly nonlinear relation between random parameters and model responses. To tackle this problem, we proposed a location‐based transformed PCM (xTPCM) and a displacement‐based transformed PCM (dTPCM) in previous parts of this series. Making use of the transform between response and space, the above two methods, however, have certain limitations. In this study, we introduce a time‐based transformed PCM (tTPCM) employing the transform between response and time. We conduct numerical experiments to investigate its performance in uncertainty quantification. The results show that the tTPCM greatly improves the accuracy of the traditional PCM in a cost‐effective manner and is more general and convenient than the xTPCM/dTPCM.
Theory and generation of conditional, scalable sub‐Gaussian random fields
Authors: Panzeri M. , Riva M. , Guadagnini A. , Neuman S.P.
Published: February 2016

Many earth and environmental (as well as a host of other) variables, Y, and their spatial (or temporal) increments, ΔY, exhibit non‐Gaussian statistical scaling. Previously we were able to capture key aspects of such non‐Gaussian scaling by treating Y and/or ΔY as sub‐Gaussian random fields (or processes). This however left unaddressed the empirical finding that whereas sample frequency distributions of Y tend to display relatively mild non‐Gaussian peaks and tails, those of ΔY often reveal peaks that grow sharper and tails that become heavier with decreasing separation distance or lag. Recently we proposed a generalized sub‐Gaussian model (GSG) which resolves this apparent inconsistency between the statistical scaling behaviors of observed variables and their increments. We presented an algorithm to generate unconditional random realizations of statistically isotropic or anisotropic GSG functions and illustrated it in two dimensions. Most importantly, we demonstrated the feasibility of estimating all parameters of a GSG model underlying a single realization of Y by analyzing jointly spatial moments of Y data and corresponding increments, ΔY. Here, we extend our GSG model to account for noisy measurements of Y at a discrete set of points in space (or time), present an algorithm to generate conditional realizations of corresponding isotropic or anisotropic random fields, introduce two approximate versions of this algorithm to reduce CPU time, and explore them on one and two‐dimensional synthetic test cases.
Throat aurora: The ionospheric signature of magnetosheath particles penetrating into the magnetosphere
Authors: Han D.‐S. , Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Hu H.‐Q. , Yang H.‐G.
Published: February 2016

Throat aurora is suggested to be generated during magnetospheric cold plasma flowing into the magnetopause reconnection site and to be the ionospheric signature of the newly opened flux from reconnection. By examining simultaneous low‐altitude satellites and ground observations, we confirm that the throat auroras are associated with low‐energy electron and ion precipitation of magnetosheath type and thus provide the first evidence that they occur along open magnetic field lines. Additionally, the observations have important possible implications: (1) solar wind particles can penetrate deep into the magnetosphere and may make significant contributions to the low‐energy plasmas often observed in the dayside outer magnetosphere and (2) localized shapes of the magnetopause and the ionospheric open‐closed field line boundary may be substantially changed, during generation of the throat aurora.
Teenage Offenders' Ability to Detect Deception in Their Peers
Authors: Jupe Louise , Akehurst Lucy , Vernham Zarah , Allen James
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the deception detection abilities of teenage offenders and teenage non‐offenders who made veracity judgments about 12 videotaped interviewees and also explored the behavioural characteristics of teenage liars and truth tellers. The findings revealed that teenage offenders were significantly more accurate in their credibility judgments than teenage non‐offenders. However, the offenders' impressive accuracy rates were not as a consequence of using valid cues to deceit. The feedback hypothesis helps to explain why the offenders were more accurate in their decisions: Operating within a criminal environment may mean that teenage offenders frequently lie and are lied to. Consequently, they receive more feedback than non‐offenders regarding the effectiveness of their lies as well as how successful they are at detecting lies. As a result, their lie detection ability improves. The current study suggests moving away from individual deceptive cues as predictors of deceit towards a more intuitive and holistic approach to lie detection, such as the Brunswikian Lens Model.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking and Quantification of Magnetically Labeled Stem Cells Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Goodfellow Forrest T. , Simchick Gregory A. , Mortensen Luke J. , Stice Steven L. , Zhao Qun
Published: February 2016

Stem cell based therapies have critical impacts on treatments and cures of diseases such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disease. In vivo tracking of stem cells labeled with magnetic contrast agents is of particular interest and importance as it allows for monitoring of the cells' biodistribution, viability, and physiological responses. Here, recent advances in tracking and quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle‐labeled cells with magnetic resonance imaging, a noninvasive approach that can longitudinally monitor transplanted cells, are introduced. This is followed by recent translational research on human stem cells that are dual‐labeled with green fluorescence protein and SPIO nanoparticles, then transplanted and tracked in a chicken embryo model. Cell labeling efficiency, viability, and cell differentiation are also presented.
Synthesis and Characterization of 2D Molybdenum Carbide (MXene)
Authors: Halim Joseph , Kota Sankalp , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Naguib Michael , Zhao Meng‐Qiang , Moon Eun Ju , Pitock Jeremy , Nanda Jagjit , May Steven J. , Gogotsi Yury , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: February 2016

Large scale synthesis and delamination of 2D Mo2CT
x
(where T is a surface termination group) has been achieved by selectively etching gallium from the recently discovered nanolaminated, ternary transition metal carbide Mo2Ga2C. Different synthesis and delamination routes result in different flake morphologies. The resistivity of free‐standing Mo2CT
x
films increases by an order of magnitude as the temperature is reduced from 300 to 10 K, suggesting semiconductor‐like behavior of this MXene, in contrast to Ti3C2T
x
which exhibits metallic behavior. At 10 K, the magnetoresistance is positive. Additionally, changes in electronic transport are observed upon annealing of the films. When 2 μm thick films are tested as electrodes in supercapacitors, capacitances as high as 700 F cm−3 in a 1 m sulfuric acid electrolyte and high capacity retention for at least 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1 are obtained. Free‐standing Mo2CT
x
films, with ≈8 wt% carbon nanotubes, perform well when tested as an electrode material for Li‐ions, especially at high rates. At 20 and 131 C cycling rates, stable reversible capacities of 250 and 76 mAh g−1, respectively, are achieved for over 1000 cycles.
Chiral Imidodiphosphoric Acids‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles/Pyrroles with 3‐Hydroxy‐indolyloxindoles: Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,3‐Diaryloxindoles
Authors: Zhuo Ming‐Hua , Liu Guo‐Feng , Song Shan‐Liang , An Dong , Gao Jigang , Zheng Liangyu , Zhang Suoqin
Published: February 2016

The first enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles and pyrroles with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐indolyloxindoles to access two novel types of 3,3‐diaryloxindoles catalyzed by chiral imidodiphosphoric acids has been reported. A range of quaternary carbon centered 3,3‐diaryloxindoles were synthesized in high yield (up to >99%) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee) at low catalyst loadings (as low as 0.5 mol%). The Friedel–Crafts reaction between indoles and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐indolyloxindoles is amenable to gram scale syntheses.

magnified image
Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology for N‐Benzylation using a π‐Benzylpalladium System in Water
Authors: Hikawa Hidemasa , Koike Toshitaka , Izumi Kyoko , Kikkawa Shoko , Azumaya Isao
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate a borrowing hydrogen methodology using the unique reactivity of the π‐benzylpalladium system in water, which offers an efficient and environmentally friendly N‐monobenzylation of electron‐deficient anilines or 2‐aminopyridine with non‐activated benzylic alcohols under neutral conditions. The crossover experiment using benzyl‐α,α‐d2 alcohol and 3‐methylbenzyl alcohol afforded H/D scrambling products, suggesting that the borrowing hydrogen pathway occurred in our catalytic system. Our simple protocol can accomplish a gram scale reaction of 2‐aminobenzonitrile (76 % isolated yield), and is performed with the use of only 1 mol % Pd(OAc)2 and 2 mol % TPPMS without other additives in water.

magnified image
Guanidine Synthesis: Use of Amidines as Guanylating Agents
Authors: Baeten Mattijs , Maes Bert U. W.
Published: February 2016

The use of amidines for the tandem or one‐pot synthesis of guanidines is reported. Guanidines are obtained by oxidative rearrangement of readily available and stable amidines into carbodiimides, followed by in situ reaction with amines. The protocol can be executed under mild reaction conditions (30 °C), in a green solvent (dimethyl carbonate). The amine scope is broad, including sterically hindered, oxidation‐sensitive and chiral amines. Examples for the synthesis of both acyclic and cyclic guanidines are provided. 2‐Propoxyphenyl iodide (2‐PrOPhI) by‐product, generated from the oxidant [N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)imino](2‐propoxyphenyl)iodinane (2‐PrOPhINTs), can be isolated in high yields making regeneration of the hypervalent iodine reagent possible. The utility and greenness of the synthetic method versus the state‐of‐the‐art is demonstrated by a new route towards the antihypertensive drug Pinacidil. The process mass intensity (PMI) of the new route is only 24% of the classical one.

magnified image
Tribotronic Enhanced Photoresponsivity of a MoS2 Phototransistor
Authors: Pang Yaokun , Xue Fei , Wang Longfei , Chen Jian , Luo Jianjun , Jiang Tao , Zhang Chi , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: February 2016

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted a great attention as an excellent 2D material for future optoelectronic devices. Here, a novel MoS2 tribotronic phototransistor is developed by a conjunction of a MoS2 phototransistor and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in sliding mode. When an external friction layer produces a relative sliding on the device, the induced positive charges on the back gate of the MoS2 phototransistor act as a “gate” to increase the channel conductivity as the traditional back gate voltage does. With the sliding distance increases, the photoresponsivity of the device is drastically enhanced from 221.0 to 727.8 A W−1 at the 100 mW cm−2 UV excitation intensity and 1 V bias voltage. This work has extended the emerging tribotronics to the field of photodetection based on 2D material, and demonstrated a new way to realize the adjustable photoelectric devices with high photoresponsivity via human interfacing.
Bortezomib‐based triplets are associated with a high probability of dialysis independence and rapid renal recovery in newly diagnosed myeloma patients with severe renal failure or those requiring dialysis
Authors: Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Roussou Maria , Gavriatopoulou Maria , Psimenou Erasmia , Eleutherakis‐Papaiakovou Evangelos , Migkou Magdalini , Matsouka Charis , Mparmparousi Despoina , Gika Dimitra , Kafantari Eftychia , Ziogas Dimitrios , Fotiou Despoina , Panagiotidis Ioannis , Terpos Evangelos , Kastritis Efstathios
Published: February 2016

Renal failure (RF) is a common and severe complication of symptomatic myeloma, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Such patients are commonly excluded from clinical trials. Bortezomib/dexamethasone (VD)‐based regimens are the backbone of the treatment of newly diagnosed MM patients who present with severe RF even those requiring dialysis. We analyzed the outcomes of 83 consecutive bortezomib‐treated patients with severe RF (eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2), of which 31 (37%) required dialysis. By IMWG renal response criteria, 54 (65%) patients achieved at least MRrenal, including CRrenal in 35% and PRrenal in 12%. Triplet combinations (i.e., VD plus a third agent) versus VD alone were associated with higher rates of renal responses (72 vs. 50%; P = 0.06). Fifteen of the 31 (48%) patients became dialysis independent within a median of 217 days (range 11–724). Triplets were associated with a higher probability of dialysis discontinuation (57 vs. 35%). Serum free light chain (sFLC) level ≥11,550 mg/L was associated with lower rates of major renal response, longer time to major renal response, lower probability, and longer time to dialysis discontinuation. Rapid myeloma response (≥PR within the first month) was also associated with higher rates of renal response. Patients who became dialysis‐independent had longer survival than those remaining on dialysis. In conclusion, VD‐based triplets are associated with a significant probability of renal response and dialysis discontinuation, improving the survival of patients who became dialysis independent. Rapid disease response is important for renal recovery and sFLCs are predictive of the probability and of the time required for renal response. Am. J. Hematol. 91:499–502, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The ties that bind: Maternal kin bias in a multilevel primate society despite natal dispersal by both sexes
Authors: Städele Veronika , Pines Mathew , Swedell Larissa , Vigilant Linda
Published: February 2016

In many social animals, individuals derive fitness benefits from close social bonds, which are often formed among kin of the philopatric sex. Hamadryas baboons, however, exhibit a hierarchical, multilevel social system where both sexes disperse from their natal one‐male‐unit (OMU). Although this would seem to hinder maintenance of kin ties, both sexes appear largely philopatric at the higher order band and clan levels, possibly allowing for bonds with same sex kin by both males and females. In order to investigate the possibility of kin bonds in hamadryas baboons, we identified kin dyads in a band without known pedigree information using a large panel of genetic markers: 1 Y‐linked, 4 X‐linked, and 23 autosomal microsatellites and part of the mitochondrial hypervariable region I. With these data, we performed a kinship analysis while accounting for misclassification rates through simulations and determined kinship among two types of dyads: leader and follower males and female dyads within OMUs. Leader and follower males were maternal relatives more often than expected by chance, suggesting that kinship plays a role in the formation of these relationships. Moreover, maternal female relatives were found in the same OMU more often than expected by chance, indicating that females may be motivated to maintain post‐dispersal contact with maternal female kin. Our results suggest that hamadryas baboons can recognize maternal kin and that kin selection has contributed to shaping their complex social system. This implies that an ancestral maternal kin bias has been retained in hamadryas society. Am. J. Primatol. 78:731–744, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Room‐temperature luminescence decay of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots: Nonexponentiality revisited
Authors: Bodunov Evgeny N. , Danilov Vladimir V. , Panfutova Anastasia S. , Simões Gamboa A. L.
Published: February 2016

While time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy is commonly used as a quantitative tool for the analysis of the dynamics of photoexcitation in colloidal semiconductor quantum dots, the interpretation of the virtually ubiquitous nonexponential decay profiles is frequently ambiguous, because the assumption of multiple discrete exponential components with distinct lifetimes for resolving the decays is often arbitrary. Here, an interpretation of the room‐temperature luminescence decay of CdSe/ZnS semiconductor quantum dots in colloidal solutions is presented based on the Kohlrausch relaxation function. It is proposed that the decay can be understood by using the concept of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assuming that the role of acceptors of photoexcitation energy is played by high‐frequency anharmonic molecular vibrations in the environment of the quantum dots. The term EVFRET (Electronic ‐ Vibrational Förster Resonance Energy Transfer) is introduced in order to unequivocally refer to this energy transfer process.

image
Design und Synthese von Kohlenstoffnanoröhrensegmenten
Authors: Segawa Yasutomo , Yagi Akiko , Matsui Katsuma , Itami Kenichiro
Published: February 2016

Ein langfristiges Ziel der organischen Synthesechemie und der Nanokohlenstoffchemie ist die selektive und vorhersagbare Synthese von strukturell gleichförmigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren (CNTs). Dieser Aufsatz konzentriert sich auf synthetische Arbeiten, die dieses Ziel einer gesteuerten Synthese von chiralen CNTs durch die organische Synthese von CNT‐Segmenten und mithilfe eines durch organische Template vermittelten CNT‐Wachstums in Reichweite bringen.
Facile Preparation of Ni2P with a Sulfur‐Containing Surface Layer by Low‐Temperature Reduction of Ni2P2S6
Authors: Tian Song , Li Xiang , Wang Anjie , Prins Roel , Chen Yongying , Hu Yongkang
Published: February 2016

Preparation of Ni2P by temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) of a phosphate precursor is challenging because the P−O bond is strong. An alternative approach to synthesizing Ni2P, by reduction of nickel hexathiodiphosphate (Ni2P2S6), is presented. Conversion of Ni2P2S6 into Ni2P occurs at 200–220 °C, a temperature much lower than that required by the conventional TPR method (typically 500 °C). A sulfur‐containing layer with a thickness of about 4.7 nm, composed of tiny crystallites, was observed at the surface of the obtained Ni2P catalyst (Ni2P−S). This is a direct observation of the sulfur‐containing layer of Ni2P, or the so‐called nickel phosphosulfide phase. Both the hydrodesulfurization activity and the selective hydrogenation performance of Ni2P‐S were superior to that of the catalyst prepared by the TPR method, suggesting a positive role of sulfur on the surface of Ni2P‐S. These features render Ni2P‐S a legitimate alternative non‐precious metal catalyst for hydrogenation reactions.
Proton Transport in a Highly Conductive Porous Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Framework: Molecular Insight
Authors: Borges Daiane Damasceno , Devautour‐Vinot Sabine , Jobic Hervé , Ollivier Jacques , Nouar Farid , Semino Rocio , Devic Thomas , Serre Christian , Paesani Francesco , Maurin Guillaume
Published: February 2016

The water stable UiO‐66(Zr)‐(CO2H)2 MOF exhibits a superprotonic conductivity of 2.3×10−3 S cm−1 at 90 °C and 95 % relative humidity. Quasi‐elastic neutron scattering measurements combined with aMS‐EVB3 molecular dynamics simulations were able to probe individually the dynamics of both confined protons and water molecules and to further reveal that the proton transport is assisted by the formation of a hydrogen‐bonded water network that spans from the tetrahedral to the octahedral cages of this MOF. This is the first joint experimental/modeling study that unambiguously elucidates the proton‐conduction mechanism at the molecular level in a highly conductive MOF.
Iron‐catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Propargyl Carboxylates and Grignard Reagents: Synthesis of Substituted Allenes
Authors: Kessler Simon N. , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: February 2016

Presented herein is a mild, facile, and efficient iron‐catalyzed synthesis of substituted allenes from propargyl carboxylates and Grignard reagents. Only 1–5 mol % of the inexpensive and environmentally benign [Fe(acac)3] at −20 °C was sufficient to afford a broad range of substituted allenes in excellent yields. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups.