bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equivalent intraperitoneal doses of ibuprofen supplemented in drinking water or in diet: a behavioral and biochemical assay using antinociceptive and thromboxane inhibitory dose–response curves in mice
Authors: Salama Raghda A.M. , El Gayar Nesreen H. , Georgy Sonia S. , Hamza May
Published: July 2016

Background.Ibuprofen is used chronically in different animal models of inflammation by administration in drinking water or in diet due to its short half-life. Though this practice has been used for years, ibuprofen doses were never assayed against parenteral dose–response curves. This study aims at identifying the equivalent intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of ibuprofen, when it is administered in drinking water or in diet.

Methods.Bioassays were performed using formalin test and incisional pain model for antinociceptive efficacy and serum TXB2for eicosanoid inhibitory activity. The dose–response curve of i.p. administered ibuprofen was constructed for each test using 50, 75, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The dose–response curves were constructed of phase 2a of the formalin test (the most sensitive phase to COX inhibitory agents), the area under the ‘change in mechanical threshold’-time curve in the incisional pain model and serum TXB2levels. The assayed ibuprofen concentrations administered in drinking water were 0.2, 0.35, 0.6 mg/ml and those administered in diet were 82, 263, 375 mg/kg diet.

Results.The 3 concentrations applied in drinking water lay between 73.6 and 85.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of the formalin test; between 58.9 and 77.8 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of the incisional pain model; and between 71.8 and 125.8 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of serum TXB2levels. The 3 concentrations administered in diet lay between 67.6 and 83.8 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of the formalin test; between 52.7 and 68.6 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of the incisional pain model; and between 63.6 and 92.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p., in case of serum TXB2levels.

Discussion.The increment in pharmacological effects of different doses of continuously administered ibuprofen in drinking water or diet do not parallel those of i.p. administered ibuprofen. It is therefore difficult to assume the equivalent parenteral daily doses based on mathematical calculations.
Neue Forschungen zum angelsächsischen Recht
Authors: Fruscione Daniela
Published: July 2016

New research on Anglo-Saxon law. The article reviews five works connected to Anglo-Saxon legislation in different fields of research. The material for Volume II of Wormald’s opus magnum existed in various stages of development when Wormald died in 2004 and it is a miscellaneous collection of papers and lectures, partly delivered at the University of Oxford by the author. Roach is connected to the teachings of Wormald as a historian of kingship; challenging old models, Roach focuses with comparative eyes on the role of assemblies in Anglo-Saxon England as an essential feature of kingship. An „unaccustomed point of view“ on early English law is also held by Jurasinki/Falk who offer the 1st complete edition of Theodor’s canons and by Jurasinski’s work on those penitentials which gave advice on matters of secular law. In doing this he discovers not only that the scribes who translated them from Latin recasted them into new rules intended to better suit the needs of English laypeople, but also how wrong it is to assume that only kings participated in the creation of Anglo-Saxon legal culture. A review of works on early English legislation cannot avoid the question of language of the legal sources. They were mostly written in the Anglo-Saxon vernacular rather than in Latin like the continental leges. Hough brings together historical and linguistic evidence and explores various aspects of the legal system of Anglo-Saxon England, focusing particularly on the interpretation of laws on the position of women in society.
Ergänzungen zu „Deutsche Rechtsbücher des Mittelalters und ihre Handschriften“
Authors: Oppitz Ulrich-Dieter
Published: July 2016

Addenda to „German medieval Law Books and their manuscripts“. This article presents newly discovered manuscripts and single leaves of German-language customary law books. It describes variations to the manuscripts and single leaves listed in U.-D. Oppitz, „Deutsche Rechtsbücher des Mittelalters“, vol. II, Cologne 1990. A passage from the Erfurt Chronicle (1447) points at the importance of the Saxon mirror at court.
Verbrechen und Verfestung im Spiegel der Kulmer Gerichtsbücher
Authors: Willoweit Dietmar
Published: July 2016

Crime and Ostracism in the medieval court records of Kulm. As a High Court (Oberhof) of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia, the town of Kulm on the Vistula was a center of Magdeburgian law in eastern Central Europe. The article discusses some aspects of criminal practice, which are provided by the recently edited court records of said city from the 14th through the 16th century. Primarily, they show the ostracisms (Verfestungen) of offenders on the run. Because they could be apprehended by anyone - not just the accuser -, the offenders were forced to either conclude a settlement with the victim or hand themselves in to the court. The court records give no information about offenders who had been seized and judged immediately after committing the crime (handhafte Tat). Therefore, albeit the sources contain interesting facts on the history of crime, they don’t allow a complete crime statistics of the town.
Zur Bedeutung der Reformation
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: July 2016

The Importance of the Protestant Reformation: It might be difficult for some lawyers to accept the influence of theology on law, but in a Europe forged by the Christian faith its basic assumptions necessarily had an influence on law. The most important contribution of the Protestant Reformation may be its epistemology, which modernised European science and also its jurisprudence. With the end of the Church as the single institution establishing justice and truth, every single person had the opportunity to define what was just and equitable. This paper concentrates on the impact of the Protestant Reformation on international public law, which was conceived at Wittenberg in the 1530s as a device to impose rules between kings and states regardless of their confession. The hope of ameliorating international relations or even of establishing perpetual peace through law is an assumption, which we already find in Melanchthon’s writings. This relies on the optimistic premise that good rules explain how to behave correctly and that people can learn from the law. In the 20th century, children themselves became holders of the right to education, which demonstrates this confidence of the Protestant Reformation in our time.
Law and Protestantism in Denmark
Authors: Tamm Ditlev
Published: July 2016

This contribution deals with the influence of the Reformation on the law in Denmark. The Reformation was basically a reform of the church, but it also affected the concept of law and state in general. In 1536, King Christian III dismissed the catholic bishops and withheld the property of the church. The king, as custos duarum tabularum, guardian of both the tablets of law, also took over the legislation for the church. Especially in subjects of morals and criminal law new principles and statutes were enacted. Copenhagen University was reformed into a protestant seminary even though the former faculties were maintained. For that task Johannes Bugenhagen was summoned who also drafted the new church ordinance of 1537. In marriage law protestant principles were introduced. A marriage order was established in 1582.
„Einheit und Einigung“ der Kirche, die „Mehrheit“ der Gläubigen und eine „ecclesia mathematica“ nach einigen neu edierten Texten des Nikolaus von Kues
Authors: Miethke Jürgen
Published: July 2016

„Unity and Unification“ of the church, the „majority“ of believers and „ecclesia mathematica“ in the light of newly edited texts by Nikolaus of Cusa
Hinweise zur Geschichte der Präsumptionen
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: July 2016

Aspects of the History of Presumptions. Modern research on medieval presumptions shows the role of canon law in the development of this highly artificial legal device. Presumptions may even be proof of a sophisticated jurisprudence. Without a dogmatic model in Roman law, the decretals started to collect presumptions and develop a doctrinal system of different sorts and grades. These collections not only led to famous works by Alciato, Menochius, and Mascardus; they also led to the recognition of inherent difficulties: A judicature based on a system of presumptions transfers prejudices into final verdicts. For this reason, presumptions lost their appeal to lawyers and even acquired a bad reputation, at least in some countries. To some extent, therefore, canon law rules and maxims still function today.
Using the Basilica
Authors: Jong Hylkje de
Published: July 2016

When working with the Groningen edition of the Basilica, it is necessary to apply the periodical divisions of Roman law (classical Roman law, Justinianic law, early and later Byzantine law) to the texts in order to make the differences in meaning, according to their historical background, better visible. Each historical context shows its own characteristics, for example in expressions and references. To interpret data from the Basilica correctly, one must also know how to collect all relevant fragments.
Strategies to reduce alcohol-related harms and costs in Canada: A comparison of provincial policies
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman , Wettlaufer Ashley , Simpson Stephanie , April Nicole , Asbridge Mark , Cukier Samantha , Mann Robert E. , McAllister Janet , Murie Andrew , Pauley Chris , Plamondon Laurie , Stockwell Timothy , Thomas Gerald , Thompson Kara , Vallance Kate
Published: July 2016

Giesbrecht, N., Wettlaufer, A., Simpson, S., April, N., Asbridge, M., Cukier, S., Mann, R., McAllister, J., Murie, A., Pauley, C., Plamondon, L., Stockwell, T., Thomas, G., Thompson, K., & Vallance, K. (2016). Strategies to reduce alcohol-related harms and costs in Canada: A comparison of provincial policies. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(2), 33-45. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i2.221Aims: To compare Canadian provinces across 10 research-based alcohol policy and program dimensions.Design and Measures: The 10 Canadian provinces were assessed on the following 10 policy dimensions: alcohol pricing; alcohol control system; physical availability; drinking and driving; marketing and advertising; legal drinking age; screening, brief intervention, and referrals; server training, challenge, and refusal programs; provincial alcohol strategy; warning labels and signs. Data were collected from official documents, including provincial legislation, regulations, and policy, and strategy documents. Three international experts on alcohol policy contributed to refining the protocol. Provincial scores were independently determined by two team members along a 10-point scale for each dimension, and the scores were expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Weighting of dimensions according to scope of impact and effectiveness was applied to obtain the final scores. National and provincial scores were calculated for each dimension and consolidated into overall averages.Findings: Overall, the consolidated national mean is 47.2% of the ideal, with Ontario scoring highest at 55.9%, and Québec lowest at 36.2%. Across dimensions, Legal Drinking Age and Challenge and Refusal Programs scored highest at 75% and 61%, respectively, while Warning Labels and Signs scored lowest at 18% of the ideal. Pricing, rated third highest among dimensions at 57%, should nevertheless remain a priority for improvement, given it is weighted highest in terms of effectiveness and scope.Conclusions and Implications: Policy dimension scores vary among the provinces, with substantial room for improvement in all. Since spring 2013, several provinces have taken steps to implement specific alcohol policies. Concerted action involving multiple stakeholders and alcohol policies is required to reduce the burden of alcohol problems across Canada.
Enzymatic production of oroxylin A and hispidulin using a liverwort flavone 6‐O‐methyltransferase
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Ying , Xu Rui‐Xue , Gao Shuai , Cheng Ai‐Xia
Published: July 2016

Oroxylin A and hispidulin, compounds which are abundant in both Scutellaria and liverwort species, are important lead compounds for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Their enzymatic synthesis requires an O‐methyltransferase able to interact with the related flavonoid's 6‐OH group, but such an enzyme has yet to be identified in plants. Here, the gene encoding an O‐methyltransferase (designated PaF6OMT) was isolated from the liverwort species Plagiochasma appendiculatum. A test of alternative substrates revealed that its strongest preferences were baicalein and scutellarein, which were converted into, respectively, oroxylin A and hispidulin. Allowed a sufficient reaction time, the conversion rate of these two substrates was, respectively, 90% and 100%. PaF6OMT offers an enzymatic route to the synthesis of oroxylin A and hispidulin.
The global distribution of the dusk‐to‐nighttime enhancement of summer NmF2 at solar minimum
Authors: Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the dusk‐to‐nighttime enhancement (DNE) of summer NmF2 was investigated based on Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate radio occultation observations at solar minimum. The global distributions of the magnitude and the peak time of the DNE as well as the role of the DNE in NmF2 diurnal cycle were presented. The DNE mainly exists in three regions (one in the Southern Hemisphere and two in the Northern Hemisphere), and its distribution is related to geomagnetic configuration, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. For most DNEs, their peaks correspond to the maxima of NmF2 diurnal cycle. The DNEs are much more prominent in the southern than in the northern summer hemisphere; they last to later nighttime hours, have larger magnitudes, and play more important roles in NmF2 diurnal cycle in the southern than in the northern summer hemisphere. The distribution of the DNE was analyzed in terms of photoionization and the vertical plasma drift induced by neutral winds. The positive geomagnetic declinations and the smaller geomagnetic inclinations at higher geographic latitudes over the South Pacific are crucial for the prominent DNEs in the southern summer hemisphere; they result in larger upward plasma drift at higher latitudes where photoionization is still significant at sunset and evening hours.
Equal Protection versus Free Speech Rights: When Gains Loom Larger than Losses
Authors: Kimble Katherine M. K. , Wiener Richard L.
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the tension between equal protection and free speech in the hate speech context through a prospect theory lens. Two hundred and fifty‐four participants recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk read a First Amendment free speech or Fourteenth Amendment equal protection argument framed to endorse the protections gained by each right, the losses avoided by each right, or the security provided by each right. Results showed gain‐framing was more persuasive than loss‐framing. Participant race and constitutional principle influenced punishment invoked for cross burning but not destruction of property or trespassing. Participants who received a positive framed equal protection argument believed the target would experience stronger negative emotions, particularly under low intimidation. Furthermore, participants receiving a positive frame speech argument believed the target would be less willing to support suppression. Unlike previous research, which suggests an equal protection principle default, this study demonstrated an impact of framed statements on decisions.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive output feedback regulation for a class of uncertain feedforward nonlinear systems
Authors: Benabdallah Abdallah , Belfeki Mohsen
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we solve the problem of global output feedback regulation for uncertain feedforward nonlinear systems. The nonlinear functions, in the class of systems under consideration, are assumed to be dominated by an input‐output function multiplied by an unknown parameter and a linear unmeasured states. Contrarily to the previous works, the interval of the output's power has been expanded from
to
. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure Evolution in the Mushy Zone of a β‐Solidifying TiAl Alloy under Different Cooling Processes
Authors: Yang Jieren , Xiao Bao , Han Peng , Kou Hongchao , Li Jinshan
Published: July 2016

A novel method termed mushy zone cooling control is applied to tailor the microstructure of a β‐solidifying titanium aluminide alloy in this study. Ti‐44.5Al–4Nb–2Cr–0.1B (at%) alloy is subjected to temperature‐controlled cooling through the mushy zone by different processes. The solidified microstructure consists of α2/γ lamellar colony, B2 phase, and massive γ. It is found that both the fast cooling and the thermal cycling can play a role in refining α2/γ lamellar colonies and in reducing B2 phase, which is brittle at room temperature. α2/γ colonies with an average size of 28 µm are obtained after 10 thermal cycles. The results also show that solidification microsegregation can be largely eliminated by fast cooling. However, α2/γ colonies will continuously coarsen during such an isothermal holding process.
Toward a Low‐Cost Artificial Leaf: Driving Carbon‐Based and Bifunctional Catalyst Electrodes with Solution‐Processed Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Sharifi Tiva , Larsen Christian , Wang Jia , Kwong Wai Ling , Gracia‐Espino Eduardo , Mercier Guillaume , Messinger Johannes , Wågberg Thomas , Edman Ludvig
Published: July 2016

Molecular hydrogen can be generated renewably by water splitting with an “artificial‐leaf device”, which essentially comprises two electrocatalyst electrodes immersed in water and powered by photovoltaics. Ideally, this device should operate efficiently and be fabricated with cost‐efficient means using earth‐abundant materials. Here, a lightweight electrocatalyst electrode, comprising large surface‐area NiCo2O4 nanorods that are firmly anchored onto a carbon–paper current collector via a dense network of nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes is presented. This electrocatalyst electrode is bifunctional in that it can efficiently operate as both anode and cathode in the same alkaline solution, as quantified by a delivered current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 400 mV for each of the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions. By driving two such identical electrodes with a solution‐processed thin‐film perovskite photovoltaic assembly, a wired artificial‐leaf device is obtained that features a Faradaic H2 evolution efficiency of 100%, and a solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 6.2%. A detailed cost analysis is presented, which implies that the material‐payback time of this device is of the order of 100 days.
Non‐human primates avoid the detrimental effects of prenatal androgen exposure in mixed‐sex litters: combined demographic, behavioral, and genetic analyses
Authors: Bradley Brenda J. , Snowdon Charles T. , McGrew William C. , Lawler Richard R. , Guevara Elaine E. , McIntosh Annick , O'Connor Timothy
Published: July 2016

Producing single versus multiple births has important life history trade‐offs, including the potential benefits and risks of sharing a common in utero environment. Sex hormones can diffuse through amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, and females with male littermates risk exposure to high levels of fetal testosterone, which are shown to have masculinizing effects and negative fitness consequences in many mammals. Whereas most primates give birth to single offspring, several New World monkey and strepsirrhine species regularly give birth to small litters. We examined whether neonatal testosterone exposure might be detrimental to females in mixed‐sex litters by compiling data from long‐term breeding records for seven primate species (Saguinus oedipus; Varecia variegata, Varecia rubra, Microcebus murinis, Mirza coquereli, Cheirogaleus medius, Galago moholi). Litter sex ratios did not differ from the expected 1:2:1 (MM:MF:FF for twins) and 1:2:2:1 (MMM:MMF:MFF:FFF for triplets). Measures of reproductive success, including female survivorship, offspring‐survivorship, and inter‐birth interval, did not differ between females born in mixed‐sex versus all‐female litters, indicating that litter‐producing non‐human primates, unlike humans and rodents, show no signs of detrimental effects from androgen exposure in mixed sex litters. Although we found no evidence for CYP19A1 gene duplications—a hypothesized mechanism for coping with androgen exposure—aromatase protein evolution shows patterns of convergence among litter‐producing taxa. That some primates have effectively found a way to circumvent a major cost of multiple births has implications for understanding variation in litter size and life history strategies across mammals.
Two cases of cryptogenic life‐threatening hemoptysis – identification and management of bleeding point
Authors: Okuda Kazunori , Tanaka Jun , Okamoto Jun , Kishi Fumihisa , Nakagawa Junichiro , Hino Hiroshi , Chujoh Satoru , Shimadzu Kazuhisa , Kishimoto Masafumi , Kato Noboru , Shiono Shigeru
Published: July 2016

Cases

Case 1: A 63‐year‐old woman was referred for coughing blood. Although cardiorespiratory dynamics were stabilized by artificial respiration under sedation, severely poor ventilation developed from asphyxia associated with massive respiratory tract hemorrhage. One‐lung ventilation was temporarily secured by endotracheal tube insertion into the left main bronchus just prior to cardiopulmonary arrest.

Case 2: A 72‐year‐old man was referred for massive hemoptysis after coughing, then intubated and placed on a respirator. During angiography, blood clots collected with bronchoscopy confirmed extravascular leakage into the right main bronchus.

Outcomes

Both showed no hemoptysis recurrence after bronchial artery embolization and were discharged. Case 1 required intensive treatment for 6 days, including artificial respiratory management.

Conclusion

Emergency one‐lung ventilation was required for asphyxia in Case 1, and we had difficulties with bleeding point identification and hemostatic therapy. From that experience, we noted hemoptysis during angiography using bronchoscopy in Case 2, enabling prompt bronchial artery embolization.
A survival prediction logistic regression models for blunt trauma victims in Japan
Authors: Suzuki Takaaki , Kimura Akio , Sasaki Ryo , Uemura Tatsuki
Published: July 2016

Aim

This research aimed to propose a logistic regression model for Japanese blunt trauma victims.

Methods

We tested whether the logistic regression model previously created from data registered in the Japan Trauma Data Bank between 2005 and 2008 is still valid for the data from the same data bank between 2009 and 2013. Additionally, we analyzed whether the model would be highly accurate even when its coefficients were rounded off to two decimal places.

Results

The model was proved to be highly accurate (94.56%) in the recent data (2009–2013). We also showed that the model remains valid without respiratory rate data and the simplified model would maintain high accuracy.

Conclusion

We propose the equation of survival prediction of blunt trauma victims in Japan to be Ps = 1/(1+e−b), where b = −0.76 + 1.03 × Revised Trauma Score − 0.07 × Injury Severity Score − 0.04 × age.
Effectiveness of cadaver‐based educational seminar for trauma surgery: skills retention after half‐year follow‐up
Authors: Homma Hiroshi , Oda Jun , Yukioka Tetsuo , Hayashi Shogo , Suzuki Tomoya , Kawai Kentaro , Nagata Katsuhiro , Sano Hidefumi , Takyu Hiroshi , Sato Norio , Taguchi Hirokazu , Mashiko Kazuki , Azuhata Takeo , Ito Masayuki , Fukuhara Tomomi , Kurashima Yo , Kawata Shinichi , Itoh Masahiro
Published: July 2016

Aim

In Japan, trauma surgery training remains insufficient, and on‐the‐job training has become increasingly difficult because of the decreasing number of severe trauma patients and the development of non‐operative management. Therefore, we assessed whether a 1‐day cadaver‐based seminar is effective for trauma surgery training.

Methods

Data were collected from 11 seminars carried out from January 2013 to March 2014, including a 10‐point self‐assessment of confidence levels (SACL) for 21 surgical skills and an evaluation of the contents before, just after, and a half‐year after the seminar. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the paired t‐test at P < 0.0167.

Results

A total of 135 participants were divided into three groups based on experience and clinical careers. The SACL improved in all skills between before and just after the seminar, however, they decreased between just after and a half‐year after the seminar. The SACL did not change significantly in all skills between just after and a half‐year after the seminar in highly experienced and experienced group members belonging to an emergency center.

Conclusions

A cadaver‐based seminar provided more self‐confidence just after the seminar for participants at all experience levels. This effect was not maintained after a half‐year, except in participants who can practice the skills at an emergency center. Practicing and participating in the seminar repeatedly is suggested to be effective for skills retention in trauma surgery.
Catalytic Dealkylation of Ethers to Alcohols on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Yang Biao , Lin Haiping , Miao Kangjian , Zhu Pan , Liang Liangbo , Sun Kewei , Zhang Haiming , Fan Jian , Meunier Vincent , Li Youyong , Li Qing , Chi Lifeng
Published: July 2016

On‐surface synthesis has prompted much interest in recent years because it provides an alternative strategy for controlling chemical reactions and allows for the direct observation of reaction pathways. Herein, we combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory to provide extensive evidence for the conversion of alkoxybenzene‐containing ethers into alcohols by means of surface synthesis. The reported dealkylation reactions are finely controlled by the annealing parameters, which govern the onset of successive alkyl chains dissociations. Moreover, density functional theory calculations elucidate the details of the reaction pathways, showing that dealkylation reactions are surface‐assisted and very different from their homogeneous analogues in solution.
Fluorinated Azobenzenes for Shape‐Persistent Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
Authors: Iamsaard Supitchaya , Anger Emmanuel , Aßhoff Sarah Jane , Depauw Alexis , Fletcher Stephen P. , Katsonis Nathalie
Published: July 2016

Liquid crystal polymer networks respond with an anisotropic deformation to a range of external stimuli. When doped with molecular photoswitches, these materials undergo complex shape modifications under illumination. As the deformations are reversed when irradiation stops, applications where the activated shape is required to have thermal stability have been precluded. Previous attempts to incorporate molecular switches into thermally stable photoisomers were unsuccessful at photogenerating macroscopic shapes that are retained over time. Herein, we show that to preserve photoactivated molecular deformation on the macroscopic scale, it is important not only to engineer the thermal stability of the photoswitch but also to adjust the cross‐linking density in the polymer network and to optimize the molecular orientations in the material. Our strategy resulted in materials containing fluorinated azobenzenes that retain their photochemical shape for more than eight days, which constitutes the first demonstration of long‐lived photomechanical deformation in liquid‐crystal polymer networks.
Regioselektive Allyl‐Allyl‐Kreuzkupplungen ohne Übergangsmetallkatalysator
Authors: Ellwart Mario , Makarov Ilya S. , Achrainer Florian , Zipse Hendrik , Knochel Paul
Published: July 2016

Die Reaktion von Allylzinkhalogeniden mit Allylbromiden in einer 1:1‐Mischung aus THF und DMPU liefert selektiv 1,5‐Diene nach einem SN2‐ähnlichen Mechanismus. Die Allylzinkverbindung reagiert an der sterisch stärker gehinderten Seite (γ‐Position) des Allylsystems und liefert ausschließlich die γ,α′‐Allyl‐Allyl‐Kreuzkupplungsprodukte. Bemerkenswerterweise bleibt die stereochemische Konfiguration der Doppelbindung während der Kreuzkupplung erhalten. Dabei werden diverse funktionelle Gruppen (Ester, Nitril) toleriert. Diese Kreuzkupplung von Allylzinkreagenzien kann auch mit Propargyl‐ und Benzylhalogeniden durchgeführt werden. Zudem zeigen Dichtefunktionalrechnungen die essenzielle Rolle von Lithiumchlorid in dieser Substitutionsreaktion.
Well‐Defined Dinuclear Gold Complexes for Preorganization‐Induced Selective Dual Gold Catalysis
Authors: Vreeken Vincent , Broere Daniël L. J. , Jans Anne C. H. , Lankelma Marianne , Reek Joost N. H. , Siegler Maxime A. , van der Vlugt Jarl Ivar
Published: July 2016

The synthesis, reactivity, and potential of well‐defined dinuclear gold complexes as precursors for dual gold catalysis are explored. Using the preorganizing abilities of the ditopic PNHPiPr (LH) ligand, dinuclear AuI–AuI complex 1 and mixed‐valent AuI–AuIII complex 2 provide access to structurally characterized chlorido‐bridged cationic species 3 and 4 upon halide abstraction. For 2, this transformation involves unprecedented two‐electron oxidation of the redox‐active ligand, generating a highly rigidified environment for the Au2 core. Facile reaction with phenylacetylene affords the σ,π‐activated phenylacetylide complex 5. When applied in the dual gold heterocycloaddition of a urea‐functionalized alkyne, well‐defined precatalyst 3 provides high regioselectivities for the anti‐Markovnikov product, even at low catalyst loadings, and outperforms common mononuclear AuI systems. This proof‐of‐concept demonstrates the benefit of preorganization of two gold centers to enforce selective non‐classical σ,π‐activation with bifunctional substrates.
Lecithin‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonate based crosslinked phospholipid nanoparticles as drug carrier
Authors: Mutlu Esra Cansever , Bostan Muge Sennaroglu , Bahadori Fatemeh , Kocyigit Abdurrahim , Oner Ebru Toksoy , Eroglu Mehmet S.
Published: July 2016

In this study, a novel paclitaxel (PTX) loaded and a crosslinked solid phospholipid nanoparticles (SLN‐PTX) with negative surface charge was prepared by UV polymerization for drug delivery. Capping of positive charge of zwitterionic lecithin with negative charge of sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonate (AMPS‐Na) through cation exchange interaction produced a lecithin‐AMPS (L‐AMPS) complex. The amphiphilic and negative charged lipid complex was emulsified in the presence of emulsifier, paclitaxel, initiator, and methacrylated poly ε‐caprolacton‐diol (PCL‐MAC) as a spacer. The colloidal system was subjected to UV‐irradiation to obtain crosslinked nanoparticles. Completion of the UV‐polymerization was monitored with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which indicated the disappearance of exothermic peaks of vinyl groups. The nanoparticle system, having an average size of 200 nm, exhibited high drug encapsulation (96%) with negatively charged surface (zeta potential had an average of −70 mV). PTX release profiles of the crosslinked and uncrosslinked SLN‐PTXs were studied and their pharmacological properties were compared. The crosslinked nanoparticles exhibited more controlled release behavior with longer release time compared to the uncrosslinked ones. In vitro cytotoxicity test was conducted on MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, which indicated that the crosslinked SLN‐PTXs have a potential therapeutic effect for breast cancer treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44105.
Multi‐methodological Geophysical Exploration for the Interpretation of the Ancient Landscape of Phaistos (Greece)
Authors: Di Maio Rosa , La Manna Mauro , Piegari Ester , Mancini Cecilia , Achilli Vladimiro , Fabris Massimo
Published: July 2016

Phaistos is one of the main Minoan palatial sites in the Aegean context. The ancient sources and the scarce archaeological records indicate that the city, destroyed by the nearby town of Gorthina during second century bc, underwent also an important post‐palatine phase from alto‐archaic and archaic age to Hellenistic age, still scarcely excavated. Thus, in recent years, new research that integrate different methodologies has been performed to study part of the western Mesara plain, with a special focus on the area around the Phaistos’ hills and the underlying plateau. In this paper, the results of high‐resolution magnetic, electromagnetic, electrical and aerial photogrammetric surveys carried out in an area south of Phaistos site (Haghios Ioannis) are reported. All geophysical and geomatic data are consistent in showing a sharp contrast in soil properties of the northern and southern sectors of the survey area, which could help the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the large lake developed at the foot of the Phaistos hill during the Minoan age. Furthermore, several deep and shallow anomalies with regular geometric shapes suggest the presence of different types of buried structures. In particular, in the shallowest part of the subsoil, all observed data show elongated structures, whose geometry and physical properties well correlate with the presence of wall remains, and an anomaly feature with a semicircular shape also detected by previous orthophoto interpretation studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Synthesis of 2,5‐Diformylfuran by Sustainable 4‐acetamido‐TEMPO/Halogen‐Mediated Electrooxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Kashparova Vera P. , Klushin Victor A. , Leontyeva Daria V. , Smirnova Nina V. , Chernyshev Victor M. , Ananikov Valentine P.
Published: July 2016

A new method was developed for the selective gram‐scale synthesis of 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF), which is an important chemical with a high application potential, via oxidation of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF) catalyzed by 4‐acetylamino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (4‐AcNH‐TEMPO) in a two‐phase system consisting of a methylene chloride and aqueous solution containing sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium iodide. The key feature of this method is the generation of the I2 (co‐)oxidant by anodic oxidation of iodide anions during pulse electrolysis. In addition, the electrolyte can be successfully recycled five times while maintaining a 62–65 % yield of DFF. This novel method provides a sustainable pathway for waste‐free production of DFF without the use of metal catalysts and expensive oxidants. An advantage of electrooxidation is utilized in the preparation of demanding chemical.
Design of Smith Predictor and Fuzzy Decoupling for Mimo Chemical Processes with Time Delays
Authors: Hamdy M. , Ramadan A.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a design of Smith predictor (SP) for a multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) chemical process with multiple time delays based on a fuzzy decoupling scheme. The decoupling control is achieved using fuzzy logic, to reduce the reliance on model‐based analysis in comparison with conventional decoupling. The proposed scheme is easy to realize and simple to design, as well as having a good decoupling capability. The SP is added to the system to overcome the problem of time delay. Stability conditions of the overall closed loop system based on a PI controller in the presence of a fuzzy decoupling scheme are formulated. The Wood and Berry model of a binary distillation column and an industrial‐scale polymerization reactor model are used as two examples to illustrate the applicability of the proposed scheme.
Robust Fault Detection for Discrete‐Time Nonlinear Impulsive Switched Systems
Authors: Li Jian , Song Zhengfan , Su Qingyu
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with the problem of robust fault detection for discrete‐time nonlinear impulsive switched systems. The fault detection filter is used as the residual generator, in which the filter parameters are dependant on the system mode. Attention is focused on designing the robust fault detection filter. The problem of robust fault detection is converted into an H∞‐filtering problem. A sufficient condition for the solvability of this problem is established by a convex optimization problem. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Beanspruchung der Tunnelabdichtung durch den Herstellvorgang einer Tunnelinnenschale
Authors: Mähner Dietmar , Schmeing Johanna , Koroliuk Stepan
Published: July 2016

Der vorliegende Bericht befasst sich mit der Beanspruchung des Abdichtungssystems von Tunneln, die während des Herstellungsprozesses von Tunnelinnenschalen entstehen kann. Dazu wurde in einer systematischen Parameteruntersuchung am Institut für unterirdisches Bauen der FH Münster das Abdichtungssystem unter verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen praxisnah einer Prüfung unterzogen. In den Laborversuchen zeigte sich ein Einfluss aus der Abdichtungsrücklage der Spritzbetonschicht sowie dem Geotextil. Die ermittelten Deformationen der Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen beim Herstellvorgang der Tunnelinnenschale unterschreiten die im Regelwerk geforderten Vorgaben. Die wesentlichen Untersuchungsergebnisse werden nachfolgend dargestellt.
Synthesis, characterization and luminescence of europium perchlorate with MABA‐Si complex and coating structure SiO2@Eu(MABA‐Si) luminescence nanoparticles
Authors: Fu Zhi‐Fang , Li Wen‐Xian , Bai Juan , Bao Jin‐Rong , Cao Xiao‐fang , Zheng Yu‐Shan
Published: July 2016

This article reports a novel category of coating structure SiO2@Eu(MABA‐Si) luminescence nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of a unique organic shell, composed of perchlorate europium(III) complex, and an inorganic core, composed of silica. The binary complex Eu(MABA‐Si)3·(ClO4)3·5H2O was synthesized using HOOCC6H4N(CONH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3)2 (MABA‐Si) and was used as a ligand. Furthermore, the as‐prepared silica NPs were successfully coated with the ‐Si(OCH2CH3)3 group of MABA‐Si to form Si–O–Si chemical bonds by means of the hydrolyzation of MABA‐Si. The binary complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and coordination titration analysis. The results indicated that the composition of the binary complex was Eu(MABA‐Si)3·(ClO4)3·5H2O. Coating structure SiO2@Eu(MABA‐Si) NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared (IR) spectra. Based on the SEM and TEM measurements, the diameter of core‐SiO2 particles was ~400 and 600 nm, and the thickness of the cladding layer Eu(MABA‐Si) was ~20 nm. In the binary complex Eu(MABA‐Si)3·(ClO4)3·5H2O, the fluorescence spectra illustrated that the energy of the ligand MABA‐Si transferred to the energy level for the excitation state of europium(III) ion. Coating structure SiO2@Eu(MABA‐Si) NPs exhibited intense red luminescence compared with the binary complex. The fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence quantum efficiency of the binary complex and of the coating structure NPs were also calculated. The way in which the size of core‐SiO2 spheres influences the luminescence was also studied. Moreover, the luminescent mechanisms of the complex were studied and explained.
Reliable measurements of brain atrophy in individual patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Smeets Dirk , Ribbens Annemie , Sima Diana M. , Cambron Melissa , Horakova Dana , Jain Saurabh , Maertens Anke , Van Vlierberghe Eline , Terzopoulos Vasilis , Van Binst Anne‐Marie , Vaneckova Manuela , Krasensky Jan , Uher Tomas , Seidl Zdenek , De Keyser Jacques , Nagels Guy , De Mey Johan , Havrdova Eva , Van Hecke Wim
Published: July 2016

Introduction

As neurodegeneration is recognized as a major contributor to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), brain atrophy quantification could have a high added value in clinical practice to assess treatment efficacy and disease progression, provided that it has a sufficiently low measurement error to draw meaningful conclusions for an individual patient.

Method

In this paper, we present an automated longitudinal method based on Jacobian integration for measuring whole‐brain and gray matter atrophy based on anatomical magnetic resonance images (MRI), named MSmetrix. MSmetrix is specifically designed to measure atrophy in patients with MS, by including iterative lesion segmentation and lesion filling based on FLAIR and T1‐weighted MRI scans.

Results

MSmetrix is compared with SIENA with respect to test–retest error and consistency, resulting in an average test–retest error on an MS data set of 0.13% (MSmetrix) and 0.17% (SIENA) and a consistency error of 0.07% (MSmetrix) and 0.05% (SIENA). On a healthy subject data set including physiological variability the test–retest is 0.19% (MSmetrix) and 0.31% (SIENA).

Conclusion

Therefore, we can conclude that MSmetrix could be of added value in clinical practice for the follow‐up of treatment and disease progression in MS patients.
The long noncoding RNA CASC9 regulates migration and invasion in esophageal cancer
Authors: Pan Zhiwen , Mao Weimin , Bao Yejiang , Zhang Min , Su Xinhua , Xu Xiaohong
Published: July 2016

The objective of the study was to investigate the expression and functions of CASC9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) upregulated in ESCC tissues were detected by RNA sequencing. Expression of CASC9 was determined from clinical samples and cell lines by qRT‐PCR. The effects of CASC9 knockdown on migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing assay, cell migration and invasion assays in vitro. We found that the lncRNA, CASC9, was markedly upregulated in ESCC tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of CASC9 significantly suppressed cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, enhanced CASC9 expression level was correlated with differentiation. The results indicated that CASC9 is significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues and may represent a new marker of poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for esophageal cancer intervention.
Response rates and durability of chemotherapy among 62 patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Iyer Jayasri G. , Blom Astrid , Doumani Ryan , Lewis Christopher , Tarabadkar Erica S. , Anderson Austin , Ma Christine , Bestick Amy , Parvathaneni Upendra , Bhatia Shailender , Nghiem Paul
Published: July 2016

Cytotoxic chemotherapy is commonly used to treat advanced Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). However, its efficacy in distant metastatic MCC patients is unclear, in part because most prior reports aggregated these patients with those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and combined chemoradiation for whom prognosis and outcomes may differ. In this retrospective study, we analyzed detailed records from 62 patients with distant metastatic MCC treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Efficacy outcomes including response rate (RR), durability of response (DOR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. In this cohort, platinum plus etoposide was the most commonly used first‐line regimen (69%). RR to first‐line chemotherapy was 55% (34/62) with complete responses (CR) in 13% (8/62) and partial responses (PR) in 42% (26/62) while 6% (4/62) had stable disease and 39% (24/62) had progressive disease. Median PFS was 94 days and median OS was 9.5 months from start of chemotherapy. Among responding patients (n = 34), median PFS was 168 days and median DOR was 85 days. Among 30 of the 62 patients who received second‐line chemotherapy, RR was 23% (7/30; 1 CR, 6 PR), median PFS was 61 days, and median DOR was 101 days. In summary, first‐line chemotherapy is associated with a high RR in metastatic MCC, but responses are typically not durable, and the median PFS is only 3 months. These results suggest rapid emergence of chemoresistance in MCC tumors, and may serve as a useful comparator for immunotherapies currently being explored for metastatic MCC.
Numerical Investigation of Flow Patterns and Concentration Profiles in Y‐Mixers
Authors: Babu Harsha Vardhan , Sahu Swati , Haderlein Michael , Peukert Wolfgang , Verma Nishith
Published: July 2016

The fluid flow patterns and associated concentration fields in Y‐mixers are investigated using lattice Boltzmann method‐based models. The focus lies on the impact of the mixing angle on the flow and concentration fields, with the mixing angle varying between acute (θ = 10°) and obtuse (θ = 130°) angles. Residence time distributions are determined to study the effect of the angles on the mixing and velocity patterns, in particular, different flow regimes, i.e., stratified laminar, vortex, and engulfment flow. The results from the simulations are validated with literature data and found to be in good agreement. Maximum mixing occurs in the 100° obtuse‐angle Y‐mixer, attributed to the extensive engulfment of flows in the mixing channel.
Hot Water Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Effective and Environmentally Friendly Approach to Enhance Biofuel Production
Authors: Yan Lishi , Ma Ruoshui , Li Liangzhi , Fu Jiaolong
Published: July 2016

Hot water pretreatment without usage of chemicals is a particularly attractive approach for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass due to its fewer safety and environmental concerns as well as relatively low cost. However, a prohibitive amount of sugar degradation products limits the efficiency of such pretreatment, and excessive water consumption accompanied with the over‐diluted sugar streams still impedes the implementation of this pretreatment to be an economically viable pathway. These limitations are associated with the scant attention of water‐biomass interaction mechanism and engineering aspects regarding kinetic modeling and reactor configurations. This review aims at investigating those critical factors in terms of chemistry and engineering fundamentals in order to understand the correct axiomatic approaches needed to advance this technology. Various reactor configurations and kinetic models are evaluated to explore optimization strategies toward application.
Methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA): An Underutilised Reagent for Trifluoromethylation
Authors: Clarke Sarah L. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: July 2016

The introduction of fluorine groups to pharmaceutical compounds can have a dramatic effect on the lipophilicity and metabolic stability of the molecule in vivo. Around 20 % of drugs contain at least one fluorine atom. The trifluoromethyl group is known to have beneficial effects and can dramatically affect the biological activity when substituted for a methyl group, for example. In any case, the direct and late‐stage introduction of a trifluoromethyl group is a powerful transformation in the tool box of the medicinal chemist. The use of methyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (MFSDA) as a relatively inexpensive reagent for trifluoromethylation was first reported in 1989; however, in our opinion it has been somewhat underutilised. Herein, a comprehensive review of trifluoromethylation using MFSDA is reported, which we hope will further expose readers to this useful reagent.
Fine‐Tuning of Saponification‐Triggered Gelation by Strategic Modification of Peripheral Substituents: Gelation Regulators
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Singh Roop Shikha , Kumar Amit , Ali Afsar , Biswas Arnab , Pandey Daya Shankar
Published: July 2016

A pioneering approach towards controlling the efficiency of saponification assisted gelation in ethyl ester based ZnII‐complexes have been described. Using four new ester containing bis‐salen ZnII complexes (C1–C4) involving different para‐azo phenyl substituted ligands it has been clearly shown that gelation efficiency is greatly influenced by the electronic effects of the substituents (‐H (C1), ‐CH3 (C2), ‐NO2 (C3), and ‐OCH3 (C4)). Morphological, photophysical, and rheological investigations corroborated the experimental observations well and established that gelation efficiency was enhanced with electron‐withdrawing characteristics of substituents (C4<C2<C1<C3). This conclusion was also supported by DFT studies.