bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Other Half: New Measures of Intangible Investment from the ONS
Authors: Martin Josh
Published: July 2019

Only half of investment by firms is in physical capital, such as buildings and machinery. The other half is in intangible assets, such as branding, software and training. This has been true for the past two decades or more in the UK, but only if you step beyond the measures in the National Accounts, which include only some of the recognised intangible assets. This paper surveys ongoing work at the Office for National Statistics to develop measures of investment in intangible assets, using new insights and innovative approaches. In particular, this paper reviews developments in three areas: in-house branding investments, employer-funded training investments, and in-house investments in organisational capital. We reconsider some of the key assumptions made in the literature and propose alternative approaches to measurement. The paper concludes by considering implications of this work, and identifies some of the remaining gaps in the evidence base for measuring intangible assets.
Countering Violent Extremism in Sub‐Saharan Africa: What Policy Makers Need to Know
Authors: Hardy Robin A.
Published: July 2019

This essay addresses recurring and growing inaccurate reports from political officials as well as counter‐terrorism analysts and journalists that the Sahara‐Sahel group Boko Haram is a defeated entity. Notwithstanding concerted efforts to rout the movement, Boko Haram and its network of jihadists have expanded. Crucial misunderstandings surrounding what fostered and sustains the phenomenon—as well as a general naivety regarding the organization's flexibility to adapt to attract combatants, financial support, and weaponry beyond Nigeria's borders—have made performing basic adequate risk assessments overwhelmingly challenging. Policy makers and CVE (Countering Violent Extremism) practitioners would be wise to recognize that not only has Boko Haram morphed but its growing affiliates also terrorize increased territory. The threat of militant Islam in the Sahara‐Sahel, therefore, has not been contained as some would have us believe. Rather, Muslim extremism has become entangled and more complex not only in Africa but across the Muslim world. When jihadists in one territory have taken a beating, surviving fighters have simply relocated to other geographies accompanied by connections for capital and munitions. In this way, Boko Haram—the fulcrum of violent Islam in the Sahara‐Sahel—has become, over time, an international jihadist actor.
Le Songe d’une nuit d’été of Ambroise Thomas: L’éclat at the end of the tunnel
Authors: Croteau Melissa
Published: July 2019

This article argues that Ambroise Thomas’s opera Le Songe d’une nuit d’été functions as a Romantic allegory of the coarse artistic genius elevated and sanctified by royal and spiritual powers in an attempt to glorify and justify Shakespeare. Simultaneously, and more importantly, the opera is an appeal to French artists to move away from their adherence to neoclassical symmetry, restraint, and stasis, which persisted even in the work and opinions of the French Romantics.
Public health concerns regarding sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in China: a case series
Authors: Zhou Ru-Yi , Zhou Yinzhu , Zhang Heng , Hu Qingqing , Zhu Jinjie , Zhao Jin , Chen Shuilian , Liu Ruchun , Hu Weihong , Zhang Xixing , Xuan Xianfa , Liao Yuxue , Chen Tianmu
Published: July 2019

In this study, we report three cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in China, two confirmed cases and one probable case. The aim of this study was to enrich the data regarding clinical and epidemiological features of this disease and to provide reference for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Necrotizing Ventriculitis in Fledgling Chimney Swifts (Chaetura Pelagica) Associated With a Novel Adenovirus, Chimney Swift Adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1)
Authors: Needle David B. , Wise Annabel G. , Gregory Christopher R. , Maes Roger K. , Sidor Inga F. , Ritchie Branson W. , Agnew Dalen
Published: July 2019

Five chimney swift fledglings died following a progressive loss of appetite and condition while being cared for by an experienced wildlife rehabilitator. All animals had severe necrotizing and heterophilic ventriculitis, with myriad epithelial cells characterized by karyomegaly with intranuclear inclusion bodies. Transmission electron microscopy showed distention of epithelial cell nuclei and chromatin peripheralization by nonenveloped, icosahedral, 75- to 85-nm-diameter virions. Degenerate nested PCR for a highly conserved region of the adenovirus DNA polymerase gene was positive. BLAST analysis of the amplicon sequence indicated the presence of a novel adenovirus, with 74% homology to Antarctic penguin adenoviruses and 72% homology to a bat adenovirus, at low query coverages of only 65% and 63%, respectively. BLAST analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence generated the highest scores for squamate adenoviruses at 100% query coverage. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the partial amino acid sequence of the DNA polymerase, the chimney swift virus was a novel adenovirus most closely related to the Atadenovirus genus. Using a probe based on the novel viral sequence, DNA in situ hybridization identified viral nucleic acid in the nucleus. While the tentatively named chimney swift adenovirus-1 (CsAdV-1) is so far classified with the Atadenoviruses, it is relatively divergent from other members of that genus and may represent the first identified member of a new genus of Adenoviruses.
Throwing Injuries in Youth Baseball Players: Can a Prevention Program Help? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sakata Jun , Nakamura Emi , Suzuki Tatsuhiro , Suzukawa Makoto , Akeda Masaki , Yamazaki Tetsuya , Ellenbecker Todd S. , Hirose Norikazu
Published: July 2019

Background:

Throwing injuries of the shoulder and elbow are common among youth baseball players.

Hypothesis:

A prevention program will reduce the incidence of throwing injuries of the shoulder and elbow by 50% among youth baseball players.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

The authors block randomized 16 youth baseball teams consisting of 237 players aged 9 to 11 years into an intervention group (8 teams, 117 players) and a control group (8 teams, 120 players). The intervention program consisted of 5 stretching, 2 dynamic mobility, and 2 balance training exercises performed during warm-up. Both groups were followed up for 12 months, during which the incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries was recorded. In addition, ball speed during pitching as a performance-related factor and variables of physical function (passive range of motion of the elbow, shoulder and hip, dynamic balance, and thoracic kyphosis angle) were assessed during the pre- and postintervention periods.

Results:

The incidence of shoulder and elbow injuries in the intervention group (1.7 per 1000 athlete-exposures) was significantly lower than that in the control group (3.1 per 1000 athlete-exposures) (hazard ratio, 1.940; 95% CI, 1.175-3.205; P = .010). The factors related to pitching performance, as assessed by ball speed, tended to increase in the intervention group as compared with the control group ( P = .010). The program also improved shoulder horizontal adduction deficits on the dominant side, hip internal rotation on the nondominant side, and the thoracic kyphosis angle.

Conclusion:

A prevention program decreases throwing injuries of the shoulder and elbow and enhances the parameter of pitching performance in youth baseball players.
Just how rooted is Grounded Nationalisms?
Authors: Fox Jon E
Published: July 2019

Grounded Nationalisms provides its readers with a clear, cogent, and comprehensive theory for understanding nationalism in its many evolving forms. Maleševič presents us with a flexible yet durable nationalism; a nationalism that can and does assume multiple forms precisely because it is grounded in its more stable organisations, ideologies, and interactions. His is a theory for the mechanics of nationalism, its machinery – the processes and practices, ideas and structures that drive nationalism and churn out nations in different bespoke forms. It is a toolkit that gives us an elastic, shape-shifting nationalism. The same forms – organisations, ideologies, and interactions – can be and are used to produce different national content. The durability of these mechanical forms gives rise to, and indeed explains, the elasticity of its nationalism's shifting empirical content. There are no new nationalisms, Maleševič pointedly reminds us, only old ones reinvented and creatively adapted to new circumstances. But: this thing we made, can it be unmade? What are the limits of nationalism's elasticity? How far can it be stretched, conceptually, structurally, ideationally, and temporally before it ceases to be something we can convincingly call ‘nationalism’? Perhaps the only weakness of Maleševič's approach is that it has no weakness – no weakness built into the model for predicting nationalism's demise, no escape hatch for jettisoning nationalism, no flaw in the system for unravelling nationalism. In developing such a compelling theory for nationalism s strength, Maleševič has inadvertently revealed his theory's weakness: Grounded Nationalisms have no exit strategy.
Different ways of seeing ‘savagery’: Two Nordic travellers in 18th-century North America
Authors: Fur Gunlög
Published: July 2019

Andreas Hesselius and Pehr Kalm both spent time in eastern North America during the first half of the 18th century. Both came with an ardent desire to observe and learn about the natural environment and inhabitants of the region. Both produced writings, in the form of journals that have proved immensely useful to subsequent scholars. Yet their writings also display differences that illuminate the epistemological and sociological underpinnings of their observations, and which had consequences for their encounters with foreign environments. Hesselius, who served as pastor to the Swedish congregation in Philadelphia from 1712 to 1724, described his experiences and observations with what we might call a historical awareness, while Kalm, known as the first of Linnaeus’s students to travel to the New World, primarily offered dehistoricized and denarrativized taxonomic ethnographic descriptions. At first glance, Hesselius and Kalm appear to illustrate perfectly Michel Foucault’s description of the difference between Renaissance and classical epistemologies. Kalm’s disembodied and decontextualized representations fit well with Foucault’s description of natural history in the classical age as consisting ‘of undertaking a meticulous examination of things themselves…and then of transcribing what it has gathered in smooth, neutralized, and faithful words’. This article, however, points out that while Hesselius and Kalm arrive at similar descriptions of plants and other-than-human beings by employing different methodologies, when it comes to describing indigenous peoples their respective methodologies lead to radically different approaches, with Hesselius writing them into history, while Kalm relegates them to ethnology in the sense of savage ‘peoples without histories’.
Post-buckling analysis of non-uniformly heated functionally graded cylindrical shells enhanced by shape memory alloys using classical lamination theory
Authors: Mirzavand Babak , Pourmohammad Hamid
Published: July 2019

Thermal post-buckling analysis of functionally graded cylindrical shells enhanced by shape memory alloys under uniform and non-uniform heating is presented in this article. Nonlinear equilibrium equations are derived based on the classical lamination theory and von-Karman nonlinear kinematic relations and post-buckling field is investigated using Galerkin method. For temperature dependency of material properties, a numerical solution is applied to solve the nonlinear equilibrium equation using finite difference method to solve the nonlinear heat conduction equation and layered model to evaluate the thermal stress of hybrid cylindrical shells. A closed-form solution is also presented for temperature independency of material properties. Brinson model is adopted to describe the thermo-mechanical behavior of shape memory alloys. Numerical results are presented for evaluating the effects of shape memory alloy layer and functionally graded material cylindrical shells properties on suppressing of the post-buckling path of hybrid cylindrical shells.
Reproductive Coercion and Perceptions of Future Violence
Authors: Fleury-Steiner Ruth E. , Miller Susan L.
Published: July 2019

Reproductive coercion is an understudied form of intimate partner abuse related to physical, sexual, and psychological abuse. Prior research suggests that women accurately predict whether their abuser will continue the abuse. Thus, understanding factors related to these perceptions is necessary to enhance safety. Using a diverse sample of women in the United States seeking protection orders, the current study examines reproductive coercion as a predictor of women’s perceptions of future violence. Findings suggest that psychological abuse and, to a lesser extent, reproductive coercion are related to whether women believe their abuser will continue their abuse. Implications for research and services are discussed.
Innovating the Problem Away? A Critical Study of Anti-Rape Technologies
Authors: White Deborah , McMillan Lesley
Published: July 2019

In the context of expanding preventative strategies for addressing sexual violence, we are witnessing the emergence of an array of new anti-rape technologies targeted at women. These tools, promoted primarily through the Internet, include a variety of apps for mobile phones, signal- and alarm-emitting wearable technologies, and internal and external body devices. Based on analyses of websites promoting such instruments, we critically examine these devices with respect to their possible benefits, limitations, and unintended physical, social, and legal consequences for women. We suggest that unanticipated outcomes may undermine both victims and their cases, those the technologies are ostensibly designed to help.
A Conceptualization of Militarization in Domestic Policing
Authors: Simckes Maayan , Hajat Anjum , Revere Debra , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Willits Dale
Published: July 2019

Researchers have investigated the underlying mechanisms and consequences of militarization in law enforcement agencies for decades, yet there is no agreed-upon definition for this concept. Without consensus, discourse and research on the intersection of policing and community well-being are hampered. The aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive framework for the concept of “militarization.” Twelve key informant interviews focused on defining militarization were conducted with subject matter experts representing expertise in fields such as policing, criminal justice, and community activism. Interview transcripts underwent qualitative analysis using grounded theory methodology. Five key domains emerged: Gear/Technology, Protocols/Procedures for Community Interaction, Military Tactics, Officer Culture/Mindset, and Training and Requirements. Militarization is a complex concept whose subordinate dimensions warrant further investigation independently and in relation to the larger context. This study provides a unifying framework, contextualizing previous efforts to study militarization while highlighting areas for future study around officer and community safety.
Domain integration of ADAM family proteins: Emerging themes from structural studies
Authors: Seegar Tom CM , Blacklow Stephen C
Published: July 2019

ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) proteins are type-1 transmembrane and secreted proteins that function in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Here we review the structural features of ADAM proteins that direct their biological functions in ectodomain shedding and cell adhesion.

Impact statement

Recent structural advances have provided a deeper appreciation for interdomain relationships that modulate the activity of ADAM proteins in ectodomain shedding and cellular adhesion. Our review covers these new findings, and places them into historical context. The new results make clear that the metalloproteinase domain works in combination with its ancillary domains to execute its biological function. The ADAM ectodomain is dynamic, and accesses conformations that require interdomain movements during its enzymatic “lifecycle.” Fundamental questions about ADAM activation and substrate selection, however, still remain unanswered. Elucidating the biochemical and structural basis for ADAM regulation will be an exciting avenue of future research that should greatly advance our understanding of ADAM function in biology and human pathogenesis.
Location privacy preserving scheme based on dynamic pseudonym swap zone for Internet of Vehicles
Authors: Yang Min , Feng Yong , Fu Xiaodong , Qian Qian
Published: July 2019

In Internet of Vehicles, establishing swap zones in which vehicles can exchange pseudonyms is an effective method to enhance vehicles’ location privacy. In this article, we propose a new scheme based on dynamic pseudonym swap zone, to protect location privacy of vehicles. For each vehicle, dynamic pseudonym swap zone allows it dynamically to establish a temporary pseudonym swap zone on demand to exchange the pseudonym with another random vehicle in the just formed zone. This randomness of choosing the pseudonym exchanging vehicles prevents dynamic pseudonym swap zone from the secure risk that the information of exchanging participants exposes to their group manager in some existing works in which each pair of pseudonym exchanging participants is assigned by the manager. To avoid the high communication and computation overhead of frequently swapping pseudonyms, dynamic pseudonym swap zone adopts a combination of swap and update to achieve the unlinkability between new and previous pseudonyms. Moreover, dynamic pseudonym swap zone can self-adapt to the varying surroundings to reduce the communication cost of forming pseudonym swap zones in high vehicle density areas. The analysis and simulation results show that our proposed dynamic pseudonym swap zone is a high location privacy preserving, secure, auditable scheme.
Morphologic Analysis of the Carpal Tunnel and Median Nerve Following Open and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
Authors: Peters Blair R. , Martin Amanda M. , Memauri Brett F. , Bock Hardy W. , Turner Robert B. , Murray Kenneth A. , Islur Avinash
Published: July 2019

Background: Endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) has purported advantages over open release such as reduced intraoperative dissection and trauma and more rapid recovery. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release has been shown to have comparable outcomes to open release, but open release is considered easier and safer to perform. Previous studies have demonstrated an increase in carpal tunnel volume, regardless of the technique used. However, the mechanism by which this volumetric increase occurs has been debated. Our study will determine through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis the morphologic changes that occur in both open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) and ECTR, thereby clarifying any morphologic differences that occur as a result of the 2 operative techniques. We hypothesize that there will be no morphologic differences between the 2 techniques. Methods: This was a prospective study to compare the postoperative anatomy of both techniques with MRI. Nineteen patients with clinical and nerve conduction study–confirmed carpal tunnel syndrome underwent either open or endoscopic release. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively in all patients to examine the volume of the carpal tunnel, transverse distance, anteroposterior (AP) distance, divergence of tendons, and Guyon’s canal transverse and AP distance. Results: There was no significant difference in the postoperative morphology of the carpal tunnel and median nerve between OCTR and ECTR at 6-month follow-up on MRI. Conclusion: We conclude that there are no morphologic differences in OCTR and ECTR. It is an increase in the AP dimension that appears to be responsible for the increase in the volume of the carpal tunnel.
Internal carotid artery occlusion may affect long-term quality of life in patients with high-flow carotid cavernous fistulas
Authors: Dai Rong-Qin , Bai Wei-Xing , Gao Bu-Lang , Li Tian-Xiao , Zhang Kun
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To investigate the mid- and long-term effects of parent artery occlusion on the carotid cavernous fistula and on the quality of life of patients.

Materials and methods

One hundred and twenty-six patients with high-flow direct carotid cavernous fistulas were enrolled. The modified Rankin scale scores, the headache impact test and the short form health survey scores were used to evaluate the patients' clinical status.

Results

Fifty-two patients had parent artery occlusion, while the rest of the 74 patients had embolization of carotid cavernous fistulas with parent artery preservation. No periprocedural complications occurred. Eighteen patients in the parent artery occlusion group had low perfusion symptoms within two weeks following embolization, and three patients had Horner's syndrome on the ipsilateral side. At two months' follow-up, the patients with parent artery occlusion had a significantly ( P < 0.05) greater proportion of headache than patients with parent artery preservation. At 12 months, no significant ( P > 0.05) difference existed in the headache impact test scores in both groups. At 36 months' follow-up, the patients with parent artery occlusion had decreased SF-30 scores in all the eight health domains compared with patients treated with parent artery preservation, with a significant ( P < 0.05) lower score in general health, vitality and bodily pain in the parent artery occlusion compared with the parent artery preservation group. No recurrence was shown in patients with parent artery occlusion, but nine (12.2%) patients were recurrent in patients with parent artery preservation.

Conclusion

Parent artery occlusion may affect the quality of life of patients with carotid cavernous fistulas despite being an effective treatment option for high-flow direct fistulas.
Evaluation of an unscheduled care model delivered by advanced nurse practitioners in a primary-care setting
Authors: Leask Calum F , Tennant Heather
Published: July 2019

Background

Considering new models of delivery may help reduce increasing pressures on primary care. One potentially viable solution is utilising Advanced Practitioners to deliver unscheduled afternoon visits otherwise undertaken by a General Practitioner (GP).

Aims

Evaluate the feasibility of utilising an Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) to deliver unscheduled home visits on behalf of GPs in a primary care setting.

Methods

Following a telephone request from patients, ANPs conducted unscheduled home visits on behalf of GPs over a six-month period. Service-level data collected included patient-facing time and outcome of visits. Practice staff and ANPs participated in mind-mapping sessions to explore perceptions of the service.

Results

There were 239 accepted referrals (total visiting time 106.55 hours). The most common outcomes for visits were ‘medication and worsening statement given’ (107 cases) and ‘self-care advice’ (47 cases). GPs were very satisfied with the service (average score 90%), reporting reductions in stress and capacity improvements. Given the low referral rejection rate, ANPs discussed the potential to increase the number of practices able to access this model, in addition to the possibility of utilising other practitioners (such as paramedics or physiotherapists) to deliver the same service.

Conclusions

It appears delivering unscheduled care provision using an ANP is feasible and acceptable to GPs.
Emotional state dependence facilitates automatic imitation of visual speech
Authors: Virhia Jasmine , Kotz Sonja A , Adank Patti
Published: July 2019

Observing someone speak automatically triggers cognitive and neural mechanisms required to produce speech, a phenomenon known as automatic imitation. Automatic imitation of speech can be measured using the Stimulus Response Compatibility (SRC) paradigm that shows facilitated response times (RTs) when responding to a prompt (e.g., say aa) in the presence of a congruent distracter (a video of someone saying aa), compared with responding in the presence of an incongruent distracter (a video of someone saying oo). Current models of the relation between emotion and cognitive control suggest that automatic imitation can be modulated by varying the stimulus-driven task aspects, that is, the distracter’s emotional valence. It is unclear how the emotional state of the observer affects automatic imitation. The current study explored independent effects of emotional valence of the distracter (Stimulus-driven Dependence) and the observer’s emotional state (State Dependence) on automatic imitation of speech. Participants completed an SRC paradigm for visual speech stimuli. They produced a prompt superimposed over a neutral or emotional (happy or angry) distracter video. State Dependence was manipulated by asking participants to speak the prompt in a neutral or emotional (happy or angry) voice. Automatic imitation was facilitated for emotional prompts, but not for emotional distracters, thus implying a facilitating effect of State Dependence. The results are interpreted in the context of theories of automatic imitation and cognitive control, and we suggest that models of automatic imitation are to be modified to accommodate for state-dependent and stimulus-driven dependent effects.
Cultures of anarchy: Images of Russia in the narrative of Norwegian mainstream news media during the Ukraine crisis 2014
Authors: Bjørge Nina M , Kalnes Øyvind
Published: July 2019

This article examines the role of the news media through a case study of the narratives about the 2014 Ukraine crisis in three major Norwegian newspapers. The conflict also contained a ‘war’ between competing strategic narratives from the involved actors, with a potential for cross-national cascades into the Norwegian narrative. The authors’ focus is on the framing of Russia during the most dramatic month of March 2014. They applied the images related to Wendt’s cultures of anarchy (see Social Theory of International Politics, 1999) to classify the framing of Russia. The Norwegian media narrative was relatively consistent in framing Russia as choosing a path leading away from being a rival of Norway and the West, towards becoming their enemy. This was close to the narrative of the Norwegian government and in clear opposition to the Russian narrative. While this supports Hoskins and O’Loughlin’s ‘arrested war’ hypothesis (published in Information, Communication & Society, 2015), it also raises questions about professional media norms.
The impact of intelligent manufacturing elements on product design towards reducing production waste
Authors: Hama Kareem Jamal Ahmed
Published: July 2019

With ever-increasing market competition and advances in technology, more and more countries are prioritizing for advanced and intelligent manufacturing technology as a top priority for improving product design and reducing production waste towards promoting economic growth. Consequently, this study empirically tests the set of intelligent manufacturing elements (IMEs) that affect product design towards minimizing production waste at mineral water factories in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The results of this study were based on the data obtained from the mixed methods represented in a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews in the framework of the case study. The questionnaire survey already has been tested. The sample of the study was 269 respondents selected based on a stratified sampling technique. The criteria for choosing the respondents to be part of the study were based on the status of full-time employee of the organization. The findings showed that among the IMEs addressed in this study, each intelligent device and intelligent process had had a strong impact on improving product design, and hence the efficient use of manufacturing resources towards reducing manufacturing waste in the industrial organizations.
Configurational Study of Diastereoisomeric Royleanone Diterpenoids From Salvia concolor
Authors: Díaz-Fernández Mónica , Salazar María I. , Joseph-Nathan Pedro , Burgueño-Tapia Eleuterio
Published: July 2019

The known diterpenoids horminone (1) and taxoquinone (2) as a mixture, and pure 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (7) were isolated from the aerial parts of not yet studied Salvia concolor Lamb. Although 1 and 2 are known, the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) data of their acetyl derivatives 4 to 6 are only partially described. Moreover, the 13C NMR data assignments for 4 and 6 show some inconsistencies and reveal better agreement with those we obtained for diastereoisomeric 3 and 5. Since stereochemical aspects were in doubt, it was considered as mandatory to unambiguously determine the absolute configuration of 3 to 6 using vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy, which then allowed the complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments of 4 to 6.
Larvicidal Activity of Secondary Plant Metabolites in Aedes aegypti Control: An Overview of the Previous 6 Years
Authors: de Souza Wuillda Aline Camargo Jesus , Campos Martins Roberto Carlos , Costa Fernanda das Neves
Published: July 2019

Aedes aegypti is the main transmitter of several arboviruses, mainly dengue. It occurs, recently, in more than 100 countries and majority of the world population lives in areas of mosquito incidence, marking its control relevant and necessary. Presently, the main form of vector control is the use of synthetic insecticides; however, its continuous application has led to inefficiency due to resistance development. Based on this fact, the insecticides from natural sources appear as a friendly alternative for man and the environment. This study provides an overview of the larvicidal compounds isolated from plant extracts while controlling A. aegypti, in the previous 6 years (2013-2018), and aims to impart more knowledge regarding the described metabolites and to encourage the search for new bioactive compounds. In addition, the proposals for mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships that may justify the larvicidal potential are also discussed.
Seasonal Variation of Essential Oil in Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves in Sardinia
Authors: Melito Sara , Petretto Giacomo Luigi , Chahine Sarah , Pintore Giorgio , Chessa Mario
Published: July 2019

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is an aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family widely distributed in the Mediterranean area. The interest on this species is related to the multiple uses of the plant as a food ingredient, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The chemical composition of essential oil (EO) from 5 accessions of R. officinalis L., collected monthly through a full year in Sardinia, has been studied by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry technique. The EO ranged from 0.29% to 0.89%. The qualitative determinations revealed the presence of 27 compounds belonging to 6 chemical groups (hydrocarbon monoterpene, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, hydrocarbon sesquiterpene). Overall the GC-flame ionization detector analysis showed the presence of 7 major compounds: α-pinene (26%-28%), camphene (5%-8%), 1,8-cineole (15%-25%), borneol (5%-11%), camphor (3%-12%), verbenone (6%-15%), and bornyl acetate (4%-7%). Chromatographic data were also subjected to a chemometric approach that evidenced discrimination of the samples according to the site of collection.
Extraction of Capsinoid and its Analogs From Pepper Waste of Different Genotypes
Authors: Bayil Oğuzkan Sibel
Published: July 2019

Pepper, a member of the Capsicum genus of the Solanaceae family, is an annual, cultivated plant that grows in temperate climates. The main analogs of capsinoids, which are the secondary metabolites of peppers, are capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. During process, calyxes and peduncles are considered to be waste. Levels of capsinoids in these tissues in not well known. An optimized method was used to extract bioactive materials from the waste products from C. annum L. genotypes. Calyxes and peduncles were collected and dried in the shade. Extractions were in MeOH solutions and the extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify the total amount of capsinoid, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin contents. Capsinoid, and its analogs, were identified in all genotypes at varying concentrations, and their capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin contents evidenced with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In conclusion, the highest amount of capsinoids was found in chili Samandağ peppers, whereas the lowest amount of capsinoids was found in the red sweet pepper sample. All pepper genotypes, the capsaicin amount was higher comparison to dihydrocapsaicin. Capsanoids and anologues obtained from waste pepper can be used as raw materials in production of value added products.
The Chemical Composition of Boswellia occulta Oleogum Resin Essential Oils
Authors: Johnson Stephen , DeCarlo Anjanette , Satyal Prabodh , Dosoky Noura S. , Sorensen Aaron , Setzer William N.
Published: July 2019

Frankincense is an aromatic oleogum resin that has been traded for thousands of years for medicine and incense and is today frequently distilled into essential oils for aromatherapy and perfume. A new species of frankincense, Boswellia occulta Thulin, DeCarlo, & S.P. Johnson, was recently described from Somaliland (northern Somalia), but pure essential oils from this species have not yet been described. Samples of resin were collected directly from 12 individual B. occulta trees, hydrodistilled, and analyzed via GC-MS, GC-FID, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. This revealed a significant level of methyl ethers in all samples (34.5%-62.6%), especially 1-methoxydecane (26.6%-47.9%) and 1-methoxyoctane (3.6%-8.6%). All samples were similar, but 3 groups were defined: (1) a methoxydecane/serratol/methoxyoctane group with 26.6% to 47.4% 1-methoxydecane, 14.5% to 31.8% serratol, and 3.6% to 8.6% 1-methoxyoctane; (2) a methoxydecane/di- epi-guaiol/serratol group with 26.6% to 29.1% 1-methoxydecane, 11.1% to 15.1% 4,10-di- epi-guaiol, and 10.3% to 16.8% serratol; and (3) a methoxydecane/methoxyoctane/di- epi-guaiol group with 38.9% to 47.9% 1-methoxydecane, 7.0% to 9.2% 1-methoxyoctane, and 2.2% to 12.3% 4,10-di- epi-guaiol.
Using Interdisciplinary Dress Rehearsal Events to Ensure Staff Readiness When Opening a New Healthcare Facility
Authors: Aguilera Lynn S. , Dickey Erica K. , Guzman Kelly
Published: July 2019

Objective:

This nonresearch article describes best practices of using the simulation-based Dress Rehearsal method to prepare staff to move into a new hospital or a new space in an existing facility and to ensure the new facility is ready for use. The authors introduce a modified version of the interactive sociotechnical analysis (ISTA) model to serve as the academic foundation for the Dress Rehearsal concept.

Background:

Healthcare organizations that build new medical facilities must ensure the space is ready to use and that all staff, who will deliver and support patient care, are sufficiently trained. Currently, no standardized approach exists to prepare staff on an interdisciplinary level, to work in their new environment. There are multiple articles highlighting a single hospital or department using simulations before opening, but there is a lack of literature from an aggregate perspective.

Method:

The Dress Rehearsal method is examined by drawing from the author’s combined experience of conducting and evaluating hundreds of Dress Rehearsals across North America. Best practices to plan, prepare, and execute events will be reviewed.

Results:

Evaluations collected after each event present a positive impact related to staff feeling prepared to provide safe care in the new environment, with increased satisfaction after subsequent Dress Rehearsals.

Conclusions:

A standardized approach to ensure staff feel confident and safe to move into their new healthcare environment should be a top priority for healthcare leadership. The Dress Rehearsal method is a substantive strategy that supports building and staff readiness for opening day and beyond.
Early imaging predictors of longer term multiple sclerosis risk and severity in acute optic neuritis
Authors: Gajamange Sanuji , Stankovich Jim , Egan Gary , Kilpatrick Trevor , Butzkueven Helmut , Fielding Joanne , van der Walt Anneke , Kolbe Scott
Published: July 2019

Background

Biomarkers are urgently required for predicting the likely progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) at the earliest stages of the disease to aid in personalised therapy.

Objective

We aimed to examine early brain volumetric and microstructural changes and retinal nerve fibre layer thinning as predictors of longer term MS severity in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS).

Methods

Lesion metrics, brain and regional atrophy, diffusion fractional anisotropy and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness were prospectively assessed in 36 patients with CIS over the first 12 months after presentation and compared with clinical outcomes at longer term follow-up [median (IQR) = 8.5 (7.8–8.9) years].

Results

In total, 25 (69%) patients converted to MS and had greater baseline lesion volume ( p = 0.008) and number ( p = 0.03)than CIS patients. Over the initial 12 months, new lesions ( p = 0.0001), retinal nerve fibre layer thinning ( p = 0.04) and ventricular enlargement ( p = 0.03) were greater in MS than CIS patients. In MS patients, final Expanded Disability Status Scale score correlated with retinal nerve fibre layer thinning over the first 12 months (ρ = −0.67, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Additional to lesion metrics, early measurements of fractional anisotropy and retinal nerve fibre layer thinning are informative about longer term clinical outcomes in CIS.
Industry, Firm, Job Title: The Layered Nature of Early-Career Advantage for Graduates of Elite Private Universities
Authors: Davis Daniel , Binder Amy
Published: July 2019

Using concepts associated with effectively maintained inequality theory and horizontal stratification, the authors ask whether the private-public dividing line is a “threshold of consequence” for early-career market entry. To address this empirically, the authors use a novel LinkedIn data set to analyze job pathways for the graduating class of 2016 from the top 25 private and top 25 public universities in the United States. In line with past qualitative research, the authors find evidence that elite private graduates enter high-status industries in greater proportion than their public university counterparts. They also tend to get jobs at more prestigious and higher paying firms and to attain more prestigious job titles. On the basis of the evidence, the authors call for more closely analyzing the layers of advantage that may accumulate to elite graduates during key transitional moments, such as during the postgraduation job search. The authors also shed additional light on how the private-public divide is a threshold of consequence for university graduates.
Evaluating the protective potency of Acacia hydaspica R. Parker on histological and biochemical changes induced by Cisplatin in the cardiac tissue of rats
Authors: Afsar Tayyaba , Razak Suhail , Almajwal Ali , Shabbir Maria , Khan Muhammad Rashid
Published: July 2019

Background

Increase oxidative trauma is the main cause behind Cisplatin (CP) induced cardiotoxicity which restricts its clinical application as anti-neoplastic prescription.Acacia hydaspicais a natural shrub with diverse bioactivities.Acacia hydaspicaethyl acetate extract (AHE) ameliorated drug-induced cardiotoxicity in animals with anti-oxidative mechanisms. Current study aimed to evaluate the protective potential ofA. hydaspicaagainst cisplatin-induced myocardial injury.

Methods

Rats were indiscriminately distributed into six groups (n = 6). Group 1: control; Groups 2: Injected with CP (7.5 mg/kg bw, i.p, single dose) on day 16; Group 3: Treated for 21 days with AHE (400 mg/kg b.w, oral); Group 4: Received CP injection on day 16 and treated with AHE for 5 days post injection; Group 5: Received AHE (400 mg/kg b.w/day, p.o.) for 21 days and CP (7.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) on day 16; Group 6: Treated with silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w., p.o.) after 1 day interval for 21 days and CP injection (7.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) on day 16. On 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed and their heart tissues were removed. Cisplatin induced cardiac toxicity and the influence of AHE were evaluated by examination of serum cardiac function markers, cardiac tissue antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers and histology.

Results

CP inoculation considerably altered cardiac function biomarkers in serum and diminished the antioxidant enzymes levels, while increased oxidative stress biomarkers in cardiac tissues AHE treatment attenuated CP-induced deteriorations in creatine kinase (CK), Creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), cardiac Troponin I (cTNI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and ameliorated cardiac oxidative stress markers as evidenced by decreasing lipid peroxidation, H2O2and NO content along with augmentation in phase I and phase II antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, CP inoculation also induced morphological alterations which were ameliorated by AHE. In pretreatment group more significant protection was observed compared to post-treatment group indicating preventive potential of AHE. The protective potency of AHE was comparable to silymarin.

Conclusion

Results demonstrate that AHE attenuated CP induce cardiotoxicity. The polyphenolic metabolites and antioxidant properties of AHE might be responsible for its protective influence.
TACRM: trust access control and resource management mechanism in fog computing
Authors: Daoud Wided Ben , Obaidat Mohammad S. , Meddeb-Makhlouf Amel , Zarai Faouzi , Hsiao Kuei-Fang
Published: July 2019

Fog computing network is designed as an extension of the cloud due to the need for a supporting platform capable of ensuring the requirements of Internet of Thing (IoT). The growth of fog based fifth generation mobile communication (5G) system is challenged by the need for data sharing security. In fact, without properly securing access to Fog node resources in IoT network, services providers may not be able to achieve the desired performance. Indeed, fog computing obviously confront numerous security and privacy risks, due to its features, such as huge scale geolocation, heterogeneity and mobility. Thus, we propose a security model that is based on cooperation between IoT and fog. This model integrates an efficient access control process associated with a monitoring scheme to ensure secure cooperation between diverse resources and different operational parts. Indeed, a comprehensive scheduling process and resource allocation mechanism using our security model is proposed to improve the intended performance of the system. In fact, our main contribution is to introduce a distributed access control based on security resource management framework for fog-IoT networks, and proactive security scheme under ultra-trustworthiness and low-latency constraints. After evaluation based on iFogSim, we have proved that our scheme not only provides low latency with high security and privacy, but also reduces the complexity of administration and management of security and resources mechanisms.
Bispectral Index During Maintenance of Total Intravenous Anesthesia: Frequency of Out of Recommended Range and Impact of Patients’ Characteristics: A Brief Report
Authors: Gross Tommy , Feliot Elodie , Gayat Etienne , Chazot Thierry , Liu Ngai , Fischler Marc , Bobet Mathieu , Le Guen Morgan
Published: July 2019

Little is known about respecting the recommended range of bispectral index (BIS) in practice. This exploratory retrospective analysis of 138 robotic surgical patients having received total intravenous anesthesia shows that BIS was between 40 and 60 during 61.3% ± 25.2% (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of maintenance, >60 during 3.1% ± 5.5%, and <40 during 35.7% ± 26.9%. Burst suppression was present during 17.8% ± 22.2%. Female sex is associated with increased periods of BIS <40 (P = .002) as is body mass index (BMI) <26 (P = .012). Increased age is associated with increase in burst suppression (P = .005). A larger study is required to confirm the role of patients’ factors on the number of periods of low BIS.
Oligoanalgesia in Patients With an Initial Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≥8 in a Physician-Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service: A Multicentric Secondary Data Analysis of >100,000 Out-of-Hospital Emergency Missions
Authors: Helm Matthias , Hossfeld Bjoern , Braun Benedikt , Werner Daniel , Peter Lena , Kulla Martin
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:

Oligoanalgesia, as well as adverse events related to the initiated pain therapy, is prevalent in out-of-hospital emergency medicine, even when a physician is present. We sought to identify factors involved in insufficient pain therapy of patients presenting with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of ≥8 in the out-of-hospital phase, when therapy is provided by a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (p-HEMS).

METHODS:

This was a multicenter, secondary data analysis of conscious patients treated in primary p-HEMS missions between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2017. Patients with a numeric rating scale (NRS) pain score ≥4, GCS score ≥8 on the scene, without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) score <VI were included. Multivariable logistic binary regression analyses were used to identify characteristics of oligoanalgesia (NRS ≥4 at handover or pain reduction <3). Linear regression analysis was used to identify changes in pain treatment within the study period.

RESULTS:

We analyzed data from 106,730 patients (3.6% missing data at variable level). Of these patients, 82.9% received some type of analgesic therapy on scene; 79.1% of all patients received analgesic drugs, and 38.6% received nonpharmacological interventions, while 37.4% received both types of intervention. Oligoanalgesia was identified in 18.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.1–18.6) of patients. Factors associated with oligoanalgesia were a low NACA score and a low NRS score, as well as central nervous system or gynecological/obstetric complaints. The use of weak opioids (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.68–1.57) had no clinically relevant association with oligoanalgesia, in contrast to the use of strong or moderate opioids, nonopioid analgesics, or ketamine. We observed changes in the analgesic drugs used over the 12-year study period, particularly in the use of strong opioids (fentanyl or sufentanil), from 30.3% to 42.3% (P value <.001). Of all patients, 17.1% (95% CI, 16.9–17.3) did not receive any type of pain therapy.

CONCLUSIONS:

In the studied p-HEMS cohort, oligoanalgesia was present in 18.4% of all cases. Special presenting complaints, low NACA scores, and low pain scores were associated with the occurrence of oligoanalgesia. However, 17.1% of patients received no type of pain therapy, which suggests a scope for further improvement in prehospital pain therapy. Pharmacological and nonpharmaceutical pain relief should be initiated whenever indicated.