bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Furocoumarins and Biscoumarins by an Isocyanide‐Induced Multicomponent Reaction: Isocyanide as a Masked Amine.
Authors: Panja Suman Kalyan , Ghosh Jaydip , Maiti Sourav , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: August 2012

The three‐component reaction involving chromone‐3‐carbaldehyde (I), 4‐hydroxycoumarin (III) and cyclohexyl isocyanide (II) produces furocoumarin and biscoumarin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Type Allylic Alkylation of Phenols.
Authors: Xu Qing‐Long , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li
Published: August 2012

In the presence of a chiral Ir catalyst, a series of phenol substrates efficiently undergoes regio‐ and stereoselective cyclization to afford various enantioenriched tetrahydroisoquinoline and tetralin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Water‐Soluble Perylene Dicarboximide Derivatives Containing Pyridine Oxide Groups
Authors: Sun Juanjuan , Wang Ming , Xu Ping , Zhang Shuai , Shi Zhiqiang
Published: August 2012

4 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Selective Transformation of N‐Acyl‐α‐dehydro(9‐phenanthryl)alaninamides into their Cyclization Intermediates in a Polar Protic Solvent.
Authors: Kawanishi Yuki , Yoshiie Hiroko , Igarashi Tetsutaro , Sakurai Tadamitsu
Published: August 2012

Irradiation of the (Z)‐compounds (I) affords trans‐dibenzoquinoline derivatives (II) in preference to the cis‐isomers (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxazolo[3,2‐a]quinolinium Triiodide from 4‐Methyl‐1‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)quinolin‐2(1H)‐one.
Authors: Vershinina E. A. , Kim D. G. , Slepukhin P. A.
Published: August 2012

The reaction of quinolin‐2(1H)‐one (III) with iodine occurs via a nucleophilic attack of the halogen at the terminal γ‐carbon atom of the double bond to give the title compound (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted Quinazolines: Application to the Synthesis of Verubulin.
Authors: Lockman Jeffrey W. , Klimova Yevgeniya , Anderson Mark B. , Willardsen J. Adam
Published: August 2012

The synthesis of verubulin (Va) is studied on various pathways to avoid the use of the unstable 4‐chloro analogue.
ChemInform Abstract: Tris(hydrogensulfato)boron Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of 2‐Substituted‐2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Karimi‐Jaberi Zahed , Zarei Leila
Published: August 2012

Tris(hydrogensulfato)boron catalyzes the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with isatoic anhydride and ammonium acetate.
ChemInform Abstract: La(OTf)3 Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinoxalines
Authors: Raju B. China , Ramachandra K.
Published: August 2012

by condensation of aromatic 1,2‐diamines with 1,2‐diketones
ChemInform Abstract: A Surprising Formation of Novel Bridged Bis‐benzimidazoles by Oxidation of Diaminoquinoxalines.
Authors: Pressler Jens , Beckert Rainer , Rau Sven , Menzel Roberto , Birckner Eckhard , Guenther Wolfgang , Goerls Helmar
Published: August 2012

Oxidative cyclization of di(arylamino)quinoxalines (I) results in the unexpected formation of bridged bis‐benzimidazoles (II), which show a strong fluorescence in the blue region.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmaceutical Importance of 2‐Azetidinone Derivatives of Phenothiazine.
Authors: Sharma Ritu , Samadhiya Pushkal , Srivastava S. D. , Srivastava S. K.
Published: August 2012

A new series of azetidinones (VI) (13 examples with undefined aryl‐substituents) is synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal and antitubercular effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Michael Addition of Diaryl Phosphine Oxides to α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Acylated Oxazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Zhao Depeng , Wang Linqing , Yang Dongxu , Zhang Yixin , Wang Rui
Published: August 2012

The method is optimized with respect to the acyl group at the alkene, the chiral ligand, and the solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: New Catalyst for Phosphonylation of C=X Electrophiles.
Authors: Kolodiazhnyi Oleg I. , Kolodiazhna Olga O.
Published: August 2012

A wide range of aldehydes, ketones, imines, iso(thio)cyanates and alkenes readily undergoes phosphorylation with trialkylphosphite in the presence of pyridinium perchlorate.
ChemInform Abstract: New C‐Glycosylated α‐Amino Acid Synthesis by Addition Reaction of an Amino Acid Organozinc Reagent on Carbohydrate‐Derived Aldehydes.
Authors: Boutard Nicolas , Labeguere Frederic , Vidal Yves , Lavergne Jean‐Pierre , Martinez Jean
Published: August 2012

A protocol for the Lewis acid mediated addition of the new amino acid organozinc compound (VI) to simple aldehydes is developed and successfully applied to the synthesis of novel C‐glycosylated amino acids such as (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 2‐Deoxy‐2‐acetonyl Sugar from Its Corresponding Natural Saccharide.
Authors: Zhang Ying , Liu Yang , Wang Zhijun , Wang Zhongfu , Huang Linjuan
Published: August 2012

An efficient synthesis of a 2‐deoxy‐2‐acetonyl sugar (VI) from its corresponding natural sugar involves methallylation of the 2‐iodo sugar (III) as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Modeling and Functional Activity of Substituted Styrene‐Amides as Small‐Molecule CXCR7 Agonists.
Authors: Leurs Rob , et al. et al.
Published: August 2012

Starting with a styrene‐amide scaffold extracted from the patent literature, 24 derivatives are prepared and pharmacologically evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Hydrogen Storage with the Combination of Lightweight Mg/MgH2 and Nanostructures
Authors: Cheng Fangyi , Tao Zhanliang , Liang Jing , Chen Jun
Published: August 2012

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Heterogeneous Palladium‐Catalysed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Mora Manuel , Jimenez‐Sanchidrian Cesar , Ruiz Jose Rafael
Published: August 2012

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine, an Efficient and Versatile Reagent for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Tekale Sunil U. , Kauthale Sushma S. , Dake Satish A. , Sarda Swapnil R. , Pawar Rajendra P.
Published: August 2012

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Bond Amination by Iron‐Imido/Nitrene Species
Authors: Zhang Long , Deng Liang
Published: August 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Fundamentals of Fmoc Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Amblard Muriel , Enomoto Hiroshi , Subra Gilles , Fehrentz Jean‐Alain , Martinez Jean
Published: August 2012

Review: 9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Transition Metal Catalyzed Glycosylation
Authors: McKay Matthew J. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: August 2012

Review: 261 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Models of Multiroute Reactions in Homogeneous Catalysis with Metal Complexes
Authors: Temkin O. N.
Published: August 2012

Review: 207 refs.
Train timetable evaluation from the viewpoint of passengers by microsimulation of train operation and passenger flow
Authors: Kunimatsu Taketoshi , Hirai Chikara , Tomii Norio
Published: August 2012

In order to evaluate train timetables from point of view of the passengers, it is indispensable to estimate the disutility of passengers. This can be done by accurately estimating the movements of passengers and trains. In particular, when there is a large number of passengers, the interactions between the passengers and trains must be considered. To this end, we have developed a microsimulation system to simulate both train operation and passengers' train choice behavior. The system can simulate the train choice behaviors of more than one million passengers as well as their positions in trains. It is possible to estimate the delays caused by crowding in trains as well. The system is based on models of different attitudes of the passengers with respect to the train choice behavior, which includes the choice of the earliest train, transfer avoidance, and avoiding crowding; a passenger's train choice behavior reflects his/her preferences. We applied this system to an actual railway line in a metropolitan area and evaluated two train schedules by calculating the generalized cost, which reflects each passenger's disutility based on his/her experience. Numerical experiments confirmed that the proposed method is very useful for evaluating timetables from the point of view of the passengers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(4): 51–62, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21264
Electric double‐layer capacitor module with series‐parallel reconfigurable cell voltage equalizers
Authors: Uno Masatoshi , Kukita Akio , Tanaka Koji
Published: August 2012

When electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) are connected in series, a cell voltage imbalance occurs due to nonuniform cell properties. Cell voltage imbalance should be minimized to prolong cycle lives and maximize the available energy of cells. In this study, we propose a series‐parallel reconfigurable cell voltage equalizer that is considered suitable for energy storage systems using EDLCs instead of traditional secondary batteries as the main energy storage sources. The proposed equalizer requires only EDLCs and switches as its main circuit elements, and it utilizes EDLCs not only for energy storage but also for equalization. An equivalent circuit model using equivalent resistors that can be regarded as an index of equalization speed is developed. Current distribution and cell voltage imbalancing during operation are quantitatively generalized. Experimental charge–discharge tests were performed on the EDLC modules to demonstrate the performance of the cell voltage equalizer. All the cells in the modules could be charged/discharged uniformly even when a degradation‐mimicking cell was intentionally included in the module. The resultant cell voltage imbalances and current distributions were in good agreement with those predicted by mathematical analyses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(4): 38–50, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21287
Selective Recognition of the Higher Alkali Fluoride Ion Pairs by a Class of Coordination‐Driven Non‐Ditopic Ligands
Authors: Almog Joseph , Gavish‐Abramovich Ifat , Rozin Rinat , Cohen Shmuel , Yardeni Guy , Zilbermann Israel
Published: August 2012

A first non‐ditopic system for selective recognition and binding of the higher alkali fluorides (KF, RbF, and CsF) is reported. Specific ion‐pair recognition was achieved by using vasarenes, a new class of self‐assembled bowl‐shaped compounds that show specific affinity toward the ion pairs and display no affinity for either the “free” cation or the anion. Vasarenes precipitate the higher alkali fluorides from solution, thus showing promising potential in separation processes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct C–H Arylation of Thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazines: Synthesis of Advanced Oligomeric and Polymeric Materials
Authors: Abdo Nabiha I. , El‐Shehawy Ashraf A. , El‐Barbary Ahmed A. , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: August 2012

The first examples are reported of an efficient regioselective direct C–H arylation of thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (TP) and its 2,3‐dimethyl derivative with bromoalkylthiophenes (BATs), under Heck experimental conditions using Pd(OAc)2/Bu4NBr as the catalytic system, giving rise to a variety of valuable aryl‐substituted thienopyrazines. The obtained results suggested that the 2‐position of the TP moiety is less reactive towards C–H arylation than the 5‐ and 7‐positions. Moreover, the 3‐position of the TP moiety showed almost no significant reactivity when all other positions were arylated. The C–H arylation of 2,3‐dimethyl‐TP with an excess amount of BATs proceeded smoothly, affording the corresponding diarylated thienopyrazine derivatives in excellent yields, without any additional products. Compared to usual cross‐coupling reactions, the present synthetic methodology has been used to prepare interesting donor–acceptor π‐conjugated polymeric materials in a facial manner in a simple way. Microwave‐assisted polymerization proved to be efficient for obtaining reasonable molecular weight copolymers ranging from 18.8 to 24.3 kg mol–1. Incorporating the thienopyrazine unit into polyhexylthiophene chains affected the photophysical and electrochemical properties. The optical band gaps were estimated to be in the range of 1.63–1.06 eV. All copolymers exhibited a diffraction peak at around 2θ = 5.72° corresponding to a d spacing of 15.43 Å, which was assigned to an interchain spacing between polymer main chains similar to that found in P3HT. Moreover, a peak around 2θ = 23.09 (3.84 Å) was also observed and is believed to be related to π‐π stacking of the polymer backbones.
Dune field development, interactions and boundary conditions for crescentic and stellate megadunes of the Al Liwa Basin, the Empty Quarter
Authors: Bishop Mark A.
Published: August 2012

Within the greater Ar Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) sand sea lies an internal depocentre, the Al Liwa Basin, which comprises a variety of mega‐scale dune types. Crescentic dunes dominant the north of the basin while megadunes of stellate or star form are a major landform of the south‐eastern reaches. Their development into dune fields is determined by the style and rate of dune–dune interactions, the boundary conditions imposed by a multi‐modal wind regime, fluctuating groundwater levels, and sediment availability under an assortment of climatic conditions throughout the Quaternary. As a result, dune field patterns are a collective response to these perturbations in space, time and environment. The R‐statistic is a collective measure of these responses, and is a metric capable of identifying the degree of pattern maturity or self‐organization of the aeolian system, and the pathways from which patterns evolve. The spatial signature of the southerly located star dunes is characterized by two definitive patterns of organization: the first, one of complete spatial randomness, the second, a low degree of spatial uniformity. In isolation, these results appear to be unrelated to those for crescentic dunes of the region in which a significantly higher degree of pattern dispersion is the norm. However, when spatial statistical measures are integrated with the theoretical understanding of dune–dune interactions and the involvement of environmental agents, the complex morphodynamic pathways and linkages between regional dune fields is better understood. In this case, both constructive (e.g. merging, lateral linking) and regenerative activity (e.g. calving) have played important roles in the development of dune size, and associated adjustments in spacing, and dune numbers, and subsequently dune field patterns. Synergetic patterns are emblematic of this vast dunescape, whereby transitional geographic, morphologic, dimensional and environmental modifications exist between the mega‐crescentic and mega‐stellate dunes of the Empty Quarter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aiptasia pulchella: a tropical cnidarian representative for laboratory ecotoxicological research
Authors: Howe Pelli Louise , Reichelt-Brushett Amanda Jean , Clark Malcolm William
Published: August 2012

An urgent need exists to identify suitable tropical marine species for use in the development of sensitive and reliable test methods for routine laboratory ecotoxicological testing. Corals are a group of organisms not represented in routine ecotoxicology due to inherent difficulties in laboratory husbandry, and sea anemones from the same phylum (cnidaria) may be useful proxies. Aiptasia pulchella is a tropical symbiotic sea anemone with a wide geographic range. It is well suited to laboratory conditions and has been used extensively in research. However, its suitability as a toxicity test species has not been investigated. Assessment of juvenile recruitment in laboratory and semi-outdoor conditions showed higher production in semi-outdoor conditions; however, laboratory rearing produced enough recruits to run routine toxicity tests. In investigations of the sensitivity of A. pulchella to contaminants, acute tests were conducted on 1- to 2-mm juveniles using copper. Lethal concentration, 50% (LC50) values at 96 h estimated from tests using five and 10 replicates ranged from 30 to 83 and 60 to 90 µg/L, respectively, and a 28-d LC50 of 26 µg/L was estimated. During the present study, sublethal endpoints were investigated; chronic assessment of inhibited asexual reproduction looks promising (12-d effective concentration, 50% [EC50] 15 µg/L) and should be assessed further. Aiptasia pulchella is a species worthy of investigation as a cnidarian representative, and will be an invaluable contribution to tropical marine ecotoxicologists. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2653–2662. © 2012 SETAC
Diaspores in Eriocaulaceae: morphology, mechanisms, and implications
Authors: Trovó Marcelo , Stützel Thomas
Published: August 2012

Although diaspores and the dispersal mechanisms are keystones to tackle the evolution of Eriocaulaceae, most of the useful information is lost in taxonomic and morphological papers in a more or less unstructured way. This survey intends thus to summarize and organize the relevant information available and point new insights. Observations and photographs were made in the field, together with complementary experiments. The seeds are the smallest dispersal units and are released by the shrinkage of the pericarp. They are rarely dispersed alone but normally within the fruits or parts of it. The fruits can be released from the capitula by different systems: shrinkage of the dry receptacle and consequent release of all flowers and fruits or only the fruits, anemoballistic mechanism, catapult mechanism, and elevator mechanism. The capitula, with scapes or not, may serve as dispersal units as well. The different dispersal mechanisms seem to be deeply related to the geographic distribution of Eriocaulaceae species and may serve also to taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes. From the current stand point we encourage future studies in this area, explicitly associated with molecular studies on the population level. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Two‐dimensional non‐Newtonian injection molding with a new control volume FEM/volume of fluid method
Authors: Salinas Carlos , Vasco Diego A. , Moraga Nelson O.
Published: August 2012

A new method based on volume of fluid for interface tracking in the simulation of injection molding is presented. The proposed method is comprised of two main stages: accumulation and distribution of the volume fraction. In the first stage the equation for the volume fraction with a noninterfacial flux condition is solved. In the second stage the accumulated volume of fluid that arises as a consequence of the application of the first one is dispersed. This procedure guarantees that the fluid fills the available space without dispersion of the interface. The mathematical model is based on two‐phase transport equations that are numerically integrated through the control volume finite element method. The numerical results for the interface position are successfully verified with analytical results and numerical data available in the literature for one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional domains. The transient position of the advance fronts showed an effective and consistent simulation of an injection molding process. The nondispersive volume of fluid method here proposed is implemented for the simulation of nonisothermal injection molding in two‐dimensional cavities. The obtained results are represented as transient interface positions, isotherms and pressure distributions during the injection molding of low density polyethylene. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histone deacetylase activity is required for human oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation
Authors: Conway Gregory D. , O'Bara Melanie A. , Vedia Bansi H. , Pol Suyog U. , Sim Fraser J.
Published: August 2012

The molecular mechanisms controlling human oligodendrocyte development are poorly characterized. Microarray analysis of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and immature oligodendrocytes revealed that specific‐class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) target genes were actively repressed during oligodendrocyte commitment. Although epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation has been established in rodent development, the role of HDACs in human OPCs remains undefined. We used HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) trichostatin A (TSA) and sodium butyrate to determine the importance of HDAC activity in human primary OPC differentiation. Treatment with either drug resulted in significant dose‐dependent inhibition of O4+ oligodendrocyte cell differentiation, reduction of oligodendrocyte morphological maturation, and downregulation of myelin basic protein mRNA. High dose TSA treatment was also associated with reduction in OPC proliferation. HDACi treatment prevented downregulation of SOX2, ID4, and TCF7L2 mRNAs but did not regulate HES5, suggesting that targets of HDAC repression may differ between species. These results predict that HDACi treatment would impair proliferation and differentiation by parenchymal oligodendrocyte progenitors, and thereby degrade their potential for endogenous repair in human demyelinating disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute multiple arterial thrombosis after cisplatin in base of tongue carcinoma: Case report
Authors: Rishi Anupam , Ghoshal Sushmita
Published: August 2012

Background

Arterial thromboses following cisplatin‐based chemotherapy in head and neck cancers are extremely rare and devastating complication.

Methods and Results

A 54‐year‐old male smoker had an acute history of left lower limb pain and calf claudication 3 days following the first cycle of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy given concurrently with radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue. CT angiography showed extensive abdominal aortic thrombus along with involvement of left common iliac, saphenopopliteal, and tibeal arteries as well as moderate stenosis in the proximal segments of left anterior descending and right coronary artery. We suggest that endothelial damage and hypercoaguable state secondary to cisplatin may have induced severe arterial and coronary thrombosis.

Conclusions

This is the first reported case of acute multiple arterial thrombosis following cisplatin in head and neck cancer. It is a dreaded complication and has a dismal prognosis if not promptly recognized and treated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Fetal Testosterone, Socio‐Emotional Engagement and Language Development
Authors: Farrant Brad M. , Mattes Eugen , Keelan Jeff A. , Hickey Martha , Whitehouse Andrew J. O.
Published: August 2012

The present study investigated the relations among fetal testosterone, child socio‐emotional engagement and language development in a sample of 467 children (235 boys) from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study. Bioavailable testosterone concentration measured in umbilical cord blood taken at birth was found to be significantly negatively correlated with socio‐emotional engagement and vocabulary development for boys but not for girls. Socio‐emotional engagement mediated the effect of boys' fetal testosterone levels on their vocabulary development. However, the size of the effects was small, and fetal testosterone and socio‐emotional engagement were no longer significant predictors of boys' vocabulary scores after accounting for the effects of other predictors including maternal age and education, parity, and parent–child book reading. It is concluded that further research into these associations is warranted in both typical and atypical development and that this research would profit from including a broader focus on the role that proximal processes such as socio‐emotional engagement, joint attention and imitation have in mediating the developmental effects of prenatal factors such as fetal testosterone exposure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel prognostic protein markers of resectable pancreatic cancer identified by coupled shotgun and targeted proteomics using formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Takadate Tatsuyuki , Onogawa Tohru , Fukuda Tetsuya , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Suzuki Takashi , Fujii Kiyonaga , Kihara Makoto , Mikami Sayaka , Bando Yasuhiko , Maeda Shimpei , Ishida Kazuyuki , Minowa Takashi , Hanagata Nobutaka , Ohtsuka Hideo , Katayose Yu , Egawa Shinichi , Nishimura Toshihide , Unno Michiaki
Published: August 2012

Pancreatic cancer is among the most lethal malignancies worldwide. We aimed to identify novel prognostic markers by applying mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomic analysis to formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. Resectable, node positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with poor (n = 4) and better (n = 4) outcomes, based on survival duration, with essentially the same clinicopathological backgrounds, and noncancerous pancreatic ducts (n = 5) were analyzed. Cancerous and noncancerous cells collected from FFPE tissue sections by laser microdissection (LMD) were processed for liquid chromatography (LC)‐tandem MS (MS/MS). Candidate proteins were identified by semiquantitative comparison and then analyzed quantitatively using selected reaction monitoring (SRM)‐based MS. To confirm the associations between candidate proteins and outcomes, we immunohistochemically analyzed a cohort of 87 cases. In result, totally 1,229 proteins were identified and 170 were selected as candidate proteins for SRM‐based targeted proteomics. Fourteen proteins overexpressed in cancerous as compared to noncancerous tissue showed different expressions in the poor and better outcome groups. Among these proteins, we found that three novel proteins ECH1, OLFM4 and STML2 were overexpressed in poor group than in better group, and that one known protein GTR1 was expressed reciprocally. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed high expressions of all four proteins to correlate with significantly worse overall survival (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we identified four proteins as candidates of prognostic marker of PDAC. The combination of shotgun proteomics verified by SRM and validated by immunohistochemistry resulted in the prognostic marker discovery that will contribute the understanding of PDAC biology and therapeutic development.
Diurnal behavioural patterns and spread of the Ponto‐Caspian invader Hemimysis anomala G. O. Sars, 1907 (Crustacea, Mysidacea) in the Elbe River, Czech Republic
Authors: Horká Petra , Horký Pavel , Slavík Ondřej , Opatřilová Libuše
Published: August 2012

The Ponto‐Caspian invader Hemimysis anomala was studied in the river Elbe, Czech Republic. The study confirmed further spread of the species: the presence of juveniles and gravid females indicated that H. anomala is established within the Elbe River. Bottom, mid‐water and surface drift samples were collected during 24‐h cycles from July to September 2007. A tendency to remain hidden was the main behavioural strategy of H. anomala in the riverine environment. The mysid was found mainly in the bottom and mid‐water layers, and observed density and mean length of drifting individuals increased with decreasing light levels, being highest at night. Similarly, density and mean length of drifting individuals increased with increasing turbidity. The effect of turbidity on density was particularly apparent during the night samples, suggesting further advantage to night‐drifting individuals. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of MoS2 for Lithium Ion Batteries by Simple Chemical Lithiation
Authors: Li Dan , Zhang Chaofeng , Du Guodong , Zeng Rong , Wang Shiquan , Guo Zaiping , Chen Zhixin , Liu Huakun
Published: August 2012

Commercial MoS2 was lithiated by soaking in butyllithium in argon atmosphere. The lithiated samples (LixMoS2) exhibited greatly improved electrochemical performance. LixMoS2 showed a high reversible capacity of 669.5 mAh g‐1 and excellent cycling stability, with an average capacity loss of merely 0.065% per cycle. The rate capability of the LixMoS2 electrode was also improved compared to that of the unlithiated MoS2 electrode. The x‐ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results prove that there was an increase in the c lattice parameter for the lithiated material. The magnetic properties and evaluations of conductivity in MoS2 and LixMoS2 show that the electric conductivity of LixMoS2 is much higher than that of MoS2. TEM images after 11 cycles demonstrated that the LixMoS2 electrode consisted of more uniform small particles, while big particle blocks could be observed for the MoS2 electrode. All of these might be favourable for the electrochemical performance.
Improving genetic immobilization of a cellulase on yeast cell surface for bioethanol production using cellulose
Authors: Yang Jinying , Dang Hongyue , Lu Jian Ren
Published: August 2012

In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was genetically engineered to harbor the capability of utilizing celluloses for bioethanol production by displaying active cellulolytic enzymes on the cell surface. An endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase gene egX was cloned from Bacillus pumilus C‐9 and its expression products, the EGX cellulases, were displayed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae by fusing egX with aga2 that encodes the binding subunit of the S. cerevisiae cell wall protein α‐agglutinin. To achieve high gene copies and stability, multicopy integration was obtained by integrating the fusion aga2‐egX gene into the rDNA region of the S. cerevisiae chromosome. To achieve high expression and surface display efficiency, the aga2‐egX gene was expressed under the control of a strong promoter. The presence of the enzymatically active cellulase fusion proteins on the S. cerevisiae cell surface was verified by carboxymethyl cellulase activity assay and immunofluorescence microscopy. This work presented a promising strategy to genetically engineer yeasts to perform efficient fermentation of cellulosic materials for bioethanol production.
Development of conventional and nested PCR assays for the detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Authors: Jin Guo‐Sheng , Wang Xiao‐Liang , Li Yi , Wang Wen‐Jing , Yang Rui‐Heng , Ren Shu‐Yu , Yao Yi‐Jian
Published: August 2012

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most important medicinal fungi with a huge economic value. In the present study, specific primer pairs were designed based on a comprehensive ITS sequence dataset of O. sinensis and its related fungi, and tested for specificity and sensitivity through PCR experiments using 27 individuals of O. sinensis from different geographical origins and 40 other related fungal species in terms of phylogeny or ecology. A primer pair highly specific to O. sinensis was obtained, yielding a 275 bp PCR product from all the individuals of O. sinensis but no product from the other fungi tested. The detection limit of the primers was demonstrated to be 10 ng of pure O. sinensis DNA for conventional PCR and 10 pg for nested PCR in a 25 µl reaction system. Soil samples collected from the habitat of O. sinensis were also tested using this PCR assay. The results showed that the primer pair and PCR‐based assays developed in this study can be applied to the rapid detection of O. sinensis in its natural habitat.
A review of global cancer burden: Trends, challenges, strategies, and a role for surgeons
Authors: Are Chandrakanth , Rajaram Shireen , Are Madhuri , Raj Hemanth , Anderson Benjamin O. , Chaluvarya Swamy Ramesh , Vijayakumar Manavalan , Song Tianqiang , Pandey Manoj , Edney James A. , Cazap Eduardo L.
Published: August 2012

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The global cancer burden (GCB) is expected to rise significantly and will disproportionately affect the less developed world (LDW). The aim of this review is to analyze the trends in GCB and describe the types, estimates, and causes of new cancer cases. The challenges and strategies associated with tackling this rising GCB are described in which surgeons can play a vital role. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:221–226. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Semiotics
Authors: Galantucci Bruno , Garrod Simon , Roberts Gareth
Published: August 2012

In the last few years, researchers have begun to study novel human communication systems in the laboratory (Experimental Semiotics, ES). The first goal of this article is to provide a primer to ES, which we will do by reviewing the experimental paradigms developed by experimental semioticians, as well as the main research themes that have emerged in the discipline. A second goal is to illustrate what implications ES has for linguistics. In particular, we will argue that ES has the potential to complement linguistics in important ways and illustrate such potential in the context of each of the themes we review.
Dystonia with brain manganese accumulation resulting from SLC30A10 mutations: A new treatable disorder
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Tuschl Karin , Chong W. K. , Burroughs Andrew K. , Mills Philippa B. , Bhatia Kailash P. , Clayton Peter T.
Published: August 2012

Background:

The first gene causing early‐onset generalized dystonia with brain manganese accumulation has recently been identified. Mutations in the SLC30A10 gene, encoding a manganese transporter, cause a syndrome of hepatic cirrhosis, dystonia, polycythemia, and hypermanganesemia.

Methods:

We present 10‐year longitudinal clinical features, MRI data, and treatment response to chelation therapy of the originally described patient with a proven homozygous mutation in SLC30A10.

Results:

The patient presented with early‐onset generalized dystonia and mild hyperbilirubinemia accompanied by elevated whole‐blood manganese levels. T1‐sequences in MRI showed hyperintensities in the basal ganglia and cerebellum, characteristic of manganese deposition. Treatment with intravenous disodium calcium edetate led to clinical improvement and reduction of hyperintensities in brain imaging.

Conclusions:

We wish to highlight this rare disorder, which, together with Wilson's disease, is the only potentially treatable inherited metal storage disorder to date, that otherwise can be fatal as a result of complications of cirrhosis. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
An explicitly coupled hydro‐geomechanical model for simulating hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary discrete fracture networks
Authors: Fu Pengcheng , Johnson Scott M. , Carrigan Charles R.
Published: August 2012

Modeling hydraulic fracturing in the presence of a natural fracture network is a challenging task, owing to the complex interactions between fluid, rock matrix, and rock interfaces, as well as the interactions between propagating fractures and existing natural interfaces. Understanding these complex interactions through numerical modeling is critical to the design of optimum stimulation strategies. In this paper, we present an explicitly integrated, fully coupled discrete‐finite element approach for the simulation of hydraulic fracturing in arbitrary fracture networks. The individual physical processes involved in hydraulic fracturing are identified and addressed as separate modules: a finite element approach for geomechanics in the rock matrix, a finite volume approach for resolving hydrodynamics, a geomechanical joint model for interfacial resolution, and an adaptive remeshing module. The model is verified against the Khristianovich–Geertsma–DeKlerk closed‐form solution for the propagation of a single hydraulic fracture and validated against laboratory testing results on the interaction between a propagating hydraulic fracture and an existing fracture. Preliminary results of simulating hydraulic fracturing in a natural fracture system consisting of multiple fractures are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on a System with a Neutral Barrier for High Explosives and a Zirconium‐Based Solid Incendiary
Authors: Nagarkar Ashok G. , Bora Brijesh , Thosar Ramdas B. , Shirwalkar Sanjay V. , Shekhar Himanshu , Nath Tribhuvan , Asthana Srinandan
Published: August 2012

In the aim of defeating targets protected by fortification, it is necessary to develop systems that are able to create a leak in the fortification and destroy targets inside the fortification. A boat‐tailed hemispherical high explosive charge was designed to create the leak and an incendiary charge was prepared to burn the targets inside the fortification. A metallic neutral barrier was used to attenuate the back pressure generated by the front end hemispherical high explosive charge. In order to reduce the back blast, a boat‐tailed hemispherical charge with the composition cyclotrimethylene trinitramine and trinitrotoluene (RDX/TNT 60/40) was prepared. The blast pressure obtained from unconfined boat‐tailed high explosive charges using a linear pressure gauge brought to light that the pressure at the front end had a value of 2.3 MPa at 100 cm; and a value of 0.4 MPa at 75 cm distance at the rear end. A hemispherical boat tailed shaped charge with a mild steel liner of 1 mm thickness and 40 mm curvature radius was prepared. The incendiary composition comprised of finely divided metal powder dispersed in a polymer matrix consisting of 77 % zirconium and 20 % ester gum resin with 3 % polymeric binder (SBR, PIB). The incendiary composition was prepared and pelletized. Experiments for the design of the neutral barrier were conducted with the boat‐tailed hemispherical charge. A mild steel plate of 7.5 mm thickness was selected as neutral barrier. Static evaluation of the system against a hard target was carried out. It created a hole of 190 mm diameter in a reinforced concrete cement (RCC) target of 100 mm thickness. A neutral barrier of 7.5 mm thickness attenuates the back blast of the hemispherical boat‐tailed charge. Burning incendiary cinders were passed through this hole and dispersed at approx. 5 m distance. These cinders burnt for > 3 min with a temperature output of 1873 K.
The Synthesis and Energetic Properties of 5,7‐Dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide (DNBTDO)
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Piercey Davin G. , Stierstorfer Jörg , Weyrauther Michael
Published: August 2012

Energetic tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide, 5,7‐dinitrobenzo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazine‐1,3‐dioxide (DNBTDO), was synthesized in 45 % yield. DNBTDO was characterized as an energetic material in terms of performance (Vdet 8411 m s−1; pCJ 3.3×1010 Pa at a density of 1.868 g cm−3), mechanical sensitivity (impact and friction as a function of grain size), and thermal stability (Tdec 204 °C). DNBTDO exhibits a sensitivity slightly higher than that of RDX, and a performance slightly lower (96 % of RDX).
When do wholly owned subsidiaries perform better than joint ventures?
Authors: Chang Sea‐Jin , Chung Jaiho , Moon Jon Jungbien
Published: August 2012

This study explores when wholly owned subsidiaries outperform joint ventures with local partners. In order to avoid the endogeneity problem inherent in foreign subsidiaries' operating mode decisions that might confound performance measurement, we employ the propensity score matching method, along with the difference‐in‐differences approach, and compare the performances of joint ventures turned wholly owned subsidiaries vis‐à‐vis continuing joint ventures. Based on foreign subsidiaries' financial data in China for 1998–2006, we find strong evidence that converted wholly owned subsidiaries outperform continuing joint ventures in industries characterized by high levels of intangible assets such as technology or brand, after controlling for factors that may affect the conversion decision. This finding is consistent with the prediction of transaction cost theory. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threat of entry, asymmetric information, and pricing
Authors: Seamans Robert C.
Published: August 2012

This paper examines the impact of asymmetric information on incumbent firms' propensity to engage in limit pricing when faced with threat of entry. I draw from information economics to argue that incumbents will use price to respond ex ante to entry in situations characterized by asymmetric information. I suggest two situations in which asymmetric information can arise: when potential entrants are from outside the primary industry and when incumbent firms are members of R&D consortia. I then study pricing in the U.S. cable TV industry to show that pricing patterns of incumbent cable TV systems are consistent with limit pricing when the relationship between the incumbent and potential entrant is characterized by asymmetric information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework for benchmarking competency assessment models
Authors: Kasser Joseph , Hitchins Derek , Frank Moti , Zhao Yang Yang
Published: August 2012

This paper discusses the need for competent systems engineers, the differences between nine current ways of assessing competencies (competency models) and the difficulty of comparing the competency models due to the different ways each model groups the competencies. The paper then introduces a competency model maturity framework (CMMF) for benchmarking competency models of systems engineers. The paper benchmarks the nine models using the CMMF and a surprising finding was an error of omission in all nine models. The paper shows that the CMMF can also be used as the basis for developing an original model for a specific organization in a specific time and place and concludes with suggestions for future research. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 15
An ontological framework for clarifying flexibility‐related terminology via literature survey
Authors: Ryan Erin T. , Jacques David R. , Colombi John M.
Published: August 2012

Despite its ubiquity in the systems engineering literature, flexibility remains an ambiguous concept. There exist a multitude of definitions, which vary not only by domain, but within domains as well. Furthermore, these definitions often conflict with one another, making it difficult to discern the intended meaning in a given study or to form generalizations across studies. Complicating matters, there is a plethora of related terminology that is often used carelessly and/or inter‐changeably with flexibility. In this paper, we employ a novel ontological framework for clarifying salient aspects of extant flexibility‐related terminology. While it was not possible to distill consensus definitions from the literature, we did identify certain dominant characteristics that enabled us to formulate a set of democratic definitions for flexibility, adaptability, and robustness, as well as recommended definitions for agility and versatility. We believe that the proposed definitions of these key system design principles may provide a baseline for improving analysis and communication among systems engineering practitioners and academics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
One‐Pot/Sequential Native Chemical Ligation Using N‐Sulfanylethylanilide Peptide
Authors: Otaka Akira , Sato Kohei , Ding Hao , Shigenaga Akira
Published: August 2012

N‐Sulfanylethylanilide (SEAlide) peptides were developed with the aim of achieving facile synthesis of peptide thioesters by 9‐fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc SPPS). Initially, SEAlide peptides were found to be converted to the corresponding peptide thioesters under acidic conditions. However, the SEAlide moiety was proved to function as a thioester in the presence of phosphate salts and to participate in native chemical ligation (NCL) with N‐terminal cysteinyl peptides, and this has served as a powerful protein synthesis methodology. The reactivity of a SEAlide peptide (anilide vs. thioester) can be easily tuned with or without the use of phosphate salts. This interesting property of SEAlide peptides allows sequential three‐fragment or unprecedented four‐fragment ligation for efficient one‐pot peptide/protein synthesis. Furthermore, dual‐kinetically controlled ligation, which enables three peptide fragments simultaneously present in the reaction to be ligated in the correct order, was first achieved using a SEAlide peptide. Beyond our initial expectations, SEAlide peptides have served in protein chemistry fields as very useful crypto‐peptide thioesters. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201200007
Investigative and clinical applications of synthetic immune synapses
Authors: Milone Michael C. , Kam Lance C.
Published: August 2012

The immune synapse (IS) has emerged as a compelling model of cell–cell communication. This interface between a T cell and antigen‐presenting cell (APC) serves as a key point in coordinating the immune response. A distinguishing feature of this interface is that juxtacrine signaling molecules form complex patterns that are defined at micrometer and submicrometer scales. Moreover, these patterns are highly dynamic. While cellular and molecular approaches have provided insight into the influence of these patterns on cell–cell signaling, replacing the APC with a synthetic, micro/nanoengineered surface promises a new level of sophistication to these studies. Micropatterning of multiple ligands onto a surface, for example, allowed the direct demonstration that T cells can sense and respond to microscale geometry of the IS. Supported lipid bilayers have captured the lateral mobility of natural ligands, allowing insight into this complex property of the cell–cell interface in model systems. Finally, engineered surfaces have allowed the study of forces and mechanosensing in T cell activation, an emerging area of immune cell research. In addition to providing new insight into biophysical principles, investigations into IS function may allow control over ex vivo T cell expansion. Bioreactors based on these concepts may find immediate application in enhancing cellular‐based immunotherapy. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:75–85. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1195

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Hairy black holes and solitons in global AdS5
Authors: Dias Óscar J. C. , Figueras Pau , Minwalla Shiraz , Mitra Prahar , Monteiro Ricardo , Santos Jorge E.
Published: August 2012

Abstract

We use a mix of analytic and numerical methods to exhaustively study a class of asymptotically global AdS solitons and hairy black hole solutions in negative cosmological constant Einstein Maxwell gravity coupled to a charged massless scalar field. Our results depend sensitively on the charge e of the scalar field. The solitonic branch of solutions we study hits the Chandrashekhar limit at finite mass at small e, but extends to arbitrarily large mass at larger e. At low values of e no hairy black holes exist. At intermediate values of e hairy black holes exist above a critical charge. At large e hairy black holes exist at all values of the charge. The lowest mass hairy black hole is a smooth zero entropy soliton at small charge, but a (probably) singular nonzero entropy hairy black hole at larger charge. In a phase diagram of solutions, the hairy black holes merge with the familiar Reissner-Nordström−AdS black holes along a curve that is determined by the onset of the superradiant instability in the latter family.
Physico‐Chemical Investigations of Mixed Micelles of Cationic Gemini and Conventional Surfactants: a Conductometric Study
Authors: Azum Naved , Rub Malik Abdul , Asiri Abdullah M. , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Khan Anish
Published: August 2012

The interaction of cationic gemini and cationic conventional surfactants by conductivity was systematically overviewed, paying attention to synergism observed in micellization. These mixed systems were found to show remarkable synergism in micelle formation. The experimental critical micelle concentration values being lower than the value predicted by ideal solution theory indicate that the mixed micellization is due to attractive interaction between the two components. Gemini/conventional systems form mixed micelle due to attractive interactions (negative β values). The values of micellar mole fraction of constituent 1 (X1) in surfactant mixtures are more than in the ideal state (X1ideal), which means that, the mixed micelles are rich in conventional surfactants in comparison to that in the ideal state.