bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secularization in Russian Sociology of Religion
Authors: De neve Andé
Published: March 2007

Dans la sociologie récente de la religion en Russie, des auteurs s'occupent explicitement de la « sécularisation ». Aussi bien au niveau théorique que dans les recherches concrètes, ces études sur la sécularisation diffèrent très peu des publi cations antérieures des sociologues russes de la religion. Le matérialisme historique, qui fondait les études antérieures, peut certes aussi être considéré comme une théorie de la sé cularisation extrème. Là où les sociologues occidentaux ac ceptent que la religion se retire de certaines sphères de la vie sociale, les sociologues russes poussent cette affirmation à la limite : la religion disparaît ou disparaîtra de toutes les sphères de la vie publique et privée.

Cette évolution est appelée aujourd'hui « sécularisation », mais les sociologues russes étudient ce phénomène de la même façon que leurs prédécesseurs étudiaient la « mort de la reli gion » dans le cadre du matérialisme historique. La théorie reste inchangée et il n'y a pas de nouveauté importante dans la recherche concrète en ce qui concerne les présupposés, le rassemblement des données et la portée des conclusions.

Si nous considérons la sécularisation en Russie dans son contexte social, il est possible de parler alors de « participation socialiste ». On tend à la réalisation d'un modèle et d'un système social dans lequel la religion est un élément disfonc tionnel et par conséquent un indicateur de non participation. Dans cette perspective, la sécularisation n'est pas une plu ralisation (ou une individualisation) croissante, mais plutôt une uniformisation et une indistinction grandissantes.
An Oblique Fiber Bundle Test and Analysis
Authors: Pan Ning , Lin Yiping , Wang Xungai , Postle Ron
Published: March 2007

Although it is widely known to textile scientists that when yarn twist exceeds the optimal level, yam strength will decline due to the so-called obliquity effect, the exact physical mechanism behind this obliquity effect is still unknown. It is therefore our objective to investigate this issue. We adopt a special technique for tensile sample preparation in which parallel fibers are adhered to a transparent adhesive tape. The angle between the fiber direction and the loading direction can therefore be altered so that the mechanical behavior of the fibers at different loading angles can be observed. The effects of different loading angles on the strengths and breaking strains of the specimens are recorded, thus shedding light on the physics of the obliquity effect.
Comfort Pressure of the Top Part of Men's Socks
Authors: Tsujisaka Toshiyuki , Azuma Yoshiaki , Matsumoto Yo-Ichi , Morooka Hideo
Published: March 2007

In this study, the relation between pressure values and the feeling of pressure of the top part of men's socks (hereafter, the top) is investigated to design and develop socks that provide wearing comfort. Leg size, tensile properties and pressure values of the top are measured, and the pressure feeling is evaluated. When the tops of men's casual socks are stretched to a certain extent this induces stress relaxation and the feeling of pressure changes depending on wearing time. In this study, a certain stable pressure value is observed 2 hours after wearing the socks. The pressure value of the anterior surface of the leg has a great influence on the feeling of pressure. The pressure value of the top when the subjects feel "comfortable" is 2.02 ± 0.29 kPa. Furthermore, the minimum girth of the lower leg and the girth of the heel influence the wearing comfort of socks.
Discussion of Published Papers
Authors: Moulton R.W.
Published: March 2007

In this department from time to time are published discussions of papers which have appeared in previous issues of this publication. These are presented in the belief that such discussion will result in bringing out additional information with respect to a given subject. The JOURNAL welcomes comments concerning papers which it publishes. When possible, additional data from the correspondent's re search should be incorporated. The editors of course reserve the right to decide whether comments will or will not be published in this department.
The Partial Carboxymethylation of Cotton to Obtain Swellable Fibers, I
Authors: Reid J. David , Daul George C.
Published: March 2007

For the purpose of obtaining quickly swellable fibers to aid in making cloth less pervious to water, cotton fibers have been partially carboxymethylated. Different degrees of swelling have been obtained and the properties of the resulting products are described.
Simplified Method for Evaluating the Dimensional Stability of Tubular Knit Fabrics
Authors: Weiner Louis I.
Published: March 2007

This department in TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL is a special section for notes on laboratory techniques peculiar to textile testing and research which would ordinarily not be of sufficient importance or length for publication as a formal JOURNAL paper.

It is intended to encourage free exchange of helpful modifications of existing tests or ap paratus for special purposes and to bring to light newly developed methods and devices. The time spent in standardizing present tests and in developing new ones for the multitude of problems facing the textile technologist would be considerably reduced if information of this sort were made available. Therefore the JOURNAL invites contributions from its readers.

In accordance with the established practice, all papers will be submitted to competent judges before being accepted for publication.
Calculation of Equilibrium Moisture Relations
Authors: Whitwell John C. , Willmer David B.
Published: March 2007

Based upon theories previously shown to be consistent with experiments, equilibrium moisture data for some textile fibers are, in this report, extended to lower temperature regions than are covered by experiment. The characters of the regain at temperatures below the freezing point of water are included, with proper attention being given to the proportion of the water on the fiber which may be expected to remain unfrozen.
Polymerization and Condensation Reaction of N-Methylol Acrylamide within Cotton Fabric
Authors: Kamogawa H. , Murase R. , Sekiya T.
Published: March 2007

Problems on the polymerization and condensation reaction of N-methylolacrylamide within cotton fabrics in which K2S2O8, (NH4) 2S 2O8, or H2O2 was used as initiator and NH4 Cl or (NH4 )2HPO4 used as the acid condensation catalyst were investigated primarily from the standpoint of the crease resistance of the treated fahric. The results obtained are as follows.

The pre-drying process can be neglected, as almost the same result could be obtained even in the case of direct curing procedure, in which care should be taken not to over- cure.

Crease recovery and abrasion resistance (flat) of the treated fabric increased with higher value of resin content ; tear strength, on the contrary, decreased presumably with some intrinsic cause.

The effect of the addition of acid catalysts such as NH4Cl on the extent of the crease resistance was considerable, although some marked improvement was obtained in neutral catalysts such as K2S2O8 alone.

The addition of comonomers such as acrylamide and hexamethylene diamine HCl-salt as well as softeners to the treating bath was effective in improving the strength losses induced by this treatment. Aftertreatment of the N-methylolacrylamide-treated fabric with hexamethylenediamine or thereafter with formalin was also effective, since some what continuous distribution of the different kinds of network-structures within the fiber could be obtained by this procedure.

Durability of the treated fabric for boiling-alkali launderings was excellent.
Wearing Qualities of Selected New Mexico Wools
Authors: Lee Julia Southard , Barbour Helen F. , Finkner Morris D.
Published: March 2007

Four lots of wool fiber, selected for fineness and crimp, were manufactured into comparable tropical worsted fabrics for wear in outer garments by girls six to 16 years of age.

Breaking strength and elongation were used to measure the changes in the fabrics with wear. The breaking strength of the warp and of the filling of the fabrics made from the fine wools was greater than for the medium wool. Loss in fabric strength was a linear function of the hours of wear. Fabric elongation decreased with hours of wear, but generally, in a less direct fashion than did the strength. ,

The backs of the garments and the filling yarns in the backs lost most strength and elongation with wear.
Permanent Set and Keratin Structure
Authors: Feughelman M. , Haly A.R. , Snaith J.W.
Published: March 2007

When a normal wool fiber is held extended in boiling distilled water, the force due to bonds opposing the extension falls rapidly in the first few minutes to a steady value of force, which has been shown to he purely entropic. Accompanying this breakdown of bonds opposing extension is the reduction of the ability of the fiber to return, on release, to its native configuration. The loss of organization in the released fiber suggested by mechanical fiber tests is confirmed by birefringence measurements and also by the irrecoverability of the a-keratin structure, as measured by the x-ray diffraction pattern. The longitudinal swelling on wetting dry fibers increases as the setting exten sion increases and with increased time of setting; these observations are also consistent with structural disorganization of the fiber. The equilibrium state after release of the keratin fiber changes in the first few minutes of being held extended in the boiling water from the native state to a supercontracted state. This state, on further boiling, is replaced by that of the set fiber.
Part VIII: N.M.R. Absorption by Water in Wool During Changes of Water Content
Authors: Haly A.R. , West G.W. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

The change with time of the nuclear magnetic resonance absorption by water in wool was observed during uptake and loss of water following relative humidity changes between near zero and 70%, 80%, and 93%. Exchange of D2O by H2O was also observed at 93% RH. During both uptake and loss of water the results indicate that line broadening is taking place because of reduced mobility of some protons. It is suggested that this low mobility follows, at least in part, from a low level of H-bond network formation during the transient state. In desorption most of the more mobile water is quickly removed and thereafter its concentration is small. The constant- regain diffusion coefficient for water in wool at 21° C and 93% RH calculated from the D2O-H2O exchange experiment was approximately 1.5 X 10-8 cm2/sec. It appears that the corresponding intrinsic diffusion coefficient lies between conflicting values found by other workers. The exchange curve, which should be a good approximation to a self-diffusion curve, deviated grossly from a Fickian shape after the first minute.

It was found that the n.m.r. signal depended on previous sorption history if the wool was not thoroughly wetted-out before a test.
Rotproofing of Cellulosic Fibers by a Modified Dry Cure Resin Treatment
Authors: Boyle Richard J.
Published: March 2007

A highly effective mildew and rot-resistant finish has been developed in which methylated trimethylol melamine is padded on the fabric in the presence of a cure modifier (thiourea) and an acid-forming catalyst and then cured at 350° F for 1-3 min. Reasons and data are given to support the selection of the recommended resin and buffer combination. The principle of this continuous process and its mill application are discussed.

Test results are presented which demonstrate that finished fabrics may be expected to rctain 80-100% of their initial tensile strength through long periods of weathering or soil burial even when preceded by extended water leaching. Dimensional stabilization is achieved, and the finish has little or no adverse effect on hand, abrasion resistance, or shades of mineral dyed fabric. Data are cited showing the various levels of rot resistance that can be obtained by varying the resin ccmtent.

The experimental evidence obtained suggests that cellulose is chemically moditied by the resin, and it is proposed that rot resistance is achieved by this mechanism.
Physical Properties of Wool Fibers at Various Regains
Authors: Haly A.R. , Snaith J.W.
Published: March 2007

In previous work on recovery from longitudinal cohesive set, the setting extension was produced when the fibers were in water. This paper presents a comparison between recovery of fibers set in this way (a), and when the extension is done at the relative humidity of recovery (b). There is a qualitative similarity in the results, but for the same period of setting and relative humidity of recovery, set is lost more rapidly in case (b). At fixed RH there is a direct correlation between the force at the instant of release and the rate of subsequent recovery. In work up to the present time, the most important parameters in recovery from cohesive set have been duration of setting, RH during deformation, and RH during recovery.
Wet Soiling of Cotton
Authors: Berch Julian , Peper Henry , Drake George L.
Published: March 2007

The goal of this investigation was to determine the relation between the surface energy of cotton finishes, their tendency to become soiled, and the case with which soil is removed from them. The surface energy of finishing materials was characterized by wetting measurements. The critical surface tension for wetting of finishing agents and of the corresponding finished fabrics was determined. The critical surface tension for wetting by organic liquids of these same materials immersed in water was also determined. Cellulose has a high critical surface tension for wetting in air (high surface energy), but it has an extremely low critical surface tension for wetting in water. Due to this low 'surface energy in water, cellulose has a high resistance to wet soiling by hydro phobic soils. Similarly, hydrophobic soils are relatively easily removed from cotton. Silicone and fluorocarbon finishes have low surface energy in air but form high-energy surfaces in water. This leads to a strong tendency for these finishes to become con taminated in water by hydrophobic soils and, correspondingly, these soils are difficult to remove by laundering.
Weathering Durability of Cotton Fabrics Treated with APO-THPC Flame Retardant
Authors: Bullock Joel B. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2007

The influence of APO/THPC mole ratio on durability of flame retarclancy, resin retention, and strength retention of treated cotton fabric was determined by means of natural and artificial weathering tests. In both types of weathering, the use of photo active dyes as a means of accelerating the tests was studied. APO/THPC mole ratios of 2 : 1-8; 1 gave greater durability of APO-THPC resin and flame retardancy than did the standard I : 1 ratio. Photoactive dyes accelerated outdoor weathering by as much as fivefold, without obscuring the effect of mole ratio on resin durability. Predyeing was more effective than afterdyeing in causing accelerated weathering. Increased APO/ THPC mole ratios also gave increased breaking strength retention during weathering of undyed fabric, but produced no improvement on dyed fabric. These effects also occurred in Weather-Ometer tests made in the presence and absence of photoactive dyes. The APO-Zn(BF4)2 flame-resistant, wash-wear finish showed improved weathering durability comparable to that obtained from high-mole ratios 'of APO/THPC.

The chlorine content of APO-THPC-treated fabric was 81% to 96% of theory at all mole ratios of APO THPC, indicating at least two modes of copolymer formation. The rate at which phosphorus was lost from APO-THPC during weathering was generally equal to the rate of nitrogen loss, expressed in percentage losses/time. The APO-Zn(BF 4)2 finish lost phosphorus more rapidly than nitrogen, indicating a different mode of resin breakdown.
Strain-Recovery Properties of of Wash-Wear— Treated Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Grant James N. , Orr Rollin S. , Tsoi Ruby H. , Weiss Louis C.
Published: March 2007

Scoured and slack-mercerized fabrics were treated with dimethylol ethylene urea, methylated methylol melamine, and formaldehyde. Fabries with differences in resin add-on and differences in stretch during the cure were examined. Changes in tensile modulus caused by addition of resin were smaller than those caused by stretching during treatment.

The elongation at break was greater for the slack-mercerized than for the scoured fabries. Also, the recovery from strain during the testing was greater for the slack- mercerized than the scoured fabric. Recovery increased with add-on for both the basket and the plain-weave fabrics. Stretch during treatment had-only minor effects on strain recovery during the testing. The correlation coefficients of fiber strain recovery to fabric strain recovery are lower than those of fabric strain recovery to wrinkle recovery. The correlation coefficient of the latter is increased if recovery is a function of both strain and stress rather than of either used separately.
A Corona Discharge Method of Producing Shrink-Resistant Wool and Mohair
Authors: Thorsen W.J. , Kodani R.Y.
Published: March 2007

Wool fibers were exposed to corona discharge under a variety of voltages, fre quencies, temperatures, and gaseous environments. Optimum temperatures to give shrink resistance were between 100 and 140°C. Substantial shrink resistance was obtained with an exposure time as short as 2 sec. Oxygen slightly improved the results obtained in air. but nitrogen markedly reduced the effectiveness of the treatment. Fibers had to be thinly spread in the corona cell for uniform effect. Reaction rate increased with voltage and frequency and with center-tap grounding of the transformer. Small holes were burned in the samples at 400-800 cps. but burning could he prevented by using a corona cell with dielectric material at both electrodes.

Corona discharge treatment increased the cohesive force of top and the tensile strength of yarn, perhaps because of increased single-fiber surface friction. Unchanged dyeing rates, unchanged solubility in acids and bases, and unchanged single-fiber tensile properties indicate that the reaction is limited to the cuticle. Application of cationic softeners at low pII eliminated shrink resistance; removal of the cationic compounds restored the shrink resistance. The corona treatments cause fibers to acquire a positive electrostatic charge.

Fabric could not be made shrink resistant because the gaseous reactants did not penetrate adequately. However, shrink-resistant fabric was produced from 'continuously treated card webbing. Difficulty was encountered in pin drafting the sliver. Fiber and fabric hand was usually somewhat harsh, depending on degree of treatment, but softening agents at neutral or higher pH restored hand without significant loss of shrink resistance,

No chemicals are required for the process, only electrical power. At one treatment level, electrical cost is estimated to be 0.05¢ or less per pound of wool treated. Low processing cost should make the method commercially attractive.

The treatment can also make mohair shrink resistant.
Flame-Resistant Wool/Nomex Blends
Authors: Hoschke B.N.
Published: March 2007

Results of experiments on a lightweight fabric consisting of 80% wool and 20% polyester (or 20% Nomex) indicate that when the wool portion is treated—for example, with potassium fluorozirconate—the amount of flame-resistant, synthetic fiber can be reduced, yielding a product of appropriate fabric strength, while still meeting the U. S. Federal Aviation Administration requirements. '
Effects of Processing Variables on the Properties of Cotton Knitting Yarns
Authors: Joung Ryul Lee  , Ruppenicker George F.
Published: March 2007

The effects of carding rate. total spinning draft, spindle speed, and other production variables on the strength, uni formity, and lint-shedding tendencies of ring-spun cotton knitting yarns were determined. The results showed that higher carding rates improved fiber orientation and produced stronger, more uniform yarns; however, neps in the yarn were increased. Increasing total spinning draft also produced stronger, more uniform yarns. Lower spindle speeds resulted in slightly stronger, more uniform yarns with fewer neps and other imperfections. Optimum conditions for minimum lint shedding during knitting were obtained with lower carding rates and higher total spinning drafts and spindley speeds. Other processing variables that favored reduced lint shedding were combing using double-creded roving, and increasing yarn twist.
The Effect of Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Chloride (THPC) on Photo-Induced Vapor-Phase Grafting of Monomers on Wool and on the Subsequent Properties of the Grafted Wool
Authors: Needles Howard L. , Alcer Kenneth W. , Tai Anne
Published: March 2007

The photo-induced grafting of the monomers methyl acry late, methyl methacry late, acry lonitrile, and methacry lonitrile as vapors on wool, pre-wetted with water or 1% aqueous tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC) was investigated. The effect of THPC in the wetting solution on the grafting process and on the properties of the grafted wools was determined. Wetting with 1% aqueous THPC increased the amount of polymer grafted on the wool but had only a slight effect on the color, tensile properties, stiffness, and wrinkle-rccovery properties of the grafted wools compared to grafted wools pre-wetted with water only. The THPC pretreatment had a marked effect on the dyeing and resultant color properties of the grafted wools dyed with two chrome-metallized acid dyes, Acid Orange 72 and Acid Violet 56. In most cases the THPC-treated grafted wools dyed at faster rates, to higher exhaustion, and to different shades than the corresponding grafted wools pre-wetted with water only. No significant differences between the THPC wetted and water-wetted grafted wools were found by scanning clectron microscopy.
Shrink-Resisting Wool with Poly(Dimethylsilozane)-α,ω-Diols and Aminofunctional Silane Crosslinking Agents
Authors: Guise G. Bruce , Jones F. William
Published: March 2007

This and the following paper study shrink-resist finishes for wool using poly(dimethyliloxane)-α ω-diols (I) and poly functional silane crosslinking agents. In this paper treatment of wool fabric from organic solvents with the diols (I) of various molecular weights and a single silane, 3(2-aminoethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, (II) was examined in detail. Important factors for effective shrink resistance were the molecular weight of the diol (I), the concentration of amino functional silane (II), the extent of reaction before and after application to wool, the reaction with water, and the presence of an organotin catalyst or polyalkoxysilanes such as methyltrimethoxysilane. These findings were used to modify a commercial silicone shrink-resist finish for use in a durable press treatment.
Electron Beam Fixation of a Flame Retardant Applied Without Water by Coating Methods
Authors: Bittencourt E. , Ennis J. , Walsh W.K.
Published: March 2007

Low wet pickup and high solids finishing techniques can produce fabric with the resin distributed in a variety of ways. depending on the method used. Liquid Fyrol 76®, applied to cotton fabric by a number of different procedures, and polymerized at room temperature with electron beam, gave resin distribution that varied from quite nonuniform at low application pressures to complete uniformity at high pressures, even to the point of lumen and fiber penetration. Small amounts of water (as low as 7% above regain) before application effected a uniform distribution even at low pressure.
Thermo-Induced Electric Current from Viscose Rayon Sandwiched Between Metal Electrodes
Authors: Pillai P.K.C. , Mollah M.
Published: March 2007

Viscose rayon sandwiched hetween metal electrodes has been found to generate electric current with temperature variation. The current is reproducible in successive heatings and is of electrochemical nature, since the magnitude and direction of current depend on the choice and combination of electrode materials. The glass rubber transition tempera ture of viscose is found to lie in the range 43-68°C, depending on the amount of sorbed water. The current is enhanced and glass-transition occurs at lower temperatures with increasing water content. Similarity between the plots of (1 R vs. T and (Is) vs. T, and constancy of the open circuit voltage difference at high temperature indicate that the metal viscose-metal system may be assumed to form a galvanic cell.
A New Spinning Process for Worsted Yarns
Authors: Caban J. Clinton
Published: March 2007

A new process called Coverspun R, recently patented by the Leesona Corporation, is described. The fundamental yarn formation concept, employing a wrapping of fine denier continuous filament around untwisted staple fiber, produces an integrated multicomponent yarn. The process flow, hardware needed, process usefulness, and comparison with other processes and products are elucidated.
A Consideration of the Critical Add-On and the Uniformity of Crosslinking
Authors: Heap S. Allan
Published: March 2007

In a low add on, easy-care finishing system, the critical add-on value (CAV) is defined as that amount of finishing liquor which must be applied to a given fabric in order to avoid a nonuniform distribution of crosslinking after drying and curing. ,

At least two different types of nonuniformity have to be recognized. Type-one nonuniformity occurs when the amount of liquor applied is significantly higher than the CAV, so that migration of chemicals to the fabric surface occurs. Type- two nonuniformity is produced when the amount applied is low er than the CAV, so that more-or less isolated small spots of untreated fabric occur.

It has been found that the CAV depends upon the fabric construction and the pretreatment. Mercerizing enforces higher CAV, but liquid ammonia treatment usually allows a reduction. The concentration of crosslinking agents in the formulation also exerts an influence. A short (5 s) steaming step between impregnation and drying allows a significant reduction in CAV and apparently eliminates the influence of the pretreatment.
A Model for the Surface of Keratin Fibers
Authors: Negri Andrew P. , Cornell Hugh J. , Rivett Donald E.
Published: March 2007

A model of the epicuticle membrane of keratin fibers shows that it is a heavily crosslinked protein containing approximately 25% by weight of fatty acid, predomi nantly 18-methyleicosanoic acid, acylated to the protein as a thioester. The conclusion that acylated fatty acids reside on the surface of and completely surround individual cuticle cells is supported by an analysis of the amount of fatty acid removed by alcoholic alkali against treatment time and the observed decreasing amount of bound fatty acid found as fiber diameters increase. Allworden sacs form only under acidic conditions, which also cleave bound fatty acids. Prior removal of bound fatty acids facilitates the rapid formation of Allworden sacs.
Effect of Preswelling Treatments on the Properties of Cotton Fibers Crosslinked with 1,2,3,4 Butanetetracarboxylic Acid
Authors: Zeronian S.H. , Buschle-Diller G. , Fisher L.D. , Alger K.W. , Holmes S.A. , Slaven P.A. , Bertoniere N.R.
Published: March 2007

Relations were studied between fiber structure and mechanical properties of cotton fibers crosslinked with 1,2,3,4 butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). BTCA was either applied directly to the fibers (NPT) or after they had received a swelling treatment with caustic soda (MER), liquid ammonia (LAT), or monomethylamine (MMA). In some instances BTCA was applied before the caustic treated fibers had been dried (NDMER). The water retention value (WRV) of MER fibers was markedly higher than that of NPT, LAT, or MMA fibers. After BTCA treatment, however, the WRV of MER fibers fell sharply, but that of MMA or LAT samples did not. Thus the WRV s of BTCA MER and NDMER fibers approached those of MMA and LAT products. The breaking force of BTCA fibers approached the same value at high BTCA contents, with or without mercerization or methylamine preswelling. It appeared that LAT cotton might retain greater strength than the other samples at high BTCA contents. The breaking extensions of BTCA fibers that had received a preswelling treatment were higher than those of fibers that had not been pretreated. Properties of MER and NDMER BTCA fibers were similar, even though it appeared that the BTCA was more uniformly distributed in the NDMER fibers. The breaking twist angle ( BTA ) was determined as a measure of brit tleness ; the BTA relation with extension for the BTCA samples was similar to a previously determined relation for cotton treated with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea.
Development of a Constitutive Theory for Short Fiber Yams
Authors: Ning Pan
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the effects of fiber orientation and bending deformation on staple yarn behavior. First, the effect of fiber orientation is shown by comparing yarn properties determined using three different fiber orientation cases. Then, for a given fiber orientation distribution, radial distributions of both tensile stress and lateral pressure along the yarn cross section are predicted. The fiber obliquity effect at high yarn twist levels is attributed more to fiber bending deformation. Finally a modified yarn model is proposed that produces predictions in close agreement with existing experimental results.
Handle and Comfort Properties of Woven Fabrics Made from Random Blend and Cotton-Covered Cotton/Polyester Yarns
Authors: Radhakrishnaiah P. , Tejatanalert Sukasem , Sawhney A.P.S.
Published: March 2007

Two identically constructed cotton/polyester fabrics, one made from polyester staple core/cotton-covered yarn and the other from a random blend yarn, were evaluated for their low-stress mechanical properties and hand quality, following the objective hand evaluation approach developed by Kawabata. Heat energy dissipation through the fabrics under dry and wet contact conditions and their warm-cool contact sensations were measured using Kawabata's new "Thermolabo Device." Comparison of the low- stress mechanical properties revealed that the fabric made of polyester-core/cotton covered yam is more resilient to tensile and compressive deformation and has higher bending rigidity, lower tensile elongation, and lower shear modulus. The same fabric also gives higher values for all four primary hand qualities and for total hand quality associated with a men's summer suit application. For a women's thin dress application, it gives higher values for five out of the six primary hand qualities. It also offers a cooler contact sensation and much less variation in contact sensation along its length . compared to the fabric from the random blend yarn. The amount of heat energy dissipated through the fabric made of cotton-covered yam was lower under dry contact (nonsweating) conditions and higher under wet contact (sweating) conditions, sug gesting that this fabric may have a better thermal comfort value for cold and dry (winter) as well as hot and humid (summer) weather conditions. Energy dissipation along the fabric also varied much less for the material from cotton-covered yarn. This work not only identifies differences in the subjective properties of the fabrics in quan titative terms, but also demonstrates the value of Kawabata's methods for designing and producing superior quality apparel fabrics.
Seed Coat Fragments in Cotton Yarns
Authors: Hebert Jacques J. , Thibodeaux Devron P.
Published: March 2007

Five Acala cottons, two with high and three with low seed coat fragment counts, were included in a study of fiber properties to determine plausible causes of the pro pensity for certain cultivars to produce a high seed coat fragment count. Physical properties were determined and compared for each variety grown in three locations.
Lipid Bilayers Including Cholesterol as Vehicles for Acid Dyes in Wool Dyeing
Authors: De La Maza A. , Parra J.L. , Manich A.
Published: March 2007

We describe the use of large unilamellar liposomes of a defined size and containing cholesterol as vehicles in commercial dyeing of untreated wool with a milling acid dye. To this end, we have investigated liposomes prepared with egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH) at different lipid compositions (from 10:0 to 8:2 molar ratios) containing the commercial acid dye Polar blue G, CI acid blue 90. We assessed the physical stability of these systems by measuring the mean vesicle size of the sus pensions during dyeing. We also investigated kinetic aspects involving dye adsorption and bonding to untreated wool samples at different PC:CH lipid compositions. In creasing amounts of CH in bilayers enhance both the physical stability of complete liposomes and the inhibition of dye exhaustion on untreated wool. Using only the dye trapped in bilayers, dyeing kinetics follows a different tendency, reaching the maximum initial inhibition and final exhaustion for the PC:CH 8.5:1.5 molar ratio. Bonding of dye to wool fibers also improves, reaching the optimum value for the PC: CH molar ratio 8.5:1.5 in all cases. The smoothness of dyed wool samples is also enhanced, the best results being reached with the highest proportion of CH.
Human Capital, Socioeconomic, and Labor Market Effects on the Wage Differential: A Case for Using Age Cohorts
Authors: Jones Joyce E. , Peck Claudia J.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive model was developed to explain gender wage differentials. The model is made up of three major components—human capital variables, socioeconomic variables, and structural components of the labor market. Uniqueness is provided through availability of work history data, correction for selection bias, and control for interaction by age. Men's wages exceed women's for all age cohorts. Decomposition of the wage differential involves examining differences in endowments or characteristics by race, gender, and age cohort. Investment in human capital increases wages but explains little of the differential. Few labor market variables affect wages, yet they explain large percentages of the differential.
A Predictive Model for the Marketing of Home Economics
Authors: Callahan Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to identify the influences that persuaded students to select home economics as their major course of study in higher education. Subjects were 574 students currently enrolled in an introductory home economics course. The study used a linear discriminant analysis design with selection of major as the dependent variable. Findings from the study indicate that the statistically significant positive influences on students' selecting home economics as their major course of study were (a) friends, (b) high school home economics teachers, (c) posters, (d) displays and exhibits, and (e) home economics college faculty members. The statistically significant negative influences were (a)family, (b) high school teachers (other than home economics teachers), (c) radio advertisements, and (d) campus recruitment days or nights. The specialty majors included in home economics were analyzed by group. Statistically significant variables for specialty majors varied for each group.
Vegetable Choices and Cookery Methods of Nebraskans
Authors: Lewis Nancy M. , Albrecht Julie A. , Schnepf Marilynn I. , Hamouz Fayrene L. , Driskell Judy A. , Goertz Jessye A.
Published: March 2007

A telephone survey of a random sample of adult Nebraskans was conducted to identify the vegetables they consumed and the methods they used to cook these vegetables. Subjects were called in the evening after the last meal of the day, and were asked to respond to questions about the vegetables they had eaten that day. Results indicated 15% of the 538 respondents did not eat a vegetable on the day they were contacted, 26% ate 1 vegetable, 25% ate 2 vegetables, and 34% ate 3 or more vegetables. Mean vegetable consumption was 2.2 vegetables per person per day. Twenty‐one different vegetables were eaten and 4 of these, potatoes, lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes, accounted for 48% of vegetables consumed. One third of the vegetables were eaten raw. When they were cooked, the cookery method used most often was on the stove top (i.e., boiling). This method was used more than twice as often as the microwave for cooking vegetables. Results of this survey indicate that nutrition education programs need to encourage increased vegetable consumption and the use of vegetable cookery methods that maximize nutrient retention.
Urban Chinese Parents' Perceptions of their Strengths and Needs in Rearing “Only” Sons and Daughters
Authors: Xie Qing , Hultgren Francine
Published: March 2007

This study sought to determine what Chinese urban parents perceived as their strengths and needs in rearing “only” children. The Parental Strengths and Needs Inventory was administered to a sample of 208 workers in the Special Iron & Steel Company in Beijing, China, who were parents of only children from ages 6–13. Sixty Likert‐type questions served to identify strengths and needs in 6 sub‐areas: parent satisfaction, parent success, home teaching, parent difficulty, parent frustration, and information needs. The overwhelming majority of urban parents of only children reported that they possessed strengths in child rearing. However, the Chinese parents perceived differential strengths and needs in child rearing related to gender of parents (e.g., doing a good job as caregiver, letting the child enjoy free time) and gender of child (e.g., watching the development of self‐confidence, overall parent frustration). Four conclusions were drawn from this study: (a) Parents perceived themselves to have strengths in only‐child rearing; (b) mothers perceived themselves as more successful than fathers in only‐child rearing; (c) parents of sons reported more child rearing frustrations and difficulties than parents of daughters; and (d) there appeared to be a cross‐sex relationship (father‐daughter; mother‐son) in some areas of only‐child rearing, particularly home teaching.
The Economic Impact of Tourism in Metropolitan Victoria, B.C
Authors: Liu Juanita , Var Turgut
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the economic impact of tourism on the economy of metropolitan Victoria by estimating the multiplier effect of tourist spending on the generation of income, sales, employment, government revenue, and imports. Specifically, differential tourist multipliers for nonresident and resident overnight visitors, as well as day-trippers, were calculated in order to examine the relative contributions of each group to the local economy. The study also estimated the accommodation and non-accommodation components of direct household income and direct employment and examined the effect of incremental changes in leakages and import content on the multipliers and on household income.
Grand Cayman Island and the Resort Cycle Concept
Authors: Weaver David B.
Published: March 2007

Butler's model of cyclical tourism development (exploration, involvement, develop ment, consolidation, stagnation, and either rejuvenation, stability, or decline) is applied empirically to Grand Cayman Island, which to date largely conforms to the stages of the model. A significant deviation isfound with respect to local versus non-local control; owing to several factors, local participation seems to have increased rather than decreased in the development stage. Weaver's resort-cycle model is also applied, and a contrast is made between tourism. development on Grand Cayman Island (a nonplantation culture) and Antigua (a plantation culture), where external control has been maintained during the development stage. Long-term stability is predicted for tourism on Grand Cayman Island; social, economic, and environmental stresses building in Antigua may lead to the decline stage for tourism on that island.
A Comprehensive Method for Studying Leisure Travel
Authors: Harris Charles C. , Tynon Joanne F. , Mclaughlin William J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes research to provide baseline data representative of all leisure travelers in Idaho. The data base allows direct comparisons between resident and nonresi dent travelers and among people traveling during different seasons—comparisons that cannot be made with more methodologically fragmented travel-survey efforts. The results help delineate and describe district segments within Idaho's overall leisure travel market and enable researchers, policy analysts, and travel promoters to make decisions based on the interrelationships among those segments. Establishing a data base using the methods described can provide a more complete picture of travel throughout a state in a given year.
International Tourism In The Soviet Union I n The Era Of Glasnost And Perestroyka
Authors: Arefyev V. , Mieczkowski Z.
Published: March 2007

Political changes since 1985 have created opportunities for foreign tourism in the Soviet Union because many previously closed areas are now open to tourists. Official government figures do reflect an increase in tourism, from less than 500,000 in 1956 to more than 6 million in 1988, although many tourists are from Soviet bloc countries or are private visitors — e.g., trasnport service crews. A tourism infrastructure which would attract visitors from hard-currency countries is not in place and may be some time developing, since tourism development has been given a low priority in Soviet economic planning. For this reason adventure tourism and scientific tourism, which do not rely on a traditional mass-tourist infrastructure, are the most likely to grow immediately. Other kinds of tourism will have to await a radical perestroyka (reconstruction) rather than the cosmetic perestroyka now undervay.
Analysis of Room Taxes Levied on the Lodging Industry
Authors: Hiemstra Stephen J. , Ismail Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes a study of the impacts of room taxes on the lodging industry by (1) reporting on the findings of Phase II of an overall study assessing the negative impacts on number of rooms rented of room taxes levied on the lodging industry, and (2) applying the price elasticity of market demand found in step 1 to the average amounts of room taxes paid, as measured in Phase I of the overall study. The elasticity measurement comes from a statistical model based on data from a national probability survey of the properties owned by members of the American Hotel and Motel Association taken in spring 1990.
Highlights of the 23rd Annual TTRA Conference Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 14-18, 1992
Authors: Dipersio Cindy , Hayden Gin , Goeldner C.R.
Published: March 2007

The following paragraphs briefly summarize the 23rd annual conference of the Travel and Tourism Research Association held in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Conference registrants and members of TTRA will automatically receive a copy of the conference proceedings when they are published. Other readers who wish to receive a copy of the proceedings may order copies from Francine Butler, TTRA, 10200 West 44th Avenue, Suite 304, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033. The cost is $75.
Perceptual Dififerences Among Visitor Groups to Wineries
Authors: Dodd Tim , Bigotte Véronique
Published: March 2007

At present there is little information concerning the characteristics of people who visit wineries and how marketing programs should be organized to attract tourists in the most effective manner. A study of people who visit Texas wineries was conducted to examine the perceptions and behavior of segments of winery tourists. Findings indicate two distinct segments with different perceptions and wine consumption behavior.
Antiquing as a Tourism Recreational Activity in Southwestern Pennsylvania
Authors: Grado Stephen C. , Strauss Charles H. , Lord Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

An economic impact study of travel and tourism in southwestern Pennsylvania iden tified 25 travel-related activities and associated visitor expenditures. Purchases of antiques appeared to be understated, therefore antiquing was included as a separate recreational activity in the second year of the study. All regional expenditures made by nonresident visitors were entered into an input-output model of the region.

The majority of antique shops in the region belong to four cooperatives or antiquing centers. Annual visitation totaled 278,352 for the retail antiquing trade and was evenly split among residents and nonresidents. Nonresident visitors spent an average of $32.47 per activity day. The value-added component of the economic impact totaled $3.36 million, and 149 jobs were supported. The pursuit of antiques supported the consumption of regional goods and services and the generation of additional income and spending.
Worker Management
Authors: Silver Marc L.
Published: March 2007

The article uses a single theoretical framework to analyze the development of participatory organizational forms. The histories of decision-making structures are considered in terms of the structural sources of decision-making power within organizations and supraorganizational networks. The dialectic of power at the points of production and managerial planning lead to distinct forms of authority and structures of workforce participation in the decision-making process. Structural linkages between forms of industrial organization, ownership, and development and growth of corporate structure and workforce participation in decision-making are the central issues examined. Principal conclusions of the analysis are that collective bargaining, as developed within capitalism, is a form of workers' participation and that worker ownership is a necessary but not sufficient condition of workers' control.
Work Environment Reform and Industrial Democracy
Authors: Deutsch Steven
Published: March 2007

This article suggests the importance of connecting work environment issues with concerns of worker control. In particular, some of the legislative reform efforts in Norway and Sweden are outlined with an analysis of current developments in the United States. Whereas there are limited advances in democratizing the workplace head-on, there are considerable achievements illustrated whereby laws and policies have advanced worker control over technology, production, and work processes through a work environment reform strategy.
Forms of Employee Ownership and Workers' Control
Authors: Woodworth Warner
Published: March 2007

Worker-owned enterprises may contribute to the development of a new system of productive relations in the United States. Various approaches to employee ownership are classified into two principal schemes. Type I methods include the Scanlon plan, Drucker's logic of "pension fund socialism," and Kelso's Employee Stock Ownership Plan. 7hese designs coalesce in efforts to preserve capitalism by broadening its rewards, retaining the traditional profit motive, and remaining within the confines of traditional role relationships between management and employees. Type II alternatives include new business collectives founded in an ideological commitment to cooperative action, company-takeovers by employees, and worker/community owned firms. Comparisons are made between the two principal typologies with respect to selected criteria.