bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D'une démarche professionnelle à une démarche scientifique : filiation puis autonomie de la recherche sur un terrain familier
Authors: Lemoine Maryan
Published: February 2013

Résumé Au fil d’une démarche professionnelle menée en direction de collégiens décrocheurs se forge une familiarité avec le terrain d’exercice. Celle-ci, par la durée de l’implication, et par la variété des situations observées dans plusieurs établissements, fait naître un projet de recherche, comme par filiation. Les informations recueillies et les pratiques déjà initiées constituent un socle. Alors, les postures professionnelle et de recherche s’imbriquent, se stimulent et s’enrichissent mutuellement. Mais pour systématiser le recueil des données et approfondir la réflexion il convient aussi de s’émanciper progressivement des approches liées à l’action pour développer des pratiques de construction de connaissances plus autonomes. Le regard renouvelé par l’approche scientifique, sur un terrain familier fait ainsi émerger de nouveaux savoirs et permet de surmonter les possibles limites que recèlerait cette familiarité.
« Combattants de la parole » : parlementaires-debout et mobilisation partisane à Kinshasa
Authors: Dugrand Camille
Published: February 2013

Résumé Cet article analyse une variante spécifique des parlements-debout kinois en se concentrant sur la figure des parlementaires-debout liés à l’Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social (UDPS) d’Étienne Tshisekedi. Débatteurs publics, relayeurs de l’« information », ces « parlementaires de la rue » occupent une fonction de mobilisation partisane et s’affirment comme citoyens dans un contexte où prise de parole et violence sont intimement liées.
Psychotropic Medications, Associated QTc Prolongation, and Sudden Cardiac Death: A Review for Clinicians
Authors: Doyle Marley , Rosenthal Lisa J.
Published: February 2013

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Describe the basic cardiophysiology of QT prolongation and how psychotropic medication can affect it.

2.

Understand the role that each class of drugs plays in the potential of QT prolongation.

3.

Apply the principles to clinical practice in order to assure patient safety.

Prolongation of QTC is an electrocardiographic finding indicating prolongation of cardiac repolarization, which increases the risk for torsades de pointes, a form of ventricular tachycardia that can lead to sudden cardiac death.
Appraisal of the Quality of Care of Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment in the Emergency Department
Authors: Schnitker Linda M. , Martin-Khan Melinda , Burkett Ellen , Beattie Elizabeth R.A. , Gray Leonard C.
Published: February 2013

The medical records of 273 patients 75 years and older were reviewed to evaluate quality of emergency department (ED) care through the use of quality indicators. One hundred fifty records contained evidence of an attempt to carry out a cognitive assessment. Documented evidence of cognitive impairment (CI) was reported in 54 cases. Of these patients, 30 had no documented evidence of an acute change in cognitive function from baseline; of 26 patients discharged home with preexisting CI (i.e., no acute change from baseline), 15 had no documented evidence of previous consideration of this issue by a health care provider; and 12 of 21 discharged patients who screened positive for cognitive issues for the first time were not referred for outpatient evaluation. These findings suggest that the majority of older adults in the ED are not receiving a formal cognitive assessment, and more than half with CI do not receive quality of care according to the quality indicators for geriatric emergency care. Recommendations for improvement are discussed.
Can we use the same suture to close both skin and subcutaneous tissue after middle ear surgery?
Authors: Nilmini HAD , Weerakoon DDR , Anuruddhika WDL , Dilrukshi RAP , Lakshan MTD
Published: February 2013

Introduction Ear surgeries need closure of subcutaneous tissues and skin. Same suture may be used for both purposes if there are no wound complications. Objectives To assess the wound complications in patients who had same suture vs. different sutures for closure of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Method Prospective cohort study comparing two groups was carried out to comparing wound redness, discharge and pain at postoperative day 1 and 5 by a trained nurse. Results At postoperative fifth day there were no complications in both groups. Wound redness and pain scores at day one had no statistically significant difference between two groups. None had wound discharge. Conclusion Same suture used for subcutaneous tissue suturing may be used for skin closure without increased rate of wound complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjo.v3i1.5212 Ceylon Journal of Otolaryngology Vol.3(1) 2013 pp.15-16
Evaluation of Polysomnographic data pattern of Patients who undergo overnight sleep study in NHSL
Authors: Tennakoon DS , Perera DCS , Jayasuriya C , Dayasena RP , Senarathna DMRF , Wijethilaka KAYS , Kumaratunga PGJS
Published: February 2013

Objectives Aim of the study is to evaluate the polysomnographic data pattern of Sri Lankan population who are undergoing overnight sleepstudy. Method Analytial study of Polysomnographic reports of 117 patients was done by analyzing the polysomnography reports of each patient in detail. Results Study was done on 117 patients. 82% of the patients were males and 18% were females. 33% were in the age group between 41-50 years. 51% had a BMI of 26-30. 24% were obese. Only one patient was morbidly obese. 21% were snoring with more than 100 snoring episodes during sleep, with 12% showing a total snoring time lasting for more than 1 hour. There is a significant difference in snoring between male and female population. 62% maintained an average oxygen saturation of 96-100%. 50% were restless during the sleep with more than 90 limb movements per sleep. Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index showed 33%of mild sleep apnoea, 29% moderate and 16% severe sleep apnoea. Majority of the population showed an obstructive sleep apnoea pattern. Conclusion Majority of Sri Lankan patients who undergo sleep study are overweight middle aged males. There is a significant difference between snoring episode and gender. Most of the study population showed mild obstructive sleep apnoea. Though Polysomnographic studies are time consuming and expensive, it is a unique apparatus to correlate electrical and electro physiological data and is a good instrument towards patient’s outcome and unnecessary testing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjo.v3i1.5214 Ceylon Journal of Otolaryngology Vol.3(1) 2013 pp.20-25
Development of a Cell Phone Addiction Scale for Korean Parents of Young Children.
Authors: Koo Hyun Young
Published: February 2013

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a cell phone addiction scale for Korean parents of young children, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the developed scale.METHODS: The scale was developed through construction of a conceptual framework, generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items.Participants were 465 parents and 178 children. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency, and split-half reliability.RESULTS: Twenty items were categorized into three factors explaining 60.3% of total variance. Factors were named as withdrawal - 4 items, loss of control - 9 items, and persistence - 7 items. Scores for the scale were significantly correlated with self-control, impulsiveness, cell phone use, and cell phone addiction of children as measured by a scale for Korean children. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 20 items was .94, and Guttman coefficient was .87. Scale scores identified children as high risk users, at risk users, or average users by standard scores.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the cell phone addiction scale for Korean parents is a reliable and valid instrument to measure cell phone addiction in young children.
Current Status in Management of Children with Atopic Dermatitis and Knowledge and Practice of Preschool Teachers.
Authors: Cho In Sook , Ryu Se Ang
Published: February 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe current status in management of children with atopic dermatitis and to examine knowledge and care practices of preschool teachers.METHODS: A survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted. Knowledge and practice were measured with the questionnaire by Park (2011). Data were analysed using SPSS.WIN 20.0.RESULTS: Of the teachers, 81.3% managed children with atopic dermatitis depending on parents' needs and 58.9% reported difficulties due to limited knowledge and expressed a need for continuing education and provision of educational guidelines. Preschool teachers had a mean score for knowledge about atopic dermatitis of .75 out of 1 point.Among three domains of knowledge, signs & symptoms had the highest score and management, the lowest. The mean score for care practices for children with atopic dermatitis was 3.4 out of 4 points. Among the four domains of care practices, food had the highest score and dress & bedclothes, the lowest. Knowledge and practice of the teachers were different according to responsibility in management and educational need. The correlation between knowledge and practice was not significant.CONCLUSION: These results suggest that educational programs and strategies should be developed to increase preschool teachers' knowledge and improve care practice for children with atopic dermatitis.
Development of an Ecological Model to Improve Health Care Management for Children in Child Care Centers.
Authors: Park Eun Sook , Im Yeo Jin , Cho Eun Ji
Published: February 2013

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify current health care management and barriers in health care management according to ecological systems, and to develop an ecological model for enhancing health care in child care centers.METHODS: Focus group interviews were conducted with directors and teachers of child care centers, and with parents of children enrolled in child care. Data were analyzed by the latent content analysis method.RESULTS: Twelve categories of health care management were identified. Barriers to child health care included knowledge deficit and lack of competence in health care by teachers, lack of useful health care manuals, non-existence of professional child health care personnel in child care centers, lack of mutual information sharing and disagreement on child health conditions between child care personnel and parents, lack of specific health related child care inspection criteria and time flexible child care centers with a lack of policy on collaboration with health care facilities. The ecological model developed included specific strategies to improve health care management in child care.CONCLUSION: The proposed ecological model to improve child health care management should be useful to plan future health care program considering both the immediate and indirect social environment surrounding children in child care.
September/October 2011
Authors: DeVito, Jr. Richard A.
Published: February 2013

Vol. 6, No. 5
Bioterrorism and disaster preparedness among medical specialties
Authors: Lane, MD, MBA Joshua E. , Dimick, BS, MHS Jacob , Syrax, BA, MA Michael , Bhandary, PhD Madhusudan , Rudy, DEd, PA-C Bruce S.
Published: February 2013

Objective: A core priority of all medical specialties includes information for members regarding inherent priorities and principles.The authors sought to investigate the priority and contribution of various medical specialties to the fields of bioterrorism, terrorism, disaster preparedness, and emergency preparedness.Design: A mixed study design (quantitative and qualitative) was used to identify pertinent characteristics of various medical specialties. A scored survey analysis of resources available from the representative organizations and/or societies of the primary medical specialties and select subspecialties was examined and scored based on availability, ease of accessibility, updated status, and content. A MEDLINE search completed through PubMed using the medical subject headings bioterrorism, terrorism, disaster preparedness, and emergency preparedness coupled with specific medical specialties was conducted to assess the involvement and contribution of each to the medical literature.Main outcome measures: The primary study outcome was to evaluate the priority of and existing resources available to members for bioterrorism/terrorism and disaster/emergency preparedness among various medical specialties as reflected by their representative organizations and scientific publication.Results: The search of individual medical specialties and of the medical literature (2000-2010) revealed that these topics (via keywords bioterrorism, terrorism, disaster preparedness, and emergency preparedness) are indeed a priority topic for the majority of medical specialties. A number of specialties with expectant priority in these topics were confirmed. All seven primary care specialties demonstrated a core priority of these topics and offered resources. The MEDLINE (PubMed) search yielded 7,228 articles published from 2000 to 2010.Conclusion: Bioterrorism/terrorism and disaster/ emergency preparedness are priority topics of most medical specialties. This core priority is demonstrated by both the medical specialty resources in addition to the contribution of scientific articles from these medical specialties. This reflects the diverse medical care that is necessary for terrorist threats and the collaborative efforts that will help to make the medical response to these threats more cohesive.
The impact of the earthquake and humanitarian assistance on household economies and livelihoods of earthquake-affected populations in Haiti
Authors: Kirsch, MD Thomas D. , Leidman, MSPH Eva , Weiss, DrPH William , Doocy, PhD Shannon
Published: February 2013

Objective: On January 12, 2010, one of the most destructive earthquakes in history struck the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. This study aims to characterize the impact of the earthquake and humanitarian response on well being of the affected households as means of evaluating the effectiveness of response efforts.Design: A stratified 60 × 20 cluster survey was conducted in Port-au-Prince internally displaced persons camps (n = 600) and neighborhoods (n = 596) in January 2011. Clusters were assigned using probability proportional to size sampling and data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires.Results: The earthquake affected incomes in 90 percent of camp and 73 percent of neighborhood households (p 0.001); camp households were consistently worse off by most measures of economic and food security. As compared to camps, living in a neighborhood was associated with increased odds of better/same income status (Odds ratio, OR: 1.78, Confidence interval, CI: 1.25-2.53), employment (OR: 1.47, 1.01-2.14), and food access (OR: 1.83, CI: 1.33-2.52).With respect to earthquake impacts, damage to the home was associated with decreased odds of better/same food access (OR: 0.55, CI: 0.33-0.93) and injuries with decreased odds of better/same income status (OR: 0.57, CI: 0.37, 0.87).Within 1 month of the earthquake, 89 percent of camp and 46 percent in neighborhood households had received humanitarian assistance (p ≤ 0.001); however, receipt of aid was not associated with improved income, employment, or food access at 1 year postearthquake.Conclusions: The immediate impacts of injury and mortality had marginal influences on long-term household economic security, whereas displacement into camps was stongly associated with negative outcomes for income, employment, and food access.
Pediatric patients in a disaster: Part of the all-hazard, comprehensive approach to disaster management
Authors: Mace, MD Sharon E. , Doyle, MD Constance , Fuchs, MD Susan , Gausche-Hill, MD Marianne , Koenig, MD Kristi L. , Sorrentino, MD Annalise , Johnson, MD Ramon W.
Published: February 2013

Disasters affect all ages of patients from the newborn to the elderly. Disaster emergency management includes all phases of comprehensive emergency management from preparedness to response and recovery. Disaster planning and management has frequently overlooked the unique issues involved in dealing with the pediatric victims of a disaster. The following will be addressed: disaster planning and management as related to pediatric patients and the integration of pediatric disaster management as part of an all-hazard, comprehensive emergency management approach. Key recommendations for dealing with children, infants, and special needs patients in a disaster are delineated.
Nursing homes’ preparedness plans and capabilities
Authors: Eiring, MPH Hilary , Blake, MA, PhD Candidate Sarah C. , Howard, PhD David H.
Published: February 2013

Objectives: To assess nursing homes’ capabilities to evacuate or shelter-in-place during a disaster and to determine their actual preparedness-related capacity.Design: A 27-question survey assessing disaster preparedness plans and capabilities in nursing homes. Respondents and nonresponders were compared based on characteristics from the Nursing Home Compare Web site using t tests for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables. Probit regression was used to estimate the relationships between nursing home characteristics and dichotomous measures of preparedness.Setting: Web and paper surveys of nursing home administrators.Participants: Nursing home administrators in California, Florida, and Georgia.Main outcome measures: Number of disaster drills, days supply of emergency food and water, evacuation transportation and destination.Results: All facilities reported conducting at least one disaster drill per year. Only 55 percent of facilities used a template to develop their disaster plans and 74 percent of facilities reported that they discuss their disaster plans with local or state emergency management officials. Most facilities (81 percent) have generators. All but 19 (7 percent) of nursing homes are able to shelterin- place for 2 days or longer. Ambulance services are the most common form of transportation (76 percent). Most facilities (73 percent) plan to evacuate residents to nursing homes affiliated with their corporate group.Discussion: Almost all respondents conducted disaster drills, discussed preparedness with local officials, and were able to shelter-in-place for at least 2 days. However, many facilities rely on resources that may not be available during a large disaster.
Applying behavioral science to workforce challenges in the public health emergency preparedness system
Authors: McCabe, PhD O. Lee , DiClemente, PhD Carlo C. , Links, PhD Jonathan M.
Published: February 2013

When disasters and other broad-scale public health emergencies occur in the United States, they often reveal flaws in the pre-event preparedness of those individuals and agencies charged with responsibility for emergency response and recovery activities. A significant contributor to this problem is the unwillingness of some public health workers to participate in the requisite planning, training, and response activities to ensure quality preparedness.The thesis of this article is that there are numerous, empirically supported models of behavior change that hold potential for motivating role-appropriate behavior in public health professionals. The models that are highlighted here for consideration and prospective adaptation to the public health emergency preparedness system (PHEPS) are the Transtheoretical Model of Intentional Behavior Change (TTM) and Motivational Interviewing (MI). Core concepts in TTM and MI are described, and specific examples are offered to illustrate the relevance of the frameworks for understanding and ameliorating PHEPS-based workforce problems. Finally, the requisite steps are described to ensure the readiness of organizations to support the implementation of the ideas proposed.
Service provision in disaster preparation, response, and recovery for individuals with predisaster mental illness
Authors: Tharp, PhD Andra Teten , Constans, PhD Joseph I. , Yin, LISW Rob , Sullivan, MD, MSPH Greer , Vasterling, PhD Jennifer J. , Rouse, MD Jeff , Schreiber, PhD Merritt D. , King, PhD Michael
Published: February 2013

Individuals with preexisting mental disorders are at increased risk for negative outcomes following a disaster and are one type of vulnerable subpopulation that requires special consideration in disaster preparedness, response, and recovery.We describe evidence of the increased risk for individuals with predisaster mental illness as well as tools for field triage, the critical role of partnerships in preparedness and response, and integration of mental health as a priority in emergency management systems. Considering individuals with predisaster mental disorders at each phase of a disaster may ameliorate some negative postdisaster outcomes, such as suicide.
Characterization of long-term and seasonal variations of black carbon (BC) concentrations at Neumayer, Antarctica
Authors: Weller R. , Minikin A. , Petzold A. , Wagenbach D. , König-Langlo G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Continuous black carbon (BC) observations were conducted from 1999 through 2009 by an Aethalometer (AE10) and from 2006 through 2011 by a Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) at Neumayer Station (NM) under stringent contamination control. Considering the respective observation period, BC concentrations measured by the MAAP were somewhat higher (median ± standard deviation: 2.1 ± 2.0 ng m−3) compared to the AE10 results (1.6 ± 2.1 ng m−3). Neither for the AE10 nor for the MAAP data set a significant long-term trend could be detected. Consistently a pronounced seasonality was observed with both instruments showing a primary annual maximum between October and November and a minimum in April with a maximum/minimum ratio of 4.5/1.6 = 3.8 and 2.7/0.64 = 4.2 for the MAAP and AE10 data, respectively. Occasionally a secondary summer maximum in January/February was visible. With the aim to assess the impact of BC on optical properties of the aerosol at NM, we evaluated the BC data along with particle scattering coefficients measured by an integrating nephelometer. We found the mean single scattering albedo of ω550 = 0.992 ± 0.0090 (median: 0.994) at a wavelength of 550 nm with a range of values from 0.95 to 1.0.
The Australian bushfires of February 2009: MIPAS observations and GEM-AQ model results
Authors: Glatthor N. , Höpfner M. , Semeniuk K. , Lupu A. , Palmer P. I. , McConnell J. C. , Kaminski J. W. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P. , Funke B. , Kellmann S. , Linden A. , Wiegele A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Starting on 7 February 2009, southeast Australia was devastated by large bushfires, which burned an area of about 3000 km2 on this day alone. This event was extraordinary, because a large number of combustion products were transported into the uppermost troposphere and lower stratosphere within a few days. Various biomass burning products released by the fire were observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on the Envisat satellite. We tracked the plume using MIPAS C2H2, HCN and HCOOH single-scan measurements on a day-to-day basis. The measurements were compared with a high-resolution model run of the Global Environmental Multiscale Air Quality (GEM-AQ) model. Generally there is good agreement between the spatial distribution of measured and modelled pollutants. Both MIPAS and GEM-AQ show a fast southeastward transport of the pollutants to New Zealand within one day. During the following 3–4 days, the plume remained northeastward of New Zealand and was located at altitudes of 15 to 18 km. Thereafter its lower part was transported eastward, followed by westward transport of its upper part. On 17 February the eastern part had reached southern South America and on 20 February the central South Atlantic. On the latter day a second relic of the plume was observed moving eastward above the South Pacific. Between 20 February and the first week of March, the upper part of the plume was transported westward over Australia and the Indian Ocean towards southern Africa. First evidence for entry of the pollutants into the stratosphere was found in MIPAS data of 11 February, followed by larger amounts on 17 February and the days thereafter. From MIPAS data, C2H2/HCN and HCOOH/HCN enhancement ratios of 0.76 and 2.16 were calculated for the first days after the outbreak of the fires, which are considerably higher than the emission ratios assumed for the model run and at the upper end of values found in literature. From the temporal decrease of the enhancement ratios, mean lifetimes of 16–20 days and of 8–9 days were calculated for measured C2H2 and HCOOH. The respective lifetimes calculated from the model data are 18 and 12 days.
The effects of timing and rate of marine cloud brightening aerosol injection on albedo changes during the diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Jenkins A. K. L. , Forster P.  M. , Jackson L. S.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The marine-cloud brightening geoengineering technique has been suggested as a possible means of counteracting the positive radiative forcing associated with anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 increases. The focus of this study is to quantify the albedo response to aerosols injected into marine stratocumulus cloud from a point source at different times of day. We use a cloud-resolving model to investigate both weakly precipitating and non-precipitating regimes. Injection into both regimes induces a first indirect aerosol effect. Additionally, the weakly precipitating regime shows evidence of liquid water path gain associated with a second indirect aerosol effect that contributes to a more negative radiative forcing, and cloud changes indicative of a regime change to more persistent cloud. This results in a cloud albedo increase up to six times larger than in the non-precipitating case. These indirect effects show considerable variation with injection at different times in the diurnal cycle. For the weakly precipitating case, aerosol injection results in domain average increases in cloud albedo of 0.28 and 0.17 in the early and mid morning (03:00:00 local time (LT) and 08:00:00 LT respectively) and 0.01 in the evening (18:00:00 LT). No cloud develops when injecting into the cloud-free early afternoon (13:00:00 LT). However, the all-sky albedo increases (which include both the indirect and direct aerosol effects) are highest for early morning injection (0.11). Mid-morning and daytime injections produce increases of 0.06, with the direct aerosol effect compensating for the lack of cloud albedo perturbation during the cloud-free early afternoon. Evening injection results in an increase of 0.04. For the weakly precipitating case considered, the optimal injection time for planetary albedo response is the early morning. Here, the cloud has more opportunity develop into a more persistent non-precipitating regime prior to the dissipative effects of solar heating. The effectiveness of the sea-spray injection method is highly sensitive to diurnal injection time and the direct aerosol effect of an intense aerosol point source. Studies which ignore these factors could overstate the effectiveness of the marine cloud brightening technique.
Stratospheric aerosols from the Sarychev volcano eruption in the 2009 Arctic summer
Authors: Jégou F. , Berthet G. , Brogniez C. , Renard J.-B. , François P. , Haywood J. M. , Jones A. , Bourgeois Q. , Lurton T. , Auriol F. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Guimbaud C. , Krysztofiak G. , Gaubicher B. , Chartier M. , Clarisse L. , Clerbaux C. , Balois J. Y. , Verwaerde C.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Aerosols from the Sarychev volcano eruption (Kuril Islands, northeast of Japan) were observed in the Arctic lower stratosphere a few days after the strongest SO2 injection which occurred on 15 and 16 June 2009. From the observations provided by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) an estimated 0.9 Tg of sulphur dioxide was injected into the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS). The resultant stratospheric sulphate aerosols were detected by the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS) limb sounder and by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) satellite instruments. By the first week of July the aerosol plume had spread out over the entire Arctic region. The Sarychev-induced stratospheric aerosol over the Kiruna region (north of Sweden) was measured by the Stratospheric and Tropospheric Aerosol Counter (STAC) during eight balloon flights planned in August and September 2009. During this balloon campaign the Micro RADIomètre BALlon (MicroRADIBAL) and the Spectroscopie d'Absorption Lunaire pour l'Observation des Minoritaires Ozone et NOx (SALOMON) remote-sensing instruments also observed these aerosols. Aerosol concentrations returned to near-background levels by spring 2010. The effective radius, the Surface Area Density (SAD), the aerosol extinction, and the total sulphur mass from STAC in situ measurements are enhanced with mean values in the range 0.15–0.21 μm, 5.5–14.7 μm2 cm−3, 5.5–29.5×10−4 km−1, and 4.9–12.6×10−10 kg [S] kg−1 [air], respectively, between 14 km and 18 km. The observed and modelled e-folding time of sulphate aerosols from the Sarychev eruption is around 70–80 days, a value much shorter than the 12–14 months calculated for aerosols from the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The OSIRIS stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 750 nm is enhanced by a factor of 6 with a value of 0.02 in late July compared to 0.0035 before the eruption. The HadGEM2 and MIMOSA model outputs indicate that aerosol layers in polar region up to 14–15 km are largely modulated by stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes. The spatial extension of the Sarychev plume is well represented in the HadGEM2 model with lower altitudes of the plume being controlled by upper tropospheric troughs which displace the plume downward and upper altitudes around 18–20 km in agreement with lidar observations. A good consistency is found between the HadGEM2 sulphur mass density and the value inferred from the STAC observations with a maximum located about 1 km above the tropopause ranging from 1 to 2×10−9 kg [S] kg−1 [air], which is one order of magnitude higher than the background level.
Impact of the vertical emission profiles on ground-level gas-phase pollution simulated from the EMEP emissions over Europe
Authors: Mailler S. , Khvorostyanov D. , Menut L.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Five one-year air quality simulations over a domain covering Europe have been performed using the CHIMERE chemistry transport model and the EMEP emission dataset for Europe. These five simulations differ only by the representation of the effective emission heights for anthropogenic emissions: one has been run using the EMEP standard recommandations, three others with vertical injection profiles derived from the EMEP recommandations but multiplying the injection height by respectively 0.75, 0.50 and 0.25, while the last one uses vertical profiles derived from the recent literature. It is shown that using injection heights lower than the EMEP recommandations leads to significantly improved simulation of SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations when compared to the Airbase station measurements.
Refilling process in the plasmasphere: a 3-D statistical characterization based on Cluster density observations
Authors: Lointier G. , Darrouzet F. , Décréau P. M. E. , Vallières X. , Kougblénou S. , Trotignon J. G. , Rauch J.-L.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The Cluster mission offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution of the plasma population in a large part of the inner magnetosphere, explored near its orbit's perigee, over a complete solar cycle. The WHISPER sounder, on board each satellite of the mission, is particularly suitable to study the electron density in this region, between 0.2 and 80 cm−3. Compiling WHISPER observations during 1339 perigee passes distributed over more than three years of the Cluster mission, we present first results of a statistical analysis dedicated to the study of the electron density morphology and dynamics along and across magnetic field lines between L = 2 and L = 10. In this study, we examine a specific topic: the refilling of the plasmasphere and trough regions during extended periods of quiet magnetic conditions. To do so, we survey the evolution of the ap index during the days preceding each perigee crossing and sort out electron density profiles along the orbit according to three classes, namely after respectively less than 2 days, between 2 and 4 days, and more than 4 days of quiet magnetic conditions (ap ≤ 15 nT) following an active episode (ap > 15 nT). This leads to three independent data subsets. Comparisons between density distributions in the 3-D plasmasphere and trough regions at the three stages of quiet magnetosphere provide novel views about the distribution of matter inside the inner magnetosphere during several days of low activity. Clear signatures of a refilling process inside an expended plasmasphere in formation are noted. A plasmapause-like boundary, at L ~ 6 for all MLT sectors, is formed after 3 to 4 days and expends somewhat further after that. In the outer part of the plasmasphere (L ~ 8), latitudinal profiles of median density values vary essentially according to the MLT sector considered rather than according to the refilling duration. The shape of these density profiles indicates that magnetic flux tubes are not fully replenished after 6 days of quiet conditions. In addition, the outer plasmasphere in the night and dawn sectors (22:00 to 10:00 MLT range) maintains an overall clear deficit of ionospheric population, when compared to the situation in the noon and dusk sectors (10:00 to 22:00 MLT range).
A new estimate of ocean oxygen utilization points to a reduced rate of respiration in the ocean interior
Authors: Duteil O. , Koeve W. , Oschlies A. , Bianchi D. , Kriest I. , Galbraith E. , Matear R.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) is a classical measure of the amount of oxygen respired by biological processes in the ocean interior. We show that the AOU systematically overestimates the True Oxygen Utilization (TOU) in 6 coupled circulation-biogeochemical ocean models, due to atmosphere–ocean oxygen disequilibrium in the subduction regions, consistent with prior work. We develop a new approach that we call Evaluated Oxygen Utilization (EOU), which approximates the TOU at least twice as well as AOU in all 6 models, despite large differences in the physical and biological components of the models. Applying the EOU approach to a global observational dataset leads to an estimated biological oxygen consumption rate that is by 25 percent lower than that derived from AOU-based estimates.
Modern isotope hydrology and controls on δD of plant leaf waxes at Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Russia
Authors: Wilkie K. M. K. , Chapligin B. , Meyer H. , Burns S. , Petsch S. , Brigham-Grette J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Stable isotope data from lipid biomarkers and diatom silica recovered from lake sediment cores hold great promise for paleoclimate and paleohydrological reconstructions. However, these records rely on accurate calibration with modern precipitation and hydrologic processes and only limited data exist on the controls on the δD values for n-alkanoic acids from plant leaf waxes. Here we investigate the stable isotopic composition of modern precipitation, streams, lake water and ice cover, and use these data to constrain isotope systematics of the Lake El'gygytgyn Basin hydrology. Compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios determined from n-alkanoic acids from modern vegetation are compared with modern precipitation and lake core top sediments. Multi-species net (apparent) fractionation values between source water (precipitation) and modern vegetation (e.g., ϵwax/precip mean value is −107 ± 12‰) agree with previous results and suggest a consistent offset between source waters and the δD values of alkanoic acids. We conclude that although there may be some bias towards a winter precipitation signal, overall δD values from leaf wax n-alkanoic acids record annual average precipitation within the El'gygytgyn Basin. A net fractionation calculated for 200-yr-integrated lake sediments yields ϵ30/precip = −96 ± 8‰ and can provide robust net "apparent" fractionation to be used in future paleohydrological reconstructions.
Improving statistical forecasts of seasonal streamflows using hydrological model output
Authors: Robertson D. E. , Pokhrel P. , Wang Q. J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Statistical methods traditionally applied for seasonal streamflow forecasting use predictors that represent the initial catchment condition and future climate influences on future streamflows. Observations of antecedent streamflows or rainfall commonly used to represent the initial catchment conditions are surrogates for the true source of predictability and can potentially have limitations. This study investigates a hybrid seasonal forecasting system that uses the simulations from a dynamic hydrological model as a predictor to represent the initial catchment condition in a statistical seasonal forecasting method. We compare the skill and reliability of forecasts made using the hybrid forecasting approach to those made using the existing operational practice of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology for 21 catchments in eastern Australia. We investigate the reasons for differences. In general, the hybrid forecasting system produces forecasts that are more skilful than the existing operational practice and as reliable. The greatest increases in forecast skill tend to be (1) when the catchment is wetting up but antecedent streamflows have not responded to antecedent rainfall, (2) when the catchment is drying and the dominant source of antecedent streamflow is in transition between surface runoff and base flow, and (3) when the initial catchment condition is near saturation intermittently throughout the historical record.
Reasons for large fluctuation of radon and CO2 levels in a dead-end passage of a karst cave (Postojna Cave, Slovenia)
Authors: Gregorič A. , Vaupotič J. , Gabrovšek F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Measurements of radon concentration were performed at three geomorphologically different locations in Postojna Cave, Slovenia. In the part of the cave open to visitors, annual average radon activity concentrations of 3255 ± 1190 Bq m−3 and 2315 ± 1019 Bq m−3 were found at the lowest point (LP) and in the Lepe jame (Beautiful Caves, BC), respectively. A much higher average of 25 020 ± 12 653 Bq m−3 was characteristic of the dead-end passage Pisani rov (Gaily Coloured Corridor, GC), in which CO2 concentration also reached very high values of 4689 ± 294 ppm in summer. Seasonal variations of radon and CO2 levels in the cave are governed by convective airflow, controlled mainly by the temperature difference between the cave and the outside atmosphere. The following additional sources of radon and CO2 were considered: (i) flux of geogas from the Earth's crust through fractured rocks (radon and CO2 source), (ii) clay sediments inside the passage (radon source) and (iii) the soil layer above the cave (radon and CO2 source).
Technical Note: Use of remote sensing for landslide studies in Europe
Authors: Tofani V. , Segoni S. , Agostini A. , Catani F. , Casagli N.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Within the framework of FP7, an EU-funded SafeLand project, a questionnaire was prepared to collect information about the use of remote sensing for landslide study and to evaluate its actual application in landslide detection, mapping and monitoring. The questionnaire was designed using a Google form and was disseminated among end-users and researchers involved in landslide studies in Europe. In total, 49 answers from 17 different European countries were collected. The outcomes showed that landslide detection and mapping is mainly performed with aerial photos, often associated with optical and radar imagery. Concerning landslide monitoring, satellite radars prevail over the other types of data. Remote sensing is mainly used for detection/mapping and monitoring of slides, flows and lateral spreads with a preferably large scale of analysis (1:5000–1:25 000). All the compilers integrate remote sensing data with other thematic data, mainly geological maps, landslide inventory maps and DTMs and derived maps. According to the research and working experience of the compilers, remote sensing is generally considered to have a medium effectiveness/reliability for landslide studies. The results of the questionnaire can contribute to an overall sketch of the use of remote sensing in current landslide studies and show that remote sensing can be considered a powerful and well-established instrument for landslide mapping, monitoring and hazard analysis.
Paleo ice flow and subglacial meltwater dynamics in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica
Authors: Nitsche F. O. , Gohl K. , Larter R. D. , Hillenbrand C.-D. , Kuhn G. , Smith J. A. , Jacobs S. , Anderson J. B. , Jakobsson M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Increasing evidence for an elaborate subglacial drainage network underneath modern Antarctic ice sheets suggests that basal meltwater has an important influence on ice stream flow. Swath bathymetry surveys from previously glaciated continental margins display morphological features indicative of subglacial meltwater flow in inner shelf areas of some paleo ice stream troughs. Over the last few years several expeditions to the eastern Amundsen Sea embayment (West Antarctica) have investigated the paleo ice streams that extended from the Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers. A compilation of high-resolution swath bathymetry data from inner Pine Island Bay reveals details of a rough seabed topography including several deep channels that connect a series of basins. This complex basin and channel network is indicative of meltwater flow beneath the paleo-Pine Island and Thwaites ice streams, along with substantial subglacial water inflow from the east. This meltwater could have enhanced ice flow over the rough bedrock topography. Meltwater features diminish with the onset of linear features north of the basins. Similar features have previously been observed in several other areas, including the Dotson-Getz Trough (western Amundsen Sea embayment) and Marguerite Bay (SW Antarctic Peninsula), suggesting that these features may be widespread around the Antarctic margin and that subglacial meltwater drainage played a major role in past ice-sheet dynamics.
A Technique for Decision-Making in Cementless Femoral Revision Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Flecher Xavier , Buord Jean-Marc , Blanc Guillaume , Sainsou Benjamin , Argenson Jean-Nöel
Published: February 2013

Classification systems for femoral revision of a failed THA fail to address several of the more critical determinants. The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of a simplified algorithm for decision making during cementless reconstruction for femoral loosening with respect to stem length, stem design and the need for an extended trochanteric osteotomy.

Four observers with different levels of clinical experience blindly assessed 40 X-rays of hips scheduled for a femoral revision. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliability of 4 radiographic criteria were assessed: 1) diaphyseal bone loss extension to the isthmus; 2) proximal femoral remodelling; 3) presence of cement; and 4) cortical thickness.

Inter-observer agreement relating to the four criteria was good (κ = 0.66) for the extension to isthmus, moderate (κ = 0.57) for proximal femoral remodelling and very good for presence of cement (κ = 1) and cortical thickness (κ = 0.88). Intra-observer agreement was good for extension to isthmus and proximal femoral remodelling and very good for presence of cement and cortical thickness. Based on these criteria, an algorithm has been developed to describe 4 reconstruction options.

The algorithm seems reliable for decision making during femoral cementless revision, but research into comparison with intraoperative findings is still required.

Level of evidence: Level II, Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients.
Simultaneous Double Hemodialysis for the Control of Refractory Hyperammonemia
Authors: Brucculeri Michael , Gabbard Wesley , Masson John , Jooma Nuruddin
Published: February 2013

Introduction

In adults, hyperammonemia is generally associated with hepatic dysfunction or as a complication of urinary diversions when infected or obstructed. Hyperammonemia has also rarely been reported in association with multiple myeloma. With modest elevations, hyperammonemia often leads to encephalopathy. However, when ammonia reaches extreme levels cerebral edema and herniation may occur leading to coma, seizures, or death.

Case

We describe a 72-year-old Caucasian male with a history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and multiple myeloma who developed profound encephalopathy and eventual obtundation. He was found to have severe hyperammonemia that was not due to any identified hepatic impairment. His hyperammonemia proved to be refractory to medical therapy with cathartics and antibiotics, prolonged high-flux hemodialysis, and even continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD). This metabolic derangement as well as encephalopathy was eventually reversed with simultaneous CVVHD and extended daily hemodialysis (EDD). A more durable response was achieved after vincristine and dexamethasone were administered, which allowed the patient to resume his previous intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) schedule. The patient regained his full sensorium and was eventually discharged to home.

Conclusions

Simultaneous double hemodialysis may be used as an important adjunct in treating refractory hyperammonemia.
Nephron Sparing Surgery in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Our Experience of a 20-year Clinical Practice
Authors: Pace Gianna , Micheli Emanuele , Valenti Sergio , Borgonovo Giulio , Vismara Alberto , Tocco Antonella , Lembo Antonino
Published: February 2013

Objectives

Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is now considered the standard of care in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in stage T1. We retrospectively evaluated our results related to the use of NSS in over twenty years of clinical practice.

Methods

We reviewed our database relating to the use of NSS in the last twenty years of clinical practice, from 1988 to July 2012, in 549 patients. The pre- and post-operative parameters recorded are the evaluation of the site and size of the renal lesion obtained from radiological investigations, the need for clamping the renal pedicle, open or laparoscopic surgical approach, blood loss, histology and intra- and postoperative complications. We also evaluated the parameters related to renal function before and after surgery.

Results

The mean follow-up was 95 months (7.6 years). The average diameter of the lesion at CT abdomen was 4.8 cm (1–8 cm). The warm ischemia was required in 317 patients, cold in 18 patients, no need for ischemia in 214 patients. The total duration of surgery was 122.56 ± 52.76 min. 15 procedures were performed laparoscopically Ischemia time: 3′–25′; bleeding: 50–1000 cc. The lesion was benign in 115 of the 549 patients enrolled; it was a RCC in the remaining cases except for three, which were papillary carcinomas. At 5 years, the cancer free survival rate was 97.5%.

Conclusions

Our data show that the implementation of NSS offers long-term benefits in terms of functional results and a good cancer control.