bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in asymmetrical quantum rings
Authors: Voskoboynikov O.
Published: July 2016

We theoretically investigate suppression and recovery of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of the diamagnetic response of electrons (holes) confined in self-assembled IncGa1−cAs/GaAs semiconductor reflection asymmetrical quantum rings. Based on the mapping method and gauge-origin-independent definition for the magnetic vector potential we simulate the energies and wave functions of the electron (hole) under external magnetic and electric fields. We examine the transformation of the ground state wave function of the electron (hole) in reflection asymmetrical rings from localized in one of the potential valleys (dotlike shape of the wave function) to distributed over all volume of the ring (ringlike shape) under an appropriate lateral electric field. This transformation greatly recovers the electron (hole) diamagnetic coefficient and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of the diamagnetic response of the ring. However, the recovering electric field for the first Aharonov-Bohm diamagnetic oscillation of the electron is a suppressing one for the hole (and vice versa). This can block the recovery of the optical Aharonow-Bohm effect in IncGa1−cAs/GaAs asymmetrically wobbled rings. However, the recovery of the Aharonov-Bohm oscillations for the independent electron (hole) by the external electric field remains interesting and feasible objective for the asymmetric rings.
Locative prepositional phrases and inalienable PLACE in Lebanese Arabic*
Authors: Choueiri Lina
Published: July 2016

In this paper, I investigate locative PPs in their locative meaning. Based on new empirical evidence from Lebanese Arabic, I propose that a rich constituent structure, which involves an inalienable PLACE noun in a part-whole relation with the ground DP, underlies the syntax of locative prepositions. The locative meaning of prepositions derives from the presence of this PLACE noun, which mostly remains phonologically null. I argue that Lebanese Arabic makes a formal distinction between functional and lexical prepositions, and that the observed differences between them can be attributed to the position they occupy in the rich structure of locatives. The proposed analysis is also discussed in light of recent literature on the architecture of PPs.
Verbal and nominal plurals and the syntaxmorphology interface
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas
Published: July 2016

One of the assumptions of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky, 1995, and subsequent work within the program) is the idea that (narrow) syntactic derivations are driven by the interaction between formal features. However, one key aspect of formal features that drives their syntactic activity is the lack of interpretability. Thus, non-interpretable agreement features on temporal and verbal heads must be paired with interpretable matching features on nominal elements such as subjects and objects. There is compelling morpho-phonological evidence from Arabic that this dichotomy is plausible and has far reaching consequences for the syntax-morphology interface. The critical argument comes from cases of nominal and verbal plurals where the plural feature is spelled-out differently depending on whether it is interpretable or non-interpretable on its immediate host.
High-Resolution Seafloor Absolute Pressure Gauge Measurements Using a Better Counting Method
Authors: Webb Spahr C. , Nooner Scott L.
Published: July 2016

Vibrating quartz force transducers are the critical component of most deep-sea pressure and depth gauges in use in oceanography, producing a frequency output that varies with pressure. Accurate and low drift pressure measurements can be obtained by precisely measuring this frequency. In most implementations, the frequency is determined by counting the number of cycles of a high-frequency standard oscillator occurring during a large number of cycles of the lower-frequency quartz force oscillator. Resolution is limited by the sampling interval (length of counting) and the frequency of the frequency standard. Alternative counting methods can provide significant (20–40 dB) improvements in resolution at sampling rates above 1 Hz. Each counting method can be described as a different filter applied to the output of a counter of the frequency standard gated at each transition of the transducer quartz oscillator. Improvements in resolution can be understood as the result of minimizing the aliasing of higher-frequency counting noise into the spectrum below the Nyquist frequency. A simple multipole infinite impulse response (IIR) filter designed to limit spectral leakage of high-frequency noise minimizes the noise spectrum and thereby optimizes the resolution of the pressure output. The resultant noise spectrum rises as frequency squared above 1 Hz, independent of the sampling rate. At frequencies below 1 Hz, it is limited by noise in the electronics driving the force transducer quartz oscillator. Resolution increases with frequency of the frequency standard up to about 200 MHz, plateauing for higher frequencies due to other noise sources (likely electronic).
Girls matter: Tackling female genital mutilation
Authors: Momoh Comfort
Published: July 2016

Dr Comfort Momoh MBE, who founded one of the first support services for women and girls living with female genital mutilation, has visited Nigeria in her quest to end the practice.
Reviewing your examination year
Authors: Chima Jugjit
Published: July 2016

Conducting a review of your school's ‘exams year’ can help to cut out wastage and improve key processes for the future. Jugjit Chima advises
Taking educated risks: part 4
Authors: Bromley Matt
Published: July 2016

In the final part of this series, Matt Bromley pulls together his discussions on what professional teacher autonomy means and its links to outstanding practice. Here, he discusses what risk-taking in teaching and learning, in this context, looks like and why it is important
Ekstraksi Objek pada Citra Radar FM-CW dengan Metode DBSCAN
Authors: Zilvan Vicky
Published: July 2016

Makalah ini membahas rancang bangun dan implementasi ekstraksi objek pada radar FM-CW untuk mengatasi permasalahan kualitas citra yang ditangkap oleh radar. Teknik clustering density based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) digunakan untuk mengekstraksi objek dari data input. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah rancang bangun ekstrasi objek dengan nilai minPts sebesar 4 dan nilai eps sebesar 4 sebagai parameter input untuk DBSCAN. Hasil dari rancang bangun ekstraksi objek adalah titik-titik data hasil ekstraksi objek yang lebih sederhana yang mampu mengatasi permasalahan kualitas citra yang ditangkap oleh radar. Selain itu, titik-titik data yang dihasilkan juga memiliki kualitas data yang lebih baik karena teknik clustering DBSCAN memiliki kemampuan untuk memisahkan noise dari data input.
Metal ions incorporated titania nanotubes for hydrocarbon oxidation
Authors: Xu Huifang , Vanamu Ganesh , Nie Ziming , Phillips Jonathan , Wang Yifeng
Published: July 2016

Present work shows that simple, standard methods of metal addition, without the need for ion implantation or other complex and expensive processes, can dramatically improve the performance of titania based structures compared to P25 for (i.e. hydrocarbon oxidation) photocatalytic reactions. In this work, Au and Pt were incorporated into titania nanotubes, and their photocatalytic activities were investigated in detail. The samples were analyzed using a JEOL FEG-2010F field emission gun scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with attached Oxford Instruments' X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) system and Gatan imaging filtering (GIF) system. Both high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images and high angle annular dark-field (HAAD) images were recorded for the specimens. The performance of the samples was tested for the oxidation of acetaldehyde using a continuous flow reactor. The pure nanotube is more photoreactive than commercial P25 titania. Both Au and Pt treated nanotube samples increased the photo reactivity. The most significant result of this work is that the activity of Pt (< 1 nm) containing nanotube is more than 10 times the rate of P25, and more than 6 times the rate of the pure nanotube. However, sizes of the Au and Pt nanoparticles on the nanotube surfaces likely affected the photo-reactivity. Large size of the Au and Pt particles decreased the photo-reactivity. Specifically, the addition of platinum without formation of obvious nanoparticles on the nanotube surfaces increased the maximum activity significantly, and increased the total yield.
Lipid Nanovectors to Deliver RNA Oligonucleotides in Cancer
Authors: Campani Virginia , Salzano Giuseppina , Lusa Sara , De Rosa Giuseppe
Published: July 2016

The growing knowledge on the mechanisms of gene silencing and gene regulation by non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), mainly small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), is providing a significant boost to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer. However, the design of RNA-based therapeutics is hampered by biopharmaceutical issues, thus requiring the use of suitable delivery strategies. In this regards, lipid nanovectors have been successfully investigated to deliver RNA in different forms of cancer. Compared to other biomaterials, lipids offer advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy production, low cost, limited toxicity and immunogenicity. The possibility to formulate these materials in the form of nanovectors allows overcoming biopharmaceutical issues associated to the therapeutic use of RNA, with the possibility to target tumors. This review takes stock of the main lipid nanovectors proposed to deliver ncRNA. For each considered delivery strategy, the rational design and the most meaningful in vitro and in vivo results are reported and discussed.
Daylighting Design in Classroom Based on Yearly-Graphic Analysis
Authors: Guan Yang , Yan Yonghong
Published: July 2016

In China, existing buildings comprise more than 40 billion square meters, most being of high energy consumption. A substantial reduction in electrical energy costs could be obtained through greater use of daylight. Daylight varies widely due to the movement of sun, changing seasons and diverse weather conditions. Custom static daylight assessments, simulations represent only one time of the year or one time of the day, are inadequate to evaluate the dynamics of daylight variability. Using the intuitive graphic tool Temporal Map to display the annual daylight data, this study compared different passive architectural design strategies under the climate conditions of five representative Chinese cities and selected the most suitable design scheme for each city. In this study, the dynamic yearly-graphic tool was utilized for architectural design in China, and we integrated the optimal design with the Chinese academic calendar to achieve improvements within the occupancy time. This modified map connects design work with human activity that makes daylight evaluation more accurate and efficient. The results of this study will provide preliminary recommendations for energy-saving design in China, and reference to other similar studies.
« Je ne veux pas mourir pour rien »
Authors: Mauro Cynthia
Published: July 2016

Penser le corps dans la prise en charge palliative interpelle d’emblée nos ressources réflexives autour des notions de soulagement de la douleur, soins de confort et soins plaisir. L’accompagnement du sujet dans sa relation au corps recouvre pour une équipe soignante pluridisciplinaire un aspect fondamental. La prise en charge palliative panse donc le corps dans la limite des possibles pour que celui qui incarne la maladie préserve sa qualité d’Etre-sujet et valide positivement sa légitimité d’une existence identitaire au monde qui l’entoure. Or, le devenir du corps après la mort reste encore aujourd’hui une question emprunte de beaucoup de pudeur. Elle peut être accueillie et élaborée dans un contenant relationnel bienveillant et attentionné si elle ne dépasse pas le cadre des pensées « ordinaires ». C’est pourquoi, nous proposons de réfléchir autour des possibles d’accompagnement d’une demande de don du corps par un patient en situation de fin de vie.
Les sentiments des proches de donateurs, remises d’urne, cérémonies et inventions rituelles
Authors: Le Grand-Sébille Catherine
Published: July 2016

La question de la ritualité funéraire dans le cadre du don du corps à la science ne va pas de soi. Cet article analyse la perception qu’ont les proches d’une personne décédée ayant fait cette démarche du don. Les difficultés rencontrées dans les jours et semaines qui suivent le décès sont multiples. Tant sur le plan affectif, qu’organisationnel, temporel, relationnel, ou rituel. C’est plus particulièrement à l’expérience des membres de l’entourage qui ont pu bénéficier de la restitution des cendres de leur défunt donateur que nous nous intéressons.
Wettability and Shear Strength of Sn-Cu-Ni-xSi3N4 Composite Solder
Authors: Ramli Mohd Izrul Izwan , Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Derman Mohd Nazree , Said R.M. , Nasir Norhayanti Mohd , Saud Norainiza
Published: July 2016

The wettability and mechanical properties of solder the joint of Sn-Cu-Ni-xSi3N4 had been investigated. In this study, five different silicon nitride (Si3N4) percentage addition were chosen (0 wt. %, 0.25 wt. %, 0.5 wt. %, 0.75 wt. %, and 1.0 wt. %). Contact angle measurement demonstrated that with Si3N4 addition, the wetting perfomances had been improved with the decrease of wettability contact angle. It is believed that the Si3N4 particles suppresses the interfacial IMC growth and thus improves the shear strength. Interfacial IMC thickness measurement and shear strength results showed that with thinner IMC layer (by increasing amount of wt.% of Si3N4), the higher the shear strength of the joint. Fracture surface of sheared samples shows a combination of both brittle and ductile fracture.
Notes and Comments
Authors: GARAND JAMES C. , LICHTL MARCI GLASCOCK
Published: July 2002

In recent years the study of divided government has been a growth industry. Numerous scholars
have sought to explain patterns of divided government in the United States, while
others have attempted to explore the consequences of the phenomenon. No doubt this
scholarly interest in the subject is due in large part to the attention paid by the political media
to divided control of the presidency and Congress during the 1980s, as well as the resulting
’gridlock‘ that dominated policy making in Washington during that time period.
Quantitative trait locus mapping of fitness-related traits in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: WAYNE M. L. , HACKETT J. B. , DILDA C. L. , NUZHDIN S. V. , PASYUKOVA E. G. , MACKAY T. F. C.
Published: July 2002

We examined the genetic architecture of four fitness-related traits (reproductive success, ovariole
number, body size and early fecundity) in a panel of 98 Oregon-R × 2b3 recombinant inbred lines
(RILs). Highly significant genetic variation was observed in this population for female, but not
male, reproductive success. The cross-sex genetic correlation for reproductive success was 0·20,
which is not significantly different from zero. There was significant genetic variation segregating in
this cross for ovariole number, but not for body size or early fecundity. The RILs were genotyped
for cytological insertion sites of roo transposable elements, yielding 76 informative markers with an
average spacing of 3·2 cM. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting female reproductive success and
ovariole number were mapped using a composite interval mapping procedure. QTL for female
reproductive success were located at the tip of the X chromosome between markers at cytological
locations 1B and 3E; and on the left arm of chromosome 2 in the 30D–38A cytological region.
Ovariole number QTL mapped to cytological intervals 62D–69D and 98A–98E, both on the third
chromosome. The regions harbouring QTL for female reproductive success and ovariole number
were also identified as QTL for longevity in previous studies with these lines.
Mutational analysis of the rolA gene of Agrobacterium
rhizogenes in tobacco: function of the rolA pre-mRNA
intron and rolA proteins defective in their biological activity
Authors: SPENA A. , LANGENKEMPER K.
Published: July 2002

The rolA gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes contains in
its untranslated leader region a
spliceosomal intron, which is spliced in Arabidopsis and in Nicotiana
tabacum. Expression under
the control of the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus of a rolA
gene derivative defective
in splicing still causes alterations of growth in transgenic tobacco plants.
Splicing of rolA mRNA is
required for efficient expression of the rolA phenotype in vivo.
Moreover, splicing is required for
efficient in vitro translation of the rolA mRNA. In contrast,
expression of a 35S-rolA gene
derivative with the ATG initiation codon replaced by ATA does not cause any
phenotypical
alteration. Mutations leading to amino acid substitutions at positions 37 and
40 of the rolA coding
region were isolated as null mutants in Arabidopsis plants transgenic
for the rolA gene. However,
when expressed in tobacco under the control of the 35S promoter, they cause a
rolA phenotype
reduced in the expressivity of its traits. The molecular characterization of
rolA mutants might be
useful for understanding the biochemical function of the rolA protein.
SHORT PAPER A new chromosomal polymorphism by duplication of a heterochromatic

region in cattle
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA J. L. , MARTINEZ-TRANCÓN M. , RABASCO A. , PADILLA J. A.
Published: July 2002

A new hereditary duplication located at the hetechromatin region
of

the 14th chromosome is

described by CBG, CDD and RE banding in a family of Charolais cattle.
Lineaments and fracturing in the Neogene rocks of the Almazán

Basin, northern Spain
Authors: CORTÉS A. L. , MAESTRO A. , SORIANO M. A. , CASAS A. M.
Published: July 2002

The Almazán Basin (northern Spain) is a Tertiary basin,
90×45 km
wide, located in the western
part of the Iberian Chain. It is filled with folded Palaeogene
(2500–3000 m thick) and horizontal Neogene
(500 m) beds. From the study of a satellite image, more than 2300
lineaments have been identified in the
Neogene horizontal rocks. Their absolute orientation maximum is
060–070, and relative maxima are
100–110 and 120–140. Some spatial variations in the regional

trends can be observed: (1) Throughout the
central part of the basin, the east–northeast trending lines are
the most
representative. (2) Near the eastern
border of the Basin the northwest–southeast set (parallel to the
trend of
thrust and folds in the older rocks) is
dominant. (3) In the northwestern part of the basin the northwest–southeast

and WNW–ESE sets coexist
with the main east–northeast set. The maximum density of lineaments
is
found along a WNW–ESE line that
corresponds with the axis of maximum thickness for the Tertiary units.

A detailed field study of fracturing at
the outcrop scale (more than 2300 fractures measured) was carried out.

The orientation distribution of lineaments
coincides with the orientation of left-lateral faults at the outcrop
scale, and differences are greater
when considering all kinds of fractures in different sectors. The
origin of fracturing at different scales in the
Almazán Basin can be related to the Neogene stress field and the

influence of previous structures: (1) The
northwest–southeast set of fractures formed as a result of reactivation

of older faults, inherited from the late
Variscan fracturing. (2) The main ENE–WSW set of fractures corresponds

to neoformed left-lateral joints
and faults under the northeast–southwest Neogene compression, the

dextral conjugate set of joints within
this system (NNE–SSW) being much less developed.
Cogrowth series of free products of finite and free groups
Authors: KUKSOV DMITRI
Published: July 2002

Let A={a1,…,an,a1−1,…,an−1} and iteration of A denoted by A[starf ] to be the set of words in A (including the empty word). Let S⊆A[starf ]; then the growth function of the set S is the function Γ(l)=number of words in S of length l. For m≤n let $\vec {a}$=(ai1,…,aim), where ik∈{1,…,n} are different; then the relative growth function with respect to $\vec {a}$ is the function Γ$\vec {a}$(l,l1,…,lm)=number of words in S of length l+l1+…+lm having (for each k) lk total occurrences of aik and aik−1.
SECRECY AND AUTHORITY IN LATE SIXTEENTH- AND SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY

LONDON
Authors: GRIFFITHS PAUL
Published: July 2002

Governors always seek to monitor the flow of information and guide

its release. Secrecy

and tactical publicity are valued aspects of government, boosting authority

but also marking limits of

participation by restricting access to official words and their written

expression. Close attention is given

to two ubiquitous institutions in early modern London, guilds and

vestries (material illustrating city

government is also introduced). A distinction is drawn between concealed

information and policy

communicated to the people. Attention is given thus to the regulation of

meetings, chests and keys, and

the selective discharge of information. Secrecy gave rise to vocabularies
of

‘public’ and ‘private’. It

was a code (a form of protection), but in languages of ‘private’

and ‘public’ as they were used in

specific contexts studied here, it also depicted the use of space, the

distribution of authority, and the

limits of access and participation. The study of secrecy and partial

publicity adds another dimension

to our knowledge of the formation of opinion, perceptions of authority
were

partly formed by this

enclosure of information, secrecy spawned speculation. It also provides
a

linguistic indication of the

nature of government in institutions which mouthed fraternal tunes while

remaining obsessed with formality and secrecy.
THE DEATH OF BOB SMILLIE
Authors: NEWSINGER JOHN
Published: July 2002

There is one interesting piece of testimony relating to
the death of Bob Smillie that Tom
Buchanan does not discuss in his article on this sad affair
(‘The death of Bob Smillie, the
Spanish Civil War, and the eclipse of the Independent Labour party’

Historical Journal,
40 (June 1997)). The Orwell Archive at University College, London, contains
a
statement dated 30 January 1930 that Georges Kopp sent to Fenner Brockway
and
John McNair of the ILP with a copy to his friend and comrade, George Orwell.
In this
document, Kopp makes clear his belief that Bob Smillie was kicked to death
by his
Communist interrogators in an effort to get him to sign statements prejudicial
to the
POUM and the ILP. As Buchanan points out, Kopp was Smillie's unit commander
and
was himself arrested during the repression of the POUM and only released
in December
1938. His account of events deserves consideration.
BETWEEN EMPIRE AND HOME TOWN:
NAPOLEONIC RULE ON THE RHINE, 1799–1814
Authors: ROWE MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The two decades of French rule in the German-speaking Rhineland at the turn of the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries witnessed the dramatic imposition of the sovereign state on a region
previously noted for its absence. The successful integration of the new territories into the Republic and
Empire depended upon the response of Rhenish elites to the transformation of local government from
an accumulation of historical privileges into the lowest administrative tier of the state. Napoleon, more
than his revolutionary predecessors, recognized the importance of ‘rallying’ the ‘notables’ in what was
a politically inclusive and socially exclusive process. This policy was successful insofar as elites did,
in general, rally. Their motivation varied, and the commitment was rarely unconditional. Rhenish
notables, long adept at exploiting Old Regime institutions to preserve particular privileges, abused
Napoleonic institutions, in order to protect clients and preserve their social position. This helped widen
the gulf between the mainly urban notables and the rest of the predominantly rural population, which
had fewer legal and institutionalized opportunities for asserting its interests directly. This system of
rule proved suited to Rhenish conditions until the rise of party politics in the second half of the
nineteenth century.
Industrial Labour in Post-Colonial India. II: Employment in the Informal-Sector Economy
Authors: Breman Jan
Published: July 2002

Rural–urban migration, which started long before Independence, has accelerated during the last half century. Only a small minority of that army of migrants has found work in the formal sector of the economy, however. The greater part of the urban population, both long-established and newcomers, are excluded from such employment. How, then, has this gradually increasing mass of people managed to earn a living? The answer is with work of very diverse character which provides very little stability taken over the year, even if continuous and full-time. The categorization of informal-sector employment is largely determined by the image evoked by Hart on launching the concept. Hart's description stressed the colourful cavalcade of petty trades and crafts that can be encountered while walking the streets of Third-World cities, including those of India: hawkers, rag-and-bone men, shoe cleaners, tinkers, tailors, market vendors, bearers and porters, drink sellers, barbers, refuse collectors, beggars, whores and pimps, pickpockets and other small-time crooks. In the 1970s and 1980s in particular, registration of this repertoire of work expanded enormously. A noticeable factor is that publications on the subject did not originate among conventional researchers into labour, who were interested mainly in formal-sector employment. The contents of leading professional journals, such as The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations and The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, show that, for the time being, that one-sided interest did not change.
ZIMBABWEAN ROCK ART The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of

Zimbabwe. By PETER GARLAKE. London: British

Museum Press, 1995. Pp. 176. £16.99 (ISBN 0-7141-2518-0).
Authors: LEWIS-WILLIAMS J. D.
Published: July 2002

Peter Garlake's book is an admirable attempt to explicate

the complexities and subtleties of Zimbabwean rock art. The

development of his argument is well illustrated by 36 colour plates,

some of startling clarity and beauty, and 185 black-and-white tracings

that match well with the text, conveniently illustrating points as

they are made. Although the book is a ‘digest’ (p. 9) of

his Ph.D. thesis, the trajectory of his argument is well

sustained.
Effects of source and content of ash in poultry litter
used in diets for beef cattle
Authors: BROSH A. , AHARONI Y. , LEVY D. , HOLZER Z.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were carried out in order to study the effect
of the ash content of poultry litter (PL)
on its nutritional value. In Expt 1, broiler PL was incorporated
in the proportions of 30 and 45%
into diets based on wheat straw supplemented with 20% maize grain. The
PL was either fresh
(containing 19% ash) or had been heated in a stack (giving 26% ash).
There were also two additional
diets containing 45% fresh PL to which either ground limestone or wood
ash had been added to
provide the same ash content as the diets containing 45% stored,
high ash PL. An in vivo digestibility
and nitrogen balance trial was carried out. Storing the PL,
which resulted in heating and an increase
in ash content, reduced dry matter intake significantly. The largest
and most significant effect on the
digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein can
be ascribed to the freshness of the
PL. Stored, heated PL had a highly negative effect on crude protein
digestibility and on nitrogen
retention. No negative effect of adding extrinsic ash was recorded.
In Expt 2, the nutritional value of
layer PL (LPL), compared with that of broiler PL (BPL), was examined using
ten beef cows before
and after calving. The diet was composed of 45% PL, 35% wheat straw (WS)
and 20% maize grain.
Daily dry matter intakes were 12·7 and 16·2 g/kg
liveweight (LW) before calving and 15·5 and
22·8 g/kg LW after calving, for cows fed LPL and BPL, respectively.

Owing to the combined effect
of the lower dry matter intake, lower gross energy content and lower digestibility
of LPL, the
digestible energy intake of BPL diets was almost three-fold, and nitrogen
absorption
(g/kg LW0·75)
on the BPL was 2·4-fold higher than on the LPL diets. Because
the ash intake of both diets was
similar, it is suggested that the main inhibiting factor of intake after

calving was the rumen's ability
to mobilize the large amounts of ash-rich complexes of ash and organic

matter to the reticular omasal orifice and, consequently, out of the rumen.
Optimum sowing dates and plant populations for
winter peas (Pisum sativum)
Authors: KNOTT C. M. , BELCHER S. J.
Published: July 2002

Experiments to evaluate the optimum plant population density and
sowing date for winter peas,
semi-leafless cv. Rafale, were sited on free draining sandy loam soils
at Thornhaugh, Cambridgeshire in
1993/94 (Expt 1), 1994/95 (Expt 2) and 1995/96 (Expt 3). Peas
were sown at the end of October, in
mid-November and early December, at seed rates to achieve final plant densities
in spring of 50, 70
or 90 plants/m2. Seed rates were calculated allowing for
20% seedbed loss and plant loss due to
winter kill in Expt 1, and 15% in the other two years.

Peas sown in warmer seedbeds in October emerged in early December or
before, November-sown
peas did not emerge until mid-January and December-sown peas from late
February to mid-March.
The growth stage of October-sown peas was thus more advanced than the later
sowings over the
winter and spring period. Winters were mild for Expts 1 and 2, but there
were more frost periods
during Expt 3.

The yield of winter peas was dependent on sowing date. Yields of Rafale
sown in October were
highest in Expt 1, but lower than November-sown peas in 1995 (Expt 2),
as a result of damage from
late frosts during flower initiation in April, and in 1996 (Expt 3) due
to plant losses after a more severe
winter, frost periods and very cold winds in March. In Expts 1 and 2, yields
of December-sown peas
were significantly lower than November-sown peas, probably because they
were adversely affected by
drought stress during the sensitive flowering period. Therefore the optimum
time for sowing winter
pea cv. Rafale to achieve reliable yields appears to be mid-November. In
some years, however,
conditions may be too wet for late drilling, particularly on heavier soils.

The highest plant population densities of 90 plants/m2
gave the highest yields in Expts 2 and 3, but
there was little increase between 75 and 90 plants/m2. Bearing
in mind financial return and seed costs,
the optimum target suggested is 75–80 plants/m2.
QUALITY OF CARE AND CONTRACEPTIVE PILL DISCONTINUATION IN RURAL EGYPT
Authors: ALI MOHAMED M.
Published: July 2002

Indicators of family planning service access and quality were generated using the Egypt DHS-I (1988) and the Egypt Service Availability Survey (1989), and linked to episodes of contraceptive pill use. Multilevel analysis was used to ascertain whether or not these access and quality indicators influence the continuation of pill use, net of women’s socioeconomic, demographic and motivational characteristics. A model with random components at the cluster and women levels was fitted for all reasons of discontinuation, except desire for pregnancy, at 24 months of use. Net of women’s background characteristics, the results show that facilities with smaller numbers of health personnel trained in family planning, a lack of access to facilities with female doctors and a lack of range of available methods are associated with a high risk of discontinuation of pill use for all reasons except desire for pregnancy.
BROTHER-SISTER MARRIAGE IN ROMAN EGYPT
Authors: SCHEIDEL W.
Published: July 2002

According to official census returns from Roman Egypt (first to third centuries CE) preserved on papyrus, 23·5% of all documented marriages in the Arsinoites district in the Fayum (n=102) were between brothers and sisters. In the second century CE, the rates were 37% in the city of Arsinoe and 18·9% in the surrounding villages. Documented pedigrees suggest a minimum mean level of inbreeding equivalent to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0·0975 in second century CE Arsinoe. Undocumented sources of inbreeding and an estimate based on the frequency of close-kin unions (corrected downwards to 30% for Arsinoe) indicate a mean coefficient of inbreeding of F=0·15-0·20 in Arsinoe and of F=0·10-0·15 in the villages at the end of the second century CE. These values are several times as high as any other documented levels of inbreeding. A schematic estimate of inbreeding depression in the offspring of full sibling couples indicates that fertility in these families had to be 20-50% above average to attain reproduction at replacement level. In the absence of information on the amount of genetic load in this population, this estimate may be too high
Colostral whey concentrate supplement increases complement activity in the sera of neonatal calves
Authors: ROKKA SUSANNA , KORHONEN HANNU , NOUSIAINEN JUHA , MARNILA PERTTI
Published: July 2002

We evaluated the effect of a commercial bovine colostral whey on the complement-mediated immune responses of calves. Two groups of neonatal calves were fed, in addition to whole milk (WM) and pooled colostrum (PC), different amounts of a commercial immunoglobulin concentrate made from pooled colostral whey (Ig-C) for the first two feedings post natum. The control group was fed WM and PC only. Serum samples were obtained at the ages of 2, 7, 14 and 30 d. Bacteriolytic activity against complement-sensitive Escherichia coli JM103 and opsonic activity against complement-lysis-resistant E. coli IH3080 strains were studied, as well as the levels of C3 complement component and E. coli JM103 specific antibodies in the sera.

Groups fed Ig-C had 2–3 times higher bacteriolytic activity than the control group of both the classic (P < 0·005) and alternative pathways (P < 0·0001) at days 2 and 7 post natum. This effect is obviously not caused solely by the antibodies ingested but also involves other unknown colostral factors, possibly lectins. The opsonisation capacities of the sera correlated well with the amounts of immunoglobulins ingested (P < 0·05) at days 2–14. The levels of C3 component in sera did not differ between the groups. In the group fed the largest amount of immunoglobulins levels of E. coli JM103-specific antibodies were highest (P < 0·0001). It can thus be concluded that the antibody independent complement activities of serum can be increased substantially by feeding colostral whey concentrate to calves during their first days of life.
EDTA-induced dissociation of casein micelles and its effect on
foaming properties of milk
Authors: WARD BRENT R. , GODDARD SIMON J. , AUGUSTIN MARY-ANN , McKINNON IAN R.
Published: July 2002

The effects of addition of EDTA on the dissociation of caseins
and
foaming properties of milks (100 g solids/l) reconstituted from skim
milk powders
given a low-heat (72°C for 30 s) or high-heat (85°C for 30 min)
treatment during
powder manufacture were determined. The EDTA-induced dissociation of caseins

was independent of heat treatment but in high-heat milk was accompanied
by release
of denatured whey proteins. EDTA changed the proportions of individual
caseins in
the supernatant. EDTA addition improved both foam overrun and foam stability
of
low- and high-heat milks. The increase in serum protein on addition of
EDTA
contributed to the improvement in foaming properties of milks by increasing
the
availability of the proteins for formation of the air–water interface.
Thermal generation of Alfvén waves in oscillatory magnetoconvection
Authors: ROBERTS PAUL H. , ZHANG KEKE
Published: July 2002

Marginal convection in the form of Alfvén waves in an electrically conducting
Bénard layer in the presence of a vertical magnetic field is investigated analytically
using the Boussinesq model for the fluid. Small amplitude solutions are studied
using the linearized magnetoconvection equations. These solutions are represented
by double expansions in terms of two small parameters: a dimensionless viscosity
and a dimensionless magnetic diffusivity. The leading-order problem corresponds to
undamped Alfvén waves propagating between the boundaries of the fluid; buoyancy
forces appear at higher order and can maintain the Alfvén waves against viscous and
ohmic damping. The structure of the Alfvén waves is strongly dependent, even at
leading order, on the physical nature of the walls. Four different types of boundary
conditions are considered here: (A) illustrative, i.e. mathematically simple conditions,
(B) solid, perfectly conducting walls, (C) vacuum external to the layer, and (D) solid,
perfectly insulating walls. It is shown how in each case Alfvén waves are excited by a
small, but sufficiently strong, thermal buoyancy but that, because of boundary layers,
the solutions for the four sets of boundary conditions are very different.
Steady three-dimensional water-wave patterns on a finite-depth fluid
Authors: BRIDGES T. J. , DIAS F. , MENASCE D.
Published: July 2002

The formation of doubly-periodic patterns on the surface of a fluid layer with a
uniform velocity field and constant depth is considered. The fluid is assumed to be
inviscid and the flow irrotational. The problem of steady patterns is shown to have
a novel variational formulation, which includes a new characterization of steady
uniform mean flow, and steady uniform flow coupled with steady doubly periodic
patterns. A central observation is that mean flow can be characterized geometrically
by associating it with symmetries. The theory gives precise information about the
role of the ten natural parameters in the problem which govern the wave–mean
flow interaction for steady patterns in finite depth. The formulation is applied to the
problem of interaction of capillary–gravity short-crested waves with oblique travelling
waves, leading to several new observations for this class of waves. Moreover, by
including oblique travelling waves and short-crested waves in the same analysis, new
bifurcations of short-crested waves are found, which give rise to mixed waves which
may have complicated spatial structure.
Steady-state chimneys in a mushy layer
Authors: CHUNG C. A. , WORSTER M. GRAE
Published: July 2002

Motivated by industrial and geophysical solidification problems such as segregation
in metallic castings and brine expulsion from growing sea ice, we present and solve a
model for steady convection in a two-dimensional mushy layer of a binary mixture.
At sufficiently large amplitudes of convection, steady states are found in which plumes
emanate from vertical chimneys (channels of zero solid fraction) in the mushy layer.
The mush–liquid interface, including the chimney wall, is a free boundary whose
shape and location we determine using local equilibrium conditions. We map out
the changing structure of the system as the Rayleigh number varies, and compute
various measures of the amplitude of convection including the flux of solute out of
the mushy layer, through chimneys. We find that there are no steady states if the
Rayleigh number is less than a global critical value, which is less than the linear
critical value for convection to occur. At larger values of the Rayleigh number we
find, in agreement with experiments, that the width of chimneys and the height of the
mushy layer both decrease relative to the thermal-diffusion length, which is the scale
height of the mushy layer in the absence of convection. We find evidence to suggest
that the spacing between neighbouring chimneys at high Rayleigh numbers is smaller
than the critical wavelengths of both the linear and global stability modes.
Drop fall-off from pendent rivulets
Authors: INDEIKINA ALEXANDRA , VERETENNIKOV IGOR , CHANG HSUEH-CHIA
Published: July 2002

Drops fall off a viscous pendent rivulet on the underside of a
plane when the
inclination angle θ, measured with respect to the horizontal, is below
a critical value
θc. We estimate this θc by
studying the existence of finite-amplitude drop solutions
to a long-wave lubrication equation. Through a partial matched asymptotic analysis,
we establish that fall-off occurs by two distinct mechanisms. For
θ>ϕ, where ϕ is
the static contact angle, a jet mechanism results when a mean-flow steepening effect
cannot provide sufficient axial curvature to counter gravity. This fall-off
mechanism
occurs if the rivulet width B, which is normalized with respect to
the capillary length
H=(σ/ρg cosθ)1/2, exceeds a critical
value defined by β=−cosB>1/4. For θ<ϕ,
the normal azimuthal curvature is the dominant force against fall-off and the
azimuthal capillary force. The corresponding critical condition is found to be
1.5β1/6>tanθ/tanϕ. Both criteria are in good
agreement with our experimental data.
On the behaviour of a fluid-loaded cylindrical
shell with mean flow
Authors: PEAKE N.
Published: July 2002

The unsteady behaviour of an infinitely long fluid-loaded elastic plate
which is driven
by a single-frequency point-force excitation in the presence of mean flow is known
to exhibit a number of unexpected features, including absolute instability when the
normalized flow speed, U, lies above some critical speed
U0, and certain unusual
propagation effects for U<U0. In the latter
respect Crighton & Oswell (1991) have
demonstrated most significantly that for a particular frequency range there exists
an anomalous neutral (negative energy) mode which has group velocity pointing
towards the driver, in violation of the usual radiation condition of outgoing waves
at infinity. They show that the rate of working of the driver can be negative, due
to the presence of other negative-energy waves, and can also become infinite at a
critical frequency corresponding to a real modal coalescence. In this
paper we attempt
to extend these results by including, as is usually the case in a
practical situation,
plate curvature in the transverse direction, by considering a fluid-loaded cylinder
with axial mean flow. In the limit of infinite normalized cylinder radius,
a, Crighton
& Oswell's results are regained, but for finite a very significant
modifications are
found. In particular, we demonstrate that the additional stiffness introduced by the
curvature typically moves the absolute-instability boundary to a much higher flow
speed than for the flat-plate case. Below this boundary we show that Crighton &
Oswell's anomalous neutral mode can only occur for
a>a1(U), but in practical
situations it turns out that a1(U) is exceedingly
large, and indeed seems much larger
than radii of curvature achievable in engineering practice. Other negative-energy
waves are seen to exist down to a smaller, but still very large, critical
radius a2(U),
while the existence of a real modal coalescence point, leading to a divergence in
the driver admittance, occurs down to a slightly smaller critical radius
a3(U). The
transition through these various flow regimes as U and a vary is
fully described by
numerical investigation of the dispersion relation and by asymptotic analysis in the
(realistic) limit of small U. The inclusion of plate dissipation is
also considered,
and, in common with Abrahams & Wickham (1994) for the flat plate, we show
how the flow then becomes absolutely unstable at all flow speeds provided that
a>a2(U).
Wave diffraction by a long array of cylinders
Authors: MANIAR H. D. , NEWMAN J. N.
Published: July 2002

Water wave diffraction by an array of bottom-mounted circular
cylinders is analysed
under the assumptions of linear theory. The cylinders are identical, and equally
spaced along the array. When the number of cylinders is large, but finite,
near-resonant modes occur between adjacent cylinders at critical wavenumbers,
and cause
unusually large loads on each element of the array. These modes are associated
with the existence of homogeneous solutions for the diffraction by an array which
extends to infinity in both directions. This phenomenon is related to
the existence of
trapped waves in a channel. A second trapped wave is established, corresponding to
Dirichlet boundary conditions on the channel walls, as well as a sequence of higher
wavenumbers where ‘nearly trapped’ modes exist.
The effect of surfactants on drop deformation
and on the rheology of dilute emulsions in Stokes flow
Authors: LI XIAOFAN , POZRIKIDIS C.
Published: July 2002

The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the transient deformation
and asymptotic
shape of a spherical drop that is subjected to a linear shear or extensional
flow at vanishing Reynolds number is studied using a numerical method. The
viscosity of the drop
is equal to that of the ambient fluid, and the interfacial tension is
assumed to depend
linearly on the local surfactant concentration. The drop deformation is affected by
non-uniformities in the surface tension due to the surfactant molecules
convection–diffusion. The numerical procedure combines the
boundary-integral method for
solving the equations of Stokes flow, and a finite-difference method for solving the
unsteady convection–diffusion equation for the surfactant
concentration over the
evolving interface. The parametric investigations address the effect of
the ratio of the
vorticity to the rate of strain of the incident flow, the Péclet
number expressing the
ability of the surfactant to diffuse, the elasticity number
expressing the sensitivity of
the surface tension to variations in surfactant concentration, and
the capillary number
expressing the strength of the incident flow. At small and
moderate capillary numbers,
the effect of a surfactant in a non-axisymmetric flow is found to
be similar to that in
axisymmetric straining flow studied by previous authors. The accumulation of
surfactant molecules at the tips of an elongated drop decreases the
surface tension locally
and promotes the deformation, whereas the dilution of the surfactant over the main
body of the drop increases the surface tension and restrains the
deformation. At large
capillary numbers, the dilution of the surfactant and the rotational
motion associated
with the vorticity of the incident flow work synergistically to
increase the critical capillary number beyond which the drop exhibits
continuous elongation. The numerical
results establish the regions of validity of the small-deformation
theory developed by
previous authors, and illustrate the influence of the surfactant on the flow
kinematics and on the rheological properties of a dilute suspension. Surfactants
have a stronger effect on the rheology of a suspension than on the deformation of
the individual drops.