bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mid-Tudor Poetry
Authors: Clarke Danielle
Published: April 2022

Rather than viewing ‘mid-Tudor’ as a transitional phase, this chapter argues that the poetry of the 1560s and 1570s provides significant innovation in form, presentation, style, and social reach. The chapter suggests that to impose aesthetic and formal distinctions retrospectively is to mistake the uniquely vernacular and hybrid nature of much of the verse of this period, and the ways in which it is presented to the reader in increasingly sophisticated forms: anthologies, miscellanies, and single-author collections of variegated material. The chapter looks in detail at work by Thomas Howell, George Turberville, George Gascoigne, and Isabella Whitney in the larger context of poetic output in the 1560s and 1570s.
Philip Sidney
Authors: Bates Catherine
Published: April 2022

Sidney’s secular poetry falls almost exclusively within the genres of lyric and pastoral, both of which presume human relations that are based on difference: in lyric, a difference of gender, in pastoral a difference of class. Sidney thus implies that, as a special kind of speech, poetry is called upon to transact relations that are somehow discrepant or out of sync. When communication is attempted between different classes of being or beings of a different class, an extra effort is required—a rhetoric of courtship, a need for persuasion, for art—that proves quite unnecessary when the parties in question are on a par, speak the same language, and understand each other perfectly. In negotiating relations that are sexually and socially complex, Sidney shows that poetry invariably fails to resolve such differences, and yet in so doing reveals poetry’s true function: which is to assert its formal difference from ordinary speech.
Dynamics of Coalition Preferences and Vote Choices
Authors: Huber Sascha , Welz Robert
Published: April 2022

With more parties in parliament, coalition politics became much more complex in Germany. Against this background, the chapter analyzes the dynamics of coalition preferences and vote choices in Germany between 2009 and 2017. It registers a considerable amount of stability of coalition preferences. Apparently, coalitions were an important political object for voters, to which they related consistently even in times of a rapidly changing political environment. In addition, the chapter also finds that coalition preferences had an independent effect on vote choices in each of the three elections. Using long-term tracking surveys as well as panel data, the analysis reveals a surprising long-term stability of coalition effects. While most studies attribute coalition effects on electoral choices to instrumental motivations of voters, the chapter argues that the stability of coalition voting cannot be accounted for without also acknowledging the non-instrumental or expressive motivations of voters.
Plus ça Change?
Authors: Partheymüller Julia , Johnston Richard
Published: April 2022

Over the past decades, the political landscape in Germany has undergone a fundamental transformation: Loyal partisans have become fewer whereas the number of parties and electoral volatility have grown. Paradoxically, election outcomes have remained highly predictable, which raises the question of how the dynamics of voting have changed. To address this puzzle, the chapter proposes a four-way decomposition of the voting function and analyzes the dynamics of different components at four elections using rolling cross-section survey data. The results show that despite partisan dealignment, the fundamental logic of election campaigns as re-equilibrating forces has remained in place. Yet, the analyses also identify several sources of electoral flux. These include, in particular, the fluctuating strength of small parties and coalition expectations. This suggests that with weakened links between citizens and parties, campaigns increasingly manifest themselves as a game of strategy in which seemingly small changes can make a big difference.
EU Constitutional Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This book is a comprehensive textbook on EU constitutional law, setting out the structure, values, procedures, and policies of the European Union. It encompasses five major parts. The first part addresses the formation history of the European Union, the treaties, the accessions, and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, the second part provides an extensive analysis of the key constitutional principles governing the exercise of competences by the Union and the balance of power between the Union and its Member States, followed by an in-depth analysis of EU citizenship and the four freedoms. The third part addresses the role and workings of the various institutions, while part four looks at the various decision-making processes. The fifth part considers the legal instruments and the position of Union law in the EU and national legal orders, with an attention to the key principles of primacy and direct effect, and the role of fundamental rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Finally, the book sets out the complete and coherent system of judicial protection in the European Union, offering an overview of the various courses of action before the EU courts and in the national legal orders to enforce Union law or to obtain judicial protection.
The Treaty of Lisbon and the Current Treaties
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter explains how successive Treaty amendments, most recently the Lisbon Treaty, have led to the current Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The Brussels European Council of 21 and 22 June 2007, agreed to convene an Intergovernmental Conference, which was to draft a Reform Treaty amending the EU and EC Treaties and merging the Community and the EU into one European Union with legal personality, but without conferring on the Treaties a constitutional nature. The resulting treaty text—the Treaty of Lisbon—forms the basis for the current framework of the European Union. Unlike what the EU Constitution set out to do, the Treaty of Lisbon did not replace the existing Treaties by one single Treaty. Union action continues to be based on the amended Treaty on European Union (TEU), on the one hand, and the amended Treaty establishing the European Community—renamed the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)—on the other hand.
Accession to and Withdrawal from the European Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter outlines the procedures for the accession to and withdrawal from the European Union. The accession procedure begins with an application to become a member of the Union. Article 49 TEU provides that '[a]ny European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them' may apply to become a member of the Union. The requirement that a candidate Member State should respect 'the values referred to in Article 2' was introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon and refers to the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, the Treaties also make it possible for any Member State to withdraw from the European Union (Article 50 TEU). The leaving Member State has to negotiate and conclude an agreement with the Union, setting out the arrangements for its withdrawal and taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union. The chapter then looks at the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the Union, so-called Brexit.
Citizenship of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the European Union's competence and substantive rules relating to the citizenship of the Union. Title II of the TFEU ('Provisions on democratic principles') sets out by stressing the principle of the equality of the Union's citizens, mentioning at the same time EU citizenship as additional to national citizenship (Article 9 TEU). In 1992, the Treaty on European Union introduced the idea of citizenship of the Union to make clear that the European Union confers rights not only on persons who are engaged in an economic activity, but to all persons who have the nationality of a Member State. The Lisbon Treaty merged the provisions of the EC Treaty on non-discrimination with the ones on citizenship in Part Two of the TFEU ('Non discrimination and Citizenship of the Union'), i.e. Articles 18 to 25 TFEU. Under Article 20(2) TFEU, a Union citizen 'shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Treaties'.
The Union as an International Organization
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes how, in common with other international organizations, the European Union possesses rules relating to its financing, seat, language use, staff regulations, transparency, and access to documents. The Treaties confer legal personality on the Union (Article 47 TEU). The fact that the Union has legal personality means in the first place that the Union is a subject of international law. Second, it enjoys the most extensive legal capacity accorded to legal persons governed by public law under the laws of the Member States, in particular to acquire or dispose of property and to be a party to legal proceedings (Article 335 TFEU). The Union also enjoys privileges and immunities with a view to its being able to carry out its tasks undisturbed.
The Legislative Procedures
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights decision-making in the European Union which leads to the adoption of legislative acts. The Lisbon Treaty introduced a clear distinction between legislative and other acts of the Union with the aim of making decision-making at Union level more democratic and transparent. The Treaties now unambiguously use the term 'legislative act' for acts based on a provision of the Treaties and adopted pursuant to a legislative procedure, i.e. under the 'ordinary legislative procedure' or, in specific cases, under a 'special legislative procedure'. The qualification of acts to be adopted as 'legislative acts' has direct consequences for the operation of the institutions, the scrutiny exercised by national parliaments of respect for the principle of subsidiarity, the possibility of delegating powers to the Commission, and judicial review. The EU Constitution had proposed to go one step further and distinguish between legal instruments to be used for legislative acts and non-legislative acts respectively: legislative acts would take the form of a 'European law', or a 'European framework law'. For non-legislative action, institutions were to use a 'European regulation' or a 'European decision'.
CFSP Decision-making
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter reviews decision-making in respect of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). CFSP decision-making is subject to the 'specific rules and procedures' laid down in Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU. In this field, the Contracting Parties never wished to make the national governments—represented in the Council—share their power of decision with the Commission and the European Parliament in the same way as in other fields of Union action. According to Article 24(1), second subpara. TEU, the CFSP is to be defined and implemented by the European Council and the Council acting unanimously and put into effect by the Member States or the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The adoption of legislative acts is excluded. Pursuant to the same provision, the 'specific role of the European Parliament and of the Commission in this area is defined by the Treaties'. It is clear that policy-making and implementation with respect to the CFSP still preserves many characteristics of intergovernmental cooperation.
Decision-making Restricted to Particular Member States
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at areas where decision-making is restricted to the participating Member States. In two policy areas, the Treaties formulate a system of decision-making under which not all Member States take part in the adoption of acts: (1) the area of freedom, security, and justice (Title V of Part Three of the TFEU) and (2) Economic and Monetary Union (Title VIII of Part Three of the TFEU). On top of this, the system of enhanced cooperation affords a general opportunity for European Union acts to be adopted as between a number of Member States only. Whenever decision-making is limited to certain Member States, the Council has to adapt voting requirements accordingly. In principle, the other Union institutions and bodies take part in the decision-making with the same composition and manner of operation as in the case of decision-making involving all the Member States. The rationale is that members of the Commission, the European Parliament, and other bodies do not represent particular Member States. The Court of Justice, too, has the same composition when it adjudicates in disputes on the interpretation and application of acts adopted under these systems of decision-making.
Union Law and its Effects in the National Legal Systems
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter evaluates 'Union law', which consists of the rules enshrined in the Treaties and acts adopted pursuant thereto, as applied and interpreted by the national courts and the Court of Justice. Depending on the origin of the provisions, a distinction may be made between constitutive norms which come into being as a result of action on the part of the Member States themselves (primary Union law), rules created by Union institutions and bodies (secondary or 'derived' Union law), and other rules which have been accepted by case law as being general principles of the Union's legal order. Secondary Union law is constituted by the legislative acts and other acts of the institutions, bodies, offices, or agencies, usually in the form of specific instruments of Union law ('autonomous' acts) as well as the international agreements concluded by the Union ('conventional' acts). The case law of the Court of Justice relating to the primacy and the possible direct effect of Union law has made it clear that Union law as such has effect in the national legal system. Both the European Union and the Member States as well as individuals are entitled to enforce the proper application of Union law.
Acts Adopted by the Institutions and Bodies of the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the acts adopted by the institutions and bodies of the European Union, looking at autonomous measures and interinstitutional agreements. The first para. of Article 288 TFEU states that the institutions exercise the Union's competences, by adopting regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, and opinions. Nevertheless, the institutions of the Union make use of instruments other than those listed in the second to the fifth paras of Article 288 TFEU. Moreover, other bodies of the Union are also competent to adopt legal acts. The Treaties do not offer much guidance with regard to the possibility for the institutions to choose between those different instruments, although they set out a number of formal requirements to be satisfied by acts of the institutions, some of which—pursuant to general principles of Union law—apply to acts of other bodies aswell.
Other Sources of Union Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Van Nuffel Piet , Corthaut Tim
Published: April 2022

This chapter studies other sources of Union law. The instruments referred to in the Treaties include acts that are not formally adopted by Union institutions, such as decisions of the Member States' governments, which nevertheless have a close link with Union law. That also goes for some conventions agreed amongst the Member States in connection with the Union's activities. The chapter outlines these instruments, together with other sources of Union law such as collective agreements between social partners and, importantly, the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It also explains the still ongoing effects of acts adopted before the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in areas outside the pre-Lisbon 'Community' framework, that is to say the pre-Lisbon common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the area of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters as well as some other conventions agreed between the Member States.
Conservation and the Genomics of Populations
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon , Antunes Agostinho
Published: April 2022

Loss of biodiversity is among the greatest problems facing the world today. Conservation and the Genomics of Populations gives a comprehensive overview of the essential background, concepts, and tools needed to understand how genetic information can be used to conserve species threatened with extinction, and to manage species of ecological or commercial importance. New molecular techniques, statistical methods, and computer programs, genetic principles, and methods are becoming increasingly useful in the conservation of biological diversity. Using a balance of data and theory, coupled with basic and applied research examples, this book examines genetic and phenotypic variation in natural populations, the principles and mechanisms of evolutionary change, the interpretation of genetic data from natural populations, and how these can be applied to conservation. The book includes examples from plants, animals, and microbes in wild and captive populations. This third edition has been thoroughly revised to include advances in genomics and contains new chapters on population genomics, genetic monitoring, and conservation genetics in practice, as well as new sections on climate change, emerging diseases, metagenomics, and more. More than one-third of the references in this edition were published after the previous edition. Each of the 24 chapters and the Appendix end with a Guest Box written by an expert who provides an example of the principles presented in the chapter from their own work. This book is essential for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of conservation genetics, natural resource management, and conservation biology, as well as professional conservation biologists and policy-makers working for wildlife and habitat management agencies. Much of the book will also interest nonprofessionals who are curious about the role of genetics in conservation and management of wild and captive populations.
Effective Population Size
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

We expect heterozygosity to be lost at a rate of 1/2N per generation in an ideal population because of genetic drift where N is the census population size. The effective size of a population is the size of the ideal (Wright–Fisher) population that will result in the same amount of genetic drift as in the actual population being considered. Heterozygosity is generally lost at a rate much faster than 1/2N in natural populations primarily because reproductive success is much more variable than assumed in an ideal population. Therefore, the effective size of natural populations (Ne) is often much smaller than the census population size (Ne << N). Predicting the rate of loss of heterozygosity over calendar time in a population requires an estimate of both Ne and the generation interval. Genomic techniques provide a variety of methods to estimate Ne in natural populations.
Quantitative Genetics
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Most phenotypic traits are the product of many genes as well as environmental effects, and the resulting phenotypic variation is quantitative rather than qualitative. The extent to which traits are under genetic control is termed heritability, and can be estimated by analyzing the phenotypic similarity of related individuals. Quantitative genetic approaches can be used to estimate population differentiation. Selection on quantitative traits produces changes in phenotypes as a function of the heritability, the intensity of selection, and the amount of phenotypic variation within a population. Human activities, such as size-limited harvesting and habitat degradation, can impose selection on natural populations and result in changes in phenotypes, and genetic drift in small populations can erode quantitative genetic variation. Genome-wide association studies can identify genes and markers associated with quantitative trait variation that can then be used to predict phenotypes from polygenic scores.
Demography and Extinction
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Genetic factors affect the extinction probability of populations in a variety of ways. Inbreeding depression can reduce fecundity and survival, and thereby decrease population growth rate and increase extinction probability. Multiple studies have shown that inbreeding depression can negatively impact populations in the wild. Loss of genetic variation in small populations also decreases the capacity of populations to evolve to changing environmental conditions. Population viability analysis is a modeling approach that integrates information on demography, genetics, threats, and management actions to predict population persistence. Genomics will advance incorporation of genetic factors into predicting extinction risk by improving our ability to estimate inbreeding depression and evolutionary potential.
Genetic Monitoring
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. , Funk W. Chris , Aitken Sally N. , Byrne Margaret , Luikart Gordon
Published: April 2022

Genetics plays an increasing role in monitoring demographic and genetic changes in populations over time. One of the most powerful advances in genetic monitoring is the development of techniques to detect trace amounts of DNA in noninvasive samples (e.g., feathers, skin, etc.) and environmental DNA (eDNA) from elusive and rare species in water and soil samples. Individual genotypes from noninvasive samples such as feces and hair can be used to estimate abundance, survival, and other demographic parameters using mark–recapture analysis. Genetic monitoring of heterozygosity, allelic diversity, and effective population size allows managers to detect genetic changes in response to environmental perturbations or management actions. Genomic methods now allow detection and monitoring of adaptive alleles; for example, to test whether these alleles increase in frequency in response to environmental change, demonstrating an adaptive response, stress, or a die-off (e.g., caused by infectious disease pathogens).
Keats, Burns, and the Dispensing Power of Genius
Authors: Cronin Richard
Published: April 2022

Keats’s literary career did not last five years, and the least productive of all those years was surely 1818. Keats’s decision in the summer of 1818 to accompany his friend Charles Brown on a walking tour of the Lake District and Scotland, leaving his dying brother alone in London, served to focus his sense that his duty to his art might conflict with his other obligations. His visit to Burns’s cottage in particular confirmed Keats in his conviction that the poet cannot claim exemption from the moral obligations that bind the rest of us. The thought generated in Keats a ‘hateful siege of contraries’, but it was in undergoing that siege that he first discovered his mature poetic voice.
Keats at Burns’s Grave
Authors: O’Halloran Meiko
Published: April 2022

Burns’s tomb became the focus of Keats’s concerns about poetic fame and the complex relationship between poets and their audiences. This essay presents a new interpretation of his sonnet ‘On Visiting the Tomb of Burns’ by demonstrating how Keats’s response is inflected by several intricately connected frames of reference. Keats considers Burns’s suffering with an awareness of his poetry, the public judgement that had determined his cultural afterlife, and the poet’s two graves—the mausoleum and the obscure grave in which Burns was originally buried. These associations lead him to draw on Dante’s representation of Minos as an infernal judge. Comparing Keats’s response in 1818 with those of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, who visited Burns’s grave in 1803, I demonstrate that Keats’s ideas in the sonnet are bound up with Wordsworth’s fear of public judgement in A Letter to a Friend of Robert Burns (1816) and Hazlitt’s criticism of Wordsworth.
Precision and persons in medicine
Authors: Barilan Yechiel Michael , Brusa Margherita
Published: April 2022

This chapter characterizes ‘personalized medicine’ as revolutionary because it shifts efforts from ‘technologies of action’ to ‘technologies of information’. An additional shift is from science as a pursuit of knowledge, about the world and human nature, to scientific inquiries into personal data, as modes of profiling and knowing human individuals. Consequently, there is a growing tendency to conflate ‘information’ with ‘knowledge’ and to attribute magical powers of prediction and prescription to this kind of knowledge. Technologies of information push to the fore various ethical challenges, mainly the ethics of ‘information’ as a reified human good, which is ‘donated’ and traded. Because self-knowledge has always been valued as a moral good, the focus on genomics and other ‘omics’ loom large over people’s self-perception and self-esteem.
The historical background of personalized medicine
Authors: Guillén Diego Gracia
Published: April 2022

The efforts of Western medicine have been oriented traditionally to identify the elements of the so-called ‘chain of specificity’. Every disease has a ‘specific cause’, called aetiology, which produces ‘specific disease’ (species morbosa), which medicine should revert through ‘specific treatment’. This traditional way of thinking began to change some decades ago, as a consequence of the developments of molecular medicine. Genes, prima facie taken as specific elements, react differently depending on environmental conditions, epigenetics, mutations, and many other factors. The consequence is that medicine is becoming aware of individual susceptibilities, such as to drugs that hitherto were taken as ‘specific’ treatments. Medicine is changing gradually from the old ideal of ‘specificity’ to the new one of ‘individuality’. This has been the conceptual origin of what is sometimes called ‘personalized medicine’, and sometimes ‘individualized medicine’.
When does precision matter? Personalized medicine from the perspective of public health
Authors: Wilson James
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the nature and value of precision in medicine, and in particular how precision medicine has been interpreted as favouring an ‘P4’ approach—one that is predictive, preventative, personalized, and participatory. It is argued that precision is a more controversial goal in medicine than is often acknowledged. A focus on precision will not always be easy to reconcile with other well-established health system goals, such as maximizing health benefit, improving health equity, or even avoiding iatrogenic harm. Given that precision approaches will often compete for resources with less targeted approaches, it is useful to ask how the model of predictive modelling and early intervention (secondary prevention) competes against rather less targeted interventions to improve the social determinants of health (primary prevention). The chapter argues that primary prevention is in general to be preferred to secondary prevention—both on grounds of equity and of cost-effectiveness—and to the extent that health systems end up cutting back on primary prevention to pursue precision medicine, they do their citizens a disservice.
Islamic Sunni perspectives on the ethics of precision medicine
Authors: Suleman Mehrunisha
Published: April 2022

The Islamic tradition’s engagement with scientific advancements, historically and contemporaneously, reveals that as an institution it has generally encouraged the use of science, medicine, and biotechnology as solutions to human suffering. Nevertheless very little is known about the normative tradition and the practices and views of Muslims globally, in relation to recent advances in precision medicine. This chapter briefly introduces theological, ethical, and historical accounts within the Islamic tradition pertaining to precision medicine, including references to the Quran, traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (Hadith) as well as jurisprudence (Fiqh), and scholarly edicts (Fatawah). This normative account is accompanied by a review of policy, views, and practices as they relate to the implementation and impact of precision medicine within the Muslim world. Themes to be analysed includes Islamic perspectives on genetic ownership, manipulation, and data sharing as well as theological implications of precision medicine including predictiveness and its relation to prayer and Taqwa (reliance on God). Finally, this chapter concludes with a summary of some of the existing challenges and questions that need to be addressed, from within the Islamic bioethics discourse, for the field to be responsive to emerging moral complexities around issues relating to precision medicine including the socio-ethical implications of investment and availability of such advances on the health of marginalized and underserved groups.
Pharmaceutical contributions to personalized medicine
Authors: Perlmutter Roger
Published: April 2022

Personalized medicine is the inevitable consequence of an increasingly detailed understanding of factors contributing to health and disease. While preventive measures have meaningfully improved life expectancy around the world, most recent improvements in health outcomes—especially for those who have achieved middle-age—result from the introduction of new pharmaceuticals. This chapter outlines the contribution of pharmaceuticals to improvements in life expectancy. Though progress has been impressive, the author notes that the productivity of the pharmaceutical industry has been declining for decades, raising questions about the viability of these businesses. Future improvements in drug discovery will result from more advanced measuring systems coupled with machine learning approaches to data analysis. The author speculates that the same technological tools that permit improvement in drug discovery will be applied to broader societal problems, permitting reductions in suffering and disease to be broadly realized across all human populations.
Rhythms of Feeling in Edward Lear, T. S. Eliot, and Stevie Smith
Authors: Jagger Jasmine
Published: April 2022

What does it mean to write or visualize a feeling rhythmically? Where does feeling sit within rhythm, and rhythm within feeling? This book looks into the heart of rhythm and the poetic imagination through the works of three of the most celebrated poets of all time. Through close studies of poetic and visual process, Rhythms of Feeling interprets the manuscripts, letters, diaries, drawings, and poetry of Edward Lear, T. S. Eliot, and Stevie Smith. Tracing exciting lines of interplay, affinity, and influence between these writers for the first time, the book shifts the terms of critical debate on Lear, Eliot, and Smith and subtly reorients the traditional account of the genealogies of modernism. Going beyond a biographically framed close reading or a more general analysis framed by affect theory, Rhythms of Feeling traces out these poets’ ‘affective rhythms’ (tears, nerves, rage) to consider the way that poetics, the mental and physical process of writing and reading, and the ebbs and flows of their emotional weather, might be in dialogue. Attentive, acute, and often forensic, the book broadens its reach beyond these three poets to contemporary writers and medical accounts of creativity and cognition. Alongside deep critical study, Rhythms of Feeling seeks to bring emotional intelligence to criticism, finding ways of speaking lucidly and humanely about emotional and physical states that defy lucidity and stretch our sense of the human.
Introduction
Authors: Jagger Jasmine
Published: April 2022

The introduction considers the theoretical relationship between rhythm and affect and knits the three writers – Lear, Eliot, and Smith – together. First, the introduction looks at the place of affect within creativity. Secondly, it establishes the three poets’ affective functions of composition. Thirdly, it introduces a potential dialogue between affect and rhythm; and fourthly, it looks at the idea of writing poetry for relief.
Conservation Biology and Parasitism
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Disease ecology and conservation biology are two disciplines that, despite their apparent differences, are directly relevant to each other. Biological diversity—the focus of the discipline of conservation biology—is unequivocally affected by the presence of parasites and pathogenic organisms. For example, an increasing number of taxa are being endangered by emerging diseases—the first section of this chapter discusses the various ways in which this endangerment takes place. Conversely, mounting evidence suggests that high levels of species diversity protect natural communities against devastating epidemics. At the same time, parasitic organisms themselves constitute a significant component, and perhaps the majority, of the world’s biological richness. Similar to the rest of the planet’s biodiversity, they are increasingly endangered by human activities. As our understanding of the role that parasites play in the working of natural ecosystems has grown, so has the realization that their disappearance can have wide-ranging implications for ecosystem function. The last section of this chapter focuses on the new subdiscipline of parasite conservation, detailing first the present understanding of the important ecosystem services provided by parasites and pathogens, and second the processes through which parasitic organisms are becoming endangered.
Disease Management: Introduction and Planning
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Managing an infectious disease threat requires, first, determining the extent of the threat, and, second, identifying the nature of the threat. This is often not straightforward. Once the nature and severity of the threat have been identified, it is essential to develop a management plan. Management plans require the following: clear objectives; evaluation of costs, benefits, and risks; capacity for adaptation; and clear success and failure criteria, together with stopping rules. Objectives might include: (i) preventing arrival and establishment of an infectious agent; (ii) eliminating an infectious agent from a population, region, or even globally; (iii) allowing the continued persistence of a population in the presence of disease; or (iv) using an infectious agent for the biological control of an invasive or pest species. These objectives are explored in detail in Chapters 12–15. Disease management also raises ethical questions, dealt with in Chapter 16 of the book.
Infectious Diseases as Biological Control Agents
Authors: Foufopoulos Johannes , Wobeser Gary A. , McCallum Hamish
Published: April 2022

Conservation managers have long considered parasites and pathogens to constitute promising tools for the control of invasive species with the potential to generate tremendous ecological and economic benefits. However, outside a very few high-profile systems, little is known about the utility of this approach for applied conservation. We review here three well-characterized case studies of vertebrate biocontrol (rabbits in Australia and New Zealand, cats on Marion Island, and European carp in Australia), and discuss some of the conservation insights that have emerged from these systems. At a minimum, managers should be able to demonstrate that a proposed agent is: (i) safe in terms of its effects on nontarget species; and (ii) effective in regard to impacts on survival or reproduction of the focal species. Actual effects on the targeted population will likely depend on a complex interplay between environmental conditions, natural selection, and immunity, and need to be investigated carefully before any releases. Furthermore, the presence of other pathogens already circulating in the target population has the potential to either amplify or diminish impacts on the focal population. Biocontrol agents are best used to rapidly reduce target species populations rather than achieve complete host extinction, unless they are released into a small, well-circumscribed area. For a biocontrol agent to have a strong and long-term effect, it typically needs to be followed up by other control measures that capitalize on the population reduction brought on by the pathogen. In summary, pathogen biocontrol efforts are most successful if they are preceded by careful planning and if ongoing evaluation and adaptive management techniques are applied.
Short-pulse electronic absorption
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

Linear absorption, by a molecule, of pulsed laser light is detailed using time-dependent perturbation theory. Pulse propagators, which describe the transfer and shaping of nuclear wave packets during laser-driven electronic transitions are introduced. The equivalence, in the long-pulse limit, to Heller’s description of linear absorption in terms of wave-packet dynamics is established. The effects of initial thermal equilibrium, spectral congestion, and finite spectral resolution are illustrated with signal calculations on model Hamiltonians.
Transient-absorption spectroscopy: Making ultrashort pulses worthwhile
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explains measurements in which the effects of prior electronic and vibrational excitation by a vibrationally brief, electronically resonant pump pulse on the spectrally resolved transmission of a variably delayed broadband probe pulse are monitored. Illustrative transient-absorption signal calculations for model systems are presented and interpreted in terms of semi-classically described quantum mechanical overlaps between contributing multi-pulse nuclear wave packets.
Two-dimensional wave-packet interferometry for an electronic energy-transfer dimer
Authors: Cina Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2022

The application of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to an energy-transfer dimer is considered. Site, adiabatic, and exciton bases for the energy-transfer system are defined. Weak (strong) coupling conditions favoring the utility of the site (exciton) basis are found. It is shown how, under conditions of unequal quantum yield for singly and doubly excited electronic states—where excited-state absorption and singly-excited-state bleach fail to cancel—2D-WPI becomes sensitive to the presence or absence of an exciton shift. Demonstration signal calculations for a spatially oriented energy-transfer dimer under conditions of weak and strong energy-transfer coupling are presented and compared.
Is the Macro Grounded in the Micro?
Authors: Glazier Martin
Published: April 2022

Let a priority micro pluralist be someone who holds that particles or other microscopic objects are fundamental. Rivals to priority micro pluralism include priority monism (the view that the only fundamental concrete object is the entire cosmos) as well as the Aristotelian view that some ordinary macroscopic objects are fundamental. Although priority micro pluralism is popular, I show that it encounters great difficulty in even the most straightforward cases. For example, this tennis ball is spherical; how is this fact to be grounded in facts about the microscopic realm? I consider a number of possible answers to this question. The most promising proposals attempt to exploit the close connection emphasized by Kripke between objects and their original material constituents. I argue that these proposals fail. I conclude that it is worth seriously considering alternatives to this sort of pluralism.
The constrained politics of local public investment under cooperative federalism
Authors: Bremer Björn , Di Carlo Donato , Wansleben Leon
Published: April 2022

Public investment spending declined steadily in advanced economies during the last three decades. Germany is a case in point where the aggregate decline coincided with growing inequality in investments across districts. What explains the variation in local investment spending? We assembled a novel data set to investigate the effects of structural constraints and partisanship on German districts’ investment spending from 1995 to 2018. We find that the lack of fiscal and administrative capacity significantly influences local investment patterns. Yet, within these constraints, partisanship matters. Conservative politicians tend to prioritize public investment more than the left. This is especially the case when revenues from local taxes are low. As the fiscal conditions improve, left-wing politicians increase investment more strongly and hence the difference between the left and the right disappears. Our findings are indicative of how regional economic divergence can emerge even within cooperative federal systems and show that, even when decision-makers operate under various institutional and structural constraints, partisanship matters for how these actors allocate discretionary spending.
Sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea: association, causality or spurious finding? A scoping review
Authors: Pauletto Patrícia , Polmann Helena , Conti Réus Jéssica , Massignan Carla , de Souza Beatriz Dulcinéia Mendes , Gozal David , Lavigne Gilles , Flores-Mir Carlos , De Luca Canto Graziela
Published: April 2022

Study Objectives

To evaluate the available evidence on the putative relationships between sleep bruxism (SB) and, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to assess the extent of research on this topic, and to formulate suggestions for future research.

Methods

A scoping review including studies examining temporal and overall association and prevalence of SB and OSA was performed. Six main databases and gray literature were searched. The studies selection was conducted by three independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the results was carried out.

Results

Thirteen studies in adults and eight studies in children were finally included. The median of concomitant conditions prevalence was 39.3% in adults and 26.1% in children. Marked methodological variability was identified among studies in adults and even more when we compared detection methods in children. No significant association between OSA and SB emerged in most studies in adults, while an association may be possible in children.

Conclusions

Based on the current literature, it is not possible to confirm that there is a relationship between SB and OSA in adults. In patients under pediatric care, although this association seems plausible, there is currently insufficient supportive evidence. Standardized validated methodologies for identifying SB should be consistently used in both populations before reaching any conclusion regarding such association. Furthermore, assessment of shared phenotypes between patients with SB and patients with OSA may reveal new insights that will contribute to personalized approaches aiming to optimize the management of such comorbidities.
Epileptic spasms with terror during sleep in CDKL5 encephalopathy
Authors: Melikishvili Gia , Sharkov Artem , Gachechiladze Tamar , Tomenko Tatiana , Pivovarova Alexandra , Volkov Iosif , Andrade Maria-Theresa , Castellanos Abril , Bienvenu Thierry , Dulac Olivier , Roisman Gabriel , Gataullina Svetlana
Published: April 2022

Study Objectives

To describe early diagnostic clues in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 5 (CDKL5) refractory encephalopathy, to improve treatment strategies.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 35 patients (25 females, 10 males) with CDKL5 gene mutations or deletion, focusing on their early seizure semiology, the electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, the effect of treatment, and developmental outcome.

Results

The first seizures were recognizable and consisted of tonic, then clonic, and spasms phases, occurring in sleep at a median age of 6 weeks. Clusters of spasms were observed in quiet sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), with screaming, staring, and arms’ extension that mimicked sleep terror in 28 of 35 patients (80%). Programmed awakening prevented these spasms in 9 of 16 patients and small doses of clonazepam given at night improved epilepsy in 14 of 23 patients.

Conclusions

Peculiar seizures with spasms starting in SWS are an early diagnostic clue in infants with CDKL5 encephalopathy. Sleep video-EEG polygraphy is an easy tool to disclose these early seizures and epileptic spasms in infants during the first months of life while polysomnography is unlikely to give a contribution at that early age. While conventional antiepileptic treatment and corticosteroids are poorly, transiently, or not efficient, therapeutic strategy used for sleep terror could help, although the mechanism of spasms generation in SWS needs to be elucidated.
The mechanism of bud dehyperhydricity by the method of ‘starvation drying combined with AgNO3’ in Lycium ruthenicum
Authors: Li Lujia , An Qinxia , Wang Qin-Mei , Liu Wen , Qi Xinyu , Cui Jianguo , Wang Yucheng , Ke Haifeng
Published: April 2022

Micropropagation is very important for rapid clonal propagation and scientific research of woody plants. However, the micropropagated materials usually show hyperhydricity, which seriously hinders application of the micropropagation. Lycium ruthenicum is an important species of eco-economic forests. Herein, treatment of ‘starvation and drying combined with 30 μM AgNO3’ (SDCAg+) removed serious hyperhydricity of L. ruthenicum buds regenerated from its green-inflorescence-explants, and then gene expression, metabolites of various phytohormones, chloroplasts, chlorophyll (Chl) and total soluble proteins of the hyperhydric and dehyperhydric leaves were compared and analyzed. The results suggested that the SDCAg+ treatment might remove hyperhydricity of L. ruthenicum through: reducing water uptake; increasing water loss; up-regulating the expression of chloroplast-ribosomal-protein genes from nuclear genome; down-regulating the expression of cytoplasmic-ribosomal-protein genes; up-regulating the synthesis of the total soluble proteins; restoring the lamellar structure of chloroplast grana and matrix; improving Chl synthesis and reducing Chl metabolism; increasing expression of light-harvesting Chl protein complex genes and content of Chla and b; up-regulating both photosynthesis and starch and sucrose metabolism KEGG pathways; up-regulating abscisic acid, salicylic acid and their signaling; down-regulating cytokinin, jasmonic acid, jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine and their signaling. Also, the above events interact to form a regulatory network of dehyperhydricity by SDCAg+ treatment. Overall, the study indicated key genes/pathways and physiological/subcellular changes involved in dehyperhydricity and then established a dehyperhydric mechanism model of L. ruthenicum. This not only proposed clues for preventing or removing hyperhydricity but also laid foundations for molecular breeding of L. ruthenicum and other species.