bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description and Differentiation of the Four Larval Instars of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)
Authors: Wu Li-Hsin , Wang Chiao-Ping , Wu Wen-Jer
Published: March 2012

Bionomic data usually hold the key for understanding the life history of the target insect species. Here, we provide morphological characteristics of different larval instars of Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer), a leucaena bruchine beetle species that is a potential biocontrol agent for the notoriously invasive plant Leucaena leucocephala. The scanning electron micrographs of the head capsule, antenna, clypeolabrum, maxilla, labium, leg, spiracle, and anus of the larval stage of A. macrophthalmus also are provided for the first time for this species, with most of the traits reflecting the taxonomic placement of A. macrophthalmus in the genus Acanthoscelides. Successive instars are determined accurately by using a model of the distribution of the width of the larval head capsule. Therefore, the data generated from this study represent baseline information for further biological control programs involving A. macrophthalmus.
Taxonomic Study of the SubgenusAleochara(s. str.) Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) in China, with Descriptions of Four New Species
Authors: Luo Tian-Hong , Zhou Hong-Zhang
Published: March 2012

This paper treats Chinese species of the rove beetle genus AleocharaGravenhorst, 1802, subgenus Aleochara s. str. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). Four new species are described from China: Aleochara (s. str.) collaris Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Sichuan; A. (s. str.) gladiata Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Fujian and Guangdong; A. (s. str.) serrulata Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Sichuan; and A. (s. str.) similinsularis Luo and Zhou, sp. nov. from Beijing, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Sichuan, and Gansu. Male genitalia and other critical characters are illustrated. A key to adults of Chinese species is provided. All the type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (IZCAS).
Improvements in the Identification of Strains Facilitate Population Studies of Fall Armyworm Subgroups
Authors: Nagoshi Rodney N
Published: March 2012

Fall armyworm is a significant agricultural pest in the Western Hemisphere and an important system for studying Lepidopteran migration and speciation. Critical to these investigations are methods that can differentiate between two morphologically indistinguishable strains that differ in their choice of plant host. In a previous study, haplotypes of the fall armyworm Triose phosphate isomerase gene (Tpi; EC 5.3.1.1) were shown to be effective indicators of strain identity. However, the method had technical complications that made it expensive to apply on the scale needed for most population studies. The focus of this paper was to develop a more efficient and cost-effective procedure. By combining polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction enzyme digestion, a strain-specific polymorphism in the fall armyworm Tpi locus can be characterized from single specimens without the need of DNA sequencing. This method was more accurate under some circumstances than COI haplotyping, the current method of choice for population studies. The modified Tpi method was used to expand upon previous indications that interstrain hybridization occurs asymmetrically, to confirm observations of seasonal periodicity in the proportions of the two strains infesting Florida cornfields, and to demonstrate that certain instances where strain specificity to their host plants appeared to be compromised were because of variability in the association of the COI markers to strain identity. The results indicate that the application of both Tpi and COI analyses to the study of fall armyworm populations is now practical and should facilitate the mapping and study of fall armyworm subpopulations in the United States.
Direct Consumption of Cotton Pollen Improves Survival and Development of Cheiracanthium inclusum (Araneae: Miturgidae) Spiderlings
Authors: Pfannenstiel R S
Published: March 2012

Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz) (Araneae: Miturgidae), a spider that is common in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., foliage, was tested for the impact of consumption of cotton pollen on its survival and development under conditions of prey limitation. Immature C. inclusum readily consumed cotton pollen grains that were pierced, crushed, and macerated with the mouthparts while being extraorally digested. When reared on a diet of cotton pollen alone, spiderlings survived 178% longer than those given only water (14.45 versus 5.2 d). When provided with a prey-limited diet (Five eggs of Helicoverpa zea, a favored prey) access to cotton pollen improved the likelihood of spiderlings molting to the second instar from 0 to 22%. This increased from 60 to 84% for spiderlings provided with 10 eggs plus access to pollen. Addition of cotton pollen also extended the survival of spiders fed five or 10 eggs. Supplemental consumption of pollen seems adaptive for this spider and may lead to increased survival and retention of spiders in cotton fields.
Historic landscape characterisation in the urban domain
Authors: Dobson Stephen
Published: March 2012

Landscape characterisation has emerged as an important means for assessing the context and broader setting for decision-making as it facilitates thinking outside of the site boundary. Within the domain of heritage planning, this is congruent with a new appreciation of the cultural landscape as heritage with the current English Heritage programme of historic landscape characterisation emerging as an important tool to support this approach. Although initially providing a predominantly rural emphasis, historic landscape characterisation surveys now provide comprehensive coverage of many urban areas and so potentially offer the urban planner and designer with a key source of map data outlining current urban character and its readable historic time-depth. The summarised findings result from participatory action with Sheffield City Council in exploring potential urban applications of historic landscape characterisation. The emerging themes were drawn from numerous practice scenarios and aim to outline opportunities for incorporating historic landscape characterisation in urban decision-making and design.
Visual privacy in residential areas: amendment of building regulations
Authors: AymanNajeedTomah
Published: March 2012

This research addresses visual privacy in the contemporary residential areas of Jordanian cities, with the city of Amman as a case study. The research objective is to analyse the concept of boundaries and screens used by residents to maintain their visual privacy. Emphasis is placed on residential buildings, where the psychological implications of boundaries are fundamental. It appears current urban design practices and existing building regulations do not adequately meet the residents' desired level of visual privacy. Urban designers and architects therefore need to understand and incorporate core values of the culture in which they are living and working in order to meet the psychological needs of the residents in the residential environment. In addition, to maintain the visual privacy in the residential environment a series of changes are needed to local building regulations.
Briefing: Understanding housing modernisation from the bottom up
Authors: Walshaw Aimee
Published: March 2012

Despite a 40 year history of housing modernisation in England and the unrivalled scale of the recent Decent Homes programme, we know little about the experiences of residents as the immediate beneficiaries. This paper helps to address this absent perspective by drawing on data generated through qualitative research in a West Yorkshire city where innovative research methods were employed to reveal rare insights into the residents’ experience of housing modernisation. In doing so, the importance of understanding the impact of built environment interventions, especially those associated with a space as personal as the home, from the perspective of their users is underlined.
Infrastructure Asset Reporting Options: A Stated Preference Experiment
Authors: Jones Stewart , Hensher David A. , Rose John , Walker Robert G.
Published: March 2012

SYNOPSIS

Using a stated preference experiment, this study investigates the infrastructure reporting preferences of 103 public sector managers having experience with the use and interpretation of specialized infrastructure information. The results of the ordered mixed logit analysis indicate that public sector managers tend to choose more comprehensive and detailed financial and nonfinancial disclosures in circumstances where: the physical condition of the infrastructure is in a poor state of repair; governments may not be placing much priority on funding existing infrastructure; the financial costs to maintain infrastructure are high; infrastructure has high importance to service delivery; and government agencies have made significant investments in public infrastructure. The results of this study suggest that a blend of GASB and AASB requirements for infrastructure assets (i.e., condition assessments in combination with replacement costs) could enhance the overall usefulness of infrastructure information, especially among decision makers who make regular use of this information.

JEL Classifications: G18; M41; C90.
Y are you not pregnant: Identification of Y chromosome segments in female cattle with decreased reproductive efficiency,,,
Authors: McDaneld T. G. , Kuehn L. A. , Thomas M. G. , Snelling W. M. , Sonstegard T. S. , Matukumalli L. K. , Smith T. P. L. , Pollak E. J. , Keele J. W.
Published: March 2012

Reproductive efficiency is of economic importance in commercial beef cattle production, since failure to achieve pregnancy reduces the number of calves marketed. Identification of genetic markers with predictive merit for reproductive success would facilitate early selection of females and avoid inefficiencies associated with sub-fertile cows. To identify regions of the genome harboring variation affecting reproductive success, we applied a genome-wide association approach based on the >700,000 SNP marker assay. To include the largest number of individuals possible under the available budget, cows from several populations were assigned to extremes for reproductive efficiency, and DNA was pooled within population and phenotype before genotyping. Surprisingly, pools prepared from DNA of low reproductive cattle returned fluorescence intensity data intermediate between fertile females and males for SNP mapped to the Y chromosome (i.e., male sex chromosome). The presence of Y-associated material in low reproductive heifers or cows was confirmed by Y-directed PCR, which revealed that 21 to 29% of females in the low reproductive category were positive by a Y chromosome PCR test normally used to sex embryos. The presence of the Y chromosome anomaly was further confirmed with application of additional Y-specific PCR amplicons, indicating the likelihood of the presence of some portion of male sex chromosome in female cattle in various beef cattle herds across the U.S. Discovery of this Y anomaly in low reproductive females may make an important contribution to management of reproductive failures in beef cattle operations.
Measuring Usable Knowledge
Authors: Kersting Nicole B. , Givvin Karen B. , Thompson Belinda J. , Santagata Rossella , Stigler James W.
Published: March 2012

This study explores the relationships between teacher knowledge, teaching practice, and student learning in mathematics. It extends previous work that developed and evaluated an innovative approach to assessing teacher knowledge based on teachers’ analyses of classroom video clips. Teachers watched and commented on 13 fraction clips. These written analyses were coded using objective rubrics to yield a reliable and valid indicator of their usable teaching knowledge. Previous work showed this measure to correlate with another measure of teacher knowledge and to predict students’ learning from the teachers’ fraction instruction. In this study, the authors replicated those findings and further showed that the effect of teacher knowledge on student learning was mediated by instructional quality, measured using video observations of teachers’ lessons.
Structure, Injection Molding Process and Fracture Behavior of Composite Plastics
Authors: Zhou X.-P. , Li D.-Q. , Zhou H.-M. , Xie X.-L. , Li R. K.-Y.
Published: March 2012

High strength and toughness are of importance for composite plastics used as mechanical structure parts. How to provide general and engineering plastics with high performances is one of the critical challenges in advanced manufacturing. In the past decade, the phase dispersion, interfacial interaction, injection molding simulation and fracture behaviors of composite plastics were investigated systematically in our research group in order to simultaneously reinforce and toughen polymer matrix. Here, we review the progress and advances which have been made in the above items.
N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones in Diverse Pectobacterium and Dickeya Plant Pathogens: Diversity, Abundance, and Involvement in Virulence
Authors: Crépin Alexandre , Beury-Cirou Amélie , Barbey Corinne , Farmer Christine , Hélias Valérie , Burini Jean-François , Faure Denis , Latour Xavier
Published: March 2012

Soft-rot bacteria Pectobacterium and Dickeya use N-acyl homoserine lactones (NAHSLs) as diffusible signals for coordinating quorum sensing communication. The production of NAHSLs was investigated in a set of reference strains and recently-collected isolates, which belong to six species and share the ability to infect the potato host plant. All the pathogens produced different NAHSLs, among which the 3-oxo-hexanoyl- and the 3-oxo-octanoyl-L-homoserine lactones represent at least 90% of total produced NAHSL-amounts. The level of NAHSLs varied from 0.6 to 2 pg/cfu. The involvement of NAHSLs in tuber maceration was investigated by electroporating a quorum quenching vector in each of the bacterial pathogen strains. All the NAHSL-lactonase expressing strains produced a lower amount of NAHSLs as compared to those harboring the empty vector. Moreover, all except Dickeya dadantii 3937 induced a lower level of symptoms in potato tuber assay. Noticeably, aggressiveness appeared to be independent of both nature and amount of produced signals. This work highlights that quorum sensing similarly contributed to virulence in most of the tested Pectobacterium and Dickeya, even the strains had been isolated recently or during the past decades. Thus, these key regulatory-molecules appear as credible targets for developing anti-virulence strategies against these plant pathogens.
Étudier les animaux en Slovénie. Des hommes et des bœufs
Authors: Smerdel Inja
Published: March 2012

Résumé Après avoir présenté les études slovènes concernant les animaux, l’article développe quelques aspects d’une recherche de terrain consacrée aux relations entre les hommes et les bœufs de travail, montrant comment se manifeste le lien intime entre l’homme et l’animal.
Constructions du genre et de la sexualité chez des adolescents slovènes
Authors: Šribar Renata , Vendramin Valerija
Published: March 2012

Résumé L’article traite de la conceptualisation du genre et de la sexualité dans un groupe de jeunes adolescents slovènes. Les données recueillies sont analysées dans le cadre de la théorie féministe, en reconnaissant implicitement le rôle des nouveaux médias dans la construction d’un modèle dominant du genre et de la sexualité. Cette recherche montre l’ambivalence des attitudes et des comportements genrés chez les enquêtés, qui sont pris entre modernité et tradition. La conception traditionnelle et sexiste du genre est toutefois plus prononcée lorsque ces jeunes adolescents sont confrontés aux questions liées au corps et à l’organisation familiale.
L'originalité du syndicalisme français selon Lucien Febvre (1919-1920)
Authors: Lecuir Jean
Published: March 2012

Résumé Le dossier contenant le texte des quatre conférences que Lucien Febvre a données en 1920 sur l’histoire du syndicalisme français était demeuré dans l’ombre de son œuvre ultérieure, bien qu’il l’ait conservé et enrichi de références. Le sujet abordé n’a guère de rapport avec ses préoccupations d’historien du XVI e siècle. Il reflète ses engagements de jeunesse. Condisciple d’Albert Thomas à la rue d’Ulm, il a suivi l’évolution du mouvement socialiste et syndical au tournant du siècle. Il a représenté la section socialiste à l’université populaire de Besançon et publié, anonymement, une trentaine d’articles dans Le Socialiste comtois entre 1907 et 1909. Puis il s’est éloigné, par attachement à son indépendance et aussi parce que la préparation de ses thèses et sa carrière d’enseignant l’ont orienté dans d’autres directions. Après avoir fait la guerre, d’où il est revenu avec, notamment, la Légion d’honneur à titre militaire et le grade de capitaine, il a débuté le 4 décembre 1919 à l’Université de Strasbourg un enseignement de quatorze années. La préparation des conférences se situe pendant cette période charnière du retour à la vie active. Celles-ci constituent un précieux témoignage sur la manière dont Lucien Febvre se livre à ce que nous appellerions aujourd’hui un essai d’« histoire immédiate ».
La castration des dirigeants comme mécanisme de gouvernance. Cas de deux EPE en Algérie
Authors: Mostefaoui Ramdane , Pluchart Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2012

Résumé Ce papier restitue les résultats d’une recherche réalisée dans deux Entreprises Publiques Economiques (EPE) en Algérie. Les enquêtes menées auprès de leurs principaux dirigeants ont permis d’identifier un mécanisme de gouvernance atypique encore absent dans la littérature académique. Ce mécanisme est caractérisé dans cette recherche sous le vocable de « mécanisme de castration ».
Le radin : économe, avare ou malin ?
Authors: Delacroix Eva , Kojoue Larissa , Darpy Denis
Published: March 2012

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse à une caractéristique personnelle peu étudiée dans la littérature en marketing : la radinerie ou le fait de dépenser le moins d’argent possible en l’absence de difficultés financières. Au travers d’une démarche qualitative reposant sur des entretiens avec des radins et des conjoints de radins et sur l’analyse de conversations sur des forums de discussion sur Internet, nous décrivons et distinguons trois profils de radins : les économes, les avares et les consommateurs malins. Nous concluons avec des recommandations managériales propres à chacun de ces profils.
La montée en compétence marketing des distributeurs : modalités, défis et enjeux de management
Authors: Moati Philippe , Volle Pierre
Published: March 2012

Résumé Pendant les années 1990-2010, la mobilisation par les distributeurs des ressources attachées à la compétence marketing s’est principalement opérée par le recrutement de personnels qualifiés et la mise en place de partenariats. Cependant, notre étude montre que le cœur de la compétence marketing réside moins dans les ressources que dans l’adaptation des capacités organisationnelles. Cette adaptation se révèle comme un processus complexe et progressif, mettant en jeu des questions de culture d’entreprise et de transversalité des processus, notamment autour du management des catégories de produits. Cependant, le renforcement durable des compétences marketing dans la distribution passe sans doute par un profond changement du modèle d’affaires.
Branding et labels en tourisme : réticences et défis
Authors: Marcotte Pascale , Bourdeau Laurent , Leroux Erick
Published: March 2012

Résumé Depuis les années 1990, on assiste, au sein de l’industrie touristique, à une prolifération de labels. Parmi ceux-ci, certains visent à protéger des territoires soumis à une forte pression touristique ou à démontrer que leur développement suit les préceptes du développement durable. Pour plusieurs sites ou destinations, l’obtention d’un label s’inscrit ainsi non seulement comme un moyen de protection, mais peut aussi s’ajouter aux stratégies de promotion touristique du territoire. Le label vise en effet à communiquer sur la qualité du site, et peut dans ce cadre, être un argument convainquant. Sous cette apparente évidence, il apparaît toutefois que les liens entre le moyen de protection que peut représenter le label et sa communication dans la promotion touristique sont plus complexes. À partir d’exemples de labels de territoire liés au développement durable, cet article vise donc à définir et distinguer les termes de label et de marque ( branding ) de territoire dans l’industrie touristique, et à analyser leur interrelation dans la promotion touristique.
La financiarisation est-elle un vecteur majeur d'avènement d'une « société du risque » ?
Authors: Dufour Nicolas
Published: March 2012

Résumé Dans le cadre d’une démarche hypothético-déductive, il s’agit de présenter les fondements d’un cadre conceptuel, la « société du risque », au travers de la théorie de la structuration d’A. Giddens. Ce cadre d’analyse, envisagé comme une conséquence de la modernité, est transposé au contexte de la financiarisation afin de déterminer si la finance moderne contribue à l’avènement d’une « société du risque ». L’omniprésence du financier dans la vie économique a fait de la confiance un marché à part entière et de son corollaire, le risque, une matière première et un levier de création de valeur, source d’opportunités. Ce marché de la confiance valide l’herméneutique de la société du risque en ce sens que la finance coïncide avec les mécanismes de la modernité. La dernière crise nous enseigne que ces jalons de la confiance étant devenus inopérants, l’idéal-type de l’homo faber triomphant par la maîtrise de son environnement, la technè au sens d’Hans Jonas, se trouve invalidé au profit d’une autre figure, l’homo vulnerabilis, par principe évoluant dans un axiome de rationalité limitée, soit l’individu en proie à l’incertitude et la vulnérabilité. On constate que le monde financier présente les prérequis en faisant un vecteur de la « société du risque ». Une telle représentation suppose toutefois une compréhension de cet environnement pour, au-delà de la méfiance liée à l’ignorance, ne pas être une simple perception du risque.
La titrisation: dispositif emblématique de la financiarisation irresponsable et facteur de risques sociétaux inédits
Authors: Fimbel Éric , Karyotis Catherine
Published: March 2012

Résumé Couplée à la cupidité décomplexée et planétarisée, la financiarisation de l’économie crée et mobilise des dispositifs dont la nature autant que les effets issus de leurs usages produisent des risques inédits pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes du tissu sociétal. La titrisation en est l’un des dispositifs les plus emblématiques. Une mobilisation combinée des pensées et travaux de Stiglitz, Beck et Latour nous aide à lire la titrisation en tant que technoscience, fruit de ce que nous nommons une « réflexo-genèse ».
Types de risques perçus et réducteurs de risques dans le commerce électronique : le cas du site Fnac.com
Authors: Bèzes Christophe
Published: March 2012

Résumé Cette recherche aborde les freins relatifs à l’achat sur Internet, non par le concept de confiance déjà largement mobilisé dans la littérature, mais par celui de risques spécifiques perçus. Réalisée sur 1167 adhérents de la Fnac, elle identifie les types de risques perçus qui pénalisent le plus l’achat en ligne, puis les caractéristiques du site que l’enseigne concernée devrait améliorer pour réduire ces risques. Elle conclut qu’il est possible de se concentrer sur seulement quelques réducteurs de risques. Toutefois, cette stratégie aura plus d’effet sur des acheteurs multicanaux que sur des clients n’utilisant encore le site que pour s’informer.
Teachers' Perceptions of Interactive Boards for Teaching and Learning in Public and Private High Schools in the Arab Education System in Israel
Authors: Daher Wajeeh M. , Abu-Hussein Jamal , Alfahel Essa
Published: March 2012

Interactive boards are becoming an integral part of the educational scene in schools in the western countries and are not considered just an additional aid to teaching. In Israel too, interactive boards are becoming gradually part of the educational scene, so evaluation is needed for various aspects of teachers' teaching and students' learning with these new tools. One such important aspect is teachers' perceptions of the interactive board as a tool for teaching and learning. This research intended to examine the difference between teachersâ?? perceptions of four aspects of the interactive boards: pedagogic, didactic, technical-pedagogic, and technical-didactic aspects. We examined teachers' perceptions of these aspects in public and private schools. In addition, we examined the difference between the perceptions of those who use the computer for teaching and those who do not. Further, we examined the reasons that prevent teachers from using the interactive boards in public schools as compared to private schools.

The data was collected through a questionnaire which examines teachersâ?? perceptions of four aspects of using the interactive boards. The participants were 217 high school teachers (157 public high school teachers and 60 private high school teachers). The research findings show that there exist significant differences between teachersâ?? perceptions of the interactive board for teaching and learning regarding (1) type of school, and (2) use of computers for teaching goals. No significant difference was found between reasons that prevent teachers from using the interactive boards in public and private school except one reason: the shortage of interactive board in every classroom. We discuss the findings and draw appropriate conclusions. It was also interesting to examine the reasons that prevent teachers from using the interactive boards, and whether there is difference in these reasons in public schools as compared to private schools.
Coordination between TLR9 Signaling in Macrophages and CD3 Signaling in T Cells Induces Robust Expression of IL-30
Authors: Dibra Denada , Cutrera Jeffry J. , Li Shulin
Published: March 2012

IL-30, the p28 subunit of IL-27, interacts with EBV-induced gene 3 to form IL-27, which modulates both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during autoimmune or infectious disease. It also acts as a natural antagonist of gp130, thereby attenuating the signals of other gp130-associated cytokines. IL-30 regulation via LPS has been reported by others, but the intercellular communication that induces IL-30 expression is unknown. In this study, we show that treatment with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces robust expression of IL-30, whereas either treatment alone induces only low expression of IL-30. This observation in vitro mirrors the murine model in which administration of CpG under inflammatory conditions in vivo induces IL-30 expression. This robust induction of IL-30 occurs through the coordination of helper CD4+ T cells and innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages) and, to a lesser degree, B cells via the CD40/CD154 signaling pathway. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism that integrates signaling pathways from T cells and macrophages at the cellular level to induce IL-30 expression.
Regulatory T Cells Selectively Preserve Immune Privilege of Self-Antigens during Viral Central Nervous System Infection
Authors: Cervantes-Barragán Luisa , Firner Sonja , Bechmann Ingo , Waisman Ari , Lahl Katharina , Sparwasser Tim , Thiel Volker , Ludewig Burkhard
Published: March 2012

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important for the attenuation of immune reactions. During viral CNS infections, however, an indiscriminate maintenance of CNS immune privilege through Treg-mediated negative regulation could prevent autoimmune sequelae but impair the control of viral replication. We analyzed in this study the impact of Tregs on the development of acute viral encephalomyelitis, T cell-mediated antiviral protection, and prevention of CNS autoimmunity following intranasal infection with the gliatropic mouse hepatitis virus strain A59. To assess the contribution of Tregs in vivo, we specifically depleted CD4+Foxp3+ T cells in a diphtheria toxin-dependent manner. We found that depletion of Tregs had no impact on viral distribution and clearance and did not significantly alter virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. However, Treg depletion led to a more severe CNS inflammation associated with neuronal damage. Dissection of the underlying immunopathological mechanisms revealed the elaborate Treg-dependent regulation of self-reactive CD4+ T cell proliferation within the CNS-draining lymph node and downtuning of CXCR3 expression on T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Tregs preserve CNS immune privilege through selective control of CNS-specific Th cells while keeping protective antiviral immunity fully operative.
γ-Herpesvirus Reactivation Differentially Stimulates Epitope-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses
Authors: Freeman Michael L. , Burkum Claire E. , Jensen Meghan K. , Woodland David L. , Blackman Marcia A.
Published: March 2012

The γ-herpesviruses are characterized by their ability to establish lifelong latency. Subsequent immune suppression leads to viral reactivation from latency and the onset of a variety of pathologies, including lymphoproliferative disease and cancers. CD8 T cells play a key role in preventing reactivation of latent virus. Therefore, to develop effective therapeutic immune strategies, it is essential to understand the maintenance of CD8 T cell responses during latency. Because the γ-herpesviruses are highly species-specific and mice cannot be infected with the human pathogens, EBV or Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, we have used a natural rodent γ-herpesvirus experimental infection model, γ-herpesvirus-68. In this report, we show that during long-term latent infection, naive CD8 T cells are recruited into the ongoing immune response in an epitope-specific manner. When virus reactivation is induced in vivo, the recruitment of CD8 T cells for some, but not all, epitopes is enhanced. The variation in recruitment is not due to differences in epitope presentation. We also show that CD8 T cells that are newly stimulated during reactivation are functionally impaired compared with acutely stimulated cells in terms of cytokine production. Thus, our results demonstrate unexpected complexity in the response of CD8 T cells specific for different viral epitopes that were stimulated during acute infection, quiescent latency, and reactivation.
Millennial-length forward models and pseudoproxies of stalagmite δ18O: an example from NW Scotland
Authors: Baker A. , Bradley C. , Phipps S. J. , Fischer M. , Fairchild I. J. , Fuller L. , Spötl C. , Azcurra C.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. The stable oxygen isotope parameter δ18O remains the most widely utilised speleothem proxy for past climate reconstructions. Uncertainty can be introduced into stalagmite δ18O from a number of factors, one of which is the heterogeneity of groundwater flow in karstified aquifers. Here, we present a lumped parameter hydrological model, KarstFor, which is capable of generating monthly simulations of surface water – ground water – stalagmite δ18O for more than thousand year time periods. Using a variety of climate input series, we use this model for the first time to compare observational with modelled (pseudoproxy) stalagmite δ18O series for a site at Assynt, NW Scotland, where our knowledge of δ18O systematics is relatively well understood. The use of forward modelling allows us to quantify the relative contributions of climate, peat and karst hydrology, and disequilibrium effects in stalagmite δ18O, from which we can identify potential stalagmite δ18O responses to climate variability. Comparison of the modelled and actual stalagmite δ18O for two stalagmites from the site demonstrates that for the period of overlapping growth, the two series do not correlate with one another, but forward modelling demonstrates that this falls within the range explicable by differences in flow routing to the stalagmites. Pseudoproxy δ18O stalagmite series highlight the potential significance of peat hydrology in controlling stalagmite δ18O over the last 1000 years at this site.
A conceptual remote sensing based interception-infiltration model for regional and global applications
Authors: Tum M. , Borg E.
Published: March 2012

Abstract. We present a remote sensing driven modelling approach to simulate the one dimensional water transport in the vadose zone of unsaturated soils on a daily basis, which can be used for regional to global applications. Our model needs van Genuchten parameters to calculate the hydraulic conductivity, which we estimated using the ISRIC-WISE Harmonized Global Soil Profile Dataset Ver. 3.1 and the Rosetta programme. We calculated all needed parameters for 26 global main soil types and 102 soils of second order, which are based on the original, global FAO 1974 soil classification. Soil depth and the layering of one to six layers were defined for each soil. The parameters for the main soils are presented in this paper. Interception by vegetation is also considered using remote sensing calculated Leaf Area Index (LAI) time series from SPOT-VEGETATION. Precipitation is based on daily time series from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). For Germany we compared our model output with soil moisture data from the ECMWF, which is based on the same precipitation dataset. We found a good agreement for the general characteristics of our modelled plant available soil water with this dataset, especially for soils which are close to the standard characteristics of the ECMWF. Disagreements were found for soils under stagnant moisture and for shallow soils, which are not considered in the ECMWF model scheme, but can be distinguished with our approach. The proposed approach for combining established model formulations for interception and one-dimensional vertical water transport with time-series of remote sensing data intends to contribute to the realistic parameterization of the soil water budged. This is especially needed for the global and regional assessment of e.g. net primary productivity which can be calculated with vegetation models.
Understanding the Role of Planners in Wildfire Preparedness and Mitigation
Authors: Bihari Menka , Hamin Elisabeth M. , Ryan Robert L.
Published: March 2012

As wildfires affect more residential areas across the United States, the need for collaboration between land managers, federal agencies, neighbours, and local governments has become more pressing especially in the context of the wildland-urban interface. Previous research has not focused much on land-use planners’ role in wildfire mitigation. This paper provides information on how land-use planners can assist communities in learning to live with wildfire risk through planning, preparedness, and mitigation efforts in the wildland-urban interface (WUI). Based on interviews with land-use planners, forest planners, and local emergency management officials, we identified a range of tools that could be used for improving wildfire preparedness and mitigation initiatives in the WUI, but also found that planners felt that they lacked the regulatory authority to use these tenaciously. The paper also identifies a range of possible actions that would contribute towards safer building practices in the interface communities.
Empire by Consent: Strakhov, Dostoevskii, and the Polish Uprising of 1863
Authors: Bojanowska Edyta M.
Published: March 2012

In this article Edyta Bojanowska explores the circumstances surrounding the publication, in 1863 in the Dostoevskii brothers' journalVremia, of a pro-Polish article by Nikolai Strakhov that led to the journal's closing. Bojanowska argues against accepting Strakhov's and Fedor Dostoevskii's retroactive explanations that the article was misunderstood. She analyzes Strakhov's article and the entire issue ofVremiain which it appeared and finds a consistent message in both: that Russia should withdraw from Poland, where imperial success would be either unlikely or too costly, shift its attention from imperial expansion to a domestic agenda, and restructure the empire into one based on the constituent populations' consent. Given Dostoevskii's endorsement of Strakhov's article and his hands-on editorial work onVremia, this affair suggests a tolerant and pragmatic phase in Dostoevskii's imperial ideology that contrasts with the militant imperialistic punditry of his later period.
Virtue and Meaningful Work
Authors: Beadle Ron , Knight Kelvin
Published: March 2012

This article deploys Alasdair MacIntyre’s Aristotelian virtue ethics, in which meaningfulness is understood to supervene on human functioning, to bring empirical and ethical accounts of meaningful work into dialogue. Whereas empirical accounts have presented the experience of meaningful work either in terms of agents’ orientation to work or as intrinsic to certain types of work, ethical accounts have largely assumed the latter formulation and subjected it to considerations of distributive justice. This article critiques both the empirical and ethical literatures from the standpoint of MacIntyre’s account of the relationship between the development of virtuous dispositions and participation in work that is productive of goods internal to practices. This reframing suggests new directions for empirical and ethical enquiries.
Blood component support in acquired coagulopathic conditions: Is there a method to the madness?
Authors: Pandit Trailokya Nath , Sarode Ravindra
Published: March 2012

Acquired coagulopathies are often detected by laboratory investigation in clinical practice. There is a poor correlation between mild to moderate abnormalities of laboratory test and bleeding tendency. Patients who are bleeding due to coagulopathy are often managed with various blood components including plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. However, prophylactic transfusion of these products in a nonbleeding patient to correct mild to moderate abnormality of a coagulation test especially preprocedure is not evidence‐based. This article reviews the management of bleeding due to oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, disseminated intravascular coagulation, chronic liver disease, and trauma. Am. J. Hematol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced‐intensity conditioning in unrelated donor cord blood transplantation for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Nishi Masanori , Nishimura Ryosei , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Sawada Akihisa , Okamura Takayuki , Fujita Naoto , Kanai Rie , Yano Jun , Adachi Souichi , Yasumi Takahiro , Sato Emiko , Yasutomo Koji , Ishii Eiichi , Ohga Shouichi
Published: March 2012

Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a disorder of immune homeostasis characterized by fever, cytopenias, hepatosplenomegaly, and coagulopathy. We studied the outcomes of 13 FHL patients who underwent the first unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) after non‐myeloablative conditionings. The major regimen consisted of fludarabine (FLU; n = 12)+melphalan (MEL; n = 11)±low‐dose total body irradiation (TBI 2‐4 Gy; n = 6). The median age at presentation and period to UCBT were 6 and 5 months, respectively. Central nervous system (CNS) disease developed in one infant at diagnosis, and in two others until UCBT. HLH activity was controlled in all but one at the time of UCBT. Ten patients had early engraftment on median day 21 with no grade >2 treatment‐related toxicity and two controllable grade >2 acute GVHD. Two patients with early rejection successfully underwent subsequent UCBT after myeloablative conditioning. Two others had late graft failure following mixed donor chimerism. Two deaths occurred from HLH; early liver failure and late CNS disease. Of 11 FLU+MEL‐conditioned patients, the frequency of disease‐free complete engraftment was higher for MEL (≥120 mg/m2)+TBI, or high‐dose MEL (180 mg/m2) than for others (83% vs. 25%, p = 0.036). The FLU+MEL‐based non‐myeloablative regimen was acceptable for FHL infants undergoing UCBT, although further studies will be needed for confirmation. Am. J. Hematol. 87:637–639, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The literature on inhibitors: Articles that influence my management of patients with hemophilia A and high‐titer inhibitors
Authors: Leissinger Cindy A.
Published: March 2012

High‐titer inhibitors represent the greatest management challenge faced by clinicians who treat patients with hemophilia A, as bleeding episodes no longer respond to standard factor VIII replacement therapy. Over the last seven decades, major strides have been made in inhibitor treatment. This article focuses on the seminal clinical observations and studies that provided the foundation for these advances in hemophilia care. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In multiple myeloma, bone‐marrow lymphocytes harboring the same chromosomal abnormalities as autologous plasma cells predict poor survival
Authors: Debes Marun Carina S. , Belch Andrew R. , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: March 2012

Chromosomal abnormalities in plasma cells (PCs) from multiple myeloma (MM) provide a clonal signature to identify malignant cells. BM‐lymphocytes from MM aspirates, defined by stringent criteria, were screened for the same chromosomal abnormalities as autologous PCs, including translocations, deletions, and amplifications. For 200 MM patients, we evaluated BM mononuclear cells to identify lymphocytes and autologous PCs on the same slide, followed by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization to characterize their chromosomal abnormalities. Of all patients having a given chromosomal abnormality(s) in PCs, 45% showed that same abnormality(s) in 2–37% (median = 5%) of BM‐lymphocytes. Most translocations, amplifications, and deletions found in MM PCs were also detected in lymphocytes, above the healthy‐donor “cut‐off.” In patients having chromosomally abnormal CD20− PCs, chromosomally abnormal lymphocytes were found among CD20+ cells confirming them as B cells. Exceptions were amplification of 1q21 or p53 deletion, which characterize PCs but were undetectable in BM‐lymphocytes, suggesting that processes leading to these abnormalities may be exclusive to PCs. For a set of 75 patients whose BM‐lymphocytes and PCs were analyzed by all six probe sets, 58% of those with abnormal PC also had abnormal BM‐lymphocytes harboring from one to five different abnormalities. Confirming the clinical significance of chromosomally abnormal BM‐lymphocytes, MM patients having abnormalities in both lymphocytes and PC had significantly worse survival than those with abnormalities only in PC (HR = 2.68). The presence of at least one chromosomal abnormality in BM‐lymphocytes appears to have greater clinical significance than particular abnormalities. Chromosomally abnormal BM‐lymphocytes correlate with poor outcome and by extrapolation with more aggressive disease. Am. J. Hematol. 87:579–587, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tap water or “sterile” water for sinus irrigations: what are our patients using?
Authors: Sowerby Leigh J. , Wright Erin D.
Published: March 2012

Background:

Nasal saline irrigations are a valuable, widely used adjunct for the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Due to potential concerns regarding infection, patients are commonly recommended to use distilled, bottled, or boiled tap water when mixing these solutions. Anecdotally, patients frequently inform otolaryngologists that they use tap water for irrigation preparation. The purpose of this study was to assess patient adherence to preparation guidelines.

Methods:

This study was a cross‐sectional, anonymous survey of 100 consecutive patients using nasal saline irrigations for chronic rhinosinusitis on the instruction of the senior author. Patients received their instructions in a standardized manner including printed handouts and had been instructed to use distilled, bottled, or boiled tap water.

Results:

Patients almost uniformly reported improvement in their symptoms with the use of saline irrigations. No single water preparation was used by a majority of patients. However, tap water was used by 48% and the most common reason cited for using tap water was convenience. Of the patients using bottled, distilled, or boiled tap water, 65% described the process as “mildly” or “moderately” inconvenient. A large majority (70%) of patients report not adhering to cleaning instructions for their sinus rinse bottles.

Conclusion:

Despite standardized instructions for the preparation of saline irrigation solutions, many patients use untreated tap water. The extremely rare, but typically fatal, risk of meningoencephalitis from Naegleria fowlerii makes this a potential health hazard. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Conceptual syntagmatic associations in user tagging
Authors: Yoon Kyunghye
Published: March 2012

This study aimed to integrate the linguistic theory of syntagmatic relations and the concept of topic and comment into an empirical analysis of user tagging. User tags on documents in a social bookmarking site reflect a user's views of an information object, which can augment the content description and provide more effective representation of information. The study presents a study of tag analysis to uncover semantic relations among tag terms implicit in user tagging. The objective was to identify the syntagmatic semantic cores of topic and comment in user tags evidenced by the meaning attached to the information object by users. The study focused on syntagmatic relations, which were based on the way in which terms were used within the information content among users. Analysis of descriptive tag terms found three primary categories of concepts: content‐topic, content‐comment, and context of use. The relations among terms within a group and between the content‐topic and content‐comment groups were determined by inferring user meaning from the user notes and from the context of the source text. Intergroup relations showed syntagmatic associations between the topic and comment, whereas intragroup relations were more general but were limited in the document context. The findings are discussed with regard to the semantics of concepts and relations in user tagging. An implication of syntagmatic relations to information search suggests that concepts can be combined by a specific association in the context of the actual use of terms.
A new approach for measuring the value of patents based on structural indicators for ego patent citation networks
Authors: Hu Xiaojun , Rousseau Ronald , Chen Jin
Published: March 2012

Technology sectors differ in terms of technological complexity. When studying technology and innovation through patent analysis it is well known that similar amounts of technological knowledge can produce different numbers of patented innovation as output. A new multilayered approach to measure the technological value of patents based on ego patent citation networks (PCNs) is developed in this study. The results show that the structural indicators for the ego PCN developed in this contribution can characterize groups of patents and, hence, in an indirect way, the health of companies.