bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systemic Privatizations and the Failure to ‘Shrink the State’: The Regulation of Insolvent Essential Services in the United Kingdom and Australia
Authors: Wardrop Ann
Published: December 2005

Utilizing Feigenbaum, Henig and Hammett's typology, privatizations in the UK and Australia may be described as ‘systemic’ in the sense that their aim has been in part to ‘shrink the state’. Privatizations of essential services such as water, rail and energy in both countries appear to have failed in this endeavour. One example of this failure in the UK is the proliferation of special administration regimes which are initiated by the state and regulate the resolution of essential service insolvency. The recent introduction of an energy administration procedure in the Energy Act 2004 (UK) is yet another example of this process. Regulation of infrastructure insolvency appears on its face to have taken a different course in Australia, relying, for the most part on the usual insolvency regimes. However, the utilization of a contractual model for state oversight in the case of railway company insolvency and the willingness of the state to intervene in the financial distress of electricity generators suggest the Australian approach has also resulted in maintenance of the state's role following privatization. This paper reviews the experience of the State of Victoria in the failure of a rail company and electricity generator and considers to what extent the non-statutory processes utilized by the state reflects its continuing role post privatization. In so doing, the paper evaluates the device of the UK special administration regime and in particular discusses the energy administration provisions of the Energy Act 2004 (UK).
Complaints against the Police in China: A Personal View
Authors: Li Wen
Published: December 2005

China does not have an independent police complaints system. Police services are under the control of local governments and police chiefs, and police chiefs have specific responsibility for the supervision of police complaints. Although traditionally the Chinese prosecutors have acted as independent supervisors in the more serious complaints against the police, they are still seen as part of the criminal justice establishment. Recent efforts to change the present system have proved ineffective and inadequate in a modernising and reforming China and there are now calls for an independent element to be introduced into the police complaints system in China. This article discusses the main issues involved and suggests a way forward.
Gambling-Related Violence: An Issue for the Police?
Authors: Griffiths Mark , Parke Adrian , Parke Jonathan
Published: December 2005

The co-relationship between addiction, violence and gambling is only just emerging. Police intervention may be needed in two main areas: (i) violence caused as a result of gamblers taking out their anger over losses on their partners; and (ii) violence caused by gamblers taking out their anger over losses on either the staff of the gambling premises or on other punters. This article reviews the research in this area and concludes that gambling-related violence can and does occur, and that when it does, it is definitely an issue for the police.
A Model Action Plan for the Maoist-Infested Region
Authors: Nayak Giridhari
Published: December 2005

Left-wing extremism has made great inroads in large swathes of South Asia. With military gradualism, vituperative propaganda and an ever-expanding network, the extremists are on the march. Their influence and infiltration are increasing in different new areas. The terror unleashed by the extremists is intended to overthrow the government and dislocate the state structure. In order to forestall and fight effectively, the government has to evolve proper and appropriate policies, develop institutions, marshal resources, and train, motivate and equip manpower. Many actions on policy, organisation and operations have to be taken; an agenda for action has to be framed and a Model Action Plan prepared. The Action Plan is an effort to conceptualise and strategise the repertoires of collective action that are essential to create a framework which can beat the threat of Maoist terrorism.
Effect of Visible Light on Normal and P23H‐3 Transgenic Rat Retinas: Characterization of a Novel Retinoic Acid Derivative Present in the P23H‐3 Retina
Authors: Duncan Todd , Wiggert Barbara , Whittaker Noel , Darrow Ruth , Organisciak Daniel T.
Published: December 2005

Transgenic rats with the P23H mutation in rhodopsin exhibit increased susceptibility to light damage, compared with normal animals. It is known that light‐induced retinal damage requires repetitive bleaching of rhodopsin and that photoreceptor cell loss is by apoptosis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) leading to photoreceptor cell death are still unknown. Photoproducts, such as all‐trans retinal or other retinoid metabolites, released by the extensive bleaching of rhodopsin could lead to activation of degenerative processes, especially in animals genetically predisposed to retinal degenerations. Using wild‐type and transgenic rats carrying the P23H opsin mutation, we evaluated the effects of acute intense visible light on retinoid content, type and distribution in ocular tissues. Rats were exposed to green light (480–590 nm) for 0, 5, 10, 30 and 120 min. Following light treatment, rats were sacrificed and neural retinas were dissected free of the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinoids were extracted from retinal tissues and then subjected to HPLC and mass spectral analysis. We found that the light exposure affected relative levels of retinoids in the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium of wild‐type and P23H rat eyes similarly. In the P23H rat retina but not the wild‐type rat retina, we found a retinoic acid‐like compound with an absorbance maximum of 357 nm and a mass of 304 daltons. Production of this retinoic acid‐like compound in transgenic rats is influenced by the age of the animals and the duration of light exposure. It is possible that this unique retinoid may be involved in the process of light‐induced retinal degeneration.
Effects of Organic Fertilization and Organic Diets on Production of Channel Catfish in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Mischke Charles C , Torrans Eugene L , Bosworth Brian G
Published: December 2005

We evaluated the effects of organic fertilization and “organic” diets on the production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. During fingerling production, four 0.4-ha earthen ponds were fertilized with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and regular cottonseed meal (control ponds) and four were fertilized with organically produced cottonseed meal only (organic ponds). Swim-up fry were stocked into each pond at a rate of 247,000 fish/ha and fed a control or organic diet daily to apparent satiation for one growing season. During food fish production, overwintered control and organic fingerlings (mean initial weights = 50.8 and 44.8 g/fish, respectively) from fingerling production were each stocked into five 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 14,800 fish/ha and fed a control or organic diet daily to apparent satiation for one growing season. Fish were raised with a predetermined organic program that was largely based on U.S. livestock organic standards, since there were no organic aquaculture standards available in the USA. During fingerling production, ponds fertilized with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and cottonseed meal had higher total N and P and higher abundances of preferred zooplankton taxa than did ponds fertilized with organically produced and processed cottonseed meal alone. Gross production of fingerlings in organic ponds was lower than that in the control ponds. During food fish production, there were no differences in production characteristics and carcass yield between conventionally and organically grown fish. However, organic fish had lower fillet yield and higher body fat than did control fish. The slightly higher body fat observed in organic fish mainly resulted from the slightly higher fat content in the organic diet. The results from this study indicate that channel catfish can be grown from swim-up fry to food size organically, but gross production during the first season may be lower in organic ponds than in nonorganic ponds, in part because preferred zooplankton taxa are produced in lower abundances in the ponds fertilized with organic cottonseed meal.
Evidence of Delayed Mortality on Juvenile Pacific Salmon Passing through Turbines at Columbia River Dams
Authors: Ferguson John W. , Absolon Randall F. , Carlson Thomas J. , Sandford Benjamin P.
Published: December 2005

We evaluated the survival of juvenile salmon through turbines in Columbia River dams and found no differences between two operations but strong evidence of delayed mortality from turbine passage. After tagging with a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag and a radio tag, yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were released at McNary Dam on the Columbia River through a turbine operating both within 1% of peak efficiency (a discharge rate of 317 m3/s) and outside the 1% range at the maximum blade angle (464 m3/s). Estimated relative survival to a detection array 15 km downstream was 0.871 at 317 m3/s and 0.856 at 464 m3/s and 0.858 and 0.814, respectively, to an array 46 km downstream. The highest point estimates of survival occurred under the lower discharge, suggesting that operating turbines within 1% of peak efficiency is a useful guideline for fish protection at McNary Dam. In a concurrent evaluation using balloon tags, estimated mean direct survival ranged from 0.930 to 0.946. Radio tag estimates were significantly lower than balloon tag estimates under both operations. Based on these differences, we estimated that delayed mortality comprised from 46% to 70% of total estimated mortality. We reviewed the literature and concluded that delayed mortality was caused by sublethal impacts to fish sensory systems, which increased vulnerability to predation in the tailrace. We recommend that future research to improve turbine designs and operations for fish passage focus on this major component of mortality.
Introducing Bulky Functional Lanthanide Cores into Thermotropic Metallomesogens: A Bottom‐Up Approach
Authors: Terazzi E. , Suarez S. , Torelli S. , Nozary H. , Imbert D. , Mamula O. , Rivera J.‐P. , Guillet E. , Bénech J.‐M. , Bernardinelli G. , Scopelliti R. , Donnio B. , Guillon D. , Bünzli J.‐C. G. , Piguet C.
Published: December 2005

Basic thermodynamic considerations are used to rationalize the formation of thermotropic mesophases incorporating aromatic ligands for trivalent lanthanide metal ions (Ln). Standard flat and bent molecular interfaces, separating the central binding unit from the lateral, flexible alkoxy chains, provide programmed lamellar and columnar organization in the mesophases, which are removed upon complexation to Ln(NO3)3and Ln(CF3CO2)3. Only significantly curved aromatic/aliphatic interfaces, found in polycatenar ligands, are able to overcome the considerable perturbations of the intermolecular interactions produced by the introduction of the bulky metallic core. A rich mesomorphism results, which can be tuned by a judicious control of the metallic coordination sphere. The exploitation of specific, metal‐centered luminescence for probing phase transitions and microscopic environments in mesophases is also discussed, as is the use of ionic liquids for producing tunable luminescent mesophases.
Biosensing Properties of TitanateNanotube Films: Selective Detection of Dopamine in the Presence of Ascorbate and Uric Acid
Authors: Liu A. , Wei M. D. , Honma I. , Zhou H.
Published: December 2005

A novel strategy based on titanate nanotubes (TNTs) for developing an electrochemical biosensor is proposed. Stable TNT films are fabricated on glassy carbon (GC) electrodes by a casting technique. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectrometry, and linear‐sweep voltammetry are used to characterize the TNT membrane‐covered GC electrodes (TNT/GCs). The TNT film is shown to demonstrate selectivity by charge exclusion. The TNT film is also shown to be capable of improving the mass transport to the electrode surface and electron transfer between dopamine (DA) and the electrode. Therefore, DA exhibits a quasireversible electrochemical reaction at the TNT/GC electrode. The voltammetric signal of DA is well resolved from those of ascorbate (AA) and uric acid (UA) at the TNT/GC electrode; therefore, DA can be selectively detected in the presence of a large excess of AA and UA at physiological pH. The linear calibration curve for DA is obtained over the concentration range 0.1–30 μM in a physiological solution that contains 0.1 mM AA and 0.3 mM UA.
Fabrication of Single‐Crystalline Silicon Nanowires by Scratching a Silicon Surface with Catalytic Metal Particles
Authors: Peng K. Q. , Hu J. J. , Yan Y. J. , Wu Y. , Fang H. , Xu Y. , Lee S. T. , Zhu J.
Published: December 2005

A novel strategy for preparing large‐area, oriented silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays on silicon substrates at near room temperature by localized chemical etching is presented. The strategy is based on metal‐induced (either by Ag or Au) excessive local oxidation and dissolution of a silicon substrate in an aqueous fluoride solution. The density and size of the as‐prepared SiNWs depend on the distribution of the patterned metal particles on the silicon surface. High‐density metal particles facilitate the formation of silicon nanowires. Well‐separated, straight nanoholes are dug along the Si block when metal particles are well dispersed with a large space between them. The etching technique is weakly dependent on the orientation and doping type of the silicon wafer. Therefore, SiNWs with desired axial crystallographic orientations and doping characteristics are readily obtained. Detailed scanning electron microscopy observations reveal the formation process of the silicon nanowires, and a reasonable mechanism is proposed on the basis of the electrochemistry of silicon and the experimental results.
On‐Chain Fluorenone Defect Emission from Single Polyfluorene Molecules in the Absence of Intermolecular Interactions
Authors: Becker K. , Lupton J. M. , Feldmann J. , Nehls B. S. , Galbrecht F. , Gao D. Q. , Scherf U.
Published: December 2005

The emission of semiconducting polyfluorenes is often accompanied by an undesired feature in the green spectral region. Whereas a number of previous investigations have argued in favor of a monomolecular origin of the emission species based on ketonic defects, recent experimental results suggested the necessity of excimer formation between individual fluorenone units. We provide a range of new evidence supporting the monomolecular origin of green band emission in polyfluorenes. Most importantly, we succeed in performing single‐molecule spectroscopy on fluorenone‐containing polyfluorene model compounds. Whereas most fluorenone‐containing molecules exhibit both blue backbone and green fluorenone emission independent of fluorenone concentration, it is the relative intensities of the two species which correlate strongly with the fluorenone concentration on the single‐molecule level. Furthermore, we consider a novel model compound with a bifacial arrangement of two fluorenone units. This compound does not provide any signatures of enhanced intramolecular excimer formation but does strongly indicate that concentration quenching effects occur once fluorenone units can interact electronically. The ability to detect on‐chain defect emission in a single polymer molecule demonstrates that photochemical reactions in conjugated polymers can be monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy down to the level of a few atoms, constituting an unprecedented degree of materials characterization.
Titelbild: Submolekulare Adressierung der Metallzentren in einem [2×2]‐CoII4‐Gitterkomplex mittels STM/STS‐Techniken (Angew. Chem. 48/2005)
Authors: Alam Mohammad Sahabul , Strömsdörfer Stefan , Dremov Viacheslav , Müller Paul , Kortus Jens , Ruben Mario , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: December 2005

“I find in the square specific settings, divisible areas, number structures, possibilities of time, measure and rhythm as well as the essential form of color which can be placed in the square to interplay with number forms.” Dieser Ausspruch von Alfred Jensen (zu sehen ist sein Gemälde “The River Diagram”) kann auch für Arbeiten zu molekularen Quadraten gelten. So zeigen M. Ruben, J.‐M. Lehn und P. Müller in der Zuschrift auf S. 8109 ff. die spektroskopische Zerlegung eines molekularen Quadrats in Regionen unterschiedlicher elektronischer Eigenschaften durch STM/STS.
Structure and property relationship of thermotropic liquid crystal polymer and polyester composite fibers
Authors: Kim Jun Young , Kim Seong Hun
Published: December 2005

Poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composite fibers reinforced with a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) were prepared by the melt blending and spinning process to achieve high performance fibers with improved processability. Polymer composite fibers consisting of cheap polyester and small quantity of expensive TLCP are of interest from an economic point of view and from an industrial perspective. The increase in the birefringence and density of the TLCP/PEN/PET composite fibers with the spinning speed was attributable to the enhancement of the molecular orientation and effective packing between chains in the TLCP/PEN/PET composite fibers. Annealing process resulted in the formation of more ordered and perfect crystalline structure and higher crystallinity, improving the mechanical properties of the TLCP/PEN/PET composite fibers. The increase in the crystallite size and the degree of chain extension with increasing spinning speed resulted in the gradual increment of the long period for the TLCP/PEN/PET composite fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006.
Effects of 12 days of artificial rearing on morphology of hypoglossal motoneurons innervating tongue retrusors in rat
Authors: Smith J. Chadwick , Mcclung J. Ross , Goldberg Stephen J.
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of reduced tongue activity by artificial rearing on the morphology of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic tongue retrusors. Artificially reared rat pups were fed via gastric cannula from postnatal day 3 to postnatal day 14. Artificially reared animals and dam‐reared controls had cholera toxin (subunit B) conjugate of horseradish peroxidase injected into the styloglossus to label motoneurons innervating hyoglossus and styloglossus on postnatal day 13 and postnatal day 59. Following perfusion on postnatal days 14 and 60, serial transverse sections treated with tetramethyl benzidine and counterstained neutral red were used to analyze motoneuron morphology. The shorter diameter of hyoglossus motoneurons increased with age for the dam‐reared but not the artificially reared group. There was a tendency for a similar pattern for styloglossus motoneurons across the two rearing groups. The changes in form factor reflected the changes in shorter diameter for both motoneuron pools. Therefore, reducing suckling activity during normal postnatal development leads to diminished motoneuron somal growth in rats. This may also be the case in premature infants necessarily fed artificially. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tail equivalence relationships for ruin probabilities in several risk models
Authors: Hu Feng , Yin Chuancun , Zong Zhaojun
Published: December 2005

This paper is a further investigation into the ruin probability ψ(x) in several risk models, where x is the initial surplus. Under the assumption that the claim sizes are heavy‐tailed, we get some tail equivalence relationships of ψ(x). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric extreme interdependence in emerging equity markets
Authors: Vaz de Melo Mendes Beatriz
Published: December 2005

We assess the extent of integration between stock markets during stressful periods using the concept of copulas. Our methodology consists of fitting copulas to simultaneous exceedances of high thresholds, and computing copula‐based measures of interdependence and contagion. Using 21 pairs of emerging stock markets daily returns, we investigate if dependence increases with crisis, and analyse the chances of both markets crashing together. Dependence at joint positive and negative extreme returns levels may differ. This type of asymmetry is captured by the upper and lower tail dependence coefficients. Propagation of crisis may be faster in one direction, and this feature is captured by asymmetric copulas. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ridge regression in two‐parameter solution
Authors: Lipovetsky Stan , Conklin W. Michael
Published: December 2005

We consider simultaneous minimization of the model errors, deviations from orthogonality between regressors and errors, and deviations from other desired properties of the solution. This approach corresponds to a regularized objective that produces a consistent solution not prone to multicollinearity. We obtain a generalization of the ridge regression to two‐parameter model that always outperforms a regular one‐parameter ridge by better approximation, and has good properties of orthogonality between residuals and predicted values of the dependent variable. The results are very convenient for the analysis and interpretation of the regression. Numerical runs prove that this technique works very well. The examples are considered for marketing research problems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction in diabetes‐induced craniofacial defects by maternal immune stimulation
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Prater M. Renee , Toops Kimberly A. , Holladay Steven D.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes can induce a number of developmental abnormalities in laboratory animals and humans, including facial deformities and defects in neural tube closure. The incidence of birth defects in newborns of diabetic women is approximately 3–5 times higher than among non‐diabetics. In mice, non‐specific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by diverse etiologies, including diabetes induced neural tube defects. This study was conducted to determine whether non‐specific maternal immune stimulation could reduce diabetes‐induced craniofacial defects as well. METHODS: Maternal immune function was stimulated before streptozocin (STZ) treatment by maternal footpad injection with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), maternal intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), or maternal i.p. injection with interferon‐γ (IFNγ). Streptozocin (200 mg/kg i.p.) was used to induce hyperglycemia (26–35 mmol blood glucose) in female ICR mice before breeding. Fetuses from 12–18 litters per treatment group, were collected at Day 17 of gestation. RESULTS: Craniofacial defects were observed in fetuses from all hyperglycemic groups. The incidence of defects was significantly decreased in fetuses from dams immune stimulated with IFNγ or GM‐CSF. The most common defects were reduced maxillary and mandibular lengths. Both were prevented by maternal stimulation with GM‐CSF. CONCLUSION: Maternal immune stimulation reduced the incidence of diabetic craniofacial embryopathy. The mechanisms for these protective effects are unknown but may involve maternal or fetal production of cytokines or growth factors that protect the fetus from the dysregulatory effects of hyperglycemia. Birth Defects Res Part B 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entwurfsparameter für fugenlose Betonbrücken mit gekrümmtem Grundriß
Authors: Pötzl Michael , Maisel Jürgen
Published: December 2005

Die gekrümmte Grundrißform läßt sich optimal mit der fugenlosen Bauweise kombinieren. Denn Zwängungen aus Temperaturschwankungen und Betonschwinden lassen sich durch horizontales “Atmen” des Überbaus auf niedrigem Niveau halten. Damit können aufwendige technologische und konstruktive Maßnahmen zur Beherrschung der Rißbildung vermieden und Kosten gesenkt werden. Zudem eröffnen sich neue Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Im folgenden Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß zum Entwerfen gekrümmter Betonbrücken bereits wenige Parameter ausreichen.
Innovative Betondeckung – chemisch‐physikalische und mechanische Voraussetzungen
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad
Published: December 2005

Aufbauend auf experimentelle Untersuchungen von unterschiedlichen Mörtelzusammensetzungen der Betondeckung werden die chemisch‐physikalischen und mechanischen Anforderungen diskutiert. Das Ziel einer funktionstüchtigen Betondeckung ist es einerseits eine Schutzfunktion für die darunterliegende Stahlbewehrung und andererseits den Verbund zwischen Beton und Stahl zu gewährleisten. Verschiedene Betonmischungen mit und ohne Beschichtung wurden auf deren Permeabilität und deren Verhalten bei konzentrierter NaCl‐Einwirkung untersucht. An Hand von Bauaufnahmen wurden die realen Betondeckungen an Hoch‐ und Brückenbauelementen gemessen, statistisch ausgewertet und dem Sollmaß der Planvorgaben gegenübergestellt. Auf diesen Grundlagen werden konstruktive Folgerungen für die Praxis gezogen.
An Energetic Measure of Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity Based on the Pauling–Wheland Resonance Energies
Authors: Mo Yirong , Schleyer Paul von Ragué
Published: December 2005

Various criteria based on geometric, energetic, magnetic, and electronic properties are employed to delineate aromatic and antiaromatic systems. The recently proposed block‐localized wave function (BLW) method evaluates the original Pauling–Wheland adiabatic resonance energy (ARE), defined as the energy difference between the real conjugated system and the corresponding virtual most stable resonance structure. The BLW‐derived ARE of benzene is 57.5 kcal mol−1 with the 6‐311+G** basis set. Kistiakowsky's historical experimental evaluation of the stabilization energy of benzene (36 kcal mol−1), based on heats of hydrogenation, seriously underestimates this quantity due to the neglect of the partially counterbalancing hyperconjugative stabilization of cyclohexene, employed as the reference olefin (three times) in Kistiakowsky's evaluation. Based instead on the bond‐separation‐energy reaction involving ethene, which has no hyperconjugation, as well as methane and ethane, the experimental resonance energy of benzene is found to be 65.0 kcal mol−1. We derived the “extra cyclic resonance energy” (ECRE) to characterize and measure the extra stabilization (aromaticity) of conjugated rings. ECRE is the difference between the AREs of a fully cyclically conjugated compound and an appropriate model with corresponding, but interrupted (acyclic) conjugation. Based on 1,3,5‐hexatriene, which also has three double bonds, the ECRE of benzene is 36.7 kcal mol−1, whereas based on 1,3,5,7‐octatetraene, which has three diene conjugations, the ECRE of benzene is 25.7 kcal mol−1. Computations on a series of aromatic, nonaromatic, and antiaromatic five‐membered rings validate the BLW‐computed resonance energies (ARE). ECRE data on the five‐membered rings (derived from comparisons with acyclic models) correlate well with nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) and other quantitative aromaticity criteria. The ARE of cyclobutadiene is almost the same as butadiene but is 10.5 kcal mol−1 less than 1,3,5‐hexatriene, which also has two diene conjugations. The instability and high reactivity of cyclobutadiene thus mainly result from the σ‐frame strain and the π–π Pauli repulsion.
Chemical Waves
Authors: Biosa Grazia , Bastianoni Simone , Rustici Mauro
Published: December 2005

In our paper we try to describe the basic concepts of chemical waves and spatial pattern formation in a simple way. We pay particular attention to self‐organisation phenomena in extended excitable systems. These result in the appearance of travelling waves, spiral waves, target patterns, Turing structures or more complicated structures called scroll waves, which are three‐dimensional systems. We describe the most famous oscillating reaction, the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, in greater detail. This is because it is of great interest in both physical chemistry and in studies on the evolution and sustenance of self‐organising biological systems.
Theoretical Study on the Small Clusters of LiH, NaH, BeH2, and MgH2
Authors: Chen Yung‐Lung , Huang Chun‐Huei , Hu Wei‐Ping
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evidence of Incipient Bond‐Stretching Isomerism in Sr2.04(1)Ca0.96(1)Sn5 from Variable‐Temperature Structural Studies.
Authors: Gupta Shalabh , Ganguli Ashok K.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polynuclear Lanthanide Hydroxo Complexes: New Chemical Precursors for Coordination Polymers.
Authors: Mahe N. , Guillou O. , Daiguebonne C. , Gerault Y. , Caneschi A. , Sangregorio C. , Chane‐Ching J. Y. , Car P. E. , Roisnel T.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A0.3ZrNF1.3 Phases (A: Na, K) with Layered ZrNCl‐Type Structures Prepared by Anion Metathesis.
Authors: Stoltz C. , Ramesha K. , Piccoli P. , Toby B. H. , Eichhorn B. W.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
NMR Study of the [VO(O2)2F]2‐ Ion in Solution: Synthesis, Vibrational Spectra and Crystal Structure of [NH3CH2CH2NH3] [VO(O2)2F].
Authors: Chrappova Jana , Schwendt Peter , Marek Jaromir
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystal Growth and Structural Refinement of NaMn7O12.
Authors: Gilioli E. , Licci F. , Calestani G. , Prodi A. , Gauzzi A. , Salviati G.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Cu—Zn—Cu—Zn Heterometallomacrocycle Shows Significant Antiferromagnetic Coupling Between Paramagnetic Centers Mediated by Diamagnetic Metal.
Authors: Buvaylo Elena A. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Vassilyeva Olga Yu. , Skelton Brian W. , Jezierska Julia , Brunel Louis C. , Ozarowski Andrew
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Copper Nitride from an Energetically Unstable Copper Azide Precursor.
Authors: Choi Jonglak , Gillan Edward G.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rare‐Earth Silylamide‐Catalyzed Selective Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes and Subsequent Hydrophosphination in One Pot.
Authors: Komeyama Kimihiro , Kawabata Tomonori , Takehira Katsuomi , Takaki Ken
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Step Synthesis of O‐Benzyl Hydroxamates from Unactivated Aliphatic and Aromatic Esters.
Authors: Gissot Arnaud , Volonterio Alessandro , Zanda Matteo
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Deallyloxy‐ and Debenzyloxycarbonylation of Protected Alcohols, Amines and Thiols via a Naphthalene‐Catalyzed Lithiation Reaction.
Authors: Behloul Cherif , Guijarro David , Yus Miguel
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Sulfinyl Metalloenamine Conjugate Additions: Asymmetric Synthesis of Piperidines.
Authors: Peltier Hillary M. , Ellman Jonathan A.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cycloisomerization of Nitrogen‐Bridged 1,6‐Enynes to 3‐Azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Kobayashi Yuka , Maekawa Shunsuke , Toshida Natsuko , Takagi Kentaro
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Propargylic Oxiranes with Arylboronic Acids in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Ueda Hirofumi , Ihara Masataka
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Straightforward Syntheses of Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents Mediated by Selectfluor.
Authors: Ye Chengfeng , Twamley Brendan , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Synthesis of (tert‐Alkoxy)amines.
Authors: Palandoken Hasan , Bocian Chris M. , McCombs Michelle R. , Nantz Michael H.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Practical One‐Pot Conversion of Phenols to Anilines.
Authors: Mizuno Masahiro , Yamano Mitsuhisa
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Aldimine Cross‐Coupling for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Kison Coralie , Meyer Nino , Opatz Till
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Direct β‐Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols with Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by a Cp*Ir Complex.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Asai Chiho , Yamaguchi Tetsuhiro , Hanasaka Fumihiro , Yamaguchi Ryohei
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(S)‐2‐[(R)‐Fluoro(phenyl)methyl]oxirane: A General Reagent for Determining the e.e. of α‐Chiral Amines.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Escrich Sergi , Popa Dana , Jimeno Ciril , Vidal‐Ferran Anton , Pericas Miquel A.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Methoxy‐Substituted Phenols by Peracid Oxidation of the Aromatic Ring.
Authors: Bjoersvik Hans‐Rene , Occhipinti Giovanni , Gambarotti Cristian , Cerasino Leonardo , Jensen Vidar R.
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bi(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Phenols: Facile Synthesis of 1,3‐Diaryloxy‐2‐propanols.
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Ahmed Syed Kaleem , Sandbhor Mahendra , Khan Mohammed Naseer Ahmed , Arifuddin Mohammed
Published: December 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereofacial Control in Asymmetric Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Catalyzed by Novel S‐Proline‐Derived Titanium Complexes.
Authors: Kim Yun Bong , Kim Min Kyoun , Kang Sung Ho , Kim Yong Hae
Published: December 2005

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Catalytic Processes for the Functionalization and Desymmetrization of Malononitrile Derivatives.
Authors: Grigg Ronald , Hasakunpaisarn Anuch , Kilner Colin , Kongkathip Boonsong , Kongkathip Ngampong , Pettman Alan , Sridharan Visuvanathar
Published: December 2005

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Substitution of Hydroxybiaryls via Directed ortho‐Lithiation of N‐Silylated O‐Aryl N‐Isopropylcarbamates.
Authors: Kauch Matthias , Snieckus Victor , Hoppe Dieter
Published: December 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using N,O‐Bidentate Ligands (I)—(IV).
Authors: Lai Yi‐Chun , Chen Hsuan‐Ying , Hung Wen‐Chou , Lin Chu‐Chieh , Hong Fung‐E
Published: December 2005

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Stable Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes as Rigid or Flexible, Bulky, Electron‐Rich Ligands for Transition‐Metal Catalysts: A Quaternary Carbon Atom Makes the Difference.
Authors: Lavallo Vincent , Canac Yves , Praesang Carsten , Donnadieu Bruno , Bertrand Guy
Published: December 2005

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Directed ortho‐Lithiation of N‐Alkylphenylaziridines.
Authors: Capriati Vito , Florio Saverio , Luisi Renzo , Musio Biagia
Published: December 2005

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A Facile Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Dihydrofurans Based on 1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) Catalyzed Reaction of Halides with Enones.
Authors: Yang Zhanjun , Fan Mingjin , Mu Ruizhu , Liu Weimin , Liang Yongmin
Published: December 2005

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A Novel Oxidative Rearrangement of 6‐Methoxypyran‐2‐ones.
Authors: Eade Serena J. , Adlington Robert M. , Cowley Andrew R. , Walter Magnus W. , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: December 2005

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Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Highly Substituted Furans.
Authors: Suhre Michael H. , Reif Michael , Kirsch Stefan F.
Published: December 2005

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Novel Synthesis of o‐Naphthothiophenequinone Derivatives via Regioselective Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Shen Yu‐Dong , Wu Hai‐Qiang , Zhang Sheng‐Ling , Bu Xian‐Zhang , An Lin‐Kun , Huang Zhi‐Shu , Liu Pei‐Qing , Gu Lian‐Quan , Li Yue‐Ming , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis of 4‐Benzylidene‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrole Derivatives from Baylis—Hillman Adducts and Their Chemical Transformations.
Authors: Lee Mi Jung , Lee Ka Young , Park Da Yeon , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: December 2005

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Reaction of 1‐Aryl‐3‐methyl‐pyrazol‐5‐ones with 2‐Cyanoaryldiazonium Bisulfates.
Authors: Shvekhgeimer M.‐G. A. , Ushakova O. A. , Nesterov V. V. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: December 2005

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Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones and Acrolein with a Bis‐Titanium Catalyst as Chiral Lewis Acid.
Authors: Kano Taichi , Hashimoto Takuya , Maruoka Keiji
Published: December 2005

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Regiocontrolled, Palladium‐Catalyzed Bisfunctionalization of Allenyl Esters. Multicomponent Coupling Approaches to Highly Substituted α,β‐Unsaturated δ‐Lactones.
Authors: Hopkins Chad D. , Guan Lisa , Malinakova Helena C.
Published: December 2005

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Domino Reaction of 2,3‐Epoxy‐1‐alcohols and PIFA in the Presence of H2O and the Concise Synthesis of (+)‐Tanikolide.
Authors: Kita Yasuyuki , Matsuda Satoshi , Fujii Eri , Horai Mai , Hata Kayoko , Fujioka Hiromichi
Published: December 2005

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A Convenient Synthesis of Dihydrocoumarins from Phenols and Cinnamic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Aoki Shinya , Amamoto Chie , Oyamada Juzo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: December 2005

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1‐Substituted β‐Carbolines by a Pictet—Spengler Cyclization with Thioortho Esters and Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation via N‐Sulfonyl Iminium Ions Generated from N,S‐Sulfonyl Acetals.
Authors: Silveira Claudio C. , Felix Luciana A. , Braga Antonio L. , Kaufman Teodore S.
Published: December 2005

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A Novel Three‐Component One‐Pot Reaction Involving Alkynes, Urea or Thiourea, and Aldehydes.
Authors: Huang Shenlin , Pan Yuanjiang , Zhu Yulin , Wu Anxin
Published: December 2005

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Nickel‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Double Carboxylation of Trimethylsilylallene under an Atmosphere of Carbon Dioxide and Its Application to the Synthesis of Chaetomellic Acid A Anhydride.
Authors: Takimoto Masanori , Kawamura Mitsunobu , Mori Miwako , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: December 2005

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New Sesquiterpenoids from Lycianthes marlipoensis
Authors: Guo Fujiang , Li Yuanchao
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Annuionone A.
Authors: Takikawa Hirosato , Tobe Makiko , Isono Kazuhiko , Sasaki Mitsuru
Published: December 2005

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Three New Pimaren Diterpenoids from Marine Mangrove Plant, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
Authors: Han Li , Huang Xueshi , Sattler I. , Dahse H.‐M. , Fu Hongzheng , Grabley S. , Lin Wenhan
Published: December 2005

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Facile Approach to 2‐Acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐Glucopyranosides via a Furanosyl Oxazoline.
Authors: Cai Ye , Ling Chang‐Chun , Bundle David R.
Published: December 2005

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Isolation, Structure Elucidation and Bioactivity of Schischkiniin, a Unique Indole Alkaloid from the Seeds of Centaurea schischkinii.
Authors: Shoeb Mohammad , Celik Sezgin , Jaspars Marcel , Kumarasamy Yashodharan , MacManus Stephen M. , Nahar Lutfun , Thoo‐Lin Paul K. , Sarker Satyajit D.
Published: December 2005

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A Versatile Route to Benzocanthinones.
Authors: Markgraf J. Hodge , Dowst Adrian A. , Hensley Laurel A. , Jakobsche Charles E. , Kaltner Cindy J. , Webb Peter J. , Zimmerman Patrick W.
Published: December 2005

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A New Ellagic Acid Derivative from the Fruits of Eucalyptus globulus Labill
Authors: Guo Qing‐Mei , Yang Xiu‐Wei
Published: December 2005

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A Short and Enantioselective Synthesis of Colletodiol.
Authors: Ferrie Laurent , Capdevielle Patrice , Cossy Janine
Published: December 2005

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Enantioselective Synthesis and Stereochemical Revision of Communiols A—C.
Authors: Kuwahara Shigefumi , Enomoto Masaru
Published: December 2005

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Solid State Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanorods and Nanoplatelets by a Single‐Step Pyrolysis.
Authors: Shanmugam Sangaraju , Jacob David S. , Gedanken Aharon
Published: December 2005

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Redox Catalysts for Reduction with Base Metals
Authors: Hoffmann Reinhard W.
Published: December 2005

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Plant‐Based Anticancer Molecules: A Chemical and Biological Profile of Some Important Leads
Authors: Srivastava Vandana , Negi Arvind Singh , Kumar J. K. , Gupta M. M. , Khanuja Suman P. S.
Published: December 2005

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Pyrroles and gem‐Dihalocyclopropanes as Building Blocks for Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Beck Daniel A. S. , Stanislawski Pauline C. , Sydnes Magne O. , Taylor Rebecca M.
Published: December 2005

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Synthesis of Alkaloid Natural Products Using Solid‐Supported Reagents and Scavengers
Authors: Baxendale I. R. , Ley S. V.
Published: December 2005

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Low‐Coordinated Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Asmus Sven , Bergstraesser Uwe , Heydt Heinrich , Schmitz Marion , Regitz Manfred
Published: December 2005

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NMR Studies of Intramolecular Dynamics in Allylic‐Type Triorganoboranes
Authors: Gridnev Ilya D. , Tok Oleg L.
Published: December 2005

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Photocatalytic Reactions over Semiconductor‐Based Zeolites for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Rao Kambala V. Subba , Srinivas Basavaraju , Subrahmanyam Machiraju
Published: December 2005

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Enantiopure Sulfinyl‐1,3‐dienes as Powerful Partners in Stereoselective Diels—Alder Cycloadditions
Authors: Aversa Maria Chiara , Barattucci Anna , Bonaccorsi Paola , Giannetto Placido
Published: December 2005

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Enzymology of Gallotannin and Ellagitannin Biosynthesis
Authors: Niemetz Ruth , Gross Georg G.
Published: December 2005

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The Road to Partition — Mechanisms of Metal Ion Transfer into Ionic Liquids and Their Implications for the Application of Ionic Liquids as Extraction Solvents
Authors: Dietz Mark L. , Dzielawa Julie A. , Jensen Mark P. , Beitz James V. , Borkowski Marian
Published: December 2005

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Biomarkers of potential prognostic significance in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Wu Grace , Keating Armand
Published: December 2005

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically heterogeneous disease for which the current approach to treatment is only successful for 50% of patients. The prognostic value of various clinical and biological factors in predicting treatment outcome is discussed in this paper. A review of the English literature was performed including original articles and relevant reviews from MEDLINE that addressed the topics of DLBCL biology and potential prognostic factors. The International Prognostic Index is, to date, the most successful clinical model for predicting outcome. In addition, a rapidly expanding list of molecules has been identified by conventional and newer diagnostic methods that may be of significant prognostic value. Gene expression profiling has led to the discovery of new biological subtypes of DLBCL based on patterns of gene expression, and a host of new genes that may play important roles in this disease. Various derangements in apoptosis, cell‐cycle regulation, differentiation, and signal transduction have been noted, while the host environment and immune response also appear to modify clinical outcome. Although to our knowledge, the fundamental abnormalities underlying DLBCL remain elusive, progress is being continuously made to further the understanding of the biological heterogeneity of this disease and the use of various clinical and biological variables to predict treatment outcome. The goal is to be able to identify subgroups of patients at high risk of treatment failure and develop more effective treatment based on specific biological defects that may represent new rational therapeutic targets. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Complementary Gli activity mediates early patterning of the mouse visual system
Authors: Furimsky Marosh , Wallace Valerie A.
Published: December 2005

The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate central nervous system, including the eye. This pathway is mediated by the Gli transcription factors (Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) that differentially activate and repress the expression of specific downstream target genes. In this study, we investigated the roles of the three vertebrate Glis in mediating midline Shh signaling in early ocular development. We examined the ocular phenotypes ofShhandGlicombination mutant mouse embryos and monitored proximodistal and dorsoventral patterning by the expression of specific eye development regulatory genes using in situ hybridization. We show that midline Shh signaling relieves the repressor activity of Gli3 adjacent to the midline and then promotes eye pattern formation through the nonredundant activities of all three Gli proteins. Gli3, in particular, is required to specify the dorsal optic stalk and to define the boundary between the optic stalk and the optic cup. Developmental Dynamics 235:594–605, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the NKG2D ligand UL16 binding protein‐1 (ULBP‐1) on dendritic cells
Authors: Schrama David , Terheyden Patrick , Otto Kerstin , Kämmerer Ulrike , Bröcker Eva‐Bettina , Lühder Fred , Cosman David , Andersen Mads Hald , Becker Jürgen C.
Published: December 2005

Innate and adaptive immunity have not evolved separately. In this regard, the NKG2D molecule first identified on NK cells and classified as an activating NK cell receptor is also an important receptor for CD8+ T cells. Functional analyses of human NKG2D and its ligands, i.e. UL16 binding proteins (ULBP) and MHC class I chain‐related (MIC), have so far focused on immune cell‐target cell situations because of the expression of NKG2D ligands on infected, stressed or transformed cells. Here, however, we address a possible function of NKG2D/ULBP‐1 during the initiation of T cell responses. ULBP‐1 can be detected on mature dendritic cells both in situ in the T cell areas of lymph nodes as well as in vitro after artificial maturation. FCM analysis further demonstrated that although NKG2D is expressed to some degree on all analyzed T cell subsets from peripheral blood, in vitro stimulation of T cells results in up‐regulation of NKG2D on proliferating T cells. Using the sentinel lymph nodes of primary melanoma as a model for induction of defined T cell responses in vivo, we were able to demonstrate the expression of NKG2D on melanoma‐associated antigen‐specific T cells. Thus, our results suggest a role for NGK2D‐ULBP‐1 in the induction or reactivation of T cell responses.