bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity Patterns of Bats During the Fall and Spring Along Ridgelines in the Central Appalachians
Authors: Muthersbaugh Michael S. , Ford W. Mark , Powers Karen E. , Silvis Alexander
Published: March 2019

Many central Appalachian ridges offer high wind potential, making them attractive to future wind-energy development. Understanding seasonal and hourly activity patterns of migratory bat species may help to reduce fatalities at wind-energy facilities and provide guidance for the development of best management practices for bats. To examine hourly migratory bat activity patterns in the fall and spring in Virginia in an exploratory fashion with a suite of general temporal, environmental, and weather variables, we acoustically monitored bat activity on five ridgelines and side slopes from early September through mid-November 2015 and 2016 and from early March through late April 2016 and 2017. On ridges, bat activity decreased through the autumn sample period, but was more variable through the spring sample period. In autumn, migratory bat activity had largely ceased by mid-November. Activity patterns were species specific in both autumn and spring sample periods. Generally, migratory bat activity was negatively associated with hourly wind speeds but positively associated with ambient temperatures. These data provide further evidence that operational mitigation strategies at wind-energy facilities could help protect migratory bat species in the Appalachians; substantially slowing or locking wind turbine blade spin during periods of low wind speeds, often below where electricity is generated, and warm ambient temperatures may minimize mortality during periods of high bat activity.
Prediction of Interaction of Citric Acid Modified Cellulose with Water Region Using Molecular Modelling Technique
Authors: Anuar Nornizar , Wan Mohamed Daid Wan Nor Asyikin , Khalid Sopiah Ambong , Syed Draman Sarifah Fauziah , Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah
Published: March 2019

In this paper, chemically modified cellulose was used instead of cellulose as it offers higher adsorption capacities, great chemical strength and good resistance to heat. As part of Phyto-Adsorption Remediation Method, citric acid modified cellulose (CAMC) was used to treat ferric ion. However, there is a large possibility that CAMC molecule might interact with water molecule that contain hydrogen bond and hence pose as a competitor to ferric acid and reduces the efficiency of CAMC in ferric ion removal. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the most stable hydrogen bond between CAMC and water, by using a computational technique. The interaction between the water molecules and CAMC was observed by varying the volume of water molecule with modified cellulose by an expansion in amorphous region. The simulation result shows that for water loading less than 20 molecules, the interaction between water molecules and CAMC is higher at temperature 311K, whilst for water loading higher than 20 molecules, the interaction weakens at higher temperature. This work proves that water molecules have the tendency to bind to carboxyl group of glucose, to oxygen of ester and to oxygen of anhydride acid of the CAMC molecule, which might pose a competition for ferric acid removal. The calculation of coordination number has shown that the number of atoms present in the first hydration shell (of radius < 2.5Å) is more as the temperature increases from 298K to 311K, which indicates that the adsorption is better at higher temperature. For hydration shell at radius >2.5Å, cell temperature is not significant to the number of atoms present.
Effect of Solvent Types on Gaharu (Aqualaria malaccensis) Extract Quality and its Chemical Compound
Authors: Ngadiran Sulaiman , Muhamad Ida Idayu , Aziz Ramlan , Yaakob Harisun , Aman Nor Nor Farahiyah , Yahayu Maizatulakmal , Ahmed Nor Rashidah , Jamil Mailina
Published: March 2019

Gaharu oleoresin is a mixture of wood resin and essential oil substances that naturally accumulates in the gaharu plants species. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate solvent types and the contents of oleoresin and oil as well as the chemical compounds present in the gaharu extracts. Gaharu oleoresin can be extracted from gaharu powder using polar solvents and the essential oil can be separated using non-polar solvents. The extraction was done by Soxhlet method using methanol and ethanol for oleoresin extraction, and n-hexane and toluene for oil extraction from which the most appropriate solvents, extraction yields and the extracts quality were determined. The percentage of oleoresin extraction yield was found highest in methanol (6.97 %) followed by ethanol (6.85 % w/w). Meanwhile, the gaharu oil was found higher in toluene extract (1.06 %) compared to n-hexane (0.38 % w/w). The GC-MS results showed the extracts from ethanol and n-hexane solvents are the best quality due to the present of key compounds of 4-phenyl-2-butanone, β-guaiene, agarospirol, α–bisabolene, alloaromadendrene oxide, γ-Gurjunen and aromadenderene oxide. Different chemical component in gaharu oil determines the characteristic or quality of the gaharu. Meanwhile, the sesquiterpene compounds in gaharu produce its specialty aroma characteristics. Therefore, ethanol and n-hexane solvents are suitable to be used for oleoresin and oil extraction beside less expensive and more environmental-friendly.
The Effect of pH on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Characteristics Synthesized from Banana Peel Extract
Authors: Abdol Aziz Rabiatul Adawiyah , Abd Karim Siti Fatma , Rosli Nor Asikin
Published: March 2019

In this study, Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from banana peels (Jackfruit banana) extract (BPE) at different pH condition. The samples were then characterized to identify the optimum pH condition for producing ZnO NPs and at the same time determine the crystallite and particles size of ZnO. This paper covered a section of green chemistry since green application has become an attention nowadays. Slo-gel method is the method used to synthesize the ZnO NPS because the advantages in terms of eco-friendly, less time consumption, cost effective and easy to apply. BPE is one of raw material that has the ability to act as stabilizer and reducing agent. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrometer (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunaner-Emmett-Teller (BET). It was found that the presence of ZnO were recorded from FTIR spectra at wavenumber 350-390 cm-1 for all samples which indicating the presence of ZnO bond. The UV-Vis spectrometer was recorded to observe the absorption peak, the highest absorption peak at 367 nm and the band gap was 3.38 Ev at pH 12. XRD analysis showed the ZnO nanoparticles formed to have hexagonal wurtzite structure and the crystallite size between 16 to 23 nm and the smallest crystallite size was smallest at pH 12. BET analysis showed that the surface area of ZnO NPs between 15 to 53 m2/g and the average particles size of ZnO NPs between 20 to 66 nm. As a conclusion, ZnO NPs can be produced from BPE at optimum pH of 12.
Application of Coconut Copra as Biosorbent for Removal of Heavy Metals
Authors: Lee Terri Zhuan Ean , Sim Siong Fong
Published: March 2019

Previous studies have evidenced that coconut copra is a potential biosorbent for removal of dissolved organic carbon from peat swamp runoff attaining an average removal of 96 %. The capability of coconut copra in removing heavy metals including cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) is scarcely reported. In this paper, response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the optimum conditions for removal of Cd, Cr and Ni from aqueous solution using raw coconut copra. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted according to inscribed central composite design. Response surface models further identified the optimum dosage, pH and contact time for Cd removal is 1.5 g, pH 11 and 60 min, Cr removal is 0.1 g, pH 8.48 and 60 min while Ni removal is 0.1 g, pH 11 and 15 min. Bimodality is observed in response surface graphs, implying the possible existence of two equilibrium phase during the adsorption process. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models were employed to describe the adsorption behaviour. Results revealed that raw coconut copra can remove 4.55 mg/g of Cd, 8.71 mg/g of Cr and 26.46 mg/g of Ni. The adsorption processes are physical adsorption.
Aspen Plus Simulation of Bio-Char Production from a Biomass-Based Slow Pyrolysis Process
Authors: Dahawi Yahya Ayesh , Abdulrazik Abdulhalim , Seman Mazrul Nizam Abu , Aziz Mohd Aizudin Abd , Yunus Mohd Yusri Mohd
Published: March 2019

Biomass-based pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion of biomass feedstock with low oxygen supplied level to produce bio-char, bio-oil and bio-syngas products via slow, intermediate and fast pyrolysis, respectively. The specific yields from pyrolysis process depend on operating conditions to maximize outputs. Bio-char can be used as soil improvement, animal feed supplements, filter material, carbon storage, and energy source. This study has focused on the development a simulation model for slow pyrolysis process utilizing biomass from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) in Aspen Plus software. The facts that EFBs are abundant in Malaysia and have huge feedstock potentials could be realized, among them, through process design dan analysis in the Aspen Plus. Simulation model was developed based on EFB proximate and ultimate analyses and aimed for optimal product fraction yields and for the elemental composition of the pyrolysis products, considering several factors or effects such as pyrolysis temparature, pressure and inert gas flowrate. Simulation results showed the optimal value of bio-char yield was 68.6 wt. % at 9 bars, 300 °C, and 0.1 kg/min of inert gas flow rate. Eventhough the developed simulation model was an equilibrium-based one, it is useful especially in determining the optimal values of the key effects for the slow pyrolysis process.
Progressive Freeze Concentration for Wastewater Treatment from Food Industry
Authors: Ab Hamid Farah Hanim , Jami Siti Nurajjar
Published: March 2019

Crystallization technique is one of the potential techniques to deal with wastewater treatment. In this work, progressive freeze concentration (PFC) technique was studied for its effectiveness in wastewater treatment from food industry. In PFC, pure water is produced in the form of ice crystal block and leave behind a higher concentration solution. The effect of coolant temperature and stirring speed on the effective partition constant (K) and solute recovery (Y) were investigated. Glucose solution was used as simulated wastewater sample. The best conditions were found at the moderate coolant temperature of -10°C and maximum stirring speed of 500 rpm, resulted in the lowest K value and highest Y, lead to the highest efficiency on the wastewater treatment.
Consumers’ preference and willingness to pay for graded beef in Polokwane municipality, South Africa
Authors: Makweya Florah L. , Oluwatayo Isaac B.
Published: March 2019

Consumers around the world are progressively becoming more concerned and aware about food standards, quality and safety issues. The purpose of this study was to determine consumers’ preference regarding safe and quality beef and willingness to pay (WTP) for graded beef in Polokwane municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research surveyed 150 consumers using a structured questionnaire to collect data on consumer characteristics and responses to different bid levels for graded beef. Analytical methods were descriptive statistics, Likert scales, contingent valuation method to evaluate respondents’ mean WTP for graded beef and logit model to determine the dependence of WTP on consumers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Results showed that consumers prefer their beef tender, with less fat and bones and labelled with price, grade/class, size or quantity of the product and lastly quality inspection or certification indicator. Over half of the respondents (53%) were aware of grading or classification systems. The results further revealed that most respondents are willing to pay an increase of 16.04% over the current price for beef. This could be an opportunity for investments in beef label industry. Consumer characteristics including age, income, gender and household size significantly influenced WTP for graded beef in Polokwane Municipality. Marketing strategies considered by beef product investors should target young, female and wealthier consumers. Grading with respect to quality attributes would make beef sales at differentiated prices possible. This will eventually enhance sales volume and returns for all stakeholders along the value chain.
First presentation of a Nora-lesion of the talus in a paraossal fasciitis
Authors: Rottler Philipp , Wilke Axel , Kasper Hans Udo , Hütter Felix
Published: March 2019

Nora-Lesion is a proliferation that normally develops out of an intact corticalis. The entity of this fibroostotic pseudotumor, as discussed in literature, is triggered from repeating trauma or reactive periosteitis. In the literature, there are more than 200 cases defined as Nora lesion. In the daily routine of medical offices or ambulances, the Nora- Lesion should be established as a differential diagnosis for a swelling of the foot. Our case report of a 49-year-old patient is the worldwide first description of a Nora lesion of the talus, as well as secondary of the calcaneus. In the immense differential diagnosis discussion for bony pathologies of the hindfoot the Nora-lesion should be now added.
Fulminant Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis due to Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Aldana-Valenzuela Carlos , Rodriguez-López Andrea Marina , Guillén-Blancas Erika
Published: March 2019

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a rare cause of neonatal sepsis, and it is associated with significant morbidity and a very high fatality rate. The infection is usually acquired intrapartum, from the colonization of the maternal genital tract. Most affected neonates have an early-onset presentation of symptoms, usually within the first 48 hours after birth, which is similar to other causes of neonatal sepsis such as Streptococcus Agalactiae or Escherichia Coli. However, the virulence seems to be higher for Streptococcus pneumoniae, which has in addition a higher infant invasion/ maternal colonization ratio than Streptococcus Agalactiae. Pneumococcal vaccination has not resulted in a significant decline of neonatal cases. Many cases included ours, involved serotypes not present in the vaccine. Other strategies to protect these infants are necessary. We describe a late preterm infant with a fatal, early-onset sepsis caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 28 A. Maternal vaginal culture grew the same bacteria.
Factors Influencing Athletic Trainers' Professional Development Through Continuing Education
Authors: Edler Jessica R. , Eberman Lindsey E.
Published: March 2019

Context

Continuing education (CE) is a form of professional development intended to improve knowledge and skill beyond entry-level practice; however, we lack data to understand how athletic trainers (ATs) choose to implement CE experiences into clinical practice.

Objective

To explore ATs' motivators for pursuing professional development through CE and how they choose to implement CE experiences in clinical practice.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Individual telephone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants

Fourteen ATs (5 male, 9 female; age = 33 ± 11 years, experience = 11 ± 11 years) participated voluntarily.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim, redacting all personal information. After transcription, 2 members of the research team used a consensual qualitative research approach to analyze data. Both members were engaged in constant discussions to ensure consistency in analysis. A third member served as an external reviewer to ensure accuracy in coding and confirm data saturation.

Results

We identified 4 major themes regarding ATs' motivation and implementation of CE: (1) perceived benefits of CE, (2) factors influencing CE selection, (3) improving CE, and (4) implementation of CE learning into clinical practice. Among perceived benefits of CE, participants discussed maintenance of evidence-based practice and lifelong learning. Participants were motivated to choose CE sessions based on patient population, perceived need for CE, or area of interest, whereas they chose conferences based on travel distance and cost. Participants provided a variety of suggestions for CE improvement including handouts, discussion of barriers, and more hands-on sessions. Within implementation, participants discussed barriers, their confidence in integrating skills, and their patients' responses.

Conclusions

Although ATs are completing required CE, how they choose opportunities and subsequently how they implement learning is limited. We must consider an alternative mechanism for identifying CE needs to improve patient care focused on patient needs and outcomes, while still considering the financial and time barriers to attendance.
Simulations and Standardized Patients in Athletic Training: Part 1 Athletic Training Educators' Use and Perceptions
Authors: Cuchna Jennifer W. , Walker Stacy E. , Van Lunen Bonnie L.
Published: March 2019

Context

Athletic training educators incorporate various educational strategies to teach and assess a student's clinical skill competency. These strategies vary and include simulations and standardized patients (SPs). There is currently a lack of information about the ways in which simulations and SPs are used in athletic training education and the perceptions that faculty of athletic training programs have about their use within their curricula.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore how athletic training educators are using simulations, including SPs, and their associated perceptions regarding the use of these strategies.

Design

Qualitative focus groups.

Setting

Semicircular table facing research team in a conference room at a regional educators' conference.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty-one athletic training educators (6 males and 15 females, 39.4 ± 7.96 years) who currently used simulations in the education of their students participated.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Semistructured focus group interviews, lasting 45 to 60 minutes, were used with a general inductive approach to analyze the data. Trustworthiness of the data was established via member checking, peer debriefing, and multiple-analyst triangulation.

Results

Four themes emerged from the interviews: (1) SPs, (2) simulations, (3) valued educational experiences, and (4) barriers. From these overarching themes, subthemes were also identified for each. This article will focus on the first 3 themes. Simulation includes the subthemes of group encounters, individual encounters, and feedback. Valued educational experiences include the subthemes of acute care and nonorthopaedic, orthopaedic evaluation, and communication. Six of the 21 participants were using SPs in the education of their students, while all participants were using some form of simulations.

Conclusions

Both simulations and SP encounters were identified as valuable educational experiences. Simulations and SP encounters were most often used in instruction or assessment of acute care or nonorthopaedic cases, orthopaedic cases, or to provide opportunities to enhance communication skills of student learners.
Simulations and Standardized Patients in Athletic Training: Part 2 Athletic Training Educators' Perceived Barriers to Use
Authors: Cuchna Jennifer W. , Walker Stacy E. , Van Lunen Bonnie L.
Published: March 2019

Context

Simulations and standardized patients (SPs) are currently being used by athletic training educators to teach and evaluate students. There is currently a lack of information about the ways in which simulations and SPs are used in athletic training education. Understanding their use and any barriers to their use could assist with development of future resources for faculty.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore how athletic training educators are using simulations, including SPs, and their associated perceptions of the barriers to the use of these strategies.

Design

Qualitative.

Setting

Conference room with table and chairs.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty-one athletic training educators (6 males and 15 females, 39.4 ± 7.96 years) participated who currently used SPs and/or simulations in the education of their students.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Semistructured focus group interviews, lasting 45 to 50 minutes, were conducted, and a general inductive approach was used to analyze the data. Trustworthiness was established via member checking, peer debriefing, and multiple-analyst triangulation.

Results

Four themes emerged: (1) standardized patient encounters, (2) simulations, (3) valued educational experiences, and (4) barriers. This article will focus on the theme of barriers. Six of the 21 participants were using SPs in the education of their students, while all participants were using some form of simulations. The overarching theme of barriers was further divided into the subthemes of faculty time, access to resources, and financial cost.

Conclusions

Barriers exist regarding the implementation of simulations and/or SP use in athletic training educational curricula. These barriers place restraints on faculty time and institutional resources. Institutional and program access to resources as well as the financial cost associated with the use of SPs and/or simulations are concerns that should be discussed when considering the use of these educational strategies within a program.
Building An Information Resilient Society: An Organic Approach
Authors: Filipec Ondrej
Published: March 2019

Fake news, disinformation and propaganda (FDP) present an important threat to modern democratic societies and has critical an impact on the quality of public life. This article presents an organic approach to understanding of FDP. The approach builds up on the various similarities with virology where FDP is compared to a hostile virus which is spread in a certain environment and may penetrate into the human body. Based on the three pillars involving creation, spread and penetration the authors deliver in total 28 policy measures which will contribute to an information resilient society: a society which is aware of the manipulative or hostile content of information and which is encouraged by working with high quality information within the FDP hostile environment.
Seventy Years of changes in China’s rural land system: Review, enlightenment and outlook
Authors: Dong Jingshan
Published: March 2019

The paper introduces five stages of reforms to China’s rural land system since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. From the process of China’s rural land policy and legislation, some conclusion may be drawn: reforms of the rural land usage system should be appropriate to its economic base and the will of the peasants should be respected. The paper indicates: in the near future, the peasant collective ownership of land will not change; foreseeably, land use pattern in China will be diverse; at the same time, China will focus more on sustainable and ecological use of land; The land rights and interests of the farmers and peasant collectives will be safeguarded better.
Monitoring and assimilation tests with TROPOMI data in the CAMS system: near-real-time total column ozone
Authors: Inness Antje , Flemming Johannes , Heue Klaus-Peter , Lerot Christophe , Loyola Diego , Ribas Roberto , Valks Pieter , van Roozendael Michel , Xu Jian , Zimmer Walter
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the Sentinel-5
Precursor (S5P) satellite launched in October 2017 yields a wealth of
atmospheric composition data, including retrievals of total column ozone
(TCO3) that are provided in near-real-time (NRT) and off-line. The NRT TCO3
retrievals (v1.0.0–v1.1.2) have been included in the data assimilation
system of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and tests to
monitor the data and to carry out first assimilation experiments with them
have been performed for the period 26 November 2017 to 30 November 2018. The
TROPOMI TCO3 data agree to within 2 % with the CAMS analysis over large
parts of the globe between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and also with
TCO3 retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and the Global
Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) that are routinely assimilated by
CAMS. However, the TCO3 NRT data from TROPOMI show some retrieval anomalies
at high latitudes, at low solar elevations and over snow/ice (e.g. Antarctica
and snow-covered land areas in the Northern Hemisphere), where the
differences with the CAMS analysis and the other data sets are larger. These
differences are particularly pronounced over land in the NH during winter and
spring (when they can reach up to 40 DU) and come mainly from the surface
albedo climatology that is used in the NRT TROPOMI TCO3 retrieval. This
climatology has a coarser horizontal resolution than the TROPOMI TCO3 data,
which leads to problems in areas where there are large changes in
reflectivity from pixel to pixel, e.g. pixels covered by snow/ice or not. The
differences between TROPOMI and the CAMS analysis also show some dependency
on scan position. The assimilation of TROPOMI TCO3 has been tested in the CAMS system for data
between 60∘ N and 60∘ S and for solar elevations greater
than 10∘ and is found to have a small positive impact on the ozone
analysis compared to Brewer TCO3 data and an improved fit to ozone sondes in
the tropical troposphere and to IAGOS aircraft profiles at West African
airports. The impact of the TROPOMI data is relatively small because the CAMS
analysis is already well constrained by several other ozone retrievals that
are routinely assimilated. When averaged over the periods February–April and
September–October 2018, differences between experiments with and without
assimilation of TROPOMI data are less than 2 % for TCO3 and less than
3 % in the vertical for seasonal mean zonal mean O3 mixing
ratios, with the largest relative differences found in the troposphere.
Halogen activation and radical cycling initiated by imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde photochemistry
Authors: Corral Arroyo Pablo , Aellig Raffael , Alpert Peter A. , Volkamer Rainer , Ammann Markus
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles can contain light absorbing organic compounds, also referred to as brown carbon (BrC). In the context of the ocean surface and of sea spray aerosol deriving from the latter, light absorbing organic species are also referred to as chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Many BrC or CDOM species (especially carbonyls, dicarbonyls or aromatic carbonyls such as imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde (IC)), referred to as photosensitizers, form triplet excited states upon UV-VIS light absorption. These triplet excited states are strong oxidants and may initiate catalytic radical reaction cycles within atmospheric aerosol particles and at their surface, therefore increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production within atmospheric aerosol particles. Triplet states (or ROS resulting from them) can also react with halides generating halogen radicals and additionally molecular halogens compounds, which can be released into the gas phase and may thus contribute to halogen activation. In this work we study the influence of bromide and iodide on the photosensitized HO2 production and release upon UV irradiation of films in a coated wall flow tube (CWFT) containing IC in a matrix of citric acid (CA). Additionally we measured the iodine release upon irradiation of IC/CA films in the CWFT. We use a kinetic model to interpret our results and to assess radical production and iodine release in sea-spray particles. As indicated by the experimental results and confirmed by the model, significant recycling of halogen species occurs via scavenging reactions with HO2, to prevent the full and immediate release of the molecular halogen (bromine and iodine) produced, while partially shutting down the HOx chemistry. The recycling efficiency is higher and affected by diffusion limitations at high viscosity. Our findings also show that halides can increase substantially the BrC or CDOM photosensitized HO2 production (which in turn promotes radical and ROS production) by reacting with triplet statesin sea-spray particles. The iodine production within sea salt aerosol particles due to iodide oxidation by ozone is estimated at 5.9 × 10−5 M s−1 assuming ozone equilibration in the particle. Under diffusion limitation this activation can drop several orders of magnitude in an aged, organic-rich sea-spray derived aerosol (1.1 × 10−7 M s−1 for an ozone diffusion coefficient of 10−12 cm2 s−1). The estimated iodine production from BrC photochemistry amounts to 2.5 × 10−7 M s−1. This indicates that BrC photochemistry can exceed O3 reactive uptake in controlling the rates of iodine activation from sea spray particles under dry or cold conditions where diffusion is slow within particles.
Inferring thermospheric composition from ionogram profiles: A calibration with the TIMED spacecraft
Authors: Scott Christopher J. , Jones Shannon , Barnard Luke A.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Measurements of thermospheric composition via ground-based instrumentation are challenging to make and so details about this important region of the upper atmosphere are currently sparse. We present a technique that deduces quantitative estimates of thermospheric composition from ionospheric data, for which there is a global network of stations. The visibility of the F1 peak in ionospheric soundings from ground-based instrumentation is a sensitive function of thermospheric composition. The ionospheric profile in the transition region between F1 and F2 peaks can be expressed by the G factor, a function of ion production rate and loss rates via ion-atom interchange reactions and dissociative recombination of molecular ions. This in turn can be expressed as the square of the ratio of ions lost via these processes. We compare estimates of the G factor obtained from ionograms recorded at Kwajalein (9° N, 167.2° E) for 25 times during which the TIMED spacecraft recorded approximately co-located measurements of the neutral thermosphere. We find a linear relationship between √G and the molecular: atomic composition ratio, with a gradient of 2.23 ± 0.17 and an offset of 1.66 ± 0.19. This relationship reveals the potential for using ground-based ionospheric measurements to infer quantitative variations in the composition of the neutral thermosphere. Such information can be used to investigate spatial and temporal variations in thermospheric composition which in turn has applications such as understanding the response of thermospheric composition to climate change and the efficacy of the upper atmosphere on satellite drag.
Distribution of Fe isotopes in particles and colloids in the salinity gradient along the Lena River plume, Laptev Sea
Authors: Conrad Sarah , Ingri Johan , Gelting Johan , Nordblad Fredrik , Engström Emma , Rodushkin Ilia , Andersson Per S. , Porcelli Don , Gustafsson Örjan , Semiletov Igor , Öhlander Björn
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Riverine Fe input is the primary Fe source for the ocean.
This study is focused on the distribution of Fe along the Lena River
freshwater plume in the Laptev Sea using samples from a 600 km long transect
in front of the Lena River mouth. Separation of the particulate
(>0.22 µm), colloidal (0.22 µm–1 kDa), and truly
dissolved (<1 kDa) fractions of Fe was carried out. The total Fe
concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 57 µM with Fe dominantly as
particulate Fe. The loss of >99 % of particulate Fe and about
90 % of the colloidal Fe was observed across the shelf, while the truly
dissolved phase was almost constant across the Laptev Sea. Thus, the truly
dissolved Fe could be an important source of bioavailable Fe for plankton in
the central Arctic Ocean, together with the colloidal Fe. Fe-isotope
analysis showed that the particulate phase and the sediment below the Lena
River freshwater plume had negative δ56Fe values (relative to
IRMM-14). The colloidal Fe phase showed negative δ56Fe values
close to the river mouth (about −0.20 ‰) and positive
δ56Fe values in the outermost stations (about
+0.10 ‰). We suggest that the shelf zone acts as a sink for Fe particles and colloids
with negative δ56Fe values, representing chemically reactive
ferrihydrites. The positive δ56Fe values of the colloidal
phase within the outer Lena River freshwater plume might represent Fe
oxyhydroxides, which remain in the water column, and will be the predominant
δ56Fe composition in the Arctic Ocean.
A Holocene black carbon ice-core record of biomass burning in the Amazon Basin from Illimani, Bolivia
Authors: Osmont Dimitri , Sigl Michael , Eichler Anja , Jenk Theo M. , Schwikowski Margit
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Amazon Basin is one of the major contributors to global
biomass burning emissions. However, regional paleofire trends remain
particularly unknown. Due to their proximity to the Amazon Basin, Andean ice
cores are suitable to reconstruct paleofire trends in South America and
improve our understanding of the complex linkages between fires, climate and
humans. Here we present the first refractory black carbon (rBC) ice-core
record from the Andes as a proxy for biomass burning emissions in the Amazon
Basin, derived from an ice core drilled at 6300 m a.s.l. from the Illimani
glacier in the Bolivian Andes and spanning the entire Holocene back to the
last deglaciation 13 000 years ago. The Illimani rBC record displays a
strong seasonality with low values during the wet season and high values
during the dry season due to the combination of enhanced biomass burning
emissions in the Amazon Basin and less precipitation at the Illimani site.
Significant positive (negative) correlations were found with reanalyzed
temperature (precipitation) data for regions in eastern
Bolivia and western Brazil characterized by substantial fire activity. rBC
long-term trends indirectly reflect regional climatic variations through
changing biomass burning emissions as they show higher (lower) concentrations
during warm–dry (cold–wet) periods, in line with climate
variations such as the Younger Dryas, the 8.2 ka event, the Holocene
Climatic Optimum, the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age. The highest
rBC concentrations of the entire record occurred during the Holocene Climatic
Optimum between 7000 and 3000 BCE, suggesting that this exceptionally warm and
dry period caused high levels of biomass burning activity, unprecedented in the
context of the past 13 000 years. Recent rBC levels, rising since 1730 CE
in the context of increasing temperatures and deforestation, are similar to
those of the Medieval Warm Period. No decrease in fire activity was observed
in the 20th century, in contradiction to global biomass burning
reconstructions based on charcoal data.
Glacial lake outburst flood hazard assessment by satellite Earth observation in the Himalayas (Chomolhari area, Bhutan)
Authors: Scapozza Cristian , Ambrosi Christian , Cannata Massimiliano , Strozzi Tazio
Published: March 2019

Abstract. A case study of glacial lakes outburst flood (GLOF) hazard
assessment by satellite Earth observation (EO) and numerical modelling is
presented for the supraglacial and ice-contact lakes on Thangothang Chhu
glacier, Chomolhari area (Bhutan). Detailed geomorphological mapping,
including landslide and rock glacier inventories, as well as surface
displacement determination using an interferometric SAR (InSAR) satellite,
allowed a GLOF hazard assessment for lake Wa-007 to be performed. Outburst
scenario modelling was achieved by combining both empirical and numerical
modelling approaches, revealing that only a flood wave can have an impact on
the two human settlements located downslope of Wa-007 lake. The worst-case
scenario, modelled thanks to r.damflood, allowed the wave-front
arrival time, the maximum water depth and the arrival time of maximum water
height for the two human settlements to be quantified. A long-term monitoring strategy based
entirely on EO data, with an update cycle of 5 years, is proposed to assess
the future evolution of the area.
AtmoSwing: Analog Technique Model for Statistical Weather forecastING and downscalING
Authors: Horton Pascal
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Analog methods (AMs) allow for the prediction of local meteorological variables of interest (predictand) such as the daily precipitation, on the basis of synoptic variables (predictors). They can rely on outputs of numerical weather prediction models in the context of operational forecasting or outputs of climate models in the context of climate impact studies. AMs require low computing capacity and have demonstrated a useful potential for application in several contexts. AtmoSwing is an open source software written in C++ that implements AMs in a flexible manner so that different variants can be handled dynamically. It comprises four tools: a Forecaster that performs operational forecasts, a Viewer for displaying the results, a Downscaler for climate studies, and an Optimizer for inferring the relationship between the predictand and predictors. The Forecaster handles every required processing internally, such as operational predictor downloading (when possible) and reading, grid interpolation, etc., without external scripts or file conversion. The processing of a forecast is extremely low-intensive in terms of computing infrastructure and can even run on a Raspberry Pi computer. It provides valuable results, as revealed by a three-year-long operational forecast in the Swiss Alps. The Viewer displays the forecasts in an interactive GIS environment. It contains several layers of syntheses and details in order to provide a quick overview of the potential critical events in the upcoming days, as well as the possibility for the user to delve into the details of the forecasted predictand and criteria distributions. The Downscaler allows the use of AMs in a climatic context, either for climate reconstruction or for climate change impact studies. When used for future climate studies, it is necessary to pay close attention to the selected predictors, so that they contain the climate change signal. The Optimizer implements different optimization techniques, such as a sequential approach, Monte–Carlo simulation, and a global optimization technique using genetic algorithms. The process of inferring a statistical relationship between predictors and predictand is quite intensive in terms of processing because it requires numerous assessments over decades. To this end, the Optimizer was highly optimized in terms of computing efficiency, is parallelized over multiple threads and scales well on a Linux cluster. This procedure is only required to infer the statistical relationship, which can then be used in forecasting or downscaling at a low computing cost.
HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources
Authors: Beria Harsh , Larsen Joshua R. , Michelon Anthony , Ceperley Natalie C. , Schaefli Bettina
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Tracers have been used for over half a century in hydrology to quantify water sources with the help of mixing models. In this paper, we build on classic Bayesian methods to quantify uncertainty in mixing ratios. Such methods infer the probability density function (pdf) of the mixing ratios by formulating pdfs for the source and target concentrations and inferring the underlying mixing ratios via Monte Carlo sampling. However, collected hydrological samples are rarely abundant enough to robustly fit a pdf to the sources. Our approach, called HydroMix, solves the linear mixing problem in a Bayesian inference framework where the likelihood is formulated for the error between observed and modelled target variables, which corresponds to the parameter inference set-up commonly used in hydrological models. To address small sample sizes, every combination of source samples is mixed with every target tracer concentration. Using a series of synthetic case studies, we evaluate the performance of HydroMix. We then use HydroMix to show that snowmelt accounts for 60–62 % of groundwater recharge in a Swiss Alpine catchment (Vallon de Nant), despite snowfall only accounting for 40–45 % of the annual precipitation. Using this example, we then demonstrate the flexibility of this approach to account for uncertainties in source characterization due to different hydrological processes. We also address an important bias in mixing models that arises when there is a large divergence between the number of collected source samples and their flux magnitudes. HydroMix can account for this bias by using composite likelihood functions that effectively weights the relative magnitude of source fluxes. The primary application target of this framework is hydrology, but it is by no means limited to this field.
Spadicoides matsushimae sp. nov., and Anisospadicoides gen. nov. for two atypical Spadicoides species
Authors: Qiao Min , Li De-Wei , Yu Ze-Fen , Zhang Kai , Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F.
Published: March 2019

Anisospadicoides is proposed as a new genus for two species of Spadicoides, S. macrocontinua and S. macroobovata, that have polytretic and blastic conidial ontogeny on the apical conidiogenous cells. A new species, Spadicoides matsushimae, distinguished
by broadly fusiform to navicular, mostly 2-septate, brown to dark brown conidia, is also described and illustrated.
A Study of Knowledge From Closed and Open System That Affect the Innovation Capability of Employees in the Thai Automotive Industry
Authors: Eamurai Poramet , Khantanapha Napaporn , Piriyakul Rapeepun
Published: March 2019

The objective of this research was to investigate the knowledge from closed and open systems that affect the innovation capability of employees in the Thai automotive industry. The study was conducted by reviewing related literature and theories and holding a small group meeting with experts in the automotive industry to review the research model and factors obtained from this study. This research is only part of the main research that we are currently studying. The results from this research have led to the research model. According to the research results, knowledge from a closed system can be divided into two types: 1) Knowledge from on-the-job training that consists of six factors; i.e. Coaching, Mentoring, Job rotation, Job instruction, Apprenticeship, and Understudy, and 2) Knowledge from off-the-job training that consist of one factor, i.e. Conference and seminar. In addition, knowledge from an open system can be divided into five factors, i.e. Free open software, Business partnership, Customer knowledge, Supplier knowledge, and University knowledge. The results obtained from this research will be used to additionally expand the development of research model in order to study the population, collect data, and extend results of the next research.
A METHOD OF PRELOAD SELECTION FOR A SYSTEM OF ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARINGS DUE TO THE MOMENT OF FRICTION
Authors: KACZOR Jarosław
Published: March 2019

Angular contact ball bearings are usually used in the situation when high stiffness of a bearing is demanded. However, a significant stiffness improvement can be achieved only after introducing a preload (“assembly clamp”) into a system of angular bearings. The aim of the research was to develop a method of preload selection for a system of angular contact ball bearings. As a result, a higher stiffness of the bearing without significant loss in its durability will be obtained.
Revision of Angursa (Arthrotardigrada: Styraconyxidae) with the description of a new species from Japan
Authors: Fujimoto Shinta , Hansen Jesper Guldberg
Published: March 2019

We re-examined the type material of five of the seven described species of the marine tardigrade genus Angursa Pollock, 1979, namely, A. abyssalis Renaud-Mornant, 1981, A. bicuspis Pollock, 1979 (type species), A. capsula Bussau, 1992, A. lanceolata Renaud-Mornant, 1981, and A. lingua Bussau, 1992. In addition, we describe A. seisuimaruae sp. nov. from the Sea of Kumano, Japan. Based on new data obtained, we amend the diagnosis of this genus, provide a taxonomic key to species, and discuss their geographical distributions.
Decaimento da turbulência convectiva: uma estimativa do coeficiente de difusão turbulento na camada residual
Authors: Goulart Antônio , Degrazia Gervásio Annes , Anfossi Domenico , Velho Haroldo Fraga de Campos
Published: March 2019

Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo que descreve o decaimento da energia cinética turbulenta convectiva e estima o coeficiente de difusão turbulento na Camada Residual. A equação dinâmica para a função espectro de energia é obtida da forma clássica a partir da equação de Navier-Stokes. São considerados os termos que descrevem a transferência inercial de energia, a produção ou destruição de energia por efeito térmico e a dissipação molecular. A transferência inercial de energia é parametrizada a partir da teoria estatística de Taylor. Emprega-se a teoria de Heisenberg baseada no conceito de uma viscosidade cinemática turbulenta para descrever a transferência inercial de energia dos grandes para os pequenos turbilhões. O termo que descreve a produção ou destruição de energia cinética por efeito térmico é parametrizado a partir da teoria de similaridade convectiva considerando-se a hipótese de Pao, a qual supõe que a energia é extraída do fluxo médio de forma contínua, o que permite não explicitar uma escala de tempo característica. Pelo fato das equações dinâmicas que descrevem o fluxo turbulento serem válidas somente no espaço tridimensional, foi obtido um espectro 3-D da Camada Convectiva a partir de um modelo proposto por Kristensen, e do modelo para os espectros unidimensionais obtido por Degrazia. O coeficiente de difusão turbulento é determinado a partir da teoria estatística de Taylor e teoria de similaridade convectiva. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são comparados com o modelo de LES.
Bodies in the tip
Authors: Perelman Mariano D.
Published: March 2019

The appearance of corpses in rubbish tips is not a recent phenomenon. In
Argentina, tips have served not only as sites for the disposal of bodies but
also as murder scenes. Many of these other bodies found in such places belong to
individuals who have suffered violent deaths, which go on to become public
issues, or else are ‘politicised deaths’. Focusing on two cases
that have received differing degrees of social, political and media attention
– Diego Duarte, a 15-year-old boy from a poor background who went
waste-picking on an open dump and never came back, and Ángeles Rawson, a
girl of 16 murdered in the middle-class neighbourhood of Colegiales, whose body
was found in the same tip – this article deals with the social meanings
of bodies that appear in landfills. In each case, there followed a series of
events that placed a certain construction on the death – and, more
importantly, the life – of the victim. Corpses, once recognised, become
people, and through this process they are given new life. It is my contention
that bodies in rubbish tips express – and configure – not only the
limits of the social but also, in some cases, the limits of the human
itself.