bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Hospitalizations of Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease within the United States from 2000 to 2009
Authors: Pant Chaitanya , Anderson Michael P. , Deshpande Abhishek , Grunow John E. , O'Connor Judith A. , Philpott Jessica R. , Sferra Thomas J.
Published: May 2016

Background

The incidence and prevalence of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seems to be increasing in North America and Europe. Our objective was to evaluate hospitalization rates in children with IBD in the United States during the decade 2000 to 2009.

Methods

We analyzed cases with a discharge diagnosis of Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) within the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Database, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

Results

We identified 61,779 pediatric discharges with a diagnosis of IBD (CD, 39,451 cases; UC, 22,328 cases). The number of hospitalized children with IBD increased from 11,928 to 19,568 (incidence, 43.5–71.5 cases per 10,000 discharges per year; P < 0.001). For CD, the number increased from 7757 to 12,441 (incidence, 28.3–45.0; P < 0.001) and for UC, 4171 to 7127 (15.2–26.0; P < 0.001). Overall, there was a significant increasing trend for pediatric hospitalizations with IBD, CD, and UC ( P < 0.001). In addition, there was an increase in IBD-related complications and comorbid disease burden ( P < 0.01).

Conclusion

There was a significant increase in the number and incidence of hospitalized children with IBD in the United States from 2000 to 2009.
Risk Factors for Obesity in Children and Adults
Authors: Siddarth Divya
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine whether modifiable lifestyle factors such as eating habits, physical activity, and screen-viewing time, as well as ethnicity, sex, and family income level, were associated with obesity in children and adults and whether the associations differed across age groups.

Participants

The data were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010.

Results

Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used, with obesity (defined as a body mass index of >30 kg/m2 for adults and ≥95th percentile for children of the same age and sex) as the outcome variable. For children, screen-viewing (TV/computer) time was the only significant factor; in contrast, for adolescents, eating habits were the only significant predictor. For young and middle-aged adults, lack of physical exercise and time spent in sedentary activities were the determinants of obesity, whereas for older adults, both eating habits and physical activity measures were related to obesity.

Conclusions

Distinct lifestyle factors have significant associations with obesity in different age groups, and this study underscores the need for age-specific intervention programs to address the obesity epidemic.
Aortic Atheromas and Stroke: Review of Literature
Authors: Vizzardi Enrico , Gelsomino Sandro , D'Aloia Antonio , Lorusso Roberto
Published: May 2016

Aortic atherosclerosis is the most common disease of the aortic arch, and patients with complicated aortic atheroma should be considered at risk of stroke. There is indeed controversy about whether and how to treat these patients. This review analyzes the literature data about the epidemiology, the association between atheroma and stroke, the classification of aortic atheroma plaques, the imaging diagnostic process, the therapeutics options, and the clinical trials performed in this clinical setting.
Coordinated Regulation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages by Cellular and Nutritional Signals
Authors: Har Daniel , Carey Michelle , Hawkins Meredith
Published: May 2016

The current epidemic of obesity is fueling a global rise in non-communicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherothrombotic disease, and cancer. Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation, with various fat-derived inflammatory factors being implicated in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. The infiltration of various types of inflammatory cells into adipose tissue seems to be an important mechanism whereby nutrient excess contributes to systemic insulin resistance. In particular, adipose tissue macrophages are abundant in obese adipose tissue, and may be the source of the majority of fat-derived circulating inflammatory factors. This review examines recent studies exploring mechanisms whereby cellular and nutritional signals mediate macrophage recruitment to adipose tissue and their pro-inflammatory activation.
Classification of LDL Phenotypes by 4 Methods of Determining Lipoprotein Particle Size
Authors: Sninsky John J. , Rowland Charles M. , Baca Arthur M. , Caulfield Michael P. , Superko Harold Robert
Published: May 2016

Background

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering is the primary objective of patient management for cardiovascular disease. However, large numbers of patients who have achieved their LDL-C goal remain at risk for cardiovascular events. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions may provide insight into this residual risk. Thus, LDL subfraction standardization and consistency are critical to these efforts.

Aim

This study aimed to determine the agreement of the analytical results among 4 methods commonly used for LDL subfractionation, namely, segmented gradient gel electrophoresis (sGGE), ultracentrifugation-vertical auto profile (VAP), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ion mobility (IM).

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 228 apparently healthy adults and sent to 4 clinical reference laboratories for analysis. The LDL phenotype was reported as pattern A (larger, less dense particles) or pattern B (smaller, more dense particles), respectively, and was the primary measure of comparison. An intermediate pattern (A/B) was also reported for sGGE and VAP.

Results

We observed complete agreement in the LDL phenotype among the 4 methods in 64% of subjects and agreement among at least 3 of the 4 methods in 87% of subjects. Agreement among pairs of methods ranged from 73% to 98% depending on how differences in reporting of subjects with intermediate results were considered. When subjects having intermediate A/B pattern were excluded, sGGE and IM had the highest agreement (98%) of any pair of methods.

Conclusions

We found substantial agreement in the reported LDL phenotype among 4 LDL subfraction measurement technologies as performed by different clinical reference laboratories.
Association of Asef and Cdc42 Expression to Tubular Injury in Diseased Human Kidney
Authors: Cheng Hui-Teng , Juang I Pu , Chen Liang-Chin , Lin Lih-Yuan , Chao Cheng-Han
Published: May 2016

Background

Cdc42 is a small guanosine-5′-triphosphatase of the Rho family and plays essential roles in the establishment of cellular polarity and tight junctions in epithelial cells. Adenomatous polyposis coli-associated exchange factor (Asef) is a canonical guanine nucleotide exchange factor of Cdc42 and renders Cdc42 to be guanosine-5′-triphosphate bound and activated. The expression patterns and their significance in human renal diseases are unknown.

Methods

We examined the expression of Cdc42 and Asef in kidney biopsy specimens of 15 patients and in normal kidney tissue using immunofluorescence and correlated the expression patterns with the clinical characteristics. We also analyzed the coexpression pattern of Ki-67, a marker indicating cell division, and Asef in selected patients.

Results

Expression of Asef and Cdc42 together was associated with tubular injury with 100% specificity. Expression of Asef, regardless of Cdc42, also showed a significant diagnostic odds ratio for the presence of the injury. Expression of Asef was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at the time of biopsy and larger area of interstitial fibrosis. All Ki-67–expressing tubular cells expressed Asef.

Conclusions

Induction of Asef and Cdc42 in the renal tubules is a cellular response to injury. Asef induction seems a necessary step for injured tubular cells to enter cell cycle.
“A Feast of Languages”: The Role of Language in the Globe to Globe Festival
Authors: Kenny Amy
Published: May 2016

In 2012, Shakespeare’s Globe hosted the Globe to Globe Festival, which featured performances from thirty-seven international companies in their native tongues as part of the Cultural Olympiad in the lead up to the London Olympic Games. This paper explores the role that language played in the Globe to Globe Festival, and the way in which language mediated direction and translation of various plays, specifically in the rehearsal room in anticipation of the performance itself. Translating Shakespeare into thirty-seven different languages allowed the companies to think about the potential benefits of performing their play in a specific dialect or style for both audiences at the Globe and their own language and culture as well. This paper considers the impact of language barriers that existed even within individual companies, and shows that the specific choices around language informed the ways audience members understood and interpreted the narratives of the plays during the festival.
Identification of the effective thermal conductivity of a powdered composite using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Zain-ul-abdein Muhammad , Saleem Waqas , Ijaz Hassan , Taimoor Aqeel A.
Published: May 2016

This work presents a computational method for the identification of the thermal conductivity of a powdered composite. The thermo-physical properties of powdered composites depend not only upon the intrinsic material properties of the filler and the matrix, but also upon several other parameters including the packing density, the particle shape factor and the particle size. In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based model is proposed for the identification of the effective thermal conductivity of a Bakelite–graphite powdered composite. A comparative analysis is also developed between the genetic algorithm and the experimental, theoretical and finite element results. In comparison with the experimental observations, the genetic algorithm model was found to have error values of approximately 5 %, whereas the errors resulting from the theoretical models were up to 12 %.
Sensitivity and Contribution of Organic Aerosols to Aerosol Optical Properties Based on Their Refractive Index and Hygroscopicity
Authors: Jung Chang , Shin Hye , Lee Ji , Kim Yong
Published: May 2016

Organic carbon (OC) accounts for a large fraction of particulate matter. Since many atmospheric organic compounds have different optical properties, it is difficult to determine the optical properties of OC accurately. In particular, hygroscopicity and light absorption of OC are important factors in understanding the aerosol optical properties. In this study, the sensitivity of organic carbon (OC) to aerosol optical properties was tested. Both the refractive index and the hygroscopicity of OC were considered. Based on the filter-based monthly averaged sampling measurement data from an intensive observation site in Seoul, Korea, the contribution of each component on the aerosol optical properties was estimated. The aerosol optical properties were simulated by combining the aerosol dynamic model for polydispersed aerosols with an optical properties model based on Mie code. The optical properties were compared with the AERONET Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) measurement data. In order to estimate the contribution of the light absorption and hygroscopicity of organic carbon (OC) on the optical properties of the aerosols, a sensitivity test was conducted with different imaginary refractive indices and OC hygroscopic growth factors. The results show that mass absorption efficiency can be fitted linearly as the imaginary refractive index increases. This means that one can estimate the mass absorption efficiency of OC as a function of the imaginary refractive index. The results also show that mass extinction and absorption efficiency decrease as the hygroscopic factor of OC increases because of the increase in water content. The contribution of OC to the mass extinction efficiency, however, depends on the chemical composition of other aerosol mixtures and hence, more comprehensive studies are required in this regard.
Economics of Residential Photovoltaic Battery Systems in Germany: The Case of Tesla’s Powerwall
Authors: Truong Cong , Naumann Maik , Karl Ralph , Müller Marcus , Jossen Andreas , Hesse Holger
Published: May 2016

Residential photovoltaic (PV) battery systems increase households’ electricity self-consumption using rooftop PV systems and thus reduce the electricity bill. High investment costs of battery systems, however, prevent positive financial returns for most present residential battery installations in Germany. Tesla Motors, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, USA) announced a novel battery system—the Powerwall—for only about 25% of the current German average market price. According to Tesla’s CEO Elon Musk, Germany is one of the key markets for their product. He has, however, not given numbers to support his statement. In this paper, we analyze the economic benefit of the Powerwall for end-users with respect to various influencing parameters: electricity price, aging characteristics of the batteries, topology of battery system coupling, subsidy schemes, and retrofitting of existing PV systems. Simulations show that three key-factors strongly influence economics: the price gap between electricity price and remuneration rate, the battery system’s investment cost, and the usable battery capacity. We reveal under which conditions a positive return on invest can be achieved and outline that the Powerwall could be a worthwhile investment in multiple, but not all, scenarios investigated. Resulting trends are generally transferrable to other home storage products.
Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of Quercetin
Authors: Choi Moon-Hee , Shin Hyun-Jae
Published: May 2016

Whitening cosmetics with anti-melanogenesis activity are very popular worldwide. Many companies have tried to identify novel ingredients that show anti-melanogenesis effects for new product development. Among many plant-derived compounds, polyphenols are thought to be one of the most promising anti-melanogenesis ingredients. In order to prepare effective whitening polyphenols, 3,3,4,5,7-pentahydrosyflavone (quercetin) has been widely researched and applied to commercial products because it is present in high levels in many edible plants. Quercetin is thus a representative polyphenol and has recently gained attention in the cosmetics field. There are many controversies, however, regarding the effect of quercetin, based on in vitro studies, cell line experiments, and human trials. In this review, toxicity and efficacy data for quercetin and its derivatives in various experimental conditions (i.e., various cell lines, concentration ranges, and other parameters) were examined. Based on this analysis, quercetin itself is shown to be ineffective for hypopigmentation of human skin. However, a few types of quercetin derivatives (such as glycosides) show some activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This review provides clarity in the debate regarding the effects of quercetin.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Unprecedented Mono-Dimensional Coordination Polymer of Ytterbium Involving Tetrathiafulvalene-Dicarboxylate Linker
Authors: Belio Castro Anjara , Jung Julie , Golhen Stéphane , Le Guennic Boris , Ouahab Lahcène , Cador Olivier , Pointillart Fabrice
Published: May 2016

A one-dimensional compound has been constructed through a YbIII ion and bridging redox-active deprotonated 4,5-bis(carboxylic)-4′,5′-methyldithiotetrathiafulvene. This polymer displays slow magnetic relaxation due to the planar magnetic anisotropy of the YbIII, which has been experimentally determined.
Resveratrol Interferes with IL1-β-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Paracrine Interaction between Primary Chondrocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Limagne Emeric , Lançon Allan , Delmas Dominique , Cherkaoui-Malki Mustapha , Latruffe Norbert
Published: May 2016

State of the art. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic articular disease characterized by cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation. OA physiopathology is multifactorial and involves mechanical and hereditary factors. So far, there is neither preventive medicine to delay cartilage breakdown nor curative treatment. Objectives. To investigate pro-inflammatory paracrine interactions between human primary chondrocytes and macrophages following interleukin-1-β (IL-1β) treatment; to evaluate the molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibitory effect of resveratrol. Results. The activation of NF-κB in chondrocytes by IL-1β induced IL-6 secretion. The latter will then activate STAT3 protein in macrophages. Moreover, STAT3 was able to positively regulate IL-6 secretion, as confirmed by the doubling level of IL-6 in the coculture compared to macrophage monoculture. These experiments confirm the usefulness of the coculture model in the inflammatory arthritis-linked process as a closer biological situation to the synovial joint than separated chondrocytes and macrophages. Il also demonstrated the presence of an inflammatory amplification loop induced by IL-1β. Resveratrol showed a strong inhibitory effect on the pro-inflammatory marker secretion. The decrease of IL-6 secretion is dependent on the NFκB inhibition in the chondrocytes. Such reduction of the IL-6 level can limit STAT3 activation in the macrophages, leading to the interruption of the inflammatory amplification loop. Conclusion. These results increase our understanding of the anti-inflammatory actions of resveratrol and open new potential approaches to prevent and treat osteoarthritis.
Nutraceutical with Resveratrol and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Induces Autophagy in ARPE-19 Cells
Authors: Koskela Ali , Reinisalo Mika , Petrovski Goran , Sinha Debasish , Olmiere Céline , Karjalainen Reijo , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: May 2016

Impaired autophagic and proteasomal cleansing have been documented in aged retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Omega-3 fatty acids and resveratrol have many positive homeostatic effects in RPE cells. In this work, ARPE-19 cells were treated with 288 ng of Resvega, containing 30 mg of trans resveratrol and 665 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, among other nutrients, with proteasome inhibitor MG-132 or autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 up to 48 h. Autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (p62) and LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3) were analyzed by Western blotting. Fluorescence microscopy with mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid was applied to study the autophagy flux, and cytoprotective effects were investigated with colorimetric MTT and LDH assays. Resvega induced autophagy by showing increased autolysosome formation and autophagy flux, and the change in the p62 and LC3 protein levels further confirmed the fluorescent microscopy results. Moreover, Resvega provided a clear cytoprotection under proteasome inhibition. These findings highlight the potential of the nutraceuticals containing resveratrol, omega-3 fatty acids and other nutrients in the prevention of ARPE-19 cell damage.
Protein-Pacing from Food or Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Overweight Men and Women: The PRISE 2 Study
Authors: Arciero Paul , Edmonds Rohan , Bunsawat Kanokwan , Gentile Christopher , Ketcham Caitlin , Darin Christopher , Renna Mariale , Zheng Qian , Zhang Jun , Ormsbee Michael
Published: May 2016

We recently reported that protein-pacing (P; six meals/day @ 1.4 g/kg body weight (BW), three of which included whey protein (WP) supplementation) combined with a multi-mode fitness program consisting of resistance, interval sprint, stretching, and endurance exercise training (RISE) improves body composition in overweight individuals. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and determine whether protein-pacing with only food protein (FP) is comparable to WP supplementation during RISE training on physical performance outcomes in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty weight-matched volunteers were prescribed RISE training and a P diet derived from either whey protein supplementation (WP, n = 15) or food protein sources (FP, n = 15) for 16 weeks. Twenty-one participants completed the intervention (WP, n = 9; FP, n = 12). Measures of body composition and physical performance were significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05), with no effect of protein source. Likewise, markers of cardiometabolic disease risk (e.g., LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. These results demonstrate that both whey protein and food protein sources combined with multimodal RISE training are equally effective at improving physical performance and cardiometabolic health in obese individuals.
Process Intensification via Membrane Reactors, the DEMCAMER Project
Authors: Gallucci Fausto , Antonio Medrano Jose , Roses Leonardo , Brunetti Adele , Barbieri Giuseppe , Viviente Jose
Published: May 2016

This paper reports the findings of a FP7 project (DEMCAMER) that developed materials (catalysts and membranes) and new processes for four industrially relevant reaction processes. In this project, active, stable, and selective catalysts were developed for the reaction systems of interest and their production scaled up to kg scale (TRL5 (TRL: Technology Readiness Level)). Simultaneously, new membranes for gas separation were developed; in particular, dense supported thin palladium-based membranes for hydrogen separation from reactive mixtures. These membranes were successfully scaled up to TRL4 and used in various lab-scale reactors for water gas shift (WGS), using both packed bed and fluidized bed reactors, and Fischer-Tropsch (FTS) using packed bed reactors and in prototype reactors for WGS and FTS. Mixed ionic-electronic conducting membranes in capillary form were also developed for high temperature oxygen separation from air. These membranes can be used for both Autothermal Reforming (ATR) and Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) reaction systems to increase the efficiency and the yield of the processes. The production of these membranes was scaled up to TRL3–4. The project also developed adequate sealing techniques to be able to integrate the different membranes in lab-scale and prototype reactors.
Estimating Tree Frontal Area in Urban Areas Using Terrestrial LiDAR Data
Authors: Jiang Yitong , Weng Qihao , Speer James , Baker Steven
Published: May 2016

Surface roughness parameters, such as roughness length and displacement height, impact the estimation of surface moisture, and the frontal areas of buildings and trees are two components that contribute to surface roughness in urban areas. Research on tree frontal area has not been conducted in urban areas before, and we hope to fill that gap in the literature with this study by using Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to estimate tree frontal areas in Warren Township, Indianapolis, IN, USA. We first estimated the frontal areas of individual trees based on their morphology, then calibrated a regression model to estimate the tree frontal area in 30 m pixels using parameters derived from LiDAR data and tree inventory data. The parameters included tree crown base area, height, width, conditions, defects, maintenances, genera, and land use. The validation shows that R2 yielded values ranging from 0.84 to 0.88, and RMSEs varied with tree category. The tree categories were identified based on the height and broadness of the canopy, which indicated the degree of resistance to air flow. This type of model can be used to empirically determine local roughness values at the tree-level for any city with a complete tree inventory. With the strong correlation between trees’ frontal area and crown base area, this model may also be used to determine local roughness value at 30 m resolution with NLCD (National Land Cover Database) tree canopy cover data as a component. A proper tree categorization according to the vertical air resistance, e.g., height and canopy density, was effective to reduce the RMSE in tree frontal area estimation. Geometric parameters, such as height, crown base height, and crown base area extracted from Airborne LiDAR, which demand less storage and computation capacity, may also be sufficient for tree frontal area estimation in the areas where Terrestrial LiDAR is not available.
System Merits or Failures? Policies for Transition to Sustainable P and N Systems in The Netherlands and Finland
Authors: Hoppe Thomas , Kuokkanen Anna , Mikkilä Mirja , Kahiluoto Helena , Kuisma Miia , Arentsen Maarten , Linnanen Lassi
Published: May 2016

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles are absolutely vital in maintaining sustainable food systems. Human activities disturb the natural balance of these cycles by creating enormous additional nutrient fluxes, causing eutrophication of waterways and pollution in land systems. To tackle this problem, sustainable nutrient management is required. This paper addresses sustainable nutrient management in two countries: The Netherlands and Finland. We adopt a critical perspective on resource politics, especially towards opportunistic policy strategies for the pollutant management of N and P. Two research questions are considered. First, what are the key systemic and policy failures that occurred in the N and P systems in the Netherlands and Finland between 1970 and 2015? And second, which lessons can be drawn when addressing the policy responses in the two countries to cope with these failures? The cases are analyzed within Weber and Rohracher’s framework that addresses “failures” preventing sustainable transitions. The results show that a number of failures occurred, besides market failures (over-exploitation of the commons, externalization of costs): lack of directionality, policy coordination, institutions, capabilities, infrastructure, demand articulation, and reflexivity. Policy responses in both countries resulted in ponderous policy frameworks that were adequate to tackle nutrient problems from the industrial sector and municipalities. However, both countries provided only a moderate response in terms of system-wide integrated policy frameworks to cope with sectoral-transcending issues. The agricultural use of N and P, in contrast to detergents, has not been subjected to strong regulatory measures.
Symmetry-Based Conflict Detection and Resolution Method towards Web3D-based Collaborative Design
Authors: Yu Mingjiu , Cai Hongming , Ma Xiaoming , Jiang Lihong
Published: May 2016

In the process of web3D-based collaborative design, it is necessary to completely prevent operation conflicts among designers due to distributed environments and complex 3D models. Therefore, conflict detection and conflict resolution are of great significance to attain an acceptable result. In order to facilitate effective and smooth design work, a symmetry-based collaborative design framework is proposed using the X3D operation models. Combined considerations cover both models and operations, while different operation strategies are utilized for conflict resolution in web-based collaborative design. The strategy can achieve automatic operation, real-time conflict detection based on dynamically adjustable time, and conflict auto-detection and resolution with designers’ customization. A proof-of-concept system is developed for verification. The proposed resolution shows good performance, scalability and interactivity in a case study.
Céréales, mauvaises herbes et faucilles : à la recherche des premiers agriculteurs au nord des Alpes
Authors: Maier Ursula , Schlichtherle Helmut , Borrello Maria Angelica
Published: May 2016

L’étude des données recueillies dans les palafittes de la zone comprise entre le sud-ouest de l’Allemagne et les lacs du pied du Jura donne une image achevée du développement des premières pratiques agricoles entre le Ve et le IVe millénaire avant notre ère. L’apparition de plantes cultivées, principalement des céréales, des mauvaises herbes et des outils de moisson permettent de tracer l’arrivée de différents courants de néolithisation. La localisation et la durée des villages, les indications relatives à la déforestation et à la préparation des champs destinés aux cultures décrivent l’anthropisation progressive du paysage.
Aux origines du vin. Du mythe à la recherche archéologique
Authors: Chelidonio Giorgio
Published: May 2016

Les découvertes archéologiques (restes végétaux, installations pour la production du vin, récipients pour la consommation et le stockage, représentations de libations) permettent de tracer les premiers pas de la viticulture, un processus entamé en Asie mineure entre la fin du VIIe et le début du VIe millénaire av. J.-C., où apparaissent les premières évidences de Vitis cultivée. Il est précédé par la cueillette de fruits sauvages et la para-domestication des plantes en vue d’assurer une production améliorée du raisin. L’intégration du vignoble aux systèmes agricoles se consolide au sein des sociétés urbaines du Moyen-Orient, au milieu du IVe millénaire. Les civilisations égéennes serviront de trait d’union entre la Méditerranée orientale et occidentale et contribueront à la diffusion du vin dans un cadre rituel et symbolique. Les données à disposition en Italie centrale et septentrionale indiquent, elles aussi, le passage de la cueillette à l’agriculture viticole entre expérimentations locales et influences exogènes.
The exploitation of local resources of Western Greece by Roman entrepreneurs (3rd -1st c. BC)
Authors: Zoumbaki Sophia
Published: May 2016

Romans and Italiote Greeks are attested to have been active in various areas of the Western part of the Greek peninsula and on the islands of the Ionian Sea as early as the 3rd c. BC, long before the formation of the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia. If we ignore Roman magistrates and a few proxenoi

of Greek poleis, whose exact relationship with the poleis – beyond conventional diplomatic contacts – is in most cases unclear, it is obvious that the motivation that drove these Westerners eastwards was economic. The nature of their activity is to be either seen in the context of commercial interchange between both sides of Adriatic, which is regularly attested as early as the Geometric period onwards, or it is to be connected with the exploitation of local resources, which were different in each of these regions. Yet tangible professions or occupations of these individuals are not often mentioned in the sources. Terms defining such occupations are sometimes more or less concrete, such as unguentarius, engaiountes, but in other cases they are general and include various capacities related to certain activities, as, for example, the term negotiatus or negotiator. There are also cases in which the activities of the foreign settlers are totally unknown or have to be guessed at through indirect references in the sources. Furthermore, we attempt to trace possible occupations in the light of the economic opportunities available in each locality. All these cases are to be considered when studying the evidence from the area in question, that is, Western Greece from the Ambraciot Gulf to Cape Tainaron, including the adjacent islands. Research into such matters might function as a basis for a further study of the role of Roman and Italiot entrepreneurs in the economic and social life of the Greek poleis in the area in question and of their role in the economic network of western entrepreneurs located in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Les mutations du commerce du sel dans l'Europe du Nord au tournant des XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Authors: Hocquet Jean-Claude
Published: May 2016

The discovery and the exploitation in the XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries of the coal-mining basins of the north of Europe, followed by the digging of the canals and the building of the railway lines put an end to the old dependence of the Northern countries on Atlantic, French of Iberic, sea salt, and dealt the last blow, in France itself, to the Western salts replaced by salts produced in Lorraine. From then on the new ignigenous saltworks have at their disposal a cheap locally produced source of energy and, thanks to steampower, they can take advantage of powerful tools, while older saltworks like Lunebourg, encumbered with feudal rents, will join the modernisation trend two centuries late.
Barreau et magistrature à Amiens au début de la République opportuniste
Authors: Martinage Renée
Published: May 2016

Lorsque les républicains conquièrent le pouvoir, au début de la période qualifiée «opportuniste» (1879-1899), ils renouvellent totalement le personnel de la magistrature. Entre l'épuration du Parquet (1879) et celle du siège (1883), quatre avocats renommés, amiénois quinquagénaires, sont nommés à la Cour d'Appel d'Amiens et à la Présidence du Tribunal d'Amiens, tandis qu'un cinquième, Globlet, après un bref passage par la magistrature, devient ministre. Le barreau était-il à ce point politisé ?

1. Le brillant barreau d'Amiens forme «les nouvelles couches» de la magistrature locale.

Les textes inchangés par la République permettent la promotion discrétionnaire des quatre avocats, d'emblée à des postes élevés, sur des critères notamment politiques. Ces nominations sont parfaitement régulières.

Les quatre nouvelles recrues sont en effet républicaines. Ils sont amis, forment une sorte de clan, et Dauphin est le chef de file de cette coterie. C'est la «république des camarades». Propulsé lui-même à la première présidence, il fait entrer à la Cour son neveu par alliance, admissible à l'agrégation et avocat consultant, son beau- frère, ancien bâtonnier distingué, tandis qu'il compte sur un ami, ancien bâtonnier entré un peu plus tôt à la Cour, pour un échange de postes.

La République croyaitm avoir recruté un personnel républicain et de qualité, elle n'avait fait que conforter la transmission des fonctions judiciaires à travers les générations.

2. La persistance d'une magistrature familiale, voire héréditaire.

Les convictions républicaines des quatre nouveaux promus n'étaient guère affirmées. A l'exception de Goblet, militant républicain sous l'Empire, les autres n'étaient que ralliés à un républicanisme conservateur et modéré après avoir été, soit serviteur de l'Empire comme Dauphinm qui fut à cette époque maire d'Amiens, soit libéral, soit sans opinion.

En réalité les quatre nouveaux magistrats ont profité du changement politique pour perpétuer une tradition familiale. Tous ont de nombreux parents dans la magistrature amiénoise, en ligne directe ascendante et descendante, en ligne collatérale et par alliance. Ils n'ont donc pas été élevés dans un milieu d'opposants à l'Empire, bien au contraire. La République loin de briser la chaîne de reproductions des influences les a confortées et la magistrature est un corps très souple qui assure la pérennité dynastique à travers les changements de régime les plus spectaculaires.
CONTEMPORARY TYPOLOGIC ALTERNATIVES OF BURYING AND THE PRINCIPLES OF BURYING ARCHITECTURE FORMATION / ŠIUOLAIKINĖS LAIDOJIMO TIPOLOGINĖS ALTERNATYVOS IR ARCHITEKTŪROS FORMAVIMO PRINCIPAI
Authors: Augustinaitė Dalia
Published: May 2016

The context of the concept of modern burial traditions is an inseparable from religion, which is a base to convey natural customs of the unique culture using numinous values. In the sense of allegory, burial character conveys immortality vision. Therefore there are many variations of interpretation in different cultures at a different time. A fundamental change of burial typology and architecture happens due to the changes of the life style. Scientific advance is the most fateful thing, which changes the attitude towards the functionality as well as to creativity in the burial sector. Due to the postmodernism, an exceptional, relatively separate form of the burial – virtual information bases of the dead, also actual as an alternative direction of the applied art to visual expression, have been formed on the basis of digital technologies. Essential objects of today‘s burial space topic are identified as a holistic optimisation of the consumerism, full-fledged integration of burial spaces in modern urbanistic structures and formation of multicultures. The solutions of this topic usually come through the multifunction of burial territories, burial nature and multifunction of architecture, as well as universal application, the priority of stable creation of the environment, including the search of the new typological alternatives of the burial. The components of burial space formation, significant to Lithuania, more or less match the global situation. Therefore, it is favourable for the state to take more objective account of the viable long-term juridical base and policy of burial space planning, the strategy of which would not lack of national features of heritage protection, however, using architecture as a means, would convey memorial persistent value and significance of the commemoration of the dead in a modern and creative way.
Šiame straipsnyje atskleidžiami kone dažniausiai taikytini šiuolaikinių laidojimo alternatyvų tipai ir jų vystymosi perspektyvoje tendencijos, aktualios architektūros formavimo principams, įskaitant ir kūrybingumą bei ryšį su Religija. Ateities kapinių vizija analizuojama siejant su laidojimo pobūdžiu, racionaliomis mirties įprasminimo ir laidojimo zonų integravimo urbanistinėje erdvėje galimybėmis bei velionio įamžinimu. Nagrinėjamos sritys, reikšmingos holistinei globaliai laidojimo erdvių problematikai, yra reikšmingos Lietuvos Respublikos religiniam diskursui pagal galiojančius nacionalinius dokumentus religinės situacijos bei įstatyminės bazės apimtyje.
HBV Genotypes and Drug Resistance Mutations in Antiretroviral Treatment-Naive and Treatment-Experienced HBV–HIV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Archampong Timothy NA , Boyce Ceejay L , Lartey Margaret , Sagoe Kwamena W , Obo-Akwa Adjoa , Kenu Ernest , Blackard Jason T , Kwara Awewura
Published: May 2016

Background

The presence of HBV resistance mutations upon initiation or during antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-coinfected patients is an important determinant of treatment response. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of HBV resistance mutations in antiretroviral treatment-naive and treatment-experienced HBV–HIV-coinfected Ghanaian patients with detectable HBV viraemia.

Methods

HBV–HIV-coinfected patients who were ART-naive or had received at least 9 months of lamivudine (3TC)-containing ART were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Demographic and clinical data were collected and HBV DNA quantified. Partial HBV sequences were amplified by PCR and sequenced bi-directionally to obtain a 2.1–2.2 kb fragment for phylogenetic analysis of HBV genotypes and evaluation of drug resistance mutations.

Results

Of the 100 HBV–HIV-coinfected study patients, 75 were successfully PCR-amplified, and 63 were successfully sequenced. Of these 63 patients, 27 (42.9%) were ART-experienced and 58 (92.1%) had HBV genotype E. No resistance mutations were observed in the 36 ART-naive patients, while 21 (77.8%) of 27 treatment-experienced patients had resistance mutations. All patients with resistance mutations had no tenofovir in their regimens, and 80% of them had HIV RNA <40 copies/ml. The 3TC resistance mutations rtL180M and rtM204V were observed in 10 (47.6%) of the 21 patients, while 5 patients (23.8%) had rtV173L, rtL180M and rtM204V mutations.

Conclusions

A high proportion of HBV–HIV-coinfected patients with detectable viraemia on 3TC-containing ART had resistance mutations despite good ART adherence as determined by HIV RNA suppression. This study emphasizes the need for dual therapy as part of a fully suppressive ART in all HBV–HIV-coinfected patients in Ghana.
Morfología del huevo ovárico en calcidoideos (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) parasitoides de avispas de las agallas (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Authors: Vårdal H. , Gómez J. F. , Nieves-Aldrey J. L.
Published: May 2016

En el presente trabajo se aportan datos morfol.gicos del huevo de 26 especies del Paleártico occidental pertenecientes a 5 familias de Chalcidoidea asociadas con agallas de cinípidos (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), incluyendo los primeros datos del huevo de especies de Ormyridae. Los ejemplares adultos de las especies estudiadas fueron obtenidos por emergencia de agallas en laboratorio, los ovarios de las hembras diseccionados para obtener los huevos, que fueron finalmente estudiados utilizando técnicas de microscopía electronica de barrido. La forma de los huevos estudiados varía de ovalada a alargada y ahusada en ambos extremos. Los huevos de Eurytomidae, así como algunos de Eulophidae, Eupelmidae y Pteromalidae están provistos de un pedúnculo en el extremo anterior. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre aquellos huevos elongados y la presencia de ovipositores largos en las hembras, confirmándose también la hipótesis esperada de que los huevos de especies endoparasitoides son generalmente más cortos y estrechos que los de los ectoparasitoides. Por otro lado los estudios de ultraestructura en los huevos de varias especies han permitido la localización del punto de entrada de esperma o micropilo. Este se encuentra situado bien en el extremo anterior del huevo o bien en el extremo del pedúnculo cuando está presente. Además, por primera vez se estudia y se describe la ultraestructura de la cáscara del huevo de la especie endoparasitoide Sycophila biguttata (Swederus, 1795) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) y del ectoparasitoide Cecidostiba fungosa (Geoffroy, 1785) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
Sustainable Development and the Integration of Normative Standards
Authors: Satolo Eduardo Guilherme , Simon Alexandre Tadeu , Braga Jr Sergio Silva
Published: May 2016

The sustainability definition is still unclear, and requires more in-depth studies to expand their understandings and their effective implementations. One of the means by which to achieve organizational sustainability presented in literature is the use of the concept of Integrated Management System (IMS). Normative management standards such as ISO 9000, ISO 14000, OHSAS 18000, and SA 8000 stand out with large numbers of accreditation by the companies targeted for joint establishment of an IMS, and more recently, normative standards have been identified as mechanisms to ensure the sustainable development of organizations by the integration of economic development, social progress, and environmental quality. This chapter aims to show the evolution of concept of sustainable development; present a definition for the organizational environment; highlight the interaction term “organizational sustainability” with basic normative standards systems management; and guide organizations by describing how interactions between normative standards and the dimensions of sustainability can occur.
Sustainable Supply Chain
Authors: Girisaballa Susheela , Bhattacharya Sonali
Published: May 2016

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is an evolving discipline, for which many theories are being proposed. It is dependent on other disciplines, of which organizational theories are of tremendous importance. One such theory that has great relevance to SSCM is Institutional Theory. The purpose of this study is to develop a model that relates the enablers of SSCM to Institutional Theory. This is achieved in three steps: First, SSCM enablers were identified through a literature review. These internal enablers go through certain external challenges when supply chain players practice Sustainability. Second, an attempt is made to explain these challenges from the perspective of Institutional Theory. The role of Institutional Isomorphism in regulating and creating a direction for achieving the sustainability goal is identified. Finally, a theoretical model is developed to describe the link between supply chain players, institutional isomorphism, and the support and participation of the top management in creating an enabling environment for legitimization of sustainable supply chain.
An Analysis on Finding the Optimum Die Angle of Polylactic Acid in Fused Deposition Modelling
Authors: Sukindar Nor Aiman , Mohd Ariffin Mohd Khairol Anuar
Published: May 2016

Rapid prototyping (RP) has been known as one of the advanced technology that grows tremendously over the few years. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the RP technologies, which is commonly used in producing three dimensional products. The study focus on the effect of dies angle in FDM nozzle and finds the optimum angle know as natural convergent angle (2θo).Polylactic acid (PLA) has been chosen as the material due to lots of advantages including biodegradability and acts as the base material for reconstructive structure for bone material. Extruding PLA material effectively is utilized under simulation method and the data obtain has been recorded. Die angle has been varied from 80o until 160o and it shows a different effect in pressure drop. Pressure drop need to be observed as it affects the road width of scaffold design, thus affecting the quality of the extruded part. The natural convergence angle (2θo) should be closed as to the die angle (2α) in order to get stability and consistency scaffold design. The natural convergent angle is found at 130o and can be considered as optimum die angle.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Photoelectrocatalytic Reactors for the Degradation of Formic Acid
Authors: Phuan Yi Wen , Lau Eileen Ai Lyn , Ismail Harun Mohamed , Lee Byeong Kyu , Chong Meng Nan
Published: May 2016

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to predict the performance of photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reactors with surface reactions. PEC process is a promising and sustainable method that is capable for simultaneous organic degradation and hydrogen production. However, the overall PEC process efficiency is still unsatisfactory and not ready for scale-up application. Preliminary study using CFD model can help to reduce development time, money and effort in experimental work while providing comprehensive analysis and optimum PEC reactor design prior to its real physical fabrication. CFD model integrates irradiance distribution, hydrodynamics, species mass transport and chemical reaction kinetics within the reactor. The performance of PEC reactor for organic degradation depends on reactor configurations and hydrodynamic conditions. Thus, the main aim of this study was to optimize different PEC reactor designs using CFD modelling by varying the reactor configurations and hydrodynamic flow conditions for improved efficiency in degrading the sample organic pollutant of formic acid. The CFD modelling showed higher formic acid degradation efficiency for the simulated convex surface photoreactor than the flat surface photoreactor due to the former possess the ability to concentrate the absorbed light onto the photoanode surface. Besides, the CFD modelling showed that the formic acid degradation rate increased with decreasing inlet fluid flow velocity. This was due to the uniform flow distribution that enables evenly coverage of photoanode surface for subsequent degradation of formic acid in the PEC reactors. Further experimental work is required to validate the CFD simulation to allow better understanding and improvement of the overall efficiency of PEC reactors.
The Virtualisation Process of the Joglo Cultural Heritage House Using Computer Aided Design
Authors: Mariana Yosica , Nurdiani Nina , Katarina Widya
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a study of the process of virtualization or a cultural heritage modeling of Joglo house, an old Javanese house, through observation method. The method consists of three aspects as the following: (1) to observations and measurements, (2) to create a virtual image of the cultural heritage and (3) to integrate the all component of the cultural heritage house, so that the final image is expected to be the replicate of the original house. Additionally, in the process of making traditional Joglo house model, there is another aspect that has been conducted, it was to create harmony between the display of a merger of two and three-dimensional photorealistic models which was made with the help of computer-based applications, namely Computer Aided Design (CAD). As such, by implementing these methods, the reconstruction of cultural heritage of the Joglo house, the Kartasura, can be realized.