bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment Tools for Executive Function and Adaptive Function Following Brain Pathology Among Children in Developing Country Contexts: a Scoping Review of Current Tools
Authors: Kusi-Mensah Kwabena , Nuamah Nana Dansoah , Wemakor Stephen , Agorinya Joel , Seidu Ramata , Martyn-Dickens Charles , Bateman Andrew
Published: December 2021

Several tools have been developed to assess executive function (EFs) and adaptive functioning, although in mainly Western populations. Information on tools for low-and-middle-income country children is scanty. A scoping review of such instruments was therefore undertaken.

We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis- Scoping Review extension (PRISMA-ScR) checklist (Tricco et al., in Annals of Internal Medicine 169(7), 467–473, 2018). A search was made for primary research papers of all study designs that focused on development or adaptation of EF or adaptive function tools in low-and-middle-income countries, published between 1st January 1894 to 15th September 2020. 14 bibliographic databases were searched, including several non-English databases and the data were independently charted by at least 2 reviewers.

The search strategy identified 5675 eligible abstracts, which was pruned down to 570 full text articles. These full-text articles were then manually screened for eligibility with 51 being eligible. 41 unique tools coming in 49 versions were reviewed. Of these, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF- multiple versions), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Go/No-go and the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF) had the most validations undertaken for EF tests. For adaptive functions, the tools with the most validation studies were the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS- multiple versions) and the Child Function Impairment Rating Scale (CFIRS- first edition).

There is a fair assortment of tests available that have either been developed or adapted for use among children in developing countries but with limited range of validation studies. However, their psychometric adequacy for this population was beyond the scope of this paper.
Local Characteristics Shape the Intended Political Behaviours of Adolescents
Authors: Deimel Daniel , Abs Hermann J.
Published: December 2021

Among the different factors that predict political participation, the characteristics of the local community are often described. The types and the intensity of political participation differ in urban and rural communities. The local community provides social and cultural resources for political participation and at the same time acts as a driver of political socialisation. The political attitudes of adolescents differ depending on the characteristics of the communities in which they live, i.e. the local context of their political socialisation. This paper describes the context of the political socialisation of adolescents in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) in terms of geographical differences in socioeconomic, sociostructural, and sociocultural characteristics. The approach uses public databases to construct indicators that describe administrative districts in terms of their degree of urbanisation, degree of aggregated individual wealth, and variety of opportunity. These indicators were merged with the NRW subset of the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS 2016), which comprises N = 1451 students in N = 59 schools. Neither the degree of urbanisation nor the degree of aggregated individual wealth was suitable for explaining differences in the intended political behaviour of secondary school students in the 8th grade in NRW. However, the higher the variety of opportunity in a certain district, the less frequently students intend to participate in elections as adults. Also, the higher the measure, the more frequently students intend to participate in illegal protest activities. Apparently certain local environments mobilise intentions to participate in protest activities and suppress more conventional political activities.
Localization of isotropic and anisotropic wireless sensor networks in 2D and 3D fields
Authors: Bhat Soumya J. , Santhosh K. V.
Published: December 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) has changed the way people live by transforming everything into smart systems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) forms an important part of IoT. This is a network of sensor nodes that is used in a vast range of applications. WSN is formed by the random deployment of sensor nodes in various fields of interest. The practical fields of deployment can be 2D or 3D, isotropic or anisotropic depending on the application. The localization algorithms must provide accurate localization irrespective of the type of field. In this paper, we have reported a localization algorithm called Range Reduction Based Localization (RRBL). This algorithm utilizes the properties of hop-based and centroid methods to improve the localization accuracy in various types of fields. In this algorithm, the location unknown nodes identify the close-by neighboring nodes within a predefined threshold and localize themselves by identifying and reducing the probable range of existence from these neighboring nodes. The nodes which do not have enough neighbors are localized using the least squares method. The algorithm is tested in various irregular and heterogeneous conditions. The results are compared with a few state-of-the-art hop-based and centroid-based localization techniques. RRBL has shown an improvement in localization accuracy of 28% at 10% reference node ratio and 26% at 20% reference node ratio when compared with other localization algorithms.
Occurrence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on animal farms and in their vicinity in Poland and Ukraine—review
Authors: Jeżak Karolina , Kozajda Anna
Published: December 2021

Intensive animal farming emits to the environment very high concentrations of bioaerosol, mainly composed of microorganisms, including antibiotics resistant strains, and their derivatives. Poland is a significant producer of poultry and swine in Europe; Ukraine is located in the immediate vicinity of Poland and the EU. Thus, the review focuses on the presence of potentially pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial genes in the environment of farms and food of animal origin in Poland and Ukraine. Existing data confirms presence of these bacteria in the food animal origin chain environment in both countries. However, it is difficult to compare the scale of multidrug-resistant bacteria (e.g. MRSA, ESBL) dissemination in Poland and Ukraine with other EU countries due to lack of more extensive studies and large-scale monitoring in these two countries. A series of studies concerning resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from livestock environment have been published in Poland but usually on single farms with a very limited number of samples, and without a genotypic drug resistance marking. From Ukraine are available only few reports, but also disturbing. The risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission does not only concern animal farming, but also other facilities of animal origin food supply chains, especially slaughterhouses.
Learning from the COVID-19 pandemic to combat climate change: comparing drivers of individual action in global crises
Authors: Meijers Marijn H. C. , Scholz Christin , Torfadóttir Ragnheiður “Heather” , Wonneberger Anke , Markov Marko
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are two global crises that require collective action. Yet, the inertia typically associated with behavior change to limit climate change stands in contrast to the speed associated with behavior change to stop the spread of COVID-19. Identifying the roots of these differences can help us stimulate climate-friendly behaviors. We assessed the extent to which a number of theory-based drivers underlie behaviors aiming to counter COVID-19 and climate change with an online survey (N = 534). We focused on the role of a number of drivers derived from prominent behavior change theories and meta-analyses in the field, namely, personal threat, threat to close others, threat to vulnerable others, fear, participative efficacy, injunctive and descriptive social norms, and governmental policy perceptions. We investigated (1) what drivers people perceived as most important to engage in behaviors that limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change and (2) the strength of the associations between these drivers and engaging in behaviors that limit the spread of the pandemic and climate change. Results highlight three key drivers for climate change action: changing perceptions of governmental policy and perceptions of threat to close others and priming participative efficacy beliefs.
Bonding of Flexible Membranes for Perfusable Vascularized Networks Patch
Authors: Hong Soyoung , Song Yejin , Choi Jaesoon , Hwang Changmo
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:

In vitro generation of three-dimensional vessel network is crucial to investigate and possibly improve vascularization after implantation in vivo. This work has the purpose of engineering complex tissue regeneration of a vascular network including multiple cell-type, an extracellular matrix, and perfusability for clinical application.

METHODS:

The two electrospun membranes bonded with the vascular network shape are cultured with endothelial cells and medium flow through the engineered vascular network. The flexible membranes are bonded by amine-epoxy reaction and examined the perfusability with fluorescent beads. Also, the perfusion culture for 7 days of the endothelial cells is compared with static culture on the engineered vascular network membrane.

RESULTS:

The engineered membranes are showed perfusability through the vascular network, and the perfused network resulted in more cell proliferation and variation of the shear stress-related genes expression compared to the static culture. Also, for the generation of the complex vascularized network, pericytes are co-cultured with the engineered vascular network, which results in the Collagen I is expressed on the outer surface of the engineered structure.

CONCLUSION:

This study is showing the perfusable in vitro engineered vascular network with electrospun membrane. In further, the 3D vascularized network module can be expected as a platform for drug screening and regenerative medicine.
Macroscale superlubricity achieved via hydroxylated hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets with ionic liquid at steel/steel interface
Authors: Zheng Zhiwen , Liu Xiaolong , Huang Guowei , Chen Haijie , Yu Hongxiang , Feng Dapeng , Qiao Dan
Published: December 2021

Macroscale superlubricity is a prospective strategy in modern tribology to dramatically reduce friction and wear of mechanical equipment; however, it is mainly studied for point-to-surface contact or special friction pairs in experiments. In this study, a robust macroscale superlubricity for point-to-point contact on a steel interface was achieved for the first time by using hydroxylated modified boron nitride nanosheets with proton-type ionic liquids (ILs) as additives in ethylene glycol aqueous (EGaq). The detailed superlubricity process and mechanism were revealed by theoretical calculations and segmented experiments. The results indicate that hydration originating from hydrated ions can significantly reduce the shear stress of EGaq, which plays an essential role in achieving superlubricity. Moreover, the IL induces a tribochemical reaction to form a friction-protective film. Hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheets (HO-BNNs) function as a polishing and self-repairing agent to disperse the contact stress between friction pairs. Superlubricity involves the change in lubrication state from boundary lubrication to mixed lubrication. This finding can remarkably extend the application of superlubricity for point-to-point contact on steel surfaces for engineering applications.
(Un)doing memory – fehlendes Erinnern an Todesopfer rechter Gewalt. Rekonstruktionen anhand eines Mordes im Landkreis Esslingen 1992
Authors: Fischer Gabriele
Published: December 2021

Mit der Selbstenttarnung des NSU entwickelte sich ein gesellschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Diskurs, der auf die Kontinuitäten rechtsextremen Terrors in der Bundesrepublik verweist. Nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand wurden seit 1945 ca. 300 Personen von rechtsextremen Täter:innen ermordet. Nur für wenige Opfer gibt es ein öffentliches und damit gesellschaftliches Gedenken und Erinnern. Der Beitrag nimmt einen praxeologischen Fokus ein und rekonstruiert anhand eines Falles in Baden-Württemberg Praktiken des doing memory. Dabei zeigt sich, wie der rechtsextreme Terroranschlag zum isolierten Problem konstruiert wird, das einer Lösung bedarf, um zu einer hegemonialen Vorstellung von Normalität zurückkehren zu können. Da Erinnern hier ein störendes Moment darstellen würde, lässt sich von einem undoing memory sprechen.
10 Jahre nach dem NSU. Vom Reden über Frauenhass und rechten Terror
Authors: Lang Juliane
Published: December 2021

Frauenfeindlichkeit und Frauenhass spielten eine relevante Rolle in rechtsterroristischen Anschlägen der vergangenen zehn Jahre. In der Folge fanden geschlechterrelevante Perspektiven zunehmend Eingang in das Reden über rechten Terror. Der Beitrag untersucht die widersprüchlichen Effekte des Redens über Frauenhass und rechten Terror in neueren Debatten. Nachgezeichnet wird eine Kontinuität des Verbesonderns rechter und frauenfeindlicher Gewalt sowie eine Entlastung der Mehrheitsgesellschaft von einer Mitverantwortung für rechten Terror.
Extension of vector-valued functions and weak–strong principles for differentiable functions of finite order
Authors: Kruse Karsten
Published: December 2021

In this paper we study the problem of extending functions with values in a locally convex Hausdorff space E over a field $$\mathbb {K}$$
K
, which has weak extensions in a weighted Banach space $${\mathcal {F}}\nu (\Omega ,\mathbb {K})$$

F
ν
(
Ω
,
K
)

of scalar-valued functions on a set $$\Omega$$
Ω
, to functions in a vector-valued counterpart $$\mathcal {F}\nu (\Omega ,E)$$

F
ν
(
Ω
,
E
)

of $${\mathcal {F}}\nu (\Omega ,\mathbb {K})$$

F
ν
(
Ω
,
K
)

. Our findings rely on a description of vector-valued functions as continuous linear operators and extend results of Frerick, Jordá and Wengenroth. As an application we derive weak-strong principles for continuously partially differentiable functions of finite order and vector-valued versions of Blaschke’s convergence theorem for several spaces.
The sustainable development goals in two sustainable development reserves in central amazon: achievements and challenges
Authors: de Andrade Leonardo Capeleto , Borges-Pedro João Paulo , Gomes Maria Cecilia Rosinski Lima , Tregidgo Daniel Joseph , do Nascimento Ana Claudeise Silva , Paim Fernanda Pozzan , Marmontel Miriam , Benitz Tabatha , Hercos Alexandre Pucci , do Amaral João Valsecchi
Published: December 2021

The 2030 Agenda was set in 2015 by the United Nations, with 17 Sustainable Development Goals. The Amazonian riverine people are recognized as traditional communities that have their own culture and use the local natural resources of their territories in an ancestral and traditional way. The Sustainable Development Reserve is a Brazilian protected area category which aims to ensure the protection of the natural environment while allowing the residence and the use of these lands by traditional populations. This article reports and discusses the achievements and challenges of the Sustainable Development Goals in two sustainable development reserves in Central Amazonia. The goals were evaluated in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, due to the large research programs developed in those areas along the past 20 years. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals have a clear connection with the mission of these sustainable development reserves in Central Amazon. Despite the many achievements conquered over the years, there are many challenges yet to overcome; and while striving to achieve the goals from the 2030 Agenda, new challenges will emerge. The current main challenges to reach the Sustainable Development Goals in the Mamirauá and Amanã Sustainable Development Reserves, in Central Amazon, are connecting to the reality of rural areas.
The International Female Coital Incontinence Questionnaire (IFCI-Q): Development, Validation and Reliability Study
Authors: Gubbiotti Marilena , Giannantoni Antonella , Rubilotta Emanuele , Balzarro Matteo , Bini Vittorio , Rosadi Stefano , Serati Maurizio
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Coital urinary incontinence is an underestimated urinary symptom characterized by urine leakage during intercourse with a serious impact on female sexual function, which often may lead to the abandon of sexual activity. To date, there are no specific validated questionnaires for coital incontinence (CI).

Aim

Aim of the study was to develop and validate a questionnaire “International Female Coital Incontinence- Questionnaire” (IFCI-Q) to evaluate the presence, severity and type of CI and its impact on quality of sexual intercourse.

Methods

The IFCI-Q validation process included the following stages: (i) Questionnaire development and expert focus group (urologists and gynecologists experts in the field of functional urology); (ii) Administration of IFCI-Q to sexually active women complained for CI, by cognitive interview; (iii) Expert focus group to assess for content validity; (iv) Psychometric assessment of internal consistency by Cronbach’s alpha calculation; (v) Test-retest reliability.

Main Outcome Measure

Aim of the questionnaire was to evaluate the presence, severity and type of CI, its impact on quality of sexual intercourse and psychological status and to identify concomitant urinary symptoms. Psychometric properties outcomes: internal consistency and reliability are considered acceptable for Cronbach’s α coefficient >0.7 and Cohen’s k-test >0.6, respectively. Test-retest reliability was detected by administering the questionnaire twice to the all included women with a time interval of 2 weeks. The content validity was evaluated by a panel of clinical experts.

Results

Thirty women (mean ± SD age: 43.4 ± 17.1 years) complained of CI completed the IFCI-Q. A total of 43.4% of patients had OAB symptoms, 23.3% had mixed urinary incontinence (UI) and 6.6% complained of stress UI. Patients with CI during penetration had a higher prevalence of predominant SUI (7/10), and all women suffering from CI during orgasm had OAB symptoms (11/11). A total of 80% women feel depressed and 56.6% patients reported that CI restricts their sexual activity. Internal consistency and replicability of data were in the adequate range (Cronbach α = 0.737). The test-retest procedure revealed that the k-values of each item are very good.

Conclusion

IFCI-Q is a reliable questionnaire on CI and demonstrated a high level of internal consistency and reliability.
Cardiovascular and Blood Oxidative Stress Responses to Exercise and Acute Woodsmoke Exposure in Recreationally Active Individuals
Authors: Williamson-Reisdorph Cassie M. , Tiemessen Kathryn G. , Christison Katie , Gurney Shae , Richmond Dylan , Wood Kesley , Quindry Tiffany S. , Dumke Charles L. , Quindry John C.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Those who work and recreate outdoors experience woodsmoke exposure during fire season. Exercise during woodsmoke exposure harms the cardiovascular system, but the acute physiologic and biochemical responses are understudied. The purpose of this pilot laboratory-based study was to examine the effect of exercise during woodsmoke exposure on acute indicators of cardiovascular function, including heart rate variability (HRV), pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index (AIx), and blood oxidative stress.

Methods

Ten participants performed 2 moderate-intensity exercise (70% [Formula: see text]O2 max) trials (clean air 0 μg·m-3, woodsmoke 250 μg·m-3) in a crossover design. HRV, PWV, BP, AIx, and blood oxidative stress were measured before, after, and 90 min after exercise for each trial. Blood oxidative stress was quantified through lipid damage (LOOH, 8-ISO), protein damage (3-NT, PC), and antioxidant capacity (TEAC).

Results

A 45-min woodsmoke exposure combined with moderate-intensity exercise did not result in a statistically significant difference in HRV, PWV, BP, AIx, or oxidative stress ( P>0.05).

Conclusions

Despite the known deleterious effects of smoke inhalation, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise while exposed to woodsmoke particulate matter (250 μg·m-3) did not result in a statistically significant difference in HRV, PWV, or blood oxidative stress in this methodologic context. Although findings do not negate the negative impact of woodsmoke inhalation, additional research approaches are needed to better understand the acute effects of smoke exposure on the cardiovascular system.
NOTES ON THE STABLE REGULARITY LEMMA
Authors: MALLIARIS M. , SHELAH S.
Published: December 2021

This is a short expository account of the regularity lemma for stable graphs proved by the authors, with some comments on the model theoretic context, written for a general logical audience.
Acute Hyperglycemia and In-Hospital Mortality in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Beshara Simon , Katsanos Aristeidis , Patil Tushar , Al-Zahrani Saeed , Chen Jerry Yeou-Wei , Alharbi Abdulrahman , Zamir Nasim , Ng Kelvin , Kase Carlos S. , Shoamanesh Ashkan
Published: December 2021

Hyperglycemia is reported to predict worse outcome in patients with stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In 83 consecutive cases of ICH at a tertiary stroke center, hyperglycemia (serum glucose >7 mmol/L) compared to normoglycemia at presentation was associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality (51.2% vs. 26.2%, OR 2.3, CI 1.2–7.6, p = 0.02). The association with in-hospital mortality withstood adjustment for age, ICH volume, intraventricular hemorrhage, and infratentorial ICH location, but not baseline Glasgow Coma Scale. Acute hyperglycemia is associated with in-hospital mortality in spontaneous ICH patients, though this may be an indirect, rather than a causal relationship.
Entropy, products, and bounded orbit equivalence
Authors: KERR DAVID , LI HANFENG
Published: December 2021

We prove that if two topologically free and entropy regular actions of countable sofic groups on compact metrizable spaces are continuously orbit equivalent, and each group either (i) contains a w-normal amenable subgroup which is neither locally finite nor virtually cyclic, or (ii) is a non-locally-finite product of two infinite groups, then the actions have the same sofic topological entropy. This fact is then used to show that if two free uniquely ergodic and entropy regular probability-measure-preserving actions of such groups are boundedly orbit equivalent then the actions have the same sofic measure entropy. Our arguments are based on a relativization of property SC to sofic approximations and yield more general entropy inequalities.
Parties Matter: The Consequences of PRR Parties in Subnational Governments on Health Policy
Authors: Falkenbach Michelle
Published: December 2021

Although the research surrounding PRR parties has increased over the years, health policies, an important part of the welfare system, have generally been neglected. Using an in-depth case-study approach, this article analyses the health policy consequences of PRR parties in Austrian and Italian subnational governments over time, thereby expanding the units of analysis while also looking at an understudied level of government. The findings indicate a propensity towards neoliberalism, combined with accents of welfare chauvinism in Austria and a strategy of shutting down the Freedom Party of Austria. In the case of Italy, both regional cases mark a desire for welfare chauvinism but an inability to restrict healthcare access directly. In all four cases (except Burgenland), the PRR parties are consistently chauvinistic (despite seeming to prefer welfare to liberal chauvinism, they typically implement the latter for health policies) and any factor of generosity comes from a social democratic coalition partner or not at all.
Persistence of infectivity in elderly individuals diagnosed with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection 10 days after onset of symptoms: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Longtin Yves , Parkes Leighanne O. , Charest Hugues , Rajarison Stacy , Zaharatos Gerasimos J. , Fafard Judith , Roger Michel , De Serres Gaston
Published: December 2021

We performed viral culture of nasopharyngeal specimens in individuals aged 79 and older, infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 10 days after symptom onset. A positive viral culture was obtained in 10 (45%) of 22 participants, including 4 (33%) of 12 individuals with improving symptoms. The results of this small study suggest that infectivity may be prolonged among older individuals.
Older and Younger Brothers: Su Shi and Su Zhe
Authors: Egan Ronald
Published: December 2021

Here we have a pair of brothers whose relationship is known to us primarily through the hundreds of poems they exchanged with each other through their lives, during which they spent more time apart than together. To have a relationship rooted in literary work this way was not unusual in Chinese life. What was unusual was the fame these particular brothers attained, even while still alive. This article explores the nature of the brothers’ relationship as best we can discern it through their actions and what they wrote to each other, including their mutual affection, disagreements, and competition. Their lives were played out against a backdrop of high office, empire-wide renown, and political persecution. We see that their relationship to each other was in some ways the most enduring and sustaining aspect of their lives, even when their ultimate ideal of spending their final days together went unrealized.
On the interaction between oncoming internal waves and a dense gravity current in a two-layer stratification
Authors: Tanimoto Yukinobu , Ouellette Nicholas T. , Koseff Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2021

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate the dynamics of a dense gravity current flowing down an inclined slope into a two-layer stratification in the presence of oncoming internal interfacial waves. The experiment is set up such that the gravity current propagates towards a wave maker emitting interfacial waves such that the current and waves propagate in opposite directions. The results were compared with the case of gravity current without oncoming waves. The gravity current splits into a portion that inserts itself into the pycnocline as an interflow and another that propagates down the slope as an underflow, with the proportionality depending on the characteristics of the gravity current and the oncoming waves when they are present. The interflow is shown to arise from a combination of detrainment and the preferential insertion of fluid with density greater than the upper layer and less than lower layer along the pycnocline. The mass flux of the interflow is observed to be reduced by the oncoming waves, as waves act to decrease the interflow velocity. The internal waves also increase the path length that the interflow must travel. A combination of reduced velocities and increased path length explains the observed reduction in cumulative flux. The trend of the final cumulative flux is consistent with the mass change observed by comparing density profiles obtained before and after the experiment.
Jump rope vortex flow in liquid metal Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a cuboid container of aspect ratio
Authors: Akashi Megumi , Yanagisawa Takatoshi , Sakuraba Ataru , Schindler Felix , Horn Susanne , Vogt Tobias , Eckert Sven
Published: December 2021

We study the topology and the temporal dynamics of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a liquid metal with a Prandtl number of 0.03 located inside a box with a square base area and an aspect ratio of

$\varGamma = 5$

. Experiments and numerical simulations are focused on the Rayleigh number range

$6.7 \times 10^{4} \leqslant Ra \leqslant 3.5 \times 10^{5}$

, where a new cellular flow regime has been reported previously (Akashi et al., Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 4, 2019, 033501). This flow structure shows symmetries with respect to the vertical planes crossing at the centre of the container. The dynamic behaviour is dominated by strong three-dimensional oscillations with a period length that corresponds to the turnover time. Our analysis reveals that the flow structure in the

$\varGamma = 5$

box corresponds in key features to the jump rope vortex structure, which has recently been discovered in a

$\varGamma = 2$

cylinder (Vogt et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 115, 2018, pp. 12674–12679). While in the

$\varGamma = 2$

cylinder a single jump rope vortex occurs, the coexistence of four recirculating swirls is detected in this study. Their approach to the lid or the bottom of the convection box causes a temporal deceleration of both the horizontal velocity at the respective boundary and the vertical velocity in the bulk, which in turn is reflected in Nusselt number oscillations. The cellular flow regime shows remarkable similarities to properties commonly attributed to turbulent superstructures.
Moral Faith and the Legacy of John Lewis's Political Vision of “Good Trouble”
Authors: Johnson Terrence L.
Published: December 2021

The late congressman John Lewis spent most of his political life engaging Black Power's commitment to economic and political freedom through a political vocabulary that aligned with his deeply held beliefs in nonviolence, human rights activism, and moral faith. The tension between the Black radical left and establishment Black politics dates back to Lewis's clash with elite Black leaders over the content of his prepared address for the 1963 March on Washington. The address provides a glimpse into Lewis's complicated political legacy. The youngest speaker at the March, Lewis faced the daunting task of both representing the political philosophy of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and meeting the expectations of established civil rights leaders. Negotiating the political interests of the organizers of the March alongside the demands of SNCC foreshadowed the congressman's political vocation: a lifetime of civil rights advocacy through a politics of respectability and Black Power's political philosophy of freedom and economic transformation. Lewis's political legacy is complicated; and yet, it was fueled by an unabashed commitment to Black freedom struggles, human rights activism, and racial reconciliation.
How Civility Matters in Civil Matters: Procedural Justice and Court Legitimacy in the Midst of a Legitimacy Crisis
Authors: Burdziej Stanisław , Guzik Keith , Pilitowski Bartosz
Published: December 2021

Theprocedural justicethesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes in people’s perception of institutional legitimacy is supported by a large body of research. But studies also suggest thatdistributive justiceand theeffectivenessof authorities are more important in certain legal settings (civil courts) and national contexts (posttransition societies). This study tests these ideas through a survey of 192 civil litigants in Poland, a postcommunist country where the national judiciary has recently been subject to intense political scrutiny. Our findings support the generalizability of procedural justice, and especially voice, but also demonstrate the significance of outcomes and legal cynicism. We also discuss prior court contact, role (plaintiff versus defendants), and representation (presence of counsel) as potential moderators on litigants’ perceptions of court legitimacy.
Permitting dual class shares in the UK premium listing regime – a path to enhance rather than compromise investor protection
Authors: Yan Min
Published: December 2021

Unequal voting rights arrangements under dual class share structures are increasingly favoured by entrepreneurs and founders of technology companies, in order to retain a degree of control over the company that is disproportionate to their equity shareholdings. The rise of such share structures around the world has put competitive pressure on the UK Government and the country's financial regulator to relax the one share, one vote principle in the premium listing regime of the London Stock Exchange, to ensure the UK equities market remains world-leading and fit for the future development of the economy. There is, however, a long tradition of institutional investors’ distaste for dual class share structures. In fact, the near extinction of dual class listings in the UK capital markets can be largely attributed to the opposition of large British institutions. Therefore, this paper will critically discuss the conflict between the demands to attract listings from high-tech and innovative companies and concerns of a race to the bottom in the UK context. It rebuts criticisms based on investor protection and argues that if dual class companies were permitted to list in the Premium Segment, the higher level of regulatory protection provided in the premium listing regime would help enhance minority shareholder protection and shareholder engagement. The additional safeguarding measures, as we have seen from other global financial centres, would also help to restrain the potential abuse of controllers’ weighted voting power. Together with the market mechanism, permitting dual class listings in the Premium Segment should be welcomed.
Prenatal folic acid supplementation and folate status in early pregnancy: ECLIPSES study
Authors: Iglesias-Vázquez Lucía , Serrat Núria , Bedmar Cristina , Pallejà-Millán Meritxell , Arija Victoria
Published: December 2021

This research evaluates the prevalence of inadequate folate status in early pregnancy, the pattern of prenatal folic acid (FA) supplementation and associated factors in Spanish pregnant women from the ECLIPSES study, which included 791 participants prior gestational week 12. A cross-sectional evaluation of erythrocyte folate levels was performed at recruitment and used to calculate the prevalence of folate deficiency (erythrocyte folate < 340 nmol/l) and insufficiency (erythrocyte folate < 906 nmol/l). Sociodemographic and lifestyle data as well as information on prenatal FA supplementation were recorded. Descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The prevalence of folate deficiency and insufficiency were 9·6 % and 86·5 %, respectively. Most of women used prenatal FA supplements, but only 6·3 % did so as recommended. Supplementation with FA during the periconceptional period abolished folate deficiency and reduced folate insufficiency. Prenatal FA supplementation with ≥1000 µg/d in periconceptional time and pregnancy planning increased erythrocyte folate levels. The main risk factor for folate insufficiency in early pregnancy was getting prenatal FA supplementation out of the periconceptional time (OR 3·32, 95 % CI 1·02, 15·36), while for folate deficiency they were young age (OR 2·02, 95 % CI 1·05, 3·99), and smoking (OR 2·39, 95 % CI 1·30, 4·37). In addition, social and ethnic differences according to folate status were also identified. As conclusion, periconceptional FA use is crucial for achieving optimal folate levels in early pregnancy. Pregnancy planning should focus on young women, smokers, those with low consumption of folate-rich foods, low socio-economic status or from ethnic minorities.
The Effect of Electoral Inversions on Democratic Legitimacy: Evidence from the United States
Authors: Carey John M. , Helmke Gretchen , Nyhan Brendan , Sanders Mitchell , Stokes Susan C. , Yamaya Shun
Published: December 2021

When a party or candidate loses the popular vote but still wins the election, do voters view the winner as legitimate? This scenario, known as an electoral inversion, describes the winners of two of the last six presidential elections in the United States. We report results from two experiments testing the effect of inversions on democratic legitimacy in the US context. Our results indicate that inversions significantly decrease the perceived legitimacy of winning candidates. Strikingly, this effect does not vary with the margin by which the winner loses the popular vote, nor by whether the candidate benefiting from the inversion is a co-partisan. The effect is driven by Democrats, who punish inversions regardless of candidate partisanship; few effects are observed among Republicans. These results suggest that the experience of inversions increases sensitivity to such outcomes among supporters of the losing party.
The prevailing trend of consanguinity in the Arab society of Israel: is it still a challenge?
Authors: Sharkia Rajech , Khatib Mohammad , Sheikh-Muhammad Ahmad , Mahajnah Muhammad , Zalan Abdelnaser
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the trend of consanguineous marriage among the Arab population in Israel. Socio-demographic data for the Arab population were extracted from national health surveys conducted in Israel in 2007 and 2017. The prevalence of consanguineous marriage among the Arab population in Israel increased significantly from 36.3% to 41.6% in the decade from 2007 to 2017. First-cousin and closer marriages constituted about 50% of total consanguineous marriages in the two periods surveyed. Consanguinity was found to be significantly related to religion and place of residence. Thus, the prevalence of consanguineous marriage remains high among the Arab population in Israel, similar to other Arab societies. These findings affect the health of future generations and impose a challenge for health care professionals.
In Defence of Ordinary Help: Estimating the effect of Early Help/Family Support Spending on Children in Need Rates in England using ALT-SR
Authors: WEBB CALUM
Published: December 2021

Randomised controlled trials are often inappropriate for many forms of preventative children’s services; as such, observational studies using administrative data can be valuable for evidence-based policymaking. However, estimates of effectiveness can be confounded by differences in thresholds of intervention and national policies that exert pressure on local trends. This study adjusted for these factors using methods developed in clinical psychology to control for individual traits and developmental trajectories, Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Models with Structured Residuals, to analyse the relationship between local authority preventative spending and Children in Need (CIN) rates in England. Higher spending was associated with significant decreases in CIN rates between 2010/11 and 2014/15, but not from 2014/15 onwards. In the first half of the decade, 1% increases in expenditure were associated with between 0.07% and 0.157% decreases in CIN rates. Based on average local authority spending cuts, this translates to an additional 13,000 to 16,500 children and young people put or kept at risk of developmental or health impairments nationally for each year between 2011 and 2015. These findings highlight the potential of early help/family support policies and concerns around how their effectiveness has changed consequent to prolonged austerity and a deliberate policy focus on ‘what works’.
Moving Social Policy from Mental Illness to Public Wellbeing
Authors: FISHER MATTHEW
Published: December 2021

In the face of global epidemics of mental ill-health, the future of social policy lies with promotion of public wellbeing. This article aims to provide an explanatory rationale and methods for a fundamental shift in social policy; away from a remedial focus on mental ill-health defined in terms of disease or aberrant behaviour and toward a focus on universal access to social conditions favourable to psychological wellbeing. The paper begins with prefacing argument about the urgent need for such a shift, noting the high rates of mental ill-health globally and the failure of current biomedical responses to reduce these. Building on recent theoretical work on public wellbeing and evidence on social determinants of mental health, the paper then proposes nine domains for social policy and broader public policy action, to create conditions supportive of wellbeing abilities. Finally, the paper presents several conceptual issues relating to the challenge of putting such action into practice and concludes that contemporary understanding of wellbeing offers a theory of change to shift social policy from mental illness to public wellbeing.
Does Abortion Harm the Fetus?
Authors: Ekendahl Karl , Johansson Jens
Published: December 2021

A central claim in abortion ethics is what might be called the Harm Claim – the claim that abortion harms the fetus. In this article, we put forward a simple and straightforward reason to reject the Harm Claim. Rather than invoking controversial assumptions about personal identity, or some nonstandard account of harm, as many other critics of the Harm Claim have done, we suggest that the aborted fetus cannot be harmed for the simple reason that it does not occupy any well-being level.
Public Approval, Policy Issues, and Partisanship in the American Presidency: Examining the 2019–2020 Trump Impeachment and Acquittal
Authors: Bose Meena , Burnett Craig M.
Published: December 2021

Although much of the United States undoubtedly was aware of the impeachment hearings and trial for President Donald Trump in 2019–2020, the extent to which information about those events influenced the public remains unknown. Building on scholarship about public opinion and democratic governance, we attempted to fill this knowledge gap through a unique survey. We asked half of our sample to answer three factual questions pertaining to Trump’s first impeachment trial. We ran a quasi-experiment on the other half, trying to influence their view of the trial by informing them of the same three facts that we asked the first group. The quasi-experiment demonstrates that support for acquittal was largely static and that partisanship strongly influences whether the public accepts the veracity and importance of political information. Consequently, civic knowledge today appears to have a limited—perhaps even nonexistent—effect on public attitudes about American politics.
Impact of a voluntary industry code for advertising food to children and young people: an analysis of New Zealand television data
Authors: Shen Stephanie , Mackay Sally , Lee Arier , Ni Mhurchu Cliona , Sherif Ahmed , Eyles Helen
Published: December 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of the 2017 update to the voluntary Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) code for advertising food on children and young people’s exposure to unhealthy food advertisements on New Zealand television.

Design:

Audience ratings data were analysed for New Zealand children and young people’s television viewing for eight random days prior to (June to August 2015) and following (October to December 2018) the code update, from 06.00 to midnight (864 h). Food advertisements were coded using three nutrient profiling models. The number of children and young people watching television each year was compared.

Setting:

Three free-to-air New Zealand television channels.

Participants:

New Zealand children aged 5–18 years.

Results:

Television viewer numbers decreased over the 3 years (P< 0·0001). The mean rate of unhealthy food advertising on weekdays was 10·4 advertisements/h (2015) and 9·5 advertisements/h (2018). Corresponding rates for weekend days were 8·1 and 7·3 advertisements/h, respectively. The percentage of food advertisements which were for unhealthy foods remained high (63·7 % on weekdays and 65·9 % on weekends) in 2018. The ASA definition of children’s ‘peak viewing time’ (when 25 % of the audience are children) did not correspond to any broadcast times across weekdays and weekend days.

Conclusions:

Between 2015 and 2018, children and young people’s television exposure to unhealthy food advertising decreased. However, almost two-thirds of all food advertisements were still unhealthy, and the updated ASA code excluded the times when the greatest number of children was watching television. Consequently, government regulation and regular monitoring should reflect the evolving food marketing environment.
Unequal and Gendered: Assessing the Impacts of Austerity Cuts on Public Service Users
Authors: Hastings Annette , Matthews Peter , Wang Yang
Published: December 2021

A decade of austerity has amplified concern about who gets what from public services. The article considers the socio-economic and gendered impacts of cuts to local environmental services which have increased the need for citizens to report service needs and effectively ‘co-produce’ services. Via a case study of a UK council’s decade of administrative data on citizen requests and service responses, the article provides one of the first detailed analyses of the unfolding impact of austerity cuts over time on public service provision. It demonstrates the impact of austerity across the social gradient, but disproportionately on the least affluent, especially women. The article argues for the importance of detailed empirical examination of administrative data for making visible, and potentially tackling, long standing inequalities in public service provision.
Freedom and Gender Equality in EU Family Policy Tools
Authors: Novotna Lucie
Published: December 2021

The aim of this article is to look critically at the implications of gender equality concepts for individual freedom as conceptualised by the philosopher Isaiah Berlin. The scientific literature addressing the problem of freedom and gender equality with regard to public policy is considerably fragmented. Based on contextual literature, this article will offer four concepts of freedom that serve as analytical categories. I will analyse work/family reconciliation policy tools as introduced at the level of the European Union and reconnect them to three traditions of gender equality. The article reflects on historically embedded dichotomy between positive and negative freedom visible in gendered distinction between public and private. The main findings show that the relationship between freedom and equality is mediated by the selected policy tools suggesting that some policy tools expand freedom of all individuals while others indicate a possible limit for freedom.
A novel design of circularly polarized ring CDRA with wideband impedance bandwidth using slotted microstrip feed line for X-band applications
Authors: Rai Chandravilash , Singh Sanjai , Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Verma Ramesh Kumar
Published: December 2021

A circularly polarized ring cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (ring-CDRA) of wideband impedance bandwidth is presented in this article. The proposed ring CDRA consist of an inverted rectangular (tilted rectangular) shaped aperture and inverted L-shaped slotted microstrip feed line. The tilted rectangular shaped aperture and inverted L-shaped microstrip feed line generate two-hybrid mode HEM11δ and HEM12δ while ring CDRA and slotted microstrip feed line are used for the enhancement of impedance bandwidth. The proposed ring CDRA is resonating between 6.08 and 12.2 GHz with 66.95% (6120 MHz) impedance bandwidth. The axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 6.99% (780 MHz) is obtained between 10.76 and 11.54 GHz with a minimum AR value of 0.2 dB at a frequency of 11 GHz. The proposed geometry of ring CDRA has been validated with measurement performed by VNA and anechoic chamber. The operating range of the proposed radiator is useful for different applications in X-band.