bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An abattoir monitoring system for diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle in Baja California, Mexico
Authors: de Anda Jorge Hernández , Evangelista Tomás Rentería , Valencia Gilberto López , Hodgers Miguel Montaño
Published: December 2023

Objective

To implement a disease monitoring system in federal, municipal, and private abattoirs in Baja California, Mexico and to estimate annual prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in beef and dairy cattle slaughtered and inspected in 1995 and 1996.

Design

Epidemiologic survey.

Animals

About 200,000 cattle (95% beef, 5% dairy).

Procedures

Lymph node and tissue specimens with lesions suggestive of TB were fixed in neutral-buffered 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections were stained with H&E and Ziehl-Neelsen and examined for typical tuberculous lesions and acid-fast bacilli. Annual prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were estimated.

Results

Prevalence of TB in all slaughtered cattle was 0.12 and 0.46% in 1995 and 1996, respectively (beef cattle, 0.02 and 0.05%, respectively; dairy cattle, 2.0 and 8.3%, respectively). Tuberculosis cases/1,000 slaughtered cattle were linearly associated with monthly volumes of tissue submissions.

Clinical Implications

It is critical to quantify the monitoring activity at abattoirs to better estimate the prevalence of TB in slaughtered cattle. Annual prevalence of TB was significantly greater in dairy cattle than in beef cattle. Veterinarians and cattle producers in this region are encouraged to develop and work on herd plans aimed at controlling and eradicating TB. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:709–711)
Use of urine cortisol:creatinine ratio versus adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation testing for monitoring mitotane treatment of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
Authors: Angles John M. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Marsha S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate use of urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (UC:C) as a means of monitoring response to long-term mitotane treatment in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Design

Prospective uncontrolled study.

Animals

101 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Procedure

Urine samples were obtained from dogs on the morning an ACTH stimulation test was performed, and owners were asked their opinion on the health of their dog to monitor response to mitotane treatment. Urine was assayed for cortisol and creatinine concentrations, and UC:C was calculated. The UC:C was compared with post-ACTH plasma cortisol concentration.

Results

Post-ACTH plasma cortisol concentration was used to categorize each dog's response to mitotane treatment. The UC:C did not correlate satisfactorily with results of ACTH stimulation testing. Twenty-seven of 85 (32%) dogs would have been incorrectly considered as having received appropriate doses using UC:C. In addition, 16 dogs that received overdoses could not be distinguished from 29 dogs that received appropriate doses.

Clinical Implications

UC:C does not provide a consistent, correct assessment of mitotane-induced adrenocortical destruction. The ACTH stimulation test, although more time-consuming and expensive, is recommended for monitoring response to mitotane treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1002–1004)
Evaluation of serum ɣ-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias
Authors: Johnston Nancy A. , Parish Steven M. , Tyler Jeff W. , Tillman Cheryl Blake
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the relationship between serum ɣ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and serum IgG concentration in neonatal crias.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Animals

21 llama and 4 alpaca crias from 0 to 5 days old.

Procedure

Serum GGT activity was measured, using a commercially available kit. Serum IgG concentration was determined by use of radial immunodiffusion. With a serum IgG concentration of 1,000 mg/dl (considered adequate passive transfer), specificity and sensitivity of serum GGT activity in the detection of failure of passive transfer were determined. Regression models were developed to determine the relationship between serum GGT activity and serum IgG concentration.

Results

Sensitivity ranged from 0.56 to 0.89, and specificity ranged from 0.88 to 0.31, depending on the value of serum GGT activity chosen as a threshold. Proportion of crias correctly classified ranged from 0.76 to 0.52. Regression models failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between serum GGT activity and serum IgG concentration.

Clinical Implications

Passive transfer status in crias cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of serum GGT activity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1165–1166)
Measurement of serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Melián Carlos , Nichols Rhett
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether measurement of baseline serum concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, and thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone; TSH) would aid in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs.

Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

54 dogs with hypothyroidism, 54 euthyroid dogs with nonthyroidal disease initially suspected to have hypothyroidism, and 150 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

In the 54 dogs with hypothyroidism, diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical signs, results of routine laboratory and TSH stimulation tests, exclusion of concurrent nonthyroidal disease, and a good clinical response to treatment with l-thyroxine. Blood samples were collected from all dogs and were tested for thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations. Reference ranges for hormone concentrations were established on the basis of results for the 150 clinically normal dogs.

Results

Of the 54 hypothyroid dogs, 48 (89%) had low total T4 concentrations, 3 had low-normal concentrations, and 3 had high concentrations because of T4 autoantibodies. In contrast, only 10 (18%) euthyroid dogs had low total T4 concentrations. Only 3 of 31 (10%) hypothyroid dogs had low T3 concentrations; 23 had concentrations within the reference range, and 5 had high concentrations because of T3 autoantibodies. Only 3 of 38 euthyroid dogs had low T3 concentrations. Of the hypothyroid dogs, 53 (98%) had low free T4 concentrations and 1 had a low-normal concentration. Only 4 (7%) euthyroid dogs had low free T4 concentrations. Of the hypothyroid dogs, 41 (76%) had high TSH concentrations, and 13 had TSH concentrations within the reference range. Of the euthyroid dogs, only 4 (8%) had high TSH concentrations. Of all single hormone measurements evaluated, measurement of free T4 concentration had the highest sensitivity (0.98), specificity (0.93), and accuracy (0.95) as a test for hypothyroidism; measurement of total T4 concentration had a lower sensitivity (0.89), specificity (0.82), and accuracy (0.85). Compared with measurement of total or free T4 concentration, measurement of TSH concentration had a lower sensitivity (0.76) and accuracy (0.84) but specificity (0.93) equal to that for measurement of free T4 concentration. When T4 (total or free) and TSH concentrations were evaluated together, specificity was higher than when T4 or TSH concentration was evaluated alone. Only 1 euthyroid dog had low T4 (total and free) and high TSH concentrations.

Clinical Implications

Results indicate that measurement of serum free T4 and TSH concentrations is useful for diagnosis of hypothyroidism in dogs. About a quarter of the dogs with confirmed hypothyroidism, however, will have serum TSH concentrations within reference limits. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1396–1402)
Evaluation of the impact of a natural gas leak from a pipeline on productivity of beef cattle
Authors: Waldner C. L. , Ribble C. S. , Janzen E. D.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the association between a leak of sour natural gas (more than 30% hydrogen sulfide) from a pipeline in a river valley and the health of beef cattle in the intensively ranched surrounding area.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Sample Population

13 herds of cattle within 4 km (2.5 miles) of the leak and 10 herds outside the 4-km zone.

Procedure

Distance of herds from the leak site was determined, using geographic information system technology. Information about speed and direction of winds was obtained from a local meteorologic station and an ambient air-quality monitoring trailer. Health and productivity data for surrounding beef herds, as well as exposure information, were collected and analyzed.

Results

An association was not found between total herd calf mortality and herd distance from the leak, wind-aided exposure, location in the river valley, signs of irritation consistent with exposure to the gas, or reports of odors of gas at the time of the leak. Management changes reported in response to the gas leak were identified as risk factors for total herd calf mortality. Other herd-level risk factors associated with increased calf mortality ratio included a median calving date in February and percentage of twin births for a herd.

Clinical Implications

In this example, we did not detect an association between productivity of cattle and exposure to sour natural gas. Several methods can be used for ranking potential exposure after discovery of a leak. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:41–48)
Effect of dietary insoluble fiber on control of glycemia in dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nelson Richard W. , Duesberg Cindy A. , Ford Sara L. , Feldman Edward C. , Davenport Deborah J. , Kiernan Christine , Neal Larry
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the effect of a high insolublefiber (HF) diet containing 12% cellulose in dry matter and a low insoluble-fiber (LF) diet on control of glycemia in dogs with naturally acquired insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Design

Prospective randomized crossover controlled trial.

Animals

11 dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus.

Procedure

Dogs were fed HF and LF diets for 8 months each in 1 of 2 randomly assigned diet sequences. Caloric intake and insulin treatment were adjusted as needed to maintain stable body weight and control of glycemia, respectively. After a 2-month adaptation period, control of glycemia was evaluated every 6 weeks for 6 months. Variables assessed included serum glucose concentration measured during the preprandial state, blood glycosylated hemoglobin concentration, serum glucose concentration measured every 2 hours for 24 hours beginning at the time of the morning insulin injection, 24-hour mean serum glucose concentration, mean serum glucose concentration fluctuation from the 24-hour mean serum glucose concentration, and 24-hour urinary excretion of glucose.

Results

Significant differences in mean daily caloric intake, body weight, or daily insulin dosage among dogs fed HF and LF diets were not found. Mean preprandial serum glucose concentration, most postprandial serum glucose concentrations, 24-hour mean serum glucose concentration, and 24-hour urinary excretion of glucose were significantly lower in dogs fed the HF diet, compared with the LF diet.

Clinical Implications

Results of this study support feeding of commercially available insoluble fiber diets to dogs with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:380-386)
Prevalence and risk factors for odontoclastic resorptive lesions in cats
Authors: Lund Elizabeth M. , Bohacek Linda K. , Dahlke Julie L. , King Vickie L. , Kramek Betty A. , Logan Ellen I.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence of, and risk factors for, odontociastic resorptive lesions in cats seen in a private veterinary practice population.

Design

Population-based cross-sectional study.

Animals

145 cats more than 1 year of age that underwent anesthesia for various procedures.

Procedure

Cats were evaluated under anesthesia for odontociastic resorptive lesions. Lesions were graded, using a published classification system. Clients completed a standardized survey on signalment, indoor-outdoor status, medications, diet during the past year, number of daily feedings, treat feeding, source of water, and oral hygiene practices.

Results

48% of cats had resorptive lesions. Lesions were most commonly mandibular, and premolars were more often affected. Compared with cats without oral lesions, cats with oral lesions were more likely to be older, female, taking medications, drinking city (vs well) water, and playing less often with toys. In addition, cats without oral lesions were more likely to have owners who cleaned their teeth daily or twice a week and to be fed diets with higher magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Frequency of teeth cleaning was inversely related to the development of odontociastic resorptive lesions. Variables significantly associated with oral lesions were age and magnesium content of diet.

Clinical Implications

Older cats should be examined closely for odontociastic resorptive lesions. Clients should be advised on methods and frequency of teeth cleaning in cats to prevent lesions. Dietary nutrients may play a role in the development of odontociastic resorptive lesions in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:392-395)
Possible ventricular late potentials in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Kraus Marc
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether ventricular late potentials, detected by means of signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG), were associated with sudden death in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy.

Design

Case series.

Animals

39 Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy.

Procedure

Cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by means of serial echocardiography and ambulatory electrocardiography; SAECG was performed 1 or more times for each dog.

Results

12 dogs died suddenly; the other 27 died after developing overt clinical signs of congestive heart failure. Results of SAECG were associated with outcome, and dogs in which ventricular late potentials were detected were more likely to die suddenly. However, 5 dogs for which results of SAECG were normal (n = 2) or equivocal (3) also died suddenly.

Clinical Implications

Results suggest that SAECG may be useful in predicting whether Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy, confirmed on the basis of results of echocardiography, are at risk of dying suddenly. However, the possibility of sudden death cannot be ruled out simply because results of SAECG are normal. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:235-239)
Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis: 70 cases (1986-1995)
Authors: Hess Rebecka S. , Saunders H. Mark , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Shofer Frances S. , Washabau Robert J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, ultrasonographic, and coagulation abnormalities in dogs in which acute pancreatitis was fatal.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

70 dogs.

Procedure

History, clinical signs, and physical examination findings at the time of initial evaluation at the veterinary teaching hospital; results of pretreatment laboratory tests, abdominal radiography, and ultrasonography; and histologic abnormalities were obtained from medical records.

Results

Clinical signs included anorexia, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea, polyuria and polydipsia, neurologic abnormalities, melena, weight loss, hematemesis, and passage of frank blood in feces. At the time of initial examination at the veterinary teaching hospital, 68 (97%) dogs were dehydrated, 18 (26%) were icteric, 22 (32%) were febrile, 40 (58%) had signs of abdominal pain, and 30 (43%) were classified as overweight or obese. Most dogs had leukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift, and thrombocytopenia. Various serum biochemical abnormalities were identified, including hypoglycemia, azotemia, hypercalcemia and other electrolyte abnormalities, hypoalbuminemia, high hepatic and pancreatic enzyme activities, hypercholesterolemia, and lipemia. For 17 of 28 (61 %) dogs, results of coagulation function tests were abnormal. Results of abdominal ultrasonography and radiography were consistent with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in 23 of 34 (68%) and 10 of 41 (24%) dogs, respectively. For 2 dogs, results of abdominal ultrasonography were not suggestive of acute pancreatitis, but results of abdominal radiography were.

Clinical Implications

Clinical signs and results of clinicopathologic tests are inconsistent. Abdominal ultrasonography may be valuable in the diagnostic evaluation of dogs suspected to have acute pancreatitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:665-670)
Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in cheetahs
Authors: Deem Sharon L. , Ko Jeff C. H. , Citino Scott B.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To evaluate anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of an intramuscular injection of a tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine combination in cheetahs.

Design—

Prospective study.

Animals—

17 adult captive cheetahs.

Procedure—

The anesthetic combination was administered intramuscularly via a dart. Induction quality, duration of lateral recumbency, duration of recovery, and quality of anesthetic reversal with atipamezole were assessed. Cardiorespiratory variables (arterial blood gas partial pressures, arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal CO2, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were measured during anesthesia.

Results—

Sedation and lateral recumbency developed within 1.9 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) and 4.3 ± 2.0 minutes of drug administration, respectively. Clinically acceptable cardiorespiratory and blood gas values were recorded for at least 87 minutes after drug administration in all but 1 cheetah. Hypoxemia and arrhythmias developed in 1 cheetah breathing room air but resolved after treatment with oxygen. Hypertension developed in all cheetahs. Significant differences in heart and respiratory rates, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH, partial pressure of oxygen, and hemoglobin saturation were found between cheetahs that did and did not receive oxygen supplementation. After administration of atipamezole, sternal recumbency and mobility returned within 6.9 ± 5.8 and 47.5 ± 102.2 minutes, respectively. Postreversal sedation, which lasted approximately 4 hours, developed in 4 cheetahs.

Clinical Implications—

Tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine delivered via a dart provided an alternative method for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in cheetahs. Atipamezole at the dose used was effective for reversal of this combination in the initial phase of anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:1022-1026)
Randomized controlled trial of doxorubicin versus dactinomycin in a multiagent protocol for treatment of dogs with malignant lymphoma
Authors: Khanna Chand , Lund Elizabeth M. , Redic Kim A. , Hayden David W. , Bell Ford W. , Goulland Eric L. , Klausner Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To compare efficacy and toxicity of 2 multiagent chemotherapeutic protocols similar in all respects except that 1 incorporated dactinomycin and the other incorporated doxorubicin for treatment of dogs with malignant lymphoma.

Design—

Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—

45 dogs with malignant lymphoma.

Procedure—

Dogs were randomly assigned to a doxorubicin or dactinomycin treatment group. Time to first remission, duration of first remission, survival time, and prevalence of toxicoses, particularly number of episodes of dose-limiting neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicoses, were compared between groups.

Results—

37 dogs received at least 1 dose of doxorubicin (21 dogs) or dactinomycin (16). Median time to first remission was not significantly different between groups, but median duration of first remission and median survival time were significantly longer for dogs in the doxorubicin treatment group than for dogs in the dactinomycin treatment group. Number of dogs that died, number of episodes of dose-limiting neutropenia, and number of episodes of gastrointestinal toxicoses were not significantly different between groups.

Clinical Implications—

A multiagent chemotherapeutic protocol incorporating doxorubicin was significantly more effective in dogs with malignant lymphoma than a similar protocol incorporating dactinomycin. Despite the lower cost and lack of cardiotoxicity, dactinomycin is not an equivalent substitute for doxorubicin in the initial treatment of dogs with malignant lymphoma. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:985-990)
Clotting times and antithrombin III activity in cats with naturally developing diseases: 85 cases (1984-1994)
Authors: Thomas Jennifer S. , Green Robert A.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine the prevalence of abnormalities of in vitro prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), or antithrombin III (ATIII) activity or all 3 variables in cats; and the association of abnormalities of these variables with naturally developing diseases or disorders.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

85 cats from which blood had been obtained for measurement of a coagulation profile (PT, APTT, and ATIII activity) and concentration of fibrin degradation products.

Procedure

Medical records from the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine were reviewed to determine clinical diagnosis, results of CBC and coagulation profile, and clinical evidence of abnormal bleeding or thrombotic disease.

Results

38 cats had one or more abnormality in the coagulation profile; most had multiple abnormalities. Twenty of these 38 cats had concurrent thrombocytopenia. Thrombocytopenia was identified in 9 of 47 cats in which results of the coagulation profile were normal. Most cats did not have clinical evidence of a coagulation disorder, and testing had been requested as part of a diagnostic work-up or before surgery. Diseases commonly associated with laboratory evidence of a coagulation disorder, either singly or in combination, included hepatic disease, neoplasia, and systemic infections.

Clinical Implications

On the basis of laboratory evidence, hemostatic disorders develop more commonly in cats than clinical signs would suggest. Coagulation profiles may be warranted in high-risk cats to alert clinicians to potential problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1290-1295)
Prevention of the spread of rabies to wildlife by oral vaccination of raccoons in Massachusetts
Authors: Robbins Alison H. , Borden Michael D. , Windmiller Bryan S. , Niezgoda Michael , Marcus Leonard C. , O'Brien Sean M. , Kreindel Silvia M. , McGuill Michael W. , DeMaria Alfred , Rupprecht Charles E. , Rowell Steven
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the use of bait containing rabies vaccine to create a barrier of rabies-vaccinated raccoons in Massachusetts and to determine the effectiveness of various bait distribution strategies in halting the spread of rabies.

Design

Prospective study.

Sample Population

Free-ranging raccoons.

Procedure

Baits were distributed twice yearly in a 207-km2 (80-mi2) area in the vicinity of the Cape Cod Canal. Bait density and distribution strategy varied among 3 treatment areas. Raccoons were caught in live traps after bait distribution and anesthetized; blood samples were obtained to measure serum antibody titers to rabies virus. Vaccination rates were determined by the percentage of captured raccoons with antibody titers to rabies virus ≥ 1:5. In addition, raccoons with clinical signs of illness inside the vaccination zone and adjacent areas were euthanatized and submitted for rabies testing.

Results

The percentage of vaccinated raccoons differed significantly among the following 3 areas with various bait densities: high-density area with uniform bait distribution (103 baits/km2 [267 baits/mi2]) = 37%; low-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (93 baits/km2 [240 baits/mi2]) = 67%; and, high-density area with additional targeted bait distribution (135 baits/km2 [350 baits/mi2]) = 77%. Nineteen animals with rabies (15 raccoons, 3 skunks, 1 cat) were reported in the area just outside of the vaccination zone, but only 1 raccoon with rabies was reported from inside the vaccination zone.

Clinical Implications

In this suburban study area, an approximate vaccination rate of 63% was sufficient to halt the spread of rabies in free-ranging raccoons. Compared with uniform bait distribution, targeting raccoon habitats increased vaccination rates. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1407-1412)
Use of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD)
Authors: Sischo William M. , Norman Heather S. , Kiernan Nancy E.
Published: December 2023

Objectives

To report the results of 3 surveys evaluating the extent that the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is used by veterinarians, the profession's perception of the need for the program, barriers that prevent veterinarians from fully using the service, and the perceptions that animal production industry groups have regarding FARAD.

Design

Telephone and mail surveys were used to collect information using cross-sectional, case-control, and directed sample studies.

Sample Population

Food animal veterinarians and veterinarians and nonveterinarians in allied animal industries or with special interest in production animal medicine.

Results

The use of FARAD was high among dairy and general practitioners, but low among beef practitioners and veterinarians with minor commitment to food animal medicine. Solo practitioners and veterinarians with less than 13 years in practice were less likely to use FARAD. Dairy practitioners who had not used FARAD were most likely to prescribe extralabel products.

Clinical Implications

Results imply that dairy and general food animal practitioners have either greater need or access through educational networks and are more aware of FARAD than practitioners who work with beef and those with a minor component of their practice involving food animals. The difference in familiarity and use of FARAD between practice type is an important finding, but the root of the difference is not clear; it may be attributable to a difference in the effectiveness of knowledge transfer for the groups, or the message is ignored because the issue of drug residues is less compelling for veterinarians and their clients in the beef sector. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:344–350)
Relationships between results of the Ortolani method of hip joint palpation and distraction index, Norberg angle, and hip score in dogs
Authors: Puerto David A. , Smith Gail K. , Gregor Thomas P. , LaFond Elizabeth , Conzemius Michael G. , Cabell Lori W. , McKelvie Pamela J.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether results of the Ortolani method of hip joint palpation in dogs were related to distraction index (DI), Norberg angle, or radiographic hip score.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Animals

459 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

Dogs were sedated for radiography and palpation of the hip joints. Results of hip joint palpation were classified as negative, mild positive, moderate positive, or severe positive. Distraction indices were measured for all dogs. Norberg angles were measured for 380 dogs for which ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographic projections were available. Hip scores assigned by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) were available for 95 dogs.

Results

Age, weight, and sex were not significantly associated with results of hip joint palpation. There was moderate correlation between results of hip joint palpation and DI (r = 0.636), low-moderate correlation between results of hip joint palpation and OFA hip scores (rs = 0.437), and weak negative correlation (r = -0.236) between results of hip joint palpation and Norberg angle. For joints without degenerative joint disease (DJD), there was a significant linear relationship between results of hip palpation and DI; however, for joints with DJD, there was not. Results of hip joint palpation were 5.3-fold as likely to be negative for dogs with DJD as for dogs without.

Clinical Implications

Results of hip joint palpation were at best moderately correlated with radiographic measures of hip joint laxity. Therefore, hip joint palpation should be combined with hip-extended and stress radiography when assessing hip joint quality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:497–501).
Tracheal rupture in cats: 16 cases (1983–1998)
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Spodnick Gary J. , Gilson Stephen D. , Benson John A. , Hawkins Eleanor C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine causes of tracheal rupture in cats and the mechanism of injury.

Design

A retrospective study was conducted to identify cats with tracheal rupture. A second study was conducted to establish mechanism of injury, and a third study was conducted to determine volume of air needed to obtain an airtight seal when inflating the cuff of an endotracheal tube in a cat.

Animals

16 cats with clinical signs of tracheal rupture, 10 cat cadavers, and 20 clinically normal cats that were undergoing anesthesia.

Procedures

Details were extracted from medical records of 16 cats with tracheal rupture (9 treated surgically and 7 treated conservatively). For the cadaver study, the trachea of each cat cadaver was intubated and observed during overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff. For clinically normal cats, volume of air needed to obtain an airtight seal for the endotracheal tube was recorded.

Results

Most ruptures were associated with cats anesthetized for dental procedures. Clinical signs associated with tracheal rupture included subcutaneous emphysema, coughing, gagging, dyspnea, anorexia, and fever. Tracheoscopy was the method of choice for documenting tracheal rupture. Surgical and conservative management were successfully used, unless the injury extended to the carina. In the cadaver study, overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff with > 6 ml of air resulted in tracheal rupture in 7 of 10 cadavers. For clinically normal cats, the volume of air (mean ± SD) needed to obtain an airtight seal was 1.6 ± 0.7 ml.

Clinical Implications

Overinflation of an endotracheal tube cuff may result in tracheal rupture in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:508–512).
Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for detection of septic peritonitis in horses
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rodger Lynn D. , Spier Sharon J. , Gardner Ian A. , Yarbrough Tom B. , Snyder Jack R.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity can be used to differentiate horses with septic peritonitis from those with nonseptic peritonitis.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

46 horses, including 10 healthy horses, 15 horses with septic peritonitis, and 21 horses with nonseptic peritonitis.

Procedure

Peritoneal fluid and blood samples were analyzed for pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Complete blood cell counts were performed, and peritoneal fluid samples were submitted for bacterial culture.

Results

Horses with septic peritonitis had significantly lower peritoneal fluid pH and glucose concentrations than horses with nonseptic peritonitis and healthy horses. Compared with other tests, serum-to-peritoneal fluid glucose concentration differences > 50 mg/dl had the highest diagnostic use for detection of septic peritonitis. Peritoneal fluid pH < 7.3, glucose concentration < 30 mg/dl, and fibrinogen concentration > 200 mg/dl were also highly indicative of septic peritonitis.

Clinical Implications

Peritoneal fluid pH and glucose concentration can be used to assist in the identification of horses with septic peritonitis. These measurements can provide an early indication of sepsis, especially if cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid is unavailable or results are equivocal and peritoneal fluid bacterial culture results are pending. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214: 1032–1036)
Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure in dogs and cats: 83 cases (1991-1997)
Authors: Weisman Debra L. , Smeak Daniel D. , Birchard Stephen J. , Zweigart Suzanne L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To describe and compare a simple continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enterotomy closure or end-to-end intestinal anastomosis.

Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

58 dogs and 25 cats that underwent enterotomy or intestinal resection and anastomosis.

Procedure

Signalment, surgical procedure, suture pattern, suture material, confirmation of dehiscence, and follow-up were reviewed. Groups were compared by procedure (anastomosis or enterotomy) and by suture pattern.

Results

57 animals underwent continuous closure; 26 had interrupted closure. Only polydioxanone or polypropylene suture materials were used. Overall, 81 (98%) animals had no signs of intestinal dehiscence and survived > 2 weeks. Two animals had confirmed dehiscence after foreign body removal, 1 of 57 (2%) after continuous closure, and 1 of 26 (4%) after interrupted closure.

Clinical Implications

The simple continuous closure pattern is an acceptable alternative to simple interrupted closure for small intestinal anastomosis or enterotomy closure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1507-1510)
Prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple , McGee Kasie , Lanier Jennifer L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To assess the prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants and to identify horses that were unfit for travel.

Design

Pevalence survey.

Animals

1,008 horses.

Procedure

Horses arriving at 2 slaughter plants were observed. The following were rated severe welfare problems in horses: body condition scores of 1 or 2 (emaciated) of 9; recumbency (down) or the inability to walk; fractured limbs or other foot or limb problems that extremely impaired mobility; severe wounds, such as deep cuts, extensive lacerations, abrasions on the head or back, eye injuries, neglected purulent lesions, and numerous bite and kick marks over extensive areas of the body, and dead on arrival. Bruises on carcasses were tabulated to further assess injuries. Horses that had been loaded with a fractured limb, arrived nonambulatory, had severe lameness that interfered with mobility, were weak and emaciated, or were dead on arrival or died shortly after arrival were considered unfit for travel.

Results

Ninety-two percent (930/1,008) of the horses arrived in good condition, and 7.7% (78) had a condition that was rated a serious welfare problem. Thirty horses (3%) had a body condition score of 1 or 2, 12 (1.0%) had foot and limb problems (other than fractures), 4 (0.4%) had fractured limbs. 18 (2.0%) had deep cuts, lacerations, or injuries from bites. 8 (0.8%) were nonambulatory or dead on arrival, 2 (0.2%) had deformities, 3 (0.3%) had extensive purulent lesions, and 1 (0.1%) had a behavior problem. Characteristic patterns of 51% of carcass bruises indicated that they were caused by bites or kicks. Fighting was the major cause of injuries that occurred during transport and marketing. Fifteen (1.5%) horses were unfit for travel. Abuse or neglect by owners was the cause of 77% of the severe welfare problems observed.

Clinical Implications

To decrease the number of injuries that result from fighting when transporting horses to slaughter plants, aggressive mares and geldings that continually attack other horses must be segregated. (J Am Med Assoc 1999;214:1531-1533)
Incidence of diarrhea among calves after strict closure and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a dairy herd
Authors: de Verdier Klingenberg Kerstin , Vågsholm Ivar , Alenius Stefan
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine whether strict closure of a dairy herd and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection would decrease incidence of diarrhea in calves during the first 31 days after birth, whether specific risk factors were associated with incidence of diarrhea in calves, and whether diarrhea was associated with weight gain of the calves.

Design

2-year cohort study.

Animals

448 calves.

Procedure

Calves were monitored from birth to 31 days of age. Fecal samples were tested for rotavirus, blood samples were tested for BVDV and antibodies to BVDV, and serum samples were tested for IgG concentration. Risk factors were evaluated by means of survival analysis.

Results

Incidence of diarrhea in calves decreased significantly after strict closure of the herd and eradication of BVDV infection. Risk factors for diarrhea in calves interacted in a multifactorial way. Rotavirus infection and low serum IgG concentration increased the risk that calves would develop diarrhea. Calves that developed diarrhea gained significantly less weight than calves that did not develop diarrhea.

Clinical Implications

To control diarrhea among calves in a dairy herd, emphasis should be on maintaining a strictly closed herd free from BVDV infection. However, other measures, such as measures to prevent rotavirus infection and to ensure that calves receive an appropriate amount of colostrum after birth, should also be taken. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1824-1828)
Comparison of two sampling tools for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls and clinical interpretation of culture results
Authors: Parker Sarah , Campbell John , Ribble Carl , Gajadhar Alvin
Published: December 2023

Objective

To compare sensitivity for diagnosing Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls using 2 sampling tools and to calculate negative predictive values for infection.

Design

Randomized clinical trial.

Animals

30 Bos taurus bulls naturally or experimentally infected with T foetus.

Procedure

Preputial scrapings were obtained once/wk for 6 weeks using an artificial insemination pipette and a metal brush; which tool was used first for each bull was randomly determined. Samples were collected first from the left side of the prepuce and then from the right side and placed in commercially available transport media. χ2 Values and confidence limits were adjusted for effect of clustering of results by bull.

Results

Significant differences in sensitivity of results were not found between samples collected using the brush or pipette. Using the pipette, sensitivity was estimated to be 91.6% (95% confidence interval, 84.3 to 95.7%); negative predictive values ranged from 41 to 99% for prevalence of infection of 90 to 5%, respectively. Sensitivity was 88.8% for first sample obtained and 96.1% for second sample obtained.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Collection of preputial scrapings with an artificial insemination pipette or a metal brush and use of a commercially available culture system can provide a sensitive diagnostic test for T foetus infection in bulls. Calculated negative predictive values indicated that 1 or 2 tests would suffice in most clinical situations. For bulls from herds in which T foetus is endemic, 2 to 4 tests/bull may be required to ensure that each bull is not infected. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:231–235)
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic
Authors: Donaldson Mark T. , Palmer Jonathan E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic.

Design

Prospective case series and case-control study.

Animals

174 horses with diarrhea, colic, or problems not related to the gastrointestinal tract.

Procedure

Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: colic with diarrhea (group 1; n = 30); colic without diarrhea (group 2; 30); diarrhea without colic (group 3; 57); and control (group 4; 57). Feces were evaluated by use of ELISA to detect Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and C difficile toxin A (TOXA). Frequency of detection of CPE or TOXA in groups 1 and 3 was compared with that in groups 2 and 4, respectively.

Results

Prevalence of enteric clostridiosis in horses in group 3 was 25%. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in 9 of 57 (16%), TOXA in 8 of 57 (14%), and both toxins in 3 of 57 (5%) fecal samples collected from these horses. Neither toxin was detected in feces of the age-matched horses in group 4. Clostridial enterotoxins were detected in feces of 7 of 60 (12%) horses with colic (groups 1 and 2); however, a significant association was not found between detection of enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Clostridia are important etiologic agents of diarrhea in horses. Additionally, changes in intestinal flora of horses with colic may allow for proliferation of clostridia and elaboration of enterotoxins regardless of whether diarrhea develops. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:358–361)
Infertility and abortion among first-lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
Authors: Guitian Javier , Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To estimate the extent to which exposure to Leptospira hardjo before or at the time of first parturition was associated with infertility and abortion during the first lactation among dairy cows that had not been vaccinated for ≥ 12 months.

Animals

207 first-lactation cows from a herd of 2,000 lactating cows.

Procedure

Cows were tested for antibodies to L hardjo within 40 days after calving. Time from calving to first breeding, time from calving to conception, number of breedings per conception, and risk of abortion were compared between cows seropositive for L hardjo and cows that were seronegative.

Results

For the 9 (4.3%) cows that were seropositive for L hardjo, median time from calving to conception (132.6 days) was significantly longer than time for seronegative cows (95.4 days). Cows that were seropositive were twice as likely (relative risk, 2.07) to fail to conceive as seronegative cows. Mean number of breedings required per conception for seropositive cows (3.4) was significantly higher than that for seronegative cows (2.1). The proportion of seropositive cows that aborted was not significantly different from the proportion of seronegative cows that aborted.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Exposure of nonvaccinated dairy cows to L hardjo can be associated with a subsequent reduction in fertility, as indicated by a greater time from calving to conception and higher number of breedings required per conception. The efficacy of leptospiral vaccines should be assessed to determine whether vaccination will minimize herd infertility associated with L hardjo infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:515–518)
Evaluation of iodophor skin preparation techniques and factors influencing drainage from ventral midline incisions in horses
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Pascoe John R. , Jang Spencer S. , Willits Neil H. , Greenman Sylvia L.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To document natural bacterial flora on the ventral aspect of the equine abdomen, to compare 2 preparation techniques, and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to incisional drainage.

Design

Prospective study.

Animals

53 horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy.

Procedure

Group-1 horses (n = 26) were prepared with povidone-iodine and alcohol. Group-2 horses (27) were prepared with a film-forming iodophor complex. Numbers of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) were measured before and after surgical scrub, following skin closure, and after recovery from general anesthesia. Swab specimens to identify normal skin bacterial flora and potential pathogens were obtained by swabbing a 4 X 4-cm area. Variables that might affect incisional drainage were also investigated.

Results

For both techniques, there was a significant reduction in bacterial numbers after skin preparation. Incisional drainage was observed in 14 (26%) horses (8 group-1 and 6 group-2 horses). Preexisting dermatitis, poor intraoperative drape adherence, high number of bacterial CFU obtained after recovery from anesthesia, and high number of CFU obtained from the surgery room environment were the main risk factors associated with subsequent incisional drainage. Bacillus spp, nonhemolytic Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptomyces spp, other nonenteric genera, and non-hemolytic Streptococcus spp were the most common isolates obtained before surgical scrub.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Both skin preparation techniques were equally effective in reducing numbers of bacterial CFU by 99%, and a significant difference was not found in incisional drainage rate between groups. Protection of the wound during recovery from anesthesia and the immediate postoperative period may reduce incisional drainage after abdominal surgery in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:963–969)
Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Kerber Claudia E. , Granstrom David E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To determine serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil.

Design

Prevalence survey.

Animals

101 Thoroughbreds in Brazil.

Procedure

Blood samples were obtained from horses and tested for serum antibodies against S neurona by use of an immunoblot procedure with culture-derived S neurona merozoites as antigen, and for serum antibodies against T gondii and N caninum by use of a modified agglutination test with formalinpreserved tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol.

Results

Antibodies against S neurona and T gondii were detected in 36 and 16 of 101 horses, respectively. Cross-reactivity between antibodies against T gondii and S neurona was not detected. Antibodies against N caninum were not detected in any samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The high prevalence of antibodies against S neurona detected in clinically normal horses emphasizes the importance of examining CSF for antibodies when establishing a diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:970–972)
Attitudes, procedures, and delivery of behavior services by veterinarians in small animal practice
Authors: Patronek Gary J. , Dodman Nicholas H.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To survey veterinarians in small animal practice concerning their attitudes about delivery of behavior services, frequency of common behavior problems, manner in which services were provided, confidence in their clinical ability to treat these behavior problems, frequency of use of pharmacologic intervention, and number of dogs and cats euthanatized specifically because of behavior problems.

Design

Cross-sectional mail survey.

Sample Population

Random sample of veterinarians in small animal practice in the United States.

Procedure

A self-administered mail survey was sent to a random sample of 2,000 veterinarians. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.

Results

It was estimated that approximately 224,000 dogs and cats were euthanatized annually in small animal veterinary practices in the United States because of behavior problems. Although veterinarians seemed unwilling to euthanatize animals for behavior problems solely on the basis of a client’s request, many veterinarians did not routinely inquire about animal behavior and often were not confident in their clinical skills to treat behavior problems. Female veterinarians tended to be more proactive in addressing behavior problems and to have more positive attitudes than male veterinarians about the importance of animal behavior.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Efforts are needed to increase the number of veterinarians who systematically incorporate inquiries about animal behavior into routine clinical practice and to build the confidence of veterinarians for diagnosing and treating animal behavior problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1606–1611)