bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of amine based carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulphide separation technologies for biogases
Authors: Szolyák Zsuzsanna , Szunyog István
Published: April 2021

Biogas has been used since the beginning of the 19th century, which is a gaseous material formed during the anaerobic fermentation of organic substance. It is extremely versatile in its use, it is mostly used to produce heat and electricity, but it can also be used as a motor fuel. To produce these gases we can use organic materials and wastes from agriculture, food industry and communal sector. When the produced biogas is utilized, less CO2 is released into the environment than with other primary energy sources, it has zero emissions for the whole “carbon cycle” and can therefore be considered positive. The calorific value of biogas is much lower than in the case of natural gas, however, we can increase the energy content by compression and decarbonisation, which can even produce a biomethane which can be equivalent to natural gas. Depending on the feedstock, the methane content of the biogas can change over a very wide range, and the gas mixture can also contain other gases and water vapor. Thus, in order to improve these parameters, undesirable components must be removed from the gas. Several methods can be used to remove unwanted components of the biogas, however, this study focuses exclusively on amino purification technology.
Microgrid hálózatok felépítése
Authors: Lipták Róbert , Bodnár István
Published: April 2021

A jelenlegi villamosenergia-ellátási rendszer hátránya az, hogy a termelés és nagy távolságra való szállítás következtében kedvezőtlen a rendszer hatásfoka, továbbá teljes áramkimaradás miatt a rendszer sebezhető. Az intelligens hálózatok célja, hogy orvosolja a jelenlegi hálózat jelentős gyengeségeit és lehetőséget teremtsen a szolgáltatásban résztvevőknek, hogy folyamatos információ legyen a hálózati elemekről, valamint a hálózat állapotáról és a működéséről. A Microgrid hálózatok rendelkeznek kommunikációs hálózattal, valamint vezérlőrendszerrel is, amely lehetővé teszi a rendszer szabályozását. Az intelligens Microgrid hálózatok struktúráját úgy tervezik meg, illetve alakítják ki, hogy csatlakoztatható, valamint leválasztható legyen a közüzemi villamos hálózatról, ezáltal az intelligens vezérlő rendszer lehetőséget biztosít arra, hogy a villamosenergia termelése és annak felhasználása optimalizálva legyen.
Third generation of advanced high strength sheet steels for the automotive sector : A literature review
Authors: Raid Fekhreddine Meknassi , Tisza Miklós
Published: April 2021

The modern vehicles demand a better fuel economy, decrease in ozone harming substance outflows, and superior safety requirements led to new developments of steel grades with higher strength and good formability. Third generation of advanced high strength steels are the next stage for the automotive companies in steel sheets development. The principal concept of third generation of AHSS is to reap the mechanical properties benefits from first and second generation of AHSS at cost neither too high nor too low. This literature review summarizes the results achieved in a previous paper of the Third Generation of Advanced High Strength Sheet steels literature published by D. Krizan et al. Where we intend to focus on, the recent developments and future trends of the third generation of advanced high strength sheet steels (3-GEN AHSSs) including quenching and partitioning (Q&P), TRIP bainitic ferrite (TBF), medium manganese, density reduced TRIP (δ-TRIP) and nano steels for the modern automotive industry, with emphasis on their main characteristics, processing, and applications.
PENGETAHUAN SERTA PERILAKU KESEHATAN GIGI DAN MULUT DENGAN PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Susanti Elita , Anang Anang , Rismayani Lina
Published: April 2021

Latar belakang: Periodontitis merupakan peradangan yang mengenai jaringan pendukung gigi, disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan yang progresif pada ligamen periodontal, tulang alveolar dan disertai dengan pembentukan poket. Pengetahuan dan perilaku merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan serta perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan periodontitis pada pasien pengunjung poli gigi Puskesmas Kasomalang Kabupaten Subang. Metode: merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional, menggunakan data sekunder melalui observasi rekam medik. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 57 orang dengan kriteria meliputi pasien baru dan pasien lama yang terdiagnosis periodontitis, berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan perempuan, usia 18 â€“ 65 tahun, serta mempunyai nomor telpon yang bisa dihubungi. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memberikan kuesioner tertutup menggunakan skala guttman dengan jenis soal dis-kontinum. Kuesioner telah diuji validitas (koefisien korelasi â‰¥ 0,361) dan uji reliabilitas (cronbachâ€™s alpha >0,940). Hasil penelitian: Responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan baik (14,1%), cukup (59,6%), dan kurang (26,3%). Responden memiliki perilaku baik (31,6%) dan kurang baik (68,4%). Hasil analisis korelasi gamma antara pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan periodontitis menunjukkan nilai p=0.021 (p<0.05) dan nilai r=0,632 positif dan searah. Hasil analisis korelasi gamma antara perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan periodontitis menunjukkan nilai p=0.001 (p<0.05) dan nilai r=0,846 positif dan searah. Kesimpulan: terdapat hubungan yang bermakna dan signifikan antara pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan periodontitis (kekuatan hubungan tergolong kuat). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna dan signifikan antara perilaku kesehatan gigi dan mulut dengan periodontitis (kekuatan hubungan tergolong sangat kuat).

Kata kunci : Pengetahuan, Perilaku, Kesehatan Gigi dan Mulut, Periodontitis
Prevalencia de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad e ideación suicida en estudiantes de medicina universitarios
Authors: Rodas Aguirre Andrea , Deutschmann André , Nij Selena , Castellanos Oneida , Domínguez Guillermo , Morales Andrea
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión, ansiedad e ideación suicida en estudiantes de medicina de primer a sexto año del Centro Universitario Metropolitano (CUM) de la USAC y áreas de practica en Hospital Roosevelt, Hospital San Juan de Dios, IGSS y clínicas familiares en agosto de 2019. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en 2,503 estudiantes elegidos con muestreo aleatorio simple por año académico, se utilizó el Inventario de ansiedad de Beck y el Cuestionario sobre la salud del paciente-9 para la recolección de datos. Se aplicó un análisis estadístico univariado y contó con el aval del Comité de Bioética en Investigación en Salud de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Resultados: El 49.78% (1,246) presentó síntomas de depresión, 75.23% (1883), ansiedad y 23.97% (600), ideación suicida. El 34.67% (868) tuvo síntomas de ansiedad leve y 24.89% (623), de depresión moderada. La media de edad fue 21.28 años y DE ± 4.96 con predominio del sexo femenino 55.69% (1397), religión católica 54.17% (1356), residentes del departamento de Guatemala 70.40% (1762), de la categoría estudiantil A 34.96% (875) y cursa el segundo año académico 26.25% (657). Conclusiones: De cada diez estudiantes cinco presentan síntomas de depresión y siete síntomas de ansiedad, de los cuales la mayoría se clasifica como moderado y leve, respectivamente; dos de cada diez estudiantes de medicina presentan ideación suicida. La muestra de estudiantes está comprendida entre 18 a 22 años, sexo femenino, católicos, viven en el departamento de Guatemala y son categoría estudiantil A.
Pueblos indígenas y religiosidad en México frente a la pandemia por COVID-19
Authors: Valtierra Zamudio Jorge , Córdova-Hernández Lorena
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic shows adverse effects around the world, not only in the socio-economic aspect but also in religious practices, which are fundamental for the cohesion and affirmation of the identity of indigenous peoples. In Mexico, the forms that Catholicism has adopted to adapt to the health contingency stand out for the use of information and communication technologies. However, in indigenous (rural) communities, there is not enough infrastructure to transfer religious practices to these formats. Consequently, some villages suspended these activities, while others continued autonomously, despite the health contingency, that is because religion is fundamental to protect themselves and face events such as the pandemic. This article describes – through the application of telephone interviews and monitoring of the communication spaces of the Catholic communities and missions – how the religious experience of some Tojolabal peoples in Chiapas and an Ixcatecan village in Oaxaca. Likewise, how indigenous communities follow their spiritual practices or not and how religion plays a fundamental role in Mexican indigenous communities despite confinement and social distance in the context of the pandemic.
Brasile, terra del futuro
Authors: Campani Giovanna
Published: April 2021

The short note represents a travel “journal”, prepared between the end of October 2020 and the end of January 2021, in the Brazilian state of Ceará and in Rio de Janeiro. It includes brief descriptions of glimpses of everyday life, in the vague search for an anthropological gaze; reflections or rather attempts to develop an embryonic analysis; confused evocations of feelings and memories. The pandemic cannot be ignored, but the note shows how social distancing cannot occur in Brazilian society. Despite this, Brazil does not have a higher number of deaths than European countries, but lower.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Level Test in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion
Authors: Rosfadilla Puspa , Widirahardjo Widirahardjo , Syarani Fajrinur , Mutiara Erna
Published: April 2021

Background: Tuberculous pleural effusion is a paucibacillary manifestation of tuberculosis, so isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is difficult, biomarkers being an alternative for diagnosis. Adenosine deaminase has the potential to optimize the diagnostic approach of tuberculous pleural effusion.

Methods: This study is a diagnostic test observational (cross-sectional), which included 35 inpatient samples that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria from H. Adam Malik Medan General Hospital. Research began on February 1st until July 31st 2016 to examine 10 cc of pleural fluid specimens for the levels of Adenosine deaminase.

Results: There are significant differences in the levels of adenosine deaminase from tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleural effusion (P=0.001). In the cut-off point 36.55 IU/L, level of sensitivity 95.8%, specificity 90.99%, positive predictive value 95.8%, negative predictive value 90.99%, and accuracy 94.2% of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase level test in tuberculous pleural effusion.

Conclusion: Adenosine deaminase pleural fluid can be a diagnostic modality that is easy, fast, relatively affordable and applicable in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. (J Respir Indo. 2017; 37(4): 278-82)
Proportion of Nicotine Dependence Among High School Students Using Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence and Correlated Factors
Authors: Pulungan Alma Thahir , Syahruddin Elisna , Fitriani Feni , Kekalih Aria
Published: April 2021

Background: The study aims to determine the difference in the proportion of nicotine dependence among high school students using Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependece set in urban and rural environment.
Method: Sample size is 757 high school students from six different high school consists of class 1, 2 and 3 were selected based on stratified cluster random sampling was asked to fill out the question of smoking status and filling fagerstorm test for nicotine dependence if the respondent is smokers.
Result: Amount of 167 students with smoking status and nicotine dependence measured results obtained by 28 (16.8%) persons with nicotine dependence with 8 (11.1%) people in urban areas and 20 (21.1%) people in the rural area. Factors were statistically significant to nicotine dependence is gender, the originator, type of inhale, age first smoked and number of cigarettes smoked per day. CO levels of relationship with the level of nicotine dependence shows a strong and positive patterned.
Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between gender, the originator, type of inhale, age first smoked, number of cigarettes smoked per day to nicotine dependence and and level of CO exhalation to nicotine dependence. (J Respir Indo. 2017; 37(4): 307-15)
Effect of Inhaled Magnesium Sulphate on Bronchodilating Response, Levels of Substance P and Clinical Improvement of Acute Exacerbations COPD Patients
Authors: Sari Prima Karita , Suradi Suradi , Aphridasari Jatu
Published: April 2021

Background: Inhaled magnesium sulphate has a bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effect by block the calcium channels and inhibiting substance P. This study aimed to analyze the effect of magnesium sulfate inhalation on bronchodilator response, substance P levels, and clinical improvement on AECOPD patients.
Methods: A quasi-experimental clinical trial, pre-test and post-test design with 34 acute exacerbation of COPD patients who are hospitalized in emergency room on Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta and Ario Wirawan Hospital, Salatiga on March-April 2017 used consecutive sampling. The independent variable is inhaled magnesium sulphate dose of 150 mg 3 times every 20 minutes when the patients was admitted in emergency room, while the dependent variables are peak expiratory flow rate, the plasma levels of substance P and CAT score acute exacerbation of COPD patients.
Results: There was a significant difference (P=0.009) decrease of PEFR value of treatment group (111.76±12.37) compared to control group (141.18±24.21). There was a significant difference (P=0.0001) decrease in CAT score of treatment group (-14.88±1.75) compared to control group (-9.00±1.17). There was a significant difference (P=0.0001) treatment group (-1305.92±417.91) than control group (-355.95±206.25).
Conclucions: The addition of MgSO4 inhalation of 150 mg during exacerbation increased PEFR, decreased the level of P substance, and decreased the CAT score with statistically significant results. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 16-23)
Effect of Low Dose Azithromycin Towards The Long Period of Clinical Improvement, Level of IL-8 And Sputum Neutrophil of Pneumonia Patients
Authors: Simandjuntak Leonardo H. , Reviono Reviono , Harsini Harsini
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms. Inflammation is an immune response that occurs when bacterial infection. The immune response that occurs will induce alveolar macrophages secrete IL-8 which mediates the movement of neutrophils into the alveolar to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protease. Low-dose azithromycin has anti-inflammatory effects that are used on a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung, so its use in pneumonia interesting to do. This study aimed to determine the effect of low-dose azithromycin towards the long period of clinical improvement, level of IL-8 and sputum neutrophil of pneumonia patients.
Methode: This research is an experimental study with pretest and post-test design. Subjects were patients with pneumonia who were treated at the Hospital Dr. Moewardi Surakarta in July - August 2016. Samples were taken by consecutive sampling as many as 30 patients. treatment group (n = 15) received additional therapy of azithromycin 250 mg / day and the control group (n = 15) received additional placebo.
Result: Supplementation of low-dose azithromycin was significantly reduced levels of IL-8 (reduction = -90.31 ± 89.30; P=0.002) and sputum neutrophil (reduction = -35.73 ± 25.25; P=0.0001) in pneumonia patients. There is a statistically significant difference (P=0.0001) of the long period of clinical improvement between treatment groups (3.87 + 0.64 days) and control (5,60+ 0.91 days).
Conclusion: Supplementation 250 mg/day of azithromycin during hospitalization led to decreased levels of IL-8 serum, sputum neutrophil, and affect the long period of clinical improvement in pneumonia patients. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 39-47)
Preliminary Study: Increased Profile of PAI-1 in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Myrnasari Ria Siska , Astuti Triwahju , Pratiwi Suryanti Dwi
Published: April 2021

Background: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in the world. Lung cancer management requires biomarkers to evaluate the chemotherapy response. Levels of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in malignancy >14 ng/ml shows poor prognosis. Increased levels of PAI-1 are associated with stage, metastasis, and prognosis of lung cancer. The chemotherapy is thought to decrease PAI-1 levels. The aim this study is analyze the profile of PAI-1 levels before and after 3rd and 6th chemotherapy cycle and their changes by type of lung cancer and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).
Methods: This research was conducted from December 2016 to December 2017 at RSSA Malang. The study design was a cohort of 18 lung cancer patients. PAI-1 levels were measured by ELISA in 18 lung cancer stage III or IV patients before (PAI-1(1)) and after 3rd chemotherapy cycle (PAI-1(2)), and 9 patients after 6th chemotherapy cycle (PAI-1(3)). Average PAI-1 levels are presented in tables and graphs.
Result: PAI-1(1) 2,151±0,564 ng/ml, PAI-1(2) 1,951±0,534 ng/ml, and PAI-1(3) 1,647±0,495 ng/ml. PAI-1 levels in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) were 1.658±0.562 ng/ml and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) were 1.609±0.244 ng/ml. Levels of PAI-1(2) in partial response 1.784 ± 0.363 ng/ml, stable disease 1.980 ± 0.304 ng/ml, and progressive disease 2.020±0.635 ng/ml. Levels of PAI-1(3) in the partial response 1.427 ± 0.324 ng/ml and in progressive disease 2.085±0.532 ng/ml.
Conclusions: PAI-1 levels in patients with stage III and IV lung cancer after chemotherapy were lower than before chemotherapy, and showed changes corresponding to the response according to RECIST. PAI-1 levels in NSCLC are higher than SCLC. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 48-56)
Respiratory Failure in Pneumonia with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Authors: Maulidiyah Novita , Indriani Sri Indah , Prasenohadi Prasenohadi , Rasmin Menaldi
Published: April 2021

The annual incidence rate of KAD is estimated to be between 4.6 and 8 per 1000 patients with diabetes. Based on the results of the physical examination, the patient was diagnosed as pneumonia with KAD. The mortality rate for community pneumonia on outpatients was 2%, inpatients was 5-20%, more so in patients in intensive care that was more than 50%. The problem in the patient is pneumonia. Resulting in pulmonary dysfunction which causes overload. Infections that can increase morbidity and mortality may be associated with Streptococcus infection (group B, S, pneumonia), Legionella and viral infections (influenza). The most common infections are pneumonia and urinary tract infections which account for between 30% and 50% of cases. Therefore, the choice of empiric antimicrobial therapy in diabetic patients with evidence of staphylococcal pneumonia (consistent with sputum smear results or associated soft tissue infection) should be guided by the prevalence of MRSA in the associated institutions. Respiratory failure is a complication of KAD and increases the mortality rate. and morbidity. Based on the high nasal carriage rate, there is an increased risk of staphylococcal pneumonia infection in diabetic patients. Community pneumonia is acute inflammation due to infection of the lung parenchyma acquired in the community. (J Respir Indo 2018; 38(1): 57-63)
The Relationship between Tyr113His Epoxidized Hydrolase Enzyme Gene Polymorphisms and the Incidence of Smoking Lung Cancer
Authors: Aktalina Lucia , Tarigan Amira Permatasari , Soeroso Noni Novisari , Siregar Yahwardiah , Sanuddin Ozar
Published: April 2021

Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between the gene polymorphism of the enzyme Epoxid Hydrolase (EPHX) Tyr113His and the tendency of smokers to suffer from lung cancer. The EPHX Tyr113His gene polymorphism is a change in one nucleotide base of the EPHX gene to produce enzymes with decreased function by 50%. EPHX plays a role in the metabolism of chemical compounds in cigarette smoke, especially Benzo (a) Pyren (BaP), which becomes a carcinogen in the body.
Methods: This study is a case-control study design conducted from October 2016 to February 2017. Venous blood was taken from 35 people with lung cancer at RSUP H Adam Malik Medan and 35 healthy smokers. The genotype examination of the EPHX gene was carried out using the PCR-RFLP method in the USU FK Integrated Laboratory.
Results: The genotype frequency of heterozygous variant T/C and homozygous variant C/C in case groups was 83.3% and 16.7%, respectively. The frequency of the T allele in the case group was 41.67% and the C allele was 58.33%. Whereas in the control, the frequency was heterozygous variant T/C (80%) and homozygous variant C/C (20%). The frequency of the T allele in the control group was 40% and the C allele was 60%. There were no homozygous wildtype T/T genotypes in the two groups. There was no significant difference in the genetic distribution and allele distribution of the EPHX enzyme between case and control groups.
Conclusion: There is no relationship between EPHX Tyr113His enzyme gene polymorphisms and the incidence of lung cancer in smoking. J Respir Indo 2018; 38(2): 93-9)
The Correlation Between Interleukin-10 1082G/A Gene Polimorphism Late Onset with Nephrotoxicity Secondary to Antituberculosis Treatment in Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Harsini Harsini , Reviono Reviono , Umarudin Umarudin
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Tuberculosis controlling programme has become more complex with MDR-TB problem. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) 1082G/A gene polimorphism correlates with IL-10 secretion as anti-inflammatory cytokine which plays important role in pathogenesis of MDR-TB infection. The management of MDR-TB which used aminoglycosides could cause nephrotoxic effect to the patients. The protective role of IL-10 from IL-10 1082 G/A genotype to nephrotoxicity due to kanamycin still becomes a prolem nowadays.
Methods: This study was a retorspective cohort study of MDR-TB patients who underwent treatment in Dr. Moewardi Hospital in 2011-2015.
Results: Subjects of the study were 89 MDR-TB patients with IL-10 1082 G/A genotype polimorphism. The proportions of IL-10 1082 G/A genotype were AA genotype of 13.48%, GG of 4.49%, and GA of 82.2%. Statistic test showed that the onset of nephrotoxicity in GG genotype was faster than GA and AA genotype
Conclusions: Interleukin 10 1082 G/A gene polymorphism had no significant correlation with nephrotoxicity onset in MDR-TB patients treated with kanamycin in Dr. Moewardi hospital. (J Respir Indo. 2019; 39(4): 215-9)
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics Differences between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis Infection in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Pulmonary TB Patients, Indonesia
Authors: Yanti Budi , Soetjipto Soetjipto , Mertaniasih Ni Made , Amin Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Background: Some species of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) which can cause tuberculosis, particularly M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, may have different virulence property and therefore associated with various clinical severity in tuberculosis (TB) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in clinical and demographic characteristics between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis infection among Indonesian TB patients.

Methods: Thirty-one new and active TB patients were confirmed to have acid fast bacilli (AFB) sputum positive and/or Xpert MTB/RIF positive for M. tuberculosis from Dr. Soewandhie Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Interviews were conducted to record the clinical and demographics required. The MTBC were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and determined by primer-specific PCR targeting TbD1 and RD9 region gene. The degree of lung tissue damage was classified using NICE Scoring System.

Results: The MTBC were detected in all patients on whom 19 and 12 isolates were classified as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis respectively. There was a different on 74.2% of productive age subjects (21-50 years) with M. tuberculosis infection (P
The Relationship Between Level of Transforming Growth Factor - β with Pulmonary Fibrosis in Post Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Medan
Authors: Christine Tamara , Tarigan Amira Permatasari , Nainggolan Nuryunita , Zaluchu Fotarisman
Published: April 2021

Background: Untreated or undertreated, pulmonary tuberculosis could cause severe complications until death. After treatment, residual lesions might occur. The presence of residual lesions is varied, including: fibrosis, cavity, bronchiectasis and calcification. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine associated with lung inflammation, which plays a role in lung fibrosis. However, only a few studies have assessed the serum level of TGF-β in post-treatment tuberculosis patients. The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between TGF-β levels and pulmonary fibrosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods: Among 51 patients that had undergone anti-tuberculosis treatment were observed, consisting of 31 men, 20 women. Of all patients, there were 26 people with a smoking history, including 25 men and 1 woman. All patients had been recovered, confirmed by clinical state, laboratory and radiology examination. The ELISA test was performed to measure TGF-β level, while chest X-ray was used to evaluate for the occurence of pulmonary fibrosis.

Results: The mean level of TGF-β in patients with lesion (+) was 7628.02 pg/mL (SD: ±4928.38) while the mean level of TGF-β in patients with lesion (-) was 2315.11 pg/mL (SD: ±505.83). Statistical test showed a significant relationship between TGF-β level and fibrosis lesion (P
Correlation Between Wood Dust Levels with Interleukin-8 in Blood Serum Wood Processing Workers at X Company, Tanjung Morawa
Authors: Hutabarat Jubilette Windy , Nainggolan Nuryunita , Tarigan Amira Permatasari , Eyanoer Putri
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Wood dust exposure can stimulate proinflammatory cytokines and increase IL-8 levels, which is a foreign body in the body will be phagocytosis by macrophages and excrete mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, and chemoattractants which can cause inflammation. Duration of exposure, number and size of wood dust in the respiratory tract of wood industry workers are associated with various pulmonary disorders such as, COPD, occupational asthma, allergic rhinitis, decreased pulmonary function and pulmonary fibrosis. The aim this study is determine correlation between wood dust levels with interleukin-8 in blood serum among wood processing workers at x company, Tanjung Morawa-North Sumatera.
Methods: A cross-sectional study which involved 40 workers from 3 different locations namely cutting, sanding and drafting. Cumulative wood dust exposure was calculated by measuring the dust content at the work site using Dusttrak TSI. IL-8 serum levels were measured using the ELISA technique. The Spearman correlation test was used.
Results: Out of 40 workers those who worked in the cutting section were 15 people (37,5%), sanding section were 15 people (37,5%) and drafting section were 10 people (25%). The average level of wood dust PM 2,5 was 5,23 mg/m3while PM10 was 8,24 mg/m3 and the mean level of IL-8 in serum was 163,3 ng/L. This study find that there is a strong correlation between wood dust and IL-8 serum (r = 0,683; p
The Effect of Quercetin on Plasma Interleukin-5, Blood Eosinophil Absolute, %FEV1, and Clinical Improvement of Asthma Alergy Patient
Authors: Mayasari Hesti Nila , Suradi Suradi , Setijadi Ana Rima
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation which is a manifestation of complex interactions between cells and moleculer mediators. The aims asthma management is to reach asthma in controlled state. Providing an additional therapy in these circumstances is necessary to control asthma. Quercetin as an adjunctive therapy in asthma therapy may improve clinical symptoms and lung function.

Methods: Experimental clinical trials of pretest of and postest design were conducted on 34 patient’s asthma at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta in 6 October–10 December 2018. Subject of treatment group (n= 17) was given quercetin 500 mg per day within 28 days, the control group (n=17) received only standar therapy asthma. Decreased airway inflammation was assessed based on the percentage of blood eosinophil and IL-5. Clinical improvement was assessed by ACT score while lung function used FEV1.

Results: Quercetin decreased the inflammatory airways in patients with asthma evidenced by significant decrease in plasma IL-5 of treatment groups but no significant differences between treatment and control group, the mean decrease of blood eosinophil in the treatment group was significant. Querectin improved lung function with decrease FEV1 of treatment groups but no significant differences between treatment and control group and there was a clinical improvement with significant ACT score enhancement in the treatment group.

Conclusion: The administration of quercetin significantly reduced inflammation based on decreased levels of eosinophils. There are improvement of lung function and clinical symptoms after quercetin. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(1): 16-23)
Corona Virus Disease 2019
Authors: Handayani Diah , Hadi Dwi Rendra , Isbaniah Fathiyah , Burhan Erlina , Agustin Heidy
Published: April 2021

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new name given by World Health Organization (WHO) of 2019 novel corona virus infection, reported at the end of 2019 from Wuhan, Cina. The spread of infection occurs rapidly and creates a new pandemic threat. Etiology of COVID-19 was identified in 10 January 2020, a betacorona virus, similar with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS CoV). The clue diagnosis pathway of COVID-19 were history of travel from Wuhan or others infected countries within 14 days prior, and symptoms of acute respiratory illness (ARI) or lower respiratory infection (pneumonia) with the result of real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) specific for COVID-19. The WHO classified COVID-19 into suspect case, probable case and confirmed case. Indonesia Ministry of Health classified the case into in monitoring (ODP), patient under surveillance (PDP), people without symptom (OTG) and confirmed case. Specimens for detection COVID-19 could be acquired from nasal and nasopharynx swab, sputum and another lower respiratory aspirate including broncoalveolar lavage (BAL). Management of COVID-19 consist of isolation and infection control, supportive treatment according to the disease severity which could be mild (acute respiratory infection) to severe pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Disease transmission is via droplets and contact with droplets. Currently, there is no antiviral and vaccine. Prevention is very important for this disease by limitation of transmission, identification and isolate patients. Prognosis is determined by severity of the disease and patient comorbidity. Information about this novel disease remains very few, studies are still ongoing and is needing further research to fight with this new virus. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(2): 120-30)
The Comparison of TGF-β Levels in Post Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients with and Without Smoking History in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan
Authors: Litania Shilvanna , Tarigan Amira P. , Syarani Fajrinur
Published: April 2021

Backgrounds: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and smoking related disease such as chronic obstructive of lung disease (COPD) are major health problem around the world, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Chronic airway obstruction as impact of TB may results during or after completion of TB treatment. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine which contributes to fibro genesis in post-TB treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the TGF-β in post-TB patients with and without smoking history.
Methods: This was an analytic study with cross sectional design, conducted from October 2016 to February 2017 in RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. All subjects had recovered from TB, confirmed by clinical, radiological and bacteriological examination. Smoking history of the subjects was assessed using Brinkman Index. The TGF-β measurement was performed using venous blood sample processed through Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) by means of TGF-β kit.
Results: This study included post-pulmonary TB patients, of which 26 subjects were smokers and 25 were non-smokers, consisted of 31 males and 20 females. The mean TGF-β level of all samples was 6690.5±4913.4 mg/ml. The mean TGF-β level in smokers was 6621.5±4856.7 mg/ml, while in non-smokers 6762.2±5071 mg/ml. Statistical analysis using Mann-Whitney test revealed that there were no significant differences of TGF-β level in smokers and non-smokers among post-pulmonary TB patients (P=0.618).
Conclusions: There were no significant differences of TGF-β level in smokers and non-smokers among post-pulmonary TB patients. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(3): 139-43)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Hemoptisis Risk Factor In Lung Tuberculosis : A Case Control Study
Authors: Nalapraya Widhy Yudistira , Pradipta Jaka , Mokoagow Muhammad Ikhsan , Burhan Erlina
Published: April 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality. Increasing cases of type 2 DM in the world increases the risk of developing TB. The frequency of DM in TB patients was reported to be around 10-15% and the prevalence of this infectious disease was 2-5 times higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetics. Hemoptysis is a respiratory symptom which can be life threatening. Tuberculosis and bronchiectasis are the two most common ethology of hemoptysis, while TB with DM are the cause of recurrent hemoptysis.
Methods: This was case control study which used the medical records data of diabetic patients infected with TB who experienced hemoptysis and no hemoptysis, treated at Fatmawati General Hospital during 2017. Sampling method was total sampling.
Results: There were 12 hemoptysis patients with DM comorbidity and 31 patients without DM comorbidity. As many as 58% of patients with DM had new cases of pulmonary TB and 42% had history of treatment completion. The correlation between hemoptysis of TB patients with DM compared to without DM obtained a relative risk of 1.535 (95% CI=0.677-2.618)
Conclusion: The proportion of hemoptysis in TB patients with DM comorbidity was 10.3%. Diabetes Mellitus was a risk factor for hemoptysis 1.535 times higher compared to TB patients without DM but statistically not significant. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(3): 144-9)
Occupational Asthma in Hospital Healthcare Worker
Authors: Budianto Rahmad , Astuti Tri Wahju
Published: April 2021

Occupational asthma is defined as an adult onset of asthma triggered by specific exposures or combinations from the workplace. Occupational asthma is classified into a sensitizer-induced occupational asthma or allergic occupational asthma caused by exposure or sensitization by a causative agents induced by immunological reactions; and irritant-induced occupational asthma or non-allergic occupational asthma caused by agents that are irritative to the airway. Occupational asthma can occur in health workers at hospitals. In the hospital there are various exposure of agents, medicines, and health equipments which can induce the asthma symptoms for health workers. The diagnosis of occupational asthma established by history taking, physical examination, supporting examination (spirometry, bronchial hyper-responsiveness test, exhaled nitric oxide, and immunological tests), and biomarker test. Management of occupational asthma includes principle management by avoiding exposure, pharmacological therapy, and immunotherapy. Precautions taken by primary, secondary (medical surveilance) and tertiary prevention (prevention of disability through worker’s compensation system).
Risk Factors of Very Severe Pneumonia Incidence in Children
Authors: Setyoningrum Retno Asih , Mustiko Hedi
Published: April 2021

Background: Childhood pneumonia is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries. About 7-13% of childhood pneumonia present with very severe pneumonia with a high risk of mortality. Identification of risk factors is necessary for early intervention and better management.
Methods: Analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted with subjects of pneumonia patients aged 2-59 months admitted in Respirology Ward and PICU Department of Pediatrics Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from January 2017 to December 2018.
Results: A total of 253 were roled in this study. Group with very severe pneumonia are 140 patients and 113 patients with severe pneumonia. Independent risk factors were analysed by chi-square test and Continuity Correction. Independent risk factors that intluence the incidence of very severe pneumonia in infants and children are patient's age (PR=1.365;P=0.009;95% confidence interval (CI)=1.089-1.712), low birth weight (PR=1.380;P=0.010;95% CI=1.115-1,708), prematurity (PR=1,412;P=0.007;95% CI=1,141-1,747), exclusive breastfeeding (PR=1,434;P=0.007;95% CI=1,093-1,880), nutritional status (PR=2,412;P
Problems of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Among Workers
Authors: Susanto Agus Dwi
Published: April 2021

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a common, preventable and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. Occupational exposure as a one of important risk factor that contribute for COPD on nonsmoker patients. Several studies at population consistent showed that COPD correlated with hazards exposure at work place. COPD among workers can decrease quality of life, increase of work impairment, work disability and hospitalitation also increase of abstinentia from work and decrease of work productivity. Prevention were major action to prevent incident and morbidity of COPD among workers. Prevention programs including primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
The Association of Working Duration with Lung Function and Chest X-Ray Results in Ceramic Industry Workers of Company X, Mabar Medan
Authors: Sari Marini Puspita , Tarigan Amira P , Nainggolan Nuryunita , Eyanoer Putri C , Susanto Agus Dwi , Samoedro Erlangga , Marliana Caecilia
Published: April 2021

Background: Ceramics industry workers are often exposed to silica materials from ceramics. The aim of this study was to determine the association between silica exposure withlung function test and chest x-ray (CXR) results of the workers.
Methods: This was an analytical study with cross-sectional design conducted in the Ceramic Industry X in Mabar, Medan City. The dust level in the work station was measured using Personal Dust Sampler. Lung function was measured by spirometry and CXR was evaluated using the ILO interpretations.
Results: About 35 male workers were included as subjects, divided into 3 working stations namely precompression section of 11 subjects (31.4%), compression section of 13 subjects (37.1%) and 11 subjects (31.4%) in the sintering section. Dust levels in each work location are 24.8, 29.2, and 6.11 respectively. Of all subjects, 9 (25.7%) had respiratory symptoms, 21 (60%) had restriction in lung function and 8 (22.8%) had abnormal CXR (6 pneumoconiosis and 2 tuberculosis). There were no association between dust levels with lung function and CXR (P>0.05), but there was a significant correlation between duration of work with lung function. The FEV1 and FVC values of subjects working
The Effect of Two-Mile Jogging Training on Lung Function Values in TNI Soldier Kodam I/Bukit Barisan
Authors: Hayati Rifda , Nainggolan Nuryunita , Tarigan Amira Permatasari , Eyanoer Putri Chairani
Published: April 2021

Background: Military soldiers are army personnel who are required to have good physical endurance and optimal fitness, include. So, it's needed physical exercise, include to be able to improve lung function. One parameter that can reflect physical fitness are lung function and m VO2max. This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between physical exercise in the form of 2-mile jogging with increased lung function and VO2max of military soldiers Kodam 1 Bukit Barisan

Methods: This research is an experimental study carried out in February-April 2019 against the TNI soldiers of the Bukit Barisan Military District 1. The research subjects were divided into two groups, group 1 who underwent regular 2-mile jogging exercises 3-5 times a week with a duration of 25 minutes for 2 months, and group 2 who underwent non-routine jogging exercises (less than 3 times a week). Lung function was assessed by spirometry.

Results: As many as 68 military soldiers were involved in this study which were divided into two groups, 38 people in the group 1 who routinely trained and 30 people in group 2 that did not routinely practice. Group 1 VEP1 values were higher than group 2 (p=0.03). No significant differences in terms of KVP, MVV and VO2max in both groups. Lung function of smokers were lower than non-smokers, but not statistically significant.

Conclusion: There were significant differences in VEP1 values between military soldiers who routinely and did not routinely undergo 2-mile jogging exercises.
Sequedad y destierro
Authors: Castro Castro Luis
Published: April 2021

En el transcurso del siglo XIX, la extracción de guano y salitre hizo que las dificultades normales para la existencia humana en la desértica región de Tarapacá se acrecentaran a niveles nunca imaginados hasta ese momento, especialmente en lo relativo a la utilización de los recursos hídricos. Por un lado, la necesidad de abastecer de agua potable a una población que crecía a raudales y, por otro, el uso de un alto volumen de acuíferos por parte de los procesos industriales mineros productores del nitrato de sodio, implicó asumir distintas iniciativas para satisfacer estos requerimientos.
Y la vida vencerá
Authors: Del Mastro Puccio César
Published: April 2021

In his last novel, The Fox from Above and the Fox from Below (1969), José María Arguedas integrates elements of mythical-Andean and religious-Christian discourse, in an effort to enunciate modernity from the place of emigrants from the sierra. . These have become the oppressed of the coast by a capitalist system that threatens to uproot them from their values ​​and culture, a fact that also constitutes the promise of a different future for Peru.
La cultura jurídica en el Perú virreinal
Authors: De la Puente Brunke José
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se ponen de relieve las peculiaridades de la cultura jurídica en el Perú virreinal. Esta se desarrolló en un contexto en el que los sujetos fundamentales de derechos no eran los individuos sino las corporaciones, y en el cual el orden social tenía un carácter trascendente, en el sentido de que tanto su estructura como su organización derivaban de un universo de creación divina, y por tanto la voluntad de los hombres no podía intervenir en ellas. En este sentido, se explican los atributos que debía tener un juez, quien ante todo debía ser un hombre bueno, cuyo personal arbitrio era decisivo para resolver las causas de acuerdo con las circunstancias de cada caso, y sin estar sujeto al mandato de leyes generales.
Entre la vara y los indios: la sociedad de Charcas frente a parejas imposibles (1560-1580)
Authors: Presta Ana María
Published: April 2021

Entre los primeros oidores de la Real Audiencia de Charcas, el faccionalismo, los regionalismos peninsulares y el nepotismo se revelaron tras el romance entre una viuda encomendera y un miembro del tribunal, quienes renunciaron a casarse para no perder sus más preciados bienes: los indios y la vara. Diez años más tarde, otro episodio similar reunió a otros protagonistas que optaron por un matrimonio que generó sanción y venganza por parte de las autoridades. Dos instituciones en las que descansaban el disciplinamiento sexual y la reproducción estamental, por un lado, y la administración de la justicia y el gobierno local y regional, por el otro, colisionaron con las ambiciones personales y del funcionariado.  En ambas ocasiones, el supuesto respeto a la ley expresaba las más abyectas iniquidades y miserias humanas, amparadas en la norma y el temor a la transgresión.
El Cabildo de los Veinticuatro Electores del Alférez Real Inca de las ocho parroquias cusqueñas
Authors: Amado Gonzales Donato
Published: April 2021

El presente artículo ofrece una visión general del Cabildo de los Veinticuatro Electores, entidad virreinal encargada de elegir al alférez real inca que debía participar en la fiesta anual en honra del Apóstol Santiago en la ciudad del Cusco. Esta institución estaba integrada por los descendientes de las panacas incaicas, vinculadas a parroquias de indios de la ciudad. El presente estudio nos informa sobre los orígenes de esta institución, la importancia que adquirió para determinar quién debía ser considerado digno del linaje incaico y el uso de sus símbolos, prerrogativas y privilegios. La investigación muestra también los mecanismos con los que la nobleza incaica otorgaba y recibía legitimación del sistema monárquico hispánico.
El discurso del indigenismo en Manuel González Prada y Luis E. Valcárcel
Authors: Gonzales Alvarado Osmar
Published: April 2021

Este artículo presenta una perspectiva comparada de los discursos indigenistas en dos pensadores peruanos que tuvieron mucha influencia en el ambiente cultural peruano de fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX: Manuel Manuel González Prada y Luis E. Valcárcel. El primero es representativo de un indigenismo desde una visión anarquista y el segundo representa un indigenismo de corte marxista. Ambas visiones con importantes para entender el fenómeno del indigenismo en el Perú.
Iglesia católica y educación en el Perú: un análisis cuantitativo
Authors: Chávez Contreras Germán
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo ofrece un análisis estadístico que cuantifica la labor educativa de la Iglesia católica en el Perú hoy. Con estadísticas recientes, el estudio da a conocer cómo la educación católica ha contribuido eficaz y extendidamente, en todo el territorio nacional, a la acción del Estado peruano, permitiendo entender mejor la importancia de su presencia en la sociedad civil en orden al bien común.
La concepción de hombre entre los incas
Authors: Hernández Astete Francisco
Published: April 2021

La idea de que los pobladores andinos anteriores a la presencia española creyeron que estaban compuestos por un cuerpo y un alma, y que esta última era la que los diferenciaba de los demás seres, se asume casi sin mayores cuestionamientos desde el siglo XVI, pues, de hecho, para los primeros informantes sobre el mundo andino —quienes habían nacido en la Europa cristiana de Ànales del siglo xv—, todos los hombres estaban compuestos por un cuerpo y un alma. Por esto, al «reconocer» que los hombres andinos tenían alma racional y, por lo tanto, no pertenecían a las razas monstruosas existentes en el imaginario colectivo de la época, iniciaron una campaña de evangelización destinada a salvar las almas de los habitantes de América. Es así como se   inició un largo proceso de introducción» del alma por parte de los evangelizadores españoles, pues era imprescindible que los indígenas poseyeran almas racionales, de manera que pudieran participar del proyecto salvífico del cristianismo. En este artículo se cuestiona esta idea y se sientan las bases para estudiar la concepción andina de hombre.