bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion Downregulation Targets Interoceptive Brain Regions While Emotion Upregulation Targets Other Affective Brain Regions
Authors: Min Jungwon , Nashiro Kaoru , Yoo Hyun Joo , Cho Christine , Nasseri Padideh , Bachman Shelby L. , Porat Shai , Thayer Julian F. , Chang Catie , Lee Tae-Ho , Mather Mara
Published: February 2022

Researchers generally agree that when upregulating and downregulating emotion, control regions in the prefrontal cortex turn up or down activity in affect-generating brain areas. However, the “affective dial hypothesis” that turning up and down emotions produces opposite effects in the same affect-generating regions is untested. We tested this hypothesis by examining the overlap between the regions activated during upregulation and those deactivated during downregulation in 54 male and 51 female humans. We found that upregulation and downregulation both recruit regulatory regions, such as the inferior frontal gyrus and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, but act on distinct affect-generating regions. Upregulation increased activity in regions associated with emotional experience, such as the amygdala, anterior insula, striatum, and anterior cingulate gyrus as well as in regions associated with sympathetic vascular activity, such as periventricular white matter, while downregulation decreased activity in regions receiving interoceptive input, such as the posterior insula and postcentral gyrus. Nevertheless, participants' subjective sense of emotional intensity was associated with activity in overlapping brain regions (dorsal anterior cingulate, insula, thalamus, and frontal pole) across upregulation and downregulation. These findings indicate that upregulation and downregulation rely on overlapping brain regions to control and assess emotions but target different affect-generating brain regions.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMany contexts require modulating one's own emotions. Identifying the brain areas implementing these regulatory processes should advance understanding emotional disorders and designing potential interventions. The emotion regulation field has an implicit assumption we call the affective dial hypothesis: both emotion upregulation and downregulation modulate the same emotion-generating brain areas. Countering the hypothesis, our findings indicate that up- and down-modulating emotions target different brain areas. Thus, the mechanisms underlying emotion regulation might differ more than previously appreciated for upregulation versus downregulation. In addition to their theoretical importance, these findings are critical for researchers attempting to target activity in particular brain regions during an emotion regulation intervention.
Abortion and the Law in California
Authors: Gutierrez-Romine Alicia
Published: February 2022

Though California is recognized for protecting women’s right to choose today, this was not always the case. Abortion was illegal in California, as it was in all other states in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; over time, however, California witnessed a series of legal amendments and cases that pressed on its nineteenth-century statute—culminating in the decriminalization of abortion years before Roe v. Wade. This article begins with the history of California abortion legislation, then analyzes recent laws passed elsewhere in the United States, showing how these new laws simply repeat laws previously passed and discarded in California. This overview should prove helpful to citizens and legislators who wish their states to follow suit and protect choice.
Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Suren (Toona sinensis Merr.) Pada Tanaman Cabai Rawit Yang Diinfeksi Spora Colletotrichum capsici Terhadap Pertumbuhan, Kandungan Pigmen Dan Vitamin C
Authors: Sadiah Fitriatus , Nurchayati Yulita , Saptiningsih Endang
Published: February 2022

Anthracnose is a disease of cayenne pepper that can be caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici. Suren leaf extract contains antifungal compounds. This study aims to determine the potential of suren leaf extract as a fungicide and its effect on growth, content of chlorophyll, carotenoids and vitamin C in cayenne pepper plants. This study used a single factor completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% concentration of suren extract and mankozeb synthetic fungicide. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further test. The results showed that leaf spot from anthracnose decreased from 50%-100% concentration. Plant height at 50% extract reached 140 cm. The number of leaves in 50% and 100% extracts were 182 and 184 leaves. The highest chlorophyll content in suren extract 75% is 43.20 µmol/g and smallest is at 100% which is 37 μmol/g. The highest carotenoid content in 100% suren extract was 8.64 µmol/g, while the smallest was at concentration of 75%, which was 4.68 µmol/g. This study concluded that suren leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively suppressed leaf spot by 8.06%; 32.25%; 41.93%; and 43.95%. Suren leaf extract can increase the growth of cayenne pepper, chlorophyll, carotenoids and vitamin C.

 

Antraknosa adalah penyakit pada tanaman cabai rawit yang dapat disebabkan jamur Colletotrichum capsici. Ekstrak daun suren mengandung senyawa-senyawa antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi ekstrak daun suren sebagai fungisida dan pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan, kandungan klorofil, karotenoid dan vitamin C pada tanaman cabai rawit. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktor tunggal dengan 6 perlakuan yang terdiri atas perlakuan ekstrak suren konsentrasi 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% dan perlakuan fungisida sintetik mankozeb. Data dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dan uji lanjut Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bercak daun dari penyakit antraknosa menurun mulai dari konsentrasi 50%-100%. Tinggi tanaman pada ekstrak 50% mencapai 140 cm. Jumlah daun pada ekstrak 50% dan 100% adalah 182 dan 184 daun. Kandungan klorofil tertinggi pada ekstrak suren 75% yaitu 43,20 μmol/g dan terendah pada konsentrasi 100% yaitu sebesar 37 μmol/g. Kandungan karotenoid tertinggi pada ekstrak suren 100% yaitu 8,64 μmol/g, sedangkan terendah pada konsentrasi 75% yaitu 4,68 μmol/g. Penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun suren konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100% berturut-turut menekan bercak daun sebesar 8,06%; 32,25%; 41,93%; dan 43,95%. Ekstrak daun suren dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan cabai rawit, klorofil, karotenoid dan vitamin C.
Kesesuaian Vegetasi untuk Taman Kota Semarang
Authors: Tri Martuti Nana Kariada , Rahayuningsih Margareta , Alfirdani Khoirunisa
Published: February 2022

Fullfilling of Green Open Spaces through the arrangement of urban parks. Vegetation is an important element of urban parks. The incompatibility of the vegetation can reduce the function of the urban parks. The aim of this research is to analyse the suitability of vegetation in urban parks in Semarang. This research used exploration method. The results of key performance index analysis, show that the suitability of vegetation in urban parks of Semarang ranges from 56.25% to 84.3%. Assessment of vegetation’s suitabilities is influenced by physical characteristics, such as canopy, roots, color of flower, and others. The functions of vegetation such as shade plants, absorbent pollutants, increasing aesthetic value, spacing and composition of vegetation also can affect the suitability of vegetation in urban parks. The vegetation’s suitabilities in urban parks in Semarang can be categorized as compatible, compatible enough, and not compatible.

 

Pemenuhan kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) melalui penataan taman kota. Vegetasi merupakan elemen penting penyusun taman kota. Ketidaksesuaian vegetasi penyusun taman dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya fungsi taman kota. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian vegetasi yang ada di taman kota Semarang. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksplorasi. Hasil analisis key performance index menunjukkan kesesuaian vegetasi di taman kota Semarang berkisar antara 56,25% sampai dengan 84,3%. Penilaian terhadap kesesuaian vegetasi dipengaruhi oleh ciri fisik, seperti tajuk, perakaran, warna bunga dan lainnya. Fungsi dari tanaman seperti sebagai tanaman peneduh, penyerap polutan, penambah nilai estetika, arak tanam dan pengkomposisian tanaman dalam taman juga mempengaruhi kesesuaian vegetasi pada taman. Kesesuaian vegetasi di taman kota Semarang dapat dikategorikan sesuai, cukup sesuai dan kurang sesuai..
Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobentos di Perairan Pesisir Kelurahan Mangunharjo sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Perairan
Authors: Sofiyani Risna Gina , Muskananfola Max Rudolf , Sulardiono Bambang
Published: February 2022

The coastal waters of Mangunharjo Village, Tugu, Semarang City are located in a densely populated residential area, and many activities of people around it. These activities can cause a decrease in water quality which will impact the biota. This study aims to determine the structure of the macrozoobenthos community, determine the level of pollution that occurs and determine the most affecting factors of macrozoobenthos community in the coastal waters of Mangunharjo Village. This research using the purposive sampling method. Result find that there were 22 species of makrozoobenthos. The diversity index value (H') is categorized as moderate to low with a mean value of H' = 0,79. The uniformity index value (E) indicates a depressed to stable condition with a mean value of E = 0,52. The dominance index value (C) indicates that there are species that dominates significantly. The similarity index value is dominant in the low category. The status of pollution in the coastal waters of Mangunharjo Village is classified as polluted water. The factors that most influence the abundance of macrozoobenthos in the coastal waters of Mangunharjo Village are water temperature, loam and clay sediment texture with a correlation value of 0,597; 0,474 and 0,453.

 

Perairan pesisir Kelurahan Mangunharjo, Kecamatan Tugu, Kota Semarang berada pada kawasan pemukiman padat penduduk yang banyak terdapat aktivitas warga di sekitarnya. Aktivitas – aktivitas tersebut dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air yang akan berdampak pada biota.  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas makrozoobentos, mengetahui tingkat pencemaran yang terjadi dan mengetahui faktor yang paling mempengaruhi komunitas makrozoobentos di perairan pesisir Kelurahan Mangunharjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menemukan 22 spesies makrozoobentos. Nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) dikategorikan sedang hingga rendah dengan nilai rerata H’ = 0,79. Nilai Indeks Keseragaman (E) mengindikasikan kondisi yang tertekan hingga stabil dengan nilai rerata E = 0,52. Nilai Indeks Dominansi (C) menunjukkan adanya jenis yang mendominansi secara signifikan. Nilai Indeks Kesamaan dominan berada dalam kategori yang rendah. Status pencemaran di perairan pesisir Kelurahan Mangunharjo tergolong tercemar. Faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kelimpahan makrozoobentos di perairan pesisir Kelurahan Mangunharjo adalah suhu air, tekstur sedimen lempung dan tekstur sedimen liat dengan nilai korelasi 0,597; 0,474 dan 0,453.
LAS ACCIONES DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD EN BRASIL COMO INSTRUMENTOS PARA AMPLIAR LA ACCIÓN DEL SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL EN EL SIGLO XXI
Authors: Dal Ri LUCIENE , Scholz Karl Julia
Published: February 2022

A partir de un análisis global de los fenómenos definidos como expansión del poder judicial, buscamos definir los conceptos, causas y orígenes de los estudios relacionados con este papel judicial, desde finales del siglo XX. También buscamos analizar las causas y los efectos de la expansión del Supremo Tribunal Federal. Con el estudio de algunas acciones de control de constitucionalidad juzgadas por el Supremo, el objetivo era identificar si el tribunal ha actuado dentro de los límites de su competencia o si ha ido más allá de la actividad de aplicación de la ley. Finalmente, a pesar de que este artículo solo se centró en el estudio de algunas acciones, los resultados obtenidos conducen a confirmar, al menos en los casos analizados, la hipótesis de que las acciones de control de constitucionalidad sirven como un instrumento de expansión de la acción del Supremo Tribunal Federal.
LOS HEREDEROS ESPECIALMENTE PROTEGIDOS EN EL DERECHO CUBANO
Authors: Barba Vincenzo
Published: February 2022

El artículo analiza la regulación de la sucesión necesaria en el derecho cubano, identificando las condiciones y los remedios, y señalando que la legitima cubana no tiene, en contra de una opinión generalizada, carácter asistencial. En el derecho cubano, la mera existencia de una relación de parentesco con el fallecido (matrimonio, descendencia, ascendencia) no es suficiente para la atribución de la condición de legitimario, ya que deben cumplirse dos importantes requisitos: la inaptitud a trabajar y la dependencia económica. Desde este punto de vista, me parece que el derecho cubano debería y podría ser tomado como modelo en otras legislaciones, precisamente para encontrar un importante y nuevo equilibrio entre la libertad de testar y la protección de los legitimarios
EL CONFLICTO UCRANIANO. ORIGENES Y CAUSAS DE LA ULTIMA GUERRA EN EUROPA
Authors: DORADO DIAZ SERGIO
Published: February 2022

La crisis de Ucrania iniciada en el 2013 con una serie de protestas en todo el país, acabó transformándose en un conflicto bélico que enfrenta militarmente a las Fuerzas Armadas Ucranianas y a las fuerzas separatistas de las autoproclamadas Repúblicas Populares de Lugansk y Donetsk. A pesar de ser un conflicto de baja intensidad ya se ha cobrado cerca de 10.000 vidas y corre el peligro de convertirse en uno de tantos conflictos estancados. Para saber cómo se ha llegado a este punto es necesario analizar los acontecimientos históricos y políticos de Ucrania, estudiar el papel de los nacionalismos en la región y sobre todo destacar la relación con Rusia en el espacio de influencia post-soviético.
UN ANÁLISIS GEOPOLÍTICO EN IRAK
Authors: Casado Carlos
Published: February 2022

El actual Statu quo en Oriente Medio no ha evolucionado espontáneamente, sino que ha sido el resultado de un complejo proceso que lleva desarrollándose desde, por lo menos, mediados del siglo XX. La disputa por los recursos y la energía, el auge del terrorismo religioso y las antiguas disputas étnicas y tribales han sido y son capítulos fundamentales en la historia de la región. Irak es un modelo de estudio para identificar actores y dinámicas en la situación del Medio Oriente. Su actual fragilidad, fruto del desgaste prolongado tras décadas de guerra, crisis e intervencionismo exterior, revela con claridad las intenciones y métodos de los actores que tratan de influir en el equilibrio de la región. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene por objeto el análisis de las diferentes fuerzas que tienen peso en el país, cuáles son sus objetivos, como se han relacionado y cuáles han sido las consecuencias de sus acciones. Una suerte de síntesis organizada que busca aproximar el área del conflicto a una Europa que sigue buscándose a sí misma. ¿Qué impacto tiene la Unión Europea y España en este Medio Oriente? ¿Cómo se plantea su arquitectura de defensa de cara al futuro?
Vehículo autónomo y conectado, desafío a la seguridad vial
Authors: GONZALEZ TRIGO NORBERTO ASER
Published: February 2022

La interacción entre subsistemas que conforman el sistema vial (vía, vehículos, personas y normas), genera desequilibrios dada la excesiva  preponderancia del subsistema humano sobre el resto. Desequilibrio que se manifiesta en forma de siniestro vial como consecuencia de conductas humanas que transgreden normas viales, que aunque se conocen no son aceptadas, hecho que asociado a la incorrecta medición del nivel de riesgo subjetivo asociado a su incumplimiento, provoca que los índices de siniestralidad hayan dejado de mejorar.

Así, subsistema tecnológico ofrece al sistema vial la posibilidad de dotarlo de mayor y duradera estabilidad, al incorporar los vehículos actuales sistemas de seguridad inteligentes que corrigen o impiden que se cometan errores humanos. Desde luego, una esperanza para lograr 0 fallecidos en carretera en el año 2050, acontecimiento paralelo a la evolución del vehículo autónomo y conectado que asumirá todas las tareas de conducción.
Interactive Inpatient Asthma Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Samady Waheeda , Rodriguez Victoria A. , Gupta Ruchi , Palac Hannah , Pongracic Jacqueline A. , Press Valerie G.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Inpatient asthma education interventions provide benefit compared with usual care, but evaluation of the most effective educational model is needed. We compared the impact of interactive versus didactic inpatient pediatric asthma education on subsequent emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations.

METHODS

Children (aged 2‒16) with asthma admitted to a tertiary care children’s hospital with an asthma exacerbation between October 2016 and June 2017 were randomly assigned to interactive or didactic (control) asthma education. The primary outcome was asthma ED visits at 6 and 12 months; secondary outcomes included hospitalizations (6 and 12 months), inhaler technique, asthma knowledge, symptoms, quality of life, and parental management skills at baseline, discharge, and/or 12 months.

RESULTS

One hundred forty participants (69 interactive, 71 control) completed the study. There were no differences in ED visits at 6 or 12 months. Compared to controls, the interactive group had fewer hospitalizations (10.1% vs 22.5%; P = .04) at 6 months. Inhaler technique in the interactive group improved at discharge (mean change 4.07 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.21–4.94]) and remained increased at 12 months (P = .03). Patient-reported asthma symptoms and quality of life were similar in both groups at baseline (19.9 vs 20.62, best possible score 8) and significantly improved in the interactive group at 12 months (least square mean change, 3.52 vs −1.75; P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

There were no differences in ED visits; however, the interactive education reduced asthma hospitalizations over a 6-month period. These findings demonstrate that educational delivery methods can play a role in improving clinical outcomes for asthma.
Delays Related to Prior Authorization in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Constant Brad D. , de Zoeten Edwin F. , Stahl Marisa G. , Vajravelu Ravy K. , Lewis James D. , Fennimore Blair , Gerich Mark E. , Scott Frank I.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND

Delays in advancing to biologic therapies are associated with adverse outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Insurer-mandated prior authorizations have been linked to prolonged medication initiation times. We hypothesized that prior authorizations are associated with prolonged biologic initiation time and increased IBD-related healthcare utilization among children with IBD.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 190 pediatric patients with IBD initiating biologics at a tertiary care hospital to measure the association between prior authorization, biologic initiation time (physician recommendation to first dose), and healthcare utilization (hospitalization, surgery, or emergency department visit). Demographic, insurance, and disease severity–related covariables were collected. Multivariable linear regression was used to measure the association between prior authorization and biologic initiation time. Propensity score methods were used to measure the associations between prior authorization and IBD-related healthcare utilization within 180 days and corticosteroid dependence at 90 days, with adjustment for insurance type, demographics, and disease severity–related characteristics.

RESULTS

Median biologic initiation time was 21 days. Prior authorization and complicated prior authorizations (requiring appeal, step therapy, or peer-to-peer review) were associated with 10.2-day (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.2 to 12.3) and 24.6-day (95% CI 16.4 to 32.8) increases in biologic initiation time, respectively. Prior authorizations increased the likelihood of IBD-related healthcare utilization within 180 days by 12.9% (95% CI 2.5 to 23.4) and corticosteroid dependence at 90 days by 14.1% (95% CI 3.3 to 24.8).

CONCLUSIONS

Prior authorizations are associated with prolonged biologic initiation time and increased IBD-related healthcare utilization. Minimizing prior authorization–related delays may expedite biologic delivery and reduce the risk of IBD-related healthcare utilization.
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ZEBRAFISH (Cyprinidae Danio rerio) STOCKS
Authors: Lewandowski Vanessa , Sary Cesar , Casetta Jaisa , De Souza Felipe Pinheiro , De Castro Pedro Luiz , Goes Elenice Souza dos Reis , De Oliveira Carlos Antonio Lopes , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira , Vargas Lauro
Published: February 2022

Specimens of cultured zebrafish acquired from different fish farms in Brazil may show genetic variability and alteration in allele frequency due to genetic drift and selective pressure in a captive environment, resulting in the differentiation of productive and reproductive characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability and reproductive characteristics of 180 zebrafish specimens from six Brazilian fish farms. A deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed in all evaluated stocks. Differentiation among stocks was observed in the amount of genetic variability with respect to observed heterozygosity and the inbreeding coefficient (FIS). Genetic distance between stocks was determined through the Fst index, and the formation of four distinct groups was observed by plotting the dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance. Differences were observed among reproductive parameters, such as the average number of eggs per female and hatchability. This second parameter proved to be related to the level of inbreeding of the population, whereas this effect was not observed for spawning frequency. We conclude that zebrafish stocks from the 6 different Brazilian fish farms present significant genetic and phenotypic variability. The genetic structure affects fecundity and should be considered when carrying out work where reproductive rates are evaluated.
FLEBOTOMINOFAUNA Y PRIMER REGISTRO DE Lutzomyia aclydifera (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Linero Barrios Juan David , Cera Vallejo Yeisson David , García Alzate Roberto , Herrera Cabrera Leidi , Ardila Chávez Marlon Mauricio
Published: February 2022

Uno de los focos de leishmaniasis más importante de Colombia está en Los Montes de María, Departamento de Bolívar, específicamente en El Carmen de Bolívar. A la fecha están registradas 19 especies del género Lutzomyia, en este departamento, algunas con antecedentes como vectores de Leishmania spp. La presente nota informa la abundancia y la diversidad de la flebotominofauna en la zona rural de El Carmen de Bolívar. Mediante el uso de trampas de CDC, se colectaron 1327 hembras del género Lutzomyia entre enero a noviembre de 2018: Lu. evansi (81 %), Lu. panamensis (15,5 %), Lu. gomezi (2,9 %), Lu. dubitans (0,15 %), Lu. aclydifera (0,07 %), Lu. c. cayennensis (0,07 %), Lu. rangeliana (0,07 %) y Lu. serrana (0,07 %). La mayor abundancia de flebotomíneos se presentó en noviembre y la menor en abril, coincidiendo con los meses de lluvia y sequía, respectivamente; mientras que en enero se presentó la mayor diversidad. En esta investigación sobresalen Lu. evansi, Lu. panamensis y Lu. gomezi por sus antecedentes como vectores de Leishmania en el Departamento de Bolívar y otras regiones del país. Se reporta por primera vez para el Caribe Colombiano la especie Lu. aclydifera, la cual deberá ser vigilada en cuanto a su capacidad vectorial para Leishmania.
OCURRENCIA Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE Vibrio cholerae CULTIVABLE EN LA CIÉNAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Córdoba Meza Tania , Espinosa Díaz Luisa Fernanda , Vivas  Aguas Lizbeth Janet
Published: February 2022

Vibrio cholerae es un potencial patógeno humano que habita ambientes acuáticos, aunque su presencia y abundancia se ha asociado al aumento de la temperatura del agua, poco se ha investigado sobre su ecología en ambientes estuarinos tropicales, donde los cambios de salinidad suelen ser más importantes. El presente estudio evaluó la distribución de V. cholerae en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia y su relación con la temperatura y la salinidad. Para ello, entre 2016 y 2018 se cuantificó bimestralmente esta especie en muestras de agua superficial, usando agar TCBS y pruebas bioquímicas. V. cholerae se detectó en 57 de 198 muestras (28,8 %), variando en densidad entre 5 y 54.800 UFC por 100 mL. Entre enero y septiembre de 2016 se presentó una alta salinidad promedio mensual (≥ 28,7) y una baja detección de la bacteria (0,01 %). La salinidad promedio se redujo drásticamente en noviembre de 2016 (9,6), coincidiendo con una proliferación de V. cholerae (promedio geométrico 36,4 UFC/100 mL). Durante 2017 y 2018 la salinidad promedio se mantuvo por debajo de 15,2 y la detección de V. cholerae fue mayor (39,4 %) que, en 2016, presentándose mayores densidades en los meses con menor salinidad. En las estaciones denominadas BVA y NVE, donde se ubican poblaciones palafíticas, se registraron las densidades promedio (geométrico) más altas, 25,3 UFC/100 mL y 15,4 UFC/ 100 mL, respectivamente. Los resultados de este estudio demuestran que la salinidad juega un papel determinante en la ocurrencia y abundancia de V. cholerae en esta laguna tropical.
Making women visible. Gender bias in Colombian Economic History Courses
Authors: Villaveces Niño Marta Juanita , Torres Alvarado Pilar
Published: February 2022

Is teaching impaired by gender bias? Following growing academic interest targeting gender bias in university curricula, we analyse the participation of literatura written by women in the compulsory course of Colombian Economic History to inquire about the existence of gender bias in the field of teaching. We analyse gender bias in two categories: relevance and participation to conclude that teaching and the investigation of the subfield reveals the existing biases in the economy and a slowness to change despite a growing awareness of the issue among scholars. This work seeks to contribute, based on a particular case, to the discussion on gender bias in teaching.
Panorámica de la COVID-19 en tres municipios de Guerrero, México, durante 2020
Authors: Ramírez Rojas María Guadalupe , Ramírez Rojas Francisco Antonio , Sánchez Osorio Ever , Flores López María de Lourdes , Paredes Solís Sergio
Published: February 2022

Objetivo Estimar la magnitud de daños a la salud por la pandemia de COVID-19 y su dinámica en Ometepec, Xochistlahuaca y Tlacoachistlahuaca, en Guerrero, México, durante 2020.
Métodos Estudio retrospectivo hecho mediante un análisis secundario de la base de datos de COVID-19 de la Secretaría de Salud de México. Con análisis bivariado y regresión logística binaria, se desarrollaron estimaciones de series de tiempo y de magnitud del daño a la salud por COVID-19.
Resultados Durante las semanas epidemiológicas 12 a 40 de 2020, se confirmaron 325 casos y 28 defunciones por COVID-19. De los casos confirmados, solo 16% fueron indígenas. Dos de cada tres defunciones ocurrieron en las primeras 48 horas del ingreso hospitalario. Las variables predictoras que mejor se ajustaron al modelo de regresión, asociadas a la letalidad hospitalaria, fueron diabetes, neumonía asociada a COVID-19 y edad de 50 años o mayor.
Conclusiones Es importante enfatizar los datos de alarma de la COVID-19 a la población indígena (en particular, la dificultad respiratoria) y factores asociados a complicaciones por COVID-19 como diabetes y edad avanzada, para incrementar el uso oportuno de los servicios de salud.
O equívoco da ontologia social antagonista e a crise de alienação da modernidade tardia
Authors: Rosa Hartmut
Published: February 2022

Na teoria social e política contemporânea, tanto os pensadores da esquerda como os da direita frequentemente partem da base de uma ontologia social antagonista. Eles assumem como dado que existem conflitos e divergências de interesses irreconciliáveis entre os grupos sociais de modo que, como Laclau, Rancière e outros supõem, conflito eterno não apenas é inevitável, mas desejável, pois sua ausência não significa outra coisa que uma hegemonia incontestada de uma facção social particular. Isso corresponde a uma realidade social na qual atores políticos simplesmente percebem uns aos outros como aliados ou como inimigos e obstáculos que necessitam ser combatidos ou silenciados. Uma realidade assim inevitavelmente produz um crescente senso de alienação política. Esta contribuição, em contraste, defende que deveríamos partir de uma ontologia social relacional, o que implica que relações sociais não estão dadas a priori, mas são elas próprias produto de instituições e práticas sociais e políticas. Consequentemente, as relações entre grupos sociais não necessitam ser antagonistas, mas podem assumir uma ampla variedade de formas. A Teoria Crítica, por consequência, deveria enfocar a natureza e a qualidade de relações sociais, físicas, temporais e espaciais nas instituições sociais. O texto segue, então, com o desenvolvimento do arcabouço conceitual para esse tipo de análise baseada na teoria da ressonância.
The Buddhist Doctrine of Vicarious Suffering (1927)
Authors: Daiei Kaneko
Published: February 2022

The present volume begins with a brief flashback.One of the names which appears in both pre-war and post-war times, together with Suzuki Daisetsu himself, is the influential Shin Buddhist writer Kaneko Daiei 金子大栄 (1881–1976).2 We begin here with an article by him entitled “The Buddhist Doctrine of Vicarious Suffering”, which is an obvious attempt to address the possible comparison of “vicarious suffering” in the traditions of Buddhism and Christianity. This is already intended as an interactive study.
Mahāyāna Buddhism and Japanese Culture (1931)
Authors: Shūgaku Yamabe
Published: February 2022

These 3 chapters are an exchange between Yamabe Shūgaku 山辺習学 (1882–1944), writing rather generally on “Mahāyāna Buddhism and Japanese Culture” and C.A.F. Rhys Davids, a well-known British exponent of the Pāli or Theravāda tradition of Buddhism. The latter’s writing is marked not only by a decided loyalty to what she presumed to be the oldest traditions of Buddhism, but also by extremely high-flown, not to say adventurous language typical of some enthusiastic religious writing of her period. Yet by her literary devices she was trying to make a serious point about the status of conceptualized doctrine in Buddhism, to which Yamabe was quite able to respond. We see in the contributions of these two Japanese writers, Kaneko and Yamabe, both the opening of Shin Buddhist thinking to the wider tradition of Buddhist thought and, in their responsive formulations, their acceptance of the impact of perceived foreign expectations.
Shin Religion as I Believe it (1951)
Authors: Daiei Kaneko
Published: February 2022

One detects a certain resignation about the inevitability of wars, even though conferences were being held in order to avoid them, and this sense of resignation or passivity is still found at some points in the article by Kaneko Daiei, “Shin Religion as I believe it,” also published not so long after the war (1951) and reproduced below. The question is whether the Buddhist analysis of these matters comes to rest in a pessimistic view of humankind, as some have supposed. Or is there also some well-spring of new perceptions which is able actively to transform humanity in a manner which goes beyond individual piety? On balance, while showing some sadness, Kaneko’s article stakes out a ground for the latter.
Goodness and Naturalness (1951)
Authors: Kanamatsu Kenryō
Published: February 2022

The year 1951 also saw the appearance of Kanamatsu’s “Goodness and Naturalness,”. Kanamatsu had published an English-language booklet on a similar subject shortlybefore, entitled Amitabha: The Life of Naturalness (1949). These two publications were followed in turn by his influential writing entitled quite simply Naturalness(1956) which, published in California by The White Path Society, evidently struck a significant chord in the American reception of Buddhism.
Chion-in
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the author describes the architecture and history of Chion-in, a temple settled in the Jōdo sect in Kyōto and founded in 1211.
Myōshinji
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the author describes the Myōshinji temple, settled in the western part of Kyōto.
Tōji
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the author describes the Kogi Shingon sect temple of Tōji and its impressive architecture.
Nichiren and Kamakura
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the life of the monk Nichiren, who founded the Nichiren Buddhism.
Historic Temples of Kamakura
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, the author emphasizes the beauty of the Kamakura temples and how some of them survived the intemperances of time and remained intact. Some were destroyed by earthquakes or fires, therefore today their ruins are the only indication of their existence.
Shinran and Contemporary Thought (1980)
Authors: Takeuchi Yoshinori
Published: February 2022

Takeuchi published a book entitled Shinran to Gendai 親鸞と現代 (i.e.“Shinran and Modernity” or “Shinran Today”),15 of which the article published here constitutes the second chapter. In this chapter, the author discusses the news meanings that religion has achieved in such crowded and busy cities.
The Heart Sūtra (Prajñā-pāramitā-hṛdaya-sūtra)
Authors: Hannya Shaku
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the translation of one of the most popular and at the same time the most important canonical books adopted by the Far Eastern Buddhists is the Prajñā-pāramitāhṛdaya- sūtra (the Heart Sūtra).
Ippen Shōnin and the Nenbutsu
Authors: Sōetsu Yanagi
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the life of Ippen Shōnin (1239 1289), founder of the Ji Sect of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism, lived during the latter half of the Kamakura period, at a time when Dōgen (1200–1253) and Nichiren (1222–1282) were active, and Shinran (1173–1262), in ripe old age, was still living as well.
Shinran and his Song on Amida Buddha
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

This chapter analyses the Songs of Shinran Shōnin written by him in praise of the Buddha Amitābha.
The Unity of Buddhsim
Authors: Pratt James Bissett
Published: February 2022

In this essay, Pratt, normally known as a scholar of Hinduism, addresses head-on the inevitable questions of coherence and consistency which arise within any religious tradition which displays striking diversity as he attempts to summarize the character of Buddhism.
Introducing Martin Heidegger
Authors: Keiji Nishitani
Published: February 2022

Nishitani had a significant interaction with the Western world in the context of which he met Martin Heidegger in Germany, As a result, The Eastern Buddhist as able to publish two early writings by Heideggerin German with an introduction by Nishitani in English.
Memories of Dr. D.T. Suzuki
Authors: Fromm Erich
Published: February 2022

Here the influential psychologist Erich Fromm recalls his creative association with the mature Suzuki, illustrating the many interactions that were taking place between Japan, North America and Europe in the 1960s.
The Concept of the Pure Land
Authors: Daiei Kaneko
Published: February 2022

This essay written in 1925 in Japanese, displays a distinctly modern orientation, as the author explores the relationship between myth and consciousness and assumes the abandonment of religious naivety.
The Pure Land of Beauty
Authors: Sōetsu Yanagi
Published: February 2022

In this essay, Yanagi, who was a driving force in the Japanese folk art revival, finds the Pure Land not only in consciousness but also in material objects of everyday life.
Mineral Healing: Gemstone Remedies in Astrological and Medical Traditions
Authors: Cerulli Anthony , Guenzi Caterina
Published: February 2022

In this chapter we explore the science of “external” remedies in India. What are some of the ways that people in India treat the body and mind and seek overall wellbeing through ornamentation and surface application of gemstones (maṇi) and amulets (bhadrikā and rakṣikā) (vis-à-vis, for example, “internal” treatments involving botanical decoctions, oils and powders that are assimilated by the body)? Drawing on textual references and ethnographic examples, we discuss how gemstones (e.g., rubies, pearls and sapphires) and amulets (constructed from such things as devil tree, wild asparagus, seashells, and other substances) have been used in India as preventative therapies in a person’s daily regimen and as specific remedies for disorders during pregnancy, planetary-based afflictions, and madness, among other things. The preparations, testing, and practices of minerals and amulets that are used to treat the body and mind reveal a worldview in which the human person is entwined within multiple and intersecting ecosystems. It is a worldview, furthermore, in which notions of bodily externality and internality are blurred. A distinctive and wide-ranging notion of wellbeing emerges, we suggest, that connects the mineral, botanical, and astral domains with the human body’s functioning and a person’s course of life.
Mercury Tonics (Rasāyana) in Sanskrit Medical Literature
Authors: Wujastyk Dagmar
Published: February 2022

The use of mercury has a long history in Indian medicine with clear evidence of mercurial treatments found in Sanskrit medical treatises from about the seventh century. Mercury medicines were understood to be particularly potent remedies and as such were often used in the treatment of serious diseases that were difficult to treat. Mercury preparations were also widely used in rejuvenation therapy (rasāyana) - one of the eight classical areas of Indian medicine. Rasāyana sections in Sanskrit medical works describe the preparation and application of tonics for restoring health, stopping and even reversing the aging process, generally improving physical appearance and significantly increasing lifespan. Chapter 5 is freely available under Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 3.0 here While rejuvenation therapies are already described in the oldest Sanskrit medical works known to us, the first recipe containing mercury occurs in a seventh-century treatise called the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (“Heart of medicine”). From about the eleventh century, mercury became a significant ingredient in rasāyana therapy with works such as Cakrapāṇidatta’s Cakradatta (eleventh century) and Vaṅgasena’s Cikitsāsārasaṃgraha (eleventh/twelfth century) recording multiple recipes for mercurial tonics. The use of mercury in rasāyana recipes reflects a profound change in Indian medicine in this period, namely the increasing importance of iatrochemistry. Older medical works already contained recipes for metallic and mineral medicines, but now metallurgical procedures aimed at making metals and minerals fit for medical application (and human consumption) were described in detail and the number of metallic and mineral medicines, including mercury preparations, increased substantially. Both procedures and recipes for metallic and mineral medicines seem to have been adopted from alchemical sources - we often find reference to alchemical works or authors in recipes for mercurial or other metal or mineral medicines in the medical treatises. This essay will provide an overview of the uses of mercury preparations in rasāyana therapy, discussing their position within rejuvenation therapy in regard to other rasāyana formulations and exploring their link with Indian alchemical traditions.
When Ngülchu is not Mercury: Tibetan Taxonomies of 'Metals'
Authors: Gerke Barbara
Published: February 2022

This article analyses Tibetan ideas of ngülchu (dngul chu), the ‘silver-water,’ which is considered the ‘king among the elixirs.’ Tibetan medical texts have mentioned its processing techniques for medicinal use since at least the twelfth century AD. How did Tibetan physicians classify metals in their key materia medica texts considering textual descriptions that ngülchu could be sourced from water, rocks, plants, and animals? Is it a metal, a precious substance, or something else? Some materia medica classify non-processed metallic mercury as an ‘inanimate cold poison,’ as a ‘precious’ and also ‘non-meltable’ substance. What do these classifications tell us about the nature of ngülchu, its poisonousness, and medicinal properties? Based on textual analysis and ethnographic fieldwork with contemporary Tibetan pharmacologists in India and Nepal, I argue that due to the varied sourcing, ngülchu is not necessarily metallic mercury, but that certain shiny-silvery substances found on herbs and inside animals are labelled ngülchu, share similar characteristics, and go beyond what we would classify as a ‘metal.’ Nevertheless, today’s pharmaceutical manufacturing of Tibetan mercurial medicines rely on processed mercury-sulfide compounds based on metallic mercury, although the plant source of ngülchu is considered a valid substitute (tshab) by some pharmacologists. This paper also analyses the popular mercury-sulfide ash tsothal (btso thal), which contains eight metals, in the context of its origin myth where the eight metals are eight sages. I then show parallels of this myth in the tsothal processing method, where the eight metals are burnt to ash and transformed into an elixir.
Buddhist Temples of Kyōto and Kamakura
Authors: Suzuki Beatrice Lane
Published: February 2022

Beatrice Lane Suzuki (1878-1939) was an extremely well informed and sensitive expositor of Mahāyāna Buddhism. As the American wife of the influential Zen Buddhist Suzuki Daisetsu, she lived in Japan for many years, becoming very familiar with the leading temples of various Buddhist schools—especially in Kyōto and Kamakura. Buddhist Temples of Kyōto and Kamakura brings together some of her writings from The Eastern Buddhist. The collection preserves valuable information from Suzuki’s own times and the charm of her personal discovery of the temples described here. Further information is also provided to place them in their current context. The volume will be of interest to scholars of Japanese Buddhism and to the many travelers to these sites today.
Cosmo-Logics in Contemporary Lowland South America
Authors: López Alejandro M. , Altman Agustina
Published: February 2022

This work is an attempt to introduce a comparison of the deep logics articulating cosmovisions and cosmologies among indigenous groups in the Lowlands of South America. We are particularly interested in describing the current state and recent past of these knowledge systems, but also connecting them to the distant past. We seek to leave aside an anecdotic comparative approach focused on isolated elements, and it is not our intention to build conjectural narratives of the links among these ways of conceiving the world. Instead, we wish to focus on analysing the common underlying logics that account for the organising principles of these cosmovisions and cosmologies, related to their relational and political nature. International works very often identify the South American Lowlands with Amazonia and here we would like to correct this and include examples from Patagonia on an equal footing with those from Chaco.
Peigín Doyle, Pathway To The Cosmos: The alignment of megalithic tombs in Ireland and Atlantic Europe
Authors: Kennett Carolyn
Published: February 2022

Peigín Doyle, Pathway To The Cosmos: The alignment of megalithic tombs in Ireland and Atlantic Europe Dublin: Wordwell Ltd., in association with National Monuments Service, 2020. Paperback, fully illustrated, 143 pp. ISBN 9781916291256. €10.00.
La familia: ¿institución o contrato? Un análisis de la situación actual
Authors: Medina-Morales Diego
Published: February 2022

El carácter institucional e «histórico tradicional » de la familia dentro de los sistemas de organización social hace arriesgado cualquier intento de ingeniería social que pretenda elaborar una modificación artificial de esta institución. Ciertos síntomas del colapso social actual están íntimamente ligados al debilitamiento al que está siendo sometida esta institución natural. Las reformas legislativas en España en los últimos años, algunas de ellas casi fuera de los límites constitucionales, parecen favorecer un proceso de desestructuración social que beneficia la proliferación de una «ciudadanía de masas» que sería más fácil de liderar con un Estado altamente fortalecido.
Ética jurídica de la vulnerabilidad al final de la vida: ¿entre la compasión y la responsabilidad en el morir?
Authors: Santos José-Antonio
Published: February 2022

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar los conceptos de compasión y responsabilidad a partir de un determinado modelo de ética jurídica de la vulnerabilidad. El estudio aborda ambos conceptos desde un punto de vista ético y jurídico para abogar por la utilización de la responsabilidad como herramienta epistémica para repensar el cuidado al final de la vida. El trabajo está dividido en seis partes: se realiza, en primer lugar, un análisis de la ética jurídica de la vulnerabilidad suscrita. Después se aborda el papel de esta ética jurídica frente a los cambios en la ética médica. En tercer lugar, se examina el concepto de sufrimiento en el contexto de los derechos humanos. Seguidamente, se analiza la compasión frente al diferente en la ética jurídica. En quinto lugar, es objeto de análisis la responsabilidad como valor y principio al final de la vida. Por último, se establecen unas conclusiones.
La concreción legal y jurisprudencial de la teoría del derecho natural de Javier Hervada. Algunas notas desde el derecho argentino, a partir del factor «tiempo»
Authors: Rabbi-Baldi-Cabanillas Renato
Published: February 2022

Javier Hervada se ha destacado por sus investigaciones en torno de la historia del derecho natural; su teoría y su aplicación. Los dos últimos aspectos devienen inescindibles y conducen a las siguientes tres funciones del derecho natural: como fuente del Derecho «positivo» o, más propiamente, «institucional»; como instancia crítica de aquél y como parte integrante del ordenamiento jurídico. Este papel se ocupa de este último aspecto por dos razones: es el menos conocido en el ámbito de la teoría del derecho natural comparada, y es en el que el aporte de Hervada es más original. A tal fin se efectuará una presentación de la teoría hervadiana de la unidad de la realidad jurídica, la que se compone de «títulos» y «medidas» naturales y de «títulos» y «medidas» positivas; de seguido, dentro de las primeras, se examina uno de sus componentes o factores, el «tiempo», el que da palmaria cuenta de esa integración de lo natural en el sistema jurídico y de la referida tarea de contribuir a garantizar la justicia material del Derecho «institucional». Por último, se ilustra dicha noción con ejemplos legislativos y jurisprudenciales del derecho de mi país, pero, es claro, el ejercicio es perfectamente extrapolable a cualquier ordenamiento comparado