bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disseminated Adenovirus Infection in Cancer Patients Presenting with Focal Pulmonary Consolidation
Authors: Lee Yeon Joo , Palomino-Guilen Paola , Babady N. Esther , Lamson Daryl M. , St. George Kirsten , Tang Yi-Wei , Papanicolaou Genovefa A.
Published: October 2013

We report disseminated adenovirus (ADV) infection in four adult cancer patients presenting with focal pulmonary consolidation. In all cases, ADV was recovered from respiratory specimens and ADV viremia (>1 × 10
5
copies/ml) was determined by a quantitative PCR assay. Despite antiviral therapy, 3 (75%) patients died. ADV should be considered as a possible cause of severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients.
Performance of the Verigene Gram-Positive Blood Culture Assay for Direct Detection of Gram-Positive Organisms and Resistance Markers in a Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Mestas Javier , Polanco Claudia M. , Felsenstein Susanna , Dien Bard Jennifer
Published: October 2013

The performance characteristics of the Verigene Gram-positive blood culture (BC-GP) assay were evaluated in pediatric patients. Concordance of the BC-GP assay was 95.8%, with significant decreases in turnaround time for identification and resistance detection. BC-GP is highly accurate and can be integrated into the routine workflow of the microbiology laboratory.
Comparative Virus Replication and Host Innate Responses in Human Cells Infected with Three Prevalent Clades (2.3.4, 2.3.2, and 7) of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses
Authors: Sun Honglei , Sun Yipeng , Pu Juan , Zhang Yi , Zhu Qingyu , Li Jing , Gu Jiang , Chang Kin-Chow , Liu Jinhua
Published: October 2013

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus clades 2.3.4, 2.3.2, and 7 are the dominant cocirculating H5N1 viruses in poultry in China. However, humans appear to be clinically susceptible mostly to the 2.3.4 virus clade. Here, we demonstrated that A549 cells and human macrophages infected with clade 2.3.4 viruses produced significantly more viruses than those infected with the other two clades. Likewise, clade 2.3.4-infected macrophages caused the most severe cellular damage and strongest proinflammatory response.
Prehospital anaesthesia performed by physician/critical care paramedic teams in a major trauma network in the UK: a 12 month review of practice
Authors: McQueen Carl , Crombie Nicholas , Hulme Jonathan , Cormack Stef , Hussain Nageena , Ludwig Frank , Wheaton Steve
Published: October 2013

Introduction

In the West Midlands region of the UK, delivery of pre-hospital care has been remodelled through introduction of a 24 h Medical Emergency Response Incident Team (MERIT). Teams including physicians and critical care paramedics (CCP) are deployed to incidents on land-based and helicopter-based platforms. Clinical practice, including delivery of rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia (RSI), is underpinned by standard operating procedures (SOP). This study describes the first 12 months experience of prehospital RSI in the MERIT scheme in the West Midlands.

Methods

Retrospective review of the MERIT clinical database for the 12 months following the launch of the scheme. Data was collected relating to the number of RSIs performed; indication for RSI; number of intubation attempts; grade of view on laryngoscopy and the base speciality/grade of the operator performing intubation.

Results

MERIT teams were activated 1619 times, attending scene in 1029 cases. RSI was performed 142 times (13.80% of scene attendances). There was one recorded case of failure to intubate requiring insertion of a supraglottic airway device (0.70%). In over a third of RSI cases, CCPs performed laryngoscopy and intubation (n=53, 37.32%). Proficiency of obtaining Grade I view at laryngoscopy was similar for physicians (74.70%) and CCPs (77.36%). Intubation was successful at the first attempt in over 90% of cases.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that operation within a system that provides high levels of exposure, underpinned by comprehensive and robust training and governance frameworks, promotes levels of performance in successful prehospital RSI regardless of base speciality or profession.
SINGLE SCALAR COSMOLOGY
Authors: VAN HOLTEN J. W.
Published: October 2013

The cosmology of flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) universes dominated by a single scalar field is discussed. General features of the evolution of the universe and the scalar field are illustrated by specific examples. It is shown that in some situations the most important contribution to inflation comes from the approach to a region of slow roll, rather than from the period of leaving a slow-roll regime.
ATTACK TO AN IMAGE ENCRYPTION BASED ON CHAOTIC LOGISTIC MAP
Authors: WANG XING-YUAN , CHEN FENG , WANG TIAN , XU DAHAI , MA YUTIAN
Published: October 2013

This paper offers two different attacks on a freshly proposed image encryption based on chaotic logistic map. The cryptosystem under study first uses a secret key of 80-bit and employed two chaotic logistic maps. We derived the initial conditions of the logistic maps from using the secret key by providing different weights to all its bits. Additionally, in this paper eight different types of procedures are used to encrypt the pixels of an image in the proposed encryption process of which one of them will be used for a certain pixel which is determined by the product of the logistic map. The secret key is revised after encrypting each block which consisted of 16 pixels of the image. The encrypting process have weakness, worst of which is that every byte of plaintext is independent when substituted, so the cipher text of the byte will not change even the other bytes have changed. As a result of weakness, a chosen plaintext attack and a chosen cipher text attack can be completed without any knowledge of the key value to recuperate the ciphered image.
EFFECTS OF CASIMIR AND VAN DER WAALS FORCES ON THE PULL-IN INSTABILITY OF THE NONLINEAR MICRO AND NANO-BRIDGE GYROSCOPES
Authors: MOJAHEDI M. , AHMADIAN M. T. , FIROOZBAKHSH K.
Published: October 2013

The influence of Casimir and van der Waals forces on the instability of vibratory micro and nano-bridge gyroscopes with proof mass attached to its midpoint is studied. The gyroscope subjected to the base rotation, Casimir and van der Waals attractions is actuated and detected by electrostatic methods. The system has two coupled bending motions actuated by the electrostatic and Coriolis forces. First a system of nonlinear equations for the flexural-flexural deflection of beam gyroscopes is derived using the extended Hamilton's principle. In modeling, the nonlinearities due to mid-plane stretching, electrostatic forces, including fringing field, Casimir and van der Waals attractions, are considered. The method of homotopy perturbation is used to solve the equations of equilibrium, with the solution validated by numerical methods. In addition, the effect of nondimensional parameters on the instability and deflection of the gyroscope is investigated. The data presented can be used in the design of vibratory micro/nano gyroscopes.
MANAGERIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESS OF NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: SEDIGHADELI SIMA , KACHOUIE REZA
Published: October 2013

New product development is considered as one of the survival strategies for organisations with high risk which is related to extreme failure rate that should not be neglected. Among internal and contextual factors which affect winning or losing in new product development (NPD), the role of top management team as key decision makers is critical. The objective of our research is to explore managerial factors influencing success in new product development. To find out these factors, relevant literature was reviewed and specific top managers were interviewed. Afterwards, a survey was administrated to elicit the opinions of managers involved in NPD in accordance to the degree of each factor's importance. This study examined six factors assumed to be critical in top management level to achieve success in NPD including commitment, regulatory focus, entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, international orientation and tendency of top managers to future study.
Prussian blue-functionalised graphene in the amperometric detection of peroxide and hydrazine
Authors: Keeley Gareth P. , O'Neill Arlene , Holzinger Michael , Cosnier Serge , Coleman Jonathan N. , Duesberg Georg S.
Published: October 2013

The electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and hydrazine, N2H4, is of considerable interest because of the serious health risks associated with these compounds. The unique zeolite structure of Prussian blue, Fe4[ Fe ( CN )6]3, endows it with excellent catalytic activity towards these small molecules, but its immobilisation on suitable support materials is limited by its solubility at neutral and basic pH values. Here we report an electroanalytical sensor for peroxide and hydrazine based on composites of Prussian blue and graphene nano-sheets (GNSs). The latter are fabricated using the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. When immobilised on graphene, Prussian blue is shown to exhibit higher sensitivity towards these analytes than a number of commercially available graphitic supports, including edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. The incorporation of graphene into electode systems could lead to great advances in sensor technology for these and many other species of interest.
Pressure–temperature evolution of a kyanite–garnet pelitic gneiss from Åreskutan: evidence of ultra-high-pressure metamorphism of the Seve Nappe Complex, west-central Jämtland, Swedish Caledonides
Authors: Klonowska Iwona , Majka Jarosław , Janák Marian , Gee David G. , Ladenberger Anna
Published: October 2013

New evidence is presented for ultra-high-pressure metamorphism of kyanite–garnet pelitic gneiss in the Åreskutan Nappe of the Seve Nappe Complex, in the central part of the Scandinavian Caledonides. Modelled phase equilibria for a peak pressure assemblage garnet+phengite+kyanite+quartz (coesite) in the NCKFMMnASH system record pressure and temperature conditions of
c.
26–32 kbar at 700–720 °C, possibly up to ultra-high-pressure conditions. Subsequent decompression, simultaneous with an increase of temperature to
c.
800–820 °C, led to partial melting largely owing to the dehydration and breakdown of phengite. Based on existing isotope age data, we conclude that the Middle Seve Nappe in central Jämtland experienced deep subduction in the late(st) Ordovician, prior to decompression and partial melting of the pelitic protoliths during Early Silurian extrusion, giving way in the Mid to Late Silurian to thrusting on to the Baltoscandian platform. Nappe emplacement probably continued into and through the Early Devonian.
Self-Reconfigurable Constant Multiplier for FPGA
Authors: Hormigo Javier , Caffarena Gabriel , Oliver Juan P. , Boemo Eduardo
Published: October 2013

Constant multipliers are widely used in signal processing applications to implement the multiplication of signals by a constant coefficient. However, in some applications, this coefficient remains invariable only during an interval of time, and then, its value changes to adapt to new circumstances. In this article, we present a self-reconfigurable constant multiplier suitable for LUT-based FPGAs able to reload the constant in runtime. The pipelined architecture presented is easily scalable to any multiplicand and constant sizes, for unsigned and signed representations. It can be reprogrammed in 16 clock cycles, equivalent to less than 100 ns in current FPGAs. This value is significantly smaller than FPGA partial configuration times. The presented approach is more efficient in terms of area and speed when compared to generic multipliers, achieving up to 91% area reduction and up to 102% speed improvement for the case-study circuits tested. The power consumption of the proposed multipliers are in the range of those of slice-based multipliers provided by the vendor.
Helping therapists make evidence-based decisions about commercial motion gaming
Authors: Putnam Cynthia , Cheng Jinghui
Published: October 2013

In this project, we are exploring how to support therapists who use commercially available motion-based videogames in their therapies for people that have had a brain injury. Our exploratory work, that included interviews and observations at the Schwab Rehabilitation Hospital (SRH) in Chicago, Illinois, exposed a need for informational tools to help therapists make evidence-based decisions about games based on their therapeutic goals and their patients' abilities and preferences. The study protocol was later expanded to include two-week diary collection periods; data from the diary forms will be used as 'seed cases' for a case-based reasoning (CBR) decision tool that could suggest game choices to therapists. Additionally, we are expanding the study to the Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital (MRH) in Wheaton, Illinois in fall 2013. We believe that through this effort, we will be able to (1) equip therapists with informational tools that will help them in their work and (2) inform design of therapy-centered games that address current limitations of commercial games.
Biodegradation of Lignin by Laccase for Conversion of Biomass to Fuel: Analysis of Substrate Binding
Authors: Hong Gongyi , Pachter Ruth
Published: October 2013

Laccases play an important role in biodegradation of lignin, particularly by mediation with easily oxidizable phenolic compounds through a radical-catalyzed reaction. Such processes may potentially be considered for turning lignocellulosic biomass into fuel. In this work, in order to better understand effects of the phenolic compound bulkiness, binding propensity of six substrates that vary in steric hindrance was considered. Changes in binding affinity, also upon mutation, were analyzed for a range of laccases. The results reveal the potential for improved binding of various laccases and their mutations, to be considered in future work.
Organ-specific development characterizes circadian clock gene Per2 expression in rats
Authors: Nishide Shin-ya , Hashimoto Kazuaki , Nishio Takuya , Honma Ken-ichi , Honma Sato
Published: October 2013

To explore developmental changes in circadian organization of central and peripheral oscillators, circadian rhythms in clock gene expression were examined in 12 organs in transgenic rats carrying a bioluminescence reporter for Per2. Organ slices were obtained from different developmental stages starting at postnatal day 5 and tissue was cultured for more than 6 days. In addition, four organs were examined from embryonic day 20. Robust circadian rhythms in bioluminescence were detected in all organs examined. The circadian period in vitro was specific to each organ and remained essentially the same during development. The circadian peak phase on the first day of culture was significantly different not only among organs but also in the same organ. Three patterns in circadian phase were detected during development. Thus, during development, circadian phase did not change in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, adrenal gland, and liver, whereas delay shifts were seen in the pineal, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, thymus, and testis. Finally, circadian phase advanced at postnatal day 10–15 and subsequently delayed in skeletal muscle and stomach.Circadian amplitude also showed developmental changes in several organs. These findings indicate that the temporal orders of physiological functions of various organs change during development. Such age-dependent and organ-specific changes in the phase relationship among circadian clocks most likely reflect entrainment to organ-specific time cues at different developmental stages.
Older adults learn less, but still reduce metabolic cost, during motor adaptation
Authors: Huang Helen J. , Ahmed Alaa A.
Published: October 2013

The ability to learn new movements and dynamics is important for maintaining independence with advancing age. Age-related sensorimotor changes and increased muscle coactivation likely alter the trial-and-error-based process of adapting to new movement demands (motor adaptation). Here, we asked, to what extent is motor adaptation to novel dynamics maintained in older adults (≥65 yr)? We hypothesized that older adults would adapt to the novel dynamics less well than young adults. Because older adults often use muscle coactivation, we expected older adults to use greater muscle coactivation during motor adaptation than young adults. Nevertheless, we predicted that older adults would reduce muscle activity and metabolic cost with motor adaptation, similar to young adults. Seated older ( n = 11, 73.8 ± 5.6 yr) and young ( n = 15, 23.8 ± 4.7 yr) adults made targeted reaching movements while grasping a robotic arm. We measured their metabolic rate continuously via expired gas analysis. A force field was used to add novel dynamics. Older adults had greater movement deviations and compensated for just 65% of the novel dynamics compared with 84% in young adults. As expected, older adults used greater muscle coactivation than young adults. Last, older adults reduced muscle activity with motor adaptation and had consistent reductions in metabolic cost later during motor adaptation, similar to young adults. These results suggest that despite increased muscle coactivation, older adults can adapt to the novel dynamics, albeit less accurately. These results also suggest that reductions in metabolic cost may be a fundamental feature of motor adaptation.
Energy-related optimal control accounts for gravitational load: comparing shoulder, elbow, and wrist rotations
Authors: Gaveau Jérémie , Berret Bastien , Demougeot Laurent , Fadiga Luciano , Pozzo Thierry , Papaxanthis Charalambos
Published: October 2013

We permanently deal with gravity force. Experimental evidences revealed that moving against gravity strongly differs from moving along the gravity vector. This directional asymmetry has been attributed to an optimal planning process that optimizes gravity force effects to minimize energy. Yet, only few studies have considered the case of vertical movements in the context of optimal control. What kind of cost is better suited to explain kinematic patterns in the vertical plane? Here, we aimed to understand further how the central nervous system (CNS) plans and controls vertical arm movements. Our reasoning was the following: if the CNS optimizes gravity mechanical effects on the moving limbs, kinematic patterns should change according to the direction and the magnitude of the gravity torque being encountered in the motion. Ten subjects carried out single-joint movements, i.e., rotation around the shoulder (whole arm), elbow (forearm), and wrist (hand) joints, in the vertical plane. Joint kinematics were analyzed and compared with various theoretical optimal model predictions (minimum absolute work-jerk, jerk, torque change, and variance). We found both direction-dependent and joint-dependent variations in several kinematic parameters. Notably, directional asymmetries decreased according to a proximodistal gradient. Numerical simulations revealed that our experimental findings could be attributed to an optimal motor planning (minimum absolute work-jerk) that integrates the direction and the magnitude of gravity torque and minimizes the absolute work of forces (energy-related cost) around each joint. Present results support the general idea that the CNS implements optimal solutions according to the dynamic context of the action.
Giant Viruses of Amoebae as Potential Human Pathogens
Authors: Colson Philippe , La Scola Bernard , Raoult Didier
Published: October 2013

Giant viruses infecting phagocytic protists are composed of mimiviruses, the record holders of particle and genome size amongst viruses, and marseilleviruses. Since the discovery in 2003 at our laboratory of the first of these giant viruses, the Mimivirus, a growing body of data has revealed that they are common inhabitants of our biosphere. Moreover, from the outset, the story of Mimivirus has been linked to that of patients exhibiting pneumonia and it was shown that patients developed antibodies to this amoebal pathogen. Since then, there have been several proven cases of human infection or colonization with giant viruses of amoebae, which are known to host several bacteria that are human pathogens. Mimiviruses and marseilleviruses represent a major challenge in human pathology, as virological procedures implemented to date have not used appropriate media to allow their culture, and molecular techniques have used filtration steps that likely prevented their detection. Nevertheless, there is an increasing body of evidence that mimiviruses might cause pneumonia and that humans carry marseilleviruses, and re-analyses of metagenomic databases have provided evidence that these giant viruses can be common in human samples. The proportion of human infections related to these giant mimiviruses and marseilleviruses and the precise short- and long-term consequences of these infections have been scarcely investigated so far and should be the subject of future works.
Real-Time PCR Systems Targeting Giant Viruses of Amoebae and Their Virophages
Authors: Ngounga Tatsiana , Pagnier Isabelle , Reteno Dorine-Gaelle Ikanga , Raoult Didier , La Scola Bernard , Colson Philippe
Published: October 2013

Giant viruses that infect amoebae, including mimiviruses and marseilleviruses, were first described in 2003. Virophages were subsequently described that infect mimiviruses. Culture isolation with Acanthamoeba spp. and metagenomic studies have shown that these giant viruses are common inhabitants of our biosphere and have enabled the recent detection of these viruses in human samples. However, the genomes of these viruses display substantial genetic diversity, making it a challenge to examine their presence in environmental and clinical samples using conventional and real-time PCR. We designed and evaluated the performance of PCR systems capable of detecting all currently isolated mimiviruses, marseilleviruses and virophages to assess their prevalence in various samples. Our real-time PCR assays accurately detected all or most of the members of the currently delineated lineages of giant viruses infecting acanthamoebae as well as the mimivirus virophages, and enabled accurate classification of the mimiviruses of amoebae in lineages A, B or C. We were able to detect four new mimiviruses directly from environmental samples and correctly classified these viruses within mimivirus lineage C. This was subsequently confirmed by culture on amoebae followed by partial Sanger sequencing. PCR systems such as those implemented here may contribute to an improved understanding of the prevalence of mimiviruses, their virophages and marseilleviruses in humans.
Anastomotic Recurrence of Sigmoid Colon Cancer over Five Years after Surgery
Authors: Yamauchi Takahiro , Shida Dai , Tanizawa Toru , Inada Kentaro
Published: October 2013

The incidence of anastomotic recurrence after curative resection of colorectal cancer is relatively low compared to that of other types of recurrence, such as hepatic, lung and local recurrence. However, almost all cases of anastomotic recurrence of colorectal cancer occur within 3 years after surgery. We experienced a rare case of anastomotic recurrence in whom colonoscopy revealed no signs of recurrence 3 years after surgery; however, anastomotic recurrence was detected over 5 years after surgery. A 60-year-old female with a history of surgery for cancer of the cecum in her forties underwent sigmoidectomy and right colectomy with D3 lymph node dissection for both stage IIA sigmoid colon cancer and stage IIA transverse colon cancer. Computed tomography and colonoscopy revealed no signs of recurrence 3 years after surgery; however, 5 years and 4 months after surgery, colonoscopy demonstrated surrounding flaring and swelling in the anastomotic area of the sigmoid colon, and a biopsy revealed an adenocarcinoma. Under the diagnosis of anastomotic recurrence over 5 years after surgery, lower anterior resection was performed. The patient has exhibited no other signs of recurrence in the 2 years since the last operation.
Seasonal patterns of male affiliation in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in diverse habitats across southern Madagascar
Authors: Gabriel Denise N. , Gould Lisa , Kelley Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2013

We examined the mechanisms guiding male affiliative relationships among ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) to investigate the adaptive significance of male social bonds in a female dominant, strictly seasonally breeding strepsirhine primate. To test whether male affiliative relationships were driven by reproductive and/or ecological conditions, we compared the frequency of male affiliation across the annual reproductive cycle in populations of L. catta inhabiting three habitat types found within its geographic range: (1) gallery forest at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwestern Madagascar; (2) spiny bush at Cap Sainte-Marie (CSM) in southern Madagascar; and (3) rocky-outcrop forest fragments at Anja Reserve and the Tsaranoro Valley in Madagascar’s south-central highlands. Each study period spanned the gestation, lactation/migration, post-migration, and mating periods. Inter-male affiliation rates varied across reproductive periods at each of the four sites, with the highest frequencies being observed during the gestation and lactation/migration periods and the lowest frequencies occurring during the mating period. In contrast, we found no clear patterns in male–female affiliation rates with respect to reproductive period. Comparing the Beza Mahafaly and CSM populations, rates of inter-male affiliation were higher at CSM during the gestation and lactation/migration periods, and rates male–female affiliation were higher at CSM across all seasons except the post-migration period. We suggest that inter-male affiliative relationships in L. catta may provide beneficial social interactions (i.e., grooming, ectoparasite control, predator protection, vigilance against extra-group male agonism) when females are unavailable, particularly during male dispersal, as well as under harsh climatic conditions characteristic of some L. catta habitats.
Trace metal contents in male, non-ovigerous and ovigerous females, and the egg sacs of the marine copepod, Euchaeta concinna Dana, 1849 (Copepoda, Euchaetidae), collected from the southern East China Sea
Authors: Hsiao Shih-Hui , Fang Tien-Hsi
Published: October 2013

Marine copepods have a great ability to accumulate trace metals from seawater. The trace metal content in marine copepods may vary both intra- and inter-specifically. However, the known specific trace metal content of the copepod sexes and according to the ovigerous status of the females is very limited. Copepod samples of Euchaeta concinna Dana, 1849, were collected from the southern East China Sea and separated into four groups: males; non-ovigerous females; ovigerous females without egg sacs, and egg sacs, in order to analyse the trace metal contents (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in these samples. These trace metal contents were found to range between 0.04 and 195.7 μg/g. Zinc, Fe, and Cu were the major components among the trace metals studied and their concentrations generally exceeded 10 μg/g. The trace metal contents in the copepod body generally exceeded the amount in the egg sacs. However, the Cr concentration in the egg sacs was much higher than that in the copepod body, either male or female, and the value ranked as second just behind Zn among the metals studied. The nickel content was also slightly higher in the egg sacs. This study provides the important finding that E. concinna egg sacs contained Cr concentrations out of all proportions to that of the copepod body. Yet, why E. concinna egg sacs contain relatively higher Cr concentrations than the body remains a question to be answered.
Extended Confiscation and the Proposed Directive on Freezing and Confiscation of Criminal Proceeds in the EU: On Striking a Balance between Efficiency, Fairness and Legal Certainty
Authors: Boucht Johan
Published: October 2013

This article consists of a principled analysis of extended confiscation as a legal phenomenon according to Article 4 of the Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the freezing and confiscation of proceeds of crime in the European Union (COM (2012) 85 final). The analysis aims at creating a theoretical framework by which the legitimacy of schemes on extended confiscation can be assessed, both at EU level and at national level. This model utilises three parameters of assessment: the target area of extended confiscation, procedural safeguards and fairness (proportionality). The Commission proposal is set against these parameters and a suggestion is made for how the provision in the proposal could be revised in order to better fulfil the conditions put forward.
Factors Controlling Rapid Stratocumulus Cloud Thinning
Authors: van der Dussen J. J. , de Roode S. R. , Siebesma A. P.
Published: October 2013

The relationship between the inversion stability and the liquid water path (LWP) tendency of a vertically well-mixed, adiabatic stratocumulus cloud layer is investigated in this study through the analysis of the budget equation for the LWP. The LWP budget is mainly determined by the turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture at the top and the base of the cloud layer, as well as by the source terms due to radiation and precipitation. Through substitution of the inversion stability parameter κ into the budget equation, it immediately follows that the LWP tendency will become negative for increasing values of κ due to the entrainment of increasingly dry air. Large κ values are therefore associated with strong cloud thinning. Using the steady-state solution for the LWP, an equilibrium value κeq is formulated, beyond which the stratocumulus cloud will thin. The Second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus field study (DYCOMS-II) is used to illustrate that, depending mainly on the magnitude of the moisture flux at cloud base, stratocumulus clouds can persist well within the buoyancy reversal regime.
The Marketization of Identity Politics
Authors: Bliss Catherine
Published: October 2013

Sociology has begun to question how new genetic sciences affect older ways of constructing and contesting social identity, including forms of identity politics that have brought women and minorities significant gains. This article presents US debates on genetics, identity politics, and race in order to theorize emergent transformations in light of the genomic revolution. Examining recent developments in the realms of pharmaceuticals and ancestry estimation, I argue that traditional forms of identity politics are still actively at work, though they are being marketized in novel ways. This article combines theories of racialization and medicalization to detail how genomics ushers in a subtle new version of identity politics: a pharmaceuticalized citizenship wherein health rights and political participation are co-envisioned in individualistic molecular terms.
Multiple Imputation for Combined-survey Estimation With Incomplete Regressors in One but Not Both Surveys
Authors: Rendall Michael S. , Ghosh-Dastidar Bonnie , Weden Margaret M. , Baker Elizabeth H. , Nazarov Zafar
Published: October 2013

Within-survey multiple imputation (MI) methods are adapted to pooled-survey regression estimation where one survey has more regressors, but typically fewer observations, than the other. This adaptation is achieved through (1) larger numbers of imputations to compensate for the higher fraction of missing values, (2) model-fit statistics to check the assumption that the two surveys sample from a common universe, and (3) specifying the analysis model completely from variables present in the survey with the larger set of regressors, thereby excluding variables never jointly observed. In contrast to the typical within-survey MI context, cross-survey missingness is monotonic and easily satisfies the missing at random assumption needed for unbiased MI. Large efficiency gains and substantial reduction in omitted variable bias are demonstrated in an application to sociodemographic differences in the risk of child obesity estimated from two nationally representative cohort surveys.
The economic crisis: Testing employee relations
Authors: Larsen Trine P , Navrbjerg Steen E
Published: October 2013

Company based bargaining during the recent economic crisis has been subject to some research, but little is known about how this affects employee relations. This article addresses this literature gap by examining the employee relations in companies highly affected, less affected and not affected by the crisis. It argues that although Danish shop stewards are involved in developing local responses to the crisis, most manage to keep their colleagues onboard, even if decisions concern reduced earnings and dismissals. However, a limit exists to the collaboration: in companies hardest hit by the crisis shop stewards are more likely to find conflicts of interests between management and colleagues stressful and fewer feel respected by colleagues. Therefore, shop stewards’ engagement in local bargaining comes at a cost and may jeopardize their relations with colleagues. The analysis also reveals that shop stewards from time to time have to cooperate and engage in conflicts with management as well as colleagues as part of local bargaining.
What was I supposed to do? Effects of individual differences in age and anxiety on preschoolers’ prospective memory
Authors: Cheie Lavinia , Miclea Mircea , Visu-Petra Laura
Published: October 2013

Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to perform a previously planned action at the appropriate time or in the appropriate context. The present study investigated the effects of individual differences in age and trait anxiety on PM performance in 3–5- and 5–7-year-olds. Two types of PM measures were used: an event-based task, requiring ongoing activity interruption across two conditions (with/without memory aid), and an activity-based task, requiring PM action implementation after the main activity was finalized. On the event-based PM task, we found that: all children benefited from the external memory aid; the 5–7-year-old group outperformed the 3–5-year-olds; and higher levels of anxiety negatively affected only the younger age group. On the activity-based PM task, we found no significant age-group differences, while higher anxiety negatively predicted children’s PM performance. Findings support and extend the literature on early PM development, revealing the benefits of external cueing and the potential detrimental effects of anxiety.
Adorno, Foucault and critique
Authors: Cook Deborah
Published: October 2013

Adorno and Foucault are among the 20th century’s most renowned social critics but little work has been done to compare their ideas about the activity of critique. ‘Adorno, Foucault and Critique’ attempts to fill this lacuna. It takes as its starting point the Kantian legacy that informs Adorno’s and Foucault’s notions of critique, or their ‘ontologies of the present’, as Foucault calls them. Exploring the ontological foundations of critique, the article then addresses the principal objects of critique: domination and fascism. It ends with a comparative account of the central aims of Adorno’s and Foucault’s critiques of western societies.
Two cases of giant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura: a not-so-rare tumor?
Authors: Migliore Marcello , Okateya Valerya , Calvo Damiano , Criscione Alessandra , Francesco Borrata
Published: October 2013

Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura are rare intrathoracic neoplasms, especially in the giant form. The treatment of choice remains complete surgical resection which provides a benign clinical outcome. All patients need long-term follow-up due to the possibility of late recurrences. We describe 2 new cases of giant pleural fibrous tumor, which underwent resection via thoracotomy, and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
Formalist and Relationalist Theory in Social Network Analysis
Authors: Erikson Emily
Published: October 2013

Social network research is widely considered atheoretical. In contrast, in this article I argue that network analysis often mixes two distinct theoretical frameworks, creating a logically inconsistent foundation. Relationalism rejects essentialism and a priori categories and insists upon the intersubjectivity of experience and meaning as well as the importance of the content of interactions and their historical setting. Formalism is based on a structuralist interpretation of the theoretical works of Georg Simmel. Simmel laid out a neo-Kantian program of identifying a priori categories of relational types and patterns that operate independently of cultural content or historical setting. Formalism and relationalism are internally consistent theoretical perspectives, but there are tensions between them. To pave the way for stronger middle-range theoretical development, I disaggregate the two approaches and highlight the contradictions that must be addressed or resolved for the construction of any general and inclusive theory.
Bioactive bredigite coating with improved bonding strength, rapid apatite mineralization and excellent cytocompatibility
Authors: Yi Deliang , Wu Chengtie , Ma Bing , Ji Heng , Zheng Xuebin , Chang Jiang
Published: October 2013

Previous studies have shown that bredigite (Ca7MgSi4O16) bioceramics possessed excellent biocompatibility, apatite-mineralization ability and mechanical properties. In this paper, the bredigite coating on Ti-6Al-4 V substrate was prepared by plasma spraying technique. The main compositions of the coating were bredigite crystal phase with small parts of amorphous phases. The bonding strength of the coating to Ti-6Al-4 V substrate reached 49.8 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of hydroxyapatite coating and other silicate-based bioceramic coatings prepared by same method. After immersed in simulated body fluid for 2 days, a distinct apatite layer was deposited on the surface of bredigite coating, indicating that the prepared bredigite coating has excellent apatite-mineralization ability. The prepared bredigite coating supported the attachment and proliferation of rabbit bone marrow stem cells. The proliferation level of bone marrow stem cells was significantly higher than that on the hydroxyapatite coating. Our further study showed that the released SiO44– and Mg2+ ions from bredigite coating as well as the formed nano-apatite layer on the coating surface might mainly contribute to the improvement of cell proliferation. The results indicated that the bredigite coating may be applied on orthopedic implants due to its excellent bonding strength, apatite mineralization and cytocompatibility.
Violence Against Racially Minoritized Women
Authors: Ono Erika
Published: October 2013

This paper presents an integrative approach to working with racially minoritized women who have experienced violence in their relationships. This approach incorporates feminist and intersectionality theories, and community development and participatory education models. A case study is included to demonstrate the application of this integrative approach into social work practice. The goal of this paper is to connect theory and practice, to move beyond the cultural competence model, and to apply an integrative approach for improved social work practice in working with racially minoritized women experiencing domestic violence.
Incorporation of Chance Into Career Development Theory and Research
Authors: Rice Alexander
Published: October 2013

In a climate in which career transitions are increasingly common, chance events may have a greater influence on career development. This article is a review of how well the current theory and research can account for the interaction between chance events and career development. Chance events are characterized as being unpredictable and unplanned to the person who experiences them. However, existing research and theory have largely failed to consider these unique qualities of chance events. Theories based on learning principles such as happenstance learning theory (Krumboltz, 1996, 2009), social cognitive career theory, and cognitive information processing theory of career development provide a framework for understanding the processes that occur when people are affected by or respond to events that are predictable or unplanned. This review considers this potential and concludes with suggestions for possible avenues for future research.
A novel fiber optic temperature monitoring sensor using hard-polymer-clad fiber and an optical time-domain reflectometer
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Cheol , Lee Jung-Ryul
Published: October 2013

Hard-polymer-clad fiber is a specific type of optical fiber, in which a hard polymer cladding made of fluoroacrylate acts as a protective coating for an inner silica core. An optical time-domain reflectometer is an optical loss measurement system that provides optical loss and event distance measurement in real time. This study proposes a novel fiber optic temperature monitoring sensor system using an economical optical time-domain reflectometer and hard-polymer-clad fiber. Sensor nodes were economically and quickly made by locally stripping hard-polymer-clad fiber clad through photothermal and photochemical processes using a continuous/pulse hybrid-mode laser. The core length exposed was easily controlled by adjusting the laser beam diameter, and the exposed core created a backscattering signal in the optical time-domain reflectometer attenuation trace. The backscattering peak was sensitive to the temperature variation. Since the elaborated hard-polymer-clad fiber temperature sensor was insensitive to strain applied to the sensor node and to temperature variation in the normal hard-polymer-clad fiber line, neither strain compensation nor isolation technique is required. These characteristics are important advantages for using as structure-integrated temperature sensors. The performance characteristics of the sensor nodes included an operating range of up to 120 °C, a resolution of 1.52 °C, a tensile strain resistance of 13%, and a temperature sensitivity of −0.01 dB/°C.
Moving Forward With the Science and Practice of Evaluation Capacity Building (ECB)
Authors: Wandersman Abraham
Published: October 2013

The interest and effort in evaluation capacity building (ECB) continues to grow enormously among organizations, funders, and evaluators. Yet a research synthesis of the ECB literature (Labin, Duffy, Meyers, Wandersman, & Lesesne, 2012) revealed major limitations in the science and practice of ECB. This forum on ECB, which includes two past presidents of the American Evaluation Association, takes a hard look at the progress and challenges of ECB. Laura Leviton challenges funders, organizations, and evaluators to answer key What, When, and How questions about ECB. Tina Taylor-Ritzler and Yolanda Suarez-Balcazar describe the importance of linking the science and practice of ECB. Abe Wandersman describes research and practice on the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) results based approach to accountability; it is an example of connecting the Why, What, How, and Outcomes of ECB. In exploring the What of ECB, Susan Labin advances our thinking about measurement of ECB. In relation to the How of ECB, Hallie Preskill describes the need to move forward with the practice of ECB. Janet Clinton ends the forum on a positive empirical note, by providing evidence that stakeholder engagement in evaluation influences the outcomes of a program. The forum participants propose that improving the theory, implementation, methods, measures, and practice of ECB will have a significant impact on the field of evaluation and on society.
An early and late cytotoxicity evaluation of lidocaine on human oral mucosa fibroblasts
Authors: Oliveira Ana Celeste , Rodríguez Ismael Ángel , Garzón Ingrid , Martín-Piedra Miguel Ángel , Alfonso-Rodríguez Camilo Andrés , García José Manuel , Sánchez-Quevedo María del Carmen , Alaminos Miguel
Published: October 2013

Local anesthetic drugs are extensively used in dentistry. However, the cytotoxic effects of these pharmaceutical compounds remain unclear. In this work, we have evaluated the cell viability and cell function of human oral mucosa fibroblasts exposed to different concentrations of lidocaine for increasing incubation times, using a global screening methods including structural, metabolic and microanalytical analyses. Our results demonstrate that lidocaine is able to alter cell viability and function even at low concentrations and times, although the effect of lidocaine concentration was more important than the incubation time. First, the structural analysis methods revealed that ≥5% concentrations of lidocaine are able to significantly reduce cell viability. Then, the metabolic 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assays suggest that concentrations starting from 1% were able to significantly hinder cell physiology. Finally, electron-probe X-ray microanalysis confirmed the deleterious effects of lidocaine and allowed us to demonstrate that these effects are associated to an apoptosis process of cell death. Therefore, care should be taken when lidocaine is clinically used, and the lowest efficient concentrations should always be used. Furthermore, these results suggest that the comprehensive evaluation method used in this work is accurate and efficient for screening of local anesthetics.
Heat Sink Phenomenon of Bipolar and Monopolar Radiofrequency Ablation Observed Using Polypropylene Tubes for Vessel Simulation
Authors: Al-Alem Ihssan , Pillai Krishna , Akhter Javed , Chua Terence C. , Morris David L.
Published: October 2013

Background. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is widely used for treating liver tumors; recurrence is common owing to proximity to blood vessels possibly due to the heat sink effect. We seek to investigate this phenomenon using unipolar and bipolar RFA on an egg white tumor tissue model and an animal liver model. Materials and methods. Temperature profiles during ablation (with and without vessel simulation) were studied, using both bipolar and unipolar RFA probes by 4 strategically placed temperature leads to monitor temperature profile during ablation. The volume of ablated tissue was also measured. Results. The volume ablated during vessel simulation confirmed the impact of the heat sink phenomenon. The heat sink effect of unipolar RFA was greater compared with bipolar RFA (ratio of volume affected 2:1) in both tissue and liver models. The volume ablated using unipolar RFA was less than the bipolar RFA (ratio of volume ablated = 1:4). Unipolar RFA achieved higher ablation temperatures (122°C vs 98°C). Unipolar RFA resulted in tissue damage beyond the vessel, which was not observed using bipolar RFA. Conclusion. Bipolar RFA ablates a larger tumor volume compared with unipolar RFA, with a single ablation. The impact of heat sink phenomenon in tumor ablation is less so with bipolar than unipolar RFA with sparing of adjacent vessel damage.
Developing Lifestyle Medicine Tools From Psychological Theories
Authors: Lenz Thomas L.
Published: October 2013

Health behavior modification is perhaps the single most important and fundamental concept in lifestyle medicine. Understanding the psychological theories that explain “why” people act as they do when initiating a health behavior change can be the key factor in determining program success or program failure. Application of these theories into clinical practice is both important and challenging. Presented in this article are examples of practical applications that one lifestyle medicine program has made with the psychological theories of the health belief model, the social cognitive theory, and the transtheoretical model.