bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Differences in the diurnal pattern of soil respiration under adjacent Miscanthus x giganteus and barley crops reveal potential flaws in accepted sampling strategies
Authors: Keane J. Ben , Ineson Phil
Published: October 2016

Abstract. For convenience, measurements used to compare soil respiration (Rs) from different land uses, crops or management practices are often made between 09:00–16:00, with an implicit assumption that Rs is largely controlled by temperature. Three months' continuous data presented here show distinctly different diurnal patterns of Rs between barley (Hordeum vulgare) and Miscanthus x giganteus (Miscanthus) grown on adjacent fields. Maximum Rs in barley occurred during the afternoon and correlated with soil temperature, whereas Rs peaked in Miscanthus during the night and was significantly correlated with earlier levels of solar radiation, probably due to delays in translocation of recent photosynthate. Since daily mean Rs in Miscanthus coincided with levels 40 % greater than the mean in barley, it is vital to select appropriate times to measure Rs if only single daily measurements are to be made.
Characteristics of Convective Snow Bands in the Baltic Sea Area
Authors: Jeworrek Julia , Wu Lichuan , Dieterich Christian , Rutgersson Anna
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Convective snow bands develop in response to a cold air outbreak from the continent over the open water surface of lakes or seas. The comparatively warm water body triggers shallow convection due to increased heat and moisture fluxes. Strong winds can align with this convection into wind-parallel cloud bands, which appear stationary as the wind direction remains consistent for the time period of the snow band event, delivering enduring snow precipitation at the approaching coast. The statistical analysis of a dataset from an 11-year high resolution atmospheric regional climate model (RCA4) indicated 4 to 7 days a year of moderate to highly favorable conditions for the development of convective snow bands in the Baltic Sea region. The heaviest and most frequent lake effect snow was affecting the regions of Gävle and Västervik (along the Swedish east coast) as well as Gdansk (along the Polish coast). However, the hourly precipitation rate is often higher in Gävle than in the Västervik region. Two case studies comparing five different RCA4 model setups have shown that the Rossby Centre atmospheric regional climate model RCA4 provides a superior representation of the sea surface with more accurate SST values when coupled to the ice-ocean model NEMO as opposed to the forcing by the ERA-40 reanalysis data. The refinement of the resolution of the atmospheric model component lead especially in horizontal direction to significant improvement on the representation of the mesoscale circulation process as well as the local precipitation rate and area by the model.
Shifts in permafrost ecosystem structure following a decade-long drainage increase energy transfer to the atmosphere, but reduce thaw depth
Authors: Göckede Mathias , Kittler Fanny , Kwon Min Jung , Burjack Ina , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergey
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Hydrologic conditions are a key factor in Arctic ecosystems, with strong influences on ecosystem structure and related effects on biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes. With systematic changes in water availability expected for large parts of the Northern high latitude region in the coming centuries, knowledge on shifts in ecosystem functionality triggered by altered water levels is crucial for reducing uncertainties in climate change predictions. Here, we present findings from paired ecosystem observations in Northeast Siberia that comprise a drained and a control site. At the former, the water table has been artificially lowered by up to 30 cm in summer for more than a decade. This sustained primary disturbance in hydrologic conditions has triggered a suite of secondary shifts in ecosystem properties, including vegetation community structure, snow cover dynamics, and radiation budget, all of which influence the net drainage effects. Reduced heat conductivity in dry organic soils was identified as the dominating drainage effect on energy budget and soil thermal regime. Through this effect, reduced heat transfer into deeper soil layers leads to shallower thaw depths, initially leading to a stabilization of organic permafrost soils, while the long-term effects on permafrost temperature trends still need to be assessed. At the same time, more energy is transferred back into the atmosphere in the drained area, with the largest fraction attributed to the sensible heat flux. Accordingly, this increase in vertical heat transfer will act as a positive feedback to permafrost degradation triggered by the warming of the lower atmospheric surface layer.
La Ley de Cuidado de la Salud Asequible y la transformación del sistema de cuidado de la salud estadounidense
Authors: Gaffney Adam , Waitzkin Howard
Published: October 2016

El periodo neoliberal ha sido acompañado por una transformación transcendental en el seno del sistema de salud estadounidense. Como resultado de una serie de dinámicas políticas e históricas, la nueva ley de atención a la salud firmada por Barack Obama en el 2010 –La Ley de Cuidado de la Salud Asequible (ACA)‑  se basó menos en modelos universales de otros países que lo que se propuso en reformas conservadoras anteriores del sistema de salud. Esto fue en parte el resultado de la influencia de los intereses de poderosas empresas de salud.  Esta ley expande la cobertura sanitaria,  pero lo hace de forma incompleta y desigual, con disparidades aseguradoras y vacíos persistentes en el acceso al sistema según el estatus del seguro. Además, la ley incorpora un cambio total hacia un modelo consumista de cuidado caracterizado por costes elevados en el momento de su uso. Finalmente, la ley promociona una mayor consolidación del sector de cuidado de la salud, por ejemplo en unidades llamadas “Organizaciones de cuidado responsables” que se parece mucho a las organizaciones de cuidado de la salud promovidas por abogados de la atención médica administrada.  El efecto total ha sido el mantenimiento de un sistema fragmentado que ni es equitativo ni es eficiente.  Un sistema universal mediante contribuyente único  hubiera podido, en cambio, ayudar a transformar  la sanidad en un derecho social.
Mercado reforma y privatización en el Sistema Nacional de Salud inglés
Authors: Ruane Sally
Published: October 2016

El artículo examina la evolución de la mercantilización y la privatización del Sistema Nacional de Sanidad (SNS) en Inglaterra, sobre todo desde 1997. Explora el uso de la competencia y la subcontratación de servicios auxiliares y el uso en los servicios públicos de financiación privada para desarrollos de capital a través de la Iniciativa de Financiación Privado. Una parte sustancial del artículo examina la repetida reestructuración del sistema de sanidad como un mercado de servicios clínicos, inicialmente como un mercado interior sino posteriormente como un mercado creciente apertura a la participación del sector privado. Algunas de las implicaciones de los procesos de mercado para el personal del NHS y de creciente privatización se discuten. El artículo examina un episodio de la resistencia popular a estas tendencias, es decir, el movimiento de oposición a la salud y las propuestas legislativas del SNS en 2011. El artículo concluye con una discusión de las consecuencias de estas reformas fundamentales del sistema nacional de sanidad y la sostenibilidad del servicio.
Ground, Warmth, and Light: Facilitating Conditions for Reflection and Transformative Dialogue
Authors: Mälkki Kaisu , Green Larry
Published: October 2016

In this paper we look into the conditions in which dialogue could be utilized to facilitate transformative learning and reflection. We explore the notion of a safe and accepting learning environment from the relational and phenomenological viewpoint, and analyze what it actually means and how it may be developed. We understand facilitating conditions as an inseparable aspect of the learning process similarly to the way a greenhouse supplies right conditions to facilitate the growth of the plant. Similarly as the ground, warmth and light play their essential roles in the growing of the plant, in our paper we offer conceptual tools to understand the dynamics of safe and accepting learning environment in facilitating the processes of reflection and transformative learning.
Conquistadores y exploradores en América Central: continuidades y rupturas, de J. Manuel Gómez
Authors: Coprales Arias Adriano
Published: October 2016

Wani Vol.69 2014, pp.105-106
Home Thermal Modeling: Cooling Energy Consumption and Costs in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Malibari Areej A. , Gamlo Amjad H.
Published: October 2016

Objectives: The consumption of electricity and its costs are expected to be increased in Saudi Arabia due to its rapid growth in population. As the Kingdom is characterized by extreme hot climate, a massive amount of electricity consumed by the residential sector goes to power air conditioners. To control this huge amount of energyconsumedin homes, thermal models have been generated with two or more parameters. Methodology: The households’ surveys have been conducted in order to collect the data. The Non-linear regression analysis has been carried out to obtain the outcomes of study. Moreover, household surveys have been conducted for data collection. The grid algorithm and the non-linear regression have been used to learn the parameters in the model to simulate the weather in Saudi Arabia. The temperature loggers have been placed in the houses to observe the behavior of residents of using cooling system. The web forecast has been used to analyze the temperature of cities on hourly basis. Results: Simple thermal model has been built using two parameters by applying the grid and non-linear regression methods for data fitting. Then the thermal model with envelope has also been created using four parameters by applying non-linear regression method for data fitting. Conclusion: It has been evaluated through outcomes that thermal model with envelope is better as compared to simple thermal model. Moreover, the data fitting by non-linear regression method has also been observed to perform better than data fitting by grid method.
A Proposed Assessment Criterion for E-Learning Sites Evaluation: An Experts’ Opinion
Authors: Khafajeh Hayel , Jebreen Issam
Published: October 2016

An increasing growth in the number of e-learning sites at universities and other educational institutions led to necessary of develop and adopt a standards element to assess these sites to ensure efficiency, rival, and educational quality. Therefore, this study proposed an assessment criterion to evaluate the e-learning sites as a guide for decision-makers in order to purchase and development e-learning sites in which these assessment criterions are commensurate with the learning process. An experts’ opinion from universities professors who specialize in the field of teaching in different Jordan universities have been considered in order to develop a proposed assessment criterion, the result shows that the assessment criterion to evaluate the e-learning sites has twenty six criterion under five main categorizes namely: website design, and scientific knowledge content, technical elements, operational elements and finally with credibility of information sites. Given that the proposed assessment criterion to evaluate e-learning sites is guide for students, teachers, owners and developers about the benefits of e-learning sites.
Determinants of Unethical Behavior by Stakeholders in the Medical Insurance Industry in Zimbabwe: An African Humanism (Hunhu/Ubuntu) Approach
Authors: Obert Sifile , Okay Zimbiti Phillip , Desderio Chavunduka
Published: October 2016

There is a continuous decline in the performance of medical insurance companies in Zimbabwe resulting in these companies failing to meet their obligations to stakeholders as seen by failure to pay wages, policy holders’ medical bills and dividends to shareholders. While research shows Hunhu/Ubuntu as a requirement for ethical practices that bring about good business and moral practices, it does not show how Hunhu/Ubuntu influences stakeholders, employee behaviour and organizational performance. Due to this glaring gap, the study was designed to investigate: the causes of unethical behaviour in the medical insurance industry, the attributes of African Humanism and how it influences people’s behaviour in medical insurance firms. A case study research design was used where both quantitative and qualitative methodologies were employed. Closed and open-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. Chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Findings of the study show that Hunhu/Ubuntu moulds good behaviour and is essential for avoiding risky behaviour which curtails organizational performance.
Feminization of Boards and Cameroonian Public Enterprise Performance
Authors: Njiké Désirée Ngomesse , Wanda Robert
Published: October 2016

If in the past few years, many authors seek to characterize the boards of directors in connection with performance proposing classifications based on sociodemographic characteristics of administrators, particularly in terms of  gender diversity, the results of previous studies show that connection between the feminization of the boards of directors and the performance of the company is not consensual. We then try to test the impact of the feminization of the boards of directors on the performance of the Cameroonian public enterprises.
We have formulated a probabilistic model which is tested from a logistic regression based on data from a sample size of 26 public companies in Cameroon over a period of 4 years (2009-2012). Our results demonstrate that Cameroon public enterprise performance cannot be attributed to the gender diversification resulting from their presence at the level of management.
Introduction. The People’s War: Ordinary People and Regime Strategies in a World of Extremes
Authors: David-Fox Michael
Published: October 2016

The German invasion of the USSR on June 22, 1941 brought with it the most extreme conditions of the short twentieth century. Suddenly, the existence of the Soviet state was no longer assured. What the regime did in response tells us much about Stalinism and the Soviet order. In an enormous swathe of territory from the western and southern borderlands of the USSR to the ethnic Russian heartland, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Operation Barbarossa triggered successive regime changes and reversals with which everyone had to reckon. States and armies were hardly the only critically important actors, moreover, as the war unleashed local conflicts and nationalist movements. In sum, aft er years of extreme statism and isolation, millions of Soviet citizens suddenly faced fateful decisions about what to do and how to act.
Peasants into Perpetrators: The OUN-UPA and the Ethnic Cleansing of Volhynia, 1943–1944
Authors: McBride Jared
Published: October 2016

The Ukrainian nationalist-led ethnic cleansing campaign against Poles in Volhynia during 1943–44 has long been the subject of international tension and contentious public and scholarly debate. This article analyzes the topic through a microhistorical lens that looks at one ethnic cleansing operation in the Liuboml´ area of Volhynia that killed hundreds of Poles. Using newly declassified materials from Ukrainian secret police archives, alongside more traditional testimonial sources, I demonstrate that not all participants were prepared nationalist ideologues eager to kill. Rather, there was a range of actors involved in the massacres and the Ukrainian nationalist leadership was able to recruit average peasants to participate in ethnic cleansing through diverse mechanisms. This disaggregation of the killers and their motives not only contributes to growing social science research on mobilization for violence, but also challenges assumptions inherent in the double or triple occupation thesis frequently used to explain violence in Volhynia from 1939 to 1945.
Zika and the Blood Supply: A Work in Progress
Authors: Katz Louis M. , Rossmann Susan N.
Published: October 2016

Zika virus can be transmitted by transfusion, but the harm caused to recipients is not clear in most cases. It is very likely that the virus could also be transmitted by transplanted organs. Sensitivity to the risk from transfusion is elevated by consideration of possible severe neurologic damage in fetuses. Strategies for dealing with transfusion risk vary with the presence of Zika in the region. In nonendemic areas, risks can be reduced by excluding donors who have exposure through travel or sexual contact with someone at risk. In both endemic and nonendemic areas, the risk can be further reduced by nucleic acid testing of donors, or pathogen reduction of platelet and plasma products. The real risk to the population depends on the frequency of infection as well as the efficacy of these interventions. The interventions chosen will depend on the risk assessment for any situation; in the United States at this time, a combination of travel deferrals, testing, and, to a lesser extent, pathogen reduction is being used, but universal testing of US blood donors under investigational use has been mandated by the US Food and Drug Administration, beginning with states most at risk of local transmission. Canada is largely using travel deferrals. A precautionary approach may be taken; however, a formal decision-making framework has been suggested. The situation globally is clearly very fluid, as the epidemic continues to spread and we continue to learn how to best protect recipients of blood and transplants.
Water: The Signature Resource of Minneapolis
Authors: Gerads Glen
Published: October 2016

The first public water works in Minnesota, Minneapolis Water Works sprang from the mighty Mississippi River to provide a sustainable water source for the “water city.”
Padre Dam's Advanced Water Purification Program: Building a Better Future Inspired by Creativity From the Past
Authors: Lau Al , Huston Patrick , Pecson Brian
Published: October 2016

An innovative water treatment program could create a new, locally controlled and drought‐proof water supply for Southern California communities.
Securing the World's Water: International Climate Negotiations and Their Impacts
Authors: Lowder Morgan A. , Carpenter Adam T.
Published: October 2016

The Conference of Parties, coordinated by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, is a series of conferences focused on climate change and finding solutions to ease its effects on agriculture, health, the economy, and other global sectors.
Who Knew Where the Path Would Lead?
Authors: LaFrance David B.
Published: October 2016

No one knew exactly where the path would take us. It started so simply, with a 24‐page AWWA report titled Dawn of the Replacement Era: Reinvesting in Drinking Water Infrastructure (May 2001). Fifteen years ago, that report prophesied that “over the next 30 years, infrastructure replacement needs will compete with compliance needs for limited [financial] resources”. We are now halfway toward that original time horizon and, to date, the projection is nothing short of spot on.
Self-esteem’s relations to empathy and parenting
Authors: Cone Violeta Pavlova
Published: October 2016

The article is looking into theoretical and research relations between self-esteem, empathy and parenting. The empirical study was carried out among 199 undergraduate US students and measured empathy (Empathy Quotient and Interpersonal Reactivity Index), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) and perceived parenting (Parental Bonding Instrument). The results showed no direct relation between empathy and self-esteem, as measured by the instruments in this sample. The care dimension of the perceived parenting style of both parents predicted self-esteem levels. Future research is recommended to confirm findings and identify possible mediator between empathy and self-esteem.
La interculturalitat a la literatura infantil i juvenil catalana
Authors: Mínguez-López Xavier
Published: October 2016

Resum: Aquest article analitza la presència de la interculturalitat en la literatura infantil i juvenil (LIJ) escrita en català en els anys 2002-2006, un període d’especial augment de la immigració i també dels debats sobre l’educació intercultural a casa nostra. L’estudi, fet a partir d’un corpus de 95 llibres triats a través de l’encreuament de diversos factors de selecció (premis literaris, llistes de recomanació i ressenyes positives), permet acostar-nos al tema de la diversitat cultural expressada des d’una perspectiva àmplia. Com a conclusió, però, considerem que la LIJ catalana del període estudiat no dóna compte d’aquesta diversitat cultural. Ni la ja existent, ni la creada per les noves condicions socials. Finalment, proposem una llista de llibres multiculturals i una altra de llibres interculturals de cara al seu aprofitament didàctic. Paraules clau: literatura infantil i juvenil catalana, interculturalitat, multiculturalitat, educació literària, diversitat cultural, literatura de minories, cànon literari, globalització.
Francesc Martínez Sanchis, «Premsa valencianista. Repressió, resistència cultural i represa democràtica (1958-1987)», Bellaterra / Castelló de la Plana / Barcelona / València, UAB/UJI/UPF/UV, 2016, 290 pp.
Authors: Vallés i Casanoves Santi
Published: October 2016

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Francesc Martínez Sanchis, Premsa valencianista. Repressió, resistència cultural i represa democràtica (1958-1987), Bellaterra / Castelló de la Plana / Barcelona / València, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona / Universitat Jaume I / Universitat Pompeu Fabra / Universitat de València, 2016, 290 pp., ISBN: 978-84-490-6088-5.
E. Balaguer, M. J. Francés & V. Vidal (eds.), «Aproximació a l’altre. An approach to the other. Biografies, semblances i retrats. Biographies, resemblances and portraits», Amsterdam/Filadèlfia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015, 162 pp.
Authors: Arnau i Segarra Pilar
Published: October 2016

Ressenya sobre el llibre d'Enric Balaguer, Maria Jesús Francés & Vicent Vidal (eds.), Aproximació a l’altre. An approach to the other. Biografies, semblances i retrats. Biographies, resemblances and portraits, Amsterdam/Filadèlfia, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015, 162 pp., ISBN: 978-90-272-4017-0.
Using evolution to generate sustainable malaria control with spatial repellents
Authors: Lynch Penelope Anne , Boots Mike
Published: October 2016

Evolution persistently undermines vector control programs through insecticide resistance. Here we propose a novel strategy which instead exploits evolution to generate and sustain new control tools. Effective spatial repellents are needed to keep vectors out of houses. Our approach generates such new repellents by combining a high-toxicity insecticide with a candidate repellent initially effective against only part of the vector population. By killing mosquitoes that enter treated properties the insecticide selects for vector phenotypes deflected by the repellent, increasing efficacy of the repellent against the target vector population and in turn protecting the insecticide against the spread of insecticide resistance. Using such evolved spatial repellents offers an evolutionarily sustainable, ‘double-dip’ system of disease control combining mortality and repellence. We formalize this idea using models which explore vector population genetics and disease transmission probabilities and show that using evolved spatial repellents is theoretically achievable, effective and sustainable.
Plasticity-dependent, full detonation at hippocampal mossy fiber–CA3 pyramidal neuron synapses
Authors: Vyleta Nicholas P , Borges-Merjane Carolina , Jonas Peter
Published: October 2016

Mossy fiber synapses on CA3 pyramidal cells are 'conditional detonators' that reliably discharge postsynaptic targets. The 'conditional' nature implies that burst activity in dentate gyrus granule cells is required for detonation. Whether single unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) trigger spikes in CA3 neurons remains unknown. Mossy fiber synapses exhibit both pronounced short-term facilitation and uniquely large post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). We tested whether PTP could convert mossy fiber synapses from subdetonator into detonator mode, using a recently developed method to selectively and noninvasively stimulate individual presynaptic terminals in rat brain slices. Unitary EPSPs failed to initiate a spike in CA3 neurons under control conditions, but reliably discharged them after induction of presynaptic short-term plasticity. Remarkably, PTP switched mossy fiber synapses into full detonators for tens of seconds. Plasticity-dependent detonation may be critical for efficient coding, storage, and recall of information in the granule cell–CA3 cell network.
The influence of socioeconomic factors on the densities of high-value cross-border species, the African elephant
Authors: Selier Sarah-Anne Jeanetta , Slotow Rob , Di Minin Enrico
Published: October 2016

Unprecedented poaching levels triggered by demand for ivory in Far East Asia are threatening the persistence of African elephantLoxodonta africana. Southern African countries make an important contribution to elephant conservation and could soon become the last stronghold of elephant conservation in Africa. While the ecological factors affecting elephant distribution and densities have extensively been accounted for, there is a need to understand which socioeconomic factors affect elephant numbers in order to prevent conflict over limited space and resources with humans. We used elephant count data from aerial surveys for seven years in a generalized linear model, which accounted for temporal correlation, to investigate the effect of six socioeconomic and ecological variables on the number of elephant at the country level in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area (GMTFCA). Important factors in predicting elephant numbers were the proportion of total land surface under cultivation, human population density and the number of tourists visiting the country. Specifically, elephant numbers were higher where the proportion of total land surface under cultivation was the lowest; where population density was the lowest and where tourist numbers had increased over the years. Our results confirm that human disturbance is affecting elephant numbers, but highlight that the benefits provided by ecotourism could help enhance elephant conservation. While future studies should include larger areas and more detailed data at the site level, we stress that the development of coordinated legislation and policies to improve land-use planning are needed to reduce the impact of increasing human populations and agriculture on elephant.
A single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping assay for simultaneous detection of different carbendazim-resistant genotypes in the Fusarium graminearum species complex
Authors: Zhang Hao , Brankovics Balázs , van der Lee Theo A.J. , Waalwijk Cees , van Diepeningen Anne A.D. , Xu Jin , Xu Jingsheng , Chen Wanquan , Feng Jie
Published: October 2016

The occurrence resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBC)-fungicides in the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is becoming a serious problem in the control of Fusarium head blight in China. The resistance is caused by point mutations in the β2-tubulingene. So far, five resistant genotypes (F167Y, E198Q, E198L, E198K and F200Y) have been reported in the field. To establish a high-throughput method for rapid detection of all the five mutations simultaneously, an efficient single-nucleotide-polymorphism-based genotyping method was developed based on the Luminex xMAP system. One pair of amplification primers and five allele specific primer extension probes were designed and optimized to specially distinguish the different genotypes within one single reaction. This method has good extensibility and can be combined with previous reported probes to form a highly integrated tool for species, trichothecene chemotype and MBC resistance detection. Using this method, carbendazim resistant FGSC isolates from Jiangsu, Anhui and Sichuan Province in China were identified. High and moderate frequencies of resistance were observed in Jiangsu and Anhui Province, respectively. Carbendazim resistance in F. asiaticum is only observed in the 3ADON genotype. Overall, our method proved to be useful for early detection of MBC resistance in the field and the result aids in the choice of fungicide type.
Seasonal and long‐term changes in elemental concentrations and ratios of marine particulate organic matter
Authors: Talarmin Agathe , Lomas Michael W. , Bozec Yann , Savoye Nicolas , Frigstad Helene , Karl David M. , Martiny Adam C.
Published: October 2016

What is the temporal variability of the elemental stoichiometry of marine microbial communities across ocean regions? To answer this question, we present an analysis of environmental conditions, particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations and their ratios across 20 time series (3–25 years duration) representing estuarine, coastal, and open ocean environments. The majority of stations showed significant seasonal oscillations in particulate organic elemental concentrations and ratios. However, shorter‐term changes contributed most to overall variance in particulate organic matter concentrations and ratios. We found a correlation between the seasonal oscillations of environmental conditions and elemental ratios at many coastal but not open ocean and estuarine stations. C:N peaked near the seasonal temperature minimum and nutrient maximum, but some stations showed other seasonal links. C:N ratios declined with time over the respective observation periods at all open ocean and estuarine stations as well as at five coastal station but increased at the nine other coastal stations. C:P (but not N:P) declined slightly at Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study but showed large significant increases at Hawaii Ocean Time‐series and Arendal stations. The relationships between long‐term changes in environmental conditions and particulate organic matter concentrations or ratios were ambiguous, but interactions between changes in temperature and nutrient availability were important. Overall, our analysis demonstrates significant changes in elemental ratios at long‐term and seasonal time scales across regions, but the underlying mechanisms are currently unclear. Thus, we need to better understand the detailed mechanisms driving the elemental composition of marine microbial ecosystems in order to predict how oceans will respond to environmental changes.
Optimal time alignment of tide‐gauge tsunami waveforms in nonlinear inversions: Application to the 2015 Illapel (Chile) earthquake
Authors: Romano F. , Piatanesi A. , Lorito S. , Tolomei C. , Atzori S. , Murphy S.
Published: October 2016

Tsunami waveform inversion is often used to retrieve information about the causative seismic tsunami source. Tide gauges record tsunamis routinely; however, compared to deep‐ocean sensor data, tide‐gauge waveform modeling is more difficult due to coarse/inaccurate local bathymetric models resulting in a time mismatch between observed and predicted waveforms. This can affect the retrieved tsunami source model, thus limiting the use of tide‐gauge data. A method for nonlinear inversion with an automatic optimal time alignment (OTA), calculated by including a time shift parameter in the cost function, is presented. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated through a series of synthetic tests and is applied as part of a joint inversion with interferometric synthetic aperture radar data for the slip distribution of the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake. The results show that without OTA, the resolution on the slip model degrades significantly and that using this method for a real case strongly affects the retrieved slip pattern.
Radiation and atmospheric circulation controls on carbonyl sulfide concentrations in the marine boundary layer
Authors: Berkelhammer M. , Steen‐Larsen H. C. , Cosgrove A. , Peters A. J. , Johnson R. , Hayden M. , Montzka S. A.
Published: October 2016

A potential closure of the global carbonyl sulfide (COS or OCS) budget has recently been attained through a combination of remote sensing, modeling, and extended surface measurements. However, significant uncertainties in the spatial and temporal dynamics of the marine flux still persist. In order to isolate the terrestrial photosynthetic component of the global atmospheric OCS budget, tighter constraints on the marine flux are needed. We present 6 months of nearly continuous in situ OCS concentrations from the North Atlantic during the fall and winter of 2014–2015 using a combination of research vessel and fixed tower measurements. The data are characterized by synoptic‐scale ∼100 pmol mol−1 variations in marine boundary layer air during transitions from subtropical to midlatitude source regions. The synoptic OCS variability is shown here to be a linear function of the radiation history along an air parcel's trajectory with no apparent sensitivity to the chlorophyll concentration of the surface waters that the air mass interacted with. This latter observation contradicts expectations and suggests a simple radiation limitation for the combined direct and indirect marine OCS emissions. Because the concentration of OCS in the marine boundary layer is so strongly influenced by an air parcel's history, marine and atmospheric concentrations would rarely be near equilibrium and thus even if marine production rates are held constant at a given location, the ocean‐atmosphere flux would be sensitive to changes in atmospheric circulation alone. We hypothesize that changes in atmospheric circulation including latitudinal shifts in the storm tracks could affect the marine flux through this effect.
Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions in Azaheterocyclic Chemistry – Preparation and Synthetic Application of 1‐Azoniabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes
Authors: Dolfen Jeroen , Yadav Nagendra Nath , De Kimpe Norbert , D'hooghe Matthias , Ha Hyun‐Joon
Published: October 2016

Recent advances in the field of ring‐expansion chemistry, involving 1‐azoniabicyclo[n.1.0]alkane scaffolds (bicyclic aziridinium ions) as key transient intermediates, have made it possible to efficiently construct a broad variety of medium‐ and large‐sized functionalized nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. In this tutorial review, a comprehensive survey of all pathways leading to the generation of 1‐azoniabicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes is provided, as well as a discussion on their subsequent ring expansions to relevant azaheterocycles governed by ring size, substitution pattern, and/or nature of applied nucleophiles.

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New development in flow‐through pressure‐swing frequency response method for mass‐transfer study: Ethane in ZIF‐8
Authors: Wang Yu , Paur Charanjit S. , Ravikovitch Peter I.
Published: October 2016

A new pressure‐swing frequency response (PSFR) method has been developed to study mass transfer in adsorption systems as a function of temperature and pressure, from −70 to 180°C, and up to 7 bar. New in‐phase and out‐of‐phase functions have been derived for the PSFR in a general way to allow information extracted from it independent of whether the system is operated in a batch volume swing or a flow‐through pressure swing mode. A new mathematical model that considers distribution of diffusion rates has been introduced to account for diffusive transport in heterogeneous samples. Numerical simulation results have shown that a single rate diffusion model works well when heterogeneity can be described by a normal distribution, but not for asymmetrically bimodal distributions. As a test reference system, the transport of ethane in ZIF‐8 was investigated at different pressures and temperatures using the new PSFR method. The mass transfer was found to be dominated by micropore diffusion. Diffusivity was found to be weakly dependent on pressure or loading, but quite strongly dependent on temperature. The results agree very well with our independent batch volume frequency response technique experiments. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1077–1090, 2017
Nonstandard work arrangements and worker health and safety
Authors: Howard John
Published: October 2016

Arrangements between those who perform work and those who provide jobs come in many different forms. Standard work arrangements now exist alongside several nonstandard arrangements: agency work, contract work, and gig work. While standard work arrangements are still the most prevalent types, the rise of nonstandard work arrangements, especially temporary agency, contract, and “gig” arrangements, and the potential effects of these new arrangements on worker health and safety have captured the attention of government, business, labor, and academia. This article describes the major work arrangements in use today, profiles the nonstandard workforce, discusses several legal questions about how established principles of labor and employment law apply to nonstandard work arrangements, summarizes findings published in the past 20 years about the health and safety risks for workers in nonstandard work arrangements, and outlines current research efforts in the area of healthy work design and worker well‐being. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:1–10, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrosylation of Nitric‐Oxide‐Sensing Regulatory Proteins Containing [4Fe‐4S] Clusters Gives Rise to Multiple Iron–Nitrosyl Complexes
Authors: Serrano Pauline N. , Wang Hongxin , Crack Jason C. , Prior Christopher , Hutchings Matthew I. , Thomson Andrew J. , Kamali Saeed , Yoda Yoshitaka , Zhao Jiyong , Hu Michael Y. , Alp Ercan E. , Oganesyan Vasily S. , Le Brun Nick E. , Cramer Stephen P.
Published: October 2016

The reaction of protein‐bound iron–sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters with nitric oxide (NO) plays key roles in NO‐mediated toxicity and signaling. Elucidation of the mechanism of the reaction of NO with DNA regulatory proteins that contain Fe‐S clusters has been hampered by a lack of information about the nature of the iron‐nitrosyl products formed. Herein, we report nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations that identify NO reaction products in WhiD and NsrR, regulatory proteins that use a [4Fe‐4S] cluster to sense NO. This work reveals that nitrosylation yields multiple products structurally related to Roussin's Red Ester (RRE, [Fe2(NO)4(Cys)2]) and Roussin's Black Salt (RBS, [Fe4(NO)7S3]. In the latter case, the absence of 32S/34S shifts in the Fe−S region of the NRVS spectra suggest that a new species, Roussin's Black Ester (RBE), may be formed, in which one or more of the sulfide ligands is replaced by Cys thiolates.
Dispersion Forces, Disproportionation, and Stable High‐Valent Late Transition Metal Alkyls
Authors: Liptrot David J. , Guo Jing‐Dong , Nagase Shigeru , Power Philip P.
Published: October 2016

The transition metal tetra‐ and trinorbornyl bromide complexes, M(nor)4 (M=Fe, Co, Ni) and Ni(nor)3Br (nor=1‐bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐1‐yl) and their homolytic fragmentations were studied computationally using hybrid density functional theory (DFT) at the B3PW91 and B3PW91‐D3 dispersion‐corrected levels. Experimental structures were well replicated; the dispersion correction resulted in shortened M−C bond lengths for the stable complexes, and it was found that Fe(nor)4 receives a remarkable 45.9 kcal mol−1 stabilization from the dispersion effects whereas the tetragonalized Co(nor)4 shows stabilization of 38.3 kcal mol−1. Ni(nor)4 was calculated to be highly tetragonalized with long Ni−C bonds, providing a rationale for its current synthetic inaccessibility. Isodesmic exchange evaluation for Fe(nor)4 confirmed that dispersion force attraction between norbornyl substituents is fundamental to the stability of these species.
Direct Conversion of Nitriles into Alkene “Isonitriles”
Authors: Li Yajun , Fleming Fraser F.
Published: October 2016

The sequenced addition of RLi to nitriles, trapping with isopropylformate, and dehydration with phosphoryl chloride provides an efficient, direct synthesis of alkene isocyanides. The one‐pot sequence involves a series of carefully orchestrated steps: addition, formylation, tautomerization, and dehydration, with CuCN catalyzing a key equilibration of a formyl imine to an N‐formyl enamine. The resulting aromatic alkeneisocyanides, that are otherwise challenging to synthesize, engage in an unusual [4+2]‐type cycloaddition/1,3‐H shift/decyanation sequence to afford substituted naphthalenes.
Acceptance of bio‐based products in the business‐to‐business market and public procurement: Expert survey results
Authors: Peuckert Jan , Quitzow Rainer
Published: October 2016

We present the most important results of two expert surveys of the acceptance of bio‐based products in the business‐to‐business (B2B) sector and in the public sector. Both surveys follow a Delphi approach giving insight into key market drivers and barriers, the most important information requirements, as well as perceptions on the role of product labeling and standardization. The business survey shows that market drivers differ significantly across European countries, a point to be taken into account when developing harmonized approaches for the European Union. Furthermore, the importance of market factors also varies across sub‐groups of bio‐based products. The labeling of bio‐based products, preferably in combination with additional environmental and sustainability criteria, receives broad support from the experts. The procurement survey identifies effective policy measures and informational needs for enhancing the uptake of bio‐based products in (green) public procurement. Key findings include that bio‐based products are not (yet) considered a relevant category and that bio‐based content on its own is typically not viewed as a relevant justification for inclusion in green public procurement schemes. Moreover, eco‐labeling schemes are important points of reference, suggesting that the incorporation of bio‐based content as criteria in relevant labeling schemes could also promote the acceptance of bio‐based products in the public sector. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Impedance technology reduces the enumeration time of Brettanomyces yeast during beer fermentation
Authors: van Wyk Sanelle , Silva Filipa V.M.
Published: October 2016

Brettanomyces yeasts are increasingly being used to produce lambic style beers and craft beers with unique flavors. Currently, the industry monitors Brettanomyces bruxellensis using time consuming plate counting. B. bruxellensis is a fastidious slow growing organism, requiring five days of incubation at 30°C for visible growth on agar plates. Thus, a need exists to develop a quicker, feasible method to enumerate this yeast. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the feasibility of using the ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ impedance methods for the enumeration of B. bruxellensis in beer and to monitor the growth of the yeast during fermentation. The impedance methods were able to decrease the incubation time of beer samples containing Brettanomyces from 120 h down to 2 and 84 h for samples containing 107 and 103 cfu/mL, respectively. The ‘indirect’ method was more successful than the ‘direct’ method, presenting a smaller error and wider detection range. Overall, the ‘indirect’ impedance method is a viable alternative to plate counting for the enumeration of yeasts in the brewing industry because it decreases preparation and incubation times, thereby increasing throughput and decreasing the chance of contamination.
Filling some gaps in market mavenism research
Authors: Reinecke Flynn Leisa , Goldsmith Ronald Earl
Published: October 2016

Since Feick and Price introduced the concept of market mavenism almost 30 years ago, researchers have accumulated a large body of empirical findings describing market maven attitudes, behaviors, and characteristics. Surprisingly, only a few studies examine the relationship between market mavenism and its personality antecedents represented by the Big Five theory. In addition, 2 consequences of mavenism, brand loyalty and frugality, have not been studied. The present study contributes to understanding mavenism by filling some gaps in this body of knowledge by using data from a sample of 351 adult US consumers. The findings reveal moderate positive associations of mavenism with openness to experience, extraversion, and agreeableness and weak positive associations with conscientiousness and emotional stability. They also show that market mavenism is positively related to frugality and negatively related to brand loyalty. The findings also confirm that mavens shop more and buy more than other consumers do. These findings continue to expand our understanding of market mavenism and provide insights that marketing managers might use as they factor mavenism into their strategies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Driving Force of Photoinduced Charge Separation in Metal‐Cluster‐Encapsulated Triphenylamine‐[80]fullerenes
Authors: Martínez Juan Pablo , Solà Miquel , Voityuk Alexander A.
Published: October 2016

Understanding photoinduced charge separation in fullerene‐based dye‐sensitized solar cells is crucial for the development of photovoltaic devices. We investigate here how the driving force of the charge separation process in conjugates of M@C80 (M=Sc3N, Sc3CH, Sc3NC, Sc4O2, and Sc4O3) with triphenylamine (TPA) depends on the nature of the metal cluster. Both singlet and triplet excited‐state electron‐transfer reactions are considered. These results based on TD‐DFT calculations demonstrate that the driving force of charge separation in TPA‐M@C80 can be tuned well by varying the structure of the metal cluster encapsulated inside the fullerene cage.
Synthesis of Glycoborine, Glybomine A and B, the Phytoalexin Carbalexin A and the β‐Adrenoreceptor Antagonists Carazolol and Carvedilol
Authors: Brütting Christian , Hesse Ronny , Jäger Anne , Kataeva Olga , Schmidt Arndt W. , Knölker Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2016

We describe a regioselective synthesis of 4‐ or 5‐substituted carbazoles by oxidative cyclisation of meta‐oxygen‐substituted N‐phenylanilines. Using the regiodirecting effect of a pivaloyloxy group, we prepared 4‐hydroxycarbazole, a precursor for the enantiospecific synthesis of the β‐adrenoreceptor antagonists (−)‐(S)‐carazolol (5) and (−)‐(S)‐carvedilol (6). Regioselective palladium(II)‐catalysed cyclisation of different diarylamines led to total synthesis of glycoborine (7) and the first total syntheses of the phytoalexin carbalexin A (8), glybomine A (9) and glybomine B (10). For glybomine B (10), a 5‐hydroxycarbazole was converted into the corresponding triflate and utilized for introduction of a prenyl substituent.
Controlled Orthogonal Self‐Assembly of Heterometal‐Decorated Coordination Cages
Authors: Liu Guoliang , Zeller Matthias , Su Kongzhao , Pang Jiandong , Ju Zhanfeng , Yuan Daqiang , Hong Maochun
Published: October 2016

Multiple orthogonal coordinative interactions were utilized to construct heterometal‐decorated tetrahedral cages from in situ formed trinuclear ZrIV clusters through the combination with other metal ions such as CuII or PdII. Through effective use of the hard/soft acid/base principle, the orthogonal self‐assembly process of Zr‐bpydc‐CuCl2 (H2bpydc=2,2‐bipyridine‐5,5‐dicarboxylic acid) can be finely controlled using three strategies: post‐synthetic metallization, a stepwise metalloligand approach, or a one‐pot reaction.