bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finely Controlled Circularly Polarized Luminescence with Multimode Dynamic Response of Hybrid Metal Chlorides for Circularly Polarized White Light‐Emitting Diode and Programmable Information Encryption
Authors: Wang Luying , Peng Hui , Wei Qilin , Kong Linghang , Yu Shuiyue , Cao Jiajun , Liang Qihua , Zhao Jialong , Zou Bingsuo
Published: August 2024

Stimulus‐responsive materials that exhibit efficient circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have gained much interest for application in advanced smart photonics. Herein, the CPL‐active enantiomorphic 0D Sb3+‐doped (R/S)2InCl7 (R/S = R/S‐2‐methylpiperazine) are synthesized via a solution method. They show efficient broadband yellow emission with a near‐unity photoluminescence quantum yield and a CPL asymmetry factor of 1.7 × 10−3. Their fascinating chiroptical activity should be attributed to the chirality transfer and self‐trapped exciton emission caused by strong electron–phonon interaction. Particularly, H2O‐induced structural transformation is demonstrated to obtain non‐emission of Sb3+‐doped (R/S)2InCl7·H2O after exposure to a humid environment. Importantly, Sb3+‐doped (R/S)2InCl7 exhibits unique nonlinear optical responses, and the rotation angle between the quarter‐wave plate and linearly polarized plate can regulate the reversible switching of Sb3+‐doped (R/S)2InCl7 between yellow emission and negligible luminescence. Moreover, a circularly polarized white light‐emitting diode is fabricated by combining blue phosphors BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+, and the device exhibits tunable switching control of positive and warm white light by regulating the rotation angle of linear polarizer plate. Based on the tunable optical responses of Sb3+‐doped (R/S)2InCl7, a programmable multi‐mode fluorescence encoding system is constructed, and four‐level information encryption and three‐level encrypted 3D color codes are also realized in a further proof‐of‐concept experiment.
Exploring the dynamic landscape of immunopeptidomics: Unravelling posttranslational modifications and navigating bioinformatics terrain
Authors: Flender Daniel , Vilenne Frédérique , Adams Charlotte , Boonen Kurt , Valkenborg Dirk , Baggerman Geert
Published: August 2024

Immunopeptidomics is becoming an increasingly important field of study. The capability to identify immunopeptides with pivotal roles in the human immune system is essential to shift the current curative medicine towards personalized medicine. Throughout the years, the field has matured, giving insight into the current pitfalls. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that generalizing shotgun proteomics workflows is malpractice because immunopeptidomics faces numerous challenges. While many of these difficulties have been addressed, the road towards the ideal workflow remains complicated. Although the presence of Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in the immunopeptidome has been demonstrated, their identification remains highly challenging despite their significance for immunotherapies. The large number of unpredictable modifications in the immunopeptidome plays a pivotal role in the functionality and these challenges. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in immunopeptidomics. We delve into the challenges associated with identifying PTMs within the immunopeptidome, aiming to address the current state of the field.
Electrokinetic Properties of Cellulose Diacetate—Influence of Morphology and Crystallinity on the Zeta Potential
Authors: Kramar Ana , Luxbacher Thomas , González‐Benito Javier
Published: August 2024

The study presents the electrokinetic properties of the zeta potential and the isoelectric point for cellulose diacetate (CA) in the forms of powder, nonporous film, and porous film. Surface zeta potential (ζ) and isoelectric point (IEP) are important properties that reflect the material's behavior in contact with liquids, as a consequence of the surface charge density and the morphology of the material. Nonporous films are prepared by casting CA solution on glass and Teflon dishes, while the porous film is prepared by the solution blow spinning (SBS) technique. The ζ potential is determined using the streaming potential method in the pH range from 2.5 to 9.5. The influence of the material's crystallinity (CI) and surface roughness (Sa) on the zeta potential is studied. The form of the material (powder, porous film, or nonporous film) influences the electrokinetic properties, which may have consequences on their behavior in contact with liquid (e.g., for processes such as oxidation, surface modification, grafting, or aging during use).
Facile and Effective Method for the Preparation of Sodium Alginate/TiO2 Bio‐Composite Films for Different Applications
Authors: Paradisi E. , Mortalò C. , Russo P. , Zin V. , Miorin E. , Montagner F. , Leonelli C. , Deambrois S. M.
Published: August 2024

Nanocomposites of sodium alginate (SA) and TiO2 nanoparticles have gained attention in the last decade for their versatile uses in several applications. Indeed, TiO2 is particularly appealing for its photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity and inherent safety. In this paper, TiO2 nanoparticles are successfully embedded, synthesized by a microwave‐assisted method, into SA matrix by a simple solvent casting method to form flexible and self‐consistent SA/TiO2 films. FT‐IR, XRD, and contact angle measurements confirm the formation of homogeneous and hydrophilic bio‐composites films that may be suitable for packaging or life science applications.
Characterization of Grapeseed Oil Loaded Chitosan Edible Films
Authors: Zsivanovits Gabor , Marudova Maria , Viraneva Asya , Gechev Biser , Zhelyazkov Stoil , Iliev Angel
Published: August 2024

Essential oil loaded edible films are good alternatives of petroleum‐based polymer packaging materials for extending the shelf‐life of perishable fruits. This work studies the influence of grapeseed oil concentration on the physical and antioxidant properties of chitosan‐based edible films. The multicomponent films are softer and more stretchable than the pure chitosan films. An increase in the oil concentration increases the antioxidant activity and the hydrophobicity of the films, which is expressed in a decrease in the affinity for water uptake and a change in their surface energy. The surface color and the transparency of the films are optimal at low oil concentration. The evaluated physical and physicochemical properties show the potential of these films to reduce the food waste.
Bio‐Based Thermosetting Resins from Waste Cooking Oil
Authors: Palucci Benedetta , Vignali Adriano , Ravasio Nicoletta , Zaccheria Federica , Bertini Fabio
Published: August 2024

In order to face the environmental concern about the use of traditional fossil‐based monomers for the production of thermosetting resins, herein this study reports the synthesis of bio‐based materials from waste cooking oil (WCO). In this context, this study explores the epoxidation‐acrylation strategy for the synthesis of the starting functionalized oil for the production of thermosetting resins composed of only WCO‐derived monomers or in combination with terpenic comonomers such as limonene and myrcene. Furthermore, employing myrcene as comonomer produces thermosetting resins that reveal the best properties in terms of mechanical strength if compared to the homopolymer ones.
Sustainable Materials for Corrosion Protection on Aircraft Structures
Authors: Orrico Marianna , Tescione Fabiana , Silvestri Brigida , de Gennaro Bruno , Stanzione Mariamelia
Published: August 2024

The corrosion of metal surfaces is one of the most critical issues in aviation, where aircraft are subjected to very extreme climatic and operating conditions. Hexavalent chromium, Cr (VI), based coatings provide an effective corrosion protection at relatively low cost, but unfortunately their usage has a significant impact on the environment. To comply with new regulations (REACH) and to ensure effectiveness against corrosion, the current interest of researchers and investors is focused on the synthesis and the design of eco‐friendly and safer coatings, to develop an alternative and innovative corrosion protection coating systems, characterized by specific performance in terms of good adhesion, barrier, and rheological properties. The development of innovative materials and the implementation of new technologies can allow widening the safety window in all the process phases from the production to the disposal. These research activities are focused on the development of anticorrosive and chromate‐free coatings, by modifying metal‐based primer formulations. The aim is toward the improvement in the anticorrosive performance and durability respect to the systems already known in the literature through the incorporation of sustainable compounds or less toxic metals as corrosion inhibitors to reduce the environmental impact.
Compatibilization of Polymer Blends under Conditions of High Pressure and Shear Deformation
Authors: Hosseinnezhad Ramin , Vozniak Iurii , Rozanski Artur , Kulagin Roman , Beloshenko Victor , Galeski Andrzej
Published: August 2024

Structural changes in polylactide/polybutylene terephthalate (PLA/PBT) and glycol‐modified polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate (PET‐G/PBT) polymer blends at a pressure of 1 GPa and room temperature in combination with shear deformation are investigated. High pressure torsion (HPT) is chosen as the compatibilization technique. Based on solid‐state NMR data, it is found that the compatibility of immiscible polymers is significantly improved under high pressure conditions in combination with shear deformation. It is assumed that the thickness of the deformed polymer layers decreases to the thickness of the interphase and it can be a fully interphase material.
Multiple‐Shape Memory Polymer Blends Formed by Massive Formation of Interphases via Ultrahigh Plastic Deformation
Authors: Vozniak Alina , Galeski Andrzej , Kulagin Roman , Beloshenko Victor , Vozniak Andrei , Savchenko Bohdan
Published: August 2024

The development of advanced shape memory polymers (SMPs) requires the creation of approaches that offer the possibility of forming different temporal shapes as well as changing the corresponding shape memory transition temperatures. A distinctive feature of ultrahigh plastic deformation methods is the possibility of producing polymer blends with a maximum content of interface to form a single broad thermal transition. This can be an attractive way to produce multi‐SMPs based on a simple processing technique. Two polymer pairs—glycol‐modified polyethylene terephthalate/polylactide (PETG/PLA), glycol‐modified polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate (PETG/PBT)—are used to form an immiscible symmetrical blend (50 wt%/50 wt%). Ultrahigh plastic deformation is achieved by high pressure torsion (HPT). HPT leads to intimate mixing of the chains of the respective polymer pairs. Thermomechanical programming successfully enables a triple shape memory effect with fine shape memory parameters.
Estimating Network Lifetime of AUN in Photo‐Aging by Kinetic Modeling and “Degelation” Model
Authors: Ishida Takato , Richaud Emmanuel , Hagihara Hideaki , Kitagaki Ryoma
Published: August 2024

The study develops an oxidative kinetic model of acrylic‐urethane network during photo‐aging. The kinetic model can track chemical reaction dynamics well and also enables to estimate the network lifetime by counting scission/crosslinking events. Estimated network lifetime is semiquantitively coincided with the one derived from different statistical approach.
Filling Fresh Metakaolin‐Based Geopolymer Paste with Wood Ash: Chemical and Mechanical Characterization
Authors: Catauro Michelina , Viola Veronica , D'Amore Alberto
Published: August 2024

Wood ash is the powdery residue remaining after wood combustion. Today, only some of the wood ashes are recycled, while most are disposed of in landfills. Increasing recycled wood ash can limit environmental damage and save transportation costs and waste disposal. This paper presents including 10% of wood ashes as a filler material for geopolymers. The ashes, coming from a local Italian restaurant, are sieved between 65 and 79 µm and are incorporated into a metakaolin‐based geopolymer matrix, cured at room temperature (25 °C). Ionic conductivity, pH, and Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, conducted after 7, 14, 28, and 56 days of curing time, reveal the occurrence of the geopolymerization process. Furthermore, the mechanical strength results allow the comparison of these materials with Portland cement, one of the most common polluting competitors.
Toughened CFRPs via PEO Nanofibers: Effect of Water Ageing on Delamination
Authors: Maccaferri Emanuele , Ortolani Jacopo , Mazzocchetti Laura , Benelli Tiziana , Brugo Tommaso Maria , Zucchelli Andrea , Giorgini Loris
Published: August 2024

Delamination is a common failure mechanism affecting composite laminates. Thermoplastic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers are recently proposed for toughening carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), obtaining promising results. In the present work, PEO‐modified epoxy CFRPs underwent ageing in water for 1 month, and the interlaminar properties are assessed via double cantilever beam (DCB) and end‐notched flexure (ENF) tests. The Mode I delamination behavior of both PEO‐modified and unmodified commercial composite plates is compared. Water ageing slightly affects the mechanical properties of the nano‐modified laminates, though the interleaved nano‐reinforcement is water‐soluble. The achieved results are very encouraging and pave the way to the use of PEO nanofibrous mats for hindering delamination in composite laminates.
Flaw Detection by SHM with Static Sensors Approach: State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: D'Amore Alberto , Grassia Luigi , Iannone Michele
Published: August 2024

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a technology aimed to monitor the soundness of the structures. Applications for aircraft structures are largely investigated. The goal is to utilize the information acquired during the monitoring to save maintenance costs, improve flight safety, and design lighter structures. Different issues, like load monitoring and impact detection, are investigated by SHM research. The most largely investigated issue is damage detection, i.e., developing a system that utilizes sensors to detect the damage in the structure. Damage detection can be performed with two sensors: dynamic and static. Dynamic sensors work by transmission of waves through the structures. Defects are identified by deviation and reflection of the waves by damages. The SHM approach described in this work is based on static sensors, like strain gages or fiber optics. The strain fields under load in pristine and damaged conditions are compared; the evaluation of the change in the strain field identifies damages. Two different algorithms for damage detection have been developed and patented in Leonardo Aircraft and are described in this work; they are based on the reverse finite element model (FEM) and neural network. The issues related to the strain field measurement are also briefly described.
Synthesis of Composite Hydrogels for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Gizatullina Nargiz N. , Yelemessova Gulnur T. , Klivenko Alexey N. , Shakhvorostov Alexey V.
Published: August 2024

Composite hydrogels (CH) based on acrylamide (AAm), sodium acrylate (SA), and bentonite are prepared via free radical polymerization in the presence of cross‐linking agent—N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBAA). As a result, a series of preformed particle gels (PPG) with different compositions are obtained. The CH is characterized by FTIR, mechanical analysis. The swelling behavior of CH is determined in water and brine water with different salinity. The influence of the monomer concentration, ratio of bentonite/monomers, on mechanical properties, and swelling degree of CH are studied.
Novel Supercapacitor Based on Pedot:PSS/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite
Authors: Greco Giuseppe , Giuri Antonella , Bagheri Sonia , Rizzo Aurora , Mele Claudio , Corcione Carola Esposito
Published: August 2024

Over the last few years, graphene oxide (GO) has stood out as an ideal carbon‐filler to dope polymer matrix, specifically conductive polymers. This paper investigates the possibility of producing ternary nanocomposites based on a conductive polymer poly(3,4 ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), doped with graphene oxide (GO) and is additivated with a green dispersing and reducing agent (ascorbic acid). Three‐component inks have been developed and their rheological and surface tension properties are studied to evaluate their filmability. Subsequently, through the drop‐casting technique, thin films of the inks are produced, and their electrochemical behavior is deeply analyzed via cyclic voltammetry tests (CV). Particularly, PEDOT:PSS/GO/AA ink shows a higher specific capacitance (Csp) up to 29.84 mF cm−2 than pristine PEDOT:PSS, suggesting that this ink can be used as an electrode material for supercapacitor devices.
Fractionation and Characterization of Commercial Low Acyl Gellan Gum
Authors: Tatykhanova Gulnur S. , Hirvonen Sami‐Pekka , Bardadym Yuliia V. , Gizatullina Nargiz N. , Saulimbay Moldir A.
Published: August 2024

Commercial low acyl gellan (LAG) is purified by the fractional dissolution method. An aqueous solution of purified commercial LAG exhibits polyelectrolyte character due to its high molar mass and carboxylic groups in glucuronic acid fragments. The empirical Fuoss equation determines the intrinsic viscosity of purified LAG in salt‐less water. Fractionation of commercial LAG is carried out by ultrasound treatment. LAG fractions are characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The intrinsic viscosities of ultrasonically treated LAG samples are measured in 0.025 m of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl). The molecular weights of LAG fractions are determined by the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation.
Comparative Study of Gellan Gum Derived from Domestic Raw Materials of Kazakhstan and Commercial Gellan
Authors: Tatykhanova Gulnur S. , Gizatullina Nargiz N. , Kudaibergenova Gulnar M. , Berzhanova Ramza Zh. , Mukasheva Togzhan D. , Kudaibergenov Sarkyt E.
Published: August 2024

Gellan gum prepared from the domestic raw materials of Kazakhstan is studied by methods of 1H NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, GPC, TGA, and compared with characteristics of commercial gellan gum. Fermentation on glucose‐fructose syrup of Zharkent and Burunday corn starch plants (Kazakhstan) by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 produces a biomass containing a high acyl gellan gum (HAG). The average molecular weights, Mw, Mn, Mz, and polydispersity index (PDI) of HAG are determined by GPC. Low acyl gellan (LAG) is obtained by treatment of HAG with alkaline solution. It is shown that the spectral and thermal characteristics of HAG and LAG produced from the glucose‐fructose syrup and commercial gellan gum are similar.
Control of 3D Printing Parameters to Design the Response of Heating Polymers
Authors: Guadagno Liberata , Longo Raffaele , Raimondo Marialuigia , Pantani Roberto , Sorrentino Andrea , Vertuccio Luigi , Catauro Michelina , Aliberti Francesca
Published: August 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative production process that allows for designing objects with self‐responsive properties exploiting the potentialities of nanotechnologies. In this context, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filled with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) is printed via fusion deposition modeling (FDM) by setting two different printing directions, 0° and 90°. The investigation of the electrical properties of 3D printed parts demonstrates that the printing direction affects the pathway of electrical current flow and, consequently, the heating performance. A suitable setting of the raster angle allows the alignment of the carbon nanotubes along the printing direction. This alignment, verified through morphological investigations, strongly influences the heating properties due to the Joule effect.
Solid‐State Processing of Nascent Disentangled UHMWPE Reactor Powders Mixed with Carbon Nanoparticles
Authors: Lebedev Oleg V. , Tikunova Ekaterina P. , Golubev Evgeny K. , Kurkin Tikhon S. , Shevchenko Vitaly G. , Ozerin Alexander N.
Published: August 2024

Aspects of solid‐state processing of nascent disentangled ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powders of different syntheses mixed with electrically conductive carbon nanoparticles (NPs) of various types are studied. Effect of multiple parameters of the processing procedures on the electrophysical characteristics of the composite samples is investigated. Such parameters include time of preliminary ultrasonication (US) of NPs, time of US of UHMWPE/NPs mixtures, molding time, temperature, and pressure, deformation degree, etc. It is observed that by selecting optimal values of such parameters it is possible to obtain samples of composites with an extremely segregated structure made of the NPs, with NPs distributed evenly on the surfaces of the compacted UHMWPE powder particles. This ensures high levels of conductivity at very low values of NPs content. The segregated structure is retained when the composites are strengthened using the solid‐state uniaxial shear deformation process. While conductivity of most of the composites filled with various types of NPs monotonously decreases with the deformation ratio, conductivity of the composites filled with exceptionally long double‐walled carbon nanotubes is maintained. The processed oriented composites are also characterized by high EMR shielding properties, as well as interesting temperature dependencies of the electrical conductivity.
Rubber Containing Nanofibers and Their Ability in Structural Modification of CFRPs: A Summary
Authors: Maccaferri Emanuele , Ortolani Jacopo , Benelli Tiziana , Brugo Tommaso Maria , Zucchelli Andrea , Giorgini Loris , Mazzocchetti Laura
Published: August 2024

Rubber containing nanofiber is investigated as structural modifiers of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) to improve their delamination resistance. The ability to obtain long lasting nanofibrous shape from liquid nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) has been demonstrated even without requiring instant cross‐linking when a second component is used together with NBR in the process. The second component can be a thermoplastic which either melts, such as poly(e‐caprolactone) (PCL), or holds steady, as poly(m‐phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) or nylon 66, during CFRP curing process. Assuming that NBR is not crosslinked, during curing of low Tm thermoplastic‐based rubber nanofibers, their morphology is lost, as for NBR/PCL, and both polymers blend with the surrounding epoxy resin thus leading to an outstanding toughening effect, but at the cost of the overall composite mechanical performance. When a second component is used which is preserved in nanofibrous fashion during curing (NBR/PMIA, NBR/nylon 66), instead, a good compromise is achieved, with still outstanding delamination hindering ability, together with almost fully preserved thermo‐mechanical performances.
Conductivity of Diblock Copolymer System Filled with Conductive Fillers
Authors: Chervanyov Alexander I.
Published: August 2024

The electrical response of the insulating diblock copolymer system (DBC) filled with conductive spherical fillers is investigated to the variation of the following factors: i) composite temperature; ii) affinities of fillers for copolymer blocks; iii) interaction between fillers. By performing the consistent phase‐field and Monte‐Carlo simulations of the filled DBC system, this article quantitatively demonstrates that the distribution of fillers in DBC essentially depends on the complicated interplay of the above three factors. The obtained distribution of filler particles, in turn, proves to be directly related to the electrical response of the DBC‐particle composite, calculated by the developed model. In particular, the order‐disorder transition in the DBC system has been found to co‐occur with the insulator‐conductor transition in the filler network providing a sufficient difference between the affinities of fillers for dissimilar DBC blocks. The order–order transition between the lamella and cylindrical morphologies of DBC has been found to cause a spike in the composite conductivity.
Evaluation of the Effect of Recycling of Carbon Fibers for Polypropylene Reinforcement
Authors: Giorgini Loris , Natali Paola , Sisti Laura , Vannini Micaela , Maccaferri Emanuele , Benelli Tiziana , Mazzocchetti Laura
Published: August 2024

The recycling of carbon fibers (CFs) from composites is becoming a necessity, with a gain both from economic and environmental point of views because carbon fibers are a high value‐added material and the energy requirement for their production is pretty high. The use of such recycled fibers needs to find reliable applications to fully close the circular economic loop and here it is demonstrated that their applications as short fiber reinforcement in thermoplastics are not only convenient but as reliable as prostin fibers. This work wants to evaluate the effect of the recycling and reprocessing recycled carbon fibers versus pristine fibers, when inserted in polyprolylene (PP), in the presence of different amounts of compatibilizer to promote a better fiber/matrix interaction.
Novel Hemp‐Based Biopolymers Plasticized with Spermidine and/or Glycerol
Authors: Mirpoor Seyedeh Fatemeh
Published: August 2024

This work investigates the effects of spermidine (SPD) on the properties of hemp‐based biopolymers developed in the absence or presence of glycerol (GLY). The mechanical properties of the biopolymer show that the tensile strength and Young's module significantly increase when the film is prepared with SPD alone (10 mm). However, the GLY plasticized films with the same concentration of 10 mm SPD have the highest elongation at break compared to the other films. The film moisture content, water solubility, and swelling ratio improve by the incorporation of SPD, resulting in the development of more hydrophobic biopolymers. However, the hydrophobicity and barrier properties to gases and water vapor of the biopolymers are higher when prepared with SPD alone.
3D Printed Watch Straps Manufactured with TPU Materials and the Influence of Infill Printing Characteristics on the Mechanical Tensile Behaviors
Authors: Braileanu Patricia Isabela , Pascu Nicoleta Elisabeta , Dobrescu Tiberiu Gabriel , Jiga Gabriel Gheorghe
Published: August 2024

Wrist watches have accompanied people in the most important moments since the 1810s and have undergone an esthetic and mechanical transformation process to align with safety standards and regulations depending on the destination of each type of wrist watch. This article aims to determine the influence of the filling percentage and the most common filling geometry pattern on the mechanical tensile behavior of a watch bracelet model manufactured from flexible filament. The comparative study is carried out on samples with two different filling percentages, manufactured by using the FDM technology from a thermoplastic material polyether‐polyurethane elastomer (TPU) with a hardness scale of 82A and thermoplastic elastomer (TPU) with a hardness scale of 93A, these being subsequently subjected to two‐direction traction tests with the aim of determining the braking strap models resistance depending on the material hardness, thus, creating the prerequisites for finding a solution to increase the durability of the custom made watch straps from TPU through FDM technology.
Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of Polyamide 11/Sepiolite Nanocomposites
Authors: Fares Sofia , Dehouche Nadjet , Kaci Mustapha
Published: August 2024

The objective of the paper is to investigate the effect of organo‐modified sepiolite (MSep) on morphology, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of polyamide‐11 (PA11) prepared by melt compounding at 5 wt.%. The study reveals that the addition of both unmodified sepiolite (USep) and organo‐MSep to PA11 improves the reinforcement effect of the nanocomposite materials compared to neat PA11, being however more pronounced for the organo‐modified one. Indeed, morphological analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows a finer dispersion of organo‐MSep in PA11 matrix than the unmodified one, which is characterized by a significant presence of fibers aggregates in number and size. Further, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) results are in a good agreement with both tensile properties and TEM observations.
Study of the Behavior of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Elastomers Structures Aimed at Emulating Traditional Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Natali Paola , Mazzocchetti Laura , Bertoldo Denis , Campari Enrico Gianfranco , Benelli Tiziana , Maccaferri Emanuele , Giani Niccolò , Giorgini Loris
Published: August 2024

The present paper introduces a preliminary analysis and the recent development of three‐dimensional (3D) printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPE‐U) as a replacement of polyurethane (PU) foams that has led to a recyclable product. Among the various 3D printing techniques available, the team focuses on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) because of its simplicity, affordability, and versatility in printing geometries and recyclability of materials. Four thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomers with different stiffness (in the range of Shore A) are used. Therefore, through the combination of different printing geometries, modulation of the main printing parameters, and different materials, an attempt is made to simulate the mechanical behavior of PU foams, which are commonly used for the production of paddings. The mechanical evaluation, by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), of the of 3D printed specimens has highlighted a qualitatively different and potentially superior behavior with respect to that of PU foam.
AFM Investigation as a Key Analysis to Determine the Drug Location in Electrospun Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Guadagno Liberata , Raimondo Marialuigia , Vertuccio Luigi , Ciardulli Maria Camilla , Sirignano Marco , Mariconda Annaluisa , Porta Giovanna Della , Longo Raffaele
Published: August 2024

The current study analyzes the possibility of determining the drug location in electrospun polymeric matrices and forecasting the release kinetics of drug delivery systems. Electrospun membranes made of polycaprolactone (PCL) loaded with dacarbazine (the drug of choice for the treatment of melanoma) and with AuM1 (a promising synthetic Au‐based complex recently proposed for antitumoral treatments) are successfully prepared. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis is performed on various membranes, highlighting the relevance of investigating the three‐dimensional topology of the membranes for understanding the release kinetic. The produced mats are similar for all membranes, but significant differences in the microscopic roughness wall between the systems loaded with AuM1 and dacarbazine are observed.

For AuM1, which has a low affinity with the PCL matrix, the complex aggregates on the nanofibers’ external walls, consequently increasing the roughness and causing a high burst in the first hours of release. On the other hand, dacarbazine is successfully included in the bulk core of the PCL nanofibers. Thus, the release kinetics is diffusive and well described by the Fick model.
3D Extrusion and Stereolithography Printing Methods for Producing Multifunctional Polymer Composites
Authors: Tamburri Emanuela , Montaina Luca , Pescosolido Francesca , Carcione Rocco , Battistoni Silvia
Published: August 2024

This study presents a short overview of the main 3D polymer composite items that are fabricated by extrusion and stereolithography printing. By coupling polymers traditionally used in additive manufacturing, such as PEGDA, and polymers of biomedical interest, such as PVA, with carbon nanostructures, such as nanodiamond and graphene nanoplates, and conductive polymers, such as PEDOT and PANI, it has been possible to produce objects with specific functional properties exploited for fabricating scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation as well as soft electrodes for developing organic compounds sensing devices and electrocardiogram monitoring systems under real‐time conditions.
Simulation and Experimental Comparison of Joule‐Heating Effect in Carbon‐Based Epoxy Resin
Authors: Spinelli Giovanni , Guarini Rosella , Vertuccio Luigi , Guadagno Liberata , Romano Vittorio
Published: August 2024

In light of the ever‐increasing demand for lightweight materials suitable for heat transport applications, many efforts are devoted to enhancing the thermal properties of polymer‐based nanocomposites via nanofillers. In the present study, nanocomposites based on epoxy resin, including 3 wt% of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), are prepared and then thermally characterized. More in detail, it is investigated the temperature increase over time, due to the Joule heating effect, when different voltage values (70, 80, and 90 V) are applied to the specimens. These experimental measures validate a simulation study performed with commercial software (COMSOL Multiphysics®), which allows the investigation of several thermal aspects of the Joule heating. A perfect agreement between experimental and modeling data is found. This means that, in support of experimental activities, modern computational methods can add knowledge in materials science to discover new advanced materials or investigate the existing ones in depth. The present case study examines the potential use of nano‐reinforced polymeric materials for thermal applications involving the Joule effect.
Solvolysis Process for Recycling Carbon Fibers from Epoxy‐Based Composites
Authors: Tortorici Daniele , Clemente Roberto , Laurenzi Susanna
Published: August 2024

Fiber reinforced polymers boast exceptional mechanical performance coupled with low material density. Over recent decades, their usage has been steadily increasing and is poised to accelerate in the future. These materials typically have a lifespan of around 25–30 years, so at present time lots of tons of polymer composites are next to their end of life and this volume continues to grow. Currently, a significant portion of these materials is either incinerated or landfilled, resulting in substantial environmental impacts. Numerous studies have aimed to identify optimal recycling approaches, one of which involves solvolysis: the chemical dissolution of the polymer matrix. In this study, a solvolysis method has been devised and refined to effectively recover carbon fibers from composites while minimizing property degradation. The process begins with the identification of a suitable solvolysis fluid, specifically an aqueous sulfuric acid solution. Subsequently, key solvolysis parameters including solution concentration, temperature, residence time, and fluid agitation are meticulously optimized. The chemical and morphological impacts of this process are thoroughly examined using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis and scanning electron microscope observations.
Colloidal Stability of Chitosan/DNA Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Presence of Biological Polyanions
Authors: Nando Rodríguez Jesrael Luz Elena , Figueroa Ochoa Edgar Benjamín , Renteria Urquiza Maite , Bravo‐Anaya Lourdes Mónica
Published: August 2024

Natural or synthetic polycations are used in nucleic acid‐based therapies as complexing agents which interact electrostatically with nucleic acids, condense them into nanoparticles, protect them and control their entry into cells. However, although the literature on the formation of nanoparticles known as complexes is well documented, fewer studies have focused on the physical chemistry behind their disassembly, especially under physicochemical conditions found in an intracellular environment. There are several theories of the disassembly of these complexes, one of them consisting in the exchange between the polycations of these particles with biological polyanions. This project is focused on the study of the complexation mechanism of chitosan and calf‐thymus DNA, as well as the stability of the obtained complexes in presence of biological polyanions, i.e., glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In the presence of polyelectrolyte complexes, GAGs that are present in cells are expected to compete with nucleic acids and dissociate the complex if polycation–GAG association is thermodynamically favored. It is found that chitosan/DNA complexes colloidal stability depends on its [N+]/[P−] charge ratio (R). Furthermore, it is determined that the aggregation onset of the complexes, generated by the addition of different GAGs, depends on the structure and the charge density of the GAGs.
Effect of DNA's Molecular Weight on their Solution Viscosity, Critical Concentrations, and Liquid Crystals Formation
Authors: Álvarez Scarlett ElizabethLópez , González Guillermo Toriz , Martínez José Félix Armando Soltero , Ochoa Edgar Benjamín Figueroa , Gómez Gabriel Landazuri , Saint‐Jalmes Arnaud , Bravo‐Anaya Lourdes Mónica
Published: August 2024

The study of the dynamics of nucleic acids in solution, their flow properties, and viscoelasticity is of great importance for understanding their biological functions. Many important properties of nucleic acids, such as DNA, depend on polymer concentration, CDNA, molecular weight (MW), rigidity, and external salt content, the latter parameter affecting electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, DNA molecular chains can organize, in vitro, into liquid crystalline phases at high CDNA. In this work, three DNA samples with different MW were studied in solution in a broad concentration range (CDNA from 0.025 to 200 mg mL−1, depending on DNA MW). Firstly, the intrinsic viscosities and MW for all DNA samples were determined through capillary and rheological measurements. Then, the overlap concentrations, C*, were estimated from the relation C* ≈ [η]−1. DNA chain characteristics were then analyzed in terms of the influence of DNA MW on the solution viscosities and on the overlap parameter, CDNA[η]. Flow birefringence appearance was identified by screening a wide CDNA range through visual observations with crossed polarizers. Finally, crossed‐light polarized microscopy was used to identify the appearance of liquid crystals at rest, confirming that higher CDNA are needed to obtain liquid crystals for low MW DNA samples.
Flexible Screen‐Printed Thermoelectric Materials Based on PEDOT:PSS/DWCNT Composites
Authors: Mauro Anna De Girolamo Del , Imparato Antonio , Miscioscia Riccardo , Tassini Paolo
Published: August 2024

Screen printing technology is employed to prepare poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) films as active p‐type material for flexible thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Performance of the PEDOT:PSS/CNT composites have been optimized by changing the formulation inks to make them suitable for screen printing, by varying the CNT concentrations and by treating the printed polymeric films in ethylene glycol (EG). The purpose of this work is finding the processing conditions that optimize conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and the power factor of the fully printed material. From experimental data, the composite with 10% by weight of DWCNT chemically treated in EG maximizes conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and power factor of the material.
Current developments of gene therapy in human diseases
Authors: Liu Fanfei , Li Ruiting , Zhu Zilin , Yang Yang , Lu Fang
Published: August 2024

Gene therapy has witnessed substantial advancements in recent years, becoming a constructive tactic for treating various human diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of these developments, with a focus on their diverse applications in different disease contexts. It explores the evolution of gene delivery systems, encompassing viral (like adeno‐associated virus; AAV) and nonviral approaches, and evaluates their inherent strengths and limitations. Moreover, the review delves into the progress made in targeting specific tissues and cell types, spanning the eye, liver, muscles, and central nervous system, among others, using these gene technologies. This targeted approach is crucial in addressing a broad spectrum of genetic disorders, such as inherited lysosomal storage diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Recent clinical trials and successful outcomes in gene therapy, particularly those involving AAV and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR‐associated proteins, are highlighted, illuminating the transformative potentials of this approach in disease treatment. The review summarizes the current status of gene therapy, its prospects, and its capacity to significantly ameliorate patient outcomes and quality of life. By offering comprehensive analysis, this review provides invaluable insights for researchers, clinicians, and stakeholders, enriching the ongoing discourse on the trajectory of disease treatment.
Role of hydrogen sulfide in health and disease
Authors: Jin Yu‐Qing , Yuan Hang , Liu Ya‐Fang , Zhu Yi‐Wen , Wang Yan , Liang Xiao‐Yi , Gao Wei , Ren Zhi‐Guang , Ji Xin‐Ying , Wu Dong‐Dong
Published: August 2024

In the past, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was recognized as a toxic and dangerous gas; in recent years, with increased research, we have discovered that H2S can act as an endogenous regulatory transmitter. In mammals, H2S‐catalyzing enzymes, such as cystathionine‐β‐synthase, cystathionine‐γ‐lyase, and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, are differentially expressed in a variety of tissues and affect a variety of biological functions, such as transcriptional and posttranslational modification of genes, activation of signaling pathways in the cell, and metabolic processes in tissues, by producing H2S. Various preclinical studies have shown that H2S affects physiological and pathological processes in the body. However, a detailed systematic summary of these roles in health and disease is lacking. Therefore, this review provides a thorough overview of the physiological roles of H2S in different systems and the diseases associated with disorders of H2S metabolism, such as ischemia–reperfusion injury, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Meanwhile, this paper also introduces H2S donors and novel release modes, as well as the latest preclinical experimental results, aiming to provide researchers with new ideas to discover new diagnostic targets and therapeutic options.
XBB.1.16‐RBD‐based trimeric protein vaccine can effectively inhibit XBB.1.16‐included XBB subvariant infection
Authors: Peng Dandan , He Cai , Chen Zimin , Lei Hong , Huang Xiya , Ye Chunjun , Wang Binhan , Hao Ying , Du Xinyi , Lu Shuaiyao , Hu Hongbo , Cheng Wei , Dong Haohao , Lei Jian , Zhou Xikun , Song Xiangrong , Lu Guangwen , Wei Xiawei
Published: August 2024

The newly identified XBB.1.16‐containing sublineages, including XBB.1.5, have become the prevailing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variant in circulation. Unlike previous Omicron XBB variants (e.g., XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.9) harboring the F486P substitution, XBB.1.16 also carries a T478R substitution in the receptor‐binding domain (RBD). Numerous researchers have delved into the high transmissibility and immune evasion of XBB.1.16 subvariant. Therefore, developing a new vaccine targeting XBB.1.16, including variants of concern (VOCs), is paramount. In our study, we engineered a recombinant protein by directly linking the S‐RBD sequence of the XBB.1.16 strain of SARS‐CoV‐2 to the sequences of two heptad repeat sequences (HR1 and HR2) from the SARS‐CoV‐2 S2 subunit. Named the recombinant RBDXBB.1.16‐HR/trimeric protein, this fusion protein autonomously assembles into a trimer. Combined with an MF59‐like adjuvant, the RBDXBB.1.16‐HR vaccine induces a robust humoral immune response characterized by high titers of neutralizing antibodies against variant pseudovirus and authentic VOCs and cellular immune responses. Additionally, a fourth heterologous RBDXBB.1.16‐HR vaccine enhances both humoral and cellular immune response elicited by three‐dose mRNA vaccines. These findings demonstrate that the recombinant RBDXBB.1.16‐HR protein, featuring the new T478R mutation, effectively induces solid neutralizing antibodies to combat newly emerged XBB variants.
Targeting tumor microenvironment with photodynamic nanomedicine
Authors: Modi Suraj Kumar , Mohapatra Pragyan , Bhatt Priya , Singh Aishleen , Parmar Avanish Singh , Roy Aniruddha , Joshi Vibhuti , Singh Manu Smriti
Published: August 2024

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved for the treatment of certain cancers and precancer lesions. While early Photosensitizers (PS) have found their way to the clinic, research in the last two decades has led to the development of third‐generation PS, including photodynamic nanomedicine for improved tumor delivery and minimal systemic or phototoxicity. In terms of nanoparticle design for PDT, we are witnessing a shift from passive to active delivery for improved outcomes with reduced PS dosage. Tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises of a complex and dynamic landscape with myriad potential targets for photodynamic nanocarriers that are surface‐modified with ligands. Herein, we review ways to improvise PDT by actively targeting nanoparticles (NPs) to intracellular organelles such as mitochondria or lysosomes and so forth, overcoming the limitations caused by PDT‐induced hypoxia, disrupting the blood vascular networks in tumor tissues—vascular targeted PDT (VTP) and targeting immune cells for photoimmunotherapy. We propose that a synergistic outlook will help to address challenges such as deep‐seated tumors, metastasis, or relapse and would lead to robust PDT response in patients.
Natural and synthetic 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazoles: Biological activity, chemical synthesis and advanced molecules
Authors: Liu Jing‐Rui , Jiang En‐Yu , Sukhbaatar Otgonpurev , Zhang Wei‐Hua , Zhang Ming‐Zhi , Yang Guang‐Fu , Gu Yu‐Cheng
Published: August 2024

5‐(3′‐Indolyl)oxazole moiety is a privileged heterocyclic scaffold, embedded in many biologically interesting natural products and potential therapeutic agents. Compounds containing this scaffold, whether from natural sources or synthesized, have demonstrated a wide array of biological activities. This has piqued the interest of synthetic chemists, leading to a large number of reported synthetic approaches to 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazole scaffold in recent years. In this review, we comprehensively overviewed the different biological activities and chemical synthetic methods for the 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazole scaffold reported in the literatures from 1963 to 2024. The focus of this study is to highlight the significance of 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazole derivatives as the lead compounds for the lead discovery of anticancer, pesticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory agents, to summarize the synthetic methods for the 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazole scaffold. In addition, the reported mechanism of action of 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazoles and advanced molecules studied in animal models are also reviewed. Furthermore, this review offers perspectives on how 5‐(3′‐indolyl)oxazole scaffold as a privileged structure might be exploited in the future.
A novel BP algorithm‐based UWB MIMO ground‐penetrating imaging system
Authors: Xu Huaqiang , Li Xiaoshuang , Fan Yucheng , Yu Xinchang , Wang Yumeng , Zhao Yuefeng , Wang Jingjing
Published: August 2024

Ultra‐wideband (UWB) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar has been widely used in detection systems due to its advantages, such as low cost and high data acquisition capability. The detection system is applied in various ground‐penetrating applications, including mine detection and earthquake rescue. In this paper, a novel UWB MIMO radar system based on step‐frequency continuous wave is designed for underground target detection. To improve the penetration depth and high‐range resolution, a new miniature Vivaldi antenna with a bandwidth of 1–3 GHz is designed and integrated into the ground‐penetrating imaging system. Furthermore, a multiscale weighted time‐domain back projection (BP) algorithm is proposed to suppress artifacts and reduce the computational complexity of the BP algorithm. The designed system is tested by detecting stationary targets. The experimental results agree well with the simulation. The reconstructed images show that the designed MIMO radar system can successfully image underground targets.