bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training Techniques for Responders—Critical Thinking or Algorithmic
Authors: Smith M.
Published: December 2007

The aim of the responder is to quickly turn an emergency into a project that is under control, this is critical to the evolution of a response; given this is the method of training used for oil spill responders due for review? In this paper the author will look at training methods for responders and if there should be a step change in the way the industry train people for varying roles in spill response.

The initial phase of a response can define its success. Handled correctly the need for a fast, visible, and coordinated response will be met. The initial response can also be a time for panic when a sense of calm is needed. In similar emergency response industries where coolness and composure are required, different training methods are currently employed. This paper will analyse various methods of training in the medical sector, namely the algorithmic training of paramedics, in order to evaluate these emergency strategies for the purposes of comparison and learning.

The later stages of a spill require the same management skills as any project; where actions can be planned and implemented with a calm and composed mindset using a detailed project plan. However a key difference in thinking is required to tackle both the initial emergency response and project areas of a spill. In the project phase of a spill critical thinking is a necessity. This critical thinking is the process of applying and analyzing information gathered from observation or communication, as a guide to actions. Good critical thinking should show clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance and fairness. The mindset involved in this phase is difficult to teach and evaluate. The author will look into how this can be achieved by referring again to the medical sector, namely the diagnostics and accident and emergency divisions.

With the two distinct stages of spills and the need to transfer rapidly from emergency to project phases the author will look into the advantages and disadvantages of adopting new distinct training techniques for responders for both periods of a spill. The function of this paper will be to provoke thought into changing the way the industry look at training people for purpose. It aims to discuss the possibilities of increasing logical step-by-step thinking for first responders creating set parameters that will then define deliverable information to those trained in critical thinking and spill management.
A Simple Mechanistic Model for Void Fraction and Pressure Gradient Prediction in Vertical and Inclined Gas/Liquid Flow
Authors: Khasanov Mars , Khabibullin Rinat , Krasnov Vitaly , Pashali Alexander , Guk Slava
Published: December 2007

A new mechanistic model for two-phase flow in vertical and inclined pipes was proposed based on Drift-Flux approach. The proposed model, unlike the other mechanistic models (Ansari et al.1, Xiao et al.2, Unified Mechanistic Model3), which incorporate a system of nonlinear equation to solve, uses an explicit equation for liquid holdup prediction thus reducing computation time significantly. Coupled with some simplified assumptions on PVT, such simple form of liquid holdup prediction formula enables analytical integration of pressure gradient in two-phase flow along the pipe. This procedure is usually used to speed-up calculation of bottom-hole pressure for large number wells for oil production optimization purposes4.

Drift-flux approach can predict liquid holdup for bubbly flow quite accurately. But for slug flow, it usually underestimates the void fraction. Since slug flow is the most common in producing wells, this leads to the pressure drop being overestimated significantly, that can be proved comparing computational results to the experimental data and mechanistic models. Small gas bubbles in liquid slugs should be taken into account to predict liquid holdup for slug flow more accurately. Gas in slug body is considered by adding a proper term to the void fraction expression. This term is based on correlation for liquid holdup in slug body. The model was evaluated using Rosneft field data and TUFFP databank. Evaluation of the model was made in comparison with three other mechanistic models for multiphase flow
Occupational Exposure Hazards Related to the Use of Drilling Fluids Presented with Remedial Risk Management Guidelines
Authors: James R. , Nistov A. , Smulders C. , Walker K. , Schei T. , Leblond N. , Sopko M. , Fonneland T.
Published: December 2007

The occupational exposure risk of chemicals to personnel during well construction operations is managed and controlled. The control of exposure of personnel to chemicals during well construction operations has not always been given the same focus as environmental issues. To some extent the reduction of environmental risks has also resulted in reduced health and safety risks. The containment of fluids for disposal, rather than immediate discharge may increase occupational exposure. It is important to conduct comprehensive risk assessments of drilling fluid systems that consider health, environmental and safety issues.

A significant quantity of the chemicals supplied to the well site are used during drilling operations. As a result, drilling operations give rise to the greatest occupational exposure to drilling fluids. In this paper the general background of drilling fluids and the various categories of base fluids and additives in use today are discussed. The paper examines trends in use, human exposure, best practices in fluid use, monitoring of health hazards and effects, and recommends some risk reduction measures.
What to do when People Deliberately Violate Safety Rules
Authors: Veley Carl
Published: December 2007

One of a manager’s most difficult activities occurs when his or her subordinates know exactly what behavior is expected of them, fully understand the reasons behind that expectation, and nevertheless deliberately do something else. The chances are that the manager has to deal with a group norm.

A quick search of Internet resources will produce many thousands of links to scholarly discussions of group norms and associated phenomena, but busy managers may not be interested in such academic pursuits. They just want a simple method of dealing with a group of employees who routinely and knowingly take shortcuts, skip contingency planning, ignore PPE requirements, or otherwise deliberately violate safety rules.

One method of dealing with group norm problems is to hold a norm-changing meeting. This method does not require advanced education in the human behavior sciences, but it does require the manager to understand a few basic points about how people react when their way of doing things is challenged.

This paper presents a step-by-step example of a typical norm-changing meeting. People seeking an in-depth understanding will want to research the subject further, but the information given here should be enough for an average manager to utilize the methodology.

The author has had occasion to apply this technique by facilitating norm-changing meetings in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia and has so far found it applicable in all cultures.
Logging While Drilling Measurements: From Correlation to Evaluation
Authors: Tollefsen Ed , Weber Amanda , Kramer Aron , Sirkin Gerald , Hartman Don , Grant Lisa
Published: December 2007

Since their origin in 1912, wireline-conveyed logging tools have firmly established themselves as the industry preferred tools and often the only accepted formation evaluation method. Since its inception over 25 years ago, Logging While Drilling (LWD) formation evaluation measurements have been often viewed as correlation only. This "correlation stigma" is caused by a number of factors including a lack of accounting for environmental effects, formation changes, and evolving tool capabilities. These issues are compounded by low resolution and sparse real-time data resulting from transmission rates that have been as low as 1/2 bit per second (bps).

This paper will review the fundamental differences in LWD and wireline conveyed measurements. It addresses the environmental corrections being applied to LWD measurements by the industry today; the positive effects that new drilling technology can have on the logging environment; the changes to the formation that occur between drilling with LWD tools and wireline evaluation; the advancements in real-time capabilities; the evolution of LWD tools that enable real-time formation evaluation; and the need to develop physical measurements in LWD.

Better understanding of these areas will allow direct well-to-well comparisons regardless of the method of conveyance of the formation evaluation measurements and will enable operators to make more informed decisions as to which technology applies best for each well environment.
Guidelines to Evaluate Oil Spill Contingency Plan Adequacy, Response Competency, and Sustained Readiness
Authors: Owens E. H. , Taylor E.
Published: December 2007

The ability to respond effectively and efficiently to an oil spill depends on good planning and preparedness. A number of guidelines and recommendations have been developed to assist with plan and strategy development, equipment suitability, and training procedures but there are no internationally recognized standards against which readiness can be evaluated. Such standards and the procedures by which competency are evaluated generally exist in countries with a well developed regulatory environment. For many projects the instigation and maintenance of an appropriate level of oil spill response (OSR) readiness in line with best international practice is the responsibility of the operator or owner of the project. Guidelines are presented to evaluate competency and effectiveness in: (1) the Planning Phase, during which objectives and strategies are developed and response resources are identified; (2) the Implementation Phase, in which the various different management and operational components are acquired, assembled, and trained; and (3) the Sustained Readiness Phase, that continues through the life of the project as standards are maintained, monitored, and improvements are introduced. Three response readiness elements common to the three project phases are (i) management, (ii) operation, and (iii) evaluation. Each of these elements is as important as the others and a deficiency in one affects the overall adequacy of the response system as a whole. The evaluation tools used in each phase include matrices and checklists for oil spill response plans (OSRPs) and related documents, performance assessment of drills and exercises to test the implementation of the plans and proposed strategies, and monitoring for sustained management and operational readiness.
Corporate Personal Health Management
Authors: Banon A. S. M.
Published: December 2007

The lifestyle related disorders are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Malaysia. The development of these diseases such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes is significantly attributed by unhealthy lifestyles. The shift from traditional infectious diseases to these `modern diseases’ is mainly caused by changes in lifestyle patterns and increase in the aging population in Malaysia.

Smoking, lack of exercise and fast food are now becoming very much a part of our culture. Many workers are obese and medically unfit and they impose a huge burden on company’s annual budget. Apart from promoting a healthy lifestyle at the national level, a systematic approach to managing this issue must be done at the industry level. An integrated medical programme using a `Therapeutic Lifestyles Changes (TLC)’ strategy has been designed to alleviate this issue. The objective of this programme is to reduce the identified risks by monitoring the progress and effectiveness of intervention parameters and to manage them accordingly once the deranged intervention parameters are identified. Emphasis is given on the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle comprising a healthy diet, weight control and increased physical activity. The programme is conducted by a team of expert in various disciplines like occupational health physician, dietician and fitness instructor.

The overall risk of cardiovascular disease and its co-morbidities is very alarming. It is hoped that the Corporate Personal Health Management Programme can benefit the participants.
Diabetes Mellitus Management by Using Evidence-Based Data Management System
Authors: Jahdaly E.
Published: December 2007

Background
Occupational Health Aspects of Emergency Preparedness and Response
Authors: Jones D. S.
Published: December 2007

This paper outlines some general principles of emergency preparedness and response that are relevant to occupational health. This is followed by a brief summary of what ‘occupational health’ means. It then discusses occupational health aspects of emergency preparedness and response from two perspectives; firstly, when occupational health supports the impacted business line, and secondly, when occupational health itself might be affected by an emergency and needs to address its own business continuity.
Utilising E-Medicine in Remote Location
Authors: Nicosia Vincenzo , Mika Frano , De Sanctis Sabatino , Lesma Alessandro , Consentino Massimo
Published: December 2007

Saipem is one of the biggest contractor company in Oil and Gas industry. Within it’s organisation, and as part of the QHSE, Saipem has developed an in-house medical department, whose main objective, apart the management of medical emergencies, is prevention, health protection and promotion. In order to make these principals available and applicable at all 119 working site scattered world wide Saipem decided to initiate and develop the implementation of e-medicine in its daily operations. The aim of Saipem’s e-medicine project is to provide assistance to physicians working in remote areas, where medical equipment is often the basic one and the local health care system is mostly rudimentary. Groups like Saipem have a very high percentage of International employees working in foreign countries, as well as local staff. In sites like offshore drilling platforms or desert production fields, it is often difficult to manage health care needs and prevention. Local surveys are carried out before any operations in a new region begin, in order to evaluate: 1) Local medical – epidemiological issues with data relating to the morbidity and mortality of the main endemic pathologies. 2) geographical and environmental risk factors. 3) Risk factors related to the operational activities. 4) Hygiene conditions in the workplace, accommodation, recreational areas, canteen, stores and warehouses. 5) Supply, conservation and distribution of food and water. 6) Waste disposal. 7) Availability, accessibility, effectiveness, quality and reliability of local medical facilities and local doctors. 8) Management of medical emergencies and medical evacuations. 9) Impact and effect of industrial activities on the health of local community.

Saipem ensure healthcare and medical assistance to its workforce by means of agreements with local health facilities responding to the Corporate’s Minimum Standards of quality, partnership with International Companies operating in the same area and in – house setting and running its own health programs and its own medical facilities.
Development of Globally Accepted Standards for Emergency Medical Response Systems
Authors: Luppen Kevin
Published: December 2007

The search for energy resources in more remote areas of the world has created significant challenges to provide adequate and appropriate emergency medical services as inherent high risks require a timely response. A major incident could lead to mass casualties and in a location with a poor or inaccessible health infrastructure chances of survival are seriously diminished. Business, project and HSE managers are under significant time and cost pressures, and without guidelines, may choose an inefficient or inappropriate delivery model. Without consistent competence and resource expectations in medical delivery systems across the world, project planning becomes very difficult and the risks for poor medical outcomes increase. Guidelines providing a practicable model assist in achieving compliance with global standards and assurance that risks are adequately managed.
You Can't Get the Staff These Days!
Authors: Greenwood Bob
Published: December 2007

The stereotypical white male middle-class board serves most companies at a time when nearly all significant businesses face intense competition.

Are boards really changing for the better? The evidence is only moderately encouraging. Too many boards remain staffed by men of similar education, career paths and social tribe.

There are sound commercial reasons for promoting diversity in the boardroom. Not least of these is the fact that organisations reflect their boards.

The Oil & Gas industry is far from embracing and utilising difference in its widest sense. The temptation to recruit known and trusted people remains strong.

As the UK's leading Headhunter, Odgers see too few organisations positively seeking people from outside the sector.

The most forward-looking organisations are those that not only recognise the changing demographic trends and availability of skills, but also understand benefits to be gained in employing a more diverse workforce. Odgers advise our clients on how valuing diversity emphasises inclusion and mutual respect and makes business sense, and we help broaden the candidate pool.

This has many advantages.

Professionals hired from other industries bring a different mindset and often introduce other best practices which add significant value to a workforce.

Candidates from outwith the Oil & Gas sector are often easier to attract because their remuneration packages are frequently smaller. They are therefore easier to attract, motivate and retain.

Odgers will present success stories from across our business, including Oil & Gas, and other Private and Public Sector clients, to illustrate the benefits of such an approach. Odgers will show how organisations have successfully embraced diversity to measurable benefit.

We will also explain our success in the demystification of the Oil & Gas industry when attracting non sector candidates, and how challenging the Industry mindset influences ‘Management’ into being more receptive to a diverse workforce.
Combining Expandable and Intelligent Completions To Deliver a Selective Multizone Sandface Completion, Subsea Nigeria
Authors: Innes Gareth , Lacy Rodger , Neumann Juergen , Guinot Frederic
Published: December 2007

In order to comply with local regulation, production volumes from each reservoir in the Okowri field offshore Nigeria, must be identifiable. Addax Petroleum's strategy for their Okwori subsea field development project was to produce a number of stacked reservoirs in each of the wells, using selective completions to facilitate testing and fingerprinting of individual zones.

Due to the unconsolidated nature of the reservoir, downhole sand control was required for all wells. A technical study of all available technology at the time of design showed that expandable sand screen deployed inside the casedhole could deliver the combination of reservoir zonal isolation and internal diameter for integration with selective downhole control flow valves and isolation packer. This combination of expandable and intelligent completion technologies was an industry first.

The initial completion design was based on casing and cementing the entire productive interval prior to perforating each of the target reservoir sands. Expandable sand screens [ESS®] were then placed across each interval spaced out with blank pipe. Isolation packers were set within the string to provide zonal isolation. Following installation of the sandface completion, downhole flow control valves were run through the expanded sand screens and the producing interval isolated, with packers set in the blank pipe run between the sections of expandable sand screen. This completion configuration delivered zonal isolation and surface control over each zone, facilitating selective production and fingerprinting.

This paper describes the initial casedhole completion design, systems installation and subsequent performance as well as the engineering and project management that are required in order to deliver this combination new technology system. Further, the paper will also discuss how the original completion design has evolved with the introduction of the latest openhole zonal isolation devices to deliver a true openhole sandface completion with intelligent selectivity.
The CFD Approach for the Risk Analysis of a Blowout Event
Authors: Borello Lorenzo , Bonuccelli Michele , Morale Gianni
Published: December 2007

The uncontrolled blow-out of a well is one of the most critical accidents that can occur during both exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon fields. Significant HSE issues are associated to this event that introduces safety risks for field operators, potential health injury for the population and impacts on the environment.

Blowouts need to be evaluated through specific models: commercial packages may lead to a non-exhaustive analysis and underestimate the effects. Some phenomena that occur during a blow-out event are not sufficiently treated in literature, so that experimental or CFD investigations are sometime necessary to allow an exhaustive analysis and the expansion of a specific database, useful to develop and validate simplified models. ENI E&P has been carrying out a specific R&D project since 1998.

This paper describes some blow-out jet simulations, and the associated methodology, carried out applying the CFD approach. The jet development into atmosphere affects strongly the cloud evolution, in terms of shape and concentration, and then the flammable/toxic gas dispersion as well as heat radiation.

Different release conditions have been analyzed:

horizontal and vertical jet, both ignited and unignited; free and restrained jet; heavy and neutral gas dispersion.

Jet direction has a strong effect on cloud formation and dispersion: for example if a horizontal jet take place near the ground, it can remain glued on it (KOANDA effect), resulting in high concentration. This phenomena take place also in case of ignited jet: the flame remains glued to the ground, resulting in high temperature and radiation level. Moreover, totally restrained jet could generate a heavy-gas cloud, resulting in high concentration in the near-field. In this case, the cloud formation happens in different consequent stages, and a transition analysis is necessary to reproduce the event correctly, in terms of risk area evaluation.
Electromagnetic Prospect Scanning—Seabed Logging Moves from Risk Reduction to Value Creation
Authors: Lindom B. P. , Lie J. E. , Ridyard D.
Published: December 2007

Seabed logging is an emerging technology that measures subsurface resistivity prior to drilling. The technique has been commercially available for over 5 years, and has been proven to reduce drilling risk in many offshore geologic environments.

Electromagnetic scanning is a new application of this proven technology. Sparse spatial sampling and wide azimuth geometry can be used to apply seabed logging to find and accelerate delivery of new prospects in frontier areas.

In this paper, we evaluate the costs and benefits of various geometries and show results from the Campos basin in Brasil.
Incident- and Injury-Free Program (IIF) at CUEL
Authors: Olarikded Eakchai
Published: December 2007

IIF is not another safety related system. IIF is about addressing the human side of safety, where the objective and the subjective elements are equally important.

CUEL is a construction company with daily workforce of around 2000 workers engaged in offshore platform design, fabrication and installation. We are embarking on a journey of an Incident and Injury Free program (IIF) to improve our safety performance. CUEL’s vision is to be a construction company with an incident and injury free workplace, where safety is a core value alongside other business values like Quality or Integrity. CUEL wants to build safety a culture where each individual chooses to work safely and having zero incidents is not a target but a reality.

To become incident and injury free, CUEL has started to turn around the organization’s mentality by integrating safety aspects into the business culture. The IIF program began by provoking both a personal and organizational commitment to working safely and then continued by creating trustworthy relationships from across top management to workers at shopfloor. Leadership plays a key role in this process to make everyone’s actions consistent with the commitment to eliminate incident and worker injury. The distinction between management and leadership must be understood. Leadership development has been facilitated through external and internal coaching.

The first phase of the program implementation was from July 2006 to January 2007. The program evaluation conducted after the first six month implementation showed a positive shift in safety mentality of the workforce at the LCB Yard. Safety has started to be part of the open communication among workers whereby more safety concerns have been raised, reporting of minor first aid has increased, and near-miss reporting is encouraged.

CUEL has to thank its Board of Directors, major clients and stakeholders, who value safety and believe in an incident free environment, for giving support to CUEL management to continue on this IIF journey.
A Report on the Healthy Lifestyle Initiative at Brunei Shell Petroleum Company, Negara Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Kwong J. T. L. , Seruji L. H.
Published: December 2007

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in Negara Brunei Darussalam (83.8/100000 of the population in 2005).

One of the key missions of Panaga Health Centre (PHC) is the "Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle" among the employees of Brunei Shell Petroleum Company (BSP). The overall aim is to encourage our employees’ participation in the regular cardiovascular screening programme and health promotion activities, thus leading to a modification of health behaviours and thereby reducing the health risks and consequently, adverse health outcomes of the employees.

A 3-year screening program was instituted in June 2003 and by September 2005, PHC adapted the Cardiovascular Risk Matrix System as used by the New Zealand Medical Council as a screening tool to predict the risk of a cardiovascular event to an individual. Measurements and risk factors taken into consideration are age, gender, ethnicity, smoking history, fasting lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (diabetes status), blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index and total/HDL cholesterol ratio.

The screening matrix provides a simple quantitative method for assessing a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease and provides a basis for measurement of improvement after appropriate interventional programmes such as treatments to reduce blood pressure or cholesterol levels, either through lifestyle modifications or with drugs. Early treatment and education of the patient will reduce the morbidity and mortality risk to an individual, which will ultimately lead to a healthier and more productive workforce.

To date, a database of over 1,000 records has been collected, representing about a third of the working population of the Company. From these data, we are able to compile information such as the prevalence of overweight / obesity (based on the normal Asian BMI of 23 kg/m²) and metabolic syndrome. In a longer term, these parameters will enable us to gauge the success of our healthy lifestyle initiatives and allow us to plan and execute targeted programmes such as weight management programmes for employees.

Other intervention programmes offered by BSP include Smoking Cessation, Weight Management Programs and Stress Awareness / Management Workshops.

This report summarises the healthy lifestyle initiative at Brunei Shell Petroleum Company. Healthy Lifestyle initiatives have now been accepted Company-wide and most of the departments include health promotion activities as part of their HS&E initiatives, with an annual budget allocated for these activities.
Management of Sickness Absence and Return to Work
Authors: Luby John
Published: December 2007

Sickness Absence:

The Scale of the problem:

Sickness absence is a massive economic problem worldwide in both the public and private sectors. In the UK, according to the Federation of British Industries Report "Pulling Together: 2001 Absence and Labour Turnover Survey" (1), the gap in sickness absence performance between public and private sectors was at that time 10.2 days lost per employee against 7.2 days lost respectively. The gap in the sickness absence performance between private sectors of the economy has increased with transport and communication sectors being the highest, after the public sector, at 9.4 days lost per employee. The sectors with the lowest sickness absence rate are the professional services which include physicians.

Who Manages Sickness Absence?

In order to manage sickness absence it is important for employers to first know their levels of absence and how they compare with other companies in the same industry or business sector. Benchmarking sickness absence as a key performance indicator helps employers to identify gaps in performance between their organization and the average across a range of similar organizations. There is good evidence to suggest that an organization’s performance in the field of sickness absence management usually correlates well with a range of human resource management issues throughout the organization as a whole.The involvement of OH professionals was the favored approach in dealing with longer-term absences.

This supports the earlier contention that non-medical factors may be significant in sickness absence and predominantly so in short-term rather than long-term absence.
The Statoil Emergency Management Tool: EMMA
Authors: Nistov A. , Erstad T.
Published: December 2007

Emergency preparedness implies all technical and organisational measures which can prevent a hazard from escalating into an accident, or prevent or reduce the damaging effects of accidents. When emergency situations occur it is of vital importance for a company to have access to a system which register, log and track down the status of the situation and the employees involved. Examples of such essential information comprise the exact location of the employees, the number of people situated on each location, the physical and mental state of the employees and their dependents, and whether anyone is missing. The rule is that this information has to be made available in the shortest possible period of time. Another challenge is the amount of information and the number of officers handling the information. Examples of situations where such information was crucial to collect and share; Natural catastrophes as the tsunami that hit South-East Asia at the end of 2004, terror attacks like 9/11 and the bombings in Bali, Madrid and London, epidemics like the SARS and Marnburg (Angola), hostage-situations, major accidents offshore (Alexander Kielland) or onshore (Texas City).

Statoil has developed a group-wide emergency response support tool for use in emergency situations. The tool is called EMMA - EMergency MAnagement. By using EMMA Statoil can collect, log and share the information needed in order to be able to handle situations like those mentioned above. EMMA is a web-based tool, hence communication across the world is made possible in real time, and is independent of mobile telephony communication, which is a great advantage because experience show that telephone connections are likely to break down when major incidents occur. The system keeps a good and organized communication overview during an emergency incident and is of invaluable help when it comes to keeping track of what is done by whom and when. Automatic retrieval of information from other important systems like personal data registers, access control systems and travel data, enables the company to receive necessary information overviews promptly. By establishing these connections it is important to attend to the regulations stated in the Data Protection Act. Other advantages are the high degree of structure and intuitivism and the rigidness regarding altering logged data. EMMA has also proved useful when investigating incidents in retrospective and has contributed to improved learning in the organization from emergency incidents.

This paper will give a short introduction to emergency preparedness; organization, emergency response roles and functions, proactive management, emergency response annunciator systems and the Statoil emergency management tool; EMMA.
Harsh Environment HP/HT Gas-Condensate Production Cleanup Experiences—Kristin Field
Authors: Fosså Arild , Wennberg Kjell Erik , Bratteteig Trond S. , Aase Helge
Published: December 2007

This paper presents the well clean-up experiences for the Kristin HPHT gas-condensate field. The paper covers the production clean-up campaign design, including up front planning, job design, technology selection and review of the test results vs. the objectives. The paper also addresses requirements for safety and environmental considerations.

Traditional production clean-up methods and equipment has evolved over the years, adapting to changing authority and operator requirements, whilst striving to be more cost effective when it comes to operational cost, particularly in NPT terms. This has resulted in more complex equipment packages and much stricter environmental and safety requirements.

This paper will demonstrate how the above was addressed for the Kristin field development project and how the results compared with the set goals. Descriptions of the key design criteria and technology selection for HPHT gas-condensate well clean-up is covered together with the evolvement of these over time through the well clean-up campaign.
Cases Studies on Polymer Flooding for Poor Reservoirs in Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Cheng Jiecheng , Sui Xinguang , Bai Wenguang , Luo Jiangtao
Published: December 2007

The polymer flooding has been developed and applied for more than ten years in Daqing Oilfield of China, and the oil recovery in major reservoirs (referring to the reservoirs with high permeablity and thicknes) has improved more than 10% of OOIP, which has played an indispensable role in controlling oil decline for the oilfield. But with the enlargement of application of polymer flooding, its potential in major reservoirs decreased, the poor reservoirs (referring to the reservoirs with low permeablility and thickness more than 1m but less than 4m) will be the main substitutable targets in the future. The laboratory studies and field practice show that, compared with the major reservoirs, the poor reservoirs are thin and multi-layered with the characteristics of low permeability, complicated connectivity, frequent facies changes in horizontal direction and high diversity between layers in vertical direction. Therefore the technologies used in major reservoirs are not suitable for poor reservoirs. It is necessary to develop the technologies that adapt to geological characteristics of poor reservoirs. Considering the geological specifics of medium reservoirs and the field results from the pilot test, the concept of accessible ratio of polymer flooding is defined and the project designed for polymer flooding in poor reservoirs has been optimized. The five-year laboratory studies and field tests indicate that polymer flooding is feasible for poor reservoirs. Combined with infilling well pattern, the oil recovery of polymer flooding for poor reservoirs is more than 10% higher than water flooding. The integrated technologies related to polymer flooding for poor reservoirs have been widely applied in the northern parts of Daqing Oilfield.
Utilizing Drama-Based Training To Achieve Behavioural Change in Safety
Authors: Teakle J. , Hart Z.
Published: December 2007

As organisations continue to have incidents resulting from a behavioral component they seek new and innovative approaches to engage the workforce and target at-risk behaviours. The Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) process aims to prevent injury to the workforce through reinforcement of safe behaviors and reduction of at-risk behaviors in the workplace.

Many organisations have implemented a behavioural based safety program, however despite this incidents continue to occur and organisations are recognize that something is missing from their programs. Traditional approaches are failing to address at-risk behaviours and require a fresh approach to engage people.

Unlike traditional training approaches, which typically rely heavily on theoretical approaches to human interaction, drama based training engages participants in practical skill development.

This paper provides a thorough discussion of how this innovative new approach to safety training has been successfully implemented and transitioned into an organisation with an existing program. Organisations that have an existing behavioural based safety program in place will benefit from guidance on how to implement a training program without loosing or compromising the ownership of existing programs.
Assisted History Matching of a 1.4-Million-Cell Simulation Model for Judy Creek ‘A’ Pool Waterflood/HCMF Using a Streamline-Based Workflow
Authors: Batycky R. P. , Seto A. C. , Fenwick D. H.
Published: December 2007

We illustrate what is practical for history matching of a large and complex field like Judy Creek. Due to the size of the geomodel, the limited time available, the large amount of historical data, and the 300+ wells, manual history matching methods were ruled out. Instead, we applied a streamline-based method to update the model based on well rate mismatches and identification of streamline bundles in 3-D space that contributed to local mismatches. Knowing the bundles and the magnitude of the mismatches, we computed cell-level multipliers for any gridblock and timestep and automatically update the geomodel. This eliminated tedious manual updates as in the conventional "box multiplier" approach. However, due to the nonlinear nature of history matching, our method is not automatic but assisted, requiring engineering judgment to identify wells to focus on for matching and which timesteps to use.

Approximately 60+ flow simulations and geomodel updates were required to improved the well-level match within the time-frame allowed. Results showed that while our focus was improving the history match for the waterflood period, the field-level hydrocarbon miscible flood match was also improved. Furthermore, starting with a good geologic model led to changes that were within geological realism, even though we did not include geological modeling within each model update. Lastly, conventional history matching changes such as adjustment to relative permeabilities, solvent PVT mixing parameters, and well perforations, were also required.
Recent Developments on Application of Decision Analysis for the Oil Industry
Authors: Cunha J. C.
Published: December 2007

Decision analysis applications developed specifically to deal with uncertainties in various petroleum engineering issues have become increasingly popular. Specific applications can be developed to deal with uncertainties existent in well budgeting, special oilwell operations, reserve estimations, oilfield development, project economic feasibility, production forecast, etc.

This paper presents some details on the decision analysis methodology and give examples and results of recent applications developed including some related with drilling, production and reservoir management.

The applications developed are result of an academic research program that has been created to prepare graduate petroleum engineering students to deal with the main challenges related to economic and risk analysis faced by the oil industry. In the program, participants are encouraged to investigate solutions related to various petroleum engineering problems where uncertainty is present.
Hydrocarbon Gases Isotope Composition of the South Caspian Depression and their Geological Interpretation (Azerbaijan)
Authors: Poletayev Alexander V.
Published: December 2007

The large amount of material of HC isotope composition of over 330 samples allow to restore the history of oil and gas deposits formation within the South-Caspian Depression.

Maps of isotope composition changes according to area extent, as well as graphs of HC distribution depending upon stratigraphic age, including rocks, graphs of isotope composition change on sampling depth were compiled for HC study and oil-gas deposits formation. Comparison of mud volcanoes gases, oil and gas fields, gas-hydrates and bottom sediments were conducted. Gases genesis according to M. Shoelle and A. James methodic were studied. Model of area paleoconstruction was studied.

Two stages of formation were distinguished as a result of gases study of various forms of their manifestation (gases of mud volcanoes, oil and gas fields, gas hydrate, bottom sediments) as well as isotope gases composition distribution in area of extent including stratigraphic age of deposits, depth of sampling and application of M. Shoelle and A. James. There were determined basic ways of HC migration as well as estimated oil-gas content prospective.

The first stage has begun in the underlying PS deposits and continued up to PS deposits. At this stage one various kind of tectonic fluctuations can observed.

The second stage of HC formation has started from PS and characterised with a change of geodynamic conditions in region. Avalanche sedimentation, predominance of descending movements over ascending ones promoted the accumulation of thick sediments in PS age. As a result of sediments accumulation and tectonic processes (down warping) in the deep-seated basin led to the complication of thermobaric conditions in the sedimentary series.

The studied chemical and HC gases isotope composition showed that basic source of oil and gas formation is located in the deep areas of central and near-flank parts of depression. HC migration has mainly occurred upward. Study of HC migration trend in time and area as well as areas of generation etc. allows to reveal some structures where there is evidence of HC accumulation with large and gigantic reserves.
Paper Production–Log base Model for Effective Carbonate Management, Case Study Miocene Carbonate, The Gulf of Suez, Egypt
Authors: Fadel Sayed , Shalaby S. , Khattab H. , M.Attia A. , Desokey S.
Published: December 2007

Carbonate rock are characterized by complicity of pore system. Variety of pore types associate with Variety of flow characteristics. The main characteristics affected by varying rock pore types are; Porosity-permeability relationship, Capillary pressure and relative permeability, and Archie cementation factor (m).

Many pore systems could be existed in heterogeneous carbonate. Discriminate the different pore types in vertical and lateral directions through heterogeneous carbonate are a difficult task but essential for reliable evaluation and effective management of carbonate reservoirs. Conventional log response and traditional log interpretations do not have the ability to discriminate the different pore types. So, discriminating rock pore type and flow units through heterogeneous carbonate, require integration for all available data. There are no universal applicable techniques to integrate the available data for recognizing the different pore type and flow units through heterogeneous rock.

This paper introduces an approach to correlate the conventional log data with the production results of the old wells which were completed on heterogeneous Miocene carbonate reservoirs. A series of cross plots for the perforated intervals of highest and lowest productivity wells were constructed. These cross plot show a relationship between the well productivity and the position of log data on such cross plots. Based on this observation a relation between rock quality or productivity and conventional log data was established. The recently drilled wells data such as mobility from Modular dynamic tester (MDT), pressure transient analyses and core data confirm this relation.

This approach enhances understating the Miocene carbonate behavior and improves reservoir managements by: Accurate reservoir evaluation and select perforated intervalsEffective well completion and stimulationEffective managements the Miocene carbonate gas injection projects.

On other hand, Layering simulation models for the Miocene carbonate reservoirs based on flow characteristic enhance the model reliability and prediction of the reservoirs behavior under different depletion schema.
Psychosocial Risk Management at Statoil
Authors: Hinna Siri , bergh Linn iren vestly
Published: December 2007

The aim of this project was to implement the Psychosocial Risk Management Approach (PRIMA) as the application of the risk management framework to psychosocial risks at Statoil. It is based on the principles of prevention in line with occupational health and safety legislation, and aims at risk reduction. It is a systematic process by which hazards are identified, risks analyzed and managed, and workers protected. PRIMA aims at the assessment and management of risks in the psychosocial work environment.

The method is developed at The University of Nottingham, Institute of Work Health and Organization (I-WHO). During the last two years Statoil ASA has in cooperation with I-WHO adjusted the method to Norwegian conditions, and successfully implemented this method into the company's formal risk management process. The method offers an approach to management of psychosocial risks that is similar to management of other HSE risks (e.g. ergonomics, chemicals, noise). The method gives a concrete and manageable approach to relevant psychosocial challenges. It has been thoroughly tested throughout the organization, evaluated and approved by the Health and Working environment discipline council in Statoil. The method has also been found useful in management of organizational change. The method is a tool that ensures primary prevention of psychosocial hazards. It has been tested in office environments interfacing with off-shore and project organizations. PRIMA ensures employee involvement and management commitment in improving Health and Working environment. The next step in the process of utilizing the method in Statoil will entail the development of a system for data management. This will enable Statoil to identify general trends with regards to psychosocial risk, e.g. new organizations, when new offshore installations are designed or modifications are put into place.