bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifier spreading: children misled by ostensive cues
Authors: É. Kiss Katalin , Zétényi Tamás
Published: April 2017

This paper calls attention to a methodological problem of acquisition experiments. It shows that the economy of the stimulus employed in child language experiments may lend an increased ostensive effect to the message communicated to the child. Thus, when the visual stimulus in a sentence-picture matching task is a minimal model abstracting away from the details of the situation, children often regard all the elements of the stimulus as ostensive clues to be represented in the corresponding sentence. The use of such minimal stimuli is mistaken when the experiment aims to test whether or not a certain element of the stimulus is relevant for the linguistic representation or interpretation. The paper illustrates this point by an experiment involving quantifier spreading. It is claimed that children find a universally quantified sentence like Every girl is riding a bicycle to be a false description of a picture showing three girls riding bicycles and a solo bicycle because they are misled to believe that all the elements in the visual stimulus are relevant, hence all of them are to be represented by the corresponding linguistic description. When the iconic drawings were replaced by photos taken in a natural environment rich in accidental details, the occurrence of quantifier spreading was radically reduced. It is shown that an extra object in the visual stimulus can lead to the rejection of the sentence also in the case of sentences involving no quantification, which gives further support to the claim that the source of the problem is not (or not only) the grammatical or cognitive difficulty of quantification but the unintended ostensive effect of the extra object.  This article is part of the special collection: Acquisition of Quantification A correction article related to this research can be found here: http://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.902
Margaret F. Washburn in The American Journal of Psychology: A Cognitive Precursor?
Authors: Boyano José T.
Published: April 2017

In the early 20th century, Margaret F. Washburn (1871–1939) produced numerous studies on perception, affective value of stimulus, memory, emotions, and consciousness. This experimental work was published in The American Journal of Psychology. The purpose of this article is to analyze the temporal evolution of these kinds of experiments and relate them to Washburn’s theoretical production. Contrary to other views, Washburn’s experimental evolution follows a logical sequence and has a strong inner coherence. Among other reasons, the lack of a scientific and social framework to the study of the mind has tended to overshadow large areas of Washburn’s thought. However, both the work published in AJP and the methods used in experiments provide reasons to consider Washburn one of the precursors of contemporary cognitive psychology.
The Role of Internal Control Components in the Maintenance of Public Funds: Applied Study on the Jordanian Ministry of Justice – North Province as Perceived by the Workers of Internal Control and Accounting Departments
Authors: Aref Al-Rawashdeh Hani Ali
Published: April 2017

This study aims at identifying the internal control components at the Jordanian Ministry of Justice (North Province) as well as identifying the role of those components in maintaining public funds and measuring the impact of said role. The study population consisted of all the workers of the accounting and internal control departments at the Jordanian Ministry of Justice (North Province) who counted (81) employees. The study sample was chosen from that population where (70) questionnaires were distributed, (66) questionnaires were retrieved and (3) questionnaires were excluded for the reason of short information which made the study sample reach at (63) male and female employees at the rate of (%90) of the study population. Of the most prominent results of the study is that there is a role of the internal control components at the Jordanian Ministry of Justice (North Province) in the maintenance of public funds in a medium level. Moreover, the internal control context received the highest arithmetic mean in maintaining public funds as a component of internal control at the Jordanian Ministry of Justice (North Province); monitoring, as an internal control component, attained the highest effect in comparison with the other internal control components, while the least effect was for the component of the internal control environment. The study produced several recommendations most significantly the importance of concentrating on internal control in general to elevate its efficiency in maintaining the public funds at the Jordanian Ministry of Justice (North Province).
Pay Cash or Buy on Time?
Authors: Wang Guan Jun
Published: April 2017

The conventional “buy on time or pay cash” analysis seen in some mainstream personal finance textbooks is to compare the total finance cost of the loan to the total after-tax interest earnings on savings: if the former is higher than the latter, then pay cash, otherwise buy on time. This research note points out the flaws of such conventional approaches and the better decision can be made by simply comparing the interest rate on the loan to the after tax interest rate on savings.
Emergency Department Stay Associated Delirium in Older Patients*
Authors: Émond Marcel , Grenier David , Morin Jacques , Eagles Debra , Boucher Valérie , Le Sage Natalie , Mercier Éric , Voyer Philippe , Lee Jacques S.
Published: April 2017

BackgroundCaring for older patients can be challenging in the Emergency Department (ED). A > 12 hr ED stay could lead to incident episodes of delirium in those patients. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and impacts of EDstay associated delirium.MethodsA historical cohort of patients who presented to a Canadian ED in 2009 and 2011 was randomly constituted. Included patients were aged ≥ 65 years old, admitted to any hospital ward, non-delirious upon arrival and had at least a 12-hour ED stay. Delirium was detected using a modified chart-based Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) tool. Hospital lengthof stay (LOS) was log-transformed and linear regression assessed differences between groups. Adjustments were madefor age and comorbidity profile.Results200 records were reviewed, 55.5% were female, median age was 78.9 yrs (SD:7.3). 36(18%) patients experienced ED-stay associated delirium. Nearly 50% of episodes started in the ED and within 36 hours of arrival. Comorbidity profile was similar between the positive CAM group and the negative CAM group. Mean adjusted hospital LOS were 20.5 daysand 11.9 days respectively (p<.03).Conclusions1 older adult out of 5 became delirious after a 12 hr ED stay. Since delirium increases hospital LOS by more than a week, better screening and implementation of preventing measures for delirium could reduce LOS and overcrowding in the ED.
Letter from the Editorial Board
Authors: Madden Ken , Maxwell Colleen , Rapoport Mark
Published: April 2017

-
„Zahozené ústavy“ a jejich záhadní autoři
Authors: Vojáček Ladislav
Published: April 2017

Jako východisko článek shrnuje dosavadní informace o ústavních návrzích, resp. o konceptech budoucího ústavního uspořádání českých zemí a Slovenska, vzniklých v roce 1917. Návrhy se zrodily v českém prostředí a rozváděly zásady státoprávního prohlášení z 30. května 1917. Vycházely tedy z předpokladu, že habsburská monarchie bude v reorganizované podobě zachována a že se v rámci ní vytvoří dílčí útvar spojující české země a Slovensko. Anonymně je vypracovali členové skupiny expertů, vzniklé zřejmě z iniciativy Antonína Švehly. Jednotlivé návrhy byly po vzniku republiky publikovány, avšak jejich autoři, s výjimkou Františka Weyra, zůstali neznámi. Autor článku na základě archívních materiálů přináší některé nové poznatky do záhady kolem jejich autorství. Ty doplňuji, potvrzují, ale i zpochybňují dílčí závěry, učiněné zejména Martinem Kučerou, který se těmito návrhy důkladně zabýval naposled.
Náhradné materstvo a materská dovolenka
Authors: Greguš Jozef
Published: April 2017

Autor sa v predkladanom článku zaoberá problematikou náhradného materstva. V úvode svojho článku vystihuje podstatu náhradného materstva a poukazuje na jeho formy. Následne charakterizuje podmienky nároku na materskú dovolenku a materské, pričom plynule prechádza do analýzy relevantnej judikatúry Súdneho dvora Európskej únie a slovenských súdov. V závere článku autor sumarizuje zozbierané poznatky vyplývajúce z príslušnej judikatúry a s poukazom na vybrané pracovnoprávne a sociálnoprávne aspekty náhradného materstva odôvodňuje prijatie legislatívnych opatrení, ktoré by upravili vybrané právne aspekty náhradného materstva.
Ústavní soudci v kvantitativní perspektivě
Authors: Papoušková Tereza , Papoušek Jan
Published: April 2017

V posledních letech se pozornost právnické obce zaměřuje nejen na judikaturu Ústavního soudu, ale i na konkrétní osobnosti, které za ní stojí, tedy na jednotlivé ústavní soudce, na jejich životní příběhy, názory a hodnoty. Dosud však chybí solidní důkaz toho, že jednotliví ústavní soudci k projednávaným věcem přistupují odlišně, a debata o příčinách těchto odlišností je tak nutně neukotvená. Její ukotvení ve výchozím zjištění, že se jednotliví ústavní soudci významně liší v relevantních kvantitativních kritériích, je cílem tohoto článku. V jeho rámci jsou na základě dat pokrývajících všechna konečná rozhodnutí Ústavního soudu vydaná v období od počátku činnosti Ústavního soudu České republiky do 30. 6. 2016 zodpovězeny otázky vztahující se k produktivitě a rychlosti jednotlivých soudců a jejich vstřícnosti vůči navrhovatelům. Heuristikou použitou pro hodnocení soudců dle těchto kritérií je přiřazení výsledku věci, doby jejího projednávání a konečného rozhodnutí v ní toliko jejímu soudci zpravodaji. Kromě žebříčků ústavních soudců dle jednotlivých kritérií (produktivity, rychlosti a vstřícnosti) článek nabízí také otázky, jež umístění jednotlivých ústavních soudců v těchto žebříčcích vyvolává, a podněcuje tak další výzkum.
Conhecimentos, vivências e crenças no campo sexual
Authors: Souza Vânia de , Pimenta Adriano Marçal , Caetano Laíse Conceição , Cardoso Joice Silva Rodrigues , Beinner Mark Anthony , Villela Lenice de Castro Mendes
Published: April 2017

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los conocimientos, las experiencias y creencias en la esfera sexual de alumnos con diferentes perfiles socioeconómicos de 1º y 2º año del secundario. Investigación transversal, descriptiva y analítica con muestreo por conveniencia. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado a 258 alumnos de Belo Horizonte - MG, de escuelas clasificadas como A, B2 y C1, según el criterio de clasificación económica. Los resultados mostraron que, en relación a la iniciación sexual y otros conocimientos, el nivel socioeconómico era relevante en la diferencia entre los alumnos de las tres escuelas. Esta diferencia no era significativa en términos de orientación sexual dada por los padres. Los alumnos de la escuela A demostraron mayor dominio de contenidos aunque también quedó evidente el desconocimiento de ciertos temas esenciales para una práctica menos vulnerable, independientemente de las condiciones socioeconómicas y nivel de educación del responsable de la familia. Las limitaciones en los conocimientos asociados a los mitos y creencias identificados en las tres escuelas influyen en la vulnerabilidad para las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, el embarazo en la adolescencia y en las consecuencias relacionadas con el género y la violencia sexual. Los resultados indican que es imprescindible buscar alternativas de investigación y de intervención que permitan ampliar las discusiones sobre la sexualidad con los adolescentes. Estas discusiones deben incluir distintos enfoques tales como género, generación, violencia en las relaciones íntimas, derechos sexuales y reproductivos y acceso a los servicios de salud para que los adolescentes se vean como protagonistas en su forma de ser y de vivir su sexualidad.
A Different Pitch to Slope
Authors: Wolbert William
Published: April 2017

Hands-on activities give students appreciation of real-world mathematics.
May 2017 Problems
Authors: Pelikan Stephan , DeJarnette Anna F. , Phelps Stephen
Published: April 2017

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Kaleidoscopes and Mathematics: An Elegant Connection
Authors: Miller Catherine M.
Published: April 2017

Symmetry is used to create mathematically inspiring images in three-mirror kaleidoscopes. A project outlines how students can build their own kaleidoscopes having mathematically exact symmetric images.
Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis: Connecting to Local Issues in Mathematics Classrooms
Authors: Plumb Amy , Roberts-Caudle Carla M. , Harper Frances K. , Jones Durrell A.
Published: April 2017

This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education.
Sharing a Birthday Cake
Authors: Switzer J. Matt
Published: April 2017

In this month's problem, students are presented with a scenario in which two friends have to decide how to cut a cake so they each get the same amount. Students use transformations and spatial reasoning to figure out the various ways to cut the cake. Each month, this section of the Problem Solvers department showcases students' in-depth thinking and discusses the classroom results of using problems presented in previous issues of Teaching Children Mathematics. Find detailed submission guidelines for all departments at http://www.nctm.org/WriteForTCM.
School's out for summer
Authors: McDonald Kelsey , Ober Hannah
Published: April 2017

Preparing students to extend learning into the summer break, use distance and time to explore the idea of rate through classroom activities on potential summer road trip plans. Postscript items are designed as rich grab-and-go resources that any teacher can quickly incorporate into his or her classroom repertoire with little effort and maximum impact. Submit your quick game, puzzle, activity, or instructional strategy along with suggestions for how teachers of different grade bands (K–1, 2–3, 4–6) can use this idea. Send submissions of no more than 250 words to this department by accessing http://tcm.msubmit.net. See detailed submission guidelines for all departments at http://www.nctm.org/WriteForTCM
History of psychology in Ghana since 989AD
Authors: Oppong Seth
Published: April 2017

Psychology as taught in Ghanaian universities is largely Eurocentric and imported. Calls have been made to indigenize psychology in Ghana. In response to this call, this paper attempts to construct a history of psychology in Ghana so as to provide a background for the study of the content and process of what psychology would and/or ought to become in Ghana. It does so by going as far back as the University of Sankore, Timbuktu established in 989AD where intellectual development flourished in the ancient Empire of Mali through to the 1700s and 1800s when Black Muslim scholars established Koranic schools, paying particular attention to scholarly works in medicine, theology and philosophy. Attention is then drawn to Anton Wilhelm Amo’s dissertation, De Humanae Mentis “Apatheia” and Disputatio Philosophica Continens Ideam Distinctam (both written in 1734) as well as some 18th and 19th century Ghanaian scholars. Special mention is also made about the contributions by the Department of Psychology at the University of Ghana (established in May 1967) in postcolonial Ghana as one of the first departments of psychology in Anglophone West Africa. The paper also discusses the challenges associated with the application of psychological knowledge in its current form in Ghana and ends by attempting to formulate the form an indigenous Ghanaian psychology could to take.
Expatriates and non-expatriates: Effects of cultural intelligence and multicultural personality on passion for work and satisfaction with life
Authors: Sousa Cátia , Gonçalves Gabriela
Published: April 2017

The objective of this study is to compare the levels of cultural intelligence (CQ) and multicultural personality (MP) of expatriates and non-expatriates, according to the degree of intercultural contact, and to observe the predictive effect of CQ and MP in passion for work and satisfaction with life. Through a sample of 97 participants, a study with one-factor design 3 (intercultural contact degree: expatriates, non-expatriates with maximum intercultural contact and non-expatriates with minimum intercultural contact) was conducted. CQ and MP levels were compared, according to the degree of intercultural contact resorting to ANOVA one-way. The predictive effect of CQ and MP in passion for work and satisfaction with life was also evaluated by means of regression analysis. Expatriates, compared to the non-expatriates had higher levels of CQ, MP, passion for work and satisfaction with life. Multicultural skills such as CQ and MP were predictors of passion for work and satisfaction with life. As limitations, we can point out the small size of the samples and the fact that there is no control of individual variables. Passion for work and satisfaction with life are essential to promote individuals’ positive functioning, so the identification of their predictors is of utmost importance, both at individual and organizational levels. Understanding the impact of intercultural contact, CQ and MP on the performance of individuals, teams and organizations in multicultural contexts is an asset to global organizations and societies.
Asian international graduate students’ extrinsic motivation to pursue degrees
Authors: Takashiro Naomi
Published: April 2017

The author examined the types of extrinsic motivation for Asian international graduate students pursuing graduate degrees. The theoretical framework used was extrinsic motivation within Self-Determination Theory. Even though the presence of Asian international graduate students is steadily increasing worldwide, research into their extrinsic motivation is scarce. It is important for educators to explore and understand Asian international graduate students’ extrinsic motivation since such students would provide unique, distinctive cultural aspects in the classroom in their host countries. The research design employed was qualitative. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 graduate students from four Asian countries. The identified themes were a) faculty influence, b) personal recognition, and c) utility for careers. Asian international graduate students expressed that their ultimate extrinsic motivation was to get professional jobs in academia. The author discussed the implications of these findings for instructors.
Transport solide dans un cours d’eau en climat semi-aride : cas du bassin versant de l’Oued Boumessaoud (nord-ouest de l’Algérie)
Authors: Bouguerra Sid Ahmed , Bouanani Abderrazak , Baba-Hamed Kamila
Published: April 2017

L’exploitation des valeurs instantanées de débits liquides et de débits solides en suspension dans le bassin versant de l’oued Boumessaoud (118 km2), pour la période allant de septembre 1988 à août 2004, a permis de mettre en évidence la variabilité annuelle et saisonnière de l’apport solide, et d’examiner l’ampleur du phénomène pendant les périodes d’érosion active de l’année dans ce bassin des régions méditerranéennes semi-arides où la contribution des crues s’est élevée à 71 % durant la saison de l’automne, pour atteindre 97 % de la charge globale moyenne au printemps. Les résultats de cette analyse montrent que la dégradation spécifique moyenne est de l’ordre de 518 t∙km-2∙an-1. L’approche statistique abordée, qui est une régression reliant les deux variables débit liquide (QL) et débit solide (QS), a été testée à différentes échelles temporelles; les modèles générés sont de type puissance (QS = aQLb), où les débits liquides expliquent globalement plus de 80 % de la variance du transport solide. L’identification des périodes productives de sédiments dans cette dynamique érosive a été étudiée en analysant l’évolution de la concentration des particules en suspension dans le cours d’eau. Cette modélisation aura pour application la reconstitution de données manquantes au droit des stations de contrôle au niveau du bassin d’étude.
Doença renal crônica: relação dos pacientes com a hemodiálise
Authors: Santos Bianca Pozza dos , Oliveira Vanessa Athaydes , Soares Marilu Correa , Schwartz Eda
Published: April 2017

Introdução: Quando há perda das funções reguladora, excretora e endócrina dos rins pode ocorrer doença renal crônica, que é uma doença lenta e silenciosa. Quando se perde totalmente a função renal, adotam-se as Terapias Renais Substitutivas, como a hemodiálise. Objetivo: Conhecer a relação dos pacientes renais crônicos com a hemodiálise. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, realizado com seis pacientes em hemodiálise. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre abril e maio de 2012, e foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, gravada em mídia digital e, posteriormente, transcrita na íntegra. Para a análise dos dados, seguiram-se os passos da proposta operativa de Minayo (pré-análise, exploração do material, tratamento dos resultados obtidos e interpretação). A pesquisa foi aprovada sob o número 36/2012 pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: Emergiram as categorias “instalação da doença renal crônica”, “relação com a máquina de hemodiálise”, “quando faz a hemodiálise e a alteração da aparência física”, “orientação sobre o cuidado à saúde e o autocuidado”. Conclusão: Após a descoberta do diagnóstico da doença renal crônica e a necessidade da hemodiálise, os pacientes passam por um processo de rejeição e de aceitação, que pode interferir no seu estado emocional e psicológico, acarretando consequências no enfrentamento da doença e do tratamento.
The emerging contribution of social wasps to grape rot disease ecology
Authors: Madden Anne A. , Boyden Sean D. , Soriano Jonathan-Andrew N. , Corey Tyler B. , Leff Jonathan W. , Fierer Noah , Starks Philip T.
Published: April 2017

Grape sour (bunch) rot is a polymicrobial disease of vineyards that causes millions of dollars in lost revenue per year due to decreased quality of grapes and resultant wine. The disease is associated with damaged berries infected with a community of acetic acid bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi that results in rotting berries with high amounts of undesirable volatile acidity. Many insect species cause the initial grape berry damage that can lead to this disease, but most studies have focused on the role of fruit flies in facilitating symptoms and vectoring the microorganisms of this disease complex. Like fruit flies, social wasps are abundant in vineyards where they feed on ripe berries and cause significant damage, while also dispersing yeasts involved in wine fermentation. Despite this, their possible role in disease facilitation and dispersal of grape rots has not been explored. We tested the hypothesis that the paper wasp Polistes dominulus could facilitate grape sour rot in the absence of other insect vectors. Using marker gene sequencing we characterized the bacterial and fungal community of wild-caught adults. We used a sterilized foraging arena to determine if these wasps transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. We then tested if wasps harboring their native microbial community, or those inoculated with sour rot, had an effect on grape sour rot incidence and severity using a laboratory foraging arena. We found that all wasps harbor some portion of the sour rot microbial community and that they have the ability to transfer viable microorganisms when foraging. Foraging by inoculated and uninoculated wasps led to an increase in berry rot disease symptom severity and incidence. Our results indicate that paper wasps can facilitate sour rot diseases in the absence of other vectors and that the mechanism of this facilitation may include both increasing host susceptibility and transmitting these microbial communities to the grapes. Social wasps are understudied but relevant players in the sour rot ecology of vineyards.
British National Sentiment
Authors: HEATH ANTHONY , TAYLOR BRIDGET , BROOK LINDSAY , PARK ALISON
Published: July 2002

There has been extensive research on Scottish, Welsh and Irish nationalism but little on British nationalism. Analysis of the British electorate shows that British nationalist sentiments cannot

be reduced to the conventional left–right and libertarian–authoritarian value dimensions, and constitute a distinct normative dimension in their own right. They are related to attitudes towards Europe, nuclear defence, Scottish devolution and Irish unification. Although by no means as important as the left–right dimension, they are at least as important in contemporary voting behaviour as the libertarian–authoritarian dimension.
GROUNDNUT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS. 1. GROWTH AND PLANT DENSITY RESPONSES
Authors: BELL M. J. , WRIGHT G. C.
Published: July 2002

Data from studies of growth and development, and response to plant density in common groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars were examined from published studies. Data were available from the humid tropics of Indonesia, the semi-arid tropics of north-west Australia and the humid coastal and inland elevated areas of north-east Australia. Temperature and irradiance played a major role in determining crop duration, individual plant size and partitioning of dry matter to pods across environments, and these plant characteristics provided the major determinants of pod yield and response to plant density. Crop duration was shortest in humid tropical and subtropical environments, with both high and low temperatures apparently delaying crop maturity. A relatively small individual plant size in humid tropical environments was due to a combination of low incident irradiance and short duration, with very high plant densities needed to maximize dry matter production. The progressive decline in harvest indices in more tropical environments was due to a decline in pod numbers per plant. Although increased plant density resulted in greater numbers of pod initials in the humid tropics, a high proportion of these pods did not contain developed seeds and pod yield at high densities remained relatively low at ≤2.5 t ha−1.
A heat-shock-activated cDNA encoding GAGA factor rescues some lethal mutations in the Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like gene
Authors: GRANOK H. , LEIBOVITCH B. A. , ELGIN S. C. R.
Published: July 2002

GAGA factor is an important chromosomal protein involved in establishing specific nucleosome arrays and in regulating gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster. We developed a transgenic system for controlled heat-shock-dependent overexpression of the GAGA factor 519 amino acid isoform (GAGA-519) in vivo. Efficient production of stable protein from these transgenes provided genetic rescue of a hypomorphic Trithorax-like (Trl) lethal allele to adulthood. Nevertheless, supplemental GAGA-519 did not suppress position effect variegation (PEV), a phenomenon commonly used to measure dosage effects of chromosomal proteins, nor did it rescue other lethal alleles of Trl. The results suggest requirements for the additional isoforms of GAGA factor, or for more precise regulation of synthesis, to carry out the diverse functions of this protein.
Model dependency of error thresholds: the role of fitness

functions and contrasts between the finite and infinite sites models
Authors: WIEHE THOMAS
Published: July 2002

Based on a deterministic mutation–selection model the

concept of error thresholds is critically

examined. It has often been argued that genetic information –

for instance, an advantageous allele

– can be selectively maintained in a population only if the

mutation rate is below a certain limit,

the error threshold, which is inversely related to the genome size. Here,

I will show that such an

inverse relationship strongly depends on the fitness model. To produce

the error threshold, as

given by Eigen (1971), requires that the fitness model is an

extreme form of diminishing epistasis.

The error threshold, in a strict sense, vanishes as epistasis changes

from diminishing to synergistic.

In the latter case even the usual definition of error thresholds

becomes ambiguous. Initially, a finite

sites model has been used to describe error thresholds. However,

they can also be defined within

the framework of the infinite sites model. I study both models in

parallel and compare their

properties as far as error thresholds are concerned. It is

concluded that error thresholds possibly

play a much less important role in molecular evolution than

has often been assumed in the past.
Faint lined (Fnl): a novel X-linked coat mutant in the mouse
Authors: GORMALLY EMMANUELLE , BOYD YVONNE
Published: July 2002

We report here a novel X-linked mutant, named faint lined (Fnl),
which was discovered in the
litter of an irradiated 3H1 male (Dr Bruce Cattanach, personal communication).
The mutation is
associated with fine dorsal striping in affected heterozygous females and
prenatal lethality in males.
Approximately 50% of Fnl/+ females die in utero and
surviving animals have a reduced weight at
birth and weaning. Histological studies failed to reveal the underlying
basis of the phenotype or
any gross structural abnormalities in internal organs (Fnl/+×Mus
spretus) F1 affected females
were backcrossed to 3H1 males and haplotype analysis positioned Fnl
in the proximal region of
the mouse X chromosome distal to Ant2 and proximal to Hprt.
Therefore, Fnl lies within a defined
conserved segment and its human homologue can be predicted to lie in the
ANT2–HPRT region
in Xq25. Further genetic resolution of co-segregating markers flanking
Fnl established that Fnl lies
in a 7·6±2·6 cM interval between DXMit50
and DXMit82.
AGRARIAN AGITATION IN MID-SIXTEENTH-CENTURY NORFOLK: A PETITION OF 1553
Authors: HOYLE R. W.
Published: July 2002

Much recent work has confirmed Norfolk's reputation as one of the earliest areas of
England to adopt the practices of agrarian capitalism. As a response to the high levels of market
orientation achieved there, relations between gentry and tenants, and latterly farmers and labourers,
were coloured by a degree of hostility and violence rarely encountered elsewhere. In this article is printed
an elaborate petition, which may confidently be dated to 1553, addressed to the queen and seeking
legislation to restrain the economic activities of the Norfolk gentry. The petition shows a continuing
tradition of agrarian agitation after the failure of Kett's revolt (1549); it offers an extended critique
of the gentry's rapaciousness (which differs in emphasis from Kett's articles); outlines the difficulties
the tenants faced at their hands, and reveals their capacity to organize and petition. A commentary
places it in the larger context of mid-sixteenth-century agitations and attempts to identify the locality
from which it arose.
THE LAW OF LIBEL AND THE LIMITS OF REPRESSION, 1790–1832
Authors: HARLING PHILIP
Published: July 2002

The article examines the use of seditious libel and blasphemy as instruments of control during the era of Tory hegemony. It argues that the law of libel was a formidable instrument of repression, but one which was all but abandoned by the legal authorities because it proved to be too unreliable. On the one hand, it placed the writers and vendors of radical literature under the constant threat of prosecution. They could be perpetually threatened by ex-officio informations; they paid all legal costs accruing from their cases; and, if put to trial, they often faced a hostile judge and a packed jury. On the other hand, a great deal of arguably seditious literature circulated freely because the Home Office lacked the institutional means to embark on a policy of wholesale prosecution; enforcement of the libel laws was scattershot at best; and defendants ultimately managed to undermine the government's prosecutorial strategy by exploiting the flexibility of language to win acquittal in some well-publicized cases. Thus the profound uncertainty of libel proceedings made them double-edged weapons which often damaged the government and the accused at the same time.
THE RESTORATION OF ALTARS IN THE 1630s
Authors: FINCHAM KENNETH
Published: July 2002

The nationwide campaign to erect railed altars in the 1630s has always been seen as a central feature of the Laudian reformation of the Church. Recently some scholars have denied its close association with Laud and Arminian sacramentalism, and have proposed that the policy originated with Charles I, to be reluctantly endorsed by his archbishop. As for its enforcement, Julian Davies has identified at least five variants which were implemented in the dioceses. This article argues instead that Archbishops Neile and Laud were centrally involved in the introduction of the railed altar, and that they oversaw the imposition of a single altar policy, with only Williams of Lincoln briefly championing a variation on it. Differences did emerge, however, over where communicants should receive, since this had not been prescribed by authority. Charles I, on this reading, was not the driving force for change, although he clearly came to support it.
WHO WERE THE FOLK? THE DEMOGRAPHY OF CECIL SHARP'S SOMERSET FOLK SINGERS
Authors: BEARMAN C. J.
Published: July 2002

The folk music movement was among the most important influences on English cultural
life in the years immediately before 1914. Its major figure, both in terms of volume of material collected
and published, and in terms of organization and publicity, was Cecil Sharp. Historical understanding
of the movement and modern appreciation of the material have been hampered by a Marxist orthodoxy
which sees folk music as the cultural property of the working class and which attempts to discredit the
folk music collectors, particularly Sharp. This article summarizes the trends in scholarship and
employs the first biographical survey of a large group of folk singers to challenge the Marxist
interpretation.
THE INNER MECHANICS OF A SOUTH AFRICAN RACIAL MASSACRE
Authors: KRIKLER JEREMY
Published: July 2002

This study focuses upon a bout of racial killing that occurred on the South African
Witwatersrand during a white miners' strike in 1922. By demonstrating that most of the racial victims
of the strikers and their supporters were not African miners, or Africans working with the police to
suppress the strike, it argues against any easy explanation of the racial killings in narrow terms of class
conflict. A more complex account is then offered, one that relies upon close attention to the nature of the
victims, the timing and location of the killings, as well as to the rumours that accompanied them. In
essence, the article proposes that the murders are to be understood as part of a (subconsciously impelled)
process by which many in the striking communities sought to reconstitute the white racial community
then sundered by acute class antagonisms. This attempt was made as the strike rolled towards civil
war, and on the basis of a putative ‘black peril’. Set in a comparative frame, the article closes by
reflecting upon the importance in the murders of white workers' sense that their identity had been
destabilized by changes in and outside the workplace.
THE BUILDING OF HAMBURG'S BISMARCK MEMORIAL, 1898–1906
Authors: RUSSELL MARK A.
Published: July 2002

Hamburg's Bismarck memorial, unveiled in 1906, is considered to be one of the greatest
expressions of Imperial Germany's Bismarck cult and an important development in the history of
German memorial art. This article looks beyond these contextual categories to focus on the political
and cultural exigencies specific to Hamburg which gave birth to the memorial. It suggests it was born
of the desire of Hamburg's patrician classes to defend their political privileges in the face of dramatic
social change and attendant demands for political reform. To those who presided over its construction,
it was also a means of asserting Hamburg's cultural aspirations and of shrugging off a reputation as
a city hostile to the arts. The article examines some of the memorial designs submitted to a competition
as a means of illustrating the functions it was intended to fulfil, but argues that it failed to fulfil both.
Meeting widespread disapproval among the working classes, the memorial could not stay their
increasing support for the Social Democrats. Although widely admired, the monument did not
stimulate further significant patronage of the arts in Hamburg.
A REPLY TO MICHAEL M. GUNTER
Authors: Sayari Sabri
Published: July 2002

I must express my surprise at the offensive tone of Michael Gunter's reply to my review of his book The Kurds and the Future of Turkey, since, in addition to my criticisms, I did enumerate some of the merits of his study. I can only assume, therefore, that he has either misunderstood my comments or chosen to ignore the favorable points I made and focus instead only on the critical ones.
Labour History and the Interlocking Hierarchies of Class, Ethnicity, and Gender: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Frager Ruth A.
Published: July 2002

“No nation is supposed to be so advanced as the British nation, no race so progressive as the white”, declared Cotton's Weekly, the newspaper of the Social Democratic Party of Canada. “BUT HERE IN TORONTO NO CHINESE, NO HINDOOS, NO JAPS, NO INDIANS, NO BLACKS, NO FOREIGNERS NEED BE IMPORTED. WHITE GIRLS AND MEN OF BRITISH BIRTH BREAK THE STRIKES.” It was 1911. The newspaper was commenting on strike-breaking by “white” workers during a strike at a Toronto garment factory where male and female Jews had walked out. The newspaper compared this with cases out West: “In British Columbia when miners rise up in rebellion against the shameful conditions, Chinese are brought into the mines. In this and other western provinces, Japs, Hindoos, and Indians fill the places of the white toilers because they live on cheaper food and under such intolerable conditions no white people can stand it.”
POPULATION DECLINE AND DELAYED RECOVERY IN BUNYORO, 1860–1960
Authors: DOYLE SHANE
Published: July 2002

RAPID population growth is commonly depicted as one of the greatest
problems facing modern Africa. For decades, the tendency of birth rates to
exceed mortality rates has prompted predictions of land shortage, resource
depletion and mass starvation. Underlying causes of high fertility are
hypothesized to have been an unusually high demand for human agricultural
labour, ‘traditional religious pronatalism’ and a ‘horror of barrenness’,
while in some areas the later colonial period saw a shortening of the durations
of post-partum sexual abstinence and lactation. Mortality decline from the
1920s is commonly linked to the establishment of cash crop economies,
networks of roads and railways, and the diffusion of western medicine,
maternity facilities, missionary activity and primary education. Yet the
empirical evidence supporting this model of population growth is contradictory.
Areas such as Buhaya, Buganda and Bunyoro should have
experienced rapid demographic expansion by natural increase in the colonial
period according to dominant theories but instead experts in the early
decades of this century feared the extinction of the Haya, Ganda and Nyoro.
This paper will attempt to explain why population decline among the Nyoro
was more severe than anywhere else in colonial Uganda, and probably East
Africa.
NJAAJAN NJAAY GOES TO BERKELEY The Oral History and Literature of the Wolof People of

Waalo, Northern Senegal: The Master of the Word

(Griot in the Wolof Tradition). By SAMBA

DIOP. Lewiston, Queenston and Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press,

1995. Pp. 389. $109.95 (ISBN 0-7734-9031-0).
Authors: CONRAD DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

The Waalo Kingdom's tradition of origin, also identified

by the name of its principal hero Njaajan Njaay (N'Diadiane

N'Diaye), is not one of the better-known narrative texts of the

Western Sudan, simply because there is not much of it and few variants

have circulated in print; among the latter is one collected by

Brasseur in 1778 and published in Jean Boulégue, Le Grand

Jolof (XIII–XVI siècle), in 1987 (absent

from this volume's bibliography) and another by

Bérenger-Fèraud in Recueil de Contes Populaires de

la Sénégambie, 1885. The 975-line variant presented

here is therefore a welcome addition to that modest but interesting

body of oral literature. This one includes the original Wolof-language

text and an annotated English translation by the author. Appendices

include two genealogies of Njaajan Njaay, one translated from the

Arabic, and another from Wolof.
The African Experience with Higher Education. By J. F.

ADE AJAYI, LAMECK K. H. GOMA and

G. AMPAH JOHNSON. Accra, London and Athens, OH:

Association of African Universities in association with James Currey

and Ohio University Press, 1996. Pp. xii + 276. £35

(ISBN 0-85255-734-5); £14.95, paperback (ISBN

0-85255-733-7).
Authors: ROBERTS A. D.
Published: July 2002

The Association of African Universities was formed at Rabat in

1967. In1972 it held a workshop in Accra which resulted in

Creating the African University: Emerging Issues of the 1970s

(ed. T. M. Yesufu, Ibadan: Oxford University Press, 1973). In 1992,

the AAU commissioned the study under review, entrusting it to former

vice-chancellors of Lagos and Zambia, and the founding rector of the

Université de Bénin. The focus, on universities in

tropical Africa, is narrower than the title implies, but of the eleven

chapters three consider developments before 1960 and three more survey

the next three decades. In part, then, this is a work of history (and

certain admirably terse passages of historical summary suggest the

hand of the professional historian). It does not, however, claim

originality in this respect: inevitably, its earlier sections lean

heavily on Ashby, and it has to be said that in general the study is

based on a somewhat unsystematic selection of sources. The list of

references is disfigured by errors and the index by omissions: it

requires much effort to establish, for example, the substantial role

of the U.S.A., not only through USAID but through such bodies as the

International Council for Educational Development. Still, this is a

judicious overview of a large, if depressing, subject, by eminent

scholars who are not afraid to criticize their own colleagues as well

as governments and outside agencies. ‘The failure of many

African academics to fully appreciate the necessity to defend autonomy

in the long-term interest of the academy was one of the most enduring

legacies of the colonial situation’ (p. 95).
PASTORALISM, PATRIARCHY AND HISTORY:
CHANGING GENDER RELATIONS AMONG MAASAI IN
TANGANYIKA, 1890–1940
Authors: HODGSON DOROTHY L.
Published: July 2002

DESPITE the substantial and significant body of scholarly work on changing

gender relations among African peoples who are (or were) primarily
cultivators, the gender relations of predominantly pastoralist peoples
have
been, with a few notable exceptions, curiously excluded from historical

examination. Instead, despite work which has shown the complexities of

trying to determine the ‘status’ of East African pastoralist
women, pastoralist
gender relations seem to exist outside of history and be immune to change.

Earlier anthropological studies that addressed pastoral gender relations

applied a synchronic model, analyzing them in terms of either the pastoral

mode of production or pastoralist ideology. Harold Schneider, for example,

contended that among East African pastoralists, men's control of livestock

gave them control of women, who were ‘usually thoroughly subordinated
to
men and thus unable to establish independent identity as a production force’.

In his rich ethnography of Matapato Maasai, Paul Spencer claimed
that both male and female Maasai believe in ‘the undisputed right
of men to
own women as “possessions” ’. Marriage, in his view,
was therefore
‘the transfer of a woman as a possession from her father who reared
her to her
husband who rules her’. Melissa Llewelyn-Davies' study of Loita
Maasai
women in Kenya corroborated Spencer's findings. Loita Maasai women

perceived themselves, and were perceived, as ‘property’, to
be bought and
sold by men with bridewealth. Llewelyn-Davis argued that ‘elder patriarchs’

used their control of property rights in women, children and livestock
to
control the production and reproduction of both livestock and human
beings. Similarly, in his symbolic analysis of pastoral Maasai ideology,
John
Galaty contended that Maasai men were the ‘real’ pastoralists,
while Maasai
women were negatively equated with lower status hunters, providing an
ideological explanation for their lower status. Thus, whether they attributed

their findings to material or ideological sources (or some combination
of the
two), few anthropologists questioned the ‘undisputed right’
of contemporary
male pastoralists ‘to own women as possessions’.
Use of certain 5 × 5 Latin squares for increasing

information from agroforestry experiments
Authors: MORTON J. R.
Published: July 2002

A restricted randomization procedure for self-conjugate 5

× 5 Latin squares is shown to be useful for trials on

intercropping, particularly agroforestry, as records from border plots

need no longer be discarded.
Seed preinoculation and soil liming for growth of forage legumes

on acidic clay soils
Authors: STOUT D. G. , BROERSMA K. , ACHARYA S. N.
Published: July 2002

Forages produced in the north central interior of British

Columbia are low in percentage crude protein (CP). Growing lucerne

(Medicago sativa L.) should increase forage percentage CP, but

many of the soils are considered too acidic for this species. The

objective of three field experiments, conducted at the Prince George

experimental farm, was to evaluate management practices that might

accommodate the growth of lucerne on acid soils without the expense of

liming. Experiment 1 compared three legume species (lucerne, alsike

clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and red clover (T.

pratense L.)), preinoculated lime-coated seed

(GNRTM, Grow Tec Ltd, Nisku, Alberta), and soil

liming on root nodulation and forage dry matter (DM) yield.

Experiment 2 compared lucerne genetic lines, seed preinoculation and

soil liming on root nodulation and forage DM yield and percentage CP.

Experiment 3 compared lucerne rhizobia genetic strains, seed

preinoculation and soil liming on root nodulation, forage DM yield

and percentage CP.

For effective nodulation, lucerne required seed preinoculation,

whereas alsike clover and red clover did not. Lucerne persisted longer

than alsike or red clover. In Expts 2 and 3, the combination of lime

and preinoculation increased lucerne DM yield by 136% and %CP from

9·2 to 15·4. The addition of lime alone increased lucerne

DM yield by an average of 130% and %CP from 9·2 to 16·3.

With preinoculation alone, lucerne DM yield increased by 100% and %CP

increased from 9·2 to 12·7. Although using preinoculated

lime-coated seed alone is not as effective as lime alone, coated seed

may be the preferred method, based on ease of application and cost.

Neither the six lucerne lines nor the three rhizobial strains evaluated

resulted in improved root nodulation under acidic conditions.