bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Systeme WO3/H2O. III. Wolframtrioxyd‐Hydrate
Authors: Buchholz Erich
Published: January 2005

Durch Umsetzung von Silberwolframat mit Salzsäure und Ultrafiltration des Reaktionsgemisches werden klare wäßrige Lösungen der Wolframsäure gewonnen. Überläßt man diese Lösungen mit abgestuften Zusätzen von HCl sich selbst, so scheiden sich in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und der Konzentration der zugesetzten Salzsäure im Laufe der Zeit verschiedene definierte Hydrate des WO3 aus, die durch Analysen, isotherme Entwässerung und Röntgenaufnahmen näher untersucht und bestimmt wurden. Bei 20° kristallisiert aus salzsäurefreien bzw. ganz schwach salzsauren Lösungen (bis zu 0,01 n) ein hellgrünes Hydrat der Zusammensetzung WO3 · 2 H2O1). Aus stärker angesäuerten Lösungen fallen zunächst weiße, amorphe Niederschläge aus, die in stark salzsaurer Lösung in ein mit dem obigen identisches hellgrünes, feindisperses 2‐Hydrat und in mittleren Säurestufen (0,02–0,1 n) in ein dunkelgrünes Hydrat der Zusammensetzung WO3 · 1 H2O übergehen. Bei 100° fällt aus stark salzsaurer Lösung (0,2–1 n) die bekannte gelbe Wolframsäure: WO3 · 1 H2O, die im Verlaufe von einigen Monaten in wasserfreies blaßgrünes WO3 übergeht. Im Bereich mittlerer Säurestufen hingegen bildet sich ein beständiges weißes Hydrat mit eigenem Kristallgitter, welches 1 H2O auf 2 WO3 enthält. Aus schwach angesäuerten Lösungen fällt ein Gemisch von weißem 1/2‐Hydrat mit gelbem 1‐Hydrat. Bei 0° werden in allen Fällen zuerst amorphe weiße Gele ausgeschieden, die sich im Laufe der Zeit in die grünen, bei Zimmer‐temperatur sofort entstehenden Formen umwandeln.
Reaktionen mit Atomen bei tiefen Temperaturen
Authors: Schenk Peter W. , Jablonowski Helmut
Published: January 2005

Die Reaktionen von atomarem Sauerstoff bei tiefen Temperaturen mit H2S, NO2, Cl2 und Br2 wurden untersucht.
Zur Kenntnis der Borsäuren und borsauren Alkalisalze. X. Der Kernit (Rasorit) Na2B4O7 · 4H2O
Authors: Menzel Heinrich , Schulz Hans
Published: January 2005

Einleitend wurde das Boraxmineral Kernit (Rasorit) nach kurzer Darlegung der geologischen Verhältnisse seiner Lagerstätten und seiner technischen Verarbeitung auf Borax in seinen morphologischen Eigenschaften und nach seinem auffälligsten Merkmal, der ungemein ausgeprägten Faserspaltbarkeit der monoklinen Kristalle parallel (001) und (100) gekennzeichnet, die durch den Aufbau des Gitters aus abwechselnd von Bor‐ und Sauerstoffatomen besetzten unendlichen Ketten in Richtung der b‐Achse zu erklären ist. Diese strukturelle Eigenart des Kernits wirkt sich stark in seinem chemischen Verhalten aus.
Die Reaktion zwischen gebranntem Kaolin und Kalk in wäßriger Lösung. I. Die Aktivität des gebrannten Kaolins
Authors: Strätling W. , zur Strassen H.
Published: January 2005

An ungeglühtem und an auf 400–1100° vorgeglühtem Zettlitzer Kaolin wird der Verlauf der Kalkaufnahme beim Schütteln mit Kalkwasser bei 20° C untersucht. Es wird unterschieden ein Adsorptionsstadium, in dem die 500°‐Brennstufe am aktivsten ist, und ein Reaktionsstadium, in den1 die Brennstufen von 500–700° einander gleichwertig sind. Die maximale Kalkaufnahme wird nach ungefähr 40 Tagen erreicht und liegt bei etwa 3 Mol CaO auf 1 Mol Al2O3 · 2 SiO2.
Zur Frage der Existenz der Pyro‐ und Metaarsensäure
Authors: Kolarow N.
Published: January 2005

Es wurde festgestellt, daß sich in einem verhältnismäßig weiten Temperatur‐ und Wasserdampftensions ‐ Intervall keine H4As2O7 bzw. HAsO3 abscheidet, und zwar weder direkt aus der Arsensäurelösung, noch bei der thermischen Zersetzung von 3 As2O5 · 5 H20. Das einzige Hydrat, das bei den untersuchten Bedingungen im monovarianten Gleichgewicht mit Wasserdampf steht, ist 3 As2O5 · 5 H2O.
Bemerkungen zu einer Arbeit von A. Magnus und E. Schmid über eine Methode der Dampfdichtemessung zur Bestimmung von Atomgewichten
Authors: Batuecas T.
Published: January 2005

Die von A. MAGNUS und E. SCHMID 1922 mitgeteilten Dichtemessungen an Benzol und Chloroform im Dampfzustande bei Temperaturen nahe bei 100° wurden neu ausgewertet; dabei wurde eine andere Berechnungsart angewandt, als die von den deutschen Forschern damals benutzte. Die neu berechneten Ergebnisse bestätigen die Schlußfolgerung von MAGNUS und SCHMID, daß die von ihnen entwickelte Methode zur Messung der Dichte im Dampfzustande für die exakte Bestimmung der Atomgewichte der in den Verbindungen enthaltenen Atome brauchbar ist.
Die Kristallstruktur einiger Cadmium/Wismutoxychloride und ‐oxybromide
Authors: Sillén Lars Gunnar
Published: January 2005

1. Bei den Cadmium/Wismutoxyhalogeniden treten tetragonale Phasen auf, die dieselbe einfache Art von Metall‐Sauerstoffschichten wie die in früheren Arbeiten beschriebenen Oxyhalogenide ‐ die Typen X1, X1X2, X1X1X2, X2 — enthalten. Deshalb ist die a‐Achse in allen etwa 3,9 Å. In den neuen Verbindungen erscheinen zwischen den MeO‐Schichten dreifache Halogenschichten — also X3−Schichten —, von denen jede eine unvollständige Cadmiumschicht einschließt. Bei den „X3”︁‐Phasen gibt es nur X3−Schichten. Bei den anderen Phasen wechseln X3− und X2−Schichten regelmäßig in der Reihenfolge X2X3 oder X2X2X3 ab.
Umwandlungstemperaturen und Umwandlungs‐wärmen der Alkalihydrosulfide und ‐selenide
Authors: Teichert W.
Published: January 2005

Es wurden die Wärmeinhalte von NaSH, KSH, RbSH, NaSeH, KSeH und RbSeH zwischen O° bzw. Zimmertemperatur und einer Temperatur, die etwa 30° über dem Umwandlungspunkt liegt, gemessen. Die Messungen wurden zum Teil mit einem Eiskalorimeter, zum Teil mit einem Hochtemperaturkalorimeter durchgeführt.
Umsetzungen von Metallorganoverbindungen mit Eisenpentacarbonyl und Eisencarbonylwasserstoff
Authors: Hein Fr. , Pobloth H.
Published: January 2005

Es gelang der Nachweis, daß Eisenpentacarbonyl und Eisencarbonylwasserstoff mit metallorganischen Verbindungen zur Umsetzung zu bringen sind.
Über Metallcarbonyle. XL. Über die Absorptionsspektren der Kohlenoxydverbindungen des Rheniums
Authors: Hieber W. , Schuh R.
Published: January 2005

Es wurden die Absorptionsspektren der Rheniumhalogenopentacarbonyle und des reinen Rheniumcarbonyls in Hexan‐ und Dioxanlösung vom sichtbaren Gebiet bis 1760 Å nntersncht. Es wurden bei den 3 Halogenocarbonylen ziemlich übereinstimmend 2 Absorptionsgebiete bei etwa 3325 Å und etwa 2700 Å gefunden, die nur im Falle der Chloro‐ und Bromoverbindung vom Lösungsmittel beeinflußt waren. Beim Rheniumpentacarbonyl war nur ein Absorptions maximum bei 3100 Å festzustellen, dessen Extinktionswert um das etwa 85fache gestiegen ist. Anschließend werden theoretische Rückschlüsse auf die Konstitution u. a. aus den beobachteten Absorptionsspektren gezogen.
Über das Triphenylzinnoxyd (Bis‐triphenylzinn‐äther)
Authors: Schmitz‐Dumont O.
Published: January 2005

1. Bei der Entwässerung von Triphenylzinnhydroxyd (C6H5)3SnOH unter milden Bedingungen entsteht der Bis‐triphenyl‐zinn‐äther als leicht lösliche, bei 123° schmelzende Verbindung mit Molekülgitterstruktur.
Über Metallcarbonyle. XLI Die Bildung von Eisen‐, Kobalt‐ und Nickelcarbonyl durch Hochdrucksynthese aus Halogeniden in vergleichender Darstellung
Authors: Hieber W. , Behrens H. , Teller U.
Published: January 2005

An Hand umfangreichen Versuchsmataterials wird der Mechanismus der Hochdruckthesen von Carbonylen der Eisenreihe aus ihren Halogeniden untersucht. Hierbei ergaben sich auch für die Bildung von Eisenpentacarbonyl oder Nickelcarbonyl dieselben GesetzmäBigkeiten, wie sie schon früher für die Entstehung von Kobaltcarbonyl aus Kobalthalogeniden aufgedeckt wurden:

Die Carbonylbildung erweist sich zunächst abhängig von der Natur des Halogens und nimmt mit der Fähigkeit zur Halogenabspaltung, d. h. in der Reihe Chlorid → Bromid → Jodid zu. Für den besonders leichten Umsatz der Jodide spielen die primär entstehenden Carbonyljodide Fe(CO)4J2 oder CoJ2 · CO eine wesentliche Rolle. Sie disproportionieren sich alsdann je nach ihrer Beständigkeit mehr oder weniger leicht in die reinen Carbonyle. So erklärt sich auch die „katalytische Wirkung”︁, die bereits Spuren Jod bei der Carbonylbildung aus Metal1 und Kohlenoxyd ausüben.

Die Anwesenheit halogenbindender Metalle, wie Kupfer oder Silber, begünstigt wesentlich die Entstehung von Metallcarbonylen aus den betreffenden Halogeniden, und zwar um so mehr, je größer die Bildungswärme der Halogenverbindungen dieser Metalle ist. Kupfer erweist sich so als wirksamer als Silber, und zwar bei allen Versuchen im selben Verhältnis. Bestimmend ist somit bei diesen Reaktionen der Grad der Umsetzung zwischen den betreffenden Halogeniden der Eisenreihe und der „Begleitmetallo”︁ (Cu oder Ag) in festem Zustand, der der Warmetönung der Reaktion parallel geht. Das Kohlenoxyd ist diejenige Reaktionskomponente, die infolge der exothermen Carbonylbildung den Umsatz dieser Trockenreaktionen entsprechend steigert.
über Metallcarbonyle XLIII. Zur Charakterisierung der Carbonylwasserstoffe von Eisen und Kobalt und ihrer Metallderivate
Authors: Hieber W. , Teller U.
Published: January 2005

Die Bildungsweisen von Kobalt‐ und Eisencarbonylwasserstoff werden kurz zusammenfassend dargestellt: Es ergeben sich hierbei erhebliche Unterschiede in der Bildungstendenz der beiden Hydride, die durch den negativen Verlauf von Versuchen zur Synthese von Eisencarbonylwasserstoff, die sich den bekannten Bildungsbedingungen des Kobaltcarbonylwasserstoffs anschließen, noch besonders hervortreten. Im gleichen Sinne wird gezeigt, daß auch die Metallderivate der Carbonylwasserstoffe nur beim Kobalt im Vordergrund stehen und auf verschiedene Weise gebildet werden, während sich umgekehrt vom Eisen Carbonylhalogenide ableiten, die beim Kobalt fehlen. Strukturell ist dieses Verhalten auf die verschiedene Natur der Radikale Fe(CO)4 und Co(CO)4 zurückzuführen.
Glelchgewichtsstudien an erzbildenden Sulfiden III
Authors: Schenck Rudolf , Von Der Forst Peter
Published: January 2005

Präparative Methoden zur Herstellung definierter Kobalt‐sulfide Co3S4 und CoS werden beschrieben. Ersteres ist durch Auf‐schwefeln von Kobaltmetallpulver bei 400° mit Schwefelwasserstoff, letzteres durch Aufschwefeln bei 700° und Abdestillieren des elementaren Schwefels bei 750° bis 800° im Hochvakuum zu erhalten.
Zur analytischen Chemie des Rheniums
Authors: Voigt Adolf
Published: January 2005

Es wird eine Methode zur elektrolytischen Bestimmung des Rheniums angegeben. Für die Trennung des Rheniums vom Molybdän durch Fallung mit H2S in ammoniakalischer Lösung wird eine Vorschrift gegeben, die gegenüber den Angaben von Mülleb und LaLande eine wesent‐liche Zeitersparnis bedeutet.
Über eine neue Reaktion des Chlordioxyds. Die Bildung einer Verbindung der Formel ClO2F
Authors: Schmitz H. , Schumacheb H. J.
Published: January 2005

1. Aus gasförmigem Chlordioxyd und Fluor läßt sich unter ge‐eigneten Bedingungen, z. B. Chlordioxyd‐Druckenivon etwa 25 mm oder darunter, Fluordrucken von etwa 50 mm und Zusatz mehrerer hundert Millimeter inerten Gases bei einem Gesamtdruck von 1 Atm. und Temperaturen um 0°C, eine Verbindung von der Zusammensetzung ClO2F darstellen.
Die Kristallstruktur des Thoriumsilicids ThSi2
Authors: Brauer G. , Mittius A.
Published: January 2005

Das Thoriumsilicid ThSi2 wird aus den Elementen dargestellt, analysiert und röntgenographisch mit Pulver‐ und Einkristallaufnahmen untersucht.
Studien am System Li2OBeOB2O3 I
Authors: Menzel Heinrich , Sliwinski Siegfried
Published: January 2005

Zum Erschmelzen und Gießen von Gläsern des Dreistoff‐systems Li2OBeOB2O3 im kleinen Laboratoriumsmaßstab wurde eine geeignete Versuchstechnik ausgebildet.
Zur Kenntnis der niederen Vanadinoxyde
Authors: Klemm Wilhelm , Grimm Ludwig
Published: January 2005

1. Bei der Lösung von Sauerstoff im Vanadingitter wird das kubisch‐raumzentrierte Gitter tetragonal deformiert. Es liegen dieselben Verhältnisse vor wie bei der Auflösung von Kohlenstoff im Eisen im tetragonalen Martensit. Bei der Zusammensetzung VO0,2 zeigt sich eine besonders leichte Verflüchtigbarkeit.
Die präparative Gewinnung von seltenen Erd‐ und Beryllium‐Verbindungen aus Gadolinit
Authors: Fisher Werner , Herrbach Paul , Plempe Heinz , Wirths Gertrud
Published: January 2005

Es wird ein Weg zur praktisch verlustlosen präparativen Verarbeitung von Gadolinit beschrieben. Dieses Ziel wird bei hohem Reinheitsgrad der gewonnenen Präparate durch die Kombination von nur 4 günstig ineinandergreifenden, einfach ausführbaren Einzeloperationen erreicht. Vgl. die Übersicht auf S. 73.
Untersuchungen an Boratschmelzen mit Hilfe des CrIII/CrVI‐Indikators
Authors: Lux Hermann , Rogler Eurgen
Published: January 2005

Die Farbumschlagskurven des CrIII/CrVI‐Indikators in ternären Schmelzen der Zusammensetzung Na2O‐B2O3‐MexO3 für 1100° in Luft wurden ermittelt. Die Kurven zeigen, daß sich B2O3 gegenüber K2O und Na2O wie eine äußerst schwache Säure verhalt. Die Anwesenheit stärker polarisierender, namentlich zwei‐ und dreiwertiger Kationen hat zur Folge, daß die Metaboratstufe ganz erheblich an Beständigkeit gewinnt, so daß B2O3 zu einer starken Säure wird. Auf Grund dieser Erscheinung ist es möglich, auf den Dissoziationsgrad der gelösten Oxyde zu schließen.
Magnetochemische Untersuchungen XLIV. Über das magnetische Verhalten einiger innerer Komplexe von Iminen des Salicylaldehyds
Authors: Klemm Wilhelm , Raddatz Karl‐Heinz
Published: January 2005

1. Die Nickelkomplexe des Salicylaldiimins, Salicylaldehydmethylimins, ‐äthylendiimins‐ und o‐phenylendiimins sind diamagnetisch und damit plan gebaute Durchdringungskomplexe. Rei der Methyliminverbindung läßt sich außerdem ein paramagnetischer Zustand herstellen. Beim Aldiimin wurden zwei Formen beobachtet (grüngelb und orangerot), bei denen es sich wahrscheinlich um cis‐trans‐Isomerie handelt.
EDITORIAL
Authors: JORDANOVA LUDMILLA
Published: January 2005

To those of us who are not professional musicologists, music seems not just an inherently interdisciplinary topic, but a domain that, because it presents distinct challenges, has the capacity to help scholars think afresh about key issues. Music seems positively to demand interdisciplinary responses, because, for example, it insinuates itself into so much of human life. It involves a notable range of intricate, specialized skills, objects and social relationships. Music is highly technical, and not just in the obvious ways. Instrument making, like the dissemination of music in written form and the design of performance spaces, is ‘technical’ in requiring a range of technologies, occupations and techniques. Yet, however specialized the study of music has become, however much its study demands skills that are not widely dispersed, even in universities, ‘music’ appears as a fount of questions that are exceptionally wide-ranging. I use inverted commas to signal that this seemingly innocent term has to cover so much that containing it is as difficult as defining it.
ANN FORD REVISITED
Authors: HOLMAN PETER
Published: January 2005

Twentieth-century accounts of the life and musical activities of Ann Ford, later Mrs Thicknesse (1737–1824), have largely relied on the entry for her in the Victorian Dictionary of National Biography. The rediscovery of a fifty-four-page article on her in Public Characters (London, 1806) has led to a re-evaluation of other sources of information, including her semi-autobiographical novel The School for Fashion (London, 1800), the pamphlets published in the course of her dispute with the Earl of Jersey and her treatises on playing the English guitar and the musical glasses. These throw new light on her musical activities and help us to understand the context and significance of her public concerts in 1760 and 1761. Her public persona and her preference for soft, exotic instruments such as the viola da gamba, the archlute and the guitar are seen as embodying the cult of sensibility, at its height during her period of fame around 1760.
PECOUR’S L’ALLEMANDE, 1702–1765: HOW ‘GERMAN’ WAS IT?
Authors: THORP JENNIFER
Published: January 2005

Louis-Guillaume Pecour’s couple-dance called L’Allemande introduced in 1702 a mode of dancing that in some respects was different to anything that had been seen before on stage or at court in France, and that was to influence a number of dances for the theatre and ballroom in the following years. Particular characteristics of Pecour’s dance were its unusual arm positions, which seem to have indicated a specifically ‘Germanic’ character, and some sequences of steps which, although also occurring in other dances of the time, nevertheless seemed to reinforce some notion of ‘Germanic’ dancing. Some of these characteristics also appeared in dances devised in London after 1714 for the Hanoverian royal family, perhaps as a deliberate allusion to their German ancestry. This article examines the structure and form of Pecour’s L’Allemande, and the extent to which it, and some of the dances it influenced, may have represented a stereotype of ‘Germanic’ culture as something outlandish or uncultivated unless redeemed by an overlay of French choreographic sophistication.
THE FIRST PERFORMANCE OF HAYDN’S ‘PARIS’ SYMPHONIES
Authors: LISTER WARWICK
Published: January 2005

Haydn composed his ‘Paris’ Symphonies, Nos 82–87, in 1785–1786 on commission from the Concert de la Société Olympique, whose orchestra gave the first performances, probably in 1787. This essay considers aspects of these first performances – the audience, the venue and the performers, about which there is all too little information and a certain amount of confusion.
MOZART’S LE NOZZE DI FIGARO: A HIDDEN DRAMATIC DETAIL
Authors: LEESON DANIEL N.
Published: January 2005

In two earlier articles I have written of finding identical or very similar themes in two different compositions, either in two works of the same composer or in the work of two different composers. The conclusion presented was that such events are rarely meaningful, that citing a particular melodic affinity to assert some kind of relationship between the two compositions is almost always misguided. The amount of melodic duplication that may be found when comparing any two pieces (by any two composers from any two eras) is so considerable that one might conclude it is largely meaningless and accidental.
Hydrology and circulation in the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman—Results from the GOGP99 Experiment: 1. Strait of Hormuz
Authors: Pous S. P. , Carton X. , Lazure P.
Published: January 2005

In October and early November 1999, the GOGP99 experiment collected hydrological, currentmeter, tide recorder, thermistor and drifting buoy data near the Strait of Hormuz. Data analysis provides the water mass structure in the Strait: Persian Gulf Water (PGW) core is banked against the Omani coast, while Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW) lies near the Iranian coast. These water masses are most often covered by a homogeneous surface layer. Thermohaline characteristics of the PGW core decrease substantially downstream, from the Persian/Arabian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. PGW and IOSW thermohaline characteristics and distribution also exhibit notable changes at periods shorter than a month as shown by repeated hydrological sections. The tidal signal measured south of the Strait by moored ADCP and thermistor chains has predominant semi‐diurnal M2 and S2 and diurnal K1 components and possesses a complex vertical structure. Tidal intensification near the surface pycnocline is associated with noticeable internal waves. At subtidal timescale, mooring recordings confirm the water mass variability observed in the repeated hydrological sections. The mixed layer also deepens substantially during the 1‐month period. Finally, trajectories of surface buoys drogued at 15 m exhibit reversals over periods characteristic of changes in wind direction.
Cretaceous‐to‐recent record of elevated 3He/4He along the Hawaiian‐Emperor volcanic chain
Authors: Keller R. A. , Graham D. W. , Farley K. A. , Duncan R. A. , Lupton J. E.
Published: January 2005

Helium isotopes are a robust geochemical tracer of a primordial mantle component in hot spot volcanism. The high 3He/4He (up to 35 RA, where RA is the atmospheric 3He/4He ratio of 1.39 × 10−6) of some Hawaiian Island volcanism is perhaps the classic example. New results for picrites and basalts from the Hawaiian‐Emperor seamount chain indicate that the hot spot has produced high 3He/4He lavas for at least the last 76 million years. Picrites erupted at 76 Ma have 3He/4He (10–14 RA), which is at the lower end of the range for the Hawaiian Islands but still above the range of modern mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB; 6–10 RA). This was at a time when hot spot volcanism was occurring on thin lithosphere close to a spreading ridge and producing lava compositions otherwise nearly indistinguishable from MORB. After the hot spot and spreading center diverged during the Late Cretaceous, the hot spot produced lavas with significantly higher 3He/4He (up to 24 RA). Although 3He/4He ratios stabilized at relatively high values by 65 Ma, other chemical characteristics such as La/Yb and 87Sr/86Sr did not reach and stabilize at Hawaiian‐Island‐like values until ∼45 Ma. Our limited 3He/4He record for the Hawaiian hot spot shows a poor correlation with plume flux estimates (calculated from bathymetry and residual gravity anomalies [Van Ark and Lin, 2004]). If 3He is a proxy for the quantity of primordial mantle material within the plume, then the lack of correlation between 3He/4He and calculated plume flux suggests that variation in primordial mantle flux is not the primary factor controlling total plume flux.
Decoding nonlinear growth rates in biogenic environmental archives
Authors: De Ridder Fjo , Pintelon Rik , Schoukens Johan , Gillikin David Paul , André Luc , Baeyens Willy , de Brauwere Anouk , Dehairs Frank
Published: January 2005

The record of an environmental proxy along a growth axis in biogenic carbonates can reflect changing environmental conditions experienced during the lifetime of the organism. When a chronology of the growth axis is not available, a method based on anchor points is commonly used to introduce a time grid. Between these anchor points a constant growth rate is generally assumed, despite the fact that growth rates change during life in most organisms. Here, we present a method which refines the constant growth rate assumption, at least in situations where the environmental proxy has a periodic component in its signal. A nonlinear growth rate can then be estimated, enabling the construction of a more realistic time base. The anchor point method and the method proposed here are first compared on a synthetic record. It is shown that the choice of the anchor points, which is always a subjective one, is largely influenced by the stochastic noise on the data record. This results in biased growth rate profiles and biased time grids. Next we apply the method on the Mg record in the bivalve Isognomon ephippium, on three samples of the clam Saxidomus giganteus from Washington State and on the Vanuatu coral stable isotope record. The method developed is applicable to a wide range of proxy records, which are measured along an indirect time grid and are complicated by nonlinear accretion rates. Furthermore, this method which takes variable growth rates into account opens perspectives on quantitative modeling of the relationship between environmental proxies recorded by accretive archives and the instrumental record, like temperature or salinity.
Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the Australian‐Antarctic Discordance
Authors: Okino Kyoko , Matsuda Kohei , Christie David M. , Nogi Yoshifumi , Koizumi Kin‐ichiro
Published: January 2005

The largest known oceanic detachment terrains occur in Segment B3 of the Australian‐Antarctic Discordance (AAD). Using newly collected bathymetry, magnetic, and gravity data, we show that Segment B3 is divided into two contrasting second‐order segments. The western subsegment, B3W, is characterized by well‐ordered, ridge parallel abyssal hills and low mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies. The eastern subsegment, B3E, displays rough, chaotic morphology and includes several megamullions characterized by high mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly values. The crust is estimated to be thinner by a maximum of 3 km in southern B3E. The combination of chaotic morphology with thinner crust supports the idea that the megamullions are exposed footwalls of oceanic detachments. Megamullion terrains are characterized by higher magnetization than adjacent terrains, most likely as a result of serpentinization of peridotite exposed at the detachment surfaces. Detachment surfaces constitute up to 70% of the total area of both ridge flanks younger than 2 Ma in B3E, indicating that oceanic detachments have played a major role in its development. Spreading in B3E has been extremely asymmetric, with higher apparent rates associated with the large detachment surfaces, where up to 75% of the total extension occurred. Similar asymmetric spreading on oceanic detachments is also recognized in Segment B4, suggesting that this is the dominant mode of extension associated with cold mantle and low magma supply in this deepest part of the AAD, where it is confined to a mere 100‐km‐long section of the AAD spreading axis.
P wave material anisotropy of a tectono‐metamorphic terrane: An active source seismic experiment at the KTB super‐deep drill hole, southeast Germany
Authors: Okaya David , Rabbel Wolfgang , Beilecke Thies , Hasenclever Joerg
Published: January 2005

An active‐source seismic experiment at the KTB deep drill hole in southeast Germany reveals seismic P wave anisotropy to exist within a tectono‐metamorphic sub‐terrane of the crystalline Bohemian massif. The experiment used multi‐azimuth vertical seismic profiling whereby downhole sensors recorded surface seismic Vibroseis sources located along six 7.5‐km radial profiles emanating from the borehole location. Representative bulk anisotropic P wave velocities of the upper crust were derived from this seismic data and compared with predictions of velocity and anisotropy based on petrophysical laboratory measurements and geological information. We show that azimuth and inclination behavior of the observed anisotropy is consistent with characterization of the geology surrounding the borehole as a coherent regional block containing pervasive highly tilted foliation. This seismic anisotropy can be explained by “intrinsic” material properties associated with the well‐developed foliation fabrics.
Divergent pathways of cyclonic and anti‐cyclonic ocean eddies
Authors: Morrow Rosemary , Birol Florence , Griffin David , Sudre Joël
Published: January 2005

Satellite altimetry is used to study the propagation pathways of warm and cold ocean eddies in different ocean basins. We consider eddies that have a life span longer than 3 months, and we present three regional studies: in the southeast Indian, the southeast Atlantic, and the northeast Pacific Oceans. The case studies show that simple theories for vortex propagation on a β‐plane work in regions where energetic eddies propagate though a weak background flow. Under these conditions, anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies propagate westward and equatorward/poleward. This divergence in the eddy pathways implies a net equatorward eddy heat flux, and has implications for the meridional transport of freshwater, carbon, nutrients, etc.
Correlation between suprathermal electron bursts, broadband extremely low frequency waves, and local ion heating in the midaltitude cleft/low‐latitude boundary layer observed by Cluster
Authors: Bogdanova Y. V. , Fazakerley A. N. , Owen C. J. , Klecker B. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Grison B. , André M. , Cargill P. , Rème H. , Bosqued J. M. , Kistler L. M. , Balogh A.
Published: January 2005

The Cluster spacecraft often cross the midaltitude cleft/cusp and observe a very well defined “electron‐only cleft” region consisting of electron injections without magnetosheath ions. This region contains soft suprathermal (<500 eV) electron bursts in antifield and/or field‐aligned directions. We present an example of such observations which shows that the O+ ion outflow at midaltitudes appears just poleward of the open‐closed boundary simultaneously with electron injections and was observed in the cleft, cusp, and mantle in the form of narrow energy beam. Inside the “electron‐only” cleft the suprathermal electron bursts are strongly correlated with strong O+ and H+ ion heating and with localized extra low frequency (ELF) (1–10 Hz) magnetic field wave power with broadband spectra. Our study shows that strong ion heating was observed only in the region with electron field‐aligned anisotropy more than 2. In addition, comparison of particle data from two spacecraft, which crossed the heating region with a time difference of 4 min, shows the correlation between ion outflow fluxes and fluxes of the injected electrons. Whereas ELF electromagnetic waves are localized inside the ion heating region, ELF electrostatic waves are detected throughout the cleft/cusp/mantle regions, where strong ion heating was not observed, suggesting that electromagnetic ELF waves heat ions in the cleft region. Owing to the absence of magnetosheath ions and strong field‐aligned currents, we suppose that inside “electron‐only” cleft region the suprathermal electron bursts are most likely an energy source for the wave destabilization. We suggest that the location of the heating region and the level of the outflow ion fluxes could be related to electron injection in the cleft in such events.
Numerical simulation of barotropic jets over a sloping bottom: Comparison to a laboratory model of the Northern Current
Authors: Flexas M. M. , van Heijst G. J. F. , Jordà G. , Sánchez‐Arcilla A.
Published: January 2005

In order to study the role of a sloping bottom on the mesoscale variability of the Northern Current, a series of barotropic laboratory experiments was performed on a rotating table setup. The present work is devoted to a numerical model which aims to simulate these laboratory conditions in order to further investigate aspects which are difficult to treat in the laboratory. The onset of instabilities, the influence of the velocity profile, the relative position of the jet over the slope, and the influence of the jet width on the resulting instabilities are discussed. The robustness and the origin of a shelf‐break topographic Rossby wave detected in our westward laboratory flows is also discussed. The barotropic model for “westward” currents (such as the Northern Current) with Rossby numbers in the range Ro = 0.1–0.2 predicts wavelengths of 50–75 km, similar to those observed in SST images. The periods associated with the model instabilities (3.3–3.8 days) would be close to a 3.5‐day band of mesoscale activity recorded from current meter devices in the Gulf of Lions which lies out of the traditionally considered baroclinic instability theory. Other particularities such as the up‐slope migration of the Northern Current and the increasing mesoscale activity for increasing jet velocities can also be explained through the present model. These results would point out barotropic instability as a factor to consider, apart from the traditional idea of baroclinic instability, in order to partially explain the Northern Current mesoscale variability.
A generation mechanism for the 2‐day wave near the stratopause: Mixed barotropic‐inertial instability
Authors: Schröder H. , Schmitz G.
Published: January 2005

We propose a new process for the generation of the 2‐day wave near the stratopause. It is shown that the simultaneous fulfillment of the conditions of barotropic and inertial instability leads to a new mode class that includes the 2‐day wave. The mixing of both instabilities leads to high growth rates. The stability calculations use the latitudinally dependent zonal‐mean zonal wind in the stratopause region. Wind profiles of the stratopause region were taken from the U.K. Met Office reanalyses for time periods with and without observed 2‐day waves. For the Southern Hemisphere summer the calculations yield westward propagating waves with a 2‐day period at m = 3 and m = 4 and e‐folding times reaching 2.5 days when a so‐called mixed barotropic‐inertial instability is present. When this is not the case, the instability calculation does not yield the 2‐day wave, which then is not present in the observations. This mixed instability can lead to e‐folding times shorter than possible for pure barotropic instability. We used idealized zonal wind profiles for sensitivity studies on the instability criteria. The wind profiles model the wind conditions during various observed 2‐day wave bursts. The 2‐day wave period and growth rate are shown to be strongly dependent on the inertial instability parameter, as well as on the meridional extent of the region with negative vorticity gradient. This might also explain why the 2‐day wave occurs as bursts. The growth rates at wave numbers m = 3 and 4 maximize at different values of the Lamb parameter, which is a measure for the vertical wavelength.
Asian emissions of CO and NOx: Constraints from aircraft and Chinese station data
Authors: Wang Yuxuan X. , McElroy Michael B. , Wang Tao , Palmer Paul I.
Published: January 2005

Observations of CO and NOy from the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) aircraft mission over the northwest Pacific and from two Chinese ground stations (Hong Kong and Lin An) during spring 2001 are used in conjunction with an optimal estimation inverse model to constrain estimates of Asian emissions of CO and NOx. A priori emissions are based on a detailed bottom‐up inventory for the observation period. The inversion analysis requires 43% and 47% increases in Chinese emissions of CO and NOx, respectively, distributed heterogeneously, with the largest adjustments required for central China. A posteriori estimates of emissions from biomass burning in Southeast Asia are much lower than a priori values. Inversion results for NOx emissions are consistent with CO emissions in terms of the sense of the adjustments. Inclusion of the station data in the inversion analysis significantly improves estimates for emissions from central and south China. A large increase in NOx emissions inferred for central China (a factor of 3) is attributed to decomposition of organic wastes associated with the human‐animal food chain and extensive applications of chemical fertilizer. An analysis of emission ratios for CO relative to NOx for different sectors indicates that emissions attributed to industry and transportation may be underestimated in the bottom‐up inventory for central China, while emissions from the domestic sector may be underestimated for south China. An increase in emission factors could help reconcile results from the inversion analysis with the “bottom‐up” approach. Detailed analysis of the surface observations using a posteriori emissions indicates the importance of meteorological phenomena, notably cold fronts in March and small‐scale high‐ and low‐pressure systems in April in modulating concentrations of CO, with the latter most evident in the data from Lin An.
Organic carbon in floodplain alluvium: Signature of historic variations in erosion processes associated with deforestation, Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand
Authors: Gomez Basil , Brackley Hannah L. , Hicks D. Murray , Neff Hector , Rogers Karyne M.
Published: January 2005

We use C‐org and δ13C to trace the origin of the alluvium deposited on the Waipaoa River floodplain at McPhail's Bend between 1853 and 2002. The overbank deposits exhibit a more positive range of δ13C values (−26.3 ± 0.6) than contemporary suspended sediment in transport at intermediate flows (−27.8 ± 0.2) when gully erosion releases most material to stream channels, reflecting the greater contribution made by shallow landsliding in the headwaters during large precipitation events. Overbank sediment associated with recent floods contains a higher (∼50%) amount of organic carbon than alluvium deposited by pre‐1927 floods, which was derived from outcrops of weathered bedrock on steep, riparian hillslopes that were the primary sediment source before the soil‐mantled hillslopes elsewhere in the headwaters of the basin were destabilized by deforestation. The recent alluvium resembles the Bw horizon of soils present on these hillslopes. Sediment deposited during floods generated by localized storms and an overbank event that did not feature widespread shallow landsliding also has a distinctive signature that provides an indication of its provenance. The organic carbon associated with the alluvium appears to be old (4031 ± 40 B.P., in the case of the carbon associated with sediment deposited in 2002) and to be derived from weathered Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks.
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF)–TNF receptor 1-inducible cytoprotective proteins in the mouse liver: relevance of suppressors of cytokine signalling
Authors: SASS Gabriele , SHEMBADE Noula D. , TIEGS Gisa
Published: January 2005

TNF (tumour necrosis factor α) induces tolerance towards itself in experimental liver injury. Tolerance induction has been shown to be dependent on TNFR1 (TNF receptor 1) signalling, but mechanisms and mediators of TNF-induced hepatic tolerance are unknown. We investigated the TNF-inducible gene-expression profile in livers of TNFR2−/− mice, using cDNA array technology. We found that, out of 793 investigated genes involved in inflammation, cell cycle and signal transduction, 282 were expressed in the mouse liver in response to TNF via TNFR1. Among those, expression of 78 genes was induced, while expression of 60 genes was reduced. We investigated further the cellular expression of the 27 most prominently induced genes, and found that 20 of these genes were up-regulated directly in parenchymal liver cells, representing potentially protective proteins and possible mediators of TNF tolerance. In vitro experiments revealed that overexpression of SOCS1 (silencer of cytokine signalling 1), a member of the SOCS family of proteins, as well as of HO-1 (haem oxygenase-1), but not of SOCS2 or SOCS3, protected isolated primary mouse hepatocytes from TNF-induced apoptosis. The identification of protective genes in hepatocytes is the prerequisite for future development of gene therapies for immune-mediated liver diseases.
Transcriptional regulation of the human DNA methyltransferase 3A and 3B genes by Sp3 and Sp1 zinc finger proteins
Authors: JINAWATH Artit , MIYAKE Satoshi , YANAGISAWA Yuka , AKIYAMA Yoshimitsu , YUASA Yasuhito
Published: January 2005

The DNMT3A (DNA methyltransferase 3A) and DNMT3B genes encode putative de novo methyltransferases and show complex transcriptional regulation in the presence of three and two different promoters respectively. All promoters of DNMT3A and DNMT3B lack typical TATA sequences adjacent to their transcription start sites and contain several Sp1-binding sites. The importance of these Sp1-binding sites was demonstrated by using a GC-rich DNA-binding protein inhibitor, mithramycin A, i.e. on the basis of decrease in the promoter activities and mRNA expression levels of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Overexpression of Sp1 and Sp3 up-regulated the promoter activities of these two genes. The physical binding of Sp1 and Sp3 to DNMT3A and DNMT3B promoters was confirmed by a gel shift assay. Interestingly, Sp3 overexpression in HEK-293T cells (human embryonic kidney 293T cells) resulted in 3.3- and 4.0-fold increase in DNMT3A and DNMT3B mRNA expression levels respectively by quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR, whereas Sp1 overexpression did not. Furthermore, an antisense oligonucleotide to Sp3 significantly decreased the mRNA levels of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. These results indicate the functional importance of Sp proteins, particularly Sp3, in the regulation of DNMT3A and DNMT3B gene expression.
Argpyrimidine, a methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
Authors: GOMES Ricardo , SOUSA SILVA Marta , QUINTAS Alexandre , CORDEIRO Carlos , FREIRE António , PEREIRA Paulino , MARTINS Américo , MONTEIRO Estela , BARROSO Eduardo , PONCES FREIRE Ana
Published: January 2005

FAP (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy) is a systemic amyloid disease characterized by the formation of extracellular deposits of transthyretin. More than 80 single point mutations are associated with amyloidogenic behaviour and the onset of this fatal disease. It is believed that mutant forms of transthyretin lead to a decreased stability of the tetramer, which dissociates into monomers that are prone to unfolding and aggregation, later forming β-fibrils in amyloid deposits. This theory does not explain the formation of β-fibrils nor why they are toxic to nearby cells. Age at disease onset may vary by decades for patients with the same mutation. Moreover, non-mutated transthyretin also forms the same deposits in SSA (senile systemic amyloidosis), suggesting that mutations may only accelerate this process, but are not the determinant factor in amyloid fibril formation and cell toxicity. We propose that glycation is involved in amyloidogenesis, since amyloid fibrils present several properties common to glycated proteins. It was shown recently that glycation causes the structural transition from the folded soluble form to β-fibrils in serum albumin. We identified for the first time a methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product, argpyrimidine [Nδ-(5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)-L-ornithine] in amyloid fibrils from FAP patients. Unequivocal argpyrimidine identification was achieved chromatographically by amino acid analysis using dabsyl (4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4′-sulphonyl) chloride. Argpyrimidine was found at a concentration of 162.40±9.05 pmol/mg of protein in FAP patients, and it was not detected in control subjects. The presence of argpyrimidine in amyloid deposits from FAP patients supports the view that protein glycation is an important factor in amyloid diseases.
Characterization of heparan sulphate 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 6 and its role in assisting the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1
Authors: XU Ding , TIWARI Vaibhav , XIA Guoqing , CLEMENT Christian , SHUKLA Deepak , LIU Jian
Published: January 2005

Heparan sulphate (HS) 3-O-sulphotransferase transfers sulphate to the 3-OH position of the glucosamine residue of HS to form 3-O-sulphated HS. The HS modified by 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 3 binds to HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) gD (envelope glycoprotein D), and the resultant 3-O-sulphated HS serves as an entry receptor for HSV-1. In the present paper, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel HS 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform, designated HS 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 6 (3-OST-6). Mouse 3-OST-6 gene was identified in the EST (expressed sequence tag) database and cloned into pcDNA3.1/Myc-His vector. A CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cell line that stably expresses 3-OST-6 (3OST6/CHO cells) was prepared. The disaccharide analysis of the HS isolated from 3OST6/CHO cells revealed that 3-OST-6 exhibits HS 3-O-sulphotransferase activity. Furthermore, 3OST6/CHO cells were susceptible to infection by HSV-1, but not by other alphaherpesviruses examined, suggesting that 3-OST-6 produces a specific entry receptor for HSV-1. Our results indicate that a new member of 3-OST family generates an entry receptor for HSV-1. The findings add to the growing body of evidence that HSV-1 entry is mediated by 3-O-sulphated HS generated by multiple members of 3-O-sulphotransferases.
Pulsed source of metal atoms and their compounds
Authors: Chestakov D. A. , Zawadzka A. , Parker D. H. , Vidma K. V. , Baklanov A. V. , Kochubei S. A.
Published: January 2005

A pulsed source for production of metal atoms and their oxide compounds in a supersonic expansion is described. The design utilizes a simple pulsed valve and produces a concentration of 106–107atomspercm−3 of the desired metal atoms in a molecular beam. Depending on the carrier gas used, metal compounds at similar concentration levels can also be produced.
Low-frequency electromagnetic waves in a Hall-magnetohydrodynamic plasma with charged dust macroparticles
Authors: Shukla P. K. , Kourakis I. , Stenflo L.
Published: January 2005

A linear theory for intermediate-frequency [much smaller (larger) than the electron gyrofrequency (dust plasma and dust gyrofrequencies)], long wavelength (in comparison with the ion gyroradius and the electron skin depth) electromagnetic waves in a multicomponent, homogeneous electron-ion-dust magnetoplasma is presented. For this purpose, the generalized Hall-magnetohydrodynamic (GH-MHD) equations are derived for the case with immobile charged dust macroparticles. The GH-MHD equations in a quasineutral plasma consist of the ion continuity equation, the generalized ion momentum equation, and Faraday’s law with the Hall term. The GH-MHD equations are Fourier transformed and combined to obtain a general dispersion relation. The latter is analyzed to understand the influence of immobile charged dust grains on various electromagnetic wave modes in a magnetized dusty plasma.
Sloshing ion distribution function in a minimum B mirror field
Authors: Ågren O. , Savenko N.
Published: January 2005

Combinations of the energy and magnetic moment invariants, such as the longitudinal bounce time, the longitudinal action integral, and the longitudinal turning point, are investigated to find a pair of invariants that are convenient to use for analytical determinations of the distribution function in a mirror magnetic field. The energy and the arclength along a flux line for the longitudinal turning point are found to be the most convenient pair of invariants. In terms of these invariants, the distribution function and the density are related to each other by a pair of Abel transforms. The calculation is done for a three-dimensional minimum B field. The simplicity of the model is illustrated with a construction of a sloshing ion distribution with a realistic density profile.
Ion acoustic solitary waves in a dusty plasma obliquely propagating to an external magnetic field
Authors: Choi Cheong Rim , Ryu Chang-Mo , Lee Nam C. , Lee D.-Y.
Published: January 2005

The nonlinear ion acoustic solitary wave in a magnetized dusty plasma, obliquely propagating to the embedding external magnetic field, is revisited. It is found that when the charge density of dust particles is high, the Sagdeev potential needs to be expanded up to δn4 near n=1. In this case, it is shown that there could exist rarefactive ion acoustic solitary waves as well as the kink-type double layer solutions, in addition to the conventional hump-type ones found in the δn3 expansion. The amplitude variations of ion acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized dusty plasma are also examined with respect to the change of the dust charge density and the wave directional angle.
Motion error compensation of a mechanical contact spindle using a multi-degree-of-freedom micropositioning stage
Authors: Oiwa Takaaki , Kaneko Katsumi , Kyusojin Akira
Published: January 2005

A three-degree-of-freedom micropositioning stage has been developed for controlling spindle runout. The stage consists of three wedge-shaped plates and PZT-stacked actuators. This stage can expand to 6 degrees of freedom and moves precisely without a stick-slip effect because there is no friction. Moreover, this stage has high loading capacity and stiffness because most of the load is placed on actuators having high compressive strength. In a trial, a PI controller actuated the stage to decrease the runout of a ball-bearing spindle weighing 400N. As a result, radial and axial motion errors of the spindle mounted on the stage were decreased from 0.2μmto0.04μm.