bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Difficulties in the Understanding of False Belief: Specific to Autism and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders?
Authors: Muris Peter , Steerneman Pim , Merckelbach Harald
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the performance on a false belief task of atypical autistic children, i.e., children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( n = 50), socially immature children (n = 50), and normal children ( n = 50). Children were shown a chocolate box and its unexpected content, i.e., a pencil, and then required to indicate what a friend would say about the content of the box. Results can be summarized: (1) over-all, 3-year-old children performed less well than children of 6 years. (2) Responses of 3-year-old atypical autistic and socially immature children did not differ significantly from those of normal children of the same age. (3) At age 6, normal children performed better than atypical autistic and socially immature children. (4) In general, no differences in performance between atypical autistic and socially immature children were found, and (5) their performance was linked to intelligence. The results support prior findings that atypical autistic children find it difficult to understand false beliefs; however, this difficulty does not seem to be specific for (atypical) autism, but might be a common feature of social immaturity in general.
English and Xhosa as Media of Instruction and Academic Performance of Pupils Whose Mother Tongue is Xhosa
Authors: Muyangwa M. M. , Mvakade W. N.
Published: August 2011

To study the relative effects of English and Xhosa as media of instruction on the academic performance of pupils whose mother tongue is Xhosa, 34 girls from among 60 doing Needlework and Clothing as a Standard Seven school subject were selected randomly. The girls were 15 to 17 years old. They were divided into equal groups of 17 on a random basis. Those who were taught in their mother tongue (Xhosa) performed significantly better than those taught in English.
Locus of Control and Occupational Stress in Chinese Professionals
Authors: Hamid P. Nicholas , Chan Wing Tai
Published: August 2011

The relationship between scores on locus of control, occupational stress, and stress symptoms was examined in 189 Hong Kong Chinese professionals. Scores on locus of control were associated with occupational stress and psychological stress symptoms but were unrelated to reporting of physical symptoms. While both sexes reported similar occupational stress, women scored as more External and reported more of both types of symptoms. The implications of the results were discussed.
Externalising Success: A Performance-Limiting Attribution
Authors: Morris Mary , Tiggemann Marika
Published: August 2011

14 undergraduate students who attributed success in a mid-year examination to external factors performed more poorly on the end-of-year examination and received a lower final grade than 169 students who internalised their successful examination performance. This is congruent with Thompson's 1997 suggestion that externalising success is a common factor in performance-limiting behaviour.
Cooperative Learning-Based Approach and Development of Learning Awareness and Achievement in Mathematics in Elementary School
Authors: Kumar Surender , Harizuka Susumu
Published: August 2011

Elementary school students (control group: n = 30, experimental group: n = 30) were introduced to a cooperative learning-based approach in a pre-post design. Development of learning awareness and performance on achievement task were the dependent measures. The cooperative learning-based approach of the experimental group induced significantly greater learning awareness and better performance on an achievement task than for the control group who had undergone the regular lecture-and-demonstration method on the same topic.
Guti: A Measure of Urgent Task Involvement among Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Glickman Markus M. , Dodd David K.
Published: August 2011

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been proposed to represent adaptive responding to highly urgent situations as in primitive hunting. In the present study, 31 adults with self-reported ADHD were compared with 33 normal adults on a newly developed, 10-item measure of urgent task involvement. The internal consistency of the scale was suitable, and the group with ADHD scored significantly higher than the control group, as predicted. Validation and further development of this scale is required for it to become a tool for the study of performance of highly urgent tasks.
Test-Retest Reliability and Construct Validity of the Cognitive Style Index for Business Undergraduates
Authors: Murphy H. Joseph , Kelleher W. E. , Doucette Pauline A. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The Cognitive Style Index was administered to 89 business undergraduates. Cronbach alpha and test-retest indicate reliabilities of scores for this group. The significant difference between men's and women's scores supports the construct validity of the Cognitive Style Index. Hypotheses regarding differences in scores across seniority in the business program and across areas of study were not supported.
Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Somatic Health
Authors: Sheridan Charles L. , Mulhern Moira , Martin Dawn
Published: August 2011

The primary purpose was to assess the validity of a new self-report inventory of general somatic health status. In addition, we sought to examine the influence of social desirability and negative affectivity on health reports and to learn whether asking respondents to report concrete, memorable aspects of illness episodes such as seeing a doctor or staying home in bed for all or most of a day would enhance validity. The somatic component of the Cornell Medical Index was used as a criterion measure of health status because that Index has been shown to reflect medical records with great accuracy. Scores on the new health inventory correlated highly with the Cornell somatic scores, and this relationship was independent of negative affectivity and social desirability. The addition of the “concrete, memorable” aspects of illness accounted for no additional variance in the Cornell Index somatic scores beyond that accounted for by mere reporting of the presence of the symptom or illness. This study offers evidence supporting the validity of the Inventory of Health Status as a predictor of somatic health independent of social desirability and negative affectivity and also indicates that a simple indication of whether the patient had the symptoms is sufficient.
Surname Effects in Judgments of Mock Jurors
Authors: Luscri Giuseppa , Mohr Philip B.
Published: August 2011

94 undergraduate students read a description of a legal case, involving either a theft or a murder, in which surname and occupational status of defendant were systematically varied. In addition to the nature of the crime, the surname of the defendant was associated with perceptions of the offence and the offender. Findings suggest that the connotations of a surname may influence judgments both by invoking stereotypes such as ethnicity and by semantic intrusion into the judgmental process.
Acquisition of Basic Concepts by Children with Intellectual Disabilities Using a Computer-Assisted Learning Approach
Authors: Alcalde C. , Navarro J. I. , Marchena E. , Ruiz G.
Published: August 2011

Computer-assisted learning can be an efficient learning-teaching procedure. Although there is an extensive educational software tradition for this approach, few have better performance than standard drill-and-practice methods. In this work, the specific software “Let's Play With …” was designed to teach concepts of colours, shapes, and body position to children with intellectual disabilities. The software structure follows the Gagné instructional design and applied behaviour analysis. The program was carried out with 39 boys and 21 girls who were special education students in the Cadiz School District. Statistically significant differences were found between groups taught with and without the software.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Nurses' Observation System for Geriatric Referrals
Authors: Grimmell Derek , Rohling Martin L. , Lam Mona
Published: August 2011

The Nurses' Observation System for Geriatric Referrals is a 30-item observational scoring system for geriatric inpatients. As constructed, it is scored into six subscales of five items each; however, these six factors have not been empirically validated. A confirmatory factor analysis, performed on a sample of 218 completed forms for 218 geriatric inpatients, did not support the six original factors. Exploratory factor analysis gave a five-factor solution that partially replicated the scale's original factors but which also indicated important differences for interpretation and clinical use.
Studies of Validity for the Prison Control Scale
Authors: Pugh David N.
Published: August 2011

Locus of control seems to be important in the adjustment of prisoners both during incarceration and upon release. The Prison Control Scale is one of two measures of locus of control specific to prisons. This paper is an account of validity studies conducted on the scale. Assessments included four tests of construct validity and one each of concurrent and known-groups validity. The results support the validity of the scale. Suggestions for further scale assessment and other research are briefly discussed.
Unit Size and Information Utilization
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of unit size on utilization of information sources within a single large professional services firm. Unit sizes ranged from about 20 to over 400. Nine specific sources of information within three broad categories (interpersonal, official company publications, informal) were considered. Unit size influenced only interpersonal sources of information; employees in larger units received less information from interpersonal sources.
Aggression in a Prison Setting as a Function of Lunar Phases
Authors: Simón Armando
Published: August 2011

Previous studies of the possible effects of the moon's phases upon human behavior initially yielded contradictory results and later more consistently negative results. The present study capitalized on a captive deviant sample prone to aggression, one of the earlier targeted behaviors. A Pearson correlation between number of reported incidents in a Texas prison and the amount of lunar luminosity (lunar phases) yielded no significant correlation.
Preferred Decision-Making Styles: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Dollinger Marc J. , Danis Wade
Published: August 2011

398 graduate and undergraduate business students from the USA, Japan, and Hong Kong were administered Kirton's (1976) Adaption-Innovation Inventory of decision style. Analysis of variance showed that mean group scores differed significantly with the U.S. respondents showing a preference for the Innovator style and the Chinese respondents the Adaptor style. Contrary to our hypotheses, the Japanese respondents did not show a clear preference for either style. We hypothesize that the differences among groups may be a function of cultural values and discuss the implications of our findings for managing cross-cultural teams.
Academic Elite in Law, 1987–1997
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron
Published: August 2011

The nine most highly rated law schools in 1987 maintained their positions in 1997. These “elite” law schools showed little or no change in their tendencies to hire faculty members from among their own and one another's graduates.
Relations of Autonomy, Self-Referenced Beliefs, and Self-Regulated Learning among Japanese Children
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu , Tanaka Kiho
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to investigate relations among autonomy, self-referenced beliefs, and self-regulated learning for 356 elementary school children (180 boys and 176 girls) from Grades 5 and 6. They were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to measure four types of motivation, self-esteem, strategy beliefs, capacity beliefs, control beliefs, and values, three types of goal orientations, and three types of learning strategies. Four types of motivation (external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic regulations) were shown to conform to a simplex structure or ordered correlational structure. Correlations among scores on autonomy (four kinds of regulation) and on self-regulated learning and between scores on self-referenced beliefs and on self-regulated learning were examined. Finally, canonical correlation was used to investigate the relations between autonomy and learning and between beliefs and learning. Implications of the findings for the relations were discussed.
Birth Order and Fratricidal Behavior in Canada
Authors: Marleau Jacques D. , Saucier Jean-Francois
Published: August 2011

In 1996, Sulloway suggested that older siblings would be more fraticidal than younger ones. In Canada from 1974 to 1995, data on fratricide and sororicide do not support this hypothesis.
What Determines Primary Breast Cancer Patients' Hope to Recover
Authors: De Brabander Bert , Gerits Pol , Sacré Robert , Lamote Jan
Published: August 2011

The main purpose was to offer evidence for the hypothesis that the stronger an acute real life stressor, namely, hearing from the physician that one has breast cancer and that one has to undergo mastectomy, the greater the induced noradrenaline (NA) depletion in the central nervous system (CNS) and the more the pa-dent loses hope to recover. The data were derived from answers to interviews, questionnaires, and analyses of blood samples obtained from the patients on the day of admission to the hospital for a biopsy and 24 hours after the surgeon communicated the results of the biopsy to the patients. Analysis showed that a decline in 3-Methoxy 4-Hydroxy Methoxy 4-Hydroxy Phenylethylene Glycol (MHPG) concentration in blood plasma samples after being informed of the diagnosis is associated with less hope of recovery. MHPG is the main metabolite of CNS noradrenaline.
Organizational Culture and Climate Correlates of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Johnson Jocelyn J. , McIntye Cherita L.
Published: August 2011

Data were collected from 8,126 employees in a large government service agency using an anonymous survey measuring 19 different aspects of organizational culture and climate. Correlation indicated positive and significant associations for the measure of Job Satisfaction on the survey with all remaining measures. The measures of culture most strongly related to scores on Job Satisfaction were Empowerment and Involvement, and Recognition. Measures of climate most strongly associated with scores on Job Satisfaction were Communication, followed by Goals, Creativity and Innovation, and Decision-making. Results are discussed in terms of their practical and meaningful relevance to organizational effectiveness.
“Definitive” University of Chicago Sex Survey Overestimated Prevalence of Homosexual Identity
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

The 1994 University of Chicago “definitive” survey of adults estimated prevalence of homosexuality among males at 2.8% and among females at 1.4%. Corrected for the exclusion of those over the age of 59 years, the estimates should be 2.3% and 1.2%.
Portrayal of Stepparents in Movie Plot Summaries
Authors: Claxton-Oldfield Stephen , Butler Bonnie
Published: August 2011

55 summaries of movie plots that mentioned a stepparent by name were examined. 58.2% of these 55 plot summaries portrayed the stepparent in negative terms. The remaining 41.8% of the plot summaries contained no evaluative comments. None of the plot summaries presented the stepparents in a specifically positive manner. It was concluded that the negative perception of stepparents in our society may be associated, at least in part, with the unsavoury way in which stepparents are portrayed in the movies.
Concurrent Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory–20 in Assessing Fatigue among Cancer Patients
Authors: Schneider Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Cancer patients experience both fatigue and depression while undergoing treatment for their disease. A number of authors have conceptualized such depression among this populations as secondary to fatigue. This study of 54 patients was done to test the concurrent validity of two inventories. Scores on the five subscales of the 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory were correlated with those on the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory. Moderate correlations are reported and the potential usefulness of the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is discussed.
Relation of Executives' Compensation and Company's Performance
Authors: Sheehan Eugene P. , Varuola Rebecca
Published: August 2011

Correlations of two measures of CEOs' compensation with two indices of companies' performance were nonsignificant, −.06 to .22.
Developmental and Sex Differences in Workers' Functions of Occupational Aspirations of a Longitudinal Sample of Elementary School Children
Authors: Helwig Andrew A.
Published: August 2011

Workers' functions, as represented by the middle 3 digits of each Dictionary of Occupational Titles code, indicate complexity of involvement with Data, People, and Things on the job. In this study, a longitudinal sample of elementary school students was interviewed in Grades 2, 4, and 6 to assess their occupational aspirations The workers' functions of their occupational aspirations were examined for developmental and sex differences. Boys' occupational aspirations required more complex Things functions at all 3 grades while girls' occupational aspirations were more complex than boys' for People functions at all 3 grades and for Data functions at Grades 4 and 6. Grade 2 through 6, there were significant changes in workers' functions for the entire sample to more complex People and Things jobs. This movement supports Gottfredson's career development theory which suggests children choose more socially valued occupations as they mature. Such choice associated with higher education would reflect selection of jobs requiring more complex workers' functions.
Salespersons' Weight and Ratings of Characteristics Related to Effectiveness of Selling
Authors: Zemanek James E. , McIntyre Roger P. , Zemanek Alicia
Published: August 2011

A study was conducted to examine the effects of a salesperson's weight and the interaction of weight with sex on a variety of positive personal characteristics which have been previously established. 243 purchasing agents provided data on 410 male and female salespeople who were then divided into two groups by weight. Analyses of variance were conducted using weight and sex as the independent variables and a variety of personal characteristics as dependent variables. The analysis suggested that the weight and sex of a salesperson are related to several personal characteristics.
Academic Training in Group Psychotherapy in Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs
Authors: Weinstein Martin , Rossini Edward D
Published: August 2011

We surveyed 185 clinical psychology doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association to examine whether and how group psychotherapy was taught. While respondents of all Psy.D. programs to the survey offered a course in group psychotherapy, less than one-third of Ph.D. programs offered one. Among programs that offered a course in group psychotherapy, less than half required that students take it. Most instructors had an in-class experiential component, focused either primarily or exclusively on outpatient therapy and used Yalom's interpersonal approach. Discussion focused on the importance of making group psychotherapy a higher priority and the suggestion that courses include a variety of theoretical approaches and important specialty groups such as psychiatric inpatients.
Moderating Effects of Affective Disposition and Social Support on the Relationship between Person-Environment Fit and Strain
Authors: Smith Deanne , Tziner Aharon
Published: August 2011

The moderating effects of affective disposition and social support on the relationship between fit and strains were examined. Person-environment fit was measured in terms of occupational needs and reinforcers. Both positive and negative affectivity were investigated. Data were collected by means of a self-report questionnaire from 241 nurses in a Canadian hospital. Consistent with previous findings, fit was related to work satisfaction and all but one measure of psychological strain. Some support was found for the moderating effects of positive affectivity on work satisfaction and burnout, and scores on both positive and negative affectivity showed significant main effects on strain measures. Although there was no evidence of a buffering effect for social support, main effects of social support were significant for work satisfaction and one component of burnout, i.e., emotional exhaustion. Implications are discussed and recommendations for future research proposed.
School Dropouts' Attitudes and Beliefs about Smoking
Authors: Wang Min Qi , Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Eddy Jim M. , Westerfield R. Carl
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the association of beliefs and attitude related to smoking and smoking behavior among school dropouts in a national sample (weighted N = 492,352). The self-reported smoking rate for school dropouts was 58.3%. Those who were most positive about smoking (such as smoking helps people reduce stress and relax, reduce boredom) were more likely to be smokers ( p < .05). Smoking programs targeting this population should provide coping skills and an environment with options for relaxing, managing stress, and safe weight control.
Reported Physical Health in Resistance Veterans from World War II
Authors: Hovens J. E. , den Velde W. Op , Falger P. R. J. , de Groen J. H. M. , van Duijn H. , Aarts P. G. H.
Published: August 2011

Male Dutch Resistance veterans from World War II who reported on chronic diseases were compared with subjects from a population survey. Resistance veterans in general reported significantly more disease. Veterans with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder reported more disease than those who had none. Furthermore, 13 specific disease categories were more prevalent in the Resistance veterans than in the general population. In the Resistance veterans total number of reported diseases was significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. In Resistance veterans weekly tobacco use was comparable to that of the control subjects, but alcohol consumption was significantly less.
Initial Evidence for Reliability and Validity of a Brief Screening Inventory for Personality Traits
Authors: Clark J. W. , Schneider H. G. , Cox R. L.
Published: August 2011

A short inventory was developed to screen for avoidant, borderline, and dependent personality disorders in clinic settings. The Personality Concerns Inventory items, adapted from the DSM-IV criteria for these disorders, along with the Millon-III was administered to 86 undergraduate students. Reliability estimates for the three scales were .87, .81, and .80. Scores on the three scales also correlated .49 to .57 with scores on the Avoidant, Borderline, and Dependent scales of the Millon-III.
Homosexual Parents: A Comparative Forensic Study of Character and Harms to Children
Authors: Cameron Paul , Cameron Kirk
Published: August 2011

40 appeals cases of custody disputes drawn systematically from all cases involving a homosexual parent in the United States were compared to 38 appeals cases involving heterosexual custody disputes drawn randomly from listings under parental “character” and 18 appeals cases drawn randomly from “general” cases in Dicennial Digest from 1966 to 1991. Each case involving homosexual vs heterosexual claimants was examined for recorded information about (1) the character of the homosexual parent, the associates of the homosexual parent, the heterosexual parent, and the associates of the heterosexual parent, (2) the effects, particularly harms, upon the child(ren), and (3) psychiatric opinion. 82% of the homosexual vs 18% of the heterosexual parents and 54% of the homosexual's associates vs 19% of the heterosexuals' associates were recorded as having poor character in cases involving a homosexual claimant. Of the 66 recorded harms, e.g., molestation, physical abuse, to the 73 children, homosexual persons accounted for 64 (97%). Of the 32 lesbians, 6 were recorded as having engaged in criminal activity and 3 of bringing false charges of child sexual abuse against the father. Psychiatric opinion, however, ran 25 to 12 in favor of custody for the homosexual parent. In the 56 heterosexual vs heterosexual comparison cases, 38% of the heterosexual parents and 28% of their associates were recorded as having poor character. Six harms to their 105 children and 3 instances of criminality but no false charges of sexual abuse were recorded. In the appeals court literature, homosexual parents were disproportionately of poor character and disproportionately associated with various harms to their children.
Correlates of a Careerist Orientation to Work
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: August 2011

To examine the correlates of a careerist orientation to work, 104 managers completed the Careerist Orientation Scale as well as measures of the work attitudes of job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. They also indicated how much their salary had increased since joining the work force and how many promotions they had received over this time as indicators of career success. As predicted, careerism correlated significantly negatively with scores on most of the work attitude measures but positively with both indicators of career success. The results suggest that careerism can have positive and negative consequences for managers.
Operational Intelligence and School Problems Measured by Piagetian Tasks and Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale
Authors: Cardaci Maurizio , Gangemi Amelia , Miragliotta Antonino , Sprini Giovanni
Published: August 2011

To explore the relations between operational intelligence rated on several Piagetian tasks and school learning problems identified by the Rhode Island Pupil Identification Scale by Novack, Bonaventura, and Merenda we assumed that Piagetian performances would allow predicting learning problems of first graders. 38 pupils were evaluated by three teachers, who were asked to complete the Rhode Island scale. Then the same children were individually given 8 Piagetian tests (including conservation and logical tasks) by an examiner who had no information about the pupils' other scores. Analysis showed that successful Piagetian performances were associated with ratings of successful schoolwork Analysis of variance confirmed that difficulties in operational reasoning predict occurrence of learning problems. We concluded that operational intelligence and school learning in children are closely related.
Sex Differences in Adolescent High-Risk Sexual and Drug Behaviors
Authors: Light Harriett
Published: August 2011

The Youth Risk Behavior Survey, administered to 545 girls and 551 boys in 18 high schools in a midwestern state during spring of 1997, indicated few statistically significant differences between boys and girls in high-risk sexual behaviors and drug use; however, significantly more girls reported engaging in several high-risk behaviors.
KappaSC: A Measure of Agreement on a Single Rating Category for a Single Item or Object Rated by Multiple Raters
Authors: Szalai John Paul
Published: August 2011

Kappa coefficient of agreement on a single rating category, KSC, with its associated test of statistical significance, is proposed as a measure of the interrater agreement where a single item or object is rated by multiple raters. A goodness-of-fit approach is used to test the statistical significance of all Kappasc beyond chance agreement.
Medical Residents Evaluate Their Medical School Training in Psychosocial Care
Authors: Stoeckle John D. , Eisenthal Sherman
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was sent to all 77 general medical residents at one teaching hospital (18 primary care and 59 the traditional program), to investigate retrospectively their psychosocial training in medical school. 62 complete surveys (81%) were returned. The training was rated good by 62% of the residents and important for psychosocial practice by 45%. In ambulatory settings, supervisors were rated as supporting the doctor-patient relationship (79%) and spending time on psychosocial problems (65%). In inpatient settings, spending time on psychosocial problems was not widely supported (36%). Training to interview was rated far from optimal by 49% of the residents. Psychosocial attitudes in residency did not have substantial correlations with training. In the choice of residency program, what distinguished residents in primary care from those in the traditional program was the positive ratings given their supervisors' psychosocial orientation, but not the supervisors' nor the residents' psychosocial competency or weeks spent in training. In sum, the two most potent influences on psychosocial orientation appear to be positive role models and the clinical setting.
Problems and Benefits of Bird Ownership
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Because research literature on human and avian interactions is limited, it seemed important to investigate the benefits and liabilities of pet-bird ownership. It was hypothesized that most pet bird owners would have other pet animals in addition to birds, that one-fifth of owners would have owned pet birds during childhood or adolescence, that they would report their birds provided physical and verbal companionship, and that most would admit to their being some real liabilities in owning birds. 50 men and 50 women bird owners were interviewed. Clearly, bird owners were also animal lovers, and their responses supported all the hypotheses. The primary benefits of bird ownership were friendship, companionship, and verbal interactions. The primary liabilities were messiness and noise. Respondents stated good bird owners needed to be patient, affectionate, and sensitively perceptive. These findings should help in training of both children and adults for careful nurturing of birds and other pets.
Attributional Style, Depression, and Grade Point Averages of College Students
Authors: Fazio Nicolina M. , Palm Linda J.
Published: August 2011

91 upper-level undergraduates completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; scores on these inventories were correlated with students' cumulative grade point averages. Students with pessimistic attributional style scores had higher depression scores than students with optimistic attributional style scores and those with higher depression scores had lower grade point averages. The need for longitudinal evaluation of changes in these associations is discussed.
The Reliability of Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Zakzanis Konstantine K.
Published: August 2011

Meta-analytic strategies are rapidly becoming the method of choice for researchers engaged in the review on topics spanning the scope of psychology. Although the assertion has been made that meta-analysis is an empirically reliable method of research synthesis, this claim has not been validated. To validate this claim, meta-analyses from three different topic areas, in each of which 3 or 4 reviewers carried out an independent meta-analysis is presented. Intraclass reliability coefficients and agreement rates were calculated and are used to support the assertion that meta-analysis is a reliable method for integration of research where the literature to be reviewed can be quantified and is amenable to meta-analytic techniques and analysis.
Restaurant Servers Influence Tipping Behavior
Authors: Davis Stephen F. , Schrader Brian , Richardson Teri R. , Kring Jason P. , Kieffer Jamie C.
Published: August 2011

12 waiters and waitresses from a small Midwestern town and 16 waiters and waitresses from a large urban area participated in an experiment to assess whether larger tips were given when they stood erect or squatted when taking orders. Using an A-B-A-B research design, waiters and waitresses alternately stood and squatted for a 4-wk. period while taking orders at lunch and dinner. The research was conducted in moderately priced, family-style restaurants. Analysis indicated that significantly higher tips were given (a) at dinner than lunch, (b) in the urban area, (c) to female servers, and (d) when the server squatted.
Subjective Well-Being, Suicide, and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 46 nations, suicide and homicide rates were not associated with a measure of subjective well-being but rather with economic indices.
Acculturative Stress, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation among Mexican-American Adolescents: Implications for the Development of Suicide Prevention Programs in Schools
Authors: Hovey Joseph D.
Published: August 2011

The present study explored the relationship of scores on acculturative stress with those on depression and suicidal ideation among 26 male and 28 female Mexican-American students from a southern California high school. Subjects completed the SAFE acculturative stress scale, the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, and the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire—Junior. Analyses suggested that acculturating Mexican-American adolescents who report high scores on acculturative stress may report elevated scores for depression and suicidal ideation. Researchers should assess suicide risk within this and other acculturating groups, and risk factors specific to acculturating groups should be considered in the development and implementation of suicide prevention programs in schools.
Psychometric Properties of a Korean Version of the Revised Neo-Personality Inventory
Authors: Spirrison Charles L. , Choi Suksoon
Published: August 2011

Native Korean speakers attending English-speaking universities in the United States (47 men, 37 women) were administered Form S (self-report) or Form R (observer's ratings) of both the English and Korean language versions of the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory. Analyses of internal consistency reliability, Pearson correlation coefficients, and t tests computed across languages and within forms suggested chat the Korean translations of Form S and Form R were essentially equivalent to the English originals. Using the Korean versions of the Form S and Form R domains, correlations were computed between self-reported personality traits and the traits as rated by each participant's spouse. The resulting correlation matrix supported the convergent and discriminant validity of this Korean translation of the Revised NEO-Personality Inventory.
Problems with Managed Mental Health Care for Multicultural Populations
Authors: Dana Richard H.
Published: August 2011

Managed mental health care has developed a system of care-giving that does not recognize that acceptable and effective services must acknowledge individual differences and cultural or racial identities. This approach is unacceptable in an era when a psychology of differences is necessary to provide services for nearly one-third of the population. This paper suggests that the adequacy of contemporary psychopharmacological and psychological interventions for multicultural populations is either unknown or unsatisfactory. Historically, interventions in the United States were designed primarily for Euro-Americans and thus were culture-specific in derivation. Managed care has reduced the availability and quality of these interventions for all patients and further limited the range of possible options. Culturally competent mental health services are described and related to quality of care. A societal agenda for implementing cultural competence is, suggested.
Pilot Study of Suicide Risk Factors among Personnel in the United States Marine Corps (Pacific Forces)
Authors: Holmes Elizabeth K. , Lall Rakesh , Mateczun John M. , Wilcove Gerry L.
Published: August 2011

Risk factors for suicide among active-duty members of the United States Marine Corps were investigated. Three groups were suicide attempters ( n = 172), completers ( n = 22), and a nonpsychiatric comparison group ( n = 384). A series of multiple regression and discriminant analyses were conducted to assess whether any of 137 selected risk-factors differentiated the suicidal group from the comparison group. The following factors differentiated suicide attempters and completers from the comparison group and were associated with increased suicide risk: History of Abuse, Neglect, or Rejection, Lower Performance Evaluation, Symptoms of Depression, No History of Gambling Behavior, Younger Age, History of Alcohol Abuse, and Hopelessness. A discriminant analysis using these seven variables resulted in a 77% accuracy rate. When evaluating variables that could be obtained by a review of military records alone, three variables differentiated the attempters and completers from the comparison group, Lower Performance Evaluation, Younger Age, and a History of Military or Legal Problems. These variables correctly classified 73% of the sample. Implications for suicide-risk assessment for individuals in the Marine Corps are provided.
Compulsiveness and Impulsiveness: Unidimensional or Bidimensional Constructs?
Authors: Ketzenberger Kay E. , Forrest Linda
Published: August 2011

The correlation of scores on the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and the Barrett Impulsiveness Scale for 148 men and 255 women (18–84 years) was −.07, and both scores decreased across age groups, but age accounted for only 3% and 1.8% of the variance.
Metamotivational Dominance and Use of Tobacco and Alcohol among Adolescents
Authors: Turner Sharon , Heskin Ken
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in metamotivational dominance among adolescents who engaged in different amounts of substance use, specifically, whether students who labeled themselves as ‘heavy’ alcohol consumers or cigarette smokers would be more Paratelic and Negativism Dominant than those who labeled themselves ‘nondrinkers’ or ‘nonsmokers.’ 93 secondary school students (Years 9 and 10) participated in the study (68 boys, 25 girls). One-way analyses of variance indicated self-labeled heavy drinkers scored significantly more Paratelic Dominant than nondrinkers, while heavy smokers scored significantly more Paratelic and Negativism Dominant than nonsmokers. Paratelic Dominant adolescents who reported engaging in heavy smoking may have done so because smoking is defined by society as a risky behaviour and so provides arousal. Education and preventive programs that focus on health hazards of smoking may, in fact, increase the likelihood of this behaviour by both individuals who score Paratelic and Negativism Dominant.
Self-Reported Smoking and Measurement of Expired Air Carbon Monoxide in a Clinical Treatment
Authors: Becoña Elisardo , Vazquez Fernando L.
Published: August 2011

In this study was evaluated the relationship between self-reported smoking rate and expired air carbon monoxide in 208 smokers who had attended a behavioral program for smoking cessation. A close relationship between carbon monoxide levels and self-reports was found at the end of treatment and in all follow-ups (6 and 12 mo.), around 100% concordance. Thus, support was found for the use of an expired air carbon monoxide measure as a valid and easy way of corroborating self-report data when required.
Gender and Marital Satisfaction: Data from the National Survey of Families and Households
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Webb Farrell J. , Bollman Stephan R.
Published: August 2011

In 1972, Bernard argued that marriage was good for men and bad for women. Subsequent research noted that wives, on average, reported lower marital satisfaction than husbands. Furthermore, when differences within couples existed on marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse; however, most previous studies of the gender/marital satisfaction relationship had not been based on nationally representative samples. A nationally representative sample from the 1988 Survey of Families and Households was used to assess the relationship of gender with marital satisfaction. Within-couple analyses indicated that wives were less satisfied with their marriages than husbands and that, when substantial within-couple differences occurred with respect to marital satisfaction, the wife was usually the less satisfied spouse. Results provide at least small support for feminist assertions about the relatively adverse nature of marriage for women in the United States.
Just World Beliefs and Irrational Beliefs: A Sex Difference?
Authors: Durm Mark W. , Stowers Deborah A.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed sex differences on a portion of the Multidimensional Belief in a Just World Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test for an undergraduate sample of 23 men and 23 women who completed both scales. No significant mean difference was found between men and women on either test. Replication with a much larger sample is needed.
Femininity, Bulimia, and Distress in College Women
Authors: Brazelton Elizabeth W. , Greene Katherine S. , Gynther Malcolm , O'Mell Jennifer
Published: August 2011

This study investigated differences in the scores on perceived Distress and Bulimia among college women with varying scores on the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity. Distress was assessed using The Psychological Distress Inventory and Bulimia was measured using the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale. Women who reported low numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors scored lower on the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale than women reporting moderate to high numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors. Distress scores were not significantly different between women scoring high and low on Bulimic Cognitive Distortions, and Bulimic Cognitive Distortion scores did not vary as a function of scores on Distress and Femininity. A multiple regression indicated that one factor of the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity, Social Connectedness, made a significant contribution to the prediction of Bulimia scores.
Scores on a Statistics Test and Scores on the Defense Style Questionnaire
Authors: Maltby John , Kirwan Jacqueline , McCollam Paddy
Published: August 2011

Scores for 21 men and 41 women on a university statistics test were compared with scores on the 1993 Defense Style Questionnaire of Andrews, et al. The significant negative association between higher scores on the statistics test and higher scores on the measure of the defence mechanism of projection suggested the latter construct be considered when examining statistical achievement.
Exploring the Relationship between Orientation Programs and Current Job Satisfaction
Authors: Flion Ilse A. , Pepermans Roland G.
Published: August 2011

Orientation programs, as part of organizational socialization, provide newcomers with information familiarizing them with a company. In this study of a sample of 135 employees, orientation program content was perceived to influence current general job satisfaction, moderated by organizational size and tenure.
Legal Gambling and Crime
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In the 48 contiguous continental states in 1990, the total number of gambling activities was associated with robbery and motor vehicle theft rates. Controls for other social variables eliminated these associations.
Reliabilty and Validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale for Chinese Parents
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: August 2011

Longitudinal data from 378 Chinese couples revealed that the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale showed concurrent validity (significant correlations with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and its subscales) and internal consistency (alpha = .93 to .95) over 1 yr.
A Continuum Model of Personality Disorder
Authors: Donnelly John P.
Published: August 2011

Certain types of personality may show predisposition to mental illness, and it has been proposed that most categories of personality disorder could be relegated to the neuroses and psychoses. A continuum model of personality disorder is outlined and tested with a psychiatric sample of 10 inpatients and 10 outpatients ages 19 to 63 years, using the Personality Assessment Schedule. Both the prevalence and severity of personality disorders appear to support a continuum model of personality.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXIII. Hans Jürgen Eysenck (4 March 1916–4 September 1997), an Appreciation
Authors: Claridge Gordon
Published: August 2011

The present comments on Hans Jürgen Eysenck express, at a certain moment in time, a more personal view of the man.
Connotative Meanings of Names and Nicknames: Changes over Twenty-Seven Years
Authors: Bruning James L. , Polinko Natale K. , Buckingham Justin T.
Published: August 2011

660 male and 660 female names were evaluated using a five-point rating scale on the dimensions of active–passive, masculine–feminine, and like–dislike by 478 undergraduate students. Twenty groups of approximately 24 participants each were formed (14 women and 10 men), and each group rated either 66 male or 66 female names. These ratings were compared with name ratings made 27 years ago by undergraduate students tested by Buchanan and Bruning in 1971. The top 25 names on each dimension are presented and changes in their connotative meanings over the 27 years are noted.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXV. In Search of Loyal Crane: A Note
Authors: Sussner Bradley D. , Hogan John D.
Published: August 2011

According to Donald Peterson in 1997, Loyal Crane was the first to propose the Doctor of Psychology degree. Despite an extensive search, Peterson did not uncover any additional information on Crane. We believe we have been able to identify him.
When the Only Child Becomes a Parent
Authors: Greenberg Ann Core
Published: August 2011

12 adults without siblings expressed common concerns about rearing two or more children but lacked consensus regarding a preference for family size.
Trauma Pervasively Elevates Brief Symptom Inventory Profiles in Inpatient Women
Authors: Allen Jon G. , Coyne Lolafaye , Huntoon Janis
Published: August 2011

The Brief Symptom Inventory was administered to 228 women ( M age: 37) consecutively admitted to specialized inpatient treatment for trauma-related disorders. Subsamples of patients were administered different posttraumatic stress disorder scales, the Impact of Events Scale–Revised, the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, and the PTSD scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–Ill, as well as a measure of child abuse and neglect, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. In this severely traumatized group, every scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory was significantly more elevated than the inpatient female norms, with the five most highly elevated scales being Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive, Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Psychoticism. Different indicators of trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, PTSD scales, and PTSD diagnosis) show different patterns of relationships with the individual scales of the Brief Symptom Inventory. There is no simple relationship between trauma and BSI symptoms, but clinicians should consider severe interpersonal trauma to be one pathway to pervasively elevated profiles of the Brief Symptom Inventory.
Differences in Depressive Symptoms between Traditional Workers and Shiftworkers
Authors: Goodrich Suanne , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

Shiftwork causes a number of physical and psychological problems. As a result, we predicted depression to be worse for shiftworkers than for workers with more traditional schedules. In addition, we predicted that women would report more depressive symptoms than men as is the case in the general population. Questionnaire packets which included the Beck Depression Inventory were mailed to 153 workers in a small community. Analysis showed that, contrary to expectation, shiftworkers as a group suffered no more depressive symptoms than traditional workers. However, while both sexes had similar mean scores on depression among the shiftworkers, women were significantly more depressed than men among traditional workers.