bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐dependent migration strategy in honey buzzards Pernis apivorus tracked by satellite
Authors: Hake Mikael , Kjellén Nils , Alerstam Thomas
Published: October 2003

Six adult and three juvenile honey buzzards Pernis apivorus were radio‐tracked by satellite during autumn migration from southwestern Sweden. All adults crossed the Mediterranean Sea at the Strait of Gibraltar and continued across the Sahara desert to winter in West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Cameroon. Analysing three main steps of the migration, (1) from the breeding site to the southern Mediterranean region, (2) across the Sahara and (3) from the southern Sahara to the wintering sites, the adults changed direction significantly between these steps, and migrated along a distinct large‐scale detour. In contrast, the juveniles travelled in more southerly directions, crossed the Mediterranean Sea at various places, but still ended up in the same wintering areas as the adults. Average speeds maintained on travelling days were similar for the two age groups, about 170 km/day in Europe, 270 km/day across Sahara and 125 km/day in Africa south of Sahara. However, as the adults used fewer stopover days en route, they maintained higher mean overall speeds and completed migration in a shorter time (42 days) than the juveniles (64 days). Although the juveniles set out on more direct courses towards the wintering grounds, they did not cover significantly shorter distances than the adults, as they tended to show a larger directional scatter between shorter flight segments. The results corroborate previous suggestions that adult and juvenile honey buzzards follow different routes during autumn migration, and that the birds change migration strategy during their lifetime. While juveniles may use individual vector orientation, social influences and learning may be of great importance for the detour migration of adults. The remarkable and distinct age‐dependent shift in migratory route and orientation of the honey buzzard provides a challenging evolutionary problem.
Methods for estimating long‐distance dispersal
Authors: Nathan Ran , Perry Gad , Cronin James T. , Strand Allan E. , Cain Michael L.
Published: October 2003

Long‐distance dispersal (LDD) includes events in which propagules arrive, but do not necessarily establish, at a site far removed from their origin. Although important in a variety of ecological contexts, the system‐specific nature of LDD makes “far removed” difficult to quantify, partly, but not exclusively, because of inherent uncertainty typically involved with the highly stochastic LDD processes. We critically review the main methods employed in studies of dispersal, in order to facilitate the evaluation of their pertinence to specific aspects of LDD research. Using a novel classification framework, we identify six main methodological groups: biogeographical; Eulerian and Lagrangian movement/redistributional; short‐term and long‐term genetic analyses; and modeling. We briefly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the most promising methods available for estimation of LDD, illustrating them with examples from current studies.

The rarity of LDD events will continue to make collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the necessary data difficult, and a simple and comprehensive definition of LDD will remain elusive. However, considerable advances have been made in some methodological areas, such as miniaturization of tracking devices, elaboration of stable isotope and genetic analyses, and refinement of mechanistic models. Combinations of methods are increasingly used to provide improved insight on LDD from multiple angles. However, human activities substantially increase the variety of long‐distance transport avenues, making the estimation of LDD even more challenging.
Navigation by green turtles: which strategy do displaced adults use to find Ascension Island?
Authors: Åkesson S. , Broderick A. C. , Glen F. , Godley B. J. , Luschi P. , Papi F. , Hays G. C.
Published: October 2003

Sea turtles are known to perform long‐distance, oceanic migrations between disparate feeding areas and breeding sites, some of them located on isolated oceanic islands. These migrations demonstrate impressive navigational abilities, but the sensory mechanisms used are still largely unknown. Green turtles breeding at Ascension Island perform long oceanic migrations (>2200 km) between foraging areas along the Brazilian coast and the isolated island. By performing displacement experiments of female green turtles tracked by satellite telemetry in the waters around Ascension Island we investigated which strategies most probably are used by the turtles in locating the island. In the present paper we analysed the search trajectories in relation to alternative navigation strategies including the use of global geomagnetic cues, ocean currents, celestial cues and wind. The results suggest that the turtles did not use chemical information transported with ocean currents. Neither did the results indicate that the turtles use true bi‐coordinate geomagnetic navigation nor did they use indirect navigation with respect to any of the available magnetic gradients (total field intensity, horizontal field intensity, vertical field intensity, inclination and declination) or celestial cues. The female green turtles successfully locating Ascension Island seemed to use a combination of searching followed by beaconing, since they searched for sensory contact with the island until they reached positions NW and N of the Island and from there presumably used cues transported by wind to locate the island during the final stages of the search.
Pay‐offs and penalties of competing migratory schedules
Authors: Drent Rudi , Both Christiaan , Green Martin , Madsen Jesper , Piersma Theunis
Published: October 2003

We relate variation in the timing of arrival by migrating birds breeding at northerly latitudes to individual differences in the prior accumulation of energy stores. Balancing starvation risks early in the season against the almost universal declining trend in reproductive prospects with advancing date is seen as an individual decision with fitness consequences. We review three studies implicating events at the staging sites or in winter in setting the individual migratory schedule. Climate change influences the timetable of a pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) population breeding in The Netherlands and wintering in West Africa, followed since 1960. Mean air temperature in the period mid April‐mid May (arrival and laying) increased and laying date advanced by 10 days. Still, in recent years most birds did not lay early enough to maximise fitness (determined by recruitment and parental survival) whereas many parents achieved this goal in 1980–1985. As the flycatchers have not started to arrive earlier, some ecological constraint further upstream is postulated (possibly the hurdle of the crossing of Sahara and Mediterranean). The ability to follow individual migrants provides a second avenue to assess the fitness implications of migratory schedules. Thus, brightly coloured male bar‐tailed godwits (Limosa lapponica) captured in the Dutch Wadden Sea (the intermediate staging site linking a West African wintering area with breeding sites in arctic Russia) and traced with miniature radio‐transmitters did not depart early. The ‘best’ males (with bright breeding plumage) were picked up by the listening stations in Sweden 650 km further along the migratory route ten days later than the paler individuals. If early arrival confers the competitive advantage of prior occupancy but increases mortality, the ‘best’ males may be able to afford arriving later and thus avoid some of the survival costs. Return rate of the ‘bright’ males to the staging site in later seasons was indeed higher than for the ‘pale’, early males. Intensive observation of pink‐footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) fitted with coded neck‐collars substantiate the tight relationship between energy stores (fat) accumulated up to final departure from the final staging site (Vesterålen, N. Norway) en route to the nesting grounds (Spitsbergen) and subsequent success. The breeding outcome of individual parents (accompanied by juveniles or not) could be related to observations of body condition before departure (visual ‘abdominal profile index’). Recently, perceived conflicts with agriculture have resulted in widespread harassment by humans. The geese have: drastically shortened their stay on the Vesterålen, fail to achieve the body condition usual a decade ago and reproductive output has fallen. Although the geese are currently pioneering new staging sites, an adequate alternative has not materialised, underlining the critical role of the final take‐off site.
2,6‐Dichlorophenyl Methylsulphone Induced Behavioural Impairments in Rats and Mice in Relation to Olfactory Mucosal Metaplasia
Authors: Carlsson Carina , Fredriksson Anders , Brandt Ingvar
Published: October 2003

Abstract: 2,6‐Dichlorophenyl methylsulphone (2,6‐diClPh‐MeSO2) induces persistent olfactory mucosal metaplasia and a strong glial fibrillary acidic protein increase in the olfactory bulb of mice. Furthermore, 2,6‐diClPh‐MeSO2 gives rise to a long‐lasting hyperactivity along with an impaired radial arm maze performance. To study cause‐effect relationships, olfactory mucosal histopathology, glial fibrillary acidic protein induction and neurobehavioural deficits were re‐examined in mice and rats of both sexes given a single intraperitoneal dose of 2,6‐diClPh‐MeSO2 (16 and 65 mg/kg). There was a clear difference in the character of the olfactory mucosal lesions in the two species. In mice, an extensive metaplasia characterised by severe fibrosis, cartilage and bone formation accompanied with large polyps filling the nasal lumen was confirmed. In rats, a dose‐dependent weak metaplasia with patchy loss of olfactory epithelium was observed three weeks after dosing, preferentially at the dorsal meatus, nasal septum, and the tips of the middle ethmoturbinates. Large areas of intact olfactory epithelium remained in all animals, particularly in the low dose rats. In both species, 2,6‐diClPh‐MeSO2 gave rise to significantly increased motor‐activities, impaired performance in the radial arm maze, and glial fibrillary acidic protein‐induction. Only rats showed hyperactivity at the low dose. Performance in the Morris water maze was unaffected in rats of both sexes indicating that a general impairment in spatial learning could not be supported. We propose that the observed hyperactivity and radial arm maze acquisition deficits originated from a direct effect of 2,6‐diClPh‐MeSO2 in the brain rather than being a consequence of the olfactory mucosal lesion.
Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptors Regulate the Intraspinal Release of Acetylcholine in Male Rats
Authors: Kommalage Mahinda , Höglund A. Urban
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Activation of cholinergic receptors in the spinal cord increases the intraspinal release of acetylcholine (ACh) and produces potent analgesia. The mechanisms that regulate the release of spinal ACh are not fully known. In the present study, we investigated the role of nicotinic ACh receptors in the regulation of intraspinal ACh release. Using an in vivo intraspinal microdialysis technique, nicotine was administered alone and in combination with the nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine (50 μM), dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DβE) (500 μM) and methyllycaconitine (MLA) (40 nM). Administration of nicotine (1 μM–1 mM) produced a dose dependent increase of intraspinal ACh release, while 10 mM nicotine resulted in dramatic increase in ACh release followed by a decrease to baseline. Administration of mecamylamine or DβE also induced an increased ACh release while MLA caused a decreased release. Mecamylamine and DβE, but not MLA pretreatment attenuated the stimulatory effect of 100 μM nicotine on intraspinal ACh release. It is suggested that spinal ACh release is regulated by different nicotinic ACh receptors. These receptors may tonically regulate spinal ACh release either directly or indirectly via inhibitory interneurones. Some of these receptors may be desensitised by high nicotine concentrations leading to a reduction of ACh release.
Phenylephrine Induces Endogenous Noradrenaline Release in the Rat Vas deferens through Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway
Authors: Pinto Rui , Barrento Clara , Mota‐Filipe Helder , Lima Beatriz Silva
Published: October 2003

Abstract: We have previously observed that in the rat vas deferens nitric oxide synthase pathway potentiated phenylephrine‐induced contractility raising the possibility of a facilitatory role on neurotransmission by nitric oxide. To confirm this hypothesis we studied the effect of phenylephrine on the concentration response curves obtained in preparations from reserpine‐treated rats in the absence and presence of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA). The endogenous noradrenaline released by normal preparations (without reserpine) was measured in the perfusion fluid of preparations stimulated with phenylephrine, in the absence and presence of L‐NMMA, L‐NMMA + the nitric oxide donor 3‐morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN‐1), the α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the blocker of noradrenaline carrier desipramine. The phenylephrine‐induced noradrenaline release in a calcium‐free medium was also measured. L‐NMMA decreased the Emax of phenylephrine concentration response curves obtained in preparations from normal (reserpine‐untreated) but not from reserpine‐treated rats. In the perfusion fluid of preparations incubated with phenylephrine, a concentration‐dependent increase of noradrenaline was observed which was reversed by L‐NMMA and restored when SIN‐1 was added together with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The concentration‐dependent phenylephrine‐induced noradrenaline increase was not modified by desipramine but was abolished by 10 μM prazosin. In calcium‐free medium, phenylephrine failed to increase the noradrenaline concentration. These results suggest that in the rat vas deferens, nitric oxide pathway potentiates the phenylephrine‐induced contractility through a mechanism which involves calcium‐dependent release of endogenous noradrenaline and seems to depend, at least partially on the activation of α1‐adrenoceptors.
Mutual Interactions of Boar Seminal Plasma Proteins Studied by Immunological and Chromatographic Methods
Authors: Maňásková Pavla , Balínová Pavla , Kraus Marek , Tichá Marie , Jonáková Věra
Published: October 2003

Problem: Boar seminal plasma contains various types of proteins. Most of them belong to spermadhesins and some of them contain fibronectin type II domain. Almost all of these proteins are present under physiological conditions in aggregated forms differing in their relative molecular mass, composition, and binding properties. The study of mutual specific interactions between proteins of boar seminal plasma that could be involved in the formation of aggregated forms and most probably of sperm coating layers is the subject of our present communication.

Methods of study: Aggregated forms of boar seminal plasma proteins separated by size exclusion chromatography were analysed by Reversed‐phase High‐performance Liquid Chromatography (RP HPLC), SDS‐PAGE and immunochemical methods (ELISA and immunoblotting). Mutual interactions between proteins were investigated by size exclusion chromatography of a mixture of separated monomer proteins and affinity chromatography of boar seminal plasma on immobilized spermadhesins.

Results: Composition of proteins that are adsorbed from boar seminal plasma to immobilized spermadhesins corresponds to that of aggregated forms found in seminal plasma. Mutual interactions between monomer forms observed by size exclusion chromatography are in good agreement with results of affinity chromatography. An existence of interactions between spermadhesins of the AQN and AWN families and the DQH sperm surface protein, as well as between proteins involved in the formation of heterodimer porcine seminal plasma I (PSP I)/PSP II was proved.

Conclusion: Mutual specific interactions between protein components of boar seminal plasma were shown. These interactions participate in the formation of aggregated forms of proteins in seminal plasma and probably also in the arrangement and remodelling of protein coating layers of sperm. Aggregation of seminal plasma proteins is probably an important phenomenon in the fertilization process.
Quantitative mRNA Analysis of IL‐1 Gene System in Human Testis
Authors: Fiszer D. , Rozwadowska N. , Łukaszyk A. , Słomski R. , Kurpisz M.
Published: October 2003

Problem:
There is a growing body of evidence that interleukins exhibit modulatory activity on development of reproductive cells. In this context, there appears to be a role for IL‐1, which is also produced in human testis. We have analysed transcripts of IL‐1 gene system (IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐1RI, IL‐1RII and IL‐1RA) to evaluate the possible link between the level of gene(s) transcription and their function.

Method of study: To determine the activity of gene transcription, a quantitative PCR with isotopic and/or nonisotopic detection was applied.

Results and Conclusions: We have detected differential expression of IL‐1α and IL‐1β genes in separate functional compartments of a male gonad. A strong expression of IL‐1α gene in an intratubular cell fraction was shown, while the IL‐1β expression seemed to be dominant in extratubular compartment of the male gonad. Abundant amounts of IL‐1RA mRNA in gametogenic cells fraction slightly higher than in interstitium have also been found. IL‐1RA is the most important regulatory molecule in IL‐1 system, which down‐regulates activity of both interleukins. Looking more closely at gene(s) differential expression it appears that IL‐1α can be preferentially down‐regulated by IL‐1RA gene in intratubular fraction while the IL‐1β, through the ‘‘false’’ IL‐1RII receptor in the interstitium. Genes coding for both receptors (IL‐1RI and IL‐1RII) showed, however, relatively low levels of transcription in both studied compartments. IL‐1 genes system creates a complex intragonadal environment and the function of these genes is reflected by their respective distribution in the two main functional compartments of the testis.
Materno‐fetal Immunogenetic Disparity: The Biological Basis for In vitro Fertilization Treatment in Patients with Unexplained Recurrent Abortion?
Authors: Creus Montserrat , Calafell Josep Mª , Cívico Salvadora , Fábregues Francisco , Carmona Francisco , Vanrell Juan A. , Balasch Juan
Published: October 2003

Problem: The majority of women with recurrent miscarriage have no discernible cause but it has been postulated that immunologic aberrations may be the cause in most of such cases. Also, it has been stressed that deliberate modification of the maternal host defense system can improve the chances of success. We tested the hypothesis that it is possible to potentiate maternal immune functions so as to improve reproductive performance by replacing several embryos into the uterus, thus favoring the recognition of fetal antigens.

Method of study: A total of 57 couples with three or more (mean 5.52; range 3–12) consecutive first‐trimester spontaneous clinical abortions of unknown etiology were treated with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer for a total of 84 cycles. Patients underwent IVF after combined gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/gonadotropin treatment for ovarian stimulation, and up to four embryos were replaced into the uterus.

Results: There were 32 pregnancies (three of them after frozen–thawed embryo transfers) and 26 (81%) of them were viable gestations. Overall, patients had a previous obstetric history of 315 pregnancy losses and 15 live‐born babies. Thus, the probability of having a live baby before treatment was 4.54% (95% CI, 2.78–7.36) a figure significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than that observed under IVF treatment (81%; 95% CI, 64.53–91.01). None of selected variables potentially related with the outcome of pregnancy after IVF and embryo transfer in recurrent aborters (including pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis) was found to be associated with miscarriage.

Conclusions: This study shows that replacement of several embryos after IVF is a useful treatment in the prevention of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion thus providing further evidence for immunologically modifiable pregnancy loss.
Characterization of Spermatozoa Surface Antigens by Antisperm Antibodies and its Influence on Acrosomal Exocytosis
Authors: Bohring Claudia , Krause Walter
Published: October 2003

Problem:Antisperm antibodies (ASA) are the main cause of immunological infertility, they impair sperm functions by binding to the sperm membrane. The aim of this study was to characterize highly enriched sperm membrane proteins by 2‐D‐electrophoresis and to identify membrane antigens binding ASA and to evaluate the influence of ASA on the acrosome reaction (AR).

Method of study:Sperm membrane proteins were separated by 2‐D‐electrophoresis and antigens were identified by immunoblotting with ASA from seminal plasma samples of infertile men. The influence of ASA on the AR were observed and determined by means of flowcytometry.

Results:A total of 18 antigens were identified by using ASA from seminal plasma. Six of the recognized proteins were analyzed by means of mass spectrometry and peptide matching: HSP70 and HSP70‐2, disulfide‐isomerase‐ER60, caspase‐3 and two subunits of the proteasome (component‐C2 and zeta‐chain). ASA from seminal plasma are able to enhance the AR in donor‐spermatozoa.

Conclusion:The biochemical identification of these proteins will be helpful to understand the mechanism by which ASA impair sperm function and the fertilization process. Spermatozoa, in which the AR was prematurely induced by ASA, will not be able to fertilize anymore.
Increased Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α by Peritoneal Fluid Mononuclear Cells Induced by 60‐kDa Heat Shock Protein in Women with Minimal to Mild Endometriosis
Authors: Noda Takahiro , Murakami Takashi , Terada Yukihiro , Yaegashi Nobuo , Okamura Kunihiro
Published: October 2003

Problem:  We sought to examine the role of Hsp60, a 60‐kDa stress‐responsive protein (hsp60) with potent immunostimulatory properties, in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. We investigated the response of peritoneal fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) to hsp60 to identify differences in PFMCs between women with and without endometriosis.

Method of study:  PFMCs from women with or without endometriosis were incubated with hsp60 in vitro. The release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:  The rapid secretion of TNF‐α was observed following the exposure of PFMCs to hsp60. PFMCs from women with minimal to mild endometriosis produced greater amounts of TNF‐α in response to hsp60 stimulation than levels seen in cells from women without endometriosis.

Conclusion:  Hsp60 may play a role in the activation of peritoneal immunity in patients with minimal to mild endometriosis.
Comparison of four different suture materials in soft tissues of rats
Authors: Yaltirik M , Dedeoglu K , Bilgic B , Koray M , Ersev H , Issever H , Dulger O , Soley S
Published: October 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this in vivo study was to histopathologically evaluate the inflammatory reaction incited by Vicryl in rats and compare this material with various suture materials that are widely used in the clinic.

Subjects and methods: Four different suture materials, catgut, silk, polypropylene, and Vicryl were used in soft tissues of 32 Sprague–Dawley rats. Incisions performed were sutured by a standard technique. Eight rats were killed at the first, third, fifth, and seventh days. Histopathological evaluation of the en bloc samples was performed by determining the density of seven cell‐types. A numerical grading from one to three was used. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal–Wallis one way ANOVA and Dunn's tests.

Results: Vicryl has produced the mildest tissue reaction among the test materials at all experimental periods (P < 0.05). Total cell number value in Vicryl group was found to be significantly lower than the one in catgut group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Under the conditions of this study, the results demonstrated that Vicryl as a suture material produced the mildest tissue reaction during early healing period.
Hepatitis C virus infection in Thai patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Klanrit P , Thongprasom K , Rojanawatsirivej S , Theamboonlers A , Poovorawan Y
Published: October 2003

Objective: Many studies focusing on the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and oral lichen planus (OLP) have been conducted. Diversities of geographical locations could be a major factor influencing the prevalence of HCV. This study was aimed to define whether there was a relationship between the OLP and HCV infection in Thailand.

Materials and methods: Serum samples of 60 patients (with OLP) and 60 controls (without OLP), whose age and gender were matched, were respectively screened for anti‐HCV by ELISA (third generation), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for HCV‐RNA.

Results: We found five patients (8.33%) with OLP infected with HCV: three patients were positive for both anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA; one patient was only positive for anti‐ HCV; and one patient was only positive for HCV‐RNA; whereas all the controls were negative for both anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA (P = 0.029). Three of five cases of OLP with HCV infection had histories of blood transfusions over 10 years ago.

Conclusion: The present study reports a small, but statistically significant high prevalence of HCV infection among patients with OLP, although the underlying mechanism still remains unknown.
Sebaceous adenoma of oral cavity: report of case and comparative proliferation study with sebaceous gland hyperplasia and Fordyce's granules
Authors: Kaminagakura E , Andrade CR , Rangel ALCA , Coletta RD , Graner E , Almeida OP , Vargas PA
Published: October 2003

Sebaceous adenoma (SA) is a rare solitary tumour with a predilection for the forehead and scalp. In the English literature, less than 10 cases of SA have been described in the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to examine the clinicopathologic features and evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor, estrogen receptor and androgen receptor in SA and in its differential diagnoses including sebaceous gland hyperplasia (SGH) and Fordyce's granules (FG). Additionally, we analysed the proliferative potential of sebaceous cells from SA, SGH and FG by measuring proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and quantification of argyrophilic nuclear organizer regions (AgNORs). The SA showed many clinicopathologic similarities to cases previously reported including the biphasic population of cells, in the periphery of lobules undifferentiated basaloid cells whereas the central area was formed by mature sebocytes. SA was composed of 198 lobules of sebaceous cells, whereas SGH and FG showed a mean of 21 ± 7.81 and 5.84 ± 2.83, respectively. The AgNOR and PCNA indices were similar in SA, SGH and FG. These data suggest that lobule counts may be used as additional criteria in distinguishing SA of the oral cavity from other intraoral sebaceous gland lesions.
Eotaxin expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas with and without tumour associated tissue eosinophilia
Authors: Lorena SCM , Oliveira DT , Dorta RG , Landman G , Kowalski LP
Published: October 2003

Aim:

Eotaxin is a powerful and selective eosinophil chemoattractant. The purpose of this study was to compare the expression of eotaxin in oral squamous cell carcinomas with and without tumour associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE). The mechanisms that control the recruitment of eosinophils to these tumours are not clearly established.

Methods: A total of 60 patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) with TNM stages II and III, located in the tongue, oral floor, retromolar area and inferior gingiva were divided in two groups: 1 – OSCC with intense eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate and 2 – OSCC with absent/low eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate. The eotaxin expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using standard streptavidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex technique with monoclonal (mouse anti‐human eotaxin) and polyclonal (rabbit anti‐human eotaxin) antibodies.

Results: The eotaxin expression was identified in normal oral mucosa as well as in both OSCC groups including malignant epithelial cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, plasma cells and fibroblasts. The eosinophils showed intense immunopositivity for eotaxin.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the eotaxin expressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas, mainly derived from eosinophils, is probably involved in the mechanisms of eosinophils chemotaxis to the tumour and in the maintenance of TATE in these malignant tumours.
The evaluation of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients with oral lichen planus
Authors: Koray M , Dülger O , Ak G , Horasanli S , Ü çok A , Tanyeri H , Badur S
Published: October 2003

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine any association between anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients by the case–control method.

Design relevant:  Forty patients with OLP were evaluated. The OLP diagnosis was established through a composite of accepted clinical and histopathological characteristics. Forty patients from the register of patients who obtained general dental care were selected as controls.

Material and method:  The saliva samples collected between 9:00 and 9:15am were analysed for the level of cortisol with Cortisol EIA that used competetive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Trait and state anxiety levels of 80 patients were measured using the Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results:  The mean level of cortisol from 40 saliva samples in study group was 1.46 and 0.93μg dl−1 in 40 controls (P=0.001). The mean level for state anxiety in the study group were 48.85 and 39.45 in control group (P=0.001). Trait anxiety levels in study group were 49.77 and 38.51 in control group (P=0.001). We found that salivary cortisol, state and trait anxiety levels in OLP group were significantly higher than in the control group.

Conclusion:  Because of the fact that the level of anxiety and salivary cortisol of OLP patients were high, our findings concluded that this disease is closely related with stress. Thus besides traditional treatment of OLP patients, our findings suggest that psychological support is also needed.
HIV/AIDS orofacial lesions in 156 Zimbabwean patients at referral oral and maxillofacial surgical clinics
Authors: Chidzonga MM
Published: October 2003

Objective:  To document the prevalence, age and gender distribution and clinical features of HIV/AIDS orofacial lesions in patients referred to the two largest Oral and Maxillofacial specialist centers in Harare, Zimbabwe, and compare the findings with those from other parts of the world.

Design:  Descriptive study.

Setting:  Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Clinics at specialist referral hospitals; Harare Central Hospital and Parirenyatwa Government Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe.

Subjects:  A total of 7800 consecutive patients referred for various orofacial conditions were examined. From this group, 156 patients with orofacial lesions of or suggestive of HIV/AIDS were further interviewed and examined by the oral and maxillofacial surgeon in charge of the clinics.

Methods:  Head, neck and oral examinations were carried out. Oral examination was carried out using mouth mirror and dental light in a dental chair. HIV/AIDS orofacial lesions were recorded and diagnosed using the EC Clearing House Criteria on Oral Problems related to HIV Infection (1993).

Results:  There were 79 males and 77 females. Male:female ratio 1:1; age range 1–56 years; candidiasis (55.1%) was the most common lesion with the pseudomembranous type (55.8%) predominating. High prevalences of Kaposi's sarcoma (18.6%), salivary gland disease (12.2%) and cancrum oris (3.8%) were noted. Heterosexual contact and mother to child transmissions appear to be the mode of transmission.

Conclusion:  The spectrum of orofacial lesions is similar to that in other countries. This study shows a high prevalence of candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, salivary gland disease, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, cancrum oris and rampant caries.
Polymorphisms in the IL‐10 and IL‐12 gene cluster and risk of developing recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Bazrafshani MR , Hajeer AH , Ollier WER , Thornhill MH
Published: October 2003

Background:  Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common, painful, ulcerative condition of the mouth. Although there is no clear genetic mode of inheritance, there is evidence that inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms may predispose individuals to RAS. AlsoTh1 cell mediated immune responses under the control of IL‐10/IL‐12 are thought to play an important role inits pathogenesis.

Objective:  The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility that susceptibility to RAS is associated with the inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms for the T cell regulatory cytokines interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12).

Patients and Methods:  One hundred RAS patients and 91 ethnically matched controls were genotyped for the IL‐10‐592, and ‐1082 polymorphisms, and the IL‐12 1188 polymorphism. Chi‐square analysis was used to compare the allele frequencies and genotypes of cases and controls.

Results:  No significant association was identified between inheritance of specific alleles or genotypes of the IL‐10‐592 and ‐1082 polymorphisms or IL‐12 1188 polymorphism and susceptibility to RAS.

Conclusions:  We were unable to demonstrate an association between the inheritance of specific IL‐10 or IL‐12 gene polymorphisms and RAS susceptibility.
The Association Between Male Offspring Aggression and Paternal and Maternal Behavior of Peromyscus Mice
Authors: Bester‐Meredith Janet K. , Marler Catherine A.
Published: October 2003

Parents influence offspring aggression through genetic and non‐genetic mechanisms, although the latter are less well understood. To examine potential non‐genetic effects of parents on offspring, we cross‐fostered the highly aggressive and biparental California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) and the less aggressive, less parental white‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). In‐fostered animals within each species were used as controls. We examined associations between the foster parents’ behavior and aggression of the fostered male offspring in resident–intruder (R–I) and neutral arena aggression tests. When both species and fostering groups were combined, R–I aggression of offspring was positively associated with paternal time spent retrieving pups. In contrast, aggression in a neutral arena was negatively associated with a composite score of maternal behavior. We discuss how our findings regarding paternal retrievals may explain previously reported effects of cross‐fostering on male aggression.
Observational Learning and Predator Inspection in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Authors: Brosnan Sarah F. , Earley Ryan L. , Dugatkin Lee A.
Published: October 2003

Prior work has demonstrated that, following a predator inspection visit of their own, guppies prefer to associate with individuals who inspected a predator most closely. Based on this work, as well as studies of social learning in the context of mate choice, we predicted that male guppies that observed but did not participate in an inspection trial would subsequently choose to associate with the closer of two inspectors. Our experimental protocol consisted of three treatments: a control test in which an observer watched two fish consecutively, only one of which was exposed to a predator, a sequential test in which an observer watched two fish consecutively, both of which were exposed to the predator, and a social test in which an observer watched two fish inspect simultaneously. We found no preferences by the observer for either of the fish in any of the trials. Our results suggest that direct interaction is a critical component to the development of preferences in male guppies. We discuss our findings in light of game theoretical treatments of cooperation.
Candidaemia in a London teaching hospital: analysis of 128 cases over a 7‐year period
Authors: Schelenz S. , Gransden W. R.
Published: October 2003

In a retrospective analysis of 128 cases of Candida bloodstream infections in a London teaching hospital between 1995 and 2001, the incidence of candidaemia increased from 0.2/1000 admissions in 1995 to 0.5 and 0.4/1000 admissions in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Risk factors for candidaemia included the presence of intravascular (IV) lines (88%), admission to intensive care (51%), parenteral nutrition (35%), multiple antibiotics (74%), corticosteroid therapy (12%), cancer chemotherapy (11%), renal transplantation (5%) and neutropenia (3%). The sources of infection were IV lines (77%), the urinary tract (7%) and the gastrointestinal tract (7%). Serious infective complications (endocarditis, endophthalmitis or brain abscess) were noted in 6% of cases. The most frequently isolated species were Candida albicans (64%), C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (9%) and C. parapsilosis (5%). The overall fluconazole‐resistance rate of Candida spp. was 7% (MIC ≥ 64 mg l−1). All the C. albicans isolates were sensitive to fluconazole (MIC ≤ 8 mg l−1) whereas 20% of non‐C. albicans isolates (27% of C. glabrata and 14%C. tropicalis) were resistant. The mortality rate (35%) was lower than in other reports and may be due to the early recognition of candidaemia and the prompt removal of IV lines together with the initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. Regular surveillance of local Candida species, resistance profiles and risk factors is important in order to identify patients at risk and to develop empirical treatment protocols to reduce the incidence and mortality of candidaemia.
Imported paracoccidioidomycosis in Spain
Authors: Ginarte Manuel , Pereiro Manuel , Toribio Jaime
Published: October 2003

The report deals with three patients, who developed paracoccidioidomycosis in Europe after having been in South America 50, 25 and 38 years before, respectively. The conditions for the long period of quiescent infection and for the late manifestations are discussed.
Cervical lymphadenitis caused by Candida albicans
Authors: Sang H. , Wu B. , Zhang X.
Published: October 2003

Cervical lymphadenitis caused by Candida albicans developed in an 8‐year‐old Chinese child. There was no evidence of disseminated infection. The infection apparently confined to a lymph node was interpreted as a stage of fungal invasion. The child showed lymphopenia with a proportionate decrease in T‐helper and T‐suppressor cells. The child was successfully treated intravenously with fluconazole.
Fungal peritonitis in 15 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Authors: Manzano‐Gayosso P. , Hernández‐Hernández F. , Méndez‐Tovar L. J. , González‐Monroy J. , López‐Martínez R.
Published: October 2003

Peritonitis is a frequent complication in patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) treatment. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence of fungal peritonitis on patients undergoing CAPD, and to determine the antifungal susceptibility pattern of the identified isolates. Samples of the peritoneal dialysis fluid from 165 patients on CAPD treatment with peritonitis manifestations were submitted to mycological study (direct microscopic examination, culture and antifungal susceptibility test). Ten Candida isolates were identified, being C. albicans and C. parapsilosis the most common species. From isolates obtained, three species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. guilliermondii) presented itraconazole resistance while C. glabrata was resistant to both itraconazole and ketoconazole. Aspergillus fumigatus was associated to peritonitis in three cases and Acremonium sp. in two.
Development and validation of a disease‐specific treatment satisfaction questionnaire for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Coyne K. S. , Wiklund I. , Schmier J. , Halling K. , Degl' Innocenti A. , Revicki D.
Published: October 2003

Background : Currently, no disease‐specific, patient‐based, treatment satisfaction instruments related to gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease exist.

Aim: To develop and validate a treatment satisfaction questionnaire for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (TSQ‐G).

Methods : A new questionnaire was developed from patient focus groups, clinician input and literature review. A validation study was conducted in treated gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients. Ancillary measures included the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36, Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, Socially Desirable Response Scale, Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire‐18 and physician and patient measures of symptoms and satisfaction. Statistical analyses included exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, intra‐class correlations, analyses of variance and t‐tests.

Results : A total of 198 gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients participated in the study, with a mean age of 50.7 years, 68% female and 84% Caucasian. The physician‐rated severity of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease was mild (32%), moderate (50%) and severe (18%); 83% were on proton pump inhibitors. The final TSQ‐G consisted of 28 items with seven sub‐scales; Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.58 to 0.94. Correlations with the expected sub‐scales of the ancillary measures were moderate to strong. The TSQ‐G sub‐scales discriminated significantly between levels of physician‐rated disease severity, symptom days and patient and physician ratings of satisfaction.

Conclusions : The TSQ‐G has excellent reliability and construct validity and appears to be a useful tool for the evaluation of treatment satisfaction in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients.
European multicentre validation trial of two new non‐invasive tests for the detection of  Helicobacter pylori antibodies: urine‐based ELISA and rapid urine test
Authors: Leodolter A. , Vaira D. , Bazzoli F. , Schütze K. , Hirschl A. , Mégraud F. , Malfertheiner P.
Published: October 2003

Aim : Non‐invasive tests for the assessment of Helicobacter pylori status are now an integral part of the management strategies for patients with dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to evaluate a urine based antibody ELISA and a near patient urine test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection in a European population.

Methods : Urine samples were collected from 449 patients (240 females, 209 males, mean age 54 years), with dyspeptic symptoms but no previous H. pylori eradication therapy, at five centres in four European countries. All patients underwent GI endoscopy and biopsies were taken for H. pylori diagnosis. Urine samples were analysed using an IgG ELISA (URINELISA) and a near patient urine test (RAPIRUN). In addition, a serum IgG ELISA (Pyloriset‐EIA‐GIII), a whole blood test (Pyloriset‐Screen) and a 13C‐urea breath test were performed.

Results : The sensitivity of the urine based ELISA and the near patient urine test was 90% and 82%, and the specificity 68% and 83%, respectively. The accuracy of the serum ELISA and the whole blood test was comparable with the urine based test.

Conclusion : The urine based ELISA and the near patient urine test are just as accurate as the serological tests. This comparable accuracy and complete non‐invasiveness of the former gives it an advantage over blood based tests. This limits the application of these tests in general practice.
Esomeprazole resolves chronic heartburn in patients without erosive oesophagitis
Authors: Katz P. O. , Castell D. O. , Levine D.
Published: October 2003

Background : Patients with chronic heartburn but with no endoscopic evidence of erosive oesophagitis require gastric acid suppression to relieve symptoms.

Aim : To assess the efficacy and safety of esomeprazole in patients with frequent heartburn for ≥ 6 months and no evidence of erosive oesophagitis on endoscopy.

Methods : Two randomized, double‐blind, 4‐week, multi‐centre trials with identical methodology compared once‐daily esomeprazole, 40 mg (n = 241) or 20 mg (n = 234), with placebo (n = 242) for the rigorous end‐point of complete resolution of heartburn. Secondary end‐points included the percentage of heartburn‐free days and the time to first and sustained resolution of heartburn.

Results : Patients treated with either dose of esomeprazole were two to three times more likely to achieve complete resolution of heartburn than patients treated with placebo (P < 0.001). The percentage of heartburn‐free days was significantly higher with esomeprazole 40 mg (63%, 66%) or 20 mg (63%, 68%) than with placebo (46%, 36%; P ≤ 0.001) in each of the two studies. Esomeprazole was associated with a significantly shorter mean time to first (6–7 days) and sustained (12–17 days) resolution of heartburn compared with placebo (first, 10–12 days; sustained, 21–22 days; P ≤ 0.008). The spectrum and frequency of adverse events with esomeprazole were similar to those with placebo.

Conclusions : Esomeprazole, at daily doses of 40 mg or 20 mg, is effective and safe for the treatment of chronic heartburn in patients without erosive oesophagitis.
A sensitive guaiac faecal occult blood test is less useful than an immunochemical test for colorectal cancer screening in a Chinese population
Authors: Wong B. C.‐Y. , Wong W. M. , Cheung K. L. , Tong T. S. M. , Rozen P. , Young G. P. , Chu K. W. , Ho J. , Law W. L. , Tung H. M. , Lai K. C. , Hu W. H. C. , Chan C. K. , Lam S. K.
Published: October 2003

Background : Colorectal cancer screening by guaiac faecal occult blood test has been shown to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in Western populations. The optimal faecal occult blood test, whether guaiac or immunochemical, for colorectal cancer screening in the Chinese population remains to be defined.

Aim : To compare the performance characteristics of a sensitive guaiac‐based faecal occult blood test (Hemoccult SENSA) and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test (FlexSure OBT) in a Chinese population referred for colonoscopy.

Methods : One hundred and thirty‐five consecutive patients who were referred for colonoscopy and who met the study inclusion criteria took samples for the two faecal occult blood tests simultaneously from three successive stool specimens, with no dietary restrictions. All tests were developed and interpreted by a single experienced technician who was blind to the clinical diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for the detection of colorectal adenomas and cancers were estimated for the two tests.

Results : The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for the detection of significant colorectal neoplasia (adenomas ≥ 1.0 cm and cancers) were 91%, 70% and 18% for Hemoccult SENSA and 82%, 94% and 47% for FlexSure OBT. The specificity and positive predictive value were significantly higher for FlexSure OBT than for Hemoccult SENSA (P < 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively). Combining the positive results from both faecal occult blood tests did not improve the accuracy.

Conclusion : The positive predictive value of the immunochemical faecal occult blood test for the detection of significant colorectal neoplasia was 29% better than that of the sensitive guaiac‐based test. This may relate to the Chinese diet and requires further study. The poor specificity of the sensitive guaiac‐based test, without dietary restriction, makes it less useful for colorectal cancer screening in a Chinese population.