bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circular economy business models in developing economies: Lessons from India on reduce, recycle, and reuse paradigms
Authors: Goyal Sandeep , Esposito Mark , Kapoor Amit
Published: December 2016

According to the UN Sustainable Development Goals in 2016, the demand for resources will require natural resources equivalent to two and three planets by 2030 and 2050, respectively. The linear economic model driven by a “take‐make‐dispose” philosophy is unable to manage the demand and supply balance in consumption of natural resources. This imbalance is affecting the sustainability of the countries and enterprises as well as affecting the global supply chain leading to socioeconomic and environmental risks and volatility. Realizing the future resource scarcity challenge, the current linear economy model is giving way to the circular economy model. The circular economy model focuses on careful alignment and management of resource flows across the value chain by integrating reverse logistics, design innovation, collaborative ecosystem, and business model innovation. This article examines how circular model is pushing the companies in developing economies like India to design and implement business models that are based on reduce, reuse, and recycle paradigms.
Placental syndromes: getting to the heart of the matter
Authors: Thilaganathan B.
Published: December 2016

A video podcast of the TED Talk of this article can be accessed from the following link: http://bit.ly/2i1SqDk
Progress in socio‐hydrology: a meta‐analysis of challenges and opportunities
Authors: Pande Saket , Sivapalan Murugesu
Published: December 2016

Socio‐hydrology was introduced 4 years ago into the scientific lexicon, and elicited several reactions about the meaning and originality of the concept. However, there has also been much activity triggered by the original paper, including further commentaries that clarified the definitions, and several papers that acted on the definitions, and through these activities further clarified and illustrated the meaning and usefulness of socio‐hydrology for understanding coupled human–water systems and to assist with sustainable water management. This paper restates the case for socio‐hydrology by articulating the need to consider the two‐way feedbacks between human and water systems in order to explain puzzles, paradoxes, and unintended consequences that arise in the context of water management, and to suggest ways to avoid or overcome these challenges. The paper then presents a critical review of past research on socio‐hydrology through the prism of historical, comparative, and process socio‐hydrology, documenting both the progress made and the challenges faced. Much of the work done so far has involved studies of socio‐hydrological systems in spatially isolated domains (e.g., river basins), and phenomena that involve emergent patterns in the time domain. The modeling studies so far have involved testing hypotheses about how these temporal patterns arise. An important feature that distinguishes socio‐hydrology from other related fields is the importance of allowing human agency (e.g., socioeconomics, technology, norms, and values) to be endogenous to the systems. This paper articulates the need to extend socio‐hydrology to explore phenomena in space and in space‐time, as the world becomes increasingly globalized and human–water systems become highly interconnected. The endogenization of human agency, in terms of values and norms, technology, economics, and trade must now be extended to space and to space‐time. This is a necessity, and a challenge, for water sustainability, but presents exciting opportunities for further research. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1193. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1193

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Human Water > Water Governance
On dual programs in co-logic programming and the Horn μ-calculus
Authors: Seki Hirohisa
Published: December 2016

We consider some extensions of co-logic programming and study its relationship with the Horn

μ

-calculus by Charatonik et al. We first consider
negation elimination (NE)
, a familiar technique of program transformation, for co-logic programs. Given a program
P
, NE derives its
dual
program

P
*

which defines the “complement” of
P
. When we apply NE to co-logic programs with negation, we show that the stratification restriction, a syntactic condition imposed on co-logic programs, becomes too restrictive in general, and that the Horn

μ

-calculus can be used as an extension of co-logic programming for handling “non-stratified” co-logic programs. We then consider some applications of non-stratified co-logic programs to the well-founded semantics (WFS) and Answer Set Programming. In particular, we give new iterated fixpoint characterizations of the WFS as well as answer sets via dual programs. We also discuss some applications of non-stratified co-logic programs to program transformation such as partial deduction, and a proof procedure for the WFS.
Thromboembolic Prophylaxis with Heparin in Patients with Blunt Solid Organ Injuries Undergoing Non‐operative Treatment
Authors: Khatsilouskaya Tatsiana , Haltmeier Tobias , Cathomas Marionna , Eberle Barbara , Candinas Daniel , Schnüriger Beat
Published: December 2016

Background

Patients with blunt solid organ injuries (SOI) are at risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and VTE prophylaxis is crucial. However, little is known about the safety of early prophylactic administration of heparin in these patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective study including adult trauma patients with SOI (liver, spleen, kidney) undergoing non‐operative management (NOM) from 01/01/2009 to 31/12/2014. Three groups were distinguished: prophylactic heparin (low molecular weight heparin or low‐dose unfractionated heparin) ≤72 h after admission (‘early heparin group’), >72 h after admission (‘late heparin group’), and no heparin (‘no heparin group’). Patient and injury characteristics, transfusion requirements, and outcomes (failed NOM, VTE, and mortality) were compared between the three groups.

Results

Overall, 179 patients were included; 44.7% in the ‘early heparin group,’ 34.6% in the ‘late heparin group,’ and 20.8% in the ‘no heparin group.’ In the ‘late heparin group,’ the ISS was significantly higher than in the ‘early’ and ‘no heparin groups’ (median 29.0 vs. 17.0 vs. 19.0; p < 0.001). The overall NOM failure rate was 3.9%. Failed NOM was significantly more frequent in the ‘no heparin group’ compared to the ‘early’ and ‘late heparin groups’ (10.8 vs. 3.2 vs. 1.3%; p = 0.043). In the ‘early heparin group’ 27.5% patients suffered from a high‐grade SOI; none of these patients failed NOM. Mortality did not differ significantly. Although not statistically significant, VTE were more frequent in the ‘no heparin group’ compared to the ‘early’ and ‘late heparin groups’ (10.8 vs. 4.8 vs. 1.3%; p = 0.066).

Conclusion

In patients with SOI, heparin was administered early in a high percentage of patients and was not associated with an increased NOM failure rate or higher in‐hospital mortality.
Functional limitations and health care resource utilization for individuals with cognitive impairment without dementia: Findings from a United States population‐based survey
Authors: Andrews J. Scott , Desai Urvi , Kirson Noam Y. , Enloe Caroline J. , Ristovska Ljubica , King Sarah , Birnbaum Howard G. , Fleisher Adam S. , Ye Wenyu , Kahle‐Wrobleski Kristin
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Little is known about functional limitations and health care resource utilization of people with cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND).

Methods

Respondents with stable or progressive cognitive impairment (CI) after the first (index) indication of CIND in 2000–2010 were identified from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Respondents never exhibiting CI were identified as potential controls. Propensity score–based optimal matching was used to adjust for differences in demographics and history of stroke. Differences between cohorts were assessed accounting for HRS survey design.

Results

After matching, CIND respondents had more functional limitations (difficulty with ≥1 activities of daily living: 24% vs. 15%; ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living: 20% vs. 11%) and hospital stays (37% vs. 27%) than respondents with no CI (all P < .001). Seventy five percent of CIND respondents developed dementia in the observable follow‐up (median time: ∼6 years).

Discussion

Even before dementia onset, CI is associated with increased likelihood of functional limitations and greater health care resource use.
Organic selenium in animal nutrition – utilisation, metabolism, storage and comparison with other selenium sources
Authors: Edens F. W. , Sefton A. E.
Published: December 2016

The importance of selenium as a key component of antioxidant systems in animals is well recognised due to much research about this mineral in many species. Selenium is required as part of the antioxidant enzyme structure and plays a major role in various protective systems in animal physiology, including immunity, cellular stability and DNA protection. The following review is the first in a series of three which details the importance of selenium in animal nutrition, and how the chemically organic form, which is akin to the form of the mineral in natural feed materials, can provide increased benefits in utilisation, storage and metabolism compared to inorganic sources.
Solving finite time horizon Dynkin games by optimal switching
Authors: Martyr Randall
Published: December 2016

This paper uses recent results on continuous-time finite-horizon optimal switching problems with negative switching costs to prove the existence of a saddle point in an optimal stopping (Dynkin) game. Sufficient conditions for the game's value to be continuous with respect to the time horizon are obtained using recent results on norm estimates for doubly reflected backward stochastic differential equations. This theory is then demonstrated numerically for the special cases of cancellable call and put options in a Black‒Scholes market.
Order statistics with memory: a model with reliability applications
Authors: Katzur Alexander , Kamps Udo
Published: December 2016

An extended model of order statistics based on possibly different distributions is introduced and analyzed. In the interpretation of successive failure times in a 𝑘-out-of-𝑛 system, say, until each failure, the time periods under previous (increasing) loads exerted on the remaining components are recorded. Then the lifetime distribution of the system depends on the complete failure scheme. Thus, order statistics with memory provide an alternative to the use of sequential order statistics, which form a Markov chain. The quantities as well as their spacings, the interoccurrence times, can be compared by means of stochastic ordering.
On the long-range dependence of fractional Poisson and negative binomial processes
Authors: Maheshwari A. , Vellaisamy P.
Published: December 2016

We discuss the short-range dependence (SRD) property of the increments of the fractional Poisson process, called the fractional Poissonian noise. We also establish that the fractional negative binomial process (FNBP) has the long-range dependence (LRD) property, while the increments of the FNBP have the SRD property. Our definitions of the SRD/LRD properties are similar to those for a stationary process and different from those recently used in Biard and Saussereau (2014).
A sharp lower bound for choosing the maximum of an independent sequence
Authors: Allaart Pieter C. , Islas José A.
Published: December 2016

In this paper we consider a variation of the full-information secretary problem where the random variables to be observed are independent but not necessary identically distributed. The main result is a sharp lower bound for the optimal win probability. Precisely, if X1,...,Xn are independent random variables with known continuous distributions and Vn(X1,...,Xn):=supτℙ(Xτ=Mn), where Mn≔max{X1,...,Xn} and the supremum is over all stopping times adapted to X1,...,Xn then Vn(X1,...,Xn)≥(1-1/n)n-1, and this bound is attained. The method of proof consists in reducing the problem to that of a sequence of random variables taking at most two possible values, and then applying Bruss' sum-the-odds theorem, Bruss (2000). In order to obtain a sharp bound for each n, we improve Bruss' lower bound, Bruss (2003), for the sum-the-odds problem.
Sequential stochastic assignment problem with time-dependent random success rates
Authors: Baharian Golshid , Khatibi Arash , Jacobson Sheldon H.
Published: December 2016

The sequential stochastic assignment problem (SSAP) allocates distinct workers with deterministic values to sequentially arriving tasks with stochastic parameters to maximize the expected total reward. In this paper we study an extension of the SSAP, in which the worker values are considered to be random variables, taking on new values upon each task arrival. Several SSAP models with different assumptions on the distribution of the worker values and closed-form expressions for optimal assignment policies are presented.
Stability of the stochastic matching model
Authors: Mairesse Jean , Moyal Pascal
Published: December 2016

We introduce and study a new model that we call the matching model. Items arrive one by one in a buffer and depart from it as soon as possible but by pairs. The items of a departing pair are said to be matched. There is a finite set of classes 𝒱 for the items, and the allowed matchings depend on the classes, according to a matching graph on 𝒱. Upon arrival, an item may find several possible matches in the buffer. This indeterminacy is resolved by a matching policy. When the sequence of classes of the arriving items is independent and identically distributed, the sequence of buffer-content is a Markov chain, whose stability is investigated. In particular, we prove that the model may be stable if and only if the matching graph is nonbipartite.
Universality of load balancing schemes on the diffusion scale
Authors: Mukherjee Debankur , Borst Sem C. , van Leeuwaarden Johan S. H. , Whiting Philip A.
Published: December 2016

We consider a system of N parallel queues with identical exponential service rates and a single dispatcher where tasks arrive as a Poisson process. When a task arrives, the dispatcher always assigns it to an idle server, if there is any, and to a server with the shortest queue among d randomly selected servers otherwise (1≤d≤N). This load balancing scheme subsumes the so-called join-the-idle queue policy (d=1) and the celebrated join-the-shortest queue policy (d=N) as two crucial special cases. We develop a stochastic coupling construction to obtain the diffusion limit of the queue process in the Halfin‒Whitt heavy-traffic regime, and establish that it does not depend on the value of d, implying that assigning tasks to idle servers is sufficient for diffusion level optimality.
Nonergodic Jackson networks with infinite supply–local stabilization and local equilibrium analysis
Authors: Sommer Jennifer , Daduna Hans , Heidergott Bernd
Published: December 2016

Classical Jackson networks are a well-established tool for the analysis of complex systems. In this paper we analyze Jackson networks with the additional features that (i) nodes may have an infinite supply of low priority work and (ii) nodes may be unstable in the sense that the queue length at these nodes grows beyond any bound. We provide the limiting distribution of the queue length distribution at stable nodes, which turns out to be of product form. A key step in establishing this result is the development of a new algorithm based on adjusted traffic equations for detecting unstable nodes. Our results complement the results known in the literature for the subcases of Jackson networks with either infinite supply nodes or unstable nodes by providing an analysis of the significantly more challenging case of networks with both types of nonstandard node present. Building on our product-form results, we provide closed-form solutions for common customer and system oriented performance measures.
Asymptotic frequency of shapes in supercritical branching trees
Authors: Plazzotta Giacomo , Colijn Caroline
Published: December 2016

The shapes of branching trees have been linked to disease transmission patterns. In this paper we use the general Crump‒Mode‒Jagers branching process to model an outbreak of an infectious disease under mild assumptions. Introducing a new class of characteristic functions, we are able to derive a formula for the limit of the frequency of the occurrences of a given shape in a general tree. The computational challenges concerning the evaluation of this formula are in part overcome using the jumping chronological contour process. We apply the formula to derive the limit of the frequency of cherries, pitchforks, and double cherries in the constant-rate birth‒death model, and the frequency of cherries under a nonconstant death rate.
Distributions of jumps in a continuous-state branching process with immigration
Authors: He Xin , Li Zenghu
Published: December 2016

We study the distributional properties of jumps in a continuous-state branching process with immigration. In particular, a representation is given for the distribution of the first jump time of the process with jump size in a given Borel set. From this result we derive a characterization for the distribution of the local maximal jump of the process. The equivalence of this distribution and the total Lévy measure is then studied. For the continuous-state branching process without immigration, we also study similar problems for its global maximal jump.
On the emergence of random initial conditions in fluid limits
Authors: Barbour A. D. , Chigansky P. , Klebaner F. C.
Published: December 2016

In the paper we present a phenomenon occurring in population processes that start near 0 and have large carrying capacity. By the classical result of Kurtz (1970), such processes, normalized by the carrying capacity, converge on finite intervals to the solutions of ordinary differential equations, also known as the fluid limit. When the initial population is small relative to the carrying capacity, this limit is trivial. Here we show that, viewed at suitably chosen times increasing to ∞, the process converges to the fluid limit, governed by the same dynamics, but with a random initial condition. This random initial condition is related to the martingale limit of an associated linear birth-and-death process.
Improved Chen‒Stein bounds on the probability of a union
Authors: Ross Sheldon M.
Published: December 2016

We improve the Chen‒Stein bounds when applied to the probability of a union. When the probability is small, the improvement in the distance from the lower to the upper bound is roughly a factor of 2. Further improvements are determined when the events of the union are either negatively or positively dependent.
Philippe Ariès’s ‘discovery of childhood’: imagery and historical evidence
Authors: RETFORD KATE
Published: December 2016

Philippe Ariès’sCenturies of Childhoodis now over 50 years old, but it holds its place as a pioneering study of childhood, education and the family. Furthermore, Ariès’s use of images continues to attract comment. This article reflects on the role of visual material in Aries's narrative, subsequent criticism, and more recent work in the field by both historians and art historians. Building on an important discussion of the same subject by Anthony Burton, publishedin Continuity and Changein 1989, it explores ongoing issues around the role of images as evidence for the histories of children and childhood.
John Graunt, the Hartlib circle and child mortality in mid-seventeenth-century London
Authors: PELLING MARGARET
Published: December 2016

John Graunt's pioneering study,Natural and Political Observations Made upon on the Bills of Mortality (1662)has been overlooked as a source for ideas about the importance of child mortality in an urban environment. Graunt seems to have been the first to arrive at an infant mortality rate (IMR), but this has been little explored. Graunt helped to define ‘the urban penalty’, but not in terms of the IMR. The article explains Graunt's focus on other aspects of urban mortality in relation to his need to reassure those in government, his methodology, and above all his gender. For context, the article looks at attitudes to childhood among members of the influential Hartlib circle of reformers, with which Graunt was connected. These male writers were greatly concerned about children, but seem to have shared with Graunt the traditional idea that children under the age of about seven were the responsibility of women.
Protecting the commons: self-governance and state intervention in the Italian States during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Authors: ONGARO GIULIO
Published: December 2016

This article provides an overview of the evolution of the commons in the Italian peninsula during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It focuses on the connection between the phenomenon of growing community debt, the loss of property held in common and the evolution of the institutions appointed to govern such properties. The later sections of the article will discuss the situation found in each of the Italian States: Venice, Spanish Lombardy, the Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States. Two models will be used for reference; one characterised by state intervention; the second by the growth of institutions of self-governance.
The classification of rank 3 reflective hyperbolic lattices over
Authors: MARK ALICE
Published: December 2016

There are 432 strongly squarefree symmetric bilinear forms of signature (2, 1) defined over$\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{2}]$whose integral isometry groups are generated up to finite index by finitely many reflections. We adapted Allcock's method (based on Nikulin's) of analysis for the 2-dimensional Weyl chamber to the real quadratic setting, and used it to produce a finite list of quadratic forms which contains all of the ones of interest to us as a sub-list. The standard method for determining whether a hyperbolic reflection group is generated up to finite index by reflections is an algorithm of Vinberg. However, for a large number of our quadratic forms the computation time required by Vinberg's algorithm was too long. We invented some alternatives, which we present here.
The Cost of Conscience
Authors: KENNETT JEANETTE
Published: December 2016

The spread of demands by physicians and allied health professionals for accommodation of their private ethical, usually religiously based, objections to providing care of a particular type, or to a particular class of persons, suggests the need for a re-evaluation of conscientious objection in healthcare and how it should be regulated. I argue on Kantian grounds that respect for conscience and protection of freedom of conscience is consistent with fairly stringent limitations and regulations governing refusal of service in healthcare settings. Respect for conscience does not entail that refusal of service should be cost free to the objector. I suggest that conscientious objection in medicine should be conceptualized and treated analogously to civil disobedience.
The Inevitability of Assessing Reasons in Debates about Conscientious Objection in Medicine
Authors: CARD ROBERT F.
Published: December 2016

This article first critically reviews the major philosophical positions in the literature on conscientious objection and finds that they possess significant flaws. A substantial number of these problems stem from the fact that these views fail to assess the reasons offered by medical professionals in support of their objections. This observation is used to motivate the reasonability view, one part of which states: A practitioner who lodges a conscientious refusal must publicly state his or her objection as well as the reasoned basis for the objection and have these subjected to critical evaluation before a conscientious exemption can be granted (the reason-giving requirement). It is then argued that when defenders of the other philosophical views attempt to avoid granting an accommodation to spurious objections based on discrimination, empirically mistaken beliefs, or other unjustified biases, they are implicitly committed to the reason-giving requirement. This article concludes that based on these considerations, a reason-giving position such as the reasonability view possesses a decisive advantage in this debate.
Two Concepts of Conscience and their Implications for Conscience-Based Refusal in Healthcare
Authors: CLARKE STEVE
Published: December 2016

Healthcare professionals are not currently obliged to justify conscientious objections. As a consequence, there are currently no practical limits on the scope of conscience-based refusals in healthcare. Recently, a number of bioethicists, including Christopher Meyers, Robert D. Woods, Robert Card, Lori Kantymir, and Carolyn McLeod, have raised concerns about this situation and have offered proposals to place principled limits on the scope of conscience-based refusals in healthcare. Here, I seek to adjudicate among their proposals. I argue that to adjudicate among them properly it is important to consider the theoretical bases for conscientious objection. I further argue that there are two such bases to be considered. Some conscientious objections are justified by appeal to all-things-considered moral judgments, and some are justified by appeal to the “dictates of conscience.” I argue that both of these bases are legitimate and that both should be accommodated in any principled scheme to limit the scope of conscientious refusals in healthcare.
Conscientious Objection, Complicity in Wrongdoing, and a Not-So-Moderate Approach
Authors: MINERVA FRANCESCA
Published: December 2016

This article analyzes the problem of complicity in wrongdoing in the case of healthcare practitioners (and in particular Roman Catholic ones) who refuse to perform abortions, but who are nonetheless required to facilitate abortions by informing their patients about this option and by referring them to a willing colleague. Although this solution is widely supported in the literature and is also widely represented in much legislation, the argument here is that it fails to both (1) safeguard the well-being of the patients, and (2) protect the moral integrity of healthcare practitioners. Finally, the article proposes a new solution to this problem that is based on a desirable ratio of conscientious objectors to non-conscientious objectors in a hospital or in a given geographic area.
How to Allow Conscientious Objection in Medicine While Protecting Patient Rights
Authors: ANCELL AARON , SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG WALTER
Published: December 2016

Paradigmatic cases of conscientious objection in medicine are those in which a physician refuses to provide a medical service or good because doing so would conflict with that physician’s personal moral or religious beliefs. Should such refusals be allowed in medicine? We argue that (1) many conscientious objections to providing certain services must be allowed because they fall within the range of freedom that physicians have to determine which services to offer in their practices; (2) at least some conscientious objections to serving particular groups of patients should be allowed because they are not invidiously discriminatory; and (3) even in cases of invidiously discriminatory conscientious objections, legally prohibiting individual physicians from refusing to serve patients on the basis of such objections is not always the best solution.
Refusing to Treat Sexual Dysfunction in Sex Offenders
Authors: DOUGLAS THOMAS
Published: December 2016

This article examines one kind of conscientious refusal: the refusal of healthcare professionals to treat sexual dysfunction in individuals with a history of sexual offending. According to what I call the orthodoxy, such refusal is invariably impermissible, whereas at least one other kind of conscientious refusal—refusal to offer abortion services—is not. I seek to put pressure on the orthodoxy by (1) motivating the view that either both kinds of conscientious refusal are permissible or neither is, and (2) critiquing two attempts to buttress it.
William Sterndale Bennett: Imitator or Original?
Authors: Temperley Nicholas
Published: December 2016

Sterndale Bennett has often been characterized as an imitator of Mendelssohn. While it is true and unsurprising that there are similarities in the two composers’ musical language, actual imitation is difficult to substantiate. Bennett’s reputation as a composer has passed through several phases in the last 200 years. It was high in his lifetime in Germany as well as in Britain, when resemblance to Mendelssohn was counted as a positive asset, but later assailed by promoters of the ‘English Musical Renaissance’, who needed a preceding dark age and tended to dismiss early Victorians as copiers of Mendelssohn. Recent writers have shown a more positive attitude to the Victorian period in general. Bennett’s individuality has in fact been fully recognized from the first by such widely differing commentators as Mendelssohn himself, Robert Schumann, Henry Heathcote Statham, Frederick Ouseley, Charles Gounod, Charles Stanford, Geoffrey Bush, Peter Horton and Larry Todd. His style was founded on the Austro-German classical tradition and the London Pianoforte School headed by Clementi and Cramer, through his teacher Cipriani Potter, as is confirmed by early sources. This article surveys some of Bennett’s most characteristic piano pieces, and ends by analysing notably original features of his harmonic style that owe nothing to Mendelssohn, such as the inverted pedal note, evaded resolution of dissonance, and harmonic anticipation.
On Musical Journeys: William Sterndale Bennett’s Diaries, 1836–1842
Authors: Mühlenbeck Bettina S.
Published: December 2016

The present article explores the travel diaries William Sterndale Bennett kept on his three extended journeys from London to Leipzig between 1836 and 1842. In the autumn of 1836 the young pianist and composer embarked on the first and longest of ultimately three residencies in Leipzig. Invited by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, he came to the burgeoning centre for instrumental music in order to spend productive time in the artistic circle surrounding Mendelssohn. Bennett began keeping a diary, in which he recorded his experiences – from mundane to musical – and which de facto evolved into a silent travel companion. He repeated this process on his subsequent two travels. The diaries offer valuable first-hand accounts of the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts under Mendelssohn’s leadership (who served as its Kapellmeister from 1835 to 1847) as well as the semi-private soirées in the prestigious salons of the city. In the privacy of the personal journal, Bennett did not shy away from making bold statements concerning compositions, performance practices, the quality of musical instruments or socio-cultural idiosyncrasies. Especially intriguing is the congenial connection he made with Robert Schumann. The two artists shared an ad hoc, allusive affinity and community of solidarity that has been overlooked in the past. All of this is the more revealing in light of his otherwise soft-spoken and reserved personality, particularly since Bennett’s journaling also offers a view into his own compositional and creative process during this important phase of his career. Apart from tracing musical opinions expressed, aesthetic positions maintained and cultural differences observed, this article follows the artistic bond between William Sterndale and Robert Schumann.
„Positive Nebenwirkungen“ von Psychotherapie
Authors: Hoyer Jürgen
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird vorgeschlagen, in das Konzept der Nebenwirkungen der Psychotherapie auch positive Nebenwirkungen (bzw. Begleiteffekte) einzuschließen, um die Breite der Wirkungen verhaltensbezogener Interventionen, insbesondere der Psychotherapie, angemessen zu beschreiben. Da sich der Begriff der „Nebenwirkungen“ aus dem klassischen medizinischen Modell ableitet und ursprünglich auf chemische und physikalische Interventionen bezieht, ist er nicht ohne vertiefende definitorische Überlegungen auf psychologische Interventionen, die oft auf einem bio-psycho-sozialen Grundverständnis beruhen, übertragbar. Psychotherapie wirkt nicht isoliert auf definierte Störungsursachen oder umgrenzte psychologische Zielkriterien, sondern auch auf miteinander interagierende psychologische und soziale Bedingungen, die mit den Symptomen und Syndromen einer psychischen Störung assoziiert sind. Dadurch fördert sie direkt oder indirekt auch Erlebens- und Verhaltensweisen, die einer positiv definierten psychischen Gesundheit entsprechen. Als Beispiele positiver Nebenwirkungen der Psychotherapie diskutieren wir die Verbesserung des habituellen psychischen Wohlbefindens und der Lebensqualität, die Verbesserung körperlicher Parameter, einschließlich des Immunsystems, Verbesserungen in sozialen Bereichen, die Verwirklichung beruflicher Potentiale sowie einen Zuwachs an psychologischen Kompetenzen und Resilienzfaktoren. Forschungsdesigns sind erforderlich, die ein breites Spektrum an Outcomes erfassen und prüfen, ob und welche der (Begleit–)Effekte spezifisch sind, d. h. nach der Psychotherapie stärker ausgeprägt als nach anderen Interventionen (Selbsthilfe, medizinische Behandlung, etc.) oder nach natürlichen Veränderungsprozessen.
Zur Bedeutung und Erfassung konstruktiver Kommunikationsmuster bei Elternpaaren
Authors: Kröger Christine , Schulz Wolfgang , Hahlweg Kurt
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Aufgrund der Bedeutung der elterlichen Paarbeziehung für die Entwicklung von Kindern ist es sinnvoll, diese in kindbezogenen Therapiesettings diagnostisch einzuschätzen. Mit der Skala Konstruktive Kommunikation des Fragebogens zur Erfassung partnerschaftlicher Kommunikationsmuster (FPK-KoKom) wird ein entsprechendes Screeninginstrument vorgestellt. Methode: Anhand einer Stichprobe von 201 Elternpaaren wird die Reliabilität und Validität des FPK-KoKom untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die interne Konsistenz ist mit α = .84/.85 (Mütter/Väter) gut. Die Konstruktvalidität wurde durch signifikante erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge zu relevanten Fragebögen (z. B. Partnerschaftsqualität, Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder) bestätigt. Im Rahmen einer Diskriminanzanalyse sagen die FPK-KoKom-Items der Mütter signifikant den Beziehungsstatus über einen 10-Jahreszeitraum voraus. Schlussfolgerungen: Der FPK-KoKom ist ein ökonomisches, reliables und valides Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument, das in Forschung und Praxis bei Eltern eingesetzt werden kann.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing after first-line pediatric-inspired therapy: a retrospective GRAALL study
Authors: Desjonquères A , Chevallier P , Thomas X , Huguet F , Leguay T , Bernard M , Bay J-O , Tavernier E , Charbonnier A , Isnard F , Hunault M , Turlure P , Renaud M , Bastié J-N , Himberlin C , Lepretre S , Lioure B , Lhéritier V , Asnafi V , Beldjord K , Lafage-Pochitaloff M , Béné M C , Ifrah N , Dombret H ,   on behalf of the French Group for Research in Adult ALL (GRAALL)
Published: December 2016

The outcome of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph− ALL) relapsing after pediatric-inspired front-line therapy is ill known. Here 229 relapsing Ph− ALL younger adults (18–63 years) treated within the Group for Research on Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (GRAALL)-2003/-2005 trials were considered. Salvage regimens consisted of potentially curative therapies in 194 cases, low-intensity therapies in 21, allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT) in 6 and best supportive care in 8. Overall, 77 patients received allo-SCT after relapse. The median follow-up was 3.1 years. A second complete remission (CR2) was achieved in 121 patients (53%). In multivariate analysis, only younger age <45 years (P=0.008) and CR1 duration ⩾18 months (P=0.009) predicted CR2. Overall survival (OS) at 2 and 5 years was 19.3% (14–24%) and 13.3% (8–18%), respectively. In CR2 patients, disease-free survival (DFS) at 2 and 5 years was 29.0% (21–38%) and 25% (17–33%). In multivariate analysis, CR1 duration ⩾18 months and allo-SCT after relapse were associated with longer DFS (P<0.009 andP=0.004, respectively) and longer OS (P=0.004 andP<0.0001, respectively). In conclusion, although younger adults relapsing after pediatric-inspired ALL therapies retain a poor outcome, some of them may be cured if CR1 duration ⩾18 months and if allo-SCT can be performed in CR2. New therapies are definitely needed for these patients.
All‐trans retinoic acid enhances cytotoxic effect of T cells with an anti‐CD38 chimeric antigen receptor in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yoshida Tetsumi , Mihara Keichiro , Takei Yoshifumi , Yanagihara Kazuyoshi , Kubo Takanori , Bhattacharyya Joyeeta , Imai Chihaya , Mino Tatsuji , Takihara Yoshihiro , Ichinohe Tatsuo
Published: December 2016

We reported that T cells with anti‐CD38‐chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) eliminated B‐cell lymphoma cells expressing CD38. To employ anti‐CD38‐CAR against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts not expressing CD38, it is necessary to induce or increase the intensity of CD38 expression. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)‐releasing assay and flow cytometry showed that anti‐CD38‐CAR T cells were cytotoxic against AML lines (THP‐1 and CMK) expressing high CD38 levels (>99%), in time‐ and number of effector‐dependent manners. In other AML lines (KG1, U937 and HL60) partially expressing CD38, CD38+ AML cells were killed by CD38‐specific T cells, but CD38− AML cells remained survived. Intriguingly, 10 nM all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) augmented CD38 expression in KG1, U937 and HL60 cells and primary leukemic cells from AML patients. Moreover, the withdrawal of ATRA from the medium decreased CD38 expression in AML cells. Killing effects of anti‐CD38‐CAR T cells against AML lines and AML cells were limited without ATRA, whereas CD38‐specific T cells enhanced cytotoxicity on AML cells by ATRA in association with enhanced CD38 expression. These results indicate that anti‐CD38‐CAR T cells eliminate AML cells through CD38 expression induced by ATRA.
The role of liver sinusoidal cells in local hepatic immune surveillance
Authors: Wohlleber Dirk , Knolle Percy A
Published: December 2016

Although the liver's function as unique immune organ regulating immunity has received a lot of attention over the last years, the mechanisms determining hepatic immune surveillance against infected hepatocytes remain less well defined. Liver sinusoidal cells, in particular, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs), serve as physical platform for recruitment and anchoring of blood‐borne immune cells in the liver. Liver sinusoidal cells also function as portal of entry for infectious microorganisms targeting the liver such as hepatotropic viruses, bacteria or parasites. At the same time, liver sinusoidal cells actively contribute to achieve immune surveillance against bacterial and viral infections. KCs function as adhesion hubs for CD8 T cells from the circulation, which initiates the interaction of virus‐specific CD8 T cells with infected hepatocytes. Through their phagocytic function, KCs contribute to removal of bacteria from the circulation and engage in cross talk with sinusoidal lymphocyte populations to achieve elimination of phagocytosed bacteria. LSECs contribute to local immune surveillance through cross‐presentation of viral antigens that causes antigen‐specific retention of CD8 T cells from the circulation. Such cross‐presentation of viral antigens activates CD8 T cells to release TNF that in turn triggers selective killing of virus‐infected hepatocytes. Beyond major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐restricted T‐cell immunity, CD1‐ and MR1‐restricted innate‐like lymphocytes are found in liver sinusoids whose roles in local immune surveillance against infection need to be defined. Thus, liver sinusoidal cell populations bear key functions for hepatic recruitment and for local activation of immune cells, which are both required for efficient immune surveillance against infection in the liver.
Molecular insights into a dinoflagellate bloom
Authors: Gong Weida , Browne Jamie , Hall Nathan , Schruth David , Paerl Hans , Marchetti Adrian
Published: December 2016

In coastal waters worldwide, an increase in frequency and intensity of algal blooms has been attributed to eutrophication, with further increases predicted because of climate change. Yet, the cellular-level changes that occur in blooming algae remain largely unknown. Comparative metatranscriptomics was used to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with a dinoflagellate bloom in a eutrophied estuary. Here we show that under bloom conditions, there is increased expression of metabolic pathways indicative of rapidly growing cells, including energy production, carbon metabolism, transporters and synthesis of cellular membrane components. In addition, there is a prominence of highly expressed genes involved in the synthesis of membrane-associated molecules, including those for the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which may serve roles in nutrient acquisition and/or cell surface adhesion. Biotin and thiamine synthesis genes also increased expression along with several cobalamin biosynthesis-associated genes, suggesting processing of B12 intermediates by dinoflagellates. The patterns in gene expression observed are consistent with bloom-forming dinoflagellates eliciting a cellular response to elevated nutrient demands and to promote interactions with their surrounding bacterial consortia, possibly in an effort to cultivate for enhancement of vitamin and nutrient exchanges and/or direct consumption. Our findings provide potential molecular targets for bloom characterization and management efforts.
Environmental fluctuations and host skin bacteria shift survival advantage between frogs and their fungal pathogen
Authors: Longo Ana V , Zamudio Kelly R
Published: December 2016

Fluctuating environments can modulate host–pathogen interactions by providing a temporary advantage to one of the interacting organisms. However, we know very little about how environmental conditions facilitate beneficial interactions between hosts and their microbial communities, resulting in individual persistence with a particular pathogen. Here, we experimentally infected Eleutherodactylus coqui frogs with the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) under environmental conditions known to confer the survival advantage to the host during the warm-wet season, or alternatively to the pathogen during the cool-dry season. We used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to quantify changes in bacterial richness and phylogenetic diversity, and identified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that became overrepresented or suppressed as a consequence of Bd infection. During the warm-wet season, frogs limited Bd infections, recruited putatively beneficial bacteria and returned to pre-infection levels of richness and phylogenetic diversity. In contrast, during the cool-dry season, Bd infections kept increasing through time, and bacterial diversity remained constant. Our findings confirm that infection outcome not only depends on abiotic factors, but also on biotic interactions between hosts and their associated bacterial communities.
A family of interaction-adjusted indices of community similarity
Authors: Schmidt Thomas Sebastian Benedikt , Matias Rodrigues João Frederico , von Mering Christian
Published: December 2016

Interactions between taxa are essential drivers of ecological community structure and dynamics, but they are not taken into account by traditional indices of β diversity. In this study, we propose a novel family of indices that quantify community similarity in the context of taxa interaction networks. Using publicly available datasets, we assessed the performance of two specific indices that are Taxa INteraction-Adjusted (TINA, based on taxa co-occurrence networks), and Phylogenetic INteraction-Adjusted (PINA, based on phylogenetic similarities). TINA and PINA outperformed traditional indices when partitioning human-associated microbial communities according to habitat, even for extremely downsampled datasets, and when organising ocean micro-eukaryotic plankton diversity according to geographical and physicochemical gradients. We argue that interaction-adjusted indices capture novel aspects of diversity outside the scope of traditional approaches, highlighting the biological significance of ecological association networks in the interpretation of community similarity.
Warming and nutrient enrichment in combination increase stochasticity and beta diversity of bacterioplankton assemblages across freshwater mesocosms
Authors: Ren Lijuan , He Dan , Chen Zhen , Jeppesen Erik , Lauridsen Torben L , Søndergaard Martin , Liu Zhengwen , Wu Qinglong L
Published: December 2016

The current climate warming and eutrophication are known to interactively threaten freshwater biodiversity; however, the interactive effects on lacustrine bacterioplankton diversity remain to be determined. Here, we analyzed the spring bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) in 24 outdoor, flow-through mesocosms (mimicking shallow lake environments) under 3 temperature scenarios and 2 nutrient regimes. Our results revealed that neither long-term warming (8.5 years) nor nutrient enrichment had significant effects on bacterioplankton alpha diversity, whereas long-term enhanced warming (elevated 50% above the IPCC A2 climate scenario) and nutrient enrichment in combination increased bacterioplankton beta diversity. We also found that BCC shifted significantly under enhanced warming and nutrient-enriched conditions towards decreased relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Betaproteobacteria, whereas the percentages of Cyanobacteria, total rare phyla and unclassified phyla significantly increased. Null-model tests indicated that deterministic processes played a more important role than stochastic processes in determining BCC. However, the relative importance of stochasticity, primarily ecological drift, was enhanced and contributed to the increased beta diversity of BCC under enhanced warming and nutrient-enriched conditions. Overall, our study suggests that the synergetic effects of warming and nutrient enrichment may result in high variability in the composition of bacterioplankton communities in lacustrine water bodies.
Identification of the fitness determinants of budding yeast on a natural substrate
Authors: Filteau Marie , Charron Guillaume , Landry Christian R
Published: December 2016

The budding yeasts are prime models in genomics and cell biology, but the ecological factors that determine their success in non-human-associated habitats is poorly understood. In North America Saccharomyces yeasts are present on the bark of deciduous trees, where they feed on bark and sap exudates. In the North East, Saccharomyces paradoxus is found on maples, which makes maple sap a natural substrate for this species. We measured growth rates of S. paradoxus natural isolates on maple sap and found variation along a geographical gradient not explained by the inherent variation observed under optimal laboratory conditions. We used a functional genomic screen to reveal the ecologically relevant genes and conditions required for optimal growth in this substrate. We found that the allantoin degradation pathway is required for optimal growth in maple sap, in particular genes necessary for allantoate utilization, which we demonstrate is the major nitrogen source available to yeast in this environment. Growth with allantoin or allantoate as the sole nitrogen source recapitulated the variation in growth rates in maple sap among strains. We also show that two lineages of S. paradoxus display different life-history traits on allantoin and allantoate media, highlighting the ecological relevance of this pathway.