bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Integration of Three Self‐Sorting Domino Sequences: Three‐Component Direct Synthesis of 3‐Methylthio‐4‐aryl‐maleimides from Methyl Ketones with Acetonitrile and DMSO.
Authors: Gao Qinghe , Liu Shan , Wu Xia , Wu Anxin
Published: March 2015

The title reaction involves the in situ formation of acetamide from acetonitrile.
ChemInform Abstract: Yonemitsu‐Type Condensations Catalyzed by Proline and Eu(OTf)3.
Authors: Renzetti Andrea , Boffa Emanuela , Colazzo Marco , Gerard Stephane , Sapi Janos , Chan Tak‐Hang , Nakazawa Hiroshi , Villani Claudio , Fontana Antonella
Published: March 2015

The products are obtained as single diastereomers or as mixtures of diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanoalkylarylation of Activated Alkenes with AIBN: A Convenient and Efficient Approach to Cyano‐Containing Oxindoles.
Authors: Wei Wei , Wen Jiangwei , Yang Daoshan , Guo Mengyuan , Tian Laijin , You Jinmao , Wang Hua
Published: March 2015

The simple method offers access to cyano‐containing oxindoles with potential applications in pharmaceutical chemistry which are difficult to obtain by previously performed syntheses.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Diarylamines with Olefins Through C—H Activation: Direct Access to N‐Arylindoles.
Authors: Sharma Upendra , Kancherla Rajesh , Naveen Togati , Agasti Soumitra , Maiti Debabrata
Published: March 2015

The title process is widely applicable to olefins including styrenes, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Sulfonylation and Diazotization of Indoles.
Authors: Qiu Jiang‐Kai , Hao Wen‐Juan , Wang De‐Cai , Wei Ping , Sun Jun , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: March 2015

The metal‐free oxidative coupling of C2,C3‐unsubstituted indoles with arylsulfonylhydrazides proceeds under mild conditions and furnishes difunctionalized indoles with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Domino Michael/Cyclization Reaction: Efficient Synthesis of Multi‐Functionalized Tetracyclic Spirooxindoles with Multiple Stereocenters.
Authors: Fu Zu‐Kang , Pan Jin‐Yun , Xu Dong‐Cheng , Xie Jian‐Wu
Published: March 2015

The asymmetric domino reaction of various nitro‐chromene derivatives to 3‐isothiocyanato oxindole (II) proceeds with good enantioselectivities, employing a readily available bifunctional thiourea as the organocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reactions in PEG‐400: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles.
Authors: Chandrasekhar Srivari , Patro Vidyavathi , Chavan Lahu N. , Chegondi Rambabu , Gree Rene
Published: March 2015

The eco‐friendly protocol can not be applied to vicinal diols other than ethylene glycol (III), such as butane‐2,3‐diol, phenylethane‐1,2‐diol, 1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diol, and cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 5‐Chloropyrazoles via Tandem Meyer—Schuster/von Auwers Rearrangements.
Authors: Dumeunier Raphael , Jaeckh Simon , Goebel Rebekka
Published: March 2015

The four step sequence to pyrazoles is extremely atom economical.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Synthesis of Pyrazoles via a Copper‐Catalyzed Relay Oxidation Strategy.
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Huang Liangbin , Yang Jidan , Xu Yanli , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: March 2015

1,3‐ and 1,3,4‐substituted pyrazoles are smoothly formed via a one‐pot cascade reaction under aerobic conditions with oxime acetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoxazole‐Embedded Allylic Zinc Reagent for the Diastereoselective Preparation of Highly Functionalized Aldol‐Type Derivatives Bearing a Stereocontrolled Quaternary Center.
Authors: Klier Lydia , Diene Coura R. , Schickinger Manuel , Metzger Albrecht , Wagner Andreas J. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Marek Ilan , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2015

The freshly prepared Zn reagent (I) (stable in THF at room temperature for several days) is tested in various processes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isomerically Pure 3‐(5‐Trifluoromethyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)cinnamic Acid Derivatives via the Reaction of 4‐Aryl‐6‐trifluoromethyl‐2‐pyrones with Sodium Azide.
Authors: Usachev Sergey A. , Usachev Boris I. , Eltsov Oleg S. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y.
Published: March 2015

Variously substituted α‐ and γ‐pyrones as well as chromones activated by a trifluoromethyl group are transformed to previously unknown triazolo‐substituted cinnamic acid derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Sieves: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for Multi‐Component Synthesis of Dihydropyrano[2,3‐C]pyrazole Derivatives.
Authors: Gujar Jitendra B. , Chaudhari Mahendra A. , Kawade Deepak S. , Shingare Murlidhar S.
Published: March 2015

The synthesis of dihydropyranopyrazoles (IV) can be performed under ultrasound irradiation or reflux conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation of Allene: An Entry to Cyclic Acetals with Activating Group‐Free and Flexible Anomeric Control.
Authors: Lim Wontaeck , Kim Jungjoon , Rhee Young Ho
Published: March 2015

A ligand‐directed, metal‐catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkoxyallene and subsequent ring‐closing metathesis offers a new atom‐efficient method toward cyclic acetals with unique anomeric control.
ChemInform Abstract: Ball Milling for the Quantitative and Specific Solvent‐Free Knoevenagel Condensation + Michael Addition Cascade in the Synthesis of Various 2‐Amino‐4‐aryl‐3‐cyano‐4H‐chromenes Without Heating.
Authors: Qareaghaj Omid Hosseinchi , Mashkouri Sara , Naimi‐Jamal M. Reza , Kaupp Gerd
Published: March 2015

The environmentally benign reaction proceeds regioselectively with quantitative product yields and does not require organic solvents.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Stepwise and One Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)thiophene‐3‐carbonitriles.
Authors: Srikrishna Devulapally , Dubey Pramod Kumar
Published: March 2015

The title compounds are prepared in a step‐wise as well as one‐pot manner with the latter requiring shorter reaction times while delivering higher product yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward Pyridine—Heterocycle Patterns Through Prins and Aza‐Prins Cyclizations: Application to a Short Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Anabasine.
Authors: Colin Olivier , Greck Christine , Prim Damien , Thomassigny Christine
Published: March 2015

The products are obtained as inseparable mixtures of two regioisomers and, if possible, diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multicyclic Heterocycles Initiated by C—H Bond Activation Along with “Rollover” Using a Rh(III) Catalyst.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Takayasu Satoshi
Published: March 2015

A C—H bond activation along with “rollover” as a new approach for a multicyclic heterocycle synthesis is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Multiple Lithiation Processes of Fused Heterocycles.
Authors: Jasselin‐Hinschberger Adeline , Comoy Corinne , Fort Yves
Published: March 2015

A highly efficient process which includes successive regioselective lithiation/electrophilic trapping is evaluated and applied to the heterocyclic substrate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Clean Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine and Their Derivatives in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Yadav Ashok K. , Gupta Manisha
Published: March 2015

Chalcones react with malononitrile in ionic liquid affording 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4,6‐disubstituted pyridines (III) as precursor for efficient syntheses of a new type of pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Isoxazolo[2“,3”:1′,2′]pyrimido[4′,5′:4,5]pyrimido [6,1‐b]quinazoline‐8‐ones and Their in vitro Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Rajanarendar E. , Kishore B. , Ramakrishna S. , Nagaraju D. , Venkateshwarlu P.
Published: March 2015

Compounds (VIIb) and (VIIc) show potent anticancer and antimicrobial activities comparable to the standard drugs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Access to Pseudo Multi‐Component Synthesis of Benzopyranopyrimidines.
Authors: Shaikh T. S. , Patil J. D. , Gaikwad D. S. , Hegade P. G. , Patil P. B. , Undale K. A. , Mane M. M. , Pore D. M.
Published: March 2015

Various salicylaldehydes (I) react with secondary amines (II) and malononitrile (III) affording benzopyranopyrimidines (IV) (12 examples) with intense fluorescence emission behavior under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of 2‐Halobenzoic Acids and Amidines Leading to Quinazolinones.
Authors: He Wen , Zhao Hong , Yao Ruiya , Cai Mingzhong
Published: March 2015

The easily accessible heterogenous copper catalyst can be easily recovered by simple filtration and reused for at least 10 times without any decrease in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Choline Hydroxide Promoted Chemical Fixation of CO2 to Quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones in Water.
Authors: Lu Wenjing , Ma Jun , Hu Jiayin , Zhang Zhaofu , Wu Congyi , Han Buxing
Published: March 2015

The reaction is environmentally benign.
ChemInform Abstract: The Rearrangement of Cyclopropylketone Arylhydrazones. Synthesis of Tryptamines and Tetrahydropyridazines.
Authors: Salikov Rinat F. , Belyy Aleksandr Yu. , Tomilov Yury V.
Published: March 2015

The rearrangement of cyclopropylketone arylhydrazones, either prepared in situ from ketones and hydrazines or used directly, results in the formation of either two or one product, depending on the substituents of the substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Guanidinate Stabilized Germanium(II) and Tin(II) Amide Complexes and Their Catalytic Activity for Aryl Isocyanate Cyclization.
Authors: Barman Milan Kr , Baishya Ashim , Peddarao Thota , Nembenna Sharanappa
Published: March 2015

Newly developed catalysts are shown to be superior to known catalysts in the cyclotrimerization of arylisocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Facile Tetrachlorosilane‐Promoted One‐Pot Condensation for the Synthesis of a Novel Series of Tetracyclic 1,5‐Thiazepines.
Authors: Khatab Tamer K. , El‐Bayouki Khairy A. M. , Basyouni Wahid M.
Published: March 2015

A facile protocol is developed for the cyclocondensation of fused cyclic ketones, aromatic aldehydes and 2‐aminothiophenol to form 1,5‐thiazepine derivatives
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclopropanation of 1,2‐Dibromoethylphosphonate: A Synthesis of β‐Aminocyclopropylphosphonic Acid and Derivatives.
Authors: Rabasso Nicolas , Fadel Antoine
Published: March 2015

The reaction of phosphonate (I) with nitroalkanes gives cyclopropanes with exclusive trans‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Jolkinolides A and B from Steviol.
Authors: Zhu Chang‐Zhen , Wang Ke , Zhang Meng‐han , Zhang Da‐Yong , Wu Yang‐Chang , Wu Xiao‐Ming , Hua Wei‐Yi
Published: March 2015

The cytotoxic activities of (I) and (II) are evaluated showing that (II) has medium antiproliferative activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpenoids and Lignans from the Roots of Syringa pinnatifolia.
Authors: Zhang Ze‐Ming , Wang Chun‐Hua , Zeng Xiao‐Jie , Qiu Qiu , Tang Wei , Li Guo‐Qiang , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Guo‐Cai
Published: March 2015

Two new sesquiterpenoids, pinnatifone A (I) and B (II), and two new lignans, pinnatifolin (III) and isopinnatifolin (IV), are isolated along with six known lignans from the roots of the title species.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Triterpenoids from Lycopodium japonicumThunb.
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Yu Dequan , Yu Shishan
Published: March 2015

isolation and characterization of two new serratene‐type triterpenoids (I) and (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Curvulamine, a New Antibacterial Alkaloid Incorporating Two Undescribed Units from a Curvularia Species.
Authors: Han Wen Bo , Lu Yan Hua , Zhang Ai Hua , Zhang Gao Fei , Mei Ya Ning , Jiang Nan , Lei Xinxiang , Song Yong Chun , Ng Seik Weng , Tan Ren Xiang
Published: March 2015

Curvulamine is more selectively antibacterial than tinidazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of (‐)‐Brevipolide H Through Cyclopropanation of the α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone.
Authors: Lin Jing‐Wen , Kurniawan Yudhi Dwi , Chang Wen‐Jung , Leu Wohn‐Jenn , Chan She‐Hung , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: March 2015

The optical antipode to natural (+)‐brevipolide H is prepared for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Trichiconins A—C, Limonoids with New Carbon Skeletons from Trichilia connaroides.
Authors: Liu Cui‐Ping , Xu Jin‐Biao , Han Ying‐Shan , Wainberg Mark A , Yue Jian‐Min
Published: March 2015

Trichiconis B (IIa) and C (IIb) exhibit modest anti‐HIV activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Three Dimensional Metal Oxides—Graphene Composites and Their Applications in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zai Jiantao , Qian Xuefeng
Published: March 2015

Review: 282 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanostructured Mn‐Based Oxides for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Zhang Kai , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Zhe , Zhang Xiaolong , Tao Zhanliang , Chen Jun
Published: March 2015

Review: 249 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Am(II‐VII) Species in Aqueous Solutions and Mechanisms of Reactions Involving Them
Authors: Shilov V. P. , Nikolaevskii V. B.
Published: March 2015

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Stapling Techniques Based on Different Macrocyclization Chemistries
Authors: Lau Yu Heng , de Andrade Peterson , Wu Yuteng , Spring David R.
Published: March 2015

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cucurbiturils: From Synthesis to High‐Affinity Binding and Catalysis
Authors: Assaf Khaleel I. , Nau Werner M.
Published: March 2015

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Catalysis in Confined Spaces
Authors: Leenders Stefan H. A. M. , Gramage‐Doria Rafael , de Bruin Bas , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: March 2015

Review: [59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Calix[4]pyrroles: Versatile Molecular Containers with Ion Transport, Recognition, and Molecular Switching Functions
Authors: Kim Dong Sub , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: March 2015

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefins as Unprecedented Feedstock for the Synthesis of Valuable Heterocycles: Regioselectivity Remains an Issue
Authors: Thakur Kavita , Sharma Ritika , Sharma Upendra
Published: March 2015

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Modifications of Polysaccharides
Authors: Desbrieres Jacques , Petit Charlotte , Reynaud Stephanie
Published: March 2015

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multimetallic Catalysis Based on Heterometallic Complexes and Clusters
Authors: Buchwalter Paulin , Rose Jacky , Braunstein Pierre
Published: March 2015

Review: 800 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Utility of Organic Pentafluorosulfanyl‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Savoie Paul R. , Welch John T.
Published: March 2015

Review: 487 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Catalytic Enantioselective Fluorination, Mono‐, Di‐, and Trifluoromethylation, and Trifluoromethylthiolation Reactions
Authors: Yang Xiaoyu , Wu Tao , Phipps Robert J. , Toste F. Dean
Published: March 2015

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Pyrazolines: an Update
Authors: Avupati Vasudeva Rao , Yejella Rajendra Prasad
Published: March 2015

Review: methods of synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological activities77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction: An Efficient Approach for Construction of Heterocycles
Authors: Sarmah Manas M. , Prajapati Dipak
Published: March 2015

Review: 162 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trends of Click Synthesis: A Review
Authors: Sapkale Prabodh , Sahu Megha , Chaudhari Mayur , Patil P. R.
Published: March 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrazoles as Carboxylic Acid Isosteres: Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Malik Maqsood Ahmad , Wani Mohmmad Younus , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel Ahmed , Shiekh Rayees Ahmad
Published: March 2015

Review: 138 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Brief Review on Recent Synthesis of 2‐Azetidinone Derivatives
Authors: Salunkhe D. S. , Piste P. B.
Published: March 2015

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of γ‐Lactams and γ‐Lactones via Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Kammerer Claire , Prestat Guillaume , Madec David , Poli Giovanni
Published: March 2015

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis and Applications of Chalcones in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pareek Aastha , Rani Priyanka , Kumar Navneet , Sharma Pratima , Kishore D.
Published: March 2015

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances of Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Radical Oxidative Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Liu Chao , Liu Dong , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2015

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Indenofluorene Congeners: Biradicaloids and Beyond
Authors: Shimizu Akihiro , Nobusue Shunpei , Miyoshi Hirokazu , Tobe Yoshito
Published: March 2015

Review: synthesis, molecular structures, and physical properties relevant to biradical character of indenofluorene isomers; 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review: MicroRNA Detection Methods
Authors: Tian Tian , Wang Jiaqi , Zhou Xiang
Published: March 2015

Review: [61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles: A Potent Multi Targeted Pharmacological Scaffold
Authors: Haider Saqlain , Alam Mohammad Sarwar , Hamid Hinna
Published: March 2015

Review: 114 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecules Inhibitors of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 — An Overview
Authors: Rouch Anne , Vanucci‐Bacque Corinne , Bedos‐Belval Florence , Baltas Michel
Published: March 2015

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Target Engagement in Lead Generation
Authors: Durham Timothy B. , Blanco Maria‐Jesus
Published: March 2015

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrospun Nanofibers: A Prospective Electro‐Active Material for Constructing High Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Aravindan Vanchiappan , Sundaramurthy Jayaraman , Suresh Kumar Palaniswamy , Lee Yun‐Sung , Ramakrishna Seeram , Madhavi Srinivasan
Published: March 2015

Review: 95 refs.
Defining and grading HBV reactivation
Authors: Visram Alissa , Feld Jordan J.
Published: March 2015

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Hepatitis B reactivation from immunosuppressive drug therapy: A global menace
Authors: Perrillo Robert P.
Published: March 2015

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Liver resection after thermal ablation of parenchymal transection margin using microwave energy
Authors: Reich David J.
Published: March 2015

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Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations for the prevention of ovarian cancer
Authors: Walker Joan L. , Powell C. Bethan , Chen Lee‐may , Carter Jeanne , Bae Jump Victoria L. , Parker Lynn P. , Borowsky Mark E. , Gibb Randall K.
Published: March 2015

Mortality from ovarian cancer may be dramatically reduced with the implementation of attainable prevention strategies. The new understanding of the cells of origin and the molecular etiology of ovarian cancer warrants a strong recommendation to the public and health care providers. This document discusses potential prevention strategies, which include 1) oral contraceptive use, 2) tubal sterilization, 3) risk‐reducing salpingo‐oophorectomy in women at high hereditary risk of breast and ovarian cancer, 4) genetic counseling and testing for women with ovarian cancer and other high‐risk families, and 5) salpingectomy after childbearing is complete (at the time of elective pelvic surgeries, at the time of hysterectomy, and as an alternative to tubal ligation). The Society of Gynecologic Oncology has determined that recent scientific breakthroughs warrant a new summary of the progress toward the prevention of ovarian cancer. This review is intended to emphasize the importance of the fallopian tubes as a potential source of high‐grade serous cancer in women with and without known genetic mutations in addition to the use of oral contraceptive pills to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer 2015;121:2108–2120. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Impedance Analysis of Inherently Redox‐Active Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Photoelectrochemical Cells: Charge‐Transfer Mechanism in the Presence of an Additional Redox Couple
Authors: Patel Dipal B. , Chauhan Khushbu R. , Mukhopadhyay Indrajit
Published: March 2015

An intensive electrochemical impedance study was carried out to understand the charge‐transfer processes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells based on ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes. Three different electrolytes were utilized to understand the role of redox species as well as the medium on the charge‐transfer mechanism. The negligible diffusion resistance, despite the presence of two different redox species in the case of Fe(CN)6−4/−3in IL, was explained on the basis of charge transfer between species of two different redox couples. Accordingly, the redox species are not required to travel through the bulk of the electrolyte for the removal of accumulated charges, as short‐range charge transfer between the IL and the Fe(CN)6−4/−3species facilitates the removal of accumulated charges. It is also shown that PEC cells utilizing dual redox couples are highly stable with larger photoelectrochmeical windows, >3 V.
Virtual network construction with K‐shortest path algorithm and optimization problems for robust physical networks
Authors: Urayama Yasuhiro , Tachibana Takuji
Published: March 2015

In network virtualization, it has been considered that virtual networks are constructed over a physical network where conventional data transmission services have been utilized. Here, virtual networks have to be constructed while keeping qualities of the conventional services. In this paper, we propose a new virtual network construction in order to construct many virtual networks while keeping the robustness of a physical network by using network resources effectively. The proposed method consists of three processes: K‐shortest path algorithm and Prim's minimum spanning tree algorithm, path splitting, and path migration. In the proposed method, at first, multiple topologies are designed by using the K‐shortest path algorithm and the Prim's MST algorithm according to the user's request. After the topology design is completed, an admission control with network robustness of the physical network is performed. Then, if one of the designed topologies can satisfy the construction conditions, a virtual network is constructed and provided with the user. Otherwise, the path splitting and path migration are performed. Here, the path splitting is utilized to design another topology of a virtual network and path migration is used to change the topologies of the virtual networks that have already been constructed. These processes are formulated as optimization problems and those are processed by solving the optimization problems. In numerical examples, we show that our proposed method can construct a higher number of virtual networks while keeping the robustness of a physical network by comparing with the conventional method where only the Kou–Markowsky–Berman algorithm is used. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue‐specific roles of FGF signaling in external genitalia development
Authors: Harada Masayo , Omori Akiko , Nakahara Chiaki , Nakagata Naomi , Akita Keiichi , Yamada Gen
Published: March 2015

Background: The developmental processes of the genital tubercle (GT), the anlage of the external genitalia, possess several developmental aspects, including GT outgrowth, urethral tube formation, and epithelial differentiation of the urethra. The GT comprises the mesenchyme derived from the lateral mesoderm, ectodermal epithelium, and endodermal epithelium (embryonic urethral epithelium). The three tissue layers develop the GT coordinately. Results: Around the initial stage of GT outgrowth (E11.5), FGF signaling was detected in the mesenchyme of the GT. FGF signaling was detected in the three tissue layers of the GT around the early stage of urethral formation (E13.5). Subsequently, FGF signaling was predominantly detected in the urethral epithelium (E14.5). Tissue‐specific roles of FGF signaling in GT development were revealed by conditional Fgfr gene knockout approaches. Mesenchymal FGF signaling in the early‐stage GT is required for its outgrowth. Ectodermal FGF signaling in the GT is required for the differentiation of the ectoderm and urethral epithelium at their junction to form the proper urethral tube. Endodermal FGF signaling in the GT is required for the stratification and cell adhesive characteristics of the urethral epithelium. Conclusions: The current study suggests that spatiotemporally regulated FGF signaling plays tissue‐specific roles in multiple processes of external genitalia development. Developmental Dynamics 244:759–773, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphological diversity in the orbital bones of two teleosts with experimental and natural variation in eye size
Authors: Dufton Megan , Franz‐Odendaal Tamara A.
Published: March 2015

Background: Understanding differences in tissue morphology has not been well researched, yet provides crucial insight into evolution. We investigate the effect of eye reduction on the shape of surrounding bones by examining two morphs of the Mexican tetra (Tinaja cavefish and sighted fish), F1 intermediates, zebrafish, a sighted tetra after lens removal and a zebrafish mutant, bum‐/‐, which has a degenerating lens. Results: Significantly, by comparing the skulls, we show that there are broadly similar effects on bone shape after eye reduction with bones posterior and dorsal to the eye consistently most affected in both species. We conclude that there are conserved mechanisms underlying bone shape changes in response to a reduced or lost eye. Of interest, when we compare the shapes of individual bones and the mode of eye reduction, differences suggest that the finer details of these underlying mechanisms may indeed vary. We also show that cavefish occupy a unique morphospace with respect to skull morphology and that F1 intermediates are most similar to sighted fish than their cavefish parent. Conclusions: This study highlights the dynamic nature of the vertebrate skull and its ability to respond to tissue changes within the head, a topic which has been largely overlooked in the literature. Developmental Dynamics 244:1109–1120, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RORγt+ hematopoietic cells are necessary for tumor cell proliferation during colitis‐associated tumorigenesis in mice
Authors: Martin Maria , Kesselring Rebecca K. , Saidou Balam , Brunner Stefan M. , Schiechl Gabriela , Mouris Verena F. , Wege Anja K. , Rümmele Petra , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Fichtner‐Feigl Stefan
Published: March 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumor entities. In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, the development of colitis‐associated colon cancer is considered a dangerous long‐term complication. IL‐17A and the transcription factor retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases; in human studies, we detected a dense infiltration of RORγt‐dependent CD4+IL17A+ T helper (Th)17 cells in specimens of CRC, ulcerative colitis, and ulcerative colitis‐associated colorectal cancer. However, the mechanistic role of RORγt+ hematopoietic cells in colitis‐associated tumorigenesis remains unclear. To investigate colitis‐associated colon tumorigenesis, we conducted studies in the AOM+DSS mouse model that revealed the importance of RORγt for colon tumor progression. In the absence of RORγt‐dependent Th17 lymphocytes, mice showed signs of intense chronic colitis, but developed significantly fewer macroscopic tumor nodules. The reduction of tumor development in RORγt−/− mice was not due to reduced colon tumor initiation. However, the proliferation rate of tumor cells was reduced in the absence of RORγt‐dependent Th17 cells and tumor cells showed pronounced signs of senescence‐associated epigenetic and lysosomal changes. These results indicate an important role for the immunological milieu in colitis‐associated cancer, which is shaped in‐part by RORγt‐dependent Th17 lymphocytes that support CRC growth.
Effects of Big Planar Anions on the Spin Transition of a Mononuclear Manganese(III) Complex with a Hexadentate Schiff‐Base Ligand
Authors: Wang Shi , Li Yong‐Hua , Huang Wei
Published: March 2015

Two new ion‐pair complexes [Mn(3‐MeO‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)][Ni(dmit)2] (1) and [Mn(3‐MeO‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)][Pt(mnt)2]·2CH3CN (2), based on the known six‐coordinate mononuclear Schiff‐base manganese(III) spin‐crossover complex [Mn(3‐MeO‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]NO3, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Their crystal structures indicate that increasing the size of the anion from NO3– to [Pt(mnt)2]– and [Ni(dmit)2]– leads to the dimerization of the cations and formation of alternating cation–anion stacks with loss of the most effective cation–anion interactions; only weak short contacts exist between the cations and anions. Magnetic measurements and variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography analysis provided firm evidence for spin‐crossover (SCO) effects in 1. The magnetic susceptibility of compound 2 is typical of a simple paramagnet, and the manganese(III) complex cations remain in the high‐spin state in the temperature range 2–300 K.
Liposomes as a model for the study of high frequency dielectrophoresis
Authors: Hadady Hanieh , Montiel Caroline , Wetta Daniel , Geiger Emil J.
Published: March 2015

Liposomes were used as a physical model to study the dielectrophoretic response of single‐shelled particles at high frequencies. For a typical particle, the single‐shelled theoretical model predicts a lower cross‐over frequency that depends upon the dielectric properties of the shell and an upper crossover frequency that depends upon the dielectric properties of the interior. Dried liposomes were rehydrated in media with conductivity ranging from 100 to 2000 μS/cm. The high frequency dielectrophoresis response of the liposomes was observed in the range of 1–80 MHz at 30 volts peak‐to‐peak, and the upper cross‐over frequency was recorded. The experimental results closely matched the theoretical expectations. In particular, the upper cross‐over frequency ranged from 9 to 60 MHz and was found to depend linearly on the interior conductivity of the liposome. These results further confirm the single‐shell model at high‐frequencies. Moreover, they suggest liposomes may be a useful model particle for use during the development of dielectrophoresis‐based devices.
Analysis of underivatized cellodextrin oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis with direct photochemically induced UV‐detection
Authors: Alinat Elodie , Jemmali Selma , Delaunay Nathalie , Archer Xavier , Gareil Pierre
Published: March 2015

This work focuses on the development of a CE method allowing, for the first time, the simultaneous separation of the underivatized first seven cellodextrin oligomers (glucose, cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, cellohexaose, and celloheptaose), with a view to analyze the hydrolysates obtained after partial acid depolymerization of nitrocellulose, and eight carbohydrates (ribose, xylose, fructose, mannose, galactose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose), which might be potential interfering compounds in explosives samples. Separation was achieved with a highly alkaline BGE containing sodium chloride and direct mid‐UV‐absorbance detection was performed after photo‐oxidation in the detection window. EOF was reversed to speed up the analysis using a dynamic capillary coating by hexadimethrine bromide. A central composite design was carried out to determine the effects of BGE conductivity and sodium hydroxide concentration on resolutions between neighboring peaks, and analysis time. A desirability analysis on modeled responses was applied to maximize resolutions and to minimize analysis time. The simultaneous analysis in 20 min total runtime of the 15 carbohydrates plus internal reference (naphthalene sulfonate) was carried out at 25°C with a BGE composed of 77.4 mM NaOH and 183 mM NaCl to adjust the conductivity at the optimum value. Finally, the resolution robustness was checked. This new method should also be of interest to monitor food and nonfood crop products.
Isotachophoresis for fractionation and recovery of cytoplasmic RNA and nucleus from single cells
Authors: Kuriyama Kentaro , Shintaku Hirofumi , Santiago Juan G.
Published: March 2015

There is a substantial need for simultaneous analyses of RNA and DNA from individual single cells. Such analysis provides unique evidence of cell‐to‐cell differences and the correlation between gene expression and genomic mutation in highly heterogeneous cell populations. We present a novel microfluidic system that leverages isotachophoresis to fractionate and isolate cytoplasmic RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) from single cells. The system uniquely enables independent, sequence‐specific analyses of these critical markers. Our system uses a microfluidic chip with a simple geometry and four end‐channel electrodes, and completes the entire process in <5 min, including lysis, purification, fractionation, and delivery to DNA and RNA output reservoirs, each containing high quality and purity aliquots with no measurable cross‐contamination of cytoplasmic RNA versus gDNA. We demonstrate our system with simultaneous, sequence‐specific quantitation using off‐chip RT‐qPCR and qPCR for simultaneous cytoplasmic RNA and gDNA analyses, respectively.
Recent Progress on Printed Flexible Batteries: Mechanical Challenges, Printing Technologies, and Future Prospects
Authors: Gaikwad Abhinav M. , Arias Ana Claudia , Steingart Daniel A.
Published: March 2015

Traditional printing methods offer the advantage of well‐matured technology, high accuracy of depositing inks over flexible substrates at high web speeds, and low cost of fabrication. The components of a battery—the current collectors, active layers, and separator—can all be deposited using conventional printing techniques by designing suitable inks. A combination of low thickness of printed electrodes, flexible packaging, battery architecture, and material properties makes printed batteries flexible. In this paper, we will discuss material challenges and mechanical limits of flexible printed batteries. We will review several printing techniques and present examples of batteries printed using these methods. In addition, we will briefly discuss other novel non‐printed compliant batteries that have unique mechanical form.
Practical aspects of p‐multigrid discontinuous Galerkin solver for steady and unsteady RANS simulations
Authors: Jiang Zhenhua , Yan Chao , Yu Jian , Yuan Wu
Published: March 2015

Efficient and robust p‐multigrid solvers are presented for solving the system arising from high‐order discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of the compressible Reynolds‐Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. Two types of multigrid methods and a multigrid preconditioned Newton–Krylov method are investigated, and both steady and unsteady algorithms are considered in this paper. For steady algorithms, a new strategy is introduced to determine the CFL number, which has been proved to be critical in achieving the effective and stable convergence for p‐multigrid methods. We also suggest a modified smoothing technique to further improve the efficiency of the algorithms. For unsteady algorithms, special attention has been paid to the cycling strategy and the full multigrid technique, and we point out a significant difference on the parameter selection for unsteady computations. The capabilities of the resulted solvers have been examined by performing steady and unsteady RANS simulations. Comparative assessment in terms of efficiency, robustness, and memory consumption are carried out for all solvers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kernel gradient free (KGF) SPH method
Authors: Huang C. , Lei J. M. , Liu M. B. , Peng X. Y.
Published: March 2015

The finite particle method (FPM) is a modified SPH method with high order accuracy while retaining the advantages of SPH in modeling problems with free surfaces, moving interfaces, and large deformations. In both SPH and FPM, kernel gradient is necessary in kernel and particle approximation of a field function and its derivatives. In this paper, a new FPM is presented, which only involves kernel function itself in kernel and particle approximation. The kernel gradient is not necessary in the whole computation, and this approach is thus referred to as a kernel gradient free (KGF) SPH method. This is helpful when a kernel function is not differentiable or the resultant kernel gradient is not sufficiently smooth, and thus it is more general in selecting a kernel function. Moreover, different from the original FPM with an asymmetric corrective matrix, in the new FPM, the resultant corrective matrix is symmetric, and this is advantageous in particle approximations. A series of numerical examples have been conducted to show the efficiencies of KGF‐SPH including one‐dimensional mathematical tests of polynomial functions with equal or variable smoothing length and two‐dimensional incompressible fluid flow of shear cavity. It is found that KGF‐SPH is comparable with FPM in accuracy and is flexible as SPH. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High effective cytosolic H+ buffering in mouse cortical astrocytes attributable to fast bicarbonate transport
Authors: Theparambil Shefeeq M. , Deitmer Joachim W.
Published: March 2015

Cytosolic H+ buffering plays a major role for shaping intracellular H+ shifts and hence for the availability of H+ for biochemical reactions and acid/base‐coupled transport processes. H+ buffering is one of the prime means to protect the cell from large acid/base shifts. We have used the H+ indicator dye BCECF and confocal microscopy to monitor the cytosolic H+ concentration, [H+]i, in cultured cortical astrocytes of wild‐type mice and of mice deficient in sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1 (NBCe1‐KO) or in carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII‐KO). The steady‐state buffer strength was calculated from the amplitude of [H+]i transients as evoked by CO2/HCO3− and by butyric acid in the presence and absence of CO2/HCO3−. We tested the hypotheses if, in addition to instantaneous physicochemical H+ buffering, rapid acid/base transport across the cell membrane contributes to the total, “effective” cytosolic H+ buffering. In the presence of 5% CO2/26 mM HCO3−, H+ buffer strength in astrocytes was increased 4–6 fold, as compared with that in non‐bicarbonate, HEPES‐buffered solution, which was largely attributable to fast HCO3− transport into the cells via NBCe1, supported by CAII activity. Our results show that within the time frame of determining physiological H+ buffering in cells, fast transport and equilibration of CO2/H+/HCO3− can make a major contribution to the total “effective” H+ buffer strength. Thus, “effective” cellular H+ buffering is, to a large extent, attributable to membrane transport of base equivalents rather than a purely passive physicochemical process, and can be much larger than reported so far. Not only physicochemical H+ buffering, but also rapid import of HCO3− via the electrogenic sodium‐bicarbonate cotransporter NBCe1, supported by carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), was identified to enhance cytosolic H+ buffer strength substantially. GLIA 2015;63:1581–1594
Baseline characteristic of patients presenting with lacunar stroke and cerebral small vessel disease may predict future development of depression
Authors: Pavlovic Aleksandra M. , Pekmezovic Tatjana , Zidverc Trajkovic Jasna , Svabic Medjedovic Tamara , Veselinovic Nikola , Radojicic Aleksandra , Mijajlovic Milija , Tomic Gordana , Jovanovic Zagorka , Norton Melanie , Sternic Nada
Published: March 2015

Objective

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is associated with late‐onset depression and increases the risk for depression after stroke. We aimed to investigate baseline predictors of depression after long‐term follow‐up in patients with SVD, initially presenting with first‐ever lacunar stroke, free of depression and cognitive impairment.

Methods

A total of 294 patients with SVD were evaluated 3–5 years after the qualifying event. We analyzed baseline demographic data, vascular risk factors, functional status expressed as a score on modified Rankin Scale (mRS), cognitive status, presence of depression, total number of lacunar infarcts and severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI with Age‐Related White Matter Changes scale total score (tARWMC) and Fazekas scale periventricular and deep subcortical scores.

Results

On follow‐up, depression was registered in 117 (39.8%) SVD patients. At the baseline, patients with depression compared with non‐depressed were older (64.4 vs 60.9 years; p = 0.007), had higher mRS score (2.8 ± 0.7 vs 1.5 ± 0.7; p < 0.0001) and had more severe lesions on MRI scales (p < 0.0001 for all parameters). On follow‐up, depressed patients more frequently exhibited cognitive decline (75.2% depressed vs 56.5% non‐depressed; p = 0.003). No difference was detected in risk factor frequency between groups. Multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted by age and gender revealed independent predictors of depression: baseline mRS >2 (HR 2.17, 95%CI 1.74–2.72; p < 0.0001) and tARWMC (HR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02–1.09; p = 0.005), and cognitive decline on follow‐up (HR 1.80, 95%CI 1.12–2.89; p = 0.015).

Conclusions

Baseline functional status and severity of WMH and development of cognitive decline predict the occurence of late‐onset depression in patients with SVD. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rates and patterns of thermal mixing at a small stream confluence under variable incoming flow conditions
Authors: Lewis Quinn W. , Rhoads Bruce L.
Published: March 2015

Confluences are important locations for river mixing within drainage networks, yet few studies have examined in detail the dynamics of mixing within confluences. This study examines the influence of momentum flux ratio, the scale of the flow (cross‐sectional area) and the density differences between incoming flows on thermal mixing at a small stream confluence. Results reveal that rates and patterns of thermal mixing depend on event‐specific combinations of the three factors. The mixing interface at this confluence is generally distorted towards the mouth of the lateral tributary by strong helical motion associated with curvature of flow from the lateral tributary as it aligns with the downstream channel. As the momentum flux from the lateral tributary increases, mixing is enhanced because helical motion from the curving tributary flow expands over the width of the downstream channel. The cross‐sectional area of the flow is negatively correlated with mixing rates, suggesting that the amount of mixing over a fixed distance downstream of the confluence is inversely related to the scale of the flow. Density differences are not strongly related to rates of mixing. Results confirm that mixing rates within the region of confluent flow interaction can be highly variable among flow events with different incoming flow conditions, but that, in general, length scales of mixing are short, and rates of mixing are high at this small confluence compared with those typically documented at large‐river confluences. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial uncertainty in bias corrected climate change projections and hydrogeological impacts
Authors: Seaby L. P. , Refsgaard J. C. , Sonnenborg T. O. , Højberg A. L.
Published: March 2015

The question of which climate model bias correction methods and spatial scales for correction are optimal for both projecting future hydrological changes as well as removing initial model bias has so far received little attention. For 11 climate models (CMs), or GCM/RCM – Global/Regional Climate Model pairing, this paper analyses the relationship between complexity and robustness of three distribution‐based scaling (DBS) bias correction methods applied to daily precipitation at various spatial scales. Hydrological simulations are forced by CM inputs to assess the spatial uncertainty of groundwater head and stream discharge given the various DBS methods. A unique metric is devised, which allows for comparison of spatial variability in climate model bias and projected change in precipitation. It is found that the spatial variability in climate model bias is larger than in the climate change signals. The magnitude of spatial bias seen in precipitation inputs does not necessarily correspond to the magnitude of biases seen in hydrological outputs. Variables that integrate basin responses over time and space are more sensitive to mean spatial biases and less so on extremes. Hydrological simulations forced by the least parameterized DBS approach show the highest error in mean and maximum groundwater heads; however, the most highly parameterised DBS approach shows less robustness in future periods compared with the reference period it was trained in. For hydrological impacts studies, choice of bias correction method should depend on the spatial scale at which hydrological impacts variables are required and whether CM initial bias is spatially uniform or spatially varying. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival benefit in women with BRCA1 mutation or familial risk in the MRI screening study (MRISC)
Authors: Saadatmand Sepideh , Obdeijn Inge‐Marie , Rutgers Emiel J. , Oosterwijk Jan C. , Tollenaar Rob A. , Woldringh Gwendolyn H. , Bergers Elisabeth , Verhoef Cornelis , Heijnsdijk Eveline A. , Hooning Maartje J. , de Koning Harry J. , Tilanus‐Linthorst Madeleine M.
Published: March 2015

Adding MRI to annual mammography screening improves early breast cancer detection in women with familial risk or BRCA1/2 mutation, but breast cancer specific metastasis free survival (MFS) remains unknown. We compared MFS of patients from the largest prospective MRI Screening Study (MRISC) with 1:1 matched controls. Controls, unscreened if<50 years, and screened with biennial mammography if ≥50 years, were matched on risk category (BRCA1, BRCA2, familial risk), year and age of diagnosis. Of 2,308 MRISC participants, breast cancer was detected in 93 (97 breast cancers), who received MRI <2 years before breast cancer diagnosis; 33 BRCA1 mutation carriers, 18 BRCA2 mutation carriers, and 42 with familial risk. MRISC patients had smaller (87% vs. 52% <T2, p < 0.001), more often node negative (69% vs. 44%, p = 0.001) tumors and received less chemotherapy (39% vs. 77%, p < 0.001) and hormonal therapy (14% vs. 47%, p < 0.001) than controls. Median follow‐up time was 9 years (range 0–14). Breast cancer metastasized in 9% (8/93) of MRISC patients and in 23% (21/93) of controls (p = 0.009). MFS was better in MRISC patients overall (log‐rank p = 0.008, HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16–0.80), with familial risk (log‐rank p = 0.024, HR: 0.21, 95% CI 0.04–0.95), and in BRCA1 mutation carriers (log‐rank p = 0.055, HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.08–1.13). MFS remained better in MRISC patients after lead time correction (log‐rank p = 0.020, HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18–0.90). Overall survival was non‐significantly better in MRISC patients (log‐rank p = 0.064, HR 0.51, CI 0.24–1.06). Annual screening with MRI and mammography improves metastasis free survival in women with BRCA1 mutation or familial predisposition.