bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Archaeology and the standing fabric: recent studies at Lichfield Cathedral
Authors: Rodwell Warwick
Published: January 2016

With the great 19th-century restorations of British cathedrals went the first great campaigns of cathedral archaeology. British cathedrals are, characteristically, multiperiod structures where major elements of earlier phases have been swallowed into a later-medieval or post-medieval fabric. So an important element in cathedral studies in the last century was the close observation of clues within the standing building. It remains a major element, in which new methods like the oak dendrochronology for medieval England run alongside that oldest archaeological tool, the observant eye.
Neolithic adaptation and the Holocene functioning of Tertiary palaeodrainages in southern Egypt and northern Sudan
Authors: Mchugh William P. , Schaber Gerald G. , Breed Carol S. , McCauley John F.
Published: January 2016

The ‘radar rivers’ of the southern Eastern Sahara are systems of aggraded valleys containing inset drainage channels, now entirely obscured by wind-blown sand in the dry and hostile open desert. These features, first recognized on radar images, are remnants of the very different and moister landscapes of the Pleistocene and early Holocene. Proof of their attraction for early human settlement are the Acheulean artefacts that are found buried in alluvium that completely fills these old valleys and at the surface, along with Neolithic sites. The distribution of these sites follows, with good reason, the order of the radar channels.
Ground probing impulse radar: an experiment in archaeological remote sensing at York
Authors: Stove G. Colin , Addyman P. V.
Published: January 2016

The Queen's Hotel development site in York was in the news early in the year as yet another urban rescue project where a developer's building schedule left very little time for archaeological investigation of, in this case, a palatial Roman building. As always, the question was, where best to dig to learn much and quickly? A guiding answer came from a new application of subsurface radar.
On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)
Authors: Zvelebil Marek
Published: January 2016

Zvelebil here rejoins to Ammerman's criticisms, published in the March issue, of his earlier paper on Indo-European languages and the dispersal of agriculture into Europe, and takes the opportunity to make a broader statement about the character of Neolithic settlement on the full continental scale.
Saving the Rose
Authors: Wainwright G. J.
Published: January 2016

Geoffrey Wainwright, as the senior archaeologist within English Heritage, has been at the centre of the decisions and debates over the future of the Rose Theatre site. He sets out here his view of the issues, and explains why English Heritage adopted a policy of enclosing the site within an open basement of a new office building; thus ensuring its preservation and securing the option of future presentation to the public.
‘Preserve the old, but know the new’: the Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd edition, volume IV, reviewed
Authors: Spawforth Tony
Published: January 2016

The Cambridge Ancient History has a lineage that goes back to Lord Action, and his view of history at the turn of the century. Volume IV of its new edition, published last year, takes its re-publication in a new edition to about the halfway mark, and provides the opportunity to review both this volume and the whole venture.
The Trundholm horse's trappings: a chamfrein?
Authors: Ashbee Paul
Published: January 2016

A new look at an old thing may make a new view. Here a new interpretation is made by looking rather carefully at one of the most celebrated old finds from the Nordic Bronze Age, the Trundholm horse.
Early setlement of Island Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific
Authors: Spriggs Matthew , Chippindale Christopher
Published: January 2016

It was a quarter of a century ago that ANTIQUITY first announced the ‘Pleistocene colonization of Australia’, when Mulvaney (1964) reported secure dates before 12,000 b.p. from Kenniff Cave, Queensland. The last three years alone have seen dates from New Guinea of around 40,000 b.p., early dates from the offshore islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, and dates from Australia itself that show a rapid colonization of both the arid central desert and cold, wet Tasmania – environments very different from the tropical islands of Southeast Asia, whence the first Australasian populations must surely have come. It is a record with great implications for early settlement elsewhere, most plainly of the American continents.
Digging for ideas
Authors: Carver M. O. H.
Published: January 2016

An inaugural lecture is often the occasion to stand back from the specifics and the technicalities, to see the place of our subject in a larger order of things, and to look forward to its proper future. This is what Martin Carver, the second Professor of Archaeology in the University of York, looked at and saw in his inaugural last year.
The megalithic phenomenon of northwest Spain: main trends
Authors: Boado Felipe Criado , Valcarce Ramon Fabregas
Published: January 2016

What is one to do with megaliths, now that their classification into evolutionary sequences – the mainstay of megalithic study over so many years – seems to offer insufficient insights? Yet in some regions of Europe the great stone monuments provide the major physical evidence from their period. Here is a study of one of the megalithic zones, which seeks to find new insights by asking new kinds of questions.
Israeli archaeology—ideology and practice
Authors: Shay Talia
Published: January 2016

Perhaps more than any other country Israel is a state founded on a consciousness of history. How does this special place for history (especially for early history, where archaeology provides much evidence) influence the purpose and the manner of Israeli archaeology?
Early farmers in the Mediterranean Basin: the Dalmatian evidence
Authors: Chapman John , Müller Johannes
Published: January 2016

The Dalmatian province of Yugoslavia, lying between the limestone mountains of the Dinaric range and the Adriatic Sea, is an important zone for early European agriculture, as both its neighbouring regions are precocious in their development. New information on the nature and chronology of first Dalmation farming is presented.
What future for Avebury?
Authors: Pitts Michael
Published: January 2016

Towards the end of 1989, Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Chairman of English Heritage, announced that detailed planning had started on a visitor centre at Stonehenge. For someone not touched by the generations of wrangling over this site, or spared the depressing squalor with which a visit deftly obliterates any preconceptions of mystery or romance, what could be more appropriate than good visitor facilities at one of the world’s top heritage attractions? What could be simpler to construct in an open landscape of not particularly valuable farmland?

Of course, Stonehenge is not like that. This small group of standing stones by a road has provoked one of the most complex, bitter, and long-running archaeo-political stories of all time. It will run and run – make no doubt about that – but Lord Montagu’s announcement has a real significance for anyone with an interest in our past. Someone is actually trying to do something about the place.
Why did the idea of coaxial field systems last so long?
Authors: Peterson John W. M.
Published: January 2016

Andrew Fleming's 1987 paper identified coaxial field systems in the British landscapes that could be dated over a long time-period, from Neolithic to Roman. What does that time-span imply and amount to?
The nature of archaeological arguments
Authors: Stutt Arthur , Shennan Stephen
Published: January 2016

We try (most of us) to be logical in our work. We listen to arguments (most of us) and try to be persuaded by that argument which is better – because it is more logical, because it is more reasonable, because it fits the facts better. But how reliably does one tell which is better – except by illogical intuition? Computer-aided study of the structure of arguments may help
Rock art and inter-regional interaction in northeastern Australian prehistory
Authors: David Bruno , Cole Noelene
Published: January 2016

The Cape York peninsula, in tropical Queensland, shows distinct regional pattern in its recent rock art. And there is regional pattern also in the exchange networks of ethnohistorical times. Do these patterns bear a relationship?
Establishing a minimum damage procedure for the gut sampling of intact human bodies: the case of the Huldremose Woman
Authors: Brothwell D. , Holden T. , Liversage D. , Gottleib B. , Bennike P. , Boesen J.
Published: January 2016

The investigation of the Lindow I1 bog body (Stead et al. 1986), made it necessary to consider aspects of previously discovered human remains of a similar kind. Two of us (DL and DB) found that further studies could profitably be undertaken on the specimens in the National Museum of Copenhagen. As a result of this, a number of detailed specialist reports relating to the Huldremose bog body are being prepared for press. An overriding concern in these studies was the development of techniques that would entail only minimal damage to the body. In this way, it should be possible to satisfy the requirements of museums and excavation units that such investigations would not detract from the value of ancient bodies as permanent records and potential exhibits.
Tintagel, Cornwall: the 1990 excavations
Authors: Morris Christopher D. , Nowakowski Jacqueline , Thomas Charles
Published: January 2016

A recent assessment of the evidence, old and new, for the nature and dates of the main sites within the Tintagel complex appeared first in Antiquity (Thomas 1988a). The paper ended by stating that ‘properly planned and rigidly controlled excavation … is not just desirable, but overdue’, and a second article (Thomas 1990) demonstrated that the large quantity of finds from the post-Roman occupation on Tintagel Island can now be related to structured commerce, linking Ireland and Atlantic Britain to several regions in the Mediterranean during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. During 1988/9 Tintagel Castle (that is, the Island and the mainland wards) as a Property in Care administered by English Heritage moved up to 7th place in the table of visitor-numbers, with a total of 140,000 and a combined admissionsplus-retail income of £162,000 (source: E.H. Marketing 1989). However, since it is abundantly clear that the archaeological importance of the whole site-complex must outrank the commercial status of the Castle as a PIC, an independent Tintagel Research Committee has been formed. It held a first one-day meeting at Tintagel and Truro in April 1990, under the chairmanship of Professor Malcolm Todd (University of Exeter). The Committee operates under a combined aegis of the Duchy of Cornwall (the owner, since 1337, of the Castle), Royal Institution of Cornwall, Cornwall County Council and the University of Exeter, and its membership is principally academic.
Deterioration of the Great Sphinx: an assessment of the literature
Authors: Selwitz Charles
Published: January 2016

The well-being of the Sphinx is a concern of all peoples of the world. While deterioration of this venerable monument has occurred over most of its history when it was not covered, 20thcentury environmental factors appear to be hastening these changes. FIGIRE 1 shoivs the Sphinx as it was in 1850. This is the first knoivn photograph and it was taken by Masinie Du Camp. FIGURE2 was taken in November 1989 and shows modern efforts to protect the Sphinx against deterioration by cladding the paws and sides with masonry. Alteration is most apparent along the sides of the body where the sloughingoff of surface chips is a common phenomenon. By one estimate, loss of stone is occurring at the rate of about 30 cm a century.
Small-scale transport of early Neolithic pottery in the west Mediterranean
Authors: Barnett William K.
Published: January 2016

The early Neolithic of the west Mediterranean

The archaeological complex known as the early Neolithic in the west Mediterranean represents the arrival of Neolithic traits in western Europe. Dating to around 5000 BC (Evin 1987), this complex is marked by the appearance of pottery, ground stone tools, and transvcrse projectile points. It continues for about a millennium until middle Neolithic villages, such as Villeneuve-Toulousane, begin to appear. The early Neolithic is characterized by a transitional agricultural subsistence economy. At Aude Valley cave sites, domesticated sheep first appear in aceramic Mesolithic layers with typical Tardenoisian tool assemblages and fauna (Geddes 1983). Examination of these sheep remains show that this strain originated in the Near East (Geddes 1985). Early Neolithic deposits (as defined by the presence of ceramics) are found at many of the same Mesolithic sites and contain similar lithic assemblages as well as a continuation of mixed hunted and domesticated fauna. The presumably novel open-air coastal sites of this period, such as Leucate-Corrège (Guilaine et al. 1984), also appear to represent a mixed economy. Since there is no sudden apparent shift in settlement pattern or economy associated with the early Neolithic, this period appears to be best characterized as a time of gradual transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.
The ‘idea of prehistory’ in Japan
Authors: Barnes Gina L.
Published: January 2016

Thirty years after Glyn Daniel's perceptive publication on the ‘idea of prehistory’ (Daniel 1962), the topic is enjoying a return engagement in the archaeological literature. Not only have the sources of the words for ‘prehistory’ been traced in various languages (Chippindale 1988; Clermont & Smith 1990). but a new nuance has been added to the word ‘idea’. In the new chapters added to the re-issue of Daniel’s book, Renfrew uses the phrase ‘idea of prehistory’ to mean ‘a picture of the past’ or a ‘reconstruction of the past’ (Daniel & Renfrew 1988: 198, 203). In other words, Renfrew has subtly shifted the meaning of ‘idea’ from the concept of a time of human existence before the advent of written history, as I perceive Daniel originally used it, to an interpretation of what went on in that time period.
The myth of long-distance megalith transport
Authors: Thorpe R. S. , Williams-Thorpe O.
Published: January 2016

The megalithic monuments of western Europe have long been a celebrated proof of the engineering achievements possible in an early farming society. With the engineering skills to raise up the stones went the capability to move them to the site, with Stonehenge the best-known example of an apparent long-distance transport, incorporating Welsh bluestones and sarsens that perhaps originate in the Avebury region to the north. Following their recent challenge to the belief that the builders of Stonehenge did carry its bluestones from west Wales, the authors look critically at the larger pattern of megalithic manoeuvring.
A man's bones with 16th-century weapons and coins in a glacier near Zermatt, Switzerland
Authors: Lehner Peter , Julen Annemarie
Published: January 2016

Late in the 16th century, a man fell into the glacier crossing a high Alpine pass between Switzerland and Italy. The ice has released him these last years.
The sling in the Aegean Bronze Age
Authors: Vutiropulos Nikos
Published: January 2016

The sling, a feared weapon in early antiquity, in time lost its force to the cutting weapons, especially the cutting weapons of the horseman, and to the shot arrow. The sling itself perishes, and the sling-shot may not be an easy object to recognize in the excavation trench. Evidence for the sling – that is, the sling-shot – in the Aegean Bronze Age is here reviewed.
Cation-ratio dating of rock-engravings: a critical appraisal
Authors: Lanteigne Maurice P.
Published: January 2016

For a century, pictures painted and carved on to rock surfaces have been a vital and alluring strand of prehistoric evidence. Yet their dating remains a fundamental problem. The last few years have seen an interest in direct dating of rock-art, both painted and engraved, using the small-sample capabilities of the accelerator radiocarbon technique. Here. issue is taken with the security of one of the new methods, the cation-ratio technique for dating engraved figures in arid regions where a ‘desert varnish’ forms - a method whose results have already been published in Antiquity in 1988 and again in the present issue (pages 246–55 above).
The North Carpathians at the beginning of the Migration Period
Authors: Pieta Karol
Published: January 2016

The problem of identification of the earliest Slavic settlement in central Europe drew researchers’ attention to the archaeological finds of the Late Roman and Migration periods. The simple hand-made pottery of this period in the northern Danube region showed a certain formal resemblance to the vessels of Early Slavic cultures, which provoked the idea of a direct time connection between the first wave of the Slav expansion from the east and the horizon of the preceding Germanic settlement in this territory. A find group from northeast Slovakia, known mainly from the small settlement at Presov (Chropovský 1962; Točík 1965; Chropovský & Ruttkay 1985), the ’Prešov‘ type, seemed to provide the geographical connection of this ethnic shift. However, different opinions were also expressed, pointing to a possible relationship with the Late Przeworsk culture milieu (Budinský-Krička 1963: 36–7), or connecting the genesis of the Prešov finds with the development of local settlement of the Later Roman period (Lamiová-Schmiedlová 1969: 478; Kolník 1980: 202). Investigations in the North Carpathian area has provided new evidence during the last few years enabling a first evaluation of its settlement.
Settlement structure of the early Middle Ages in northwest Bohemia: investigations of the Pětipsy basin area
Authors: Meduna P. , Černá E.
Published: January 2016

This paper is a summary of a more extensive study (Meduna & Černá in press), subsuming the results of investigations of settlement structure of the early Middle Ages in northwest Bohemia.
Goodwin's graft, Burkitt's craft
Authors: Shaw Thurstan
Published: January 2016

The record is put straight in a matter of who deserves credit for what in southern African archaeology.
Studies in Pleistocene settlement in the Polish Carpathians
Authors: Valde-Nowak Paweł
Published: January 2016

During the late 1970s when the results of theoretical analyses of prehistoric settlement to the north and south of the Polish Carpathians became available along with new methods of field research (Rydlewski & Valde-Nowak 19791, they set in motion a process of systematic discovery of archaeological sites in the region. Rich Palaeolithic assemblages were recovered which have yet to be published in full in Polish periodicals (e.g. Rydlewski & Valde-Nowak 1980a; 1980b).

Before this the existence of traces of Pleistocene settlement was not seriously considered. Sporadic surveys found nothing and the Polish Carpathians were believed to have been either unsettled in the Pleistocene or, at most, a transit zone for human groups. This contrasted with the neighbouring Cracow-Częstochowa Upland to the north (the Ojców and Mników Valleys), and the Slovakian Carpathians where Palaeolithic sites had been discovered more than a century ago.
Iwanowice, Babia Góra site: spatial evolution of an Early Bronze Age Mierzanowice Culture settlement (2300–1600 BC)
Authors: Kadrow Sławomir
Published: January 2016

Between 1967 and 1979 the Institute of History of Material Culture of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the State University of New York at Buffalo carried out a joint programme of archaeological field research on Neolithic and early Bronze Age (EBA) sites in southeastern Poland. As part of this programme in 1967-9 and 1971-3 Professor Jan Machnik conducted archaeological investigations at Iwanowice on a wedge-shaped elevation known as Babia Góra (50 12 14 E, 19 58 30 W, FIGURE 1). The site, some 8 ha in area (520 × 230 m), lies on the borderline between the Cracow-Częstochowa and Miechów Uplands, some 20 km north of Crakow on a hill spur overlooking the Dłubnia river valley. Babia Góra is built of siliceous limestone heavily laced with flint nodules covered by a thick mantle of loess. The entire area of the site is now under cultivation.
The Scottish kayaks reconsidered
Authors: Whitaker Ian
Published: January 2016

In my article in 1954 I suggested that the role of the Finns in the folklore of the northern Scottish Islands might have assisted in the attribution to these visitors of the designation “Finn-men” which is found in the earliest accounts. The aim of the article was to dispose of suggestions by earlier students of the problem (e.g. MacRitchie, 1912a, 130-1) that they might be visitors from Northern Europe, and to identify them clearly as Eskimos arriving directly from Greenland. The problem that the kayak becomes waterlogged after being immersed in water for 48 hours presents difficulties to this solution which could only be overcome if one postulated Olympic standards on the part of the travellers. At the time of this study I presumed that the Scottish specimens and traditions were unique, and therefore sought an explanation which was particular to that country.
Privacy, anonymity and subjectivity in genomic research
Authors: MCGONIGLE IAN , SHOMRON NOAM
Published: January 2016

The use of non-anonymized human genome data is becoming increasingly popular in research. Here we review the proceedings of a special meeting on this topic that took place at European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) in December 2014. The main points discussed centered on how to achieve ‘anonymity,’ ‘trust,’ and ‘protection of data’ in relation to new genomic technologies and research. Following our report of this meeting, we also raise three further issues for future consideration: the harmonization of international law in relation to genetic data protection; the complex issues around the ‘dividual’ nature of genetic data; and the growing commercial value of personal data. In conclusion, we stress the importance of scientists working in the area of genomic research engaging in interdisciplinary collaborations with humanities and social science scholars and addressing these complicated issues.
FROM REVOLUTIONARIES TO MUSLIMS: LIMINAL BECOMINGS ACROSS PALESTINIAN GENERATIONS IN DENMARK
Authors: Kublitz Anja
Published: January 2016

Exploring generational changes and continuities among Palestinian families in Denmark, this article investigates why the children of thefidāᵓīn(fighters) and many of thefidāᵓīnthemselves have turned their backs on secular politics and embraced Islam. The Palestinians who arrived in Denmark from Lebanon in the wake of the Lebanese Civil War were members of the Palestinian Liberation Organization and were known as the generation of the revolution (jīl al-thawra). Extending Karl Mannheim's approach to generations, I argue that in order to explain the transition among Palestinians in Denmark from revolutionaries to Muslims we can rely on neither genealogy nor historical context alone, but need to pay equal attention to the structural continuities that crosscut generations. I suggest that rather than conceive of revolutionaries and Muslims as oppositions, we should think of them as substitutions, as liminal becomings that are actualized across historical generations.
Umm Kulthum's Water Wheel
Authors: O'Toole Michael
Published: January 2016

In a scene in Michal Goldman's documentary film Umm Kulthum: A Voice Like Egypt, two female friends of Umm Kulthum are reminiscing about her decision in the 1930s to purchase land for a villa in Cairo's Zamalek district. At the time, the women relate, Zamalek had very few buildings and was considered a remote location, far from the city center. “What were you thinking about to buy something so far away?” one of the women recalls her mother telling Umm Kulthum. At this point, the other woman, who had been distractedly knitting a scarf on her lap, suddenly brightens up and enters the conversation: “Do you remember the water wheel on the river in front of her house?” she excitedly asks her companion. “There was a waterwheel.” She imitates its high-pitched whirring sound as she turns her hand to trace the circular path of the wheel itself. “People used to say she kept it to remind her of the old days.”
Gibbosporina, a new genus for foliose and tripartite, Palaeotropic Pannariaceae species previously assigned to Psoroma
Authors: ELVEBAKK Arve , HONG Soon Gyu , PARK Chae Haeng , ROBERTSEN Eli Helene , JØRGENSEN Per Magnus
Published: January 2016

Reports of ‘Psoroma sphinctrinum’ from Palaeotropical areas are shown to represent instead species of the genus Gibbosporina, which is described here as new to science. This genus is superficially similar to tripartite, austral Pannaria species, such as the species now referred to as Pannaria sphinctrina (Mont.) Tuck. ex Hue. A phylogram based on an analysis of the nuclear large subunit rDNA (LSU) locus shows that Gibbosporina is instead a clade in a Pannariaceae branch referred to as the ‘Physma group’, a most unexpected addition to Pannariaceae dealt with by several previous studies. Genera assigned to this group have very contrasting general appearances. However, this diverse group shares distinctly ring-like thalline excipular margins; strongly amyloid internal ascus structures; well-developed perispores which have irregular gibbae and/or nodulose or acuminate apical extensions, but not verrucae; lacks TLC-detectable secondary compounds and have tropical distributions. Gibbosporina is the only tripartite genus in the group, with distinct, nodulose, placodioid, mini-fruticose to mini-foliose cephalodia with a high diversity of Nostoc cyanobionts. The cyanomorphs can apparently exist independently in some cases, although the apothecia on such cephalodia on a specimen from Réunion were unexpectedly found to belong to the chloromorph. The genus and related genera forming the ‘Physma group’ are probably evolutionarily old, and their weak affinity to the remaining part of Pannariaceae, concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere, is discussed. The genus includes 13 known species, and the generitype is Gibbosporina boninensis from the Japanese Ogasawara Islands, originally described as Psoroma boninense and recombined here. The following 12 species are described here as new to science, seven of them with molecular support in an LSU and ITS-based phylogram: Gibbosporina acuminata (Australia, the Philippines), G. amphorella (New Caledonia), G. bifrons (Malaysia, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Solomon Islands), G. didyma (Mauritius, Réunion), G. elixii (Australia), G. leptospora (Australia, Papua New Guinea), G. nitida (Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines), G. mascarena (Mauritius, Réunion, Sri Lanka), G. papillospora (the Philippines), G. phyllidiata (Solomon Islands), G. sphaerospora (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Samoa, and with Psoroma sphinctrinum var. endoxanthellum as a new synonym), and G. thamnophora (Australia and the Philippines). Except for the phyllidiate G. phyllidiata and for G. thamnophora which has cephalodia adapted for vegetative propagation, the species are all primarily fertile. A key for determining the species is provided.
Pelagic larval duration, size at settlement and coastal recruitment of the intertidal blennyLipophrys pholis
Authors: Carvalho Margarida G. , Moreira Cláudia , Queiroga Henrique , Santos Paulo T. , Correia Alberto T.
Published: January 2016

To study some early life history traits ofLipophrys pholis, 110 recruits (TL ≤ 30 mm) were collected in April and May 2013 during the low tide periods in four rocky beaches along the west (Cabo do Mundo, Peniche and Vale do Homem) and south (Olhos de Água) Portuguese coasts. Pelagic larval duration, size at settlement and age at coastal recruitment were back-calculated from the microstructure of otoliths. Pelagic larval duration estimated from micro-increment counts until the settlement marks ranged from 57 to 73 days and showed a latitudinal reduction trend from north to south. This variable seems to be related in 30% with the regional seawater temperatures probably through the direct effect on the somatic growth. Settlement sizes (~19 mm) did not show any regional differences suggesting that this is a more conservative character within species. The mean age at coastal recruitment varied between 69 and 93 days, but northern individuals were recruited at an older age. Back-calculated spawning, hatching and settlement dates appear to be unrelated to the lunar cycle forL. pholis.
The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure
Authors: Logue C. , Dowey L. C. , Strain J. J. , Verhagen H. , Gallagher A. M.
Published: January 2016

Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
PATTERNS OF ONSITE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EQUIPMENT AMONG ORTHOPEDIC PRACTICES
Authors: Ohsfeldt Robert , Li Pengxiang , Schneider John
Published: January 2016

Background: Despite ongoing policy debate, little is known about the growth in orthopedic surgery practices with onsite magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) capacity, or practice characteristics associated with the acquisition of in-office MRI equipment.

Methods: In July 2012, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) member practices received a web-based survey requesting general information about their practice, such as number practice providers authorized to order MRIs, the type of onsite MRI capacity present (if any), and the date of acquisition for the MRI equipment. Survey responses were augmented with county-level measures of practice area characteristics as of the year of first onsite MRI acquisition (or 2012 for practices without an onsite MRI).

Results: The survey obtained usable responses from 740 orthopedic practices, which were geographically representative of AAOS member practices. Forty percent (298) reported onsite MRI capacity. Onsite MRI acquisition occurred at a steady pace over 2000–2012, with no dramatic increase occurring in any particular year over that period. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that practice size (number of providers) was the most important factor affecting the likelihood of onsite MRI acquisition. There was no association between onsite MRI acquisition and any of the county-level practice area characteristics included in the analysis.

Conclusions: Orthopedic practices acquiring onsite MRI equipment on average are much larger than practices without onsite MRI capacity. Larger practices may be more likely to attain the economies of scale necessary to absorb the fixed costs associated with onsite MRI acquisition.
An effective Arakelov-theoretic version of the hyperbolic isogeny theorem
Authors: JAVANPEYKAR ARIYAN
Published: January 2016

For any integereand hyperbolic curveXover$\overline{\mathbb Q}$, Mochizuki showed that there are only finitely many isomorphism classes of hyperbolic curvesYof Euler characteristicewith the same universal cover asX. We use Arakelov theory to prove an effective version of this finiteness statement.
Administrative data is as good as medical chart review for comorbidity ascertainment in patients with infections in Singapore
Authors: HWANG J. , CHOW A. , LYE D. C. , WONG C. S.
Published: January 2016

The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) is widely used for control of confounding from comorbidities in epidemiological studies. International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-coded diagnoses from administrative hospital databases is potentially an efficient way of deriving CCI. However, no studies have evaluated its validity in infectious disease research. We aim to compare CCI derived from administrative data and medical record review in predicting mortality in patients with infections. We conducted a cross-sectional study on 199 inpatients. Correlation analyses were used to compare comorbidity scores from ICD-coded administrative databases and medical record review. Multivariable regression models were constructed and compared for discriminatory power for 30-day in-hospital mortality. Overall agreement was fair [weighted kappa 0·33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·23–0·43]. Kappa coefficient ranged from 0·17 (95% CI 0·01–0·36) for myocardial infarction to 0·85 (95% CI 0·59–1·00) for connective tissue disease. Administrative data-derived CCI was predictive of CCI ⩾5 from medical record review, controlling for age, gender, resident status, ward class, clinical speciality, illness severity, and infection source (C = 0·773). Using the multivariable model comprising age, gender, resident status, ward class, clinical speciality, illness severity, and infection source to predict 30-day in-hospital mortality, administrative data-derived CCI (C = 0·729) provided a similar C statistic as medical record review (C = 0·717, P = 0·8548). In conclusion, administrative data-derived CCI can be used for assessing comorbidities and confounding control in infectious disease research.
The History of Emotions
Authors: BAILEY CHRISTIAN
Published: January 2016

‘What exactly is the history of emotions?’ This question, often still encountered by historians working in the field, suggests that the history of emotions is difficult to understand yet hard to ignore. Historians active in other areas may have noticed the recent founding (and funding) of emotions research centres by Queen Mary, University of London, the Max Planck Society and the Australian Research Council. Yet the emergence of a critical mass of emotions researchers has not altogether dispelled concerns that emotions are not really accessible to the historian or worthy of sustained and serious consideration. Even a pioneer of the once dubious field of cultural history such as Peter Burke has wondered about the history of emotions’ viability while recognising its promise. As he sees it, if historians regard emotions as stable across time (and thus pre-cultural, it seems) then all they can do is chart changing attitudes to these constant emotions. This leaves historians writing intellectual history but not the history of emotions. If historians, by contrast, treat emotions as historically variable then they may deliver more innovative work, but they may also end up struggling to find evidence for their conclusions. Taking anxiety as an example, Burke asks pointedly how ‘could a historian possibly find evidence to establish’ whether people were more anxious in a given historical period than another, rather than simply being affected by different anxieties. The books under review here represent the latest generation of historians’ efforts to answer Burke's questions and examine whether and how fundamental changes in the history of emotions can be charted.
Coactivation in bilingual grammars: A computational account of code mixing
Authors: GOLDRICK MATTHEW , PUTNAM MICHAEL , SCHWARZ LARA
Published: January 2016

A large body of research into bilingualism has revealed that language processing is fundamentally non-selective; there is simultaneous, graded co-activation of mental representations from both of the speakers’ languages. An equally deep tradition of research into code switching/mixing has revealed the important role that grammatical principles play in determining the nature of bilingual speech. We propose to integrate these two traditions within the formalism of Gradient Symbolic Computation. This allows us to formalize the integration of grammatical principles with gradient mental representations. We apply this framework to code mixing constructions where an element of an intended utterance appears in both languages within a single utterance and discuss the directions it suggests for future research.
Microsatellite markers for Cattleya walkeriana Gardner, an endangered tropical orchid species
Authors: Tambarussi Evandro Vagner , Menezes Lou C. , Ibañes Bruna , Orth Ritter Antiqueira Lia Maris , Dequigiovanni Gabriel , Moreno Maria Andréia , Ferraz Elza Martins , Zucchi Maria Imaculada , Veasey Elizabeth Ann , Vencovsky Roland
Published: January 2016

Cattleya walkeriana, one of the most improved Brazilian Cattleyas, is a popular tropical orchid endemic from Brazil and currently endangered. In the present study, for the first time microsatellite markers were developed for C. walkeriana and their transferability was tested for the species C. loddigesii and C. nobilior. The markers were used for genotyping 26 C. walkeriana specimens from different growers and from different levels of improvement. The transferability was successful, with five polymorphic loci transferred to C. loddigesii and six polymorphic loci to C. nobilior. Eight loci were polymorphic, revealing a maximum of two to ten alleles per locus in C. walkeriana and two to four and two to five in C. loddigesii and C. nobilior, respectively. There was no significant linkage disequilibrium in the studied loci. For C. walkeriana, the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.963 and from 0.138 to 0.841, respectively. These markers identified polymorphisms and may be used to study the genetic diversity, gene flow or hybridization of these species.
Visualizing the Climate's Future
Authors: Wilhelmi Olga , Boehnert Jennifer , Sampson Kevin
Published: January 2016

Climate Inspector: A new Web-based approach to exploring global climate change across space and time.
Sandi Doughton Receives 2015 David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Journalism – News
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2016

Sandi Doughton received the 2015 David Perlman Award for Excellence in Science Journalism – News at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2015 in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes "a journalist for a news story or series in any medium except books that makes information about the Earth and space sciences accessible and interesting to the general public."
Ancient Start of Animal Evolution Wasn't Delayed by Low Oxygen
Authors: Sullivan Cody
Published: January 2016

New research finds that Earth had sufficient oxygen 1.4 billion years ago for animals to evolve. Therefore, low oxygen levels probably didn't hold back evolution, as scientists have long thought.
A catalog of hemizygous variation in 127 22q11 deletion patients
Authors: Hestand Matthew S , Nowakowska Beata A , Vergaelen Elfi , Van Houdt Jeroen , Dehaspe Luc , Suhl Joshua A , Del-Favero Jurgen , Mortier Geert , Zackai Elaine , Swillen Ann , Devriendt Koenraad , Gur Raquel E , McDonald-McGinn Donna M , Warren Stephen T , Emanuel Beverly S , Vermeesch Joris R
Published: January 2016

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common microdeletion disorder, with wide phenotypic variability. To investigate variation within the non-deleted allele we performed targeted resequencing of the 22q11.2 region for 127 patients, identifying multiple deletion sizes, including two deletions with atypical breakpoints. We cataloged ~12,000 hemizygous variant positions, of which 84% were previously annotated. Within the coding regions 95 non-synonymous variants, three stop gains, and two frameshift insertions were identified, some of which we speculate could contribute to atypical phenotypes. We also catalog tolerability of 22q11 gene mutations based on related autosomal recessive disorders in man, embryonic lethality in mice, cross-species conservation and observations that some genes harbor more or less variants than expected. This extensive catalog of hemizygous variants will serve as a blueprint for future experiments to correlate 22q11DS variation with phenotype.
A Drosophila RNAi library modulates Hippo pathway-dependent tissue growth
Authors: Vissers Joseph H.A. , Manning Samuel A. , Kulkarni Aishwarya , Harvey Kieran F.
Published: January 2016

Libraries of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster carrying RNA interference (RNAi) constructs have been used extensively to perform large-scale functional genetic screens in vivo. For example, RNAi screens have facilitated the discovery of multiple components of the Hippo pathway, an evolutionarily conserved growth-regulatory network. Here we investigate an important technical limitation with the widely used VDRC KK RNAi collection. We find that approximately 25% of VDRC KK RNAi lines cause false-positive enhancement of the Hippo pathway, owing to ectopic expression of the Tiptop transcription factor. Of relevance to the broader Drosophila community, ectopic tiptop (tio) expression can also cause organ malformations and mask phenotypes such as organ overgrowth. To enhance the use of the VDRC KK RNAi library, we have generated a D. melanogaster strain that will allow researchers to test, in a single cross, whether their genetic screen of interest will be affected by ectopic tio expression.
Cell-free 3D scaffold with two-stage delivery of miRNA-26a to regenerate critical-sized bone defects
Authors: Zhang Xiaojin , Li Yan , Chen Y. Eugene , Chen Jihua , Ma Peter X.
Published: January 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are being developed to enhance tissue regeneration. Here we show that a hyperbranched polymer with high miRNA-binding affinity and negligible cytotoxicity can self-assemble into nano-sized polyplexes with a ‘double-shell’ miRNA distribution and high transfection efficiency. These polyplexes are encapsulated in biodegradable microspheres to enable controllable two-stage (polyplexes and miRNA) delivery. The microspheres are attached to cell-free nanofibrous polymer scaffolds that spatially control the release of miR-26a. This technology is used to regenerate critical-sized bone defects in osteoporotic mice by targetingGsk-3βto activate the osteoblastic activity of endogenous stem cells, thus addressing a critical challenge in regenerative medicine of achieving cell-free scaffold-based miRNA therapy for tissue engineering.
Field-induced magnetic instability and quantum criticality in the antiferromagnet CeCu2Ge2
Authors: Liu Yi , Xie Donghua , Wang Xiaoying , Zhu Kangwei , Yang Ruilong
Published: January 2016

The magnetic quantum criticality in strongly correlated electron systems has been considered to be closely related with the occurrence of unconventional superconductivity. Control parameters such as magnetic field, pressure or chemical doping are frequently used to externally tune the quantum phase transition for a deeper understanding. Here we report the research of a field-induced quantum phase transition using conventional bulk physical property measurements in the archetypal antiferromagnet CeCu2Ge2, which becomes superconductive under a pressure of about 10 GPa with Tc ~ 0.64 K. We offer strong evidence that short-range dynamic correlations start appearing above a magnetic field of about 5 T. Our demonstrations of the magnetic instability and the field-induced quantum phase transition are crucial for the quantum criticality, which may open a new route in experimental investigations of the quantum phase transition in heavy-fermion systems.
Assessing the toxicity of Pb- and Sn-based perovskite solar cells in model organism Danio rerio
Authors: Babayigit Aslihan , Duy Thanh Dinh , Ethirajan Anitha , Manca Jean , Muller Marc , Boyen Hans-Gerd , Conings Bert
Published: January 2016

Intensive development of organometal halide perovskite solar cells has lead to a dramatic surge in power conversion efficiency up to 20%. Unfortunately, the most efficient perovskite solar cells all contain lead (Pb), which is an unsettling flaw that leads to severe environmental concerns and is therefore a stumbling block envisioning their large-scale application. Aiming for the retention of favorable electro-optical properties, tin (Sn) has been considered the most likely substitute. Preliminary studies have however shown that Sn-based perovskites are highly unstable and, moreover, Sn is also enlisted as a harmful chemical, with similar concerns regarding environment and health. To bring more clarity into the appropriateness of both metals in perovskite solar cells, we provide a case study with systematic comparison regarding the environmental impact of Pb- and Sn-based perovskites, using zebrafish (Danio Rerio) as model organism. Uncovering an unexpected route of intoxication in the form of acidification, it is shown that Sn based perovskite may not be the ideal Pb surrogate.
DNA methylation is critical for tooth agenesis: implications for sporadic non-syndromic anodontia and hypodontia
Authors: Wang Jing , Sun Ke , Shen Yun , Xu Yuanzhi , Xie Jing , Huang Renhuan , Zhang Yiming , Xu Chenyuan , Zhang Xu , Wang Raorao , Lin Yunfeng
Published: January 2016

Hypodontia is caused by interactions among genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors during tooth development, but the actual mechanism is unknown. DNA methylation now appears to play a significant role in abnormal developments, flawed phenotypes and acquired diseases. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) has been developed as a new method of scanning large-scale DNA-methylation profiles within particular regions or in the entire genome. Here, we performed a genome-wide scan of paired DNA samples obtained from 4 patients lacking two mandibular incisors and 4 healthy controls with normal dentition. We scanned another female with non-syndromic anodontia and her younger brother with the same gene mutations of the PAX9,MSX1,AXIN2 and EDA, but without developmental abnormalities in the dentition. Results showed significant differences in the methylation level of the whole genome between the hypodontia and the normal groups. Nine genes were spotted, some of which have not been associated with dental development; these genes were related mainly to the development of cartilage, bone, teeth and neural transduction, which implied a potential gene cascade network in hypodontia at the methylation level. This pilot study reveals the critical role of DNA methylation in hypodontia and might provide insights into developmental biology and the pathobiology of acquired diseases.