bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Climatic Model of Urban Energy Budgets
Authors: Terjung Werner H. , Louie Stella S‐F.
Published: September 2010

A deductive model of the energy budgets of urban landscapes, based on the exchanges of energy, mass, and momentum, is introduced. The absorption of shortwave and longwave radiation and their dissipation via the channels of reradiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation are generated by the model in order to simulate the interplay of the many energy cascades among the myriad of city surfaces. A city can be geographically analyzed by determining its energy budget and resultant surface temperatures on a block‐by‐block basis. In spite of some simplifying assumptions, the predictions of surface temperatures of this initial model compare favorably with observations.
Underlying Regularities to Mental Maps: An Investigation of Relationships among Age, Experience, and Spatial Preferences
Authors: Jackson L. E. , Johnston R. J.
Published: September 2010

Attempts were made to relate respondent characteristics to their stated residential preferences for a range of urban areas. Specifically, it was postulated that preferences are based on information, that direct experience is a major influence on information received, and respondent age affects the structuring of that information. To test these, preference data were collected from 181 Christchurch students of various age groups for 20 urban places. Principal components analyses of the total data matrix and of various sub‐matrices defined by age groups and experience of the various places indicated substantial differences between the groups. Partial ordinal correlations indicated few clear relationships between preferences and the two independents, however. The conclusion must be that although age and experience apparently differentiate groups with different preferences, there are still many problems in finding order to these variations.
A Hierarchical Goal‐Programming Approach To Environmental Land Use Management
Authors: Charnes Abraham , Haynes Kingsley E. , Hazleton Jared E. , Ryan Michael J.
Published: September 2010

A mathematical goal programming model is described for the purpose of normative policy evaluation of environmental land use management on the Texas Gulf Coast. The model's three‐level hierarchy, linking statewide, multicounty, and local models, allows the explicit consideration of competing goals (policies) at different spatial scales. Microlevel impacts of macrolevel environmental policy decisions, and vice versa, can be assessed.
Spatial Point Processes Applied to the Distribution of River Junctions
Authors: Oeppen Bridget J. , Ongley Edwin D.
Published: September 2010

The notion of randomness has been extensively applied to topological (nondimensional) properties of drainage networks. The spatial (dimensional) organization of five fluvial hierarchies is examined herein through the application of quadrat analysis to random and clustered spatial probability models. The Poisson, Polya‐Aeppli, and negative binomial models are compared with point‐pattern distributions of river junction location for three basins in Indiana and two fossil systems on an erosion surface in semiarid Australia. The negative binomial model best fits all five networks, suggesting that the branching behavior of fluvial systems follows the mathematical precepts leading to clusteredness of junctions. The degree to which the Polya‐Aeppli model fits the data suggests the imposition of a temporally limited set of environmental conditions optimally suited for network growth. Only for the two fossil systems does the Poisson model agree. It is speculated that the effect of prolonged subaerial erosion may be to shift a clustered distribution towards the random state as the surface approaches a pediplained state.
Tests for Patterns in Geographic Variation
Authors: Royaltey H. H. , Astrachan E. , Sokal R. R.
Published: September 2010

We develop tests of whether a pattern of geographic variation departs significantly from random variation over an area. Localities are vertices in a graph whose edges are connections based on criteria of geographic contiguity. Ranked variables are assigned to each locality. Distributions of absolute differences in rank along edges between vertices yield various statistics of edge length that are compared with expectations developed in the paper. Several typical patterns such as a cline, depression, or a crazy‐quilt are generated and their behavior characterized by this method. Computational and graphical methods allocate observed patterns to one of several types. The methods are general; three illustrative examples from biology and one from regional studies are furnished.
Approach to Trading Off Economic and Environmental Values in Industrial Land‐Use Planning
Authors: Davis R. M. , Stacey G. S. , Nehman G. I. , Goodman F. K.
Published: September 2010

Few contemporary issues have received as much sustained attention as the deterioration of the quality of our natural environment and, particularly, the need to manage the trade‐off between economic growth and the quality of that environment. This paper discusses research currently under way to develop a land‐use planning methodology that will help planners address the trade‐offs between environmental quality and economic development. The methodology is used to evaluate the social, economic, and environmental impact of alternative land‐use plans. The methodology consists of a regional analysis submodel and a site analysis submodel. The first component is based on an expanded input‐output analysis incorporating land use, resource inputs, and waste‐emission outputs. The second component is an empirical analysis based on the specific suitability and compatibility of proposed land‐use development packages. The land‐use planning model developed is applied to a case‐study area centered on Charleston, South Carolina.
On a Class of Map Transformations
Authors: Sen Ashish K.
Published: September 2010

This paper considers contiguity preserving map transformations (or cartograms) that have a preassigned arcal scale. Because for each such scale it is possible to construct infinitely many transformations, this paper investigates restrictions under which such cartograms are possible. It is shown that it is possible to construct transformations that preserve the location of boundaries and of any finite number of predefined points. However, these cartograms are often quite distorted. Different types of distortions and suitable measures are discussed.
A Generalization of the Utility Theory Approach To the Problem of Spatial Interaction
Authors: White Roger W.
Published: September 2010

The derivation of the gravity model from utility theory is reformulated and generalized in order to show (1) how both the number of trips to individual destinations and the total travel budget may be determined simultaneously, and (2) how the effect of both distance and destination quality on trip distribution and total budget may be analyzed. Results are compared with the revealed space preference approach and are found to be superior in dealing theoretically with trip frequency and the effects of spatial context. For empirical applications, however, the revealed preference approach is advantageous.
Equity and Efficiency in Public Facility Location
Authors: McAllister Donald M.
Published: September 2010

In designing a system of urban public service centers, planners should consider both equity and efficiency effects in selecting the size of each center and the spacing between centers. The paper establishes theoretical and operational concepts for evaluating equity and efficiency, as affected by size and spacing alternatives. No objective means exists for determining the relative importance of equity and efficiency, so the decision, ultimately, is subjective. However, theoretical, empirical and simulation evidence indicate that equity is more sensitive than efficiency to the selection of size and spacing, within a wide range of alternatives. This suggests that the equity criterion is important in the design of public service systems, and deserves more attention in the public facility location literature than it has received in the past.
A Hierarchical Migration Model of Population Redistribution within a Central Place Hierarchy
Authors: Huff James O.
Published: September 2010

A simple hierarchical migration model is proposed as a mechanism for the redistribution of population within a Christaller central place hierarchy. Given a predefined functional hierarchy, the migration process causes any initial population distribution to converge to an equilibrium distribution. Under certain special conditions, the equilibrium is identical to a central place population distribution derived from economic base concepts.
Facility Location with Changing Demand Levels
Authors: Davies Omar , Thomas Ewart A. C.
Published: September 2010

The paper identifies six strategies that may be considered by a planner in the location of public facilities over time. All the strategies share the common goal of producing the optimal locational arrangement at the end of a specified planning period, where optimality is defined in terms of cost minimization. However, the paths taken by each toward the optimal arrangement differ markedly.

The analysis focuses on two main questions. The first is a comparison at any given point in time of the demand levels that result from implementing the various strategies. The second is a consideration of the relative costs involved in instituting two of the strategies. The appendix supplies the proofs of the main theorems derived for the demand level comparisons.
Properties of a General Hierarchial City‐size Model
Authors: Mulligan Gordon
Published: September 2010

Beckmann and McPherson recently outlined a general hierarchial model of city size. The authors argued that by imposing particular constraints upon this general model they would make it compatible both with the rank‐size rule and a much simpler (basic progression component) model previously outlined in the literature. The present paper challenges these two contentions. It is first demonstrated that the constraints proposed by Beckmann and McPherson do not lead to either form of compatibility. Then the author illustrates how such compatibility may in fact exist under somewhat different conditions.
Distance Distributions and Trip Behavior in Defined Regions
Authors: de Smith M. J.
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses applications of the statistical distribution of distances between random pairs of points in bounded regions. The existing literature on convex figures is first described, and applications of the analytically tractable distributions to point pattern analysis are given. New statistics are then introduced with applications in shape analysis and trip distribution studies. Finally a brief discussion is made of directional bias, and of alternative sampling rules and distance metrics.
A Continuous Model of Traffic Flow
Authors: Ballou Donald P. , Pipkin John S.
Published: September 2010

Traffic flow over continuous space is analyzed in an abstract one‐dimensional city. A negative exponential attraction function, a quadratic exponential distribution of trip origins and a negative exponential distance‐decay function are combined, and expressions are derived for traffic flow between arbitrary intervals in the city. With appropriate choice of the trip‐origin function, the model may be applied to single and multipurpose trips. The resultant “contact fields” for individuals are briefly described, and the main results comprise algebraic approximations for aggregate flows between intervals. Numerical examples are given.
Results of a New Approach to Solving the p‐Median Problem with Maximum Distance Constraints
Authors: Church Richard L. , Meadows Michael E.
Published: September 2010

Considerable interest has been directed in the past to developing approaches for solving the p‐median problem with maximum distance constraints. All current solution techniques consider potential facilities to be located only at nodes of the network. This paper deals with the solution of this problem under the condition where facility placement is not restricted to nodes. The examples given show that improvement in weighted distance can be obtained by solving the unrestricted site problem. In addition, feasible solutions can be obtained for smaller numbers of facilities than possible by all nodal facility placement.
Markovian Models of Movement Within Urban Spatial Structures
Authors: Burnett Pat
Published: September 2010

Much work has assumed that movement within urban spatial structures is an “adaptive” process. Nonetheless, mathematical models have not yet been specified and tested which formulate both how different individuals “adapt” over time in destination or route selection, and how predictions about aggregate movement can be derived from postulates about different persons. Two adaptive first‐order Markov models for heterogeneous individuals are suggested by the literature. When formulated and tested, however, these models are inadequate to describe travel within urban spatial structures. This implies that the use of Markovian processes to model movement may be overrated. More confidence may be placed in other formulations such as linear learning models of route and destination choice.
The Development of a Spatial Delivery System for Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Achabal Dale D.
Published: September 2010

This study examines, from a spatial perspective, both direct consumer costs and those indirect costs relating to public welfare, as well as the resource costs necessary to realize an efficient emergency medical services (EMS) system. General systems and central‐place theories provide the background for the analysis. Based on a sample of forty‐eight contiguous Texas counties, a planning range was identified and primary EMS facility locations that exhibited a high level of stability were noted.
An Evaluative Technique for Categorical Maps
Authors: Guptill Stephen C.
Published: September 2010

A method is developed that can be used to evaluate categorical maps quantitatively. The method is based on the conditional probability of the occurrence of a cell state, given the states of its neighbors, i.e., to determine the most likely state of a given cell. A zero‐one loss function can then be used to calculate the total number of improbable cell states as well as category‐by‐category counts. Experiments with the technique show its ability to predict accurately the amount of pseudo random noise that is added to a test array of categorical data.
Toward Achieving Dimensional Homogeneity in Hydrologic Analysis
Authors: Wong Shue Tuck
Published: September 2010

Dimensional analysis, through the application of Buckingham's π‐theorem, has been employed to formulate a functional relationship among a set of dimensionless products into an indeterminate homogeneous equation. In showing how dimensional homogeneity can be achieved for a given set of hydrologic variables involving the fundamental dimensions of mass, length, and time, the basic concepts and principles of dimensional theory are first presented; Buckingham's π‐theorem is next stated and then applied to the set of hydrologic variables. A great many ways of arranging dimensionless groups were revealed in the course of deciding the most meaningful combination of dimensionless terms for the final equation.
Demand in the Spatial Economy: II Homo Stochasticus
Authors: Curry Leslie
Published: September 2010

Probabilistic preferences and choices and their connections to trip making and to distance‐related demand are discussed. They are seen to aid aggregation. Risk aversion in retail shopping behavior and entropy maximizing as rational random behavior are examined. Elasticity of substitution is presented in terms of the covariance matrix. A Markovian phrasing and potential theory allow an analogy with deterministic choice: various applications of potential operators are outlined. Changes in utilities can only be modeled stochastically and some mechanisms are detailed. Price changes are random walked in time and space as a diffusion process. A fairly coherent theory of spatial demand emerges
Political Aspects of Social Justice and Physical Planning in an Abstract City
Authors: Papageorgiou G. J.
Published: September 2010

This essay examines the issue of consistency between certain short‐run effects of urban policy and the corresponding incidence of policy. Short‐run effects are politically important in democracies because they determine popular support. Incidence, on the other hand, is socially important because it defines the level of welfare and its distribution among citizens. It is seen that the two are not necessarily consistent. Inconsistencies arise within both the social and the spatial realms of urban policy. Such inconsistencies depend upon individual preferences, urban morphology, urban technology, and upon the structure of society itself.
Public Goods and the Derivation of Land Value Assessment Schedules within a Spatial Equilibrium Setting
Authors: Thrall Grant Ian
Published: September 2010

A method of mapping the classic economic public good into a spatial realm is identified. Within the spatial equilibrium land use model an ideal government distributes a public good; sets mill rates, assesses land, and collects property taxes; and maintains a balanced budget. Equilibrium is brought about within the household sector by the unfolding of the land value schedule both over space and in response to the public sector. The household and public sectors are mutually within a steady state when there is no excess demand or supply of public good. The model is extended to elucidate Tiebout's hypothesis that government activity is reflected in land values. Also, a criterion for judging fairness of the spatial equilibrium assessment schedule is presented and applied.
Major Cyclical Components of the 1966–71 Canadian Interregional Population System
Authors: Liaw Kao‐Lee , Aresta Wince , George Kenneth
Published: September 2010

The eight most durable cyclical components determined by the 1966–71 structural matrix of the eight‐region and ten‐age‐group Canadian interregional population system are identified. Each of these components is related to a unique region. Their periods distribute within a narrow range around the length of a generation, while their half lives vary substantially, mainly due to a large variation in the shapes of regional fertility schedules. The magnitudes of cyclical waves transmitted among regions tend to be positively related to interregional outmigration rates. The most durable and significant cyclical component has its greatest impact on the age profile of Ontario.
Marketing as Diffusion in a Single Population
Authors: Ralston Bruce A.
Published: September 2010

The paper examines the optimal advertising policy for a profit‐maximizing firm in a single market area. The results are first derived for a spaceless market, indicating the steady‐state equilibrium advertising policy and market size. The model is then extended to account for the costs of overcoming distance. It is shown that there is an outward limit to marketing, and that this distance is dependent on the market price and retirement rate of the good and the interest rate. The minimal price necessary for covering any given distance is derived, along with the minimal advertising effort necessary to reach the steady‐state market size. It is shown that the steady‐state market size, advertising policy, and switching time are all monotonic functions of distance.
The Use of Expert Judgments in Predicting Interregional Migration Patterns: An Analytic Hierarchy Approach
Authors: Harker Patrick T.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents an application of Saaty's analytic hierarchy process to the prediction of interregional migration patterns. This application is an example of how Saaty's method can be used in analyzing geographic problems to synthesize the results of theoretical models with the judgments of experts and policymakers. After discussing the basic theory behind Saaty's method and how expert judgments can be inserted into the Tobler‐Dorigo migration model, the results of an application of this model to predict migrations between the nine U.S. census regions for the 1965–70 period are used to illustrate the basic steps in this approach.
Repetition and Variability in Urban Travel
Authors: Huff James O. , Hanson Susan
Published: September 2010

Most travel models and theories assume the existence of habitual behavior, yet few empirical studies have examined the question of how much repetition or variability characterizes daily travel. We first review the arguments for expecting both repetition and variability in urban travel‐activity patterns and then conduct an empirical analysis of repetition and variability in travel over a five‐week period. The results show that, whereas many behaviors that make up the daily pattern are highly repetitious (they occur with high frequency over the 35 days), the similarity between daily travel patterns on different days in an individual's longitudinal record is quite low. Even the day that is the most typical of the individual's travel is a poor indicator of that person's overall travel pattern. Moreover, we found that each person generates several archetypical daily patterns over 35 days, and this finding has important implications for data collection and modeling in studies of urban travel.
Optimality in Two Spatially Separated Periodic Markets
Authors: Zemanian A. H.
Published: September 2010

A recursive analysis is made of a two market, trader‐coupled, periodic marketing system with collapsing and recovering, nonlinear, demand and supply schedules. It yields time series in all prices and commodity flows. Conditions are established for maximum weekly social surplus, for the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic stability of steady states, and for an optimal number of days for the marketing week.
Elimination of Source A and B Errors in p‐Median Location Problems
Authors: Current John R. , Schilling David A.
Published: September 2010

The p‐median problem is a powerful tool in analyzing facility location options when the goal of the location scheme is to minimize the average distance that demand must traverse to reach its nearest facility. It may be used to determine the number of facilities to site, as well as the actual facility locations. Demand data are frequently aggregated in p‐median location problems to reduce the computational complexity of the problem. Demand data aggregation, however, results in the loss of locational information. This loss may lead to suboptimal facility location configurations (optimality errors) and inaccurate measures of the resulting travel distances (cost errors). Hillsman and Rhoda (1978) have identified three error components: Source A, B, and C errors, which may result from demand data aggregation. In this article, a method to measure weighted travel distances in p‐median problems which eliminates Source A and B errors is proposed. Test problem results indicate that the proposed measurement scheme yields solutions with lower optimality and cost errors than does the traditional distance measurement scheme.
The Geographic Components of Change in a Migration System
Authors: Plane David A.
Published: September 2010

A method for deriving a set of geographic components of temporal change in a system of interregional flows is proposed and applied in an analysis of U.S. interstate migration in the early 1980s. Dynamic change in net migration is conceptualized to consist of system‐growth, system‐mobility, geographic mix, and competitive components. Hypotheses concerning the structural dynamics of migration systems are suggested, as are some implications for migration‐modeling techniques.
Housing Choice in a Regulated Market: A Nested Multinomial Logit Analysis
Authors: Fischer Manfred M. , Aufhauser Elisabeth
Published: September 2010

The paper integrates several important elements of the institutionalized and regulated nature of the housing market and analyzes the relationship between household type and housing choice in Vienna within a nested multinomial logit framework. In particular, the concept of household specific choice sets is used to account for institutional, informational and income‐based constraints of the choice process. Government subsidies (such as housing and rent allowances, non‐interest‐bearing state loans) are explicitly taken into account in the definition of variables. Housing choice is considered in three stages: the choice of a dwelling unit given dwelling type and residential zone, the choice of a dwelling type given residential zone, and the marginal choice of a residential zone. The coefficients are derived by means of a sequential ML‐procedure. The empirical results clearly indicate that demographic variables have significant impacts on housing choice behavior. Income as a single explanatory variable as well as its interacting with size measures and the quality of the house are found to be important criteria for dwelling unit choice, as housing cost variables for dwelling type choice behavior. The dwelling unit and dwelling type choice submodels fit reasonably well, whereas the residential zone model is less successful.
The Spatial Structuring of Central Places
Authors: Storbeck James E.
Published: September 2010

The spatial structuring of “classical” central place systems is the primary concern of this research. Emphasizing the development of such systems from basic spatial relations between centers and hinterland locations (rather than as a result of an underlying geometry of regions), this paper takes an optimization approach to the siting of central places in a single‐good system. The objective function is shown to be one that maximizes both market coverage of demand and market overlap. Access to this objective is given through the natural slack covering model.
Levels of Spatial Knowledge and Urban Travel Modeling
Authors: Stern Eliahu , Leiser David
Published: September 2010

Models of spatial behavior implicitly assume a direct connection between the individual's utility function and his actual behavior. In reality, this link is mediated by the extent and quality of his spatial knowledge. Without sufficient knowledge, the chosen behavior will be selected from a small number of known alternatives. Using a route choice study in Beer Sheva, this paper investigates the extent and the level of spatial knowledge exhibited by the public in episodic, nonroutine travel. It demonstrates that their knowledge stabilizes at the intermediate “route level,” whereas only professional drivers attain the highest “survey level.” The cognitive opportunity sets of drivers at the route level are idiosyncratic. Accordingly, route selection by the general public was found largely unpredictable. Implications for urban travel modeling are discussed.
Modeling Strategies for Categorical Data: Examples from Housing and Tenure Choice
Authors: Clark W. A. V. , Deurloo M. C. , Dieleman F. M.
Published: September 2010

Models to investigate categorical data can be divided into preprocessing, limited parameterization, and formal logit models. To illustrate the advantages of preprocessing and limited parameterization models they are applied to a data set of tenure and type of housing choice before the data are examined with hierarchical logit and nested logit models. The preprocessing approaches are useful in selecting optimal subsets of independent variables with respect to the dependent variable. The ease of application and interpretation of a limited parameterization approach extends the clarity of the results from the preprocessing approaches. Because some variables are only relevant at specific levels of other independent variables, nonstandard (nested) logit models are necessary to understand the nested relationships.
A Simple Trade‐off Model for Maximal and Multiple Coverage
Authors: Storbeck James E. , Vohra Rakesh V.
Published: September 2010

A natural slack model, which allows for the trade‐off of single coverage of demand for multiple coverage, is developed in this paper. Locational options structured within this multiobjective perspective extend from the most dispersed pattern possible (i.e., the maximal covering solution) to the most clustered (i.e., the multiple covering solution). It is believed that this extension of the location covering approach can better inform decision makers who must address questions of spatial and temporal access to services. A numerical example, demonstrating the use of the model and the identification of the noninferior set of siting choices, is suggested and solved.
Rational versus Heuristic Decision Making during Residential Search
Authors: Phipps Alan G.
Published: September 2010

The decisions of seventy household members during a residential search for a new home for owner‐occupancy were measured in a search simulation game. Their decisions both to inquire about homes during the search, and to select a new home at the termination of the search, were more accurately predicted by a heuristic decision‐making model than by a rational model.
Leontief's “Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure…” Revisited: A General Equilibrium Formulation
Authors: Dufournaud Christian M. , Harrington Joseph J. , Rogers Peter P.
Published: September 2010

A 1972 paper by Leontief on an input‐output model with pollution removal activity as an explicit sector is reformulated as a computable general equilibrium model. The advantage of this reformulation is that substitution and rational behavior by producers and consumers can be modeled and prices are rendered endogenous. The two approaches are contrasted regarding the consequences of policy changes about taxation and technological improvements.
Advances in the Theory of Market Areas
Authors: Hanjoul Pierre , Beguin Hubert , Thill Jean‐Claude
Published: September 2010

The purpose of the paper is to state general properties of theoretical market areas of cities. We consider two centers on the Euclidean plane, several models describing the spatial influence of a center, and a general, continuous, and strictly increasing transportation cost function. Derived properties of market areas concern area measure, topological bounds, emptiness, boundedness, connectedness, convexity, and the membership of a city to its own market area. In particular, it is shown how the shape of market areas changes with the transportation cost function. Finally, prospects for further research are presented.
The Multi Nearest Neighbor Distance Method for Analyzing the Compound Effect of Infrastructural Elements on the Distribution of Activity Points
Authors: Okabe Atsuyuki , Yoshikawa Tohru
Published: September 2010

We propose a statistical method to analyze the compound effect of infrastructural elements (such as stations, arterial streets, and lakes) on the distribution of activity points (such as retail stores) over a region. First, we formulate a function that explicitly shows the compound effect of infrastructural elements. Second, we show an efficient computational method for estimating this compound function from data. Third, we develop multivariate statistical methods for testing several hypotheses about these compound effects. Last, we examine the compound effect of arterial streets and subway stations on the distribution of “high‐class” apartment buildings in Sumida‐Kohto, Tokyo.
Maximizing Accessibility on Congested Networks
Authors: Liu Cheng , Ralston Bruce A.
Published: September 2010

The problem of locating facilities to maximize their accessibility on networks where costs are functions of flow volume is considered. In particular, an accessibility model developed by Leonardi is extended to bipartite and tree networks whose arc costs are determined by a flow‐dependent congestion function. The resultant nonseparable equilibrium problem is solved heuristically, and numerical simulations are used to explore the model's behavior under varying conditions.
Hierarchical Information Integration Applied to Residential Choice Behavior
Authors: Louviere Jordan , Timmermans Harry
Published: September 2010

The method of hierarchical information integration can be applied to the study of complex decision‐making processes in which preference formation is influenced by many attributes of choice alternatives. In this paper, we extend Louviere's (1984) original approach to include the modeling choice processes in addition to judgment processes. Assumptions underlying the original and our extension are discussed and the new method is applied in an analysis of residential choice behavior.
Requiem for the Net Migrant
Authors: Rogers Andrei
Published: September 2010

Despite recent research that has demonstrated the clear superiority of a multiregional perspective in measuring and projecting the dynamics of internal migration flows, many scholars continue to adopt the uniregional perspective that is forced to focus on net migrants, a nonexistent category of individuals. Net migration models are misspecified because the rates that they use confound changing migration propensities with changing population stocks. Moreover, they obscure regularities in age profiles of migration and thereby further misspecify the spatial dynamics generating observed settlement patterns. Thus, the use of the net migration rate as the dependent variable in explanatory models of migration can produce a misspecification of the fundamental relationships that are the subject of inquiry. This paper considers deficiencies of the net migration concept and illustrates them with numerical examples.
Foreign Trade and Regional Development in China
Authors: Fan C. Cindy
Published: September 2010

This paper puts into focus the regional implications of China's recent open‐door policy. The empirical analysis employs a cross‐sectional approach with 1986 data. The results suggest that foreign trade is more readily translated into economic development in the most well developed and industrialized eastern coastal provinces.
Optimal Timing and Location in Competitive Markets
Authors: Ghosh Avijit , Tibrewala Vikas
Published: September 2010

The choice of a good location strategy is one of the most crucial decisions facing a retailer. While a number of recent articles have addressed the issue of site selection, the related issue of optimal timing and preemption has been largely ignored. In this paper, we present an integrated location allocation model that allows a retailer to formulate an overall location strategy by addressing the questions of how many stores to open, where to open them, and when to open them. In addition, the model explicitly incorporates demand growth scenarios and takes into account the dynamics of competitive actions. As an illustration of its use, the model is applied to a simple yet realistic decision scenario.
Regional Fertility Differentials and the Effect of Migration: An Analysis of U.S. State‐level Data
Authors: Pandit Kavita
Published: September 2010

This paper explores, theoretically and empirically, the influence of interregional migration on regional fertility differentials. Specifically, it tests the hypothesis that regions that are closely linked through migration have, all else held constant, a lower differential in fertility than regions that are relatively isolated from one another. A model linking the fertility differential between two states to migration as well as a number of socioeconomic variables is articulated. The model is tested by means of a randomization procedure using U.S. state‐level data for 1980. Results support the hypothesis that an increasing volume of interregional migration tends to lower regional fertility differentials.
Apartment Rents: Another Challenge to the Monocentric Model
Authors: Hoch Irving , Waddell Paul
Published: September 2010

Extension of hedonic modeling strategy to the case of apartment rents in the Dallas region reveals the influence of a complex network of activity centers and highway axes. Nodes other than the CBD exert greater influence on rents than the CBD and amenity variables and externalities have both positive and negative effects. These findings demand reevaluation of the place normally assigned to higher‐density rental housing in urban models.
Spatial‐Domain Chaos in Landscapes
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D.
Published: September 2010

It has been speculated that deterministic chaos may be responsible for the spatial complexity commonly observed in biophysical landscapes. However, deterministic chaos is a temporally defined concept and has been rigorously investigated only in the temporal domain. It is shown here, using a simple hillslope regolith cover model as an example, that temporal chaos in the presence of even minor spatial anisotropy will result in a spatially chaotic pattern. It is also shown that behavior of spatially chaotic landscape systems can be deduced, at least in theory, from spatial patterns of a single landscape component or variable. Because stochastic complexity is likely to exist in landscapes in addition to any deterministic complexity, detecting and analyzing chaotic behavior in landscapes is difficult. Progress in efforts to examine chaos in the spatial domain and to isolate deterministic and stochastic complexity may be the key to developing a theory of landscape evolution that can reconcile the simultaneous presence of apparently random, irregular variability and orderly, regular patterns.
The Location of Services in the Urban Hierarchy and the Regions of the United States
Authors: HUallacháin Breandán Ó , Reid Neil
Published: September 2010

We use regression and factor analyses to explain intermetropolitan variation in the proportion of jobs in disaggregated service sectors in American metropolitan areas. Central place theory postulates of centrally located establishments serving a surrounding complementary region partially explain the positive relationship between metropolitan size and the proportion of jobs in an area in services. Regional variation in demand following several decades of substantial shifts in population and economic output is an additional influence. Intermetropolitan clustering of service sectors is also occurring. A factor analysis of employment proportions in twenty‐two disaggregate service sectors identified five intersectoral service clusters. The factor analysis accounted for substantially more variance than the regression equations. We interpret this result as evidence of the emergence of service‐based spatial industrial complexes. We argue that agglomeration of information‐intensive intermediate services is driven by an attraction to labor markets endowed with pools of skilled professionals who can flexibly apply their talents in a variety of sectors. Unusual demographic characteristics of some metropolitan areas probably explain clusters of final demand services.
COPLOT Display Technique as an Aid to Climatic Classification
Authors: Goldreich Yair , Raveh Adi
Published: September 2010

COPLOT, a new graphic display method for multivariate data analysis, is introduced and used to divide a geographical region into climatic subregions. This method, a variant of the BIPLOT technique, is applied here to study similarity among climatic stations, the correlation structure among climatic variables, and the mutual relationships between station observations and climatic variables. At this stage, this technique is used as a supplement to cluster analysis in the attempt to understand the covariance structure of the climatic data set. However, in the future, the final decision on area grouping will be based exclusively on visual inspection of the COPLOT output display.
Modeling Interaction in a System of Markets
Authors: Krmenec Andrew J. , Esparza Adrian
Published: September 2010

This paper develops a nested family of market interaction models for the general case of spatial or aspatial goods. Market structure effects are identified in the form of intraregional and extraregional competition. The competing destinations and competing central place models are shown to be special cases of the general modeling framework. An empirical example, using survey data collected from Chicago‐area Management and Public Relations (SIC 874) firms, illustrates how the family of models may be used to identify market structure.
Commuting Distances and Gender: A Spatial Urban Model
Authors: Tkocz Zygmunt , Kristensen Gustav
Published: September 2010

In any urban center the commuting distances are a function of the spatial structure of the center and of the characteristics of the commuters. In this paper theoretical relationships between commuting distances and distances of residences to city centers are derived for monocentric and polycentric cities. These relationships are then linked to the sociological determinants of commuting distances. An econometric model encompassing both spatial structure variables and social variables is constructed and estimated using data for sixteen urban centers. Gender differences are focused upon. The expansion method is used.
An Analysis of Migration Streams for the Canadian Regional System, 1952–1983 1. Migration Probabilities
Authors: Anderson William P. , Papageorgiou Yorgos Y.
Published: September 2010

This is part one of a two‐part series that seeks to specify the factors and processes contributing to aggregate change in the Canadian population distribution over the recent past. In part one, we use a model of migration probabilities to identify socioeconomic factors that explain the observed interregional migration flows. In part two, we use an adjustment process for our regional population system to calculate equilibrium population distributions. The estimated migration probabilities of part one are essential for this calculation, thus linking equilibria with the socioeconomic factors previously identified. Disequilibrium, defined as the difference between observed and equilibrium population distributions, is then used to infer relative growth and decline tendencies in the system. We examine and justify our results in the larger context of contemporary Canadian history.
Weighted Spatial Adaptive Filtering: Monte Carlo Studies and Application to Illicit Drug Market Modeling
Authors: Gorr Wilpen L. , Olligschlaeger Andreas M.
Published: September 2010

This paper introduces a pattern recognizer, similar to weighting schemes used in combining time series forecasts, for use in spatial adaptive filtering applied to estimating multivariate cross‐sectional models. The pattern recognizer enhances the ability to automatically detect and estimate parameters with discontinuous or sharp gradient changes over geographic contexts. Results from Monte Carlo studies suggest that the weighted spatial adaptive filter is at least as accurate as the unweighted filter for cases having smoothly changing parameters, but superior for cases having discontinuous, step‐jump parameters. A case study on illicit drug‐market activities using census tract‐level data from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, further illustrates the advantages of the weighted filter.
An Analysis of Migration Streams for the Canadian Regional System, 1952–1983: 2. Disequilibrium
Authors: Anderson William P. , Papageorgiou Yorgos Y.
Published: September 2010

This is part two of a two‐part series that seeks to specify the factors and processes contributing to aggregate change in the Canadian population distribution over the recent past. In part one, we use a model of migration probabilities to identify socioeconomic factors that explain the observed interregional migration flows. In part two, we use an adjustment process for our regional population system to calculate equilibrium population distributions. The estimated migration probabilities of part one are essential for this calculation, thus linking equilibria with the socioeconomic factors previously identified. Disequilibrium, defined as the difference between observed and equilibrium population distributions, is then used to infer relative growth and decline tendencies in the system. We examine and justify our results in the larger context of contemporary Canadian history.
Bidimensional Regression
Authors: Tobler W. R.
Published: September 2010

Since its invention by Francis Galton in 1877 regression analysis has been found useful in almost all disciplines. Comparison of geographic phenomena requires a two‐dimensional extension of this technique. In this manner geographic maps can be compared with each other. Possible applications include geometric comparison of ancient and modern maps, or of “mental” maps, or for rubber‐sheeting as used in Geographic Information Systems and in remote sensing. Other applications, for example, in biology for the comparison of shapes of leaves, fish, faces, or skulls after the manner of D'Arcy W. Thompson are also possible, as are higher‐dimensional and multivariate cases. The method implements, and puts into this new context, existing models from the field of cartography. The linear case yields an easy definition of a Pearsonian‐like correlation coefficient. The bidimensional case is richer in mathematical options than is the usual unidimensional version. The curvilinear case is of even greater utility. Here the regression coefficients constitute a spatially varying, but coordinate invariant, second‐order tensor field defined by the matrix of partial derivatives of the transformation. This can be shown to be essentially equivalent to Tissot's Indicatrix, used in cartography to determine the properties of a map projection. In a computer implementation a nonparametric approach allows visualization of the regression by automatically plotting the pair of scatter diagrams, drawing of the displacement field, differentiable smooth interpolation of the warped coordinates and predicted image, by a diagram of the principal strains, and with contour maps of the estimated local angular, areal, and total distortion.
Return and Onward Interprovincial Migration through Economic Boom and Bust in Canada, from 1976–81 to 1981–86
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce , Liaw Kao‐Lee
Published: September 2010

This paper applies a three‐level nested logit model to the micro data of the 1981 and 1986 Canadian census to study the effects of personal factors and provincial attributes on the interprovincial migration patterns of the non‐native young adults (aged 20–44) through the economic boom of 1976–81 and the economic bust of 1981–86. We found strong evidence that through both boom and bust periods, both return and onward migrations were in the “right” direction, in that they responded to economic variables in a rational way. However, the large proportion of migrants choosing to make a return migration indicates the importance of the province of birth in the mental map of the potential migrants. We also found that the selectivities in the migration behaviors with respect to certain personal factors (especially education) remained basically the same through both boom and bust periods.
Regulatory Reform and the Structure of For‐Hire Motor Carrier Revenues in Ontario, 1987–1989
Authors: Kanaroglou Pavlos S. , Woudsma Clarence G.
Published: September 2010

Regarding the impact of trucking regulatory reform in Ontario, the overall rate levels for trucking service and rate levels for shipments involving small / remote communities are examined. Analysis indicates that rate levels have not declined in most trucking service sectors. With respect to small / remote communities, the basic question concerns the existence of cross‐subsidization, which was found to be present in some industry sectors.
Sociospatial Residential Dynamics: Stability and Instability within a Self‐Organizing City
Authors: Portugali Juval , Benenson Izhak , Omer Izhak
Published: September 2010

Conceiving the city as a self‐organizing system we highlight and examine the phenomena of residential sociospatial segregation in a city and the existence and role of local regions of instability within an otherwise stable urban system. It is argued that the emergence of local pockets of sociospatial instability is governed (among other things) by a self‐organization principle we term the captivity principle. The latter is essential to the systemic stability and reproduction of the city as a whole. The discussion is elaborated by reference to empirical evidence and by means of “city games” played on City, a cellular automata simulation model we have specifically designed for this purpose.