bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review on Current Side Effects of Used Drugs During Treatment of Patients With COVID- 19
Authors: Saberi Hasanabadi Parisa , Ataee Ramin
Published: May 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To increase the success in treating patients with COVID-19, many drug suggestions and some clinical studies are shared in the literature. However, the combination of several drugs with other clinical care has improved patients' conditions. And this review discusses some side effects of Covid-19 drugs' adverse effects.
Objectives: Here, we have shortly reported the recent updates on the most common and plausible drugs for treating COVID-19 patients. We also compare these treatment options based on their impact on symptom management, inpatient length of stay, and overall morbidity and mortality.
Methods: An extensive literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Most of the keywords used were: "COVID-19", "Side effects of used drugs," "Treatment of COVID-19", "Risk factors," "Organ damage," and "Methods of diagnosis and treatment."
Results: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and vitamin supplements do not have obvious benefits, but there is limited information to consider. Other factors and drugs such as improved plasma, eculizumab, immunoglobulins, IgG1-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, remidseiver, steroids, and tosilizumab have shown potential effects on patient's length of hospital stay and mortality. Currently, there is no evidence that any other vaccines, apart from those specifically designed for the SARSCov-2 virus, will protect against COVID-19.
Conclusion: Since the prevention of the COVID-19 virus is a new issue in the medical world, there is no known effective treatment option in this area, and the prevention of its adverse side effects has not been conclusively proven. Of course, the occurrence of side effects in patients undergoing treatment such as hepatotoxicity, retinal damage, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity proves that the necessary caution should be used in drug combination methods.
Efficacy of Omega-3, -6, and -9 Fatty Acids, Alone or in Combination With Low Dose Aspirin, in Improvement of Uterine Blood Flow in Women With History of Recurrent Miscarriage: A Prospective, Randomized, Clinical Trial
Authors: Ala Shahram , Payvandi Sepideh , Barzin Maryam , Tavajoh Mahdieh , Samaei Hamidreza
Published: May 2022

Background: Much evidence suggests that increased uterine blood flow resistance (reduced uterine perfusion) raises the risk of Recurrent Miscarriage (RM).
Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, alone or in combination with aspirin, in reducing uterine blood flow resistance in women with a history of RM.
Methods: A total of 45 women with a history of two or more miscarriages and increased uterine artery blood flow resistance were included in this randomized clinical trial. They were randomly assigned to aspirin (80 mg/d) (group A, n=15), omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids (4800 mg/d) (group O, n=15), or combination therapy (group AO, n=15). The patients were visited after two months, and the uterine artery blood flow resistance was measured by Doppler sonography.
Results: The Mean±SD age of participants was 32±3.5 years in group A, 32±3 years in group O, and 32.4±3 years in group AO. There was no significant difference between three groups in age (P=0.7), duration of marriage (P=0.55), duration of infertility (P=0.43) and number of previous miscarriages (P= 0.51). In all three groups, after two months of treatment, the average uterine artery blood flow resistance reduced considerably compared with the beginning of the trial (P=0.0001); however, there was no significant difference between the three groups (P=0.56).
Conclusion: According to the study results, omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids can reduce uterine artery blood flow resistance and improve the uterine blood flow in women with RM, with equal efficacy to aspirin. Also, combination therapy offers no advantages over monotherapy.
Exceedingly simplistic one-pot protocol to the synthesis of [1, 5]-benzodiazepine and [1, 5]-benzothiazepine annulated derivatives of carbazolo condensed azepinones
Authors: Agrawal Meenakshi , Yadaw Giriraj , Srivastava Anamika , Jaiswal Shivangi
Published: May 2022

Purpose: A new series of benzodiazepine and benzothiazepine annulated derivatives of carbazolo condensed azepinones were synthesized. 

Methodology: Synthesis was done through a one-pot approach. The structure of these compounds was established based on their analytical IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized drugs was evaluated by the disc diffusion method.

Main Findings: The activity index and zone of inhibition were also examined in comparison to standard drugs fluconazole and streptomycin. The synthesized compound has gained much importance due to its diverse biological activities.

Implications: One-pot method is a highly innovative strategy, which has been easy to operate, requires inexpensive material and in applying to a wide range of functionalized substrates.
Impact Of Irrigation Water On the Quality Attributes of Selected Indigenous Plants
Authors: ULLAH Sami , SHAHBAZ Aiman , ASLAM Muhammad Zeeshan
Published: May 2022

The present study was carried out to study the effects of irrigation water on the quality attributes of mango, banana, and mulberry collected from the nearby orchards located in peri-urban areas of Sahiwal (Pakistan). Due to freshwater scarcity in peri-urban areas, wastewater is used as a source of irrigation for orchards, which consequently increases heavy metal accumulation in the soil, leaves, and fruits. The physio-chemical attributes and accumulation of heavy metals were analyzed in different soil layers and fruit cultivars. Among the heavy metals, copper, lead, chromium, and cadmium contents were found to be in greater amounts in the effluent sample than in freshwater samples, according to WHO. Heavy metals such as copper, lead, and chromium were found to be in higher concentrations in soil and effluent samples. The concentration levels of copper in mango and mulberry were 0.005 and 0.002 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration levels of lead in banana and mulberry were 0.231 and 1.248 mg/kg, and the concentration of chromium in banana was found to be 1.203 mg/kg, which is higher than the allowed limit given by WHO. The interaction among the sources of irrigation and fruit cultivars was significant for copper accumulation in different soil layers, lead, and copper accumulation in fruit cultivars. The irrigation water quality index (WQI) of all effluent samples ranged from 63.5 to 63.57, which, according to WHO, can be used for irrigation purposes as it is non-drinkable water.
Assessment of samples of common dill (Anethum graveolens L.) by a complex of valuable characteristics
Authors: Piatrenka A. V.
Published: May 2022

Relevance. Among green and spice crops, dill occupies a special place in the human diet. The crop is widespread and is represented by varieties for various purposes. At present, dill varieties are subject to requirements for morphological (upright form of a bush, large leaf, etc.), phenological characteristics, high productivity of green mass and seeds, and quality. The biochemical composition is one of the main indicators of the quality of dill. Dill contains up to 90% moisture, however, even in that small amount of dry matter found in dill, there are many biologically impor- tant compounds that are necessary for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, when creating varieties, these indicators should be taken into account. For this, it is necessary to study and evaluate the parent material and identify promising forms for further breeding work in order to create varieties that have a complex of valuable characteristics. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the collection material of common dill according to a complex of breeding and valuable traits.Materials and Methods. The studies were carried out in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy in 2019–2020 on soddy-podzolic medium loamy soil. The experiments were performed in compliance with the agrotechnical require- ments for plant care throughout the entire observation period. The objects of research were breeding samples (26) of dill, selected at the Horticulture Department as a result of individual selection from the collection of varieties: Dukat, Sevastopol, Grenadier, Local Bulgarian, Mamut, Uzory, Salut, Almaz, Local Chinese, Alligator, Reshelie, Max, Dalniy, Rzheutsky, a local Krasnodar variety, Hoarfrost.Results. The article presents the results of a study of 26 breeding samples of common dill in 2019–2020. In the course of evaluating the collection material of common dill, highly productive samples were identified at different ripening periods. Differences in the content of dry matter, vitamin C, carotene, low accumulation of nitrates were revealed in the biochemical composition of common dill samples. According to the complex of traits valuable for breeding, samples were selected that can be used in further breeding work to create new varieties characterized by early maturity, high yield and product quality, as well as those having a longer term for the onset of the phase of industrial ripeness and a long period of shelf life.
Factors affecting total antioxidant activity and polyphenol content in beet root chips during production and storage
Authors: Zayachkovsky V. A. , Moldovan A. I. , Tereshonok V. I. , Kharchenko V. A. , Antoshkina M. S. , Pavlov L. V. , Golubkina N. A. , Stepanov V. A.
Published: May 2022

Relevance and methods. Chips are considered to be one of the most popular food products with high content of biologically active compounds. The aim of the present work was evaluation of quality and antioxidant self-life of beet chips from different cultivars. Effect of drying method (convection, freeze drying) and storage conditions (paper, vacuum plastic bags and aluminum foil) on beet root chips from 4 cvs self-life was investigated. Biochemical methods of analysis and tasting evaluation were used.Results. Beet intervarietal differences in self-life of chips fat soluble antioxidants were indicated. Paper bags were shown to produce the highest AOA and phenolics values of convection drying products contrary to freeze drying chips in vacuum plastic bags. Differences in AOA and phenolics self-life of products produced via convection and freeze drying are absent. Tasting evaluation (appearance, taste, texture, aroma) revealed the lowest score for Gaspadynya cv. The highest polyphenols loss in chips stored in aluminum foil was typical for Gaspadynya cv chips, while storage in paper bags – for chips from Dobrynya cv chips. In a whole, the results of the present investigation indicate the importance intervarietal differences in beet chips production, as genetic differences determine taste and storability of the product.
The opposite arrangement of the leaves of the cucumber
Authors: Korottseva I. B.
Published: May 2022

Actuality. The opposite arrangement of the first two leaves in cucumber seedlings can be attributed to undesirable morphoses. The task was set: "To find out how often this sign occurs in cucumber seedlings and whether it is transmitted in the next generations during seed propagation."Material and conditions. The research was carried out on the cucumber breeding material of the laboratory of selection and seed production of pumpkin crops (100-142 samples) on the basis of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in 2019-2021 in the Moscow region in the conditions of the seedling department of the winter greenhouse. Sowing of cucumber seeds for seedlings was carried out on January 10-13, March 15 and May 5. Seedlings were grown on racks in plastic pots with a 0.7 l peat mixture in accordance with the generally accepted cultivation technology. In winter – with additional illumination, in spring – without artificial illumination.Results. From year to year, almost the same selection samples of cucumber had plants with the opposite arrangement of the first real leaves. These samples differed significantly in the number of plants with an unconventional arrangement of the first true leaves, but there were differences, sometimes very strong, between families of the same origin. All this suggests that the trait is genetically determined. When sowing cucumber seeds for seedlings on January 10-13, depending on the year of research and the genotype of the material used, from 18.3 to 25.6% of samples were identified that had plants with the opposite arrangement of the first and second true leaves. In seedlings for a spring heated greenhouse (sowing on March 15), there were about 15% of such samples, and 11.0% for non-heated ones (sowing on May 5). In general, the total number of plants with the opposite arrangement of real leaves in the first node was small and varied, depending on the growing conditions and the genotype of the studied samples, from 4.2 to 11.5% of the total number of studied plants. When sowing cucumber seeds at the same time, in the winter of 2019, compared to 2020 and 2021, there were 2.4 and 1.5 times more plants with the opposite arrangement of the first two real leaves. This can be explained by the fact that when planting seedlings, families with a large number of plants with opposite leaves were rejected. Weakened plants with opposite leaves within the family were also rejected. As a result, the material involved in further work had fewer plants with an unconventional arrangement of the first true leaves. It should be noted that plants with opposite leaf arrangement had only those F1 hybrids whose parent forms also differed in this disadvantage. It can be concluded that by selecting parent forms that do not have opposite leaf arrangement, it is possible to create hybrids that will not react sharply to the deterioration of growing conditions by laying opposite leaves.
On the Question of the Relationship between the Rotational Motion of Molecules and the Alternation of Properties in Homological Series
Authors: Koverda M.N. , Ofitserov E.N. , Millar S.A. , Yakushin R.V. , Boldyrev V.S.
Published: May 2022

In the paper the emphasis is placed on attempt to describe the effect of alternation of melting points in homologous series using the example of melting points of alkanes of normal structure from the frame of reference of the concept of rotational motion of molecules in a liquid. In the existing literature, the presence of separate sequences for the melting points of even and odd homologues is usually explained by packing effects, in which, due to different symmetry, even and odd representatives crystallize with different densities of the crystal lattice. However, this behavior can also be explained by the difference in the entropies of the rotational motion of molecules in the liquid phase, which is observed due to the different positions of the axis of rotation for even and odd homologues. The theoretically predicted difference in the moments of inertia for molecules with an even and an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain was confirmed by calculating the moments of inertia of n-alkane molecules, for which the atomic coordinates were optimized using density functional theory calculations
Teoria agencji a teoria stewarda w nadzorze korporacyjnym
Authors: Postrach Krzysztof
Published: May 2022

Współczesne rozważania o najwyższym kierownictwie są pod wpływem alternatywnych modeli człowieka. W artykule uwaga jest skoncentrowana na specyficznych różnicach, które dotyczą teorii agencji i stewarda. Przytoczono badania, które usiłują pogodzić różnice między tymi założeniami, proponując model bazujący na psychologicznych cechach podwładnego i sytuacyjnych cechach organizacji.
Zmiana charakteru roli rady nadzorczej w świetle nowelizacji ustawy o rachunkowości
Authors: Domańska Anna
Published: May 2022

Ustawodawca polski w celu implementacji dyrektywy 2006/46/WE zmienił ustawę o rachunkowości. Zmiana polegała na tym, że wprowadzono art. 4a przewidujący, że kierownik jednostki oraz członkowie rady nadzorczej lub innego organu nadzorującego jednostki są zobowiązani do zapewnienia, aby sprawozdanie finansowe oraz sprawozdanie z działalności spełniały wymagania przewidziane w niniejszej ustawie (ust.1). Kierownik jednostki oraz członkowie rady nadzorczej lub innego organu nadzorującego jednostki odpowiadają solidarnie wobec spółki za szkodę wyrządzoną działaniem lub zaniechaniem stanowiącym naruszenie obowiązku wynikającego z ust. 1 (ust.2). Regulacja ta weszła w życie 2 maja 2008r. W świetle nowelizacji ustawy o rachunkowości w literaturze podnosi się, że rada nadzorcza musi zwiększyć zakres możliwego wpływu na kształt sprawozdania finansowego i sprawozdania z działalności spółki. Art. 4a ustawy o rachunkowości nakłada na radę obowiązek aktywnego nadzoru i aktualnej wiedzy o sytuacji finansowej spółki.
Rola nadzoru korporacyjnego w sytuacji likwidacji lub zagrożenia likwidacją przedsiębiorstwa
Authors: Wojtkowiak Grzegorz
Published: May 2022

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę związaną z sytuacją zagrożenia i samym procesem likwidacji przedsiębiorstwa. W szczególności przedstawia rolę nadzoru korporacyjnego w podjęciu decyzji o likwidacji i w trakcie całego procesu.
Nadzór korporacyjny w sektorze usług okołoprzemysłowych
Authors: Kunert Olimpia
Published: May 2022

Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie ładu korporacyjnego dotyczy sposobu, w jaki spółki są zarządzane przez osoby zajmujące kluczowe stanowiska; dyrektorów i kierownictwo najwyższego szczebla zarządzania. W globalnej perspektywie przemysł staje się dostawcą technologii absorbowanych przez usługi. Pomiędzy sektorami przemysłu i usług występują silne powiązania technologiczne. Przemysł dostarcza sektorowi usług produktów pośrednich, tj. nowych technologii i wiedzy. Wykonana analiza czynników warunkujących ekspansję usług związanych z przemysłem w nowoczesnych społeczeństwach industrialnych wykazuje, jak ogromne znaczenie dla rozwoju sektora usług ma konkurencyjność przemysłu wytwórczego. Rozpowszechnienie technologii z produkcji na usługi poprzez produkty pośrednie wykazuje w ostatnich latach wysoki wzrost we wszystkich wysokorozwiniętych krajach świata. W artykule zamieszczono wyniki prowadzonych badań w latach 1999 - 2008 grup kapitałowych w Polsce o rozwiniętej kooperacji okołoprzemysłowej pod względem sposobu zarządzania i zasad współpracy kooperacyjnej.
Zarządzanie ryzykiem we władaniu korporacyjnym. Przegląd podejść normatywnych
Authors: Mesjasz Czesław
Published: May 2022

Celem referatu jest próba uporządkowania ogólnych podejść normatywnych stosowanych w zarządzaniu ryzykiem w ramach władania korporacyjnego, przy uwzględnieniu różnorodności interpretacji ryzyka i zarządzania ryzykiem. Uporządkowanie takie pozwala na wstępne określenie w jaki sposób metody zarządzania ryzykiem mogą być stosowane w ramach władania korporacyjnego.
Ramy instytucjonalne a "corporate governance"
Authors: Borkowska Bożena
Published: May 2022

W ekonomii proponowanych jest wiele wyjaśnień kształtowania się różnych systemów „corporate governance” w poszczególnych krajach. W artykule zostały omówione koncepcje, wsparte danymi empirycznymi, które zmierzają do wyjaśnienia wpływu instytucji publicznych na system „corporate governance.”
Krytyczna analiza systemu raportowania o wynagrodzeniach i programach motywacyjnych w polskich spółkach giełdowych
Authors: Sedlak Kazimierz
Published: May 2022

Celem wystąpienia jest pokazanie niedoskonałości związanych z zasadami informowania o poziomie wynagrodzeń zarządów spółek notowanych na polskiej giełdzie. W tekście pokazano różnice, jakie w tym zakresie istnieją w ustawodawstwie i w stosowanych praktykach w USA i w naszym kraju. Zwrócono uwagę, że również akcjonariusze w Polsce zasługują na rzetelną informację o tym, ile i w jakiej formie zarabiają menedżerowie spółek notowanych na GPW.
Factors Influencing White Mango Scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) Infestation Status at Assosa and Bambasi Districts, in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia
Authors: Abera Merkuz , Jemaneh Bizuayehu , Tesfay Adane
Published: May 2022

Background: This research was conducted to assess factors affecting white mango scale infestation status from August 2018 to April 2019. Methods: Survey data was collected from randomly selected of 7 kebele administration and 35 mango orchards as 5 per kebele administrations within 5-10 km interval. Stratified sampling method was used for selecting 3,150 sample leaves from 35 mango trees for counting the clusters of white mango scale. Result: The survey result showed that temperature in contrary with rain fall and relative humidity was significantly and positively related with the infestation status. Mango orharchds characterstics of old age, tall size, crowded canopy, other plant availability in the orchards, mango trees planted without appropriate spacing and weed infestation provide favourable condition for the aggravation of infestation status. Therefore it is recommended to develop regular inspection, monitoring and appropriate agronomic practices for providing sustainable management approach.
Camel Production Practice in West Hararghe Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Demlie Mulu , Nurye Muhammed , Sied Mehammed , Kefyalew Awoke
Published: May 2022

Background: Dromedary camels are major component of the agro-pastoral systems in vast pastoral areas in arid and semi-arid area of Ethiopia due to highest icon of adaptation to challenging ways of living. But little is known about its production practice and production systems compared to other domestic animals. Therefore, the current study was aimed to assess camel production practice in West Hararghe zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Methods: The research was conducted during the period of 2018-2019 using two potential districts (Mieso and Bordede) which have large number of camel populations. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data regarding camel production practice. Result: Based on the data collected the major feed resource in the study area both in Bordede (56.7%) and Mieso (40%) was browse species. The sources of water for camels were river (53.3) and well water (51.7%) in Bordede and Mieso districts, respectively. About 61.67% and 91.67% of respondents in Bordede and Mieso respectively kept camel overnight in yard. The major constraints in the study area were shortage of feed and water especially during dry season in both districts.
Techniques used for Detection of Aflatoxins in Milk: A Review
Authors: Narayanan Rita , Reddy M. Kirthy
Published: May 2022

Mycotoxins (aflatoxins) present in foods are serious health problems to consumers as they are highly toxic. The presence of high levels of AFM1 (aflatoxin) is an alarming issue in milk. So, the need of the hour is the development of a fast and reliable screening method for detecting trace aflatoxins in food. The analytical methods like HPLC and MS which have been used for aflatoxin detection are expensive, time-consuming and require many skills. Novel methods have been come up with high sensitivity, simplicity and capability of onsite monitoring which includes enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunosensors and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), etc. This paper reviews the techniques and methods used for the detection of aflatoxins in milk. Rapid technologies provide greater efficiency and sensitivity compared to conventional methods.
A Study on Melatonin Receptor Genes Expression in Embryonic Goose Skin Feather Follicles
Authors: Li Shengyi , Msuthwana Petunia , Zhou Yuxuan , Mabrouk Ichraf , Hu Jingtao , Song Yupu , Feng Ziqiang , Xu Yunpeng , Yan Xiaomin , Fu Jinhong , Xu Xiaohui , Wang Yudong , Liu Tuoya , Fu Xianou , Hu Dan , Sun Yongfeng , Sui Yujian
Published: May 2022

Background: In recent years, it has been reported that melatonin plays an important role in the development of skin hair follicles in mammals. The down we often use is mainly from the skin feather follicles of geese, but their production is not high. Therefore, the study of skin feather follicles is of great significance. Methods: The skin feather follicle tissues of goose dorsal skin at three developmental nodes (E14, E18 and E28) were collected; the differential expression and distribution of melatonin receptor genes were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, Western Blot and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. The results showed that melatonin receptor gene was expressed in varying degrees at three time points of goose embryonic skin feather follicle development. The expression sites and Protein expression level of Mel1a and RORα were regularly changed by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. Result: Our research showed that melatonin receptor genes can play an important regulatory role in the development of goose skin feather follicles.
Genetic Analysis of Seed Traits in Pre-breeding Lines of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
Authors: Devi S. Manju , Jayamani P. , Kumar M.
Published: May 2022

Background: Visual polymorphism of the seeds is supposed to play an important role in breeding programme. Hence this study helps to estimate the genetic parameters in pre breeding lines of blackgram. Methods: One hundred and eighty nine pre breeding lines obtained from the cross VBN (Bg) 5 × Vigna mungo var. silvestris were evaluated during kharif, 2019 and rabi, 2019-20 in a replicated trial. The seed related traits such as seed length, seed width, thickness, length width ratio, seed volume, bulk density and hundred seed weight were taken for analysis. Result: The values of PCV were higher than the GCV indicating the environmental influence over these traits. Moderate GCV was observed for seed volume (13.03%) and hundred seed weight (10.55%). Low GCV was observed for length width ratio (5.21%), seed width (4.47%), bulk density (4.08%), seed thickness (3.54%) and seed length (2.96%). The difference between PCV and GCV was high for seed volume (6.84) followed by seed thickness (2.03) indicating the higher environmental influence over these traits. High heritability was noticed for the traits viz., hundred seed weight (96.22%), seed width (96.03%), length width ratio (93.13%), bulk density (91.13%) and seed length (88.11%). High heritability along with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for hundred seed weight (96.22 and 21.32 respectively) which defines the additive gene action that would help in the selection of these traits. Correlation analysis revealed that bulk density, seed thickness, seed volume, seed length and seed width had significant and positive correlation with hundred seed weight. Seed thickness and bulk density had high direct effect on hundred seed weight. Thus, results from the present study could be used to obtain bold seeded variety in blackgram.
Disentangling the relationship between prior knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation: a bibliometric study
Authors: Espinoza-Torres Diana , Segarra-Oña Marival
Published: May 2022

This paper analyzes the theoretical relationship between knowledge and entrepreneurship through a bibliometric study. Several indicators are drawn from the Web of Science database using the HistCite software for bibliometrics, including annual publications, citation density, and journals with the highest number of publications. For the empirical application, a qualitative approach was adopted through a case study of four companies located in Valencia with the application of a semi-structured interview. The Atlas.ti software was used to analyze the data. The results indicate a relationship between knowledge and entrepreneurship constructs through theoretical modeling, highlighting the importance of the origin of knowledge for new venture creation, knowledge commercialization processes through entrepreneurship opportunities, and the origin and transmission of knowledge in organizations with entrepreneurial orientation (EO). The main limitation is the dispersion of research topics and the exclusion of publications that did not address the investigated relationship directly. The theoretical model proposed in this study can be extended to different spheres to identify and generate entrepreneurship opportunities, especially in universities and incumbent firms. Future studies should further validate the model empirically
National situation COVID-19 Costa Rica: an open source implementation for online map visualization
Authors: Céspedes-Vindas Adriana , Vargas-Sanabria Daniela
Published: May 2022

Geographic analysis tools have been used by the health sector for sanitary policy, epidemiological, surveillance and health promotion purposes. In order to track the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Health and the Technological Research and Innovation Laboratory (LIIT-UNED) of Costa Rica, launched a technological solution using open source software. The resulting web tool monitors the epidemiological behavior of the virus on a daily basis. The solution also serves to communicate epidemiological information of the virus to the general population. From April to September 2020, more than 200,000 people in more than 119 countries accessed the website.  In this paper, we present the considerations of design, the workflows that followed for the implementation of the website, as well as a discussion of the type of Open Source solutions for working with geographic information systems in health.
Evolución de la sindemia por “COVID-19” en Costa Rica al 10/12/2021
Authors: Mora-Alvarado Darner A. , Rivera-Navarro Pablo C.
Published: May 2022

El presente estudio aborda la evolución de la “COVID-19” en Costa Rica entre el 06/03/2020 y el 10/12/2021, mediante el análisis de casos y muertes asociados al coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2“, agente infeccioso de la “COVID-19”. Además, se determina el avance de la vacunación en Costa Rica, en el contexto de América Latina, y su impacto sobre el número de casos, pacientes internados en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y fallecimientos, en el periodo de vacunacion a partir de enero 2021. Por otro lado, se identifican los aspectos que califican esta crisis sanitaria como una “sindemia”, la cual es más que una pandemia debido a la sinergia del agente infeccioso y las enfermedades crónicas o comorbilidades, en el contexto de inequidades sociales entre la poblacion costarricense. Por último, debido a los subregistros en contagios y muertes, fundamentados en las estimaciones realizadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), de que el 10% de la población mundial (780 millones de personas) ya se había infectado por “SARS-CoV-2“ a octubre del 2020, se realiza una austera estimación de los contagios y muertes al 10/12/2021. Como recomendación, se indica la importancia de atender la crisis sanitaria por “COVID-19” como una sindemia, ante el efecto sobre las enfermedades crónicas y la reactivación económica de la poblacion costarricense.
Estrategias empresariales frente a la Pandemia COVID-19, caso Costa Rica
Authors: Lafuente-Chryssopoulos Raquel , Robles-Ramírez Andrés , Alvarado-Peña Marco Vinicio , Brenes-Bonilla Jary
Published: May 2022

La llegada de la Pandemia COVID-19 a nuestro país y la propagación del contagio en los ciudadanos, significó un impacto económico no solo en el área de salud, si no que en todos los ámbitos de desarrollo económico. Muchos de los cambios obligaron a las empresas a redefinir el rumbo que se tenía proyectado, enmarcándose en todas aquellas acciones que fueran necesarias para enfrentar una nueva realidad que va desde la generación de protocolos de salud, la priorización de proyecto que mitigarán el impacto del COVID-19 hasta la reducción de gastos considerados necesarios solo meses anteriores.
En este documento se pretende exponer en términos generales las estrategias que adoptaron empresas de los distintos sectores productivos de Costa Rica, sirviendo como punto de análisis y principalmente como ejemplo de desarrollo de innovaciones que fueron utilizadas con el único fin de lograr la sostenibilidad y la menor afectación posible. 
La investigación final se desarrolla bajo dos esquemas, en primer lugar, un análisis de las acciones por cada uno de los países que participan en la investigación y en segundo lugar un análisis comparativo entre los países participantes. 
De la investigación destaca la similitud en la adopción de actividades para enfrentar la pandemia sin importar el tamaño de la empresa, al sector al que pertenece o el enfoque comercial entre ellas.
El reto educativo universitario ante la pandemia por COVID-19: propuesta de criterios pedagógicos
Authors: Amador-Solano María Gabriela , Salas-Acuña Erick Francisco
Published: May 2022

En Costa Rica, varios estudios ya han reflexionado sobre los impactos de la emergencia sanitaria por el COVID-19 y de la educación remota en la educación superior. Sin embargo, aún no se han encontrado investigaciones que aborden al profesorado como objeto de estudio o que se ubiquen en el contexto del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (ITCR), por lo que la motivación para este trabajo se justifica en ese vacío investigativo.  El propósito de este artículo es proponer los criterios pedagógicos y las competencias idóneas para impartir lecciones en educación remota, así como documentar un estudio de caso realizado en el contexto del ITCR durante los años 2020 y 2021.  Se plantea la necesidad de que el docente utilice el Marco Común de Competencia Digital para autoevaluarse respecto a las fortalezas y debilidades en cuanto a su competencia tecnológica. El estudio de caso, basado en una investigación cualitativa, recolectó datos de 250 estudiantes universitarios de los cursos de Comunicación Escrita y Comunicación Oral, a través de dos instrumentos, una observación y una encuesta en línea semiestructurada a través de preguntas abiertas relacionadas con las ventajas y recomendaciones del uso de las consignas didácticas, estrategias y recursos. Entre los resultados obtenidos de la observación destaca la importancia de la consigna para aquellos estudiantes con una baja conectividad a quienes se les dificulta participar de las sesiones sincrónicas. En cuanto a la encuesta, un cien por ciento de los estudiantes afirma que el uso de este tipo de estrategia didáctica orienta el recorrido que se debe realizar para poder construir el conocimiento.
Lactancia materna y SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Bastidas-Pacheco Gilberto , Bastidas-Delgado Daniel
Published: May 2022

La lactancia materna es el estándar normativo para la nutrición infantil e ideal en pandemias como la ocasionada por SARS-CoV-2 por ser la forma más limpia y segura para nutrir bebés y niños pequeños. El objetivo de este escrito es develar la información existente sobre transmisión vertical materno-infantil del nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Se trató de una revisión documental de información extraída de bases de datos digitales a partir de descriptores. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados y mostrados en esta investigación en dos secciones: lactancia materna y SARS-CoV-2  y conclusiones. Se concluye que la lactancia materna debe iniciarse lo antes posible y que no debe interrumpirse el contacto piel a piel, pues no se ha podido demostrar la transmisión vertical.
Social Assistance and Covid-19: Reaching the Furthest Behind First?
Authors: Roelen Keetie , Carter Becky
Published: May 2022

Social assistance has been a vital part of the response to the Covid-19 pandemic to buffer against the worst of its socioeconomic consequences. But it is not clear whether these measures were inclusive of the most marginalised individuals or reached the furthest behind first. This review of experiences across low- and middle-income countries shows that many vulnerable groups received support, including those who were previously excluded. However, experiences differ across countries, contexts, and populations. By identifying the factors that contributed to in- or exclusion, we can learn important lessons for future social assistance and wider social protection systems.
Emission Reductions and Health Impacts of LEVs
Authors: Avis William
Published: May 2022

This rapid literature review summarises evidence on Emission reductions and health impacts of Low and Zero Emission Vehicles (LEVs and ZEVs). The review found a disparate but emerging evidence base derived from studies exploring the issue in a range of settings (predominantly high and middle income countries). The evidence base provides a mixed and complex picture given the heterogeneity of methodological approaches and contextual analyses to assessing reductions and health impacts. The report found a focus on carbon emission reduction and less evidence on other emissions. Given the above, evidence has been collected and presented in an annotated bibliography. A note of caution should be raised when drawing lessons from particular studies, with findings influenced by a range of contextual factors.
Russia’s Approach to Civilians in the Territories it Controls
Authors: Quak Evert-jan
Published: May 2022

This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the approach used by the Russian government to provide any support or services to civilians in the territories it controls. The rapid review concludes that Russia provides economic, social, government, and military support to de facto states that it controls, such as Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Transnistria and the Donbas region. Russia covers large parts of the state’s budget of these separatist regions. This review uses the term aid referring to a wide range of support, such as humanitarian, social safety nets, basic services, infrastructure, state development, and security. Due to the lack of transparency on the Russian aid money that flows into the regions that are the subject of this review, it is impossible to show disaggregated data, but rather a broader overview of Russian aid to these regions. Russia used humanitarian aid and assistance to provide for civilians. During armed conflict it provided, to some extent, food, and medicines to the people. However, from the literature Russia has used humanitarian aid and assistance as an instrument to pursue broader policy goals that could not be defined as humanitarian in nature. Russia often relied on the language of humanitarianism to strengthen its credentials as a neutral and impartial actor and to justify its continued support for the residents and de facto authorities of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, to secure its aim to strengthen the political and social ties with these regions while weakening their allegiance to Georgia and Moldova. As the humanitarian activities to the Donbas region in eastern Ukraine demonstrate, the Russian state is not willing to allow scrutiny of their humanitarian aid by independent organisations. Mistrust, corruption, and the use of aid for propaganda, even smuggling arms into the separatist region, are commonly mentioned by trusted sources. After a conflict becomes more stabilised, Russia’s humanitarian aid becomes more of a long-term strategic “friendship”, often sealed in a treaty to integrate the region into the Russian sphere, such as the cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Transnistria clearly show. Although all these separatist regions rely on Russia (economically, politically, and through Russia’s military presence), this does not mean that they always do exactly what Russia wants, which is particularly the case for Abkhazia and Transnistria.
WASH and Older People
Authors: Cavill Sue , Chuktu Nanpet , Farrington Michelle , Hiscock Diana , Muturi Caroline , Nath Priya , Staunton Marion
Published: May 2022

There are estimated to be around 900 million older adults (aged 60 years and above), around 13 per cent of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic helped shed light on the specific needs of older people as a group more susceptible to severe disease/infection, and revealed the lack of capacity within water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) NGOs to respond to these specific needs. This SLH Learning Paper explores the WASH needs of older people in both development and humanitarian contexts, as well as the fundamental role older people play in facilitating other people’s WASH access, health, and wellbeing. The paper refers to the data WASH actors collect on older people in order to understand their differing WASH needs, the barriers to accessing WASH, and the need to ensure older people’s participation, including their active role in helping find the solutions. Recommendations are made for planning with communities and programme design; WASH programme implementation and to reduce environmental barriers.
भारत की जानलेवा दूसरी कोविद-19 लहर: प्रभावों का सम्बोधन और भविष्य की लहरों के खिलाफ मुस्तैदी - एक चिंतन !
Authors: Bhatt Mihir R. , Srivastava Shilpi , Schmidt-Sane Megan , Mehta Lyla
Published: May 2022

भारत में फ़रवरी 2021 से अनगिनत जानों की हानि हुई है जिसने कोविड-19 द्वारा हुए सामाजिक और आर्थिक प्रलय को बढ़ा दिया है । देश भर में तीव्र गति से बढ़ते संक्रमित मामलों ने बुनियादी स्वास्थ्य ढाँचे को हिला दिया है, जिससे आम आदमी अस्पताल में बिस्तर, आवश्यक दवाइयों और ऑक्सिजन के लिए हाथ पांव मरने के लिए मजबूर हो गया । मई 2021 तक शहरों में संक्रमण का प्रभाव कम होना शुरू हुआ। हालाँकि गाँवों में दूसरी लहर का प्रकोप जारी है । आज़ादी के बाद देश सबसे बड़ी और बुरी मानवीय तथा सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य संकट का साक्षी बना है, जबकि क्षेत्रीय और वैश्विक स्तर पर लगातार फैलते हुए कोविड-19 प्रकारों के विविध परिणाम होंगे । धीमी गति से शुरू हुआ टीका करण अभियान और स्वास्थ्य सेवायों पर अत्यधिक भार को देखते हुए, भारत की प्रतिक्रिया, संक्रमण को और फैलने से रोकने के लिए उपायों की योजना, भविष्य के लहरों के खिलाफ तैयारी, की जाँच करने की बहुत अधिक ज़रूरी है । यह संक्षिप्त भारत में आई कोविड-19 की दूसरी लहर का सामाजिक विज्ञान समीक्षा व विश्लेषण है । यह दूसरी लहर की जाँच हेतु उदीयमान रिपोर्ट्स, साहित्य, क्षेत्रीय सामाजिक विज्ञान का एक चित्र खींचता है, उसका प्रभाव समझाता है, और उन सभी व्यवस्थित मुद्दों को उभरता है जो सही प्रतिक्रिया देने में रुकावट सिद्ध हुए । यह संक्षिप्त वैश्विक और राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर स्थानीय और राष्ट्रीय सरकार, नागरिक समाज और मानवतावादी विचारकों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण चिंतन रखता है, जिसमें लघु और मध्यम आय वाले देशों में कोविड-19 की भावी लहरों के लिए निहितार्थ हैं । यह समीक्षा भारत में कोविड-19 प्रतिक्रिया पर सोशीयल सायन्स इन ह्युमेनीटेरीयन एक्शन प्लेटफोर्म (SSHAP संक्षिप्त) का हिस्सा है । इसे मिहिर आर. भट्ट (ए.आई.डी.एम.आई.), शिल्पी श्रीवास्तव (आई.डी.एस.), मेगन श्मिट-साने (आई.डी.एस.), और लैला मेहता (आई.डी.एस.) द्वारा दीपक सानन (पूर्व सिविल सर्वेंट, सीनियर विजिटिंग फेलो, सेंटर फॉर पॉलिसी रिसर्च), सुबीर सिन्हा (एस.ओ.ए.एस.), मुराद बानाजी (मिडलसेक्स यूनिवर्सिटी लंदन), रोज एंगोम (ऑक्सफैम इंडिया), ओलिविया तुलोच (एंथ्रोलोजिका), और सैंटियागो रिपोल (आई.डी.एस.) से इनपुट और समीक्षा के साथ एस.एस.एस.ए.पी. के लिए विकसित किया गया था । यह एस.एस.एच.ए.पी. की जिम्मेवारी है ।
Legal Policy of Implementation of Organizing Umrah Worship in Indonesia
Authors: Putri Desnadya Anjani
Published: May 2022

Umrah is a worship for Muslims in the Holy Land of Mecca. The provision of umrah worship in Indonesia is stipulated in Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Hajj and Umrah Worship and amended  under Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. The hope of being able to perform worship safely and comfortably does not always go well, because in fact there are still many problems that would have to be faced by umrah pilgrims. Referring to the Directory of Supreme Court's of Indonesia, every year there are cases registered in the Court regarding the Umrah Worship Travel Organizer, both in the civil lawsuit and criminal cases, this shows that there is still weak protection for umrah pilgrims. This research aims to explore and analyze regulations regarding the conduct of umrah worship in Indonesia, implementation of regulations, as well as the ideal arrangement of umrah worship in Indonesia. Methodology of this study is based on normative legal research which carried out several approaches such as statutory approach, case approach and comparative approach. In this paper, normative legal research is also supported by empirical research. The results of this study essencially show the potential problems in the Umrah worship arrangement that result in disadvantages for Umrah pilgrims who are not get they right to assigned to holy land Macca, the weak protection provided for Umrah worship shows potential problems in the umrah worship arrangement, therefore an alignment and amendment to the implementing regulations of the Umrah worship arrangement is required, the application of the obligation to provide insurance protection of departure certainty for all umrah pilgrims with any travel package is expected to provide protection and certainty of departure umrah.
Elimination of Child Labor in Vietnam's New Generation of Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Nguyen Cuc , Ngo Phuoc Huu
Published: May 2022

As of March 2021, Vietnam negotiated and signed the new generation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), consisting of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the European-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), and the Vietnam-Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement (VN-EAEU FTA). One of the critical issues of these agreements is non-commercial provisions, especially commitments to the elimination of child labor. This study aimed to examine the implementation of the commitment to eliminate child labor in the new generation of FTAs under the principle of pacta sunt servanda and the government's responsibility to comply with international treaties according to the 2013 Constitution. Based on the obligations arising from international treaties, Vietnam must comply with all commitments agreed upon as a state member. As a result, it is necessary to implement suitable solutions to implement these commitments properly, especially the elimination of child labor, according to the three mentioned FTAs. By using comparative and evaluated methods, this study analyzed and commented on the similarities and differences between the Vietnam labor legal system and these three agreements on eliminating child labor. This study indicated relative compatibility between regulations in three FTAs and the Vietnamese legal system. Subsequently, there is a need to improve the effective implementation of these commitments by amending the definition of children, working hours, and classifying violations against the law regarding the employment of workers under 16 years old of coercive labor into the group of crimes and criminal liabilities to commercial legal entities.

KEYWORDS: Child Labor, Free Trade Agreements, Vietnam.