bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Struttura economica e ruoli sociali a Roma nell'altomedioevo: una lettura archeologica
Authors: Santangeli Valenzani Riccardo
Published: May 2018

Negli ultimi anni del XX secolo le nostre conoscenze sulla Roma altomedievale hanno conosciuto un eccezionale incremento, grazie a nuovi studi e ad alcune importanti campagne di scavo, che hanno fornito una grande quantità di nuovi dati. Basandosi su questi dati, è stato possibile individuare una serie di “indicatori archeologici” relativi a flussi commerciali, alla circolazione monetaria, alla cultura materiale e alle tecniche edilizie di Roma tra la tarda antichità e l’altomedioevo, che hanno consentito di individuare un monumento di rottura, coincidente con la prima metà dell’8° secolo, in cui si assiste a un netto e profondo cambiamento nella struttura economica complessa e articolata, ancora nel segno della continuità rispetto alla tarda antichità, a una estremamente più semplificata. Questo cambiamento si rispecchia anche nella struttura dei ruoli sociali, con una riduzione della divisione e specializzazione dei processi lavorativi, e l’irrigidirsi del rapporto di subordinazione tra la classe egemone e la massa della popolazione.
The Anatomy of Late Roman Art. Interaction between Public and Private, Meaning and Image, Patron and Workshop
Authors: Berczelli Laszlo
Published: May 2018

In spite of many turbulent changes and a vigorous development in late Roman art, the Roman pagan élite preserved the old and tenacious Classicism as absolute aesthetic value. In my opinion, this pseudo-conservative attitude was essential to maintain the Roman patrons’ influence in a multi-cultural sphere. Perhaps, therefore, we do not have any satisfactory term for indicating the highly heterogeneous non-Classical tendencies in Roman art. I would like to propose a name for such tendencies which is far more neutral than any other current denominations. Moreover, I will discuss the Roman patrons’ intense personal participation in creating art both publicly and privately without holding a chisel or brush in their hand. This unique trend was made possible owing to the masses of technically skillful and socially oppressed artists – and the literacy of the Roman elite. When the preconditions for this patron art weakened in the course of the third century AD, and finally were displaced by more institutional limitations and a powerful collective inspiration in the Christian fourth century, these changes inaugurated a restitution of the unity between technical skill and creativity.
Baptism - The Divine Touch
Authors: Hellemo Geir
Published: May 2018

In the original version of the medallion in the Neonian Baptistery, John the Baptist lays his hand on the head of Christ while baptizing him. In the article, the author argues that this motif is of special importance for the interpretation of the ritual act taking place beneath the cupola. When the priest touches the head of the baptisand, the participators in the rite achieve a visual glimpse of divine presence. As God’s acts have a hidden character, the very visual course of events taking place in the baptistery gives the opportunity of discussing divine intervention in early Christianity.
Iconoclasm: Rupture or Interlude? A Reassessment of the Evidence
Authors: Nordhagen Per Jonas
Published: May 2018

There are many “golden eras” in Byzantine art, all of them generated and nourished by the unquenchable creative forces commanded by the great center that was Constantinople. The largest impediment to the study of Byzantium, however, has been our lack of insight into the dynamics that caused this string of revivals; the reason for our ignorance being the catastrophes, historical and other, that have struck that great City. The period that separates the Golden Age of Justinian the Great from the so-called “renewal” after Iconoclasm is particularly poor in both art works and sources concerning monuments and artistic activity in Constantinople, and has been held in low esteem by historians. Still, it was an epoch to which can be ascribed an outburst of creativity unmatched in Byzantine history.
The Tomb od a Prelate from the Crusader Period in Jaffa and Five Fragments of an Ophistographic Marble Slab in the Ustinow Collection in Oslo
Authors: Berczelli Laszlo
Published: May 2018

This paper throws light on one of the important invisibilia in the Ustinow collection in Oslo: a marble fragment of a prelate’s tombstone from Jaffa with incised pictorial decoration, dated to 1258 by the Gothic inscription in Latin, and a Cufic dedication table for a mosque on the rear side of the slab. In modern literature the Crusader tombstone is always discussed referring to 19th-century publications without photographic documentation. Consequently, the monument and related items from the Ustinow collection are never mentioned in the University Museum of Cultural Heritage in Oslo, which is the present owner. Moreover, many allusions in the literature contain erroneous, contradictory or incomplete information. In 1999 three new pieces of the tombstone were detected in the museum storage. Except for a small and insignificant fragment, the marble slab is now almost identical with the casual find in 1873, as it is shown in M. Lecomte’s contemporary drawing. This rediscovery gives us a new chance of studying the original slab in detail and correcting errors and confusions in earlier publications. Even the high artistic quality of the pictorial decoration can for the first time be fully recognized since Clermont-Ganneau’s early publications, and a new attempt will be made to find the relevant iconographic, art historical and historical contexts for the monument. There are many convincing indications that the Crusaders tombstone has to be connected to the French king Saint Louis IX’s Crusade and stay in Jaffa in 1252-1253. To answer the question of exact provenance a specialist in Cufic inscriptions has to re-examine the problems concerning the dedication of a mosque incised on the rear of the slab and the date of it.
Niccolò di Tommaso of Florence, St Bridget of Sweden's First Painter
Authors: Skaug Erling
Published: May 2018

Is it merely a coincidence that the earliest extant paitings of St Bridget’s Vision of the Nativity are by Niccolò di Tommaso? A combination of independent technical and documentary evidence seems to give a striking answer. Comparative studies of technical aspects of Italian medieval painting has enabled the definition of anomalies in a group of Niccolò’s oeuvre, hitherto unnoticed. In the context of his contemporaries, a possible interpretation of this group – including his paintings of the Nativity – is that they were executed outside of his native Florence. A re-reading of the documentary sources connect them with Naples and makes a new dating of Niccolò’s Neapolitan sojourn necessary. He must have been there in the period 1373-75, not around 1371 as thought till now. As a consequence, he must have met Bridget at the Angevine court in Naples in the spring of 1373 – i.e. just after she had received her revelation of the Nativity, and a few months before her death. Niccolò was apparently involved in the early visual propaganda towards Bridget’s canonization. Among other things, he made the altarpiece – identified here – for Bridget’s first chapel in her former house at Piazza Navona in Rome. The article discusses the evidence for the artist’s Neapolitan sojourn and his probable encounter with the future Saint.
An American in Medieval Paris. The Impact of Europe on Early American Collectors of Medieval Art
Authors: Smith Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

The title of this article refers specifically to the time spent in Paris by early American collectors of medieval art, but it is also meant to evoke the American response to the medieval antiquities of Paris, to those of France, and to those of Europe in general. Focusing on seven Americans, whose sojourns in Europe – some brief, some extended – roughly span the entire course of the 19th century, this article seeks to understand what made these men turn towards medieval art at a time when most Americans were barely aware of its existence and didn’t care for it if they were. Proceeding chronologically from the earliest collector to the latest, it reexamines the available evidence, using first-hand testimony where possible, in the hope of gleaning some new insights into the impact of Europe on their collecting. Beginning with William Poyntell, who acquired stained glass from the Sainte-Chapelle while in Paris in 1803, it continues with Robert Gilmor, who in 1807 purchased a Book of Hours from the Workshop of the Boucicaut Master; it then turns to two collectors of Italian “Primitices”, Thomas Jefferson Bryan and James Jackson Jarves; to J. Pierpoint Morgan and Henry Walters, the two greatest American collectors of medieval art; and concludes with the sculptor George Grey Barnard, whose precocious appreciation of Romanesque architectural sculpture started a major trend in both collecting and museum design. Although hard evidence for the direct impact of a European experience on the collecting psyche of these men is slight, they all spent “quality time” in Europe, and in all of them, to varying degrees, we can observe reflections of “medieval Paris”. Henry Adams describes the powerful effect of his first taste of Antwerp in 1858 as “education only sensual”. But since it is a sensual appreciation that must underlie the impulse to collect works of art, then we can be permitted to see the direct experience of Europe as having provided these early American collectors with a sense of the reality of the Middle Ages.
Himmlische und Irdische Liebe in der Musik des späten 16. Jahrhunderts in Rom
Authors: Ziane Alexandra
Published: May 2018

Als Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung von “Himmlischer” und “Irdischer Liebe” in der Musik des späten 16. Jahrhunderts in Rom dienen drei geistliche Madrigalbücher verschiedener Komponisten: Palestrinas Primo libro di madrigali a cinque voci von 1581, Luca Marenzios Madrigali spirituali von 1584 und Felice Anerios Madrigali spirituali von 1585. Wie ihr weltlichen Pendants handeln die darin enthaltenen Madrigale zum großen Teil von der Liebe. Gezeigt wird an einzelnen Beispielen, wie sich die textliche und musikalische Darstellung von “Irdischer” und “Himmlischer Liebe” dabei häufig verblüffend ähneln. Als Grundlage dafür dienen verschiedenartige Texte wie Kanzonenstrophen Petrarcas, bukolische Dichtungen, Kontrafakturen und zeitgenössische geistliche Lyrik. Über den Aufführungskontext der Musik können lediglich Hypothesen aufgestellt werden, die von Kontakten der einzelnen Komponisten ausgehen. Zur Diskussion stehen dabei das Oratorium Filippo Neris, Haushalte mächtiger Familien, die Musikerkongregation und Jesuitenkollegien.
Sacred and Profane Love in the Early Work of Titian
Authors: De Wesselow Thomas
Published: May 2018

The famous canvas in the Galleria Borghese known commonly as Sacred and Profane Love is merely one work among many in which Titian sought to explore the moral nature of love. His preoccupation with this theme manifests itself, I believe, in several works of his early maturity – works whose puzzling and unprecedented formal characteristics have yet to be adequately interpretated. After introducing my argument with a brief look at two highly problematic pictures, the Sacred and Profane Love itself and the so-called Three Ages of Man in the National Gallery, Edinburgh, I focus on two of Titian’s works that articulate the relation between divine and earthly love particularly clearly: the Noli me tangere in the National Gallery, London, and the Assumption of the Virgin in the Frari, Venice. The Noli me tangere contrasts the divine love of Christ with the human love of the Magdalen, whose inappropriately sensuous state of mind is figured in the pastoral landscape round about. Similarly, the Assumption of the Virgin is carefully composed in order to draw out a contrast between the intesely spiritual love of the Virgin, which fuels her visionary ascent, and the earth-bound affections of the apostles. The paper thus traces the imprint of the idea of sacred and profane love on the formal qualities of these two compositions, initiating a line of interpretation that may further illuminate Titian’s work in general.
Indagini iconografiche sugli affreschi del Pellegrinaio in S. Maria della Scala a Siena
Authors: Scharf Friedhelm
Published: May 2018

Siena prende in considerazione un programma figurativo che mostra la transizione da modelli cristiani ad una concezione decisivamente profana. Le indagini presenti mettono in relazione l’iconografia con una rilettura degli eventi più importanti e attuali degli stessi anni in cui è realizzato il ciclo famoso. Viene dimostrato come la realistica transposizione iconografica dell’opera – un realismo che tra l’altro si ispira alla pittura contemporanea delle Fiandre – muove da precise indicazioni e suggerimenti del committente: il rettore dello Spedale Giovanni Francesco Buzzichelli. Si ritiene opportuno optare per una nuova interpretazione dell’affresco del Vecchietta in relazione al simbolismo della Scala Mariae, dell’ascesa al cielo e della redenzione. Nel Pellegrinaio convivono da un lato preziose testimonianze degli interessi istituzionali di S. Maria della Scala, dall’altro particolari storico-sociali cioè delle opere della misericordia, dell’amministrazioni comunale e della politica pontificia del tempo. Per la committenza del ciclo sono importanti soprattutto le implicazioni politiche del Concilio di Firenze. Grazie allo studio dei ritratti raffigurati nelle opere del Vecchietta e di Domenico di Bartolo, possibile in base a un attento esame dei prototipi, è stato possible riconoscere importanti personaggi di questo evento, come Papa Eugenio IV, l’imperatore Giovanni Paleologo, l’imperatore Sigismondo, il Cardinale Bessarione, Niccolò Albergati o Lionello d’Este. Così il ciclo si rivela strettamente collegato al tessuto storico-culturale dell’epoca.
L'immagine come mediazione fra uomo e Dio
Authors: De Santis Andrea
Published: May 2018

In relazione al problema dei contrari, affrontato già dai Pitagorici e da Eraclito, l’arte, intesa come rappresentazione di una realtà presente o assente, si delinea come finzione e viene intesa come quel contrario della realtà che non sono ha il potere di ingannare, ma anche il potere di rendere possinile un accesso alla realtà stessa precisamente attraverso il suo carattere di finzione. Dopo una considerazione della valenza delle prime immagini prodotte dall’uomo nelle caverne paleolitiche, il problema dell’arte e dell’immagine sarà affrontato, in relazione alle sue dimensioni religiose e teologiche, percorrendo le fondamentali riflessioni della filosofia greca, che comprendono tutte le posizioni di pensiero – iconofile e iconoclaste – che il pensiero occidentale svilupperà successivamente. Alla luce di questo percorso saranno indagate le potenzialità dell’immagine e dell’arte dal punto di vista di una religione, quella cristiana, che si fonda sull’idea dell’incarnazione del figlio di Dio concepito come immagine del Padre, come figura che comprende e realizza in sé la coincidenza degli opposti più estremi: l’uomo e Dio. Le possibilità di una teologia cristiana dell’arte saranno indagate in base alla struttura della rivelazione, così come essa emerge dal Vangelo. In conclusione, quali paradigmi per una riflessione filosofica e teologica sul problema dell’arte e dell’immagine, saranno prese brevemente in considerazione le posizioni di Cusano, Schelling e Hegel.
Continuatio, Renovatio and Innovatio: The birth of the Doric temple
Authors: Østby Erik
Published: May 2018

The origin of the Doric temple can be explained as a result of a creative process based on traditions and elements from Bronze Age culture. The cella, based on a house type which can be traced from the Mycenaean palace “megara” back to prehistoric periods, may have been modelled on Mycenaean buildings of this type still preserved in the early Iron Age and used for religious purposes; there is some evidence for such situations at Eleusis and Tiryns. The Doric formal apparatus of columns and epistyle is explained as a conscious imitation of Mycenaean decorative architecture still visible in the eight and seventh centuries, initially transposed to wooden architecture. The peristasis reflects ancient religious associations connected with the columns, which when surrounding the temple make its religious status and function evident, even if only the flanks or rear of the building can be seen when the sanctuary is approached. A case can be made for pin-pointing the new synthesis to the Heraion at Argos in the Late Geometric period, where the topographical situation and the location close to the impressive monuments at Mycenae, and the desire to emulate these monuments (demonstrated by the retaining wall of the upper platform datable to this period) together created favourable circumstances for such an invention. In this case, the old temple of Hera may have been the first truly Doric and peripteral temple, dating perhaps as early as the late eight or early seventh century BC.
Renovatio/Continuatio in Greek times: Four Sculptural Case Studies
Authors: Sismondo Ridgway Brunilde
Published: May 2018

Four “test-cases” are being proposed, to raise issues of continuity and renovation in Greek sculpture. The first involves the use of pre-existing carved metopes on a later temple, at Foce del Sele, with a consequent discrepancy of styles – as on the Arch of Constantine. The second case views the bronze head recovered from the Porticello wreck as a “Philosopher ante litteram” in type but definitely not to be considered a portrait. The third case discusses the Riace warriors as examples of the permanence of a certain heroic body type. Finally, the helmet decoration of the Athena Parthenos by Pheidias is presented to emphasize a continuing tradition from Bronze Age-Iron Age times still valid in the fifth century B.C. and later.
The Getty Kouros and other anomalies
Authors: Sande Siri
Published: May 2018

The kouros purchased by the Getty Museum in 1985 is considered to be a forgery by many scholars, since it shows several stylistic discrepancies. In this article it is suggested that it is an ancient work, but Roman, not Greek. Such a statue could have been set up in an old sanctuary to compete with genuine Archaic statues, or it could have been made for a Roman sanctuary playing host to an older cult, where it would have lent an air of venerability to the precint, perhaps in company with other retrospective sculpture.
Re-carving Roman Portraits: Background and Methods
Authors: Prusac Marina
Published: May 2018

The portrait is regarded as a Roman invention. Facial features of many Romans come down to us through portraits in styles which were progressively developed from the time of Caesar (100-44 BC) to that of Justinian (AD 527-565), mostly in precious metals and marble. The workmanship of Roman portraits is, however, not always as straightforward as traditionally perceived. Since the discovery of the Cancelleria Reliefs in the 1930s, in which the portrait of the damnatio memoriae-convicted Emperor Domitian (81-96) was re-carved into that of Nerva (96-98), scholars have been aware of the fact that some portraits had already been altered in antiquity. This article is based on an investigation of more than 2000 portraits where c. 500 proved to be re-carved. The study provides thorough analyses of the different re-carving methods, some of which can be attributed to geographically localised workshops. The classification of re-carving methods and workshops provides a useful introduction to the understanding of the nature of Roman portrait art seen from below, from the artist’s and carver’s view.
Women and Books of Hours: Gender Differences, Gender Research
Authors: Bø Ragnild Martine
Published: May 2018

The application of gender studies to medieval manuscripts and to female literacu has enriched our understanding of the relation between women and books in the Middle Ages. My concern here is more specifically the relation between women and books of hours. The aim of the article is to offer an overview of what has been written about women and books of hours over the last few decades, to indicate some of the gendered differences that can be noticed in books of hours, and to give some examples from contemporary scholarship on how a gender perspective can open up scope for new readings of books of hours with a known female ownership. The article concludes that posing gender-oriented questions about books of hours with female owner portraits opens up new perspectives and that such books were often, but not always, produced with a pictorial content that advocates the virtues of purity, humility, and obedience.
Aut amor patriae aut amor nummi. An examination of ideological manifestations communicated through decoration in the public versus private sphere of a domus
Authors: Greenwood Ormerod Winnie Joanna
Published: May 2018

This article examines how the architecture and decoration of a domus communicated the ideological persona of the owner to the visitor, and how this communication changed from the public to the private sphere. This communication is understood as a reflection of the homeowner as a supporter of either of the two established mindsets romanitas and luxuria. Both mentalities suggest that the domus, when seen in toto, presents the paterfamilias as either rich and powerful or pious and noble. The main part of the examination will focus on two Pompeian houses, one severe and public, the other extravagant and private in character.
San Lorenzo fuori le mura: il difficile rapporto tra strutture e testi
Authors: Brandt Olof
Published: May 2018

In the study of ancient buildings and monuments, only on rare occasions, there is a crystal-clear relationship between the information given by texts and that found in the physical remains of the structure. A good example is the U-shaped basilica in the complex of San Lorenzo fuori le mura in Rome, excavated in 1950. Usually it is identified with a basilica built in the early fourth century by Emperor Constantine, according to the sixth-century source Liber Pontificalis. Another text in the same source mentions also another basilica, built or repaired in the fifth century by Pope Sixtus III, which by some scholars have been identified with San Lorenzo fuori le mura. Other scholars have preferred to see this fifth-century basilica in the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina, but this paper stresses that recent research in other fields makes this identification is impossible, concluding, for this and other reasons, that the basilica of Sixtus III probably is San Lorenzo fuori le mura but that this Pope perhaps only repaired the church, which probably was built by Constantine.
"Late Antiquity": A Protean Term
Authors: Brilliant Richard
Published: May 2018

Roman art under the Empire manifested a protean nature, varying greatly in its visible essentials from time to time, and from place to place. That variation made the definition of its holistic character difficult for art historians familiar with more coherent periods of artistic expression and more consistent modes of reception. Late Antique art exhibited great variation, especially it its latest phases, when an irregular alienation from the traditional Greco-Roman norms of artistic production became progressively more pronounced. If the term “Late Antique Art” is to be critically effective as a stylistic designator with usefulness for the general historians of the period, attention must be paid to the uneven rates of change in form and content in the exploitation of its imagery. These intraprendent elements seem to have different trajectories: Content changed substantially in the service of an increasingly Christianized audience, less committed to the Greco-Roman tradition and its model imagery. Formal patterns were also under great pressure for change, driven by the needs of a spectating audience drawn to the focalizing of powerful figures. The repertory of such images became less dependant on a material referent in favor of optical abstractions which produced a distancing effect, an imagery existing at an uncertain remove in an ill-determined space, visible but beyond reach. Elements of the elite self-consciously clung to some reflexive reiteration of the Greco-Roman tradition as a personal symbol of cultural identity; in doing so they contributed to the later foundation of European artistic culture.
Ancient Rome in the Age of Copyright: the Privilegio and Printed Reconstructions
Authors: Plahte Tschudi Victor
Published: May 2018

The subject of this article is the expanding print culture in 16th century Rome. Antiquarian engravings were especially popular, drawing on the city’s unparalleled legacy of classical monuments. The huge profits to be made from prints led to an early form of copyright, the privilegio, valid for a certain period of time and threatening lawbreakers with financial compensation. Printers and publishers thus sought papal authorities for this special favor in order to prevent their expertly rendered reconstructions from being copied The privilegio, this article argues, had on some occasions the intended effect, forcing competitors on the market to await its expiry before making their own versions. In other instances the privilegio simply made keen rivals circumvent the protection: they altered the original design to the point where it no longer legally could be judged a copy. The consequence this manipulation had for the print industry is only one aspect; more dramatic i show it transformed archaeology itself. The changes inflicted, in order to evade sanctions, not only changed the face of ancient Rome but resulted in a style that inspired the emerging Baroque.
Rome – The Unauthorized Version
Authors: Higgins Valerie
Published: May 2018

This article looks at the interaction of the people of Rome with their past and the creation of sites of memory with a particular focus on the period from the Risorgimento and onwards. It uses visual, textual and oral evidence to examine how the monuments of the ancient past were used as places to live and work. Being an integral part of the daily lives of the citizens meant that these monuments became important symbols of their identity and social cohesion. The use of ancient Rome for political purposes by the Risorgimento and Fascist governments was a separate heritage discourse, distinct from the daily interactions of ordinary peoplle. Using the memorial at the Fosse Ardeatine as a case-study explores how lieux de mémoire change status as succeeding generations reinterpret events and how monuments become co-opted into an Authorised Heritage Discourse.
Annius of Viterbo (1432/7-1502) and the Beginnings of Urban History
Authors: Rowland Ingrid D.
Published: May 2018

The late fifteenth-century antiquarian studies of the Dominican friar and forger Annius of Viterbo (1432/7-1502) exerted a remarkable influence on his contemporaries before his unmasking by sixteenth- and seventeenth-century scholars. However, a close examination of his native city, Viterbo, its history, and its topography reveal that Annius based his fantasies on real documents, real ancient artifacts, and a remarkably intelligent analysis of the city’s physical form and architectural history. Furthermore, his works can prove surprisingly illuminating about Viterbo’s real ancient and medieval past.
A Hill of Many Names: The Capitolium from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages
Authors: Moralee Jason
Published: May 2018

The Capitoline Hill was Rome’s Holy Mountain. This sanctity persisted for centuries because of the lingering significance of the hill’s many names: Capitolium, Tarpeain Rock, Arx, Asylum, and others. The memory of events associated with these terms and the localization of them on the hill itself made the Capitolium and its history continuously visible, both literally and figuratively, during the period of precipitous decline in the urban landscape from late antiquity through the middle ages.
The Engineer's Garden
Authors: Hvattum Mari
Published: May 2018

This essay studies two nineteenth-century travel guides to Norway and looks at the way their descriptions and illustrations construe the national landscape. Written at the beginning of the railway era, these guides cater to a new kind of traveler – the railway tourist. This was a traveler who moved dast and effortlessly through the landscape and for whom the en route experience attained a new importance. The guides reflect this new perspective. They describe with meticulous care the attractions passing outside the compartment window and choreograph the travelers’ body and eye so that he (or occasionally she) would not miss a single vista. In his classic study of 19th-century landscape perception, Wolfgang Schivelbusch argues that this particular view of the landscape was new to the nineteenth century, intrinsically linked to the new mode and speed of travel. This essay, however, suggests that the aesthetics of the mobile eye has a longer historical lineage, stretching back to the English garden of the eighteenth century. Using the notion of the fabrique – scenic elements placed as points of view in eighteenth-century landscape gardens – the essay identifies the particular fabriques of the nineteenth century railway landscape. It suggests, borrowing a term from the French historian Antoine Picon, that the nineteenth century railway landscape is a kind of “engineer’s garden”, conceived, composed, and experiences en route.
The Female Portrait Gallery in Pompey’s Theatre Complex in Rome: Appearance and Impact
Authors: Sande Siri
Published: May 2018

Pompey’s large complex in the Campus Martius (55 BC) comprised in addition to the theatre a colonnade portico containing various works of art, among them a gallery of statues representing famous Greek Women. The statues, which were presumably in bronze, have disappeared, but the names of the women are preserved in written sources. Using these sources as well as our knowledge of Greek female portrait statues in general, this article discusses the purpose of the gallery and the possible appearance of the statues.
Elite and mass appeal of Roman imperial female portraiture: the case of Vibia Sabina
Authors: D'Ambra Eve
Published: May 2018

Sabina's portraiture has been characterized by her mature type that evokes the ideal adornment of Hellenic goddesses. Yet her earlier heads show experimentation with coiffures also depicted on private portraits. One portrait head, in particular, represents Sabina with a hybrid coiffure, combining elements of a period style with those connoting Venus. The process of development of portrait types, and their relationship to private portraits may be delineated through a study of such lesser-known works.
Su te stenderà la sua ombra. Iconografia e tipologia biblica in due Annunciazioni di Filippo Lippi
Authors: Hodne Lasse
Published: May 2018

This study is devoted to the symbolic significance of shadow and light in two works by Filippo Lippi: The Annunciation in the Martelli Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence and the painting of the same subject in the Frick Collection in New York. In the Renaissance, the shadow that appears in the Annunciation is often associated with the procreative power of God. The fact that Filippo Lippi makes use of this sense of the shadow is particularly evident in his Frick Annuciation. It is less well known that in the art of Filippo the shadow has a dual meaning. In fact, the contrast between light and shade in these pictures was not a result of experimentation with natural light; nor is it a difference - as some have argued - caused by the fact that the two halves of the picture were originally intended to be installed separately like the wings of an organ or an "armadio" (closet for ex voto). Instead, I believe that the difference in the way in which the two parts of these paintings are illuminated is a pun intended to emphasize the theological concept of a typological relationship between the Testaments and the realization of the prophecies about the birth of the Messiah.
Palladio and Vitruvius: composition, style, and vocabulary of the "Quattro libri".
Authors: Cellauro Louis
Published: May 2018

After a short preamble on the history of the text of Vitruvius during the Renaissance and Palladio's encounter with it, this paper assesses the Vitruvian legacy in Palladio's treatise, in focusing more particularly on its composition, style, and vocabulary and leaving other aspects of this Vitruvianism, such as his architectural theory and the five canonical orders, for consideration in subsequent publications. The discussion on composition concerns Palladio's probable plans to complete ten books, as an explicit reference to Vitruvius' treatise. As regards style, the article highlights Palladio's intention to produce an illustrated treatise like those of Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Sebastiano Serlio, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola (whereas the treatise of Vitruvius was probably almost unillustrated), and Palladio's Vitruvian stress on brevity. Palladio is shown to have preferred vernacular technical terminology to the Vitruvian Greco-Latn vocabulary, except in Book IV of the "Quattro libri" in connection with ancient Roman temples. The composition, style, and vocabulary of the "Quattro libri" are important issues which contribute to an assessment of the extent of Palladio's adherence to the Vitruvian prototype in an age of imitation of classical literary models.
Water contaminated with Didymosphenia geminata alters fish cell line viability
Authors: Olivares Pamela , Peredo-Parada Matias , Chavez Viviana , Carmona Erico , Astuya Allison , Parodi Jorge
Published: May 2018

Didymosphenia geminata (D. geminata) in Chilean rivers is a complex problem. Its biology and effects on ecosystems is still being studied, at the moment not research has focused on its D. geminata effects at the cellular level. We developed an artificial river system to maintain D. geminata study material and evaluate effects of water contaminated with this diatom on the viability of two fish cell lines. Results indicate that CHSE-214 cells are sensitive to increasing D. geminata extract concentrations, reducing crop viability by 50% when exposed for 24 hours at a 0.01V/V dilution and reducing proliferative capacity by 70% on a 5 day temporal curve. SHK-1 cells showed lower sensitivity, presenting a decrease of 20% in viability at 24 hours, and a lower cell proliferation rate by day 5, but higher than of the CHSE-214 cells. Both lines were affected by exposure to D. geminata extracts, but CHSE-214 lines were more sensitive to polyphenols extracted from the microalgae. We conclude that certain cell types are sensitive to D. geminata in rivers, meaning that chronic effects on aquatic species contaminated with this diatom should be observed. Effects of this plague at a cellular level can be further studied to understand its full impact on river ecosystems.
Tra palco e realtà. Note su un’etnografia del campo dei festival musicali italiani
Authors: Lorenzo Domaneschi
Published: May 2018

This work focuses on a tradition of empirical research on popular music that is still underdeveloped in Italy, at least for what concern the particular musical event that is the ‘live concert’. It is progressively diversifying its forms and manifestations and multiplying its presence on the national territory and it is eventually become more and more an object of fecund analysis. As a typical moment of the representation of popular music, then, this work, through an ethnography of the main music festivals existing on the contemporary Italian scene, questions the intertwining of the two dimensions – the commercial and the aesthetic one – which are at the base of this particular field of cultural production.
Logiche pratiche nel campo dei galleristi. Una ricerca sugli intermediari dell’arte a Milano.
Authors: Anna Uboldi
Published: May 2018

This work aims to investigate some aspects of the art dealer profession, according to Bourdieu’s field perspective (2010), also relying on some suggestions coming from interactionist research (Becker 2004). The arguments developed are part of a study on gallery owners carried out in the city of Milan, the Italian capital of contemporary art. It is a qualitative research based on in-depth interviews to art gallery owners and participant observations. The analysis examines the practical logics (Bourdieu 1998) underlying the everyday work of these art intermediaries. The field of art dealers is a case of symbolic goods economy, characterized by the coexistence of artistic and economic values (Bourdieu 2005). This ambivalence takes shape in the definition of gallerist itself, in opposition to the idea of merchant of art, thus representing a division among art dealers, based on practices, discourses and structures. The claim to the label of ‘gallerist’ is a discursive euphemism inside conflicts of nomination (Bourdieu 2001). In this way, I interpret some different stances in this artistic microcosm. I propose a classification of art dealers’ profiles to reflect some of their hierarchies and distinctive features. The analysis, carried out through the heuristic lens of the cultural production field, permits to define this working microcosm as an occupation between humility and pride (Hughes 2010). In conclusion, the analysis reveals some struggles of classification in the field of art galleries.
About Chemical Strategies to Fabricate Cell‐Instructive Biointerfaces with Static and Dynamic Complexity
Authors: Koçer Gülistan , Jonkheijm Pascal
Published: May 2018

Properly functioning cell‐instructive biointerfaces are critical for healthy integration of biomedical devices in the body and serve as decisive tools for the advancement of our understanding of fundamental cell biological phenomena. Studies are reviewed that use covalent chemistries to fabricate cell‐instructive biointerfaces. These types of biointerfaces typically result in a static presentation of predefined cell‐instructive cues. Chemically defined, but dynamic cell‐instructive biointerfaces introduce spatiotemporal control over cell‐instructive cues and present another type of biointerface, which promises a more biomimetic way to guide cell behavior. Therefore, strategies that offer control over the lateral sorting of ligands, the availability and molecular structure of bioactive ligands, and strategies that offer the ability to induce physical, chemical and mechanical changes in situ are reviewed. Specific attention is paid to state‐of‐the‐art studies on dynamic, cell‐instructive 3D materials. Future work is expected to further deepen our understanding of molecular and cellular biological processes investigating cell‐type specific responses and the translational steps toward targeted in vivo applications.
Recent Advances in the Development of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles for Combating Resistant Pathogens
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Ye Enyi , Young David James , Li Zibiao , Loh Xian Jun
Published: May 2018

The rapid growth of harmful pathogens and their multidrug‐resistance poses a severe challenge for health professionals and for the development of new healthcare products. Various strategies are exploited for the development of effective antimicrobial agents, and nanoparticles are a particularly promising class of materials in this respect. This review summarizes recent advances in antimicrobial metallic, polymeric, and lipid‐based nanoparticles such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. The latter materials in particular are engineered for antimicrobial agent delivery and act by encapsulation, receptor‐based binding, and disruption of microbial adherence to cellular substrates. Potential strategies for the design of multifunctional antimicrobial nanocarriers, combining material chemistry and biological interface science, are also discussed.
An Intelligent Neural Stem Cell Delivery System for Neurodegenerative Diseases Treatment
Authors: Qiao Shupei , Liu Yi , Han Fengtong , Guo Mian , Hou Xiaolu , Ye Kangruo , Deng Shuai , Shen Yijun , Zhao Yufang , Wei Haiying , Song Bing , Yao Lifen , Tian Weiming
Published: May 2018

Transplanted stem cells constitute a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Emerging evidence indicates that a negative microenvironment, particularly one characterized by the acute inflammation/immune response caused by physical injuries or transplanted stem cells, severely impacts the survival of transplanted stem cells. In this study, to avoid the influence of the increased inflammation following physical injuries, an intelligent, double‐layer, alginate hydrogel system is designed. This system fosters the matrix metalloproeinases (MMP) secreted by transplanted stem cell reactions with MMP peptide grafted on the inner layer and destroys the structure of the inner hydrogel layer during the inflammatory storm. Meanwhile, the optimum concentration of the arginine‐glycine‐aspartate (RGD) peptide is also immobilized to the inner hydrogels to obtain more stem cells before arriving to the outer hydrogel layer. It is found that blocking Cripto‐1, which promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation to dopamine neurons, also accelerates this process in neural stem cells. More interesting is the fact that neural stem cell differentiation can be conducted in astrocyte‐differentiation medium without other treatments. In addition, the system can be adjusted according to the different parameters of transplanted stem cells and can expand on the clinical application of stem cells in the treatment of this neurological disorder.
Concentrated Sunlight for Materials Synthesis and Diagnostics
Authors: Katz Eugene A. , Visoly‐Fisher Iris , Feuermann Daniel , Tenne Reshef , Gordon Jeffrey M.
Published: May 2018

Herein, the use of highly concentrated sunlight for materials science research is reviewed. Specific research directions include: (1) the generation of inorganic nanostructures, some of which had eluded experimental realization with conventional synthetic processes, and (2) elucidating the processes governing the degradation of organic and perovskite‐based photovoltaic materials and devices, along with accelerated assessment of their stability. Both approaches employ solar concentrators capable of producing flux densities exceeding those of terrestrial solar radiation by up to three orders of magnitude, and are geared toward either creating extensive ultrahot reactor conditions conducive to the rapid, safe synthesis of unusual nanomaterials or judiciously interrogating photovoltaic devices.
A Large‐Scale Graphene–Bimetal Film Electrode with an Ultrahigh Mass Catalytic Activity for Durable Water Splitting
Authors: Yu Xiaowen , Zhang Miao , Tong Yue , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan
Published: May 2018

The practical industralization of water splitting needs high‐efficient and cost‐effective catalytic electrodes. A versatile and scalable solution‐processing method to prepare such a catalytic electrode with high flexibility and conductivity is introduced. This preparation method is applicable for a wide variety of metal species and takes graphene sheets as metal carriers and film‐forming agents, resulting in 100% utilization of raw materials. The obtained graphene–bimetal film has excellent comprehensive performance with high areal activity and superior turnover frequency at a low mass loading of 0.05 mg cm−2, as well as a record‐high mass activity for oxygen or hydrogen evolution. The assembled two‐electrode configuration can be used in a practical full water splitting system, requiring a cell voltage of 1.58 or 1.50 V at 30 or 70 °C to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2; it also exhibits a long‐term durability over 200 h, superior to most of the reported systems for the same purpose. This work provides a new platform for large‐scale and high‐yield production of electrocatalysts and also uncovers the design principles of catalytic electrodes with high mass activity toward industralization.
Evidence for paternal kin bias in the social affiliation of adult female blue monkeys
Authors: Cords Marina , Minich Taylor , Roberts Su‐Jen , Sleator Clio
Published: May 2018

If animals increase inclusive fitness by cooperating with relatives, nepotism should involve maternal and paternal kin equally, all else being equal. Evidence of a behavioral bias toward paternal half‐siblings in primates is both limited and mixed, with most positive reports from papionins. To expand knowledge of paternal kin recognition, particularly in cercopithecine monkeys, we examined evidence for paternal kin bias in wild blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis), a species living mostly in one‐male groups. Seasonal breeding and the amount of male reproductive skew in blue monkeys suggests that opportunities to distinguish paternal kin are plentiful, and their social system would make such discrimination beneficial. We compared spatial association and social contact (grooming and contact‐sitting) of 20 adult females with at least one paternal half‐sibling and at least one non‐relative that were present at the same time. We used two data sets, one in which social partners were other parous females, the other in which they were juveniles. Data came from a 7‐year period. When interacting with other adult females, subjects groomed and sat in contact with paternal half‐siblings significantly more than with known non‐kin, and there was a similar trend for spatial association. We detected no paternal kin bias in interactions with juvenile partners. Kin‐biased affiliative contact with adult female partners did not appear to be based on age proximity, measured by birth cohort. The study species’ social system suggests phenotype matching as the most likely alternative mechanism, though we could not test it directly. Across both behaviors, there was no significant relationship between the number of matrilineal kin a subject had and the degree to which she preferred paternal half‐siblings over non‐kin as affiliative partners. These findings contribute to a comparative understanding of paternal kin recognition in primates.
Mangan‐katalysierte dehydrierende Alkylierung oder α‐Olefinierung von Alkyl‐N‐heteroarenen durch Alkohole
Authors: Zhang Guoying , Irrgang Torsten , Dietel Thomas , Kallmeier Fabian , Kempe Rhett
Published: May 2018

Die Katalyse mit auf der Erde häufig vorkommenden Übergangsmetallen ist eine Option, um unsere seltenen Edelmetallressourcen zu schonen, und ist besonders interessant, wenn neue Reaktivitäts‐ oder Selektivitätsmuster beobachtet werden. Wir berichten hier über eine neue Reaktion: die dehydrierende Alkylierung oder α‐Olefinierung von Alkyl‐N‐heteroarenen mit Alkoholen. In unserem Labor entwickelte Mangankomplexe katalysieren die Reaktion effizient. Fe‐ und Co‐Komplexe, die durch solche Liganden stabilisiert sind, sind im Wesentlichen inaktiv. Während der Reaktion wird Wasserstoff freigesetzt, und funktionelle Gruppen wie Brom, Iod oder Olefine können toleriert werden. Eine Vielzahl von Alkyl‐N‐heteroarenen kann funktionalisiert werden, und Benzylalkohole sowie aliphatische Alkohole gehen die Reaktion ein.
Supramolecular Copolymerization as a Strategy to Control the Stability of Self‐Assembled Nanofibers
Authors: Thota Bala N. S. , Lou Xianwen , Bochicchio Davide , Paffen Tim F. E. , Lafleur René P. M. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Ehrmann Svenja , Haag Rainer , Pavan Giovanni M. , Palmans Anja R. A. , Meijer E. W.
Published: May 2018

A major challenge in supramolecular polymerization is controlling the stability of the polymers formed, that is, controlling the rate of monomer exchange in the equilibrium between monomer and polymer. The exchange dynamics of supramolecular polymers based on benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamide (BTA) can be regulated by copolymerizing molecules with dendronized (dBTA) and linear (nBTA) ethylene glycol‐based water‐soluble side chains. Whereas nBTAs form long nanofibers in water, dBTAs do not polymerize, forming instead small spherical aggregates. The copolymerization of the two BTAs results in long nanofibers. The exchange dynamics of both the BTA monomers in the copolymer are significantly slowed down in the mixed systems, leading to a more stable copolymer, while the morphology and spectroscopic signature of the copolymers are identical to that of nBTA homopolymer. This copolymerization is the supramolecular counterpart of styrene/ maleic anhydride copolymerization.