bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking morphodynamic response with sediment mass balance on the Colorado River in Marble Canyon: Issues of scale, geomorphic setting, and sampling design
Authors: Grams Paul E. , Topping David J. , Schmidt John C. , Hazel Joseph E. , Kaplinski Matt
Published: February 2013

Measurements of morphologic change are often used to infer sediment mass balance. Such measurements may, however, result in gross errors when morphologic changes over short reaches are extrapolated to predict changes in sediment mass balance for long river segments. This issue is investigated by examination of morphologic change and sediment influx and efflux for a 100 km segment of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. For each of four monitoring intervals within a 7 year study period, the direction of sand‐storage response within short morphologic monitoring reaches was consistent with the flux‐based sand mass balance. Both budgeting methods indicate that sand storage was stable or increased during the 7 year period. Extrapolation of the morphologic measurements outside the monitoring reaches does not, however, provide a reasonable estimate of the magnitude of sand‐storage change for the 100 km study area. Extrapolation results in large errors, because there is large local variation in site behavior driven by interactions between the flow and local bed topography. During the same flow regime and reach‐average sediment supply, some locations accumulate sand while others evacuate sand. The interaction of local hydraulics with local channel geometry exerts more control on local morphodynamic response than sand supply over an encompassing river segment. Changes in the upstream supply of sand modify bed responses but typically do not completely offset the effect of local hydraulics. Thus, accurate sediment budgets for long river segments inferred from reach‐scale morphologic measurements must incorporate the effect of local hydraulics in a sampling design or avoid extrapolation altogether.
Type IV pili of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can transfer electrons from extracellular electron donors
Authors: Li Yongquan , Li Hongyu
Published: February 2013

Studies on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans accepting electrons from Fe(II) have previously focused on cytochrome c. However, we have discovered that, besides cytochrome c, type IV pili (Tfp) can transfer electrons. Here, we report conduction by Tfp of A. ferrooxidans analyzed with a conducting‐probe atomic force microscope (AFM). The results indicate that the Tfp of A. ferrooxidans are highly conductive. The genome sequence of A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 contains two genes, pilV and pilW, which code for pilin domain proteins with the conserved amino acids characteristic of Tfp. Multiple alignment analysis of the PilV and PilW (pilin) proteins indicated that pilV is the adhesin gene while pilW codes for the major protein element of Tfp. The likely function of Tfp is to complete the circuit between the cell surface and Fe(II) oxides. These results indicate that Tfp of A. ferrooxidans might serve as biological nanowires transferring electrons from the surface of Fe(II) oxides to the cell surface.
Sinonasal Disease in Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia and McCune–Albright Syndrome
Authors: DeKlotz Timothy R. , Kim Hung Jeffrey , Kelly Marilyn , Collins Michael T.
Published: February 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To characterize the spectrum, symptoms, progression, and effects of endocrine dysfunction on sinonasal disease in polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (PFD) and McCune–Albright Syndrome (MAS).

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

A prospectively followed cohort of subjects with PFD/MAS underwent a comprehensive evaluation that included otolaryngologic and endocrine evaluation, and imaging studies. Head and facial computed tomography scans were analyzed, and the degree of fibrous dysplasia (FD) was graded using a modified Lund–MacKay scale. Those followed for >4 years were analyzed for progression.

Results:

A total of 106 patients meeting inclusion criteria were identified with craniofacial FD. A majority (92%) demonstrated sinonasal involvement. There were significant positive correlations between the sinonasal FD scale score and chronic congestion, hyposmia, growth hormone excess, and hyperthyroidism (P < .05 for all). Significant correlations were not found for headache/facial pain or recurrent/chronic sinusitis. Thirty‐one subjects met the criteria for longitudinal analysis (follow‐up mean, 6.3 years; range, 4.4–9 years). Those who demonstrated disease progression were significantly younger than those who did not (mean age, 11 vs. 25 years). Progression after age of 13 years was uncommon (n = 3) and minimal. Concomitant endocrinopathy or bisphosphonate use did not have any significant effect on progression of disease.

Conclusions:

Sinonasal involvement of fibrous dysplasia in PFD/MAS is common. Symptoms are usually few and mild, and disease progression occurs primarily in young subjects. Concomitant endocrinopathy is associated with disease severity, but not progression.
Application of Electrospun Gas Diffusion Nanofibre‐membranes in the Determination of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Truong Yen B. , O'Bryan Yukie , McKelvie Ian D. , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Humphries William
Published: February 2013

This study demonstrates the first time use of electrospun nanofibrous hydrophobic membranes as gas diffusion (GD) membranes in flow injection analysis (FIA) for the determination of carbon dioxide. Different electrospun membranes are prepared from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polystyrene (PS) polymers. To impart structural integrity for PVDF membrane, the addition of 1,4‐butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA) is used to form an interpenetrating network, while for PS membranes are spot welded with heat‐pressing at 80 °C. Heat pressed PS membranes are shown to have the best analytical sensitivity among other electrospun membranes and performed as well as the commercial PP membrane. A correlation is observed between the thickness of heat pressed PS membranes and analytical sensitivity.

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Thermoresponsive Diblock Copolymer with Tunable Soluble–Insoluble and Soluble–Insoluble–Soluble Transitions
Authors: Han Xia , Zhang Xuxia , Yin Quanyi , Hu Jun , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying
Published: February 2013

The thermoresponsive transition behavior of a diblock copolymer consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) and poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) in aqueous solutions has been investigated. With a specific composition, the copolymer showed a unique tunable phase transition from no response in acidic media to a soluble–insoluble (S‐I) transition in neutral media and an S‐I‐S transition in basic media either in the presence of salt or for salt‐free solutions. The S‐I‐S transition can be tuned over a wide temperature range even to an S‐I type transition just by adding salts. In addition, phase transitions can occur in both pure water and saline solution under practical conditions (30–80 °C), which makes them suitable for a broad range of applications.

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Cardiovascular and mortality risks in Parkinson's disease patients treated with entacapone
Authors: Graham David J. , Williams James R. , Hsueh Ya‐Hui , Calia Katlyn , Levenson Mark , Pinheiro Simone P. , MaCurdy Thomas E. , Shih David , Worrall Chris , Kelman Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2013

The controlled trial Stalevo Reduction in Dyskinesia Evaluation in Parkinson's Disease (STRIDE‐PD) reported an unexpected increase in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with entacapone use in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The authors investigated whether entacapone increased cardiovascular and mortality risk compared with the use of a non‐levodopa dopamine agonist (DA) or a selective monoamine oxidase type‐B inhibitor (MAOBI). Using national Medicare data, a new‐user cohort of elderly patients with PD treated with entacapone was propensity score (PS) matched with new users of either DA or MAOBI. The PS model included variables for sociodemographics, cardiovascular disease, medications, prior PD treatment, and comorbidities. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare on‐therapy time to event for AMI, stroke, and death with DA‐MAOBI as a reference. Study cohorts included 8681 entacapone‐treated and 17,362 DA‐MAOBI‐treated initators who were followed for 2569 and 5385 person‐years, respectively. Cohorts were closely balanced for all covariates. During follow‐up, there were 106 AMIs, 89 strokes, and 201 deaths. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) associated with entacapone use was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.57–1.30) for AMI, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.54–1.35) for stroke, and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.58–1.07) for death. The risk was unchanged for treatment of≤6 months’ and>6 months’ duration and was unaffected by adjustment for time‐varying levodopa use during follow‐up. The risk of each endpoint was not differentially affected by diabetes, ischemic heart disease, or kidney failure status. However, the risk of stroke was modified by the presence (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 0.98–4.45) or absence (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27–0.95) of advanced PD‐related morbidities (P value for interaction=0.004). Entacapone was not associated with an increased risk of AMI, stroke, or death in elderly patients with PD. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Face transplantation surgical options and open problems in cadaveric models: A review article
Authors: Baccarani Alessio , Follmar Keith E. , Erdmann Detlev , Levin L. Scott
Published: February 2013

Being first conceptualized in 2005–2006, total face transplantation is now a clinical reconstructive option in the treatment of patients with acquired facial deformity. The authors propose a review on the status of total face transplantation based on their clinical experience in dealing with traditional microsurgical head and neck reconstructions and on the basis of their published pre‐clinical research investigating technical aspects of the facial allotransplantation procedure in cadaveric models. The authors first discuss the harvesting options and propose two facial flaps which address different reconstructive needs. Next, the concept of donor–recipient anatomical compatibility is introduced, and the possible outcome of the chimeric face is studied, following the insetting of a fasciocutaneous facial allograft. Finally, the authors address the major technical challenges associated with transplanting the most complex osteomyocutaneous allograft. Significant improvement has been made in the field of vascularized composite tissue allotransplantation over the last 5–6 years. The results of the 13 face transplants performed worldwide are encouraging both functionally and aesthetically, when compared with traditional reconstructive procedures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.
Are Pelvic Floor Muscle Thickness and Size of Levator Hiatus Associated With Pelvic Floor Muscle Strength, Endurance and Vaginal Resting Pressure in Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse Stages I–III? A Cross Sectional 3D Ultrasound Study
Authors: Brækken Ingeborg Hoff , Majida Memona , Engh Marie Ellström , Bø Kari
Published: February 2013

Aims

To investigate if pelvic floor muscle (PFM) thickness and area of levator hiatus (LH) are associated with manometry measured PFM function in 109 women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) stages I–III.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study pubovisceral muscle thickness and LH area were assessed with three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound at rest and analyzed in the axial plane. PFM function was assessed with manometry and included strength, endurance, and vaginal resting pressure. Relationships were investigated using univariate linear logistic regressions models, Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient and hierarchical multiple regression.

Results

The mean age was 49 (SD 12). There was a significant positive moderate association between muscle thickness and PFM strength (r = 0.49, P < 0.001) and endurance (r = .45, P < 0.001). A moderate negative association was found between LH area and vaginal resting pressure (r = −0.46, P < 0.001), strength (r = −0.41, P < 0.001) and endurance (r = −0.40, P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses included PFM strength, endurance, vaginal resting pressure, age, parity, BMI and socioeconomic status. Muscle thickness was best explained by PFM strength and LH area was best explained by vaginal resting pressure. However, PFM function explained only 20.0% and 26.4% of the variance in muscle thickness and LH area after controlling for age, parity, BMI, and socioeconomic status.

Conclusion

There are moderate associations between measurements using ultrasound and manometry in POP women. Thicker muscles and smaller LH were associated with higher strength and endurance. Smaller LH was additionally associated with higher vaginal resting pressure. Ultrasound and manometry measure different aspects of the PFM and cannot be used interchangeably. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:115–120, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gaussian mixture model‐based classification of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI data for identifying diverse tumor microenvironments: preliminary results
Authors: Han S. H. , Ackerstaff E. , Stoyanova R. , Carlin S. , Huang W. , Koutcher J. A. , Kim J. K. , Cho G. , Jang G. , Cho H.
Published: February 2013

Tumor hypoxia develops heterogeneously, affects radiation sensitivity and the development of metastases. Prognostic information derived from thein vivocharacterization of the spatial distribution of hypoxic areas in solid tumors can be of value for radiation therapy planning and for monitoring the early treatment response. Tumor hypoxia is caused by an imbalance between the supply and consumption of oxygen. The tumor oxygen supply is inherently linked to its vasculature and perfusion which can be evaluated by dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE‐) MRI using the contrast agent Gd‐DTPA. Thus, we hypothesize that DCE‐MRI data may provide surrogate information regarding tumor hypoxia. In this study, DCE‐MRI data from a rat prostate tumor model were analysed with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)‐based classification to identify perfused, hypoxic and necrotic areas for a total of ten tumor slices from six rats, of which one slice was used as training data for GMM classifications. The results of pattern recognition analyzes were validated by comparison to corresponding Akepmaps defining the perfused area (0.84 ± 0.09 overlap), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained tissue sections defining necrosis (0.64 ± 0.15 overlap) and pimonidazole‐stained sections defining hypoxia (0.72 ± 0.17 overlap), respectively. Our preliminary data indicate the feasibility of a GMM‐based classification to identify tumor hypoxia, necrosis and perfusion/permeability from non‐invasively acquired,in vivoDCE‐MRI data alone, possibly obviating the need for invasive procedures, such as biopsies, or exposure to radioactivity, such as positron emission tomography (PET) exams. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring donor loyalty: key reasons why Net Promoter Score (NPS) is not the way
Authors: Schulman Kevin , Sargeant Adrian
Published: February 2013

Our paper reviewed the weaknesses of the Net Promoter Score (NPS) as a measure of donor loyalty for fundraisers working in nonprofit organizations, argued that the measure is fundamentally flawed and inappropriate for use in this context, and outlined six major critiques of the NPS approach and offered an alternative way of measuring future loyalty and value.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity and insulin resistance in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia worsens during maintenance therapy
Authors: Esbenshade Adam J. , Simmons Jill H. , Koyama Tatsuki , Lindell Robert B. , Friedman Debra L.
Published: February 2013

Background

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MS). To establish the trajectory of development during active treatment, we followed patients longitudinally over the first year of maintenance therapy.

Procedure

In a prospective cohort of 34 pediatric ALL patients, followed over the first 12 months of ALL maintenance, we evaluated changes in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting insulin and glucose, lipids, Homeostatic Metabolic Assessment (HOMA), leptin, and adiponectin.

Results

Over the study time period, the median BMI z‐score increased from 0.29 to 0.66 (P = 0.001), median fasting insulin levels increased from 2.9 to 3.1 µU/ml (P = 0.023), and the proportion of patients with insulin resistance by HOMA (>3.15) increased from 3% to 24% (P = 0.016). Median leptin increased from 2.5 to 3.5 ng/ml (P = 0.001), with levels correlated with BMI z‐score. Median adiponectin level decreased from 18.0 to 14.0 µg/ml (P = 0.009), with levels inversely correlated to BMI z‐score. No change in median total cholesterol and LDL levels was observed. Median triglycerides decreased (P < 0.001) and there was a trend to increase in HDL (P = 0.058). Blood pressure did not significantly change, although overall prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was high (23.5% and 26.4%, respectively).

Conclusions

Following patients over the first year of ALL maintenance therapy demonstrated that components of the MS significantly worsen over time. Preventive interventions limiting increases in BMI and insulin resistance during maintenance therapy should be targeted during this time period to avoid long‐term morbidity associated with the MS in long‐term survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;601287‐1291. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intellectual and academic outcome following two chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy for average‐risk medulloblastoma: COG A9961
Authors: Ris M. Douglas , Walsh Karin , Wallace Dana , Armstrong F. Daniel , Holmes Emi , Gajjar Amar , Zhou Tianni , Packer Roger J.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Assess the intellectual and academic outcomes as well as risk factors associated with treatment for average‐risk medulloblastoma in childhood using 23.4 Gy of craniospinal radiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

From an overall sample of 379 enrolled in the parent study (COG A9961), 110 patients received a total of 192 assessments over more than 5 years with standardized IQ and academic achievement tests. Random coefficient models of the various outcomes were developed that incorporated covariates including chemotherapy regimen, age at diagnosis, sex, initial Full Scale IQ, and mutism.

Results

Participants in this study were found to be comparable to the overall sample in all demographic, disease, and treatment factors, except there were more gross total resections in the subsample undergoing intellectual and academic assessment. Major findings include significant decline in both intellectual and academic domains over time that were greater in children who were younger at diagnosis and had higher initial intelligence test scores. Children with mutism were at higher risk for initial effects on intelligence. No effects of sex were found.

Conclusion

These results show progressive decline over several years post‐treatment in standardized intellectual and academic scores. Despite recent improvements in therapies for these children, most notably a decrease dose of craniospinal radiation, they remain at risk. The pursuit of less toxic treatments, particularly for younger children, should continue. Neuropsychological surveillance should be routine at centers treating children with brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;601350‐1357. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Communicating quantitative risks and benefits in promotional prescription drug labeling or print advertising
Authors: West Suzanne L. , Squiers Linda B. , McCormack Lauren , Southwell Brian G. , Brouwer Emily S. , Ashok Mahima , Lux Linda , Boudewyns Vanessa , O'Donoghue Amie , Sullivan Helen W.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, all promotional materials for prescription drugs must strike a fair balance in presentation of risks and benefits. How to best present this information is not clear. We sought to determine if the presentation of quantitative risk and benefit information in drug advertising and labeling influences consumers’, patients’, and clinicians’ information processing, knowledge, and behavior by assessing available empirical evidence.

Methods

We used PubMed for a literature search, limiting to articles published in English from 1990 forward. Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles and abstracts for inclusion, after which we reviewed the full texts to determine if they communicated risk/benefit information either: (i) numerically (e.g., percent) versus non‐numerically (e.g., using text such as “increased risk”) or (ii) numerically using different formats (e.g., “25% of patients”, “one in four patients”, or use of pictographs). We abstracted information from included articles into standardized evidence tables. The research team identified a total of 674 relevant publications, of which 52 met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 37 focused on drugs.

Results and conclusions

Presenting numeric information appears to improve understanding of risks and benefits relative to non‐numeric presentation; presenting both numeric and non‐numeric information when possible may be best practice. No single specific format or graphical approach emerged as consistently superior. Numeracy and health literacy also deserve more empirical attention as moderators. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving adverse drug event detection in critically ill patients through screening intensive care unit transfer summaries
Authors: Anthes Ananth M. , Harinstein Lisa M. , Smithburger Pamela L. , Seybert Amy L. , Kane‐Gill Sandra L.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the frequency and type of adverse drug events (ADEs) identified in intensive care unit (ICU) transfer summaries and in the hospital discharge summaries to demonstrate the effectiveness of ICU transfer summary surveillance in the identification of ADEs.

Methods

A retrospective electronic medical record review was conducted for medical ICU patients admitted between January 2009 and April 2009 to a large, academic medical center. The Harvard Practice Scale and the modified Leonard Assessment Scale were used to evaluate the presence of an ADE from the ICU transfer and hospital discharge summaries.

Results

Two hundred and fifty‐four patients were identified for inclusion with a median medical ICU length of stay of 4.5 days and hospital length of stay of 13 days. The ICU transfer summary review revealed 173 ADEs among 124 unique patients with a rate of 33.9 ADEs per 1000 hospital patient days. Sixty‐nine ADEs among 63 unique patients were identified through the hospital discharge summary with a rate of 13.5 ADEs per 1000 hospital patient days. Only 23.1% of ADEs discussed in the ICU transfer summary were also discussed in the hospital discharge summary.

Conclusions

The use of ICU transfer summaries is an effective tool to increase ADE detection. The use of an ICU transfer summary should be considered as an adjunct method to an existing ADE surveillance system for heightened pharmacovigilance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of drift, diffusion, and recombination in time‐resolved photoluminescence of CdTe solar cells determined through numerical simulation
Authors: Kanevce A. , Levi D. H. , Kuciauskas D.
Published: February 2013

Time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements are one of the key metrics available to determine the minority‐carrier lifetime in the absorber layer of direct band gap photovoltaic devices. Direct measurement of the minority‐carrier lifetime is essential to understanding the impact of changes in deposition and processing on material quality. Unfortunately, the TRPL signal is determined by a complex convolution of multiple physical factors including bulk carrier lifetime, interface recombination velocity, electric field, doping density, photo‐excited carrier density, and carrier mobility. To gain clarity, we have used numerical simulations to analyze the carrier dynamics after a CdTe device is illuminated with a short light pulse. After the light pulse, the photo‐generated carriers undergo complex dynamics including drift, diffusion, interface, and bulk recombination. In this work, we develop a new formalism that enables much greater insight into which factors dominate the TRPL decay dynamics. By breaking down the carrier dynamics into drift, diffusion, and recombination terms, we have developed six‐factor, four‐factor, and two‐factor analyses that provide clear understanding of which physical factors dominate the decay dynamics under various conditions and at different times during the decay. We show that in a typical CdTe device under the typical experimental conditions used in our laboratories, the faster part of the decay is dominated by charge separation, whereas the slower part is dominated by carrier recombination. Therefore, under the conditions investigated in this study, the slower part of the decay is a better parameter to explain the defect density in the CdTe layer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elevated peri‐transplant distress in caregivers of allogeneic blood or marrow transplant patients
Authors: Simoneau Teresa L. , Mikulich‐Gilbertson Susan K. , Natvig Crystal , Kilbourn Kristin , Spradley Janet , Grzywa‐Cobb Rachel , Philips Samuel , McSweeney Peter , Laudenslager Mark L.
Published: February 2013

Purpose

A full‐time 24/7 caregiver is required for 100 days or longer following an allogeneic blood or marrow transplant during which time caregivers have multiple demands. Although distress in caregivers is documented, generalization is limited by small sample sizes, restricted range of assessments, and lack of information as to which caregivers may be more vulnerable to distress. The purpose of this study was to describe the peri‐transplant psychological status of a sample of caregivers of allogeneic transplant patients.

Methods

We assessed caregiver mood, stress, burden, and sleep using valid self‐report measures in 109 caregivers of allogeneic transplant patients prior to stem cell transplantation. Caregivers' scores were compared with norms or established cutoff scores for behavioral measures. Additionally, demographic characteristics such as age and sex were tested as predictors of distress.

Results

Caregivers showed significant levels of anxiety, stress, intrusion and avoidance behaviors, and poor sleep at the start of transplant compared with established norms. Younger caregivers were more distressed than older caregivers. There were no differences in levels of distress between male and female caregivers.

Conclusion

The peri‐transplant period is a time of heightened anxiety and distress for caregivers of allogeneic transplant patients. This study indicates that caregivers would benefit from support programs in the peri‐transplant period. Recommendations for types of support that may be helpful to caregivers are provided, but additional research is needed to validate that these programs would help caregivers providing care to patients receiving an allogeneic transplant in the peri‐transplant period. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Central European summer precipitation in the late 19th century: a link to the Tropics
Authors: Bichet A. , Folini D. , Wild M. , Schär C.
Published: February 2013

In Central Europe, an unusually large number of floods were recorded in the summers and autumns of the late 19th century, causing considerable damage. Different factors contributing to the recurrence of these floods have been discussed in the literature, including the unusually high precipitation anomalies recorded at the time. Based on the frequency and spatial pattern of these floods, previous studies suggest that changes in the large‐scale circulation may have played a relevant role. Here, we use an atmospheric global climate model forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and atmospheric forcings (greenhouse gas concentrations and aerosol emissions) to test this hypothesis and identify the causes for the associated atmospheric circulation pattern.

We find that our model is able to reproduce the high summer precipitation anomalies observed in Central Europe in the late 19th century, and we show that between 1875 and 1890, transient SSTs, as opposed to climatological ones, are the primary driver for this precipitation increase. Using a series of numerical experiments, we find that the SST variability in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation region) was the primary driver for these anomalies. In addition, SST variability in the Indian Ocean as well as increasing anthropogenic aerosol emissions substantially enhanced European precipitation.

The atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with this precipitation increase show a Pacific North American (PNA)‐like pattern over North America and a substantially weakened mid‐troposphere westerly flow over Europe and the North Atlantic, as well as increased pressure over Greenland and reduced pressure over Europe, resembling the negative phase of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Assimilation procedures for updating ionospheric profiles below the F2 peak
Authors: McNamara Leo F. , Angling Matthew J. , Elvidge Sean , Fridman Sergey V. , Hausman Mark A. , Nickisch L. J. , McKinnell Lee‐Anne
Published: February 2013

This paper describes and compares two real‐time assimilative ionospheric models, with an emphasis on their ability to provide accurate profiles of the electron density below the peak of the F2 layer at a midlatitude location, given automatically processed vertical incidence ionograms at a single location. The two models are specifically oriented toward several important practical applications of high‐frequency (HF) radio propagation: HF communications, single station location of HF transmitters, and coordinate registration for OTHR. Both models start with the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) as a background ionosphere and assimilate digisonde observations (either the ionogram or the profile) and available GPS total electron content observations. The digisonde data from one site in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) provide the ionosonde assimilation data, while the other three digisondes in the RSA provide the ground‐truth observations of foF2, hmF2, and the plasma frequency profile. Since the four RSA digisondes receive each other's transmissions, maximum observed frequencies have also been used as ground truth. The models tested have both been found to provide significant improvements over the IRI and to have similar accuracies for the study interval (September 2011). The errors of the models are very close to the minimum achievable errors for all the validation parameters, which seem to be set by the ubiquitous traveling ionospheric disturbances being different at the different locations. For the optimum ground‐truth location ~685 km from the digisonde providing the assimilation data, the RMS errors in foF2 were found to be 0.2 MHz (night) and 0.5 MHz (day).
Comparing HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infection: Lessons for viral immunopathogenesis
Authors: Nyamweya Samuel , Hegedus Andrea , Jaye Assan , Rowland‐Jones Sarah , Flanagan Katie L. , Macallan Derek C.
Published: February 2013

HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 share many similarities including their basic gene arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical consequences: both result in AIDS. However, HIV‐2 is characterised by lower transmissibility and reduced likelihood of progression to AIDS. The underlying mechanistic differences between these two infections illuminate broader issues of retroviral pathogenesis, which remain incompletely understood. Comparisons between these two infections from epidemiological, clinical, virologic and immunologic viewpoints provide a basis for hypothesis generation and testing in this ‘natural experiment’ in viral pathogenesis.

In terms of epidemiology, HIV‐2 remains largely confined to West Africa, whereas HIV‐1 extends worldwide. Clinically, HIV‐2 infected individuals seem to dichotomise, most remaining long‐term non‐progressors, whereas most HIV‐1 infected individuals progress. When clinical progression occurs, both diseases demonstrate very similar pathological processes, although progression in HIV‐2 occurs at higher CD4 counts. Plasma viral loads are consistently lower in HIV‐2, as are average levels of immune activation. Significant differences exist between the two infections in all components of the immune system. For example, cellular responses to HIV‐2 tend to be more polyfunctional and produce more IL‐2; humoral responses appear broader with lower magnitude intratype neutralisation responses; innate responses appear more robust, possibly through differential effects of tripartite motif protein isoform 5 alpha. Overall, the immune response to HIV‐2 appears more protective against disease progression suggesting that pivotal immune factors limit viral pathology. If such immune responses could be replicated or induced in HIV‐1 infected patients, they might extend survival and reduce requirements for antiretroviral therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycoprotein targeted therapeutics: a new era of anti‐herpes simplex virus‐1 therapeutics
Authors: Antoine Thessicar E. , Park Paul J. , Shukla Deepak
Published: February 2013

Herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) is among the most common human pathogens worldwide. Its entry into host cells is an intricate process that relies heavily on the ability of the viral glycoproteins to bind host cellular proteins and to efficiently mediate fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane. Acquisition of HSV‐1 results in a lifelong latent infection. Because of the cycles of reactivation from a latent state, much emphasis has been placed on the management of infection through the use of DNA synthesis inhibitors. However, new methods are needed to provide more effective treatment at earlier phases of the viral infection and to prevent the development of drug resistance by the virus. This review outlines the infection process and the common therapeutics currently used against the fundamental stages of HSV‐1 replication and fusion. The remainder of this article will focus on a new approach for HSV‐1 infection control and management, the concept of glycoprotein‐receptor targeting. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SENSORLock: a lightweight key management scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kazienko Juliano F. , Ribeiro Igor G. , Moraes Igor M. , Albuquerque Célio Vinicius N.
Published: February 2013

Security in wireless sensor networks demands an efficient key management scheme. As sensors typically operate unattended, it becomes quite important to ensure security to cryptographic keys stored in their memories. In this scenario, the development of lightweight encryption mechanisms is a challenge because of sensor‐constrained resources. In this work, we present a mechanism tailored to sensor networks calledSENSORLockapplying it to a specific case. Our main contribution is to propose, analyze, and demonstrate the feasibility ofSENSORLockfor secure symmetric key distribution solving the stored key exposure problem. Analytical results demonstrate that this approach increases the system's security against the tampering of sensor nodes. Additionally, the mechanism is evaluated using simulation and practical experiments, using the TinyOS platform. Simulation results reveal that this scheme introduces very low processing overhead, in the order of nanoseconds, and an estimated power consumption quite similar to existing approaches. Besides, practical experiments indicate that the scheme can be deployed by off‐the‐shelf sensors, such as MicaZ and TelosB. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A security key distribution scheme based on energy efficiency for hybrid wireless sensor networks
Authors: Huang Jie , Huang Bei
Published: February 2013

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), due to low cost, limited resource, and large scale, symmetric key‐based key pre‐distribution schemes are considered to be very suitable, but they cannot thoroughly solve authentication problem and resilience problem against physical capture. So, some researchers attempt to improve the traditional public‐key cryptography to meet security requirements of the WSNs. In this paper, at first, to create the hybrid network model, the number range of cluster heads is determined according to the change of the average path length with the probability that the nodes are selected as the cluster heads. Next, based on the characteristics of the hybrid WSNs, a novel security mechanism is proposed by making use of the advantages of the symmetric cryptography and asymmetric cryptography. Our scheme can provide different security mechanism for the vital link and the ordinary link, respectively. In order to balance the energy consumption over all nodes, a selecting cluster head algorithm is proposed to rotate periodically cluster heads among all nodes and to compute the optimal number of times transmitting data per round. At last, our experiment shows that our scheme not only can provide sufficient security but also have the lowest energy overhead and the perfect connectivity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Image‐splicing forgery detection based on local binary patterns of DCT coefficients
Authors: Zhang Yujin , Zhao Chenglin , Pi Yiming , Li Shenghong , Wang Shilin
Published: February 2013

The wide use of high‐performance image acquisition devices and powerful image‐processing software has made it easy to tamper images for malicious purposes. Image splicing, which has constituted a menace to integrity and authenticity of images, is a very common and simple trick in image tampering. Therefore, image‐splicing detection is of great importance in digital forensics. In this paper, an effective framework for revealing image‐splicing forgery is proposed. First, the local binary pattern operator is used to model magnitude components of two‐dimensional arrays obtained by applying multisize block discrete cosine transform to test images. Then, all of bins of histograms computed from local binary pattern codes are served as discriminative features for image‐splicing detection. After that, kernel principal component analysis is utilized to reduce the dimensionality of the proposed features to avoid the high computational complexity, high mutual correlation among the constructed features and possible overfitting for support vector machine classifier. Finally, support vector machine classifier is employed to distinguish spliced images from authentic images by using the final dimensionality‐reduced feature set. The experiment results show that the proposed method can perform better than some state‐of‐the‐art methods in terms of the detection performance over the Columbia image‐splicing detection evaluation dataset. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of attacks collected from the deployment of Web service honeypot
Authors: Ghourabi Abdallah , Abbes Tarek , Bouhoula Adel
Published: February 2013

Honeypots play an important role in collecting relevant information about malicious activities that happen on the Internet. In this paper, we are particularly interested in attacks targeting Web services. We therefore propose a honeypot implementation for Web services, called WS Honeypot. However, the data collected by honeypots can become very large, which greatly complicates the analysis task performed by the human analyst. As a solution for this problem, we propose in this paper an automatic technique to analyze the data collected from our WS Honeypot. The proposed approach is based on four machine learning methods: support vector machines, support vector regression, spectral clustering, and k‐means clustering. Our main objectives are to analyze the collected data, automatically characterizing the captured attacks and detecting the denial‐of‐service and novel attacks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Performance Partially Aligned Semiconductive Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors Achieved with a Parallel Technique
Authors: Wang Yilei , Pillai Suresh Kumar Raman , Chan‐Park Mary B.
Published: February 2013

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are widely thought to be a strong contender for next‐generation printed electronic transistor materials. However, large‐scale solution‐based parallel assembly of SWNTs to obtain high‐performance transistor devices is challenging. SWNTs have anisotropic properties and, although partial alignment of the nanotubes has been theoretically predicted to achieve optimum transistor device performance, thus far no parallel solution‐based technique can achieve this. Herein a novel solution‐based technique, the immersion‐cum‐shake method, is reported to achieve partially aligned SWNT networks using semiconductive (99% enriched) SWNTs (s‐SWNTs). By immersing an aminosilane‐treated wafer into a solution of nanotubes placed on a rotary shaker, the repetitive flow of the nanotube solution over the wafer surface during the deposition process orients the nanotubes toward the fluid flow direction. By adjusting the nanotube concentration in the solution, the nanotube density of the partially aligned network can be controlled; linear densities ranging from 5 to 45 SWNTs/μm are observed. Through control of the linear SWNT density and channel length, the optimum SWNT‐based field‐effect transistor devices achieve outstanding performance metrics (with an on/off ratio of ~3.2 × 104 and mobility 46.5 cm2/Vs). Atomic force microscopy shows that the partial alignment is uniform over an area of 20 × 20 mm2 and confirms that the orientation of the nanotubes is mostly along the fluid flow direction, with a narrow orientation scatter characterized by a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of <15° for all but the densest film, which is 35°. This parallel process is large‐scale applicable and exploits the anisotropic properties of the SWNTs, presenting a viable path forward for industrial adoption of SWNTs in printed, flexible, and large‐area electronics.
From bytecode to JavaScript: the Js_of_ocaml compiler
Authors: Vouillon Jérôme , Balat Vincent
Published: February 2013

We present the design and implementation of a compiler from OCaml bytecode to JavaScript. The compiler first translates the bytecode into a static single‐assignment intermediate representation on which optimizations are performed, before generating JavaScript. We believe that taking bytecode as an input instead of a high‐level language is a sensible choice. Virtual machines provide a very stable API. Such a compiler is thus easy to maintain. It is also convenient to use, and it can just be added to an existing installation of the development tools. Already‐compiled libraries can be used directly, with no need to reinstall anything. Finally, some virtual machines are the target of several languages. A bytecode to JavaScript compiler would make it possible to retarget all these languages to Web browsers at once. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal variation in end‐member chemistry and its influence on runoff mixing patterns in a forested, Piedmont catchment
Authors: Inamdar Shreeram , Dhillon Gurbir , Singh Shatrughan , Dutta Sudarshan , Levia Delphis , Scott Durelle , Mitchell Myron , Van Stan John , McHale Patrick
Published: February 2013

Key Points

Eleven watershed sources and runoff for 42 storm events were studied.

End‐member chemistry varied with hydrologic and seasonal conditions.

End‐member chemistry and hydrologic connectivity shaped runoff mixing patterns.
New spinorial particle model in tensorial space-time and interacting higher spin fields
Authors: Fedoruk Sergey , Lukierski Jerzy
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The Maxwell-covariant particle model is formulated in tensorial extended D = 4 space-time (x

μ
, z

μν
) parametrized by ten-dimensional coset of D = 4 Maxwell group, with added auxiliary Weyl spinors λ
α
, y

α
. We provide the Hamiltonian quantization of the model and demonstrate that first class constraints modify the known equations obtained for massless higher spin fields in flat tensorial space-time. We obtain the Maxwell-covariant field equations for new infinite dimensional spin multiplets. The component fields assigned to different spin values are linked by couplings proportional to rescaled electromagnetic coupling constant
$ \widetilde{e}=e\,m $
, where m is the mass-like parameter introduced in our model. We discuss briefly the geometry of our tensorial space-time with constant torsion and its relation with the presence of constant electromagnetic background.
Common envelope evolution: where we stand and how we can move forward
Authors: Ivanova N. , Justham S. , Chen X. , De Marco O. , Fryer C. L. , Gaburov E. , Ge H. , Glebbeek E. , Han Z. , Li X.-D. , Lu G. , Marsh T. , Podsiadlowski P. , Potter A. , Soker N. , Taam R. , Tauris T. M. , van den Heuvel E. P. J. , Webbink R. F.
Published: February 2013

This work aims to present our current best physical understanding of common-envelope evolution (CEE). We highlight areas of consensus and disagreement, and stress ideas which should point the way forward for progress in this important but long-standing and largely unconquered problem. Unusually for CEE-related work, we mostly try to avoid relying on results from population synthesis or observations, in order to avoid potentially being misled by previous misunderstandings. As far as possible we debate all the relevant issues starting from physics alone, all the way from the evolution of the binary system immediately before CEE begins to the processes which might occur just after the ejection of the envelope. In particular, we include extensive discussion about the energy sources and sinks operating in CEE, and hence examine the foundations of the standard energy formalism. Special attention is also given to comparing the results of hydrodynamic simulations from different groups and to discussing the potential effect of initial conditions on the differences in the outcomes. We compare current numerical techniques for the problem of CEE and also whether more appropriate tools could and should be produced (including new formulations of computational hydrodynamics, and attempts to include 3D processes within 1D codes). Finally we explore new ways to link CEE with observations. We compare previous simulations of CEE to the recent outburst from V1309 Sco, and discuss to what extent post-common-envelope binaries and nebulae can provide information, e.g. from binary eccentricities, which is not currently being fully exploited.