bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artifizielle Korallen‐Neuansiedlung in degradierten Riffen
Authors: Loch Karen , Loch Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

In vielen tropischen Regionen wurden Riffe großflächig durch schädliche Umwelteinflüsse zerstört. Beim Massenlaichen noch intakter Riffe werden jedoch Milliarden von Gameten freigesetzt, denen nur zu einem Bruchteil eine erfolgreiche Ansiedlung zum Primärpolypen gelingt. Der Rest verdriftet ins offene Meer oder wird als Planktonbestandteil gefressen. Aus diesen Gameten lassen sich mit einfachen Methoden große Mengen siedlungskompetenter Larven ziehen, die bei erfolgreicher Ansiedlung in größeren toten Riffbezirken eine schnellere Renaturierung einleiten könnten.
“Eschels Hoff”: Kräutergarten mit Hexenwinkel
Authors: Högermann Christiane
Published: October 2011

In Benkel, einem kleinen Ort in der Nähe von Ottersberg (Landkreis Verden) erwartet Pflanzenliebhaber an der ehemaligen Hofstelle “Eschels Hoff” ein ca. 2100 Quadratmeter großes Ensemble aus Kräuter‐ und Gartenparadies, Historie und Genüssen für Leib und Seele zur inneren sowie kulinarischen Einkehr.
Nikolai Vladimirovic Timoféeff‐Ressovsky: Eine Biographie in fünf Gesellschaftsepochen
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe , Levit Georgy S
Published: October 2011

Um den russisch‐deutschen Biologen N. V. Timoféeff‐Ressovsky, eine der markantesten Wissenschaftlerpersönlichkeiten des 20. Jahrhunderts, ranken sich bis heute Anekdoten, Legenden und Geschichten. Sein Name steht einerseits für Forschungen auf den Gebieten der Populationsgenetik, Mutationsforschung, Strahlenbiologie sowie Evolutionsbiologie und Ökologie, andererseits aber auch für die Zusammenarbeit mit dem NS‐Regime bzw. für die militärische Verwendung der Strahlenbiologie unter sozialistisch‐kommunistischen Gesellschaftsbedingungen.
Schimmelpilz Botrytis: Pflanzenkiller mit Tarnkappe
Authors: Brennicke Axel
Published: October 2011

Pflanzenschädlinge werden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: Die “sanften” Pathogene lassen die Pflanze leben und ernähren sich von dem, was sie produziert. Die “harten” Krankheitserreger bringen die Pflanze um und ernähren sich von den toten Zellen. Neue Untersuchungen zeigen jetzt, dass der weit verbreitete “harte” Grauschimmelpilz Botrytis cinerea mit molekularen Signalen der Pflanze suggeriert, er sei ein relativ harmloser weicher Schädling.
Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid
Authors: Schrader Christian , Freimann Juergen , Seuring Stefan
Published: October 2011

The design and implementation of base of the pyramid (BoP) solutions or products require multinational companies to make adjustments to their business strategies and processes. While this strategic opportunity has been argued for in BoP related publications, a 'traditional' strategic management perspective has not been applied. This paper aims towards using the strategic management process as an analytic framework for case studies at the BoP, allowing analysis of which aspects are particularly critical for achieving respective solutions. This includes reaching sustainability related objectives. A total of seven cases covering both products and services have been researched, allowing a contribution towards the applicability of strategic management in respective situations. Further, the importance of specific strategy process elements is assessed. While it seems obvious that strategic management thought can be applied, the analytic criteria put forward (i.e. company, initial need, motivation, external analysis, stakeholder, product/service, strategic choice, organizational implementation, supply chain, economic outcome, effects on sustainable development) are particularly geared towards the BoP solutions. While previous literature centres on analysing needs, the case based research provides the insight that aspects of internal organization, supply chain management and sustainability outcomes are of equal importance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Awareness of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Impact on Offenders' Decisions to Decline Research Participation
Authors: Poythress Norman , Epstein Monica , Stiles Paul , Edens John F.
Published: October 2011

Ethnic and racial minorities are often under‐represented in research. There is considerable speculation that Blacks, in particular, are discouraged from research participation because of researcher improprieties in the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Syphilis Study at Tuskegee (aka the Tuskegee Syphilis Study [TSS]), a 40‐year (1932–1972) study in which investigators withheld medical treatment from African‐American men infected with syphilis. We debriefed 281 offenders who declined participation in a research study to assess the extent to which knowledge of the TSS impacted their decisions not to enroll. Relatively few (44/281; 15.6%) reported awareness of the TSS. Half (n = 22) of these “aware” individuals could cite factually accurate information about the TSS, and only four individuals indicated that awareness of TSS had “somewhat” influenced their decision to not participate. Findings suggest that the legacy of the TSS played a relatively minor role in these offenders' decisions to decline research participation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triamcinolone up‐regulates GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 expression in cultured human placental endothelial cells
Authors: Kipmen‐Korgun Dijle , Ozmen Asli , Unek Gozde , Simsek Mehmet , Demir Ramazan , Korgun Emin Turkay
Published: October 2011

The placenta is a glucocorticoid target organ, and glucocorticoids (GCs) are essential for the development and maturation of fetal organs. They are widely used for treatment of a variety of diseases during pregnancy. In various tissues, GCs have regulated by glucose transport systems; however, their effects on glucose transporters in the human placental endothelial cells (HPECs) are unknown.

In the present study, HPECs were cultured 24 h in the presence or absence of 0·5, 5 and 50 µmol·l–1 of synthetic GC triamcinolone (TA). The glucose carrier proteins GLUT 1, GLUT 3 and GC receptor (GR) were detected in the HPECs.

We showed increased expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (p < 0·05) after 24‐h cell culture in the presence of 0·5, 5 and 50 µmol·l‐1 of TA. In contrast, GR protein and mRNA expressions were down‐regulated (p < 0·05) with 0·5, 5 and 50 µmol·l–1 of TA 24‐h cell culture.

The results demonstrate that GCs are potent regulators of placental GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 expression through GR.

Excessive exposure to GCs causes maternal and fetal hypoglycemia and diminished fetal growth. We speculate that to compensate for fetal hypoglycemia and diminished fetal growth, the expression of placental endothelial glucose transporters might be increased. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule‐1 E469K Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery Disease in the Chinese Population: A Meta‐Analysis Involving 3065 Subjects
Authors: Yanyan Li
Published: October 2011

Background:

The intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) E469K gene polymorphism has been implicated in increased coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility, but the individual study results are still controversial.

Hypothesis:

The ICAM‐1 E469K gene polymorphism may be associated with CAD risk.

Methods:

The current meta‐analysis involving 3065 subjects and 11 separate studies was conducted to explore the relationship between the ICAM‐1 E469K gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese population. The pooled odds ratio (ORs) for the distribution of K allele frequency of ICAM‐1 E469K gene and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was assessed by random effect model.

Results:

The distribution of the K allele frequency was 0.67 for the CAD group and 0.60 for the control group. The pooled OR for the distribution of the K allele frequency of the ICAM‐1 E469K gene was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.02–1.72; Pheterogeneity < 0.00001; inconsistency index I2 = 81.8%). The association between the ICAM‐1 E469K gene polymorphism and CAD in the Chinese population was significant (P = 0.04).

Conclusions:

In the Chinese population, the distribution of the K allele frequency of the ICAM‐1 E469K gene was indicated to be associated with CAD risk. The K allele of the ICAM‐1 E469K gene might predispose to the CAD susceptibility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This work was funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD). The author has no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Cardiology Rx for Change: Improving Clinical Attention to Tobacco Use and Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Cardiology
Authors: Prochaska Judith J. , Benowitz Neal L. , Glantz Stanton A. , Hudmon Karen Suchanek , Grossman William
Published: October 2011

Background:

Heart disease is the leading cause of tobacco‐related death in smokers and of deaths due to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in nonsmokers. This study centers on the development and evaluation of an evidence‐based model curriculum for improving clinical attention to tobacco use and SHS exposure in cardiology.

Hypothesis:

We hypothesized that the curriculum would be associated with improvements in clinician tobacco‐related knowledge, attitudes, confidence, and counseling behaviors from pre‐to post‐training and at the 3‐month follow‐up.

Methods:

The 1‐hour Cardiology Rx for Change curriculum was evaluated with 22 cardiology fellows and 77 medical residents with consistent training effects observed between the 2 groups.

Results:

Trainees' tobacco treatment knowledge increased significantly from pre‐ to post‐training (t[81] = 6.51, P<0.001), and perceived barriers to providing cessation treatment decreased significantly (t[81] = −3.97, P<0.001). The changes, however, were not sustained at the 3‐month follow‐up, suggesting the need for booster training efforts. From pretraining to 3‐month follow‐up, the training was associated with significant sustained gains in clinician confidence for treating tobacco dependence (t[61] = 3.69, P = 0.001) and with improvements in clinicians assessing patients' readiness to quit smoking (from 61% to 79%, t[59] = 3.69,P<0.001) and providing assistance with quitting (from 47% to 59%, t[59] = 2.12, P = 0.038). Asking patients about tobacco use, advising cessation, and arranging follow‐up also increased over time, but not significantly. All participants (100%) recommended the curriculum for dissemination to other training programs.

Conclusions:

Available online via http://rxforchange.ucsf.edu, Cardiology Rx for Change offers a packaged training tool for improving treatment of tobacco use and SHS exposure in cardiology care. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This work was supported by the Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (FAMRI) William Cahan Distinguished Professor Award (PI: W. Grossman), and the State of California Tobacco‐Related Disease Research Program (# 17RT‐0077, PI: J.J. Prochaska). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Mindfulness‐Based Cognitive Therapy for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Still Experiencing Excessive Fatigue after Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: A Pilot Randomized Study
Authors: Rimes Katharine A. , Wingrove Janet
Published: October 2011

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS; sometimes known as myalgic encephalomyelitis). However, only a minority of patients fully recover after CBT; thus, methods for improving treatment outcomes are required. This pilot study concerned a mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) intervention adapted for people with CFS who were still experiencing excessive fatigue after CBT. The study aimed to investigate the acceptability of this new intervention and the feasibility of conducting a larger‐scale randomized trial in the future. Preliminary efficacy analyses were also undertaken. Participants were randomly allocated to MBCT or waiting list. Sixteen MBCT participants and 19 waiting‐list participants completed the study, with the intervention being delivered in two separate groups. Acceptability, engagement and participant‐rated helpfulness of the intervention were high. Analysis of covariance controlling for pre‐treatment scores indicated that, at post‐treatment, MBCT participants reported lower levels of fatigue (the primary clinical outcome) than the waiting‐list group. Similarly, there were significant group differences in fatigue at 2‐month follow‐up, and when the MBCT group was followed up to 6 months post‐treatment, these improvements were maintained. The MBCT group also had superior outcomes on measures of impairment, depressed mood, catastrophic thinking about fatigue, all‐or‐nothing behavioural responses, unhelpful beliefs about emotions, mindfulness and self‐compassion. In conclusion, MBCT is a promising and acceptable additional intervention for people still experiencing excessive fatigue after CBT for CFS, which should be investigated in a larger randomized controlled trial. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Only about 30% of people with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) recover after cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT); thus, methods for improving treatment outcomes are needed.

This is the first pilot randomized study to demonstrate that a mindfulness‐based intervention was associated with reduced fatigue and other benefits for people with CFS who were still experiencing excessive fatigue after a course of CBT. Levels of acceptability, engagement in the intervention and rated helpfulness were high.

A larger‐scale randomized controlled trial is required.
Anion‐Sensitive 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazone‐Containing Terpyridine Derivative and Its Platinum Chloride Complex
Authors: Zhang Bingguang , Li Yunjing , Sun Wenfang
Published: October 2011

Terpyridine derivative 1, bearing 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone, and its platinum chloride complex 2 were synthesized and characterized. The UV/Vis, emission, and triplet transient difference absorption spectra of 1 and 2 were investigated. Both 1 and 2 exhibit broad and strong absorption in the visible spectral region (λmax = 404 nm for 1 and 433 nm for 2), which are dominated by the 1π–π* transition of the ligand. When excited at the respective absorption band maximum, 1 and 2 exhibit charge‐transfer fluorescence atapproximately 550 nm. Compounds 1 and 2 also exhibit a broad and strong 3π–π* excited‐state absorption band in the visible region (λmax = 520 nm with ϵT1–Tn = 4.74 × 104 L mol–1 cm–1for 1, and λmax = 590 nm with ϵT1–Tn = 3.45 × 104 L mol–1 cm–1 for 2). The triplet excited states of 1 and 2 are both long‐lived, with lifetimes longer than 2 ms. Compounds 1 and 2 are sensitive to basic anions such as F–, AcO–, and H2PO4–. Upon addition of these anions, the UV/Vis absorption spectra of these two compounds are significantly redshifted, which is reflected by the color change from yellow to purple for 1 and from yellow to blue for 2. These anions also quench the charge‐transfer emission band at 550 nm. Moreover, the triplet transient absorption of 1 and 2 in DMSO solution is quenched upon addition of these anions. These spectroscopic changes are attributed to the deprotonation of the hydrazone NH group, which causes intramolecular electron transfer. The deprotonation mechanism is supported by the upfield shifts of the 1H NMR signals of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone group, the imine group, and the phenyl group, following the addition of excess F–.
Tailor‐Made MgF2‐Based Catalysts by Sol–Gel Synthesis
Authors: Kemnitz Erhard , Wuttke Stefan , Coman Simona M.
Published: October 2011

In this paper, recent developments in the field of catalysts based on nanosized metal fluorides are presented with special focus on the exciting and promising magnesium fluoride systems. The majority of these new catalyst systems originate from the work of the authors based on the fluorolytic sol–gel synthesis of metal fluorides, which was developed by this group. They are selected in a way as to highlight the principles and prospects of this new approach to high‐surface‐area, strongly distorted metal fluorides. This new fluorolytic sol–gel route to metal fluorides opens, in the opinion of the authors, a very broad range of scientific and technical applications of the accessible high‐surface‐area metal fluorides. By combining fluorolytic and hydrolytic sol–gel synthesis, this approach can be further extended, also providing access to metal hydroxide fluorides or metal oxide fluorides. The different synthesis strategies as well as the catalytic applications of various MgF2‐based materials are described in detail in this review.
Reactions of Stable Amidinate Chlorosilylene and [1+4]‐Oxidative Addition of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene with N‐Benzylideneaniline
Authors: Jana Anukul , Azhakar Ramachandran , Sarish Sankaranarayana Pillai , Samuel Prinson P. , Roesky Herbert W. , Schulzke Carola , Koley Debasis
Published: October 2011

The reaction of PhC(NtBu)2SiCl (L) with N2O afforded the trimer {PhC(NtBu)2Si(O)Cl}3 (1), which contains a Si3O3 six‐membered ring. In the molecular structure of 1, the PhC(NtBu)2 moieties are arranged around the Si3O3 six‐membered ring in a paddle‐wheel fashion. Further the reaction of L with B(C6F5)3 and 9‐BBN (9‐borobicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) yielded the chlorosilylene–boron adducts L·B(C6F5)3 (2) and L·9‐BBN (3). The reaction of CH{(C=CH2)(CMe)(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)2}Si (L′) with N‐benzylideneaniline resulted in 4, a [1+4]‐ rather than a [1+2]‐cycloaddition product. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods. The molecular structures of 1, 2, and 4 were established unequivocally by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis. The formation of products 1 and 4 was supported by DFT calculations.
A New Family of Homo‐ and Heterometallic Manganese Complexes at High Oxidation States Derived from the Oxidation of MnII with CeIV: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Ma Cheng‐Bing , Hu Ming‐Qiang , Chen Hui , Chen Chang‐Neng , Liu Qiu‐Tian
Published: October 2011

A series of homo‐ and heterometallic manganese(III or IV) clusters, [Mn2O2(pybim)4](NO3)4·11H2O [1; pybim = 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzimidazole], [Mn3O4(bipy)4(H2O)2][Ce(NO3)5(H2O)][NO3]2·2H2O (2; bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), [Mn2Ce3O6(pta)6(NO3)2(dmf)4]·H2O (3; Hpta = p‐toluic acid), and [Mn8CeO8(pta)12(dmf)4] (4), were prepared by the reaction of simple Mn2+ salts with (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] under different experimental conditions. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses established that these complexes possess inorganic cores that have various structural topologies, which range from the [Mn2O2]4+ rhomb, a Mn3 triangle within [Mn3O4]4+, and the nonplanar [Mn8O8]8+ loop that centrally traps a Ce4+ ion to the [Mn2Ce3O6]8+ cage that contains a Mn2Ce3 trigonal bipyramid. The solid‐state magnetic susceptibility studies revealed that these four complexes possess distinctly different magnetic properties, namely, both 1 and 2 show strong antiferromagnetic interactions between the MnIV centers, whereas 3 is weakly antiferromagnetic, and 4, however, has predominantly ferromagnetic interactions.
A Redox‐Active Ligand as a Reservoir for Protons and Electrons: O2 Reduction at Zirconium(IV)
Authors: Lu Feng , Zarkesh Ryan A. , Heyduk Alan F.
Published: October 2011

The [ONO] ligand {(ONOcat)3– = bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐phenoxy)amide} can be installed onto zirconium(IV) in two different protonation states. The reaction of (ONOcat)3– with ZrCl4 afforded the octahedral complex (ONOcat)ZrCl(THF)2 (1). This complex, characterized in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and in solution by NMR,UV/Vis, and IR spectroscopy, is assigned as a zirconium(IV) complex coordinated to the fully reduced form of the [ONO] redox‐active ligand. When (ONOcat)H3 was doubly deprotonated and treated with ZrCl4, the complex (ONHO)ZrCl2(THF) (2) was isolated, in which one ligand proton remains on the [ONO] ligand. Exposure of 2 to dry O2 resulted in a four‐electron, two‐proton reaction to form the bis(hydroxo) complex [(ONOq)ZrCl2(μ‐OH)]2 (3), which shows that the [ONO] ligand platform can serve as both an electron and proton reservoir in small‐molecule reactions.
Selective Binding of Glyphosate by a Ditopic Cyclic–Open‐Chain Polyazaligand in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Pouessel Jacky , Le Bris Nathalie , Bencini Andrea , Giorgi Claudia , Handel Henri , Tripier Raphaël
Published: October 2011

This paper reports a study of the interaction between a ditopic cyclic–open‐chain polyazaligand L1py and the herbicide glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine or PMG] by potentiometric titrations as well as calorimetry and NMR measurements. This nonsymmetrical ligand is composed of a cyclam unit (1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) and the linear tetraamine 1,4,8,11‐tetraazaundecane linked by a 2,6‐dimethylpyridine spacer. This ligand forms stable adducts with PMG. For comparison, two analogous symmetrical ditopic ligands, a bis‐macrocycle L4py and a bis‐tetraamine L5py, and two related anions, iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and iminobis(methylphosphonic acid) (IDP), were also investigated. The results unambiguously show that L1py selectively binds PMG, especially around neutral pH, whereas L4py and L5py exhibit a weaker affinity for this substrate. Calorimetic and 1H NMR measurements showed that the host–guest adducts are mainly stabilized by charge–charge interactions and hydrogen bonds involving the ammonium function of PMG and the nonprotonated nitrogen atom of the pyridine linker.
An Efficient Protocol for the Amidation of Carboxylic Acids Promoted by Trimethyl Phosphite and Iodine
Authors: Luo Qun‐Li , Lv Lina , Li Yu , Tan Jian‐Ping , Nan Wenhui , Hui Qun
Published: October 2011

A practical, one‐pot protocol is described for the conversion of carboxylic acids into amides through carboxyl activation by the reagent combination of trimethyl phosphite and iodine. This method integrates several advantages: (1) it allows amines to be chemoselectively acylated with excellent results in the presence of sulfur and oxygen nucleophiles; (2) the method shows wide generality in respect of solvent, base, and substrate; (3) the reagents used are widely available and much less expensive than common coupling reagents, and (4) the process is remarkably convenient, permitting extraction, recrystallization, and column chromatography as optional work‐up procedures. The chemoselectivity and generality of the method, the low cost, and wide availability of reagents combined with the ease of use make it a very favorable process.
Expeditious Route Towards (±)‐Desethyleburnamonine, a Precursor of (±)‐Vindeburnol
Authors: Jung‐Deyon Laurence , Giethlen Bruno , Mann André
Published: October 2011

An expeditious route to (±)‐desethyleburnamonine (1), a direct precursor of vindeburnol, is reported. Microwave irradiation of an indolo‐tetrahydropyridine ethyl ester 2 in CH3CN in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) gave the pentacyclic (±)‐desethyleburnamonine in a one‐pot process. Experimental evidence support an allylamine–enamine isomerization, followed by a rare Pictet–Spengler condensation in basic media. From commercially available 3‐(2‐bromo‐ethyl)indole and ethyl pyridin‐3‐yl acetate, (±)‐desethyleburnamonine was obtained in 52 % yield over three steps.
Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins with a Pyrrolidine‐Based Phthalimide as an Enamine‐Type Organocatalyst
Authors: Ban Shu‐rong , Xie Hong‐yu , Zhu Xi‐xia , Li Qing‐shan
Published: October 2011

A new type of pyrrolidine‐based phthalimide and otheranalogous imide catalysts 5a–c were found to be efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael reaction of ketones to nitroalkenes. After fine optimization of solvents, temperature, and the additive, good to excellent enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities (up to 99 % ee, up to >99:1 dr) can be achieved.
Stetter Reactions of Unsaturated 1‐Acyl‐1H‐pyrroles
Authors: Phippen Christopher B. W. , Goldys Anna M. , McErlean Christopher S. P.
Published: October 2011

α,β‐Unsaturated 1‐acyl‐1H‐pyrroles are employed as enabling units for the construction of 1,4‐dicarbonyl systems using the organocatalytic Stetter reaction. The enhanced electrophilicity of the 1‐acyl‐1H‐pyrrole unit allows for the catalytic construction of fused and non‐fused pyranones from aliphatic aldehydes, is compatible with aromatic aldehydes, and also facilitates an intermolecular variant of the reaction involving both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
5,15‐A2B2‐ and 5,15‐A2BC‐Type Porphyrins with Donor and Acceptor Groups for Use in Nonlinear Optics and Photodynamic Therapy (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 29/2011)
Authors: Senge Mathias O. , Fazekas Marijana , Pintea Monica , Zawadzka Monika , Blau Werner J.
Published: October 2011

The cover picture shows the meso functionalization of 5,10‐ and 5,15‐A2‐porphyrins by using a conveyor belt, whereby the porphyrin is functionalized with various substituents (different coloured boxes) and various linkers. When these functionalized porphyrins come together through palladium‐catalyzed coupling reactions they form porphyrin arrays of different shapes, depending on the substitution pattern of the monomeric porphyrin. These arrays are connected through conjugated linkers, and their formation is depicted by an arcade game, “porphyrin arrays”, in the background. These arrays exhibit interesting UV absorption and NLO properties, shown as the “score”. Details are discussed in the articles by M. O. Senge et al. on p. 5797 ff. and p. ????ff.
Evaluation of a methacrylate‐bonded cyclodextrins as a monolithic chiral stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography (CEC)‐UV and CEC coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Gu Congying , Shamsi Shahab A.
Published: October 2011

Glycidyl methacrylate‐bonded β‐cyclodextrin (GMA‐β‐CD) is synthesized as a new chiral monomer by direct chemical bonding with GMA using a fast and simple alternative procedure. Next, rigid and homogenous monolithic columns were prepared by polymerization of GMA‐β‐CD monomer with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), in the presence of commonly used porogens and a charged achiral monomer to form a versatile chiral monolith. This is the first report in which a preparation procedure for a methacrylate‐bonded CD is introduced for chiral separations in CEC. The degree of substitution of GMA‐β‐CD monomer and mobile‐phase parameters were optimized to achieve the highest enantioselectivity and plate number. To evaluate the GMA‐β‐CD monolithic column, different classes of chiral compounds were screened. Under the optimized β‐CD monolith phase and the optimum mobile‐phase conditions, 30 neutral and basic chiral compounds and two acidic compounds could be separated. The high chemical and mechanical stability, homogenous microflow and no loss of material at the interface allows for the first time the feasibility of applying this polymer‐based monolithic column for CEC coupled to ESI‐MS. Compared with CEC‐UV, CEC‐ESI‐MS showed higher sensitivity and lower resolution. However, resolution greater than 1.0 can still be obtained for majority of the select tested compound in CEC‐ESI‐MS with at least three out of seven compound providing Rs≥1.5. The results reinforce the potential of GMA‐β‐CD monolithic columns for chiral separations with high sensitivity in CEC‐ESI‐MS. Finally, using hexobarbital as the model chiral analyte, the monolithic column demonstrated excellent stability and reproducibility of retention time and enantioselectivity.
Simulation of natural convection melting in a cavity with fin using lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Jourabian Mahmoud , Farhadi Mousa , Sedighi Kurosh , Darzi AhmadAli Rabienataj , Vazifeshenas Yousef
Published: October 2011

In this study, a numerical investigation of melting phenomenon with natural convection in a cavity with fin has been performed using enthalpy‐based lattice Boltzmann method. The lattice D2Q9 model was applied to determine the density and velocity fields, and the D2Q5 model for the temperature field. The effect of vertical position and length of the fin on the melting rate was studied. The simulations were carried out for Stefan number of 10, Rayleigh number of 105and relative thermal conductivity (kfin∕kfluid) ranging from 5 to 30. The obtained results show that the rate of melting increases when the relative thermal conductivity and the length of the fin become greater. We also found that the variation of vertical position of the fin from bottom to middle has an insignificant effect on melting while it causes the increase of full melting time when the fin is mounted on the top of the cavity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalised Estimators for Seasonal Forecasting by Combining Grouping with Shrinkage Approaches
Authors: Zhang Kui , Chen Huijing , Boylan John , Scarf Philip
Published: October 2011

In this paper, generalised estimators are proposed to estimate seasonal indices for certain forms of additive and mixed seasonality. The estimators combine one of two group seasonal indices methods—Dalhart's group method and Withycombe's group method—with a shrinkage method in different ways. Optimal shrinkage parameters are derived to maximise the performance of the estimators. Then, the generalised estimators, with the optimal shrinkage parameters, are evaluated based on forecasting accuracy. Moreover, the effects of three factors are examined, namely, the length of data history, variance of random components and the number of series. Finally, a simulation experiment is conducted to support the evaluation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combining Economic Forecasts by Using a Maximum Entropy Econometric Approach
Authors: Moreno Blanca , López Ana Jesús
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the use of a maximum entropy econometric approach to combine forecasts when the small amount of information available does not allow the use of regression procedures since a dimensionality problem arises. This approach has its roots in information theory and builds on the entropy information measures and the classical maximum entropy principle, which was developed to recover information from underdetermined models. More specifically, we use the maximum entropy econometric approach for the measure of Shannon and we also propose its extension to the quadratic uncertainty measure. The experimental results over a pool of forecasts referring to Spanish inflation show some improvements when compared with equally weighted combined forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose increases intracellular free Ca2+ in tanycytes via ATP released through connexin 43 hemichannels
Authors: Orellana Juan A. , Sáez Pablo J. , Cortés‐campos Christian , Elizondo Roberto J. , Shoji Kenji F. , Contreras‐Duarte Susana , Figueroa Vania , Velarde Victoria , Jiang Jean X. , Nualart Francisco , Sáez Juan C. , García María A.
Published: October 2011

The ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in regulating feeding and satiety behavior, and its neurons interact with specialized ependymal‐glial cells, termed tanycytes. The latter express glucose‐sensing proteins, including glucose transporter 2, glucokinase, and ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, suggesting their involvement in hypothalamic glucosensing. Here, the transduction mechanism involved in the glucose‐induced rise of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured β‐tanycytes was examined. Fura‐2AM time‐lapse fluorescence images revealed that glucose increases the intracellular Ca2+ signal in a concentration‐dependent manner. Glucose transportation, primarily via glucose transporters, and metabolism via anaerobic glycolysis increased connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannel activity, evaluated by ethidium uptake and whole cell patch clamp recordings, through a KATP channel‐dependent pathway. Consequently, ATP export to the extracellular milieu was enhanced, resulting in activation of purinergic P2Y1 receptors followed by inositol trisphosphate receptor activation and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. The present study identifies the mechanism by which glucose increases [Ca2+]i in tanycytes. It also establishes that Cx43 hemichannels can be rapidly activated under physiological conditions by the sequential activation of glucosensing proteins in normal tanycytes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual therapy with the nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor, daclatasvir, and the nonstructural protein 3 protease inhibitor, asunaprevir, in hepatitis C virus genotype 1b–infected null responders
Authors: Chayama Kazuaki , Takahashi Shoichi , Toyota Joji , Karino Yoshiyasu , Ikeda Kenji , Ishikawa Hiroki , Watanabe Hideaki , McPhee Fiona , Hughes Eric , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: October 2011

Patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and previous null response to pegylated interferon (Peg-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) have limited therapeutic options. HCV genotype 1 is the most common worldwide and the most difficult to treat; genotype 1b is the most common subtype of genotype 1 outside North America. The enhanced antiviral activity achieved by combining two direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents may improve clinical outcomes. This open-label, phase IIa study included 10 patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection and previous null response (<2 log10 reduction in HCV RNA after 12 weeks) to Peg-IFN and RBV. Patients received dual DAA treatment for 24 weeks with the nonstructural protein 5A replication complex inhibitor, daclatasvir (60 mg once-daily), and the nonstructural protein 3 protease inhibitor, asunaprevir (initially 600 mg twice-daily, then subsequently reduced to 200 mg twice-daily). The primary efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) at 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12). Nine patients completed 24 weeks of treatment; 1 patient discontinued treatment after 2 weeks. In the 9 patients who completed the full course of treatment, HCV RNA was undetectable at week 8 and remained undetectable through the end of treatment; all 9 patients achieved SVR12 and SVR24. HCV RNA also remained undetectable post-treatment in the patient who discontinued after 2 weeks. There was no viral breakthrough. Diarrhea and headache, generally mild, were the most common adverse events; transaminase elevations were reported in 3 patients, but did not result in discontinuation.

Conclusions :

Dual therapy with daclatasvir and asunaprevir, without Peg-IFN and RBV, can achieve high SVR rates in difficult-to-treat patients with HCV genotype 1b infection and previous null response to Peg-IFN and RBV.
Two distinct subtypes of hepatitis B virus–related acute liver failure are separable by quantitative serum immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA levels
Authors: Dao Doan Y. , Hynan Linda S. , Yuan He-Jun , Sanders Corron , Balko Jody , Attar Nahid , Lok Anna S.F. , Word Ann R. , Lee William M.
Published: October 2011

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute liver failure (HBV-ALF) may occur after acute HBV infection (AHBV-ALF) or during an exacerbation of chronic HBV infection (CHBV-ALF). Clinical differentiation of the two is often difficult if a previous history of HBV is not available. Quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti–hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) titers and of HBV viral loads (VLs) might allow the separation of AHBV-ALF from CHBV-ALF. Of 1,602 patients with ALF, 60 met clinical criteria for AHBV-ALF and 27 for CHBV-ALF. Sera were available on 47 and 23 patients, respectively. A quantitative immunoassay was used to determine IgM anti-HBc levels, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) was used to determine HBV VLs. AHBV-ALFs had much higher IgM anti-HBc titers than CHBV-ALFs (signal-to-noise [S/N] ratio median: 88.5; range, 0-1,120 versus 1.3, 0-750;

P

< 0.001); a cut point for a S/N ratio of 5.0 correctly identified 44 of 46 (96%) AHBV-ALFs and 16 of 23 (70%) CHBV-ALFs; the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was 0.86 (

P

< 0.001). AHBV-ALF median admission VL was 3.9 (0-8.1) log10 IU/mL versus 5.2 (2.0-8.7) log10 IU/mL for CHBV-ALF (

P

< 0.025). Twenty percent (12 of 60) of the AHBV-ALF group had no hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) detectable on admission to study, wheras no CHBV-ALF patients experienced HBsAg clearance. Rates of transplant-free survival were 33% (20 of 60) for AHBV-ALF versus 11% (3 of 27) for CHBV-ALF (

P

= 0.030).

Conclusions:

AHBV-ALF and CHBV-ALF differ markedly in IgM anti-HBc titers, in HBV VLs, and in prognosis, suggesting that the two forms are, indeed, different entities that might each have a unique pathogenesis.
Developing Intuitions about How Personal and Social Properties Are Linked to the Brain and the Body
Authors: Choe Katherine S. , Keil Frank C. , Bloom Paul
Published: October 2011

This study investigated the development of intuitions about which properties are associated with the brain and which are associated with the body. A sample of 60 children aged 6, 8, and 10 years, as well a sample of 20 adults, were told about a brain transplant between two individuals and were asked about where certain properties resided after the transplant. Adults and older children construed the characteristics associated with fine‐motor behaviour, culpability, social contract and best friendships as transferring with the brain. Characteristics associated with gross‐motor behaviour, physical/biological properties, ownership and familial relationships were more likely to be seen as remaining with the body. Domain‐based explanations for this pattern of results are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MULTIVARIATE METHODS FOR MONITORING STRUCTURAL CHANGE
Authors: Groen Jan J. J. , Kapetanios George , Price Simon
Published: October 2011

Detection of structural change is a critical empirical activity, but continuous ‘monitoring’ for changes in real time raises well‐known econometric issues that have been explored in a single series context. If multiple series co‐break then it is possible that simultaneous examination of a set of series helps identify changes with higher probability or more rapidly than when series are examined on a case‐by‐case basis. Some asymptotic theory is developed for maximum and average CUSUM detection tests. Monte Carlo experiments suggest that these both provide an improvement in detection relative to a univariate detector over a wide range of experimental parameters, given a sufficiently large number of co‐breaking series. This is robust to a cross‐sectional correlation in the errors (a factor structure) and heterogeneity in the break dates. We apply the test to a panel of UK price indices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of human osteoclast development by dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP)
Authors: Chiu Ya-Hui , Mensah Kofi A , Schwarz Edward M , Ju Yawen , Takahata Masahiko , Feng Changyong , McMahon Loralee A , Hicks David G , Panepento Ben , Keng Peter C , Ritchlin Christopher T
Published: October 2011

Osteoclasts (OC) are bone-resorbing, multinucleated cells that are generated via fusion of OC precursors (OCP). The frequency of OCP is elevated in patients with erosive inflammatory arthritis and metabolic bone diseases. Although many cytokines and cell surface receptors are known to participate in osteoclastogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of this cellular transformation are poorly understood. Herein, we focused our studies on the text-decoration:underlineendritic text-decoration:underlineell-text-decoration:underlinepecific text-decoration:underlinertext-decoration:underlinenstext-decoration:underlineembrane text-decoration:underlinerotein (DC-STAMP), a seven-pass transmembrane receptor-like protein known to be essential for cell-to-cell fusion during osteoclastogenesis. We identified an text-decoration:underlinemmunoreceptor text-decoration:underlineyrosine-based text-decoration:underlinenhibitory text-decoration:underlineotif (ITIM) in the cytoplasmic tail of DC-STAMP, and developed an anti-DC-STAMP monoclonal antibody 1A2 that detected DC-STAMP expression on human tumor giant cells, blocked OC formation in vitro, and distinguished four patterns of human PBMC with a positive correlation to OC potential. In freshly isolated monocytes, DC-STAMPhigh cells produced a higher number of OC in culture than DC-STAMPlow cells and the surface expression of DC-STAMP gradually declined during osteoclastogenesis. Importantly, we showed that DC-STAMP is phosphorylated on its tyrosine residues and physically interacts with SHP-1 and CD16, an SH2-domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase and an ITAM-associated protein, respectively. Taken together, these data show that DC-STAMP is a potential OCP biomarker in inflammatory arthritis. Moreover, in addition to its effect on cell fusion, DC-STAMP dynamically regulates cell signaling during osteoclastogenesis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
The dolphin cochlear nucleus: Topography, histology and functional implications
Authors: Malkemper E.P. , Oelschläger, H.H.A. , Huggenberger S.
Published: October 2011

Despite the outstanding auditory capabilities of dolphins, there is only limited information available on the cytology of the auditory brain stem nuclei in these animals. Here, we investigated the cochlear nuclei (CN) of five brains of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and La Plata dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) using cell and fiber stain microslide series representing the three main anatomical planes. In general, the CN in dolphins comprise the same set of subnuclei as in other mammals. However, the volume ratio of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in relation to the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) of dolphins represents a minimum among the mammals examined so far. Because, for example, in cats the DCN is necessary for reflexive orientation of the head and pinnae towards a sound source, the massive restrictions in head movability in dolphins and the absence of outer ears may be correlated with the reduction of the DCN. Moreover, the same set of main neuron types were found in the dolphin CN as in other mammals, including octopus and multipolar cells. Because the latter two types of neurons are thought to be involved in the recognition of complex sounds, including speech, we suggest that, in dolphins, they may be involved in the processing of their communication signals. Comparison of the toothed whale species studied here revealed that large spherical cells were present in the La Plata dolphin but absent in the common dolphin. These neurons are known to be engaged in the processing of low‐frequency sounds in terrestrial mammals. Accordingly, in the common dolphin, the absence of large spherical cells seems to be correlated with a shift of its auditory spectrum into the high‐frequency range above 20 kHz. The existence of large spherical cells in the VCN of the La Plata dolphin, however, is enigmatic asthis species uses frequencies around 130 kHz. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of avian eggshell structure
Authors: Österström Ola , Lilja Clas
Published: October 2011

Data are presented suggesting that birds have evolved eggs with shells containing different structures (numbers of mammillae per unit of inner eggshell surface area, i.e., mammillary densities) to cope up with different calcium requirements imposed by different growth rates and modes of development. Precocial bird species grow slowly, but have high mammillary density, while altricial bird species grow rapidly, but have low mammillary density. These results suggest an adaptation associated with growth rate and mode of development and show, moreover, that the mammillary layer is indicative of the breeding biology of the bird. J. Morphol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Label‐free detection of enhanced saccharide binding at pH 7.4 to nanoparticulate benzoboroxole based receptor units
Authors: Schumacher Soeren , Katterle Martin , Hettrich Cornelia , Paulke Bernd‐Reiner , Hall Dennis G. , Scheller Frieder W. , Gajovic‐Eichelmann Nenad
Published: October 2011

Nanoparticles modified with either 6‐amino‐1‐hydroxy‐2,1‐benzoxaborolane (3‐aminobenzoboroxole) or 3‐aminophenylboronic acid were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of a styrene‐co‐DVB‐co‐vinylbenzylchloride latex (25 nm). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used as a label‐free detection method for the analysis of the binding between monosaccharides and these two differently derivatized nanoparticle systems at pH 7.4. Because ITC reveals, thermodynamical parameters such as the changes in enthalpy ΔH, free energy ΔG, and entropy ΔS, possible explanations for the higher binding constants can be derived in terms of entropy and enthalpy changes. In case of the modified nanoparticles, the free energy of binding is dominated by the entropy term. This shows that interfacial effects, besides the intrinsic affinity, lead to a higher binding constant compared with the free ligand. The highest binding constant was found for fructose binding to the benzoboroxole modified nanoparticles: Its value of 1150 M−1 is twice as high as for the free benzoboroxole and five times as high as with phenylboronic acid or 3‐aminophenylboronic acid. In contrast to the binding of fructose to free boronic acids, which is an enthalpically driven process, the binding of fructose to the modified nanoparticles is dominated by the positive entropy term. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High resolution magnetic susceptibility mapping of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Lotfipour Ashley K. , Wharton Samuel , Schwarz Stefan T. , Gontu V. , Schäfer Andreas , Peters Andrew M. , Bowtell Richard W. , Auer Dorothee P. , Gowland Penny A. , Bajaj Nin P.S.
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

To determine if tissue magnetic susceptibility is a more direct marker of tissue iron content than other MR markers of iron. This study presents the first quantitative, in vivo measurements of the susceptibility of the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Materials and Methods:

Nine patients and 11 controls were studied at 7 Tesla. Susceptibility maps were created by inverting the filtered phase maps associated with T2* weighted images.

Results:

On average, patients showed an increase in susceptibility of the pars compacta compared with controls, which correlates with the predicted increase in brain iron in Parkinson's disease. A rostral–caudal gradient in susceptibility was also observed in controls and patients.

Conclusion:

Susceptibility mapping may provide a new tool for studying the development of Parkinson's disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:48‐55. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative characterization of bone marrow edema pattern in rheumatoid arthritis using 3 tesla MRI
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Yu Andrew , Virayavanich Warapat , Noworolski Susan M. , Link Thomas M. , Imboden John
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

To develop imaging techniques that provide quantitative characterization of bone marrow edema pattern (BME) in wrist joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including volume, signal intensity changes, and perfusion properties.

Materials and Methods:

Fourteen RA patients and three controls were scanned using 3 Tesla MR. BME was semi‐automatically segmented in water images obtained from iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least‐squares estimation (IDEAL) sequences. BME perfusion parameters (enhancement and slope) were evaluated using three‐dimensional (3D) dynamic enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI). Experimental reproducibility, inter‐ and intra‐observer reproducibility of BME quantification were evaluated using root mean square coefficients of variation (RMS‐CV) and intraclass correlation (ICC).

Results:

The RMS‐CV for BME volume quantification with repeated scans were 6.9%. The inter‐observer ICC was 0.993 and RMS CV was 5.2%. The intra‐observer ICC was 0.998 and RMS CV was 2.3%. Both maximum enhancement and slope during DCE‐MRI were significantly higher in BME than in normal bone marrow (P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between BME quantification and clinical evaluations.

Conclusion:

A highly reproducible semi‐automatic method for quantifying BME lesion burden in RA was developed, which may enhance our capability of predicting disease progression and monitoring treatment response. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:211‐217. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.