bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Policy
Authors: Harrison Kathryn
Published: August 2019

Although Canada and the United States (U.S.) have a special responsibility to act on climate change given per capita greenhouse gas emissions among the highest in the world, both have repeatedly failed to meet their domestic emissions targets. Their failure ultimately reflects the formidable political challenge of transforming economies heavily reliant on fossil fuels, which prompts opposition from both emissions-intensive industries and voters resistant to higher energy prices. Efforts to mitigate climate change have been undertaken in fits and starts, with leadership flipping between the U.S. and Canada as center-left leaders have exercised institutional points of leverage available to them. However, Democratic presidents’ efforts have been stymied by Republican successors, while Canadian governments’ efforts have been undermined by concerns about competitiveness with the U.S. That challenge looms large once again as Canada has pledged to meet its target under the Paris Agreement despite Donald Trump’s reversal of the U.S. commitment.
Morality Issues
Authors: Mucciaroni Gary , Scala Francesca
Published: August 2019

The substantial differences between Canada and the United States (U.S.) on LGBT rights and abortion policies arise from the two nations’ political and institutional conditions. Gays and lesbians in Canada enjoy a comprehensive set of rights while those in the U.S. do not. More recently, the gap between the countries has widened on transgender rights, where the U.S. lags behind Canada. While abortion is not a hotly contested issue in Canada as it is in the U.S., gaps in access to abortion services persist. The key political condition that accounts for these outcomes is the length of time in which liberal policymakers have been in power in Canada and conservatives in the U.S. The separation of powers, primary elections, and legislative fragmentation have also facilitated conservative influence on policy in the U.S., while Canada’s more unified institutions have made it easier for liberals to make comparatively rapid progress in these policy domains.
Assessing Performance
Authors: Banting Keith , Nagel Jack , Schafer Chelsea , Westlake Daniel
Published: August 2019

This chapter asks whether standard theories of differences between Canada and the United States (U.S.) can explain disparities in critical social and political outcomes in the two countries. On six measures of system performance (homicides, infant mortality, poverty, economic inequality, voter turnout, and women legislators) Canada consistently delivers far better outcomes than the U.S., but examination of subnational variation reveals a more complex pattern. Most indicators differ more among U.S. states than among Canadian provinces. Within the U.S., outcomes in the northern tier of states usually resemble those in neighboring Canada more closely than they do the rest of the U.S., especially the South, which performs worst by every measure. Standard institutional and cultural theories of differences between the countries cannot explain regional variation within the U.S. nor the similarity of Northern Border states to Canada. Although obvious differences between Canadian and U.S. political institutions help account for greater homogeneity among provinces, explaining the overall pattern may require invoking such causes as climate, ethnic diversity, size of political units, and subnational political cultures.
Lessons of Comparison
Authors: Quirk Paul J.
Published: August 2019

This concluding chapter synthesizes the main lessons of the book. Overall, the book suggests that effects of institutions—including those of parliamentary versus presidential or separation-of-powers systems—are contingent on other political circumstances, especially the state of the political party system, and yet that these effects will often shape important outcomes. The chapter reviews the book’s comparisons between the United States (U.S.) and Canada on political values and culture; electoral and party systems; executive leadership and legislative processes; bureaucratic influence; and federalism. It then reviews the comparisons of several policy areas—economic policy, environmental policy (climate change); social policy (healthcare); morality policy (abortion and gay rights); and diversity and inclusion (immigration and civil rights)—and of selected societal outcomes. It discusses the Trump presidency as both an indication and a cause of deterioration in American political institutions, and closes by considering the challenges facing both the U.S. and Canadian political systems.
Mill’s Epiphany
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: August 2019

J. S. Mill’s emotional investment in the Utilitarian program is discussed, and accounted for as an aesthetic response to Benthamism. Associationist psychology is introduced, and it is argued that the young Mill lacked the theoretical resources to explain his own commitment to and identification with the Utilitarian agenda.
Temptations to Incivility
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers why incivility can be very appealing and seeks to reduce its appeal. It discusses the more raw pleasures of incivility, such as our enjoyment at disrespecting opponents, but focuses most on those incivilities we want to count as righteous or morally important. Incivility can seem most tempting precisely when we believe it to serve higher moral purposes—summoning attention to social ills or manifesting important moral views in our conduct. Despite this, the chapter argues, we have strong reasons for self-distrust when we want to be righteously uncivil, for our motivations will rarely be merely righteous. Tribalism, lack of humility, and popular rhetoric that encourages us to see incivility as heroic can encourage self-deception about the righteousness of our motivations.
Rules, Rules, Rules
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

Effective practice of civility and good manners requires that we follow socially shared conventional rules for conduct—etiquette. This chapter undertakes to show just why “big” values such as respect and consideration need “small” rules for their expression. The chapter considers the necessary role played by rules in both habit formation and situational judgment. It addresses the social dynamics that make rules meaningful, discussing how rules enable effective communication of intentions and dispositions. It likewise examines how rules can operate to generate a morally useful uniformity in behavior, guarding us against the expression of pernicious biases and inequities in our treatment of others.
Disappointments and Consolation
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers what we might expect if we live more politely. It is natural to wish that life will just be better for the polite person—that she will find her relationships thriving, her society better, her life more enjoyable and intrinsically rewarding. But this chapter argues that we should not expect radical change. Rather, a key element in living politely is learning to withstand disappointment well. One needs, in other words, to learn how to maintain motivation to remain civil even when the results are not as one would wish. The chapter offers a discussion of how such motivation can be framed and preserved.
Millennial Women and Shifting Gender Expectations
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses sexism in Mormon culture. Dedicated to a particular version of family values in which women are seen as primarily responsible for bearing and nurturing children, Mormonism is sometimes at odds with recent shifts that have taken place in American culture, a divide that is more keenly felt in the younger generation. Adolescence is a time when gender expectations begin to be clearly defined in Mormonism. This can be painful at times, especially for girls who don't submit easily to being groomed for marriage and motherhood. A majority of millennial Mormons are indeed sometimes “bothered” by the fact that women do not hold the priesthood, which is a significant reversal of the views of older Mormons. Not surprisingly, former Mormons are significantly more supportive of women's ordination than current Mormons are.
Minority Mormons and Racial Attitudes
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter assesses the long and complex story about Mormonism and race, particularly with respect to African Americans. Until 1978, the LDS Church forbade priesthood ordination to men of African descent and temple entrance to black men and women, prohibiting them from participating in sacred rituals such as endowments and eternal marriage. Even though that policy was rescinded more than forty years ago, the legacy of the priesthood/temple ban is unsettling for some Mormons who wonder what to do with it theologically. Mormons' views on race are complex and the experiences and views of Mormons of color defy easy characterization. Indeed, while the Church as an institution has made serious efforts to counter racism, the ghosts of past attitudes have not been fully exorcised among members, and the racial composition of the membership is not staying in step with the racial diversity occurring around it.
Exodus
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on millennial former Mormons. As many as half of millennials who were raised Mormon may be leaving the faith, which is a significant change from older generations, which retained closer to three-quarters of childhood adherents. The Next Mormons Survey (NMS) was able to learn more about former Mormons' demographic characteristics, religious beliefs and behaviors, reasons for leaving, and post-Mormon religious lives. The picture that emerges is complex; leaving a religion is often the result of multiple areas of conflict, not just one. Yet there are common threads that weave the stories of people together. Generationally, social issues like the Church's treatment of women and the LGBT community appear to be galvanizing disaffection among younger former Mormons. Another major concern for them was feeling judged or misunderstood.
Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

Resource and environmental managers frequently must deal with ongoing change, complexity, uncertainty, and conflict, often meaning that there is not one obviously correct way to manage situations. In that context, this chapter introduces key concepts related to resource and environmental management: complex social and ecological systems, the Anthropocene, wicked problems, ambiguity, and tipping points. The characteristics of each are described, and their significance explained. In addition, experiences from Tanzania, the Philippines, the United States, and India are presented to illustrate the importance of these concepts in practical resource and environmental management situations. Rangarirai Taruvinga shares a guest statement in which he explores the pressures and options related to social-ecological complexity in Swaziland in Africa.
Governance
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

For decades, natural resources and environmental management was approached as needing scientific and technical expertise, as well as the ability to identify different societal needs and aspirations. Government often was viewed as the dominant decision-maker. Today, it is increasingly recognized that governance is another key element. Here, attention is given to differentiating between governance and government, and to opportunities for different types of governance. With growing recognition of the value of learning from experience, consideration turns to adaptive environmental management. Consideration next is directed to co-management, as an approach to allocate more responsibility and authority to local stakeholders. Two case studies, national parks in England and a mangrove preserve in Tanzania, provide insight into experience with adaptive management and co-management. In his guest statement, Nigel Watson reviews governance arrangements regarding water quality for Loweswater in the Lake District of England.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

Conflicts often emerge during resource and environmental management, but can be positive as well as negative. Positive aspects occur when conflict helps to identify ineffective processes, highlights poorly developed ideas or inadequate information, and reveals misunderstandings. In contrast, conflict can be negative if it is ignored or consciously set aside and leads to misunderstanding and mistrust. This chapter turns first to the nature of disputes, with particular attention to the concept of intractability, as well as how to frame disputes. Four different ways of dealing with disputes are reviewed, with special attention to conditions or factors necessary or desirable for effective use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Case studies consider limits for selenium in Colorado, and experiences of women mining activists in Peru and Ecuador. The guest statement by Jeroen Warner analyzes experience with multistakeholder dispute resolution processes for water in the Netherlands.
Applying Business Perspectives
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, consideration is directed to complementary approaches and methods with foundations in business: the triple bottom line (TBL, or 3Ps—focusing on people, profits, planet), the circular economy, industrial ecology, material flow cost accounting, emergy analysis, eco-labeling, and corporate social responsibility. Each is reviewed and assessed with regard to strengths and weaknesses. Case studies are drawn from Denmark (industrial ecology), China (emergy in an industrial park), and the west and central Pacific Ocean (eco-labeling and certification for tuna). In his guest statement, Bing Xue examines how the circular economy concept has been built into China’s five-year plan for 2016–2020.
Monitoring and Evaluation
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

To improve implementation of policies and plans for resource and environmental management, systematic monitoring and evaluation are essential. In this chapter attention is given first to characteristics, opportunities, and limitations with regard to monitoring and evaluation. Then, three kinds of monitoring and evaluation are examined: environmental auditing; state of environment reports; and geomatics, or Geographical Information Systems (GIS)-based, monitoring and assessments. Detailed case studies cover environmental audits of a mine in Alaska and a tourism resort in Greece; state of environment reports in the European Union, Saskatchewan in Canada, and North Carolina in the United States; and GIS-based monitoring and assessment of wetlands in India and hotspots in the Lake Chad basin in Africa. Tung Fung’s guest statement explains how GIS has been used to monitor and evaluate environmental conditions in Hong Kong.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Ballan Michelle S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the literature on children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in school-based settings. Reasons for the increasing prevalence rates are explored along with the challenges of differential diagnosis. The often unrecognized and undertreated mental health conditions that accompany autism spectrum disorders are discussed. The school mental health professional’s role in assessment and intervention is addressed, with attention paid to the use of response to intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders. The targeted classroom interventions of schedules, story-based interventions, modeling, and joint attention are reviewed. Opportunities to further support students with autism spectrum disorders are identified in collaboration with parents, teachers, and the community at large.
Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Ahlman Chris
Published: August 2019

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) does not describe the typical symptoms noted by researchers of pediatric bipolar disorder under bipolar I or II because there is a great deal of controversy over whether bipolar disorder exists in children. Researchers who have gathered data on children who experience irritability, mood swings, elevated moods, inattention, hyperactivity, defiance, compulsive behaviors, sadness, and sleep problems have called the condition either pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD; for children 3–12) or early-onset bipolar disorder (EOBD; for children 13–18). Students with PBD or EOBD have little control over their mood swings and irritability, calling for a combination of pharmacological and environmental interventions along with close monitoring of any side effects and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. Bipolar disorder in children is considered a progressive condition that manifests differently as the child ages, moving from more irritability, restlessness, and rapid mood swings to less frequent mood swings but longer depressive moods.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Schuetz Nikolaus , Mendenhall Amy N.
Published: August 2019

Anxiety disorders have the highest prevalence of any group of mental disorders. This chapter primarily focuses on three of these anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and separation anxiety disorder. These three anxiety disorders have shared characteristics, are often comorbid, can continue into adulthood, and are predictors of other adulthood anxiety disorders. In schools, where many children and adolescents spend large quantities of time, anxiety can hinder academic performance, inhibit social relationships, and impact other important areas of functioning. Anxiety disorders in children or adolescents should be assessed using tools with empirical support and should include information triangulated from several sources. Treatment should cater to the level of need, such as cognitive-behavior therapy with individuals or groups. Collaborating with teachers, parents, and other community members is important for addressing anxiety thoroughly. A case example portrays these aspects of anxiety disorders in school-age youth.
Elimination Disorders
Authors: Raines James C.
Published: August 2019

Elimination disorders are sometimes considered the ugly step-child in psychiatry. Nocturnal enuresis is the voiding of urine at night and is always involuntary. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) specifically mentions antipsychotic medications as a potential cause. Encopresis is the repeated elimination of feces into inappropriate places, whether voluntary or involuntary. All children with elimination problems should see a pediatrician to rule out medical/physical causes. The prevalence of enuresis has been found to be higher in large or crowded families or in families that practice co-sleeping. A multitiered system of support approach begins with good toilet training and addresses occasional accidents. Simple behavioral treatments can usually resolve the problems. A case example illustrates a typical case.
Rousseau and the Meaning of Popular Sovereignty
Authors: White Stuart
Published: August 2019

Contemporary democratic politics in many nations is characterized by a double anxiety concerning elite and “populist” capture of the political process. While the elitism concern points to the need to reassert popular sovereignty, the “populism” concern might be thought to contradict this. Drawing critically on Rousseau’s political theory, Stuart White develops and defends a normative conception of popular sovereignty that emphasizes the properly active and deliberative character of the popular sovereign. He sketches how this kind of popular sovereignty might be instituitionalized under contemporary conditions, and indicates how this potentially can address both concerns over elitism and populism.
Deliberation and University Governance
Authors: Locke Richard M.
Published: August 2019

In the United States, historical oppression and discrimination have barred certain groups based on their gender, race, religion, sexuality, and socioeconomic class from full participation in higher education. While there has been a long history of protest and pressure to diversify, progress has been mixed. After a recent wave of protests at Brown University, Richard M. Locke faced the task of developing a realistic and coherent university plan for addressing concerns and demands. Implementing insights from Joshua Cohen’s work on deliberation, Locke led a process that resulted in one of the most ambitious university diversity and inclusion action plans in the country. In this chapter, Locke describes the process undertaken and seeks to generalize from the experience at Brown to argue that collective deliberation can be an effective model for how universities can address an array of complex issues faced today.
Introduction
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

Dalits, the world’s largest marginalized group, have mobilized socially and electorally. This chapter introduces the puzzle of Dalit mobilization in India. It defines the three research questions central to addressing the puzzle. What factors shape the nature and the prospects of a marginalized group’s mobilization? How do social movements affect political parties? When does ethnic identity influence voting? It outlines the argument, and explains why mobilization of the marginalized matters. The chapter provides an overview of the social and institutional context for Dalit mobilization. It enumerates the research design, including the strategy for case study selection, and highlights the contributions of the book.
The Effects of Historical Dalit Social Mobilization
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

Much of the anticaste historical mobilization was aimed at social transformation. Did mobilization actually achieve this, though? To what extent can we measure the ideological penetration of movements among Dalits? Among non-Dalits? To what extent do we detect any behavioral changes among either group? This chapter turns to a set of survey-based and qualitative indicators to measure the effects of Dalits’ social mobilization on Dalits and non-Dalits. These indicators, this chapter shows, vary between movement (Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra) and non-movement (Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) states. These factors include the familiarity with Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, including the ability to recognize his picture; attitudes toward policing caste boundaries via issues such as intercaste marriage and conversion; and attitudes toward the practice of untouchability.
Dalit Social Mobilization and Bloc Voting
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

The availability of ethnic blocs is a prerequisite for the success of an ethnic party. This chapter illustrates how Dalits’ historical social mobilization weakens bloc voting. Dalit social movements generate mobilizers and mobilization symbols that increase competition for Dalit votes at the locality-level, lower the utility of caste for differentiating among parties, shift the emphasis to material goods over symbolic goods, and split Dalit voters’ party preferences. Non-movement states were denied these electoral effects of Dalit social mobilization and hence preserved the possibility of bloc voting. The chapter concludes by reconsidering some of the explanations for ethnic party success.
How Mobilization Type Shapes Dalit Welfare
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

When the social mobilization and electoral mobilization of the marginalized occur, they represent their political assertion. Why, then, should we care about the type of collective action that mobilizes the marginalized? This chapter argues that variation in welfare provision at the state level turns on a distinction in types of mobilization. When Dalits act collectively as a bloc, this has different consequences for the social sphere as compared to the electoral sphere. In the social sphere, bloc behavior articulates demands, pressurizes bureaucrats and politicians, and monitors the quality of goods and services provided by the state. Democratic accountability is increased. In the electoral sphere, however, bloc behavior has two especially negative effects. First, it transforms Dalits into weak clients, and second, it increases the probability welfare schemes will be disrupted or dismantled with electoral transfers of power. Democratic accountability is decreased.
Delay
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

Since the early modern period, women have postponed marriage and therefore, in many cases, remained childless. By putting off marriage and childrearing for a decade or longer, women could achieve other goals: a job, some savings, and the respect of their neighbors. To survive, these early modern women learned to take risks, make plans, and act responsibly. In the end, some women never married, and others waited so long that they turned out to be infertile by the time of marriage. These women risked poverty, dependency, and cruel mockery, yet a few articulated the preference for the single life. This chapter examines this early modern period and childlessness.
Whispers
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

In the nineteenth century, contraception and a willingness to use it led to more childlessness within marriage. More women—especially urban women—began to limit their childbearing within marriage, even if they wed during their fertile years. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, concern about childlessness and low fertility became an issue of national security. Childless women were accused of selfishness and race suicide. Demographers in the 1920s and 1930s believed they were witnessing a revolution whose outcome could not be predicted, in which subreplacement fertility was a structural piece of the puzzle. This chapter examines how married women of this time period considered childlessness by choice, a secret reality only discussed in whispered conversations.
Flourishing
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

Discussions about childless should engage a conversation about the fundamental purpose of our lives and how we flourish. On the personal level, the question is, How can lifelong childlessness be part of a good life? On the societal level, the question is, How can it be good for the whole if some people remain childless? Childless women of the past remind us that a good life encompasses a range of experiences. This chapter presents a flexible framework for exploring the lives of childless individuals: how they might thrive, the lacunas that they might need to fill, and how their experiences can help all of us—parents and childless alike—to expand our range of possibilities for the good life.
A Better World
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on two proposals for how childlessness might benefit the greater good. The first are arguments against bearing children due to the unhappiness of human existence. The second are arguments for slowing population growth due to limitations on the world’s resources. Both of these arguments are controversial and some might say completely misguided. Malthus argued that going childless can help save the world, but his critics saw childlessness as a degrading punishment that was undeserved by the victims of industrial capitalism. The existence of childless individuals helps us to imagine dramatic answers to the persistent problems of human suffering and limited resources. Yet not having children isn’t a simple solution to climate change, poverty, inequality, or existential suffering.
Legacy
Authors: Chrastil Rachel
Published: August 2019

What happens to our stuff when we die? How might we reimagine the family tree? Childlessness raises, among others, questions about legacy, inheritance, our relationship with future generations, our ability to shape the future, and the narratives we tell about the past and the future. The author examines several life stories to help readers begin to envision childlessness within a new paradigm of meaning. This chapter encourages readers to consider new metaphors for how they think about childlessness. It ends with considerations about the deep and necessary connections between the childless and the childful within the quest for human flourishing.
Competition Law and the Global Landscape
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter assesses the global landscape. Antitrust law originated in the United States with the passage of the Sherman Act in 1890 as a response to the industrial revolution, the growth of giant enterprises, and the great disparity of wealth that seemed to emerge overnight. In the 1970s, the world trading partners negotiated lower trade barriers under the aegis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and as a result, world trade soared. The World Trade Organization (WTO) then developed as the umbrella over the GATT. Meanwhile, developing countries and regions are seeking out conversations and collaborations of their own that have particular relevance to their context and their state of development. African free trade areas and common markets have formed and are forming, and the more informal African Competition Forum is facilitating cross-fertilization, cooperation, better rules and standards, and discovery of modes of operation suitable to the African countries and peoples.
Better Laws for Africa
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the core and limits of competition law and policy in terms of the values of inclusive development and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. A pro-outsider, pro-inclusive development antitrust policy would value a free and open marketplace without privilege or favor. This perspective is especially critical for African nations and market players without economic power and especially for those populations in societies ruled by a few privileged families or firms, or by autocrats. Pro-outsider competition policy may be implemented not only through competition law enforcement of manageable rules and standards but also through advocacy by the competition authority with partners such as the World Bank, and collaboration with neighbors. The elements of good policy form an interdependent virtuous circle.
Conducting a Field Investigation
Authors: King Michael E. , Bensyl Diana M. , Goodman Richard A. , Rasmussen Sonja A.
Published: August 2019

Performing field investigations is a core function of epidemiology in public health. When a threat to the public’s health occurs, epidemiologists investigate to describe the problem and identify causes, recommend immediate prevention and control measures, and provide a foundation for communicating information quickly to those who need to know to save lives and protect people from future illness. Although diseases and evaluative technologies evolve continually, the approach to conducting an epidemiologic field investigation remains relatively constant. Investigating an outbreak requires both a speedy and accurate response, necessitating a systematic approach that results in action. This chapter describes the basic 10-step approach for conducting an epidemiologic field investigation. Although the steps in this chapter are presented in a numeric and conceptual order, the order sometimes changes in practice. Ultimately, the goal of any epidemiologic field investigation is to use the science of epidemiology to rapidly ensure public health and safety.
Innovation Policy for the Commons
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2019

Chapter 8 examines the implications of the private-ordering institutional perspective on the origin of innovation for innovation policy. It addresses the question of what innovation policy should look like based on the theory of innovation commons, proposing an institutional framework of new innovation policy coming from civil society as much as from government. It examines how the quality of the innovation commons shapes the prospects of an innovation trajectory. It is critical of innovation policy that ignores institutional context, offering policy guidance based on institutional design principles, or a framework of “rules as policy.” The chapter views the fundamental policy problem as addressing discovery failure. It develops the comparative institutional approach to innovation policy using the institutional possibility frontier approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2019

The chapter concludes the book by placing innovation commons in a broader sweep of economic history in order to emphasize the institutional origin of innovation as an outcome of cooperative pooling of information and knowledge. It argues that cooperation to create a common pool resource in order to discover entrepreneurial opportunities is the evolutionary origin of innovation. It explains the institutional origin of innovation as the governance to facilitate this cooperation in order to solve the fundamental economic problem of discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity. The solution is in the use of institutions to pool distributed information. It explores implications for economic theory, and particularly the increased importance of institutional analysis for understanding the economics of innovation, industrial dynamics and economic evolution. It concludes by arguing that the innovation commons is the original sharing economy.
Unraveling the Human Tapestry
Authors: Sparrow Robert
Published: August 2019

If parents are choosing their children’s genes, there is a chance that they will all try to have healthy, long-lived, handsome, and intelligent children. While many have advertised a world of “perfect babies” as a utopia, to some critics the loss of diversity involved would be a disaster. This chapter distinguishes between different sorts of diversity, different putative beneficiaries of the existence of diversity, and different reasons for believing diversity to be valuable. Sparrow argues that the threat posed to valuable kinds of diversity by gene editing is less than critics often fear. He suggests that, where gene editing does pose a plausible threat to a valuable kind of diversity, it might be reasonable to limit the use of gene editing as long as conserving or securing diversity does not require sacrificing the welfare of any individual too much.
Introduction
Authors: McLaren Margaret A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book, explains the context of the project, and introduces a feminist social justice framework based on anti-oppression and anti-exploitation. The chapter also outlines a feminist social justice approach drawn from a wide range of feminist work. One feature of this approach is the connection between theory and practice. The chapter discusses the participant action research that the book uses; interviews and observation of grassroots women’s organizations in India engaged in political and social activism and grounded in economic justice projects informed the feminist social justice framework. This framework offers an alternative to the liberal paradigm of universal human rights, neoliberal economic projects, and cosmopolitanism for analyzing and pursuing global gender justice. The feminist social justice approach recognizes the importance of relationality, intersectionality, and power relations for analyzing the complex relations of oppression women face globally.
The Ignored: Indirect Protection through the TBT, the SPS, the ADA, the AoA, and the Special Treatment Clause
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 complements Chapter 3 by examining the means available for states to indirectly protect animals abroad under trade agreements dealing with technical barriers, sanitary measures, dumping, agriculture, and special treatment for majority world countries. It opens with a discussion of the indirect extraterritorial reach of labels and import restrictions under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and then determines if the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) leaves room for protecting animals through indirect extraterritorial means. This chapter also explores the most appropriate way for members to react to dumping in animal law under the Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA). Finally, it examines how states can use the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and the Special Treatment Clause to indirectly improve the lives of animals abroad through special schemes for subsidies or preferential treatment.
The Unexplored: Direct Extraterritoriality
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 5 examines whether the jurisdictional principles of international law can be used to directly protect animals abroad under the lex lata. It determines how and when states can invoke the territoriality principle, the subjective and objective territoriality principles, the personality principle, and the protective principle in the realm of animal law. By using the subjective and objective territoriality principles, states can regulate continuing offenses (e.g., improper transport or cross-border theft), cross-border crimes committed in different countries, and cross-border duties of care owed to animals. The active personality principle gives states jurisdiction over their nationals or residents when they deal with animals abroad. They can further extend their jurisdiction to multinationals operating worldwide by relying on established doctrines of company law, like piercing the corporate veil or the control theory. The author then shows how the protective principle enables states to protect animals abroad by regulating foreign agricultural industries that significantly pollute the environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E.
Published: August 2019

The final chapter takes a broad and comprehensive perspective, returning to the structural challenges of animal law in an era of globalization and the question of whether extraterritorial jurisdiction can help tackle them. The author identifies the social and societal risks (as opposed to legal risks) that pose a real challenge to the law of jurisdiction and explains why we should not blindly advocate the blanket application of extraterritorial jurisdiction. But these dangers do not release us from the responsibility to protect animals in cross-border relations, as this would subject them to economic laissez-faire. The author uses insights from animal studies and postcolonial studies to describe the steps that must be taken to reconcile these conflicting demands. With these safety valves, the author concludes, extraterritorial animal law has the potential to evolve beyond adversity to multiculturalism, into a tool that facilitates cross-cultural sensibility, awareness of shared histories, and the elimination of oppression.
Of War and Beyond
Authors: Telotte J. P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract: As a conclusion, this chapter considers how the impact of that popular cinematic imagination changed during the war and immediate post-war years, that is, in the lead-up to SF’s coming of age in the 1950s, a coming of age that would be accompanied by film’s own explosion of SF narratives. The chapter argues that film had, during this period, become much more of a cultural “given,” a fact of life, and one that no longer evoked the same sort of SF-like “wonder” that it had during the pre-war era. While still visible in the rhetoric of SF and to a lesser extent in story content, film and the film industry would increasingly move in a different direction in this time, with SF literature, in both its pulp and hardcover forms, finding a new significance and respectability, while that burgeoning SF cinema would struggle to achieve a similarly respectable status.
Functional integration: From path to field integrals
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 2 is rather descriptive and introduces the notion of functional (path and field) integrals, for boson (the holomorphic formalism) as well as fermion systems (this necessitates the introduction of Grassmann integration) as they are used in physics. Prior to the second half of the twentieth century, the technical tools of theoretical physics were mainly differential or partial differential equations. However, when systematic investigations of large scale systems with quantum of statistical fluctuations began, new tools were required. This led to the development of functional integration. In this chapter, the role of Gaussian measures and Gaussian expectation values is emphasized, leading to Wick’s theorem, a tool for perturbative calculations. Functional integrals provide remarkable tools to study the classical limit and barrier penetration. They provide a simple bridge between non–relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
The essential role of functional integrals in modern physics
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 3 illustrates by a number of examples the essential role of functional integrals in physics. For example, the path integral representation of quantum mechanics explains why many basic equations of classical physics satisfy a variational principle, the relation between quantum field theory and the theory of critical phenomena in macroscopic phase transitions. Field integrals are essential for gauge theory quantization, leading to the introduction of Faddeev–Popov ghost fields and BRST symmetry. Lattice gauge theory, the discretized form of field integrals, makes non–perturbative calculations possible. These are at the basis of the calculation of penetration effects in quantum field theory (instanton calculus).
From infinities in quantum electrodynamics to the general renormalization group
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 4 describes a few important steps which have led from the discovery of infinities in quantum electrodynamics in the calculation of Feynman diagrams (ultraviolet divergences (UV divergences)) to the concept of renormalization and renormalization groups (RG). The constructions of quantum (or statistical) field theories (QFTs) and the deeply related RG have been some of the major theoretical achievements in physics of the last century. RG today plays an essential role in the understanding of the properties of QFT and of continuous macroscopic phase transitions. The existence of RG fixed points makes it possible to understand universality when there is no scale decoupling. In particle physics, it leads to the notion of effective field theory and the fine tuning problem in the Higgs particle sector.
Quantum field theory: An effective theory
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 8 discusses effective field theory. This concept is inspired by the theory of critical phenomena in statistical physics and based on renormalization group ideas. The basic idea behind effective field theory is that one starts from a microscopic model involving an infinite number of fluctuating degrees of freedom whose interactions are characterized by a microscopic scale and in which, as a result of interactions, a length that is much larger than the microscopic scale, or, equivalently, a mass much smaller than the characteristic mass scale of the initial model, is generated. The chapter illustrates this topic with examples. It also stresses that all quantum field theories as applied to particle physics or statistical physics are only effective (i.e. not fundamental) theories. Besides the problem of a phi4 type field theory with a large mass field, two more complicated examples are discussed: the Gross–Neveu and the non–linear sigma models.
The non-perturbative renormalization group
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 9 focuses on the non–perturbative renormalization group. Many renormalization group (RG) results are derived within the framework of the perturbative RG. However, this RG is the asymptotic form in some neighbourhood of a Gaussian fixed point of the more general and exact RG, as introduced by Wilson and Wegner, and valid for rather general effective field theories. Chapter 9 describes the corresponding functional RG equations and give some indications about their derivation. A basic role is played by a method of partial field integration, which preserves the locality of the field theory. Note that functional RG equations can also be used to give alternative proofs of perturbative renormalizability within the framework of effective field theories.
Symmetries: From classical to quantum field theories
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 16 deals with the important problem of quantization with symmetries, that is, how to implement symmetries of the classical action in the corresponding quantum theory. The proposed solutions are based on methods like regularization by addition of higher order derivatives or regulator fields, or lattice regularization. Difficulties encountered in the case of chiral theories are emphasized. This may lead to obstacles for symmetric quantization called anomalies. Examples can be found in the case of chiral gauge theories. Their origin can be traced to the problem of quantum operator ordering in products. A non–perturbative regularization, also useful for numerical simulations, is based on introducing a space lattice. Difficulties appear for lattice Dirac fermions, leading the fermion doubling problem. Wilson’s fermions provide a non–chiral invariant solution. Chiral invariant solutions have been found, called overlap fermions or domain wall fermions.
Periodic semi-classical vacuum, instantons and anomalies
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 18 describes a few systems where the classical action has an infinite number of degenerate minima but, in the quantum theory, this degeneracy is lifted by barrier penetration effects. The simplest example is the cosine periodic potential and leads to the band structure. Technically, this corresponds to the existence of instantons, solutions to classical equations in imaginary time. In all examples, we show that the classical solutions are constrained by Bogomolnyi’s inequalities, which involve topological charges associated to a winding number and defining homotopy classes. In the case of quantum chromodynamics, this leads to the famous strong CP violation problem.
Quantum field theory at finite temperature
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 21 is devoted to quantum field theory at finite temperature, a topic that is relevant, for example, to high energy heavy ion collisions. Some similarity with finite size systems is pointed out with the relevance of zero modes. Finite temperature phase transitions are studied. An interesting issue concerns the conditions for dimensional reduction, that is, when can the initial field theory be replaced by an effective field theory without time dimension? The results of one–loop reduced action are presented. The solutions of RG equations are discussed. A few models with O(N) symmetry are investigated in the large N limit, which makes it possible to study directly crossover scale and the problem of dimensional crossover. The problem of dimensional reduction in Abelian gauge theories is examined.
Field theory: Perturbative expansion and summation methods
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean
Published: August 2019

Chapter 23 examines perturbative expansion and summation methods in field theory. In quantum field theory, all perturbative expansions are divergent series in the mathematical sense. This leads to a difficulty when the expansion parameter is not small. In the case of Borel summable series, using the knowledge of the large order behaviour, a number of summation techniques have been developed to derive convergent sequences from divergent series. Some methods apply directly on the series like Padé approximants or order–dependent mapping (the ODM method). Others involve first a Borel transformation, like the Padé–Borel method. The method of Borel transformation, suitably modified, followed by a conformal mapping, has been applied to renormalization group (RG) functions of the phi43 field theory and has led to precise values of critical exponents.