bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of age and extraction solvent on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of fresh Moringa oleifera L. leaves
Authors: Nobossé Pierre , Fombang Edith N. , Mbofung Carl M. F.
Published: September 2018

Antioxidant activity (AOA) and phytochemical content of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves were determined as a function of their age and extraction solvent. Fresh Moringa leaves aged 30, 45, and 60 days were harvested and extracted with three solvents; methanol, ethanol, and water. AOA of leaf extracts was measured using radical scavenging assays (DPPH, ABTS, antiperoxide activity [APA]) and reducing assays (FRAP and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]), and these were correlated with total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and chlorophyll contents of leaves. Significant variability (p < 0.05) in TPC and AOA of Moringa leaf extracts was observed with age and extraction solvent as well as their interaction. TPC and TFC increased with maturity, except in aqueous extract. The 60‐day‐old leaves showed highest TPC, TFC, and tocopherol contents with highest DPPH activity. On their part, 30‐day‐old leaves recorded better vitamin C, chlorophyll, and carotenoids with highest ABTS activity and APA. Methanol was best extraction solvent for TPC (4.6 g GAE/100 g DM) while ethanol was for flavonoids (1.8 g CE/100 g DM). Ethanol extracts exhibited the highest DPPH activity (53.3%–71.1%), while both ethanolic and methanolic extracts had similar and higher ABTS+ activity (3.83–3.86 g AAE/100 g DM). Strong positive correlations (r ≥ 0.8; p < 0.05) were observed between chlorophyll content and DPPH, ABTS, and APA, suggesting that chlorophyll was the major contributor to AOA. TAC was highest in aqueous solvent. Free radical scavenging activity in Moringa leaves is positively correlated to chlorophyll, TFC, and TPC while reducing power is positively correlated to chlorophyll and TPC. AOA of fresh Moringa leaf extract is a function of its phytochemical content and is influenced by both the age of the leaves and the extraction solvent used. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of 45‐day‐old Moringa leaves exhibited best antioxidant potentials.
Improving the quality of maternity services in Nepal through accelerated implementation of essential interventions by healthcare professional associations
Authors: Spira Cintia , Dhital Rolina , Jacob Sue , Dangal Ganesh , Gurung Geeta , Prasad Shrestha Laxman , Prasad Bista Krishna , Bajracharya Kiran , Bajrachayra Lata , Baral Gehanath , Maiya Kaway Nani , Rushawn Hamid , Cooper Peter , Day‐Stirk Frances , Berrueta Mabel , Gibbons Luz , García‐Elorrio Ezequiel , Belizán José M.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To assess whether the implementation of a package of activities through the joint action of three international healthcare professional associations (HCPAs) increased the use of essential interventions (EIs) for delivery and neonatal care.

Methods

A noncontrolled pre‐intervention versus post‐intervention study was conducted from June 13 to December 13, 2016, among women older than 18 years of age, who had delivered at one of two urban tertiary hospitals in Nepal.

Results

The study included 9252 women. Minimal change was found after the implementation of EIs that were used frequently at baseline (e.g. social support during delivery in the emergency room, and promotion and support for early initiation of breastfeeding). By contrast, an increase was recorded for some EIs that had not been used regularly at baseline. For example, the rate of timely administration of prophylactic antibiotics before cesarean delivery increased from 0.0% (0/496) to 94.0% (409/435) at one hospital. Nonetheless, some EIs with low use at baseline did not show improvement after implementation (e.g. kangaroo mother care).

Conclusion

The present study strengthened previous findings regarding the uptake of EIs following joint promotion by HCPAs in low‐income settings.
First‐in‐Asian Phase I Study of the Anti‐Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Monoclonal Antibody, Burosumab: Safety and Pharmacodynamics in Adults With X‐linked Hypophosphatemia
Authors: Cheong Hae Il , Yoo Han‐Wook , Adachi Masanori , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Ikuma , Hasegawa Yukihiro , Harada Daisuke , Sugimoto Maiko , Okada Yosuke , Kato Masaki , Shimazaki Ryutaro , Ozono Keiichi , Seino Yoshiki
Published: September 2018

X‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a disease caused by abnormally elevated FGF23 levels, which cause persistent hypophosphatemia accompanied by subsequent reduction in bone mineralization that presents as rickets or osteomalacia. Burosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody targeting FGF23 that is under development for the treatment of FGF23‐related hypophosphatemia including XLH. The safety, tolerability, and proof of concept of burosumab have been evaluated in patients with XLH in previous studies conducted in countries outside of Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and expression of anti‐drug antibodies in Japanese and Korean adults with XLH. This was a multicenter, sequential dose‐escalation, open‐label, single‐dose study. This study began with cohort 1 (s.c. dose of burosumab 0.3 mg/kg), after which the dose was escalated sequentially in cohort 2 (s.c. dose of burosumab 0.6 mg/kg) and cohort 3 (s.c. dose of burosumab 1.0 mg/kg). The PK of burosumab were linear within the dose range of 0.3 to 1.0 mg/kg. The PD effects such as serum phosphorus concentration, serum 1,25[OH]2D3 concentration, and ratio of tubular maximum reabsorption rate of phosphate to glomerular filtration rate (TmP/GFR) were elevated after a single s.c. administration. The area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve from 0 to t (AUC0–t) values calculated using the change from baseline values of serum phosphorus, serum 1,25(OH)2D3, and TmP/GFR were correlated with the AUC0–t of burosumab. Furthermore, no serious adverse events (AEs), deaths, remarkable increase or decrease in the corrected calcium or intact PTH levels, or signs of nephrocalcinosis or its worsening were observed after treatment. Some AEs and drug‐related AEs were observed; however, there were no clinically meaningful tendencies. The positive effects and acceptable safety profile seen in this study are encouraging for Japanese and Korean patients with XLH. © 2018 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
TLR4 Promotes and DAP12 Limits Obesity‐Induced Osteoarthritis in Aged Female Mice
Authors: Kalaitzoglou Evangelia , Lopes Erika Barboza Prado , Fu Yao , Herron Jacquelyn C , Flaming Josiah M , Donovan Elise L , Hu Yanqing , Filiberti Adrian , Griffin Timothy M , Humphrey Mary Beth
Published: September 2018

Aging and female sex are the strongest risk factors for nontraumatic osteoarthritis (OA); whereas obesity is a modifiable risk factor accelerating OA. Prior studies indicate that the innate immune receptor toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates obesity‐induced metabolic inflammation and cartilage catabolism via recognition of damage‐associated molecular patterns and is increased with aging in OA joints. TLR4 responses are limited by innate immunoreceptor adapter protein DNAX‐activating protein of 12kDA (DAP12). We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that TLR4 promotes, whereas DAP12 limits, obesity‐accelerated OA in aged female mice. We fed 13‐ to 15‐month‐old female WT, TLR4 KO, and DAP12 KO mice a high‐fat diet (HFD) or a control diet for 12 weeks, and changes in body composition, glucose tolerance, serum cytokines, and insulin levels were compared. Knee OA was evaluated by histopathology and μCT. Infrapatellar fat pads (IFPs) were analyzed by histomorphometry and F4/80+ crown‐like structures were quantified. IFPs and synovium gene expression were analyzed using a targeted insulin resistance and inflammation array. All HFD‐treated mice became obese, but only WT and TLR4 KO mice developed glucose intolerance. HFD induced cartilage catabolism in WT and DAP12 KO female mice, but not in TLR4 KO mice. Gene‐expression analysis of IFPs and synovium showed significant differences in insulin signaling, adipokines, and inflammation between genotypes and diets. Unlike young mice, systemic inflammation was not induced by HFD in the older female mice independent of genotype. Our findings support the conclusion that TLR4 promotes and DAP12 limits HFD‐induced cartilage catabolism in middle‐aged female mice. © 2018 The Authors JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase 1–associated glycolysis is regulated by miR‐409‐3p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yongjun , He Yanfa , Bai Hongzhong , Dang Yi , Gao Jiangyan , Lv Pei
Published: September 2018

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most popular kidney cancer in adults. Metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis is a fundamental factor for ccRCC therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are thought to be important regulators in ccRCC development and progression. Phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is required for metabolic activation; however, the role of PDK1‐induced glycolytic metabolism regulated by miRNAs is unclear in ccRCC. So, the purpose of the current study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism in ccRCC cell metabolism mediated by PDK1. Our results revealed that miR‐409‐3p inhibited glycolysis by regulating PDK1 expression in ccRCC cells. We also found that miR‐409‐3p was regulated by hypoxia. Our results indicated that PDK1 facilitated ccRCC cell glycolysis, regulated by miR‐409‐3p in hypoxia.
Integrin alpha x stimulates cancer angiogenesis through PI3K/Akt signaling–mediated VEGFR2/VEGF‐A overexpression in blood vessel endothelial cells
Authors: Wang Jingshu , Yang Lina , Liang Fan , Chen Yaping , Yang Gong
Published: September 2018

Integrin alpha x (ITGAX), a member of the integrin family, usually serves as a receptor of the extracellular matrix. Recently, accumulating evidence suggests that ITGAX may be involved in angiogenesis in dendritic cells. Herein, we report a direct role of ITGAX in angiogenesis during tumor development. Overexpression of ITGAX in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) enhanced their proliferation, migration, and tube formation and promoted xenograft ovarian tumor angiogenesis and growth. Further study showed that overexpression of ITGAX activated the PI3k/Akt pathway, leading to the enhanced expression of c‐Myc, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A), and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), whereas, the treatment of cells with PI3K inhibitor diminished these effects. Besides, c‐Myc was observed to bind to the VEGF‐A promoter. By Co‐Immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay, we manifested the interaction between ITGAX and VEGFR2 or the phosphorylated VEGFR2. Immunostaining of human ovarian cancer specimens suggested that endothelial cells of micro–blood vessels displayed strong expression of VEGF‐A, c‐Myc, VEGFR2, and the PI3K signaling molecules. Also, overexpression of ITGAX in HUVECs could stimulate the spheroid formation of ovarian cancer cells. Our study uncovered that ITGAX stimulates angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt signaling–mediated VEGFR2/VEGF‐A overexpression during cancer development.
Matrix stiffness mediates stemness characteristics via activating the Yes‐associated protein in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Tan Fengbo , Huang Yan , Pei Qian , Liu Heli , Pei Haiping , Zhu Hong
Published: September 2018

Matrix stiffness is an essential physical microenvironment in solid cancer. However, its influence on cancer stemness still remains elusive. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line HCT‐116 was cultured in the matrix with various stiffness. The siYAP was applied to detect the changes of stemness markers. The cancer stemness markers, Yes‐associated protein (YAP), Lamin A/C and downstream protein molecules, and their activation were measured after the treatment with anti‐β1‐integrin and FAK inhibitors. In CRC tissue samples, collagen deposition and the expression of α‐SMA and CD133 were detected. The study found that the expression level of stemness markers and Lamin A/C increased as the matrix stiffness raised and was regulated by YAP activation in CRC stem cells. Inhibition of β1‐integrin and FAK activation in a high stiffness cell culture medium significantly decreased the activation of YAP, PI3K, and AKT. Collagen was highly deposited in the CRC invasive tumor front (ITF), and the expression of CD133 was higher in ITF compared with normal tissue and the tumor cells. Moreover, the expression level of α‐SMA was positively correlated with CD133 expression level. Together, our results suggest that activation of YAP in CRC plays an important role in the promotion of cancer stem cell properties by extracellular matrix stiffness in CRC.
Autophagy in osteoporosis: Relation to oxidative stress
Authors: Ezzat Sara , Louka Manal L , Zakaria Zeiad M , Nagaty Magda M , Metwaly Radwan G
Published: September 2018

Impaired autophagy and oxidative stress are implicated in the development of many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of autophagy represented by autophagy‐related gene 7 (Atg7) and oxidative stress represented by superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) gene expression and enzyme activity in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Atg7 and SOD2 gene relative expression were evaluated by SYBR green quantitative real‐time‐polymerase chain reaction in the osteoporotic group (n = 26) versus the osteoporosis free group (n = 14). SOD2 enzyme activity was evaluated by colorimetric method in both study groups. Both Atg7 and SOD2 relative expression showed highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) between both groups. However, SOD2 enzyme activity showed no significant difference between the two groups. There was a significant direct correlation between Atg7 and SOD2 gene expression in both study groups. Atg7 relative expression showed significant (
P < 0.01) direct correlation with vitamin D serum levels and body mass index in osteoporotic group. In conclusion, both genes are involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and this could be amenable to future therapeutic intervention.
LncRNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to upregulate SIRT1 by sponging miR‐34a in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Gao Lu , Wang Xiaofang , Guo Sen , Xiao Lili , Liang Cui , Wang Zheng , Li Yapeng , Liu Yuzhou , Yao Rui , Liu Yuan , Zhang Yanzhou
Published: September 2018

The HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), a highly abundant and conserved imprinted gene, has been implicated in many essential biological processes and diseases. However, to date, the significance of HOTAIR in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has never been investigated. The current study was designed to determine whether DCM can be regulated by HOTAIR and to elucidate the related mechanism. In vivo, streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally to induce type 1 diabetes in mice. Cardiomyocyte specific HOTAIR overexpression was achieved using an adeno‐associated virus system 12 weeks after STZ injection. In vitro, H9c2 were used to explore the potential molecular mechanism of HOTAIR in the regulation of high‐glucose‐induced cardiomyocyte injury. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were performed to explore the relationship between HOTAIR, microRNA‐34a (miR‐34a), and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). HOTAIR expression was significantly decreased in diabetic mice hearts. Knockdown of HOTAIR in high glucose‐induced H9c2 resulted in increased oxidative injury, inflammation, and apoptosis in vitro. Cardiomyocyte‐specific overexpression of HOTAIR improved cardiac function, decreased oxidative stress and inflammation, and attenuated myocyte death in mice treated with STZ. Mechanistically, the expression of SIRT1/forkhead box protein O1 was significantly increased in the HOTAIR‐overexpressing hearts compared with the control hearts treated with STZ. Moreover, we found HOTAIR functioned as a molecular sponge of miR‐34a in H9c2 and SIRT1 was identified as a target of miR‐34a. Furthermore, the protective effects of HOTAIR on DCM was abolished in SIRT1 deficiency mice in vivo. HOTAIR protected against DCM via activation of the SIRT1 expression by sponging miR‐34a.
Ex vivo magnifying endoscopic observation of bile duct mucosa using narrowband imaging
Authors: Ishida Yusuke , Okabe Yoshinobu , Yasumoto Makiko , Naito Yoshiki , Nakama Yohei , Kitasato Yuhei , Ishikawa Hiroto , Hisaka Toru , Tsuruta Osamu , Torimura Takuji
Published: September 2018

Background

Detailed endoscopic findings of the bile duct mucosa have not been fully established. This fundamental ex vivo study assesses the relationship between magnified endoscopic findings and pathological findings of the bile duct mucosa.

Methods

Forty‐one surgically resected common bile duct mucosae were investigated. Each common bile duct was cut open longitudinally for ex vivo endoscopic observation. A magnifying endoscope commonly used for the gastrointestinal tract was used, using both white light imaging and narrowband imaging. After pathological diagnosis, the association between the magnifying endoscopic findings and histopathology was evaluated.

Results

Totally, 39 non‐neoplastic mucosae and 13 neoplastic mucosae were evaluated. In 13 non‐neoplastic mucosae without inflammation, an oval‐shaped depressed area and a fine, regular network of microvessels were observed. These findings were not clearly seen or not seen at all in the non‐neoplastic mucosae with inflammation. Although vessels with loop‐like structure were observed on all eight papillary tumors of 13 neoplastic mucosae, no characteristic vessels were seen on the other five.

Conclusions

Ishida and colleagues assessed the association between magnifying endoscopic findings and histopathological findings of the bile duct mucosa ex vivo. Oval‐shaped, depressed areas and a fine, regular network of microvessels are characteristic features of normal bile duct mucosa, while loop structures may be indicative of a type of tumor vessel.
Picture level control method for bright regions of HDR images in power management of large AMOLED displays
Authors: Okada Takuya , Usui Takenobu , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Onoye Takao , Fujisaki Yoshihide
Published: September 2018

Herein, a picture control method designed to facilitate power management of large active‐matrix organic‐light‐emitting‐diode displays is proposed. In this method, Hybrid Log‐Gamma (HLG) pictures are presented simply by multiplying the upper half of the picture level by the gain corresponding to the power suppression. HLG is a standard for high‐dynamic‐range images. The controlled picture is processed by nominal luminance transformation, as well as by color conversion from red–green–blue into hue–saturation–value (HSV) imagery. Results obtained via simulations show that high‐contrast HLG pictures can be better simulated by our proposed method than by currently used conventional methods. The simulation results also demonstrate that when the picture is presented using the proposed power consumption management method, both the dark and bright regions show less deterioration. In addition, through an examination of image histograms created to elucidate detail descriptions of simulated pictures in the red–green–blue and HSV color spaces, we found that using HSV color conversion in conjunction with the proposed method mitigates chromaticity shift and that the feasibility of HSV color conversions could be quantitatively clarified by the evaluation of color differences defined by the Euclidean distance in a uniform color space.
Light quantity, not photoperiod terminates diapause in the crustacean Daphnia
Authors: Ślusarczyk M. , Flis S.
Published: September 2018

While light controls dormancy occurrence in various groups of organisms, it may play different roles in its initiation and termination. Seasonally changing photoperiod is frequently used to announce cyclical events and trigger diapause initiation in advance of seasonal changes. A similar role for photoperiod has often been uncritically extended to diapause termination. In the present study we investigated the role of photoperiod and light quantity in diapause termination of resting eggs of a freshwater crustacean. In a few tests, a cohort of resting eggs of Daphnia magna were incubated under various light conditions. A short‐day photoperiod appeared as successful as a long day or artificial one in reactivating resting eggs. The hatching proportion was more related to total light energy applied than to its temporal pattern. The hatching proportion increased asymptotically from 0% reported after 6 h of light exposition or shorter, to 32% after 48 h of total light period of moderate intensity (55 μmol m−2 s−1). Longer light exposition did not increase hatching success considerably. A 15 times lower light intensity (3.5 vs. 55 μmol m−2 s−1) applied for a given period of time (96 h) resulted in a 3 times lower hatching success. Our results challenge the common opinion of the decisive role of photoperiod in diapause termination and support the alternative light‐energy threshold hypothesis. It seems that the resting eggs of D. magna do not monitor seasonal changes of the photoperiod but reactivate after completion of the refractory period and accumulation of a certain amount of light energy dose.
Appendectomy and risk of Parkinson's disease in two large prospective cohorts of men and women
Authors: Palacios Natalia , Hughes Katherine C. , Cereda Emanuele , Schwarzschild Michael A. , Ascherio Alberto
Published: September 2018

Background: Prior work on appendectomy and PD has produced mixed results. In this study we examined whether history of self‐reported appendectomy was related to risk of incident Parkinson's disease in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study.

Methods: We used the Cox proportional hazards model to estimate the hazard ratio of Parkinson's disease associated with self‐report of appendectomy in men and women. Among women, we estimated the hazard ratio of Parkinson's disease associated with appendectomy for appendicitis and incidental appendectomy.

Results: In pooled analyses, self‐report of any appendectomy was not related to Parkinson's disease risk: the hazard ratio of Parkinson's disease comparing participants who reported any appendectomy with those who did not was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.94‐1.23). In women, appendectomy for appendicitis, but not incidental appendectomy, was associated with a modestly elevated risk of Parkinson's disease (hazard ratio, 1.23 [95% confidence interval, 1.00‐1.50]).

Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests limited to no association between appendectomy and Parkinson's disease risk. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
3D high‐resolution imaging of 2‐hydroxyglutarate in glioma patients using DRAG‐EPSI at 3T in vivo
Authors: An Zhongxu , Tiwari Vivek , Baxter Jeannie , Levy Michael , Hatanpaa Kimmo J. , Pan Edward , Maher Elizabeth A. , Patel Toral R. , Mickey Bruce E. , Choi Changho
Published: September 2018

Purpose

To develop 3D high‐resolution imaging of 2‐hydroxyglutarate (2HG) at 3T in vivo.

Methods

Echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging with dual‐readout alternated‐gradients (DRAG‐EPSI), which was recently reported for 2D imaging of 2HG at 7T, was tested for 3D imaging of 2HG at 3T. The frequency drifts and acoustic noise induced by DRAG‐EPSI were investigated in comparison with conventional EPSI. Four patients with IDH‐mutant gliomas were enrolled for 3D imaging of 2HG and other metabolites. A previously reported 2HG‐tailored TE 97‐ms PRESS sequence preceded the DRAG‐EPSI readout gradients. Unsuppressed water, acquired with EPSI, was used as reference for multi‐channel combination, eddy‐current compensation, and metabolite quantification. Spectral fitting was conducted with the LCModel using in‐house basis sets.

Results

With gradient strength of 4 mT/m and slew rate of 20 mT/m/ms, DRAG‐EPSI produced frequency drifts smaller by 5.5‐fold and acoustic noise lower by 25 dB compared to conventional EPSI. In a 19‐min scan, 3D DRAG‐EPSI provided images of 2HG with precision (CRLB <10%) at a resolution of 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 for a field of view of 240 × 180 × 80 mm3. 2HG was estimated to be 5 mM in a pre‐treatment patient. In 3 post‐surgery patients, 2HG estimates were 3–6 mM, and the 2HG distribution was different from the water‐T2 image pattern or highly concentrated in the post‐contrast enhancing region.

Conclusion

Together with 2HG‐optimized PRESS, DRAG‐EPSI provides an effective tool for reliable 3D high‐resolution imaging of 2HG at 3T in vivo.
Integrated radio‐frequency/wireless coil design for simultaneous MR image acquisition and wireless communication
Authors: Darnell Dean , Cuthbertson Jonathan , Robb Fraser , Song Allen W. , Truong Trong‐Kha
Published: September 2018

Purpose

An innovative radio‐frequency (RF) coil design that allows RF currents both at the Larmor frequency and in a wireless communication band to flow on the same coil is proposed to enable simultaneous MRI signal reception and wireless data transfer, thereby minimizing the number of wired connections in the scanner without requiring any modifications or additional hardware within the scanner bore.

Methods

As a first application, the proposed integrated RF/wireless coil design was further combined with an integrated RF/shim coil design to perform not only MR image acquisition and wireless data transfer, but also localized B0 shimming with a single coil. Proof‐of‐concept phantom experiments were conducted with such a coil to demonstrate its ability to simultaneously perform these three functions, while maintaining the RF performance, wireless data integrity, and B0 shimming performance.

Results

Performing wirelessly controlled shimming of localized B0 inhomogeneities with the coil substantially reduced the B0 root‐mean‐square error (>70%) and geometric distortions in echo‐planar images without degrading the image quality, signal‐to‐noise ratio (<1.7%), or wireless data throughput (maximum variance = 0.04 Mbps) of the coil.

Conclusions

The RF/wireless coil design can provide a solution for wireless data transfer that can be easily integrated into existing MRI scanners for a variety of applications.
Gamma‐aminobutyric acid transaminase genetic polymorphism is a candidate locus for responsiveness to opioid analgesics in patients with cancer pain: An exploratory study
Authors: Yokoshima Yaeko , Sumitani Masahiko , Nishizawa Daisuke , Nagashima Makoto , Ikeda Kazutaka , Kato Ryoji , Hozumi Jun , Abe Hiroaki , Azuma Kenji , Tsuchida Rikuhei , Yamada Yoshitsugu ,   Japanese TR‐Cancer Pain Research Group
Published: September 2018

Aim

Cancer pain impairs not only physical functions but also social functions and roles. Consequently, the overall health‐related quality of life of patients with cancer pain deteriorates. Opioid analgesics are recommended for treating moderate to strong cancer pain. Advances in human genome research have fueled a growing interest to understand individual differences in responsiveness to opioid analgesics. This study aimed to explore and identify novel loci for genes predisposing an individual to opioid analgesic responsiveness.

Methods

A total of 71 cancer patients rated their pain on an 11‐point numerical rating scale twice before and after increasing opioid analgesics. A genomewide association study focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was conducted to associate pain decrease with increased dosage of opioid analgesics based on weight (ie, responsiveness to opioid analgesics). A genomewide significance (P < 5E‐8) was set for multiplicity of analyses to control for false positives.

Results

Two SNPs passed the genomewide threshold for significance. One exonic SNP (rs1641025) was located in the ABAT [4‐aminobutyrate aminotransaminase (GABA transaminase)] gene on chromosome 16. The other SNP (rs12494691) was located on chromosome 3, which was not associated with any known genes. These SNPs were not associated with opioid‐related adverse effects.

Conclusions

Our results preliminarily suggest that both SNPs might be potential candidate loci for responsiveness to opioid analgesics, and GABA transaminase might be a possible target for developing adjuvant pharmacotherapy with opioid analgesics in adjuvant pharmacotherapy. Our results should be validated in a large‐scale study with a larger sample size.
How and why to re‐engage: Reaching out to those who know you
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: September 2018

Last year, I signed up for Stitch Fix, one of those monthly subscriber boxes — this one aimed at clothing based on your tastes. It was fun to get packages; I likened it to a holiday or birthday gift, but once a month instead of once a year. The thrill of the surprise never got old. But it got pricey. So, I canceled.
Use outcomes‐based funding to your advantage
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: September 2018

NASHVILLE, Tenn. — More than 40 states currently have a statewide goal for degree completion, and many of those states tie funding to meeting those completion goals. “There is a strong likelihood that your state is tying funding for higher education to state completion goals — soon, if they haven't already,” said Steven P. Gentile, associate chief fiscal officer of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission. Tennessee is a state with ambitious completion goals, with outcomes‐based funding tied to meeting the goals.
Plant‐Based Antioxidant Nanoparticles without Biological Toxicity
Authors: Shikinaka Kazuhiro , Nakamura Masaya , Navarro Ronald R. , Otsuka Yuichiro
Published: September 2018

Here, we present a function to derive non‐deteriorated nanoparticulated lignin as an antioxidant without biological toxicity that is supplied through the simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and comminution of plants. The lignin exhibits an oxygen radical absorption capacity, even in its macromolecular nature. The non‐deteriorated lignin nanoparticles never inhibit the biological activity of living things, despite their antioxidant nature. The oxygen radical absorption capacity of lignin is dependent on its botanical origin and monomeric structure. A stable organic radical in lignin is responsible for the antioxidant nature of non‐deteriorated lignin. The organic radical of non‐deteriorated lignin, which yields a distinct signal on electron spin resonance spectra, serves as a spin trap reagent that detects the emergence of short lifespan radicals as the change of radical concentration of the lignin. The presented discovery of non‐deteriorated lignin will induce not only the industrial utilization of plant biomass polymers in pharmaceuticals and reagents, but also advance our scientific understanding of the antioxidant function of native lignin.
Sexuality and cancer: The experience of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Soanes Louise , White Isabel
Published: September 2018

There are many components affecting the experience of sexuality for adolescents and young adults living with and beyond cancer. For patients, the interruption to normal socialization creates gaps in information and experience that potentially hinder development. In clinical practice, conversations relating to sexual consequences of illness or treatment are rare, as are age‐appropriate assessment and intervention. In service design, the collaborative approach of oncofertility has yet to be replicated for sexuality. This paper considers how these obstacles can be overcome through local service development to address unmet need and promote sexual well‐being for this group of patients.
Quantitative NMR analysis of L‐Dopa in seeds from two varieties of Mucuna pruriens
Authors: Fernandez‐Pastor Ignacio , Luque‐Muñoz Antonio , Rivas Francisco , Medina‐O’Donnell Marta , Martinez Antonio , Gonzalez‐Maldonado Rafael , Haidour Ali , Parra Andres
Published: September 2018

Introduction

L‐Dopa, a key neurotransmitter used to treat neural disorders such as Parkinson's disease, is found in the seeds of the genus Mucuna at a sufficient concentration for possible commercial use.

Objective

To develop a simple and reliable method to extract L‐Dopa from M. pruriens seeds in an aqueous medium and then quantitate this compound using a 1H qNMR method (internal standard); and also to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of this method with an NMR calibration curve.

Methodology

The extraction method of L‐Dopa from M. pruriens was optimized. The quantitation with single point quantitative NMR (qNMR) and NMR calibration curve was based on the resonance properties of the main functional groups of the L‐Dopa molecule, in particular the signals of the three aromatic protons, which were compared with the signal of an internal standard such as syringic acid. The accuracy (precision and trueness) and reproducibility of both NMR techniques were evaluated.

Results

The methods of single point qNMR and NMR calibration curve, applied to the seeds of two M. pruriens varieties, gave very similar L‐Dopa contents: 3.0–3.2% and 3.0–3.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

The statistical analysis confirmed the accuracy and reproducibility of this single point qNMR method (internal standard) for determining L‐Dopa, as well as other commercial preparations of this species, without performing an NMR calibration curve.
The New Face of the Lipid Droplet: Lipid Droplet Proteins
Authors: Zhang Congyan , Liu Pingsheng
Published: September 2018

The lipid droplet (LD) is an organelle with vital functions found in nearly all organisms. LD proteomic research has provided fundamentally important insights into this organelle's functions. The review provides a summary of LD proteomic studies conducted across diverse organisms and cell and tissue types. The accumulated proteomic data are reviewed for evidence of a protein targeting mechanism for the organelle. The hypotheses for several specific localization mechanisms based on what is known about targeting mechanisms for other organelles and vesicles are provided. Although the nature of the mechanism is not known, the functional data demonstrate that the targeting mechanism and, indeed, the organelle itself, is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. It is hoped that the review will help inspire further research leading to novel discoveries in the field.
Universal Soluble Polymer Supports with Precisely Controlled Loading Capacity for Sequence‐Defined Oligomer Synthesis
Authors: Oswald Laurence , Al Ouahabi Abdelaziz , Laure Chloé , Amalian Jean‐Arthur , Charles Laurence , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: September 2018

Soluble supports, with optimal molecular structures for iterative oligomer synthesis, were prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene with Fmoc‐amino ethyl methacrylate. Size exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance indicated formation of copolymers with controlled chain lengths, chain ends, dispersity, and comonomer compositions. These polymers were afterward subjected to two subsequent modifications steps: (a) the debromination of their ω‐chain ends via a tributyltin hydride treatment and (b) the removal of the Fmoc‐protecting groups in acidic conditions, thus leading to bromine‐free copolymers with a precise primary amine loading capacity. These universal amine‐containing precursors were then derived into a variety of functional supports. A glycine‐loaded Wang‐type soluble polystyrene support was prepared in two steps and tested for peptide synthesis as well as for the preparation of digital oligo(alkoxyamine amide)s. In both cases, it was possible to obtain uniform sequence‐defined oligomers as evidenced by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. However, each type of oligomer required specific experimental conditions and therefore soluble supports with an adapted loading capacity for optimal synthesis. Furthermore, the amine‐containing universal precursors were also transformed into soluble supports for iterative phosphoramidite chemistry. A support was specifically conceived for the iterative synthesis of abiotic digital oligo(phosphodiester)s and another one was designed for oligonucleotide synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 403–410
Spontaneous fracture of indwelling pleural catheter
Authors: Yagnik Lokesh , Shrestha Ranjan
Published: September 2018

Indwelling pleural catheters (IPCs) are increasingly used for the management of symptomatic malignant pleural effusion worldwide. IPCs have been documented to reduce the number of hospital bed days in patients with malignant pleural effusion and thus are often used as the preferred mode of management in fit healthy patients with good performance status. Complications related to IPCs, mainly in the form of pleural infection and needle tract metastasis, are well reported in the literature. Similarly, fracture of IPCs is a recognized complication during the process of IPC removal. We report the first ever case of spontaneous fracture of IPC in a patient with Stage IV lung cancer with malignant pleural effusion who was undergoing active chemotherapy and symptomatic management of the pleural effusion with an IPC.
Effect of anodizing conditions on the cell morphology of anodic films on AA2024‐T3 alloy
Authors: Torrescano‐Alvarez Jeanette M. , Curioni Michele , Zhou Xiaorong , Skeldon Peter
Published: September 2018

The effects of applied current density, anodizing time, and electrolyte temperature on the cell and pore morphology of anodic films and the voltage‐time response obtained during galvanostatic anodizing of AA2024‐T3 alloy in sulphuric acid electrolytes have been studied. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to observe the film morphology. Sponge‐like porous structure was promoted by anodizing at relatively low current density and high electrolyte temperature. In contrast, linear porous structure was favoured under the converse conditions. Intermediate conditions resulted in films containing either sequential layers of the 2 morphologies or a morphology incorporating features of the 2 types; such conditions were associated with anodizing voltages in the range 25 to 35 V. The reasons for the morphological differences are proposed to be due to interactions between film growth stresses and stresses arising from oxygen evolution on the development of the alumina cells.
Effects of aloe emodin on U87MG glioblastoma cell growth: In vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Arcella Antonietta , Oliva Maria Antonietta , Staffieri Sabrina , Sanchez Massimo , Madonna Michele , Riozzi Barbara , Esposito Vincenzo , Giangaspero Felice , Frati Luigi
Published: September 2018

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive and malignant form of glioma, appears to be resistant to various chemotherapeutic agents. Hence other approaches have been investigated to target more pathways involved in glioblastoma development and progression. Here we investigate the anticancer effect of Aloe‐Emodin (AE), an anthraquinone compound presents in the leaves of Aloe arborescens, on human glioblastoma cell line U87MG. U87MG were treated with various concentrations of AE (20 and 40 μM) for different times (24, 48, and 72 hr). Cell growth was monitored by daily cell count after treatments. Growth analysis showed that AE significantly decrease proliferation of U87MG in a time and dose dependent manner. FACS analysis demonstrates a block of cell cycle in S and G2/M phase. AE probably induced also apoptosis by releasing of apoptosis‐inducing factor: PARP and Lamin activation leading to nuclear shrinkage. In addition, exposure of U87MG to AE reduced pAKT phosphorylation. AE inhibition of U87MG growth is a result of more mechanism together. Here we report that AE has a specific growth inhibition on U87MG also in in vivo. The growth of U87MG, subcutaneously injected in nude mice with severe combined immunodeficiency, is inhibited without any appreciable toxic effects on the animals after AE treatment. AE might represent a conceptually new lead antitumor adjuvant drug.
Response of northern bobwhites fed single doses of gossypol
Authors: Farthing Amy L. , Mathewson Heather A. , Roberts Jordan M. , Schwertner Thomas W. , Guay Kimberly A.
Published: September 2018

Cottonseed products have been used as a feed supplement for ruminant livestock and white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Gossypol, a secondary plant metabolite found in cotton (Gossypium spp.), is known to be toxic to a variety of animals, specifically monogastric mammals and birds. However, there are no published data regarding the effects of gossypol in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). Our goal was to determine whether ingestion of gossypol presents a threat to northern bobwhite survival and reproduction. We performed this study at Tarleton State University Northern Bobwhite Research Center (Stephenville, TX, USA) during March and April 2016, using the Environmental Protection Agency's 850.2100 Guideline: Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test. We administered one‐time doses of refined gossypol to northern bobwhites at 20 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 262 mg/kg, 342 mg/kg, 447 mg/kg, 585 mg/kg, 765 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight (BW) and observed them daily throughout a 14‐day period. We measured feed consumption daily and body mass weekly. Birds receiving larger doses (447–1,000 mg/kg BW) consumed less total feed postdosing (55.46 ± 56.46 g, n = 39) and had greater, negative postdosing percent change in mass (−23.02 ± 13.04%, n = 85) compared with control birds and those receiving lower doses (20–342 mg/kg BW). We also examined laying performance and egg quality of birds dosed with 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg BW (n = 30 pairs) and the growth rate and percent mortality of second‐generation young produced from these pairs. There was no difference in laying performance, egg quality, the percentage of chicks that hatched, and the growth rate and percent mortality of chicks between the dosing rates. Our results suggest that gossypol can have adverse effects on feed consumption and body mass in northern bobwhites at sufficient doses; however, a one‐time acute dose of gossypol up to 200 mg/kg BW does not pose any negative reproductive effects. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance
Authors: Stern Yaakov , Arenaza‐Urquijo Eider M. , Bartrés‐Faz David , Belleville Sylvie , Cantilon Marc , Chetelat Gael , Ewers Michael , Franzmeier Nicolai , Kempermann Gerd , Kremen William S. , Okonkwo Ozioma , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Soldan Anja , Udeh‐Momoh Chinedu , Valenzuela Michael , Vemuri Prashanthi , Vuoksimaa Eero ,   and the Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup
Published: September 2018

Several concepts, which in the aggregate get might be used to account for “resilience” against age‐ and disease‐related changes, have been the subject of much research. These include brain reserve, cognitive reserve, and brain maintenance. However, different investigators have use these terms in different ways, and there has never been an attempt to arrive at consensus on the definition of these concepts. Furthermore, there has been confusion regarding the measurement of these constructs and the appropriate ways to apply them to research. Therefore the reserve, resilience, and protective factors professional interest area, established under the auspices of the Alzheimer's Association, established a whitepaper workgroup to develop consensus definitions for cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. The workgroup also evaluated measures that have been used to implement these concepts in research settings and developed guidelines for research that explores or utilizes these concepts. The workgroup hopes that this whitepaper will form a reference point for researchers in this area and facilitate research by supplying a common language.
Changes in Adrenal Androgens During Puberty Suppression and Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment in Adolescents With Gender Dysphoria
Authors: Schagen Sebastian E.E. , Lustenhouwer Paul , Cohen-Kettenis Peggy T. , Delemarre-van de Waal Henriette A. , Hannema Sabine E.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Gender-affirming hormone treatment is known to affect adrenal androgen levels in adult individuals with gender dysphoria (GD). This may be clinically relevant because the adrenal gland plays a critical role in many different metabolic processes.

Aim

This study aims to assess the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) treatment and gender-affirming hormone treatment on adrenal androgen levels in adolescents with GD.

Methods

In this prospective study, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) and androstenedione values were measured every 6 months during 2 years of GnRHa treatment only, and 2 years of GnRHa combined with gender-affirming hormone treatment (estradiol or testosterone) in 73 transgirls and 54 transboys. To determine trends in adrenal androgen levels a linear mixed model was used to approximate androgen levels.

Main Outcome Measures

DHEAS and androstenedione levels were the main outcome measures.

Results

DHEAS levels rose in transboys during GnRHa treatment, which may represent the normal increase during adolescence. In transgirls no change in DHEAS levels during GnRHa treatment was found. Gender-affirming hormone treatment did not affect DHEAS levels in either sex. In transboys androstenedione levels decreased during the first year of GnRHa treatment, which may reflect reduced ovarian androstenedione synthesis, and rose during the first year of gender-affirming hormone treatment, possibly due to conversion of administered testosterone. In transgirls androstenedione levels did not change during either GnRHa or gender-affirming hormone treatment.

Clinical Implications

No deleterious effects of treatment on adrenal androgen levels were found during approximately 4 years of follow-up.

Strengths & Limitations

This is one of the largest cohort of adolescents with GD, treated using a uniform protocol, with standardized follow-up. The lack of a control group is a limitation.

Conclusion

The changes in androstenedione levels during GnRHa and gender-affirming hormone treatment in transboys may not be of adrenal origin. The absence of changes in androstenedione levels in transgirls or DHEAS levels in either sex during gender-affirming hormone treatment suggests that gender-affirming hormone treatment does not significantly affect adrenal androgen production.
Looking at Catonsville
Authors: Berrigan Daniel
Published: September 2018

We are faced, I think, in spite of all hopes to the contrary, with a very long haul. From a moral point of view, good men are being required to grow the organs and resources needed to survive in the wilderness of the world.

I am convinced, in fact, that things are going to worsen unutterably before they grow perceptibly better. So the political import, in the deepest spiritual sense, of a thing like Catonsville, it seems to me, remains very much a matter of continuing debate, a debate which, I suppose and hope, would bo one of love and fraternity rather than one of suspicion or enmity.
The Ethical Response to Violence, Revolution and Reform
Authors: Knoll Samson B.
Published: September 2018

This seminar has dwelt, in the papers presented, on general—universal if you will—aspects of the ethical dilemmas of violence, revolution, and reform. I want to address myself to the personal problems involved in the ethical response to these same issues. I am not a theologian and therefore cannot speak with authority on the religious, at least the doctrinal, aspects of that ethical response. For me personally, the touchstone of any religion is not its revelations but its ethical teachings. I therefore see no essential difference between the religious and the ethical response to the questions of violence, revolution, and reform. Thus, I can speak to you only as what I am: an historian whose outlook upon revolution.has been determined by the study of history and by living in this revolutionary age.