bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IMPORTANCE OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY IN SHAPING HABITANTS MOBILITY IN FUTURE CITIES
Authors: Szmelter Agnieszka
Published: November 2017

The paper is a summary of different kinds of sources linked to the role of automotive industry in shaping mobility in future cities. This research fills existing research gap, identified in previous research, and also presented in the Introduction and Literature review sections. The research was conducted with the use of systematic literature review. Research results describe the role of cars in future urban mobility systems and the solutions helping to meet new mobility requirements of urban residents.
Euroscepticism and the ‘Missing Left’: The Slovak Case Study
Authors: Henderson Karen
Published: November 2017

The nature of Euroscepticism in Slovakia has changed notably since 2014. Objections to the European Commission’s refugee quotas that first occurred in 2015 have far more traction with voters than earlier Eurosceptic arguments, and less emphasis is now placed on the positive role of EU funds. The Visegrad Four states have collaborated closely in their responses to the refugee crisis, but the Slovak case study is particularly revealing because opposition to immigrants is led by an allegedly social democratic government that supports EU membership. It is questionable whether its securitisation of the refugee crisis and the portrayal of Muslims as terrorists is the result of Islamophobia or indicative of a general hostility to immigration that could be construed as representing a problematic form of Euroscepticism. These attitudes stem less from the rise of far-right and overtly Eurosceptic parties and more from the lack of a political left. The fact that left-wing value orientations are weak can be demonstrated by surveys of voter and party views in Slovakia. Revisiting the idea that the main axes of party competition differ in Central and Eastern Europe and in Western Europe, post-communist states may have the potential to disrupt the pact between the mainstream right and left which underpins the entire European integration project.
Editorial
Authors: Folloni André , Hachem Daniel Wunder
Published: November 2017

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MOРФOMETРИJA ДИГEСTИВНOГ TРAКTA НEКИХ ЦИПРИНИДНИХ ВРСTA РИБA ИЗ РИJEКE СAВE
Authors: Голуб Драгојла , Шукало Горан , Рaнитoвић Maja
Published: November 2017

У рaду се дају подаци o нeким мoрфoмeтриjским oсoбинaмa дигeстивнoг трaктa кoд триомниворне циприниднe врстe рибa, бабушке (Carassius gibelio), клена (Squalius cephalus) иплотице (Rutilus virgo) из ријеке Саве, како би се добијени подаци довели у везу са врстом хранекоју ове рибе користе. Јединкама је измјерена стандардна дужина тијела, маса тијела, дужинадигестивног трактa и маса дигестивног тракта. Код бабушке су утврђене највеће вриједностидужине дигестивног тракта у односу на стандардну дужину тијела (483,61%) што говори у прилогтоме да биљна компонента има значајну улогу у њеној исхрани. Код клена и плотице уочене судоста ниже вриједности (157,41%, односно 151,11%) што упућује на вeћe учешће анималне хранеу њиховој исхрани. Код све три анализиране врсте риба утврђена је висока позитивна корелацијаизмеђу стандардне дужине тијела и дужине дигестивног тракта, као и између масе тијела и маседигестивног тракта.
ПРИЛОГ ПОЗНАВАЊУ ФЛОРЕ КЛИСУРЕ ЦРНЕ РИЈЕКЕ (РЕПУБЛИКА СРПСКА)
Authors: Лубарда Биљана , Шкондрић Синиша , Ћук Бојана
Published: November 2017

Теренска истраживања клисуре Црне ријеке (лијева притока Врбаса, Република Српска)спроведена су током вегетацијске сезоне 2013. године. Укупно је констатовано присуство 134врсте и подврсте васкуларних биљака. Међу најзаступљенијим фамилијама посебно се истичуCompositae (17,2%), Labiatae и Leguminosae (7,5%). У биолошком спектру флоре клисуре Црнеријеке утврђена је процентуална доминација хемикриптофита (47%), фанерофита (12,7%) итерофита / хамефита (11,2%). Биљногеографска анализа потврдила је доминацијусубмедитеранског (14,6%), евроазијског (13%), субсредњеевропског (12,2%) и субевроазијског(11,4%) флорног елемента. Констатовано је присуство осам таксона који припадају адвентивнимбиљакама. На подручју истраживања потврђено је присуство шест ендемичних таксона: Acerhyrcanum subsp. intermedium, Erysimum linariifolium, Moehringia bavarica subsp. bavarica, Onosmastelullata , Pseudofumaria alba subsp. leiosperma и Symphyandra hofmannii.
Variability of the Dynamic Stiffness of Foot Joints: Effect of Gait Speed
Authors: Sanchis-Sales Enrique , Sancho-Bru Joaquín Luis , Roda-Sales Alba , Pascual-Huerta Javier
Published: November 2017

Background:

Comparison of dynamic stiffness of foot joints was previously proposed to investigate pathologic situations with changes in the properties of muscle and passive structures. Samples must be controlled to reduce the variability within groups being compared, which may arise from different sources, such as gait speed or Foot Posture Index (FPI).

Methods:

Variability in the measurement of the dynamic stiffness of ankle, midtarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints was studied in a controlled sample of healthy men with normal FPI, and the effect of gait speed was analyzed. In experiment 1, dynamic stiffnesses were obtained in three sessions, five trials per session, for each participant, taking the mean value across trials as representative of each session. In experiment 2, five trials were considered at slow, comfortable, and fast velocities.

Results:

Similar intersession and intrasession errors and intraparticipant errors within sessions were found, indicating the goodness of using five trials per session for averaging. The intraparticipant and interparticipant variability data provided can be used to select the sample size in future comparative analyses. Significant differences with gait speed were observed in most dynamic stiffnesses considered, with a general rise when gait speed increased, especially at the midtarsal joint, this being attributed to an active modulation produced by the central nervous system.

Conclusions:

Differences with gait speed were higher than intrasession and intersession repeatability errors for the propulsion phases at the ankle and midtarsal joints; comparative analyses at these phases need more exhaustive control of gait speed to reduce the required sample size.
Regulatory network structure determines patterns of intermolecular epistasis
Authors: Lagator Mato , Sarikas Srdjan , Acar Hande , Bollback Jonathan P , Guet Călin C
Published: November 2017

Most phenotypes are determined by molecular systems composed of specifically interacting molecules. However, unlike for individual components, little is known about the distributions of mutational effects of molecular systems as a whole. We ask how the distribution of mutational effects of a transcriptional regulatory system differs from the distributions of its components, by first independently, and then simultaneously, mutating a transcription factor and the associated promoter it represses. We find that the system distribution exhibits increased phenotypic variation compared to individual component distributions - an effect arising from intermolecular epistasis between the transcription factor and its DNA-binding site. In large part, this epistasis can be qualitatively attributed to the structure of the transcriptional regulatory system and could therefore be a common feature in prokaryotes. Counter-intuitively, intermolecular epistasis can alleviate the constraints of individual components, thereby increasing phenotypic variation that selection could act on and facilitating adaptive evolution.
MILK YIELD POTENTIAL AND PEPSIN - CELLULASE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF MAIZE HYBRIDS USING ANKOM DAISYII INCUBATOR
Authors: Pastierik Ondrej , &#;imko Milan , Hanu&#;ovský Ondrej , Jurá&#;ek Miroslav , Gálik Branislav , Bíro Daniel , Rolinec Michal
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to determined nutritive value of five hybrids varying in maturity sown to plots of experimental site located in southern Slovakia. Nutrient contents and digestibility parameters were obtained from samples of herbage or silages to estimate net energy of lactation (NEL) contents and milk yield (MY) potential based on in vivo digestibility of organic matter (DOM), pepsin-cellulase in vitro digestibility of OM (IVOMD) using Ankom DaisyII Incubator (Ankom Technology Corp., NY, USA), cellulase digestibility of OM (CDOMD), neutral detergent fiber (CDNDF) or in vitro digestible non starch carbohydrates (IVDNSC). Genotype effect accounted for differences in carbohydrates content and crude protein (CP). Linear regression models increased coefficient of determination (R2) when CDOMD and IVOMD were included to predict in vivo apparent digestibility NDF (NDFD) but RMSE were higher compared to DOM. Structural carbohydrate contents had mostly precise estimates but limited R2 as the predictors of DOM, NDFD and NEL in combination with in vitro digestibility determinants. There was negative relationship of IVOMD and DOM (r = - 0.72; p < 0.01) but positive as it comes to CDOMD (r = 0.81; p < 0.01). Equations based on CDOMD (E7), IVDNSC and CP (E8) and CDNDF and Starch (E9) were selected to predict NEL. Residuals of NEL (observed – predicted) ranged from – 0.57 to 0.41 MJ/kg. Mid-late hybrids had higher MY kg/ha and MY kg/Mg than early (FAO 340). E7 and E9 were sensitive to ADL content while E8 favored hybrids rich in Starch.
SENSORY AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF CHINESE OLIVE POMACE BASED HIGH FIBRE BISCUIT
Authors: Lin Shaoling , Chi Wenwen , Hu Jiamiao , Pan Qiang , Zheng Baodong , Zeng Shaoxiao
Published: November 2017

Olive pomace is the major by-products of olive processing industry, which is considered as a rich source of dietary fibre and other natural bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to develop Chinese olive pomace powders incorporated biscuit and evaluate its physical, sensory and nutritional properties. The results revealed that blends of wheat flour powder (85 g), Chinese olive pomace powder (15 g), sugar powder (33 g), shortening (22 g), sodium chloride (1.1 g), sodium bicarbonate (0.7 g), ammonium bicarbonate (0.3 g), skimmed milk powder (6 g), one egg and 12.5 mL water baked at temperature 200-220 °C for 8 min yielded dietary fibre enriched biscuit with acceptable texture and appearance. The sensory evaluation showed this newly formulated biscuit received an average score of 4.5(±0.58) on a 5-point hedonic scale, suggesting the biscuit has high overall acceptability. Besides, the nutritional quality evaluation also demonstrated this olive pomace incorporated biscuit contained abundant dietary fibre with significantly lower expected glycemic index compared to the traditional wheat flour biscuits. Taken together, the results suggested that incorporation of olive pomace powder in biscuit production could be used to develop functional food with enhanced fibre abundance, high nutritional quality and acceptability, and low calorie & glycemic index.
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF HERBACEOUS PEONY (PAEONIA LACTIFLORA PALL.) PETALS
Authors: Weixing Li , Shunbo Yang , Hui Cui , Yanmin Hua , Jun Tao , Chunhua Zhou
Published: November 2017

Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a kind of plant with ornamental, edible and medicinal values, and few studies were concerned to edible aspect of herbaceous peony petals. The aim of this research is to establish edible quality evaluation system of herbaceous peony flowers. Petals of 46 P. lactiflora cultivars at full bloom period were used to determine the content of soluble sugar, organic acid, protein, Vc (Vitamin C), total phenolics, total flavonoids, mineral elements and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and screen out evaluation index for edible herbaceous peony. The results showed that flower petals of herbaceous peony contained lots of nutrients and the contents varied with different cultivars. The soluble sugar content was 66.55-177.28 mg/g FW, organic acid 2.19-6.90 mg/g FW, soluble protein 6.53-121.56 mg/g FW, Vc 9.77-30.24 mg/100 g FW, total phenolics 9.41-33.01 mg/g DW, total flavonoids 3.50-17.56 mg/g DW, SOD activity 305.62-520.42 U/g FW, total amino acids 6.43-11.99 g/100 g DW. The average content of Na, Mg, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cr were 55.88±14.90 µg/g DW, 1218.22±349.60 µg/g DW, 11252.23±2477.54 µg/g DW, 1975.40±706.58 µg/g DW, 8.30±6.55 µg/g DW, 103.56±182.72 µg/g DW, 10.73±37.94 µg/g DW, 22.80±16.68 µg/g DW, 1.84±5.89 µg/g DW and 17.36±44.89 µg/g DW, respectively. Based on principal component analysis and cluster analysis, we found ‘Dielian Qihua’, ‘Zhushapan’, ‘Xueyuan Honghua’, ‘Wulong Jisheng’, ‘Honglou’, ‘Bingshan’, ‘Hongyan Yushuang’, ‘Zituo Ronghua’, ‘Zifengyu’, ‘Fenlou Dianchun’ had better edible quality. The results will provide some information for the comprehensive utilization of herbaceous peony petals and the breeding of edible herbaceous peony cultivars.
ADDITION OF MULBERRY LEAF (MORUS ALBA L.) TO A DIET FORMULA IMPEDED ITS HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECT AND EXACERBATED DYSLIPIDEMIA IN HIGH-FRUCTOSE- AND HIGH-FAT-INDUCED CD-1 MICE
Authors: Guo Xiaoxuan , Liu Jia , Zhang Hongjuan , Ji Baoping , Zhou Feng
Published: November 2017

Backgrounds: Morus alba L. (mulberry leaf) is frequently used for therapeutic purposes in China. This study investigated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of a reported antidiabetic herbal formula (PLCP) supplemented with mulberry leaves (MPLCP) in high-fructose- and high-fat- (HFF) fed mice. Methods: Six-week-old CD-1 male mice were fed on normal standard diet for 10 weeks. Fat emulsion with or without aqueous/ethanol extracts of PLCP/MPLCP was administrated by gavage daily for HFF groups. The normal group only received vehicle. 15% Fructose drinking water was supplied for HFF groups. Results: MPLCP was less effective than PLCP in hypoglycemic effect. The addition of mulberry leaves impeded not only the decrease in insulin resistance and serum free fatty acid content but also the increase in spleen index. The ethanol extract of MPLCP caused remarkable increase in low-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.01) and significant increase in total cholesterol level (p < 0.05) compared with model group. Thus the effect of MPLCP was detrimental to abnormal serum lipid levels. Conclusion: The addition of mulberry leaves to PLCP weakened the hypoglycemic effects of the original formula and exacerbated dyslipidemia.
GEL PROPERTIES OF GELATIN FROM CLOWN FEATHERBACK (CHITALA ORNATA) SKIN: EFFECT OF SWELLING TIME
Authors: Kittiphattanabawon Phanat , Benjakul Soottawat
Published: November 2017

Characteristic and gel properties of gelatin from the skin of clown featherback (Chitala ornata J. E. Gray, 1831) as affected by different swelling time (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min) were investigated. The highest and lowest recoveries of gelatin were found when the gelatin extracted from skin swollen for 15 and 30 min (80.98-81.52%) and 240 min (40.47%), respectively. Gelatin extracted from swollen skin had -, - and -chains as the major component, while their major components gelatin extracted from non-swollen skin were degrade into smaller peptides. The swelling time did not affect the gel strength (330-342 g), gelling temperature (23.29-23.76 C) and gelling time (12.03-12.23 min). In contrast, gelatin extracted from non-swollen skin showed poor recovery (9.80%), gel strength (82 g), gelling temperature (12.8 C) and cannot be set at 25 C within 60 min. Therefore, the skin should be swollen with 0.1 M acetic acid for 15 min before extraction.
Effects of Moon's Thermal State on the Impact Basin Ejecta Distribution
Authors: Zhu Meng‐Hua , Wünnemann Kai , Artemieva Natalia
Published: November 2017

We investigate how different temperature gradients of the Moon affect the ejection of lithic and molten materials for impact basin several hundred kilometers in diameter to quantify the thickness and melt content of ejecta blanket as a function of radial distance. We find, by means of numerical modeling, that the ejecta thickness and melt content, similar to the basin formation, is sensitive to the thermal properties of the target. For two similar impact scenarios, the ejecta thickness with radial distance is proportional to a power law, but for a “warm” target, it declines faster than for a “cold” target. In addition, the impact on the warm target produces more molten ejecta than in the case of the cold target. The thermal effects on the ejecta thickness distribution can be testified by the topographic variations around Imbrium and Orientale basins, which were thought to be formed on a warm and cold Moon, respectively. Our study demonstrates that the thermal effect needs to be taken into account to estimate the ejecta thickness distribution for large‐scale impact basins on airless planetary surfaces.
Translating Uncertain Sea Level Projections Into Infrastructure Impacts Using a Bayesian Framework
Authors: Moftakhari Hamed , AghaKouchak Amir , Sanders Brett F. , Matthew Richard A. , Mazdiyasni Omid
Published: November 2017

Climate change may affect ocean‐driven coastal flooding regimes by both raising the mean sea level (msl) and altering ocean‐atmosphere interactions. For reliable projections of coastal flood risk, information provided by different climate models must be considered in addition to associated uncertainties. In this paper, we propose a framework to project future coastal water levels and quantify the resulting flooding hazard to infrastructure. We use Bayesian Model Averaging to generate a weighted ensemble of storm surge predictions from eight climate models for two coastal counties in California. The resulting ensembles combined with msl projections, and predicted astronomical tides are then used to quantify changes in the likelihood of road flooding under representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5 in the near‐future (1998–2063) and mid‐future (2018–2083). The results show that road flooding rates will be significantly higher in the near‐future and mid‐future compared to the recent past (1950–2015) if adaptation measures are not implemented.
An Analysis of Total Lightning Flash Rates Over Florida
Authors: Mazzetti Thomas O. , Fuelberg Henry E.
Published: November 2017

Although Florida is known as the “Sunshine State”, it also contains the greatest lightning flash densities in the United States. Flash density has received considerable attention in the literature, but lightning flash rate has received much less attention. We use data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) to produce a 5 year (2010–2014) set of statistics regarding total flash rates over Florida and adjacent regions. Instead of tracking individual storms, we superimpose a 0.2° × 0.2° grid over the study region and count both cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and in‐cloud (IC) flashes over 5 min intervals. Results show that the distribution of total flash rates is highly skewed toward small values, whereas the greatest rate is ~185 flashes min−1. Greatest average annual flash rates (~3 flashes min−1) are located near Orlando. The southernmost peninsula, North Florida, and the Florida Panhandle exhibit smaller average annual flash rates (~1.5 flashes min−1). Large flash rates >~ 100 flashes min−1 can occur during any season, at any time during the 24 h period, and at any location within the domain. However, they are most likely during the afternoon and early evening in East Central Florida during the spring and summer months.
Developing an A Priori Database for Passive Microwave Snow Water Retrievals Over Ocean
Authors: Yin Mengtao , Liu Guosheng
Published: November 2017

A physically optimized a priori database is developed for Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI) snow water retrievals over ocean. The initial snow water content profiles are derived from CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) measurements. A radiative transfer model in which the single‐scattering properties of nonspherical snowflakes are based on the discrete dipole approximate results is employed to simulate brightness temperatures and their gradients. Snow water content profiles are then optimized through a one‐dimensional variational (1D‐Var) method. The standard deviations of the difference between observed and simulated brightness temperatures are in a similar magnitude to the observation errors defined for observation error covariance matrix after the 1D‐Var optimization, indicating that this variational method is successful. This optimized database is applied in a Bayesian retrieval snow water algorithm. The retrieval results indicated that the 1D‐Var approach has a positive impact on the GMI retrieved snow water content profiles by improving the physical consistency between snow water content profiles and observed brightness temperatures. Global distribution of snow water contents retrieved from the a priori database is compared with CloudSat CPR estimates. Results showed that the two estimates have a similar pattern of global distribution, and the difference of their global means is small. In addition, we investigate the impact of using physical parameters to subset the database on snow water retrievals. It is shown that using total precipitable water to subset the database with 1D‐Var optimization is beneficial for snow water retrievals.
Crustal Structure of Active Deformation Zones in Africa: Implications for Global Crustal Processes
Authors: Ebinger C. J. , Keir D. , Bastow I. D. , Whaler K. , Hammond J. O. S. , Ayele A. , Miller M. S. , Tiberi C. , Hautot S.
Published: November 2017

The Cenozoic East African rift (EAR), Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), and Atlas Mountains formed on the slow‐moving African continent, which last experienced orogeny during the Pan‐African. We synthesize primarily geophysical data to evaluate the role of magmatism in shaping Africa's crust. In young magmatic rift zones, melt and volatiles migrate from the asthenosphere to gas‐rich magma reservoirs at the Moho, altering crustal composition and reducing strength. Within the southernmost Eastern rift, the crust comprises ~20% new magmatic material ponded in the lower crust and intruded as sills and dikes at shallower depths. In the Main Ethiopian Rift, intrusions comprise 30% of the crust below axial zones of dike‐dominated extension. In the incipient rupture zones of the Afar rift, magma intrusions fed from crustal magma chambers beneath segment centers create new columns of mafic crust, as along slow‐spreading ridges. Our comparisons suggest that transitional crust, including seaward dipping sequences, is created as progressively smaller screens of continental crust are heated and weakened by magma intrusion into 15–20 km thick crust. In the 30 Ma Recent CVL, which lacks a hot spot age progression, extensional forces are small, inhibiting the creation and rise of magma into the crust. In the Atlas orogen, localized magmatism follows the strike of the Atlas Mountains from the Canary Islands hot spot toward the Alboran Sea. CVL and Atlas magmatism has had minimal impact on crustal structure. Our syntheses show that magma and volatiles are migrating from the asthenosphere through the plates, modifying rheology, and contributing significantly to global carbon and water fluxes.
The Genetic Control of Flowering Time
Authors: Doyle Mark , Sung Si‐Bum , Amasino Richard
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

FLOWERING LOCUS CandFRIGIDAConfer a Vernalization Requirement inArabidopsis

Genes in the Autonomous Pathway of Floral Promotion

FLCas a Key Regulator for the Competence to Flower

The Molecular Basis of Vernalization

Possible Parallels betweenArabidopsisand Other Species

Photoreceptors and Flowering Time

Photoperiodism and Circadian Clocks

Photoperiod Pathway Genes Downstream of the Clock

Clocks and Flowering—Summary

Genes Downstream of the Major Flowering Pathways

The Transition to Flowering—Activation of Floral Meristem Identity Genes
The Genetic and Molecular Control of Ovule Development
Authors: Chevalier David , Sieber Patrick , Schneitz Kay
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Morphological Aspects

Ovule Identity

Placenta Formation

The Formation of the Ovule Primordium

Integument Morphogenesis

Summary and Outlook

Note Added in Proof
Self‐Incompatibility in Flowering Plants: The Ribonuclease‐Based Systems
Authors: Li Jinhong , Newbigin Ed
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

An Overview of the Various Self‐Incompatibility Systems

Gametophytic Self‐Incompatibility in Three Families

Conclusions—The Utility of Models

Acknowledgements
Insights into the Endocycle from Trichome Development
Authors: Larkin John C. , Brown Matthew L. , Churchman Michelle L.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Regulation and Cell Cycle Context of Trichome Development

Regulation of Endoreduplication during Trichome Development

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Hormonal Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and its Role in Development
Authors: John Peter C.L.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Auxin and Cytokinin Have Paramount Roles in Cell Proliferation Control

Growth and Cell Cycle Gene Expression Induced by Auxin and Cytokinin

Does Cell Cycle Progression Affect Growth?

Division Sustains Continuation of Growth

Localized Growth

Hormonal Impacts at theG1/SPhase Progression

Hormonal Impacts at theG2/MPhase Progression

Roots and Shoots Provide Each Other with Hormones Essential for Division

Cytokinin Contributions to Stem Cell and Meristem Identity at the Shoot Apex

Auxin Contributions to Stem Cell and Meristem Activity at the Root Apex

Hormones and the Balance of Cell Proliferation between Root and Shoot

Auxin/Cytokinin Ratio and Initiation of Cell Proliferation in Lateral Meristems

Possible Mechanisms for Cell Cycle Response to Hormone Concentration and Ratio

Cell Cycle Control in the Spacing of Lateral Organs
Cell Cycle and Environmental Stresses
Authors: Granier Christine , Cookson Sarah Jane , Tardieu Francois , Muller Bertrand
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Environmental Stresses Affect Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Cell Division Rate in Plant Organs

Coupling and Uncoupling of Cell Division and Tissue Expansion in Response to Environmental Conditions

Environmental Stresses Cause a Blockage at theG1–SandG2–MTransitions

Endoreduplication and Abiotic Stresses

Conclusion
Transmembrane Receptors in Plants: Receptor Kinases and Their Ligands
Authors: Torii Keiko U.
Published: November 2017

Receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) represent by far the largest family of cell surface receptors in plants. They mediate cell–cell signals regulating self‐incompatibility, innate immunity, and a wide variety of developmental processes. The genetic dissection of paralogous RLKs illuminated their intricate redundancy, synergism, and antagonism. The nature of corresponding ligands for RLKs has been largely elusive. However, recent efforts using genetics, biochemistry, genome‐wide functional genomics, and bioinformatics led to the discovery of small, secreted peptides and cysteine‐rich secreted proteins as candidate ligands for RLKs. Studies of brassinosteroid signaling and innate immunity to bacterial flagellin peptide revealed a striking resemblance of the mechanism of plant RK activation to that of animal transforming growth factor β receptors.
ROP/RACGTPases
Authors: Fu Ying , Kawasaki Tsutomu , Shimamoto Ko , Yang Zhenbiao
Published: November 2017

Rho‐family small GTPases are monomeric guanine nucleotide‐binding proteins that act as key molecular switches in the regulation of many important cellular processes. ROP (Rho‐related GTPase fromplants)/RAC is a plant‐specific subfamily of Rho GTPases that plays a versatile role in the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Plant ROP/RAC proteins share conserved structural features, cellular functions, and functional partners with their counterparts in fungi and animals. However, plant ROP/RAC GTPases contain unique structural motifs not present in their fungal and animal counterparts. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed several classes of plant‐specific regulators and effector proteins for the ROP subfamily of Rho GTPases. Several ROP‐dependent signaling networks have also emerged from the investigation of ROP‐interacting proteins. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of ROP/RAC signaling mechanisms and pathways/networks in the two model plant systems,Arabidopsisand rice.
Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Signaling
Authors: Zhang Shuqun
Published: November 2017

Plants have an expanded family of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in comparison with yeast and animals. Analysis of the completely sequencedArabidopsis, poplar, and rice genomes revealed 20, 21, and 15 members, respectively. These MAPKs have the potential to form numerous functional cascades with their upstream MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MEKs) and MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs or MEKKs). Biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that plant MAPK cascades play important roles in signaling plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues. It is also becoming clear that different functional cascades frequently share common components, suggesting complicated signaling networks centered on these MAPKs. How specificity is maintained when distinct functional pathways share common components is central to our understanding of plant intracellular signaling. Future research aimed at identifying upstream receptors/sensors and downstream MAPK substrates will reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying MAPK functions and shed light on how signaling specificity is maintained.
ThePCIComplexes and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in Plant Development
Authors: Halimi Yair , Chamovitz Daniel A.
Published: November 2017

Since the discovery of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in the 1970s, the UPS field has advanced remarkably, culminating in the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The idea that energy should be invested to degrade a substrate, whose own synthesis consumed energy in the first place, was revolutionary (Hershko and Tomkins, 1971). InArabidopsis, ~1400 genes encode components of the UPS, constituting approximately 5% of theArabidopsisproteome (Smalle and Vierstra, 2004), eluding to the great complexity of the UPS system. Describing this complexity is daunting and very much a matter of perspective. This chapter will discuss the UPS in plant development from the point of view of the PCI (Proteasome,CSN, eIF3) or “ZOMES” complexes: the 26S proteasome lid, Cop9 signalosome (CSN), and eIF3 (eukaryote initiation factor 3), and in particular from the point of view of the CSN.
Signaling between the Organelles and the Nucleus
Authors: Fernández Aurora Piñas , Strand Åsa
Published: November 2017

The function of the eukaryotic cell depends on regulated and reciprocal communication between its different compartments. This includes the exchange of metabolic intermediates and energy equivalents but also exchange of information. The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of retrograde control. Retrograde (organelle‐to‐nucleus) signaling coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress response.
Pathogen‐Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) andPAMP‐Triggered Immunity
Authors: Nürnberger Thorsten , Kemmerling Birgit
Published: November 2017

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern plant disease resistance. One of the most important benefits of this development is a new concept of how seemingly unrelated types of microbial resistance in plants are functionally linked and how they might be evolutionarily related. For a long time, research on microbial elicitor‐induced plant non‐cultivar‐specific defences and microbial avirulence factor‐induced host plant cultivar‐specific defences had coexisted without providing an integrated model for plant disease resistance. Recent landmark insights have significantly reshaped our view of plant immunity. Among those achievements are (i) the realisation of conceptual and mechanistic similarities in animal and plant immunity, (ii) the identification of plant pattern recognition receptors that recognise pathogen‐ or microbe‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), (iii) evidence that PAMP‐triggered immunity is a biologically important element of the plant immune system and (iv) that suppression of PAMP‐triggered immunity is a major strategy of adapted pathogens to facilitate infections of susceptible host plants. This chapter highlights recent progress made in PAMP research, with particular emphasis on the findings mentioned above.
Plant–Virus Interactions: Defence and Counter‐Defence
Authors: Lewsey Mathew , Palukaitis Peter , Carr John P.
Published: November 2017

Viruses replicate in intimate association with their host cells. This has influenced the means by which plants defend themselves against viruses and the strategies adopted by viruses to exploit host plants. In this chapter, we examine howRgene‐mediated resistance against specific avirulent viral pathogens differs in important respects from resistance against non‐viral pathogens (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, etc.) while utilising many of the same signal transduction pathways. We also explore mechanisms of recessive gene‐mediated resistance to viruses and genetically determined resistance to viral movement. Finally, we describe the emergence of host RNA silencing pathways as key determinants of the outcome of most plant–virus interactions. These pathways can act as important effectors of basal and induced resistance to viruses. Additionally, RNA silencing pathways can act as targets for viral suppressor proteins. Disruption of silencing pathways is the predominant means by which viruses induce disease symptoms in susceptible plant hosts.
Peer victimization and social‐emotional outcomes: The role of teacher and peer support
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsay N. , Fredrick Stephanie S. , Wenger Jordan
Published: November 2017

The relation between peer victimization, risk of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties, and school‐based sources of social support for students in elementary and middle school were examined. Participants included 656 students in third to eighth grade from one school district. Results indicated that peer support mediated the relation between peer victimization and risk of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties, but teacher support did not mediate this relation. Conditional indirect effects analyses revealed that the indirect effect of peer support varied as a function of school level (i.e., intermediate and middle school). The implications and limitations of the current study are discussed, as well as directions for future research.
Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V2O5·nH2O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries
Authors: Yan Mengyu , He Pan , Chen Ying , Wang Shanyu , Wei Qiulong , Zhao Kangning , Xu Xu , An Qinyou , Shuang Yi , Shao Yuyan , Mueller Karl T. , Mai Liqiang , Liu Jun , Yang Jihui
Published: November 2017

Low‐cost, environment‐friendly aqueous Zn batteries have great potential for large‐scale energy storage, but the intercalation of zinc ions in the cathode materials is challenging and complex. Herein, the critical role of structural H2O on Zn2+ intercalation into bilayer V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated. The results suggest that the H2O‐solvated Zn2+ possesses largely reduced effective charge and thus reduced electrostatic interactions with the V2O5 framework, effectively promoting its diffusion. Benefited from the “lubricating” effect, the aqueous Zn battery shows a specific energy of ≈144 Wh kg−1 at 0.3 A g−1. Meanwhile, it can maintain an energy density of 90 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 (based on the cathode and 200% Zn anode), making it a promising candidate for high‐performance, low‐cost, safe, and environment‐friendly energy‐storage devices.
Highly Efficient Porphyrin‐Based OPV/Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Extended Photoresponse and High Fill Factor
Authors: Gao Ke , Zhu Zonglong , Xu Bo , Jo Sae Byeok , Kan Yuanyuan , Peng Xiaobin , Jen Alex K.‐Y.
Published: November 2017

Employing a layer of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic semiconductors on top of perovskite to further extend its photoresponse is considered as a simple and promising way to enhance the efficiency of perovskite‐based solar cells, instead of using tandem devices or near infrared (NIR)‐absorbing Sn‐containing perovskites. However, the progress made from this approach is quite limited because very few such hybrid solar cells can simultaneously show high short‐circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF). To find an appropriate NIR‐absorbing BHJ is essential for highly efficient, organic, photovoltaics (OPV)/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The materials involved in the BHJ layer not only need to have broad photoresponse to increase JSC, but also possess suitable energy levels and high mobility to afford high VOC and FF. In this work, a new porphyrin is synthesized and blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to function as an efficient BHJ for OPV/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The extended photoresponse, well‐matched energy levels, and high hole mobility from optimized BHJ morphology afford a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) (19.02%) with high Voc, JSC, and FF achieved simultaneously. This is the highest value reported so far for such hybrid devices, which demonstrates the feasibility of further improving the efficiency of perovskite devices.
Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Using Wrinkled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for Human Physiological Signals
Authors: Park Sun‐Jun , Kim Joshua , Chu Michael , Khine Michelle
Published: November 2017

Highly sensitive and flexible components are essential for applications in wearable electronics. Using low‐cost and rapid prototyping methods, piezoresistive pressure sensors are fabricated using shrink‐film, a shape memory polymer that retracts upon heat, to introduce wrinkling in carbon nanotube thin films, which improves both elasticity and pressure sensitivity. The wrinkles not only provide strain relief, but it also improves pressure sensitivity by 12 800 fold with a response time of less than 20 ms. The improved sensitivity is due to the surface roughness of the wrinkles. When two wrinkled electrodes are coupled together, the number of electrical contact points changes upon actuation thereby changing the electrical resistivity. This study then demonstrates wearable applications, such as pulsatile blood flow monitoring and voice detection using these sensitive pressure sensors.
Tests of fit of historically‐informed models of African American Admixture
Authors: Gross Jessica M
Published: November 2017

Objectives

African American populations in the U.S. formed primarily by mating between Africans and Europeans over the last 500 years. To date, studies of admixture have focused on either a one‐time admixture event or continuous input into the African American population from Europeans only. Our goal is to gain a better understanding of the admixture process by examining models that take into account (a) assortative mating by ancestry in the African American population, (b) continuous input from both Europeans and Africans, and (c) historically informed variation in the rate of African migration over time.

Materials and methods

We used a model‐based clustering method to generate distributions of African ancestry in three samples comprised of 147 African Americans from two published sources. We used a log‐likelihood method to examine the fit of four models to these distributions and used a log‐likelihood ratio test to compare the relative fit of each model.

Results

The mean ancestry estimates for our datasets of 77% African/23% European to 83% African/17% European ancestry are consistent with previous studies. We find admixture models that incorporate continuous gene flow from Europeans fit significantly better than one‐time event models, and that a model involving continuous gene flow from Africans and Europeans fits better than one with continuous gene flow from Europeans only for two samples. Importantly, models that involve continuous input from Africans necessitate a higher level of gene flow from Europeans than previously reported.

Discussion

We demonstrate that models that take into account information about the rate of African migration over the past 500 years fit observed patterns of African ancestry better than alternative models. Our approach will enrich our understanding of the admixture process in extant and past populations.
Ultrathin Planar Microlens Arrays Based on Geometric Metasurface
Authors: Jin Jinjin , Zhang Xiaohu , Gao Ping , Luo Jun , Zhang Zuojun , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Pu Mingbo , Luo Xiangang
Published: November 2017

Ascribing to the properties of two dimensional parallel focusing and imaging, low propagation loss, integration and miniaturization, microlens array has been widely used in imaging, optical communication, organic light emitting devices, adaptive optics, photolithography, biomedical and other applications. However, the existing traditional microlens array suffers from difficulty in fabrication, large‐thickness, curved surface, non‐uniformity of light spots, or requirement of additional discrete components to control the microlens. Herein, a planar microlens array is experimentally demonstrated based on the geometric metasurface. The single microlens is composed of space‐variant subwavelength metallic gratings with high polarization conversion efficiency and thus exhibits gradient phase distribution. The focused spot diameter of 22.5 μm with radius of 350 μm, focal length of 1 cm and the light spots intensity uniformity of 0.9885 (standard deviation 0.0115) at the focal plane are obtained. Moreover, the broadband property of microlens array is also confirmed. The novel design strategy for microlens array would facilitate the miniaturization of optical devices and be easily integrated in the optical interconnected devices.
The polygonal model: A simple representation of biomolecules as a tool for teaching metabolism
Authors: Bonafe Carlos Francisco Sampaio , Bispo Jose Ailton Conceição , de Jesus Marcelo Bispo
Published: November 2017

Metabolism involves numerous reactions and organic compounds that the student must master to understand adequately the processes involved. Part of biochemical learning should include some knowledge of the structure of biomolecules, although the acquisition of such knowledge can be time‐consuming and may require significant effort from the student. In this report, we describe the “polygonal model” as a new means of graphically representing biomolecules. This model is based on the use of geometric figures such as open triangles, squares, and circles to represent hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, respectively. The usefulness of the polygonal model was assessed by undergraduate students in a classroom activity that consisted of “transforming” molecules from Fischer models to polygonal models and vice and versa. The survey was applied to 135 undergraduate Biology and Nursing students. Students found the model easy to use and we noted that it allowed identification of students’ misconceptions in basic concepts of organic chemistry, such as in stereochemistry and organic groups that could then be corrected. The students considered the polygonal model easier and faster for representing molecules than Fischer representations, without loss of information. These findings indicate that the polygonal model can facilitate the teaching of metabolism when the structures of biomolecules are discussed. Overall, the polygonal model promoted contact with chemical structures, e.g. through drawing activities, and encouraged student‐student dialog, thereby facilitating biochemical learning. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(1):66–75, 2018.
Method development for quantification of quizartinib in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Ezzeldin Essam , Iqbal Muzaffar , Mostafa Gamal , Al‐Rashood Khalid A. , El‐Nahhas Toqa
Published: November 2017

Quizartinib is a highly potent inhibitor of the fms‐like tyrosine kinase receptor, which is one of the most commonly mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Quizartinib has shown a significant antileukemic clinical influence among relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients. This study aimed at developing and validating an analytical method for the measurement of quizartinib in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The method was validated according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and the results obtained in this work met the set criteria. Liquid–liquid extraction was used and chromatographic separation was achieved on a BEHTM C18 column. Detection of quizartinib was achieved in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive‐ion mode electrospray ionization. The MS/MS ion transitions at mass‐to‐charge ratios (m/z) of 561.129/114.09 and 441.16/84.03 were monitored for quizartinib and ibrutinib, respectively. The linear detection range was 2–1000 ng/mL (r > 0.998), with intra‐ and inter‐day assay precisions ≤13.07 and 13.17%, respectively. This rapid, simple and sensitive method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of quizartinib in rat samples.
A phase I/II pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study of irinotecan combined with S−1 for recurrent/metastatic breast cancer in patients with selected UGT1A1 genotypes (the JBCRG‐M01 study)
Authors: Ishiguro Hiroshi , Saji Shigehira , Nomura Shogo , Tanaka Sunao , Ueno Takayuki , Onoue Masahide , Iwata Hiroji , Yamanaka Takeharu , Sasaki Yasutsuna , Toi Masakazu
Published: November 2017

S‐1 and irinotecan combination is attractive for breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes. Patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes were eligible. Patients with brain metastases and homozygous for UGT1A1 *6 or *28 or compound heterozygous (*6/*28) were excluded. A dose‐escalation design was chosen for the phase I portion (level 1: irinotecan 80 mg/m2 days 1–8 and S‐1 80 mg/m2 days 1–14 every 3 weeks; level 2: irinotecan 100 mg/m2 and S‐1 80 mg/m2). Study objectives included determination of the recommended dose for phase II, response rate, progression‐free survival (PFS), and safety. Pharmacokinetics and CD34+ circulating endothelial cells (CECs) as pharmacodynamics were also analyzed. Thirty‐seven patients were included. One patient at each level developed dose‐limiting toxicities; therefore, level 2 was the recommended dose for phase II. Diarrhea was more common in patients possessing a *6 or *28 allele compared with wild‐type homozygous patients (46% and 25%). Among 29 patients treated at level 2, PFS was longer for UGT1A1 wt/*6 and wt/*28 patients than for wt/wt patients (12 vs. 8 months, P = 0.06). PFS was significantly longer in patients with a larger‐than‐median SN‐38 area under the curve (AUC) than in those with a smaller AUC (P = 0.039). There was an association between clinical benefit and reduction in baseline CD34+ CECs by S‐1 (P = 0.047). The combination of irinotecan and S‐1 is effective and warrants further investigation.