bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescence of Sn2+ Center in ZnO–B2O3 Glasses Melted in Air and Ar Conditions
Authors: Masai Hirokazu , Suzuki Yuto , Yanagida Takayuki , Mibu Ko
Published: May 2015

The authors report on luminescence of SnO-doped 60ZnO–40B2O3 (SZB) glasses melted in air and Ar atmosphere. In photoluminescence (PL), excitation spectra consist of two excitation bands, and the lower excitation band, emerging at lower energy with increasing amount of SnO, affects the optical absorption edge. The present SZB glasses can exhibit light emission by irradiation of near UV light, which is different from the zinc phosphate glass system. X-ray induced scintillation spectra indicate that concentration of Sn2+ mainly affects the intensity. 119Sn Mössbauer spectra show that a certain amount of Sn2+ centers in the SZB glass was oxidized to Sn4+ even when melted under the inert atmosphere, which is one of the reasons for the low PL quantum efficiencies, approximately 60%. The 119Sn Mössbauer spectra also suggest site dispersion of Sn2+ centers, whose local coordination states affect the optical absorption and luminescent properties.
Structural Formation of Dendritic Polymer Brushes: Analysis Using an Explicit Solvent Model
Authors: Terao Takamichi
Published: May 2015

Dendritic brushes, which provide higher stability against the aggregation of colloidal suspensions, were investigated using multicolor domain decomposition Monte Carlo simulations. Solvent molecules were explicitly considered, and the profiles of the monomer density and perimeter density distributions were calculated. The results show that the power-law dependence on grafting density depends weakly on the spacer length, the distance between neighboring branch points in dendrons. No apparent evidence was found for backfolding in the dendritic polymer brushes.
Family Amusements: Buster Brown and the Place of Humor in the Early Twentieth-Century Home
Authors: Saguisag Lara
Published: May 2015

Historians and critics often view R. F. Outcault’s comic strip Buster Brown (1902–1921) as a subversive series, as it is headlined by a naughty boy who constantly challenges adults and whose pranks appear to undermine family stability. The strip, however, also has a conservative function. While Buster Brown depicts the home as a site of conflict, it also celebrates the middle-class family as a resilient institution. The series specifically suggests that humor is effective in dealing with domestic conflict, suggesting that laughter and playfulness alleviate tensions and allow family members to sympathize with one another. In Buster Brown , the mischief-making child is made delightful rather than threatening. At a time when many Progressive Era Americans worried that the institution of the family was in a state of crisis, Buster Brown assured its readers that poking fun at family matters fortified the home.
Second Childhoods and Intergenerational Dialogues: How Children’s Literature Studies and Age Studies Can Supplement Each Other
Authors: Joosen Vanessa
Published: May 2015

With the greying Western population, age studies is a booming interdisciplinary field that has many insights to offer for the study of children’s literature. I explore how age and intergenerational relationships are constructed in four contemporary British and Dutch children’s books. The analyses link the alliance that is created between the young and the old to four ageist tropes: narratives of decline, the infantilized senior, the disregard of the old body, and the wise old mentor. In addition, the article addresses a recurrent seesaw effect in the emancipation of the young and the elderly that downgrades the generation in between.
Little Saboteurs, Puerile Politics: The Child, the Childlike, and the Principled Life in Carl Hiaasen’s Ecotage Novels for Young Adults
Authors: Aitchison David
Published: May 2015

In this article, I undertake a comparative study of political constructions of childhood in contemporary environmental fictions for young adults and media discourses that infantilize real-life eco-activists. At stake in this shared discourse is a certain political possibility for the child and childlike, a license to react strongly, respond playfully, and get into trouble while protecting the environment. Focusing on Carl Hiaasen’s Hoot , Flush , and Scat , I make a case for what I call a “puerile politics” in young adult environmental fiction: a willingness to give children license to take grownups to task, and for children to do so without sacrificing their childishness.
The Metamorphosis of Katniss Everdeen: The Hunger Games, Myth, and Femininity
Authors: Hansen Kathryn Strong
Published: May 2015

While Suzanne Collins’s Hunger Games trilogy explicitly includes Greco-Roman references, this essay argues that the trilogy also implicitly invokes the myths of Artemis and of Philomela. In obliquely referencing these mythic women, The Hunger Games provides its protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, with different possible paths of femininity that she can follow. By showing how both of these forms of femininity keep Katniss focused on vengeance, The Hunger Games points to the dangers of reproducing beliefs inherited from the past. Katniss’s ultimate rejection of both of these inherited types of femininity allows her to break free from her past and to change her society.
Power in Our Words: Finding Community and Mitigating Trauma in James Dashner’s The Maze Runner
Authors: Elliot Amy
Published: May 2015

By examining James Dashner’s The Maze Runner , this essay explores young adult literature’s productive ability to mitigate trauma. Situating his novel at the intersection of trauma literature and dystopian fiction, Dashner utilizes trauma theory proactively to create a reader sensitive to the complexities of trauma and capable of addressing them in the future. Readers experience an affective journey to foster empathy with trauma victims and ultimately see Dashner’s solutions of community and communication. Narrative reconstruction becomes a means for healing within the novel; similarly, the novel as narrative builds a community of readers, highlighting its ability to drive history.
The “Hymn to Athena” ( SEG 11.625) and Alcman’s Early Reception
Authors: Kousoulini Vasiliki
Published: May 2015

This article investigates the relationship between a fragmentary sixth-century- b.c. inscription ( SEG 11.625), part of a stele found in a sanctuary on the Spartan Acropolis, and Alcman’s poetry. Some evidence suggests that this inscription may carry a choral hymn to Athena, or else be a part of an epinician composed by a Spartan poet. I consider questions concerning the authorship of this poem and its generic affiliations. I conclude that although there are some indications that this poem may be attributed to Alcman, there is no solid proof and so, unfortunately, we cannot draw any final conclusions about Alcman’s early reception based on the “Hymn to Athena.”
On Socrates and the Κορυφαι̑ος of Plato’s Theaetetus : An Alternative to Sandra Peterson’s Reading
Authors: Labriola Daniele
Published: May 2015

The aim of this essay is to cast doubt on Sandra Peterson’s reading of the Theaetetus , and in turn to present an alternative to it. Against Peterson, I argue that we have no good reason to doubt Plato’s endorsement of the picture of the philosopher of the digression; that, while Socrates and the philosopher of his digression are indeed cast as different types of philosophers, this need not mean that they are incompatible. Quite the contrary, so I argue, is what Plato intends to show us in the Theaetetus . Both Socrates and the philosopher of the digression, while philosophizing in different ways, work together in achieving one overarching aim: betterment of self by means of intellectual activity. In addition, I argue against Peterson’s claim that the Socrates of the Theaetetus is the same as the Socrates of the Apology . I also show that her related reading of the close of the Theaetetus does not stand up to scrutiny. Lastly, I offer an alternative reading of the close of the Theaetetus .
What About Hermes?: A Reconsideration of the Myth of Prometheus in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: May 2015

This essay reevaluates scholarship regarding the myth of Prometheus in Plato’s Protagoras and offers a new interpretation that focuses on the potential of Hermes as representative par excellence of the Protagorean, or, more generally, sophistic tradition. I thus consider the messenger god’s traditional portrayal in works such as the Homeric Hymn to Hermes and various Aesopic fragments, which underscore his role as teacher of learnable skills and master of deception. I then suggest that Plato alludes to this playful tradition in his own portrayal of Hermes, who, like Protagoras, is concerned with the distribution and promotion of “political skill.”
Irreconcilable Differences: Pastoral, Elegy, and Epic in Ovid’s Heroides 5
Authors: Drinkwater Megan O
Published: May 2015

Ovid’s Oenone in Heroides 5, her attempt to win back Paris, is a deft manipulator not only of pastoral and elegy, as previously recognized, but also of epic. This essay illustrates both the nymph’s careful deployment of epic themes and that her approach is a necessary response to Paris’ own change of heart and genre as evidenced in Heroides 16. In particular, Oenone’s version of her past history with Paris, their separate accounts of Paris’ recognition and judgment, and Oenone’s attempts to present herself as appropriate to his epic future show the importance of epic in this correspondence.
The Wolf and the Hare: Boudica’s Political Bodies in Tacitus and Dio
Authors: Gillespie Caitlin
Published: May 2015

This article analyzes how Tacitus and Dio use the concept of exemplarity in their narratives of Boudica’s revolt in order to present the queen as a complex model of female leadership. Tacitus’ Boudica assimilates herself to positive Roman models from Livy; Dio’s Boudica separates herself from Herodotean anti-models, as well as from the imperial women of Rome. In her condemnation of Nero, Dio’s Boudica criticizes the populace for succumbing to the influence of a negative model of leadership. Exempla contribute to each author’s characterization of Boudica; a comparative reading reveals significant differences in each author’s position on the efficacy of exempla in historiography.
Building Community While Complying With the Affordable Care Act in the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania
Authors: Mathews A. Lanethea , Coyle Bonnie S. , Deegan Michele Moser
Published: May 2015

Problem: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires nonprofit hospitals to conduct community health needs assessments (CHNA) every 3 years. Best practices for CHNAs are still emerging and, along with growing economic pressures, contribute to uncertainty about the short- and long-term costs hospitals will face as a result of the ACA.

Purpose: This article describes a community-based partnership coordinated by a nonprofit hospital and a consortium of academic institutions as a model for conducting a CHNA.

Key Points: Similar partnerships offer key advantages in complying with the ACA: local academic institutions are existing stakeholders in the community—they possess research expertise and have a vested interested in shaping implementation strategies to improve health; the process of collaborating itself helps to generate community resources, conceive of community health as a shared and iterative enterprise, and mobilize community partners in supporting long-term health priorities.

Conclusions: No CHNA is ever perfect, but there are compelling reasons for nonprofit hospitals to seek community-based partnerships, not only because such partnerships comply with the law but, more importantly, because they hold great promise for linking the CHNA process and results to the health realities of local communities, ultimately bolstering community engagement while creating shared health priorities.
Taking a Community-Based Participatory Research Approach in the Development of Methods to Measure a Community Health Worker Community Advocacy Intervention
Authors: Ingram Maia , Sabo Samantha J. , Gomez Sofia , Piper Rosalinda , de Zapien Jill Guernsey , Reinschmidt Kerstin M. , Schachter Ken A. , Carvajal Scott C.
Published: May 2015

Background: Public health advocacy is by necessity responsive to shifting sociopolitical climates, and thus a challenge of advocacy research is that the intervention must by definition be adaptive. Moving beyond the classification of advocacy efforts to measurable indicators and outcomes of policy, therefore, requires a dynamic research approach.
Objectives: The purposes of this article are to (1) describe use of the CBPR approach in the development and measurement of a community health worker (CHW) intervention designed to engage community members in public health advocacy and (2) provide a model for application of this approach in advocacy interventions addressing community-level systems and environmental change.
Methods: The Kingdon three streams model of policy change provided a theoretical framework for the intervention. Research and community partners collaboratively identified and documented intervention data. We describe five research methods used to monitor and measure CHW advocacy activities that both emerged from and influenced intervention activities.
Discussion: Encounter forms provided a longitudinal perspective of how CHWs engaged in advocacy activities in the three streams. Strategy maps defined desired advocacy outcomes and health benefits. Technical assistance notes identified and documented intermediate outcomes. Focus group and interview data reflected CHW efforts to engage community members in advocacy and the development of community leaders.

Application of Lessons Learned: We provide a model for application of key principles of CPBR that are vital to effectively capturing the overarching and nuanced aspects of public health advocacy work in dynamic political and organizational environments.
Building Capacity in Disadvantaged Communities: Development of the Community Advocacy and Leadership Program
Authors: Sharpe Patricia A. , Flint Sylvia , Burroughs-Girardi Ericka L. , Pekuri Linda , Wilcox Sara , Forthofer Melinda
Published: May 2015

Background. Successful community groups have the capacity to mobilize community assets to address needs. Capacity-building education is integral to building competent communities.
Objectives . A community–university team developed and pilot tested an education program for community advocates from disadvantaged neighborhoods with high chronic disease burden.
Methods. The Community Advocacy and Leadership Program (CALP) included eight monthly workshops, a mini-grant opportunity, and technical assistance. A nominal group with community health practitioners, focus group with community advocates, and a literature search comprised a triangulated educational needs assessment. A participating pretest with 35 community health practitioners guided curriculum refinement. Seven representatives from three community groups in a medically underserved South Carolina county participated in pilot implementation and evaluation. Qualitative and quantitative data informed the process and impact evaluation.
Results. The mean knowledge score at 1 month after the program was 77% (range, 52%–96%). The mean score on post-program self-assessment of skills improvement was 3.8 out of a possible 4.0 (range, 3.6–4.0). Two groups submitted successful community mini-grant applications for playground improvements, and the third group successfully advocated for public funding of neighborhood park improvements. Participants reported favorable impressions and both personal and community benefits from participation.
Conclusions. A community–university partnership successfully conducted a local educational needs assessment and developed and pilot tested a capacity development program within a CBPR partnership. Successes, challenges, and lessons learned will guide program refinement, replication, and dissemination.
Undoing Racism Through Genesee County’s REACH Infant Mortality Reduction Initiative
Authors: Kruger Daniel J. , Carty Denise C. , Turbeville Ashley R. , French-Turner Tonya M. , Brownlee Shannon
Published: May 2015

Background: Genesee County Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health Program (REACH) is a Community-Based Public Health partnership for reducing African American infant mortality rates that hosts the Undoing Racism Workshop (URW).

Objectives: Assess the URW’s effectiveness in promoting an understanding of racism, institutional racism, and how issues related to race/ethnicity can affect maternal and infant health.

Methods: Recent URW participants ( n = 84) completed brief preassessment and postassessment forms; participants ( n = 101) also completed an on-line, long-term assessment (LTA).

Results: URWs promoted understanding of racism and institutional racism, although they were less effective in addressing racism as related to maternal and infant health.

Conclusions: The URWs were most effective in the domains related to their standard content. Additional effort is necessary to customize URWs when utilized for activities beyond their original purpose of community mobilization.
Stand Against Cancer: Evaluating a Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program for Uninsured Patients
Authors: Eder Milton “Mickey” , Firke Charles
Published: May 2015

Background: Stand Against Cancer (SAC) is a long-running, community-based, organization-led program that addresses breast and cervical cancer disparities. Managed by Access Community Health Network (ACCESS), ongoing program evaluation reports on program performance over 5 years and public health implications.
Objectives: To reduce disparities by making free cancer screening readily accessible to uninsured women and by connecting women to nurse case management to resolve abnormal screening results. Evaluation supports program management by assessing operations and outcomes.
Methods: Health center staff completes patient applications that start the clock to achieve a resolution for all women who screen. All women with abnormal screens are referred to nurse case management and entered into a database for tracking. Program evaluation tracks the extent to which the predominantly minority women successfully reach resolution points, specifically the return of screening results and diagnostic resolution of abnormal results, including initiation of treatment.
Results: A 5-year average of 10,400 women received SAC-supported screening at ACCESS. Through nurse case management, 90% of patients with abnormal screening results received a diagnosis. Women increasingly return and screen in subsequent years, contributing to a lower rate of late-stage cancers. Uninsured patients receiving SAC screening made additional nonscreening visits. Evaluation determined that SAC participant outcomes approximate or exceed a comparable national cohort and that program outcomes demonstrate effectiveness, equity, and optimality.
Conclusions: Annual SAC evaluation illustrates that removing access barriers and providing nurse case management support to patients with abnormal results produced non-dispasrate outcomes for uninsured women.
Using CBPR for Health Research in American Muslim Mosque Communities
Authors: Killawi Amal , Heisler Michele , Hamid Hamada , Padela Aasim I.
Published: May 2015

Background: American Muslims are understudied in health research, and there are few studies documenting community-based participatory research (CBPR) efforts among American Muslim mosque communities.
Objectives: We highlight lessons learned from a CBPR partnership that explored the health care beliefs, behaviors, and challenges of American Muslims.
Methods: We established a collaboration between the University of Michigan and four Muslim-focused community organizations in Michigan. Our collaborative team designed and implemented a two-phase study involving interviews with community stakeholders and focus groups and surveys with mosque congregants.
Lessons Learned: Although we were successful in meeting our research goals, maintaining community partner involvement and sustaining the project partnership proved challenging.
Conclusions: CBPR initiatives within mosque communities have the potential for improving community health. Our experience suggests that successful research partnerships with American Muslims will utilize social networks and cultural insiders, culturally adapt research methods, and develop a research platform within the organizational infrastructures of the American Muslim community.
Power-Sharing Partnerships: Teachers’ Experiences of Participatory Methodology
Authors: Ferreira Ronél , Ebersöhn Liesel , Mbongwe Bathsheba B.
Published: May 2015

Background: This article reports on the experiences of teachers as coresearchers in a long-term partnership with university researchers, who participated in an asset-based intervention project known as Supportive Teachers, Assets and Resilience (STAR). In an attempt to inform participatory research methodology, the study investigated how coresearchers (teachers) experienced power relations. We utilized Gaventa’s power cube as a theoretical framework and participatory research as our methodologic paradigm.
Method: Ten teachers of a primary school in the Eastern Cape and five teachers of a secondary school in a remote area in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa participated ( n = 15). We employed multiple data generation techniques, namely Participatory Reflection and Action (PRA) activities, observation, focus group discussions, and semistructured interviews, using thematic analysis and categorical aggregation for data analysis.
Results: We identified three themes, related to the (1) nature of power in participatory partnerships, (2) coresearchers’ meaning making of power and partnerships, and their (3) role in taking agency.
Conclusion: Based on these findings, we developed a framework of power sharing partnerships to extend Gaventa’s power cube theory. This framework, and its five interrelated elements (leadership as power, identifying vision and mission, synergy, interdependent role of partners, and determination), provide insight into the way coresearchers shared their experiences of participatory research methodology. We theorise power-sharing partnerships as a complimentary platform hosting partners’ shared strengths, skills, and experience, creating synergy in collaborative projects.
Research for Improved Health: Variability and Impact of Structural Characteristics in Federally Funded Community Engaged Research
Authors: Pearson Cynthia R. , Duran Bonnie , Oetzel John , Margarati Maya , Villegas Malia , Lucero Julie , Wallerstein Nina
Published: May 2015

Background: Although there is strong scientific, policy, and community support for community-engaged research (CEnR)—including community-based participatory research (CBPR)—the science of CEnR is still developing.
Objective: To describe structural differences in federally funded CEnR projects by type of research (i.e., descriptive, intervention, or dissemination/policy change) and race/ethnicity of the population served.
Methods: We identified 333 federally funded projects in 2009 that potentially involved CEnR, 294 principal investigators/project directors (PI/PD) were eligible to participate in a key informant (KI) survey from late 2011 to early 2012 that asked about partnership structure (68% response rate).
Results: The National Institute on Minority Health & Health Disparities (19.1%), National Cancer Institute (NCI; 13.3%), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC; 12.6%) funded the most CEnR projects. Most were intervention projects (66.0%). Projects serving American Indian or Alaskan Native (AIAN) populations (compared with other community of color or multiple-race/unspecified) were likely to be descriptive projects ( p < .01), receive less funding ( p < .05), and have higher rates of written partnership agreements ( p < .05), research integrity training ( p < .05), approval of publications ( p < .01), and data ownership ( p < .01). AIAN-serving projects also reported similar rates of research productivity and greater levels of resource sharing compared with those serving multiple-race/unspecified groups.
Conclusions: There is clear variability in the structure of CEnR projects with future research needed to determine the impact of this variability on partnering processes and outcomes. In addition, projects in AIAN communities receive lower levels of funding yet still have comparable research productivity to those projects in other racial/ethnic communities.
Somali Perspectives on Physical Activity: PhotoVoice to Address Barriers and Resources in San Diego
Authors: Murray Kate E. , Mohamed Amina Sheik , Dawson Darius B. , Syme Maggie , Abdi Sahra , Barnack-Taviaris Jessica
Published: May 2015

Background. Although many immigrants enter the United States with a healthy body weight, this health advantage disappears the longer they reside in the United States. To better understand the complexities of obesity change within a cultural framework, a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, PhotoVoice, was used, focusing on physical activity among Muslim Somali women.
Objectives. The CBPR partnership was formed to identify barriers and resources to engaging in physical activity with goals of advocacy and program development.
Methods. Muslim Somali women ( n = 8) were recruited to participate, trained and provided cameras, and engaged in group discussions about the scenes they photographed.
Results. Participants identified several barriers, including safety concerns, minimal culturally appropriate resources, and financial constraints. Strengths included public resources and a community support system. The CBPR process identified opportunities and challenges to collaboration and dissemination processes.
Conclusions. The findings laid the framework for subsequent program development and community engagement.
PhotoVoice: A Community-Based Participatory Approach in Developing Disaster Reduction Strategies
Authors: Crabtree Christopher , Braun Kathryn
Published: May 2015

Introduction: The traditional centralized approach to disaster preparedness fails to take into consideration the unique geographic, historic, cultural, and social needs of communities. It often puts vulnerable communities more at risk by directing them to follow a one-size-fits-all model. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches can increase awareness and customize the disaster reduction strategies to meet a community’s unique needs.
Objective: To partner with a vulnerable community in Hawaii in conducting a hazard-specific vulnerability and capability assessment utilizing PhotoVoice and the core principles of CBPR.
Methods: A community participated in a PhotoVoice project to identify and categorize their vulnerabilities and capabilities, identify gaps, and develop solutions or strategies to reduce their vulnerability to a tsunami.
Results: Forty-two vulnerabilities and 50 capabilities within the community were identified and then categorized through photo presentations and discussion sessions. These were sorted into 17 themes, including communications, accessibility, historic and cultural, emergency notification, food, and water. Based on the vulnerability and capability assessment, 13 gaps were then identified and discussed, yielding 16 feasible strategies to reduce the community’s vulnerability.
Conclusions: PhotoVoice was found to be a successful community-based participatory process to assist a vulnerable community to develop contextually appropriate disaster reduction strategies through visual dialogue, which increased community awareness, engagement, and capacity.
Peer Mentoring for Male Parolees: A CBPR Pilot Study
Authors: Marlow Elizabeth , Grajeda William , Lee Yema , Young Earthy , Williams Malcolm , Hill Karen
Published: May 2015

Background: Formerly incarcerated adults are impoverished, have high rates of substance use disorders, and have long histories of imprisonment. This article describes the development of a peer mentoring program for formerly incarcerated adults and the pilot study designed to evaluate it. The research team, which included formerly incarcerated adults and academic researchers, developed the peer mentoring program to support formerly incarcerated adults’ transition to the community after prison.

Objectives: The purposes of the pilot evaluation study were to (1) assess the feasibility of implementing a peer-based intervention for recently released men developed using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach; (2) establish preliminary data on the program’s impact on coping, self-esteem, abstinence self-efficacy, social support, and participation in 12-step meetings; and (3) establish a CBPR team of formerly incarcerated adults and academic researchers to develop, implement, and test interventions for this population.

Method: This pilot evaluation study employed a mixed-methods approach with a single group pretest/posttest design with 20 men on parole released from prison within the last 30 days.

Results: Quantitative findings showed significant improvement on two abstinence self-efficacy subscales, negative affect and habitual craving. Qualitative findings revealed the relevance and acceptance of peer mentoring for this population.

Conclusions: This study demonstrated the feasibility and import of involving formerly incarcerated adults in the design, implementation, and testing of interventions intended to support their reintegration efforts.
Across the Miles: Process and Impacts of Collaboration with a Rural Community Advisory Board in HIV Research
Authors: Isler Malika Roman , Miles Margaret Shandor , Banks Bahby , Perreras Lexie , Muhammad Melvin , Parker Donald , Corbie-Smith Giselle
Published: May 2015

Background: Project Education and Access to Services and Testing (EAST) worked with a community advisory board (CAB) to (1) identify individual-level, provider-level, and community-level factors influencing attitudes about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV/acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) research and (2) develop and test a community-based HIV clinical trials educational intervention in six rural counties in the Southeast.
Objectives: We describe the processes and impact of forming and collaborating with a rural, multicommunity CAB.
Methods: CAB members included community leaders, providers, and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). CAB engagement emphasized respect and confidentiality. Tape-recorded meeting minutes and debriefing notes were used in analysis.
Results: The CAB identified physical and social parameters of the communities, built community trust, informed research design and implementation, and helped to navigate the impact of stigma. Major barriers to engagement were distance and geographic dispersion.
Conclusions: CABs can make a critical difference in conducting culturally appropriate and successful research in rural communities.
Community Collaborative for Colorectal Cancer Screening in Los Angeles Koreatown
Authors: Sabado Parichart , Jo Angela , Kagawa-Singer Marjorie , Juhn Erica
Published: May 2015

Colorectal cancer (CRC) rates are high among Korean Americans due in large part to low rates of screening. The Asian American Network for Cancer Awareness, Research, and Training (AANCART) developed the Korean CRC Project to increase awareness of and access to CRC screening for Los Angeles County Korean Americans.
Children’s Healthy Living Program (CHL) Indigenous Workforce Training to Prevent Childhood Obesity in the Underserved U.S. Affiliated Pacific Region
Authors: Fialkowski Marie Kainoa , Delormier Treena , Hattori-Uchima Margaret , Leslie Jodi Haunani , Greenberg Joshua , Kim Jang Ho , Deenik Jonathan L. , Dunn Michael A. , Areta Aufa‘i Apulu Ropeti , Novotny Rachel
Published: May 2015

The U.S. Affiliated Pacific Region (USAPR) is an underserved region with high rates of obesity-related, non-communicable diseases and a low proportion of trained obesity prevention professionals, especially indigenous professionals. The Children’s Healthy Living Training Program was developed to enhance the USAPR’s capacity to address childhood obesity prevention.
Policy, System, and Environment Strategies to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Food Sources to Address Guam’s Disparate Non-Communicable Disease Burden
Authors: Nitta Mavis , Tanner Charles , Narvarte Khrysthynn , Luces Patrick , Silverio Alexis , Zabala Roselie , Navasca Dioreme , Sy Angela , Palafox Neal A.
Published: May 2015

In 2013, the Guam Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Consortium, Department of Public Health and Social Services, and University of Hawaii collaborated to address Guam’s NCD burden. This field report describes their efforts to implement policy, system, and environmental interventions through the worksite wellness and community garden programs.
Identifying and Understanding the Role of Key Stakeholders in Promoting Worker Health and Safety in Nail Salons
Authors: Quach Thu , Tsoh Janice Y. , Le Gem , Le Minhthu , Pham Alene , Fu Lisa , Luu Vinh , Ngo Kim , Reynolds Peggy
Published: May 2015

The nail salon sector is booming, predominantly with Vietnamese immigrant workers who regularly handle nail care products containing harmful chemicals. Based on lessons learned from an ongoing randomized controlled trial, occupational interventions need to incorporate inputs from different stakeholders, including salon owners, workers, and customers as well as governmental regulatory agencies.
Type 2 Diabetes among 6 Asian Ethnic Groups in California: The Nexus of Ethnicity, Gender, and Generational Status
Authors: Huang Z. Jennifer , Zheng Chaoyi
Published: May 2015

Objectives . We examined associations between generational status and age-adjusted type 2 diabetes (T2DM) among Asians living in California. Methods . We abstracted data on 7,188 Asian Americans of six ethnicities from the 2007 and 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Age-and ethnicity-specific logistic regression analyses were used to model prevalence of T2DM based on 29 generational status and language spoken at home. Results . Second-generation Asian men and first-generation Asian women had higher T2DM prevalence compared with their White peers. Such a trend was observed among Chinese and Filipino men, and Filipina and Korean women. In addition, Filipinas who spoke only English at home had lower odds of T2DM than other Filipinas (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-1.0) while the relationship was reversed among Filipino men (OR=3.2, 95% CI 1.0-10.1). Conclusions . Associations between generational status and T2DM among Asian Americans are non-linear and strongly influenced by gender and ethnicity.
Improving Access to Healthy Foods for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Lessons Learned from the STRIVE Program
Authors: Kwon Simona C. , Rideout Catlin , Patel Shilpa , Arista Pedro , Tepporn Edward , Lipman Jesse , Kunkel Sarah , Le Daniel Q. , Chin Kathy Ko , Trinh-Shevrin Chau
Published: May 2015

Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders (AANHPIs) experience a large burden from certain chronic disease-related risk factors. The STRIVE Program funded four AANHPI community-based organizations (CBOs) to implement culturally adapted community gardens and farmers’ markets to increase access to healthy foods. Key CBO informant interviews were conducted to understand processes and lessons learned.
Increasing Cervical Cancer Screening Among Vietnamese Americans: A Community-Based Intervention Trial
Authors: Ma Grace X. , Fang Carolyn , Tan Yin , Feng Ziding , Ge Shaokui , Nguyen Cuc
Published: May 2015

Vietnamese women experience a significant health disparity in incidence and mortality rates and screening of cervical cancer. This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted and culturally appropriate intervention in increasing Pap testing rates to reduce cervical cancer disparity in this high-risk population. Methods . A total of 30 Vietnamese community organizations were randomized to either intervention or control condition. Participants (n=1,416) completed 12-month follow-up of Pap testing, their self-reported and medical record data were collected and analyzed. Results . The findings showed a statistically significant increase in Pap testing among intervention group than control group (significance p<.0001). The self-reported Pap test screening rate is in high agreement with that of validated medical records. Conclusion . Results indicate the screening rate was significantly higher in Vietnamese women in the intervention group compared with the control. Despite large intervention effect, there still remains a gap to reach Healthy People 2020 goal of 93% screening rate.
Litigation and Community Advocacy to Ensure Health Access for Micronesian Migrants in Hawai‘i
Authors: Hagiwara Megan Kiyomi Inada , Yamada Seiji , Tanaka Wayne , Ostrowski Deja Marie
Published: May 2015

The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republics of Palau and the Marshall Islands signed a series of treaties known as the Compacts of Free Association (COFA) with the United States (U.S.). While the islands became independent nations, certain rights and responsibilities were assigned to the U.S. However since the signing of the treaties, U.S. federal and Hawai‘i state policies have reduced health care coverage for COFA migrants living in the U.S. and its territories. This commentary reports the ongoing efforts of the Micronesian community and its allies to rectify a legacy of unjust policies. We outline the need for sound policies that support appropriate health care to all members of society, and highlight the community’s strength and ability to mobilize for political action. If health is a human right, providing adequate, equitable health care to all members of society is not up for debate.
Overweight and Obesity Prevalence among Public School Children in Guam
Authors: Paulino Yvette C. , Guerrero Rachael T. Leon , Uncangco Alyssa A. , Rosadino Mary Grace , Quinene Julietta C. , Natividad Zenaida N.
Published: May 2015

Background . The Government of Guam passed Public Law 28-87, which established the collection of child Body Mass Index (BMI) measurements in the Guam Department of Education (GDOE). This paper aimed to analyze the BMI data and report the childhood obesity prevalence on Guam. Methods . Secondary analysis was performed on a repeated cross-section of 106,827 children in the GDOE from 2010 to 2014. Age- and sex-specific prevalence estimates and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) by weight status were calculated for each year. Test for trends in the high weight status were performed. Results . The childhood obesity prevalence was 23.1% (95% CI, 22.9%–23.4%). It declined from 23.6% (95% CI, 23.1%–24.1%) in 2010–2011 to 22.6% (95% CI, 22.1%–23.0%) in 2013–2014 (p=.007). Conclusion . Childhood obesity on Guam has declined, though it remains higher than the U.S. Mainland. Continued BMI data collection is needed to monitor childhood obesity and measure the impact of Public Law 28-87.
Defining an Integrative Approach for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Population Health Equity Framework
Authors: Trinh-Shevrin Chau , Islam Nadia S. , Nadkarni Smiti , Park Rebecca , Kwon Simona C.
Published: May 2015

Eliminating health disparities in racial/ethnic minority and underserved populations requires a paradigm shift from biomedical approaches that are disease-focused to a health equity framework that aims to achieve optimal health for all by targeting social and structural determinants of health. We describe the concepts and parallel approaches that underpin an integrative population health equity framework and present the experience of NYU Center for the Study of Asian American Health (CSAAH) in applying the framework to guide its work. Applying an integrative framework has deepened our community engagement efforts, our understanding of the multi-level contextual factors that influence health, and our capacity to advance health equity for Asian American communities through action-oriented research and policy. This framework and experience is applicable to researchers and community members working with other underserved populations.
Cost Burden of Potentially Preventable Hospitalizations for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes for Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Whites in Hawai‘i
Authors: Sentell Tetine L. , Ahn Hyeong Jun , Miyamura Jill , Juarez Deborah T.
Published: May 2015

We compared the cost burdens of potentially preventable hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease and diabetes for Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Whites using Hawai‘i statewide 2007–2012 inpatient data. The cost burden of the 27,894 preventable hospitalizations over six years (total cost: over $353 million) fell heavily on Native Hawaiians who had the largest proportion (23%) of all preventable hospitalizations and the highest unadjusted average costs (median: $9,117) for these hospitalizations. Diabetes-related amputations (median cost: $20,167) were the most expensive of the seven preventable hospitalization types. After adjusting for other factors (including age, insurance, and hospital), costs for preventable diabetes-related amputations were significantly higher for Native Hawaiians (ratio estimate:1.23; 95%CI:1.05–1.44), Japanese (ratio estimate:1.44; 95%CI:1.20–1.72), and other Pacific Islanders (ratio estimate:1.26; 95%CI:1.04–1.52) compared with Whites. Reducing potentially preventable hospitalizations would not only improve health equity, but could also relieve a large and disproportionate cost burden on some Pacific Islander and Asian American communities.
World Poverty: Rights, Obligations, Institutions, Motivations
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: May 2015

A common criticism of international human rights declarations is that they lack an adequate account of the corresponding obligations. This criticism is often thought to be particularly apt when applied to economic and social rights. International human rights law imposes these obligations on states, but critics object that this treats the problem (state behavior) as the solution. This article examines the question of the obligations corresponding to economic and social rights in the context of debates about world poverty. It argues that the legal and philosophical emphasis on obligations must be supplemented by an understanding of both institutions and motivations if practical progress to eradicate world poverty is to be made.
Involuntary Sterilization of HIV-Positive Women: An Example of Intersectional Discrimination
Authors: Sifris Ronli
Published: May 2015

This article considers the involuntary sterilization of HIV-positive women through the lens of intersectional discrimination. It begins by examining the international human right to be free from discrimination before considering involuntary sterilization as a form of discrimination against women. The article then draws on the example of the involuntary sterilization of HIV-positive women to make the point that, in order to understand the insidious nature of involuntary sterilization, it must be viewed through the prism of intersectional discrimination.
Long Journey Home: Family Reunification Experiences of the Disappeared Children of El Salvador
Authors: Barnert Elizabeth S. , Stover Eric , Ryan Gery , Chung Paul
Published: May 2015

Established in 1994, Salvadoran Asociación Pro-Búsqueda de Niñas y Niños Desaparecidos (Association for the Search of Disappeared Children) has located 384 children, often with the aid of DNA evidence, of the more than 500 who went missing or were abducted during El Salvador’s civil war. Families in other countries who were unaware of the forced separations adopted many of these children. Between 2005 and 2009, we conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-six children, now young adults aged twenty-four to thirty-four years, who had been reunited with their biological families. We found that we could conceptually categorize the process of separation and reunification into six phases: pre-disappearance, disappearance, separation, searching, reunion, and reunification. While these young adults said that reunification was extremely important, they often found this stage psychologically challenging, given their new identities and their uncertainty about how they would reintegrate back—if at all—into their biological families. We call this process “ambiguous reunification.”
Teetering on the Edge of Legal Nihilism: Russia and the Evolving European Human Rights Regime
Authors: Provost René
Published: May 2015

From Pussy Riot to Michael Khodorkovskiy, the solidity of the rule of law in Russia seems rather shaky. This has translated into a troubled relationship between Russia and the European Court of Human Rights since Russia’s ratification of the European Convention in 1998. Various factors explain this tension, including the structure of the judiciary, the status of the European Convention in Russia law, public mistrust of the courts, and ongoing episodes of armed conflicts. This has posed enormous challenges to the European Court of Human Rights, and even the most recent attempts to improve it are unlikely to trigger better compliance in Russia.
Business and Human Rights Indicators to Measure the Corporate Responsibility to Respect: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: de Felice Damiano
Published: May 2015

Business and human rights indicators, ratings, and indices have proliferated in the past few years. Yet, measuring respect for human rights by corporations is not an easy task. This article offers an overview of the most prominent business and human rights measurement initiatives and draws attention to the normative, methodological, practical, and political challenges related to the production of valid and emancipatory measures of corporate respect for human rights. The objective is to move the debate forward, from the “if” (whether to use indicators) to the “how” (how to create better initiatives).
After Amnesties are Gone: Latin American National Courts and the new Contours of the Fight Against Impunity
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: May 2015

Latin America is the one region that, in the wake of massive and systematic violations of human rights, has made inroads into trying such crimes in national courts. After decades in which cases were dismissed on grounds of amnesty, statutes of limitations, or other impediments to trial, these barriers have fallen in a majority of countries. This turnaround—while fragile and incomplete—is remarkable. It provides important and inspirational lessons for lawyers, judges, and advocates in other regions, and for international justice efforts. Cases involving international crimes in the courts of Latin American countries have experienced distinct phases. In the first phase, advocates confronted barriers to bringing the cases into court at all. In the second and current phase, courts are facing the challenges of organizing trials that involve hundreds of defendants and victims, or using the elements of crimes like genocide to show overall patterns of atrocity. A final, emerging phase shifts the focus from trial to punishment. This phase has led to creative—and controversial—propositions about reduced sentences, suspended sentences, and alternatives to imprisonment in cases involving international crimes.
Human Rights Norms, State Sovereignty, and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Walling Carrie Booth
Published: May 2015

Though increasingly legitimate, humanitarian intervention by the United Nations Security Council is selective and rare. This article illustrates how the increasing legitimacy of human rights norms is changing the meaning of state sovereignty and the purpose of military force at the United Nations. By examining Security Council discourse during debates about Iraq, Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Darfur, and Libya, the article delineates the conditions under which discourse creates new opportunities for the Security Council to authorize, engage in, and support humanitarian intervention.