bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Resources in the Study of Elite Political Behaviour in Taiwan
Authors: Sullivan Jonathan
Published: February 2013

The objective of this article is to survey the abundance of primary source electronic data, and appropriate methods, which could be used to advance the study of elite politics in Taiwan. Research on public attitudes and voting behaviour has benefited enormously from open scholarly access to systematically collected, reliable data resources. Research on elite political behaviour in Taiwan could similarly benefit from the creation of supplementary datasets derived from electronic primary sources. I argue that the primary resources and methods needed are already in place, for instance, to produce quantitative estimates of the policy preferences and ideological positions of parties and individual political actors over time. A variety of political texts created by political actors at all levels of office (and indeed, in opposition) are readily accessible online. With a small degree of processing, these electronic texts can easily be rendered in machine-readable format for analysis by means of computer-assisted content analysis software. Despite successes in other contexts, these data and methods are currently underutilized in studies of elite political behaviour in Taiwan.
Wronged in Her Dearest Rights: Plaintiff Wives and the Transformation of Marital Consortium, 1870–1920
Authors: Reilly Kimberley A.
Published: February 2013

In 1871, Mary Ann Harlan brought an unprecedented suit against her neighbors, Elliot and Mary Clark, before the Superior Court of Cincinnati. She alleged that they had “wrongfully and maliciously enticed away” her husband, Robert Harlan, from their home, thus depriving her of Robert's “society, protection, and support.” The common law had long given husbands the right of action to sue third parties who enticed away, harbored, alienated the affections of, or seduced their wives. In these types of marital torts, a husband sought damages for the loss of his wife's “consortium,” a term that expressed his property in her services and society. At the time of Mary Ann's suit, however, wives had no such reciprocal right. In part, this was an outcome of the common law doctrine of marital unity, or coverture, under which a wife's legal identity was merged into that of her husband upon marriage. Unable to sue or be sued, she had to be joined by him in a legal action. Courts were hardly amenable to the idea of allowing husbands to join in suits involving their own marital transgressions, where they would stand to profit from their misdeeds if any damages were awarded. More fundamentally, however, the limitation of wives' access to legal remedies was an expression of the hierarchical nature of marital unity. No less an authority than eighteenth-century English jurist William Blackstone, the most influential expositor of the common law, put the reason plainly: “the inferior hath no kind of property in the company, care, or assistance of the superior, as the superior is held to have in those of the inferior; and therefore the inferior can suffer no loss or injury.” According to this theory, a wife was not barred from bringing such a suit simply because of her legal disabilities under coverture; as a subordinate in the marriage relation, she lacked any reciprocal claim to her husband's society. Mary Ann's case, then, hinged on whether she had the right to bring her suit.
Phenotype–environment correlations in longitudinal twin models
Authors: Beam Christopher R. , Turkheimer Eric
Published: February 2013

Gene–environment correlation (rGE) exists both within and between families. Between families, accumulating rGE has been used to explain dramatic changes in phenotypic means over time. The Dickens and Flynn model of increases in cognitive ability over generational time, for example, suggests that small changes in phenotype can lead to subsequent reallocation of environmental resources. This process sets up a reciprocal feedback loop between phenotype and environment, producing accumulating rGE that can cause large changes in the mean of ability, even though ability remains highly heritable in cross-sectional data. We report simulations suggesting that similar processes may operate within twin and sibling pairs. Especially in dizygotic twins and siblings, small differences in phenotype can become associated with reallocations of environmental resources within families. We show that phenotype–environment effects can account for age-related increases in rGE, rapid differentiation of siblings raised together, and widely reported increases in the heritability of behavior during childhood and adolescence.
Maternal age at first birth and offspring criminality: Using the children of twins design to test causal hypotheses
Authors: Coyne Claire A. , Långström Niklas , Rickert Martin E. , Lichtenstein Paul , D'Onofrio Brian M.
Published: February 2013

Teenage childbirth is a risk factor for poor offspring outcomes, particularly offspring antisocial behavior. It is not clear, however, if maternal age at first birth (MAFB) is causally associated with offspring antisocial behavior or if this association is due to selection factors that influence both the likelihood that a young woman gives birth early and that her offspring engage in antisocial behavior. The current study addresses the limitations of previous research by using longitudinal data from Swedish national registries and children of siblings and children of twins comparisons to identify the extent to which the association between MAFB and offspring criminal convictions is consistent with a causal influence and confounded by genetic or environmental factors that make cousins similar. We found offspring born to mothers who began childbearing earlier were more likely to be convicted of a crime than offspring born to mothers who delayed childbearing. The results from comparisons of differentially exposed cousins, especially born to discordant monozygotic twin sisters, provide support for a causal association between MAFB and offspring criminal convictions. The analyses also found little evidence for genetic confounding due to passive gene–environment correlation. Future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to identify environmental risk factors that mediate this causal association.
Evidence of gene–environment correlation for peer difficulties: Disruptive behaviors predict early peer relation difficulties in school through genetic effects
Authors: Boivin Michel , Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Forget-Dubois Nadine , Feng Bei , Tremblay Richard E. , Dionne Ginette
Published: February 2013

Early disruptive behaviors, such as aggressive and hyperactive behaviors, known to be influenced by genetic factors, have been found to predict early school peer relation difficulties, such as peer rejection and victimization. However, there is no consensus regarding the developmental processes underlying this predictive association. Genetically informative designs, such as twin studies, are well suited for investigating the underlying genetic and environmental etiology of this association. The main goal of the present study was to examine the possible establishment of an emerging gene–environment correlation linking disruptive behaviors to peer relationship difficulties during the first years of school. Participants were drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of twins who were assessed with respect to their social behaviors and their peer relation difficulties in kindergarten and in Grade 1 through peer nominations measures and teacher ratings. As predicted, disruptive behaviors were concurrently and predictively associated with peer relation difficulties. Multivariate analyses of these associations indicate that they were mainly accounted for by genetic factors. These results emphasize the need to adopt an early and persistent prevention framework targeting both the child and the peer context to alleviate the establishment of a negative coercive process and its consequences.
Gene–environment correlation in the development of adolescent substance abuse: Selection effects of child personality and mediation via contextual risk factors
Authors: Hicks Brian M. , Johnson Wendy , Durbin C. Emily , Blonigen Daniel M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt
Published: February 2013

We used a longitudinal twin design to examine selection effects of personality traits at age 11 on high-risk environmental contexts at age 14 and the extent to which these contexts mediated risk for substance abuse at age 17. Socialization at age 11 (willingness to follow rules and endorse conventional values) predicted exposure to contextual risk at age 14. Contextual risk partially mediated the effect of socialization on substance abuse, though socialization also had a direct effect. In contrast, boldness at age 11 (social engagement and assurance, thrill seeking, and stress resilience) also predicted substance abuse directly but was unrelated to contextual risk. There was substantial overlap in the genetic and shared environmental influences on socialization and contextual risk, and genetic risk in socialization contributed to substance abuse indirectly via increased exposure to contextual risk. This suggests that active gene–environment correlations related to individual differences in socialization contributed to an early, high-risk developmental trajectory for adolescent substance abuse. In contrast, boldness appeared to index an independent and direct genetic risk factor for adolescent substance abuse.
Four factors for the initiation of substance use by young adulthood: A 10-year follow-up twin and sibling study of marital conflict, monitoring, siblings, and peers
Authors: Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Marceau Kristine , Reiss David
Published: February 2013

This study examined genetic and environmental influences on associations among marital conflict about the child, parental monitoring, sibling relationship negativity, and peer delinquency during adolescence and initiation of illegal drug use by young adulthood. The sample comprised data collected longitudinally from same-sex sibling pairs and parents when the siblings were 10–18 years old (M = 14.5 and 12.9 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively) and 20–35 years old (M = 26.8 and 25.5 years for Child 1 and Child 2, respectively). Findings indicate four factors that explain the initiation of illegal drug use: two shaped by genetic influences and two shaped by environments shared by siblings. The two genetically shaped factors probably have distinct mechanisms: one a child-initiated coercive process in the family and the other parent and peer processes shaped by the child's disclosure. The environmentally influenced factors seem distinctively shaped by poor parental monitoring of both sibs and the effects of siblings on each other's deviancy.
Child dopamine active transporter 1 genotype and parenting: Evidence for evocative gene–environment correlations
Authors: Hayden Elizabeth P. , Hanna Brigitte , Sheikh Haroon I. , Laptook Rebecca S. , Kim Jiyon , Singh Shiva M. , Klein Daniel N.
Published: February 2013

The dopamine active transporter 1 (DAT1) gene is implicated in psychopathology risk. Although the processes by which this gene exerts its effects on risk are poorly understood, a small body of research suggests that the DAT1 gene influences early emerging negative emotionality, a marker of children's psychopathology risk. As child negative emotionality evokes negative parenting practices, the DAT1 gene may also play a role in gene–environment correlations. To test this model, children (N = 365) were genotyped for the DAT1 gene and participated in standardized parent–child interaction tasks with their primary caregiver. The DAT1 gene 9-repeat variant was associated with child negative affect expressed toward the parent during parent–child interactions, and parents of children with a 9-repeat allele exhibited more hostility and lower guidance/engagement than parents of children without a 9-repeat allele. These gene–environment associations were partially mediated by child negative affect toward the parent. The findings implicate a specific polymorphism in eliciting negative parenting, suggesting that evocative associations play a role in elevating children's risk for emotional trajectories toward psychopathology risk.
Adaptive graph walk-based similarity measures for parsed text
Authors: MINKOV EINAT , COHEN WILLIAM W.
Published: February 2013

We consider a dependency-parsed text corpus as an instance of a labeled directed graph, where nodes represent words and weighted directed edges represent the syntactic relations between them. We show that graph walks, combined with existing techniques of supervised learning that model local and global information about the graph walk process, can be used to derive a task-specific word similarity measure in this graph. We also propose and evaluate a new learning method in this framework, a path-constrained graph walk variant, in which the walk process is guided by high-level knowledge about meaningful edge sequences (paths) in the graph. Empirical evaluation on the tasks of named entity coordinate term extraction and general word synonym extraction show that this framework is preferable to, or competitive with, vector-based models when learning is applied, and using small to moderate size text corpora.
The positioning of concessive adverbial clauses in English: assessing the importance of discourse-pragmatic and processing-based constraints
Authors: WIECHMANN DANIEL , KERZ ELMA
Published: February 2013

English permits adverbial subordinate clauses to be placed either before or after their associated main clause. Previous research has shown that the positioning is conditioned by various factors from the domains of semantics, discourse pragmatics and language processing. With the exception of Diessel (2008), these factors have never been investigated in concert, which makes it difficult to understand their relative importance. Diessel's study, however, discusses only temporal constructions and identifies iconicity of sequence as the strongest predictor of clause position. Since this explanation is, in principle, unavailable for other types of subordinate clauses, the generalizability of Diessel's findings is somewhat limited. The present study offers a multifactorial analysis of 2,000 concessive constructions from the written part of the BNC and assesses the variable importance of six factors for the ordering choice, showing that semantic and discourse-pragmatic factors are much stronger predictors of clause position than processing-based, weight-related ones. On a methodological note, the study proposes that random forests using conditional inference trees constitute the preferred tool for the general type of problem investigated here.
Analogy in the emergence of intrusive-rin English
Authors: SÓSKUTHY MÁRTON
Published: February 2013

This article presents a novel approach to the phenomenon of intrusive-rin English based on analogy. The main claim of the article is that intrusive-rin non-rhotic dialects of English is the result of the analogical extension of ther~zero alternation shown by words such asfar,moreanddear. While this idea has been around for a long time, this is the first study that explores this type of analysis in detail. Specifically, I provide an overview of the developments that led to the emergence of intrusive-rand show that they are fully compatible with an analogical approach. This includes the analysis of frequency data taken from an eighteenth-century corpus of English compiled specifically for the purposes of this article and the discussion of a related development, namely intrusive-l. The article also presents a review of the evidence about the variability of intrusive-r, which serves as the basis of an evaluation of previous approaches. Once the notion of analogy is made formally explicit, the analogical approach becomes capable of providing a unified account of the historical development and the variability of intrusive-r. This is demonstrated through a computer simulation of the emergence of the phenomenon based on the eighteenth-century corpus mentioned above. The results of the simulation confirm the predictions of the analogical approach.
Subjectivity, indefiniteness and semantic change
Authors: VARTIAINEN TURO
Published: February 2013

In this article I discuss article usage in NPs with subjective and objective adjectival premodifiers. The main topic of the article is the tendency of semantically subjective adjectives to be used in indefinite NPs. This correlation is independent of the frequency of the adjective, and the uneven article distribution becomes even more skewed when an overt indicator of subjectivity, such asveryormuch, is introduced to the NP. I explain this tendency in terms of accessibility: subjective modifiers provide the speaker with a way of expressing a personal evaluation of the referent, and this evaluation is typically new information in discourse. Consequently, subjective premodifiers strongly favour indefinite NPs. By contrast, objective modifiers often encode information that is typical of the referent or else accessible from context or through world knowledge. Because the information expressed by the modifier is accessible, the accessibility of the discourse referent itself determines article choice, and the distribution of articles is more even. I also show that the connection between subjectivity and indefiniteness may provide the linguist with a useful tool in semantic disambiguation and diachronic research. Case studies of two polysemous -ingparticiples,movingandglowing, show that when used as a nominal premodifier, the subjective sense of the word (e.g.moving, ‘emotionally touching’) strongly favours indefinite NPs over definite NPs. We will also see that when a participle (outstanding) or a noun (key) develops a subjective sense and undergoes category change to adjective, the new sense is particularly often used in indefinite constructions, and the semantic change and gradual adjectivisation of the word is mirrored in the gradual increase in the use of indefinite NPs.
Gender/sex discrepancies in pronominal references to animals: a statistical analysis
Authors: GARDELLE LAURE
Published: February 2013

Although the English gender system is a semantic system largely based on sex, it is well known that in references to animals there is widespread discrepancy between pronominal gender and sex, and that gender selection is dependent on speaker's point of view (degree of interest in the animal, projection of personality and so on). What is yet to be established, however, is whether point of view still prevails in references to animals when the antecedent noun specifies the sex of the referent (e.g.stallion,ewe). In that case the neuter is known to occur but there is no quantitative assessment of the phenomenon, although it is crucial to understanding the influence of sex on gender selection. This article therefore proposes a statistical analysis of gender use in personal pronouns focusing exclusively on cases in which the antecedent noun specifies the sex of the animal. The analysis is carried out at the scale of the multi-million-wordCorpus of Contemporary American English(COCA), using Pearson's chi-square test complemented by the odds ratio estimate. Three questions are considered: how common is the neuter? Is its relative frequency the same with female animals as with males? Finally, do the proportions vary according to the position of the anaphor relative to its antecedent?
Body composition and eating behaviours in relation to dieting involvement in a sample of urban Greek adolescents from the TEENAGE (TEENs of Attica: Genes & Environment) study
Authors: Ntalla Ioanna , Giannakopoulou Margarita , Vlachou Panagiota , Giannitsopoulou Kalliope , Gkesou Vasiliki , Makridi Chrysoula , Marougka Maria , Mikou Georgia , Ntaoutidou Kyriaki , Prountzou Eirini , Tsekoura Alexandra , Dedoussis George V
Published: February 2013

Objective

To document the prevalence of dieting and to compare body composition markers, dietary intakes and eating behaviours across dieting categories.

Design

Prospective, cross-sectional study.

Setting

Twenty-four randomly selected secondary public schools located in Attica, Greece.

Subjects

Anthropometric, medical and dietary information was obtained from 857 (54·9 % females) adolescents (mean age 13·4 (sd0·9) years). Meal patterns, eating behaviours and eating style score, reflecting conditions around eating, were assessed. Adolescents were asked about their dieting involvement and were categorised as ‘never dieters’, ‘current dieters’ or ‘past dieters’.

Results

Overall, 20·1 % of the adolescents were currently dieting and 15·2 % reported past dieting. Mean BMI and body fat percentage of never dieters were significantly lower than those of both groups of dieters (P< 0·001). Breakfast skipping (χ2= 10·92,P= 0·004) and eating large quantities of food (χ2= 7·18,P= 0·028) differed significantly across dieting groups in females. Significant differences in dinner skipping were observed in both males (χ2= 10·55,P= 0·005) and females (χ2= 20·91,P< 0·001). Female past dieters had significantly higher eating style scores than never dieters (P= 0·010) and current dieters (P= 0·042), indicating less well-structured feeding practices and food intake for reasons other than hunger.

Conclusions

The present study showed a high prevalence of dieting among adolescents. Current dieters and past dieters had higher BMI and body fat percentage than never dieters. Eating behaviours differed significantly depending on dieting involvement, especially in females; while an apparently healthier, ordered eating style adopted by dieters during the dieting period seemed not to be maintained in the long term.
Blinding integrity in randomized sham-controlled trials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Berlim Marcelo T. , Broadbent Hannah J. , Van den Eynde Frederique
Published: February 2013

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe and effective treatment for major depression (MD). However, the perceived lack of a suitable sham rTMS condition might have compromised the success of blinding procedures in clinical trials. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials (RCTs) on high frequency (HF-), low frequency (LF-) and bilateral rTMS for MD. We searched the literature from January 1995 to July 2012 using Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus. The main outcome measure was participants' ability to correctly guess their treatment allocation at study end. We used a random-effects model and risk difference (RD). Overall, data were obtained from seven and two RCTs on HF- and bilateral rTMS, respectively. No RCT on LF-rTMS reporting on blinding success was found. HF- and bilateral rTMS trials enrolled 396 and 93 depressed subjects and offered an average of approximately 13 sessions. At study end, 52 and 59% of subjects receiving HF-rTMS and sham rTMS were able to correctly guess their treatment allocation, a non-significant difference (RD = −0.04; z = −0.51; p = 0.61). Furthermore, 63.3 and 57.5% of subjects receiving bilateral and sham rTMS were able to correctly guess their treatment allocation, also a non-significant difference (RD = 0.05; z = 0.49; p = 0.62). In addition, the use of angulation and sham coil in HF-rTMS trials produced similar results. In summary, existing sham rTMS interventions appear to result in acceptable levels of blinding regarding treatment allocation.
Weeds and endangered herbs have unforeseen dispersal helpers in the agri-environment: gastropods and earthworms
Authors: Türke Manfred , Blattmann Tamara , Knop Eva , Kindermann Anne , Prestele Julia , Marquez Leonardo , Eisenhauer Nico , Fischer Christina
Published: February 2013

Agri-environmental schemes involving organic farming or set-aside management aim at promoting biodiversity and restoring ecosystem functioning in agrarian landscapes. Application of pesticides in these crop fields is strongly regulated facilitating the spread of weeds but also allowing for the establishment of endangered herbs and a variety of animals. Recent studies found gastropods and earthworms to be legitimate dispersers of seeds of wild plants. We assumed that both groups also play a significant role in the spread and establishment of wild plants within crop fields. Therefore, we are conducting a series of experiments in three different study systems on (1) the role of earthworms and gastropods as dispersers of rare herbs and weeds in an organic rye field in Germany, (2) the seed feeding behavior of gastropods of plants sown in fallow ground in Switzerland, and (3) weed dispersal in irrigated rice fields by golden apple snails in the Philippines.
Exit of youths and feminization of smallholder livestock production–a field study in India
Authors: Jothilakshmi M. , Thirunavukkarasu D. , Sudeepkumar N. K.
Published: February 2013

Studies in India from the early to late 1990s found that rural youths and women played a predominant role in livestock farming. Even though many studies differ in the extent and nature of the contribution of youths and women in livestock farming, all acknowledge their roles and contribution. Livestock farming acts as a source of supplementary income to youths and women and provides increased nutritional security. New economic policies of the1990s have brought changes to the livestock farming community. This paper attempts to understand and describe the role of women and youths in livestock farming. The research methodology employed for the present study is ex post facto design, and includes semi-structured open-ended interviews, observation and conversations with key informants. The study has found that a change in the roles of women and the participation of youths in livestock farming has occurred, which could be detrimental to the well-being of rural family farmers.
Electoral Institutions and the Manifestation of Bias: The Effect of the Personal Vote on the Representation of Women
Authors: Valdini Melody Ellis
Published: February 2013

The “personal vote” refers to “that portion of a candidate's electoral support which originates in his or her personal qualities, qualifications, activities, and record” (Cain, Ferejohn, and Fiorina 1987, 9). The presence of a personal vote in an electoral system means that the person up for election matters, not just the candidate's party. Cain, Ferejohn, and Fiorina go so far as to refer to it as “relationships between the represented and representatives,” claiming that these relationships are more “personal, particularistic, and idiosyncratic than in other kinds of systems” (8, emphasis mine).
Posthumanism and Feminist International Relations
Authors: Penttinen Elina
Published: February 2013

Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen (2011) seek to use evolutionary biology as a form of metafeminism, or as an ultimate cause to understand the roots of patriarchy. Patriarchy as a system that ontologically creates women's discrimination and legitimates violence is widely accepted within a range of feminisms and has been the foundational argument of feminist scholarship. The concern that is raised here in regard to Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen's article is not the validity of their concern with investigating the relationship between inequity in family law and violence against women, but the basis of their argument in evolutionary biology. In this essay, I bring posthumanism and especially new (vital) materialism as a way to build bridges with the feminist evolutionary analytical approach (FEAA) and constructivist or linguistic-oriented approaches in International Relations (IR). Posthumanism is an approach to social theorizing that addresses the impossibility of the nature/culture distinction in novel ways.
The Retelling of Tales: Disentangling the Feminist Evolutionary Analytic Approach, Legal Pluralism, and Gender Justice
Authors: Solanki Gopika
Published: February 2013

Globally, women's movements share the twin concerns of equality within the family and freedom from domestic violence. The following questions conjoin and animate these debates: Given that violence against women is a global phenomenon, why are some states more effective at controlling domestic violence than others? What is the correlation between inequality encoded in family laws and the rate of violence against women in society? Are legally plural states more likely to demonstrate a higher degree of institutionalized inequality and gender-based violence within the family? The analytical peg for Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen (2012) is the feminist evolutionary analytic approach (FEAA) that explains the almost universal prevalence of male dominance among humans during the course of formation of societies. It suggests that violence against women is greater in legal systems that design family law to maximize men's rights.
The False Choice between Universalism and Religion/Culture
Authors: Nayak Meghana
Published: February 2013

I seek to engage the authors in a deeper interrogation of their claims, particularly that societies can mitigate the evolutionary legacy of patriarchy by limiting the influence of religious/cultural enclaves and instead promoting universalism, as exemplified in CEDAW and international law. I challenge and politicize this alleged “choice” between universalism and cultural/religious enclaves/relativism, as it ultimately rests on a series of too-easy dichotomies (secular/religious, western/nonwestern) that may inadvertently stymie collaborative attempts between “western” and “non-western” feminists to challenge inequitable family law and gender violence. Hudson, Bowen, and Nielsen (2011) do offer critiques of western states. They are careful to point out nuances, subtleties, and complexities with their concept of religious/cultural enclaves. They also convincingly broaden the concept of gender equality beyond formal political rights to the kind of social, legal, and economic justice encapsulated in equitable family law and freedom from violence. And, they provoke an examination of why and how gender equality and gender violence are linked. But I suggest that their empirical research might have better traction by taking seriously two problematic implications of championing the “universal” as necessarily progressive: the failure to recognize patriarchy as part of universalism; and the inattention to why and how religious/cultural enclaves are patriarchal.
Heritability of Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding Behavior
Authors: Colodro-Conde Lucia , Sánchez-Romera Juan F. , Ordoñana Juan R.
Published: February 2013

Breastfeeding is considered the best and most natural way of feeding infants during the first months of life. Breastfeeding has multiple short- and long-term benefits for the health of the mother and babies, and from an evolutionist standpoint, it would be a behavior worth preserving throughout time. The aim of the present study was to explore the relative influence of genetic and environmental factors in this behavior. Three hundred and ninety pairs of adult female twins provided information about whether they breastfed their children and for how long. Three variables were analyzed: initiation and duration for the first baby, and mean duration for the complete offspring. Polychoric correlations were consistently higher for monozygotic twins, supporting a role for genetic factors (0.49 vs. 0.22 for initiation; 0.44 vs. 0.22 for duration in the first newborn; and 0.52 vs. 0.31 for duration on average). Model-fitting analyses found that in the best-fitting model, variance was explained by additive genetic and non-shared environmental factors, with estimated heritabilities ranging from 0.39 to 0.52 in the measures studied. The rest of the variance would be due to unique environmental factors. We conclude that genetic factors have a significant impact on the complex behavior of breastfeeding.
Different structures give similar vibrational spectra: The case of OH− in aqueous solution
Authors: Mitev Pavlin D. , Bopp Philippe A. , Petreska Jasmina , Coutinho Kaline , Ågren Hans , Pejov Ljupco , Hermansson Kersti
Published: February 2013

We have calculated the anharmonic OH−(aq) vibrational spectrum in aqueous solution with a “classical Monte Carlo simulation + QM/MM + vibrational” sequential approach. A new interaction model was used in the Monte Carlo simulations: a modified version of the charged-ring hydroxide-water model from the literature. This spectrum is compared with experiment and with a spectrum based on CPMD-generated structures, and the hydration structures and H-bonding for the two models are compared. We find that: (i) the solvent-induced frequency shift as well as the absolute OH− frequency are in good agreement with experiment using the two models; (ii) the Raman and IR bands are very similar, in agreement with experiment; (iii) the hydration structure and H-bonding around the ion are very different with the two ion-water interaction models (charged-ring and CPMD); (iv) a cancellation effect between different regions of the hydration shell makes the total spectra similar for the two interaction models, although their hydration structures are different; (v) the net OH− frequency shift is a blueshift of about +80 cm−1 with respect to frequency of the gas-phase ion.
14N overtone NMR spectra under magic angle spinning: Experiments and numerically exact simulations
Authors: O’Dell Luke A. , Brinkmann Andreas
Published: February 2013

It was recently shown that high resolution 14N overtone NMR spectra can be obtained directly under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions [L. A. O’Dell and C. I. Ratcliffe, Chem. Phys. Lett. 514, 168 (2011)]10.1016/j.cplett.2011.08.030. Preliminary experimental results showed narrowed powder pattern widths, a frequency shift that is dependent on the MAS rate, and an apparent absence of spinning sidebands, observations which appeared to be inconsistent with previous theoretical treatments. Herein, we reproduce these effects using numerically exact simulations that take into account the full nuclear spin Hamiltonian. Under sample spinning, the 14N overtone signal is split into five (0, ±1, ±2) overtone sidebands separated by the spinning frequency. For a powder sample spinning at the magic angle, the +2ωr sideband is dominant while the others show significantly lower signal intensities. The resultant MAS powder patterns show characteristic quadrupolar lineshapes from which the 14N quadrupolar parameters and isotropic chemical shift can be determined. Spinning the sample at other angles is shown to alter both the shapes and relative intensities of the five overtone sidebands, with MAS providing the benefit of averaging dipolar couplings and shielding anisotropy. To demonstrate the advantages of this experimental approach, we present the 14N overtone MAS spectrum obtained from L-histidine, in which powder patterns from all three nitrogen sites are clearly resolved.
Deposition and tuning of nanostructured hydrocarbon deposits: From superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic and back
Authors: Berndt J. , Acid H. , Kovacevic E. , Cachoncinlle C. , Strunskus Th. , Boufendi L.
Published: February 2013

Carbonaceous fluorine free nanoparticles synthesized in a low temperature acetylene discharge are used in a first step for the production of (super)hydrophobic coatings. In a second step, the influence of different plasma and UV induced functionalizations on the wetting characteristics of these materials is investigated. The experiments show that the superhydrophobic surfaces can be turned continuously and reversibly into hydrophilic (superhydrophilic) surfaces by means of the different treatment methods. The reversibility of these processes is studied in a third step. It is shown that the changes of the surface which are induced by the plasma treatment can be undone by means of EUV irradiation. The switchability of the surface due to external stimuli can be easily used for the controlled production of patterned surfaces. This is demonstrated by means of one simple example.
Effect of film thickness and biaxial strain on the curie temperature of EuO
Authors: Melville A. , Mairoser T. , Schmehl A. , Birol T. , Heeg T. , Holländer B. , Schubert J. , Fennie C. J. , Schlom D. G.
Published: February 2013

The effects of film thickness and epitaxial strain on the magnetic properties of commensurate EuO thin films grown on single crystalline (001) yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and (110) LuAlO3 substrates are presented. Magnetic measurements show a reduction in the Curie temperature (TC) for EuO/YSZ films thinner than ∼10 nm. Additionally, the EuO/LuAlO3 films exhibit a systematically lower TC than the corresponding EuO/YSZ films. This further reduction in TC is attributed to the effect of biaxial tensile strain arising from lattice mismatch: 0.0% for EuO/YSZ and +1.0% for EuO/LuAlO3.
High performance InGaZnO thin film transistor with InGaZnO source and drain electrodes
Authors: Wu Hung-Chi , Chien Chao-Hsin
Published: February 2013

This work demonstrates In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) as source and drain electrodes in IGZO-thin film transistors (TFTs). The fabricated TFT depicts excellent electrical properties; its mobility is 18.02 (cm2/V s), threshold voltage (Vth) is 0.3 (V), on/off ratio is 1.63 × 108 and subthreshold swing (S.S.) is 239 (mV/decade). We find using rapid thermal annealing treatment can convert IGZO into an effective conductor, and the transparency of IGZO remained almost unchanged. We also find sufficient thermal budget is needed for getting stable transfer curve and output characteristic; otherwise, current fluctuation in on-state can be easily observed. With IGZO electrodes, fully transparent IGZO-TFTs can be thus realized on a glass substrate.
Comb-drive micro-electro-mechanical systems oscillators for low temperature experiments
Authors: González M. , Zheng P. , Garcell E. , Lee Y. , Chan H. B.
Published: February 2013

We have designed and characterized micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) for applications at low temperatures. The mechanical resonators were fabricated using a surface micromachining process. The devices consist of a pair of parallel plates with a well defined gap. The top plate can be actuated for shear motion relative to the bottom fixed plate through a set of comb-drive electrodes. Details on the operation and fabrication of the devices are discussed. The geometry was chosen to study the transport properties of the fluid entrained in the gap. An atomic force microscopy study was performed in order to characterize the surface. A full characterization of their resonance properties in air and at room temperature was conducted as a function of pressure, from 10 mTorr to 760 Torr, ranging from a highly rarefied gas to a hydrodynamic regime. We demonstrate the operation of our resonator at low temperatures immersed in superfluid 4He and in the normal and superfluid states of 3He down to 0.3 mK. These MEMS oscillators show potential for use in a wide range of low temperature experiments, in particular, to probe novel phenomena in quantum fluids.
Local stress determination in chromia-former thanks to micro-Raman spectroscopy: A way to investigate spontaneous delamination processes
Authors: Guerain M. , Goudeau P. , Panicaud B. , Grosseau-Poussard J. L.
Published: February 2013

Spontaneous delamination process for α-Cr2O3 thermal oxide films growing on NiCr-30 alloys is studied thanks to micro Raman spectroscopy. In particular, stress maps are performed through and around buckles developed on chromia films. Depending on the cooling rate at the end of the oxidation process, different buckle types appear which are investigated. Associated residual stress distribution clearly evidences the stress release field. In addition, geometrical features are determined for the different buckle types, and from comparison with modelling describing buckle formation and propagation, it is possible to get the interface toughness distribution.
Influence of surface oxidation on the valence electron energy-loss spectrum of wurtzite aluminum nitride
Authors: Huang Michael R. S. , Erni Rolf , Liu Chuan-Pu
Published: February 2013

The influence of surface oxidation on the low-loss spectrum of aluminum nitride (AlN) is investigated in electron energy-loss spectroscopy with scanning transmission electron microscopy. Contrary to intrinsic bulk AlN, oxidized AlN exhibits considerable spectral broadening both in the full width at half maximum of bulk plasmon and the subsidiary features. The modification in the low-loss lineshapes due to oxidation significantly complicates the determination of the dielectric function intrinsic to AlN. Simulations based on dielectric theory qualitatively consist with the experimental results while incorporating thick overlayers, further suggesting that the surface oxide of AlN can be rough and porous in nature.
The algebra of dual −1 Hahn polynomials and the Clebsch-Gordan problem of sl−1(2)
Authors: Genest Vincent X. , Vinet Luc , Zhedanov Alexei
Published: February 2013

The algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {H}$\end{document}H of the dual −1 Hahn polynomials is derived and shown to arise in the Clebsch-Gordan problem of sl−1(2). The dual −1 Hahn polynomials are the bispectral polynomials of a discrete argument obtained from the q → −1 limit of the dual q-Hahn polynomials. The Hopf algebra sl−1(2) has four generators including an involution, it is also a q → −1 limit of the quantum algebra slq(2) and furthermore, the dynamical algebra of the parabose oscillator. The algebra \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {H}$\end{document}H, a two-parameter generalization of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathfrak {u}(2)$\end{document}u(2) with an involution as additional generator, is first derived from the recurrence relation of the −1 Hahn polynomials. It is then shown that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {H}$\end{document}H can be realized in terms of the generators of two added sl−1(2) algebras, so that the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of sl−1(2) are dual −1 Hahn polynomials. An irreducible representation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mathcal {H}$\end{document}H involving five-diagonal matrices and connected to the difference equation of the dual −1 Hahn polynomials is constructed.
Some aspects of achieving an ultimate accuracy during insertion device magnetic measurements by a Hall probe
Authors: Vasserman I. B. , Strelnikov N. O. , Xu J. Z.
Published: February 2013

An extensive test of a new Senis 2-axis Hall probe was done at the Advanced Photon Source using the Undulator A device and calibration system. This new probe has clear advantages compared with previously used Bell and Sentron Hall probes: very stable zero offset (less than the noise of 0.026 G) and compensated planar Hall effect. It can be used with proper calibration even for first and second field integral measurements. A comparison with reference measurements by long stretched coil shows that the difference in the first field integral measurement results for a 2.4-m-long Undulator A device is between 17 G cm for the best of four Hall probes used for the test and 51 G cm for the worst of them for all gap ranges from 10.5 mm to 150 mm.
Extended trigonometric Cherednik algebras and nonstationary Schrödinger equations with delta-potentials
Authors: Hartwig J. T. , Stokman J. V.
Published: February 2013

We realize an extended version of the trigonometric Cherednik algebra as affine Dunkl operators involving Heaviside functions. We use the quadratic Casimir element of the extended trigonometric Cherednik algebra to define an explicit nonstationary Schrödinger equation with delta-potential. We use coordinate Bethe ansatz methods to construct solutions of the nonstationary Schrödinger equation in terms of generalized Bethe wave functions. It is shown that the generalized Bethe wave functions satisfy affine difference Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations as functions of the momenta. The relation to the vector valued root system analogs of the quantum Bose gas on the circle with delta-function interactions is indicated.
Bi doping modulating structure and phase-change properties of GeTe nanowires
Authors: Zhang Jie , Huang Rong , Shi Lin , Wang Long , Wei Fenfen , Kong Tao , Cheng Guosheng
Published: February 2013

Bi-doped GeTe nanowires were fabricated using chemical vapor deposition. Composition and microstructure characterizations indicated that Bi (∼3 at. %) doping preserved GeTe rhombohedral structure with slight X-ray diffraction peak shifts, implying material parameters variation. A doping model was proposed where three Bi atoms replaced the middle adjacent Ge sites of (001) plane, accompanied by two adjacent Ge vacancies right over Bi atoms. Ab initio calculations re-validated cell parameters change. Furthermore, Bi-doping process resulted in crystalline and amorphous state resistances increased by ∼2 orders, while a crystallization time dramatically reduced down to 50 μs, 20 times shorter compared to undoped nanowires.
Imperialist competitive algorithm for optimal design of on-grid hybrid green power system integrated with a static compensator for reactive power management
Authors: Gharavi H. , Ardehali M. M.
Published: February 2013

The penetration of hybrid green power systems (HGPSs) into power systems that often include photovoltaic arrays and wind turbines is increasing and, for the on-grid systems, the issue of reactive power management has become steadily important. As the objective of this study, the optimal design of a static compensator (STATCOM) for an on-grid HGPS is investigated, where the size parameters of the system, along with voltage amplitude and angle of the STATCOM are determined, as lines congestion constraints are met. The imperialist competitive algorithm is employed to solve the nonlinear optimization problem. Based on results from case study with IEEE 30-bus test system, it is determined that utilization of STATCOM can positively affect the distribution of reactive power in the electrical network and improve congestion that occurs in specific hours of HGPS operation. The result show that the overall efficiency of HGPS with and without STATCOM is 45.54% and 39.5%, respectively, while the investments cost for HGPS with STATCOM is 1.9% lower than that of its counterpart.
Reversal process of a magnetic vortex core under the combined action of a perpendicular field and spin transfer torque
Authors: Locatelli N. , Ekomasov A. E. , Khvalkovskiy A. V. , Azamatov Sh. A. , Zvezdin K. A. , Grollier J. , Ekomasov E. G. , Cros V.
Published: February 2013

In a nanopillar with dipolarly coupled vortices, we present an experimental and simulation study to understand how the interplay between the bias field and spin transfer torque impacts reversal of the vortex cores. We find that, depending on the current values, vortex cores might experience different physical mechanisms for their reversal, namely, a static or a dynamic switching. We believe that our results might be useful in the context of vortex based non volatile memories, as a current controlled selective core switching is proposed.
Origin of variation in switching voltages in threshold-switching phenomena of VO2 thin films
Authors: Lee S. B. , Kim K. , Oh J. S. , Kahng B. , Lee J. S.
Published: February 2013

We investigated the origin of the variation in switching voltages in threshold-switching of VO2 thin films. When a triangular-waveform voltage signal was applied, the current changed abruptly at two switching voltages, i.e., VON (insulator-to-metal) and VOFF (metal-to-insulator). VON and VOFF were measured by changing the period of the voltage signal, the temperature of the environment, and the load resistance. We observed that either VON or VOFF varied significantly and had different dependences with respect to the external parameters. Based on the mechanism of the metal–insulator transition induced by Joule heating, numerical simulations were performed, which quantitatively reproduced all of the experimental results. From the simulation analysis, the variation in the switching voltages for threshold-switching was determined to be thermal in origin.