bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl) pyridine decreases striatal VGlut2 expression in association with an attenuation of L‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Marin C. , Bonastre M. , Aguilar E. , Jiménez A.
Published: April 2011

The striatal glutamatergic hyperactivity is considered critical in the development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Pharmacological antagonism of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), in particular, the subtype mGluR5, can inhibit the expression of dyskinesia in both rodent and nonhuman primate models of PD. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the mGluR5 antagonism effects are not completely known. The vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluts) are localized in the synaptic vesicles of the striatal glutamatergic axonal terminals. The effects of mGluR5 antagonism modulating VGlut1 and VGlut2, as selective markers for the corticostriatal and thalamostriatal pathways, respectively, are still unknown. We investigated the effects of the mGluR5 antagonist, 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP) on the striatal expression of VGlut1 and VGlut2 in levodopa‐treated hemiparkinsonian rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received a unilateral 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) administration in the nigrostriatal pathway. Rats were treated with: (a) levodopa (12 mg/kg/day with benserazide 15 mg/kg, ip) + vehicle; (b) MPEP (1.5 mg/kg/day, ip) + vehicle; (c) levodopa + MPEP, or (d) saline for 10 days. Levodopa treatment induced dyskinesias and did not modify the striatal expression of either VGlut1 or VGlut2. The administration of MPEP significantly attenuated LID and decreased the levels of VGlut2, but not the VGlut1, in the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the effects of MPEP on LID might be mediated by a modulating effect on VGlut 2 expression. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of modular mega‐frame buildings
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , Jung Minkang
Published: April 2011

In this study, the progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of modular mega‐frame structures consisting of a few identical subsystems was investigated based on column‐loss scenario. Four types of mega‐frame structures were designed as basic analysis model structures. According to pushdown analysis results, the mega‐frame structure with four corner columns did not satisfy the design guidelines for progressive collapse regardless of the number of subsystems when one of the first‐story mega‐columns was removed. To enhance the resistance against progressive collapse, we redesigned the basic model structure with four mega‐columns by adding additional floor trusses in the transfer floors, adding moment‐resisting frames at the perimeter and adding vertical mega‐bracing. The pushdown analysis results showed that the schemes with additional mega‐braces were most effective in increasing the progressive collapse‐resisting capacity of mega‐frame buildings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESD robustness improvement for integrated DMOS transistors —the different gate‐voltage dependence of It2 between VDMOS and LDMOS transistors
Authors: Hatasako Kenichi , Yamamoto Fumitoshi , Uenishi Akio , Kuroi Takashi , Maegawa Shigeto , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the device‐level electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness improvement for integrated vertical double‐diffused MOS (VDMOS) and lateral double‐diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistors by changing device structure. The ESD robustness of VDMOS transistor was improved by preventing current concentration and that of LDMOS transistor was improved by relaxing the electric field under the LOCOS oxide. We found the different gate‐voltage dependence of the second breakdown current (It2) between VDMOS and LDMOS transistors. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predictive risk factors for clinically relevant pancreatic fistula analyzed in 1,239 patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy: multicenter data collection as a project study of pancreatic surgery by the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Kawai Manabu , Kondo Satoshi , Yamaue Hiroki , Wada Keita , Sano Keiji , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Unno Michiaki , Satoi Sohei , Kwon A‐Hon , Hatori Takashi , Yamamoto Masakazu , Matsumoto Joe , Murakami Yoshiaki , Doi Ryuichiro , Ito Masahiro , Miyakawa Shuichi , Shinchi Hiroyuki , Natsugoe Shoji , Nakagawara Hisatoshi , Ohta Tetsuo , Takada Tadahiro
Published: April 2011

Background/purpose

It is important to predict the development of clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (grade B/C) in the early period after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This study has been carried out as a project study of the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery (JSHPBS) to evaluate the predictive factors associated with clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (grade B/C).

Method

The data of 1,239 patients from 11 medical institutions who had undergone PD between July 2005 and June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed to review patient characteristics and perioperative and postoperative parameters.

Results

A drain amylase level >4,000 IU/L on postoperative day (POD) 1 was proposed as the cut‐off level to predict clinical relevant pancreatic fistula by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this cut‐off level were 62.2, 89.0, and 84.8%, respectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male [odds ratio (OR) 1.7,p = 0.039], intraoperative bleeding >1,000 ml (OR 2.5,p = 0.001), soft pancreas (OR 2.7,p = 0.001), and drain amylase level on POD 1 >4,000 IU/L (OR 8.6,p < 0.001) were the significant predictive factors for clinical pancreatic fistula.

Conclusion

The four predictive risk factors identified here can provide useful information useful for tailoring postoperative management of clinically relevant pancreatic fistula (grade B/C).
Robot‐assisted laparoscopic pancreatic surgery
Authors: Horiguchi Akihiko , Uyama Ichiro , Ito Masahiro , Ishihara Shin , Asano Yukio , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Ishida Yoshinori , Miyakawa Shuichi
Published: April 2011

Background

In the field of gastroenterological surgery, laparoscopic surgery has advanced remarkably, and now accounts for most gastrointestinal operations. This paper outlines the current status of and future perspectives on robot‐assisted laparoscopic pancreatectomy.

Methods

A review of the literature and authors’ experience was undertaken.

Results

The da Vinci Surgical System is a robot for assisting laparoscopy and is safer than conventional endoscopes, thanks to the 3‐dimensional hi‐vision images it yields, high articular function with the ability to perform 7 types of gripping, scaling function enabling 2:1, 3:1, and 5:1 adjustment of surgeon hand motion and forceps motions, a filtering function removing shaking of the surgeon's hand, and visual magnification. By virtue of these functions, this system is expected to be particularly useful for patients requiring delicate operative manipulation.

Conclusions

Issues of importance remaining in robot‐assisted laparoscopic pancreatectomy include its time of operation, which is longer than that of open surgery, and the extra time needed for application of the da Vinci compared with ordinary laparoscopic surgery. These issues may be resolved through accumulation of experience and modifications of the procedure. Robot‐assisted laparoscopic pancreatectomy appears likely to become a standard procedure in the near future.
Intergenerational Profiles of Socioeconomic (Dis)advantage and Obesity During the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Scharoun-Lee Melissa , Gordon-Larsen Penny , Adair Linda S. , Popkin Barry M. , Kaufman Jay S. , Suchindran Chirayath M.
Published: April 2011

Investigations of socioeconomic status (SES) and health during the transition to adulthood in the United States are complicated by the later and more varied transitions in residence, employment, schooling, and social roles compared with previous generations. Parental SES is an important influence during adolescence but cannot sufficiently capture the SES of the independent young adult. Typical, single SES indicators based on income or education likely misclassify the SES of young adults who have not yet completed their education or other training, or who have entered the labor force early with ultimately lower status attainment. We use a latent class analysis (LCA) framework to characterize five intergenerational SES groups, combining multidimensional SES information from two time points—that is, adolescent (parental) and young adult (self) SES data. Associations of these groups with obesity, a high-risk health outcome in young adults, revealed nuanced relationships not seen using traditional intergenerational SES measures. In males, for example, a middle-class upbringing in adolescence and continued material advantage into adulthood was associated with nearly as high obesity as a working poor upbringing and early, detrimental transitions. This intergenerational typology of early SES exposure facilitates understanding of SES and health during young adulthood.
Cross-National Sources of Health Inequality: Education and Tobacco Use in the World Health Survey
Authors: Pampel Fred C. , Denney Justin T.
Published: April 2011

The spread of tobacco use from the West to other parts of the world, especially among disadvantaged socioeconomic groups, raises concerns not only about the indisputable harm to global health but also about worsening health inequality. Arguments relating to economic cost and diffusion posit that rising educational disparities in tobacco use—and associated disparities in health and premature mortality—are associated with higher national income and more advanced stages of cigarette diffusion, particularly among younger persons and males. To test these arguments, we use World Health Survey data for 99,661 men and 123,953 women from 50 low-income to upper-middle–income nations. Multilevel logistic regression models show that increases in national income and cigarette diffusion widen educational disparities in smoking among young persons and men but have weaker influences among older persons and women. The results suggest that the social and economic patterns of cigarette adoption across low- and middle-income nations foretell continuing, and perhaps widening, disparities in mortality.
Beneficial effects of dietary fibre supplementation of a high-fat diet on fetal development in rats
Authors: Lin Yan , Han Xing-fa , Fang Zheng-feng , Che Lian-qiang , Nelson Jerry , Yan Tan-hai , Wu De
Published: April 2011

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the addition of fibre and the antioxidantN-acetylcysteine (NAC) to fat-rich diets on fetal intrauterine development in rats. A total of eighty virgin female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control diet, a high-fat diet (HF), a high-fat and high-fibre diet (HFF) or a high-fat NAC diet until day 19·5 of gestation. Maternal HFF consumption resulted in a significantly higher mean fetal number and placental weight than in the other groups (P < 0·05). The HFF diet significantly abrogated HF-induced decreases in maternal serum and placental superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities (P < 0·05); partially abrogated HF-induced increases in maternal serum and placental malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl concentrations (maternal serum MDA and placental protein carbonyl,P < 0·05); resulted in significantly higher fetal liver total superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu- and Zn-containing SOD and Mn-containing SOD (Mn-SOD) activities than in the HF group (P < 0·05). Furthermore, mRNA expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, thioredoxin 2 and Mn-SOD in fetal liver and Mn-SOD in fetal heart and placental GLUT3 in the HFF group were higher than those in the other groups (P < 0·05). The inclusion of dietary fibre in the HF diet was more effective than NAC supplementation in maintaining maternal serum and placental superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities close to those of the control. These results suggest that maternal fibre intake during pregnancy is beneficial for fetal intrauterine development possibly through the improvement of maternal, placental and fetal antioxidant capacities and placental nutrient transfer capacity.
Face Reality? After You!—A Call for Leadership on Climate Change
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: April 2011

In Joseph Heller's comic war novel,Catch-22, the catch-22 of the title refers to a supposed military regulation that allowed one to be relieved of military service if one was insane, but further provided that no one who realized he would be better off out of military service could possibly be insane. Humanity's so far leaderless approach to dealing with rapidly accelerating climate change embodies a similar, but profoundly tragic, catch-22 that has, among other twists and contradictions, transmuted justice into paralysis.
A Review of the Relation of Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity to Brain Structure and Function in Children
Authors: Chaddock Laura , Pontifex Matthew B. , Hillman Charles H. , Kramer Arthur F.
Published: April 2011

A growing number of schools have increasingly de-emphasized the importance of providing physical activity opportunities during the school day, despite emerging research that illustrates the deleterious relationship between low levels of aerobic fitness and neurocognition in children. Accordingly, a brief review of studies that link fitness-related differences in brain structure and brain function to cognitive abilities is provided herein. Overall, the extant literature suggests that childhood aerobic fitness is associated with higher levels of cognition and differences in regional brain structure and function. Indeed, it has recently been found that aerobic fitness level even predicts cognition over time. Given the paucity of work in this area, several avenues for future investigations are also highlighted. (JINS, 2011, 17, 975–985)
Patterns of food acquisition in Brazilian households and associated factors: a population-based survey
Authors: Marchioni Dirce M , Claro Rafael M , Levy Renata B , Monteiro Carlos A
Published: April 2011

Objective

To identify food acquisition patterns in Brazil and relate them to the sociodemographic characteristics of the household.

Design

A cross-sectional national Household Budget Survey (HBS). Principal component factor analysis was used to derive food patterns (factors) on the basis of the acquisition of food classified into thirty-two food groups.

Setting

The source of data originates from the 2002–2003 HBS carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics between June 2002 and July 2003 using a representative sample of all Brazilian households.

Subject

A total of 48 470 households allocated into 443 strata of households that were geographically and socio-economically homogeneous as a study unit.

Results

We identified two patterns of food acquisition. The first, named ‘dual’, was characterized by dairy, fruit, fruit juice, vegetables, processed meat, soft drinks, sweets, bread and margarine, and by inverse correlations with Brazilian staple foods. In contrast, the second pattern, named ‘traditional’, was characterized by rice, beans, manioc, flour, milk and sugar. The ‘dual’ pattern was associated with higher household educational level, income and the average age of adults on the strata, whereas the ‘traditional’ presented higher loadings in less-educated households and in the rural setting.

Conclusions

Dietary patterns described here suggest that policies and programmes to promote healthy eating need to consider that healthy and non-healthy foods may be integral in the same pattern.
Theorizing ‘Death’ The Meaning of Negation as a Hegelian Inheritance in Richard Wagner'sMusik als Idee
Authors: Siopsi Anastasia
Published: April 2011

If the phenomenon of, or even ‘obsession’ with, the aestheticization of ‘death’ in nineteenth-century German culture was central to Schopenhauer's philosophy, its firm roots lay in Hegel's philosophy.

Hegel is the first thinker to recognize the force of negation; for him negativity creates a positive action: it is brought into presence carried forward by the dialectical activity of the Spirit. It is within this context, as I shall argue in the present article, that Wagner's notion of ‘negativity’, or the ‘utopian celebration of nothingness and death’, appears in his work. Consequently, it is within this framework of thought that Wagner's music acts – or is intended to act – asMusik als Idee.
Victorian Fairies and Felix Mendelssohn'sA Midsummer Night's Dreamin England
Authors: Kimber Marian Wilson
Published: April 2011

In art, literature, theatre and music, Victorians demonstrated increased interest in the supernatural and nostalgia for a lost mythic time, a response to rapid technological change and increased urbanization. Romanticism generated a new regard for Shakespeare, also fuelled by British nationalism. The immortal bard's plays began to receive theatrical performances that more accurately presented their original texts, partially remedying the mutilations of the previous century. The so-called ‘fairy’ plays,A Midsummer Night's DreamandThe Tempest, were also popular subjects for fairy paintings, stemming from the establishment of the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in 1789. In such a context, it is no wonder that Felix Mendelssohn's incidental music forA Midsummer Night's Dreamwas so overwhelmingly popular in England and that his style became closely associated with the idea of fairies. This article explores how the Victorians’ understanding of fairies and how the depiction of fairies in the theatre and visual arts of the period influenced the reception of Mendelssohn's music, contributing to its construction as ‘feminine’. Victorian fairies, from the nude supernatural creatures cavorting in fairy paintings to the diaphanously gowned dancers treading lightly on the boards of the stage, were typically women. In his study of Chopin reception, Jeffrey Kallberg has interpreted fairies as androgynous, but Victorian fairies were predominantly female, so much so that Lewis Spence's 1948 study,The Fairy Tradition in Britain, includes an entire section on fairy gender intended to refute the long-standing notion that there were no male fairies. Thus, for Mendelssohn to have composed the leading musical work that depicted fairies contributed to his increasingly feminized reputation over the course of the nineteenth century.
‘Old Wine in New Bottles’: Renaissance Polyphony in the English Catholic Church during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: April 2011

In the early nineteenth century there were three main styles of music performed in the English Catholic Church. First, there was plainchant, mainly that copied by John Francis Wade in the previous century and then refracted through arrangements by Samuel Webbe the elder, Samuel Wesley and Vincent Novello. Second, there was a native and, for its day, a fairly up-to-date style associated again with the two Webbes, Wesley and Novello. Third, there were Continental imports, especially grand masses, composed by Viennese Classical masters such as Mozart and Haydn, or Hummel and Weber. All three styles were developed and remained popular throughout the nineteenth century; but increasingly they were challenged by a revived interest in Renaissance-style polyphony, especially music composed between 1551 and 1650. This paper examines that development looking at, first, the general factors that encouraged it; second, the main stages in its revival; and third, the extent and effects of its influence and achievement.
Introduction: Music and Cultures of Racial Representation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Deaville James
Published: April 2011

[When] the word race, as applied to man, is spoken of, the English mind wanders immediately to distant countries; to Negroes and Hottentots, Red Indians and savages. (1850)

It is our hope that the musicologies might rise ... to the occasion and find their way in the emerging national and international conversation on race, for it is in music that the racial resonates most vividly, with greatest affect and power. (2000)
In Search of Genetically Modified Music: Race and Musical Style in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Scott Derek B.
Published: April 2011

I should begin by declaring immediately my standpoint that there is no such thing as race. Race and, by extension, racism may have a social reality but they have no sound scientific grounding whatsoever. No convincing biological evidence has ever been produced that establishes the existence of different human races. DNA analysis offers little support to theories of genetic difference, and has revealed that even the most geographically separate social groups vary in only 6 to 8 per cent of their genes. Race does not present a medical problem when it comes to organ transplants. My research questions are, therefore: When and why did the idea of ‘race’ arise, and how did this fiction affect the production and consumption of music in the nineteenth century? In seeking answers, I make illustrative references to Liszt's Gypsy, Wagner's Jew, Celtic music, African-American music and American Indian music.
Of Refrains, Fairy-tales and Compositional Hesitation: Act II of Wagner'sSiegfriedRevisited
Authors: Hunt Graham
Published: April 2011

As is well known, Wagner began creating the cycleDer Ring des Nibelungenby writing a three-act dramatic poem entitledSiegfrieds Tod, the story of a mythical hero, Siegfried, and his downfall. ButSiegfrieds Todwas burdened by extended moments of static, explanatory narrative, and Wagner's dramaturgical instincts ultimately led him to write three works that would precede the tragedy of Siegfried's fall.Der junge Siegfried, ultimately retitledSiegfried, presents the rise of the hero,Die Walkürethe hero's origins, andDas Rheingoldserves as a one-act prologue to the Ring-trilogy. The character of Siegfried was, thus, the generative impulse behind Wagner's cycle and is central to its dramaturgy. The operaSiegfriedfocuses upon the upbringing and, more importantly, the coming of age of this pivotal character.
More about Beethoven in Steiner's Shop: Publishers’ Corrections to the First Edition of the Quartet in F Minor, op. 95. A tribute to Alan Tyson
Authors: Mar Jonathan Del
Published: April 2011

Alan Tyson (1926–2000) was one of the most remarkable, influential and prolific Beethoven scholars of his generation. Yet his achievements ran wider than Beethoven, and even wider than music: he studied psychoanalysis, practised as a psychiatrist, and learnt German specifically in order to translate many of the writings of Siegmund Freud. Even before the claims of his musicological researches finally won over his medical career, he was the first to demonstrate the importance, and indeed authenticity, of many English editions of Beethoven. He published a huge amount of bibliographical material on Beethoven, both articles and books, particularly (in collaboration with Douglas Johnson and Robert Winter) a complete catalogue of Beethoven's sketchbooks. Not content with that, however, he turned his attention to Mozart, becoming the prime authority on the paper types and watermarks of Mozart's autograph manuscripts. Shortly before his death a Festschrift was dedicated to him, in which the complete bibliography of his publications occupies nine full pages.
The ‘Power of Class’ in a New Perspective: A Comparison of the Compositional Careers of Fanny Hensel and Josephine Lang
Authors: Krebs Harald
Published: April 2011

In her article ‘The Power of Class: Fanny Hensel’, Nancy Reich draws attention to the significance of social station as a constraint on Fanny Hensel’s musical career. While she acknowledges the existence of other barriers (such as religion, family traditions, and the influence on the Mendelssohns of Enlightenment philosophy), Reich emphasizes the role of contemporary expectations for upper-class women in limiting the scope of Hensel’s public musical activity. The identification of the ‘power of class’ as a factor in the careers of nineteenth-century women composers is an important contribution that deserves further investigation. Reich suggests a productive avenue for the exploration of this topic when she briefly compares Hensel’s career to those of two pianist-composers of lower social standing: Clara Schumann and Marie Pleyel. In this article, I pursue this avenue by comparing Hensel's career to that of another contemporary woman composer of a class lower than hers, namely Josephine Lang.
Fanny Hensel's Op. 6, No. 1 and the Art of Musical Reminiscence
Authors: Todd R. Larry
Published: April 2011

At first glance, Fanny Hensel'sAndante espressivoin A♭ major – the first of theVier Lieder für das Pianoforteop. 6, published in June 1847 just weeks after her death – impresses as a concise example of a textless, nocturne-like song cut from the cloth of her short piano character pieces and occasionally, but just occasionally, reminiscent of her brother's more celebratedLieder ohne Worte. The 61 bars of the Andante show the gifts of an accomplished songwriter as they unfold an uninterrupted, ‘singing’ soprano melody, at times euphonious and lyrical, at times poignant and passionate, above a gently rippling accompaniment of arpeggiated triplets. The basic structure of the composition is clear enough. We hear in succession: 1) the melody in the tonic and a modulation (10 bars) to 2) a statement on the dominant (13 bars); 3) a retransition and dominant pedal point (9 bars) leading to 4) the return of the opening in the tonic (16 bars), further supported by 5) a coda, drawn once again from the melody (13 bars). The compositional plan is thus one of statement, departure and return, a familiar sequence Hensel employed in the majority of her short piano pieces, and yet a deceptively simple strategy that afforded her considerable latitude, within the circumscribed, epigrammatic realm of the piano miniature, to explore a wide emotional range of colours, textures and musico-poetic ideas.
Japan's Early Twentieth-Century Violin Boom
Authors: Mehl Margaret
Published: April 2011

‘Invasion from the Orient’; ‘Young Violinists from Asia Gain Major Place on American Musical Scene’; ‘Suzuki's Pupils Learn Music First’: in the 1960s, headlines such as these drew attention to how successfully Asians had made Western art music their own; violinists from Japan were among the first. Observers have speculated on the reasons, but few know enough about Japanese history to realize that the phenomenon had its roots in developments during the Meiji period (1868–1912).
The Medieval Leper Plagues Modern Paris: Sylvio Lazzari'sLa Lépreuse
Authors: McQuinn Julie
Published: April 2011

February 1912: The curtain of the Opéra-Comique rises to reveal medieval Brittany. Washerwomen gossip about lepers who walk among the healthy, in defiance of the law. The women hint to Maria that her son, Ervoanik, is in love with the beautiful Aliette, who, it is rumoured, is one of these freely roaming lepers. Ervoanik does love Aliette, and when he informs his parents of his decision to marry her, his father explodes in rage. Doesn't he know that she is the daughter of a leper? Ervoanik refuses to believe it. The hideous appearance of Aliette's mother, Old Tili, betrays her own leprosy as she attempts to lure young children with her singing to eat her infected breads. When Aliette and Ervoanik stop at Old Tili's cottage to rest before making a holy pilgrimage, Tili assumes that Aliette intends to infect him, just as she has infected so many others. When she realizes that Aliette truly loves Ervoanik and plans to live with him chastely, Tili lies, telling her that he already has a wife and children. Aliette confronts Ervoanik, and he claims it is true, as a joke. She immediately touches her lips to a cup of wine and offers it to him. He drinks. In the third act, Ervoanik, now a leper, awaits the procession of the dead, which leads him to his house of exile. Aliette joins him.
The ‘Problem’ of Schubert's String Quintet
Authors: Sobaskie James William
Published: April 2011

Eschewing the polemic surrounding Franz Schubert's private life, as well as the habit of judging his art by Beethovenian criteria, many musicians now have chosen to focus on unique aspects of the composer's œuvre in order to illuminate its distinctive aesthetic values. In particular, some have sought to isolate and explain contextual processes responsible for compelling perceptions of drama and unity in Schubert's later instrumental works. The objects of their inquiries consist of progressive sequences of internally defined musical elements, relations and events that confer effects of internal momentum and comprehensive coherence on Schubert's music. These contextual processes complement tonal, formal and thematic procedures in Schubert's compositions and reveal an ingenious artist engaged in a restless search for new ways of organizing music.
Pianos and Pianists in Nineteenth-Century Oxford
Authors: Wollenberg Susan
Published: April 2011

The history of nineteenth-century pianism has, not unnaturally, been told largely in terms of the work of the central Austro-German (and related) ‘schools’: essentially, Beethoven and his contemporaries and successors. This has remained the popular view, although certainly it has in the past been counteracted in various ways, including, in the specialized literature, vast geographical surveys such as the final volume of Newman’s sonata trilogy. Nevertheless, this publication, indeed not unreasonably, sets out its agenda at the start with ‘four composers – Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, and Brahms … as main cornerstones of the Romantic sonata’, thus establishing these assuredly as its framework, while ‘the main Austro-German centers – notably Vienna, Leipzig, and Berlin’ are viewed as ‘the international meccas’. As far as I am aware, the study of ‘pianos and pianists’ in a specific location and time, as presented here, and in terms of social history rather than a ‘composers-and-works’ narrative, has only recently begun to impinge on this area. And in relation to my chosen location, Oxford, the historical viewpoint has also been skewed by factors peculiar to a university city of this type. The time is ripe for a new look at pianos and pianists in nineteenth-century Oxford, drawing information from archival research and contemporary printed sources.
Major Choral Organizations in Late Nineteenth-Century Melbourne
Authors: Radic Thérèse
Published: April 2011

Australian musical life was founded and sustained for over 150 years by a particular class of displaced British and European professional musicians, mostly men, who brought with them what is now known as Western art music. At the time of Australia's foundation, a number of British musicians (many of them composers at the rudimentary level expected of musicians of the day), unable to find work where Italians and Germans were preferred, opted for migration to the colonies in the hope of trading their way out of a difficult situation. Some took ship to avoid the law (the debt-ridden composer Isaac Nathan for example), some came as farmers or joined the gold rushes, only to fail and have to turn to their musical skills again to earn a living (William Vincent Wallace, composer of one of the nineteenth century's most popular operas, Maritana, comes to mind).
A Study of British Influence on Musical Taste and Programming: New Choral Works Introduced to Audiences by the Melbourne Philharmonic Society, 1876–1901
Authors: Stockigt Janice B.
Published: April 2011

When the Annual Report of Melbourne Philharmonic for 1899 complained about the lack of public support for new musical enterprises of the Society, it stated that more encouragement of the local press was needed so that ‘public curiosity might be excited, an artistic taste educated, and a desire created to hear what the Old World had approved’ (my italics). The domination of British opinion in the assembly of a music library for the Melbourne Philharmonic Society during the years of its existence in the nineteenth century, focusing upon the years 1876 to 1901, is investigated in Part I of this article. Factors influencing the choice of repertoire during this era – particularly the influence of the British publication The Musical Times and Singing-Class Circular (founded in 1844) – are noted. Examination of reports and reviews in the Musical Times supports the hypothesis that much of the new repertoire acquired by the Melbourne Philharmonic Society during these years was the direct result of opinions expressed in that publication, and the availability of performance materials publicized by Novello, Ewer, and Co. through the Musical Times, which was also published by Novello. ‘What J. Alfred Novello had on offer was unashamedly a house magazine … firmly dedicated to the advertisement of Novello's publications’. In the cultivation of musical taste, and in the development of libraries of choral societies, the activities of the publisher extended an authority far beyond the UK, placing the Musical Times in a formidable position of power throughout the English-speaking world. Part II explores three works to receive their Australian or Melbourne premieres at concerts given by the Philharmonic Society in the final quarter of the nineteenth century: each item was promulgated by the Musical Times.
‘A Source of Enjoyment': The Social Dimension of the Melbourne Liedertafels in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hill Jennifer
Published: April 2011

The city Liedertafels of Melbourne in the late colonial era were extraordinarily active, essentially amateur societies, with burgeoning memberships through to the early 1890s and a busy and varied calendar of men-only and mixed concerts and social events. This article examines aspects of the Melbourne (previously Melbourner Deutsche) Liedertafel (est. 1879) and the Metropolitan (later Royal Metropolitan) Liedertafel (est. 1870) as they functioned within late nineteenth-century Melbourne society, particularly the 1880s to Federation (1901). Opening with preliminary discussion of the social class of the participants and the role of women in the societies, it focuses on the balance in these choirs between the amateur and professional and the social and musical. The article begins with a consideration of the participants’ status as amateur or professional. It looks at any tensions between the two and charts the ways in which the balance between amateur and professional elements changed over the period and gives reasons for those changes. A second section outlines some of the varied and often picturesque types of semi-social, social and ceremonial functions in which the societies involved themselves, but places these briefly in the context of their avowed priorities and aims.
‘As Much by Force of Circumstances as by Ambition’: The Programming Practices of the Melbourne Liedertafel Societies, 1880–1905
Authors: Cole Suzanne
Published: April 2011

Two male-voice singing societies – the Metropolitan Liedertafel and the Melbourne Liedertafel – occupied prominent positions in the concert life of Melbourne during the prosperous 1880s. At this time the Metropolitan Liedertafel, formed in 1870, had between 80 and 100 performing members and regularly attracted audiences of over two thousand to its ‘Social Evenings for Ladies and Gentlemen’. A concert described as the ‘greatest gathering of its kind every [sic] seen in this city’, given at the recently completed Exhibition Buildings on 7 July 1881 and attended by the Princes Albert Victor and George, drew a crowd of between five and six thousand. The farewell concert given on 13 February 1882 for the Mendelssohn Quintette Club, visiting from Boston, had an audience of approximately two thousand, even though as one of the society's ‘smoke nights’, attendance was limited to men. The Metropolitan Liedertafel played host to a number of other visiting international musicians, including Henri Kowalski, August Wilhelmj, Carlotta Patti, Ernest de Munck, and, somewhat later, Sir Charles and Lady Hallé. In the early 1880s, the Metropolitan was identified as the city's leading musical society; an 1881 review in the Argus made so bold as to suggest that it was ‘the most successful association of its kind ever established here – or probably anywhere else’! This sentiment is reflected in a satirical piece in Town Talk in October 1881 in which the Metropolitan's conductor, Julius Herz, refers to himself, in a mock German accent, as ‘the subreme conductor of the greatest musical organisation in the vorld“.
Introduction to the Issue
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: April 2011

The history of music in nineteenth-century America, and the place of music within American culture of the period, is an area of scholarly inquiry that recently has received increased attention. It is also, as the varied articles collected in this issue illustrate, a complex topic and an area ripe for much additional research. The four articles deal with different aspects of nineteenth-century American music history and culture; in each, however, there are also areas of overlap and intersection. All four authors use as a starting point issues that have already been the subject of some scholarly attention, and examine these topics either more thoroughly or from a new theoretical or contextual point of view. The resulting aggregate should help readers to understand better a complicated and under-explored world, for all four articles highlight the complexity of musical life in America and explore some of the many ways that cultural life in the United States reflected and resonated with that of Europe. All four authors, furthermore, either hint at or explicitly mention areas that are ripe for further research.
Harmonizing the Nation: Margaret Fuller and the Music of Antebellum America
Authors: McClendon Aaron D.
Published: April 2011

In August of 1846, Margaret Fuller – one of the most influential feminist intellectuals in American history – sailed from New York City to Europe prepared to continue her work as the lead columnist for theNew-York Tribune. As it was planned by Fuller and Horace Greeley – theTribune'seditor – while abroad, Fuller would work as an international correspondent and send to theTribuneletters of her travels that recorded her thoughts about Europe, which she did from late 1846 until late 1849, with her final piece appearing in the 6 January 1850 edition of the paper. In ‘Letter No. XI’ (1847) of Fuller's more than 30 European dispatches to theTribune, she recounted for her readers several of the operas that she attended while in Paris. After first reviewingRobert le Diable, Guillaume Tell, L'Elisire d'Amore and Semiramidein this 31 March letter, Fuller turned her attention to a performance of Mozart'sDon Giovanni. Fuller assessedDon Giovannidifferently from the other operas in her letter. Rather than highlight the merits of the singers or staging, she prefaced her review with an account of her decision to take ether in an attempt to alleviate the pain she had been suffering as a result of toothache. In some depth, Fuller described the pleasurable sensations that she had experienced because of the ether. As she noted, however, the treatment had not stopped her discomfort. This troubled her on more than one level. For one, she was in acute pain; but Fuller was also worried that her suffering might make it difficult for her to sit through the entirety ofDon Giovanni. Fuller had long wanted to attend this opera, so despite her concern she went. Her choice to go would delight her, for as Fuller wrote in her letter, onceDon Giovannibegan, ‘the music soothed the nerves’ of her toothache ‘at once’. But even more wonderful than this, she explained, was that, after hearing Mozart's music, the pain from her toothache ‘left [her] from that time’ on.
Truth in Art, and Erik Satie's Judgement
Authors: Dayan Peter
Published: April 2011

It is certainly true that Satie, in his later years, did not tire of repeating that there is ‘no Truth in Art’; and in saying so, he was doubtless very much in tune with the spirit of his artistic milieu, which included, after all, such aesthetic anarchists as Picabia and Tzara, as well as the great artistic revolutionaries of the time, Picasso and Stravinsky, for whom he had unbounded admiration. And every time he did so, he was careful to attribute the erroneous belief that there is a Truth in Art to that class of writers whom he variously called ‘critiques’, ‘pédagogues’, ‘Pontifes’, ‘pions’: people of the serious persuasion, who think it is possible to teach or describe what makes a piece of art good or bad. Attacks against this tribe are, in fact, the staple of Satie's writings. It might appear sensible to infer from this that it would be foolish for a critic to look for Truth in Erik Satie's writings about art. Nonetheless, that is what I shall be doing in this article. I shall argue that, while there may, for Satie, be no truth in art, there are truths about art, susceptible of at least indirect expression, which Satie himself maintained with remarkable adroitness. Whether those truths are peculiar to the aesthetics of Satie's writings; whether they are relevant to the way we might appreciate his music; and whether they have echoes in the thought of his artistic companions (especially those mentioned above) – these are questions that will remain open; but I would like at least to suggest that they are worth asking.
Introduction
Authors: Sobaskie James William
Published: April 2011

The genesis of this special issue of Nineteenth-Century Music Review occurred at the Thirteenth Biennial International Conference on Nineteenth-Century Music in July of 2004, when the journal was inaugurated at Durham University and Bennett Zon invited Susan Youens and me to serve as guest-editors of an issue devoted specifically to Schubert. The impetus behind this instalment of the publication benefits from the remarkable rise of scholarly interest in Franz Schubert that has been under way for nearly two decades now on both sides of the Atlantic. Distinguished by innovative applications of close analysis, historiographic context and aesthetic considerations, this scholarly groundswell has produced an intriguing new image of the composer – indeed, a vibrant view of a Schubert we never really knew.
Swan Songs: Schubert's ‘Auf dem Wasser zu singen’
Authors: Youens Susan
Published: April 2011

The following inquiry began as an echo of my preoccupation long ago and far away with settings of late nineteenth-century French poetry. Mallarmé's ‘le cygne/signe’ arrives too late (involuntarily, I recall the immortal line ‘What time's the next swan?’) to be a player in the creation of Schubert's songs, but the great French poet had recourse to some of the same signifying swans at work in this composer's chosen poem by Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg. Struck by an analogy in the words for D. 774 (published in March 1827 as op. 72), I dug a little deeper and discovered multiple specimens of these emblematic creatures from Greek and Roman literature, medieval lore, Reformation iconography and Romantic art.
First isolation of fully delocalized mixed-valent imido-bridged [Ti2]7+ complexes by one-electron reduction of [(C5R5)TiCl]2(μ-NAr)2
Authors: Tsurugi Hayato , Nagae Haruki , Mashima Kazushi
Published: April 2011

Fully delocalized mixed-valent [Ti2]7+ species were isolated by the reduction of imido-bridged binuclear Ti2 complexes with Cp2Co.
Interfacial effects on droplet dynamics in Poiseuille flow
Authors: Schwalbe Jonathan T. , Phelan, Jr. Frederick R. , Vlahovska Petia M. , Hudson Steven D.
Published: April 2011

A new approach to interfacial rheology from droplet dynamics is described.
Regulation of mitochondrial metabolism: yet another facet in the biology of the oncoprotein Bcl-2
Authors: Krishna Shefali , Low Ivan Cherh Chiet , Pervaiz Shazib
Published: April 2011

The Bcl-2 (Bcl is B-cell lymphocytic-leukaemia proto-oncogene) family comprises two groups of proteins with distinct functional biology in cell-fate signalling. Bcl-2 protein was the first member to be discovered and associated with drug resistance in human lymphomas. Since then a host of other proteins such as Bcl-xL, Bcl-2A1 and Mcl-1 with similar anti-apoptotic functions have been identified. In contrast, the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins contain prototypic effector proteins such as Bax and Bak, and the BH3 (Bcl-2 homology)-only proteins comprising Bak, Bid, Bim, Puma and Noxa. A complex interplay between the association of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins with each other determines the sensitivity of cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis. The canonical functional of Bcl-2 in terms of apoptosis inhibition is its ability to prevent mitochondrial permeabilization via inhibiting the translocation and oligomerization of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax; however, more recent evidence points to a novel mechanism of the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-2. Overexpression of Bcl-2 increases mitochondrial oxygen consumption and in doing so generates a slight pro-oxidant intracellular milieu, which promotes genomic instability and blocks death signalling. However, in the wake of overt oxidative stress, Bcl-2 regulates cellular redox status thereby preventing excessive build-up of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which is detrimental to cells and tissues. Taken together, the canonical and non-canonical activities of Bcl-2 imply a critical involvement of this protein in the processes of tumour initiation and progression. In the present paper we review these functionally distinct outcomes of Bcl-2 expression with implications for the chemotherapeutic management of cancers.
Regulation of spermiogenesis, spermiation and blood–testis barrier dynamics: novel insights from studies on Eps8 and Arp3
Authors: Cheng C. Yan , Mruk Dolores D.
Published: April 2011

Spermiogenesis in the mammalian testis is the most critical post-meiotic developmental event occurring during spermatogenesis in which haploid spermatids undergo extensive cellular, molecular and morphological changes to form spermatozoa. Spermatozoa are then released from the seminiferous epithelium at spermiation. At the same time, the BTB (blood–testis barrier) undergoes restructuring to facilitate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes from the basal to the apical compartment. Thus meiotic divisions take place behind the BTB in the apical compartment to form spermatids. These germ cells enter spermiogenesis to transform into elongating spermatids and then into spermatozoa to replace those that were released in the previous cycle. However, the mole-cular regulators that control spermiogenesis, in particular the dynamic changes that occur at the Sertoli cell–spermatid interface and at the BTB, are not entirely known. This is largely due to the lack of suitable animal models which can be used to study these events. During the course of our investigation to develop adjudin [1-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbohydrazide] as a potential male contraceptive, this drug was shown to ‘accelerate’ spermiation by inducing the release of premature spermatids from the epithelium. Using this model, we have identified several molecules that are crucial in regulating the actin filament network and the unique adhesion protein complex at the Sertoli cell–spermatid interface known as the apical ES (ectoplasmic specialization). In the present review, we critically evaluate these and other findings in the literature as they relate to the restricted temporal and spatial expression of two actin regulatory proteins, namely Eps8 (epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8) and Arp3 (actin-related protein 3), which regulate these events.