bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durability of fluoropolymer and antibacterial finishes on woven surgical gown fabrics
Authors: Midha Vinay Kumar , Vashisht Ravikant , Midha Varsha
Published: December 2014

Commercially available polyester, polyester-cotton and cotton plain woven fabrics of 150 g/m2 weight and cotton woven fabric samples of 200 g/m2 weight with plain, twill and satin weave were studied for their suitability as surgical gowns. Water repellent and anti bacterial finishes were applied in single bath using pad-dry-cure method with four concentration levels of these finishes. Liquid barrier properties of samples were analyzed by water impact penetration and hydrostatic pressure test. Parallel streak method was used to measure the antibacterial activity on the fabric samples with Staphylococcus aureus. The fabric samples were also analyzed for air permeability and stiffness. Optimum concentration level of fluoropolymer and antibacterial finishes for achieving desired liquid barrier and antibacterial properties were determined for each fabric samples. Fabric samples were subjected to repeated laundering cycles to evaluate the durability of finishes.

It was observed that polyester fabric samples and 200 g/m2 cotton twill woven fabrics show highest level of liquid barrier protection of Level 2 according to Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards, with 4% and 7% fluoropolymers. The fabrics maintain their barrier protection upto 20 laundering cycles, whereas 100% cotton fabric samples show minimal liquid barrier protection and do not provide Level 2 protection even at 4% and 7% fluoropolymer.
Dress, body and self: research in the social psychology of dress
Authors: Johnson Kim , Lennon Sharron J , Rudd Nancy
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this research was to provide a critical review of key research areas within the social psychology of dress. The review addresses published research in two broad areas: (1) dress as a stimulus and its influence on (a) attributions by others, attributions about self, and on one's behavior and (2) relationships between dress, the body, and the self. We identify theoretical approaches used in conducting research in these areas, provide an abbreviated background of research in these areas highlighting key findings, and identify future research directions and possibilities. The subject matter presented features developing topics within the social psychology of dress and is useful for undergraduate students who want an overview of the content area. It is also useful for graduate students (1) who want to learn about the major scholars in these key areas of inquiry who have moved the field forward, or (2) who are looking for ideas for their own thesis or dissertation research. Finally, information in this paper is useful for professors who research or teach the social psychology of dress.
Thermal degradation of natural dyes and their analysis using HPLC-DAD-MS
Authors: Ahn Cheunsoon , Zeng Xia , Li Longchun , Obendorf S Kay
Published: December 2014

Berberine, palmatine, alizarin, purpurin, indigotin, and indirubin which were the major coloring compounds of Phellodendron bark, madder, and indigo plant were thermally degraded in 100°C oven in liquid dye form and also in silk dyed with five of these pigments. A mixed dye solution of six coloring compounds was prepared in DMSO solution and was thermally degraded for up to 7 days. Silk were dyed using either a mixed dye solution of five dyes or individual dye solutions and each were degraded for 7 and 14 days, respectively, and the dye was extracted from the samples for the HPLC analysis. The concentration of coloring compounds in the degraded samples were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS and the color difference (ΔE) of the degraded silk was examined using a spectro-colorimeter. Alizarin and purpurin were more resistance to degradation than other coloring compounds both when in solution form and in silk dyeings. And such result was verified by the color difference measurement of the degraded silk dyed with individual dye solution. The resistance of alizarin and purpurin to thermal degradation was highly likely due to the fomation of fiber-metal-dye chelated complex by alum or iron mordanting before dyeing.
Thermal analysis of conducting dusty fluid flow in a porous medium over a stretching cylinder in the presence of non-uniform source/sink
Authors: Manjunatha Pattasale Thippeswamy , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna , Prasannakumara Ballajja Chandrappa
Published: December 2014

Background

The principle aim of the present investigation is to study the heat transfer analysis of steady two dimensional flow of conducting dusty fluid over a stretching cylinder immersed in a porous media under the influence of non-uniform source/sink.

Methods

Governing partial differential equations are reduced into coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The resulting system of equations are then solved Numerically with efficient Runge Kutta Fehlberg-45 Method.

Results

Graphical display of the obtained numerical solution is performed to illustrate the influence of various flow controlling parameters like curvature parameter, magnetic parameter, porous parameter, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, fluid-particle interaction parameter on velocity and temperature distributions of both fluid and dust phases. The numerical results for the skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are also presented. Finally, the obtained numerical solutions are compared and found to be in good agreement with previously published results under special cases.

Conclusion

The velocity within the boundary layer in the case of cylinder is larger than the flat surface and both the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient and heat transfer rate at the surface are higher for cylinder when compared to that of flat plate.
Synthesis and applications of multifunctional composite nanomaterials
Authors: Sahay Rahul , Reddy Venugopal Jayarama , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: December 2014

Nanocomposites have attracted a huge amount of interest due to their improved mechanical properties, dimensional stability, thermal/chemical stability, and electrical conductivity. Nanostructures are found to be of great significance because of their inherent properties such as large surface area to volume ratio and the engineered properties such as porosity, stability, and permeability. Composite material can achieve multifunctionality by combining the relevant, desirable features of different materials to form a new material having a broad spectrum of desired properties. These properties include liquid/gas sensing, self-repair nano/microstructure, catalysis initiator/inhibitor, as well as biomedical engineering. In this article, the nano/microcomposites are critically analyzed against the combination of functionalities i.e. mechanical, optical, chemical, electrical, and thermal properties. This review specifically presents a narrative summary on the use of multifunctional nanomaterials for energy as well as environmental applications, along with a discussion on some critical challenges existing in the fields.
Student Interpretations of Phylogenetic Trees in an Introductory Biology Course
Authors: Dees Jonathan , Momsen Jennifer L. , Niemi Jarad , Montplaisir Lisa
Published: December 2014

Phylogenetic trees are widely used visual representations in the biological sciences and the most important visual representations in evolutionary biology. Therefore, phylogenetic trees have also become an important component of biology education. We sought to characterize reasoning used by introductory biology students in interpreting taxa relatedness on phylogenetic trees, to measure the prevalence of correct taxa-relatedness interpretations, and to determine how student reasoning and correctness change in response to instruction and over time. Counting synapomorphies and nodes between taxa were the most common forms of incorrect reasoning, which presents a pedagogical dilemma concerning labeled synapomorphies on phylogenetic trees. Students also independently generated an alternative form of correct reasoning using monophyletic groups, the use of which decreased in popularity over time. Approximately half of all students were able to correctly interpret taxa relatedness on phylogenetic trees, and many memorized correct reasoning without understanding its application. Broad initial instruction that allowed students to generate inferences on their own contributed very little to phylogenetic tree understanding, while targeted instruction on evolutionary relationships improved understanding to some extent. Phylogenetic trees, which can directly affect student understanding of evolution, appear to offer introductory biology instructors a formidable pedagogical challenge.
Reading Katherine Anne Porter's “He” Through “He”: Versions and Revisions
Authors: McWilliam Fiona
Published: December 2014

This essay seeks to rectify an ongoing problem in scholarship on Katherine Anne Porter. Porter's short story “He,” a key and often-anthologized text, is being read in a revised version without attention to those revisions or the story's original context, the October 1927 issue of the communist magazine the New Masses. This essay repositions Porter's story in its original context and in doing so reveals political themes that have been traditionally read as universal ones. Perhaps most importantly, though, this essay recovers the original version of “He,” which underwent significant emendations before its publication in the 1930 collection Flowering Judas. This version of this story often serves as the apparently definitive or even only version for both scholars and casual readers. Recognizing the unstable and evolving nature of the story leads to a more expansive understanding of Porter's canon. The ramifications here, then, are textual and contextual, and they speak to Porter's relationship to her own body of work as well as to more general theoretical concerns about authorship and genre.
Transfeminist Kill/Joys
Authors: Cowan T. L.
Published: December 2014

This paper considers recent transfeminist critical creative work through an affective trope contingently named here as that belonging to the “transfeminist kill/joy,” after Sara Ahmed's framing of the “feminist killjoy.” The trope of the transfeminist kill/joy can been read as a set of proliferating dialectics expressed as the rage that comes into being through living the violent effects of transphobia and trans-misogyny and through the practice of transformational love as a struggle for existence. The texts under consideration here work both to spoil feelings of political and social well-being or pleasure that are contingent upon the tacit absence or explicit exclusion of trans women in feminist conceptual and physical spaces and to re-structure, claim, and repair feminist happiness as a reparative impulse that holds these political affects in tension as creative potential.
Stepwise surgical correction of instability in flexion after total knee replacement
Authors: Abdel M. P. , Pulido L. , Severson E. P. , Hanssen A. D.
Published: December 2014

Instability in flexion after total knee replacement (TKR) typically occurs as a result of mismatched flexion and extension gaps. The goals of this study were to identify factors leading to instability in flexion, the degree of correction, determined radiologically, required at revision surgery, and the subsequent clinical outcomes. Between 2000 and 2010, 60 TKRs in 60 patients underwent revision for instability in flexion associated with well-fixed components. There were 33 women (55%) and 27 men (45%); their mean age was 65 years (43 to 82). Radiological measurements and the Knee Society score (KSS) were used to assess outcome after revision surgery. The mean follow-up was 3.6 years (2 to 9.8). Decreased condylar offset (p < 0.001), distalisation of the joint line (p < 0.001) and increased posterior tibial slope (p < 0.001) contributed to instability in flexion and required correction at revision to regain stability. The combined mean correction of posterior condylar offset and joint line resection was 9.5 mm, and a mean of 5° of posterior tibial slope was removed. At the most recent follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the mean KSS for the knee and function (both p < 0.001), no patient reported instability and no patient underwent further surgery for instability.

The following step-wise approach is recommended: reduction of tibial slope, correction of malalignment, and improvement of condylar offset. Additional joint line elevation is needed if the above steps do not equalise the flexion and extension gaps.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1644–8.
The Growth of Private Label Brands: A Worldwide Phenomenon?
Authors: Cuneo Andres , Milberg Sandra J. , Benavente Jose Miguel , Palacios-Fenech Javier
Published: December 2014

In many countries, the growth of private label brands (PLBs) is negatively affecting manufacturer brands’ shares, though PLBs have yet to take hold in other markets. Numerous studies have identified factors leading to the success of PLBs in product categories, and yet little empirical research has investigated the factors underlying the variability of PLB shares across countries. This research examines country-level market structure factors—retail distribution structure, retailer typology, and logistic structure—to understand the differential success of PLBs across countries. The results indicate that these factors help explain the dispersion pattern of PLB penetration across 46 countries and that the distribution structure has the largest effect on PLB share, followed by the logistic structure and retailer typology in particular global discounters. The findings can enable manufacturer brand managers to better foresee whether specific countries represent fertile ground for internationalizing their brands or, contrarily, constitute bastions for brand manufacturers to protect their brands’ shares. The results also provide insights about the time frame over which PLB share development may pose a threat in different markets.
Die »nichtarischen und halbarischen Lämmer ungefährdet über eine Wiese […] treiben, deren Gras uns nicht schmecken wollte«: Gustaf Gründgens und die Juden
Authors: Blubacher Thomas
Published: December 2014

Regardless of the historical period or the political system, Gustaf Gründgens (1899–1963), who always considered art as an autonomous realm, was doubtlessly
Theater als (Ersatz-) Heimat: Die Remigration des Schauspielers Herbert Grünbaum (1903–1981)
Authors: Feinberg Anat
Published: December 2014

After a promising start on the German stage, Jewish actor Herbert Grünbaum left Germany overnight in 1939 and settled in Palestine. The article takes his emigration as the starting point for the examination of his role as director and actor in the nascent Cameri Theatre. Grünbaum’s experiences in Palestine eventually resulted in his surprising departure in 1953. Although not a communist, Grünbaum chose to join the Volksbühne in East Berlin, one of the leading theatres of the GDR. In the late 1950s, in the wake of growing tension between the powers controlling the divided city, Grünbaum left the Volksbühne to become a member of the celebrated Schiller-Theater in West Berlin. Taking Grünbaum’s turbulent career as a case study, this article raises broader questions concerning the experiences of German émigré actors in Israel (primarily at the Cameri Theatre), especially those who ultimately chose to leave Israel and the Hebrew theatre behind, and return to the German stage.
Suppletive kin term paradigms in the languages of New Guinea
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: December 2014

Kin terms in some languages have suppletive roots according to the person of the possessor, as in Kaluli
Timing of German onset and word boundary clusters
Authors: Brunner Jana , Geng Christian , Sotiropoulou Stavroula , Gafos Adamantios
Published: December 2014

Previous studies suggest that there are special timing relations in syllable onsets. The consonants are assumed to be timed, on the one hand, with the vocalic nucleus and, on the other hand, with each other. These competing timing relations result in the
Pre-aspiration, quantity, and sound change
Authors: Stevens Mary , Reubold Ulrich
Published: December 2014

Geminate voiceless stops /pː tː kː / have been recently found to show optional pre-aspiration under certain circumstances in spontaneous and read Italian speech. This paper investigates the impact of pre-aspiration on the perception and production of contrastive quantity, e.g.,
Modeling Preeclampsia: An Emerging Role for Stem Cells
Authors: Stephens Amanda J. , Karvas Rowan M. , Adachi Katsu , Schulz Laura C. , Schust Danny J.
Published: December 2014

Preeclampsia is specific to human pregnancy and is cured by delivery of the gestation. The disease is particularly difficult to study because its underpinnings likely occur very early in pregnancy, but its detection is delayed until the second or third trimester. In vivo study of disease pathogenesis is limited by ethical prohibitions and logistical limitations to our access to the earliest events in human gestation, some of which occur before the first missed menses and clinical detection of the pregnancy. Because the disease does not appear to spontaneously occur in any readily available animal model, study of the disorder in animals is limited by models that mimic some, but not all, of the disease manifestations. The disease may be largely the result of abnormalities in placentation, so human trophoblast cells have been used to allow in vitro study of the disorder. Unfortunately, primary cell lines are typically short-lived while immortalized, or cancer-derived cell lines may carry genetic or epigenetic changes that alter cellular function or morphologic features in ways that may confound result interpretation. Recent advances in stem cell technologies provide a new way to study preeclampsia via accessing the earliest events in placental development. These advances include protocols that promote the conversion of totipotent human embryonic stem cells into trophoblast cells that can differentiate into typical trophoblast cell subpopulations in vitro and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. The latter can be derived from the gestational tissues of affected and unaffected pregnancies. They may also retain etiologic genetic and epigenetic changes.
Practical recommendations concerning prevention and correction of iron deficit in athletes
Authors: Vdovenko N.V. , Ivanova A.M. , Loshkarova I.A.
Published: December 2014

Purpose : To develop practical recommendations for the prevention and correction of iron deficiency in athletes to improve the effectiveness of training and competitive activities, and accelerate recovery processes. Material: analysis and compilation of scientific and methodological literature on the exchange of iron, as well as ways of prevention and correction of iron deficiency in athletes. Results: It was found that iron deficiency in the body athletes may reduce sports (general and special) capacity and the situation of overtraining. The basic approaches on how to prevent and correct iron deficiency in athletes through nutrition. Conclusions: practical recommendations for the prevention and correction of iron deficiency in athletes.
Health saving technologies in the training of future primary school teachers
Authors: Karapuzova N.D.
Published: December 2014

Purpose : To reveal the features of the application of technology in the health-professional training of future primary school teachers and to characterize their practical implementation. Material : The study involved 137 students. Test was used to determine the likelihood of stress on G. Nemchin and J. Taylor. Results : It was found that the vast majority of respondents (67%) have a low level of efficiency and high stress. That is, there is the possibility of negative effects of stress. Among the students of middle and low level of success of 76% the cause of this was called exhaustion. Defined as the implementation of technologies will aggregate pedagogically appropriate forms, methods and means of organization and management of the educational process. Proposed criteria indicators of training activities from the standpoint of health preservation. An experience of work on the implementation of health-technology in the practice of psycho-pedagogical faculty. Conclusions : The health-tech feature is the harmonious combination of training, educational and developing pedagogical influences. They are specified in the learning and cognitive, research, organizational and educational work of the students and the teaching practice in schools. They are aimed at both the development and improvement of the physical, spiritual, mental and social health factors of a young man, and on the formation of health-competence of students.
School health approach to teaching and learning of students
Authors: Lukianova Yu.S.
Published: December 2014

Purpose: disclosure of health-ways for teaching and learning of students. Material: analysis of the publications of domestic and foreign authors. Results: The article is devoted to the implementation of healthy way approach to the educational process, namely, the rational organization of training aimed at keeping the dynamics of human health, the prevention of mental fatigue and overload, increase adaptive reserves of the body of the person; intensification of teaching and learning of students (application-is controversial dialogue, training, game forms and methods of training, participation in project activities, the work of pedagogical workshops) that stimulates emotional accommodation and understanding of knowledge, helps students acquire personal-relevant knowledge and experience; use of health effect of artistic and practical (music, painting) activities of students. Conclusions: highlights the key towards the implementation of health-promoting approach to the educational process.
Social support of mentally retarded persons
Authors: Zwolinska Danuta , Podstawski Robert , Nowosielska-Swadzba Danuta , Jendrysek Marek
Published: December 2014

Purpose: The aim of this work is to assess the relationship between the environment and mentally retarded persons. Material and methods: Information referring to social support of mentally retarded persons is a source material collected on the base of the data included in the Polish and foreign literature. The issues under discussion related to the following problems: social integration of persons with intellectual disabilities in a family and local environment, social functioning of people with mild intellectual disability, social rehabilitation of people with moderate, severe and profound intellectual disability and specific contact with people with disabilities. Results: For a person with an intellectual disability, the family is the source of acquisition of basic social skills that give him the opportunity for further development and performing certain social roles in a sense of safety. Full acceptance of the intellectually disabled, may dismiss their sense of shame and fear, and instill the satisfaction of belonging to a social community. Conclusions: Full social acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities is the basis for their assimilation and social functioning.
Does Implant Design Affect Implant Primary Stability? A Resonance Frequency Analysis–Based Randomized Split-Mouth Clinical Trial
Authors: Gehrke Sergio Alexandre , da Silva Ulisses Tavares , Del Fabbro Massimo
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess implant stability in relation to implant design (conical vs. semiconical and wide-pitch vs narrow-pitch) using resonance frequency analysis. Twenty patients with bilateral edentulous maxillary premolar region were selected. In one hemiarch, conical implants with wide pitch (group 1) were installed; in the other hemiarch, semiconical implants with narrow pitch were installed (group 2). The implant allocation was randomized. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by resonance frequency analysis immediately following implant placement to assess primary stability (time 1) and at 90 days after placement (time 2). In group 1, the mean and standard deviation ISQ for time 1 was 65.8 ± 6.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 55 to 80), and for time 2, it was 68.0 ± 5.52 (95% CI, 57 to 77). In group 2, the mean and standard deviation ISQ was 63.6 ± 5.95 (95% CI, 52 to 78) for time 1 and 67.0 ± 5.71 (95% CI, 58 to 78) for time 2. The statistical analysis demonstrated significant difference in the ISQ values between groups at time 1 (P = .007) and no statistical difference at time 2 (P = .54). The greater primary stability of conical implants with wide pitch compared with semiconical implants with narrow pitch might suggest a preference for the former in case of the adoption of immediate or early loading protocols.
Among hegemonies and counter-hegemonies of metalheads and non-metalheads university students in the city of Santa Marta: an analysis from Chantal Mouffe/Entre hegemonías y contrahegemonías de estudiantes universitarios metaleros y no metaleros en la ciuda
Authors: Navarro Díaz Luis Ricardo , Ramírez Juvinao Luisa Fernanda
Published: December 2014

El artículo, derivado de la investigación “Caracterización del consumo de medios de los jóvenes para el diseño de una propuestade espacios de educación en valores y convivencia ciudadana apoyado en TIC”, aborda las relaciones interculturalesque se establecen entre estudiantes universitarios, de la ciudad de Santa Marta, pertenecientes a grupos seguidores de lacultura metal y estudiantes universitarios no pertenecientes a este tipo de cultura. Cuyo objetivo es caracterizar el consumode medios de los jóvenes para diseñar una propuesta de espacios de educación en valores y convivencia ciudadana apoyadoen TIC. El análisis que se realiza de estas tribus urbanas es de carácter cuantitativo, y se construye desde las categorías deesfera pública, hegemonías y contrahegemonias propuestas de la politóloga Chantal Mouffe.
Between Public and Private: Press and Women’s Representation/Entre o Público e o Privado: Imprensa e Representação Feminina
Authors: Ribas Borges Teixeira Nincia Cecilia
Published: December 2014

A pesquisa busca investigar as representações de gênero na mídia impressa. O tema abrange os espaços do gênero feminino, emque se pressupõem significativas alterações em comparação com tempos passados, focalizando a presença da mulher na imprensa.O corpus analisado será constituído por reportagens e anúncios publicitários que representem a figura feminina na Revista ABomba veículo editado pela imprensa paranaense. Esta abordagem usa teorias ligadas à História Cultural. O objetivo é demonstrarque as revistas representam uma instância pedagógica ao produzir mecanismos ou dispositivos pedagógicos de subjetivaçãopara as leitoras e, sobretudo, por expressar discursos vigentes e legitimados num contexto histórico-social.
Switchgrass and Prairie Cordgrass Response to Foliar- and Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Anderson Eric K. , Hager Aaron G. , Voigt Thomas B. , Lee D.K.
Published: December 2014

Perennial grasses are expected to comprise a substantial portion of the lignocellulosic biomass to meet renewable energy mandates in the U.S. in the next decade. As many warm-season grasses are slow to establish from seed, plantings are often compromised by weed interference during the establishment year. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the tolerance of switchgrass and prairie cordgrass to several herbicides applied PRE or POST (at four different growth stages). Preemergence atrazine at rates ≤ 1.684 kg ai ha−1in switchgrass and quinclorac at rates ≤ 0.279 kg ai ha−1in prairie cordgrass did not significantly reduce emergence, plant height, or biomass yield 8 wk after treatment. When treatments were applied at the two- to three-leaf stage, only atrazine (≤ 0.123 kg ai ha−1) did not reduce switchgrass fresh weight and only 2,4-D ester (≤ 0.533 kg ae ha−1), nicosulfuron (0.018 kg ai ha−1), and quinclorac (0.140 kg ha−1) did not significantly reduce prairie cordgrass yield. Phytotoxic effects decreased for all herbicides with increasing growth stage at the time of treatment for both species. All evaluated herbicides were safe with respect to biomass yield on the respective grasses when applied at the latest growth stage (approximately five-leaf stage). These results show that viable PRE and POST herbicides are available for weed control during establishment of switchgrass and prairie cordgrass; however, all evaluated herbicides would likely reduce biomass yield in a mixture planting of both grasses.
Aula prática para disciplina de Bioquímica abordando a influência dos processos térmicos na atividade de lectinas provenientes de leguminosas
Authors: Matte Aline , Rodrigues Patrícia Idalina de Lemos , Stocher Daniela Pereira , Moraes Renata Wadenphul de , Barroso Ludymila Schulz , Corrêa Priscila Silva , Matte Cristiane
Published: December 2014

Lectinas são proteínas altamente expressas em leguminosas, que possuem a capacidade de reconhecer especificamente e ligar carboidratos, inclusive na membrana celular de eritrócitos. A cocção de alimentos ricos em lectinas, tais como feijão, ervilha e lentilha promovem a desnaturação das proteínas, dentre elas as lectinas, que juntamente com a estrutura nativa, perdem a capacidade de interação com as glicoproteínas presentes em membranas. Esse trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de aula prática de Bioquímica, de fácil execução e resultados significativos, que permitem a demonstração das propriedades hemaglutinantes presentes na estrutura nativa de lectinas e o efeito desnaturante do calor. Diferentes formas de cocção foram utilizadas, a fim de demonstrar aos graduandos de Nutrição quais metodologias de preparo de alimentos são próprias para o consumo.
Managing the whole landscape: historical, hybrid, and novel ecosystems
Authors: Hobbs Richard J , Higgs Eric , Hall Carol M , Bridgewater Peter , Chapin F Stuart , Ellis Erle C , Ewel John J , Hallett Lauren M , Harris James , Hulvey Kristen B , Jackson Stephen T , Kennedy Patricia L , Kueffer Christoph , Lach Lori , Lantz Trevor C , Lugo Ariel E , Mascaro Joseph , Murphy Stephen D , Nelson Cara R , Perring Michael P , Richardson David M , Seastedt Timothy R , Standish Rachel J , Starzomski Brian M , Suding Katherine N , Tognetti Pedro M , Yakob Laith , Yung Laurie
Published: December 2014

The reality confronting ecosystem managers today is one of heterogeneous, rapidly transforming landscapes, particularly in the areas more affected by urban and agricultural development. A landscape management framework that incorporates all systems, across the spectrum of degrees of alteration, provides a fuller set of options for how and when to intervene, uses limited resources more effectively, and increases the chances of achieving management goals. That many ecosystems have departed so substantially from their historical trajectory that they defy conventional restoration is not in dispute. Acknowledging novel ecosystems need not constitute a threat to existing policy and management approaches. Rather, the development of an integrated approach to management interventions can provide options that are in tune with the current reality of rapid ecosystem change.
Productivity of Field Pea and Lentil with Cereal and Brassica Intercrops
Authors: Fernandez Adria L. , Sheaffer Craig C. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: December 2014

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) have potential as grain‐producing legumes in organic rotations, but their yield is limited by weed competition. Intercropping can control weeds and increase total grain productivity per land area compared to sole cropping. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of intercropping on field pea and lentil yields. Intercrop treatments were spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.), which were harvested for grain; and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and rapid‐cycling brassica (Brassica campestris L.), which were not harvested. Intercropped lentil yields and total (lentil plus intercrop) yields were lower than or equal to weeded and unweeded sole cropped lentils in 5 of 6 site‐years. Intercropped pea yields and total (pea plus intercrop) yields were lower than or equal to weeded and unweeded sole cropped pea in all site‐years. Unharvested intercrops showed variable effectiveness at suppressing weeds. In lentil, winter rye intercropping reduced weed biomass compared to the unweeded control in 4 site‐years, and rapid‐cycling brassica reduced weed biomass in 2 site‐years. In pea, winter rye, and rapid‐cycling brassica treatments reduced weed biomass in all site‐years. However, reductions in weed biomass were not associated with increases in grain yield. Estimated net returns to intercropping were variable, but generally similar for sole crops and intercrops on average. We did not observe consistent agronomic or economic advantages to the use of intercrops with field pea and lentil in the Minnesota environments studied.
Autopsy Observations in Lethal Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndromes
Authors: Okiro Patricia , Wainwright Helen , Spranger Jürgen , Beighton Peter
Published: December 2014

The short rib-polydactyly syndromes are a heterogeneous group of lethal autosomal recessive disorders (SRP I–IV), which result from cellular ciliary dysfunction during embryogenesis. Diagnosis is conventionally based on radiographic imaging. Since 1976, postmortem investigations of 5 affected fetuses or stillbirths have been undertaken and the visceral abnormalities have been documented. These anomalies are discussed in the context of prenatal differential diagnosis and prognostication following imaging in pregnancy and at autopsy following miscarriage or stillbirth.
Fashion and Orientalism
Authors: Geczy Adam
Published: December 2014

Fashion and Orientalism is an important book that enhances our historical knowledge and intellectual understanding of its subject. Through detailed description and analysis, Adam Geczy contributes to the growing scholarship that seeks a more subtle understanding of the complex discourse of Orientalism and the conscious and unconscious ways that it has had an impact on Western fashion and dress. (Hazel Clark, Research Chair of Fashion, Parsons the New School for Design, New York, USA)

Geczy opens our eyes to an understanding of fashion as an exchange of values between Asia and the West for the past 500 years. This timely, patiently researched, brilliantly written book will become the standard reference for the field and a must-read for anyone interested in the intersections of cultural studies, art history and philosophy. (Melissa Chiu, Director, Asia Society Museum, New York, USA)

The breadth of Orientalism in this book gives it the ability to bring readers up with a start as they recognize elements from their own lives. (Michael Carter, author of Fashion Classics from Carlyle to Barthes)
Intraoperative monopolar mapping during 5-ALA–guided resections of glioblastomas adjacent to motor eloquent areas: evaluation of resection rates and neurological outcome
Authors: Schucht Philippe , Seidel Kathleen , Beck Jürgen , Murek Michael , Jilch Astrid , Wiest Roland , Fung Christian , Raabe Andreas
Published: December 2014

Object

Resection of glioblastoma adjacent to motor cortex or subcortical motor pathways carries a high risk of both incomplete resection and postoperative motor deficits. Although the strategy of maximum safe resection is widely accepted, the rates of complete resection of enhancing tumor (CRET) and the exact causes for motor deficits (mechanical vs vascular) are not always known. The authors report the results of their concept of combining monopolar mapping and 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)–guided surgery in patients with glioblastoma adjacent to eloquent tissue.

Methods

The authors prospectively studied 72 consecutive patients who underwent 5-ALA–guided surgery for a glioblastoma adjacent to the corticospinal tract (CST; < 10 mm) with continuous dynamic monopolar motor mapping (short-train interstimulus interval 4.0 msec, pulse duration 500 μsec) coupled to an acoustic motor evoked potential (MEP) alarm. The extent of resection was determined based on early (< 48 hours) postoperative MRI findings. Motor function was assessed 1 day after surgery, at discharge, and at 3 months.

Results

Five patients were excluded because of nonadherence to protocol; thus, 67 patients were evaluated. The lowest motor threshold reached during individual surgery was as follows (motor threshold, number of patients): > 20 mA, n = 8; 11–20 mA, n = 13; 6–10 mA, n = 10; 4–5 mA, n = 13; and 1–3 mA, n = 23. Motor deterioration at postsurgical Day 1 and at discharge occurred in 30% (n = 20) and 10% (n = 7) of patients, respectively. At 3 months, 3 patients (4%) had a persisting postoperative motor deficit, 2 caused by vascular injury and 1 by mechanical injury. The rates of intra- and postoperative seizures were 1% and 0%, respectively. Complete resection of enhancing tumor was achieved in 73% of patients (49/67) despite proximity to the CST.

Conclusions

A rather high rate of CRET can be achieved in glioblastomas in motor eloquent areas via a combination of 5-ALA for tumor identification and intraoperative mapping for distinguishing between presumed and actual motor eloquent tissues. Continuous dynamic mapping was found to be a very ergonomic technique that localizes the motor tissue early and reliably.
Expanding neurosurgery
Authors: Couldwell William T. , Mortimer Vance , Kraus Kristin L.
Published: December 2014

The history of medicine is replete with innovations in neurosurgery that have spurred further developments across the medical spectrum. Surgeons treating pathologies in the head and spine have broken ground with new approaches, techniques, and technologies since ancient times. Neurosurgeons occupy a vital nexus in patient care, interfacing with the clinical symptoms and signs afflicting patients, the pathology at surgery, and imaging studies. No other physicians occupy this role within the nervous system. This power of observation and the ability to intercede place neurosurgeons in a unique position for impacting disease. Yet despite these pioneering achievements, more recently, forces in the workplace may be challenging neurosurgery's opportunities to contribute to the future growth of the neurosciences and medicine. The authors posit that, in the current health care climate, revenue generation by neurosurgical clinical activity is valued by the system more than neurosurgical research and academic output. Without providing the talented stream of new neurosurgeons with the opportunities and, in fact, the directive to achieve beyond simple financial success, the specialty is missing the opportunity to optimize its progress. The authors contend that the key to remaining relevant with the incorporation of new technologies to the treatment of neurosurgical patients will be to be flexible, open-minded, and nimble with the adaptation of new procedures by training and encouraging neurosurgical residents to pursue new or neglected areas of the specialty. Only by doing so can neurosurgery continue to expand.
Chloroquine enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity in malignant gliomas by blocking autophagy
Authors: Golden Encouse B. , Cho Hee-Yeon , Jahanian Ardeshir , Hofman Florence M. , Louie Stan G. , Schönthal Axel H. , Chen Thomas C.
Published: December 2014

Object

In a recent clinical trial, patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme benefited from chloroquine (CQ) in combination with conventional therapy (resection, temozolomide [TMZ], and radiation therapy). In the present study, the authors report the mechanism by which CQ enhances the therapeutic efficacy of TMZ to aid future studies aimed at improving this therapeutic regimen.

Methods

Using in vitro and in vivo experiments, the authors determined the mechanism by which CQ enhances TMZ cytotoxicity. They focused on the inhibition-of-autophagy mechanism of CQ by knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins or treatment with autophagy inhibitors. This mechanism was tested using an in vivo model with subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ.

Results

Knockdown of the autophagy-associated proteins (GRP78 and Beclin) or treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), blocked autophagosome formation and reduced CQ cytotoxicity, suggesting that autophagosome accumulation precedes CQ-induced cell death. In contrast, blocking autophagosome formation with knockdown of GRP78 or treatment with 3-MA enhanced TMZ cytotoxicity, suggesting that the autophagy pathway protects from TMZ-induced cytotoxicity. CQ in combination with TMZ significantly increased the amounts of LC3B-II (a marker for autophagosome levels), CHOP/GADD-153, and cleaved PARP (a marker for apoptosis) over those with untreated or individual drug-treated glioma cells. These molecular mechanisms seemed to take place in vivo as well. Subcutaneously implanted U87MG tumors from mice treated with CQ in combination with TMZ displayed higher levels of CHOP/GADD-153 than did untreated or individual drug-treated tumors.

Conclusions

Taken together, these results demonstrate that CQ blocks autophagy and triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby increasing the chemosensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ.
Wilms tumor 1 gene, CD97, and the emerging biogenetic profile of glioblastoma
Authors: Somasundaram Aravind , Ardanowski Nathan , Opalak Charles F. , Fillmore Helen L. , Chidambaram Archana , Broaddus William C.
Published: December 2014

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of primary brain tumor, and current treatment regimens are only marginally effective. One of the most vexing and malignant aspects of GBM is its pervasive infiltration into surrounding brain tissue. This review describes the role of the Wilms tumor 1 gene (WT1) and its relationship to GBM. WT1 has several alternative splicing products, one of which, the KTS+ variant, has been demonstrated to be involved in the transcriptional activation of a variety of oncogenes as well as the inhibition of tumor suppressor genes. Further, this paper will examine the relationship of WT1 with CD97, a gene that codes for an epidermal growth factor receptor family member, an adhesion G-protein–coupled receptor, thought to promote tumor invasiveness and migration. The authors suggest that further research into WT1 and CD97 will allow clinicians to begin to deal more effectively with the infiltrative behavior displayed by GBM and design new therapies that target this deadly disease.
Molecularly targeted therapies for recurrent glioblastoma: current and future targets
Authors: Lau Darryl , Magill Stephen T. , Aghi Manish K.
Published: December 2014

Object

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and diffusely infiltrative primary brain tumor. Recurrence is expected and is extremely difficult to treat. Over the past decade, the accumulation of knowledge regarding the molecular and genetic profile of glioblastoma has led to numerous molecularly targeted therapies. This article aims to review the literature and highlight the mechanisms and efficacies of molecularly targeted therapies for recurrent glioblastoma.

Methods

A systematic search was performed with the phrase “(name of particular agent) and glioblastoma” as a search term in PubMed to identify all articles published up until 2014 that included this phrase in the title and/or abstract. The references of systematic reviews were also reviewed for additional sources. The review included clinical studies that comprised at least 20 patients and reported results for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma with molecular targeted therapies.

Results

A total of 42 articles were included in this review. In the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma, various targeted therapies have been tested over the past 10–15 years. The targets of interest include epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, Ras pathway, protein kinase C, mammalian target of rapamycin, histone acetylation, and integrins. Unfortunately, the clinical responses to most available targeted therapies are modest at best. Radiographic responses generally range in the realm of 5%–20%. Progression-free survival at 6 months and overall survival were also modest with the majority of studies reporting a 10%–20% 6-month progression-free survival and 5- to 8-month overall survival. There have been several clinical trials evaluating the use of combination therapy for molecularly targeted treatments. In general, the outcomes for combination therapy tend to be superior to single-agent therapy, regardless of the specific agent studied.

Conclusions

Recurrent glioblastoma remains very difficult to treat, even with molecular targeted therapies and anticancer agents. The currently available targeted therapy regimens have poor to modest activity against recurrent glioblastoma. As newer agents are actively being developed, combination regimens have provided the most promising results for improving outcomes. Targeted therapies matched to molecular profiles of individual tumors are predicted to be a critical component necessary for improving efficacy in future trials.
Influence of Registered Nurses’ Attitudes Toward Bariatric Patients on Educational Programming Effectiveness
Authors: Zuzelo Patti Rager , Seminara Peggy
Published: December 2014

Background and Objective:

This study describes registered nurses’ (RNs’) attitudes toward obese adult patients using the Attitudes Toward Obese Adult Patients Instrument.

Methods:

Full-time RNs (N = 119) employed in a medical center, acute rehabilitation institution, and skilled nursing facility participated in the study.

Results:

Findings revealed that RNs have positive attitudes toward obese adults. RNs were concerned about personal and patient safety. Respondents recognized the complex care needs of bariatric patients and the increased workload associated with meeting these demands. There were differences in attitudes between medical center RNs and acute rehabilitation RNs, possibly related to differences in workload and length of stay.

Conclusions:

The effectiveness of bariatric educational programming may be improved if RN attitudes and concerns are measured and addressed.
Use of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Implants in Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Hak David J. , Mauffrey Cyril , Seligson David , Lindeque Bennie
Published: December 2014

Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone implants offer several benefits over traditional metal implants. Their radiolucent property permits improved, artifact-free radiographic imaging. Their lower modulus of elasticity better matches that of bone. Their fatigue strength is greater than most metal implants. This article reviews the use of these implants in orthopedic surgery, including treatment of conditions involving the spine, trauma, tumor, and infection. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):825–830.]