bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Allergy Severity to Depressive and Anxious Symptomatology: The Role of Attitude toward Illness
Authors: Molzon Elizabeth S. , Suorsa Kristina I. , Hullmann Stephanie E. , Ryan Jamie L. , Mullins Larry L.
Published: January 2012

The current study examined the relationship between self-reported allergy severity, depressive and anxious symptoms, and attitude toward illness in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with allergies. Participants were 214 undergraduate students between the ages of 17–25 years with self-reported allergies. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS) as measures of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and attitude toward illness, respectively. Using the bootstrapping method, results revealed that attitude toward illness mediated the relationship between self-reported disease severity and depressive and anxious symptoms. Results of the current study suggest that attitude toward illness is one pathway by which subjective disease severity impacts psychological functioning in AYAs with allergies.
Comparative Evaluation of Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test as Models of Negative Symptom of Schizophrenia in Rodents
Authors: Chatterjee Manavi , Jaiswal Manoj , Palit Gautam
Published: January 2012

Previous studies have shown that the administration of NMDA antagonist can induce negative symptoms of schizophrenia which can be tested through the enhanced immobility observed in the forced swim test (FST). In the present study, we have compared the effects of acute as well as chronic administration of a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, ketamine on FST, and another behaviour despair model, tail suspension test (TST). Our observations suggest that chronic ketamine administration induced a state of enhanced immobility in FST, but such findings were not replicated in the TST model. Further, in FST, treatment with clozapine reverses the ketamine-induced immobility in mice, whereas it enhances the immobility duration in the TST model. However, haloperidol showed no protective effects in both models. The data suggests that although both of these tests show common behavioural measure of feeling despair, however, the underlying pathophysiology seems to be different. Hence, forced swim test but not tail suspension test can be used as a model of negative symptom of psychosis in mice.
Oxidation, Thermal, and Storage Stability Studies of Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel
Authors: Jain Siddharth , Sharma M. P.
Published: January 2012

The present work reports the results of the study of the effect of metal contaminants on the oxidation, thermal, and storage stability of Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB) with and without antioxidants. Taking Pyrogallol (PY) as the most effective antioxidant based on the earlier work of the authors, JCB was mixed with different transition metals—Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, and Cu in different concentrations. Induction period (IP) was measured using Rancimat method (EN 14112). The ASTM D6468 and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods are used for evaluating the thermal behavior of JCB. Based on results, several correlations are developed for assessing the oxidation, thermal, and storage stability. For the purpose of optimization, response surface methodology (RSM) is used. A comparison between the experimental values and those predicted by the correlation shows that all the data points lie within ±10% deviation lines of the experimental results. The optimized concentration of PY for 2 ppm metal-contaminated biodiesel to have an IP of 6 hr is 326.96, 361.64, 386.15, 417.24, and 600 ppm for Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, and Cu, respectively. From the experiments it is found that if metal concentration is 0, then, 200 ppm of PY is sufficient to make biodiesel stable for 6 months. If metal (Fe) concentration is 2 ppm or more, then 800 ppm PY is sufficient to make biodiesel stable for 5.5 months. This is the first study of its kind being reported in the literature in which RSM is used for design of experiment for developing the correlation for oxidation, thermal, and storage stability. The models developed by RSM will be highly useful for predicting the optimum antioxidant concentration to impart maximum fuel stability in JCB.
Determination of Sialylated and Neutral Oligosaccharides in Urine by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Clements Peter R.
Published: January 2012

This protocol describes a method to allow for the detection of specific oligosaccharide fragments in urine by tandem mass spectrometry. The detection of fragments with specific masses indicates the presence of one of a number of diseases where the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes involved in the degradation of the glyco‐ moieties of glycoproteins is present in the patient. This method describes the derivatization of oligosaccharides present in urine with phenyl‐1‐methylpyrazolone, which renders them hydrophobic, thus allowing desalting with Combi cleanup columns prior to injection. This method allows the detection of storage of oligosaccharides, which may indicate the presence of one of the infantile Pompe disease, α‐mannosidosis, Gm1‐gangliosidosis, Sandhoff disease, sialidosis, galactosialidosis, I‐cell disease, and aspartylglucosaminuria. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 72:17.10.1‐17.10.14 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interviewing Techniques for Darwinian Facial‐Composite Systems
Authors: D. Frowd Charlie , Nelson Laura , Skelton Faye , Noyce Rosie , Atkins Rebecca , Heard Priscilla , Morgan David , Fields Steve , Henry Joanne , McIntyre Alex , Hancock Peter J. B.
Published: January 2012

Eyewitnesses are often asked to describe the appearance of an offender's face, normally as part of a cognitive interview (CI), and then to construct a facial composite of it by selecting hair, eyes, nose, and so on. Recent research indicates that facial composites of this type are rendered much more identifiable when constructors focus on global character (holistic) judgements of the face after having recalled it in detail. Here, we investigated whether components of this so‐called holistic CI (H‐CI) were applicable to newer ‘evolving’ (Darwinian) methods of face construction. We found that the face description component of the interview promoted better‐quality composites than the holistic component, but the most identifiable composites emerged when both components were used together in the same interview as an H‐CI. Composites were also more identifiable following description of all features of the face than an alternative involving description of hair. Implications are discussed for real‐world face construction using evolving systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladacycle‐Catalyzed Tandem Allylic Amination/Allylation Protocol for One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Allylanilines from Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Chen Ke , Li Yongxin , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Leung Pak‐Hing
Published: January 2012

An efficient methodology involving the predominant formation of CC bonds is described for the first direct synthesis of 2‐allylanilines from allylic alcohols via a one‐pot tandem allylic amination/allylation protocol catalyzed by a palladacycle under mild conditions without the requirement for additional activators.
Flow Chemistry – A Key Enabling Technology for (Multistep) Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wegner Jens , Ceylan Sascha , Kirschning Andreas
Published: January 2012

Laboratory scaled flow‐through processes have seen an explosive development over the past decade and have become an enabling technology for improving synthetic efficiency through automation and process optimization. Practically, flow devices are a crucial link between bench chemists and process engineers. The present review focuses on two unique aspects of modern flow chemistry where substantial advantages over the corresponding batch processes have become evident. Flow chemistry being one out of several enabling technologies can ideally be combined with other enabling technologies such as energy input. This may be achieved in form of heat to create supercritical conditions. Here, indirect methods such as microwave irradiation and inductive heating have seen widespread applications. Also radiation can efficiently be used to carry out photochemical reactions in a highly practical and scalable manner. A second unique aspect of flow chemistry compared to batch chemistry is associated with the option to carry out multistep synthesis by designing a flow set‐up composed of several flow reactors. Besides their role as chemical reactors these can act as elements for purification or solvent switch.
Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water Catalysed by a Highly Active C2‐Symmetrical Bisprolinamide Organocatalyst
Authors: Delaney Joshua P. , Henderson Luke C.
Published: January 2012

A novel C2‐symmetrical bisprolinamide organocatalyst was synthesised and used to facilitate asymmetric direct aldol reactions in a water emulsion. Reactions were performed at room temperature with very low catalyst loadings (1–2.5 mol%) without the required use of additives, co‐catalysts or extended reaction times (24 h). This catalyst system was then used with a variety of aldehyde substrates showing good reaction generality for benzaldehydes with cyclohexanone (dr range 77/23 to >99/1, anti/syn; ee range 33% to >99%) and moderate scope with cyclopentanone (dr range 45/55 to 76/24, anti/syn; ee range 14% to 68%). Ultra‐low catalysts loadings (0.1 and 0.05 mol%) were also investigated demonstrating catalyst turnover numbers in the order of 1000.
SIAPhos: Phosphorylated Sulfonimidamides and their Use in Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenations of Sterically Hindered Cyclic Enamides
Authors: Patureau Frederic W. , Worch Christin , Siegler Maxime A. , Spek Anthony L. , Bolm Carsten , Reek Joost N. H.
Published: January 2012

Phosphorylated sulfonimidamides (SIAPhos) undergo ion exchange reactions with cationic complexes, [Rh(cod)2BF4] and [Ir(cod)2BarF], or neutral complexes [Rh(cod)Cl]2 and [Ir(cod)Cl]2, leading to unprecedented neutral complexes with P‐N‐S‐N chelates. Use of the resulting neutral iridium complexes in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted enamides leads to products with high enantioselectivities (up to 92% ee).
Impact of particle morphology on surface oxidation of nanoparticles: A kinetic Monte Carlo based study
Authors: Mukherjee Dibyendu , Wang Matthew , Khomami Bamin
Published: January 2012

A high‐fidelity coagulation driven kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model is developed to study the physics of the nonlinear interplay between competing exothermic collision‐coalescence mediated surface oxidation and complex morphologies in aggregated nanostructures generated during gas‐phase synthesis of nanoparticles. Results suggest a twofold oxidation mechanism in which thermally activated processes form a critical oxide shell, beyond which morphological complexity of nanoparticles gives rise to enhanced oxidation. Simulation results for the example case‐study of Al nanoparticle synthesis in air under different prototypical processing conditions, i.e., temperature, pressure and volume loading, show the efficacy of the model in determining optimal process variables for tuning the structural and chemical makeup of energetic nanomaterials. Finally, it is demonstrated that inclusion of nonisothermal coalescence that leads to the formation of fractal‐like nanoparticles (particularly, < 15 nm) gives rise to higher degrees of oxidation when compared to instantly coalescing spherical particles. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Wet granular flows in a bladed mixer: Experiments and simulations of monodisperse spheres
Authors: Remy Brenda , Khinast Johannes G. , Glasser Benjamin J.
Published: January 2012

The flow and agglomeration of wet particles in a bladed mixer was studied experimentally using particle image velocimetry and computationally using the discrete element method. The experimental and computational work showed that particle beds at low moisture contents are characterized by enhanced convective and diffusive particle motion as well as enhanced mixing kinetics when compared to dry particle beds. This behavior is attributed to the development of small particle agglomerates which behave like rough, nonspherical particles and enable the transfer of energy from the blades to the particle bed. At higher moisture contents, a different behavior was observed. Particle convective and diffusive motion was hindered by the presence of moisture at higher levels leading to a decrease in mixing performance. This occurs as large agglomerates are formed and are not broken apart by shear leading to poor mixing. Pressure and shear stress profiles were shown to be affected by the amount of moisture in the system. The extent of agglomeration at different moisture contents was quantified via the discrete element simulations. Agglomerate size distributions and morphology were shown to be strong functions of moisture content. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Ammonia absorption at haber process conditions
Authors: Huberty Mark S. , Wagner Andrew L. , McCormick Alon , Cussler Edward
Published: January 2012

The kinetics of ammonia absorption into magnesium chloride is measured as ammonia pressure change in the temperature range 170‐430°C. The actual pressure minus that at equilibrium drops quickly, with a half life of less than a minute. It varies with the square‐root of time, suggesting diffusion limited absorption. The diffusion coefficient of ammonia in solid magnesium chloride inferred from these data is on the order 10−11‐10−13 cm2/s, considerably faster than many solid‐phase diffusivities. While optical microscopy and BET surface area experiments indicate recrystallization and agglomeration of the absorbent at ammonia synthesis temperatures, the absorption rate remains high. The dependence of absorption rate on temperature, particle size and the presence of a silica support is also investigated. The results suggest both improved ammonia separation and ways to develop high‐conversion, small‐scale, multifunctional ammonia synthesis reactors. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Integration of COSMO‐based methodologies into commercial process simulators: Separation and purification of reuterin
Authors: Ferro V. R. , Ruiz E. , Tobajas M. , Palomar J. F.
Published: January 2012

The conceptual design of a new process is developed via computer‐aided simulation for separating and purifying reuterin, an antimicrobial substance obtained by bacterial fermentation of glycerol, from its mixture with the nonfermented substrate, the main subproduct of the process (1,3‐propanediol) and water. The nondatabank components included in the simulations are created by using the structures derived from quantum mechanical calculations and the properties (molecular weight, normal boiling point, and mass density) estimated by COSMO‐RS method. The unknown remainder properties are estimated by the methods and models used by default in Aspen Plus (v7.3). The COSMOSAC property model, also implemented in Aspen Plus, is specified with the molecular volumes and sigma profiles obtained by COSMO‐RS. The properties (boiling temperatures, densities, VL equilibria, etc.) predicted for glycerol, 1,3‐propanediol, water, and their mixtures by COSMO‐based methods agree reasonably well with experimental reported values, whereas those obtained for reuterin derivatives are consistent with the behavior of amphoteric compounds having strong capabilities to interact attractively with hydrogen donor and acceptor groups all together. The process consists of a two‐stage distillation operation, the first of which removes the water and the second one separates reuterin as a 99.5 wt %‐pure bottom product. The second column operates at low pressure (ca. 40 kPa) to avoid thermal decomposition of reuterin (over 280°C) and guaranties 99.9% recovery of the desired product. Water removing offers different heat integration and energy‐saving opportunities considering that condenser pressure of the first column can be increased to ∼15 bar preserving the thermal integrity of the reuterin. Dimensions of the equipments as well as capital and operating costs are evaluated. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
The influence of the surface character of the clays on the properties of poly(p‐dioxanone)/fibrous clay nanocomposites
Authors: Qiu Zhi‐Cheng , Zhang Jing‐Jing , Huang Cai‐Li , Niu Ying , Yang Ke‐Ke , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: January 2012

Two different fibrous clays, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and organically modified attapulgite (OAT), were chosen to prepare poly(p‐dioxanone) (PPDO)/clay nanocomposites by in‐situ polymerization. The influence of surface character and geometric structure of the clays on the properties of the nanocomposites were investigated systematically concerning with their crystallization behaviors, thermal stabilities, rheological behaviors, and mechanical performances. The effect of clay content on the properties of the nanocomposites was also discussed, taking PPDO/HNTs nanocomposites for example. The results showed that HNTs was more effective in improving the crystallization rate, thermal stability as well as mechanical performance. In addition, the crystallization rate and rigidity of nanocomposites increased with increasing HNTs loading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Encapsulation of nano Disperse Red 60 via modified miniemulsion polymerization. I. Preparation and characterization
Authors: El‐sayed Galila M. , Kamel M. M. , Morsy N. S. , Taher F. A.
Published: January 2012

Nanocolorant, nano Disperse Red 60, was successfully prepared via modified miniemulsion polymerization process. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to determine the droplet and particle sizes. The effects of the speed and the time of homogenization, the surfactant nature and its amount, the presence of dye, the initiator nature, and the presence of a crosslinker on the morphology and particle size of nanocolorant were studied. UV–vis absorption spectra of nanocolorant with respect to the commercial corresponding dye showed a hypsochromic shift confirming the decrease in particle size. Fourier transform infrared spectra proved the chemical composition of nanocolorant particles assisting the incorporation of the dye within the polystyrene particles. The monomer conversion, surface tension, and apparent sedimentation stability also were measured. The relative electrical conductivity of the suspension was used for determining the polymerization mechanism. The kinetic polymerization was investigated using a pseudofirst‐order and it is found that the rate constant of polymerization equals 0.01358 min−1. Zeta potential measurements were employed for miniemulsion which showed that it has good stability at all range of pH. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Stage Fright and Joy: Performers in Relation to the Troupe, Audience, and Beyond
Authors: Simmonds Janette Graetz , Southcott Jane E.
Published: January 2012

When a performer gives a public performance, there is awareness and some form of engagement with the group of people who constitute the audience. Perceptions of this “audience group” may affect the performer in various ways, sometimes contributing to “stage fright”, sometimes stimulating the performer to an especially uplifting and thrilling performance. Depending on their art form, performers may also be highly conscious of another group (in some arts referred to as a troupe), their fellow actors, dancers, vocalists or musicians. In this paper, we review relevant psychoanalytic, psychological and theater literature. We then report on findings from an aspect of our qualitative research into performance anxiety with musicians, actors, and public speakers who were interviewed concerning their experiences of performing. These performers gave detailed reflections on their relationship with audiences and fellow performers and experiences of performing, including debilitating fright, but also those of an uplifting, joyous, sometimes spiritual nature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic field measurements of CP stars from hydrogen line cores
Authors: Kudryavtsev D.O. , Romanyuk I.I.
Published: January 2012

We present the results of measurements of magnetic fields of chemically peculiar (CP) stars, performed from the shifts between the circularly polarized components of metal and hydrogen lines (the Babcock method). The observations are carried out with an analyzer of circular polarization at the 6‐m telescope of the SAO RAS. We found that for the absolute majority of the objects studied (in 22 CP stars out of 23), the magnetic fields, determined from the Zeeman shifts in the hydrogen line cores, are significantly lower than those obtained from metal lines in the same spectra. This disparity varies between the stars. We show that instrumental effects can not produce the above features, and discuss the possible causes of the observed effect. The discovered condition reveals a more complicated structure of magnetic fields of CP stars than a simple dipole, in particular, a reduction of the field strength in the upper atmosphere with the vertical gradient, significantly higher than the dipole (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A search for magnetic fields in cool sdB stars
Authors: Mathys G. , Hubrig S. , Mason E. , Michaud G. , Schöller M. , Wesemael F.
Published: January 2012

Hot cluster horizontal branch (HB) stars and field subdwarf B (sdB) stars are core helium burning stars that exhibit abundance anomalies that are believed to be due to atomic diffusion. Diffusion can be effective in these stars because they are slowly rotating. In particular, the slow rotation of the hot HB stars (Teff > 11000 K), which show abundance anomalies, contrasts with the fast rotation of the cool HB stars, where the observed abundances are consistent with those of red giants belonging to the same cluster. The reason why sdB stars and hot HB stars are rotating slowly is unknown. In order to assess the possible role of magnetic fields on abundances and rotation, we investigated the occurrence of such fields in sdB stars with Teff < 30 000 K, whose temperatures overlap with those of the hot HB stars. We conclude that large‐scale organised magnetic fields of kG order are not generally present in these stars but at the achieved accuracy, the possibility that they have fields of a few hundred Gauss remains open. We report the marginal detection of such a field in SB 290; further observations are needed to confirm it (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
T Tauri star magnetic fields and magnetospheres
Authors: Hussain G.A.J.
Published: January 2012

Stellar magnetic fields govern key aspects of the evolution of a young star, from controlling accretion to regulating the angular momentum evolution of the system. Spectro‐polarimetric studies of T Tauri stars have revealed a surprising range of magnetic field topologies. Meanwhile multi‐wavelength campaigns have probed T Tauri star systems from stellar photosphere to inner disk, allowing us to study magnetospheric accretion in unprecedented detail. We review recent results and discuss their implications for understanding the evolution of young stars (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The statistical study of quasi‐periodic oscillations of the radio emission in solar quiet regions
Authors: Kallunki J. , Riehokainen A.
Published: January 2012

In this study we discuss variations of the radio emission from the Quiet Sun Areas (QSA) at centimeter wavelength (1.76 cm). Data were obtained from Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH). Oscillations of selected areas were studied carefully from data taken over one week. We try to find quasi‐periodic solar oscillations from the QSA. We used the traditional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Global Wavelet Spectrum (GWS) and Wavelet (Morlet) for studying signals in the frequency/time‐frequency domain. We used the Fisher randomization test to verify the significance of the observed signal. Instrumental and sky noises were studied using a cross‐correlation analysis. Additionally, a single pixel analysis were done. Wide ranges of solar oscillation periods were found from the Quiet Sun Area (QSA): 3–15, 35–70, and 90 minutes. Some physical explanations are suggested for these oscillations. However, it is not possible to give a conclusive statement about the origin of the long quasi‐periodic (>60 min) oscillations from the QSA (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Limited diversity of the interstellar extinction law
Authors: Krełowski J. , Strobel A.
Published: January 2012

We have applied the method of investigating extinction curves using statistically meaningful samples that was proposed by us 25 years ago. The extensive data sets of the ANS (Astronomical Netherlands Satellite) and 2MASS (Two Micron All Sky Survey) were used, together with UBV photometry to create average extinction curves for samples of OB stars. Our results demonstrate that in the vast majority of cases the extinction curves are very close to the mean galactic extinction curve. Only a few objects were found to be obviously discrepant from the average. The latter phenomenon may be related to nitrogen chemistry in translucent interstellar clouds (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Suppression of the large‐scale Lorentz force by turbulence
Authors: Rüdiger G. , Kitchatinov L.L. , Schultz M.
Published: January 2012

The components of the total stress tensor (Reynolds stress plus Maxwell stress) are computed within the quasilinear approximation for a driven turbulence influenced by a large‐scale magnetic background field. The conducting fluid has an arbitrary magnetic Prandtl number and the turbulence without the background field is assumed as homogeneous and isotropic with a free Strouhal number St. The total large‐scale magnetic tension is always reduced by the turbulence with the possibility of a ‘catastrophic quenching’ for large magnetic Reynolds number Rm so that even its sign is reversed. The total magnetic pressure is enhanced by turbulence in the high‐conductivity limit but it is reduced in the low‐conductivity limit. Also in this case the sign of the total pressure may reverse but only for special turbulences with sufficiently large St > 1. The turbulence‐induced terms of the stress tensor are suppressed by strong magnetic fields. For the tension term this quenching grows with the square of the Hartmann number of the magnetic field. For microscopic (i.e. small) diffusivity values the magnetic tension term becomes thus highly quenched even for field amplitudes much smaller than their equipartition value. In the opposite case of large‐eddy simulations the magnetic quenching is only mild but then also the turbulence‐induced Maxwell tensor components for weak fields remain rather small (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evidence of gene‐environment interaction for the RUNX2 gene and environmental tobacco smoke in controlling the risk of cleft lip with/without cleft palate
Authors: Wu Tao , Fallin M. Daniele , Shi Min , Ruczinski Ingo , Liang Kung Yee , Hetmanski Jacqueline B. , Wang Hong , Ingersoll Roxann G. , Huang Shangzhi , Ye Xiaoqian , Wu‐Chou Yah‐Huei , Chen Philip K. , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Shi Bing , Redett Richard , Scott Alan F. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Marazita Mary L. , Munger Ronald G. , Beaty Terri H.
Published: January 2012

This study examined the association between 49 markers in the Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) gene and nonsyndromic cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P) among 326 Chinese case‐parent trios, while considering gene‐environment (GxE) interaction and parent‐of‐origin effects. Five single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed significant evidence of linkage and association with CL/P and these results were replicated in an independent European sample of 825 case‐parent trios. We also report compelling evidence for interaction between markers in RUNX2 and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Although most marginal SNP effects (i.e., ignoring maternal exposures) were not statistically significant, eight SNPs were significant when considering possible interaction with ETS when testing for gene (G) and GxE interaction simultaneously or when considering GxE alone. Independent samples from European populations showed consistent evidence of significant GxETS interaction at two SNPs (rs6904353 and rs7748231). Our results suggest genetic variation in RUNX2 may influence susceptibility to CL/P through interacting with ETS. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retracted: Terbium‐sensitized fluorescence method for the determination of dopamine in biological fluids and tablet formulation
Authors: Shahinfard Vahid , Ehsani Ali , Panahi‐Azar Vahid , Yousefi Negar Kabir , Jalali Morteza Salek
Published: January 2012

The following article from Luminescence, Terbium‐sensitized fluorescence method for the determination of dopamine in biological fluids and tablet formulation by Vahid Shahinfard, Ali Ehsani, Vahid Panahi‐Azar, Negar Kabir Yousefi and Morteza Salek Jalali, published online on 12th January 2012 in Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Professor L. J. Kricka and Wiley‐Blackwell. The retraction has been agreed due to data in the article is not being reproducible. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonmulberry silk biopolymers
Authors: Kundu S. C. , Kundu Banani , Talukdar Sarmistha , Bano Subia , Nayak Sunita , Kundu Joydip , Mandal Biman B. , Bhardwaj Nandana , Botlagunta Mahendran , Dash Biraja C. , Acharya Chitrangada , Ghosh Ananta K.
Published: January 2012

The silk produced by silkworms are biopolymers and can be classified into two types—mulberry and nonmulberry. Mulberry silk of silkwormBombyx morihas been extensively explored and used for century old textiles and sutures. But for the last few decades it is being extensively exploited for biomedical applications. However, the transformation of nonmulberry silk from being a textile commodity to biomaterials is relatively new. Within a very short period of time, the combination of load bearing capability and tensile strength of nonmulberry silk has been equally envisioned for bone, cartilage, adipose, and other tissue regeneration. Adding to its advantage is its diverse morphology, including macro to nano architectures with controllable degradation and biocompatibility yields novel natural material systems in vitro. Its follow on applications involve sustained release of model compounds and anticancer drugs. Its 3D cancer models provide compatible microenvironment systems for better understanding of the cancer progression mechanism and screening of anticancer compounds. Diversely designed nonmulberry matrices thus provide an array of new cutting age technologies, which is unattainable with the current synthetic materials that lack biodegradability and biocompatibility. Scientific exploration of nonmulberry silk in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biotechnological applications promises advancement of sericulture industries in India and China, largest nonmulberry silk producers of the world. This review discusses the prospective biomedical applications of nonmulberry silk proteins as natural biomaterials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 455–467, 2012.
Preoperative short-course radiotherapy with delayed surgery in primary rectal cancer
Authors: Pettersson D , Holm T , Iversen H , Blomqvist L , Glimelius B , Martling A
Published: January 2012

Background

Short-course radiotherapy (SRT) with immediate surgery and long-course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) are currently the standard preoperative treatment options for rectal cancer. SRT with surgery delayed for 4–8 weeks (SRT-delay) is an option described for patients with locally advanced tumours who are not fit for CRT. This study examined early toxicity, response to radiotherapy (RT) and short-term outcomes of SRT-delay.

Methods

Patients in the Stockholm region diagnosed with rectal cancer between January 2002 and December 2008, who received SRT (25 Gy over 5–7 days) and had surgery with resection of the primary tumour more than 4 weeks after the start of RT, were identified from a prospective register. Additional data were obtained by retrospective review of clinical records.

Results

A total of 112 patients had SRT and delayed surgery. The reasons given for SRT included primary unresectable disease and co-morbidities. Severe RT-induced toxicity was noted in six patients (5·4 per cent). Signs of tumour regression were seen on magnetic resonance imaging in 74 per cent of patients reassessed after RT. Pathological stage (44·9 versus 60·7 per cent stage 0–II; P < 0·001), tumour category (11·9 versus 29·4 per cent T0–T2; P < 0·001) and node category (45·8 versus 63·6 per cent N0; P = 0·014) were significantly lower than those at initial assessment. Nine patients (8·0 per cent) had a complete pathological response.

Conclusion

The SRT-delay schedule was a feasible alternative with low toxicity. The study indicated a downstaging effect of SRT if surgery was delayed.
Role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 axis and visceral adiposity in oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Donohoe C L , Doyle S L , McGarrigle S , Cathcart M C , Daly E , O'Grady A , Lysaght J , Pidgeon G P , Reynolds J V
Published: January 2012

Background

Epidemiological studies have linked obesity with many cancers. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 axis may be an important mediator in obesity-associated cancer. This study examined the relationship between IGF-1 and its receptor (IGF-1R) in oesophageal adenocarcinoma, a cancer strongly linked to obesity.

Methods

Patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma considered suitable for attempted curative treatment were studied. Visceral adiposity was defined by waist circumference or visceral fat area. Free and total IGF-1 in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Quantitative polymerase chain resection was used to determine mRNA expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in resected tumour samples. IGF-1R expression in tissue microarrays (TMAs) was quantified by immunohistochemistry.

Results

A total of 220 patients were studied. Total and free IGF-1 levels were significantly increased in the serum of viscerally obese patients. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant association between obesity status and both IGF-1R (P = 0·021) and IGF-1 (P = 0·031) in tumours. TMA analysis demonstrated that IGF-1R expression in resected tumours was significantly higher in viscerally obese patients than in those of normal weight (P = 0·023). Disease-specific survival was longer in patients with negative IGF-1R expression than in those with IGF-1R-positive tumours (median 60·0 versus 23·4 months; P = 0·027).

Conclusion

This study highlighted the association of the IGF axis with visceral obesity, and a potential impact on the biology of oesophageal adenocarcinoma through its receptor. Targeting the IGF axis may have a rationale in future studies.
Selective Extraction of Lutein from Alcohol Treated Chlorella vulgaris by Supercritical CO2
Authors: Ruen‐ngam D. , Shotipruk A. , Pavasant P. , Machmudah S. , Goto M.
Published: January 2012

A pretreatment process using alcohol for the removal of chlorophyll a, b and β‐carotene from Chlorella vulgaris was developed to improve the yield and selectivity of lutein in the extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was carried out after pretreatment in the pressure range of 20 to 40 MPa and the temperature range of 40 to 80 °C. Ethanol and methanol were selected as elution solvents, of which ethanol was found most suitable for the elution, or pretreatment, process. The amounts of lutein and other compounds were analyzed by HPLC with the mixture of methanol and THF as the mobile phase. The amount of lutein in the extract increased with pressure, but decreased with extraction temperature. The highest recovery percentage and the selectivity of lutein were around 52.9 ± 0.02 % and 43.1 ± 0.02 %, respectively, obtained from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with pretreatment and ethanol entrainer at 40 MPa and 40 °C.
β‐amyloid peptide is internalized into chick retinal neurons and alters the distribution of myosin Vb
Authors: Oliveira Leandro T. , Matos Priscila A. , Provance David William , de Mello Fernando G. , Andrade Leonardo R. , Sorenson Martha M. , Salerno Verônica P.
Published: January 2012

The most common neurodegenerative disorder afflicting the aging human population is Alzheimer's disease (AD). A major hallmark of AD is dementia from a loss of neuronal function, attributed to the presence and accumulation of β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptide into senile plaques. Preceding senile plaque formation, abnormalities in axons can be observed as changes in morphologies and intracellular trafficking. Recently, it has been recognized that Aβ also accumulates within neurons and this intraneuronal Aβ accumulation has been reported to be critical in the disruption of synapses and cognitive function. Here, we report on the internalization of a fluorescently labeled Aβ peptide into cultured chick retinal neurons. The pattern of Aβ distribution during the time course of incubation is reminiscent of the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, the distribution of the internalized Aβ peptide converges with that of myosin Vb and both relocalize from the axon to cell body. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that AD proceeds as a result of an imbalance between Aβ production and Aβ clearance, suggesting a role for myosin Vb in this process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
3‐Substituted 2‐Phenylimidazo[2,1‐b]benzothiazoles: Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, and Inhibition of Tubulin Polymerization
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Sultana Farheen , Ramaiah M. Janaki , Srikanth Y. V. V. , Viswanath A. , Kishor Chandan , Sharma Pranjal , Pushpavalli S. N. C. V. L. , Addlagatta Anthony , Pal‐Bhadra Manika
Published: January 2012

A new series of 3‐substituted 2‐phenylimidazo[2,1‐b]benzothiazoles (3 a–h) were synthesized by C‐arylation of 2‐arylimidazo[2,1‐b]benzothiazoles using palladium acetate as catalyst, and the resulting compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity. Compounds 3 a, 3 e, and 3 h exhibited good antiproliferative activity, with GI50 values in the range of 0.19–83.1 μM. Compound 3 h showed potent anticancer efficacy against 60 human cancer cell lines, with a mean GI50 value of 0.88 μM. This compound also induced cell‐cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and inhibited tubulin polymerization followed by activation of caspase‐3 and apoptosis. A high‐throughput tubulin polymerization assay showed that the level of inhibition for compound 3 h is similar to that of combretastatin A‐4. Molecular modeling studies provided a molecular basis for the favorable binding of compounds 3 a, 3 e, and 3 h to the colchicine binding pocket of tubulin.
Structures, Energetics and Reaction Mechanisms of Nitrous Oxide on Transition‐Metal‐Doped and ‐Undoped Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Pannopard Panvika , Khongpracha Pipat , Warakulwit Chompunuch , Namuangruk Supawadee , Probst Michael , Limtrakul Jumras
Published: January 2012

The catalytic activity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for the removal of greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide (N2O), can be fine‐tuned by metal doping. We modify the inert surfaces of CNTs with Sc, Ti and V transition metals in order to investigate their capability of converting N2O to N2. The stable composite catalysts of Sc‐, Ti‐ and V‐doped (5,5)single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), along with the unmodified one were investigated by periodic DFT calculations. Without metal doping, the N2O decomposition on the bare tube proceeds over a high energy barrier (54.3 kcal mol−1) which in the presence of active metals is reduced to 3.6, 8.0 and 10.2 kcal mol−1 for V‐, Ti‐ and Sc‐doped (5,5)SWCNTs, respectively. The superior reactivity is a result of the facilitated electron transfer between the tube and N2O caused by the overlap between the d orbitals of the metal and the p orbitals of N2O.
Instantaneous Normal Mode Analysis of a Series of Model Molten Salts
Authors: Li Hualin , Kobrak Mark N.
Published: January 2012

A combination of analytical theory and molecular dynamics simulation was previously used to investigate how the dynamics of a fused salt are affected by the distributions of mass and charge in its component ions. These studies are now extended by using instantaneous normal mode analysis to explore how changes in ionic structure affect translational and rotational dynamics at different frequencies. The results indicate that the details of the charge distribution are important in coupling translational and rotational motion in ionic liquids. The observations are broadly consistent with the predictions of the charge lever moment formalism, and provide insight on the nature of dynamics in fused salts.
Synthesis of superconducting sphere‐like Mo2C nanoparticles in an autoclave
Authors: Sun Bo , Xu Liqiang , Tang Kaibin , Wang Liancheng , Ju Zhicheng , Qian Yitai
Published: January 2012

Sphere‐like Mo2C nanoparticles have been synthesized through the reaction of sodium molybdate, anhydrous ethanol and sodium azide at 450 °C for 10 h in a sealed stainless steel autoclave. X‐ray powder diffraction results indicated that the final product was Mo2C. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning elctron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the as‐prepared sample. The sample was mostly composed of sphere‐like particles, which has a superconducting transition temperature of 9.5 K, and its calculated surface area is 30.859 m2/g. The experimental parameters such as reaction temperature and reactants were studied to investigate the reaction mechanism. It was found that sodium azide and reaction temperature played key roles in the formation of sphere‐like Mo2C nanoparticles. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Isolation and characterization of a new polymorph of D‐sorbitol
Authors: Wang Yanlei , Gao Junyan , Yin Qiuxiang , Hao Hongxun
Published: January 2012

A new polymorph of D‐sorbitol (named as F form) was discovered in this paper. A reliable isolation method for this new polymorph was developed. Three other known polymorphs of D‐sorbitol were also prepared for comparative purpose. The new F form was analyzed and characterized by using PXRD, DSC, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. By comparing with current polymorphs' data, it was proved that F form is a new form that was not reported in any literatures. From PXRD data, it was confirmed that the crystallinity of the new form is very high. From DSC data, it was found that the new form is less stable than any known anhydrous forms. It was also found by transformation experiments that the new F form can transform into alpha form in methanol solution through a solution mediated transformation mechanism. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Understanding the dynamic coupling between vegetation cover and climatic factors in a semiarid region—a case study of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Cao Lei , Xu Jianhua , Chen Yaning , Li Weihong , Yang Yang , Hong Yulian , Li Zhuo
Published: January 2012

Vegetation is sensitive to changes in the ecological environment in arid and semiarid regions, so information on the dynamics of vegetation cover changes can provide important information for ecological environmental protection and early warning of ecosystem degradation. With the SPOT/VEGETATION normalised difference vegetation index dataset of the typical semiarid land in Inner Mongolia (IM) during 1998–2008, this study applied an integrated statistical method combing asymmetric Gaussian filtering, seasonal Kendall test, R/S analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis, to investigate the impact of climatic factors on trends in vegetation cover. The main findings are as follows: (1) Over the 1998–2008 period, the vegetation coverage is relatively stable in IM, with only 24.5% of the total area exhibiting a significant variation in cover. The spatial distribution of the vegetation cover change has the following regional characteristics: in the northeast forest region, the vegetation cover is stable; in the middle steppe region, significant changes are observed and in the southwest desert region, the vegetation exhibits significant degradation. (2) Normalised difference vegetation index time series in most regions of IM reveal a vegetation change trend. In the high vegetation covered regions, the change trend will be reversed, whereas in the low vegetation covered regions, the original change trend will be preserved. (3) Analysis of correlation coefficients and stepwise linear regression reveals relationships between vegetation change and climatic factors. Temperature and precipitation have a direct influence on vegetation change, acting as the main climatic driving forces for the regional vegetation evolution. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Heterometallic Layered Hybrid Magnets by Double Ion‐Exchange
Authors: Delahaye Emilie , Eyele‐Mezui Séraphin , Diop Mayoro , Leuvrey Cédric , Foix Dominique , Gonbeau Danielle , Rabu Pierre , Rogez Guillaume
Published: January 2012

New hybrid compounds have been synthesized by functionalization of cobalt and copper layered hydroxides by salen complexes. Two kinds of compounds have been obtained from [M(SalenSO3Na2)] (M = Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+) and the preintercalated copper and cobalt hydroxides Cu2(OH)3(DS) and Co2(OH)3(DS0) [SalenSO3Na2 = N,N′‐bis(5‐sulfonatosalicylidene)‐1,2‐diaminoethane disodium salt, DS– = dodecylsulfate, DS0– = dodecylsulfonate]. The reaction of [M(SalenSO3Na2)] with layered copper hydroxide led to the anion‐exchanged compounds Cu2(OH)3.00(CuSalenSO3)0.50·0.20H2O [Cu(SalenSO3)⊂Cu (1)] and Cu2(OH)3.24(NiSalenSO3)0.38·2.6H2O [Ni(SalenSO3)⊂Cu (2)] where M = Cu2+ or Ni2+. Similarly, the reaction with layered cobalt hydroxide leads to the exchanged compounds Co2(OH)3.18(NiSalenSO3)0.41·4.0H2O [Ni(SalenSO3)⊂Co (6)] and Co2(OH)3.44(CoSalenSO3)0.28·3.7H2O [Co(SalenSO3)⊂Co (8)] where M = Ni2+ or Co2+. The reaction of [M(SalenSO3)Na2] with layered copper hydroxide where M = Co2+ or Zn2+ and that of layered cobalt hydroxide where M = Cu2+ or Zn2+ resulted in the modification of the host structure because of concomitant partial cation exchange between the salen complex and the inorganic layers. Mixed‐ion‐exchanged compounds were obtained, Cu1.16Co0.84(OH)3.28(CoSalenSO3)0.36·6.4H2O [Co(SalenSO3)⊂Cu/Co (4)], Cu0.7Zn1.30(OH)3.20(ZnSalenSO3)0.40·2.11H2O [Zn(SalenSO3)⊂Cu/Zn (3)], Co1.72Cu0.28(OH)3.28(CuSalenSO3)0.36·3.20H2O [Cu(SalenSO3)⊂Co/Cu (5)] and Co0.80Zn1.20(OH)3.20(ZnSalenSO)0.40·2.25H2O [Zn(SalenSO3)⊂Co/Zn (7)]. The magnetic behaviour of the compounds is drastically modified depending on the structure of the inorganic layers induced by the functionalization and partial cation exchange. The hybrid copper layered hydroxides show antiferromagnetic (for 3) or weak ferromagnetic (for 1, 2 and 4) behaviour. The cobalt analogues 5, 6 and 8 are ferrimagnets with ordering temperatures at ca. 6 K, whereas the Co/Zn heterometallic layered simple hydroxide 7 presents dominant antiferromagnetic interactions.
Determination of Atrazine in Natural Water Samples by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry Using a Bismuth Film Electrode
Authors: Figueiredo‐Filho Luiz Carlos S. , Azzi Déborah C. , Janegitz Bruno C. , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando
Published: January 2012

A new method using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry for the determination of atrazine (ATZ) in natural water samples using a bismuth film electrode (BiFE) is proposed. The calibration curve was linear in the atrazine concentration range from 6.7×10−7 to 2.0×10−5 mol L−1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.4×10−7 mol L−1. The proposed electrode was applied for atrazine determination with satisfactory results compared with a high‐performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC).