bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence ethics: ethical consideration and regulations from theory to practice
Authors: Ibrahim Shurooq Mnawer , Alshraideh Mohammad , Leiner Martin , AlDajani Iyad Muhsen , Bettaz Ouarda
Published: July 2024

The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to its widespread use in sectors such as finance, healthcare, military, and employment in developed countries. However, this reliance has raised concerns about AI governance, particularly regarding algorithmic biases based on skin color, gender, race, and age. Consequently, many countries have introduced regulations and ethical frameworks to address these issues. The Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship in Jordan has included AI in its 2022 plan, signaling significant progress. The integration of AI in education programs underscores this commitment. However, addressing AI's potential negative impacts is essential. We propose ethical considerations and regulations for AI to complement Jordan's initiatives. Our research aims to promote responsible AI usage by developing ethical guidelines in Jordan. It presents techniques to identify and mitigate biases related to skin color, gender, and age in AI outputs and datasets. The research includes extensive testing on datasets, analyzing approximately 100 images, and revealing notable error rates, including a 16% error rate in detecting skin color, a 4% error rate in seeing white faces, and a 6% error rate in identifying females over men. Therefore, ethical considerations and regulations for AI applications in Jordan must be implemented.
Cueing memory reactivation during NREM sleep engenders long-term plasticity in both brain and behaviour
Authors: Rakowska Martyna , Bagrowska Paulina , Lazari Alberto , Navarrete Miguel , Abdellahi Mahmoud E. A. , Johansen-Berg Heidi , Lewis Penelope A.
Published: July 2024

Memory reactivation during Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep is important for memory consolidation but it remains unclear exactly how such activity promotes the development of a stable memory representation. We used Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) in combination with longitudinal structural and functional MRI to track the impact of reactivating memories in one night of sleep over the next 20 days. Our exploratory analysis showed that such cued reactivation leads to increased precuneus activation 24 h post-TMR. Furthermore, the behavioural impact of cueing, which only emerged 20 days later, was predicted by both functional and structural TMR related changes in the sensorimotor cortex. These preliminary findings demonstrate that TMR leads to neuroplasticity, starting as early as 24 h after the manipulation, and evolving over the next few weeks.
Description of Neosilphitrombium rhipicephalum sp. nov. (Prostigmata: Neothrombiidae) ectoparasite on hard ticks from Iran
Authors: KOHANSAL MAHNAZ , NOEI JAVAD , RAMROODI SARA , RAKHSHANI EHSAN
Published: July 2024

An undescribed larva belonging to the family Neothrombiidae was found ectoparasitic on a Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) by Kohansal et al. (2021). The larva was collected by a sweep net from herbaceous plants in Doroh village, Sarbisheh county, South Khorasan province, Iran. Neosilphitrombium rhipicephalum Noei and Kohansal sp. nov. (Acari: Trombidiformes: Neothrombiidae) is described and illustrated. The generic diagnosis of the genus Neosilphitrombium and key to world genera of Neothrombiidae are amended. Also, an updated key to species of Neosilphitrombium of the world (larva) is presented.
Telemedicine in primary care of older adults: a qualitative study
Authors: Khanassov Vladimir , Ilali Marwa , Ruiz Ana Saavedra , Rojas-Rozo Laura , Sourial Rosa
Published: July 2024

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic changed the healthcare system, leading to the rapid evolution and implementation of telemedicine (TM). TM has the potential to improve the quality of primary health care and increase accessibility for the population. However, its use may represent challenges for older people, as they may have distinct needs from the general population due to age-related changes in perceptual, motor, and cognitive capacities. We, thus, aimed to identify potential facilitators and barriers to TM use in primary care for older adults and develop recommendations accordingly.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study to explore the challenges associated with TM use among older adults and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in primary care practice. Interviews were conducted with 29 older adults, and three focus groups involving HCPs from four McGill family medicine sites were organized. Employing a hybrid codebook thematic analysis, guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), we identified facilitators and barriers affecting the optimal use of TM by older adults and HCPs. We synthesized the results from semi-structured interviews and focus groups. These findings were then presented during a deliberative dialogue with eight participants, including family physicians, nurses, a social worker, and a government-level TM expert, to validate our results. The purpose was to gather feedback, identify and refine actionable recommendations. Subsequently, we utilized a thematic analysis using the same codebook to synthesize findings from the deliberative dialogue.

Results

Participants agreed that TM contributed to maintaining the continuity of care and was particularly convenient when there was an existing or established patient-physician relationship or for addressing minor health issues. TM was found to be beneficial for people with limited mobility, reducing their exposure to potentially high-risk environments. However, participants expressed concerns about the lack of visual contact, causing essential details to be overlooked. Additionally, issues related to miscommunication due to language or hearing barriers were identified. HCPs perceived that most older adults did not consider phone consultations a medical act. Participants were open to a hybrid approach, combining in-person consultations and TM, based on their specific health conditions. Building upon these results, we formulated seven key recommendations.

Conclusions

Both older adults and HCPs consider TM a good alternative for accessing healthcare services. To improve the effective use of TM, it’s crucial to advocate for a hybrid approach that integrates both in-person and virtual methods. This approach should actively encourage and support individuals in becoming familiar with technological tools.
Enhancing the capacity of community health workers in prevention and control of epidemics and pandemics in Wakiso district, Uganda: evaluation of a pilot project
Authors: Musoke David , Lubega Grace Biyinzika , Twesigye Belinda , Nakachwa Betty , Brown Michael Obeng , Gibson Linda
Published: July 2024

Background

Community Health Workers (CHWs) play a crucial role in outbreak response, including health education, contact tracing, and referral of cases if adequately trained. A pilot project recently trained 766 CHWs in Wakiso district Uganda on epidemic and pandemic preparedness and response including COVID-19. This evaluation was carried out to generate evidence on the outcomes of the project that can inform preparations for future outbreaks in the country.

Methods

This was a qualitative evaluation carried out one year after the project. It used three data collection methods: 30 in-depth interviews among trained CHWs; 15 focus group discussions among community members served by CHWs; and 11 key informant interviews among community health stakeholders. The data was analysed using a thematic approach in NVivo (version 12).

Results

Findings from the study are presented under four themes. (1) Improved knowledge and skills on managing epidemics and pandemics. CHWs distinguished between the two terminologies and correctly identified the signs and symptoms of associated diseases. CHWs reported improved communication, treatment of illnesses, and report writing skills which were of great importance including for managing COVID-19 patients. (2) Enhanced attitudes towards managing epidemics and pandemics as CHWs showed dedication to their work and more confidence when performing tasks specifically health education on prevention measures for COVID-19. (3) Improved health practices such as hand washing, vaccination uptake, and wearing of masks in the community and amongst CHWs. (4) Enhanced performance in managing epidemics and pandemics which resulted in increased work efficiency of CHWs. CHWs were able to carry out community mobilization through door-to-door household visits and talks on community radios as part of the COVID-19 response. CHWs were also able to prioritize health services for the elderly, and support the management of patients with chronic diseases such as HIV, TB and diabetes by delivering their drugs.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that CHWs can support epidemic and pandemic response when their capacity is enhanced. There is need to invest in routine training of CHWs to contribute to outbreak preparedness and response.
Impact of secondhand smoke on air quality in partially enclosed outdoor hospitality venues: a review
Authors: Tong Michael , Goodman Nigel , Vardoulakis Sotiris
Published: July 2024

Background

Smoking is a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity globally. The pollutants generated from smoke are not only harmful to smokers, but also to those exposed to secondhand smoke. As a result of increasingly restrictive indoor smoke-free policies in many countries, there is a tendency for tobacco smoking to move outdoors into partially enclosed settings in hospitality venues. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of secondhand smoke on air quality in outdoor hospitality venues.

Methods

Two electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were searched from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2022 for studies of air quality impacts from tobacco smoking in outdoor hospitality venues. A total of 625 studies were screened and 13 studies were included in this review.

Results

The majority (9 studies) of reviewed studies monitored PM2.5 concentration as an indicator of secondhand smoke. PM2.5 was reported from 10.9 µg/m3 to 91.0 µg/m3 in outdoor smoking areas, compared to 4.0 µg/m3 to 20.4 µg/m3 in outdoor control sites unaffected by smoking. Secondhand smoke can also drift into adjacent outdoor areas or infiltrate into indoor environments thus affecting air quality in spaces where smoking is not permitted.

Conclusions

The reviewed studies indicated that air quality within outdoor hospitality venues where smoking is permitted is unlikely to meet current World Health Organization (WHO) ambient air quality guidelines for PM2.5. Customers and staff in outdoor hospitality venues with active smoking, and in adjacent outdoor and indoor non-smoking areas, are potentially exposed to secondhand smoke at levels exceeding WHO guidelines. Stronger smoking control policies are recommended for outdoor hospitality venues to protect the health of customers and staff from harmful secondhand smoke exposure.

Prospero registration

CRD42022342417.
Prevalence of Zygomatic Air Cell defects in a sample of 6-18-year-old patients in Saudi Arabia and Yemen: a retrospective study
Authors: Aldhelai Thiyezen Abdullah , Altawili Zainab M , Alsughier Zeyad , Almashraqi Abeer A.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of Zygomatic Air Cell Defects (ZACD) among pediatric and adolescent populations in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted, utilizing digital panoramic radiographs of dental outpatients aged 6 to 18 years. The data were collected from registered digital databases of dental clinics in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia, and an oral and maxillofacial radiology center in Sana’a, Yemen, covering the period from July 2018 to September 2022. The radiographs were evaluated based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and ZACD was assessed using standardized descriptions. Statistical analysis, including logistic regression, was employed to examine the impact of the associated factors.

Results

The study encompassed a total of 3,169 participants, revealing an overall ZACD prevalence of 28.5%. Age emerged as a significant predictor (p ≤ 0.0001), with the likelihood of ZACD increasing as the age of the individual advances. Gender and geographic region did not exhibit statistically significant differences in ZACD prevalence.

Conclusion

This study provides crucial insights into the prevalence of Zygomatic Air Cell Defects among pediatric and adolescent populations in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. It underscores the prevalence of ZACD and the notable influence of age on its occurrence. Additionally, the research challenges prior notions of gender and regional variations in ZACD prevalence, emphasizing the complexity of the factors involved. Early detection is essential to avoid unwanted complications during any surgical intervention in this area.
Comparative evaluation of transverse width indices for diagnosing maxillary transverse deficiency
Authors: Ye Guanchen , Li Qi , Guo Zhuoqi , Yu Xiaowen , Xu Yuchen , Ding Wanghui , Wang Huiming , Yu Mengfei
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to compare and evaluate different transverse width indices for diagnosing maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD), a common malocclusion characterized by uncoordinated dental arches, crossbites, and tooth crowding.

Materials and methods

Sixty patients aged 7–12 years were included in the study, with 20 patients diagnosed with MTD and 40 normal controls. Transverse width indices, including maxillary width at the buccal alveolar crest and lingual midroot level, as well as at the jugal process width, were measured. Differences between these indices and their corresponding mandibular indices were used as standardized transverse width indices. The reference range of these indices was determined and evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate their diagnostic ability.

Results

The transverse width indices and standardized transverse width indices of the MTD group were significantly smaller than those of the control group, except for the jugal process width. The evaluation of the reference range and ROC analysis revealed that the difference of the maxillomandibular width at buccal alveolar crest was the most accurate diagnostic method.

Conclusions

The jugal point analysis method may not be suitable for diagnosing MTD. Instead, measuring the difference in maxillomandibular width at the buccal alveolar crest proves to be a more reliable and accurate diagnostic method for MTD.
Activation of the PERK/eIF2α axis is a pivotal prerequisite of taxanes to cancer cell apoptosis and renders synergism to overcome paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells
Authors: Cai Wanhua , Rong Dade , Ding Jiayu , Zhang Xiaomei , Wang Yuwei , Fang Ying , Xiao Jing , Yang Shulan , Wang Haihe
Published: July 2024

Background

Microtubule polymerization is usually considered as the upstream of apoptotic cell death induced by taxanes, but recently published studies provide more insights into the mechanisms responsible for the antineoplastic effect of taxanes. In this study, we figure out the role of the stress-related PERK/eIF2α axis in tumor cell death upon taxane treatment along with paclitaxel resistance.

Methods

Utilizing immunoblot assay, the activation status of PERK-eIF2α signaling was detected in a panel of cancer cell lines after the treatment of taxanes. The causal role of PERK-eIF2α signaling in the cancer cell apoptosis induced by taxanes was examined via pharmacological and genetic inhibitions of PERK. The relationship between microtubule polymerization and PERK-eIF2α activation was explored by immunofluorescent and immunoblotting assays. Eventaually, the combined therapeutic effect of paclitaxel (PTX) and CCT020312, a PERK agonist, was investigated in PTX-resistant breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.

Results

PERK-eIF2α axis was dramatically activated by taxanes in several cancer cell types. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PERK efficiently impaired taxane-induced apoptotic cell death, independent of the cellular microtubule polymerization status. Moreover, PTX was able to activate the PERK/eIF2α axis in a very low concentration without triggering microtubule polymerization. In PTX-resistant breast cancer cells, the PERK/eIF2α axis was attenuated in comparison with the PTX-sensitive counterparts. Reactivation of the PERK/eIF2α axis in the PTX-resistant breast cancer cells with PERK agonist sensitized them to PTX in vitro. Combination treatment of the xenografted PTX-resistant breast tumors with PERK agonist and PTX validated the synergic effect of PTX and PERK activation in vivo.

Conclusion

Activation of the PERK/eIF2α axis is a pivotal prerequisite of taxanes to initiate cancer cell apoptosis, which is independent of the well-known microtubule polymerization-dependent manner. Simultaneous activation of PERK-eIF2α signaling would be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome PTX resistance in breast cancer or other cancers.
Very high high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may be associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment in older adults
Authors: Huang Huifan , Yang Bin , Yu Renhe , Ouyang Wen , Tong Jianbin , Le Yuan
Published: July 2024

Background

Previous studies have shown that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are positively associated with cognitive function across a range of concentrations. However, recent studies have suggested that very high HDL-C levels may lead to poorer outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between different concentrations of HDL-C and cognitive impairment risk.

Methods

We collected data from 3632 participants aged over 60 years from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 and 2014 to assess the relationship between HDL-C and cognitive function. Cognitive function was evaluated with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) test, the animal fluency test (AFT), and the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). We used restricted cubic spline models and logistic regression to examine the association between HDL-C and cognitive function.

Results

A U-shaped was observed between HDL-C and cognitive outcomes, individuals with higher risk in those with both low and very high HDL-C levels compared with those with midrange values. Very high HDL-C levels (≥ 2.50 mmol/L) were associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.12–4.28) compared with those with HDL-C levels in the range of 1.50 to 1.99 mmol/L in older adults after adjustment for confounding factors. Interaction test demonstrated that relationship between very high HDL-C and the risk of cognitive impairment was not changed in different sex and race group (P for interaction > 0.05).

Conclusions

Very high HDL-C levels were associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. HDL-C may not be a protective factor for maintaining brain health in older adults at very high levels.
Use and perceptions of Cannabidiol among individuals in treatment for opioid use disorder
Authors: Kudrich Christopher , Chen Rebecca , Meng Yuan , Bachi Keren , Hurd Yasmin L.
Published: July 2024

Background

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a widely available cannabis product with many claims as to potential health benefits including alleviating symptoms related to opioid use disorder (OUD). However, little is known as to how individuals with OUD perceive CBD, to what extent they may already be using CBD, and for what purposes.

Methods

A survey was conducted among individuals receiving treatment for OUD at the Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai in New York City from July 2021 to August 2023. The survey consisted of demographic questions, questions about opioid use, CBD use, and perceptions regarding CBD. Statistical analysis using ordinal logistic regression was employed to compare perceptions between CBD users and non-users while adjusting for age and race.

Results

Among 587 respondents, 550 completed the survey. Among all survey completers, 129 (23%) reported a history of using CBD for a variety of reasons including: anxiety (81, 62.8%), pain (65, 50.4%), sleep (63, 48.8%), depression (62, 48.1%), recreational purposes (32, 24.8%), or for other reasons (8, 6.2%). Of note, 22 (17.1%) respondents reported using CBD to control their addiction and 54 (41.9%) reported using CBD to ease opioid withdrawal symptoms. CBD users demonstrated more positive perceptions regarding its legality (β = 0.673, OR = 1.960, 95% CI [1.211, 3.176], p = .006), social acceptance (β = 0.718, OR = 2.051, 95% CI [1.257, 3.341], p = .004), and therapeutic potential compared to non-users. CBD users also had a more positive view of its potential future role in managing addiction (β = 0.613, OR = 1.846, 95% CI [1.181, 2.887], p = .007).

Conclusions

This study highlights a significant association between CBD usage and progressive views regarding CBD among individuals with OUD, suggesting a growing interest in CBD as a potential adjunctive therapy for individuals in substance use treatment. Some patients are already using CBD for anxiety, pain, sleep, depression, or as a harm reduction intervention to control their addiction or for opioid withdrawal symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of integrating patient perspectives into future research and treatment strategies involving CBD in the context of OUD.
Antithrombotic therapy at discharge and prognosis in patients with chronic coronary syndrome and atrial fibrillation who underwent PCI: a real-world study
Authors: Wang Yimeng , Yang Yanmin , Wang Lulu , Zhang Han , Tan Jiang-shan , Shu Yuyuan
Published: July 2024

Background

This study aimed to describe the status of antithrombotic therapy at discharge and prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

This was an observational, prospective study. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke/transient ischemic attach (TIA), systemic embolism or ischemia-driven revascularization. Bleeding events were collected according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) criteria.

Results

Between 2017 and 2019, a cohort of 516 patients (mean age 66, [SD 9], of whom 18.4% were female) with AF and CCS who underwent PCI were evaluated, with a median followed-up time of 36 months (Interquartile range: 22–45). MACE events occurred in 13.0% of the patients, while the TIMI bleeding events were observed in 17.4%. Utilization of TAT (triple antithrombotic therapy) (P < 0.001) and oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy (P < 0.001) increased through years. History of heart failure (HF) (Hazard ratio [HR], 1.744; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.011–3.038) and TAT (HR, 2.708; 95%CI, 1.653–4.436) had independent associations with MACE events. OAC (HR, 10.378; 95%CI, 6.136–17.555) was identified as a risk factor for bleeding events. A higher creatine clearance (HR, 0.986; 95%CI, 0.974–0.997) was associated with a lower incidence of bleeding events.

Conclusions

Antithrombotic therapy has been improved among patients with AF and CCS who underwent PCI these years. History of HF and TAT were independently associated with MACE events. Higher creatine clearance was protective factor of bleeding events, while OAC was a risk factor for TIMI bleeding events.
miR-29a-3p orchestrates key signaling pathways for enhanced migration of human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Kang Dayeon , Kim Taehwan , Choi Ga-Eun , Park Arum , Yoon Jin , Yu Jinho , Suh Nayoung
Published: July 2024

Background

The homing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is crucial for their therapeutic efficacy and is characterized by the orchestrated regulation of multiple signaling modules. However, the principal upstream regulators that synchronize these signaling pathways and their mechanisms during cellular migration remain largely unexplored.

Methods

miR-29a-3p was exogenously expressed in either wild-type or DiGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8) knockdown hMSCs. Multiple pathway components were analyzed using Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and real-time quantitative PCR. hMSC migration was assessed both in vitro and in vivo through wound healing, Transwell, contraction, and in vivo migration assays. Extensive bioinformatic analyses using gene set enrichment analysis and Ingenuity pathway analysis identified enriched pathways, upstream regulators, and downstream targets.

Results

The global depletion of microRNAs (miRNAs) due to DGCR8 gene silencing, a critical component of miRNA biogenesis, significantly impaired hMSC migration. The bioinformatics analysis identified miR-29a-3p as a pivotal upstream regulator. Its overexpression in DGCR8-knockdown hMSCs markedly improved their migration capabilities. Our data demonstrate that miR-29a-3p enhances cell migration by directly inhibiting two key phosphatases: protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type kappa (PTPRK) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The ectopic expression of miR-29a-3p stabilized the polarization of the Golgi apparatus and actin cytoskeleton during wound healing. It also altered actomyosin contractility and cellular traction forces by changing the distribution and phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2. Additionally, it regulated focal adhesions by modulating the levels of PTPRK and paxillin. In immunocompromised mice, the migration of hMSCs overexpressing miR-29a-3p toward a chemoattractant significantly increased.

Conclusions

Our findings identify miR-29a-3p as a key upstream regulator that governs hMSC migration. Specifically, it was found to modulate principal signaling pathways, including polarization, actin cytoskeleton, contractility, and adhesion, both in vitro and in vivo, thereby reinforcing migration regulatory circuits.
Untargeted blood serum proteomics identifies novel proteins related to neurological recovery after human spinal cord injury
Authors: Garcia-Ovejero Daniel , Beyerer Evelyn , Mach Orpheus , Leister Iris , Strowitzki Martin , Wutte Christof , Maier Doris , Kramer John LK , Aigner Ludwig , Arevalo-Martin Angel , Grassner Lukas
Published: July 2024

Background

The discovery of new prognostic biomarkers following spinal cord injury (SCI) is a rapidly growing field that could help uncover the underlying pathological mechanisms of SCI and aid in the development of new therapies. To date, this search has largely focused on the initial days after the lesion. However, during the subacute stage of SCI (weeks to months after the injury), there remains potential for sensorimotor recovery, and numerous secondary events develop in various organs. Additionally, the confounding effects of early interventions after the injury are less likely to interfere with the results.

Methods

In this study, we conducted an untargeted proteomics analysis to identify biomarkers of recovery in blood serum samples during the subacute phase of SCI patients, comparing those with strong recovery to those with no recovery between 30 and 120 days. We analyzed the fraction of serum that is depleted of the most abundant proteins to unmask proteins that would otherwise go undetected. Linear models were used to identify peptides and proteins related to neurological recovery and we validated changes in some of these proteins using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Results

Our findings reveal that differences in subacute recovery after SCI (from 30 to 120 days) are associated with an enrichment in proteins involved in inflammation, coagulation, and lipid metabolism. Technical validation using commercial ELISAs further confirms that high levels of SERPINE1 and ARHGAP35 are associated with strong neurological recovery, while high levels of CD300a and DEFA1 are associated with a lack of recovery.

Conclusions

Our study identifies new candidates for biomarkers of neurological recovery and for novel therapeutic targets after SCI.
Adaptability, Scalability and Sustainability (ASaS) of complex health interventions: a systematic review of theories, models and frameworks
Authors: Sun Lixin , Booth Andrew , Sworn Katie
Published: July 2024

Background

Complex health interventions (CHIs) are increasingly used in public health, clinical research and education to reduce the burden of disease worldwide. Numerous theories, models and frameworks (TMFs) have been developed to support implementation of CHIs.

This systematic review aims to identify and critique theoretical frameworks concerned with three features of implementation; adaptability, scalability and sustainability (ASaS). By dismantling the constituent theories, analysing their component concepts and then exploring factors that influence each theory the review team hopes to offer an enhanced understanding of considerations when implementing CHIs.

Methods

This review searched PubMed MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for research investigating the TMFs of complex health interventions. Narrative synthesis was employed to examine factors that may influence the adaptability, scalability and sustainability of complex health interventions.

Results

A total of 9763 studies were retrieved from the five databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Following removal of duplicates and application of the eligibility criteria, 35 papers were eligible for inclusion. Influencing factors can be grouped within outer context (socio-political context; leadership funding, inter-organisational networks), inner context; (client advocacy; organisational characteristics), intervention characteristics (supervision, monitoring and evaluation), and bridging factors (individual adopter or provider characteristics).

Conclusion

This review confirms that identified TMFS do not typically include the three components of adaptability, scalability, and sustainability. Current approaches focus on high income countries or generic “whole world” approaches with few frameworks specific to low- and middle-income countries. The review offers a starting point for further exploration of adaptability, scalability and sustainability, within a low- and middle-income context.

Trial registration

Not registered.
Outcomes after 4 years’ experience with low suction drains. Would it be safe to go drainless or low suction?
Authors: Fazlioglu Mithat , Hammad Walid , Piyadeoglu Deniz , Kutlu Cemal Asim
Published: July 2024

Background

The principles of chest drainage have not changed significantly since 1875 when Bülau introduced the idea of underwater drainage tube which became a trademark of thoracic surgery. We performed a prospective, randomized trial comparing omitting pleural drain (drainless group) versus drainage with small low suction drain (drainage group) strategies of thoracic surgery when the visceral pleura remains intact. Aiming to investigate whether these approaches represent safe treatment options.

Methods

A multi-center, prospective, parallel group, randomized, controlled trial enrolling patients after thoracic procedures in which visceral pleura remained intact at the end of surgery between August 2020 and September 2023. After completion of the procedure a suction-seal test was conducted on all patients. If suction-seal test was positive to confirm absence of air leak, patients were randomized to either receive low auto-suction drain as a solo pleural drain (drainage group) or not to receive drain (drainless group).

Results

During the study period, 111 patients were recruited. Eleven patients had negative Suction-seal test and were excluded by inserting a traditional underwater seal. The remaining 100 patients were randomly assigned to either drainage group with low suction drain (Fig. 1) (n = 50) or drainless group (n = 50).

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that either omitting drain or inserting a low auto suction drain safely substitutes the one-way valve when the visceral pleura remains intact. Omitting drain or inserting portable small caliber drain encourages early mobilization and is associated with shorter hospital stay.
Cow-calf contact: a single-herd observational study of AMS yield during the first 100 days in milk
Authors: Hanssen Henrik , Amundsen Hanne , Johnsen Julie Føske
Published: July 2024

An increasing number of dairy farmers plan to implement cow-calf contact (CCC) in their herd which necessitates descriptions of the cows` performance in different systems. The aim of the study was to describe (1) Automatic milking system (AMS) milk yield of cows in a CCC system during the first 100 days in milk (DIM) and (2) AMS milk yield before and after cow-calf separation. In a prospective study at a commercial Norwegian dairy farm, we included all calvings from Norwegian Red cows between January 2019 to April 2020. After calving, cow-calf pairs stayed in an individual calving pen during the first 5–6 d before they were moved to the loose housing unit with the remaining herd. Calves had whole-day (24 h/d) and full physical contact to the cows. Cows were milked in an AMS. From 14 individual cows of which one cow calved twice during the study period, we collected daily AMS yields from 15 different lactations, with parities ranging from 1 (n = 6), 2 (n = 5) and 3 (n = 4). Due to the sample size and structure of the data set, we only calculated descriptive statistics from DIM 7-100. All data is shown separately for primiparous and multiparous cows. Mean (± SD) calf age at (fence-line) separation was 52 d ± 14.8 beyond which suckling was prevented. Our data indicates great individual variation in the AMS milk yield. Prior to separation, primiparous cows` AMS yields ranged from 11.0 to 25.9 kg/d while that of multiparous cows ranged from 4.8 to 28.8 kg/d. Once calves were no longer allowed to suckle, the yield increased gradually. During the week after separation, AMS yields ranged from 17.3 to 30.4 kg/d for primiparous cows and 8.7 to 41.8 kg/d for multiparous cows and these yields increased in DIM 93–100 (26.5 to 34.3 and 20.6 to 38.3 kg/d respectively). This study is limited by a low sample size from a single-herd but may provide useful descriptions of AMS milk yield in a whole-day, full contact CCC system during the first 100 days of lactation.
The duality of amyloid-β: its role in normal and Alzheimer’s disease states
Authors: Azargoonjahromi Ali
Published: July 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that gradually impairs cognitive abilities, disrupts memory retention, and impedes daily functioning by impacting the cells of the brain. A key characteristic of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, which play pivotal roles in disease progression. These plaques initiate a cascade of events including neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, tau pathology, oxidative stress, impaired protein clearance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disrupted calcium homeostasis. Aβ accumulation is also closely associated with other hallmark features of AD, underscoring its significance. Aβ is generated through cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and plays a dual role depending on its processing pathway. The non-amyloidogenic pathway reduces Aβ production and has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the amyloidogenic pathway leads to the production of Aβ peptides, including Aβ40 and Aβ42, which contribute to neurodegeneration and toxic effects in AD. Understanding the multifaceted role of Aβ, particularly in AD, is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies that target Aβ metabolism, aggregation, and clearance with the aim of mitigating the detrimental consequences of the disease. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and functions of Aβ under normal and abnormal conditions, particularly in AD, by examining both its beneficial and detrimental effects.
Emerging frontiers in androgen receptor research for prostate Cancer: insights from the 2nd international androgen receptor Symposium
Authors: Israel Justus Simon , Marcelin Laura-Maria , Thomas Christian , Szczyrbová Eva , Fuessel Susanne , Puhr Martin , Linxweiler Johannes , Yalala Shivani , Zwart Wilbert T. , Baniahmad Aria , van Goubergen Jasper , Itkonen Harri M. , Sharp Adam , O’Neill Edward , Pretze Marc , Miederer Matthias , Erb Holger H.H.
Published: July 2024

Continued exploration of the androgen receptor (AR) is crucial, as it plays pivotal roles in diverse diseases such as prostate cancer (PCa), serving as a significant therapeutic focus. Therefore, the Department of Urology Dresden hosted an international meeting for scientists and clinical oncologists to discuss the newest advances in AR research. The 2nd International Androgen Receptor Symposium was held in Dresden, Saxony, Germany, from 26–27.04.2024, organised by Dr. Holger H.H. Erb. Following the format of the first meeting, more than 35 scientists from 8 countries attended the event to discuss recent developments, research challenges, and identification of venues in AR research. An important new feature was the involvement of PhD students and young investigators, acknowledging the high scientific quality of their work. The symposium included three covers: new advances from clinical research, basic and translational research, and novel strategies to target AR. Moreover, based on its increasing clinical relevance, a PSMA theranostic mini-symposium was added at the end of the AR symposium to allow the audience to discuss the newest advances in PSMA theranostic. This report focuses on the highlights and discussions of the meeting.
Exploring task-diverse meta-learning on Tibetan multi-dialect speech recognition
Authors: Liu Yigang , Zhao Yue , Xu Xiaona , Xu Liang , Zhang Xubei , Ji Qiang
Published: July 2024

The disparities in phonetics and corpuses across the three major dialects of Tibetan exacerbate the difficulty of a single task model for one dialect to accommodate other different dialects. To address this issue, this paper proposes task-diverse meta-learning. Our model can acquire more comprehensive and robust features, facilitating its adaptation to the variations among different dialects. This study uses Tibetan dialect ID recognition and Tibetan speaker recognition as the source tasks for meta-learning, which aims to augment the ability of the model to discriminate variations and differences among different dialects. Consequently, the model’s performance in Tibetan multi-dialect speech recognition tasks is enhanced. The experimental results show that task-diverse meta-learning leads to improved performance in Tibetan multi-dialect speech recognition. This demonstrates the effectiveness and applicability of task-diverse meta-learning, thereby contributing to the advancement of speech recognition techniques in multi-dialect environments.
Experiences and challenges of acute coronary syndrome patients in care provision: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Ameen Daniel , Kynoch Kate , Khalil Hanan
Published: July 2024

Background

Coronary artery disease including acute coronary syndrome (ACS) constitutes the most common cause of death in people with cardiovascular disease. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of treatment significantly impact on patient outcomes. Positive patient experience with their initial care is linked to positive clinical outcomes.

Objective

This qualitative review aimed to investigate patients’ experience of care provision and the challenges faced by them during their different stages of care following an ACS.

Methods

Searches of four databases - MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsychINFO - were conducted from inception until July 13, 2022, and were limited to English-language publications. Assessment of methodological quality of studies was performed using the Jonna Briggs Institute (JBI) qualitative assessment and review instrument. Data were extracted using the standardised data extraction tool from JBI. Data synthesis following the JBI approach of meta-aggregation was performed. The level of confidence for each synthesised finding was established based on ConQual.

Results

Overall, from 578 records, 10 studies were included with 39 findings extracted from the included studies. The main synthesised findings were the need to provide tailored information and appropriate management at different stages of care, and that timely management and trust in health care workers are associated with greater patient satisfaction and more positive experiences.

Conclusion

Patients with an ACS experience many challenges during different stages of their care. Clinicians should be aware of the challenges they face and provide tailored information to patients that is appropriate for their different stages of management in order to best optimise patient experience and improve patient outcomes.
Enhancing intrusion detection: a hybrid machine and deep learning approach
Authors: Sajid Muhammad , Malik Kaleem Razzaq , Almogren Ahmad , Malik Tauqeer Safdar , Khan Ali Haider , Tanveer Jawad , Rehman Ateeq Ur
Published: July 2024

The volume of data transferred across communication infrastructures has recently increased due to technological advancements in cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and automobile networks. The network systems transmit diverse and heterogeneous data in dispersed environments as communication technology develops. The communications using these networks and daily interactions depend on network security systems to provide secure and reliable information. On the other hand, attackers have increased their efforts to render systems on networks susceptible. An efficient intrusion detection system is essential since technological advancements embark on new kinds of attacks and security limitations. This paper implements a hybrid model for Intrusion Detection (ID) with Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques to tackle these limitations. The proposed model makes use of Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) for feature extraction and then combines each of these with long short-term memory networks (LSTM) for classification. Four benchmark datasets CIC IDS 2017, UNSW NB15, NSL KDD, and WSN DS were used to train the model for binary and multi-class classification. With the increase in feature dimensions, current intrusion detection systems have trouble identifying new threats due to low test accuracy scores. To narrow down each dataset’s feature space, XGBoost, and CNN feature selection algorithms are used in this work for each separate model. The experimental findings demonstrate a high detection rate and good accuracy with a relatively low False Acceptance Rate (FAR) to prove the usefulness of the proposed hybrid model.
Oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes: the development and the pathogenesis, Jordanian cross-sectional study
Authors: Abu Khadra Khalid M , Bataineh Mohammad Izzat. , Khalil Ahmad , Saleh Jumana
Published: July 2024

Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can disrupt the antioxidant defense system, leading to oxidative stress that leads to pathological damage to vital human organs, including hormone-producing glands. Normal physiological function is subsequently disrupted and disorders such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) may develop. The critical role of the antioxidant defense system in counteracting ROS and mitigating oxidative stress is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of T2DM. In our study, we monitored the oxidant/antioxidant status in a selected Jordanian population to further elucidate this relationship. Our results show higher serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA); 0.230 ± 0.05 and 0.207 ± 0.06 μmol/l for the diabetic and the obese groups, respectively, relative to 0.135 ± 0.04 μmol/l for the non-obese healthy group. Lower activity of Catalase (CAT) was recorded among the diabetic (9.2 ± 3.2) and obese groups (11.0 ± 2.8), compared to the non-obese healthy group (12.1 ± 3.5). Significant elevations (P < 0.05) were observed in uric acid concentrations in diabetic and obese subjects: 451 ± 57 mg/dl and 430 ± 51, respectively, versus 342 ± 57 mg/dl in the non-obese healthy group. Moreover, no significant differences were obtained between all the studied groups for the serum albumin and total protein concentrations. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of oxidative stress in the development and occurrence of T2DM.
Women, income use and nutrition quality: effects of women’s decision-making in rural households in Cameroon
Authors: Soh Wenda Boris D. , Fon Dorothy E. , Molua Ernest L. , Longang Saubaber G.
Published: July 2024

Background

Women remain central to household food and nutrition security. However, they continue to face several constraints with respect to access, control and use of credit and income. There is theoretical assertion that increasing women's decision-making authority over family income increases spending and leads to gains in nutrition. However, empirical evidence on the links between rural women's income control and household food and nutrition security is inadequate, especially for a developing country, such as Cameroon.

Methodology

We employ the food consumption score nutrition quality analysis, the income domain of the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index and the Partial Least Square Structural Equations Modelling to examine data collected from 600 rural households in the West region of Cameroon to establish the effects of women’s control over income use on household nutrition quality. To ensure the reliability of our findings, additional tests such as the Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction, and the Finite Mixture PLS approach are employed.

Results

From the analyses, we observed that a significant percentage of households have poor nutritional quality, particularly in terms of iron-rich food consumption. Women's control over income use remains low and varies based on the source of income. The analyses show that women's decision-making concerning income use and women's perception of their decision-making ability regarding income use and expenditure are positively associated with higher nutritional quality for the household. In addition, we establish that women's perceptions of their ability to make decisions about income use have a positive direct and total effect on nutrition quality, but a negative indirect effect on the latter, with the direct positive effect outweighing the indirect effect.

Conclusions

Inadequate consumption of iron-rich foods is pervasive for most households and there is limited control over income used for the majority of women in the study area. Enhancing women’s control over income use has significant implications for household nutrition quality. Hence, women should be empowered to fully exploit their potential at the household level to enhance food security at the community, regional and national levels.