bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identity orientations of Latino print media in Spain: the reinforcement of Latino popular culture
Authors: Mendieta-Bartolomé Ana-María , Argiñano José-Luis
Published: June 2023

The evolution of Latino print media in Spain has coincided with the demographic increase of Latin American immigrants in the country since the early 1990s. Starting with one publication in 1992, the market started to grow in 2003 and reached its peak in 2007 with the edition of more than 100 titles. The advertising crisis of 2008 ended this trend, and the number of publications began a continuous and permanent decline in the following years despite a demographic recovery of Latin Americans in Spain after 2016. This research presents a quantitative analysis of the contents of 1,500 news items from 14 Latino newspapers and magazines that survived the 2008 advertising downfall. Six of these 14 media outlets continue publishing in 2023. The objective of this study is to show the connections between the contents of the analyzed Latino print media and the cultural identities of their readers. The results show that the prevalent themes related to culture, society and politics represent the identities of their Latino readers. Latino publications give visibility to Latinos as the protagonists of their contents. In addition, the origin of the protagonists shows the wide range of Latin American countries in correlation with the diverse Latin American origins of the readers. We discuss the implications of these findings within the volatile context of Latino print media in Spain, the growing Latin American demographics, and the formation of diverse Latino identities.
«Solamente está sujeta al marido la que sin dote se recibe». La dote canónica y la mujer casada en la tradición legal hispánica
Authors: Martín-Humanes José-María
Published: June 2023

En el mundo hispánico, la voz dote es un vocablo popular, de uso frecuente y común. Nuestros antepasados la empleaban asiduamente, y lo hacían cuando querían referirse al conjunto de bienes que una mujer llevaba consigo al matrimonio. Sin embargo, la realidad de esta institución histórica se torna mucho más compleja en cuanto la mirada se agudiza y se adentra en la esfera de lo jurídico. Para una lectura técnica de la misma, en este texto, valiéndonos de los corpus doctrinales y los repertorios legales de referencia para época bajomedieval y moderna (siglos XIII-XVIII), vamos a intentar contribuir al estudio general de la dote en el marco de la tradición legal hispánica, concentrándonos en la dimensión reguladora del instituto y en su interpretación y proceder en el ámbito de la praxis jurídica. No obstante, la importancia de la legislación local en los territorios de la monarquía hispánica, así como del uso y la costumbre, nos alerta y previene del largo camino que aún queda por recorrer.
Composición de la Curia romana, participación de fieles laicos e idoneidad para el servicio
Authors: Cortés-Diéguez Mirian-M.
Published: June 2023

La nueva Constitución Apostólica sobre la Curia romana viene a dar estabilidad a la reforma emprendida por el papa Francisco desde el inicio de su pontificado. Formula una serie de principios y criterios transversales, cuyos ejes fundamentales son la misión y el servicio, que afectan por igual a todos los que prestan servicio en la Curia y exigirán una actualización de la organización. Al tiempo, sienta las bases para una mayor participación, incluso en puestos de gobierno y responsabilidad, de fieles laicos, así como para el desarrollo de un estilo de trabajo basado en la ayuda mutua y la cooperación. En este artículo se hará un estudio de la composición de las instituciones curiales y de los aspectos relacionados con sus componentes, tales como la profesionalidad y otras cualidades necesarias para la idoneidad. Finalmente, se hará una relación de los oficios de nombramiento pontificio encomendados a laicos.
Juan Ignacio ARRIETA, Derecho del Estado Vaticano, Thomson Reuters-Aranzadi, Cizur Menor 2022, 304 pp., ISBN 978-84-1390-753-6
Authors: Otaduy Jorge
Published: June 2023

Book Review
“Be Confident”, “Creative” and “Careful”: Advice from Multiracial Adults
Authors: Waring Chandra D.
Published: June 2023

As the U.S. and international multiracial populations have increased, so has research in this area. Despite a multitude of studies about the unique struggles of being multiracial, little empirical data has been published about specific strategies that multiracial individuals use to navigate a monoracial (single-race)-oriented society. In this article, I offer insights and suggestions to cope with discrimination involving family, friends, and others from 28 multiracial Americans with various racial backgrounds, although all participants have white ancestry. In advising their younger self and/or the next generation of multiracial people, participants suggested cultivating confidence, resilience, and assertiveness to withstand the onslaught of marginalization that multiracial people endure. Other respondents recommended creatively engaging with media to actualize affirmation, connection, and consciousness to generate space between themselves and others’ perceptions of them. White-presenting participants proposed being careful about sharing their backgrounds, considering they are frequently questioned. This article offers strategies to navigate being multiracial in a racially tumultuous society that was designed by and for monoracial citizens.
Prawdziwe centrum lokalnej władzy w okresie stalinowskim – Komitet Powiatowy PZPR w Nidzicy w latach 1948–1956
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Golon Mirosław
Published: June 2023

The article presents selected aspects of the history of the Polish United Workers’ Party in the Nidzica poviat in the years 1948–1956. The genesis of the Stalinist party in this poviat was characterized, i.e. selected aspects of the activities of the Polish Workers’ Party and its activities in 1946–1948. Attention was drawn to the extremely developed propaganda activity of the communist authorities, which used lies on a very large scale, promoting, inter alia, Soviet models in all areas of life, from political matters to the economy and the sphere of culture. The process of strengthening the position of the PPR in the Nidzica poviat was emphasized, which was related to, inter alia, with the destruction of the illegal opposition, as well as the Polish People’s Party and the Polish Socialist Party. The course of major political events of that period was also presented: the falsified people’s referendum in June 1946, the equally falsified parliamentary elections in January 1947, and the increasingly wider scope of political repressions against communist opponents. The process of creating the structures of the Polish United Workers’ Party and its leading activists was described, from December 1948 to 1956. Selected aspects of the PZPR’s activities in the political, social and economic fields were characterized. The consolidation of the hegemonic position of the PZPR in political life, socialist realism in the sphere of culture and the Stalinization of economic life, including activities for the collectivization of agriculture. Very strong ties between the party leadership and the local security apparatus, that is, above all, with the County Public Security Office, were emphasized. Attention was paid to the persecution of political opponents, and at the same time to various manifestations of social resistance against communists.
Marcin Rutkiewicz z Gniezna – niepodległościowiec z partyjnym rozdziałem w biografii
Authors:   Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Gnieźnie, Sołomieniuk ks. Michał
Published: June 2023

The paper presents a short biography of Marcin Rutkiewicz from Gniezno (1933–2016), a local politician and clerk, which in his youth and in the mature age fought against the communist regime in Poland. However, for several years between those two periods he was involved in the Polish communist party (PZPR), even as its offi cial ideological lecturer. The article fi rst focuses on Rutkiewicz’ clandestine activity in the Underground Scout Army at Gniezno when he was 18 years old, on the subsequent arrest, trial and repressions: a hard prison and then equal hard and exhausting military service. The second focus is Rutkiewicz’ braek up from the communist party in 1988, then involvement in the Citizen Committee (Komitet Obywatelski) „Solidarność” at Gniezno in 1989, and his late political and combatant activity in the free Poland. His interesting but not „linear” political life is a proper example of alternate fortunes of the generation grown under the Soviet regime in Poland after the World War II.
„Przewodniczący Rady Państwa, sekretarz, generał, co wczoraj jeszcze godność piastował premiera”. O szopkach – satyrycznych audycjach telewizyjnych – na przykładzie programów z udziałem Wojciecha Jaruzelskiego w latach 1969–1990
Authors:   Uniwersytet Gdański, Bilecki Arkadiusz
Published: June 2023

The satirical nativity play is a specifically Polish entertainment genre that flourished on television in the 1960s. The programmes, broadcast after midnight at the turn of New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day, presented the most important personalities of communist public life as puppets, reciting and singing rhyming couplets. Although it was concessionary satire, the cribs aroused great emotion among the audience. Wojciech Jaruzelski experienced a special situation: he did not appear in the cribs most often, but he was the only one who was presented as an aspiring politician, holding and leaving the most important positions in the state. On his example we can observe the original strategies of the creators of nativity scenes and their attempts to shape the image of Polish politicians, in the Polish People’s Republic and the democratic Poland after year 1989.
Techniki druku w podziemiu w okresie stanu wojennego
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Polak Wojciech , Galij-Skarbińska Sylwia ,   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu
Published: June 2023

The article discusses the printing techniques used by the underground “Solidarity” and other underground groups in Poland in the 1980s. The application of the three most important techniques is discussed and analyzed in turn: printing on a protein duplicator, screen printing and printing on an off set machine. The technical aspects of underground printing are illustrated with examples from the Toruń and Gdańsk regions.
Teksty programowe Pomarańczowej Alternatywy a francuskie manifesty surrealizmu – wybrane konteksty
Authors:   Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula w Warszawie, Cywińska Marta ,   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika
Published: June 2023

«Orange Alternative program texts and French surrealism manifestos » are a contribution to a detailed analysis of the Orange Alternative program texts in terms of surreal inspirations, many of which can be found not only in the Manifesto of Surrealist Socialism, but in Waldemar Fydrych’s books: Hokus pokus, or the Orange Alternative, written together with with Bogdan Dobosz in 1989. Żywoty Mężów Orangeowych- 2001, Krasnoludki i gamonie- 2006, Major- 2013. The author analyzes various levels of relations between the most important assumptions of the French surrealism contained in the manifestos and the program texts and literary works of Waldemar «Major» Fydrych, taking into account his ties with France. He mentions selected contexts of the activity of the New Culture Movement and the Orange Alternative, referring to the meaning of the characters, ideas and program content. He does not forget about the role of manifestos in the history of the European avant-garde (including the Manifesto of the Communist Party, but futuristic and Dadaist) and the universal dimension of the high-profi le slogans of surrealism, both in Europe and in Poland. He evokes the notion of «socio-political surrealism» and its universal dimension, as well as situates the actions of the Orange Alternative between Solidarity and the authorities of the time.
Zakłady „MORENA” w Bartoszycach w czasie strajku w 1980 r. w świetle relacji pracowników
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Kolczyński Krzysztof
Published: June 2023

The article is a collection of reports of the participants of the strike in 1980 at the «Morena» Clothing Industry Plant in Bartoszyce. They striked not only for higher wages and the improvement of their living conditions, but also for dignity. The communists did everything possible to block the strike action. Various provocations were made, including several attempts to poison the strikers. Despite this, the strike was successful, and the Independent Self-Governing Trade Union «Solidarity» was established in «Morena». However, after the introduction of martial law, the participants, and especially the strike leaders, were persecuted for many years. The author provided an insightful commentary on the published memoirs.
Metini / Fort Ross. Russians in California – beginnings
Authors:   Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Dziekan Kacper
Published: June 2023

The article presents the functioning of the heritage of the Russian colonization of northern California in the cultural memory of the inhabitants of these and surrounding areas of the state that belonged to Russia in the 19th century. The research concerns a specific location, the settlement known as Fort Ross, located in northern California. Today it has the status of the State Historic Park. The non-governmental organization Fort Ross Conservancy operates there, and this activity was analyzed using a case study research method. The characteristic elements of the cultural memory of the inhabitants of this territory were researched, such as: important historical figures, the most important events associated with for the formation of collective identity, institutions and organizations acting as memory guardians, as well as material and immaterial cultural heritage. These elements were analyzed in terms of the differentiation of their functioning in local cultural memory depending on a specific group (ethnic, cultural, religious) or specific subjects of cultural memory.
Stosunki między rządem państwowym a regionalnym w państwie zdecentralizowanym na przykładzie Zjednoczonego Królestwa po dewolucji
Authors:   Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Czapiewski Tomasz
Published: June 2023

After Scottish Devolution referendum in 1997, Parliament of United Kingdom passed the Scotland Act 1998, creating the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Executive. Changes in United Kingdom structure created situation similar to federal countries, where national and regional governments need to cooperate and coordinate their activities. Intergovernmental relations in the UK are mostly relations between executives, with limited role of parliaments. This paper analyzes intergovernmental relations in two periods – before 2007, when formal institutions like Joint Ministerial Committee were rarely used and after 2007, when Scottish Executive and UK Government were led by different political parties – Scottish National Party on the regional level and Labour Party on the national level. The aim of the article was to describe intergovernmental relations throughout 1999–2010 years, explain asymmetry, informality and inconsistency of this relations and prognose future relations in the context of Calman’s Commission works.
Prasa polska wobec dążeń niepodległościowych Litwy w latach 1988–1991
Authors:   Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Piotrowski Jacek
Published: June 2023

Polish press in the period 1988–1991 was naturally interested in the aspirations of Lithuania to gain the independence. It was one of the Soviet republic that had common borders with Poland. The independence of Lithuanians led the chance of economic and political co-operation between this two countries, but also could create many problems like ethnic conflicts. The interest was far greater. The similar transformation that Lithuania had been going trough, at the same time took place in Poland. In the period when Lithuania developed the independence movement, the Polish media also experienced many changes. That’s why their attitude towards the events in the Soviet Union and Lithuania was changing in this course of time. At the time of communism, Polish press supported the ambition to cultural and historical rising in various Soviet Republics. Journalists didn’t see in that any opportunity for independence of the republics but the threat of destabilization of the Soviet Union. The USSR was seen by Polish press as monolith and its individual republics as an integral part. It was similar to the official policy of polish and soviet authorities. With the fall of communism in Poland many papers fully independent from authorities were formed and journalists started to support the aspirations of Lithuania to independence. Since that time their interest in events in Lithuania has raised. It happened also because the Lithuanians had more courage to raise the independence slogans. These issues were in the sphere of Polish publicists interest also because of their involvement in building democracy in Poland. Journalists in Poland reported and comment the facts with the great concern: declaration of independence, situation after economic lockout and the Soviet intervention in this republic. At that time publicists fully supported the Lithuanians and criticized soviet policies towards the Republic of Lithuania. But their opinion about leader of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, was ambiguous. They understood his role in the annihilation of a totalitarian communism in the Soviet Union. Among Polish journalists the most popular was the point o view that the independence of Lithuania is possible only through dialogue and cooperation with Moscow. Poland had afraid the power of the Soviet Union until its collapse.
Nowe media – perspektywy badawcze
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Sajna Radosław
Published: June 2023

The term “new media” should be considered in accordance to the temporal and spatial context, because something “new” could be “new” only now and here or would be “new” only someday and somewhere, and not forever and everywhere. Therefore it is necessary to take into consideration that hundreds years ago the press was “new”, in the 20th Century the radio and television became “new media”, and today the term “new media” means, above all, the Internet, mobile telephones and other digital media. Nevertheless, R.D. Wimmer and J.R. Dominick describe the term “new media” in broader context, taking into consideration also different implications of the ICT to the human and social life. There are many different aspects of the “new media” that need to be investigated, and many of them are subjects of many studies realized by scientists from different countries. They research the impact of the “new media” to the traditional mass media, the influence of the Internet on politics and the political marketing, but also other social, economical and communicational aspects of this complex phenomenon. It is important also that the “new media” are useful tools for the researchers on every stage of any scientific investigation. There is strong need to investigate the “new media” in different contexts to understand better the new modern reality.
Współczesne przejawy neonazizmu i neofaszyzmu w Polsce
Authors:   studentka politologii Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Kalinowska Kamila
Published: June 2023

This article attempts to answer the question whether neonasizm and neofascism are a serious threat to the modern world, especially for Poland. The author shows some reasons of extremism – right occurring in our country mainly the restrictiveness of constitutional regulations in this matter. We can find in this article the way of groups functioning, technical recruiting new members and methods slogans popularization of these organizations on the basis of Polish National Revival, Lech Bubel’s activity and subculture of skinheads. The most significant neo-Nazis’ and neofascist slogans were quoted in this article so that the author is going to prove that they are widely available and that their authors are unpunished. It also shows some differences between modern extreme movements and our indigenous ones, and emphasized increasing similarity of Polish movements to the foreign ones. Furthermore, the author proves that in the European countries not only the society but also the government become more and more radical. However the article also presents social initiatives of the fight against extreme, such the organization called “Never Again” which promoted three major campaigns : “Music Against Racism”, “ Let’s kick racism out from the stadiums” and “Racism Delete”. The author wants to show the scale of the problem that is the expansion of neo-Nazis’ and neofascist groups. She stresses the need to break with the passivity against extreme – right in Poland and the need to take action against its activity, both government and citizens.
Prawa człowieka prawem natury – źródło czy tożsamość? Refleksja nad koncepcją praw człowieka w cywilizacji Zachodu
Authors:   absolwent Instytutu Filozofii Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Zientkowski Przemysław
Published: June 2023

Nowadays among the most popular concepts which characterize Western Civilization undoubtedly at the forefront is the idea of Human Rights. Although the enthusiasts of the individual rights’s cult proclaim that their current perspective is the product of modern culture. There is no doubt that sources of Human Rights would have been traced back to Ancient Greek times, in the doctrines of natural law, which was obligatory at that time for everyone and everything. The aim of the article is to present the identity of natural law being the source of Human Rights. This unity firmly survived till the time of the Enlightenment, when the French Revolution and following it positivism destroyed religious connection of Western Civilization contributed to the re-evaluation of existing standards. Perhaps, the current belief in the social and technological progress, the development of the idea of democracy or free approach to human sexuality, force the opposite emphasis on the protection of individual rights as well as strictly legal – doctrinal, which is linked with the increasing number of the present conflicts between conservatism and liberalism.
Unia Zachodnioeuropejska (UZE) – sukces czy porażka?
Authors:   Wyższa Szkoła Handlowa we Wrocławiu, Madej Małgorzata
Published: June 2023

The paper is an attempt to summarise the history of the Western European Union which was dissolved in 2010 from a different perspective that was applied to this organisation so far: without focusing on lofty declarations, so frequent in its development, but looking at the actually accepted legal acts and actually completed actions in Europe. This offers an insight into the European defence integration process as a functional element of a broader process and not an independent global-arena project. This context allows a more moderate assessment of achievement of WEU, perceived often as an entirely unsuccessful organisation. The approach I propose the Western European Union is a self-limiting organisation which acts only as a supplementation of greater and more significant projects, but an organisation which in effect achieved its objective as defined by interests of its member states.
Czy w Polsce istnieje kartel partii politycznych?
Authors:   Uniwersytet Opolski, Radecki Michał
Published: June 2023

This paper concentrates on the Polish party system and the concept of cartel party. Its purpose is, on the one hand, to estimate the degree of dependency between the Polish parties and the state and, on the other hand, to analyse the development of the Polish parties in the light of the concept of cartel party. The author argues that the Polish party system is too unstable to recognize the emergence of a cartel. The author also maintains that the Polish parties have adjusted the structure of the state to suit their own needs. They have also accepted the fact that only the presently ruling parties can derive benefits from administration. Whereas the remaining parties, having secured their own financing from the state Budget (having secured their survival), can only wait to gain a chance of takeover. This article focuses on describing the establishment of the concept of cartel party and it also analyses this concept in the light of the following aspects: the political parties’ public financing system, the Polish electoral system (described along with the changes in the parliamentary electoral law introduced by political parties), and last but not least, the extent of political patronage.
Specyfika przywództwa organizacyjnego – wzorzec dla przywódców politycznych?
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Chmielewski Waldemar
Published: June 2023

The article presents the brief characteristics and assessment of the organizational leadership. Special attention was paid to those features of the organizational leadership which should also possess the political leaders. At present neither the charisma nor an exceptional knowledge and skills determine the success of the organizational leader. The same holds true as regards the political leaders who should rather possess the ability of choosing the so called “lesser evil” and should act flexibly and adapt their style of leadership to a given situation. However both organizational and political leaders are praised or blamed for their courage and ability to make the unpopular decisions, assuming that they are the right decisions in a given moment and situation. Therefore it seems that the efficiency of management in the case of organizational leader and the effectiveness of governance in the case of political leader are the most important measures of their competences as the leaders of a given organization or state. It should also be beared in mind that the right decisions made in a given situation are the best indicator of his or her ability as the organizational of political leader.
Model gospodarki samorządowej według koncepcji opozycji politycznej w PRL w latach 1976–1989
Authors:   Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie, Wierzbicki Paweł
Published: June 2023

The political opposition in Communist Polish Republic concentrated a lot of attention in magazines published in “second” circulation on economic issues. Mainly they were wondering how to change the disadvantageous economic situation of our country in 1980s. One of their more representative idea in this period of time concerned the model of local economy. The most important role in this model belonged to trade unions, which would have the real independent character. According to their concept the economic system of country would opt out of the government so the rule over enterprises would be given to the workers and this way it would create the “social enterprises”. The workers’ council would take care of workers’ business and also would choose the director who would be responsible to the workers’ council. Some part of polish opposition believed that keeping the economy under workers’ control would bring the chance of political changes in Communist Polish Republic.
Działalność „Solidarności” w okresie „karnawału” i stanu wojennego w świetle prasy hiszpańskiej
Authors:   Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Kubiak Łukasz
Published: June 2023

The following work showcases the reactions of the Spanish press to the actions of “Solidarity” in the years 1980–1983. The principal aim of this article is to depict the polish socio-political scene as seen from the perspective of the Spanish journalists. The young Spanish democracy, with its free press, was confronted with the actions of the Independent Unions which later gave birth to NSZZ “Solidarity”. Therefore, the key issue in this work is the influence of the emerging democratic awareness of the Spanish correspondents on the way the social changes in Poland, a country whose road to democracy may seem similar, were perceived. However, emerging from the scale of both transformations were some major differences that largely influenced the attitude of the Spanish press towards the situation in Poland. The importance of the “Solidarity” actions in the world’s geopolitical context is the subject of the following analysis. This article quotes the most popular newspapers from that time, such as La Vanguardia, El Pais and ABC.
Status społeczno-polityczny kobiety w Indiach na przełomie XX i XXI wieku – konflikt tradycji i prawa
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Staniszewska Anna
Published: June 2023

Recent media reports about the loud process men accused of the brutal rape of a student started a new discussion about the position of women in Indian society. This status at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first to a large extent still is the result of tensions caused by the clash of tradition and modernity. The aim of this research work is to show the rank of the issue of socio-political women in India at the turn of the century. Article focuses on the determinants that have shaped the contemporary Indian political system and the description of the contemporary Indian society and discuss the major social problems of India. Moreover, analyzes the determinants of religious and regulating the position of women in society. The article seeks to discuss contemporary media events, and analyze the development of problem in the future
The tense and complex relationship between liberalism and the welfare state
Authors:   NLA Høgskolen w Bergen, Borgebund Harald
Published: June 2023

Autor artykułu podjął się próby analizy hipotetycznie silnego związku między państwem opiekuńczym a liberalnym egalitaryzmem. Dowodzi, że związek ten nie może być trwały, ponieważ liberalny egalitaryzm pozostaje w napięciu z państwem opiekuńczym, jako że liberalizm opiera się na bardziej egalitarystycznym pojęciu równości, niż czyni to państwo opiekuńcze. Jednakże teoria sprawiedliwości Rawlsa – najbardziej wpływowa teoria liberalnego egalitaryzmu – i państwo opiekuńcze opierają się na tym samym rozumieniu uniwersalnego obywatelstwa i dzielą podobny pogląd na produktywność. Te podobieństwa przybliżają liberalizm do państwa opiekuńczego. W efekcie związek między liberalizmem i państwem opiekuńczym jest napięty i złożony. Podjęta analiza prowadzi więc do dwóch głównych konkluzji. Po pierwsze, liberalni egalitaryści powinni propagować bardziej egalitarne instytucje niż państwo dobrobytu, promować sprawiedliwość rozdzielczą. Po drugie, liberalni egalitaryści podchodząc poważnie do realizowania ich egalitarystycznego ideału sprawiedliwości, powinni wyjść poza model Rawlsa, jako że jego teoria jest trudna do całkowitego oddzielenia od państwa opiekuńczego.
„Otwarta, bezpieczna i chroniona cyberprzestrzeń”– nowa jakość internetowej komunikacji czy poważny spór wokół nowej dyrektywy Komisji Europejskiej?
Authors:   Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Górecki Maciej
Published: June 2023

The article aims to present the controversy among the representatives of the European private sector that has raised because of one of the priorities of the European Commission communication in 2013 – “Directive open, safe and secure cyberspace”. Its legal articles (concerning the need to inform about hacker attacks on private servers) divided opinion on the Old Continent. This paper presents the main assumptions of the document, the analysis of the disputed wording, and forecasts of possible solutions concerning analysis of the so call ed “cyber-stalemate”.
Media społecznościowe jako grunt pod nowe ruchy społeczne
Authors:   Uniwersytet Gdański, Szuta Agnieszka
Published: June 2023

In the past few years, a number of social movements have been founded, which have their origins in the network. Platforms that contribute to the creation of new social movements are social media, such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Over the past few years, they have drastically changed their roles, transforming itself into the civic agoras that are giving the opportunity to express dissatisfaction with the socio-political situation, instant communication and rapid mobilization. A good example of this phenomenon is the Arab Spring, and most of the events in Tunisia and Egypt, where social media played a key role in helping to overthrow dictators.
The development of the Swiss Confederation’s political system– historical perspective
Authors:   Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Przyrodnicza w Sandomierzu, Branecki Tadeusz
Published: June 2023

The main aim of the article is the analysis of the development of Swiss political system. The analysis starts on September 1st , 1291, when the three cantons Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwalden created the alliance (Eidgenossenchaft), and takes under considerations all important events that happened on the Swiss path to contemporary political system. The considerations are made from the historical perspective.
Материальная культура как объект протестного письма: политический контекст
Authors:   Uniwersytet Badawczy – Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii Perm, Rosja, Skiperskikh Aleksandr Vladimirovich
Published: June 2023

The classical understanding of the political process as the interaction of political actors and the relations of power can be supplemented by the understanding of the political process as a creation of political texts. Thus, political actors may also compete with each other for the right to represent and legitimize specific political meanings. In non-democratic political regimes with restricted and limited space for real competition between political actors, the formal, institutionalized political process can be articulated through the production of informal meaning. In this case, political protest texts immediately acquires certain specific features – the ability to be updated in moments of political transformation, the attraction to the periphery, anonymous and allegory. In this study, the author focuses on the forms of protest letters which manifest themselves in the material culture of the city, and determines possible trends in the development of political protest letter as a genre.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE EFFECT OF SOURCE TEMPERATURE ON COP AND COMPRESSOR STATUS IN WATER-TO-AIR HEAT PUMPS
Authors: Ceviz Mehmet Akif , Afshari Faraz , Ceylan Murat , Muratçobanoğlu Burak , Mandev Emre , Gelen Gökhan
Published: June 2023

Heat pump devices have been researched and analyzed from different aspects, which indicates the importance of these devices. In fact, these devices transfer heat energy effectively from one source to another by consuming power. In this work, the importance of source temperature and its effect on system performance and compressor status has been investigated. It is shown that if the temperature of the heat source is low, the refrigerant at the inlet of the compressor will be in the two-phase region, which could cause damage to the compressor. In these cases, the evaporator design can be changed as available solutions or a high-temperature heat source can be provided in the present study. On the other hand, in the two-phase region, calculating the work of the compressor with enthalpy values will be a problem and may cause a computational error in the power consumption of the compressor. The reason for this is that the enthalpy of refrigerant in the compressor cannot be obtained with two properties, i.e., temperature and pressure. This issue has been considered and the rate of computational error has been obtained. R134a refrigerant was used as circulating gas in the used water-to-air heat pump. The results obtained in the experiments performed showed that the COP value of the heat pump increased by 172% when the source temperature increased from 6°C to 34°C. As the source temperature increases, more energy is transferred to the system. This issue raises both high-pressure and low-pressure values. This increase was recorded as 34% for high pressure and 17% for low pressure when the source temperature increased from 6°C to 34°C.
STUDY ON VIBRATION AND TEMPERATURE RISE CHARACTERISTICS OF FULL CERAMIC BALL BEARINGS UNDER HIGH-TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Authors: Sun Jian , Guan Renyun , Yao Jinmei , Fang Xin , Zhang Zhe , Zhang Guangxiang
Published: June 2023

In order to study the vibration and temperature rise characteristics of full ceramic ball bearings under high-temperature conditions, the bearing vibration test of a simulated high-temperature environment was conducted in this paper. The vibration and temperature rise properties of full ceramic ball bearings were measured under high-temperature variable working conditions in this experiment. The results demonstrate that the temperature rise and vibration acceleration of full ceramic ball bearings increase with the cavity temperature increasing from 50°C under a single load. The vibration and temperature rise increased with an increase in rotational speed. Due to the mechanical characteristics of a silicon nitride material, the change of temperature rise of a full ceramic ball bearing is relatively small. When temperature and speed were stable or only very low, full ceramic ball bearings operated stably. The results of the experiment can serve as a guide for the operational state of full ceramic ball bearings in high-temperature environments.
Desarrollo del plan de muestreo y toma de muestras de agua
Authors:   Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Cepeda Hernández Ingrid Katherine
Published: June 2023

El plan de muestreo y la toma de muestras de agua es fundamental para hacer un análisis adecuado del estado de la calidad del recurso hídrico. En este proceso es necesario considerar una serie de pasos que permitan entregar una muestra que se pueda analizar e interpretar en el laboratorio, con la finalidad de identificar el estado de calidad del recurso hídrico por evaluar. La presente guía tiene como propósito orientar al estudiante en aspectos relevantes al momento de realizar un monitoreo de calidad de agua, haciendo énfasis en el desarrollo de un plan de muestreo y en cómo se debe tomar una muestra de agua de diferentes fuentes. De este modo, busca presentar todos los elementos necesarios para que el estudiante evite cometer errores al momento de llevar a cabo un muestreo.
Bitlis İngiliz Konsolosu Walter John Heathcote'un 1904 II. Sason Olayı Sırasındaki Faaliyetleri Ve İddiaları
Authors: KESKİN Tülay
Published: June 2023

1894 yılında Sason bölgesinde başlattıkları isyan ile hedeflerine ulaşamayan Ermeni komiteciler, 1901 yılının yaz aylarından itibaren Bitlis vilayetinde faaliyetlerini arttırmaya başladılar. Özellikle Sason bölgenin pek çok yerine silah, mühimmat ve yiyecek taşımışlardır. Her sene yaz mevsiminde bölgeye gelen Kürt aşiretlerine saldırarak şiddetli çatışmaların meydana gelmesine sebep olmuşlardır. 1903 ve 1904’te Sason civarında Ermeni komitecilerinin faaliyetleri yoğunlaşınca Bitlis'teki İngiliz Yardımcı Konsolosluğunun önemi de artmaya başlamıştır. Bu yıllar arasında İngiliz Bitlis Konsolosluğunda Walter John Heathcote görev yapmaktaydı. Konsolos Heathcote görev süresi boyunca Ermeni komitecilerin faaliyetleriyle ilgili bilgi toplamak için sık sık Muş’a gidip gelmiştir.

Walter J. Heathcote, 1903 yılının mayıs ayında göreve başlamasından itibaren Bitlis vilayetindeki gelişmeler hakkında birçok rapor kaleme almıştır. Raporlarının konusu genel olarak Sason’da meydana gelen Ermeni isyanı ve onlara karşı yapılan askeri faaliyetler, Ermeni komiteciler ile askeri birlikler arasında yaşanan çatışmalar, seyyar jandarmanın kurulması ve Vali Hüsnü Bey’in ölümü üzerine Ferid Bey’in tayin edilmesi hakkındadır. Heathcote, Bitlis’e yeni bir konsolosun atanmasıyla birlikte 29 Kasım 1905’te Bitlis’ten ayrılmıştır.
Şenlik ve Roman: Aziz Nesin’in Surnâme’si
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Serkan
Published: June 2023

Osmanlı döneminde düğün, sünnet, doğum gibi nedenlerle düzenlenen eğlence ve kutlamalara saray şenliği denir. Bu şenlikleri konu edinen manzum veya mensur eserler “surnâme” olarak adlandırılır. Aziz Nesin, Surnâme adlı romanda bu anlatı türüne öykünerek bir “Cumhuriyet Surnâmesi” kaleme alır. Bir idam mahkumunun infazı için düzenlenen asılma şenliğini/törenini konu edinir. Bunu yaparken grotesk halk kültürüyle edebiyatı buluşturur. Osmanlı dönemi şenliklerindeki halk eğlence biçimlerini; gösteri, oyun, ziyafet gibi unsurları vurgular. Romanı ikili karşıtlıklar üzerine kuran yazar, ciddi ile komiği, yaşam ile ölümü, idam ile şenliği bir araya getirir. Böylece uyumsuzluktan doğan mizah, komik ve absürt hissini açığa çıkartır. Bu şenlikte sosyal hiyerarşiyi ve statüleri, toplumsal kuralları ve sınırlamaları ortadan kaldırır. Romanda şenlikli, çok sesli ve özgürlükçü bir yaşamı tasvir eder. Resmi ve gündelik hayatın karşısına ikinci bir hayatı koyar. Aziz Nesin, idam cezası çerçevesinde resmi düzen ve ideolojinin yarattığı adaletsizliği ve sorunları mizahî / ironik bir tonda eleştirir. Böylece trajik idam öyküsünden trajikomik bir şenlik yaratır. Bunu yaparken festivallerin değişime, özgürlüğe, eşitliğe dayanan evrensel ruhunu bir toplumsal model olarak sunar.
Niş Muhacirleri (1860-1900)
Authors: ÇEKMEZ Ozan
Published: June 2023

Sırbistan ve Sırp tarihi, Türk tarihçiliğinde yeni yeni yer bulmakta olan konu başlıkları arasında yer almaktadır. Yakın zamana kadar bu kavramları detaylı bir şekilde görmek esasında pek de mümkün değildi. Buradan hareketle Sırbistan’ın büyük şehirleri arasında yer alan Niş ise Türk tarihçiliğinde popüler konu başlıklarından biri olmamıştır. Niş daha çok son dönem Osmanlı tarihinin öne çıkan simalarından biri olan Mithat Paşa ve onun bölgedeki faaliyetleriyle, sınırlı da olsa, bilinmekteydi. İşte bu çalışmada Niş, siyasi gelişmelere bağlı olarak bölgeye göç eden ve yine aynı gelişmelerden ötürü bölgeden Osmanlı Devleti’nin farklı yerleşim yerlerine iskan edilen muhacirler özelinde ele alınacaktır. Mukayeseli tarih ( Comperative History) açısından Sırp ve Osmanlı kaynaklarına oldukça fazla yer verilen bu makalede Niş muhacirleri çok yönlü ve çok boyutlu olarak ele alınacaktır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma; Niş tarihi, askeri mağlubiyetler neticesinde kuzeyden Niş’e gerçekleşen göçler ve iskanlar, muhacirin komisyonları, Niş’ten Anadolu ve farklı coğrafyalara göç eden muhacirler, muhacirlerin karşılaştıkları zorluklar, muhacirlere yapılan yardımlar vb. gibi birçok konuyu ihtiva etmektedir. İşte bu çalışma ile Osmanlı-Sırp ilişkilerine yeni bir sayfa açılarak bu alanda sonraki yapılacak çalışmalara da zemin hazırlanacağına inanılmaktadır
Behram Çubin’in Göktürkler Üzerine Seferi Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme
Authors: TOĞAY Ali Hüseyin
Published: June 2023

Sasani ve Göktürk mücadeleleri, Hüsrev Anuşirvan zamanında (531-579) başlamasına rağmen halefi IV. Hürmüz döneminde ivme kazandı. 579 ve 590 yıllarında saltanat süren IV. Hürmüz, tahta çıkar çıkmaz birçok dâhilî ve haricî sorunlar ile karşı karşıya kaldı. Sasanilerin bu sorunlarını yakından takip eden Göktürkler de Sasani ülkesine akınlar yapmayı başladı. Yaşanan tüm bu saldırılar karşısında sadece Göktürklerin saldırılarını sekteye uğratmaya odaklanan IV. Hürmüz, İran’da henüz yıldızı parlamamış olan Behram Çubin adlı komutanını, Göktürkler üzerine sefere gönderdi. Behram Çubin’in, yaşadığı devri etkisi altına alan Göktürk saldırılarını önlemesi, ona şöhretin kapılarını açmakla birlikte, yaşamı ve mücadelerinin de özellikle Arap ve Fars kaynaklarında mitolojik bir havayla anlatılmasını sağladı. Behram’ın, IV. Hürmüz’e karşı isyan edip Sasani tahtını ele geçirmesinin ardından Hüsrev Perviz ile yaptığı savaşı kaybederek Göktürklere sığınması, Sasani ve Göktürk ilişkilerini de farklı bir boyuta taşıyacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Behram Çubin’in Göktürkler ile yaptığı savaşların siyasi boyutuna vurgu yaparak, sonuçlarının Behram’ın kariyerini nasıl şekillendirdiğinin yanı sıra Sasanilerin ne gibi kazançlar elde ettiği konusunu anlamaya çalışmaktır.
II. Meşrutiyet’ten Sonra İttihat ve Terakki’nin Kültür Politikaları Çerçevesinde Milli Kütüphaneler Kurma Projesi: İzmir ve Konya Örnekleri
Authors: ÖKTEM Nisa
Published: June 2023

Bu çalışmada İttihat ve Terakki’nin kütüphanecilik faaliyetlerine ait olarak başlatmış olduğu milli kütüphane adı verilen bir dizi şehir kütüphanesinin kuruluşu ve bu çerçevede geliştirilen politikalar, basın ve yayına intikal etmiş gazete haberleri ve belgeler üzerinden değerlendirilerek bu politikanın 1910’lu yıllardan 1920’li yıllara kadar olan serüveni incelenecektir. İlk defa milli kütüphane adıyla bu kavramın kullanılmış olması İttihat ve Terakki dönemine aittir. Bundan önce genellikle İstanbul merkezli olmak üzere umumi kütüphane adı altında bir milli kütüphane denilebilecek ve ülkede neşredilen kitapları derleme ve toplama görevini üstlenecek bir merkezi kurum oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Ancak bu kurum Bayezit Devlet Kütüphanesi ile sınırlı kalmıştır. Fakat İttihat ve Terakki, bu politikayı bütün Osmanlı şehirlerinin önde gelen merkezlerine yaygınlaştırmak amacıyla milli kütüphane adı altında bir dizi kütüphanenin kurulması için teşebbüslerde bulunmuştur. Bu teşebbüslerin sonucunda İzmir, Konya, Trabzon, Eskişehir gibi önemli kent merkezlerinde ilk defa milli kütüphane adıyla kütüphaneler kurulmuş ve bu çerçevede basına intikal eden haberlere göre 1910’lu yılların başından itibaren çeşitli basın organlarında milli kütüphanelere dair haberlerin yayınlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu şehirlerde kütüphane kurma girişimlerinden sadece İzmir’deki başarılı olup 1912 senesinde kurulan İzmir Milli Kütüphanesi günümüze kadar gelmiştir. 1916 senesinde Konya’da kurulan milli kütüphane ise şimdiki Konya İl Halk Kütüphanesinin temelini oluşturmuştur.
Kültürel Miras Taşıyıcısı Olarak Dijital Kütüphaneler: Dede Korkut Kitabı’nın Dresden Dijital Nüshası
Authors: GÖKKURT DEMİRTEL Özlem , YILDIRIM Banu Fulya , CAN Şerife Funda
Published: June 2023

Kültürel miras verisi, geçmişle etkileşime geçmemize ve kültürel varlıklarımızı öğrenmemize, tanıtmamıza ve korumamıza yardımcı olmadaki önemli rolü nedeniyle dijital kütüphanelerde çok dikkat edilmesi gereken bir kategoridir. Kütüphanelerin kültürel miras niteliği taşıyan yazma ve nadir eserleri dijitalleştirerek çevrim içi platformlarda sunmasının önündeki yazılım ve teknik engeller günümüzde yeni araç ve teknolojiler sayesinde ortadan kalkmış olup dünya genelinde birçok kütüphane dijital koleksiyonlarını web siteleri üzerinden çevrim içi sunmaktadır. Bu sayede kullanıcılar söz konusu dijital koleksiyonlara erişebilmekte, bununla kalmayıp bilgisayarlarına, tablet veya akıllı telefon gibi mobil cihazlarına ücretsiz olarak indirebilmektedir. Kütüphanelerin dijital koleksiyonlarına erişilebilirliğin artması aynı zamanda tarihsel, kültürel ve bilimsel değerlere de erişimi artırmaktadır. Kültürel mirasımızın önemli eserlerinin dijitalleştirilmiş nüshalarını web siteleri üzerinden erişime sunan yurt dışında birçok dijital kütüphane örneği bulunmaktadır. Bu kütüphaneler arasında yer alan Dresden Dijital Kültüphanesi’nin erişime açmış olduğu eserler arasında kültürel mirasımızın en değerli eserlerinden biri olan Dede Korkut Kitabı’nın dijitalleştirilmiş nüshası da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ülkeler arasında dağılmış bellek kurumlarında yer alan kültürel miras eserlerinin bütünsel bir sunumunun daha fazla önem kazanmış olmasından hareketle Dresden Dijital Kütüphanesi dijital koleksiyonlarında yer alan Dede Korkut Kitabı’nın dijitalleştirilmiş nüshası üzerinden kültürel bellek kurumu olarak dijital kütüphanelerin kültürel miras açısından önemini ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada dijital kütüphanelerin kültürel mirasın devamlılığı konusundaki etkileri ve kültürel işlevleri detaylı olarak ele alınarak anlatılmakta olup aynı zamanda dijital kütüphanelerin kültürel mirasın korunması, geliştirilmesi ve sunumu konularında yeni açılımlar sunmaktır. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre farklı ülkelerin bellek kurumlarında yer alan kültürel miras eserlerinin erişim ve kullanımını daha etkili bir düzeye taşıyacak olanakların kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.