bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Universo Privado ao Espaço Aberto, do Espaço Aberto ao Universo Privado Recepção e Gêne
Authors: Geske Samara Fernanda de Lócio e Silva
Published: June 2022

Este artigo pretende traçar linhas gerais sobre a recepção e a gênese de L’Étranger , passando pelo universo privado dos primeiros leitores do manuscrito até chegar ao espaço aberto de seus primeiros críticos, para do espaço aberto da obra publicada retornar o universo privado do processo de criação do romance.
História e ritual: relações possíveis entre guerras, missões e devoção
Authors: Cirino Giovanni
Published: June 2022

A partir de um ritual de devoção a São Benedito (Ilhabela, litoral norte de São Paulo), discute-se a atuação missionária através de autos catequéticos. Partindo das festas do Brasil Colonial, procuramos compreender os liames entre a atividade missionária, as guerras na África Centro-Ocidental nos séculos XVI e XVII e as representações rituais. O foco desta reflexão são as relações entre os eventos históricos e as formas de publicização da atividade missionária. Busca-se compreender não apenas o ritual enquanto potenciador de um imaginário devocional, mas também os desdobramentos dos eventos representados, suas interpretações e processos de ressignificação.
Folklore and the construction of a new society
Authors: Mlacha S. A. K.
Published: June 2022

The construction of a new society just like any development achieved or to be achieved in any one society will depend upon many factors.
Suicide in Yoruba culture
Authors: Olomola Isola
Published: June 2022

The mains focus of this paper is the various connotations of suicide among the Yoruba in the pre-colonial era.
Presencia africana en los carnavales de Santiago de Cuba
Authors: Brea Rafael , Millet José
Published: June 2022

O artigo aborda um aspecto da cultura popular cubana pouco explorado até o momento: as influências africanas no carnaval de Santiago de Cuba, do mesmo modo que se fazem sentir, com intensidade diferente, em Porto Rico e República Dominicana
Yaka (ou o calcanhar de Aquiles?)
Authors: Torres Alexandre Pinheiro
Published: June 2022

O autor, a partir do romance do angolano Pepetela, YAKA, põe em evidência as consequências do sistema colonial, no plano dos colonizadores. Os aspectos dramáticos decorrentes da condição de ‘superioridade’ do colonizador face a uma situação colonial concreta são ressaltados por Alexandre Pinheiro Torres, configurados num drama inserido numa situação concreta.
A imprensa negra em Moçambique: a trajetória de "O Africano" - 1908-1920
Authors: Zamparoni Valdemir D.
Published: June 2022

A partir do contexto histórico-econômico o autor aborda o aparecimento da Imprensa Negra de Moçambique e de suas vicissitudes. Analisa a trajetória de ‘O Africano’, ressaltando sua importância na formação da consciência política do colonizado (negros, mulatos ou brancos marginalizados).
La dynamique de l´Art Ding Nzumguba Ibio
Authors: Ibio Nzumguba
Published: June 2022

nulo
Morphology of the Igbo Folktale: Its ethnographic, historiographic and aesthetic implications
Authors: Azuanye Chucwuma
Published: June 2022

In this work, the author the relevance of analytic models proposed by Vladimir Propp in “Morphology of the Folktales” of the Igbo traditional tales. Showing formerly some methodological criterion of Propp, examine the morphology of Igbo folktales, the presence of ethnographic elements, historiography and aesthetic, as well as, the efficiency of these models for the study of the oral narrative aspects.
Pre-colonial origins of the national question in Nigéria: the yoruba identity as a case study
Authors: Falola Toyin
Published: June 2022

The author tries to put in evidence the pre-colonial origins of Nigerian national questions. Based on the Yoruba identity as case study, he deals with aspects relations whit the importance of the State in the interior of Yoruba groups in the pre-colonial era, as well as with the territorial domination, with the survival of the identity of the Yoruba in the pre and post-colonial era, and also with the emergency of a Yoruba conscience post-colonial, stimulated by the contact with the English
L´experience cooperative au Congo (Zaire) dans le contexte colonial. Forme de duperie internationale et de devoyemente des colonises
Authors: Musas Tshibangu K.
Published: June 2022

Ce travail présent des données historiques sur le mouvement coopératif existant au Zaïre depuis sa naissance jusqu’à l’actualité. Le coopérativisme est présenté par l’auteur comme étant l’instrument par excellence utilisé dans le cadre de la politique internationale pour l’effectivation d’un nouveau d’un nouveau « pacte colonial » enfin de maintenir le colonialisme économique. Les coopératives congolaises, soumises aux conditions de temps et d’espace d’un néo-colonialisme, durent accentuer les relations de dépendance entre colonie et métropole. Conclut l’auteur que ces coopératives toujours définies par les agents sociaux n’ont pas été effectivement dynamisées au bénéfice du pays.
África Ocidental: situação política-econômica
Authors: Lima Jorge Daniel Spencer
Published: June 2022

Muito se tem falado sobre a África nos últimos tempos, particularmente no que diz respeito às dificuldades por que passa sejam elas de caracter econômico, político ou social.
The traveler and his historical context: Ham Mukusa´s Sir Apolo Kagwa discovers Britain
Authors: Afejuku Tony E.
Published: June 2022

This is an analysis about a report of tour written by an Ugandan during his visit to Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th country. This report shows a critical look about the colonial situation, including a discussion about the English colonial culture and society, whose interest is as historical as anthropological
"Angola: punto de viraje"
Authors: Alvarez Domingo Amuchástegui
Published: June 2022

nulo
The socio-politic dimension of Capeverdean narrative
Authors: Nascimento Luzia Garcia
Published: June 2022

In this article the author tries to show the presence of the Portuguese colonialism in the Capeverdean literature produced between 1930 and 1974. This study is based on the considerations of Manuel Lopes on Os meios pequenos e a cultura, and proposes a discussion of three literary works: Famintos (Luis Romano) Chiquinho (Baltazar Lopes) and Hora di Bai (Manuel Ferreira).
Poesia angolana: contra a corrente, a favor da esperança
Authors: Chaves Rita
Published: June 2022

O trabalho discute as características da poesia produzida nos últimos 50 anos e o lugar do poeta num mundo marcado pela cisão, capaz de evitar o caos assegurando à palavra o direito e o poder de continuar fundando utopias. A matéria poética evoca as raízes de um povo marginalizado pelo cativeiro de desigualdade, mas o itinerário da poesia angolense é marcado por uma história de resistência à dominação, numa luta, dentre outras, da palavra contra o esquecimento. Pela memória, resgata-se a crença na utopia e vislumbra-se a chance de ultrapassar a barbárie colonial.
Castro Soromenho e a realidade africana
Authors: Loge Celso José
Published: June 2022

Como sabemos, Soromenho, filho de um governador colonial e de mãe cabo-verdeana, nasceu em Moçambique, mas passou grande parte de sua vida em Angola – tema básico de sua produção literária. Interessou-se sempre por jornalismo e se ocupou desta profissão por muito tempo. Nos últimos anos de sua vida dedicou-se aos estudos africanos, à antropologia e outras ciências sociais – fato por si só relevante para que o leitor concorde com a veracidade, com o realismo das nuas e cruas descrições de seus romances, principalmente os escritos neste período de pesquisas e reflexões.
Religiões africanas no Brasil e catolicismo – um questionamento
Authors: Rolim Francisco Cartaxo
Published: June 2022

Quando hoje olhamos para os terreiros de Umbanda e Candomblé, deixamo-nos levar por um natural sentimento de espanto, tal a sua proliferação nas áreas urbanas. E a questão que tem preocupado a muitos estudiosos é a de se saber porque tanto crescem e se expandem. Daí o estudo deste fenômeno em sua fase atual.
Le malade négro-africain et son milieu social
Authors: Angaté Antoine Yangni
Published: June 2022

Le médecine moderne dans sa pratique courant et notamment l´acte chirurgical dont les résultats parfois prodigieux ne nous font pas oublier pour autant son caractère spécifiquement agressif, déclenche chez tout malade quel qu´il soit des réactions simples en apparence, mais, à la réflexion, fort complexes qui méritent d´etre étudiées.
Conceptual kings and the crown: ecology and royalty in Yoruba gourd carving
Authors: Kalilu R. O. Rom
Published: June 2022

The history and significance of the motifs used in Yoruba gourd carving in Nigeria has thus far been of very little concern to scholarship on the art. The repertoire of the motifs is very large and includes eight categories: geometric, texts, anthropomorphic, anthropo-zoomorphic, man-made object, zoomorphic, skeumorphic and floral, the last three of which are preferred for important commissions and are of particular interest to this work. Premised on the socio-historical significance of the motifs, this art historical exercise examines their entire range, iconological significance and history. The history of the motifs is sought in contemporary practice, the functions of carved gourds, oral tradition and the art history of Old Oyo, the kingdom from where the art originated in Yoruba land. The paper classify the development of the motifs into three chronological periods of pre-1836, post 1836 to 196O, and 196O to the 198Os. It observes that the zoomorphic motifs allude to the ecological reality in Yoruba homeland. The animals are also regarded as kings in their various typological and zoogeographical contexts and are therefore, with the crown and markhamia tomentosa, symbolic of kingship. Significantly, the motifs and their development attest to the participation of Yoruba art in the general education, stratification and political mobilization of the society.
An evolution of public policies for rural development in Nigeria
Authors: Adedayo Adebisi
Published: June 2022

The rural area of Nigeria has long been recognized as very basic to the attainment of the overall national development. This is because of its association with highly valued land uses including farming, grazing, lumbering, forestry, hunting, fishing, mining and settlement among others. Despite these, the rural environment in Nigeria experiences socio-economic difficulties which make their inhabitants to be highly deprived. Since political independence in 1960, however, several policies and programmes have been put in place with a view to overcoming rural underdevelopment. This paper examines a range of these strategies and evaluates the extent of their success. An improved citizen mobilization and participation approach is therefore suggested as the most realistic means of achieving the goal of rural development.
O estudo arqueológico de Palmares e a sociedade brasileira
Authors: Funari Pedro Paulo Abreu
Published: June 2022

O artigo trata do quilombo do século XVII, no Nordeste do Brasil, Palmares. O estudo arqueológico de Palmares deve lidar com questões relativas à etnicidade, no passado e no presente. O trabalho termina com os desafios que o arqueólogo estudioso de Palmares deve enfrentar.
Signifying blackness: the black aesthetic revisited
Authors: Okunoye Oyeniyi
Published: June 2022

Este pequeno texto procura problematizar certas noções que vão contra a tentativa de formulação de uma teoria da arte negra. Para isso, são utilizadas, em parte, as teorias relacionadas com o público para delinear um caminho alternativo para uma teoria da estética negra. Mas, principalmente, é defendido que uma teoria da arte negra que queira ter uma certa credibilidade, deve reconhecer as preferências compartilhadas pelas várias populações negras no mundo. ademais, esta teoria deve também reconhecer o vínculo entre as várias formas de expressão cultural -- literatura, música, pintura, teatro e cinema -- existentes dentro do universo cultural do mundo negro.
La souverainete nationale a l'epreuve de la mondialisation
Authors: Bamba Mathieu Lou
Published: June 2022

Tous les pouvoirs politiques africains partagent le principe de la souveraineté que vise à les protegér de tout empiétement externe, leur donne la responsabilité et la liberté d'être leurs propres maîtres. Actuellement pourtant, la modialisation qui est au centre du discours capitaliste, èlimine les frontières, homogénéise les cultures et réduit les différences en imposant des choix, des orientations et des méthodes souvent incompatibles avec les impératifs de developpement des pays africains. Dans ce context de mondialisation, comment concilier la volonté d'assumer la souveraineté nationale avec les exigences des puissances financières extrerieures? La mondialisation ne met-elle pas à mal l'identité et la souveraineté des Étaits africains? Que vaut la liberté souveraine dans un cadre de dépendance chronique? L'analyse de cette problématique, d'une part souligne les contraintes imposées à l'Etat africain "souverain" par la mondialisation, et d'autre part suggère les conditions de possibilité d'une coordination entre la mondialisaton et la souveraineté nationale. En effet, loin de favoriser l'épanouissement de l'homme, comme on le croirait, la mondialisation contitue dans tous les domaines de la vie des pays africains un véritable frein à l'affirmation de la liberté: économie, politique, social, environnement, culture etc. Mais ces entraves peuvent être surmontées, à condition que les Africains se donnent les moyens de leur propre dignité par la véritable démocratisation de leurs pays et par l'intégration réussie dans le concert des nations.
Absolute pover poverty ty in Nigeria: an analysis of the future trend
Authors: Ijaiya Gafar T.
Published: June 2022

The persistent increase in absolute poverty has become worrisome to both the government and the people of Nigeria. Using a Time series simple linear forecasting model this paper examines the trend in absolute poverty in Nigeria and made forecast of what the rate of absolute poverty vis-à-vis the nation’s population would be between the year 2001 and 2010. The result obtained indicate that by the year 2010, 129.6 million people out of the projected 137.8 million people would be poor if certain policy measures such as sound fiscal and monetary policies, increase in employment, heavy investment in agriculture, development and promotion of the informal sector activities, good governance and fight against corruption are not taken into consideration.
A dimensão ritual na solução de conflitos na justiça tradicional de sociedades africanas
Authors: Serrano Carlos
Published: June 2022

Este artigo mostra que, em certas sociedades tradicionais africanas, a palavra falada, além do seu valor moral fundamental, possui caráter sagrado porque se associa à sua origem divina e às forças ocultas nela depositadas. Sendo agente mágico por excelência e grande vetor de “forças etéreas”, a palavra tira do sagrado o seu poder operativo e encontra-se em relação direta tanto com a manutenção como com a ruptura da harmonia, seja do homem, seja do mundo que o cerca. O homem é o suporte privilegiado da força vital que anima a palavra. A partir deste princípio, podemos compreender melhor o contexto mágico–religioso e social no qual se situa o respeito pela palavra nas sociedades africanas de tradição oral. Nesta ordem de preocupações, o adágio é uma dessas fórmulas rituais que integram os indivíduos dentro da sociedade, invocando a ordem estabelecida, a autoridade dos ancestrais (princípios míticos) e a dos seus intermediários viventes: os chefes. Dito de outro modo: se a palavra é essencial na socialização dos mais jovens, ela também é a expressão do poder e da ordem, não só da ordem cósmica, mas da ordem social.
Movimento da negritude: uma breve reconstrução histórica
Authors: Domingues Petrônio José
Published: June 2022

O objetivo deste artigo é reconstruir, em concisos apontamentos, a história do movimento da negritude, apresentando alguns de seus dilemas, contradições e reflexo no interior do movimento negro internacional na luta pela libertação dos povos africanos e da diáspora. Por último, abordaremos como esse movimento foi introduzido no Brasil.
Guiné-Bissau e Cabo Verde - Uma luta, um partido, dois países
Authors: Romano Luis
Published: June 2022

Guiné-Bissau e Cabo Verde - Uma luta, um partido, dois países, por Aristides Pereira. 2. ed. Lisboa: Editorial Notícias, 2002
Toward the quest for the truth in ethnomusicology: a mise au point
Authors: Mukuna Kazadi wa
Published: June 2022

Since its inception, the field of ethnomusicology has dramatically changed. In the past fifty years of its existence in the United States of America, ethnomusicology has been defined and redefined in order to shed light and clarify on its ultimate goal- objective—raison d’être. It is not an exaggeration to assert that over the years, as a socio-humanity discipline, ethnomusicologists are gradually becoming aware of their mission—to contribute to the understanding of human being—rather than limit their activities to the understanding of the mechanisms of their subject—study of music for its own sake. To accomplish this mission, ethnomusicologists have heavily relied on the interdisciplinary nature of their objectives. In the process, ethnomusicologists have been selectively borrowing theories and research models from their sister disciplines, such as sociology, anthropology, ethnography, and linguistics, in order to configure their own paradigm. The present essay is devoted to the mise au point (to clarify, to bring into focus) of the definition of ethnomusicology and the re-interpretation of the borrowed theories and methodologies as they are applied to the quest of the ultimate goal –the truth-- in the field of ethnomusicology.
Morte – Vida – Poeta
Authors: Kondé Kwamé
Published: June 2022

Praia, 19 de dezembro de 1977.
Kwamé Kondé
Cabo Verde
Papel de los descendientes de africanos en el desarollo económico social del Peru
Authors: Romero Fernando
Published: June 2022

Para enfocar, en lo que concierne al Peru, el tema del "desarrollo sócio-político de la minoría africana", hallo una dificultad más aparente que real pero que debo superar, respecto a los términos que clasifican al sujeto.
No-país-do-tempo-que-foi: os quintais de Ernesto Lara Filho
Authors: Muraro Andrea Cristina
Published: June 2022

In the work of the Angolan poet Ernesto Lara Filho, literary representation of Benguela is privileged, as well as childhood and his evocation of space: the backyard. As a result, we will observe in this text his design aesthetic, namely: peculiarities of the author’s biography and intertexts, coupled with the macrosystem of literatures in Portuguese
Música e literatura no circuito África/Brasil/Caribe
Authors: Azevedo Amailton Magno
Published: June 2022

This paper aims to discuss musical and literary memories in Africa / Brazil / Caribbean circuit. Sought to identify the aesthetic and political particularities surrounding the artistic output of this circuit, as well as the historical and cultural specificity of the peoples of the South Atlantic represented in musical and literary characters. As a result, we see a multicenter map of cultures and peoples that make up the Africa / Brazil / Caribbean in contemporary circuit, deconstructing the fixed image of the West as the standard historical plot. Praise the South Atlantic allowed to observe others unrelated to Euro-American artistic vanguard cultural modernism
La stratification sociale dans la Société Kuba (Bushoong)
Authors: Piema-Kuete Bushabu
Published: June 2022

nulo
Nuer e Burundi: autoridade e poder em duas sociedades africanas
Authors: Rego Antônio Carlos Pojo do
Published: June 2022

Desta forma, a hipótese central deste trabalho, que se pretende primeiramente como descritivo, seria uma tentativa de relacionar a rigidez do sistema político burundi em contraste com a fluidez do nuer em função das demandas exercidas pela situação de castas em que o primeiro se desenvolveu. A autonomização da instância política em Burundi, com o consequente reforço do aparato estatal e a predominância da função de dominação política  sobre a de coordenação social estaria diretamente ligada à presença, na sociedade "civil", de uma maioria étnica subjugada. Desta forma, a centralização do poder teria sido o preço pago pelos pastores nilóticos para poderem fazer frente à realidade da maioria hutu que era preciso subjugar.
África Central do Oeste em vésperas da partilha colonial: um esboço histórico do século XIX
Authors: Vellut Jean-Luc
Published: June 2022

Os limites da região que ora estudamos são, a grosso modo, delimitados pela costa atlântida a oeste, o lago Tanganica e a crista Nilo-Zaire a leste, as savanas de Ubangi ao norte pelo planalto que, ao sul, marca a separação das bacias do Zaire e do Zambeze.
Do negro à negritude; significação do teatro histórico de Aimé Césaire
Authors: Lethbridge Euridice Figueiredo
Published: June 2022

Há fundamentalmente dois tipos de herói na obra teatral de Aimé Césaire: o herói que detém o poder político e o que ainda luta para conquistá-lo, eventualmente. No primeiro se situam Christophe (de La tragédie du roi Christophe, 1963) e Lumumba (de Une saison au Congo, 1967), e no segundo, Metellus (da Tragédie du roi Christophe), Caliban (de Une tempête, 1969) e o Rebelde (de Et les chiens se taisaient, 1946).
A data da morte da rainha Jinga D. Verônica I
Authors: Campos Fernando
Published: June 2022

O único documento conhecido que se refere ao passamento da Rainha Jinga D. Verônica I (D. Verônica Guterres) é a Relação das Missões transcrita nos Documentos do Visconde de Paiva Manso (História do Congo). Infelizmente essa Relação não traz a data da morte dessa Rainha de Angola, nem sequer está datada, importando pois saber quando é que D. Verônica I morreu.
Uma leitura da poética de Jorge Barbosa
Authors: Kondé Kwame
Published: June 2022

Na verdade, com este trabalho queremos trazer à luz da verdade a grande mensagem que se desprende da poética de Jorge Barbosa, ao mesmo tempo, incutir na nossa gente o sentido duma leitura válida dos nossos artistas (donde o recurso e artifício duma dramatização, conquanto simples e, não afectada, tomando as coisas mais vivas) e assim poderem ter elementos capazes de os informar, formando, apurando dialecticamente o senso crítico e, desta forma, perder o sentido amorfo perante os nossos autênticos e verdadeiros valores.
Une approche anthropologique du commerce et des marchés et son application aux femmes-commerçantes de l´Afrique de l´Ouest
Authors: Cordonnier Rita
Published: June 2022

L´anthropologie économique fut la première discipline qui commença à analyser ce que représente le commerce pour les sociétés primitives.
Yoruba etnic groups or a Yoruba Ethnic Group? A review of the problem of ethnic identification
Authors: Adediran Biodun
Published: June 2022

In spite of the upsurge of interest in anthropological studies in the last half century, ethnologists and kindred scientist have not been able to agree on what criteria to use for identifying an ethnic group.
No antigamente, na vida. Estória d´água gorda: uma proposta de leitura
Authors: Moraes Fernanda Bastos
Published: June 2022

Editado pela primeira vez em 1974, No antigamente, na vida é na realidade um tríptico, do qual escolhemos a "tábua" central para objeto de nossa reflexão – "Estória d'água gorda" – que se encontra entre "Lá, em Tetembuatubia" e"Memória narrativa ao sol de Kinaxixi". Antes de propormos uma entre as várias possíveis leituras do texto, achamos válido fazer algumas considerações de ordem geral, com vistas a explicitar o caminho seguido pela nossa reflexão e precisar o sentido de alguns conceitos que a nortearam.
Negritude: a philosophy of withdrawal or protest?
Authors: Otakpor Nkeonye
Published: June 2022

In the dying days of 1980, two events occurred which were of much import to the future negritude.
Un cas de dualisme culturel: la pratique medicale dans une éthnie africaine
Authors: Areia Manuel Laranjeira R. de
Published: June 2022

Toute étude de la médecine et du médecin en Afrique Centrale devra commencer par établir une claire distinction entre trois agents du savoir traditionnels: le devin, le guérisseur et le sorcier. En ce qui concerne l'Angola j'ai analisé cette trilogie traditionnelle à partir d'une base linguistique prenant comme point de départ les trois grands groups linguistiques suivants: H. K. R. Dans la mesure du possible, j'ai recueilli une documentation concernant les ethnies qui habitent l'Angola, sans me confiner aux frontières politiques, d'ailleurs très arbitraires sur le plan culturel. L'étude monumentale de M. Guthrie établissant une division en zones linguistiques en Afrique bantoue a apporté aux chercheurs un nouvel instrument de travail très important si on veut approfondir l'analyse culturelle en utilisant l'apport linguistique. Choisissant l'Angola comme terrain de cet essai, j'ai ordenné la documentation d'apres le critérium linguistique de Guthrie. Ainsi, toutes es langues bantoues parlées en Angola sont regroupées en trois zones qui débordent d'ailleurs les frontières politiques de l'Angola.
Les relations interculturelles Amérique Latine / Afrique: point de vue d´un brésilien, professeur de Français
Authors: Caroni Ítalo
Published: June 2022

Les affinités entre les Amériques et l´Afrique sont nombreuses.
Penyakaha
Authors: Leite Fábio
Published: June 2022

O objetivo deste texto é o de apresentar alguns dados de realidade vitalmente relacionados com o conceito de ancestralidade antes enunciado do qual oferece um exemplo, dados esses referidos aos Senufo, uma civilização agrária negro-africana.
Invasive Versus Medical Management in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Non–ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Majmundar Monil , Ibarra Gabriel , Kumar Ashish , Doshi Rajkumar , Shah Palak , Mehran Roxana , Reed Grant W. , Puri Rishi , Kapadia Samir R. , Bangalore Sripal , Kalra Ankur
Published: June 2022

Background

The role of invasive management compared with medical management in patients with non–ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncertain, given the increased risk of procedural complications in patients with CKD. We aimed to compare clinical outcomes of invasive management with medical management in patients with NSTEMI‐CKD.

Methods and Results

We identified NSTEMI and CKD stages 3, 4, 5, and end‐stage renal disease admissions using
International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification
(
ICD‐10‐CM
) codes from the Nationwide Readmission Database 2016 to 2018. Patients were stratified into invasive and medical management. Primary outcome was mortality (in‐hospital and 6 months after discharge). Secondary outcomes were in‐hospital postprocedural complications (acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, major bleeding) and postdischarge 6‐month safety and major adverse cardiovascular events. Out of 141 052 patients with NSTEMI‐CKD, 85 875 (60.9%) were treated with invasive management, whereas 55 177 (39.1%) patients were managed medically. In propensity‐score matched cohorts, invasive strategy was associated with lower in‐hospital (CKD 3: odds ratio [OR], 0.47 [95% CI, 0.43–0.51];
P
<0.001; CKD 4: OR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.69–0.89];
P
<0.001; CKD 5: OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.49–1.06];
P
=0.096; end‐stage renal disease: OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.46–0.56];
P
<0.001) and 6‐month mortality. Invasive management was associated with higher in‐hospital postprocedural complications but no difference in postdischarge safety outcomes. Invasive management was associated with a lower hazard of major adverse cardiovascular events at 6 months in all CKD groups compared with medical management.

Conclusions

Invasive management was associated with lower mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events but minimal increased in‐hospital complications in patients with NSTEMI‐CKD compared with medical management, suggesting patients with NSTEMI‐CKD should be offered invasive management.
Literary Technology and Typographic Culture: The Instrument of Print in Early Modern Science
Authors: Lowood Henry E. , Rider Robin E.
Published: June 2022

Authors and printers together created the New Book of Nature—the printed literature of science—in early modern Europe. Careful attention has been given in recent years to the development of literary and rhetorical techniques in science. This article proposes that these developments were linked to printing technology and the typographic culture that produced the early printed book of science. We focus on several cases in which the roles of author and printer-publisher were joined and thereby highlight connections between knowledge production and reproduction during the Scientific Revolution. Examples include Regiomontanus, Tycho Brake, Galileo, William Leybourn, Joseph Moxon, and the collective practices and privileges of the Royal Society of London and the Paris Academy of Sciences.
The Chomskyan Revolution I: Syntax, Semantics, and Science
Authors: Harris R. Allen
Published: June 2022

This article, the first of a two-part study of the Chomskyan revolution, charts the initial stages of Chomsky’s success. His proposals in Syntactic Structures (1957) were very attractive to linguists in the then-dominant program (“Bloomfieldianism”). In particular, (1) Bloomfieldianism had difficulty with syntax, and the transformation was seen as advancing linguistics in that direction; (2) Bloomfieldianism had largely avoided semantics, and the transformation promised new ways to address meaning; and (3), on a metatheoretical level, the Bloomfieldians were very proud of linguistics’ status as a science, and Chomsky argued that grammatical modeling was much the same enterprise as theory construction in chemistry or in physics. Chomskyan transformational grammar had no trouble attracting supporters in linguistics and soon began to generate considerable interest outside as well. The second article, to be published in the summer issue of Perspectives on Science, charts the increasingly belligerent rhetoric of the Chomskyan program, rhetoric that made it clear that the aim was not to advance the current linguistic program but rather to replace it, and which therefore sparked the too-little-too-late resistance of Bloomfieldians in the early sixties.
Damned If You Do: Cartesians and Censorship, 1663–1706
Authors: Ariew Roger
Published: June 2022

I consider two events in late seventeenth-century philosophy: (i) the condemnation of Cartesianism by the church, the throne, and the university and (ii) the noncondemnation of Gassendism by the same powers. What is striking about the two events is that both Cartesians and Gassendists accepted the same proposition deemed heretical. Thus, what was sufficient to condemn Cartesianism was not sufficient to condemn Gassendism. As a result, I suggest that to understand what is involved in condemnation one has to pay close attention to the intellectual and/or social context and to rhetorical strategy, not just to the propositions condemned. In this case, what is at stake are some of the central propositions of corpuscularianism and the mechanical philosophy.
The Body of a New Machine: Situating the Organism between Telegraphs and Computers
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: June 2022

Genes and messages have a long association in biology, dating back at least to Weismann. But, through most of this history, even with the dramatic concreteness that molecular biology lent to this association, the image dominating most thinking about messages was drawn from the nineteenth-century technology of the telegraph. In the mid-twentieth century, a new technology, the computer, arrived to displace the telegraph. With that displacement, the meanings of many terms—of “message,” “information,” “organization,” indeed, “organism” —have, over the past few decades, all been transformed. In this article, I explore the computer’s impact on biological representation of the organism in two disciplines: molecular biology and developmental biology.
The Resolution of Discordant Results
Authors: Franklin Allan
Published: June 2022

Experiments often disagree. How then can scientific knowledge be based on experimental evidence? In this paper I will examine four episodes from the history of recent physics: (1) the suggestion of a Fifth Force, a modification of Newton’s law of gravitation; (2) early attempts to detect gravitational radiation (gravity waves); (3) the claim that a 17-keV neutrino exists; and (4) experiments on atomic-parity violation and on the scattering of polarized electrons and their relation to the Weinberg-Salam unified theory of electroweak interactions. In each of these episodes discordant results were reported, and a consensus was later reached that one result—or set of results—was incorrect. I will examine the process of reaching that consensus. I will show that the decision was reached by reasoned discussion based on epistemological and methodological criteria. It then follows that we may use experimental evidence as the basis of scientific knowledge.
Gods, Giants, Fractals, and the Geometry of Early Modernity: Descartes, Gassendi, and the Rise of Science
Authors: Glouberman M.
Published: June 2022

The recent scholarly promotion of Pierre Gassendi to a key position in the formative modern period raises doubts about the portrayal of Descartes as “the father” of the post-Scholastic philosophical conceptualization. I defend the Cartesio-centric account against Thomas M. Lennon’s elliptical alternative. The defense necessitates a reassessment of the root nature of Descartes’s contribution—specifically of the interplay between philosophy and science, the latter being the crucial extraphilosophical component of the new practico-cognitive ensemble. This raises questions about the “philosophically” of Descartes’s activity, and with that questions about the quality of modernity. By way of explaining Gassendis nonoriginative position, his attitude toward the post-Scholastic Humanist thought that Descartes simply repudiated is examined.
Information and the Ethics of Information Control in Science
Authors: Solomon Miriam
Published: June 2022

This article examines some current U.S. policies regarding the ethics of information control in scientific research, such as the requirements for “timely” publication and information sufficient for replication. The appropriateness of these policies is called into question by recent work in science studies, which suggest the importance of informal and nonlinguistic channels of information and the impossibility of exact replication of experiments. Policy change is recommended, but it needs to take into account considerations of privacy and enforceability.
The Political Cartography of the Human Genome Project
Authors: Balmer Brian
Published: June 2022

This article examines the mobilization of resources for the Human Genome Mapping Project in the United Kingdom. The Project was established through an award of additional funds to the Medical Research Council at a time of financial stringency within publicly funded science, accompanied by relatively little of the debate that had surrounded the U.S. initiative. It is argued, following Fujimura and Star’s terminology, that the project was “packaged” and repackaged by its proponents so that it aligned the, otherwise disparate, agendas of several “social worlds.” Furthermore, by bringing together certain social worlds and not others, some issues were also excluded from discussion. In this instance, the social and ethical issues surrounding genetic mapping were accorded a much lower profile than in other national programs.
Theoretical Unity: The Case of the Standard Model
Authors: Wayne Andrew
Published: June 2022

What does it mean to say that a scientific theory is unified? Prominent attempts by John Watkins, Philip Kitcher, and Margaret Morrison to answer this question face serious difficulties, and many analysts of science remain pessimistic about the possibility of ever rendering precise or explaining what theoretical unity consists in. This paper gives grounds for optimism, offering a novel account of the concept of unification. This account is tested against a detailed study of the standard model in contemporary high-energy physics, a theory for which a high degree of unity has repeatedly been claimed.
The Mill-Whewell Debate: Much Ado about Induction
Authors: Snyder Laura J.
Published: June 2022

This article examines the nineteenth-century debate about scientific method between John Stuart Mill and William Whewell. Contrary to standard interpretations (given, for example, by Achinstein, Buchdahl, Butts, and Laudan), I argue that their debate was not over whether to endorse an inductive methodology but rather over the nature of inductive reasoning in science and the types of conclusions yielded by it. Whewell endorses, while Mill rejects, a type of inductive reasoning in which inference is employed to find a property or cause shared by the observed members of a class, which is generalized to all its members, including the unobserved ones. Because of this, Whewell’s inductivism, unlike Mill’s, is able to yield theoretical hypotheses referring to unob-servables such as molecules and light waves. This is contrary to the claims of some critics of inductivism who argue that inductivism is unable to yield such hypotheses. Moreover, I suggest that Whewell’s view of induction conforms more closely than Mill’s view to the practice of scientists such as Kepler, Newton, and Fresnel, who do attempt to discover laws involving unobservables.
The Electrical Universe: Grand Cosmological Theory versus Mundane Experiments
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: June 2022

This article examines in detail a remarkable but short-lived cosmological theory of 1959. The theory depended crucially on a hypothesis that could be, and was, tested in the laboratory. I use the case to discuss the nature of testing in cosmology and to argue against ideas about astronomy suggested by Ian Hacking. The case of the electrical universe exemplifies how disagreements can be settled by good experiments and also how experiments of wide-ranging theoretical significance need not be biased by either theory or the experimentalists’ predisposed ideas. I argue that the episode supports Allan Franklins “evidence model” and disputes accounts based on the sociology of scientific knowledge.
The Laws of Motion from Newton to Kant
Authors: Watkins Eric
Published: June 2022

It is often claimed (most recently by Michael Friedman) that Kant intended to justify Newton’s most fundamental claims expressed in the Principia, such as his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. In this article, I argue that the differences between Newton’s laws of motion and Kant’s laws of mechanics are not superficial or merely apparent. Rather, they reflect fundamental differences in their respective projects. This point can be seen especially clearly by considering the nature of the various projects undertaken in Germany prior to Kant that discuss the laws of motion. Wolff and his followers qua metaphysicians were especially interested in providing nonempirical justifications of their laws of motion as well as an intelligible account of the fundamental properties of bodies in terms of substance, accident, and force. Maupertuis and Euler, despite often being seen as Newtonians, both drew on traditions other than Newton’s. Physics textbooks (by figures such as Erxleben, Karsten, ‘s Gravesande, and Musschenbroek) vary considerably in their aims, but in none of these cases is Newton’s main argument of the Principia presented. In light of the fact that these projects are distinct in significant ways from Newton’s project, the differences between Newton’s laws of motion and Kant’s laws of mechanics are most likely not merely apparent but reflect the fact that Kant, too, was pursuing a project fundamentally distinct from Newton’s.
Economist, Epistemologist … and Censor? On Otto Neurath’s Index Verborum Prohibitorum
Authors: Reisch George A.
Published: June 2022

This article is about Otto Neurath’s infamous proposal to combat metaphysics by creating and publishing an index of prohibited words. The logic of this proposal is explicated in the frameworks of Neurath’s philosophy of science and his International Encyclopedia of Unified Science. I reconstruct two arguments within Neurath’s project to defend the proposal against criticisms from Neurath’s colleagues and against the charge that philosophers ought not be censors.
“This Comet or New Star”: Theology and the Interpretation of the Nova of 1572
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: June 2022

This article examines a set of letters and observational reports that passed between Ludwig of Württemberg and Wilhelm of Hesse in response to the nova of 1572. Discussing the terminology used in this debate, it demonstrates that the terms “star” and “comet” were not unambiguous for sixteenth-century authors. A consideration of the relationship between accuracy of observation and the accuracy of the conclusions drawn from them, judged in the terms of twentieth-century astronomy, shows that those observers with the best instruments did not always have the best understanding of what they had observed. Finally, the role played by theology in facilitating interpretations that did not accord with Aristotelian physics is highlighted.
Realism and Instrumentalism in Sixteenth Century Astronomy: A Reappraisal
Authors: Barker Peter , Goldstein Bernard R.
Published: June 2022

We question the claim, common since Duhem, that sixteenth century astronomy, and especially the Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus, was instrumentalistic rather than realistic. We identify a previously unrecognized Wittenberg astronomer, Edo Hildericus (Hilderich von Varel), who presents a detailed exposition of Copernicus’s cosmology that is incompatible with instrumentalism. Quotations from other sixteenth century astronomers show that knowledge of the real configuration of the heavens was unattainable practically, rather than in principle. Astronomy was limited to quia demonstrations, although demonstration propter quid remained the ideal. We suggest that Oslander’s notorious preface to Copernicus expresses these sixteenth century commonplaces rather than twentieth century instrumentalism, and that neither ‘realism’, nor ‘instrumentalism’. in their modern meanings, apply to sixteenth century astronomy.
Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy
Authors: Sabra A. I.
Published: June 2022

The undoubted truth is that there exist for the planetary motions true and constant configurations from which no impossibilities or contradictions follow; they are not the same as the configurations asserted by Ptolemy; and Ptolemy neither grasped them nor did his understanding get to imagine what they truly are.
A Bayesian Analysis of Strategies in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Rudge David Wyss
Published: June 2022

Most work done in philosophy of experiment has focused on experiments taken from the domain of physics. The present essay tests whether Allan Franklin’s (1984, 1986, 1989, 1990) philosophy of experiment developed in the context of high energy physics can be extended to include examples from evolutionary biology, such as H. B. D. Kettlewell’s (1935, 1956, 1958) famous studies of industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia. The analysis demonstrates that many of the techniques used by evolutionary biologists exemplify the strategies Franklin lists, and identifies an additional strategy that can likewise be justified by appeal to Bayes’s Theorem.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Shanghai Metro Commuting Flows during Rainfall Events
Authors: Huang Sheng , Li Weijiang , Wen Jiahong , Zhu Mengru , Lu Yao , Wu Na
Published: June 2022

Driven by both climate change and urbanization, extreme rainfall events are becoming more frequent and having an increasing impact on urban commuting. Using hourly rainfall data and “metro” origin–destination (OD) flow data in Shanghai, China, this study uses the Prophet time series model to calculate the predicted commuting flows during rainfall events and then quantifies the spatiotemporal variations of commuting flows due to rainfall at station and OD levels. Our results show the following: 1) In general, inbound commuting flows at metro stations tend to decrease with hourly rainfall intensity, varying across station types. The departure time of commuters is usually delayed by rainfall, resulting in a significant stacking effect of inbound flows at metro stations, with a pattern of falling followed by rising. The sensitivity of inbound flows to rainfall varies at different times, high at 0700 and 1700 LT and low at 0800, 0900, 1800, and 1900 LT because of the different levels of flexibility of departure time. 2) Short commuting OD flows (≤15 min) are more affected by rainfall, with an average increase of 7.3% and a maximum increase of nearly 35%, whereas long OD flows (>15 min) decrease slightly. OD flows between residential and industrial areas are more affected by rainfall than those between residential and commercial (service) areas, exhibiting a greater fluctuation of falling followed by rising. The sensitivity of OD flows to rainfall varies across metro lines. The departure stations of rainfall-sensitive lines are mostly distributed in large residential areas that rely heavily on the metro in the morning peak hours and in large industrial parks and commercial centers in the evening peak hours. Our findings reveal the spatiotemporal patterns of commuting flows resulting from rainfall at a finer scale, which provides a sound basis for spatial and temporal response strategies. This study also suggests that attention should be paid to the surges and stacking effects of commuting flows at certain times and areas during rainfall events.
A Synopsis of Artificial Intelligence and its Applications in Surgery
Authors: Rajesh Aashish , Chartier Christian , Asaad Malke , Butler Charles E.
Published: June 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made steady in-roads into the healthcare scenario over the last decade. While widespread adoption into clinical practice remains elusive, the outreach of this discipline has progressed beyond the physician scientist, and different facets of this technology have been incorporated into the care of surgical patients. New AI applications are developing at rapid pace, and it is imperative that the general surgeon be aware of the broad utility of AI as applicable in his or her day-to-day practice, so that healthcare continues to remain up-to-date and evidence based. This review provides a broad account of the tip of the AI iceberg and highlights it potential for positively impacting surgical care.
Questioning the Pauline Authorship of Philemon: Crackpot Theory or Plausible Alternative?
Authors: Paley Justin
Published: June 2022

In modern scholarship, Paul’s letter to Philemon, which is considered to be one of the letters that virtually all scholars agree was written by Paul, has not been subjected to the same standards of historical inquiry compared to the ‘disputed’ letters of Paul (Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians and the Pastoral Epistles). This has led to double standards in how scholars treat the historical provenance of Philemon, as well as the question of Philemon’s authorship. The following article will serve to raise some important questions regarding the historical backdrop of the epistle that many scholars have been content to theorize about without much scrutiny, mainly because of the unquestioned assumption of Pauline authorship. In doing so, the hope is that this article can surface some double standards in how scholars treat Philemon compared to the other Pauline epistles and provide a fresh viewpoint in critical discussion of Philemon’s provenance and place in the Christian canon.