bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Écologie de l’institution scolaire – La cohérence entre contenus, méthodes et milieu scolaire
Authors: Salomone Mario
Published: February 2020

Au nom d’un principe de cohérence entre finalités, contenus et organisation du système éducationnel, il faut repenser et réorganiser du point de vue écologique non seulement le programme d’études, mais aussi les méthodologies, le rapport enseignant-apprenant, les milieux d’apprentissage considérés aussi bien au sens strict (espaces physiques où se déroulent des activités d’apprentissage structurées) qu’au sens large du terme, comme « communauté éducationnelle » qui comprend tous les facteurs politiques, sociaux, psychologiques, culturels, éducationnels et environnementaux. En effet, l’éducation relative à l’environnement peut représenter un moteur de changement surtout si elle devient le laboratoire et l’exemple concret d’une réorientation culturelle et socioéconomique, à travers l’écologie des bâtiments, la réduction des émissions, la pratique de styles de vie et de comportements écologiques, l’écologie de l’organisation des temps, l’écologie de la communication interne, l’écologie de l’utilisation des structures, l’écologie des réseaux et des partenariats. Bref, il s’agit de réaliser une écologie dans l’éducation, une écologie de l’éducation et une écologie du système.
La question du changement climatique dans le programme français d’éducation à l’environnement pour un développement durable – Nouvelle épistémologie des savoirs scolaires et implications pour la formation des enseignants
Authors: Urgelli Benoît
Published: February 2020

Cet article présente la problématique d’un travail de recherche en cours sur les pratiques et les représentations croisées d’enseignants, de journalistes scientifiques et d’experts du changement climatique. L’approche des discours et des positionnements d’acteurs permet de définir les caractéristiques de cette question socio-scientifique. Au regard de l’épistémologie des savoirs en jeu et dans le cadre de la politique éducative française pour l’environnement et le développement durable, on peut d’ores et déjà identifier quelques implications majeures pour l’enseignement et l’éducation en contexte scolaire.
Pour une approche coopérative de l’environnement à l’école primaire – Recherche exploratoire auprès d’enseignants du primaire
Authors: Fortin-Debart Cécile , Girault Yves
Published: February 2020

En France, depuis 2004, des instructions émanant du ministère de l’Éducation nationale visent à généraliser l’éducation à l’environnement qu’elles inscrivent dans la perspective du développement durable et qu’elles recommandent d’intégrer à tous les niveaux de l’enseignement scolaire. Dans le cadre de divers travaux en cours, notre objectif est de proposer un accompagnement pédagogique des enseignants avec la volonté de susciter des pratiques réflexives et critiques. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement ici à l’approche coopérative qui est centrée sur la dimension collective de l’apprentissage et de l’action en faveur de l’environnement qui est ainsi envisagé comme projet communautaire. Dans le cadre de cette contribution, nous mettons en évidence, par une recherche exploratoire menée auprès d’enseignants du primaire, certaines difficultés susceptibles d’être rencontrées dans la mise en place de projets éducatifs s’inscrivant dans cette approche coopérative.
Réapprendre à habiter ici et entre nous : une éducation centrée sur les lieux et la communauté
Authors: Berryman Tom
Published: February 2020

Dans une perspective philosophique et historique, cet article débute en soulignant l’intérêt de renouer avec des pratiques éducatives où les voies d’entrée se font à partir de croisements entre lieu et communauté. L’intérêt de telles entrées bien localisées s’explique notamment à l’aune d’un possible désenchantement face à une voie d’entrée relativement similaire, mais plus planétaire, totalisante et globalisante : la « communauté » de tous les êtres humains d’un « lieu » gigantesque, la planète. La critique des émergences totalisantes invite à de nécessaires et difficiles réenracinements. Ce texte propose quelques éléments de clarification des notions de communauté et de lieu. À partir de ces ancrages, l’article explore la notion d’éducation relative à l’environnement centrée sur la communauté et sur les lieux, d’abord à partir de définitions puis à partir de certaines pratiques. Ceci permet de souligner des contrastes avec d’autres approches d’éducation relative à l’environnement.
Les controverses environnementales : Entre conflit et consensus
Authors: Lafitte Jérôme
Published: February 2020

La controverse publique s’est imposée comme une forme récurrente de la dynamique démocratique. La montée des préoccupations environnementales a conforté cette pratique discursive, qui mobilise différents types de savoirs. Appréhendée par plusieurs disciplines académiques, la controverse environnementale reste encore peu abordée en éducation des adultes relative à l’environnement (EAE). Par ailleurs, le consensus reste la visée ultime sans que les potentialités du conflit ne soient toujours pleinement exploitées dans une perspective critique, pourtant dominante en éducation des adultes. À partir d’une exploration de la littérature récente en EAE, cet article esquisse une généalogie de la controverse envisagée selon deux modalités discursives de construction du savoir repérables que j’appellerai figure de la discorde et figure de la concorde, afin de rendre compte des usages du consensus et du conflit et leurs apports potentiels pour la construction d’une grille d’analyse des controverses environnementales.
Au cœur des questions socio-écologiques : des savoirs à construire, des compétences à développer
Authors: Sauvé Lucie
Published: February 2020

Dans le contexte actuel d’une « gouvernance » axée sur les alliances politico-économiques et l’instrumentalisation de la démocratie, c’est à la société civile que revient la tâche démesurément exigeante d’exercer une vigile critique sur les décisions relatives aux affaires publiques, en matière d’énergie, de ressources naturelles ou d’alimentation par exemple, et d’assumer le vaste chantier de l’innovation écosociale visant à transformer les façons de « vivre ICI ensemble ». L’éducation contemporaine est interpellée au premier plan pour accompagner et stimuler le développement d’une écocitoyenneté critique, créative et engagée, capable et désireuse de participer aux débats publics, à la recherche de solutions et à l’avènement d’une écosociété. À cet effet, parmi les apprentissages désormais nécessaires, tant en milieu scolaire que tout au long de la vie, il faut souligner les compétences d’ordre critique, éthique et politique. Ces champs de compétences intègrent un ensemble de savoirs de divers types et ils sont étroitement liés entre eux. Ils font appel à une « pédagogie engagée » et soulèvent des défis stimulants pour les acteurs d’une éducation ancrée, en toute pertinence, dans un monde en mutation.
L’écocitoyenneté chez les enfants : potentiel et paradoxe
Authors: Cohen Natasha Blanchet , Mambro Giulietta Di
Published: February 2020

Le terme écocitoyenneté devient plus courant dans la littérature, mais le point de vue des enfants à cet égard a fait l’objet de peu de recherches. Cet article explore la conception de l’écocitoyenneté chez 93 élèves de 4e, 5e et 6e années du primaire, telle qu’exprimée lors de séances où ils étaient invités à donner leur définition individuelle du terme « environnement » puis à jouer le rôle d’experts dans la résolution de problèmes socio-environnementaux dans le cadre de mises en situation. L’analyse des définitions individuelles, puis des pistes de résolution collectives apportées par les enfants montre un paradoxe, à savoir la rupture entre les conceptions initiales limitées de l’environnement exprimées par les élèves en grand groupe et la façon dont ils se projettent en tant qu’acteurs environnementaux lors des mises en situation. La pertinence, la créativité et la diversité des solutions aux problèmes posés montrent que les enfants mobilisent des représentations riches de l’environnement et de l’écocitoyenneté quand ils sont appelés à agir en ces domaines. Notre étude met en évidence un intérêt marqué pour l’engagement collectif chez les enfants, ce qui soulève un questionnement sur le rôle des adultes et la place de l’école dans le développement de leur potentiel en tant qu’agents environnementaux.
Postures épistémologiques et cadres théoriques des principaux courants de l’éducation aux territoires
Authors: Girault Yves , Barthes Angela
Published: February 2020

La géographie développe une réflexion épistémologique sur les sociétés et leurs territoires et précise, à travers les courants de la géographie sociale et culturelle, les liens entre les savoirs et leurs territoires. Nous examinons ces divers ancrages épistémologiques, lesquels sont largement repris dans les réflexions sur les modalités, valeurs et finalités des éducations relatives à l’environnement et au développement durable. Cela permet de proposer une typologie des approches théoriques portant sur la question émergente de l’éducation aux territoires.
Analyse d’une démarche de résolution de problèmes environnementaux en République de Guinée
Authors: Boutet Marc , Gadbois Amélie , Samson Ghislain , BAH Mamadou Bhoye , Diallo Kadiatou Nour
Published: February 2020

Cet article décrit l’impact de la mise en œuvre d’une démarche de résolution de problèmes environnementaux par trois groupes d’élèves de la République de Guinée. L’objectif poursuivi était de mieux comprendre les enjeux d’une telle démarche au regard d’un engagement citoyen des jeunes africains pour le développement durable. Une classe du primaire, une du secondaire et une autre de la formation professionnelle ont travaillé à poser et à formuler des solutions à la problématique de la qualité de l’eau dans la capitale Conakry. Les données recueillies ont permis de constater l’intérêt des élèves pour ces questions, particulièrement lorsqu’elles sont appréhendées par observation directe sur le terrain ; leur désir de passer à l’action a été également manifeste. Les principales limites observées sont l’accessibilité restreinte à des ressources documentaires ainsi que le manque de formation des enseignants en éducation à l’environnement et au développement durable.
L’éducation à l’alimentation : entre représentations et pratiques alimentaires
Authors: Marquat Christel
Published: February 2020

L’une des visées centrales de l’éducation contemporaine est d’apprendre à vivre dans une société complexe et de faire vivre une démocratie porteuse des valeurs de responsabilité et de solidarité. En choisissant de développer des modes de consommation alternatifs tels que les circuits courts de proximité, les citoyens interrogent la question des valeurs et de leur transmission. L’objectif de cet article est de considérer l’apport de différentes formes d’éducation, soit l’éducation implicite familiale, l’éducation informelle et l’éducation non formelle populaire, à l’égard de nos comportements alimentaires. Nous mettrons plus spécifiquement en évidence la contribution des AMAPs (Associations pour le Maintien d’une Agriculture Paysanne). Les modes de consommation alternatifs proposés par ce type de structure invitent les citoyens à entrer dans une démarche émancipatrice conduisant à l’action et à l’engagement, principes fondateurs de l’éducation populaire.
Conception des sciences d’élèves de 4e secondaire engagés dans une démarche interdisciplinaire d’enseignement des sciences sur les changements climatiques
Authors: Bader Barbara , Arseneau Isabelle , Therriault Geneviève
Published: February 2020

Ce texte présente un portrait de la conception des sciences d’élèves de 4e secondaire à la suite de la mise à l’essai d’une démarche d’enseignement interdisciplinaire autour d’une question socialement vive à caractère environnemental (QSVE), celle des changements climatiques dans six classes de sciences de 4e secondaire de la région de Québec. Les résultats tirés de l’analyse d’entretiens semi-dirigés avec les élèves illustrent l’intérêt de notre démarche pour les élèves et précise comment elle a enrichi leur conception des sciences. Il semble que la stratégie pédagogique privilégiée permette d’enrichir certains aspects de considérations plus actuelles sur les pratiques de recherche et les incertitudes en jeu. Les formes d’engagement citoyen que mettent de l’avant les élèves au terme de la démarche sont aussi abordées.
Des savoirs disciplinaires au service de l’Éducation au développement durable ? Un cas en formation d’enseignants
Authors: Doussot Sylvain
Published: February 2020

L’évidence de la dualité savoir/action peut conduire, à l’école, à faire des savoirs disciplinaires de simples ressources à mobiliser pour résoudre des problèmes politiques tels que ceux du développement durable, alors que les disciplines scientifiques se sont précisément développées en s’autonomisant des questions idéologiques et politiques. C’est cette évidence qu’on questionne à partir du travail d’étudiants en formation d’enseignant, qui donne à voir le travail critique sur les faits et les idées qu’ils doivent accomplir pour concilier l’objectif d’apprentissage de savoirs géographiques et de compétences civiques et sociales. La figure de l’expert favorise cette enquête en distinguant l’expert qui dit le vrai, de l’expert qui organise la rencontre entre savoir d’expérience et savoir scientifique. La référence à ce second type d’expertise rend possible un dépassement de la confrontation des solutions par la reconstruction disciplinaire du problème politique pour dégager des critères d’évaluation capables d’aider à la décision.
Savoirs endogènes en classe des sciences : points de vue d’enseignants et d’enseignantes en formation au Gabon
Authors: Moussavou Raymonde
Published: February 2020

Les contextes du développement durable et de l’éducation relative à l’environnement intègrent une revalorisation pratique et épistémologique des savoirs endogènes ou locaux alors qu’une telle promotion ne semble pas influencer l’enseignement traditionnel des sciences au Gabon où le curriculum hérité de la colonisation fait l’impasse sur ces derniers. C’est dans cette perspective que lors d’une recherche doctorale, deux groupes d’enseignants et d’enseignantes en formation ont participé aux entretiens collectifs et se sont exprimés sur les enjeux reliés à l’intégration des savoirs endogènes à l’enseignement des sciences. L’analyse thématique des résultats montre que certains savoirs endogènes sont avérés sur le plan patrimonial, mais qu’il faut être critique au regard des pratiques auréolées de mysticisme et des croyances justifiant certains interdits. De plus, si cette intégration est une nécessité, cela ne peut se faire sans respecter des conditions d’expérimentation et d’intégration au curriculum officiel.
India-BIMSTEC Bilateral Trade Activities
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Gupta Akriti
Published: February 2020

The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is one of the solutions to converge the economic interests of India's Look East Policy and Thailand's Look West Policy. Its objective is to integrate the regions on both sides of the Bay of Bengal. The development of BIMSTEC countries is indispensable for the forward march of Asia as a whole. This chapter analyzes the India-BIMSTEC trade activities after the establishment of BIMSTEC bloc. Gravity model and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) are used. The model estimates the sets of regression equations to measure the effects of regional trade agreements using ordinary least squares with nation dummies to capture country-specific fixed effects. The study reveals that all coefficients of regional dummy variables are mostly positive and significant, indicating the agreements that tend to enhance more trade than bilateral trade agreements. The authors state that based on India's trade with the BIMSTEC region, there exists a scope for intraregional trade in the future.
India's Export Competitiveness With BIMSTEC Countries
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet
Published: February 2020

This chapter analyzes the export competitiveness of India against BIMSTEC countries. To identify the comparative advantage/disadvantage of India's exports with BIMSTEC countries, revealed comparative advantage (RCA) approach is used at HS 6-digit. It provides an understanding of challenges and opportunities that India's export sector faces as it becomes rapidly integrated into global markets. The study identifies those export categories in which India loses, gains, or maintains its comparative advantage with following the stages of comparative advantages. The study concludes that India's export sectors witnessed competitive positioning of some of its product, and these trends have not been uniform across all Industries. Rapid export growth of some sector does not imply that the sector is displaying high demand growth in BIMSTEC markets. In an ideal situation, there would be the emergence of an export structure that has a heavy concentration in those industries that exhibit high growth in the BIMSTEC market.
Factors Influencing International Institutional Investments
Authors: Gupta Akriti , Kaur Gurpreet , Sarva Mahesh
Published: February 2020

At the turn of the 21st century, globalization of developed and developing countries in the world witnessed institutional inflows from international investors which became the main characteristic of global capital markets. The current research has assessed time-series data from 2000 to 2017 to understand how the different elements that have influenced the foreign institutional investments and helped India become a global market for such investors. The results revealed that political risk, financial market development, trade openness of the country, size of the economy, and rate of return on investment are the important determinants in attracting foreign institutional investments in India. The chapter also found economic risk and financial market risk played an insignificant role in determining foreign institutional investment in India. The findings of the research help the present government and market regulators to introduce policies aimed at increasing the flow of funds from international institutional investors.
Latin America
Authors: Dutta Tanima , Rawat Anupam , Mishra Arti
Published: February 2020

Latin America has been often termed as the lost continent but over the last two decades, both Europe and America have adjusted their policies as per the requirements and opportunities offered by these countries which shows that everything has not been lost. The geopolitical importance of these countries is also immense because of the huge oil reserves that they have apart from other important minerals and materials. These countries have also regrouped since the 1980s and developed the Atlantic Triangle and the Pacific Triangle to take advantage of their strengths. The chapter traces the development of globalization and regionalization in this continent and what it means to the current politico-economic world of today.
Gamification Is
Authors: Marcusson Leif
Published: February 2020

Gamification is the use of game mechanics in non-game situations for the players' / users' own goals by strengthening their intrinsic motivation. Game mechanics can for example be pins, badges, avatars, and leveling. The expression gamification was created in 2002 and is still in use although it has always been a problematic term. There are many models, methods, and tools to choose between when creating gamified applications. But regardless of which choice is made, the player / user must be in the center and knowledge about him/her used. A gamified application must in principle be digital and give instant feedback and reward. The effects of tiredness are particularly interesting since they limit the possibilities of gamification and would be of interest to investigate more.
Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Palmquist Adam , Gillberg David
Published: February 2020

Gamification, the idea of using game design elements to make tasks more engaging, is used in many contexts. The enthusiasm for gamification and its potential uses can be seen in different research—as well as business fields. As of this day, there exists no dominant design principle or standard on how to construct a gamified solution. However, there seem to exist generic dogmas on what a gamification solution should include, look, and feel like. The theories used to explain the gamification techniques often originate from the field of game design and psychology. It is possible that more research fields could be used as a lens to magnify the effects of gamified information systems. In this report, we use the theories from environmental psychology and the servicescape methods to construct a lens to suggest improvements in gamification design for a learning management system used in higher education.
Digital Transformations Carried Out Through Games
Authors: Monstad Therese Hedman , Burman Sanna
Published: February 2020

Digital transformations are ubiquitous in today's society. Organisations at all levels and types are challenged by the necessity to relate and adapt their activities to the digital reality of the environment in which they operate. Despite the focus on digitalization, many of the digital transformation projects fail. Organisations are therefore probing for tools that can lead to successful transformations. In this chapter, the authors explore if gamification, here considered a servicescape, may be used to endorse and enhance employees' understanding, engagement, and participation in a digital change process. A qualitative study has been carried out where two organisations' change processes have been explored and gaming experts have been interviewed to give their view of the use of gamification in organisational change processes. The results indicate that gamification may be used to engage and motivate employees to participate in organisational change and hence contribute to successful digital transformation.
Gamifying Practice
Authors: Calås David
Published: February 2020

This chapter argues that gamification is primarily of practical importance and discusses research strategies that could be used to approach gamification studies from practice-based perspectives. Since practice theories are much absent in the area of gamification studies, this chapter considers how adopting a practice ontology can help resolve some pressing issues in theorization. A shift towards practice theory implies a step away from reductionist claims found in current literature, such as focusing and classifying single game components or mechanics, into a framework of realist social constructionism. In this view, gamification systems are designed to influence people's experience and commitments by intervening with pre-existing social arrangements. Practice perspectives require the researcher to start at a social site, where practices unfold and are enacted. The promise of practice approaches in research on gamification lies in their capacity of addressing the concerted accomplishment of orderly scenes of action, where researchers must have an understanding of the practices of gaming and the gamified situation.
Network Modelling on Tropical Diseases vs. Climate Change
Authors: Udhaya Sankar G. , Ganesa Moorthy C.
Published: February 2020

This chapter has proposed a systematic method to design mathematical models. These models have been associated with counting of white blood cells, counting of red blood cells, population of mosquitoes, and counting of foreign bodies like virus, bacteria, and parasite in a human body. Interpretations for critical points or equilibrium points have been given for network systems of differential equations associated with models. A practical method of applying these interpretations in administrating medicines to get control over diseases has been given. Order of priority in three types of critical points, namely, stable critical points, unstable critical points, and asymptotically stable critical points, has been given. Conversions of differential equations of models into integral equations and applying Picard's iteration method to solve integral equations have been explained. A step-by-step approach has been used in designing models, solving models, and interpreting solutions of models for tropical diseases.
Resource Efficient Clustering and Next Hop Knowledge Based Routing in Multiple Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Ranjan Priya , Ramaswami Radhakrishnan , Tripathy Malay Ranjan
Published: February 2020

Wireless sensor networks are useful in various industrial, commercial, Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE) and many important tracking purpose applications. Energy is a limited and not replaceable. Hence it is the most focused research area in the field of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, Cluster Based Energy Resource Efficient & Next Hop Knowledge based Routing Protocol (CBERERP) is proposed for multiple heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. For any routing protocol, energy resources generally depend on number of message exchanges, transmission of data and control packets among the various sensor nodes to reach an agreement. CBERERP uses distributed concept for selection of cluster head among of heterogeneous nodes and intelligent cluster formation to minimize the energy consumption. Further, the proposed protocol reduces energy using a routing technique which minimizes the hop distance, the number of transmission of data and the number of control packets.
Aspect of ESB With Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Mittal Mohit , Bhadoria Robin Singh
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) devices are designed and deployed in sensing fields for various applications such as weather monitoring, human surveillance, animal tracking etc. for sensing the information from physical world phenomena parametric values to digital world signal information. Now a day's, WSNs are become prime area of research which includes service-oriented architecture (SOA) and Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) depend on the applications. This chapter has discussed the architecture, requirements and implementation issues SOA with WSN.
An Evolutionary Mobility Aware Multi-Objective Hybrid Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous WSNs
Authors: Kulkarni Nandkumar Prabhakar , Prasad Neeli Rashmi , Prasad Ramjee
Published: February 2020

Researchers have faced numerous challenges while designing WSNs and protocols in numerous applications. Amongst all sustaining connectivity and capitalizing on the network lifetime is a serious deliberation. To tackle these two problems, the authors have considered Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). In this paper, the authors put forward an Evolutionary Mobility aware multi-objective hybrid Routing Protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (EMRP). EMRP selects the optimal path from source node to sink by means of various metrics such as Average Energy consumption, Control Overhead, Reaction Time, LQI, and HOP Count. The Performance of EMRP when equated with Simple Hybrid Routing Protocol (SHRP) and Dynamic Multi-Objective Routing Algorithm (DyMORA) using parameters such as Average Residual Energy (ARE), Delay and Normalized Routing Load. EMRP improves AES by a factor of 4.93% as related to SHRP and 5.15% as related to DyMORA. EMRP has a 6% lesser delay as compared with DyMORA.
An Energy-Efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Alphonse P. J. A. , Sivaraj C. , Janakiraman T. N.
Published: February 2020

Efficient energy management is a key issue in battery equipped wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The cluster based routing in WSNs is a prominent approach for energy conservation of the network which provides a hierarchical data collection mechanism. In order to maximize the energy conservation of sensor nodes, this paper proposes an Energy-efficient Layered Clustering Algorithm (ELCA) for routing in wireless sensor networks. ELCA constructs two layers of clusters to reduce the transmission rate and to balance the energy consumption of sensors. As early energy depletion of clusterheads (CHs) is a major limitation in clustering, this algorithm provides local remedy for energy suffering CHs through efficient CH substitution scheme. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analysed through extensive simulation experiments and verified by compared results with existing clustering algorithms.
KDSR
Authors: Guermazi Abderrahmen , Belghith Abdelfettah , Abid Mohamed
Published: February 2020

This article deals with a key distribution protocol to secure routing in large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and proposes a new protocol called KDSR. The authors' protocol has two originalities: to provide a secure network structure for large-scale WSNs, and to use lightweight local process to share efficiently the Local Broadcast Keys, the Pairwise Keys and the Global Broadcast Key. These keys are useful to secure several communication patterns in WSNs: one-to-many, one-to-one and one-to-all. Security analyses show that KDSR can withstand several attacks against WSNs. Through fast node revocation process, KDSR offers a good resilience against node capture. Immunity against MiM and replay attacks are well checked with the AVISPA tools. The experimentations are done on real TelosB motes and through the TOSSIM simulator. Simulation results confirm that KDSR is scalable, provides a good key connectivity and a good resilience. Comparison to earlier work shows that KDSR causes less computation complexity, less communication overhead and much less storage space even for large-scale WSNs.
Diameter-Aggregation Delay Tradeoff for Data Gathering Trees in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Meghanathan Natarajan
Published: February 2020

We define the aggregation delay as the minimum number of time slots it takes for the data to be aggregated in a Data Gathering tree (DG tree) spanning all the nodes of the sensor network; the diameter of a DG tree is the maximum distance (number of hops) from a leaf node to the root node of the tree. We assume that intermediate nodes at the same level or different levels of a DG tree could simultaneously aggregate data from their respective child nodes using different CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) codes; but, an intermediate node has to schedule non-overlapping time slots (one for each of its child nodes) to aggregate data from its own child nodes. We employ an algorithm to determine the minimum aggregation delay at every intermediate node of the Bottleneck Node Weight (BNW) and Bottleneck Link Weight (BLW)-based DG trees. We observe the BNW-DG trees to incur a smaller tree diameter, but a significantly larger aggregation delay; on the other hand, the BLW-DG trees incur a larger tree diameter and a relatively lower aggregation delay, especially with increase in node density.
Speech Content Authentication Scheme based on High-Capacity Watermark Embedding
Authors: Sun Fang , Liu Zhenghui , Qi Chuanda
Published: February 2020

The existed content authentication schemes based on digital watermark have some shortcomings. In order to solve the problems, a speech content authentication scheme based on high-capacity watermark embedding is proposed, and the high-capacity embedding method is discussed. Firstly, speech signal is framed and segmented, and the samples of each segment are scrambled. Secondly, DCT is performed on the scrambled signal, and low-frequency coefficients are selected as the watermark embedding domain. Lastly, frame number is mapped to a sequence of integers and embedded into the domain based on the embedding method. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation results show that the proposed algorithm is inaudible, robust to desynchronous attacks, enhances the embedding capacity, and improves the security of watermark system.
EEECARP
Authors: Sarella Venkata Ramana , Reddy P.V.G.D. Prasad , Rao S. Krishna , Padala Preethi
Published: February 2020

WSN is a promising approach for variety of different real time applications. Different Routing protocols for WSNs are very effective challenge in present days because of scalability, efficient energy utilization and robustness in large number of wireless sensor networks with consists of more number of sensor nodes. LEATCH is a traditional routing protocol for energy optimization in WSNs. However, LEATCH cannot scale performance for large scale wireless sensor networks and difficulty to apply effective utilization of real time wireless sensor networks. So, in this paper the authors propose to develop a novel Energy Efficiency and Event Clustering Adaptive Routing Protocol (EEECARP) for WSN. The main designing feature of their proposed approach is as follows: Energy Efficiency, Dynamic Event Clustering and multi hop relay configuration with residual energy available on relay nodes in wireless sensor networks. The simulation results show that authors' routing protocol achieves convenient and effective better performance in formation of clusters with relay sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks.
Cross-Layer Cooperative Protocol for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Khan Bilal Muhammad , Bilal Rabia
Published: February 2020

Robustness and reliability are two essential network parameters to be given priority in Industrial Wireless Sensor Network. But at the same time it is difficult to achieve gain in these performance metrics. Since in industries these networks are used for monitoring, control and automation processes, therefore, it also requires robust communication with minimum delay. Considering the need of high QoS in Industrial WSN, protocols and standards were developed to fulfil the requirement of reliable data communication in harsh environment. In year 2007, HART community designed a Wireless HART standard for efficient industrial communication. This standard gain high reputation soon after its implementation and still being used as a universal solution for industries. In 2009, another standard ISA100.11a was developed, it also gives promised results but fails to eliminate WHART. Both these standards are still competing in industry and the results of these standards are more reliable in comparison to other wireless industrial protocols that exists.
Fuzzy-Topsis-Based Cluster Head Selection in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Khan Bilal Muhammad , Bilal Rabia
Published: February 2020

One of the critical and vital parameter of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is its lifetime. There are various methods to increase WSN lifetime, clustering technique is one of them. In clustering, selection of desired percentage of Cluster Head (CHs) is performed among the sensor nodes (SNs). Selected CHs are responsible to collect data from its member nodes, aggregates the data and finally send to the sink. In this chapter, Fuzzy-TOPSIS techniques based on multi criteria decision making to choose CH efficiently and effectively to maximize the WSN lifetime are presented. These five criteria includes; residual energy, node energy consumption rate, number of neighbor nodes, average distance between neighboring nodes and distance from sink. Threshold based intra-cluster and inter-cluster multi-hop communication mechanism is used to decrease energy consumption. Moreover impact of node density and different type mobility strategies are presented in order to investigate impact over WSN lifetime.
An Energy Efficient Trust Aware Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Kumar Nagesh , Singh Yashwant , Singh Pradeep Kumar
Published: February 2020

As the wireless sensor networks (WSN) are gaining popularity the need of reliable delivery of data packets becomes more important. The reliable delivery is only possible when the routing protocols are efficient and secure. Because of lack of resources it is not possible to use existing cryptosystems to provide security in WSN. But, trust aware routing can provide the security with lesser resources, which become popular in last three to four years. In this paper, a new energy efficient and trust aware reliable opportunistic routing (TAEROR) protocol is proposed. The protocol consists of a trust metric and also a relay selection algorithm. The trust aware metric detects the malicious nodes on the basis of forwarding sincerity, energy consumption and acknowledgement sincerity. Relay selection algorithms avoid these malicious nodes to get selected in the routing process. The protocol is simulated and compared to existing trust aware routing protocols. Proposed protocol TEAROR presents better results than the other compared protocols.
LEAP Enhanced
Authors: Yassine Maleh , Ezzati Abdellah
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is consisting of independent and distributed sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The most crucial and fundamental challenge facing WSN is security. Due to minimum capacity in-term of memory cost, processing and physical accessibility to sensors devices the security attacks are problematic. They are mostly deployed in open area, which expose them to different kinds of attacks. In this paper, the authors present an illustration of different attacks and vulnerabilities in WSN. Then the authors proposed a new lightweight cryptography algorithm for identifying compromised node in WSN called Leap Enhanced. Their evaluations on TOSSIM give a precise and detailed idea of the extra cost of consumption of resources needed to ensure the high level of expected security compared to other cryptography schemes in literature.
Optimization of Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Parwekar Pritee , Rodda Sireesha
Published: February 2020

The energy of a sensor node is a major factor for life of a network in wireless sensor network. The depletion of the sensor energy is dependent on the communication range from the sink. Clustering is mainly used to prolong the life of a network with energy consumption. This paper proposes optimization of clustering using genetic algorithm which will help to minimize the communication distance. The cluster overhead and the active and sleep mode of a sensor is also considered while calculating the fitness function to form the cluster. This approach helps to prolong the network life of sensor network. The proposed work is tested for different number of nodes and is helping to find the correct solution for the selection of cluster heads.
Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Rao Madhuri , Kamila Narendra Kumar
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor nodes are being employed in various applications like in traffic control, battlefield, and habitat monitoring, emergency rescue, aerospace systems, healthcare systems and in intruder tracking recently. Tracking techniques differ in almost every application of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), as WSN is itself application specific. The chapter aims to present the current state of art of the tracking techniques. It throws light on how mathematically target tracking is perceived and then explains tracking schemes and routing techniques based on tracking techniques. An insight of how to code localization techniques in matlab simulation tool is provided and analyzed. It further draws the attention of the readers to types of tracking scenarios. Some of the well established tracking techniques are also surveyed for the reader's benefit. The chapter presents with open research challenges that need to be addressed along with target tracking in wireless sensor networks.
Wireless Sensor Network Enabled Vehicle Parking System
Authors: Rao Madhuri , Kamila Narendra Kumar
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has many applications and its application in vehicle parking systems is increasing as finding parking space for four wheeler and two wheeler vehicles is a growing challenge in many fast growing cities. Consumers are indeed looking for automated parking systems with reservations being made online so as to save time that is spent finding parking space. Vehicle Parking Systems are adopting wireless sensor networks for monitoring and also create possibilities of online bookings using sensor clouds when connected to the internet via the sink node, however maneuvering vehicles into the parking slots is challenging. Users can download and use mobile application of this parking system to book their parking slots which may be available due to a sensor cloud. These possibilities have many constraints which are multi objective as well. The chapter explores these dimensions.
Implementation of a Smart Sensor Node for Wireless Sensor Network Applications Using FPGAs
Authors: Perera Dilum Rukshan , Mannathunga K. S. , Dharmasiri R. A. D. D. , Meegama Ravinda Gayan , Jayananda Kithsiri
Published: February 2020

Applications that involve monitoring of environmental parameters require measuring devices to be placed at different geographical locations but are controlled centrally at a remote site. The measuring devices in such applications need to be physically small, consume low power, and must be capable of local processing tasks facilitating the mobility to span the measuring area in a vast geographic area. This chapter presents the design of a generalized, re-configurable, re-programmable smart sensor node using a Zigbee with a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that embeds all processing and communication functionalities based on the IEEE 1451 family of standards. Design of the sensor nodes includes communication, processing and transducer control functionalities in a single core increasing the speedup of processing power due to inter-process communication taking place within the chip itself.
Localization System Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks (LSO-WSN)
Authors: Singh Surjit , Mohan Sharma Rajeev
Published: February 2020

Localization of nodes in wireless sensor networks is needed to track/know the event origin and node location both, routing, network coverage and querying of sensor clusters. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have different applications along with different challenges. Here, position information system is one of the challenging aspect that plays an important role in increasing the lifetime and survivability of WSN. And, the computational techniques have been successfully used in recent years to address the localization system of nodes in WSN. However it is very difficult to know about the best computational technique for optimizing localization system of nodes. This work intends to close the gap for selecting suitable computational technique for node localization system optimization. Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the current research trends in this field.
An Integrated Fuzzy-Based System for Cluster-Head Selection and Sensor Speed Control in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Cuka Miralda , Elmazi Donald , Inaba Takaaki , Oda Tetsuya , Ikeda Makoto , Barolli Leonard
Published: February 2020

Cluster formation and cluster head selection are important problems in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications and can drastically affect the network's communication energy dissipation. However, selecting the cluster head is not easy in different environments which may have different characteristics. In order to deal with this problem, in this paper, we implement an integrated fuzzy-based system for controlling sensor speed in WSNs. Different from our previous work, we consider 4 input linguistic parameters: Remaining Power of Sensor (RPS), Degree of Number of Neighbor Nodes (D3N), Distance from Cluster Centroid (DCC) and Sensor Speed (SS) for selection of the cluster-head and the control of sensor speed. By controlling the sensor speed, we are able to predict whether the node will leave or stay in the cluster. We evaluate the proposed system by simulations and show that the system has a good behavior.
Pre-Vaccination and Quarantine Approach for Defense Against Worms Propagation of Malicious Objects in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Ojha Rudra Pratap , Srivastava Pramod Kumar , Sanyal Goutam
Published: February 2020

Network security poses a challenge to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) achieving its true potential. It is hard to tackle due to operational constraints of networks. Worms have become an emergent threat to the wireless networks. The spread of worms in the network is epidemic in nature. This article proposes a novel mathematical model with pre-vaccination and quarantine for study of worm propagation dynamics in WSN that is based on epidemic model. Further, the authors have devised an expression to determine threshold communication radius and node density. The objective of this proposed model is to study the propagation dynamics of worms in wireless sensor networks. Through the model, investigate the stability condition of networks in the presence of malicious codes. The experimental studies indicate that the proposed model outperforms in terms of security and energy efficiency over other existing models. It is a leap toward worm-controlling mechanisms in sensor networks. Finally, the control mechanism and performance of the proposed model is validated through extensive simulation results.
Cost Minimization of Sensor Placement and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Swamy Tata Jagannadha , Murthy Garimella Rama
Published: February 2020

Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSNs) are small in size and have limited energy resources. Recent technological advances have facilitated widespread use of wireless sensor networks in many real world applications. In real life situations WSN has to cover an area or monitor a number of nodes on a plane. Sensor node's coverage range is proportional to their cost, as high cost sensor nodes have higher coverage ranges. The main goal of this paper is to minimize the node placement cost with the help of uniform and non-uniform 2D grid planes. Authors propose a new algorithm for data transformation between strongly connected sensor nodes, based on graph theory.
Safety of Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Dahane Amine , Berrached Nasr-Eddine , Loukil Abdelhamid
Published: February 2020

Clustering approaches for mobile wireless sensor networks (WSNs) tend to extend the battery life of the individual sensors and the network lifetime. Taking into account the mobility of the network, a powerful mechanism to safely elect a cluster head is a challenging task in many research works. As a proposed technique to deal with such problem, the approach based on the computing of the weight of each node in the network is chosen. This paper is intended to propose a new algorithm called “S-WCA” for safety of mobile sensor networks based on clustering algorithm using a combination of five metrics. Among these metrics lies the behavioral level metric which promotes a safe choice of a cluster head in the sense where this last one will never be a malicious node. Moreover, a summary of the highlight of the authors' work is provided in a comprehensive strategy for monitoring the network, so as to detect and remove the malicious nodes. Simulation study is used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
Detecting Wormhole Attack on Data Aggregation in Hierarchical WSN
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Dutta Kamlesh
Published: February 2020

Wireless networks are used by everyone for their convenience for transferring packets from one node to another without having a static infrastructure. In WSN, there are some nodes which are light weight, small in size, having low computation overhead, and low cost known as sensor nodes. In literature, there exists many secure data aggregation protocols available but they are not sufficient to detect the malicious node. The authors require a better security mechanism or a technique to secure the network. Data aggregation is an essential paradigm in WSN. The idea is to combine data coming from different source nodes in order to achieve energy efficiency. In this paper, the authors proposed a protocol for worm hole attack detection during data aggregation in WSN. Main focus is on wormhole attack detection and its countermeasures.