bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A recipe and quality assessment of flour oriental sweets - shaker-churek – with the use of hemp flour
Authors:   Kuban State Agrarian University n.a. I.T. Trubilina, Orlova Tatyana V. , Krasnoselova Ekaterina A. ,   Kuban State Agrarian University n.a. I.T. Trubilina, Rinatova Nazik R. ,   Kuban State Agrarian University n.a. I.T. Trubilina
Published: October 2022

A recipe for flour oriental sweets shaker-churek of increased nutritional value using hemp flour has been developed. The characteristics and chemical composition of hemp flour are presented. It was revealed that hemp flour has a high protein content, which is characterized by a complete set of essential amino acids; fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, micro and macro elements, which determines the prospects for its use to increase the nutritional value of flour oriental sweets. The influence of hemp flour on the baking properties of wheat flour, the quality indicators of wheat dough and the quality of ready-made flour oriental sweets was studied, their organoleptic and physico-chemical evaluation was carried out. The optimal dosage of hemp flour has been established, equal to 15% by weight of baking wheat flour, which allows maintaining optimal organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters. The influence of hemp flour on the nutritional value of flour oriental sweets has been studied. The addition of hemp flour to the recipe of flour oriental sweets increases the amount of proteins by 24.7% and changes the vitamin and mineral composition: the content of vitamin B1 increases by 22.7%, vitamin B2 – by 38.7%, vitamin B6 – by 2.1 times, vitamin B9 – by 16.8%, vitamin PP – by 22.2%, manganese – 4.2 times, zinc – 7.1 times, copper – 12.7 times, iron – 19.6 times, potassium – by 60.3%, calcium – by 2 times, phosphorus – by 2.2 times, magnesium – by 4.1 times, which together contribute to an increase in the nutritional value of the developed products. The level of satisfaction of the daily requirement for basic nutrients was calculated when using 100 g of the developed flour oriental sweets by various categories of the population. The recipe solutions presented in the paper for the production of shaker-churek flour oriental sweets using non-traditional vegetable raw materials – hemp flour can be recommended to expand the range of flour confectionery products of increased nutritional value.
Analysis of biopotebtial of the tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.) produced in the Krasnodar region and the prospects for its use in food technology
Authors:   Kaliningrad State Technical University, Kholobova Ksenia A. , Anistratova Oksana V. ,   Kaliningrad State Technical University, Vinokur Mikhail L. ,   Kaliningrad State Technical University, Rynkovoy Alexander P. ,   Independent researcher
Published: October 2022

We studied the biopotential for tiger nut tubers of edible meadow (Cyperus esculentus L.) and the possibility of their use in the technology of food products with high biological value. Tiger nut tubers of edible meadow satiety grown on the Zhuravsky farm in the Korenovsky district of the Krasnodar region, harvested in 2021, were chosen as the objects of study. During the study, the organoleptic characteristics of tubers and their physicochemical properties were determined by standard methods, lipid extraction was carried out according to the Folch method, the content of vitamin E was determined by optical density on an SF-46 spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 483 nm using ethyl alcohol as a solvent. Analysing the indicators of the biological value for the object of study was carried out by the calculation method in comparison with ideal fat, vegetable oils, and hazelnut kernels. It has been established that oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid are the main MUFAs, PUFAs and SFAs, respectively. When comparing the ratio of the content of MUFA, PUFA, and SFA in edible meadow tubers, vegetable oils, and hazelnuts, it was found that not all declared products correspond to ideal fat (1:1:1), while the ratio of PUFA:SFA is at the recommended level (0.2–0.4) only in edible meadow satu (0.28). Among the presented crops, in terms of ω6:ω3, tubers (23:1) are in second place in terms of their proximity to the ideal ratio of 10:1. The highest content of vitamin E (141 mg/100 g of product) among the presented crops is found in edible meadow grass, which is 2.1 times more than in sunflower oil, 10.8 and 3.2 times more than olive oil and hazelnut kernels, respectively. Thus, tubers of edible meadow succulent (Cyperus esculentus L.), grown in the Krasnodar region, are a valuable crop with a high biopotential, primarily as a source of MUFA, PUFA, vitamin E, and are recommended for use in the food industry.
The effect of heat treatment on the optical properties of honey
Authors:   ITMO University, Nechiporenko Alla P. , Vezo Olga S. ,   St.Petersburg State University, Nechiporenko Ulyana Yu. ,   Independent laboratory INVITRO SPb, Plotnikova Ludmila V. ,   St.Petersburg State University, Ukraintseva Polina I. ,   ITMO University
Published: October 2022

A series of liquid and, to varying degrees, crystallized poly- and monofleral honey of different botanical species and zoning was studied by the methods of Fourier infrared spectroscopy and refractometry in order to identify the influence of heat treatment conditions on tautomeric conformational transformations of gluco- and fructopyranose. 22 samples of honey heat-treated at 40 and 90°C for 20 minutes in a water bath and boiled were studied. The data obtained showed a linear dependence of the glucose and fructose content in the samples of heat-treated honey on the refractive index and the anti-bath extreme nature of the change in their content from the processing temperature. For honey brought to a boil, there was an increase in the fructose content in liquid honey and a decrease in crystallized honey. The opposite process in these two groups of honey took place for glucose. Studies of heat-treated honey by Fourier IR spectroscopy allowed us to note a significant change in the optical properties of crystallized samples due to the transition to a liquid state, deactivation of enzymes, and conformation-tautomeric transformations of α- and β-pyranose forms of glucose and fructose, which brought the texture of their spectra closer to the spectra of liquid samples. Due to insufficient knowledge of the diverse and multifactorial properties of honey, the data obtained may be of practical importance in dietetics, pediatrics, gynecology, gastroenterology, cardiology, surgery, burn therapy and other fields of medicine and pharmacology.
Betaine-containing additives influence on wheat dough rheological properties
Authors:   ITMO University, Gerasimov Anton A. , Barakova Nadezhda V. ,   ITMO University, Tikhii Anton V. ,   ITMO University
Published: October 2022

Influencing synthetic betaine of synthetic origin (betaine hydrochloride (HCl), 99% concentration) and Betainex additive (organic betaine content – 23% per a.d.w.) on the rheological properties of wheat dough was studied. Calculating the dosages of experimental ingredients was based on the recommended norms for daily consumption of bakery products (263 g/day), the norms for daily consumption of the biologically active substance – betaine (3 g/day), and the requirements for functional food producing (not less than 15% of a person's daily requirement). Four test samples were studied: control sample – without the addition of betaine-containing additives, the second and third samples – with the addition of betaine HCl in the amount of 1.2% and 0.18% by weight of flour, respectively. The fourth sample – with Betainex additive in 1.08% dosage by weight of flour. The rheological characteristics of the dough were determined using farinograph (Brabender) and alveograph (Chopin) equipment. During the experiment, the following indicators were recorded: water absorption capacity (WAP) of flour, dough stability during kneading, and its elastic-deformation properties. Carried out tests allowed to conclude that betaine-containing additives influence wheat dough properties in different ways. Betaine, obtained synthetically, strengthens the dough, while Betainex, on the contrary, relaxes it. Moreover, the usage of betaine-containing additives in baking as an ingredient could not only increase the nutritional value of the product, but also improve the rheological properties of wheat dough. Expanding the scope for the application of Betainex additive, obtained from the secondary raw materials of baker's yeast production, will provide the enterprise producing baker's yeast with technological and environmental sustainability.
Distal aneurysm of median artery of the corpus callosum: case report
Authors: Feniksov V. M. , Kambiev R. L. , Nikolaev D. A. , Glukhov D. S.
Published: October 2022

Background. There are many variations of the developmental pathology of the anterior communicating artery with such forms as aplasia, hypoplasia, duplication, triplication and etc. The presence of the median artery of the corpus callosum is a rare pathology of the anterior part of the circle of Willis and, according to the literature the frequency is 4,5-14,2 %. About 81 % of cases, the occurrence of the median artery of the corpus callosum is combined with the presence of anterior communicating artery trifurcation. The incidence of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms has been estimated to be from 1.5 to 9.0 % of all intracranial aneurysms, while the median artery of the corpus callosum is rarely mentioned in the literature, the author of the article did not find cases of descriptions of distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms in the PubMed. It should be borne in mind that when conducting radiation diagnostics, up to one third of all cases of the median artery of the corpus callosum remain undetected.

Aim. To present a clinical case of successful surgical treatment of a distal aneurysm of the median artery of the corpus callosum in a patient K., 39 years old, performed using surgical neuronavigation.

Materials and methods. A case report of the successful surgical management of 39-year-old patient with distal aneurysm of the median artery of the corpus callosum at the Sity Clinical Hospital No. 1 named after N.I. Pirogov of Moscow Healthcare Department. The patient had a saccular aneurysm of A2-3 segments of the median artery of the corpus callosum.

Results. A microsurgical clipping of the distal aneurysm of the median artery of the corpus callosum using the right interhemispheric approach through the bifrontal craniotomy with a neuronavigational assistance was performed. The selective angiography of the intracranial arteries (10 mo after the clipping) no detected the signs of recanalization of the aneurysm.

Conclusion. The deeper placement of the median artery of the corpus callosum (as compared with the anterior cerebral arteries) and the missing of anatomical landmarks complicates the surgical approach to the distal aneurysms of the median artery of the corpus callosum. The instrumentation of neuronavigation made it possible to perform minimal craniotomy and safe encephalotomy of the medial aspects of the frontal lobes (at site of the genu the corpus callosum) and reduce the operating time.
Transcircular occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm: a case report
Authors: Kiselev V. S. , Anisimov E. D. , Galaktionov D. M.
Published: October 2022

Background. Aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery are a rare vascular pathology among both intracranial aneurysms and aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar territory. Due to the proximity of the caudal nerves, microsurgical treatment may be accompanied by the development of bulbar disorders, so endovascular occlusion is the method of choice for aneurysms of origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. However, anatomical features in the vertebrobasilar territory and individual characteristics of the aneurysm often make antegrade catheterization of the artery difficult. In such cases, alternative methods should be used, one of which is transcircular access through the posterior communicating artery.

Aim. To present the result of endovascular treatment of a patient with complex aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, performed with through a transcirculation approach.

Materials and methods. The article analyzes the results of the patient's treatment at the Federal Neurosurgical Center (Novosibirsk) of the Ministry of Health of Russia. Surgical intervention consisted of endovascular occlusion of the aneurysm of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery with stent-assistance. A specific feature of this case was the acute angle of posterior inferior cerebellar artery discharge from the vertebral artery, which significantly hampered the direct endovascular catheterization of the aneurysm and increased the risks of intraoperative complications. A transcirculation approach through the posterior communicating artery was chosen as an access. After discharge, the patient underwent a follow-up examination 6 months later.

Results. Excellent clinical and angiographic results (occlusion classification (RROC - Raymond Roy I) were noted both at the time of the patient's discharge and during follow-up based on the results of control angiograms.

Conclusion. The use of transcirculation endovascular access to the proximal aneurysm of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery made it possible to obtain a good result of surgical treatment.
Assessment of corona-phobia in university students with the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S): A cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Salman Muhammad , Mustafa Zia Ul , Javaid Abdul Wahab , Shehzadi Naureen , Hussain Mallhi Tauqeer , Habib Khan Yusra , Masood Fozia , Hussain Khalid
Published: October 2022

Introduction. Disease phobia may impose distressing manifestations along with compromised quality of life, particularly in young age. COVID-19 caused substantial psychological concerns in general population which required the attention of health authorities to address the issue as soon as possible. Objective. This study was aimed to determine COVID-19 phobia in Pakistani youth during the current pandemic. Method. A cross-sectional study was conducted to ascertain the extent of fear of COVID-19 among university students in Lahore, Pakistan using the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Psychological, somatic, social, and economic factors were ascertained among students. The relationship of demographics with the phobia score was determined through appropriate statistical tests. Result. This study included 374 students with a male preponderance (64.7%). The mean C19P-S score was 59.08 ± 14.44 (IQR: 50 - 70), with no significant difference among demographics except gender (male 57.65 ± 14.77 vs female 61.70 ± 13.47; p = .009). The mean psychological, psycho-somatic, economic, and social subscale scores were 19.59 ± 5.00 (25th percentile = 16 and 75th percentile = 24), 12.29 ± 4.56 (25th percentile = 10 and 75th percentile = 15), 11.22 ± 3.67 (25th percentile = 8 and 75th percentile = 14) and 15.97 ± 4.04 (25th percentile = 13.75 and 75th percentile = 19), respectively. Male students had a significantly lower score on social and psychological subscales than females (p #abr# .05). Discussion and conclusion. One fourth of the students achieved a fear score #cer# 70 on C19P-S. These results indicate the need of dire maneuvers for reducing corona-phobia among university students.
Dostoevsky, Florence and images of Russian spirituality. Reflections at the exhibition "From Baroque to Art Nouveau" by Vasily Tropinin`s Museum in Moscow
Authors: Baykovskaya N.A.
Published: October 2022

The essay is devoted to understanding the content of the exhibition "From Baroque to Modern", organized by Vasily Tropinin`s Museum in Moscow in the spring-summer season - 2022 and reflected attempts of finding the key features of Russian spirituality in a glance of active interaction between Russian and European art in the 18th – 19th centuries. The artistic content of the exposition is considered in this essay in connection with the Italian impressions and memories of Fyodor Dostoevsky and the writer's ideas about the development of Russian culture.
Climatic Aspects of Ecological and Legal Protection of Forests in the Russian Federation
Authors: Egorova M. A. , Zhavoronkova N. G. , Shpakovsky Yu. G. , Ponomareva D. V. , Shmeleva D. V.
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the article is to research the legal issues of forest protection in the Russian Federation in the context of global climate change taking into account international obligations under the Paris Agreement 2015 and the Glasgow Leaders’ Declaration on Forests and Land Use 2021. The sources of the research are legislative and other regulatory legal acts in the field of forestry relations, environmental and natural resource law, etc.

The research methodology is based on scientific methods such as dialectical, logical, predictive, systems analysis, content analysis, as well as private scientific methods, such as statistical, technical and legal, comparative legal.
Review of Some Aspects of the Russian Legislation on Fiduciary Management of Property and Personal Funds through the Prism of the Law on Trusts in the United States and Canada
Authors: Kunitsa D. A.
Published: October 2022

Enactment of new provisions of the Civil Code in the spring of 2022 on personal funds has increased the number of legally recognized instruments for management of property of others available in Russia (personal funds, investment funds of closed type and trust management agreements). This article reviews similarities between these three instruments and trusts formed under applicable laws of the United States and Canada. Such similarities suggest that certain legal mechanisms and approaches to legal issues developed in the United States and Canada should be taken into account for further development of the Russian law on personal funds and implementation of the law in practice. The article analyses certain aspects of the Russian legislation on management of property of others (legal status of each instrument, liability of the managers to the beneficiaries and liability of founders of personal funds for the obligations of such funds) and compares provisions of Russian law with relevant laws of the State of New York and the Province of Quebec.
Peculiarities of a Polygraph Examiner’s Report in a Criminal Case in Russia and the United States
Authors: Komissarova Ya. V. , Danilevich N. K.
Published: October 2022

From a legal standpoint, the pr ocess of investigating crimes and the order of proceedings in a criminal case differ in different countries. However, there are points of convergence where the differences in legal systems are not so important. In the modern world, Latin proverb Jura novit curia postulates that judges cannot and should not have knowledge from other sciences. Therefore, lawyers of all countries use the help of persons with special (non-legal) knowledge. In Russia, only an investigator or a judge can appoint an expert examination to obtain an expert opinion. An accused and defense attorneys (mostly professional lawyers) can get an expert opinion. The procedural statuses of a specialist and an expert under the Russian procedural law do not coincide. However, the reports they provide are formally equivalent and they both can be used as evidence in a legal case. Having no special knowledge, the judge evaluates the conclusions made by the specialist and the expert. The judge can regard one conclusion as a proof, can accept or reject them. The specialist and the expert are obliged to make conclusions based on the results of the study within their competence. Polygraph examiners in the United States and Russia address this issue in different ways due to different approaches to the development of theoretical and applied areas of scientific research.
Phagocytic and chemiluminescent activity of blood neutrophils in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Savchenko Andrei A. , Zukov Ruslan A. , Firsov Michael A. , Slepov Evgeniy V. , Belenyuk Vasiliy D. , Gvozdev I I , Borisov A G
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND: Tumor microenvironment modulates (including with the help of metabolites) the functional activity of the neutrophils that contribute to the reprogramming of the antitumor activity into a protumor one.
AIMS: To study the phagocytic and chemiluminescent activity of neutrophils in patients with bladder cancer (BC) under the influence of metabolites of the tumor microenvironment in vitro.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 37 patients with superficial BC (T1,а,isN0M0) and considered 32 healthy individuals as a control group. Neutrophils isolated from their blood were incubated in vitro with lactate, ADP, and glutamate. Phagocytic activity was examined using flow cytometry, and the intensity of the respiratory burst of neutrophils was evaluated via chemiluminescent analysis.
RESULTS: In patients with BC, the phagocytic index (PhI) values are reduced compared to the control sample (without in vitro metabolite exposure) and when exposed to glutamate, while the effect of lactate on cells causes an increase in the phagocytic number and PhI. Moreover, under the influence of lactate in vitro, the activity of spontaneous and zymosan-induced chemiluminescence of neutrophils decreases. ADP causes a decrease in spontaneous chemiluminescence only. Finally, under the influence of glutamate, the indicators of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence decrease.
CONCLUSIONS: Under the influence of lactate and ADP (products of tumor cells), the phagocytic activity of a population of immature neutrophils is stimulated, which leads to myeloid suppressor cells that inhibit antitumor immunity. Thus, metabolites of the tumor microenvironment modulate the activity of the respiratory burst of neutrophils in patients with BC.
Prognostic value of quantitative assessment of macrophage content (CD68+) in the peritumoral zone of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bobrov Igor P. , Lazarev Alexander F. , Cherdantseva Tatyana M. , Klimachev Ilya V. , Klimachev Vladimir V. , Myadelets Mikhail N. , Lepilov Alexander V. , Dolgatov Andrey Yu. , Korsikov Nikolay A. , Dolgatova Elena S. , Lushnikova Elena L. , Bakarev Maxim A.
Published: October 2022

AIM: To quantitatively analyze the macrophage distribution density (MF) of the peritumoral zone (PZ) of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) and determine the relationship of MF distribution density in PZ with clinical and morphological prognostic variables and postoperative survival of patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 52 patients with CCRCC, who had an average age of 56.70.8 years. Using monoclonal mouse antibodies for CD68 (clone PG-M1, DAKO), using an immunohistochemical method, macrophages were identified in the paraffin sections. The average amount of MF in the PZ was determined in three fields of view at 400 magnification. For the PZ, the tissue was taken directly adjacent to the tumor to the conditionally unchanged kidney tissue.
RESULTS: The correlation analysis revealed that the density of the MF distribution in the CCRCC was interrelated with the stage of the disease (r=0.66; p=0.0001), size of the tumor node (r=0.52; p=0.0001), degree of anaplasia according to Fuhrman (r=0.80; p=0.0001), presence of metastases (r=0.62; 0.0001), and postoperative survival of patients (r=0.53; p=0.0001). However, there were no correlations with the gender (r=0.007; p=0.62) and age of the patients (r=0.03; p=0.83). With the number of MF in the PP 8.8, the cumulative proportion of survivors by the five-year term was 0.70 (70%). Moreover, when the number of MF in the PZ was 8.8, none of the patients lived to the five-year term, the cumulative proportion of survivors was 0 (log-rank-test, p=0.000001).
CONCLUSION: The density of MF distribution in PZ is interrelated with significant clinical and morphological parameters of CCRCC and is a predictor of the prognosis of five-year postoperative survival of patients. Thus, quantitative estimation of the number of MF in the PZ can be used in predicting the course of CCRCC along with the traditional classical forecasting factors.
The evolution of modern notions about bladder cancer
Authors: Yurchenko Artem A. , Firsov Mikhail A. , Zukov Ruslan A. , Slepov Evgeny V.
Published: October 2022

The review details the evolution in the researchers perspective of bladder cancer over the past five decades. The history of the study, pathogenesis, etiology, and the clinical significance of urinary bladder are briefly discussed. The review presents currently prominent theories regarding the pathogenesis of urinary bladder neoplasms and the foundational research in this field. The article briefly discusses the molecular changes the development of bladder cancer and studies of the urine microbiome during oncogenesis
Escritores de libros de texto en inglés
Authors: Mendez Lara Jeisson Steven
Published: October 2022

En el siguiente artículo de revisión muestro un análisis de los principales desarrollos relacionados con el tema de investigación de ELT (Enseñanza del Idioma Inglés) - escritores de libros de texto en el mundo: el papel en el ámbito de la producción de materiales de ELT en el que establecí al autor como un sujeto para trabajar en sus relatos como escritor, sus puntos de vista,  y los conflictos con la industria, del reconocimiento, los derechos de autor, y remuneraciones en el ámbito de la creación de libros de texto de inglés.  Este interés yace en mi experiencia como profesor de inglés y en el que he diseñado materiales para la enseñanza del inglés en mi lugar de trabajo. En el presente articulo empleé una búsqueda en bases de datos por medio de la minería de datos, en la que se encontraron sesenta artículos publicados en todo el mundo en lugares como Japón, India, Pakistán, Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, entre otros. El análisis evidenció tres tendencias recurrentes: la primera, una práctica hegemónica en la producción de material que está sujeto quien escribe textos. La segunda muestra la preferencia de las editoriales internacionales por los escritores expertos en libros de texto de ELT como modelo sobre los escritores novatos. La tercera revela que las industrias editoriales educativas replican el modelo de una cultura-un idioma, ignorando la visión cultural crítica del escritor de libros de texto de ELT. Se concluye de este análisis que los escritores de libros de texto de ELT es un área de investigación que no ha sido ampliamente problematizada dentro del campo de ELT.
Pedagogía y narrativa histórica en el teatro de identidad campesina del corrregimiento de Albania, La Vega (Cauca)
Authors: Viveros Egas Oscar
Published: October 2022

El presente artículo aborda la práctica teatral del grupo Identidad Campesina del municipio de La Vega (Cauca) como experiencia estética pedagógica y como expresión de una narrativa histórica del campesinado y las comunidades rurales de Colombia, especialmente las que se encuentran en el Macizo Colombiano. Teniendo en cuenta la Sistematización de Experiencias desde una metodología basada en la Educación Popular, se hace uso de entrevistas y documentales para dar visibilidad y reconocimiento al pensamiento de campesinas y campesinos, por esta razón se presentan textualmente sus aportes y su visión. Con el propósito de aportar mayores elementos de contexto, el artículo inicia con una breve reseña sobre la situación del campesinado colombiano y nos ubica en el Macizo Colombiano y el municipio de La Vega; posteriormente nos presenta al Proceso Campesino y Popular de La Vega (PCPV) para, después, dar a conocer la propuesta del grupo de teatro Identidad Campesina como práctica pedagógica; finalmente, a partir de apartes de algunas de sus obras, se analiza el contenido histórico de las mismas. Se concluye analizando cómo la experiencia estética teatral, desde la sensibilidad que despierta Identidad Campesina, se convierte en un acto pedagógico permanente.
Future Advances in Early Phase Clinical Development for Disease Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Kremer Philip , Groeneveld Geert
Published: October 2022

With aging populations in many countries, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is expected to increase in the upcoming decades. Currently, no disease modifying therapies for these conditions exist. Advances in genetics and proteomics have identified novel druggable targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Compounds modulating these targets have recently entered clinical trials. These compounds can be orally administered small drug molecules, intravenously dosed antibodies, intrathecally injected antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), gene therapies, stem cells or viral vectors. For the development of these compounds to be successful, multiple challenges have to be overcome. In this review we discuss advances in drug development for each of the major neurodegenerative diseases, which, when applied to early phase drug studies, increase the chance of successful clinical development. Here we will limit ourselves to: 1) the use of biomarkers for understanding target and pathway engagement at an early stage of development, 2) novel approaches for increasing blood-brain barrier penetration and 3) advances in understanding cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in relation to neurodegeneration and target site distribution for intrathecally administered compounds.
A Low Dose Whole Lung Radiotherapy for Covid-19 Pneumonia: What have we Learned? Opinion of the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group.
Authors: Karlsson Ulf , Giap Huan , Gorobets Olena , Vuong Te , Mazibuko Thandeka , Vasileiou Maria , Migliore Natalia , Loganadane Gokoulakrichenane , Mohammadiapanah Mohammad , Javadinia Seyed , Lehrman David , Mohammed Omer , Oboite Eromosele , Oboite Joan , Nguyen Nam , Vinh-Hung Vincent
Published: October 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 carry a high mortality rate among older patients and minorities such as ethnic Africans and Latinos through the induction of a cytokines storm. Many pharmacologic interventions were proposed to improve the mortality rate from normal organ damage such as pneumonia. Low dose whole lung radiotherapy has been used in the past to treat pneumonia and may improve survival through modulation of the inflammatory cytokines. However, there is a lot of controversy about the efficacy and safety of this treatment modality. Thus, a review of the clinical studies using irradiation for COVID-19 pneumonia is needed to answer those questions Methods: A literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. Reported studies were analyzed to assess safety, efficacy, and inflammatory biomarkers response following low dose whole lung radiotherapy Results: Patients who required artificial ventilation for COVID-19 did not benefit from low dose whole lung radiotherapy, most likely due to severe lung damage. The inflammatory response may be attenuated after irradiation but it is unclear whether it is independent of the steroid effect. Conclusion: Randomized studies are required to assess the effect low dose whole lung radiotherapy for COVID-19 pneumonia and its anti-inflammatory property. Such studies are needed for emerging countries with limited resources as radiotherapy may be cost-effective to reduce hospital admission and intensive care unit monitoring.
Reverse Axillary Mapping in Breast Cancer using Double Dye: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Narasannaiah Arun
Published: October 2022

Background: Among the various methods in minimizing Limb Lymphoedema following ALND in Breast cancer, Axillary reverse mapping is a novel approach. Attempt to preserve the ARM node without threatening Oncological safety is a further step. Aim: To identify Blue ARM Node, intra operatively whether harbors metastases or not, defined by Radioactivity comparing with Histo pathological Examination. Materials and Method: The 30 cases of Breast cancer patients undergoing surgery along with Axillary dissection were considered for Double dye technique of ARM study with Radio colloid injection in subareolar region and 3ml of 5% methylene blue to the Arm,1 hour before starting surgery. At Axillary dissection, level I and level II nodal clearance done and the blue thin, tortuous lymphatics entering axilla are identified are followed medially, where blue nodes are usually identified below inferior to Axillary vein. The Blue nodes are considered belonging to upper limb called ARM node, whose radioactivity is recorded invivo, are dissected and sent for Histo pathological Examination. Results: The identification rate of blue lymphatics is about 77% (26 cases out of 30), the location of blue ARM node (70% identification rate, 21 out of 30 cases) were within 2cms inferior to Axillary vein lateral to Latissimus dorsi pedicle. The Radioactivity of the Blue ARM node more the 10% of the count at Subareolar region considered as Cross over Node (Blue+Hot) is observed among 2 patients, which confirmed with histopathologicaly positive for metastases, but rest of 19 (95.3%) Blue ARM node with less than 10% radioactivity (Blue +Cold), were Histopathologicaly Negative for metastases. Among 21 Blue ARM nodes, 2 nodes were metastatic amounting to 9.4% cases having cross over Lymphatics, identified by radioactivity. Conclusion: The Double dye Axillary Reverse Mapping study is a valuable armamentarium for the surgeons, during Breast Cancer surgery undergoing Axillary Lymphnode dissection to preserve uninvolved ARM Lymph node, thereby avoid Limb lymphedema without compromising Oncological safety.1
Smoking and Endothelial Dysfunction: An Integrated - Medical and Molecular Review
Authors: JC Yugar-Toledo , B Rodrigues , F Vilela-Martin , N Dinamarco , B Rodrigues , H Moreno
Published: October 2022

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of about 7,000 different toxic substances, many of which are generated during the burning of the tobacco leaf, some in the gas phase and others in the particulate matter. The gas phase represents approximately 60% of the smoke from the burning of tobacco, 99% of this phase is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, argon, and methane. Atherosclerosis associated with smoking is not necessarily an effect of nicotine, but probably the joint action of the various constituents of cigarette smoke. ROS from the gas phase of tobacco contributes to the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Bupropion and varenicline are used for smoking cessation despite the side effects; however, we are still far from effective treatment to assist the definitive discontinuation of the habit of smoking. This review discusses the main mechanisms associated with vascular damage from the smoking.
The Risk of Suffering Violence by the Elderly People: The Power of Cognitive Functioning and Loneliness Through the Analysis of the Gamma Model
Authors: Serra Lídia , Parreira Verónica , Silva Luís
Published: October 2022

Objective: The elderly people has been increasing and the danger of elderly people suffering violence also tends to grow. When the elderly people have cognitive weaknesses, are alone and helpless, the probability of suffering violence is very high. The main objective of this study is to analyze whether cognitive functioning, the loneliness felt by the elderly people and their affects can predict the risk of suffering violence. Methods: The number of participants in this study was 101 of both genders, with ages ranging between 65 and 94 years. The instruments applied were a sociodemographic questionnaire, Arvini Range Test, the University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, the Mini Mental State Examination and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Results: The results showed that after eliminating potentially influential observations, the adjusted model revealed that cognitive functioning and loneliness are predictors of the risk of suffering violence by the elderly people. Conclusion: It is important to consider that the presence of subjective feelings of loneliness and how the elderly’s brains cognitively work can be considered risk factors for violence against them. These variables must be taken into account in the preparation of caregivers and nursing homes so that violence against the elderly people can be prevented.
Nutcracker Syndrome: A Review of the Current Literature
Authors: DeRieux Jaclyn , Obed Dina , Casey Kevin
Published: October 2022

Nutcracker Syndrome is a rare condition secondary to either compression of the left renal vein in its normal anatomic position by the superior mesenteric artery and aorta, or rarely, when the left renal vein is in a retroaortic position, compressed between the aorta and the spine. Left renal vein compression varies widely in presentation and severity, ranging from asymptomatic imaging findings, to chronic pelvic or flank pain. While left renal vein transposition remains the most common management modality, there is growing acceptance for other surgical interventions as well as endovascular treatments–particularly stenting. However, there remains a scarcity of evidence for these less invasive techniques. We conduct a review of the recent literature and discuss the diagnosis and current management strategies for nutcracker syndrome. We also revisit a unique case of nutcracker syndrome in a female patient with a history of chronic pelvic pain and venous congestion wherein transposition of the left renal vein resulted in complete resolution of her symptoms.
Results from a Validated in vitro Gastrointestinal Model (TIM) used as input Data for in silico Modeling Give Highly Predictive Information for the Human Situation
Authors: Havenaar Robert , Bellmann Susann
Published: October 2022

The aim of this review paper is to evaluate the predictive quality of a combination of in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal models, mucosal transit models and in silico kinetic modeling. The TNO gastro-Intestinal Model (TIM) is a computer-controlled system, mimicking essential gastrointestinal parameters of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The systems have dialysis or filtration units connected to the intestinal compartments. TIM settings are adapted to the condition that has to be simulated, such as fasted and fed state, age, and co-medication. In this way the transit and digestibility of food, release, dissolution, and bioaccessibility of nutrients, drugs, and metabolites can be studied. The TIM Systems have been validated in comparison to human studies for various food products and oral drugs, published in peer-reviewed journals. The results show the potential availability for absorption, called 'bioaccessibility'. Combining TIM with mucosal transit assays, it is possible to also analyze the intestinal absorption. But for predicting bioavailability and plasma concentrations in time it needs additional kinetic data, such as distribution, metabolism, and excretion. TIM bioaccessibility data and (published) kinetic data can be used as input in commercial in silico models or specifically developed in silico modeling. Validation studies show a high predictive quality for human nutrient and drug bioavailability and plasma concentrations. Maybe not (yet) in all cases the predictions will cover for 100% the human data, so there is room for improvement. However, the reviewed studies clearly show the strength of combining a validated gastrointestinal model with physiological kinetic data in in silico modeling. It certainly will replace animal experiments and will strongly increase the success rate of follow-up human studies, saving time and costs.
Prevalence of steroid-induced glaucoma among patients suffering from vernal kerato-conjunctivitis in central India
Authors: Singh Dheerendra , Sharma Nupur , Agarwal Rahul
Published: October 2022

The present study is aimed to assess the prevalence of steroid-induced glaucoma in vernal kerato-conjunctivitis patients treated with topical steroids and to determine the association between different types of topical steroids and the presence of steroid-induced glaucoma.

This study was conducted as a hospital-based cross-sectional study on patients belonging to the age range of 8 years to18 years who were already diagnosed with vernal kerato-conjunctivitis and were using topical steroids as treatment. Detailed clinical history and ophthalmologic examination were done. Depending upon the potency of steroids and their intra-ocular pressure raising potential, patients were categorized into one of the 4 groups (A, B, C, D).

Intra-ocular pressure levels were raised in 32.9% of the patients managed with topical corticosteroids. Steroid-induced glaucoma was observed in 15 (6.1%) of the patients with vernal kerato-conjunctivitis. Steroid-induced glaucoma was significantly associated with prolonged duration of corticosteroids and high potency corticosteroid use (p<0.05).

Steroid-induced glaucoma is one of the common complications of injudicious and long-term use of topical corticosteroids particularly high potency steroids. Approximately one-third of the patients on treatment for vernal kerato-conjunctivitis are corticosteroid responders. High potency steroids and prolonged use of steroids are factors associated with steroid-induced glaucoma.
A clinico epidemiological study of retinitis pigmentosa and associated syndromes – A prospective observational study
Authors: Kumar Niranjan Karthik Senthil , Gopinath Balaji
Published: October 2022

To analyze clinico-epidemiological trends in Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) cases and syndromes associated with RP.

: This is a prospective observational case series. All cases found to have clinical features suggestive of RP were studies. The period of study was for twelve months. Detailed history taking, General and ocular examinations were performed meticulously to look for various associations and findings related to RP.

: Among 55 patients of Primary RP, 38 (69%) were males and 17 (31%) females. 69.9% had the onset in 1 decade, 14.5% in 2 decade and 16.36% beyond 2 decade. In 1 decade of life, pattern of inheritance showed a predominance of autosomal recessive pattern (34.5%) followed by sporadic (27.2%). 30 out of 55 cases (54%) had positive family history of night blindness while remaining 25(46%) were sporadic in nature. 40 (72.7%) had typical RP, 4 cases had atypical RP (7.2%) and 11 (20%) syndromic RP. Of 11 cases which had syndromic associations, most common was Usher syndrome being 5 (45%). Regarding treatment, myopia was corrected with best glasses in 25 cases and 5 required low vision aids. 35 cases (64%) maintained visual acuity and fields.

Retinitis pigmentosa presents in an isolated or syndromic manner (20%). Periodic testing helps in timely detection of progression of disease. Correction of refractive error and use of low vision aids allows patients to pursue many activities of daily living better. Supportive genetic counselling and utility of ERG in detecting early loss of photoreceptor function.
Clinical study of intravitreal injection of expansile gases in treatment of vitreomacular traction
Authors: Shah Sarjak M , Gosai Jignesh Y , More Amruta V , Goswami Urmish V , Tebhla Soema S
Published: October 2022

VMT is a condition with an abnormal adhesion of vitreous to the macula. In classic form it is separated from the retina throughout the peripheral fundus but remains adherent posteriorly. We studied the efficacy of intravitreal expansile gas injection with proper patient positioning for relieving VMT, using OCT as main modality to image response.

To study the efficacy of intravitreal injection of expansile gases (SF or CF) in releasing VMT and the improvement in the visual acuity.

The study was conducted in a tertiary eye care centre during the period of October’14 to ‘16. 37 eyes of 30 patients were included.

Those with HVMA of <750 µm had a 100% success rate, those with HVMA >750 µm had a 26.66% failure rate of non-resolution. The 33 eyes (P= 0.026) which were relieved of the traction provided a significant relevance of this treatment method in case of symptomatic VMT. Eyes treated with expansile gas injection and resolution of VMT showed non-significant improvement after one week of injection (P = 0.089), but did show significant improvement after one and three months (P<0.01).

For patients unable to undergo long surgeries like PPV with ILM peeling, this modality of intravitreal expansile gas injection serves to relieve the traction easily and reduces any sort of visual distortion.
A study of evaluation of various risk factors of retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Meena Anjali , Mittal Lipi , Gupta Vijay
Published: October 2022

Retinal vein occlusions have a characteristic, although somewhat variable, appearance with intraretinal hemorrhage, cotton – wool spots, tortuous and dilated retinal veins, retinal edema and occasionally optic disc swelling. There are three distinct types of RVO: branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and an anatomical variant of CRVO, namely, hemiretinal vein occlusion (HRVO). Intraocular steroid treatments and macular or scatter panretinal photocoagulation are also employed to manage vision loss from, and complications of, RVO.

To study the various systemic & ocular risk factors of RVO and the prevalence of RVO (BRVO & CRVO).

This hospital based study was conducted on all RVO patients attending the OPD of Department of Ophthalmology, RNT Medical College, Udaipur.

The prevalence of RVO (0.77%), BRVO (0.52%) and CRVO (0.11%) which increased with increasing age. More common in 56-65 years males. The major risk factor associated with RVO was systemic hypertension. There is a significant link between diabetic mellitus, serum homocysteine levels, and hyperlipidemia.  RVO is linked to smoking, coronary artery disease, use of OCP, and vascular occlusive disease. Macular edema was resolved and vision was significantly improved after intravitreal Anti-VEGF injections.

To sum up, it is important to focus on modifiable risk factors like smoking, hyperlipidemia, systemic diseases like: hypertension and diabetes which are found to be associated with increased risk of developing RVO and also look into preventable aspect of the disease.