bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formal Models of International Institutions
Authors: Gilligan Michael J. , Johns Leslie
Published: May 2012

The past three decades have witnessed the development of a rich literature that applies the formal tools of game theory to understanding international cooperation and international institutions. We divide this literature into three “generations” of scholarship. With a few notable exceptions, the first generation used very simple models—2×2 normal form games—to understand why states need to cooperate and why they comply with their cooperative agreements under conditions of anarchy. This first generation unfortunately bogged down in the neorealist–neoliberal debate. Second-generation scholars began to use tailor-made models to address the neorealist–neoliberal debate and to turn to new questions, such as how international agreements are created and how domestic political divisions affect international cooperation. With answers to the key questions of how international agreements are created and complied with, third-generation scholars could turn to increasingly refined models to answer specific questions about international institutions, such as the proper size of multilateral agreements, how the gains of cooperation are distributed, whether flexibility provisions should be built into agreements, and the specific functions of international organizations.
Varieties of Capitalism: Trajectories of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity
Authors: Thelen Kathleen
Published: May 2012

This essay reviews recent literature on varieties of capitalism, drawing on insights from existing studies to propose a new, more differentiated way of thinking about contemporary changes in the political economies of the rich democracies. The framework offered here breaks with the “continuum models” on which much of the traditional literature has been based, in which countries are arrayed along a single dimension according to their degree of “corporatism” or, more recently, of “coordination.” In so doing, it reveals combinations—continued high levels of equality with significant liberalization, and declining solidarity in the context of continued significant coordination—that existing theories rule out by definition. I argue that these puzzling combinations cannot be understood with reference to the usual dichotomous, structural variables on which the literature has long relied, but require instead greater attention to the coalitional foundations on which political-economic institutions rest. A coalitional approach reveals that institutions that in the past supported the more egalitarian varieties of capitalism survive best not when they stably reproduce the politics and patterns of the Golden Era but rather when they are reconfigured—in both form and function—on the basis of significantly new political support coalitions.
Studying Organizational Advocacy and Influence: Reexamining Interest Group Research
Authors: Hojnacki Marie , Kimball David C. , Baumgartner Frank R. , Berry Jeffrey M. , Leech Beth L.
Published: May 2012

In Basic Interests: The Importance of Groups in Politics and in Political Science (1998) , Frank Baumgartner and Beth Leech characterized a series of problems in the interest group research published between 1950 and 1995. In this article, we assess whether recent research has become more theoretically coherent, more attentive to context, and broader in both scope and topical focus, all of which are crucial to advancing the systematic study of interest groups and their policy-making activities. Overall, we observe more large-scale and longitudinal studies between 1996 and 2011 than Baumgartner & Leech observed between 1950 and 1995. This newer literature also is much more likely to focus on key issues for students of politics, and to give attention to the context in which organizations operate to affect public policy. However, we see minimal evidence that scholars addressing similar questions within the subfield are operating from one or a few shared theoretical frameworks.
What (If Anything) Does East Asia Tell Us About International Relations Theory?
Authors: Johnston Alastair Iain
Published: May 2012

Transatlantic international relations (IR) theory has more or less neglected the international relations of East Asia. This relative neglect has come in different forms: excluding East Asian cases from analysis, including East Asian cases but miscoding or misunderstanding them, or including them but missing the fact that they do not confirm the main findings of the study. A review of the East Asia–related literature on three important clusters of theorizing—structural theories of conflict, institutional design and efficacy, and historical memory—suggests that this neglect of the region (and other regions) may come at a cost to transatlantic IR, not only in terms of data problems but also in terms of omitted or downplayed explanatory variables and theoretical arguments.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV limits organ damage in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through induction of autophagy
Authors: Evankovich John , Zhang Ruilin , Cardinal Jon S. , Zhang Lemeng , Chen Junda , Huang Hai , Beer-Stolz Donna , Billiar Timothy R. , Rosengart Matthew R. , Tsung Allan
Published: May 2012

Sterile inflammatory insults, such as ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, result from pathogenic factors, including damage-associated molecular pattern signaling, activation of innate immunity, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. At the same time, a number of protective, or prosurvival, pathways are also activated, and the extent of end-organ damage is ultimately determined by the balance between these two systems. In liver I/R, members of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) family are known to be activated, but their individual roles are largely unknown. In this study, we show that one CaMK member, CaMKIV, is protective in hepatic I/R by activating the prosurvival pathway of autophagy in hepatocytes. CaMKIV knockout mice experience significantly worse organ damage after I/R and are deficient in hepatocyte autophagic signaling. Restoration of autophagic signaling with rapamycin reduces organ damage in CaMKIV knockout mice to wild-type levels. In vitro, we show that CaMKIV activation induces autophagy in mouse hepatocytes, and that CaMKIV activation protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death. In conclusion, the protective autophagic signaling pathway serves to reduce organ damage following I/R and is regulated by activation of CaMKIV signaling in hepatocytes.
Anal sphincteric neurogenic injury in asymptomatic nulliparous women and fecal incontinence
Authors: Bharucha Adil E. , Daube Jasper , Litchy William , Traue Julia , Edge Jessica , Enck Paul , Zinsmeister Alan R.
Published: May 2012

While anal sphincter neurogenic injury documented by needle electromyography (EMG) has been implicated to cause fecal incontinence (FI), most studies have been uncontrolled. Normal values and the effects of age on anal sphincter motor unit potentials (MUP) are ill defined. The functional significance of anal sphincter neurogenic injury in FI is unclear. Anal pressures and EMG were assessed in 20 asymptomatic nulliparous women (age, 38 ± 5 yr; mean ± SE) and 20 women with FI (54 ± 3 yr). A computerized program quantified MUP duration and phases. These parameters and MUP recruitment were also semiquantitatively assessed by experienced electromyographers in real time. Increasing age was associated with longer and more polyphasic MUP in nulliparous women by quantitative analysis. A higher proportion of FI patients had prolonged (1 control, 7 patients, P = 0.04) and polyphasic MUP (2 controls, 9 patients, P = 0.03) at rest but not during squeeze. Semiquantitative analyses identified neurogenic or muscle injury in the anal sphincter (11 patients) and other lumbosacral muscles (4 patients). There was substantial agreement between quantitative and semiquantitative analyses (κ statistic 0.63 ± 95% CI: 0.32–0.96). Anal resting and squeeze pressures were lower ( P ≤ 0.01) in FI than controls. Anal sphincter neurogenic or muscle injury assessed by needle EMG was associated ( P = 0.01) with weaker squeeze pressures (83 ± 10 mmHg vs. 154 ± 30 mmHg) and explained 19% ( P = 0.01) of the variation in squeeze pressure. Anal sphincter MUP are longer and more polyphasic in older than younger nulliparous women. Women with FI have more severe neurogenic or muscle anal sphincter injury, which is associated with lower squeeze pressures.
A role for altered phagosome maturation in the long-term persistence ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection
Authors: Borlace Glenn N. , Keep Stacey J. , Prodoehl Mark J. R. , Jones Hilary F. , Butler Ross N. , Brooks Doug A.
Published: May 2012

The vigorous host immune response that is mounted against Helicobacter pylori is unable to eliminate this pathogenic bacterium from its niche in the human gastric mucosa. This results in chronic inflammation, which can develop into gastric or duodenal ulcers in 10% of infected individuals and gastric cancer in 1% of infections. The determinants for these more severe pathologies include host (e.g., high IL-1β expression polymorphisms), bacterial [e.g., cytotoxicity-associated gene ( cag) pathogenicity island], and environmental (e.g., dietary nitrites) factors. However, it is the failure of host immune effector cells to eliminate H. pylori that underlies its persistence and the subsequent H. pylori-associated disease. Here we discuss the mechanisms used by H. pylori to survive the host immune response and, in particular, the role played by altered phagosome maturation.
A comparison of two Hill-type skeletal muscle models on the construction of medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves in humans in vivo
Authors: Hoffman B. W. , Lichtwark G. A. , Carroll T. J. , Cresswell A. G.
Published: May 2012

Human length-tension curves are traditionally constructed using a model that assumes passive tension does not change during contraction ( model A) even though the animal literature suggests that passive tension can decrease ( model B). The study's aims were threefold: 1) measure differences in human medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves using model A vs. model B, 2) test the reliability of ultrasound constructed length-tension curves, and 3) test the robustness of fascicle length-generated length-tension curves to variations between the angle and fascicle length relationship. An isokinetic dynamometer manipulated and measured ankle angle while ultrasound was used to measure medial gastrocnemius fascicle length. Supramaximal tibial nerve stimulation was used to evoke resting muscle twitches. Length-tension curves were constructed using model A {angle-torque [A-T(A)], length-torque [L-T(A)]} or model B {length-torque [L-T(B)]} in three conditions: baseline, heel-lift (where the muscle was shortened at each angle), and baseline repeated 2 h later (+2 h). Length-tension curves constructed from model B differed from those produced via model A, indicated by a significant increase in maximum torque (≈23%) when using L-T(B) vs. L-T(A). No parameter measured was different between baseline and +2 h for any method, indicating good reliability when using ultrasound. Length-tension curves were unaffected by the heel-lift condition when using L-T(A) or L-T(B) but were affected when using A-T(A). Since the muscle model used significantly alters human length-tension curves, and given animal data indicate model B to be more accurate when passive tension is present, we recommend that model B should be used when constructing medial gastrocnemius length-tension curves in humans in vivo.
What can imaging tell us about physiology? Lung growth and regional mechanical strain
Authors: Hsia Connie C. W. , Tawhai Merryn H.
Published: May 2012

The interplay of mechanical forces transduces diverse physico-biochemical processes to influence lung morphogenesis, growth, maturation, remodeling and repair. Because tissue stress is difficult to measure in vivo, mechano-sensitive responses are commonly inferred from global changes in lung volume, shape, or compliance and correlated with structural changes in tissue blocks sampled from postmortem-fixed lungs. Recent advances in noninvasive volumetric imaging technology, nonrigid image registration, and deformation analysis provide valuable tools for the quantitative analysis of in vivo regional anatomy and air and tissue-blood distributions and when combined with transpulmonary pressure measurements, allow characterization of regional mechanical function, e.g., displacement, strain, shear, within and among intact lobes, as well as between the lung and the components of its container—rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum—thereby yielding new insights into the inter-related metrics of mechanical stress-strain and growth/remodeling. Here, we review the state-of-the-art imaging applications for mapping asymmetric heterogeneous physical interactions within the thorax and how these interactions permit as well as constrain lung growth, remodeling, and compensation during development and following pneumonectomy to illustrate how advanced imaging could facilitate the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology. Functional imaging promises to facilitate the formulation of realistic computational models of lung growth that integrate mechano-sensitive events over multiple spatial and temporal scales to accurately describe in vivo physiology and pathophysiology. Improved computational models in turn could enhance our ability to predict regional as well as global responses to experimental and therapeutic interventions.
Noninvasive evaluation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity with near-infrared spectroscopy: correcting for blood volume changes
Authors: Ryan Terence E. , Erickson Melissa L. , Brizendine Jared T. , Young Hui-Ju , McCully Kevin K.
Published: May 2012

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well-known method used to measure muscle oxygenation and hemodynamics in vivo. The application of arterial occlusions allows for the assessment of muscle oxygen consumption (mV̇o2) using NIRS. The aim of this study was to measure skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals that represent oxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin/myoglobin (HHb). We also assessed the reliability and reproducibility of NIRS measurements of resting oxygen consumption and mitochondrial capacity. Twenty-four subjects, including four with chronic spinal cord injury, were tested using either the vastus lateralis or gastrocnemius muscles. Ten healthy, able-bodied subjects were tested on two occasions within a period of 7 days to assess the reliability and reproducibility. NIRS signals were corrected for blood volume changes using three different methods. Resting oxygen consumption had a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.4% (range 1–32%). The recovery of oxygen consumption (mV̇o2) after electrical stimulation at 4 Hz was fit to an exponential curve, which represents mitochondrial capacity. The time constant for the recovery of mV̇o2was reproducible with a mean CV of 10% (range 1–22%) only when correcting for blood volume changes. We also examined the effects of adipose tissue thickness on measurements of mV̇o2. We found the mV̇o2measurements using absolute units to be influenced by adipose tissue thickness (ATT), and this relationship was removed when an ischemic calibration was performed, supporting its use to compare mV̇o2between individuals of varying ATT. In conclusion, in vivo oxidative capacity can be assessed using blood volume-corrected NIRS signals with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility.
Involvement of enhanced cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex in sympathetic activation in early stage of diabetes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Xiong Xiao-Qing , Fan Zhi-Dan , Gan Xian-Bing , Gao Xing-Ya , Zhu Guo-Qing
Published: May 2012

Cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex (CSAR) is involved in sympathetic activation. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of enhanced CSAR to sympathetic activation in the early stage of diabetes and the involvement of AT1 receptors in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin in rats. Acute experiments were carried out under anesthesia after 3 wk. The CSAR was evaluated by the responses of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to epicardial application of capsaicin or bradykinin. Sympathetic activity and CSAR were enhanced in diabetic rats. Plasma norepinephrine and angiotensin II were increased, but the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in the left ventricle wall was not significantly increased in diabetic rats. Pericardial injection of resiniferatoxin to desensitize cardiac afferents or PVN microinjection of lidocaine attenuated the CSAR and decreased the RSNA and MAP in diabetic rats. The AT1 receptor expression in the PVN increased in diabetic rats. Angiotensin II in the PVN caused greater increases in the RSNA and MAP and enhancement in the CSAR in diabetic rats, which were abolished by the losartan pretreatment. Losartan decreased the RSNA and MAP and attenuated the CSAR in diabetic rats but not in control rats. These results indicate that the CSAR is enhanced in the early stage of diabetic rats, which contributes to the sympathetic activation. AT1 receptors in the PVN are involved in the enhanced CSAR in diabetic rats.
Ultrasensitive Measurement of Hotspot Mutations in Tumor DNA in Blood Using Error-Suppressed Multiplexed Deep Sequencing
Authors: Narayan Azeet , Carriero Nicholas J. , Gettinger Scott N. , Kluytenaar Jeannie , Kozak Kevin R. , Yock Torunn I. , Muscato Nicole E. , Ugarelli Pedro , Decker Roy H. , Patel Abhijit A.
Published: May 2012

Detection of cell-free tumor DNA in the blood has offered promise as a cancer biomarker, but practical clinical implementations have been impeded by the lack of a sensitive and accurate method for quantitation that is also simple, inexpensive, and readily scalable. Here we present an approach that uses next-generation sequencing to quantify the small fraction of DNA molecules that contain tumor-specific mutations within a background of normal DNA in plasma. Using layers of sequence redundancy designed to distinguish true mutations from sequencer misreads and PCR misincorporations, we achieved a detection sensitivity of approximately 1 variant in 5,000 molecules. In addition, the attachment of modular barcode tags to the DNA fragments to be sequenced facilitated the simultaneous analysis of more than 100 patient samples. As proof-of-principle, we showed the successful use of this method to follow treatment-associated changes in circulating tumor DNA levels in patients with non–small cell lung cancer. Our findings suggest that the deep sequencing approach described here may be applied to the development of a practical diagnostic test that measures tumor-derived DNA levels in blood. Cancer Res; 72(14); 3492–8. ©2012 AACR.
Genetic Variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR Pathway Predict Head and Neck Cancer Patient Second Primary Tumor/Recurrence Risk and Response to Retinoid Chemoprevention
Authors: Hildebrandt Michelle A.T. , Lippman Scott M. , Etzel Carol J. , Kim Edward , Lee J. Jack , Khuri Fadlo R. , Spitz Margaret R. , Lotan Reuben , Hong Waun Ki , Wu Xifeng
Published: May 2012

Purpose: The development of second primary tumors (SPT) or recurrence alters prognosis for curatively treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The 13-cis-Retinoic acid (13-cRA) has been tested as a chemoprevention agent in clinical trials with mixed results. Therefore, we investigated whether genetic variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway could serve as biomarkers to identify which patients are at high risk of an SPT/recurrence, while also predicting response to 13-cRA chemoprevention.

Experimental Design: A total of 137 pathway single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped in 440 patients from the Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary Trial and assessed for SPT/recurrence risk and response to 13-cRA. Risk models were created based on epidemiology, clinical, and genetic data.

Results: Twenty-two genetic loci were associated with increased SPT/recurrence risk, with six also being associated with a significant benefit following chemoprevention. Combined analysis of these high-risk/high-benefit loci identified a significant (P = 1.54 × 10−4) dose–response relationship for SPT/recurrence risk, with patients carrying four to five high-risk genotypes having a 3.76-fold [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 1.87–7.57] increase in risk in the placebo group (n = 215). Patients carrying four to five high-risk loci showed the most benefit from 13-cRA chemoprevention, with a 73% reduction in SPT/recurrence (95% CI, 0.13–0.58) compared with those with the same number of high-risk genotypes who were randomized to receive placebo. Incorporation of these loci into a risk model significantly improved the discriminatory ability over models with epidemiology, clinical, and previously identified genetic variables.

Conclusions: These results show that loci within this important pathway could identify individuals with a high-risk/high-benefit profile and are a step toward personalized chemoprevention for HNSCC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 18(13); 3705–13. ©2012 AACR.
Reality Enchanted, Contact Mediated: A Story of Gob Squad
Authors: Tecklenburg Nina
Published: May 2012

Since 1994, the Anglo-German artist collective Gob Squad has been celebrating live performance as a space for encounter via mediation. In an artistic border zone between performance, theatre, film, video, and installation, Gob Squad—together with their audience—aims to create hyperrealistic effects that reflect and dismantle the powerful mechanisms and seduction strategies of a culture dominated by screens, cameras, and other forms of technological interface.
The Market, Ideology, and Convention: Jingju Performers' Creativity in the 21st Century
Authors: Ruru Li
Published: May 2012

Driven by the imperatives of a changing society and the pressures of new technology, China's theatre is undergoing rapid transformation. The work of two leading Shanghai actors, Shang Changrong and Shi Yihong, reveals how jingju (Beijing Opera) navigates traditional conventions and emerging market challenges, negotiating a future for the art form.
Art Is Magic/It Cannot Succeed: Christoph Schlingensief's Via Intolleranza II
Authors: Cornish Matt
Published: May 2012

“I want you to eat my dead body, digest me, and shit me out. I want you to spread the shit on plants as fertilizer, and nourish yourself again.” In his production Via Intolleranna II, German director Christoph Schlingensief becomes present to our present, despite his death in August 2010.
On the Complexity of Multiple Feminist Identities
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe , Fischer Ann R.
Published: May 2012

This response to J. D. Yoder, A. F. Snell, and A. Tobias (2012) discusses implications for applying and building on their research findings regarding the complex feminist identifications found in young university women. Based on identity scholarship by women of color, it also discusses the challenges of conceptualizing and studying interactions among feminist and other multiple identities. Opportunities for richer understanding of the lives of people of all genders will come from taking into account hybrid and intersectional feminisms and identities and broadening samples to highlight the experiences of diverse groups of individuals.
Feminism Revisited
Authors: Ali Saba Rasheed , Levy Lauren B.
Published: May 2012

Yoder, Snell, and Tobias (2012) present an important study linking feminist beliefs with liberation with well-being for a group of predominantly White college-enrolled women. In this reaction to their work, the authors discuss how we can use the results of this study to further develop the concept of liberation and feminist beliefs for diverse women with varying degrees of privilege. The relationship between the current study and liberation psychology perspectives are addressed, as well as practical implications of these perspectives.
Handling Item-Level Missing Data
Authors: Parent Mike C.
Published: May 2012

The topic of missing data has been receiving increasing attention, with calls to apply advanced methods of handling missingness to counseling psychology research. The present study sought to assess whether advanced methods of handling item-level missing data performed equivalently to simpler methods in designs similar to those counseling psychologists typically engage in. Results of an initial preliminary analysis, an analysis using real-world data, and a series of simulation studies were used in the present investigation. Results indicated that available case analysis, mean substitution, and multiple imputation had similar results across low levels of missing data, though in data with higher levels of missing data and other problems (e.g., small sample size or scales with weak internal reliability) mean substitution produced inflation of correlation coefficients among items. The present results support the use of available case analysis when dealing with low-level item-level missingness.
Fundamental natural frequencies of thin-walled elliptical composite cylinders
Authors: Lo Hung-Chieh , Hyer Michael W
Published: May 2012

Hamilton’s principle coupled with the Rayleigh–Ritz technique is used to compute the fundamental frequencies of simply supported thin-walled fiber-reinforced composite cylinders with elliptical cross sections. Owing to the decreased geometric stiffness resulting from less curvature, it is expected that the normal displacement component of the vibratory motion will be larger in the flatter regions of the cross section than that in the more curved regions. Accordingly, in the Rayleigh–Ritz formulation, the normal displacement component of the vibratory motion is modulated with circumferential location to represent this characteristic by using a so-called shape factor. A number of simplifications in the analysis lead to a hierarchy of expressions for the fundamental frequency, including the one termed Lo’s approximation. The so-called large and small cylinders, as measured by cylinder circumference and with wall laminates [±θ/0/90]2S and[±θ/0/90]S, respectively, θ in the range of 0 to 90°, are considered. It is demonstrated that the comparisons with finite element calculations are good, particularly for Lo’s approximation. Then, parameter studies using Lo’s approximation are conducted to illustrate the dependence of the fundamental frequency on fiber angle θ, cross-sectional geometry, cylinder circumference, and cylinder length. It is shown that for cylinders of the same circumference, an elliptical cylinder has a lower fundamental frequency than a circular one and that difference is quantified. However, the dependence of the fundamental frequency on other geometric parameters and fiber angle is much the same for cylinders with elliptical cross sections as for circular cylinders.
Effective property estimates for composites containing multiple nanoheterogeneities: Part II nanofibers and voids
Authors: Yu Jaesang , Lacy Thomas E , Toghiani Hossein , Pittman Charles U
Published: May 2012

The Effective Continuum Micromechanics Analysis Code was used to predict effective elastic moduli of vinyl ester composites containing a combination of solid/hollow carbon nanofibers with varying degrees of fiber waviness, voids, and traditional E-glass fibers. The predicted effective elastic moduli for nanofiber-reinforced composites matched well with experimental results from the literature. In addition, single- and multiple-step homogenization procedures were both used to determine effective properties for hybrid composites containing reinforcements of disparate sizes (i.e., nanofibers combined with traditional E-glass fibers). This work aims to facilitate the development of engineered multiscale materials design by providing insight into relationships between nanomaterial physical characteristics, interactions, and structure across disparate spatial scales that lead to improved macroscale performance.
Revisiting the Role of Cultural Capital in East Asian Educational Systems
Authors: Byun Soo-yong , Schofer Evan , Kim Kyung-keun
Published: May 2012

The concept of cultural capital has proved invaluable in understanding educational systems in Western countries, and recent work seeks to extend those insights to the diverse educational systems of other geographic regions. Using data from the 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment, the authors explored cultural capital in South Korea by investigating the relationships among family socioeconomic status (SES), cultural capital, and children’s academic achievement. South Korea was compared with Japan, France, and the United States to understand how institutional features of South Korean education shape the role of cultural capital in academic success. Results showed that family SES had a positive effect on both parental objectified cultural capital and children’s embodied cultural capital in South Korea, consistent with evidence from the other countries. Moreover, parental objectified cultural capital had a positive effect on children’s academic achievement in South Korea. In contrast to other countries, however, children’s embodied cultural capital had a negative effect on academic achievement in South Korea, controlling for the other variables. The authors highlighted several institutional features of South Korean education, including a standardized curriculum, extreme focus on test preparation, and extensive shadow education, which may combine to suppress the effect of children’s embodied cultural capital on academic achievement.
Complex Trauma and Aggression in Secure Juvenile Justice Settings
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Chapman John , Connor Daniel F. , Cruise Keith R.
Published: May 2012

Youth in secure juvenile justice settings (e.g., detention, incarceration) often have histories of complex trauma: exposure to traumatic stressors including polyvictimization, life-threatening accidents or disasters, and interpersonal losses. Complex trauma adversely affects early childhood biopsychosocial development and attachment bonding, placing the youth at risk for a range of serious problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, oppositional defiance, risk taking, substance abuse) that may lead to reactive aggression. Complex trauma is associated with an extremely problematic combination of persistently diminished adaptive arousal reactions, episodic maladaptive hyperarousal, impaired information processing and impulse control, self-critical and aggression-endorsing cognitive schemas, and peer relationships that model and reinforce disinhibited reactions, maladaptive ways of thinking, and aggressive, antisocial, and delinquent behaviors. This constellation of problems poses significant challenges for management, rehabilitation, and treatment of youth in secure justice settings. Epidemiological and clinical evidence of the prevalence, impact on development and functioning, comorbidity, and adverse outcomes in adolescence of exposure to complex trauma are reviewed. Implications for milieu management, screening, assessment, and treatment of youth who have complex trauma histories and problems with aggression in secure juvenile justice settings are discussed, with directions for future research and program development.
Jonathan E. Rhoads Lecture 2011
Authors: Ljungqvist Olle
Published: May 2012

This lecture reviews the current understanding of how insulin resistance, as a marker of the metabolic stress, is involved in recovery after major surgery. Insulin resistance develops as a graded response related to the magnitude of the operation. It lasts for weeks after medium‐size surgery and affects all parts of body metabolism. Although hyperglycemia develops, muscle and fat uptake is reduced and other non‐insulin‐sensitive cells have an increase in glucose uptake as a result of the elevated glucose levels. Reduced glucose uptake and storage in muscle along with loss of lean body mass help explain reduced muscle function that will impair mobilization. The increased uptake of glucose in non‐insulin‐sensitive cells is involved in the development of several of the most common postoperative complications, including infections and cardiovascular problems. Many of the perioperative treatments in use are outdated, and modern care involves a multimodal approach with several treatments, such as preoperative carbohydrate treatment instead of overnight fasting, continuous epidural anesthesia for postoperative pain care, early feeding, and mobilization, all of which affect insulin by reducing the stress and enhancing recovery. Most of the previous mandatory catabolic responses to surgery can be avoided, resulting in substantially faster recovery and fewer complications. Methods to implement these modern treatments have been developed and used in Europe, resulting in improved care and shorter length of stay.
Longitudinal Prediction of Metabolic Rate in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Frankenfield David C. , Ashcraft Christine M. , Galvan Dan A.
Published: May 2012

Background: Indirect calorimetry is the criterion method for assessment of energy expenditure in critically ill patients but is decidedly uncommon. Thus, calculation methods proliferate. Even if indirect calorimetry is available, it usually is not repeated more than weekly on the same patient, creating potential for error. The purpose of the current study was to quantify estimation errors against indirect calorimetry measurements in critically ill patients over time. Methods: In mechanically ventilated, critical care patients, indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting metabolic rate for 7 days. Three estimation methods were compared with the cumulative measurement: the Penn State equations, the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) standard (25 kcal/kg body weight), and an extrapolated value based on the first measurement multiplied by 7 days. Results: The cumulative difference between measured resting metabolic rate and the rate predicted by the Penn State equations was −468 ± 642 kcal (–3.7% ± 5.1% of the measured value). The difference for the ACCP was smaller, but variation was much wider (–387 ± 1597 kcal or −2.2% ± 11.9% of the measured value). The extrapolated value was −684 ± 1731 kcal (–4.1% ± 11.4% of measured expenditure). Conclusion: On average, the Penn State equations predict resting metabolic rate over time within 5% of the measured value. This performance is similar to the practice of making 1 measurement and extrapolating it over 1 week. The ACCP method has an unacceptably wide limit of agreement.
The Good Manager: An Archetypical Quest for Morally Sustainable Leadership
Authors: Kociatkiewicz Jerzy , Kostera Monika
Published: May 2012

This paper explores the potential for morally sustainable leadership, i.e., leadership with an awareness of both light and dark sides contained in the role of the leader, as symbolized by the archetype of the king. A narrative enquiry aiming at the study of fictive stories authored by management theorists and practitioners from different contexts, interweaving collective individual elements, brings to light how issues of leadership goodness are related to each other and to other themes. The stories are presented as archetypical tales, that is, stories that touch profound aspects of culture and the psyche. They reveal what happens when people are asked to imagine a good manager, and how this results in tragic ironic representations, rather than tales of straightforward goodness.
Capturing the Family Context of Emotion Regulation
Authors: Fosco Gregory M. , Grych John H.
Published: May 2012

Several dimensions of family functioning are recognized as formative influences on children’s emotion regulation. Historically, they have been studied separately, limiting our ability to understand how they function within the family system. The present investigation tested models including family emotional climate, interparental conflict, and maternal and paternal warmth and emotional support in relation to children’s emotion regulation, using a multimethod, multi-informant design with 150 ethnically diverse two-parent families. Mother, father, and child surveys and observational techniques were used to assess the variables of interest. Three theoretically informed comprehensive models were tested and compared. The best fitting model highlighted positive family climate and maternal warmth and sensitivity as unique predictors. Interparental conflict was indirectly linked with children’s emotion regulation through both processes. This study underscores the value of evaluating family-wide, interparental, and parenting dimensions within a broader family systems model to gain a more complete understanding of children’s regulation.
Describing Grief Under Cyclical Versus Linear Conceptions of Time
Authors: Ruscher Janet B.
Published: May 2012

Priming linear versus cyclical conceptions of time influences affective forecasts and descriptions of grief. Relative to a linear or static prime, a cyclical prime prompted predictions of shorter grief duration, reliance on cyclical language, characterization of recovery as return to routine, and reduced characterization of the bereaved person as passive. To contrast, a linear prime uniquely prompted spatiotemporal metaphors, advising against pressure to “move forward” too soon.
Mystic Rites For Permanent Class Conflict: The Bauls Of Bengal, Revolutionary Ideology And Post-Capitalism
Authors: Ferrari Fabrizio M.
Published: May 2012

Locating itself amidst current debates on post-modern analyses of mysticism, particularly academic debates on the Bauls of Bengal, this article discusses issues of cultural transformation as a result of gentrification and globalisation. It combines the author’s ethnographic research and a methodology mainly derived from Italian Marxist critique (Antonio Gramsci, Ernesto de Martino, Antonio Negri and Paolo Virno). The article examines the reification of mysticism and the process of ‘rehab’, as imposed by Bengali bourgeoisie via the Tagorian archetype and the Western show business on the Bauls, to cleanse their image from inconvenient traits. Suggesting an interpretation of radical materialist mystics as ‘multitude’ and viewing professional Bauls as ‘people’, this research explores how the construction of a myth has ultimately penetrated contemporary society at all levels, including academic circles.
Cosmopolitan Tribals: Frontier Migrants In Delhi
Authors: McDuie-Ra Duncan
Published: May 2012

Based on fieldwork, this article examines various aspects of tribal migration from the Northeast frontier of India to Delhi, a phenomenon which increased rapidly in the last half decade or so. This offers insights into four important interlinked processes. First, such migration indicates significant changes taking place in the Northeast itself. While many migrants leave the region to escape conflict, many more simply seek to find work, pursue education and fulfil changing aspirations. Second, tribal migration to Delhi reveals the ways in which the city itself has been changing. While tribal migrants search out employment opportunities in neoliberal capitalist spaces, employers in such spaces have specific reasons to desire tribal labour, particularly in shopping malls and call centres. Third, tribal migrants encounter racism and discrimination in Delhi and their experiences reveal how racial issues function and are debated today within India. Fourth, tribal migrants themselves embody the dramatic discord between the ways tribals see themselves and the ways they are perceived in India.
Suicidal Behavior Among Latina College Students
Authors: Chesin Megan S. , Jeglic Elizabeth L.
Published: May 2012

Latina college students are one of the fastest-growing segments of the college student population. Although there is evidence suggesting Latina high school students are at increased risk of engaging in suicidal behavior, it is unclear whether this risk continues in college. Over the course of 3 years, 554 Latina college students, the majority of whom were Dominican American or Puerto Rican, completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing suicidal behavior, depression, hopelessness, loneliness, social problem solving, ethnic identity, and delinquent behavior. Twenty percent of Latinas reported current suicidal ideation and 15% reported a past suicide attempt. Multivariate regression analyses showed depression, loneliness, a less positive social problem-solving orientation, hopelessness, and delinquency, but not ethnic identification, were significant predictors of suicidality among Latina college students. Results are discussed as they pertain to prevention and intervention with distressed and suicidal Latina college students.
The levels of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in individuals occupationally exposed to municipal solid waste in Ogun State, South West Nigeria
Authors: Odewabi Adesina O , Ogundahunsi Omobola A , Ebesunu Maria O , Ekor Martins
Published: May 2012

Airway inflammation and related respiratory complaints are common symptoms among waste management workers (WMWs). This study investigated the relationship between exposure to municipal solid waste (MSW) and the levels of inflammatory markers and oxidative stress among WMW of Ogun State, South West Nigeria. A total of 280 subjects consisting of 180 WMW and 100 controls were recruited. Ten millilitres of blood were collected from antecubital vein of the subjects for analysis. Results reveal that exposure to MSW is associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Significant ( p < 0.001) elevation of ceruloplasmin (Cp) and C-reactive protein was associated with marked decreases in superoxide dismutase ( p < 0.01), catalase ( p < 0.001), and glutathione ( p < 0.05) and significant ( p < 0.001) increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and uric acid when compared with control. Haematological disorders include significant ( p < 0.05) decreases in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular volume and significant ( p < 0.01) increase in total leucocyte count. Apart from decreased albumin ( p < 0.05) and elevated aspartate aminotransferase ( p < 0.05) activity observed in WMW, other markers of hepatic (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and triglycerides) and renal (urea and creatinine) functions did not change significantly ( p > 0.05) when compared with the control. A positive correlation between leucocytes ( r = 0.195, p < 0.01), Cp ( r = 0.210, p < 0.01) and job duration and between Cp and MDA ( r = 0.200, p < 0.01) and Cp and leucocytes ( r = 0.260, p < 0.001) were observed in WMW. Overall, exposure to MSW predisposes to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress and Cp may be a useful biomarker for monitoring health status of Nigerian WMWs.
Finite-element study of cerebrospinal fluid in mitigating closed head injuries
Authors: Luo Yunhua , Li Zhaoxia , Chen Hongxi
Published: May 2012

The mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid in mitigating closed head injuries caused by mild impacts was investigated by finite-element modeling. Three biomechanical models were constructed. In these models, cerebrospinal fluid was considered as a soft solid material, an inviscid fluid without intracranial pressure, and an inviscid fluid with normal intracranial pressure, respectively, while other conditions such as the finite-element mesh, the impact, and the boundary conditions were kept the same. The recently developed nearest nodes finite-element method was adopted to deal with large deformations in brain tissue. Results obtained from the numerical studies showed that cerebrospinal fluid was able to remarkably reduce the maximum peak strains, especially the shear strains induced by impacts and transmitted to the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid with intracranial pressure was able to further buffer relative oscillations between the skull and the brain.
‘For me, the children come first’: A discursive psychological analysis of how mothers construct fathers’ roles in childrearing and childcare
Authors: Petrassi Daniela
Published: May 2012

Previous western studies have shown the division of domestic childcare work between fathers and mothers to be unequal but not always constructed as unfair. Following Dixon and Wetherell’s (2004) suggestion of applying a critical discursive psychology approach to the topic, I aimed to discover some of the discourses available to professional English women when constructing the contributions of the father at home. These included the ‘selfless mother’, the ‘shirking father’, ‘the father restores the “gender order”’ and the ‘high-status mother’. Findings suggest a possible application for discursive research, in raising women’s awareness of the potential for their discourses to perpetuate inequality.
Increased serum β2-microglobulin is associated with clinical and immunological markers of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Hermansen M-LF , Hummelshøj L , Lundsgaard D , Hornum L , Keller P , Fleckner J , Fox B , Poulsen LK , Jacobsen S
Published: May 2012

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between serum levels of β2-microglobulin (β2MG), which some studies suggest reflect disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and various clinical and immunological markers of disease activity in SLE. Twenty-six SLE patients and 10 healthy controls were included. Disease activity was assessed by: SLEDAI, 24 hr-proteinuria, circulating levels of complement C3, anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA), β2MG and various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18) measured with a multiplex assay, IFN-α assessed with a reporter gene assay, and a combined expression score of 12 IFN-α inducible genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Median serum levels of β2MG were significantly higher in SLE patients vs controls (2.8 mg/L, range: 1.1–21.6 and 1.2 mg/L, range: 0.9–1.7, respectively, p < 0.001). β2MG was correlated with SLEDAI score ( R = 0.68, p < 0.001), 24 hr-proteinuria ( R = 0.64, p < 0.001), and complement C3 ( R = −0.52, p = 0.007). The cytokines were significantly correlated with β2MG: IL-6 ( R = 0.45, p = 0.02), IL-8 ( R = 0.75, p < 0.001), IL-10 ( R = 0.67, p < 0.001) and IL-18 ( R = 0.71, p < 0.001) as were serum IFN-α ( R = 0.45, p = 0.02) and the IFN-α inducible gene-score ( R = 0.51, p = 0.01). The results support that β2MG may serve as a marker of disease activity in SLE. The correlations with the measured cytokines indicate that increased β2MG in SLE reflects immunological activity.
Recognition as a valued human being: Perspectives of mental health service users
Authors: Eriksen Kristin Ådnøy , Sundfør Bengt , Karlsson Bengt , Råholm Maj-Britt , Arman Maria
Published: May 2012

The acknowledgement of basic human vulnerability in relationships between mental health service users and professionals working in community-based mental health services (in Norway) was a starting point. The purpose was to explore how users of these services describe and make sense of their meetings with other people. The research is collaborative, with researcher and person with experienced-based knowledge cooperating through the research process. Data is derived from 19 interviews with 11 people who depend on mental health services for assistance at least three times a week. Data is analysed according to the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results confirm that reciprocity is fundamental for relationships, and that recognizing the individual entails personal involvement. The participants describe a struggle, and recognizing this struggle may help the professional to achieve a deeper understanding of the individual.