bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White theology in dialogue with Black Theology: Exploring the contribution of Klippies Kritzinger
Authors: Van Wyngaard George J.
Published: May 2016

This article explores the contribution of South African missiologist and theologian Klippies Kritzinger to a critical and anti-racist white theology. It analyses his academic work in response to Black Consciousness and Black Theology from publications during his doctoral studies, throughout the transition to democracy and into the present, where this theme remains a constant presence in his work. The article explores his use of liberation, conversation and re-evangelisation in constructing a white response to Black Theology and a suggested ministry to the white community. In analysing his contribution various models of contextual theology, in particular that of Steven Bevans, are used in order to position Kritzinger and illuminate Kritzinger’s approach. Bevans’ praxis, counter-cultural and translation models are used to emphasize different aspects of Kritzinger’s theology for liberating whiteness.Keywords: Whiteness; Klippies Kritzinger; anti-racism
Horizontal and vertical changes in anchor molars after extractions in bimaxillary protrusion cases
Authors: Chandra Pratik , Kulshrestha Rohit S. , Tandon Ragni , Singh Abhishek , Kakadiya Ashish , Wajid Mohammed
Published: May 2016

Objective

To evaluate changes in the anchor molar position (horizontal, vertical) after retraction in bimaxillary protrusion maximum anchorage cases.

Materials and Methods

Thirty patients requiring maximum anchorage after extraction of the first premolars were selected for this study. The second molars were banded in both arches along with trans-palatal arch in the maxillary arch and lingual arch in the mandibular arch. En mass retraction was done using sliding mechanics. Horizontal and vertical positions of the anchor first molars were evaluated cephalometrically before and after orthodontic retraction.

Results

In the horizontal plane, maxillary first molars showed net mesial movement of 1.72 mm, and there was a statistical difference between the pre- and post-values (P < 0.001). The mandibular molars showed a net horizontal movement of 2.26 mm, and there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-values (P < 0.001). In the vertical plane, there was vertical movement of the maxillary anchor molars by a net value of 0.95 mm which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mandibular anchor molars moved vertically by a net value of 0.45 mm. This difference was statistically not significant.

Conclusion

There was anchorage loss seen in both the planes (horizontal, vertical) of the maxillary anchor molars. In the mandibular anchor molars, there was anchorage loss seen only in the horizontal plane. No anchorage loss was seen in the vertical plane.
Rapid maxillary expansion in contemporary orthodontic literature
Authors: Mutinelli Sabrina , Cozzani Mauro
Published: May 2016

We have reviewed our retrospective research about rapid maxillary expansion performed in the early mixed dentition to summarize the results of different studies regarding maxillary dental arch width variation and crowding improvement in light of contemporary literature. The aim is to define the effects of treatments followed until the end of dental arch growth. In all studies, a Haas expander anchored to the deciduous dentition was used. The samples consisted of treated patients with and without a lateral crossbite and homogeneous untreated individuals as controls. Two additional control groups of adolescents and adults in dental Class 1 were also compared. As a result of the analysis, rapid maxillary expansion with anchorage to the deciduous dentition was found to be effective in increasing transverse width in intermolar and intercanine areas, and the change was preserved until the full permanent dentition stage. When performed before maxillary lateral incisors have fully erupted, this procedure allows for a rapid increase in the arch length in the anterior area and consequently, in the space available for permanent incisors with a stable reduction in crowding over time.
Prenatal and postnatal growth: An ultrasound and clinical investigation
Authors: Parveen Shahista , Mascarenhas Rohan , Husain Akhter , Acharya Devadas
Published: May 2016

Background

Understanding facial development requires sound knowledge of growth at different stages. Although studies in the past have established the relationship between prenatal and postnatal growth, little research has been done using noninvasive ultrasound. The purpose of this study is to evaluate correlation between prenatal and postnatal growths using ultrasound as a fetal growth assessment tool.

Study

Settings: It is a hospital-based study where prenatal growth is measured at different intervals of gestational period and compared with the growth at birth.

Materials

and Methods: Ten subjects with normal pregnancy were studied using ultrasound. Cephalocaudal growth gradient, body proportions of the fetus were assessed and compared at different stages. Growth was also evaluated at birth and compared with the predicted growth.

Results

The growth rate of estimated fetal weight is at maximum between the 28th and 32nd week of the fetal life (P ≤ 0.001). The growth rate of head circumference, occipitofrontal diameter, and femur length is maximum between the 20th and 28th week of the fetal life (P < 0.001). Cephalocaudal growth gradient decreases with increased age of the fetus.

Conclusions

Prenatal growth is correlated with postnatal growth. Ultrasound can be used as a tool for the measurement and prediction of prenatal and postnatal growths.
Use of Iowa Spaces for the orthodontic management of mandibular postsurgical skeletal relapse
Authors: Justus Roberto
Published: May 2016

It has been documented that there is a tendency for skeletal relapse after orthognathic surgery. This relapse occurs more often following mandibular bilateral sagittal split osteotomy setbacks. The possible causes for lack of postsurgical stability as well as the clinical recommendations to manage the relapse are presented. Among these recommendations is the creation of Iowa Spaces.
Analysis and simulation of heat transfer in human tooth during the curing of orthodontic appliance and food ingestion
Authors: Velázquez-López J. , Cruz-Gómez M. A. , Ruelas-Oronia M. A. , Dipp-Velázquez F. , Dib-Kanan A. , Méndez-Mancilla Z.
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study was to analyze and simulate the heat transfer in the human tooth undergoing fixed orthodontic appliances and food intake. An in vivo representative mathematic model of a layered thermographic profile was developed during the LED curing of Gemini bracket 0.022 in slot (conventional ligating system) and Transbond XT adhesive. The characterization of the layered thermic response allowed to identify if during the LED curing process, according to manufacturer’s specification (light curing unit, adhesive) can induce pulpar necrosis. The profile’s thermographic model was the simulation basis of many conditions such as food intake, due to in vivo metrology is affected by the impossibility of a correct apparatus position and the physiologic function of the oral cavity which is exposed to uncontrollable temperature changes. The metrology was carried out with a T-440 thermographic camera during LED curing bracket, using a LED curing light (Elipar S10) placed at 3 ± 1 mm for 5 s at each mesial and distal surface. The thermography outcomes were analyzed in the FLIR Tools Software, Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 22. To adjust the mathematic model error, in vitro studies were performed on third molars for the purpose of realizing extreme exposition temperature condition tests caused by the LED curing unit without jeopardizing the human tooth vitality as would it be on in vivo experimentation. The bracket curing results according to manufacturer’s conditions reached 39°C in vivo temperatures and 47°C on in vitro tests, which does not jeopardize human tooth vitality as said by previous researches, although, an LED curing precise protocol established by the manufacturer’s LED curing light is sustained.
Асимптотические равенства для наилучших приближений классов бесконечно дифференцируемых функций, задающихся с помощью модуля непрерывности
Authors: Serdyuk Anatolii Sergeevich , Sokolenko Igor' Vladimirovich
Published: May 2016

Получены асимптотические оценки для наилучших приближений
тригонометрическими полиномами в метрике пространства $C$ $(L_p)$
классов периодических функций, представимых в виде сверток
ядер $\Psi_\beta$ с коэффициентами Фурье, убывающими к нулю
быстрее любой степенной последовательности, с функциями
$\varphi\in C$ $(\varphi\in L_p)$, модули непрерывности которых
не превышают заданной мажоранты $\omega(t)$. Доказано, что
в пространствах $C$ и $L_1$ для выпуклых модулей непрерывности $\omega(t)$
полученные оценки являются асимптотически точными.
Библиография: 18 названий.
Об ограниченности обобщенных решений нелинейных эллиптических уравнений высокого порядка с данными из класса Орлича-Зигмунда
Authors: Voitovich Michail Vladimirovich
Published: May 2016

В данной статье рассматривается квазилинейное дивергентное уравнение
порядка $2m$. Предполагается,
что коэффициенты рассматриваемого уравнения удовлетворяют
условию Каратеодори и стандартным условиям роста и
коэрцитивности в пространстве Соболева $W^{m,p}(\Omega)$,
$\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$, $p>1$. В работе доказана
ограниченность произвольного обобщенного решения
$u\in W^{m,p}_{0}(\Omega)$ рассматриваемого уравнения при условии,
что $m\geqslant2$, $n=mp$ и правая часть уравнения принадлежит
пространству Орлича-Зигмунда $L(\log L)^{n-1}(\Omega)$.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Первая краевая задача в полуполосе для уравнения параболического типа с оператором Бесселя и производной Римана-Лиувилля
Authors: Khushtova Fatima Gidovna
Published: May 2016

Исследуется первая краевая задача в полуполосе для уравнения параболического типа с оператором Бесселя и производной Римана-Лиувилля. В случае нулевого начального условия найдено представление решения
в терминах $H$-функции Фокса. Единственность решения доказана в классе исчезающих на бесконечности функций. Показано,что когда исследуемое уравнение совпадает с уравнением Фурье, полученное представление решения переходит в известное представление решения соответствующей задачи.
Библиография: 18 названий.
Stress, coping mechanisms and quality of life in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Soponaru Camelia , Bojian Ancuta , Iorga Magdalena
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The aims of the study were to identify the impact of coping mechanisms on quality of life in hemodialysis (HD) patients and to establish the associations between stress factors and coping mechanisms, to evaluate coping mechanisms as significant predictors of physical and mental health, and to identify the effects of demographic and socioeconomic factors on coping mechanisms.

Material and methods:  The study included a group of 70 HD patients, 38.6% males and 61.4% females, mean age of 54.55 ±11.70. Data were collected by means of the Hemodialysis Stressors Scale for estimating stress, the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) for identifying coping mechanisms, and the Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire for assessing quality of life (QoL).

Results: The frequency of using coping mechanisms is: optimism (M = 2.26 ±0.48), support (M = 2.16 ±0.57), confrontational coping (M = 1.96 ±0.47), one’s own strength (M = 1.94 ±0.46), palliative coping (M = 1.44 ±0.54), emotive coping (M = 1.40 ±0.61), evasive coping (M = 1.39 ±0.46), fatalism (M = 1.23 ±0.74). Emotion-focused coping correlates with the following stressors: role ambiguity (r = 0.33; p = 0.004), dependence on staff (r = 0.25, p = 0.03) and daily activity (r = 0.27, p = 0.02).

Conclusions: Optimism is the most commonly used defense mechanism, assessed as the most effective one. The fatalistic coping mechanism is a significant predictor of mental health, while optimism and palliative coping are significant predictors of physical health.
Long-resident droplets at the stratocumulus top
Authors: de Lozar Alberto , Muessle Lukas
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Turbulence models predict low droplet-collision rates in stratocumulus clouds, which should imply a narrow droplet size distribution and little rain. Contrary to this expectation, rain is often observed in stratocumuli. In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that some droplets can grow well above the average because small-scale turbulence allows them to reside at cloud top for a time longer than the convective-eddy time t*. Long-resident droplets can grow larger because condensation due to longwave radiative cooling, and collisions have more time to enhance droplet growth. We investigate the trajectories of 1 billion Lagrangian droplets in direct numerical simulations of a cloudy mixed-layer configuration that is based on observations from the flight 11 from the VERDI campaign. High resolution is employed to represent a well-developed turbulent state at cloud top. Only one-way coupling is considered. We observe that 70 % of the droplets spend less than 0.6t* at cloud top before leaving the cloud, while 15 % of the droplets remain at least 0.9t* at cloud top. In addition, 0.2 % of the droplets spend more than 2.5t* at cloud top and decouple from the large-scale convective eddies that brought them to the top, with the result that they become memoryless. Modeling collisions like a Poisson process leads to the conclusion that most rain droplets originate from those memoryless droplets. Furthermore, most long-resident droplets accumulate at the downdraft regions of the flow, which could be related to the closed-cell stratocumulus pattern. Finally, we see that condensation due to longwave radiative cooling considerably broadens the cloud-top droplet size distribution: 6.5 % of the droplets double their mass due to radiation in their time at cloud top. This simulated droplet size distribution matches the flight measurements, confirming that condensation due to longwave radiation can be an important mechanism for broadening the droplet size distribution in radiatively driven stratocumuli.
Absolute calibration of the colour index and O4 absorption derived from Multi-AXis (MAX-) DOAS measurements and their application to a standardised cloud classification algorithm
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Beirle Steffen , Remmers Julia , Shaiganfar Reza , Wang Yang
Published: May 2016

Abstract. A method is developed for the calibration of the colour index (CI) and the O4 absorption derived from Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of scattered sunlight. The method is based on the comparison of measurements and radiative transfer simulations for well-defined atmospheric conditions and viewing geometries. Calibrated measurements of the CI and the O4 absorption are important for the detection and classification of clouds from MAX-DOAS observations. Such information is needed for the identification and correction of the cloud influence on Multi-AXis (MAX-) DOAS profile inversion results, but might be also be of interest on their own, e.g. for meteorological applications. The calibration algorithm was successfully applied to measurements at two locations: Cabauw in the Netherlands and Wuxi in China. We used CI and O4 observations calibrated by the new method as input to our recently developed cloud classification scheme and adapted also the corresponding threshold values accordingly. For the observations at Cabauw good agreement is found with the results of the original algorithm. Together with the calibration procedure of the CI and O4 absorption the cloud classification scheme, which was tuned to specific locations/conditions so far, can now be applied consistently to MAX-DOAS measurements at different locations. In addition to the new threshold values, further improvements were introduced to the cloud classification algorithm, namely a better description of the SZA dependence of the threshold values and a new set of wavelengths for the determination of the CI. We also indicate specific areas for future research to further improve the cloud classification scheme.
An Aerosol Optical Depth time series 1982–2014 for atmospheric correction based on OMI and TOMS Aerosol Index
Authors: Jääskeläinen Emmihenna , Manninen Terhikki , Tamminen Johanna , Laine Marko
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The atmospheric correction of old optical satellite data is problematic, because corresponding Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measurements in the visible wavelength range do not exist. The construction of an AOD time series for atmospheric correction purposes to cover the period 1982–2014 is described in this paper. The AOD estimates are calculated from the Aerosol Index (AI) data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). We apply this time series to the generation of the surface albedo data set CLARA-A2-SAL (the Surface ALbedo from the CM SAF cLoud, Albedo and RAdiation data set, the second version). The constructed AOD time series is temporally homogeneous, and it has sufficient quality compared to the AOD from OMI observations and from in situ measurements. The simulated atmospheric correction calculations, where the constructed AOD data are used as an aerosol input, are similar to the simulations where the aerosol information from OMI and in situ measurements is used. Also, the simulations show that the use of the constructed AOD time series decreases the surface reflectance values (the output of the atmospheric correction) globally compared to the use of the constant AOD value 0.1.
Provenance of branched GDGTs in the Tagus River drainage basin and its outflow in the Atlantic Ocean over the Holocene
Authors: Warden Lisa , Kim Jung-Hyun , Zell Claudia , Vis Geert-Jan , de Stigter Henko , Bonnin Jérôme , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The distributions of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs), which are transported from the soils where they are predominantly produced to marine sediments via rivers, have been applied in reconstructing mean annual air temperatures (MAT) and pH of soils. However, paleoclimate reconstructions using sedimentary brGDGTs have proven difficult in arid regions including the Iberian Peninsula. Recently, six novel 6-methyl brGDGTs have been described using new analytical methods (in addition to the nine 5-methyl brGDGTs previously used for climate reconstructions), and so new pH and MAT calibrations have been developed that in a set of global soil samples were shown to improve the accuracy of reconstructions, especially in arid regions. Because of this we decided to apply the new method to separate the 5- and 6-methyl isomers along with the novel calibrations to a sample set that runs in a transect from source to sink along the Tagus River and out to the deep ocean off the Portuguese margin and spans the last 6,000 years in order to determine if it improves paleoclimate reconstructions in this area. We found that although pH reconstructions in the soils were improved using the new calibration, MAT reconstructions were not much better even with the separation of the 5- and 6-methyl brGDGTs. This confirmed the conclusion of previous studies that the amount of aquatically produced brGDGTs is overwhelming the soil derived ones in marine sediments and complicating MAT reconstructions in the region. Additionally, the new separation revealed a strong relationship between the new degree of cyclization (DC’) of the brGDGTs and MAT not seen before that could be making temperature reconstructions in this and other arid regions difficult.
Physical control of the interannual variations of the winter chlorophyll bloom in the northern Arabian Sea
Authors: Keerthi M. G. , Lengaigne M. , Levy M. , Vialard J. , Parvathi V. , de Boyer Montegut C. , Ethe C. , Aumont O. , Suresh I. , Muraleedharan P. M.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The northern Arabian Sea hosts a winter chlorophyll bloom, triggered by convective overturning in response to cold and dry northeasterly monsoon winds. There is currently no consensus about the processes responsible for the interannual variations of the magnitude of this bloom. The current study aims at identifying these processes using both observations (including remotely sensed chlorophyll data and physical parameters derived from Argo data) and a coupled biophysical ocean model simulation. Six different remotely sensed chlorophyll products are compared and they show a good phase agreement at seasonal and interannual timescales, but significant discrepancies in bloom amplitude. Both model and observations indicate that the interannual fluctuations of the winter bloom amplitude are strongly tied to mixed layer depth interannual anomalies (correlation ~ 0.6 to 0.7), which are themselves controlled by the net heat flux at the air-sea interface. Our results suggest that mixed layer depth control of the bloom amplitude ensues from the modulation of nutrient entrainment into the mixed layer. In contrast, our results show insignificant correlations between the bloom amplitude and thermocline depth, which precludes a control of the bloom amplitude by daily dilution down to the thermocline depth, as suggested in a previous study.
Microtopography matters for CH4 formation in a peat soil: a combined inhibitor and 13C study
Authors: Krohn Johannes , Lozanovska Ivana , Kuzyakov Yakov , Dorodnikov Maxim
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Abstract. Peatlands’ microtopography units – hummocks and hollows – are mainly differing by hydrological characteristics (water table level, i.e. oxic-anoxic conditions) and vegetation communities. These factors affect the fluxes of key greenhouse gases (GHG) – methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the effects of microrelief forms on belowground CO2 and CH4 production and pathways of methanogenesis need deeper understanding. We hypothesized increasing CH4 and CO2 production potentials from naturally drier hummocks to more wet hollows during anaerobic incubation. GHG production in peat was expected to decrease with depth (decreasing inputs of recent plant-derived deposits) but the contribution of hydrogenotrophic vs. acetoclastic pathway to the total methanogenesis should be higher in deeper peat layers as compared to upper layers. To test the hypotheses, we measured CH4 and CO2 productions together with the respective δ13C values under controlled anaerobic conditions with- and without addition of specific inhibitor of methanogenesis (2-bromo-ethane sulfonate, BES) in a peat soil of hummocks and hollows of five depths (15, 50, 100, 150 and 200 cm). The concentration of BES (1 mM) aimed to block acetoclastic but not the hydrogenotrophic pathway of methanogenesis. As expected, CH4 production was ca. 2 times higher in hollows than in hummocks, though no differences in CO2 were measured between the microforms. With depth, CO2 production rates decreased by 77 % (15 cm vs. 200 cm) in both microforms, whereby the highest CH4 production was measured at 15 cm in hollows (91 % of total produced CH4) and at 50 cm in hummocks (82 %). Noteworthy, at 15 cm of hummocks less than 1 % of total CH4 production was observed. Decreasing GHG production rates with depth positively correlated to an increase in the extractable total N and NH4+ concentrations. The hydrogenotrophic pathway of methanogenesis in deep vs. surface layers was depicted by lower (more negative) δ13C-CH4 and higher δ13C-CO2 values, respectively. Between the microforms, overall higher contribution of hydrogenotrophic vs. acetoclastic methanogenesis corresponded to hollows as compared to hummocks. Contrary to the expectation, the addition of 1mM BES was not selective and inhibited both pathways of methanogenesis. Concluding, peatlands’ microrelief is an important factor regulating the GHG fluxes. However, the effects of microforms on the production of CH4 and pathways of methanogenesis were pronounced for the upper 50 cm layer. Finally, inhibition with BES appeared to be less effective tool for the partitioning between pathways of methanogenesis as compared with the isotope method.
Sustainable use of renewable resources in a stylized social-ecological network model under heterogeneous resource distribution
Authors: Barfuss Wolfram , Donges Jonathan F. , Wiedermann Marc , Lucht Wolfgang
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Human societies depend on the resources ecosystems provide. Particularly since the last century, human activities have transformed the relationship between nature and society at a global scale. We study this coevolutionary relationship by utilizing a stylized model of regional resource use and preference formation on an adaptive social network. The latter process is based on two social key dynamics beyond economic paradigms: boundedly rational imitation of resource use preferences and homophily in the formation of social network ties. The private and logistically growing resources are harvested either with a sustainable (small) or non-sustainable (large) effort. We show that these social processes can have a profound influence on the environmental state, such as determining whether the private renewable resources collapse from overuse or not. Additionally, we demonstrate that heterogeneously distributed regional resource capacities shift the critical social parameters (social-ecological tipping points) where this resource extraction system collapses. We make these points to argue that, in more advanced coevolutionary models of the planetary social-ecological system, such socio-cultural phenomena as well as regional resource heterogeneities should receive attention in addition to the processes represented in established Earth system and integrated assessment models.
An introduction to learning algorithms and potential applications in geomorphometry and Earth surface dynamics
Authors: Valentine Andrew , Kalnins Lara
Published: May 2016

Abstract. “Learning algorithms” are a class of computational tool designed to infer information from a data set, and then apply that information predictively. They are particularly well suited to complex pattern recognition, or to situations where a mathematical relationship needs to be modelled but where the underlying processes are not well understood, are too expensive to compute, or where signals are over-printed by other effects. If a representative set of examples of the relationship can be constructed, a learning algorithm can assimilate its behaviour, and may then serve as an efficient, approximate computational implementation thereof. A wide range of applications in geomorphometry and Earth surface dynamics may be envisaged, ranging from classification of landforms through to prediction of erosion characteristics given input forces. Here, we provide a practical overview of the various approaches that lie within this general framework, review existing uses in geomorphology and related applications, and discuss some of the factors that determine whether a learning algorithm approach is suited to any given problem.
Sodankylä manual snow survey program
Authors: Leppänen Leena , Kontu Anna , Hannula Henna-Reetta , Sjöblom Heidi , Pulliainen Jouni
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The manual snow survey program of the Arctic Research Centre of the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI-ARC) consists of numerous observations of natural seasonal taiga snowpack in Sodankylä, northern Finland. The easily accessible measurement areas represent the typical forest and soil types in the boreal forest zone. Systematic snow measurements began in 1909 with snow depth (HS) and snow water equivalent (SWE). In 2006 the manual snow survey program expanded to cover snow macro- and microstructure from regular snow pits at several sites using both traditional and novel measurement techniques. Present-day snow pit measurements include observations of HS, SWE, temperature, density, stratigraphy, grain size, specific surface area (SSA) and liquid water content (LWC). Regular snow pit measurements are performed weekly during the snow season. Extensive time series of manual snow measurements are important for the monitoring of temporal and spatial changes in seasonal snowpack. This snow survey program is an excellent base for the future research of snow properties.
Data assimilation in integrated hydrological modelling in the presence of observation bias
Authors: Rasmussen Jørn , Madsen Henrik , Jensen Karsten Høgh , Refsgaard Jens Christian
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The use of bias-aware Kalman filters for estimating and correcting observation bias in groundwater head observations is evaluated using both synthetic and real observations. In the synthetic test, groundwater head observations with a constant bias and unbiased stream discharge observations are assimilated in a catchment-scale integrated hydrological model with the aim of updating stream discharge and groundwater head, as well as several model parameters relating to both streamflow and groundwater modelling. The coloured noise Kalman filter (ColKF) and the separate-bias Kalman filter (SepKF) are tested and evaluated for correcting the observation biases. The study found that both methods were able to estimate most of the biases and that using any of the two bias estimation methods resulted in significant improvements over using a bias-unaware Kalman filter. While the convergence of the ColKF was significantly faster than the convergence of the SepKF, a much larger ensemble size was required as the estimation of biases would otherwise fail. Real observations of groundwater head and stream discharge were also assimilated, resulting in improved streamflow modelling in terms of an increased Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient while no clear improvement in groundwater head modelling was observed. Both the ColKF and the SepKF tended to underestimate the biases, which resulted in drifting model behaviour and sub-optimal parameter estimation, but both methods provided better state updating and parameter estimation than using a bias-unaware filter.
Calibration and evaluation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for improved wildland fire danger rating in the United Kingdom
Authors: de Jong Mark C. , Wooster Martin J. , Kitchen Karl , Manley Cathy , Gazzard Rob , McCall Frank F.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Wildfires in the United Kingdom (UK) pose a threat to people, infrastructure and the natural environment. During periods of particularly fire-prone weather, wildfires can occur simultaneously across large areas, placing considerable stress upon the resources of fire and rescue services. Fire danger rating systems (FDRSs) attempt to anticipate periods of heightened fire risk, primarily for early-warning and preparedness purposes. The UK FDRS, termed the Met Office Fire Severity Index (MOFSI), is based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Forest FWI System. The MOFSI currently provides daily operational mapping of landscape fire danger across England and Wales using a simple thresholding of the final FWI component of the Canadian FWI System. However, it is known that the system has scope for improvement. Here we explore a climatology of the six FWI System components across the UK (i.e. extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland), calculated from daily 2km × 2km gridded numerical weather prediction data and supplemented by long-term meteorological station observations. We used this climatology to develop a percentile-based calibration of the FWI System, optimised for UK conditions. We find this approach to be well justified, as the values of the "raw" uncalibrated FWI components corresponding to a very "extreme" (99th percentile) fire danger situation vary by more than an order of magnitude across the country. Therefore, a simple thresholding of the uncalibrated component values (as is currently applied in the MOFSI) may incur large errors of omission and commission with respect to the identification of periods of significantly elevated fire danger. We evaluate our approach to enhancing UK fire danger rating using records of wildfire occurrence and find that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI) and FWI components of the FWI System generally have the greatest predictive skill for landscape fire activity across Great Britain, with performance varying seasonally and by land cover type. At the height of the most recent severe wildfire period in the UK (2 May 2011), 50 % of all wildfires occurred in areas where the FWI component exceeded the 99th percentile. When all wildfire events during the 2010–2012 period are considered, the 75th, 90th and 99th percentiles of at least one FWI component were exceeded during 85, 61 and 18 % of all wildfires respectively. Overall, we demonstrate the significant advantages of using a percentile-based calibration approach for classifying UK fire danger, and believe that our findings provide useful insights for future development of the current operational MOFSI UK FDRS.
Trend analysis by a piecewise linear regression model applied to surface air temperatures in Southeastern Spain (1973–2014)
Authors: Campra Pablo , Morales Maria
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The magnitude of the trends of environmental and climatic changes is mostly derived from the slopes of the linear trends using ordinary least-square fitting. An alternative flexible fitting model, piecewise regression, has been applied here to surface air temperature records in southeastern Spain for the recent warming period (1973–2014) to gain accuracy in the description of the inner structure of change, dividing the time series into linear segments with different slopes. Breakpoint years, with confidence intervals (CIs), were estimated and separated periods of significant trend change were determined. First, simple linear trends for mean, maximum and minimum surface air temperatures and diurnal temperature range (DTR) from the four longest and most reliable historic records in SE Spain were estimated. All series in the region showed intense linear warming signs during the period 1973–2014. However, updated warming trends were lower than those previously cited for the region and Spain from the 1970s onwards. Piecewise regression model allowed us to detect breakpoints in the series, and the absence of significant trends in the most recent period of the segmented fits for two stations. In general, piecewise regression model showed better fit than simple linear regression model, and thus, showed a better description of temperature variability.
Oblique collision and deformation partitioning in the SW Iberian Variscides
Authors: Pérez-Cáceres Irene , Simancas José Fernando , Martínez Poyatos David , Azor Antonio , González Lodeiro Francisco
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Different transpressional scenarios have been proposed to relate kinematics and complex deformation patterns. We apply the most suitable of them to the Variscan orogeny in SW Iberia, which is characterized by a number of successive left-lateral transpressional structures developed in the Devonian to Carboniferous period. These structures resulted from the oblique convergence between three continental terranes (Central Iberian Zone, Ossa-Morena Zone and South Portuguese Zone), whose amalgamation gave way to both intense shearing at the suture-like contacts and transpressional deformation of the continental pieces in-between, thus showing strain partitioning in space and time. We have quantified the kinematics of the collisional convergence by using the available data on folding, shearing and faulting patterns, as well as tectonic fabrics and finite strain measurements. Given the uncertainties regarding the data and the boundary conditions modeled, our results must be considered as a semi-quantitative approximation to the issue, though very significant from a regional point of view. The total collisional convergence surpasses 1000 km, most of them corresponding to left-lateral displacement parallel to terrane boundaries. The average vector of convergence is oriented E–W (present-day coordinates), thus reasserting the left-lateral oblique collision in SW Iberia, in contrast with the dextral component that prevailed elsewhere in the Variscan orogen. This particular kinematics of SW Iberia is understood in the context of an Avalonian plate salient currently represented by the South Portuguese Zone.
Investigation of the relationship between landform classes and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil using a fuzzy model in a GIS environment
Authors: Mokarram Marzieh , Sathyamoorthy Dinesh
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Soil genesis is highly dependent on landforms as they control the erosional processes and the soil physical and chemical properties. The relationship between landform classification and electrical conductivity (EC) of soil and water in the northern part of Meharloo watershed, Fars province, Iran, was investigated using a combination of a geographical information system (GIS) and a fuzzy model. The results of the fuzzy method for water EC showed 36.6 % of the land to be moderately land suitable for agriculture; high, 31.69 %; and very high, 31.65 %. In comparison, the results of the fuzzy method for soil EC showed 24.31 % of the land to be as not suitable for agriculture (low class); moderate, 11.78 %; high, 25.74 %; and very high, 38.16 %. In total, the land suitable for agriculture with low EC is located in the north and northeast of the study area. The relationship between landform and EC shows that EC of water is high for the valley classes, while the EC of soil is high in the upland drainage class. In addition, the lowest EC levels for soil and water are in the plains class.
Response of freeze-thaw processes to experimental warming in the permafrost regions of the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Chen Shengyun , Liu Wenjie , Zhao Qian , Zhao Lin , Wu Qingbai , Lu Xingjie , Kang Shichang , Qin Xiang , Chen Shilong , Ren Jiawen , Qin Dahe
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Assessing quantitatively effect of climate warming on freeze/thaw index (FI/TI), soil freeze-thaw processes and active layer thickness (ALT) is still lacking in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) until now. Experimental warming was manipulated using open top chambers (OTCs) in alpine swamp meadow and alpine steppe ecosystems in the permafrost regions of the central QTP during 2009–2011. Under OTCs treatment, air temperature (Ta) significantly increased in the daytime and decreased in the nighttime, diurnal and annual Ta range significantly enhanced, and mean annual Ta increased by 1.4 °C. Owing to the experimental warming, mean annual soil temperature at the depths from 5 cm to 40 cm was increased by 0.2 ~ 0.7 °C in alpine swamp meadow and 0.3 ~ 1.5 °C in alpine steppe. Mean annual soil moisture content at 10 cm depth decreased by 1.1 % and 0.8 %, and mean annual soil salinity at 10 cm depth significantly increased by 0.3 g L-1 and 0.1 g L-1 in alpine swamp meadow and alpine steppe, respectively. Further, FI was significantly decreased by 410.7 °C d while TI was significantly increased by 460.7 °C d. Likewise, the onset dates of shallow soil thawing at 5–40 cm depths were advanced by 9 days and 8 days while the onset dates of freezing were delayed by 10 days and 4 days in alpine swamp meadow and alpine steppe, respectively. Moreover, soil frozen days were significantly decreased by 28 days and 16 days, but thawed days were increased by 18 days and 6 days, and frozen-thawed days were significantly increased by 10 days and 10 days in alpine swamp meadow and alpine steppe, respectively. Furthermore, ALT would be significantly increased by ~ 6.9 cm and ~ 19.6 cm in alpine swamp meadow and alpine steppe ecosystems, respectively.
Combined preliminary–detailed design of wind turbines
Authors: Bortolotti Pietro , Bottasso Carlo L. , Croce Alessandro
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper is concerned with the holistic optimization of wind turbines. A multi-disciplinary optimization procedure is presented that marries the overall sizing of the machine in terms of rotor diameter and tower height (often termed “preliminary design”) with the detailed sizing of its aerodynamic and structural components. The proposed combined preliminary–detailed approach sizes the overall machine while taking into full account the subtle and complicated couplings that arise due to the mutual effects of aerodynamic and structural choices. Since controls play a central role in dictating performance and loads, control laws are also updated accordingly during optimization. As part of the approach, rotor and tower are sized simultaneously, even in this case capturing the mutual effects of one component over the other due to the tip clearance constraint. The procedure, here driven by detailed models of the cost of energy, results in a complete aero-structural design of the machine, including its associated control laws. The proposed methods are tested on the redesign of two wind turbines, a 2.2 MW onshore machine and a large 10 MW offshore one. In both cases, the optimization leads to significant changes with respect to the initial baseline configurations, with noticeable reductions in the cost of energy. The novel procedures are also exercised on the design of low-induction rotors for both considered wind turbines, showing that they are typically not competitive with conventional high-efficiency rotors.
ECONOMIA, SUJEITO E INSTITUIÇÃO SEGUNDO FOUCAULT
Authors: Gomes Pinheiro Romildo
Published: May 2016

o artigo procura compreender o estatuto da crítica de Foucault do neoliberalismo a partir do conceito de biopolítica trabalhado no textos anteriores ao curso La naissance de labiopolitique. Dois pressupostos teóricos são mobilizados para compreender a passagem da problemática do biopoder àquela do neoliberalismo: Marx e o conceito de superpopulação relativa, pelo fato que a problemática de Foucault em torno do conceito de biopolítica gira em torno do conceito de população. Por outro lado, com Polanyi, nós podemos compreender de que maneira Foucault pensa a novidade do neoliberalismo contemporâneo no interior de uma analise das contradições do liberalismo enquanto capitalismo histórico (F. Braudel). Em última instância, o artigo procura situar as categorias de análise do poder em Foucault no terreno da economia política.
INTERNISMO DE RAZÕES E A CONCEPÇÃO PROCEDIMENTAL DE DELIBERAÇÃO CORRETA
Authors: Andreazza Tiaraju
Published: May 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a teoria de razões para ação defendida por Bernard Williams. Após apresentar os seus principais conceitos (condição internalista, dimensões explanatória e deliberativa, razões internas) e identificar o argumento que é oferecido em seu favor e contra posições alternativas, analiso a objeção de que a cogência do argumento depende da aceitação de uma concepção procedimental de deliberação correta que Williams teria assumido, sem argumentar, como verdadeira. Defendo que essa objeção é falsa porque é possível encontrar nos seus textos um argumento suplementar justificando a sua preferência por uma concepção procedimental.
DE APÁTÊ A PSEÛDÊS. OU: DE COMO MÊTIS TORNA-SE UM PROBLEMA À FILOSOFIA MORAL
Authors: Do Nascimento Costa Gustavo Bezerra
Published: May 2016

Discutimos neste artigo a questão acerca de como as práticas de engano vêm a se tornar um problema à filosofia moral e de como poderiam ser pensadas para além do crivo dessa condenação. Como procuramos defender, uma resposta a esta pergunta remeteria ao pensamento grego, particularmente ao pensamento platônico nos diálogos: Hípias menor e A república, tendo como horizonte o problema da desambiguação da Alêtheia e a exclusão, pelo pensamento filosófico, das formas de inteligência astuciosa que os gregos atribuíam à deusa Mêtis. Por outro lado, implicaria também uma distinção de perspectivas inerente ao que chamamos de engano, que põe em lados opostos o enganador e o enganado, a partir do reconhecimento ou não do engano. Sob esse viés, defendemos que, para os gregos, o problema não estaria no engano propriamente dito – embora o pensamento platônico aponte para isto – mas no ser enganado, e principalmente, autoenganado.
FAZENDO DE CONTA QUE VULCANO NÃO EXISTE
Authors: Salles Sagid
Published: May 2016

Meu objetivo neste artigo é apresentar e analisar algumas versões de teorias do faz de conta para existenciais negativas. Vou rapidamente apresentar a perspectiva de Evans e, em maior detalhe, as perspectivas de Walton e Kroon. Sustentarei que as duas primeiras não fornecem um tratamento adequado do fenômeno das existenciais negativas singulares, e que a perspectiva de Kroon é melhor do que ambas. Contudo, argumentarei que todas as três têm um mesmo problema, que chamo de o problema da motivação semântica.
PEDRO DAMIÃO E A DIALÉTICA
Authors: Regiani Costa Lessandro
Published: May 2016

Pedro Damião (1007-1072) normalmente é descrito no interior da história da filosofia como uma espécie de inimigo da dialética, o exemplo mais acabado do anti-intelectual medieval. Boa parte de sua fama é resultado de um excerto de sua obra De divina omnipotentia em que ele parece defender que Deus poderia ferir o princípio de não-contradição. Com este trabalho, pretendemos mostrar que Damião não ataca a validade do princípio de não-contradição, assim como não chega a elaborar uma crítica geral aos princípios dialéticos, mas também não parece um entusiasta da mesma, sobretudo em questões de fé. De modo que ainda que não seja justo caracterizá-lo como um ferrenho anti-intelectual, é preciso considerar seu pouco entusiasmo em relação à aplicação da dialética em teologia.
The Use of Non Linguistics Means Strategies as a Speaking-problem Solving in EFL Learning
Authors: . Syamsudin
Published: May 2016

This study is about the use of non-linguistic means strategies as a part of communication strategies by the English Department students of one of the Islamic Universities of Malang as a means to solve their speaking problems. This paper aims at discussing the result of some observations and interviews to two students in the use of non-linguistic means strategies in EFL learning to handle their speaking problem. I am interested in discussing this topic because the use of non linguistic means strategies has helped EFL learners handle their speaking problems in EFL learning due to their limited knowledge on linguistic elements. It is necessary for the EFL learners to know more about non-linguistic means strategies as a part of communication strategies so that they might develop their speaking skill.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Critical Thinking on Vocabulary Learning by Malaysian EFL Learners
Authors: Nejad Maryam Sharafi , Raftari Shohreh , Eng Lin Siew
Published: May 2016

Based on the findings of previous studies which highlight the role of vocabulary knowledge  in English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language (EFL/ESL) learners’  learning process, this study is aimed at exploring the effectiveness of critical thinking on vocabulary learning by Malaysian EFL learners. .To achieve the purpose of this study, 60 male undergraduate EFL learners studying English at Asian EFL Academy Language Institute in Pinang were selected after administering Preliminary English Test.To examine whether there is a significant difference between experimental and control group, two parallel versions of Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (Pribakht & Wesche, 1993) were used as pre-test and post-test. The participants in experimental group were instructed on how to employ critical thinking strategies on vocabulary learning. The results of the post-test showed that the experimental group who received formal instruction based on the critical thinking strategies revealed the prominent development and interest in vocabulary learning. The t-test also indicated a significant difference between the performance of the control and experimental group.
Definisjon og klassifikasjon av revmatiske sykdommer
Authors: Gran Jan Tore
Published: May 2016

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Revmatoid artritt
Authors: Kvien Tore K.
Published: May 2016

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Reaktive artritter
Authors: Kvien Tore K.
Published: May 2016

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