bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a preliminary study
Authors: Gallagher Richard P. , MacArthur Amy C. , Lee Tim K. , Weber Jean‐Philippe , Leblanc Alain , Mark Elwood J. , Borugian Marilyn , Abanto Zenaida , Spinelli John J.
Published: June 2010

A number of epidemiologic studies have suggested that exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and other organochlorine compounds (OCC) increase risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). However, these studies have generally had no biologic measure of OCC exposure, and have been unable to control for sun exposure, the major known environmental risk factor for this disease. This preliminary study examined the relationship between OCC residues in plasma and risk of CMM adjusting for sun sensitivity and sun exposure. A case–control study of 80 CMM patients and 310 control subjects was conducted. Lifetime sun exposure information, along with data on pigmentation variables and sun sensitivity data was collected, along with a blood sample. Cases and controls were assayed for plasma levels of 14 PCB congeners and 11 organochlorine pesticide residues using gas chromatography. Strong associations were seen between risk of CMM and plasma levels of non‐dioxin‐like PCBs (Adjusted OR = 7.02; 95% CI: 2.30–21.43 for highest quartile) and several PCB congeners, organochlorine pesticides or metabolites. These associations persisted after control for sun sensitivity and sun exposure. Results from this investigation require independent confirmation in larger studies. However, they suggest that environmental factors other than UV radiation may play a role in genesis of CMM, and indicate that it may be productive to search for further agents which might increase risk.
Micro‐RNA‐21 regulates TGF‐β‐induced myofibroblast differentiation by targeting PDCD4 in tumor‐stroma interaction
Authors: Yao Qin , Cao Siyu , Li Chun , Mengesha Asferd , Kong Beihua , Wei Mingqian
Published: June 2010

Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) induces stromal fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transdifferentiation in the tumor‐stroma interactive microenvironment via modulation of multiple phenotypic and functional genes, which plays a critical role in tumor progression. Up to now, the involvement of micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) and their roles in TGF‐β1‐induced myofibroblast differentiation in tumor‐stroma interaction are unclear. Using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, we demonstrated that the expression of micro‐RNA‐21 (miR‐21) was upregulated in activated fibroblasts after treatment with TGF‐β1 or conditioned medium from cancer cells. To determine the potential roles of miR‐21 in TGF‐β1‐mediated gene regulation during myofibroblast conversion, we showed that miR‐21 expression was downregulated by miR‐21 inhibitor and upregulated by miR‐21 mimic. Interestingly, downregulation of miR‐21 with the inhibitor effectively inhibited TGF‐β1‐induced myofibroblast differentiation while upregulation of miR‐21 with a mimic significantly promoted myofibroblast differentiation. We further demonstrated that MiR‐21 directly targeted and downregulated programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) gene, which in turn acted as a negative regulator of several phenotypic and functional genes of myofibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggested that miR‐21 participated in TGF‐β1‐induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in cancer stroma by targeting PDCD4.
Chemistry and heterocyclization of carbohydrazides
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Shawky Ahmed M.
Published: June 2010

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The review summarizes recent literatures dealing with the synthesis of carbohydrazide derivatives, chemical reactions and their applications in the synthesis of important heterocyclic as well as fused heterocyclic compounds. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Bleeding talent: A lesson from industry on embracing physician workforce challenges
Authors: Kneeland Patrick P. , Kneeland Christine , Wachter Robert M.
Published: June 2010

Shortages of both generalist and specialist physicians are intensifying as the US healthcare system confronts an unprecedented confluence of demographic pressures, including an aging population, the retirement of thousands of baby‐boomer physicians, the growth of nonpractice opportunities for MDs, and physician demands for greater work–life balance. This work posits that the medical profession might benefit from recognizing how progressive nonmedical companies systematically approach similar “talent shortages” through a recruiting and retention strategy called “talent facilitation.” It highlights the 4 actions of talent facilitation (attract, engage, develop, and retain) and provides examples of how each action might be utilized to address medicine's recruitment and retention challenges. Although other policy maneuvers are needed to address overall physician workforce shortages (such as the planned opening of more medical schools and changes in the payment system to promote primary care), the talent facilitation approach can help individual organizations meet their needs and those of their patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:306–310. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Health literacy and the quality of physician‐patient communication during hospitalization
Authors: Kripalani Sunil , Jacobson Terry A. , Mugalla Ileko C. , Cawthon Courtney R. , Niesner Kurt J. , Vaccarino Viola
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND:

Overall, poor physician‐patient communication is related to post‐discharge adverse events and readmission. We analyzed patients' ratings of the quality of physician‐patient communication during hospitalization and how this varies by health literacy.

METHODS:

Medical patients were interviewed during their hospitalization to assess personal characteristics and health literacy. After discharge, patients completed by telephone the 27‐item Interpersonal Processes of Care in Diverse Populations Questionnaire (IPC). Using the IPC, patients rated the clarity and quality of physicians' communication during the hospitalization along the following 8 domains: General clarity, Responsiveness to patient concerns, Explanation of patients' problems, Explanation of processes of care, Explanation of self‐care after discharge, Empowerment, Decision making, and Consideration of patients' desire and ability to comply with recommendations.

RESULTS:

A total of 84 patients completed both the in‐hospital and telephone interviews. Subjects had a mean age of 55, and 44% had inadequate health literacy. Overall, patients gave the poorest ratings to communication that related to Consideration of patients' desire and ability to comply with recommendations. Patients with inadequate health literacy gave significantly worse ratings on the domains of General clarity, Responsiveness to patient concerns, and Explanation of processes of care (P < 0.05 for each). In multivariable analyses, the relationship with General clarity did not persist.

CONCLUSIONS:

Physicians received relatively poor ratings on their Consideration of patients' desire and ability to comply with recommendations. Patients with inadequate health literacy experienced lower quality and clarity of hospital communication along multiple domains. More attention to effective health communication is warranted in the hospital setting. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:269–275. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A molecularly imprinted monolith for the fast chiral separation of antiparasitic drugs by pressurized CEC
Authors: Liao Sulan , Wang Xiaochun , Lin Xucong , Wu Xiaoping , Xie Zenghong
Published: June 2010

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monoliths with (S)‐ornidazole ((S)‐ONZ) as the template molecule have been designed and prepared by the simple thermal polymerization of methacrylic acid, 4‐vinylpyridine, and ethylene dimethacrylate in the presence of a binary porogenic mixture of toluene and dodecanol. The influences of polymerization mixture composition on the chiral recognition of ONZ have been evaluated, and the imprint effect in the optimized MIP monolith has been clearly demonstrated. The new monolithic stationary phase with optimized porous property and good selectivity was used for the chiral separation of ONZ by pressurized CEC. The pressurized CEC conditions were also optimized to obtain the good chiral separation. The enantiomers were rapidly separated within 9 min on the MIP‐based chiral stationary phase, whereas the chiral separation was not obtained on the nonimprinted polymer. Additionally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to the chiral separation of ONZ in tablet samples by injection of the crude sample. The cross‐selectivity for similar antiparasitic drug was investigated. The results indicated that the chiral separation of secnidazole could also be obtained on the optimized MIP monolith within 14 min.
A simple and efficient protocol for large‐scale preparation of three flavonoids from the flower of Daphne genkwa by combination of macroporous resin and counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Li Ying‐Nan , Yin Lian‐Hong , Xu Li‐Na , Peng Jin‐Yong
Published: June 2010

In this paper, macroporous resin column chromatography and counter‐current chromatography (CCC) were applied for large‐scale preparative separation of three flavonoids from the flower of Daphne genkwa, a famous Chinese medicinal herb. Nine kinds of resins were investigated by adsorption and desorption tests and D101 macroporous resin was selected for the first cleaning‐up, in which 40% aqueous ethanol was used to remove the undesired constituents and 90% aqueous ethanol was used to elute the targets. The crude extract after the first step was directly subjected to the preparative CCC purification using the solvent system composed of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (4:5:4:5, v/v). The compounds apigemin (823 mg), 3‐hydroxyl‐genkwanin (842 mg) and genkwanin (998 mg) with the purities of 98.79, 97.71 and 93.53%, respectively, determined by HPLC were produced from 3‐g crude extract only in one CCC run. Their chemical structures were identified by MS, UV and the standards.
1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy of the rat brain during infusion of [2‐13C] acetate at 14.1 T
Authors: Xin Lijing , Mlynárik Vladimír , Lanz Bernard , Frenkel Hanne , Gruetter Rolf
Published: June 2010

Full signal intensity 1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy, combining a preceding 13C‐editing block based on an inversion BISEP (B1‐insensitive spectral editing pulse) with a spin‐echo coherence–based localization, was developed and implemented at 14.1 T. 13C editing of the proposed scheme was achieved by turning on and off the 13C adiabatic full passage in the 13C‐editing block to prepare inverted and noninverted 13C‐coupled 1H coherences along the longitudinal axis prior to localization. The novel 1H‐[13C] NMR approach was applied in vivo under infusion of the glia‐specific substrate [2‐13C] acetate. Besides a ∼50% improvement in sensitivity, spectral dispersion was enhanced at 14.1 T, especially for J‐coupled metabolites such as glutamate and glutamine. A more distinct spectral structure at 1.9–2.2 ppm(parts per million) was observed, e.g., glutamate C3 showed a doublet pattern in both simulated 1H spectrum and in vivo 13C‐edited 1H NMR spectra. Besides 13C time courses of glutamate C4 and glutamine C4, the time courses of glutamate C3 and glutamine C3 obtained by 1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy were reported for the first time. Such capability should greatly improve the ability to study neuron‐glial metabolism using 1H‐observed 13C‐edited NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vessel‐encoded dynamic magnetic resonance angiography using arterial spin labeling
Authors: Okell Thomas W. , Chappell Michael A. , Woolrich Mark W. , Günther Matthias , Feinberg David A. , Jezzard Peter
Published: June 2010

A new noninvasive MRI method for vessel selective angiography is presented. The technique combines vessel‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling with a two‐dimensional dynamic angiographic readout and was used to image the cerebral arteries in healthy volunteers. Time‐of‐flight angiograms were also acquired prior to vessel‐selective dynamic angiography acquisitions in axial, coronal, and/or sagittal planes, using a 3‐T MRI scanner. The latter consisted of a vessel‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse train of 300 or 1000 ms followed by a two‐dimensional thick‐slab flow‐compensated fast low angle shot readout combined with a segmented Look‐Locker sampling strategy (temporal resolution = 55 ms). Selective labeling was performed at the level of the neck to generate individual angiograms for both right and left internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Individual vessel angiograms were reconstructed using a bayesian inference method. The vessel‐selective dynamic angiograms obtained were consistent with the time‐of‐flight images, and the longer of the two vessel‐encoded pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling pulse train durations tested (1000 ms) was found to give better distal vessel visibility. This technique provides highly selective angiograms quickly and noninvasively that could potentially be used in place of intra‐arterial x‐ray angiography for larger vessels. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Education and employment status of children and adults with thalassemia in North America
Authors: Pakbaz Zahra , Treadwell Marsha , Kim Hae‐Young , Trachtenberg Felicia , Parmar Nagina , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Cunningham Melody J. , Martin Marie , Sweeters Nancy , Neufeld Ellis J. , Giardina Patricia J. , Olivieri Nancy , Yamashita Robert C. , Vichinsky Elliott
Published: June 2010

Background

Advances in the management of thalassemia have resulted in increased life expectancy and new challenges. We conducted the first survey of education and employment status of people with thalassemia in North America.

Procedures

A total of 633 patients (349 adults and 284 school age children) enrolled in the Thalassemia Clinical Research Network (TCRN) registry in Canada and the U.S. were included in the data analysis. Predictors considered for analysis were age, gender, race/ethnicity, site of treatment (Canada vs. United States), transfusion and chelation status, serum ferritin, and clinical complications.

Results

Seventy percent of adults were employed of which 67% reported working full‐time. Sixty percent had a college degree and 14% had achieved some post‐college education. Eighty‐two percent of school age children were at expected grade level. In a multivariate analysis for adults, Whites (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.50–5.06) were more likely to be employed compared to Asians. Higher education in adults was associated with older age (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.29–2.15), female gender (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.32–3.23) and absence of lung disease (OR = 14.3, 95% CI: 2.04–100). Younger children (OR = 5.7 for 10‐year increments, 95% CI: 2.0–16.7) and Canadian patients (OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 1.5–20) were more likely to be at the expected education level. Neither transfusion nor chelation was associated with lower employment or educational achievement.

Conclusions

Individuals with thalassemia in North America can achieve higher education; however, full‐time employment remains a problem. Transfusion and chelation do not affect employment or education status of this patient population. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:678–683. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic constipation: diagnosis and current treatment options
Authors: Blaker Paul , Wilkinson Mark
Published: June 2010

Constipation is a common and often chronic condition of multifarious aetiology. Our Drug review considers the evaluation and management of patients with primary chronic constipation, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Anti‐TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of primary care
Authors: Hui Michelle , Ding Tina , Deighton Chris
Published: June 2010

With increasingly complex drug combinations and new biological drugs being used, there is a need for good communication between primary and secondary care for optimal RA management. This article addresses the issues that may arise in the shared management of patients on anti‐TNF therapies. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
The challenge of managing difficult‐to‐control epilepsy
Authors: Kelso Andrew
Published: June 2010

Our series on Prescribing challenges focuses on areas of therapeutics that can present
a particular challenge in general practice. Here, the author addresses the problem of the patient with epilepsy who hasn't responded to two drugs in monotherapy. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Properties of TiO2‐based transparent conducting oxides
Authors: Hitosugi Taro , Yamada Naoomi , Nakao Shoichiro , Hirose Yasushi , Hasegawa Tetsuya
Published: June 2010

The development and properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2)‐based transparent conducting oxides (TCO), which exhibit properties comparable to those of In2–xSnxO3 (ITO), are reviewed in this article. An epitaxial thin film of anatase Ti0.94Nb0.06O2 exhibited a resistivity (ρ) of 2.3 × 10−4 Ω cm and internal transmittance of ∼95% in the visible light region. Furthermore, we prepared polycrystalline films with ρ of 6.4 × 10−4 Ω cm at room temperature on glass substrates by using sputtering. We focus on characteristics unique to TiO2‐based TCO, such as a high refractive index, high transmittance in infrared, and high stability in reducing atmospheres. Possible applications of TiO2‐based TCOs, as well as the mechanism of the transparent conducting properties found in this d‐electron‐based TCO, are discussed in this review.

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Photograph showing TiO2‐based TCO on a transparent plastic film. Note that the film appears greenish due to interference in the film originating from its high refractive index. This high refractive index is one of the unique characteristics of TiO2‐based TCO.
Effect of pycnogenol® on glucose transport in mature 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Lee Hee‐Hyun , Kim Kui‐Jin , Lee Ok‐Hwan , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: June 2010

Pycnogenol®, a procyanidins‐enriched extract of Pinus maritima bark, possesses antidiabetic properties, which improves the altered parameters of glucose metabolism that are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since the insulin‐stimulated antidiabetic activities of natural bioactive compounds are mediated by GLUT4 via the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and/or p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38‐MAPK) pathway, the effects of pycnogenol® were examined on the molecular mechanism of glucose uptake by the glucose transport system. 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were treated with various concentrations of pycnogenol®, and glucose uptake was examined using a non‐radioisotope enzymatic assay and by molecular events associated with the glucose transport system using semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The results show that pycnogenol® increased glucose uptake in fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and increased the relative abundance of both GLUT4 and Akt mRNAs through the PI3K pathway in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, pycnogenol® restored the PI3K antagonist‐induced inhibition of glucose uptake in the presence of wartmannin, an inhibitor of the PI3K. Overall, these results indicate that pycnogenol® may stimulate glucose uptake via the PI3K dependent tyrosine kinase pathways involving Akt. Further the results suggest that pycnogenol® might be useful in maintaining blood glucose control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global geodynamic evolution of the Earth and global geodynamic models
Authors: Dobretsov N.L.
Published: June 2010

The paper is a synthesis of models for basic geodynamic processes (spreading, subduction transient into collision, mantle plumes) in relation with the Earth’s evolution and regularly changing geodynamic parameters. The main trends and milestones of this evolution record irreversible cooling of the Earth’s interior, oxidation of the surface, and periodic changes in geodynamic processes. The periodicity consists of cycles of three characteristic sizes, namely 700–800 Myr global cycles, 120, 90, and 30 Myr smaller cycles, and short-period millennial to decadal oscillations controlled by changing Earth’s orbital parameters and, possibly, also by other extraterrestrial factors. Major events and estimates of mantle and surface temperatures, heat flow, viscosity, and the respective regimes of convection and plume magmatism have been reported for the largest periods of the Earth’s history: Hadean (4.6–3.9 Ga), Early Archean (3.9–3.3 Ga), Late Archean (3.3–2.6 Ga), Early Proterozoic (2.6–1.9 Ga), Middle Proterozoic (1.9–1.1 Ga), Neoproterozoic (1.1–0.6 Ga), and Phanerozoic with two substages of 0.6–0.3 and 0.3–0 Ga.

Current geodynamics is discussed with reference to models of spreading, subduction, and plume activity. Spreading is considered in terms of double-layered mantle convection, with focus on processes in the vicinity of mid-ocean ridges. The problem of mafic melt migration through the upper mantle beneath spreading ridges is treated qualitatively. Main emphasis is placed on models of melting, comparison of experimental and observed melt compositions, and their variations in periods of magmatic activity (about 100 kyr long) and quiescence. The extent and ways of interaction of fluids and melts rising from subduction zones with the ambient mantle remain the most controversial. Plume magmatism is described with a “gas torch” model of thermochemical plumes generated at the core-mantle boundary due to local chemical doping with volatiles (H2, CH2, KH, etc.) which are released from the metallic outer core, become oxidized in the lower mantle, and decrease the melting point of the latter. The concluding section concerns periodicities in endogenous processes and their surface consequences, including the related biospheric evolution.
Hutcheson's Moral Sense Theory Reconsidered
Authors: Norton David Fate
Published: June 2010

There is no more central feature of Francis Hutcheson's moral philosophy than his theory of the moral sense. In the past this sense or faculty was widely understood to be a distinctive and independent sense devoted to the apprehension of moral qualities, but William Frankena has in recent years challenged this traditional view of Hutcheson's theory, and offered in its place an emotivist interpretation. Without question Frankena's study was of the first importance, in that it seems to have overturned the much too simplistic traditional view of the moral sense. Unfortunately, however, Frankena's own interpretation of the moral sense is as inadequate and misleading as the view he overturns, for he concludes that the moral sense is not at all a cognitive faculty, that it does not, that is, apprehend moral qualities, but, rather, is a faculty that enables and motivates us to feel, express, and evoke moral emotions. The moral sense, he argues, is “the source of the feelings involved” in moral approbation or disapprobation, and this approbation is “wholly non-cognitive, very much as it is on Ayer's more recent [emotivist] view … This, I shall show, is much too narrow a view; Hutcheson did not limit the moral sense to a single function, nor did he — lacking as he did twentieth-century perspectives — find it either necessary or desirable to assume that the domains of the cognitive and the emotive (or affective) were mutually exclusive.
The Morality of Self-Deception
Authors: Szabados Béla
Published: June 2010

Is self-deception always immoral? That it is always immoral to deceive oneself seems to have been the ‘received’ view amongst philosophers. Such a view was vigorously supported by Bishop Butler in the eighteenth century. Recently, Herbert Fingarette has argued for a similar position. In this paper I wish to examine Butler's and Fingarette's arguments and contend that no morally sensitive and reasonable person can possibly accept them without thereby ceasing to be morally sensitive and reasonable.
Théorie du discours et théorie de l'Histoire
Authors: Miguelez Roberto
Published: June 2010

Ce qu'on peut appeler lathéorie du discoursbouleverse les fondements épistémologiques et les perspectives méthodologiques de la recherche dans d'importants secteurs des sciences humaines et sociales. L'ethnologie, la psychanalyse et, bien entendu, les sciences de la littérature deviennent le champ d'application d'un système conceptuel opératoire que sous-tend la notion de « texte », et d'un modèle d'analyse axé sur le problème de la découverte des « lois de construction » du texte. L'intérêt particulier que présentent les thèses de M. Foucault réside dans le fait qu'elles envisagent la possibilité d'élargir à l'Histoire le champ d'application de cette théorie. (Cf. Foucault, M., 1968 et 1969).
On Refusing to Play the Sceptic's Game
Authors: Nielsen Kai
Published: June 2010

Paradigm-Case arguments were set out to meet epistemological scepticism and to refute in a short decisive way, without even the need to examine them in detail, paradoxical metaphysical claims. Stroud, J. J. Thomson and Rorty think they utterly fail to do so.1 I shall argue that supplemented by a perfectly innocuous verificationist argument, a distinct argument of Moore's, given a limited sphere of application and taken as also involving the argument from a non-vacuous contrast, the argument from the paradigm-case presents a decisive argument against such forms of scepticism. If it is not sound, transcendental arguments will also be undermined but if it is sound, they are unnecessary.
De la fin de l'histoire à l'analyse différentielle: la révolution urbaine
Authors: Vachet André
Published: June 2010

Depuis plus de quarante ans, l'activité intellectuelle d'Henri Lefebvre a toujours été débordante et féconde, mais elle semble s'enrichir par l'ampleur et la variété des sujets abordés et surtout par l'originalité de l'approche à mesure qu'il se libère de la problématique et de l'épistémologie que lui imposait la fidélité à l'orthodoxie communiste et à un marxisme dogmatique (Voir Le Monde, 29 Janvier 1971, p. 16). Ce n'est pas qu'il abandonne le marxisme, mais en l'approfondissant, il en rejette d'abord les malfaçons idéologiques, résultats des contraintes institutionnelles et politiques commandées par les luttes du parti, puis il en marque les limites. Ses cinq derniers ouvrages, publiés en moins de deux ans, illustrent et confirment cette évolution commencée explicitement en 1958 avec Problèmes actuels du marxisme (Ces ouvrages sont: La fin de l'histoire, Collection Arguments, Minuit, Paris, 1970; Le manifeste différentialiste, Collection Idées, Gallimard, Paris, 1970; La révolution urbaine, Collection Idées, Gallimard, Paris, 1970; Du rural à l'urbain, Anthropos, Paris, 1970; Au-delà du structuralism, Anthropos, Paris, 1971. Les trois premiers sont inédits, les deux derniers rassemblent des articles et des textes de conférences. Pour les citer, nous emploierons dans l'ordre les sigles suivants: F.H., M.D., R.U., D.R.U., A.S.).
Maine de Biran: une anthropologie transcendantale
Authors: Bouchard Roch
Published: June 2010

Maine de Biran passe à raison pour avoir rénové l'empirisme. Mais il semble qu'on n'ait pas toujours aperçu à quelle distance il a porté de son origine la méthode issue de Locke et de Condillac. Nous voudrions montrer ici comment il a pu infléchir la tradition empiriste dans un sens complètement opposé aux doctrines de ses fondateurs, comment il en a pu tirer une anthropologie tout à fait nouvelle, où l'homme n'apparaissait plus comme un élément de la nature, non plus d'ailleurs que de la pensée, mais comme le principe absolu de tout ce qui est susceptible d'exister pour lui. Nous laisserons de côté le problème purement historique qu'a pu poser l'évolution personnelle de l'auteur par rapport à sa propre philosophic, et qui s'est notamment manifesté par l'abandon de la morale stoïcienne dans la dernière période de sa vie, de même que par la conversion tardive à certaines thèses, platoniciennes et substantialistes, sur la nature du moi. Ce qui sera examiné, c'est le biranisme tel qu'il fut, tel qu'il commença de se constituer, aux alentours de 1799, avec le premier Mémoire sur l'habitude.
Considérations sémantiques sur la logique de la fiction
Authors: Woods John
Published: June 2010

Le trait sémantique le plus distinctif du discours au sujet des êtres fictifs consiste peut-être dans le fait que nous évaluons celui-ci d'une façon contradictoire. Il est évident que nous sommes disposés à rejeter la phrase «Sherlock Holmes lived on Berczy Street» en faveur de «Sherlock Holmes lived on Baker Street» mais, néanmoins, nous considérons cette dernière phrase comme fausse; et un recensement complet de l'époque montrerait que nous avons tout à fait raison.
Feuerbach on Man and God
Authors: Preuss P.
Published: June 2010

When Feuerbach published his The Essence of Christianity in 1841 it excited a “clamour” in the educated circles of the day, a “clamour” which apparently did not surprise Feuerbach nor cause him to back down from the bold thesis of the work. Rather it caused him “once more, in all calmness” to subject his work “to the severest scrutiny, both historical and philosophical” and in the full conviction of the truth of his thesis to publish a second edition two years later.
Phénoménologie et mathématiques: A Propos de L'ouvrage de J. T. Desanti, Les Idéalités Mathématiques
Authors: Gauthier Yvon
Published: June 2010

De Platon à Descartes et de Kant à Husserl, les idéalités mathématiques ont constamment été l'objet de l'attention philosophique; pour Platon et Descartes, idéalités discursives (Dianoia) et régulatrices, pour Kant et Husserl, idéalités pures (géométrie) et objectives (arithmétique). Chez le dernier, bien que les tentatives inaugurates de philosophie mathématique aient été sévèrement critiquées par un Frege et malgré l'intérêt limité qu'elles ont aujourd'hui pour l'épistémologue des mathématiques, l'idéalité mathématique restera toujours un modèle — au sens d'idéal — épistémologique privilégié. Le Centre des Archives — Husserl de Louvain publiera bientôt, par les soins de H. R. Brennecke de Cologne, un ouvrage réunissant les principaux écrits mathématiques de Husserl — dont la thèse de doctorat sur le calcul des variations écrite sous l'inspiration de Weierstrass, Beiträge zur Variationsrechnung — sous le titre Studia Mathematica. Si Husserl n'a pas pu mener à terme son projet de « Mannigfaltig-keitslehre », théorie des multiplicités — c'est de ce même terme que Cantor avait aussi baptisé sa théorie des ensembles au début — il n'en demeure pas moins que les analyses phénoménologiques ne sont pas dépourvues d'intérêt pour la doctrine de la science contemporaine et peuvent même constituer le langage approprié pour l'épistémologue des sciences naturelles ou sociales. C'est cela même que semble récuser Desanti, du moins pour l'épistémologie mathématique. Disons tout de suite que Desanti se défend mal d'utiliser le langage phénoménologique et s'il le conteste, c'est peut-être qu'il n'est pas parvenu à le dé-construire totalement, selon l'expression de Derrida.
Liberated Brouwerian Modal Logic
Authors: Morgan Charles G.
Published: June 2010

In an attempt to “purify” logic of existential presuppositions, attention has recently focused on modal logics, where one usually assumes that at least one possible world exists. Systems very analogous to some of the standard modal systems have been developed which drop this presupposition. We will here treat the removal of the existential assumption from Brouwerian modal logic and discuss the relationship of the system so derived to other modal systems.
Relations and Infinite Regress in Plato
Authors: Panagiotou Spiro
Published: June 2010

In a recent paper on “The Theory of Forms, Relations and Infiinite Regress” (Dialogue, Vol. 8 [1969–70], 116 ff.), T. G. Smith claims to have trapped Plato's theory of Forms in a vicious regress. According to Smith, the regress is “the consequence of 1) Plato's view that there are Forms for relations; 2) The view that the exemplifications of Forms are derivative and owe their lesser degree of reality to their relationship to their Form; 3) the consequence that each relation between a set of particulars and their Form must be intelligibly distinct and different from the relation holding between all other sets of particulars and their respective forms [Forms ?]” (p. 121). I have no particular quarrel with (1) and (2), but I cannot agree with (3). In what follows I hope to show that (3) not only cannot be extracted from Plato but it is patently false. In section I I shall outline Smith's argument. I shall then present in section II my case against it. I shall make some general remarks in section III.
Philosophy in the Present Age
Authors: Walker Jeremy
Published: June 2010

In this paper I want to raise an extremely ancient philosophical problem: the problem of the nature of philosophy itself. But I do not want to answer this question in the abstract, since it is never asked in the abstract. ‘What is philosophy?’ always means ‘What is philosophy for us here and now?’ It is with philosophy ‘here and now’ that I am concerned. Now this ‘here and now’ can be defined in many different ways; the definition I have chosen, with some arbitrariness, is taken over from Heidegger and Ellul. Philosophy ‘here and now’, as I shall read this, means ‘philosophy in a technological age’. The question I want to raise, therefore, can be formulated as the question whether philosophy is possible in a technological age and, if so, under what conditions.
À propos d'« Anthropologie Structurale Deux »
Authors: Lafrance Guy
Published: June 2010

La publication récente d'Anthropologie Structurale Deux de Claude Lévi-Strauss réunit des communications, des discours et des articles de l'auteur. Présenté sous une forme quelque peu discontinue, cet ouvrage s'inscrit pourtant dans le prolongement d'Anthropologie Structurale de 1958. L'intérêt suscité par ce complément du « premier » Anthropologie Structurale vient surtout des précisions nouvelles qu'il apporte sur la méthode et les notions clefs de l'anthropologie structuraliste, en même temps qu'il nous révèle davantage l'enracinement historique et l'évolution de la pensée de Lévi-Strauss.
À la recherche de l'idéal dans l'histoire
Authors: Langan Thomas
Published: June 2010

Un idéal est un besoin qu'on n'a pas les moyens de satisfaire immédiatement; tout idéal fait done appel à la création de moyens. Certains idéaux sont éventuellement réalisés une fois pour toutes et cessent ainsi d'opérer comme idéaux. Certains sont simplement inépuisables; ils ne peuvent pas être accomplis une fois pour toutes — soit, comme la beauté, qu'ils ne se satisfassent pas d'une réalisation particulière; soit, comme l'éducation libérale, que leur limite recule au fur et à mesure qu'on s'en rapproche. D'énormes institutions culturelles et traditionnelles se créent alors pour traduire l'effort par lequel l'homme tend vers eux. Dans une société où manque le nécessaire — nourriture, logement, vêtement — l'acquisition et la distribution des produits alimentaires monopolisent tellement l'attention des dirigeants que les besoins culturels y inspirent rarement des programmes d'action à longue portée. Les rites religieux ne font pas exception comme on pourrait le croire: le besoin de se concilier les dieux qui règlent un monde mystérieux et terrifiant est ressenti comme urgent; mais les moyens de l'assouvir, rituels et magiques, ne manquent pas. Ce besoin-là est vite satisfait, et done ne sert pas, dans ces conditions primitives, d'idéal capable de fonder un programme à longue éehéance, des institutions compliquées; ce n'est pas un but lointain dans l'accomplissement duquel concourent les efforts de générations successives.
A Teleologigal Theory of Value
Authors: Miller Peter
Published: June 2010

We can approach the nature of value from a number of starting points. Immersed in the realm of art, we may wonder what differentiates the beautiful from the ugly, the excellent from the mediocre. Our search might lead us to ultimate standards of value or canons of beauty. Engaged in social or cultural analysis, we can note the variegated and often shifting values in terms of which classes of people identify themselves or are identifiable to others. Reflecting on these can yield characteristic values. Looking at the dynamics of individual lives, we can ask after the values that motivate a person, his personal values. But perhaps most commonly in philosophical circles, it is ethics which forces us to take stock of the nature of value as we search for the nature of ethical values. Yet values, although presupposed by each of these areas of enquiry, are not restricted to any of them. A general theory of value can, and therefore ought, to go beyond these more specific domains.
Le Rationalisme allemand de la Réforme au Siècle des Lumières: À propos d'un Ouvrage de F. Courtès sur « La Raison et la Vie »
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: June 2010

Le XVIIIe siècle avait mis à l'honneur l'histoire des systèmes; sans doute parce qu'en cette période, le philosophe voyait toute une partie du savoir échapper à l'ordre systématique. Si la raison prescrit encore une organisation discursive de la science dans le domaine de la géométrie et de la mécanique, elle entre en conflit avec sa propre rationalité dans le champ d'un savoir descriptif, qui se veut histoire de la Nature. L'empirisme des nouveaux théoriciens de la connaissance propose une conception de l'entendement qui le réduit à la passivité de l'intuition sur le donné de l'expérience. L'instinct, la Nature, la vie, la présence de Dieu, l'économie de la création: autant d'Idées de la raison, par lesquelles la raison se définit négativement quant à son propre pouvoir régulateur et constitutif. Quelle peut être dans ces conditions la visée de la critique philosophique? S'agit-il d'une réflexion en vue de dévoiler les fondements des concepts de l'entendement? Et alors, la métaphysique deviant cette invention de l'intelligible que Leibniz symbolisait par l'entr'expression monadique. Ou plutôt s'agit-il de déterminer au lieu de réfléchir, et ainsi de délimiter la raison par l'effectuation de son pouvoir? Pour citer la seconde préface de la Critique de la Raison Pure, alors qu'il s'agit de l'ordre copernicien du savoir certain, «la raison ne perçoit que ce qu'elle produit, elle-même, selon son plan». Et cette fois-ci, pour utiliser les propres termes de M. Courtès, « entre monde et raison, mais sans aucune distance, nous sommes le rapport qui s'autodétermine’ (p. 309).
Anscombe, Sensation and Intentional Objects
Authors: Odegard Douglas
Published: June 2010

Let us use ‘sensation’ such that we can talk about ‘visual sensation’ and ‘auditory sensation’, and such that ‘sensation’ cannot readily be pluralized (cf. ‘intelligence’, ‘imagination’). It then makes sense to talk about the “objects” involved in sensation. For example, if someone sees red, where his seeing red is a case of sensation, then there is an “object” involved in the situation in the sense that we can talk about “what” he sees. One of the enduring problems in philosophy is to try to determine the status of such objects.
Lire et Délire
Authors: Houde Roland
Published: June 2010

Considérée en sa nature, la syntaxe est d'abord une manière de joindre les mots — et done de les disjoindre les uns des autres — pour former des ensembles (« ensembles » en anglais, « complet »/« tailleur » en français pour hommes/femmes) significatifs: des textes, des textiles, des tissus. Par ailleurs, la syntaxe interne est cette manière de Her — et de délier done — les éléments d'un mot pour en modifier le sens selon les exigences des besoins particuliers ou des possibilités universelles ou encore selon le marché. De toute façon, cette syntaxe (externe ou interne) est une grammaire harmonique ou les sons appellent où rappellent les choses, les dissocient ou les composent, les emboîtent ou les déboîtent.
Meurtre du père
Authors: Léonard Josette Garon
Published: June 2010

Geste symbolique, geste éminemment émpreint de culpabilité, jamais totalement résolu, mais lisible dans toute oeuvre, le meurtre du père est le thème-clé de l'Enfance de l'Art. Meurtrier du père, tel se veut, plus ou moins consciemment, tel se doit d'être tout créateur. L'artiste, substitut et meurtrier du père; Freud, meurtrier de l'artiste comme génie, comme grand homme; et enfin, nécessairement, l'auteur, Sarah Kofman, meurtrier de Freud, ou à tout le moins d'un certain Freud amateur d'art.
Locke, Berkeley, Hume: Central Themes
Authors: Todd D. D.
Published: June 2010

This book will be received ill-naturedly by those who think that a book with such a title ought, mainly anyway, to consist of critical exegesis of the work of its philosophical heroes and/or villains on the “central themes” which Professor Bennett selects for his attention. Such readers are likely to feel that when Bennett attributes this or that view, error, or insight to one of the protagonists, he ought usually t o put the man's name in quotation marks. But such a reaction to this book would be at least churlish, for Bennett explicitly eschews both historical concerns and scholarship except in the limited sense that he sometimes pays close attention to textual details.
Chomsky's Language and Mind
Authors: Bracken Harry M.
Published: June 2010

Noam Chomsky's Beckman Lectures, delivered at Berkeley in 1967, have been published as Language and Mind. The text makes a good introduction for the philosopher to Chomsky's linguistic theories and their impact on philosophy and psychology. He begins: “In these lectures, I would like to focus attention on the question, What contribution can the study of language make to our understanding of human nature”?
Determinism and Omniscience
Authors: Chapman Tobias
Published: June 2010

Many philosophers and theologians have thought that God's omniscience entails the truth of strict determinism. Many others, including most of the Scholastics, held that arguments for this view confused necessitas consequential and necessitas consequentis. I think the Scholastics were right. What I am primarily concerned to argue in this paper is that nonetheless great difficulties remain concerning the relation between God's knowledge and the fact that there are contingent events.
L'Instant, le temps, et l'éternité dans le Parménide (155 e – 157 b) de Platon
Authors: Brisson Luc
Published: June 2010

L'Examen de la participation de Pun au temps reprend, au sein de la seconde hypothèse du Parménide, sous une troisième forme (τò τρpèτoν). Platon a déjà étudié ce qui se passe pour l'un et pour les autres, lorsque l'un est dans le temps et lorsqu'il devient dans le temps. Il faut maintenant qu'il analyse la temporalité elle-même. Ce qui le ménera à la conclusion que le temps, n'ayant pas sa raison d'être en lui, trouve son fondement dans l'éternité par l'intermédiairé de l'instant qui est à fois la limite horizontale du passé et du futur, et le point de jonction vertical entre le temps et l'éternité.
Vico after Three Hundred Years
Authors: Harris H. S.
Published: June 2010

Giambattista Vico was born in Naples on June 23, 1668. Several years ago Dr. Giorgio Tagliacozzo conceived the project of celebrating his centennial by assembling and publishing an International Symposium of papers by eminent authorities on Vico or on various aspects of contemporary philosophy and culture to which Vico's thought and work had some obvious relevance. He corresponded indefatigably with a great many potential contributors, advisers and helpers, gathered unto himself a co-editor and a board of three consulting editors, and in 1969 the Symposium duly appeared, in a large volume, beautifully printed and produced—though not, in the opinion of this reviewer, beautifully bound—by the Johns Hopkins Press.
L'Unité de la Science
Authors: Wojciechowski Jerzy A.
Published: June 2010

C'est peut-être faire un faux pas que de placer une pensée d'Aristote en épigraphe à un essai sur un livre dont l'auteur est partisan de l'empirisme logique. Que les adhérents de l'École de Vienne veuillent bien excuser notre manque de tact, mais le mot du Stagirite nous semble tout indiqué pour servir de pensée liminaire au thème que nous nous proposons d'aborder.
On a Certain Tension in Plato's Republic
Authors: Stroll Avrum
Published: June 2010

In this paper, I wish to explore a certain tension I find in Plato's Republic between two competing conceptions of human nature. One of these is set forth explicitly; the emphasis Plato gives it strongly indicates that he conceives of it as his “official” theory. The other is merely hinted at, or presupposed, by certain things he says about pre-social man. Since this is so, it may be more prudent for me to speak at this stage about two different accounts of human nature which occur in the Republic, leaving it open and thus as subject to proof whether the accounts do embody disparate conceptions. Accordingly, I will set myself two tasks here: first, to establish that Plato does espouse two such conceptions of human nature, and then to show how they differ from one another; and second, to explore some of the implications of this analysis for the political theory he constructs in the Republic. I will attempt to show in the light of these efforts that the plausibility of his political theory depends upon a subtle vacillation between these conceptions.
L'Anti-finalisme de Jacques Monod
Authors: Valcke Louis
Published: June 2010

Sous une limpidité apparente, le livre de J. Monod cache une profonde ambiguïté, à tel point que cet ouvrage peut donner lieu à des interprétations trés divergentes, parfois même contradictoires.
Scepticism and Vain Questions
Authors: Brett Nathan
Published: June 2010

In this paper I shall consider Hume's claim that it is in vain to ask “Whether there be body or not ?’ I have often been puzzled by this interesting remark; puzzled as to just what he meant by it, why he said it, and whether he was right. I don't expect to do any more than explore some of the possibilities and suggest some tentative answers in this discussion. Hume seems to have argued that we can't take this question seriously because we could never sincerely believe what we said if we denied that “body” exists; and that we can't have any genuine doubt on this head because “certain trivial qualities of the fancy” (p. 217) lead us inevitably into a “gross illusion” (ibid). We are thus stuck having to believe what we can prove to be false. Reason mocks us like a palsied hand, knocking away precisely what it tries hardest to grasp. This, I say, is what Hume seems to have argued. But let's see what else we can do with his words. I shall begin by giving a brief account of this belief in “body”. I shall then explore some senses in which the question of the existence of body might turn out to be vain.
Le Mythe dans le double univers du langage et du sacré
Authors: Audet Jean-Paul
Published: June 2010

Le mythe n'est pas un phénomène qui se nourrit en quelquesorte de sa propre substance. Le phénomène du mythe entretient, au contraire, des liens particulièrement étroits avec le double univers du langage et du sacré. Entre ces trois phéno-mènes, les rapports sont multiples, et, vous le devinez, extrême-ment complexes. Il ne saurait être question d'épuiser ici un aussi vaste sujet. J'aurai atteint mon but si je paryiens à circonscrire quelques-unes des données fondamentales du problème. J'essaierai d'être clair et bref.
Reasons for Acting
Authors: Wheatley Jon
Published: June 2010

It is occasionally desirable to take an overview of quite a wide area of philosophy: what one loses in detail one gains in perspective. I follow this procedure in the present paper. Ia m concerned with the whole area where we indulge in practical deliberation, or where we attempt to justify some course of action we propose to follow or have followed. To do this I investigate the nature of a reason for acting and how such reasons can enter into an attempt to justify some act. It should be noticed that just having reasons for acting in some way does not entail that acting in that way is justifiable. In what follows, I speak first of reasons, later of justifications.