bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Viden i læreruddannelsen – en typologi
Authors: Lund Jens Hansen , Nielsen Birgitte Lund
Published: June 2020

Artiklen beskriver og analyserer måder hvorpå ’viden’ er konceptualiseret i diskussioner om læreruddannelse og –praksis gennem præsentation af en typologi med de fire dimensioner: videntype, håndtering af viden, viden gennem materialitet og videnindhold. Den første dimension fokuserer på, at viden kan fremstå både som global og lokal empiri og teori. Den næste dimension handler om at håndtere viden på forskellige måder, herunder tilegnelse af viden, videnbevidsthed, omsætning og produktion af viden. Den tredje dimension beskriver den materialitet, hvormed viden er ’båret’, som fx tekst eller tale. Endelig handler den sidste dimension om videnindholdet – ’hvad-spørgsmålet’, som er relevant både i en fagopdelt og transdiciplinær organisering af læreruddannelse. Potentialer og perspektiver på brug af typologien med disse fire dimensioner diskuteres og perspektiveres.
Åben skole i form af nationale fagkonkurrencer
Authors: Christensen Jacob
Published: June 2020

I nationale fagkonkurrencer har skoleelever mulighed for at dyste i fag, og ofte kobles der undervisningsforløb hertil. Erhvervslivets fagpersoner inviteres ind i undervisningsforløbene, hvilket kan kombineres med, at elever besøger arbejdspladser der beskæftiger sig med fagkonkurrencens emne. Undervisningsformen eksisterede før introduktionen af åben skole, men flere fagkonkurrencer formidles som én måde, hvorpå åben skole kan praktiseres. Denne artikel  præsenterer et kvalitativt studie af en fagkonkurrence i faget madkundskab. Der fremskrives perspektiver på, hvordan åben skole forstås i denne sammenhæng, samt hvilke pædagogiske muligheder og udfordringer undervisningsformen implicerer. Der argumenteres for, at erhvervslivets arbejdsformer afspejles i kombination med en rammesætning, hvor elever kan dygtiggøre sig i særlig høj grad. Men bestemte typer af elever og lærere beneficerer af fagkonkurrencer, og pædagogikken risikerer at reproducere uhensigtsmæssige strukturer i skolen. Yderligere risikeres, at præstation i konkurrencen overskygger elevers faglige motivation og læring, samt at læreres didaktiske refleksioner ensidigt fokuseres på præstation.
Inddragelse, modstand og forhandling i skole-hjem-samtalen
Authors: Helms Stine
Published: June 2020

Denne artikel handler om forældre og elevers muligheder for at inddrage egne perspektiver, forhandle og udfordre lærernes beskrivelser og vurderinger under skole-hjem-samtalerne. I artiklen vises det, hvordan højtpræsterende elever og deres forældres modstand i langt højere grad genkendes og imødekommes, end dette er tilfældet for lavtpræsterende elever og deres forældre, hvis modstand eller forsøg på forhandlinger ofte negligeres. Dette sætter markant forskellige betingelser op for de hhv. højt- og lavtpræsterende elever og deres forældre i forhold til reelt at blive inddraget i skole-hjem-samarbejdet.
De må mere på banen!
Authors: Jørgensen Anne Hovgaard
Published: June 2020

Denne artikel undersøger, hvordan politiske strømninger, bl.a. via den nye skolereform, har påvirket skolens felt og medført en øget fl eksibilitet og dermed større afhængighed mellem lærere og forældre. For at illustrere dette analyserer artiklen relationer og interaktioner mellem forældre med migrantbaggrund og lærere. Et af artiklens mål er at belyse, hvordan skolens stigende forventninger til forældres engagement og deltagelse i deres børns skolegang påvirker forældrene på forskellig vis, samt hvordan det påvirker læreres opfattelser af, hvad det vil sige at være en god skoleforælder. På baggrund af et feltarbejde på en folkeskole i København analyserer artiklen, hvordan forskellige begrænsninger i en migrantfamilies liv forhindrer dem i at fremstå som ”synlige”, ”engagerede” og ”aktive” skoleforældre, hvilket var de anerkendte måder at performe forældreskab på, set fra lærernes perspektiv. Dette bevirkede, at lærerne kunne opleve visse forældre som apatiske og fraværende på trods af lærernes begrænsede indsigt i og forståelse for forældrenes livsverden og den viden, de ressourcer og evner, som forældrene hver især besad. Artiklen belyser endvidere lærernes tvetydige position i denne problemstilling, og hvordan denfleksible skole gjorde dem afhængige af, at forældrene ”var på”.
Procedure in the cases of administrative offenses within the system of administrative law
Authors: Izyumova Evgeniya Sergeevna
Published: June 2020

The relevance of this scientific article is substantiated by the process of reform of the administrative procedural legislation of the Russian Federation. The goal of this work is to determine the place of procedure in the cases of administrative offenses within the system of administrative law. The author studies approaches towards the understanding of the system of administrative law, and explores the main perspectives on the definition of the administrative process, its structure and the place within for the procedure on cases of administrative offenses. The work also deals with the question of the correlation of administrative proceedings and procedure on cases of administrative offenses. A conclusion is made that in both the procedure on cases of administrative offenses is a part of administrative proceedings. A proposal is made on improving the administrative procedural legislation in order to ensure clarity in the question of correlation of “administrative proceedings” and “procedure in the cases of administrative offenses” by passing a codified legislation with highlighting separate chapters in the special part for judicial and non-judicial authorities with a unified common part.
A simulation game as a problem-based method of the Criminal Procedure discipline teaching
Authors: Kravchenko Oleg Aleksandrovich
Published: June 2020

The research subject is the criminal procedure teaching technique. The peculiarities of studying this discipline cause particular difficulties typical for various procedural disciplines. Therefore, the process of teaching should promote its mastering. The educator has to create the conditions in which a student would be able not only to acquire the set of knowledge and skills, but also would become an active, self-motivated and independent participant of cognitive activity in which it is important not only to study the methods of solving the teacher’s task but also to acquire other knowledge on the Criminal Procedure discipline. In this context, a simulation game can be an effective educational solution. The author detects the effectiveness of using a simulation game for teaching the Criminal Procedure discipline as a comprehensive method of problem-based learning. From a practical perspective, the use of a simulation game should facilitate the acquisition of knowledge by the students of the Criminal Procedure discipline and promote their professional orientation. The author considers a simulation game as a comprehensive method of problem-based learning which includes the following methods: project making, discussion and searching in education, modelling, active studying, comprehension, professional orientation in education.   
Tuberculosis Case Finding Practice: The Intention of Cadres in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Lepuen Agnes Pude , Ayuningsih Bratajaya Cicilia Nony , Rasmada Sada
Published: June 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is a difficult health problem to overcome. Active case finding is an important step in managing this infectious disease. However, the prevalence of TB case finding among cadres at the community level is low because of the stigma attached to TB, difficulty in geographical coverage, low public awareness, and social economic barriers. In addition, the empowerment and intention of cadres to perform community-based TB case finding are not optimal yet. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the intention of TB case finding among 162 public health cadres at one district. Convenient sampling technique was employed in this study. Relationship analyses were performed using Chi-Square test. Results suggested that three factors, namely, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavior control influenced the intention to practice TB case finding among cadres. Public health care providers must encourage cadres to practice active TB case finding and understand the benefits and burdens encountered by cadres during TB case finding. Abstrak Praktik Penemuan Kasus Tubercolusis: Niat Kader di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia. Tuberculosis (TB) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang sulit diatasi. Penemuan kasus TB secara aktif merupakan langkah awal yang menjadi kunci keberhasilan dalam penanganan kasus TB, namun angka penemuan kasus TB masih rendah. Kader belum dapat melakukan pendeteksian dini kasus TB secara optimal. Selain itu sebagai penemu kasus TB di masyarakat, kader memiliki berbagai tantangan dalam upaya menemukan kasus TB, salah satunya adalah niat untuk menemukan kasus TB mengingat banyak stigma yang muncul terkait penyakit TB, keadaan geografi yang sulit dijangkau, rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat, dan kendala biaya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui intensi atau niat kader dalam menemukan kasus TB. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan melibatkan 162 kader kesehatan di sebuah kecamatan. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan convenient sampling. Analisa hubungan menggunakan uji statistik Chi Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ketiga faktor yaitu sikap, norma subjektif, dan kendali perilaku yang dirasakan memiliki hubungan dengan intensi dalam menemukan kasus TB. Maka dapat disimpulkan, dukungan tenaga kesehatan sangat penting dalam meningkatkan praktik penemuan kasus TB dan penting untuk memperhatikan manfaat dan tantangan yang ditemui oleh kader dalam menemukan kasus TB. Kata Kunci: kader kesehatan, kontrol kendali yang dirasakan, niat, norma subjektif, sikap, penemuan kasus Tuberculosis
Echinoderms provide missing link in the evolution of PrRP/sNPF-type neuropeptide signalling
Authors: Yañez-Guerra Luis Alfonso , Zhong Xingxing , Moghul Ismail , Butts Thomas , Zampronio Cleidiane G , Jones Alexandra M , Mirabeau Olivier , Elphick Maurice R
Published: June 2020

Neuropeptide signalling systems comprising peptide ligands and cognate receptors are evolutionarily ancient regulators of physiology and behaviour. However, there are challenges associated with determination of orthology between neuropeptides in different taxa. Orthologs of vertebrate neuropeptide-Y (NPY) known as neuropeptide-F (NPF) have been identified in protostome invertebrates, whilst prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) and short neuropeptide-F (sNPF) have been identified as paralogs of NPY/NPF in vertebrates and protostomes, respectively. Here we investigated the occurrence of NPY/NPF/PrRP/sNPF-related signalling systems in a deuterostome invertebrate phylum – the Echinodermata. Analysis of transcriptome/genome sequence data revealed loss of NPY/NPF-type signalling, but orthologs of PrRP-type neuropeptides and sNPF/PrRP-type receptors were identified in echinoderms. Furthermore, experimental studies revealed that the PrRP-type neuropeptide pQDRSKAMQAERTGQLRRLNPRF-NH2 is a potent ligand for a sNPF/PrRP-type receptor in the starfish Asterias rubens. Our findings indicate that PrRP-type and sNPF-type signalling systems are orthologous and originated as a paralog of NPY/NPF-type signalling in Urbilateria.
URMAP, an ultra-fast read mapper
Authors: Edgar Robert
Published: June 2020

Mapping of reads to reference sequences is an essential step in a wide range of biological studies. The large size of datasets generated with next-generation sequencing technologies motivates the development of fast mapping software. Here, I describe URMAP, a new read mapping algorithm. URMAP is an order of magnitude faster than BWA with comparable accuracy on several validation tests. On a Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) variant calling test with 30× coverage 2×150 reads, URMAP achieves high accuracy (precision 0.998, sensitivity 0.982 and F-measure 0.990) with the strelka2 caller. However, GIAB reference variants are shown to be biased against repetitive regions which are difficult to map and may therefore pose an unrealistically easy challenge to read mappers and variant callers.
Effect of Music Training on Categorical Perception of Speech and Music
Authors: Yashaswini L. , Maruthy Sandeep
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of music training on the characteristics of auditory perception of speech and music. The perception of speech and music stimuli was assessed across their respective stimulus continuum and the resultant plots were compared between musicians and non-musicians. Subjects and Methods: Thirty musicians with formal music training and twenty-seven non-musicians participated in the study (age: 20 to 30 years). They were assessed for identification of consonant-vowel syllables (/da/ to /ga/), vowels (/u/ to /a/), vocal music note (/ri/ to /ga/), and instrumental music note (/ri/ to /ga/) across their respective stimulus continuum. The continua contained 15 tokens with equal step size between any adjacent tokens. The resultant identification scores were plotted against each token and were analyzed for presence of categorical boundary. If the categorical boundary was found, the plots were analyzed by six parameters of categorical perception; for the point of 50% crossover, lower edge of categorical boundary, upper edge of categorical boundary, phoneme boundary width, slope, and intercepts. Results: Overall, the results showed that both speech and music are perceived differently in musicians and non-musicians. In musicians, both speech and music are categorically perceived, while in non-musicians, only speech is perceived categorically. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that music is perceived categorically by musicians, even if the stimulus is devoid of vocal tract features. The findings support that the categorical perception is strongly influenced by training and results are discussed in light of notions of motor theory of speech perception.
Non-Invasive Neuromodulation for Tinnitus
Authors: Langguth Berthold
Published: June 2020

Tinnitus is a prevalent disorder that has no cure currently. Within the last two decades, neuroscientific research has facilitated a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation and maintenance of tinnitus, and the brain and nerves have been identified as potential targets for its treatment using non-invasive brain stimulation methods. This article reviews studies on tinnitus patients using transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, such as transcranial direct current stimulation, alternating current stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation as well as transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and bimodal combined auditory and somatosensory stimulation. Although none of these approaches has demonstrated effects that would justify its use in routine treatment, the studies have provided important insights into tinnitus pathophysiology. Moreover bimodal stimulation, which has only been developed recently, has shown promising results in pilot trials and is a candidate for further development into a valuable treatment procedure.
Burn Injury Induces Intestinal Inflammatory Response Mediated by Th17 in Burn-Primed Endotoxemic Mice
Authors: Sekine Kazuhiko , Shibusawa Takayuki , Fujishima Seitaro , Aikawa Naoki , Sasaki Junichi
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the susceptibility to infection-related acute lung injury by focusing on the role of gut mucosal T-helper (Th) 17 cells that preferentially produce IL-17 with probiotics in a burn-primed endotoxemic mice model.

Methods

Mice were subjected to a 15% total body surface area third-degree burn. Survival from lethal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (3 mg/kg) on 11th day post-burn was assessed in mice fed by chow with or without 1.2% Lactobacillus powder after burn injury. Lamina propria mononuclear cells were enzymatically isolated from the ileum removed on 11th day post-burn and incubated along with 1 μg/mL LPS or 10 μg/mL anti-CD3 antibody for 24 hours; subsequently, the following 7 cytokines were analyzed in the supernatant: IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17.

Results

Lactobacillus treatment post-burn injury markedly improved survival after lethal endotoxemia in burn-primed mice (64.3% versus 21.4%, P = 0.03). The production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 by lamina propria mononuclear T-lymphocytes and macrophages including Th17 response was augmented by burn injury but decreased with Lactobacillus treatment after burn injury.

Conclusions

Th17- and Th17-mediated inflammatory responses in the gut mucosa may play a vital role, which could be attenuated by Lactobacillus treatment, in survival of lethal endotoxemia in burn-primed mice.
A IDEIA DE DIREITOS DA NATUREZA
Authors: Sobrinho Liton Lanes Pilau , Borile Giovani Orso
Published: June 2020

O artigo ora apresentado pretende realizar uma análise acerca da ideia de Direitos da Natureza e os respectivos desdobramentos teóricos, discussões e debates relativos ao processo emergente que tem sido o movimento pelos Direitos da Mãe Terra. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho analisar as origens dos direitos da natureza, bem como, abordar as recentes discussões e debates referentes aos contrapontos existentes em relação aos Direitos dos Animais. O método a ser utilizado no presente estudo será o analítico e o hermenêutico, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Ao final, verificar-se-á que a construção teórico-pragmática dos Direitos da Natureza é complementada e complementa os Direitos Animais como abordagem necessária a adequação de novas subjetividades jurídicas.
UMA ANÁLISE BIOÉTICA DA RELAÇÃO PACIENTE-MÉDICO À LUZ DO ARQUÉTIPO DA ALTERIDADE
Authors: Aguiar Mônica Neves , Costa Jessica Hind Ribeiro
Published: June 2020

Este artigo se propõe a analisar a relação paciente-médico a partir de uma construção bioética embasada com a Teoria Simbólica de Carlos Amadeu Botelho Byngthon, a qual traz como pilares de um relação humanizada fatores como a compreensão, o diálogo e o acolhimento do paciente. A partir de uma construção histórica da bioética, o presente trabalho busca analisar as possíveis contribuições do Arquétipo da Alteridade para a efetivação de uma relação entre médicos e pacientes que seja construída democraticamente e capaz de promover a expressão mais profunda e verdadeira de cada um dos sujeitos, possibilitando um tratamento humanizado e digno ao paciente vulnerável. Assim, utilizando o raciocínio dedutivo e análise bibliográfica que inclui referencias multidisciplinares, a partir de uma construção arquetípica, é apresentada a alteridade como elemento central de uma releitura bioética da relação médico-paciente. Com isso, a pesquisa traz como principal resultado a releitura da relação paciente-médico, a qual historicamente suscita grandes debates no campo bioético, estabelecendo como referencial teórico a Psicologia Simbólica Junguiana na tentativa de estabelecer um embasamento voltado para uma relação de paridade que consiga incorporar os valores de cuidado decorrentes do arquétipo matriarcal não se esquivando da aplicação objetiva do conhecimento construído, caminhando, pois, para uma nova interpretação da ética aplicada que leve em consideração uma análise da postura médica à luz da alteridade.
MOVIMENTO AFROVEGANO E INTERSECCIONALIDADE: DIÁLOGOS POSSÍVEIS ENTRE O MOVIMENTO ANIMALISTA E O MOVIMENTO NEGRO
Authors: Disconzi Nina Trícia , Silva Fernanda dos Santos Rodrigues
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo tem por finalidade a proposição da utilização do conceito de interseccionalidade, cunhado por Kimberle Crenshaw, para possibilitar um diálogo entre as causas animal e antirracista para além da comparação de opressões. Com efeito, sugere-se, a partir da identificação de pontos em comum de ambas as lutas (e não das opressões) e da base do Movimento Afrovegano, uma forma de cooperação que leve a uma emancipação em conjunto, com vistas à superação do paradigma jurídico racional dominante e sem que uma demanda se sobreponha à outra. Para tanto, utilizou-se como método de abordagem o dedutivo e, como métodos de procedimento, o histórico e o tipológico. Por fim, a técnica de pesquisa empregada foi a bibliográfica.
Biomedical Micro‐/Nanomotors: From Overcoming Biological Barriers to In Vivo Imaging
Authors: Gao Changyong , Wang Yong , Ye Zihan , Lin Zhihua , Ma Xing , He Qiang
Published: June 2020

Self‐propelled micro‐ and nanomotors (MNMs) have shown great potential for applications in the biomedical field, such as active targeted delivery, detoxification, minimally invasive diagnostics, and nanosurgery, owing to their tiny size, autonomous motion, and navigation capacities. To enter the clinic, biomedical MNMs request the biodegradability of their manufacturing materials, the biocompatibility of chemical fuels or externally physical fields, the capability of overcoming various biological barriers (e.g., biofouling, blood flow, blood–brain barrier, cell membrane), and the in vivo visual positioning for autonomous navigation. Herein, the recent advances of synthetic MNMs in overcoming biological barriers and in vivo motion‐tracking imaging techniques are highlighted. The challenges and future research priorities are also addressed. With continued attention and innovation, it is believed that, in the future, biomedical MNMs will pave the way to improve the targeted drug delivery efficiency.
Wood‐Derived Functional Polymeric Materials
Authors: Wang Jifu , Zhang Daihui , Chu Fuxiang
Published: June 2020

In recent years, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing wood‐derived functional polymeric materials due to their distinctive properties, including environmental friendliness, renewability, and biodegradability. Thus, the uniqueness of the main components in wood (cellulose and lignin) has attracted enormous interest for both fundamental research and practical applications. Herein, the emerging field of wood‐derived functional polymeric materials fabricated by means of macromolecular engineering is reviewed, covering the basic structures and properties of the main components, the design principle to utilize these main components, and the resulting wood‐derived functional polymeric materials in terms of elastomers, hydrogels, aerogels, and nanoparticles. In detail, the natural features of wood components and their significant roles in the fabrication of materials are emphasized. Furthermore, the utilization of controlled/living polymerization, click chemistry, dynamic bonds chemistry, etc., for the modification is specifically discussed from the perspective of molecular design, together with their sequential assembly into different morphologies. The functionalities of wood‐derived polymeric materials are mainly focused on self‐healing and shape‐memory abilities, adsorption, conduction, etc. Finally, the main challenges of wood‐derived functional polymeric materials fabricated by macromolecular engineering are presented, as well as the potential solutions or directions to develop green and scalable wood‐derived functional polymeric materials.
Effects of Nanoscale Roughness on the Lubricious Behavior of an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Nalam Prathima C. , Sheehan Alexis , Han Mengwei , Espinosa‐Marzal Rosa M.
Published: June 2020

While many mechanistic studies have focused on the lubricious properties of ionic liquids (ILs) on ideally smooth surfaces, little is known about the mechanisms by which ILs lubricate contacts with nanoscale roughness. Here, substrates with controlled density of nanoparticles are prepared to examine the influence of nanoscale roughness on the lubrication by 1‐hexyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Atomic force microscopy is employed to investigate adhesion, hydrodynamic slip, and friction at the lubricated contact as a function of surface topography for the first time. This study reveals that nanoscale roughness has a significant influence on the slip along the surface and leads to a maximum slip length on the substrates with intermediate nanoparticle density. This coincides with the minimum friction coefficient at sufficiently small contact stresses, likely due to the lower resistance of the IL film to shear. However, at the higher pressures applied with a sharp tip, friction increases with nanoparticle density, indicating that the IL is not able to alleviate the increased dissipation due to roughness. The results of this work point toward a complex influence of the surface topology on friction. This study can help design ILs and nanopatterned substrates for tribological applications and nano‐ and microfluidics.
Vertically Stacked Perovskite Detectors for Color Sensing and Color Vision
Authors: Qarony Wayesh , Kozawa Masayuki , Khan Haris Ahmad , Hossain Mohammad Ismail , Salleo Alberto , Tsang Yuen Hong , Hardeberg Jon Yngve , Fujiwara Hiroyuki , Knipp Dietmar
Published: June 2020

Optical color sensors based on perovskites are described. These sensors overcome the limits of conventional image sensors used in smartphones and digital cameras. The sensors allow for detecting the primary colors red, green, and blue without using optical filters. The color sensors consist of vertically stacked diodes using perovskite alloys. The described sensor structure is color aliasing or color moiré error free, while conventional sensors using optical filters are limited by this error. The spectral sensitivity of vertically stacked sensors is up to three times higher than the spectral sensitivity of filter‐based color sensors. The optical constants of the required perovskite alloys are determined, and color sensors are electromagnetically modeled. The spectral sensitivities of the sensors are colorimetrically characterized and compared to sensors in the literature including conventional sensors using optical filters. This study, for the first time, shows that a vertically stacked three color sensor exhibits a color error equal to, or smaller than, errors of conventional sensors using optical filters. Details on the used materials, the device design, and the colorimetric analysis are provided.
Extreme Subwavelength Magnetoelastic Electromagnetic Antenna Implemented with Multiferroic Nanomagnets
Authors: Drobitch Justine Lynn , De Anulekha , Dutta K. , Pal Pratap Kumar , Adhikari Arundhati , Barman Anjan , Bandyopadhyay Supriyo
Published: June 2020

Antennas typically have emission/radiation efficiencies bounded by A/λ2(A < λ2) where A is the emitting area and λ is the emitted wavelength. That makes it challenging to miniaturize antennas to extreme subwavelength dimensions without severely compromising their efficiencies. To overcome this challenge, an electromagnetic (EM) antenna is actuated with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) whose wavelength is about five orders of magnitude smaller than the EM wavelength at the same frequency. This allows to implement an extreme subwavelength EM antenna, radiating an EM wave of wavelength λ = 2 m, whose emitting area is ≈10−8 m2 (A/λ2 = 2.5 × 10−9), and whose measured radiation efficiency exceeds the A/λ2 limit by over 105. The antenna consists of magnetostrictive nanomagnets deposited on a piezoelectric substrate. A SAW launched in the substrate with an alternating electrical voltage periodically strains the nanomagnets and rotates their magnetizations owing to the Villari effect. The oscillating magnetizations emit EM waves at the frequency of the SAW. These extreme subwavelength antennas that radiate with efficiencies a few orders of magnitude larger than the A/λ2 limit allow drastic miniaturization of communication systems.
Solution‐Processed Transparent Superhydrophobic Protection Layers for Enhancing the Device Reliability of Flexible Organic Optoelectronics
Authors: Yoo Daekyoung , Kang Keehoon , Kim Youngrok , Ahn Heebeom , Lee Woocheol , Pak Jinsu , Chung Seungjun , Lee Takhee
Published: June 2020

Organic materials and devices have attracted great attention for implementation of flexible and transparent electronics applications. However, further easy‐to‐manage organic devices with acceptable environmental reliability in open air are desirable. Specifically, because water‐based threats and particle contamination can degrade the functions of organic optoelectronics, introducing a superhydrophobic protection layer onto organic devices, which can eliminate issues via excellent water repellency, is necessary. In this study, surface‐engineered TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in a highly fluorinated solvent are deposited on organic devices using organo‐compatible solution processing. The optimization of the TiO2 nanoparticle layer, such as the surface roughness and thickness of the film, enables the realization of a transparent superhydrophobic layer; therefore, the film can be utilized in transparent organic optoelectronics, especially in phototransistor applications. The transparent superhydrophobic layer exhibits good water repellency without critical delamination issues even during mechanical deformation, such as bending and stretching tests. Flexible organic phototransistors with the transparent superhydrophobic layer show a self‐cleaning ability against harmful contaminants on the topmost surface, achieved by dropping water droplets. This work can provide a feasible solution to maintaining transparent and flexible organic devices with improved environmental reliability.
Tandem‐Mass‐Tag Based Proteomic Analysis Facilitates Analyzing Critical Factors of Porous Silicon Nanoparticles in Determining Their Biological Responses under Diseased Condition
Authors: Li Yunzhan , Liu Zehua , Li Li , Lian Wenhua , He Yaohui , Khalil Elbadry , Mäkilä Ermei , Zhang Wenzhong , Torrieri Giulia , Liu Xueyan , Su Jingyi , Xiu Yuanming , Fontana Flavia , Salonen Jarno , Hirvonen Jouni , Liu Wen , Zhang Hongbo , Santos Hélder A. , Deng Xianming
Published: June 2020

The analysis of nanoparticles’ biocompatibility and immunogenicity is mostly performed under a healthy condition. However, more clinically relevant evaluation conducted under pathological condition is less known. Here, the immunogenicity and bio–nano interactions of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSi NPs) are evaluated in an acute liver inflammation mice model. Interestingly, a new mechanism in which PSi NPs can remit the hepatocellular damage and inflammation activation in a surface dependent manner through protein corona formation, which perturbs the inflammation by capturing the pro‐inflammatory signaling proteins that are inordinately excreted or exposed under pathological condition, is found. This signal sequestration further attenuates the nuclear factor κB pathway activation and cytokines production from macrophages. Hence, the study proposes a potential mechanism for elucidating the altered immunogenicity of nanomaterials under pathological conditions, which might further offer insights to establish harmonized standards for assessing the biosafety of biomaterials in a disease‐specific or personalized manner.
Quasi‐2D Growth of Aluminum Nitride Film on Graphene for Boosting Deep Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Chang Hongliang , Chen Zhaolong , Liu Bingyao , Yang Shenyuan , Liang Dongdong , Dou Zhipeng , Zhang Yonghui , Yan Jianchang , Liu Zhiqiang , Zhang Zihui , Wang Junxi , Li Jinmin , Liu Zhongfan , Gao Peng , Wei Tongbo
Published: June 2020

Efficient and low‐cost production of high‐quality aluminum nitride (AlN) films during heteroepitaxy is the key for the development of deep ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (DUV‐LEDs). Here, the quasi‐2D growth of high‐quality AlN film with low strain and low dislocation density on graphene (Gr) is presented and a high‐performance 272 nm DUV‐LED is demonstrated. Guided by first‐principles calculations, it is found that AlN grown on Gr prefers lateral growth both energetically and kinetically, thereby resulting in a Gr‐driven quasi‐2D growth mode. The strong lateral growth mode enables most of dislocations to annihilate each other at the AlN/Gr interface, and therefore the AlN epilayer can quickly coalesce and flatten the nanopatterned sapphire substrate. Based on the high quality and low strain of AlN film grown on Gr, the as‐fabricated 272 nm DUV‐LED shows a 22% enhancement of output power than that with low‐temperature AlN buffer, following a negligible wavelength shift under high current. This facile strategy opens a pathway to drastically improve the performance of DUV‐LEDs.
Solidifying Cathode–Electrolyte Interface for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Wen‐Peng , Zhang Juan , Chou Jia , Yin Ya‐Xia , You Ya , Xin Sen , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: June 2020

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, with their distinct advantages in energy output, cost, and environmental benignancy, have been recognized as one of the most promising candidates for near‐future energy storage markets. However, the energy storage technology based on Li–S systems, even at the single cell level, is far from commercialization. The implementation of the technology is hindered by unstable electrochemistry at the electrode–electrolyte interface, especially the cathode–electrolyte interface. In cases where the cathode builds a solid–liquid interface with the electrolyte, strong interactions between discharge intermediates of S and solvent molecules of the liquid electrolyte lead to continuous loss of active S species from the cathode to the anode through an electrochemical shuttle process, and hampers the cycling performance of the battery. By solidifying the cathode–liquid interface, the polysulfide–solvent interaction is expected to be alleviated and the Li–S electrochemistry improved. In this Progress Report, the strategies to build a solidified cathode–electrolyte interface in liquid, quasi‐solid‐state and all‐solid‐state Li–S systems are summarized, and the fundamentals of charge transfer and chemical evolutions at the interface are discussed. With these discussions, the rational interfacial design of Li–S batteries is elucidated, toward optimal storage performance and operational durability.
Electrospinning‐Based Strategies for Battery Materials
Authors: Li Xiaoyan , Chen Weichen , Qian Qingrong , Huang Haitao , Chen Yuming , Wang Ziqiang , Chen Qinghua , Yang Jing , Li Ju , Mai Yiu‐Wing
Published: June 2020

Electrospinning is a popular technique to prepare 1D tubular/fibrous nanomaterials that assemble into 2D/3D architectures. When combined with other material processing techniques such as chemical vapor deposition and hydrothermal treatment, electrospinning enables powerful synthesis strategies that can tailor structural and compositional features of energy storage materials. Herein, a simple description is given of the basic electrospinning technique and its combination with other synthetic approaches. Then its employment in the preparation of frameworks and scaffolds with various functions is introduced, e.g., a graphitic tubular network to enhance the electronic conductivity and structural integrity of the electrodes. Current developments in 3D scaffold structures as a host for Li metal anodes, sulfur cathodes, membrane separators, or as a 3D matrix for polymeric solid‐state electrolytes for rechargeable batteries are presented. The use of 1D electrospun nanomaterials as a nanoreactor for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of the mechanisms of materials synthesis and electrochemical reactions is summarized, which has gained popularity due to easy mechanical manipulation, electron transparency, electronic conductivity, and the easy prepositioning of complex chemical ingredients by liquid‐solution processing. Finally, an outlook on industrial production and future challenges for energy storage materials is given.
Relationships Between Na+ Distribution, Concerted Migration, and Diffusion Properties in Rhombohedral NASICON
Authors: Zou Zheyi , Ma Nan , Wang Aiping , Ran Yunbing , Song Tao , Jiao Yao , Liu Jinping , Zhou Hang , Shi Wei , He Bing , Wang Da , Li Yajie , Avdeev Maxim , Shi Siqi
Published: June 2020

Rhombohedral NaZr2(PO4)3 is the prototype of all the NASICON‐type materials. The ionic diffusion in these rhombohedral NASICON materials is highly influenced by the ionic migration channels and the bottlenecks in the channels which have been extensively studied. However, no consensus is reached as to which one is the preferential ionic migration channel. Moreover, the relationships between the Na+ distribution over the multiple available sites, concerted migration, and diffusion properties remain elusive. Using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, here it is shown that the Na+ ions tend to migrate through the Na1–Na3–Na2–Na3–Na1 channels rather than through the Na2–Na3–Na3–Na2 channels. There are two types of concerted migration mechanisms: two Na+ ions located at the adjacent Na1 and Na2 sites can migrate either in the same direction or at an angle. Both mechanisms exhibit relatively low migration barriers owing to the potential energy conversion during the Na+ ions migration process. Redistribution of Na+ ions from the most stable Na1 sites to Na2 on increasing Na+ total content further facilitates the concerted migration and promotes the Na+ ion mobility. The work establishes a connection between the Na+ concentration in rhombohedral NASICON materials and their diffusion properties.
Generating experimental designs for estimation of genetically related treatment effects using SAS
Authors: Piepho Hans‐Peter , Vo‐Thanh Nha , Tobias Randy
Published: June 2020

Plant breeding programs increasingly make use of markers for genomic selection. This raises the need to optimize experimental designs for phenotyping based on linear mixed models with random treatment effects correlated by pedigree or realized kinship. This paper illustrates how the general‐purpose design procedure OPTEX of the SAS System can be used for this. One simple example is used to demonstrate the basic usage of the package for an incomplete block design, whereas a second example serves to show how an experiment with a more complex blocking structure can be designed.
Long‐term fertilization effects on crop yield and desalinized soil properties
Authors: Li Xiaoguang , liu Xiuping , Liu Xiaojing
Published: June 2020

The effects of long‐term fertilization on crop yield and soil property in maize (Zea maysL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) rotation of desalinized soils are limited. A long‐term fertilization experiment was established in 1996 to compare the impact of single and mixed mineral (NPK), and manure fertilization on crop yields and soil properties. The long‐term application of manure (OF) and N fertilizer significantly increased crop yields by the 129 and 42% of yield increase, respectively, over other chemical fertilizer application. Nitrogen fertilizer increased soil surface nitrate nitrogen (NO3−–N) while not affecting soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N). Organic fertilizer significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC, increased 68.7%), available phosphorus (AP, 97.4%), and available potassium (AK, 68.5%) compared with chemical fertilizer application. Inorganic fertilizer application has less impact on microbial community composition than manure. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for desalinized soils around the Bohai Sea to maximize crop yields and improve soil fertility.
An Arduino based automatic pressure evaluation system to quantify growth of non‐model anaerobes in culture
Authors: Wilken St. Elmo , Leggieri Patrick A. , Kerdman‐Andrade Corey , Reilly Matthew , Theodorou Michael K. , O'Malley Michelle A.
Published: June 2020

Measuring the growth rate of non‐model anaerobic microbes typically requires the use of time‐consuming and often destructive manual measurements. Here, an Arduino based automatic pressure evaluation system (A‐APES) was developed to automatically measure the rate of fermentation gas production as a proxy for microbial growth in anaerobic systems. The A‐APES system measures accumulated gas pressure in sealed cultures accurately at high‐resolution, while venting the system at programmed intervals to prevent over pressurization. The utility of A‐APES is demonstrated in this study by quantifying the growth rate and phases of a biomass‐degrading anaerobic gut fungus, which cannot be otherwise measured via conventional techniques due to its association with particulate substrates. Given the utility of the A‐APES approach, we provide a complete construction guide to fabricate the device, which is three times less expensive compared to existing commercial alternatives.
A Universal Error Correction Method for Memristive Stateful Logic Devices for Practical Near‐Memory Computing
Authors: In Jae Hyun , Kim Young Seok , Song Hanchan , Kim Gwang Min , An Jangho , Jeon Jae Bum , Kim Kyung Min
Published: June 2020

Memristive stateful logic allows complete in‐memory computing and is considered to be a next‐generation computing technology for low power edge applications. Since the first stateful IMP gate was proposed in 2010, few studies have yet addressed the operating reliability issues that should be resolved before the technology is practically realized. Herein, a feasible near‐memory error correction method for a typical bipolar‐type memristor stateful logic system is proposed. An error correction principles using a HfO2‐based crossbar array device is explained, and two types of error correction methods checking if the number of FALSE data is zero and if the number of TRUE data is odd are proposed. Although the error correction modules require additional circuits and processing time, the resulting computing efficiency is comparable with conventional stateful logic techniques. Its application with a one‐bit full adder is demonstrated and its feasibility for practical stateful logic devices is validated.
A Mendelian randomization study of the causal association between anxiety phenotypes and schizophrenia
Authors: Jones Hannah J. , Martin David , Lewis Sarah J. , Davey Smith George , O'Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. , Walters James T. R. , Zammit Stanley
Published: June 2020

Schizophrenia shows a genetic correlation with both anxiety disorder and neuroticism, a trait strongly associated with anxiety. However, genetic correlations do not discern causality from genetic confounding. We therefore aimed to investigate whether anxiety‐related phenotypes lie on the causal pathway to schizophrenia using Mendelian randomization (MR). Four MR methods, each with different assumptions regarding instrument validity, were used to investigate casual associations of anxiety and neuroticism related phenotypes on schizophrenia, and vice versa: inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, weighted mode, and, when appropriate, MR Egger regression. MR provided evidence of a causal effect of neuroticism on schizophrenia (IVW odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.59), but only weak evidence of a causal effect of anxiety on schizophrenia (IVW OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.19). There was also evidence of a causal association from schizophrenia liability to anxiety disorder (IVW OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.18–1.39) and worry (IVW beta: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03–0.07), but effect estimates from schizophrenia to neuroticism were inconsistent in the main analysis. The evidence of neuroticism increasing schizophrenia risk provided by our results supports future efforts to evaluate neuroticism‐ or anxiety‐based therapies to prevent onset of psychotic disorders.
A paleoepidemiological approach to the osteological paradox: Investigating stress, frailty and resilience through cribra orbitalia
Authors: McFadden Clare , Oxenham Marc F.
Published: June 2020

Objectives

The Osteological Paradox posits that skeletal lesions may differentially be interpreted as representing resilience or frailty. However, specific consideration of the etiologies and demographic distributions of individual skeletal indicators can inform the criteria on which to differentiate stress, frailty, and resilience. Adopting a life history approach and adaptive plasticity model, this study proposes a framework for the analysis and interpretation of a commonly reported skeletal lesion, cribra orbitalia, which considers the underlying mechanisms of the condition, the clinical and epidemiological literature relating to anemia and malnutrition, and the bioarcheological evidence.

Materials and methods

Data were extracted from the European (n= 33 populations) and American (n= 19 populations) modules of the Global History of Health Project. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were applied, where time was the age‐at‐death, and the factor or covariate was presence or absence of cribra orbitalia.

Results

Of 37 samples that produced significant results, 21 demonstrated a change in relationship when the subadults were excluded from analysis. When subadults were included, individuals with cribra orbitalia present had statistically significant lower survival time. With subadults excluded, the relationship either became nonsignificant or was reversed.

Discussion

We demonstrate that in many cases the inclusion of subadults in analysis impacts upon the apparent mortality associated with cribra orbitalia. Examining cribra orbitalia in children and adults has two separate goals: in children, to determine the prevalence and risk of death associated with active lesions and stress; and in adults, to determine whether childhood health assaults that cause cribra orbitalia are associated with frailty or resilience.
Prehospital and in‐hospital quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scores to predict in‐hospital mortality among trauma patients: an analysis of nationwide registry data
Authors: Miyamoto Kyohei , Shibata Naoaki , Ogawa Atsuhiro , Nakashima Tsuyoshi , Kato Seiya
Published: June 2020

Aim

The quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score can be used to predict in‐hospital mortality in trauma patients. We sought to determine whether repeatedly calculating the qSOFA score improves its discriminative ability in predicting in‐hospital mortality in trauma patients.

Methods

We undertook a multicenter retrospective study, analyzing 90,974 trauma patients registered in the Japan Trauma Data Bank (a nationwide trauma registry) from 2004 to 2017. Patients included were ≥18 years old and transferred directly to hospitals from their respective scenes of injury. We calculated the qSOFA score at two time points: at the scene (prehospital qSOFA score) and on arrival at the hospital (hospital qSOFA score). We evaluated the discriminative ability of repeated calculations of the qSOFA score. The primary outcome in consideration was in‐hospital mortality.

Results

In‐hospital mortality occurred in 5604 patients (6.2%). The predictive accuracy of the hospital qSOFA score was higher than that of the prehospital qSOFA (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUROC] 0.74 vs. 0.69, P < 0.0001) in predicting in‐hospital mortality. However, the mean qSOFA score had the highest predictive accuracy (AUROC 0.76, P < 0.0001). If the hospital qSOFA score was increased compared to the prehospital score, this indicated an approximately 2‐fold to 4‐fold increase in in‐hospital mortality.

Conclusions

Repeated calculations of qSOFA score improved its ability to predict in‐hospital mortality in trauma patients. Specifically, we should consider an increasing qSOFA score as a “red flag” to clinicians in the emergency department.