bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associação de diferentes fontes energéticas e protéicas em suplementos múltiplos na recria de novilhos mestiços sob pastejo no período da seca
Authors: Moraes Eduardo Henrique Bevitori Kling de , Paulino Mário Fonseca , Zervoudakis Joanis Tilemahos , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Detmann Edenio , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Moraes Kamila Andreatta Kling de
Published: August 2006

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes fontes protéicas e energéticas em suplementos múltiplos para bovinos. No primeiro experimento, estudou-se o desempenho de novilhos em fase de recria em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha, no período da seca. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhos mestiços Holandês x Zebu, não-castrados (17 meses de idade e 265±18 kg de peso vivo inicial), distribuídos em quatro piquetes de 1,5 ha. Os suplementos foram fornecidos diariamente na proporção de 0,75% do PV. Empregou-se como fonte protéica grão de soja (GS) ou caroço de algodão (CA) inteiros e farelo de trigo (FT) ou farelo de arroz (FA) como fonte de energia, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Não foram verificadas diferenças no ganho médio diário (GMD), no peso vivo final (PVF) e no ganho de peso total (GPT). A suplementação propiciou aos animais GMD de 0,589; 0,530; 0,620 e 0,606 kg/dia, respectivamente, nos tratamentos GS/FT, GS/FA, CA/FT e CA/FA. No segundo experimento, determinaram-se as frações dos carboidratos da pastagem e dos ingredientes utilizados na formulação dos suplementos e estimaram-se as respectivas taxas de digestão das frações pela técnica de produção de gás. A forragem apresentou altos teores da fração indigestível (C) e baixos da potencialmente digestível (B2). Entre os concentrados, o FA apresentou menor fração C. O GS e o FT destacaram-se pela elevada proporção de CNF. O CA, embora tenha demonstrado fração C superior aos demais, apresentou rápida taxa de digestão da fração B2. As taxas de digestão dos CNF foram 35,06; 14,86; 17,83 e 58,80, respectivamente, para FA, FT, GS e CA. A opção por uma das fontes protéicas ou energéticas estudadas depende, portanto, do preço e da disponibilidade no mercado, pois não influenciou o desempenho dos animais. Os carboidratos estruturais (B2 e C) são responsáveis pelo alto teor de carboidratos totais presentes na Brachiaria brizantha no período da seca, pois correspondem a aproximadamente 80% de sua composição. Observaram-se variações entre as frações dos carboidratos, assim como na taxa de degradação das fontes energéticas e protéicas estudadas.
Desempenho e características de carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês confinados, filhos de ovelhas submetidas à suplementação alimentar durante a gestação
Authors: Zundt Marilice , Macedo Francisco de Assis Fonseca de , Astolphi José Luís de Lima , Mexia Alexandre Agostinho , Sakaguti Eduardo Shiguero
Published: August 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros confinados, filhos de ovelhas Santa Inês submetidas à suplementação em diferentes fases da gestação. Foram inseminadas 48 ovelhas Santa Inês, com peso vivo médio de 40 kg, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos em diferentes fases da gestação. No tratamento controle, os animais receberam somente pastagem de capim-tanzânia e resíduo de mandioca e, nos demais, houve suplementação alimentar com milho e farelo de soja, fornecidos conforme a fase de gestação (terços inicial e médio: 90:10 e 75:25). Após o desmame, os cordeiros foram confinados e receberam ração peletizada com 75% NDT e 20% PB. Ao atingirem peso vivo médio de 30 kg, foram abatidos. A suplementação alimentar nas diferentes fases de gestação não influenciou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas e, portanto, o resíduo de mandioca pode ser fornecido às ovelhas durante toda a gestação.
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages from riffles in mountain streams of Central Brazil: environmental factors influencing the distribution and abundance of immatures
Authors: Bispo P. C. , Oliveira L. G. , Bini L. M. , Sousa K. G.
Published: August 2006

The influence of environmental factors on the distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) immatures was investigated in streams of the Brazilian Center-West (Serra do Pireneus, Pirenópolis, State of Goiás). The insects were sampled by lifting the stones in front of a sieve (0.5 mm mesh) and then removing the insects from both the stone and the sieve. Sampling was carried out for 1 h at 5 collection sites over a period of 14 months. Air and water temperature (°C), water velocity (m/s), discharge (m³/s), electric conductivity (µS/cm), pH, and rainfall (mm) were also recorded. In general, we may state that altitude, hydrologic classification (order) and vegetation cover were the most important factors explaining the distribution of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera immatures. The influence of the rainfall on the temporal variation of the abundance of insects was stronger in stream segments of medium order (3rd, 4th order) compared to smaller streams (first order).
Flight activity of Melipona asilvai Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Souza B. A. , Carvalho C. A. L. , Alves R. M. O.
Published: August 2006

Many stingless bee species are specific to their areas of occurrence. Even when adapted to their local climate and flora conditions, they are subject to modifications in the environment, directly influencing flight activity. The aim of this work is to obtain information about the flight activity of the stingless bee Melipona asilvai Moure, thus contributing to the knowledge of this species. The flow of bees entering and leaving the colony was evaluated, and the type of transported material was identified. This information was correlated with climatic data collected at the time of observations, performed between June 2002 and March 2003. It can be proved that temperature was the factor with the greatest influence on the external activity of this species, showing a significant positive correlation with the entry of bees into the colony and pollen collection. Mud collecting showed a significant positive correlation with a humidity increase. Flight activity began at a temperature of 21.0 °C and humidity of 84.5%, peaking at 27.4 °C and 60.6% RH, respectively.
Forrageamento em Achaearanea cinnabarina levi 1963 (Araneae, Theridiidae) e evolução da caça em aranhas de teia irregular
Authors: Japyassú Hilton Ferreira , Jotta Eduardo Gonçalves
Published: August 2006

A monofilia da teia orbicular e sua evolução para teias irregulares, também monofiléticas, é um dos casos recentes que mostram a utilidade do comportamento em análises filogenéticas. A perda de regularidade da teia implica mudanças na recepção de sinais da presa, o que pode provocar alterações no repertório de caça. Investigamos esta hipótese comparando as estratégias de caça em Achaearanea cinnabarina Levi 1963 com a de outros teridídeos e também com orbitelas, discutindo assim a evolução do comportamento de caça no grupo. Filmamos 40 seqüências de captura de frente a dois tipos de presa; as seqüências foram transcritas com o auxílio do programa Observer Video-Pro e analisadas através do programa EthoSeq. As rotinas de caça em A. cinnabarina são extremamente plásticas, o que sugere serem caracteres com nível reduzido de informação taxonômica; por outro lado, um número expressivo de rotinas comportamentais independe do contexto, ocorrendo com ambos os tipos de presa, o que sugere serem úteis na análise cladística. A. cinnabarina se utiliza sempre da estratégia enrola-morde, uma estratégia que em orbitelas é utilizada principalmente frente a presas que oferecem risco à aranha. A adoção indiscriminada de uma estratégia para presas perigosas foi provavelmente selecionada pelo aumento na proporção deste tipo de presas (formigas), que por sua vez decorre de alterações evolutivas na estrutura da armadilha e na seleção de microhabitat. Assim, a transformação da teia orbicular em teia de lençol com sapatas adesivas, típica dos teridídeos, levou a uma simplificação do repertório de caça.
Composição e diversidae da araneofauna (Araneae) de serapilheira em três florestas urbanas na cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Candiani David F. , Indicatti Rafael P. , Brescovit Antonio D.
Published: August 2006

Três áreas urbanas foram amostradas utilizando armadilhas de solo do tipo pitfall-trap: Parque da Previdência, Mata da CUASO e Mata do Instituto Butantan. Estas áreas estão localizadas na região oeste da cidade de São Paulo. Foram colocadas 50 armadilhas por área em cada uma das estações do ano, totalizando 600 armadilhas. Durante todo o período foram coletadas 2339 aranhas, das quais 1569 adultas e 770 jovens. Estas foram separadas em 46 morfoespécies, pertencentes a 25 famílias, das quais as mais abundantes foram Linyphiidae, com 9 morfo-espécies, Theridiidae com 8 e Salticidae com 7. As espécies mais abundantes foram Hahniidae sp.1 e Guaraniella sp.1 no Parque da Previdência, Linyphiidae sp.1 na Mata do Instituto Butantan e Zoridae sp.2 e Brattiacastanea Millidge na Mata do CUASO.
The influence of screw type, alloy and cylinder position on the marginal fit of implant frameworks before and after laser welding
Authors: Castilio Daniela , Pedreira Ana Paula Ribeiro do Vale , Rossetti Paulo Henrique Orlato , Rossetti Leylha Maria Nunes , Bonachela Wellington Cardoso
Published: August 2006

Misfit at the abutment-prosthetic cylinder interface can cause loss of preload, leading to loosening or fracture of gold and titanium screws. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of screw type, alloy, and cylinder position on marginal fit of implant frameworks before and after laser welding. METHODS: After Estheticone-like abutments were screwed to the implants, thirty plastic prosthetic cylinders were mounted and waxed-up to fifteen cylindrical bars. Each specimen had three interconnected prosthetic components. Five specimens were one-piece cast in titanium and five in cobalt-chromium alloy. On each specimen, tests were conducted with hexagonal titanium and slotted gold screws separately, performing a total of thirty tested screws. Measurements at the interfaces were performed using an optical microscope with 5mm accuracy. After sectioning, specimens were laser welded and new measurements were obtained. Data were submitted to a four-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Slotted and hexagonal screws did not present significant differences regarding to the fit of cylinders cast in titanium, either in one-piece casting framework or after laser welding. When slotted and hexagonal screws were tested on the cobalt-chromium specimens, statistically significant differences were found for the one-piece casting condition, with the slotted screws presenting better fit (24.13µm) than the hexagonal screws (27.93 µm). Besides, no statistically significant differences were found after laser welding. CONCLUSIONS: 1) The use of different metal alloys do exert influence on the marginal fit, 2) The slotted and hexagonal screws play the exclusive role of fixing the prosthesis, and did not improve the fit of cylinders, and 3) cylinder position did not affect marginal fit values.
Radiopacity of restorative materials using digital images
Authors: Salzedas Leda Maria Pescinini , Louzada Mário Jefferson Quirino , Oliveira Filho Antonio Braz de
Published: August 2006

The radiopacity of esthetic restorative materials has been established as an important requirement, improving the radiographic diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of six restorative materials using a direct digital image system, comparing them to the dental tissues (enamel-dentin), expressed as equivalent thickness of aluminum (millimeters of aluminum). Five specimens of each material were made. Three 2-mm thick longitudinal sections were cut from an intact extracted permanent molar tooth (including enamel and dentin). An aluminum step wedge with 9 steps was used. The samples of different materials were placed on a phosphor plate together with a tooth section, aluminum step wedge and metal code letter, and were exposed using a dental x-ray unit. Five measurements of radiographic density were obtained from each image of each item assessed (restorative material, enamel, dentin, each step of the aluminum step wedge) and the mean of these values was calculated. Radiopacity values were subsequently calculated as equivalents of aluminum thickness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences in radiopacity values among the materials (P<0.0001). The radiopacity values of the restorative materials evaluated were, in decreasing order: TPH, F2000, Synergy, Prisma Flow, Degufill, Luxat. Only Luxat had significantly lower radiopacity values than dentin. One material (Degufill) had similar radiopacity values to enamel and four (TPH, F2000, Synergy and Prisma Flow) had significantly higher radiopacity values than enamel. In conclusion, to assess the adequacy of posterior composite restorations it is important that the restorative material to be used has enough radiopacity, in order to be easily distinguished from the tooth structure in the radiographic image. Knowledge on the radiopacity of different materials helps professionals to select the most suitable material, along with other properties such as biocompatibility, adhesion and esthetic.
Avaliação muscular respiratória nas toracotomias e laparotomias superiores eletivas
Authors: Bellinetti Laryssa Milenkovich , Thomson João Carlos
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Verificar se existe associação entre a função muscular respiratória pré-operatória abaixo dos valores previstos e a incidência de complicações pós-operatórias e o óbito, nas laparotomias superiores e toracotomias eletivas. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, no qual 70 pacientes acima de dezoito anos foram acompanhados, em dois hospitais similares. A avaliação durante a internação pré-operatória classificou-os em não expostos (50) ou expostos (20), estes quando os valores das pressões respiratórias máximas foram abaixo de 75% dos valores previstos. O acompanhamento foi feito até a alta hospitalar, verificando-se a incidência de pneumonia, insuficiência respiratória aguda, broncoespasmo, ventilação mecânica prolongada, atelectasia, derrame pleural, pneumotórax e óbito nos dois grupos. Realizou-se análise comparativa entre os grupos e cálculo do risco relativo. RESULTADOS: A incidência total de complicações pós-operatórias da amostra foi de 22,86% (16/70); no grupo exposto foi de 55% (11/20) e no grupo não exposto de 10% (5/50). Os pacientes expostos apresentaram risco relativo de 5,5 (intervalo de confiança de 95% entre 2,19 e 13,82). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicaram que a função muscular respiratória pré-operatória abaixo do valor previsto esteve associada a um risco relativo maior de complicações pós-operatórias nas cirurgias pesquisadas.
Prevalência de fatores de risco para a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono em motoristas de ônibus interestadual
Authors: Viegas Carlos Alberto de Assis , Oliveira Haroldo Willuweit de
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de fatores de risco para a síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono em motoristas de ônibus interestadual. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 262 motoristas profissionais de ônibus interestadual, de empresa brasileira baseada no Distrito Federal, por questionário para avaliar distúrbios respiratórios do Sono, Escala de Sonolência de Epworth, testes de atenção concentrada e difusa, e medidas antropométricas. RESULTADOS: Encontravam-se com o peso acima do ideal 68% da amostra estudada, dos quais 34% apresentaram circunferência do pescoço = 42 cm. Durante o trabalho os motoristas referiram uso de tabaco (27%), refrigerantes à base de cola (55%), álcool (65%) e café (88%), e 28% dos motoristas apresentaram mais de dez pontos na Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. Houve ainda 36% de roncadores, 5% referiram paradas respiratórias durante o sono, 12% apresentaram sensação de sufocamento, 29% sono agitado e 48% referiram sentir sono ao dirigir. Já se envolveram em acidentes de trânsito 42% dos motoristas e em 7,6% dos casos o acidente foi devido a sonolência excessiva. Aqueles com mais de dez pontos na Escala de Sonolência de Epworth apresentaram nível de atenção concentrada comprometido e quanto maior a circunferência do pescoço e a hipersonolência, menor a atenção difusa. CONCLUSÃO: No grupo de motoristas estudados, há uso alarmante de substâncias estimulantes e alta prevalência de hipersonolência diurna, que leva a diminuição da atenção.
Spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) interference in wide row and ultra narrow row cotton
Authors: Molin William T. , Boykin Debbie , Hugie Josie A. , Ratnayaka H. Harish , Sterling Tracy M.
Published: August 2006

A field experiment was conducted in 2000, 2001, and 2002 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the effect of spurred anoda interference on yield loss of two cotton cultivars, ‘Delta Pine 5415’ and ‘Pima S-6’, grown under wide (1 m) (WR) and ultra narrow (0.25 m) row (UNR) spacings. The relationship between spurred anoda density and dry weight per plot was linear each year. At a spurred anoda density of 8 m−2, spurred anoda dry weight per plot was 507, 322, and 777 g m−2in 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. However, spurred anoda did not interfere with seed cotton yield in 2001, which was probably attributable to the low branch development in that year. Yield losses exceeded 55% at a spurred anoda density of 8 m−2compared with controls in both WR and UNR. The effect of spurred anoda density on boll numbers was nearly identical in 2000 and 2002, regardless of cotton cultivar and row spacing. Boll weights decreased in response to spurred anoda interference. Spurred anoda interference resulted in a decrease in cotton branch dry weight in WR but not in UNR. The yield decrease as a result of spurred anoda interference in WR was due to reduction in boll retention or fruiting sites (predicated on a decrease in branch weight). However, in UNR, the yield decrease was due to plant mortality; the plant density of both cotton cultivars decreased by one plant for each additional spurred anoda, but the yield per plant for surviving plants remained constant. Neither WR nor UNR cotton had significant advantage in response to spurred anoda interference. The decreased boll weight observed in UNR, and the failure to increase boll numbers m−2to compensate for decreased boll weight in UNR compared with WR, may limit its appeal to cotton producers.
Anti‐Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies: A Renewed Paradigm in Periodontal Disease Pathogenesis?
Authors: Sharma C.G. Dileep , Pradeep A.R.
Published: August 2006

In the past, various models including the autoimmunity model have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. The aim of this review is to introduce the pathogenic role of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs) in various autoimmune diseases and compare these conditions with periodontal disease to elucidate common pathogenic mechanisms. Also, a novel model to explain the pathogenesis of periodontal disease based on the concept of ANCA‐associated autoimmunity is proposed. This encompasses a wide array of biochemical mediators that range from direct and indirect initiators of ANCA production and eventual release of proinflammatory mediators and free radicals, all of which have been implicated in periodontal tissue destruction in the past. In addition, specific links between the typical ANCA‐associated diseases and periodontal disease are discussed. Finally, a new paradigm in the periodontal disease‐associated destruction is proposed that includes the currently accepted mechanism, namely, the genetic‐microbial‐host interactions.
The Induction and Possible Subsequent Effect of Human Antibodies Against Porcine Enamel Matrix Derivative
Authors: Yuan Kuo , Hsu Chia‐Wen , Tsai Wan‐Hua
Published: August 2006

Background: The amino acid sequence of porcine amelogenin, the major component of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), is ∼91% identical to that of its human counterpart. Whether porcine EMD (pEMD) can elicit neutralizing antibodies after the first surgery, thereby reducing the clinical effect of secondary surgery, has not been established.

Methods: The sera of patients receiving periodontal surgery with or without pEMD were collected before and after surgery. The pEMD product was subjected to electrophoresis and transferred for a Western blot using the purified antibodies from patients as the primary antibodies. To clarify whether the antibodies in patients could inhibit the production of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), we added different amounts of purified antibodies from pEMD patients (before versus after surgery) into the cell cultures of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. The conditioned media were then collected for an immunoassay of TGF‐β1.

Results: The result of the Western blot demonstrated that human antibodies against pEMD were elicited 10 days after surgery. Using mass spectrometry, a non‐specific band on the Western blot appeared to be porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG). The results of the immunoassay showed the antibodies from pEMD‐treated patients did not hinder the subsequent production of TGF‐β1.

Conclusions: The pEMD product was contaminated with porcine IgG. The application of the product could induce antibodies against different isoforms of porcine amelogenin in humans. However, the increased antibodies did not hinder the production of TGF‐β1, one of the established in vitro functions of pEMD on periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
Promoting Social Inclusion in Schools: A Group-Randomized Trial of Effects on Student Health Risk Behavior and Well-Being
Authors: Patton George C. , Bond Lyndal , Carlin John B. , Thomas Lyndal , Butler Helen , Glover Sara , Catalano Richard , Bowes Glenn
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We sought to test the efficacy of an intervention that was designed to promote social inclusion and commitment to education, in reducing among students health risk behaviors and improving emotional well-being.

Methods. The design was a cluster-randomized trial in 25 secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. The subjects were 8th-grade students (aged 13 to 14 y) in 1997 (n=2545) and subsequent 8th-grade students in 1999 (n=2586) and 2001 (n=2463). The main outcomes were recent substance use, antisocial behavior, initiation of sexual intercourse, and depressive symptoms.

Results. At 4-year follow-up, the prevalence of marked health risk behaviors was approximately 20% in schools in the comparison group and 15% in schools in the intervention group, an overall reduction of 25%. In ordinal logistic regression models a protective effect of intervention was found for a composite measure of health risk behaviors in unadjusted models (odds ratio [OR]= 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.50, 0.95) and adjusted models (OR= 0.71; CI =0.52, 0.97) for potential confounders. There was no evidence of a reduction in depressive symptoms.

Conclusion. The study provides support for prevention strategies in schools that move beyond health education to promoting positive social environments.
Community-Based Participatory Research: Conducting a Formative Assessment of Factors that Influence Youth Wellness in the Hualapai Community
Authors: Teufel-Shone Nicolette I. , Siyuja Thomas , Watahomigie Helen J , Irwin Sandra
Published: July 2006

Objectives. Using a community-based participatory research approach, a tribe–university team conducted a formative assessment of local factors that influence youth wellness to guide the design of a culturally and locally relevant health promotion program.

Methods. Open-ended interviews with key informants, a school self-assessment using the Centers for Disease Control’s School Health Index, and a locally generated environmental inventory provided data that were triangulated to yield a composite of influential factors and perceived need within the community.

Results. Family involvement and personal goal setting were identified as key to youth wellness. Supportive programs were described as having consistent adult leadership, structured activities, and a positive local and regional image. Availability of illicit drugs and alcohol, poor teacher attitude, and lack of adult involvement were significant negative factors that impact youth behavior.

Conclusions. Local/native (emic) and university/nonnative (etic) perspectives and abilities can be combined to yield a culturally relevant formative assessment that is useful to public health planning. In this collaborative effort, standard means of data collection and analysis were modified in some cases to enhance and build upon the knowledge and skills of community researchers.
Diabetes Care in the San Francisco County Jail
Authors: Clark Brinton C. , Grossman Ellie , White Mary C. , Goldenson Joe , Tulsky Jacqueline Peterson
Published: July 2006

Chronic disease management is becoming increasingly important in correctional settings, especially diabetes. We conducted a retrospective chart review of diabetic inmates in San Francisco County Jail and examined the sociodemographic characteristics, markers of disease status, and compliance with jail-specific care guidelines within this setting. We found high rates of compliance with immediate-term care guidelines (e.g., finger-stick glucose and blood pressure checks at intake) but less success in providing the more complex care required for chronic diseases. Inmates’ age, race, and gender did not affect likelihood of meeting guidelines.
Availability of Physical Activity–Related Facilities and Neighborhood Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics: A National Study
Authors: Powell Lisa M. , Slater Sandy , Chaloupka Frank J. , Harper Deborah
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We examined associations between neighborhood demographic characteristics and the availability of commercial physical activity–related outlets by zip code across the United States.

Methods. Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the availability of 4 types of outlets: (1) physical fitness facilities, (2) membership sports and recreation clubs, (3) dance facilities, and (4) public golf courses. Commercial outlet data were linked by zip code to US Census Bureau population and socioeconomic data.

Results. Results showed that commercial physical activity–related facilities were less likely to be present in lower-income neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American residents, residents with His-panic ethnicity, and residents of other racial minority backgrounds. In addition, these neighborhoods had fewer such facilities available.

Conclusions. Lack of availability of facilities that enable and promote physical activity may, in part, underpin the lower levels of activity observed among populations of low socioeconomic status and minority backgrounds.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Youths in the US Hemophilia Population: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Nazzaro Ann-Marie , Owens Sally , Hoots W. Keith , Larson Kelly L.
Published: July 2006

Objectives. The National Hemophilia Foundation and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a national survey focusing on knowledge about, attitudes toward, and behaviors associated with key prevention activities among youths with hemophilia and used the data gathered to design a health promotion campaign.

Methods. A national, random sample of 459 patients was drawn from 20 hemophilia treatment centers and 8 hemophilia associations; 110 (24%) of the respondents were young people. A telephone questionnaire was used to measure knowledge, behaviors, and barriers to prevention.

Results. Thirty-six percent of the youth respondents believed that joint disease cannot be prevented; 60% managed hemophilia by avoiding physical activity. Only 31% of the respondents treated bleeding episodes within 1 hour. Although hepatitis was a clear threat to this hemophilic cohort, 78% did now know transmission routes for hepatitis C, and 67% did not know transmission routes for hepatitis B.

Conclusions. Young people with chronic disorders need help understanding that they can prevent complications. We identified key messages for a hemophilia prevention campaign, including exercising to ensure healthy joints and treating bleeding episodes early and adequately.
Proximity of Licensed Child Care Facilities to Near-Roadway Vehicle Pollution
Authors: Houston Douglas , Ong Paul , Wu Jun , Winer Arthur
Published: July 2006

Objectives. We assessed child care facilities’ proximity to heavily traveled roadways in an attempt to estimate the extent of potential exposure of young children to vehicle-related pollution in this understudied microenvironment.

Methods. We examined approximately 24 000 licensed child care facilities in California located within 200 m of heavily traveled roadways.

Results. Approximately 57000 of the available slots in California child care centers (7% of the overall capacity) are in facilities located within 200 m (650 ft) of roadways averaging 50000 or more vehicles per day, and another 172000 (21%) are in facilities located within 200 m of roadways averaging 25 000 to 49 000 vehicles per day. Facilities providing care to infants or preschool-aged children and facilities located in disadvantaged areas were more often situated in medium-or high-traffic areas.

Conclusions. Additional research is needed to further clarify the significance of the child care microenvironment in terms of potential childhood exposures to vehicle-related pollutants. Design strategies, notification standards, and distance-based siting restrictions should be considered in the facility licensing process and in land use and transportation planning.
Sexual Segregation in White-Tailed Deer: Density-Dependent Changes in Use of Space, Habitat Selection, and Dietary Niche
Authors: Kie John G. , Bowyer R. Terry
Published: July 2006

Sexual segregation, defined as the exclusive use of different areas by males and females at specified spatial and temporal scales, is common among polygynous ruminants and in cervids in particular. Underlying mechanisms for such segregation are not understood fully, and reports have included female cervids segregating into habitats of both poorer and better quality than those used by males. Furthermore, two competing hypotheses of sexual segregation (body-size hypothesis, reproductive-strategy hypothesis) predict different responses to changes in population density; an increase in degree of sexual segregation with increasing density in the former and a decrease in segregation in the latter. We examined patterns of sexual segregation among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas at moderate (39 deer/km2) and high (77 deer/km2) population densities during 1974–1977. At moderate density, females with young made greater use of chaparral-mixed grass habitat with dense cover than did males, where preferred herbaceous forage was less abundant, presumably for reasons of predator avoidance. At high density, which was a result of predator control, sexual segregation among male and females decreased during all seasons (P < 0.05). Males that otherwise used more open habitats increased their use of the chaparral-mixed grass as levels of intraspecific competition increased. As spatial segregation between males and females decreased at the high population density, diets of both sexes shifted toward more graminoids and browse, and shifts were more pronounced among males. The result was decreased dietary overlap between sexes when measured by principal-component analysis. Measures of fat reserves suggested that although both females and males were in poorer condition at high density, females were affected to a greater extent than were males. This outcome suggested that females were not driving patterns of spatial segregation by being better able to compete with males for closely-cropped forages. Rather, predator avoidance by females with young related to the reproductive-strategy hypothesis best explained patterns we observed, and competition between sexes was rejected as a cause of sexual segregation.
Cohort Affects Growth of Males but Not Females in Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex ibex)
Authors: Toïgo C. , Gaillard J.-M. , Michallet J.
Published: July 2006

We studied long-term cohort effects on chest girth and horn length in a recently established population of alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex). Environmental conditions of the year of birth affected chest girth and first-annual increment of horns of males but did not affect chest girth and horns of females. Females compensated for a slow horn growth during their 1st year of life, whereas males did not. Level of polygyny of the species and environmental conditions experienced by the population could account for the occurrence of long-term cohort effects in male growth and its absence in female growth. Abundance of food resources throughout the study period allowed females to show compensatory growth. However, evolutionary constraints on growth that may exist in males of polygynous species may have prevented males from showing compensatory growth.
Gross, histologic, and gene expression characteristics of osteoarthritic articular cartilage of the metacarpal condyle of horses
Authors: Smith Katie J. , Bertone Alicia L. , Weisbrode Stephen E. , Radmacher Michael
Published: August 2006

Objective—To identify patterns and correlations of gross, histologic, and gene expression characteristics of articular cartilage from horses with osteoarthritis.

Animals—10 clinically normal horses and 11 horses with osteoarthritis of the metacarpal condyles.

Procedures—Metacarpophalangeal joints were opened and digitally photographed, and gross lesions were scored and quantified. Representative cartilage specimens were stained for histologic scoring. Total RNA from dorsal and palmar articular surfaces was processed on an equine gene expression microarray.

Results—Histologic scores were greater in both regions of osteoarthritic joints, compared with corresponding regions in control joints. Cartilage from the palmar aspect of diseased joints had the highest histologic scores of osteoarthritic sites or of either region in control joints. A different set of genes for dorsal and palmar osteoarthritis was identified for high and low gene expression. Articular cartilage from the dorsal region had surface fraying and greater expression of genes coding for collagen matrix components and proteins with anti-apoptotic function, compared with control specimens. Articular cartilage from the palmar region had greater fraying, deep fissures, and less expression of genes coding for glycosaminoglycan matrix formation and proteins with anti-apoptotic function, compared with cartilage from disease-free joints and the dorsal aspect of affected joints.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Metacarpal condyles of horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis had an identifiable and regional gene expression signature with typical morphologic features.
Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of four laboratory tests for detection of occult blood in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) excrement
Authors: Gibbons Paul M. , Tell Lisa A. , Kass Philip H. , Christopher Mary M.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To compare sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination and 3 chromogen tests for detection of occult blood in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) excrement.

Animals—20 adult cockatiels.

Procedures—Pooled blood from birds was divided into whole blood and lysate aliquots. Excrement was mixed with each aliquot in vitro to yield 6 hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations (range, 0.375 to 12.0 mg of Hb/g of excrement). For the in vivo portion of the study, birds were serially gavaged with each aliquot separately at 5 doses of Hb (range, 2.5 to 40 mg/kg). Three chromogen tests and cytologic examination were used to test excrement samples for occult blood. Sensitivity, specificity, and observer agreement were calculated.

Results—In vitro specificity ranged from 85%to 100% for the 3 chromogen tests and was 100% for cytologic examination. Sensitivity was 0% to 35% for cytologic examination and 100% for the 3 chromogen tests on samples containing ≥ 1.5 mg of Hb/g of excrement. In vivo specificity was 100%, 90%, 65%, and 45% for cytologic examination and the 3 chromogen tests, respectively. Sensitivity was 0% to 5% for cytologic examination and ≥ 75% for all 3 chromogen tests after birds received doses of Hb ≥ 20 mg/kg. Observer agreement was lowest for cytologic examination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chromogen tests were more useful than cytologic examination for detection of occult blood in cockatiel excrement. The best combination of sensitivity, specificity, and observer agreement was obtained by use of a chromogen test.
Morphologic and genetic characterization of Sarcocystis sp. from the African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, from Costa Rica
Authors: Dubey J. , Rosenthal Benjamin , Morales Juan , Alfaro Alejandro
Published: August 2006

A species of Sarcocystis is reported from a naturally infected African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, from Costa Rica. Only mature sarcocysts, measuring up to 2 mm in length and up to 750 μm in width, were observed. The sarcocyst wall was smooth. The villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall were up to 5 μm long and up to 1.1 μm wide; they were folded over the sarcocyst wall giving a thin-walled appearance. The microtubules in villar protrusions were smooth and confined to villar protrusions. Bradyzoites in sections were 5.4–6.6 × 1.3–2.0 μm in size. Sequencing the small subunit and first internal transcribed spacer portions of ribosomal DNA related this parasite to, but distinguished it from, previously characterized species of Sarcocystis that encyst in the musculature of birds and complete their sexual development in New World opossums of the genus Didelphis. This evidence suggests that the parrot may have acquired its infection from an opossum from which it suffered a debilitating attack a year prior to the onset of depression, anorexia, and ultimately death.
Prediction of gas sorption kinetics for porous media using MRI
Authors: Watt‐Smith Matthew J. , Kolaczkowski Stan T. , Rigby Sean P. , Chudek John A.
Published: July 2006

Diffusion and reaction within porous media involving condensable vapors are important processes in catalysis, fuel cells, and membrane separations. In this work, 3‐D maps of the spatial variation of porosity, pore size and network tortuosity within a porous solid, derived from magnetic resonance images, have been used to construct a structural model for a mesoporous catalyst pellet. Simulations of the kinetic uptake, adsorption and capillary condensation of butane vapor within the porous solid, conducted on the structural model, have successfully predicted experimental measurements of the effects of the onset of capillary condensation on mass transfer rates without the need of the various adjustable parameters prevalent in other models. These findings suggest that accurate mathematical models for both the complex void space of the porous medium, and the mass transport processes taking place within it, have been successfully developed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Defining and redefining the scope and goals of genetic counseling
Authors: Resta Robert G.
Published: July 2006

Many definitions of genetic counseling have been proposed since Sheldon Reed first defined the term in 1947. This study reviews selected definitions of genetic counseling including the most recent definition proposed by a committee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. The analysis focuses on the professional background of who was formulating the definition; the reasons why the definition was created; medical, historical, and social factors; and the definer's implicit or explicit goals of genetic counseling. No definition of genetic counseling is ideal, and any definition can only reflect the values, ethics, goals, and medical practices of the person or group defining the practice of genetic counseling. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gradient polymeric materials based on poorly compatible epoxy oligomers
Authors: Amirova L. M. , Andrianova K. A.
Published: July 2006

Gradient materials developed on the basis of poorly compatible epoxy oligomers are proposed. The influence of the composition and curing conditions on the stratification of the compounds was studied. The distribution of the components of the curing systems was determined by Fourier transform infrared and elemental analysis. The microhardness and glass‐transition temperature varied across the section as a function of the component content and curing temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 96–103, 2006
Morphology and cure kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin/block copolymer blends
Authors: Boyard N. , Sinturel C. , Vayer M. , Erre R.
Published: July 2006

Thermoset blends based on unsaturated polyester and triblock copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) blocks were investigated. No evidence of self‐organization was found. Under our experimental conditions, the block copolymers behaved like classical thermoplastic additives used for shrinkage compensation. According to the type and content of the copolymer, initial systems with one phase or two phases were generated. During curing, except in one case in which thermally induced phase separation was found, reaction‐induced phase separation was observed, leading to various types of cured morphologies (cocontinuous or dispersed). For a cocontinuous, two‐phase morphology, experimental observations revealed phase separation proceeding via spinodal decomposition frozen in the early stage by gelation. These triblock copolymers appear to be interesting new additives that could be used as good shrinkage compensator additives for industrial applications because it is known that a cocontinuous morphology is needed for this purpose. As for the final morphologies containing dispersed phases, the interpretation of the phenomena occurring upon polymerization requires further investigation. No clear discrimination between spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth was achieved; in some cases, various successive phase separations were observed. The curing kinetics were examined: an increase in the molar weight and/or copolymer content led to a lower reaction rate. Kinetics curves were modeled by the semiempirical autocatalytic reaction model of Kamal and Sourour with a diffusion‐control function. The gelation and vitrification of the system played major roles in the reaction kinetics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 149–165, 2006
Alginate–poly(vinyl alcohol) core–shell microspheres for lipase immobilization
Authors: De Queiroz Álvaro A. A. , Passos Esdras D. , De Brito Alves Sdnei , Silva Gerald S. , Higa Olga Z. , Vítolo Michele
Published: July 2006

A lipase [triacylglycerol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.3)] was encapsulated in sodium alginate (AlgNa)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres. Spherical AlgNa/PVA beads were prepared by the ionotropic gelation of an AlgNa/PVA blend in the presence of calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7). The particles were spherical and had an average diameter of 400 μm. The microspheres were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and water transport by the equilibrium degree of swelling. The elevation of the glass‐transition temperature of the microspheres indicated specific crosslinking reactions of the component polymers (AlgNa/PVA). FTIR spectra showed no evidence of a strong chemical interaction changing the nature of the functional groups of both AlgNa and PVA in the AlgNa/PVA blends. The water diffusion coefficients increased with increasing PVA content in the microspheres, indicating a decrease in the resistance to mass transfer through the AlgNa/PVA microsphere wall. The AlgNa/PVA microspheres were characterized by the Michaelis constant (KM) and the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax), which were determined for both free and immobilized lipases. The enzyme affinity for the substrate (KM/Vmax) remained quite good after immobilization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1553–1560, 2006
Solvent‐induced partial cyanoethylation and hydroxylation of cyanoethyl group
Authors: Subha A. Selva , Thambidurai S.
Published: July 2006

An investigation has been made on the cyanoethylation of cotton fabric using aqueous sodium hydroxide with acrylonitrile in presence of solvents acetone and ethanol at different concentrations. The hydrolysis of β‐cyanoethyl ether of cyanoethylated fabric in presence of solvents is studied. The rate of hydrolysis is enhanced by acetone and ethanol concentration. The formation of various products during hydrolysis is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy method while scanning electron microscopy follows the variations in surface morphology. Some of the physical and chemical properties are also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 183–191, 2006
Synthesis of a new, yellow crosslinking polyvinylamine dye and its crosslinking/dyeing process through a crosslinker
Authors: Tang Yanfeng , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Tang Bingtao
Published: July 2006

A new, yellow crosslinking polyvinylamine dye was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene with polyvinylamine prepared from Hofmann degradation of polyacrylamide. It was crosslinked and dyed to cotton and silk by a crosslinker synthesized from 1,3,5‐trichloro‐s‐triazine and sodium 2‐(p‐aminophenylsulfonyl)ethyl sulfate. The crosslinking/dyeing conditions of the yellow polyvinylamine dye, such as pH, cure temperature, and concentration of the crosslinker were investigated. The fixations of the polymeric dye by the crosslinker on cotton and silk were greater than 99%. The crosslinking covalent dye–fiber bond was proved indirectly by the comparison of IR spectra of the undyed fiber, the dyed fiber, and the crosslinked one, and also by the fact that no dye was stripped off from the crosslinked and dyed sample by extraction with DMF/water (1 : 1). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1568–1573, 2006
The effect of γ‐irradiation on thermal strain of high strength polyethylene fiber at low temperature
Authors: Yamanaka Atsuhiko , Izumi Yoshinobu , Kitagawa Tooru , Terada Takaya , Hirahata Hiroshi , Ema Kimiko , Fujishiro Hiroyuki , Nishijima Shigehiro
Published: July 2006

To understand the contribution to negative thermal expansion by the length of the molecular chains in high‐strength ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMW‐PE) fiber, the thermal expansion coefficient in the range of low temperature was investigated for high‐strength UHMW‐PE fiber (Toyobo, Dyneema®; hereinafter abbreviated to DF), irradiated by γ‐rays (γ‐rays treatment) that induce the molecular scission. The molecular weight of DF decreased by γ‐ray treatment. X‐ray diffraction behavior did not change by γ‐ray treatment. The melting behavior observed by DSC showed the main chain scission of DF by γ‐ray treatment. The DFs, with and without γ‐ray treatment, expand by cooling down (negative thermal expansion). The change of negative thermal expansion of DF by γ‐ray treatment was small. It is suggested that negative thermal expansion does not change by only the molecular chain scission. These results suggested that the effect of negative thermal expansion of DF in the temperature range from 213 to 303 K by the molecular chain scissions is small and that the length of extended molecular chains contributes to a negative thermal expansion a little. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 204–209, 2006