bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rise, and pronounced regional variation, in methylphenidate, amphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine distribution in the United States
Authors: Vaddadi Sneha M. , Czelatka Nicholas J. , Gutierrez Belsy D. , Maddineni Bhumika C. , McCall Kenneth L. , Piper Brian J.
Published: December 2021

Background

The prescription stimulants methylphenidate, amphetamine, and lisdexamfetamine are sympathomimetic drugs with therapeutic use. They are designated in the United States as Schedule II substances, defined by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act as having a “high potential for abuse”. Changing criteria for the diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in 2013 and the approval of lisdexamfetamine for binge eating disorder in 2015 may have impacted usage patterns. This report compared the pharmacoepidemiology of these stimulants in the United States from 2010–2017.

Methods

Distribution of amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine were examined via weights extracted from the Drug Enforcement Administration’s (DEA) Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System (ARCOS). Median stimulant Daily Dosage per patient was determined for a regional analysis. The percent of cost and prescriptions attributable to each stimulant and atomoxetine in Medicaid from the “Drug Utilization 2018 - National Total” from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid was determined.

Results

There was a rise in amphetamine (+67.5%) and lisdexamfetamine (+76.7%) from 2010–2017. The change in methylphenidate (−3.0%) was modest. Persons/day stimulant usage was lower in the West than in other US regions from 2014-2017. There was a negative correlation (r(48) = −0.43 to −0.65, p < .05) between the percent Hispanic population per state and the Daily Dosage/population per stimulant. Methylphenidate formulations accounted for over half (51.7%) of the $3.8 billion reimbursed by Medicaid and the plurality (45.4%) of the 22.0 million prescriptions. Amphetamine was responsible for less than one-fifth (18.4%) of cost but one-third of prescriptions (33.6%). Lisdexamfetamine’s cost (26.0%) exceeded prescriptions (16.3%).

Conclusion

The rising amphetamine and lisdexamfetamine distribution may correspond with a rise in adult ADHD diagnoses. Regional analysis indicates that stimulant distribution in the West may be distinct from that in other regions. The lower stimulant distribution in areas with greater Hispanic populations may warrant further study.
Anniversary Meeting
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

Following the death of the King of Saxony, Sir Henry C Rawlinson was elected as an Honorary Fellow. The Secretary then reported back on the Society's request to government that historically significant monuments be protected or preserved as much as possible in Scotland. The reply received from the Marquess of Breadalbane confirmed that the Engineer Department of the Ordnance Survey of Scotland would try to do so and asked that Fellows of the Society assist the government's engineers as much as possible. 

The President then commemorated the Fellows who died in the preceding year, highlighting Dr William Henry Scott, who worked with the Society's coin collections and died aged 24.

 

Meeting notes for December 10, 1855 are appended.
Letter of safe conduct and recommendation granted by James II., King of Scots, to Nicholas Georgiades, a Greek of Arcosson
Authors: Robertson Joseph
Published: December 2021

A transcription of a letter issued by James II offering his protection to Nicholas Georgiades, a Greek man who arrived in Scotland in 1459 to gather charitable donations to ransom his brother from the Turkish forces who had taken Constantinople in 1453. The author then goes on to discuss evidence of other Greek refugees that arrived in Scotland under the reign of James II and the case of the younger son of a Scottish noble family who was ransomed by his father after he unexpectedly became the heir to a castle.
Meeting Notes
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

Fellow election and donations presented at the meeting of 11 February, 1856.
Notes on the Bronze and Iron remains dug up in a 'Pict's House,' in the Holm of Eday, Orkney (presented at last meeting to the Museum of the Society)
Authors: Stuart John , Farrer James
Published: December 2021

John Stuart read a communication from James Farrer answering questions about the finds made at the Pict's House on Orkney during the excavation described in 'Notice of Antiquities on the Isle of Eday, Orkney, recently examined by James Farrer, of Ingleborough' (pp. 154-158).
Communication from The Royal Society of Antiquaries at Dresden
Authors: Mitchell J M
Published: December 2021

An account of one of the meetings of the Royal Saxon Antiquarian Society and a brief overview to its work and collections. There is then a translation of a letter sent to the author in German asking to begin an exchange of publications between the two Societies, which was unanimously agreed to.
Notes on some Scottish Family Names and Arms
Authors: Innes Cosmo
Published: December 2021

The author discusses the origins of some Scottish family names and argues that place names pre-date their surname equivalents. This article is not the full text of the author's pape, but a short summary of the main points.
Memorandum relative to a piece of Ordnance, found 28th March 1856, in the course of excavations by The Royal Engineer Department, at Broughty Castle, Communicated by Lieut Col R C Moody, Royal Engineers
Authors: Moody R C
Published: December 2021

This is a notice from Lieutenant-Colonel R C Moody of a 'Pierrier' cannon that was unearthed during an excavation of Broughty Castle in 1856. He does not offer a suggestion of how old the cannon might be, but after some investigation he concludes that this is a very common piece of artillery that was still being used by his contemporaries in the nineteenth century. Similar examples found at Edinburgh Castle are also mentioned.
Note by the Earl of Stair relative to Bronze Articles exhibited by his Lordship
Authors: - -
Published: December 2021

A letter from the Earl of Stair regarding the discovery of a Roman pan that he sent to be displayed to the Society in April 1856.
An Obituary and Calendar of Scottish Saints, extracted from The Martyrology for the use of the Church of Aberdeen, A Ms. of the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Laing David
Published: December 2021

The author presents the untranslated contents of an early sixteenth century vellum manuscript. When a chapel was endowed by a patron, the chapel was required to sing mass for their benefactors and this manuscript contains a list of these obituaries, most likely from Moray. There is also a list of Scottish and Irish Saints.

 

Meeting notes for June 9, 1856 are appended. At this meeting a letter regarding the preservation of a Pictish symbol stone at Keillor.
Notes of excavations of Tumuli in Caithness, made in the Summer of 1856
Authors: Rhind Alexander Henry
Published: December 2021

Alexander Henry Rhind discusses four barrows that he excavated along the banks of the River Wick on the Sibster estate. He comments on the importance of relying on empirical evidence rather than local folklore or arguments that rely on assumptions about past geographical conditions.

Meeting notes for March 9, 1857 are appended. The Secretary John Stuart reported back on the letter that the Society sent to the Lord Clerk-Register about Protocol Books. He agreed to the importance of these records but would not request that these books be sent to the General Register House. However, in his reply the Lord Clerk-Register agreed that he would accept donations of Protocol Books if the Fellows of the Society could convince collectors to send them to the General Register House.
On an old stone-roofed cell or oratory in the Island of Inchcolm
Authors: Simpson J Y
Published: December 2021

The author presents a history of Inchcolm and its various uses over the centuries, including Shakespeare's mention of the island in Macbeth and the Danish grave markings found there. The main body of the article discusses the architecture of the island’s monastic buildings and their current state of repair. He draws comparisons between the stone-roofed buildings found on Inchcolm and some Irish ecclesiastical buildings, arguing that the similarities between the two demonstrate that these buildings are evidence of early Irish Christian architecture in Scotland.
Remarks on some Clay Dagobas, bearing Sanscrit Stamps obtained in Ceylon
Authors: Brodie A Oswald
Published: December 2021

The items on display were miniature examples of Buddhist shrines unearthed in Sri Lanka. The native people of the region could not provide an explanation for why these items were buried and in some cases burned. It is suggested that they may have been used as currency, as votive offerings or that they may have been brought back from pilgrimages.
Gestão Ambiental em Instituição de Ensino superior na Visão de seus Dirigentes
Authors: Boff Marines Lucia , Oro Ieda Margarete , Beuren Ilse Maria
Published: December 2021

O trabalho objetiva descrever a gestão ambiental em Instituição de Ensino Superior comunitária, na visão de seus dirigentes. Partiu-se da premissa de que a gestão ambiental não se restringe mais a um determinado grupo de empresas que se utilizam dos recursos naturais para o desenvolvimento de suas atividades, mas estende-se à qualquer tipo de organização e comunidade em geral. Em vista disso, realizou-se um estudo exploratório, por meio de estudo de caso em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) filantrópica e comunitária, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que, assumir ou não essa responsabilidade depende das crenças e valores dos principais dirigentes da IES, visto que são eles os tomadores das decisões. Seus princípios e práticas com relação ao meio ambiente são fundamentais no tratamento dos impactos ambientais causados pela IES. Conclui-se que às IES, principalmente por serem provedoras e disseminadoras de conhecimento, recai também a responsabilidade pela proteção e qualidade do meio ambiente onde estão inseridas.
Aplicação do Custeio Baseado em Atividades em uma Pequena Propriedade Rural
Authors: Macohon Edson Roberto , Beuren Ilse Maria , Felema João , Kvasnei Mario
Published: December 2021

O artigo tem por objetivo descrever a aplicação de um sistema de gestão de custos baseado em atividades no âmbito de uma pequena propriedade rural. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso, com dados coletados através de visitas in loco, privilegiando a abordagem quantitativa. Os resultados apontam as etapas de aplicação do sistema de gestão de custos baseado em atividades, com destaque à identificação dos processos e atividades, levantamento dos recursos consumidos, identificação dos direcionadores de custos e de atividades e rastreamento dos recursos consumidos pelas atividades e estas pelos objetos de custeio. A análise indicou que a cultura com maior lucratividade foi o feijão, seguida pela soja e por último, com resultado negativo, o milho. Dentre as três culturas a soja é que teve menor custo de produção por hectare. As atividades que consumiram mais recursos nas três culturas foram o plantio e a colheita. Conclui-se, com base nos resultados encontrados, que a aplicação do custeio ABC em uma pequena propriedade rural, embora aqui restrita a um estudo de caso e, por isso, não se pode generalizar as conclusões, o modelo é viável enquanto sistema de gestão de custos.
Análise Técnica de Ações: Um Estudo de Caso da Empresa Bombril S.A
Authors: Bruni Adriano Leal , Soares Osnei Falcão , Silva Monika Pereira da , Paixão Roberto Brazileiro , Carvalho Júnior César Valentim de Oliveira
Published: December 2021

Este trabalho buscou estudar a analise técnica de ações mostrando suas vantagens e desvantagens. Analisou o caso da empresa Bombril S/A aplicando os indicadores técnicos a preços históricos de ações para obter performance em investimento, verificando se esses indicadores são confiáveis. O cenário do estudo é composto pela série histórica das cotações da ação preferencial da Bombril (BOBR4), captadas entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2006, organizadas em uma planilha no software Microsoft Excel. Os dados coletados apresentam as informações diárias referentes à data da transação, valor de abertura, fechamento, máxima e mínima, constando também do volume negociado e a quantidade de negociações realizadas. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam a validade do uso de indicadores para operar na bolsa de valores. Conclui que os autores técnicos possuem razão ao afirmar que esses dados devem ser utilizados com cautela e para que os indicadores sejam otimizados deve-se aumentar a amostra.
Contabilidad y Comunicación: Una Imbricación Histórica
Authors: Macagnan Clea Beatriz
Published: December 2021

Este ensayo teórico intenta ejercitar la comprensión histórica contable y el enbricamiento de este con las cifras y la comunicación. Se entiende que, con el rescate del proceso histórico, se puede comprender mejor cuestiones actuales de la contabilidad o, mejor dicho, el papel de la contabilidad y del profesional de esta: el contable. El sistema de contable se encuentra operando a través de tecnologías que pueden operar con mayor rapidez y precisión de los hechos económicos se empieza a cuestionar el papel del contable. Ese que no está para responder los interrogantes sociales y organizacionales sino para desarrollar los procedimientos que el computador hace mejor que él.
A Educação Financeira e a sua Influência na Tomada de Decisões
Authors: Viana de Souza Fabia Jaiany , De Macedo Farias Maria das Vitórias , Backes Steppan Adriana Isabel , Da Silva Mauricio Correa
Published: December 2021

As Finanças Comportamentais determinam que algumas variáveis econômicas não podem ser descritas pelas condições de equilíbrio da teoria moderna, uma vez que os agentes financeiros tomam decisões muitas vezes incompatíveis com aquelas baseadas em expectativas racionais. Essa pesquisa consiste em verificar se os indivíduos que possuem conhecimento financeiro apresentam menos erros sistemáticos no processo de tomada de decisões. Para tanto, a metodologia adotada constitui-se de um estudo descritivo, tendo como finalidade investigar, através de uma analise qualitativa, a influência da educação financeira na tomada de decisões. Para a coleta de dados, realizou-se a aplicação aleatória de questionários que continham 6 problemas que foram replicados da investigação de Kaheman e Tversky (1979) junto a uma amostra composta por 154 estudantes que foram divididos em dois grupos distintos: Grupo 1, estudantes do curso de Ciências Contábeis, que são pessoas com uma boa instrução financeira, e Grupo 2, estudantes dos cursos de Letras e Ciências Sociais, indivíduos teoricamente com baixo nível de instrução financeira. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o grupo que possuía uma melhor instrução financeira, assim como toda amostra, preferiu escolher as decisões que apresentavam um ganho mais certo, ao invés de analisar qual das alternativas propostas proporcionava maior retorno, e a partir dessa análise, tomar a melhor decisão. Diante dos resultados, pode-se concluir que a educação financeira não influenciou a tomada de decisão da amostra pesquisada, pois foi possível constatar a presença de erros sistemáticos no processo de tomada de decisão, mesmo no grupo que apresentava uma melhor instrução financeira.
Código de Ética e o Comportamento Ético na Vida Pessoal: Um Estudo Junto a Pessoas Envolvidas Com a Contabilidade
Authors: Anjos Luiz Carlos Marques dos , Neto Adhemar Ranciaro , Silva Daniel José Cardoso da , Miranda Luiz Carlos
Published: December 2021

O profissional contábil, de tempos em tempos, recebe críticas decorrentes de seu comportamento frente a dilemas éticos, e por vezes o contador é demonstrado como alguém que não se preocupa com virtudes morais. No Brasil o comportamento do profissional contábil é regulado, dentre outros, pelo Código de Ética do Profissional Contabilista que apresenta expectativas de conduta e sanções para os infratores. Este fato faz com que a disciplina de ética nos currículos dos cursos superiores de Ciências Contábeis enfoque mais as regras elaboradas do que os comportamentos esperados. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar, analisar e evidenciar se o conhecimento acerca do Código de Ética do Profissional Contabilista contribui para um comportamento ético na vida pessoal dos contadores. Para que se pudesse atingir aos objetivos foi desenvolvido um questionário estruturado que foi aplicado junto a profissionais, professores e estudantes de contabilidade. A análise dos dados foi baseada em medidas de posição e testes de hipóteses realizados através de testes estatísticos não paramétricos e do procedimento de bootstrapping com 100.000 simulações de reamostragem dos dados com reposição. Diferentemente do afirmado por alguns autores, os dados da pesquisa não permitiram afirmar que professar alguma religião tem relação com o comportamento ético. Percebeu-se ainda que idade e gênero têm relação com tal comportamento, e dentre as ocupações listadas nesta pesquisa a de Professor apresentou melhor comportamento ético. Conclui-se verificando que o conhecimento do CEPC contribui para o comportamento ético na vida pessoal.
Relatórios de Sustentabilidade no Setor Petrolífero: Um Estudo de Caso na Petrobras
Authors: Siqueira José Ricardo Maia de , Costa Alessandra de Sá Mello da , Baumworcel Guilherme
Published: December 2021

A Petrobras é uma das mais importantes empresas do Brasil, gerando milhares de empregos e investindo quantias consideráveis em projetos sociais e ambientais. No entanto, o setor petrolífero é um dos mais agressivos ao meio ambiente, além de envolver consideráveis riscos aos trabalhadores em seu processo operacional. Consequentemente, este tipo de atividade desperta muita atenção entre os stakeholders, o que faz com que seus relatórios de sustentabilidade sejam, potencialmente, uma importante fonte de informação para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Contudo, estes relatórios – chamados também, nesta pesquisa, de relatórios sociais ou balanços sociais – vem sendo utilizados, com frequência, como instrumentos para gerenciamento de imagem. Tendo este pano de fundo, é objetivo deste trabalho buscar indícios, através da análise de material jornalístico publicado no jornal A Folha de São Paulo, de eventos que vão de encontro aos interesses da sociedade não evidenciados no balanço social da Petrobrás. Para atingir este fim, foram coletados artigos sobre a Petrobras, usando o nome da empresa como palavra-chave, no Jornal A Folha de São Paulo e confrontados com as informações constantes no relatório social da Petrobras. Se constatou a existência de externalidades negativas relatadas na grande imprensa que não se encontram evidenciadas no relatório de sustentabilidade da empresa em questão. Se percebeu ainda, um padrão de divulgação onde projetos que vão ao encontro dos anseios da sociedade são descritos com detalhes, enquanto os aspectos negativos da atividade econômica são relatados com parcimônia, se perdendo, com freqüência, em meio a indicadores sem muito destaque e cuidadosamente elaborados.
PRODUÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NO CURSO DE GRADUAÇÃO DE CIÊNCIAS CONTÁBEIS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
Authors: Viana de Souza Fábia Jaiany , Da Silva Maurício Corrêa , Araújo Aneide Oliveira
Published: December 2021

A produção científica pode ser considerada como um importante meio de comunicação do conhecimento na modalidade escrita, uma vez que ela proporciona o desenvolvimento da ciência, da tecnologia, a abertura de novas linhas de estudo e pesquisa, sobretudo no universo acadêmico. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar a percepção dos alunos do curso de Ciências Contábeis da UFRN sobre a produção científica na graduação. Foram utilizadas as pesquisas descritiva, bibliográfica e qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, foi realizada a aplicação aleatória de um questionário composto de oito questões fechadas junto a uma amostra composta por 155 estudantes do curso de Ciências Contábeis da UFRN, sendo provenientes do 7º, 8º e 9º períodos. Os resultados revelaram que 61% dos respondentes já realizaram alguma pesquisa científica durante o curso de graduação, 84% dos alunos sentem dificuldade nas atividades de pesquisa, a maior dificuldade encontrada é a redação científica, 73% dos alunos disseram que possuíam maior domínio para lidar com referências bibliográficas. Constatou-se ainda, que 93% dos discentes acham que é necessária a melhoria da formação acadêmica dos alunos de graduação para o desenvolvimento da produção científica e que 38% dos alunos deram como sugestão para melhorar a formação científica do curso de Ciências Contábeis proporcionar aos discentes mais oportunidades de pesquisa durante o curso.
Examining the effects of negative emotion and interviewing procedure on eyewitness recall
Authors: Snow Mark D. , Eastwood Joseph
Published: December 2021

Witnessing or experiencing a crime can be emotionally distressing and this emotional reaction can affect the formation and retrieval of event‐related memory. Extant eyewitness research, however, has generated inconsistent conclusions regarding the effects of emotional arousal on eyewitness memory. In the planned study, we will use a mock witness paradigm to attempt to remedy several methodological limitations that have persisted in the literature and shed light on the effects of emotional memory within an investigative interviewing context. Participants will view either a negative or neutral video and either immediately or 1 week later provide their account of the video in a virtual interview procedure, consisting of either cognitive interview‐based instructions or a free recall. We will test the main effects of emotional arousal, interview procedure, and delay as well as their interactions. The present research will help clarify the nature of emotional memory in forensic contexts.
Effects of Y Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Behaviours of as Cast Mg–xY–0.5Zr Alloys
Authors: You Sihang , Huang Yuanding , Dieringa Hajo , Maawad Emad , Gan Weimin , Zhang Yaping , Kainer Karl Ulrich , Willumeit-Römer Regine , Hort Norbert
Published: December 2021

Previous investigations demonstrated that rare‐earth elements (REs) could improve their creep properties effectively. Herein, the influence of Y content on the creep properties of magnesium is investigated systematically with different amount of Y additions. The mechanisms responsible for creep deformation are clarified by the analysis of stress exponent and microstructural characterizations. It is found that the addition of Y in Mg can improve both the ambient strength and high temperature strength owing to its effective solid solution strengthening. At room temperature, the yield strength of Mg–Y alloys has a linear relation with the content of Y. When tested at high temperatures, the yield strength reduces. Compared with pure magnesium, Mg–Y alloys exhibit a high thermal stability even above 200 °C. Small amount of Y addition can improve the creep resistance of Mg largely. With further increasing its content, its contribution to the improvement of creep resistance is weakened for Mg. Under the applied stresses 60–100 MPa and at temperatures of 200–250 °C, the responsible creep mechanism is dislocation controlled. During creep deformation, the Y segregation regions play an important role in hindering the movement of dislocations.
Methylammonium Bromide Assisted Crystallization for Enhanced Lead‐Free Double Perovskite Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Wu Hua , Wang Yunfei , Liu Aijie , Wang Junxin , Kim Byeong Jo , Liu Yawen , Fang Yuan , Zhang Xiaoliang , Boschloo Gerrit , Johansson Erik M. J.
Published: December 2021

Cs2AgBiBr6, has recently gained wide attention as a possible alternative to lead‐halide perovskites, considering the nontoxicity and improved stability. However, this double perovskite suffers from defects, especially deep electron traps, severely hampering the photovoltaic performance. This work reports a simple method to control the double perovskite crystallization by adding volatile salts into the precursor solution. X‐ray diffraction patterns reveal that the organic cation with suitable radius (such as methylammonium, MA+) is introduced into the perovskite lattice, forming an organic/inorganic mixed double perovskite intermediate phase. The organic salt is thereafter fully evaporated during high temperature annealing, and the all‐inorganic double perovskite is obtained with dense surface and less pin‐holes. From optical and electrical characterization, it is concluded that the Cs2AgBiBr6 film exhibits high quality, with higher light absorptance and emission. Reduced trap density and longer carrier lifetime are also observed. The improved Cs2AgBiBr6 film is beneficial for efficient carrier collection with suppressed defect‐assisted recombination. With this strategy, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.53% is achieved for the champion Cs2AgBiBr6‐based solar cell device, which is significantly higher compared to the control device with 1.43% PCE. This work is therefore helpful for further improvement of inorganic lead‐free perovskite materials for optoelectronic applications.
A Standalone, Battery‐Free Light Dosimeter for Ultraviolet to Infrared Light
Authors: Van der Heggen David , Zilenaite Rugile , Ezerskyte Egle , Fritz Verena , Korthout Katleen , Vandenberghe Dimitri , De Grave Johan , Garrevoet Jan , Vincze Laszlo , Poelman Dirk , Joos Jonas J. , Smet Philippe F.
Published: December 2021

Light sensors are widely used to monitor light intensities, for instance in medical applications, in agriculture or for conservation of art. Most of these sensors are electronic devices that record continuously but applications that only require information of integrated intensities, measured over a long time, could greatly benefit from an integrating dosimeter that does not require a power supply. In this work a wireless and quantitative light dosimeter is presented based on SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Sm3+, a phosphor that exhibits stable energy storage upon exposure to blue and ultraviolet light. It is shown that a forward electron transfer from europium to samarium can be induced under illumination with blue or ultraviolet light while the reverse electron transfer can be achieved by illuminating the phosphors with green to infrared light. This reverse transfer is accomplished through excitation of the divalent samarium and results in bright, green optically stimulated luminescence. The stable energy storage, in combination with the possibility for optical read‐out, makes SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Sm3+ ideally suited to be used as an integrating light dosimeter for monochromatic to broadband light, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. To demonstrate this, a proof of concept dosimeter was developed in which this phosphor was successfully used to measure average daylight intensities.
Highly Bright AIE Nanoparticles by Regulating the Substituent of Rhodanine for Precise Early Detection of Atherosclerosis and Drug Screening
Authors: Wang Kai , Gao Heqi , Zhang Yuwen , Yan Hongyu , Si Jianghua , Mi Xingyan , Xia Shuang , Feng Xuequan , Liu Dingbin , Kong Deling , Wang Ting , Ding Dan
Published: December 2021

Fluorescent probes capable of precise detection of atherosclerosis (AS) at an early stage and fast assessment of anti‐AS drugs in animal level are particularly valuable. Herein, a highly bright aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) nanoprobe is introduced by regulating the substituent of rhodanine for early detection of atherosclerotic plaque and screening of anti‐AS drugs in a precise, sensitive, and rapid manner. With dicyanomethylene‐substituted rhodanine as the electron‐withdrawing unit, the AIE luminogen named TPE‐T‐RCN shows the highest molar extinction coefficient, the largest photoluminescence quantum yield, and the most redshifted absorption/emission spectra simultaneously as compared to the control compounds. The nanoprobes are obtained with an amphiphilic copolymer as the matrix encapsulating TPE‐T‐RCN molecules, which are further surface functionalized with anti‐CD47 antibody for specifically binding to CD47 overexpressed in AS plaques. Such nanoprobes allow efficient recognition of AS plaques at different stages in apolipoprotein E‐deficient (apoE−/−) mice, especially for the recognition of early‐stage AS plaques prior to micro‐computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These features impel to apply the nanoprobes in monitoring the therapeutic effects of anti‐AS drugs, providing a powerful tool for anti‐AS drug screening. Their potential use in targeted imaging of human carotid plaque is further demonstrated.
Hydrophobin‐Coated Solid Fluorinated Nanoparticles for 19F‐MRI
Authors: Ayaz Nazeeha , Dichiarante Valentina , Pigliacelli Claudia , Repossi Jacopo , Gazzera Lara , Boreggio Marta , Maiolo Daniele , Chirizzi Cristina , Bergamaschi Greta , Chaabane Linda , Fasoli Elisa , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Baldelli Bombelli Francesca
Published: December 2021

In recent years, fluorine‐magnetic resonance imaging (19F‐MRI) has emerged as a promising diagnostic technique, complementary to traditional proton magnetic resonance imaging (1H‐MRI) and easily translatable for clinical use, providing in‐depth in vivo quantification without the use of radioactive agents. This creates a need for the development of appropriate delivery systems for highly omniphobic fluorinated probes. The use of the film‐forming protein hydrophobin (HFBII) represents a sustainable and simple method to invert the philicity of fluorinated surfaces. Here, the ability of HFBII to form a rigid protein monolayer on superfluorinated coatings rendering them hydrophilic is shown, a property that is also retained in biological environment. This approach is then translated to directly disperse a solid superfluorinated 19F‐MRI probe, PERFECTA, in aqueous solution through the formation of core‐shell hydrophobin stabilized PERFECTA nanoparticles (NPs). The obtained NPs are fully characterized in terms of morphology, magnetic properties, colloidal stability, protein corona formation, cellular viability, and imaging performance.
Lightweight Low‐Noise Linear Isolator Integrating Phase‐ and Amplitude‐Engineered Temporal Loops
Authors: Taravati Sajjad , Eleftheriades George V.
Published: December 2021

The quest for efficient and versatile microwave and optical isolators has recently led to spawn space–time‐modulated isolator structures. However, such space‐time isolators suffer from a large profile and complex architecture that is required for a progressive nonreciprocal space–time coupling. To overcome these limitations, here a nonmagnetic phase‐engineered temporal loop‐based isolator featuring large isolation levels, suppressed undesired time harmonics while exhibiting a low profile is proposed. The proposed isolator is composed of two temporal loops that provide desired constructive and destructive interferences of different time harmonics. Furthermore, these two loops are designed in a way to assure that the circulation and reflection of different time harmonics strengthen a unidirectional signal transmission with low insertion loss. An experimental demonstration of the proposed time‐modulated isolator is provided at microwave frequencies, featuring strong unidirectional wave transmission through the isolator with more than 27 dB contrast between the forward and backward waves, across a fractional bandwidth of 14.3%. The proposed technique outperforms alternative approaches, that is, space–time modulation, ferrite magnets, nonlinearity, and HBT/CMOS transistors. It features a highly linear response with OP1dB of higher than 31 dBm, high power rating of more than 47 dBm, and a low noise figure of 3.4 dB.
Super‐Resolution Imaging and Optomechanical Manipulation Using Optical Nanojet for Nondestructive Single‐Cell Research
Authors: Karabchevsky Alina , Elbaz Tal , Katiyi Aviad , Prager Ofer , Friedman Alon
Published: December 2021

Advanced photonic tools may enable researchers and clinicians to visualize, track, control, and manipulate biological processes at the single‐cell level in space and time. Biological systems are complex and highly organized on both spatial and temporal levels. If biological entities are to be studied, perturbed, engineered, or healed, key‐players in such systems must be visualized and it is required to track, control, and manipulate them precisely and selectively. To achieve this goal, the engineering of nondestructive tools allows to interrogate and manipulate the function of proteins, pathways, and cells for physicians, enabling the design of “smart materials” that can direct and respond to biological processes. Among the potentially exploitable nondestructive tools, light‐based actuation is particularly desirable. It enables high spatial and temporal resolution, dosage control, minimal disturbance to biological systems, and deep tissue penetration. Herein, existing approaches toward the engineering of light‐activated tools for the interrogation and manipulation of single‐cell processes are overviewed, and the types of studies and types of functions that can be controlled by light are listed. Timely applications, such as studies of inflammation and crossing brain barrier systems—via super‐resolution imaging and optomechanical manipulation—are two representative examples of emerging applications so far never addressed.
Visible‐Light‐Assisted Synthesis of Allylic Triflamides via Dual Acridinium/Co Catalysis
Authors: Battaglioli Simone , Bertuzzi Giulio , Pedrazzani Riccardo , Benetti Jessica , Valenti Giovanni , Montalti Marco , Monari Magda , Bandini Marco
Published: December 2021

A dehydrogenative functionalization of styryl carbon‐carbon double bonds with triflamide is described via dual visible‐light photoredox/cobaloxime catalysis. A range of allylic triflamides (20 examples) were isolated in moderate to good yields (up to 88%) under stoichiometric acceptorless conditions. Dedicated labelling, as well as spectroscopic experiments, enabled to shed light on the concatenated photo‐ and chemo‐catalytic cycles.

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A Near‐Infrared Absorbing and Emissive Quadruple Helicene Enabled by the Scholl Reaction of Perylene
Authors: Pun Sai Ho , Cheung Ka Man , Yang Daiyue , Chen Han , Wang Yujing , Kershaw Stephen V. , Miao Qian
Published: December 2021

Herein, we report the synthesis, structural analysis, optical and chiroptical properties of a novel quadruple helicene, which has two [6] and two [7]helicene moieties fused in a contorted framework of 92 sp2carbon atoms. It was synthesized by the Scholl reaction of a perylene‐containing substrate with the formation of eight carbon‐carbon bonds on the perylene unit in a single synthetic operation. Chemical oxidation of the quadruple helicene with tris(4‐bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate resulted in an air‐stable dication, which exhibits the same helicity in its four helicene moieties as unambiguously identified by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The quadruple helicene exhibits unusual near‐infrared absorption and emission with absorption and emission maxima at 848 nm and 977 nm, respectively, and its isolated enantiomers exhibit electronic circular dichroism in the near‐infrared and visible‐light regions.
Modification of Multi‐Component Building Blocks for Assembling Giant Chiral Lanthanide‐Titanium Molecular Rings
Authors: Du Ming‐Hao , Xu Su‐Hui , Li Guan‐Jun , Xu Han , Lin Yang , Liu Wei‐Dong , Long La‐Sheng , Zheng Lan‐Sun , Kong Xiang‐Jian
Published: December 2021

Building blocks with multiple components are promising for the synthesis of complex molecular assemblies, but are rarely available. Herein, we report a modification procedure for a multi‐component building block [Ln3Ti(HSA)6(SA)4(H2O)]−({Ln3Ti‐SA}, H2SA=salicylic acid, Ln=Eu/Gd) to form new building blocks {Ln3Tix‐MSA} (H2MSA=5‐methoxysalicylic acid,x=1, 2, 3) by constructing [Ti(MSA)3]2−units. The obtained {Ln3Tix‐MSA} can further assemble into a chiralLn22Ti14ring with the formulae [Eu22Ti14(MSA)48(HMSA)22(CH3COO)4(H2O)10(iPrOH)] and [Gd22Ti14(MSA)46(HMSA)26(CH3COO)4(H2O)8]. Parallel experiments without Ti4+result in linear Ln chains. Detailed analysis shows that the [Ti(MSA)4]4−unit makes the originally variable Ln chains become available building blocks and the modified [Ti(MSA)3]2−further triggers interesting chiral‐sorting behavior. Finally, the electronic adsorption and magneto‐optic responses of these molecular rings are investigated.
Determination of cure mechanism inside die for a part manufacturing during large‐scale pultrusion
Authors: Mukherji Arindam , Tarapore Nozer , Njuguna James
Published: December 2021

The cure kinetics of resin, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of reinforcing materials of uncured mass dictate the ultimate curing of reinforced thermosets manufactured component. In this study, the degree of conversion from heat capacity by “Lumry and Eyring Model” and order of reaction by multi‐regression technique using “Borchardt and Daniels Model” are calculated in finding cure kinetics () of the resin. Experimental results from differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry (TGA), and rheological measurements were used to determine thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and rheological parameters of the resin through several model fitting. The calculated thermal conductivity of uncured composite from ration of (length vs. contact area) and thermal resistivity extracted from TGA data was fitted into a specific mathematical model, which predicts the thermal behavior of heated prepreg during pultrusion operation. These parameters used in a separate mathematical partial differential equation‐based model equation to predict the change in temperature and resin conversion along axial distance and radial thickness. The influence of operating conditions, such as rate of heating (early and late heating) and fiber volume fraction while curing inside die were calculated and validated with experimental results. This study evaluates the extent of heat transfer and degree of conversion inside pultrusion die during scale up steady state process. It is observed that the paradigm of influencing parameters like pulling speed, die radial thickness and heater engagement (early and late heating) on heat flow from die wall to core (i.e., thickness of the part being pulled) follows the data captured experimentally.
Interlaminar fracture and crack‐healing capability of carbon fiber/epoxy composites toughened with 3D‐printed poly‐ε‐caprolactone grid structures
Authors: Beylergil Bertan
Published: December 2021

In this study, carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy (EP) composites are toughened with 3D‐printed poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) grid structures which are produced by fused deposition modeling at three different areal weight densities and place between dry plain‐weave carbon fabrics prior to resin infusion. Three‐point bending, Mode‐I fracture toughness, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and Charpy impact tests are carried out on the prepared composite specimens. The results show that the PCL interlayers can enhance Mode‐I fracture toughness up to seven times (693%). The main toughening mechanism is the crack bridging due to the formation of PCL fibrils. It is shown that there is a quadratic relationship between the amount of PCL and Mode‐I fracture toughness improvement. The thermal healing efficiencies (η) for the first and second healing of PCL reinforced composites are determined as 44.1% and 28.2%, respectively. DMA results indicates that the tanδ values are increased almost 10 times with the addition of PCL interlayers. The flexural properties are decreased due to the reduced fiber volume fraction, higher void content, and plasticization effect of PCL interlayers.
Bio‐cleaned lignin‐based carbon fiber and its application in adsorptive water treatment
Authors: Chen Jiawei , Ghosh Tanushree , Ayranci Cagri , Tang Tian
Published: December 2021

Although an agricultural byproduct, lignin can be a felicitous choice serving as a carbon fiber precursor upon bio‐cleaning with Pseudomonas fluorescence. In this study, carbon fiber produced from electrospun bio‐cleaned lignin (Bio‐KLB) was demonstrated to be a novel efficient adsorbent for methylene blue in wastewater treatment. Bio‐cleaning effectively changed lignin from un‐electrospinnable to easily‐electrospinnable by removing impurities. Bio‐KLB carbon fiber mats showed average fiber diameter of 278.95 ± 49.89 nm, and randomly dispersed fiber mats showed average elastic modulus of 1532.87 ± 439.63 MPa and tensile strength of 16.72 ± 5.21 MPa. Adsorption of methylene blue on Bio‐KLB carbon fibers was analyzed at pH = 9, where optimal adsorption and decent reusability were observed. Kinetic adsorption was fitted well with pseudo‐first‐order model while adsorption isotherms were fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich models. The highest adsorption capacity was 548.65 mg/g based on Langmuir model. The results provide clear evidence that electrospun bio‐cleaned lignin‐based carbon fibers can be a strong alternative material for dye treatment.
Fabrication of microcrystalline cellulose/zinc oxide hybrid composite by hydrothermal synthesis and its application in rubber compounding
Authors: Boopasiri Supparoek , Sae‐Oui Pongdhorn , Siriwong Chomsri
Published: December 2021

With great concern of environmental threats, attempts have been made to reduce the consumption of zinc oxide (ZnO) in rubber products. This research aims at fabricating a new type of ZnO by depositing ZnO on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) surface using an ultrasonic‐assisted hydrothermal process. The concentration ratio of Zn(NO3)2 to NaOH is varied from 1:1 to 1:4. The obtained products, namely MCC‐ZnO, are characterized by various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and Thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that the amount of deposited ZnO and the specific surface area of MCC‐ZnO increase continuously with increasing NaOH concentration. The MCC‐ZnO (1:3) containing approximately 55.6 wt% of deposited ZnO is selected for investigating the curing efficiency in natural rubber (NR) and compared with the commercial ZnO (C‐ZnO). Obviously, the state of cure progressively increases with increasing either MCC‐ZnO or C‐ZnO content. At the same content, MCC‐ZnO exhibits a significantly higher crosslink density than C‐ZnO leading to the superior elasticity and mechanical properties. This could be explained by the greater specific surface area and, thus, the higher reactivity of MCC‐ZnO. Clearly, a considerably lower quantity of MCC‐ZnO is required to attain a similar level of crosslink density or mechanical properties as compared to C‐ZnO.
Information behavior and practices research informing information systems design
Authors: Huvila Isto , Enwald Heidi , Eriksson‐Backa Kristina , Liu Ying‐Hsang , Hirvonen Noora
Published: December 2021

Information behavior and practices (IBP) research has been repeatedly criticized for having little impact on information systems development (ISD). Claiming that there is a complete disconnect would be an exaggeration but it is apparent that it is not always easy to translate findings of IBP research to workable design recommendations. Based on a reading of earlier literature and a closer investigation of three illustrative example contexts, this article underlines that the value of IBP research for ISD lies in its capability to inform ISD of the variety of ways people deal with information beyond individual systems, their own wants and designers' assumptions. Moreover, it highlights that the implications of information systems go beyond their primary users. Instead of overemphasizing the contextuality of findings, a part of IBP research would benefit from an increased focus on explicating its epistemological extents and limits and identifying, which findings are transferable, what distinguishes specific contexts, what are their defining constraints and priorities, and what aspects of their uniqueness are assumptions and simple clichés.
Synthesis and Processing by Design of High‐Nickel Cathode Materials
Authors: Wang Feng , Bai Jianming
Published: December 2021

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Feng Wang and Jianming Bai at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The cover picture shows “watching” the formation of Li(NiMnCo)O2 (NMC) particles and their evolving structure and morphology in real time, providing guidance to rational design of synthesis/processing in making high‐performance NMC cathodes for batteries powering electric vehicles. Read the full text of the Minireview at 10.1002/batt.202100174.
Myasthenia gravis: The pharmacological basis of traditional Chinese medicine for its clinical application
Authors: Xiaoyue Shen , Yanbin Li
Published: December 2021

We aimed to investigate the target and signal pathway of Smilacis Glabrae Rhixoma (SGR) in the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) based on network pharmacology, and to explore its potential molecular mechanism. The main active components of SGR were searched in the pharmacology database of traditional Chinese medicine systems, and analysis platform. The related targets of SGR were obtained by Genecards, connective tissue disease, therapeutic target database, Drugbank, and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database. Moreover, the target information was corrected through UniProtKB and also, this data integrated to draw the “Ingredients‐targets” network of SGR. Protein interaction analysis was performed in data platform, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways as well as enrichment analysis on disease‐drug target was carried out through metascape online platform. A total of 15 active components were collected from SGR, which correspond to 159 targets; There were 1758 MG‐related targets; there are 81 targets related to both drug components and diseases, including 12 key targets. In GO bioaccumulation analysis, 1933 GO items were gathered, which were mainly related to the metabolism of active oxygen species and the active factors of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor. According to KEGG analysis, SGR may play a role in the treatment of MG through phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase–protein kinase B signaling pathway, T‐cell receptor, cAMP, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, endocrine resistance, hepatitis, and some cancer pathways. This study shows that SGR mainly treat myasthenia gravis through the regulation of TNF, MAPK1, JUN, TP53 and other targets, T‐cell receptor, TNF, and IL‐17 signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation and other pathways, which reflects the characteristics of multicomponent, multitarget, and multichannel of traditional Chinese medicine, and providing a certain pharmacological basis for the follow‐up study.
Novel anion exchange membrane chromatography method for the separation of empty and full adeno‐associated virus
Authors: Hejmowski Adam L , Boenning Kurt , Huato Julio , Kavara Aydin , Schofield Mark
Published: December 2021

A challenge in the production of recombinant Adeno‐Associated Virus (AAV) for gene therapies is the presence of capsids that lack the required gene of interest. The impact of these empty vectors in therapies is not fully understood, however the ability to control the ratio of empty to full particles, which contain the genetic payload, is a necessary step in the purification of these viruses. In this study, a novel anion exchange chromatography elution method for enrichment of full AAV particles is demonstrated. A step gradient with small conductivity increases of around 1 mS cm–1 provides more efficient separation of empty and full AAV serotype 5 across membrane media as compared to conventional linear gradient method. The use of this approach in optimizing a simpler method for manufacturing processes and scalability to a larger chromatographic volume is explored. With this approach, the authors achieved greater than 4‐fold enrichment of full capsids, to give a total of ≈50%–60% full capsids, using a 25 mM Bis‐Tris Propane pH 9.0 buffer system with NaCl as the eluting salt. Results suggest that this elution method can be implemented into a scalable process and can provide insight into development of elution methods for other AAV serotypes.