bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proposal for a compact neutron generator based on a negative deuterium ion beam
Authors: Jimbo Kouichi , Shirai Toshiyuki , Leung Ka-Ngo , Bibber Karl van
Published: January 2023

Interest in high intensity generators of neutrons for basic and applied science has been growing, and thus the demand for an economical neutron generator has been growing. A major driver for the development of high intensity neutron generators are studies of neutron disturbance in integrated circuits, for which a compact generator that can be easily accommodated in an ordinary size lab would be highly desirable. We have investigated possible designs for neutron generators based on the D-D fusion reaction, which produce direction dependent mono-energetic neutrons with carry-off energy larger than 2.45 MeV. Specifically, we find a negative deuterium ion beam most attractive for this application, and plan to construct such a system with a negative deuterium ion beam of 200 keV energy and 100 mA current as a prototype of this concept.
Study of transverse resonance island buckets at CESR
Authors: Wang S T , Khachatryan V
Published: January 2023

A 6-GeV lattice with the horizontal tune near a 3rd-order resonance line at 3νx
=2 is designed for studying the transverse resonance island buckets (TRIBs) at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). The distribution of 76 sextupoles powered individually is optimized to maximize the dynamic aperture and achieve the desired amplitude-dependent tune shift αxx
and the resonant driving term h
30000, which are necessary conditions to form stable island buckets. The particle tracking simulations are developed to check and confirm the formation of TRIBs at different tunes with clearing kicks in this TRIBs lattice. Finally, the lattice is loaded in CESR and the TRIBs are successfully observed when the horizontal fractional tune is adjusted to 0.665, close to the 3rd-order resonance line. Bunch-by-bunch feedback is also explored to clear the particles in the main bucket and the island buckets, respectively.
Fast orbit response matrix measurement via sine-wave excitation of correctors at Sirius
Authors: Velloso M M S , de Sá F H , Alves M B
Published: January 2023

Sirius is the new 4th generation storage ring based synchrotron light source built and operated by the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS). In this work, we report on the implementation at Sirius of a fast method for orbit response matrix (ORM) measurement which is based on sine-wave parallel excitation of orbit corrector magnets’ strength. This “AC method” has reduced the ORM measurement time from ∼ 25 minutes to 2.5–3 minutes and displayed increased precision if compared to the standard serial measurement procedure. When used as input to the Linear Optics from Closed Orbits (LOCO) correction algorithm, the AC ORM yielded similar optics corrections with less aggressive quadrupoles strength changes.
Beamline design and optimisation for high intensity muon beams at PSI
Authors: Valetov Eremey
Published: January 2023

The High Intensity Muon Beams (HIMB) project at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) will provide muon intensities of the order of 1010 muons/s for particle physics and material science experiments, two orders of magnitude higher than the state of the art, which is currently available also at PSI. In particle transport simulations for the HIMB, we use G4beamline with measured + cross-sections and with variance reduction. We also use the codes COSY INFINITY, TRANSPORT, and TURTLE for some studies. We perform asynchronous Bayesian optimisation of the beamlines on a computing cluster using G4beamline and the optimisation package DeepHyper. We performed numerous studies for the design of the HIMB, and we produced various results, including the muon transmission, beam phase space, polarisation, and momentum spectrum.
Measurements of radiation fields from a ceramic break
Authors: Shobuda Yoshihiro , Toyama Takeshi , Yoshimoto Masahiro , Hatakeyama Shuichiro
Published: January 2023

Ceramic breaks are used in synchrotrons for many purposes. For example, they are inserted between the Multi-Wire Profile Monitor (MWPM) on the injection line at the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) in J-PARC to completely prevent the wall currents accompanying beams from affecting the MWPM. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of suppressing beam impedances and the radiation fields from the ceramic breaks, it would be preferable that the inner surface of the ceramic break is coated with Titanium Nitride (TiN), or covered over capacitors. In this report, we measure the radiation fields from the ceramic break with and without capacitors as well as the beam profile and investigate the effect of the ceramic breaks on the measurements.
Strong-strong simulations of coherent beam-beam effects in the EIC
Authors: Qiang J , Hao Y , Luo Y , Montag C , Xu D , Willeke F
Published: January 2023

The high luminosity electron ion collider (EIC) will provide great opportunities in nuclear physics study and is under active design. The coherent effects due to the beam-beam interaction of two colliding beams can cause beam size blow-up and degrade the luminosity in the EIC. In this paper, we report on the study of coherent beam-beam effects in the EIC design using self-consistent strong-strong simulations. These simulations show the coherent dipole and quadrupole mode instabilities in the tune working point scan and bunch intensity scan.
The report of machine studies related to the vertical beam size blow-up in SuperKEKB LER
Authors: Terui S , Ishibashi T , Ohmi K , Funakoshi Y , Fukuma H , Ueki R , Ohnishi Y , Tobiyama M , Nakamura T
Published: January 2023

In the low energy ring (LER) for positrons in the SuperKEKB, a vertical beam size blow-up was observed when the bunch current was approximately 1 mA. If a beam size blow-up occurs, the design luminosity cannot be achieved. Therefore, beam size blow-ups must be pre-vented. According to calculations, the bunch current threshold of the transverse mode coupling instability (TMCI) is 2 mA or more, and the observed value is 50% or smaller. Ordinary TMCI cannot explain this vertical beam size blow-up. This paper shows that the cause of the vertical beam size blow-up can be determined by analyzing factors such as beam oscillation. The study results showed that the vertical beam size blow-up in the LER was caused by a -1 mode instability.
A beam position monitor for electron bunch detection in the presence of a more intense proton bunch for the AWAKE Experiment
Authors: Pakuza Collette , Burrows Philip , Corsini Roberto , Farabolini Wilfrid , Korysko Pierre , Krupa Michal , Lefevre Thibaut , Mazzoni Stefano , Senes Eugenio , Wendt Manfred
Published: January 2023

The Advanced Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Experiment (AWAKE) at CERN uses 6 cm long proton bunches extracted from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at 400 GeV beam energy to drive high gradient plasma wakefields for the acceleration of electron bunches to 2 GeV within a 10 m length. Knowledge and control of the position of both copropagating beams is crucial for the operation of the experiment. Whilst the current electron beam position monitoring system at AWAKE can be used in the absence of the proton beam, the proton bunch signal dominates when both particle bunches are present simultaneously. A new technique based on the generation of Cherenkov diffraction radiation (ChDR) in a dielectric material placed in close proximity to the particle beam has been designed to exploit the large bunch length difference of the particle beams at AWAKE, 200 ps for protons versus a few ps for electrons, such that the electron signal dominates. Hence, this technique would allow for the position measurement of a short electron bunch in the presence of a more intense but longer proton bunch. The design considerations, numerical analysis and plans for tests at the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility are presented.
Dispersion-free steering beam based alignment at SwissFEL
Authors: Ferrari Eugenio , Calvi Marco , Ganter Romain , Kittel Christoph , Prat Eduard , Reiche Sven , Schietinger Thomas
Published: January 2023

Micron-level alignment of the undulator line is required for successful operation of linear accelerator based high gain free electron lasers to produce powerful radiation at X-rays’ wavelengths. Such precision in the straightness of the trajectory allows for an optimal transverse superposition between the electrons and the photon beam. This is extremely challenging and can only be achieved via beam-based techniques. In this paper we will report on the dispersion-free steering approach implemented at SwissFEL, that helped achieving improved performance for both the hard and soft X-ray beamlines.
Commissioning and first results of an x-band LLRF system for TEX test facility at LNF-INFN
Authors: Piersanti L , Alesini D , Bellaveglia M , Bini S , Buonomo B , Cardelli F , Di Giulio C , Di Pasquale E , Diomede M , Faillace L , Falone A , Franzini G , Gallo A , Giannetti G , Liedl A , Moriggi D , Pioli S , Quaglia S , Sabbatini L , Scampati M , Scarselletta G , Stella A , Tocci S , Zelinotti L
Published: January 2023

In the framework of LATINO project (Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for INnOvation) funded by Lazio regional government, the commissioning of the TEst stand for X-band (TEX) facility has started in 2021 at Frascati National Laboratories of INFN. Born as a collaboration with CERN to test high gradient accelerating structures, during 2022 TEX aims at feeding the first EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB X-band structure prototype. During 2021 the commissioning has been successfully carried out up to 48 MW. The power unit is driven by an X-band low level RF system, that employs a commercial S-band (2.856 GHz) Libera digital LLRF (manufactured by Instrumentation Technologies), with an up/down conversion stage and a reference generation and distribution system able to produce coherent frequencies for the American S-band and European X-band (11.994 GHz), both designed and realized at LNF. The performance of the system, with a particular focus on amplitude and phase resolution, together with klystron and driver amplifier jitter measurements, will be reviewed in this paper. Moreover, considerations on its suitability and main limitations in view of EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB project will be discussed.
Reconstruction of transverse phase space from transverse feedback data for real time extraction of vital LHC machine parameters
Authors: Kotzian G , Söderén M , Solvang P S , Valuch D , Stopjakova V
Published: January 2023

The LHC transverse feedback system (ADT) provides bunch by bunch, turn by turn, normalized and digitized beam position signals from four pick-ups per plane and for each beam. Together with already existing powerful computer-based observation systems, this data can be used to reconstruct in real-time the transverse phase space coordinates of the centre-of-charges, for each individual bunch. Such information is extremely valuable for machine operation, or transverse instability diagnostics.

This paper aims on discussing and evaluating methods of combining four position signals for such analysis in the presence of noise and with active transverse feedback. Comparisons are made based on the extraction of vital parameters like the fractional tune or transverse activity. Analytical and numerical results are further benchmarked against real beam data.
Status of the engineering design of the IFMIF-DONES high energy beam transport line and beam dump system
Authors: Sánchez-Herranz D , Nomen O , Sanmartí M , Singh B K , Arranz F , Podadera I , Oliver C , Cara P , Hauer V , Ogando F
Published: January 2023

IFMIF-DONES plant [1] (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility – DEMO Oriented Neutron Source) is currently being developed under the framework of a work package of the EUROfusion Consortium. It will be a facility located at the south of Spain in Granada. Its objective and main goal is the testing and qualification of fusion materials by the generation of a neutron flux with a broad energy distribution covering the typical neutron spectrum of a (D-T) fusion reactor. This is achieved by the Li (d,xn) nuclear reactions occurring in a liquid lithium target where a 40 MeV at 125 mA deuteron beam with a variable beam footprint between 200 mm × 50 mm and 100 mm × 50mm collides. The Accelerator Systems is in charge of providing such high energy deuterons to produce the required neutron flux. The High Energy Beam Transport line (HEBT) is the last subsystem of the IFMIF-DONES accelerator, and its main functions are to guide the deuteron beam towards the liquid lithium target and to shape it with the required rectangular reference beam footprints. The HEBT system includes a Beam Dump devoted to stop the beam during commissioning and start-up phases. The present work details the present status of the HEBT engineering design, including beam dynamics, vacuum configuration, radioprotection, beam diagnostics devices and remote handling analyses performed detailing the layout and integration of required components through-out the beamline.
Role of surface chemistry in conditioning of materials in particle accelerators
Authors: Sattonnay G , Bilgen S , Mercier B , Longuevergne D , Della-Negra S , Ribaud I
Published: January 2023

For the vacuum scientists and the accelerator community, finding solutions to mitigate pressure rises induced by electron, photon and ion desorption, and also beam instabilities induced by ion and electron clouds is a major issue. Along the time, changes in the surface chemistry of vacuum chambers are observed during beam operations, leading to modifications of: outgassing rates, stimulated desorption processes and secondary emission yields (SEY). To understand the role of the surface chemistry of air exposed materials in the electron conditioning process, typical air exposed materials used in particle accelerators : thin film coatings (NEG, i.e a Ti-Zr-V alloy, and carbon), copper (and its oxides Cu2O and CuO) and niobium were conditioned by low energy electron irradiation for a better understanding of electron-cloud effect. First, SEY was measured to understand the changes of surface conditioning upon particle irradiation; then, surface chemistry evolution after electron irradiation was investigated by both XPS and TOF-SIMS analyses using the ANDROMEDE facility at IJCLab. Finally, the relationship between the surface chemistry and the conditioning phenomenon will be discussed.
Few-nanosecond stripline kickers for top-up injection into PETRA IV
Authors: Loisch G , Belokurov V , Obier F
Published: January 2023

PETRA IV is the planned ultralow-emittance upgrade of the PETRA III synchrotron light source at DESY, Hamburg. The current baseline injection scheme is an off-axis, top-up injection with few-nanosecond stripline kickers, which would allow for accumulation and least disturbance of experiments during injection. Besides the requirements on kick-strength, field quality, pulse rise-rate, and heat management, two mechanical designs with different apertures are necessary, as the devices will be used for injection and the transverse multi-bunch feedback system. In this contribution we will present the current status of 3D finite element simulations of electromagnetic fields as well as the mechanical design and first pulse electronics tests.
Origin and mitigation of the beam-induced surface modifications of the LHC beam screens
Authors: Petit V , Chiggiato P , Himmerlich M , Marinoni S , Neupert H , Taborelli M , Tavian L
Published: January 2023

All over Run 2, the LHC beam-induced heat load on the cryogenic system exhibited a wide scattering along the ring. Studies ascribed the heat source to electron cloud build-up, indicating an unexpected high Secondary Electron Yield (SEY) of the beam screen surface in some LHC regions. The inner copper surface of high and low heat load beam screens, extracted during the Long Shutdown 2, was analysed. On the low heat load ones, the surface was covered with the native Cu2O oxide, while on the high heat load ones CuO dominated at surface, and it exhibited a very low carbon coverage. Such chemical modifications increase the SEY and inhibit a proper conditioning of the affected surfaces. Following this characterisation, the mechanisms for CuO build-up in the LHC beam pipe were investigated on a newly commissioned cryogenic system allowing electron irradiation, surface chemical characterisation by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and SEY measurements on samples held below 15 K. In parallel, curative solutions against the presence of CuO in the LHC beam screens were explored, which could be implemented in-situ to recover a proper conditioning and lower the beam-induced heat load.
X-Rays energy measurements during the RFQ conditioning at the European Spallation Source
Authors: Laface E , Maiano C G , Zeng R , Piquet O
Published: January 2023

The Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) was conditioned at the European Spallation Source during spring 2021. We used part of the conditioning time to estimate the accelerating potential within the RFQ analyzing the x-rays bremsstrahlung radiation emitted by the electrons released and accelerated in the RFQ. The results of these measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.
CERN Linac4 Chopper Dump: operational experience and future upgrades
Authors: Sharp C J , Franqueira Ximenes R , Calviani M , Grenier D , Mucher C Y , Grenier-Boley E , Torregrosa C , Hunt J R , Esposito L S , Costa G , Andreu Muñoz P , Krainer A M
Published: January 2023

The Chopper Dump in the Linac4 accelerator at CERN is a beam-intercepting device responsible for the absorption of the 3 MeV H− ion beam produced by the Linac4 source and deflected upstream by an electromagnetic chopper. It allows a portion of the beam, which would otherwise fall into the unstable region of the radiofrequency buckets in the Proton Synchrotron Booster, to be dumped at low energy with minimal induced radiation. It may also be used to absorb the entire beam. With peak currents of 25 to 45 mA and shallow penetration, this results in large deposited energy densities, thermal gradients and mechanical stresses. Additional constraints arise from geometric integration, vacuum and radiation protection requirements. Material selection, beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural analyses are important aspects of the design process. The Chopper Dump underwent modification in 2019 following observed material degradation in the original version of the device. The experience gained, modifications made and observations noted since then are detailed herein. Against this background, the design and analysis of an upgraded device, intended to cope with future operational conditions, is outlined and discussed.
Achromatic gantry design using fixed-field spiral combined-function magnets
Authors: Tesse R , Hernalsteens C , Gnacadja E , Ramoisiaux E , Pauly N , Vanwelde M
Published: January 2023

Arc-therapy and flash therapy are promising proton therapy treatment modalities as they enable further sparing of the healthy tissues surrounding the tumor site. They impose strong constraints on the beam delivery system and rotating gantry structure, in particular in providing high dose rate and fast energy scanning. Fixed-field achromatic transport lattices potentially satisfy both constraints in allowing instant energy modulation and sufficient transmission efficiency while providing a compact footprint. The presented design study uses fixed-field magnets with spiral edges respecting the FFA scaling law. The cell structure and the layout are studied in simulation and integrated in a compact gantry. Results and further optimizations are discussed.
Beam optics studies for a novel gantry for hadron therapy
Authors: Felcini E , Frisella G , Mereghetti A , Pullia M G , Savazzi S , Pivi M T F , Benedetto E
Published: January 2023

The design of smaller and less costly gantries for carbon ion particle therapy represents a major challenge to the diffusion of this treatment. Here we present the work done on the linear beam optics of possible gantry layouts, differing for geometry, momentum acceptance, and magnet technology, which share the use of combined function superconducting magnets with a bending field of 4 T. We performed parallel– to–point and point–to–point optics matching at different magnification factors to provide two different beam sizes at the isocenter. Moreover, we considered the orbit distortion generated by magnet errors and we introduced beam position monitors and correctors. The study, together with considerations on the criteria for comparison, is the basis for the design of a novel and compact gantry for hadrontherapy.
Explorative studies of an innovative superconducting gantry
Authors: Pullia M G , Benedetto E , Dassa L , De Matteis E , Donetti M , Felcini E , Frisella G , Karppinen M , Kurfürst C , Mariotto S , Mereghetti A , Mirandola A , Pella A , Perini D , Piacentini L , Pivi M T F , Prioli M , Ratkus A , Rossi L , Sabbatini L , Savazzi S , Stock M , Tommasini D , Torims T , Uberti S , Vannozzi A , Vilcans J , Vretenar M
Published: January 2023

The Heavy Ion Therapy Research Integration plus (HITRIplus) is an European project that aims to integrate and propel research and technologies related to cancer treatment with heavy ion beams. Among the ambitious goals of the project, a specific work package includes the design of a gantry for carbon ions, based on superconducting magnets. The first milestone to achieve is the choice of the fundamental gantry parameters, namely the beam optics layout, the superconducting magnet technology, and the main user requirements. Starting from a reference 3 T design, the collaboration widely explored dozens of possible gantry configurations at 4 T, aiming to find the best compromise in terms of footprint, capital cost, and required R&D. We present here a summary of these configurations, underlying the initial correlation between the beam optics, the mechanics and the main superconducting dipoles design: the bending field (up to 4 T), combined function features (integrated quadrupoles), magnet aperture (up to 90 mm), and angular length (30° – 45°). The resulting main parameters are then listed, compared, and used to drive the choice of the best gantry layout to be developed in HITRIplus.
Study of coil configuration and local optics effects for the GaToroid ion gantry design
Authors: Oponowicz E , Bottura L , Dutheil Y , Haziot A , Gerbershagen A
Published: January 2023

GaToroid, a novel gantry configuration for hadron therapy, is based on superconducting coils that generate a toroidal magnetic field to deliver the beam to the tumour location. Designing the complex GaToroid coils requires careful consideration of the local beam optical effects. We present a Python-based tool for charged particle transport in complex electromagnetic fields. The code implements fast tracking in arbitrary three-dimensional field maps, and it does not require a definition of specific or regular reference trajectories, as is generally the case for accelerator physics codes. The tool was used to characterise the beam behaviour inside the GaToroid system: to automatically determine the reference trajectories in the symmetry plane and analyse three-dimensional beam dynamics around these trajectories. Beam optical parameters in the field region were compared for various magnetic configurations of GaToroid. This paper introduces the new tracker and shows the benchmarking results. Furthermore, first-order beam optics studies for different arrangements demonstrate the main code features and serve for the design optimisation.
Production of radioisotopes for cancer imaging and treatment with compact linear accelerators
Authors: Vretenar M , Mamaras A , Bisoffi G , Foka P
Published: January 2023

Accelerator-produced radioisotopes are widely used in modern medicine, for imaging, for cancer therapy, and for combinations of therapy and diagnostics (theragnostics). Clinical trials are well advanced for several radioisotope-based treatments that might open the way to a strong request of specific accelerator systems dedicated to radioisotope production. While cyclotrons are the standard tool in this domain, we explore here alternative options using linear accelerators. Compared to cyclotrons, linacs have the advantage of modularity, compactness, and reduced beam loss with lower shielding requirements. Although in general more expensive than cyclotrons, linacs are competitive in cost for production of low-energy proton beams, or of intense beams of heavier particles. After a review of radioisotopes of potential interest, in particular produced with low-energy protons or helium, this paper presents two linac-based isotope production systems. The first is a compact RFQ-based system for PET (Positron Emission Tomography) isotopes, and the second is an alpha-particle linac for production of alpha-emitters. The accelerator systems are described, together with calculations of production yields for different targets.
Ripple pattern formation on silicon carbide surfaces by low-energy ion-beam erosion
Authors: Gupta Divya , Umapathy G.R. , Singhal Rahul , Aggarwal Sanjeev
Published: January 2023

A versatile experimental facility air insulated high current medium energy 200 kV Ion Accelerator, with the terminal voltage in the range of 30-200 kV has been running successfully at Ion Beam Centre, KUK for carry out multifarious experiments in material science and surface physics. This system offers single charge state, switching magnet with five exit ports and large area irradiation/implantation using hollow cathode ion source. Ion beam induced structures on the surfaces of semiconductors have potential applications in photonics, magnetic devices, photovoltaics, and surface-wetting tailoring etc. In this regard, silicon carbide (SiC) is a fascinating wide-band gap semiconductor for high-temperature, high-power and high-frequency applications. In this work, fabrication of ripple patterns is carried out on the SiC surfaces using 80 keV Ar+ ion beam for different fluences at oblique incidence of 500. AFM study demonstrates that ripple wavelength and amplitude, ordering and homogeneity of these patterns vary linearly with argon ion fluence. The formation of such surface structures is attributed to the preferential sputtering of silicon in comparison to carbon. The evolution of high degrees of order is explained with the help of existing formalisms of coupling between surface topography and preferential sputtering.
Rad-hard RISC-V SoC and ASIP ecosystems studies for high-energy physics applications
Authors: Andorno M. , Andersen M. , Borghello G. , Caratelli A. , Ceresa D. , Dhaliwal J. , Kloukinas K. , Pejasinovic R.
Published: January 2023

The increase in complexity and size of modern ASIC designs in the HEP community and the use of advanced semiconductor fabrication processes raises the need for a shift toward a more abstract design methodology, that takes advantage of modularity and programmability to achieve a faster turnaround time both for design and verification. This contribution will present two complementary approaches, one using a RISC-V based System-on-Chip (SoC) and the other based on Application-Specific Instruction set Processors (ASIP). The SoC uses the PicoRV32 open-source RISC-V core and a rad-hard version of the AMBA APB bus to connect peripherals and is primarily geared towards control and monitoring applications. This solution is a demonstrator of what can become a more complete fully radiation-tolerant SoC platform with a standardized interconnect and an IP block library, to serve as the starting point for future ASIC designs. The ASIP based approach targets more the design of data path elements and the use in data processing applications. The presented approach makes use of a commercial ASIP Designer EDA tool to demonstrate an integrated workflow to define, benchmark and optimize an ASIP for a specific use case, starting from a general-purpose processor.
Simulations on detection efficiency of CLYC (Ce) detector
Authors: Biao Zhang , Jinjia Cao , Shuang Lin , Yingming Song
Published: January 2023

CLYC (Ce) crystal is a new type of inorganic scintillator with excellent performance, which can realize neutron and gamma dual mode measurement. CLYC (Ce) detector is widely used in national defense, homeland security, nuclear imaging, environmental monitoring, nuclear medicine and other fields. The detection efficiency of the detector is an important index in the design and development of the detector. The detection model of CLYC (Ce) detector is established by using Geant4 program based on Monte Carlo method, and the factors affecting the detection efficiency of detector are studied. The results show that: the detection efficiency is related to the shape and size of crystal section. The detection efficiency of rectangular section is lower than that of circular and square section, and the larger the crystal radial size and length, the higher the detection efficiency. The detection efficiency of CLYC (Ce) detector is related to the energy of rays: the higher the energy of neutrons and gamma rays are, the lower the detection efficiency is. It indicates that the crystal responds better to thermal neutrons and low-energy gamma rays. At the same time, if the radiation source is emanative, the smaller the distance between the radiation source and the detector, the higher the detection efficiency of the scintillator.
A trigger source for linear transformer driver
Authors: Liang Chuan , Li Mingjia , Wang Wenchuan , Li Zhenghong
Published: January 2023

A repetitive low jitter trigger source applied in triggering the multi-gap gas switch of the linear transformer driver (LTD) stage, is designed and developed in this paper.The pulse source based on fast Marx topology can repetitively output a low jitter high voltage pulse into a 50 Ω resistance load with peak value of 150 kV, rising time of 7 ns, width of 260 ns and rep-rate 0.1 Hz. Proper design of stray capacitance to peak the output pulse and employing the UV light to pre-ionize each consequent stage gap to reduce the switch delay time and jitter have been proposed. All those have been demonstrated feasible and reliable. A software program control unit has been developed for operation and control of fast Marx generator. The software gives full remote control by a computer via optical fiber communication. The experimental results show that the trigger source can continuously and reliably generate a 150 kV/260 ns pulse into a resistive load every 10 s with 1-σ jitter less than 2.7 ns. The trigger source is compact and portable and agrees well with the trigger demands of LTD for new fusion energy.
Small-scale location identification in natural environments with deep learning based on biomimetic sonar echoes
Authors: Zhang Liujun , Farabow Andrew , Singhal Pradyumann , Müller Rolf
Published: January 2023

Many bat species navigate in complex, heavily vegetated habitats. To achieve this, the animal relies on a sensory basis that is very different from what is typically done in engineered systems that are designed for outdoor navigation. Whereas the engineered systems rely on data-heavy senses such as lidar, bats make do with echoes triggered by short, ultrasonic pulses. Prior work has shown that ‘clutter echoes’ originating from vegetation can convey information on the environment they were recorded in—despite their unpredictable nature. The current work has investigated the spatial granularity that these clutter echoes can convey by applying deep-learning location identification to an echo data set that resulted from the dense spatial sampling of a forest environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS) location corresponding to the echo collection events was clustered to break the survey area into the number of spatial patches ranging from two to 100. A convolutional neural network (Resnet 152) was used to identify the patch associated with echo sets ranging from one to ten echoes. The results demonstrate a spatial resolution that is comparable to the accuracy of recreation-grade GPS operating under foliage cover. This demonstrates that fine-grained location identification can be accomplished at very low data rates.
Design methodologies and engineering applications for ecosystem biomimicry: an interdisciplinary review spanning cyber, physical, and cyber-physical systems
Authors: Hinkelman Kathryn , Yang Yizhi , Zuo Wangda
Published: January 2023

Ecosystem biomimicry is a promising pathway for sustainable development. However, while typical form- and process-level biomimicry is prevalent, system-level ecosystem biomimicry remains a nascent practice in numerous engineering fields. This critical review takes an interdisciplinary approach to synthesize trends across case studies, evaluate design methodologies, and identify future opportunities when applying ecosystem biomimicry to engineering practices, including cyber systems (CS), physical systems (PS), and cyber-physical systems (CPS). After systematically sourcing publications from major databases, the papers were first analyzed at a meta level for their bibliographic context and for statistical correlations among categorical variables. Then, we investigated deeper into the engineering applications and design methodologies. Results indicate that CPS most frequently mimic organisms and ecosystems, while CS and PS frequently mimic populations-communities and molecules-tissues-organ systems, respectively (statistically highly significant). An indirect approach is most often used for mimicry at organizational levels from populations to ecosystems, while a direct approach frequently suits levels from molecules to organisms (highly significant). Dominant themes across engineering applications include symbiotic organism search algorithms for CS and ecological network analysis for CPS, while PS are highly diverse. For design methodologies, this work summarizes and details ten well-documented biomimetic process models among literature, which addresses an outdated concern for a lack of systematic methods for ecosystem biomimicry. In addition to the Biomimetics Standard ISO 18458, these methods include the Natural Step and Techno-Ecological Synergy framework, among others. Further, the analyses revealed future opportunities from less utilized design methods (e.g. interdisciplinary teams tackling indirect, ecosystem-level projects) to well-established engineering concepts ready for technological advancement (e.g. implementing membrane computing for physical applications). For future studies, this review provides a comprehensive reference for ecosystem biomimetic design practices and application opportunities across multiple engineering domains.
The meso scale as a frontier in interdisciplinary modeling of sustainability from local to global scales
Authors: Johnson Justin Andrew , Brown Molly E , Corong Erwin , Dietrich Jan Philipp , C Henry Roslyn , von Jeetze Patrick José , Leclère David , Popp Alexander , Thakrar Sumil K , Williams David R
Published: January 2023

Achieving sustainable development requires understanding how human behavior and the environment interact across spatial scales. In particular, knowing how to manage tradeoffs between the environment and the economy, or between one spatial scale and another, necessitates a modeling approach that allows these different components to interact. Existing integrated local and global analyses provide key insights, but often fail to capture ‘meso-scale’ phenomena that operate at scales between the local and the global, leading to erroneous predictions and a constrained scope of analysis. Meso-scale phenomena are difficult to model because of their complexity and computational challenges, where adding additional scales can increase model run-time exponentially. These additions, however, are necessary to make models that include sufficient detail for policy-makers to assess tradeoffs. Here, we synthesize research that explicitly includes meso-scale phenomena and assess where further efforts might be fruitful in improving our predictions and expanding the scope of questions that sustainability science can answer. We emphasize five categories of models relevant to sustainability science, including biophysical models, integrated assessment models, land-use change models, earth-economy models and spatial downscaling models. We outline the technical and methodological challenges present in these areas of research and discuss seven directions for future research that will improve coverage of meso-scale effects. Additionally, we provide a specific worked example that shows the challenges present, and possible solutions, for modeling meso-scale phenomena in integrated earth-economy models.
Microplastics segregation by rise velocity at the ocean surface
Authors: DiBenedetto Michelle H , Donohue Jessica , Tremblay Kate , Edson Ethan , Lavender Law Kara
Published: January 2023

Predicting the vertical distribution of microplastics in the ocean surface mixed layer is necessary for extrapolating surface measurements and comparing observations across conditions. The competing mechanisms that control the vertical distribution are particle buoyancy, which is primarily a function of particle properties and drives microplastics to accumulate at the ocean surface, and turbulent mixing, which disperses microplastics throughout the mixed layer and depends on local hydrodynamics. In this study, we focused on the physical properties of microplastics collected within one vertical profile in the North Pacific. We measured the size, shape, and rise velocity of all microplastics collected, finding that average size and rise velocity decay with depth. In addition, we demonstrate how the vertical distribution of the microplastics depends on the rise velocity of the microplastics by segregating the data into three regimes based on a ratio of microplastic rise velocity and a characteristic turbulence velocity scale. Using an individual model for each regime, we can extrapolate the vertical distribution of microplastics to the bottom of the mixed layer and find the total concentration of microplastics. The total extrapolated concentration using the combined model results in 10× the concentration of the surface net alone and 47% more than a model which does not consider the different microplastic regimes. Finally, we discuss how the vertical distribution also depends on microplastic form, finding that lines are approximately well-mixed whereas the concentration of fragments decays with depth. These observations indicate the importance of considering the appropriate rise velocity regime when predicting the vertical distribution of microplastics.
Analysis of Airborne LiDAR Data for Archaeology Study Case : Sriwijaya Muaro Jambi Site
Authors: Haryuatmanto G.
Published: January 2023

Many archaeological sites have not been revealed because most of them are covered by trees in dense tropical forest areas. One technology that can overcome is LiDAR. LiDAR technology has been used by several countries to find archaeological sites in locations where direct surveys are not possible, such as at Maya civilization in America and Ankor Watt site in Cambodia. Case study of this research is the Sriwijaya Muaro Jambi site using the results of the LiDAR data survey and aerial photography. LiDAR Point Cloud data is processed into DTM (Digital Terrain Model) and DSM (Digital Surface Model) with classification Ground & Building Point. The aerial photo data is processed into Orthomosaic using the EO (external orientation) parameter from the IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) optical type with very high accuracy. Then the data is interpreted visually to analyze archeology. The 3D reconstruction was made on an object that was suspected to be a temple and covered in vegetation.
Detection of Surface Displacement of Mentawai Earthquake Mw7.8, October 25, 2010, using High Rate (HR) 1Hz GNSS Data
Authors: Hardy Thomas , Susilo  , Meilano Irwan , Abidin Hasanuddin Z , Rohadi Supriyanto , Sudrajat Ajat , Retno Agung K , Manurung Alpon Sepriando , Susilanto Pupung , Karnawati Dwikorita
Published: January 2023

Conventional seismic sensors, may have some problems, for example, seismometers are vulnerable to clipping and going off-scale when recording in the near-field of large earthquakes, that caused magnitude saturation. High-rate GNSS measurement can avoid the problems in conventional seismic records, in determining true size of large earthquake. The Mw7.8 Mentawai earthquake on October 25, 2010, generate significant tsunami run-up reached 9.3 m, five hundred more casualties, and raise economic loss of 200 bilions rupiahs. We utilize 1 Hz high-rate GNSS data from 11 GNSS stations of the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr) network operated by Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS) associated with the October 25, 2010, Mw7.8 Mentawai earthquake. We generate displacement waveform in three components (east, north, up) and it can be seen that all GNSS stations can detect surface displacement caused by October 25, 2010, Mw7.8 Mentawai earthquake. We also display the displacement waveform based on the distance from the GNSS station to the earthquake hypocenter, and found that displacement amplitude decreases as the distance between the earthquake hypocenter and the location of the GNSS station increases.
Utilization of Bathymetry and Sea Surface Current Data for Coral Reef Habitats in The Karimunjawa Islands
Authors: Aryetti Fetika , Pratomo Danar Guruh , Pribadi Cherie Bhekti
Published: January 2023

Coral reefs are a unique ecosystem found in tropical seas, one of which is Indonesia. Indonesia has many types of coral reefs, one of the most abundant types of coral reefs in Indonesia is Acropora Humilis and Montipora Aquituberculata. Acropora humilis lives at a depth of 15-35m, shaped like a plate with thin branches. Meanwhile, Montipora aquituberculata lives at a depth of 3-15 m. The deeper the location of this reef, the branches will be longer and open. the shallower, the shorter the branches. To determine the area of coral reefs, parameters can be used, namely bathymetry data and current velocity data. Bathymetry data and current velocity data were processed using the Kriging Interpolation. From the processing results, the depth value of Karimunjawa Islands waters is 0 – 76.06 masl, and the surface current velocity data for the Karimunjawa Islands is 0 – 0.55 m/s. The depth value is used to determine the coral reef habitat area of the two types of coral reefs studied, namely the coral reef type Montipora aquituberculata at a depth of 3-15 m and coral reef type Acropora humilis at a depth of 15-35 m. The value of the current velocity according to the coral reef habitat is 0.9 m/s while the value of the current velocity in the Karimunjawa Island is 0 – 0.55 m/s, it is said that the current value in Karimunjawa is suitable for the growth of coral reef habitat. The area obtained was found to be 878.268 Km2 of coral reef habitat area of Montipora aquituberculata and Acropora humilis.
Flood Inundation Simulation Using HEC-GeoRAS with Hydro-Enforced-DTM LiDAR Data
Authors: Cahyono Agung Budi , Hak Akhmad Barizil
Published: January 2023

Flood is one of the disasters that often occurs in Indonesia, especially in Flood is one of the disasters that often occur in Indonesia, especially in Kebumen-Kutoarjo. One method to calculate flooding from river overflow is DTM data. One known method is hydro enforcement or often referred to as hydro-enforced-DTM. DTM data are used for various applications in simulating flood forecasts from river overflows. In this study, a flood evaluation simulation was carried out as a preparation step for flood disaster mitigation to determine the estimated area that might be affected by flooding. Hydro enforced—used in making simulations of flood inundation from river overflow. The simulation results show the estimation of the overflow of river water that begins to exceed the river bank and extensive inundation extension results do not show actual results because producing a partial visualization that is not flooded. The simulation results indicate that there is no overflow River water. After validating the parameters of the results due to the flood on January 2019, obtained visualization results: do not show the occurrence of inundation in rice fields is about 7.86 hectares and not inundated residential areas and roads Kebumen-Kutoarjo transportation. Furthermore, the results will be able to simulate flood estimates from river overflows. The simulation results show estimates that are starting to exceed the riverbanks with a discharge of 225 m3/s. While the simulation results with an actual discharge value of 95.77 m3/s do not depend on rice fields and residential areas.
Growth and yield on four varieties of corn on different ameliorant combination and application system under culture of saturated soil on tidal swamp
Authors: Ghulamahdi Munif , Sulistyono Eko , Syukri M
Published: January 2023

There was research at Karya Bhakti Village. Rantau Rasau Sub District. Tanjung Jabung Timur District. Jambi Province from March until July 2022. This research used a randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. The factor I is variety consisted of 1) Pioneer-27. 2) Bisi-18. 3) Bima-20-URI. and 4) NK-Sumo. Factor II is an ameliorant combination consisting of 1) without ameliorant. 2) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost. 3) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost + cow dung fertilizer. 4) oil palm empty fruit bunches compost + cow dung fertilizer + dolomite ). 5) Compost from oil palm fruit bunches that have been removed, cow manure fertilizer, dolomite, and rice husk ash. The application system for factor III consists of 1) disseminating to the bed surface. and 2) seed cover in the planting hole. The research result has shown that the ameliorant application did not affect the growth of corn. The corn grown in the complete ameliorant was better than without the ameliorant. The interaction between ameliorant combinations. ameliorant application. And variety affected on seed dry weight cob-1. The highest yield of corn was obtained on NK-Sumo and Bima-20-URI in the complete ameliorant with seed cover application.
Indirect and direct land evaluation for red chili on low fertility soil under high annual rainfall with significant dry periods
Authors: Darmawan  , Purwakusuma Wahyu , Malahayati Yusuf Sri , Widjaya Hermanu , Dwiatik Nurcahyani Lucy , Tri Rantini Dina
Published: January 2023

The red chili productivity highly depends on land suitability, climate factors, and cultivation practices. Some cultivation engineering has been implemented and continues to be developed to curb problems of land with unsuitable actual soil conditions. The same approach is also taken to overcome rainfall constraints, by using mulch to optimize soil moisture. This study aims to assess and directly measure the productivity of red chili on land with good soil physic but requires chemical amelioration and has high annual rainfall. The research location is part of the Cikabayan Educational Field (CEF). Land suitability evaluation concept of FAO with the BBSDLP criteria was used to classify the land suitability for red chili. The growth of chili was monitored by observing 45 random samples, and the yield was measured based on the harvest of all plants. The result showed that the actual land suitability of the CEF for red chili was S3. The land suitability from a direct assessment based on the actual harvest until the plant age reaches four months, also show the S3 class. When the actual yield was extrapolated to three more months of yield prediction (ideal red chili productive period), the suitability class was counted as S2.