bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Patients' and Staff's Perceptions of Clients' Satisfaction with Hospital Services
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Pryer Margaret W. , Garrison Jesse L.
Published: September 2011

A client satisfaction scale was given to 30 psychiatric patients and 15 staff in a state hospital program. A correlation of .75 was found between staff perceptions of clients' satisfaction and the patients' reported satisfaction. Clients' satisfaction was not significantly correlated with scores on the I-E scale or Future Outlook Inventory but correlated .34 with age and —.35 with length of time in the hospital.
Interpersonal Trust as a Predictor of Suggestibility
Authors: Pereira Meredith J. , Austrin Harvey R.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the prediction that interpersonal trust would be related to suggestibility. Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale was used as a paper-and-pencil measure of trust, and the Barber Suggestibility Scale was the measure of suggestibility. The hypothesis was confirmed in that interpersonal trust was significantly correlated (.19) with scores of 82 college women on Barber's Suggestibility Scale, although the effect was small.
A Test of Some Old Concepts by Means of Some New Scales: Anality or Psychoticism, Oral Optimism or Extraversion, Oral Pessimism or Neuroticism?
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

To test whether Kline's three new scales representing Freudian concepts of oral optimism, oral pessimism and anal character, respectively, were measuring dimensions separate from general personality factors, these scales were administered along with some scales developed by the writer. The evidence appeared to indicate that only the anal character scale is separable in the sense that although this scale correlates with the writer's Superego and Suspicion scales (and with Cattell's Superego scale), it appears to be separate from anxiety and potentially separable from psychoticism.
Rate of Change in Reinforcement Density as a Parameter of Behavioral Contrast
Authors: Schwartz Gerri E.
Published: September 2011

One component (variable component) of a three-ply multiple schedule was gradually changed over 55 sessions from variable-interval (VI) 1-min. to VI 5-min. by exposing pigeons to the following sequence of values: VI 1, VI 2, VI 3, VI 4, VI 5-min. Subsequently, the reinforcement density in a second component (following component) was abruptly changed from VI 1-min. to VI 5-min. The effects of both gradual and abrupt reductions in reinforcement density were examined in the third component (constant component) in which the schedule remained unchanged. For all subjects, the greatest increase over baseline values occurred during the abrupt reduction in reinforcement rate.
Impact of Similarity of Interviewer-Interviewee and Interviewer-Interviewer on Ratings in a Selection Interview
Authors: Shepard Katherine F. , Hallinan Maureen
Published: September 2011

This study aimed to determine whether similarity of interviewer and interviewee or interviewer and interviewer influenced applicant interview ratings. Data on background characteristics, relative interests and need for social approval were secured from 21 faculty interviewers and 296 applicants during actual selection interviews. Contrary to prior findings based on simulated activity, the results did not uphold the role of similarity. Additional data gathered from follow-up interviews with faculty interviewers point to preconceived conceptions of an “ideal” candidate as a stronger reference point for decision making in selection interviews than similarity to self.
Performance of Korean Medical and Nursing Students on the East-West Questionnaire
Authors: Cho Jae Hyung , Gilgen Albert R.
Published: September 2011

Korean medical and nursing students were more Eastern in their belief systems than American college students in introductory psychology on the East-West Questionnaire. The Americans and Koreans differed most with regard to beliefs about spiritual matters, the former being Western in orientation and the latter, Eastern. Korean Buddhists also scored more Eastern than Korean Christians or those with no formal religion.
Experienced Control and Participation in Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Paine Pamela M. , O'Neil Patrick Mahlen , Malcolm Robert , Sexauer James D. , Currey Hal S.
Published: September 2011

Results of three studies are presented which explore the relation of experienced control to participation in treatment for obesity. Subjects in all studies were adult females participating in an outpatient, behaviorally-oriented obesity program. Experienced control was measured using the Experienced Control Scale (Tiffany, 1967). Study 1 was a naturally occurring experiment which compared two groups ( ns = 7 and 8) that differed in extent of self-directed efforts to begin treatment. Study 2 compared 32 persons who completed the program and 18 persons who did not complete it. High levels of experienced control over internal forces were associated with increased efforts to initiate treatment and with completion of treatment. Study 3 assessed the temporal stability of the Experienced Control Scale with obese females tested at the beginning and end of the 12-wk. treatment program. Test-retest reliability coefficients were .64 ( p < .01) for the internal control subscale and .29 ( P < .10) for the external control subscale.
Locus of Control as a Predictor of Users' Attitude toward Computers
Authors: Coovert Michael David , Goldstein Melvin
Published: September 2011

With the increasing influx of computers in industry modifying jobs and work environments, it is necessary to understand how workers may be reacting to computers. Locus of control, within the framework of valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory, is seen as an efficient predictor of workers' motivation and job satisfaction. Two experiments are described in which the relationship between locus of control and attitude toward computers is explored. Exp. 1 (68 subjects) demonstrates a relationship between locus of control and attitudes toward computers. Internal scorers had a more positive (favorable) attitude toward computers than external persons. Exp. 2 (65 subjects) attempts to clarify the possible dimensions on which externals may be viewing the computer more negatively (unfavorably) by utilizing a locus of control scale developed by Levenson (1973).
Estimating the General Factor in the WISC-R
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of estimating the general factor ( g) in the WISC-R were compared, using the standardization data for the scale. Estimates of the mean g-loading across subtests and age groups were .63 for one method and .59 for the other. Although this difference was statistically significant, the two methods appear to provide closely comparable results. When corrected for attenuation, means increased to .71 and .67, respectively, but the subtest loadings did not become more homogeneous nor did their relative sizes change appreciably.
Suicide Attitudes and Experiences of Hospitalized Alcoholics
Authors: Bascue Loy O. , Epstein Leonard
Published: September 2011

A survey of 69 hospitalized male alcoholics indicated that, while most of these respondents had considered suicide, those with actual past attempts, in particular, continued to view themselves as suicidal risks.
Academic Job Involvement: Multiple Measures and Their Correlates
Authors: Edwards Jack E. , Waters L. K.
Published: September 2011

For a sample of 223 college students, scales reflecting two approaches to measuring “academic job involvement” were correlated with each other and with measures of verbal ability, personality characteristics, academic performance, and course satisfaction. The two approaches to measuring academic job involvement were an adaptation of the Lodahl and Kejner job involvement scale and two semantic differential scales. The Lodahl and Kejner and semantic differential scales were only moderately correlated. None of the academic job involvement scales were significantly related to either verbal ability or academic performance. The Lodahl and Kejner scale correlated higher with measures of resultant achievement motivation and Protestant Ethic attitudes, and the semantic differential scales correlated higher with course satisfaction.
Relationship of Coronary-Prone Behavior and Irrational Beliefs in College-Age and Older Males
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Bonge Dennis
Published: September 2011

Coronary-prone (Pattern A) behavior is considered a generalized strategy to control stress. Irrational beliefs are also generalized expectancies regarding the nature of social and physical stressors. Therapy designed to modify irrational beliefs has been applied in the treatment of coronary-prone behavior, but there has been no demonstration of the relationship between irrational beliefs and coronary-prone behavior. College-age and older males completed the Jenkins Activity Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test. The data showed that High Self-expectations, Problem Avoidance, and Dependency were negatively correlated with Pattern A behavior for college-age males. Older males showed only a negative correlation between Problem Avoidance and coronary-prone behavior. Contrary to expectation no irrational beliefs were positively correlated with coronary-prone behavior. The conceptual and methodological implications for cognitive modification of Pattern A behavior are discussed.
Criterion-Related Validity of Three Common Preschool Assessment Instruments for Boys and Girls
Authors: Wright Dan , Reynolds Cecil R. , Dappen Leon
Published: September 2011

Pearson correlations of scores on two instruments for preschool assessment with first-grade achievement scores taken 2 yr. later were compared across sex for 44 boys and 45 girls seen initially at Kindergarten entry. Correlations between WPPSI IQs and scores from concurrently administered WRAT subtests were compared across sex for 30 boys and 30 girls referred by regular classroom teachers for school psychological services. Lack of significant differences in the comparisons supports these instruments as equally valid predictors of achievement for boys and girls.
Psychophysiological Aspects of Migraine Headaches
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

So complex are migraine headaches that the interplay of both psychological and physiological components is needed to explain and relieve symptoms. The difficulties of defining and delimiting migraine attacks, etiological theories and treatment approaches were reviewed with emphasis on the psychosomatic aspects.
Divergent Amplification and Social Behavior: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: London Ivan D. , Thorngate Warren
Published: September 2011

Many social psychological phenomena exhibit convergent amplification, i.e., homeostatic or error-cancelling tendencies, the results of which can be studied by currently popular research and statistical methods. We argue, however, that at least as many social psychological phenomena exhibit divergent amplification, i.e., heteromorphic or catalytic tendencies, the results of which cannot be studied by currently popular methods. The latter phenomena are usually overlooked or are dismissed as spurious or scientifically intractable. But recent advances in the physical and biological sciences demonstrate both the possibility and utility of studying these phenomena within an expanded scientific framework. We review these advances, discuss their implications for research and statistical practice in social psychology, and explain the scientific advantages of analyzing social behavior in multifarious contexts.
Relationship between Narcissism and Sensation Seeking
Authors: Emmons Robert A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between narcissism and sensation seeking. It was hypothesized that a positive relationship would be found between the two personality variables. Undergraduates were administered both the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Form IV of the Sensation Seeking Scale. For both males and females, scores on the Narcissistic Inventory correlated significantly with scores on the Disinhibition subscale of the Sensation Seeking Scale. Boredom Susceptibility was correlated with narcissism for males, while scores on the General and Experience Seeking subscales correlated significantly with narcissism for females. If disinhibition were a social form of sensation-seeking, the correlations with narcissism for both sexes would be accounted for. The study supports the construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and provides evidence for regarding narcissism as a dimension of personality.
Expressions of Hostility in Mild Depression
Authors: Lemaire Theo E. , Clopton James R.
Published: September 2011

Over a 6-wk. period, the relationship of hostility and depression was explored in 7 mildly depressed and 11 control subjects. Depressed subjects expressed significantly more inwardly directed, outwardly directed, and total hostility than control subjects. For both groups of subjects there was an inverse relationship between inwardly and outwardly directed hostility. Thus, among nondepressed and mildly depressed individuals, maintaining a balance between inwardly and outwardly directed hostility may help to prevent the development of severe depression.
Multiple Psychiatric Competency Examinations in Borough of the Bronx
Authors: Baskin David , Klein Norman
Published: September 2011

The sample of 137 people had been referred for multiple psychiatric competency examinations over an 11-yr. period. The study examined the relationships between the decision on competency and many demographic, psychiatric, and criminal history variables. On many variables there were no significant differences between those found competent and those found incompetent but those subjects deemed incompetent were more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic or psychotic. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Sex-Typed May Be Beautiful but Androgynous is Good
Authors: Bridges Judith S.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a stimulus person's sex-role orientation on both opposite-sex attraction and attribution of physical attractiveness were assessed. Male and female undergraduates, classified as sex-typed or androgynous according to their scores on the Bern Sex-role Inventory, were asked to form impressions of two members of the opposite sex on the basis of some of their responses to the inventory. The protocols were actually bogus and were contrived to represent a feminine female, a masculine male, and an androgynous person (same for both sexes). Each subject was given one sex-typed and one androgynous protocol and was asked to form impressions of both. The results indicated that both androgynous and sex-typed females liked the androgynous male significantly more than the masculine one, although males did not differentiate between the two females. Moreover, significantly greater physical attractiveness was attributed to the sex-typed stimulus person than to the androgynous one.
Evidence for a Psychological Etiology of Menstrual Disorders: A Critical Review
Authors: Gannon Linda
Published: September 2011

Past research which has been interpreted as support for a psychological etiology of menstrual distress is critically reviewed. This research is analyzed with respect to methodological issues such as the assessment of menstrual distress, the measurement of psychological parameters, and statistical procedures and with respect to experimenter bias apparent in the interpretation of results. It is concluded that the available empirical evidence is inadequate to support psychological causation of menstrual distress.
Stress of Immobilization: Description and Validation of a Restraining Technique for Rats
Authors: Darlington Robert , Bergeron Jacques , Leporé Franco
Published: September 2011

Various techniques have been developed over the past several years to study the effects of the stress of immobilization on the rat. The technique proposed in this paper provides effective restraint. It has the added advantage that potentially contaminating effects of uncontrolled secondary stressors are limited. The technique was tested in five groups of rats which were subjected to 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 periods of immobilization, respectively, each lasting 12 hr. with 12-hr. intermittent rest periods. Results attested to the effectiveness of the technique in that, when compared to appropriate controls, an hypertrophy of the adrenals and the testicles was observed, accompanied by concomitant losses of whole body weight, in the experimental animals. The treatment had no effect on the thymus, and no gastric ulcers were produced. The relative mildness of the effects is interpreted less as a sign of the inadequacy of the technique than as an indication that not all parameters were examined during the periods of immobilization.
Dimensionality of an Abbreviated Version of the Relationship Inventory: An Urban Replication with Married Couples
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

An abbreviated version of the Relationship Inventory (Barrett-Lennard, 1962) was administered to a random sample of 98 urban married couples to replicate an earlier study involving a sample of 83 rural married couples. Principal components were analyzed to assess the dimensionality of items pertaining to empathy, congruence, and regard. In general, results of the previous study were confirmed. Although the abbreviated inventory may have limitations, it appears to be adequate enough to warrant use in future research in that the same dimensions were found across four different groups of respondents in the two studies.
Sexual Stimulation: Effects on Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Jaffe Yoram
Published: September 2011

20 unprovoked male subjects were exposed to sexual stimulation via two different modalities and their choices of aggressive vs prosocial behavior were compared with those of 20 unprovoked subjects exposed to two different types of control materials. A modification of the Buss aggression machine was used for this purpose. While all groups strongly preferred the prosocial response alternative (indication of correct response as feedback for incorrect responses) over the aggressive one (administration of electric shock as punishment for incorrect responses), sexually aroused subjects made fewer aggressive and more prosocial choices than nonaroused subjects. This finding is clearly consistent with the theoretical proposition that general arousal will facilitate the dominant or prepotent response of the response alternatives available to the subject.
Dimensions of Self-Concept for Children in Kindergarten and Grades 1 and 2
Authors: Soule Jeanne C. , Drummond Robert J. , McIntire Walter G.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated sex and grade differences in components of self-concept for 461 kindergarten, Grade 1, and Grade 2 children with the SCAMIN and IOX Self-appraisal Inventory. Sex and grade differences were found. Correlations between scales and subscales were low; it appears that these instruments measure independent constructs.
Teachers' Evaluations of Creative Work by Children: Sexism in Australia
Authors: Ellerman D. Andrew , Dowling Cathleen M. , Hinschen Melinda L. , Kemp James E. , White Leeanne K.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted to determine whether teachers would exhibit the same prejudice against girls as that obtained in some studies of adults' prejudice against women. Paintings and poems by children were shown to 274 teachers and teacher-trainees. The works were supposedly either winners or losers in the competition for which they had entered and were attributed to either boys or girls. Results indicate that both male and female teachers utilized the same pattern of evaluations. No simple anti-feminine bias was found; instead the works of girls were rated more favourably than those of boys for one of the five measures used. Consistent differences involving the manipulation of sex of child with winner/loser outcome emerged. Winning boys were judged more favourably than girls, while the opposite was true for losers. It was suggested that teachers were influenced by sex-role stereotypes in subtle ways in evaluating children's achievements.
Liking of the First Drug Experience: A Comparison of Ten Drugs in Opiate Addicts
Authors: Haertzen Charles A. , Hooks Nall T. , Ross Frances E.
Published: September 2011

Opiate addicts ( n = 67) were asked how much they liked their first experience with 10 drugs and the number of trials required to like each drug. The initial experience with cocaine was the most well-liked but it could not be differentiated from heroin which was liked second best. The order of liking scores for the other drugs were morphine, marijuana, methadone, Benzedrine, codeine, cigarettes, “goofballs” (barbiturates), and alcohol. Liking of heroin was not differentiated from morphine or marijuana but liking for it was greater than for the seven remaining drugs. Initial liking of heroin and marijuana is contrary to the conclusions of Beecher (1959) and Becker (1953). The pattern of liking of the first experience with drugs was highly related to the patterns for current appetites and verbal habits for drugs and somewhat related to the days of use of drugs and the percentage of subjects who had been “hooked” on the drugs. The scores for heroin on the various indices were the most uniformly elevated. In contrast, these indices for cigarettes were erratic.
Health Locus of Control of Health Fair Participants
Authors: Germer Polly , Price James H.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to identify those specific orientation characteristics of health fair participants and those of a control group. It was hypothesized first that health fair participants would exhibit greater internality than the control group. Second, level of education would correlate positively with internal scores. The first hypothesis was rejected; however, the second hypothesis was accepted in that high school or less educated had greater scores on powerful others and chance subscales.
Parents' Perceptions of Their Preschool Children's Obedience
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L.
Published: September 2011

This study compared parents' perceptions of their own preschool children's obedience with their perceptions of other preschool children's obedience, and compared the mothers' and fathers' perceptions with each other. Parents of 44 nursery-school children predicted the obedience levels of their own children and of most other children in an experiment on obedience. Their predictions suggest that parents perceive their own children as more obedient than other children to the request of an adult stranger, and that mothers and fathers differ in their perceptions of how obedient their children are.
A Problem in Thinking
Authors: Levy Erwin
Published: September 2011

The essay tries to illustrate differences between the traditional and the Gestalt approach to thinking by means of two simple examples from elementary geometry. Line and circle serve as paradigms. It attempts to show that the traditional type of largely “piecewise” thought operations inherent in the Euclidean-Cartesian method of describing these figures creates certain logical difficulties from the point of view of the structural type of thought operations which have been demonstrated by Gestalt theory.
Jealousy, Romantic Love, and Liking: Theoretical Considerations and Preliminary Scale Development
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Severa Nancy
Published: September 2011

The studies reported in this paper had two purposes, the construction of a measure of jealousy and the use of this measure to test some prevalent beliefs concerning jealousy with the aim of providing construct validity for the scale and expanding our empirical understanding of jealousy. Using the rational approach to test construction, a 28-item test was constructed. This scale was expected to correlate positively with romantic love, insecurity, and low self-esteem and negatively with separate identities. Also scores should not correlate with liking. These relationships were noted except for positive correlations between jealousy and insecurity for men and jealousy and low self-esteem for both sexes. Enough evidence for construct validity was found to warrant further use of the scale for research. It was suggested that open marriage relationships must be based primarily on liking rather than romantic love to avoid jealousy.
Differences between Mothers and Fathers in Teaching Style and Child-Rearing Practices
Authors: Barton Keith , Ericksen L. K.
Published: September 2011

Parent-child interaction was recorded while 32 mothers and 32 fathers taught their children to play a simple game in a naturalistic environment. Steward and Steward's (1973, 1974) Parent Interaction Code was used to quantify the parent-child behaviors and analyses showed that mothers differed from fathers on several dimensions involving teaching style. Such differences were also found for the child-rearing practices of the parents.
Testing Equity as an Explanation for Romantic Couples “Mismatched” on Physical Attractiveness
Authors: Feingold Alan
Published: September 2011

According to the “equity theory” of interpersonal attraction, persons having romantic partners higher in physical attractiveness than themselves should have more desirable nonphysical attributes than those having less attractive partners. This hypothesis was tested. As expected, women who had better looking partners had better senses of humor and were lower in neuroticism than women who had partners less attractive than themselves. No significant mean differences were observed on WAIS IQ or dominance but the differences were in the expected direction. These results were not replicated for men, however, as the same statistical tests were nonsignificant and differences were in the opposite direction as often as in the predicted direction. It was suggested that the dynamics of interpersonal attraction are too complex to be adequately explained by the equity model.
Multiple Shifts in Magnitude of Reward
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of 5 rats were administered either large reward (10 pellets), small reward (2 pellets), or multiple shifts (Iarge-small-large-etc.) in an alleyway. The multiple-shift group received a total of 7 large and 6 small phases of reinforcement. Early in training the shifted group exhibited positive contrast effect to a shift to large reward and negative contrast effect to a shift to small reward. Later in training, the same group showed neither effect perhaps because experience with the shift provided a smaller discrepancy between the upshifts and downshifts in magnitude of reward.
Chronic Illicit Drug Abusers: Gender Comparisons
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Patsiokas Anne T. , Allain Albert N.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that female illicit drug abusers are more psychologically deviant than their male counterparts was explored by comparing groups of 121 male and 33 female therapeutic community residents on single and global measures of psychopathology and person characteristics relevant to drug abuse. Groups did not differ on such potentially confounding variables as education, intelligence, time in treatment, and ethnic composition. Gender groups were highly similar on measures reflecting extent and type of psychopathology and motives for and patterns of drug use. Women differed from men on several of the Adjective Check List dimensions, including self-confidence, aggression, heterosexuality, autonomy, and defensiveness and on a measure of attitudes toward women's rights. The notion that female drugabuse clients are “sicker” than those who are male is suggested to be counterproductive, as well as a position which perpetuates yet another negative stereotype for antisocial women to deal with in the therapeutic process.
Effect of Expectancies on Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Russell J. Curtis , Studstill O. Lee , Grant Rebecca M.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the hypothesis that expectancies for rewards inherent in a task (working a Soma puzzle) increase intrinsic motivation for the task. Stronger expectancies of task-inherent rewards were predicted when performance was maximally informative about correct responses. Informativeness of performance was varied by giving one group of subjects feedback directly from performance (task-internal feedback), another group feedback from a source outside the task (task-external feedback), and a third group feedback from both sources (mixed feedback). Intrinsic motivation was measured by the time spent working the puzzle during a 10-min. free-choice period. Questionnaire items measured (1) informativeness of performance and (2) expectancies that the performance would be rewarding. As predicted, task-internal feedback made performance more informative and resulted both in stronger expectancies of task-inherent rewards and greater intrinsic motivation for the puzzle than task-external feedback. The third group showed intermediate values on all measures.
Effect of Sex of Subject on Recall of Gender-Stereotyped Magazine Advertisements
Authors: Forte Frances L. , Mandato Daria , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of gender on recall of details in stereotypically male-or female-related magazine advertisements was tested. 20 male and 20 female subjects were shown 4 advertisements (2 stereotypically female-related ads and 2 stereotypically male-related ads), one at a time, for 5 sec. each. Each subject was then asked to recall details from each advertisement. Gender differences in verbal ability were determined by administering the Wide Range Vocabulary Test prior to the experiment. The main effect of sex of subject and the interaction of sex of subject and type of advertisement significantly affected the number of details recalled. Females recalled more details over-all. Males recalled more details from the male-related advertisements, while females recalled an equal number of details from both advertisements. The effect of the women's liberation movement on males' and females' recall of the advertisements is discussed. Suggestions are made for advertisers and directions for future research are discussed.
Influence of Children's Position in the Family on Recognition of Emotional Expression
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

In 1955 Taft showed only and first-born children were more accurate in trait ratings than other children. Perhaps these children are also more capable of recognizing emotions. 92 kindergarten girls, aged 6 to 6½ yr., were used as subjects to test this supposition. The children were quite successful in recognizing emotional expressions in photographs, their greatest difficulty being in discriminating surprise and arrogance from other emotions. Only and first-born children differentiate emotional expressions more successfully than other children. Their parents have more time to give attention and guidance causing the children's ability to differentiate emotions to be more accurate through the influence of the parents' model.
Blood-Pressure Correlates of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Fischer Cherie Anne , Dyer Elaine D.
Published: September 2011

Blood pressures of 13- and 14-yr.-old girls ( N = 116) were studied in relationship to factors in physical examination, personal health history, anxiety scores, activity patterns, and diet patterns. Relationships were analyzed using Pearson correlations and independent t tests. A longitudinal comparison over 6 mo. was made using a subsample of 61 girls. Weight and height were the highest correlates of all blood-pressure values. Family history factors were positively related to blood-pressure values. Blood pressures varied at significant levels with the menstrual cycle. Anxiety scores and salt intake had varied relationships with blood pressures that showed some parallels to research in the hemodynamic aspects of hypertension. Activity patterns were not consistently related. Carbohydrate intake was positively related to increased blood pressures. Dairy products had negative relationships with diastolic blood pressure. Further research of hypertension in adolescents is indicated.
Attitudinal Moderators and Effects of Leaders' Punitive Behavior
Authors: Strasser Stephen , Dailey Robert C. , Bateman Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

This investigation looks at the moderating effects of job involvement on the relationships between leaders' punitive behavior and job satisfaction. The focal research hypothesis was tested with measures having well established psychometric properties and including the Job Descriptive Index, the Job Involvement instrument, and Measures of Leader Reward and Punishment Behavior. For a sample of 323 hospital nursing department employees, negative effects of leaders' punitive behavior on job satisfaction were evident only among employees with low levels of job involvement. For those highly involved with their jobs, compensatory or buffer processes are postulated as explanations for their apparent immunity to the negative effects of punishment.
School Psychologists' Job Satisfaction and Discrepancies between Actual and Desired Work Functions
Authors: Wright Dan , Gutkin Terry B.
Published: September 2011

School psychologists in Nebraska were surveyed with regard to actual and desired work functions and their satisfaction with several aspects of their jobs. A comparison of present results with a previous study of the same general population by Cook and Patterson (1977) indicates that consultation has grown in importance as an actual job function and remains the major component of the role desired by school psychologists. Over-all psychologists reported moderate job satisfaction with relatively lower satisfaction in regard to their workloads and their ability to effect change and relatively higher satisfaction in reference to their interpersonal relationships with other school personnel. Job satisfaction in several areas was a function of actual and desired job activities.
Comment on Single-Trial Acquisition
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

Rats exhibited differential instrumental responding in a straight alleyway as a function of size of reward following a single reinforced trial.
Relative Use of Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Variance in Developmental Psychology
Authors: Zinkgraf Stephen A. , Ash Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Articles from Volume 16 of Developmental Psychology were reviewed with respect to the number of studies that employed multiple dependent measures within the analysis of variance framework. These results were compared to similar reviews done in counseling and experimental psychology. Due to the large proportion (50% to 60%) of studies using analysis of variance designs with multiple dependent measures in developmental, counseling, and experimental psychology research, and the relatively infrequent use of multivariate analysis of variance, more frequent use was recommended to control experimentwise error while enhancing statistical power.
Social Attitudes and School Curriculum Socialization
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: September 2011

The study examined the proposition that school-curriculum organization has differential socialization influences on children's social attitudes. Data were collected from 430 final-year students from six secondary schools in the south of England. The students, who were classified into the curriculum categories of arts, physical science, or mixed, completed four attitude scales from which 10 social-attitude factors were generated. Only modest support was provided for the proposed association between social attitudes and curriculum organization. Instead, the findings suggested the proposition that for the development of social attitudes, gender-related socialization is more important than those socialization processes associated with membership of school-curricum categories.
Health Knowledge of Pharmacy Students
Authors: Fendley Carol , Young Michael , Means Richard K.
Published: September 2011

54 senior pharmacy students possessed greater health knowledge than did 52 freshman. The effects of gender were nonsignificant.
Relationship of 1977 State Suicide Rates to Population Increases and Immigration
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

The 1977 suicide rates of the 50 states and the District of Columbia were related significantly to their rates of population increase and immigration. These results, which were replicated with data from 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1970, provide additional support for Durkheim's hypothesized relationship between suicide rates and societal integration, since high rates of immigration and population increase are likely to characterize geographical areas with low social integration. As expected, crime rates and divorce rates were related significantly to suicide rates and to these two indices of social integration.
Factor Structure of the WISC-R for Children Identified as Learning Disabled
Authors: Naglieri Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The aim of the present investigation was to explore the factor structure of the WISC-R for a sample of children identified as learning disabled. The sample of 140 children were between the ages of 6–2 and 14–8 ( M = 9–7); 96 were males and 44 females. A principal factor analysis yielded a factor solution similar to that reported for the WISC-R standardization sample. Support for the robustness of the Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, and Freedom from Distractibility factors for this population of learning disabled children resulted.
Method for Studying Perception of Risk
Authors: Blaylock Bruce K.
Published: September 2011

Eight specially constructed scenarios were given to 28 masters and senior students in management. Their perceptions of the riskiness of each scenario were recorded. An analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction among three factors; the decision environment, the decision maker's cognitive style, and the risk-information contained in the situation. The decision environment is the setting in which the decision is made. In this study the setting is operationalized by the Gorry and Scott-Morton (2) Decision Framework. Cognitive style is the way a decision maker prefers to perceive and evaluate information. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was used to measure cognitive style. Risk-information comes from those numerical sources used to evaluate risk, in this study standard deviation and skewness. This research suggests that any method for studying risk perception must include situational and individual factors as well as the traditional risk measures.
Effect of Experimenter's Gender on Responses to a Sex-Role Attitude Questionnaire
Authors: Galla John P. , Frisone John D. , Jeffrey Linda R. , Gaer Eleanor P.
Published: September 2011

Previous experiments have demonstrated that the gender of an experimenter will influence a subject's responses to a sex-role attitude questionnaire. The present study was designed to determine if the effect of the experimenter's gender could be modified as a function of instruction set. Although effects of experimenter's and subject's gender were significant and consistent with previous findings, no significant main effect of instruction was found. There was, however, a significant interaction of subjects' gender and instruction.
Field Dependence and Accountants' Confidence in Decisions
Authors: Gul Ferdinand A. , Zaid Omer
Published: September 2011

Witkin, et al.'s Embedded Figures Test was administered to 54 accountants from selected accounting firms in Australia. In addition subjects were provided with Human Resources Accounting information' through a case scenario and asked to make certain decisions on a personnel layoff problem. They were also asked to state their level of confidence (0 to 100) that the decision they had made was optimal. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance indicated that field-dependent accountants were significantly more confident in their decisions than field-independent accountants.
Relationship of Perceptual Characteristics to Efficacy of Placebos
Authors: Buckalew L. W. , Ross Sherman
Published: September 2011

The placebo was acknowledged as a potent agent associated with a myriad of psychological, therapeutic, and behavioral effects. Given the widespread use and efficacy of placebos, major needs relative to more accurate conceptualization, appreciation, and effective use of properties were discussed. Emphasis was placed on considerations of the placebo as a complex stimulus. The physical and perceptual characteristics of placebos were reviewed in regard to efficacy, with specific attention to route of administration, preparation form, size and dose, color, taste, and interpretation of ‘pharmacological’ agentry. Conclusions were directed to facilitating optimal effectiveness of a placebo. Directions for further research were suggested, and failure to consider the differential stimuli of placebos was viewed as contributing to the potential unwitting confounding in studies.
Psychological Aspects of Low Back Pain: Summary
Authors: Murray John B.
Published: September 2011

Low back pain causes lost time in industry and the military service. Psychologists often are consulted when the low back pains seem not to have any physical foundation or are greater than seems appropriate. Surgery may not relieve the low back pains if psychological factors play a large role. Studies of low back pain which have used the MMPI and tests derived from the MMPI are reviewed; demographic and intrapsychic factors linked with low back pain through research are discussed.
Effect of Job Involvement on the Work-Leisure Relationship: Correlational Study among Bank Clerks and Police Officers
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: September 2011

To investigate whether job involvement is positively related to the degree to which their jobs influence the nonworking lives of employees, 51 clerks and 38 policemen were given a measure of involvement and three measures of occupational determinateness, each of which reflects the impact of an individual's work on a particular aspect of his life outside the work setting. In both groups the greater the involvement of employees with their jobs, the greater the impact of their work on these aspects of their nonworking lives. Comparing the two groups, the policemen's jobs were more significant for their self-images, the policemen's choice of friends was more strongly influenced by their work, and the policemen's leisure-time interests and activities reflected their work more closely. Despite being highly involved with their jobs the work roles of the clerks did not have a very strong impact over their nonworking lives. It is argued from this finding that a high degree of involvement is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for a high degree of occupational determinateness.
Transfer of Old Associations to New Problems
Authors: Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments, involving 120 subjects, examined the influence of previously established associations on solution of the candle-on-the-wall problem. In Exp. I, subjects first learning a list-embedded, relevant association were more likely to solve the problem than control subjects who had learned a list-embedded, irrelevant association. The facilitative effect was greatest when subjects were informed, prior to the attempted solution, that one member of the list of associations could help them solve the problem, but the facilitative effort did appear even when subjects were uninformed. In Exp. II, where a verbal rather than a spatial problem was used, facilitation only occurred in the informed condition, underlining the importance of the relationship between the demands of a problem and the characteristics of prior associations.
Use of Psychological Testing in Symptom Detection in a Normal Population
Authors: Weinman Maxine L. , Levin Bruce Lubotsky , Mathew Roy J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the predictive value of using two standardized psychological tests in assessing common everyday complaints in a community survey of 100 normal healthy volunteers. The results of this study, together with previous research, confirm that these psychophysiological symptoms reflected mental health status and could be predicted through selective testing.
Prediction of Attitude Not Behavior: First Approximation
Authors: Shanker Prem
Published: September 2011

To predict changes in social attitudes by community development programs in India, a control group with no community project program and experimental groups with 3, 7, 10, 21, and 24 yr. of development work were selected. Adult male subjects from 24 villages were administered a social-distance scale at different intervals for several years. Using the number of years of project work as a predictor variable and social-distance scores as the criterion variable, predictions were made for the 24-yr. group by linear and curvilinear models. Although the curvilinear model showed the best mathematical fit, the linear model showed a more accurate prediction than the curvilinear model when compared with the actual obtained scores for the 24-yr. group.
Note on Maternal Authoritarian Attitudes and Cognitive Performance in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Camp Bonnie W.
Published: September 2011

Moderate correlations are reported between 27 maternal scores on the Authoritarian Family Ideology scale, the Washington University Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development, and kindergarten children's (12 girls and 15 boys) classroom behavior and cognitive test scores. Results confirmed predictions of significant negative correlations between maternal ideology scores, group cognitive test performance, and task-oriented classroom behavior, but not between the ideology scores and individual test performance.
Extra-Legal Variables Affecting Sentencing Decisions
Authors: Lichtenstein Karen R.
Published: September 2011

The recommendations and sentences of 826 convicted offenders were analyzed using multiple partial correlation to assess the specific effects of race on the sentencing process. Recommendations for one category of crime appeared to be influenced by the race of the offender. Specifically, black offenders received significantly harsher recommended sentences for drug crimes. However, a more detailed analysis indicated that blacks were more frequently convicted for narcotics violations, and whites were more frequently convicted for marijuana violations. Thus, the difference in sentence severity between blacks and whites convicted of drug crimes is explained, in part, by the type of drug involved. A comparison of sentences across judges showed substantial variation in the severity of sentences imposed by judges. While there were no significant differences in the recommendations made to judges, the most lenient judges gave 74% of the property offenders probation. In contrast, the most severe judges sent 71% of the property offenders to jail. Such disparities in sentencing demonstrate the inequities of the current criminal justice system.
Assessing Job Characteristics: When “Perceived” and “Objective” Measures Don't Converge
Authors: Steinberg Laurence D. , Greenberger Ellen , Ruggiero Mary
Published: September 2011

Personnel psychologists have long asked whether workers' own reports about their jobs (i.e., “perceived” information) resemble more “objective” assessments of their work settings. In the present paper convergence among three methods of assessing several job characteristics was examined. While workers' self-reports were significantly correlated with outsiders', i.e., non-incumbents', ratings, and outsiders' ratings, in turn, with behavioral observations, workers' reports were not correlated with the behavioral measures. Workers' reports about their jobs do not resemble behavioral profiles derived from observing them at work.