bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Design and Application of Dual-Signal Immunoassays
Authors: Ma Xiaohua , Ge Yijing , Xia Ning
Published: September 2024

Immunoassays have been widely used for the determination of various analytes in the fields of disease diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Dual-signal immunoassays are now advanced and integrated detection technologies with excellent self-correction and self-validation capabilities. In this work, we summarize the recent advances in the development of optical and electrochemical dual-signal immunoassays, including colorimetric, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, and photoelectrochemical methods. This review particularly emphasizes the working principle of diverse dual-signal immunoassays and the utilization of dual-functional molecules and nanomaterials. It also outlines the challenges and prospects of future research on dual-signal immunoassays.
Solvent-Controlled Strategy for Color-Tunable Fluorescence Carbon Dots and Their Application in Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , Zhao Hong
Published: September 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) offer tremendous advantages in the fields such as bioimaging, sensing, biomedicine, catalysis, information encryption, and optoelectronics. However, the inherent challenge is synthesizing CDs with a full-spectrum emission, as most CDs typically produce only blue or green emissions, which severely hinder further investigation into their fluorescence mechanism and restrict their broader applications in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In this work, we reported a solvent-controlled strategy for the preparation of multicolor CDs with blue, yellow, and red emissions, using o-phenylenediamine (oPD) and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6) as precursors. The detailed characterizations proved that a solvent with a lower boiling point and lower solubility of precursors resulted in a higher degree of dehydration and carbonization process, thereby increasing carbon cores with sp2-conjugated domains and nitrogen doping and further reducing the bandgap energies, causing a significant redshift emission from blue to red. The underlying fluorescence mechanism of the prepared multicolor CDs was contributed to the surface state. Eventually, blue-, yellow-, and red-emitting CDs based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films and colorful LEDs devices were fabricated by dispersing the as-synthesized CDs into a PVA solution. The proposed solvent-controlled strategy for multicolor CDs preparation will be helpful for fully utilizing the advantages of CDs and expanding their applications.
Isolation, Characterization, Moisturization and Anti-HepG2 Cell Activities of a Novel Polysaccharide from Cyanobacterium aponinum
Authors: Chen Zishuo , Wu Jiayi , Wang Na , Li Tao , Wu Houbo , Wu Hualian , Xiang Wenzhou
Published: September 2024

Polysaccharides from cyanobacteria are extensively reported for their complex structures, good biocompatibility, and diverse bioactivities, but only a few cyanobacterial species have been exploited for the biotechnological production of polysaccharides. According to our previous study, the newly isolated marine cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium aponinum SCSIO-45682 was a good candidate for polysaccharide production. This work provided a systematic study of the extraction optimization, isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of polysaccharides from C. aponinum SCSIO-45682. Results showed that the crude polysaccharide yield of C. aponinum reached 17.02% by hot water extraction. The crude polysaccharides showed a porous and fibrous structure, as well as good moisture absorption and retention capacities comparable to that of sodium alginate. A homogeneous polysaccharide (Cyanobacterium aponinum polysaccharide, CAP) was obtained after cellulose DEAE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 column purification. CAP possessed a high molecular weight of 4596.64 kDa. It was mainly composed of fucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 15.27:11.39:8.64. The uronic acid content and sulfate content of CAP was 12.96% and 18.06%, respectively. Furthermore, CAP showed an in vitro growth inhibition effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The above results indicated the potential of polysaccharides from the marine cyanobacterium C. aponinum SCSIO-45682 as a moisturizer and anticancer addictive applied in cosmetical and pharmaceutical industries.
Evaluation of the Effects of High Silver and Copper Nanoparticle Concentrations on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under Field Conditions
Authors: Peshkova Alexandra , Zinicovscaia Inga , Cepoi Liliana , Rudi Ludmila , Chiriac Tatiana , Yushin Nikita , Ganea Larisa
Published: September 2024

The extensive development of nanotechnologies has allowed nanoparticles to impact living systems through different pathways. The effect of single exposure to high concentrations of silver and copper nanoparticles (50–200 mg/L) on Vaccinium myrtillus L. under field conditions was investigated. Nanoparticle uptake in different segments of Vaccinium myrtillus L. was assessed by applying inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy and a particle-induced X-ray emission technique. Copper nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the roots and leaves, while silver nanoparticles showed a higher affinity for the roots and berries. The nanoparticles’ effects on the pigments and antioxidant activity of the plant’s leaves were also evaluated. The possible human health risk associated with the consumption of nanoparticle-contaminated berries was assessed. The results indicated that the consumption of berries contaminated with nanoparticles presented a low risk for human health.
Investigation of the Application of Reduced Graphene Oxide–SPION Quantum Dots for Magnetic Hyperthermia
Authors: Omar Haneen , Alkurdi Yara Ahmed , Fathima Arshia , Alsharaeh Edreese H.
Published: September 2024

Integrating hyperthermia with conventional cancer therapies shows promise in improving treatment efficacy while mitigating their side effects. Nanotechnology-based hyperthermia, particularly using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), offers a simplified solution for cancer treatment. In this study, we developed composites of SPION quantum dots (Fe3O4) with reduced graphene oxide (Fe3O4/RGO) using the coprecipitation method and investigated their potential application in magnetic hyperthermia. The size of Fe3O4 nanoparticles was controlled within the quantum dot range (≤10 nm) by varying the synthesis parameters, including reaction time as well as the concentration of ammonia and graphene oxide, where their biocompatibility was further improved with the inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG). These nanocomposites exhibited low cytotoxic effects on healthy cells (CHO-K1) over an incubation period of 24 h, though the inclusion of PEG enhanced their biocompatibility for longer incubation periods over 48 h. The Fe3O4/RGO composites dispersed in acidic pH buffer (pH 4.66) exhibited considerable heating effects, with the solution temperature increasing by ~10 °C within 5 min of exposure to pulsed magnetic fields, as compared to their dispersions in phosphate buffer and aqueous dimethylsulfoxide solutions. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using quantum dot Fe3O4/RGO composites for magnetic hyperthermia-based therapy to treat cancer, with further studies required to systematically optimize their magnetic properties and evaluate their efficacy for in vitro and in vivo applications.
Phase-Field Simulation of Spinodal Decomposition in U-50Zr Metallic Nuclear Fuel
Authors: La Yongxiao , Wen Chunyang , Feng Linna , Luo Yihui , Yun Di , Liu Wenbo
Published: September 2024

During the γ phase–δ phase transition, U-50Zr fuel experiences spinodal decomposition, which has a significant effect on fuel properties. However, little is known about the spinodal decomposition of U-50Zr. The spinodal decomposition behavior in U-50Zr is studied in this research using the phase-field approach. The mechanism of spinodal decomposition from a thermodynamic perspective is studied, and the effects of temperature and grain boundary (GB) on spinodal decomposition are analyzed. It is found that the concentration of U atoms in the U-rich phase formed during spinodal decomposition is as high as 90%. The U-rich phase first appears at the GB position, and precipitation phases appear inside the grain later. Ostwald ripening occurs when larger precipitation phases on the GB absorb isolated smaller precipitation phases inside the grain. The coarsening rate of precipitation phases and the time it takes for spinodal decomposition to achieve equilibrium are both influenced by temperature.
Graphene-Doped Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposite Film-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Sport Sensor
Authors: Yang Shujie , Larionova Tatiana , Kobykhno Ilya , Klinkov Victor , Shalnova Svetlana , Tolochko Oleg
Published: September 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as novel electronic devices for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, are better suited as signal-testing sensors or as components within larger wearable Internet of Things (IoT) or Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, where they handle small-device power supply and signal acquisition. Consequently, TENGs hold promising applications in self-powered sensor technology. As global energy supplies become increasingly tight, research into self-powered sensors has become critical. This study presents a self-powered sport sensor system utilizing a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which incorporates a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film doped with graphene and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as friction materials. The graphene-doped TPU nanocomposite film-based TENG (GT-TENG) demonstrates excellent working durability. Furthermore, the GT-TENG not only consistently powers an LED but also supplies energy to a sports timer and an electronic watch. It serves additionally as a self-powered sensor for monitoring human movement. The design of this self-powered motion sensor system effectively harnesses human kinetic energy, integrating it seamlessly with sport sensing capabilities.
Mobility Gaps of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Related to Hydrogen Concentration and Its Influence on Electrical Performance
Authors: Peverini Francesca , Aziz Saba , Bashiri Aishah , Bizzarri Marco , Boscardin Maurizio , Calcagnile Lucio , Calcatelli Carlo , Calvo Daniela , Caponi Silvia , Caprai Mirco , Caputo Domenico , Caricato Anna Paola , Catalano Roberto , Cirro Roberto , Cirrone Giuseppe Antonio Pablo , Crivellari Michele , Croci Tommaso , Cuttone Giacomo , de Cesare Gianpiero , De Remigis Paolo , Dunand Sylvain , Fabi Michele , Frontini Luca , Fanò Livio , Gianfelici Benedetta , Grimani Catia , Hammad Omar , Ionica Maria , Kanxheri Keida , Large Matthew , Lenta Francesca , Liberali Valentino , Lovecchio Nicola , Martino Maurizio , Maruccio Giuseppe , Mazza Giovanni , Menichelli Mauro , Monteduro Anna Grazia , Moscatelli Francesco , Morozzi Arianna , Nascetti Augusto , Pallotta Stefania , Papi Andrea , Passeri Daniele , Petasecca Marco , Petringa Giada , Pis Igor , Placidi Pisana , Quarta Gianluca , Rizzato Silvia , Rossi Alessandro , Rossi Giulia , Sabbatini Federico , Scorzoni Andrea , Servoli Leonello , Stabile Alberto , Tacchi Silvia , Talamonti Cinzia , Thomet Jonathan , Tosti Luca , Verzellesi Giovanni , Villani Mattia , Wheadon Richard James , Wyrsch Nicolas , Zema Nicola , Pedio Maddalena
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive study of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si)-based detectors, utilizing electrical characterization, Raman spectroscopy, photoemission, and inverse photoemission techniques. The unique properties of a-Si have sparked interest in its application for radiation detection in both physics and medicine. Although amorphous silicon (a-Si) is inherently a highly defective material, hydrogenation significantly reduces defect density, enabling its use in radiation detector devices. Spectroscopic measurements provide insights into the intricate relationship between the structure and electronic properties of a-Si, enhancing our understanding of how specific configurations, such as the choice of substrate, can markedly influence detector performance. In this study, we compare the performance of a-Si detectors deposited on two different substrates: crystalline silicon (c-Si) and flexible Kapton. Our findings suggest that detectors deposited on Kapton exhibit reduced sensitivity, despite having comparable noise and leakage current levels to those on crystalline silicon. We hypothesize that this discrepancy may be attributed to the substrate material, differences in film morphology, and/or the alignment of energy levels. Further measurements are planned to substantiate these hypotheses.
High-Performance Planar Broadband Hot-Electron Photodetection through Platinum–Dielectric Triple Junctions
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Wang Yongmei , Li Yaoyao , Cui Weihao , Hu Junhui , Zhou Qingjia , Shao Weijia
Published: September 2024

Recently, planar and broadband hot-electron photodetectors (HE PDs) were established but exhibited degraded performances due to the adoptions of the single-junction configurations and the utilizations of absorbable films with thicknesses larger than the electronic mean free path. In this work, we present a five-layer design for planar HE PDs assisted by triple junctions in which an ultrathin Pt layer dominates the broadband and displays strong optical absorption (>0.9 from 900 nm to 1700 nm). Optical studies reveal that the optical admittance matching between optical admittances of designed device and air at all interested wavelengths is responsible for broadband light-trapping that induces prominent energy depositions in Pt layers. Electrical investigations show that, benefitting from suppressed hot-electron transport losses and increased hot-electron harvesting junctions, the predicted responsivity of the designed HE PD is up to 8.51 mA/W at 900 nm. Moreover, the high average absorption (responsivity) of 0.96 (3.66 mA/W) is substantially sustained over a broad incidence angle regardless of the polarizations of incident light. The comparison studies between five-layer and three-layer devices emphasize the superiority of five-layer design in strong optical absorption in Pt layers and efficient hot-electron extraction.
Large-Scale High-Accuracy and High-Efficiency Phase Plate Machining
Authors: Wang Guanhua , Liu Zhaoxiang , Song Lvbin , Guan Jianglin , Chen Wei , Liu Jian , Chen Jinming , Wang Min , Cheng Ya
Published: September 2024

In this paper, multifunctional, multilevel phase plates of quartz substrate were efficiently prepared by using a newly developed polygon scanner-based femtosecond laser photolithography system combined with inductively coupled discharge plasma reactive-ion etching (ICP-RIE) technology. The femtosecond laser photolithography system can achieve a scanning speed of 5 m/s and a preparation efficiency of 15 cm2/h while ensuring an overlay alignment accuracy of less than 100 nm and a writing resolution of 500 nm. The ICP-RIE technology can control the etching depth error within ±5 nm and the mask-to-mask edge error is less than 1 μm. An 8-level Fresnel lens phase plate with a focal length of 20 mm and an 8-level Fresnel axicon phase plate with a cone angle of 5° were demonstrated. The diffraction efficiency was greater than 93%, and their performance was tested for focusing and glass cutting, respectively. Combined with the high-speed femtosecond laser photolithography system’s infinite field-of-view (IFOV) processing capability, the one-time direct writing preparation of phase plate masks of different sizes was realized on a 6-inch wafer. This is expected to reduce the production cost of quartz substrate diffractive optical elements and promote their customized mass production.
Stable Field Emission from Single-Crystalline Zirconium Carbide Nanowires
Authors: Wu Yimeng , Tang Jie , Tang Shuai , Chen You-Hu , Chiu Ta-Wei , Takeguchi Masaki , Qin Lu-Chang
Published: September 2024

The <100> oriented single-crystalline Zirconium Carbide (ZrC) nanowires were controllably synthesized on a graphite substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with optimized growth parameters involving Zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4), flow of methane (CH4), and growth temperature. The length of nanowires is above 10 µm while the diameter is smaller than 100 nm. A single ZrC nanowire was picked up and fixed on a tungsten tip for field emission measurement. After surface pretreatments, a sharpened and cleaned ZrC nanowire emitter showed a high emission current density of 1.1 × 1010 A m−2 at a low turn-on voltage of 440 V. The field emission is stable for 150 min with a fluctuation of 1.77%. This work provides an effective method for synthesizing and stabilizing single-crystalline ZrC nanowire emitters as an electron source for electron-beam applications.
Peanut Allergy in Children—Is Prevention Better than Cure?
Authors: Krejner-Bienias Alicja , Łyżwa Klementyna , Krupa-Łaska Anna , Zielińska Joanna , Kulus Marek , Grzela Katarzyna
Published: September 2024

Peanut allergy, one of the most frequently occurring allergies, usually starts in childhood and rarely subsides—often persisting throughout adult life. Accidental exposure to peanuts can often result in adverse reactions ranging from mild to life-threatening, such as anaphylactic shock. Historically, food avoidance and the use of rescue drugs have remained a fundamental management mechanism for dealing with food allergy. However, prevention of adverse reactions to food allergy is playing an increasing role. This is possible through the early introduction of peanuts into the diet, especially in infants at risk of this allergy. In recent years, specific immunotherapy has been used to develop desensitisation and, in some patients, tolerance—defined as a persistent state of clinical non-reactivity to the allergen after therapy is finished. The aim of this article is to summarise the current state of knowledge on the prevention and treatment of peanut allergy, with a focus on clinical trials, current guidelines, and recent experimental studies. This review may be particularly useful for paediatricians and general practitioners.
Emerging Targets and Treatments for Sarcopenia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Cacciatore Stefano , Calvani Riccardo , Esposito Ilaria , Massaro Claudia , Gava Giordana , Picca Anna , Tosato Matteo , Marzetti Emanuele , Landi Francesco
Published: September 2024

Background: Sarcopenia is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, significantly impacting overall health and quality of life in older adults. This narrative review explores emerging targets and potential treatments for sarcopenia, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of current and prospective interventions. Methods: The review synthesizes current literature on sarcopenia treatment, focusing on recent advancements in muscle regeneration, mitochondrial function, nutritional strategies, and the muscle–microbiome axis. Additionally, pharmacological and lifestyle interventions targeting anabolic resistance and neuromuscular junction integrity are discussed. Results: Resistance training and adequate protein intake remain the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. Emerging strategies include targeting muscle regeneration through myosatellite cell activation, signaling pathways, and chronic inflammation control. Gene editing, stem cell therapy, and microRNA modulation show promise in enhancing muscle repair. Addressing mitochondrial dysfunction through interventions aimed at improving biogenesis, ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress is also highlighted. Nutritional strategies such as leucine supplementation and anti-inflammatory nutrients, along with dietary modifications and probiotics targeting the muscle–microbiome interplay, are discussed as potential treatment options. Hydration and muscle–water balance are emphasized as critical in maintaining muscle health in older adults. Conclusions: A combination of resistance training, nutrition, and emerging therapeutic interventions holds potential to significantly improve muscle function and overall health in the aging population. This review provides a detailed exploration of both established and novel approaches for the prevention and management of sarcopenia, highlighting the need for further research to optimize these strategies.
Advances in Chitosan-Based Smart Hydrogels for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Authors: Piotrowska Urszula , Orzechowska Klaudia
Published: September 2024

Despite advancements in early detection and treatment in developed countries, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Conventional chemotherapy, a key option for CRC treatment, has several drawbacks, including poor selectivity and the development of multiple drug resistance, which often lead to severe side effects. In recent years, the use of polysaccharides as drug delivery systems (DDSs) to enhance drug efficacy has gained significant attention. Among these polysaccharides, chitosan (CS), a linear, mucoadhesive polymer, has shown promise in cancer treatment. This review summarizes current research on the potential applications of CS-based hydrogels as DDSs for CRC treatment, with a particular focus on smart hydrogels. These smart CS-based hydrogel systems are categorized into two main types: stimuli-responsive injectable hydrogels that undergo sol-gel transitions in situ, and single-, dual-, and multi-stimuli-responsive CS-based hydrogels capable of releasing drugs in response to various triggers. The review also discusses the structural characteristics of CS, the methods for preparing CS-based hydrogels, and recent scientific advances in smart CS-based hydrogels for CRC treatment.
Safety and Efficacy of Extracorporeal Photopheresis for Acute and Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease
Authors: Gavriilaki Eleni , Papchianou Eleni , Karavalakis Giorgos , Batsis Ioannis , Panteliadou Alkistis , Lazaridou Andriana , Mallouri Despina , Constantinou Varnavas , Karvouni Paraskevi , Evangelidis Paschalis , Papakonstantinou Anna , Papalexandri Apostolia , Kaloyannidis Panayotis , Spyridis Nikolaos , Bousiou Zoi , Vardi Anna , Yannaki Evangelia , Sotiropoulos Damianos , Sakellari Ioanna
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite novel biological agents, steroid-dependent or -refractory graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains a severe complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an alternative, non-immunosuppressive treatment for patients with acute (aGvHD) or chronic (cGvHD) GvHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of ECP in the treatment of acute and chronic GvHD; Methods: We prospectively studied 112 patients with cGvHD who received one or more previous lines of treatment and 28 patients with steroid-dependent or refractory grade II-IV aGvHD post-alloHSCT. Results: In terms of severe aGvHD, most of the patients (19/28) responded to ECP treatment, while the five-year overall survival (OS) was 34%. After adjustment for several confounder factors, the reduction in immunosuppression (p = 0.026) and number of ECP sessions (p < 0.001) were associated with improved OS. Regarding chronic GvHD, only 19 patients failed to respond to ECP treatment; though significantly lower rates of response were presented in patients with visceral involvement (p = 0.037) and earlier post-transplant GVHD diagnosis (p = 0.001). Over a follow-up period of 45.2 [interquartile range (IQR): 5.6–345.1] months, the 5-year cumulative incidence (CI) of cGvHD-related mortality was 21.2% and was significantly reduced in patients with ECP response (p < 0.001), while the 5-year OS was 65.3%. Conclusions: Our results confirm the safety and efficacy of ECP in patients with GvHD and provide sufficient data for further investigation and the best combination drugs needed such that GvHD will not be the major barrier of allo-HCT in the near future.
Ultrasound-Assisted Solid-Phase Affibody Synthesis Using ZEGFR:1907 as an Example—Superior to the Conventional Protocol?
Authors: Prochiner Marie , Judmann Benedikt , Ruder Alina , Wängler Björn , Schirrmacher Ralf , Wängler Carmen
Published: September 2024

Background: Affibody molecules represent a class of highly specific binders of particular interest for the development of highly affine target-specific radiopharmaceuticals. Their chemical synthesis is, however, intricate due to their considerable length of 58 amino acids; thus, approaches to optimize their preparation are constantly being sought. Methods: As ultrasound assistance has recently been shown to increase the efficiency of amino acid conjugation during solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), the influence of ultrasonication on the outcome of the SPPS-based preparation of the EGFR-specific affibody ZEGFR:1907 was compared to a common protocol relying on mechanical shaking. Results: After the identification of a suitable solid support for the study, the execution of the systematic comparison of both approaches showed that conventional and ultrasound-assisted syntheses yielded equivalent results with analogous composition of the raw products. Further, both approaches produced the affibody in good isolated yields of >20% when applying the same optimal reagent excesses and coupling times for the conjugation of each amino acid. This indicates that, under optimal reaction conditions, the choice of solid support used has a much stronger influence on the outcome of the preparation of ZEGFR:1907 than the application of ultrasound, which did not further improve the synthesis results. Conclusions: Therefore, for the chemical synthesis of affibodies, great attention should be paid to the choice of a suitable solid support, enabling this highly interesting class of biomolecules to be obtained in good yields and to bring them more into the focus of radiopharmaceutical research.
The Development and Evaluation of a Novel Highly Selective PET Radiotracer for Targeting BET BD1
Authors: Wang Yanli , Wang Yongle , Xu Yulong , Kang Leyi , Tocci Darcy , Wang Changning
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Small molecules that interfere with the interaction between acetylated protein tails and the tandem bromodomains of BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal) family proteins are pivotal in modulating immune/inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. This study aimed to develop a novel PET imaging tracer, [11C]GSK023, that targets the N-terminal bromodomain (BD1) of BET family proteins with high selectivity and potency, thereby enriching the chemical probe toolbox for epigenetic imaging. Methods: [11C]GSK023, a radio-chemical probe, was designed and synthesized to specifically target the BET BD1. In vivo PET imaging evaluations were conducted on rodents, focusing on the tracer’s distribution and binding specificity in various tissues. Blocking studies were performed to confirm the probe’s selectivity and specificity. Results: The evaluations revealed that [11C]GSK023 demonstrated good uptake in peripheral organs with limited brain penetration. Further blocking studies confirmed the probe’s high binding specificity and selectivity for the BET BD1 protein, underscoring its potential utility in epigenetic imaging. Conclusions: The findings suggest that [11C]GSK023 is a promising PET probe for imaging the BET BD1 protein, offering the potential to deepen our understanding of the roles of BET bro-modomains in disease and their application in clinical settings to monitor disease progression and therapeutic responses.
An Efficient Fabrication Approach for Multi-Cancer Responsive Chemoimmuno Co-Delivery Nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Jianxi , Chien Yu-Ting , Mu Qingxin , Zhang Miqin
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death, with breast, liver, and pancreatic cancers significantly contributing to this burden. Traditional treatments face issues including dose-limiting toxicity, drug resistance, and limited efficacy. Combining therapeutic agents can enhance effectiveness and reduce toxicity, but separate administration often leads to inefficiencies due to differing pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Co-formulating hydrophobic chemotherapeutics such as paclitaxel (PTX) and hydrophilic immunologic agents such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly IC) is particularly challenging due to their distinct physicochemical properties. This study presents a novel and efficient approach for the co-delivery of PTX and Poly IC using chitosan-based nanoparticles. Method: Chitosan-PEG (CP) nanoparticles were developed to encapsulate both PTX and Poly IC, overcoming their differing physicochemical properties and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Results: With an average size of ~100 nm, these nanoparticles facilitate efficient cellular uptake and stability. In vitro results showed that CP-PTX-Poly IC nanoparticles significantly reduced cancer cell viability in breast (4T1), liver (HepG2), and pancreatic (Pan02) cancer types, while also enhancing dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Conclusions: This dual-modal delivery system effectively combines chemotherapy and immunotherapy, offering a promising solution for more effective cancer treatment and improved outcomes.
Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Antibody and Antibody Fragments Following Systemic and Local Administration in Mice
Authors: Jagdale Prabhas , Verma Ashwni , Shah Dhaval K.
Published: September 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of molecular size on the pulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of proteins following systemic and local administration in wild-type mice. Methods: A non-cross-reactive antibody trastuzumab, and F(ab′)2, Fab, and scFv fragments of this antibody were used for the investigation. Proteins were injected intravenously or via intratracheal instillation, and PK was measured in plasma, lungs, trachea, bronchi, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using ELISA. Concentrations in BAL were urea normalized. Results: Following systemic administration, the biodistribution coefficient (BC) for lungs, trachea, bronchi, and BAL was 11%, 11%, 15%, and 2% for the antibody; 15%, 7%, 13%, and 8% for F(ab′)2; 25%, 17%, 28%, and 46% for Fab; and 14%, 1%, 2%, and 50% for scFv. The antibody exposure in BAL was ~50-fold lower than plasma and ~5–7-fold lower than lung tissues. A tissue-dependent BC vs. molecular size relationship was observed, where distribution in tissues was the highest for Fab (50 kDa), and scFv demonstrated the highest distribution in the BAL. PK data generated following local administration were quite variable; however, local dosing resulted in BAL exposures that were 10–100-fold higher than those achieved after systemic dosing for all proteins. The BAL antibody concentrations were 100–1000-fold higher than plasma concentrations initially, which normalized by day 14. For most proteins, local dosing resulted in higher lung concentrations than trachea and bronchi, opposite to what was observed after systemic dosing. Conclusions: The PK data presented here provide an unprecedented quantitative insight into the effect of molecular size on the pulmonary disposition of proteins following systemic and local administration.
Investigation of the Impact of Manufacturing Methods on Protein-Based Long-Acting Injectable Formulations: A Comparative Assessment for Microfluidics vs. Conventional Methods
Authors: Yonet-Tanyeri Nihan , Parker Robert S. , Falo Louis D. , Little Steven R.
Published: September 2024

Background/Objectives: Microparticle-based drug delivery systems offer several advantages for protein-based drug formulations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficiency through the sustained delivery of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Over the past few decades, the microfluidics method has emerged as a continuous manufacturing process for preparing drug-encapsulating microparticles, mainly for small molecule drugs. However, comparative assessments for the conventional batch method vs. the microfluidics method for protein-based drug formulations have been lacking. The main objective of this study was to generate immunomodulatory protein drug-loaded injectable formulations using both conventional batch and microfluidics methods. Methods: Therefore, rhCCL22-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles were prepared by conventional homogenization and microfluidics methods. Results: The resulting microparticles were analyzed comparatively, focusing on critical quality attributes such as microparticle size, size distribution, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics, and batch-to-batch variations in relation to the manufacturing method. Our results demonstrated that the conventional method resulted in microparticles with denser surface porosity and wider size distribution as opposed to microparticles prepared by the microfluidics method, which could contribute to a significant difference in the drug-release kinetics. Additionally, our findings indicated minimal variation within batches for the microparticles prepared by the microfluidics method. Conclusion: Overall, this study highlights the comparative assessment of several critical quality attributes and batch variations associated with the manufacturing methods of protein-loaded microparticles which is crucial for ensuring consistency in efficacy, regulatory compliance, and quality control in the drug formulation manufacturing process.
Quality by Design (QbD) Approach to Develop Colon-Specific Ketoprofen Hot-Melt Extruded Pellets: Impact of Eudragit® S 100 Coating on the In Vitro Drug Release
Authors: Vemula Sateesh Kumar , Narala Sagar , Uttreja Prateek , Narala Nagarjuna , Daravath Bhaskar , Kalla Chamundeswara Srinivasa Akash , Baisa Srikanth , Munnangi Siva Ram , Chella Naveen , Repka Michael A.
Published: September 2024

Background: A pelletizer paired with hot-melt extrusion technology (HME) was used to develop colon-targeted pellets for ketoprofen (KTP). Thermal stability and side effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract made ketoprofen more suitable for this work. Methods: The pellets were prepared using the enzyme-triggered polymer Pectin LM in the presence of HPMC HME 4M, followed by pH-dependent Eudragit® S 100 coating to accommodate the maximum drug release in the colon by minimizing drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Box–Behnken Design (BBD) was used for response surface optimization of the proportion of different independent variables like Pectin LM (A), HPMC HME 4M (B), and Eudragit® S 100 (C) required to lower the early drug release in upper GIT and to extend the drug release in the colon. Results: Solid-state characterization studies revealed that ketoprofen was present in a solid solution state in the hot-melt extruded polymer matrix. The desired responses of the prepared optimized KTP pellets obtained by considering the designed space showed 1.20% drug release in 2 h, 3.73% in the first 5 h of the lag period with the help of Eudragit® S 100 coating, and 93.96% in extended release up to 24 h in the colonic region. Conclusions: Hence, developing Eudragit-coated hot-melt extruded pellets could be a significant method for achieving the colon-specific release of ketoprofen.
Effects of Pharmacist-Led Interventions Regarding Adult Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mexico: A Systematic Review
Authors: Blanco-Vega Dulce D. , Reyes-López Alfonso , Vargas-Neri Jessica L. , Osnaya-Valencia Frida I.
Published: September 2024

In Mexico, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health concern. As experts in drug therapy, pharmacists are essential additions to multidisciplinary diabetes patient care teams. There have been no systematic reviews or meta-analyses performed on pharmacist-led interventions (PIs) in Mexico; therefore, the impact of PIs on patients remains poorly explored. An electronic search of the PubMed, SciELO and BVS databases and certain institutional repositories was conducted in English and Spanish through 24 August 2021 with a subsequent update through June 2024. A total of 1302 potentially relevant studies were identified in the initial search, of which nine met the eligibility criteria and were included in this systematic review. The results suggest that PIs, such as pharmacotherapeutic follow-up and patient education, may have positive effects on outcomes in Mexican patients with T2DM. PIs led to significant reductions in glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and arterial blood pressure levels, general reductions in body mass index and negative outcomes associated with medication, as well as significant improvements in therapeutic adherence and patient knowledge in the intervention group during follow-up periods of 3–12 months. Further well-designed research, including controlled studies with adequate sample sizes and standardized tools, is essential to fully understand the effects of PIs regarding patients with T2DM in Mexico.
Target Recognition Based on Singular Value Decomposition in a Single-Pixel Non-Imaging System
Authors: Chen Lin-Shan , Zhao Yi-Ning , Ren Cheng , Wang Chong , Cao De-Zhong
Published: September 2024

We propose a single-pixel non-imaging target recognition scheme which that exploits the singular values of target objects. By choosing the first few singular values and the corresponding unitary matrices in the singular value decomposition of all the targets, we form the measurement matrices to be projected onto the target in a single-pixel non-imaging scheme. One can quickly and accurately recognize the target images after directly recording the single-pixel signals. From the simulation and experimental results, we found that the accuracy of target recognition was high when the first three singular values were used. The efficiency of target recognition was improved by randomly rearranging the orders of the row vectors in the measurement matrix. Therefore, our research results offer a novel perspective for recognizing non-imaging targets.
Comparative Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Biochemical Activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. Essential Oil Extracted from Distinct Shaded Plants
Authors: Nurcholis Waras , Rahmadansah Rahmadansah , Astuti Puji , Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo , Arianti Rini , Kristóf Endre
Published: September 2024

The application of shade during plants’ growth significantly alters the biochemical compounds of the essential oil (EO). We aimed to analyze the effect of shade on the volatile compounds and biochemical activities of EO extracted from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (C. xanthorrhiza) plants. Four shading conditions were applied: no shading (S0), 25% (S25), 50% (S50), and 75% shade (S75). The volatile compounds of EO extracted from each shaded plant were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities of EO were also investigated. We found that shade application significantly reduced the C. xanthorrhiza EO yield but increased its aroma and bioactive compound concentration. α-curcumene, xanthorrhizol, α-cedrene, epicurzerenone, and germacrone were found in EO extracted from all conditions. However, β-bisabolol, curzerene, curcuphenol, and γ-himachalene were only detected in the EO of S75 plants. The EO of the shaded plants also showed higher antioxidant activity as compared to unshaded ones. In addition, the EO extracted from S75 exerted higher antiproliferative activity on HeLa cells as compared to S0. The EO extracted from S0 and S25 showed higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than kanamycin. Our results suggest that shade applications alter the composition of the extractable volatile compounds in C. xanthorrhiza, which may result in beneficial changes in the biochemical activity of the EO.
The Role of Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbial Interactions in Phosphorus Activation and Utilization in Plant–Soil Systems: A Review
Authors: Zhu Ying , Xing Yijing , Li Yue , Jia Jingyi , Ying Yeqing , Shi Wenhui
Published: September 2024

To address the issue of phosphorus limitation in agricultural and forestry production and to identify green and economical alternatives to chemical phosphorus fertilizers, this paper reviews the utilization of phosphorus in plant–soil systems and explores the considerable potential for exploiting endogenous phosphorus resources. The application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) is emphasized for their role in phosphorus activation and plant growth promotion. A focus is placed on microbial interactions as an entry point to regulate the functional rhizosphere microbiome, introducing the concept of synthetic communities. This approach aims to deepen the understanding of PSM interactions across plant root, soil, and microbial interfaces, providing a theoretical foundation for the development and application of biological regulation technologies to enhance phosphorus utilization efficiency.
Urchin-like WO3 Particles Form Honeycomb-like Structured PLA/WO3 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Crystallinity, Thermal Stability, Rheological, and UV-Blocking and Antifungal Activity
Authors: Daikhi Sihem , Hammani Salim , Guerziz Soumia , Alsaeedi Huda , Sayegh Syreina , Bechlany Mikhael , Barhoum Ahmed
Published: September 2024

The development of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites incorporating urchin-like WO3 particles through a cost-effective solution-casting method has led to significant enhancements in structural, thermal, optical, and rheological properties. The incorporation of these WO3 particles up to 7 wt% resulted in the formation of an irregular honeycomb-like morphology with broad pore sizes ranging from 14.1 to 24.7 µm, as confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis. The urchin-like WO3 particles acted as effective nucleating agents, increasing the crystallinity of PLA from 40% to 50% and achieving an impressive overall crystallinity rate of 97%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed an 11 K reduction in the crystalline phase transition temperature while maintaining stable melting (Tm) and glass transition (Tg) temperatures. Thermal analysis indicated a significant decrease in the onset of degradation and maximum thermal stability (Tmax), with a reduction of 21 K due to the incorporation of the WO3 particles. Optical measurements showed enhancement of UV-blocking properties from 9% to 55% with the WO3 particle loading. Rheological tests demonstrated substantial improvements in viscoelastic properties, including a remarkable 30-fold increase in storage modulus, suggesting enhanced gel formation. Although the nanocomposites showed minimal antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, they exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans. These results underscore the potential of the PLA/WO3 nanocomposites for advanced material applications, particularly where enhanced mechanical, thermal, optical, and antifungal performance is required.
Upcycling of Expanded Polystyrene Waste-Impregnated PVP Using Wet-Phase Inversion for Effective Microalgae Harvesting
Authors: Sriani Tutik , Mahardika Muslim , Aldhama Shofa Aulia , Wulandari Chandrawati Putri , Prihandana Gunawan Setia
Published: September 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of upcycling Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) waste collected from food packaging into a membrane for microalgae harvesting, in which membrane filtration often challenges fouling and pore blocking. The target species is Spirulina platensis, with Chlorella vulgaris as a comparison agent. The membrane was fabricated from used Styrofoam, which typically ends up as single-use food packaging waste. In this study, PVP was used as an additive at varying concentrations, from 2 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The experimental results indicated that despite varying PVP concentrations, all EPS waste membranes exhibited near-complete recovery of Spirulina platensis biomass extraction. Despite the similar harvesting efficiency, EPS/PVP-8 exhibited the largest flux of 970.5 LMH/Bar, which is twice the value of the pristine EPS waste membrane. All membranes were hydrophilic; however, hydrophobicity increased with PVP concentration. SEM micrographs revealed that PVP enlarged the membrane surface pores and improved connectivity within the membrane’s structure, ensuring efficient flow. The EPS waste membrane offers promising insights for sustainable materials and wastewater treatment. The upcycling of EPS waste into flat sheet membranes not only addresses the problem of Styrofoam waste accumulation but also paves the way to transform waste into valuable products.
RETRACTED: Hu et al. Hybrid Application of Nanoparticles and Polymer in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. Polymers 2021, 13, 1414
Authors: Hu Yanqiu , Zhao Zeyuan , Dong Huijie , Vladimirovna Mikhailova Maria , Davarpanah Afshin
Published: September 2024

The journal retracts the article titled “Hybrid Application of Nanoparticles and Polymer in Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes” [...]
Enhanced Synthesis of Poly(1,4-butanediol itaconate) via Box–Behnken Design Optimization
Authors: Miętus Magdalena , Cegłowski Mateusz , Gołofit Tomasz , Gadomska-Gajadhur Agnieszka
Published: September 2024

At present, there are too few organ and tissue donors. Due to the needs of the medical market, scientists are seeking new solutions. Those can be found in tissue engineering by synthesizing synthetic cell scaffolds. We have decided to synthesize a potential UV-crosslinked bio-ink for 3D printing, poly(1,4-butanediol itaconate), in response to emerging needs. Diol polyesters are commonly investigated for their use in tissue engineering. However, itaconic acid makes it possible to post-modify the obtained polymer via UV-crosslinking. This work aims to optimize the synthesis of poly(1,4-butanediol itaconate) in the presence of a catalyst, zinc acetate, without using any toxic reactant. The experiments used itaconic acid and 1,4-butanediol using the Box–Behnken mathematical planning method. The input variables were the amount of the catalyst used, as well as the time and temperature of the synthesis. The optimized output variables were the percentage conversion of carboxyl groups, the percentage of unreacted C=C bonds, and the product’s visual and viscosity analysis. The significance of the varying synthesis parameters was determined in each statistical model. The optimum conditions were as follows: amount of catalyst 0.3%nCOOH, reaction time 4 h, and temperature 150 °C. The temperature had the most significant impact on the product characteristics, mainly due to side reactions. Experimentally developed models of the polymerization process enable the effective synthesis of a polymer “tailor-made” for a specific application.
Highly Stretchable Composite Conductive Fibers (SCCFs) and Their Applications
Authors: Tang Diane , Qu Ruixiang , Xiang Huacui , He Enjian , Hu Hanshi , Ma Zhijun , Liu Guojun , Wei Yen , Ji Jiujiang
Published: September 2024

Stretchable composite conductive fibers (SCCFs) exhibit remarkable conductivity, stretchability, breathability, and biocompatibility, making them ideal candidates for wearable electronics and bioelectronics. The exploitation of SCCFs in electronic devices requires a careful balance of many aspects, including material selection and process methodologies, to address the complex challenges associated with their electrical and mechanical properties. In this review, we elucidate the conductive mechanism of SCCFs and summarize strategies for integrating various conductors with stretchable fibers, emphasizing the primary challenges in fabricating highly conductive fibers. Furthermore, we explore the multifaceted applications of SCCFs-based frameworks in wearable electronic devices. This review aims to emphasize the significance of SCCFs and offers insights into their conductive mechanisms, material selection, manufacturing technologies, and performance improvement. Hopefully, it can guide the innovative development of SCCFs and broaden their application potential.