bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSACTION-LEVEL DESIGNING OF NEUROMORPHIC PROCESSORS MICROARCHITECTURE
Authors: Lukashov Ivan , Antonov Alexander
Published: December 2024

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a promising research direction to their ability to imitate certain functions of brain. Hardware acceleration of SNN can offer orders of magnitude increase in performance and power efficiency. However, traditional hardware description languages have a barrier for rapid development and prototyping of custom internal hardware mechanisms that affect hardware construction throughout the entire processor structure. Mainstream high-level design methods also have disadvantages, e.g. poor focus on transaction streams management description in dynamically scheduled pipelined structures. To accelerate development of custom neuromorphic processors, we propose Neuromorphix software library, which implements a flexible, reconfigurable microarchitectural template enabling selection of a set of transactions specific to neuromorphic processors. Neuromorphix is based on the previously developed ActiveCore open-source framework, which provides a hardware-oriented intermediate representation for generation of hardware data types, operations and behavioral logic. Development process is accelerated by automatic generation of hardware structures typical for neuromorphic processors using transaction-level approach. At the same time, Neuromorphix supports the option to integrate user-defined hardware blocks and also enables reuse of high-level hardware mechanisms which allows to achieve fold decrease of entry barrier for a wide range of neuromorphic processors developers.
UTILIZING ALGORITHMS FOR IMAGING MEDICAL RESULTS FROM CT, MRI, AND PET INTO VIRTUAL REALITY
Authors: Kardasz Piotr , Kolebski Krzysztof , Jednaszewski Piotr
Published: December 2024

Utilizing algorithms for imaging medical results from CT, MRI, and PET into Virtual Reality. There is a growing interest in the field of medical imaging in understanding the impact of algorithm parameters on the quality and interpretability of the obtained images. In the developed software VRMed3D aimed at educating students using medical images in virtual reality technology, Gaussian noise was utilized to identify the most effective edge detection algorithms. The search was for an algorithm that provided the most optimal quality of generated images while maintaining the shortest possible waiting time. The aim of this study is to present the results of tests on the impact of changing input parameters of algorithms on the outcome. The article discusses the current state of research, then describes the conducted analysis of algorithms: Gaussian noise, grouping neighboring illumination values, noise removal, and edge detection. Finally, the effects of algorithm configurations on the final outcome are discussed.
CALIBRATION OF MEASURING TAPES
Authors: Kajanek Pavol , Honti Richard , Kopacik Alojz , Erdelyi Jan , Kyrinovic Peter
Published: December 2024

Due to usage, handling, and improper storage, measuring tapes undergo changes in their condition over time. For this reason, regular inspection is necessary to ensure the desired quality of results, aiming to verify the accuracy of the tape and its usability in practice. During the calibration of measuring tapes, the position of the scale divisions on the tape is evaluated using a device known as a horizontal comparator. This device consists of a linear base on which a carriage with evaluating equipment, in our case a camera, is automatically moved. The position of the carriage movement is measured by laser interferometer. To eliminate the very laborious and time-consuming precise positioning of the camera over the division on the scale, the position of the division relative to the camera's projection centre is evaluated by processing the image of the calibrated tape. The article describes this novel solution and the device developed for this purpose. Using the developed comparator, calibration of tapes and other length measures, such as levelling staffs could be done. The entire calibration process is autonomous, thanks the user interface developed for the calibration process. Second part of the article focuses on the analysis of results and their comparison with another laboratory.
FINAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE EARTH�S CRUST HEIGHT MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN TERRITORY
Authors: Bukac Blazenka , Razumovic Ivan , Rozic Nevio
Published: December 2024

The paper presents a quality evaluation of the kinematic model concerning the relative height movement of the Earth�s crust that refers to the territory of the Republic of Croatia. This kinematic model enables determination of vertical displacements and movement speeds of discrete points on the Earth�s crust. So far, the quality of the model has been rated only for certain parts of the Croatian territory, but this paper shows the results of the model�s quality evaluation for the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia. The model�s quality is evaluated using the geometric levelling measurements of the 2nd order state network by applying the indirect quality assessment method. The criteria for measurement accuracy are determined at both the a priori and the a posteriori level and are expressed with reference probable errors. In the first case, the quality assessment is based on the levelling loop misclosures before network adjustment using the original and reduced measurements, and in the second case, on the network adjustment results using the original and the reduced measurements. The results indicate quite a successful elimination of the systematic effect of the relative height movements of the crust from the levelling measurements of the 2nd order network, leading to the final conclusion that the height movement kinematic model for the entire Croatian territory can be reliably used for the determination of regional relative height changes due to vertical crustal movements with the centimetre level of accuracy.
LINE DISCREPANCIES AS WEIGHTS IN THE ADJUSTMENT OF PRECISE LEVELLING NETWORKS
Authors: Cvetkov Vasil
Published: December 2024

Precise levelling networks play an important role in the research of many scientific processes, e.g. the recent crustal movements, the change of ocean and sea levels, geoid or quasi-geoid, etc. Their appropriate adjustment goes through the choice of suitable weights, which have physical common sense and minimize the standard errors of the adjusted heights. The conventional weights are supposed to be inversely proportional to the length of levelling lines, due to the assumption that the accumulation of errors in the geometric levelling is proportional to the square root of the distance between benchmarks. On the other hand, it is a well-known fact that the more accurate random observations are, the less is their spread around the quantity expectation. Thus, the absolute values of the discrepancies in the lines in levelling networks seem reasonable and natural candidates of weights. In order to check the �supremacy� of the conventional weights in the geometric levelling, we adjusted the Third Levelling network of Finland in two variants. In the first variant, we used the traditional weights inversely proportional to the length of the levelling lines. In the second variant, we used weights inversely proportional to the absolute values of the discrepancies in the lines. The t-Test Paired Samples for means applied with the means of the sample of the standard errors yielded by both variants revealed that the second variant produced statistically significant better results at significance level greater than 99 %.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING THE HANDHELD SCANNER FOR THE REAL ESTATE CADASTRE
Authors: Jadviscok Petr , Jadviscokova Tereza , Dandos Rostislav , Plesnik Jiri
Published: December 2024

Mobile handheld laser scanning is already an established technology in today's surveying practice. Mobile handheld scanners are mostly used for surveying and 3D rendering of indoor spaces. However, the subject of this paper will be the area of real estate cadastre. The aim of this paper is to verify the capabilities of mobile handheld laser scanning technology for cadastre of real estate purposes. The paper will focus specifically on surveying activities related to the production of a survey sketch for designation of the building on the cadastral map. The real accuracy of the survey and the efficiency of the measurement will be analysed. Factors that may negatively affect the resulting accuracy and usability will also be evaluated. The aim will be to verify and analyse the situation on concrete data obtained in a real terrain during practical measurements. The experimental measurements will be carried out on an atypical building. The results obtained with the Leica BLK2GO will be compared with the results of combined GNSS and terrestrial surveying using a total station. For measurement work in the cadastre of real estate in the Czech Republic it is necessary to use the binding coordinate reference system S-JTSK. The issue of transformation to the binding reference system will also be part of the paper.
TOPOGRAPHIC STUDY NECESSARY FOR THE UPDATE OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC BASE NECESSARY FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN THE LOCATION OF DRINOVA, ROMANIA
Authors: Livia Barliba Luminita , G. Eles , Copacean Loredana , Florin Barliba C.
Published: December 2024

The Lugoj Forest Administration is a subunit of the Timi? Forestry Directorate and is located in the western part of Romania in the hilly area of Timi? County. It has as its object of activity the application of the Romsilva strategy for the forests received under administration, the conservation and sustainable development of the publicly owned forest fund of the state, the management of the hunting and fishing funds assigned according to the law, the harvesting and valorization of specific forest products according to the legal provisions in conditions of efficiency economic, also exercising public service duties with specific forestry.[1]
The management of forests represents the set of concerns and measures aimed at ensuring the bringing and keeping of forests in an appropriate state from the point of view of the ecological, economic and social functions that they perform.
The inventory and record activity of the forest fund is based on topographical measurement works, pedological maps and parcel descriptions showing all the factors on which the production and optimal utilization of forest products depends.
The aim of the paper was to update the cartographic base of the forestry fund of the Lugoj Forest Ring Road, of which only one production unit is presented, because the documentation is very extensive. [2] [3]
A GPS was used for the topographic surveys of the boundaries of the forest bodies using the static method and the Stop & Go kinematic method, and the Autodesk AutoCAD - Raster Design package was used to process and draw up the cartographic documentation in order to create the thematic digital maps.
COMPARISON OF FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SOIL HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY
Authors: Paseka Stanislav
Published: December 2024

Hydraulic conductivity (KS) is a critical parameter used in soil and land research, essential for accurate hydrological modelling. This study endeavours to compare assessments of KS across designated sites near the Czech Republic - Poland border using a range of measurement techniques, with the aim of establishing their reliability and variability for modelling applications. The investigation spans the determination of permeability from grain size curves, KS estimation via field infiltration tests employing the double-ring method, and laboratory KS determination using a constant head permeameter.
The findings reveal that the double-ring method for the determination of KS produces results akin to laboratory measurements conducted with the permeameter, showing consistency between the field and laboratory approaches. However, it is notable that the permeameter exhibits significant variability, particularly as the depth varies. Moreover, noteworthy disparities emerge between KS and permeability estimates, underscoring the need for careful consideration in the interpretation of these parameters.
Considering these results, it seems advisable to give precedence to field-based evaluations of KS for immediate assessments, as they provide valuable insights into real conditions. Conversely, for long-term assessments, the utilization of laboratory derived KS values may be more suitable, given their potential for stability over time. Nonetheless, the study emphasizes the necessity for further research to minimize the uncertainties and refine model inputs. Ultimately, this study underscores the intricate nature of hydraulic conductivity in soils and the imperative for comprehensive research to further develop water management models.
BLACK SEA THERMOHALIN STRATIFICATION: PARTICULARITY AND RECENT CHANGES
Authors: Valcheva Nadezhda
Published: December 2024

The Black Sea hydrological regime is impacted by external factors, which exerts effect on the sea surface in the process of interaction with the atmosphere and those confined to the lateral borders. The most pronounced features of the Black Sea thermohaline structure are large vertical contrasts in salinity (5 psu), temperature (20�C) and density (7 kg m-3); well-defined vertical asymmetry; existence of a cold intermediate layer during the warm half of the year with an absolute vertical temperature minimum, below which temperature inversion takes place; major contribution of salinity to density stratification. In view of the accelerated climate change, it is particularly important to consider the state and modification of the thermohaline balance, because it gives indications about the phase of basin evolution and climate change impact on the stability of stratification and associated risks. Therefore, the goal of the present study is to summarize the contemporary knowledge of the thermohaline structure and to illustrate the changes that have occurred during the period 1993-2022.
CLIMATE ANALYSIS ALONG THE NAVIGATION ROUTES ON THE DANUBE
Authors: Chirosca Ana-Maria , Rusu Liliana , Popa Victor-Ionut , Rusu Eugen
Published: December 2024

The Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe since ancient times. Transport on the Danube has many economic and environmental advantages. By using the river as a transport route, logistics costs can be reduced, and delivery times optimized. Another feature of the Danube is its connection to the North Sea and maritime transport via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. In addition, waterborne transport produces less carbon dioxide than road or rail transport, helping to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable development. The study of the wind climate of the Danube is particularly important for transport and navigation on this waterway, allowing ship operators to use this information to optimize their routes and plan their voyages with maximum efficiency and safety for both cargo and crew. A statistical analysis of vessel traffic for the period 1990 - 2020 was carried out and cargo types and vessel types were characterized. Also, cargo quantities and vessel capacity were analyzed in terms of both imports and exports. Thus, this paper presents a study of the river from an economic, statistical, and climatic point of view.
COMPARISON OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RUNOFF WITH THOSE CALCULATED UNDER THE CURRENT REGULATION
Authors: Rankova Maya , Bojilova Elena , Angelov Plamen , Vuchkov Borislav , Ivanova Radoslava
Published: December 2024

In climate change, drought, and water scarcity, the natural functioning of river systems largely depends on the proper distribution of water resources. Accurate determination of hydrological characteristics is essential for the sustainable management of water resources and provides information on the status and potential of water systems. Water management must be implemented in such a way as to meet the needs of man and the economy. At the same time, measures are taken to protect the quantitative characteristics of the aquatic environment. This means that water consumption must not exceed a particular limit value of the river flow - the ecological river flow. The development set determines the hydrological characteristics according to the methodology developed for determining the environmental flow for Bulgarian conditions and comparing it with the value according to the current regulation. The results obtained make it possible to make adequate management decisions, guaranteeing the maintenance of sufficient water in rivers and water ecosystems. The current regulation uses average annual and minimum average monthly water quantities. In our presented Methodology, the estimates are based on average monthly values grouped by three types of water content. It is recommended to work with a hydrological approach and standard statistical methods for calculating ecological flow, which requires a minimum of hydro-ecological information and enables the development of a national strategy.
INTEGRATED MODELING OF STAGNATING WATER AND URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Authors: Knolmar Marcell
Published: December 2024

The drainage challenges of a large settlement encompass both urban areas and adjacent agricultural and industrial zones. Surface runoff from increasingly impermeable subcatchments flows into the underground gravitational closed conduits drainage network of the settlement during rapid storm events, a phenomenon effectively modeled using hydrodynamic simulation tools such as SWMM. Meanwhile, excess precipitation water that fails to infiltrate the soil accumulates predominantly on agricultural lands outside the settlement, necessitating drainage through gravitational open channels. Typically, pumping stations are deployed to provide the requisite external energy. Steady flow simulation models like HEC-RAS are applied to accurately simulate water flow in open channels during longer water stagnation periods.
Integrating the drainage systems of urban runoff and stagnant water is essential for capturing dynamic events effectively. This integration involves coupling unsteady models like HEC-RAS with hydrodynamic urban SWMM simulations. The resulting integrated model enables comprehensive simulation of the entire drainage network, facilitating predictions of system capacity during storm events, including periods of water stagnation.
RETENTION-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR OUTFALL REDUCTION
Authors: Knolmar Marcell , Szel Sandor
Published: December 2024

The discharge emanating from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a contributing factor to the pollution load within the adjacent natural water body. Generally, effluent constraints can be upheld during periods of dry weather. Nonetheless, instances of surpassing these limitations are common during storm events due to the substantial surge in inflow. The retention of incoming stormwater presents an opportunity to mitigate both quantitative and qualitative concerns. However, the spatial and financial prerequisites for constructing such facilities necessitate comprehensive deliberation.
Hydrodynamic simulations utilizing EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) were conducted for the network model encompassing the catchment area of the WWTP. This aimed to assess the efficacy of retention-based measures implemented at the wastewater treatment facility and its associated catchment, utilizing extensive historical rainfall data. Various strategies, including network extensions such as storage tanks, and leveraging existing infrastructure for inline storage, were scrutinized and compared based on their impact on overflow occurrences.
The findings underscore the considerable reduction in overflow volumes achieved through the proposed solutions. Nonetheless, they also serve to facilitate an estimation of the retention system's influence on water quality within the receiving water body.
DEGRADED SOILS OF THE MOST BASIN AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR LOCATION, CLASSIFICATION AND RECLAMATION
Authors: Rehor Michal , Schmidt Pavel , Duzekov Radka , Vrablik Petr
Published: December 2024

Brown Coal Research Institute j. v. c. (VUHU) from July 2023, together with scientific teams from several European countries, participates as part of the EU research program in the solution of the REECOL project, which deals with the reclamation of areas affected by mining in European coal basins. This paper includes the results achieved in the preparation of the first sub-research report of the project, which deals with degraded soils. On the basis of archival data and own research, the concept of "soil degradation" was defined for the purposes of the REECOL project solution in the conditions of the Most basin, a set of laboratory analyses of soils suitable for determining the degree of degradation was determined, which will be modified in the course of the next solution in terms of efficiency and financial sustainability. The methodology of research is composed of terrain mapping, sampling and sample analysis realised by accredited test laboratories. The main part of the paper contains a brief description and localization of the areas of degraded soils of the Most Basin. The individual chapters briefly describe the areas affected by various types of degradation and the proposal for their reclamation, one locality is always described in more detail as a case study area. Part of the contribution is a map of areas affected by individual types of soil degradation.
SEASONAL DYNAMICS IN THE MICROBIOLOGICAL STATUS OF FOREST SOILS FROM THE TERRITORY OF VITOSHA NATURE PARK
Authors: Grigorova-Pesheva Bilyana , Malcheva Boyka , Hristov Biser
Published: December 2024

The health, richness, and variety of microbial life in soil represent basic indicators for the evaluation and surveillance of forest ecosystem vitality. The vital role these microorganisms occupy in forest ecosystems underscores the necessity to in-depth assess and monitor their populations within soil habitats. Aiming to deepen our comprehension of microbial communities across different soils and soils horizons, we conducted an investigation of 22 soil profiles situated within the territory of Vitosha Nature Park. The investigation was carried out in one year period. We took samples from each of the studied soils during each of the seasons - spring, summer, autumn and winter. The following soil parameters were evaluated - pH, total nitrogen and humus for each soil horizon. From the microbiological indicators, the amounts of the main microbiological groups (non-spore-forming bacteria, bacilli, microscopic fungi and actinomycetes) were analyzed. Based on these data, the biogenicity of the soil was determined, as well as the percentage participation of individual groups compared to the total microbial number. Two clear peaks in the biogenicity of the studied soils were found - in spring and autumn. The dynamics of microorganisms in relation to change in altitude was reported. There is a correlation between the pH of the medium and the amount of microscopic fungi. Soils under broad-leaved vegetation stand out with higher biogenicity than soils under coniferous vegetation, in all seasons except winter.
SELECTION OF CASE STUDY AREAS OF THE MOST BASIN FOR SOLVING RECLAMATION ISSUES OF EUROPEAN PROJECT REECOL
Authors: Rehor Michal , Schmidt Pavel , Duzekova Radka , Helebrant Frantisek
Published: December 2024

Brown Coal Research Institute j. v. c. (VUHU) from July 2023, together with scientific teams from several European countries, participates as part of the EU research program in the solution of the REECOL project, which deals with the reclamation of areas affected by mining in European coal basins. One of the important tasks of the first phase of the project solution is to find suitable case study areas in each country of the project solution. The selection of these areas in the Most Basin (CZ) is the subject of this paper. The selection of case study areas was based on the results of long-term research in the Most Basin. Areas with the occurrence of all main soil types, a long reclamation history and the application of various reclamation methods, including successional areas, were selected. The main part of the paper contains the characteristics and localization of the proposed case areas. The first of them is the Radovesice spoil heap with four experimental areas, two of which are left to natural succession and two are reclaimed using marls. The second area is the Strimice spoil heap with two experimental areas, one is left to natural succession and the other is reclaimed using bentonite. The paper describes the current situation of the areas, their reclamation history and long-term pedological development.
SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS AND TYPES OF LANDS, CONSTRUCTED BY AVERAGIN LONG-TERM SERIES OF VEGETATION INDECES
Authors: Borshchev Dmitry , Rukhovich Dmitry , Rashkovich Vasily
Published: December 2024

The optimal solution of intensification and ecologisation of agricultural production is achieved in adaptive-landscape farming systems. To solve the problems of adaptive landscape agriculture, classical methods of soil-landscape mapping and new methods of remote diagnostics of intra-field heterogeneity were combined to identify features that will further improve the efficiency of producing maps of groups and types of land and increase their accuracy. Identification of the spectral characteristics of groups and types of land has become possible due to neural network filtering of big remote sensing data. By intersecting the map of groups and types of lands with the bare soil surface map in geographical information systems, the median values of the �C� coefficient for different land groups and types were calculated. Each agroecological group of lands has its own spectral characteristics, which are influenced by the granulometric composition, moisture regime and humus content. It was established for the first time that groups of lands differing in productivity have different reflectivity. Differences in spectral characteristics of land groups can be used for their remote diagnostics, quantitative assessment, and design of systems to improve low-productive areas.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST
Authors: Khujadze Nodar , Matchavarian Lia
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to investigate carbon storage dynamics in pure pine, oak, and mixed forests within a one-hectare area. Tree samples were collected to measure their weight, size, and density. Each type of forest was estimated how much carbon is hold per hectare. The findings revealed significant differences in carbon storage capacities among them. Pure oak forests emerged as the top carbon reservoirs, with 57% of their trees' mass comprising carbon. Pure pine forests followed closely with 51% carbon storage. Interestingly, mixed forests, hosting both pine and oak trees, exhibited a considerable carbon storage potential of about 53%. This finding highlights the ecological advantages of mixed forests over pure ones. Mixed forests stand out for their biodiversity, benefiting from the complementary strengths of multiple tree species. While oak trees tend to store more carbon in their dense wood, pine trees excel in capturing carbon through their rapid growth and expansive root systems. This diverse composition creates a synergistic effect, enhancing carbon capture and storage capabilities within mixed forests. The superiority of mixed forests in carbon storage has significant implications for forest management and climate change mitigation efforts. Protecting and promoting mixed forests can maximize carbon sequestration potential while fostering resilient and sustainable ecosystems. Recognizing the value of mixed forests, policymakers, conservationists, and land managers can prioritize conservation efforts and implement strategies to safeguard these invaluable carbon sinks. In summary, this research highlights the significance of forest composition in carbon storage dynamics. By emphasizing the ecological benefits of mixed forests over pure ones, our study contributes to informed decision-making and sustainable forest management practices aimed at preserving and enhancing carbon sequestration in natural landscapes.
FIRE SAFETY IN PEAT EXTRACTION SITES IN LATVIA
Authors: Brizga Dace , Dubrovskis Edgars , Miezite Olga , Sisenis Linards , Kirsbauma Kristine
Published: December 2024

Today about 10% of Latvia's territory is occupied by peatlands (645,100 ha), but the extraction of peat happens in only 4% (25,739 ha) of the total. In regulatory documents peat bogs are mentioned as having a very high probability of flammability (in the context of climate change and other natural elements: drought, heat, lightning and deliberate or unintentional human activity). This indicates the need to improve fire safety by conducting research and improving regulatory frameworks. The aim of the study was to analyse the impact of forest fires on the forest ecosystem, to find out the causes of peat fires and the possibilities of reducing them. In order to analyse the situation in eight peat objects in Latvia, expert interviews were used as a qualitative data collection method and object evaluation in the context of fire safety. The results of the study show that existing fire extinguishing equipment meets regulatory requirements. On average 1-3 cases of fire occur in facilities every year, which are extinguished by the efforts of facility personnel. The three most important risk factors were found to be careless behaviour by employees and by third parties, and natural ignition of peat dust. Technical measures to minimize risks include monitoring the territory and providing sufficient water resources for more operative action in the event of a fire, including the installation of a deep well water intake point.
THE CHANGES OF FOREST GROUND VEGETATION CAUSED BY GRAZING, LATVIA
Authors: Straupe Inga , Dimane Alise
Published: December 2024

The aim of the research is to find out how the forest ground vegetation changes in forest pasture where wild horses are allowed to graze, and what impact their grazing in the forest have on the vegetation and how the situation changes in a forest stand where animals are allowed to graze and, in a forest, stand of the same type without grazing. So far forest pastures practically have not been studied, but forest management using animals especially in private forestry is becoming more and more relevant. Almost no similar study has been conducted in Latvia on the impact of large herbivores (wild horses) on forest ground vegetation. Forest stand is divided into two parts � one where the animals graze, the other behind the fence in the same forest stand where they are not grazed, so it is possible to objectively assess the changes between the two territories and how the ground vegetation changes under the influence of animals. The study compares changes between forest pasture and ungrazed forest area: the number, the occurrence and the projective coverage of plant species, as well as other vegetation indicators. It has been established that the ground cover of forest pastures does not differ significantly to compare with ungrazed forest area.
THE EFFECT OF TRAIL PATHS IN GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS USING A SWOT-AHP HYBRID METHOD
Authors: Lempesi Aimilia , Daoutis Christodoulos
Published: December 2024

In recent years, the use of trail paths for recreation and tourism has seen remarkable growth in many countries. Trail paths have several benefits for the local community, people's physical and mental health, and for offsetting degraded grassland ecosystems. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of trail paths on grassland ecosystems in the Prefecture of Xanthi in northern Greece. The SWOT-AHP hybrid method was used. The criteria of the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) method were recorded based on the literature review. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, and the criteria were compared pairwise. The study found that the Strengths group occupied the largest percentage (40.3%), immediately after the Weaknesses group occupied 26.7%, followed by the Opportunities group at 21.0% and the Threats group which had the smallest percentage (12.0%). The results also showed that in the comparisons of the Strengths group, the largest percentage (43.4%) held the (Increase biodiversity along trail paths) criterion. In the comparisons of the Weaknesses group, it was observed that the (The construction and use of trail paths cause soil erosion and compaction) criterion gathered a large percentage of 39.6%. In the comparisons of the Opportunities group, the largest percentage (41.1%) held the (Trail paths can be used as a passage for rescuers) criterion and (Visiting the trail paths can increase the risk of fire) criterion from the comparisons of the Threats group was the biggest threat with a percentage that exceeds 50.0%.
APPLICATIONS OF HYDROGEN ENERGY IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT
Authors: Echim Sorin , Budea Sanda
Published: December 2024

In the REPowerEU strategy, the European Commission proposes accelerating renewable hydrogen production by 2030 to produce more affordable, safer, and sustainable energy. Hydrogen energy has significant potential in the future of transportation. Its many benefits include reducing pollution, diversifying energy sources, having higher energy density than batteries, and being used for long-distance or high-tonnage transport.
The present article proposes an analysis of the use of hydrogen energy in transport between potential and perspectives. The benefits are highlighted, and the technologies for obtaining H2 as an energy source are presented. Depending on the source and extraction method, four methods and technologies for securing hydrogen and four main types of H2 (green, gray, blue, and turquoise) exist. Although green H2 is the only type obtained with zero polluting gas emissions, the most widespread is gray H2 (from natural gas or waste coal) - 96% today.
The main applications of hydrogen in transport are presented:
1. Road-Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs) that offer zero emissions and range similar to vehicles with conventional engines and short recharging time. 65% of buses must be zero-emission by 2025 and 30% of trucks by 2030. The Mercedes-Benz city bus runs entirely on energy from two sources - state-of-the-art electric batteries and hydrogen-based fuel cells, which protect the energy supply on the road - without intermediate charging. In cars, Toyota's Fuel Cell System is one of the most advanced technologies in the field.
2. Rail�Hydrogen use in rail vehicles offers a clean alternative to diesel or electric locomotives, significantly reducing gas emissions. Alstom's Coradia iLint, manufactured in 2016, is the world's first passenger train powered by fuel cells and H2.
3. Maritime transport�Hydrogen fuel cells can propel ships or power other energy systems. The HySeas III project demonstrates that fuel cells can be successfully integrated with a marine hybrid electric propulsion system (electric propulsion, controls, batteries, etc.) and associated hydrogen storage facilities. Hydrogen ferries�Norwegian Ship Design has designed RoPax with this in mind.
4. Air transport must operate with clean energy. ZeroAvia's 19-seat twin-engine Dornier 228 aircraft completed a test flight of around 10 minutes in the UK.
This article proposes an analysis of hydrogen technologies and their applications in transport, following the potential, challenges, and immediate prospects of implementation, as well as specific economic and environmental aspects.
CAN BIOGAS CONTRIBUTE TO PURE HYDROGEN COMBUSTION?
Authors: Amez Isabel , Castells Blanca , Bolonio David , Leon David , Leon Marcelo
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen combustion is presented as a potential solution to cover the heat demand with renewable energies. However, current technologies do not allow the combustion of pure hydrogen and it must often be mixed with fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has proven to be useful for stabilizing hydrogen combustion, as has methane (CH4). Therefore, this research proposes the use of biogas as a stabilizer of pure hydrogen combustion. For this purpose, experimental tests were carried out, burning a lean biogas (BG 50% CH4) and a medium biogas (BG 60% CH4). Each biogas was burned in a commercial biogas burner with different percentages of hydrogen. Afterwards, the combustion temperature and the difference in temperatures obtained before and after combustion were analyzed. These parameters allow to study the dual effect between H2 and CO2. The results show that the balance between the percentage of CO2 and H2 is vital for efficient combustion. Therefore, this study significantly contributes to the advancement of sustainable combustion systems.
CLIMATE CHANGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND COAL ABANDONMENT: THREE PILONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Fourkioti Sofia , Panitsidis Konstantinos , Spinthiropoulos Konstantinos , Vezou Marina
Published: December 2024

The negative results of irrational human activity have been visible throughout the last decades in the environment. Air, water, and land pollution are significant variables of this equation and have a major share in climate change. To obtain control of the situation, Europe tried to take action by presenting new environmentally friendly plans, such as �The Green Deal Industrial Plan� or �Recovery Plan for Europe�. One of the greatest aims of our century is the transition to a Circular Economy and the abandonment of previous years� practices. Also, digitalization is a significant parameter that is used to accelerate procedures, such as remote work, data exchange, automation, etc. The current survey deals with the case of Western Macedonia, Greece. The study case of Western Macedonia is quite important, as this region has been the major energy producer in Greece, and it is very interesting to examine the various social and economic changes that the circular economy and decarbonization will bring. The methodology that was followed for this survey was the Tollgate approach in combination with R programming for the statistical analysis. More specifically, the papers that were reviewed for this research were collected by digital libraries using the tollgate approach. This method uses specific characteristics that are valuable for the survey and then organizes the papers in specific categories. The final number of papers that were reviewed more closely was 50. Then, the collected data were analyzed using R programming. The results showed that the transition from a linear to a circular economy will have positive effects on many sectors and revealed a strong connection between the circular economy and climate, waste management, energy, and other sectors, such as the health sector. The review of these surveys contributes to understanding the situation in Western Macedonia, comparing it with other regions, and applying various measures that are suitable for this area. Consequently, all nations that wish for a greener future must create awareness regarding subjects such as environmental pollution, climate change, linear and circular economies, zero waste, decarbonization or abandonment of fossil fuels, transition to renewable energy sources, and digitalization.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF STATIC REQUIREMENTS IN THE CASE OF A WIND TURBINE FIXED ON A MARITIME TRANSPORT SHIP
Authors: Papadatu Carmen-Penelopi , Humelnicu Costel , Aiordachioaiei Radu , Adam-Papadatu Ionut-Cristian
Published: December 2024

Maritime transport plays a crucial role in the global economy, ensuring the transport of around 80% of world trade. However, shipping is responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 2.5% of total global emissions. In this context, the efficiency of fuel consumption in ships using the renewable energy sources can bring significant benefits for the environment and contributes to the achievement of the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The opportunity of the work consists in the fact that it aims to improve the efficiency of the fuel consumption of the ships through renewable energy sources.
The integration of a hybrid system consisting of 4 wind turbines on a board ship can increase the energy efficiency. Wind turbines can capture the power of the wind to generate electricity, while kites can be used to capture energy from air currents at higher altitudes. Research can explore the possibilities of integrating the hybrid system with other renewable energy sources such as solar panels.
This paper also presented a simulation of the static loads used in Inventor 2022.
EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES BASED ON CLIMATIC ZONES
Authors: Sharifov Bohirjon , Beryozkina Svetlana , Ghulomzoda Anvari , Safaraliev Murodbek , Sidikov Sidikov
Published: December 2024

Currently, solar energy is one of the most widely used types of green energy in the world. In different parts of the earth, solar insolation is not constant. Therefore, this study aims to determine the main characteristics of solar insolation in the different climatic zones. This paper analyzes the prospects for using solar energy in subtropical, temperate-continental, continental, sharp-continental, and monsoon climate zones. The efficiency of converting solar radiation into electrical energy is estimated considering seven regions located in these climatic zones. The analysis is based on the results of an annual study of a test photovoltaic station installed at the Ufa State Aviation Technical University. Based on the analysis results, temperature characteristics, solar insolation, solar energy conversion efficiency, and specific electricity generation were obtained for each region. The study found that the efficiency of solar energy conversion of photovoltaic modules in climatic zones ranges from 60% to 85% of the nominal value. The average value of solar radiation in the remote northern regions is 810 kWh/m2, in the southern regions it is in the range of 1350-1400 kWh/m2. The technical potential of using solar energy is very high, the most favorable are the subtropical and continental climate zones.
HYDROSTATIC POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR WIND TURBINES
Authors: Dumitrescu Catalin , Chirita Alexandru-Polifron , Sefu Stefan-Mihai , Bors Adriana-Mariana , Popescu Ana-Maria Carla
Published: December 2024

In 2023, 18.3 GW of new wind energy conversion capacity was installed in Europe; most of them (79%) represent onshore capacities. Most of this energy production is achieved with horizontal axis wind turbines. For this type of turbine, the location of the transmission coupled with an electric generator or a hydraulic group, in the turbine platform, leads to a significant increase in the mass of the platform, and implicitly in the mass of the pillar that supports the turbine. In addition, turbine maintenance becomes more difficult as the rotor diameter and installation height increase. The platform (excluding the rotor) represents between 20 ... 35% of the total weight of a large turbine reaching hundreds of tonnes in some cases. In the case of the VESTAS V90 turbine, the platform weighs 75 tonnes, the rotor 40 tonnes, and the tower 152 tonnes. For this reason, methods of reducing the suspended mass, mainly by placing the electric generator on the ground, have been and are being intensively studied in the last decades. If at the beginning large power turbines were studied, recently medium and small sized turbines are also being considered. The paper presents a solution for hydrostatic transmission of energy from the turbine rotor to the generator, validated by numerical simulation with Simcenter Amesim.
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF AROMATIC POLYMER AS A PT PARTICLE STABILIZER ON ITS ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY IN THE LIQUID-PHASE HYDROGENATION OF AROMATIC AND POLYAROMATIC SUBSTRATES
Authors: Bykov Alexey , Demidenko Galina , Nikoshvili Linda , Bakhvalova Elena
Published: December 2024

A series of platinum catalytic systems stabilized in aromatic polymers were obtained in this work. Commercially available styrene-divinylbenzene (MN100) and polymers synthesized by one-stage crosslinking by the Friedel-Crafts reaction from benzene, naphthalene, and an equimolar benzene-naphthalene mixture were used as polymers. The obtained systems were tested in liquid-phase hydrogenation reactions of benzene, toluene, and benzene-toluene mixture, as well as anthracene in a dodecane medium. The reaction products were studied using GC-MS. Polymers and catalytic systems were studied using diffuse reflection IR spectroscopy, XPS, low-temperature nitrogen physisorption, thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry, and TEM.
The study of polymers by XPS and FTIR showed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups with a similar nature in all polymers. The range of thermal stability of polymers was determined. The catalytic activity of 1%Pt/polymer systems in liquid-phase hydrogenation of solutions of pure benzene, toluene, and anthracene in dodecane, as well as an equimolar benzene-toluene mixture in dodecane, were compared. The dependence of the reaction rate, as well as the selectivity in the case of anthracene, on the nature of the aromatic blocks in the polymer matrix, was shown. The selectivity for cycloalkanes during hydrogenation of mononuclear arenes was 100%, regardless of substrate conversion. The selectivity of obtaining 9,10-dihydroanthracene at 90% anthracene conversion was found to be above 80% for all studied systems. In addition, the possibility of obtaining smaller diameter metal particles in the synthesized polymers in comparison with the industrial polymer MN100 was shown.
MONITORING SOLAR FARMS USING DRONES - UTILIZED TECHNIQUES AND BENEFITS
Authors: Turlej Tymoteusz , Kolodziejczyk Krzysztof , Minda Jedrzej
Published: December 2024

The article describes commonly used imaging techniques for monitoring solar farms using drones, highlighting the advantages of each method and the benefits of precise flight path planning. Thermal imaging is discussed for its ability to detect temperature variations and identify potential issues like cell degradation and electrical failures without physical inspection. High-resolution imaging provides detailed visual inspections to identify physical damages, dirt accumulation, and shading issues, enhancing maintenance scheduling and operational efficiency. Multispectral imaging captures data across various wavelengths, aiding in performance assessment and identifying aging panels, thereby supporting better maintenance decisions. Intelligent flight path planning algorithms are also highlighted for their role in optimizing drone inspections, ensuring comprehensive data collection, and minimizing inspection time.
The article also summarizes the overall benefits of using drones for solar farm monitoring, including cost-effectiveness by reducing labor and downtime, increased safety by eliminating the need for physical inspections in hazardous areas, and time efficiency due to rapid data collection. Additionally, drones provide comprehensive data collection, supporting informed decision-making and long-term planning, and contribute to environmental sustainability by optimizing the performance and efficiency of solar panels, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Through these advancements, drones play a crucial role in enhancing the management and sustainability of solar farms, driving the transition towards a greener future.