bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Italian Constitutional Court
Authors: Bifulco Raffaele , Paris Davide
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at the origins, history, and present-day status of the Italian Constitutional Court. It argues that the theme of the Italian constitutional jurisdiction’s Europeanization and internationalization relies on two premises. First, the indispensable interaction between the Constitutional Court, the ECJ, and the ECtHR shakes the premises and foundations of the centralized review of legislation. Second, the process of Europeanization and internationalization of constitutional justice is an ongoing process that is far from having reached a stable end. Today, the chapter shows how the Court seems to have embarked on a new ‘path’ of European multi-tier constitutionalism. Although the path’s end is neither in sight today nor devoid of contradictions, three possible scenarios regarding Italian constitutional jurisdiction emerge from the current jurisprudence of the Court.
Constitutional Adjudication in the Netherlands
Authors: Besselink Leonard
Published: August 2020

This chapter studies constitutional review in the Netherlands. It argues that constitutional adjudication in the Netherlands does indeed exist, though not according to European norms. Furthermore, the chapter contends that the study of constitutional review in the Netherlands, viewed in the perspective of the European legal space, makes clear that the concept of ‘constitution’ stands in need of reconsideration. In this respect, the Netherlands’ constitutional order reflects perhaps more than some others the new international context in which the constitutional orders of Europe find themselves. It thus beckons a different view not only of constitutional review in the European legal space but also, consequently, of the place of national constitutions in the European legal space.
The Polish Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Tuleja Piotr
Published: August 2020

This chapter concerns the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland. It places the Tribunal within the context of Poland’s turbulent political history and shows how the Constitutional Tribunal had to take on a role that reached far beyond the traditional competences of constitutional courts during a period of political change. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal has undergone a significant evolution during its thirty years of existence. Founded in the communist state as a dependent institution, it has become an independent constitutional court on the basis of the current constitution. In addition, the chapter gives an overview of the Constitutional Tribunal as an institution and lays out the proceedings and judgments the Tribunal carries out. It takes a closer look in particular at how judicial review is conducted under the Tribunal. To conclude, the chapter discusses the constitutional crisis in Poland.
The Spanish Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Pagés Juan Luis Requejo
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the Spanish Tribunal Constitucional. It showcases the story of the Tribunal as one of an institution that has been crucial for the success of the 1978 Constitution and thus for the setting up and consolidation of the Spanish constitutional democracy. It has brought to an end the work that the founding fathers were not able to conclude in 1978 as far as the territorial distribution of power is concerned. However, the chapter considers if maybe it is finally time to translate its praetorian construction of the autonomic State (Estado autonómico) into the words of the written Constitution, and by doing so closing a process that should not stay open permanently, and exposed to eventual substantial changes in the jurisprudence of the Tribunal, with all that this would imply at the expense of the definition of the territorial Constitution and its stability. In any case, the experience shows that entrusting a constitutional court with such a task implies to overburden it with a responsibility that no court is able to deal with for a long time.
Constitutional Adjudication in Switzerland
Authors: Biaggini Giovanni
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers how constitutional adjudication is conducted in Switzerland. It debunks the notion that the Swiss constitutional system is underdeveloped with regard to constitutional adjudication. The chapter contends that Switzerland has a thoroughly respectable system of constitutional adjudication, albeit with certain idiosyncratic flaws. In particular, this applies to cantonal state authority: the cantons are subject to comprehensive constitutional adjudication. This does not exclude the results of direct democratic decision processes. The Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgericht; Tribunal federal, Tribunale federale) has—and makes use of—the power to review cantonal laws and to revoke them if necessary. Constitutional case law in relation to the cantons is the basis on which the Federal Supreme Court developed an extraordinarily creative jurisprudence in the twentieth century; this jurisprudence has led, inter alia, to the recognition and use of several unwritten federal fundamental rights. In addition, the chapter argues that federal laws have ceased being completely immune against any kind of constitutional review. Finally, Switzerland played an important pioneering role in the development and testing of the public law appeal (Staatsrechtliche Beschwerde).
The Construction of the Rebus Sic Stantibus Clause in International LawException, Rule, or Remote Spectator?
Authors: Kolb Robert
Published: August 2020

This chapter attempts to shed some light on the rule-exception scheme through the lens of the doctrine of fundamental change of circumstances in international law. In classical international law, the doctrine was considered either as non-existent, or under the guise of private law analogies or specially construed for the purposes of international law. The extent of the ‘exception’ to the ordinary law wrought by the clause was different in the context of these three versions: nought in the first case, related to specific treaties in the second, related to the entire legal order in the third. With the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) codification of 1969, the reach of the doctrine was reduced to an extremely narrowly tailored treaty-exception. Since then, the doctrine has rarely been invoked—even more rarely with success—in international litigation. The inroad of that exception has thus been progressively narrowed, if not extinguished.
Exceptions in Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Authors: Harrison James
Published: August 2020

When negotiating multilateral environmental agreements, it is often necessary to balance the environmental objectives of the agreement against other countervailing social or economic values, in order to ensure that all relevant states are willing to become a party to the agreement. One way in which to accommodate divergent values is through the inclusion of exceptions to the substantive treaty obligations. This chapter considers three different models for exceptions in multilateral environmental agreements: exclusions, reservations or opt-outs, and ad hoc conditional rights. The chapter also explores the oversight mechanisms that are utilized in order to prevent abuse of these exceptions in practice. The research suggests that there is a trend towards increasing scrutiny of states that take advantage of exceptions in environmental treaties, through the use of both political, independent, and judicial mechanisms.
Strategic Semiotics
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

In this chapter, readers discover the impact of external factors such as competition, new technologies, and cultural change on brand strategy. Management’s decisions about everything from new product development and technology to pricing strategy communicate to consumers what the brand stands for, including the brand persona, value proposition, and its customer relationship. The discussion, exercises, and team project center on the play between code and performance in cultural brand management. Codes are cultural norms that account for the collective understanding of sign systems such as language, rituals, and brand discourse and perpetuate these systems over time. Performance defines the act of manipulating these codes in the interest of creativity. Teams will learn to conduct a binary analysis of brand meaning; decode the strategic dimensions of a product category; define the brand’s strategic positioning in relation to competitors; and find an original positioning for a new brand by bending category codes. Rachel Lawes contributes an essay on the human dimensions of semiotics-based research.
Semiotic Ethnography
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

Consumer ethnography is essentially a semiotic enterprise inasmuch as the ethnographer is tasked with making sense of a situation or behavior through interviews and observations (Geertz 1972a & b). Unlike in-depth interviews and focus groups, which take place in the rarefied atmosphere of the recruitment facility, ethnography embeds consumer speech in the complex semantic context of consumers’ lived environments. Ethnographic methods enable development of a rich, multi-dimensional data set that sheds light on relationships between what consumers say and what they do, including the decisions they make about the disposition of goods in the home, the organization of their living spaces, their social interactions and their brand choices. The semiotic analysis of this data set decodes the patterns or codes that structure meaning production across multiple consumer encounters and interviews, identifies variations in the ways consumers modify the codes, and also identifies tensions between the various dimensions of the study. This chapter puts into play the skills and semiotic principles learned in the four previous chapters as they relate to research design, management, execution, and write-up of ethnographic consumer research for marketing. I wrote the reading for this chapter, a case study related to a prolonged ethnography of community gardening on the West Side of Chicago.
Introduction
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

Structural semiotics is a hybrid of communication science and anthropology that accounts for the deep cultural codes that structure communication and sociality, endow things with value, move us through constructed space, and moderate our encounters with change. Doing Semiotics: A Research Guide for Marketers at the Edge of Culture...
Death
Authors: Thompson Evan
Published: August 2020

Death is the ultimate transformative experience. “Death” here means not the state of being dead but rather the whole process of dying, culminating in the end of a person’s life. Death is “epistemically transformative,” because you cannot know what it is like to die until you experience dying, and this experience can enable you to understand things in a new way. Death is “personally transformative,” because it changes how you experience yourself in ways that you cannot fully grasp before these changes happen. At the same time, death is unlike any other transformative experience. It is final, all-encompassing, and has fundamental significance. Its power to reveal new truths about your self and your life is exceptional. It offers prospective and retrospective perspectives that differ from those of any other experience. This chapter examines death by describing its unique characteristics as the ultimate transformative experience. The practical benefit of this perspective is to suggest new philosophical resources for physicians, hospice workers, policy-makers, and family members who care for dying loved ones.
Paramilitarism
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit
Published: August 2020

From the deserts of Sudan to the jungles of Colombia, and from the streets of Belfast to the mountains of Kurdistan, paramilitaries have appeared in violent conflicts in very different settings. Paramilitaries are generally depicted as irregular armed organizations that carry out acts of violence against civilians on behalf of a state. In doing so, they undermine the state’s monopoly of legitimate violence, while at the same time creating a breeding ground for criminal activities. Why do governments with functioning police forces and armies use paramilitary groups? This book tackles this question through the prism of the interpenetration of paramilitaries and the state. The book interprets paramilitarism as the ability of the state to successfully outsource mass political violence against civilians that transforms and traumatizes societies. It analyzes how paramilitarism can be understood in a global context, and how paramilitarism is connected to transformations of warfare and state–society relations. By comparing a broad range of cases, it looks at how paramilitarism has made a profound impact in a large number of countries that were different, but nevertheless shared a history of pro-government militia activity. A thorough understanding of paramilitarism can clarify the direction and intensity of violence in wartime and peacetime. The book examines the issues of international involvement, institutional support, organized crime, party politics, and personal ties.
Introduction
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit
Published: August 2020

What is paramilitarism? This introductory chapter engages with the scholarship on paramilitarism, conceptualizes the phenomenon, and clarifies the book’s approach. It opens with a prologue on the Syrian paramilitary criminal Suleiman al-Assad, the president’s nephew, who committed a murder in broad daylight in the city of Latakia and enjoyed impunity by hiding behind his paramilitary group. The chapter identifies areas in the research field that require development and suggests how to bridge the gaps between different literatures. In this book, paramilitarism is defined as clandestine, irregular, pro-state armed groups that carry out acts of violence against clearly defined civilian individuals or groups. The range of state involvement extends on a spectrum from spontaneous vigilantism to fully accountable special operatives. Paramilitarism has great importance for understanding the processes of violence that are played out during civil wars, counter-insurgency operations, and massacres including genocide. The chapter approaches paramilitarism from the perspective of three relevant forces: historical legacies, organized crime, and institutional relationships.
The Organization of Paramilitarism
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit
Published: August 2020

How is paramilitary violence organized? Many studies of violent conflicts have demonstrated the central role of paramilitaries in the perpetration of violence against civilians. The organization of the violence is a crucial analytical category to be examined. Mass violence is often carried out according to clear divisions of labor: between the civil and military wings of the state, but also crucially between military and paramilitary groups. This chapter examines how states spawn and deploy paramilitary units. It does so by approaching paramilitarism from the perspective of the parastate: the complex interaction between security agencies, political parties, and communities that constitute the sociological infrastructure behind paramilitarism. The chapter analyzes how otherwise neutral and technocratic institutions, organizations, and agencies have collaborated in creating or condoning paramilitary forces. The chapter also discusses the violence that paramilitaries have committed, through a comparison of three massacres: the Bahia Portete massacre in Colombia (2004), the Cizre massacre in Turkey (1992), and the Trnovo massacre in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995). The chapter closes with a discussion of a key element of paramilitarism: plausible deniability.
Modernism and Physical Illness
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

T. S. Eliot memorably said that separation of the man who suffers from the mind that creates is the root of good poetry. This book argues that this is wrong. Beginning from Virginia Woolf’s ‘On Being Ill’, it demonstrates that modernism is, on the contrary, invested in physical illness as a subject, method, and stylizing force. Experience of physical ailments, from the fleeting to the fatal, the familiar to the unusual, structures the writing of the modernists, both as sufferers and onlookers. Illness reorients the relation to and appearance of the world, making it appear newly strange; it determines the character of human interactions, and models of behaviour. As a topic illness requires new ways of writing and thinking, altered ideas of the subject, and a re-examination of the roles of invalids and carers. This book reads the work five authors, who are also known for their illness, hypochondria, or medical work: D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Dorothy Richardson, and Winifred Holtby. It overturns the assumption that illness is a simple obstacle to creativity and instead argues that it is a subject of careful thought and cultural significance.
Sensory Intensity and Illness in Lawrence
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

Lawrence repeatedly associates illness with moments of bodily intensity. His ill protagonists show opposing tendencies: demonstrating a failed integration with the body, but also moments of heightened existence and revelation. Lawrence develops a physiological conception of the subject, judging culture and bodily experience, using pathological ideas. He interweaves the ill body’s literal and metaphorical aspects in discussions of education, sympathy, and writing. ‘Sun’ and Sons and Lovers use illness to stage failures of interpersonal relations. This is contrasted with the positive valence of illness in The Rainbow, where a fever brings revelation. Finally, the chapter juxtaposes afflictions in ‘The Blind Man’ with Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The former depicts blindness heightening affective, bodily potency. The latter shows injury estranging Chatterley from his body, reducing its desires and sensations. Mellors is contrasted not as an example of healthful virility, but of sensuality grounded in affliction.
Virginia Woolf
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

Woolf’s formation as an experimental writer was founded on early observation of illness, and of bereavement. The Voyage Out uses illness to subvert the marriage plot by colliding it with stories of exploration and adventure, where tropical fever tests the protagonist. Rachel Vinrace’s fever, however, is not a climax of self-realization but a violent interruption that collapses plot and novelistic convention. In Rachel, Woolf uses the fever to create a distorting and disorienting, but also vividly mimetic portrayal of the mind. In Mrs. Dalloway Woolf provides the complementary view to the rich interiority of The Voyage Out, relating the perspective of onlookers who repeatedly see Clarissa as an influenza sufferer; a viewpoint that influences her own experience in turn.
T. S. Eliot and the Skin around the Skull
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

The ill body plays an important role in the composition, theorization, and substance of Eliot’s poetry. Ill health is attributed a creative function in his work on F. H. Bradley, as well as in The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism, which corrects the bloodless theory of composition in ‘Tradition and the Individual Talent’. In his reviewing, Eliot differentiates modern poetry by its appetite for describing the sick body. And in his poetry, Eliot uses a range of skin conditions, to portray repellently racialized and sexualized bodies. Illness is not something felt, or even felt for, in Eliot’s poems, but seen with disgust and alienation.
Winifred Holtby and the Fevered (Middle)Brow
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

Placing Holtby’s writing in extended dialogue with Woolf’s, this chapter argues that the pathological canon missed in ‘On Being Ill’ is partly realized in the period’s middlebrow writing, which contests the topic of embodiment with Woolf’s preferred highbrow. The gendered category of middlebrow—associated by Woolf with ‘invalidish ladies’—is linked to the gendering of illness as female. The chapter also discusses the role of cinema in distinguishing brows, and its use in South Riding as an opposing artistic force to sickness, signifying illusion and insubstantiality. Reading Holtby’s popular journalism the author argues that illness provides a way of gently satirizing middle-class moral domestic values. South Riding and Anderby Wold show models of female identity that are identified with illness and its care. These are not, however, oppressive but often liberating, providing a field in which women acquire and enact expertise, authority, and power in the interwar period.
Epilogue
Authors: Fifield Peter
Published: August 2020

The closing remarks restate the importance of illness to modernism, arguing that it is defamiliarization rather than diagnosis that is central to modernist illness. Literary modernism demonstrates an investment in non-normative bodies and their experience, not as case studies or symbols, but as lived objects that overspill medical classifications. Modernism’s careful attention to such variety and nuance is passed on to the reader, for whom the literary experience of other subjects is thus neither a simple extension of our own embodiment, nor wholly out of our imaginative ambit. Modernism shows the ill subject as other, but also embedded in a social world in which they play a full and lively role.
External Thought and Talk about Fiction
Authors: Abell Catharine
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the ontological implications of the various ways in which we can think and talk about fictional entities and examines the roles that external thought and talk about fiction can play in the institution of fiction. It argues that those who deny the existence of fictional entities are unable to accommodate the ways in which we think and talk about fictional entities from an external perspective, and that this gives us good reason to accept fictional entities into our ontology. It argues that external thought and talk about fiction are important to the identification of interpretative fictive content. It also argues that such thought and talk can play an important role in improving the stability of the content-determining rules of fiction institutions, and that they can help participants in fiction institutions to coordinate on rules that provide equilibrium solutions to novel coordination problems of communicating imaginings.
In Search of Respect in Criminal Justice
Authors: Watson Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

The principal aim of the chapter is to examine the merits of respect as a concept of critical enquiry. This is an ambitious task, not least because it involves a challenge to the definitional self-evidence of respect to which criminal justice scholars and practitioners routinely subscribe. The chapter pursues three distinct lines of enquiry and reflection. What is respect? The first task is to attend to this deceptively simple question. In so doing, the chapter assembles materials on respect from philosophy and elsewhere in the social sciences. Second, having explored what respect means in general terms—though this is hotly contested—the chapter sketches and filters the most prominent classic and contemporary works into an understanding of respect for criminal justice. By initiating a dialogue with related disciplines in this way, the aim is to build a strong conceptual platform from which to engage with the substantive material on policing and imprisonment in subsequent chapters. Third, the chapter situates respect in criminal justice in contextual and methodological terms. Much of this work must be justificatory both of respect and of my own methodological choices. Having explained in some detail what respect means and why it has been selected for examination, the chapter considers why policing and imprisonment have been selected as contexts for that examination, and how an interpretive approach offers a means by which to conduct that examination.
Realising Respect
Authors: Watson Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

A distinction is routinely drawn between, on the one hand, an approach to criminal justice that distances itself from practice and—in being pitched at a high level of abstraction—represents a mode of ‘utopian critique’ and, on the other hand, an approach to criminal justice that is fully immersed in the applied domain and constitutes itself as a tool of reconstruction and reform. This chapter seeks to reconcile both forms of enquiry, and is organised as follows. The first section draws together various strands of the critique presented in preceding chapters, identifies some recurring themes, and considers the implications of a reductive approach to respect for the liberal credentials of criminal justice. The second section proposes and evaluates three strategies for cultivating respect in policing and imprisonment in England and Wales. They are proposed on the assumption, of course, that policing and criminal justice practices are amenable to intentional design and redesign.
Religion
Authors: Desmond Will D.
Published: August 2020

Two-thirds of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion are given over to ‘finite’ or pre-Christian religions, but surprisingly little attention has been paid to them. This is particularly surprising given the importance that he gives to the Greek ‘religion of beauty’ and Roman ‘religion of expediency’, for along with the Jewish ‘religion of sublimity’, they form the immediate historical precedents and preparation for Christianity, which Hegel’s teleological history accepts as the final, ‘true’, and ‘infinite’ religion. This chapter seeks to help to remedy the scholarly gap, not only by summarizing Hegel’s understanding of Greek and Roman religions in themselves, in relation to each other, to Christianity and previous ‘Oriental’ religions, and in relation to Hegel’s conception of religion as such. In addition, it seeks to juxtapose some of Hegel’s remarks with those of more recent scholars, to suggest that in general his approaches to Greek and Roman phenomena remain insightful. Although his strong judgments may offend many (for a variety of reasons), his comparative architectonic can be exhilarating: his juxtaposition of Greek anthropomorphism and the Christian Incarnation is challenging for Hellenists and Christian theologians; and his argument that Christianity is fundamentally a product of the Roman world, with Roman religion as its immediate predecessor, is a thought-provoking blend of Christian apologetics and proto-sociological historicism.
Introduction
Authors: Wolfe Sam , Maiden Martin
Published: August 2020

The introduction to the volume lays out its conceptual, theoretical and empirical background. It highlights how grammatical change has been a major area of interest within French linguistics, but that standard French is too often the exclusive empirical focus, while insights from comparative Gallo-Romance data tend to be lacking. Sociolinguistic theory has traditionally formed a modest part of linguistic research on both historical and contemporary French, but the introduction highlights a renewed interest in variationist sociolinguistics, issues of language contact, and the status of minority languages with France. The introduction concludes with an overview of Smith’s contribution to linguistics and summaries of the chapters that together form the volume.
Resumptive structures in a Gallo-Romance perspective
Authors: Meklenborg Christine
Published: August 2020

Old French and old Occitan both have access to the resumptive particle SI that occurs in second position of the clause, between a fronted constituent and the finite verb. In this paper, the information-structural properties of the particle are compared and it is shown that it may be used to introduce new information in old Occitan, an option that is not available in old French. Further, an analysis for SI is proposed. It is suggested that SI may be both a head and a phrase, something which has consequences for the analysis of the fronted element of the clause.
The loss of clitic climbing in French
Authors: Bekowies Zack , McLaughlin Mairi
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the loss of clitic climbing in French from a Gallo-Romance perspective. A corpus of four hagiographical texts published in the second half of the seventeenth century is used to explore when clitic climbing ceased to be preferred in complex verbal predicates. The results confirm the main research hypothesis, namely that the variant with clitic climbing was retained for longer in texts published in Toulouse than in those published in Paris. The longer retention of clitic climbing is likely to be the effect of contact with varieties of Occitan in which clitic climbing was never lost. The results also contribute to research on text types in historical linguistics by showing that the change took place in the same way in hagiographical texts as it did in other types of text, even if there is variation regarding its dating.
Active-middle alignment and the aoristic drift
Authors: Bentley Delia
Published: August 2020

In the classification of Romance along a northern–southern continuum the languages which exhibit patterns of active-middle alignment (notably, the HABERE ~ ESSE alternation in the perfect) are also known to have undergone the aoristic drift. This article starts from Smith’s (2016) observation that the north-western oïl varieties have maintained the preterite, while also alternating the two auxiliaries, whereas the north-eastern oïl varieties have lost the HABERE ~ ESSE alternation and undergone the aoristic drift. It is argued that the developments which have occurred in the north-western varieties are not theoretically challenging or unique within the Romània. With respect to the generalization of habere in the north-eastern areas and, less conspicuously, throughout Gallo-Romance, it is claimed that this development was engendered by the rise of a dependent-marking system which follows undifferentiated nominative alignment. It is concluded that the modern Romània exhibits a stronghold of active-middle alignment in a group of central languages, which are essentially head marking.
The Party Politics of Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

Analyses of party manifestos, of expert judgements on party positions, and of parties’ actual behaviour when voting on military missions all show that party-political contestation is structured along the left/right dimension. Support for the military and its interventions is systematically related to the left/right dimension in a skewed inverted U-curve: support is weakest at the far left and increases as one moves along the left/right axis to the centre right where it reaches its peak. The far right is less supportive then the centre right but less opposed than the far left. The relation to the ‘new politics’ dimension is shaped very similarly but is generally weaker. Party-political contestation of military missions in the post-Communist party systems in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe follows a different pattern than elsewhere. In the post-Communist party systems, the relationship between left/right and support of military interventions is weaker, and the relationship with the ‘new politics’ dimension is either weak or even points in the opposite direction as in Western Europe. It is important to note, however, that the influence of the left/right dimension is not limited to Western Europe. As the manifestos of various non-European countries show, the correlation can also be found in Asia, Oceania, Africa, and Latin America.
Introduction
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides a brief discussion of stemmatic method and introduces some of the techniques and practices used in the book.
The Italian Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The descendants of MS Br (Brussels 10161), a large family, are discussed. This manuscript, itself north European, is shown to be the ancestor of a large Italian family, amongst which Petrarch’s MS, Paris lat. 5720 has a special prominence.
The Italian Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The descendants of Q (Vatican, Reg. lat. 971), a small family, are discussed.
The Italian Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The large family of Italian manuscripts here called δ‎ is discussed.
The Italian Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

Manuscripts and incunables that derive, or derive ultimately, from the editio princeps of Vindelinus de Spira, are discussed.
The Shape of the Textual Tradition of Curtius
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The shape of the MS tradition of Curtius is discussed.
Consequences for Editors of Curtius
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The consequences of this investigation for editors of Curtius are discussed.
The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The progress of scholarship in elucidating the textual transmission of Dictys Cretensis is discussed.
The Family of E
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The inter-relationships of the relatives and descendants of the codex Aesinas are discussed.
The Archetype
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The problem of whether there was an archetype for the manuscript tradition of Dictys is discussed.
Endnotes to Dictys
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

There is discussion of Enoch of Ascoli and the codex Aesinas, of the opening of the epistle, and of the family of G (Sankt Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek 197) in Dares.
Introduction
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

Christian authors, like their classical forbears, compare writing to painting. This chapter explores the implications of this analogy, especially relating to the concept of mimēsis—representation, emulation, or imitation. It then examines the literary techniques of ekphrasis and prosōpopoeia: they both involve the representation of reality, through an appeal to the audience’s visual or aural imagination. In using these techniques authors also emulate various literary models. Christians appealed to concepts of God as craftsman and Christ as artist of the human soul. Recent re-evaluations of mimēsis are also examined in relation to the concepts of the ‘Second Sophistic’, ‘Atticism’, and ‘Asianism’. Finally, this chapter examines the ancient concept of technē (art, craft, skill), defining it in terms of knowledge, a good end and learning by example. Fourth-century authors saw verbal composition as a craft, defined in these terms.
The Workshop
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

The first part of this chapter shows how Gregory of Nyssa construes his relationships with his teachers in textual terms: the things he writes are the proof both that he is a good student of his teacher, and that he is ready to graduate from their instruction. This same model is also found in his interpretation of the bride in the Song of Songs, who is depicted as a teacher (didaskalos) and a figure of Paul and the apostles. This suggests that one should see authors in a network, and as concerned with the production of things—namely texts. The second part of the chapter extends this to argue that one can see, for example, the Cappadocians, as functioning as a literary workshop. The ancient concept of workshop (ergasterion) is examined alongside the Cappadocians’ own use of the term, literally and figuratively.
John Heywood
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

John Heywood: Comedy and Survival in Tudor England offers the first comprehensive study of the long and varied career of the Tudor playwright, poet, musician, performer, humourist, and collector of epigrams, John Heywood (c.1497–1578). It roots his life and work in the context of the profound and often violent religious, political, and cultural changes of the Tudor century that variously provoked, enabled, and restricted the scope of his creativity, and makes the case for Heywood as both one of the sixteenth century’s most fascinating dramatic and literary figures and a revealing lens through which to view the cultural history of the period. It goes beyond the clichés of popular history, beyond Shakespeare and the purpose-built playhouses, beyond the canonical Henrician court poets and writers of the Elizabethan ‘Golden Age’, beyond even the experiences of the century’s chief ministers, intellectuals, and martyrs, to a theatrical and literary world less visible in the conventional sources. It opens a window on a culture in which the actions of monarchs, their councillors, and their victims were witnessed and reflected upon at one remove, but subjected to vigorous, witty, and often audacious criticism and comment.
Interlude: The Annus Mirabilis of 1529
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This short chapter identifies 1529 as a hugely significant year both for the fortunes of the More–Rastell family and for the political nation as a whole. Drawing together a range of sources, it charts the dramatic consequences of the fall of Henry VIII’s chief minister, Thomas, Cardinal Wolsey, and the sudden elevation of Thomas More to replace him as lord chancellor. It draws out the significance of these events for the More circle, arguing that they were the principal stimulus for Heywood’s remarkable turn to political drama in this period. Heywood’s career as a playwright would be fundamentally energized as a result of his kinsman’s elevation to the highest of political and legal offices.
Complaining about the Weather
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter sets Heywood’s Play of the Weather in the context of the remarkable opening session of the Reformation Parliament. It reads the play’s opening lines in the context of More’s savage speech describing Wolsey as a ‘great wether’ (castrated ram), and the call for redress of ‘enormities’. It looks at More’s speech, showing for the first time how the sources differ over what More said, and suggesting that More intended at least part of what he said as implied criticism of the king’s position rather than celebration of it. It suggests Heywood, inspired and provoked by the terms of the speech, offered the court a play that also gently ironized Henry VIII’s self-serving claims, and shows how Heywood may have revised the play in 1533, adding material that gently satirized the king’s secret marriage to Anne Boleyn and his claims to be Supreme Head of the Church.
Discord, Dissent, and Division
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

Even if we cannot follow Heywood’s engagement with the fine details of political events in his work in these years in quite the way that we could through his earlier interludes, it is nonetheless possible, and important, to track his path against the wider picture of English Reformation politics, the advance of royal policy and the reactions it provoked, in order to see how the twists and turns of Fortune’s favour affected him, his family, and influential patrons such as Mary Tudor, and how and why Heywood was brought to his own crisis of conscience in the winter of 1543. This chapter examines Heywood’s fortunes in the years following More’s death against the curious contortions of Henry VIII’s religious policy, describing the evolution of Henry’s Erasmian ‘middle way’ in religion, and the tensions that it permitted and exacerbated, setting the scene for Heywood’s condemnation for treason for denying the Royal Supremacy in 1542.
In Kent and Christendom?
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks in detail at the evidence for Heywood’s involvement in the so called Prebendaries Plot against Thomas Cranmer in the diocese of Kent. It explores the religious divisions that provoked the complaints against Cranmer, and the interrogatories put to those interviewed over their involvement. It offers the first detailed analysis of the charges against Heywood, concluding that the playwright was not involved in any conspiracy against Cranmer, and indeed that describing the events in Kent as a ‘Plot’ is itself potentially misleading. Rather, when finally confronted with the demand that he affirm the Royal Supremacy, Heywood initially refused, and so became a traitor under the terms of the Treason Act of 1534. The chapter describes Heywood’s dramatic appearance on the scaffold with his co-accused, largely fellow members of the More circle, and his subsequent abject public abjuration.
Rehabilitation and Reformation
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter looks at Heywood’s remarkable rehabilitation after his abjuration in 1543, and examines in detail his turn to a new literary form with A Dialogue of Proverbs. It offers a new reading of this little-discussed text, setting it in the context of the humanist taste for Adagia, and showing how Heywood parodies the form in a dialogue that cites ‘all the proverbs in the English tongue’ to no final effect. It then looks closely at the subsequent editions of ‘Hundreds’ of Epigrams upon proverbs that the playwright published in subsequent decades, drawing out how they both crafted a new persona for him as purveyor of comic wisdom for ‘the middling sort’ in London, and provided a vehicle for his gradual return to commentary upon social, economic, and religious issues.
‘When all that is to was is brought’
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines Heywood’s fortunes in the early years of the reign of Elizabeth I, as he strove to maintain his position as a creative artist in a newly Protestant England and began to consider the prospect of exile. Drawing on the remarkable poem, ‘When all that is…’, recently discovered by Jane Flynn, it draws out its implications for our understanding of the playwright’s state of mind as he took stock of his life, offered counsel to those friends and family members remaining in England, and turned his thoughts to exile and the ars moriendi. ‘When all that is…’ suggests a sense of recovery and of resolution at the same time as it speaks of loss and regret. It is the work of a writer who has seemingly at the eleventh hour regained his capacity for linguistic and generic innovation, for word-play, and a characteristically generative ambivalence at the same time as discovering new clarity of faith and purpose.
Selfless Intervention
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This chapter fleshes out how unilateral, ‘extraterritorial’ action could be justifiable. The starting point of the analysis is that, in light of institutional failures to protect common interests adequately, unilateral action may at times be necessary to dispense global corrective justice. The author ascertains whether there is such a thing as an ‘international community’, and whether individual states rather than international institutions can be entrusted with ‘selfless’ jurisdictional powers. While acknowledging the risk of self-serving behaviour, the author is inclined to support benevolent unilateralism as the alternative—no action—may be worse. He argues that the justification of such unilateralism should be sought in a reinterpretation of the notion of sovereignty, as well as in the substantive values supposedly furthered by unilateral action.
Selfless Jurisdiction and the National Interest
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the variables that may determine the exercise of jurisdiction in the common interest. It inquires what explanatory variables determine the dependent variable of the (non-)exercise of jurisdiction in the common interest, based on actual jurisdictional practice of states. However, the chapter’s approach is also normative where it seeks to justify particular interest-based practices of jurisdiction or recommends reform. The author argues that, realistically, bystander states are only likely to exercise selfless jurisdiction if this also serves their national interests. However, he submits that this limitation of cosmopolitan action need not be regrettable. Instead, it could be justified from a normative perspective. In particular, the variables determining the (non-)exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction as well as the jurisdictional extension of domestic economic regulation are discussed to support the argument.
Limitations to the Exercise of Prescriptive Jurisdiction in the Common Interest
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines what limitations should be imposed to render the exercise of ‘selfless’ jurisdiction reasonable. After introducing the concept of reasonableness, various jurisdictional mitigating mechanisms are discussed: international recognition of the pertinent common interest, democratic participation of those affected, recognizing foreign mechanisms providing equivalent protection, and transfers to, or compensation of, those affected. These mechanisms further the normative legitimacy of unilateral jurisdiction in the global interest as they take the human-centredness of cosmopolitanism truly seriously. They are designed to take account of the interests of all actors affected by state coercion and thus to limit jurisdictional overreach in violation of cosmopolitan tenets. They may appear to be ideal-typical constructions, but the author shows that they have a grounding in existing state and institutional practice, which makes further operationalization altogether feasible.
Touched by the Heart
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the recruitment of volunteers into a community development programme in Indonesia. Volunteers are ‘susceptible’ to being animated by the promises of the programme, including the opportunities for self-realization. Reading these processes of becoming through the lens of governmentality and the volunteers’ own theories of personhood reveals both disciplining and creative possibilities. It finds that heightened susceptibility to be affected (that is, to be moved in ways that encourage a person to volunteer) is a factor in the force of programme rationalities. At the same time, the capacity to be affected (an opportunity provided by becoming a volunteer) empowers local volunteers by expanding the possibilities for self through affective affirmation. The chapter highlights the huge stakes of volunteers’ involvement in community development: no less than a sense of who one is, and is becoming.
Expansion
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

This chapter takes the 2018 municipal election in Dehradun, India, as a setting through which to explore the processes of personhood for women politicos. It introduces the ‘topography for self’ as an analytical framework to examine the socio-historical possibilities and foreclosures for self. Gendered emotional repertoires and opportunities for affective experiences shape these possibilities and foreclosures, with three consequences. First, women political workers identify as ‘social workers’, pointing to the importance of the topography for self in shaping the characteristics of female and male politicians. Second, reservations for women and concomitant opportunities for new self-imaginaries and self-enactments are empowering, in the sense that they increase the possibilities for self. Third, consequent affective investments in a sense of self as ‘social workers’ facilitate the exploitation of women’s political labour.
Effective Theories for Quark Flavour Physics
Authors: Silvestrini Luca
Published: August 2020

The purpose of the lectures that appear within this chapter is to provide the reader with an idea of how we can probe new physics with quark flavour observables using effective theory techniques. It begins by providing a concise review of the quark flavour structure of the standard model. Then it introduces the effective Hamiltonian for quark weak decays. Following on, it then considers the effective Hamiltonian for ?F=2 transitions in the standard model and beyond. It discusses how meson–anti–meson mixing and CP violation can be described in terms of the ?F=1 and ?F=2 effective Hamiltonians. Finally, it presents the Unitarity Triangle Analysis and discusses how very stringent constraints on new physics can be obtained from ?F=2 processes.