bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Major depression disorder may causally associate with the increased breast cancer risk: Evidence from two‐sample mendelian randomization analyses
Authors: Ren Qian , Luo Fangxiu , Ge Sheng , Chen Peizhan
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Major depression disorder (MDD) has been associated with increased breast cancer risk in epidemiological studies; however, it is still unknown whether this association is causal or not. The aim of this study is to determine the causal relationship between MDD and breast cancer risk.

Methods

Two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses with 92 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with MDD as instrumental variables (IVs) were performed. Effects of these SNPs on breast cancer in women were estimated in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (122,977 cases and 105,974 controls) using inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median and multivariable MR models. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy effects were assessed based on IVW and MR‐Egger regression model, respectively.

Results

An 8.7% increased risk of overall breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 1.087; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.011–1.170; P = 0.025] per log‐odds ratio increment of MDD risk based on the IVW model was noticed. Similar results were obtained with the multivariable MR model (OR = 1.118, 95% CI = 1.010–1.237; P = 0.031). An increment but not statistically significant causality association was noticed between MDD and risk of ER+ (OR = 1.098, 95% CI = 0.984–1.227; P = 0.093) or ER‐ (OR = 1.129, 95% CI = 0.982–1.297; P = 0.089) breast cancer under multivariable MR model. No significant pleiotropy effects were observed for the IVs in the two‐sample MR studies.

Conclusions

The results suggested that a genetic predisposition of MDD is causally associated with overall breast cancer risk; however, the underlying biological mechanisms are worthy of further study.
Inactivation Mechanism of the Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor BIA 10‐2474
Authors: Cerqueira Nuno M. F. S. A. , Neves Marco , Rocha Juliana , Soares‐da Silva Patrício , Palma P. Nuno
Published: July 2022

BIA 10‐2474 is a time‐dependent inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that was under clinical development for the treatment of neurological conditions when the program was terminated after one subject died and four were hospitalized with neurological symptoms during a first‐in‐human clinical study. The present work describes the mechanism of FAAH inhibition by BIA 10‐2474 as a target‐specific covalent inhibition, supported by quantum mechanics and molecular modelling studies. The inhibitor incorporates a weakly reactive electrophile which, upon specific binding to the enzyme‘s active site, is positioned to react readily with the catalytic residues. The reactivity is enhanced on‐site by the increased molarity at the reaction site and by specific inductive interactions with FAAH. In the second stage, the inhibitor reacts with the enzyme‘s catalytic nucleophile to form a covalent enzyme‐inhibitor adduct. The hydrolysis of this adduct is shown to be unlikely under physiological conditions, therefore leading to irreversible inactivation of FAAH. The results also reveal the important role played by FAAH Thr236 in the reaction with BIA 10‐2474, which is specific to FAAH and is not present in other serine hydrolases. It forms a hydrogen bond with the imidazole nitrogen of the inhibitor and helps lowering the activation free energy of the first step of the reaction, by pre‐orienting and stabilizing the inhibitor in a near‐reactive configuration. In the second step, Thr236 can also serve as a mechanistic alternative to protonate the leaving group.
Presentation and treatment of aggressive, Triple‐Negative carcinosarcoma of the breast
Authors: Vizgan Niels , Jokar Tahereh Orouji , Enayati Ladan , Salyana Muhammad , Gotlieb Vladimir K.
Published: July 2022

An extremely rare form of breast cancer, breast carcinosarcoma accounts for less than a percent of all breast malignancies and is highly aggressive. Composed of both cancerous epithelial and mesenchymal cell types, breast carcinosarcoma is associated with a poor prognosis compared to more common breast cancers, and typically lack the receptors typical of other breast carcinomas, which minimize potential targets for treatment. In this case report, we discuss a 56‐year‐old patient affected by carcinosarcoma of the breast at a T2N1 stage, and the decision‐making process that factored into her treatment plan.
Multirooted supernumerary tooth in the anterior maxilla: A rare presentation
Authors: Ghosh Snehashish , Dhungel Safal , Jaiswal Bijay , Roy Prabhash , Raj A. Thirumal , Patil Shankargouda
Published: July 2022

Multirooted supernumerary tooth is a rare finding, which predisposes to various malocclusion. The present case report depicts the presence of a multirooted supernumerary tooth in the anterior maxilla just adjacent to the midline in a 24‐year‐old patient.
Mysterious dengue‐like virus: A case report from Pakistan
Authors: Waseem Summaiyya , Ahmed Syed Hassan , Shaikh Taha Gul , Qadar Laila Tul , Khalid Saad , Nimavat Nirav , Hasan Mohammad Mehedi
Published: July 2022

Recently, in Pakistan, several cases of mysterious dengue‐like illness are being reported, which has concerned the authorities and requires prompt action. We present a case of a 52‐year‐old female patient presenting with a history of continuous fever, documented up to 104 F, for 5 days. The symptoms were associated with headache, nausea, retro‐orbital headache, arthralgia, and myalgia. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the literature for the endemic mysterious virus and may serve as the groundwork for future studies.
Modeling of Carbon Dioxide Separation by Aqueous Ammonia Solution in a Hollow‐Fiber Membrane Contactor
Authors: Shiravi Arman , Naderifar Abbas , Raisi Ahmadreza
Published: July 2022

CO2 separation from gaseous mixtures in a hollow‐fiber membrane contactor (HFMC) with conventional solvents has a high energy cost. Aqueous ammonia is an industrial solvent candidate that provides better features. A mass transfer model was developed to investigate the effect of operating parameters on the separation performance of an HFMC using aqueous ammonia for CO2 removal. The governing equations were solved numerically. The influence of the liquid flow rate, liquid concentration, and gas flow rate on CO2 removal was studied at different CO2 inlet concentrations. The liquid flow rate had a slight effect on the CO2 concentration at the shell exit, while the CO2 removal significantly changed with variation of the gas flow rate. Moreover, the proposed model can predict CO2 removal as well as axial and radial CO2 concentration profiles in the HFMC as a function of the main operating parameters.
Influence of the Solvent Used for Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of W−BiVO4 on Properties and Photoelectroactivity of W−BiVO4/WO3
Authors: Scola Rodrigues Barbara , Branco Carolyne M. , Vicente Marcos R. S. , Rodríguez‐López Joaquín , dos Santos de Souza Juliana
Published: July 2022

W−BiVO4 and WO3 are promising photoanodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The synthesis procedure determines morphology, composition, and consequently, the photo(electro)chemical performance. W−BiVO4 was produced through a microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method, using ethanol (EtOH) or ethylene glycol (EG) as solvents, resulting in the materials W−BiVO4(EtOH) and (BiVO4(EG), respectively. WO3 films were grown onto a conductor substrate under microwave‐assisted hydrothermal conditions. W−BiVO4/WO3 was prepared through drop‐casting and applied as photoanodes for OER. Morphology, crystalline structure, chemical composition, and band gap energy were evaluated. Also, the electrochemical behavior and interfacial properties were investigated via surface interrogation (SI‐SECM). It has been observed that the photoelectroactivity of W−BiVO4(EG)/WO3 is 16 times higher than W−BiVO4(EtOH)/WO3 due to its favorable band edge alignment toward OER. SI‐SECM showed that W−BiVO4(EtOH)/WO3 exhibited a surface coverage of reactive oxygen species four times higher than W−BiVO4(EG)/WO3. The contrasting reactivity was ascribed to differences in morphology and crystalline structure of W−BiVO4.
Expanding Catch and Release DNA Decoy (CRDD) Technology with Pyrimidine Mimics
Authors: Kennelly Samantha A. , Moorthy Ramkumar , Otero Ruben Silva , Harki Daniel A.
Published: July 2022

Catch and release DNA decoys (CRDDs) utilize photochemically responsive nucleoside analogues that generate abasic sites upon exposure to light. Herein, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of four candidate CRDD monomers containing nucleobases that mimic endogenous pyrimidines: 2‐nitroimidazole (2‐NI), 2‐nitrobenzene (2‐NB), 2‐nitropyrrole (2‐NP) and 3‐nitropyrrole (3‐NP). Our studies reveal that 2‐NI and 2‐NP can function as CRDDs, whereas 3‐NP and 2‐NB undergo decomposition and transformation to a higher‐ordered structure upon photolysis, respectively. When incorporated into DNA, 2‐NP undergoes rapid photochemical cleavage of the anomeric bond (1.8 min half‐life) to yield an abasic site. Finally, we find that all four pyrimidine mimics show significantly greater stability when base‐paired against the previously reported 7‐nitroindole CRDD monomer. Our work marks the expansion of CRDD technology to both purine and pyrimidine scaffolds.
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Black Silicon Photoanode with pH‐Dependent Copper‐Bipyridine Catalysts
Authors: Jian Jing‐Xin , Liao Jia‐Xin , Zhou Mu‐Han , Yao Ming‐Ming , Chen Yi‐Jing , Liang Xi‐Wen , Liu Chao‐Ping , Tong Qing‐Xiao
Published: July 2022

Since the water oxidation half‐reaction requires the transfer of multi‐electrons and the formation of O−O bond, it's crucial to investigate the catalytic behaviours of semiconductor photoanodes. In this work, a bio‐inspired copper‐bipyridine catalyst of Cu(dcbpy) is decorated on the nanoporous Si photoanode (black Si, b‐Si). Under AM1.5G illumination, the b‐Si/Cu(dcbpy) photoanode exhibits a high photocurrent density of 6.31 mA cm−2 at 1.5 VRHE at pH 11.0, which is dramatically improved from the b‐Si photoanode (1.03 mA cm−2) and f‐Si photoanode (0.0087 mA cm−2). Mechanism studies demonstrate that b‐Si/Cu(dcbpy) has improved light‐harvesting, interfacial charge‐transfer, and surface area for water splitting. More interestingly, b‐Si/Cu(dcbpy) exhibits a pH‐dependent water oxidation behaviour with a minimum Tafel slope of 241 mV/dec and the lowest overpotential of 0.19 V at pH 11.0, which is due to the monomer/dimer equilibrium of copper catalyst. At pH ∼11, the formation of dimeric hydroxyl‐complex could form O−O bond through a redox isomerization (RI) mechanism, which decreases the required potential for water oxidation. This in‐depth understanding of pH‐dependent water oxidation catalyst brings insights into the design of dimer water oxidation catalysts and efficient photoanodes for solar energy conversion.
Colloidal Stability of TiO2 Nanoparticles: The Roles of Phosphonate Ligand Length and Solution Temperature
Authors: Yamashita Shohei , Sudo Tatsuya , Kamiya Hidehiro , Okada Yohei
Published: July 2022

Surface ligands are essential tools for the stabilization of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) in solvents. However, knowledge regarding the effects of the ligand shell, especially the ligand length, is insufficient and controversial. Here we demonstrate solution‐based experiments on n‐alkylphosphonate‐capped TiO2 NPs to investigate the effects of ligand length and solution temperature on colloidal stability. A robust ligand‐exchange process is achieved that draws free ligands and impurities away from the colloidal solution. In the case of 8 nm anatase NPs in toluene, the dodecylphosphonate ligand provided better colloidal stability than all the other n‐alkylphosphonate ligands. In addition, relaxation studies suggested there is kinetic hysteresis in the dispersion/agglomeration transition. The proposed method is applicable to a wide range of surface ligands designed to maximize the colloidal stability of NPs.
Self‐Assembled Nano‐Filamentous Zeolite Catalyst to Realize Efficient One‐Step Ethanol Synthesis
Authors: Yao Jie , Feng Xiaobo , Fan Jiaqi , Komiyama Shoya , Kugue Yasuharu , Guo Xiaoyu , He Yingluo , Yang Guohui , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: July 2022

The non‐petroleum synthesis route of ethanol from syngas (H2+CO) with methyl acetate (MA) as the core intermediate product has been confirmed as an excellent industrialization route for high purity ethanol production. However, as the central part of this tandem‐catalysis path, the carbonylation of dimethyl ether (DME) to MA is limited by the undesirable catalytic activity and stability of zeolite catalysts. Herein, a facile inhibitor‐assisted strategy was developed for constructing self‐assembled nano‐Mordenite (nano‐MOR) zeolites without using any expensive or complex template. A nano‐filamentous MOR zeolite with only 70 nm crystal diameter was successfully synthesized by selectively controlling the crystal growth orientation with a specific inhibitor. The catalytic performance of self‐assembled nano‐MOR catalysts was remarkably outstanding in DME carbonylation reaction. The highest Space‐Time Yield (STY) of MA was achieved over Nanofilament MOR (NF‐MOR), which was significantly improved comparing with that of the traditional Ellipsoid‐MOR (ES‐MOR) [3780 mmol/(kg ⋅ h) vs. 1368 mmol/(kg ⋅ h)]. One‐step ethanol synthesis was realized by combining the MOR catalyst and an innovative self‐reduced Cu‐ZnO/SiO2 (CZ/SiO2) catalyst in a rationally designed dual‐bed catalysis system. Adopting the tailor‐made NF‐MOR&CZ/SiO2 combination, it obtained the highest STY of ethanol, about 4 times of the conventional ES‐MOR&CZ combination [1800 mmol/(kg ⋅ h) vs. 476 mmol/(kg ⋅ h)]. The present self‐assembled nano‐MOR zeolites synthetic strategy opens a new way for the fabrication of high‐performance zeolites for practical industrial applications in catalytic conversions of one‐carbon (C1) small molecules to high value‐added chemicals.
Bioorthogonal Click of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles to Antibodies In vivo
Authors: Poulie Christian B. M. , Sporer Emanuel , Hvass Lars , Jørgensen Jesper T. , Kempen Paul J. , Lopes van den Broek Sara I. , Shalgunov Vladimir , Kjaer Andreas , Jensen Andreas I. , Herth Matthias M.
Published: July 2022

Combining nanotechnology and bioorthogonal chemistry for theranostic strategies offers the possibility to develop next generation nanomedicines. These materials are thought to increase therapeutic outcome and improve current cancer management. Due to their size, nanomedicines target tumors passively. Thus, they can be used for drug delivery purposes. Bioorthogonal chemistry allows for a pretargeting approach. Higher target‐to‐background drug accumulation ratios can be achieved. Pretargeting can also be used to induce internalization processes or trigger controlled drug release. Colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted widespread interest as drug delivery vectors within the last decades. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the possibility to successfully ligate AuNPs in vivo to pretargeted monoclonal antibodies. We believe that this possibility will facilitate the development of AuNPs for clinical use and ultimately, improve state‐of‐the‐art patient care.
Effects of skin‐to‐skin contact on full‐term infants’ stress reactivity and quality of mother–infant interactions
Authors: Rheinheimer Nicole , Beijers Roseriet , Cooijmans Kelly H. M. , Brett Bonnie E. , de Weerth Carolina
Published: July 2022

Skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) between mothers and their infants has beneficial effects in both preterm and full‐term infants. Underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This randomized controlled trial assessed whether daily SSC in full‐term mother–infant dyads: (1) decreases infants’ cortisol and behavioral reactivity to a mild naturalistic stressor, and (2) facilitates interaction quality between infants and mothers (i.e., improved maternal caregiving behavior and mother–infant adrenocortical synchrony). Pregnant Dutch women (N = 116) were recruited and randomly allocated to an SSC or care‐as‐usual condition. The SSC condition performed 1 h of SSC daily, from birth until postnatal week 5. In week 5, mothers bathed the infant (known mild stressor). Infant and maternal cortisol was sampled at baseline, 25 and 40 min after bathing, and infant and maternal behavior was rated. Results did not indicate effects of SSC on infant behavioral and cortisol reactivity to the bathing session. Similarly, no effect of SSC was found on maternal caregiving behavior and mother–infant adrenocortical synchrony. In conclusion, the findings provide no evidence that daily mother–infant SSC is associated with full‐term infants’ behavioral and adrenocortical stress reactivity or mother–infant interaction quality. Future studies should replicate these findings and unveil other potential mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of SSC.
Screening instruments for eating disorders in pregnancy: Current evidence, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Dörsam Annica Franziska , Bye Amanda , Graf Johanna , Howard Louise M. , Throm Jana Katharina , Müller Mitho , Wallwiener Stephanie , Zipfel Stephan , Micali Nadia , Giel Katrin Elisabeth
Published: July 2022

Pregnancy is a vulnerable period for eating disorder (ED) occurrence and maternal EDs are associated with heightened risk of adverse pregnancy and infant outcomes. This highlights the need to identify pregnant women with past or current EDs in order to offer appropriate support. However, there is a knowledge and practice gap on screening pregnant women for EDs. Clinical guidance is lacking in international treatment guidelines, which is unsurprising given that no validated ED screening tool specifically designed for use in antenatal populations exists. Moreover, data on the effectiveness of general population screening tools for identifying EDs in pregnant women are scarce. This article provides a synthesis of current evidence, treatment guidelines, and data on the diagnostic accuracy for screening for EDs in antenatal samples from three studies with different screening approaches. We outline recommendations for future steps to tackle the knowledge and practice gap on screening for EDs in pregnant women, including next steps for the development of a pregnancy‐specific ED screener and the use of general mental health screeners to detect EDs during pregnancy. Up‐to‐date, the jury is still out as how to best identify current or past EDs in pregnancy. More research is needed to assess the efficacy of using general mental health screeners versus ED‐specific screening instruments to detect ED in pregnancy. Additionally, clinicians have to be trained on how to assess and manage EDs during pregnancy.

Public Significance

Identifying pregnant women with eating disorders (EDs) is a public health concern which can be addressed using multiple approaches, including implementation of general and specific assessments within routine antenatal care, and training of healthcare professionals.
Bighorn sheep show similar in‐host responses to the same pathogen strain in two contrasting environments
Authors: Manlove Kezia R. , Roug Annette , Sinclair Kylie , Ricci Lauren E. , Hersey Kent R. , Martinez Cameron , Martinez Michael A. , Mower Kerry , Ortega Talisa , Rominger Eric , Ruhl Caitlin , Tatman Nicole , Taylor Jace
Published: July 2022

Ecological context—the biotic and abiotic environment, along with its influence on population mixing dynamics and individual susceptibility—is thought to have major bearing on epidemic outcomes. However, direct comparisons of wildlife disease events in contrasting ecological contexts are often confounded by concurrent differences in host genetics, exposure histories, or pathogen strains. Here, we compare disease dynamics of a Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae spillover event that affected bighorn sheep populations in two contrasting ecological contexts. One event occurred on the herd's home range near the Rio Grande Gorge in New Mexico, while the other occurred in a captive facility at Hardware Ranch in Utah. While data collection regimens varied, general patterns of antibody signal strength and symptom emergence were conserved between the two sites. Symptoms appeared in the captive setting an average of 12.9 days postexposure, average time to seroconversion was 24.9 days, and clinical signs peaked at approximately 36 days postinfection. These patterns were consistent with serological testing and subsequent declines in symptom intensity in the free‐ranging herd. At the captive site, older animals exhibited more severe declines in body condition and loin thickness, higher symptom burdens, and slower antibody response to the pathogen than younger animals. Younger animals were more likely than older animals to clear infection by the time of sampling at both sites. The patterns presented here suggest that environment may not be a major determinant of epidemiological outcomes in the bighorn sheep—M. ovipneumoniae system, elevating the possibility that host‐ or pathogen‐factors may be responsible for observed variation.
Catalytic Cracking of Waste Tires using Nano‐ZSM‐5/MgAl‐LDO
Authors: Yang Chao , Fu Ruru , Jiao Qingze , Yu Jiaan , Liang Jie , Zhu Huanhuan , Jiao Xiaoguang , Feng Caihong , Zhang Yaoyuan , Li Hansheng , Zhao Yun
Published: July 2022

Catalytic cracking is a promising approach to realize the resource utilization of waste tires. Herein, a new composite catalyst, nano‐ZSM‐5/MgAl‐LDO, is synthesized, and catalytic cracking of waste tires over the composite catalyst is explored. Experimental results indicate that nano‐ZSM‐5/MgAl‐LDO composite catalyst is characterized by high dispersion of nano‐ZSM‐5 on the surface of LDO, large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller‐specific surface area, large pore diameter and volume, and suitable acid and basic properties. Moreover, not only does the nano‐ZSM‐5/MgAl‐LDO composite catalyst increase the conversion rate (62.04%) and degradation rate (1.33 × 10−3 s−1) of waste tires, but it also enhances the selectivity (33.32%) of light hydrocarbons in pyrolysis products, which was nearly 10% higher than that of thermal pyrolysis.
Ultrasmall ZnO Nanocrystals Confined in Honeycombed N‐Doped Carbon for High‐Performance and Stable Lithium/Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Jianding , Zheng Yun , Bao Xiaozhi , He Liqing , Zhang Haiyan , Tang Yuxin , Shao Huaiyu
Published: July 2022

ZnO with high theoretical capacity, low cost, natural abundance, and environmentally friendliness is regarded as a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Unfortunately, it suffers from low conductivity and huge volume expansion during charge/discharge, which finally leads to rapid capacity degradation and poor rate capability. To overcome these issues, the honeycombed ZnO@N‐doped carbon (HC‐ZnO@NC) composite with improved performances is prepared in this work. The composite could be easily prepared as an anode for LIBs and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) by cross‐linking and subsequent calcining at a target temperature. When used as an anode for LIBs, it could possess a reversible capacity of 687 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a rate of 0.5C. At a higher rate of 2C, 388 mAh g−1 is observed after 500 cycles. Additionally, HC‐ZnO@NC also obtains a capacity of 166 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.5C for SIBs. When the rate reaches 1C, it maintains a capacity of 126 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical metal ion storage properties might be ascribed to the synergistic effect of honeycombed carbon architecture and micro ZnO nanocrystals.
Automatic auditory processing features in distinct subtypes of patients at clinical high risk for psychosis: Forecasting remission with mismatch negativity
Authors: Wu GuiSen , Tang XiaoChen , Gan RanPiao , Zeng JiaHui , Hu YeGang , Xu LiHua , Wei YanYan , Tang YingYing , Chen Tao , Liu HaiChun , Li ChunBo , Wang JiJun , Zhang TianHong
Published: July 2022

Individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis exhibit a compromised mismatch negativity (MMN) response, which indicates dysfunction of pre‐attentive deviance processing. Event‐related potential and time‐frequency (TF) information, in combination with clinical and cognitive profiles, may provide insight into the pathophysiology and psychopathology of the CHR stage and predict the prognosis of CHR individuals. A total of 92 individuals with CHR were recruited and followed up regularly for up to 3 years. Individuals with CHR were classified into three clinical subtypes demonstrated previously, specifically 28 from Cluster 1 (characterized by extensive negative symptoms and cognitive deficits), 31 from Cluster 2 (characterized by thought and behavioral disorganization, with moderate cognitive impairment), and 33 from Cluster 3 (characterized by the mildest symptoms and cognitive deficits). Auditory MMN to frequency and duration deviants was assessed. The event‐related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter‐trial coherence (ITC) were acquired using TF analysis. Predictive indices for remission were identified using logistic regression analyses. As expected, reduced frequency MMN (fMMN) and duration MMN (dMMN) responses were noted in Cluster 1 relative to the other two clusters. In the TF analysis, Cluster 1 showed decreased theta and alpha ITC in response to deviant stimuli. The regression analyses revealed that dMMN latency and alpha ERSP to duration deviants, theta ITC to frequency deviants and alpha ERSP to frequency deviants, and fMMN latency were significant MMN predictors of remission for the three clusters. MMN variables outperformed behavioral variables in predicting remission of Clusters 1 and 2. Our findings indicate relatively disrupted automatic auditory processing in a certain CHR subtype and a close affinity between these electrophysiological indexes and clinical profiles within different clusters. Furthermore, MMN indexes may serve as predictors of subsequent remission from the CHR state. These findings suggest that the auditory MMN response is a potential neurophysiological marker for distinct clinical subtypes of CHR.
Emotional and social cognitive predictors of sexual risk indicators among adolescents in committed and noncommitted partnerships
Authors: Cadely Hans Saint‐Eloi , Spears Erica , Finnegan Vanessa , Kerpelman Jennifer L.
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Little is known about the risks of casual sexual partnerships during adolescence despite many adolescents having sex within noncommitted relationships. We applied theories of adult attachment, planned behavior, and problem behavior to examine emotional and social cognitive predictors of variability in sexual risk indicators among adolescents in committed and noncommitted partnerships.

Method

Data were drawn from 801 adolescents (53.6% females; aged 14–20 years (M = 16.25)) living in a southern state in the United States.

Results

Findings showed that healthy sex attitudes were related to knowing one's sexual partner longer; this association was stronger for females, particularly those in noncommitted sexual partnerships. Additionally, healthy sex attitudes predicted fewer sexual partners across adolescents, except for male adolescents in noncommitted sexual partnerships. Romantic attachment insecurity and constraining relationship beliefs had different associations with sexual risk indicators according to gender and relationship status.

Conclusion

Findings contribute to the current understanding of risks associated with adolescents' sexual engagement and offer insights into adolescents' casual sexual partnerships.
A novel sandwich structure ACF/CC@FeOCl as bifunctional cathode for efficient mineralization of trimethoprim in the heterogeneous electro‐Fenton process over a wide pH range
Authors: Song Yongjun , Wang Aimin , Ren Songyu , Zhang Yanyu , Wen Zhenjun , Zhang Zhongguo
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

It would be highly advantageous to develop a heterogeneous electro‐Fenton (HEF) system in which the catalyst is fixed to recycle easily and the electrode itself can produce and activate H2O2 simultaneously. In this study, a new sandwich‐like bifunctional cathode using carbon cloth (CC) loaded with FeOCl nanoparticles and activated carbon fiber (ACF) was fabricated and used in the HEF process for the degradation of antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP).

RESULTS

Experimental results showed that the activated carbon fiber and FeOCl‐modified carbon cloth cathode (ACF/CC@FeOCl) exhibited a promising catalytic performance to reduce O2 to generate H2O2 on the surface of ACF and activate H2O2 to generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH) at the active sites of FeOCl nanoparticles, thus enabling a rapid TMP degradation in a wide pH range (3–9). Various influencing factors, such as applied cathodic current, pH and TMP concentration, were investigated, and the optimal condition was found at 0.36 A, pH 3.0, and 100 mg L−1 TMP, where 99.7% TMP was degraded within 90 min and 74.4% total organic carbon (TOC) was removed within 360 min. Under the condition of 0.36 A and initial pH 6.8, 100 mg L−1 TMP was completely degraded within 120 min and the mineralization efficiency could achieve 61.5% within 360 min. The coumarin fluorescence probing technique and radical quenching experiments revealed that •OH was the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ACF/CC@FeOCl‐HEF process.

CONCLUSION

The reusability and stability tests showed that the ACF/CC@FeOCl cathode has excellent performance and good stability, and this is very promising for the efficient degradation of refractory organic pollutants in the HEF process. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Morphology and phylogenetic significance of the thoracic muscles in Psocodea (Insecta: Paraneoptera)
Authors: Kawata Azuma , Ogawa Naoki , Yoshizawa Kazunori
Published: July 2022

The thoracic musculature of the insect order Psocodea has been examined in only a few species of a single suborder to date. In the present study, we examined the thoracic musculature of species selected from all three suborders of Psocodea to elucidate the ground plan of the order and to examine the phylogenetic utility of the character system. The sister‐group relationship between the suborders Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha received support from two novel nonhomoplasious synapomorphies, although the support from other morphological characters for this relationship is ambiguous. The sister‐group relationship between the infraorders Epipsocetae and Psocetae also received support from one nonhomoplasious synapomorphy, although no other morphological characters supporting this relationship have been identified to date. The present examination revealed the potential of thoracic muscle characters for estimating deep phylogeny, possibly including interordinal relationships.
The mouthparts of the adult dragonfly Anax imperator (Insecta: Odonata), functional morphology and feeding kinematics
Authors: Josten Benedikt , Gorb Stanislav N. , Büsse Sebastian
Published: July 2022

Insects evolved differently specialized mouthparts. We study the mouthparts of adult Anax imperator, one of the largest odonates found in Central Europe. Like all adult dragonflies, A. imperator possesses carnivorous‐type of biting‐chewing mouthparts. To gain insights into the feeding process, behavior and kinematics, living specimens were filmed during feeding using synchronized high‐speed videography. Additionally, the maximum angles of movement were measured using a measuring microscope and combined with data from micro‐computed tomography. The resulting visualizations of the 3D‐geometry of each mouthpart were used to study their anatomy and complement the existing descriptive knowledge of muscles in A. imperator to date. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy‐projections allow for estimation of differences in the material composition of the mouthparts' cuticle. By combining all methods, we analyze possible functions and underlying biomechanics of each mouthpart. We also analyzed the concerted movements of the mouthparts; unique behavior of the mouthparts during feeding is active participation by the labrum and distinct movement by the maxillary laciniae. We aim to elucidate the complex movements of the mouthparts and their functioning by combining detailed information on (1) in vivo movement behavior (supplemented with physiological angle approximations), (2) movement ability provided by morphology (morphological movement angles), (3) 3D‐anatomy, and (4) cuticle composition estimates.
Purification, biochemical characterization, and DPP‐IV and α‐amylase inhibitory activity of Berberine from Cardiospermum halicacabum
Authors: Naik Sanjay , Deora Neha , Pal Sudhir Kumar , Ahmed Mohammad Z. , Alqahtani Ali S. , Shukla Prakash Kumar , Venkatraman Krishnan , Kumar Sanjit
Published: July 2022

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has spread across the globe, increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities. Despite substantial research into the development of diabetic treatments that are effective in lowering blood glucose levels, their efficiency is short‐lived due to unpleasant side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. The discovery of secondary metabolites in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications has an incentive to take interest in plant‐based medications, and enzyme inhibitors have the potential to aid in the treatment and management of DM. This study aims to isolate, characterize, and analyse the influence of berberine‐like alkaloids from alcoholic Cardiospermum halicacabum extract in vitro and in silico, as a possible inhibitor of Dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) and α‐amylase, two essential enzymes involved in diabetes. The alkaloid from C. halicacabum was identified as berberine, with an m/z of 336.1263. Purified berberine inhibits DPP‐IV with an IC50 of 16.328 ± 1.344 μM and inhibits α‐amylase by 72% at 10 μg/mL. In‐silico studies demonstrated that berberine was found to bind to the active site of both DPP‐IV and α‐amylase. The precise mechanism underlying the observation has to be researched further in order to investigate C. halicacabum's anti‐diabetic effects and argue for its possible application as alternative medicine.
Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Impairment: Evidence From Neuroimaging
Authors: Cui Ying , Tang Tian‐Yu , Lu Chun‐Qiang , Ju Shenghong
Published: July 2022

Insulin is a peptide well known for its role in regulating glucose metabolism in peripheral tissues. Emerging evidence from human and animal studies indicate the multifactorial role of insulin in the brain, such as neuronal and glial metabolism, glucose regulation, and cognitive processes. Insulin resistance (IR), defined as reduced sensitivity to the action of insulin, has been consistently proposed as an important risk factor for developing neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Although the exact mechanism of IR‐related cognitive impairment still awaits further elucidation, neuroimaging offers a versatile set of novel contrasts to reveal the subtle cerebral abnormalities in IR. These imaging contrasts, including but not limited to brain volume, white matter (WM) microstructure, neural function and brain metabolism, are expected to unravel the nature of the link between IR, cognitive decline, and brain abnormalities, and their changes over time. This review summarizes the current neuroimaging studies with multiparametric techniques, focusing on the cerebral abnormalities related to IR and therapeutic effects of IR‐targeting treatments. According to the results, brain regions associated with IR pathophysiology include the medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, prefrontal lobe, cingulate cortex, precuneus, occipital lobe, and the WM tracts across the globe. Of these, alterations in the temporal lobe are highly reproducible across different imaging modalities. These structures have been known to be vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and are critical in cognitive processes such as memory and executive functioning. Comparing to asymptomatic subjects, results are more mixed in patients with metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and obesity, which might be attributed to a multifactorial mechanism. Taken together, neuroimaging, especially MRI, is beneficial to reveal early abnormalities in cerebral structure and function in insulin‐resistant brain, providing important evidence to unravel the underlying neuronal substrate that reflects the cognitive decline in IR.

Evidence Level

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Change in willingness to COVID‐19 vaccination in China: Two online surveys during the pandemic
Authors: Huang Ninghua , Wang Chao , Han Bingfeng , Zhao Tianshuo , Liu Bei , Chen Linyi , Xie Mingzhu , Zheng Hui , Zhang Sihui , Wang Yu , Juan Du , Liu YaQiong , Lu QingBin , Cui Fuqiang
Published: July 2022

Objective

As the variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) continue to emerge, periodic vaccine booster immunization may become a normal policy. This study investigated the changes and factors associated with vaccination intentions in various epidemic situations, which can provide suggestions for the construction and modification of routine vaccination program strategies.

Methods

Two cross‐sectional online surveys were conducted in January and June of 2021. The willingness and confidence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination were measured following propensity score matching (PSM) treatment. The difference in the willingness for COVID‐19 Vaccination in the two surveys was analyzed by single or multi‐factor analyses.

Results

The willingness to accept the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine was higher in the second survey than that in the first survey (90.5% vs. 66.6%, p < 0.001). Concerns about the vaccine's safety declined (71.0% vs. 47.6%, p < 0.001), but concerns about the efficacy increased (22.4% vs. 30.9%, p < 0.001). Confidence in the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine had an important impact on the increased uptake willingness (odds ratio = 3.19, 95% confidence interval: 2.23–4.58, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

There has been a significant increase in attitudes towards the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine which was associated with higher vaccine confidence. Vaccine effectiveness received more concerns from respondents rather than safety after nearly 6 months' utilization of the SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine. It indicates that aggressive communication and timely disclosure of vaccine data can build vaccine confidence.
Differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2 wild‐type and its variants in one assay: Rational tool for the assessment of protective immunity
Authors: Bauer Georg , Struck Friedhelm , Staschik Eva , Maile Julia , Wochinz‐Richter Karin , Motz Manfred , Soutschek Erwin
Published: July 2022

The avidity (binding strength) of IgG directed towards the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of spike protein has been recognized as a central marker in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) serology. It seems to be linked to increased infection‐neutralization potential and therefore might indicate protective immunity. Using a prototype line assay based on the established recomLine SARS‐CoV‐2 assay, supplemented with RBD of the delta and the omicron variant, differential avidity determination of IgG directed towards RBD of wild‐type (WT) SARS‐CoV‐2 and distinct variants was possible within one assay. Our data confirm that natural SARS‐CoV‐2 infection or one vaccination step lead to low avidity IgG, whereas further vaccination steps gradually increase avidity to high values. High avidity is not reached by infection alone. After infection with WT SARS‐CoV‐2 or vaccination based on mRNA WT, the avidity of cross‐reacting IgG directed towards RBD of the delta variant only showed marginal differences compared to IgG directed towards RBD WT. In contrast, the avidity of IgG cross‐reacting with RBD of the omicron variant was always much lower than for IgG RBD WT, except after the third vaccination step. Therefore, parallel avidity testing of RBD WT and omicron seems to be mandatory for a significant assessment of protective immunity towards SARS‐CoV‐2.
San Quirce (Palencia, Spain): new chronologies for the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition of south‐west Europe
Authors: Terradillos‐Bernal Marcos , Demuro Martina , Arnold Lee J. , Jordá‐Pardo Jesús F. , Clemente‐Conte Ignacio , Benito‐Calvo Alfonso , Díez Fernández‐Lomana J. Carlos
Published: July 2022

San Quirce is an open‐air archaeological site situated on a fluvial terrace in the Duero basin (Palencia, northern Iberia). This paper presents new and consistent chronologies obtained for the sedimentary sequence using post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIR‐IR) dating of K‐feldspars and single‐grain thermally transferred optically stimulated luminescence (TT‐OSL) dating of quartz. The new dating results indicate that the sequence is older than ~200 000 years and place San Quirce Level III within marine isotope stages (MIS) 8 and 7, between 274 ± 13 ka and 238 ± 13 ka. The main lithic assemblage at San Quirce comes from Level III. The predominant tool types found in this level are hammerstones, manuports and flakes, with a small proportion of cores and a significant presence of denticulates. Adaptation to local environmental conditions resulted in distinctive cultural habits, which were embedded in the cultural tradition of hominins occupying the site during the final third of the Middle Pleistocene. San Quirce preserves a simple cultural tradition that was employed by local hominins to engage in a diverse array of activities, and highlights the cultural diversity that appears to have been a characteristic feature of the Lower to Middle Palaeolithic transition 300–200 ka.
Quartz luminescence sensitivity variation in the Chinese loess deposits: the potential role of wildfires
Authors: Zhang Junjie , Li Sheng‐Hua , Sun Jimin , Lü Tongyan , Zhou Xinying , Hao Qingzhen
Published: July 2022

The sensitivity of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz grains has been applied to trace the provenances of sediments in various environments. Here, we studied the OSL sensitivity of quartz grains in four sections (Jingyuan, Huanxian, Xifeng and Luochuan) along a west–east transect on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The quartz OSL sensitivity in the palaeosol units is higher overall than that in the loess units, and it shows an increasing trend from the west CLP to the east CLP. In palaeosol units, it increases by a factor of ~20 along the west–east transect; while in loess units it increases by a smaller degree of 3–5. The change of provenances and the change of distances between the provenances and the loess sections cannot fully account for the large degree of sensitivity variation between the loess and palaeosol units in the central and eastern CLP. We propose that wildfires may have played an important role in enhancing the quartz OSL sensitivity in the palaeosol units in the central and eastern CLP. Quartz OSL sensitivity has the potential to be used as a proxy for palaeowildfires.
Cover Image
Authors: Cheng Ke , Zhang Jianghua , Yang Shasha , Yin Fawen , Li Zixuan , Wang Ting , Zhou Dayong
Published: July 2022

The cover image is based on the Research Article Acidolysis of phospholipids with medium‐chain fatty acids over M‐SBA‐15 (M = Zn, Al) silicas as efficient solid catalysts by Fawen Yin et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11832.

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Overall survival and prognostic factors in Stage I lung adenocarcinoma treated with curative intent: A real‐life 19‐year cohort study
Authors: Abrão Fernando Conrado , de Abreu Igor Renato Louro Bruno , Silva Vinícius Guimarães , Rosamilia Gabriel de Andrade , Peres Stela Verzinhasse , Hanriot Rodrigo de Morais , Younes Riad Naim
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Important differences in Stage I non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are related to the delay in the diagnosis to the treatment, hospitals' specialised status, comorbidities, tumour stage and histological type.

Methods

A 19‐year retrospective cohort study was conducted, including 681 patients with NSCLC in clinical‐stage IA–IB. The variables analysed were gender, age, schooling, type of health care provider, type of treatment, period of 5‐year treatment, the time between first attendance to diagnosis and the time between diagnosis and treatment, and hospital's specialised status.

Results

Patients who underwent radiotherapy alone had three times more risk of death than those who underwent surgery alone (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] = 3.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.45–4.82; p <0.001). The independent risk of death factors was being treated in nonhigh complexity centres in oncology hospitals and having started the treatment more than 2 months after diagnosis (adjHR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.26–2.56; p <0.001) and (adjHR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.33–3.00; p <0.001), respectively. In addition, the patients diagnosed between 2011 and 2015 had a 40% lower risk of death when compared to those diagnosed between 2000 and 2005 (95% CI: 0.38–0.94; p = 0.027).

Conclusion

The overall survival in curative intent Stage‐I lung cancer patients' treatment was associated with the 5‐year diagnosis group, the delayed time between diagnosis and treatment and the hospital qualification.
Proximal Scar Progression in Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis After Wedge Excision: Does it Happen?
Authors: Xie Katherine Z. , Bowen Andrew Jay , Richards Bradley A. , Aden Aisha , Wiedermann Joshua , Rutt Amy L. , Vassallo Robert , Edell Eric S. , Bayan Semirra L. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Ekbom Dale C.
Published: July 2022

Objective

To compare the incidence of glottic stenosis in idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) patients with no prior surgical intervention to those with a history of endoscopic dilation and characterize the incidence of glottic involvement, changes in scar length, and progression of scar toward glottis following laser wedge excision (LWE).

Methods

A retrospective review of iSGS patients who underwent LWE between 2002 and 2021 was performed. Patients without prior airway surgery were labeled LWE primary (LWEP) and operative findings for LWEP patients were reviewed for glottic involvement, scar length (DL), and distance from the glottis to superior‐most aspect of scar (DGS). Rates (in mm/procedure) of DΔL, reflecting an increase in length, and D−ΔGS, reflecting proximal migration, were calculated by dividing DΔL and D−ΔGS by the number of LWE procedures.

Results

213 iSGS patients underwent LWE, with 132 being LWEP patients. LWEP had a lower incidence of baseline glottic involvement (n = 6, 4.5%) than LWE secondary (LWES; n = 6, 7.5%). Four new cases of glottic involvement were noted in LWEP patients following LWE, with only one being clinically significant resulting in permanently decreased vocal fold mobility. With each procedure, scar length increased by 1.0 mm and DGS decreased by 0.7 mm, reflecting a migration or decrease in DGS of 9.5% with each procedure with respect to initial DGS. Overall rates of glottic stenosis following operations were similar between LWEP and LWES cohorts, 7.6% and 7.5% respectively.

Conclusion

There appears to be a low risk of glottic involvement resulting from the LWE procedure in iSGS patients.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 133:875–882, 2023