bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spencer’s Reply to Glasgow, Haslanger, and Jeffers
Authors: Glasgow Joshua , Haslanger Sally , Jeffers Chike , Spencer Quayshawn
Published: June 2019

Quayshawn Spencer clarifies that his defense of biological racial realism in Chapter 3—which is called “OMB race theory”—is meant to be a part of a larger radically pluralist theory about the nature and reality of race in American English. Next, Spencer defends OMB race theory against the South Asian mismatch objection from Glasgow and Jeffers. Third, Spencer raises an empirical adequacy objection against Glasgow’s, Haslanger’s, and Jeffers’s race theories insofar as they are unable to predict how race and races are talked about in multiple national discussions, such as whether Rachel Dolezal is wrong to claim a Black racial identity and whether Harvard University has been unlawfully discriminating against Asian applicants in undergraduate admissions.
Rondo
Authors: Schmelz Peter J.
Published: June 2019

One of the most distinctive, and most famous, movements in Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1 is the fifth, Rondo, which returns to the frantic baroque gestures of the second movement but with a promise of redemption. Most notably, these gestures, among them thrumming strings, are interrupted by the seductive strains of a tango, resulting in one of Schnittke’s most obvious and yet most effective polystylistic collisions. The Rondo points to the larger philosophical questions raised by the score. This chapter examines the construction and meaning of the Rondo, as well as its critical reception, focusing particularly on the larger implications of its clashes between high and low. The chapter closes by examining choreographer John Neumeier’s use of the Concerto Grosso no. 1 in his 1985 ballet Othello.
The “Rowdy” Teenagers
Authors: Cardoso Leonardo
Published: June 2019

In this chapter, I focus on a youth group that since the mid-2000s has been reshuffling public spaces. The event examined here takes place in the city’s vast poor peripheries. The first part of the chapter locates music within sound-politics. I consider the spread of street parties known as “pancadões,” or “big thumps,” a term that alludes to the loudness. By following the pancadão controversy, I am interested in understanding the disposition of specific groups as they try to either maintain or eliminate this sound from the streets. In the final section, we are going to examine the actors deployed by groups interested in disarticulating the pancadão in the name of public security, good taste, family values, and quality of life.
Teaching Piano Pedagogy
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

For teachers of piano pedagogy, this book provides tools to transform college piano students into professional piano teachers. It is not simply a book about teaching piano—instead, it is a book about how piano students learn to teach. It helps teachers develop pedagogy course curricula, design and facilitate practicum-teaching experiences, and guide research projects in piano pedagogy. After an introduction to the history of the domain, to its related topics, and to course materials, the book gives unique perspectives on how pedagogy teachers can introduce students to course concepts and then how to help them put those concepts into practice. To facilitate easy integration into the curriculum, it provides example classroom exercises and assignments throughout the text, which are designed to help students understand and practice the related topics and skills.
Selecting References for Coursework in Piano Pedagogy
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3, “Selecting References for Coursework in Piano Pedagogy,” includes the introduction of selected books on piano teaching. The main focus is on monographs that can function as textbooks for courses in piano pedagogy, but it also reviews several sources that explore special topics that may serve teachers and students as sources for supplemental readings. Suggested applications in piano pedagogy courses are included for each source. Readers who are generally familiar with the sources, or who have access to a copy of the material, might choose to quickly scan these suggested applications to facilitate easier processing of the information in this chapter. Toward the end of each introduction, the special or unique features are discussed in an effort to differentiate among their potential applications in pedagogy coursework.
Training Teaching Skills and Practices
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

Chapter 4, “Training Teaching Skills and Practices,” covers topics related to what teachers do in piano lessons. Essentially, it presents the best-practices with which piano teachers should be prepared before entering the teaching studio, and it outlines how pedagogy students can practice and begin to master these skills. After a brief introduction, it includes models and frameworks that serve to guide the mental processes of teachers as they make decisions about performance problems. It helps the pedagogy teacher understand how to train pedagogy students to think and act during lessons. Several classroom exercises are provided to demonstrate how pedagogy students can apply and practice the principles and suggestions within this chapter.
Fostering Curiosity and Creativity
Authors: Crappell Courtney
Published: June 2019

In Chapter 10, “Fostering Curiosity and Creativity,” begins with an introduction to the elements of the creative process, including aspects of research accomplished by several scholars, including Koestler, Csikszentmihalyi, and others. Suggestions follow for how pedagogy teachers can apply knowledge of the creative process in transformative ways in the pedagogy classroom. They illustrate how pedagogy teachers can encourage students to become curious, how they can help them prepare in ways that will lead to moments of creativity, and how they can help students think “outside the box.” It includes several classroom exercises, including a semester-long term-paper assignment, that are designed with aspects of the creative process in mind.
Background
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

This chapter points out similarities between Ethiopian and Roman empires in terms of their history, in particular the adoption by both empires of Christianity as state religion in the 4th century, their fragmentation into warring states, and their subsequent re-unification as sovereign states in the second half of the 19th century. Italy’s unsuccessful attempt at Adwa to occupy Ethiopia in 1896 is summarized. This event was followed by the rise of Fascism and Italy’s second invasion of Ethiopia, the geo-political aims of which are discussed. The chapter outlines the failure of the League of Nations to protect Ethiopia, one of its earliest members, and explains the role of the 6th Blackshirt Division in the suppression of Ethiopian civilians. The author dismisses the idea that the invasion of Ethiopia was a colonial expedition, pointing out that as a sovereign state, Ethiopia was not a candidate for colonialism. It was a victim of Fascist expansionist policy, along with other victims such as Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia.
The Aftermath
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes the immediate aftermath of the three-day massacre, including the efforts by the French and American envoys, Albert Bodard and Cornelius Van Engert, to manage the deteriorating security situation in the city. Detailed accounts are provided of life in the temporary detention camps and prisons of Addis Ababa, which were filled to overflowing, and which were the scene of many deaths from hunger, thirst and ill-treatment. The chapter also explains how the Patriot movement in the rural areas was swollen by the arrival of Ethiopians fleeing the massacre in Addis Ababa.
Roman Justice
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

Viceroy Graziani, who had begun to recover in hospital from his injuries, took the opportunity to eliminate Ethiopia’s educated elite in a pogrom of executions orchestrated by a series of tribunals. In Addis Ababa and Ethiopia’s secondary towns. Accused of involvement in the assassination attempt, thousands of Ethiopians were arrested, and the sentence in virtually every case was death. The actual plotters, who constituted only a handful of young men, scattered. Some were arrested; others left the city. Two of the executors of the plot, Eritreans Moges Asgedom and Abriha Deboch, who had been working for the Italians, were tracked down and executed. All young Ethiopians with secondary or tertiary education who could be found by the Italians were executed, as were all the Amhara community leaders, priests and elders across Ethiopia. Graziani’s insistence on eliminating the Amhara notables has been labelled by some scholars as genocide.
Epilogue
Authors: Campbell Ian
Published: June 2019

The Epilogue summarizes the demise of Mussolini, the fate of the Blackshirts, and the subsequent careers of the key Fascists including Rodolfo Graziani and Guido Cortese. The lives of the major Ethiopian eye-witnesses are recounted, and the recent upsurge of Fascist sympathy in Italy is noted, particularly in terms of a resurgence of interest in Graziani as an Italian war hero, which has been countered in Ethiopia by protests by former resistance fighters and their families.
Epilogue
Authors: Kolker Robert P. , Abrams Nathan
Published: June 2019

The epilogue considers how Eyes Wide Shut fits within modernist aesthetics, the European art film genre, and how it incorporates film history into its form and content. The film is not only a summation of Kubrick’s own work, but of his thinking about film in general. Full of allusions to other filmmakers, acknowledging their influence, giving a nod to his colleagues and friends. Kubrick has been called the last of the high modernists and he proves this through his concentration on the formal elements of his art as well as its allusive nature. Eyes Wide Shut is not an isolated phenomenon. No film is. Kubrick absorbed film like a sponge; he knew its history and he had his favorites.
Military Anthropology
Authors: McFate Montgomery
Published: June 2019

In almost every military intervention in its history, the US has made cultural mistakes that hindered attainment of its policy goals. From the strategic bombing of Vietnam to the accidental burning of the Koran in Afghanistan, it has blundered around with little consideration of local cultural beliefs and for the long-term effects on the host nation's society. Cultural anthropology -- the so-called "handmaiden of colonialism" -- has historically served as an intellectual bridge between Western powers and local nationals. What light can it shed on the intersection of the US military and foreign societies today? This book tells the story of anthropologists who worked directly for the military, such as Ursula Graham Bower, the only woman to hold a de facto British combat command during WWII. Each faced challenges including the negative outcomes of exporting Western political models and errors of perception. Ranging from the British colonial era in Africa to the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Military Anthropology illustrates the conceptual, cultural and practical barriers encountered by military organizations operating in societies vastly different from their own.
Gregory Bateson and Information Operations
Authors: McFate Montgomery
Published: June 2019

Gregory Bateson was an anthropologist who conducted fieldwork in New Guinea; worked for the OSS; introduced the concept of cybernetics into social science; developed the double bind theory of schizophrenia; and was a figure in the 1970s California counterculture. What can we learn from the life and legacy of Gregory Bateson with relevance to information operations? This chapter suggests how three of Bateson’s concepts might be employed. The first concept discussed is Bateson’s idea of the premise, cultural ‘facts’ considered to be true and axiomatic for members of a culture that weave together to create a coherent, intrinsic logic. The second concept with applicability to information operations is Bateson’s concept of schismogenesis, the patterns inherent in a social system that produce either equilibrium or disequilibrium and which, Bateson believed, could be manipulated to produce intended effects. The third and final concept considered in this chapter is the frame, a heuristic mechanism for organizing experience and guiding action that affects how we understand the world and how the world understands us.
Conclusion
Authors: McFate Montgomery
Published: June 2019

The story of David Prescott Barrows – an anthropologist who served in the Philippines and during the US invasion of Siberia – captures many of the points raised in this book. Specifically, Barrows’ life experiences demonstrate that military intervention always interferes with the local society; that strategic objectives must take social conditions into account; that problem framing determines problem solution; that framing a problem incorrectly will frequently result in an unworkable policy; that military personnel conducing operations in close proximity to local nationals should adapt to the social context; that the instrumentalism of national security often negates the objective; that adversaries always seek knowledge of their opponent and in certain contexts anthropological knowledge has great efficacy to combatants and so on. Barrows is important to the story because he the only US Army general to have a PhD in anthropology.
Rilke on Formally Disclosing the Meaning of Things
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony
Published: June 2019

Rilke claims that the poet’s task is to reveal the qualitative valences of existence, thus enabling his readers to become emotionally aware of its meaning—in spite of all that might threaten our sense that life is significant and worth living. Insofar as Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus enact this mode of vision, they embody an antinihilistic way of seeing. One who does not view the world in this manner must remain unaware of its axiologically rich features, because poetic vision brings tangible value to light for both poet and reader. This chapter discusses how this outlook is articulated in the musical aspects of the Sonnets—which heighten the affective impact of Rilke’s words, and often register powerfully felt shocks of recognition. The formal patterns of Rilke’s sonnets bring intense feeling and insight to voice: furthermore, the poet’s formal techniques contribute to his way of articulating a poetic vision of the world.
The Imaginative Ecology of Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: June 2019

Rilke’s poetry issues a critique of modern alienation from the natural world and is held in philosophical and ecocritical interpretations to effect an alternative revealing of nature. This essay investigates nature in Rilke’s writings by tracing its relation to poetic imagination and considers in that light the prospects of a Rilkean vision of nature for literary ecocriticism. Nature in Rilke’s work, it is argued, does not appear primarily as a prelinguistic given to be salvaged, but must be both retrieved and constituted through a productive imaginative consciousness, a prospect lyrically thematized in The Sonnets to Orpheus. The play between revelation of nature and its imaginative generation underlies the ecological import of Rilke’s poetry, despite the risk it poses to the idea of privileged poetical access to nature itself and its celebration in both phenomenological accounts of poetic revealing and traditional literary ecocriticism.
The Pozzo Sonnet
Authors: Brooks David
Published: June 2019

Rilke is often cited as the first major modern poet to address and in some part orientate his poetry toward the animal. Reading II.11 of Rilke’s Sonnets to Orpheus and concerned by the manner in which it condones the killing of doves, this essay suggests a wound within Rilke’s work occasioned by a radical tension between his allegiance to poetry per se and his concern for animals. Arguing that this sonnet is perhaps the most Orphic of the Sonnets, it locates Rilke’s use of the Orpheus myth within a broader necrologocentricity in twentieth-century thought. It asks whether this preoccupation with death may, as an excuse wound, serve to mask a deeper wound that may be occasioned by our suppression, relegation, and exploitation of animals. In order to free poetry to address this wound some ancient bonds within us may need to be broken or reconfigured, including our treasured bond with Orpheus.
Otherness
Authors: Halkitis Perry N.
Published: June 2019

Otherness is an experience that greatly affects the lives of all gay men. Feelings of otherness are fueled by the heteronormative structures ranging from families to society at large, and through the macro- and microaggressions that gay men experience in numerous contexts. Otherness experienced by many gay men throughout the course of their lives exacerbates loneliness and social isolation, which has been endemic in the gay population throughout the generations. The power of otherness also acts as a deterrent for some gay men in disclosing their identities. While advances in society and depiction of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals in media may have impact in “normalizing gay identity, the experience of otherness continues to be incredibly powerful, first taking roots for gay men when they are young boys, creating emotional distress in childhood that perpetuates into adult lives even after coming out. Some young gay men turn to intergenerational love as means establishing feelings of normalcy as gay men and combatting otherness.
(Hyper) Masculinity
Authors: Halkitis Perry N.
Published: June 2019

The identity development of gay men, their coming out, and their well-being is influenced by hypermasculinity, which permeates American society. Such conceptions of masculinity foster aggressiveness of men toward women and sexual minority men in the form of homophobia and homonegativity. Many gay men also adopt hypermasculine conceptions defining their manliness by social behavior, sexual prowess, and muscularity, a condition fueled by the heterosexism of American society. Gay men who espouse hegemonic masculinity often do so as a means of passing and covering—they stereotype sexual roles and diminish those within the population who do not adhere to these rigid gender norms. While this is evident across generations, the Queer Generation has been most vociferous in challenging the rigidity of hypermasculinity and expressing greater ease and comfort in adapting traditionally feminine attributes, representations, and behaviors. As a result a more inclusive and advanced conception of what it means to be a man is evidenced in younger gay men.
Rescuing and Rearming the USSR's Allies in June 1967
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

As the authors’ previous research has shown, the Soviet Union colluded with Egypt (and Syria) to provoke a crisis with Israel in May 1967, with the intent of intervening to defend “the victims of aggression” after Israel was drawn into a preemptive attack. But the devastating effect of this Israeli air strike obviated the Soviet plan and doomed the Egyptian army in Sinai. In order to salvage its prestige and regional influence, Moscow was constrained not only to launch a massive airlift of hardware to replace Egyptian losses, but also to dispatch Soviet crews to operate it until Egyptian forces could regroup. This created a precedent for future deployment of regular Soviet formations, but also aroused protest in Soviet military and political circles as the USSR’s own defenses were depleted. However, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev quashed all opposition in Party councils as well as Warsaw Pact meetings, and henceforth his resolve to redouble the wager on Egypt was unchallenged.
The Soviet Presence is Formalized and Expanded
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Lieutenant-General Petr Lashchenko, the ranking member of Zakharov’s delegation, remained in Egypt as the chief Soviet military adviser and “commander of the Soviet Forces Group.” While constructing the Egyptian defense line along the Suez Canal and overseeing rehabilitation of Egyptian units to Soviet standards, he negotiated the upgrade of Soviet “experts” to “advisers” with quasi-command authority. Resistance within the Egyptian military ended with the arrest and reported suicide of Abdel Hakim Amer, the commander-in-chief in the June war. On the day the agreement was signed, with hundreds of Soviet advisers arriving in Egypt, the Soviets were involved in the sinking off Port Said of the Israeli destroyer Eilat – the first sinking of a warship by missile. Soviet air advisers established a de facto air base at Cairo-West and began flying sorties opposite Israeli planes, for now undetected.
Framing the Cross-Canal Goal and the Attrition Strategy
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

As early as the autumn of 1967, in response to Egyptian desires as well as Moscow’s own objectives, the Soviet advisers began to elaborate a plan for a military offensive across the Suez Canal to recapture the Sinai Peninsula, which had been lost to Israel in the June war. Preparations included a training program to upgrade Egyptian fighting capability under Soviet supervision and induction of weaponry. As an interim measure until the ultimate offensive was readied, an attrition strategy was shaped. Simultaneously, the heightened presence of Soviet naval and aviation units in Egyptian bases was activated to confront the US Sixth Fleet. Yet-inconclusive evidence connects the Soviet navy with the sinking of the Israel submarine Dakar in January 1968.
The Nuclear Non-Issue
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Whereas the objective of halting Israel’s progress toward nuclear weapons was central to Egyptian and Soviet motives for instigating the 1967 war, afterward the issue receded from both countries’ strategic planning as well as their public statements. Even Nasser’s presence in Moscow during the signing of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in July 1968 was not used to blame Israel for not acceding. Israel’s failure, while under threat in May-June 1967, to use or demonstrate the nuclear device which it had reportedly just completed appears to have convinced Moscow and Cairo that the “Samson option” would be activated only in case of an invasion of the Israeli heartland. It therefore was not expected to be triggered by a campaign to recapture only Sinai, the Soviets’ approved goal, and was not accounted for in planning and preparations for the cross-canal offensive – a calculation that proved dangerously flawed in October 1973.
“Yellow Arab Helmet, Blue Russian Eyes”
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Nasser’s visit to Moscow in July 1968 was extended for medical examination at the Kremlin VIP clinic and, after a brief trip home, for treatment at a spa in Soviet Georgia. His talks resulted in reaffirmation of Soviet support for military action and continued arms supplies on favorable terms. On the Suez Canal front, Soviet advisers were involved in preparations to resume hostilities. These began with a massive cannonade and cross-canal raids on 8 September 1968, repeated on 26 October, both times causing serious Israeli casualties. The Soviet advisors identified and counteracted a new Israeli missile designed to balance the Egyptian numerical advantage in artillery pieces Rumors spread of an impending Soviet move to force an opening of the canal. Israel responded by starting airborne raids in the Egyptian hinterland. Various explanations are offered for the proximity of this flareup to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Facing the Bar-Lev Line
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The artillery exchanges in September-October 1968 settled the controversy with the Israeli command in favor of “static” defense, that is a system of hardened fortifications along the Suez Canal that would become known as the Bar-Lev Line after Chief of Staff Chaim Bar-Lev. It was constructed over the following months with little disruption by the Egyptians and Soviets. One reason for this failure was the reorganization process of the Egyptian array along the canal into two army corps instead of one. Another was the replacement of the chief Soviet adviser Petr Lashchenko by his much inferior deputy, Ivan Katyshkin. However, Soviet airmen took an increasing role in Egyptian operations. This accelerated US agreement to sell Israel F-4 Phantom jets, which in turn motivated the Soviets to prepare for direct intervention against this superior weapon.
A New Phase from March ’69?
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The start of the Egyptian-Israeli War of Attrition is usually dated 8 March 1969, when Egypt launched a massive artillery bombardment at the Bar-Lev Line and Nasser supposedly declared transition from “active defense”’ to this new phase. This chapter examines the actual continuity with earlier stages. It also addresses the transition from the leadership of Levi Eshkol to Golda Meir and the change in US policy management from the Johnson to the Nixon Administration, especially the rise of Henry Kissinger and Soviet moves to exploit his ambitions by means of a “back channel.” On the ground, Soviet advisers were reinforced and although it remains unclear whether they initiated the resumption of warfare, they supported the continuous hostilities that went on from this point. They especially encouraged live-fire training by means of cross-canal raids in increasingly large formations.
The Soviet–Israeli Battle is Joined
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

In mid-April 1970, the Soviets’ SAM batteries’ presence in the Egyptian interior was detected and their MiG-21s had first encounters with Israeli planes. Though the latter suffered no losses at this stage, Israel’s “depth bombings” – which by now had caused massive civilian casualties, with resulting political damage -- were halted. The US administration, accepting the version that those Israeli bombings caused the Soviet intervention, blamed Israel for this setback and froze deliveries of more jets. The Soviets’ success spurred them to advance the SAM array toward the Suez Canal front. Soviet fighters began to engage Israeli planes in the Canal zone and caused first losses. Soviet-advised Egyptian naval units also initiated more aggressive action.
“A Famous Indiscretion” as the Air War Peaks
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Enraged by the Soviets’ introduction of military forces into Egypt, Henry Kissinger in June 1970 committed a “famous indiscretion” by stating as a strategic goal “to expel” this presence. This signaled to Moscow that Washington might accept a price for such a withdrawal, and marks the beginning of the ruse that would culminate in the deceptive “expulsion of Soviet advisers from Egypt” in July 1972 in return for US concessions in other areas of détente. Meanwhile, Soviet air activity caused the cessation of Israeli airborne raids and the SAM-3 batteries shot down a first Israeli Phantom on 30 June This occurred as Nasser arrived for another round of talks and medical treatment in the USSR; his hosts informed him of two more such shootdowns and offered further support. Discussions began about a US-backed ceasefire and overall peace plan, while US shipments of material to Israel were slowed.
An Mia Mystery and Soviet Intelligence Methods
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

In the climactic engagement between them on 18 July 1970, a newly supplied US electronic-warfare system failed to protect Israeli Phantom jets against Soviet SAM-3s. The lead Israeli pilot and commander of the first F-4 squadron, Shmu’el Hetz, was shot down and later declared dead, after his purported remains were found. However, official Russian publications claimed in 1998-2000 that he was captured alive by the Soviets and taken to Moscow, were his trace vanishes. This case appears to exemplify a KGB directive to abduct knowledgeable westerners, which was discovered by military historian Dmitry Volkogonov, and to corroborate multiple sightings of American POWs in the USSR that were collected by the US Defense Department. The authors’ investigation turned up further evidence of the Hetz deportation claim, but in response to US inquiries in a joint commission Russia denied it and the Israeli military declined to reopen the case.
SAM Successes and a Mig Debacle
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Despite its considerable losses in the 18 July engagement, the Soviet SAM array’s success against Israel’s US-supplied planes and technology bolstered confidence in Egypt and the USSR that the Israelis could not prevent advance of the missile shield to the Suez Canal bank – a precondition for the future cross-canal offensive. Nasser, with Soviet backing, accepted Rogers; proposal of a ceasefire. Among Soviet forces, the MiG pilots’ envy of the missilemen led them to initiate combat but then into an Israeli trap on 30 July, when five Soviet planes were shot down in a dogfight for no Israeli losses. This enabled Israel too to accept the ceasefire without loss of face, though it was actually imposed on the Israelis by continuing, unsustainable losses of aircraft and especially irreplaceable crews to the Soviet SAMs.
Jockeying and Posturing
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

Through the spring of 1972, US adviser Henry Kissinger and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin continued “back channel” discussion of the Soviet offer to withdraw regular forces from Egypt as part of and interim settlement with Israel. Meanwhile, Egyptian crews completed training for operation of the SAM array that the Soviet personnel had manned, which enabled beginning a handover that would ease political difficulties caused for Egyptian President Anwar Sadat by these troops’ presence. Around a visit by Sadat to Moscow in April and a subsequent one to Egypt by Soviet Defense Minister Andrey Grechko, reports were spread about discord due to Soviet denial of Egyptian demands for offensive weapons. In fact, cooperation continued, including MiG-25 flights over Sinai to provide intelligence for a future offensive; renewed Israeli attempts to intercept them failed.
The Deal at the Summit and the “Expulsion” Myth
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

At the Moscow Summit of May 1972, the Middle Eastern issue was the last obstacle to be overcome for completion of a broad declaration of principles for détente. Subsequently accessible documentation disproves the assertion that US statesman Henry Kissinger inculcated by early publication of his memoirs, whereby the summit ended with an anodyne statement on this contentious issue that was understood by Egypt as abandonment by its superpower patron. Actually, in order to ensure other aspects of his global détente policy, Kissinger secured the withdrawal of Soviet regulars (but not of advisers, as both Egyptian President Sadat and Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko had stipulated) in return for considerable concessions on the terms of an Egyptian-Israeli settlement – which were kept secret for US political considerations and not communicated to Israel. The resulting announcement by Sadat on 18 July that the Soviets’ mission in Egypt was ending had to be camouflaged as an expulsion of advisers due to a fictitious Egyptian-Soviet rift because of Moscow’s refusal, as part of détente, to provide offensive weapons.
Withdrawn Regulars Conceal “Banished” Advisers
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The figure usually (but never officially) given for Soviet military personnel repatriated from Egypt in the summer of 1972 – 15-20 thousand – is much greater than the highest number of individual advisers and technicians ever posted there. It represents the manpower of the regular Soviet formations, mostly the 18th Air Defense Division, who were stationed there since 1969-1970 in “Operation Kavkaz,” and were now repatriated in an agreed withdrawal once Egyptian crews were trained to replace them. This chapter begins to describe how the misleading concept was inculcated whereby the advisers, who actually remained, were supposedly expelled. as the result of a rift between Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and his allies in Moscow due to the latter’s refusal, as part of détente, to provide offensive weapons for an offensive against Israel.
“We Can’t Control the Arabs but Must Support Them”
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

In early November 1972, the US presidential election and the announcement of a breakthrough in peace negotiations for Vietnam had mixed effects on the Middle astern situation. An upsurge in US bombings in Vietnam before the (deceptive) peace was concluded was mirrored by a brief war scare on the Egyptian-Israeli front. The numerous shootdowns of US bombers by Soviet SAMs over Vietnam was held up as an example to the Soviet advisers in Egypt. Once reelected, Nixon declared intent replace Kissinger in handling Arab-Israeli relations and to press Israel for concessions, but Nixon’s increasing embroilment in Watergate prevented any weakening of Kissinger’s position or policy. A Soviet military delegation to Egypt, headed by General Petr Lashchenko, who had originated the plan for a cross-canal offensive, was presented as discussing peace plans but in effect coordinated weapons supplies, including offensive systems that had supposedly been withheld, such as long-range bombers and Scud missiles. Further secret talks between Soviet and Israeli officials yielded no progress toward normalization.
“We Will be Two Ismails”
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

The failure of US President Richard Nixon to make good on his post-reelection vow to press Israel was evident when Prime Minister Golda Meir, visiting Washington in the spring of 1973, offered no concessions in return for continued arms supply. Reports from “Mossad spy” Ashraf Marwan and others of imminent Egyptian attack led Israel to call a costly alert in April; US statesman Henry Kissinger took credit for getting the Soviets to make Egyptian President Anwar Sadat delay the offensive until after a summit with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev in California in June. But evidence shows that the ultimate timing of a joint offensive with Syria in October had already been determined. While Sadat’s envoy Hafez Ismail impressed Kissinger with peace proposals in Washington, War Minister Ahmed Ismail shuttled between Moscow and Damascus to coordinate war plans and weapons supplies. At the summit in August, Brezhnev took a belligerent stance. The USSR’s support for the impending attack was exemplified by delivery of Scud missiles with Soviet operators, and participation in the final councils of war.
Epilogue
Authors: Ginor Isabella , Remez Gideon
Published: June 2019

This chapter poses for future study the question why, after at least initial success of the Soviet-supported Egyptian offensive, the rift between Cairo and Moscow that did not occur, as widely believed, in the summer of 1972 did develop gradually after the Yom Kippur War, with Egypt moving into the US camp in the Cold War. Unlike the present book’s challenge to many conventional assumptions about the 1967-1973 period, here the widespread concept appears to be borne out that once Egyptian President Anwar Sadat opted for peace, he needed US influence with Israel as much as he needed Soviet military support for the military achievement which he required as a precondition. Moscow was involved in the first stages of postwar settlement, such as the reopening of the Suez Canal and the Geneva peace conference. But it was edged out of the subsequent process and did its best to back its remaining allies, mainly Syria and Palestinian groups, in opposing the Israeli-Egyptian peace as far as backing attempts on Sadat’s life.
Self-Radicalisation of a Young Indian Jihadist in Great Britain
Authors: Mohammad-Arif Aminah
Published: June 2019

This chapter looks at a case of transition to violence by self-mobilization (outside militant structures) through an exacerbation of identity and difference. Specifically, it examines the trajectory of a young Indian jihadist who, together with an accomplice, planted bombs in London 2007 and then tried to ram Glasgow airport with a car. The sources are exceptional: the author interviewed the jihadist before the events, which offers a unique perspective. The varying differences in scale at work are symptomatic of a transformation in conflicts of differentiation. The chapter then describes how one goes from a “banal” identity differentiation—an expatriate becoming aware of his or her status as Muslim in a non-Muslim land—to the stage where the feeling of difference appears insurmountable, with violence its only discernible expression.
Introduction
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces the author’s fieldwork and the focus of the book: using narrative approaches to understand and represent exile. The chapter reviews the progress narrative work has made in the discipline of psychology and how it provides a useful approach to the study of exile for reasons that are theoretical, methodological, and rhetorical. The author sketches the history of the Tibetan exile and explains how it provides a useful site to investigate the issues that are at the heart of the book, including the transmission of stories, and traumas, over time. Finally, the author introduces the informants who feature significantly in the book.
The Narrative Complexity of History
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 discusses the importance of using narrative as a way to understand the history of an exiled group, for both that group and outsiders interested in the group’s history. The author draws on psychological analyses of Holocaust narratives to discuss how that atrocity shaped many of the conventions of speaking and writing about life and displacement after violence. This provides a framework for what comes next: a discussion of the history of Tibet since the first mass exodus in 1959, by way of the stories that have been told about death and survival. The emphasis of this discussion is on the way that exiled groups often embody historical tensions, creating narratives that move across several planes at once.
The Shape of Narrative Identity in Exile
Authors: Akerman Sean
Published: June 2019

Chapter 2 discusses how the experience of exile comes to shape identity in a way that can be at odds with the collective identity of that person’s exiled group. The author draws on his fieldwork to show instances in the informants’ narratives where their sense of exile did not cohere to other Tibetans’ experiences of exile, resulting in a double alienation. The author also looks to the narratives of the informants to identify a salient type of story they told, one that combines surrender, apartness, and survival. Finally, the author identifies the modes through salient stories that were told and situates these understandings within narrative psychological literature about identity, pointing to both the possibilities and limits of the concept.
Introduction
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

This chapter introduces The Tom Joyner Morning Show and describes its origin, format, audience, music, progressive politics, wit, growth, and longevity. I lay out my discovery of the show, my increasing fandom, and the unintentionally lengthy research period that ensued. I also lay out the meanings of the public sphere and counterpublics, and identify The Tom Joyner Morning Show as constituting a black working-class counterpublic. I consider the issues of celebrity culture, generational divides, neoliberal shift, and the recession of 2008. I document the show’s neglect in the larger public sphere and speculate on the reasons, including “saints or sinners” framings and high-tech snobbery.
Here’s to All My Baby Mamas
Authors: di Leonardo Micaela
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 defines and historicizes the racist, sexist, homophobic, and counter-empirical “family values” ideology and movement. It lays out the Tom Joyner Morning Show’s very progressive feminist/pro-LBGTQ dissent from dominant family values ideology through not only the contributions of female crew members like Myra J, Sybil Wilkes, and Ms. Dupre, but also the distinctly feminist—and hilarious—contributions of the male crew members and guests. It provides contemporary empirical and historical evidence to counter to the stigmatization of single mother families. This argument then bridges to the class- and age-based “respectability politics” phenomenon discussed in chapter 4.
Ceará
Authors: Tarlau Rebecca
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 analyzes the MST’s engagement with public schools in Ceará in the late 2000s, in a very different context, when the movement’s educational initiatives are already recognized nationally. During this period, MST activists in Ceará win access to four high schools in their settlements, specifically designated as escolas do campo (school of the countryside). Chapter 6 shows how the national context, while not determining of regional trajectories, directly influences local relations between movement activists and local state officials. More specifically, a conservative government in Ceará agrees to work with the MST due to increasing external pressure. In contrast, São Paulo was able to deflect this national advocacy, illustrating that high-capacity states can still override the influence of national trends. This chapter also shows the evolution of the MST’s pedagogical practices and what the MST’s contentious co-governance of public education looks like in the contemporary context.
Sufism and Salafism in the Maghreb
Authors: Larémont Ricardo René
Published: June 2019

During much of the twentieth century, practitioners of Sufism faced extensive criticism from both the jihadist and the anticolonial Salafi communities, who claimed that Sufi beliefs and practices were heterodox, if not heretical. Even though Sufism had been an indigenous and popular form of religious expression within the region for years, their consistent and heated denunciations of Sufism eventually led to the decline in its practice in the Maghreb. Following this decline, at the end of the twentieth century, political leaders (particularly in Morocco and Algeria) attempted to revive Sufism as a pacifist alternative to jihadi-Salafi beliefs and practices, which they believed encouraged political militancy and threatened the state. This chapter examines societal and state efforts first to discourage Sufism and encourage Salafism during most of the twentieth century, and then to reverse course and try to revive Sufism during the twenty-first century, as an attempt to counter the threat of jihadi Salafism. While there are many Sufi orders in North Africa, this chapter focuses on the larger and more influential orders, including the Shadhiliyya, the Shadhiliyya-Jazuliyya, the Shadhiliyya-Darqawiyya, the Qadiriyya, the Tijaniyya, the Sanusiyya, and the Qadiriyya-Boutchichiyya.
Labor Protest in Morocco
Authors: Buehler Matt
Published: June 2019

This chapter is divided into four sections that outline the origins of Morocco’s labor unions and detail their involvement in the country’s uprisings of 2011. First, the chapter surveys the historical foundations of labor unions in Morocco, focusing on the colonial and postcolonial periods. This early history demonstrates that Morocco’s unions have a history of inciting violence to advance their agenda, especially in urban areas, which have historically served as centers of opposition to the monarchy. Second, the chapter sets the baseline to show that, like in Tunisia and Egypt, the period preceding the Arab Spring was marked by increased labor unrest in Morocco. Third, it examines union mobilization during the height of popular protests against Morocco’s regime, from February 2011 to June 2011. Finally, the chapter closes by discussing what demands the unions secured from their activism and reviews the key implications from the political historical narrative. The empirical record bears out the argument that labor unions used unrest connected to Morocco’s “Arab Spring” to realize some of their core material demands.
The Politics of the Haratin Social Movement in Mauritania, 1978–2014
Authors: Salem Zekeria Ould Ahmed
Published: June 2019

The Haratin have sought equality and justice primarily through fighting the stigmas attached to slavery and by challenging the political marginalization that has secured their subordination. This chapter explores the context in which the Haratin movement began, the evolution of the rhetoric it has used to articulate dissent, its politics, and the growing diversity of the organizations that have devoted themselves to the Haratin cause. It outlines the ways in which the generational divide among activists has shaped the movement’s actions without changing its core demands. It devotes to analyzing the patterns of conflict and cooperation over time, not only within the movement, but also in its rather ambiguous relationships with other social and political actors. It seeks to explain how the complex intersectionality of ethnic and cultural identities has made it difficult at times for non-Haratin communities to accept the legitimacy of the Haratin cause. The chapter then argues that not only has the Haratin movement been an important player in Mauritania’s various attempts at democratization, but also that so-called “political liberalization” has allowed the movement the opportunity to advance its social and political agendas.
Keeping Up With the Times
Authors: Wilson Alice
Published: June 2019

This chapter focuses on how the Polisario Liberation Movement has transformed itself and the support networks from which it benefits. Interested in how continued attention to longstanding support from Algeria may have led analysts to overlook the growing importance of support from other nonstate actors, this chapter looks at how the Polisario undertake new activities that were not facilitated by Algerian support. This chapter draws on both existing studies of the movement and experiences from extensive fieldwork in the Sahrawi refugee camps from 2006–2014. First, it briefly discusses the increasing importance of the support of nonstate actors for armed movements since the end of the Cold War. Then, it turns to the case of the Polisario, examining its beginnings as a typical anticolonial liberation movement, and then subsequent economic, political, and demographic transformations in light of which the Polisario has either shifted policy or stuck to longstanding principles. It goes on to describe nonstate forms of support that have become increasingly important. Finally, it examines the broader implications of these new, intensifying forms of support for Polisario’s position as this support has blurred the boundary between an armed and unarmed movement.
Soldiers in Revolt
Authors: Dwyer Maggie
Published: June 2019

Soldiers in Revolt examines the understudied phenomenon of military mutinies in Africa. Through interviews with former mutineers in Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, and The Gambia, the book provides a unique and intimate perspective on those who take the risky decision to revolt. This view from the lower ranks is key to comprehending the internal struggles that can threaten a military's ability to function effectively. Maggie Dwyer's detailed accounts of specific revolts are complemented by an original dataset of West African mutinies covering more than fifty years, allowing for the identification of trends. Her book shows the complex ways mutineers often formulate and interpret their grievances against a backdrop of domestic and global politics. Just as mutineers have been influenced by the political landscape, so too have they shaped it. Mutinies have challenged political and military leaders, spurred social unrest, led to civilian casualties, threatened peacekeeping efforts and, in extreme cases, resulted in international interventions. Soldiers in Revolt offers a better understanding of West African mutinies and mutinies in general, valuable not only for military studies but for anyone interested in the complex dynamics of African states.