bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delay in blood glucose monitoring during an insulin infusion protocol is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia in intensive care units
Authors: Garg Rajesh , Jarry Amy , Pendergrass Merri
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

Hypoglycemia during insulin infusion therapy is a major problem. We investigated whether a delay in blood glucose (BG) monitoring during an insulin infusion protocol (IIP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with hypoglycemia.

METHODS:

Data were collected for 50 consecutive patients treated with Brigham and Women's Hospital's IIP. Point‐of‐care BG values were obtained from the bedside paper flow sheets and the exact times of individual measurements were ascertained from an internet‐based glucose meter download program. Data were carefully studied for protocol time violations, defined as a delay of >10 minutes after the recommended time for BG measurement.

RESULTS:

A total of 2309 BG values were evaluated for time violation. A total of 1474 (63.9%) measurements had been obtained at the recommended time or earlier; 835 (36.1%) measurements had been obtained >10 minutes after the recommended time for measurement. There were a significantly higher proportion of BG values <80 mg/dL following the time violation as compared to no time violation (17.8% versus 11.6%; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

We conclude that the risk of hypoglycemia during insulin infusion therapy is higher after a delay in BG measurement. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E5–E7. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Meningoencephalitis‐complicating herpes zoster ophthalmicus infection
Authors: Srinivasan Saranya , Ahn Grace , Anderson Andy
Published: August 2009

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus is a known complication of herpes zoster and the most common manifestation of cranial zoster, accounting for a significant number of zoster cases.1 An uncommon but serious complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus is zoster meningoencephalitis. The exact incidence of herpes zoster meningoencephalitis is not known; in 1 series, 5.5% of patients who initially presented with ophthalmic zoster had neurological complications.2 Here we report a case of herpes zoster meningoencephalitis in a patient with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E19–E22. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) due to coronary vasospasm
Authors: Bhat Pradeep K. , Quan Kara J.
Published: August 2009

We report a case of a young woman who presented with atypical angina. During an episode of chest pain she had a documented run of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). In addition to medical therapy, she received an ICD to prevent future episodes of sudden cardiac death. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E23–E25. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Antibiotic considerations in the treatment of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens: A case‐based review
Authors: Reddy Pavani , Chadaga Smitha , Noskin Gary A.
Published: August 2009

The recent rise in antimicrobial resistance among health‐care associated pathogens is a growing public health concern. According to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, rates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in intensive care units have nearly doubled over the last decade. Of equal importance, gram‐negative agents such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and extended‐spectrum beta lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae demonstrate increasing resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and, in some cases, carbapenems. As a consequence, hospitalists may find themselves utilizing new antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. This case‐based review will highlight 8 antibiotics that have emerging clinical indications in treating these multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:E8–E15. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A SAFE DC: A conceptual framework for care of the homeless inpatient
Authors: Best Jennifer A. , Young Audrey
Published: August 2009

Homeless patients suffer disproportionately from medical disease and from barriers to healthcare, affecting their likelihood of presentation, severity of disease, long‐term outcomes, and mortality. In the hospital, homeless patients are frequently cared for by hospitalists. Homeless patients' unstable social situation may challenge usual systems of inpatient care and discharge. To provide more effective care for this group, it is important to recognize the demographics of the hospitalized homeless patient. We suggest a structured approach to the inpatient care of the unstably housed patient, represented by a simple mnemonic checklist “A SAFE DC,” describing evidence‐based adaptations of care, where available, and discussing systems‐based approaches to discharge. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:375–381. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Flexibility of paramagnetic (d1) organometallic dithiolene complex [Cp2Mo(dmit)]+• studied by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Świetlik Roman , Łapiński Andrzej , Fourmigué Marc , Yakushi Kyuya
Published: August 2009

We report on the experimental and theoretical studies of the flexible organometallic complex Cp2Mo(dmit) which often exhibits a folding in the solid state. Raman spectra of charge‐transfer salts formed by Cp2Mo(dmit) with various anions (Br−, BF4−, PF6−, SbF6−, ReO(dmit)2−, TCNQF4−) were measured at room temperature using red (632.8 nm) and near‐infrared (780 nm) excitations. The influence of the folding of the MoS2C2 metallacycle in [Cp2Mo(dmit)]+• cation on the Raman spectra was investigated. Due to folding of [Cp2Mo(dmit)]+•, the bands related to the CC and some CS stretching vibrations shift toward lower wavenumbers by about 0.5–0.6 cm−1deg−1. The bond lengths, charge distribution on atoms, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies, and dipole moments for neutral and ionized complex with various folding angles were calculated by density functional theory (DFT) methods. Additionally, the normal vibrational modes and theoretical Raman spectra were calculated and compared with experimental data. Our results indicate that vibrational spectroscopy can be applied for investigation of complex deformations in the solid state. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of a soybean seed‐derived vaccine antigen following long‐term storage, processing and transport in the absence of a cold chain
Authors: Oakes Judy L , Bost Kenneth L , Piller Kenneth J
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Soybean seeds are rich in natural protein and are favorable environments for targeted protein expression. Soybeans represent an ideal platform for the production of novel vaccines that, in theory, do not require a cold chain. This study investigated the stability of a soybean‐derived antigen following long‐term storage, formulation, and shipment overseas in the absence of refrigeration.

RESULTS: Transgenic seeds can be stored for more than 4 years at ambient temperature with no detectable loss of FanC antigen stability. Conventional processing methods utilizing heat, mechanical extraction and solvent extraction resulted in practical formulations that could be lyophilized, stored as dried milk powder and rehydrated in water without loss of FanC antigen stability. Overseas shipment of transgenic seed powder and soymilk formulations in the absence of a cold chain had no adverse effects on formulations or the FanC antigen.

CONCLUSION: The feasibility of long‐term storage, processing and shipment of transgenic soy products in the absence of a cold chain was demonstrated. Soybeans represent a practical platform for development of novel vaccines to potentially address the worldwide need for vaccines that are cost‐effective, easy to formulate and can be manufactured, stored and transported without refrigeration. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro effects of phlorotannins from Ascophyllum nodosum (brown seaweed) on rumen bacterial populations and fermentation
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Alexander Trevor W , McAllister Tim A
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Use of brown algae (seaweed) in ruminant diets is increasing, but the effects of its phlorotannins (PT) on rumen microbial ecology have not been determined. Mixed forage (50:25:25 ground barley silage–alfalfa hay–grass hay) was used as substrate in a batch culture ruminal incubation that included PT extracted from Ascophyllum nodosum, with and without polyethylene glycol. Principal ruminal bacteria were quantified using real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS: At 500 µg mL−1, PT reduced growth of Fibrobacter succinogenes by 78%, 83% and 65% at 6, 12 and 24 h (P < 0.001), Ruminococcus albus at 24 h only (P < 0.01) and did not affect R. flavefaciens. Non‐cellulolytic bacteria Selenomonas ruminantium, Ruminobacter amylophilus and Prevotella bryantii were increased (P < 0.001) by PT at 12 and 24 h. Effects of PT on fermentation products (gas production, volatile fatty acid profiles and ammonia accumulation) were consistent with alterations in rumen microbial populations.

CONCLUSION: The effects of PT on ruminal bacteria were species‐dependent, which suggests that diet may mediate PT effects on animal performance. The variation in sensitivity of ruminal bacteria to PT reflects previously reported effects of condensed tannins from terrestrial plants on microbial populations. Copyright © 2009 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A numerical study of the effect of sea breeze circulation on photochemical pollution over a highly industrialized peninsula
Authors: Mangia Cristina , Schipa Ilenia , Tanzarella Annalisa , Conte Dario , Marra Gian Paolo , Marcello Miglietta Mario , Rizza Umberto
Published: August 2009

Numerical simulations compared with measurements are used to investigate the effect of sea breeze circulation on the ozone accumulation over a highly industrialized peninsula in southern Italy, where high levels of ozone concentration are often registered. A frequent meteorological phenomenon in this region during weak summer synoptic conditions is the development of complex sea breeze systems from the coastlines, with convergence areas within the peninsula. A case study characterized by strong winds alternating with sea breeze circulations was selected. The simulations show that during weak synoptic conditions, sea breezes transport ozone and its precursors over land from the sea, as well as from the coastlines where the largest industrialized districts are localized. The overlapping breezes lead to ozone accumulation in the area where sea breeze convergence occurs. This may explain the high values of ozone registered close to the sea breeze convergence lines. The comparison between predictions and experimental data indicates that the numerical system successfully reproduces both weather and ground level ozone concentration in different meteorological conditions, resulting in a fundamental tool for both scientific comprehension of the evolution of air contaminants and interpretation of the monitoring data. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Economic and social benefits of meteorology and climatology in Switzerland
Authors: Frei Thomas
Published: August 2009

National Meteorological Services provide meteorological data, information, forecasts and various related products, which are important for the smooth functioning of many aspects in economy, administration and society. The merit of meteorological services cannot be deduced directly from the consumption of services. Rather, it emerges from the improvement of decisions by economic stakeholders thanks to weather and climate information. These services are purchased by users in order to be able to offer optimally or demand a certain service or, with respect to security, these services aim at helping to prevent damage from extreme events.

A rough estimate for a number of selected sectors shows that benefits from weather services in Switzerland are in the region of hundreds of millions Swiss Francs (1 Swiss Franc ∼ €0.66, US$0.83 as at 2008).

This pilot study shows that it is not possible to estimate one single figure representing the overall benefit from weather services in a country. Concerning the economic sector, a benefit analysis should therefore concentrate on those sub‐sectors where weather services are particularly relevant, i.e. agriculture, construction, energy, insurance, telecommunication, tourism, transport, logistics and water availability. Analysis of benefits from climate data is of particular interest to MeteoSwiss since the Federal Office is the main source for climate data in Switzerland. Climate data form the basis on which climate change and possible climate threats can be detected.

This study estimates for the first time the socio‐economic benefits of meteorological and climatic information in Switzerland as a small developed European country and gives an outlook of how a further study might be designed. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Structure determination of chamaedryosides A—C, three novel nor‐neo‐clerodane glucosides from Teucrium chamaedrys, by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Fiorentino Antonio , D'Abrosca Brigida , Ricci Andreina , Pacifico Severina , Piccolella Simona , Monaco Pietro
Published: August 2009

Three new nor‐neo‐clerodane diterpenes, named chamaedryoside A (1), B (2) and C (3), have been isolated from the organic extracts of Teucrium chamaedrys (L.) and their structural characterization has been accomplished by 1H and 13C‐NMR spectra, and DEPT, by COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HSQC‐TOSCY and HMBC experiments, as well as by ESI‐MS/MS techniques. The stereostructures have been elucidated by NOESY and computational calculations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytic approximate solution of three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations of flow between two stretchable disks
Authors: Dinarvand Saeed , Rashidi Mohammad Mehdi , Shahmohamadi Hamed
Published: August 2009

The similarity transform for the steady three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations of flow between two stretchable disks gives a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations which is analytically solved by applying a newly developed method, namely, the homotopy analysis method. The analytic solutions of the system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations are constructed in the series form. The convergence of the obtained series solutions is analyzed. The validity of our solutions is verified by the numerical results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Is maternal renal disease a cause of elevated free β‐hCG in first trimester aneuploidy screening?
Authors: Spencer Kevin , Enofe Osasumwen , Cowans Nicholas J. , Stamatopoulou Anastasia
Published: August 2009

Objective

To asses whether supra elevated levels of maternal serum free beta hCG in the first trimester are associated with impaired renal function.

Method

A cohort of 553 women with maternal serum free β‐hCG greater than 5 multiple of median (MoM) with a single euploid fetus was matched with a control of the same maternal age (+/−1 year), ethnic origin and with a free β‐hCG within the range 0.50–1.50 MoM. Screening samples were analysed for serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated. Renal function in the two groups was compared. The database was examined to find outcomes registered as known renal disease amongst the high free β‐hCG group.

Results

In the group with a supra elevated free β‐hCG MoM there was a significant reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (122.85, 95% CI 120.43–124.74 vs 118.80, 95% CI 114.90–121.59; p = 0.009) suggesting a small but increased risk of renal disease.

Conclusions

The presence of renal disease should also be considered as one potential cause of supra elevated levels of free β‐hCG in addition to the possibility of paternally derived triploidy and trisomy 21. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prescription quality in an acute medical ward
Authors: Alyamani Nayef A. , Hopf Yvonne , Williams David J.
Published: August 2009

Purpose

Prescribing is an effective and economical means of delivering health care. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of prescriptions in an Acute Medical Assessment Unit (AMAU) at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary (ARI).

Methods

Prescription data were collected from all available medication charts of patients admitted to the ward over a 2‐week period. Prescription quality indicators were divided into two categories: prescription chart related (e.g. complete patient information and absence of drug–drug interactions (DDIs)) and medication related (e.g. legibility of handwriting, generic prescribing and adherence to hospital's formulary).

Results

Patient identifiers were omitted in 4% (n = 8) of the medication charts included in assessing prescribing quality. Patient allergies were omitted in 36% (n = 76) of charts. At least one DDI was detected in 26% (n = 55) of the charts. The mean number of medications prescribed per patient was seven (95%CI, 6.53–7.65). The median number of medication‐related prescribing errors per medication chart was two (interquartile range (IQR), 1–3). The distribution of these errors was significantly higher in charts with five or more medications (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a relatively acceptable level of prescription quality compared to the published literature. However, the number of DDIs and level of allergy documentation are of concern emphasising the need for continued education in this field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics reveals lowering oxygen alters cytoskeletal and endoplasmatic stress proteins in human endothelial cells
Authors: Østergaard Louise , Simonsen Ulf , Eskildsen‐Helmond Yvonne , Vorum Henrik , Uldbjerg Niels , Honoré Bent , Mulvany Michael J.
Published: August 2009

A proteomic approach was applied to explore the signalling pathways elicited by lowering O2 in endothelial cells. Endothelial cells isolated from native umbilical cords were subjected to 21, 5, or 1% O2 for 24 h. 2‐D PAGE was performed and candidate proteins were identified using LC‐MS/MS. Lowering of O2 from 21 to 5% induced upregulation of cofilin‐1, cyclophilin A, tubulin and tubulin fragments, a fragment of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (Grp78) and calmodulin. The upregulation of Grp78 suggested that ER stress proteins were altered and indeed Grp94 and caspase 12 expression were increased in cells exposed to 5% O2. The presence of ER stress is also supported by findings of blunted caffeine‐evoked ER calcium release in cells exposed to 5 and 1% O2. Exposure to 1% O2 caused increases in cofilin‐1, cyclophilin A, and caspase 12 as well as a decrease of β‐actin, but it did not alter the expression of calmodulin, tubulin, Grp78, and Grp94. Incubation with CoCl2, a stabilizer of the hypoxia‐inducible factor, increased the expression of several of the proteins. The present investigations reveal that lowering O2, probably in part through hypoxia‐inducible factor, alter the expression of a series of proteins mainly involved in cytoskeletal changes (e.g. cofilin‐1, tubulin, and β‐actin) and in ER stress/apoptosis (e.g. Grp78/94, caspase 12, and cyclophilin A).
Requirements for the valid quantification of immunostains on tissue microarray materials using image analysis
Authors: Decaestecker Christine , Moles Lopez Xavier , D'Haene Nicky , Roland Isabelle , Guendouz Saad , Duponchelle Christophe , Berton Alix , Debeir Olivier , Salmon Isabelle
Published: August 2009

Antibody‐based proteomics applied to tissue microarray (TMA) technology provides a very efficient means of visualizing and locating antigen expression in large collections of normal and pathological tissue samples. To characterize antigen expression on TMAs, the use of image analysis methods avoids the effects of human subjectivity evidenced in manual microscopical analysis. Thus, these methods have the potential to significantly enhance both precision and reproducibility. Although some commercial systems include tools for the quantitative evaluation of immunohistochemistry‐stained images, there exists no clear agreement on best practices to allow for correct and reproducible quantification results. Our study focuses on practical aspects regarding (i) image acquisition (ii) segmentation of staining and counterstaining areas and (iii) extraction of quantitative features. We illustrate our findings using a commercial system to quantify different immunohistochemistry markers targeting proteins with different expression patterns (cytoplasmic, nuclear or membranous) in colon cancer or brain tumor TMAs. Our investigations led us to identify several steps that we consider essential for standardizing computer‐assisted immunostaining quantification experiments. In addition, we propose a data normalization process based on reference materials to be able to compare measurements between studies involving different TMAs. In conclusion, we recommend certain critical prerequisites that commercial or in‐house systems should satisfy in order to permit valid immunostaining quantification.
Proteomic analysis of the cold stress response in the moss, Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Yang Pingfang , Zhang Xiaofeng , Xu Yinong , Kuang Tingyun , Shen Shihua , He Yikun
Published: August 2009

Cold stress has adverse effects on plant growth and development. Plants respond and acclimate to cold stress through various biochemical and physiological processes, thereby acquiring stress tolerance. To better understand the basis for tolerance, we carried out a proteomic study in the model moss, Physcomitrella patens, characterizing gametophore proteins with 2‐DE and mass spectroscopy. Following exposure to 0°C for up to 3 days, out of the more than 1000 protein spots reproducibly resolved, only 45 changed in abundance by at least 1.5‐fold. Of these, 35 were identified by tryptic digestion and mass spectroscopy. Photosynthetic proteins decreased, whereas many catabolic proteins increased. In addition, cold stress up‐regulated a variety of signaling, cytoskeleton, and defense proteins and few proteins in these classes were down‐regulated. Up‐regulated proteins include the 14‐3‐3‐like protein, actin, HSP70s, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450 proteins. These results point to pathways that are important for the mechanism of cold stress response in P. patens and by extension to the entire plant kingdom.
Second Joint HUPO Publication and Proteomics Standards Initiative Workshop
Authors: Orchard Sandra , Binz Pierre‐Alain , Hermjakob Henning
Published: August 2009

The field of proteomics is still expanding, with each year there being an increasing number of publications on the subject and this has been reflected by a recent expansion in the number of specialist journals serving the field. A plenary session organized by the Publications Committee of the Human Proteome Organisation at the 7th HUPO congress [Orchard, S., Ping, P., Proteomics 2009, 9, 502–503] highlighted lack of commonality between the different journals in their reporting requirements as an issue for potential authors and it had been agreed at that event to organise a subsequent, open meeting to discuss this further. As the authors of a set of independent reporting requirements, the MIAPE documents [Taylor, C. F., Paton, N. W., Lilley, K. S., Binz, P.‐A. et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 2007, 25, 887–893], the HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative (HUPO‐PSI) agreed to act as co‐hosts and hold this meeting adjacent to their annual workshop in Turku, Finland, April 25–27th 2009. Most of the specialist journals publishing in this field were represented at the event as well as data providers, databases and the authors of the HUPO‐PSI standards documents.
A refined lack‐of‐fit statistic to calibrate pesticide fate models for responsive systems
Authors: Nolan Bernard T , Dubus Igor G , Surdyk Nicolas
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND: Calibration by inverse modelling was performed with the MACRO transport and fate model using long‐term (>10 years) drainflow and isoproturon (IPU) data from western France. Two lack‐of‐fit (LOF) indices were used to control the inverse modelling: sum of squares (SS) and an alternative statistic called the vertical‐horizontal distance integrator (VHDI), which is designed to account for offsets in observed and predicted arrival times of peak IPU concentration. With these data, SS was artificially inflated because it is limited to comparison of predicted and observed IPU concentrations that are concurrent in time. The LOFs were used along with the index of agreement (d) and the correlation coefficient (r) to ascertain the fit of the calibrated models.

RESULTS: Predicted arrival times of peak IPU concentration differed somewhat from observed times. All four indices indicated better model fit for the second of two validation periods when inverse modelling was controlled by VHDI rather than SS (SS = 26.4, d = 0.660, r = 0.606 and VHDI = 1.25). The VHDI statistic was markedly lower compared with the uncalibrated model (38.0) and SS calibration results (24.5). The final maximum predicted IPU concentration (44.5 µg L−1) for the calibration period was very similar to the observed value (44 µg L−1).

CONCLUSION: VHDI is seen as an effective alternative to SS for calibration and validation of pesticide fate models applied to responsive systems. VHDI provided a more realistic assessment of model performance for the transient flows and short‐lived concentrations observed here, and also effectively substituted for the objective function in inverse modelling. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined XBIC/μ‐XRF/μ‐XAS/DLTS investigation of chemical character and electrical properties of Cu and Ni precipitates in silicon
Authors: Trushin M. , Vyvenko O. , Seifert W. , Kittler M. , Zizak I. , Erko A. , Seibt M. , Rudolf C.
Published: August 2009

The cover picture of this issue of Phys. Status Solidi C has been taken from the article [1]. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Verification of cloud‐fraction forecasts
Authors: Hogan Robin J. , O'Connor Ewan J. , Illingworth Anthony J.
Published: August 2009

Cloud radar and lidar can be used to evaluate the skill of numerical weather prediction models in forecasting the timing and placement of clouds, but care must be taken in choosing the appropriate metric of skill to use due to the non‐Gaussian nature of cloud‐fraction distributions. We compare the properties of a number of different verification measures and conclude that of existing measures the Log of Odds Ratio is the most suitable for cloud fraction. We also propose a new measure, the Symmetric Extreme Dependency Score, which has very attractive properties, being equitable (for large samples), difficult to hedge and independent of the frequency of occurrence of the quantity being verified. We then use data from five European ground‐based sites and seven forecast models, processed using the ‘Cloudnet’ analysis system, to investigate the dependence of forecast skill on cloud fraction threshold (for binary skill scores), height, horizontal scale and (for the Met Office and German Weather Service models) forecast lead time. The models are found to be least skillful at predicting the timing and placement of boundary‐layer clouds and most skilful at predicting mid‐level clouds, although in the latter case they tend to underestimate mean cloud fraction when cloud is present. It is found that skill decreases approximately inverse‐exponentially with forecast lead time, enabling a forecast ‘half‐life’ to be estimated. When considering the skill of instantaneous model snapshots, we find typical values ranging between 2.5 and 4.5 days. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Modeling process flow using diagrams
Authors: Kemper Benjamin , de Mast Jeroen , Mandjes Michel
Published: August 2009

In the practice of process improvement, tools such as the flowchart, the value‐stream map (VSM), and a variety of ad hoc variants of such diagrams are commonly used. The purpose of this paper is to present a clear, precise, and consistent framework for the use of such flow diagrams in process improvement projects. The paper finds that traditional diagrams, such as the flowchart, the VSM, and OR‐type of diagrams, have severe limitations, miss certain elements, or are based on implicit but consequential premises. These limitations restrict the applicability of traditional diagrams in non‐manufacturing areas such as service and healthcare processes.

We show that a rational reconstruction for the use of diagrams in various disciplines regarding process flow boils down to a generic framework of elements, definitions of generic process metrics, and three classes of applications, namely the ‘as‐is’, ‘could‐be’, and ‘should‐be’ analysis.

The goal is not to replace all currently used diagrams, but merely to discuss the role of diagram usage in process flow modeling. This paper provides an explicit framework that is unambiguous and flexible, and has the potential to serve as a guideline for the practitioner, in manufacturing as well as in service and healthcare. Besides, it may serve as a starting point to develop an ontology of business processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of tanshinones with quinone reductase induction activity from Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ma Zhongjun , Zhang Min , Song Zhihang
Published: August 2009

Quinone reductase (QR) induction is a reliable biomarker of phase II enzyme induction. In this study, glutathione (GSH) was employed and a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was introduced to reveal the chemical constituents with QR activity from the ethyl acetate extract of roots Salvia miltiorrhiza (‘Danshen’) and nine tanshinones (9, 13, 17‐19, 21, 24–26), which could conjugate with GSH, were characterized by LC/MS/MS and considered to have QR activities. Then, thirteen tanshinones, including six compounds (17, 18, 21, 24–26) of the above nine tanshinones, were isolated to conduct QR induction evaluation, and it was found that miltirone and its derivatives (18, 20, 24, 26) exhibited significant activities. The GSH conjugate abilities of the isolated tanshinones were also examined; this showed that compounds 18, 20, 24 and 26 had good conjugating abilities with GSH. Compared with the in vitro bioactivity screening results, this proved that conjugate ability is related with QR activity, so an LC/MS/MS method can be applied to find more active compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast analysis of isobaric grape anthocyanins by Chip‐liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Flamini Riccardo , De Rosso Mirko , Smaniotto Anna , Panighel Annarita , Vedova Antonio Dalla , Seraglia Roberta , Traldi Pietro
Published: August 2009

In a previous work, direct‐infusion electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐IT‐MS/MS) was applied to the study of anthocyanins in extracts from the skins of Clinton grapes, a non‐Vitis vinifera red grape variety qualitatively and quantitatively rich in anthocyanins. A good characterization of anthocyaninins was obtained, but it was impossible to differentiate some compounds with the same nominal mass but with different elemental composition. In this work, the capabilities of quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (QTOF‐MS) coupled with Chip‐liquid chromatography (LC‐Chip) were applied to the study of Clinton anthocyanins and this method provided the complete sample anthocyanin fingerprint in less than 5 min. Multi‐stage mass spectrometry (MSn; n >2) was not necessary to identify isobaric compounds, nor were deuterium‐exchange experiments necessary to distinguish between compounds containing the same aglycone. The fast separation bypasses the problem of petunidin‐3‐O‐(6‐O‐acetyl)monoglucoside and delphinidin‐3,5‐O‐diglucoside quantification, present in the direct‐infusion ESI‐ITMS approach, due to overlapping with matrix interferences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass‐selective axial ejection from a linear ion trap with a direct current extraction field
Authors: Sugiyama Masuyuki , Hasegawa Hideki , Hashimoto Yuichiro
Published: August 2009

We have developed a new mass‐selective axial ejection method from a linear ion trap (LIT). In this method, a set consisting of a trap wire lens and an extraction wire lens positioned orthogonally to each other was placed between quadrupole rods. The trap wire lens confines the ions inside the trap, and the extraction wire axially extracts ions from the trap. Ions introduced into the LIT are trapped between the inlet lens and the trap wire lens. In addition to the wire lenses, a set of excitation lenses, which are aligned orthogonally to the trap wire lens, are inserted between rods. The ions are resonantly excited in the direction perpendicular to the trap wire lens by applying a supplemental alternating current (AC) to the excitation lenses. Excited ions with a large motion pass over the trap wire lens, while unexcited ions remain trapped inside. Ions that have passed over the trap wire lens are then extracted by the extraction wire lens. The characteristics of the mass‐selective ejection with a direct current (DC) extraction field were investigated by both simulation and experiment. A mass resolving power of m/Δm = 1300 was achieved at a scan rate of 500 Th/s. The dependence of the ejection efficiency on trap wire lens bias was measured, and an ejection efficiency of 20% at a scan rate of 500 Th/s was achieved by optimizing the DC bias on the trap wire lens. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug impurity profiling by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry using various ionization techniques
Authors: Hommerson Paul , Khan Amjad M. , Bristow Tony , Harrison Mark W. , de Jong Gerhardus J. , Somsen Govert W.
Published: August 2009

Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) is predominantly carried out using electrospray ionization (ESI). Recently, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) have become available for CE/MS. With the VUV lamp turned off, the APPI source may also be used for CE/MS by thermospray ionization (TSI). In the present study the suitability of ESI, APCI, APPI and TSI for drug impurity profiling by CE/MS in the positive ion mode is evaluated. The drugs carbachol, lidocaine and proguanil and their potential impurities were used as test compounds, representing different molecular polarities. A background electrolyte of 100 mM acetic acid (pH 4.5) provided baseline separation of nearly all impurities from the respective drugs. APPI yielded both even‐ and odd‐electron ions, whereas the other ionization techniques produced even‐electron ions only. In‐source fragmentation was more pronounced with APCI and APPI than with ESI and TSI, which was most obvious for proguanil and its impurities. In general, ESI and TSI appeared the most efficient ionization techniques for impurities that are charged in solution achieving detection limits of 100 ng/mL (full‐scan mode). APPI and APCI showed a lower efficiency, but allowed ionization of low and high polarity analytes, although quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. carbachol) could not be detected. Largely neutral compounds, such as the lidocaine impurity 2,6‐dimethylaniline, could not be detected by TSI, and yielded similar detection limits (500 ng/mL) for ESI, APPI and APCI. In many cases, impurity detection at the 0.1% (w/w) level was possible when 1 mg/mL of parent drug was injected with at least one of the CE/MS systems. Overall, the tested CE/MS systems provide complementary information as illustrated by the detection and identification of an unknown impurity in carbachol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ergonomic evaluation of 3D plane positioning using a mouse and a haptic device
Authors: Paul Laurent , Cartiaux Olivier , Docquier Pierre‐Louis , Banse Xavier
Published: August 2009

Background

Preoperative planning and intraoperative assistance are needed to improve accuracy in tumour surgery. To be accepted, these processes must be efficient. An experiment was conducted to compare a mouse and a haptic device, with and without force feedback, to perform plan positioning in a 3D space. Ergonomics and performance factors were investigated during the experiment. Positioning strategies were observed.

Methods

The task completion time, number of 3D orientations and failure rate were analysed. A questionnaire on ergonomics was filled out by each participant.

Results

The haptic device showed a significantly lower failure rate and was quicker and more ergonomic than the mouse. The force feedback was not beneficial to the accomplishment of the task.

Conclusions

The haptic device is intuitive, ergonomic and more efficient than the mouse for positioning a 3D plane into a 3D space. Useful observations regarding positioning strategies will improve the integration of haptic devices into medical applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
St.‐Lorenz‐Brücke in Lübeck – Flacher Bogen mit besonderem Montageablauf
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Hendrych Jörg , Schleicher Wolfram
Published: August 2009

In Verbindung mit der Elektrifizierung und dem zweigleisigen Ausbau der Bahnstrecke Hamburg–Lübeck‐Travemünde wurde die St.‐Lorenz‐Brücke in Lübeck durch einen neuen Brückenzug ersetzt. Wesentlicher Bestandteil ist eine sehr flach entworfene Stabbogenbrücke, die das Gleisbett in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Lübecker Hauptbahnhof überspannt. Im folgenden Beitrag wird die Planung und Ausführung des Brückenzuges beschrieben und auf Besonderheiten der Tragwerksplanung und Montage der Stabbogenbrücke eingegangen (vgl. [1]).

St.‐Lorenz‐bridge in Lübeck, Germany – Low arch with a special erection process.

Due to the electrification and the two‐track extension of the railway line Hamburg – Lübeck‐Travemünde the St.‐Lorenz‐bridge was replaced by a new multi‐span‐bridge. Significant component is a very low bowstring bridge, which spans over the railway line near main station Lübeck. In the following article design and execution of the bridge structures are described as well as special features of structural design and erection of the bowstring bridge (comp. [1]).
Vorschlag zur Verformungsberechnung von WIB‐Brücken
Authors: Iliopoulos Aristidis
Published: August 2009

Walzträger in Beton (WIB) stellen für einfeldrige Eisenbahnbrücken mit bis zu 25 m Spannweite eine attraktive Lösung dar. Das Verformungsverhalten derartiger Bauwerke wird durch die Rissbildung des Betons wesentlich beeinflusst, was daher rechnerisch realitätsnah erfasst werden muss. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Näherungsverfahren vorgeschlagen, welches für die Verformungsberechnung einbetonierter Stahlquerschnitte unter Gebrauchslasten geeignet ist.

A proposal for the calculation of deformations in concrete – encased steel beams.

Concrete‐encased steel beams are attractive solutions for railroad bridges with spans up to 25 meters. By this type of constructions the cracking of concrete is of great importance. In this article a calculation procedure is suggested, which is appropriate for evaluating deformations of steel‐profiles integrated in concrete under service conditions.
Höherfrequente Hämmerverfahren – Ursachen der Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit und Nachweismodell
Authors: Weich Imke
Published: August 2009

Der Einsatz von Schweißnahtnachbehandlungsverfahren zur Optimierung wechselnd beanspruchter Stahlkonstruktionen in Hinblick auf deren Lebensdauerverlängerung oder eine Reduzierung des Konstruktionsgewichts wurde in den letzten Jahren verstärkt untersucht. Dabei erwiesen sich höherfrequente Hämmermethoden als besonders wirkungsvoll zur Steigerung der Ermüdungsfestigkeit. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt die Potentiale der Verfahren auf und belegt deren Einfluss auf das Rissinitiierungs‐ und Rissfortschrittsverhalten von Schweißnähten. Anhand eines entwickelten Bemessungsmodells wird eine Möglichkeit der rechnerischen Erfassung der positiven Wirksamkeit der Verfahren dargelegt.

Reasons and calculation of the improved fatigue life of welds treated with high frequency peening methods.

The application of post weld treatment methods in order to optimize fatigue loaded steel structures in view of an extension of their service life or a reduction of the construction weight has been studied intensively in the last years. High frequency peening methods proved to be extreme effectively in order to increase the fatigue strength. The following article shows the potentials of the methods and proves their influence on the crack initiation and crack propagation behaviour of welds. With help of a developed design procedure the possibility of respecting the positive effect on the fatigue strength during the design is provided.
Which ultrasound or biochemical markers are independent predictors of small‐for‐gestational age?
Authors: Law L. W. , Leung T. Y. , Sahota D. S. , Chan L. W. , Fung T. Y. , Lau T. K.
Published: August 2009

Objectives

To investigate which ultrasound or biochemical markers in both the first and the second trimesters are the best predictors for fetal growth and small‐for‐gestational age (SGA).

Methods

This was a prospective study of 619 Chinese women with a singleton pregnancy. At 11 to 13 + 6 weeks, fetal crown–rump length (CRL), placental volume (PlaV), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), and the maternal serum levels of pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) were measured. Fetal biparietal diameter, femur length, abdominal and head circumference, PlaV and UtA‐PI were then measured at 18–22 weeks. All markers were transformed to gestational age‐specific Z‐scores or multiples of the median (MoM). Birth weights were also transformed to Z‐scores using the individualized gestational age‐related optimal weight based on a locally derived nomogram. The relationship between all markers and the customized birth weight were examined, and their predictive powers for SGA were examined by regression analysis.

Results

Univariate analysis revealed that all markers except free β‐hCG correlated with birth weight Z‐score. After multiple linear regression analysis, only PlaV, UtA‐PI and CRL in the first trimester, and PlaV and UtA‐PI in the second trimester, stood out as independent markers. Logistic regression analysis showed that PlaV was the only independent first‐trimester predictor of SGA, and in the second trimester both PlaV and UtA‐PI were independent predictors. The sensitivity of these first‐ and second‐trimester markers in predicting SGA were 41% and 45%, respectively, at a false‐positive rate of 20%. Combining them did not significantly improve prediction of SGA.

Conclusions

Among the various known ultrasound and biochemical markers, only the first‐trimester PlaV and the second‐trimester PlaV plus UtA‐PI are independent predictors for SGA. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of models that predict Cesarean section after induction of labor
Authors: Verhoeven C. J. M. , Oudenaarden A. , Hermus M. A. A. , Porath M. M. , Oei S. G. , Mol B. W. J.
Published: August 2009

Objective

Models for the prediction of Cesarean delivery after induction of labor can be used to improve clinical decision‐making. The objective of this study was to validate two existing models, published by Peregrine et al. and Rane et al., for the prediction of Cesarean section after induction of labor.

Methods

We studied consecutive women in whom labor was induced. In all women, we recorded maternal age, height, body mass index, parity, gestational age and the Bishop score prior to induction. Cervical length was measured by transvaginal ultrasound immediately prior to induction of labor. The primary end‐point was delivery by Cesarean section. The calibration of the two prediction models was assessed by comparison of predicted and observed Cesarean delivery rates. The discriminative capacity of the models, i.e. the ability of the models to distinguish subjects who had Cesarean section from those who did not (discrimination), was assessed by receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) analysis.

Results

We included 240 women in the study, of whom 27 (11%) had Cesarean delivery. The capacity of cervical length in the prediction of Cesarean delivery was limited. In our study population, both prediction models overestimated the risk of Cesarean delivery. Calibration was better for the Peregrine et al. model than for the Rane et al. model, and the two models had areas under the ROC curve of 0.76 and 0.67, respectively.

Conclusion

Current models that predict the occurrence of Cesarean section after induction of labor have only a moderate predictive capacity when applied within a Dutch practice. We do not recommend the use of these prediction models in clinical practice. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are ultrasonographic myoma characteristics associated with blood loss at delivery?
Authors: Andreani M. , Vergani P. , Ghidini A. , Locatelli A. , Ornaghi S. , Pezzullo J. C.
Published: August 2009

Objectives

The presence of myomas in pregnancy is associated with greater blood loss at delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the sonographic characteristics of myomas can predict blood loss at delivery in women with large myomas.

Methods

Among women who underwent second‐trimester ultrasound screening at our department between January 1996 and December 2004, 251 had at least one myoma with a mean diameter ≥ 5 cm. Number of myomas (single vs. multiple), maximum diameter of the largest myoma, sum of the maximum diameter of each myoma, change in size of myomas between first and last scan, and location in relation to the placenta and to the presenting part of the fetus (above or below) were analyzed in relation to blood loss at delivery and severe postpartum hemorrhage (≥ 1000 mL).

Results

Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of multiple myomas was the only parameter independently associated with amount of blood loss at delivery (P = 0.003). The association between the presence of multiple myomas and severe postpartum hemorrhage was of borderline significance for the statistical power of this study (P = 0.08).

Conclusions

In women with large myomas, the presence of multiple tumors is independently associated with heavier blood loss at delivery but not with postpartum hemorrhage of ≥ 1000 mL. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser-Induced, Polarization Dependent Shape Transformation of Au/Ag Nanoparticles in Glass
Authors: Seifert G , Stalmashonak A , Hofmeister H , Haug J , Dubiel M
Published: August 2009

Bimetallic, initially spherical Ag/Au nanoparticles in glass prepared by ion implantation have been irradiated with intense femtosecond laser pulses at intensities still below the damage threshold of the material surface. This high-intensity laser processing produces dichroism in the irradiated region, which can be assigned to the observed anisotropic nanoparticle shapes with preferential orientation of the longer particle axis along the direction of laser polarization. In addition, the particle sizes have considerably been increased upon processing.