bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
c‐MET pathway involvement in chronic rhinosinusitis: A genetic association analysis
Authors: Castano Roberto , Bossé Yohan , Endam Leandra Mfuna , Filali‐Mouhim Abdelali , Desrosiers Martin
Published: April 2010

Objective

The c‐MET receptor and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to be overexpressed in tissue from chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with nasal polyps compared with that from controls. We assessed the genetic association of polymorphisms in the met proto‐oncogene (MET) gene with CRS.

Study Design

Case‐control genetic association study.

Setting

Tertiary‐care university hospital.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 206 unrelated Canadian patients with CRS and 196 control subjects were enrolled. Subjects were genotyped for 33 polymorphisms in the MET gene.

Results

The allelic association analysis showed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MET gene (rs38850, rs38855, rs38857, rs2237717, rs2402118, rs193688, rs1621, rs42336) with a statistically significant association with CRS. The rs38850 T allele showed the strongest association and the highest risk for CRS (P = 0.004; odds ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.18‐2.32); the association did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for genomic control (P = 0.06). The haplotype TGG constructed of markers rs38850, rs38855, and rs38857 represented a risk haplotype, resulting in a P value of 0.003 that remained significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.018).

Conclusion

These data suggest that polymorphisms in the MET gene may play a role in the susceptibility to develop CRS. Study findings apply to patients with severe CRS unresponsive to surgery.
Effects of montelukast on quality of life in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis
Authors: Cingi Cemal , Ozlugedik Samet
Published: April 2010

Objective

To determine the effects of montelukast monotherapy on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis.

Study Design

The study was placebo‐controlled, randomized, and double blinded.

Setting

Tertiary university hospital.

Subjects and Methods

There were 46 patients in the study group and 24 patients in the control group, all of whom had a diagnosis of persistent allergic rhinitis of at least two years. The patients were evaluated at two control visits after the diagnosis. The study group was given 10‐mg montelukast oral tablets, while the control group was given a placebo, and these were taken daily for one month. For evaluation of HRQL in both groups, the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) was used.

Results

There was a larger decrease in the overall RQLQ score for the group using montelukast compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). The difference between scores at baseline versus the end of the first month for all domains was statically significant in both the placebo group and study group (P < 0.001). The difference in change from baseline to the end of the first month (treatment difference) between the placebo group and the study group was statically significant, in favor of the study group, for sleep, practical problems, nasal problems, and activities that have been limited by nose or eye symptoms, and for overall score (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Montelukast is a drug that improves the disease‐specific quality of life in patients being treated for persistent allergic rhinitis better than placebo.
Article Commentary: Over‐the‐counter cough and cold medications in children: Are they helpful?
Authors: Bell Edward A. , Tunkel David E.
Published: April 2010

Over‐the‐counter cough/cold medications are commonly used in children. Recent recommendations by the Food and Drug Administration and changes to product labeling by cough/cold product manufacturers have reduced use of these products in children younger than four years of age. Data from controlled clinical trials of cough/cold product ingredients do not support their efficacy in young children. Serious adverse effects have been reported from cough/cold product use in infants and children, which largely result from inappropriate use by caregivers. Conservative therapies, including nasal suctioning, humidification, and nasal saline, should be recommended over cough/cold product use for infants and children. Otolaryngologists should educate caregivers of children on the safe and effective use of these products and therapies.
Genetic mutations and aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity in neonates
Authors: Johnson Romaine F. , Cohen Aliza P. , Guo Yingshi , Schibler Kurt , Greinwald John H.
Published: April 2010

Objective

Mutations in the 12S rRNA gene have been associated with aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity. Our objective was to study the relationship of these mutations in neonates, duration of aminoglycoside exposure, and other known risk factors to the presence of hearing loss.

Study Design

Prospective case‐cohort study.

Setting

Three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Cincinnati, OH.

Subjects and Methods

We studied a population of premature, low‐birth‐weight (< 2500 g) infants admitted to one of three ICUs. Demographic, genetic, clinical, and audiometric data were collected, and the prevalence of 12S rRNA mutations was calculated.

Results

Of the 436 patients enrolled in the study, 378 were exposed to gentamicin during their ICU stay. Mutations in the 12S rRNA gene were identified in four patients (0.9%), all of whom received gentamicin. Of the cohort, 256 patients (60%) received a complete audiometric assessment; 39 failed their initial hearing assessment. Only one of these patients had a 12S rRNA mutation. Of these 39 patients, the mean birth weight (1645 g vs 1306 g) was significantly less than the birth weight of those infants who passed their initial hearing screening. Definitive hearing assessment for those who failed showed no significant differences, however.

Conclusion

The prevalence of 12S rRNA mutations related to aminoglycoside ototoxicity in our study population was approximately one percent. Most patients with this mutation and aminoglycoside exposure showed no evidence of hearing loss. Low birth weight was one risk factor related to the presence of failing a hearing assessment.
Subversive Sound: Transnational Radio, Arabic Recordings, and the Dangers of Listening in French Colonial Algeria, 1934–1939
Authors: Scales Rebecca P.
Published: April 2010

In November of 1934, Algerian Governor General Jules Carde asked the Algiers Police Prefecture to investigate a rumor circulating through the French bureaucracy that “natives” in the Arab cafés (café maures) of the city were tuning in to biweekly Arabic broadcasts transmitted by an unspecified Italian radio station that featured “commentaries unfavorable to France” and “openly attacked France's Muslim policy.” As the governor of three overseas Frenchdépartements, Carde had already received notification that the airwaves over North Africa were becoming dangerous. A few months earlier, Jean Berthoin, the director of national security, or Sûreté, in France's Interior Ministry, warned regional prefects, “In a number of cities a large portion of the radio-electric industry—sales and the construction of devices—is in the hands of foreigners.” Berthoin feared that the dominance of France's radio-electric market by large, multinational firms would allow enemy agents to mask radio transmitters beneath the cover of radio sales and report clandestinely on troop maneuvers and defense preparations. He therefore instructed prefects to begin “discreet investigations” into the civil status, political affiliation, and nationality of radio merchants and their personnel. While ostensibly directed at metropolitan prefects, these Sûreté directives resonated in Algeria—a strategic periphery of “Greater France” and home to a sizeable European population of German and Italian descent and to multiple garrisons of France's indigenous-based African Army (Armée d'Afrique). By 1935, rumors about radio espionage and subversive auditory propaganda circulating through the Algerian colonial bureaucracy compelled Governor Carde to construct a colony-wide surveillance web to monitor radio sales, investigate Algerian listening habits, and assess the effects of radio propaganda on the “native mentality.”
Long-lived granite-related molybdenite mineralization at Connemara, western Irish Caledonides
Authors: FEELY MARTIN , SELBY DAVID , HUNT JON , CONLIFFE JAMES
Published: April 2010

New Re–Os age determinations from the Galway Granite (samples: KMG = 402.2 ± 1.1 Ma, LLG = 399.5 ± 1.7 Ma and GBM = 383.3 ± 1.1 Ma) show that in south Connemara, late Caledonian granite-related molybdenite mineralization extended fromc.423 Ma toc.380 Ma. These events overlap and are in excellent agreement with the published granite emplacement history determined by U–Pb zircon geochronology. The spatial distribution of the late-Caledonian Connemara granites indicates that initial emplacement and molybdenite mineralization occurred atc.420 Ma (that is, the Omey Granite and probably the Inish, Leterfrack and Roundstone granites) to the N and NW of the Skird Rocks Fault, an extension of the orogen-parallel Southern Uplands Fault in western Ireland. A generally southern and eastward progression of granite emplacement (and molybdenite mineralization) sited along the Skird Rocks Fault then followed, atc.410 Ma (Roundstone Murvey and Carna granites), atc.400 Ma (Errisbeg Townland Granite, Megacrystic Granite, Mingling Mixing Zone Granodiorite, Lough Lurgan Granite and Kilkieran Murvey Granite) and atc.380 Ma (Costelloe Murvey Granite, Shannapheasteen and Knock granites). The duration of granite magmatism and mineralization in Connemara is similar to other sectors of the Appalachian–Caledonian orogeny and several tectonic processes (e.g. slab-breakoff, asthenospheric flow, transtension and decompression) may account for the duration and variety of granite magmatism of the western Irish Caledonides.
Rheology of a dilute two-dimensional suspension of vesicles
Authors: GHIGLIOTTI GIOVANNI , BIBEN THIERRY , MISBAH CHAOUQI
Published: April 2010

The rheology of a dilute two-dimensional suspension of vesicles (closed bags of a lipid bilayer membrane) is studied by numerical simulations. The numerical methods used are based on the boundary integral formulation (Green's function technique) and the phase field approach, which has become a quite popular and powerful tool for the numerical study of free-boundary problems. The imposed flow is an unbounded linear shear. The goal of the present study is to elucidate the link between the rheology of vesicle suspensions and the microscopic dynamics of the constituent particles (tank-treading and tumbling motions). A comparison with emulsion rheology reveals the central role played by the membrane. In particular, at low viscosity ratio λ (defined as the viscosity of the internal fluid over that of the ambient one), the effective viscosity decreases with λ, while the opposite trend is exhibited by emulsions, according to the classical Taylor result. This fact is explained by considering the velocity field of the ambient fluid. The area-incompressibility of the vesicle membrane modifies the surrounding velocity field in a quite different manner than what a drop does. The overall numerical results in two dimensions are in reasonable agreement with the three-dimensional analytical theory derived recently in the small deformation limit (quasi-spherical shapes). The finding that the simulations in two dimensions capture the essential features of the three-dimensional rheology opens the way for extensive and large-scale simulations for semi-dilute and concentrated vesicle suspensions. We discuss some peculiar effects exhibited by the instantaneous viscosity in the tumbling regime of vesicles. Finally, the rheology is found to be relatively insensitive to shear rate.
Feeding Strategies and Partition of Food Resources in Deep-Water Decapod Crustaceans (400–2300 m)
Authors: Cartes Joan E.
Published: April 2010

Food resource partitioning and trends in feeding strategies were examined in 3882 individual decapod crustaceans collected from 1989 to 1990, using bottom trawls at depths between 380 and 2261 m in the Catalan Sea (western Mediterranean). The vertical distribution of available food resources near the bottom was the most important factor responsible for food resource partitioning among bathyal decapod crustaceans by depth stratum and season. Decapods were assigned to five different trophic groups according to the food resource exploited and feeding strategy employed (macroplankton feeders, macroplankton-epibenthic feeders, epibenthic feeders, epibenthic-endobenthic feeders, and deposit feeders). There was little dietary overlap, indicating that species did partition the available resources. Overall, dietary overlap values among species increased with depth. Although a trend to increase H’ values for diets with depth was observed, this was not significant (P< 0.10), whereas differences in the percentage of empty stomachs and the frequency of foraminiferans and pteropods in the foreguts increased significantly (P< 0.05) with depth. This last result is indicative of a progressive increase in the importance of deposit feeding in decapod crustaceans as depth increases.
A “Suitable Population”: Charles Brooke and Race-Mixing in Sarawak
Authors: Reece R.H.W.
Published: April 2010

In the “Concluding Remarks” appended to his journal for 1853–63, published in London in 1866 as Ten Years in Sarawak, Charles Brooke gave his support to the unfashionable idea of miscegenation between Europeans and Asians. The younger nephew of the first Rajah, James Brooke, and heir apparent to the Brooke raj to which he succeeded two years later, his views were of some significance. Accepting that a tropical climate was “not adapted for the permanent residence of Anglo-Saxons,” he proposed that a mixed race could provide Sarawak with a “suitable population.” To support his argument, Brooke cited the observation of Dr W.J. Moore of the Bombay Medical Service that Europeans had not survived as a race after many generations of British rule in India:

Of the numerous pensioners, etc. etc., there is not one single instance – there is not a great-grand-child or grand-child of these pensioners retaining their European characteristics. An infusion of native blood is essential to the continuance of the race. The fact is, for the white man, or his offspring, there is no such thing as acclimatisation in India. Exposure, instead of hardening the system, actually has the contrary effect, and the longer Europeans remain in this country, the more they feel the effects of the vertical sun.
The Excavation of Santa Elena, A Spanish Town on Parris Island, S.C.
Authors: Hoffman Paul E.
Published: April 2010

The town of Santa Elena was founded by the Spanish in 1566 and occupied by them until 1587 except for the period August 1576 to July 1577. At one time (1572–74) it was the designated capital of Spanish Florida and the residence of the wife and two daughters and sons-in-law of D.Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Adelantado of Florida. Its population prior to 1576 had more farmer-settlers than did St. Augustine and its garrison was sometimes larger than that in its better known sister. From those heights it fell into such complete oblivion that only a few scholars knew that it had been located on the southeastern end of Parris Island, and even they were not certain that anything survived save the partial remains of one of its forts.
Retrospect on J.C. van Leur's Essay on the Eighteenth Century as a Category in Asian History
Authors: Marshall P.J.
Published: April 2010

In an essay of extraordinary range and depth, which it is difficult to summarise without distortion, Jacob van Leur is above all making an appeal for the autonomy of Asian history in relation to that of Europe. He was reviewing volume IV by Godée Molsbergen ofGeschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië, which dealt with the eighteenth century. To Molsbergen the activities of theV.O.C.in Asia in the eighteenth century had characteristics distinct from those of the seventeenth-century Company or from what was to follow in Indonesia in the nineteenth century. These characteristics essentially reflected those of the Netherlands during the eighteenth century. Assuming that eighteenth-century European history has unifying characteristics (an assumption that he was inclined to question), Van Leur asked: ‘Is it possible to write the history of Indonesia in the eighteenth century as the history of the Company?’ His answer was a resounding ‘no’. In giving his answer he widened the issue from Indonesia to Asia as a whole. ‘A general view of the whole can only lead to the conclusion that any talk of a European Asia in the eighteenth century is out of the question, that a few European centres of power had been consolidated on a very limited scale, that in general – and here the emphasis should lie – the oriental lands continued to form active factors in the course of events as valid entities, militarily, economically and politically.’ He concluded that diere was an ‘unbroken unity’ of Asian history from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Until well into the nineteenth century Europe and Asia were ‘two equal civilisations developing separately of each other’.
‘Colonial History’ Revisited. A Response to Breman
Authors: Houben Vincent
Published: April 2010

In the last issue of Itinerario (vol. XVI, 1992/2), Jan Breman of the University of Amsterdam, has published an English translation of his introduction to the third edition of his book Koelies, Planters en Koloniale Politiek. In this article, titled ‘Controversial Views on Writing Colonial History’, Breman tries to deal with some of the ‘more sceptical and sometimes even hostile’ reactions to his book on plantation labour in East Coast Sumatra during the last decades of the nineteenth century. However, his contribution has a more important purport, as he suggests a specific way in which the history of the colonial past should be written, dismissing at the same time the approach to the colonial past undertaken by what he calls the ‘Leiden Revisionist School’.
The Archives of the Moravian Church in Herrnhut, Germany
Authors: Klinkers Ellen
Published: April 2010

The Moravian archives are located in the small German town of Herrnhut, not far from the Polish and Czech borders. The archives are a treasure of information on the extensive and fascinating history of missionary work, which took the Protestant missionaries to all continents. The many letters and annual reports which the missionaries sent to Herrnhut also contain valuable and lively ethnographic descriptions.
Islam in the History of Early Europe
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: April 2010

Virtually every account of European history after the fall of the Roman Empire identifies ‘Europe’ with Christian civilisation, echoing, consciously or otherwise, the universalist claims of the Byzantine emperors, the popes and the western Roman emperors. Yet it is also the case that Islam possessed a European presence from the eighth century onwards, first of all in Spain and the Mediterranean islands, and later, from the mid-fourteenth century, in the Balkans, where the Turks were able rapidly to establish an empire which directly threatened Hungary and Austria. The lands ruled by Islam on the European land mass have tended to be treated by historians as European only in geographical identity, but in human terms part of a victorious and alien ‘oriental’ civilisation, of which they were provincial dependencies, and from which medieval Spanish Christians or modern Greeks and Slavs had to liberate themselves. Yet this view is fallacious for several reasons. In the first place, there is a valid question about our use of the term ‘civilisation’, which Fred Halliday has expressed as follows:

‘Civilisations’ are like nations, traditions, communities – terms that claim a reality and authority which is itself open to question, and appeal to a tradition that turns out, on closer inspection, to be a contemporary creation.
Colonising Central Sulawesi. The ‘Ethical Policy’ and Imperialist Expansion 1890–1910
Authors: Coté Joost
Published: April 2010

The aim of this paper is to investigate the nature of Dutch colonial policy at the turn of the twentieth century in what was then the Netherlands East Indies.’ Referred to in the historiography of this period as ‘the ethical policy’, it is usually characterized as a welfare or developmentalist government. More recent comparisons have drawn attention to similarities between twentieth-century colony policy and the New Order Indonesian policy with a focus on economic growth and the lack of individual ‘development’. ‘Ethical policy’ is not usually a term applied to the politics of other imperialist powers, which begs the question that somehow Dutch colonialism was different. Recent comparative research by M. Kuitenbrouwer, A. Stoler and J. Breman has questioned this assumption.
III. Competition and Co-existence: Indo-Islamic Interaction in Medieval North India
Authors: Alam Muzaffar
Published: April 2010

The study of Islam and Muslims in relation to local non-Muslim population and their religious beliefs and social practices in medieval India has often tended to be conducted eventually along two lines, seemingly opposed to each other. On the one hand, there are communal historians who have reduced the history of medieval India into the conflict between Hindus and Muslims, which they have projected as having resulted from their divergent religious outlooks. The period was Islamic in their view, and the state a conversion machinery and an organ to bring Hindus under the hegemony of Islam. This was a mission in which the state could not succeed fully, largely because of ‘Hindu’ resistance. On the other hand, there are a large number of ‘liberal’ historians to whom the hallmark of medieval Indian society has been an amity between the two communities, the various tensions and encounters over economic and political matters notwithstanding. The medieval period, in the opinion of such historians, saw the evolution and efflorescence of a composite culture to which medieval rulers, nobles, sufis and Persian and Urdu poets contributed significantly. The later animosity between Hindus and Muslims and clashes over religious matters, they argued, were the handiwork of the British.
IV. British and Dutch Imperialism: A Comparison
Authors: Wesseling H.L.
Published: April 2010

The words that serve as a motto for this paper are taken from the finest novel about Dutch fin de siècle society and indeed, in my opinion, the finest novel in Dutch literature, Louis Couperus' De Boeken der Kleine Zielen (The Books of the Small Souls). They form part of a dialogue between the widow of a former Governor-General of the Netherlands Indies and her, obviously, very dis-appointed grandson, a young colonial civil servant in the beginning of his career.
VI. Bengali Perceptions of the Raj in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Raychaudhuri Tapan
Published: April 2010

The Western educated Bengali intelligentsia was the first group of Indians to collaborate closely with the colonial regime in the governance of the country. As middle-ranking to minor functionaries they were to be found in all parts of the British territories from Burma to the North-western Frontier and as far south as the southernmost tip of the Madras Presidency. No other linguistic cultural group in the subcontinent was ever so extensively involved in the functioning of the Raj – Bengali professionals, doctors, teachers, journalists, lawyers and the like, also followed the flag to all parts of the Indian empire and later beyond its limits and were thus among the direct beneficiaries of Pax Britannica. The economic basis of their livelihood was a direct or indirect product of the colonial state. This was even more true of the new class of landed proprietors with their rights guaranteed by the Permanent Settlement. And then there were those who had collaborated with the Company and its servants in their commercial ventures and, in the process, founded some of the great fortunes of nineteenth-century Calcutta. As is well-known, these varied social groups were not mutually exclusive. Besides, their direct or indirect dependence on the colonial order created a basis for cohesion and a shared social ideology. For a long time that ideology was marked by an almost unqualified gratitude and admiration for the British empire and its creators
Silk to Japan. Sino-Dutch Competition in the Silk Trade to Japan, 1663–1685
Authors: Bugge Henriette
Published: April 2010

European expansion in Asia and the subsequent clashes between European trading companies and the trading systems of Asia have given rise to vivid discussions in the last decades. The discussions, ranging from Van Leur's theories of the tenacity of the indigenous ‘pedlar’-trade, to Steensgaard's theories of the structural superiority of the trading companies over their Asian competitors, have as yet been rather one-sided. Mostly, when comparing the two trading systems, the historians have concentrated on the trade which took place directly between Europe and Asia. Consequently, the competition between the ‘native’ Asian trade and the trade carried out by the companies have been discussed solely as an aspect of this bi-lateral trade. European participation in the intra-Asian distribution and re-distribution of goods has as yet not been fully discussed. Although authors like Holden Furber and K.N. Chaudhuri have acknowledged the need for further analysis of this subject, neither case-studies nor more theoretical works have appeared.
Historical Interpretations of the Columbian Voyages
Authors: Crosby Alfred W.
Published: April 2010

The five hundredth anniversary of the Columbian discovery of America is upon us, and with it the obligation to assess existing interpretations of the significance of that voyage and the establishment of permanent links between the Old and the New Worlds. The most influential of the several schools of interpretation are, on the one hand, the newest and analytic, and the other, the classic and bardic. The former is for many recondite and discomforting. The latter, the one most often taught, dramatized, and believed in North America, is for most as comfortable as an old pair of slippers. We learned it at primary school.
The Growth of Entrepreneurship in India c. 1850–1950 with Some Latin American Comparisons
Authors: Markovits Claude
Published: April 2010

Among Third World countries, India stands out as having one of the most developed ‘big business sectors’, with a recent tendency by some firms to go multinational. This notwithstanding the fact that the public sector plays a major role in the Indian economy. Although the origins of some of India's business groups go back to pre-colonial times, most of them trace their beginnings to the 1850–1950 period, the ‘second colonial century’, during which India underwent a limited process of industrial growth as well as became a major exporter of some agricultural commodities to the world market (tea, jute, cotton, oilseeds, and, prior to 1910, opium and indigo). There are obvious parallels there with the developments in some Latin American countries, particularly Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Colombia, which also emerged as major suppliers of raw materials (coffee, sugar, wheat, nonferrous metals) while they built up manufacturing sectors of various magnitudes (with Brazil in the lead). However, the private business sector in these countries presents a picture which differs in many ways from the Indian case. It seems worth attempting a comparison between those two very different underdeveloped regions of the world, the Indian subcontinent and Latin America, in the hope of being able to put the Indian case in a broader perspective. Given the broad similarity in the constraints under which capitalist enterprise laboured in those two areas, a study of the differences in entrepreneurial responses might bring to light certain specificities in Indian entrepreneurial history which often go unnoticed.
Avenues for Research in Eighteenth-Century Portuguese Overseas History
Authors: Donovan William
Published: April 2010

Early modern Luso-Brazilian history is in a rut; and nowhere is that rut more evident than for the period between the late seventeenth century and the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the period of the Brazilian gold rush. The mineral strikes made a profound impact on Portugal's society and economy: in both what changed and what remained the same. Yet surprisingly, this era remains one of the least studied periods in Portuguese history. There is not, for example, even a modern biography of Dom Joao V, whose forty-five-year reign encompassed the gold rush's most glittering moments. In what follows I will argue that several widespread perceptions of the lack of sources for early modern Luso-Brazilian history are incorrect and in need of substantial revision; and further that some traditional explanations of eighteenth-century economic history have been based on inadequate research more dependent upon ideology than sound scholarship.
European Expansion and Asian Economic Development Since 1850: India, Indonesia and Japan
Authors: Prakash Om
Published: April 2010

The nature of the relationship between the metropolitan world and the colonies and of its impact on the economic development of each of the two sides has been the subject of intense debate and controversy over a very long period of time. As far as the role of the colonial relationship in the development of the West is concerned, an important viewpoint has been that it would be wrong to assign a significant role to this factor in explaining European industrialization. In some recent economic literature on ‘Modern Imperialism’ it has been argued that neither in the field of capital formation in the metropolitan countries, nor in that of finding a market for the foods manufactured there, can an important role be assigned to the colonial factor. Only in highly specific cases such as textile manufacturing in Britain during the nineteenth century could the export market in the colonial world have been of some significance.
Surat to Bombay: Transfer of Commercial Power
Authors: Maloni Ruby
Published: April 2010

The island of Bombay is the ancient property of the English East India Company; it hath hitherto been, of all her settlements, the most conducive to the greatness of the nation in Asia; yet, through the splendour of achievement, great acquisition of the territory, and immense harvests of wealth in Bengal and the Coast of Coromandel, it hath been in some measure overlooked, and, as if in a corner of the world, unnoticed.
Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, 1600–1900
Authors: Tagliacozzo Eric
Published: April 2010

Historians have approached the Indian Ocean from a variety of vantages in their attempts to explain the modern history of this huge maritime arena. Some scholars have concentrated on predation as a linking theme, charting how piracy connected a broad range of actors for centuries in these dangerous waters. Others have focused on environmental issues, asking how patterns of winds, currents, and weather allowed trade to flourish on such a vast, oceanic scale. These latter historians have appropriated a page out of Braudel, and have grafted his approaches to the Mediterranean to fit local, Indian Ocean realities, such as the role of cyclones and mangrove swamps in both helping and hindering long-distance commerce. Still other scholars have used different tacks, following trails of commodities such as spices or precious metals, or even focusing on far-flung archaeological remains, in an attempt to piece together trans-regional histories from the detritus civilisations left behind. All of these epistemological vectors have shed light on the region as a whole, though through different tools and lenses, and via a variety of techniques of inquiry.
The Spanish-Dutch War and the Policy of the Spanish Crown toward the Town of Sao Paulo
Authors: Ruiz Rafael
Published: April 2010

Historians have made in depth studies on the consequences of the Dutch incursions and invasion into the north and northwest of Brazil, for both the Spanish Empire and the United Provinces of the Dutch Republic. The purpose of this paper is to show that the war between Spain and the Dutch Republic also affected the south of Brazil and that it forced Spain to adopt measures that altered the policy of the Spanish Crown regarding Sao Paulo.
Félix Eboué and Late French Colonial Ideology
Authors: Lewis James I.
Published: April 2010

French Colonial Minister Paul Coste-Floret presided over the interment of the remains of Adolphe-Sylvestre-Félix Eboué in the Pantheon of the Republic on 20 May 1949. This singular honour accorded only sixty others in the two centuries since the Great Revolution of 1789 placed Eboué among the greatest heroes and cultural luminaries of modern France. He now rests with Rousseau and Voltaire, the great men of letters Victor Hugo and Emile Zola and the political heroes of Republican France Jean Jaurès and Jean Moulin. Félix Eboué, however, is the only black Frenchman among these great thinkers, writers and leaders of the Republic. His inclusion among the heroes of France in 1949 was indeed in recognition of acts of great personal courage. It was also an expression of French hopes and fears for the future at a time when vast populations of colour under French rule in Africa, in Asia and in the Americas were asserting themselves politically and culturally on an unprecedented scale. In death, Eboué became the symbol of those in France who were most determined to preserve French hegemony over the seventy million souls spread over the globe who formed the French Empire. His life as a French national, a man of African ancestry and as the man whose actions in 1940 helped transform Charles de Gaulle from an obscure Brigadier General into one of the most important leaders of the Second World War made Eboué this symbol.
Origins of the Gold Coast Cocoa Industry: Example of a Vent-for-Surplus?
Authors: Hogendorn J.S. , Goldberg M.
Published: April 2010

There is an interesting and long-standing controversy over the applicability of the vent-for-surplus model to the growth of the Gold Coast cocoa industry around the turn of the century. This debate has important implications both for African economic history and for current issues of resource allocation in developing countries. Our paper attempts to clarify the elements of the debate by applying to each ele-ment a production-possibilities model, using historical evidence to verify where possible the validity of the analysis.
A Research-trip to the Maldive Islands, 1982
Authors: Hogendorn Jan
Published: April 2010

I have a hidden admiration for those with the chutzpah to write books in the tradition of Up Against It in Wanga-Wanga Land. Thus I greeted with enthusiasm the invitation of this journal's editors to recount ina light-hearted way the experiences of my fieldwork in the Maldive Islands during January, 1982.
Histoire des Femmes-Histoire Coloniale: collaboration et échanges à propos des femmes rurales à Java
Authors: Schwegman Marjan , Locher-Scholten Elsbeth
Published: April 2010

L'histoire des femmes, jusqu'à aujourd'hui, s'est presque uniqueraent intéressée aux femmes du monde occidental.

En histoire coloniale, le viricentrisme est pratiquement dominant. Le but de cette communication est de rompre ce double isolement. A cet effet nous proposerons d'abord un aperçu des courants s'exerçant depuis dix ans dans l'his-toire des femmes; dans la seconde partie seront traités dif-férents thèmes de l'histoire des femmes en relation avec des données provenant de recherches effectuées sur la position de la femme javanaise dans I'agriculture pendant la période coloniale.
Coolie or Worker? Crossing the Lines in Colonial Java, 1780–1942
Authors: Knight G. Roger
Published: April 2010

In the historical context of colonial Indonesia, Coolie as a way of designating labour has been associated primarily with indentured, migrant, plantation workers in the so-called Outer Islands, principally Sumatra, where coolies from Java and southern China were the mainstay of the workforce on the island's tobacco, rubber and palm oil ‘estates’ from the 1880s through to the end of the colonial era more than half a century later.
Beyond Subjects. Revolts and Colonial Identity in Portuguese America
Authors: de Almeida Figueiredo Luciano Raposo
Published: April 2010

Just before the end of the first decade of the eighteenth century a Brazilian Jesuit priest went through the streets of Lisbon announcing the invention of a flying apparatus, which used the rudimentary techniques of the first airship.
Senghor's Rise to Power 1948–1951. Early Roots of French Sub-Saharan Decolonisation
Authors: Kras Stefan
Published: April 2010

The historiography of the decolonisation of the French overseas empire offers its students a highly mixed picture. While the atrocities committed during the independence wars in Indochina and Algeria belong to the black pages of contemporary French history, the decolonisation of the French sub-Saharan territories is presented in a much more positive light. In 1960, France ‘gracefully’ agreed to the independence of fourteen of its African territories, after which close relations with the regimes of nearly all those states were nurtured until at least the 1980s. This smooth transfer of power is all the more remarkable when one compares it to the much more problematic British and Portuguese decolonisations in black Africa. How did the French do it? Or should one say: how did the Africans in the French territories do it? In this paper, I will attempt to unveil some of the critical political processes that took place in Senegal at the end of the 1940s, because this period was crucial in the formulation of die relation between French policymakers and an upcoming African political elite. In many ways, die processes that took place in Senegal during this period would determine die course of French policy towards all of its African possessions. A study of this period seems therefore more than justified.
The Air Factor in West Africa's Colonial Defence 1920–1945: A Neglected Theme
Authors: Akinyeye Yomi
Published: April 2010

The colonial military history of British and French West Africa has received copious attention from historians and soldiers. The role of the region in the two world wars has also been discussed in one way or the other. However, in the discussion of West Africa's colonial military history and the role of the colonies in the two world wars, hardly any reference is made to the air factor. While discussions of colonial military history concentrate on infantry and naval exploits, those on the role of the colonies in the world wars concentrate on their importance as sources of raw materials and manpower for British and French war efforts in other theatres of the wars. The wrong impressions thus given are that the air factor was alien to West Africa's colonial defence and that the region was largely outside the strategic manoeuvres of the two world wars. This is understandable in that the Maxim gun and the gunboat had largely been responsible for the conquest and policing of West Africa. Moreover, while infantry and naval warfare had been the mode of combat in all societies from time immemorial the air as a factor of warfare is largely a phenomenon of the twentieth century. Lastly, strategists in British West Africa ignored the air factor for a very long time because of its capital intensity.
Emigration from Western Africa, 1807–1940
Authors: Clarence-Smith W.C.
Published: April 2010

When the abolitionists achieved the suppression of the British slave-trade in 1807, they believed that a brave new world of free labour was opening up for Africa. Although they thought mainly in terms of ex-slaves providing the labour for plantation areas, they hoped that any shortfall could in part be met by free emigration from Africa. The reality was to be cruelly different from these dreams. Emigration continued, but overwhelmingly in the form of coerced labour, and most attempts at stimulating free emigration failed. Labour exports across the Atlantic remained close to the late eighteenth-century high point for about four decades, and then fell away steeply to almost nothing by the First World War, as the long, halting and often contradictory European campaign to abolish coerced labour slowly bore its fruits. In the interests of comparison with other areas of emigration, this report will devote a little space at the end to analysing why a small current of free emigration developed, and why it remained so limited. But the bulk of the report will focus on large exports of coerced labour.
The Portuguese and the Dutch in Southern Africa. Some Comparisons
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: April 2010

During the first decade of the Dutch East India Company's existence, it made a number of vain attempts to drive the Portuguese out of their main base in East Africa, Mozambique island. Within a few years, though, the Dutch discovered that they could reach their destinations in the East more quickly by setting a course far to the south of Madagascar. Since they no longer needed to frequent the Mozambique channel, they saw no particular reason to dislodge the Portuguese from its shores. Except for one final Dutch attempt to capture Mozambique island, in 1668, the two imperial powers kept their distance from each other, at least in Africa. The Dutch did not even know the simplest details of the political or economic situation in East Africa, while Portuguese visitors to the Dutch sphere of influence in the Cape Colony were entirely those of transients and traders, particularly in slaves. They were not competitors, and therefore were not attempting to solve the same questions. Nevertheless, the problems with which they were faced on the African mainland were analogous, so that it is possible to make comparisons between their activities.
The Archives Africaines in Brussels
Authors: Ross Robert
Published: April 2010

When the Belgian Government was setting up the Archives Générales du Royaume, those papers held by three departments escaped centralisation, because they had already set up their own archival sections. These were the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Defence and the Colonies. In the meantime the Ministry of Colonies has gone out of business, so that the papers it held came under the control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. For a long time, the archives were kept in the magnificent eighteenth century building of the old Ministry of Colonies, 7 Place Royale. This was most convenient for researchers, since that building also contains the library of the Ministry, now renamed the Bibliothèque Africaine and kept well up to date, and the Centre d'Étude et de Documentation Africaine (CEDAF). Unfortunately, about a year ago, in the interests of bureaucratic tidyness the Archives Africaines, as they are now known, were moved into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 Rue Quatre Bras. There they share a small but comfortable and quiet reading room with the archives of the host ministry itself. Facilities for photocopying and microfilming are available.
Feeling or Figures: Two New Books on the Financial History of the Dutch East India Company
Authors: Gaastra Femme S.
Published: April 2010

J.P. de Korte, De jaarlijkse financiële verantwoording in de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1984. Werken uitgegeven door de Vereeniging Het Nederlandsch Economisch Historisch Archief, 17. XIV + 94 blz, 14 appendices. ISBN 90 247 2108 3.

J.J. Steur, Herstel of ondergang. De voorstellen tot redres van de V.O.C. 1740-1795, Utrecht, HES Uitgevers, 1984, 322 blz. ISBN 90 6194 214 4.
Trade, Bullion and Conquest Bengal in the Mid-eighteenth Century
Authors: Chaudhury Sushil
Published: April 2010

The British conquest of Bengal at Plassey, in June 1757, was one of the most significant developments in the eighteenth century. Plassey indeed laid the foundation of the British empire in India. Bengal was the springboard from which the British spread in different directions and ultimately conquered other parts of India. Hence it is imperative to examine closely the background of and the circumstances leading to the conquest. As I have already analysed some aspects of the question elsewhere, in this paper I shall confine myself to the more crucial ones, especially those raised in recent writings and which, strangely enough, tend to perpetuate the traditional explanation of the British conquest of Bengal.
Joost van Vollenhoven (1877-1918) L'apprentissage d'un fonctionnaire colonial
Authors: de Groot Silvia W.
Published: April 2010

Dans la perspective de l'histoire du continent africain, le colonialisme européen n'est guère qu'un épisode qui, comme le souligne l'historien nigérien Ajayi, durait dans la plupart des cas moins d'un siècle. Et pourtant, ajoute cette personnalité, la dominance politique européenne et ses prolongements, tels que le christianisme, l'enseignement occidental, les idées politiques et sociales, ont laissé une empreinte durable sur les institutions africaines. De même, la géopolitique a fixé des unités selon lesquelles l'Afrique a été subdivisée, et qui ont en majorité peu changé après la décolonisation. Mais Ajayi rappelle qu'il ne faut sous-estimer les initiatives des Africains, la réaction contre la violation des institutions africaines. La population a souvent su tirer exploiter les conditions nouvelles à son propre profit, soit en collaborant jusqu'à un certain point avec le système, soit en pratiquant une résistance active ou passive couronnée de succès.
Colonialism and the Decline of the Traditional Metal Industry of the Igbo, Nigeria
Authors: Njoku O.N.
Published: April 2010

At the close of the nineteenth century, that is on the eve of colonial rule in Igboland, Igbo metal industry was flourishing. Production had attained a high level in the range and the quality of output. The output included agricultural equipment, traps and guns as well as title insignia and ornaments, mosdy made of copper and brass. The demand for die smiths' products were widespread and seemingly insatiable. To serve the need of dieir widely dispersed customers and patrons, Igbo smiths from Abiriba, Agulu Amokwe, Agulu Umana, Awka, and Nkwere undertook regular tours of parts of soudi-eastern Nigeria and even beyond – up to die Niger-Benue confluence area; past die Edo country to Ondo Yorubaland; and to the Bamenda district of die Cameroons. The superiority of Igbo metalworking led, in some of these places, to the demise of the local industry.
Some Perceptions on the Writing of African History: 1948-1992
Authors: Vansina J.
Published: April 2010

African history was really born on a specific date and its parent was Prof. Phillips, then heading the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), in London. It began when the learned Collins and Asquith commissions advocated the upgrading of schools in four different parts of the continent (Nigeria, Ghana, Sudan and Uganda) to University College status whereupon the Colonial Office looked for a university in Great Britain to guarantee programming and quality and passed that job unto the University of London which in turn promptly passed much of the burden unto SOAS. Although no funds were attached to this Phillips accepted and eventually did get funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, to the greater glory of SOAS. Meanwhile however he had visited East Africa and he had been struck there in 1947 by the absence of ‘native histories’ such as one finds so thickly on the ground in his usual playing ground India. He decided to hire an historian of Africa who would both supervise the development of history departments in the new colleges and work to remedy this lack of local history.