bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroflotation Extraction of Sparingly Soluble Compounds of Titanium (TiO2) from Liquid Technogenic Waste
Authors: Kolesnikov V.A. , Perfileva A.V. , Kasyanov V.S. , Kabanova S.A. , Kolesnikov A.V.
Published: January 2021

This paper presents basic information about applications, properties and extraction of titanium dioxide from liquid technogenic waste. Titanium dioxide is widely used in the production of ceramics, electrodes, etc. During the experiments using filtration, a recovery rate of 95% was achieved. Using the electroflotation method, a recovery rate of up to 50% was achieved. Subsequently, when complex additives are added, the degree of extraction by the electroflotation method reaches 95%.
Keywords: water treatment, titanium dioxide, electroflotation
Development of High-Efficient, Resource-Saving Technical Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in Galvanochemical Sector
Authors: Kolesnikov A. V. , Davydkova T. V. , Kolesnikov V. A.
Published: January 2021

This article presents the results of the analysis of samples of a machine-shop for the content of organic components and heavy metal ions. The proposed modernized technological scheme uses modern technological solutions for a machine-shop. Based on the analysis of sites and sewage treatment plants of galvanic production, as well as analysis of the presence of polluting components, technical solutions, which are going to increase the intensification and efficiency of water treatment and water treatment through the use of modern physical and chemical methods, technological methods and wastewater treatment devices have been developed. The introduction of additional sorption modules with activated carbon will reduce the ingress of toxic organic components (DBP, aniline, solvents: acetone, gasoline, ethyl acetate, polymer epoxy compounds, including: epoxy adhesives, polymer filler, epoxy-phenolic, phenolic-rubber and rubber adhesives, release adhesives) into wastewater. A modernized scheme using modern solutions will comply with Mosvodokanal standards.
Keywords: wastewater, water treatment, toxic organic components, heavy metal ions
Development of Technology of Arsenic Removal from Acidic Waste Solutions in the Form of Arsenic Trisulfide
Authors: A. Grebneva Anna , Subbotina Irina L. , Timofeev Konstantin L. , I. Maltsev Gennady
Published: January 2021

During the laboratory tests the conditions of arsenic removal from acidic waste solutions of metallurgical enterprise in the form of arsenic trisulfide were determined. The technology based on the reduction of pentavalent arsenic to trivalent state with sodium pyrosulfite solution and following arsenic trisulfide precipitation from acidic solution after treatment with sodium sulfide solution was proposed. The arsenic removal proceeds with mechanical stirring, dosing the calculated amounts of reagents and collecting emissions of hydrogen sulfide. With such treatment, about 95% of arsenic, which was in the initial solution, passes into the precipitate. An enlarged laboratory experiment was carried out and the precipitate with 42.6% of arsenic and 46.9% of sulfur was obtained. The precipitate yield was ∼25.7 kg (dry weight) out of 1 m3 of the initial arsenic containing solution.
Keywords: arsenic, arsenic trisulfide, acidic waste solutions, sodium sulfide, sodium pyrosulfite
“Green” Extractants in the Recovery Processes of Non-ferrous Metal Ions from Technological Solutions
Authors: A. Voshkin Andrey , Zakhodyaeva Yulia A. , Zinov’eva Inna V.
Published: January 2021

The extraction of non-ferrous metal ions (Co, Ni, Cu, Al) from chloride solutions with poly(propylene glycol) 425 was studied. The values of the distribution coefficients and the degree of metal ions extraction are determined in the system under study. The mechanism of metal extraction in the poly(propylene glycol) 425 – sodium chloride– water extraction system in the presence of KSCN is described. The possibility of selective extraction of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Al (III) from chloride solutions with poly(propylene glycol) 425 in the presence of KSCN is shown.
Keywords: aqueous two-phase system, metal extraction, liquid–liquid equilibria, e-waste, poly(propylene glycol), sodium chloride
Hydrometallurgical Technology for Processing of Galvanic Sludges
Authors: Makovskaya O.Yu. , Kostromin K.S.
Published: January 2021

The problem of processing galvanic sludges, formed as a result of neutralization of technological solutions and wastewater containing heavy non-ferrous metals is considered in this study. At present, sludges are transported to disposal area and are not used in any way. Typically, such sludges contain significant amounts of chromium and nickel, which creates environmental hazard. Investigated sludge contains up to 6,6% Ni and up to 7,4% Cr. The hydrometallurgical process to treatment of these sludges is carried out. Solutions of sulfuric acid and ammonia were used as lixiviants. It is shown that when using a solution of sulfuric acid with pH=1,5, extraction of up to 93,3% Cu, 70,2 Ni, 90,3 Zn is achieved. For selective nickel recovery sorption concentration by Lewatit TP207 is proposed.
Keywords: Galvanic sludge, hydrometallurgy leaching, nickel, ion-exchange resin
Comprehensive Processing of Fine Metallurgical Dust
Authors: A. Kovyazin Anton , A. Kochin Vasilii , L. Timofeev Konstantin , A. Krayuhin Sergey
Published: January 2021

The processing of fine metallurgical dust by pyrometallurgical methods leads to the accumulation of impurities and deterioration in the quality of blister copper. Fine dust contains copper, zinc, lead, arsenic and iron. A hydrometallurgical method for the separation of the main components into the following products is proposed: copper-zinc residue, iron-arsenic residue, lead residue. The hydrometallurgical scheme consists of three stages of leaching: neutral and using sulfuric and nitric acids. When processing metallurgical dust according to the proposed scheme, a solution containing copper, zinc, iron and arsenic is formed, as well as a lead containing precipitate. Arsenic and iron are removed from the solution in the form of iron (III) arsenate, after which zinc and copper are precipitated. Lead in sediment is in carbonated form. The developed technology allows the extraction of: 87% copper, 88% zinc, 83% iron, 83% arsenic, 99% lead in individual products.
Keywords: metallurgical dust, arsenic removal, nitric acid leaching
Promising Methods for Red Mud Processing
Authors: Bibanaeva S.A.
Published: January 2021

Modern methods red mud processing are considered. A method for extracting macro- components from red mud using calcium additives is proposed.

Keywords: red mud, processing, leaching, calcium oxide
Development of a Repairable Heat Exchange for Disposal Considerations for Household and Municipal Waste
Authors: Lobanov Maxim Alexandrovich , Rinatovich Eldar , Chelnokov Vitaly Vyach- eslavovich , Abdeev Rinat Gazizyanovich
Published: January 2021

Evolvent form can be applied in the new design of an air cooler and shell and tube heat exchanger used in the oil and gas industry. The air cooler is constructed as a vertically cylindrical multi-section with the evolvent-profile tube row in tube bundle. Tubes have a U-shape form for solving the problem of destruction from linear thermal expansion during maintenance. The dismountable shell-and-tube heat exchanger has an evolvent-profile tube bundle. The advantage of this heat exchanger is its dismountable construction, maintainability and energy efficiency. This is enhanced by the construction of the heat exchange element, which consists of stainless corrugated flexible tubes. Dismountable construction is achieved by a set of flanges and fittings. The energy efficiency of the heat exchanger is determined by thin wall of the corrugated tube, which is 0.3 mm, whereby a heat energy will be transferred faster from a hot stream to cold liquid. Also, energy efficiency is enhanced by tight packing of the tube bundle, which contributes to increase heat transfer area per unit volume. Such solutions contribute to the promotion of more efficient technological equipment and promising ideas for further development and improvement of technical and technological complexes.

Keywords: tube, heat, corrugated, flexible, evolvent, construction
Utilization of Acoustic Field Energy for Reduction of Dust Discharge in High-Temperature Furnaces
Authors: Matyukhin V.I. , Matyukhin O.V. , Putilov M.A. , Ermekova A.T.
Published: January 2021

In order to reduce the total dust discharge from high-temperature furnaces, this study advocates the use of the energy of the acoustic field formed in the furnace body with application of acoustic generators of Hartmann whistle type. The paper provides theoretical justification of dust precipitation inside the furnace and develops principles of its implementation. The efficiency of this method is shown by examples of industrial implementation.

Keywords: dust precipitation inside the furnace, acoustic field energy, Hartmann whistle
Research to Develop a Promising Technology for the Joint Disposal of Man-made Wastes
Authors: Tanutrov Igor Nikolaevich , Sviridova Marina Nikolaevna , Lyamkin Sergey Anatolievich , Chesnokov Yriy Anatolievich , Ovchinnikova Lubov Andreevna , Marshuk Larisa Aleksandrovna
Published: January 2021

The main components of RM are: Fe (35.7 %) in the form of hematite and complex hydroalumination, Ca (11.0 %) in the form of calcite and hydro-aluminosilicates, Al (6.8 %) and Si (4.7 %) in the composition of hydroalumination, Na (2.8 %) in the form of hydroalumination, carbonate and hydroxide, Ti (2.5 %) in the form of rutile. The main components of the OMS are: Fe (71 %) in the form of magnetite, wustite and hematite with a very small amount of fayalite. The contents of Si (in the form of quartz), Al and P (non-forming phases) are within 1–3 %. Granulometric composition of RM is characterized by high dispersion. With an average diameter of 1.6 μm, all particle sizes are in the range of 0.5–12 μm. Granulometric composition of OMS is characterized by complexity. With an average diameter of 8.6 μm, maxima of 0.9 μm and 15 μm and a minimum of about 1.2 μm are observed in the particle size distribution. The specific surface area of the materials is equal to RM 23.7 m2/g, and OMS – 1.9 m2/g. The change of waste properties after exposure to aqueous solutions of alkalis and acids neutralizing the effect of organic (OMS) and alkaline (RM) surface compounds was studied. Neutralization of aqueous suspension with HCl solution leads to removal of alkaline film from the surface. As a result of the impact of reagents, there is a decrease in the content of water-soluble components in the processing products. At the same time, the average particle sizes of RM and OMS increase to 2 and 14 μm, respectively, and the specific surface area to 25.7 and 2.3 m2/g. The distribution of particle size of RM is almost constant, and the OMS is approximately 5 and 10 % of the smoothed maximum and minimum in the area of at least 0.5 and 15 μm.

Keywords: red mud, oiled mill scale, chemical, phase, granulometric, composition, specific surface
Features of Waste Chemical Processing Germanium Concentrates
Authors: Tanutrov Igor Nikolaevich , Sviridova Marina Nikolaevna
Published: January 2021

In order to increase the extraction of germanium in the technology of production of germanium concentrates, as well as finding ways to eliminate the accumulation of toxic waste using modern techniques and equipment, the physical and chemical properties of waste chemical processing of germanium concentrates (OHGC) of two domestic enterprises were experimentally studied. The main components of OHGC are: sulphate hemihydrate CaSO4·0.5H2O and hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 calcium. The moisture content of the sludge amounted to 30–50 %. The content of germanium in the cakes of both companies is in the range of 0.20 and 0.27 %, respectively, indicating the feasibility of recovery in the Ge. At the same time, the samples of cakes differ significantly in the content of impurities, which depends on the types of raw materials in the preparation of concentrates. Granulometric composition of cakes is characterized by high dispersion. With an average diameter of 12 μm, all particle sizes are in the range of 0.5-15 μm. The distribution of particle sizes is shifted in interval of 0–15 μm, and the area of the particles less than 3 μm is not more than 10 %. The high dispersion of the cake is reflected in the specific surface area, which is 23.7 m2/g. Thermographic study found that the heating of the sample cake is accompanied by two endothermic effects of dehydration at 110 and 145–168 ∘C calcium sulfate and hypochloride semihydrate with corresponding weight loss of 13.1 and 12.9 %. The presence of toxic impurities (arsenic, zinc and lead), as well as chlorine, presents significant challenges for the development of disposal technology with the extraction of germanium. Assuming that the undiscovered part of the germanium in the concentrate is compounds or solid solutions with silicon dioxide, an effective technology should include their reagent high temperature treatment.

Keywords: waste, germanium concentrate, chemical processing, waste, physical and chemical properties
Assessment of Pyrometallurgical Scheme Options of Red Mud and Scale Co-processing
Authors: Chesnokov Yu. A. , Marshuk L. A. , Tanutrov I. N. , Sviridova M. N.
Published: January 2021

The analysis of various options for the use of alumina production wastes (red mud) and oiled scale using various methods of agglomeration to produce conditioned commercial iron is presented. Co-processing utilization of red mud and oiled scale allows to obtain raw materials with an iron content of more than 50%, which meets the modern requirements for charge materials for use in the blast furnace process. The calculation analysis carried out using a mathematical model of blast furnace process, allowed to determine the optimal proportion of the iron-containing material for the partial replacement of charge materials without reducing the technical and economic indicators of blast furnace smelting.

Keywords: Bayer process, red mud, oiled scale, mathematical model, blast furnace process, metallurgical properties, complex utilization
Obtaining of Maghemite Containing Red Mud for Effective As(V) Adsorption
Authors: Shoppert Andrei A. , Loginova Irina V. , Rogozhnikov Denis A.
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the studies of the use of red muds as adsorbents for cleaning solutions from As(V). The red mud is a waste that contains a large amount of iron oxides and hydroxides, which are excellent adsorbents of arsenic, especially those possessing magnetic properties and large specific surface area. The purpose of the experiment was to study the possibility of obtaining an effective adsorbent by direct extraction of alumina from bauxite using the caustic alkali fusion method and optimization of the process. The main iron-containing phase of the red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali was maghemite, which has a large specific surface area. Arsenic adsorption experiments were carried out using red muds obtained through bauxite alkali fusing at different temperatures and time of fusion, as well as the mass ratio of caustic alkali to bauxite. The red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali at 400∘ C and NaOH to bauxite mass ration 1.5 within 70 minutes have the highest effectiveness removing arsenic. Their As(V) uptake capacity was over than 37 mg/g.

Keywords: red mud, maghemite, nanoparticles, As(V) adsorption, optimization
Processing of Anthropogenic Waste of Smelters of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company
Authors: Panshin A.M. , Yakornov S.A. , Skopov G.V.
Published: January 2021

The industrial sites of the smelters of the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company have accumulated a lot of anthropogenic waste, the processing of which is currently economically impractical. These primarily include tailings and beneficiation tailings, as well as waste granulated and copper smelting slag. This article conducts studies on technologies for x-ray-radiometric/magnetic separation enrichment of discard slags of MMSK as well as using jigging machines. Slag and slag enrichment tailings are used for cement production and road construction. For complex processing of fine copper smelting dusts OJSC Chelyabinsk zinc plant developed, tested and implemented a special technology. After implementation of ”Actions to process industrial waste generated by UMMC enterprises at metallurgical enterprises of UMMC-Holding Corp.”, the following were noted: concentrators and special beneficiation facilities process slag; R&D on complete processing of concentrator’s tailings was conducted; smelting dust was not stored but processed in full; the technology of implementing Waelz process for processing of steel smelting dust has been developed and commercially tested; the technology for extraction of copper and precious metals from pyrite dross is to be improved.

Keywords: anthropogenic waste, dust, tailings, slag, pyrite dross
Use of the Waste Foundry Sand in the Composition of Hot Sandy Dense Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Tyuryukhanov Kirill Yuryevich , Pugin Konstantin Georgievich
Published: January 2021

There is an increase in motorization worldwide, which in turn requires the construction of high-quality roads and highways. In both new construction and reconstruction of the pavement, large volumes of natural mineral materials are used, placing a large technogenic load on environmental objects during their extraction. In a number of regions of the Russian Federation, there are not sufficient volumes of conditioned raw materials for the production of high-quality composite building materials, such as asphalt concrete and cement concrete mixtures. The use of industrial waste in the composition of building materials addresses this issue while both solving environmental issues and reducing the cost of road construction. This article shows that developed countries successfully use the resource potential of waste in the production of building materials. This article proposes the use of waste foundry sand as the mineral raw material in the production of asphalt concrete. The article presents research on the following: geometric shape, elemental composition of the surface of the particles of the waste foundry sand; bitumen capacity; and the adhesion of bitumen. Based on the obtained data, a technology was developed for producing hot sandy asphalt concrete in which the waste foundry sand is used as a fine mineral aggregate. Physico-mechanical properties of the obtained samples of asphalt concrete satisfy the requirements established in GOST for asphalt concrete.
Keywords: waste foundry sand, asphalt concrete, industrial material, elemental composition, bitumen
Opening of Nitride Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Potapov Alexei , Karimov Kirill , Mazannikov Mikhail , Shishkin Vladimir , Zaykov Yury
Published: January 2021

Nitride nuclear fuel (UN + 10-20% PuN) is considered a promising alternative to the widely used oxide nuclear fuel (UO2). Thermal conductivity and density of nitride fuel are ∼ 7 times and 1.3 times higher than that of oxide fuel, respectively. Nitride fuel demonstrates a good compatibility with the cladding of fuel rods made of stainless steel. Along with the development of new fuel, methods for its subsequent processing are being developed. Various options for the initial opening of nitride spent nuclear fuel (SNF) are considered in this article. The use of gaseous chlorine is technologically inconvenient and dangerous when working with radioactive substances. The electrochemical dissolution of nitride SNF cannot be realized due to the formation of a by-product - UNCl. Uranium nitride chloride is an insulator and it blocks the electrochemical process. It was found that the chlorination of nitride SNF with cadmium or lead chlorides makes it possible to carry out 100% UN → UCl3 conversion. The use of voloxidation (oxidation of nitride SNF to oxides) as the first stage of processing will make the entire technology universal, suitable for processing both nitride and oxide SNF. The choice of the method for opening SNF depends on the choice of the subsequent stages of its processing.

Keywords: nitride spent nuclear fuel, SNF, chlorination, anodic dissolution, UNCl, “soft” chlorination, voloxidation, processing
Development of Method for Discontinuing Mercury-Containing Waste Including the Method of Analysis of Residual Concentrations
Authors: Makarova Anna , Fedoseev Andrew , Kushu Anastasia , Vinokurov Eugene
Published: January 2021

Environmental safety is one of the most important international and national tasks when using chemicals such as mercury, its compounds and mercury containing waste. Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant. Constant anthropogenic mercury emissions and its presence in food chains affects human and ecosystem health and cause serious concerns. When released into the atmosphere with various emissions, mercury is deposited on the ground or water surface. Due to the global transport of mercury in the environment, its release is possible near sources of pollution, as well as at a remote distance.

Keywords: mercury–containing wastes, Minamata Convention, immobilization
Prospects of Replacing Natural Sand with Crushed Rock Fines in the Composition of Fine-Grained Concrete
Authors: Domanskaya I.K. , Laskina T.S.
Published: January 2021

The expediency of replacing natural quartz Sands, whose reserves are gradually exhausted, by rock screenings as part of fine-grained concretes is shown. In particular, the characteristics of granite and quartzite crushing screenings in comparison with quartz river sand are presented, as well as the results of studying the strength and abrasion of the fine-grained concrete obtained. To exclude the effect of the grain composition on the properties of concrete, aggregate samples were pre-fractionated, and the conditions for producing concrete (cement consumption, water-cement ratio, concrete mix mobility) were the same. It was found that quartz sand having rounded grains with a relatively smooth surface promotes the formation of dense particle packing and increases the strength of fine-grained concrete by 9-14%, but at the same time reduces the abrasion of similar standard samples by 20-30% compared to screenings crushing of granite and quartzite. The maximum abrasion resistance showed concrete containing quartzite screening. Quartzite – metamorphic (metasomatic) dense rock crushing which produces angular particles with a rough surface. The absence of dense packaging reduces the compressive strength of concrete samples containing quartzite aggregate compared to quartz sand. At abrasion of similar samples in a thin layer the resistance to sliding of filler particles one relative to another increases. Therefore, when choosing crushed rock fines instead of natural quartz Sands, it is important to consider the purpose of the designed fine-grained concrete.
Keywords: crushing screenings, quartz sand, granite, quartzite, fine-grained concrete, strength, abrasion
The Research of the Carbothermic Solid–Phase Red Mud Reduction Process in the Presence of Sodium Sulphate
Authors: Zinoveev Dmitry , Grudinsky Pavel , Semenov Artem , Dyubanov Valery , Petelin Alexander
Published: January 2021

Russia has accumulated about 600 million tons of the red mud that is alumina production waste generated by Bayer method, but currently only a small amount of the total accumulated red mud is recycled. Solid–phase carbothermic reduction of red mud in the presence of sodium salts with magnetic separation can be a promising method for iron extraction. In this paper, the effect of the addition of sodium sulphate on the reduction of iron–containing phases and the growth of iron grains during solid–phase carbothermic reduction of red mud was investigated. The results show that 10% sodium sulphate additive significantly accelerate the growth of reduced iron grains, but decrease the degree of its reduction at temperatures above 1100∘C. The explanation of mechanism of sodium sulphate effect on the iron grain growth was proposed. Optimization of sodium sulphate amount, temperature and holding time can lead the development of effective technology of iron extraction from red mud by solid–phase carbothermic reduction.
Keywords: red mud, solid–phase carbothermic reduction, sodium sulphate
Production of Synthetic Wollastonite Using Gypsum Technogenic Raw Materials
Authors: S.B. Yarusova , P.S Gordienko , I.Yu. Buravlev , A.V. Kozin , I.G. Zhevtun , A.A. Okhlopkova
Published: January 2021

The paper analyzes the literature in the field of synthetic wollastonite production using gypsum technogenic raw materials. Using the example of the complex processing of boric acid production wastes the possibility of obtaining synthetic wollastonite at different modes of waste processing is shown. Possible areas of the practical application of the obtained wollastonite are analyzed.
Keywords: gypsum technogenic raw materials, borogypsum, wollastonite, technogenic waste, concrete fillers, polymeric composite materials.
Development of Energy-resource-efficient Equipment and Technologies of Environmentally Safe Microwave Processing of Oil Sludges
Authors: Saitov Rail Idiatovich , Abdeev Rinat Gazizyanovich , Fatykhov Minikhan Abuzarovich , Abdeev Eldar Rinatovich , Khasanova Aigul Faritovna
Published: January 2021

the results of the analysis of scientific papers and patent elaboration of the existing methods and technologies for the separation of water-oil emulsions made it possible to implement energy-efficient processes of microwave exposure to hydrocarbon- containing media. Based on the analysis of existing mathematical models of the direct and reverse oil-water emulsions structure and evaluation of the behavior of oil-water emulsions in the microwave field, a mathematical model of the interaction of microwave energy with oil-water emulsions 1 has been developed. The use of this model allows for the identification of the most effective parameters of the microwave exposure for phase separation with different compositions and dielectric parameters of emulsions. Computational experiments have been carried out to identify the dependence of the binding energy of water molecules and different grades of oil on the physicochemical properties of the emulsion and the technological factors of the sludge processing. An experimental installation of microwave sludge processing has been developed and manufactured, which allows determining the adequacy of the developed model.
Keywords: microwave processing, oil sludge, phase separation
Dielectric Properties and Substantiation of Electromagnetic Technologies for Oil Sludge Processing
Authors: Abdeev Eldar Rinatovich , Fatykhov Minikhan Abuzarovich , Saitov Rail Idiatovich , Abdeev Rinat Gazizyanovich , Fatykhov Lenart Minnehanovich
Published: January 2021

In the process of reception, storage and preparation of oil for processing, significant volumes of oil-containing sludge are formed, which are not only a source of pollution, but also a valuable hydrocarbon feedstock. Long-term storage of oil with water, contact with atmospheric oxygen, and the presence of solid particles hydrophobized with asphalt-resinous and paraffinous substances contribute to the formation of “intermediate layers” in these sludges, which are ultra-stable oil-water emulsions. It is proposed to use the energy of the electromagnetic field of the high and microwave ranges when developing a technology for the destruction of oil-water emulsions. After analyzing the composition of the oil sludge, experimental studies were conducted of the dielectric loss tangenttgδδ of oil with the addition of sand and paraffin, depending on the frequency of electromagnetic oscillations in the range of 30 - 160 MHz and temperature in the range of 25 - 80 ∘ С using the cumeter method. Studies have shown that two technologies for the disposal of oil sludge are possible: HF and UHF methods. To assess the effectiveness of their application, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies of the dielectric properties of oil sludge.
Keywords: oil sludge, oil sludge disposal,oil storage, oil-water emulsions, electromagnetic field
Development of Technology for Processing Oil Sludge with Application of Super High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Harisova Julia Tagiryanovna , Saitov Rail Idiatovich , Abdeev Rinat Gazizyanovich
Published: January 2021

This article considers the problem of processing and disposing of oil sludge of various origins. Large oil companies are concerned about the problem of incomplete processing of oil sludge. The most hazardous from an environmental point of view include oil sludge formed at all stages of oil production, transportation and refining. In recent years, oil-producing enterprises have introduced various technological solutions aimed at waste management into production, but there is no single method for processing oil sludge for the purpose of neutralization and disposal. All known oil sludge processing technologies by processing methods can be divided into the following groups: thermal - burning in open barns, furnaces of various types, obtaining bitumen residues; physical - burial in special cemeteries, separation in a centrifugal field, vacuum filtration and filtration under pressure; physical and chemical - the use of specially selected reagents that change the physical and chemical properties, followed by processing on special equipment; and biological - microbiological decomposition in the soil directly in storage, biothermal decomposition. Each of them, while having certain advantages, also has its drawbacks. For over 50 years, microwave heating technology has been used in industry. To present the advantages of this method, one needs to turn to the theory of microwave heating.
Keywords: oil sludge, oil waste, influence of electromagnetic fields, water-in-oil emulsions
On Preserving the Technogenic Formations of Mining and Smelting Enterprises by Ecologically safe Conservation and Restoration of Landscapes
Authors: Yu. Antoninova N. Yu. , L. A Shubina
Published: January 2021

The mining and smelting industries use various schemes for collecting and treating the surface waters during mining and after its completion, including the use of facilities for deep-treatment of part of the water for reuse in the enterprise. However, the mining sites are often remote from the processing and metallurgical enterprises where these treated waters could be used. Therefore, the problem of effective protection of the environment from negative influence can be solved by application of new technical solutions for conservation/re-cultivation of host and overburden masses moved to the surface.
Keywords: technogenic formations, ecologically safe conservation, restoration of landscapes
Secondary Recycling of Smelter Slags
Authors: Demin B.L. , Sorokin Yu.V. , Smirno L.A. , Shcherbakov Ye.N.
Published: January 2021

The modern structure of ferrous metallurgy slags recovery has been shown. Growth of recycling amounts is connected with high-capacity stationary and mobile crushing and screening plants (both foreign- and domestic made). The issues of environment protection against dust emissions still remain unsolved.
Keywords: smelter slags, recycling technologies, crushing and screening plants, extraction and cleaning of metal inclusions
Development of the High-purity Aluminium Oxide Powder Producing Technology on the Ural Region Raw Materials Basis
Authors: Kashcheev I.D. , Zemlyanoy K.G. , Doronin A.V. , Stepanova K.O.
Published: January 2021

This article considers an effective way of complex alumina-containing materials of natural or technogenic origin processing with obtaining a whole complex of raw materials: alkali-free highly active aluminum hydroxide, iron hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, etc. In laboratory conditions the alumina raw materials behavior in the thickening, washing, filtration processes were checked. The optimal parameters of the processes were selected as a result of conducted research.
Keywords: non-conventional alumina raw materials, technogenic materials, hydrochemical processing, ammonium hydrosulfate, environmental friendliness, efficiency
The Role of Audio and Visual Media in Improving English-Speaking Proficiency from Saudi College Students’ Perspective
Authors: Alaraj Dr. Mamoon
Published: January 2021

This study aims to deeply explore the Saudi college students’ perspective about the role of audio and visual English media in developing their English-speaking proficiency. To arrive to the best results possible a survey was used as a data collection tool. A focus group of five college students who were interested in improving their English proficiency was formed. Following the brainstorming technique, they created a questionnaire of six multiple choice, checkbox, rating, and scale questions which was reviewed by three experts and then piloted on 30 students, improved accordingly, created by Google Forms, and finally distributed online via WhatsApp groups. College students who were interested in improving their English-speaking proficiency and used to listen to and/or watch English media were requested to respond to the questionnaire. A sample of 65 college students’ responses were received and the data was analyzed by Google Forms. The major results revealed that: -the immense majority of students believed the English media could affect their speaking proficiency, -YouTube, social media, songs, and movies were the most repetitively and continuously used by students. -YouTube and movies were the types of media that affected the speaking proficiency the most. -Pronunciation was the most affected area by the media. Related educational recommendations and deeper further studies were suggested.
Contribuições da educação não-formal em espaços não-formais para a educação básica na percepção de professores
Authors: Barbosa Manoel Augusto Polastreli , Garcia Júnior Pedro José , Freitas Rafael Almeida de
Published: January 2021

Esse estudo buscou analisar as contribuições da Educação Não-Formal em espaços não-formais para a Educação Básica na percepção de professores dos municípios de Venda Nova do Imigrante (ES) e Conceição do Castelo (ES). A pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa e descritiva. Realizou-se uma entrevista com 20 professores de duas escolas participantes. Utilizou-se da Análise de Conteúdo para categorização dos dados e, para análise, a interface RStudio. Verificou-se que os professores reconhecem a importância da Educação Não-Formal em espaços não-formais para a Educação Básica, apontando contribuições para a formação do aluno através da motivação, da aprendizagem curricular, da formação humana e da interdisciplinaridade.
A Study on the Optoelectronic Parameters of 4-Chloromethyl-7-Hydroxy Coumarin in Various Solvents and Concentrations
Authors: KURT Adnan , GÜNDÜZ Bayram , KOCA Murat
Published: January 2021

A coumarin derivative compound, 4-chloromethyl-7-hydroxy coumarin (CMEHC), was synthesized in order to test the concentration and solvent effect on its optical properties. The spectral characterization of this compound was accomplished by FTIR and 1H-NMR techniques. The UV absorption spectra of CMEHC compound in various solvents (THF, DMSO, DMF) were recorded with a UV–VIS spectrophotometer. The optical parameters such as maximum peak position, absorption band edge and direct allowed band gap were reported for these solvents and also various concentrations. The lowest direct allowed band gap was obtained with THF solvent. The absorbance spectra of CMEHC compound were dominant at the near ultraviolet region. The refractive index values were compared with each other using Moss, Ravindra, Herve-Vandamme, Reddy and Kumar-Singh relations.
Digital Marketing Communication in Developing Countries
Authors: Rrustemi Visar , Podvorica Ganimete , Jusufi Gezim
Published: January 2021

Digital marketing has made significant progress in recent years, in all countries, both developed and developing. Many local and international companies have largely placed their marketing activities in the digital environment. Now, the COVID-19 pandemic has made it even more important for many companies and consumers to conduct marketing, buying and selling activities through social media. Like companies, consumers are changing their buying behaviors by focusing more on social media, from which they are providing the necessary and sufficient information about all the products and services that are marketed online. This paper is of particular importance because it addresses the issue of digital marketing activities in the Western Balkans region, specifically the behavior of consumers from countries of this region on social media. From the results of the paper it can be concluded that consumers from these countries are quite engaged in social media, where they receive the necessary information for different products and services, follow the activities of different companies, etc.
Selective Distribution Restrictions in the EU Competition Law
Authors: Kostecka-Jurczyk Daria
Published: January 2021

The dynamic development of digital technologies favours the rapid increase the popularity of electronic commerce, but at the same time causes an ever-stronger competitive pressure, prompting manufacturers and wholesalers to use various tools for controlling the sales system, especially prices. They often impose various restrictions on commercial partners (e.g. distributors) by preventing them from using certain sales channels. However, it is difficult to delimit the legality of such sales restrictions. It is very difficult to find an answer to the question of where the appropriate demarcation line should be drawn that determines the violation of competition rules, especially in online sales. Regulation 330/2010 seems not to be tailored to the assessment of restrictions in online distribution channels. The aim of the article is to point out the lack of appropriate tools to assess the restrictions of internet sales. The article shows that there is currently no uniform approach by antitrust authorities, which in turn results in legal uncertainty. It seems that the amendment of Regulation 330/2010 should be considered and the market share threshold set out in it should be lowered, while at the same time ensuring that it will be an actual safe harbour for companies, including online distributors.
Salaries of Healthcare Professionals in the Republic of Croatia
Authors: Klarić Ante , Švaganović Marina , Cvitković Miran
Published: January 2021

Salaries of healthcare professionals in the Republic of Croatia are regulated by a series of laws and regulations. A series of regulations defining the salaries and substantive rights of healthcare professionals cannot provide a clear, uniform and complete approach to regulating the subject matter of the law. In addition to the aforementioned issues of employment status, healthcare professionals originate from a standard that is similar and common to all public servants. In doing so, the legislature does not differentiate between a healthcare professional and his profession from an activity that deals with the protection of fundamental human values: the life and health of the individual. It is these core values that should inform not only governmental regulation of salaries and wages but also all other substantive rights, as a pledge for the smooth performance of such a highly responsible service through a clear, unambiguous and norm to precise them.
Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Infertility and Impact of Infertility Treatments on Multiple Sclerosis Relapses in Slovenia: Medical Outline, Legal and Ethical Outcomes
Authors: Vrtačnik Bokal Eda , Vrtačnik Urban
Published: January 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is common in the reproductive period and can lead to infertility and significant disability. The treatment on multiple sclerosis is recently more successful and enables better quality of life, therefore rising hope and desire for the future parents, also in terms of successful infertility treatments. In this context the couples should be managed concerning the detrimental effect of the disease itself on fertility, detrimental effect of the drugs used for treatment on gonads and in terms of the implementation of drugs used for ovarian stimulation and their impact on the basic disease (MS). Article finds solutions on the legal outcomes in situations where infertility treatments may negatively impact the progress of MS, as well as the solutions on how to (successfully) provide infertility treatments to the patients with MS. It proposes interdisciplinary approach between gynecologists and neurologists to perform required weighting of benefits and risks (burdens), deriving from specific action or treatment, whereas for the patients who shall not undergo infertility treatments due to their medical status, related to MS, it proposes storage of gametes under conditions, set by the law.
Trends on Maternal Mortality in the Republic of Benin and Comparison with the Neighboring Countries
Authors: Konnon Romeo , Semyatov Said , Soyunov Muhammednazar , Sokhova Zalina , Zulumyan Tatevik
Published: January 2021

The maternal mortality ratio in the Republic of Benin in 2015 was still high – 405 per 100,000 live births. The delay in consultation and timely treatment, unavailability of medical facilities and lack of skilled care are the principal factors contributing to maternal deaths in Benin. Consequently, the rate of such preventable causes of maternal deaths like obstetric haemorrhage (38.40 percent and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (14.30 percent) remains high in the country, and even HIV continued being one of the indirect causes of maternal deaths in 2017 – one percent. High rate of complications associated with pregnancy and birth in adolescent girls is another cause of maternal deaths in the Republic of Benin. Despite the efforts of the Government aimed at improving health care, it is unlikely that we will achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 3.1. – the reduction of maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
From Homo’poly to Openup! lessons learned on LGB in education in schools across Europe
Authors: Geunis Lotte , Holz Oliver
Published: January 2021

This paper captures the lessons learned from Homo’poly, an ERASMUS+ project on awareness and understanding of homosexuality in schools. Homo’poly was implemented between 2016 and 2019 in eight European countries: Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Turkey, Hungary and the United Kingdom. Throughout the project, partner institutions noted that homophobia, a lack of wider community engagement and (notably in Central and Eastern Eruope) limited political support proved to be significant stumbling blocks. The authors build on a survey of partner institutions to further explore these challenges and set out proposed directions for future activities and research.
Glasbene didaktične igre in glasbeno-razvojni dosežki prvošolcev
Authors: Kopačin Barbara
Published: January 2021

Our research interest was to determine how regular use of didactic musical games during the other school lessons influences the development of music skills and performance during the music lessons. The study sample included 71 year one children of the selected elementary school who conducted music didactic games in various subjects for four months. At the beginning and at the end of the four months period the children carried out specially developed 13 music tasks to determine their level of knowledge in various music skills. The children of the experimental group achieved better results on the tests than those of the control group in all measured categories.
The cognitive aspect of interactive learning and teaching in visual arts education
Authors: Tomljenović Zlata
Published: January 2021

The task of contemporary visual arts education is to enable quality interaction among all subjects of the teaching process, through which the students are encouraged to think, imagine, and develop higherorder cognitive activities. The objective of this empirical research study was to verify the differences in the results of students in the control and experimental groups (n=285) regarding their knowledge and understanding of visual arts content. Analysis of the results shows that the students in EG showed significantly better results compared to the students in CG, which means that the interactive model of learning and teaching positively influenced the students’ understanding of visual arts content.
Interactive effects of acolour wheel motion game on pupils’ cognitive development in graphic arts
Authors: Odewumi Micheal Olubunmi , Otunla Adekunle Olusola , Bada Tayo Abass
Published: January 2021

Games can be instruments for fun and competition globally. However, despite their relevance for instruction, the awareness of key games and their use have not been significantly established. Therefore, the study investigates the interactive effects of colour wheel motion games on pupils' cognitive development in the field of graphic arts. The study included a pre-test and a post-test. The sample comprised 50 pupils: 25 boys and 25 girls. Two research hypotheses were tested. Findings revealed a significant difference between groups (experimental and control) and gender (boys and girls). Nevertheless, the use of the Colour Wheel Motion Game for learning was recommended for all pupils in secondary schools in Nigeria.
The worldview of pre-service and in-service teachers about health education
Authors: Andreja Špernjak Andreja Špernjak , Šorgo Andrej
Published: January 2021

Health is coconsidered as goodness; therefore, schools should be places where healthy habits, along with evidence-based medical knowledge and practices, are taught and practised. The key persons in education are teachers, so their opinions and worldviews should not be neglected. The objective of this work was to identify opinions about health education among Slovenian teachers. We investigated the worldviews of and differences between pre-service and in-service Biology teachers about health education. The questionnaires were delivered to 163 Sloveian participants. Most differences in opinion occurred in the nutrition field between younger and older participants. The majority of participants (85%) agree that “Providing knowledge or developing behavior that is respectful of one´s own health” is the main goal of health education.
Poučevanje spoznavanja okolja in naravoslovni kapital učencev
Authors: Kožuh Vasja
Published: January 2021

This paper presents in detail the results of research in which the primary interest was teaching early science in the 1st trimester of elementary school. It was concluded that, in terms of popularity, expressed by the teacher’s own estimation of their competence to teach a specific course, the introduction to environmental science falls a little above average. With regard to the frequency of carrying out various activities, it was established that teachers employ the following activities less than others: connecting, interpreting, organising and analysing data by carrying out simple research and using ICT and e-learning. Teachers prefer to assess the students’ knowledge with the evaluation method rather than with other assessment methods.
KONSTRUKSIEVEILIGHEID SAKBOEKIE VIR SUID-AFRIKA
Authors: Fidelis Emuze
Published: January 2021

Construction is one of the oldest activities known to mankind, yet it is an industry where the health, safety and wellbeing of people are often at risk. While South African construction safety laws and regulations are up-to-date, the accidents, injuries and fatalities at construction sites remain a challenge.