bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling of the groundwater flow in the fractured and karst aquifer of the Salento peninsula (Southern Italy)
Authors: De Filippis Giovanna , Giudici Mauro , Margiotta Stefano , Mazzone Fiorella , Negrini Sergio , Vassena Chiara
Published: June 2016

Water resources represented by coastal aquifers are very important for regions characterized by a relevant request of freshwater, but limited rainfall, lack of surface water bodies and intrusion of the seawater through the sediments which host groundwater. Therefore some coastal areas, like the Salento peninsula (southern Italy), are subjected to the risk of desertification and a proper management of groundwater resources requires tools to analyze and predict the water balance and the evolution of the physical system in response to human activities (e.g., ground water withdrawals) and climatic factors. The Salento peninsula is a typical Mediterranean basin, where the main water resource is the aquifer hosted in Cretaceous carbonatic rocks (Calcare di Altamura, Altamura limestone): this is a fractured and karst aquifer, with a poor recharge and complex relationships with the sea. In order to develop a tool to assess the water balance at regional scale for the considered aquifer system, a groundwater flow model was developed by Giudici et al. (2012a); it is based on a conceptual model obtained from a reconstruction of the hydrostratigraphic architecture of the region, which includes the main aquifer and the overlaying rocks characterized by low permeability which can host local and relatively thin aquifers. In this paper that work is updated, by improving the reconstruction of the hydraulic head and of the conceptual model, above all in those areas that the previous model evidenced as critical for the absence of fresh water along the whole aquifer thickness. Moreover, since the estimate of some model’s input parameters is affected by high uncertainty, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the effects of this uncertainty on the model’s results.
Perforazione di sonde e pozzi per impianti a pompe di calore
Authors: Chiarugi Stefano
Published: June 2016

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Preliminary groundwater modelling by considering the interaction with superficial water: Aosta plain case (northern Italy)
Authors: Bonomi Tullia , Fumagalli Letizia , Benastini Valeria , Rotiroti Marco , Capodaglio Pietro , Simonetto Fulvio
Published: June 2016

The study is developed through scientific cooperation between the University of Milano-Bicocca and the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPA) of the Valle d’Aosta Region. Its aim is to produce a decision-support tool to help the Public Administration’manage groundwater and public water supply. The study area is the plain of Aosta, between the cities of Aymavilles and Brissogne; in this area groundwater represents the main source of public water supply. The valley is oriented east-west, along the Baltea for a length of 13.1 km and a width of 4.6 km. The textural and hydrogeological properties of the deposits are strictly connected to glacial deposition and to the subsequent sedimentary processes which took place in glacial, lacustrine and fluvial systems. The study is based on available well information in the Aosta plain - including water wells (133) and piezometers (121) - which have been coded and stored in the well database TANGRAM,. The database facilitates interpretation of the well data, and it allows three-dimensional mapping of subsurface hydrogeological characteristics through database codification and ordinary kriging interpolation. The study is designed to achieve two objectives. The first is to provide the Aosta Public Authorities with a well database in order to simplify groundwater management. The second is to provide Public Authorities with a groundwater flow model of the local aquifer. The model integrates surface and subsurface flows in order to fully account for all important stresses, both natural and anthropogenic, on the groundwater system. It provides a tool for testing hypotheses (such as the impact of new wells) and thereby allows science-based management of the aquifer resource.
Quadro normativo per la Geotermia a Bassa Entalpia
Authors: Spalvieri Roberto , Vinci Marco
Published: June 2016

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Processi di ritossificazione ambientale nei suoli e all’interfaccia terra-mare
Authors: Fidelibus M. Dolores
Published: June 2016

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Traccianti ambientali: il campo termico, questo sconosciuto
Authors: Fidelibus M. Dolores
Published: June 2016

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Il ritubaggio
Authors: Cempini Nicola
Published: June 2016

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L’industria principesca. Piero Ginori Conti e l’impianto geotermico di Larderello
Authors: Luzzini Francesco
Published: June 2016

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Best tracer selection for hydrogeological investigations: preliminary results from laboratory test
Authors: Tazioli Alberto , Palpacelli Stefano
Published: June 2016

Tracers techniques are a good tool to investigate groundwater dynamics; they are essential to perform measurement of hydrogeological parameters of aquifers. This study was aimed at characterizing adsorption, effective porosity and pore water velocity in soil samples collected in a hydrographic basin of Marche Region (Italy). This basin has the typical geologic and hydrogeological features of many basins in Central Italy. Therefore. the principal aim is to evaluate the best tracer to be used for hydrogeological purpose (i.e. groundwater tracer test and aquifer parameter estimation). Adsorption has been investigated by means of laboratory batch tests using different tracers and involving different soils. In literature some application of tracers both to laboratory scale and to field scale can be found. Column tests have been performed also to test the effectiveness of different test equipment and to investigate the influence of some test parameters on the calculation of effective porosity and pore water velocity. These considerations and test results are very useful to advise the choice of the best tracer to be used in tracer field tests.
Alcuni aspetti idrochimici delle zone di scambio fra acque superficiali e sotterranee
Authors: Francani Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

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La normativa della Regione Toscana in materia di tutela e gestione delle risorse idriche, stato dell’arte e prospettive future
Authors: Pei Alessandra
Published: June 2016

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Climate changes and water resource planning: WIZ, an operational tool
Authors: Mazzanti Bernardo , Bonamini Isabella , Checcucci Gaia
Published: June 2016

The institutional activity of the Arno River Basin Authority is focused on two strategical planning processes: the River Basin Management Plan, according to 2000/60/CE European Direcitve, and the Flood Management Plan, according to 2007/60/CE European Directive. Both plans contain most of the contents of Arno River Basin Plan, developed after the italian law L. 183/89, and are tackling with a global approach the management of extreme flood events and water budget problems. In this context, the evaluation of climate change impact on the water cycle is extremely relevant. Therefore the Arno River Basin Authority is engaged to analyze the impact of climate changes on water status, regarding as main reference the IPCC AR4 report e their connected forecasting scenarios. The involvement in a LIFE+ project (WIZ – WaterIZe Spatial Planning) is the framework for a sample of preliminary evaluations, with the aim to include in the next updated edition of River Basin Management Plan new adapting measures (more than mitigation actions), in order to fight the negative impact of climate change on the possibility to achieve the Water Framework Directive’s quality objectives. Focusing the attention on the Lower Arno valley (Valdarno Inferiore) and taking into account as simplifying hypothesis a linear correlation between groundwater recharge and total rainfall fluctuations, the effects of actual and projected climate changes are evaluated. For each water abstraction area, the potential variation of available groundwater for antropic use (in cubic meter per year) is estimated, showing a decreasing trend ranging, with a high spatial variability, in a 5-10% interval. Due the increase of water demand and the distribution network losses, even such a percentage of decreasing potential recharge should be carefully evaluated; without water savings measures and investments on the renovation of distribution networks, an increase of the typical summer water scarcity crisis is high probable.
Ensemble models on palaeoclimate to predict India's groundwater challenge
Authors: Sarathi Datta Partha
Published: June 2016

In many parts of the world, freshwater crisis is largely due to increasing water consumption and pollution by rapidly growing population and aspirations for economic development, but, ascribed usually to the climate. However, limited understanding and knowledge gaps in the factors controlling climate and uncertainties in the climate models are unable to assess the probable impacts on water availability in tropical regions. In this context, review of ensemble models on δ18O and δD in rainfall and groundwater, 3H- and 14C- ages of groundwater and 14C- age of lakes sediments helped to reconstruct palaeoclimate and long-term recharge in the North-west India; and predict future groundwater challenge. The annual mean temperature trend indicates both warming/cooling in different parts of India in the past and during 1901–2010. Neither the GCMs (Global Climate Models) nor the observational record indicates any significant change/increase in temperature and rainfall over the last century, and climate change during the last 1200 yrs BP. In much of the North-West region, deep groundwater renewal occurred from past humid climate, and shallow groundwater renewal from limited modern recharge over the past decades. To make water management to be more responsive to climate change, the gaps in the science of climate change need to be bridged.
Evaluation of groundwater monitoring according to 2000/60/EC and 2006/118/EC directives in Piedmont
Authors: Balsotti Riccardo , Governa Maria
Published: June 2016

In order to optimize monitoring activities as well to adapt it to legislative framework, since 2011 Piedmont Regional Groundwater Monitoring Network (RMRAS) has undergone several upgrades interesting both number of monitoring points and such points location. This process, according to WFD proceedings, has also involved modifications on the analytical protocol adopted as well as on the final configuration of groundwater bodies (GWB) Main results from first WFD triennium implementation (2009- 2011), by applying the new monitoring system, has had as a consequence a new definition of Chemical Status, according to D.lgs. 30/2009 and Decreto 260/2010, which allows us to express some considerations on the methodological approach proposed by the above mentioned legislation. In general, emerges a very articulated monitoring and classification system which allows to provide additional elements of knowledge than in the past. Others innovative aspects include modulation of monitoring cycles (Surveillance-Operational Monitoring and Punctual Operational Monitoring) related with an upgrade of analytical programs, toward a general approach much more tied to the pressures which are insisting over GWBs. Study of main contaminants occurrences compared with their SQA/ VS allow to obtain a more detailed overview to assess main implications that favored groundwater contamination. Chemical Status definition may be influenced by the natural background values (VF) of certain elements in very specific context. In Piedmont case such phenomena involves Nickel and ChromeVI. VF determination can give as a result VS modification for the considered elements inside the entire GWB area or parts of it. However, difficulties arise when attempting accurate discrimination from mixed contributions (natural + anthropogenic) occurring in complex environmental scenarios.
Introduzione ai sistemi di geoscambio
Authors: Cultrera Matteo
Published: June 2016

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La geotermia e gli acquiferi dell’Italia centrale
Authors: Giordano Guido
Published: June 2016

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Caratterizzazione idrogeochimica delle aree termali perivulcaniche dell’Italia centrale. Implicazioni ambientali
Authors: Tuccimei Paola
Published: June 2016

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Perforazione a circolazione inversa: un po’ di storia e gli sviluppi recenti
Authors: Chiarugi Stefano
Published: June 2016

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Sonde geotermiche verticali: materiali di riempimento del perforo
Authors: Cultrera Matteo
Published: June 2016

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European Innovation Partnership on Water: opportunità per l'innovazione nel settore della risorsa idrica
Authors: Rossetto Rudy
Published: June 2016

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Progettazione e Capitolati per pozzi: aspetti legati a sicurezza e ambiente
Authors: Chiarugi Stefano
Published: June 2016

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Da Viterbo 2014 verso Roma 2015
Authors: Petitta Marco , Ducci Daniela , Piscopo Vincenzo
Published: June 2016

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Alcune considerazioni sull’analisi dei dati ambientali
Authors: Borsi Iacopo
Published: June 2016

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Quale acqua (sotterranea) bolle in pentola
Authors: Petitta Marco
Published: June 2016

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I congressi internazionali IAH: da Marrakech 2014 verso Roma 2015
Authors: Petitta Marco , Ducci Daniela
Published: June 2016

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Environmental tracers as a tool in groundwater vulnerability assessment
Authors: Wachniew Przemysław
Published: June 2016

Environmental tracers are physical properties and chemical components of water whose spatial and temporal differentiation is used to infer information on the pathways and dynamics of water and solutes movement through the environment. The quantitative and qualitative insights into the functioning of groundwater systems derived from tracer observations is useful for the physically based and operational assessments of vulnerability of groundwater quality to human pressures. This tracer-based information concerns identification of the hydraulic connections between the source areas of pollution and groundwater receptors and evaluation of the ability of the unsaturated and saturated zones to delay and attenuate spreading of pollutants. Particularly important are distributions of water transit times which can be inferred from tracer observations by use of the lumped parameter models. The transit time distributions contain information on the lag-times, attenuation and persistence of pollutants in groundwater systems and are a basis for designing various indexes of vulnerability. Despite the advantages of environmental tracers in vulnerability assessment and despite the advances in analytical techniques application of tracers in this field is limited. This work presents the understanding of groundwater vulnerability in the context of risk assessments, explains the basic concepts of the application of the environmental tracers, discusses potential applications of tracers in assessing the intrinsic groundwater vulnerability and briefly presents examples of such applications.
GDE – Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems (Gli ecosistemi dipendenti dalle Acque Sotterranee)
Authors: La Vigna Francesco
Published: June 2016

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Isole urbane calde ed acque sotterranee
Authors: Cultrera Matteo
Published: June 2016

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Modelli al servizio dell’idrogeologia o idrogeologia al servizio dei modelli?
Authors: Lotti Francesca
Published: June 2016

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Il tesoro umile, il tesoro ignorato. I fontanili della Pianura Padana
Authors: Luzzini Francesco
Published: June 2016

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Linee guida per le indagini geofisiche - I parte
Authors: Rossi Claudio
Published: June 2016

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Meteo-climatic analysis during the period 1984 – 2014 in Rome area (Central Italy)
Authors: Conte Giovanni , Del Bon Andrea , Gafà Rossella Maria , Martarelli Lucio , Monti Gennaro Maria
Published: June 2016

In this paper rainfall trends and a seasonal distribution model of the period 1984-2014 for the urban area of Rome and surroundings are presented using the available data of 46 rain gauge stations. The average annual precipitation is 793 mm in the urban area and increases up to 945 mm in the surrounding hilly areas. The seasonal distribution of the isohyets is almost homogeneous, increasing from plain towards hilly areas. The scattered variability of annual rainfall does not allow the recognition of trends and cyclic tendencies, with the exception of seasonal variations. Nevertheless, the rainfall analysis highlights an increasing trend in winter and, to a lesser significant extent, in summer, while a decreasing tendency characterizes autumns and, definitely less spring periods. The annual rainfall time series analysis show significant changes for 28% out of the 46 stations considered, i.e.: descending to ascending trends or increasing of average values concomitant to the absence of significant trends. The plots of three-monthly (seasonal) total rainfall values show, for most of the rainfall stations, a winter season characterized by a negative to positive tendency inversion around 1993. According to the qualitative classification of the Seasonal Index (SI), the study area sectors fall between the classes “uniform but with a clear wet season” (SI=0.20-0.39) and “fairly seasonal with a minor dry season” (SI=0.40-0.59).The analysis of the rainfall was further developed by spatial elaboration of long-term trends derived from the data analysis of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), aggregated at annual, semiannual and quarterly scale.The analysis of the temperature data of 21 stations for the period 1984-2014 highlighted that, generally, isotherms follow the topographic elevations and the existence of an area, coinciding with the metropolitan area of Rome, characterized by temperatures greater than those of the surroundings.
Preliminary chemical characterization of groundwater in the Rome Municipality
Authors: Pizzino Luca , Cinti Daniele , Procesi Monia , Sciarra Alessandra
Published: June 2016

In summer 2015 a geochemical survey on groundwater was carried out at 31 sampling points (wells and piezometers) belonging to the new “Official monitoring groundwater network of Rome Municipality” (GMNR). The following parameters were measured: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (i.e. salinity) and alkalinity; these data were used to compute partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2). Furthermore, samples were collected to characterise waters from a chemical point of view (major elements). To implement our data - base, chemical analyses of 6 CO2 - rich mineral waters of Rome were considered. Hydrochemical survey was mainly devoted to: i) classify waters in chemical facies; ii) investigate the main water-rock interaction processes governing the water’s chemical evolution, also affected by variable amounts of dissolved CO2 and iii) define the pCO2 level in groundwater in the frame of the knowledge so far acquired in the Tyrrhenian sector of central Italy.. Groundwater shows a dominant Ca-HCO3 chemistry; some samples belong to Na-HCO3, Na-Cl and CaCl2 hydrochemical facies. In the dominant facies waters show a large variability in the abundance of chemical elements, in their salinity (ranging between 0.46 e 3.83 g/l) and pH (in the interval 5.87-7.22); these features are mainly due to different water-rock interaction processes together with the presence of variable CO2 contents. Na-HCO3 waters show the lowest salinity values (TDS up to 0.32 g/l) and strongly alkaline pH; cation exchange processes with clays, causing Na enrichment and Ca and Mg removal from solution, can be invoked to justify the observed chemistry. Waters of the Castel Fusano Natural Reserve (CFNR) belong to the Na-Cl and Ca-Cl2 facies; the different chemistry reflects the geochemical processes going on in the considered coastal aquifers such as: i) mixing between freshwater and saline waters of marine origin (fossil waters, seawater intrusion) and ii) cationic exchanges with clays that make up the less permeable sediments of the area. Two samples of the CFNR group have Ca-HCO3 chemistry and represent aquifers not affected by salinization processes. Calculated pCO2 distribution is highly variable, from low (0.03 bar) to high values (0.72 bar), implying different CO2 input (and origin) in the studied aquifers. Highest levels of carbon dioxide are linked to the degassing processes going on in the Tyrrhenian sector of Central Italy.
Le sorgenti storiche di Roma
Authors: Corazza Angelo , Lombardi Leonardo
Published: June 2016

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Un buon inizio di 2016
Authors: Ducci Daniela , Petitta Marco
Published: June 2016

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Effect of mode conversion on defect detection and size estimation in billet from time-of-flight profile by ultrasonic transmission method
Authors: Miyamoto Ryusuke , Mizutani Koichi , Ebihara Tadashi , Wakatsuki Naoto
Published: June 2016

The effect of mode conversion on defect detection and size estimation in a billet from the time-of-flight (TOF) profile is evaluated by comparing the results of wave propagation simulations in an elastic wave field and a scalar wave field, in which only longitudinal waves propagate. As a result, the effect of mode conversion appears in the TOF profile Δτ and received waveform. TOF deviation increases when mode conversion is considered compared with considering only longitudinal waves. This tendency compensates the error in the previous experiment and simulation results. The consideration of the shear components will make simulations and defect size estimations more accurate.
Monitoring of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment by shear wave elastography induced by two-dimensional-array therapeutic transducer
Authors: Iwasaki Ryosuke , Takagi Ryo , Nagaoka Ryo , Jimbo Hayato , Yoshizawa Shin , Saijo Yoshifumi , Umemura Shin-ichiro
Published: June 2016

Shear wave elastography (SWE) is expected to be a noninvasive monitoring method of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. However, conventional SWE techniques encounter difficulty in inducing shear waves with adequate displacements in deep tissue. To observe tissue coagulation at the HIFU focal depth via SWE, in this study, we propose using a two-dimensional-array therapeutic transducer for not only HIFU exposure but also creating shear sources. The results show that the reconstructed shear wave velocity maps detected the coagulated regions as the area of increased propagation velocity even in deep tissue. This suggests that “HIFU-push” shear elastography is a promising solution for the purpose of coagulation monitoring in deep tissue, because push beams irradiated by the HIFU transducer can naturally reach as deep as the tissue to be coagulated by the same transducer.
Fundamental study on filter effect of confronting divergent magnetic fields applied to low-pressure inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Sugawara Hirotake , Ogino So
Published: June 2016

The electron motion under confronting divergent magnetic fields (CDMFs) applied to inductively coupled plasmas was simulated using a Monte Carlo method. The CDMFs induced by two coaxial dc coils confined electrons in one side of the separatrix of the CDMFs. However, electrons diffused across the separatrix mainly in two ways. One was the displacement of their gyrocenters due to scattering near the outer part of the separatrix. This process tended to occur for high-energy electrons with correspondingly large gyroradii. The other was passage through the weak magnetic field around the center. This process was allowed for low-energy electrons. The position-dependent selectivity about the electron energy was pointed out as a seed property for applications of the separatrix as a magnetic filter or shutter. The mechanism by which the functions of the separatrix emerge was explained from a viewpoint of electron motion under the CDMFs.
Correlation between SiH2/SiH and light-induced degradation of p–i–n hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells
Authors: Keya Kimitaka , Kojima Takashi , Torigoe Yoshihiro , Toko Susumu , Yamashita Daisuke , Seo Hyunwoong , Itagaki Naho , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu
Published: June 2016

We have measured the hydrogen content ratio I
SiH2/I
SiH associated with Si–H2 and Si–H bonds in p–i–n (PIN) a-Si:H solar cells by Raman spectroscopy. With decreasing I
SiH2/I
SiH, the efficiency, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor of PIN a-Si:H solar cells after light soaking tend to increase. Namely, I
SiH2/I
SiH correlates well with light-induced degradation of the cells. While a single I-layer has a low I
SiH2/I
SiH of 0.03–0.09, a PIN cell has I
SiH2/I
SiH = 0.18 because many Si–H2 bonds exist in the P-layer and at the P/I interface of the PIN solar cells. To realize PIN solar cells with higher stability, we must suppress Si–H2 bond formation in the P-layer and at the P/I interface.
OncoLnc: linking TCGA survival data to mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs
Authors: Anaya Jordan
Published: June 2016

OncoLnc is a tool for interactively exploring survival correlations, and for downloading clinical data coupled to expression data for mRNAs, miRNAs, or long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). OncoLnc contains survival data for 8,647 patients from 21 cancer studies performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), along with RNA-SEQ expression for mRNAs and miRNAs from TCGA, and lncRNA expression from MiTranscriptome beta. Storing this data gives users the ability to separate patients by gene expression, and then create publication-quality Kaplan-Meier plots or download the data for further analyses. OncoLnc also stores precomputed survival analyses, allowing users to quickly explore survival correlations for up to 21 cancers in a single click. This resource allows researchers studying a specific gene to quickly investigate if it may have a role in cancer, and the supporting data allows researchers studying a specific cancer to identify the mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs most correlated with survival, and researchers looking for a novel lncRNA involved with cancer lists of potential candidates. OncoLnc is available athttp://www.oncolnc.org.
LA INTERCULTURALIDAD EN EL ÁMBITO EDUCATIVO ESPAÑOL: UNA PERSPECTIVA DE GÉNERO
Authors:   Universidad de Alicante (España), Souto Galván Beatriz
Published: June 2016

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal la identificación de las vías más adecuadas para gestionar la diversidad cultural en el ámbito escolar español. Una aproximación intercultural a la educación requiere nuevos principios y nuevos métodos, entre otros, la mediación intercultural. Como ejemplo de diversidad cultural se analizará uno de los supuestos que más dimensión mediática y social ha adquirido en relación con el tratamiento de la diversidad cultural en la escuela pública: el uso del velo islámico. Por último, se presentarán las posibles vías que ofrece la mediación intercultural para resolver conflictos como el descrito. El análisis de los aspectos mencionados se realiza desde una perspectiva de género que con el fin de ofrecer repuestas a las necesidades específicas de las mujeres en un ámbito tan sensible como es el de su formación integral
APROXIMACIÓN A LA ENSEÑANZA DE LA RELIGIÓN EN EL SISTEMA JURÍDICO COSTARRICENSE
Authors:   Universidad de Cantabria (España), Herrera Ceballos Enrique
Published: June 2016

La realidad jurídica costarricense constituye una isla en el mar laico latinoamericano al ser el único país confesionalmente católico. Aun así y, más allá de mero positivismo jurídico, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha superado la idea de Estado confesional en favor del amplio reconocimiento del derecho de libertad religiosa. La coexistencia de estos principios trasciende el modelo de Estado y se proyecta en otros ámbitos como el educativo en el que el derecho a la libertad educativa ligado a la libertad religiosa, configuran un sistema peculiar que trataremos de exponer a continuación
EL SEMPITERNO BARROCO: IRES Y VENIRES DE LA LIBERTAD RELIGIOSA EN LOS INICIOS DE LA REPÚBLICA (COLOMBIA, 1850-1900)
Authors:   Instituto Colombiano de Estudio de las Religiones, Echeverri Alberto
Published: June 2016

El barroco, nacido como estilo artístico entre los siglos XVII y XVIII, produjo también un estilo de vida que continuó permeando la política latinoamericana en los siglos ulteriores. Lo testimonian los acontecimientos que en la emergente república de Colombia permiten comprender las relaciones entre la Iglesia católica romana y el Estado, simbolizados en un personaje clave cuyo influjo resulta determinante en particular a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. El artículo ensaya una lectura hermenéutica de los hechos que hace aflorar esa particular percepción de la libertad religiosa tanto en el oficioso intercambio de la Iglesia y el Estado como en la mentalidad que movió los sucesos político-religiosos de la época. Concluye sugiriendo la posibilidad de un camino de aprendizaje de lo vivido
How did the Dabie Orogen collapse? Insights from 3‐D magnetotelluric imaging of profile data
Authors: Xu Yixian , Zhang Sheng , Griffin W. L. , Yang Yingjie , Yang Bo , Luo Yinhe , Zhu Lupei , Afonso Juan Carlos , Lei Binghua
Published: June 2016

The Dabie Orogen is a key part of the Central Orogen of China and is well known because of its exposures to high‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks. It has been proposed to have formed by continent‐continent collision between the Yangtze and North China blocks in the Middle‐to‐Late Triassic and to have collapsed in the middle of the Early Cretaceous. However, there are few signatures in the lithospheric architecture that might constrain the scale of the orogenic collapse; as a result there has been a long‐term debate on its origin. A 300 km long broadband magnetotelluric transect perpendicular to a major collapsed structure has been completed to find some possible clues to the mechanisms of the orogenic collapse. The inverted resistivity cross section from 3‐D inversion of magnetotelluric profile data refines the postcollision lithospheric structure and in particular identifies domains of refertilized and depleted lithospheric mantle and isolated midcrustal low‐velocity and high‐conductivity zones. A correlation between voluminous surface magmatism in the Early Cretaceous and deep refertilized lithospheric mantle is illuminated by elevated electrical conductivity. We suggest that the lowermost crust was removed by delamination beneath the eastern Dabie during the orogenic collapse, while beneath the Tongbai‐Xinyang Terrain residual cratonic crust is underlain by depleted lithospheric mantle with relatively high resistivity. The isolated low‐velocity and high‐conductivity zones in the middle crust have been ascribed to shear‐promoted graphitic films which were destroyed by local granitic intrusions around 134 to 125 Ma. This lithospheric process can be attributed to far‐field effects, such as refertilization in the lower lithospheric mantle, promoted by upwelling of the asthenosphere and related fluids, during Paleo‐Pacific subduction beneath the Euro‐Asian continent.
Velocity profiles inside volcanic clouds from three‐dimensional scanning microwave dual‐polarization Doppler radars
Authors: Montopoli Mario
Published: June 2016

In this work, velocity profiles within a volcanic tephra cloud obtained by dual‐polarization Doppler radar acquisitions with three‐dimensional (3‐D) mechanical scanning capability are analyzed. A method for segmenting the radar volumes into three velocity regimes: vertical updraft, vertical fallout, and horizontal wind advection within a volcanic tephra cloud using dual‐polarization Doppler radar moments is proposed. The horizontal and vertical velocity components within the regimes are retrieved using a novel procedure that makes assumptions concerning the characteristics of the winds inside these regimes. The vertical velocities retrieved are combined with 1‐D simulations to derive additional parameters including particle fallout, mass flux, and particle sizes. The explosive event occurred on 23 November 2013 at the Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy), is considered a demonstrative case in which to analyze the radar Doppler signal inside the tephra column. The X‐band radar (3 cm wavelength) in the Catania, Italy, airport observed the 3‐D scenes of the Etna tephra cloud ~32 km from the volcano vent every 10 min. From the radar‐derived vertical velocity profiles of updraft, particle fallout, and horizontal transportation, an exit velocity of 150 m/s, mass flux rate of 1.37 • 107 kg/s, particle fallout velocity of 18 m/s, and diameters of precipitating tephra particles equal to 0.8 cm are estimated on average. These numbers are shown to be consistent with theoretical 1‐D simulations of plume dynamics and local reports at the ground, respectively. A thickness of 3 ± 0.36 km for the downwind ash cloud is also inferred by differentiating the radar‐derived cloud top and the height of transition between the convective and buoyancy regions, the latter being inferred by the estimated vertical updraft velocity profile. The unique nature of the case study as well as the novelty of the segmentation and retrieval methods presented potentially give new insights into the analysis of volcanic cloud dynamics.
Evaluating predicted diurnal and semidiurnal tidal variations in polar motion with GPS‐based observations
Authors: Desai Shailen D. , Sibois Aurore E.
Published: June 2016

We evaluate models for the predicted diurnal and semidiurnal tidal variations in polar motion using observations based upon the Global Positioning System (GPS). The GPS‐based observations are composed of 10 year continuous time series of polar motion estimates with 15 min temporal resolution. Predicted effects account for the contributions from ocean tide angular momentum and libration. We consider two models for the predicted ocean tide effects, both of which have their heritage with the so‐called TPXO hydrodynamic models of the ocean tide heights and currents that assimilate satellite altimetry, for example, Egbert et al. (1994) and Egbert and Erofeeva (2002). When considering libration effects we use the model from Mathews and Bretagnon (2003). Of the models considered in this study, the best consistency with the GPS‐based observations is achieved with predictions from the most recent (version 8) TPXO‐based model for ocean tide effects together with the model for libration effects. This combination demonstrates closure of the budget between predicted and GPS‐based observations at the level of less than 10, 2, and 5 µas in prograde diurnal, prograde semidiurnal, and retrograde semidiurnal tidal variations in polar motion, respectively. The observations also demonstrate inconsistency between the older TPXO‐based model for ocean tide effects and the libration model, both of which are currently recommended by the International Earth Rotation Service.
FPGA design of box‐constrained DCD‐based detector for large‐scale MIMO systems
Authors: Quan Zhi , Zakharov Yuriy
Published: June 2016

This paper proposes an improved architecture of a low‐complexity box‐constrained multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) detector which is based on the dichotomous coordinate descent (DCD) algorithm. This architecture allows a simple field‐programmable gate‐array implementation of the detector and explores the parallel implementation to reduce the number of clock cycles required in the design. We investigate the proposed design and compare its detection performance, hardware resources, and convergence speed with that of known designs. It is shown that the proposed design provides improvement in the detection performance compared to the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector. The numerical results also show that the proposed architecture requires as few as 184, 210, and 223 slices for 16 × 16, 64 × 64, and 128 × 128 MIMO systems, respectively, which is significantly less than that required by known designs of the MMSE detector. By comparing the serial and parallel implementations of the box‐constrained detector, we show that the parallel implementation requires 15% fewer clock cycles.
Low‐Temperature Solution‐Based Phosphorization Reaction Route to Sn4P3/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids as Anodes for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Qun , Li Zhaoqiang , Zhang Zhiwei , Li Caixia , Ma Jingyun , Wang Chengxiang , Ge Xiaoli , Dong Shihua , Yin Longwei
Published: June 2016

Different from previously reported mechanical alloying route to synthesize Sn
x
P3, novel Sn4P3/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrids are synthesized for the first time through an in situ low‐temperature solution‐based phosphorization reaction route from Sn/RGO. Sn4P3 nanoparticles combining with advantages of high conductivity of Sn and high capacity of P are homogenously loaded on the RGO nanosheets, interconnecting to form 3D mesoporous architecture nanostructures. The Sn4P3/RGO hybrid architecture materials exhibit significantly improved electrochemical performance of high reversible capacity, high‐rate capability, and excellent cycling performance as sodium ion batteries (SIBs) anode materials, showing an excellent reversible capacity of 656 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 over 100 cycles, demonstrating a greatly enhanced rate capability of a reversible capacity of 391 mA h g−1 even at a high current density of 2.0 A g−1. Moreover, Sn4P3/RGO SIBs anodes exhibit a superior long cycling life, delivering a high capacity of 362 mA h g−1 after 1500 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1. The outstanding cycling performance and rate capability of these porous hierarchical Sn4P3/RGO hybrid anodes can be attributed to the advantage of porous structure, and the synergistic effect between Sn4P3 nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets.
Dissecting mitochondrial dna variability of balearic populations from the bronze age to the current era
Authors: Simón Marc , Díaz Nancy , Solórzano Eduvigis , Montiel Rafael , Francalacci Paolo , Malgosa Assumpció
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To determine ancient population influences on ancient and current Balearic populations and to reconstruct their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene pool evolution.

Methods

We analyzed 239 individuals belonging to five archaeological populations from Majorca and Minorca, four dating to the transition between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, and one Late Roman Majorcan population. Six additional individuals from Santa Teresa di Gallura from the Nuragic period were characterized and added to the existing samples from that culture to make comparisons with Talaiotic populations.

Results

We characterized the haplogroups of 138 individuals and obtained 69 sequences from mtDNA hypervariable region I. In the intra‐island study, the apparent differences in social and funerary rites between two contiguous Majorcan necropolises were correlated with genetic characteristics. Also, the likely occurrence of consanguinity in a population with a very particular burial pattern was supported by genetic data. Despite the uniqueness of each necropolis, the global comparison of the five necropolises revealed no significant differences between them, or between ancient and modern populations from the islands. Ancient Balearics showed a similar mtDNA gene pool to Ancient Catalans, had a Near Eastern component, and showed continuity with European populations since at least the Bronze Age.

Conclusion

We characterized five Balearic necropolises in the context of their geographic and cultural characteristics. The similarity between ancient Balearic and ancient Catalan gene pools reinforces their known historic interactions, while the lack of a consistent genetic continuity with Ancient Sardinians suggests that Talaiotic and Nuragic cultures arose in differentiated populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 29:e22883, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering a Chemical Switch into the Light‐driven Proton Pump Proteorhodopsin by Cysteine Mutagenesis and Thiol Modification
Authors: Harder Daniel , Hirschi Stephan , Ucurum Zöhre , Goers Roland , Meier Wolfgang , Müller Daniel J. , Fotiadis Dimitrios
Published: June 2016

For applications in synthetic biology, for example, the bottom‐up assembly of biomolecular nanofactories, modules of specific and controllable functionalities are essential. Of fundamental importance in such systems are energizing modules, which are able to establish an electrochemical gradient across a vesicular membrane as an energy source for powering other modules. Light‐driven proton pumps like proteorhodopsin (PR) are excellent candidates for efficient energy conversion. We have extended the versatility of PR by implementing an on/off switch based on reversible chemical modification of a site‐specifically introduced cysteine residue. The position of this cysteine residue in PR was identified by structure‐based cysteine mutagenesis combined with a proton‐pumping assay using E. coli cells overexpressing PR and PR proteoliposomes. The identified PR mutant represents the first light‐driven proton pump that can be chemically switched on/off depending on the requirements of the molecular system.
Kohlenstoff‐Nanobläschen: Synthese, chemische Funktionalisierung und containerartiges Verhalten in Wasser
Authors: Hofer Corinne J. , Grass Robert N. , Zeltner Martin , Mora Carlos A. , Krumeich Frank , Stark Wendelin J.
Published: June 2016

Dünnwandige hohle Kohlenstoff‐Nanokapseln mit einem hydrophoben Inneren und guten Dispersionseigenschaften in Wasser können in zwei Schritten synthetisiert werden: Erst werden Metallnanopartikel, die mit einigen Schichten graphenartigem Kohlenstoff beschichtet wurden, an deren Außenseite selektiv mit einem kovalent gebundenen hydrophilen Polymer modifiziert. Dann wird der Metallkern durch eine Säurebehandlung bei erhöhter Temperatur entfernt, sodass eine definierte kohlenstoffbasierte Kapsel übrig bleibt. Beladungsversuche mit dem Farbstoff Rhodamin B und mit Doxorubicin zeigen, dass die Nanokapseln gefüllt werden können und der beladene Stoff auch wieder freigesetzt werden kann. Dabei stellt sich ein dynamisches Gleichgewicht ein, bei dem die Rhodamin‐B‐Konzentration in der Kapsel stets höher ist als in der umgebenden Lösung. Das konzentrationsabhängige Füllen und Entleeren der Kapseln zeigt eine ungewöhnliche Hysterese.
GM1‐Gangliosid hemmt die β‐Amyloid‐Oligomerisation, während Sphingomyelin diese initiiert
Authors: Amaro Mariana , Šachl Radek , Aydogan Gokcan , Mikhalyov Ilya I. , Vácha Robert , Hof Martin
Published: June 2016

β‐Amyloid(Aβ)‐Oligomere sind neurotoxisch und werden mit der Alzheimer‐Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass neuronale Plasmamembranen die Entstehung dieser Aβ‐Oligomere im lebenden Organismus verursachen. In Studien unter extremen, unphysiologischen Bedingungen wurde gezeigt, dass die Membrankomponenten Sphingomyelin und Gangliosid‐GM1 die Aggregation von Aβ begünstigen. Hier zeigen wir, dass physiologischen Konzentrationen von GM1‐Molekülen, die in Nanodomänen organisiert sind, die Oligomerisation von Aβ40‐Monomeren nicht begünstigen. Wir zeigen ebenfalls, dass das Lipid Sphingomyelin die Oligomerisation von Aβ40 initiiert und dass GM1 dem entgegenwirkt und somit der Oligomerisation vorbeugt. Die präventive Rolle von GM1 in der Oligomerisation von Aβ40 deutet darauf hin, dass sinkende Konzentrationen von GM1 im Gehirn, welche z. B. während des Altern festgestellt wurden, den Schutz gegen Aβ‐Oligomerisation beeinträchtigen und zur Alzheimer‐Krankheit führen könnten.
Three‐Dimensional Control of DNA Hybridization by Orthogonal Two‐Color Two‐Photon Uncaging
Authors: Fichte Manuela A. H. , Weyel Xenia M. M. , Junek Stephan , Schäfer Florian , Herbivo Cyril , Goeldner Maurice , Specht Alexandre , Wachtveitl Josef , Heckel Alexander
Published: June 2016

We successfully introduced two‐photon‐sensitive photolabile groups ([7‐(diethylamino)coumarin‐4‐yl]methyl and p‐dialkylaminonitrobiphenyl) into DNA strands and demonstrated their suitability for three‐dimensional photorelease. To visualize the uncaging, we used a fluorescence readout based on double‐strand displacement in a hydrogel and in neurons. Orthogonal two‐photon uncaging of the two cages is possible, thus enabling complex scenarios of three‐dimensional control of hybridization with light.
Aerobic Radical‐Cascade Alkylation/Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides: an Efficient Approach to Quaternary Oxindoles
Authors: Biswas Promita , Paul Subhasis , Guin Joyram
Published: June 2016

An efficient method for the aerobic radical‐cascade alkylation/cyclization of α,β‐unsaturated amides to afford functionalized oxindoles with a C3 quaternary stereocenter is described. The process is based on the generation of valuable alkyl radicals through sustainable aerobic C−H activation of aldehydes followed by decarbonylation using O2as the sole oxidant. This method features a broad substrate scope, inexpensive alkyl radical precursors, and convenient reagents. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the synthesis of alkyl analogues of tetrahydrofuranoindoline and (±)‐esermethole.
Mechanistic Characterisation of Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases from the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium fujikuroi
Authors: Burkhardt Immo , Siemon Thomas , Henrot Matthias , Studt Lena , Rösler Sarah , Tudzynski Bettina , Christmann Mathias , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: June 2016

Two sesquiterpene cyclases from Fusarium fujikuroi were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The first enzyme was inactive because of a critical mutation, but activity was restored by sequence correction through site‐directed mutagenesis. The mutated enzyme and two naturally functional homologues from other fusaria converted farnesyl diphosphate into guaia‐6,10(14)‐diene. The second enzyme produced eremophilene. The absolute configuration of guaia‐6,10(14)‐diene was elucidated by enantioselective synthesis, while that of eremophilene was evident from the sign of its optical rotation and is opposite to that in plants but the same as in Sorangium cellulosum. The mechanisms of both terpene cyclases were studied with various 13C‐ and 2H‐labelled FPP isotopomers.
Biaryl formation via Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions using palladium nanoparticle/polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene grafted silica as recyclable and efficient catalyst
Authors: Ghasemi Soheila , Farjadian Fatemeh , Tamami Bahman
Published: June 2016

Palladium nanoparticles supported on polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene grafted silica as an efficient organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst is introduced. Pd0 nanoparticle formation, which is stabilized by the polymeric N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands and ionic liquid units, was confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy images showed microparticles of modified silica while transmission electron microscopy images displayed a fine distribution of Pd nanoparticles. The modified structure was applied successfully in biaryl formation via Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions. Various biaryls were generated through the reaction of phenylboronic acid or tetraphenyltin with a variety of haloarenes via cross‐coupling reactions. This catalyst showed promising activity after being recycled several times. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demographic Change in the Asian Century: Implications for Australia and the Region
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: June 2016

Declining fertility and mortality rates in the second half of the twentieth century have led to the twenty‐first century being characterised as the century of the aging population. Concurrently, the decline in the numbers of young people entering the labour force is exacerbating the problems arising from the aging population. Implications of these trends are analysed for a variety of Asian countries. Labour force growth in India and Pakistan will be sufficient to compensate for the shrinking labour forces in Europe and Asia excluding the massive fall in China; outsourcing labour to South Asia will be an increasing trend in the twenty‐first century. The Asian countries with less problematic demographic structures are instead facing economic challenges and require education and training to improve labour productivity.