bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restricting promotions of ‘less healthy’ foods and beverages by price and location: A big data application of UK Nutrient Profiling Models to a retail product dataset
Authors: Jenneson V. , Greenwood D. C. , Clarke G. P. , Hancock N. , Cade J. E. , Morris M. A.
Published: October 2020

The UK government plans to limit price‐based and location‐based promotions for products high in saturated fat, salt and sugars. The 2004/2005 UK Nutrient Profiling Model (NPM) is the proposed legislative basis, but may be superseded by the draft 2018 NPM. This study develops an algorithm to apply both NPMs to a large food composition database (FCDB), and assesses implementation challenges. UK NPMs were applied algorithmically to the myfood24 FCDB, representing ~45 000 retail products. Pass rates – indicating free or restricted promotions – and micronutrient compositions were compared. Challenges were assessed, and recommendations addressed the legislation’s public consultation questions. For products in scope (75% of total), 6% fewer passed the 2018 NPM (36%, P < 0.001) compared with the 2004/2005 NPM (42%). Beverages showed the greatest reduction in pass rate (75%). Under both models, micronutrient contents (per 100 g of product) were generally lower for products that passed; except folate, vitamin C and vitamin D were no different for passed and failed products. Compared with products passing the 2004/2005 NPM, products passing the 2018 NPM on average had marginally higher amounts of iron (0.05 mg, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.08, P < 0.001) and magnesium (1.00 mg, 95% CI: 0.00, 1.17, P = 0.029), but marginally lower levels of calcium (−0.42 mg, 95% CI: −2.00, −0.40, P = 0.025). Missing ingredient information and heterogeneous product categories were challenges for both NPMs. Free sugars calculation further complicated 2018 NPM application. To balance feasibility and public health benefit, the proposed legislative basis may not be appropriate.
High prevalence of Afro‐Caribbean ethnicity and hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes and end stage renal disease hospitalized with COVID‐19
Authors: Corcillo Antonella , Cohen Siew , Game David , Karalliedde Janaka
Published: October 2020

End stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with a high mortality rate among patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. To the best of our knowledge, there is limited data on the clinical features, ethnicity, inpatient glycaemic control and outcomes in patients with diabetes related ESRD in the literature. We report the clinical features and outcomes of 39 consecutive ESRD patients (28 on haemodialysis [HD] and 11 with renal transplant) secondary to diabetic kidney disease admitted to a university hospital with COVID‐19. We observed a high prevalence of patients of Afro‐Caribbean ethnicity hospitalized with COVID‐19 with a 73% and 54% prevalence in renal transplant and HD groups respectively. The mortality rate of our cohort was 36%. Nearly a one‐third of HD patients and one‐fifth of transplant patients had hypoglycaemic events during COVID‐19 hospitalization. Adjustment of diabetes treatment was frequently required. Our data highlight the importance of integrated multidisciplinary care of patients with diabetes related ESRD hospitalized with COVID‐19.
Casting a wide cross‐species transcriptomics net: convergent evolution of nickel hyperaccumulation
Authors: Clemens Stephan
Published: October 2020

This article is a Commentary on García de la Torre et al. (2021), pp. 994–1006.
Use of a Constrained Acetabular Liner to Prevent and Treat Recurrent Dislocation after Total Hip Replacement Arthroplasty
Authors: Song Joo Hyoun , Kwon Won Hwan , Oh Seung‐Bae , Moon Kyoung Ho
Published: October 2020

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dislocation rate and the risk factors leading to instability after primary and revision total hip replacement arthroplasty (THRA) with constrained acetabular liners (CAL), as well as treatment strategies for prevention of dislocation. From 1999 to 2017, drawing on two institutions' THRA registries, we retrospectively identified 46 THRA cases using a CAL that had been followed up for a minimum of 4 years. The patients comprised 39 women and 7 men, with an average age of 69.1 years (age range, 41–98). Of the 46 patients, CAL were used in 12 patients for prevention of dislocation in primary THRA and in 34 patients for treatment of recurrent dislocation after primary THRA. Clinical and radiological evaluation were performed. We evaluated the failure rate of CAL as well as the risk factors. The 12 patients who used CAL for prevention of dislocation in primary THRA had no dislocation. However, 12 (35%) of the 34 hips had a dislocation after use of CAL in revision THRA. Patients with an abductor muscle weakness grade of ≤3 had a higher rate of dislocation than those with a grade of ≥4 (grade 1; likelihood ratio = ∞, grade 2; likelihood ratio = 1.83, grade 3; likelihood ratio = 1.05, grade 4; likelihood ratio = 0.46, and grade 5; likelihood ratio = 0). The group of primary THRA with CAL had no dislocations, and this is a proper way for prevention of dislocation in high‐risk patients. The group of revision THRA with CAL had a high dislocation rate (35%). Abductor muscle weakness below grade 3 was a risk factor for failure of CAL for hip dislocation. We recommend treating patients with recurrent dislocations with the presence of abductor muscle weakness below grade 3 with not only THRA using CAL but also applying additional abductor muscle reconstruction to reduce the risk of dislocation.
Plant‐made dengue virus‐like particles produced by co‐expression of structural and non‐structural proteins induce a humoral immune response in mice
Authors: Ponndorf Daniel , Meshcheriakova Yulia , Thuenemann Eva C. , Dobon Alonso Albor , Overman Ross , Holton Nicholas , Dowall Stuart , Kennedy Emma , Stocks Martin , Lomonossoff George P. , Peyret Hadrien
Published: October 2020

Dengue virus (DENV) is an emerging threat causing an estimated 390 million infections per year. Dengvaxia, the only licensed vaccine, may not be adequately safe in young and seronegative patients; hence, development of a safer, more effective vaccine is of great public health interest. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are a safe and very efficient vaccine strategy, and DENV VLPs have been produced in various expression systems. Here, we describe the production of DENV VLPs in Nicotiana benthamiana using transient expression. The co‐expression of DENV structural proteins (SP) and a truncated version of the non‐structural proteins (NSPs), lacking NS5 that contains the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, led to the assembly of DENV VLPs in plants. These VLPs were comparable in appearance and size to VLPs produced in mammalian cells. Contrary to data from other expression systems, expression of the protein complex prM‐E was not successful, and strategies used in other expression systems to improve the VLP yield did not result in increased yields in plants but, rather, increased purification difficulties. Immunogenicity assays in BALB/c mice revealed that plant‐made DENV1‐SP + NSP VLPs led to a higher antibody response in mice compared with DENV‐E domain III displayed inside bluetongue virus core‐like particles and a DENV‐E domain III subunit. These results are consistent with the idea that VLPs could be the optimal approach to creating candidate vaccines against enveloped viruses.
Overexpression of the homoterpene synthase gene, OsCYP92C21, increases emissions of volatiles mediating tritrophic interactions in rice
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Lingnan , Zhou Fei , Li Changyan , Ma Weihua , Chen Hao , Wang Guirong , Pickett John A. , Zhou Jing‐Jiang , Lin Yongjun
Published: October 2020

Plant defence homoterpenes can be used to attract pest natural enemies. However, the biosynthetic pathway of homoterpenes is still unknown in rice, and the practical application of such indirect defence systems suffers from inherent limitations due to their low emissions from plants. Here, we demonstrated that the protein OsCYP92C21 is responsible for homoterpene biosynthesis in rice. We also revealed that the ability of rice to produce homoterpenes is dependent on the subcellular precursor pools. By increasing the precursor pools through specifically subcellular targeting expression, genetic transformation and genetic introgression, we significantly enhanced homoterpene biosynthesis in rice. The final introgressed GM rice plants exhibited higher homoterpene emissions than the wild type rice and the highest homoterpene emission reported so far for such GM plants even without the induction of herbivore attack. As a result, these GM rice plants demonstrated strong attractiveness to the parasitic wasp Cotesia chilonis. This study discovered the homoterpene biosynthesis pathway in rice, and lays the foundation for the utilisation of plant indirect defence mechanism in the “push‐pull” strategy of integrated pest management through increasing precursor pools in the subcellular compartments and overexpressing homoterpene synthase by genetic transformation.
Effects of root morphology, respiration and carboxylate exudation on carbon economy in two non‐mycorrhizal lupines under phosphorus deficiency
Authors: Funayama‐Noguchi Sachiko , Shibata Masaru , Noguchi Ko , Terashima Ichiro
Published: October 2020

Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, Lupinus albus develops cluster roots that allow efficient P acquisition, while L. angustifolius without cluster roots also grows well. Both species are non‐mycorrhizal. We quantitatively examined the carbon budgets to investigate the different strategies of these species. Biomass allocation, respiratory rates, protein amounts and carboxylate exudation rates were examined in hydroponically‐grown plants treated with low (1 μM; P1) or high (100 μM; P100) P. At P1, L. albus formed cluster roots, and L. angustifolius increased biomass allocation to the roots. The respiratory rates of the roots were faster in L. albus than in L. angustifolius. The protein amounts of the non‐phosphorylating alternative oxidase and uncoupling protein were greater in the cluster roots of L. albus at P1 than in the roots at P100, but similar between the P treatments in L. angustifolius roots. At P1, L. albus exuded carboxylates at a faster rate than L. angustifolius. The carbon budgets at P1 were surprisingly similar between the two species, which is attributed to the contrasting root growth and development strategies. L. albus developed cluster roots with rapid respiratory and carboxylate exudation rates, while L. angustifolius developed a larger root system with slow respiratory and exudation rates.
Topical rapamycin for acanthosis nigricans in the Fitzpatrick IV/V adolescent population
Authors: Coerdt Kathleen M. , Todd Sarah P. , DeKlotz Cynthia M. C.
Published: October 2020

Dermatologically, FGFR3 mutations can lead to acanthosis nigricans (AN), epidermal nevi, and seborrheic keratosis. A recent case report found that topical rapamycin (sirolimus) can improve FGFR3‐induced epidermal nevi with AN features in children, specifically with Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) I/II, and we would like to expand these findings to skin plaques with extensive AN‐like features in the FST IV/V adolescent population. An 18‐year‐old female with FST IV/V and FGFR3‐induced hypochondroplasia presented to our clinic with extensive AN‐like plaques. Significant improvement with lightening and thinning of the plaques was observed after applying 1% topical rapamycin cream twice daily. Topical rapamycin should be considered as a treatment option for AN, particularly in FST IV/V adolescents with FGFR3‐induced AN.
Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among pediatric patients with hidradenitis suppurativa and the potential role of screening with fecal calprotectin
Authors: Lloyd‐McLennan Allison M. , Ali Sabina , Kittler Nicole W.
Published: October 2020

Background/Objectives

Previous studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in adults with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Whether the same association exists in pediatric patients is unknown. Fecal calprotectin (FC) is used to screen and monitor disease activity in IBD. There are no data on using FC to screen for IBD in pediatric patients with HS. Study objectives include a) assessing the prevalence of IBD among pediatric patients with HS; b) characterizing the IBD phenotype among pediatric patients with HS; and c) describing the use of FC as a screening tool for IBD in this population.

Design/Methods

This retrospective chart review was conducted at a single academic children's hospital. We included patients ≤18 years old diagnosed with HS between 2013 and 2018.

Results

We identified 109 pediatric patients with HS. Six patients (6/109, 5.5%) were diagnosed with IBD, 83.3% (5/6) classified as ulcerative colitis. Almost half (53/109, 48.6%) of HS patients had gastrointestinal symptoms; of those, 11.3% (6/53) were diagnosed with IBD. FC was obtained in 8.3% (9/109) of HS patients overall and 66.7% (4/6) of HS patients diagnosed with IBD. Among patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, FC was obtained in 17.0% (9/53); endoscopy was performed in 24.5% (13/53). FC was elevated in all patients with IBD with an FC level. Of those with elevated FC, 80.0% (4/5) had IBD.

Conclusions

Pediatric HS may be associated with an increased prevalence of IBD suggesting that more widespread screening for IBD may be indicated. FC is infrequently used but may be a useful screening tool.
Confidence of pediatric trainees in dermatologic conditions, preferred learning styles, and suggested improvements to training
Authors: Browne Rachel
Published: October 2020

Dermatological conditions in children often present initially to general pediatricians. Senior pediatric trainees in the UK were surveyed regarding their experience and confidence in diagnosis and management with skin conditions, and their satisfaction with postgraduate training. Confidence was reasonable in common conditions but lower for emergencies, reflecting a lack of exposure, and satisfaction with training was low. On the job learning and clinic attendance were felt to be most beneficial, alongside learning from specialist review, however dermatologists were not found to be accessible. Informal learning methods are key within postgraduate education and educators must maximise learning opportunities. Dermatologists can play a vital role by encouraging trainees to learn from feedback following specialist review.
Metastatic neuroblastoma mimicking an infantile hemangioma
Authors: Chiloeches Fernández Clara , Feito Rodríguez Marta , Rodríguez Bandera Ana , Quintana Castanedo Lucía , Ruiz Bravo Elena , de Lucas Laguna Raúl
Published: October 2020

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor malignancy in the first year of life. We present a rare case of a 5‐month‐old girl with an infraorbital tumor that simulated an infantile hemangioma clinically but was ultimately diagnosed as metastatic neuroblastoma.
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides driven by DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Rubio‐Gonzalez Belen , Frieden Ilona J. , McCalmont Timothy H. , Dorsey Morna , Funk Tracy , Pincus Laura B.
Published: October 2020

DOCK8 immunodeficiency syndrome (DIDS) represents a rare primary immunodeficiency associated with cutaneous viral infections, allergy, and increased risk of malignancy. We report a case of folliculotropic mycosis fungoides with spontaneous resolution occurring in a patient with DIDS.
Angioedema: A potential complication of dupilumab in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Fritz Andrea L. , Lacy Frank A. , Morrell Dean S.
Published: October 2020

Dupilumab is a relatively new and quite effective medication for recalcitrant atopic dermatitis in patients over 6 years of age. Here, we present a 12‐year‐old girl with progressively worsening episodic facial swelling and erythema while treated with dupilumab. This case highlights the possibility of angioedema as an adverse effect of dupilumab treatment.
Kawasaki disease presenting with hoarseness: A multinational study of the REKAMLATINA network
Authors: Gámez‐González Luisa B , Ulloa‐Gutierrez Rolando , Murata Chiharu , Yamazaki‐Nakashimada Marco A , Kim Elissa , Estripeaut Dora , del Águila Olguita , Garrido‐García Luis M , Gómez Virgen , Faugier‐Fuentes Enrique , Miño Greta , Beltrán Sandra , Cofré Fernanda , Chacón‐Cruz Enrique , Saltigeral‐Simental Patricia , Martínez‐Medina Lucila , Tremoulet Adriana H ,   the Kawasaki Disease REKAMLATINA Network, Astigarraga Norma
Published: October 2020

Background

Recently, hoarseness affecting the supraglottic structure has been reported in Kawasaki disease (KD). The objective of this study was to characterize the frequency of hoarseness in acute KD patients in Latin America.

Methods

We used prospective data from the multinational Red de Enfermedad de Kawasaki en America Latina (REKAMLATINA) network. A total of 865 patients from 20 countries were enrolled during the 3 year study period. Data on hoarseness were available in 858 (99.2%) patients. The clinical and laboratory characteristics between hoarse and non‐hoarse KD were compared.

Results

Hoarseness was documented in 100 (11.6%) patients. Hoarse patients were younger than those with KD without hoarseness (median age 18 vs 26 months; P = 0.002) and presented with lower hemoglobin (10.7 g/dL vs 11.3 g/dL; P = 0.040) and hematocrit levels (32% vs 33%, P = 0.048).

Conclusions

Hoarseness was found to be prevalent as a presenting sign of acute KD in younger children. Anemia may indicate the presence of active inflammation.
High‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy: Alternative respiratory therapy for severe post‐transplant hypoxemia in children with hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Hamada Satoshi , Okamoto Tatsuya , Ogawa Eri , Sonoda Mari , Okajima Hideaki , Hirai Toyohiro , Handa Tomohiro , Uemoto Shinji , Chin Kazuo
Published: October 2020

Severe post‐transplant hypoxemia, which is defined as <50 mm Hg of the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen (P/F) ratio, is a major post‐operative complication with high mortality rates in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). Non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation therapy and mechanical ventilation are options for respiratory support of patients with severe post‐transplant hypoxemia. However, these therapies are associated with several problems, such as compliance, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, and lung injury. We here firstly described two children with HPS who developed severe post‐transplant hypoxemia (lowest post‐operative P/F ratio, 49.7 and 34.0 mm Hg, respectively) that was successfully managed with high‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy and vasodilation drugs without adverse complications or necessity of reintubation. We consider that HFNC oxygen therapy could become a safe alternative respiratory therapy or be added to the other such as inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), methylene blue (MB), inhaled epoprostenol, embolization of abnormal pulmonary vessels, and combination of iNO and MB for severe post‐transplant hypoxemia in children with HPS.
Wittgenstein’s Conception of Hypotheses in Chapters XII and XXII of ‘Philosophical Remarks’ and the Function of Language
Authors: Franken Figueiredo Florian
Published: October 2020

In this paper, I explore Wittgenstein’s conception of a hypothesis as articulated in Chapters XII and XXII of ‘Philosophical Remarks’. First, I argue that in Chapter XII, Wittgenstein draws on his account of infinity to begin to challenge the view that all hypotheses can be proven by empirical evidence. I then argue that in Chapter XXII that Wittgenstein sharpens this conception of hypotheses claiming that no hypotheses can be verified. Finally, I suggest that Wittgenstein’s conception of a hypothesis relates to his practical view of how language functions.
Two Brassica napus cultivars differ in gene expression, but not in their response to submergence
Authors: Wittig Philipp R. , Ambros Stefanie , Müller Jana T. , Bammer Bettina , Álvarez‐Cansino Leonor , Konnerup Dennis , Pedersen Ole , Mustroph Angelika
Published: October 2020

Heavy rainfall causes flooding of natural ecosystems as well as farmland, negatively affecting plant performance. While the responses of the wild model organism Arabidopsis thaliana to such stress conditions is well understood, little is known about the responses of its relative, the important oil crop plant Brassica napus. For the first time, we analyzed the molecular response of Brassica napus seedlings to full submergence in a natural light–dark cycle. We used two cultivars in this study, a European hybrid cultivar and an Asian flood‐tolerant cultivar. Despite their genomic differences, those genotypes showed no major differences in their responses to submergence. The molecular responses to submergence included the induction of defense‐ and hormone‐related pathways and the repression of biosynthetic processes. Furthermore, RNAseq revealed a strong carbohydrate‐starvation response under submergence in daylight, which corresponded with a fast depletion of sugars. Consequently, both B. napus cultivars exhibited a strong growth repression under water, but there was no indication of a low‐oxygen response. The ability of the European hybrid cultivar to form a short‐lived leaf gas film neither increased underwater net photosynthesis, underwater dark respiration nor growth during submergence. Due to the high sensitivity of both cultivars, the analysis of other cultivars or related species with higher submergence tolerance is required in order to improve flood tolerance of this crop species. One major target could be the improvement of underwater photosynthesis efficiency in order to enhance submergence survival.
Donald Trump and the Parties: Impeachment, Pandemic, Protest, and Electoral Politics in 2020
Authors: Jacobson Gary C.
Published: October 2020

To varying degrees, every postwar president has influenced opinions of, beliefs about, identification with, and voting for the president's party—just as partisanship has affected opinions of every president. During his three‐plus years in office, Donald Trump has had a stronger impact on public reaction to his party—and partisan priors have had a stronger impact on opinions of him—than any of his predecessors. This article reviews a selection of the evidence for this conclusion, considers why it pertains, and examines how attitudes toward the president and the parties have shaped and been shaped by reactions to signal events of Trump's presidency: his impeachment and acquittal, the coronavirus crisis, and the protests against racial injustice. It also considers Trump's past and prospective influence on the electoral fates of down‐ballot candidates and his longer‐term impact on the party coalitions.
Unmet Promises: Diminishing Confidence in Education Among College‐Educated Adults from 1973 to 2018
Authors: Miner Michael A.
Published: October 2020

Objective

This article asks: Does experience with education undermine confidence in the institution? If so, has this changed over time?

Method

This study uses mixed effects binary logistic regression on the General Social Survey (1973–2018).

Results

Confidence in the institution of education has declined over time. Those with a college degree are less confident in education and their confidence is diminishing over time. By 2018, those with a college degree indicated the lowest levels of confidence in education since 1973. These changes are distinct from general trends in institutional confidence. In fact, higher education is typically associated with more confidence in social institutions.

Conclusion

These trends likely reflect the shifting rhetoric around the purpose and function of college education as well as the changing economic landscape of higher education. By focusing on long‐term changes to a key symbolic impact of higher education (i.e., public confidence in education), findings add to the existing literature on the material benefits and consequences of attaining a college degree.
Racial differences in attitudes to clinical pig organ Xenotransplantation
Authors: Padilla Luz A. , Hurst Daniel J. , Jang Kyeonghee , Rosales Johanna R. , Sorabella Robert A. , Cleveland David C. , Dabal Robert J. , Cooper David K. , Carlo Waldemar F. , Paris Wayne
Published: October 2020

Introduction

In addition to an organ donor shortage, racial disparities exist at different stages of the transplantation process. Xenotransplantation (XTx) could alleviate these issues. This study describes racial differences in attitudes to XTx among populations who may need a transplant or are transplant recipients.

Methods

A Likert‐scale survey was distributed at outpatient clinics to parents of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and kidney patients on their attitudes to pig organ XTx. Data from these two groups were stratified by race and compared.

Results

Ninety‐seven parents of children with CHD (74.2% White and 25.8% Black) and 148 kidney patients (50% White and 50% Black) responded to our survey. Black kidney patients’ acceptance of XTx although high (70%) was lower than White kidney patients (91%; P .003). White kidney patients were more likely to accept XTx if results are similar to allotransplantation (OR 4.14; 95% CI 4.51‐11.41), and less likely to be concerned with psychosocial changes when compared to Black kidney patients (receiving a pig organ would change your personality OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01‐0.67 and would change social interaction OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.07‐0.78). There were no racial differences in attitudes to XTx among parents of children with CHD.

Conclusion

There are differences in attitudes to XTx particularly among Black kidney patients. Because kidneys may be the first organ for clinical trials of XTx, future studies that decrease scientific mistrust and XTx concerns among the Black community are needed to prevent disparities in uptake of possible future organ transplant alternatives.
Phylogeny of Veneridae (Bivalvia) based on mitochondrial genomes
Authors: Wang Yu , Yang Yi , Liu Hongyue , Kong Lingfeng , Yu Hong , Liu Shikai , Li Qi
Published: October 2020

Veneridae is one of the most diverse families of bivalve molluscs. However, their phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies have been debated for years. To explore phylogenetic relationships of Veneridae, we sequenced 13 complete mitochondrial genome sequences from eight subfamilies and compared with available complete mitochondrial genome of other Veneridae taxa (18 previously reported sequences). Phylogenetic analyses using probabilistic methods recovered two highly supported clades. In addition, the protein‐coding gene order revealed a highly conserved pattern among the same subclade lineages. According to our molecular analyses, Tapetinae should be recognized as a valid subfamily, but the genera formed para‐polyphyletic clades. Chioninae was recovered not monophyletic that differs from a previously molecular phylogeny. Furthermore, the reconstructed chronogram calibrated with fossils recovered the Veneridae have originated during the early Permian (about 290 million years ago). Noticeably, programmed frameshift was found in the nad4 gene of Leukoma jedoensis, Anomalodiscus squamosus and Antigona lamellaris and cob gene of L. jedoensis. This is the first time that the presence of the programmed frameshift has been found in the protein‐coding genes of Heterodonta species. Our results improved the phylogenetic resolution within Veneridae, and a more taxonomic sampling analysis of the subfamily Chioninae is supposed to construct.
Phylogenetic status and historical origins of the oviparous and viviparous gyrodactylids (Monogenoidea, Gyrodactylidea)
Authors: Boeger Walter A. , Kritsky Delane C. , Patella Luciana , Bueno‐Silva Marlus
Published: October 2020

Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the 18S rDNA and MT‐CO2 gene fragments indicated that the oviparous and viviparous gyrodactylid‐like monogenoids formed independent monophyletic clades within the Order Gyrodactylidea, supporting the reinstatement of the Oogyrodactylidae and limiting the Gyrodactylidae to the viviparous species. Analyses further indicated that the clade comprising the two families shared a common ancestor with the Udonellidae. Two clades, that of Aglaiogyrodactylus and that of Phanerothecium, were identified within the Oogyrodactylidae, while Onychogyrodactylus was shown to be polyphyletic and Oogyrodactylus basal within the family. One putative synapomorphy was identified for the Oogyrodactylidae, that is presence of a massive Mehlis’ gland. The Gyrodactylidae was limited to species having a viviparous mode of reproduction, although relationships within the family were generally poorly resolved. Several putative synapomorphies were found for the Gyrodactylidae, including viviparity and protogyny, a bulbous and armed MCO, absence of a vitellarium, and presence of a knob‐like deep anchor root (Fig. 3e). Ultrametric analyses suggested that the initial divergence of the clade of the gyrodactylid‐like monogenoids and Udonellidae occurred about 335 mya (based on the 18S rDNA fragment) and about 400 mya (based on the MT‐CO2 gene fragment). Using the 18S rDNA fragment and three calibration points, ultrametric analyses indicated that the Gyrodactylidae and Oogyrodactylidae diverged at approximately 278 mya, with initial diversification within the Gyrodactylidae (about 211 mya) occurring earlier than that of the Oogyrodactylidae (about 133 mya), the latter coinciding with the breakup of Gondwana and the initial diversification of the armoured catfishes (Loricariidae). Finally, diagnoses were provided for the Gyrodactylidae and Oogyrodactylidae along with a list of genera assigned to each family.
Selection underlies phenotypic divergence in the insular Azores woodpigeon
Authors: Andrade Pedro , Cataldo Daniele , Fontaine Rémi , Rodrigues Tiago M. , Queirós João , Neves Verónica , Fonseca Amélia , Carneiro Miguel , Gonçalves David
Published: October 2020

The study of phenotypic evolution in island birds following colonization is a classic topic in island biogeography. However, few studies explicitly test for the role of selection in shaping trait evolution in these taxa. Here, we studied the Azores woodpigeon (Columba palumbus azorica) to investigate differences between island and mainland populations, between females and males, and interactions between geographical origin and sex, by using spectrophotometry to quantify plumage colour and linear measurements to examine external and skeletal morphology. We further tested if selection explains the observed patterns by comparing phenotypic differentiation to genome‐wide neutral differentiation. Our findings are consistent with several predictions of morphological evolution in island birds, namely differences in bill, flight and leg morphology and coloration differences between island and mainland birds. Interestingly, some plumage and morphological traits that differ between females and males respond differently according to geographical origin. Sexual dimorphism in colour saturation is more pronounced in the mainland, but this is driven by selection on female plumage coloration. Differences in flight morphology between females and males are also more pronounced in the mainland, possibly to accommodate contrasting pressures between migration and flight displays. Overall, our results suggest that phenotypic differentiation between mainland and island populations leading to divergent sexual dimorphism patterns can arise from selection acting on both females and males on traits that are likely under the influence of natural and sexual selection.
Negative friction memory induces persistent motion
Authors: Mitterwallner Bernhard G. , Lavacchi Laura , Netz Roland R.
Published: October 2020

We investigate the mean-square displacement (MSD) for random motion governed by the generalized Langevin equation for memory functions that contain two different time scales: In the first model, the memory kernel consists of a delta peak and a single-exponential and in the second model of the sum of two exponentials. In particular, we investigate the scenario where the long-time exponential kernel contribution is negative. The competition between positive and negative friction memory contributions produces an enhanced transient persistent regime in the MSD, which is relevant for biological motility and active matter systems.

Graphical abstract
PIXE analysis of concrete composition in a research reactor facility under decommissioning
Authors: Hagura N. , Kashimata K. , Mochiki K. , Oguri Y.
Published: October 2020

This study conducted an evaluation of elemental composition of concrete in an old nuclear reactor facility using the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. Given that the physical volume of the concrete is huge, easy, and quick analysis of many samples via the PIXE method can expedite the decommissioning work. The result of this study confirmed that it is possible to use the PIXE method for detecting light and medium-heavy elements (from Na to Fe) in concrete without the complicated chemical treatment. Some of these elements contain parent nuclides of Na-24, Al-28, and Fe-55, which are dominant components with residual radioactivity for a period of up to 10 years after facility shutdown.
Operations Research/Management Science Research in Europe: A Bibliometric Overview
Authors: Bilir Canser , Güngör Cengiz , Kökalan Özgür
Published: October 2020

This paper provides a bibliometric analysis of the articles in the field of operations research or management science (OR/MS) published in the years 1980–2018 by European researchers. The analysis’s objective is to identify and examine the current state of OR/MS studies in Europe, which publishes about 38% of the papers published worldwide. The analysis was based on the data from the Web of Science (WoS) databases. We found a total of 65,352 papers in 148 different journals in the OR/MS field. The results provide a general picture of the studies, which are classified according to the most influential authors, institutions, papers, and journals. The study revealed that the ratio of OR/MS studies having at least one European author has steadily increased over the decades from 28.27% in the 1980 s to 41.29% in the 2010 s. The analysis also provides citation statistics of the European OR/MS articles. The study concluded that the impact of European publications is less than the impact of U.S. publications. The bibliometric analysis of the studies showed that only a small portion of the countries/regions, institutions, and even authors published a substantial portion of the papers, as indicated by the Pareto rule. The research trends have been identified through an analysis of keyword usage over the years. In keyword analysis, which subcategories are studied together is also identified. In the paper, collaboration among countries and institutions is also identified and depicted by using VOS viewer.
Unsteady 2D and 3D Navier-Stokes Solver with Application of Multigrid Scheme to Pressure Poisson Fractional Step on Arbitrary Unstructured Grids in Various Applications with Emphasis on Ship Motion
Authors: Pourmostafa Mehdi , Ghadimi Parviz
Published: October 2020

A 3D unsteady computer solver is presented to compute incompressible Navier-Stokes equations combined with the volume of fraction (VOF) method on an arbitrary unstructured domain. This is done to simulate fluid flows in various applications, especially around a marine vessel. The Navier-Stokes solver is based on the fractional steps method coupled with a finite volume scheme and collocated grids by which velocity components and pressure fields are defined at the center of the control volume. However, the fluxes are defined at the midpoint on their corresponding cell faces. On the other hand, the CICSAM (Compressive Interface Capturing Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes) scheme is applied to capture the free surface. In the presented fractional step method, the pressure Poisson equation suffers from poor convergence rate by simple iterative methods like Successive Overrelaxation (SOR), especially in simulating complex geometrics like a ship with appendages. Therefore, to accelerate the convergence rate, an agglomeration multigrid method is applied on arbitrary moving mesh for solving pressure Poisson equation with two well-known cycles, V and W. In order to maintain accuracy, the geometry details should not change in grid coarsening procedure. Therefore, the boundary faces are assumed to be fixed in all grids level. This assumption requires nonstandard cells in coarsening procedures. To investigate the performance of the applied algorithm, various flows including one and two-phase flows are studied in two and three dimensions. It is found that the multigrid method can speed up the convergence rate of fractional step twofold. In most cases (not all), W cycle displays better performance. It is also concluded that the efficiency of the cycle depends on the number of meshes and complexity of the problem and this is mainly due to the data transferring between grids. Therefore, the type of cycle should be selected judiciously and carefully, while considering the mesh size and flow properties.
A Five‐Gene Signature for Recurrence Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Wang Zeyu , Zhang Ningning , Lv Jiayu , Ma Cuihua , Gu Jie , Du Yawei , Qiu Yibo , Zhang Zhiguang , Li Man , Jiang Yong , Zhao Jianqiu , Du Huiqin , Zhang Zhiwei , Lu Wei , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2020

Background. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with poor prognosis. There are many selectable treatments with good prognosis in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer‐ (BCLC‐) 0, A, and B HCC patients, but the most crucial factor affecting survival is the high recurrence rate after treatments. Therefore, it is of great significance to predict the recurrence of BCLC‐0, BCLC‐A, and BCLC‐B HCC patients. Aim. To develop a gene signature to enhance the prediction of recurrence among HCC patients. Materials and Methods. The RNA expression data and clinical data of HCC patients were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Univariate Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were conducted to screen primarily prognostic biomarkers in GSE14520. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was introduced to verify the prognostic role of these genes. Ultimately, 5 genes were demonstrated to be related with the recurrence of HCC patients and a gene signature was established. GSE76427 was adopted to further verify the accuracy of gene signature. Subsequently, a nomogram based on gene signature was performed to predict recurrence. Gene functional enrichment analysis was conducted to investigate the potential biological processes and pathways. Results. We identified a five‐gene signature which performs a powerful predictive ability in HCC patients. In the training set of GSE14520, area under the curve (AUC) for the five‐gene predictive signature of 1, 2, and 3 years were 0.813, 0.786, and 0.766. Then, the relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves of five‐gene predictive signature were verified in the GSE14520 validation set, the whole GSE14520, and GSE76427, showed good performance. A nomogram comprising the five‐gene signature was built so as to show a good accuracy for predicting recurrence‐free survival of HCC patients. Conclusion. The novel five‐gene signature showed potential feasibility of recurrence prediction for early‐stage HCC.
Can Mobile Videocall Assist Laypersons’ Use of Automated External Defibrillators? A Randomized Simulation Study and Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Bang Jun Young , Cho Youngsuk , Cho Gyu Chong , Lee Jongshill , Kim In Young
Published: October 2020

Background and Importance. The rate of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has increased rapidly in the past 10 years. However, laypersons’ use of automated external defibrillator (AED) is still low in comparison with bystander CPR. Objective. To investigate the feasibility of mobile videocall guidance to facilitate AED use by laypersons. Design, setting, and participants. A total of 90 laypersons were randomized into three groups: the mobile video call‐guided, voice call‐guided, and non‐guided groups. Participants were exposed to simulated cardiac arrest to use an AED, and guided by video calls, voice calls, or were not guided. We recorded the simulation experiments as a videoclip, and other researchers who were blinded to the simulation assessed the performance according to the prespecified checklist after simulations. Outcomes measure and analysis. We compared the performance score and time intervals from AED arrival to defibrillation among the three groups and analyzed the common errors. Results. There was no significant difference among the three groups in terms of baseline characteristics. Performance scores in the checklist for using AED were higher in the mobile video call‐guided group, especially in the category of “Power on AED” and “Correctly attaches pads” than in the other groups. However, the time interval to defibrillation was significantly longer in the mobile video call‐guided group. Conclusions. Mobile video call guidance might be an alternative method to facilitate AED use by laypersons. Therefore, further well‐designed research is needed to evaluate the feasibility of this approach in OHCA.
The Value of Enhanced MR Radiomics in Estimating the IDH1 Genotype in High‐Grade Gliomas
Authors: Niu Lei , Feng Wei-hua , Duan Chong-feng , Liu Ying-chao , Liu Ji-hua , Liu Xue-jun
Published: October 2020

Background. The prognosis of IDH1‐mutant glioma is significantly better than that of wild‐type glioma, and the preoperative identification of IDH mutations in glioma is essential for the formulation of surgical procedures and prognostic assessment. Purpose. To explore the value of a radiomic model based on preoperative‐enhanced MR images in the assessment of the IDH1 genotype in high‐grade glioma. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on 182 patients with high‐grade glioma confirmed by surgical pathology between December 2012 and January 2019 in our hospital with complete preoperative brain‐enhanced MR images, including 79 patients with an IDH1 mutation (45 patients with WHO grade III and 34 patients with WHO grade IV) and 103 patients with wild‐type IDH1 (33 patients with WHO grade III and 70 patients with WHO grade IV). Patients were divided into a primary dataset and a validation dataset at a ratio of 7 : 3 using a stratified random sampling; radiomic features were extracted using A.K. (Analysis Kit, GE Healthcare) software and were initially reduced using the Kruskal‐Wallis and Spearman analyses. Lasso was finally conducted to obtain the optimized subset of the feature to build the radiomic model, and the model was then tested with cross‐validation. ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of the model. Results. The radiomic model showed good discrimination in both the primary dataset (AUC = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.754 to 0.855, ACC = 0.798, sensitivity = 85.5%, specificity = 75.4%, positive predictive value = 0.734, and negative predictive value = 0.867) and the validation dataset (AUC = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.690 to 0.913, ACC = 0.789, sensitivity = 91.3%, specificity = 69.0%, positive predictive value = 0.700, and negative predictive value = 0.909). Conclusion. The radiomic model, based on the preoperative‐enhanced MR, can effectively predict the IDH1 genotype in high‐grade glioma.
Reliable Positioning Algorithm Using Two-Stage Adaptive Filtering in GPS-Denied Environments
Authors: Song Xiang , Che Xiaoyu , Jiang Huilin , Wu Wei
Published: October 2020

To overcome the disadvantages of RFID application for outdoor vehicle positioning in completely GPS-denied environment, a fusion vehicle positioning strategy based on the integration of RFID and in-vehicle sensors is proposed. To obtain higher performance, both preliminary and fusion positioning algorithms are studied. First, the algorithm for preliminary positioning is developed in which only RFID is adopted. In the algorithm, through using the received signal strength, range from RFID tags to the reader is estimated by implementing the extreme learning machine algorithm, and then, the first-level adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) which can accommodate the uncertainties in the observation noise description of RFID is employed to compute the vehicle’s location. Further, to compensate the deficiencies of preliminary positioning, the in-vehicle sensors are introduced to fuse with RFID. The second-level adaptive decentralized information filtering (ADIF) is designed to achieve fusion. In the implementation process of ADIF, the improved vehicle motion model is established to accurately describe the motion of the vehicle. To isolate the RFID failure and fuse multiple observation sources with different sample rates, instead of the centralized EKF, the decentralized architecture is employed. Meanwhile, the adaptive rule is designed to judge the effectiveness of preliminary positioning result, deciding whether to exclude RFID observations. Finally, the proposed strategy is verified through field tests. The results validate that the proposed strategy has higher accuracy and reliability than traditional methods.
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Protective Mechanism of Glycyrrhinic Acid for Deoxynivalenol-Induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in IPEC-J2 Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaoxiang , Yan Guorong , Chang Juan , Wang Ping , Yin Qingqiang , Liu Chaoqi , Zhu Qun , Lu Fushan
Published: October 2020

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin that frequently contaminates human food and animal feed, resulting in intestinal diseases and systemic immunosuppression. Glycyrrhinic acid (GA) exhibits various pharmacological activities. To investigate the protective mechanism of GA for DON-induced inflammation and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells, RNA-seq analysis was used in the current study. The IPEC-J2 cells were treated with the control group (CON), 0.5 μg/mL DON, 400 μg/mL GA, and 400 μg/mL GA+0.5 μg/mL DON (GAD) for 6 h. Results showed that 0.5 μg/mL DON exposure for 6 h could induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. GA addition could specifically promote the proliferation of DON-induced IPEC-J2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, GA addition significantly increased Bcl-2 gene expression (

P
<
0.05

) and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities (

P
<
0.01

) and decreased lactate dehydrogenase release, the contents of malonaldehyde, IL-8, and NF-κB (

P
<
0.05

), the relative mRNA abundances of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, COX-2, NF-κB, Bax, and caspase 3 (

P
<
0.01

), and the protein expressions of Bax and TNF-α. Moreover, a total of 1576, 289, 1398, and 154 differentially expressed genes were identified in CON vs. DON, CON vs. GA, CON vs. GAD, and DON vs. GAD, respectively. Transcriptome analysis revealed that MAPK, TNF, and NF-κB signaling pathways and some chemokines played significant roles in the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis induced by DON. GA may alleviate DON cytotoxicity via the TNF signaling pathway by downregulating IL-15, CCL5, and other gene expressions. These results indicated that GA could alleviate DON-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via the TNF signaling pathway in IPEC-J2 cells.
Inequalities of Hardy Type via Superquadratic Functions with General Kernels and Measures for Several Variables on Time Scales
Authors: Rezk H. M. , Abd El-Hamid H. A. , Ahmed A. M. , AlNemer Ghada , Zakarya M.
Published: October 2020

We use the properties of superquadratic functions to produce various improvements and popularizations on time scales of the Hardy form inequalities and their converses. Also, we include various examples and interpretations of the disparities in the literature that exist. In particular, our findings can be seen as refinements of some recent results closely linked to the time-scale inequalities of the classical Hardy, Pólya-Knopp, and Hardy-Hilbert. Some continuous inequalities are derived from the main results as special cases. The essential results will be proved by making use of some algebraic inequalities such as the Minkowski inequality, the refined Jensen inequality, and the Bernoulli inequality on time scales.