bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural Features of the Bovine Cecal Mucosa
Authors: Maala C. P. , Cummings J. F.
Published: June 2007

The cecal surface epithelium of cattle was lined entirely by columnar cells except near the openings of the glands where a few partially depleted goblet cells were encountered. Surface columnar cells with pale cytoplasm, indented (sometimes dome‐shaped) apical border and irregular microvilli, were also found near the gland orifices. Surface columnar cells ‐near the openings of the glands contained large cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomal‐like bodies. Near the extrusion zone, however, the columnar cells contained highly indented and apically displaced nuclei. The glands were usually long and straight and lined by an epithelium concisting mainly of undifferentiated and goblet cells. There were few entero‐endocrine and non‐epithelial cells (intra‐epithelial lymphocytes and globule leukocytes). Paneth cells were absent.

The undifferentiated cells contained many free ribosomes and apical secretory granules. Some of these cells were undergoing mitotic division. Goblet cells exhibited a typical brandy‐glass appearance and showed dark and light mucigenous granules. Endocrine cells with polymorphic secretory granules and cells with more uniform secretory granules were identified in the basal part of the epithelium. Globule leukocytes and intra‐epithelial lymphocytes were usually encountered near the basal part of the epithelium.

The lamina propria was highly cellular. It contained many plasma cells, mast cells and small lymphocytes, and few eosinophils, neutrophils and globule leukocytes. Some of the plasma cells contained large, dense Russell bodies within the cisternae of the rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The neutrophils displayed distinct populations of small and large cytoplasmic granules. Some of the eosinophilic granules showed narrow crystalline cores. Large lymphocytes were found in the lamina propria, but occurred less frequently than small lymphocytes.
Variations of the Dorsal Intercostal Arteries in the Ox (Bos taurus)
Authors: Gloobe H.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the origin of the dorsal intercostal arteries of 24 young male and female Zebu cattle in Costa Rica. Percentages of the various patterns are given. Their possible significance is given.
Contribution to the Paranasal Sinuses of the One Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Ahmed A. S. , Shokry M. , El‐Keiey M.
Published: June 2007

A gross anatomic and radiological examination of the paranasal sinuses of the camel is described. Radiological examination was enhanced through the use of a barium sulphate paste.
On the Regional Histology of the Ductus Epididymidis in the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Abdou M. S. S. , Moussa M. H. G. , Ragab R. S. A. , El‐Menoufy A. A.
Published: June 2007

A study of the histology of the epididymis of seventeen adult buffalo bulls ranging from 2 to 4 years of age was carried out. Tissues were collected at slaughter, fixed in formalin and paraffin sectioned. The histologic structure of 8 regions of the epididymis is described, and compared with descriptions of the epididymis of other species.
The Arterial Supply of the Female Reproductive System in the Hamster
Authors: Ogura A. , Nishida T. , Mochizuki K.
Published: June 2007

The arterial supply to the pelvis and female reproductive system was studied in 54 hamsters of the CBN, APG and ACN strains, 3 rats of the Wistar strain and 3 mice of the ICR strain. All animals were prepared by intravascular injection of a mixture of barium and red latex for gross dissection and radiographic examination. The vascular patterns of the three strains of hamsters were compared with each other and with those of rats and mice. The possible reasons for variations within and between species are discussed.
Ossification of the Atlas‐Axis Complex in the Dog*
Authors: Watson A. G. , Evans H. E. , de Lahunta A.
Published: June 2007

Skeleton preparations of 200 Beagles of known age, ranging from embryos at 28 days of age to 10 year old adults were studied. Preparations of gross specimens were examined with the aid of Alizarin red staining, binocular dissection and histological sections. Ossification centers for the components of the atlas and axis were identified and followed to their fusion. The developmental ossification sequence for these bones is described and compared with that of other similar studies in other species.
Histological and Histochemical Characterization of the Bovine Rete Ovarii through the Estrous Cycle and Gestation
Authors: Wenzel J. G. W. , Odend'hal S. , Player E. C.
Published: June 2007

The rete ovarii of cattle may be morphologically divided into the intraovarian rete, the connecting rete, and the extraovarian rete. The connecting rete may be subdivided into that portion which lies within the ovary proper and that portion that lies in the mesovarium. The portion of the connecting rete which lies in the mesovarium is connected to the infundibulum of the uterine tube by a patent tubo‐retial communication.

Mitotic figures were observed in the epithelial cells of the rete ovarii during estrus, during metestrus, following superovulation, and in association with the cystadenomatous change which was observed in one ovary of an estrus cow. The epithelial lining of microcysts appeared to proliferate and produce material which filled the cysts. The occurrence of vesicles in the retial epithelium appeared more commonly during diestrus and gestation. The greatest amount of cells, cellular debris and amorphous luminal material was observed during anestrus, diestrus and gestation.
Postnatal Development of the Stomach in the Japanese Field Vole, Microtus montebelli
Authors: Kobaru Y. , Kitamura N. , Yamada J. , Yamashita T.
Published: June 2007

The postnatal development of the stomach in the Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli, were studied with the light and scanning electron microscopes.

Three kinds of cells constituting the fundic glands, that is, mucous neck cells, parietal cells and chief cells were distinguished clearly by light microscopy to have been differentiated around 14 days old. At 4 days old, the structure of pyloric glands was similar to that of adult stage. The investigation on the development of esophageal sac, fundic stomach and pyloric stomach was made by measuring each area of the vertical section. The fundic stomach grew more rapidly than the esophageal sac and pyloric stomach. The ratio of esophageal sac to fundic stomach and pyloric stomach in the area was about 1.5: 2: 1 at 20 days old.

In the fundic glands, 5‐hydroxytriptamine (5‐HT)‐ and somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells appeared first at 6 days old and at birth, respectively and in the pyloric glands, gastrin‐, 5‐HT‐ and somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells appeared at 19th day fetus. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells showed a rapid increase in the pyloric glands after birth. The distribution and frequency of endocrine cells were similar to that of adult at about 20 days old.

The fimbria showed bank‐like appearance at the beginning and thereafter they showed the process‐like structure. The fimbria in both the appearance and the length at 60 days old was similar to that of adult stage.

As a whole, the stomach of the field vole seemed to became mature at 20 days old in the aspects of gastric endocrine cells and morphology of gastric wall, although the fimbria formation was not accomplished at the same period.
Comparative Histology of the Kidney of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Cattle
Authors: Mbassa Gabriel Kihanda
Published: June 2007

Twenty‐six kidneys of 2–4 years old Bos indicus (zebu cattle) and twenty kidneys of 4‐year old Bos taurus were examined under the light microscope. The renal tubular epithelial heights and diameters were smaller in zebu than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus kidney had fewer vascular bundles in the outer medullary zone and a smaller number of capillaries per vascular bundle, hence a lower renal blood flow than in Bos taurus. The Bos indicus proximal tubules had broader brush borders than those of Bos taurus. The smaller renal corpuscles with smaller glomerular filtration surface and low renal blood flow are responsible for low glomerular filtration rate and urinary flow, enabling their kidneys to retain more water than those of Bos taurus.
Efficiency of Phenoxyethanol at Removing Formaldehyde from Immersion Fixed Muscle Tissue*
Authors: Rumph P. F. , Williams J. C.
Published: June 2007

The propensities of several fluids for extracting formaldehyde from fixed muscle tissue were compared. Following formalin fixation, similar samples of muscle tissue were immersed in solutions of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% phenoxyethanol, 40% ethanol, 25% ethylene glycol or water. Following storage periods of 4, 25, 50 or 100 days, the formaldehyde content of the fluids was determined by sodium sulfite titration. The solution containing 40% ethanol was clearly superior to the others. Solutions containing 2% or 4% phenoxyethanol were least effective and there was a significant inverse linear relationship between the concentration of phenoxyethanol and amount of formaldehyde extracted. This suggests that phenoxyethanol decreases the ability of water to extract formaldehyde from fixed tissues.
The Shield of the Domestic Boar (Sus scrofa L.): Its Gross Anatomy, Histology and Possible Function
Authors: McCarthy P. H. , Howlett C. R.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the shield of the boar and its position in relation to the subcutaneous or superficial fascia. The histology of the shield is contrasted with that of the cutis of the same superficial regions of the body of the 9‐month‐old boar and in the light of these findings and the known social behaviour of adult boars, the possible function of the shield is discussed.
Lymphsystem und Lymphdrainage im Hoden des Pekingerpels (Anas platyrhynchos, L.)
Authors: Kremer A. , Budras K.‐D.
Published: June 2007

Lymph system and lymphatic drainage in the testis of the Peking drake (Anas platyrhynchos, L.)

After perfusion fixation the lymph vascular system can be distinguished sharply from the blood vascular system because the formation of lymph proteins is a reliable distinguishing criterion. Prelymphatic spaces without endothelial lining among seminiferous tubules partially communicate with lymph capillaries that are continuous with lymph sinusoids. Lymphatic vessels whose walls as yet contain no muscle are already present between the seminiferous tubules. The lymph then flows to the tunica albuginea in which it was possible to demonstrate, by injection of Prussian Blue, an narrow‐mesh lymphatic network. Collecting vessels converge on the hilus and carry the lymph to the thoracoabdominal trunk. Right and left trunks, singly or after joining, enter the blood vascular system close to the left angle of veins.
Estudio Estructural y Ultraestructural del Parenquima Renal Hematopoyetico en la Tenca (Tinca tinca, L.)
Authors: Roncero V. , Gazquez A. , Redondo E. , Moyano M. C. , Duran E.
Published: June 2007

Light‐ and ultrastructural study of the renal hemopoietic cells of the Tenca (Tincca tinca, L.)

A study of the renal hemopoietic cells was carried out in 63 adult Tenca's, captured from their natural environment. The hemopoietic tissues of the Tenca is located in the intertuberal tissues of the kidney. The basic structure of these tissues is similar to that of the red bone marrow of mammals. The morphology of individual cellular elements (erythrocytes, thrombocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages) are described. Light microscopy, using hematoxylin and eosin, P. AS. and Prussian Asure stains and transmission electron microscopy were used to study these cells.
Arterial Blood Supply to the Stomach of the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
Authors: Bisaillon A. , Grenier A. , Bousquet R.
Published: June 2007

The vascularization of the stomach of the muskrat is provided by the celiac artery and its three branches, the splenic, the hepatic and the left gastric artery. Of these, the left gastric vessel constitutes the main blood supply to the organ. Its two terminal branches supply the body of the stomach, forming a rich vascular network for the glandular region of the organ. The other regions of the stomach, the fundus and the pyloric part are poorly vascularized.
Das Rete mirabile der Arteria maxillaris des Löwen (Panthera leo, L. 1758)
Authors: Frackowiak H.
Published: June 2007

The rete mirabile of the maxillary artery of the lion (Panthera leo, L. 1758)

Seventeen lion heads were examined. Their arteries were injected with colored supervinylchloride (dissolved in aceton) after which the heads were macerated biologically.

The rete mirabile of the maxillary artery was located extracranially and was formed by numerous arteries that arose from the dorsal and medial surfaces of the maxillary artery. The rete released branches (Rami retis) which entered the cranial cavity through the orbital fissure where they anastomosed with the intracranial segment of the internal carotid artery. The extracranial portion of the internal carotid was found to be obliterated.

Some other arteries leaving the rete anastomosed with the internal ophthalmic artery before it entered the optic canal.

The following further arteries left the rete: A. ethmoidalis externa, A. ophthalmica externa, Rami musculares and Ramus pterygoideus.

The rete mirabile of the maxillary artery in the lion provides the principal source of the blood for the brain; it also supplies the orbit.
Arthrographic Observations of the Equine Distal Interphalangeal Joint (Articulationes Interphalangeae Distalis Manus) and Navicular Bursa (Bursa Podotrochlearis)
Authors: Jann H. , Henry G. , Berry A. , Cash L.
Published: June 2007

Twenty cadaver limbs of adult horses were examined by arthrographic examination of the distal interphalangeal joint. The joint capsule and space is described. Comparison is made with existing descriptions.
Die hinfällige Hufkapsel (Capsula ungulae decidua) des Pferdefetus und neugeborenen Fohlens*
Authors: Bragulla H.
Published: June 2007

The Deciduous Hoof Capsule (Capsula ungulae decidua) of the Equine Fetus and Newborn Foal.

The term Eponychium is used to describe the deciduous hoof capsule in veterinary‐medical and embryological literature. In other aspects of veterinary medicine, the term is generally reserved for the perioplic corium of the permanent hoof. In order to clarify this double usage, the structure and origin of the hoof epidermis from 10 equine fetus at different stages of development and 4 newborn foals were investigated and described using light microscopical techniques. Epidermal tubules and lamellae are already present in the non‐cornified fetal hoof epidermis. These structures, along with the formation of a white line, allow this epidermis to be divided into the same segments as are commonly used when referring to the permanent hoof. The greatest part of the deciduous hoof epidermis consists of the sole and frog, with significant portions forming in the coronary corium and that of the hoof wall as well. The perioplic corium only makes up insignificant portions of the fetal hoof capsule, however. Between the second half of the gestation period and birth, this deciduous (primary) hoof capsule is continually being replaced from below by newly‐forming, cornified permanent hoof capsule. On the basis of its structure and origin, we therefore suggest that the term “deciduous hoof capsule (Capsula ungulae decidua)” be used as a replacement for the word “Eponychium” when referring to the primary hoof epidermis.
Myologie du membre pelvien du Dindon domestique Meleagris gallopavo
Authors: Abourachid Anick
Published: June 2007

The musculature of the pelvic limb in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Pelvic limbs of 150 turkeys from a normal farmer's strain and from an Broad Breasted strain were examined by dissection to determine growth from birth to adulthood. Schematic figures and photographs show the course of the dissection. The pictures show how the muscles are related to the skeleton of the pelvic limb in the farmer's strain as well as demonstrate the surfaces upon which the muscles insert. The configuration of the muscles in the turkey are similar to the generally known model in birds. It is necessary, however, to describe the musculature and its relations to the skeleton before functional conclusions can be drawn or before studies of deficiencies in movements related to the selection of broad breasted strains can be made.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Development and Structure of Tooth Enamel in Cervidae (Mammalia: Ruminantia)
Authors: Kierdorf H. , Kierdorf U. , Hommelsheim S.
Published: June 2007

Enamel formation and structure were investigated in 102 developing or erupted teeth of roe, fallow and red deer. Special attention was given to the topography of the forming enamel surface, the form, arrangement and course of enamel rods, its relation to interprismatic enamel and the occurrence of Hunter‐Schreger‐bands in the enamel. Discussed are the significance of the enamel pattern for the identification of certain taxa and the adaptive value of Cervidean enamel structures.
Sur la Structure du Sac Aérien Claviculaire chez le Canard (Anas platyrhinchos)
Authors: Scala G. , Corona M. , Crasto A. , Pelagalli G. V.
Published: June 2007

On the Structure of the Clavicular Air‐Sack of the Duck

The structural organization of the epithelium lining the clavicular air sac in Duck was studied by light and electron microscope. This epithelium consists of two types of pavement like cells. The first flat types of cells are numerous with large mitocondria containing cytoplasm and elongated nuclei. The second short and dumpy cells are few in number and are after seen near the ostium. They could have long microvilli like pseudopod on their apical surface ready to engulf inhaled foreign particles. Desmosomal bridges too are found between contiguous cells.
Détermination Radiologique et Statistique des Types Morphologiques Crâniens chez le Chien: Dolichocéphalic, Mésocéphalie et Brachycéphalie
Authors: Regodon S. , Robina A. , Franco A. , Vivo J. M. , Lignereux Y.
Published: June 2007

Radiographic Evaluation and Statistical Analysis of Canine Skull Form: Dolichocephaly, Mesocephaly and Brachycephaly.

Cranio‐encephalic morphology of three breeds of dogs (Greyhound, Pointer and Pekinese at the rate of 10 subjects, 5 males and 5 females, in each one) has been radiologically observed. Radiographic negatives in dorso‐ventral and latero‐lateral positions were taken and analyzed before and after the visualisation of the encephalic cavity using baryum sulfat. 18 cranio‐encephalic measurements were chosen and interpreted statistically. The results showed that certain variables were more closely correlated with morphologic types of the cranium than others. We discuss the validity of the data applied for clinical diagnostic or osteo‐archeology determinations.
Räumliche Anordnung und Mikrovaskularisation der Ductuli efferentes testis vom Bullen (Bos taurus)
Authors: Amselgruber W. , Sinowatz F.
Published: June 2007

Microvascularization of bovine Ductuli efferentes testis of the Bull (Bos taurus)

The arrangement, origin, course and opening of the ductuli efferentes testis of the bull (Bos taurus) were visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The corresponding capillary structure was also described and documented with the help of corrosive microanatomical casts. The number of the ductuli efferentes testis of the bull varies narrowly between 12 to 13. Ductuli removed from the surrounding tissue have a length of up to 78 cm. The duct system is composed of linear as well as tortuous parts, permitting division into three distinct segments. Blind ending ductules are very short. We therefore do not see these structures as being associated with spermiostasis.

The capillary density as well as the capillary architecture show regional peculiarities. All segments of the ductuli efferentes testis are composed of capillaries of the continuous type. The findings indicate that the increased capillary density in the voluminous initial section of the ductuli efferentes testis represents the basis for resorptive as well as secretory activities in the bull.
Ultrasonographically Detectable Ring Structure in Avian (Gallus gallus) Egg Yolks
Authors: Cartee R. E. , Rumph P. F. , Roland D. , Steele D. E.
Published: June 2007

After a preliminary finding of ultrasonographically detectable ring structure within the yolk of avian eggs, a study was initiated tso investigate these properties. Ultrasonographically detectable alternating hyperechoic and hypoechoic rings within the egg yolk were found to be consistent but variability occurred in ring numbers, thickness, and clarity. Rings were best seen at two days post oviposition and were not affected by refrigeration or heating of the yolks. The usefulness of rings in experimental studies of yolk content of lipoprotein is postulated.
Measurement of Mechanical Forces Acting on the Area Pellucida of the Early Chick Embryo
Authors: Gil J. , Murillo N. L. , Gimeno M.
Published: June 2007

We have designed a method for measuring mechanical forces acting on the area pellucida of the chick embryo between stages 1 to 5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951). The coordinates of several points on the outline of the area pellucida were used as input, from which a computer program measured the changes in the position of similar points to produce a table of values which, we argue, reflect mechanical forces in the embryo. The results obtained are shown to be reproducible between embryos.

The computer program and the measurements obtained were then used to predict the behaviour of surgical incisions made in the area pellucida, using the tables obtained from direct measurements of embryos and the coordinates of various points on the surface of the operated embryos. This procedure was applied to embryos cultured by the method of NEW (1955) and in‐ovo.

It was found that in those embryos cultured by EWS technique the computer predictions correspond very closely to shape measurements made directly from embryos. However, the correspondence is less close when applied to embryos in‐ovo.
Differenzierung des Pansenepithels des Rindes während der intrauterinen Entwicklung
Authors: Marko Milan , Kressin Monika , Schnorr Bertram
Published: June 2007

Differentiation of the bovine ruminal épithélium during the intrauterine development

The prenatal development of the bovine ruminal epithelium was studied with light‐ and electronmicroscopical techniques. During the period of the nonstratified epithelium a pseudostratified epithelium is found in the dorso‐cranial part, whereas the other areas possess a one‐layered epithelium, which is, like the pseudostratified epithelium, transformed to a multilayered epithelium from the 7th week onwards. From the 9th week the period of the stratified epithelium starts with the formation of the stratum profundum and stratum superficiale. First signs of keratinization are seen in the superficial cells from 2.3 months onwards. With 4 months fetal cornified cells can be identified, with 5.5 months a single‐layered stratum basale is seen on the differentiating papillar connective tissue, and the superficial cells are transformed to ballon‐cells. In suprapapillar areas, a stratum spinosum is formed at the prenatal age of 7.5 months. During epitheliogenesis a horizontal and vertical differentiation of the cells can be observed. The first one includes the differentiation of undifferentiated, embryonal cells to the basal cells of the stratum profundum, the latter the development of the basal cells to spinous cells and then to fetal cornified and ballon‐cells. The ultrastructural changes during the process of keratinization were especially considered.
Zur praenatalen Entwicklung des Pferdeovars*
Authors: Knospe C. , Budras K.‐D.
Published: June 2007

Prenatal development of the horse's ovary

To answer the many open questions concerning the development of the horse's ovary, first the prenatal development was investigated. It resulted that follicles derive from the germinal epithelium and its cords, whereas the Leydig cells and the rete blastema originate from the mesonephros. In the second third of pregnancy the Leydig cells undergo an enormous proliferation, in the last third they degenerate. However this degeneration is not connected with the postnatal development of the ovulation groove.
Ultrastructure of Developing and Mature Caprine Leukocytes
Authors: Anosa V. O.
Published: June 2007

Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that, based on the structural uniqueness of the granules, caprine granulocytes are easily distinguishable from each other from the promyelocyte stage onwards. The neutrophils had the smallest granules which varied in size and were, in mature cells, either spherical to dumb‐bell in shape; in mature cells the granule contents were compact and finely granular. The primary granules were smaller than the secondary granules. The eosinophil granules were large and typically had internal crystalloid structures; a second group of spherical granules with moderately coarse non‐crystalloid sub‐structure was present in smaller numbers in promyelocytes and myelocytes only.

The basophil granules were also large, lackes crystalloids but showed variation in coarseness of granule substance, ranging from finely granular to markedly coarse. Mature granulocytes lackes Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes which were present in promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelocytes and bands.

The monocytes had moderate numbers of spherical granules, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and ribosomes, as well as prominent Golgi apparatus, and the cytoplasm had many small vacuoles.
Cellular Composition of the Pancreatic Islets in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Takeuchi T. , Yukawa M. , Mochizuki K. , Onodera T.
Published: June 2007

In Mongolian gerbil, morphological changes with age in the content of endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets were analyzed and their relation evaluated by an oral glucose tolerance test.

The glucose level 2 hours after glucose administration was 125 ± 5 mg./dl in the young group and 103 ± 4 mg./dl in the old group.

In the dorsal portion, B cells were mainly observed in the central area of the islets, surrounded by circular layers of A cells in the peripheral area. Between the A cells and B cells, D cells were scattered or present in layers. A few PP cells were present in the peripheral area of the islets. In the ventral portion, only a few A cells were observed in the peripheral area of the islets, and B cells were surrounded by PP cells.

Secretory granules of A cells generally had an electron‐dense spherical core in the limiting membrane. The halo between the limiting membrane and core in A cells was narrower than that in B cells. Secretory granules of B cells were larger than those in A cells, and the core was less electron‐dense, and the halo was wider. Secretory granules of D cells were similar in size to those of A cells; the core showed low electron density, and the halo was very narrow. Granules of PP cells resembled those of A cells, but the electron density of the core was slightly lower.

The gerbils showed changes in glucose tolerance, the size of the pancreatic islets, the percentage of B cells, and of A cells in the dorsal portion with age. The content of endocrine cells in Mongolian gerbils was similar to that in humans, rats, mice, and hamsters.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Glial and Neuronal Cell Markers in the Developing Bovine Brain*
Authors: Hewicker‐Trautwein M. , Krueger N. , Urban K. , Trautwein G.
Published: June 2007

In the present immunohistochemical study, the distribution and differentiation of glial and neuronal cells in bovine fetal brains (age range: between1–2 and7–8 months) was examined using antibodies against nervous system‐specific proteins, i. e., glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, neuron specific enolase (NSE) and a neurofilament protein subunit (NF 200 kD).
Is Lamina Muscularis Mucosae Present in the Ruminal Mucosa of Cattle?
Authors: Ikemizu T. , Kitamura N. , Yamada J. , Yamashita T.
Published: June 2007

The cells in the condensed fibrous layer in the lamina propria of the ruminal mucosa of the calves and cows were studied at the light microscopic level. Abundant actin‐immunoreactive cells were detected both in the calves and cows, while desmin‐immunoreactive cells were moderate in frequency in the cows and low or absent in the calves. Vimentin‐immunoreactive cells were abundant in the cows but moderate to low in frequency in the calves. These cells were distributed to form a condensed layer being more abundant in the ruminal papillae than the interpapillar mucosae in the cows and equal in the papillae and interpapillar mucosae in the calves. At the ultrastructural level, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were abundant in the deep core of the ruminal papilla of the cows.

The present results suggest that the condensed fibrous layer revealed in the ruminal mucosae contains smooth muscle cell population which could be regarded as the specialized lamina muscularis mucosae.
The Anatomy of the Male Genital System of the Beluga Whale, Delphinapterus leucas, with Special Reference to the Penis
Authors: Guise S. De , Bisaillon A. , Séguin B. , Lagacé A.
Published: June 2007

The genital organs of four male adult beluga whales and one newborn animal were dissected and the main characteristics are described. As in other species of cetaceans, the testes and the greatest part of the penis are located inside the abdominal cavity. The penis has a sigmoid flexure and belongs to the fibroelastic type with a thick tunica albuginea and a small amount of vascular spaces in the erectile tissue. The prostate gland, found in other cetaceans, was not seen macroscopically, but only small prostate rudiments could be identified histologically. The os penis and the other accessory glands are absent as in other whales.
Ductus Epididymidis Compartments and Morphology of Epididymal Spermatozoa in Llamas
Authors: Delhon G. , Lawzewitsch I. von
Published: June 2007

In this work, an attempt was made to asses possible regional specializations in the llama ductus epididymidis. According to histological and histochemical criteria, six segments (I‐VI) were identified. Segment I was a short region where ductuli efferentes joined the ductus epididymidis. Segments II and III showed maximal epithelial height and mitotic activity, respectively, and weak LDH activity. Epithelial cells in segment IV contained PAS‐positive, amylase and neuraminidase‐resistant secretory granules. Segment V showed strong acid phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Segment VI was characterized by moderate acid phosphatase and high lactate dehydrogenase activities, respectively, and by maximal spermatozoa packagement. Scanning electron microscopy of epidydimal spermatozoa revealed that cytoplasmic droplet translocation was accomplished at the distal part of the corpus epididymidis. Bent middle pieces characterized spermatozoa during droplet translocation.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Fine Structure in the Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias)
Authors: Braekevelt C. R. , Young D. L. W.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of the retinal epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) has been studied by light and electron microscopy in the great blue heron (Ardea herodias). In this species the RPE consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells which display numerous basal (scleral) infoldings and plentiful apical (vitreal) processes which surround photoreceptor outer segments. These epithelial cells are joined laterally by a series of tight junctions located in the mid to basal region. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum is very abundant while rough ER is not. Mitochondria (some of which are ring‐shaped) and polysomes are abundant. In light‐adaptation the RPE nuclei are large vesicular and basally located while the melanosomes of these cells are almost exclusively located within the apical processes. Myeloid bodies are large and numerous and often show ribosomes on their outer surface. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) shows the typical pentalaminate structure noted in the majority of vertebrates except teleosts. The choriocapillary endothelium is very thin facing Bruch's membrane but is only moderately fenestrated. The majority of these fenestrations show a single‐layered diaphragm but double‐layered diaphragms are also noted.
Caracteristicas Histoquimicas y Morfometricas de Algunos Musculos Extraoculares del Perro
Authors: Galisteo A. M. , Morales J. L. , Serrano A. Diz y A. L.
Published: June 2007

Histochemical and Morphometric Aspects of some Extraocular Muscles of the Dog

This investigation was carried out on retractor bulbi, lateral and medial rectus muscles of six adult dogs. Tissues were collected from near the center of individual muscle bellies. These were stained for m‐ATPase at varying pHs during preincubation, NADH‐TR, Alpha‐GPDH, Modified Mason trichrome and Hematoxyline and Eosin. Muscle fibers were classified as type I and type II, based on their reaction for m‐ATPase. The retractor bulbi muscle was composed entirely of type II, oxidative, muscle fibers, with no glycolytic fibers. The rectus muscles presented a stratified composition, with superficial muscle fiber bundles containing a mixture of type II fibers oxidative and glycolytic, and central bundles of type I, mixed with type II. It was observed that there was less interstitial tissue in the center of the muscle bellies. Large diameter nerve fibers were also observed in the central layers.
Ultrastructure of the Hinny (Equus asinus × Equus caballus) Seminiferous Epithelium
Authors: Alvarenga F. C. Landime , Bortolozzi J.
Published: June 2007

The gonads and the germinative cells of 3 male hinnies were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy with the aim to observe the development of germ cells and verify the morphological modifications due to the hybridization. The hinny seminiferous epithelium presented Sertoli cells and spermatogonia with normal features and anomalous spermatocytes I. The other cells from the spermatogenic sequence were not seen. Most of the alterations began to occur in the cytes I, which presented nuclear vacuolization and deposits of amorphous material between the carioteca and the nuclear lamina, forming vesicles, or exaggerated chromatin condensation, resulting in pyknosis. In the cytoplasm vacuolization was also observed, besides organelle destruction.

The arrest of meiosis due to lock of chromosome homologies leads to germinative cell degeneration and, therefore, the spermatogenesis arrest. This fact causes a profound alteration in the seminiferous epithelium morphology in comparison with the parental species.
Fine Structure of Nerve Endings and Junctions in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M.
Published: June 2007

The superior cervical ganglion of the one humped camel was studied using an electron microscope. The ganglion contained presumptive cholinergic endings, presumptive aminergic endings, and presumptive sensory endings. Presumptive cholinergic endings contained numerous small clear vesicles, a few large dense‐cored vesicles, and mitochondria. They frequently made synaptic junctions with dendritic processes and, occasionally, with axons in transit. There were few presumptive aminergic endings and they were characterized by a mixed population of dense‐cored vesicles and clear vesicles. They only made synaptic junctions with axons in transit. Presumptive sensory endings were characterized by numerus slender mitochondria and had no synaptic junctions of any kind. Symmetrical membrane thickenings (puncta adherens) were frequently encountered in this study, usually between dendritic processes and other neuronal elements of the superior cervical ganglion.
Blood Supply to the Abdominal and Pelvic Regions in the Mediterranean Pine Vole, Microtus duodecimcostatus (Rodentia, Arvicolidae)
Authors: Ventura J. , López‐Fuster M. J. , Gispert E.
Published: June 2007

The abdominal and pelvic blood supply of the Mediterranean pine vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus) is described. A total of 13 individuals (seven males, six females) captured in the field (Sanaüja, Spain) were analysed by injection of coloured latex solution and subsequent dissection. The arrangements observed in all specimens show some common traits in relation to the patterns established in other Arvicolidae studied (Arvicola terrestris, Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus H agrestis). These shared characteristics are centred on the origin of the deep circumflex iliac and the medial femoral circumflex arteries. As a particular variation from other Arvicolidae, some specimens of M. duodecimcostatus exhibit a gastrolienal trunk in the coeliac axis. Furthermore, the origin of the prostatic or the vaginal artery from the pudendo‐epigastric trunk observed in some specimens of M. duodecimcostatus has not previously been reported in other myomorph rodents.
A Morphological Study of Cultured Endodermal Cells of Chick Embryo: Characteristics of Adhesion, Spreading and Locomotion
Authors: Garcia C. , Arias M. , Villar J. M.
Published: June 2007

A study is made of the morphological characteristics of the endodermic cells of the stage 5 chick embryo by means of in vitro cell culture techniques. The scanning electron microscope revealed that the endodermic cells in cultures were rounded, tended to be smooth and had few blebs and microvilli. Regarding cell projections typical of culture cells, such as filopodia, lamellipodia and pseudopodia, there was a noteworthy scarcity after 12 h growth, although greater cellular activity was observed at 24 h, characterized by the presence of filopodia and an ability of the cells to form clusters on the substratum. These facts show the morphological and adhesion movements of the endodermal cells studied to be related mainly with the presence of filopodia as the most abundant cell projections.
Ultrastructure of the Carotid Body of the Goat
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Taha A. A. M.
Published: June 2007

The carotid body of the goat was found to be a small oval or rounded parenchymatous organ. It was characterized by its profound vascularity. Delicate septa divided the parenchyma into small feebly denned lobules. Electron microscopy revealed that the parenchyma comprised type I cells, type II cells, nerve endings, axons and fenestrated dilated capillaries. Type I cells were characterized with electron dense‐cored vesicles. They showed variations in size and concentration of the dense‐cored vesicles and number of mitochondria. The possibility that these variations are reflections of different stages of activity is discussed. Type II cells were less numerous than type I cells, relatively small and devoid of dense‐cored vesicles. They usually surrounded small groups of type I cells and associated nerve endings and axons. Presumptive afferent nerve endings characterized with many clear vesicles, occasional large granular vesicles and varying numbers of slender mitochondria, lay apposed to type I cells. Nerve endings of this kind showed afferent and efferent synaptic junctions with type I cells. Presumptive sympathetic efferent endings were occasionally seen within the lobules but never lay apposed to type I cells or afferent nerve ending.
Feinstruktur der Trigeminuskerne vom Haushuhn
Authors: Hummel G. , Kressin M. , Ruhrig S.
Published: June 2007

The trigeminal nerve nuclei are examined light‐ and electron‐microscopically in the adult domestic fowl. The nucleus sen‐sibilis principalis nervi trigemini is formed by scarce, mediumsized, round‐to‐ovoid polygonal neurons. The Nissl bodies are concentrated around the nucleus and consist of short cisterns of the rough endoplasmic reticulum densely bordered with ribosomes. The nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini extends to the first segments of the cervical cord. The rostral part of the nucleus is characterized by medium‐sized polygonal neurons. Their cell bodies are densely packed with coarse Nissl bodies. Small multiforme cell types with large nuclei frequently showing two nucleoli predominate in the caudal part. The motorical main portion, nucleus motorius nervi trigemini consists of medium‐sized as well as great polygonal neurons. The accessory portion, nucleus motorius dorsalis nervi trigemini, consists of medium‐sized polygonal neurons. Both nuclei show the typical motoneuron cytomorphology. In the neuropil, the axodendritic synapses can be differentiated into five types. Occasionally, densely packed glial lamellae and giant mitochondria occur.
Study of ACTH‐immunoreactive Cells after Transplantation of Neonatal Adrenal Glands into Adult Adrenalectomized Rats
Authors: Sarria R. , Losada J. , Oliver F. Doñate
Published: June 2007

The removal of the adrenal glands produced a great increase in the number and size of the cytoplasmic processes of the ACTH‐immunoreactive cells that sometimes establish contact with those of the neighbouring immunoreactive cells. In addition, in this experimental group, the ACTH‐cell percentage and the mean cell, cytoplasmic, and nuclear areas were greatly increased in comparison with those found in control animals. Several regenerated adrenocortical nodules were observed in the small‐bowel segment of rats transplanted with neonatal adrenal glands. The percentage and morphometrical values of the pituitary ACTH‐reactive cells of this experimental group, although slightly increased relative to the rats with intact adrenals, were greatly decreased in relation to those of the adrenalectomized animals.

It is concluded that the neonatal adrenal tissue regenerated after its transplantation into adult rats, a process that modified the percentage, the morphological characteristics, and the morphometrical values of the ACTH‐immunoreactive cells of the adrenalectomized rats.
Histomorphologic and Histochemical Characteristics of Carpal Glands (Glandulae Carpeae) in Domestic Swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and Wild Swine (Sus scrofa ferus)
Authors: Hraste A. , Stojković R.
Published: June 2007

Investigations were carried out on samples from carpal glands of domestic and wild swine of different ages. The anatomic position of carpal glands is identical in domestic and wild swine. Glandular acini in domestic swine are bigger and more scarce than in wild swine. LDH activity is more intense in wild swine, while the activity of the investigated diaphorases is almost even. The activity alkaline and acid phosphatase is stronger in domestic swine, while the activity of non‐specific esterases is present only in wild animals. The more or less manifest presence of all investigated enzymes indicates that carpal glands in domestic and wild porcine specimens are very active metabolically. Regarding the intensity of enzymatic reactions, some differences are probably due to different sexual maturity, as well as to the method of feeding and housing in these groups of animals.
THE PORPHYRIAS AND ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA: AN UNUSUAL CASE
Authors: Gunther W. W.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The diseases of porphyrin metabolism are discussed.

A congenital case with two chemically mixed findings is described.

The available literature is reviewed.
PASSIVE CUTANEOUS ANAPHYLAXIS WITH GUINEA‐PIG AND RABBIT ANTIBODIES TO PENICILLIN DERIVATIVES
Authors: Cronin A. E.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was elicited with penicillin‐treated serum, but not with penicillin itself. Although the intravenous injection of penicillin before challenge prevented systemic anaphylaxis, PCA was not inhibited in this way.

Penicilloyl‐polylysine and dialysed penicillin‐treated rabbit serum produced positive PCA reactions in animals sensitized with serum from a guinea‐pig which had been immunized with penicillin‐treated homologous serum. This confirmed that penicilloyl compounds are important antigenic determinants derived from penicillin.
Hemorrhagic and Necrotic Leg Ulcers in the Elderly*
Authors: Kinmont P. D. C. , McCallum D. I.
Published: June 2007

Summary

One hundred patients with leg ulcers or gangrene were investigated to determine whether any showed signs of any of the stages of giant cell arteritis. Thirty patients of 50 or more years of age with E.S.R. over 45 mm./hour, were selected for further investigation as suspects. The appearance of the patients and the character of their ulcers are described. Haematological and biochemical findings are contrasted with a selection from the control group, in the former there was frequent disturbance of the globulin/albumin ratio, and increase of the globulin fractions. No cryoglobulins were detected. An attempt was made to piece together the sequence of events from sections of the leg arteries of 50 patients. It is suggested that there may be similarities between some stages of Mönckeberg's sclerosis and giant cell arteritis.

The role, of trauma is discussed. Many patients dated the onset of their symptoms to a severe injury and it is suggested that damage to muscle collagen may precipitate giant cell arteritis or an allied condition just as sunlight may precipitate cranial arteritis.
Bowen's Disease: A Clinical and Histological Re‐evaluation1
Authors: Hunter G. A. , Donald G. F. , Burry J. N.
Published: June 2007

Summary

Brief reference is made to the original papers of Bowen and of Darier, and the later significant developments in our understanding of Bowen's Disease. The wide variation in clinical appearance is emphasized. The involvement of pilosebaceous follicles in the process, and the importance of this factor in planning treatment are emphasized.
Photo‐Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Halogenated Phenolic Compounds1
Authors: Burry J. N.
Published: June 2007

Summary

The clinical patterns of photo‐allergic contact dermatitis from several halogenated phenolic compounds which have been recorded in England, United States of America and Australia are described and discussed. Both transient and persistent light reactions have been seen in each country. The variability of clinical presentation resulted from the different ways in which the photo‐allergens were applied, either in soaps or in local medicinal preparations such as antiseptic or antifungal creams. Both the reactivity of each photo‐allergen and the availability of ultra‐violet light to cause it to react are important. The different clinical patterns which should arouse suspicion of photo‐allergic contact dermatitis are listed.

It is suggested that these variable clinical pictures are essentially the result of the same biochemical mechanism and that photo‐allergic dermatitis, whether it occurs at the area of contact or at a distance, is the result of changes at the shin site in conjunction with immunological changes and not as the result of immunological changes akin to autosensitization.
Finesse in the Local Surgical Treatment of Malignant Melanoma*
Authors: Gibson E. W.
Published: June 2007

Summary

. The primary treatment of malignant melanoma is surgical and the most important single factor in cure is adequate local excision.

. Adequate local excision, may mean radical surgery but not necessarily mutilation and disfigurement.

. Local excision will always include clinically involved lymph nodes (if operable) and will also on occasions include clinically uninvolved nodes.

. Recommendations on local excision are made specifically in regard to adequacy in lateral extent and in depth.

. The value of frozen section in determining treatment is mentioned.

. The rationale of prophylactic lymph node dissection is discussed and an attempt made to establish the place of prophylactic dissection in treatment in the light of present knowledge.

. A series of patients with malignant melanoma demonstrating these principles is demonstrated.