bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Data‐Driven Approach to Assessing Supply Inadequacy Risks Due to Climate‐Induced Shifts in Electricity Demand
Authors: Mukherjee Sayanti , Nateghi Roshanak
Published: September 2018

The U.S. electric power system is increasingly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of extreme climate events. Supply inadequacy risk can result from climate‐induced shifts in electricity demand and/or damaged physical assets due to hydro‐meteorological hazards and climate change. In this article, we focus on the risks associated with the unanticipated climate‐induced demand shifts and propose a data‐driven approach to identify risk factors that render the electricity sector vulnerable in the face of future climate variability and change. More specifically, we have leveraged advanced supervised learning theory to identify the key predictors of climate‐sensitive demand in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Our analysis indicates that variations in mean dew point temperature is the common major risk factor across all the three sectors. We have also conducted a statistical sensitivity analysis to assess the variability in the projected demand as a function of the key climate risk factor. We then propose the use of scenario‐based heat maps as a tool to communicate the inadequacy risks to stakeholders and decisionmakers. While we use the state of Ohio as a case study, our proposed approach is equally applicable to all other states.
Mass distribution and skewness for passive scalar transport in pipes with polygonal and smooth cross sections
Authors: Aminian Manuchehr , Camassa Roberto , McLaughlin Richard M.
Published: September 2018

We extend our previous results characterizing the loading properties of a diffusing passive scalar advected by a laminar shear flow in ducts and channels to more general cross‐sectional shapes, including regular polygons and smoothed corner ducts originating from deformations of ellipses. For the case of the triangle and localized, cross‐wise uniform initial distributions, short‐time skewness is calculated exactly to be positive, while long‐time asymptotics shows it to be negative. Monte Carlo simulations confirm these predictions, and document the timescale for sign change. The equilateral triangle appears to be the only regular polygon with this property—all others possess positive skewness at all times. Alternatively, closed‐form flow solutions can be constructed for smooth deformations of ellipses, and illustrate how both nonzero short‐time skewness and the possibility of multiple sign switching in time is unrelated to domain corners. Exact conditions relating the median and the skewness to the mean are developed which guarantee when the sign for the skewness implies front (more mass to the right of the mean) or back (more mass to the left of the mean) “loading” properties of the evolving tracer distribution along the pipe. Short‐ and long‐time asymptotics confirm this condition, and Monte Carlo simulations verify this at all times. The simulations are also used to examine the role of corners and boundaries on the distribution for short‐time evolution of point source, as opposed to cross‐wise uniform, initial data.
Spinoza’s Critique of Humility in theEthics
Authors: Soyarslan Sanem
Published: September 2018

In theEthicsSpinoza denies that humility is a virtue on the grounds that it arises from a reflection on our lack of power, rather than a rational understanding of our power (Part IV, Proposition 53, Demonstration). He suggests that humility, to the extent that it involves a consideration of our weakness, indicates a lack of self‐understanding. However, in a brief remark in the same demonstration he also allows that conceiving our lack of power can be conducive to self‐understanding and an increase in power, on the condition that we “conceive [it] because [we] understand [intelligit] something more powerful than [ourselves].” Unfortunately, Spinoza does not flesh out this remark, nor does he specify the name of the affect that arises from thus conceiving our weakness. Commentators have not been much help in this regard either. What does it mean, in the Spinozistic framework, to conceive our weakness because we understand something more powerful than ourselves? And what exactly is the difference between this instance of conceiving our lack of power and the one that is involved in humility? This paper will examine the nature of this difference by analyzing its metaphysical and epistemological underpinnings, as well as its ethical implications within Spinoza’sEthics. In doing so, it will highlight the ethical importance and epistemological conditions of recognizing our weakness in the Spinozistic universe. Abraham Wolf takes Spinoza’s denial of humility’s virtue in theEthicsto imply that “the rational man should think of what hecando, not of what hecannotdo.” While I agree with Wolf’s remark, my reading in this paper will show that as the rational person thinks of her power and what she can do, she never loses sight of her ineliminable weakness as a finite mode.
Kant’s Quasi‐Eudaimonism
Authors: Holberg Erica A.
Published: September 2018

In contrast to eudaimonism, Kant argues that moral reasoning and prudential reasoning are two distinct uses of practical reason, each with its own standard for good action. Despite Kant’s commitment to the ineradicable potential for fundamental conflict between these types of practical reasoning, I argue that once we shift to consideration of a developmental narrative of these faculties, we see that virtuous moral reasoning is able to substantively influence prudential reasoning, while prudential reason should be responsive to such influence. Further, Kant indicates the integration of virtue as a commitment concerning practical priorities, and so too what should and should not agree with the agent, is beneficial for prudential reasoning by prudential reasoning’s own standards. Although Kant’s ethical system breaks from eudaimonism in significant ways, it retains the eudaimonist claim that virtuously‐informed pursuits of happiness are not only better for virtue, but also better for happiness.
What role for human capital in the growth process: new evidence from endogenous latent factor panel quantile regressions
Authors: Kostov Philip , Le Gallo Julie
Published: September 2018

The estimates for the human capital effect in cross‐country growth regressions have been subject of considerable controversy. We argue that human capital is intrinsically a multidimensional construct. We construct human capital measure by combining available alternative proxies via confirmatory factor analysis. Using panel data endogenous quantile regression methods we analyse the whole conditional growth distribution by simultaneously accounting for the potential endogeneity of human capital and country‐specific effects. Our results conform to theoretical expectations and we are able to demonstrate the beneficial effect of both the measurement approach and the endogeneity correction on the derivation of theoretically consistent estimates.
Development and validation of the algebra teachers’ self‐efficacy instrument: Assessment of algebra teachers’ knowledge and personal teaching efficacy
Authors: Wilkerson Trena L. , Eddy Colleen M. , Quebec Fuentes Sarah , Sorto M. Alejandra , Gupta Dittika , Ward Elizabeth K. , Jasper William A. , Parker Yolanda A. , Mallam Winifred , Cooper Sandra , Kerschen Keith
Published: September 2018

There is a compelling need to develop an algebra teacher self‐efficacy instrument (ATSEI) as algebra continues to be considered a gatekeeper course for postsecondary educational and career opportunities, which is seen as a crucial piece in closing the achievement gap. This paper reports on the development and validation of the ATSEI, an instrument that measures two domains, Efficacy To Do School Algebra (Knowledge Efficacy, KE‐A) and Efficacy to Teach Algebra (Personal Teaching Efficacy, PTE‐A) along six categories. Four of the categories represented content standards (variables, functions, patterns, and modeling) and two of the categories represented process standards (technology and concrete models, and multiple representations). Through conducting an exploratory factor analysis across two phases, the instrument was reduced and refined from an initial 118 items developed from a curriculum analysis to 36 items that reflected two significant categories, Functions and Technology. The ATSEI measure is validated for in‐service mathematics teachers and thus provides an instrument to examine need and impact in professional development venues. The specificity of the ATSEI allows those working with teachers to be better able to support them in the field and in return positively influence the learning outcomes of the students they teach.
Identification of candidate domestication‐related genes with a systematic survey of loss‐of‐function mutations
Authors: Torkamaneh Davoud , Laroche Jérôme , Rajcan Istvan , Belzile François
Published: September 2018

Domestication is an important key co‐evolutionary process through which humans have extensively altered the genomic make‐up and appearance of both plants and animals. The identification of domestication‐related genes remains very arduous. In this study, we present a systematic analytical approach that harnesses two recent advances in genomics, whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) and prediction of loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations, to greatly facilitate the assembly of an enriched catalogue of domestication‐related candidate genes. Using WGS data for 296 cultivated (Glycine max) and 64 wild soybean accessions, we identified 8699 LOF variants, and 116 genes that are uniquely fixed for one or more LOF allele(s) in domesticated soybeans. Existing soybean transcriptomic data led us to overcome analytical challenges associated with whole‐genome duplications and to identify neo‐ or subfunctionalized genes. This systematic approach allowed us to identify 110 candidate domestication‐related genes in an efficient and rapid way. This catalogue contains previously well characterized domestication genes in soybean, as well as some orthologs from other domesticated crop species. In addition, it comprises many promising candidate domestication genes. Overall, this collection of candidate domestication‐related genes in soybean is almost twice as large as the sum of all previously reported candidate genes in all other crops. We believe this systematic approach could readily be used in wide range of species.
Product quality and sustainability: The effect of international environmental agreements on bilateral trade
Authors: Borsky Stefan , Leiter Andrea , Pfaffermayr Michael
Published: September 2018

This paper addresses the impact of sustainability in production on international trade. In particular, it examines the effect of the International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA) on tropical timber trade. The empirical analysis is based on a gravity equation in a difference‐in‐difference setting, which is estimated by a panel Heckman's selection model. This accounts for the potentially systematic selection of trading partners into timber trade activity. We then conduct a comprehensive comparative static analysis solving the structural gravity model with and without theITTA. This allows us to determine the trade impact of anITTA‐induced increase in sustainability for participating as well as for third countries. We find that countries participating in theITTAexhibit a significant and substantial increase in trade values ranging from 4% to 6%. Furthermore, we observe that this effect is more pronounced for smaller member countries. Non‐ITTAcountries are confronted with reduced values of tropical timber trade flows.
Anatomic site and etiology of hemorrhage in small versus large dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum
Authors: Fleming Jeremy , Giuffrida Michelle A. , Runge Jeffrey J. , Balsa Ingrid M. , Culp William T. N. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Steffey Michele , Epstein Steven E.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To compare anatomic sources and underlying etiology of hemorrhage in small vs large dogs with spontaneous hemoperitoneum (SH).

Study design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with SH at 2 academic institutions.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed for age, breed, sex, weight, and results of imaging, surgery, necropsy, cytology, and histopathology. Dogs were divided according to body weight (≤ 20 kg = small, > 20 kg = large). Confidence intervals were calculated to estimate rates of splenic and hepatic hemorrhage in small and large dog SH populations. Multivariable regression was used to compare prevalence of anatomic sources of hemorrhage and etiology in small vs large dogs.

Results

We identified 742 dogs with SH, including 637 in which the anatomic site of hemorrhage was investigated. Splenic hemorrhage was diagnosed in 43.2% (95% CI, 34.3‐52.4) of small dogs and 61.3% (95% CI, 57.0‐65.6) of large dogs. Small dogs had lower prevalence of splenic hemorrhage (prevalence ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58‐0.87; P < .001) and higher prevalence of hemorrhage from liver (prevalence ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.20‐2.47; P = .003) or from another location such as retroperitoneal mass, kidney, or adrenal (prevalence ratio, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.66‐4.47; P < .001) vs large dogs. Hemangiosarcoma was associated with splenic hemorrhage and occurred more frequently in large vs small dogs (P = .011).

Conclusion

Small dogs had a lower rate of splenic hemorrhage and higher rates of hemorrhage from liver and other sites compared to large dogs. Etiologies other than splenic hemangiosarcoma were common, particularly among dogs weighing ≤ 20 kg.

Clinical significance

Clinicians should perform diagnostics and consider body size before making presumptive diagnoses in dogs with SH.
Identification of optimal filtration conditions for the management of eutrophic waters by freshwater mussels using response surface methodology
Authors: Choi Hwan‐Seok , Kim Young‐Hyo , Lee Hyuk , Aldridge David C. , Kim Baik‐Ho
Published: September 2018

The substantial filtration capacity of freshwater mussels makes them attractive tools for environmental management. In this study, we applied a central composite design to estimate independent variables and establish optimal conditions of filtration rate and faeces production that enhance filtration of suspended organic matter by the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana. The results indicated that statistical design methodology offers an efficient and feasible approach for identifying optimal conditions for high filtration and low faeces production, using just a small number (30) of individuals. The proposed model equation takes into account the quantitative effect of variables and also the influence of interactions among variables on mussel filtration rate. Under the optimal experimental conditions (mussel size, 13.0 ± 0.2 cm; flow rate, 17.5 L/h), the experimental filtration rate of 4.47 ± 1.82 L/mussel/h showed a degree of correspondence with the predicted value of 8.4 L/mussel/h, which verified the practicability of this optimum strategy. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the context‐specific ecosystem engineering provided by mussels in natural systems, and also provides a framework for optimizing conditions for the applied use of mussels as biological filters.
Mediterranean Oran
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter recounts Oran’s history over the longue durée. It speaks of a city situated on the northern coast of Africa, but also on the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Oran was a creation of Spain and southern Europe as well as of Tlemcen, the Sahara, and the African sources of goods that lay beyond it. Indeed, in the first century or two of its existence, Oran owed its existence to its proximity to the Iberian Peninsula. The westernmost section of the Mediterranean, stretching from Cape Tenès in the east to the Straights of Gibraltar in the west, has been described as a medieval “Ibero-African English Channel,” linking North Africa and Spain with a constant flow of commercial ships. Oran’s dependence on larger circuits of western Mediterranean commerce would continue into the nineteenth century.
Jacob Lasry and the Business of Conquest
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines two episodes in which Jacob Lasry both cooperated with and frustrated French generals. The episodes provide examples of how members of a certain class of North African merchants installed in North Africa before the conquest participated in business deals upon which military campaigns relied, and how these deals advanced and exemplified their own transition from membership in a pre-colonial Mediterranean commercial elite to their place in a French colonial elite. This chapter also illuminates how generals depended on influential local experts, whether businessmen and hired military commanders to organize, underwrite, and carry out the conquest.
Conclusion
Authors: Schreier Joshua
Published: September 2018

French civil status records reveal that in all likelihood, Jacob Lasry was married simultaneously to two women. This returns a paradox discussed in the introduction, notably that Jacob Lasry, France’s chosen agent of “civilization” in Oran, apparently maintained practices that French colonial law singled out as “indigenous.” Civilizing mission notwithstanding, France could not afford to alienate this class of local Jewish merchants. It follows that colonial Oran was deeply shaped by them. With the introduction of new ideas, institutions and laws, however, all classes of Jews were increasingly understood to be “indigenous.” This process led, after several decades, to a naturalization decree based entirely on religion. “Jew” evolved into a subset of “French citizen,” while “Muslim” increasingly described the “colonial subject.” France had initiated the process of Jewish reification, minoritization, and isolation from their Muslim neighbors.
Introduction
Authors: Ronda Margaret
Published: September 2018

The Introduction lays out the historical framework of the Great Acceleration. Rather than aligning the Great Acceleration with the discourse of the Anthropocene, this introduction argues that the particular historical model of the Great Acceleration is more attentive to the explosive economic growth in this period and its ecological ramifications. Postwar American poetry’s interest in leftovers, residual matter and life, and unredeemable goods makes it a particularly keen chronicler of the larger ecohistorical changes of this era. At the same time, this interest in remainders rather than natural externality becomes a measure of the increasing inaccessibility of the master-concept of nature as an imaginative resource and a cultural concept in this time. It also reveals the changing self-conceptions of the cultural work and status of poetry after modernism.
“The Advancing Signs of the Air”
Authors: Ronda Margaret
Published: September 2018

This chapter begins with a discussion of the new forms of environmental consciousness emerging in the 1960s and early 1970s around pollution and systemic toxicity. It focuses specifically on Rachel Carson and Barry Commoner, discussing their approaches to ecological interconnection under the sign of crisis but also the ways in which this interconnection is difficult to perceive or understand. The chapter then turns from their reflections on the scarcely perceptible intimacies of ecological interconnection to an examination of John Ashbery’s poetry, which explores these thresholds. Exploring Ashbery’s portrayals of waste and air as phenomena undergoing change, this chapter argues that Ashbery’s work depicts various forms of environmental consciousness. His poetry unfolds an affirmative embrace of ecological uncertainty that involves neither critique nor attempt to repair damage, nor even an attempt to understand the causes of emergent crisis. Instead, he traces the way crisis can be sensed in his poetic surrounds.
“A Rescue That Comes Too Late”
Authors: Ronda Margaret
Published: September 2018

“A Rescue That Comes Too Late”: Figure and Disfiguration in Contemporary Ecopoetics
Chapter abstract: This chapter turns to the contemporary mode of ecopoetics as an exploration of the problems of poiesis in a time of accelerating ecological destruction. Ecopoetics as a distinctive mode emerges in the post-Kyoto Protocol era, when the problem of how to respond to planetary environmental degradation has become increasingly urgent. The ecopoetics texts of the chapter present an extended redescription of human capacities and aesthetic making in light of anthropogenic crisis. Discussing works by Brenda Hillman, Hoa Nguyen, Brenda Coultas, and Allison Cobb, the chapter highlights how their use of prosopopoeia and apostrophe dramatizes uncanny and defamiliarized dimensions of relationality. These portrayals raise questions regarding the culpability for environmental destruction and the limits of anthropogenic ingenuity to fix, remake, or salvage.
Coda
Authors: Ronda Margaret
Published: September 2018

The Coda argues that storms are one key way to register the unfathomable earth-systemic changes characteristic of the Great Acceleration. It points to the intensifying weather patterns of this time and offers examples of some recent cultural works—poetry, film, photography—that represent these storms. In these representations, the spectator confronts the bewildering sense of change without any narrative arc that might point to recovery or renewal. One documentary text by Cheena Marie Lo on Hurricane Katrina offers a powerful investigation of these conditions of aftermath. The coda explores Lo’s orientation toward the nonredemptive and the lost as a model of approaching the larger ethos of this study’s poetry. The Coda ends with a turn toward the forms of connectivity that these works have charted, despite their larger historical pessimisms, and points to the ways these connections are materializing in contemporary struggles for the ecological commons.
Introduction
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

The center of Berlin lay in ruins at the end of World War II. Cultural and political leaders faced decisions regarding what to restore, rebuild, or raze. Yet the future of Berlin would not be envisioned in a vacuum. They would wittingly and unwittingly draw from inherited traditions, ideologies, and theories to structure their understanding of the city and guide decision-making about its future. For Berliners, the rebuilding of their destroyed city would remain a central part of their lives for years. Communist political leaders sought to mobilize the population for the reconstruction effort and to use this effort in the political socialization of the citizenry.
Landscapes of Commemoration
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

After the war, Berliners’ dire need for housing and infrastructure sometimes presented a life or death struggle. Some resources and labor were diverted to transform the symbolic dimension of the urban landscape. The Allies called for the removal of all public symbols of Nazism and German militarism, and German officials at the local level were delegated the task of identifying these sites. The Berlin Magistrat developed lists of street signs and monuments to be removed as symbols of Nazism, militarism, and Prussian monarchy. The process involved debate that followed party lines. German Communists took the most iconoclastic stance, due to a view of German exceptionalism that traced the roots of Nazism to the Prussian state. German Communists and the Soviet Military Administration (SMAD) began constructing memorials to honor their fallen, imposing narratives that honored enemies of the former Reich.
Unter den Linden
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

Shortly after the war, preservationists lobbied for funds to carry out emergency repairs to key structures on Unter den Linden. The SMAD displayed little interest, and German Communist politicians sought to efface monumental buildings as symbols of the Prussian-German monarchy and military. The adoption of socialist realism in 1950 meant that valuable architecture should be restored as national cultural heritage. Buildings created for cultural purposes were readily rehabilitated, while those with militaristic place-based meaning prompted debate over how best to reinterpret them. Socialist realism allowed multiple possibilities, and decision-makers sought a solution that best mitigated concerns over militarism while maintaining conceptual and formal continuity.
From Royal Palace to Marx-Engels Square
Authors: Stangl Paul
Published: September 2018

Modernist architect Hans Scharoun led efforts to obtain Magistrat funds for emergency repairs to the Berlin Palace after the war. He faced opposition from Communist politicians taking an iconoclastic view, although they came to value parts of the palace as space for exhibitions and other uses. Unlike the architecture on Unter den Linden, this structure would not be saved by the shift to socialist realism. Walter Ulbricht concealed his disdain for the palace’s symbolism, while declaring it a ruin that must be removed to create space for a central square for demonstrations. While socialist realism demanded a central square, it could have taken many forms on many locations. Attempts to begin shaping Marx-Engels Square included proposals for a FIAPP Memorial, a grandstand, and Marx-Engels Memorial as well as debate over the future of the Building Academy.
Introduction
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This book examines the role played by the Franciscan friars of propaganda fide in the expansion and consolidation of Catholicism in the eighteenth-century Hispanic world. More specifically, it investigates the conversion agenda of the Franciscan Order's Colleges for the Propagation of the Faith and their missionaries in Spanish America and Spain. It shows how Franciscan colleges developed an extensive, methodical missionary program aimed at converting both Catholics and non-Christians. The Franciscan missionaries focused not only on the recruitment of non-Catholics for their eternal salvation under the umbrella of the Church, but also on the salvation of the sinners who were otherwise condemned to hell. This introduction provides a summary of the chapters that follow, covering topics such as the recruitment of novices and friars, the missionary training program in the Franciscan colleges, the misiones populares, and the contents of sermons and pláticas preached in the popular missions.
An Atlantic Institution
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses the historical context under which the Franciscan colleges developed and evolved in a time when secular forces had halted mendicant expansion in Spain and its empire, with emphasis on their internal organization and how they fit within the broader hierarchical structure of the Franciscan Order. It first provides an overview of the Franciscan plan to convert the Spanish Atlantic world before explaining how the colleges are governed and how the apostolic brotherhood is regulated. It then examines how the eighteenth-century colleges emerged as a new missionary vanguard to lead the Franciscan evangelism in Spain and Spanish America. Their strong commitment to conversion (internal and external) and soteriological responsibility, combined with certain innovations brought to the Franciscans, enabled the propaganda fide institution to grow in rapid fashion. The chapter also highlights the conflict with provincias and rivalries both internal and external to the propaganda fide communities.
Missionary Preaching
Authors: Rex Galindo David
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the contents of sermons and pláticas preached in the Franciscan popular missions. Franciscan missionaries from the apostolic colleges of propaganda fide conducted itinerant preaching campaigns on the streets of hamlets, towns, haciendas, and cities throughout Spain and Spanish America. They were armed with a tailored message aimed at converting sinners and ensuring their eternal salvation. In addition to their doctrinal purpose to convert nominal Catholics, written sermons and pláticas were used as textbooks for missionary training. The chapter first provides an overview of the Franciscan science of oratory—homiletics, the art of religious preaching, or ars praedicandi—before discussing the Franciscan friars' preachings about moral, social, and political virtues. It shows how missionaries viewed colonial society while also providing an idea of the intellectual background of sermon authors.
Jack Kerouac’s Delinquent Art
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter puts the Beat writer Jack Kerouac in conversation with 1950s sociologists and psychologists interested in juvenile delinquency. These social scientists used the delinquent to develop ideas that would culminate in the class culture paradigm of the 1960s. Kerouac’s fiction prefigures this paradigm, drawing on the work of Oswald Spengler to distinguish between lower-class minority and middle-class white cultures in the United States. In autobiographical novels like Maggie Cassidy, On the Road, and Dr. Sax, Kerouac imagines the delinquent as a self-divided figure, alienated from the traditional lower class and unable to adapt to the new demands of the rising professional class. His version of process art replicates this division, offering its readers a failed synthesis of middlebrow and avant-garde literature.
Black Arts and the Great Society
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses two Black Arts writers who benefited from War on Poverty patronage: Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) and Gwendolyn Brooks. In The System of Dante’s Hell and In the Mecca, the two writers developed distinct versions of participatory art. Like much of Baraka’s Beat-period work, The System of Dante’s Hell thematizes his dissatisfaction with the white counterculture and desire to create art that could connect him with black urban audiences. However, the novel draws on the counterculture’s essentialist conception of lower-class culture in ways that would continue to shape Baraka’s cultural nationalist output of the late 1960s. In contrast, Brooks’s In the Mecca rejects the immersive drama that defines Baraka’s Black Arts. Inspired by her Community Action Program–sponsored work with Chicago’s Blackstone Rangers, the collection insists that minority poets use the resources of poetic form to achieve a calibrated distance from their lower-class subjects.
Legal Services and the Cockroach Revolution
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the Chicano writer and lawyer Oscar Zeta Acosta, whose novels, Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo and Revolt of the Cockroach People, chart his transformation into a radical lawyer for Los Angeles’s Brown Power Movement. Acosta began his career with Legal Services, a network of War on Poverty–funded Legal Aid offices. When he turned to movement activism, he radicalized Legal Services’ demand that lawyers use their expertise to challenge laws that work against the interest of their lower-class clients. This demand became central to Acosta’s version of process art. At the same time, Acosta’s work replicates gender biases that ran throughout the War on Poverty. His political turn entailed his rejection of welfare mothers as clients in favor of militant young men—a turn that paralleled the War on Poverty’s focus on male delinquents.
Who Belongs in the University?
Authors: Schryer Stephen
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Philip Roth’s late 1990s novel, The Human Stain, arguing that the novel draws an analogy between the university and the Democratic Party. In early War on Poverty–era novels like Portnoy’s Complaint, Roth developed an antiprocess conception of art and welfare politics, one that conceived of works of art and public institutions as products that require audiences to appreciate them on their own terms. In The Human Stain, Roth extends this conception to the postmodern academy, using it to criticize multicultural education and affirmative action. Linking the university and New Deal liberal coalition, Roth insists that both are under assault by cultural and ideological outsiders. This analogy leads Roth to embrace a strategic conservatism, one that echoes the politics of Bill Clinton, whose impeachment trial recurs throughout The Human Stain.
Introduction
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

The introduction provides a historical and theoretical overview of the study as related to the process of regional identity formation through political struggle and cultural production, After introducing the historical context of Brazilian and Northeastern politics in the 1950s and 1960s, the chapter engages in a theoretical discussion about regionalism in Brazil. The chapter explains how and why Northeastern Brazil, or o Nordeste, can be considered a trope, and what this has meant in terms of legitimizing inequalities in Brazil. I conclude the chapter with an overview of the chapters, and a discussion of the book’s sources and methodology.
Masculinity, Barbarism, and Honor
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how masculinity defined political and cultural struggles through the appropriations of the cangaceiro (backlands bandit) as a symbol of Northeastern identity. In speeches, popular poetry, and newspapers, the Ligas positioned the cangaceiro as an autochthonous guerrilla, building support for the movement through appeals to rural men to protect their wives and daughters from the landowners. Landowners and conservatives who opposed agrarian reform relied upon ideas of the cangaceiro as barbaric, excessively violent, and illegal to bolster arguments for greater state control in the countryside. Filmmakers began producing one of the most prolific genres of Brazilian cinema to date, the Nordestern (Brazilian Western), starring cangaceiros as hybrid cowboy/Indian/bandit characters. The competing appropriations of the cangaceiro as a Northeastern symbol reflect how the Cold War context intertwined with regional historical narratives in debates over Northeastern identities and politics, both reshaping and upholding entrenched narratives of o Nordeste.
The Coronel and the Rural Poor
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

The third chapter evaluates discursive debates over the potential for change in Northeastern Brazil and competing descriptions of regional poverty as a motivation for or limitation to change. It examines representations of the nordestino landowning rural elite and the rural worker in the 1950s and 60s in popular culture, rural social movement publications, and conservative discourse. Although hegemonic perceptions of rural workers drew on historical notions of nordestino poverty as an inherent condition, rural social movements appealed to rural men’s honor and masculinity to encourage resistance to the landowner’s power, gain support for agrarian reform, and advocate for class struggle. At the same time, rural elites looked to the past to find a symbol for a “new Northeast.” In their effort to redefine the role of rural elites, they appropriated the historical figure of the coronél as a solution to poverty and inequality in Northeastern Brazil, applauding a patriarchal modernization.
Religion as a Political Tool
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines how discourses of religious practices and beliefs of messianism and Catholic radicalism functioned to both unite rural workers and criminalize the rural social movements, while also coding o Nordeste as fanatical and non-modern. By connecting films and popular culture to rural social movement publications and U.S. and Brazilian government documents, the chapter shows the conflicting ways in which political and cultural actors resurrected the historical messianic movement and war of Canudos (1896-7) in the 1960s. Conservatives emphasized the “fanatical” features of social movement leaders and participants, mobilizing the dominant stereotype of Nordestinos as religiously devious. Rural social movements established their own religiously based narrative of a revolutionary Jesus who fought against the wealthy for the poor. The radicalization of Catholic doctrine along with debates about the meaning of past struggles in the Northeast such as Canudos both shifted and upheld the prevailing constructions of Northeastern Brazil.
Survival and Resistance
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

After a long silence, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Ligas Camponesas resurfaced to critique the dictatorship and demand re-democratization in Brazil. The chapter analyzes how the Ligas Camponesas and the struggles of the 1950s and 1960s were recalled in oral histories and memoirs produced during Brazil’s transition from dictatorship to democracy, including Eduardo Coutinho’s 1984 documentary, Cabra marcado para morrer, a popular historical account about the Ligas and the Northeast during the dictatorship. Expressing many of the political concerns of the era and using “reality effects” including stereotypes associated with the o Nordeste, the film challenged the military’s official history of the Ligas as criminal, suggesting the impossibility of “healing” and a new framework for organizing people’s memories. The chapter analyzes the film’s narratives about family and motherhood in the context of the 1980s and in relation to other militant women’s memories about the coup.
Zito de Galiléia
Authors: Sarzynski Sarah
Published: September 2018

The final chapter analyzes an oral history conducted in 2005 with one of the surviving members of the Ligas Camponesas, Zito de Galiléia, and briefly sketches more recent memorial projects in the Northeast. The chapter examines the forms and narratives Zito de Galiléia employs to remember the Ligas Camponesas. His dedication to preserving the memory of the struggle for land and labor rights reflects his position as an insider/outsider to the Northeast, further questioning the power of the trope of o Nordeste. Zito uses his claims to authenticity to further his own power as narrator, drawing from the trope of o Nordeste to legitimize his voice while also challenging it by insisting upon the power of his voice as a “marginalized” Nordestino. The case of Zito further develops the power of the representations defining o Nordeste by demonstrating how the trope functions as a framework for discrimination and resistance.
‘Abbas Hilmi II and the Anatomy of a Siwan Murder
Authors: Ellis Matthew H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter advances the book’s argument about territoriality by examining the layers of contested sovereignty in Siwa after the Khedive ‘Abbas Hilmi’s historic visit to the oasis in 1906. In part through his Da’ira Khassa (the administration of the Khedivial properties), the Khedive mobilized a network of political operatives to serve his own political designs and project his sovereign authority and legitimacy far and wide. In Siwa, this took the form of buying up local property, building a grand new mosque, and providing employment for the Siwan population at large. The Khedive also successfully integrated his private network into the traditional hierarchy of local shaykhs in the oasis. This allowed him to garner sovereignty legitimacy where the colonial Egyptian government failed—a development that is thrown into relief with my careful reconstruction of a little-known Siwan murder case in 1909.
Cultivating Territorial Sovereignty in the Western Desert
Authors: Ellis Matthew H.
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 explores the relationship between territoriality and economic development in late-nineteenth-century Egypt. It argues that this period witnessed a raft of projects aimed at what, in the French colonial context, was called mise en valeur—the reclamation of barren, unprofitable land. After surveying a number of such projects undertaken under the auspices of the Egyptian government, the chapter then turns its attention to the Khedive’s own grand development schemes in the Egyptian West. Foremost among these was the Maryut Railway, which he intended to run from the outskirts of Alexandria all the way to the Libyan border. The Maryut Railway functioned as one of several projects through which the Khedive sought to transform the Egyptian West into a more personalized realm of territorial sovereignty. In this regard, the Khedive strove to outdo the British Residency at its own logic of “economism” as a doctrine of ruling legitimacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Ellis Matthew H.
Published: September 2018

The conclusion uses a variety of archival materials to document the fraught diplomatic negotiations that took place between the Italian and Egyptian governments from the end of World War I until 1925–26, when a border delimitation agreement was finally signed. At the same time, however, the chapter illustrates the limitations of this agreement—how it actually left much unsettled in the borderland in terms of national citizenship and belonging. The book ends with a meditation on how the mechanisms of territorial nation-statehood still seem elusive in this region, which again wrestles with the mobility of the local population as a destabilizing force.
Los espacios para la exhibición de cine en Bogotá: un análisis urbano
Authors: Montaño Alfredo , Pinzón José David
Published: September 2018

La exhibición ha sido parte fundamental de la cadena productiva cinematográfica y desde sus inicios se constituyó en el motor para la adaptación y posterior construcción de espacios para la proyección de imágenes en movimiento que, a lo largo del siglo XX, consolidó unas tipologías edilicias particulares que se destacaron en el paisaje urbano contribuyeron a los procesos de modernización de la ciudad de Bogotá. El artículo analiza información fotográfica y cartográfica para entender las relaciones que se establecieron entre el desarrollo de estos espacios y el proceso de crecimiento de la ciudad que dio como resultado diversas formas de implantación y emplazamiento en el centro tradicional, en las nuevas centralidades y en la periferia de la ciudad.
Extinguishing Spotlights: the Uncertain Future of Cinematic Heritage in London’s Leicester Square
Authors: Raisbeck Alexa
Published: September 2018

London movie theatres have been considered some of the finest palaces to house the moving image. Even the tiles adorning the Northern and Piccadilly lines at Leicester Square tube station depict the iconic film perforations along its platforms. As the focal point of movie marketing, the fetishisation of stars and directors in the numerous film premieres hosted along the red carpets in the square have been recorded and disseminated worldwide via print and broadcast for decades. Today, the huge hoardings (now digitized) still attempt to entice those milling past to venture inside for the latest Hollywood blockbusters. However, as cinema attendance has waned the square has had to respond to the changes in public demand for a wider choice and different kinds of experience. Many of the former cinemas have now been multiplexed; their singular former grandeur stripped in favour of modernist simplicity and choice. Now in a much more worrying trend, parts of the square (including the Odeon West End) are in the process of being fully demolished. Audience demands for variety and spectacle plus industry developments in digital technologies and new trends in experiences such as giant screen formats, 3D films, and more immersive sound have fuelled the need for change to keep up with demand and profit. Using Leicester Square as a case study, this paper will explore the need of cinema holding companies to evolve in an increasing multi-platform era of choice. The question is at what cost to preservation and heritage is this current strategy having on our national and collective cinematic history?
La implantación de la arquitectura de los cines en España: de los pabellones a los palacios cinematográficos
Authors: Lavilla Iribarren Ana Cristina
Published: September 2018

El presente texto analiza algunos elementos que caracterizaron la arquitectura concebida para la exhibición cinematográfica en España durante las primeras décadas de este espectáculo. Teniendo en cuenta las transformaciones sociales, económicas y culturales que se produjeron entonces, simultáneamente a la aparición de las proyecciones cinematográficas llevadas a cabo en ferias y barracas, y a su posterior exhibición en pabellones, se intenta aquí trazar un panorama de la evolución de dichos espacios hacia una verdadera tipología arquitectónica inspirada en la arquitectura teatral. Para ello, se propone un análisis de las tipologías desarrolladas en los años veinte, mediante la revisión de los proyectos de dos figuras clave en el campo de la construcción de salas de cine: Teodoro Anasagasti y Luis Gutiérrez Soto. De la obra de Anasagasti observamos principalmente sus proyectos que ilustran la adopción de una estética beauxartiana; y de Gutiérrez Soto, los proyectos que constatan su experiencia vanguardista y el racionalismo emergente en España en aquellos años.
Efectos metropolitanos de una política de vivienda mixta. el caso del procrear*
Authors: Elinbaum Pablo , Barenboim Cintia Ariana
Published: September 2018

En las últimas décadas, el rol del Estado argentino en materia de política habitacional cambia de productor de viviendas a “facilitador” de las acciones del sector privado mediante una serie de reformas en el sistema institucional y financiero. En este contexto, el Gobierno nacional lanzó en 2012 el Programa de Crédito Argentino (ProCreAr) para paliar la crisis habitacional del país y reactivar la economía como medida contracíclica. A partir del caso del área metropolitana de Rosario, se pretende evaluar la innovación del ProCreAr para 1) contribuir y ampliar los marcos teóricos y de antecedentes sobre las políticas de hábitat, y 2) explicar sus efectos directos e indirectos en múltiples escalas territoriales. Se argumenta que la singularidad del ProCreAr radica en su estilo mixto mediante el cual se combinan políticas compensatorias y redistributivas. Sin embargo, el alcance limitado de esta “protección social” no logra influir en el mercado de la vivienda, del suelo o de la construcción y produce efectos indirectos en los procesos de urbanización a escala local y metropolitana.
Spectroscopic Studies of Dissimilar Al-Cu Laser Welding
Authors: Schmalen Pascal , Plapper Peter
Published: September 2018

This paper describes a novel method to analyze the effect of the fiber laser induced plasma on welding of dissimilar Al and Cu. Based on spectroscopic studies, specific wavelengths were found to be suitable for process monitoring during laser welding. For aluminum, the double peak at 394.4 and 396.1 nm was studied, for cu the 578 nm peak was studied. The characteristic peaks were observed by multiple photodiodes equipped with narrow optical filters with varying FWHM. Analyzing the plasma emissions of the process enabled to detect material changes in the plasma plume. This novel method has the advantage of higher sampling rate combined with reduced costs compared to a spectrometer and is thus able to capture the process dynamics.
Performance of Cemented Carbide Cutting Tools With Volcano-Like Texture on Rake Face
Authors: Kang Zhengyang , Jun Martin Byung-Guk , Fu Yonghong
Published: September 2018

Recently, surface nano/micro morphologies have been applied on cutting tools for multiple purposes, such as cutting force reduction and life-span prolonging. In this study, the micro-grooves texture (MGT) and volcano-like texture (VLT) were patterned on cemented carbide (WC-Co, YG6) cutting inserts’ rake faces by YAG and fiber laser systems. The effects of laser pulse width and energy on texture dimensions were investigated, followed by the micro hardness, EDX and metallographic analyses providing detailed information for VLT’s properties and forming process. The subsequent cutting experiment tested the flat, MGT and VLT tools in turning aluminum alloy 6061 with considering the following factors: textured scale and density, coolant, cutting speed and machining type (rough or finish). VLT tools showed lower cutting forces in rough cutting, and poor compatibility to cutting coolant; MGT improves the efficiency of coolant usage. This study not only introduced VLT to cutting tools, but also revealed its comprehensive performances.