bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Purpose of the Stirrup Vase
Authors: Cook Kathleen
Published: September 2013

The stirrup vase is thought to have been a container for oil and in ancient Greece one of the uses of oil was for washing oneself, much like toilet soap. It has a solid central column with a handle on each side of it and in front a spout. This peculiar arrangement should have a purpose and I suggest a possible one.

Hold the hand palm upwards and insert the second and third fingers through the handles, gripping the spout between the tips of the fingers and the column between the lower joints. Then, keeping the palm upwards, bend the fingers to tilt the spout over the palm of the hand. Oil will then run or drip out into the palm and the other hand can be used to smear it on the user's body without putting the stirrup vase down, so solving the problem one has nowadays of losing the soap in the bath.
Some Red-figure Vase-painters of the Chalcidice
Authors: McPhee Ian
Published: September 2013

The four seasons of excavation conducted by D. M. Robinson at Olynthos between 1928 and 1938 produced a large quantity of red-figure pottery from settlement and cemetery. This material was published in volumes 5 and 13 of the final report. Robinson recognized that many of the red-figure fragments were of local Chalcidic fabric, and he tried to distinguish a few hands, but he made no detailed study. In ARV 1507–9 J. D. Beazley attributed a number of vases to a Painter of Olynthos 5.156 and a Group of Olynthos 5.141, and noted that they ‘might be local Olynthian’ but he ‘did not see that they differed from Attic in clay or technique’. More recently a few local red-figure vases, from private collections and rescue excavations, have been published, and others, still unpublished, are on display in the museums of Salonica and Polygiros. The excavations at Torone, still in progress, have also produced some fragments of non-Attic red-figure. On the basis of this material I have tried to distinguish more clearly some of the red-figure painters active in the Chalcidice in the fourth century; but I ought to emphasize that there are many vases and fragments not included here.
New Evidence for the Early History of Palaepaphos
Authors: Maier F. G.
Published: September 2013

Material from earlier as well as recent excavations at Palaepaphos is considered; it is now clear that a considerable quantity of pottery was imported from the Aegean during the thirteenth century and earlier; this is summarily described. Evidence for a Chalcolithic settlement is analysed. Finally, pottery from the intervening Middle Bronze Age is advanced as an indication of occupation at Kouklia in MC II–MC III times.
Palaeolithic Investigations at Klithi: Preliminary Results of the 1984 and 1985 Field Seasons
Authors: Bailey G. N. , Gamble C. S. , Higgs H. P. , Roubet C. , Sturdy D. A. , Webley D. P.
Published: September 2013

Field-work in 1984 and 1985 centred on the Klithi rockshelter has combined excavation and analysis of finds with palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical studies of the wider regional setting. Radiocarbon dates show that the deposits so far excavated extend from 10,000 BP to 17,000 BP. Excavations have concentrated on the uppermost levels (10,000 BP to 12,500 BP) immediately accessible below the surface, in order to develop methods for investigating spatial variation in the distribution of materials in the deposit. They have revealed a large hearth area in the back of the shelter as a major focus of activity. New details of the flint industry and faunal remains are presented, along with preliminary indications of spatial patterning. There is evidence for the performance of a wide range of subsistence activities based on locally available resources as well as evidence, in the form of exotic flint and marine shells, for contacts over a wide area. Palaeogeographical methods of analysis based on field mapping of geology, relief and terrain have been developed to define the distribution and density of the main herbivores under Pleniglacial conditions. Both the evidence from excavation and from these wider palaeogeographical studies emphasize the small scale of human activities, the small size of residential groups, and the likelihood of seasonal movements and social contacts over very extensive territories during the Upper Palaeolithic period.
Notes on the Town Plan of Late Cycladic Akrotiri, Thera
Authors: Palyvou Clairy
Published: September 2013

The probable extent of the Late Cycladic town at Akrotiri is discussed, and the original geographical setting reconstructed. The principles on which the town and its buildings were constructed are elucidated; emphasizing the compact accumulation of rooms and other units of space. Buildings are generally multi-storied, and there is no evidence for courtyards or light walls within them. Access is generally limited to a single entrance, lighting and ventilation are provided by windows. Drainage systems are provided. The three types of streets: main streets, narrow alleys, and blind alleys are described, and the factors behind their arrangement and form discussed. Orientation of the streets is approximately north to south and east to west. The phenomenon of dentation in the construction of walls is discussed. The conclusion is that the town plan reflects a building operation based on a well-organized community with strong traditions and unwritten laws.
The Siting of Demosthenes' Statue
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: September 2013

It is suggested that Polyeuctus' statue of Demosthenes was placed next to the statue of Lycurgus in the Athenian Agora, and near Cephisidotus' Eirene and Plutus, to recall Demosthenes' support for the children of Lycurgus when they were prosecuted by Menesaechmus.
Two New Silver Shapes from Semibratny (Seven Brothers' Tumuli)
Authors: Gill David W.J.
Published: September 2013

Two vessels reconstructed from fragments found at Semibratny in the Kuban are discussed, a pyxis with the base fitted into the walls, and a stemmed dish in profile closely related to the stemmed kantharos.
Paliochora: Survey of a Byzantine City on the Island of Kythera. Preliminary Report
Authors: Ince Gillian E. , Koukoulis Theodore , Smyth David
Published: September 2013

This paper is a report of the 1985 and 1986 survey work conducted at the Byzantine citysite of Paliochora (Hagios Demetrios) on Kythera. The city was traditionally founded in the late twelfth century and destroyed by the pirate Barbarossa in 1537.

The report begins with a brief historical summary of the island's history under the Byzantines and Venetians, and a description of the site. The rest of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the initial finds under the headings of domestic architecture and churches. In the conclusion the proposed future work on site is outlined.
An Early Corinthian Helmet in the Museum of the British School at Athens
Authors: Jackson A. H.
Published: September 2013

The Corinthian Helmet Catalogue No. B2, of a popular seventh-century design, is described and classified. It is dated to the first half of the seventh century, and placed in Snodgrass's second group.
Agricultural Practice in Greek Prehistory
Authors: Jones Glynis
Published: September 2013

The paper discusses the process of crop production and consumption; that is, methods of cultivating, processing of harvested crops for storage and consumption, and patterns of crop storage. Evidence for storage from prehistoric sites in various parts of Greece is considered.
Marine Style Pottery from the Seraglio in Kos
Authors: Marketou T.
Published: September 2013

This paper gives a preliminary publication of the Marine Style pottery found during excavations at the Seraglio in 1980 and 1981. The pottery has an importance for the history of the south-eastern Aegean and Miletus, following the eruption of the volcano at Santorini, and for this reason is presented here in advance of the final publication.
The EM IIA Shells from Knossos, with Comments on Neolithic to EM III Shell Utilization
Authors: Reese David S.
Published: September 2013

Shells from the excavation of the West Court House at Knossos are analysed and compared with those from other Neolithic and Early Minoan sites.
Tanagra Survey Project 1985. The Site of Grimadha
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: September 2013

An intensive surface survey of Grimadha, ancient Tanagra, was carried out in 1985. Its situation is discussed, together with earlier descriptions and accounts of the site. The physical remains are described.
New Evidence from the Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Manika, Chalkis
Authors: Sapouna-Sakellarakis E.
Published: September 2013

Excavation of a further part of the EH cemetery at Manika, Chalkis, has revealed eight chamber tombs. Contents suggest influence from the Cycladic islands, though the form of graves is more local, or mainland. Secondary burials suggest the graves were used for a long period, perhaps as much as a century. The significance of the evidence from these tombs for the relationship between the Cyclades and the mainland in the Early Bronze Age is considered.
The Dark Age Pottery of Sparta, II: Vrondama
Authors: Coulson William D.E.
Published: September 2013

Two vases reputedly from the village of Vrondama, located some 7km. SW of Geraki in Central Laconia, add significantly to the corpus of Laconian Dark Age pottery, since they represent both ends of the chronological spectrum. The vases are an askos and oinochoe. The askos can be dated to the very early Dark Ages, perhaps even to the transition from LH IIIC to DA, and does much to narrow the gap in Laconia between the end of IIIC and the beginning of DA. The oinochoe, on the other hand, may serve as a transition between the end of DA and the beginning of Laconian LG, for parallels, primarily from Argos, provide a general chronological framework of MG II. The oinochoe is, therefore, as important a transtitional piece for the end of Laconian DA as the askos is for the beginning.
Exploration in the Dodecanese: New Prehistoric and Mycenaean Finds
Authors: Melas M.
Published: September 2013

Results from a recent surface investigation in the southern Dodecanese are presented. New sites and moveable finds are described and roughly dated. Most of them appear to belong to a Late Chalcolithic horizon, in Anatolian chronological terms. Several sites, however, produced also material that could be dated to the Early Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages, whereas M M III to LM I and Mycenaean III A–B pottery comes from Nisyros, Rhodes, and Chalke. In conclusion, the significance and implication of the finds are discussed, and suggestions on future research strategies are made.
Excavations at Assiros Toumba 1987 A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wardle K. A.
Published: September 2013

During the second major season of excavation conducted in 1987, more evidence was found for the extent of crop storage in the Bronze Age Settlement together with a ‘street’ that appeared to have been in use in the latest Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age. Fragments of bronze casting debris suggest the possibility of bronze working at the site around 1150 BC.
Some Byzantine and Later Settlements in Eastern Phokis
Authors: Armstrong Pamela
Published: September 2013

This study publishes pottery from ten Byzantine and post-Byzantine sites in eastern Phokis between Atalanti, Elateia and Orchomenos. The pottery reveals a Middle-Byzantine revival in the area, followed by a decline during the Tourkokratia and, by the nineteenth century, a concentration of settlement into fewer, larger sites.
Knossos Royal Road South 1971 and 1972 excavations: The Coins
Authors: Ashton R.H.J.
Published: September 2013

The author publishes 82 coins from the 1971 and 1972 excavations at the Royal Road South, Knossos. As would be expected, most of the coins are bronze, and Cretan or late Roman. There are no particular surprises, except for an Alexandrian bronze of Augustus in a hitherto apparently unpublished denomination.
A Late Bronze Age House- or Sanctuary-model from The Menelaion, Sparta
Authors: Catling H.W.
Published: September 2013

A preliminary account is given of a fragmentary terracotta model for a flat-roofed, rectangular building found in a context no later than LH IIIA1 in the terrace fill of Mansion 2, at the Menelaion.
A geometric graffito from Eretria
Authors: Johnston Alan W. , Andriomenou Angeliki K.
Published: September 2013

Two joining sherds of an East Greek ‘proto-Bird Bowl’, found in Dr Andreiomenou's excavations at Eretria, bear a three-line graffito text very similar in structure, if not in content, to that on Nestor's cup from Pithekoussai. The piece must be of approximately the same date.
Excavations at Assiros Toumba 1988 A Preliminary Report
Authors: Wardle K.A.
Published: September 2013

Excavation in 1988 demonstrated the systematic organisation of the settlement in every phase. Regular blocks of buildings, separated by parallel streets, existed throughout the history of the settlement from the fourteenth to the ninth century BC. The continuity of occupation from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is beyond doubt. The discovery of two more crop storerooms in the earliest level (Phase 9) adds to the unique evidence for centralised agricultural storage at Assiros at the period when Mycenaean palaces flourished in Southern Greece.
Pottery Wares from the Prehistoric Settlement at Ialysos (Trianda) in Rhodes
Authors: Marketou Toula , Karantzali Efi , Mommsen Hans , Zacharias Nikos , Kilikoglou Vasilis , Schwedt Alexander
Published: September 2013

Among the vast amount of pottery yielded from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Ialysos (Trianda) on Rhodes, 233 samples have been selected for chemical analysis by means of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) at the Bonn Laboratory. Thus, a rather comprehensive new data-base for pottery assemblages from Rhodes and other related production centres has been provided. Further evidence has been also suggested for the local mechanisms of pottery production and the patterns of continuity and changes from the LM IA, through to LMIB/LH IIA and LH IIB-III A1 to LH III A2/LH III B1 periods, in both the intra site and inter site relations of the island with Minoan Crete, the Greek mainland, the Argolid, Cyprus, and other eastern Mediterranean sites.

The study sets the basis for further studies towards the identification of the rather complex system of the society of Ialysos and its interaction with some other yet unknown centers in the Aegean during the early stages of the Bronze Age and throughout the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean expansion.
A Mycenaean Building Reconsidered: The Case of the West House at Mycenae
Authors: Tournavitou Iphiyenia
Published: September 2013

New archival information and fresh archaeological data concerning the architecture of the West House, one of the four “Ivory” houses south of Grave Circle B at Mycenae, the most controversial and perhaps the most archaeologically handicapped member of the group, which has been described as an ideal example of a developed, freestanding Mycenaean domestic unit, a spin off from the palatial model, has prompted a detailed re-interpretation/re-assessment of the evidence and has lead to a comprehensive reconstruction of the building, more than ten years after its final publication.
The Collection of Terracotta Figurines in the British School at Athens
Authors: Pisani Marcella
Published: September 2013

In the following article we will present and discuss more than 150 terracotta figurines that form part of the Collection of Antiquities housed at the British School in Athens. The majority of these artefacts originate from private collections bequeathed by men of culture and illustrious scholars (i.e. George Finlay, G. Empedokles, T. J. Dunbabin). However, there is a small group within the Collection that consists of pieces both brought to light from excavations and found by chance by British archaeologists working in Greece. This group of terracotta figurines dates from a period that ranges from the end of the 7th century B.C. to the second half of the 4th century A.D. and with time, this initially small collection grew in scale and importance. The largest group of objects in the collection belongs to the prolific terracotta production of Boeotia. However, many other terracotta workshops from places such as Cyprus, Eastern Greece, Attica, Corinth and Argolid, are well represented. The majority are common types but there are several remarkable exceptions which shed light on our knowledge of ancient terracotta production. This examination of terracotta figurines will be concluded with a group of more recent artefacts currently part of the Collection at the Museum of the British School in Athens
A New InscribedKioniskosfrom Thebes
Authors: Aravantinos Vassilis L.
Published: September 2013

A fragmentary inscription found at Thebes casts new light on the abortive invasion of Athens in 506 by Kleomenes, the Boiotians, and the Chalkidians. On the one hand, it provides valuable confirmation, soon after the event, of the general drift of Herodotos' account of events; on the other, even in its incomplete state, it adds one important detail lacking in Herodotos. And, of course, it tells the story from the Boiotian point of view.

The excavation took place in the winter of the year 2001–2 in the property of Evanghelia Madhis at Thebes following her application for the construction of a new house. The plot is situated in the suburb of Pyri, in the north-west periphery of Thebes, about 800 m from the city centre of Thebes, and just beyond the Athens–Thessaloniki railway line (FIG. 1). In it was unearthed a well-built tomb-like cist, made of three rows of large conglomerate stone blocks in regular masonry; similar blocks form its pavement. No traces of covering stones or other relevant materials have so far been discovered. However, since the contents of the cist—including objects such as the bronze inscribed sheets found at the bottom—were probably thrown there when it was abandoned, it may never have been properly covered: no trace of a superstructure or roofing system is preserved on the upper surface of the walls of the cist.
Sequencing the EH II ‘Corridor Houses’
Authors: Shaw J. W.
Published: September 2013

One of the most exciting discoveries in Greek prehistory is a type of building of Early Helladic II date, discussed earlier by the present author and nicknamed “Corridor House.” The present study concerns itself with the relative chronology of seven of these, using two main criteria. One criterion concerns structural changes that can be ordered chronologically, namely the use of partial or complete “corridors” alongside a series of axially set rooms, with the more complete corridors, housing stairways, being later. A new structural criterion is whether the building used roof tiles. For instance, the lack of tiles, combined with the simple plan of the corridor house at Thebes, places it at the beginning of the development. Further, a restudy of the corridor house with an undeveloped plan at Akovitika has shown that it was without tiles, the tiles found near it actually belonging to a later building. Thus special roofing seems to have been introduced midway into the sequence. The second criterion makes use of recent publication on EH pottery. For instance, the style associated with the Theban building was Thebes Group A, earlier than the Lefkandi I style characteristic of the later corridor house on Aegina (The Weisses Haus). Clearly the Theban building is at the beginning of the development, with the later examples at Aegina and Lerna at the end. Other examples fall somewhere in between. Terms suggested for the architectural stages discernable are “rudimentary,” “transitional,” and “coalesced.”
Knossos 1951–61: Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Town
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: September 2013

This is the first of three articles dealing with the settlement pottery of post-Minoan Knossos, dating from the tenth to the second century B.C., and coming from the British School's excavations of 1951–61. The most prolific source of this pottery is the major excavation on both sides of the Royal Road, directed by M. S. F. Hood in 1957–61. Here the post-Minoan overlay was in places over five metres deep, and good house-deposits were recovered of the Protogeometric, late Classical, and Hellenistic periods; there is also an excellent well-deposit of late Archaic times. For the other periods, the site produced only thin and scrappy rubbish-deposits, not associated with any contemporary architecture, and therefore less well stratified. But many of the gaps in the Royal Road sequence are more effectively filled by a number of well-deposits from minor excavations on the periphery of the town. Consequently, with the sole exception of the sixth century B.C. (which is still very meagrely represented), it is now possible to get a reasonably clear picture of the domestic pottery at every stage in the life of Hellenic Knossos.
Two Notes from Knossos
Authors: Wardle K. A.
Published: September 2013

During Professor J. D. Evans's excavation at Knossos in 1970, I was responsible for two small investigations which the British School had been asked to make by the Ephor of Antiquities at Heraklion, Dr. St. Alexiou. Excavation in both places produced results of interest which merit publication, though a full discussion of them is beyond my scope.
Prevalence and risk factors forStaphylococcus aureuscolonization in individuals entering maximum-security prisons
Authors: MUKHERJEE D. V. , HERZIG C. T. A. , JEON C. Y. , LEE C. J. , APA Z. L. , GENOVESE M. , GAGE D. , KOENIGSMANN C. J. , LOWY F. D. , LARSON E. L.
Published: September 2013

To assess the prevalence and risk factors for colonization withStaphylococcus aureusin inmates entering two maximum-security prisons in New York State, USA, inmates (N = 830) were interviewed and anterior nares and oropharyngeal samples collected. Isolates were characterized usingspatyping. Overall, 50·5% of women and 58·3% of men were colonized withS. aureusand 10·6% of women and 5·9% of men were colonized with MRSA at either or both body sites. Of MSSA isolates, the major subtypes werespatype 008 and 002. Overall, risk factors forS. aureuscolonization varied by gender and were only found in women and included younger age, fair/poor self-reported general health, and longer length of prior incarceration. Prevalence of MRSA colonization was 8·2%, nearly 10 times greater than in the general population. Control of epidemicS. aureusin prisons should consider the constant introduction of strains by new inmates.
Political Values and Professional Values in Conflict: Irish and Prothro's The Politics of American Democracy
Authors: Stephens Stephen V.
Published: September 2013

It may be an unfortunate commentary on our achievements as “scientists”, but an American government textbook tends to be a rather topical document, and the ones that are good enough to justify the effort must be updated every several years, in order to maintain their competitive position. One of the best, I think, and surely one of the ones most highly recommended to me by other political scientists, was Marian Irish and James Prothro'sThe Politics of American Democracy(Prentice-Hall: 4th edn., 1968; 5th edn., 1971). I used the 1968 edition in classes several times, with such satisfaction that I ordered the new fifth edition in the summer of 1971, sight unseen. As the following comments indicate, I had reason to regret the decision. Since textbooks are rarely reviewed, and since Prentice-Hall reports that this edition will be current through 1975, I have reluctantly chosen this medium to bring some rather strange attributes of this book to the attention of the political science community.

In common with many of the texts that have appeared in the last one or two years, the authors have gone to considerable effort to make their new edition more relevant to the great political disturbances we have just experienced and — to a lesser extent — are still experiencing: ghetto riots, the Vietnam peace movement, and women's liberation.
Political Values and Professional Values: The Recognition of Conflict in Both as Essential to Education in Political Science
Authors: Irish Marian D. , Prothro James W.
Published: September 2013

Academicians are properly suspicious of efforts to characterize all the intellectual currents of a decade by a single phrase. But perhaps our less cautious friends in journalism are not so far wrong in suggesting that we are returning in the 1970s to the conservatism of the 1950s. The first edition ofThe Politics of American Democracy(1959) was denounced by a John Birch group in California for its left-wing orientation. The only previous broadside attack on the book to appear in print was directed at the third and fourth editions (1965, 1968); this attack, which appeared in a 1970 issue of theNewsletterof the Caucus for a New Political Science, denounced the book for its right-wing, pro-system biases. Now we have come full circle and find the fifth (1971) edition denounced because “spokesmen of the left seem to have been given more than equal time.” In some respects we are gratified to think Mr. Stevens' critique must prove we have not grown more conservative with each edition, and we shall certainly display his comments to our children, nieces, nephews, junior colleagues, and students.

More seriously, however, we cannot be gratified to have our scholarship and our integrity impugned. We do not wish to overreact, but the charge that we are guilty of “bizarre statements of ‘fact’ and misrepresentations of the academic literature” and the suggestion that we “can no longer claim to be speaking as … political scientists[s]” can hardly be interpreted to mean that we have merely slipped into occasional error.
The Professional Status of Women Political Scientists: Some Current Data
Authors: Finifter Ada W.
Published: September 2013

For the past few years, women political scientists have been working for measures to improve their professional status and increase opportunities available to them in the discipline. The national and regional political science associations have demonstrated their willingness to explore existing situations disadvantageous to women by the appointment of Committees on the Status of Women (CsSW). The regional committees have recently collected a variety of information on the employment status of political scientists in each of three regions. The availability of their reports prompted the Editor ofPSto ask me to prepare a summary statement on the current status of women in the profession. In order to provide a more comprehensive discussion I have also assembled some additional data and indicators and the APSA national office kindly provided some data from the 1972–73 Department Chairmen's questionnaire.
Cumulativeness in the Social Sciences: Some Counter-Prescriptions
Authors: Singer J. David
Published: September 2013

In every social science, there tends to be a recurrent and cyclical preoccupation with the lack of cumulativeness. Some attribute this to the familiar “absence of theory,” and lay it at the doorstep of “barefooted empiricism.” Others might see the culprit lurking in the conceptual morass that often passes for theory, and would suggest that grand schemata thatarenot — and usuallycannot — be tested will hardly make for greater cumulativeness.

There seems to be more than a germ of truth in both of these suspicions, but let me suggest a third possible source of our disappointment. I refer to certain norms and practices found amongboththe theorizers and the empiricists: those folkways that we pick up in college and graduate school, and are seldom able to shake in the postdoctoral years. On the assumption that an awareness of them and their implications may lead to their gradual extinction, I itemize here a few of what may be our less attractive foibles. While some of them may be peculiar to the field of world politics, most seem to be found all across the discipline.
Who is Listening? Political Science Research in Public Law
Authors: Dixon Robert G.
Published: September 2013

Since this paper in substantially its present form was delivered at the APSA annual meeting in Los Angeles in September, 1970 it has been seen and commented on by several of my friends who are intimate enough to be frank. Views ranged all the way from “don't spoil it by changing it,” to “bury it.” Clearly this is not the stuff of which neutral principles are made. In deciding to go forward, therefore, a plea of confession and avoidance is in order. This is an evocative paper, not a scholarly article. It suggests but does not prove a hypothesis, the real question being how much of it is true and what if anything should political science do about it. Because of the panel format there is intentional hyperbole in my characterization of certain aspects of the behavioral movement, and suggestion that for some researchers it may be almost a “cop-out” on current political and social problems. I trust that those I venture to chide a bit will receive it in the spirit of Marilyn Monroe, who used to say, better to be photographed nude than not at all.
Democratic Elitism Close to Home
Authors: Fox Charles J.
Published: September 2013

If I, in some final reckoning, were asked to state my view of the essential impact of the proposed Wildavsky constitution, I should say that it transfers the debate from the substantive to the procedural. I would say that it abstracts, mystifies, and confuses what was originally a rather clear cut disagreement within the Association. (For a more specific critique of the provisions of the Wildavsky draft see Dankwart A. Rustow, this issue.)

The original disagreement and the one that is still with us may be viewed as a difference of opinion as to certain boundaries: the boundaries between science and politics, science and policy, the Association and the government and/or the regime norms. Those engaged in this disagreement tend to cluster around two positions. One position, that has been called the “establishment” position, tends to draw the older and more established behavioral scholars. For their part they view the boundaries as being rather well established, and since workable, it is felt that they should be maintained. An opposing position, generally attracting younger scholars and some “traditionalists,” has developed around the Caucus for a New Political Science. In its search for what might roughly be called more “relevance,” it sees the “establishment” position as part of the given status quo. According to this position the boundaries are arbitrary, somewhat hypocritically maintained and supportive of a regime that is considered, if not absolutely evil, certainly ill advised as to its priorities. In a word, the distinction between science and politics is surely arbitrary, probably false, and maybe specious.
Challenges of Professional Development for Political Science in the Next Decade and Beyond
Authors: Walker Jack L.
Published: September 2013

Political scientists have been experiencing a 30-year boom in students, resources, opportunities and salaries unlike none other in the history of the profession, but there is little doubt that trends in all these areas are now turning downward. Some lingering skepticism remains about the magnitude of the coming troubles, but most members of our profession are aware not only that the boom is over, but that something ranging from a recession to a thumping depression is almost upon us.

The Committee on Professional Development has been formed in response to the gathering difficulties faced by political scientists. The Committee's task is to identify and precisely describe the problems being encountered by the profession and to suggest solutions. We begin by communicating with members of the National Association through its committees and publications, but hope that our reports and proposals might also stimulate debate and action within political science departments across the country. The profession still is in the early stages of what surely will be an extremely trying period of its history. If foresight is exercised, however, and we are flexible enough to adapt to changing social needs, it is possible that some of our problems can be transformed into opportunities. Our Committee is intended to aid in this important process of adaptation by encouraging the entire profession to discover new bases for intellectual growth.
On the Fate of the Ph.D. Dissertation in Political Science
Authors: Yoels William C.
Published: September 2013

As any recent Ph.D. recipient can attest, the writing of a doctoral dissertation is at times a process fraught with uncertainty and anxiety over the “meaning” of one's work and its implications for the growth of knowledge in the discipline. The dissertation usually marks the first opportunity for a graduate student to exercise a great deal of independence and autonomy on a research project of one's own choosing; and the successful defense of the completed dissertation represents the final phase in a socialization process designed to initiate the newcomer into the sacred “holies” of academic folkways and mores.

From its inception in 1861, when Yale became the first American university to grant the Ph.D. degree, the doctoral degree was viewed as a “research degree” and the writing of a dissertation was justified in terms of making an “original contribution” to the scholar's own discipline. A casual glance through several recent graduate school catalogues indicates that the official rhetoric concerning the dissertation continues to stress the notion of an “original contribution.”
New York City 1978
Authors: Horton Elizabeth E.
Published: September 2013

The city, it seems, acted as inspiration for the meeting. 330 panels, meetings, and receptions, an increase of 17 over any previous year, mirrored the surrounding variety. And, regardless of the opinion of a rather prominent editorialist, some of the Big Apple's excitement and activism infiltrated the atmosphere of our Annual Business Meeting. I know a number of political scientists who felt that it was a pretty good way to spend a Saturday afternoon.

Participants, at an all-time high of 1,457, represented almost 50 percent of those in attendance. Political Philosophy took its place again as first in attendance at the 74th Annual Meeting, with the second ranked section a good 14 points behind (see Table 1 for further details). Significantly, only three panels were reported to have over 100 persons in attendance (Table 2).
Protecting Human Subjects of Research: An Analysis on Proposed Amendments to HEW Policy
Authors: de Sola Pool Ithiel
Published: September 2013

Editor's Note: The Department of Health, Education and Welfare has prepared amendments to regulations governing research on human subjects. The regulations were established in response to recommendations from the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedicai and Behavioral Research. These regulations are implemented by the institutional review boards established by colleges, universities and research institutes. The intent of the proposed amendments is admirable: to reduce the categories of research coming under federal control and review. But specific amendments could impose restrictions and difficulties upon political scientists conducting research projects or teaching their students to conduct research.

The Association's Council's concerns about the proposed regulations was expressed in this resolution passed on August 30:

While endorsing the important goal of protecting human subjects of research from abuse or injury, the APSA opposes any existing or proposed regulations or procedures relating to institutional review boards that would represent a threat to academic freedom or research or freedom of speech. The Council asks the Executive Director, in cooperation with other social science associations and higher education associations to prepare and present analysts of the implications of existing and proposed research regulations for political scientists and other social scientists.

Ithiel de Sola Pool has prepared the following analysis of the proposed regulations in order to inform colleagues of their possible impact. Political scientists who share his concerns are invited to write to the Executive Director of the APSA and join in forming a Committee of Concern about Institutional Review Board Practices by writing to: Ithiel de Sola Pool, 105 Irving Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.

The “Proposed Regulations Amending Basic HEW Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects” which were published in the Federal Register of Tuesday, August 14, 1979, represent a substantial improvement over previous rules and draft rules, but are still grossly improper and unconstitutional.
The Limits of Scholarly Activism
Authors: Muller Steven
Published: September 2013

It is only fair to begin with an admission that a few years ago I would have regarded the title of this paper as an impossible self-contradiction. Scholarship was one concept; activism another. In those days, the two concepts appeared to me to be incompatible. One could, of course, expect to encounter activists who had been scholars, or who had at least received scholarly training; but one would not expect to find a scholar who was an activist at the same time. In the simplest and most general terms, scholarship implied withdrawal, and activism meant involvement. This, at least, was the tradition with which I was familiar. True, there was such a thing as it applied scholarship, but this applied to subjects with which I was not very familiar, nor was I very comfortable with the concept. It seemed to me that the scholar who was overly concerned with the application of his scholarship was not a true scholar and that he stood in danger of compromising his scholarly objectivity and integrity. Obviously, this was the point of view of a rather standard traditionalist, trained in a study of government which had deep roots in the orthodoxy of the humanities and – in my case — lesser roots in the social sciences, which in my student days still seemed more social than scientific.
Three Types of Science
Authors: Haas Michael
Published: September 2013

Hollywood applauds Glendon Schubert's script for a possible soap opera in his pre-view ofApproaches to the Study of Political Science. Stereotypic characters, miscasting of actors, words put in the mouths of fictitious persons, and maudlin grief are all present in his poignantad hominenremarks, while a task which I regard as important — the development of a science of politics — is curiously overlooked by Mr. Schubert as the main purpose of the volume. And, in a manner similar to David Easton's eloquent 1969 presidential address, it is important to tune out Mr. Schubert's solipsisticOne Man's Familyand to discuss instead the real reasons for all the current fuss about postbehavioral options.

My own view is that political science has achieved considerable maturity as a discipline in recognizing a fundamental symbiosis between three facets of science as the 1970's begin. At one level, a scientist may seek to describe an individual case, to calibrate measuring Instruments, and to engineer specific changes in the real world. At a second level a scientist can search for relationships between two or more variables across several cases in order to state generalizations that will serve as guides to the future and to cases as yet unexamined. Yet myriad generalizations do not cumulatively add up to higher and higher levels of scientific achievement until we consider a third facet of science, wherein one seeks analytical explanations for empirical findings and smooths out the idiosyncracies of particular research investigations into analytically parsimonious paradigms, models, and theories concerning how the world is put together. These three levels or types of science may be calledclinical, empirical, andtheoretical, respectively.
Woodrow Wilson—Then and Now
Authors: Herring Pendleton
Published: September 2013

It was in this house that Wilson, after the burdens of public office, sought “some ease.” In words I quote from John Milton's “Samson Agonistes:”

“Ease to the body some, none

to the mind

From restless thoughts, that

like a deadly swarm

Of hornets armed, no sooner

found alone

But rush upon me

thronging, and present

Times past, what once I was,

and what am now.”

One cannot speak of Woodrow Wilson fifty years after his death without recalling his last tragic days. Most poignant is Raymond Fosdick's account:

“I went down to Washington to see him…. It was less than a month before he died, and it was very obvious that his strength was failing, although his mind was keen and alert. When I said to him: ‘How are you, Mr. President,’ he quoted a remark by John Quincy Adams in answer to a similar query: ‘John Quincy Adams is all right, but the house he lives in is dilapidated, and it looks as if he would soon have to move out’…. His whole thought centered on the League of Nations, and I had never heard him speak with deeper or more moving earnestness. In his weakness the tears came easily to his eyes and sometimes rolled down his cheek, but he brushed them impatiently away. I think he had a premonition that his days were numbered - “The sands are running fast,’ he told me - and perhaps he Wanted to make his last testament clear and unmistakable. The League of Nations was a promise for a better future, he said, as well as an escape from an evil past. Constantly his mind ran back to 1914. The utter unintelligence of it all, the sheer waste of war as a method of settling anything, seemed to oppress him. ‘It never must happen again,’ he said. ‘There is a way out if only men will use it.’ His voice rose as he recalled the charge of idealism so often used against the League. ‘The world is run by ideals,’ he exclaimed. ‘Only the fool thinks otherwise.’ The League was the answer. It was the next logical step in man’s widening conception of order and law. The machinery might be changed by experience, but the core of the idea was essential. It was in line with human evolution. It was the will of God.
Introductory American Government Textbooks: An Anatomical Analysis
Authors: Adams William C.
Published: September 2013

The Fall, 1973,PScontained a remarkable exchange. Stephen Stephens charged that Irish and Prothro'sPolitics of American Democracypanders to youthful radical chic proclivities, while the beseiged authors responded with dark hints that Stephens is a closet conservative. In this enlightened age, such an embarrassing, albeit stimulating and entertaining, foray is a kind of academic streaking. The time has come for this subject of textbooks to begin to be clothed with systematic empirical data.

Introductory textbooks assume a new level of dramatically increased significance because, as shrewd academic entrepreneurs have observed, “teaching political science” is clearly a growth stock. What with more and more association panels devoted to “teaching,” a special APSA committee, and the new journalTeaching Political Science, we have a wonderful ironic new subject to employ as the discipline continues to pursue what continues to count—publishing. Will the forthcoming articles on intro texts meet the rigorous standards we demand in other fields of political science or will they be of the Stephens—Irish and Prothro variety? In hopes that the former rather than the latter will prevail, herein is offered preliminary research which seeks to put the matter in a proper punctilious perspective.
Reviewing the Reviewers: Ideological Bias in the APSR Book Section
Authors: Parenti Michael
Published: September 2013

I would like to give attention to that portion of theAmerican Political Science Reviewwhich is most read and least criticized, the book review section. My reading ofAPSRbook reviews in recent years leads me to the following observations:

Most of the books selected for review adhere to the orthodox ideological values of today's political establishment. More importantly, these books almost invariably are reviewed by political scientists who share the same centrist ideological slant as the authors they are reviewing. In the reviews dealing with international relations, for instance, cold war terms like “totalitarianism”, “Castroism”, “subversion” and “Free World” are employed uncritically. Western capitalist nations are described as having “governments”, while socialist nations are said to have “regimes”, usually identified as being under the tutelage of one personage, hence: “Mao Tse-tung's regime”, and “Fidel Castro's Cuba”. The idea that popular sentiments and democratic in-puts might be part of the governance of countries like Cuba or China is not entertained.
Political Scientists and Public Policy Affecting Computer-Based Research
Authors: Henry Nicholas
Published: September 2013

A recurring irony among political scientists is that they rarely display an interest in public policies which directly affect them. An example is the current national effort to formulate public policies for new information technologies, notably those technologies which are vital to academic research in the sciences and social sciences, such as computer-based information storage' and retrieval systems, photocopiers, and microduplication techniques. For almost two decades, lobbyists, public bureaucrats, and congressmen have been engaged in a formal and continuing attempt to revise radically the present principal expression of public policy for new information technologies, the Copyright Act of 1909.

It is my purpose in this essay to explain cursorily how the copyright concept affects the uses and users of the information technology that would seem to have the greatest utility for research in political science — the computer — and review the status of efforts to change the copyright principle in such a way as to accommodate more comprehensively the new information technologies. As we shall see, how copyright law is revised may alter traditional patterns of knowledge use and its generation in political science.
Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Political Science Association
Authors: Mann Thomas E.
Published: September 2013

In conjunction with a discussion of the FY 1974–75 Budget at its April, 1974, meeting, the Council of the American Political Science Association instructed the Executive Director to survey the membership of the Association as to their attitudes toward the usefulness ofPSin form and content. In order to take full advantage of the resources needed to conduct this survey, the National Office conceived a broader study of membership attitudes toward Association activities. The final questionnaire was approved by the Council.

On June 7, 1974, the questionnaire was mailed to 1,000 individuals selected randomly from the membership files of the Association. A second mailing was sent to those who had not responded on July 9. A total of 530 completed questionnaires were received for a response rate of 53 percent.

The demographic characteristics of the membership, as reflected in the sample, are portrayed in Table 1.

The small number of students in the sample is surprising, given the fact that a third of all Association members pay student dues. This discrepancy cannot be attributed to differential response rates; a check of our numbering system confirms the fact that “student” members returned their questionnaires at the same rate as “annual” members. Clearly, a substantial number of individuals paying student dues are employed full-time.