bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prooxidant Effects of the Combination of Green Tea Extract and Sodium Nitrite for Accelerating Lipolysis and Lipid Oxidation in Pepperoni during Storage
Authors: Lin Yuhai , Huang Ming , Zhou Guanghong , Zou Yufeng , Xu Xinglian
Published: May 2011

Abstract: The individual and interactive effects of green tea (GT) extract and sodium nitrite (NT) on lipolysis and lipid oxidation were investigated in pepperoni during processing and storage (4 °C). Pepperoni was treated with GT at concentrations of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%; and NT from 0.003% to 0.015% in increments of 0.003%; and a combination of 0.05% GT and 0.009% NT (GT/NT). The pH, color, residual nitrite, fatty acid (FA), and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were measured. The results showed inhibitory effects on TBARS value were concentration dependent. The largest effect was at 0.05% for GT and 0.009% for NT. Adding 0.05% GT significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the TBARS values but did not affect color values during storage. NT (0.009%) was more effective than GT (0.05%) for maintaining lower TBARS values (P < 0.05). Total fatty acids were not affected by 0.05% GT and 0.009% NT treatments. However, adding GT/NT showed a significant prooxidant effect (P < 0.05) in pepperoni, which accelerated lipolysis and lipid oxidation significantly (P < 0.05) during storage, with depletion of nitrite. This suggests that adding GT and an appropriate amount of NT into pepperoni could promote lipolysis and lipid oxidation during storage, as compared to NT alone.

Practical Application: When using GT extract as an antioxidant in industrial production of pepperoni, the interaction effect with NT should be considered, as it may lead to a prooxidant effect during refrigerated storage.
Microula pentagona sp. nov. and M. galactantha sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from the eastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yu Wen‐Tao , Chen Shao‐Tian , Zhou Zhe‐Kun
Published: May 2011

Microula pentagona W. T. Yu, S. T. Chen & Z. K. Zhou sp. nov. and M. galactantha W. T. Yu, S. T. Chen & Z. K. Zhou sp. nov. (Boraginaceae) from the eastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau are described and illustrated. Microula pentagona is characterized by the pentagonal dark purple pubescent corolla throat, whereas M. galactantha is distinct by its white flowers and a nutlet attachment near the apex. The diagnostic features of the two new species are compared with other species of the genus.
Genetic differentiation among Sri Lankan traditional rice (Oryza sativa) varieties and wild rice species by AFLP markers
Authors: Rajkumar Gowri , Weerasena Jagathpriya , Fernando Kumudu , Liyanage Athula , Silva Rangika
Published: May 2011

Traditional rice varieties are one important component of the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. However, no proper studies have been performed on genetic diversity of the Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties used in our breeding programs. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 46 traditional rice (Oryza sativa) varieties and 5 wild rice species is assesed using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Ten primer combinations generated a total of 784 fragments. Of these, 772 fragments were polymorphic (98.4%). UPGMA analysis based on Jaccard's similarity separated the accessions into four major clusters. A cophenetic correlation with r=0.786 strongly supported the clustering pattern of UPGMA dendrogram. A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) also confirmed the UPGMA clusters. Accessions referred to the same cluster showed similar morphological characteristics (e.g. height, grain colour etc.) while accessions which are known to be morphologically distinct appeared genetically separated. In addition, the clustering pattern distinctly separated lowland and upland rice varieties. This genetic diversity assessment at the molecular level provides reliable information for selection of germplasm in the development of new rice varieties and in conservation of traditional rice genetic resources.
Comparative study on the gametophyte morphology and development of three paramo species of Jamesonia (Pteridaceae, Polypodiopsida)
Authors: Gabriel y Galán Jose María , Migliaro Giulia
Published: May 2011

The sexual phase of three species of Jamesonia (J. imbricata, J. rotundifolia and J. scammaniae) has been studied, from spore germination to gametangia formation, with special attention to the morphological development of prothalli. This is the first work to deal with gametophytes of species in this genus. All three species have trilete, tetrahedrical spores that germinate following the Vittaria type. The developmental pattern of J. imbricata and J. rotundifolia is intermediate between the Adiantum and Ceratopteris types, as the initial mitotic activity is assumed by an obconical apical cell, substituted later by a lateral meristem. In J. scammaniae, no apical cell or lateral meristem is formed, so the prothalli remain ameristic throughout the developmental process. Adult gametophytes are naked and variable in shape, in the same species ranging from typical cordate prothalli to irregularly lobed forms. Gametangia of normal shape and size was observed in both J. imbricata and J. rotundifolia, but not in J. scammaniae. Apogamy could be expected to occur in the genus, a phenomenon to be examined in the future. Comparisons are made with known species of related genera and results are discussed from an ecological perspective in the paramo environment.
Useful Ethnographies
Authors: deRoche Constance
Published: May 2011

Book reviewed in this issue.

Living on the Edge in Suburbia: from Welfare to Workfare. Terese Lawinski.
Film and Video
Authors: Barlow Kathleen
Published: May 2011

Film reviewed in this issue.

Learning to Listen across Cultures: The Storytelling Class. 2010. Directed by John Paskievich and John Whiteway. Produced by Sedna Pictures, Inc.
Foreign Language Instruction in U.S. Schools: Results of a National Survey of Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Pufahl Ingrid , Rhodes Nancy C.
Published: May 2011

Abstract: How well are our schools preparing students to become global citizens who can communicate in languages other than English? To answer this question, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of more than 5,000 U.S. public and private elementary and secondary schools. Results identify current patterns and shifts over time in five key areas of K–12 foreign language education: amount of language instruction; languages and program types offered; curriculum and instruction; teacher certification, professional development, and teacher shortages; and the effects of education reform. Results reveal that despite some positive developments, overall foreign language instruction has decreased over the past decade and the achievement gap has widened. The article concludes with recommendations on how to progress toward achieving foreign language proficiency for all students.
Advocating for Critical Pedagogical Approaches to Teaching Spanish as a Heritage Language: Some Considerations
Authors: Correa Maite
Published: May 2011

Abstract: This article makes the case for using critical pedagogical approaches to the teaching of Spanish as a heritage language (HL). Having different language tracks is not enough: As long as HL learners hold negative linguistic attitudes about their own language variety, they will be unable and unprepared to learn successfully. First, I define who HL learners are and why they need to be in a separate track from traditional language learners. Later, I discuss the basic premises of critical pedagogy in order to recommend that HL instructors take this pedagogical approach to maximize Spanish HL learner potential. Last, I recommend the importance of providing sociolinguistic tools in order to corroborate that standard Spanish is not a replacement for local varieties but simply a register students can use once they appreciate their own language.
Language Learning and Acculturation: Lessons From High School and Gap‐Year Exchange Students
Authors: Spenader Allison J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between acculturation and language learning during a year‐long study abroad program at the pre‐collegiate level. The researcher presents the experiences of four U.S. American sojourners to Sweden as case studies. This mixed‐methods study looks specifically at students with no prior knowledge of the target language. The researcher compared descriptions of students' acculturation and a measure of their acculturative outcomes to their language development as measured by an unofficial Oral Proficiency Interview after 5 and 10 months. The results indicated that higher levels of acculturation are associated with higher levels of proficiency, while a rejection of the host culture is associated with lower levels of proficiency. The researcher presents the implications for study abroad program designs that support language learning.
The Role of Language for Thinking and Task Selection in EFL Learners' Oral Collocational Production
Authors: Wang Hung‐Chun , Shih Su‐Chin
Published: May 2011

Abstract: This study investigated how English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' types of language for thinking and types of oral elicitation tasks influence their lexical collocational errors in speech. Data were collected from 42 English majors in Taiwan using two instruments: (1) 3 oral elicitation tasks and (2) an inner speech questionnaire. The study revealed that types of language for thinking affected production of lexical collocations in speaking. Regarding potential task effect, learners had a higher inaccuracy rate of collocation in prepared speech than in the other tasks, with the disparity less than significant. The researchers discuss pedagogical implications for speaking instruction by highlighting the importance of metacognitive strategy training to the enhancement of EFL learners' speaking competence.
Understanding the Perceptions of Arabic and Chinese Teachers Toward Transitioning into U.S. Schools
Authors: Hall Haley Marjorie , Ferro Melissa S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract: Arabic and Chinese are 2 of 13 languages designated as “critical” by the U.S. Department of State. There is an urgent need to expand the teaching force in these languages. Understanding how best to prepare critical language teachers from abroad is imperative. This study examined the perceptions of 16 pre‐ and in‐service teachers (6 Arabic and 10 Chinese) who attended four interactive professional development workshops and a weeklong online learning community that focused on learner‐centered approaches to language teaching as highly effective tools for teaching “critical” languages. Results indicated that teachers clearly acknowledged and were aware of the differences between their own schooling and how they were expected to teach in the United States.
Spanish Heritage Language Programs: A Snapshot of Current Programs in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Beaudrie Sara M.
Published: May 2011

Abstract: This article reports the results of an investigation into current Spanish heritage language (SHL) course offerings and their content in 4‐year public and private universities in the American Southwest. Prior research has indicated that the number of language departments in the United States offering SHL courses remains small (18 and 17.8%, respectively). The data collection consisted of a survey method carried out through an extensive Web search and follow‐up communications with all universities with Hispanic populations of at least 5% in the region. The findings showed a prevalence of SHL programs in the region, although there remained an uneven distribution throughout the Southwest as reported earlier in nationwide or local studies, with a great discrepancy between the low availability of programs in certain areas and a higher accumulation of programs in others. This distribution was, however, significantly proportionate to the size of the Hispanic population in the various universities. In addition, existing SHL programs were limited with respect to their instructional goals and the types of students they accommodated in their courses. This study encourages reflection on how to best serve the pedagogical needs of the growing population of SHL learners and incorporate insights from SHL research findings into SHL programs.
Parity conjectures for elliptic curves over global fields of positive characteristic
Authors: Trihan Fabien , Wuthrich Christian
Published: May 2011

We prove thep-parity conjecture for elliptic curves over global fields of characteristicp>3. We also present partial results on theℓ-parity conjecture for primesℓ≠p.
Determinants of human cerebral pressure–flow velocity relationships: new insights from vascular modelling and Ca2+ channel blockade
Authors: Tzeng Yu‐Chieh , Chan Gregory S. H. , Willie Christopher K. , Ainslie Philip N.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  Brain function is critically dependent on the regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) by cerebral blood vessels. We show that a mechanical blood vessel property called compliance plays an important role in determining the way cerebral blood vessels respond to changes in blood pressure. These results enhance our knowledge of how cerebral blood vessels regulate CBF, which is critical to understanding the causes and effects of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and dementia.
Genes and elite athletes: a roadmap for future research
Authors: Eynon Nir , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Oliveira José , Duarte José Alberto , Birk Ruth , Lucia Alejandro
Published: May 2011

Abstract  There is compelling evidence that genetic factors influence several phenotype traits related to physical performance and training response as well as to elite athletic status. Previous case‐control studies showed that ∼20 genetic variants seem to be associated with elite endurance athletic status. The present review aims to introduce novel methodological approaches in the field of sports genetics research, which can be applied in the near future to analyse the genotype profile associated with elite athletic status. These include genotype–phenotype association studies using gene expression analysis, analysis of post‐transcriptional factors, particularly microRNAs, genome‐wide scan linkage or genome‐wide association studies, and novel algorithm approaches, such as ‘genotype scores’. Several gaps in the current body of knowledge have been indentified including, among others: small sample size of most athletic cohorts, lack of corroboration with replication cohorts of different ethnic backgrounds (particularly, made up of non‐Caucasian athletes), the need of research accounting for the potential role of epigenetics in elite athletic performance, and also the need for future models that take into account the association between athletic status and complex gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. Some recommendations are provided to minimize research limitations in the field of sport genetics.
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in hippocampal neurons is regulated by the lipid composition of the plasma membrane
Authors: Colón‐Sáez José O. , Yakel Jerrel L.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, and drugs that potentiate α7 nAChRs through the regulation of desensitization are currently being developed. Here we show that changes to the lipid composition of the plasma membrane in rat hippocampal neurons, through either acute treatment with drugs that remove cholesterol and breakdown sphingomyelin or chronic treatment with synthesis inhibitors for cholesterol and sphingomyelin, result in significant changes in the desensitization of α7 nAChRs. These data provide evidence that the lipid composition of the plasma membrane is able to modulate the desensitization of α7 nAChRs, which will be important for the development of new therapeutic reagents.
Chronic intrauterine hypoxia interferes with aortic development in the late gestation ovine fetus
Authors: Thompson Jennifer A. , Richardson Bryan S. , Gagnon Robert , Regnault Timothy R. H.
Published: May 2011

Non‐technical summary  It is now known that adverse events in the womb leading to fetal growth impairment increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. We show perturbed arterial development in sheep fetuses subjected to oxygen deprivation by placental dysfunction, which accounts for the majority of fetal growth restriction in developed countries. The altered structure and composition of the vascular wall exhibited by growth restricted sheep fetuses are akin to those changes present in the preclinical stage of CVD. Therefore, we reveal a plausible mechanism of CVD susceptibility in individuals growth restricted by placental dysfunction. In addition, we identified molecular factors involved in aberrant arterial formation and thus highlight the need for further investigation into these molecular pathways and possible prenatal interventions such as antioxidants.
The Effects of Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emissions From a General Electric Tier 2 Line-Haul Locomotive
Authors: Osborne Dustin , Fritz Steve , Glenn Doug
Published: May 2011

This paper documents the exhaust emission test results from a Tier 2 General Electric ES44DC line-haul locomotive with 3280 kW rated traction power and the impact of biodiesel fuel blends on regulated exhaust emissions. Baseline exhaust emission testing was performed with a test fuel containing a sulfur concentration of approximately 400 ppm and was followed by testing of fuel blends containing 2%, 10%, 20%, and 100% soybean derived biodiesel (B2, B10, B20, and B100). Gaseous and particulate emissions were sampled per Title 40 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations, Part 92. Test results indicate particulate matter (PM) reductions occurred over the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) locomotive line-haul and switch duty cycles for each biodiesel blend tested, as compared with the base fuel. The bulk of the PM reduction benefit was present with the 10% biodiesel blend, with comparatively small additional amounts of PM reductions found with increased amounts of biodiesel. PM reduction associated with biodiesel was greater over the switch duty cycle than for the line-haul duty cycle. The change in cycle weighted oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for B2, B10, and B20 was not greater than the expected test measurement variation; however, B100 increased NOx by nearly 15% over the line-haul cycle. Changes in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions over the duty cycles were within normal test measurement variation except for neat biodiesel, where HC was reduced by 21% and 24% over the line-haul and switch cycles, respectively. Carbon monoxide reductions of 17% and 24% over the line-haul cycle were measured for B20 and B100, respectively, as compared with the base fuel. Volumetric fuel consumption increased to about 1% for both B2 and B10 blends. Just over 2% increase in volumetric fuel consumption was observed at B20 and nearly 7% increase in volumetric fuel consumption at B100.
Setup of an Experimental Facility for the Investigation of Wet Compression on a Multistage Compressor
Authors: Bettocchi R. , Morini M. , Pinelli M. , Spina P. R. , Venturini M. , Torsello G.
Published: May 2011

At present, inlet fogging and wet compression are two of the most widely used approaches to enhance gas turbine performance, especially during hot seasons. However, potentially negative effects of these practices on long-term operational integrity of gas turbines should be evaluated carefully; in particular, wet compression may lead to the erosion of first compressor stages due to the impact of water droplets within the flow at compressor intake. This issue is still controversial in technical literature since only limited historical field operating data and information are available. Therefore, a test facility was specifically set up in the laboratories of the University of Ferrara, to evaluate the effects of wet compression on a small-size compressor. This paper presents the experimental facility developed for wet compression investigation and some preliminary results.
Flow Structure and Heat Transfer in a Stagnation Flow CVD Reactor
Authors: Memon Nasir , Jaluria Yogesh
Published: May 2011

An experimental study is undertaken to investigate the flow structure and heat transfer in a stagnation flow chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor at atmospheric pressure. It is critical to develop models that predict flow patterns in such a reactor to achieve uniform deposition across the substrate. Free convection can negatively affect the gas flow as cold inlet gas impinges on the heated substrate, leading to vortices and disturbances in the normal flow path. This experimental research will be used to understand the buoyancy-induced and momentum driven flow structure encountered in an impinging jet CVD reactor. Investigations are conducted for various operating and design parameters. A modified stagnation flow reactor is built where the height between the inlet and substrate is reduced when compared with a prototypical stagnation flow reactor. By operating such a reactor at certain Reynolds and Grashof numbers, it is feasible to sustain smooth and vortex free flow at atmospheric pressure. The modified stagnation flow reactor is compared with other stagnation flow geometries with either a varied inlet length or varied heights between the inlet and substrate. Comparisons are made to understand the impact of such geometric changes on the flow structure and the thermal boundary layer. In addition, heat transfer correlations are obtained for the substrate temperature. Overall, the results obtained provide guidelines for curbing the effects of buoyancy and for improving the flow field to obtain greater film uniformity when operating a stagnation flow CVD reactor at atmospheric pressure.
Casing Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient and Reference Freestream Temperature Determination Near an Axial Flow Turbine Rotor
Authors: Camci C. , Gumusel B.
Published: May 2011

The present study explains a steady-state method of measuring convective heat transfer coefficient on the casing of an axial flow turbine. The goal is to develop an accurate steady-state heat transfer method for the comparison of various casing surface and tip designs used for turbine performance improvements. The freestream reference temperature, especially in the tip gap region of the casing, varies monotonically from the rotor inlet to rotor exit due to work extraction in the stage. In a heat transfer problem of this nature, the definition of the freestream temperature is not as straightforward as constant freestream temperature type problems. The accurate determination of the convective heat transfer coefficient depends on the magnitude of the local freestream reference temperature varying in axial direction, from the rotor inlet to exit. The current study explains a strategy for the simultaneous determination of the steady-state heat transfer coefficient and freestream reference temperature on the smooth casing of a single stage rotating turbine facility. The heat transfer approach is also applicable to casing surfaces that have surface treatments for tip leakage control. The overall uncertainty of the method developed is between 5% and 8% of the convective heat transfer coefficient.
A Dynamic Film Model of the Pulsating Heat Pipe
Authors: Nikolayev Vadim S.
Published: May 2011

This article deals with the numerical modeling of the pulsating heat pipe (PHP) and is based on the film evaporation/condensation model recently applied to the single-bubble PHP (Das et al., 2010, “Thermally Induced Two-Phase Oscillating Flow Inside a Capillary Tube,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 53(19–20), pp. 3905–3913). The described numerical code can treat the PHP of an arbitrary number of bubbles and branches. Several phenomena that occur inside the PHP are taken into account: coalescence of liquid plugs, film junction or rupture, etc. The model reproduces some of the experimentally observed regimes of functioning of the PHP such as chaotic or intermittent oscillations of large amplitudes. Some results on the PHP heat transfer are discussed.
A 3DOF Rotational Parallel Manipulator Without Intersecting Axes
Authors: Huang Zhen , Chen Ziming , Liu Jingfang , Liu Shichang
Published: May 2011

It is difficult to manufacture parallel manipulators (PMs) with multiple revolute joint axes intersecting at one point. These types include the 3DOF spherical parallel manipulators (SPMs), the 4DOF 3R1T and 2R2T PMs, the 5DOF 3R2T PMs, etc. PMs with this problem are hard to achieve the expected mobility. In this paper, a 3-RPS cubic PM is studied, which has three rotational freedoms and is without those intersecting axes. The motion property of this PM will not change when the manufacturing errors exist. In order to show its orientation capability, the orientation workspace of this PM is analyzed. More discussions about the differences between the traditional SPMs and this PM are proposed. The results show that compared with the traditional SPMs, this 3-RPS cubic PM can also achieve three rotational motions with an enough orientation capability for applications and it has the advantage of easy fabrication.
The Inflammasome in Atherosclerosis and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Masters Seth L. , Latz Eicke , O’Neill Luke A. J.
Published: May 2011

Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis might be linked through the inflammasome via obesity-related triggers.
A Phosphorus-Based Dendrimer Targets Inflammation and Osteoclastogenesis in Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Hayder Myriam , Poupot Mary , Baron Michel , Nigon Delphine , Turrin Cédric-Olivier , Caminade Anne-Marie , Majoral Jean-Pierre , Eisenberg Robert A. , Fournié Jean-Jacques , Cantagrel Alain , Poupot Rémy , Davignon Jean-Luc
Published: May 2011

A phosphorus-based dendrimer suppresses inflammation and reduces bone erosion in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.
Immune and Genetic Correlates of Vaccine Protection Against Mucosal Infection by SIV in Monkeys
Authors: Letvin Norman L. , Rao Srinivas S. , Montefiori David C. , Seaman Michael S. , Sun Yue , Lim So-Yon , Yeh Wendy W. , Asmal Mohammed , Gelman Rebecca S. , Shen Ling , Whitney James B. , Seoighe Cathal , Lacerda Miguel , Keating Sheila , Norris Philip J. , Hudgens Michael G. , Gilbert Peter B. , Buzby Adam P. , Mach Linh V. , Zhang Jinrong , Balachandran Harikrishnan , Shaw George M. , Schmidt Stephen D. , Todd John-Paul , Dodson Alan , Mascola John R. , Nabel Gary J.
Published: May 2011

A vaccine protecting monkeys against mucosal infection by simian immunodeficiency virus sheds light on immune and genetic correlates of protection.
Fat Fans the Flames
Authors: Cheng Mickie H.
Published: May 2011

Fatty acid can invoke mediators associated with insulin resistance that activate the inflammasome to impair insulin signaling.
A Change of Heart
Authors: Nyendak Melissa
Published: May 2011

Low-grade as well as high-grade bacteremia can cause infection of the heart valves.
Parallelized implementation of the CCSD(T) method in MOLCAS using optimized virtual orbitals space and Cholesky decomposed two-electron integrals
Authors: Pitoňák Michal , Aquilante Francesco , Hobza Pavel , Neogrády Pavel , Noga Jozef , Urban Miroslav
Published: May 2011

Parallelized implementation of the coupled cluster singles doubles with non-iterative triples in the MOLCAS program suite is described. The code benefits from the Cholesky decomposition of two-electron integrals and the algorithm is particularly designed for calculations using reduced optimized virtual orbital space. Different aspects of parallelization and its efficiency are discussed based on our recent successful calculations for medium sized molecules involving more than 1000 basis functions.
Substance P accelerates hypercellularity and angiogenesis in tendon tissue and enhances paratendinitis in response to Achilles tendon overuse in a tendinopathy model
Authors: Andersson Gustav , Backman Ludvig J , Scott Alexander , Lorentzon Ronny , Forsgren Sture , Danielson Patrik
Published: May 2011

Background

Tenocytes produce substance P (SP), and its receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)) is expressed throughout the tendon tissue, especially in patients with tendinopathy and tissue changes (tendinosis) including hypercellularity and vascular proliferation. Considering the known effects of SP, one might ask whether SP contributes to these changes.

Objectives

To test whether development of tendinosis-like changes (hypercellularity and angiogenesis) is accelerated during a 1-week course of exercise with local administration of SP in an established Achilles tendinopathy model.

Methods

Rabbits were subjected to a protocol of Achilles tendon overuse for 1 week, in conjunction with SP injections in the paratenon. Exercised control animals received NaCl injections or no injections, and unexercised, uninjected controls were also used. Tenocyte number and vascular density, as well as paratendinous inflammation, were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation to detect NK-1R were conducted.

Results

There was a significant increase in tenocyte number in the SP-injected and NaCl-injected groups compared with both unexercised and exercised, uninjected controls. Tendon blood vessels increased in number in the SP-injected group compared with unexercised controls, a finding not seen in NaCl-injected controls or in uninjected, exercised animals. Paratendinous inflammation was more pronounced in the SP-injected group than in the NaCl controls. NK-1R was detected in blood vessel walls, nerves, inflammatory cells and tenocytes.

Conclusions

SP accelerated the development of tendinosis-like changes in the rabbit Achilles tendon, which supports theories of a potential role of SP in tendinosis development; a fact of clinical interest since SP effects can be effectively blocked. The angiogenic response to SP injections seems related to paratendinitis.
Employment and work schedule are related to telomere length in women
Authors: Parks C G , DeRoo L A , Miller D B , McCanlies E C , Cawthon R M , Sandler D P
Published: May 2011

Objectives

To examine the association of employment and work schedule with shorter DNA telomeres, a marker of cellular ageing and disease risk factor, and consider whether differences were related to health, behaviours and sociodemographic factors, or varied by stress levels or menopausal status.

Methods

This cross-sectional analysis of 608 women aged 35–74 in the Sister Study examined determinants of relative telomere length (rTL) measured by quantitative PCR in leucocyte DNA. Age-adjusted regression models estimated base pair (bp) rTL differences for current and lifetime schedule characteristics (ie, part-time, full-time or overtime hours; multiple jobs; irregular hours; shiftwork; work at night). Covariates included race, smoking, perceived stress, sleep, physical activity, health and menopausal status, education, marital status, live births, children under 18, measured body mass index and urinary stress hormones.

Results

Compared with non-employed women with moderate or substantial past work histories (n=190), those currently working full-time (n=247; median 40 h/week) had a shorter rTL, an age-adjusted difference of −329 bp (95% CI −110 to −548). Longer-duration full-time work was also associated with shorter rTL (age-adjusted difference of −472 bp, 95% CI −786 to −158 for 20+ vs 1–5 years). Findings were not explained by health and demographic covariates. However, rTL differences for working at least full-time were greater in women with higher stress and epinephrine levels.

Conclusions

Current and long-term full-time work were associated with shorter rTL, with differences of similar magnitude to smoking and history of heart disease or diabetes. Longitudinal data with specific stress measures are needed to further evaluate the impact of work schedule on rTL.
HARMONIC NUMBER JUMP ACCELERATION OF MUON BEAMS IN SCALING FFAG RINGS
Authors: PLANCHE T. , LAGRANGE J.-B. , MORI Y.
Published: May 2011

The harmonic number jump acceleration in scaling FFAG rings is considered in this paper. Constraints fixed by the acceleration scheme on the lattice design are detailed. An example of a 3.6 to 12.6 GeV muon lattice which satisfy these constraints is presented.
A NEW PLATFORM FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULAR ITERATIVE ALGORITHMS INTO FPGAs
Authors: DOKOUZYANNIS STAVROS P. , MOKIOS ARGIRIS P.
Published: May 2011

The implementation of regular iterative algorithms (RIAs) in important scientific fields such as image processing, computer arithmetic, cryptography and their implementation in processor arrays architectures, has been extensively studied over the last three decades. Numerous design methodologies and tools have been proposed, mostly targeting custom very large scale integration (VLSI) chips. The advent of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has attracted many researchers to incorporate previously acquired knowledge and experience in designing VLSI chips, to this new technology. This paper addresses the issue of the implementation of regular algorithms into FPGAs and presents a novel design tool for the implementation of RIAs, formulated as dependence graphs (DGs), on systolic arrays. Furthermore, a platform scheme for the systolic arrays hardware realization is proposed.
A DEPLOYMENT ALGORITHM FOR UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORKS IN OCEAN ENVIRONMENT
Authors: LIU LINFENG
Published: May 2011

Underwater sensor networks will find many oceanic applications in near future, and the deployment problem in 3D sensor networks has not been paid enough attention at present. In order to maximize the network lifetime, a deployment algorithm (UDA) for underwater sensor networks in ocean environment is proposed. UDA can determine and select the best cluster shape, then partition the space into layers and clusters while maintaining full coverage and full connectivity. In addition, nodes closer to sinks are possible to bear a heavier data-relaying mission. UDA sets different node deployment densities at different layers in response to the potential relay discrepancy. The simulation results suggest UDA can choose the proper cluster shape to get the maximum underwater wireless sensor network lifetime approximately.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CMOS FOR HIGH SPEED MIXED SIGNAL CIRCUITS
Authors: KAKKAR VIPAN
Published: May 2011

The objective of this paper is to discuss the opportunities of an advanced RFCMOS for millimeter-wave applications based on an assessment of figures of merits including relevant device information. This paper introduces the RF specifications for 45 nm CMOS node and present the evolution of RF-FOMs with gate downscaling over the previous generations. Especially, since 45 nm CMOS is the technology to be available in production, a particular focus on its RF performance for power and bandwidth is given.
DESIGN OF A DUAL-INPUT SERIAL DC–DC CONVERTER REALIZING INDIVIDUAL SWITCHING MODES
Authors: EGUCHI KEI
Published: May 2011

To drive a white light-emitting diode (LED) in portable devices, a dual-input serial DC–DC converter realizing individual switching modes is proposed in this paper. Unlike conventional single-input converters, the proposed converter provides output voltage by converting not only battery energy but also solar energy. Therefore, the proposed converter can suppress energy consumption of a battery. Furthermore, in the proposed converter, the -1/m× stepped-down voltage (m = 1,2,…,N) is generated to drive LED's cathode only when the voltage of solar-cells is insufficient to drive 1 × transfer mode. In other words, when the voltage of solar-cells is sufficient to drive LEDs, the proposed converter is in standby mode. For this reason, the proposed converter can realize high power efficiency, because energy loss caused by the power conversion is suppressed. The properties of the proposed converter are clarified by theoretical analyses. Furthermore, SPICE simulations and experiments show the validity of circuit design, where theoretical results correspond well with SPICE simulated results. For this reason, derived theoretical formulas can provide basic information to design negative switched capacitors (SC) DC–DC converters. The proposed converter will be useful as a driver circuit of white LEDs for display backlighting.
STABILIZATION FOR TIME-DELAY, DISCONTINUOUS AND UNCERTAIN SYSTEMS
Authors: HUANG JUN , HAN ZHENGZHI , LIU LEIPO , CAI XIUSHAN
Published: May 2011

The problem of asymptotical stabilization of a kind of time-delay, discontinuous and uncertain systems is considered by means of functional differential inclusion method which is used for discontinuous differential equations. These discontinuous systems are transformed into functional differential inclusion systems. Adaptive feedback laws are presented to stabilize the systems. An example is simulated to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design.
GENERATION OF THE MINIMUM COMPONENT OSCILLATORS FROM SALLEN KEY FILTERS
Authors: SOLIMAN AHMED M.
Published: May 2011

Two new minimum passive component oscillators using inverting current conveyor (ICCII–) acting as a voltage negative impedance converter are generated from the Sallen Key low-pass and high-pass filters. It is also shown that the Sallen Key low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass filters are the origin of the three minimum component oscillators using the current conveyor acting as a current negative impedance converter. In addition, it is also shown that the Sallen Key high-pass and band-pass filters are the origin of the two minimum component oscillators using single input single output transconductance amplifier as the active element. Although this paper is considered partially a review paper it includes new generation methods and new minimum component oscillator circuit realizations. Simulation results for the new oscillators using ICCII– are included.
JOINT TIME DELAY AND FREQUENCY ESTIMATION METHOD WITH SHIFT INVARIANCE PROPERTY
Authors: ZHANG XIAOFEI , SUN ZHONGWEI , FENG GAOPENG , XU DAZHUAN
Published: May 2011

This paper links the joint time delay and frequency estimation problem to the data model with shift invariance characteristics. A novel method for joint time delay and frequency estimation of sinusoidal signals received at multiple separated sensors is derived. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of multi-invariance characteristic to estimate frequency and also employs single invariance property to estimate time delay. The algorithmic performance is shown to be better than both ESPRIT method and state-space realization algorithm. Simulation results illustrate performance of this algorithm.
PRESSURE LAWS AND FAST LEGENDRE TRANSFORM
Authors: HELLUY P. , MATHIS H.
Published: May 2011

In this paper we investigate algorithms based on the Fast Legendre Transform (FLT) in order to compute tabulated Equation Of State (EOS) for fluids with phase transition. The equation of state of a binary mixture is given by an energy minimization principle. According to the miscible or immiscible nature of the mixture, the energy of the system is either a convex envelope or an inf-convolution of the energies of the two phases. Because these operations are closely linked to Legendre transform, it is possible to construct fast algorithms that compute efficiently these operations. In addition, it appears that the natural mathematical tool for studying mixture thermodynamics in the Legendre space is the max-plus algebra theory.
EQUIPARTITION OF ENERGY AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AT THE APPARENT HORIZON
Authors: SHU FU-WEN , GONG YUNGUI
Published: May 2011

We apply the holographic principle and the equipartition law of energy to the apparent horizon of a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe and derive the Friedmann equation describing the dynamics of the universe. We also show that the equipartition law of energy can be interpreted as the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon. The consistency check shows that our derivation is correct for –1 < w < –(1/3), a value that matches the recent cosmological observations.
ANALYSIS OF UNBALANCED BLACK RING SOLUTIONS WITHIN THE QUASILOCAL FORMALISM
Authors: LIU ZHENXING , CHEN ZEQIAN
Published: May 2011

We investigate the properties of rotating asymptotically flat black ring solutions in five-dimensional Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton gravity with the Kaluza–Klein coupling. Within the quasilocal formalism, the balance condition for these solutions is derived by using the conservation of the renormalized boundary stress–energy tensor, which is a new method proposed by Astefanesei and his collaborators. We also study the thermodynamics of unbalanced black rings. The conserved charges and the thermodynamical quantities are computed. Due to the existence of a conical singularity in the boundary, these quantities differ from the original regular ones. It is shown that the Smarr relation and the quantum statistical relation are still satisfied. However, we get an extra term in the first law of thermodynamics. As the balance condition is imposed this extra term vanishes.
SHORTCOMINGS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF WHY COSMOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS LOOK CLASSICAL
Authors: SUDARSKY DANIEL
Published: May 2011

There is a persistent state of confusion regarding the account of the quantum origin of the seeds of cosmological structure during inflation. The issue is the transition from the quantum uncertainties in the homogeneous and isotropic initial state, into the late-time "classical" anisotropies and inhomogeneities. There seems to be a widespread belief that decoherence addresses the issue in a satisfactory way. This view is taken, often implicitly, by most researchers working in the field. This can be seen most clearly in those accounts intended on facing the issue directly. For instance, a recent article [C. Kiefer and D. Polarski, arXiv: 0810.0087] argues just that, and presents a detailed explanation of the justifications. The explicit nature of that account will allow us to discuss the issue in detail. There are, of course, various other works that often indirectly address the issue with similar approaches (see Refs. 2–13). This type of arguments do not only implicitly assume that decoherence offers a satisfactory solution to the measurement problem in quantum mechanics, but also that, in particular, such approach is applicable to these quantum aspects of cosmology. We will review here, why do we, together with various other researchers in the field, consider that this assumption is not correct in general. Moreover as previously discussed in Refs. 22–26, we will argue that the cosmological situation is one where the measurement problem of quantum mechanics appears in a particular exacerbated form, and that, it is this, even sharper conundrum, that should be addressed when dealing with the inflationary account of the origin of the seeds of cosmic structure in the early Universe. We briefly discuss the ideas behind what we feel might be a promising approach to deal with this problem.
SLIP EFFECTS ON PERISTALTIC TRANSPORT OF A MAXWELL FLUID WITH HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Authors: HAYAT T. , HINA S. , HENDI AWATIF A.
Published: May 2011

Analysis has been carried out to examine the heat and mass transfer effects on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) peristaltic flow in a channel with compliant walls. An incompressible Maxwell fluid occupies the porous space. Modified Darcy's law and slip conditions are used in the problem formulation. Solutions for small wave number are derived. The effects of emerging parameters in the obtained solutions are displayed and discussed.
WALL COMPLIANCE EFFECT ON THE FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
Authors: HAYAT T. , JAVED MARYIAM , HENDI AWATIF A.
Published: May 2011

The peristaltic flow of Jeffrey fluid in a microchannel with compliant wall has been investigated. The rheological effects and compressibility of the fluid are given proper attention. Perturbation approach has been employed when the ratio of the wave amplitude to the radius of the pore is small. Expressions of perturbation function, mean axial velocity distribution, mean velocity at the boundaries and critical values are derived. The variations of various interesting parameters are shown and examined very carefully.
RADIAL DIASTOLIC AUGMENTATION INDEX IS A USEFUL PREDICTOR OF ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
Authors: ZHENG YING-YING , LUNG CHI-WEN , ZHANG YONG-LIANG , LI XUE-QING , MA ZU-CHANG , SUN YI-NING
Published: May 2011

Diastolic augmentation index (DAI), calculated from radial artery pressure waveform, has been associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether DAI could be used as a predictor of arterial stiffness and the effect of heart rate (HR) on it. Measurements of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure (BP), Augmentation index (AI) and DAI were taken in 242 healthy subjects (130 men and 112 women; age 16–78 years). DAI and AI were measured in a subgroup of 16 subjects (10 men and 6 women; age 19–69 years) in a two-month follow-up study, which aimed to investigate the effect of HR changes. Statistically, DAI was higher in women compared to men (44.8% ± 7.7% compared with 43.6% ± 6.9%, P < 0.05). DAI was decreased with age (men: r = -0.755, P < 0.05; women: r = -0.708, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated to AI (men: r = -0.704, P < 0.05; women: r = -0.756, P < 0.05). There was no significant change in DAI when HR ranged from 60 to 80 bpm. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated fewer determinants affect DAI compared with AI. These findings indicate that the simple radial DAI might be used as an index to assess vascular aging.
ASSESSING HEMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCES OF SMALL DIAMETER HELICAL GRAFTS: TRANSIENT SIMULATION
Authors: ZHENG TINGHUI , WANG WEIZHONG , JIANG WENTAO , DENG XIAOYAN , FAN YUBO
Published: May 2011

The present study numerically simulated the physiological pulsatile flow in helical grafts to increase understanding of its flow mechanism which may contribute to the design of better grafts. The wall-indices like time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS) and oscillatory shear index (OSI), joint with a quantitative index for helical flow by means of Lagrangian approach, were introduced as effective instruments to classify the hemodynamic performance of helical grafts. The simulation suggests that the helical geometry created amplified WSS magnitudes as well as elevated velocities near the wall. The calculated oscillatory shear index (OSI) values were never exceeded to 0.07 which is not considered physiologically significant. In addition, the strong secondary flow in helical graft helped the flow mixing between low-momentum fluid closer to the surface and high-momentum fluid at the center which brought the high-momentum fluid to the surface. Furthermore, Helicity analysis revealed that most of the fluid particles experienced counter-clockwise rotation during the whole cardiac cycle which helps to protect the graft wall from damage by reducing the laterally directed forces and keep flow stability. It concluded that a helical graft provides guaranties for the graft wall surface to get smooth and even washing by the blood and eliminates mechanical trauma to blood cells so that atherosclerotic plaques can hardly form in the graft wall.
A SPECIAL CASE OF THE GENERALIZED TRICOMI PROBLEM FOR THE LAVRENTIEV–BITSADZE EQUATION
Authors: HU DIAN
Published: May 2011

We study the generalized Tricomi problem for the Lavrentiev–Bitsadze equation in a sector, when the boundary condition prescribed in the hyperbolic region is far away from the characteristic. The existence and uniqueness of a solution to this problem is proven and further estimates of interest are established.
WEAK SOLUTIONS OF NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS CONSTRUCTED BY ARTIFICIAL COMPRESSIBILITY METHOD ARE SUITABLE
Authors: DONATELLI DONATELLA , SPIRITO STEFANO
Published: May 2011

We prove that weak solutions constructed by artificial compressibility method are suitable in the sense of Scheffer. Using Hilbertian setting and Fourier transform with respect to time, we obtain non-trivial estimates on the pressure and the time derivative which allow us to pass to the limit.