bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Physics and the Special Vulnerability to Underdetermination
Authors: Vickers Peter
Published: October 2022

Chapter 6 addresses Hoefer’s (2020) concern that, when it comes to fundamental physics, there is a ‘special vulnerability to underdetermination’, demanding significantly greater epistemic caution compared with other scientific contexts. The chapter starts by demonstrating the problem via a discussion of Sommerfeld’s 1916 prediction of the hydrogen fine-structure spectral lines based on a radically false theory of the atom. It is agreed that there are special epistemic problems in this context, but the concept fundamental can’t bear the weight Hoefer wishes to place upon it. Alternative options are considered, including Van Fraassen’s observable/unobservable distinction. But in the end it is argued that any such epistemic distinction will always be too crude, too sweeping. Instead we do better to trust the relevant scientific community—who are already highly cautious in this context—to decide on a case by case basis; no special caveat is needed.
Introduction
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: October 2022

The introduction first considers some unsatisfactory yet pre-eminent ways of thinking about versification, found in places from the lecture hall to the rehearsal room to the prosodic guidebook to the scholarly edition to the secondary-/high-school classroom. It then suggests some fresh approaches to the subject which give due attention to the ambiguities and multiplicities of metre/meter. It sets out some of the ways in which this book will supply an ‘alternative’ account of Shakespeare’s blank verse: by reading blank verse in such prosodically alternative ways, by considering pre- and non-Shakespearean blank verse, by reading for the ‘identities’ of early modern blank verse, by reading blank verse beyond English borders, by challenging blank verse’s canonical hegemony and received histories, by entertaining ‘alternatives’ to blank verse, and by seeing—or hearing—the ‘alternativity’ immanent in blank verse in particular.
Not Blank Verse
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: October 2022

The second chapter considers further whether Shakespeare’s blank verse might be ‘bad’. It draws attention to the ways in which Shakespeare absorbed the widely deplored, yet widely employed, popular metrical culture of the sixteenth century—especially the seven-syllable line, widely deemed incomplete and deformed, and the fourteen-syllable line, widely deemed loose and overlong—into his putatively more august blank verse, this being an apotropaic tribute to kinds of verse which had been and continue to be disparaged. The chapter pays attention to a wide range of non-Shakespearean writing, from George Chapman’s translation of the Iliad to Tottel’s miscellany, and features readings of several of Shakespeare’s 1590s comedies plus Macbeth, Cymbeline, and Measure for Measure.
Alternative Histories
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: October 2022

A final chapter reckons with two alternative histories (alternative to each other, that is) of Shakespeare’s blank verse, offered in the century or so after his death. One is by John Dryden, the other by Alexander Pope. It finds these histories immanent within Shakespeare’s blank verse, reading it as a prosodic form constituted by and therefore productive of alternatives. The chapter ends by interpreting the ‘blankness’ of blank verse as its openness to, even its constitutional need for, alternatives. Otherwise what would it mean (for Shakespeare and others) to write a verse form that appears to be defined only by an absence, a ‘blank’?
Opposition Interrupted
Authors: Hasan Zoya
Published: October 2022

This chapter delineates the political implications of BJP’s victory in 2019 for opposition politics and the reinforcement of the right-wing trajectory that India had embarked upon in 2014. The BJP’s top leadership interpreted the verdict as a signal for a complete change in direction and a mandate to establish a Hindu state. The principal consequence of this shift was the acceleration of authoritarianism and communalism that paved the way for the institution of a communal regime in the Centre. These shifts have been strengthened by growing polarization, curbs on dissent, institutional erosion, media control, and growing concentration of economic power, all of which have created an unequal playing field for the opposition. This has profound consequences for India’s democracy and the future of the Congress, which is the principal concern of this chapter.
Conclusion
Authors: Hasan Zoya
Published: October 2022

The chapter concludes the arguments of the book by highlighting the three structural challenges faced by Congress in a political conjuncture defined by the shift to the Right and the polarization produced by it. It has to agree or elect a leader who can keep the Congress united; reconstruct its organizational structure across the states; and, finally, project and propagate a clear alternative ideological narrative to the BJP. Unlike conventional wisdom that highlights the leadership crisis, this book argues that the deficit in Congress is principally a deficit of organization and ideology. The BJP has redefined nationalism as majoritarian nationalism. The Congress hasn’t offered a clear counter-narrative to this idea of nationalism which is unsuitable for a diverse, pluralistic nation committed to liberal values. The Congress is wary of doing so mainly because it fears losing popular support by being seen as anti-Hindu; hence, most leaders are unwilling to come out openly against majoritarianism. The lack of clarity with regard to its ideological stand constitutes a major hindrance in the Congress’s recovery.
Introduction: Aviation and the Indian State 1939–1953
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed
Published: October 2022

The chapter introduces readers to the Indian state’s engagement with aviation. It puts forward the argument that aviation played a crucial role in the decolonization of South Asia. The aeroplane served as a symbol of modernity and its control was vital for the assertion of Indian sovereignty. The introduction states that this subject is one that has received little attention from academic historians through an examination of the existing historiography on aviation and Indian history. This is followed by a definition of some of the key terms used throughout the text including modernity, sovereignty, and the state. A description of the book’s individual chapters, the sources used, and the scope of the book are then discussed. Finally, the introduction is concluded by pointing out the fields in which the book makes interventions.
Indian Aviation and the Second World War
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed
Published: October 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of Indian attempts to gain access to military aviation in the interwar years with a view to ensuring the colony was protected from air attack. The colonial government which had long hindered both civil and military aviation was forced to expand it as a response to the demands of the Second World War. The Indian Air Force (IAF) performed well in the war and civil aviation was well placed for a post-war boom. The hurried expansion of the IAF however gave rise to serious instability in the force after the end of the war culminating in a series of ‘strikes’ by Indian airmen in 1946. The ‘strikes’ and increased Indian control of aviation contributed to the British decision to depart from the subcontinent.
Ittehad Mein Shakti (Strength in Unity): Aviation and the Partition of India 1946–1947
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses both the impact on aviation of the partition of British India into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan and the aviation’s impact on Partition. Post-war gains in civil aviation were threatened by the unsustainable policies that emerged as a result of disagreements between Congress and the Muslim League. The colonial Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) was also divided between India and Pakistan during the Partition. If Partition had a major impact on aviation then aviation too had an important role to play in Partition. The RIAF helped restore order while Indian airline companies were strained to breaking point by the evacuation of refugees during Partition. Eventually both India and Pakistan would have to rely on British airline companies to evacuate crucial government personnel and isolated refugees.
Of Princes and Planes: Aviation in the Indian States 1931–1948
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that the Indian princely states used aviation in different ways to claim to be modern and therefore legitimate entities. In particular it looks at three examples. In Jodhpur, Maharaja Umaid Singh mobilized a new ‘martial modernity’ by associating old Rajput martial traditions with the modernity of the aeroplane. Mysore meanwhile invested heavily in the Hindustan Aircraft Factory at Bangalore in the hopes of kickstarting industrialization. India’s richest princely state, Hyderabad, established its own airline and held out for a year against an Indian blockade by availing the services of an Australian gunrunner. All three states sought to make new claims to sovereignty against both the colonial and the independent Indian governments but were ultimately forced to accede to the Indian Union.
In Search of the Objective Telos of Self-Governance
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an outline of the teleological structure of the virtuous self-governance of desire. The unavoidable incompleteness of any empirical series assures that happiness empirically conceived is not the proper telos for guiding this process. Instead, we look beyond desires to Kant’s non-naturalistic account of self-governance in which one’s affects and passions are guided by the quasi-desire or moral feeling of respect, a feeling with a rational provenance which situates itself within the empirical world of desire as the authoritative governor of that world. We then turn to an initial articulation of both the objective and subjective teloi of self-governance: respect for persons as the proper objective telos (to be explored in Part I) and a supervening subjective telos (to be explored in Part II) which describes the phenomenological state of the person well-suited to pursue that objective telos.
Deontological Teleology
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M.
Published: October 2022

This chapter first notes a curious lacuna in the secondary literature on the topic of teleology and Kant’s moral theory. It then considers those few interpreters who defend a teleological reading of Kant, arguing that the author’s account of making persons as such one’s end is preferable. The chapter then shows that Kant in fact defends a system of Deontological Teleology: through a review of some central Groundwork passages and also of Kant’s mature account of the Categorical Imperative in the Doctrine of Virtue, the chapter shows that his wavering in the former work on whether pure practical reason is an inherently end-based capacity is unambiguously defended in the latter work via the new category of obligatory ends. Practical reason thus operates in reciprocally deontological and teleological modes. And the chapter affirms, ultimately, that end-setting is consistent with a free, a priori grounding of morality.
Objections to Deontological Teleology Considered
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M.
Published: October 2022

In this chapter we consider a series of objectors to Deontological Teleology: those who claim happiness empirically conceived is the only possible telos of a eudaemonistic morality, those who fear a rational governor of empirical desires is a foreign invader instead of an authoritative governor of desire, and those who fear that so persons-centered a morality disregards the value of non-person valuable existences like animals and the environment. We focus particularly on this last question. Through appeal to a new account of what Kant means by having only “indirect” obligations in regard to non-human beings, an account which rejects a merely instrumental appeal to the usefulness of non-human nature and appeals instead “indirectly” to our capacity for self-obligation to ground an appreciation for the intrinsic value of such nature, we defend a robust Kantian approach to understanding our obligations to non-human beings from an unapologetically persons-centered point of view.
Introduction
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the notion of natural philosophy and argues for its retrieval as a viable disciplinary category following its fragmentation in the last two centuries. This does not amount to an uncritical or nostalgic return to the past, but to reclaiming ideas that ought never to have been lost. The chapter reflects on the history and potential value of natural philosophy, and distinguishes between ‘natural philosophy’ and ‘natural science’. As recent discussions of progress in philosophy make clear, some philosophical ideas are ripe for reconsideration and engagement. This chapter considers how retrieving natural philosophy might fit into this framework.
Subjectivity
Authors: McGrath Alister E.
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with Karl Popper’s ‘World Two’, which encompasses the subjective aspects of the human engagement with nature. This was an important element of early modern natural philosophy, and has been largely forgotten in modern scientific accounts of the natural world. The importance of this point is explored using the distinction between ‘space’ and ‘place’, which helps allow a richer account of the natural order, including human memories of spatial attachment and significance. The importance of beauty and wonder in a retrieved natural philosophy is considered, along with the language and conceptual schemes that are required in order to articulate and communicate the emotive and affective dimensions of nature. This chapter concludes by considering the place of poetry in a retrieved natural philosophy.
Reshaping the Role of Professional Associations and the Federal State in Swiss VET
Authors: Bürgi Regula , Eigenmann Philipp , Gonon Philipp
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses on the changes in the Swiss VET system triggered by the advancing knowledge economy. Skill profiles change rapidly nowadays and there is an ever-increasing demand for upskilling. As a result, reforms have to be initiated in order to ensure the necessary changes in the training system. The chapter focuses on professional associations as pivotal actors in shaping vocational knowledge and skill profiles and argue that the reforms consist of both transformative and self-preserving elements. Hence, the development is ambiguous in character. The results are based on expert interviews and a document analysis of the commissions responsible for training structures and content. It is shown that the transformative parts of the reforms lead to standardization and increase the influence of the state. At the same time, the self-preserving forces favour decentralized—or collective—skill formation, thus empowering professional associations. The latter results in path-dependent and diverse modes of governance. Yet, reactions to the knowledge economy circle around the conflicting poles of persistent diversity and standardization. The standards are set by soft law, i.e. governing tools such as funding schemes, detailed manuals, or monitoring procedures. These instruments express not only standardization but professionalization, which challenges professional associations, in particular small and medium-sized associations and firms that rely on volunteer participation and have no professional structure. However, professional associations remain influential players in Swiss VET, guided by their institutional legacy.
Still Egalitarian? How the Knowledge Economy Is Changing Vocational Education and Training in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Carstensen Martin B. , Ibsen Christian Lyhne
Published: October 2022

Is the balance between concerns for efficiency and equality in vocational education and training (VET) institutions sustainable with the rise of the knowledge economy? This chapter studies reform trajectories in two VET systems committed to egalitarianism, the Swedish and the Danish. The chapter shows that obtaining both equality and efficiency in either the collectivist Danish system or state-led Swedish system is increasingly an untenable policy position. Thus, both systems ended up more focused on employers’ interests in the 2010s. In Sweden, the Gy11 reform limited mobility between VET and higher education, while reforms in Denmark instead focused on excluding the weakest students to attract stronger students and employers. However, stubbornly low admission numbers in both systems indicate that the strengthened focus on efficiency so far has not translated into increasing demand for VET from strong students. The variation between the two systems hinges in important ways on differences in the institutional setup of the respective systems: the Swedish system allows more discretion for the state, whereas in the Danish dual system employers are placed in a veto position.
Declining Collectivism at the Higher and Lower End
Authors: Seitzl Lina , Unterweger Daniel Franz
Published: October 2022

The knowledge economy challenges the premises of collective skill formation systems. The jobs apprenticeships have traditionally prepared for—mid-level jobs in the industrial sector—disappear. Higher and more general skills become increasingly important, reinforcing cooperation dilemmas. The question arises of how these systems react to this pressure. In this chapter, employer reactions to situations in which the state replaces firms in the provision of skills are analysed. It is argued that, while initially not intended, the expansion of statist training in the face of structural challenges reinforces the decline of the number of training firms because it frees firms from constraints, offering an attractive exit opportunity from employer coordination. These trajectories are analysed by looking at two developments in the Austrian skill formation system at the higher and the lower end of the skills distribution: the expansion of VET to the field of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the introduction of public training workshops. Both sectors can be expected to expand as the growth of the knowledge economy progresses because trends towards higher skill needs not only leads to a growth of educational options at the higher end of the skill distribution but also necessitates the integration of those unable to cope with increasing skill demands (the lower end). In both cases, employers have increasingly warmed to statist VET because it allows them to save costs while the provision of a well-trained workforce is still ensured. This resulted in a further decline in collective training.
Suggestions for 2021–22 Budget
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

Post the havoc wrought by the pandemic, with the budget 2021– 22 being formalized and announced on February 1, 2021, the Government was required to make all all-out effort to win the confidence of the people. The focus was to be on the state of the economy, looking for a response through budget proposals. The authors explored and looked into fiscal policy measures such as personal income tax, GST, welfare measures, and hike in overall government expenditure which could kick-start consumption demand. Here the need to retain confidence amongst the youth who would be the pillars of the development of the country in the coming years is discussed. To be able to provide quality education in India and successfully implement the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the suggestion was made for increasing the education expenditure to at least 6% of GDP from 4.6% of GDP besides arguing for hike in the healthcare budget, gender budgeting and building up infrastructure spending etc.
Surge in GDP Growth in Q1 2022: Real Picture?
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

With the Indian economy growing at a record pace of 20.1% in Q1 FY22 as against a contraction of 24.4% in the same quarter of FY21, economists and analysts were of the view that the low base effect of the previous year’s record contraction had contributed to the same. Keeping in mind the second virus wave, macroeconomic indicators were reflective of the fact that due to less stringent regional and localized lockdowns, the economy relatively was not that adversely affected. The chapter studies in detail GDP growth numbers for Q1FY22 for the Indian economy and its journey back on the path of economic growth. It also analyses certain watch-outs that the government and RBI needed to look out for and keep on their radar especially private consumption. Improving consumer sentiments especially, post the onslaught of the second virus wave was key to demand recovery and increased discretionary spending.
Corporate Banks
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

In the background of RBI’s Internal Working Group recommending permission for business houses setting up of banks and eliciting public opinion, two former central bankers strongly condemned the proposal while another economist termed it the promotion of crony capitalism. Keeping in mind that in the recent past, RBI rejected banking licence applications by leading business houses while some of them were permitted to set up payment banks, the chapter discusses what major changes have taken place within a couple of years, that too at a time when there is no liquidity crunch for the RBI to again contemplate granting of permission for business houses setting up of banks.
Asset Monetization with Transparency
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja
Published: October 2022

The Finance Minister in the Union Budget 2021– 22 announced on 1 February that a National Monetization Pipeline would be launched and a dashboard would be set up to ensure transparency and track progress. The proposal was to monetize public infrastructure assets that are underutilized or unutilized by the government and PSUs. The chapter discusses how asset monetization will create new revenue options by unlocking the value of unutilized assets owned by the Public sector units. It also stresses that revenue raised through monetization should not be utilized for benefiting the government in terms of short-term budgetary support, thereby strictly adhering to company law norms.
The Desire for War and Its Discontents
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows how Homer thematizes aggressive desire as the proximate motivation for the Greeks’ renewed conflict with the Trojans in Iliad Books 4–6, which feature the rekindling of the war and the epic’s first battle narrative. The poet particularly marks out the goddesses Hera and Athene, and the Greek kings Agamemnon and Diomedes, as subjects of this desire to kill, which is represented by anger (cholos) and by a will (ethelō), rage (meneainō, menos), or eagerness (memaōs) to wage war. While Homer initially invites the audience to sympathize and empathize with Greek aggression and inspires our narrative desire to find out how and when Troy will fall, in Book 6 we are offered a new perspective on the fighting through a narrative shift from the battlefield to the city. The poet reveals the anguished desiring subjectivities of Andromache and the other Trojan women, who attract our sympathetic and empathetic desires, causing cognitive dissonance.
Achilleus’ Mourning and Revenge
Authors: Lesser Rachel H.
Published: October 2022

This chapter shows how Achilleus’ longing (pothē) for Patroklos after his companion’s death manifests itself in melancholic mourning and in an aggressive desire to take revenge on Hektor that drives the hero back into battle. Achilleus’ new triangular desires both parallel and supersede his previous ones, motivating a second and final arc of the Iliad’s main plot and preventing his reconciliation with Agamemnon in Book 19 from providing narrative resolution. Meanwhile, the queerness of Achilleus’ attachment to Patroklos explains and highlights the socially destructive and narratively generative nature of the new desires his loss provokes. Homer keeps the audience engaged as the epic continues by arousing our narrative desire to find out how and when Achilleus will kill Hektor, and by encouraging our empathy with the desiring hero and sympathetic wish for the alleviation of his pain. Yet our sympathies may shift as the hero conceives and enacts his brutal vengeance, eliciting reflection on the morality of Achilleus’ new plot.
Teen Angst
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

Many Boomers pinpointed the same single event that abruptly influenced their withdrawal from church: confirmation. Other researchers have noticed a similar pattern of church attendance ceasing abruptly following confirmation. In keeping with Anglican practice, the Boomers attended confirmation classes in order to discuss in detail points of theology and practice. An unintended consequence of these experiences was the development of questions, hyper-rationality, and a clash between the emerging values of an adolescent and the doctrine of the church. The Boomers’ own misgivings were often echoed by others in positions of authority: teachers, parents and sometimes religious leaders, providing fertile ground for growing those doubts and questions.
Drifting Away, Fading Away
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

The vast 1960s’ turn to higher education, often involving moving away from home, appeared to cement the Boomers’ growing withdrawal from church and religion more broadly. Many Boomers described this as inevitable, given that they had already experienced and facilitated religious decline, which seemed only to have been accelerated by their leaving home. It is not the variable of education that explained their growing atheism, but that of leaving home and experiencing other ways of believing and belonging. Apart from university, Boomers also often experienced travel, the workplace, and other cultural exposures to different ways of being, believing, and belonging, reflecting trends of pluralism, and weakening the ‘plausibility structures’ that had already begun to unravel. As the young Boomers did not have a strong spiritual sense of a god or other deity, there was no torment or wrench in leaving something that had so little emotional or relational connection.
1960s’ Cultural Revolution
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

Boomers shared key events that helped to shape the generational identity. The argument here operationalises the concept of ‘generation’ as not simply a cohort of people sharing similar birth years, but a collection of people born at a time of historical note and even trauma that has shaped their identity. Many Boomers often mentioned the 1960s for example: the impact of being ‘post-war’ with nations rebuilding and economies recovering; 1968 Paris student riots; Vietnam war; music; the Cold War and the threat of immediate, mass annihilation. Most frequently, both male and female Boomers frequently discussed the difference the contraceptive pill made to their generation, whether or not they personally had found it liberating. It was not just the effect of the pill on reproduction, but its symbolic, empowering value. Nevertheless, the 1960s was not a causal variable in losing their religion as most Boomers were never religious in the first place.
Belonging and Behaving
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

Religious scholars often bemoan an apparent lack of purpose or ‘meaning’ amongst younger, secular people. Boomers, on the other hand, frequently challenge the idea that ‘meaning’ is important, at least when it is bound up in religious or philosophical frameworks. They tend to speak more about their relationships, their work, families, their communities, and, in many cases, their causes. Meaning and ‘belonging’ often overlap. The Boomers were more interested in democratically structured organisations, or social movements, with like-minded people rather than hierarchically or patriarchally structured groups. Some joined organisations which campaigned for the greater separation of religion from the wider public sphere. Baby Boomers were all part of the Cold War era, and some may have experienced long-lasting existential, but not religious, angst.
The Next Generations
Authors: Day Abby
Published: October 2022

The category of ‘no religion’ or ‘none’ has displaced Christianity as the largest religious category in the UK, and many other countries reflect a similar trend. Young people, the so-called Millennials, and the even younger Generation Z, are more likely than older people to self-identity as not religious. The shift to no religion from religion has been sudden and dramatic, corroborating the argument here that Baby Boomers started and sustained the trend. Baby Boomers in this study did not take their children to church when younger, and nor did they engage in any religious practices at home. While some had their babies ‘christened’ to satisfy the eldest generation, confirmations generally did not occur, nor did regular church attendance thereafter. When interviewed in 2020, the Baby Boomers’ children were in their thirties and, almost without exception, were not religious and were not, in turn, raising their own children to be religious. Being without religion, however, does not mean being without belief. This chapter explores the kinds of beliefs and values the Boomers say they transmitted to their children, and considers the effect on Generation X, Millennials, Generation Z, and generations to come.
Introduction
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

This short introductory chapter situates the book’s discussion on the right not to stay within the larger normative debate on the liberal democratic state and justice in immigration. A recurring assumption, in this debate, is that migrants wish to move permanently to receiving countries, and temporary migration is simply a second best necessitated by restrictive migration policies and unjust global distributive conditions. Against this assumption, significant empirical evidence exists on the increasing numbers of labour migrants who eventually return to their country of origin as the result of an intentional project to do so. The existence of this kind of temporary migration projects calls for a deep revision of the normative framework involved in current debates among liberal egalitarians. This change of framework poses important challenges and questions, notably relating to the theorization of migrants’ agency and the role of citizenship rights in the ethics of immigration.
Migration, Ideal Theory, and the Pursuit of Happiness
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

Labour migrants who engage in temporary migration projects often trade their status as equal members of the receiving society for the chance to collect valuable resources to invest back home in the pursuit of important personal goals. This trade-off challenges one of the central tenets of liberal egalitarianism, which sees equal status and the pursuit of individual happiness as two inextricable dimensions of justice, both realized by the establishment of equal citizenship rights. Moreover, it reveals that for those who engage in temporary migration projects citizenship rights are ill fitted to guarantee these dimensions of justice. This problem emerges even in ‘ideal theory’ and represents a genuine theoretical conundrum for how we conceive the principles of the liberal egalitarian state. The puzzle must be solved by devising special rights that address the specific forms of vulnerability and subordination of those migrants who aim to return. These rights remedy to their unequal status by recognizing their special position within the receiving society, rather than by making their equality conditional on full inclusion.
Migrants’ Agency, Liberalism, and Life Plans
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

This chapter asks what is due to migrants in recognition of their agency. The liberal state typically recognizes and honours people’s agency by creating institutions that accommodate their life plans, when these are voluntarily chosen. This means securing that the costs of choosing them should not be too high, that people should not bear all the risks those life plans entail and that the recognition that people may legitimately try to achieve those plans should be reflected by an adequate legal framework. These principles also apply to migrants engaged in temporary migration projects. This claim is defended against a possible objection, namely that when migration is voluntary, migrants should take responsibility for their choice to migrate and therefore bear the costs of their decisions, whatever they may be. The objection is rejected by analogy with other familiar cases in which voluntary choices do not have those implications.
Welfare and Work Rights
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses the special civil and social rights that can best accommodate the goals and plans of those who engage in temporary migration projects, thus protecting them from the vulnerabilities and forms of inequality and subalternity that are currently associated to their condition. The special rights owed to temporary migrants who aim to return can be divided into three main categories: rights regulating work conditions, welfare provisions that accommodate the family and personal needs of temporary migrants, and rights facilitating the achievement of the project to return. These rights, being explicitly special in character, depart from the universal equality of treatment established by citizenship rights among all the members of the liberal society. The final part of the chapter addresses the concerns about social equality and social dumping that this departure from equality of treatment might raise.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Ottonelli Valeria , Torresi Tiziana
Published: October 2022

This final chapter summarizes the book’s argument by reviewing the formidable challenges that temporary migration projects pose for liberal egalitarian theory and the implications of the argument for the theory of just immigration in liberal democratic states. This conclusion also points to normative implications that extend beyond the borders of receiving states. Indeed, the creation of a just migration regime at the global level must also include a right not to stay, in the form of specific policies that provide adequate protection and support to those migrants who plan to return. Moreover, the right not to stay also concerns the responsibilities that sending states have towards their emigrants who engage in a temporary migration project.
Preliminaries
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

This chapter presents the elements needed to deploy the arguments in subsequent chapters. It is argued that the correct formulation of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles is that, necessarily, no two objects share all their non-trivializing properties, and that the trivial principle that, necessarily, no two objects share all their properties is not a version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles. The relevant notion of properties as predicable conditions is explained. Concrete and abstract objects are distinguished, and so are relational and non-relational properties, intrinsic and extrinsic properties, and pure and impure properties. Relations are also discussed and it is argued that formulations of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles need not quantify over them.
Trivializing Properties and NT-properties
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

In this chapter two definitions of trivializing properties are provided. The basic claim is that trivializing properties are those such that differing with respect to them does not require differing extra-numerically. Non-trivializing properties are those that are not trivializing properties. The two definitions are argued to be extensionally correct. The characterization of non-trivializing properties allows an understanding of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles as the principle that, necessarily, no two objects share all their non-trivializing properties. This also shows that the principle of Identity of Indiscernibles is compatible with primitive identity. The chapter discusses in what sense the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles can provide a principle of individuation.
Black’s World
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that Black’s world, in which there are only two iron spheres having exactly the same diameter, shape, temperature, colour, mass, exact chemical composition, and so on, is one where the spheres in question share all their pure qualitative properties, or pure properties for short. This task is both important and necessary. It is important because, if Black’s world contains two purely qualitatively indiscernible spheres, then if Black’s world is possible, the version of the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles according to which no objects can be purely qualitatively indiscernible is false. And it is necessary because several authors have argued that the spheres in Black’s world are not purely qualitatively indiscernible.
Introductory Essay
Authors: McLachlan Campbell , Harris Jonathan
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides a background on the enduring influence of Lawrence Collins’ ideas on the international litigation regarding the contemporary shape of private international law in England and across the world. Lawrence’s scholarship drew early attention to the significance of European law and its private international law rules for English law as well as commenting upon its proper limits. It introduces the essay contributions that speak both to the dynamic nature of international litigation as a field and to the breadth of Lawrence’s own interests. The chapter considers examples of the distinctive respects in which Lawrence’s approach to the practice of international litigation has led to the progressive and principled development of private international law. It includes the scope of sovereign immunity as applied both to states and to heads of state and assumption of judicial jurisdiction over foreign defendants and the determination of appropriate forum.
The Conceptual Economy of Private International Law
Authors: Watt Horatia Muir
Published: October 2022

This chapter cites the ‘Preliminary Matters’ in the great Dicey, Morris & Collins, which emphasizes the significance of nineteenth century legal thought in the shaping of modern private international law. It explains the fundamental importance of Roman legal thought for the formation of Western law, wherein two different strands of legal scholarship draw attention to the persistence of Roman conceptual frames. Historian Aldo Schiavone observes that the academic study of Roman law has been beleaguered by the difficulty of dissociating its history from the essence of law itself. The chapter examines how the peculiar feature of legality is particularly acute in the case of the conflict of laws and suggests how the conflict of laws might serve as a learning device in respect of other areas of legal knowledge. The invention of a whole new way of approaching colliding norms took place simultaneously across the Western or legal world.
Post-Brexit
Authors: Hartley Trevor
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the new shape of English private international law following the enactment of Brexit. EU measures do not affect the force of law in the United Kingdom (UK) after the Brexit transition. However, these measures include two Rome Regulations and Brussels I Regulation, the most important EU regulations for commercial private international law. Leaving the EU also triggered the conclusion of certain international conventions that the UK applied to under the agreement with the EU. The chapter highlights the UK becoming a Party now that it was not part of the EU’s member state. It mentions the Hague Choice of Court Convention being affected by the departure.
Bold Surgeon and Compliant Patient
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Following discovery of memory loss in two of Penfield’s patients, Brenda Milner examines ten patients of William Scoville who had undergone partial removal of both temporal lobes and suffered varying degrees of memory loss. One patient, Henry Molaison (‘Patient H.M.’) proves especially interesting, having short-term but no long-term memory. The importance of the hippocampus for memory is recognized.
Triumph and an Unprovoked Attack
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Other research successes at McGill. Developments in Canada. Surprising attack by British neurologist, Francis Walshe, on Penfield and the latter’s concept of a ‘centrencephalic centre’ in the brain where sensory information reaches consciousness and movements originate.
Visual Focus
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Interest moves away from hippocampus to other areas of the brain. Especially important is the discovery of cells in the visual cortex responding to linear stimuli (slits of light, dark bars, edges) at specific orientations in the visual field. Further, neurons with similar response specificities are found to lie in columns perpendicular to the brain surface
Enter the Giant Sea Slug
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Eric Kandel decides to do more research on learning and memory, this time using the large neurons of the giant sea slug, Aplysia, as his preparation. Ladislav Tauc, already familiar with Aplysia, collaborates in the experiments, many of which are conducted at the Institut Marey in Paris. Kandel and Tauc discover that even an elementary neural circuit in Aplysia is capable of ‘learning’, displaying both habituation and sensitization.
Human Neurons—Success and Disappointment
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

In Paris, Denise Albe-Fessard begins recording from thalamic neurons during stereotaxic surgery in humans while in Uppsala, Karl-Erik Hagbarth succeeds in recording from single human peripheral nerve fibres. Despite the different locations the two types of recording show very similar responses to skin stimulation.
Return of the Slug
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Eric Kandel starts a new set of Aplysia experiments, this time in the Physiology Department at New York University. With colleagues he shows that the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia is capable of both sensitization and habituation, both phenomena associated with alterations in synaptic activity affecting motoneurons.
Hidden Faces
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

With recordings in awake monkeys Edmund Rolls discovers the presence of neurons in the temporal lobe responding to real or photographed faces. Meanwhile in New York, Eric Kandel shows that serotonin release is responsible for sensitization at synapses in Aplysia. Longer-lasting synaptic effects are found to be brought about by protein synthesis and the growth of new synapses.
More than a Headache
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

A brilliant musicologist develops viral encephalitis with severe involvement of both temporal lobes. He is left with an inability to remember anything or anyone beyond a few seconds.
Unexpectedly, a Grid
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Two young Norwegians fall in love while studying psychology. During graduate studies they learn about place cells from John O’Keefe at University College London. Returning to Norway and setting up their own laboratory, they discover ‘grid’ cells in the entorhinal cortex—a major source of nerve fibres projecting to the neighbouring hippocampus.
Theories of Consciousness
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Competing ideas for the nature and source of consciousness are presented, before concentrating on the brain. Within the latter different authorities have emphasized the primary role of either the cerebral cortex or the brain stem, or a combination of both.
The ‘Minimum Time’ Argument for Consciousness
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

A further argument for memory providing the essence of consciousness is the necessity of holding information for a minimum time so that a thought can be created and expressed. Memory is also essential for achieving consciousness when passing from sleep to wakefulness.
Role of the Non-Hippocampal Cortex
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

Although neurons in sensory cortex respond to selective features of a sensory stimulus the analysis does not reach consciousness until the hippocampus is involved. The time-chunking activity in the cortical columns may be the limiting factor.
Epilogue
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2022

The epilogue reviews the importance and circumstances of Brenda Milner’s study of Henry Molaison, as well as the contributions of those associated with her. Should a Nobel Prize have been awarded?
Sense of Place
Authors: Acharya Indranil , Panda Ujjwal Kumar
Published: October 2022

‘Sense of place’, a buzzword in the sphere of modern humanistic geography, has been interpreted differently by different critics. To some it is the idea or feeling of a place in the mind of people living on it. It may also stand for some typical traits that a place displays and some places do not. The idea of a certain place cannot inherently be positive always—there are feelings like fear of living in a place or hatred for a particular place. Again responses to a certain place can be different to two different individuals given their social, cultural, or political positions. Through a study of Seamus Heaney’s representation of Northern Ireland in his poetry, the chapter seeks to locate the idea of sense of place in literature.
Discovering Poetry
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

Vajpeyi wrote his first poem in Jan 1950 at the age of 9, when he was in the 6th standard and India was becoming a democratic republic on 26th Jan. All kinds of celebrations were planned in schools and he wrote my first poem, in praise of the new republic.
A Vision of Nature
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

Vajpeyi believes that believe that there is no such thing as naked seeing, uninfluenced or pure seeing. Our belief, our notions tend to play a role, make us see what we want to see because we are used to seeing those kinds of things. But it many times prevent us from seeing what we may not have seen. One of the functions of arts in general is to bring to your attention that which in the normal course of things you may not notice or pay adequate attention to. Maybe a combination can also work. For instance, you have an apple and maybe a jar or a plate or something, these may be very work-a-day images, but you don’t quite see them in that kind of a configuration, you don’t see them in relation to each other and having some kind of a colour, rhythm, or lack of it or having a kind of an unspoken dialogue, being together in that sense. What art is doing, if you see a still life, is to bring to your attention a new meaning in something you might have thought to be a conventional thing, nothing to bother about or pay attention to.
Painting and the Perception of the World
Authors: Jahanbegloo Ramin
Published: October 2022

The historical evidence would suggest that painting was the first form of artistic articulation. The cave paintings, the primitive paintings that have been discovered, both in India and in some places in France and elsewhere, suggest that during the prehistoric period thousands of years ago, we have no remnants of any linguistic articulation, but we have painterly expression. So, it seems almost certain that the first expression in terms of art was in painting and that painting preceded poetry.