bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public perspectives on hunting mountain lions and black bears in Colorado
Authors: Ghasemi Benjamin , Niemiec Rebecca , Crooks Kevin R.
Published: August 2024

Regulated hunting of large carnivores as a management tool is a contentious topic. We report the results of two public mail‐back surveys conducted using stratified random sampling to assess Colorado residents' opinions about hunting mountain lions (ML; n = 462) and black bears (BB; n = 458). After weighting the samples to be representative of state population demographics (i.e., age, gender, level of urbanization, geographical region, and hunting participation), we found that the approval of legal and regulated hunting of MLs and BBs was polarized and varied among stakeholder groups and hunting purposes. Most residents, to varying extents, disapproved of hunting for trophy (ML 77.9%; BB 85.6%), hide or fur (80.6%; 75.2%), and recreation (62.7%; 67.0%). Over three‐fourths disapproved of hunting MLs with dogs (88.2%) and electronic calls (75.2%). Moreover, hierarchical regression results revealed that men, hunters, and those who identified as Republican or Republican‐leaning showed more support for hunting. Also, mutualism wildlife value orientation was negatively related to hunting approval, whereas domination value orientation was positively linked. Understanding public perspectives on these issues can enable the social context of wildlife management to be considered in decision‐making, thereby improving large carnivore management outcomes.
A race against extinction: The challenge to overcome the Linnean amphibian shortfall in tropical biodiversity hotspots
Authors: Carné Albert , Vieites David R.
Published: August 2024

Aim

There is an urgent need to explore, characterize, describe and preserve as many species as possible to prevent their decline. Tropical biodiversity hotspots harbour most of the known land diversity and vast amounts of undiscovered and undescribed species. Here, we quantify the taxonomically unassessed amphibian species richness in Madagascar, one of the best‐studied and explored tropical hotspots worldwide, to identify knowledge gaps and conservation implications.

Location

Madagascar.

Time Period

Present.

Major Taxa Studied

Amphibians.

Methods

We used the Madagascar amphibian fauna as a model to unveil neglected diversity by analysing 10,873 mitochondrial sequences using species delimitation algorithms and incorporating all previously published bioacoustics, distributional, morphological and nuclear data with an integrative approach.

Results

Besides the currently described 413 species, we identified 408 divergent lineages. Among this, 310 fit the category of candidate species pending a taxonomic assessment, while 98 are considered deep conspecific lineages. These figures suggest that species richness could be twice as high as represented in the current taxonomy. Geographically, most of these candidate species occur in well‐studied areas within the island.

Main Conclusions

Despite being one of the best‐studied and explored tropical countries worldwide for amphibians, we found that many species are awaiting a taxonomic assessment in Madagascar. Paradoxically, this unassessed diversity concentrates on highly explored regions, emphasizing the importance of exploring and inventorying new areas. Our results highlight the magnitude of the Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls, affecting both species richness estimates and the distribution ranges and biogeographic setting known for this fauna. Current conservation efforts should consider this novel diversity and unexplored areas as they will likely harbour yet many new species to be discovered. We expect similar patterns across less studied tropical realms and encourage researchers to perform such studies in different clades before this neglected biodiversity becomes irremediably lost.
Early modern globalization and the extent of indigenous agency: Trade, commodities and ecology
Authors: Carlos Ann M. , Green Erik , Links Calumet , Redish Angela
Published: August 2024

This paper examines the responses of Indigenous nations and European companies to new trading opportunities: the Cree nations with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the Khoe nations with the Dutch East India Company [Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC)]. This case study is important because of the disparate outcomes. Within a few decades the Cree standard of living had increased, while Khoe nations had lost cattle and land. Standard histories begin with the establishment of trading posts, but this elides the decades of prior intermittent contact which played an important role in the disparate outcomes in these two regions. The paper emphasizes the significance of Indigenous agency in trade.
Combining dipyridamole and cilostazol with up‐dosing antihistamines improves outcomes in chronic spontaneous urticaria with high D‐dimer levels: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Prasertcharoensuk Amornrat , Chongpison Yuda , Thantiworasit Pattarawat , Buranapraditkun Supranee , Rerknimitr Pawinee , Mongkolpathumrat Pungjai , Palapinyo Sirinoot , Chantaphakul Hiroshi , Kijrattanakul Pitiphong , Klaewsongkram Jettanong
Published: August 2024

In a double‐blind, randomized controlled trial, we investigated the effectiveness of adding antiplatelet drugs to up‐dosing antihistamines for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) in patients with elevated D‐dimer levels who had an inadequate response to conventional antihistamine doses. Twenty patients with Urticaria Activity Score over 7 days (UAS7) ≥16 and D‐dimer >500 ng/mL were randomized to receive either antiplatelet therapy (cilostazol 150 mg/day + dipyridamole 50 mg/day) with antihistamine (desloratadine 20 mg/day) or antihistamine alone for 4 weeks. The antiplatelet group demonstrated a greater decrease in UAS7 compared to the control group (28.10 to 8.90 vs. 22.90 to 16.40, p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.054). Both groups experienced improved quality of life (DLQI), but the improvement was greater in the antiplatelet group (p = 0.046). D‐dimer levels decreased only in the antiplatelet group (1133.67 ng/mL to 581.89 ng/mL, p = 0.013) with no significant change observed in the control group. This suggests that combining dipyridamole and cilostazol with up‐dosing antihistamines may be more effective for CSU patients with high D‐dimer levels compared to up‐dosing antihistamines alone. This could be due to a reduction in platelet activation, as evidenced by the decrease in D‐dimer levels observed in the antiplatelet group.
Japanese expert consensus on the standardization of robot‐assisted pelvic lymph node dissection in urological surgery: Extent of pelvic lymph node and surgical technique
Authors: Morizane Shuichi , Miki Jun , Shimbo Masaki , Kanno Toru , Miura Noriyoshi , Yamada Yuta , Yamasaki Takeshi , Saika Takashi , Takenaka Atsushi ,   A working group for standardization of robot‐assisted pelvic lymph node dissection in the Japanese Society of Endourology and Robotics
Published: August 2024

Pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is important for accurate staging and prognosis of prostate and/or bladder cancer. Several guidelines recommend extended PLND for patients with these cancers. However, the therapeutic benefits of extended PLND are unclear. One major reason is that the extent of PLND is not clearly defined. Thus, the working group for standardization of robot‐assisted PLND, including nine experienced urologists for PLND in Japan, was launched in January 2023 by the Japanese Society of Endourology and Robotics. This study summarized the discussions to define the individual extent of PLND in urological surgery in a consensus meeting among these experienced urologists. The consensus meeting determined the extent of PLND based on arteries (veins) and anatomical membrane structures rather than a vague concept or approach toward PLND. This concept is expected to allow surgeons to implement the same extent of PLND. Finally, after a total of 10 online web conferences were held, we determined the extent of PLND for the obturator lymph node (LN) area, the internal iliac LN area, the external and common iliac LN area, and the presacral LN area according to the above rules. The extent of PLND suggested here currently does not have a clear therapeutic rationale. Therefore, the extent of our proposed PLND is by no means mandatory. We hope our definition of the extent of PLND will be supported by further evidence of therapeutic benefits for urologic cancers.
Infants' individuation of human faces across race and identity
Authors: Pickron Charisse B. , Stallworthy Isabella C. , Cheries Erik W.
Published: August 2024

Young infants' face perception capabilities quickly tune to the features of their primary caregiver. The current study examines whether infants distinguish faces in a more conceptual manner using a manual‐search, violation of expectation task that has previously been used to test kind‐based individuation. We tested how well infants between 11 and 27 months of age individuated faces that varied by superordinate category (human vs. non‐human in Experiment 1) subordinate category (individual identity in Experiment 2) or by race (White vs. Black, Experiments 1 & 2). We assessed individuation by quantifying the difference in infants' duration of reaching within an empty box between trials when the box was unexpectedly empty and expectedly empty. We found evidence of individuation across all ages and conditions, but with within‐infant variation. On average, infants individuated face from non‐face stimuli (Experiment 1), individual face identities (Experiment 2), and White versus Black faces (Experiments 1 & 2). These findings suggest that 1‐ to 2‐year‐old infants use distinct human face features to represent individuals across time and space. We discuss this evidence for race‐based individuation and related complexities of face identity in terms of implications for conceptual development for faces in the first years of life.
High‐quality early care and education for low‐income families: Toddlers’ cognitive and emotional functioning during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Lopez Lukas D. , Castillo Anabel , Frechette Elizabeth , Jeon Shinyoung , Castle Sherri , Horm Diane , Kwon Kyong‐Ah
Published: August 2024

High‐quality early care and education (ECE) programs are associated with positive outcomes, especially for children from low‐income families. During the initial COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown many of these families faced an abrupt halt to ECE. Here, we examined how toddlers from economically disadvantaged backgrounds enrolled in high‐quality ECE programs in the United States during the 2020 pandemic (n = 48) fared on cognitive and socioemotional outcomes compared to a 2019 pre‐pandemic cohort (n = 94) and a pandemic 2021 cohort (n = 132). Toddlers in the 2020 cohort scored significantly lower on executive function compared to toddlers in 2019 and 2021 cohorts. Toddlers in the 2020 cohort had higher ratings self‐regulation compared to the pre‐pandemic cohort, but not 2021 cohort. There were no differences on attachment ratings between cohorts. Findings suggest that the abrupt halt to ECE programs due to the COVID‐19 pandemic impacted US toddlers’ cognitive and socioemotional abilities. This underscores the importance of continued high‐quality ECE for infants and toddlers from low‐income families during disruptive times. Further work is needed to investigate the long‐term impacts of experiencing an abrupt halt to ECE due to COVID‐19.
Ophiuroidea Gray, 1840 potential species richness across the eastern Pacific: An approach using species distribution modelling
Authors: Granja‐Fernández Rebeca , Ramírez‐Chávez Eduardo J. , Rodríguez‐Zaragoza Fabián A. , López‐Pérez Andrés
Published: August 2024

Aim

To estimate patterns of potential species richness (PSR) and identify shallow‐water Ophiuroidea hotspots based on their modelled distribution throughout the eastern Pacific Ocean (EP).

Location

Eastern Pacific Ocean.

Taxon

Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea.

Methods

We compiled and analysed the occurrence of 137 shallow‐water (≤200 m) species of Ophiuroidea from the EP using Species Distribution Models (SDM; use of Maxent) and buffering for rare species to create the first maps of PSR of the class in the EP to gain insight into their patterns.

Results

The highest PSR was found in mid‐latitudes, decreasing towards high latitudes, denoting a robust latitudinal pattern. All PSR hotspots were found in mid‐latitudes and correspond to northern Mexico, the area between Corinto (Nicaragua) and the Gulf of Panama, and the Galapagos Islands. The pattern is mainly linked to topographic configuration, although the models also suggest temperature and other environmental factors as important. Additionally, the pattern correlates (R = 98) with the pattern of the family Amphiuridae, suggesting that its richness can be used as a proxy for exploring Ophiuroidea richness patterns elsewhere.

Main Conclusions

The richness of Ophiuroidea from the EP follows a latitudinal pattern as do other invertebrate groups. The Gulf of California, Central America, and Galapagos Islands are confirmed as hotspots of Ophiuroidea richness. However, other significant areas include the west coast of southern Baja California, Chiapas, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. PSR patterns are influenced by diverse environmental variables and the distribution patterns of the most conspicuous families. SDMs are useful for understanding large‐scale distribution patterns. This work is the first PSR assessment of marine invertebrates from the EP.
Mortality outcomes in individuals with MASLD versus MASLD and increased alcohol intake
Authors: Aboona Majd B. , Danpanichkul Pojsakorn , Chen Vincent L , Rangan Pooja , Kim Donghee , Alkhouri Naim , Fallon Michael B. , Noureddin Mazen , Arab Juan Pablo , Wijarnpreecha Karn
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has become a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. A new entity termed MetALD has also been described and is defined as individuals with MASLD and increased alcohol intake. However, the natural history of MetALD compared with MASLD is unknown. We aimed to compare longitudinal outcomes in patients with MASLD versus MetALD.

Methods

This study was performed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2018. MASLD patients (defined by the United States Fatty Liver Index > 30) who met cardiometabolic criteria including body mass index (BMI) > 25 (BMI > 23 in Asians), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia were included. MetALD was defined as MASLD with increased alcohol intake (3–6 standard drinks per day in males; 2–5 standard drinks per day in females). A comparison of overall, cardiovascular, cancer‐related, and other causes of mortality in patients with MASLD versus MetALD was performed.

Results

A total of 2838 individuals with MASLD and 2557 individuals with MetALD were included with a median follow‐up time of 56 months. MetALD patients were at increased risk of cancer‐related mortality compared with patients with MASLD (hazard ratio 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.14–1.53; P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in overall, cardiovascular, and other causes of mortality.

Conclusions

Patients with MetALD were at higher risk for cancer‐related mortality than MASLD. Close attention to regular cancer surveillance and accurate classification of alcohol consumption in individuals with diagnosed MASLD is warranted to help improve patient care and outcome.
Individual socioeconomic status, neighborhood disadvantage, and cognitive aging: A longitudinal analysis of the CLSA
Authors: Best John R.
Published: August 2024

Background

There are likely many contributors to variation in the rate of cognitive decline in middle and late adulthood, including individual and neighborhood socio‐economic factors. This study examines whether individual socio‐economic factors, namely income and wealth, correlate with cognitive decline, in part, through neighborhood‐level social and material disadvantage.

Methods

Using the three waves of data collection from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), this study included 51,338 participants between the age of 45 and 85 years at baseline (51% female). Individual socio‐economic status (SES) was assessed by annual household income and by the current value of savings and investments. Neighborhood disadvantage was measured by area‐based material and social deprivation indices. Cognition was measured at each wave using verbal fluency, mental alternations, and delayed word recall. Latent change score models, incorporating direct and indirect pathways, were constructed to estimate the indirect effect of individual SES on cognitive change through area‐level disadvantage. Multi‐group models were constructed on the basis of age‐group (45–64 years; 65–74 years; or 75+ years) to allow for varying estimates across age.

Results

Among 45–64‐year‐olds, income and wealth had indirect effects on initial cognitive level and on rate of cognitive decline through material disadvantage (standardized indirect effects = 0.01, p < 0.001), but only wealth had an indirect effect through social disadvantage (p = 0.019). Among 65‐74‐year‐olds, income and wealth had indirect effects on initial cognitive level (p < 0.01) but not on rate of cognitive decline (p > 0.05), and among 75+ year‐olds, no indirect effects were observed (p > 0.05). Wealth and income had direct effects, independent of neighborhood disadvantage, on cognition in all age groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Among middle‐aged adults, greater individual SES may mitigate cognitive decline, in part, by allowing individuals to live in more materially and socially advantaged neighborhoods.
Comparison of platelet‐rich plasma efficacy with and without photoactivation in melasma: A randomized double‐blind study
Authors: Demir Filiz Topaloğlu , Altun Ece
Published: August 2024

Background

Photoactivation has been suggested to enhance the efficacy of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in conditions other than dermatological diseases.

Aims

To evaluate the efficacy of photoactivated PRP (P‐PRP) treatment for melasma by comparing it with non‐photoactivated, classical PRP (C‐PRP).

Methods

The study consisted of 38 female patients diagnosed with melasma between April 2022 and May 2023. The patients were randomized into the P‐PRP and C‐PRP groups. Three sessions of P‐PRP or C‐PRP were applied to the patients at 2‐week intervals. The Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and Melasma Quality of Life Index (MELASQoL) scores were compared before and 2 weeks after treatment.

Results

The median age was 38 years, and the median disease duration was 60 months. Clinically, 94.7% of the cases were centrofacial and 5.3% were malar. According to Wood's lamp examination, 55.3% of the cases were epidermal, 13.2% were dermal, and 31.6% were mixed‐type. The median pre‐ and post‐treatment scores were 14.5 and 9, respectively, for MASI and 36.5 and 17, respectively, for MELASQoL. The post‐treatment MASI and MELASQoL scores of both groups significantly decreased (p < 0.001 for both). However, the intergroup difference was not significant. When all patients were evaluated together a moderate, positive, and significant relationship was detected between PRP and the pre‐ and post‐treatment MASI and MELASQoL scores (r = 0.494 and p = 0.002). No side effects associated with PRP were observed.

Conclusion

PRP is an effective and safe treatment method for melasma. Further studies are needed to evaluate the contribution of photoactivation to PRP treatment in melasma.
Founder‐CEO Compensation and Selection into Venture Capital‐Backed Entrepreneurship
Authors: EWENS MICHAEL , NANDA RAMANA , STANTON CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2024

We show theoretically that a critical determinant of the attractiveness of venture capital (VC)‐backed entrepreneurship for high‐earning potential founders is the expected time to develop a startup's initial product. This is because founder‐CEOs' cash compensation increases substantially after product development, alleviating the nondiversifiable risk that founders face at startup birth. Consistent with the model's predictions of where the supply of entrepreneurial talent is likely to be most constrained, we find that technological shocks differentially altering the expected time to product across industries can explain changes in both the rate of entry and characteristics of individuals selecting into VC‐backed entrepreneurship.
Contrast‐free visualization of distal trigeminal nerve segments using MR neurography
Authors: Sahu Sulagna , Hellwig Dane , Morrison Zachary , Hughes Jeremy , Sadleir Rosalind J.
Published: August 2024

Background and Purpose

The 3‐dimensional cranial nerve imaging (CRANI) sequence may assist visualization of anatomical details of extraforaminal cranial nerves and aid in clinical diagnosis and preoperative planning. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using a combined CRANI and magnetization‐prepared rapid‐acquisition gradient‐echo (MPRAGE) imaging protocol to comprehensively identify trigeminal nerve projections.

Method

We evaluated the detection of distal regions of three branches of the ophthalmic nerve (V1), three branches of the maxillary nerve (V2), and five branches of the mandibular nerve (V3) in seven healthy adult subjects, with and without contrast injection. Nerve branches were rated on a 5‐point scale by three observers. Interobserver reliability was studied using weighted kappa statistics and percentage agreement.

Results

Among V1 and V2 branches, the frontal nerve and infraorbital nerve were most successfully identified (average rating of 3.9, agreement >80%) in precontrast MPRAGE images. In V3 branches, lingual and inferior alveolar nerves were most successfully identified (average rating of 3.9, agreement >80%) in precontrast CRANI images, with an excellent average rating. In all cases except one, interobserver reliability was rated good to excellent. The buccal nerve was the only branch with a low average interobserver rating. Gadolinium contrast did not improve nerve segment visualization in our study. This may relate to the specific anatomic regions assessed, gadolinium dose, postcontrast image timing, and lack of pathology.

Conclusion

A combined CRANI and MPRAGE protocol can be combined to visualize distal branches of V1, V2, and V3 and has potential for clinical use.
Novel COL5A1 variants and associated disease phenotypes in dogs with classical Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome
Authors: Bullock Garrett , Jaffey Jared A. , Cohn Leah A. , Sox Erika , Hostnik Eric T. , Hutcheson Kyle D. , Matero Erin , Hoffmann Karen S. , Johnson Gary S. , Katz Martin L.
Published: August 2024

Background

Human patients with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (EDS) are categorized into subtypes based on causative genetic variants and phenotypes. The classical form of EDS, primarily caused by variants in COL5A1 or COL5A2, is a very common subtype in people but is poorly characterized in dogs.

Objective

Describe likely causal COL5A1 variants in dogs with classical EDS, summarize clinical histories, discuss potential disease mechanisms, and draw conclusions about disease prognosis.

Animals

Seven client‐owned dogs that exhibited clinical signs of classical EDS.

Methods

Clinical information was recorded from medical records and communication with attending veterinarians and dog owners. To identify potential causal gene sequence variants whole‐genome sequence analyses (n = 6) or Sanger sequencing (n = 1) were performed on DNA isolated from the probands. Pathological abnormalities in skin biopsy samples were assessed using histology and electron microscopy in 3 dogs.

Results

Six distinct heterozygous COL5A1 sequence variants were identified. The most common clinical signs included fragile skin (n = 7), hyperextensible skin (n = 7), joint hypermobility (n = 6), and atrophic scars (n = 5). The median age at last follow‐up or death was 12 years (range, 6.5‐14 years). Ultrastructural abnormalities in dermal collagen differed among dogs with different COL5A1 variants.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

We describe the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of the classical subtype of EDS by identifying 6 novel COL5A1 variants in conjunction with detailed clinical histories that included long‐term follow‐up information in 7 dogs.
Turkey's Right‐Wing Discourse of Resentment
Authors: Erden Özgür Olgun
Published: August 2024

Right‐wing politics has increased its potency around the world, especially in Turkey, which has experienced a two‐decade reign of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP). One of the most important instruments the AKP has used to gain and maintain power is the discourse of resentment. This emotional language features an appeal to a populist sense of the nation's rising above dangers posed by the elite and the bureaucracy. This article examines Turkey's right‐wing politics, showing how and why leaders have created and deployed the resentment discourse. Analyzing the historical‐social context of this instrument of power will help us understand the rise of the right. Even though Erdoğan's party suffered a setback in the spring 2024 municipal elections, the politics of resentment is still effective and allows the party to extend its success in national contests.
Adiponectin receptors agonist alters microbiota to improve implant osseointegration in diabetic mice
Authors: Wang Xia , Lin Linni , Yao Qianqian
Published: August 2024

Objective

Estimate the impact of Adiponectin receptors agonist (AdipoRon) on dental implant osseointegration in alveolar bone and explore the possible mechanism between saliva microbiota and AdipoRon in diabetic mice.

Materials and Methods

Sixty C57BL/6 mice (male, 8 weeks old) were divided randomly into four groups according to different doses of AdipoRon: normoglycemic control group; DM control group; DM with a low dose of AdipoRon (5 mg/kg/day); and DM with a high dose of AdipoRon (50 mg/kg/day). Then, dental implants were placed in the palatal root socket in the first molar extraction mouse model. Micro‐computed tomography, histology examination, immunohistochemical staining, and oral microbiota were explored to evaluate implant osseointegration.

Results

AdipoRon treatment at 50 mg/kg markedly promoted dental implant osseointegration in diabetic mice, but AdipoRon treatment at 5 mg/kg was not effective. Moreover, distinct differences in the oral microbiota composition were shown between the diabetic mice and diabetic mice treated with AdipoRon at 50 mg/kg.

Conclusion

AdipoRon treatment at 50 mg/kg in diabetic mice could significantly increase dental implant osseointegration. The salivary microbiota might participate in the accelerated osseointegration progress of dental implants in AdipoRon treatment.
Multiplex Expression Cassette Assembly: A flexible and versatile method for building complex genetic circuits in conventional vectors
Authors: Jiang Xun , Zhang Zhuoxiang , Wu Xiuming , Li Changmei , Sun Xuan , Li Yiting , Chang Aixia , Yang Aiguo , Yang Changqing
Published: August 2024

The manipulation of multiple transcription units for simultaneous and coordinated expression is not only key to building complex genetic circuits to accomplish diverse functions in synthetic biology, but is also important in crop breeding for significantly improved productivity and overall performance. However, building constructs with multiple independent transcription units for fine‐tuned and coordinated regulation is complicated and time‐consuming. Here, we introduce the Multiplex Expression Cassette Assembly (MECA) method, which modifies canonical vectors compatible with Golden Gate Assembly, and then uses them to produce multi‐cassette constructs. By embedding the junction syntax in primers that are used to amplify functional elements, MECA is able to make complex constructs using only one intermediate vector and one destination vector via two rounds of one‐pot Golden Gate assembly reactions, without the need for dedicated vectors and a coherent library of standardized modules. As a proof‐of‐concept, we modified eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors to generate constructs for transient expression of green fluorescent protein and β‐glucuronidase in Nicotiana benthamiana, genome editing to block monoterpene metabolism in tomato glandular trichomes, production of betanin in tobacco and synthesis of β‐carotene in Escherichia coli. Additionally, we engineered the stable production of thymol and carvacrol, bioactive compounds from Lamiaceae family plants, in glandular trichomes of tobacco. These results demonstrate that MECA is a flexible, efficient and versatile method for building complex genetic circuits, which will not only play a critical role in plant synthetic biology, but also facilitate improving agronomic traits and pyramiding traits for the development of next‐generation elite crops.
Introduction of broadleaf tree species can promote the resource use efficiency and gross primary productivity of pure forests
Authors: Liu Ziqiang , Wang Xiaodi , Jia Guodong , Jiang Jiang , Liao Bin
Published: August 2024

Long‐term pure forest (PF) management and successive planting has result resulted in “low‐efficiency artificial forests” in large areas. However, controversy persists over the promoting effect of introduction of broadleaf tree species on production efficiency of PF. This study hypothesised that introduced broadleaf tree species can significantly promote both water‐nutrient use efficiency and gross primary productivity (GPP)of PF. Tree ring chronologies, water source, water use efficiency and GPP were analysed in coniferous Cunninghamia lanceolata and broadleaved Phoebe zhennan growing over the past three decades. The introduction of P. zhennan into C. lanceolata plantations resulted in inter‐specific competition for water, probably because of the similarity of the main water source of these two tree species. However, C. lanceolata absorbed more water with a higher nutrient level from the 40–60‐cm soil layer in mixed forests (MF). Although the co‐existing tree species limited the basal area increment and growth rates of C. lanceolata in MF plots, the acquisition of dissolved nutrients from the fertile topsoil layer were enhanced; this increased the water use efficiency and GPP of MF plots. To achieve better ecological benefits and GPP, MFs should be constructed in southern China.
Hydrogen sulphide alleviates root growth inhibition induced by phosphate starvation
Authors: Liu Tong , Chen Hao , Luo Sheng , Xue Shaowu
Published: August 2024

Phosphorus (P) has crucial roles in plant growth and development. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) has multiple functions in plants, particularly having the ability to promote tolerance to a variety of adversity stresses. However, it is unclear whether H2S has a function when plants suffer Pi‐deficiency stress. DES1, encoding L‐cysteine desulfhydrase1, is a crucial source of H2S in Arabidopsis thaliana by catalysing the substrate L‐cysteine. Under phosphate starvation, the des1 mutant had a significantly shorter primary root length than the wild‐type Col‐0, and exogenous application of H2S donor NaHS could compensate for the root growth‐sensitive phenotype. In contrast, the transgenic lines DES1ox overexpressing DES1 exhibited less sensitivity to phosphate starvation in terms of longer roots compared to the Col‐0. These results demonstrate that H2S is involved in the regulation of Arabidopsis root growth under phosphate starvation. Moreover, using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction experiments to analyse the changes in genes induced by phosphate starvation in des1 mutant and Col‐0, we screened to find that the expression of the Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol 1 (SQD1) gene was significantly downregulated in the des1 mutant. Consistently, exogenous H2S significantly promoted SQD1 expression levels in roots of Col‐0. Taken together, we demonstrate that DES1‐mediated H2S participates in alleviating root growth inhibition by promoting the expression of SQD1 under Pi starvation.
A new end‐user–oriented and dynamic approach to post‐disaster resilience quantification for individual facilities
Authors: Cremen Gemma
Published: August 2024

Community recovery from a disaster is a complex process, in which the importance of different types of infrastructure functionality can change over time. Most of the myriad of metrics available for measuring disaster resilience do not capture the dynamic importance of functionality explicitly, however. This means that very different recovery trajectories of a given infrastructure can correspond to the same resilience value, regardless of variations in its utility over time. While some efforts have been made to integrate features of time dependency into individual facility resilience quantification, the resulting metrics either capture only a limited set of temporal instances throughout the post‐disaster phase or do not offer a way to prioritize time steps in line with variations in the importance of facility functionality. This study proposes a novel, straightforward metric for component‐level post‐disaster resilience quantification that overcomes the aforementioned limitations. The metric involves a dynamic weighting component that enables stakeholders to place varying emphasis on different temporal points throughout the recovery process. The end‐user–centered approach to resilience quantification facilitated by the metric allows for flexible, context‐specific interpretations of infrastructure functionality importance that may vary across different communities. The metric is demonstrated through a hypothetical case study of infrastructure facilities with varying degrees of importance across the post‐disaster recovery period, which showcases its versatility relative to a previously well‐established measurement of component‐level resilience. The proposed metric has significant potential for use in stakeholder‐driven approaches to decision making on critical infrastructure (as well as other types of built environment) recovery and resilience.
The impact of trade barriers on outward foreign direct investment: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms
Authors: Yuan Chunlai , Han Zhaojie , Wu Haitao
Published: August 2024

In recent years, escalating trade frictions and the surge in “anti‐globalization” sentiments have caught global attention. It is well‐understood that excessive trade barriers can hinder international trade and economic interactions. Our research, utilizing a mixed logit model, discerns the impact of these barriers on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). Findings reveal trade barriers notably enhance OFDI activities among Chinese manufacturing firms, especially those receiving subsidies or trading with developing nations. Key mechanisms include the export substitution effect, investment market diversification, and profit‐driven effects. The study also underscores that tariff barriers more significantly affect capital‐intensive and foreign‐funded firms, whereas non‐tariff barriers influence technology‐intensive enterprises more. This research offers fresh insights into OFDI in manufacturing and evaluates the economic repercussions of trade barriers.
Hamiltonian mechanics of “magnetic” solitons in two‐component Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Kamchatnov A. M.
Published: August 2024

We consider the motion of a “magnetic” soliton in two‐component condensates along a nonuniform and time‐dependent background in the framework of Hamiltonian mechanics. Our approach is based on generalization of Stokes' remark that soliton's velocity is related to its inverse half‐width by the dispersion law for linear waves continued to the region of complex wave numbers. We obtain expressions for the canonical momentum and the Hamiltonian as functions of soliton's velocity and transform the Hamilton equations to a Newton‐like equation. The theory is illustrated by several examples of concrete soliton's dynamics.
A dominant‐negative Arabidopsis cation exchanger 1 (CAX1): N‐terminal autoinhibition and membrane topology
Authors: Sarkar Shayan , Rhein Hormat Shadgou , Pittman Jon K. , Hirschi Kendal D.
Published: August 2024

Calcium (Ca2+) is essential for plant growth and cellular homeostasis, with cation exchangers (CAXs) regulating Ca2+ transport into plant vacuoles. In Arabidopsis, multiple CAXs feature a common structural arrangement, comprising an N‐terminal autoinhibitory domain followed by two pseudosymmetrical modules. Mutations in CAX1 enhance stress tolerance, notably tolerance to anoxia (a condition marked by oxygen depletion), crucial for flood resilience. Here we engineered a dominant‐negative CAX1 variant, named ½N‐CAX1, incorporating the autoinhibitory domain and the N‐terminal pseudosymmetrical module, which, when expressed in wild‐type Arabidopsis plants, phenocopied the anoxia tolerance of cax1. Physiological evaluations, yeast assays, and calcium imaging demonstrated that wild‐type plants expressing ½N‐CAX1 have phenotypes consistent with inhibition of CAX1, which is likely through direct interaction of ½N‐CAX1 with CAX1. Eliminating segments within the N‐terminal pseudosymmetrical module, as well as incorporating modules from other plant CAXs and expressing these variants into wild‐type plants, failed to produce anoxia tolerance. This underscores the requirement for both the CAX1 autoinhibitory domain and the intact pseudosymmetrical module to produce the dominant‐negative phenotype. Our study elucidates the interaction of this ½N‐CAX1 variant with CAX1 and its impact on anoxia tolerance, offering insights into further approaches for engineering plant stress tolerance.
Evaluation of 0.1% and 1% atropine eyedrops in cats: A comparative study of tolerance, stability, and efficacy
Authors: Handel Karin W. , Ofri Ron , Goncharov Yulia , Arad Dikla , Sebbag Lionel
Published: August 2024

Objective

Investigate the tolerance, stability, and efficacy of topical 0.1% and 1% atropine in cats.

Procedures

Six cats underwent two trials separated by a 2‐week washout period. One drop of artificial tears was placed in one randomly selected eye (control), and one drop of either 0.1% atropine (Trial I) or 1% atropine (Trial II) was placed in the other eye. Immediate adverse effects were recorded for severity (0–3) and duration (seconds). Horizontal pupil diameter (HPD), pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), intraocular pressure (IOP), Schirmer tear test‐1 (STT‐1), and heart rate (HR) were monitored at baseline then 8 h post‐administration. PLRs were assessed for a total of 72 h. Stability was assessed weekly for 1 month in room temperature and refrigerated conditions, evaluating solution clarity, pH, and drug concentrations.

Results

Adverse effects had a significantly lower severity score and shorter duration with 0.1% versus 1% atropine (severity 1.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5, p = .010; duration 107.5 ± 53.3 vs. 293.3 ± 106.5 s, p = .009). HPD was significantly greater than baseline measurements as early as 40 min for both atropine formulations. Pupils were non‐responsive for a significantly shorter duration with 0.1% versus 1% atropine (median 7 h vs. 47.5 h, p = .031). Compared with control eyes, IOP was significantly elevated by 1% atropine (p = .021) but not 0.1% atropine (p = .502). No significant differences were noted in STT‐1 and HR measurements. Both solutions were stable in room temperature and refrigerated conditions for 1 month.

Conclusions

Diluted 0.1% atropine was stable and better tolerated by cats, offering a potential alternative to feline patients that experience adverse effects from topical 1% atropine.
Global classical solutions to a multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics model with symmetry and large initial data
Authors: Wei Jing , Zhang Minyi , Zhu Changjiang
Published: August 2024

As a first stage to study the global large solutions of the radiation hydrodynamics model with viscosity and thermal conductivity in the high‐dimensional space, we study the problems in high dimensions with some symmetry, such as the spherically or cylindrically symmetric solutions. Specifically, we will study the global classical large solutions to the radiation hydrodynamics model with spherically or cylindrically symmetric initial data. The key point is to obtain the strict positive lower and upper bounds of the density and the lower bound of the temperature . Compared with the Navier–Stokes equations, these estimates in the present paper are more complicated due to the influence of the radiation. To overcome the difficulties caused by the radiation, we construct a pointwise estimate between the radiative heat flux and the temperature by studying the boundary value problem of the corresponding ordinary differential equation. And we consider a general heat conductivity: if ; if . This can be viewed as the first result about the global classical large solutions of the radiation hydrodynamics model with some symmetry in the high‐dimensional space.
Almost sure bounds for a weighted Steinhaus random multiplicative function
Authors: Hardy Seth
Published: August 2024

We obtain almost sure bounds for the weighted sum , where is a Steinhaus random multiplicative function. Specifically, we obtain the bounds predicted by exponentiating the law of the iterated logarithm, giving sharp upper and lower bounds.
Is there reversible dimerization of albumin in blood plasma? And does it matter?
Authors: Harris Gemma , Bradshaw Michelle L. , Halsall David J. , Scott David J. , Unwin Robert J. , Norden Anthony G. W.
Published: August 2024

Most albumin in blood plasma is thought to be monomeric with some 5% covalently dimerized. However, many reports in the recent biophysics literature find that albumin is reversibly dimerized or even oligomerized. We review data on this from X‐ray crystallography and diverse biophysical techniques. The number‐average molecular weight of albumin would be increased by dimerization, affecting size‐dependent filtration processes of albumin such as at the glycocalyx of the capillary endothelium and the podocyte slit‐diaphragm of the renal glomerulus. If correct, and depending on characteristics of the process, such as Kd, reversible dimerization of albumin in plasma would have major implications for normal physiology and medicine. We present quantitative models of the impact of dimerization on albumin molecular forms, on the number‐average molecular weight of albumin, and estimate the effect on the colloid osmotic pressure of albumin. Dimerization reduces colloid osmotic pressure as total albumin concentration increases below that expected in the absence of dimerization. Current models of albumin filtration by the renal glomerulus would need revision to account for the dynamic size of albumin molecules filtered. More robust biophysical data are needed to give a definitive answer to the questions posed and we suggest possible approaches to this.
High-Order Theory Approach for Debonded Sandwich Panels—Part II: Energy Release Rate and Mode Mixity
Authors: Yuan Zhangxian , Kardomateas George A.
Published: August 2024

A novel re-formulation of the extended high-order sandwich panel theory (EHSAPT) for the case of a face/core debond was done in Part I of this two-part series of papers. This high-order theory is capable of including not only the transverse shear but also the transverse compressibility and axial rigidity of the core. In this Part II paper, a closed-form expression for the energy release rate is derived in terms of the equivalent resultant forces and displacements at the two edge sections. Together with the crack surface displacement method, the mode mixity is determined from the displacement field. Benefiting from the accurate displacement field given by the proposed theory, this paper presents a self-contained approach for the mode mixity that is free of parameters that need to be determined via additional numerical simulations (i.e., no extrapolation needed). Results are compared with the ones given by the classical theory in the literature and the ones given by the finite element method with a very fine mesh. The accuracy is proven for a wide range of core materials from the stiffer cores to the very compliant ones, and for a wide range of debond lengths.
High-Order Theory Approach for Debonded Sandwich Panels—Part I: Formulation and Displacement Fields
Authors: Yuan Zhangxian , Kardomateas George A.
Published: August 2024

A high-order theory is developed to model asymmetric sandwich panels with face/core debonds and to provide a solution for the energy release rate and mode mixty. This new theory is a novel re-formulation of the extended high-order sandwich panel theory (EHSAPT), in which faces and core were originally considered to be perfectly bonded. In the new formulation, a sandwich panel with an interfacial debond can be divided into three parts, namely, the debonded part, the substrate part, and the base part. A new high-order displacement pattern is developed to describe the core’s deformation in the substrate part, and it is compatible with the displacement field of the core in the base part. In addition, capturing the high-order shear deformation of the core, this new theory is able to take the transverse compressibility and axial rigidity of the core into account. In this Part I of this two-part research, we focus on the formulation and the displacement field. In Part II, the fracture parameters, namely, the energy release rate and the mode mixity will be addressed. Accordingly, in this paper, results for the deformation of the debonded panel are produced and compared with the ones given by the finite element method with a very fine mesh. The accuracy is proven for a wide range of core materials and for a wide range of debond lengths.
Determination of Turbulent Prandtl Number for Thermal Fluid Dynamics Simulation of HVAC Unit by Data Assimilation
Authors: Liu Jun , Shimoyama Koji
Published: August 2024

Regarding high-precision temperature field prediction of a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) unit using thermal fluid dynamics simulation, the determination of the turbulent Prandtl number (Prt) was a key issue. In this study, we present an attempt to improve the accuracy of thermal fluid dynamics simulations in HVAC units by adjusting the Prt using data assimilation techniques. First, we simultaneously measured the velocity and temperature in the hot and cold air mixing zone of a simple HVAC model using particle image velocimetry and thermocouples. Second, we coupled data assimilation to the thermal fluid simulation model to determine the Prt in the mixing field. Finally, we proposed two functions of the Prt for high velocity and low velocity regions using multidimensional analysis. In the future, we believe that the Prt functions can be applied to thermal fluid simulations of actual HVAC unit to accurately predict performance without conducting prototype experiments, thereby contributing to reducing development cost and time of HVAC unit.
Speakers—Used as sensors for detecting acoustic loads with artificial intelligence
Authors: Kim Noori , Kim Hui-Jun , Kim Sung-Hee
Published: August 2024

Previous research demonstrated the potential of using speakers as sensors to detect ear canal conditions. This study continues that effort by using a single speaker to measure electrical impedance across various acoustic loads. Electrical impedance data were collected and preprocessed for machine learning model training. Different image forms were tested, including magnitude only and combined magnitude phase. Using 2100 data samples with convolutional neural network-based models (AlexNet, ResNet, and DenseNet), binary and multiclass classifications achieved average accuracies of 0.9716 and 0.907, respectively. This innovative approach is set to revolutionize acoustic sensing through artificial intelligence.