bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel intelligent risk prediction model for the effectiveness of CO2/N2–ECGD technology
Authors: Wang Xiaoyong , Wang Zhie , Xu Jingde , Ma Jun , Zhang Jun , Cai Zhuowen
Published: April 2024

To solve the problems of high sampling requirements and low predictive accuracy resulting from the complexity, uniqueness, and randomness of predicting the risk of the CO2 and N2 injection to enhance coal seam gas drainage (CO2/N2–ECGD) technology. The principal component analysis (PCA) method to reduce the dimensionality of the factor data that contribute to the effect risk of the technology was adopted. And the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method was implemented to search for optimal hyperparameters in support vector machine (SVM) by particle search, as a solution to the traditional SVM hyperparameters optimization problem. A novel risk prediction model using machine learning algorithms for gas injection displacement technology was constructed. The prediction results were tested and compared with those of backpropagation (BP), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT) models using data from 29 gas injection displacement field projects in China. The results demonstrated that the SVM model had greater accuracy in prediction than the other three models. Additionally, after PSO optimization and dimensionality reduction, the PCA–PSO–SVM model reached 100% prediction accuracy, while requiring less modeling and operation time. The study provided a reliable and reasonable model for predicting technical effects, along with a theoretical basis for risk management and prevention. First, the technology's influencing indicators were analyzed by examining its mechanisms. Second, we utilized the PCA method to reduce the dimensionality of the factor data that contribute to the risk of the technology's effects. Third, we implemented the PSO method to search for optimal hyperparameters in the SVM through particle search, as a solution to the traditional SVM hyperparameters optimization problem. Finally, the prediction results were tested and compared with those of BP, RF, and DT models using data from 29 gas injection displacement field projects in China. The SVM model was found to have greater accuracy in prediction than the other three models. After PSO optimization and dimensionality reduction, the PCA–PSO–SVM model achieved 100% prediction accuracy while requiring less modeling and operation time. The study presents a valid and reasonable model for predicting technical effects and a theoretical basis for risk management and prevention.
Strategic optimization operations in the integrated energy system through multitime scale comprehensive demand response
Authors: Zheng Boyuan , Hou Xiaowang , Xu Shouhan , Jin Tai , Liu Wenjie , Li Na , Guo Dongxu , Pan Chongchao
Published: April 2024

In the context of the dual carbon goal strategy, the proportion of new energy generation has increased annually, large‐scale renewable energy integration has been achieved, and the intermittent and uncertain operating characteristics pose an enormous challenge to the complete and stable operation of an integrated energy system (IES), promoting the complexity of IES optimization models. To increase the stability and accuracy of the system and improve the operation efficiency of the system, a Gaussian mixture model is used to fit the probability distribution of wind power and the prediction errors of the photovoltaic output. In addition, the expected maximization method is used to solve a model with hidden variables, the results show that the expectation maximization algorithm can improve the fitting accuracy, reduce the error caused by the subjective setting of the initial value, and make the fitting accuracy of the wind‐solar power prediction error greater. Then, to solve the problem in which the low resolution of the day‐ahead scheduling time leads to large errors, day‐ahead, day‐to‐day multitime scale operation optimization model takes into account the comprehensive demand response according to the differences in wind and solar output and load forecasting accuracy. Finally, simulation validation is conducted in multiple scenarios, and a comparative analysis is performed for single and multitime scale comprehensive demand response scenarios. The simulation results show that compared with the optimization results of no demand response day, the optimization results of this model reduce the total cost by 23.21%, carbon emissions by 13.98%, purchased electricity by 13.87%, and purchased gas by 19.31%, effectively improving the use of gas turbines in the system. The multitime scale scheduling strategy increases the overall operating cost of the IES, modifies the scheduling results, and agrees with real operating scenarios.
Geomorphic signatures of neotectonic activity along the Western Andean Front in the Chilean Andes (35°S to 37°S)
Authors: Oviedo‐Reyes Jorge Adrián , Cortés‐Aranda Joaquín , Fernandez Alfonso , Perez‐Peña José Vicente , Flores Laura
Published: April 2024

Characterizing neotectonic activity along mountain fronts in active orogens is the key to better understanding trajectories of landscape evolution, climatic‐tectonic couplings and natural hazards. One such prominent mountain front is the Western Andean Front (WAF), which defines the boundary between two main physiographic units along the Chilean Andes (15°S to 39°S): the Central Depression and Principal Cordillera. This study analyses the geomorphic imprints of neotectonic fault activity in the WAF between 35°S and 37°S. We used several topographic metrics, including the mountain‐front sinuosity index (Smf), the valley floor width‐to‐height ratio (Vf) and the stream length‐gradient (SL) index to gain information about the regional distribution of deformation patterns and its relative tectonic activity for distinctive segments. In addition, a raster map combining rock strength (RS) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) allowed discriminating lithology‐climate vs. tectonics influence on SL anomalies from catchments spanning from the main deformation zone to the regional drainage divide. We use the local relief and swath profiles to quantify the incision and transient state of mountain fronts to evaluate the geomorphic response to tectonic and/or climatic input. Our analysis highlights significant variations from north to south, delineating two distinct segments with different topographic, geomorphic and geometric fault characteristics. These segments are indented at approximately 36°S. From north to south, there is a segment with an inactive thrust front with a primarily climate‐driven fluvial response over long timescales and a second segment with a transient state adjusting to relatively high uplift rates. Morphometric data analysis, DEM‐based morpho‐structural maps, geological maps and previous research support the interpretation of two sets of neotectonic faults: (1) NNE‐striking reverse faults with a dextral slip component and (2) NW‐striking sinistral slip faults, likely a response to deformation partitioning caused by oblique subduction on a continental margin.
Fish Tissue Mercury in Lakes and the Moderating Effects of Selenium
Authors: Hughes Robert M. , Peterson (Retired) Spencer A. , Van Sickle (Retired) John , Herlihy Alan T. , Essig (Retired) Don A.
Published: April 2024

Fish mercury concentrations result in fish consumption advisories. However, selenium : mercury molar ratios >1 are protective to wildlife and humans. Therefore, we sampled total selenium (TSe) and total mercury (THg) concentrations and molar ratios in sport fish from 50 Idaho (ID) lakes >20 ha and 67 northeastern USA (NE) lakes >1 ha. Sample lakes were selected at random, to obtain unbiased estimates of mean fish tissue levels, with known confidence limits, for target populations of 95 ID lakes >20 ha in surface area and 12,557 NE lakes >1 ha. Bass and salmonids presented the greatest potential mercury toxicity risk to consumers based on their higher mercury content, desirability as game fish, and widespread distributions. Fish tissue THg exceeded safe consumption criteria in an estimated 20–80% of the lakes in the two regions and TSe exceeded safe consumption thresholds in an estimated 0–20% of the lakes in the two regions. However, the Se : Hg molar ratio was >1 in an estimated 90–97% of fish tested from NE and ID lakes. Therefore, we concluded that Se levels in these systems are usually sufficient to limit disruption of selenoprotein activities by Hg, and that fish consumption advisories based on Hg alone are unnecessarily restrictive.
Burnout levels and correlates among healthcare providers in Syria following the 2023 Turkish–Syrian earthquakes: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Almohsen Caroline , Soqia Jameel , Mohsen Samer
Published: April 2024

Background and Aims

This article examines the prevalence of burnout among healthcare providers in the aftermath of the recent earthquakes in Syria and Turkey and explores the associated risk factors.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 270 healthcare providers in three Syrian cities damaged by earthquakes. Participants were asked to fill out a validated questionnaire on the fifth day of emergency response using the Geldard Occupational Burnout questionnaire.

Results

The mean score for the Geldard Occupational Burnout Questionnaire was 129.79, with 81.4% indicating moderate burnout risk and only 3% indicating high risk. Gender was not significantly associated with burnout, but there was a significant difference in burnout scores between city groups, with Latakia scoring significantly lower than Aleppo.

Conclusion

This study highlights the prevalence of burnout among healthcare providers in the aftermath of an earthquake in Syria, with the majority having a moderate risk of burnout. Gender was not significantly associated with burnout risk. Further research is needed to develop effective interventions and address study limitations. The study emphasizes the importance of prioritizing healthcare providers' mental health to ensure high‐quality care after natural disasters.
Second primary cancer risks according to race and ethnicity among U.S. breast cancer survivors
Authors: Brandt Carolyn , Vo Jacqueline B. , Gierach Gretchen L. , Cheng Iona , Torres Vanessa N. , Lawrence Wayne R. , McCullough Lauren E. , Veiga Lene H. S. , Berrington de González Amy , Ramin Cody
Published: April 2024

Breast cancer survivors have an increased risk of developing second primary cancers, yet risks by race and ethnicity have not been comprehensively described. We evaluated second primary cancer risks among 717,335 women diagnosed with first primary breast cancer (aged 20–84 years and survived ≥1‐year) in the SEER registries using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs; observed/expected). SIRs were estimated by race and ethnicity compared with the racial‐ and ethnic‐matched general population, and further stratified by clinical characteristics of the index breast cancer. Poisson regression was used to test for heterogeneity by race and ethnicity. SIRs for second primary cancer differed by race and ethnicity with the highest risks observed among non‐Hispanic/Latina Asian American, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander (AANHPI), non‐Hispanic/Latina Black (Black), and Hispanic/Latina (Latina) survivors and attenuated risk among non‐Hispanic/Latina White (White) survivors (SIRAANHPI = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.44–1.54; SIRBlack = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.37–1.45; SIRLatina = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.41–1.49; SIRWhite = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.08–1.10; p‐heterogeneity<.001). SIRs were particularly elevated among AANHPI, Black, and Latina survivors diagnosed with an index breast cancer before age 50 (SIRs range = 1.88–2.19) or with estrogen receptor‐negative tumors (SIRs range = 1.60–1.94). Heterogeneity by race and ethnicity was observed for 16/27 site‐specific second cancers (all p‐heterogeneity's < .05) with markedly elevated risks among AANHPI, Black, and Latina survivors for acute myeloid and acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia (SIRs range = 2.68–3.15) and cancers of the contralateral breast (SIRs range = 2.60–3.01) and salivary gland (SIRs range = 2.03–3.96). We observed striking racial and ethnic differences in second cancer risk among breast cancer survivors. Additional research is needed to inform targeted approaches for early detection strategies and treatment to reduce these racial and ethnic disparities.
Changes in therapists’ client dropout rates over time: Findings from a practice‐research group
Authors: Bugatti Matteo , Owen Jesse , Richardson Zachary , Rasmussen Wendy , Newton Douglas A.
Published: April 2024

Research has failed to consistently show that therapists facilitate better client outcomes as they gain more experience. The present study was designed to examine changes in early client retention over the course of extended periods of time among 2591 therapists in private practice. Naturalistic data collected between 2018 and 2022 was extracted from a technology‐enabled practice‐research group (PRG). Therapists displayed an increase in client dropout rates as they gained more experience on the PRG. Additionally, larger caseloads on the PRG were associated with lower increases in client dropout over time. Finally, therapists working with clients paying higher out‐of‐pocket fees (e.g., co‐pays) had higher increases in client dropout over time. These findings provide additional evidence supporting the distinction between clinical experience and expertise.
Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Safety Profiles of Proline Henagliflozin in Chinese Subjects with Varying Degrees of Liver Dysfunction
Authors: Ding Likun , Yang Lin , Ren Danjun , Gao Xiaohua , Zhang Juanli , Liu Meiyou , Sun Li , Diao Qingbo , Feng Sheng , Wen Aidong , Wang Jingwen
Published: April 2024

Proline henagliflozin, a novel selective inhibitor of sodium glucose cotransporter 2, is a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We designed a parallel‐group, open‐label, and multicenter study to evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and safety profiles of henagliflozin in Chinese subjects with varying degrees of liver dysfunction. Thirty‐two subjects were enrolled and divided into four groups based on liver function (normal liver function, mild, moderate, or severe liver dysfunction). The area under the plasma concentration from time zero to infinity of henagliflozin in subjects with mild liver dysfunction, moderate liver dysfunction, and severe liver dysfunction compared with normal liver function was increased by 137%, 197%, and 204%, respectively. The maximum plasma concentration was also increased by 123%, 129%, and 139%, respectively. PK parameters of three metabolites varied to different degrees in the liver dysfunction groups than in the normal liver function group. The mean accumulative excretion amounts and fraction of dose excreted in urine expressed as a percentage were all increased with the decrease of liver function. The PD parameters were significantly higher in liver dysfunction groups than those in the normal liver function group. However, the urine creatinine (UCr) was not significantly different among the groups. No notable adverse events or adverse drug reactions were observed. Due to the higher exposures in subjects with liver dysfunction, the benefit: risk ratio should be individually assessed because the long‐term safety profile and efficacy have not been specifically studied in this population.
Changes in parental attitudes toward attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder impairment over time
Authors: Garcia‐Argibay Miguel , Kuja‐Halkola Ralf , Lundström Sebastian , Lichtenstein Paul , Cortese Samuele , Larsson Henrik
Published: April 2024

Background

Over the last decades, the prevalence of Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased. However, the underlying explanation for this increase remains unclear. We aimed to assess whether there has been a secular change in how parents perceive the impairment conferred by ADHD symptomatology.

Methods

Data for this study were obtained from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, involving 27,240 individuals whose parents answered a questionnaire when the children were 9 years old. We assessed the relationship between parentally perceived impairment caused by ADHD symptoms scores over time. The analysis was performed separately for five different birth cohorts, spanning three‐year periods from 1995 to 2009 and for ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions.

Results

We found a consistent upward trend of parents reporting impairment in relation to ADHD symptomatology across birth cohorts. Over a 12‐year period, comparing those born 2007–2009 (assessed 2016–2018) with those born 1995–1997 (assessed 2004–2006), impairment scores increased by 27% at clinically relevant levels of ADHD symptomatology. Notably, when specifically evaluating the hyperactivity/impulsivity dimension, the disparity was even more striking, with an increase of up to 77%.

Conclusions

This study revealed a significant secular change in parental perception of impairment attributed to ADHD symptomatology over recent decades, providing new insights into the increased prevalence of ADHD. It underscores the need to better understand the factors that have contributed to the increased perception of impairment related to ADHD symptoms.
Impact of unplanned second debridement, antibiotics and implant retention on long‐term outcomes in knee exchange arthroplasty: Elevated risk of failure and reinfection
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chih , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Peng Shih‐Hui , Chang Chih‐Hsiang , Lee Sheng‐Hsun , Lin Sheng‐Hsuan
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study investigates the outcomes of two‐stage exchange arthroplasty (EA) for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) following initial or unplanned repeat debridement antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed cases of knee arthroplasty infection treated with two‐stage EA after DAIR, spanning from January 1994 to December 2010. A total of 138 patients were included, comprising 112 with initial DAIR and 26 with an unplanned second DAIR. Data on demographics, comorbidities, infection characteristics and causative organisms were analyzed. The primary outcome was implant failure or reinfection, observed over a minimum follow‐up of 10 years.

Results

The overall success rate for two‐stage EA was 87% (119/138 patients). Factors identified for treatment failure included reinfection with the same pathogen for unplanned second DAIR (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35–4.38; p = 0.004), higher reinfection rates in patients undergoing EA after an unplanned second DAIR, especially with a prior history of PJI within 2 years (HR = 4.23; 95% CI = 2.39–5.31; p = 0.002), pre‐first DAIR C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels over 100 mg/dL (HR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.98–3.42; p = 0.003) and recurrence with the same pathogen (HR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.32–4.24; p = 0.007). Additional factors such as male gender (HR = 3.92; 95% CI = 1.21–5.25; p = 0.007) and osteoporosis (T score < −2.5; HR = 3.27; 95% CI = 1.23–5.28; p = 0.005) were identified as risk factors for implant failure in all EA cases.

Conclusions

This study identifies key risk factors for worse knee EA outcomes following DAIR, including a pre‐first DAIR CRP level over 100 mg/L, same pathogen recurrence, and PJI history within 2 years. It shows implant failure rates remain constant across EA cases, regardless of DAIR sequence, particularly with risk factors like male gender and severe osteoporosis (T score < −2.5). These results underscore the need for careful evaluation before an unplanned second DAIR, given its significant impact on EA success.

Level of Evidence

Level III.
Age and anatomical region‐related differences in vascularization of the porcine meniscus using microcomputed tomography imaging
Authors: Karjalainen Ville‐Pauli , Herrera Millar Valentina R. , Modina Silvia , Peretti Giuseppe M. , Pallaoro Margherita , Elkhouly Khaled , Saarakkala Simo , Mobasheri Ali , Di Giancamillo Alessia , Finnilä Mikko A. J.
Published: April 2024

Meniscal lesions in vascularized regions are known to regenerate while lack of vascular supply leads to poor healing. Here, we developed and validated a novel methodology for three‐dimensional structural analysis of meniscal vascular structures with high‐resolution microcomputed tomography (µCT). We collected porcine medial menisci from 10 neonatal (not‐developed meniscus, n‐) and 10 adults (fully developed meniscus, a‐). The menisci were cut into anatomical regions (anterior horn (n‐AH and a‐AH), central body (n‐CB and a‐CB), and posterior horn (n‐PH and a‐PH). Specimens were cut in half, fixed, and one specimen underwent critical point drying and µCT imaging, while other specimen underwent immunohistochemistry and vascularity biomarker CD31 staining for validation of µCT. Parameters describing vascular structures were calculated from µCT. The vascular network in neonatal spread throughout meniscus, while in adult was limited to a few vessels in outer region, mostly on femoral side. n‐AH, n‐CB, and n‐PH had 20, 17, and 11 times greater vascular volume fraction than adult, respectively. Moreover, thickness of blood vessels, in three regions, was six times higher in adults than in neonatal. a‐PH appeared to have higher vascular fraction, longer and thicker blood vessels than both a‐AH and a‐CB. Overall, neonatal regions had a higher number of blood vessels, more branching, and higher tortuosity compared to adult regions. For the first time, critical point drying‐based µCT imaging allowed detailed three‐dimensional visualization and quantitative analysis of vascularized meniscal structures. We showed more vascularity in neonatal menisci, while adult menisci had fewer and thicker vascularity especially limited to the femoral surface.
Does nutrient enrichment alleviate stoichiometric constraint on plankton trophic structure?
Authors: Lin Qiuqi , Liu Lingli , Gong Zheng , Peng Liang
Published: April 2024

Stoichiometric mismatch between phytoplankton and zooplankton has implication for trophic transfer efficiency. Phosphorus (P) enrichment is expected to lower phytoplankton carbon (C) to P ratio (C : P) and thereby either alleviate P deficiency or induce excess P for zooplankton. However, the generality of zooplankton facing excess P and its effect on plankton trophic structure in natural systems are poorly understood. We analyzed the stoichiometry of seston and zooplankton, and plankton trophic structure in 32 (sub)tropical Chinese reservoirs. Our results showed that (1) stoichiometric mismatch between seston and zooplankton involved P or/and nitrogen (N) deficits in low‐nutrient reservoirs and P excess in high‐nutrient reservoirs; (2) at given seston C and phytoplankton compositional food quality levels, zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratio (Zoo : Phyto) showed a two‐segment piecewise relationship to seston N : P with a maximum at a breakpoint of 12.6 and strong reductions toward the extremes of seston N : P gradient; (3) increasing stoichiometric mismatch between seston and consumers reduced the contribution of cladocerans to zooplankton biomass and increased the trophic position of copepods; and (4) chlorophyll a (Chl a) to total phosphorus (TP) ratio (Chl a : TP) increased with decreasing Zoo : Phyto, and at a given Zoo : Phyto, it was higher in reservoirs with zooplankton dominated by copepods than in reservoirs with zooplankton dominated by cladocerans. These findings suggest that nutrient enrichment might improve stoichiometric constraint on plankton trophic structure in low‐nutrient reservoirs, but enhance negative effect of excess P in high‐nutrient reservoirs. Thus, negative impact of excess P on zooplankton may be a mechanism partly contributing to low Zoo : Phyto and high Chl a : TP in eutrophic reservoirs.
Abiotic origins of self‐organized ridge‐runnel patterns on tidal flats
Authors: Fivash Gregory S. , Stoorvogel Marte M. , de Smit Jaco C. , van Rees Floris , van Dalen Jeroen , Grandjean Tim J. , van de Vijsel Roeland C. , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Temmerman Stijn , van Belzen Jim
Published: April 2024

Striking large‐scale spatial patterns in ecosystems, generated by self‐organization through biotic and abiotic feedback processes, influence ecosystem functioning and response to global environmental change. A remarkable example of this are the regular ridge‐runnel patterns found on tidal flats, which play an important role in mudflat‐marsh transitions. Yet the mechanisms driving their formation, and whether they are abiotic or biotic in origin, have not been elucidated. The underlying mechanisms are unraveled in this study through a combination of field measurements and targeted laboratory experiments. In the field, we find that on the ridges of the pattern, the sediment bed level is less dynamic and more resistant to erosion than in the runnels. In laboratory flume experiments, we find that erosion‐resistant surfaces, like those found on the ridges, can arise on time scales of hours to days due to the drying of the cohesive sediment bed, while this is prevented in waterlogged sediments in runnels. A disturbance‐recovery experiment on benthic algae then confirms that biological processes require a longer developmental period than the time scale at which we have observed drying‐induced erosion resistance to develop. Together, these results demonstrate that ridge‐runnel patterns begin from an abiotic initiation point that can subsequently provide a template for further biological establishment and self‐organization. Recognition of abiotic processes as catalysts of self‐organization can improve our understanding of ecosystem responses to environmental changes.
Advanced Transparent Glass‐Ceramics via Laser Anisotropic Nanocrystallization
Authors: Li Peiyao , Yan Zhi , Wang Lei , Xu Yinsheng , Lu Ping , Zhang Jingyu
Published: April 2024

Transparent glass‐ceramics, merging the attributes of both glass and ceramics, have diverse applications in ballistic protection, armor materials, dentistry, light‐emitting diode, and optical domains. A limitation of conventional methods for glass‐ceramic fabrication is their inadequacy in precisely controlling the morphology of crystallization, consequently constraining their prospective advancements in diverse areas. Here, a method that facilitates precise control over the formation and growth of polarization‐dependent nonperiodic anisotropic nanocrystals, with a short axis ranging from 15 to 280 nm, in Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (LAS) glass is proposed. The method utilizes the principles of near‐field anisotropy between light and matter, building upon the classical nucleation‐growth model of glass crystallization. Notably, the glass‐ceramics possessing laser‐induced nanocrystals within the Rayleigh size regime showcase an impressive 99.7% transmittance in the visible and near‐infrared wavelengths. Additionally, the glass‐ceramics with non‐periodic anisotropic nanocrystals macroscopically exhibit form‐birefringence properties, thus enabling transparent optical applications, such as polarization elements, geometric phase elements, and multi‐dimensional optical data storage. This work opens up new avenues for morphological manipulation of nanocrystallization, with potential applications in optics, nanophotonics, functional glass‐ceramics, and high mechanical performance devices.
Laser Printing of Large‐Area Conformal 3D photonic Circuits in Glass
Authors: Han Xuhu , Wang Yuying , Hu Jiacheng , Zhong Lijing , Qiu Jianrong
Published: April 2024

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are iterating on electronic ones to enable higher‐speed parallel computing while meeting the growing demands for energy efficiency in big‐data processing. However, manufacturing multi‐layered and 3D PICs remains challenging based on conventional planar lithography. Here, a rapid prototyping technique is delineated to configure large‐area and 3D PIC in glass based on laser‐direct written optical waveguides by employing femtosecond cylindrically polarized vortex laser beams. The vortex laser beam is mathematically rotationally invariant and capable of conformally transforming waveguide cross‐sections at arbitrary bending angles of 0–90° and across a large depth change. Based on this approach, a one‐layer 12‐core waveguide circuit with a variable cross‐section (diameter 5–11.5 µm) while maintaining a high mode ellipticity >0.974, as well as a more complex three‐layer 36‐core connector in which the waveguide dives continuously from 50 µm to 550 µm with a small loss difference of <0.1 dB is demonstrated. This work offers a pathway for 3D imprinting of large‐area photonic circuits in glass and other transparent materials, which has potential applications in high‐efficiency photonic computing, multidimensional quantum networks, and 3D optics topology.
Produktion: Dünger und Ethen elektrisch
Authors: Scheuermann Armin
Published: April 2024

Ein Thema der Achema, der Messe der Prozessindustrie in Frankfurt am Main, ist die Elektrifizierung der Chemie. Dabei geht es um direkte Stromnutzung, um Power‐to‐X‐Verfahren oder auch darum, strombasierte Prozesse mit Rezyklaten zu kombinieren.
Glasklar vor einem Schub
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian
Published: April 2024

Weiterentwicklungen rund um Glas verbessern Autobatterien und Windschutzscheiben. Laborglas, das weniger bruchanfällig ist als bisher, erhöht den Arbeitsschutz, und Glasstrukturen für die Nanophotonik lassen sich jetzt einfach auf Chips drucken.
Bilanz Biontech 2023: Onkologie und Impfstoffe
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: April 2024

Das Immuntherapie‐Unternehmen Biontech hat im Jahr 2023 weniger umgesetzt als zuvor. Es arbeitet daran, das Portfolio über Covid‐19‐Impfstoffe hinaus zu erweitern. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf Mitteln gegen Tumorerkrankungen.
Einklang von Labor bis Kinderzimmer
Authors: Tietze Alexandra
Published: April 2024

Uta Corinna und Birk Stange arbeiten beide in der chemischen Industrie und haben zwei Kinder, für die sie gleichberechtigt da sein wollen.
Start der 6. CheMento‐Runde
Authors: Pereira Jaé Angela , Yasin Yasmin
Published: April 2024

Das bundesweite Mentoring‐Programm der GDCh ermöglicht es seit 2014 jungen Nachwuchskräften und berufserfahrenen Chemikern und Chemikerinnen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Verwaltung, sich ein Jahr lang auszutauschen. Die One‐to‐One‐Kooperation unterstützt Masterstudierende, Promovierende und Postdocs bei der Berufsorientierung, Karriereentwicklung und ‐planung.
Nachruf: Otto J. Scherer (1933 – 2024)
Authors: Detzel Michaela , Sitzmann Helmut , Winter Rainer , Wolmershäuser Gotthelf
Published: April 2024

Am 3. Februar 2024 starb Otto J. Scherer, Professor für anorganische Chemie in Kaiserslautern. Er war ein Pionier der Clusterchemie von Arsen und Phosphor.
ChatGPT und Proteindesign: Neue Wege durch Deep Learning und generative Modelle/Trendbericht Physikalische Chemie 2024 (3/3)
Authors: Beck Tobias
Published: April 2024

Zeitversetzte Laserpulse auf Moleküle verraten, wie photochemische Prozesse ablaufen – dabei sind konische Durchschneidungen entscheidend. Die kolloidale Nanochemie hat neue Materialklassen erschlossen, wie Nickelboride und frühe Übergangsmetalloxid‐Katalysatoren, sowie Synthesen zu photolumineszenten III–V‐Halbleitern verbessert. Mit maschinellem Lernen lassen sich am Rechner Proteine nicht mehr nur falten, sondern solche entwerfen, die nicht mit natürlichen Proteinen verwandt sind.
#IchBinHanna: Das ist neu
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: April 2024

Die Bundesregierung hat beschlossen, das Wissenschaftszeitvertragsgesetz neu aufzulegen.
In‐utero post‐mortem MRI, opportunistic imaging with diagnostic yield
Authors: Lane Annah M. , Christie James , Arthurs Owen J. , Goergen Stacy K.
Published: April 2024

Key points

What's already known about this topic?

The role of post‐mortem extra‐uterine MRI as part of a minimally invasive autopsy has been established.

Antenatal in‐utero MRI during life has shown similar diagnostic accuracy to post‐mortem extra‐uterine MRI

Post mortem in utero MRI prior to delivery has not yet been documented or fully evaluated.

What does this study add?

We illustrate the feasibility and potential diagnostic value of post‐mortem intrauterine MRI
Genetic polymorphisms and major bleeding risk during vitamin K antagonists treatment: The BLEEDS case‐cohort
Authors: Camilleri Eleonora , Ghobreyal Mira , Bos Mettine H. A. , Reitsma Pieter H. , Van Der Meer Felix J. M. , Swen Jesse J. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , van Rein Nienke
Published: April 2024

Background

Major bleeding occurs annually in 1%–3% of patients on vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), despite close monitoring. Genetic variants in proteins involved in VKA response may affect this risk.

Aim

To determine the association of genetic variants (cytochrome P450 enzymes 2C9 [CYP2C9] and 4F2 [CYP4F2], gamma‐glutamyl carboxylase [GGCX]) with major bleeding in VKA users, separately and combined, including vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit‐1 (VKORC1).

Methods

A case‐cohort study was established within the BLEEDS cohort, which includes 16,570 patients who initiated VKAs between 2012 and 2014. We selected all 326 major bleeding cases that occurred during 17,613 years of follow‐up and a random subcohort of 978 patients. We determined variants in CYP2C9, CYP4F2, GGCX, VKORC1 and evaluated the interaction between variant genotypes. Hazard ratios for major bleeding with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by weighted Cox regression.

Results

Genotype was determined in 256 cases and 783 subcohort members. Phenprocoumon was the most prescribed VKA for both cases and the subcohort (78% and 75%, respectively). Patients with major bleeding were slightly older than subcohort patients. CYP4F2‐TT carriership was associated with a 1.6‐fold (95% CI 0.9–2.8) increased risk of major bleeding compared with CC‐alleles, albeit not statistically significant. For the CYP2C9 and GGCX variants instead, the major bleeding risk was around unity. Carrying at least two variant genotypes in CYP2C9 (poor metabolizer), CYP4F2‐TT, and VKORC1‐AA was associated with a 4.0‐fold (95%CI 1.4–11.4) increased risk, while carriers of both CYP4F2‐TT and VKORC1‐AA had a particularly increased major bleeding risk (hazard ratio 6.7, 95% CI 1.5–29.8) compared with carriers of CC alleles in CYP4F2 and GG in VKORC1. However, the number of major bleeding cases in carriers of multiple variants was few (8 and 5 patients, respectively).

Conclusions

CYP4F2 polymorphism was associated with major bleeding, especially in combination with VKORC1 genetic variants. These variants could be considered to further personalize anticoagulant treatment.
Designing Variational Ansatz for Quantum‐Enabled Simulation of Non‐Unitary Dynamical Evolution ‐ An Excursion into Dicke Supperradiance
Authors: Shivpuje Saurabh , Sajjan Manas , Wang Yuchen , Hu Zixuan , Kais Sabre
Published: April 2024

Adaptive Variational Quantum Dynamics (AVQD) algorithms offer a promising approach to providing quantum‐enabled solutions for systems treated within the purview of open quantum dynamical evolution. In this study, the unrestricted‐vectorization variant of AVQD is employed to simulate and benchmark various non‐unitarily evolving systems. Exemplification of how construction of an expressible ansatz unitary and the associated operator pool can be implemented to analyze examples such as the Fenna–Matthews–Olson complex (FMO) and even the permutational invariant Dicke model of quantum optics. Furthermore, an efficient decomposition scheme is shown for the ansatz used, which can extend its applications to a wide range of other open quantum system scenarios in near future. In all cases the results obtained are in excellent agreement with exact numerical computations that bolsters the effectiveness of this technique. The successful demonstrations pave the way for utilizing this adaptive variational technique to study complex systems in chemistry and physics, like light‐harvesting devices, thermal, and opto‐mechanical switches, to name a few.
Uncovering the priorities of scientific research on sustainable development goals: A case study in Ethiopia
Authors: Kassahun Ayalew , Yimam Seid Muhie , Muanenda Yonas Seifu , Ali Beshir Melkaw , Yalew Seleshi Getahun
Published: April 2024

The United Nations has defined 17 SDGs aimed at addressing fundamental human needs. While the SDGs are relevant to all countries and communities worldwide, they hold particular significance to Ethiopia. Scientific research dedicated to a specific country, or a region therein plays a crucial role in identifying the necessary interventions, planning appropriate courses of action, and monitoring progress toward achieving the SDGs. A considerable amount of scientific research directly or indirectly related to the SDGs, has been conducted on Ethiopia, but the research is fragmented and a clear overview of its focus and impact on the SDGs is lacking. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive review of all available scientific literature on the former province of Wollo, which was the site of one of the most infamous famines in recent times. We found 1591 relevant studies, classified, and analyzed them based on their relevance to the SDGs. Our results indicate that while there has been a significant increase in scientific research in recent years, the focus has been skewed toward a few goals and limited targets within them. Specifically, SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing) have received significantly more attention. Further analysis also reveals misplaced priorities indicating a misalignment between scientific research and the needs of the study area. We conclude that while we approach 2030, the deadline for the SDGs, considerable attention must be given to the prioritization of SDGs in scientific research.
Advances in Defect Engineering of Metal Oxides for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhong Kang , Sun Peipei , Xu Hui
Published: April 2024

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology, capable of converting low‐density solar energy into high‐density chemical energy, stands as a promising approach to alleviate the energy crisis and achieve carbon neutrality. Semiconductor metal oxides, characterized by their abundant reserves, good stability, and easily tunable structures, have found extensive applications in the field of photocatalysis. However, the wide bandgap inherent in metal oxides contributes to their poor efficiency in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Defect engineering presents an effective strategy to address these challenges. This paper reviews the research progress in defect engineering to enhance the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance of metal oxides, summarizing defect classifications, preparation methods, and characterization techniques. The focus is on defect engineering, represented by vacancies and doping, for improving the performance of metal oxide photocatalysts. This includes advancements in expanding the photoresponse range, enhancing photogenerated charge separation, and promoting CO2 molecule activation. Finally, the paper provides a summary of the current issues and challenges faced by defect engineering, along with a prospective outlook on the future development of photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology.
Ultrafine Pt Nanoparticles on Defective Tungsten Oxide for Photocatalytic Ethylene Synthesis
Authors: Liu Yue , Xue Weichao , Liu Xiaoqing , Wei Fen , Lin Xiahui , Lu Xue Feng , Lin Wei , Hou Yidong , Zhang Guigang , Wang Sibo
Published: April 2024

The selective conversion of ethane (C2H6) to ethylene (C2H4) under mild conditions is highly wanted, yet very challenging. Herein, it is demonstrated that a Pt/WO3−x catalyst, constructed by supporting ultrafine Pt nanoparticles on the surface of oxygen‐deficient tungsten oxide (WO3−x) nanoplates, is efficient and reusable for photocatalytic C2H6 dehydrogenation to produce C2H4 with high selectivity. Specifically, under pure light irradiation, the optimized Pt/WO3−x photocatalyst exhibits C2H4 and H2 yield rates of 291.8 and 373.4 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively, coupled with a small formation of CO (85.2 µmol g−1 h−1) and CH4 (19.0 µmol g−1 h−1), corresponding to a high C2H4 selectivity of 84.9%. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the vacancy‐rich WO3−x catalyst enables broad optical harvesting to generate charge carriers by light for working the redox reactions. Meanwhile, the Pt cocatalyst reinforces adsorption of C2H6, desorption of key reaction species, and separation and migration of light‐induced charges to promote the dehydrogenation reaction with high productivity and selectivity. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and density functional theory calculation expose the key intermediates formed on the Pt/WO3−x catalyst during the reaction, which permits the construction of the possible C2H6 dehydrogenation mechanism.
Self‐Assembled Fe‐Phenolic Acid Network Synergizes with Ferroptosis to Enhance Tumor Nanotherapy
Authors: Chen Yinyin , Yang Xiujuan , Li Haoran , Wu Xinyue , Wu Wei , Chen Junzhou , Wu Aimin , Wang Xianxiang
Published: April 2024

Natural polyphenolic compound rosmarinic acid (RA) has good antitumor activity. However, the distinctive tumor microenvironment, characterized by low pH and elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), enhances the tolerance of tumors to the singular anti‐tumor treatment mode using RA, resulting in unsatisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Targeting nonapoptotic programmed cell death processes may provide another impetus to inhibit tumor growth. RA possesses the capability to coordinate with metal elements. To solve the effect restriction of the above single treatment mode, it is proposed to construct a self‐assembled nanocomposite, Fe‐RA. Under tumor microenvironment, Fe‐RA nanocomposite exerts the characteristics of POD‐like enzyme activity and depletion of GSH, producing a large amount of hydroxyl radical (·OH) while disrupting the antioxidant defense system of tumor cells. Moreover, due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR), Fe‐RA can transport Fe2+ to a greater extent to tumor cells and increase intracellular iron content. Causing an imbalance in iron metabolism in tumor cells and promoting cell ferroptosis. The results of the synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) prove the successful complexation of Fe‐RA nanocomposite. Density functional theory (DFT) explains the efficient catalytic mechanism of its peroxide‐like enzyme activity and the reaction principle with GSH.
Structural design of a smart under‐deck cable‐stayed prestressed concrete viaduct: Theoretical basis and application to the Osormort viaduct
Authors: Corral María del Mar , Todisco Leonardo
Published: April 2024

Under‐deck cable‐stayed systems have been extensively used in bridges to optimize the internal stress distribution, enhancing their structural performance. Although these systems provide highly contribute to counteract permanent loads, their efficiency to withstand live loads is reduced, thereby limiting opportunities for material savings. This effect is particularly relevant in concrete viaducts, where the relative stiffness of the deck with respect to the tendons is very high. This limitation can be overcome by using a smart under‐deck cable‐stayed system, which gradually modifies the tension in the stays as the live load increases, improving its performance. The smart behavior is achieved through the use of a linear actuator that replaces the midspan strut of a conventional under‐deck cable‐stayed bridge. This article starts by presenting the theoretical considerations on the structural design of these innovative systems. Then, the application of this technology to multi‐span prestressed concrete bridges is evaluated using a numerical analysis. Specifically, the Osormort viaduct has been selected as a reference bridge for comparison purposes. This work quantifies the performance of the smart systems from different perspectives, including material quantities, CO2 emissions, and cost, for different portions of the live load compensated by the smart system. The comparisons reveal that the implementation of a smart system can optimize material quantity of the deck (concrete volume and internal prestressing), resulting in cost reductions of up to 15% and carbon emissions reductions of up to 9% compared to a conventional solution. In summary, this investigation provides a further confirmation of the potential of smart cable‐stayed under‐deck systems to significantly improve the structural performance of bridges while reducing material usage and costs.
Oil absorbent based on lauryl methacrylate grafting onto cellulose of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Authors: Duc Nguyen Trung , Ha Pham Thi Thu , Khoi Nguyen Van , Huy Nguyen Quang , Mien Nguyen Thi , Hoan Do Cong , Chau Chu Ngoc , Tung Nguyen Thanh
Published: April 2024

In this article, a novel oil‐absorbent polymer was synthesized by graft polymerization of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) onto water hyacinth (WH) using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator and divinyl benzene (DVB) as a crosslinking agent. The effects of initiator content, LMA content, reaction temperature, reaction time, and crosslinker content on the superabsorbent polymer were investigated. The prepared graft copolymer WH‐g‐LMA was analyzed using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA. In the presence of the better cross‐linker DVB (1.5%) and contact time of about 25 min, the maximal Q (oil sorption capacity) of co‐polymer towards crude and Soybean oils is 23.68 and 25.72 g g−1, respectively. The Q is reduced when sorbent dosage increased, but it increases with increasing the temperature and reaches a maximum of 40 °C. The reusability of co‐polymer is characteristic of 7 sorption/desorption cycles.
Properties and corrosion protection of polypyrrole prepared by electrochemical polymerization on aluminum
Authors: Khoe Le Van , Hung Ha Manh , Duc Le Minh , Luong Ngo Xuan , Viet Nguyen Thi Bich , Huong Vu Thi , Oanh Doan Thi Yen , Trung Vu Quoc
Published: April 2024

In a one‐step procedure that did not require any surface preparation, polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with 3‐nitrosalicylic acid (3Nisa) became effectively electropolymerized on the aluminum substrate in aqueous solutions. Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to analyze the properties of PPy‐based films. Open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Tafel polarization, and salt spray tests were used to study the corrosion‐resistant efficiency of the coatings. The as‐prepared PPy films performed corrosion resistance on aluminum in the 3% NaCl solution. However, the PPy films prepared in the 0.01 m solution of 3Nisa showed the best protection ability on aluminum. The self‐healing characteristic of the PPy films was recorded by varying the potential in the OCP measurement. The findings indicate the potential of using 3‐nitrosalicylic acid‐doped PPy films for applications as anti‐corrosion coatings for aluminum.