bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contributions of the social network in the process of deinstitutionalization of madness
Authors: Ferreira Gabriella Bastos , Coimbra Valéria Cristina Christello , Kantorski Luciane Prado , Guedes Ariane da Cruz
Published: May 2021

Objetivo: Conhecer a rede social de uma moradora de um Serviço Residencial Terapêutico (SRT) do município de Caxias do Sul - RS. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, sendo um recorte do Projeto de Pesquisa Redes que reabilitam – avaliando experiências inovadoras de composição de redes de atenção psicossocial (REDESUL). Foi desenvolvido por meio de observações de campo, análise de registros em prontuários, confecção de ecomapa e Mapa Individual da Pessoa. Resultados: Percebe-se que com a reforma psiquiátrica e a criação dos serviços substitutivos, em especial os SRT, os moradores desses espaços foram reinseridos na sociedade e tiveram a possibilidade de recuperar sua autonomia para estabelecer novas redes sociais. Conclusão: Surge o desafio para que as redes sociais não se limitem apenas aos serviços, mas que possam ser tecidas em outros espaços sociais, impulsionando a liberdade prevista pela reforma psiquiátrica.
Amino acid sequence of conglutin δ, a sulfur‐rich seed protein of Lupinus angustifolius L
Authors: Lilley Glenn G. , Inglis Adam S.
Published: July 2002

Complete amino acid sequences and disulfide cross‐link arrangements have been determined for the two subunit polypeptides (M
r 9401 and 4597) ofconglutin δ, a helix‐rich seed protein from Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite. There are two intrachain disulfide bonds and a free sulfhydryl group within the large chain and two interchain disulfide bonds to the small chain. The sequences show regions enriched in glutamineglutamic acid and serine residues which were correlated by a predictive method to the high measured level of α‐helix (~ 38%). Homology was found between a cystine‐rich region ofconglutin δ and the C‐III α‐amylase inhibitor from wheat suggesting that these proteins originated from a common ancestral gene.
Occurrence of two distinct succinate thiokinases in animal tissues
Authors: Weitzman P.D.J. , Jenkins T. , Else A.J. , Holt R.A.
Published: July 2002

Although succinate thiokinase from mammalian sources has hitherto been described as showing substrate specificity for guanine nucleotide, a range of mammalian tissues has here been found to display succinate thiokinase activity with both guanine and adenine nucleotides as substrates. Evidence is presented for the existence of two distinct succinate thiokinases and this is confirmed by their separation by affinity chromatography. Each enzyme is specific for one nucleotide and is inhibited by the non‐substrate nucleotide. The physiological roles of the two enzymes is yet to be established.
Antimicrobial properties of peptides from Xenopus granular gland secretions
Authors: Soravia Emilia , Martini Giuseppe , Zasloff Michael
Published: July 2002

Previously, we described a family of novel broad spectrum antimicrobial peptides, magainins, from the skin of Xenopus laevis. In this report we show that at least two other Xenopus peptides, present in the skin and its secretions, PGLa and a peptide released from the xenopsin precursor, exhibit antimicrobial properties comparable to the magainins. The identification of these newer members provides insight into the structural diversity of vertebrate antimicrobial peptides.
Evidence that protein B of the thiosulphate‐oxidizing system of Thiobacillus versutus contains a binuclear manganese cluster
Authors: Cammack Richard , Chapman Alan , Lu Wei-Ping , Karagouni Amalia , Kelly Don P.
Published: July 2002

Manganese was shown to be an essential trace metal for growth and thiosulphate oxidation by Thiobacillus versutus in chemostat culture. In the thiosulphate‐oxidizing enzyme system of T. versutus, protein B was the only component found to contain manganese in significant amounts. When it was examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, protein B gave a broad, complex spectrum, indicative of the presence of a dimeric manganese cluster, with manganese in the Mn(II) oxidation state.
A common motif of two adjacent phosphoserines in bovine, rabbit and human cardiac troponin I
Authors: Mittmann Karin , Jaquet Kornelia , Heilmeyer Ludwig M.G.
Published: July 2002

From rabbit and human cardiac troponin I N‐terminal mono and bisphosphorylated peptides were isolated which were obtained from Lys‐C proteinase digests. Two adjacent phosphoserine residues could be localized in each phosphopeptide following further tryptic digestion. The previously published sequence of rabbit cardiac troponin I had to be corrected. Two adjacent phosphoserine residues are a common motif in the very similar sequences of bovine, rabbit and human cardiac troponin I. The N‐terminal sequences are: AcADRSGGSTAG DTVPAPPPVR RR ANYRAY ATEPHAK (bovine), AcADESTDA‐AG EARPAPAPVR RRANYRAY ATEPHAK (rabbit), (Ac,A,D/N,G,S,S,D/N,A,A,R) EPRPAPAPIR RR‐NYRAY ATEPHAK (human).
Heat shock induces enzymes of trehalose metabolism, trehalose accumulation, and thermotolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, even in the presence of cycloheximide
Authors: De Virgilio Claudio , Simmen Urs , Hottiger Thomas , Boiler Thomas , Wiemken Andres
Published: July 2002

Exponentially growing cells of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, contained virtually no trehalose at 27°C but rapidly accumulated large quantities during heat shock at 40°C. Activities of trehalose‐6‐phosphate synthase and trehalase also increased upon heat shock. Thermotolerance of the cells, measured as survival at 52°C, increased in parallel to trehalose accumulation and decreased in parallel to the trehalose levels when cells were shifted back to 27°C. Trehalose levels, activities of enzymes of trehalose metabolism and thermotolerance strongly increased upon heat shock even in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that none of these effects requires protein synthesis. The data support the hypothesis that trehalose acts as a thermoprotectant in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Interleukin‐1 stimulates glucose transport in rat adipose cells
Authors: Garcia-Welsh Adrienne , Schneiderman Joanna S. , Baly Deborah L.
Published: July 2002

The effect of interleukin 1 (IL‐1) on glucose transport activity in isolated rat adipose cells was examined. IL‐1β stimulated 3‐O‐methylglucose (3OMG) transport in a time and dose dependent manner. This effect appears to be due to increased maximal transport velocity (V
max of the carrier. Addition of insulin and IL‐1β resulted in an additive stimulation of transport, suggesting different mechanisms. IL‐1α had no effect on glucose transport. Glu‐4, a relatively inactive IL‐1β analogue in most cells, stimulated glucose uptake in a time and dose dependent manner with kinetics indistinguishable from those of IL‐ 1β.
Identification of Nuclear Factor IV/Ku autoantigen in a human 2D‐gel protein database Modification of the large subunit depends on cellular proliferation
Authors: Stuiver Maarten H. , Celis Julio E. , van der Vliet Peter C.
Published: July 2002

Nuclear Factor IV (NFIV)is a heterodimeric DNA‐binding protein from HeLa cells, recognizing molecular ends and is identical to the autoantigenic target Ku. We have identified the two NFIV/Ku subunits, by comigration, in the 2D‐gel database of transformed human amnion cell (AMA) proteins. We observed that the large subunit or NFIV/Ku consists of at least 3 charge variants that correspond to SSP IEFs 5705 (81.2 kDa, pI 5.74), 6707 (81.2 kDa, pI 5.67) and 6706 (81.9 kDa, pI 5.60) in the AMA catalogue. The relative amounts of the 2 major variants (IEFs 5705 and 6707) was dependent on the state of cell proliferation. Inhibition of DNA‐synthesis by hydroxyurea also changed the relative levels of the variants, whereas aphidicolin or a thymidine block had no effect. These results suggest a possible role for NFIV/Ku in DNA replication.
Primary structure and functional expression of a choline transporter expressed in the rat nervous system
Authors: Mayser Wolfgang , Schloss Patrick , Betz Heinrich
Published: July 2002

Synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in cholinergic nerve terminals is regulated by a sodium‐driven high‐affinity choline uptake system in the plasma membrane. We have isolated cDNAs from rat spinal cord and brainstem which encode a choline transporter (CHOT1). The predicted protein shares considerable amino acid identity and several structural features including twelve putative transmembrane regions with other neurotransmitter transporters. Expression of in vitro transcribed CHOT1 RNA in Xenopus oocytes generated Na+‐dependent choline uptake, which was not seen in control oocytes. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed significant amounts of CHOT1 mRNA in brain, cerebellum, spinal cord and, to a lesser extent, heart, but only very low expression in lung, kidney and muscle.
Transcription and translation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pancreas of prediabetic BB rats
Authors: Kleemann Rainer , Rothe Helga , Kolb-Bachofen Victoria , Xie Qiao-wen , Nathan Carl , Martin Stephan , Kolb Hubert
Published: July 2002

The inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was found to be expressed in pancreatic lesions of adult diabetes‐prone BB rats. Pancreatic iNOS mRNA was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in pancreatic RNA of adult diabetes‐prone BB rats but not in normal Wistar rats, young diabetes‐prone BB rats without insulitis or in diabetes‐resistant BB rats. Immunohistochemistry of pancreatic sections using an iNOS‐specific antiserum labeled the pancreas of adult diabetes‐prone BB rats but not Wistar rats. Parallel staining for EDI‐positive macrophages showed restriction of iNOS expression to areas of islet infiltration by macrophages. In conclusion, the data provide direct evidence for enhanced expression of inducible NO synthase in tissue lesions during the development of autoimmune diabetes.
Agonist pharmacology of the neuronal α7 nicotinic receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Amar M. , Thomas P. , Johnson C. , Lunt G.G. , Wonnacott S.
Published: July 2002

The potencies and efficacies of seven agonists at chick α7 nicotinic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes were determined by whole cell recording. (+)‐Anatoxin‐a was the most potent agonist (EC50 = 0.58 μM) and acetylcholine was the least potent (EC50 = 320 μM). The rank order of agonist potencies was: (+)‐anatoxin‐a ⪢ cytisine > (−)‐nicotine > (+)‐nicotine > DMPP > 1‐acetyl‐4‐methylpiperazine methiodide > acetylcholine. DMPP evoked only very small currents: comparison of maximally effective agonist concentrations showed that DMPP was only one‐fifth as efficacious as other agonists. Previously published IC50 values for rat brain [125I]α‐bungarotoxin sites show a similar agonist profile, and the identity of homo‐oligomeric α7 receptors with native α‐bungarotoxin‐sensitive neuronal nicotinic receptors is discussed.
Towards protein folding by global energy optimization
Authors: Abagyan Ruben A.
Published: July 2002

Different components of the theoretical protein folding problem are evaluated critically. It is argued that: (i) as a rule, small‐ and medium‐sized proteins are in the free energy minimum; (ii) long‐living metastable states may either appear occasionally with growing protein size, or be selected by evolution for a specific function; (iii) functions discriminating against incorrect folds would fail if they were used directly in the global optimization, unless they approximate the true free energy accurately; (iv) surface and electrostatic free energies should be treated separately; (v) confonnational entropy (of side chains in particular) should be taken into account; (vi) Monte Carlo procedures considering all free energy terms and combining global knowledge‐based random moves with local optimization have the largest potential for success.
WWamide‐1, ‐2 and ‐3: novel neuromodulatory peptides isolated from ganglia of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica
Authors: Minakata Hiroyuki , Ikeda Tetsuya , Muneoka Yojiro , Kobayashi Makoto , Nomoto Kyosuke
Published: July 2002

Three novel neuropeptides, isolated from ganglia of the African giant snail, Achatina fulica, were named WWamide‐1, ‐2 and ‐3. These substances were biologically active heptapeptide amides with a Trp residue at both the N‐ and C‐termini. WWamide‐1, which displayed an inhibitory activity on a central neuron of the snail, exhibited peripherally modulatory effects on muscular contractions of not only the gut and other tissues of the snail but also certain tissues of other molluscs.
Altered chemotaxis of Bacillus sphaericus l‐ethionine‐resistant sporulation mutant A probable link between chemotaxis and sporulation
Authors: Andreev J. , Dibrov P.A. , Braun S.
Published: July 2002

A UV irradiation‐induced mutant of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 whose sporulation was inhibited neither by natural amino acids nor by l‐ethionine was selected. The mutant (A61) grew slowly in rich amino acid medium and contained increased concentrations of heat‐resistant spores throughout the growth. Slow growth of A61 was related to continuous presence of aging and sporulating cells even when the medium was rich in nutrients. Ability of the mutant to sense nutrient presence in the environment and to relate this information to systems regulating the switch from vegetative growth to sporulation seem to be damaged. A61 also demonstrated impaired chemotaxis. In contrast to the parent strain, only few amino acids elicited chemotactic response in A61. Methylation of the A61 methyl‐accepting chemotaxis protein(s) was lower than that of the parent strain by one order of magnitude. Spontaneous fast‐growing phenotypic revertants of A61 displayed sporulation behavior characteristic of B. sphaericus 2362. Their chemotaxis to amino acids was considerably improved. To some amino acids, it proved to be even stronger than in the original strain, B. sphaericus 2362. It is suggested, that methyl transfer events originating in the chemotactic system are involved in the triggering of sporulation, the A61 mutation being located in this signalling pathway.
Transcription factor nuclear factor I proteins form stable homo‐ and heterodimers
Authors: Kruse Ulrich , Sippel Albrecht E.
Published: July 2002

Nuclear factor I (NFI) proteins constitute a large family of eukaryotic DNA binding proteins. They are involved in viral and cellular aspects of transcriptional regulation and they are capable of stimulating adenovirus initiation of replication. Using in vitro translated NFI proteins encoded by four different chicken NFI genes, we have detected homodimers as well as heterodimers for all combinations tested. The formation of heterodimers was critically dependent on cotranslation, indicating stable dimer formation in the absence of DNA. The unrestricted heterodimerization of NFI proteins adds, beside gene diversity and alternative splicing, another level of diversity to this protein family.
Similar DNA binding properties of free p70 (Ku) subunit and p70/p80 heterodimer
Authors: Wang Jingsong , Satoh Minoru , Chou Chih-Hao , Reeves Westley H.
Published: July 2002

The Ku antigen consists of 70 and 80 kDa protein subunits (p70 and p80, respectively) that form the DNA binding component of a DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK). It is controversial whether the interaction of Ku with DNA is mediated by p70 alone or requires formation of p70/p80 dimers. In the present studies, the DNA binding properties of p70/p80 heterodimers and full‐length human p70 expressed in the absence of p80 were investigated. The binding of free p70 and p70/p80 heterodimers to DNA showed similar sensitivity to high ionic strength buffers. Competitive DNA binding studies revealed that free p70, like the p70/p80 heterodimer, bound preferentially to linear double stranded DNA fragments, whereas tRNA and closed circular DNA molecules competed poorly with the radiolabeled linear DNA for binding to Ku. These studies suggest that free p70 and p70/p80 heterodimers have similar DNA binding properties, and that the interaction of Ku with DNA may depend primarily on the p70 subunit, possibly with implications for the assembly and function of DNA‐PK.
A homodimer represents an active species of the peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase FKBP25mem from Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Schmidt Bettina , Rahfeld Jens , Schierhorn Angelika , Ludwig Birgit , Hacker Jörg , Fischer Gunter
Published: July 2002

The molecular mass of the native FK506‐binding peptidyl‐prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) FKBP25mem from Legionella pneumophila (Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein) was determined by two methods. By gel‐permeation chromatography we found no indication of the presence of the monomeric enzyme. However, an oligomeric state with a molecular mass of about 62 kDa was detected. By cross‐linking with dimethyl pimelimidate and subsequent SDS‐PAGE of either the surface proteins of intact L. pneumophila cells or the purified recombinant FKBP25mem in solution, we observed an immunoreactive band indicative of a mass in the dimer range. In contrast to human recombinant FKBP12, the enzymatic activity of Legionella FKBP25mem was strongly dependent on the protein concentration, pointing to a dimer as the most active species. However, the inhibition by FK506 yielded a nearly constant value of K
i of about 250 nM when measured in the same range of FKBP25mem concentration. These results may be explained by the fact that monomeric FKBP25mem has little, if any, influence on enzymatic activity when compared with the homodimer.
ERβ: Identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor
Authors: Mosselman Sietse , Polman Jan , Dijkema Rein
Published: July 2002

A novel estrogen receptor (hereinafter referred to as ERβ) was cloned using degenerate PCR primers. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of ERβ with the ‘classical’ ER (ERα) shows a high degree of conservation of the DNA‐binding domain (96%), and of the ligand‐binding domain (58%). In contrast, the A/B domain, the hinge region and the F‐domain are not conserved. Northern blot analysis revealed that ERβ is expressed in human thymus, spleen, ovary and testis. Transient transfections of an ERβ expression construct together with an ERE‐based reporter construct in CHO cells clearly demonstrated transactivation of ERβ by 17β‐estradiol. In addition, the ERα antagonist ICI‐164384 is a potent antagonist for ERβ as well. Interestingly, the level of transactivation by 17β‐estradiol is higher for ERα than for ERβ, which may reflect suboptimal conditions for ERβ at the level of the ligand, responsive element or cellular context.
Perinatal outcome of idiopathic small for gestational age pregnancies at term: the effect of antenatal diagnosis
Authors: Ohel G. , Ruach M.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To evaluate the effect of antenatal detection of the idiopathic term small for gestational age (SGA) fetus upon perinatal outcome. Methods: A 3‐year retrospective review of all term pregnancies with no associated maternal disease, with birth weights at least 2 S.D.s below the mean for gestational age. Perinatal outcome measures were compared between pregnancies that were diagnosed as SGA antenatally, and those that were detected only after delivery. Results: Of 158 term SGA pregnancies, 47 were diagnosed antenatally, and 111 were recognized as such only after delivery. The antenatally diagnosed group had a higher incidence of adverse neonatal outcome (P < 0.01), as well as higher incidences of inductions of labor and emergency Cesarean sections (68% vs. 12%, P < 0.001, and 23% vs. 10%, p < 0.03, respectively). Logistic regression analysis with adverse neonatal outcome as the dependent variable has shown it to be dependent only on gestational age at delivery (P < 0.004), and birth weight (P < 0.001), and not on antenatal diagnosis. Conclusions: Antenatal detection of SGA may be associated with an increased incidence of obstetric interventions, with no demonstrable positive effect upon the short‐term neonatal outcome.
Apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF): a ubiquitous mitochondrial oxidoreductase involved in apoptosis
Authors: Daugas Eric , Nochy Dominique , Ravagnan Luigi , Loeffler Markus , Susin Santos A. , Zamzami Naoufal , Kroemer Guido
Published: July 2002

Apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) is encoded by one single gene located on the X chromosome. AIF is ubiquitously expressed, both in normal tissues and in a variety of cancer cell lines. The AIF precursor is synthesized in the cytosol and is imported into mitochondria. The mature AIF protein, a flavoprotein (prosthetic group: flavine adenine dinucleotide) with significant homology to plant ascorbate reductases and bacterial NADH oxidases, is normally confined to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In a variety of different apoptosis‐inducing conditions, AIF translocates through the outer mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Ectopic (extra‐mitochondrial) AIF induces nuclear chromatin condensation, as well as large scale (∼50 kb) DNA fragmentation. Thus, similar to cytochrome c, AIF is a phylogenetically old, bifunctional protein with an electron acceptor/donor (oxidoreductase) function and a second apoptogenic function. In contrast to cytochrome c, however, AIF acts in a caspase‐independent fashion. The molecular mechanisms via which AIF induces apoptosis are discussed.
Extremely efficient cleavage of eIF4G by picornaviral proteinases L and 2A in vitro
Authors: Glaser Walter , Skern Tim
Published: July 2002

Certain picornaviruses encode proteinases which cleave the translation initiation factor eIF4G, a member of the eIF4F complex which recruits mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit during initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. We have compared the efficiency of eIF4G cleavage in rabbit reticulocyte lysates during translation of mRNAs encoding the foot‐and‐mouth disease virus leader proteinase (Lpro) or the human rhinovirus 2Apro. Under standard translation conditions, Lpro cleaved 50% of eIF4G within 4 min after initiation of protein synthesis, whereas 2Apro required 15 min. At these times, the molar ratios of proteinase to eIF4G were 1:130 for Lpro and 1:12 for 2Apro, indicating a much more efficient in vitro cleavage than previously observed. The molar ratios are similar to those observed during viral infection in vivo.
pRb suppresses camptothecin‐induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma Saos‐2 cells by inhibiting c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase
Authors: Lauricella Marianna , Calvaruso Giuseppe , Carabillò Maria , D'Anneo Antonella , Giuliano Michela , Emanuele Sonia , Vento Renza , Tesoriere Giovanni
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the cytotoxic effect induced by the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin in human osteosarcoma Saos‐2 cells, which lack p53 and contain a non‐functional form of the product of the retinoblastoma gene, pRb. Cytotoxicity induced by camptothecin was dose‐ and time‐dependent; the treatment with 100 nM camptothecin reduced cell viability by 50% at 32 h and by 75% at 72 h of exposure. The cytotoxic effect was caused by apoptosis, as ascertained by morphological evidence, acridine orange‐ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis was accompanied by both the activation of caspase‐3 and the fragmentation of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase. Treatment with camptothecin caused a threefold increase in the activity of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and an eightfold increase in the level of phosphorylated c‐Jun. The introduction of the RB gene into Saos‐2 cells reduced the rate of cell growth. Moreover, stable clones of transfected cells were resistant to camptothecin. Exposure to 100 nM camptothecin for 72 h reduced the viability of transfected cells by only 10%; moreover, very modest effects were observed on the activity of JNK as well as on the level of phosphorylated c‐Jun. The results reported in this paper support the conclusion that the expression of wild‐type pRb in Saos‐2 cells exerts an anti‐apoptotic influence through the control of JNK activity.
Swine influenza virus strains recognize sialylsugar chains containing the molecular species of sialic acid predominantly present in the swine tracheal epithelium
Authors: Suzuki Takashi , Horiike Goh , Yamazaki Yasuhiro , Kawabe Kaoru , Masuda Hiroyuki , Miyamoto Daisei , Matsuda Masao , Nishimura Shin-Ichiro , Yamagata Tatsuya , Ito Toshihiro , Kida Hiroshi , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Suzuki Yasuo
Published: July 2002

© 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
The crystal structure of Canavalia brasiliensis lectin suggests a correlation between its quaternary conformation and its distinct biological properties from Concanavalin A
Authors: Sanz-Aparicio Julia , Hermoso Juan , Grangeiro Thalles B , Calvete Juan J , Cavada Benildo S
Published: July 2002

© 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Low temperature perception in plants: effects of cold on protein phosphorylation in cell‐free extracts
Authors: Monroy Antonio F , Labbé Etienne , Dhindsa Rajinder S
Published: July 2002

Activities of prevalent protein phosphatases decreased by nearly 95% and those of individual protein kinases were differentially reduced at low temperature. Inhibition of phosphatase activity at temperatures below 12°C resulted in marked hyperphosphorylation of a 58‐kDa protein (PP58). The temperature threshold for hyperphosphorylation of PP58 coincided with the known threshold for cold‐induced calcium influx. Since calcium influx is triggered by several environmental stresses, we propose that the observed direct effects of cold on the phosphorylation of specific proteins enable cells to couple a shared calcium signal to a cold‐specific transduction pathway.
Sense and antisense RNA for the membrane associated 40 kDa subunit M40 of the insect V‐ATPase
Authors: Merzendorfer Hans , Harvey William R , Wieczorek Helmut
Published: July 2002

A phagemid clone representing a polyadenylated antisense transcript was also isolated and sequenced. Using RT‐PCR, endogenous antisense RNA was detected in poly(A) RNA isolated from the larval midgut. Since Southern blots indicated a single gene locus, both the antisense RNA as well as the sense mRNA encoding subunit M40 seem to originate from the same gene.
Kinetics of antifreeze protein‐induced ice growth inhibition
Authors: Chapsky Lars , Rubinsky Boris
Published: July 2002

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) depress the freezing temperature of a solution in a non‐colligative manner, by arresting the growth of ice crystals. The kinetics of this effect, studied here for the first time using a new technique called temperature gradient thermometry, are consistent with an adsorption‐mediated inhibitory mechanism. The results obtained by this approach provide a new experimental basis for understanding AFP interaction with ice.
The mouse genome encodes a single homolog of the antimicrobial peptide human β‐defensin 1
Authors: Huttner Kenneth M , Kozak Christine A , Bevins Charles L
Published: July 2002

The cysteine‐rich β‐defensin peptides are broad‐spectrum bactericidal agents expressed in epithelial and myeloid tissues. The human β‐defensin‐1 (hBD‐1) gene maps adjacent to the human α‐defensin cluster and is expressed in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. Here, we characterize a mouse β‐defensin gene (mBD‐1) which is: (1) closely related to hBD‐1 both in sequence and gene organization; (2) expressed at high levels in the mouse kidney and at lower levels in brain, heart, lung, uterus, spleen, skeletal muscle, stomach, and small intestine; and (3) maps to mouse chromosome 8 at or near the location of the mouse α‐defensin genes. These data indicate that mBD‐1 is a close homolog of hBD‐1, and suggest that analysis of its role in mouse host defense may provide significant insights into human epithelial innate immunity.
Thiazolidinedione inhibits the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in cytokine‐treated human vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Murao Koji , Imachi Hitomi , Momoi Atsuko , Sayo Yoshitaka , Hosokawa Hitoshi , Sato Makoto , Ishida Toshihiko , Takahara Jiro
Published: July 2002

The chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 is a potent chemoattractant for monocytes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 is produced by vascular endothelial cells during inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effects of a thiazolidinedione on monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. In human vascular endothelial cells, interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α induced endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 protein secretion, mRNA expression and promoter activity. The thiazolidinedione inhibited these effects. In summary, our results indicated that the suppression of the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 can be accomplished by thiazolidinedione treatment, raising the possibility that thiazolidinedione may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Improved germination under osmotic stress of tobacco plants overexpressing a cell wall peroxidase
Authors: Amaya Iraida , Botella Miguel A. , de la Calle Mercedes , Medina Maria I. , Heredia Antonio , Bressan Ray A. , Hasegawa Paul M. , Quesada Miguel A. , Valpuesta Victoriano
Published: July 2002

The cell wall is a fundamental component in the response of plants to environmental changes. To directly assess the role of the cell wall we have increased the expression and activity of a cell wall associated peroxidase (TPX2), an enzyme involved in modifying cell wall architecture. Overexpression of TPX2 had no effect on wild‐type development, but greatly increased the germination rate under high salt or osmotic stress. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that transgenic seeds were able to retain more water available for germination than wild‐type seeds. Thermoporometry calculations indicated that this could be due to a lower mean pore size in the walls of transgenic seeds. Therefore, the higher capacity of transgenic seeds in retaining water could result in higher germination rates in conditions where the availability of water is restricted.
Timing of periventricular leukomalacia using neonatal electroencephalography
Authors: Itakura A. , Kurauchi O. , Hayakawa F. , Matsuzawa K. , Mizutani S. , Tomoda Y.
Published: July 2002

Objective: To estimate the timing of brain damage involved in the onset of periventricular leukomalacia in the perinatal period we recorded and analyzed neonatal electroencephalograms (EEGs). Methods: Twenty‐four preterm birth infants proved by real time ultrasonic examination or MRI to be suffering from periventricular leukomalacia underwent serial electroencephalography from soon after birth. Results: Thirteen (54%) demonstrated intrauterine injury patterns, 2 infants (8%) showed postnatal injury, and in the remaining 9 cases (38%) the time of injury could not be determined by electroencephalography. Antepartum maternal hemorrhage (6), premature rupture of membranes (3), twining (3), chorioamnionitis (2), and perinatal asphyxia (2) were complications encountered in the group with intrauterine injury patterns. Conclusions: Our observations suggest that more than half of periventricular leukomalacia cases are associated with premature birth infants showing intrauterine injury patterns on electroencephalography, indicating the existence of intrauterine insult.
The antecedents of buying firms' efforts to improve suppliers
Authors: Krause Daniel R
Published: July 2002

This study examined the factors that precede buying firms' time and resource investments in supplier development. Supplier development is any effort by a buying firm with a supplier to improve the supplier's performance and/or capabilities and to meet the buying firm's short and/or long term supply needs. The purposes of the study were to identify important factors that influence a firm's involvement in supplier development, develop reliable and valid measures of these factors, and test hypotheses regarding how the factors interrelate. We tested the hypotheses that the buying firm's environment and top management's recognition of purchasing's importance, influence the buying firm to adopt a strategic perspective toward supplier performance. We further hypothesized that the firm's strategic perspective toward supplier performance influences supplier commitment to the buying firm. The primary dependent factor is the buying firm's involvement in supplier development activities. The antecedents to this factor include supplier commitment, expectation of relationship continuity and effective buyer–supplier communication. Multiple‐item scales were used to measure the factors. A structural model that postulates the relationships among these factors was tested using data gathered from a cross‐industry sample of high‐level U.S. purchasing executives.
DL‐penicillamine induced alteration of elastic fibers of periosteum‐perichondrium and associated growth inhibition: an experimental study
Authors: Gigante A. , Chillemi C. , Quaglino D. , Miselli M. , Pasquali‐Ronchetti I.
Published: July 2002

Perichondrium‐periosteum, being of collagen and elastic fiber, is regarded as a bone growth regulating factor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of collagen and elastic fibers on bone growth, by interfering with the fiber assembly in growing chicks upon administration of DL‐penicillamine (DL‐PNA).

Our findings demonstrated that DL‐PNA determined relevant modifications in the perichondrium‐periosteum, as shown by histochemical, histomorphometrical, biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. This chemical has been shown to inhibit the formation of desmosine cross‐links in elastin and to induce an increase of elastin associated microfibrils. On the contrary, the collagen network and the biochemical collagen markers were not affected. These changes resulted in a dramatically reduced growth of long bones in comparison with control. Perichondrial‐periosteal regulation of bone growth may be mediated by mechanical and biological factors. This study demonstrates a microstructural change in the perichondrium‐periosteum with decreased elastin and increased elastic microfibrils content in penicillamine treated chicks. The mechanism linking changes in the perichondrium‐periosteum with altered growth still needs to be elucidated. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Cell specific‐chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression during CNS morphogenesis in the chick embryo
Authors: Domowicz Miriam , Mangoura Dimitra , Schwartz Nancy B.
Published: July 2002

There is increasing evidence that proteoglycans, particularly chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), are integral components in the assembly of the extracellular matrix during early stages of histogenesis. The differential expression of several CSPGs in the developing CNS has raised questions on their origin, phenotype (chemical and structural characteristics), regulation of expression and function. The S103L monoclonal antibody has been an invaluable specific reagent to identify and study a large and abundant CSPG in embryonic chick brain. In the present study we demonstrate that during embryogenesis of the chick CNS, the S103L CSPG (B‐aggrecan) is synthesized by neurons of all major neuronal cell types but not by astrocytes, is developmentally regulated, and is associated predominantly with neuronal somata, suggesting that neuronal‐specific regulatory mechanisms control the expression of the S103L CSPG in culture. Neurons also exhibit differential expression of glycosaminoglycan type (i.e., KS) and sulfation patterns on different CSPGs when compared to astrocytes, meningial cells or chondrocytes, implying the existence of additional, cell type‐specific modes of regulation of the final CSPG phenotype (chemical and structural posttranslational characteristics). A specific temporal pattern of expression of the S103L‐CSPG was observed which may contribute to conditions that induce or stabilize specific cell phenotypes during CNS development. In contrast, the other major CSPG in the CNS recognized by the HNK‐1 antibody, is synthesized by all cell types of different cell lineages over the entire embryonic period, suggesting a more global cell maintenance function for this CSPG.
Association of the HNK‐1 epitope with the detergent‐soluble G4 isoform of acetylcholinesterase from human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Johnson Glynis , Moore Samuel W.
Published: July 2002

The HNK‐1 carbohydrate epitope is expressed in neural and natural killer cells and is a mediator of cell adhesion. It is well documented that acetylcholinesterase has a secondary function in cell adhesion and differentiation. The presence of HNK‐1 on isoforms of Torpedo and Electrophorus acetylcholinesterase, as well as isoforms from the bovine central nervous system has been described. In this paper, we have investigated the association of the epitope with acetylcholinesterase from human neuroblastoma cells. Acetylcholinesterase was extracted, with or without detergent, purified on immunoaffinity columns and the isoforms separated by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. Secreted acetylcholinesterase, from spent serum‐free culture medium, was similarly treated. The presence of the HNK‐1 epitope was determined by ELISA using the anti‐HNK‐1 and Elec 39 monoclonal antibodies. The epitope was found to be associated with the detergent‐soluble G4 isoform, but not with the hydrophilic G1 nor the secreted hydrophilic G4 isoforms. Likewise, no HNK‐1 was observed associated with human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. These results indicate that acetylcholinesterase‐G4, anchored in the extracellular membrane, is capable of mediating cell–substrate adhesion through HNK‐1.
Incidence of obsessive-compulsive phenomena in the course of acute schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Fabisch K. , Fabisch H. , Langs G. , Huber H.P. , Zapotoczky H.G.
Published: July 2002

Studies examining OC phenomena in schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders have shown a prevalence of such phenomena in 1 to 60% of schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients. In this prospective study, about 10% of 150 male patients suffering from acute psychotic disorders (fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder) were found to have OC symptoms. These symptoms showed no correlation to the type and severity of psychosis. As only 19% of the patients with obsessions and compulsions during acute psychosis showed an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder prior to their psychotic episodes, it may be concluded that there is no clear linkage between intrapsychotic OC phenomena and premorbid anancastic personality traits.
D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) polymorphism is associated with severity of alcohol dependence
Authors: Connor J.P. , Young R.McD. , Lawford B.R. , Ritchie T.L. , Noble E.P.
Published: July 2002

The A1allele of the D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene has been associated with alcohol dependence. However, the expression of this allele risk on the severity of drinking behavior in patients with alcohol dependence has not been systematically explored. The present study examines the association between DRD2 A1+(A1/A1and A1/A2genotypes) and A1– (A2/A2genotype) allele status and key drinking parameters in alcohol-dependent patients. A sample of Caucasian adults was recruited from an alcohol detoxification unit. A clinical interview and the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) questionnaire provided data on consumption, dependence, chronology of drinking and prior detoxification. A1+allele compared to A1– allele patients consumed higher quantities of alcohol, commenced problem drinking at an earlier age, experienced a shorter latency between first introduction to alcohol to the onset of problem drinking and had higher ADS scores. Moreover, A1+allele patients had more detoxification attempts than their A1– allele counterparts. In sum, alcohol-dependent patients with the DRD2 A1allele compared to patients without this allele are characterized by greater severity of their disorder across a range of problem drinking indices. The implications of these findings are discussed.
MIDWIFE OR DOCTOR: A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN MAKING DELIVERY DECISIONS
Authors: Galotti Kathleen M. , Pierce Beverly , Reimer Rebecca L. , Luckner Amy E.
Published: July 2002

Eighty‐eight women from diverse educational backgrounds were interviewed as they made several important and related life decisions during their pregnancies. In this article, the focus is on the choice of birth attendant. There were few differences between those women who did and did not consider a midwife. Women who selected a midwife reported feeling more knowledgeable about birth attendants, more in control over the birth attendant decision, more satisfied about their delivery decisions, more in control of and satisfied with pain medication decisions, more autonomous in their pregnancy decision making, and more in agreement with “alternative birth” philosophies and less in agreement with “conventional birth” philosophies. The participants also reported receiving more approval from spouse/significant other and friends, were more likely to use “gut instinct” and previous experience or habit to make pregnancy decisions, and were more ready to make these decisions than were women who had not selected a midwife as their primary birth attendant.
Ten‐step method of high‐dose LDR 125I brachytherapy for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Okamoto Keisei
Published: May 2021

Dose escalation is key for improved outcomes in intermediate‐risk prostate cancer, including unfavorable intermediate‐risk (UIR) cases. This educational report is designed to provide information about our quality high‐dose 125I seed implantation monotherapy technique in which a biologically effective dose (BED) ≧ 200 Gy is applied for treatment of intermediate‐risk prostate cancer. This protocol is named the “Ten‐step Method,” where the rationale and principle of the method are based on the following four goals: (1) The entire prostate should be covered by the prescription isodose distribution with a sufficient margin from the prostatic capsule, achieving high D90 and V100 values by 125I seed implantation. (2) The high‐dose cloud (240 Gy) should not invade the urethra or rectum. (3) In order to achieve goals (1) and (2), make the high‐dose cloud intentionally along the periphery (bilateral wall to anterior wall) away from the urethra and rectum. (4) In order to achieve goal (3), seeds at the periphery, except those anterior to the rectal wall, should be placed just 1mm inside the capsule. The data obtained from a total of 137 patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer treated with low‐dose‐rate (LDR) monotherapy are shown. The dosimetry parameters were monitored at 1 month after seed implantation by using CT and MRI fusion guidance. The data at 1 month after LDR were: Average D90, BED, and V100 of 125I LDR monotherapy were 194.1 Gy, 207.3 Gy, and 99%, respectively. This ten‐step method was reproducible in 137 patients with intermediate‐risk prostate cancer, allowing administration of high‐dose monotherapy with excellent clinical outcomes.
Transparent, Flexible, and Stable Polyethersulfone/Copper‐Nanowires/Polyethylene Terephthalate Sandwich‐Structured Films for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Xie Qindong , Yan Zhiyang , Wang Shengyan , Wang Yuyang , Mei Lin , Qin Feng , Jiang Ruibin
Published: May 2021

Transparent and flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are highly desirable in wearable electronic devices and optical windows of aircrafts. Herein, transparent and flexible EMI shielding films are prepared by the use of Cu nanowires (Cu NWs). The films have a sandwiched structure composed of polyethersulfone (PES), Cu NW network, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The coating of PES strengthens the Cu NW contact, protects Cu NWs from the oxidation, and reduces the surface average roughness. The PES/Cu NWs/PET sandwich‐structured films show an EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 22 dB with an optical transmittance of 73%, and an even higher EMI SE of 30 dB in the entire X band with the optical transmittance of 67%. The PES/Cu NWs/PET sandwich‐structured films also exhibit superior flexibility, very good chemical stability in basic, acidic, and strong oxidizing solutions, as well as long‐term stability in ambient condition. This PES/Cu NWs/PET sandwich‐structured films are a promising transparent flexible EMI shielding material in wearable electronics and optical windows of aircrafts.
Enhanced Optical Properties and Stability of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals Through Nickel Doping
Authors: Kim Hayeong , Bae Sa‐Rang , Lee Tae Hyung , Lee Hyoseong , Kang Heemin , Park Sungnam , Jang Ho Won , Kim Soo Young
Published: May 2021

To improve the quantum efficiency and stability of perovskite quantum dots, the structural and optical properties are optimized by varying the concentration of Ni doping in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). As Ni doping is gradually added, a blue shift is observed at the photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Ni‐doped PNCs exhibit stronger light emission, higher quantum efficiency, and longer lifetimes than undoped PNCs. The doped divalent element acts as a defect in the perovskite structure, reducing the recombination rate of electrons and holes. A stability test is used to assess the susceptibility of the perovskite to light and moisture. For ultra‐violet light irradiation, the PL intensity of undoped PNCs decreases by 70%, whereas that of Ni‐doped PNCs decreases by 18%. In the water addition experiment, the PL intensity of Ni‐doped PNCs is three times that of undoped PNCs. For CsPbBr3 and Ni:CsPbBr3 PNCs, a light emitting diode is fabricated by spin‐coating. The efficiency of Ni:CsPbBr3 exceeds that of CsPbBr3 PNCs, and the results significantly differ based on the ratio. A maximum luminance of 833 cd m–2 is obtained at optimum efficiency (0.3 cd A–1). Therefore, Ni‐doped PNCs are expected to contribute to future performance improvements in display devices.
Simultaneously Toughening and Stiffening Elastomers with Octuple Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Zhuo Yizhi , Xia Zhijie , Qi Yuan , Sumigawa Takashi , Wu Jianyang , Šesták Petr , Lu Yinan , Håkonsen Verner , Li Tong , Wang Feng , Chen Wei , Xiao Senbo , Long Rong , Kitamura Takayuki , Li Liangbin , He Jianying , Zhang Zhiliang
Published: May 2021

Current synthetic elastomers suffer from the well‐known trade‐off between toughness and stiffness. By a combination of multiscale experiments and atomistic simulations, a transparent unfilled elastomer with simultaneously enhanced toughness and stiffness is demonstrated. The designed elastomer comprises homogeneous networks with ultrastrong, reversible, and sacrificial octuple hydrogen bonding (HB), which evenly distribute the stress to each polymer chain during loading, thus enhancing stretchability and delaying fracture. Strong HBs and corresponding nanodomains enhance the stiffness by restricting the network mobility, and at the same time improve the toughness by dissipating energy during the transformation between different configurations. In addition, the stiffness mismatch between the hard HB domain and the soft poly(dimethylsiloxane)‐rich phase promotes crack deflection and branching, which can further dissipate energy and alleviate local stress. These cooperative mechanisms endow the elastomer with both high fracture toughness (17016 J m−2) and high Young's modulus (14.7 MPa), circumventing the trade‐off between toughness and stiffness. This work is expected to impact many fields of engineering requiring elastomers with unprecedented mechanical performance.