bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Soy Lecithin Levels and Microfluidization Conditions on Properties of Fish Gelatin-Based Film Incorporated with Palm Oil
Authors: Nilsuwan Krisana , Benjakul Soottawat , Prodpran Thummanoon
Published: July 2016

Properties of film-forming dispersion (FFD) and emulsion film incorporated with palm oil containing soy lecithin at 50 % and 75 % (w/w, based on palm oil) and emulsified with different microfluidization pressures (6.89, 13.79 and 20.68 MPa) and pass numbers (2 and 4) were investigated. Microfluidized FFD containing 50 % soy lecithin showed the smaller oil droplet size. The lower water vapor permeability with higher tensile strength and elongation at break were found for films from microfluidized FFD (p < 0.05). Films containing 50 % soy lecithin had higher light transmittance and lower b*- and ΔE*-values than those containing 75 % soy lecithin (p < 0.05). Smooth surface and compact cross-section were observed in films from microfluidized FFD. Film from microfluidized FFD containing 50 % soy lecithin showed higher thermal stability. Thus, the emulsion film with improved properties could be prepared from FFD using 50 % soy lecithin with the aid of microfluidization.
A potential case of remission of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Smart Karishma , Durso Raymon , Morgan Jonathan , McNamara Patrick
Published: July 2016

We present the case of a 78-year-old male who, 16 years ago, was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) by a neurologist. He initially presented with left-hand tremor, stooped posture, shuffling gait, and frequent falls, which eventually progressed to bilateral motor symptoms after 3 years. Since 2012, his symptoms and signs have almost completely remitted, and he has been off all pharmacotherapy for that time. The accuracy of the initial PD diagnosis is supported by an appropriate clinical presentation, history of positive response to Sinemet, and an abnormal SPECT DaT scan; thus this case suggests the possibility of remission of symptoms in some patients. We propose that the patient’s long history of meditation practice may have been one contributing factor of this improvement as meditation has been shown to release dopamine in the striatum.
New Scheduling Algorithms for Agile All-Photonic Networks
Authors: Mehri Mohammad Saleh , Ghaffarpour Rahbar Akbar
Published: July 2016

An optical overlaid star network is a class of agile all-photonic networks that consists of one or more core node(s) at the center of the star network and a number of edge nodes around the core node. In this architecture, a core node may use a scheduling algorithm for transmission of traffic through the network. A core node is responsible for scheduling optical packets that arrive from edge nodes and switching them toward their destinations. Nowadays, most edge nodes use virtual output queue (VOQ) architecture for buffering client packets to achieve high throughput. This paper presents two efficient scheduling algorithms called discretionary iterative matching (DIM) and adaptive DIM. These schedulers find maximum matching in a small number of iterations and provide high throughput and incur low delay. The number of arbiters in these schedulers and the number of messages exchanged between inputs and outputs of a core node are reduced. We show that DIM and adaptive DIM can provide better performance in comparison with iterative round-robin matching with SLIP (iSLIP). SLIP means the act of sliding for a short distance to select one of the requested connections based on the scheduling algorithm.
Sensing Refractive Indices of Fluids by Wavelength-Tunable Laser and Novel Multi-stage Directional Couplers
Authors: Lu Ruei-Chang , Lee Keh-Yi
Published: July 2016

In this work, the authors propose a modified type of multi-stage directional couplers and combine it with a wavelength-tunable laser to measure the refractive index of an undetermined biochemical liquid/solution. Tuning the wavelength of the laser incident on the modified multi-stage directional couplers, the relationship between the wavelength corresponding to the maximal output optical power and the refractive index of the unknown fluid has been obtained.
Múzeumi raktárak, iskolai szertárak: kincstárak
Authors: Pásztor Andrea
Published: July 2016

A Pécsi Egyetemtörténeti Gyűjtemény muzeológusa, Dezső Krisztina előre elküldött kérdéseire válaszolva született ez az írás, amely Pásztor Andrea muzeológusi munkáját és az egyetemtörténeti kiállítás keletkezésének hátterét mutatja be. 
Fotó: Janus Pannonius Múzeum
A Review on Role of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors:   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Kumar Ravinder , Arora Sandeep ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Syal Pratima ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Sippy Mayank ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401
Published: July 2016

Rheumatoid arthritis (RAa) is a systemic inflammatory connective tissue disease with polyarthritis as a prominent feature; however, extra-articular symptoms and signs are always present. Aadvanced glycation end products with ability of cross-linking of proteins characteristic fluorescence and reaction with AaGEe-specific receptor RAaGEe (receptor for AaGEes). AaGEes action as well as AaGEe formation is directly related to both to inflammation and oxidative stress. RAaGEe is a 35-kDa polypeptide whose gene is located at the junction of the class II and III HLAla regions on chromosome. ligation of RAaGEe has been shown to activate p21ras and mitogen-activated protein (MAaP) kinase, and stimulate nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB, thereby, resulting in the transcription of target genes thus may induce chronic cellular activation and tissue damage.
Antiamnesic Activity of Extracts and Fraction of Desmodium Gangeticum
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India, Mahajan Kritika , Kumar Deepak ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India, Kumar Suresh ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India
Published: July 2016

Desmodium gangeticum D.C. (Salpani; family – Papilionaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of various ailments especially in dementia. Thus, it was planned to screen antiamnesic activity of D. gangeticum to validate its traditional claims. Properly identified powdered plant material was extracted successively using solvents in increasing order of polarity viz., n-hexane, chloroform, methanol and water. All the extracts were administered at the doses of 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o. for six successive days to mice. The antiamnesic activity of crude extracts was evaluated against scopolamine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) induced amnesia using well established exteroceptive behavioural model, i.e., elevated plus maze (EPM). The efficacy of test drugs was statistically compared with the standard memory enhancing drug, piracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.). A standardized procedure was adopted to prepare alkaloidal fraction from D. gangeticum roots, which was also evaluated for antiamnesic activity at the doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg, p.o. The chloroform extract and alkaloidal fraction of the plant significantly reversed the amnesia induced by the scopolamine at the dose of 400 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, with respect to control. The antiamnesic activity shown by the chloroform extract and alkaloidal fraction of the plant was statistically equivalent to the standard drug. It is concluded that alkaloids are responsible for antiamnesic activity of D. gangeticum roots.
A Review on Medication Errors
Authors:   Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab, India, Dwivedi Madhaw , Sharma Amit ,   Department of Pharmacy Practice, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India, Arora Sandeep ,   Department of Pharmacy Practice, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab, India
Published: July 2016

Role of clinical pharmacist is to provide optimal pharmaceutical care for individual patients and optimal pharmaceutical care is attained when the right drug in the correct dosage and quality reaches the right patients at the right point in time with the right information. Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm during medication to user is called medicational error and is in the control of the health care professional, patient and consumer. In this review on medication errors, prescr-ibing errors (67 %), administration errors (25%), dispensing errors (08%) were found on the basis of review of literature.Prescribing errors are the prime cause of MEs that further leads to subsequent dispensing and administration errors. Medication errors are common cause of adverse drug events or subtherapeutic outcomes of pharmaceutical care.
Mannich Bases of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles – A Review
Authors:   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Sethi Ritchu , Arora Sandeep ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Jain Neelam ,   School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, BPS Women University, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat, Haryana, India, Jain Sandeep ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University, Haryana India
Published: July 2016

Mannich bases are the end products of mannich reaction and are known as beta amino ketone carrying compounds. Mannich reaction is a carbon carbon bond forming nucleophilic addition reaction which helps in synthesizing N-methyl derivatives and many other drug molecules. Mannich base derivatives of benzimidazoles possess many pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anthelmintic and play an important role in medical field. As these drugs are clinically useful in treatment of microbial infections and exhibit other therapeutic activities also, so this encouraged the development of more potent, novel and clinically significant compounds. In this review synthesis and various biological activities of new mannich bases of benzimidazole derivatives reported is discussed.
Development, physicochemical characterization and in-vitro evaluation of herbal sunscreen lotion
Authors:   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Arora Sandeep , Sharma Neelam ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Mahajan Akanksha ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Kaur Jaspreet ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401, Singh Sukhbir ,   Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab-140401
Published: July 2016

Ultraviolet radiations have shorter wavelengths and can reach earth’s surface through penetrating clouds. UV-A rays leads to aging while UV-B rays causes burning of skin. Sunscreens protect the skin from harmful effects of sun including appearance of erythema, premature photo-ageing and facilitate to diminish the manifestation of facial red veins and blotchiness. In this investigation, herbal sunscreen was prepared using Shea butter, almond oil, raspberry oil, jojoba oil, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide as active ingredients. Fabricated lotions were evaluated for physicochemical parameters i.e. color, pH, viscosity and spreadability. Sun protection efficacy of lotion was determined in term of sun protection factor (SPF) by in-vitro spectrophotometric method. Total 10 formulations were made with different compositions F1-F10. The pH of formulations ranges from 6.10 (F6) to 8.34 (F5). The viscosity of formulations ranges from 1500 (F1) to 3586 (F10). The spreadability of formulations ranges from 10.56±0.8 (F1) to 30.65±0.7 (F10). The physicochemical parameters of formulation F6 and F10 were found to be in controlled range justifying its compatibility with skin and confirming good cosmetological property. Stability study of optimized lotion was performed after storage of formulation at 25°C and 60 % RH as well as 40°C and 75 % RH for three months. Stability of lotion was evaluated on the basis of changes in physicochemical parameters i.e. color, pH, viscosity and spreadability and SPF. F10 has SPF value of 15.71±0.07 (medium protection sunscreen). The optimized formulations might provide good moisturizer, emollient, anti-ageing and anti-wrinkle effect with good sun protection.
Soluble poly(glycerol sebacate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) 3D scaffolds for blood vessel constructs
Authors: Graziano Ricardo Vera , Monroy Brera Andromeda A.L. , Campos Raúl Montiel , Cerda Alfredo Maciel
Published: July 2016

Cardiovascular diseases, frequently associated to the formation of aneurisms, are the mayor cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Due to the increased need for the regeneration of arteries and veins, several natural and synthetic biopolymers such as poly(glycerol sebacate), PGS, have been studied to make blood vessel constructs. PGS elastomeric properties develop after it is crosslinked; however, the poor solubility of the material limits the process to fabricate useful constructs for tissue engineering by electrospinning, casting, or other methods. The structure and properties of electrospun scaffolds made from soluble poly(glycerol sebacate) and poly(ε- caprolactone), are reported here. Soluble PGS oligomers (o-PGS) of different molecular weight, obtained by the polycondensation reaction of sebacic acid and glycerol, were analyzed, including molecular structure, physical properties and solubility. Temperature, reactor atmosphere, and time of reaction strongly influenced the solubility, the molecular weight and molecular structure. To improve o-PGS processing and properties it was mixed with PCL to make electrospun scaffolds. In order to process the mixture by electrospinning, homogeneous solutions o-PGS and PCL were prepared. Because PCL is hydrophobic and o-PGS is hydrophilic selected solvent mixtures were tested to form the homogeneous solutions; the materials dissolved in a mixture of THF:DMF:DCM. Typical electrospinning parameters for preparing the tubular scaffolds at room conditions were: voltage 17.5 kV, needle-collector distance 20 cm and, relative humidity 30-35%, flow injection 0.5 to 2.0 ml/h. The initial mechanical properties of the biodegradable scaffolds were better than those made of natural grafts; the Young’s modulus ranged from 7.6 to 13.0 MPa, depending on electrospinning process parameters. The morphology and physical properties of electrospun PGS/PCL tubular scaffolds show useful features not found in similar constructs made by other methods. The 3D tubular scaffolds were built-up of layered porous walls to produce constructs of different pore size and fibers of different diameter. The porous area was one to two orders of magnitude higher than those produced at micrometer scale by conventional melting and dry/wet spinning methods. These scaffolds show useful characteristics for regenerative medicine such as physical properties; nanometric diameters; high surface/volume ratio; and potentiallity for adhesion and growth of living cells.
TTF derivative of 2,5-aromatic disubstituted pyrroles, experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Fomina Lioudmila , León Christopher , Bizarro Montserrat , Baeza Alejandro , Gómez-Vidales Victoria , Sansores Luis E. , Salcedo Roberto
Published: July 2016

In the last decades the interest in organic conductors has growth, so they have become the object of study of many research groups that are interested in developing new materials with important conducting properties. The charge transfer complexes (CTC) represent an important kind of organic conductors, because they exhibit high conductivity values, as well as versatility for their design.

In this work, the charge transfer complex (CTC) formed by substituted pyrrole and tetrathiofulvalene (TTF) was obtained by means electrochemical synthesis, the resultant colored mix was characterized by Mass spectrometry, NMR and EPR studies, its intrinsic electronic behavior was measured by a four point probe method, besides theoretical calculations were carried out on the possible structures of the resultant molecular adduct. All the results show that there is a net transfer of an electron between both organic moieties in a solution giving place to a semiconductor species.
THE METHODS OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS OF UROGENITAL INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS AND UREAPLASMA SPP.
Authors: Zarucheynova O. V.
Published: July 2016

Wide distribution of urogenital mycoplasmas in the population, the high frequency of carrier state and a long asymptomatic course of disease, the lack of specific clinical symptoms making the diagnosis impossible without using of special laboratory tests. The review focuses on indications for mycoplasma infection screening and for an appointmentof antibiotic therapy. The most commonly used laboratory diagnostic methods of urogenital infections, associated with Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp., with their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are described.
INFLUENCE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS ON AN OUTCOME FOR THE FIRST TIME DIAGNOSED INFILTRATIVE TUBERCULOSIS IN SOCIALLY SAFE PATIENTS
Authors: Mordyk A. V. , Batishcheva T. L. , Bryukhanova N. S. , Puzyreva L. V.
Published: July 2016

The assessment of immunological indicators in 76 first time diagnosed infiltrative tuberculosis of lungs in socially safe patients prior to treatment and in 2 months of chemotherapy was carried out. It is revealed that immunological disorders are connected with efficiency of tuberculosis treatment . It can be criterion of quality of provided chemotherapy. The activation of cell immunity, stimulation of phagocytosis activity of neutrophils would contribute for effective treatment of tuberculosis.
CLINICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH HERPES INFECTIONS OF VARYING SEVERITY
Authors: Lyuboshenko T. M. , Dolgikh T. I.
Published: July 2016

The peculiarities of clinical signs, immune and interferon status in 180 patients with laboratory confirmed infection of varying severity, caused by herpes simplex virus (VSHI) have been studied. It was determined that frequency of bacterial infections is increased in patients with more severe clinical forms of VSHI. In patients with mild course furunculosis was more often detected than in other groups. In patients with moderate course of VSHI vaginal candidiasis was more common. In patients with severe VSHI course the combination of labial and genital herpes as well as infection caused by the human papilloma virus were more prevalent. In case of severe infection occurred an increased frequency of dysbiosis, fatigue, low grade temperature, iron deficiency anemia and malignancies. The highest frequency of allergic reactions is observed in patients with moderate course of VSHI. The autoimmune syndrome manifestations were not depend on the severity of VSHI. The degree of reduction of cell immunity and disorders in the system of interferon were closely related to severity of VSHI course.
IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NEUROSYPHILIS
Authors: Chuhlovina M. L. , Bichun E. A.
Published: July 2016

Reduced incidence of syphilis was reported in Russia over last years, along with increased prevalence of neurosyphilis. The issues of the mechanisms of the damage of nervous system and the immune response to syphilis are actual. Origin of syphilis antibodies from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurosyphilis is considered. The role of intrathecal immunoglobulin production and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier in patients infected with syphilis is of special importance. The aim of the research was to analyze the immunological aspects of neurosyphilis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes have been shown to play an important role in infection with Treponema pallidium during clearance of the pathogenes. Potential virulence factors of Treponema pallidium have been discovered. It has been found that cell-mediated immune response is very important for defense against Treponema pallidium, while the key importance in bacterial clearance is put on Th1. Evidence has shown that the level of cytokines which are secreted by Th1 (IL-2, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor) and Th2 (IL-6 and IL-10) — lymphocytes, correlates with syphilis progression. The role of IL-10 in immune response regulation in patients infected with syphilis has been examined: this cytokine can inhibit the activity of immunocompetent cells. Some data has been produced concerning intrathecal production of immunoglobulins in neurosyphilis patients’ cerebrospinal fluid. The research of immunological parameters and composition of liquor in the patients with syphilis has revealed, that lymphocytes of peripheral blood are sensitized to antigens of the brain. It indicates the violation of permeability of patients’ blood-brain barrier. Nervous system becomes involved into the pathological process during the first weeks or months after syphilis infection. Cerebrospinal fluid changes can be detected at seronegative stage of the primary infection. The most expressed changes were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with secondary recurrent syphilis It was established that high titers of treponemas specific antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients are the consequence of inflammation of the central nervous system. According to our data, cytosis and protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningovascular syphilis were significantly higher than these in individuals with a history of syphilis and negative serological results in the research of the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, advances in the study of the immunological aspects of syphilis promote early diagnosis of neurosyphilis and development of vaccines against syphilis.
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGE OF SHIGELLOSIS AND SALMONELLOSIS VERIFICATION IN ADULT ACUTE DIARRHEA CASES
Authors: Kozhukhova E. A. , Ivaschenko V. D.
Published: July 2016

The paper suggests the frequency of enteropathogenic agents detected by different lab methods in feces of 262 adult acute diarrhea cases. The compared is the frequency results of Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp.detection by standard methods (culture and specific sera antibody finding) and PCR method. The calculated is some operational characteristics of PCR test (compared to culture test). The shown is that the frequency results of Salmonella spp. detected by standard and PCR methods are comparable, with high figures of all operational characteristics of PCR method. As to Shigella spp. detection the positive result by PCR method were obtained in 2,5 times more cases than that by standard method. However such PCR test characteristic as “positive predictive value” was quite low with the lowest figures in cases without colitis syndrome.
THE CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EFFECTIVENESS OF OSELTAMIVIR FOR TREATMENT OF INFLUENZA IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS
Authors: Voloschcuk L. V. , Golovacheva E. G. , Go A. A. , Mushkatina A. L. , Zarishnuk P. V. , Dnieprovskay G. L. , Tumina T. L.
Published: July 2016

The goal of our study was to estimate the efficacy of antiviral drug Oseltamivir for influenza treatment. We assessed the effect of Oseltamivir on the immune status of the 75 patients. It was formed 2 groups of observations with confirmed diagnosis of influenza: 38 received therapy Oseltamivir and 37 people receiving pathogenetic treatment. Treatment Oseltamivir contributes to a significant reduction in the duration of the catarrhal and intoxication syndromes and prevents the development of complications and exacerbations of chronic disease in persons with modified backdrop premorbid, which indicates for its high antiviral activity. We can assume the effect of Oseltamivir for restore the disturbed balance of cytokines, on assessing the dynamics of IL-1β, IL-8, IFNα, IFNγ in the serum.
PASTEUR INSTITUTE WORKERS ACTIVITY DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE SIEGE OF LENINGRAD ON THE PROBLEM OF ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Kaftyreva L. A. , Voytenkova E. V. , Matveeva Z. N.
Published: July 2016

Прошло семь десятилетий со дня исторической Победы над гитлеровским фашизмом, но мы свято храним память о беспримерном подвиге защитников Ленинграда, среди которых были не только воинские части, народное ополчение, но также ученые осажденного города. Достойное место среди них заняли сотрудники Ленинградского НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера, которые за весь период блокады ни на один день не прекратили своей работы. Материалы, публикуемые в данной статье, посвящены деятельности сотрудников отдела кишечных инфекций в военные годы.
NEPHRITOGENIC ACTIVITY OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES emm1 AND emm12 GENOTYPES ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS AND ASYMPTOMATIC CARRIERS
Authors: Burova L. A. , Pigarevsky P. V. , Snegova V. A. , Kuleshevich E. V. , Zharkov D. A. , Schalen C. , Totolian Artem A.
Published: July 2016

In this paper the nephritogenic activity of Streptococcus pyogenes genotype emm1 and emm12 clinical isolates from scarlet fever patients and healthy children was considered. As earlier established, strains of these types differ in Fc-binding profile, interacting with native IgG and immune complexes (IC), respectively. As expected, all the type emm1 strains bound native IgG; besides, ICs interacted only with strains from patients but not with those from carriers. In contrast, all type emm12 strains appeared to be negative for native IgG, whereas ICs were bound by strains from patients exclusively. None of the tested strains bound IgG3. By immunization of rabbits, binding of native IgG as well as ICs was associated with increasing of anti-IgG antibodies titer, formation of ICs, «crescent» deposition of IgG and C3-complement, local production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα, аnd also with accumulation of lymphocytes in kidney tissue. These signs indicated immune inflammation, leading to experimental membrane-proliferative glomerulonephritis (PSGN). It is known that PSGN development depends on IC-binding by tissue FcγR, on complement activation as well as on tissue infiltration by macrophages/monocytes. According to the data of morphometric evaluation the nephritogenic activity of the type emm12 strains exceeded those of type emm1. On testing of three IC-binding emm12 strains in six rabbits, typical PSGN developed in 5 of them and an abortive process in 1 animal. In case of five IgG-binding type emm1 strains, out of ten rabbits full-blown PSGN was observed only in 3 of them, but abortive changes in 5 and negative result in 2 animals. No pathologic changes were elicited by the «carrier» strains of either genotype; the inability of these to bind ICs, according to literature data, could be explained by mutation in the Mga-regulator gene thereby impeding M-proteins synthesis. We conclude that isolation of type emm12 IC-binding strains at acute streptococcal infection should be considered a high risk-factor for postinfectious sequelae development. The rabbit model of PSGN used in this research thus allowed to reveal some main stages and features of its pathogenesis.
VIRAL ETIOLOGY ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS MOLECULAR MONITORING IN CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL
Authors: Sergeeva A. V. , Poslova L. Y. , Kovalishena O. V. , Blagonravova A. S. , Epifanova N. V. , Sashina T. A. , Morozova O. V. , Novikova N. A.
Published: July 2016

On the territory of the Russian Federation in the overall structure of acute intestinal infections the proportion of viral diarrhea among children varies from 24 to 78% of cases depending on the season. The acute viral intestinal infections etiological confirmation is performed mainly among patients of infectious hospitals. The prevalence of viral acute intestinal infections in non-infectious hospitals, including infections associated with medical care, remains unclear. Currently estimation of viral component in the acute intestinal infections overall structure mainly consists in determination of rotavirus infection prevalence excluding other pathogens. As the part of viral etiology hospital infections epidemiological surveillance in non-infections children’s hospital the study of acute viral intestinal infections etiological structure and molecular genetics characterization of identified enteric viruses is conducted. The syndrome diagnosis of acute intestinal infections cases was introduced — an identification and evaluation of patients with signs of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, that is not related to the underlying disease. A set of laboratory methods included identification of various intestinal pathogens DNA (RNA) by PCR-RT method; genotyping of enteric viruses using sequencing; nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA fragments using the BLAST software package for identification of closely related strains and an online service for automatic genotyping of noroviruses by Norovirus Genotyping Tool Version 1.0. Alignment of nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the software MEGA 5.0. The obtained sequence fragments of the genome was downloaded in GenBank international database. The use of molecular genetics research methods allowed to differentiate viral pathogens of acute intestinal infections and to establish the fact of nosocomial transmission. The proportion of viral etiology acute intestinal infections in patients with clinical signs of intestinal infection, and contact persons was 43.8%. The etiological structure of intestinal virus infections was presented by noroviruses (73.2%) genotypes GII.1, GII.3, GII.4 Sydney 2012, rotaviruses (23.2%) genotypes G4P[8] and G1-IP[8], and adenovirus (1.8%) of the group F and astroviruses (1.8%) genotypes 1 and 2. Among the hospitalized children were 9 cases of viral etiology acute intestinal infections importation, and 66 of cases were of nosocomial origin. Examination of the environment revealed the presence of contamination by enteric viruses in 47.8% of cases.
CORRELATION BETWEEN CD4 LYMPHOCYTES, VIRAL LOAD AND L-LYSINE PLASMA LEVEL IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: Butorov E. V.
Published: July 2016

Introduction.HIV-infection is associated with significant pathological changes of the host metabolic processes, such as energy dysfunction, dyslipidemia, protein catabolic effects and amino acid imbalance, which ultimately form the polymorphism of clinical symptoms of the disease. The significant disturbances of protein and lipid metabolism are widely described in asymptomatic and advanced stage HIV-infected patients, but infection-related amino acid abnormalities is not fully explored. The further research of HIV impact on the host metabolic processes in particular, the plasma amino acid profile, are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of HIV-infection. Our aim was to determine the association between CD4 lymphocytes, viral load and plasma L-lysine levels in clinical stages HIV-infected patients. Material and methods.A total of 750 HIV-1-infected males before highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) monitored in our center. The patients were classified into four stages of the disease 3, 4a, 4b and 4c, according to the classification system for HIV-infection in Russian Federation (2006). Quantitative HIV-1 RNA assay was performed using (RT-PCR) reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The plasma L-lysine levels were assessed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results. We observed that plasma L-lysine concentrations markedly decreased with the clinical stages of HIV-infection. Low levels of essential amino acid were found in 57% of HIV-infected subjects in the asymptomatic stage (3), 67% and 68% in the advanced stages (4a and 4b, 4c, respectively). Our data revealed that plasma amino acid concentrations were positively correlated with CD4 count lymphocytes (P 0.01) and inversely with HIV viral load (P 0.05) in the total cohort. The mean L-lysine acid levels were significantly lower in advanced stage (4a and 4b, 4c) HIV-infected patients than in controls and asymptomatic stage (3) patients (P 0.01 and P 0.001, respectively). Conclusion. There was evidence of the association between plasma L-lysine and HIV-1 RNA level, immunological markers and clinical stages of HIV-infection among the entire cohort. The results show that advanced stages of HIV-infection are characterized by significant changes in plasma L-lysine concentrations with the disease stages of HIV-infection. Levels of this basic amino acid negatively correlating with viral load and inversely with CD4 count lymphocytes. These findings are important for understanding the pathophysiology of HIV-infection and the development of new approaches in the treatment. Although the mechanism is at present conjectural, the influence of plasma L-lysine on the HIV-1 RNA levels must be considered and remains to be proved.
MOLECULAR-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS
Authors: Gerasimova V. V. , Levakova I. A. , Bichurina M. A. , Maksimova N. R.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Hepatitis B virus is a serious issue of public health services all over the world, particularly in Russia and its regions. The cause can be determined due to its higher incidence rate in different ethnic and geographical groups, variety of manifestation of clinical forms as well as outcomes. According to WHO data, about 50 million people in the world are annually infected with hepatitis B virus. Development of molecular-genetic methods of research has allowed to expand representations about the activator biology. Genetic variability of hepatitis B virus genome has been subject to identification of 10 various geographically widespread genotypes designated by letters from A to J. In a number of genotypes subgenotypes differing from one another on 4–8% full genome sequences are revealed. In the work a table of geographical prevalence of various genotypes of hepatitis B virus in the world is presented. The geographic distribution of genotypes of hepatitis B virus is closely connected with endemic regions and indigenous population, living there. So the genotypes B and C are connected with the population of Asian countries, genotypes A and D are extended among European countries and in the USA. The genotype D is considered to be a prevailing type among patients with hepatitis B in several regions of Turkey. The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of hepatitis B virus isolates in African regions has shown presence of three subgenotypes — А1, А2, А3. In the countries of Asia the following six subgenotypes B are noted: В1 in Japan, В2–В5 and В7 in East Asia Subgenotip B6 is found among indigenous population living in the Arctic regions, including Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland. The genotype C has five serotypes (С1–С5) which are extended in East and South East Asia. The genotype D, also has five subgenotypes (D1–D5) which are extended in Africa, India, the Mediterranean region, Europe. Genotype F has four subgenotypes (F1– F4) which circulate in Central and the South America. Subgenotypes are not revealed among genotypes E, G, H, I and J. In the territory of the Russian Federation the highest incidence of hepatitis B virus is noted in 3 genotypes (A, C, D). Among them the genotype D comprising 88% of them is the prevailing one.
Residual Effect of Herbicides Used in Pastures on Clover Establishment and Productivity
Authors: Laird Angela S. , Miller Donnie K. , Griffin James L. , Twidwell Edward K. , Alison Montgomery W. , Blouin David C.
Published: July 2016

A major hindrance to establishment of successful complementary forage systems that include warm-season perennial grasses and clovers is tolerance of the latter to herbicides available for weed control. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 at two locations in northeast Louisiana to evaluate simulated residual rate effects of fluroxypyr plus triclopyr and 2,4-D plus picloram applied at 0, 0.25, 0.38, and 0.5× use rates immediately after fall planting of ball, white, crimson, and red clover. For all clovers, when averaged across herbicide rates, plant population 161/171 d after planting (DAP), ground cover, and height 184/196 DAP were equivalent for fluroxypyr plus triclopyr and the nontreated control and greater than 2,4-D plus picloram. Averaged across clovers, plant height after all rates of fluroxypyr plus triclopyr was equivalent to the nontreated control (14.2 to 14.3 vs. 15.3 cm) and greater than 2,4-D plus picloram. Compared with the nontreated control, 2,4-D plus picloram at 25, 38, and 50% of the normal use rates reduced height 58, 76, and 85%, respectively. When averaged across clover species, yield for fluroxypyr plus triclopyr at all rates was equivalent to the nontreated control (2,624 to 2,840 vs. 2,812 kg ha−1). Compared with the nontreated control, 2,4-D plus picloram at the 0.25, 0.38, and 0.50× use rates reduced yield 65, 89, and 99%, respectively.
Evaluating Postemergence Herbicides, Safener, and Tolerant Hybrids for Corn Response
Authors: VanGessel Mark J. , Johnson Quintin R. , Scott Barbara A.
Published: July 2016

Crop safety is one of the many considerations when deciding which POST herbicide to use. This research examined relative corn injury as a result of POST herbicides and the effect of including the safener isoxadifen, the choice of a sensitive or tolerant hybrid, or both. The herbicides included commercial combinations of dicamba, diflufenzopyr, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, and thifensulfuron, all at twice the labeled rate. Isoxadifen reduced twisting from dicamba plus diflufenzopyr but not with dicamba plus rimsulfuron. Isoxadifen had negligible effect on chlorosis. In general, rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron caused the most corn stunting, whereas including isoxadifen or using a tolerant hybrid often reduced corn injury. In two of the four years, treatments with rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron resulted in yield reductions. Although using products with isoxadifen or selecting tolerant hybrids may influence injury, herbicide selection will have the greatest effect on corn injury.
Effect of Carrier Water Hardness and Ammonium Sulfate on Efficacy of 2,4-D Choline and Premixed 2,4-D Choline Plus Glyphosate
Authors: Devkota Pratap , Johnson William G.
Published: July 2016

Spray water quality is an important consideration for optimizing herbicide efficacy. Hard water cations in the carrier water can reduce herbicide performance. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of hard water cations and the use of ammonium sulfate (AMS) on the efficacy of 2,4-D choline and premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate for giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control. Carrier water hardness was established at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 mg L−1using CaCl2and MgSO4, and each hardness level consisted of without or with AMS at 10.2 g L−1. One-third of the proposed use rates of 2,4-D choline at 280 g ae ha−1and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate at 266 plus 283 g ae ha−1, respectively, were applied in the study. An increase in carrier water hardness showed a linear trend for reducing 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate efficacy on all weed species evaluated in both studies. The increase in water hardness level reduced giant ragweed control with 2,4-D choline and the premix formulation of 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate to a greater extent without AMS than it did with AMS in the spray solution. Increases in water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1reduced weed control 20% or greater with 2,4-D choline. Likewise, the efficacy of the premixed 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate was reduced 21% or greater with increased water hardness from 0 to 1,000 mg L−1. The addition of AMS improved giant ragweed, horseweed, and Palmer amaranth control ≥ 17% and ≥ 10% for 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively. The biomass of all weed species was reduced by ≥ 8% and ≥ 5% with 2,4-D choline and 2,4-D choline plus glyphosate application, respectively, when AMS was added to hard water.
Editorial V.16, N.1 - 2016
Authors: Gerber Hornink Gabriel , Treis Trindade Vera , Galembeck Eduardo , Baptista Torres Bayardo
Published: July 2016

Editorial 2016 – 1O primeiro número de 2016 traz diversos artigos, abordando desde a pesquisa em ensino de Bioquímica, até práticas e métodos de ensino para o nível superior e médio, distribuídos em três seções da revista.Durante este semestre fomos inclusos no ERIH Plus “European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences” (ERIH PLUS), criado e desenvolvido por pesquisadores do Comitê Permanente para as Humanidades (SCH) da Fundação Europeia de Ciência (ESC).Na seção “Pesquisa em ensino” há um artigo abordando as concepções vitalícias e teleológica, dos participantes de uma reunião da SBBq, sobre os processos evolutivos. Os outros dois abordam diretamente os processos de ensino-aprendizagem de Bioquímica, um deles fazendo um diagnóstico das dificuldades no aprendizado de Bioquímica e o outro avaliando o como o conceito de aminoácidos fora abordado em livros de Biologia do ensino médio (aprovados no Plano Nacional do Livro Didático – 2012 e 2015).A seção “Inovações Educacionais” se inicia com um artigo sobre uma interessante prática abordando a fotossíntese, por meio da demonstração da reação de Hill em Cloroplasto. Apresenta-se uma aula prática, da Argentina (em espanhol), sobre o efeito reduto da N-Acetilcisteína no metabolismo de levedura. Além dessas práticas, apresenta-se um artigo sobre um software educacional envolvendo a dosagem de proteínas, que pode ser utilizado adjunto às atividades em laboratório. Vale conferir essas práticas e, quem sabe, fazer o teste com elas em seu laboratório. Finalizando esta seção, apresenta-se a pesquisa sobre um método diferenciado para o ensino de Fisiologia, o qual aborda a proposição de colóquios para disseminação e discussão de novas descobertas científicas.Na seção “REB na Escola”, temos outro material sobre Fisiologia, no qual se apresenta o Fisio Card Game, um jogo lúdico de cartas envolvendo os conteúdos básicos da Fisiologia que são abordados no ensino Médio. Não deixe de ler o artigo e baixar as cartas para jogar com sua turma.AtenciosamenteGabriel G. HorninkUnifal-MGVera Maria T. TrindadeUFRGSEduardo GalembeckUnicampBayardo B. TorresUSP
Teachers as Reflective Learners: Teacher Perception of Professional Development in the Context of Azerbaijan’s Curriculum Reform
Authors: Mikayilova Ulviyya , Kazimzade Elmina
Published: July 2016

This paper builds off current research trends on teacher professional development in Eurasian countries, including the diversification of teacher training, opportunities for teacher professional networking, and developing collaborative community culture within schools and the broader education community. This study aims to explore teacher beliefs and thoughts on the effectiveness of professional development, specifically in the context of the Education Sector Reform Project (ESRP), implemented in Azerbaijan during 2008–2013. This study analyzes quantitative data from two surveys- the teacher self-assessment and the education reforms assessment. In the prevailing conventional teacher training system, teachers are perceived as beneficiaries of professional development programs. However, over the last decade, policy-makers are beginning to attach greater importance to professional development where teachers are seen as learners that are encouraged to make professional development decisions based on their needs. Including teachers in the design of teacher professional development programs might be suggested as a way to ensure teacher learning activities have a greater impact on the quality of teaching. Such a participatory approach that strengthens teachers’ roles as decision makers in their professional development has the potential to advance the teacher support during education reforms. Education researchers also have an important role as facilitators mediating dialogue between teachers and policy-makers in order to build the effective partnership within the education community.
Presencia de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva en pacientes ambulatorios con patología neurológica
Authors: Ávila Gámez Luis Daniel , Duarte Tagles Héctor , Flores Río de la Loza Luis Javier , Ponce Serrano Salvador , Tong Payán Juan Manuel
Published: July 2016

La información referente a la presencia de síntomas psiquiátricos en la práctica no psiquiátrica es escasa, cerca del 25% de los pacientes son reportados con esta sintomatología. Esto se observa más comúnmente en trastornos neurológicos dada la severidad de los síntomas y el grado de discapacidad que ocasionan. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar factores asociados a la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y/o depresión en pacientes con patología neurológica. Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, tomando 209 pacientes de la consulta externa del servicio de neurología del Hospital General del Estado de Sonora a fin de obtener una prevalencia de periodo de la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión mediante la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler en su versión extendida (K10), así como una encuesta sociodemográfica para determinar su asociación con factores que pudieran influir en la presencia y severidad de dicha sintomatología. Todos los participantes otorgaron su consentimiento informado. Se encontraron puntuaciones superiores a 21 puntos en la escala K10 (altamente sugestiva de la presencia de un trastorno de ansiedad y/o depresión) en 63.2% de los pacientes. Estas puntuaciones fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con enfermedades cerebrovasculares (85.7%), manteniéndose por arriba del 60% para el resto de los trastornos, con una mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino (85%). Los resultados sugieren una mayor asociación, para más de la mitad de los pacientes que acuden a la consulta de neurología, de padecer sintomatología ansiosa y/o depresiva con una severidad suficiente para verse beneficiados por un tratamiento integral. Existe una mayor asociación en relación con padecimientos más severos o discapacitantes, así como con el sexo femenino, por lo que se proponen investigaciones subsecuentes a fin de determinar los componentes de esta asociación e identificar intervenciones eficaces a fin de mejorar no solamente el estado de salud de estos pacientes sino su propia calidad de vida.