bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Проблема розвитку критичного мислення у студентів-медиків.
Authors: Корда І. В. , Геряк С. М. , Петренко Н. В. , Кузів І. Я.
Published: June 2015

У статті розглядаються питання розвитку критичного мислення  в процесі організації навчального процесу студентів-медиків.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОГО ЕТАПУ ПРАКТИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ЛІКАРІВ - ІНТЕРНІВ
Authors: Кулаєць В. М.
Published: June 2015

У статті представлено досвід впровадження новітніх методик навчання на кафедрі терапії і сімейної медицини Навчально-наукового інституту післядипломної освіти ДВНЗ “Івано-Франківський національний медичний університет”. Висвітлено методи навчання як спосіб впорядкованої взаємозв’язаної діяльності викладачів і лікарів-інтернів, спрямовані на вирішення завдань освіти, виховання та індивідуального розвитку в процесі навчання. Представлено засоби ефективної реалізації завдань, які відповідають сучасним вимогам для підготовки лікарів-інтернів першого та другого років навчання під час навчального процесу. У статті висвітлено перспективи використання інноваційних технологій у новій освітній моделі та власний досвід організації викладання внутрішньої медицини  лікарям-інтернам на етапі післядипломного навчання. Відзначено, що новітні методи навчання сприятимуть безперервному професійному росту лікарів-інтернів та підготовці висококваліфікованих фахівців.
ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-МЕТОДИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКЛАДАННЯ КОЛЬПОСКОПІЇ НА ЕТАПІ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: Акаліна О. О.
Published: June 2015

Процес навчання на циклі “Кольпоскопія в ранній діагностиці передпухлинних і пухлинних станів шийки матки, піхви
і вагіни” складається з 3-х різних методик викладання: пасивних, активних, інтерактивних, а також самостійної підготов-
ки курсантів з використанням усних і комп’ютерних тестів, відеокольпоскопічних знімків. Сформовані на кафедрі підхо-
ди до організаційно-методичного забезпечення навчального процесу дозволяють лікарям-курсантам підвищити свою
кваліфікацію, поглибити і розширити свої знання з діагностики і лікування злоякісних новоутворень шийки матки.
ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ КРЕДИТНО-МОДУЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ НАВЧАЛЬНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ НА КАФЕДРІ ЗАГАЛЬНОЇ СТОМАТОЛОГІЇ ОНМЕДУ
Authors: Бабов Є. Д. , Новікова М. А. , Кленовська С. В. , Могилевський В. В.
Published: June 2015

У статті представлено впровадження кредитно-модульної системи на кафедрі загальної стоматології Одеського націо-
нального медичного університету. Відображено основні вимоги до педагогічного складу у взаємовідносинах зі студентами
при модульному навчанні. Надано цільовий план дій для студентів щодо освоєння модуля. Показані особливості ведення
практичних занять з обов’язковою курацією пацієнтів із усіх розділів стоматології. Показано цілеспрямованість удоско-
налення теоретичних і практичних знань на етапах освоєння модуля.
СТУДЕНТСЬКА ОЛІМПІАДА ЯК УМОВА ФОРМУВАННЯ ФАХІВЦЯ
Authors: Унгурян Л. М. , Мельник О. А. , Науменко І. А.
Published: June 2015

Одним із засобів формування студентів як фахівців є Всеукраїнська cтудентська олімпіада (ВСО) – змагання студентів
в творчому застосуванні знань і умінь з дисциплін, що вивчаються у вищому навчальному закладі. Вона проводиться з
метою вдосконалення якості підготовки фахівців, а також для підвищення інтересу студентів до вибраної професії,
виявлення обдарованої молоді і формування кадрового потенціалу.
КРЕДИТНО-МОДУЛЬНА СИСТЕМА – ШЛЯХ ДО ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ НАВЧАННЯ
Authors: Смірнов С. М. , Победьонна Г. П. , Добрін Б. Ю. , Матюхін П. В. , Лаврінчук І. О. , Зєнін М. Ф. , Сіротін В. І. , Щербак Н. О.
Published: June 2015

У роботі проаналізовано досвід та ефективність викладання внутрішньої медицини та якість оцінювання студентів IV
курсу у розрізі кредитно-модульної системи.
ПИТАННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ МОТИВАЦІЇ ДО НАВЧАННЯ ТА ОСНОВ КЛІНІЧНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ У АНГЛОМОВНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ МЕДИЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ
Authors: Лебедюк М. М. , Ашаніна І. В.
Published: June 2015

У статті представлений погляд на питання формування мотивації до навчання та необхідність створення лікарського
мислення – як кінцеве завдання вивчення клінічної дисципліни.
ДОСВІД ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВА ВИКЛАДАННЯ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ “МЕДИЧНА ХІМІЯ” У МЕДСЕСТЕР-БАКАЛАВРІВ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОЇ ФОРМИ НАВЧАННЯ
Authors: Герасимець І. І.
Published: June 2015

На сучасному етапі відбуваються кардинальні зміни в способах поширення та використання інформації, що зумовлюють еволюцію освітніх технологій, сприяють активному впровадженню дистанційної освіти як одного з напрямів реформування і стратегічного розвитку освітньої системи України. В умовах ринкової економіки, інформаційно-технологічного розвитку посилюються вимоги до освіченості, професіоналізму фахівців всіх рівнів підготовки. Саме тому сьогоднізроблена величезна ставка на дистанційну форму навчання, яку спеціалісти зі стратегічних проблем освіти називаютьосвітньою системою ХХІ століття.
СУЧАСНІ МЕТОДИ НАВЧАННЯ ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ЛІКІВ НА СУЧАСНОМУ ЕТАПІ РОЗВИТКУ ВИЩОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ШКОЛИ
Authors: Донченко Н. В.
Published: June 2015

Серед дисциплін, які формують провізора як фахівця у певній галузі, значне місце займає технологія ліків. У формуванні майбутнього провізора-спеціаліста  важливе місце мають теоретична підготовка та практична спрямованість.Використання сучасних методів навчання сприяє кращому засвоєнню матеріалу та має практичну значимість. Персональний комп’ютер, що активно задіяний у навчальному процесі,  з комплексом програмного забезпечення та електроннимипосібниками, мультимедійними презентаціями та базою тестових завдань дозволяє оптимізувати процес навчання та здійснювати індивідуальний  підхід до отримання знань  студентами.  Навчальні посібники, розроблені кафедрою, сприяють професійній підготовці студентів завдяки  спеціальному компонуванню матеріалу, зокрема нормативних документів.
АКТУАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ ВИКЛАДАННЯ ОНКОЛОГІЇ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ МЕДИЧНИХ ВУЗІВ ТА ФОРМУВАННЯ КЛІНІЧНОГО МИСЛЕННЯ У МАЙБУТНІХ ЛІКАРІВ
Authors: Ковальчук А. П.
Published: June 2015

У зв’язку з невпинним ростом онкопатології на сучасному етапі дуже важливим завданням є якісна підготовка майбутніх лікарів. Вчасна діагностика небезпечних для життя людини захворювань та правильна тактика лікування сприятимуть покращенню прогнозів у таких пацієнтів. У статті представлені основні теоретичні аспекти викладання онкології для студентів медичних вузів та значення цієї дисципліни для формування клінічного мислення, відображені основні методи сучасної діагностики пухлин, фактори канцерогенезу, зокрема впливу професійних шкідливостей на виникнення злоякісних новоутворень, а також розробка профілактичних засобів.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВИКЛАДАЧІВ НА КАФЕДРІ НЕЙРОХІРУРГІЇ І НЕВРОЛОГІЇ ОДЕСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО МЕДИЧНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ
Authors: Сон А. С. , Добровольський В. В. , Перькова Г. В.
Published: June 2015

У статті представлений аналіз методичних підходів, запропонованих кафедрою нейрохірургії і неврології Одеського національного медичного університету, щодо підвищення якості підготовки викладачів. Нові підходи до поєднання наукової, викладацької, виховної діяльності висувають серйозні вимоги до викладача, який для підвищення якості своєї роботи повинен багато працювати над своєю майстерністю при допомозі кафедри та університету.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ТА ПРОВЕДЕННЯ НАВЧАННЯ АНГЛОМОВНИХ ІНОЗЕМНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ НА КУРСІ СУДОВОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ ТДМУ ІМЕНІ І. Я. ГОРБАЧЕВСЬКОГО
Authors: Трач-Росоловська С. В.
Published: June 2015

<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: UK; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="UK">У статті відображено особливості викладання судової медицини англомовним іноземним студентам на кафедрі патологічної анатомії з секційним курсом та судової медицини Тернопільського державного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського за кредитно-модульною системою навчання. Описані основні методики, які застосовуються в навчальному процесі. Використання цих методик забезпечує більш якісний рівень засвоєння матеріалу іноземними студентами.
ПРОВІДНОМУ ЗАКЛАДУ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОЇ ОСВІТИ НМАПО ІМЕНІ П. Л. ШУПИКА – 95 РОКІВ
Authors: - - -
Published: June 2015

Відсутня
Across-Species Transfer of Protection by Remote Ischemic Preconditioning With Species-Specific Myocardial Signal Transduction by Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase and Survival Activating Factor Enhancement Pathways
Authors: Skyschally Andreas , Gent Sabine , Amanakis Georgios , Schulte Christiane , Kleinbongard Petra , Heusch Gerd
Published: June 2015

Rationale:

Reduction of myocardial infarct size by remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), that is, cycles of ischemia/reperfusion in an organ remote from the heart before sustained myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, was confirmed in all species so far, including humans.

Objective:

To identify myocardial signal transduction of cardioprotection by RIPC.

Methods and Results:

Anesthetized pigs were subjected to RIPC (4×5/5 minutes hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion) or placebo (PLA) before 60/180 minutes coronary occlusion/reperfusion. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B, extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (reperfusion injury salvage kinase [RISK] pathway), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (survival activating factor enhancement [SAFE] pathway) in the area at risk was determined by Western blot. Wortmannin/U0126 or AG490 was used for pharmacological RISK or SAFE blockade, respectively. Plasma sampled after RIPC or PLA, respectively, was transferred to isolated bioassay rat hearts subjected to 30/120 minutes global ischemia/reperfusion. RIPC reduced infarct size in pigs to 16±11% versus 43±11% in PLA (% area at risk; mean±SD;
P
<0.05). RIPC increased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 at early reperfusion, and AG490 abolished the protection, whereas RISK blockade did not. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation was decreased at early reperfusion in both RIPC and PLA. In isolated rat hearts, pig plasma taken after RIPC reduced infarct size (25±5% of ventricular mass versus 38±5% in PLA;
P
<0.05) and activated both RISK and SAFE. RISK or SAFE blockade abrogated this protection.

Conclusions:

Cardioprotection by RIPC in pigs causally involves activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 but not of RISK. Protection can be transferred with plasma from pigs to isolated rat hearts where activation of both RISK and SAFE is causally involved. The myocardial signal transduction of RIPC is the same as that of ischemic postconditioning.
Blood Pressure Targets and Absolute Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Odutayo Ayodele , Rahimi Kazem , Hsiao Allan J. , Emdin Connor A.
Published: June 2015

In the Eighth Joint National Committee guideline on hypertension, the threshold for the initiation of blood pressure–lowering treatment for elderly adults (≥60 years) without chronic kidney disease or diabetes mellitus was raised from 140/90 mm Hg to 150/90 mm Hg. However, the committee was not unanimous in this decision, particularly because a large proportion of adults ≥60 years may be at high cardiovascular risk. On the basis of Eighth Joint National Committee guideline, we sought to determine the absolute 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease among these adults through analyzing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2012). The primary outcome measure was the proportion of adults who were at ≥20% predicted absolute cardiovascular risk and above goals for the Seventh Joint National Committee guideline but reclassified as at target under the Eighth Joint National Committee guideline (reclassified). The Framingham General Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score was used. From 2005 to 2012, the surveys included 12 963 adults aged 30 to 74 years with blood pressure measurements, of which 914 were reclassified based on the guideline. Among individuals reclassified as not in need of additional treatment, the proportion of adults 60 to 74 years without chronic kidney disease or diabetes mellitus at ≥20% absolute risk was 44.8%. This corresponds to 0.8 million adults. The proportion at high cardiovascular risk remained sizable among adults who were not receiving blood pressure–lowering treatment. Taken together, a sizable proportion of reclassified adults 60 to 74 years without chronic kidney disease or diabetes mellitus was at ≥20% absolute cardiovascular risk.
Hypertension-Related Alterations in White Matter Microstructure Detectable in Middle Age
Authors: McEvoy Linda K. , Fennema-Notestine Christine , Eyler Lisa T. , Franz Carol E. , Hagler Donald J. , Lyons Michael J. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Rinker Daniel A. , Dale Anders M. , Kremen William S.
Published: June 2015

Most studies examining associations between hypertension and brain white matter microstructure have focused on older adults or on cohorts with a large age range. Because hypertension effects on the brain may vary with age, it is important to focus on middle age, when hypertension becomes more prevalent. We used linear mixed-effect models to examine differences in white matter diffusion metrics as a function of hypertension in a well-characterized cohort of middle-aged men (n=316; mean, 61.8 years; range, 56.7–65.6). Diffusion metrics were examined in 9 tracts reported to be sensitive to hypertension in older adults. Relative to normotensive individuals, individuals with long-standing hypertension (>5.6 years) showed reduced fractional anisotropy or increased diffusivity in most tracts. Effects were stronger among carriers than among noncarriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele for 2 tracts connecting frontal regions with other brain areas. Significant differences were observed even after adjustment for potentially related lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors. Shorter duration of hypertension or better blood pressure control among hypertensive individuals did not lessen the adverse effects. These findings suggest that microstructural white matter alterations appear early in the course of hypertension and may persist despite adequate treatment. Although longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings, the results suggest that prevention—rather than management—of hypertension may be vital to preserving brain health in aging.
Selective Vulnerability of Cortical Border Zone to Microembolic Infarct
Authors: Bergui Mauro , Castagno Davide , D’Agata Federico , Cicerale Alessandro , Anselmino Matteo , Maria Ferrio Federica , Giustetto Carla , Halimi Franck , Scaglione Marco , Gaita Fiorenzo
Published: June 2015

Background and Purpose—

Endovascular procedures, including atrial fibrillation transcatheter ablation, may cause microembolization of brain arteries. Microemboli often cause small sized and clinically silent cerebral ischemias (SCI). These lesions are clearly visible on early postoperative magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted images. We analyzed SCI distribution in a population of patients submitted to atrial fibrillation transcatheter ablation.

Methods—

Seventy-eight of 927 consecutive patients submitted to atrial fibrillation transcatheter ablation were found positive for acute SCI on a postoperative magnetic resonance. SCI were identified and marked, and their coordinates were transformed from native space into the International Consortium for Brain Mapping/Montreal Neurological Institute space. We then computed the voxel-wise probability distribution map of the SCI using the activation likelihood estimation approach.

Results—

SCI were more commonly found in the cortex. In supratentorial regions, SCI selectively involved cortical border zone between anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries; in infratentorial regions, distal territory of posteroinferior cerebellar artery. Possible explanations include selective embolization, linked to the vascular anatomy of pial arteries supplying those territories, reduced clearance of emboli in a relatively hypoperfused zone, or a combination of both. This particular distribution of lesions has been reported in both animal models and in patients with microemboli of different sources.

Conclusions—

A selective vulnerability of cortical border zone to microemboli occurring during atrial fibrillation transcatheter ablation was observed. We hypothesize that such selectivity may apply to microemboli of different sources.
Toward State Capitalism in China?
Authors: Herrala Risto , Jia Yandong
Published: June 2015

We study empirically credit availability of listed firms in China for the years 2003–11 to uncover underlying trends in economic policies. The estimations indicate increasing favoritism of state-owned firms in credit availability, consistent with a drive toward “state capitalism.” Initially, favoritism applied mainly to firms owned by the central government, but the difference between central and local government firms gradually diminished to insignificance. These results signal that economic policies pushed the Chinese economy from the path toward a market economy and state capitalism, and that the economic importance of local governments was growing.
Inter-annual weather variability can drive the outcome of predator prey match in ponds
Authors: Reinhardt Timm , Steinfartz Sebastian , Weitere Markus
Published: June 2015

The matching of life-history-events to the availability of prey is essential for the growth and development of predators. Mismatches can constrain individuals to complete life-cycle steps in time and in ephemeral habitats it can lead to mortality unless compensation mechanisms exist. Here we measured the performance of a population of European fire-salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) and their prey in ephemeral ponds. We analysed how short time inter-annual variability of yearly rainfall and temperature (two consecutive years, 2011 and 2012) affects matching of predator and prey and how two different weather scenarios influenced the predator’s population structure. A single species (larvae of the mosquitoAedes vexans) dominates the prey community here, which occurs in high quantities only in the beginning of the season. When the occurrence of prey and predator matched during a period of sufficiently high temperatures (as in 2011), initial growth of the salamander larvae was high and population size development homogeneous. At low temperatures during matching of predatory and prey (as in 2012), the initial growth was low but the salamander larvae developed into two distinctly different sizes. Further, some individuals in the large cohort became cannibalistic and initial size differences increased. As a result, the latest (smallest) cohort disappeared completely. Temperature measurements and estimation of maximal growth rates revealed that temperature differences alone could explain the different early development between years. Our data show that weather conditions (rainfall; temperature during early growth phase) strongly determined the performance of salamander larvae in ponds. Our data also add to the match-mismatch concept that abiotic growth conditions (here: low temperature) could prevent efficient conversion of prey- into predator-biomass despite high prey availability.
Was White Right? Biblical Interpretation, Theological Stance and Environmental Attitudes among a Sample of uk Churchgoers
Authors: Village Andrew
Published: June 2015

Lynn White’s controversial hypothesis, that Judaeo-Christian belief led to attitudes towards the environment that have spawned an ecological crisis, has received much attention from sociologists of religion, notably in the United States. Surveys of the general population show negative correlations between biblical literalism and environmentalism, but these seem to be due to the particular nature of religion and politics in the usa. This study uses more nuanced measures of biblical interpretation and theological stance to examine the issue among a sample of 537 committed churchgoers from a range of mainly conservative Protestant denominations in the United Kingdom. Literal interpretation of Genesis was directly negatively correlated with concern for the environment, after allowing for indirect effects through dominion and stewardship theologies. The effect of symbolic interpretation was mediated by sacramental understanding of creation and stewardship. Stewardship was a key belief that mediated the effects of symbolic interpretation and theological stance on concern for the environment. Biblical interpretation, dominion and sacramentalism were uncorrelated with willingness to sacrifice to protect the environment, but stewardship was indirectly positively correlated through its effect on environmental concern.
Maturing Children’s Rights Theory
Authors: Arce Matías Cordero
Published: June 2015

Children’s rights research is an under-theorised field of studies. The Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) has gained the status of source and (“theoretical”) framework of research, policy and practice, thus making most research efforts a matter of discussing implementation. This paper wishes to advance a critical, that is,politicallycommitted theoretical agenda for children’s rights research that is not bounded by the institutional framework (i.e.crc) but intends to freely think it. Programmatically, it delves on the following issues, that call for further research, of the like that might start filling in this theoretical void: the position of children’s rights research within the wider interdisciplinary field of childhood studies, children’s citizenship (instead of “participation”), the normative legitimacy of children’s rights/laws, children’s law as a branch of antidiscrimination law, and the necessary independence of children’s laws from children’s sciences.
The Effect of Visual Information on Young Children’s Perceptual Sensitivity to Musical Beat Alignment
Authors: Einarson Kathleen M. , Trainor Laurel J.
Published: June 2015

Recent work examined five-year-old children’s perceptual sensitivity to musical beat alignment. In this work, children watched pairs of videos of puppets drumming to music with simple or complex metre, where one puppet’s drumming sounds (and movements) were synchronized with the beat of the music and the other drummed with incorrect tempo or phase. The videos were used to maintain children’s interest in the task. Five-year-olds were better able to detect beat misalignments in simple than complex metre music. However, adults can perform poorly when attempting to detect misalignment of sound and movement in audiovisual tasks, so it is possible that the moving stimuli actually hindered children’s performance. Here we compared children’s sensitivity to beat misalignment in conditions with dynamic visual movement versus still (static) visual images. Eighty-four five-year-old children performed either the same task as described above or a task that employed identical auditory stimuli accompanied by a motionless picture of the puppet with the drum. There was a significant main effect of metre type, replicating the finding that five-year-olds are better able to detect beat misalignment in simple metre music. There was no main effect of visual condition. These results suggest that, given identical auditory information, children’s ability to judge beat misalignment in this task is not affected by the presence or absence of dynamic visual stimuli. We conclude that at five years of age, children can tell if drumming is aligned to the musical beat when the music has simple metric structure.
West Sea Special Zone between South Korea and North Korea
Authors: Lee Seokwoo , Bernard Leonardo
Published: June 2015

States currently involved in maritime disputes in the South China Sea can learn from the experience of the Koreas in creating a framework for the “Special Peace and Cooperation Zone in the West Sea.” Like the nll, the maritime boundary issues in the South China Sea are unlikely to be resolved in the near future by direct negotiations. Formal adjudication, while a possibility, is probably unlikely. Clearly, war will benefit no one. Thus, the most viable alternative may be to pursue joint economic projects, similar to the West Sea Special Zone that will grant each party economic benefits while building confidence and reducing tension in the region.
Mensularia rhododendri (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from southwestern China
Authors: Wu Fang , Yang Jiao , Zhou Li Wei
Published: June 2015

A new species Mensularia rhododendri is described from southwestern China on the basis of both morphological characters and molecular evidence. Phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear large subunit (nLSU) ribosomal RNA gene shows that the new species belongs to Mensularia. Morphologically, the new species is mostly similar to Mensularia hastifera by sharing similar hymenial setae and basidiospores in shape and size. However, M. rhododendri differs in smaller pores (5–6 per mm), thinner fruit body (up to 2.5 mm), shorter and unbranched hyphoid setae (up to 110 µm long) present in trama only, basidiospores not collapsed, and growth on Rhododendron in nearly the timber line of southwest China, while M. hastifera has relatively larger pores (3–4 per mm), thicker fruit body (up to 10 mm), longer and sometimes branched hyphoid setae (up to 300 µm long) frequently present in both trama and dissepiments, and mostly collapsed basidiospores, and occurs mostly on Fagus in the temperate area of Central Europe. The morphological differences between M. rhododendri and other similar species of Mensularia are also compared.
A TAXONOMIC REVIEW AND A NEW SPECIES OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN WOODY GENUS AMBURANA (LEGUMINOSAE, PAPILIONOIDEAE)

Authors: Seleme Elidiene P. , LEWIS GWILYM P. , STIRTON CHARLES H. , Sartori Ângela L.b. , Mansano Vidal F.
Published: June 2015

A taxonomic revision of the South American genus Amburana comprised of three species is presented, including the new species A. erythrosperma which is described and illustrated. Amburana cearensis occurs widely in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay.  Amburana acreana occurs in the Bolivian, Brazilian and Peruvian Amazon. Amburana erythrosperma is endemic to the southern Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. The species are distinguished by the color of the stem, the number per leaf and shape of leaflets, the size of inflorescence, color and size of the standard petal, fruit with endocarp developed to form a papery wing surrounding the seed or this lacking, and color of seed. A key to the species is provided together with descriptions, taxonomic comments, geographical distribution maps and illustrations for each.  Lectotypes for A. acreana and A. cearensis are designated.
Two new and endangered species of Syngonanthus (Eriocaulaceae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil
Authors: WATANABE MAURICIO TAKASHI COUTINHO , Echternacht Lívia , Hensold Nancy , Sano Paulo Takeo
Published: June 2015

We describe and illustrate two new species of Syngonanthus from Chapada dos Veadeiros (Central highlands of Brazil), an area known for its high number of endemic and threatened species, such as those described here. These species have a restricted distribution and inhabit critical areas. Syngonanthus incurvifolius has not been collected since 1994 and is critically endangered; Syngonanthus vittatus is known only from a small somewhat disturbed area, on private property, and is endangered. Evaluation of threatened status was provided by CNCFlora, the IUCN Red List Authority in Brazil.
Desvinculado y Desigual
Authors: Steil Justin , De la Roca Jorge , Ellen Ingrid Gould
Published: June 2015

Despite the high levels of metropolitan-area segregation that Latinos experience, there is a lack of research examining the effects of segregation on Latino socioeconomic outcomes and whether those effects differ from the negative effects documented for African Americans. We find that segregation is consistently associated with lower levels of educational attainment and labor market success for both African American and Latino young adults compared with whites, with associations of similar magnitudes for both groups. One mechanism through which segregation may influence outcomes is the difference in the levels of neighborhood human capital to which whites, Latinos, and African Americans are exposed. We find that higher levels of segregation are associated with lower black and Latino neighborhood exposure to residents with college degrees, relative to whites. We also find support for other commonly discussed mechanisms, such as exposure to neighborhood violent crime and the relative proficiency of the closest public school.
Assisted Housing and Income Segregation among Neighborhoods in U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Owens Ann
Published: June 2015

Over the past 40 years, assisted housing in the United States has undergone a dramatic geographic deconcentration, with at least one unit of assisted housing now located in most metropolitan neighborhoods. The location of assisted housing shapes where low-income assisted renters live, and it may also affect the residential choices of nonassisted residents. This article examines whether the deconcentration of assisted housing has reduced the segregation of families by income among neighborhoods in metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2005–9. I find that the deconcentration of assisted housing resulted in modest economic residential integration for very low-income families. However, high-income families became even more segregated, as assisted housing was deconcentrated, potentially offsetting the economic integration gains and ensuring that very low-income families are living in neighborhoods with only slightly higher-income neighbors. I conclude by discussing features of housing policies that might promote greater income integration among neighborhoods.
Immigrant Context and Opportunity
Authors: Flippen Chenoa , Kim Eunbi
Published: June 2015

Immigrant-origin populations, once overwhelmingly concentrated in a handful of receiving gateways, have dispersed in recent decades to scores of new destinations throughout the United States. This pattern and its implications for immigrant incorporation have received a great deal of attention, but the vast majority of research has focused on Hispanics. This article examines the relationship between settlement patterns and socioeconomic attainment (income, occupational status, and homeownership) among Asians. Drawing on individual- and metro-level information from the 2009 to 2011 American Community Survey, results suggest that Asians in new destinations face an important tradeoff between income and homeownership, and that differences across contexts are largely attributable to metropolitan labor and housing market conditions, rather than the ethnic context per se. However, there are important differences in outcomes among Asians by national origin and sex, and a comparison with whites suggests that inequality differs across new and more established Asian settlement areas.
Community Attraction and Avoidance in Chicago
Authors: Bader Michael D. M. , Krysan Maria
Published: June 2015

We argue that the relative persistence of racial segregation is due, at least in part, to the process of residential search and the perceptions upon which those searches are based—a critical but often-ignored component of the residential sorting process. We examine where Chicago-area residents would “seriously consider” and “never consider” living, finding that community attraction and avoidance are highly racialized. Race most clearly shapes the residential perceptions and preferences of whites, and matters the least to blacks. Latinos would seriously consider moving to numerous neighborhoods, but controls for demographics and distance from the respondents’ home make Latino preferences much like those of whites. Critically, the geography of existing segregation begets further segregation: distance from current community significantly affects perceptions of the communities into which respondents might move. While neighborhood perception may cause persistent segregation, it may also offer hope for integration with appropriate policy interventions.
A Comparison of Traditional and Discrete-Choice Approaches to the Analysis of Residential Mobility and Locational Attainment
Authors: Quillian Lincoln
Published: June 2015

This article contrasts traditional modeling approaches and discrete-choice models as methods to analyze locational attainment—how individual and household characteristics (such as race, socioeconomic status, age) influence the characteristics of neighborhoods of residence (such as racial composition and median income). Traditional models analyze attributes of a neighborhood as a function of the characteristics of the households within them; discrete-choice methods, on the other hand, are based on dyadic analysis of neighborhood attributes and household characteristics. I outline two problems with traditional approaches to residential mobility analysis that may be addressed through discrete-choice analysis. I also discuss disadvantages of the discrete-choice approach. Finally, I use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to estimate residential mobility using traditional locational attainment and discrete-choice models; I show that these produce similar estimates but that the discrete-choice approach allows for estimates that examine how multiple place characteristics simultaneously guide migration. Substantively, these models reveal that the disproportionate migration of black households into lower-income tracts amounts to sorting of black households into black tracts, which on average are lower income.
Gentrification in Changing Cities
Authors: Hwang Jackelyn
Published: June 2015

This article examines how the rise of immigration and its associated racial and ethnic changes relate to gentrification. In the decades following the 1965 Hart-Celler Act, gentrification has occurred more in cities with high levels of immigration and in neighborhoods with higher levels of immigrants. These relationships, however, vary by the ways in which a city is racially segregated and by the extent to which its immigrant population has been incorporated. Using crime data, surveys, and new gentrification measures, this article compares Chicago, a highly segregated city and predominantly Hispanic immigrant destination, with Seattle, a predominantly white city with high levels of Asian immigration. The findings show that immigration and its correlates have distinct and evolving relationships with neighborhood changes that are embedded in the racial and immigrant histories of each city, and that gentrification perpetuates racial and ethnic inequality in both cities.
Violence and Neighborhood Disadvantage after the Crime Decline
Authors: Friedson Michael , Sharkey Patrick
Published: June 2015

Violent crime is known to be concentrated in the same urban neighborhoods as poverty and other forms of disadvantage. While U.S. violent crime has declined at an unprecedented rate over the past two decades, little is known about the spatial distribution of this decline within cities. Using longitudinal neighborhood crime data from six U.S. cities during the national crime decline, this article examines changes in (1) crime rates of neighborhoods grouped by their initial crime levels, poverty rates, and racial/ethnic makeups; (2) the neighborhood exposure to violence of urban residents classified by race/ethnicity and poverty status; and (3) the relative distribution of violent crime across urban neighborhoods. We find that crime levels declined the most in the initially most violent and disadvantaged neighborhoods and that exposure to violence fell the most among disadvantaged urban residents. Nonetheless, crime remained concentrated in cities’ initially most violent and disadvantaged locales.
The Ankle-Brachial Index is Associated With Cardiovascular Complications After Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Carmo G. A. , Calderaro D. , Gualandro D. M. , Pastana A. F. , Yu P. C. , Marques A. C. , Caramelli B.
Published: June 2015

Background:

This study evaluated the association of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and cardiovascular complications after noncardiac surgery.

Methods:

We prospectively evaluated patients referred for noncardiac surgery. The ABI was performed before surgery. Patients with abnormal ABI (≤0.9) were included in the peripheral artery disease (PAD) group and the remaining constituted the control group. Cardiac troponin and electrocardiogram were obtained 72 hours after surgery. Patients were followed up to 30 days, and primary end point was the occurrence of any cardiovascular event: cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, isolated troponin elevation (ITE), decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, unstable arrhythmias, nonfatal cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, stroke, or PAD symptoms increase.

Results:

We evaluated 124 patients (61.3% male; mean age 65.4 years). During the study, 57.9% of patients in the PAD group had an event versus 25.7% in the control group ( P = .011). The ITE was the most observed event (24.2%). After logistic regression, the odds ratio for ITE was 7.4 (95% confidence interval 2.2-25.0, P = .001).

Conclusions:

In patients submitted to noncardiac surgery, abnormal ABI is associated with a higher occurrence of a cardiovascular event.
Does Inflammation Have a Role in the Pathogenesis of Cardiac Syndrome X? A Genetic-Based Clinical Study With Assessment of Multiple Cytokine Levels
Authors: Demir Bülent , Önal Burak , Özyazgan Sibel , Kandaz Cemre , Uzun Hafize , Açıksarı Gönül , Uygun Turgut , Opan Selçuk , Karakaya Osman , Akkan Ahmet Gökhan
Published: June 2015

We compared Turkish patients with cardiac syndrome X (CSX) and controls with respect to serum pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, as well as the single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in the promoter regions of their related genes. This study included 111 consecutive patients angiographically diagnosed with CSX and 111 healthy controls with similar demographic characteristics. Serum interleukin (IL) 6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-10 levels were measured, and the genotypes of the patients and controls were determined using standard methods. Serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the CSX group than in the control group ( P < .01, respectively). Serum TNF-α level was lower in the CSX group than in the control group ( P < .001). On the other hand, participants with CSX and healthy controls were not significantly different with respect to the genotype distributions of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 genes. As a result of our study, both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of CSX. In contrast, the studied gene polymorphisms did not influence CSX pathogenesis.
Association of the Derived Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Belaj Klara , Pichler Martin , Hackl Gerald , Rief Peter , Eller Philipp , Hafner Franz , Brodmann Marianne , Gary Thomas
Published: June 2015

Neutrophil and leukocyte counts are laboratory parameters that reflect the systemic inflammatory response in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Based on the means of these parameters, the derived neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) can be calculated. We investigated a possible association of critical limb ischemia (CLI) and the dNLR in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We performed a retrospective data analysis including 1995 patients with PAD treated at our department in the years 2005 to 2010. The cohort was divided into tertiles according to dNLR. Higher dNLR values were associated with an increased CLI rate. In the tertile with lowest dNLR, the CLI rate was 20.4%, in the second tertile the CLI rate was 26.1%, and in the third tertile the CLI rate was 36.1%. Statistical significance was shown using a Jonckheere-Terpstra test ( P < .001). A high dNLR is associated with an increased rate of CLI in patients with PAD. This might be a useful parameter to highlight patients at increased risk of CLI.
Influencing Trust for Human–Automation Collaborative Scheduling of Multiple Unmanned Vehicles
Authors: Clare Andrew S. , Cummings Mary L. , Repenning Nelson P.
Published: June 2015

Objective:

We examined the impact of priming on operator trust and system performance when supervising a decentralized network of heterogeneous unmanned vehicles (UVs).

Background:

Advances in autonomy have enabled a future vision of single-operator control of multiple heterogeneous UVs. Real-time scheduling for multiple UVs in uncertain environments requires the computational ability of optimization algorithms combined with the judgment and adaptability of human supervisors. Because of system and environmental uncertainty, appropriate operator trust will be instrumental to maintain high system performance and prevent cognitive overload.

Method:

Three groups of operators experienced different levels of trust priming prior to conducting simulated missions in an existing, multiple-UV simulation environment.

Results:

Participants who play computer and video games frequently were found to have a higher propensity to overtrust automation. By priming gamers to lower their initial trust to a more appropriate level, system performance was improved by 10% as compared to gamers who were primed to have higher trust in the automation.

Conclusion:

Priming was successful at adjusting the operator’s initial and dynamic trust in the automated scheduling algorithm, which had a substantial impact on system performance.

Application:

These results have important implications for personnel selection and training for futuristic multi-UV systems under human supervision. Although gamers may bring valuable skills, they may also be potentially prone to automation bias. Priming during training and regular priming throughout missions may be one potential method for overcoming this propensity to overtrust automation.
Specialized software for estimating transmission line and substation lightning performance
Authors: Banjanin Mladen , Savić Milan
Published: June 2015

This paper describes specialized software developed to estimate substation and transmission line performance during lightning events. Comparison with similar software packages is also discussed and advantages are noticed. Additionally, this paper describes specific program features that could be applied in the education of students. Supporting computational exercises included in subject curriculum are given as well. The aim of every exercise is clearly defined and some of the estimated results are included. Introduction of presented software package in course curriculum allows teachers to present fundamental concepts and results. Such information attracts students’ attention and makes the lessons more interesting. This leads to better understanding of the presented materials.
Get off my lawn
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Singh Shane P
Published: June 2015

It is argued that threat related to territorial civil wars generates negative interpersonal attitudes that are both more intense and more broadly oriented than previously thought. That is, civil wars fought over issues of autonomy or secession foment social intolerance, a broad orientation that extends well beyond members of former enemy groups to an aversion to interpersonal differences in general. The expectation that the issue the civil war is fought over is consequential is tested with data from the World Values Survey and the UCDP/PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset. The empirical domain consists of over 130,000 individuals across 123 surveys in 69 countries over the 1989–2008 period. Results from multilevel models indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between domestic territorial conflicts and subsequent social intolerance. Substantively, territorial civil wars have a far greater impact on individuals’ attitudes than do ‘standard’ correlates of social intolerance that are well established in the literature. Further, non-territorial civil war is unrelated to attitudes of social intolerance. Empirical results are robust to several model specifications and are not a mere artifact of the potential reverse relationship, whereby intolerant societies are (erroneously) presumed to be at a higher risk of civil wars in the first place. The findings have implications for the understanding of civil war resolution, civil war reoccurrence, and the contextual correlates of interpersonal intolerance.
Transnational monasteries: The economic performance of cloistered women
Authors: Langewiesche Katrin
Published: June 2015

Monastery research not only throws light on little-known aspects of Christianity in Africa, but also can make an important contribution to the understanding of the processes of social change and debates on globalization in African societies. The contemplative orders develop alternative economic forms, interact with their local environment, and build transnational networks or integrate into them. They emerge as local and transnational actors, change in the course of these processes, and contribute to the social change in the societies in which they participate. This interaction is the focus of the article, which is based on the analysis of a case study, a Benedictine abbey in Koubri, near the capital of Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou.
Reclaiming public space
Authors: Bodnar Judit
Published: June 2015

Public space is partly what makes cities, and as such it has been at the core of urban studies and many disciplines ranging from sociology, geography, political science, anthropology to planning, architecture, design and philosophy. As one of the most multidisciplinary journals in the field, Urban Studies has been instrumental in exposing the controversies of public space during its 50 years of publication. A careful search through the archives of the journal, however, reveals that this interest has been rather uneven. While in the period before the 1990s a mere six articles dealt with aspects of public space, there has been a remarkable upsurge since then, which resulted in close to 300 articles. Somewhat paradoxically, the widely pronounced death of public space in the early 1990s thus marked the beginning of an extended debate on the topic of public space itself. This Virtual Special Issue (VSI) sets out to reinvigorate the debate once more in a critical synthesis of the important points that set the terms of the discussion and still reverberate in urban studies, by hoping to inspire new directions which touch on many disciplines. Using the death of public space as a counterpoint, the introductory article by Judit Bodnar reflects on the ‘life’ of public space, its cycles, forms and locations. It reviews the intellectual history of the main controversies that have kept discussions of public space alive, and further argues that attention to tensions, variations and comparisons can both reorient some of the fundamental questions of the debate itself and suggest research agendas for the future. The collection of 15 articles reflects first on the nature and specificity of public space, its historicity, its relationship to democratic politics, and then continues with the discussion of the most contested issues in the contemporary transformation of public space – privatisation, commercialisation and securitisation. Geographical diversity in the collection is not a mere gesture of politeness in a confessedly Western/Northern-dominated urban scholarship; nor is it simply driven by a desire to state that there are differences in the way public space is conceived of and operates in various places. Thinking about informality in Latin America, state and class in India, commercialisation in Vietnam, or security in other than North American ‘Western’ cities is meant to disrupt general urban theory and the public–private distinction.