bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical Aspects of Primary Implant Stability: A Human Cadaver Study
Authors: Turkyilmaz Ilser , Sennerby Lars , McGlumphy Edwin A. , Tözüm Tolga F.
Published: April 2008

Background: The quality of bone is an important factor in the successful implant treatment, and it is evident that higher implant failure is more likely in poor quality of bone. The primary stability of oral implants related to resistance to micromotion during healing is influenced by bone quality, surgical technique, and implant design.

Purposes: The aims of this biomechanical study were to explore the effect of bone quality on initial intraosseous stability of implants, and to determine the correlations between the bone quality and implant stability parameters.

Materials and Methods: Twenty‐four implants (Neoss Ltd., Mölnlycke, Sweden) were placed into anterior and posterior regions of three human cadaver mandibles. The bone densities of implant recipient sites were preoperatively determined using computerized tomography (CT) in Hounsfield unit (HU). The maximum insertion torque values were recorded, and primary implant stability measurements were noninvasively performed by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA).

Results: The bone density values ranged from −267 HU to 553 HU. It was found that mean bone density, insertion torque, and RFA values were 113 ± 270 HU, 41.9 ± 5 Ncm, and 70 ± 7 implant stability quotient (ISQ), respectively. Statistically significant correlations were found between bone density and insertion torque values (r = 0.690, p < .001); bone density and ISQ values (r = 0.557, p < .05); and insertion torque and ISQ values (r = 0.853, p < .001).

Conclusion: CT is a useful tool to assess bone quantity and quality in implant recipient sites, and bone density has a prevailing effect on implant stability at placement.
Some Requisites for Interfaith Dialogue
Authors: Burrell David B.
Published: April 2008

A prolonged (yet telescoped) rendition of the chequered history of relations between Christianity and Islam, as each religious community operated out of different political contexts, illustrates diverse modes of interaction, from disputation to mutual illumination via a shared Hellenic philosophical tradition. A theological probe takes us to the heart of Christian teaching—the triune God—only to unveil remarkable affinities with Islamic developments regarding divine unity. The key to our entire exploration—intellectual humility—functions specially well here: recognizing the comparable logics of revelation, as well as acknowledging the power of these revelations to transform human beings into holy men and women, should motivate us to attempt to reconcile apparent contradictions between Abrahamic faiths in a manner similar to the way philosophical theologians of these traditions proceeded in the Middle Ages to reconcile their respective revelations with reason. A tactic axial to this analysis compares Qur'an with Jesus, rather than Qur'an and Bible, to show the fruitfulness of this more coherent approach. Support from both traditions for a pervasive attitude of intellectual humility shows how to open ways forward.
‘Grammar. In a Breath’: Breathing in Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons
Authors: Chevaillier Flore
Published: April 2008

This essay won the 2007

Literature Compass

Graduate Essay Prize, American Section.

This essay analyzes the trope of breath in Tender Buttons. It becomes clear, when diagramming Stein's poetry, that breath appears at different levels of interpretation (phonologically, semantically, and structurally). Here, I apply William Gass's theory of word spatialization and use diagrams as interpretive tools. The visualization of Stein's words leads to an exploration of repetition and double structures as expressions of inhalation and exhalation in individual poems. Such doublings construct variations on the themes of opening and closing which mirror the process of respiration. These motifs reappear in different sections of Tender Buttons, creating a structural breathing that connects the poems in the collection. Such embodiment of language requires that we think of Stein's poetry as a body breathing in and out to the reader, and forces us to reconsider reading as a sensual activity.
Analysis of EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase substrate specificity using peptide‐based arrays
Authors: Warner Neil , Wybenga‐Groot Leanne E. , Pawson Tony
Published: April 2008

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases regulate many important biological processes. In the present study, we explored the substrate specificity of the EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase using peptide arrays. We define a consensus substrate motif for EphA4 and go on to identify and test a number of potential EphA4 substrates and map their putative site(s) of phosphorylation. Cotransfection studies validate two of the predicted substrates: Nck2 and Dok1. Our findings identify several potential EphA4 substrates and demonstrate the general utility of using peptide arrays to rapidly identify and map protein kinase phosphorylation sites.
Redox regulation of dimerization of the receptor protein‐tyrosine phosphatases RPTPα, LAR, RPTPμ and CD45
Authors: Groen Arnoud , Overvoorde John , van der Wijk Thea , den Hertog Jeroen
Published: April 2008

Whether dimerization is a general regulatory mechanism of receptor protein‐tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) is a subject of debate. Biochemical evidence demonstrates that RPTPα and cluster of differentiation (CD)45 dimerize. Their catalytic activity is regulated by dimerization and structural evidence from RPTPα supports dimerization‐induced inhibition of catalytic activity. The crystal structures of CD45 and leukocyte common antigen related (LAR) indicate that dimerization would result in a steric clash. Here, we investigate dimerization of four RPTPs. We demonstrate that LAR and RPTPμ dimerized constitutively, which is likely to be due to their ectodomains. To investigate the role of the cytoplasmic domain in dimerization we generated RPTPα ectodomain (EDα)/RPTP chimeras and found that – similarly to native RPTPα– oxidation stabilized their dimerization. Limited tryptic proteolysis demonstrated that oxidation induced conformational changes in the cytoplasmic domains of these RPTPs, indicating that the cytoplasmic domains are not rigid structures, but rather that there is flexibility. Moreover, oxidation induced changes in the rotational coupling of dimers of full length EDα/RPTP chimeras in living cells, which were largely dependent on the catalytic cysteine in the membrane‐distal protein‐tyrosine phosphatase domain of RPTPα and LAR. Our results provide new evidence for redox regulation of dimerized RPTPs.
Molecular cloning and characterization of two soybean protein disulfide isomerases as molecular chaperones for seed storage proteins
Authors: Kamauchi Shinya , Wadahama Hiroyuki , Iwasaki Kensuke , Nakamoto Yumi , Nishizawa Keito , Ishimoto Masao , Kawada Teruo , Urade Reiko
Published: April 2008

Protein disulfide isomerase family proteins play important roles in the folding of nascent polypeptides and the formation of disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we cloned two similar protein disulfide isomerase family genes from soybean leaf (Glycine max L. Merrill. cv Jack). The cDNAs encode proteins of 525 and 551 amino acids, named GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2, respectively. Recombinant versions of GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited oxidative refolding activity for denatured RNaseA. Genomic sequences of both GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2 were cloned and sequenced. The comparison of soybean genomic sequences with those of Arabidopsis, rice and wheat showed impressive conservation of exon–intron structure across plant species. The promoter sequences of GmPDIL‐1 apparently contain a cis‐acting regulatory element functionally linked to unfolded protein response. GmPDIL‐1, but not GmPDIL‐2, expression was induced under endoplasmic reticulum‐stress conditions. GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2 promoters contain some predicted regulatory motifs for seed‐specific expression. Both proteins were ubiquitously expressed in soybean tissues, including cotyledon, and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Data from coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested that GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2 associate with proglycinin, a precursor of the seed storage protein glycinin, and the α′‐subunit of β‐conglycinin, a seed storage protein found in cotyledon cells under conditions that disrupt the folding of glycinin or β‐conglycinin, suggesting that GmPDIL‐1 and GmPDIL‐2 are involved in the proper folding or quality control of such storage proteins as molecular chaperones.
Worry, Desire, and Sexual Satisfaction and Their Association with Severity of ED and Age
Authors: Gralla Oliver , Knoll Nina , Fenske Stephan , Spivak Inna , Hoffmann Marga , Rönnebeck Claudia , Lenk Severin , Hoschke Bernd , May Matthias
Published: April 2008

Introduction

This study evaluates worry about sexual and relationship functioning, sexual desire, and sexual satisfaction as indicators of sexual quality of life in men of different age groups suffering from mild to severe erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

To increase insight in the mechanisms of some key indicators of sexual quality of life in different age groups.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 904 men with mild to severe ED. Mean age was 60.7 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.4) and mean erectile function (EF) (International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]) score was 14.5 (SD = 8.9). Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to test the differences in outcomes among two age groups (65 ≤ age > 65) and two levels of ED (16 ≤ EF > 16).

Main Outcome Measures

We analyzed age, severity of ED, and interrelated indicators of sexual quality of life as worry about sexual or relationship functioning, sexual desire, and overall sexual satisfaction. Beyond, we aimed to see on which of these measures their interaction had specific independent effects.

Results

Younger men at a higher level of ED reported higher levels of worry about sexual and relationship functioning than older men with high ED. Older men reported slightly less sexual desire than younger men; also, more ED was associated with lower sexual desire. Finally, men with less severe ED reported higher sexual satisfaction than men with more severe ED, whereas at all levels of ED severity, older men reported more sexual satisfaction than younger men.

Conclusions

Indicators of sexual quality of life among men with ED are poorer in those with more severe ED. However, younger men with severe ED worries concerning sexual functioning were more pronounced than among their older counterparts. Independent of the degree of severity of ED, older men indicated lower sexual desire but higher overall sexual satisfaction. Observed age-group differences were very small, however.
Soil type limits population abundance of rodents in crop fields: case study of the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis Smith, 1834 in Tanzania
Authors: MASSAWE Apia W. , RWAMUGIRA Winnie , LEIRS Herwig , MAKUNDI Rhodes H. , MULUNGU Loth , NGOWO V. , MACHANG'U Robert
Published: April 2008

Studies of populations of the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis in Morogoro, Tanzania, show that soil texture appears to influence the population abundance and distribution of these rats in agricultural fields. The lowest rodent population abundance was found on sandy clay soils (F(2, 5)= 8.42; P= 0.025). The population abundances of M. natalensis on sandy clay loam and sandy loam soils did not differ significantly (P≤ 0.05), possibly because these soils have a very similar texture. The results of this study suggest that M. natalensis prefers loam‐textured soils with a high percentage of sand, which are probably better than clay soils for burrowing and nesting, particularly in the rainy season. The lower preference for clay soils is probably related to the poor aeration in these soils and the waterlogging that occurs during the wet season.
Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development
Authors: Graham Mark
Published: April 2008

The Internet is frequently touted as the engine of a new revolution that can eliminate poverty and bring prosperity to producers of crafts and commodities in economically impoverished areas of the world. ‘E‐commerce’, ‘commodity chains’, the ‘digital divide’, and ‘disintermediation’ are all inherently geographical ideas, as well as being integral components to many theories of economic development. However, despite a movement by geographers to recognize the nuanced relationships between the Internet and geography, such ideas have remained largely absent from much development discourse. By reviewing writing on geographical concepts such as ‘commodity chains’, the ‘digital divide’, ‘disintermediation’, and ‘e‐commerce’ within the contexts of contemporary debates about development, this article highlights some of the geographic assumptions wrapped up in a range of theories of development and shows how these spatial assumptions matter. The article concludes by reflecting on alternate geographic metaphors that could be employed within development discourse to better express the complicated and spatially contingent relationships between information and communication technologies, geography, and economic development.
PLURALISM IN CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYSIS: THEORY AND PRACTICE
Authors: White Jean
Published: April 2008

abstract  As this paper was originally delivered as the British Journal of Psychotherapy Annual Lecture, I have retained the spoken tone of the original. In contemporary physics, cosmology and philosophy, there is now a recognition that no single paradigm or theory can represent reality and growing credence in the idea that learning is advanced more rapidly through a pluralistic model. This paper argues that the same applies to psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic psychotherapies. It explores the value given to the recognition of difference in contemporary Independent, Lacanian and post‐Kleinian thought and the psychopathology attributed to single vision, and argues for the urgent need to engage in constructive cross‐paradigmatic discussion.
ENACTMENTS: MOVING FROM DEADLY WAYS OF RELATING TO THE BEGINNINGS OF MENTAL LIFE
Authors: Morgan David
Published: April 2008

abstract  The author discusses the vicissitudes of working analytically with patients who present with monolithic forms of thinking. He describes an approach that emphasizes the importance of the analyst as a real object that has at first to be explored to discover whether or not what is projected corresponds to the analyst's mind. This exploration of the other often confronts the analyst with their own issues surrounding sanity and madness, life and death; it is through this exploration of these real anxieties in the mind of the object that can lead to the beginnings of thinking in severely ill patients.
THE CHALLENGE OF WORKING WITH STAFF GROUPS IN THE CARING PROFESSIONS: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ‘TEAM DEVELOPMENT AND REFLECTIVE PRACTICE GROUP’
Authors: Thorndycraft Bill , McCabe Jennifer
Published: April 2008

abstract  This paper highlights the importance of providing a regular space for teams of professionals, working in the mental health field and caring professions, to reflect on how the work impacts on the team dynamics and their own mental health. It explores the role of the group facilitator and how that role differs from working with patient and other groups. It considers the context of the current political environment within which mental health services operate and explores how this may impact on individual and team ego strength, leading to regression and reliance on primitive defence mechanisms as a means to coping and survival. Also considered is the issue of the challenges presented in working with teams where traits and features consistent with borderline personality disorder (DSM‐4 Cluster B) manifest in the team. The authors propose a model called ‘Team Development and Reflective Practice Groups’, and suggest guidelines for providing an optimum facilitating environment for the professionals within these groups.
FROM CABINET TO COUCH: FREUD'S CLINICAL USE OF SCULPTURE
Authors: Martin Tim
Published: April 2008

abstract  This article aims to address and remedy the fact that Freud's clinical use of sculpture has received little sustained attention. After a brief review of the collection, Melanie Klein's clinical use of dolls is discussed as an initial basis for comparison. It then makes a detailed examination of primary evidence found in the published writings and private correspondence of the writer and analysand H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). H.D.'s analysis indicates that Freud used sculpture as an analogue for the ‘foreign body’ of psychical trauma, treating it as a representation of a representation, or Vorstellungrepräsentanz. The sculptures also served Freud's archaeological metaphor for the ‘otherness’ of the unconscious in ways that architectural fragments did not. The author then considers H.D.'s hallucination of Athena Nike and Freud's use of his own damaged sculpture of Athena to raise therapeutic questions about her phallic relation to the signifier in the treatment of her writer's block. This case study is further compared to Klein and to Jung in order to differentiate the use of objects in the clinical setting and to mark some of the limits Freud encountered in H.D.'s second analytic session. The author concludes that purely textual examinations of Freud may have greatly underestimated his clinical use of sculpture in recuperating lost memories as fundamental indices of desire.
Parenting Practices as Potential Mechanisms for Child adjustment Following Mass Trauma
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail , Forgatch Marion , Wieling Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

Trauma research has identified a link between parental adjustment and children’s functioning and the sometimes ensuing intergenerational impact of traumatic events. The effects of traumatic events on children have been demonstrated to be mediated through their impact on children’s parents. However, until now, little consideration has been given to the separate and more proximal mechanism of parenting practices as potential mediators between children’s adjustment and traumatic events. To shed some light in this arena, we review literature on trauma, adversity, and resilience, and discuss how parenting practices may mediate trauma and adverse environmental contexts. Using a social interaction learning perspective (Forgatch & Knutson, 2002; Patterson, 2005), we propose a prevention research framework to examine the role that parenting practices may play in influencing children’s adjustment in the wake of trauma exposure. The article concludes by providing a specific model and role for evidence‐based parenting interventions for children exposed to mass trauma.
Linking Human Systems: Strengthening Individuals, Families, And Communities in the Wake of Mass Trauma
Authors: Landau Judith , Mittal Mona , Wieling Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

This article presents an overview of the philosophy and practical principles underlying the Linking Human Systems Approach based on the theory of resilience in individuals, families, and communities facing crisis, trauma, and disaster. The Link Approach focuses on tapping into the inherent strength of individuals and their families and emphasizes resilience rather than vulnerability. It has been successfully used in combating critical public health problems, such as addiction, HIV/AIDS, and recovery from major trauma or disaster. Also, three specific models of Link intervention aimed at the individual, family, and community levels are discussed, with special emphasis on the family‐level intervention. These interventions are directed toward mobilizing resources for long‐term physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual healing.
Family Therapist Comfort with and Willingness to Discuss Client Sexuality
Authors: Harris Steven M. , Hays Kelli Wenner
Published: April 2008

Limited empirical information exists on whether or not marriage and family therapists are having sexuality‐related discussions with their clients. When helping professionals ignore client sexuality, the potential for unintended negative outcomes increases. The researchers surveyed 175 clinical members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy to assess how their clinical training and education, their perceived sexual knowledge, and their comfort with sexual material influenced their willingness to engage in sexuality‐related discussions with their clients. The results indicate that sexuality education and supervision experiences are the cornerstone for a therapist’s base level of comfort. It is through sexuality education and supervision that sex knowledge is acquired and comfort levels are increased. Once comfort with sexual discussions increases, then therapists are more likely to engage in sexuality discussions with their clients.
Relational Safety and Liberating Training spaces: An Application with a Focus on Sexual Orientation Issues
Authors: Hernández Pilar , Rankin Pressley
Published: April 2008

This article describes and discusses a teaching case of a clinical training situation involving a gay marriage and family therapy student working with a same‐sex affectional couple. The conceptual pillars of this teaching case, relational safety and liberating spaces, are advanced as illustrations of how the student developed his voice in the training process. Pivotal moments in this process are discussed, as are implications for training and personal and professional growth.
The Balanced Scorecard and its Possibilities: The Initial Experiences of a Singaporean Firm
Authors: Sandhu Rina , Baxter Jane , Emsley David
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the multiple possibilities that arise from the translation of actors' hopes and aspirations when implementing a balanced scorecard. The issue is studied in the context of a Singaporean security company in the initial stages of implementing a BSC. We find that the BSC is a ‘messy’ object, being different things to different people. This messy object is a result of the many possibilities that the BSC might become which ultimately require translating into the local setting. As such, this view challenges Kaplan and Norton's idea of the BSC as a generic and unitary object of performance measurement that is readily applicable to a variety of situations.
How Prepared was Australia for International Financial Reporting Standards? The Case of Listed Firms
Authors: Goodwin John , Cooper Barry J. , Johl Shireenjit
Published: April 2008

We measure the preparedness of listed firms for international financial reporting standards (IFRS) by changes in explanations from Australian GAAP to IFRS between the half‐year and annual accounts. About one‐third of sample firms changed their explanations for earnings, cashflows or equity by averages of about −7%, 67% and 3% respectively. Most changes are less than 5% for earnings and equity, and tax is the item most commonly revised. More profitable firms and firms with more reconciling items are most likely to change an explanation. In a telephone survey of chief financial officers, 70% revealed that the change followed an incorrect application of an accounting rule in the half‐year accounts.
Fifty‐Seven Serious Defects in ‘Australian’ IFRS
Authors: Haswell Stephen , Langfield‐Smith Ian
Published: April 2008

Australian accounting standards commonly used in the preparation of company financial reports have a controversial origin. Under a protocol adopted by the Financial Reporting Council, Australian accounting standards since 2005 substantially replicate the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) made by the International Accounting Standards Board. These standards' continued development is largely outside the control of Australian authorities. The standards examined are found to have such a large catalogue of conceptual and technical deficiencies that the authors call to question the adoption of an Australian IFRS protocol.
Revisiting the Concepts: Time to Challenge the Asset‐Liability View
Authors: Kvifte Steinar Sars
Published: April 2008

The IASB and the FASB are in a joint project to update, complete and converge their conceptual frameworks. The two standard‐setters have not identified the merits of the asset‐liability view as a cross‐cutting issue. This paper suggests that the relationship between the objective of financial reporting and the asset‐liability view is not substantiated, and that there is little evidence that the frameworks and the asset and liability definitions have been useful in establishing objective recognition criteria. Hence, there are reasons for the FASB and the IASB to challenge the asset‐liability view.
Instability of a Hollow Elastic Cylinder Under Tension, Torsion, and Inflation
Authors: Zubov Leonid M. , Sheidakov Denis N.
Published: April 2008

Background. Many papers on the elastic stability of both thin-walled and massive (three-dimensional) bodies regard the bifurcation of equilibrium in the case of compressive loads. Although, the elastic instability may also occur under tensile stresses. Method of Approach. In the present paper on the basis of three-dimensional equations of the nonlinear elasticity the instability of a stretched infinite hollow cylinder under torsion and inflation is investigated. The bifurcational method of stability analysis is used. Results. The critical surfaces and stability region in the space of loading parameters are defined for a Biderman material and special model of incompressible medium, which possess essential material nonlinearity. The influence of a wall thickness on the instability of a hollow cylinder is analyzed. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, a simple and efficient practical criterion of stability under tension is formulated. This criterion can be represented in the form of the Drucker postulate, given in terms of external loads.
Response of a Helix Made of a Fractional Viscoelastic Material
Authors: Ostoja-Starzewski M. , Shahsavari H.
Published: April 2008

Under investigation is the effective response of a helical strand (helix) made of a viscoelastic material governed by a constitutive relation with fractional-order (i.e., not integer-order) derivatives. The relation involves a 5-parameter model, which is well known to represent a real response much better than the conventional, integer-order models with the same number of parameters. We employ the correspondence principle of viscoelasticity to pass from the level of the strand’s material to that of an effective, coupled axial-torsional response of the helix. The resulting fractional-order differential equation is more complex (i.e., it involves higher derivatives) than the constitutive equation governing the material per se. Also, the use of a fractional-order model results in more complexity of the helix’ effective viscoelastic response than does an integer-order model with the same number of parameters. It is shown that shear deformations are more important than dilatational deformations. Lastly, a standard relaxation test is studied and an analytic solution is derived.
An Upper Bound on the Error in Linear Quasi-Shallow Shell Theory
Authors: Simmonds J. G.
Published: April 2008

For a completely clamped elastic shell, an explicit upper bound is derived for the error in the energy norm of a solution of the linear, quasi-shallow shell equations as compared to the corresponding solution of the Sanders-Koiter equations.
A Momentum Transfer Measurement Technique Between Contacting Free-Falling Bodies in the Presence of Adhesion
Authors: Benedetti M. , Bortoluzzi D. , Vitale S.
Published: April 2008

The present paper is aimed at investigating the dynamics of release of objects in free-falling conditions typical of space applications. In the presence of surface interaction forces, a quick separation of the released from the constraining body will result in a momentum transfer, provided that the inertial forces exceed the maximum attractive force. The release conditions as well as the related parameters affecting the momentum acquired by the released body through the adhesion rupture play a fundamental role. Therefore, an analytical model has been set up to predict the imparted momentum in the case of conservative interaction forces. Furthermore, an experimental technique aimed at measuring the momentum transfer has been analyzed. Particular attention has been placed on the capability to accurately reproduce the stress status on the contact patch, on the noise sources affecting the measurement, and on the performances of a noise optimal-filtering technique in terms of achievable measurement resolution.
Analytical Solutions for Translational Motion of Spinning-Up Rigid Bodies Subject to Constant Body-Fixed Forces and Moments
Authors: Ayoubi Mohammad A. , Longuski James M.
Published: April 2008

The problem of a spinning, axisymmetric, or nearly axisymmetric rigid body subject to constant body-fixed forces and moments about three axes is considered. Approximate closed-form analytical solutions are derived for velocity and for the transverse displacement. The analytical solutions are valid when the excursion of the spin axis with respect to an inertially fixed direction is small (which is usually the case for spin-stabilized spacecraft and rockets). Numerical simulations confirm that the solutions are highly accurate when applied to typical motion of a spacecraft, such as the Galileo.
Simple Formula to Study the Large Amplitude Free Vibrations of Beams and Plates
Authors: Rao G. Venkateswara , Meera Saheb K. , Janardhan G. Ranga
Published: April 2008

A simple formula to study the large amplitude free vibration behavior of structural members, such as beams and plates, is developed. The nonlinearity considered is of von Karman type, and after eliminating the space variable(s), the corresponding temporal equation is a homogeneous Duffing equation. The simple formula uses the tension(s) developed in the structural members due to large deflections along with the corresponding buckling load obtained when the structural members are subjected to the end axial or edge compressive load(s) and are equal in magnitude of the tension(s). The ratios of the nonlinear to the linear radian frequencies for beams and the nonlinear to linear time periods for plates are obtained as a function of the maximum amplitude ratio. The numerical results, for the first mode of free vibration obtained from the present simple formula compare very well to those available in the literature obtained by applying the standard analytical or numerical methods with relatively complex formulations.
A Dynamic Model of the Deformation of a Diamond Mesh Cod-End of a Trawl Net
Authors: O’Neill F. G. , Neilson R. D.
Published: April 2008

A dynamic model of a diamond mesh cod-end subject to harmonic forcing is developed. The partial differential equations governing the displacements of the cod-end and the tension in the twine are first derived and then analyzed using the harmonic balance method by substituting a harmonic series for the dependent variables and the forcing term. A closed-form solution is derived for the case of rigid-body motion, where there is no deformation of the cod-end geometry, along with the conditions for the forcing under which this motion occurs. A pressure loading, which varies linearly over a portion of the cod-end and varies harmonically with time, is then introduced as a first representation of the loading on the cod-end that results from the pressure and acceleration forces on the catch due to surge motion of the towing vessel. The resulting sets of equations for the static and the first and second harmonic terms are solved numerically in a sequential manner, and the results presented for a number of cases. These results show that, due to the nonlinearity of the system, the oscillatory motion of the cod-end is asymmetric, and that the deformation of the net and the amplitude of oscillation increases as the region over which the forcing is applied increases. The model is the basis for a more complete coupled catch/cod-end model.
Population Structure of the Fish-Pathogenic Bacterium
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Nicolas Pierre , Mondot Stanislas , Achaz Guillaume , Bouchenot Catherine , Bernardet Jean-François , Duchaud Eric
Published: April 2008

Flavobacterium psychrophilum
is currently one of the main bacterial pathogens hampering the productivity of salmonid farming worldwide, and its control mainly relies on antibiotic treatments. To better understand the population structure of this bacterium and its mode of evolution, we have examined the nucleotide polymorphisms at 11 protein-coding loci of the core genome in a set of 50 isolates. These isolates were selected to represent the broadest possible diversity, originating from 10 different host fish species and four continents. The nucleotide diversity between pairs of sequences amounted to fewer than four differences per kilobase on average, corresponding to a particularly low level of diversity, possibly indicative of a small effective-population size. The recombination rate, however, seemed remarkably high, and as a consequence, most of the isolates harbored unique combinations of alleles (33 distinct sequence types were resolved). The analysis also showed the existence of several clonal complexes with worldwide geographic distribution but marked association with particular fish species. Such an association could reflect preferential routes of transmission and/or adaptive niche specialization. The analysis provided no clues that the initial range of the bacterium was originally limited to North America. Instead, the historical record of the expansion of the pathogen may reflect the spread of a few clonal complexes. As a resource for future epidemiological surveys, a multilocus sequence typing website based on seven highly informative loci is available.
Injuries during the 2006 Women’s Rugby World Cup
Authors: Schick D M , Molloy M G , Wiley J P
Published: April 2008

Background:

Although there have been reports of injury rates in men’s World Cup rugby, there has been no research into injury rates in women’s international rugby.

Objective:

To determine the rate of injury at the 2006 Women’s Rugby World Cup (WRWC).

Methods:

All participating teams in the 2006 WRWC were enrolled prospectively in this study. Healthcare workers for each team collected data on training and game exposure and information on injuries.

Results:

55 players (16%) sustained at least one injury (10.0/1000 player hours); 4 players (1%) sustained two injuries. 45 injuries occurred during games (37.5/1000 player hours) and 14 injuries occurred during practice (12.5/1000 player hours), a statistically significant difference (RR = 12.5, 95% CI 6.9 to 22.8). The injury rate was 39.3/1000 player hours for the forwards and 42.2/1000 player hours for the backs (RR = 1.3, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.3). The front row had the highest injury rate (62.5/1000 player hours). 63.6% of injuries occurred during the tackle. Most injuries occurred to the neck, knee and head/face. The majority of injuries were sprains, muscle injuries and contusions. There were five fractures during the event and four reported concussions.

Conclusion:

Female players sustained a considerable rate of injury during the 2006 WRWC. Backs had a slightly higher rate of injury than forwards, but the players most often injured were in the front row. The neck/cervical spine and knee were the most commonly injured regions, followed by the head and face. This is the first study to examine injury rates in female rugby players at a World Cup and reports valuable data in this population.
Evaluation of Chromogenic MRSA medium, MRSASelectand Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar for the detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Krishna B V S , Smith M , McIndeor A , Gibb A P , Dave J
Published: April 2008

Aims:

An evaluation of Chromogenic MRSA medium (CMRSA), MRSASelect(MRSAS) and Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar (ORSA) was performed to determine the optimum medium providing a rapid and sensitive method for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) detection.

Methods:

A total of 632 clinical specimens were cultured on the three media in first phase of the study, while 720 clinical specimens were cultured on CMRSA and ORSA in the second phase.

Results:

The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of the media in the first phase were: CMRSA 88.9% and 98.45%; MRSAS 92.1% and 99.1%; ORSA (24 h incubation) 68.3% and 98.8%; and ORSA (48 h incubation) 85.7% and 96.3%. In the second phase the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were CMRSA 91.2% and 98.6%; ORSA (24 h incubation) 58.9% and 98.2%; and ORSA (48 h incubation) 85.6% and 95.6%. The positive predictive values of the two chromogenic media were higher than that for ORSA. There were fewer false-positive results with the chromogenic media (1.4% for CMRSA and 0.8% for MRSAS) compared with ORSA (3.3%).

Conclusions:

Performing latex agglutination tests on growth from chromogenic media provides results for 93.8% of MRSA isolates within 24 h. There is a small increase in cost of chromogenic media compared with ORSA (£28 for MRSAS, and £36 for CMRSA, per 1000 specimens) and direct agglutination tests (£80 per 1000 specimens). However early availability of MRSA screening results can reduce the burden of MRSA in hospitals because of early implementation of infection control measures.
FOXP3 immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue: poor correlation between different antibodies
Authors: Woo Y L , Sterling J , Crawford R , van der Burg S H , Coleman N , Stanley M
Published: April 2008

Since its original description, there has been a substantial output of publications related to theFOXP3gene. The FOXP3 protein, a member of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators is a nuclear product and is not expressed in the cell cytoplasm or on the cell surface. Expression of this single transcription factor causes a developmental switch in naïve T cells to a suppressor cell phenotype, more commonly referred to as regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs have been intensively studied in various autoimmune diseases, infections and different cancers. An increasing choice of commercially available monoclonal antibodies targeting FOXP3 is now available. This report describes the experience of using two commonly used monoclonal FOXP3 antibodies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of different organs, including the cervix and vulva. The antibodies targeting different FOXP3 epitopes unexpectedly resulted in significantly different staining patterns. This phenomenon has not been previously reported and is likely to be an important observation.
Effects of aluminum on the growth and distribution of calcium in roots of an aluminum-sensitive cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: Nichol B. E. , Oliveira L. A.
Published: April 2008

Aluminum-induced inhibition of root growth in the Al-sensitive cultivar Kearney of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the result of disruption of both cell division in the meristematic region and cell expansion in the zone of elongation of the roots. In seedlings directly germinated in 50 μM Al, inhibition of root growth is detected 48 h after initiation of germination and it results primarily from the disruption of cell elongation. In seedlings germinated for 2 days under Al-free conditions, inhibition of root growth is apparent 8 h after transfer to 50 μM Al. In this instance, root growth inhibition is mainly the result of disruption of cell division in the meristematic region of the root. The calcium indicator dyes chlorotetracycline and Fluo-3 are used to study the distribution of intracellular calcium and its relationship to aluminum phototoxicity. Aluminum increases both chlorotetracycline and Fluo-3 fluorescence intensities. Fluorescence of the cytosolic calcium indicator dye Fluo-3 increases primarily in the zone of elongation of the roots of seedlings directly germinated in 50 μM aluminum. The increase in Fluo-3 fluorescence occurs concomitantly with major changes in both the length and width of the cells in the zone of elongation. The evidence suggests that changes in calcium homeostasis occurring in cells of the zone of elongation may be a major factor in the disruption of cell expansion and consequently root growth in seedlings directly germinated in 50 μM aluminum. Key words: aluminum, calcium, barley, chlorotetracycline, Fluo-3.
Development of the sporangia and associated structures in Schizaea pectinata (Schizaeaceae : Pteridophyta)
Authors: Parkinson Barbara M.
Published: April 2008

A light microscope study of the initiation of the frond and sporangial development in Schizaea pectinata revealed that sporangia arose from single-celled initials in marginal positions on narrow, strap-shaped pinnae. The sporangia were displaced to a superficial position by marginal development of a false indusial (pseudoindusial) structure. Divisions of a single, central initial with four cutting faces produced the archesporial tissue and a two-layered tapetum that differentiated into a combination tapetum consisting of an outer, cellular parietal tapetum and an inner, plasmodial tapetum that was intimately associated with the archesporial tissue and later with the developing spores. Mature sporangia had an apical annulus consisting mainly of a single tier of cells that differentiated from the layer of cells forming the sporangium wall. Thirty-two spore mother cells were produced and if no abortion occurred, approximately 128 spores developed within each sporangium. Key words: Schizaea pectinata, sporangial ontogeny, parietal tapetum, plasmodial tapetum, combination tapetum.
Évidence en faveur de la présence du 3-diméthylsulfoniopropionate chez une large gamme d'Angiospermes
Authors: Paquet L. , Lafontaine P. J. , Saini H. S. , James F. , Hanson A. D.
Published: April 2008

3-Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an osmoprotectant compound that serves as the biogenic precursor of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), an important atmospheric sulfur gas. DMSP is known to be accumulated by many marine algae but has been little studied in higher plants; it has previously been identified in only four angiosperm genera (one genus from the Asteraceae and three from the Poaceae), at levels of about 5 to 30 μmol g−1 fresh weight. Leaves of 177 species of angiosperms representing 90 families from 55 orders were screened for DMSP. An indirect assay was used in which DMSP treated with a cold NaOH solution released acrylic acid and DMS, the latter being analyzed by gas chromatography. The detection limit was 0.01 μmol g−1 fresh weight. Twenty-nine species (from 22 families and 22 orders) had detectable levels of DMSP, all fairly low (≤ 1 μmol g−1 fresh weight). In vivo radiotracer labeling results indicated that species from the Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae containing DMSP synthesize it from methionine via S-methylmethionine, and that this pathway may be present at a low level in species of Asteraceae that do not accumulate detectable amounts of DMSP. Taken together, these data imply that the capacity for DMSP production is widespread among Angiosperms. Key words: 3-dimethylsulfonioproprionate, S-methylmethionine, dimethyl sulfide.
Localization of condensed tannins in apple fruit peel, pulp, and seeds
Authors: Lees Garry L. , Suttill Neil H. , Wall Katharine M. , Beveridge Thomas H.
Published: April 2008

Seven varieties of post-harvest apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit, i.e., Spartan, McIntosh, Newtown, Royal Gala, Jonagold, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious, were examined for the presence and location of condensed tannins in the peel, pulp, and seeds. Statistically significant differences in the condensed tannin content were found between varieties and sources, and in different tissues within a variety. Red Delicious had the greatest amount of condensed tannin in the peel and pulp, whereas Golden Delicious had the least. The amount in the seed was low and variable. Light and electron microscopy revealed tannins in the hypodermal layers of the peel, near the floral bundles in the cortex of the pulp, and in the thick-walled sclerenchyma and crushed parenchyma of the testa. The condensed tannin deposits in the peel appeared most concentrated in the hypodermal cell layer adjacent to the epidermis, with lesser amounts in cell layers closer to the cortex. Electron micrographs revealed that condensed tannin deposits were always found in the vacuole, taking different forms, and mainly associated with the tonoplast. Key words: condensed tannins, apple, peel, pulp, seed, vanillin–HCl, microscopy.
Effect of salt-stress on proline metabolism in calli ofLycopersicon esculentum,Lycopersicon pennellii, and their interspecific hybrid
Authors: Guerrier Gilles
Published: April 2008

Amino acid pools and enzyme activities of NH3-assimilation (glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase), proline biosynthesis (pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase), proline catabolism (proline dehydrogenase, proline oxidase), and ornithine transamination (ornithine transaminase) were determined in control and salinized (140 mM NaCl) calli from tomato roots. Three populations were used: the domestic salt-sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. P-73, the wild salt-tolerant Lycopersicon pennellii (Correll) D'Arcy, accession PE-47, and their F1interspecific cross, for which the relative growth rate on salt media was intermediate to those of the parents. Compared with control conditions, proline levels increased with NaCl treatments by twofold, threefold, and sixfold in the wild species, the F1hybrid, and the domestic species, respectively. This proline accumulation in the F1and the domestic populations was not modulated by changes in the enzyme activities of proline biosynthesis or catabolism. NaCl tolerance, amino acid (proline, alanine, arginine, asparagine) content, and velocity of enzymes responsible for proline biosynthesis and catabolism are dependent on explant sources (cotyledon, root) from which the F1calli were derived. The comparison of proline (PRO) responses in the different calli and populations indicated (i) various changes in anabolic or catabolic rates of PRO metabolism for a given range of PRO accumulation and (ii) the presence in the F1of both wild and sensitive parent characters in growth and PRO responses. Key words: callus culture, Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon pennellii, F1tomato, proline synthesis, proline catabolism, salt stress.
Epidermis and epicuticular waxes of Syagrus coronata leaflets
Authors: Machado Raul Dodsworth , Barros Cláudia Franca
Published: April 2008

The outer epidermal cell walls of the leaf blade of the licuri palm tree were studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, with special attention to the epicuticular waxes. On the intensely green adaxial surface, the wax adheres in the form of a smooth, flexible, varnish-like layer. On the pruinose, dull, greenish or bluish abaxial side, the wax appears as a thin amorphous layer from which rodlets and columns protrude. Very curved rodlets, in compact rows, border each stoma, sometimes almost completely closing its aperture. Numerous pores, not resolvable with the light microscope, were detected in both cuticular membranes. Comments are presented concerning the possible functions of several configurations of epicuticular waxes. Key words: epicuticular waxes, wax micromorphology, Syagrus, licuri, epidermal wall.