bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Software Prototyping
Authors: Meldal Sigurd , Fisher Gene L. , Stearns Daniel J. , Ölveczky Peter C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Summary of Benefits and Risks

The Goals of Software Prototyping

The Prototyping Process

Risks in Prototyping

Presentation, Functionality, and Structure

Validation of System Presentation

Tools and Methods for Prototyping System Presentation

Validation of System Functionality

Risks in Using Prototyping in Validating System Functionality

Validation of System Structure

Tools and Methods for Prototyping System Structures
Software Reliability
Authors: Pham Hoang
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Software Reliability Concepts

Software Development Life Cycle

NHPP Software Reliability Models

Parameter Estimation

Advances in Software Reliability Models with Environmental Factors

Further Reading
Software Reusability
Authors: Sitaraman Murali
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Products and Processes

Design for Reuse

Elements of Reusable Software Design

Other Technical and Nontechnical Reuse Considerations

Acknowledgments
Software Reviews
Authors: Thompson William J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Purpose of a Software Review

Kinds of Software Reviewed

Software and Hardware

Software Portability and Reusability

How Software is Reviewed

Sources of Software Reviews
Software Standards
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Rhodes Thomas , Dabrowski Christopher
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Interoperability and Portability

Standards Development Organizations

The Standards Development Process

Using Software Standards

Some Important Software Standards

Industrial Standards Development Organizations

Acknowledgments

Appendix 2. Standards Development Organizations
Subroutines
Authors: Tracz Will
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Subroutine Invocation

Subroutine Parameters

Subroutine Modifiers

Parameter‐Passing Conventions
System Monitoring
Authors: Liu Yanhong A. , Tsai Jeffrey J. P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Components and Techniques for System Monitoring

Issues in System Monitoring

Monitoring Principles

Workload Selection

Triggering Mechanism

Implementation

Data Analysis and Presentation

Applications

Monitoring Real‐Time, Parallel, and Distributed Systems

Conclusion
Vienna Development Method
Authors: Hankley William
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Components of VDM

A Case Study

Further Reading

Appendix. VDM Types and Expressions
Software Process Management
Authors: Fallah M. H. , Tucker G. T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Process Management

Conclusion
Software Maintenance, Reverse Engineering and Reengineering
Authors: Lounis Hakim , Sahraoui Houari A. , Melo Walcélio L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Program Abstraction: the Keyword for Reverse Engineering and Reengineering

Program Redocumentation

Program Data and Control Flow Analysis

Reengineering to Object Technology

Conclusion
Object‐Oriented Programming Transition
Authors: Saiedian Hossein , Urban Jack
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Traditional Structured Techniques

Analyzing Costs Before Migration

Benefits of Object‐Oriented Techniques

Discussion and Conclusions
Software Management VIA Law‐Governed Regularities
Authors: Minsky Naftaly H. , Pal Partha
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Kernelized Design: a Motivating Example

Aspects of Law‐Governed Architecture Under the Darwin‐e Environment

Interactions Regulated Under Darwin‐e

Putting IT All Together

Related Work

Conclusion

Acknowledgment
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Ingle Nitin , Kuech Thomas F. , Tischler Michael A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The CVD Process

CVD Techniques

Flow Regimes

Mixed Convection Phenomena

CVD Chemistry
Gate And Tunnel Dielectrics, Manufacturing Aspects
Authors: Lojek B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thin Oxide Structure

Thin Oxide Manufacturing Equipment

Manufacturing Issues Related to Thin Oxide Processes

Residual Oxide Grown Due to the Air Back‐Diffusion

Conclusion
Semiconductor Doping
Authors: Zagozdzon‐Wosik Wanda
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Formalism of Diffusion

Realization of the Diffusion Processes

Atomic Models of Diffusion

Diffusion of Impurities

The Role of Oxidation and Nitridation During Diffusion

The Role of Substrate Orientation in Diffusion

Diffusion in Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon

Masking Properties of Oxides

Dopant Diffusion in Silicides

Stress and Diffusion

Characterization of Doped Layers
Electron Beam Processing
Authors: Zhou Zhiping (James)
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory

Equipment

Applications

Evaluation
Epitaxial Liftoff
Authors: Bailey Sheila , Wilt David , DeAngelo Frank , Clark Eric
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Methods Of Epitaxial Liftoff

Host Substrates

Applications For Epitaxial Liftoff Materials

Conclusions
Flexible Semiconductor Manufacturing
Authors: Bodner Douglas A. , Reveliotis Spyros A. , Billings Ronald L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Flexible Automation and Semiconductor Manufacturing

Theory and Current Industry Practice

Design Methodologies and Performance Evaluation

Evaluation and Future Research

Additional Information
Fuzzy Logic For Semiconductor Manufacturing
Authors: Li Hua Harry
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Theoretical Foundation

Application Examples in the Semiconductor Industry
Isolation Technology
Authors: Bohr Mark T. , Ahmed Shahriar S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Isolation Requirements

Locos Isolation

Enhancements to Locos

Shallow Trench Isolation

Twin Well CMOS

Bipolar Junction Transistor Isolation

Silicon‐on‐Insulator Isolation

Latchup
Semiconductor Manufacturing Scheduling
Authors: Kumar P. R. , Kumar Sunil
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Scheduling Semiconductor Fabs

Implementation
Mis, Mim, and Msm Structures
Authors: Misra Durgamadhab
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Device Characterization

Device Fabrication

Polarity Dependence

Immunity from Plasma Damage

Acknowledgment
Passivation
Authors: Pearton S. J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Passivation Layer

Interlevel Dielectrics and Polyimides

Trends in Metallization

Isolation Technologies
Semiconductor Process Representation
Authors: Troxel Donald E. , Boning Duane S. , McIlrath Michael B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Information Model

User and Program Interfaces

Process Libraries

Application Programs

Application: Factory Design

Application: Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Application: Simulation

Standardization
Semiconductor Factory Control and Optimization
Authors: Butler Stephanie Watts , York Rudy , Bennett Marylyn Hoy , Winter Tom
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Control in Breadth

Generic Model of the Elements of a Controller

Control in Depth

Change Management

Statistical Process Control

Run‐to‐Run Model‐Based Process Control

Equipment Signal Monitoring, Real‐Time Fault Detection and Classification

Sensors

In Situ Particle Monitors

In‐Line Defect Monitoring and Contamination Control

Wafer Position Tracking

Data Mining and Data Warehousing

Parametric and Yield Outlier Control

Wafer Level Reliability Control

Multivariate SPC, Especially for Equipment Signal Monitoring

Acknowledgments
Semiconductor Manufacturing Test Structures
Authors: Fallon Martin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sheet Resistance

Linewidth

Misalignment

Contact Resistance

Optical Structures

Reliability

Yield Structures

Parameter Extraction
x‐ray Lithography
Authors: Cerrina F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Semiconductor Device Manufacture Yield and Reliability Modeling
Authors: Kuo Way , Kim Taeho
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Burn‐In of Semiconductors

Modeling Yield

Cost Factors

Fault Coverage and Occurrence

Yield–Reliability Relation Models

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Computational Intelligence
Authors: Peters James F. , Pedrycz Witold
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Genetic Algorithms

Fuzzy Sets and Systems

Neural Computing

Rough Sets
Cybernetics
Authors: Pinter Robert B. , Bouzerdoum Abdesselem , Nabet Bahram
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Biological Neurons, or Nerve Cells

Fundamental Mathematical ideas for Cybernetics

Nonlinear Nervous System Computation

Cybernetics of a Visual System

Shunting Inhibitory Motion Detection

Electronic Analogs of Cybernetic Models
Data Fusion
Authors: Buede Dennis M. , Waltz Edward L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

Major Issues and Algorithms

Advanced Applications

Areas of Further Study
Information Technology
Authors: Sage Andrew P. , Rouse William B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Evolution of Information Technology

Information Technology and Information Technology Trends

Information Technology Challenges

Conclusion
Interface Design
Authors: Vicente Kim J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Designing Smart Interfaces

Advanced Applications

The Future

Acknowledgments
Petri Nets and Their Applications
Authors: Zhou MengChu , Kurapati Venkatesh , Xiong Huanxin Henry
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Formal Definition

Properties of Petri Nets and Their Implications

Types of Petri Nets

Modeling, Scheduling, and Control

Multidisciplinary Engineering Applications
Systems Analysis
Authors: Tien James M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Evaluation Approach

Evaluation Modeling

Observation
Systems Architecture
Authors: Levis Alexander H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition of Architectures

Structured Analysis Approach

Object Oriented Approach
Systems Engineering Trends
Authors: Rao H. Raghav , Park S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What Is a System?

Systems Engineering

Systems Development

Configuration Management, Metrics, and Quality Assurance

Systems Management

Object‐Oriented Paradigm

Systems Engineering and The Intranet
Quality Control
Authors: Zahedi Fatemeh Mariam
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is Tqm?

Quality Principles

Quality Awards

Quality Standards

Components of TQM

Quality Information Systems

Data and Information Quality

Quality Tools

Quality Metrics

Analysis of Quality Metrics
Spectral Analysis Windowing
Authors: Harris Fred J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Wlindows in Spectrum Analysis

Windows as a Sum of Cosines

Windows With Adjustable Design Parameters

Spectral Analysis and Window Figures of Merit

Closing Comments
Signal Detection and Processing
Authors: Li Fu , Tam Kwok‐Wai , Wu Yuehua
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Assumption and Signal Model

Hypotheses Testing

Information‐Theoretic Criteria

Coherent Signals

Analysis

Discussion
Fir Filters, Windows
Authors: Lu W.-S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is a Finite‐Impulse‐Response Digital Filter?

Analysis of Fir Digital Filters

Realization of Fir Filters

Fir Filters Versus Iir Filters

Design Methods

Design of Half‐Band and
M
TH Band Filters

Quantization Effects
Fourier Transform
Authors: Dewilde Patrick
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Notes

The Basic Framework For Harmonic Analysis: Hilbert Spaces

The DFT, The FFT, and Convolution

The Fourier Transform of an ℓ2Series: Convolution and Properties

The Fourier Transform of Continuous Time Functions

The Laplace Transform

Discrete‐ and Continuous‐Time Dynamical Systems and Their Transform Properties

Distributions or Generalized Functions: a New Framework
Multidimensional Signal Processing
Authors: Suter B. , Pachter M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sampling Lattices

Multidimensional Sampled Signals

System Identification Problem

System Identification Examples

Conclusion
Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Arce Gonzalo R. , Barner Kenneth E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Weighted Median Filters

Median Affine FIR Filters

Weighted Myriad Filters

Research Topics in Nonlinear Filtering
Radar Signal Processing
Authors: Ye Wei , Yeo Tat Soon
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing

Moving‐Target Indication

Beam Forming

Constant False‐Alarm Rate

Pulse Compression

High‐Resolution Radar Imaging
Recursive Filters
Authors: DeBrunner Victor E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Filtering

Design Methods

Finite Precision Effects and Filter Structures

Current Research and Practice
Statistical Signal Processing, Higher Order Tools
Authors: Giannakis Georgios B. , Zhou G. Tong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Motivation and Overview

Basic Background

Discerning Non‐Gaussianity

Recovering Phase Information

Checking and Identifying Nonlinearities

Separating Multiple Sources

Conclusion and Future Directions

Acknowledgment
Vlsi Signal Processing
Authors: Hu Yu Hen
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Systolic Array

Programmable Digital Signal Processors

Design Tools and Design Methodologies
Adaptive Radar
Authors: Smith Steven T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Adaptive Radar Fundamentals

Statistical Model for Adaptive Radar

Optimum Adaptive Processing

Space–Time Adaptive Processing

Adaptive Detection

Adaptive Weight Computation

Adaptive Radar Estimation

Conclusions
Optical Information Processing
Authors: Javidi Bahram
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals

Spatial Light Modulators

Optical Pattern Recognition

Optical Encryption
Cultural Impacts of Technology
Authors: Mindell David A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
Environmental Impacts of Technology
Authors: Eren Halit
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Environment and Technology

Specific Effects of Technology

Conclusions
Ethics and Professional Responsibility
Authors: Herkert Joseph R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

What is Engineering Ethics?

Who Does Engineering Ethics?

Role of Professional Societies in Engineering Ethics

Engineering and Society

Moral Dilemmas in Engineering

Frameworks for Engineering Ethics

Cases in Engineering Ethics

Critiques of Engineering Ethics

Some Current Developments in Engineering Ethics
Public Policy Towards Science and Technology
Authors: Tucker Christopher
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

American Science and Technology Institutions in the Nineteenth Century

Rise of Government Involvement in American Science

Vannevar Bush and the Linear Model

Deviating from the Linear Model: The Militarization of American Science and Technology

Health and Agricultural Research: A Digression

Instability in the Science Policy System: The 1970s

Competitiveness and National Security: The Reagan Years for R&D

Universities and Federal Science and Technology Policy

Corporate R&D and Federal Science and Technology Policy

Expert Advice and Politics: Change Over Time

Recent Issues in Science and Technology Policy
Energy Conservation And Efficiency
Authors: Krarti M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Energy Efficiency in Buildings and Industry

Energy Conservation In Transportation
Social and Ethical Aspects of Information Technology
Authors: Tavani Herman T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Employment and Work

Information Privacy and Databases

Electronic Communications, Surveillance, and Social Control

Computer Crime and Abuse

Access and Equity Issues
Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Cheeke David
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Conventional Acoustic Microscopy

Perspectives
Biological Effects Of Ultrasound
Authors: Mourad Pierre D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals Of Propagation and Absorption Of Ultrasound

Physical and Chemical Processes Engendered By Medical Ultrasound

Diagnostic Ultrasound

Therapeutic Ultrasound

Conclusions
Ultrasonic Exposimetry
Authors: Harris Gerald R. , Lewin Peter A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Measurement Quantities

Measurement of Pressure

Measurement of Intensity

Measurement of Power

Hydrophone Calibration

Measurement and Calibration Standards
Flow Techniques, Industrial
Authors: McAleavey Stephen , Phillips Daniel , Parker Kevin J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Classes of Ultrasonic Flow Measurement Techniques

Flow Profiles

Measurement Techniques

Mechanical Concerns
Microwave Ferroelectric Devices
Authors: Patel D. P. , Pond J. M. , Rao J. B. L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ferroelectric Materials

Microwave Device Considerations

Microwave Guiding Structures

Applications
Geophysical Prospecting Using Sonics and Ultrasonics
Authors: Sinha Bikash K. , Zeroug Smaine
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sonic Measurements

Elastic Wave Propagation in a Borehole

Recent Developments I: Radial Alterations

Recent Developments II: Formation Shear Anisotropy

Recent Developments III: Sonic Measurements in the Presence of Formation Stresses

Recent Developments IV: Formation Nonlinear Constants

Ultrasonic Measurements

Acknowledgments
Functional and Smart Materials
Authors: Wang Zhong Lin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Metallic Materials

Ceramics

Semiconductors

Polymers

Composite Materials

Other Materials

Acknowledgments
Ultrasonic and Acoustic Micromechanical Devices
Authors: Lal Amit , White Richard M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Characteristics of Mems Acoustic Devices

Mems Fabrication Techniques

Acoustic Sensors and Actuators

Acoustic Device Modeling
Nondestructive Evaluation
Authors: Chubachi Noriyoshi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Measurement System

Applications of Ultrasonic Nondestructive Evaluation
Physical Acoustics
Authors: Takagi Kenshiro
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Ultrasound

Phonon

Interaction Between Sound and Light

Visualization of the Sound Field

Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity and Absorption

Molecular Acoustics

Advanced Topics
Ultrasonic Sensors
Authors: Schoenwald Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors

Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors

Fiber Optic Sensors

Laser Detection of Acoustic Waves

Robotics

Thermocouples
Surface Acoustic Wave Applications
Authors: Malocha Donald C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Saw TVIF Filter

Typical Wireless Communication System

Signal Processing Applications

Saw Remote Signaling and Sensors
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Authors: Ebbini Emad S. , Seip Ralf , VanBaren Philip , Haddadin Osama , Simon Claudio , Botros Youssry Y.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Therapeutic Effects

High‐Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Current Challenges

Temperature Feedback

Image Guidance

Future Directions

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Thin Films
Authors: Wasa Kiyotaka , Setsune Kentaro
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Thin Film Materials

Thin Film Fabrication

Thin Film Devices
Ultrasonic Transducers, Imaging
Authors: Reid John M. , Lewin Peter A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Transducers

Basic Construction

Arrays

Design

Current Developments
Underwater Ultrasound
Authors: Dahl Peter H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sound Waves in Fluids

The Decibel Scale

Underwater Ultrasonic Transducers

Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

Sound Absorption

Reflection from Boundaries

Reverberation and Scattering Phenomena

Acoustic Imaging
Image Manipulation
Authors: Wolberg George
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sampling Theory

Reconstruction

Reconstruction Kernels

Aliasing

Antialiasing

Prefiltering

Example: Image Scaling

Research Issues and Summary
Halftoning
Authors: Ulichney Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

White Noise

Clustered Dot

Recursive Tessellation

Blue Noise

Rendering Systems
Business Graphics
Authors: Jarett Irwin M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Where are The Students?

Computer Game Developers Conference

Communications

Computers and Accounting Education

Open‐Book Revolution

Suggested Standards—Financial Graphics

Multimedia

Conclusion

Appendix
Graphics Transformations IN 2‐D
Authors: Wilkinson Leland
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Transformations of the Plane

General 2‐D Coordinate Transformations
Computer Animation
Authors: Hodgins Jessica K. , O’Brien James F. , Bodenheimer Robert E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Two‐Dimensional Animation

Three‐Dimensional Animation

Motion Generation

Motion Capture

The Future
Data Visualization
Authors: Ribarsky William , Jiang Tian Yue
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History and Development

Visualization Process

Visualization Methods

Dataflow Visualization Systems

Data Representations

Information Visualization

Terrain Visualization

Current and Future Directions
Volume Visualization
Authors: Kaufman Arie E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Volumetric Data

Surface‐Rendering Technique

Volume‐Rendering Techniques

Volume‐Rendering Optimizations

Special‐Purpose, Volume‐Rendering Hardware

Volumetric Global Illumination

Irregular Grid Rendering

Volume Graphics

Acknowledgments
Flow Visualization
Authors: Silver D. , Post F. H. , Sadarjoen I. A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Data Fields: Properties and Representations

Basic Operations In Grids

Visualization

Texture‐Based Vector Field Visualization

Flow Field Topology

Feature Extraction and Tracking

Acknowledgment
Graphical User Interfaces
Authors: Scholtz Jean C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Definition of a Graphical User Interface

Are Graphical User Interfaces Better Than Character‐Based Interfaces?

Effects On Software Development

Architecture Of Graphical User Interfaces

Development Process

Designing The Graphical User Interface

Representations Of Design

Appearance

Evaluation Of Graphical User Interfaces

Future of Graphical User Interfaces
Three‐Dimensional Graphics
Authors: Gobbetti Enrico , Scateni Riccardo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Three‐Dimensional Scene Description

Geometric Transformations

Three‐Dimensional Viewing Process
Hidden Feature Removal
Authors: Cho Franklin , Forsyth David
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Background

Image‐Precision Methods—TheZ‐Buffer

Object‐Precision Methods

Hybrid Methods

Cell Decomposition In Architectural Models

Recent Advances In Hidden Feature Removal
Lighting
Authors: Narayanan Mysore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Nature Of Light

Types of Lamps

Lighting Design
Global Illumination
Authors: Rushmeier Holly
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Components of Global Illumination

Mathematical Formulation and Solution Methods

Advanced Topics
Visual Realism
Authors: Watt Alan , Maddock Steve
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Texture Mapping—Which Aspects of the Object to Modulate

Two‐Dimensional Textures and Three‐Dimensional Objects

Three‐Dimensional Texture Domain Techniques

Bump Mapping

Environment Mapping

Interactive Techniques in Texture Mapping

Adding Shadows in Rendering

Mapping Techniques and Complexity

Further Reading
Shape Representation
Authors: Farin Gerald
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Geometric and Numeric Basics

BÉzier Curves

Cubic Hermite Curves

B‐Splines

Cubic Interpolation and Approximation

BÉzier Patche

Composite Surfaces

Rational Curves and Surfaces—Nurbs
Microprocessors
Authors: Colwell Robert P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Microprocessors and Computers

Moore’S Law

Microprocessor Architectures

The Evolution of Isas

Coprocessors and Multiple Processors

High‐end Microprocessor Systems

Future Prospects For Microprocessors

Acknowledgments
Reconfigurable Computing
Authors: Chung‐Kuan Cheng , Kahng Andrew B. , Leong Philip H.W.
Published: September 2005

Reconfigurable computing is the application of adaptable fabrics to solve computational problems, often taking advantage the flexibility available in the fabric to produce problem‐specific architectures that achieve high performance because of customization. Reconfigurable computing has been successfully applied to fields as diverse as digital signal processing, cryptography, bioinformatics, logic emulation, CAD tool acceleration, scientific computing, and rapid prototyping.

Although Estrin‐first proposed the idea of a reconfigurable system in the form of a fixed plus variable structure computer in 1960it has only been in recent years that reconfigurable fabrics have reached sufficient density to make them a compelling implementation platform for high Performance applications and embedded systems. In this article, intended for the non‐specialist, we describe some of the basic concepts, tools and architectures associated with reconfigurable computing.
Asynchronous Logic Design
Authors: Puri Ruchir
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals and Motivation

Asynchronous Logic

Asynchronous Design Methodologies

Asynchronous Processors and other Design Examples

Conclusions
Clock Distribution In Synchronous Systems
Authors: Friedman Eby G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Synchronous Systems

Theoretical Background of Clock Skew

Timing Constraints Caused By Clock Skew

Clock Distribution Design of Structured Custom Vlsi Circuits

Automated Synthesis and Layout Of Clock Distribution Networks

Analysis and Modeling of The Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution Networks

Specification of The Optimal Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution Networks

Example Implementations of Clock Distribution Networks

Directions For Future Research In The Design Of Clock Distribution Networks

Summary and Conclusions
Multiple Access Mobile Communications
Authors: Moher Michael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Techniques

Mobile Radio Spectrum

Generalized Multiple Access

Example Multiple Access Systems

Interference Cancellation
Cellular Radio
Authors: Lee William C. Y.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of the Cellular Radio Systems

Mobile Radio Environment: A Difficult Environment For Cellular Radio Systems

Reasons for Digital Cellular

Requirement For Cellular and Pcs

Digital Modulations and Multiple Access

The Specifications Of Different Cellular/PCS Systems
Mobile Satellite Communication
Authors: Lodge John
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mobile Satellite Links

The Signal‐Processing Path

Present and Planned Systems

Trends in Mobile Satellite Systems
Antenna Arrays for Mobile Communications
Authors: Paulraj Arogyaswami , Gesbert David , Papadias Constantinos
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Early Forms of Spatial Processing

Emerging Application of Space–Time Processing

Channel Models

Data Models

SPace–Time Algorithms for the Reverse Link

Multiuser Receiver

Space–Time Algorithms for the Forward Link

Applications of Space–Time Processing
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Chen Kan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Functions

Technical Concepts

User Services and Market Packages

History

Programs Around the World

Selected Technologies

Traffic and Road Surveillance

Distribution of Traffic and Related Information

Vehicle Location Related Functions

Linkage Between Vehicle and Road Through Beacons

Vehicle Control Related Functions

Human Side of Its: Travelers and Operators

Evolutionary Deployment

System Architecture

Standards

Market and Evaluation
Ground Transportation Systems
Authors: Szelag Adam , Mierzejewski Leszek
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Railroads

High‐Speed Railroads

Maglev

Conventional Railroads

Urban Transport Systems

Electric Transport Power Supply Systems

Moving Load on Power Supply Due to Electric Vehicles

Electrical Parameters of the Traction Supply Network

Overhead Catenaries

Systems Approach to Electrified Ground Transportation

Choice of Electric Traction System

Sizing of Power Supply Equipment and Installation

Modeling and Simulation Methods as a Tool for Analysis of an Electrified Ground Transport System

Control and Signaling in Transportation Systems

Impact of an Electrified Ground Transport System on the Environment and the Technical Infrastructure

Impact of Traction Substations on Power Utility Systems

Electromagnetic Compatibility of Electrified Ground Transport Systems
Paging Communication for Locating Mobile Users
Authors: Mishra Sumita , Tonguz Ozan K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

System Layout

Paging Traffic and Normalized Paging Delay

Determination of
p

Location Update and Signaling Traffic

Cost Function

Results

Case Study: Limiting the Number of Paging Areas to Two

Discussion
Generation of Compositional‐Gradient Structures in Biodegradable, Immiscible, Polymer Blends by Intermolecular Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Hexig B. , Alata H. , Asakawa N. , Inoue Y.
Published: September 2005

A biodegradable, immiscible poly(butylenes adipate‐co‐butylenes terephthalate) [P(BA‐co‐BT)]/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer blend film with compositional gradient in the film‐thickness direction has been successfully prepared in the presence of a low‐molecular‐weight compound 4,4′‐thiodiphenal (TDP), which is used as a miscibility‐enhancing agent. The miscibilities of the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP ternary blend films and the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP gradient film were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compositional gradient structure of the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP (46/46/8 w/w/w) film has been confirmed by microscopic mapping measurement of Fourier‐transform infrared spectra and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. We have developed a new strategy for generating gradient‐phase structures in immiscible polymer‐blend systems by homogenization, i.e., adding a third agent that can enhance the miscibility of the two immiscible polymers through simultaneous formation of hydrogen bonds with two component polymers.
High‐Purity‐Blue and High‐Efficiency Electroluminescent Devices Based on Anthracene
Authors: Kim Y.‐H. , Jeong H.‐C. , Kim S.‐H. , Yang K. , Kwon S.‐K.
Published: September 2005

Novel blue‐light‐emitting materials, 9,10‐bis(1,2‐diphenyl styryl)anthracene (BDSA) and 9,10‐bis(4′‐triphenylsilylphenyl)anthracene (BTSA), which are composed of an anthracene molecule as the main unit and a rigid and bulky 1,2‐diphenylstyryl or triphenylsilylphenyl side unit, have been designed and synthesized. Theoretical calculations on the three‐dimensional structures of BDSA and BTSA show that they have a non‐coplanar structure and inhibited intermolecular interactions, resulting in a high luminescence efficiency and good color purity. By incorporating these new, non‐doped, blue‐light‐emitting materials into a multilayer device structure, it is possible to achieve luminance efficiencies of 1.43 lm W–1 (3.0 cd A–1 at 6.6 V) for BDSA and 0.61 lm W–1 (1.3 cd A–1 at 6.7 V) for BTSA at 10 mA cm–2. The electroluminescence spectrum of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/1,4‐bis[(1‐naphthylphenyl)‐amino]biphenyl (α‐NPD)/BDSA/tris(9‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3)/LiF/Al device shows a narrow emission band with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 55 nm and a λmax = 453 nm. The FWHM of the ITO/CuPc/α‐NPD/BTSA/Alq3/LiF/Al device is 53 nm, with a λmax = 436 nm. Regarding color, the devices showed highly pure blue emission ((x,y) = (0.15,0.09) for BTSA, (x,y) = (0.14,0.10) for BDSA) at 10 mA cm–2 in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates.
The Fabrication and Characterization of Single‐Component Polymeric White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee S. K. , Hwang D.‐H. , Jung B.‐J. , Cho N. S. , Lee J. , Lee J.‐D. , Shim H.‐K.
Published: September 2005

By using Ni0‐mediated polymerization, we have systematically synthesized a series of fluorene‐based copolymers composed of blue‐, green‐, and red‐light‐emitting comonomers with a view to producing polymers with white‐light emission. 2,7‐Dibromo‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene, {4‐(2‐[2,5‐dibromo‐4‐{2‐(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)‐vinyl}‐phenyl]‐vinyl)‐phenyl}‐diphenylamine (DTPA), and 2‐{2‐(2‐[4‐{bis(4‐bromo‐phenyl)amino}‐phenyl]‐vinyl)‐6‐tert‐butyl‐pyran‐4‐ylidene}‐malononitrile (TPDCM) were used as the blue‐, green‐, and red‐light‐emitting comonomers, respectively. It was found that the emission spectra of the resulting copolymers could easily be tuned by varying their DTPA and TPDCM content. Thus with the appropriate red/green/blue (RGB) unit ratio, we were able to obtain white‐light emission from these copolymers. A white‐light‐emitting diode using the polyfluorene copolymer containing 3 % green‐emitting DTPA and 2 % red‐emitting TPDCM (PG3R2) with a structure of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/PG3R2/Ca/Al was found to exhibit a maximum brightness of 820 cd m–2 at 11 V with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33,0.35), which are close to the standard CIE coordinates for white‐light emission (0.33,0.33).
Macroscopic Nanotemplating of Semiconductor Films with Hydrogen‐Bonded Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Braun P. V. , Osenar P. , Twardowski M. , Tew G. N. , Stupp S. I.
Published: September 2005

Aqueous gel‐like lyotropic liquid crystals with extensive hydrogen bonding and nanoscale hydrophilic compartments have been used to define the growth of macroscopic nanotemplated CdS and CdTe thin films. These mesoporous semiconductor films contain a hexagonal array of 2.5 nm pores, 7 nm center‐to‐center, that extend in an aligned fashion perpendicular to the substrate. The CdS is deposited on a polypropylene substrate by a reaction between Cd(NO3)2 dissolved in the liquid crystal and H2S transported via diffusion through the substrate. The CdTe is electrodeposited on indium‐tin‐oxide‐coated glass from TeO2 and Cd(NO3)2, both of which are dissolved in the liquid‐crystal template. The porous nature of the CdTe films enables chemical transformations of the entire bulk of the film. As electrodeposited, the CdTe films are Te rich and, in contrast to a non‐templated film, the excess Te could be removed via a chemical treatment, proving the continuity of the pores in the nanotemplated films. These results suggest that liquid‐crystal lithography with hydrogen‐bonding amphiphiles may be a useful approach to create materials with nanoscale features over macroscopic dimensions.
Regenerating flue‐gas desulfurizing agents by bipolar membrane electrodialysis
Authors: Huang Chuanhui , Xu Tongwen , Jacobs Mona L.
Published: September 2005

An experimental study was carried out on the regeneration of a flue‐gas desulfurizing agent by using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as the supporting and rinsing electrolyte, and piperazine sulfate (Pz·H2SO4) as a model compound for the heat stable salt formed in the process of desulfurizing. The results indicate that the low energy consumption and high current efficiency are achieved when applying electrolyte solutions with a concentration range about 0.3∼0.4 mol/L, piperazine sulfate solution with a concentration range about 0.08∼0.13 mol/L, and BMED stack of BP‐C‐C configuration. The results also indicate that when applying a high current density to the BMED stack, it has a high current efficiency and energy consumption. The process cost is estimated to be $0.96/kg Pz for the regeneration of piperazine with the laboratory‐scale experimental equipment, indicating that the process is not only scientifically novel but also economically feasible and attractive besides its potential environmental benefits. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Factors affecting wollastonite carbonation under CO2 supercritical conditions
Authors: Tai Clifford Y. , Chen W.‐R. , Shih Shin‐Min
Published: September 2005

The feasibility of a carbon dioxide disposal method based on combining carbon dioxide chemically with silicate rocks was tested in this experiment. The process uses a stirred batch reactor, in which supercritical carbon dioxide is absorbed into a rock slurry to cause dissolution of the mineral and precipitation of calcium carbonate. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was chosen in a systematic study because it had the highest conversion among the rocks investigated in a preliminary test. The effects of operating variables—including reaction time, reaction pressure, the particle size of wollastonite, reaction temperature, and solution composition—on the conversion of wollastonite were investigated, and a reaction mechanism was proposed to explain these effects. The conversion was determined by means of thermogravimetric analysis. A high conversion of 90% was achieved by using a solution composed of 1 M NaHCO3 to prepare the wollastonite slurry when the carbonation reaction was operated at 8.6 MPa and 383 K for 6 h. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Transport of simple fluids in nanopores: Theory and simulation
Authors: Bhatia Suresh K. , Nicholson David
Published: September 2005

A theory is discussed of single‐component transport in nanopores, recently developed by Bhatia and coworkers. The theory considers the oscillatory motion of molecules between diffuse wall collisions, arising from the fluid–wall interaction, along with superimposed viscous flow due to fluid–fluid interaction. The theory is tested against molecular dynamics simulations for hydrogen, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride flow in cylindrical nanopores in silica. Although exact at low densities, the theory performs well even at high densities, with the density dependency of the transport coefficient arising from viscous effects. Such viscous effects are reduced at high densities because of the large increase in viscosity, which explains the maximum in the transport coefficient with increase in density. Further, it is seen that in narrow pore sizes of less than two molecular diameters, where a complete monolayer cannot form on the surface, the mutual interference of molecules on opposite sides of the cross section can reduce the transport coefficient, and lead to a maximum in the transport coefficient with increasing density. The theory is also tested for the case of partially diffuse reflection and shows the viscous contribution to be negligible when the reflection is nearly specular. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of surfactant solutions on the drag and the flow pattern of a circular cylinder
Authors: Ogata Satoshi , Osano Yoshihisa , Watanabe Keizo
Published: September 2005

The effect of surfactant solutions on the flow past a circular cylinder was investigated in the Reynolds number (Re) ranging between 10 and 105 by measuring the drag and by flow visualization. Surfactant solutions were aqueous solutions of oleyl‐bihydroxyethyl‐methyl‐ammonium‐chloride in the concentration range of 50 to 200 ppm, to which sodium salicylate was added as a counterion. It was clarified that the drag coefficient of the cylinder in surfactant solutions increases, comparing that in water in a lower Re range for constant cylinder diameter. On the contrary, the drag coefficient decreases in higher Re range. The Re range in which drag reduction occurs increases with increasing diameter. The flow visualization results show that the drag increases because of the existence of the wide stagnation zone around the cylinder. This zone disappears in the Re range in which drag reduction occurs. In this case, the separation point moves rearward and the velocity defect in the wake becomes smaller. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Electrochemical deposition in deep vias
Authors: Neogi Parthasakha
Published: September 2005

Copper is used as interconnects on chips. It is laid down in deep vias by electrodeposition. For the simple case, the rate of electrodeposition on the shoulders is much greater than that at the bottom, and the via‐mouth closes during the process and a bubble is captured inside. Approximate solutions to the electrodeposition process, when the transport is diffusion controlled and when it is reaction controlled, are obtained. It is shown that bubbles are easily captured in diffusion‐controlled systems, but no bubbles are captured in the reaction‐controlled system. However, the diffusion‐controlled system has very low currents, low electrodeposition rates, and low production rates, and the reaction‐controlled system has even lower rates. Based on these, the existing solutions to the bubble‐capture problem are briefly reviewed to suggest that inducing natural convection appears most promising. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Two‐dimensional lattice–Boltzmann model of hydrosol depth filtration
Authors: Duval Hervé , Masson David , Guillot Jean‐Bernard , Schmitz Philippe , d'Humières Dominique
Published: September 2005

A two‐dimensional mathematical model of the initial stage of depth filtration is developed. This model describes the fluid flow and the particle transport and capture in a representative elementary volume of the filter. A typical simulation can be outlined as follows: as a first stage, the flow field is computed in the whole complex void space of the filter using a lattice–Boltzmann method. As a second stage, the trajectory analysis is derived by applying Newton's second law to suspended particles in the flowing fluid. The capture or the reentrainment of the particles encountering the filter surface is determined from a force balance that takes into account the drag force and the solid friction force. This approach, which provides both microscopic data such as the initial capture probability density and macroscopic data such as the filter coefficient, is validated on a model experiment of deep‐bed filtration. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The distribution of freely suspended particles at microfluidic bifurcations
Authors: Roberts Brian W. , Olbricht W. L.
Published: September 2005

The distribution of freely suspended particles in low Reynolds number, pressure‐driven flow through bifurcations of microfluidic channels is measured experimentally. A bifurcation is a point where a channel splits into multiple channels. The partitioning of particles at microfluidic bifurcations differs from the partitioning of fluid, which can, in principle, be exploited to direct the particles along preferred paths in microfluidic devices or to prevent particles from entering certain microchannels. Experiments are conducted to examine effects of the angles between branches of the bifurcation and the microchannel cross‐sectional shape on particle partitioning. Furthermore, effects of multiple bifurcations in series on the partitioning of particles also are examined. Under certain conditions, the particles can be completely segregated from the suspending fluid, which could be used as a flow‐through filter for microfluidic devices. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Role of turbulent shear rate distribution in aggregation and breakage processes
Authors: Marchisio Daniele L. , Soos Miroslav , Sefcik Jan , Morbidelli Massimo
Published: September 2005

The effect of spatial flow heterogeneity on shear‐induced aggregation and breakage of fine particles in turbulent flow conditions is investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance modeling. The quadrature method of moments (QMOM), particularly suitable for implementation in commercial CFD codes, has been used to solve the corresponding population balance equation. QMOM is first tested and compared with alternative numerical methods (sectional/fixed‐pivot methods) for a specific set of realistic operating conditions. Then QMOM is implemented in a CFD code and the effect of spatial heterogeneities on the cluster mass distribution in a Taylor–Couette vessel is investigated. Simplified models have been derived based on the separation of the timescales of mixing on one hand and of aggregation and breakage on the other and compared with the full CFD model. Guidelines for use and limitations of such models and the identification of the underlying aggregation and breakage kernels are discussed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Proposed guidelines for diagnosing chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus infection
Authors: Okano Motohiko , Kawa Keisei , Kimura Hiroshi , Yachie Akihiro , Wakiguchi Hiroshi , Maeda Akihiko , Imai Shosuke , Ohga Shouichi , Kanegane Hirokazu , Tsuchiya Shigeru , Morio Tomohiro , Mori Masaaki , Yokota Shumpei , Imashuku Shinsaku
Published: September 2005

Since the initial report of unusual manifestations possibly associated with chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection (CAEBV), nearly three decades have passed. During this period, reported cases with this entity have dramatically increased in the world. Additionally, recent development of diagnostic procedures, including molecular biological and immunological techniques, have provided us with the ability to define certain diseases, especially malignant disorders. Guidelines, derived mainly from the current literature and recent experiences with CAEBV in Japan, for diagnosing CAEBV are proposed to clarify this enigmatic disease. Am. J. Hematol. 80:64–69, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of symptomatic patients with essential thrombocythemia: Effectiveness of anagrelide
Authors: Cacciola Rossella R. , Cipolla Antonio , Di Francesco Ernesto , Giustolisi Rosario , Cacciola Emma
Published: September 2005

We prospectively evaluated the effect of anagrelide (ANA) on platelets, PF4, F1+2, PAP, PAI‐1, and TFPI and erythromelalgia in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) receiving anti‐aggregants both pre‐ and post‐ANA. At first, we observed a successful reduction of platelets, which was associated with normalization of platelet coagulant and endothelial function and disappearance of erythromelalgia. Secondly, we found a correlation between PF4 and TFPI and between TFPI and thrombosis, suggesting that erythromelalgia may be caused by platelet‐mediated endothelial activation. These data may indicate that ANA may be efficacy in the treatment of symptomatic patients with ET. Am. J. Hematol. 80:81–83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.