bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of IL-17–Producing Effector and Regulatory Human T Cells from Lineage-Committed Naive Precursors
Authors: Mercer Frances , Khaitan Alka , Kozhaya Lina , Aberg Judith A. , Unutmaz Derya
Published: June 2014

A subset of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) secretes IL-17 and thus resembles Th17 effector cells. How IL-17+ Tregs differentiate from naive precursors remains unclear. In this study, we show that IL-17–producing T cells can differentiate from CCR6+ naive T cell precursors in the presence of IL-2, IL-1β, TGF-β, and IL-23. CCR6+ naive T cells are present in adult peripheral and umbilical cord blood and in both conventional T naive and FOXP3+ naive Treg subsets. IL-17+ cells derived from CCR6+ naive Tregs (referred to as IL-17+ Tregs) express FOXP3 but not HELIOS, another Treg-associated transcription factor, and these cells display suppressor capacity and a surface phenotype resembling memory Tregs. Remarkably, the IL-17+ Treg compartment was preferentially reduced relative to the canonical Th17 and Treg compartments in a subset of HIV+ subjects, suggesting a specific perturbation of this subset during the course of disease. Our findings that CCR6+ naive precursors contain a predetermined reservoir to replenish IL-17–secreting cells may have implications in balancing the Th17 and IL-17+ Treg compartments that are perturbed during HIV infection and potentially in other inflammatory diseases.
Artesunate versus Chloroquine Infection–Treatment–Vaccination Defines Stage-Specific Immune Responses Associated with Prolonged Sterile Protection against Both Pre-erythrocytic and Erythrocytic Plasmodium yoelii Infection
Authors: Peng Xiaohong , Keitany Gladys J. , Vignali Marissa , Chen Lin , Gibson Claire , Choi Kimberly , Huang Fusheng , Wang Ruobing
Published: June 2014

Sterile protection against malaria infection can be achieved through vaccination of mice and humans with whole Plasmodium spp. parasites. One such method, known as infection–treatment–vaccination (ITV), involves immunization with wild type sporozoites (spz) under drug coverage. In this work, we used the different effects of antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and artesunate (AS) on blood stage (BS) parasites to dissect the stage-specific immune responses in mice immunized with Plasmodium yoelii spz under either drug, as well as their ability to protect mice against challenge with spz or infected RBCs (iRBCs). Whereas CQ-ITV induced sterile protection against challenge with both spz and iRBCs, AS-ITV only induced sterile protection against spz challenge. Importantly, AS-ITV delayed the onset of BS infection, indicating that both regimens induced cross-stage immunity. Moreover, both CQ- and AS-ITV induced CD8+ T cells in the liver that eliminated malaria-infected hepatocytes in vitro, as well as Abs that recognized pre-erythrocytic parasites. Sera from both groups of mice inhibited spz invasion of hepatocytes in vitro, but only CQ-ITV induced high levels of anti-BS Abs. Finally, passive transfer of sera from CQ-ITV–treated mice delayed the onset of erythrocytic infection in the majority of mice challenged with P. yoelii iRBCs. Besides constituting the first characterization, to our knowledge, of AS-ITV as a vaccination strategy, our data show that ITV strategies that lead to subtle differences in the persistence of parasites in the blood enable the characterization of the resulting immune responses, which will contribute to future research in vaccine design and malaria interventions.
Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam
Authors: Hübner Anna , Phong Lý T. , Châu Trương S.H.
Published: June 2014

Protected areas are increasingly expected to serve as a natural income-producing resource via the exploitation of recreational and touristic activities. Whilst tourism is often considered a viable option for generating income which benefits the conservation of a protected area, there are many cases in which insufficient and opaque planning hinder sustainable development, thereby reducing local benefit sharing and, ultimately, nature conservation. This article delineated and examined factors in governance which may underlie tourism development in protected areas. Based on Graham, Amos and Plumptre’s five good governance principles, a specific analysis was made of the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam, which highlighted challenges in the practical implementation of governing principles arising for nature conservation, sustainable tourism development and complex stakeholder environments. Despite the limited opportunity of this study to examine the wider national and international context, the discussion facilitated an overview of the factors necessary to understand governance principles and tourism development. This article could serve as a basis for future research, especially with respect to comparative analyses of different management structures existing in Vietnam and in other contested centrally steered protected area spaces. Conservation implications: This research has shown that tourism and its development, despite a more market-oriented and decentralised policymaking, is a fragmented concept impacted by bureaucratic burden, lack of institutional capacities, top-down processes and little benefit-sharing. There is urgent need for stakeholders – public and private – to reconcile the means of protected areas for the ends (conservation) by clarifying responsibilities as well as structures and processes which determine decision-making.
Exploring the impacts of protected area tourism on local communities using a resilience approach
Authors: Strickland-Munro Jennifer , Moore Susan
Published: June 2014

As the protected area mandate expands to include social equity, the impacts of parks and their tourism on neighbouring indigenous and local communities is receiving growing practical and theoretical interest. This article reported on one such study, which explored the impacts of protected area tourism on communities bordering the iconic Kruger National Park in South Africa and Purnululu National Park in Australia. The study drew on interviews with park staff, tourism operators and community members. Guided by a conceptual framework grounded in resilience thinking, interactions amongst the parks, tourism and local communities were revealed as complex, contested and multi-scalar. Underlying drivers included cultural norms and values based on nature, entrenched poverty, poor Western education and economic opportunities associated with tourism. Park tourism offered intrinsic opportunities and benefits from nature conservation and associated intangible cultural values. More tangible benefits arose through employment. Damage-causing animals and visitation difficulties were negative impacts. Interaction with tourists was limited, with a sense of disconnect evident. Findings indicated the need for multifaceted, carefully considered policy responses if social equity and benefits for local communities are to be achieved. Framing the impacts of protected area tourism through the resilience framework provided a useful way to access local community perceptions whilst retaining awareness of the broader multi-scalar context in which interactions occur. Conservation implications: Perceptions of separation and lack of education to engage in economic opportunities are major issues. Intrinsic appreciation of parks is an important platform for building future opportunities. Accrual of future benefits for local communities from park tourism depends on developing diverse economic opportunities, building community capacity and managing expectations and addressing economic disadvantage.
The development of a tourism research framework by South African National Parks to inform management
Authors: Biggs Duan , Swemmer Louise , Phillips Glen , Stevens Joep , Freitag Stefanie , Grant Rina
Published: June 2014

Tourism is critical source of financing for conservation in Africa. South African National Parks (SANParks) raises in excess of 80% of their own funds through tourism revenue. SANParks has a culture of co-learning between scientists and conservation managers through a process known as strategic adaptive management (SAM). Despite the critical role that tourism plays in SANParks, it has, until recently, not been formally incorporated in the SAM process. Moreover, SANParks recently adopted a new responsible tourism policy to guide the development and management of tourism across all national parks. The new policy calls for tourism that supports biodiversity conservation, is environmentally efficient and socially responsible. In 2011, SANParks initiated a tourism research programme to support the incorporation of tourism in SAM and to provide enabling information for the implementation of the responsible tourism policy. This article summarised the development of the tourism research programme in SANParks and its key research themes. Conservation implications: An active tourism research programme that integrates science and management is necessary for tourism to play a stronger role in delivering outcomes for conservation, neighbouring communities and broader society.
Tourism and protected areas: A growing nexus of challenge and opportunity
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Spenceley Anna
Published: June 2014

How to cite this article: McCool, S.F. & Spenceley, A., 2014, ‘Tourism and protected areas: A growing nexus of challenge and opportunity’, Koedoe 56(2), Art. #1221, 2 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1221
On the strange duality conjecture for abelian surfaces
Authors: Marian Alina , Oprea Dragos
Published: June 2014

We study Le Potier's strange duality conjecture for moduli spaces of sheaves over generic abelian surfaces. We prove the isomorphism for abelian surfaces which are products of elliptic curves, when the moduli spaces consist of sheaves of equal ranks and fiber degree 1. The birational type of the moduli space of sheaves is also investigated. Generalizations to arbitrary product elliptic surfaces are given.
Evaluation of Documentation Patterns of Trainees and Supervising Physicians Using Data Mining
Authors: Madhavan Ramesh , Tang Chi , Bhattacharya Pratik , Delly Fadi , Basha Maysaa M.
Published: June 2014

Background

The electronic health record (EHR) includes a rich data set that may offer opportunities for data mining and natural language processing to answer questions about quality of care, key aspects of resident education, or attributes of the residents' learning environment.

Objective

We used data obtained from the EHR to report on inpatient documentation practices of residents and attending physicians at a large academic medical center.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study of deidentified patient notes entered over 7 consecutive months by a multispecialty university physician group at an urban hospital. A novel automated data mining technology was used to extract patient note–related variables.

Results

A sample of 26 802 consecutive patient notes was analyzed using the data mining and modeling tool Healthcare Smartgrid. Residents entered most of the notes (33%, 8178 of 24 787) between noon and 4 pm and 31% (7718 of 24 787) of notes between 8 am and noon. Attending physicians placed notes about teaching attestations within 24 hours in only 73% (17 843 of 24 443) of the records. Surgical residents were more likely to place notes before noon (P < .001). Nonsurgical faculty were more likely to provide attestation of resident notes within 24 hours (P < .001).

Conclusions

Data related to patient note entry was successfully used to objectively measure current work flow of resident physicians and their supervising faculty, and the findings have implications for physician oversight of residents' clinical work. We were able to demonstrate the utility of a data mining model as an assessment tool in graduate medical education.
Using a Resident Discharge Clinic for Resident Education and Patient Care: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Booth Katrina A. , Vinci Lisa M. , Oyler Julie L. , Pincavage Amber T.
Published: June 2014

Background

Many patients in internal medicine resident continuity clinics experience difficulty accessing care, making posthospitalization ambulatory follow-up challenging. Experiential learning in care transitions is also lacking for residents.

Objective

We sought to assess the feasibility and impact of a weekly Resident Discharge Clinic (RDC) in increasing access to early posthospitalization follow-up and providing learning opportunities for residents.

Methods

We staffed the RDC with an ambulatory block resident, an internal medicine preceptor, and a clinical pharmacist. We assessed time to posthospitalization follow-up, readmission rates, and resident perceptions of postdischarge care for resident-clinic patients, comparing data before and after RDC implementation.

Results

There were 636 discharges in the baseline group, 662 during the intervention period, and 56 in the RDC group. Six months after RDC implementation, the percentage of discharged resident-clinic patients with follow-up within 7 days improved from 6.6% at baseline to 9.7% (P  =  .04). The mean interval to the posthospitalization follow-up appointment in the RDC group was 7.4 days compared with 33.9 days in the baseline group (P < .001). The percentage of surveyed residents (n  =  72) who agreed that early follow-up was easy to arrange increased from 21% to 77% (P < .001). There was no significant decrease in the 30-day readmission rate for patients in the RDC group (18.1% versus 12.5%, P  =  .29).

Conclusions

The RDC was easily implemented, increased access to timely posthospitalization follow-up, and provided a platform for resident learning about care transitions.
Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Female Infertility
Authors: Sheikh Maria
Published: June 2014

Ultrasound has made significant advancements in reproductive medicine, especially infertility of a female cause. It is a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of various disorders. Transvaginal ultrasonography in particular plays a vital role in infertility treatment as it allows for evaluation of normal and stimulated ovarian cycles, aspiration of follicles, and subsequent transfer of embryos. The use of color Doppler permits visualization of endometrial and intraovarian vessels, facilitating an understanding of normal and abnormal physiology of the uterus and ovaries. This article reviews a variety of case scenarios regarding female infertility that may be encountered in the practice of reproductive endocrinology. Ovarian causes such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, luteinized unruptured follicle, luteal phase defect, premature ovarian failure, and endometriosis, are discussed together with tubal and uterine causes of infertility. By using illustrative images, the reader will be able to correlate findings on B-mode, color Doppler and 3D ultrasound with various causes of female infertility.

How to cite this article

Sheikh M, Kupesic Plavsic S. Role of Ultrasound in the Assessment of Female Infertility. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(2):184-200.
Multi-objective parameter optimization of common land model using adaptive surrogate modelling
Authors: Gong W. , Duan Q. , Li J. , Wang C. , Di Z. , Dai Y. , Ye A. , Miao C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Parameter specification usually has significant influence on the performance of land surface models (LSMs). However, estimating the parameters properly is a challenging task due to the following reasons: (1) LSMs usually have too many adjustable parameters (20–100 or even more), leading to the curse of dimensionality in the parameter input space; (2) LSMs usually have many output variables involving water/energy/carbon cycles, so that calibrating LSMs is actually a multi-objective optimization problem; (3) regional LSMs are expensive to run, while conventional multi-objective optimization methods needs a huge number of model runs (typically 105~106). It makes parameter optimization computationally prohibitive. An uncertainty qualification framework was developed to meet the aforementioned challenges: (1) use parameter screening to reduce the number of adjustable parameters; (2) use surrogate models to emulate the response of dynamic models to the variation of adjustable parameters; (3) use an adaptive strategy to promote the efficiency of surrogate modeling based optimization; (4) use a weighting function to transfer multi-objective optimization to single objective optimization. In this study, we demonstrate the uncertainty quantification framework on a single column case study of a land surface model – Common Land Model (CoLM) and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework. The result indicated that this framework can achieve optimal parameter set using totally 411 model runs, and worth to be extended to other large complex dynamic models, such as regional land surface models, atmospheric models and climate models.
Spatio-temporal patterns of recent and future climate extremes in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region
Authors: Kostopoulou E. , Giannakopoulos C. , Hatzaki M. , Karali A. , Hadjinicolaou P. , Lelieveld J. , Lange M. A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Recent and future changes in temperature and precipitation climate extremes are estimated using the Hadley Centre PRECIS ("Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies") climate model for the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East region. The area of interest is considered vulnerable to extreme climate events as there is evidence for a temperature rise while precipitation tends to decline, suggesting likely effects on vital socioeconomic sectors in the region. Observations have been obtained for the recent period (1961–1990) and used to evaluate the model output. The spatial distribution of recent temporal trends in temperature indicates strong increasing in minimum temperature over the eastern Balkan Peninsula, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula. The rate of warming reaches 0.4–0.5 °C decade−1 in a large part of the domain, while warming is expected to be strongest in summer (0.6–0.7 °C decade−1) in the eastern Balkans and western Turkey. The trends in annual and summer maximum temperature are estimated at approximately 0.5 and 0.6 °C decade−1 respectively. Recent estimates do not indicate statistically significant trends in precipitation except for individual sub-regions. Results indicate a future warming trend for the study area over the last 30 years of the 21st century. Trends are estimated to be positive and statistically significant in nearly the entire region. The annual trend patterns for both minimum and maximum temperature show warming rates of approximately 0.4–0.6 °C decade−1, with pronounced warming over the Middle Eastern countries. Summer temperatures reveal a gradual warming (0.5–0.9 °C decade−1) over much of the region. The model projects drying trends by 5–30% in annual precipitation towards the end of the 21st century, with the number of wet days decreasing at the rate of 10–30 days year−1, while heavy precipitation is likely to decrease in the high-elevation areas by 15 days year−1.
Projecting flood hazard under climate change: an alternative approach to model chains
Authors: Delgado J. M. , Merz B. , Apel H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Flood hazard projections under climate change are typically derived by applying model chains consisting of the following elements: "emission scenario – global climate model – downscaling, possibly including bias correction – hydrological model – flood frequency analysis". To date, this approach yields very uncertain results, due to the difficulties of global and regional climate models to represent precipitation. The implementation of such model chains requires major efforts, and their complexity is high. We propose for the Mekong River an alternative approach which is based on a shortened model chain: "emission scenario – global climate model – non-stationary flood frequency model". The underlying idea is to use a link between the Western Pacific monsoon and local flood characteristics: the variance of the monsoon drives a non-stationary flood frequency model, yielding a direct estimate of flood probabilities. This approach bypasses the uncertain precipitation, since the monsoon variance is derived from large-scale wind fields which are better represented by climate models. The simplicity of the monsoon–flood link allows deriving large ensembles of flood projections under climate change. We conclude that this is a worthwhile, complementary approach to the typical model chains in catchments where a substantial link between climate and floods is found.
Study on multi-parameters of thermal infrared remote sensing anomalies of the Yushu earthquake
Authors: Lu X. , Meng Q. Y. , Gu X. F. , Zhang X. D. , Xiong P. , Ma W. Y. , Xie T.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Different temporal and special multi-parameters of infrared remote sensing anomalies of the Yushu earthquake, including the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and surface temperature from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were studied in this paper. All results confirmed previous observation of thermal anomalies in seismic region prior to this earthquake. Compared to the multi-parameter anomalies, the underground water temperature anomaly appeared first and lasted for the longest time; OLR anomalies reflected the radiation characteristics of the land surface medium as the first infrared parametric anomaly; TBB anomalies appearing later than OLR are abnormal because the results were converted by calculating the radiation value of the underlying surface; the third thermal anomaly was LST. NCEP temperature reflected the average atmosphere temperature with a certain vertical thickness, therefore it was the latest anomaly. The anomalies of OLR, TBB and LST lasted for a similar time length and were nearly located in the south or southwest of the epicenter.
Hydrostatic grounding line parameterization in ice sheet models
Authors: Seroussi H. , Morlighem M. , Larour E. , Rignot E. , Khazendar A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Modeling of grounding line migration is essential to simulate accurately the behavior of marine ice sheets and investigate their stability. Here, we assess the sensitivity of numerical models to the parameterization of the grounding line position. We run the MISMIP3D benchmark experiments using a two-dimensional shelfy-stream approximation (SSA) model with different mesh resolutions and different sub-element parameterizations of grounding line position. Results show that different grounding line parameterizations lead to different steady state grounding line positions as well as different retreat/advance rates. Our simulations explain why some vertically depth-averaged model simulations exhibited behaviors similar to full-Stokes models in the MISMIP3D benchmark, while the vast majority of simulations based on SSA showed results deviating significantly from full-Stokes results. The results reveal that differences between simulations performed with and without sub-element parameterization are as large as those performed with different approximations of the stress balance equations and that the reversibility test can be passed at much lower resolutions than the steady-state grounding line position. We conclude that fixed grid models that do not employ such a parameterization should be avoided, as they do not provide accurate estimates of grounding line dynamics, even at high spatial resolution. For models that include sub-element grounding line parameterization, a mesh resolution lower than 2 km should be employed.
The influence of internationalization on firm corporate social performance
Authors:   Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Departamento de Organización de Empresas y Marketing, Carretera de Utrera, Km.1, 41013, Sevilla. jagucar@upo.es, Aguilera Caracuel Javier , Delgado Márquez Blanca Luisa ,   Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Economía Internacional y de España, Campus de la Cartuja, S/N 1, 18071, Granada. bdelgado@ugr.es, Vidal Salazar María Dolores ,   3 Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Organización de Empresas, Campus de la Cartuja, S/N 1, 18071, Granada. lvidal@ugr.es
Published: June 2014

Recently, previous literature has paid special attention to study the relationship between firm internationalization and corporate social responsibility. In this research we examine the impact of internationalization on corporate social performance. Using a sample of 102 U.S. firms from the chemical, energy and industrial machinery industries, our results show that not all the dimensions of internationalization lead firms to enhance their level of social performance. Specifically, we can see that, whereas percentage of sales in foreign markets and cultural international diversification help firms to improve their level of social performance (complying with the different stakeholders’ social needs in each country where they operate), geographical international diversification is not related to corporate social performance. Thus, the number of geographical areas is not an important issue, but the degree of cultural international diversification between these areas what really influences firms’ corporate social performance. We discuss important implications for academia, managers and policy-makers as well.
How I Lost My Memory and Never Got It Back
Authors: Radulescu Domnica
Published: June 2014

This piece is a cross over memoir writing / short story that could also qualify as exilic writing. It emerges from my own experience of immigration and exile to the United States and in particular it tells the story of my last day in my native country of Romania before my escape in 1983. It also recounts  the wrenching episode of my passing through customs and leaving my country forever on a plane to Rome. The essay is about memory, the trauma of exile and the troubled journey of recerating myself as an immigrant straddling two different countries and cultures.
Hepatic failure induced by cyproterone acetate: A case report and literature review
Authors: Kim Jae Heon , Yoo Byung Wook , Yang Won Jae
Published: June 2014

Cyproterone acetate (CPA) is an anti-androgenic drug that has been used to manage prostate cancer. The drug is well-tolerated, but has hepatotoxic effects. Hepatic failure induced by CPA is rare and urologists tend to overlook its severity. We report a patient with metastatic prostate cancer who developed CPA-induced hepatic failure that manifested as bilirubinuria, which was initially misinterpreted as gross hematuria. The patient died despite receiving critical care. The aim of this study is to sound the alarm about CPA-induced hepatic failure.
Dis-Placed Travel
Authors: Besmer Kirk ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

In this paper, I pursue a postphenomenological analysis of navigating with GPS in an automobile. I argue that GPS use is essentially different from navigating with a map insofar as one need not establish nor maintain orientation and directionality. Also, GPS provides a disembodied, omniscient navigational perspective. These aspects stem from the fact that GPS relies on earth-orbiting satellites, thereby reinforcing the modern view of the space/place relation that privileges abstract space over concrete, lived places. Following a postphenomenological thesis that technologies are non-neutral mediators of human experience, I examine some important qualitative aspects of traveling with GPS.
Embodiment and Multi- versus Mono-Tasking in Driving-Celling
Authors: Ihde Don ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

In my discussion of the articles in this special issue of Techné I will relate the multiple perspectives on the phenomenon of driving-celling to the core debate, which concerns how this dual activity may be related to the need to have a concentrated focus, on the one hand, or to the possibility of a form of multitasking, on the other. The contributors show multiple perspectives on this phenomenon and draw from a range of authors on the roles of attention, embodiment and perception.
The Food Security Challenge for the Buffalo Meat Industry: Perspectives from Lao PDR
Authors: Nampanya Sonevilay , Young James , Bush Russell , Windsor Peter , Khounsy Syseng
Published: June 2014

The Asiatic swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an important livestock species in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos), with smallholder farmers owning the majority of an estimated 774,200 buffalo. Of the estimated 226,400 farm households with buffalo, 78% have a herd size of four or fewer, kept as a storage of wealth, sale for beef, for manure as fertilizer, and decreasingly, draught power. The total meat consumption in Laos and China was approximately 21 kg and 58 kg per capita in 2009, with an annual growth rate forecast of 4.5% and 3.1%. Increasing demand for meat in both domestic and neighboring markets offers opportunities for smallholders to gain more income from their livestock, particularly buffalo. However improving buffalo production requires numerous management constraints to be addressed, including: health issues (parasites and endemic diseases, particularly Toxocara vitulorum and Haemorrhagic Septicaemia control), biosecurity and transboundary disease (Foot and Mouth Disease control), nutritional deficits, low reproductive performance, high slaughter rates of pregnant cows, undeveloped trade and marketing systems, limited veterinary and extension service capacity, and potentially climate change and policy impacts. This paper reviews available information on these constraints to identify remaining gaps in knowledge and offer potentially suitable strategic interventions aimed at increasing the supply of buffalo in Laos. With the current rapid rate of economic development expected to continue in Laos and the Greater Mekong Subregion, expansion of the domestic and regional markets for food requires a more biosecure and sustainable supply of safe meat. Improving livestock health, productivity, processing and marketing, particularly of buffalo, is critical to ensuring poor smallholder communities can participate in and access these growing markets, providing improved rural livelihoods, poverty reduction and increased food security.
National Libraries' Traditional Collection Policy Facing Web Archiving
Authors: Shveiky Rivka , Bar-Ilan Judit
Published: June 2014

One of the main missions of a national library is to preserve the national creative works in printed and non-printed formats. In the 1990s, national libraries began to harvest and archive the national body of creative work that was published on the internet. The aim of the study was to examine to what extent national libraries implement their general collection policy when they establish a national web archive. The study, which was based on a qualitative approach, had three phases: examining the characteristics of a traditional collection policy of a national library; identifying the characteristics of a collection policy of a national library's web archive; and comparing the traditional collection characteristics with the national library's web archive characteristics. The results showed that although the libraries that were studied were from different regions of the world and various cultures, the characteristics of their traditional collections are similar. In contrast, the difference between their web archives is more significant. National libraries do not apply the traditional policy to the internet, and struggle to shape new rules for coping with web contents.
The National Library of Israel Renewal: Opening Access, Democratizing Knowledge, Fostering Culture
Authors: Blumberg David , Ukeles Raquel
Published: June 2014

The National Library of Israel (NLI), marking its 120th year, has launched a comprehensive renewal programme entailing a new facility that enables broad access to all users and an open digital library. Led by a coalition of public and private stakeholders, the NLI renewal programme has broadened the mandate of the Library beyond its earlier role as the humanities library of Hebrew University to serve as the national institution of memory both for the State of Israel and for the Jewish people worldwide. The NLI has also joined global efforts to disseminate knowledge through numerous cooperative digitization projects. The new facility will be located in Jerusalem's National District and will serve all segments of the population. The building's design will reflect the NLI's key principles of an open, inviting space that encourages both quiet study and opportunities for collaborative work. Artworks, exhibitions, and cultural programme spaces will facilitate cultural exchange based on the NLI's collections and treasures. The building will integrate technology throughout and will maintain high standards of ecological sustainability. Beyond a new facility, the NLI renewal programme outlines a broad spectrum of institutional changes. Key elements include the definition of four main collection areas (Judaica; Islam and the Middle East; Israel; and the Humanities); the cultivation of the NLI as a cultural hub and educational centre; and an ambitious digital strategy, particularly in the areas of the Hebrew language, Jewish heritage, and documenting Israeli society and history. Since 2011, the NLI has begun to implement these changes in preparation for the anticipated move to the new facility in 2018.
Training Requirements for Archivists, Librarians and Documentation Professionals in Spain and a Case Study at Complutense University
Authors: Simon L. Fernando Ramos , Avilés Rosario Arquero , Serrano Silvia Cobo
Published: June 2014

Libraries and Archives have long played an important role in social development. This paper presents an historical review of academic requirements for Library and Information Studies in Spain, from the granting of university status to the development of Spanish university training in Library and Information Science. The case of Complutense University is analysed with respect to both its historical evolution and its curricula, which have been adapted to European Union guidelines, specifically to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Other issues considered include the creation of the Faculty of Documentation Science at Complutense University, the new Degree in Information and Documentation and the Masters in Information Management, Libraries and Archives.
History, Fiction, and Public Opinion
Authors: Li Han
Published: June 2014

This paper examines a series of texts produced in the immediate aftermath of the executions of a highly controversial Ming general Mao Wenlong (1576–1629). Considered representative works of a unique genre, “shishi xiaoshuo” (novels on current events), these works were written and published at a remarkable speed and are characterized by a distinctive nature of generic hybridity as well as a strong urge for political intervention. This article discusses the sociopolitical implications of shishi xiaoshuo by examining how such works sought to participate in contemporary debates about controversial political figures or events and, ultimately, shape public opinion on them. In addition, it also demonstrates the interplay between fictional writings on contemporary issues and commercial publishing. By examining the textual features of the various works on Mao Wenlong and the intertextual relationships between them, and by situating them in one of the most complicated periods in Chinese history, this article explores the practice of fiction writing on contemporary events and its interplay with the sociopolitical environment in the early seventeenth century.
Beginnings of Indian and Chinese Calendrical Astronomy
Authors: Parpola Asko
Published: June 2014

Calendrical astronomy had a parallel but separate development in China and in India. Both were eventually lunisolar and utilized circumpolar stars, which made Ursa Major and the pole star ideologically important. Initially the Early Harappans could orient their towns according to cardinal directions and the sun probably symbolized the king. Their calendar was heliacal with Aldebaran as the new year star. Indus Civilization created the lunisolar calendar, the nakṣatras, started the new year with the Pleiades, used the gnomon, and knew planets (Dravidian names of stars and planets, preserved in Old Tamil, occur in Indus inscriptions). “Bull of Heaven” and “Sky Garment” were borrowings from Mesopotamia. The paper also deals with the heavenly crocodile and its connection with crocodile cult, the Śunaḥśepa legend, and God Varuṇa’s heavenly banyan tree, which is connected with the pole star’s Dravidian name and its function in Purāṇic cosmology.
Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons: Nature, Literature, and the Arts. By Haruo Shirane
Authors: Pinnington Noel John
Published: June 2014

Japan and the Culture of the Four Seasons: Nature, Literature, and the Arts. By Haruo Shirane. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. Pp. xviii + 311. $29 (cloth).
Rethinking Early Medieval India: A Reader. Edited by Upinder Singh
Authors: Ali Daud
Published: June 2014

Rethinking Early Medieval India: A Reader. Edited by Upinder Singh. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. xiv + 354. Rs. 1240.
Politische Strukturen im Guptareich (300–550 n.Chr.). By Fred Virkus; and The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods. By Michael Willis
Authors: Francis Emmanuel , Griffiths Arlo
Published: June 2014

Politische Strukturen im Guptareich (300–550 n.Chr.). By Fred Virkus. Asien- und Afrika-Studien der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, vol. 18. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2004. Pp. x + 319. €78.

The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods. By Michael Willis. Pp. xiv + 375. Cambridge: caMBridge university Press, 2009. £50.
Making of a Modern Indian Artist-Craftsman: Devi Prasad. By Naman P. AhuJa, with contributions by Krishna Kumar, Kristine Michael, Bob Overy, and Sunand Prasad
Authors: Cort John E.
Published: June 2014

The Making of a Modern Indian Artist-Craftsman: Devi Prasad. By Naman P. AhuJa, with contributions by Krishna Kumar, Kristine Michael, Bob Overy, and Sunand Prasad. New Delhi: Routledge, 2012. Pp. 320, 392 illustrations. Rs. 2495.
Book of Ezekiel and Mesopotamian City Laments. By Donna Lee Petter
Authors: Becking Bob
Published: June 2014

The Book of Ezekiel and Mesopotamian City Laments. By Donna Lee Petter. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 246. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2011. Pp. xv + 198. SF 56.64.
Umm el-Qaab VII: Private Stelae of the Early Dynastic Period from the Royal Cemetery at Abydos. By Geoffrey Thorndike Martin
Authors: Leprohon Ronald J.
Published: June 2014

Umm el-Qaab VII: Private Stelae of the Early Dynastic Period from the Royal Cemetery at Abydos. By Geoffrey Thorndike Martin. DAI Cairo, Archäologische Veröffentlichungen, vol. 123. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011. Pp. 219, 90 plts. €128.
Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck: Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Edited by Andrea Jördens and Joachim Friedrich Quack
Authors: Monson Andrew
Published: June 2014

Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck: Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Edited by Andrea Jördens and Joachim Friedrich Quack. Philippika, vol. 45. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011. Pp. ix + 338, illus. €58.
Formation of Islamic Hermeneutics: How Sunni Legal Theorists Imagined a Revealed Law. By David Vishanoff
Authors: Shamsy Ahmed El
Published: June 2014

The Formation of Islamic Hermeneutics: How Sunni Legal Theorists Imagined a Revealed Law. By David Vishanoff. American Oriental Series, vol. 93. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 2011. Pp. xxi + 318. $46.
Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. By Kristen Stilt
Authors: Fadel Mohammad
Published: June 2014

Islamic Law in Action: Authority, Discretion, and Everyday Experiences in Mamluk Egypt. By Kristen Stilt. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. Pp. xv + 238. $100.
Saladin. By Anne-Marie Eddé. Translated by Jane Marie Todd
Authors: Christie Niall
Published: June 2014

Saladin. By Anne-Marie Eddé. Translated by Jane Marie Todd. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011. Pp. xvii + 660, illus. $35.
Back Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: June 2014

Back matter
Prenatal Findings in Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Authors: Ganesan Suguna , Brook Michael M. , Silverman Norman H. , Moon-Grady Anita J.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

Optimal perinatal management of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) involves timely identification followed by surgical correction. Antenatal diagnosis, however, has long been a challenge. We aimed to identify consistent prenatal sonographic features in this condition in a large cohort in whom the diagnosis was made antenatally and confirmed postnatally.

Methods

We conducted a systematic retrospective review of the 2‐dimensional and Doppler sonographic features that had helped make the diagnosis of TAPVR at our institution from 2001 to 2012.

Results

Twenty‐six patients had prenatal diagnosis of TAPVR (mean gestational age, 24.1 weeks). Four of the fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis represented isolated cases of TAPVR; 22 had heterotaxy syndrome, additional cardiac abnormalities, or both. Prenatally diagnosed abnormal pulmonary venous connections were supracardiac (type I) in 18 cases, cardiac (type II) in 1, and infradiaphragmatic (type III) in 7. Lack of a visible connection of the pulmonary veins to the atrium (100%) and the presence of a visible venous confluence on axial 4‐chamber views (96%) were the most consistent findings. Cardiac asymmetry and the presence of additional vertical venous channels on 3‐vessel or axial abdominal views were also noted but less consistently. Abnormal pulmonary venous spectral Doppler findings were present in 25 of the 26 fetuses.

Conclusions

The diagnosis of TAPVR can be suspected on standard axial views included in second‐trimester obstetric screening examinations of the fetal heart and confirmed on fetal echocardiography with the use of pulsed wave Doppler imaging. Clues recognizable on obstetric sonographic screening have the potential to contribute to increasing the diagnostic yield for prenatal detection of TAPVR.
Correlation Between Maximum Intensity and Microvessel Density for Differentiation of Malignant From Benign Thyroid Nodules on Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography
Authors: Jiang Jue , Shang Xu , Zhang Hongli , Ma Wenqi , Xu Yongbo , Zhou Qi , Gao Ya , Yu Shanshan , Qi Yanhua
Published: June 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate contrast‐enhanced sonography for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules by analyzing the correlation between maximum intensity and microvessel density.

Methods

From February 2010 to May 2012, 122 patients (85 female and 37 male; mean age ± SD, 45 ± 9.1 years) with thyroid nodules (62 papillary thyroid carcinomas, 30 nodular goiters, and 30 adenomas) that underwent routine thyroid sonography and were diagnosed by surgery were included in this study. Contrast‐enhanced sonography was performed, and enhancement patterns were classified into 3 groups: high, equal, and low enhancement. As a time‐intensity curve parameter, the correlation of maximum intensity with CD31 and CD34 microvessel density counts was analyzed.

Results

On contrast‐enhanced sonography, most patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas showed a heterogeneous low enhancement pattern, whereas most patients with nodular goiters showed an equal enhancement pattern, and patients with adenomas showed a high enhancement pattern. The detection of papillary thyroid carcinomas with low enhancement had sensitivity of 96.8%, specificity of 95.0%, and accuracy of 95.9%. Compared with the papillary thyroid group, the mean microvessel density counts were significantly higher in the nodular goiter and adenoma groups (P< .05). We also found that the maximum intensity was significantly associated with CD31 and CD34 counts (CD31, r = 0.963; P < .01; CD34, r = 0.968; P < .01).

Conclusions

Maximum intensity has a significant relationship with microvessel density. Contrast‐enhanced sonography is a practical and convenient means for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules.
Synthesis of 5′‐O‐DMT‐2′‐O‐TBS Mononucleosides Using an Organic Catalyst
Authors: Lee Sunggi , Blaisdell Thomas P. , Kasaplar Pinar , Sun Xixi , Tan Kian L.
Published: June 2014

This unit describes a highly effective method to produce 5′‐O‐DMT‐2′‐O‐TBS mononucleosides selectively using a small organic catalyst. This methodology avoids the tedious protection/deprotection strategy necessary to differentiate the 2′‐ and 3′‐hydroxyl groups in a ribonucleoside. The catalyst was synthesized in two steps, starting from the condensation of valinol and cyclopentyl aldehyde, followed by anionic addition of N‐methylimidazole. Ring closure of the amino alcohol with N,N‐dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal in methanol furnishes the catalyst. All four 2′‐O‐TBS protected mono‐nucleosides, U, ABz, GIb, and CAc, were produced in a single step using 10 to 20 mol% of the catalyst at room temperature with excellent yields and selectivity. Further transformation to phosphoramidite demonstrates the utility of this protocol in the preparation of monomers useful for automated synthesis of RNA. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 57.2.17.1‐2.17.11. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whistler interaction with field‐aligned density irregularities in the ionosphere: Refraction, diffraction, and interference
Authors: Woodroffe J. R. , Streltsov A. V.
Published: June 2014

Field‐aligned density irregularities (FAI) with kilometer‐scale sizes transverse to the background magnetic field are a common feature in the ionosphere at all latitudes and local times. In this paper, we investigate the effect of these irregularities on the transionospheric propagation of very low frequency whistler waves and develop a quantitative description of FAI‐related effects on whistler propagation through the lower ionosphere. Using an electron magnetohydrodynamics simulation, we provide two applications of our model. First, we show that the presence of kilometer‐scale FAI in the ionosphere can reduce the power observed in the equatorial magnetosphere by more than 10 dB in some cases. Second, we demonstrate that multiple FAIs can act as a discrete lens for whistlers, providing a possible means for increasing wave power in artificial whistler ducting experiments.
Estimation of the barrier layer thickness in the Indian Ocean using Aquarius Salinity
Authors: Felton Clifford S. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Murty V. S. N. , Shriver Jay F.
Published: June 2014

Monthly barrier layer thickness (BLT) estimates are derived from satellite measurements using a multilinear regression model (MRM) within the Indian Ocean. Sea surface salinity (SSS) from the recently launched Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius SAC‐D salinity missions are utilized to estimate the BLT. The MRM relates BLT to sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST), and sea surface height anomalies (SSHA). Three regions where the BLT variability is most rigorous are selected to evaluate the performance of the MRM for 2012; the Southeast Arabian Sea (SEAS), Bay of Bengal (BoB), and Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO). The MRM derived BLT estimates are compared to gridded Argo and Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) BLTs. It is shown that different mechanisms are important for sustaining the BLT variability in each of the selected regions. Sensitivity tests show that SSS is the primary driver of the BLT within the MRM. Results suggest that salinity measurements obtained from Aquarius and SMOS can be useful for tracking and predicting the BLT in the Indian Ocean. Largest MRM errors occur along coastlines and near islands where land contamination skews the satellite SSS retrievals. The BLT evolution during 2012, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the current model are discussed. BLT estimations using HYCOM simulations display large errors that are related to model layer structure and the selected BLT methodology.