bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Displacement/Strain Fields in Metal Coatings Deposited on Ceramic Substrates by Thermal Spraying
Authors: Golański Dariusz , Dymny Grzegorz , Kujawińska Małgorzata , Chmielewski Tomasz
Published: August 2015

The paper presents the initial results of application of the high sensitivity grating interferometry (GI) method in order to measure the displacement and strain fields in copper and titanium coatings thermally sprayed onto alumina ceramic (Al2O3). The residual stresses had been relieved by iterative cutting method, which was applied twice. The displacement maps of u and v were measured after each cut and εxx and εyy maps were calculated. The results clearly show the presence of εxx strains relieved along the second cut. The comparison of both samples confirmed that residual strains in Ti/Al2O3 are more significant than in Cu/Al2O3 system. The result after relevant postprocessing had been supplemented with the sub-surface principal residual stresses measured in the selected point by the x-ray diffraction method and curvature measurements.
Experimental Investigation of GFRP Laminate Thin-Walled Column Subjected to Uniform Compression
Authors: Czapski Paweł , Kubiak Tomasz , Urbaniak Mariusz
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the results of experimental investigation of thin-walled GFRP laminate columns with square cross-section subjected to uniform compression. Column under consideration are made of eight ply laminate with different quasi-isotropic layer arrangement. The following three cases of layers arrangement are taken into consideration: CS1 [45/-45/45/-45]S, CS2 [45/-45/0/0]Sand CS3 [45/-45/45/0]S. The analysed columns have the length of 250 mm and following cross-section dimensions (width × height × thickness of the wall): 82 × 82 × 2.08 mm.The main aim of experimental investigation has been to compare the way of buckling load and postbuckling behaviour determinations. The layer arrangement influence on buckling load and postbuckling stiffness have been also checked. Two different methods (P-w2method and "inflection point" method) of determining buckling forcePcrand two different measurement technique (i.e. strain-gauges technique and stereographic transformations technique) have been employed.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations for the Controlled Rotary Damper Dynamically Interacting with the Electromechanical Rotating System
Authors: Konowrocki Robert , Pręgowska Agnieszka , Szolc Tomasz
Published: August 2015

In the paper dynamic electromechanical coupling between the structural model of the rotating machine drive system and the circuit model of the asynchronous motor has been investigated. By means of the computer model of the rotating machine drive system the results of experimental testing have been confirmed. From the obtained results of computations and measurements it follows that the coupling between the considered rotating system and the installed rotary dampers with the magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) results in effective energy dissipation leading to significant reduction of undesired torsional vibrations.
Influence of Boundary Conditions on the Critical and Failure Load in the GFPR Channel Cross-Section Columns Subjected to Compression
Authors: Urbaniak Mariusz , Teter Andrzej , Kubiak Tomasz
Published: August 2015

Thin-walled structures are widely used in building structures such as thin-walled vessels or storage tower, beam-columns of houses and halls, as components for cars, boats or airplanes and in sport industry. These types of structures are made not only as steel, but nowadays of composite materials.This paper deals with buckling and postbuckling behaviour and presents the experimental results for thin-walled composite columns with channel cross-section subjected to compression.
Experimental Research on Vibrating Head Elastomer Elements Supported with Magnetorheological Elastomer for the Purpose of its Regulation
Authors: Miedzińska Danuta , Bogusz Paweł , Gieleta Roman
Published: August 2015

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) belong to the group of so-called smart materials, which respond to an external stimulus by changing their viscoelastic properties.The vibration head will be modified with the MRE regulation system. The elastomer pillows will be enhanced with MRE and the regulation system (coils).The main idea of the modification is to increase an effectiveness of the vibrator work by the regulation that will stable the vibrations in the resonance frequency. It will be caused by the changeable stiffness of MRE elements under magnetic field.The aim of presented study is to research the influence of MREs cured under the magnetic fields on the strength properties of the elastomer pillow.
Research on the Surface Deformability of Reinforced Concrete Beams with the Use of Digital Image Correlation Method
Authors: Ostromecki Rafal , Suprynowicz Karol
Published: August 2015

The results of experimental research on a single span reinforced concrete beams are presented in the paper. The study was undertaken to explain some issues, amongst which the most important one was the recognition of strain distribution in the shear zone of RC beams. It was decided to adopt the modified Digital Image Correlation Method (DIC) and the software created by K. Suprynowicz to follow the surface deformations. This was the first application of the software to the concrete structures behaviour analysis. Hence, another aim of the study was to confirm the proper susceptibility and usefulness of this tool for further research on concrete elements. What’s more the scope of the software future development was defined, that would allow for observation of some particular phenomena characteristic for concrete, like cracking. Finally, the conclusion is presented, that application of the proposed variant of DIC method to concrete structures is promising, although for the recognition of shear strain distribution it requires increasing the accuracy by increasing spatial resolution of images and modifications of the software.
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Rat Aorta Using Ring-Shaped Specimen
Authors: Kowalik Michał , Pyrzanowska Justyna , Piechal Agnieszka , Blecharz-Klin Kamilla , Widy-Tyszkiewicz Ewa , Obszański Marcin , Suprynowicz Karol , Pyrzanowski Paweł
Published: August 2015

Ring-shaped specimen is commonly used in tests for determination of mechanical properties for arteries in hoop direction, especially for small mammals such as rats or mice. Although ring test is a lot more convenient than the tests concerning strip specimens, interpretation of the experimental data might be inconclusive – it is difficult distinguish whether it's still straightening up or the actual tension begins. The basic problem is to properly define initial length of specimen, which is essential for strain calculation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate various methods for strain evaluation. Ten Wistar Albino Glaxo male rats (3 months old, body weight about 200g) were sacrificed by decapitation and arteries were immediately removed. Three specimens, each approximately 2–3mm long, from each rat were excised adjacent to the aortic arch. Couple different initial lengths, as well as Digital Image Correlation based extensometer results were used for strain-stress response calculations. In addition a 3D Finite Element model, with an Ogden constitutive model based material, was made for deeper investigation of specimen behavior. This study has shown that the testing procedure for determination of mechanical properties of arteries, based on ring-shaped specimen, is prone to errors. Stiffness calculations are very sensitive to the choice of initial length of the specimen. As the use of DIC proved to give very good correlation with experimental data this method will be used in further studies.
Application of 3-D Laser Scanning Vibrometer in Determination of Free Vibration Frequencies of Composite Plates with Damage
Authors: Samborski Sylwester , Smagowski Wojciech , Teter Andrzej , Chodurski Marek
Published: August 2015

The paper deals with experimental estimation of the frequencies of free vibrations for composite plates with damage. Two different glass-epoxy composite plates with damage were tested and their mechanical behavior was compared with their non-damaged counterparts. Dynamical properties of the tested structures were examined with the Laser Scanning Vibrometer. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed simultaneously for free vibration frequencies and mode shapes. The numerical results agreed well with the experiment.
Analysis of the Crack Propagation Process in Concrete Beams Reinforced with BFRP Bars Using Digital Image Correlation Method
Authors: Urbański Marek , Łapko Andrzej , Suprynowicz Karol
Published: August 2015

Application of the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) method for the analysis of crack initiation and propagation in RC beams reinforced by BFRP bars (Basalt Fibre Reinforced Polymer) is presented in the paper. Two dimensional, single camera DIC system was used to observe strain and crack distribution in such RC beams loaded using four point bending setup. BFRP bars have arose as an alternative to steel bars for RC (Reinforcement Concrete) members in aggressive environments. The low modulus of elasticity of BFRP bars lead on to large crack widths and, as a result, the design of BFRP Reinforced Concrete beams is often governed by SLS (Serviceability Limit State) criterion. Due to this it is necessary to explore specific crack propagation in concrete beams. Process of such beams degradation can be identified by comparison of strains and displacements obtained by DIC method, with the database of experiment results.
Experimental Analysis of the Aerodynamics of Long-Shrouded Contrarotating Rotor in Hover
Authors: Huo Chao , Barènes Roger , Gressier Jérémie
Published: August 2015

This paper aims to quantify the benefits of a shrouded coaxial rotor configuration through experimental comparisons with free (not shrouded) rotors in hover. The experiment shows that both the figure of merit of contrarotating rotors and the system power loading are improved by the
shroud inclusion. Improvements are induced by a suction effect at the inlet, which can be optimized by a regulation effect of the mass flow. Compared to free rotors, the strong suction peak formed on the shroud leading edge by a 65% increase in mass flow, allowing the shroud to contribute
up to 56% of the total thrust. More uniform pressure distribution in the downstream rotor and less contraction of the slipstream decrease losses and increase the rotor efficiency. The shrouded system efficiency is further improved if the upstream rotor rotates slower than the rear one, for
a given total shaft power, because a stronger pressure depression occurs upstream of the rotors to generate more mass flow. On the other hand, the system behavior is insensitive to the interrotor distance.
Pseudosmittia fabioi Boggero, Zaupa & Rossaro, 2014 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae) a new junior synonym of Prosmittia verae Krasheninnikov & Makarchenko, 2008
Authors: Rossaro B. , Zaupa S. , Boggero A.
Published: August 2015

Pseudosmittia fabioi Boggero, Zaupa & Rossaro, 2014 was found to be conspecific with Prosmittia verae Krasheninnikov & Makarchenko, 2008 after examination of original description and illustrations. Accordingly, Ps. fabioi is placed in junior synonymy with Pr. verae, new synonymy. The transfer of Ps. fabioi to the genus Prosmittia allows to state that the female of Ps. fabioi (Boggero et al., 2014) is the first description of the female of the genus Prosmittia.
A buffering and standard addition technique as an aid in the comprehensive analysis of silicates by atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Foscolos A E , Barefoot R R
Published: August 2015

Silicate standards were fused with boric acid-lithium carbonate flux and then dissolved in dilute nitric acid. The chemical and/ or ionization interferences of calcium, magnesium and potassium which occur in atomic absorption spectroscopy are overcome by the
combined use of buffering and standard addition (spiking). The method provides an exact measure of the reduced interferences and minimizes the use of expensive lanthanum compounds. The results compare favourably with those obtained on the same samples by analysts using other
techniques.
The pyroxene granulites of the Mount Wright map area, Quebec - Newfoundland
Authors: Roach R A , Duffell S
Published: August 2015

An assemblage of pyroxene-bearing granulite facies rocks occurring in the Superior province of the Canadian Shield immediately north of the Grenville front in the Mount Wright area, Quebec, has characteristics similar to those of charnockitic rocks from other
Precambrian areas of the world. These rocks vary from leucocratic varieties composed essentially of alkali feldspar and quartz with more than 75 per cent silica to mafic pyroxene-rich varieties with less than 50 percent silica. Most common varieties are quartz pyroxene-plagioclase granulites of
intermediate composition and others with a granodiorite composition. The geological setting, mode of occurrence, distinguishing features, and characteristic minerals of these rocks are described as well as the petrography of the various types. As these high-grade rocks arc traced southward toward
the Grenville front, they become progressively more recrystallized owing to later retrograde metamorphism related to the Grenville orogeny. Along the front the granulites have been converted to horn blende and biotite-bearing gneisses and schists similar to the almandine-amphibolite facies rocks
within the Grenville province. The mineralogical changes involved in this retrograde metamorphism are described. Petrogenesis of the granulites is dealt with and the role of the variables, temperature, water vapour pressure, and rock pressure, is discussed in relation to the nature of the feldspars,
the presence of hydroxyl-bearing minerals, and the fabric of the granulites. The status of charnockite nomenclature is considered in the light of the reinterpretation of the type area at Madras by Subramanian (1959) and the literature on the mode of origin of such rocks is reviewed. The authors
propose a non-genetic classification in order to overcome previous confusion and place greater emphasis on chemical composition and the position of these rocks within the metamorphic facies concept.
Precambrian fossils, pseudofossils and problematica in Canada
Authors: Hofmann H J
Published: August 2015

The literature of the last 100 years contains reports of biologic, or possibly biologic, Precambrian remains in Canada. The reported structures can be grouped according to whether they are fossils, pseudofossils (inorganic), or problematica (of undetermined
origins); and whether they are Precambrian or not Precambrian. For discussion purposes, five convenient categories are considered here: macropseudofossils and macro-problematica, macrofossils, microfossils, micro-problematica, and stromatolites (including oncolites). Stromatolites are the most
widespread structural evidence of Precambrian biologic activity, occurring in almost every part of Canada where Precambrian sedimentary basins are preserved; they range from Late Archean(?) (Cryptozoon walcotti from the Steeprock Group) through the Proterozoic. Microfossils provide direct evidence
of the morphologic expressions of Precambrian biota, but are at present known assuredly only from the Aphebian Gunflint Formation of the north shore of Lake Superior and the Hadrynian Hector Formation of the Rocky Mountains. Micro-problematica include three reported finds from the Archean and
Proterozoic rocks. Macrofossils comprise one occurrence of Metazoa in the Conception Group (Hadrynian) of Newfoundland, and a small number of structures of biologic origin (trace and body fossils) from the Precambrian- Cambrian boundary zone, or from rocks originally considered Precambrian but now
known to be Phanerozoic or probably Phanerozoic. Macro-pseudofossils and macro-problematica make up the largest number of described forms; they are chiefly from Proterozoic rocks of Ontario, Quebec, and the Atlantic Provinces. Included here, besides unnamed structures, are the following named
forms.
Fundamental rights and religion: The space between Cathedral and Parliament
Authors: Breytenbach Cilliers
Published: August 2015

This history of exclusion from basic rights in South Africa until fundamental rights of every individual were entrenched in the constitution illustrates that respect for sanctity of every person is the basis of the freedom of all the people of South Africa and that all religious communities should protect the Bill of Rights. Neither confessional nor denominational considerations should be put to the fore; the focus should fall instead on the common concern of all religions for the sanctity of the individual.
Richard Murphy: Autobiography and the Connemara landscape
Authors: Meihuizen Elsa
Published: August 2015

It could be argued that an important feature of Richard Murphy’s work, and of his identity as a poet is the relationship between the creative self and a particular place, where ‘place’ should be understood as referring not just to physical qualities of the natural environment, but in a broader sense to denote an environment in which everything is interrelated and connected, and in which there is no sharp division between the natural and the human. The landscape providing inspiration for Murphy’s poetic imagination is the landscapes and seascapes of Connemara in north-west Ireland. In 1959 he settled in this environment which was to be his base for the next 20 years and from this period and this location emanated the bulk of his poetic oeuvre. For Murphy committing to a life of writing poetry necessarily means being in the Connemara landscape. Returning to this environment in adulthood represents a quest for recovering childhood feelings, of belonging and love, as connected to particular places. Murphy’s Connemara poems could be read as an account of this process of re-placement, as a type of autobiographical text in which the artist creates a ‘double portrait’: in writing about the landscape he also writes about himself, creating a place-portrait which is, at the same time, a self-portrait.
Resonances and lower resolvent bounds
Authors: Datchev Kiril , Dyatlov Semyon , Zworski Maciej
Published: August 2015

We show how the presence of resonances close to the real axis implies exponential lower bounds on the norm of the cut-off resolvent on the real axis.
Seasonal and diurnal trends in black carbon properties and co-pollutants in Mexico City
Authors: Retama A. , Baumgardner D. , Raga G. B. , McMeeking G. R. , Walker J. W.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA) is a region that continues to grow in population and vehicular traffic as well as being the largest source of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) in Latin America. The local city government has made significant progress in controlling some of these pollutants, i.e., ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO), but particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and black carbon (BC) have shown a less positive response to mitigation strategies that have been in place for almost 3 decades. For the first time, extended measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC), derived from light absorption measurements, have been made using a Photoacoustic Extinctiometer (PAX) over a 13 month period from March 2013 through March 2014. The daily trends in workdays (Monday through Saturday) and Sunday eBC, PM2.5 and the co-pollutants CO, O3 and NOx are evaluated with respect to the three primary seasons in the MCMA: rainy, cold and dry and warm and dry. The maximum values in all of the particle and gas concentrations were significantly larger (Student's t test, P < 0.05) during the dry periods than in the rainy season. The changes from rainy to dry seasons for eBC, PM2.5, CO, O3 and NOx were 8.8 to 13.1 μg m−3 (40 %), 49 to 73 μg m−3 (40 %), 2.5 to 3.8 ppm (40 %), 73 to 100 ppb (30 %) and 144 to 252 ppb (53 %), respectively. The primary factors that lead to these large changes between the wet and dry seasons are the accelerated vertical mixing of boundary layer and free tropospheric air by the formation of clouds that dilutes the concentration of the SLCPs, the decreased actinic flux that reduces the production of ozone by photochemical reactions and the heavy, almost daily rain that removes particulate matter. A significant "weekend effect" was also identified, particularly the decrease in BC due to fewer large transport vehicles that are fueled by diesel, which produces a large fraction of the BC. The other co-pollutant concentrations are also significantly less on weekends except for O3 that shows no change in maximum values from workdays to Sundays. This lack of change is a result of the balancing effects of lower precursor gases, i.e., VOCs, offset by lower concentrations of NOx, that is an O3 inhibitor. A comparison of the average maximum value of eBC measured during the 1 year period of the current study, with maximum values measured in shorter field campaigns in 2000 and 2006, shows no significant change in the eBC emissions over a 14 year period. This suggests that new methods may need to be developed that can decrease potentially toxic levels of this particulate pollutant.
Estimating of total atmospheric water vapor content from MSG1-SEVIRI observations
Authors: Labbi A. , Mokhnache A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this work, we proposed a methodology to estimate total atmospheric water vapor content (TAWV) from observations of the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) on board the first Meteosat Second Generation satellite (MSG1). The method used is called the split-window technique which requires only the data from the channels IR10.8 and IR12, therefore this method not requires any ancillary data. This method is based on the MSG1 observations of the same geographic location over land at two slightly different times during a period when the ground temperature is changing rapidly. The main contribution of the present work is to consider that the relationship between TAWV and the ratio of the two split-window channel transmittances (τ12/τ10.8) is a quadratic formula, this assumption is based on the "Roberts" approach simulations using MSG1-SEVIRI filter response functions for a 2311 atmospheric situations from the TIGR dataset. For validation, we have examined the accuracy of the TAWV estimated in this work by comparison with the data obtained from radiosonde and from aerosol robotic network (AERONET). On the one hand, the comparison with the radiosonde data show that the root mean square error (RMSE) equals 0.66 g cm−2, the standard deviation (SD) equals 0.59 g cm−2 and the correlation coefficient (R) equals 0.79. On the other hand, the comparison with the AERONET data show that the RMSE equals 0.42 g cm−2, the SD equals 0.29 g cm−2 and the R equals 0.82. Also, the comparison with another method demonstrates that the spatial variation of TAWV here is reasonable. We have concluded in this study that the TAWV can be determined from the MSG1-SEVIRI observations with accuracy acceptable which can be used for climate change research.
Sediment source attribution from multiple land use systems with CSIA
Authors: Alewell C. , Birkholz A. , Meusburger K. , Schindler Wildhaber Y. , Mabit L.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. As sediment loads impact freshwater systems and infrastructure, their origin in complex landscape systems is of crucial importance for optimization of catchment management. We differentiated sediment source contribution to a lowland river in Central Switzerland in using compound specific stable isotopes analysis (CSIA). We found a clear distinction of sediment sources originating from forest and agricultural land use. We suggest to generally reduce uncertainty of sediment source attribution, in (i) aiming for approaches with least possible data complexity to reduce analytical effort as well as refraining from undetected source attribution and/or tracer degradation obscured by complex high data demanding modelling approaches, (ii) to use compound content (in our case long chain fatty acid (FA)) rather than soil organic matter content when converting isotopic signature to soil contribution and (iii) to restrict evaluation to the long-chain FAs (C22:0 to C30:0) not to introduce errors due to aquatic contributions from algae and microorganisms. Results showed unambiguously that during base flow agricultural land contributed up to 65 % of the suspended sediments, while forest was the dominant sediment source during high flow, which indicates that during base and high flow conditions connectivity of sediment source areas with the river change. Our findings are the first results highlighting significant differences in compound specific stable isotope (CSSI) signature and quantification of sediment sources from land uses dominated by C3 plant cultivation.
Mobile Networks: Visualizing the Global Refugee Regime
Authors: Sherry Bennett Gabriel
Published: August 2015

This article identifies conceptual issues surrounding the visualization of refugee movement in relation to state borders. It argues that social-network-analysis software provides a tool for the creation of visualizations of human movement that are removed from geolocation. Such a method disassociates forced migration from preconceived notions about the importance of geographical proximity and the fixity of state borders. This article provides some brief examples of ways that these methods might be utilized to graph and visualize aspects of the global refugee regime. The global-scale, transnational conceptualization and new visualizations show networks of movement centered on new inter-state communities and highlights the role of non-state actors.
Demographic Models for Projecting Population and Migration: Methods for African Historical Analysis
Authors: Manning Patrick , Nickleach Scott , Yi Bowen , McGill Brian
Published: August 2015

This study presents methods for projecting population and migration over time in cases were empirical data are missing or undependable. The methods are useful for cases in which the researcher has details of population size and structure for a limited period of time (most obviously, the end point), with scattered evidence on other times. It enables estimation of population size, including its structure in age, sex, and status, either forward or backward in time. The program keeps track of all the details. The calculated data can be reported or sampled and compared to empirical findings at various times and places to expected values based on other procedures of estimation. The application of these general methods that is developed here is the projection of African populations backwards in time from 1950, since 1950 is the first date for which consistently strong demographic estimates are available for national-level populations all over the African continent. The models give particular attention to migration through enslavement, which was highly important in Africa from 1650 to 1900. Details include a sensitivity analysis showing relative significance of input variables and techniques for calibrating various dimensions of the projection with each other. These same methods may be applicable to quite different historical situations, as long as the data conform in structure to those considered here.
World-Historical Gazetteer
Authors: Manning Patrick
Published: August 2015

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Complexities in Creating and Defining Topical Metadata Practices for a World-Historical Data Resource
Authors: Sutherland Tonia
Published: August 2015

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The Data Hoover Project
Authors: Arksey Marieka , Mostern Ruth
Published: August 2015

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The Influence of the Firm’s Career-Website on Job-Seekers’ Intentions to the Firm
Authors: Stone Robert W. , Baker-Eveleth Lori , Eveleth Daniel
Published: August 2015

Currently organizations rely on its websites to engage and inform job-seekers, and as the primary method for job-seekers to submit applications for screening (Thompson, Braddy & Wuensch, 2008). Therefore a website must be able to influence job-seekers to react positively to perform behaviors such as submitting an application, returning to the site, recommending the company or site to others, and to engage the organization by transitioning to the organization’s social-media sites. Whether or not a job-seeker performs these behaviors is largely a function of the experience with the website. Understanding the website-related factors affecting a job-seeker’s intentions and subsequent behavior is, therefore, critical to the firm. The sample consisted of 199 usable responses and the results show website aesthetics, content and ease of use influence respondents’ intentions, indirectly, through perceived usefulness of the site. Social norms toward the firm have a significant, positive influence on respondents’ intentions.
Hobbes' Problem
Authors: Stone Peter
Published: August 2015

This paper considers the contribution positive political theory has made to the resolution of “Hobbes' Problem”—the problem of describing the nature of artificial persons, such as states. This problem plays a central role in both empirical and normative work in political science. Several areas of positive political theory, most notably social choice theory, have shed light on Hobbes' Problem, and the results have been generally negative. That is to say, they have suggested that the conditions necessary to generate an artificial collective agent out of the individual agents comprising it may be impossible to satisfy, at least if this is done in a nontrivial way. While efforts to establish the possibility of a collective agent continue—notably in recent work by Christian List and Philip Pettit—the primary accomplishment of positive political theory has been to raise the question of whether Hobbes' Problem can be solved at all.
Division of Labor in Policy Evaluation:
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc
Published: August 2015

The interplay between normative and positive analysis is always a matter of unease, of embarrassment. In this paper, I argue for a particular division of labor between disciplines and subdisciplines in the construction of useful conceptual tools for those (decision-makers, analysts, citizens, etc.) who want to evaluate policy options and social states.
Theorems and Models in Political Theory:
Authors: Ingham Sean
Published: August 2015

In his recent book, Phillip Pettit presents a model of popular control over government, according to which it consists in the government being subject to those policy-making norms that everyone accepts. In this paper, I provide a formal statement of this interpretation of popular control, which illuminates its relationship to other interpretations of the idea with which it is easily conflated, and which gives rise to a theorem, similar to the famous Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem. The theorem states that if government policy is subject to popular control, as Pettit interprets it, and policy responds positively to changes in citizens' normative attitudes, then there is a single individual whose normative attitudes unilaterally determine policy. I use the model and theorem as an illustrative example to discuss the role of mathematics in normative political theory.
Is Capitalism to Blame? Animal Lives in the Marketplace
Authors: McMullen Steven
Published: August 2015

Increasing efficient production of commercial animal products has resulted in decreased quality of life and shorter life spans for animals being farmed and bred. Should this animal welfareproblem be blamed on farmers or consumers? Or should we blame the capitalist system? I argue that those elements that make the market economy successful also result in poor outcomes for animals in the system. Understanding the way in which capitalism is the problem allows us to think clearly about what reforms are necessary to improve the lives of nonhuman animals.
How Science Fiction Helps Us Reimagine Our Moral Relations with Animals
Authors: Clements Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Science fiction has often been at the forefront of popular renderings and exploration of various “subaltern” groups, including that of nonhuman animals. I argue that science fiction’s freedom from the boundaries of what is currently possible allows writers such as Mary Shelley, H. G. Wells, Philip K. Dick, Olaf Stapledon, Daniel Keyes, Octavia Butler, Cordwainer Smith, and H. Beam Piper to explore ethical possibilities regarding animals that are diverse from those of the context in which they wrote. It is also notable that the earlier science fiction writers only critique majority views regarding animals, whereas their antecessors go so far as to suggest the empowerment of the “Other,” in this case, nonhuman animals.
Ethical Issues of Mammoth Proportions? Reviving and Re-Engineering the Extinct
Authors: O’Sullivan Maureen
Published: August 2015

This book is a fascinating exploration of ethical issues in the restoration of extinct species, viewed from multidisciplinary perspectives. It does not, however, include law. Scientific possibilities and experimentation that appear to operate outside of the ethical sphere are explored in detail and various outcomes are considered. Several essays moot the possibility of more public debate, but a nexus will need to be made to know how this feeds into the regulation of science and its progression. An overarching possibility emerging from the conglomeration of essays is that animals may need recognition as legal persons in order to counterbalance their current treatment as property.
Salmonella Heidelberg Strain Responses to Essential Oil Components
Authors: Calo Juliany Rivera , Baker Christopher A. , Park Si Hong , Ricke Steven C.
Published: August 2015

Salmonella are one of the more prominent foodborne pathogens that represent a major health risk to humans. Salmonella serovar Heidelberg strains are increasingly becoming an important public health concern, since they have been identified as one of the primary Salmonella serovars responsible for human outbreaks. Over the years, Salmonella Heidelberg isolates have exhibited higher rates of resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents compared to other Salmonella serovars. Essential oils (EOs) have been widely used as alternatives to chemical-based antimicrobials. In the current research, five EOs were screened to determine their antimicrobial activity against 15 S. Heidelberg strains from different sources. Oils tested were R(+)-limonene, orange terpenes, cold compressed orange oil, trans-cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol. EOs were stabilized in nutrient broth by adding 0.15% (w/v) agar. Tube dilution assays and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by observing color changes in samples during exposure to EOs. Carvacrol and trans-cinnamaldehyde completely inhibited the growth of S. Heidelberg strains, while R(+)-limonene and orange terpenes did not show any inhibitory activity against the strains tested. Cold compressed orange oil only inhibited growth of two of the strains exhibiting an MIC of 1%. All S. Heidelberg isolates evaluated exhibited similar responses to the respective EOs. The use of all natural antimicrobials such as specific EOs offers the potential to limit the majority of S. Heidelberg isolates that may occur in food production.
Cetaceans observed in Suriname and adjacent waters
Authors: De Boer Marijke Nita
Published: August 2015

Very little information exists about the cetaceans in the Guianas: Suriname and its neighboring countries Guyana and French Guiana. During a dedicated cetacean survey carried out from a geophysical seismic survey vessel in the offshore waters of Suriname (May-September 2012), the occurrence of 13 cetacean species was documented and of those, 11 were newly documented for this area. The species observed by the author included sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra), roughtoothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis), Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). During transit to the survey area (Trinidad to Suriname) incidental sightings were recorded which included common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) off Trinidad, Stenella sp. off Guyana and Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) at the entrance of the Suriname River. Opportunistic records originating from the periods December 2008-March 2009 and August-October 2012 were forwarded to the author. These records included common bottlenose dolphin, Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis) and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus). There is a growing need to identify critical areas for marine biodiversity conservation, both locally and regionally. This paper describes the general occurrence of the cetacean community encountered in Suriname waters in summer. The study revealed that the offshore cetacean community in Suriname is best described as primarily a tropical community, dominated by odontocetes (dolphins and sperm whales). Although the species diversity was relatively high, the overall cetacean relative abundance index (number of animals per 100km effort) was low, which is consistent for tropical equatorial offshore waters. Apart from the sperm whale and the Guiana dolphin, all the other species recorded represent new species records for Suriname. It is recommended that more continuous monitoring in different seasons be carried out in order to gain a better understanding of the occurrence, distribution and status of the different cetacean species within the region.
Strand-feeding by coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Authors: Jiménez Pedro Jose , Alava Juan José
Published: August 2015

Strand-feeding as a predatory strategy was first observed in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, inhabiting waters of Spartina marshes of South Carolina and Georgia, United States. While a substantial body of documented observations exists for many regions of the world, current evidences and photo-documentation of these types of foraging behaviors by bottlenose dolphins in the Pacific coast of South America are scarce. To the best of our knowledge, behaviors resembling strand-feeding by bottlenose dolphins have been described very briefly without supporting photos in the inner estuary of the Gulf of Guayaquil. As a part of a long-term field study (2001-2011) on photo-identification, population ecology and monitoring of the bottlenose dolphin in the El Morro Mangrove and Wildlife Refuge, we provide some insights on its conservation, and photo-documented the occurrence of strand-feeding as a recurrent behavioral foraging tactic in this region of South America.
Occurrence of Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) at Guadalupe Island, Mexico, from 2006 to 2009
Authors: Cárdenas-Hinojosa Gustavo , Hoyos-Padilla Mauricio , Rojas-Bracho Lorenzo
Published: August 2015

Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) is the most widely distributed species of beaked whale, with a cosmopolitan distribution throughout almost all temperate, subtropical and tropical waters of the world as well as subpolar and even polar waters in some areas. Globally, it may also be the most abundant species of beaked whale within the family Ziphiidae. However, there is little information on local distribution in many areas around the world. Before 2009, no dedicated research on beaked whales occurred in Guadalupe Island. In this note, we report opportunistic sightings of Cuvier’s beaked whales recorded during a white shark research project from 2006 through 2008, and the results obtained in 2009 during a pilot study focused on the beaked whales of Guadalupe Island.
First record of the pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) in Trinidad and Tobago waters
Authors: Naranjit Alësha Rachel , Nelson Howard P. , Ramsey Angela P.
Published: August 2015

On 19 September 2011, a single pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) was found at Hope Beach in Tobago. As it appeared to be struggling to swim it was examined, found to be a healthy, female (possibly adult) and was successfully released into deeper water. The report of this encounter documents the first record of Feresa attenuata in the waters around Trinidad and Tobago, in the southern Caribbean.
Finding of a skull of Pseudorca crassidens in Caleta de Los Loros, Rio Negro Province, Argentina
Authors: Bustos Raimundo Lucas , Negri Maria Fernanda , Daneri Gustavo Adolfo , Varela Esperanza Amalia , Luna Marcos
Published: August 2015

The false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens, exhibits one of the widest and most continuous distributions among cetaceans. However, basic information about its biology is poorly known due to the low frequency of sightings and its offshore habits. Moreover, most of the knowledge on this species has been obtained from stranded animals. On 3 March 2012, in the proximity of a colony of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) located at Caleta de los Loros, Río Negro Province, Argentina (40o59’S, 64o14’W), a cetacean skull was found in the intertidal zone. The specimen was later identified as P. crassidens. The present note reports a new record of false killer whale in the continental shelf waters of Argentina and provides new data on the distribution and skull morphometrics of the species.
Rae Natalie Prosser de Goodall 1935-2015
Authors: Schiavini Adrián
Published: August 2015

An obituary on Rae Natalie P. Goodall is presented with highlights to her scientific life.
A Brief Review and Update of the Clinicopathologic Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: McGregor Stephanie M. , Husain Aliya N.
Published: August 2015

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) has traditionally been regarded as a rare disease with variably penetrant autosomal-dominant inheritance. Recent years have revealed that AC is actually a spectrum of disease with prevalence much higher than previously thought. Diagnosis can be quite challenging because of highly variable clinical presentation, even among family members sharing a mutation. Unlike other cardiomyopathies, AC has a concealed phase during which patients have arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease but remain at risk of sudden cardiac death. Importantly, it is in the setting of sudden cardiac death that pathologists are most likely to encounter AC. It is critical that these findings not be overlooked, as family members of the deceased may also be affected and could potentially avoid such a dismal outcome. With time, advances in ancillary studies are likely to expand the role for pathologists in AC diagnosis.
Primary Anal Canal Syphilis in Men: The Clinicopathologic Spectrum of an Easily Overlooked Diagnosis
Authors: Gopal Purva , Shah Rajal B.
Published: August 2015

Context

The incidence of syphilis is on the rise, particularly in male patients who are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive, and men who have sex with men.

Objective

To describe 4 cases of primary syphilis presenting in the anal canal to increase awareness of its presentation and morphology in this location, as the diagnosis can be easily overlooked clinically and by the pathologist.

Design

Clinical presentation, hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections, and Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining were reviewed in detail in all 4 cases.

Results

Three patients presented with anal canal ulcers; one presented with an ulcerated anal mass. All 4 patients were male, of whom 2 were HIV positive. Syphilis was clinically suspected in only 1 case; in 2 cases, confirmatory evaluation and treatment were prompted by pathologic diagnosis. In the fourth case, syphilis was diagnosed serologically at time of biopsy; however, the patient had an anal mass, and malignancy was clinically suspected. All 4 cases had bandlike chronic plasma cell–rich inflammation at the squamous epithelium and lamina propria junction; 2 cases had poorly formed granulomas. One case had concomitant rectal biopsy specimens with proctitis. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemistry highlighted homing of organisms in a perivascular pattern and at the junction of squamous epithelium and lamina propria.

Conclusions

Syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anal canal ulcers, anorectal inflammatory masses, and proctitis. Detailed knowledge of clinical history and recognition of the characteristic pattern of inflammation by the pathologist is important. Treponema pallidum immunohistochemical staining can help avoid a missed diagnosis of syphilis, which, if left unrecognized, can progress to late-stage disease with serious complications.
The MFA in Creative Writing: The Uses of a “Useless” Credential
Authors: Childress Clayton , Gerber Alison
Published: August 2015

Over half of today’s Masters of Fine Arts programs in creative writing in the United States were founded after the year 2000. Has the MFA-CW become a necessary credential for novelists? Relying on participant observation field research in the American literary field and interviews with authors, publishers, MFA graduates, and instructors, this work focuses on a paradox: Despite widespread agreement that the credential doesn’t “teach” enrollees to be a good writers or open up a pathway to a professional writing career, many involved in the literary field hold an MFA-CW. In this paper, we look at the uses of the MFA-CW, finding that although the degree serves little if any jurisdictional or closure-related functions it is made useful in a variety of ways: for students as a symbolic resource for artistic identity, for working writers as a source of income and community, and for editors in publishing houses as a signal for possible marketing and publicity potential.

Keywords: Credentialism, Professions, Literature, Books, Publishing, MFA
Balancing Costs and Patients' Health: Dental Students’ Perception of Economics in Dentistry
Authors: Franzén Cecilia
Published: August 2015

One aim of higher education is to develop professional identities in students to equip them for future working life. Health professional students will work under financial pressures in a market-based environment, which can lead to conflicts with professional ethical values. This study explores how Swedish dental students perceive economic aspects of dentistry. The article is based on a study of undergraduate research projects. In the analysis of the projects, two themes were identified: (1) cost-effective organizing of dentistry and (2) costs and benefits of interventions. The students displayed socially responsible values by emphasizing the need for dentists to utilize resources effectively, which implies that professional education can support the development of the perception that economic values can be compatible with professional ethical values.

Keywords: cost-effectiveness, ethics, healthcare, higher education, social responsibility
Learning in Technology-Enhanced Medical Simulation: Locations and Knowings
Authors: Ahn Song-ee , Rimpiläinen Sanna , Theodorsson Annette , Fenwick Tara , Abrandt Dahlgren Madeleine
Published: August 2015

This qualitative study focuses on how knowings and learning take place in full-scale simulation training of medical and nursing students, by drawing upon actor-network theory (ANT). ANT situates materiality as a part of the social practices. Knowing and learning, according to ANT, are not simply cognitive or social phenomena, but are seen as emerging as effects of the relation between material assemblages and human actors being performed into being in particular locations. Data consists of observations of simulations performed by ten groups of students. The analysis focuses on the emerging knowings in the socio-material—arrangements of three locations involved in the simulation—the simulation room, the observation room and the reflection room. The findings indicate that medical knowing, affective knowing and communicative knowing are produced in different ways in the different locations and material arrangements of the simulation cycle.

Keywords: simulation, locations, knowings, actor-network theory, collaborate learning, multiprofessional learning.