bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the Nominal Loss in 3%SiFe and Amorphous Transformer Core Materials
Authors: Maizana Dina , Abdullah Shuhaimi Zakaria
Published: December 2012

An investigation of nominal loss in 3%SiFe and amorphous of the transformer core materials will evaluate in this paper. The investigation involves the variation of power loss, flux leakage, and total harmonic distortion. The nominal loss has been measured using Epstein test frame with three layers of lamination. The loss in the amorphous transformer core material is 57.46% better than the transformer core with 3% SiFe material at flux density of 1.2T, 50 Hz. The flux leakage at corner in the 3% SiFe transformer core material is the lowest than the two of transformer core material, over the whole flux density range. Total harmonic distortion flux is the largest in the amorphous of transformer core materials and the smallest in the 3% SiFe of transformer core material. Using the amorphous material in transformer core is more efficient than the two of transformer core materials.
Effects of Silane Coupling Agent on Mechanical Properties and Swelling Behaviour of Coconut Fiber Filled Polypropylene Composite
Authors: Sabri M. , Hafiz F. , Shahril K. , Rohana A. Siti , Husseinsyah Salmah
Published: December 2012

Silane treatment used to improve mechanical properties and swelling behaviour of polypropylene/coconut fiber (PP/CF) composites by creating more adherent bonding between CF filler and PP Matrix. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APE) treated and untreated composites were prepared in formulation of 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, and 40 wt%. The mechanical testing indicates that composite with 10 wt% has the optimum value of tensile strength, and the 3-APE treated composites shows the tensile strength was increased. By increasing of filler loading, elastic modulus was increased while the elongation at brake was decreased. Meanwhile, the swelling test discerned that the increase of filler loading increased the water absorption of composites and the presence of 3-APE reduced the equilibrium water absorption percentage.
Study of Cold Rotary Forming by Using Rigid-Plastic Finite Element Method
Authors: Cheong Wen Chiet , Kam Heng Keong , Wang Chan Chin , Lim Ying Pio
Published: December 2012

In this project, a rigid plastic Finite Element Method (FEM) simulator was developed for simulating the plastic flow material in rotary forming. The simulation result was able to predict the cup height of the final product up to an accuracy of 80% and the localized deformation which leads to failure in the deformation process. The workability of the aluminum disc was also studied to understand the material flow behavior under incremental bending and flow forming by utilizing a lathe machine.
Cytostatic Activity of Clinoptilolite against Human Cervical Cancer Cell Lines Using Three Different Media-Sterilization Techniques
Authors: Ghazi Noor Azhana , Malek Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik , Salehhuddin Hamdan
Published: December 2012

Clinoptilolite has been proven useful in cancer therapy in the last decade. The use of natural zeolite such as clinoptilolite requires some purification of the raw material before it can be applied in biomedical applications, yet microorganism contamination is still viewed as a possible issue for most researchers. Therefore, the clinoptilolite-treated media must undergo filter sterilization process prior to its use in any in vitro research of human cell studies. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinoptilolite cytostatic effect on cervical cancer (HeLa) cells will differ when a different media-sterilization technique is used on the clinoptilolite-treated medium. Comparison of the effect of clinoptilolite-treated medium on cell cytostatic activity was made between three sterilization methods; heat sterilization using an autoclave, UV radiation and filter sterilization. Results showed that there were inhibition of HeLa cell growth after clinoptilolite treatment in all three media-sterilization techniques. Significant differences were shown in all except between sterilizing using UV radiation and filter sterilization. This proved that in vitro cytostatic activity of clinoptilolite on human cervical cancer cells may be affected if different sterilization methods are used to sterilize the pre-treated media. Nonetheless, filter sterilization is still the preferred choice for sterilizing treated-media in cell culture.
Keywords: Zeolite, clinoptilolite, cytotoxicity, cancer cell lines, sterilization.
Thermophysical Properties of Ionic Liquid with Thiocyanate Anion: Effect of Cations
Authors: Gonfa G. , Bustam M.A. , Murugesan T. , Man Z. , Mutalib M.I. Abdul
Published: December 2012

In the present work, four ionic liquids containing thiocyanate anions with different cations were synthesized, and some of their thermophysical properties were measured. The density of the ionic liquids were measured in the temperature range of T = (293.15 to 353.15) K. The thermal expansion coefficient values were obtained from the experimental density values. The molar volume, lattice energy, and standard entropy of the ionic liquids were calculated from the experimental results. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to investigate the thermal degradation behavior of synthesized ionic liquids. The effects of temperature and nature of cations on the thermophysical properties were presented.
Printing Qualities on Inkjet-Printed Paper from Varnish Coating Agent with Rice Husk Silica Particles
Authors: Tipsotnaiyana Nitus , Jarupan Lerpong , Pechyen Chiravoot
Published: December 2012

To enhance printing qualities, this study used refluxed silica (SiO2) from rice husk by hydrochloric acid (HCl) at different molarities and reaction times as coating agent for printed paper. Characterization of the refluxed silica from 2M HCl 120 min elucidated the purity of 98.7% and amorphous structure. Particle size of the silica exhibited uniform size of 3 μm and the color measurement (CIE L*a*b*) indicated 94.79+0.48+1.24, whiteness and color difference (E) were 84.85, 3.28, respectively. The coating agent was prepared by water-based varnish of acrylic resin mixed with the synthesized silica at different proportions: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 (%wt), and later was applied on 170 g/m2-white kraft papers. The results showed that the water-based coating varnish with silica exhibited an increase of viscosity as increasing the amount of the silica. Printing qualities indicated that the vanished printed paper with 1.0% silica elucidated the highest details in shadow tone and text (font) sharpness. The color gamut yielded a wider scope than the printed papers which were varnished with the silica at 0.0%, 0.5% and 1.5%. Nonetheless, the color density showed insignificant difference to 1.5% silica varnished paper.
Comparison on Pore Development of Activated Carbon Produced from Scrap Tire by Hydrochloric Acid and Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Sirimuangjinda Athiwat , Atong Duangduen , Pechyen Chiravoot
Published: December 2012

Two activated carbons employing Scrap Tire as precursor were produced by using two different activating agents, HCl and H2SO4 (fixed impregnation ratio 1:1). Both of activated carbons were allowed by single-step to get difference carbonized at 500, 600 and 700°C in a muffle furnace for 1 h. Activated carbons differed with the physical structure, chemical and adsorption properties which were derived from Scanning Electron Microscope, and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. Batched sorption studies were performed to compare the iodine and methylene blue adsorption properties of two carbons. The carbon materials obtained from sulfuric acid activation of 500°C has BET surface area as high as 1066.70 m2/g, Methylene blue adsorption and Iodine number of 288.90 and 590.50 mg/g, respectively. The surface area and adsorption properties of carbon produced using sulfuric acid activation were higher than that produced using hydrochloric acid activation. The results suggest the feasibility of the process from the point of view of both porous texture and adsorption yield.
Co-Continuous Phase Structure and Properties of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride)/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blends
Authors: Salaeh Subhan , Nakason Charoen , Boiteux Gisèle , Cassagnau Philippe
Published: December 2012

Thermoplastic elastomer based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) blends at 50/50 by weight with different type of ENR (i.e., ENR with 25 and 50 mol% epoxide which are called as ENR-25 and ENR-50, respectively) has been prepared by melt blending method. Difference content of epoxide groups in ENR molecules on dynamic mechanical properties, dielectric properties and morphological properties of blends were investigated. The morphology reveals the co-continuous phase structure of PVDF and ENR phases. Furthermore, ENR-50/PVDF blend showed finer grain morphology and the glass transition (Tg) of the rubber phase was shifted to lower temperature. The structure of the blends correlated well with permittivity (ε) in dielectric properties with the permittivity of PVDF/ENR-50 higher than that of PVDF/ENR-25.
Characteristics of Fe-Yttria Composites Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy Method
Authors: Marina M. , Alir K. , Rahman W. , Nooraizedfiza Z. , Selamat Mohd Asri , Zamzuri M.Z.M.
Published: December 2012

This study is focused on fabricating and characterizing iron (Fe) composites prepared by powder metallurgy route reinforced with varying weight of Yttria (Y2O3). Composites were prepared based on 5 wt. % to 15 wt. % of reinforcement powder with particle size ranging from 1-10µm. Pure Fe matrix composites were also prepared for comparison purpose. This paper will report the microstructure, bulk density and micro hardness values of the composites. Powder characterization and microstructures of the composites were examined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which indicated homogenous distribution of reinforcement particles in the metal matrix. Bulk density of the composites was calculated using standard Archimedean method showing decreasing values as the weight percentage of Y2O3 increases. Micro-hardness was measured using micro-Vickers hardness instrument. The data obtained shows that the Fe-Y2O3 composites samples possessed superior hardness value with the increasing quantity of reinforcement compared to the unreinforced Fe composite.
Varistor-Like Effect in Zinc Oxide Bionanocomposite
Authors: Rahman M. Aizuddin Abdul , Mahmud Shahrom , Sendi Rabab Khalid , Alias Abdul Karim
Published: December 2012

Bionanocomposites (BNCs) were prepared using sago starch (SS) based polymer embedded with nanorods zinc oxide (ZnO-N) as nanofiller. The percentage of ZnO-N was varied from 2 weight percent (wt %) to 10 wt % of total solid. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze the morphology and dispersion of ZnO-N in BNCs. Raman spectroscopy analysis showed the present of ZnO-N in BNCs not forming new chemical bonding instead a physical interaction occur between the nanofillers and BNCs. Current-field density behavior of BNCs in low voltage region showed nonlinear current-voltage behavior and the value of resistance increases as the applied voltage increases. Breakdown voltage has been achieved at field density in the range of 500 to 900V depends on the concentration of nanofiller.
Influence of Zinc Oxide Contents on Mechanical, Rheological and Thermal Properties of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber
Authors: Thitithammawong Anoma , Uthaipan Nattapon , Rungvichaniwat Adisai
Published: December 2012

The influence of ZnO contents on properties of the natural rubber/polypropylene thermoplastic vulcanizates (NR/PP TPVs) is investigated. The NR/PP TPVs with ZnO obviously show improvement of mechanical, rheological and thermal properties comparing to the TPV without ZnO addition. The ZnO content does not much affect on mechanical and rheological properties of the TPVs. However, it strongly influences on thermal property especially decomposition temperatures at 5 and 50 %wt loss of polymer (Td5 and Td50) and onset decomposition temperature of rubber phase (Tronset).
Effects of Zinc Chloride Impregnation on the Characteristics of Activated Carbon Produced from Physic Nut Seed Hull
Authors: Yakub Ibrahim , Mohammad Masita , Yaakob Zahira
Published: December 2012

Activated carbon was developed from physic nut seed hull through chemical activation using zinc chloride. The characteristics of raw physic nut seed hull as well as char and activated carbon from physic nut seed hull were obtained to study the effects of ZnCl2 impregnation. The comparisons of the characteristics that included elemental composition, surface morphology, surface area, surface functional groups and zeta potential were made on the three samples. The study found that ZnCl2 had positive effects towards developing activated carbon including increasing the carbon content, surface area and pore volume besides improving the microporosity and surface charge distribution of the carbon.
Effect of Uncontrolled Burning Rice Husk Ash in Foamed Concrete
Authors: Hadipramana Josef , Samad Abdul Aziz Abdul , Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi , Mohammad Noridah , Riza Fetra Venny
Published: December 2012

Recently, foamed concrete has become a popular construction material that can be used in wide range of constructions application. Whilst the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as agro-waste is contain high amount of silicon dioxide. RHA is produced in significant amount every year from agriculture countries. RHA has potential as a material to produce foamed concrete. In this research RHA has been used as a replacement for fine aggregate which used in construction as ordinary concrete material. In this study, foamed concrete with target density 1400, 1600 and 1800 kg/m3 has been produced. The compressive strength of foamed concrete with RHA has been tested. Concrete with Ratio 1:3 of RHA/Sand has higher compressive strength than ratios 3:1 and 2:2 of RHA/sand for every density. XRD and XRF test has been used to determinate chemical composition and crystalline structure of RHA. The result showed that RHA is an amorphous material which amorphous is important thing to pozzolanic process when hydration of cement paste. SEM and EDS test has been conducted to determine microstructure and chemical composition on microstructure of RHA foamed concrete. Amorphous RHA incorporating cement paste produces pozzolanic reaction. It is reduces the porosity and width of interfacial zone in such a way the density is increase.
The Evaluation of High Calcium Green Polymeric Concrete
Authors: Ridzuan Ahmad Ruslan Mohd , Khairulniza A.A. , Fadhil M.A.
Published: December 2012

ncreasing environmental concerns of the cement industry brings about the requirement to the development of new binders. Polymeric concrete containing no cement provides great potential in reducing the global warming problems caused by CO2emissions in Portland cement production. On the other hand, large amount of waste paper sludge ash produced annually in Malaysia has caused a disposal problem as they require a proper dumping process whereby it is very costly. The study focuses on the utilization of this high calcium Waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) in polymeric concrete containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). WPSA is chemically activated by a high-alkaline solution to form paste that binds aggregate in the mixture. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solution are used as alkali activators of silica (Si) and aluminium (Al) in main binders. The polymeric concrete samples were exposed to external ambient condition and tested for compressive strength and shrinkage at 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days to identify the strength and deformation of the polymeric concrete. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis performed to ascertain the chemical properties of the produced WPSA. The result of polymeric concrete yielded very minimum shrinkage. The measurement compressive strength is up to 7MPa at 90 days. Hence, this new green material will bring benefits to the environment and is of economical value.
Lightweight Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Omar A. Abdulkareem , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Hussin Kamarudin , Khairul Nizar I.
Published: December 2012

The experiments of this study were preformed to study the synthesis process for lightweight aggregate geopolymer concrete (LWAGC) using normal sand as a fine aggregate and expanded clay as lightweight aggregate. The LWAGC was synthesized by the alkali activation of a fly ash (FA) as the source material by mixture of liquid alkaline activator. The resultant LWAGC possessed a compressive strength of 18.86 MPa at age of 28 days with oven-dry density of 1438.7 kg/m3.The microstructure images showed that the high alkalinity chemical reaction of the geopolymerization process does not react with the used aggregate, and the smooth surface of the aggregate declined the interaction between the geopolymer matrix and aggregate. The significant result of the current study was the proven of the reliability of the ACI 211.2-98 standard used for designing and mix proportioning of OPC lightweight aggregate structural concrete in the production of LWAGC.
Research Development of Solder Materials and its Intermetallic Compound (IMC) Study
Authors: Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Ibrahim N.S. , Saud N. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Noriman N.Z. , Mayapan Ramani , Ahmad Z.A.
Published: December 2012

Nowadays, the formation and the subsequent growth of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and the development of new lead-free solder systems is a major issue in soldering. The excessive growth formation of intermetallic compounds will increase the brittleness of solder joints and detrimentally affects its mechanical properties. This paper reviews the latest fabrication method for solder materials and the literatures of bulk IMCs study in most solder materials by other researchers. Explanation on solder fabrication by using powder metallurgy method to produce solder materials and IMCs study were explained in detail in this paper.
The Effects of Tensile and Morphological Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (SBR/CRr) Blends
Authors: Azrem Ahmad Azmi , Noriman N.Z. , Razif M.N. , Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar
Published: December 2012

The effects of tensile and morphological properties of styrene butadiene rubber/virgin chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRv) and styrene butadiene rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends (SBR/CRr) were investigated. The range size of CRr used in this study was 0.3 0.7 mm. Both SBR/CRv blends and SBR/CRr blends were prepared using two roll mill at room temperature with blend ratios 95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50. It can be observed that, the tensile strength and elongation at break of SBR/CRr blends show higher value than SBR/CRv blends particularly up to 15 phr of CRr in the blends. However, SBR/CRr blends shows higher value of tensile modulus (M100) than SBR/CRv blends at all blend ratios. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surface of SBR/CRr blends at 50 blend ratios illustrated a better adhesion and dispersion in comparison with SBR/CRv blends. Keywords: chloroprene rubber, recycled chloroprene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, tensile properties, SEM
Characteristics of Corrosion Degradation in Carbon Steel Pipelines
Authors: Zahiraniza Mustaffa Bt
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a probabilistic methodology in evaluating corrosion defect characteristics of carbon steels offshore pipelines. A nonlinear multivariate regression model was selected to describe the correlation among corrosion defect parameters while the least-squares method was used to minimize its residuals. The proposed framework were able to provide better insights on the degree of correlations among corrosion defect parameters, which eventually proven that the interactions among defects are indeed significant.
Effect of Nanosilica Fillers on the Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Lay Makara , Azura A. Rashid , Othman Nadras , Tezuka Yasuyuki , Pen Chhorda
Published: December 2012

In recent years, polymer/nanofiller composites have received intense attention and become a core focus of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In polymer-nanoscale filler composites research, the primary goal is to enhance the strength and toughness of polymeric components using molecular or nanoscale reinforcement. In this study, nanosilica was used as filler with various loading from 1-5 phr to enhance mechanical properties and cure characteristics of natural rubber composites. 3 phr of nanosilica filler loadings showed highest tensile strength and shortest cure time compared to the other filler loadings. Tear strength was improved with increasing filler loadings. The effect of nanosilica loading has been analyzed using FTIR characterization and the tensile fracture was investigated by SEM analysis.
The Effects of Kenaf Loadings and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) Coupling Agent on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Waste Tire Dust/Kenaf (Pp/WTD/KNF) Composites
Authors: Pang Ai Ling , Ismail Hanafi
Published: December 2012

The mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP)/waste tire dust (WTD)/kenaf (KNF) composites with and without 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) coupling agent were investigated. The composites were prepared using a Thermo Haake Polydrive internal mixer, where different KNF loading (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 phr) were used. The results revealed that the tensile modulus increased with increasing KNF loading but tensile strength and elongation at break were found decreased. Composites with APTES give higher tensile strength and modulus but lower elongation at break than composites without APTES. The presence of APTES enhanced the interfacial adhesion between PP/WTD matrices and KNF which result in higher tensile strength and modulus of the composites. These findings were supported by the morphological study of the tensile fractured surfaces of the composites.
Microstructures Study on Cuprous Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Different Substrates by Using Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Halin Dewi Suriyani Che , Haiza Haroon , Talib Ibrahim Abu , Daud Abdul Razak , Hamid Muhammad Azmi Abd
Published: December 2012

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films were formed onto three different substrates such as indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass, titanium oxide (TiO2) and n-Si substrates by sol-gel spin coating technique. It was found that the formation mechanism of Cu2O films onto different substrates lead to different microstructures. The films were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Based on the FESEM micrographs the grain shape of film prepared were different on ITO, TiO2 and n-Si substrate with 114 nm, 154 nm and 84 nm respectively. The results indicate that the choice of substrate strongly affect the film morphology, structural and optical properties.
Keywords: Cu2O, thin films, ITO, sol-gel, microstructures
Comparing the Seismic Performance of Beam-Column Joints with and without SFRC when Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Authors: Abdul Ghani Kay Dora , Hamid Nor Hayati
Published: December 2012

The experimental work on two full-scale precast concrete beam-column corner joints with corbels was carried out and their seismic performance was examined. The first specimen was constructed without steel fiber, while second specimen was constructed by mixed up steel fiber with concrete and placed it at the corbels area. The specimen were tested under reversible lateral cyclic loading up to ±1.5% drift. The experimental results showed that for the first specimen, the cracks start to occur at +0.5% drifts with spalling of concrete and major cracks were observed at corbel while for the second specimen, the initial cracks were observed at +0.75% with no damage at corbel. In this study, it can be concluded that precast beam-column joint without steel fiber has better ductility and stiffness than precast beam-column joint with steel fiber. However, precast beam-column joint with steel fiber has better energy dissipation and fewer cracks at corbel as compared to precast beam-column joint without steel fiber.
A Brief Review of the Current Technologies Used for the Fabrication of Metal-Molecule-Metal Junction Electrodes
Authors: Humayun Q. , Hashim U.
Published: December 2012

Fabrication techniques for Metal-molecule-metal junction electrodes suitable to study electron tunneling through metal junctions are reviewed. The applications of current technologies such as mechanical break junction, electromigration, shadow mask lithography, focused ion beam deposition, chemical and electrochemical plating, electron-beam lithography, in fabricating vacant junction electrodes are briefly described. For biomolecular sensing applications, the size of the junction electrodes must be small enough to allow the biomolecule inserted into the junction space to connect both leads to keep the molecules in a relaxed and undistorted state. A significant advantage of using Metal-molecule-metal junction electrodes devices is that the junction can be characterized with and without the molecule in place. Any electrical artifacts introduced by the electrode fabrication process are more easily deconvoluted from the intrinsic properties of the molecule.
Application of Clay - Based Geopolymer in Brick Production: A Review
Authors: Muhammad Faheem M.T. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Hussin Kamarudin , Binhussain Mohammed , Ghazali Che Mohd Ruzaidi , Izzat Ahmad Mohd
Published: December 2012

This paper reviews and summarizes the current knowledge and application of clay as a geopolymer material in production of geopolymer brick. As we understand, the nature of source materials give a significant impact to the strength of geopolymer. For example, geopolymer made from calcined source material such as calcined kaolin, fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS) and others produce a higher compressive strength compared to geopolymer made from non-calcined source material such as kaolin. This paper is reviewing on the suitability of clay application as a geopolymer material in geopolymer brick production. The chemical composition of clay-based material show high content of SiO2and Al2O3compound which is similar to the fly ash. Clay-based Geopolymer showed a good potential in a brick production.
Effect of Cobalt Stearate on Outdoor Exposure of LLDPE/Soy Spent Powder Blends
Authors: Sam Sung Ting , Lokman Hakim Ibrahim , Noimam N.Z. , Ismail Hanafi
Published: December 2012

In this Study, the Degradability of Low Linear Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Soy Spent Powder Blends under Outdoor Exposure of Malaysia. Cobalt Stearate Was Used as a Pro-Oxidant. the Degradation of the Blends Was Observed by Monitoring the Changes in the Tensile Properties and Molecular Weight. the Degradability of the Blends Was Also Accelerated by the Addition of Pro-Oxidant.
A Three Dimensional Finite Element of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Model
Authors: Alafiah A.H. , Normahira M. , Anas M.N.
Published: December 2012

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is of the major knee ligament. A three dimensional model that reflects the geometric characteristics of the human ACL developed to explore and analyze finite element parameters such as contact pressure and stress distribution on ACL in response to complex loading conditions. Moreover, various cases studied such as cases involving and uninvolving ligament in order to obtain and analyze the stress and contact pressure relationship between ACL, meniscus and cartilage. It is known that the contact and friction caused by the ACL wrapping around the bone during knee motion played the role of transferring the force from the ACL to the bone, and had a direct effect on the stress distribution of the ACL. Thus, the project lead to better understand the mechanism of injury, to improve the design of ACL reconstruction using suitable material and optimizing rehabilitation protocols by investigation of contact pressure with and without ACL.
The Impact of Mechanical Vibration on the Hardening of Metallic Surface
Authors: Djema Mohamed Amine , Hamouda Khaled , Babichev Anatoly P. , Saidi Djamel , Halimi D.
Published: December 2012

One of functional parameters which have a big influence on the reliability of machine is the surface quality of mobile and immobile parts. The quality working ability of the surface in contact is depending of their surfaces strength. In this regard, we used vibro-mechanical treatment to increase the hardness of the contact surfaces which is considered as formed surface of plastic deformation. The formed plastic deformation surface is also a kind of micro relief surface, characterized by multitude closed and superimposed on each other traces of contact with the particles working environment cultivated surface. The quality of the surface resulting from the vibro-impact treatment, provide a sufficiently high wear parts.
This paper presents experimental results of using the vibro-impact treatment on surface fatigue strength using samples of steels, aluminums and titans alloys. The objective of this study is to improve performance functional surfaces in contact by choosing optimal hardening parameters.
Strength and Microstructural Properties of Mechanically-Activated Kaolin Geopolymers
Authors: Heah C.Y. , Hussin Kamarudin , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Bnhussain M. , Musa Luqman , Khairul Nizar I. , Ghazali Che Mohd Ruzaidi , Liew Y.M.
Published: December 2012

Kaolin geopolymers exhibit low strength properties due to its plate-like nature which contribute to smaller surface area for geopolymerization reactions. Layered kaolin structure only allows very little, if any, substitution of other elements. Therefore, mechanical activation is an alternative way to break the kaolin structure to become finer to change the morphological features to smoother surface, and to cause edge distortion to the kaolin particles. Rounded particles also can be produced using this technique. This mechanically-activated kaolin was used to produce mechanically-activated kaolin geopolymers in this study. From the results, compressive strength increased as mechanical activation time increased and the compressive strength increased with the ageing day. The SEM micrograph showed that the mechanically-activated kaolin geopolymers have denser structure which complies with the compressive strength measured.
The Effect of Curing Time on the Properties of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Bricks
Authors: Wan Mastura W.I. , Kamarudin H. , Khairul Nizar I. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Mohammed H.
Published: December 2012

This paper reports the results of an experimental work conducted to investigate the effect of curing conditions on the properties of fly ash-based geopolymer bricks prepared by using fly ash as base material and combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate as alkaline activator. The experiments were conducted by varying the curing time in the range of 1-24 hours respectively. The specimens cured for a period of 24 hours have presented the highest compressive strength for all ratio of fly ash to sand. For increasing curing time improve compressive strength and decreasing water absorption.
Parametric Study and Thickness Evaluation of Photoresist Development for the Formation of Microgap Electrodes Using Surface Nanoprofiler
Authors: Humayun Q. , Hashim U.
Published: December 2012

A compact nanolaboratory on single chip is one of the challenging tasks for future reproductively of sensitive and selective lab-on-chip. This paper reports a simple and controllable technique for patterning microgap structures on (PR-1 2000A) positive photoresist. For the pattern transformation conventional lithography technique was used integrated with precise resolution mask namely chrome mask. This technique provides an especially simple method for the formation of micro features sizes of gaps onto the photoresist. The thickness of developed microgap structures on photoresist directly relates with the coating speed of spin coater.
Reviews on the Geopolymer Materials for Coating Application
Authors: Zarina Yahya , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Kamarudin H. , Khairul Nizar I. , Abd Razak Rafiza
Published: December 2012

The application of geopolymer has been expand in many areas where before this it only used for the production of cement and concrete. One of the new applications of geopolymer is for coating. Metakaolin, fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag has been used as source for the production of geopolymer coating. The result for the geopolymer coating showed that it can prevent corrosion in seawater structure, high bonding strength between existing structures (OPC concrete), lower water permeability and also stable during high temperature exposure.
Potential of Marine Clay as Raw Material in Geopolymer Composite
Authors: Tamizi S.M. , Al Bakri Abdullah Mohd Mustafa , Hussin Kamarudin , Ghazali Che Mohd Ruzaidi , Liyana J. , Aeslina A.K.
Published: December 2012

In this research, marine clays has been studied its potential as a matrix composite materials that tend to be used as alternative materials to concrete. The study shows that marine clays which mixed with appropriate proportion of alkaline activator could have strength requirements for masonry cement. The alkaline activator that been used for the geopolymerisation reaction is sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. Its compressive strength in early time reached 9-15 MPa.
Synergistic Effect on Flexural Properties of Kenaf-Glass Hybrid Composite
Authors: Afdzaluddin Atiqah , Maleque Md Abdul , Iqbal Mohammed
Published: December 2012

This paper presents the synergistic effect on flexural properties of kenaf-glass (KG) mat reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) hybrid composite which can compounded using sheet molding compound (SMC) process. The matrix is kept constant with 70 % volume fraction while kenaf and glass fibers were varied, such as 7.5/22.5 v/v, 15/15 v/v and 22.5/7.5 v/v. The 30 % kenaf and 30 % glass are also used for the preparation of composite materials. The kenaf mat was treated with 6% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diluted solution for 3 hours. This mercerization process improved the interface by interacting with both the fiber and its matrix. The flexural test was performed using ASTM D790-03 standard. The study showed with the addition of kenaf and glass mat 15/15 v/v, the optimum flexural properties was obtained compared to other composition. This can be concluded that 15/15 v/v KG mat reinforced unsaturated polyester hybrid composite is the most appropriate hybrid composite which can be considered for many engineering structural applications mainly in automotive panel, bottom structure and bumper beam.
Effect of Blockage Size on Pipe Vibration
Authors: Lile N. Liyana Tajul , Hasnul M.J. , Siregar R.A. , Leong J.C.
Published: December 2012

Circular pipes are widely used to convey goods to a desired location. Flow inside a pipe needs to be smoothed and unobstructed to ensure an optimize flow of particle. However, pipes are prone to clogging or blocking due to deposition of unwanted impurities and external objects. Built up inside a circular pipe will affect the flow velocity and pressure within the pipe. This paper presents a method of assessing blockage inside a pipe by using vibration analysis. The effect of blockage was observed through changes in pipe vibration response and also turbulence intensity. The changes in vibration parameters were identified together with the reduction of flow area due to increasing blockage size.
Review of Extraction of Silica from Agricultural Wastes Using Acid Leaching Treatment
Authors: Faizul Che Pa , Abdullah C. , Fazlul B.
Published: December 2012

Large quantities of agricultural wastes such as palm ash and rice husk are found in Malaysia, have a large possibility to be employed as usefully renewable to produce energy and silica (SiO2). Extensive researches have been carried out to extract silica from agricultural wastes such rice husk, because silica is useful raw material for industrial application. In the previous studies, the strong acid leaching treatment was carried out on rice husk to remove metallic impurities and organics contained in them. Leaching treatment is a proper route to extract the silica. Sulphuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) solutions are conventionally used in leaching treatment to prepare silica materials [. A strong acid leaching treatment, however, is significantly hazardous to the environment and humans. This paper reviews the common extraction method used and the latest research trends in extraction of silica.
Study on Sewing Properties of Knitted Fabrics with Piping and Blocking
Authors: Tan Lei , Wang Qiu Mei , Hu Xin Yi , Tian Lin
Published: December 2012

First selected weft plain and plain weave fabrics as samples, and joined these samples by four thread overlock stitch in different ways and four stitch densities, then tested tensile properties of the fabrics to analyze sewing properties of the fabrics, finally found variation of the fabrics properties.
Study on the Thermal Properties of High-Strength Flame Resistant Vinylon Blending Fabric
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Chen Xu Wei , Li Yu Ling , Du Wei Ping
Published: December 2012

Making high-strength flame resistant of Vinylon short fiber blending strands into a fabric，testing the heat resistance and thermal conductivity of the fabric, according to the experiment data，the results is that, the adding of high-strength flame resistant Vinylon fibers is to ensure the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the fabric when the temperature is not over 220°C.
The Design and Production of High-Count Silver Fiber / Cotton Blended Yarn-Dyed Antibacterial Shirting Fabric
Authors: Zhu Yong Zhi
Published: December 2012

This paper describes the use of high-count silver fiber / cotton blended yarn as raw material, to design antibacterial yarn-dyed shirting fabric. During the process of designing,the designer should take into account both antibacterial, deodorant characteristics and static electricity eliminating effect, but also consider the cost. The smart grid design of the electri-city interlacing of silver-containing fiber with cotton blended yarn and pure cotton yarn is presented as a net shape, which could improve the antibacterial features of the shirting material with the organization of small circulation. Therefore, in this paper the designing process of antibacterial yarn-dyed shirting material is put forward.
The Influence of Acrylic Acid Irradiation Grafting to the Hydrophilicity of Polypropylene Spunbonded Nonwovens
Authors: Xia Lei , Xi Peng , Cheng Bo Wen
Published: December 2012

The acrylic acid was used as hydrophilic agent, the graft copolyreaction of acrylic acid and polypropylene was occurred under electron beam irradiation to modify the hydrophilicity of the polypropylene spunbonded nonwovens. The influenced of acrylic acid concentration and the irradiation dose to the hydrophilic properties were studied. The results show that for a constant irradiation dose, when the acrylic acid concentration is between 2 % and 10% , the grafting rate and the hydrophilic properties of the polypropylene spunbond nonwovens is first increased and then decreased , and reaches a maximum at the 8%. For a constant acrylic acid concentration, when the irradiation dose is between 10kGy and 50kGy, the grafting rate and the hydrophilic properties of the polypropylene spunbond nonwovens is also first increased and then decreased , and reaches a maximum at the 40kGy. The breaking strength increased with the increasing of the grafting rate, but decreased with the increasing of the irradiation dose
Alkali Resistance of a soybean/casein/polyvinyl Alcohol Blend Fiber
Authors: Li Xiao Chun , Cao Ji Liang
Published: December 2012

The soybean/casein/polyvinyl alcohol blend fiber was treated in sodium carbonate solutions to evaluate its alkali resistance which was very important for wet processing. The weight loss and whiteness of the treated fibers were examined. UV spectra of the alkaline treatment solutions were analyzed. The study showed that the fiber exhibited poor alkali resistance. Treating temperature, time and alkali concentration affected the weight loss of the treated fibers. A high weight loss was found even at low alkali concentration. The weight loss was primarily due to the hydrolysis of casein.
Explore the DMF Stripping Process of PET/Cotton Blended Fabric Dyed by Disperse/Direct Dyes
Authors: Cai Zhi Feng , Niu Zhen Huai , Ren Jian Xi , Li Jing Ya , Niu Mei , Dai Jin Ming , Hou Wen Sheng
Published: December 2012

For a long time, discoloring PET/cotton blend fabric is a difficult topic in textile industry. For it, this search work was carried out to stripping PET/cotton fabric dyed by disperse/direct dye with dimethyl formamide. Though experiment, results is discovered as follows: firstly, the PET/cotton fabric dyed by disperse/direct dye is swelled in the home-made swelling liquid. Then, put it into striping liquid which is mainly contain dimethyl formamide, and heat to 140°C，and keep 30 minutes. The stripping rate of three kinds of test samples can be over 80 percent, and some can reach 95 percent. While the strength retention rate also can reach about 90 Percent.
Graft Copolymerization of Acrylamide onto Polyester-Cotton Blended Fabric by Using Potassium Permanganate Redox System
Authors: Wang Li Na , Xu Xian Lin , Ren Yuan Lin , Sui Xiao Yang
Published: December 2012

The graft copolymerization of acrylamide onto polyester-cotton blended (PCB) fabric by using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) redox system was carried out. Effects of various parameters, such as concentration of monomer and initiator, reaction time and temperature on grafting were studied. The grafting percentage increased significantly with the increase of the concentration of acrylamide up to 1 mol/L and decreased after that. The graft yields increased steply with the increase of reaction time up to 3h and then increased progressively. The rate of grafting was also dependent on reaction temperature, it increased with the temperature up to 60°C, then the rate of increase gradually slowed down. The chemical structure of grafted surface of the PCB fabric was characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The fire performance was investigated by the LOI and the vertical flammability tests, and the results indicate that the grafting treatment could improve the flame retardancy. Thermal behavior of grafted fabric samples was evaluated by Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG).
Mixed Reactive Disperse Dyes on Wool Yarn Dyeing in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Huang Yuan Li , Du Bing , Fang Ye , Zhao Yu Ping , Song Ruo Yuan , Zheng Lai Jiu
Published: December 2012

Mixed reactive disperse dyes is adopted to dye wool yarn by supercritical CO2 dyeing equipment, and the influencing factors on the wool yarn uptake are analyzed including dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing pressure. The results reveal the interaction relationship between single dyes dyeing on the wool yarn: the total uptake of mixed reactive disperse dyes and the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes increase with the increasing of temperature and pressure, it also increase by the extension of time. In the same conditions, the total uptake of mixed reactive disperse dyes is more than the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes. The uptake of single reactive disperse dyes in the mixed dyes is less than the uptake of single reactive disperse dyes. In the dyeing process of mixed dyes, the wool yarn dyeing of two dyes has selective and competitive. Both color fastness to rubbing and color fastness to washing of dyed wool yarn are in line with national institute of standards.
Research on Dyeing Performance of Dew-Retted Linen Modified with Urea
Authors: Dong Feng Chun , Yan Cheng Cheng , Jia Yong Tang , Huang Gang
Published: December 2012

The dyeing behavior of dew-retted linen fabrics modified with urea was analyzed. The effects of processing conditions, such as concentration of urea, modification time, and modification temperature on the dyeing performance of dew-retted linen were investigated. The surface morphology of linen fiber was observed by stereoscopic microscope. The breaking strength of linen fabrics was measured by fabric strength tester. The k/s value was tested by spectrophotometer. The results show that, the dyeing performance of the modified linen was greatly improved, but its breaking strength was decreased and the morphology of linen fiber became roughly. Meanwhile, the optimal process conditions were obtained, i.e. the concentration of urea was 150 g/L, the modification temperature at 160°C, and modification time for 6 min.
Study of the Pretreatment and Disperse Dyeing Process for the PLA/cotton Blended Fabric: High Physical Resistance and Dyeing Performance
Authors: Huang Hao Fei , Qu Yuan Yuan , Fu Zhong Jun , Sun Yun Fei
Published: December 2012

In this paper, the optimal pretreatment and disperse dyeing process for the novel PLA/cotton blended fabric was studied. In the pretreatment stage, enzyme and H2O2 were applied to test their effect on the decrement-rate and bending length. After pretreatment, the PLA component of this fabric was dyed with three different disperse dyes and the effect of dyeing parameters including time, temperature and pH on the K/S value and tear strength were studied. Besides, DSC and SEM were also applied to analyze this pretreatment and dyeing process. The recommended pretreatment and disperse dyeing conditions were summarized.
Study on the Weaving Beauty of Monochromatic Knit Fabrics
Authors: Du Shu Xian , Wang Yan Hui
Published: December 2012

A breakthrough of monochromatic knit fabrics innovation is in weaving links design, which presents its various textures and unique visual aesthetics by combing different weaving types with longitude and weft line. By studying the beauty in weaving, this paper aims to explore the importance of developing weaving beauty in knit fabrics, emphasize the designing principle that weaving beauty is the core in order to propose new ideas for the value-added monochromatic knit fabrics with modern technology in its full use, and expand the innovation area of monochrome knit fabrics.
The Fabrics Magnetic Coating Finishing Explore
Authors: Deng Nan Ping , Zhang Ru Quan
Published: December 2012

The topics chosen Fe3O4 and r-Fe2O3 nano-magnetic particle, respectively, with polyurethane and polyacrylate mixed ,mixed evenly coated on the surface of the fabric, then on before and after coating fabric tensile properties, tear resistance mechanical properties tested and compared. Experimental results show that: the choice of Fe3O4 better than r-Fe2O3 remanence effects, selection polyacrylate better softness than the selection of polyurethane, the latitude and longitude to the breaking strength was increased in the magnetic coating of the fabric, while the tear strength and abrasion resistance were reduced .
Preparation of Antibacterial Citronella Oil Microcapsules and their Application in Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Liu Chao Hong , Zhou Hua Jun , Liu Jia Yi , Li Xin Tian , Fang Hong , Yang Zhuo Hong
Published: December 2012

The citronella oil microcapsules were successfully prepared by the complex coacervation method using gelatin and arabic gum as the wall materials, and then the microcapsules were applied to modify cotton fabrics using 2D resin as the cross-linking agent. The microcapsules and the cotton fabrics were characterized by scanning electricity microscopy. The results showed that the citronella oil microcapsules were spherical with an average diameter of 10 µm, and the microcapsules were successfully grafted onto fabrics. In addition, the release and antibacterial test showed that the modified cotton fabrics presented a slow release performance and excellent antibacterial efficacy.
Development of Cool Knitting Fabric Using Viscose Outlast Fiber
Authors: Xu Rui Chao , Chen Li , Liu Yun
Published: December 2012

Knitting and dyeing processes of cool outlast viscose knitting fabrics were studied, as well as the problems generated in these processes and their solutions. It can realize complementary advantage by interknitting Outlast/bamboo/polyester yarn and coolmax filament or spandex. The products knitted by this means not only have moisture conduct and fast dry and cool comfort property, but also have unique ultraviolet radiation function.