bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temperature reconstruction from tree‐ring maximum density of Balfour spruce in eastern Tibet, China
Authors: Wang Lily , Duan Jianping , Chen Jin , Huang Lei , Shao Xuemei
Published: August 2009

Wood from Balfour spruce [Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana (Rehd. et Wils.)] was collected at three sites in eastern Tibet. Maximum latewood densities (MXD) were measured by X‐ray densitometry; individual series were first cross dated and then combined to form a standard chronology. This chronology was significantly correlated with late summer temperatures on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. It was used to reconstruct the August–September mean temperature for the period 1695–2000 A.D., and it explained the 63.5% of the total temperature variance. Wavelet analysis of the reconstructed temperature series suggested the existence of a 20‐year climatic cycle during the period 1800–1860 and a ∼50‐year cycle at the beginning of the twentieth century. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Perioperative management of patients with cytoreductive surgery for peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Schmidt C. , Moritz S. , Rath S. , Grossmann E. , Wiesenack C. , Piso P. , Graf B.M. , Bucher M.
Published: August 2009

Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has become an important tool in the management of patients with peritoneal malignancies. It is a complex surgical procedure with significant fluid loss during debulking leading to relevant pathophysiological alterations and therefore a challenge for anesthesiologists and critical care physicians. This review summarizes perioperative changes in hemodynamics, oxygen supply, coagulation, hematopoetic parameters and fluid status during cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC and how to deal with these pathophysiological alterations. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:297–301. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based medicine in the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis: Past, present, and future
Authors: Nissan Aviram , Stojadinovic Alexander , Garofalo Alfredo , Esquivel Jesus , Piso Pompiliu
Published: August 2009

The current treatment of peritoneal surface malignancies (PSMs) is moving from a nihilistic approach, into a combined modality approach offering selected patients long‐term survival. As primary PSM are rare, extrapolation of data from clinical trials of related disease is necessary to develop treatment guidelines. Secondary PSM are more common, and therefore, treatment guidelines should be developed based on prospective clinical trials. We reviewed the published and ongoing clinical trials studying the treatment of PSM. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:335–344. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of bidirectional chemotherapy for treatment of patients with peritoneal dissemination from gastric cancer: Selection for cytoreductive surgery
Authors: Yonemura Yutaka , Endou Yoshio , Shinbo Masaya , Sasaki Takuma , Hirano Masamitu , Mizumoto Akiyoshi , Matsuda Takayuki , Takao Nobuyuki , Ichinose Masumi , Mizuno Mitsukuni , Miura Masahiro , Ikeda Makoto , Ikeda Satoshi , Nakajima Gou , Yonemura Jou , Yuuba Takafumi , Masuda Seiji , Kimura Hironobu , Matsuki Nobuo
Published: August 2009

There is no standard treatment for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) from gastric cancer. New bidirectional chemotherapy (neoadjuvant intraperitoneal‐systemic chemotherapy protocol (NIPS)) was developed. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of NIPS and to show the selection for cytoreductive surgery on PC from gastric cancer. Seventy‐nine patients with PC from gastric cancer were treated with NIPS. A peritoneal port system was introduced into the abdominal cavity. The peritoneal wash cytological examination through a port was done before and after NIPS. The patients were treated with oral TS‐1 twice a daily for 21 days, followed by a 1‐week rest. On day 1, 8, and 15 from the start of oral TS‐1 administration, 30 mg/m2 of Docetaxel and 30 mg/m2 of cisplatinum with 500 ml of saline were introduced into the peritoneal cavity through the port. A median course of oral TS‐1 was 2.1 course and a median time of IP chemoterapy was 5.8. Peritoneal free cancer cells (PFCCs) had been detected in 65 (82.2%) patients before NIPS, and the positive cytology changed to be negative in 41 (63.0%) patients after NIPS. After NIPS, 41 patients underwent laparotomy, and complete cytoreduction was done in 32 (78%) patients. Complete cytoreduction was done in 27 (51.9%) of 52 patients with negative cytology but in only 4 (14.8%) of 27 patients with positive cytology (P < 0.001). Patients with negative cytology after NIPS survived significantly longer than those with positive cytology. The adverse effects after NIPS were mild and there was no treatment‐related deaths. The grade 3/4 hematological adverse effects were found in 2 (2.6%) patients. Grade 3 renal toxicity and port site infection was found in three patients, respectively. NIPS using a port system is a safe and effective treatment for PC. Peritoneal wash cytology through a port system is a good indicator to select the patients to perform cytoreductive surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:311–316. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning curve in cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Moradi Bijan N. , Esquivel Jesus
Published: August 2009

Cytoreductive surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy have achieved good long‐term results in patients with complete surgical eradication of their peritoneal dissemination but at the expense of significant perioperative morbidity and mortality. The high complication rate has been attributed to the steep learning curve associated with this procedure. We report on the current literature regarding the learning curve for this procedure and the key components that determine the success in learning this new skill. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:293–296. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal surface malignancies
Authors: Piso Pompiliu , Glockzin Gabriel , von Breitenbuch Phillipp , Popp Felix Cristoph , Dahlke Marc Hendrik , Schlitt Hans J. , Nissan Aviram
Published: August 2009

Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is associated with high morbidity. The Quality of Life (QoL) assessment in this patient group with a limited life expectancy and high recurrence rate is important. Published data show an impairment of postoperative Quality of Life at 3 months postoperatively with an improvement over 6–12 months at levels higher than the baseline. Standardized instruments QoL have to be included in clinical trials assessing the efficacy of CRS and HIPEC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:317–320. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoreductive procedures—strategies to reduce postoperative morbidity and management of surgical complications with special emphasis on anastomotic leaks
Authors: Jaehne Joachim
Published: August 2009

Cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for the therapy of peritoneal carcinomatosis are associated with substantial morbidity and acceptable mortality. Patient selection, learning curve, patient warming, and reduced blood loss are the main factors to decrease morbidity. Morbidity is mostly associated with bowl fistulas and anastomotic leakages. Depending on the site of leaks they may be managed conservatively or by reoperation. For standardization of study reports on morbidity and mortality the CTCAE classification is recommended. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:302–305. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of colorectal liver metastases in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Izzo F. , Piccirillo M. , Palaia R. , Albino V. , Di Giacomo R. , Mastro A.A.
Published: August 2009

We have taken into consideration papers published in the last 10 years on the treatment of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer and the pre‐operative prognostic factors needed to consider these subjects eligible for surgical treatment. Peritoneal carcinomatosis should not be considered an absolute contraindication to hepatic resection if it is possible to perform a complete resection of all peritoneal and liver disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:345–347. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with gastric cancer treated at a single institution in Brazil
Authors: Fanelli Marcello F. , de Paiva Tadeu F. , Silva Milton J.B. , Benevides Carlos F.L. , Guimarães Andréa P.G. , Gimenes Daniel L. , Pinheiro Edilson D. , Rinck José A. , Nicolau Ulisses R. , Sanches Solange M. , Mello Celso A.L. , Dettino Aldo L.A. , Cruz Marcelo R.S. , de Melo Leila Maria M.P. , Formiga Maria N.C. , de Lima Vladmir C.C. , Chinen Ludmilla T.D.
Published: August 2009

Background

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a common pattern of recurrence in gastric cancer and is associated with a poor prognosis. Determining predictive factors for peritoneal recurrence can help the selection of patients suitable for more aggressive treatment strategies.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 162 patients diagnosed with gastric cancer with no peritoneal carcinomatosis and treated at a single institution in Brazil from January 1994 to December 2004 was carried out. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify patient and tumor‐related characteristics associated with the development of peritoneal metastasis.

Results

Twenty‐three (14.2%) patients developed peritoneal carcinomatosis. Three independent factors associated with the development of peritoneal metastasis were identified by multivariate analysis: signet‐ring cell histology (odds ratio [OR] = 4.9; P = 0.018), the presence of vascular invasion (OR = 4.8; P = 0.022), and the presence of visceral metastasis at diagnosis (OR = 5.1; P = 0.011). Tumor stages T3 or T4 showed a trend towards significance (P = 0.062).

Conclusions

Patients with gastric cancer presenting with signet‐ring histology, vascular invasion, or visceral metastasis appear to be at higher risk for the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:452–455. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progression and prognosis of gastric stump cancer
Authors: Hu Xiang , Tian Da‐Yu , Cao Liang , Yi Yu
Published: August 2009

Background and Objectives

The incidence of gastric stump cancer (GSC) is increasing. The aim of this study is to determine the clinicopathologic feature and the differences of surgical outcome between GSC after partial gastrectomy for benign diseases (GSC‐B) and GSC after partial gastrectomy for malignant tumors (GSC‐M).

Methods

Medical records of 42 patients with GSC‐B and 47 patients with GSC‐M who underwent surgical treatment were studied and analyzed retrospectively. Clinicopathologic parameters, the 5‐year survival rate after operation and prognostic factors, were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

GSC was frequently detected in anastomotic site. Poorly differentiated cancer was common. No difference was found between patients with GSC‐B and patients with GSC‐M in terms of histologic type, tumor location, and distribution of tumor stage. GSC‐B patients had a higher incidence in No. 7, 8, 9 lymph nodes than GSC‐M patients. In contrast, the patients with GSC‐M had higher incidence of metastasis to jejunal mesentery lymph nodes and No. 10, 11 lymph nodes. The overall 5‐year survival rates were 38.1% for GSC‐B and 10.4% for GSC‐M, with significant difference (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

GSC has a particular pattern in lymph node metastasis and organs invasion. Surgical resection is considered an effective therapeutic strategy for GSC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:472–476. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrothermal bipolar coagulation decreases the rate of red blood cell transfusions for pelvic exenterations
Authors: Bansal Nisha , Roberts William S. , Apte Sachin M. , Lancaster Johnathan M. , Wenham Robert M.
Published: August 2009

Background

We evaluated whether electrothermal bipolar coagulation (Ligasure) for pelvic exenterations decreases operative morbidity.

Methods

All cases of pelvic exenterations, for all malignancies, performed at Moffitt Cancer Center from 1999 to 2008, were identified through retrospective review of medical records. Estimated blood loss (EBL), transfusion, operative time, hospital stay, and complications were compared between Ligasure cases and non‐Ligasure cases.

Results

Seventy‐five patients underwent identified. Ligasure was used in 29/75 (39%) cases and standard techniques in 46/75 (61%) cases. Primary malignancy was gynecologic in 31/75(40%) cases (18/29, 62% Ligasure cases, 13/46, 26% non‐Ligasure cases). Patients undergoing gynecologic exenteration received fewer intraoperative packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions in the Ligasure group (mean = 2.8 U), compared to the non‐Ligasure group (mean = 3.8 U; P < 0.0001). The EBL was less for Ligasure cases (1,815 ml vs. 2,205 ml; P = 0.4). For all patients, Ligasure cases had lower mean transfusion (2.7 U vs. 3.2 U; P = 0.32), and EBL (1,662 ml vs. 1,843 ml; P = 0.5). The mean operating time was similar (492 min vs. 502 min). There were no cases of re‐operation for hemorrhage in either group.

Conclusions

Use of electrothermal bipolar coagulation for gynecologic exenterative surgery is associated with significantly lower blood transfusions, and may decrease blood loss and transfusion in non‐gynecologic exenterative surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:511–514. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of B7‐H1 on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells with PD‐1 on tumor‐infiltrating T cells as a mechanism of immune evasion
Authors: Ye Yufu , Zhou Lin , Xie Xiaojun , Jiang Guoping , Xie Haiyang , Zheng Shusen
Published: August 2009

Background and Objectives

The B7‐H1/PD‐1 pathway has recently been found to contribute to immune evasion of cancer cells from host immune system. This study aimed to investigate the expression of B7‐H1 and its receptor PD‐1 and to explore their significance in the progression of intraheptic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods

Thirty‐one surgically resected ICC tissues and the corresponding cancer adjacent tissues were enrolled from 2006 to 2007. Immunohistochemical studies were performed with antibody of B7‐H1, PD‐1, CD8, and CD4. Apoptosis status of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was detected by TUNEL assay.

Results

Expression of B7‐H1 and PD‐1 was found to be up‐regulated in ICC tissues compared with the cancer adjacent tissues. Tumor‐related B7‐H1 expression was significantly correlated with both tumor differentiation and pTNM stage and was inversely correlated with CD8+ TILs but not CD4+ TILs. TILs in primary carcinoma showed a high level of apoptosis.

Conclusion

B7‐H1/PD‐1 pathway may be linked to malignant potential of ICC and contribute to tumor immune evasion by promoting CD8+ TILs apoptosis. Thus, this pathway may indeed be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of this disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:500–504. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical technique of parietal and visceral peritonectomy for peritoneal surface malignancies
Authors: Deraco Marcello , Baratti Dario , Kusamura Shigeki , Laterza Barbara , Balestra Maria Rosaria
Published: August 2009

Peritoneal surface malignancies have been traditionally regarded as rapidly fatal conditions. Encouraging survival results has been associated to an innovative strategy involving aggressive cytoreductive surgery with total peritonectomy and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Many controversial issues still remain regarding the optimization of the cytoreductive surgical procedures. The present article critically analyzes the relevant modifications from the original technique emerged during a 15‐year experience in a single center. Operative outcome results are presented. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:321–328. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene and phenylenediamine positional isomers using capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection
Authors: Dong Shuqing , Chi Langzhu , Yang Zhiyong , He Pingang , Wang Qingjiang , Fang Yuzhi
Published: August 2009

In general capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation models, o‐, m‐, and p‐phenylenediamine isomers can be separated in a weak acidic running buffer for their pKa values being 4.52, 5.64, 6.04, respectively, while o‐, m‐, and p‐dihydroxybenzene isomers can be separated in a weak basic buffer for their pKa values being 9.40, 9.40 and 10.04, respectively. So, it is hard to find a suitable running buffer at a fixed pH in normal CZE for simultaneous separation of these two groups of positional isomers. In this paper, a novel method based on alternately running two different pH buffers in CZE coupled with amperometric detection (CZE‐AD) was designed to simultaneously determine these two groups of positional isomers. It is found that when two different pH running buffers were employed alternately under appropriate order and time, the six analytes could be separated perfectly in less than 20 min and the detection limits were as low as 10–7 mol/L. Furthermore, the effects of working electrode potential, pH and concentration of running buffer, separation voltage and injection time on CZE–AD were investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that the introduced method was practical to simultaneously determine two groups of positional isomers with different pKa and had some advantages of high sensitivity, good repeatability and small sample requirement.
Simultaneous densitometric determination of shikonin, acetylshikonin, and β‐acetoxyisovaleryl‐shikonin in ultrasonic‐assisted extracts of four Arnebia species using reversed‐phase thin layer chromatography
Authors: Sharma Nandini , Sharma Upendra K. , Gupta Ajai P. , Devla  , Sinha Arun K. , Lal Brij , Ahuja Paramvir S.
Published: August 2009

A simple, precise, and rapid high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of pharmacologically important naphthoquinone shikonin (1) together with its derivatives acetylshikonin (2), and β‐acetoxyisovalerylshikonin (3) in four species of genus Arnebia (A. euchroma, A. guttata, A. benthamii, and A. hispidissima) from the Indian subcontinent has been developed. In addition, the effect of solvents with varying polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol) for the extraction of these compounds was studied. HPTLC was performed on precoated RP‐18 F254S TLC plates. For achieving good separation, mobile phase consisting of ACN/methanol/5% formic acid in water (40:02:08 v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination of shikonin derivatives was carried out at 520 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and specificity. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100–600 ng for shikonin and acetylshikonin, and 100–1800 ng for β‐acetoxyisovalerylshikonin. Lower LOD obtained for compounds 1–3 were 18, 15, and 12 ng, respectively, while the LOQ obtained were 60, 45, and 40 ng, respectively.
Identification of volatile compounds of Atractylode lancea Rhizoma using supercritical fluid extraction and GC–MS
Authors: Chen Qinhua , Li Peng , Yang Handong , Li Xiulou , Zhu Jun , Chen Fuchao
Published: August 2009

Supercritical fluid was used to extract volatile components from the rhizoma of Atractylode lancea (A. lancea). An orthogonal array design (OAD), L9 (3)4, was employed as a chemometric method for the optimization of the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of volatile compounds from the herbal medicine. Four parameters, namely, pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time, and flow rate of CO2, were studied and optimized by a three‐level OAD in which the interactions between the parameters were neglected. These compounds were identified according to their retention times and mass spectra by GC–MS. A total of 30 compounds of SFE extracts were identified. Atractylon (8.63%), hinesol (1.44%), β‐eudesmol (6.64%), elemol (0.42%), and atractydin (13.92%) were the major sesquiterpenes identified in A. lancea SFE extracts.
Modified TLC bioautographic method for screening acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plant extracts
Authors: Yang Zhongduo , Zhang Xu , Duan Dongzhu , Song Zhuwen , Yang Mingjun , Li Shuo
Published: August 2009

The present work describes modifications to an existing TLC bioautographic method for detecting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plant extracts. The basic principle of the method is that the enzyme converts 1‐naphthyl acetate into naphthol which reacts with Fast Blue B salt to make a purple‐colored background on the TLC plates. Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases produced white spots on the background. Our modifications involve changes in the concentration of the enzyme, the reagents, and the time of the reaction. With these changes, the consumption of the enzyme was reduced by 85% and the detection limits were decreased remarkably.
CE‐LIF chiral separation of aspartic acid and glutamic acid enantiomers using human serum albumin and sodium cholate as dual selectors
Authors: Wang Shumin , Fan Li , Cui Shuya
Published: August 2009

Sodium cholate (SC), β‐CD, hydroxypropyl (HP)‐β‐CD, HSA, and the dual mixtures of them were evaluated for the analysis of aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu) enantiomers fluorescently tagged with 5‐(4,6‐dichloro‐s‐triazin‐2‐ylamino) fluorescein (DTAF) by CE with LIF detection. Among the investigated chiral selectors and the dual selector systems, the dual selector systems of HSA and SC resulted to be the most useful chiral selectors allowing relatively high chiral resolution. Several experimental parameters such as chiral reagent type and concentration, buffer concentration, and pH, type and concentration of organic modifier were studied in order to find the optimum conditions for the chiral resolution of the two derivatized amino acids in their enantiomers. The effect of different variables that affect derivatization (time, temperature, pH, and DTAF concentration) was studied. Under optimum conditions, the analytes were separated in a short 10.5 min analysis time, and the RSDs for migration time and peak area were less than 0.12 and 2.8%, respectively. The method was applied for the analysis of compound amino acids injection without interference from other amino acids in the sample matrices observed.
Competitional hydrophobicity driven separations under RP‐LC mechanism: Application to sulfonylurea congeners
Authors: David Victor , Galaon Toma , Caiali Edvin , Medvedovici Andrei
Published: August 2009

Retention of a model set of sulfonylurea compounds has been studied under RP‐LC conditions, considering competitional effects brought by different alcohols (ethanol, 1‐propanol, 2‐propanol, 1‐butanol, 1‐pentanol, and 1‐octanol) used as additives in the organic component of the mobile phase (methanol). The capacity factors determined for the model compounds decreased with the increase of the hydrophobic character of the organic additive in the mobile phase. The amount of the additive within the organic component of the mobile phase was kept constant (1% as volumetric ratio). Retention was studied at different mobile phase compositions (aqueous to organic component ratios). Different functional fitting models were used to correlate retention to the content of the organic component in the mobile phase. Extrapolation of retention expressed as capacity factor to a mobile phase composition free of organic component is well correlated to the hydrophobic characteristics of the organic additives. The adsorption model was used for tuning the experimental find‐outs. The possibility of controlling retention through the competitive effects induced by hydrophobic additives in the mobile phase is highlighted.
Phospholipase Cζ mRNA expression and its potency during spermatogenesis for activation of quail oocyte as a sperm factor
Authors: Mizushima Shusei , Takagi Soichi , Ono Tamao , Atsumi Yusuke , Tsukada Akira , Saito Noboru , Shimada Kiyoshi
Published: August 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the role of a sperm‐borne compound in oocyte activation in special reference to the time when oocyte activation is required by testicular cells during spermatogenesis in quail. First, effects of a microinjection of quail sperm extract (SE) and quail phospholipase Cζ (PLCζ) cRNA into quail oocytes were assessed by observation of pronuclear formation and cytoplasmic segmentation, respectively. Secondly, the effects of a microinjection of round spermatids with or without PLCζ cRNA into quail oocytes were studied by observation of development. When the oocytes were injected with SE at 0.13 mg protein/ml, both pronuclear formation and cytoplasmic segmentation were optimally induced. However, pronuclear formation was blocked when SE was pretreated with heat or when the oocyte was pretreated with BAPTA (a Ca2+ chelator) before SE injection. On the other hand, when the oocytes were injected with PLCζ cRNA at 60 µg/ml, not only pronuclear formation but also cytoplasmic segmentation were optimally induced. However, PLCζ cRNA‐induced pronuclear formation was blocked by pretreatment with cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) or with BAPTA. Most interestingly, round spermatids alone cannot induce blastodermal development but microinjection of a round spermatid with PLCζ cRNA can induce development. In addition, RT‐PCR revealed that PLCζ mRNA is expressed in elongated spermatids and testicular sperm but not in round spermatids. It is concluded that PLCζ is a functional sperm factor for oocyte activation to initiate resumption of meiotic division in quail and its potency is acquired after elongated spermatid formation during the spermatogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 1200–1207, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new dynamic one‐equation subgrid‐scale model for large eddy simulations
Authors: Huang Shenghong , Li Q. S.
Published: August 2009

A new dynamic one‐equation subgrid‐scale (SGS) model is presented for large eddy simulations of turbulent flows. The new model, combining both advantages of the dynamic one‐equation SGS model (J. Appl. Mech. (ASME) 2006; 73:368–373) and the wall‐adapting local eddy viscosity model (Turbulence Combustion 1999; 62:183–200), has three prominent features: (1) one‐equation model, suitable for relatively coarse grid situations and simulation of high Reynolds number flows; (2) no test‐filtering operation is needed in determination of dynamic parameters, suitable for low‐order numerical discretization and unstructured or hybrid grid situations; and (3) treating the production of SGS kinetic energy and energy loss in grid‐scale (GS) portion due to SGS motion with different dynamic mechanisms, which is considered to be more reasonable than the local and instantaneous dynamic mechanism as adopted by most existing one‐equation dynamic SGS models. Computational examinations have been conducted for flows with Reynolds number ranging from 3000–70000, revealing that there are three promising aspects of the new SGS model: (1) adaptability for a wide range of flow regime; (2) less grid dependence; and (3) potential of wide applications in complex geometries and high Reynolds number turbulent flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Form‐anisotropy of 2D nanostructures: Modeling approaches comparison
Authors: Lutich Andrey , Gaponik Nikolai , Eychmüller Alexander , Gaponenko Sergey
Published: August 2009

For the first time different effective medium approximations that are widely used for effective refractive index and form‐anisotropy simulations in 2D nanostructures are compared to the plane‐wave expansion approach from the point of view of the refractive indices and form‐birefringence simulation accuracy. Applicability criteria (porosity and refractive index contrast regions) for the different effective medium models are analyzed on the basis of the comparison to the results obtained by means of the plane‐wave expansion approach. It is shown that simplified approaches at certain structural parameters lead to unacceptable inaccuracy of the form‐birefringence calculations whereas they give reasonably rough estimates of the effective refractive index.
Correlation between thermally and optically stimulated luminescence in beta‐irradiated undoped CVD diamond
Authors: Chernov V. , Piters T. M. , Meléndrez R. , Preciado‐Flores S. , May P. W. , Barboza‐Flores M.
Published: August 2009

The behaviour of afterglow (AG), thermoluminescence (TL) and infrared‐stimulated luminescence (IRSL) in beta‐irradiated chemical vapour deposition diamond is presented. The TL glow curve consists of four peaks with maxima at about 380, 430, 530 and 610 K. The AG decay is fitted by Becquerel's law with exponent close to 1, and correlates well with the thermal emptying of the traps responsible for the 380 K peak. Stimulation with IR light (830 nm) creates intense IRSL and destroys the 380, 430 and 530 K peaks. Illumination with shorter wavelength light also destroys the 610 K peak. The thermal cleaning procedure removes subsequently TL peaks, AG and IRSL. The AG signal decays together with the disappearance of the 380 K peak. The IRSL signal decays continuously with the removal of the 380, 430 and 530 K peaks. Traps responsible for the 610 K peak do not participate in the IRSL process.
Towards optical‐quality nanocrystalline diamond with reduced non‐diamond content
Authors: Remes Z. , Kromka A. , Vanecek M.
Published: August 2009

Our nominally undoped nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were deposited on fused silica substrates by the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW CVD) at a relatively low temperature below 600 °C. They show high dark resistivity and measurable photosensitivity after surface oxidation. We present the “true” optical absorptance spectra calculated from transmittance T and reflectance R measurements corrected on the surface scattering and compare them with the normalized photocurrent spectra. The optical scattering does not allow to evaluate the small optical absorption in visible and near IR range from the T and R spectra. The photocurrent spectra were measured in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared optical range using the dual beam photocurrent spectroscopy (DBP) under constant UV illumination. Previously, NCD films often showed non‐diamond content with the photo‐ionization threshold at 0.8 eV increasing significantly the optical absorption in near IR and visible region. Here, we show that the non‐diamond content can be reduced by several orders of magnitude by depositing NCD on the carefully selected UV‐grade fused silica substrates under the optimized growth conditions followed by the post‐deposition chemical etching and cleaning. Unlike the NCD layers with high non‐diamond content, the NCD layers with reduced non‐diamond content are stable up to 450 °C.
Planarization of natural single crystal diamond polishing lines by microwave hydrogen plasma
Authors: Gaisinskaya A. , Edrei R. , Hoffman A. , Feldheim Y.
Published: August 2009

The effect of microwave hydrogenated (MW‐H) plasma exposure on the morphology of mechanically polished natural single crystal (100) oriented diamond type 2a surfaces is reported. It is shown that the surface morphology is very sensitive to plasma power and exposure time. Under appropriate plasma exposure conditions the diamond surfaces smooth out as reflected in the decrease in the number and depth of the polishing lines. A systematic study of the influence of hydrogen MW plasma power and exposure time on the diamond surface morphology is presented. The morphology of the diamond surfaces at the different stages was monitored with sub‐nano‐metric resolution by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron spectroscopy.
Thermoluminescence assessment of 0.5, 1.0 and 4.0 µm thick HFCVD undoped diamond films
Authors: Meléndrez R. , Chernov V. , May P. W. , Castañeda B. , Pedroza‐Montero M. , Barboza‐Flores M.
Published: August 2009

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond has not found extensive application as a thermoluminescence (TL) dosimeter, mainly because its TL glow curve shape is not reproducible. A slight variation in the growing conditions may result in strong changes in the morphology, microstructure, and surface‐impurity‐related defects, considerably affecting the TL glow curve features. In order to study the main TL characteristics under controlled growing conditions, we present results on three 0.5, 1.0, and 4.0 µm thick hot filament CVD (HFCVD) diamond films grown on Si (100) substrates. The recorded TL glow curves were resolved into individual peaks by a home‐made deconvolution program and the kinetic parameters of the peaks were extracted. The best fits of the TL glow curves were obtained using four peaks, except for the 4.0 µm thick sample that required five TL components. All samples showed three high intensity TL peaks between 180–400 °C and a less intense one or two peaks in the 100–180 °C low‐temperature region. The low‐temperature components all obey second‐order kinetics while the high‐temperature ones obey first and 1.6 order kinetics. The samples showed similar TL peaks with comparable kinetics parameters. It is concluded that the manufacturing of high quality HFCVD diamond may require a further improvement in the growing process in order to exploit its excellent tissue‐equivalence properties in clinical and medical applications.
Selective detection of phosgene by nanocrystalline diamond layer
Authors: Davydova Marina , Kromka Alexander , Exnar Petr , Stuchlik Martin , Hruska Karel , Vanecek Milan , Kalbac Martin
Published: August 2009

Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were grown on gold/Al2O3 substrate using microwave plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process. The NCD morphology was controlled by the deposition time and it was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Gas sensing properties of NCD surface conductivity to humid air, CO2, NH3, and COCl2 gases were measured by impedance measurements at room and at high temperature (140 °C). The H‐terminated NCD surface shows a significant response to oxidizing gas (humid air, COCl2) in comparison to reducing gases (CO2, NH3).
Spatial localization of Si‐vacancy photoluminescent centers in a thin CVD nanodiamond film
Authors: Basov A. A. , Rähn M. , Pärs M. , Vlasov I. I. , Sildos I. , Bolshakov A. P. , Golubev V. G. , Ralchenko V. G.
Published: August 2009

A nanosized island‐like diamond film containing silicon‐vacancy (SiV) centers was grown by microwave plasma CVD on Si substrate. The diamond film was characterized by scanning electron microscope, microRaman, and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Nonuniform spatial localization of the SiV photoluminescent centers with a density over 1/µm2 in the photoemitting regions is found. Interfering factors hindering registration of emission from a single SiV center in thin CVD nanodiamond films are determined.
Study of leakage currents in PC CVD diamonds as function of the magnetic field
Authors: Müller S. , deBoer W. , Schneider M. , Sabellek A. , Schmanau M. , Rühle C. , Schneider T. , Hall‐Wilton R.
Published: August 2009

Polycrystalline diamonds produced with the chemical vapor deposition technique (PC CVD diamonds) are regularly used as beam loss monitors in accelerators by measuring the ionization of the lost particles. In the past, these beam loss monitors showed sudden increase in the dark leakage current without beam loss and these erratic leakage currents were found to decrease, if magnetic fields were present. Here, we report on a systematic study of leakage currents inside a magnetic field. The decrease of erratic currents in a magnetic field was confirmed. On the contrary, diamonds without erratic currents showed an increase of the leakage current in a magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field for fields up to 0.6 T, for higher fields it decreases. A preliminary model is introduced to explain the observations.
Diamond Schottky p–n diode with high forward current density
Authors: Makino Toshiharu , Tanimoto Satoshi , Kato Hiromitsu , Tokuda Norio , Ogura Masahiko , Takeuchi Daisuke , Oyama Kazuhiro , Ohashi Hiromichi , Okushi Hideyo , Yamasaki Satoshi
Published: August 2009

We successfully fabricated a diamond diode, namely a Schottky p–n diode (SPND), which is composed of a fully depleted n‐type active layer sandwiched between a highly doped p‐type layer and a Schottky metal. The diamond SPND showed a high forward current density (over 4000 A cm−2 at 6 V) with a low built‐in voltage (∼1.5 V) at room temperature while maintaining a high rectification ratio of ∼1010. Further improvement of the high forward current density characteristics was found at high temperature. The SPND can be realized with higher forward current density than that of conventional diamond Schottky barrier diode, p–n diode, and recently proposed merged diodes, while maintaining the high rectification ratio.
Metal–insulator transition and superconductivity in highly boron‐doped nanocrystalline diamond films
Authors: Achatz P. , Bustarret E. , Marcenat C. , Piquerel R. , Dubouchet T. , Chapelier C. , Bonnot A. M. , Williams O. A. , Haenen K. , Gajewski W. , Garrido J. A. , Stutzmann M.
Published: August 2009

The low temperature electronic transport of highly boron‐doped nanocrystalline diamond films is studied down to 300 mK. The films show superconducting properties with critical temperatures Tc up to 2.1 K. The metal–insulator and superconducting transitions are driven by the dopant concentration and greatly influenced by the granularity in this system, as compared to highly boron‐doped single crystal diamond. The critical boron concentration for the metal–insulator transition lies in the range from 2.3 × 1020 up to 2.9 × 1020 cm−3, as determined from transport measurements at low temperatures. Insulating nanocrystalline samples follow an Efros–Shklovskii (ES) type of temperature dependence for the conductivity up to room temperature, in contrast to Mott variable range hopping (VRH) in the case of insulating single crystal diamond close to the metal–insulator transition. The electronic transport in the metallic samples not only depends on the properties of the grains (highly boron‐doped single crystal diamond), but also on the intergranular coupling between the grains. The Josephson coupling between the grains plays an important role for the superconductivity in this system, leading to a superconducting transition with global phase coherence at sufficiently low temperatures. Metallic nanocrystalline samples show similarities to highly boron‐doped single crystal diamond. However, metallic samples close to the metal–insulator transition show a richer behavior. In particular, a peak was observed in the low‐temperature magnetoresistance measurements for samples close to the transition, which can be explained by corrections to the conductance arising from superconducting fluctuations.
Chemogenomics: Looking at biology through the lens of chemistry
Authors: Doddareddy Munikumar R. , van Westen Gerard J. P. , van der Horst Eelke , Peironcely Julio E. , Corthals Frans , Ijzerman Adriaan P. , Emmerich Michael , Jenkins Jeremy L. , Bender Andreas
Published: August 2009

Chemogenomic approaches are gaining importance currently due to increased interest in the polypharmacology of drugs (i.e. their activity against multiple target proteins) and the ligand‐side relationships between different targets. This is not least due to the availability of increasingly larger amounts of ligand bioactivity data in the public domain; PubChem or the recent announcement to make the former Inpharmatica StARLITe database available through the EBI/EMBL being only the two of the many examples of this development. In this work we firstly summarize recent advances in the chemogenomics area. In the second part of the article we present current primary research origination from our group. This addresses various topics from the chemogenomics field such as substructure mining and chemogenomics analyses of GPCR ligands; novel feature selection methods such as two‐entropies analysis which are now translated from the bioinformatics into the chemogenomics field; as well as proteochemometric studies on subfamilies of G‐protein‐coupled receptors which not only take ligand and sequence information into account, but as a third variable are also able to consider quantitative activity values assigned to a ligand‐receptor pair. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 149–160, 2009
Application of model selection technique in chemogenomic data analysis
Authors: Gao Xin , Lin Lina , Huang Ying
Published: August 2009

With the advent of high‐throughput chemogenomic data, it becomes crucially important to extract the important genes which influence the drug activities among the huge number of candidate genes. By employing model selection technique, especially designed for high‐dimensional data, we propose to develop a systematic approach to construct the network elucidating the dependency relationships among the drugs and the genes. Based on the extended Bayesian Information Criterion, we are able to select the best parsimonious network structure. A real National Cancer Institute (NCI)‐60 panel data set is analyzed to demonstrate the utility of the method. The biological implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2: 186–191, 2009
Survival attributable to an exposure
Authors: Cox Christopher , Chu Haitao , Muñoz Alvaro
Published: August 2009

In the survival analysis context, when an intervention either reduces a harmful exposure or introduces a beneficial treatment, it seems useful to quantify the gain in survival attributable to the intervention as an alternative to the reduction in risk. To accomplish this we introduce two new concepts, the attributable survival and attributable survival time, and study their properties. Our analysis includes comparison with the attributable risk function as well as hazard‐based alternatives. We also extend the setting to the case where the intervention takes place at discrete points in time, and may either eliminate exposure or introduce a beneficial treatment in only a proportion of the available group. This generalization accommodates the more realistic situation where the treatment or exposure is dynamic. We apply these methods to assess the effect of introducing highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of clinical AIDS at the population level. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does firm performance reveal its own causes? the role of Bayesian inference
Authors: Tang Ying‐Chan , Liou Fen‐May
Published: August 2009

A central problem in strategic management is how the inference ‘sustainable competitive advantage generates sustainable superior performance’ can be put into practice. In this article we develop a theoretical framework to understand the causal relationships among (1) sustainable competitive advantage, (2) configuration, (3) dynamic capability, and (4) sustainable superior performance. We propose that a firm's competitive advantage, resource bundle configuration, and dynamic learning capability cannot be comprehended by outsiders. Its operational performance, however, can be captured by financial indicators. We promote an inductive Bayesian interpretation of the sustainable competitive advantage proposition. From this viewpoint, the presence or absence of competitive advantage may be reflected in the causal relationship between resource configuration, dynamic capability, and observable financial performance. We apply this theoretical framework to an example drawn from the global semiconductor industry, an area in which resource configuration and dynamic capability are essential to performance. The paper concludes with a summary of the proposed model and suggestions for future theoretical development of strategic management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenoviral Gene Delivery Can Reprogram Human Fibroblasts to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Wenbo , Freed Curt R.
Published: August 2009

Mouse and human fibroblasts have been transformed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by retroviral transduction or plasmid transfection with four genes. Unfortunately, viral and plasmid DNA incorporation into chromosomes can lead to disruption of gene transcription and malignant transformation. Tumor formation has been found in offspring of mice generated from blastocysts made mosaic with iPS cells. To proceed with iPS cells for human therapy, reprogramming should be done with transient gene expression. Recently, adenoviral vectors have been used to produce mouse iPS cells without viral integration. Here, we report the successful creation of human iPS cells from embryonic fibroblasts using adenoviral vectors expressing c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4, and Sox2. After screening 12 colonies, three stable iPS cell lines were established. Each cell line showed human embryonic stem cell morphology and surface markers. Southern blots and polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that there was no viral DNA integration into iPS cells. Fingerprinting and karyotype analysis confirmed that these iPS cell lines are derived from the parent human fibroblasts. The three human iPS cell lines can differentiate to all three germ layers in vitro, including dopaminergic neurons. After s.c. injection into nonobese diabetic–severe combined immunodeficient mice, each human iPS line produced teratomas within 5 weeks postimplantation. We conclude that adenoviral vectors can reprogram human fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells for use in individualized cell therapy without the risk for viral or oncogene incorporation.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Bilateral cleft lip and palate without premaxillary protrusion is associated with lethal aneuploidies
Authors: Gabrielli S. , Piva M. , Ghi T. , Perolo A. , Nobile De Santis M. S. , Bevini M. , Bonasoni P. , Santini D. , Rizzo N. , Pilu G.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To investigate the clinical implications of two categories of fetal bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP): with premaxillary protrusion and with a flattened profile.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of BCLP at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Bologna in the period 1991–2005.

Results

BCLP was diagnosed prenatally in 14 cases (mean gestational age at diagnosis, 21 (range, 12–36) weeks). In nine of these, there was a premaxillary pseudomass; in the remaining five, the profile was flat. Associated structural and/or chromosomal anomalies were found in two of the nine with a premaxillary pseudomass and in all five of those with a flat profile (P = 0.02). All fetuses with a flat profile had aneuploidies (three trisomy 18, one trisomy 13, one trisomy 8 mosaic), as did one of the nine with a premaxillary pseudomass. Eight of the pregnancies were terminated, including three of those with a premaxillary pseudomass and all five of those without. All continuing pregnancies resulted in live births, although one neonate affected by Krabbe's disease died shortly after birth.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that a third of cases of BCLP diagnosed in utero have a flat profile and these are at high risk of lethal aneuploidies. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.