bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of melatonin on physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic properties and the expression of antioxidant genes under different irrigation regimes in wheat
Authors: MOHAMMAD Mohammad Hasso , KHALILI Marof , HAMZE Hamze
Published: December 2023

A split-plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years to study the effect of melatonin on the biochemical properties and the gene expression related to antioxidant enzyme activity in bread wheat. Irrigation levels (normal (FC = 80%)), mild stress (FC = 60%), and severe stress (FC = 40%)) were assigned to the main plots, and melatonin foliar applications (zero, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM) were assigned to Subplots. Results showed that, with the intensification of water stress, the 1000 kernel weight decreased, and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme and flavonoid content increased. Also, the level of 100 μM melatonin had the highest 1000 kernel weight, flavonoid content, and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity.  In this study, the highest number of grains per spike, biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde recorded for foliar treatment with 50 μM of melatonin under normal irrigation conditions and the highest proline content, total phenol, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were allocated to the 100 μM melatonin foliar treatment under severe water stress conditions. The synergistic effect of water deficit stress and melatonin foliar application increased the activity and expression level of genes related to antioxidant enzymes. So, the content of superoxide dismutase (21.30% and 65.16% respectively) and catalase (50.60% and 54.44% respectively) enzyme activity increased significantly under 100- and 150-mM melatonin foliar application in water severe water stress compared to the corresponding control treatment. Furthermore, mentioned melatonin levels increased the gene expression levels of superoxide dismutase (16.67% and 38.19% respectively), ascorbate peroxides (73.76% and 47.57% respectively), polyphenol oxidase (39.32 and 51.15%) and catalase (39.95% and 50.0% respectively) under an extreme water shortage compared with corresponding control treatment. In general, the application of 100- and 150-mM melatonin induced resistance to water deficit stress in wheat by increasing the expression of antioxidant genes.
Comprehensive assessment of genetic variation in native heterostylous primrose genotypes of Türkiye
Authors: TÜTÜNCÜ Mehmet , DALDA-SEKERCI Akife , BULUT Fatma , ŞİMŞEK Özhan
Published: December 2023

Primula vulgaris L. is an essential species of ornamental plant value with attractive flowers distributed in humid and cold regions. It spreads around Giresun, Gümüşhane, Trabzon, and Rize in Türkiye’s Eastern Black Sea region. Through molecular and morphological markers, this study determined the genetic diversity and similarity levels of Primula genotypes sampled from different areas (Samsun, Trabzon, Ordu, and Giresun). Variation was determined regarding morphological characteristics, and that plant shape, flower, and leaf properties were highly variable. Molecular data support morphological features. Thirteen ISSR primers determined the dimensions of genetic diversity, and the genotypes’ similarity indexes were between 0.70 and 0.92. It is seen that there is no clustering in the two- and three-dimensional graphics created in line with the genetic parameters, and the genotypes are distributed. Also, plant characteristics were correlated with the ISSR data, and many DNA profiles were detected. This study has characterized Primula genotypes that naturally spread in the Black Sea region of Türkiye. It is a guiding study for transferring some observed properties to culture varieties.
Effects of exogenous brassinolide and AM fungi on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and antioxidant enzyme system of Leymus chinensis under salt and alkali stress
Authors: GAO Zhanwu , LIU Jing , LI Qian , LIU Jinyu , BAI Mengyuan , LI Xinning , ZHU Qiang , CUI Yanhui , RASHEED Adnan
Published: December 2023

Salinity and alkali stresses are a major abiotic stress negatively affecting crop productivity around the globe. Therefore, it is mandatory to develop the effective measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of these stresses for ensuring sustainable crop productivity and food security. Therefore, a pot experiment determined the effects of brassinolide application, inoculation with AM fungi (Funneliformis mosseae) and their combined use on the growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant system of Leymus chinensis under saline-alkali stress (0, 150 mmol/L). The mechanism of the two to alleviate the saline-alkali stress of L. chinensis was explored. The physiological and biochemical indexes of Leymus chinensis were significantly affected under saline-alkali stress (150 mmol/L). Inoculation of AM fungi and application of brassinolide effectively increased the biomass accumulation in the upper part (∼ 25-40%) and root (15-35%) system of L. chinensis under saline-alkali stress. Further AMF also improved   photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b), photosynthetic rate (Pn), Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), stomata conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), chlorophyll fluorescence antioxidant enzymes (SOD: superoxide dismutase. CAT: catalase APX: ascorbate peroxidase, GR: Glutathione reductase) activity, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA: ∼ 40-50%) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2: ∼ 30-40%) accumulation. Therefore, under saline-alkali stress conditions, the combination of brassinolide and AM fungi proved better to mitigate their toxic effects.
Genetic diversity assessment and in vitro propagation of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties
Authors: ABDELGHAFFAR Ahmed M. , ALSHEGAIHI Rana M. , ALKHATEEB Mariam A. , ALSHAMRANI Rahma , ABUZAID Amani O. , SOLIMAN Said , ISMAIL Tarek , ELZOHERY Ahmed , Abd EL-MONEIM Diaa , FELEMBAN Wessam F. , ALMOSHADAK Ameina S. , HASSANIN Abdallah A.
Published: December 2023

The evaluation of genetic diversity is crucial for breeders to develop strategies and improve the resilience, quality, and adaptability of the date palm. In this study, the genetic diversity of three date palm varieties was performed using ISSR-PCR molecular markers to determine its relationship with in vitro propagation response of these varieties. The molecular profiling was performed using ISSR-PCR. A total of 49 loci were produced by the PCR reactions, 38 of which were polymorphic while 11 were monomorphic. The level of polymorphism revealed by ISSR-PCR varied from 33.33% to 100%. The three date palm varieties were grouped into two clusters based on the results of cluster analyses that used morphological data and molecular profiles. Cluster I comprised the ‘Barhy’ variety and Cluster II included ‘Magdoul’ and ‘Amri’ varieties. The clustering analyses revealed the independence of the ‘Barhy’ variety in its characteristics from the other varieties based on either morphological or molecular data. The results of in vitro propagation showed that the ‘Amri’ variety exhibited the highest callus induction frequency (86.28%), callus weight (2.33 g), number of somatic embryos (9.32), number of shoots (14.62), number of roots (4.11), root length (4.63 cm), shoot length (13.61 cm) followed by ‘Magdoul’ and ‘Barhy’ varieties. The ‘Amri’ variety had the shortest callus induction period, at 23.26 days while the ‘Barhy’ variety exhibited the longest period of callus induction (28.55). It was deduced from the study that the ISSR marker reproduced trustworthy patterns of bands to determine the genetic diversity among different date palm varieties that are considered the cornerstone for the genetic improvement of date palms. The understanding of the relationship between genetic diversity and in vitro propagation response of date palm is essential for ensuring the long-term sustainability of its crop. This will facilitate better conservation and development of new date palm varieties that fulfil the needs of farmers and consumers.
The role of medicinal mushrooms as gastroprotective agents: A short narrative review
Authors: PUIA Aida , SCHLANGER Diana , PUIA Ion C.
Published: December 2023

This review examines the possible clinical uses of extracts from mushrooms with medicinal properties, particularly their role as gastroprotective agents. After conducting a thorough examination of the literature, we identified and chose publications that presented six distinct types of mushroom extracts. These extracts have been experimentally demonstrated to have gastroprotective effects in animal models. Animals like rats or mice were used as subjects in experimental models to generate stomach ulcers through various approaches, such as chemical induction or inducing stress. Studies have shown that mushroom extracts are efficacious in facilitating the healing process of stomach ulcers. Several fundamental modes of action include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, along with enhanced preservation of stomach mucus. No clinical trials pertaining to this topic have been uncovered. However, the initial positive outcomes gained serve as a basis for additional investigation on this subject.
Provocation and Diminished Capacity in Nordic Criminal Law: Two Rationales for Mitigating Crimes of Violence Committed in an Agitated State of Mind
Authors: Rasmussen Maria
Published: December 2023

One of the key distinctions when assessing crimes of violence, such as intentional homicide and assault, is that between acts committed in ‘cold’ and ‘hot blood’. The last term refers to acts committed in an intense emotional state, usually in response to a perceived insult from the victim. In the penal codes of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, mainly two types of mitigating circumstances are associated with these acts. These mitigating circumstances can be referred to as ‘provocation’ and ‘diminished capacity’. In this article, the division between these two types of different provisions is challenged through an analysis of their rationale. Finnish criminal law is presented as an alternative to making the distinction. The article’s analysis highlights the underlying psychological and moral assumptions about emotions and violence on which these provisions on mitigating circumstances are built.
Panorama institucional do trabalho grupal com homens autores de violência contra mulher no Brasil
Authors: Pereira Lorena Padilha , Guizardi Francini Lube , Loyola Valeska Maria Zanello de
Published: December 2023

Resumo A Lei Maria da Penha prevê o atendimento aos homens autores de violência em centros de reabilitação traduzidos, na prática, em atividades grupais. Este artigo apresenta um panorama nacional destas ações, realizado por meio de revisão de literatura, pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os grupos foram identificados através de buscas nas bases LILACS/BVS, MEDLINE/PUBMED, COCHRANE LIBARY, EMBASE, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), mapeamento e listagem nacional das iniciativas com homens autores de violência já publicadas e pesquisa web. Dos 309 grupos identificados, 271 responderam o questionário enviado por meio eletrônico nos meses de abril e maio de 2021. Os resultados possibilitaram traçar um panorama que evidenciou as instituições atuantes; a forma de encaminhamento dos homens; a existência do trabalho em rede e aproximação dos movimentos sociais; informações sobre a equipe facilitadora; objetivos; metodologia de avaliação e os principais resultados e dificuldades destacados pelos grupos. Hiatos também foram confirmados como a ausência de política pública nacional que acolha e impulsione as organizações locais; a falta de formação continuada da equipe de facilitação; a ausência ou pouco aporte financeiro e, principalmente; a fragilidade na avaliação e monitoramento das atividades.
A Processual Approach to Political Violence Phenomenon in Somalia: An Assessment of the Political Opportunities and Threats
Authors: ALEGÖZ Halil İbrahim
Published: December 2023

This study investigates the political violence phenomenon in Somalia from 2001

to 2004. We assert that political violence emerges as one of the potential outcomes on

the part of an organization in a political struggle. It unfolds in a complex, multifaceted,

and contentious political setting. The political struggle may occur within the five

confrontational political milieu areas. In this article, however, we limit the scope of our

analysis to examine the social and political interactions between national political elites

and Islamic courts. We aim to assess whether these political interactions have led to a

potentially violent outcome. This article is situated within the theoretical framework

of the Contentious Politics Paradigm, initially formulated by Charles Tilly et al. and

subsequently refined by Eitan Alimi et al. as a relational radicalization framework.
Yeni Osmanlılar ve Jön Türkler’de Meşveret Kavramı (Hürriyet ve Meşveret Gazeteleri Bağlamında)
Authors: KADIOĞLU Büşra
Published: December 2023

Meşveret kavramı Osmanlı siyasal düşüncesi ve söyleminde etkin bir yere sahiptir.

Gelenek içerisinde danışma meclisleri, istişare etme manalarını kapsayacak biçimde yer

alan kavram bilhassa Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti ile politik yeni bir anlam kazanmaktadır.

Sonrasında kavramın manasının Jön Türkler vasıtasıyla siyasallığı keskinleşmekte ve

nihayetinde ise meşrutiyete uzanmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmalarda Yeni Osmanlı ve Jön Türk

düşüncesi incelenmektedir ancak bu hareketlerin meşveret kavramı yorumunun özelinde

bir kavramlar tarihi tetkiki bulunmamaktadır. Makalemizde söz konusu noksanlığı

gidermek amacıyla meşveret kavramının Yeni Osmanlı ve Jön Türk düşüncesindeki

gelişimi incelenmektedir. Yapılan inceleme Yeni Osmanlılar için Hürriyet, Jön Türkler

için ise Meşveret gazeteleri bağlamında gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tetkik nihayetinde ise

meşveretin Yeni Osmanlılar tarafından siyasal söyleme dahil edildiği ve Jön Türkler

tarafından politik niteliğinin kalıcı hale getirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Yahudi Spira Ailesi: Casusluktan Siyon Katır Birliğine Osmanlı Karşıtı Faaliyetleri
Authors: SORGU Murat
Published: December 2023

20. yüzyılda dünyada yaşanan gelişmeler siyonizm akımının güç ve taraftar

kazanmasını sağlamakla birlikte siyonistlerin var güçleriyle Filistin’e yönelmelerine de

neden olmuştur. Osmanlı Yahudi toplumunun bir kısmını etkisi altına alan bu akım sadece

teorik bir bilgi değil aynı zamanda uygulamaya dönüşen bir ideoloji hâline de dönüşmüştür.

Bu akıma mensup Yahudiler, birçok alanda olduğu gibi casusluk faaliyetleri yürüterek

Yahudi Devleti’nin kurulmasına gayret göstermişlerdir. Bu çerçevede Filistin’de bulunan

casus Spira Ailesi’nin faaliyetleri önem arz etmektedir. Almanya’dan Osmanlı Lahey

Sefareti’ne gönderilen bir mektupla deşifre edilen Spira Ailesi, Filistin’de siyonizm lehine

siyasi, ekonomik ve toplumsal olduğu kadar askeri faaliyetlerde de bulunmuştur. Ne var

ki bu faaliyet sahası Filistin ile sınırlı kalmamış, Almanya, İngiltere ve Hollanda’ya da

yayılmıştır. Zamansal olarak Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan önce casusluk faaliyetlerine

başlayan Spira Ailesi, savaş boyunca aktif durumda kalmıştır. Bu faaliyetlerinin 1918

yılı Mart ayına kadar sürdüğü ve bu tarihlerde 4. Ordu’ya bağlı istihbarat birimlerinin

operasyonu ile ailenin etkisiz hale getirildiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Birinci Dünya

Savaşı sürecinde Osmanlı Devleti’nde ve farklı ülkelerde organize olan Spira Ailesi’nin

casusluk faaliyetleri Osmanlı arşiv vesikaları ışığında incelenmiştir.
Avrupa Gazetelerinde Yabancı Posta Meselesi: Evrensel Posta Birliği’nin Yaklaşımı ve Osmanlı Posta Teşkilatı’na İlişkin Haber İçeriklerinin Analizi
Authors: YAMAN Mehmet Şükrü
Published: December 2023

Yabancı posta meselesi, çok yönlü bir olgu olarak 20. yüzyılın başlarına kadar dünya

genelinde büyük yankı uyandırmıştır. Avrupalı devletlerin yayılmacı politikalarının

önemli bir bileşeni ve neticesi olan yabancı postaneler, Osmanlı Devleti’ni de derinden

etkilemiştir. Batılı posta idareleri uzun yıllar müddetince Osmanlı yerleşimlerinde

faaliyet göstermiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, Batılı postaların kendi aralarında rekabette

bulunduğu ülke olarak da ön plana çıkmıştır. Ticari ve sosyal bir zeminde faaliyet zemini

bulmuş yabancı postaneler zaman içerisinde siyasi bir boyut kazanmıştır. Batılı tarzda

teşkilatlanmaya ilk kez 1840 tarihinde giden Osmanlı Devleti, kendi topraklarındaki

posta varlığını ve birikimini kurumsal bir temele oturtarak yerli posta yetkinliğine

yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu girişim, Avrupalı posta idareleri nezdinde kabul görmemiştir. 1860

sonrasında yoğunluk ve süreklilik kazanmış kapatma girişimlerinin geçerli bir temele

dayanmadığı öne sürülmüştür, zira onlara göre Osmanlı Posta Teşkilatı uluslararası posta

hizmeti sağlayabilecek yapısal dönüşümü henüz tam anlamıyla tesis edememişti. Osmanlı

pazarındaki faaliyetlerini sonlandırma noktasında koşul öne süren Avrupalı devletlerin operasyonel yetkinliğe işaret etmesi sonrasında içerideki ve dışarıdaki temaslarını

arttıran Osmanlı Devleti, Bern’de 22 devletin iştirakiyle düzenlenen ilk uluslararası posta

kongresinde yer almıştır. Kongre bitiminde, 9 Ekim 1874’te imzalanan Evrensel Posta

Sözleşmesi’yle kurulan Evrensel Posta Birliği’nin kurucu üyesi olarak iki yıl gibi kısa

süre içerisinde uluslararası posta hizmeti icra edebilir hâle gelmiştir. Avrupalı devletlerin

eksikliğini koz olarak kullandıkları en kritik koşulu da yerine getiren Osmanlı Devleti,

buna rağmen kesin çözüm elde edememiştir. Bu süreç zarfında Avrupa basınında siyasi,

ekonomik ve sosyal açılardan ele alınma lüzumu bulunan posta haberleri üretilmiştir. Bu

içerikler, henüz kapsamlı ve bir bütün olarak akademik bir çalışmanın konusu olabilmiş

değildir. Gazeteler haricinde yabancı literatürde Osmanlı Devleti’ni posta bağlamında

hedef alan içeriklere ilişkin bir karşı yaklaşım da şekillenmemiştir. Bu makale hem

bu bağlamdaki açığa temas ederek hem de yabancı gazetelerdeki içeriklerin posta

perspektifinden ele alınıp alınmadığını irdeleyerek literatürdeki eksikliğe dikkat çekmeyi

amaçlamaktadır.
İsmail Yaşar Şâdî’nin Yayınlanmamış Şiirleri
Authors: ATİK Necmi
Published: December 2023

İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal, İsmail Yaşar Şâdi için; “Tahsili noksan ise de tabiatı

müsait olduğundan “Gam seni terk eylemez sen eyle terk-i gam biraz” şarkısı gibi güzel

manzumeler yazmıştır, Yahya Kemal’in şiirlerine tehziller ve hicviyeleriyle tanınır”

demektedir. Bu ifadeler ışığında Yaşar Şadi’nin yazdığı birçok şiirinin bulunduğu

kanaatine varılmaktadır. Nitekim tespitlerimize göre onun, İbnülemin’e gönderdiği üç

şiiri dışında, Beyânü’l-Hak ve Mahfil dergilerinde de yayınlanmış şiirleri bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır’ın metrukâtında da şiirleri yer almaktadır.

Ahmed Süheyl Ünver’de bulunan bir mektubunda Yaşar Şâdi, Elmalılı Muhammed

Hamdi Yazır’ı her cuma günü ziyaret ettiğini ifade etmektedir. Onun bu ziyaretleri

sırasında Elmalılı’ya yazdığı şiirlerden takdim ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Elmalılı’nın da

Divançe’sinde, “Yaşar Şadi Oğlumuza” başlığıyla ona atfettiği bir gazeli bulunmaktadır.

Çalışmamızın konusu, Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır’ın metrukâtında tespit ettiğimiz

Yaşar Şâdi’ye âit olan ve ilk defa yayınlanacak yedi şiiri üzerinedir ve çalışmamız İsmail

Yaşar Şâdî’nin şiirleri üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Bu çalışmamız ile klasik Türk

edebiyatı tarihine şairin 5 gazeli, 1 mersiyesi ve 1 koşmadan oluşan toplamda yedi şiiri

daha kazandırılmış olunacaktır.
Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesinde Mutluluk ve Üzüntü Metaforları
Authors: YENER Zehra Sağ
Published: December 2023

Kavramsal metafor teorisine göre metafor, bir kavramı başka bir kavram üzerinden

anlamak ve deneyimlemektir. Diğer bir deyişle bir deneyim alanını (genellikle soyut olan),

bir başkası (genellikle somut olan) açısından anlamaktır. Bu çalışmada Evliya Çelebi

Seyahatnamesinde mutluluk ve üzüntü metaforları kavramsal metafor teorisi kapsamında

incelenmiştir. Elde edilen metafor örnekleri yapısal, yönelim ve varlık metaforları olmak

üzere türlerine göre tasnif ve tahlil edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak dillerde duygular gibi soyut

alanların (hedef alan), kendilerine göre daha somut alanlar (kaynak alan) üzerinden

algılandığı ve deneyimlendiği görülmüştür. Modern bir kuram olan kavramsal metafor

teorisinin diller üzerindeki evrensel bu yaklaşımı 17. yüzyılda yazılmış bir eser üzerinde

incelemeye tabi tutulmuş ve kuramı destekleyici sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.
Analysis of Square Kufic Calligraphy at Some Historical Buildings in Istanbul
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Onur
Published: December 2023

The square kufıc (ma’ qıli) calligraphy, frequently employed as early as the 11th

century in the architecture of the Great Seljuks and Anatolian Seljuks periods, gradually

yielded its place to other calligraphic styles and penwork embellishments in Ottoman

constructions. Conversely, compared to other script forms, an insufficient body of

scientific research is dedicated to the accurate comprehension and thorough recognition of

ma’qili calligraphic art. This unique calligraphic style, which is not traditionally imparted

within conventional calligraphy education and is currently witnessing renewed interest in

Islamic architecture and art across various countries, necessitates comprehensive studies

to elucidate its nuanced reading and compositional logic.

This article undertakes a detailed exploration of some Square Kufıc calligraphy from

the era of Mimar Sinan in Istanbul to the period preceding Sinan’s time. In addition

to analyzing the content and compositions of the inscriptions, specific errors and

interpretations are also addressed.
Background of the Unemployment in the Euro Area
Authors:   Institute of European Studies, Ristanović V.
Published: December 2023

Unemployment has been a macroeconomic problem of every economy for decades, requiring a detailed analysis. The paper focuses on the sources of unemployment in the Euro Area during 2000-2021. The article aims to identify the essential cause as well as sources of unemployment during the two decades of the 21st century and whether it should be sought in the financial crisis during 2008-2014, in the short period of recovery until 2018, or during the COVID-19 period from 2019 to 2021. The analysis of unemployment in the countries of the Eurozone is conducted using the fundamental macroeconomic indicators of balance in the economy: gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment. The methodological concept is based on usual macroeconomic relationships, and panel regression model estimates are presented in the STATA software package. The analysis results indicate the nonlinearity of the Phillips curve and Okun’s law during the analysed period. Deviations from theoretical concepts are significantly expressed in some sub-periods. External effects distort market mechanisms, causing large and significant differences between individual countries of the Eurozone. However, common to all sub-periods is a deflationary output gap. The gap between the current and the optimal output deepened the unemployment problems. The long-term deflationary output gap hurt the inflation rate, showing the gap between those economic theory developers and policy makers. These results can be the basis for further analysis by including more macroeconomic determinants of the economy.
The Use of Social Media to Study the Features of Commuting in Russian Million-Plus Cities
Authors:   Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Uskova A. Y. , Logacheva N. M. ,   Chelyabinsk Branch of the Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Salomatova J. V. ,   Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Salomatov N. I. ,   Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of RAS
Published: December 2023

Commuting as a feature of agglomeration processes, and its examination in the context of spatial development becomes relevant. Simultaneously, considering the limited availability of official municipal statistics, new data sources for such a research are necessary. The study aims to explore the possibility of using open data from VKontakte social network to identify and analyse commuting in 14 Russian million-plus cities (agglomeration centres) and 97 settlements (satellites). It is hypothesised that the outflow of labour from a million-plus city is comparable to the influx of labour from satellite cities to replace this outflow. The methods of social media analytics, correlation and comparative analysis, cartographic techniques were applied. The Federal State Statistics Service data and anonymous VKontakte user data obtained in the spring of 2023 were analysed using the author’s computer programme. The analysis showed that the higher the share of citizens of million-plus cities working outside their city, the lower the average share of residents of satellite cities working in agglomeration centres. A negative correlation between the distance from a city of residence to an agglomeration centre and the share of the commuting population was revealed. This finding confirms the presence of a gravity criterion used to determine the boundaries of urban agglomerations according to gravity models. Additionally, a positive correlation between the labour market tension and the share of residents of satellite cities working in agglomeration centres was noted. It was concluded that social media data provides new opportunities for identifying and assessing commuting flows. The research results can be used to further study commuting features, intensity and directions in order to take them into account when creating spatial development strategies.
Total Factor Productivity in Agriculture in Russian Regions
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Seitov S. K.
Published: December 2023

The Russian agricultural sector needs to improve production technologies, increase the share of high added value products in the structure of production, reduce unit costs, improve labour efficiency, and implement effective management innovations. Issues of unit cost reduction deserve special consideration. In this regard, the present study examines the development of the agricultural sector by using an indicator of total factor productivity (TFP) as a measure of efficiency. The article aims to determine the differentiation of Russian regions by TFP based on the author’s assessment methodology. An analysis of TFP dynamics revealed some regions that achieved indicators exceeding the national average, as well as leading and lagging regions. The highest total factor productivity growth in 2011–2020 was observed in Pskov, Penza, Oryol, Ryazan oblasts, Kamchatka krai, etc. The average Russian value of this indicator is characteristic of Sverdlovsk and Astrakhan oblasts. Tyumen and Sakhalin oblasts, Primorsky and Stavropol krais, the Republic of Karelia, Chelyabinsk oblast, Jewish Autonomous oblast, Chukotka Autonomous okrug, and the Republic of Ingushetia are in the group of lagging regions. Factors contributing to Russia’s long-term agricultural growth include effective investment, technological progress, and growing TFP rates. An increase in farmers’ demand for advanced technologies necessary for market share maintenance and survival can be a driver of innovative development. However, if major innovations are poorly implemented, high growth rate of total factor productivity is difficult to sustain; it will gradually decline as the quality of innovation activities decreases.
Regional Differentiation of GDP at the NUTS-3 Level in Selected European Countries after their Accession to the European Union
Authors:   Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Stawicki M. , Wojewódzka-Wiewiórska A. ,   Warsaw University of Life Sciences
Published: December 2023

The issue of regional development is gaining importance due to the disproportions in its socio-economic aspects. The study aims to identify changes in economic development of selected countries which joined the European Union (EU) in 2004. The study examines small NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics) regions, which are territories determined for statistical purpose, that are less often analysed in the literature. Moreover, it focuses on spatial aspects, also considering rarely examined urban-rural typology of regions. The value and dynamics of gross domestic product (GDP) changes were presented using the Eurostat data for 2004–2019 on GDP per capita ratio (PPS) and GDP per capita (in % in relation to the EU-28 average). The analysis uses basic statistical and convergence measures; regional disparities were presented on graphs and maps. It was found that the examined EU countries are internally different in terms of economic development. The growth of GDP per capita was most dynamic in the Baltic States, Slovakia and Poland. The dynamics of GDP per capita in relation to the EU average was higher in regions — regardless of the type — where the value of GDP per capita was lower at the time of accession to the EU. In rural regions, the dynamics of development changes was smaller in relation to other types of regions. Convergence (both beta and sigma) is occurring at a very low level. Further research may focus on the reasons for enclosed disparities and factors of the ongoing changes.
Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Indonesian Muslim University, Aryati A. , Junaidi J. ,   Palopo Muhammadiyah University, Putra R. A. ,   State Islamic Institute of Kendari
Published: December 2023

During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries suffered economically. Financial institutions play an important role in enhancing economic growth through intermediation. However, preliminary studies focused on common aspects of financial institutions rather than the banking context, and the majority of the literature was written prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the banking sector’s role in short-run and long-run contributions to economic growth from 2009 to 2021. Indicators of the number of banking deposits, offices and public financing were used as proxies to validate the relationship between Indonesian financial development and economic growth (gross domestic product) in the vector error correction model (VECM). The Indonesian bank’s contribution to the country’s economic growth was examined. Data were collected from banks’ annual reports. This study found a strong short- and long-term correlation between financial development and Indonesia’s economic growth. There is a bidirectional relationship between Indonesia’s Islamic Bank (IIB) and GDP. The relationship between the conventional bank and Indonesia’s economic growth is unidirectional. Therefore, policymakers should enhance the intensified mobilisation of loans obtained for capital and productive projects. This study also shows that macroeconomic and microeconomic stability can be improved by enhancing capital inflows and investments in lucrative sectors, as the research goal was to examine the effect of financial development before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, which detriments most countries’ stability. However, future studies need to confirm banks’ contributions to specific sectors such as agriculture and small and medium enterprises due to their strong correlation with developing countries.
Monitoring System for Regional Financial Security
Authors:   Vyatka State University, Karanina E. V. , Kyzyurov M. S. ,   Vyatka State University
Published: December 2023

A monitoring system for regional financial security based on a key set of indicators can be used to timely and promptly identify, analyse and assess security threats at the meso-level. The study hypothesises that the implementation of the proposed monitoring mechanism will improve detection, analysis and diagnosis of threats to financial security across regions. This can be achieved through the synthesis of an indicative approach, ranking method, minimax approach and normalisation function. Additionally, the system can be used to more accurately determine the security zone and assess the influence of various factors on each indicator. The article presents a methodology for assessing regional financial security based on a set of indicators characterising regional financial systems and their budget, investment, foreign economic components. Statistics from the Federal State Statistics Service, Bank of Russia, Treasury of Russia, customs and tax authorities were analysed. The indicative approach, ranking method, minimax approach, and normalisation function were synthesised to transform original data into a hundred-point scale, determine threshold values and identify the most significant threats to financial security in the field of foreign economic activity, monetary policy, financial stability and enterprise performance. The testing of the proposed methodology in Kirov oblast using ten indicators revealed several threats to the region’s financial security. Dynamics of indicators of Kirov oblast were compared with those of other regions of the Volga Federal District. The developed approach to organising financial security monitoring and recommended tools can be used by public and administrative authorities for identifying, analysing, assessing and predicting threats to financial security of meso-level systems. Future studies can increase the number of indicators for examining financial security.
Impact of Deficit Financing and Trade Openness on Private Consumption in India
Authors:   Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Mehta D. , Mallikarjun M. ,   Nirma University
Published: December 2023

The Ricardian equivalence hypothesis claims that private consumption is neutral to the fiscal deficit and its mode of financing (debt vs tax). The study reinvestigates the Ricardian equivalence hypothesis in India by taking private consumption as the dependent variable, whereas government expenditure, government debt, tax, domestic income, and trade are considered as independent variables. In the Indian context, the Ricardian view raises an interesting point. If the Ricardian equivalence holds in the Indian economy, households alter their spending patterns and consequently increase their savings, making the policy changes ineffective. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound testing approach was applied to the annual time series data from 1988 to 2021. The estimates confirm a significant long-run and short-run relationship between the variables; the results reject the Ricardian Equivalence and propound the Keynesian approach that the mode of financing the fiscal deficit (debt vs tax) does matter to the private consumption expenditure. The estimates also assert the long-run relation between trade openness and private consumption spending. The positive and significant coefficient shows that an open economy leads to an increase in consumption, which indirectly supports the Compensation Hypothesis. Given that deficit financing and trade openness have a substantial influence on India’s consumer spending, it can be concluded that expansionary fiscal and liberal trade policies should be carefully devised and supported. This study contributes to the existing literature on the Ricardian equivalence and trade openness by presenting new evidence on designing sustainable fiscal policy by spending wisely without imperilling the country’s consumption expenditure and global presence.
Determination of physicochemical properties of a carbon electrode in high-density aqueous solutions
Authors:   Perm State University, Shavkunov Sergey P. , Sidorova Irina P. ,   Perm State University
Published: December 2023

The electrochemical behavior of a high-purity carbon electrode in high-density aqueous solutions has been investigated. The data obtained using the methods of cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy indicate that the structure, composition and characteristics of electrolyte solutions should be taken into account when choosing a system.
Development of spectrophotometric method of copper (II) ions determination with N-benzyloyl-N'-(phenylsulfonyl)hydrazine
Authors:   Perm State University, Elchishcheva Yulia B. , Sitnikova Maria A. ,   Perm State University, Pavlov Petr T. ,   Perm State University
Published: December 2023

The results of studying the processes of complex formation of N-benzyloyl-N'-(phenylsulfonyl)hydrazine (BPSH) with Cu(II) ions in ammonia media are presented. The complex formation reaction was studied by spectrophotometric method. The maximum light absorption of the studied complex compound was determined. The optimal conditions for the complex formation of BFSH with Cu(II) ions were studied: the time for the development of the color of the complex; pH range of complex formation, amount of photometric reagent. The optimal ratios [Cu(II)]:[BFSH]=2:1 and 1:1 were determined by the saturation method. Under optimal conditions, a calibration curve was constructed for the determination of Cu(II) ions with BFSH in an ammonia medium. Methods of mathematical statistics determined the convergence and correctness of the spectrophotometric method of determination. Approbation of the technique was carried out on the product of flotation enrichment of sulfide copper-nickel ore of the Murmansk deposit.
Improving the method of lens mass preparation for age assessment in the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus)
Authors: Mihajlović Nikola , Stepić Stefan , Lavadinović Vukan , Beuković Dejan , Ignjatović Aleksandar , Popović Zoran
Published: December 2023

Research was conducted on the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pall.), one of the most numerous and important small game species both in Europe and in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of the research was to examine the possibility of modifying the standard method, which is a standard in the Republic of Serbia, for determining the age of hares based on the mass of their lenses in order to shorten its duration. Additionally, the goal was to investigate whether there was a difference in the age structure determined by the standard and modified methods. For the purpose of processing and analyzing samples, a total of 410 hare heads were collected from hunting grounds in Central Serbia and Vojvodina, and only heads with intact lenses of both eyes (399) were included in the analysis, resulting in the examination of 798 lenses. It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference in the lens mass between the standard and modified methods, both for age categories of hares up to one year and over one year. High correlation coefficients were found, indicating a strong relationship between the lens mass obtained by the standard and modified methods within both age categories. Furthermore, the real growth rates of hares determined by the standard and modified methods were equal.
et-Tefsîru’l-Mukâren: Tefsir İlmindeki İhtilafları Çözümlemede Yeni Bir Yöntem
Authors: YETKİN Vedat
Published: December 2023

Kur’an-ı Kerim’deki ayetler üzerine detaylı çalışmalar yapma ihtiyacı günümüzde tefsir uzmanlarını yeni metotlar oluşturma gayretine sevk etmiştir. Bu ihtiyaçlar neticesinde son dönemlerde özellikle Arap dünyasında Mukayeseli Tefsir Metodu olarak tercüme edebileceğimiz et-Tefsîru’l-Mukâren adıyla yeni bir çalışma sahası oluşmuştur. Bu metodun amacı müfessirlerin üzerinde ihtilaf etmiş oldukları ayet/ayetleri ilmi bir yöntemle ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektir. Tefsir ilmindeki ihtilaf olgusu Tefsir tarihi boyunca müfessirlerin sıklıkla ilgilendikleri bir husus olmuştur. Nitekim tefsir müktesebatına baktığımızda Kur’an ayetlerinin birçoğuna dair farklı görüşler aktarılmıştır. Her ne kadar tefsir ilmindeki ihtilaf olgusu ulema nezdinde makbul olan ve makbul olmayan ihtilaflar olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmış olsa da makbul olan ihtilafların içerisinde de ayetin manasını veya hükmünü etkileyen görüşler yer almaktadır. Bu tarz ihtilafları bir yöntem dahilinde incelemeden müfessirlerin görüşleri arasından birini tercih etmek ilmi açıdan sağlıklı sonuçlar doğurmamaktadır. Tam bu noktada Mukayeseli Tefsir Metoduna ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu makalede öncelikli olarak tanımı ve yöntemi tam olarak istikrara kavuşmamış bu yeni metot üzerine yapılan tartışmaların üzerinde duruldu. Özellikle Mukayeseli Tefsir Metodunun tanımının ve kapsamının geniş tutulması bazı tefsir araştırmacıları tarafından tenkit edilmiştir. Çalışmada bu yeni metodun tanımı ve yöntem basamaklarına dair araştırmacı kendi değerlendirmelerine yer vermiştir. Mukayeseli Tefsir Metodu’nu daha anlaşılır kılmak için Haşr Suresi 6. ve 7. ayetleri örnek olarak seçilmiştir. İlgili ayetlere dair müfessirlerin tefsirlerde aktarmış oldukları farklı görüşler bu metodun ilkelerine göre ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilerek bir sonuca ulaşılmıştır.
Decreasing trend in SO2 concentrations over Durban: 2004 - 2014
Authors: Duigan Barbara , Sangeetha Sivakumar Kansdasami , Sivakumar Venkataraman
Published: December 2023

The climatology of ambient SO2 air pollution was investigated in Durban, South Africa using data collected by seven air quality monitoring stations (Ferndale, Grosvenor, Jacobs, Wentworth, Settlers School, Southern Works and Prospecton) operated by eThekwini municipality (2004–2014, 2018-2019). These sites constitute a mix of urban and industrial locations. Yearly average trends indicated that no site exceeded the yearly average national guideline (19ppbv) 2004-2014, 2018-2019. Southern Works, Wentworth and Jacobs, recorded highest yearly averages, a consequence of situation within Durban South Industrial Basin (DSIB) while Ferndale recorded lowest yearly averages, a reflection of location in an urban environment. Results of linear fitting to yearly average data (2004-2014) indicated negative trends (all sites). The largest trend was recorded at Jacobs (-0.48ppbv yr-1) and smallest trends observed at Prospecton (-0.12ppbv yr-1), Ferndale (-0.084ppbv yr-1) and Grosvenor (-0.024ppbv yr-1). Using these linear trends, projected SO2 levels were calculated and compared to actual data where it existed (2019 - Wentworth, Settlers, Prospecton), (2018, 2019 Southern Works). Comparison of actual with projected data indicated that except for Prospecton, projected yearly averages are lower than actual yearly averages for these sites. The largest difference between projected and actual data occurred for Southern Works in 2019 (4.10 ppbv). Monthly averages displayed periodic behaviour with maxima recorded in winter and minima in summer. Highest monthly averages were consistently recorded at Wentworth, Jacobs or Southern Works. Maximum monthly average (2004- 2019) was reported at Jacobs, June 2009 (21.71± 2.82ppbv) while minimum monthly average (2004–2019) was reported at Ferndale, December 2012 (0.32±0.04ppbv).
Previous Durban SO2 studies are considerably older or of shorter duration than the analysis presented here and are limited as they principally focus on yearly average trends. The determination of SO2 levels over additional averaging periods (monthly average, seasonal variation, seasonal average) coupled with a larger data set and the comparison across sites (industrial vs urban) provides a more detailed exposure profile as experienced by individuals living and working in the eThekwini municipality and thereby expands on previous investigations.
Primary Culture of Mouse Mesencephalic Neurons v2
Authors: not provided louis-eric.trudeau
Published: December 2023

This protocol details the procedure required for the dissection and collection of primary mouse culture mesencephalic neurons.
Fully Automated Senescence Test (FAST) v1
Authors: Neri Francesco , N. Takajjart Selma
Published: December 2023

Cellular senescence is a major driver of aging and age-related diseases. Quantification of senescent cells remains challenging due to the lack of senescence-specific markers and generalist, unbiased methodology. Here, we describe the Fully-Automated Senescence Test (FAST), an image-based method for the high-throughput, single-cell assessment of senescence in cultured cells. FAST quantifies three of the most widely adopted senescence-associated markers for each cell imaged: senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity (SA-β-Gal) using X-Gal, proliferation arrest via lack of 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and enlarged morphology via increased nuclear area. The presented workflow entails microplate image acquisition, image processing, data analysis, and graphing. Standardization was achieved by i) quantifying colorimetric SA-β-Gal via optical density; ii) implementing staining background controls; iii) automating image acquisition, image processing, and data analysis. We show that FAST accurately quantifies senescence burden and is agnostic to cell type and microscope setup. Moreover, it effectively mitigates false-positive senescence marker staining, a common issue arising from culturing conditions. Using FAST, we compared X-Gal with fluorescent C12FDG live-cell SA-β-Gal staining on the single-cell level. We observed only a modest correlation between the two, indicating that those stains are not trivially interchangeable. Finally, we provide proof of concept that our method is suitable for screening compounds that exacerbate or mitigate senescence burden (i.e. senescence inducers and senolytics, respectively). This method will be broadly useful to the aging field by enabling rapid, unbiased, and user-friendly quantification of senescence burden in culture, as well as facilitating large-scale experiments that were previously impractical.
A Eficiência Operacional e o Crescimento do Cooperativismo de Crédito no Brasil
Authors: Leonel Pereira Gutemberg , Neris Nossa Silvania , Funchal Bruno , Dionizio Silva Gercione
Published: December 2023

Objetivo: analisar se o crescimento do cooperativismo de crédito entre os anos de 2012 e 2020 foi
influenciado pela eficiência operacional.
Método: foram analisadas empiricamente 355 cooperativas vinculadas ao Sistema de Cooperativas de
Crédito do Brasil (Sicoob). Utilizou-se uma modelagem de análise, inicialmente, com a aplicação da
metodologia Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) para a obtenção dos scores de eficiência e, posteriormente,
uma análise de regressão em dois estágios com dados em painel. Foram utilizados controles relacionados à
quantidade de pontos de atendimento, ao tempo de existência (idade), à capitalização, ao provisionamento
e à estrutura financeira das cooperativas.
Resultados: dentre as cooperativas, verificou-se um score de eficiência DEA com mediana de 0,52, o
que indica uma relevante presença de ineficiência das unidades analisadas. Os resultados da análise de
regressão mostram que o nível de eficiência operacional das cooperativas apresenta relação positiva com
o crescimento do cooperativismo de crédito brasileiro.
Contribuição teórica e prática: foi encontrada na literatura evidência empírica sobre a eficiência, mas
não sobre a relação da eficiência operacional das cooperativas com o crescimento do cooperativismo de
crédito no Brasil. A partir dos resultados encontrados, a tomada de decisão dos gestores de cooperativas
sobre a eficiência operacional e o crescimento das cooperativas tem mais subsídios.
Russia’s Security Perceptions and Arctic Governance
Authors: Borozna Angela
Published: December 2023

Russia’s war in Ukraine further strained Russia’s relations with the West and negatively influenced Arctic regional governance, especially after seven members of the Arctic Council paused cooperation with Russia. The rationale of the suspension was to express disapproval by seven Arctic states of Russia’s aggression in Ukraine. However, the suspension of cooperation with Russia within the Arctic Council format prompted some observers to question the relevance and utility of the institution. Russia never expressed its wish to leave the Council and continues to express its desire for multilateral cooperation in the region. This raises the question: Can Russia’s assertive stance in Ukraine coexist with peaceful cooperation in the Arctic? In order to answer this question, this article addresses the following questions: How does the geopolitical tension shape Russia’s approach to Arctic governance? And what is the role of military and economic security in Russia’s Arctic policy? The article uses a comparative method combined with discourse analysis to establish a change in Russia’s view on Arctic governance before and after the war in Ukraine.