bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A quantitative method to determine preservice chemistry teachers' perceptions of chemical representations
Authors: Head M. L. , Yoder K. , Genton E. , Sumperl J.
Published: July 2017

Chemical representations serve as a cornerstone to guide the teaching of chemistry concepts. The influence that a chemical representation has on instruction is largely dependent on how well the viewer interprets the information in the representation. Teachers serve as a guide to the students as they point out and make connections between the features present in a chemical representation. To influence how well the teacher serves as a guide it is important to develop teachers' pedagogical content knowledge as it relates to visualizations. As a first step towards developing this area of teaching expertise it is crucial to develop an understanding of how preservice chemistry teachers perceive a variety of chemical representations. To this end, this paper presents a novel card-sorting methodology that utilizes Johnstone's triangle as a continuum to determine how chemistry preservice teachers perceive representations relative to the presence of each of the three representational levels: macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic. This study has determined that this methodology is both valid and reliable among a group of chemistry preservice teachers. The participants were able to effectively detect the presence or absence of the macroscopic domain. However, there was greater variance when the symbolic and submicroscopic levels were present. In addition, variance among the participants’ responses also increased dramatically when multiple levels were present in one representation. This was largely a result of what key features the participant focused on while viewing the card. The variance results of this study, along with the accompanying rationales for the placement of the cards, serve to inform the development of practices to further foster preservice chemistry teachers’ pedagogical-visual-content-knowledge (PVCK).
Light-responsive paper strips as CO-releasing material with a colourimetric response
Authors: Reddy G. Upendar , Liu Jingjing , Hoffmann Patrick , Steinmetzer Johannes , Görls Helmar , Kupfer Stephan , Askes Sven H. C. , Neugebauer Ute , Gräfe Stefanie , Schiller Alexander
Published: July 2017

A light-responsive paper strip as CO-releasing material (CORMA) for convenient and efficient CO-release with colorimetric response.
Cobalt-catalysed reductive C–H alkylation of indoles using carboxylic acids and molecular hydrogen
Authors: Cabrero-Antonino Jose R. , Adam Rosa , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2017

The first direct CH-alkylation of indoles using carboxylic acids and hydrogen is presented. A non-noble metal based catalytic system, [Co(acac)3/Triphos/Al(OTf)3], efficiently catalyses the alkylation of a variety of indoles with a wide range of carboxylic acids.
Rotational and steric effects in water dissociative chemisorption on Ni(111)
Authors: Jiang Bin
Published: July 2017

Weak rotational but significant steric effects are predicted in water dissociative chemisorption on Ni(111).
Synthesis and organogelating behaviour of amino acid-functionalised triphenylenes
Authors: Meegan Jonathan E. , Yang Xiaofei , Rungsirisakun Ratana , Cosgrove Sebastian C. , Bushby Richard J. , Sadeghpour Amin , Rappolt Michael , Brydson Rik , Ansell Richard J.
Published: July 2017

Novel triphenylene derivatives form fibrous gels: SAXS on a wet gel shows these comprise 1-D stacks in a Colo arrangement.
Controllable multicompartment morphologies from cooperative self-assembly of copolymer–copolymer blends
Authors: Wang Zhikun , Sun Shuangqing , Li Chunling , Hu Songqing , Faller Roland
Published: July 2017

Multicompartment nanostructures, such as microcapsules with clearly separated shell and core, are not easily accessible by conventional block copolymer self-assembly.
Novel magnetic semiconductor Na2Fe2Ti6O16: synthesis, double absorption and strong adsorptive ability
Authors: Guo Ze-Qing , Miao Nan-Xi , Zhou Jian-Ping , Lei Yu-Xi , Hassan Qadeer Ul , Zhou Mei-Mei
Published: July 2017

Na2Fe2Ti6O16 demonstrates a strong adsorptive ability towards methylene blue and easy separation from aqueous solution due to its high saturation magnetization.
An overview of molecular layer deposition for organic and organic–inorganic hybrid materials: mechanisms, growth characteristics, and promising applications
Authors: Meng Xiangbo
Published: July 2017

This review makes a comprehensive summary on the processes of molecular layer deposition (MLD) for organic and organic–inorganic hybrid materials, and on their applications.
The cycling stability of the in situ formed Mg-based nanocomposite catalyzed by YH2
Authors: Li Qian , Li Yang , Liu Bin , Lu Xionggang , Zhang Tengfei , Gu Qinfen
Published: July 2017

Mg + Mg2Ni + YH2 nanocomposite presents long cycling life for hydrogen storage. Minimizing the separation between Mg/MgH2 matrix and YH2 nanocatalysts will further improve its high cycling stability.
N-Doped carbon encapsulated molybdenum carbide as an efficient catalyst for oxidant-free dehydrogenation of alcohols
Authors: Leng Yan , Li Jingjing , Zhang Chenjun , Jiang Pingping , Li Yue , Jiang Yuchen , Du Shengyu
Published: July 2017

Molybdenum carbide encapsulated in N-doped carbon was synthesized and used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxidant-free dehydrogenation of alcohols.
Influence of the Ca/Si ratio on the compressive strength of cementitious calcium–silicate–hydrate binders
Authors: Kunther Wolfgang , Ferreiro Sergio , Skibsted Jørgen
Published: July 2017

Calcium–silicate–hydrate phases have been synthesized with Ca/Si ratios of 0.83–1.50 and it is demonstrated that the compressive strengths of the C–S–H pastes increase for decreasing Ca/Si ratio for all samples and testing ages.
Correction: Thermoelectric properties of AMg2X2, AZn2Sb2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Sb, Bi), and Ba2ZnX2 (X = Sb, Bi) Zintl compounds
Authors: Sun Jifeng , Singh David J.
Published: July 2017

Correction for ‘Thermoelectric properties of AMg2X2, AZn2Sb2 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Sb, Bi), and Ba2ZnX2 (X = Sb, Bi) Zintl compounds’ by Jifeng Sun et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 8499–8509.
High conductivity and stretchability of 3D welded silver nanowire filled graphene aerogel hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Oh Jae Young , Lee Dongju , Jun Gwang Hoon , Ryu Ho Jin , Hong Soon Hyung
Published: July 2017

Silver nanowire/graphene aerogel/PDMS nanocomposites composed of a graphene aerogel frame and welded silver nanowire networks show superior properties for stretchable conductors.
4.8‐Gbit/s broadband wireless communication link at radio frequency using orbital angular momentum and polarisation multiplexing
Authors: Liu Baiyang
Published: July 2017

Recently, the ability of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of electromagnetic fields at radio frequency to multiplex multiple beams has been investigated. Such OAM multiplexing can be used to increase channel capacity and spectral efficiency. However, the studies of OAM multiplexing are restricted to narrow band. In this Letter, the authors experimentally demonstrate a 4.8‐Gbit/s broadband OAM and polarisation multiplexing wireless link in which the operating frequency is from 2.1 to 2.7 GHz, with a relative bandwidth about 25%. The proposed wireless communication link over 2.5 m achieves a spectral efficiency of ∼8 bit/s/Hz by using two independent OAM beams for each of two polarisations. All four independent OAM channels propagate along the same beam axis with crosstalk less than −13.3 dB from 2.1 to 2.7 GHz. All four channel signals are recovered with a bit error rate of 3.5 × 10−3 when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is 24 dB.
Core‐loss calculation in different parts of induction motor
Authors: Roy Rakesh , Prabhakar Kashyap Kumar , Kumar Praveen
Published: July 2017

This study describes a technique to determine the core loss in different parts of an induction motor (IM) for any types of electric power supply. To calculate the core loss, flux density waveforms are determined in different parts of the motor. Different forms of Steinmetz equation are used for the core‐loss calculation. The coefficients of these Steinmetz equations are determined using the loss data given by the electrical steel manufacturer. Since, the manufacturer data are available for a limited number of frequencies; a curve fitting technique is used here to determine the loss data at required frequency. The proposed technique is tested on an IM with sinusoidal excitation for different load torques and with sine pulse‐width modulation inverter supply at different switching frequencies. The core loss obtained from with this technique is also compared with other techniques reported in the literature. A good accuracy is obtained between the measured and calculated core loss using proposed technique comparing to other techniques.
Carrier‐based pulse‐width modulation control strategy of five‐phase six‐bridge indirect matrix converter under unbalanced load
Authors: Wang Rutian , Wang Weiquan , Liu Ruitong , Zhang Jiawei , Mu Xingjun
Published: July 2017

To solve the problem that three‐to‐five‐phase matrix converter (MC) cannot supply symmetrical voltages to unbalanced loads, a topology of five‐phase six‐bridge indirect MC and a carrier‐based pulse‐width modulation (PWM) method are proposed. A midline bridge is added to the neutral point of five‐phase loads in inverter stage. The neutral point voltage is analysed and derived by space vector PWM (SVPWM) method for calculating the duty ratio of midline bridge. Calculations of other five‐phase bridge duty ratios of SVPWM method remain unchanged. All of the duty ratios are used to calculate modulation waves of rectifier stage and inverter stage. Driving signals of two‐stage power switches are generated by comparing the modulation waves with a carrier, which are used to control the neutral voltage as corresponding zero‐sequence voltage. Therefore, five symmetrical output voltage sinusoids are obtained under both balanced and unbalanced loads. Finally, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
Medication Use as a Contributor to Fluid Overload in the PICU: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Crowley Kelli , Vetterly Carol , Hoshitsuki Keito , Koval Alaina , Carcillo Joseph , Fuhrman Dana
Published: July 2017

In this prospective observational study, we explored the association of daily fluid intake from medication use with fluid overload in 75 children beginning 24 hours after intubation. The mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 29% in the overall cohort. Excess intake and inadequate output contributed significantly to fluid overload. In the 28 patients who became ≥10% fluid overloaded, the mean percent daily fluid intake from medications was 34%, but just 23% in the patients who did not. Awareness of volume contribution and maximized concentration of parenteral medications when able may lessen the burden of fluid overload.
Trends des Tabak- und Alkoholkonsums über 65 Jahre in Deutschland
Authors: John Ulrich , Hanke Monika
Published: July 2017

Ziel Für Deutschland lagen keine Tabak- und Alkoholverbrauchsschätzungen aufgrund von Vermarktungsdaten vor, die öffentlich und für Analysen zeitlicher Trends geeignet sind. Entwicklungen der Tabak- und Alkoholkonsummengen in Deutschland für die Jahre 1950–2014 sollten geschätzt werden.

Methodik Daten über den Tabak- und Alkoholverbrauch der Bundesrepublik Deutschland pro Kalenderjahr von 1950 bis 2014 zu Reinalkoholmengen wurden aufgrund von Meldungen der Produzenten von Bier, Wein und Spirituosen an Steuerbehörden und das Statistische Bundesamt gewonnen. Zeitliche Trends über die 65 Kalenderjahre wurden mithilfe von Joinpoint-Analysen ermittelt.

Ergebnisse Der Tabakkonsum stieg von 1950 bis 1972 an und sank danach, überwiegend mit 1,2–6,9 Prozentpunkten pro Jahr, bis zum Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014. Der Alkoholkonsum stieg bis zum Jahr 1974 an und sank danach mit 1,0 Prozentpunkten jährlich bis zum Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014.

Schlussfolgerungen Erklären lassen sich die Befunde u. a. mit Änderungen sozialer Normen zum Konsum nach Gesetzänderungen, zu Tabakrauchen u. a. durch Steuererhöhungen, Nichtraucher- und Jugendschutz, zu Alkoholkonsum u. a. durch Gesetze der Sicherheit im Straßenverkehr. Nach Einführung einzelner gesetzlicher Leistungen war eine Beschleunigung der Senkung des Tabakrauchens beobachtbar. Die Tabak- und Alkoholkonsummengen in Deutschland sind dennoch im internationalen Vergleich nach wie vor hoch am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes 2014.
Bayes’sches Theorem und der Basisratenfehler: Zum Vorhersagewert von Risikofaktoren und Screeningverfahren
Authors: Wirtz Markus
Published: July 2017

Risikoeinschätzungen oder Entscheidungen basieren häufig auf 2-stufig ausgeprägten Merkmalen. So weisen auffällige Werte in einem diagnostischen Screeningverfahren ggf. auf ein erhöhtes Erkrankungsrisiko hin. Oder die kritische Ausprägung eines Risikofaktors (z. B. Bluthochdruck, Depression) kann ggf. als Indikator für einen Behandlungsbedarf oder den Eintritt eines negativen Ereignisses (z. B. Frühberentung) gewertet werden. In solchen Entscheidungssituationen basieren Risikoeinschätzungen in der Regel auf bedingten Ereignisraten oder -wahrscheinlichkeiten: Wie hoch ist z. B. das Risiko für das Vorliegen einer Erkrankung, unter der Bedingung, dass ein Symptom, Risikofaktor oder ein auffälliges Testergebnis vorliegt? Die valide Interpretation von bedingten Ereignisraten stellt jedoch sowohl für Behandler als auch für Patienten eine erhebliche Herausforderung dar: Insbesondere bei seltenen Ereignissen wird das Erkrankungsrisiko in der Regel deutlich überschätzt, wenn lediglich ein Erkrankungshinweis vorliegt. Das sogenannte Bayes-Theorem ermöglicht es, die relevanten Entscheidungsinformationen formal korrekt zu beschreiben. Es wird gezeigt, welche Informationen berücksichtigt werden müssen, um zu validen Einschätzungen zu gelangen. Die Angabe von absoluten Häufigkeiten und die Darstellung mittels Entscheidungsbäumen und Flächendiagrammen sind geeignet, um Fehlinterpretationen vorzubeugen.
Ambulant vs. stationär durchgeführte Rehabilitationen: Ergebnisse einer Propensity Score gematchten Analyse
Authors: Fechtner Stephanie , Bethge Matthias
Published: July 2017

Ziel der Studie Vergleich ambulanter und stationärer Rehabilitation hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Erwerbsminderungsrenten und weiterer erwerbsbezogener Zielgrößen

Methodik Eingeschlossen wurden 18- bis 60-jährige Personen, die im ersten Halbjahr 2007 eine stationäre oder ganztägig ambulante medizinische Rehabilitation aufgrund von Muskel-Skelett-Erkrankungen begonnen hatten. Ambulant und stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden wurden mittels Propensity Scores gematcht. Verwendet wurden administrative Daten.

Ergebnisse Die Analysestichprobe umfasste 4752 ambulant und 7435 stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden. Die absoluten Risiken eines erwerbsminderungsbedingten Rentenzugangs betrugen 3,8% bzw. 5,2% zugunsten der ambulant behandelten Personen (RR=0,73; 95% KI: 0,62–0,87). Die Bezugsdauer von Arbeitslosengeld und Kranken-/Übergangsgeld war für ambulant behandelte Rehabilitanden etwas geringer.

Schlussfolgerungen Die ambulant behandelten Rehabilitanden erreichten geringfügig bessere Ergebnisse als vergleichbare stationär behandelte Rehabilitanden. Der Vorteil ambulanter Rehabilitation war am stärksten bei Rehabilitanden mit stärkeren Teilhabebeeinträchtigungen. Die Studie zeigt einen Weg, wie sich unter Nutzung administrativer Daten im Bereich rehabilitativer Versorgung evaluative Versorgungsforschung umsetzen lässt.
Endocrine Factors Determining Immune Polarization during Perinatal Transition
Authors: Vásárhelyi Barna , Tulassay Tivadar
Published: July 2017

In utero the skewness of the adaptive immune system towards Th2 (‘antiinflammatory’) direction and low of Th1/Th2 cell ratio defend the fetus against rejection by the maternal immune system. Th2 dominance at birth is also of importance as it prevents uncontrolled inflammatory processes during parturition. This condition should change rapidly after birth. In an extrauterine milieu that is inherent with exposure to microorganisms, Th1 (‘proinflammatory’) polarization (i. e. increased Th1 cytokine production along with high Th1/Th2 ratio) are required to maintain an efficient immune response. After birth, maternal hormone supplies including estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and antiinflammatory prostaglandins cease abruptly. As these hormones have an immune modulatory action favoring Th2, and inhibiting Th1 polarization, their low level supports the strengthening of Th1-type immunity. During parturition a dramatic but transient increase of several hormones (oxytocin, thyorid hormones, and catecholamines) occurs. Again, the net effect of high hormone levels favors Th2 activation, followed by Th1 polarization when hormonal levels reach their postnatal levels. The perinatal change of these components results in the quick cessation of Th1 inhibition and supports the maturation of adaptive immunity to provide an effective response against extrauterine microorganisms.
Modeling and design of a pre-stressed piezoelectric stack actuator
Authors: Jiang Shiping , Cheng Lei
Published: July 2017

To provide a method for designing a pre-stressed PSA with high-performance, it is very meaningful to model the dynamic characteristics of the pre-stressed PSA accurately. A novel model, which considers both the electric side and the mechanical side of the PSA as distributed systems, is put forward to describe the dynamics characteristics of the PSA and the pre-stressed PSA. The role of the pre-stressed mechanism is derived and analyzed by extended transfer matrix method, and then the principle of design of the pre-stressed mechanism is obtained. The theoretical analysis is in accordance with the experimental results.
A unified ab initio approach to the correlated quantum dynamics of ultracold fermionic and bosonic mixtures
Authors: Cao L. , Bolsinger V. , Mistakidis S. I. , Koutentakis G. M. , Krönke S. , Schurer J. M. , Schmelcher P.
Published: July 2017

We extent the recently developed Multi-Layer Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree method for Bosons for simulating the correlated quantum dynamics of bosonic mixtures to the fermionic sector and establish a unifying approach for the investigation of the correlated quantum dynamics of a mixture of indistinguishable particles, be it fermions or bosons. Relying on a multi-layer wave-function expansion, the resulting Multi-Layer Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree method for Mixtures (ML-MCTDHX) can be adapted to efficiently resolve system-specific intra- and inter-species correlations. The versatility and efficiency of ML-MCTDHX are demonstrated by applying it to the problem of colliding few-atom mixtures of both Bose-Fermi and Fermi-Fermi types. Thereby, we elucidate the role of correlations in the transmission and reflection properties of the collisional events. In particular, we present examples where the reflection (transmission) at the other atomic species is a correlation-dominated effect, i.e., it is suppressed in the mean-field approximation.
Triggering of cold-cathode thyratron in electric circuit with grounded grid
Authors: Korolev Y. D. , Landl N. V. , Geyman V. G. , Frants O. B. , Bolotov A. V.
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the investigations of the sealed-off hold-cathode thyratron (pseudospark switch) TPI1-10k/50, which is commercially produced by the Pulsed Technology Ltd., Ryazan, Russia. The trigger unit of the switch is based on a low-current auxiliary glow discharge. The new method for the switch triggering is proposed. The essence of the method is that the thyratron grid and the hollow cathode of the auxiliary discharge has to be grounded and the trigger pulse is applied to the ring anode of the trigger unit. In the proposed method, an undesirable high-voltage spike at the thyratron grid, which can appear with a usage of the other methods of triggering, is absent. It is shown that to trigger the thyratron a critical pulsed current to the main cathode cavity at a level of 0.8 A and higher should be provided. When the current exceeds the critical value, the jitter in the delay time to triggering falls in a range of 10 ns. This means that the method of triggering can be used in a variety of applications that require a low jitter in the delay time.
Detached-petiole inoculation method to evaluate Phytophthora root rot resistance in soybean plants
Authors: Li Yinping , Sun Suli , Zhong Chao , Zhu Zhendong
Published: July 2017

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) caused by Phytophthora sojae, is one of the most destructive soybean diseases. The deployment of resistant cultivars is an important disease management strategy. To this aim, the development of a fast and effective method to evaluate soybean resistance to P. sojae is strategic. In this study, a detached-petiole inoculation technique was developed and its reliability was verified in soybean cultivars and segregant populations for PRR resistance. The detached-petiole and hypocotyl inoculation methods were used to assess the resistance of soybean cultivars, the F2 population of a Zhonghuang47 × Xiu94-11 cross, and the derived F2:3 population. The reactions of 13 analysed cultivars to three P. sojae isolates were consistent between the two inoculation techniques. The reactions of the F2 and F2:3 populations to isolate PsMC1 were 95.20% similar between the two inoculation methods. The segregation of the resistance and susceptibility fit a 3 : 1 ratio. Our results suggest that the detached-petiole technique is a reliable method, and reveal that the PRR resistance in Xiu94-11 is controlled by a single dominant gene. The phenotypic ratios of the tested Jikedou2 × Qichadou1 F2 population using the detached-petiole inoculation technique fit a 3 : 1 ratio (Resistance : Susceptibility). This demonstrated that Qichadou1 contains a single dominant gene conferring resistance to P. sojae. Our new detached-petiole inoculation technique is effective, reliable, non-destructive to the plant, and does not require an excessive amount of seeds. It may be suitable for the largescale screening of soybean resistance to multiple P. sojae isolates.
Environmental factors affect seed germination and seedling emergence of invasive Centaurea balsamita
Authors: Nosratti Iraj , Soltanabadi Samira , Honarmand Saeid J. , Chauhan Bhagirath S.
Published: July 2017

Centaurea balsamita is a problematic and invasive weed of agricultural fields in western Iran. This study was conducted to determine the eﬀect of different environmental factors on germination and seedling emergence of this weed species. Results revealed that seed germination occurred over a wide range of temperatures (from 5°C to 35°C) with the highest germination at 25°C. Seed germination of C. balsamita was similar between light and dark conditions. Germination decreased with increased in water stress levels, but some seeds were capable of germinating at –1.4 MPa osmotic potential. Seed germination was sensitive to salt stress and complete inhibition occurred at 150 mM sodium chloride. Seed germination of C. balsamita occurred over a pH range of 4–10 with lowest seed germination at pH 4. Seed germination was inhibited by increasing concentrations of potassium nitrate. No seedlings emerged when seeds were buried in the soil at depths greater than 6 cm, suggesting that using a sweep cultivator in crops and deep tillage would be beneficial in managing C. balsamita. The ability of C. balsamita to germinate under a wide range of temperature regimes and high levels of osmotic potential shows that this weed is well adapted to invade other cropping regions, especially rain-fed fields in western Iran.
Seed ecology of Captain Cook tree [Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold] – germination and longevity
Authors: Bebawi Faiz F. , Campbell Shane D. , Mayer Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold (Apocynaceae), commonly known as Captain Cook tree or yellow oleander, has established large infestations in riparian areas along several creeks and rivers in northern Queensland. To better understand the ecology of C. thevetia and the implications for its spread and management, this study reports seven experiments related to the seed ecology of its yellow and peach biotypes. We quantified its germination response to ambient (Experiment 1a and 1b), alternating and constant temperature (Experiment 2a and 2b) regimes and exposure to different light conditions (Experiment 3). Seed longevity under two soil types, two levels of pasture cover and three burial depths was also determined (Experiment 4a and 4b).
Both loose seeds and seeds still within pods (kernels) of the two biotypes of C. thevetia were able to germinate in all months of the year in northern Queensland, irrespective of the large differences in monthly ambient temperatures experienced at the Charters Towers study site. Both biotypes also germinated across a wide range of alternating day/night temperatures from 16/12°C to 47/37°C and constant temperatures from 17°C to 44.0°C. Germination of the two biotypes was significantly greater (4-fold) and faster (7 days earlier) under shade than under natural light conditions. Over all biotypes, soil types, levels of pasture cover and burial depths, no seeds of C. thevetia remained viable after 2 years: longevity was much less in many circumstances.
The results demonstrate that C. thevetia seeds can germinate over a wide temperature range, whereas the ability of seed to remain viable at low temperatures highlights the potential for expansion of its current potential distribution towards southern latitudes of the Australian continent. Across all experimental conditions, the yellow biotype displayed superior seed germination and viability traits compared with the peach biotype. Seed banks of the peach and yellow biotypes of C. thevetia are short-lived (2 years), which may be exploited when developing management strategies to reduce its impacts.
Reactions to jab lines in conversational storytelling
Authors: Karachaliou Rania , Archakis Argiris
Published: July 2017

The aim of this paper is to explore the multiple ways interlocutors negotiate humor in a conversational narrative. In particular, we examine the methodic strategies story recipients employ to respond to jab lines, namely humorous parts of the story that include a script opposition (Attardo, 2001a). Drawing on conversation analytic methods, we argue that story participants “do” humor via (a) immediate jab line responses, i.e. responses which immediately follow the presentation of the humorous events and display mutual understanding such as laughter, wordplay and evaluative comments of support; and (b) postponed jab line responses, where story recipients first elaborate on the unexpected narrated events through understanding checks or demonstrations of ritualized disbelief, and then express their (non)alignment.
Phenylpropanoid 2,3-dioxygenase involved in the cleavage of the ferulic acid side chain to form vanillin and glyoxylic acid in Vanilla planifolia
Authors: Negishi Osamu , Negishi Yukiko
Published: July 2017

Enzyme catalyzing the cleavage of the phenylpropanoid side chain was partially purified by ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography after (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. Enzyme activities were dependent on the concentration of dithiothreitol (DTT) or glutathione (GSH) and activated by addition of 0.5 mM Fe2+. Enzyme activity for ferulic acid was as high as for 4-coumaric acid in the presence of GSH, suggesting that GSH acts as an endogenous reductant in vanillin biosynthesis. Analyses of the enzymatic reaction products with quantitative NMR (qNMR) indicated that an amount of glyoxylic acid (GA) proportional to vanillin was released from ferulic acid by the enzymatic reaction. These results suggest that phenylpropanoid 2,3-dioxygenase is involved in the cleavage of the ferulic acid side chain to form vanillin and GA in Vanilla planifolia.
Ultrahigh-strength friction stir spot welds of aluminium alloy obtained by Fe3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Fereiduni E. , Movahedi M. , Baghdadchi A.
Published: July 2017

The present research was aimed at simultaneous increase in strength and fracture energy of friction stir spot weld of Al-5083 alloy via reinforcing by Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compared to non-reinforced welds, failure load and fracture energy of reinforced welds increased up to ∼115 and 560%, respectively. These findings were discussed in the light of grain refinement as well as considerable increase in hardness of fracture location due to the presence of sub-micron and nano reinforcing particles (RPs). Fe3O4 nanoparticles were transformed to Al–Fe intermetallics due to their small size and heat generated during the welding process. The stir zone of reinforced welds consisted of three different grain structures among which the finest one was related to the composite structure containing well-distributed RPs in the aluminium matrix.
A Framework for Exploring How Density Dependence Early in the Life History Can Affect Louisiana's Brown Shrimp Fishery
Authors: Littles Chanda J. , Saucedo Omar , Kerk Madelon , Lorenzen Kai
Published: July 2017

The dynamics underlying fisheries stock–recruitment relationships are often obscure, especially with relatively short-lived invertebrate species, such as the brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus. Nonetheless, disentangling these dynamics can help to reveal optimal management strategies for long-term sustainability. We developed a matrix model to link early shrimp life history with the fishable stock and nested the degree of density-dependent settler (i.e., juvenile) survival in a Beverton–Holt framework. Density dependence in the settler stage was assumed to have an inverse relationship with marsh habitat availability. Thus, we could determine the level of potential compensation in the settler stage and compare how changes in habitat versus fishing pressure could ultimately affect Louisiana's brown shrimp population. A simplified Bayesian state-space (i.e., hierarchical) model provided a theoretical framework for estimating density dependence and exploring how substantial increases in catch or density-dependent settler survival affected long-term abundance in all stages. At the baseline degree of density-dependent settler survival, which was estimated from observed CPUE data, the brown shrimp population was largely resilient to even a twofold increase in catch. However, a 50% loss of habitat had deleterious effects on brown shrimp abundances in all stages. Results highlight the importance of protecting and restoring important nursery habitat to maintain and enhance resiliency of the brown shrimp fishery.
Predicting novel metabolic pathways through subgraph mining
Authors: Sankar Aravind , Ranu Sayan , Raman Karthik
Published: July 2017

Motivation

The ability to predict pathways for biosynthesis of metabolites is very important in metabolic engineering. It is possible to mine the repertoire of biochemical transformations from reaction databases, and apply the knowledge to predict reactions to synthesize new molecules. However, this usually involves a careful understanding of the mechanism and the knowledge of the exact bonds being created and broken. There is a need for a method to rapidly predict reactions for synthesizing new molecules, which relies only on the structures of the molecules, without demanding additional information such as thermodynamics or hand-curated reactant mapping, which are often hard to obtain accurately.

Results

We here describe a robust method based on subgraph mining, to predict a series of biochemical transformations, which can convert between two (even previously unseen) molecules. We first describe a reliable method based on subgraph edit distance to map reactants and products, using only their chemical structures. Having mapped reactants and products, we identify the reaction centre and its neighbourhood, the reaction signature, and store this in a reaction rule network. This novel representation enables us to rapidly predict pathways, even between previously unseen molecules. We demonstrate this ability by predicting pathways to molecules not present in the KEGG database. We also propose a heuristic that predominantly recovers natural biosynthetic pathways from amongst hundreds of possible alternatives, through a directed search of the reaction rule network, enabling us to provide a reliable ranking of the different pathways. Our approach scales well, even to databases with >100 000 reactions.

Availability and implementation

A Java-based implementation of our algorithms is available at https://github.com/RamanLab/ReactionMiner.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Are non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions missing in China?
Authors: Murugiah Karthik , Wang Yongfei , Nuti Sudhakar V. , Li Xi , Li Jing , Zheng Xin , Downing Nicholas S. , Desai Nihar R. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Spertus John A. , Jiang Lixin , Krumholz Harlan M. ,   for the China PEACE Collaborative Group
Published: July 2017

Aims

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) in China and other low- and middle-income countries outnumber non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI). We hypothesized that the STEMI predominance was associated with lower biomarker use and would vary with hospital characteristics.

Methods and results

We hypothesized that the STEMI predominance was associated with lower biomarker use and would vary with hospital characteristics. Using data from the nationally representative China PEACE-Retrospective AMI Study during 2001, 2006, and 2011, we compared hospital NSTEMI proportion across categories of use of any cardiac biomarker (CK, CK-MB, or troponin) and troponin, as well as across region, location, level, and teaching status. Among 15 416 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, 14% had NSTEMI. NSTEMI patients were older, more likely female, and to have comorbidities. Median hospital NSTEMI proportion in each study year was similar across categories of any cardiac biomarker use, troponin, region, location, level, and teaching status. For instance, in 2011 the NSTEMI proportion at hospitals without troponin testing was 11.2% [inter quartile range (IQR) 4.4–16.7%], similar to those with ≥ 75% troponin use (13.0% [IQR 8.7–23.7%]) (P-value for difference 0.77). Analysed as continuous variables there was no relationship between hospital NSTEMI proportion and proportion biomarker use. With troponin use there was no relationship in 2001 and 2006, but a modest correlation in 2011 (R = 0.16, P = 0.043). Admissions for NSTEMI increased from 0.3/100 000 people in 2001 to 3.3/100 000 people in 2011 (P-value for trend < 0.001).

Conclusion

STEMI is the dominant presentation of AMI in China, but the proportion of NSTEMI is increasing. Biomarker use and hospital characteristics did not account for the low NSTEMI rate.

Clinical trial registration

www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01624883).
Prevalence of Sporadic Insect Pests of Seedling Corn and Factors Affecting Risk of Infestation
Authors: Sappington Thomas W , Hesler Louis S , Allen K Clint , Luttrell Randy G , Papiernik Sharon K
Published: July 2017

A preventative insecticide treatment is a tactic compatible with an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for a particular pest only when a rescue treatment is not a realistic option, and if there is a reasonable expectation of economic damage by that pest. Most corn, Zea mays L., planted in the United States is protected from several sporadic early-season insect pests by neonicotinoid seed treatments, usually without the knowledge of the threat posed in a given field. We undertook an extensive literature review of these sporadic pests to clarify the prevalence of economic infestations in different regions of the United States, and the agronomic, biotic, and abiotic factors that affect the likelihood of attack. The summaries of the prevalence and risk factors presented here should help farmers and consultants better assess the value of preventative protection of seedling corn under local conditions, and provide others with a better understanding of the complexities farmers face in assessing risks posed by potential pests. The profiles suggest that, in general, pressure from most sporadic pests on seedling corn is rare or local, seldom high enough to decrease yield. However, this is not true in all regions for all sporadic pests. An important issue exposed by the profiles is that the value of preventative insecticide protection of seedling corn depends on understanding the likely combined pressure from multiple species. While such risk may often still be negligible, there is a great need for robust methodology to assess the risk posed by multiple pests. This represents a significant challenge for future research.
The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – I. The highly variable field of ε Eridani at activity minimum
Authors: Jeffers S. V. , Boro Saikia S. , Barnes J. R. , Petit P. , Marsden S. C. , Jardine M. M. , Vidotto A. A. ,   the BCool collaboration
Published: July 2017

The young and magnetically active K dwarf ε Eridani exhibits a chromospheric activity cycle of about 3 yr. Previous reconstructions of its large-scale magnetic field show strong variations at yearly epochs. To understand how ε Eridani’s large-scale magnetic field geometry evolves over its activity cycle, we focus on high-cadence observations spanning 5 months at its activity minimum. Over this time-span, we reconstruct three maps of ε Eridani’s large-scale magnetic field using the tomographic technique of Zeeman–Doppler imaging. The results show that at the minimum of its cycle, ε Eridani’s large-scale field is more complex than the simple dipolar structure of the Sun and 61 Cyg A at minimum. Additionally, we observe a surprisingly rapid regeneration of a strong axisymmetric toroidal field as ε Eridani emerges from its S-index activity minimum. Our results show that all stars do not exhibit the same field geometry as the Sun, and this will be an important constraint for the dynamo models of active solar-type stars.
The geometry of a radio pulsar beam
Authors: Dyks J.
Published: July 2017

Taxonomy of radio pulsar profiles is mostly based on a system of Ptolemaic artificiality, consisting of separated rings and a core, arbitrarily located at disparate altitudes in the magnetosphere. Diversity of observed profile shapes clearly exceeds the interpretive capability of such conal model. Moreover, bifurcated features observed in pulsar profiles imply a system of fan beams radially extending away from the dipole axis. The bifurcations can be understood as the imprint of the elementary radiation pattern of the long-sought radio emission mechanism, thus identifying the latter. Their size, however, is several times larger than implied by the curvature of magnetic dipole lines. Here, I show that the illusion of disconnected rings and the size of bifurcated features can be explained through a natural geometry that combines the properties of both the cone and the fan beam. It is a flaring spiral that makes several revolutions around the dipole axis on its way to leave the magnetosphere. Such geometry is consistent with a stream of outflowing and laterally drifting plasma. The bifurcated components are so wide because the curvature on such a spiral is larger than that of the dipolar magnetic field, and hence they are consistent with the extraordinary mode curvature radiation.
Taking the Study of Political Behavior Online
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , Schaffner Brian F.
Published: July 2017

This chapter describes the rise of online surveys as a research tool for social scientists. First it provides an analytical framework for understanding how survey mode matters to social science research. It examines the consequences of the trade-off between quality and cost for an entire research program or literature. For survey methodologists, quality boils down to the ability to test a hypothesis using the survey. Second, the chapter examines the controversy over the use of opt-in Internet polls rather than traditional polls. Recent studies have found that high-quality online surveys produce estimates that can be as reliable as those from traditional polls. Using data from over 300 state-level opt-in Internet subsamples from the CCES, the chapter measures the amount of error in a commonly used approach for conducting opt-in Internet surveys and compares it to traditional probability samples. It concludes by considering how to make wiser choices about survey mode.
What is sex crime?
Authors: Terry Karen
Published: July 2017

This essay explores the concept of sex crime, placing the discussion within the context of space and time by reviewing the evidence and literature available to scholars. The essay does this by dissecting four issues: (1) the historical and contemporary attitudes towards sexual behavior, including the changing definitions of sex crimes and a review of how deviant behaviour is a socially constructed concept, and as such the discussion of sex crime and how it is defined must take place within a broad social context; (2) the role of sex crime in political context (such as trafficking, rape as a war crime); (3) contemporary controversies about sex crimes (such as abuse within institutions, the definition of coercion); and (4) contemporary “moral panic” legislation developed in response to high-profile sex crimes.
Treatment of sex offenders
Authors: Lösel Friedrich , Schmucker Martin
Published: July 2017

This essay discusses various treatments for sexual offenders and their success in reducing reoffending. Overall, research reveals a positive treatment effect that indicates up to 25 per cent less recidivism in treatment versus control groups. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, relapse prevention, and programs based on the Risk–Need–Responsivity model have the strongest evidence base, although the studies and findings are heterogeneous and outcomes vary depending on many factors. Most promising are programs that involve treatment in the community and in forensic hospitals, delivered in a partly individualized mode, implemented with sound integrity, targeting medium- to high-risk offenders, addressing young individuals, and being evaluated in well-documented small studies. In contrast, programs in prisons, delivered merely in a group format, including low-risk offenders, and evaluations in large samples show smaller or no effects. Recent developments aim to modernize and widen standard programs toward more differentiated interventions, but more sound evaluation research is needed.
Prostitution and sex work
Authors: Sanders Teela , Brents Barbara G.
Published: July 2017

This essay discusses the debates about prostitution and sex work in relation to the ‘sex wars’ paradigm, posing questions about its theoretical usefulness in addressing the regulation of commercial sexual activity between adults. The authors map the global trend in accepting the ‘Swedish model’ for managing the sex industry, noting the problems that have resulted with the turn to criminalization that many Western countries have taken in recent years. This ‘turn’ has been influenced significantly by myths about sex trafficking and the belief that all commercial sex is in some ways forced, coerced, or exploitative. The authors discuss the discourses that frame the male client as the ‘offender’ and the female as the ‘victim and offender’. The consequences are reviewed both for individuals engaging in sexual services and for contemporary feminist debates. The human rights perspective can offer useful insights for understanding and regulating sexual behaviour.
Rape and domestic sexual assault
Authors: Sample Lisa L. , Radar Emily C.
Published: July 2017

The way in which we define rape and domestic sexual assault, the rates at which it occurs, the motives for offending, and the legislative and criminal justice responses have varied across and within nation-states over time. This essay covers the historical context of rape laws, legal definitions of rape over time, how definitions of rape vary across nations, and the inclusion of domestic sexual assault in rape definitions. It reviews the rates of rape over time across nations using official and victimization data. It discusses the motives offered to explain, rationalize, or justify forced sexual assault and analyses the legislative and criminal justice responses to rape across countries over time. The essay concludes with a discussion of how rape definitions, laws, and criminal justice responses may continue to evolve.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Lundberg Thomas Carl
Published: July 2017

The United Kingdom is well known for the single-member plurality or, more colloquially, the first-past-the-post (FPTP) electoral system. Devolution of power in the late twentieth century, however, introduced new bodies and positions with new electoral systems, with the total reaching six. These consisted of three majoritarian systems (FPTP, multiple nontransferable vote, and supplementary vote) and three proportional systems (single transferable vote, mixed-member proportional representation, and regional list proportional representation). Sample election results are presented and examined. Despite the presence of several different electoral systems and party systems in the United Kingdom with the development of multilevel governance, FPTP appears to be entrenched at Westminster, just as FPTP systems abroad have, in most cases, also resisted change.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Hazan Reuven Y. , Itzkovitch-Malka Reut , Rahat Gideon
Published: July 2017

This chapter, which focuses on the Israeli electoral system as a prototype of an extreme PR system, has five main sections. First, it uses the 2015 election results to analyze the properties of the electoral system and the nature of its outputs. Second, it reviews the three prominent features of the Israeli electoral system and their origins: its PR electoral formula, its nationwide electoral district, and its closed party lists. Third, it examines the developments that led to the consideration and implementation of reform initiatives. Fourth, it assesses the political consequences of the system for parties and the party system, for government formation and durability, and for the legislature and legislative behavior. Fifth, it addresses the puzzle of increased personalization despite the absence of a personalized electoral system.
A Personality Perspective on Situations
Authors: Wilt Joshua , Revelle William
Published: July 2017

Personality is the unique patterning of affect, behavior, cognition, and desire across different situations, and therefore the study of situations is integral to the science of personality. This chapter reviews the role of personality factors in situational choice and situational experience and shows how the concepts of latency and persistence help facilitate a dynamic understanding of these topics. Situational choice is influenced by trait-consistency, expected and desired affect, and higher-order goals. Choices to engage in different situations over time have potential developmental implications for personality stability and change. Personality traits influence situational experience in terms of cognitive construal, affect, and state manifestations of personality. The distinction between nomothetic and idiographic approaches adds another level of nuance to the study of situational experience. The chapter concludes with a graphical demonstration of the relations between personality and affect across different situations.