bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ҮР ТАРИАНЫ САЛБАР ДАХЬ ТЕХНИКИЙН ХАНГАМЖИЙН АСУУДАЛД
Authors: Сувдаа Ж.
Published: December 2014

Цаг үеийн нөхцөл байдлыг харгалзан техникийн хэрэгцээ, хангамжийн түвшинг эргэн тооцох шаардлага байгаа юм. Техник технологийн дэвшил өөрчилтийг тусгах зорилгоор “ТЭ-150” трактор, “Нива- Эффект”, “Вектор 410” комбайныг жиших нэгжээр сонгон авч нийт зүтгэх хүчний хэрэгцээг биет болон жиших нэгжээр илэрхийлэнтехникийн хангамжийн түвшинг тодорхойллоо.Энд хэрэглэгдсэн судалгааны аргыг Монгол улсын хөдөө аж ахуйн байгууллагуудын машин –тракторын паркийн өнөөгийн байдлыг үнэлэх, өөрчлөгдөж байгаа тариалангийн талбайн хэмжээ болон өсөн нэмэгдэж байгаа паркийн хүчин чадалтай уялдуулан паркийн шинэчлэлийг төлөвлөх, хөрөнгө оруулалтын төсөл боловсруулахад ашиглах боломжтой юм.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.343
УСНЫ АЛДАГДЛЫГ ХЯНАХ БОЛОМЖИЙГ СУДАЛСАН ДҮНГЭЭС
Authors: Мөнхтуяа Х.
Published: December 2014

Манай улсын нийт хүн амын 30.8 % нь төвлөрсөн цэвэр ус түгээгүүрийн системээс, 24.4 % нь зөөврийн ус тээврийн үйлчилгээнээс, 35.7 % нь ус түгээх цэг, худгаас, 9.1 % нь булаг, шанд, гол горхи, цас мөсний усыг унд, ахуйдаа хэрэглэж байна.Цэвэр усны нөөцийг үр ашигтай зарцуулах, хот суурин газрын ус хангамжийн шугамын болон хэрэглэгчдийн усны алдагдлыг багасгах арга замыг олж ус түгээгүүрийн сүлжээний ажиллагааг оновчтой болгоход судалгааны зорилго оршино.Тоолууртай байранд оршин суугч нэг хүн хоногт 92 литр ус хэрэглэж байхад тоолуургүй байрны нэг хүн хоногт 345 литр ус хэрэглэж, ус хэрэглээ даруй 3.75 дахин их байгааг судалгаагаар тогтоов. Тоолууржсанаар усны алдагдлыг 3.75 дахин багасгаж, хэрэглэгч жилд дунджаар 98923 төгрөг хэмнэх боломж байна.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.348
АРХАНГАЙ АЙМГИЙН ӨГИЙ НУУРЫН АГНУУРЫН ЗАГАСНЫ НӨӨЦИЙГ СУДАЛСАН ДҮН
Authors: Оюунтуяа О. , Эрдэнэцогт Н.
Published: December 2014

Дэлхийн зах зээлд цэнгэг нуур, голын загас нь үнэтэй ховор бүтээгдэхүүний нэгд тооцогддог учир сүүлийн жилүүдэд манай оронд гол нуурын загасыг хулгайгаар болон зүй бусаар их хэмжээгээр олборлон дотоодын зах зээлтэй харьцуулахад өндөр үнээр БНХАУ-руу экспортлож байна [2].Монгол орны усан сангийн 3 ай савд тархсан гол мөрөн, нуур цөөрмийн ус нь байгаль цаг уурын өөрчлөлт, хүний хүчин зүйлийн нөлөөгөөр багсч түүний био нөөцийн хэмжээ жилээс жилд хомсдсоор байна [1].DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.349
ФИТОПЛАНКТОН ОЗЕРА ТАВОЛЖАН СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА
Authors: Толеужанова А.Т.
Published: December 2014

В настоящей статье приведены результаты инвентаризации видового состава фитопланктона озера Таволжан. В озере обнаружены 182 видa вoдopoслeй, oтнoсящихся к 6 oтдeлaм, в тoм числe диaтoмoвых – 138, синeзeлeных – 26, зeлeных – 14, пирофитовых – 2, эвглeнoвых – 1, красных - 1.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.350
ХУСТАЙН НУРУУНД НУТАГШИЖ БУЙ ТАХИЙН ҮРЖЛИЙН СҮРЭГ ДЭХ БОДГАЛИУД ХООРОНДЫН ЗИНДААРХАХ ЗАН АРАНШИН
Authors: Нарангэрэл Н. , Энхтөр А. , Өсөхжаргал Д.
Published: December 2014

Хустайн Нуруунд 1992 оны 6-р сарын 5-ны өдөр тахийн анхны 14 бодгалийг сэргээн нутагшуулахаар авчирч байсан бол 2012 оны байдлаар нийт 269 тахь нутагшиж байна. Зэрлэгшиж буй тахийн үржлийн сүргийн бодгалиудын зиндаархах зан араншинг судлав. Энэ зан төрх нь хулмайх, хажиглах, өшиглөх, хазах, тангарах, цоройх буюу дээрхи үйлдлийг хийхийг санаархах, завдах зэрэг нь бүгд дайсагнасан үйлдэл юм. Мөн сүргээ илүүрхэж дагуулах, дээгүүр зиндаатай бодгаль түрүүлж хөрвөөх, түүний дараа зиндааны эрэмбээр хөрвөөсөн газарт тахь дээрхи үйлдлийг дараалан гүйцэтгэх зэрэг дайсагнасан бус үйлдэл илэрч байгаа нь ажиглагдлаа. Үржлийн сүрэг дэхь бодгалиуд хоорондын орон зайн харилцаа нь эх-үрийн, нас чацуутан, ижил зиндаатан, амрах үеийн гэсэн 4 бүлээр ажиглагдаж байна. Зиндаархах зан араншингийн идэвхи өглөө хамгийн их, шөнө харьцангуй бага илэрч байна. Мөн сүргийн давамгайлах (доминант) зан араншинтай бодгаль нь тухайн сүргийн хамгийн ахмад настай гүүнүүд байх нь тогтоогдлоо. Тэдгээрийн зонхилох хувь нь Монголд төрсөн бодгалиуд байгаа бөгөөд сүргээ байгаль цаг уурын нөхцөлд зохицуулан хаагуур бэлчээрлүүлэхийг удирдан чиглүүлж байна. Энэ нь тахь шинэ орчин нөхцөлд сайн дасан зохицож, зэрлэгшиж байгааг нотолж байна.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.352
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЯ И СТУДЕНТА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ДИСТАНЦИОННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ
Authors: Кабденова Г.Ж.
Published: December 2014

В настоящей статье рассмотрена взаимодействие преподавателя и студента в процессе дистанционного обучения в современном образовательном пространстве.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v10i1.353
Écologie de la reproduction du harfang des neiges dans l’Arctique canadien
Authors: Therrien Jean-François , Gauthier Gilles , Robillard Audrey , Lecomte Nicolas , Bêty Joël
Published: December 2014

Nous avons étudié l’écologie estivale du harfang des neiges à l’île Bylot, au Nunavut, pendant plus de 20 ans. Nous avons examiné l’influence de la phénologie de la fonte de la neige au printemps et de la densité de lemmings sur le nombre de nids, la date et la taille moyenne de ponte ainsi que le succès de nidification des harfangs. Nous avons également mesuré la croissance des jeunes et évalué le régime alimentaire estival des harfangs. Le nombre de nids et le succès de nidification ont varié annuellement, en lien avec la densité de lemmings. Ces proies ont composé plus de 95 % du régime alimentaire estival. La date et la taille de ponte moyenne ont démontré des variations annuelles, mais ne semblaient pas affectées par la phénologie de la fonte de la neige ou la densité de lemmings. La densité de lemmings au site de nidification semble être le principal élément qui détermine la décision de nicher à l’île Bylot, malgré le fait qu’une forte densité de petits rongeurs ne garantisse pas toujours la présence de harfangs nicheurs.
Abondance de l’épervier brun en migration automnale : relations avec l’oscillation nord-atlantique et l’abondance de ses proies
Authors: Savard Jean-Pierre L. , Côté Pascal , Tremblay Junior A.
Published: December 2014

La forêt boréale se caractérise par une diversité de cycles de productivité qui affectent les chaînes trophiques, lesquelles sont en partie affectées par le climat. Nous avons analysé les données de l’Observatoire d’oiseaux de Tadoussac pour l’épervier brun (Accipiter striatus) entre 1996 et 2010 en lien avec l’indice climatique de l’Oscillation nord-atlantique (ONA), les précipitations estivales et l’abondance de proies potentielles. À l’automne, les éperviers bruns juvéniles ont migré plus tôt que les adultes et les déplacements des 2 groupes ne se sont pas chevauchés. L’abondance automnale de l’épervier brun, principalement celle des juvéniles, était positivement corrélée avec l’indice climatique de l’ONA de l’hiver précédent, et négativement avec les précipitions des mois de juin et juillet, lesquelles sont reliées à l’indice de l’ONA. De plus, nos résultats ont révélé des corrélations positives entre l’abondance de l’épervier brun lors de la migration d’automne et l’abondance de proies potentielles en période estivale, principalement celle de la grive à dos olive (Catharus ustulatus) et du junco ardoisé (Junco hyemalis). La corrélation positive entre l’abondance d’éperviers bruns et l’ONA de l’hiver précédent suggère que le climat influence probablement la dynamique de population de l’espèce. Les hivers doux et enneigés sont souvent suivis d’un été pluvieux, qui se caractérise par une production moindre de jeunes éperviers. Cela semble lié à la disponibilité de proies pour les éperviers adultes puisque les proies principales sont également moins nombreuses lors d’étés avec une pluviosité supérieure à la normale.
Évolution temporelle des concentrations de mercure dans les plumes d’oiseaux de proie au Québec
Authors: Champoux Louise , Rodrigue Jean , Fitzgerald Guy , Bilodeau François
Published: December 2014

Des analyses de mercure ont été effectuées sur des plumes de 7 espèces d’oiseaux de proie récoltées au Québec entre les années 1906 à 2002. Une diminution temporelle des concentrations a été observée chez les aigles royaux et les autours des palombes. Chez les jeunes balbuzards pêcheurs élevés à proximité des réservoirs hydroélectriques, une diminution des concentrations de mercure d’environ 33 % est observée entre 1989-1991 et 1997. Cette diminution serait liée à la baisse des concentrations de mercure chez les poissons vivant dans les réservoirs. Les espèces se nourrissant dans les milieux aquatiques, le pygargue à tête blanche et le balbuzard pêcheur, présentent des concentrations de mercure de 2 à 30 fois plus élevées que celles qui s’alimentent en milieux terrestres. Chez le pygargue à tête blanche, les concentrations apparaissent élevées et augmentent avec l’âge des oiseaux échantillonnés.
Programme de réhabilitation des oiseaux de proie au Québec : bilan 1986-2013
Authors: Fitzgerald Guy
Published: December 2014

L’Union québécoise de réhabilitation des oiseaux de proie (UQROP) a implanté, en 1986, un programme provincial de réhabilitation d’oiseaux de proie sauvages en collaboration avec la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire (Université de Montréal), le Centre de recherches Macdonald sur les rapaces (Université McGill) et le ministère du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la Pêche du Québec. Plus de 8 000 individus appartenant aux 27 espèces d’oiseaux de proie du Québec ont été admis dans ce programme. Près de 42 % de ces oiseaux ont été remis en liberté. Sur les 2 285 oiseaux relâchés munis d’une bague, 72 (3 %) ont été récupérés. Le programme de réhabilitation couvre l’ensemble du Québec. Près de 54 % des oiseaux reçus ont été acheminés par les agents de protection de la faune du gouvernement du Québec. Légalement, au Québec, les oiseaux de proie trouvés morts ou vivants doivent être déclarés et ils sont acheminés au réseau de l’UQROP par des bénévoles, par avion ou par messagerie. La formation offerte aux étudiants gradués en médecine vétérinaire a permis notamment la publication d’articles scientifiques basés sur les spécimens rapportés. Le programme éducatif de l’UQROP a permis de sensibiliser des millions de personnes depuis 1990. Globalement, les réalisations de l’UQROP ont contribué à la conservation des oiseaux de proie.
L’EROP : 10 ans pour le rétablissement des oiseaux de proie au Québec
Authors: St-Louis Antoine , Gauthier Isabelle , Beaudet Sylvie , Deschênes Lise , Forest Alain , Fradette Pierre , Guérin Stéphane , Ibarzabal Jacques , Lapointe Jean , Lapointe Stéphane , Lemaître Jérôme , Maisonneuve Charles , Shaffer François
Published: December 2014

L’Équipe de rétablissement des oiseaux de proie du Québec (EROP) a été fondée en 2004, à la suite de la fusion des équipes de rétablissement du faucon pèlerin (Falco peregrinus), du pygargue à tête blanche (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) et de l’aigle royal (Aquila chrysaetos). À ces espèces d’intérêt pour l’EROP s’est ajouté récemment le hibou des marais (Asio flammeus). À l’aide des plans de rétablissement de chacune des espèces, l’EROP veille à la mise en oeuvre de mesures de conservation (p. ex. acquisition de connaissances, sensibilisation, protection) visant à redresser la situation des populations d’oiseaux de proie en situation précaire au Québec. Cet article présente le mandat, le mode de fonctionnement et les principales réalisations de l’EROP au cours de la dernière décennie.
How ketamine helps to overcome depression
Authors: Huynh Thu N , Klann Eric
Published: December 2014

Genetically modified mice shed new light on how ketamine can target NMDA receptors in the brain to reduce the symptoms of depression.
Structural basis for ligand and innate immunity factor uptake by the trypanosome haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor
Authors: Lane-Serff Harriet , MacGregor Paula , Lowe Edward D , Carrington Mark , Higgins Matthew K
Published: December 2014

The haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor (HpHbR) of African trypanosomes allows acquisition of haem and provides an uptake route for trypanolytic factor-1, a mediator of innate immunity against trypanosome infection. In this study, we report the structure of Trypanosoma brucei HpHbR in complex with human haptoglobin-haemoglobin (HpHb), revealing an elongated ligand-binding site that extends along its membrane distal half. This contacts haptoglobin and the β-subunit of haemoglobin, showing how the receptor selectively binds HpHb over individual components. Lateral mobility of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HpHbR, and a ∼50o kink in the receptor, allows two receptors to simultaneously bind one HpHb dimer. Indeed, trypanosomes take up dimeric HpHb at significantly lower concentrations than monomeric HpHb, due to increased ligand avidity that comes from bivalent binding. The structure therefore reveals the molecular basis for ligand and innate immunity factor uptake by trypanosomes and identifies adaptations that allow efficient ligand uptake in the context of the complex trypanosome cell surface.
Open Data and the Future of Science
Authors: Boulton Geoffrey
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (54 min.) Open Science is not new, it was the bedrock on which the scientific revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries were built. Its open publication of scientific concepts and the evidence (the data) on which they were based allowed scrutiny of the logic of an argument and replication of observations or experiments or their refutation. It has been the basis of so-called “scientific self-correction”. But the technological revolution of recent decades has produced an unprecedented explosion in the human capacity to acquire, store and manipulate data and information and to instantaneously communicate them globally, irrespective of location. It has produced fundamental changes in human, social and economic behaviour and has implications for research and learning that are far more profound and pervasive than those that followed Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press, including the way that science engages with the wider community. But the explosion of data is also undermining self-correction through the difficulty of making large volumes of supporting data concurrently available in a scrutinisable form, risking both the method of science and its credibility. This poses a major challenge for modern science to stimulate open release and sharing of data in ways that also facilitate new modes of collaboration and that increase creativity through interaction of many brains and many communities unbounded by institutional walls. We need to challenge and re-define many of the habits and norms of researchers and their institutions if the research community if it is to exploit technological opportunities, maintain self-correction and maximize the contribution of research to human understanding and welfare. Fortunately the response to these imperatives is growing, through the enunciation of principles for open science, the development of procedures and tools and the engagement of researchers, universities, funders, publishers, learned societies and governments.
IRUS-UK: Improving understanding of the value and impact of institutional repositories
Authors: MacIntyre Ross
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (21 min.) Many educational institutions have repositories for research outputs. The number of items available through institutional repositories is growing, and is expected to continue to do so due to requirements for outputs from public-funded research to be open access. But how much usage are institutional repositories and their individual items getting?Jisc-funded service IRUS-UK is designed to help institutions understand more about the usage of their institutional repositories. It follows on from the successful PIRUS2 project, which demonstrated how COUNTER-compliant article-level usage statistics could be collected and consolidated from publishers and institutional repositories. IRUS-UK collects raw usage data from participating repositories and processes these into COUNTER-compliant statistics. This provides repositories with comparable, authoritative, standards-based data and opportunities for profiling and benchmarking. It enables institutions to run reports at both repository level (e.g. total download figures) and at item level.  IRUS-UK has developed a taxonomy of 25 item types which all items are mapped to so that usage across specific item types (e.g. Article, Book Section) can be consistently compared.  IRUS-UK currently has data from 63 UK institutional repositories, and has recorded over 17 million downloads since July 2012. The data from IRUS-UK can be used to provide information for management reporting, for usage monitoring, and for external reporting (such as annual SCONUL statistics for UK academic libraries). Data can be viewed within the online portal, or downloaded for further analysis. IRUS-UK recognises that institutional repository usage statistics may not represent total usage, and is investigating ways to combine usage to support institutions in their overall usage statistics. One development is usage figures for electronic theses and dissertations; IRUS-UK has demonstrated the possibility of consolidating usage statistics from institutional repositories and from the British Library’s Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS) to show total usage.IRUS-UK is a community-driven development, responding to user needs. User feedback has always been core to the service, and continues to develop with the establishment of a Community Advisory Group. Excellent feedback has been received from users on the ease and speed of set-up, and the value of having consistent, standards-based usage statistics and benchmarking opportunities.IRUS-UK: http://irus.mimas.ac.uk/PIRUS2: http://www.cranfieldlibrary.cranfield.ac.uk/pirus2/tiki-index.php
Altmetrics in Practice
Authors: Buettgen Stephan
Published: December 2014

>> See video of presentation (26 min.) Citation counts have long been the standard measure of academic research usage and impact. Specifically, published articles in prominent journals citing other published articles in other prominent journals equate to prestige and tenure. Metrics can now be harvested and applied to research around usage, captures, mentions, and social media, in addition to citations, giving a much more comprehensive and holistic view of impact. These new metrics are also much more timely than citation metrics and can keep pace with new formats much faster than the entrenched, legacy practices. In this session, we will highlight some practical ways institutions are using these new metrics today and what the future holds.
Comorbid mental disorders among clients in addiction treatment: The costs of care
Authors: Urbanoski Karen , Rehm Jürgen , Lange Shannon , Popova Svetlana
Published: December 2014

Urbanoski, K., Rehm, J., Lange, S., & Popova, S. (2014). Comorbid mental disorders among clients in addiction treatment: The costs of care. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 297-304. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.183Aims: To compare the volume and costs of services for clients with and without comorbid mental disorders in an addiction treatment system.Design: Secondary data analysis.Setting: Administrative data for the fiscal year 2010–2011 were abstracted from the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Information System (DATIS).Participants: Data represents all clients entering publicly funded services in Ontario in the fiscal year 2010–2011 (N = 41,953).Measures: Service costs were calculated using recent estimates of the cost per outpatient visit and day of residential care. Average numbers of visits/days per client, with and without mental disorders, were compared across gender and age subgroups.Findings: Overall, 22% of clients treated in 2010–2011 reported a past-year mental disorder. The costs of services for these clients were estimated to be between $18.5 and $40.3 million (in Canadian dollars), or 20% of the total service costs for the year. The largest difference in average volume of care was seen for residential treatment, where having a mental disorder was associated with seven fewer days of care. On average, during the period studied, among those without mental disorders, men spent 20 more days in residential care than did women.Conclusions: At the system-level in Ontario, clients with mental disorders did not account for a disproportionate amount of the total costs of care during the year. While these findings may signal a mismatch between the needs of clients with co-occurring disorders and their use of services, it is also possible that such clients receive additional care in other treatment sectors. Further study is warranted to explore potential unmet needs among clients with co-occurring disorders in addiction treatment.
Predictors of first incidence of alcohol use disorders in the Lundby cohort from 1947-1997
Authors: Mattisson Cecilia , Bogren Mats , Horstmann Vibeke , Öjesjö Leif
Published: December 2014

Mattisson, C., Bogren, M., Horstmann, V., & Öjesjö, L. (2014). Predictors of first incidence of alcohol use disorders in the Lundby cohort from 1947-1997. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 257-267. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.185Objective: Epidemiological evidence indicates an inverse relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and alcohol use disorder (AUD), although there are relatively few recent incidence studies. The present study aimed to assess the incidence of AUD by age, gender and SES and to analyse AUD’s association with mental disorder.Method: Information about mental disorders, including first incidence cases of AUD, was assessed in the Lundby cohort (n=3,563) by field investigations in 1947, 1957, 1972 and 1997. Incidence calculations were based on 3,372 individuals without prior AUD. For the two genders, age-standardised incidences of AUD for the 25-year periods of 1947-1972 and 1972-1997 were compared. Possible risk factors for incident AUD were analysed by means of Cox regression analyses for the whole sample and for each sex separately.Results: A total of 233 first incidence AUD cases were detected (198 males, 35 females. Incidence rates, expressed as number of cases per 1000 person years, were highest for working class males at 5.46 cases per 1000 person years for the period 1 of July 1947, to 30 June 1972 and 4.77 for the period 1 of July 1972 to 30 June 1997, respectively. Middle class males showed intermediate incidence rates of 2.73 and 2.65. Self-employed males showed the lowest incidence rates of 2.50 and 1.47. Females generally had much lower incidence, although they showed a non-significant tendency for higher incidence rates in the latter period. A diagnosis of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and unspecific neurotic states increased the risk for developing first incident AUD.Conclusion: Working class males had higher annual incidence of alcoholism in both time periods relative to middle class and self-employed males. Mental disorder increased the risk for AUD among both genders.
Short-term changes in substance use among problematic alcohol and drug users from a general population sample
Authors: Sinadinovic Kristina , Wennberg Peter , Berman Anne H.
Published: December 2014

Sinadinovic, K., Wennberg, P., & Berman, A. (2014). Short-term changes in substance use among problematic alcohol and drug users from a general population sample. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 277-287. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.186Aims: To investigate 12-month changes among individuals with baseline problematic use of alcohol or illicit drugs, by gender, age, initial level of substance use, and administration method (Internet or Interactive Voice Response, IVR).Design: 1,861 individuals from a random population sample were screened for problematic alcohol and illicit drug use. Individuals screening positive were followed up after 12 months.Setting: The Swedish general population.Participants: 423 individuals with baseline problematic alcohol (women: AUDIT ≥ 6, men: AUDIT ≥ 8) or drug use (both genders: DUDIT ≥ 1).Measures: AUDIT, DUDIT, AUDIT-C and DUDIT-C scores.Findings: AUDIT scores decreased from 10.43 to 8.62; among 239 participants with baseline problematic alcohol use, 34.3% no longer had problematic use at follow-up. Total DUDIT scores decreased from 4.92 to 2.33; among 51 participants with baseline problematic drug use, 60.8% reported no illicit drug use at follow-up. AUDIT and DUDIT scores decreased more for individuals who at baseline had harmful problematic use, compared to those who had hazardous baseline use. Within-group effect sizes for AUDIT and DUDIT scores varied between 0.29 and 0.69 (Cohen’s d).Conclusions: Data on short-term change in problematic substance use in a random general population sample could constitute a reference point for comparisons for uncontrolled treatment studies.
Using the MEROPS Database for Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Inhibitors and Substrates
Authors: Rawlings Neil D. , Barrett Alan J. , Bateman Alex
Published: December 2014

MEROPS is a database of proteolytic enzymes as well as their inhibitors and substrates. Proteolytic enzymes and protein inhibitors are organized into protein domain families. In turn, families are organized into clans. Each peptidase, inhibitor, family, and clan has associated annotation, a multiple sequence alignment, a phylogenetic tree, literature references, and links to other databases. Interactions between proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors and between proteolytic enzymes and substrates are also presented. The entries in MEROPS are available via the World Wide Web. This unit contains detailed information on how to access and utilize the information present in the MEROPS database. Details on running MEROPS both remotely and locally are presented. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genome Annotation and Curation Using MAKER and MAKER‐P
Authors: Campbell Michael S. , Holt Carson , Moore Barry , Yandell Mark
Published: December 2014

This unit describes how to use the genome annotation and curation tools MAKER and MAKER‐P to annotate protein‐coding and noncoding RNA genes in newly assembled genomes, update/combine legacy annotations in light of new evidence, add quality metrics to annotations from other pipelines, and map existing annotations to a new assembly. MAKER and MAKER‐P can rapidly annotate genomes of any size, and scale to match available computational resources. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three‐dimensional simulations of the southern polar giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the Martian dichotomy
Authors: Leone Giovanni , Tackley Paul J. , Gerya Taras V. , May Dave A. , Zhu Guizhi
Published: December 2014

We demonstrate via numerical simulations that the impact of a ~lunar‐sized body with Mars is capable of creating a hemispherical magma ocean that upon cooling and solidification resulted in the formation of the southern highlands and thus the Martian dichotomy. The giant impact may have contributed a significant amount of iron to the Martian core and generated a deep thermal anomaly that led to the onset and development of the volcanism in the southern highlands. Our model predicts several mantle plumes converging to the South Pole from the equatorial regions as well as new plumes forming in the equatorial region and also an absence of significant large‐scale volcanism in the northern lowlands. The core heat flux evolution obtained from our numerical models is consistent with the decline of the magnetic field. We argue that such a scenario is more consistent with a range of observations than a northern giant impact (excavating the Borealis basin) for the formation of the Martian dichotomy.
Fibers: Microscopy
Authors: Robertson James
Published: December 2014

The role of microscopy in the examination of fibres in forensic context is considered including how microscopic examination can contribute to the triage and more detailed examination of fibres as part of an overall analytical protocol. The appropriate use of specialist forms of microscopy are considered including the central role use of comparison microscopy.
Fire Investigation and Cognitive Bias
Authors: Bieber Paul
Published: December 2014

Attorneys, judges, and juries often rely on the conclusions of forensic scientists from a variety of fields to understand how an incident occurred and who was involved. The distorted conceptual framework created by cognitive bias can influence those conclusions in subtle but powerful ways. Some common factors tending to implicate bias in any forensic examination are particularly prominent in many aspects of fire investigation. These factors include an imprecise method heavily reliant on human interpretation, an examination conducted in the field rather than a laboratory, and a lack of genuine independence from law enforcement.

This article explores the most common forms of cognitive bias found in the field of fire investigation, provides case‐study examples, and gives recommendations on how these biases might be minimized.
Handwriting: Cognitive Bias
Authors: Sulner Andrew
Published: December 2014

Although the forensic science community has long been cognizant of the need to avoid physical contamination of evidence, it has been reluctant to acknowledge the possibility of mental contamination of evidence in the form of cognitively biased forensic evaluations. As highlighted in the 2009 National Academies of Science report,Strengthening Forensic Science in the U.S: a Path Forward, empirical research in the fields of behavioral science and information obtained from reviews of forensic practitioner errors in several high‐profile cases have clearly established the adverse impact that contextual and motivational biases can have on human judgment and the accuracy of forensic evaluations of evidence. Nevertheless, far too many forensic handwriting experts still steadfastly believe that proper training and experience somehow shield them from the biasing influences that have been proven to impact the accuracy of visual observations and decision making on the part of human beings in all other walks of life. Understanding the various sources of bias and learning how to limit or minimize their influence is essential for improving the accuracy of decisions made by forensic handwriting experts and the reliability of their expert testimony.

In this article, Andrew Sulner, a third‐generation board certified forensic document examiner and former state prosecutor, explains and illustrates how the opinions and expert testimony of individuals performing comparative analyses of signatures and handwriting are susceptible to biasing influences that can improperly taint and sway their decision‐making process and the manner in which they testify as experts. Actual case histories are used to demonstrate how cognitive or motivational bias can contribute to erroneous findings and/or disingenuous testimony on the part of experienced and presumptively well‐trained forensic document examiners. Individual debiasing techniques and institutional context management and evidence testing protocols for minimizing examiner bias in forensic handwriting investigations are also discussed.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Polyrotaxane Frameworks
Authors: Loeb Stephen J. , Vukotic V. Nicholas
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes recent progress in the design, preparation, and solid‐state structures of a sub‐class of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) in which the linking ligands are a type of mechanically interlocked molecule (MIM); a rotaxane. Incorporating rotaxane ligands into MOFs is of interest because of the possibility of demonstrating the dynamics of MIM systems in the solid‐state. The large amplitude molecular motions of MIMs are only just starting to be realized in the solid‐state. This chapter looks at the detailed development of these unique materials while offering some insight into the design process and future potential of these materials.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Porphyrinic Frameworks
Authors: Zou Chao , Zhao Min , Wu Chuan‐De
Published: December 2014

There has been growing interest in coordination chemistry, particularly in the field of porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Since the functionalities of MOFs can be systematically tuned by integrating functional groups in their frameworks, MOF materials have been realized applications in a number of fields, including luminescence, gas storage, sensing, magnetics, and catalysis. Because porphyrins and metalloporphyrins have rigid structures and remarkable functionalities of catalysis, charge, and energy transformations, they have been used as functional building blocks to fabricate porphyrinic MOFs for applications in various fields. This chapter is focused on recent progress on the emerging functional materials, including synthetic strategies and applications of porphyrinic MOFs.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Postsynthetic Modification
Authors: Burrows Andrew D.
Published: December 2014

Over the past 5 years or so, postsynthetic modification (PSM) has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool for preparing functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). In the simplest PSM protocols, a MOF is first prepared and then made to undergo a reaction to generate a new MOF. At its most useful, the new MOF is one that cannot be prepared by direct combination of metal and linker. In this review, three types of PSM reaction are considered. Covalent PSM is the most well‐established of these and involves a covalent modification of linker ligands. This can occur on addition of a reagent, or alternatively through thermal, photochemical, or electrochemical treatment. Dative PSM involves addition of a metal center to a vacant coordination site on a MOF, which is of interest for both catalysis and metal sequestration. Finally, inorganic PSM involves modification of the secondary building units (SBUs) in the MOF, or the coordination of these to the linkers. Inorganic PSM can involve substitution of labile terminal ligands, reaction at the anionic part of the SBU, a redox reaction or substitution of the framework metal centers, or substitution of the linker ligands.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Gas Storage
Authors: Zhang Muwei , Li Hao , Perry Zachary , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: December 2014

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a significant class of porous materials renowned for their well‐defined structures and various applications in the last few decades. As a novel category of solid adsorbents, MOFs have overshadowed many traditional porous materials owing to their chemically tunable structures, extraordinarily large porosity, and convenient functionalization procedures. Focused on the gas storage aspect of MOFs, this chapter elaborates the storage of some important gases (hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and others) and features their applications in the areas of renewable energy conservation, environmental protection, and prospective biomedicines.
Metal–Organic Frameworks: Frameworks Containing Open Sites
Authors: He Yabing , Chen Banglin
Published: December 2014

Open metal site (OMS)s, also referred to as
coordinatively unsaturated metals
, play very important roles in their specific recognition of small molecules. In this chapter, we have outlined different strategies to create OMSs on the pore surfaces of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and the potential applications of porous MOFs with OMSs in the storage of energy carrier gases (e.g., hydrogen, methane, and acetylene), gas separation (postcombustion CO
2
capture, light hydrocarbon separation, and separation and purification of acetylene), chemical sensing, and heterogeneous catalysis.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Frameworks in Mixed‐Matrix Membranes
Authors: Tanh Jeazet Harold B. , Janiak Christoph
Published: December 2014

Gas separation performances of polymer membranes can be improved by addition of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) with MOFs as additives (fillers) have increased permeabilities and often also selectivities compared to the pure polymer. Incorporation of MOFs into polysulfone and Matrimid
®
polymers for MMMs gives defect‐free membranes with performances similar to the best polymer membranes for gas mixtures, such as O
2
/N
2
, H
2
/CH
4
, CO
2
/CH
4
, H
2
/CO
2
, CH
4
/N
2
, and CO
2
/N
2
(preferentially permeating gas is named first). The MOF porosity, its particle size, and content in the MMM are factors to influence the permeability and the separation performance of the membranes.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Materials Patterning
Authors: Falcaro Paolo , Styles Mark J.
Published: December 2014

Tunable pore architecture, size and distribution, chemical properties, and adaptable postfunctionalization procedures make metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) interesting and versatile functional materials. MOFs hold much promise for industrial applications and increasing efforts are being devoted to device fabrication using these ultraporous materials prepared via self‐assembly techniques. Although the main research stream is focused on using MOFs for gas storage and separation, an increasing number of studies are proposing MOFs as materials for sensing, optics, bioprocessing, and catalysts. Although the material properties have a central role, the ability to precisely locate the material is fundamental to fully exploiting its functional properties. In this chapter, we present the progress on the spatial control of MOFs. We critically discuss each technique and highlight the most promising progress for MOF‐based device fabrication.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Application to Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Chang Na , Yang Cheng‐Xiong , Yan Xiu‐Ping
Published: December 2014

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging class of porous materials. Owing to a number of remarkable properties, MOFs are now widely explored as advanced materials for diverse applications. Recently, great progress has been made for the applications of MOFs in analytical chemistry. This chapter focuses on the research of the analytical applications of MOFs and highlights the ability of MOFs in all the important aspects of modern analytical chemistry including sampling, solid‐phase extraction, solid‐phase microextraction, gas chromatographic separation, and liquid chromatographic separation.
Metal‐Organic Frameworks: Interpenetration and Entanglement
Authors: Batten Stuart R.
Published: December 2014

The different forms of interpenetration and entanglement in coordination polymers are discussed. 1D and 2D polymers can interpenetrate in either parallel or inclined manners, giving overall entanglements that are either of the same dimension or higher. 3D polymers can also show different topologies of interpenetration. In unusual cases, the interpenetrating nets can be chemically different and even have different topologies or dimensions. Self‐penetration occurs when shortest topological circuits in a single net are catenated. Polyrotaxanes can be classified according to whether or not they contain discrete (0D) components entangled with the polymeric nets, and whether the entanglement is trivial or nontrivial. Other interesting forms of entanglement include braids, weaves, and polymeric catenations of discrete components.
On the psychometric properties of the aggressiveness‐IAT for children and adolescents
Authors: Lemmer Gunnar , Gollwitzer Mario , Banse Rainer
Published: December 2014

In research on aggression, implicit association tests (IATs) have been constructed to elucidate automatic processes involved in aggressiveness. Despite an increasing number of applications of the “Aggressiveness‐IAT” in basic and applied research, the psychometric properties of this method for measuring an automatic aggressive self‐concept have not been comprehensively investigated. Although the Aggressiveness‐IAT has been used both as a cross‐situationally consistent trait measure and as a measure to indicate situational changes, prior studies have not tested to what extent it reliably captures a stable trait vs. an occasion‐specific aggressive self‐concept. The present research scrutinizes the psychometric properties of the Aggressiveness‐IAT by addressing two issues. First, we tested the reliability, consistency, and occasion specificity of the Aggressiveness‐IAT in a longitudinal panel study with four waves and 574 Austrian school children/adolescents by applying latent‐state trait (LST) theory. Second, we validated latent trait scores of the IAT vis‐à‐vis other measures either clearly related to aggression or not. Results demonstrate that 20–30% of the variance in children's and adolescents' IAT scores is situation‐unspecific (i.e., “stable”), whereas 36–50% are situation‐specific. Regarding its construct validity, the Aggressiveness‐IAT is correlated with explicit measures of aggression and related constructs, but it is not associated with discriminant variables (e.g., school achievement). Implications for using the Aggressiveness‐IAT are discussed in the light of these findings. Aggr. Behav. 41:84–95 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of Agri‐food Firms’ Participation in Public Funded Research and Development
Authors: Garcia‐Alvarez‐Coque Jose‐Maria , Mas‐Verdu Francisco , Sanchez García Mercedes
Published: December 2014

A database of over 2,700 agri‐food businesses in the region of Valencia, Spain was used to test the influence of internal characteristics of the firm and of external characteristics linked to local systems on the willingness to participate in R&D activities promoted by knowledge supporting institutions. A Probit model was estimated, correcting possible intragroup correlations when group variables are combined with individual data. Results show that R&D activities are enhanced in medium and large firms, co‐ops, experienced firms and better physical access to technological centers.
Specific Light‐Up Bioprobe with Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Activatable Photoactivity for the Targeted and Image‐Guided Photodynamic Ablation of Cancer Cells
Authors: Yuan Youyong , Zhang Chong‐Jing , Gao Meng , Zhang Ruoyu , Tang Ben Zhong , Liu Bin
Published: December 2014

Activatable photosensitizers (PSs) have been widely used for the simultaneous fluorescence imaging and photodynamic ablation of cancer cells. However, the ready aggregation of traditional PSs in aqueous media can lead to fluorescence quenching as well as reduced phototoxicity even in the activated form. We have developed a series of PSs that show aggregation‐enhanced emission and phototoxicity and thus the exact opposite behavior to that of previously reported PSs. We further developed a dual‐targeted enzyme‐activatable bioprobe based on the optimized photosensitizer and describe simultaneous light‐up fluorescence imaging and activated photodynamic therapy for specific cancer cells. The design of smart probes should thus open new opportunities for targeted and image‐guided photodynamic therapy.
Nitrogen Analogues of Thiele’s Hydrocarbon
Authors: Su Yuanting , Wang Xingyong , Li Yuantao , Song You , Sui Yunxia , Wang Xinping
Published: December 2014

A series of bis[N,N‐di‐(4‐methoxylphenyl)amino]arene dications 12+–32+ have been synthesized and characterized. Their electronic structures were investigated by various experiments assisted by theoretical calculations. It was found that they are singlets in the ground state and that their diradical character is dependent on the bridging moiety. 32+ has a smaller singlet–triplet energy gap and its excited triplet state is thermally readily accessible. The work provides a nitrogen analogue of Thiele’s hydrocarbon with considerable diradical character.
Chemically Powered Micro‐ and Nanomotors
Authors: Sánchez Samuel , Soler Lluís , Katuri Jaideep
Published: December 2014

Chemically powered micro‐ and nanomotors are small devices that are self‐propelled by catalytic reactions in fluids. Taking inspiration from biomotors, scientists are aiming to find the best architecture for self‐propulsion, understand the mechanisms of motion, and develop accurate control over the motion. Remotely guided nanomotors can transport cargo to desired targets, drill into biomaterials, sense their environment, mix or pump fluids, and clean polluted water. This Review summarizes the major advances in the growing field of catalytic nanomotors, which started ten years ago.
Crystal Structures and Redox Responses Coupled with Ion Recognition of p‐Benzoquinone‐ and Hydroquinone‐Fused [18]crown‐6
Authors: Kobayashi Takayuki , Nakane Yuta , Takeda Takashi , Hoshino Norihisa , Kawai Hidetoshi , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: December 2014

The crystal structures and redox properties of p‐benzoquinone (BQ)‐fused [18]crown‐6 1 and bis‐BQ‐fused [18]crown‐6 2 were examined. The anion radicals of these BQ molecules were stabilized by addition of metal ions, through effective electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged BQ moiety and positively charged ion‐capturing [18]crown‐6 unit. The electrostatic interactions and solvation energy played important roles in determining the magnitudes of anodic redox shifts in the reduction potentials. Regular π‐stacking of BQ units and regular arrays of [18]crown‐6 units were observed in crystal 2, in which one‐dimensional π‐electron columns were separated by ionic channels. The hydroquinone‐fused [18]crown‐6 molecule 3 and a new BQ‐ and phenol‐fused [18]crown‐6 derivative 4 were obtained as single crystals. The molecular conformations of [18]crown‐6 in crystal 3 and hydrated crystal 3⋅H2O were different from each other.
Cross‐scale predictive modeling of CHO cell culture growth and metabolites using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis
Authors: Berry Brandon , Moretto Justin , Matthews Thomas , Smelko John , Wiltberger Kelly
Published: December 2014

Multi‐component, multi‐scale Raman spectroscopy modeling results from a monoclonal antibody producing CHO cell culture process including data from two development scales (3 L, 200 L) and a clinical manufacturing scale environment (2,000 L) are presented. Multivariate analysis principles are a critical component to partial least squares (PLS) modeling but can quickly turn into an overly iterative process, thus a simplified protocol is proposed for addressing necessary steps including spectral preprocessing, spectral region selection, and outlier removal to create models exclusively from cell culture process data without the inclusion of spectral data from chemically defined nutrient solutions or targeted component spiking studies. An array of single‐scale and combination‐scale modeling iterations were generated to evaluate technology capabilities and model scalability. Analysis of prediction errors across models suggests that glucose, lactate, and osmolality are well modeled. Model strength was confirmed via predictive validation and by examining performance similarity across single‐scale and combination‐scale models. Additionally, accurate predictive models were attained in most cases for viable cell density and total cell density; however, these components exhibited some scale‐dependencies that hindered model quality in cross‐scale predictions where only development data was used in calibration. Glutamate and ammonium models were also able to achieve accurate predictions in most cases. However, there are differences in the absolute concentration ranges of these components across the datasets of individual bioreactor scales. Thus, glutamate and ammonium PLS models were forced to extrapolate in cases where models were derived from small scale data only but used in cross‐scale applications predicting against manufacturing scale batches. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:566–577, 2015
Synthesis and Electrochemical Biosensing Properties of Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Microspheres
Authors: Sun Dongfei , Yang Juan , Yan Xingbin
Published: December 2014

Three‐dimensional nitrogen‐doped graphene microspheres (3D NGSs) were prepared by using integrated precursor‐assisted chemical vapor deposition and the hydrothermal method. The 3D NGSs, with an interconnected network structure, show a high crystallization degree, abundant pore channels, and appropriate nitrogen doping. Electrochemical studies confirm that the glucose oxidase/NGSs electrode shows excellent catalytic activity with a high sensitivity of 15.89 μA mM−1 cm−2, over a wide linear range of 0.1–3.7 mM, and fast response time of 3.6 s.