bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reformulating the bromine alpha factor and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC): evolution of ozone destruction rates of bromine and chlorine in future climate scenarios
Authors: Klobas J. Eric , Weisenstein Debra K. , Salawitch Ross J. , Wilmouth David M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Future trajectories of the stratospheric trace gas background will alter the rates of bromine- and chlorine-mediated catalytic ozone destruction via changes in the partitioning of inorganic halogen reservoirs and the underlying temperature structure of the stratosphere. The current formulation of the bromine alpha factor, the ozone-destroying power of stratospheric bromine atoms relative to stratospheric chlorine atoms, is invariant with the climate state. Here, we refactor the bromine alpha factor, introducing normalization to a benchmark chemistry–climate state, and formulate Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Benchmark-normalized Chlorine (EESBnC) to reflect changes in the rates of both bromine- and chlorine-mediated ozone loss catalysis with time. We show that the ozone-processing power of the extrapolar stratosphere is significantly perturbed by future climate assumptions. Furthermore, we show that our EESBnC-based estimate of the extrapolar ozone recovery date is in closer agreement with extrapolar ozone recovery dates predicted using more sophisticated 3-D chemistry–climate models than predictions made using equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC).
Evaluation of a method for converting Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) extinction coefficients to backscatter coefficients for intercomparison with lidar observations
Authors: Knepp Travis N. , Thomason Larry , Roell Marilee , Damadeo Robert , Leavor Kevin , Leblanc Thierry , Chouza Fernando , Khaykin Sergey , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Flittner David
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Aerosol backscatter coefficients were calculated using multiwavelength
aerosol extinction products from the SAGE II and III/ISS instruments (SAGE: Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment). The
conversion methodology is presented, followed by an evaluation of the
conversion algorithm's robustness. The SAGE-based backscatter products were
compared to backscatter coefficients derived from ground-based lidar at
three sites (Table Mountain Facility, Mauna Loa, and Observatoire de
Haute-Provence). Further, the SAGE-derived lidar ratios were compared to
values from previous balloon and theoretical studies. This evaluation
includes the major eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, followed by the
atmospherically quiescent period beginning in the late 1990s.
Recommendations are made regarding the use of this method for evaluation of
aerosol extinction profiles collected using the occultation method.
Importance of succession in estimating biomass loss: Combining remote sensing and individual-based forest models
Authors: Hiltner Ulrike , Huth Andreas , Fischer Rico
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Disturbances can have strong impacts on the dynamics and structure of tropical forests. They often lead to increased tree mortality and affect their behaviour as carbon sinks. In the future, the intensity of disturbances, such as extreme weather events, fires, floods, and biotic agents, will probably even increase, with more serious consequences for tropical forests than we have already observed. However, impacts of altering disturbances on rates of forest biomass loss through tree mortality (hereinafter: biomass mortality) have been little described yet. This complicates progress in quantifying the effects of climate change on forests globally. This study aims to analyse the consequences of elevated tree mortality on forest dynamics and to provide a methodology that can reduce uncertainties in estimating biomass mortality rates at local and country level. We achieved this by linking benefits of individual-based forest model-ling, statistical linear regression, and remote sensing. We applied an individual-based forest model to investigate the impact of varying disturbance regimes on the succession dynamic of a humid Terra Firma forest at the Paracou study site in French Guiana. By simulating increased tree mortality rates, we were able to investigate their influence on several forest attributes, namely biomass, leaf area index, forest height, gross primary production, net primary production, and biomass mortality. Based on simulations of leaf area index and forest height, we developed a linear multivariate regression model to project biomass mortality. Our findings demonstrate that severe disturbances altered the succession pattern of the forests in favour of fast-growing species, which changed gross primary production, but net primary production remained stable. We also observed a strong influence on biomass mortality rates as well as observed complex relationships between these rates and single forest attributes (leaf area index, forest height, and biomass). By combining leaf area index and forest height we obtained relationships that allow an estimation of the biomass mortality. Based on these findings, we mapped the biomass mortality for whole French Guiana. We found a nation-wide biomass mortality of 3 % per year (standard deviation = 1.4 % per year). The approach we describe here, provides a novel methodology for quantifying the spatial-temporal distribution of biomass loss, which has recently been identified as particularly critical for monitoring mortality hot spots. Quantifying biomass mortality rates may help reducing uncertainties in the terrestrial component of the global carbon cycle.
Snowpack and firn densification in the Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM) (version 1.2)
Authors: Schneider Adam M. , Zender Charles S. , Price Stephen F.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Earth's largest island, Greenland, and the Antarctic continent are both covered by massive ice sheets. A large fraction of their surfaces consist of multi-year snow, known as firn, which has undergone a process of densification since falling from the atmosphere. Until now this firn densification has not been fully accounted for in the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM). Here, we expand the E3SM Land Model (ELM) snowpack from 1 m to up to 60 m to enable more accurate simulation of snowpack evolution. We test four densification models in a series of century-scale land surface simulations forced by atmospheric re-analyses, and evaluate these parameterizations against empirical density-versus-depth data. To tailor candidate densification models for use across the ice sheets' dry-snow zones, we optimize parameters using a regularized least squares algorithm applied to two distinct stages of densification. We find that a dynamic implementation of a semi-empirical compaction model, originally calibrated to measurements from the Antarctic peninsula, gives results more consistent with ice core measurements from the cold, dry snow zones of Greenland and Antarctica, compared to when using the original ELM snow compaction physics. In its latest release, the Community Land Model (CLM) (version 5) provides updated snow compaction physics that we test in ELM, resulting in top 10 m firn densities that are in better agreement with observations than densities simulated with the semi-empirical model. Below 10 m, however, the semi-empirical model gives results that more closely match observations, while the current CLM(v5) compaction physics predict firn densities that increase too slowly with depth and are thus unable to simulate pore close off (a phenomenon of particular interest to paleoclimate studies). Because snow and firn density play roles in snowpack albedo, liquid water storage, and ice sheet surface mass balance, these improvements will contribute to broader E3SM efforts to simulate the response of land ice to atmospheric forcing and the resulting impacts on global sea level.
High sensitivity Gd3+-Gd3+ EPR distance measurements that eliminate artefacts seen at short distances
Authors: El Mkami Hassane , Hunter Robert I. , Cruickshank Paul A. S. , Taylor Michael J. , Lovett Janet E. , Feintuch Akiva , Qi Mian , Godt Adelheid , Smith Graham M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Gadolinium complexes are attracting increasing attention as spin labels for EPR dipolar distance measurements in biomolecules and particularly for in-cell measurements. It has been shown that flip-flop transitions within the central transition of the high spin Gd3+ ion can introduce artefacts in dipolar distance measurements, particularly when measuring distances less than 3–4 nm. Previous work has shown some reduction of these artefacts through increasing the frequency separation between the two frequencies required for the Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) experiment. Here we use a high power (1 kW), wideband, non-resonant, system operating at 94 GHz to evaluate DEER measurement protocols using two rigid Gd(III)-rulers, consisting of two [GdIII(PyMTA)] complexes, with separations of 2.1 nm and 6.0 nm, respectively. We show that by avoiding the |−1/2⟩ → |1/2⟩ central transition completely, and placing both the pump and the observer pulses on either side of the central transition, we can now observe apparently artefact-free spectra and narrow distance distributions, even for a Gd-Gd distance of 2.1 nm. Importantly we still maintain excellent signal-to-noise ratio and relatively high modulation depths. These results have implications for in-cell EPR measurements at naturally occurring biomolecule concentrations.
Hydrogeomorphological analysis and modelling for a comprehensive understanding of flash-flood damage processes: the 9 October 2018 event in northeastern Mallorca
Authors: Estrany Joan , Ruiz-Pérez Maurici , Mutzner Raphael , Fortesa Josep , Nácher-Rodríguez Beatriz , Tomàs-Burguera Miquel , García-Comendador Julián , Peña Xavier , Calvo-Cases Adolfo , Vallés-Morán Francisco J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. A flash-flood event hit the northeastern part of
Mallorca on 9 October 2018, causing 13 casualties. Mallorca is
prone to catastrophic flash floods acting on a scenario of deep landscape
transformation caused by Mediterranean tourist resorts. As global change may
exacerbate devastating flash floods, analyses of catastrophic events are
crucial to support effective prevention and mitigation measures.
Field-based remote-sensing and modelling techniques were used in this study
to evaluate rainfall–runoff processes at the catchment scale linked to
hydrological modelling. Continuous streamflow monitoring data revealed a
peak discharge of 442 m3 s−1 with an unprecedented runoff
response. This exceptional behaviour triggered the natural disaster as a
combination of heavy rainfall (249 mm in 10 h), karstic features and land
cover disturbances in the Begura de Salma River catchment (23 km2).
Topography-based connectivity indices and geomorphic change detection were
used as rapid post-catastrophe decision-making tools, playing a key role
during the rescue search. These hydrogeomorphological precision techniques
were combined with the Copernicus Emergency Management Service and
“ground-based” damage assessment, which showed very accurately the
damage-driving factors in the village of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. The
main challenges in the future are to readapt hydrological modelling to
global change scenarios, implement an early flash-flood warning system and
take adaptive and resilient measures on the catchment scale.
Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of urban traditional buildings in a heritage district of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: D'Ayala Dina , Wang Kai , Yan Yuan , Smith Helen , Massam Ashleigh , Filipova Valeriya , Pereira Joy Jacqueline
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Flood hazard is increasing in frequency and magnitude in major South East Asian metropolitan areas due to fast urban development and changes in
climate, threatening people's property and life. Typically, flood management actions are mostly focused on large-scale defences, such as river
embankments or discharge channels or tunnels. However, these are difficult to implement in town centres without affecting the value of their
heritage districts and might not provide sufficient mitigation. Therefore, urban heritage buildings may become vulnerable to flood events, even
when they were originally designed and built with intrinsic resilient measures, based on the local knowledge of the natural environment and its
threats at the time. Their aesthetic and cultural and economic values mean that they can represent a proportionally high contribution to losses in
any event. Hence it is worth investigating more localized, tailored mitigation measures. Vulnerability assessment studies are essential to inform
the feasibility and development of such strategies. In this study we propose a multilevel methodology to assess the flood vulnerability and risk of
residential buildings in an area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, characterized by traditional timber housing. The multiscale flood vulnerability model
is based on a wide range of parameters, covering building-specific parameters, neighbourhood conditions and catchment area conditions. The obtained
vulnerability index shows the ability to reflect different exposure by different building types and their relative locations. The vulnerability model is
combined with high-resolution fluvial and pluvial flood maps providing scenario events with 0.1 % annual exceedance probability (AEP). A damage
function of generic applicability is developed to compute the economic losses at individual building and sample levels. The study provides evidence
that results obtained for a small district can be scaled up to the city level, to inform both generic and specific protection strategies.
High-resolution analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of sandstone media at the lithofacies scale
Authors: Linsel Adrian , Wiesler Sebastian , Hornung Jens , Hinderer Matthias
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The prediction of physicochemical rock properties in subsurface models regularly suffers from uncertainty observed at the submeter scale. Although at this scale – which is commonly termed the lithofacies scale – the physicochemical variability plays a critical role for various types of subsurface utilization, its dependence on syndepositional and postdepositional processes is still subject to investigation. The impact of syndepositional and postdepositional geological processes, including depositional dynamics, diagenetic compaction and chemical mass transfer, onto the spatial distribution of physicochemical properties in siliciclastic media at the lithofacies scale is investigated in this study. We propose a new workflow using two cubic rock samples where eight representative geochemical, thermophysical, elastic and hydraulic properties are measured on the cubes' faces and on samples taken from the inside. The scalar fields of the properties are then constructed by means of spatial interpolation. The rock cubes represent the structurally most homogeneous and most heterogeneous lithofacies types observed in a Permian lacustrine-deltaic formation that deposited in an intermontane basin. The spatiotemporal controlling factors are identified by exploratory data analysis and geostatistical modeling in combination with thin section and environmental scanning electron microscopy analyses. Sedimentary structures are well preserved in the spatial patterns of the negatively correlated permeability and mass fraction of Fe2O3. The Fe-rich mud fraction, which builds large amounts of the intergranular rock matrix and of the pseudomatrix, has a degrading effect on the hydraulic properties. This relationship is underlined by a zonal anisotropy that is connected to the observed stratification. Feldspar alteration produced secondary pore space that is filled with authigenic products, including illite, kaolinite and opaque phases. The local enrichment of clay minerals implies a nonpervasive alteration process that is expressed by the network-like spatial patterns of the positively correlated mass fractions of Al2O3 and K2O. Those patterns are spatially decoupled from primary sedimentary structures. The elastic properties, namely P-wave and S-wave velocity, indicate a weak anisotropy that is not strictly perpendicularly oriented to the sedimentary structures. The multifarious patterns observed in this study emphasize the importance of high-resolution sampling in order to properly model the variability present in a lithofacies-scale system. Following this, the physicochemical variability observed at the lithofacies scale might nearly cover the global variability in a formation. Hence, if the local variability is not considered in full-field projects – where the sampling density is usually low – statistical correlations and, thus, conclusions about causal relationships among physicochemical properties might be feigned inadvertently.
Are Smart Contracts and Blockchains Suitable for Decentralized Railway Control?
Authors: Kuperberg Michael , Kindler Daniel , Jeschke Sabina
Published: August 2020

Conventional railway operations employ specialized software and hardware to ensure safe and secure train operations. Track occupation and signaling are governed by central control offices, while trains (and their drivers) receive instructions. To make this setup more dynamic, the train operations can be decentralized by enabling the trains to find routes and make decisions which are safeguarded and protocolled in an auditable manner. In this paper, we present the case study findings of a first-of-its-kind blockchain-based prototype implementation for railway control, based on decentralization but also ensuring that the overall system state remains conflict-free and safe. We also show how a blockchain-based approach simplifies usage billing and enables a train-to-train/machine-to-machine economy. Finally, first ideas addressing the use of blockchain technology as a life-cycle approach for condition-based monitoring and predictive maintenance in train operations are outlined.
Corrientes epistemológicas para construir conocimiento en Geografía y su relevancia para el estudio de la identidad territorial
Authors: Espinoza Rivera Samanta María
Published: August 2020

El presente ensayo tiene el propósito es exponer un breve recorrido por las principales corrientes epistemológicas fundamentales en la construcción del conocimiento científico, en específico de la Geografía y su relevancia teórico para el estudio de la identidad territorial. Se parte del hipotético que las corrientes del conocimiento que a continuación se esbozaran son relevantes ya que contribuyen con enfoques teóricos para el tema de identidad territorial. El escrito desarrolla dos puntos, el primero describe las corrientes epistemológicas, iniciando con la contienda de los planteamientos sobre la ciencia, paralelo al desarrollo del pensamiento filosófico; dando énfasis en aquellas corrientes que incitaron el desarrollo de la ciencia geográfica. Es importante destacar que en principio existen dos enfoques bien marcados, el positivismo y el radical, este último le impregnó con fuerza el carácter sociocrítico a la Geografía. El segundo, considera las corrientes epistemológicas que tienen relevancia teórica y metodológica en la disertación de la identidad territorial. Posteriormente se presentan las consideraciones finales.
Impact of Zinc, Boron and Molybdenum Addition in Soil on Mungbean Productivity, Nutrient Uptake and Economics
Authors: Quddus Md. Abdul , Anwar Md. Babul , Naser Habib Mahammad , Siddiky Md. Alamgir , Hussain Md. Jamal , Aktar Shamima , Mondol A. T. M. Anwarul Islam , Islam Md. Anarul , Amin Md. Ruhul
Published: August 2020

Zinc (Zn), boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) are essential to increase the productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and help to maintain the soil fertility but mostly ignored. Hence, an experiment was conducted during the years of 2016 and 2017 to know the impact of Zn, B and Mo on mungbean yield, nutrient uptake, economics and soil fertility improvement. The experiments were planned in randomized complete block design including of eight treatments with three replications. The treatments were T1 = Control, T2 = Zn 2 kg ha-1, T3 = B 1.5 kg ha-1, T4 = Mo 1 kg ha-1, T5 = Zn2B1.5, T6 = Zn2Mo1, T7 = B1.5Mo1 and T8 = Zn2B1.5Mo1. The other fertilizers, N, P, K and S at 20, 20, 30 and 10 kg ha-1, respectively were used in all treatments. The results indicate that the highest seed yield (1522 kg ha-1) was obtained from T8 treatment followed by T7. The highest percent seed yield increment (51.6%) over control was achieved in T8 treatment. Most of the growth and yield contributing characters of mungbean were recorded highest in T8 treatment. The maximum nodulation (37.6) and highest amount of protein (24.3%) was also obtained from T8 treatment. The T8 treatment contributed positively to attain higher total uptake of N, P, K, S, Zn and B by mungbean. The combination of Zn, B and Mo is showed more productive compare to sole or couple use of these micronutrients. The T8 (Zn2B1.5Mo1 kg ha-1) treatment exhibited helpful effects on soil organic matter, total N, available P, Zn and B. This treatment also showed economically better on the basis of net return. Results of the present study suggest that the combination of Zn, B and Mo applied at 2, 1.5 and 1 kg ha-1, respectively could be recommended for mungbean cultivation.
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis of Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) Hairy Roots Altered the Transcription Profile of the Mutant
Authors: Niu Fengjuan , Jiang Qiyan , Cheng Rui , Sun Xianjun , Hu Zheng , Wang Lixia , Zhang Hui
Published: August 2020

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has been regularly applied for genome editing and gene function identification in wild soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. However, till date no studies have demonstrated successful mutagenesis in wild soybean (Glycine soja) which is the ancestor of Glycine max and rich in stress tolerance genes. In the current study, we report the successful creation of mutations in the loci encoding plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter (SOS1) and nonselective cation channels (NSCC) in wild soybean hairy roots using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two genes, GsSOS1 and GsNSCC, were mutagenized with frequencies of 28.5% and 39.9%, respectively. Biallelic mutations in GsSOS1 were detected in transgenic hairy roots. GsSOS1 mutants exhibited altered Na+/K+ ratios in the roots under both control and salt-treated conditions. However, no significant effects of GsNSCC mutation on Na+/K+ ratios were observed. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that both GsSOS1 and GsNSCC mutation altered the transcription profiles in mutant roots. Many differentially expressed gene sets that are associated with various cellular functions were identified. Our results demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 systems as powerful tools for wild soybean genome editing and would significantly advance the gene mining and functional identification in wild soybean.
Land-Use Changes the Chemical and Physical Properties of an Oxisol in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Costa Raphael Xavier , Frazão Joaquim José , Machado Roriz Luciano , Pereira Débora Regina Marques , Nascimento Leonardo Mariano do , Oliveira Ana Paula Santos , Marques Valter dos Santos
Published: August 2020

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of different land-uses on physical and chemical properties of Oxisols under cerrado conditions in central region of Goiás, Brazil. The data were analysed in a randomized experimental design in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement with five replications. The land-uses were: 1-Annual crops, 2-Pasture, 3-Sugarcane and 4-Native forest (control). The second factor consisted of three sampling depths: 0-0.05, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m. The physical attributes analysed were: total clay (TC), natural clay (NC), bulk density (BD), particle density (PD), total porosity (TP), degree of flocculation (DF), soil resistance to penetration (SRP), gravimetric water content (%GWC). Chemicals attributes analized: pH in water (pH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), potential acidity (H+Al), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (T) and base saturation (V%). Annual crops showed higher K levels (0-0.3 m) and lower SOM values (0-0.3 m), Ca and Mg (0-0.05 m) affecting T in relation to the forest. The use sugarcane showed higher values of BD, PD and SRP, and smaller values of TP, SOM, P and T. On the other hand, the values of Ca and Mg are kept close to those of the control. The attribute V% is preserved for annual crops, sugarcane and pasture with values higher than those verified in native forest. The use pasture reduced TP and P and Ca, Mg and T. The land-uses studied reduced soil quality compared to the forest, in descending order were sugarcane > annual crops > pasture.
Irrigation Scheduling to Promote Corn Productivity in Central Alabama
Authors: Filho Jose F. Da Cunha Leme , Ortiz Brenda V. , Damianidis Damianos , Balkcom Kipling S. , Dougherty Mark , Knappenberger Thorsten
Published: August 2020

Agriculture is the largest consumer of water in the United States. Results from previous studies have shown that it is possible to substantially reduce irrigation amounts and maintain corn yield. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of two irrigation scheduling methods for corn production in Alabama. Two irrigation scheduling methods evaluated were: a) Checkbook, which is one of the conventional methods used by farmers that is based on the soil water balance estimated using water lost by evapotranspiration and its replacement through rainfall or irrigation, and b) Sensor-based, which was based on soil matric potential values recorded by soil moisture tension sensors installed in the field. The experimental field was divided into two irrigation management zones (zone A and zone B) based on soil properties of each field. During the 2014 season in zone A, significant grain yield differences were observed between the two irrigation methods. The Checkbook plots exhibited greater yield than Sensor-based plots: 10181 kg ha-1 and 9696 kg ha-1, respectively. The greater yield on the Checkbook plots could be associated with higher irrigation rate applied, 148 mm more, compared with the Sensor-based plots. In zone B, there were no significant yield differences between both irrigation methods; however, Sensor-based plots out yielded Checkbook plots, with 9673 kg ha-1 and 9584 kg ha-1, respectively. Even though the irrigation amount applied in Checkbook located in zone B was higher, 102 mm more, there were no significant yield differences. Therefore, it suggests that the Sensor-based method was promissory irrigation scheduling strategy under the conditions of zone B. In 2015, there were no significant grain yield differences between zone A and zone B when the data from the Checkbook plots were analyzed. However, the Sensor-based treatment produced a statistically significant difference of grain yield of 13597 kg ha-1 in zone A and 11659 kg ha-1 in zone B, also both zones received the same amount of irrigation. Overall results of both growing seasons indicated that the use of the Sensor-based irrigation scheduling treatment resulted in similar values of total profit per hectare when compared to Checkbook method. The Sensor-based method seems a promising strategy that could result in water and financial savings, but more research is required.
Generation, Gender and Knowledge Gap in Agrobiodiversity Among Smallholders in Nepal
Authors: Chaudhary Pashupati , Upadhya Deepak , Dhakal Bishnu , Dhakal Rajeev , Gauchan Devendra
Published: August 2020

The importance of generation-old local knowledge in advancing agriculture is well recognized worldwide. However, such knowledge is continually eroding together with the extinction of locally evolved genetic materials. Consequently, the knowledge gap between different age groups is widening. The knowledge gap is also widening between male and female due to continuous shift in gender roles in agriculture. Using responses collected from 120 male and female farmers from Bara, the lowland Terai of Nepal, we assessed inter-generational and gender-based knowledge gap of smallholders on agricultural biodiversity by taking rice crop as an example. Based on the standard definition of younger and older generation, the age group was divided into two: ≤ 34 (15-34) years old and > 34 years old. Information was collected on: i) rice varieties recalled by respondents, ii) rice varieties recognized by observing standing crop on-farm, iii) rice varieties recognized by observing seed samples, and iv) respondent’s experiences and knowledge about selected cultivars. Descriptive analysis, t-test, and Pearson’s Correlation were used to analyze the data. Respondents of age group > 34 years old named and identified significantly (p < 0.01) more varieties than age group ≤ 34 in overall, indicating that the older generation is more knowledgeable and the knowledge hasn’t been adequately inherited to younger generations resulting in the erosion of knowledge. Similarly, males are significantly more knowledgeable than females in overall and among the higher age group category (p < 0.01), likely because males from Madhesi community have wider social networks both within and outside their villages than females. Females are more knowledgeable than males in the lower age group category because girls are engaged more in household chores and farming activities, while boys attain higher grades and travel for off-farm jobs. There was a strong correlation among the three techniques, namely, naming, recognizing standing crops, and recognizing the seeds (p < 0.01). This suggests that all the techniques are robust and can be interchangeably used for such type of studies depending on time and resource availability. This study finally infers that proper knowledge transfer is necessary to reduce the gulf of the knowledge gap between males and females as well as between generations if agrobiodiversity is to be conserved and utilized for growth and development of agriculture in the long run.
Biechtgeheim in de verdrukking?
Authors: van der Helm Ad
Published: August 2020

Seal of confession under pressure

Confessional secrecy is inviolable under Catholic canon law, and violations of it are severely sanctioned. Some people see this secret as an obstacle to the legal process in society and advocate a limitation in its use. This article argues that this form of confidentiality also can be defended in civil law because of the protection of spiritual care. Confessional secrecy is analyzed here and compared with forms of official secrecy that are recognized in society. Finally, there is a plea for a clear legal framework for the application of this confessional secret by Catholic priests.
Zwischen rumänischer Heimat und dem Traum von der Krim : das Nationalbewusstsein der Dobrudschatataren von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart
Authors: Adam Volker
Published: August 2020

Between the homeland Romania and the dream of the Crimea: the origins of the national consciousness of the Dobrudja Tatars and its development to the present day
Géographie historique, peuplement et terroirs dans la région du Hodna occidental au Moyen Âge
Authors: Meouak Mohammed
Published: August 2020

Based on a critical lecture of Medieval Arabic historical and geographical sources, this study deals with three points mainly centred on settlement topics. The first point consists of a description of the Western Hodna within the geographical history of the Central Maghreb. The second question offers a list of the main sites of Western Hodna through the Medieval Arabic sources with the whole settlement’s Arabic vocabulary. The third part tries to give some observations on the modalities of settlements, the tribal impact on the settlements and the problem of the types of settlements: village (qarya) and fortress (ḥiṣn). The last part is a summary of the study with several suggestions for further research in relation to the studied matters like historical geography and rural economy.
The Honey-Eating Birds and the Tree of Life: Notes on Ṛgveda 1.164.20-22
Authors: Norelius Per-Johan
Published: August 2020

The following article is an attempt at interpretation of the oftdiscussed “riddle” of the birds (Ṛgveda 1.164.20-22). Recognizing that the riddle, as much of Vedic poetry, operates on several “levels” (cosmic, ritual, etc.) and may be meant to be answered in more than one way, the present approach sees the enigma as drawing on mythical and cosmological imagery current in early Vedic times; imagery that also finds expressions elsewhere in the Ṛgveda and later texts. Following the majority of earlier interpreters, I take the fig-tree on which the birds are perched to be the world-tree, and the “figs” or “honey” on which they feed to be soma or amŕ̥ta-. Following Hillebrandt and Kuiper, the two birds in 1.164.20 are interpreted as the sun and the moon. The image of one or more birds (suparṇá-) associated with the drink of immortality is traced through the Vedic literature; in some places it is possible to identify it as Soma (from late Ṛgvedic times equated to the moon). It is further suggested that both the bird and the world-tree are associated with the spring or receptacle of soma in heaven, which, following Witzel, is identified as the Seven Seers, the constellation Ursa Maior. The article is concluded by a discussion of the Vedic imagery of a world-tree and a drink of immortality, and its parallels in Indo-European and Eurasian myths and cosmologies.
Identificação de doenças genéticas na Atenção Primária à Saúde
Authors: Santos Cleyton Soares dos , Kishi Renata Giannecchini Bongiovanni , Costa Daniel Lima Gomes da , Silva Danniel Sann Dias da , Narciso Tânia Regina Franco , Avó Lucimar Retto da Silva de , Germano Carla Maria Ramos , Sandes Kiyoko Abe , Acosta Angelina Xavier , Melo Débora Gusmão
Published: August 2020

Problema: Embora individualmente raras, somadas, as doenças genéticas têm prevalência global estimada de 31,5 a 73,0 por 1.000 indivíduos. Além disto, doenças genéticas e defeitos congênitos representam a segunda causa de mortalidade infantil no Brasil. Diante deste cenário, foi instituída a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras no Sistema Único de Saúde. Esta política prevê funções específicas para Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) que incluem diagnóstico precoce e mapeamento de pessoas com ou sob-risco de desenvolver doenças genéticas raras e/ou defeitos congênitos para encaminhamento regulado. Essa experiência objetivou colaborar com o desenvolvimento de métodos para o reconhecimento de indivíduos com ou sob-risco de desenvolver doenças genéticas na APS. Métodos: Através de visitas domiciliares e por meio do preenchimento de uma ficha específica, realizou-se busca ativa de casos de doença genética e/ou defeito congênito em uma amostra probabilística aleatória, representativa de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de um município brasileiro de porte médio. Resultados: Foram investigados 295 domicílios, totalizando 1.160 indivíduos e 238 casais. A média de filhos por casal foi de 2,7, a frequência de consanguinidade foi 3,8% e de abortamento espontâneo foi 8,7%. Foram identificadas 29 pessoas (2,5%) com doenças congênitas, 11 (0,9%) com deficiências auditivas, 10 (0,9%) com deficiência mental e 6 (0,5%) com déficits visuais importantes. Atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi relatado em 8,8% das crianças e adolescentes. Doze indivíduos (1%) possuíam câncer e 9,6% relataram história familiar positiva para câncer. Conclusão: Os profissionais da APS estão em posição privilegiada para identificar e organizar uma rede de cuidados para indivíduos com doenças genéticas e/ou defeitos congênitos. A utilização sistemática de instrumentos que facilitem o reconhecimento de fatores de risco e de situações suspeitas pode ser uma estratégia útil a ser incorporada pela APS.
Symptomatic Aortic Endograft Occlusion in a 70-year-old Male
Authors: Cardenas Jose , Khazaeni Babak
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: A 70-year-old male with prior aorta endovascular aneurysm repair presented with progressive lower extremity weakness over the course of several hours. There was noted loss of palpable bilateral femoral pulses in the emergency department. Computed tomography angiography revealed a kinked and occluded aortic endograft. He subsequently underwent successful axillobifemoral bypass revascularization.

Discussion: Kinking of endograft limbs and occlusion has been reported in a small percentage of patients. Bilateral leg ischemia due to aortic endograft occlusion is rare.
Atypical Cause of Sepsis from Bilateral Iliopsoas Abscesses Seeded from Self-mutilation: A Case Report
Authors: Langberg Sam , Azizi Shayan
Published: August 2020

Introduction: An iliopsoas abscess (IPA) is an abscess located adjacent to the iliopsoas and iliacus muscles. Although rare, their variable clinical presentations often lead to a delay in diagnosis.

Case report: We present a case of sepsis secondary to multiple IPAs that was missed despite multiple healthcare encounters. The patient had no classical risk factors for an IPA, and the abscesses were found to be seeded via hematogenous spread from self-inflicted cutting.

Conclusion: This case illustrates the importance of obtaining a complete history, including psychiatric screen, and performing a thorough examination when evaluating patients with low back pain to rule out overlooked sources of bacteremia.
A Case Report of a Migrated Pelvic Coil Causing Pulmonary Infarct in an Adult Female
Authors: Guerrero Angel , Theophanous Rebecca
Published: August 2020

Introduction: It is possible but rare for a pelvic coil to migrate to the pulmonary vasculature, which can cause cardiac damage, arrhythmias, pulmonary infarct, and thrombophlebitis. The few cases reported typically do not describe removal of the coils, as patients were asymptomatic.

Case report: A 39-year-old female with recent coil embolization of her left internal iliac and ovarian veins for pelvic congestion syndrome presented with one month of right-sided chest pain and dyspnea. Imaging revealed a migrated pelvic coil in the patient’s right main pulmonary artery with pulmonary infarcts and a pleural effusion.

Conclusion: Interventional radiology successfully removed the coil endovascularly, with significant symptom improvement. This prevented a more-invasive open surgical procedure and resolved symptoms without requiring long-term anticoagulation or monitoring.
Crazy-Paving: A Computed Tomographic Finding of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Gillespie Megan , Flannery Patrick , Schumann Jessica , Dincher Nathan , Mills Rebecca , Can Argun
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.1 COVID-19 first occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and by March 2020 COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic.1

Case Presentation: We describe a case of a 52-year-old female with past medical history of asthma, type 2 diabetes, and previous tobacco use who presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and was found to be positive for COVID-19. We discuss the computed tomographic finding of “crazy-paving” pattern in the patient’s lungs and the significance of this finding in COVID-19 patients.

Discussion: Emergency providers need to be aware of the different imaging characteristics of various stages of COVID-19 to appropriately treat, isolate, and determine disposition of COVID-19 infected patients. Ground-glass opacities are the earliest and most common imaging finding for COVID-19.2-4 Crazy-paving pattern is defined as thickened interlobular septa and intralobular lines superimposed on diffuse ground-glass opacities and should be recognized by emergency providers as a radiographic finding of progressive COVID-19.2-4
Hirschsprung’s Disease: A Rare Adult Diagnosis
Authors: Schmutz Kaitlyn , McGaig Gaea , Theiling B. Jason
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: Approximately 94% of patients with Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) are diagnosed before the age of five. In our case, a young adult with years of constipation presented to the emergency department with significant abdominal distention. He was ultimately diagnosed with HD, which was identified using computed tomography (CT).

Discussion: In HD, we find defects in gastric motility due to improper gut colonization. Without childhood recognition, HD often leads to chronic constipation and failure to thrive in adulthood. CT is a key step in identifying this rare adult diagnosis that should be considered in all patients with a history of chronic constipation.
Chest Wall Pain after Minor Trauma
Authors: Chandwani Deepak , Arnold Jeff , Terrusa John
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: A 30-year-old healthy male presented with a complaint of chest pain after mild thoracic trauma sustained while rescuing stranded flood victims during Hurricane Harvey. Careful physical examination revealed a tender palpable cord along the lateral aspect of his chest consistent with a superficial thrombophlebitis.

Discussion: Mondor’s disease is a superficial thrombophlebitis with myriad underlying causes that can involve the thoracic wall. Although Mondor’s disease has been well described in the literature, this case describes a unique presentation in an austere environment with blunt trauma as the underlying cause.
Tubelight Adrenals in Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Yadav Prakrati , Kumar Akhilesh , Mathur Rohit , Garg Pawan , Gopalakrishnan Maya , Garg Mahendra
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: We report a patient with the triad of diabetic ketoacidosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and acute pancreatitis associated with computed tomography hypoperfusion complex and adrenal hyperdensity on abdominal imaging – an association not previously reported in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Discussion: Presence of computed tomography hypoperfusion complex with hyperdense ‘Tubelight adrenals’ in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with poor prognosis and thus serves to guide clinicians towards early and aggressive management.
A Case Report of Nebulized Tranexamic Acid for Post-tonsillectomy Hemorrhage in an Adult
Authors: Poppe Michael , Grimaldo Felipe
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening, postoperative complication that is commonly encountered in the emergency department (ED).

Case Report: Herein, we describe the case of a 22-year-old male who presented to the ED with an active post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage. He rapidly became hypotensive and experienced an episode of syncope. Immediate interventions included intravenous fluids, emergency release blood and nebulized tranexamic acid (TXA). After completion of the nebulized TXA, the patient’s bleeding was controlled.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case in the emergency medicine literature that describes the use of nebulized TXA in an adult to achieve hemostasis in post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage.
A Case of a Missing Proximal Humerus
Authors: Williams Jessica , Hochman Steven
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: In this case, we demonstrate how a small radiolucency in the proximal humerus can progress to an even larger problem within a few months in a patient without follow-up. Our patient’s ultimate diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the right proximal humerus, completely obliterating the affected bone.

Discussion: In many underserved communities, patients have limited access to medical care, particularly specialty care. These patients often present to the emergency department and are unable to acquire appropriate follow-up. This situation illustrates the social issues that our patients face every day affecting their access to healthcare and ultimately necessary medical treatment.
Man with Penile Pain
Authors: Wray Jesse , Bridwell Rachel , Yoo Michael , Belcher Christopher , Oliver Joshua
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: We describe a case of spontaneous partial segmental thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum (PSTCC).

Discussion: PSTCC is a rare condition in which thrombus formation occurs in the corpus cavernosum. This condition is managed in conjunction with a urologist, and management typically includes anticoagulation and pain control.
An Unusual Presentation of Retinal Detachment and Conjunctivitis: A Case Report
Authors: Pierce Bailey , Alter Scott , Gerakopoulos Kyle , Parmar Jeniel
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Vision loss is an ophthalmologic emergency with broad differential requiring prompt medical attention.

Case Report: We describe a 55-year-old male presenting to the emergency department (ED) with unilateral, painless visual field deficit with ipsilateral conjunctivitis induced by a presumed foreign body. The patient described a foreign body sensation nine days prior to developing visual changes. In the ED, the patient was diagnosed with a retinal detachment using point-of-care ultrasonography, and emergent ophthalmologic consultation was obtained.

Conclusion: Concurrent retinal detachment and conjunctivitis in a patient is extremely rare. Healthcare providers should be aware that foreign body-induced conjunctivitis could lead to retinal detachment.
COVID-19 with Hypoxic Respiratory Failure
Authors: Martinez-Romo Miguel , Lotfipour Shahram , McCoy C. Eric
Published: August 2020

Case Presentation: We describe an elderly male presenting to the emergency department with shortness of breath that progressed to hypoxic respiratory failure. Radiography and computed tomography findings were suggestive of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Discussion: We review the clinical presentation of COVID-19 and its complications. We also describe the characteristic presentation of COVID-19 on imaging. Our case illustrates the hallmark findings of bilateral and peripheral ground-glass opacities of COVID-19.
“Seeing the Voices”
Authors: Fishbane Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2020

Rabbinic Talmudic tradition is marked by chains of tradition, integrating written Scripture (as prooftext) and oral Traditions (as exegesis). The interrelation of word, voice, and instruction is paramount. Levinas’s reading of Talmudic texts follows this format and continues this tradition, by superimposing his voice and philosophical concerns. I have chosen his reading of Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Makkot 10a as an exemplum. In the process, Levinas’s style and method can be seen as a contemporary meta-commentary on the ancient rabbinic source.
The Power of Mathematics—How Will You Harness It?
Authors: Childs Kristopher J.
Published: August 2020

Ear to the Ground features voices from various corners of the mathematics education world.