Thin polyester filters as versatile sample substrates for high‐pressure freezing of bacterial biofilms, suspended microorganisms and adherent eukaryotic cells
Authors: SCHAUDINN C. , TAUTZ C. , LAUE M. 
Published: February 2019

High‐pressure freezing limits the size of biological samples, because only small samples can be frozen without ice damage. Additionally, these samples must fit into the dimensions of the sample holder provided by the high‐pressure freezer. We explored the potential of a 10 μm thin polyester filter membrane (PE‐filter) as a versatile sample substrate for high‐pressure freezing. Planktonic bacteria, bacterial spores and suspended eukaryotic cells could be concentrated on the PE‐filter, whereas biofilm, bacterial microcolonies and HeLa cells were able to grow directly on the PE‐filter. These microorganism‐loaded PE‐filters were used for high‐pressure freezing, freeze‐substitution and plastic embedding in Epon or Lowicryl. Embedded filters were cross‐sectioned so that the interface between microorganism and substrate as well as the overlying medium was revealed. Although the structural preservation was good for thin samples and samples with lower water content, such as biofilms, adherent HeLa‐cell cultures were likewise sufficiently preserved for transmission electron microscopy imaging. The fact that microorganism‐loaded PE‐filters could be also examined with confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy under fully hydrated conditions, and freeze‐substituted PE‐filters samples with scanning electron microscopy, demonstrates the versatility of the PE‐filter as a sample substrate for a wide array of microorganisms.

Lay Description

In order to investigate biological samples in the transmission electron microscope it is imperative to remove all their water content, or the specimens will be destroyed by boiling in the high vacuum of the microscope. In order to avoid dramatic morphology‐changes due to drying artefacts or the impact of chemical stabilisers, high‐pressure freezing (HPF) was developed. This protocol allows freezing biological samples in an instant (within a few milliseconds) down to –196°C while applying high pressure at the same time so that the specimen retains all its water in a solidified noncrystalline form. However, the formation of morphology‐destroying ice crystals is only avoided, if the cooling of the sample is faster than the ice crystal formation, which is only possible with very thin samples (up to a maximum of 200 μm in optimal cases). High‐pressure freezing is regarded as the gold‐standard for sample preparation of cells, tissues and small organisms. However, all of these samples must fit into the dimensions of the specific sample holder of the high‐pressure freezer and their transfer into the high‐pressure freezing machine must be achieved without significant impact on sample physiology. Additionally, it may also necessary to concentrate and immobilise a biological specimen before they can be placed in the HPF sample holder.

Although a few number of strategies and sample substrates have been used for different types of biological samples, we explored the potential of a 10 μm thin polyester filter membrane (PE‐filter) as a versatile sample substrate for HPF. In culture medium suspended bacteria, suspended bacterial spores and in medium suspended higher cells could be concentrated on the PE‐filter, whereas bacterial biofilm or bacterial microcolonies from an agar plate, and surface‐adhering higher cells were able to grow directly on the PE‐filter. These microorganism‐loaded PE‐filters could be directly used for high‐pressure freezing, and were finally embedded in a plastic resin like Epon or Lowicryl.

Embedded filters were cross‐sectioned so that the interface between microorganism and substrate or overlying medium was revealed. Although the structural preservation was good for thin samples and samples with lower water content, such as biofilms, adherent HeLa‐cell cultures were likewise sufficiently preserved for transmission electron microscopy imaging. The fact that microorganism‐loaded PE‐filters could be also examined with confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy under fully hydrated conditions, and freeze‐substituted PE‐filters samples with scanning‐electron microscopy, demonstrates the versatility of the PE‐filter as a sample substrate for a wide array of microorganisms.