bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Touche’s Salon
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

During his final years, Latouche faced some discrimination and censure as a result of his inclusion in a 1950 handbook entitled Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television. For all his malaise during these years, he continued to kick up his heels with friends and maintain his reputation as one of the city’s brightest wits and raconteurs. His eclectic assortment of friends durisng this period included composer Ned Rorem; writers Gore Vidal, Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote, and Jack Kerouac; ghost hunter Hans Holzer; and poet Frank O’Hara. He also became romantically involved with the heiress Alice Bouverie (of the Astor dynasty) as well as with painter Harry Martin and poet Kenward Elmslie, with whom he purchased a country home in Vermont.
Candide
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

This chapter represents the most thorough and accurate study to date of Leonard Bernstein’s Candide, including its long, torturous history both before and after its 1956 premiere. It pays special attention to how the show’s books and lyrics evolved over the year, including contributions of Latouche, Lillian Hellman, Dorothy Parker, Richard Wilbur, Stephen Sondheim, Hugh Wheeler, and others, and studies its many productions under the supervision of such directors and adaptors as Hal Prince, Jonathan Miller, and John Caird. It also surveys its critical reception over the years.
The Double Game
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

This book tracks the development of the United States’ first antiballistic missile system from the beginning of the John F. Kennedy administration through its almost total prohibition with the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which the United States and Soviet Union signed in May 1972. Historians generally interpret the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks that led to the ABM Treaty as signaling the United States’ acceptance of strategic stability based on mutual assured destruction (MAD) and approximate nuclear parity between the superpowers. The book argues that this is mistaken, because declassified records indicate that Richard Nixon believed that the United States required nuclear superiority to maintain its national security commitments. Kennedy, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and Nixon all engaged in a double game, in which they attempted to reconcile their personal feelings about the utility of nuclear weapons with the demands of maintaining a façade of strategic coherence to the American public and Congress. Kennedy and Johnson, who were personally far more skeptical than Nixon regarding the merits of nuclear superiority, were forced to adopt a public posture that emphasized its importance, because that was the prevailing public and congressional sentiment at the time. This only changed when the Vietnam War precipitated a collapse in the American domestic consensus behind superiority in 1969, forcing President Nixon to sign strategic arms limitation agreements, the philosophy behind which he profoundly opposed. The book thereby places domestic politics at the center of the formulation of US nuclear strategy.
Collapse of the Consensus and the Struggle for Coherence, 1969–1970
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how Richard Nixon and his national security advisor, Henry Kissinger, were forced to change their strategy for nuclear arms control based on the collapse of the US congressional consensus behind nuclear superiority. Nixon entered office with strong convictions on the importance of nuclear superiority for supporting the United States’ national security commitments. Nixon also saw US technological advantages in ballistic missile defenses as one of the main bargaining chips to cap the growth of Soviet offensive forces at the upcoming Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. This strategy for détente was thrown into disarray, however, when Congress signaled its lack of support for a new ballistic missile defense system and the strategy of nuclear superiority. Nixon and Kissinger then changed tack, attempting to conclude a quick arms limitation agreement through backchannel negotiations with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin. This initiative failed, weakening the American hand at the formal talks.
“Do I Not All Thy Sorrows Heed, And Bear Thee on My Heart?”
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces Harriet E. Wilson’s efforts to write in an environment that refused to recognize her as having a story. Mapping out the violent and debilitating domestication of Alfrado’s mind and body in Our Nig, the chapter takes seriously the sentimental verse in Wilson’s text that describes sympathy as bearing another on one’s heart. Wilson found a printer who subsidized the production of her book, but not a publisher who would circulate and promote it. She sold Our Nig (1859) door to door. Walking across swaths of southern New Hampshire and central Massachusetts, she found small grounds for connection with or support from (largely white) readers. This chapter maps sentimentalists buying and selling sympathy in the literary marketplace and New England home, and the losses that accrue when authorship is limited to those with a market share of sympathy.
Understanding Persons and the Problem of Power
Authors: Debes Remy
Published: November 2017

Trending work in social epistemology suggests that those with power actively and passively hinder those without power from interpreting and communicating their experiences of suffering and persecution, thus obstructing their role in the production of knowledge about these experiences. This kind of “epistemic oppression” raises a puzzle about the nature and possibilities of interpersonal understanding, which this chapter calls the problem of power. Put simply, if what counts as “knowledge” is regulated by those with power, then can empowered people ever genuinely understand oppressed people? This essay attempts to answer this question, which in turn leads to a new theory of what it means to understand other persons.
Why (Study) the Humanities?
Authors: Ismael Jenann
Published: November 2017

This chapter addresses the relationship between the humanistic and scientific visions of the human being, says why the humanistic vision is not undermined by what science is teaching us about ourselves, and then turns to a discussion of the kind of understanding that the humanities provide. It argues that that understanding differs from the kind of understanding provided by the sciences, and that it is indispensable to human flourishing. The humanities enrich our experience of the world; educate the imagination; help us understand ourselves and other people; and teach us how to live, how to love, and how to feel.
Understanding and Coming to Understand
Authors: Lynch Michael Patrick
Published: November 2017

Many philosophers take understanding to be a distinctive kind of knowledge that involves grasping dependency relations; moreover, they hold it to be particularly valuable. This chapter aims to investigate and to address two well-known puzzles that arise from this conception: (1) the nature of understanding itself—in particular, the nature of “grasping”; (2) the source of understanding’s distinctive value. The chapter argues that we can shed light on both puzzles by recognizing, first, the importance of the distinction between the act of coming to understand and the state of understanding; and, second, that coming to understand is a creative act.
Liability to Deadly Force in War
Authors: Kahn Leonard
Published: November 2017

Both traditional just war theorists (or conventionalists) and revisionists (or anticonventionalists) rely heavily on theories of rights in their arguments about the permissibility of killing in war. However, invoking absolute or very strong rights can lead to claims that are coarse-grained and can yield conclusions that are implausible. This chapter suggests a theory of the permissibility of killing in war inspired by W. D. Ross’s prima facie duties, including strong but defeasible presumptions against killing. This theory, which is called minimal Rossianism, avoids some implausibly strict implications of rights theory and allows for greater nuance in judgments of killing in war.
Dignity, Self-Respect, and Bloodless Invasions
Authors: Bazargan Saba
Published: November 2017

Wars often have unjust political subjugation as their aim. This raises the question, How much violence can we impose on those attempting to politically subjugate us? Just war theorists inclined to what has come to be called reductive individualism have argued that we can answer this question by determining how much violence you can impose on an individual wrongly attempting to prevent you from voting, or from political participation more broadly construed. Some have argued that the amount of violence we can permissibly impose in such a situation is decidedly sublethal. This in turn yields a largely pacifist response to the question of how much violence we can impose to avert political subjugation. This chapter argues that political subjugation involves a fundamental disrespect of a sort missed both by proponents of the pacifist response and by their detractors.
Distributing Death in Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: Christie Lars
Published: November 2017

Armed military interventions often inflict large amounts of collateral harm on innocent civilians. Ought intervening soldiers, when possible, to direct collateral harm to one innocent population group rather than the other? Recently several authors have proposed that expected beneficiaries of a military intervention ought to carry greater risk of collateral harm than neutral bystanders who are not subject to the threat the military forces are intervening to avert. According to this view, intervening soldiers ought to reduce the risk of collateral harm to neutral bystanders, even if this means foreseeably imposing a somewhat higher overall number of collateral casualties among those for whom the intervention is conducted. This chapter raises a number of challenges to this view. Even if the beneficiary thesis is accepted with respect to discrete risk-imposing acts, it should not be with respect to risk-imposing strategies individuated on a war-by-war basis.
Postscript
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: November 2017

Military ethicists have largely abandoned the claim that whether a person is liable to harm in war depends on whether he or she belongs to a category, such as soldiers or civilians. This is especially because these categories can be independent of what a person actually does. This may be a result of attributing to each member of a group some feature that is characteristic of the group as a whole, which is a crucial mistake in moral theory. This doctrine of liability by association is of the same kind favored by terrorists. Instead, what is most important in these cases is what an individual does, for example, whether he or she is morally responsible for a threat of unjust harm. While traditional just war theory has failed to offer an adequate defense of the criterion of liability to harm, constructing a new one is a formidable task.
Losing (to) Misogynists
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

This final chapter applies the analysis of misogyny to the 2016 presidential election, in which Hillary Clinton was defeated by Donald Trump, despite the latter being vastly underqualified and temperamentally and morally unsuited to the position. There was also a great deal of misogyny directed toward Clinton not only by Trump and others on the right but also from left-wing sources. It is argued that much of this misogyny and even the outcome were to some extent predictable, on the basis of evidence of misogynistic biases against women who compete for male-dominated leadership positions. Research in social psychology shows that, when a woman cannot be judged less competent than her male counterpart in such contexts, many people will hold that, although they are equally competent, she is less likable than he is. Women are just as likely as men to reject high-achieving women in this manner, due to ego-protective mechanisms.
Fundamental Principles of Movement and the Playing Apparatus
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Several scientific disciplines have contributed to a better understanding of how humans best accomplish tasks. Chapter 2 considers basic axioms and laws from the fields of ergonomics, physics, and biomechanics that impact piano technique. The chapter explores the anatomical design and function of the playing apparatus in language that is accessible to a wide audience. These observations represent powerful lenses through which the work of piano playing may be viewed because they are applicable to all pianists. Through identification and discussion of these tenets, this chapter aims to establish a foundation for understanding general physical and anatomical principles of effective and healthy movement so that the challenges of small-handedness can be clearly analyzed.
American Enchantment
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This book investigates the post-revolutionary rituals and discourses of enchantment, a category of mystical experience uniquely capable of producing new forms of popular power and social affiliation. American Enchantment views this phenomenon as a response to a signature problem in post-revolutionary culture: how to represent the people in the absence of the king’s body and other traditional monarchical forms. In the early United States, this absence inaugurates new attempts to conjure the people and to reconstruct the symbolic order. For many in this era, these efforts converge on enchantment. This pattern appears in works by Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, Catharine Sedgwick, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, as well as in the rites of George Washington’s presidency, the religious prophecy of the Second Great Awakening, the tar and featherings of the Whiskey Rebellion, and other ritual practices such as romance reading. Recognizing the role of enchantment in constituting the people overturns some of our most commonsense assumptions: above all, the people are not simply a flesh-and-blood substance but also a supernatural force. This project makes a significant contribution to interdisciplinary scholarship on the symbolic foundations of sovereignty by arguing that the new popular sovereignty is no longer an embodied presence fixed in space—in a king, nor even in a president, an individual, a group of persons, or the state—but a numinous force dispersed through time. That is, the people, counter to all traditional thought, are a supernatural and temporal process.
IntroductionTo Hover Like God
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

Until the Atlantic revolutions, the monarch’s body had served as the site of sovereign power and the substantial symbol of society. After losing this ground of unity, writes Claude Lefort, “the locus of power becomes an empty place”: “it cannot be occupied—[ . . . ] it cannot be represented.” Political theorists conventionally argue that public space replaces the common body of the people once figured by the king. Yet as the introduction argues, this spatial-realist model neglects the temporal and numinous dimensions of the democratic void. If change is a central principle of the people, then the “empty place” of power is as much a location in time as in space. The people are not a simple aggregate of persons, but a process, a function of time and change. This study argues that enchantment becomes a means of representing the people after the demise of traditional monarchical forms.
George Washington vs. The Phantom
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines two competing forms of sovereign representation against the backdrop of the Whiskey Rebellion. In the new federal republic, George Washington served as a unifying symbol of the people in the centuries-long tradition of the monarch, but the very rituals of Washington’s office and also those of the rebels, such as tar-and-feathering, call attention to the first president’s limitations as symbol of the body politic. Rather than a static substance, the people are a protean force, a circumstance that prompts new forms of representation in Mason Locke Weems’s Life of Washington (1800), Hugh Henry Brackenridge’s Modern Chivalry (1797), and other works.
“Changing by Enchantment”
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

This chapter transitions to a discussion of “the people” as a nation, contextualizing its analysis within the rise of U.S. nationalism during and after the War of 1812. A work of American travel writing, Washington Irving’s Sketch Book showcases the rites of the Grand Tour, particularly literary pilgrimage, both to demonstrate U.S. competence for political sovereignty and to explore mystical communion between the Old and New World. Through an investigation of the sketch “Rip Van Winkle,” the chapter identifies an innovative mode of historical analysis that opens up an alternate understanding of the American people. The people are not a group of individuals in the here and now but a constellation of changing relations reaching backward and forward in time.
Future Passing
Authors: Sizemore Michelle
Published: November 2017

The conclusion proposes an alternative to historicism informed by the growing body of work in nineteenth-century American time studies. New approaches need to explore temporalities and temporal frameworks different from the standard linear chronology employed in historicist criticism. Drawing on Catharine Sedgwick’s The Linwoods, the conclusion advances one such temporal framework (future-passing) and a complementary mode of reading (anticipatory reading) as directions for historicist revisionism. Both future-passing and anticipatory reading emerge from the genre of historical romance, offering possibilities for genre study, and more ambitiously, for literary history.
From Gestures to Nerves
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

This chapter reads Georg Büchner’s play Woyzeck alongside the neurological research he was engaged in at the same time. Woyzeck performs the paradoxical work of representing a profound crisis of representation, a crisis it depicts as at once neurological and political. At the same time, the play introduces a new form of aesthetics, one that operates directly and materially upon the nervous system of the spectators in much the same way that the play’s eponymous character is operated upon by his environment. In this sense, Woyzeck does not merely conceptualize but bodily enacts the shifts from representation to sensation and from gesture to nerves.
The Brezhnev Era and its Aftermath, 1965–1989
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

After Nikita Khrushchev’s ouster in 1964, Soviet officials dealing with religion assessed the moderate line toward religion that had dominated the 1940s and 1950s, as well as the hard line that had animated Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaign. They determined that both had been too extreme and opted to reconcile the two lines. In the 1970s and 1980s the restriction of religion thus became more omnipresent but less potent. A notable example concerned anti-religious propaganda, which was more widespread but less virulent than in the past. In this situation, SADUM struggled unsuccessfully to restore the power it had enjoyed during the 1940s and 1950s while quietly forming ties with “unregistered” Islamic scholars who enjoyed greater breathing room under Late Socialism. An important new development during the final Soviet decades was the appearance in the Valley of illegal study circles (hujras) questioning aspects of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam practiced in Central Asia. The scholars leading these circles were rapidly labeled as Wahhabis by their detractors in the state and among the ‘ulama.
Conclusion
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

This conclusion offers a brief commentary on the implications of song, resurrection, and belief for the broader history of the Reformation. It relates the various uses of song by Lutherans (hymn pamphlets), Anabaptists (martyr songs), Dutch Reformed exiles (psalms), and Catholics (motets) to these confessions’ ideas of belief as it concerned resurrection and their understandings of how belief was bound up with the Christian life on earth. In place of a story of the transformation of one conception of Christianity to many different conceptions, this book as a whole suggests that the Reformation might be reconceived as a much more elemental debate about the role that belief was to play in a Christian life.
Occupational and Environmental Health Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Levy Barry S. , Wegman David H. , Baron Sherry L. , Sokas Rosemary K.
Published: November 2017

Occupational and environmental health covers a wide spectrum and presents many challenges and opportunities. This chapter describes categories of occupational and environmental hazards, the nature and magnitude of problems, the contexts in which occupational and environmental health problems occur, and the prevention of occupational and environmental disease and injury. In addition, the chapter covers the changing nature of work and the workforce, evolving roles of government, liability, climate change, new directions for research, and economic globalization. It also discusses additional challenges for low- and middle-income countries. A final section of the chapter describes disciplines and careers in occupational and environmental health sciences and basic sources of information.
Epidemiology
Authors: Costello Sadie , Cavallari Jennifer M. , Wegman David H. , O’Neill Marie S. , Eisen Ellen A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the basic principles of epidemiology, emphasizing the aspects most relevant to studies of health effects from occupational and environmental exposures. Numerous examples are provided of how epidemiology can be used to identify and quantify the relations between recent or long-term exposure and health outcomes, such as prevalence or incidence of disease, injury, or mortality. The chapter describes the common study designs, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies, with examples of their application. Key aspects of exposure assessment and characterizing and quantifying exposure, are described. The three types of bias in epidemiology, information, selection, and confounding, are defined as well as the healthy worker effect, a potential source of bias unique in occupational studies. Study designs and analytic methods that can reduce or eliminate specific types of bias are also described. Finally, the chapter provides guidance on how to interpret the results of studies, with an eye toward causal inference.
Hazardous Waste
Authors: Silver Ken , Davis Gary A. , Dobbin Denny
Published: November 2017

This chapter defines and describes hazardous wastes and their adverse health effects. Historical evolution of the management and public understanding of waste issues is traced. Other parts of the chapter describe hazardous waste management, including disposal landfills, land farming, incineration, and toxics use reduction. Various regulatory measures are described as well as nonregulatory measures for prevention and control of adverse health effects from hazardous wastes. Approaches to evaluating human health effects at hazardous waste sites are described, emphasizing special challenges and opportunities in environmental epidemiology. Social aspects of community involvement are noted. Steps of the Superfund clean-up process are delineated. Governmental contingency plans for coordination in emergency response situations are reviewed. In addition, a section describes pollution prevention and toxics use reduction.
Injuries and Occupational Safety
Authors: Castillo Dawn N. , Pizatella Timothy J. , Stout Nancy A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes occupational injuries and their prevention. It describes in detail the causes of injuries and epidemiology of injuries. Occupational injuries are caused by acute exposure in the workplace to safety hazards, such as mechanical energy, electricity, chemicals, and ionizing radiation, or from the sudden lack of essential agents, such as oxygen or heat. This chapter describes the nature and the magnitude of occupational injuries in the United States. It provides data on risk of injuries in different occupations and industries. Finally, it discusses prevention of injuries, using a hierarchical approach to occupational injury control.
Hazards for Construction Workers
Authors: West Gavin H. , Welch Laura S.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the hazards for construction workers, with a particular focus on injuries as well as exposures to hazardous chemicals and dusts. A section describes hazardous exposures to lead and other heavy metals. Another section describes noise exposure. The impact of musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers is then discussed. A section on respiratory diseases focuses on asbestosis, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Exposures known to cause dermatitis and cancer are reviewed. There is a discussion of engineered nanomaterials as a potential emerging hazard. Various approaches to prevention and control, including regulations and health services, are described.
Contributions of Economic Theory to an Understanding of the Common Good in Catholic Social Thought
Authors: Wilber Charles K.
Published: November 2017

Economic analysis can be useful to Catholic social thought in its concern for the common good, or the rough economic equivalent, human flourishing. First, treating the standard economic concept of externalities as ubiquitous can result in policies that promote human flourishing. Second, much scholarly work in economics recognizes that under conditions of interdependence and imperfect information, rational self-interest frequently will lead to socially irrational results unless that self-interest is somehow constrained. Two specific changes can better promote the common good: investing in the prospective role of worker-shared ownership and replacing gross domestic product with an accounting system that more accurately measures the well-being of society. These reflections lead to an answer to the question, What is the common good?
Resource Competition, Mineral Scarcity, and Economic Statecraft
Authors: Kalantzakos Sophia
Published: November 2017

Resources have been essential inputs in the world economy and at the epicenter of technological developments. There are different theories of resource scarcity, but uninterrupted access to resources is vital to modern economies, especially since modern technological applications demand resource inputs from across the globe. Physical depletion and flow disruption, therefore, both pose a series of challenges for policymakers and industry. The examination of China’s use of economic statecraft in the case of the rare-earth crisis and the corresponding response of the European Union, the United States, and Japan provide a salient example of how resource dominance can spill over into global power politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Kalantzakos Sophia
Published: November 2017

The case of rare earths provides an important window into a new set of international challenges. China, a major power on the rise, maintains its dominance over these crucial strategic materials showing its willingness to use its position to further its political and economic goals. Moreover, the case provides insight into the overall inability of China’s international competitors and rivals to effectively remedy this asymmetry, allowing China to maintain its critical advantage in high tech, renewables and defense applications.As elements, rare earths are enablers. As political instruments, they are increasingly turning into a catalyst in a new era of potentially fraught international relations.
Economic Inequality, Federalism, and the New Economic Populism
Authors: Franko William W. , Witko Christopher
Published: November 2017

In this chapter the authors develop a key argument that provides the broader backdrop for the detailed examination of state responses to growing income inequality, which is that the current federal inaction and state responses to growing economic inequality are consistent with the governmental division of labor in other periods of rapid economic change in American history. Specifically, the states have long played the role of addressing emerging economic problems and conflicts that the federal government was either unwilling or unable to address, since almost the very founding of the nation. The authors explain that the federal government was designed by Madison and his colleagues not to do much of anything, and it often achieves stunning success in this regard. In contrast, a number of differences found among the states allow for new approaches to economic problems that the federal government is unlikely to consider.
State Responses to Federal Inaction and Growing Inequality
Authors: Franko William W. , Witko Christopher
Published: November 2017

In this chapter the authors return to aggregate data to examine how the state minimum wage has responded to a growing awareness of inequality and other state political factors. The minimum wage was initially pursued by the states a number of years before the federal government adopted a minimum wage in the 1930s. However, the minimum wage law is still jointly controlled by the states and the federal government, allowing us to directly examine how federal inaction in raising the minimum wage spurs state minimum wage increases. The results show that federal inaction, a public awareness of growing inequality, and state government liberalism are significant predictors of increases in state minimum wages. The minimum wage is more likely to be increased in states with the initiative, even sometimes in states that are usually considered to be relatively conservative.
The New Economic Populism and the Future of Inequality in the United States
Authors: Franko William W. , Witko Christopher
Published: November 2017

The authors conclude the book by recapping their arguments and empirical results, and discussing the possibilities for the “new economic populism” to promote egalitarian economic outcomes in the face of continuing gridlock and the dominance of Washington, DC’s policymaking institutions by business and the wealthy, and a conservative Republican Party. Many states are actually addressing inequality now, and these policies are working. Admittedly, many states also continue to embrace the policies that have contributed to growing inequality, such as tax cuts for the wealthy or attempting to weaken labor unions. But as the public grows more concerned about inequality, the authors argue, policies that help to address these income disparities will become more popular, and policies that exacerbate inequality will become less so. Over time, if history is a guide, more egalitarian policies will spread across the states, and ultimately to the federal government.
The Novel after Film
Authors: Foltz Jonathan
Published: November 2017

The Novel After Film examines how literary fiction has been redefined in response to the emergence of narrative film. It charts the institutional, stylistic, and conceptual relays that linked literary and cinematic cultures, and that fundamentally changed the nature and status of storytelling in the early twentieth century. In the cinema, a generation of modernist writers found a medium whose bad form was also laced with the glamour of the popular, and whose unfamiliar visual language seemed to harbor a future for innovative writing after modernism. As The Novel After Film demonstrates, this fascination with film was played out against the backdrop of a growing discourse about the novel’s respectability. As the modern novel was increasingly venerated as a genre of aesthetic refinement and high moral purpose, a range of authors, from Virginia Woolf and H. D. to Henry Green and Aldous Huxley, turned their attention to the cinema in search of alternative aesthetic histories. For authors working in modernism’s atmosphere of heightened formal sophistication, film’s violations of style took on a perverse attraction. In this way, film played a key role in changing the way that novelists addressed a transforming public culture which could seem at moments to be leaving the novel behind.
Out of Time
Authors: Foltz Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This chapter tracks film’s role in rewriting the possibilities of novelistic irony. It focuses on the work of Aldous Huxley, the period’s most well-known satirist, who relocated to Hollywood in the 1930s for a disastrous career as a screenwriter. As Huxley reflected in a number of key essays on the medium, the cinema achieves automatically what writers often labor to express. It is a medium, he says, in which “miracles are easily performed”—a medium in which miracles are no longer miracles, beauty no longer beautiful. Yet Huxley was a writer perversely willing to draw upon that unbeautiful energy, writing the majority of his late dystopian novel, Ape and Essence (1948), in the hybrid form of a screenplay. In offering a novelistic burlesque of modernity’s most abject art, Huxley casts doubt on the ability of art in general to comprehend the culture of which it is a part.
Assimilation
Authors: Camper Martin
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6 investigates what happens when arguers disagree over how to apply a text in a new context, the stasis of assimilation. Following the rhetorical tradition, the chapter distinguishes assimilation from letter versus spirit: the latter involves a negation of the text’s apparent meaning, while the former affirms this apparent meaning as a springboard for additional inferences. After discussing the circumstances that motivate arguers to assimilate texts, the chapter builds on Aristotle’s modes of inferential reasoning to explain the ways non-explicit meanings can be elicited from a text. Drawing on modern theories of argument and cognition, the chapter considers assimilation’s special features. The chapter’s extended analysis examines the historical debate over Abraham Lincoln’s sexuality, based on letters he sent to his close friend Joshua Speed. It closes with a meditation on the power of assimilation to indefinitely extend texts to new contexts and its corollary weakness of inferring unwritten meanings.
Exchange Politics
Authors: Jones David K.
Published: November 2017

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) required that each state set up a health insurance exchange or lose control to the federal government. Because Republicans had supported the concept before it became part of Obamacare, virtually every state was expected to cooperate and implement this core part of the law. However, 34 states refused to participate. This is a stunning miscalculation by the Obama administration. This book tells the story of what happened in the final two states to choose state control and the two that came the closest. The most intense split was not between Republicans and Democrats, but within the Republican Party. Governors were the most important people in the fight over exchanges, but did not always get their way. The Tea Party defeated the most powerful interest groups. State-level and national conservative think tanks were important allies to the Tea Party. The relative power of these groups was shaped by differences in institutional design and procedures, such as whether a state has term limits and the length of legislative sessions. Opposition was more easily overcome in states whose conditions facilitated the development of legislative “pockets of expertise.” This is a dramatic example of opponents using federalism to block national reform and serves as a warning of the challenge of inducing state cooperation in other policy domains such as the environment and education. Understanding the state-level fights over the ACA’s implementation is crucial to understanding the impact of future reforms.
Idaho
Authors: Jones David K.
Published: November 2017

Idaho was the only state in the nation led entirely by Republicans that chose to run its own health insurance exchange. There were many twists along the way, including the rejection of federal grants, nullification bills, a veto, and an executive order. The issue split Republicans, with enough joining the Democrats to pass legislation. Prominent interest groups strongly supported state control, although they faced intense opposition from the Tea Party and conservative groups. Governor Butch Otter played a prominent role, working with key legislative leaders who happened to have particular expertise in health policy. However, the decision was made too late and the state did not have time to set up its exchange in time for the first enrollment period. It relied on the federal website the first year but had its own fully functional website one year later.
The Role of Economic Evaluation in Dissemination and Implementation Research
Authors: Raghavan Ramesh
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents an overview of how D&I research can be evaluated from an economic point of view. Dissemination and implementation imposes costs upon knowledge purveyors, provider organizations, public health organizations, and payers (including governments). However, whether these added costs will result in improved service delivery and, perhaps more importantly, client outcomes and improvements in population health remain as open questions. If emerging studies reveal that defined implementation strategies are more cost effective than “usual” implementation, then policymakers and service providers will need to resource these added costs of implementation in order to assure the success and sustainability of high-quality health services over the long term.
Incapable Yet Central
Authors: Chowdhury Arjun
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the puzzle motivating the book: most states are weak states, incapable of monopolizing violence and supplying order, and yet the modern centralized state remains the central unit of world politics. Having introduced the puzzle, the chapter previews the core argument. The process of state formation that yielded centralized states in Europe required costly interstate wars and imperial conquest. This process of war driving state formation was not replicable beyond a certain level of destructiveness. After this point, states faced the problem of escalating popular demands for services, and declining willingness to pay taxes and disarm. This gap between what I call “the demand for services” and “the supply of the state” is what we call state weakness, and this gap has deep historical roots. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book.
Escape, Deportation, and Exile
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

This chapter traces how exile became an institutionalized mechanism of exclusion and underscores the paradoxical connection between citizenship and exclusionary modernity in the region. It stresses how these countries experienced policies of massive deterritorialization of citizens to counteract a widened involvement in public arenas and politics, and that the very drive of modernization generated new social forces, which these political systems were unable to include through democratic institutionalization. It discusses the cases of Paraguay, with its cycles of authoritarian rule and political turmoil generating massive exile and expatriation; Argentina and its recurrent waves of territorial displacements; Uruguay and the mass expatriation and exile of its citizens in the authoritarian period; and post-1973 Chile, also with massive exile and global dispersion.
Exile and Diaspora Politics
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

Political exile re-emerged in the context of the increased polarization of the East–West, left–right, Communism–capitalism divide. Ideological polarization produced a situation in which expelling societies broadened the scope of repression, expanding it to cover liberals and cultural and social sectors with all sorts of potential political involvement or critical positions. This chapter analyzes diaspora politics and its role in the politics and mechanics of the respective home countries, including the question of whether or not to return. One of the fascinating aspects of such politics, as we analyze each of the four diaspora communities, is the unexpected turn their existence, growth, diversity, and development took vis-à-vis the expectations repressors had when forcing tens and hundreds of thousands of their citizens into exile.
Undoing Exile? Remembering, Imagining, Envisioning
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

Decades ago, ethnomethodologists discovered that under routine conditions, individuals cling to what sociologists have called “markers of certainty.” This sense of certainty is challenged once individuals are displaced from their home societies and find themselves detached from their routine social, political, and cultural environment. This chapter starts by addressing the question of the transformational impact of the exilic experience on the minds and networks of exiles. It examines some of the major impacts that those exiles, expatriates, sojourners, and migrants had and continue to have on their home societies. The chapter addresses the impact of exile on people’s lives and on their fractured experiences, the debates and prospects of return, and the challenges of dis-exile and postexilic trends. It also examines the long-term impact on children and the challenges of truncated returns and cosmopolitan outlooks.
Shifting Frontiers of Citizenship
Authors: Luis Roniger
Published: November 2017

The processes of territorial displacement during the dictatorships opened the gates for recognizing the existence of transnational connections and of a permanent diaspora, including a diaspora of knowledge that would be engrossed by new waves of migration due to economic downturns or the increased connections of these countries to the global arena. This chapter reviews such shifts in the frontiers of citizenship, moving analysis to transnational connections and permanent diasporas, including the diasporas of knowledge that increasingly changed the very meaning of being national and transnational, while connecting the countries to the global arena. It analyzes several novel initiatives aimed at the home countries in reconnecting with conationals whose life circumstances, experiences, and choices led them to remain in the countries of relocation.
The Building Blocks
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: November 2017

This chapter is an introduction to the general approach that this book takes in understanding probabilism, and to the intellectual categories and theological vocabulary that early modern probabilists used and built upon, including Aquinas’s elaboration on the nature of the conscience, Aristotle’s and Cicero’s understanding of probability, and the post-Reformation developments of the sacrament of confession. This chapter also sets the debates on moral theology in a wider historical context, characterized by the emergence of new scientific, economic, and cultural phenomena, and by the increasingly global dimension of the Catholic world. As such, this chapter functions as a sort of historical and historicized glossary, intended as an aid to the reader who might be unfamiliar with the more specialized and technical aspects of this book.
The Genesis of Probabilism
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the genesis of probabilism, and it sets the historical and theoretical tone for the development of this doctrine. It examines two theologians in particular: the theologian and canon law scholar Martín de Azpilcueta (better known as Doctor Navarrus) and the Dominican theologian Bartolomé de Medina. Both of them engaged profoundly with uncertainty in their commentaries on moral theology and law, as well as in their hugely influential manuals for confessors. Whereas the former provided a crucial elaboration on the nature and significance of moral uncertainty, the latter identified and articulated uncertainty as an epistemological, not simply moral, category.
Second Climb
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

The chapter discusses meaningful, vital agency in Eden. Forms of living deadness are discussed and related to vitality in Eden, a vitality achieved through gardening and through perception. God’s inseparability from creation is explained via the poem’s animist materialism. Meaningful action arises out of collaborative agency with God’s creative work. It also moves one away from living deadness. The chapter presents Milton’s fourfold understanding of death. The chapter begins with the “unholy trinity” and Death as standing for formlessness. Death is the opposite of form-giving, the activity with which Adam and Eve are tasked, their gardening. A discussion of Edenic gardening then brings out alternative ways (Adam’s, Eve’s) of responding to God and, thereby, being alive. To fall, in part, means losing the capacity to work in a particular manner. It can also mean losing the ability to find God in the world which one perceives.
At the Summit
Authors: Zamir Tzachi
Published: November 2017

The book concludes by specifying the ways whereby, although at some points philosophy and religious poetry must part ways, they nevertheless profit by hosting each other. Two vocations can be mutually enriched not only by finding ways to complement each other, but by appreciating that, while overlapping in many ways, their differences are sometimes irreconcilable. Philosophy gains from enabling the poem to embody a rival paradigm of knowledge as well as a competing view of the place of knowledge in a meaningful existence. Religious poetry is deepened when it permits itself to seriously respond to philosophical questions. An argument is offered regarding why warfare (intellectual warfare) can be beneficial, and why, accordingly, a philosophical reading that preserves and even kindles this war, rather than one that hopes to pacify it, can be revealing.
The Golden Era for Artistic Creativity in Neuroscience
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

Section B focuses on the artistic skills and emotions of Cajal and other important pioneers in neuroscience, using their own words to describe the artistic emotions they experienced when visualizing the neural elements. This section also deals with the verification in recent years of many of the descriptions and illustrations of the early neuroanatomists, particularly those of Cajal. The last part of this section describes how the neuronal forests have served as an unlimited source of artistic and poetic inspiration to many scientists, not only in the early days of the research of the brain, but also in modern times.
Medulla Oblongata
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the medulla oblongata.
Cerebellum and Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the cerebellum and deep cerebellar nuclei.
Insect Brain: Visual System
Authors: DeFelipe Javier
Published: November 2017

This section contains a gallery of original Cajal drawings pertaining to the visual systems of the insect brain.
Introduction
Authors: Young Serinity
Published: November 2017

The famous statue of Nike of Samothrace is introduced as an illustrative example of the image of the winged female—a figure that is found as far back as the Paleolithic era, and as recently as the twentieth century, across the world’s geographical, religious, and cultural regions. Examples from these varied sources will be discussed in depth throughout the book. The motif of the flying female or winged woman, and the tales told about them, embody themes including heroism and womanhood; the conflict between freedom and domesticity; understandings of transcendence versus immanence; and ancient fears about shape-shifting, especially from animal to human and back again.