bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous diabetes mellitus in captive Mandrillus sphinx monkeys: a case report
Authors: Pirarat N. , Kesdangsakolwut S. , Chotiapisitkul S. , Assarasakorn S.
Published: June 2008

Case history  The two obese mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, glucosuria, proteinuria and ketonuria. Septic bed sore wounds were noted on both fore and hind limbs.

Results  Histopathological study revealed severe islet amyloidosis in both mandrills. Immunohistochemical study using polyclonal anti‐cat amylin antibody confirmed derivation of the islet amyloid from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Cardiomyopathy and myocardial fibrosis were also evident.

Conclusions  The present study documents diabetes mellitus in two obese mandrills. Diabetes in these animals had features very similar type 2 diabetes mellitus of humans, including the development of severe, IAPP‐derived islet amyloidosis. The mandrill may, therefore, serve as an animal model of human type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Development‐dependent expression of calreticulin in the brain and other tissues of the Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata
Authors: Higashino A. , Kageyama T.
Published: June 2008

Background  Calreticulin (Crt) is a molecular chaperone localized to endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The protein is involved in the correct folding of glycoproteins and its cellular level changes depending on various physiologic conditions.

Methods  To clarify the Crt level in various tissues of the Japanese monkey during postnatal development, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay system that we have established was applied.

Results and Conclusions  Calreticulin is distributed ubiquitously in various tissues. Its level in the heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney was high in newborns and decreased in juveniles and adults. In various cerebral areas, Crt was present in the gray matter but scarcely found in the white matter. The Crt levels in the cerebral areas were low in newborns and increase in juveniles and adults. These distribution and developmental changes in Crt might be correlated with the quality control of glycoproteins that are synthesized in respective tissues.
Determining genetic background in captive stocks of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Stevison L.S. , Kohn M.H.
Published: June 2008

Background  As in other model organisms, genetic background in the non‐human primates Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis is an experimental variable that affects the response of other study variables. Genetic background in model organisms is manipulated by breeding schemes but is generally pre‐determined by the source population used to found captive stocks. In M. fascicularis three such sources have been distinguished, however, these are not routinely taken into consideration when designing research.

Methods  We exemplify a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)‐based strategy to trace the maternal geographic origins of M. fascicularis animals of unspecified origins.

Results  Macaca fascicularis of unspecified origins kept at primate research centers carry mtDNA haplotypes representing all three major genetic subdivisions.

Conclusions  We suggest that the genetic background of study animals could be better specified in the future using an mtDNA‐based approach, which would enable informed selection of study animals and help reduce variation within and among studies.
Myxomatous neoplasms in the perineal region of baboons
Authors: Wallace Shannon M , Szabo Kathleen A , Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch Natalia E , Dick Edward J , Blanchard Terrell W , Hubbard Gene B
Published: June 2008

Background  In baboons, Papio sp. neoplasms tend to affect the hematopoietic system most commonly, with rare documentation of myxomatous neoplasms. In contrast, women can develop myxomatous masses within deep peripelvic tissues with some frequency during their reproductive years.

Methods  We have identified and examined, retrospectively, myxomatous perineal masses in twelve female baboons within one research facility and compared their histopathologic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic features to their human variants.

Results  Our results indicate that these myxomatous neoplasms, in humans and non‐human primates, share common features.

Conclusion  Further research, particularly molecular genetic analysis, may be needed to identify the baboon as a true animal model for myxomatous perineal neoplasms.
Adenoviral hepatitis in a SIV‐infected rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Zöller Martina , Mätz‐Rensing Kerstin , Kaup Franz‐Josef
Published: June 2008

Background  A 5‐year‐old female rhesus monkey infected with simian immunodeficiency virus became clinically suspicious with anorexia, increasing weakness and apathy eighty‐five weeks after the tonsillar virus inoculation and was euthanised due to a poor prognosis.

Methods and Results  Postmortal examinations revealed a severe multifocal to coalescing necotizing hepatitis with numerous intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies. Transmission electron microscopy of the liver resulted in the finding of adenovirus like particles arranged in paracrystalline arrays within the nuclei of hepatocytes.

Conclusion  The SIV infected rhesus monkey suffered from an adenovirus included necortizing hepatitis, an extremely rare organ manifestation of adenovirus infection in nonhuman primates.
Rats bred for high alcohol drinking are more sensitive to delayed and probabilistic outcomes
Authors: Wilhelm C. J. , Mitchell S. H.
Published: June 2008

Alcoholics and heavy drinkers score higher on measures of impulsivity than nonalcoholics and light drinkers. This may be because of factors that predate drug exposure (e.g. genetics). This study examined the role of genetics by comparing impulsivity measures in ethanol‐naive rats selectively bred based on their high [high alcohol drinking (HAD)] or low [low alcohol drinking (LAD)] consumption of ethanol. Replicates 1 and 2 of the HAD and LAD rats, developed by the University of Indiana Alcohol Research Center, completed two different discounting tasks. Delay discounting examines sensitivity to rewards that are delayed in time and is commonly used to assess ‘choice’ impulsivity. Probability discounting examines sensitivity to the uncertain delivery of rewards and has been used to assess risk taking and risk assessment. High alcohol drinking rats discounted delayed and probabilistic rewards more steeply than LAD rats. Discount rates associated with probabilistic and delayed rewards were weakly correlated, while bias was strongly correlated with discount rate in both delay and probability discounting. The results suggest that selective breeding for high alcohol consumption selects for animals that are more sensitive to delayed and probabilistic outcomes. Sensitivity to delayed or probabilistic outcomes may be predictive of future drinking in genetically predisposed individuals.
Association between mitochondrial DNA 10398A>G polymorphism and the volume of amygdala
Authors: Yamasue H. , Kakiuchi C. , Tochigi M. , Inoue H. , Suga M. , Abe O. , Yamada H. , Sasaki T. , Rogers M. A. , Aoki S. , Kato T. , Kasai K.
Published: June 2008

Mitochondrial calcium regulation plays a number of important roles in neurons. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is highly polymorphic, and its interindividual variation is associated with various neuropsychiatric diseases and mental functions. An mtDNA polymorphism, 10398A>G, was reported to affect mitochondrial calcium regulation. Volume of hippocampus and amygdala is reportedly associated with various mental disorders and mental functions and is regarded as an endophenotype of mental disorders. The present study investigated the relationship between the mtDNA 10398A>G polymorphism and the volume of hippocampus and amygdala in 118 right‐handed healthy subjects. The brain morphometry using magnetic resonance images employed both manual tracing volumetry in the native space and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) in the spatially normalized space. Amygdala volume was found to be significantly larger in healthy subjects with 10398A than in those with 10398G by manual tracing, which was confirmed by the VBM. Brain volumes in the other gray matter regions and all white matter regions showed no significant differences associated with the polymorphism. These provocative findings might provide a clue to the complex relationship between mtDNA, brain structure and mental disorders.
Additive effect of BDNF and REST polymorphisms is associated with improved general cognitive ability
Authors: Miyajima F. , Quinn J. P. , Horan M. , Pickles A , Ollier W. E. , Pendleton N. , Payton A.
Published: June 2008

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a pleiotropic protein involved in neuronal proliferation, differentiation, synaptic plasticity and survival. Independent studies investigating association between the functional BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and cognitive abilities have reported some conflicting findings, which may reflect inadequate sample size, variation in testing methods, population stratification or the confounding effects of other genes. To test the latter hypothesis, we screened and genotyped polymorphisms in the RE1‐silencing transcription factor (REST) gene whose function includes the downregulation of BDNF expression. We identified an exon 4 hexadecapeptide variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) with either four or five copies that was located within a proline‐rich domain and investigated a further five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using a cohort of 746 community‐dwelling older volunteers, we analysed REST genotype data both independently and in combination with the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. A haplotype within the REST gene containing the four copy VNTR and a non‐synonymous SNP showed a weak but significant association with a higher score of general intelligence (P = 0.05). Analysis of this haplotype and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in combination showed a significant interaction (global P‐value = 0.0003) with an additive increase in cognitive performance for those possessing the BDNF Val66 allele and the REST haplotype containing the four copy repeat (P = 0.004). The REST haplotypes in combination with the BDNF Met66 polymorphism did not reduce cognitive performance more than the independent influence of the Met66 allele. Our results suggest that investigation of a common REST polymorphism may be necessary to help reduce contrasting reports based around BDNF Val66Met and cognition.
Circadian modulation of light‐induced locomotion responses in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Lu B. , Liu W , Guo F , Guo A
Published: June 2008

The relationship between light and the circadian system has long been a matter of discussion. Many studies have focused on entrainment of light with the internal biological clock. Light also functions as an environmental stimulus that affects the physiology and behaviour of animals directly. In this study, we used light as an unexpected stimulus for flies at different circadian times. We found that wildtype flies showed circadian changes in light‐induced locomotion responses. Elevation of locomotor activity by light occurred during the subjective night, and performance in response to light pulses declined to trough during the subjective day. Moreover, arrhythmic mutants lost the rhythm of locomotion responses to light, with promotion of activity by light in timeless01mutants and inhibition of activity by light in Clockarmutants. However, neither ablation of central oscillators nor disturbance of the functional clock inside compound eyes was sufficient to disrupt the rhythm of light responses. We show that, compound eyes, which have been identified as the control point for normal masking (promotion of activity by light), are sufficient but not necessary for paradoxical masking (suppression of activity by light) under high light intensity. This, taken together with the clear difference of light responses in wildtype flies, suggests that two different masking mechanisms may underlie the circadian modulation of light‐induced locomotion responses.
Genetic mouse models for behavioral analysis through transgenic RNAi technology
Authors: Delic S. , Streif S. , Deussing J. M. , Weber P. , Ueffing M. , Hölter S. M. , Wurst W , Kühn R.
Published: June 2008

Pharmacological inhibitors and knockout mice have developed into routine tools to analyze the role of specific genes in behavior. Both strategies have limitations like the availability of inhibitors for only a subset of proteins and the large efforts required to construct specific mouse mutants. The recent emergence of RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene silencing provides a fast alternative that can be applied to any coding gene. We established an approach for the efficient generation of transgenic knockdown mice by targeted insertion of short hairpin (sh) RNA vectors into a defined genomic locus and studied the efficiency of gene silencing in the adult brain and the utility of such mice for behavioral analysis. We generated shRNA knockdown mice for the corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor type 1 (Crhr1), the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (Lrkk2) and the purinergic receptor P2X ligand‐gated ion channel 7 (P2rx7) genes and show the ubiquitous expression of shRNA and efficient suppression of the target mRNA and protein in the brain of young and 11‐month‐old knockdown mice. Knockdown mice for the Crhr1 gene exhibited decreased anxiety‐related behavior, an impaired stress response, and thereby recapitulate the phenotype of CRHR1 knockout mice. Our results show the feasibility of gene silencing in the adult brain and validate knockdown mice as new genetic models suitable for behavioral analysis.
Methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 polymorphisms and vulnerability to autism
Authors: Loat C. S. , Curran S. , Lewis C. M. , Duvall J. , Geschwind D. , Bolton P. , Craig I. W.
Published: June 2008

The methyl‐binding protein gene, MECP2, is a candidate for involvement in autism through its implication as a major causative factor in Rett syndrome that has similarities to autism. Rare mutations in MECP2 have also been identified in autistic individuals. We have examined the possible broader involvement of MECP2 as a predisposing factor in the disorder. Analysis of polymorphic markers spanning the gene and comprising both microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by the transmission disequilibrium test in two collections of families (219 in total), one in the USA and one in the UK, has provided evidence for significant association (P = 0.009) for a three‐marker SNP haplotype of MECP2 with autism/autism spectrum disorders. This association is supported by association of both Single Sequence Repeat (SSR) and SNP single markers located at the 3′ end of the MECP2 locus and flanking sequence, the most significant being that of an indel marker located in intron 2 (P = 0.001 – Bonferroni corrected P = 0.006). This suggests that one or more functional variants of MECP2 existing at significant frequencies in the population may confer increased risk of autism/autism spectrum disorders and warrants further investigation in additional independent samples.
Necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonia proves fatal in an immunocompetent child due to Panton–Valentine Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxins 1 and 2 and enterotoxin C‐producing Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mushtaq Farah , Hildrew Sandra , Okugbeni Gabriel , Ellis Richard W
Published: June 2008

Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin‐producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are associated with skin abscesses and furunculosis, with necrotizing pneumonia being a relatively rare problem. Here, we describe a fatal case of necrotizing pneumonia in a 14‐year‐old child who presented initially with sore throat and pyrexia. He deteriorated rapidly, developing hypotension, multiple organ failure and purpura fulminans. S. aureus was isolated from the tracheal aspirate, which was found to be positive for PVL, toxic shock syndrome toxins (TSST) 1 and 2 and staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC). It was postulated that purpura fulminans and toxic shock syndrome were a result of the abovementioned exotoxins.

Conclusion: This case highlights the emergence of PVL‐positive community‐acquired S. aureus infection and association of purpura fulminans with superantigens. Practitioners should be aware of this illness in order to initiate appropriate treatment.
Merging Orthodontics and Restorative Dentistry: An Integral Part of Esthetic Dentistry
Authors: KULJIC BOZIDAR L.
Published: June 2008

This article discusses the different approaches in treatment planning of patients who desire an esthetic and functional improvement of their dentition but are hesitant to sacrifice healthy tooth structure. Preservation of tooth structure, whenever possible, should be paramount to any practicing dentist. The importance of such an approach, as taught for so many years, appears to be fading away lately under the pressure of advertisements full of promises for quick esthetic solutions. Exploration of the link between orthodontic and conservative restoration, along with minor use of periodontal procedures, will give another perspective in solving the esthetic dilemma.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Often underutilized, the combination of procedures such as orthodontics and composite bonding gives practicing clinicians conservative, predictable, esthetic, and functional results.
The Procera Maryland Bridge: A Case Report
Authors: HOLT LARRY R. , DRAKE BILLY
Published: June 2008

Although congenital partial hypodontia is widespread, and a variety of solutions for treating this condition in adolescents have been devised, all have had one or more significant drawbacks. A new treatment option that has recently become available, the Procera Maryland Bridge, appears to deliver excellent esthetics and strength. This article discusses that option and presents a case in which it was used successfully.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Congenitally missing lateral incisors always present a treatment dilemma for restorative dentists. Numerous treatment options exist; none of which are totally satisfactory. This article presents a potential alternative for these patients using a novel all‐ceramic Maryland Bridge.
Cervical cancer and duration of using hormonal contraceptives
Authors: NOJOMI Marzieh , MODARESGILANI Mitra , MOZAFARI Negar , ERFANY Azadeh
Published: June 2008

Aim:  To address the association between the duration of using oral contraceptives and cervical cancer, excluding HPV‐DNA positive women.

Methods:  The sample consisted of 300 women over 30 years of age with newly diagnosed invasive cervical cancer who were admitted to the seven general hospitals in Tehran between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2006. The control group consisted of 319 women in the same age group admitted to the same hospitals with conditions judged to be unrelated to any of the known or suspected risk factors for cervical cancer. The main outcome measures were the duration of using oral contraceptives and risk of cervical cancer.

Results:  Forty‐five patients versus 48 controls had ever used oral contraceptives, and the corresponding unadjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.9 (0.6–1.2). The OR of cervical cancer increased with the duration of using oral contraceptives, being 3.4 (1.2–11) for more than 20 years of use and 2.3 (1.2–5) for a use of 15–20 years, compared with less than a use of oral contraceptives for 10 years. The adjusted OR for parity and less than 8 years since they had last used oral contraceptives were 1.2 (1.08–1.4) and 1.4 (1.01–2.1) respectively.

Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that parity and a duration of less than 8 years since the women last used oral contraceptives increase their risk of cervical cancer.
EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL DAIRY BASED PROTEINS ON NONFAT YOGURT QUALITY
Authors: ISLETEN MUGE , KARAGUL‐YUCEER YONCA
Published: June 2008

Production of nonfat yogurt demands a careful control of quality parameters. It is common to use skim milk powder (SMP) to increase the total solid content of nonfat yogurt, but some functional dairy‐based proteins, such as casein/caseinates and whey proteins, may improve the quality of nonfat yogurt.

The objectives of this study were to use whey protein isolate (WPI), sodium caseinate (NaCn) and yogurt texture improver (TI) in nonfat yogurt manufacture as an alternative for SMP, and to compare their potential influences on the physical, chemical and microbial properties of nonfat yogurts over a 12‐day storage. All dry ingredients were added at 1% (w/v) concentration to yogurt milk. Yogurts differed from each other with different hardness values. Acetaldehyde contents of yogurts were in the range of 35–43 ppm. The acetaldehyde content of all yogurt types decreased during storage. The control yogurt had the most tyrosine content, and the WPI‐fortified yogurt had the least. Using different dry dairy ingredients did not affect the numbers of starter cultures. In addition, no significant differences were observed among yogurt types regarding their mineral composition.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Functional dry dairy ingredients can be used to increase the total solid content of nonfat yogurt instead of using skim milk powder (SMP) or evaporation. Their high protein content, water‐binding capacity, texture improvement properties and health benefits make these proteins suited for use in nonfat yogurts. This study compares the possible effects of using whey protein isolate (WPI), sodium caseinate (NaCn) and yogurt texture improver (TI) as an alternative for SMP on the physical, chemical and microbial properties of nonfat yogurts. It was found that substitution of SMP for WPI, NaCn and TI at the level of 1% affected the physical, chemical and microbial properties of nonfat yogurt.
INFLUENCE OF OSMOTIC DEHYDRATION ON THE VOLATILE PROFILE OF GUAVA FRUITS
Authors: PINO JORGE A. , PANADÉS GLORIA , FITO PEDRO , CHIRALT AMPARO , ORTEGA ARIEL
Published: June 2008

The effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) on the volatile compounds of guava fruits was studied. Osmotic treatments were carried out at atmospheric pressure, at continuous vacuum and by applying a vacuum pulse (5 min under vacuum and the remaining time at atmospheric pressure) at different temperatures (30, 40 and 50C) and times (1, 2 and 3 h). The volatile compounds of fresh and dehydrated samples were obtained by simultaneous distillation–extraction, and were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In general, OD caused changes in the concentration of volatiles, depending on the process conditions. The use of lower temperatures and shorter treatment times can diminish the loss of volatiles with respect to the fresh samples. The greatest damage to volatiles loss is produced at 50C for up to 2 h under both pulsed and continuous vacuum. The lowest total volatiles loss occurred at 30 and 40C for up to 3 h under pulsed vacuum or atmospheric pressure.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Consumer demand for high‐quality products with freshlike characteristics has promoted the development of a new category, minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Although these products present, as distinguishing features, simplicity in use and convenience, they generally perish more quickly than the original raw material because of tissue damage caused by mechanical operations. The use of osmotic dehydration process has been presented as a tool for the development of minimally processed fruits. The slight water activity reduction promoted by the process may provide stable products with good nutritional and sensorial quality and with characteristics similar to those of the fresh products. The application of minimal processing to tropical fruits can represent an interesting world market. Fruit flavor is an important quality factor that influences consumer acceptability, and for this reason, its study is relevant in the minimally processed food product.
OPTIMIZATION OF ONION COOKIE BAKING PROCESS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: SEOG EUN JU , KIM HYE RAN , LEE JUN HO
Published: June 2008

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of the baking process of cookies made by substituting onion powders (onion cookie). The experiments were carried out according to a central composite design, selecting onion powder content and baking time as independent variables, and pH, titratable acidity, moisture content, density, spread factor, Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) color parameters (L*, a*and b*values), hardness and maximum deflection as response variables. Most polynomial models developed by RSM were highly effective to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. Overall optimization, conducted by overlaying the contour plots under investigation, was able to point out an optimal range of the independent variables within which the eight responses were simultaneously optimized. The point chosen as representative of this optimal area corresponded to onion powder content = 2.5% and baking time = 13.61 min, conditions under which the model predicted pH = 7.10, titratable acidity = 117.08 g acid/100 g, moisture content = 3.21%, spread factor = 6.87, L*value = 71.40, a*value = 0.21, b*value = 31.69 and maximum deflection = 2.62 mm.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Response surface methodology (RSM) was successfully applied to optimize the cookie baking process. Most polynomial models developed by RSM were highly effective to describe the relationships between the studied factors and the responses. This method provided a simple and straightforward optimization analysis for cookie baking, and the results would help to develop a new value‐added functional food containing onion powder, which is readily available and an inexpensive source of antioxidant properties. Onion powder is known to be a better ingredient than onion extract in the formulation of value‐ or function‐added products. The results can be easily implemented to estimate the physicochemical properties when the process parameters are known.
SHRINKAGE AND DENSITY VARIATIONS OF FRESH GREEN BEANS DURING DRYING IN AN INERT MEDIUM FLUIDIZED BED
Authors: SOURAKI B. ABBASI , MOWLA D.
Published: June 2008

In this article, the shrinkage and density variations of cylindrical fresh green beans were investigated in a fluidized bed dryer with energy carriers. A pilot‐scaled fluidized bed dryer was set up for performing the drying experiments. Glass bead particles were used as inert materials. The drying experiments were done with fresh green beans of several lengths using hot air as a heating agent with the temperature range of 30–50C, and the effects of various parameters, such as the presence of inert materials, temperature and sample length, were investigated. It was found that the shrinkage or volume changes, and radial and axial contractions of fresh green beans could be well correlated as linear functions of moisture content during drying. Calculated and experimental values were in good agreement with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 3.56, 2.48 and 1.22 for volume changes, and axial and radial contractions, respectively. By considering that the change in the volume of the samples was equal to the volume of evaporated water, mathematical models were proposed for volume and density variations. Comparison of the predicted values for volume and density by the proposed model with experimental date showed that the uniform model of shrinkage could explain the shrinkage and density variations of fresh green beans with MAEs of 5.190 and 4.250 for volume and density variations, respectively. The shrinkage coefficients were evaluated by considering their measurement uncertainties.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Any attempt to characterize drying behavior must inevitably address the physical parameters of the material such as shrinkage and density. The shrinkage phenomenon occurring during the drying process affects the physical properties of the solids, as well as the transport phenomena properties. The shrinkage of vegetables during drying is important not only from the viewpoint of material end use but also for simulation problems.
QUALITY CHANGES OF SARDINE (SARDINA PILCHARDUS) PATTIES DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE
Authors: KILINC BERNA , CAKLI SUKRAN , TOLASA SEBNEM
Published: June 2008

In this study, quality changes in sardine patties stored at 4C were investigated. Total viable bacteria, psychrotrophic and coliform bacteria counts of sardine patties increased from 2.50 log cfu/g, 2.60 log cfu/g, 19 MPN/g to 6.15 log cfu/g, 6.45 log cfu/g, 70 MPN/g on day 6, respectively. Yeast–molds, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were not detected during the storage period. Total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid and trimethylamine nitrogen values of sardine patties were 13.66 mg/100 g, 1.50 mg MA/kg and 1.20 mg/100 g at the beginning and 29.55 mg/100 g, 3.60 mg MA/kg and 5.01 mg/100 g at the end of the storage period (at day 6), respectively. Based on sensory evaluation, the shelf life of sardine patties was determined to be 4 days during refrigerated storage. When chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses were compared, sensory analysis was the found to be most effective for determining the shelf life of sardine patties.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There is a possibility of consuming sardines as fish patties when catches are large. Sardines are very suitable for patties because of their flavor and taste, and their consumption is very large as fresh fish in Turkey. In recent years, the increase in civilization or socioeconomic factors such as the increasing numbers of working women have led to direct consumers' preference for ready‐to‐eat foods. Thus, sardine patties were made and quality changes in sardine patties during refrigerated storage were investigated.
BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LARGE YELLOW CROAKER (PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA) CULTURED IN CHINA
Authors: TANG H.‐G. , WU T.‐X. , ZHAO ZH.‐Y. , PAN X.‐D.
Published: June 2008

The biochemical composition of dorsal muscle from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) cultured in China was studied. The comparison was made between the fish fed raw fish (RF) and commercial feed (CF). Two‐year‐old fish cultured in floating net cages were sampled for analysis. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash contents were determined. Amino acid composition was determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer. Fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography. The analysis results showed that fish in the CF group had lower levels of crude fat content and essential amino acids content (P < 0.05). The percentages of total saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher, while the corresponding total polyunsaturated fatty acids content was significantly lower in the CF group. In the two groups, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid content and the ratio of n‐3 to n‐6 fatty acids were found to be generally high.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) is popularly cultured in China. It is mainly reared with raw fish and commercial feed. This study examined the biochemical composition of fillets from large yellow croaker. It was found that the fish species possess high nutritive value, which is very beneficial for human nutrition and health. This article also explored the effects of diets on flesh quality, which can be useful in the seafood production and feed industry.
CONSUMER SENSORY TEST OF SEVEN VARIETIES OF RICE IN OSH (PILAF) AT FOUR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN
Authors: LINHARDT RICHARD , ADHIKARI KOUSHIK , GRÜN INGOLF , WELKER STEVE
Published: June 2008

This study was done to determine if consumers in Uzbekistan would accept the Long Grain and Bengal rice varieties that are grown in South East Missouri for preparation of Osh. Three hundred and fifty eight consumers from Tashkent, Fergana, Namangan and Andijan participated in a consumer hedonic test involving overall acceptability of the rice varieties Avangard, Bengal, Chinese, Calrose, Devzira, Long Grain and RiceTec in Osh. A nine‐point hedonic scale was used to record acceptance of the participants. Analysis of variance and internal preference mapping were performed on the consumer data. Overall, it was seen that Devzira was the most accepted rice variety probably because of its popularity among the local Uzbeks. The mean acceptance score for Long Grain and Bengal (6.1 and 6.0, respectively) showed that the two rice samples were also acceptable to the majority of the consumers, which proved its potential to be exported to Uzbekistan from the U.S.A.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The Central Asian countries that were part of the former Soviet Union import rice from countries such as Turkey and Thailand to supplement the needs of their general population. The per capita consumption of rice in Uzbekistan (∼12.0 kg/person/year) exceeds the production of rice there. Uzbekistan is an arid region that is not suitable for crops such as rice because it requires a lot of water. Other staple crops like cotton and wheat require less water, and hence fare better in this region. The U.S.A. has become a major player in the rice export industry, and is looking at these Central Asian countries to import rice while encouraging the governments there to grow other staple crops such as cotton and wheat.
ENUMERATION OF IMMUNOMAGNETICALLY CAPTURED ESCHERICHIA COLI IN WATER SAMPLES USING QUANTUM DOT‐LABELED ANTIBODIES
Authors: DUDAK FAHRİYE CEYDA , BOYACI İSMAİL HAKKI
Published: June 2008

Immunomagnetic separation was coupled with quantum dot (QD) labeling for the rapid, selective and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli in water samples. The target bacteria were recovered from the solution by antibody‐coated paramagnetic beads, and sandwich complexes were formed by using secondary antibodies labeled with QDs. The fluorescence intensities, as a result of the capturing of different concentrations of bacteria, were measured, and a linear correlation (R2 = 0.976) was obtained between log E. coli concentration (x) and the intensity (y) with a regression model of y = 26.9x + 41.1 in a working range of 8.9 × 101 and 1.9 × 106 cfu/mL. The selectivity of the developed sensor was examined with Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter dissolvens, which did not produce any significant response. The ability of the immunoassay to detect E. coli in real water samples was investigated and the results were compared with the experimental results from plate‐counting methods. A good agreement was observed between the QD‐enhanced detection and plate counting.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

In this study, a rapid, sensitive and convenient fluorometric assay based on the immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and quantum dot (QD) labeling was employed for the detection of Escherichia coli in water samples. The incorporation of QDs into fluorometric immunoassay techniques has various advantages over labeling with organic dyes and enzymes. In addition, the spectroscopic properties of QDs can allow multiplexed immunoassays coupled with IMS for bacteria detection, which will be investigated in further studies. Here we showed that QD labeling is a promising tool for the detection of E. coli in real water samples containing different components with a lower detection limit.
A NOVEL PCR ASSAY FOR LISTERIA WELSHIMERI TARGETING TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR GENE LWE1801
Authors: LIU DONGYOU , LAWRENCE MARK L. , AINSWORTH A. JERALD
Published: June 2008

Transcriptional regulator genes encode a group of specialized molecules that play essential roles in microbial responses to changing external conditions. These genes have been shown to possess species or group specificity and are useful as detection targets for diagnostic application. The present study examined transcriptional regulator genes from a nonpathogenic species Listeria welshimeri that often causes difficulty in the laboratory diagnosis of Listeria monocytogenes‐related foodborne disease. The comparison of transcriptional regulator gene sequences from L. welshimeri Special Listeria Culture Collection 5334 genome with other microbial genes at GenBank led to the identification of lwe1801. The application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers derived from lwe1801 enabled the amplification of a specific band of 510 bp from the DNA of L. welshimeri only and not from that of other Listeria and common bacterial species. Given its unique presence in L. welshimeri, the transcriptional regulator gene lwe1801 constitutes a novel molecular marker for species‐specific confirmation of this bacterium.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The Listeria species are closely related bacteria demonstrating significant morphologic, biochemical and ecologic resemblances. The ability to accurately distinguish nonpathogenic Listeria species, such as Listeria welshimeri, from pathogenic Listeria monocytogenes in a timely manner is critical for the control of human listeriosis. The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers from the transcriptional regulator gene lwe1801 offers a rapid, specific and sensitive means to identify L. welshimeri. Further analysis of the lwe1801 and its translated protein will reveal new insights on the molecular regulation of L. welshimeri survival and adaptation to its niche environment.
CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF WHEY AND SOY PROTEIN IN MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS
Authors: CHILDS JESSICA L. , THOMPSON JACOB L. , LILLARD JOHN S. , BERRY TRISTAN K. , DRAKE MARYANNE
Published: June 2008

Meal replacement products including protein bars, shakes and powdered drinks have increased in demand and sales. The objective of this study was to assess the consumer perception of protein content and type and product claims for meal replacement beverages and bars. The impact of exercise frequency on product perception was also investigated. Focus groups were conducted with exercisers and nonexercisers. An adaptive conjoint analysis survey was subsequently developed and conducted (n = 138 consumers, ages 18–35 years). Relative importance of product attributes was determined through a realistic trade‐off scenario. Utility scores were extracted and rescaled by the zero‐centered differences method, and two‐way analysis of variance was conducted to identify the differences between exercise frequency and product attributes. Both groups preferred bars to beverages, and no clear preferences were observed for protein type, which was consistent with focus group results of low knowledge/understanding of specific proteins. All respondents valued the products with low‐fat/fat‐free, calcium, all‐natural, protein, vitamin/mineral, heart health and muscle‐building claims. Exercisers viewed muscle‐building claims as more important than nonexercisers. Nonexercisers viewed heart health, calcium and vitamin/mineral claims as more important than exercisers. Three distinct consumer clusters were identified, and both exercise groups were found in all three clusters, although exercise frequency influenced membership in two of the three clusters (P < 0.05). These findings can be used to develop and market meal replacement products to specific consumer groups while leveraging their specific and unique needs.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Conjoint analysis provides a useful model of how consumers think during the purchase process and an understanding of the motivation for purchase through the testing of possible claims or product attributes. By applying this method to the purchase process of meal replacement bars and beverages, those in the field of development of these products can benefit from this information by being able to understand the motivation for purchase by the targeted consumer.
SENSORY STABILITY OF CONCORD AND ISABEL CONCENTRATED GRAPE JUICES DURING STORAGE
Authors: GOLLÜCKE ANDRÉA PITTELLI BOIAGO , DE SOUZA JANE CRISTINA , DE QUEIROZ TAVARES DÉBORA
Published: June 2008

The study evaluated the sensory characteristics and phenolic contents of concentrated red grape juice of two cultivars (Concord and Isabel), over 8 months of storage. To approach the sensory aspects, modified descriptive analysis was used. Total phenols were quantified by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and catechins ([+]‐catechin and [−]‐epicatechin) by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The results showed fairly stable sensory behavior of both grape juices with a higher stability of Concord. Total phenols of Concord and Isabel juices depicted retention of 93 and 88%, respectively, and total catechins of 60 and 85%, respectively. Concord concentrated juice was more stable to storage with sensory characteristics of astringency, bitterness and higher color intensity, while Isabel juice was characterized by sweetness and juice flavor. Concentrated juices, under the investigated storage conditions were capable of maintaining sensory standards.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Sensory aspects of phenolic‐rich beverages such as wine and grape juice are greatly impaired by storage conditions. Color, for instance, is an aspect of great importance to producers for it impacts perceived quality by consumers. This study demonstrates that proper storage of grape juice is capable of preserving sensory characteristics. Moreover, cultivar differences of the same fruit species affect the sensory stability of juices. In practical terms, the use of blends may be useful for commercial grape juice producers for an optimal product that combines high quality taste and stability.
Severn Barrage tidal power project: implications for carbon emissions
Authors: Woollcombe‐Adams Charlie , Watson Michael , Shaw Tom
Published: June 2008

UK Government encouragement of the Severn Barrage project has regard for the fact that this is by far the largest single source of renewable energy available to the United Kingdom. A major concern for all forms of electricity generation is their effects of carbon emissions and, as a result which is now generally recognised, on global warming. The present paper makes use of published sources of carbon emissions data to estimate the carbon content of each of the operations required to produce, transport, construct, operate and decommission this barrage if it is located and designed as set out in 1989. The approach adopted here is based on estimating the ratio of the life‐cycle carbon emissions demand of the scheme (gCO2) relative to its energy output (kW) over an assumed lifetime, this to include expected plant replacements over that period.
Empirical Analysis of Current Approaches to Incidental Findings
Authors: Lawrenz Frances , Sobotka Suzanne
Published: June 2008

Researchers in the health sciences regularly discover information of potential health importance unrelated to their object of study in the course of their research. However, there appears to be little guidance available on what researchers should do with this information, known in the scientific literature as incidental findings (IFs). The study described here was designed to determine the extent of guidance available to researchers from public sources. This empirical study was part of a larger two-year project funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) to generate guidance on how incidental findings should be managed in human subjects research, especially genetics, genomics, and imaging research. We generated empirical analysis of publicly available guidance and consent forms to help guide a multidisciplinary Working Group of experts in their formulation of normative recommendations reported in this symposium.
Bridging Philosophical and Practical Implications of Incidental Findings in Brain Research
Authors: Illes Judy , Chin Vivian Nora
Published: June 2008

In Phillip Kerr’s 1994 spellbinding novel A Philosophical Investigation, the medical test to which the protagonist refers is a functional brain scan based on positron emission tomography (PET). It is used to run large studies of male and female brains and, following a lead suggested by animal studies, has been used to identify rare cases of human male subjects who lack the ventral medial nucleus (VMN). This nucleus, in the experiment (and the story), is hypothesized to inhibit the activity of the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN), a preoptic area of the male brain believed to be a repository of male aggressive response. Prior research, we learn from the plot, shows that 3 in 100,000 human males are VMN-negative. Thirty percent of those affected are believed to be in prison or to have a criminal record; 70% are believed to stabilize levels of aggression by producing increased levels of estrogen. Identities of subjects participating in the brain scan studies are protected through the conversion of real names to those of famous figures of the past — Bertrand Russell, Charles Dickens. Those for whom results are unfavorable are recontacted, and they are offered counseling.
Incidental Findings in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Brain Research
Authors: Nelson Charles A.
Published: June 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging tool that utilizes a strong magnetic field and radio frequency waves to visualize in great detail organs, soft tissue, and bone. Unlike conventional x-rays (including computed tomography [CT]), there is no exposure to ionizing radiation and at most field strengths (generally below 7 Tesla) the procedure is considered safe for nearly every age group. Because it is non-invasive (i.e., does not break the skin or harm the body) and possesses excellent spatial resolution (down to millimeters), the use of MRI as a research tool has increased exponentially over the past decade. Uses have ranged from add-ons to a clinical study (e.g., after scanning a child who has fallen from a bicycle, the radiologist might do an extra sequence to explore ways of obtaining higher resolution images) to studies of brain development in typically developing children. In addition, a major effort has been made in recent years to use MRI to study brain function (so-called “functional MRI” [fMRI]). Because the clinical utility of fMRI has not yet been realized, fMRI is still considered highly exploratory, and we cannot yet identify incidental findings of a functional (as opposed to structural) nature.
The Future of Incidental Findings: Should They be Viewed as Benefits?
Authors: Parker Lisa S.
Published: June 2008

The possibility of generating incidental findings — in both research and clinical contexts — has long been regarded as a risk of these enterprises. Should incidental findings (IFs) in research also be regarded as potential benefits? At first glance, it would seem they ought to be. After all, in particular circumstances or given a particular set of values, any piece of information can be beneficial. Therefore, it may seem incoherent or unduly paternalistic to regard IFs only as risks. Moreover, developments in science and technology increasingly transform what was once of uncertain meaning and dubious value into information that is likely to have clear meaning and potential personal value, if not obvious clinical utility. For these reasons, it would seem that in the future, IFs should be treated as potential benefits in the design and regulation of research.
Institutional Review Board Approaches to the Incidental Findings Problem
Authors: Keane Moira A.
Published: June 2008

With rapidly expanding technological capacity, research has outpaced the existing infrastructure of ethical and regulatory guidance. In the area of incidental findings (IFs), this is particularly true.

The regulations under which most Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) operate were established over 25 years ago and have not been substantially altered in the intervening years. The technology available today that creates the opportunity for IFs was not conceived of, or considered, in the crafting of those regulations. Therefore, little guidance can be derived directly from these regulations. Rather, aspects of existing ethical guidance and regulations can be adapted to assist IRBs and researchers in dealing with issues surrounding IFs.