bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Droplet impact dynamics on single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces
Authors: Ding Siyu , Hu Zhifeng , Dai Liyu , Zhang Xuan , Wu Xiaomin
Published: October 2021

While ridged, spherical, or cone superhydrophobic surfaces have been extensively utilized to explore the droplet impact dynamics and the possibility of reducing contact time, superhydrophobic surfaces with a single small pillar have received less attention. Here, we report the rebound and splashing phenomena of impact droplets on various single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces with the pillars having smaller or equal sizes compared to the droplets. Our results indicate that the single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces inhibit the droplet splashing compared to the flat ones, and the rebound droplets on the former sequentially exhibit three morphologies of top, bottom, and breakup rebounds with the increasing of Weber number, while those on the latter only show the (bottom) rebound. The pillar significantly enlarges the droplet spreading factor but hardly changes the droplet width. Both the relations between the maximum spreading and width factors and the Weber number on all surfaces approximately follow a classical 1/4-power law. Reduction in the contact time is observed for the rebound droplets on the single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces, dependent on the rebound morphology. Specially, the breakup rebound nearly shortens the contact time by more than 50% with a larger pillar-to-droplet diameter ratio yielding a greater reduction. We provide scaling analyses to demonstrate that this remarkable reduction is ascribed to the decrease in the volume of each sub-droplet after breakup. Our experimental investigation and theoretical analysis provide insight into the droplet impact dynamics on single-pillar superhydrophobic surfaces.
Frequency distillation with dispersive reflector for multitone ultrasound perception
Authors: He Jiajie , Jiang Xue , Zhao Hualiang , Ta Dean , Wang Weiqi
Published: October 2021

Frequency separation plays a key role in both information science and device applications such as sensors, filters, and multiplexers. However, rather than the readily-available optical spectral separation benefiting from the intrinsic dispersion of natural materials, frequency separation in acoustics is challenging due to the negligible dispersion in natural materials over a wide frequency range, yet it is imperative for acoustic signal processing and biomedical science. Here, we numerically design and experimentally realize the frequency separation and perception for underwater multitone ultrasound or dubbed frequency distillation in our work. It is achieved by a dispersive reflector, which spatially splits the ultrasound waves of different frequencies superimposed in the incident beam into different reflection directions. The precise frequency distillation with strong robustness is validated by the evidence of high distilled accuracy rate (over 95%), highly distinguishable spectral resolution (within 5%), and broad effective frequency range (over 0.85 octaves), even in the presence of defects or alterations in the configuration. Moreover, compared to the previous spectral separation devices based on rainbow trapping where the sound is localized inside the specific positions of the structure, our scheme allows the distilled wave propagating outside, which facilitates the post-processing of signals. These pronounced properties of the underwater ultrasound dispersive reflector for frequency distillation and perception are promising for the integrated and chip-scale devices in acoustic communication, signal processing, and biomedical sensing and imaging.
Impingement and freezing of a supercooled large droplet on an ice surface
Authors: Yao Xianzhuang , Ju Jiajun , Yang Zhigang , Yi Xian , Jin Zheyan
Published: October 2021

In the present study, we carried out an experimental investigation of the impinging and freezing processes of a supercooled large water droplet on an ice surface. One high speed camera was used to measure the dynamic motions of the water droplet while two charge coupled device (CCD) cameras were adopted to obtain the images of the freezing process and the freezing morphologies, respectively. The effects of the water droplet temperature and the ice surface temperature on the impact and freezing processes of the water droplet were carefully evaluated. The results showed that the subcooling degree of the water droplet had an apparent influence not only on the spreading process but on the freezing morphology as well. When the subcooling temperature of the water droplet was high (e.g., Tw = –3.0 °C), a triangle cross-section profile formed. However, once the subcooling temperature of the water droplet was relatively low (e.g., Tw = –9.0 °C), the final ice morphology consisted of two parts: one part was a cone-like bead in the center while the other part was an ice ring at the periphery. Moreover, at the same water droplet temperature, raising the ice surface temperature led to an increase in the maximum spreading factor.
Comparative Study of Carbon Force Fields for the Simulation of Carbon Onions
Authors: Aghajamali Alireza , Karton Amir
Published: October 2021

We evaluate the performance of ten common carbon force fields for the interaction energies in double and triple layered carbon onions. In particular, we consider the C20@C60, C20@C80, C20@C180, C80@C240, C60@C240 and C240@C540 double-layer carbon onions and C60@C240@C540 and C80@C240@C540 triple-layered carbon onions. We consider the following carbon force fields: Tersoff, REBO-II, AIREBO, AIREBO-M, screened versions of Tersoff and REBO-II, LCBOP-I, 2015 and 2020 versions of ReaxFF, and the machine-learning GAP force field. We show that the ReaxFF force fields give the best performance for the interaction energies of the cabon onions relative to density functional theory interaction energies obtained at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. We proceed to use the ReaxFF-15 force field to explore the interaction energies in a giant ten-layered carbon onion with a C60 core and show that the interaction energy between the outer layer and the inner layers increases linearly with the number of layers in the carbon onion (with a squared correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9996). This linear increase in the stabilization energy with each consecutive layer may have important thermodynamic consequences for describing the formation and growth of large carbon onions.
Research on saliency detection method based on depth and width neural network
Authors: He Guanqi , Lu Guo
Published: October 2021

Image saliency detection is to segment the most important areas in the image. Solving the problem of image saliency detection usually involves knowledge in computer vision, neuroscience, cognitive psychology and other fields. In recent years, as deep learning has made great achievements in the field of computer vision, the application of deep learning has also played a good role in image saliency detection. Therefore, algorithms based on deep convolutional neural networks have become solutions to image saliency The most effective method of detection. For researchers, improving the computational efficiency of neural network-based saliency detection algorithms generally starts from two perspectives. One is to tailor the network structure and combine traditional feature extraction methods for processing. The other is to use a lighter network to solve the saliency detection problem. Based on these two points of thinking, this paper proposes two efficient and accurate neural network-based saliency detection algorithms. In recent years, with the rapid development of multimedia and Internet technologies, a huge amount of picture information is generated on blogs, social networking or shopping platforms every day. Such a lot of information not only enriches people’s lives, but also provides efficient and accurate network management platforms. The management of these image information brings difficulties. Therefore, how to understand and process these image information more intelligently and efficiently has become a hot topic for many image processing and computer vision researchers. Among them, the saliency detection technology plays a key role in solving the problem of intelligent understanding and processing of images. To put it simply, saliency detection is a technology to automatically calculate or detect the most important areas in an image, and its processing results provide a basis for understanding and processing the image content. Saliency detection is a basic problem in computer vision, neuroscience and visual perception. The algorithm detects and extracts the most interesting or significant areas in the image.
Materials selection method using improved TOPSIS without rank reversal based on linear max-min normalization with absolute maximum and minimum values
Authors: Yang Won-Chol , Choe Chol-Min , Kim Jin-Sim , Om Myong-Song , Kim Un-Ha
Published: October 2021

Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is a well-known multi attribute decision making (MADM) method and it has been widely used in materials selection. However, the main drawback of the traditional TOPSIS is that it has a rank reversal phenomenon. To overcome this drawback, we propose an improved TOPSIS without rank reversal based on linear max-min normalization with absolute maximum and minimum values by modifying normalization formula and ideal solutions. Moreover, to study the impacts of changing attribute weights on relative closeness values of alternatives, we propose a sensitivity analysis method to attribute weights on the relative closeness values of the alternatives. We applied the proposed method to select best absorbent layer material for thin film solar cells (TFSCs). As a result, copper indium gallium diselinide was selected as the best one and the next cadmium telluride from among five materials. When the alternative is added to or removed from the set of original alternatives, the elements of the normalized decision-matrix, PIS, NIS and the relative closeness values don’t change at all, they are always coincide with the corresponding elements of the original ones. The relative closeness values are absolute values irrelevant to the composition of the alternatives in the improved TOPSIS, while the relative closeness values are relative values relevant to the composition of the alternatives in the traditional TOPSIS. Therefore, the proposed TOPSIS overcomes the rank reversal phenomenon, perfectly. It could be actively applied to practical problems for materials selection.
Torque-compensated bundle of artificial muscle to generate large forces
Authors: Kim Kihyeon , Yang Sang Yul , Park Jae Hyeong , Jung Ho Sang , Ko Jung U , Hwang Seong Taek , Koo Ja Choon , Moon Hyungpil , Rodrigue Hugo , Choi Hyouk Ryeol
Published: October 2021

Recently, owing to the significant advancement in the field of soft robots, various studies have been conducted on soft actuators. Among the several soft actuators, the double helix twisted and coiled actuator (DTCA), which is fabricated by coiling spandex and nylon under twisted conditions, exhibits considerable performance in terms of large contractile force/strain and Joule heating capability. However, the DTCA still cannot produce sufficient force for large-scale applications. Bundling the DTCA in parallel is a well-known solution to improve the force. However, excessive bundling results in unnecessary torque, which causes friction in the entire system. In this paper, we propose a DTCA bundle that can generate a significantly higher force than that previously observed in the field of soft robotics. The proposed bundle compensates for the uncoiling torque by bundling DTCAs fabricated in opposite directions. The fabrication conditions were modified experimentally to satisfy the equivalent performance of each type of DTCA. Consequently, they exhibited as similar performance, including the uncoiling torque with an error of less than 8%.
One pot synthesis of Ti and O co-doped g-C3N4: a novel composite for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of E. cloacae
Authors: She Peng , Yao Chun , Li Jun , Bao Hegang , Xu Xiuquan , Zhou Hong
Published: October 2021

Co-doping is one of the most facile and efficient strategies for boosting the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4. Herein, a series of Ti and O co-doped g-C3N4 (Ti/OCN) composites with excellent photocatalytic inactivation activity of Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) were successfully synthesized by simple calcination of urea/formic acid/TiCl4 precursor. The obtained Ti/OCN-3 possessed the optimal photocatalytic capability with complete inactivation of 6.20 log CFU·ml−1
E. cloacae under 60 min of visible light irradiation. The improved photocatalytic disinfection performance was probably attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti and O co-doping, which led to an extended visible light response and accelerated charge transport efficiency. Furthermore, scavenger trapping and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments revealed that ·O2
−, h+ and ·OH were responsible for the enhanced inactivation activity. Overall, this research provided a promising strategy for fabricating g-C3N4-based catalysts to efficiently deal with the hazards of pathogenic microorganisms.
Friction stir welding parameters and their influence on mechanical properties of welded AA6061 and AA5052 aluminium plates
Authors: M Sindhuja , S Neelakrishnan , Davidson Benjamin Shiloh
Published: October 2021

Friction stir welding (FSW) process is the preferred technique for joining of dissimilar metals. This paper intends to provide comprehensive study on the mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminium alloys, AA6061 and AA5052. The objective of the study is to find the optimum welding parameters at which the maximum weld joint strength can be achieved and to identify the influence of those parameters on the weld strength and microstructure of the AA6061 with AA5052 welded joints. The FSW process parameters such as traverse speed, tool rotational speed, axial force and tilt angle were considered. The mechanical properties measured are yield strength, tensile strength and percentage of elongation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope were used to observe the microstructure of weld zone (WZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) of welded samples. Energy Dispersive x-ray Analysis (EDS) was used to obtain the elemental composition at the weld zone. Visual inspection reveals that there is no existence of weld defects like voids and porosity developed on the surface of the joints. The welds produced by the dissimilar aluminium alloys exposed an equiaxed and fine-grained structure in the weld zone. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Technique is used to check the adequacy of the developed mathematical model. The difference between calculated and adjusted R2 is 0.2 which indicates that the model is adequate. The percentage error is also less for the estimated and predicted values of the properties of welded joints.
Heavy fermion thin films: progress and prospects
Authors: Chatterjee Shouvik
Published: October 2021

Heavy fermion compounds are a remarkable class of inter-metallic systems, where the presence of several competing interactions leads to the emergence of a plethora of exotic properties. Although these compounds have been extensively studied in the last few decades, their epitaxial synthesis in a thin film form has remained poorly explored. The ability to create these materials in a bottoms-up manner opens up the possibility of both controlling and engineering their properties at the atomic scale, and allows fabrication of artificial heterostructures and superlattices that have no bulk analogues. Furthermore, experimental probes, which are compatible with a thin film geometry but are difficult to make use of with bulk single crystals, can be utilized to gain new insights into their electronic structure. Motivated by the recent advances in thin film technology, this review aims to explore the challenges in thin film growth of heavy fermion systems, presents an overview of the recent progress, and outlines unique opportunities that exist, which are of fundamental scientific importance and could be harnessed for potential technological applications.
Gap sets for the spectra of cubic graphs
Authors: Kollár Alicia , Sarnak Peter
Published: October 2021

We study gaps in the spectra of the adjacency matrices of large finite cubic graphs. It is known that the gap intervals

(
2

2

,
3
)

(2 \sqrt {2},3)

and

[
−
3
,
−
2
)

[-3,-2)

achieved in cubic Ramanujan graphs and line graphs are maximal. We give constraints on spectra in

[
−
3
,
3
]

[-3,3]

which are maximally gapped and construct examples which achieve these bounds. These graphs yield new instances of maximally gapped intervals. We also show that every point in

[
−
3
,
3
)

[-3,3)

can be gapped by planar cubic graphs. Our results show that the study of spectra of cubic, and even planar cubic, graphs is subtle and very rich.
𝐿-dimension for modules over a local ring
Authors: Gibbons Courtney , Jorgensen David , Striuli Janet
Published: October 2021

We introduce a new homological dimension for finitely generated modules over a commutative local ring

R
R

, which is based on a complex derived from a free resolution

L
L

of the residue field of

R
R

, and called

L
L

-dimension. We prove several properties of

L
L

-dimension, give some applications, and compare

L
L

-dimension to complete intersection dimension.
Ascent properties for test modules
Authors: Sather-Wagstaff Keri
Published: October 2021

We investigate modules for which vanishing of Tor-modules implies finiteness of homological dimensions (e.g., projective dimension and G-dimension). In particular, we answer a question of O. Celikbas and Sather-Wagstaff about ascent properties of such modules over residually algebraic flat local ring homomorphisms. To accomplish this, we consider ascent and descent properties over local ring homomorphisms of finite flat dimension, and for flat extensions of finite dimensional differential graded algebras.
Notes on endomorphisms, local cohomology and completion
Authors: Schenzel Peter
Published: October 2021

Let

M
M

denote a finitely generated module over a Noetherian ring

R
R

. For an ideal

I
⊂
R

I \subset R

there is a study of the endomorphisms of the local cohomology module

H
I
g

(
M
)
,
g
=
g
r
a
d
e
(
I
,
M
)
,

H^g_I(M), g = grade(I,M),

and related results. Another subject is the study of left derived functors of the

I
I

-adic completion

Λ
i
I

(

H
I
g

(
M
)
)

\Lambda ^I_i(H^g_I(M))

, motivated by a characterization of Gorenstein rings given in [25]. This provides another Cohen-Macaulay criterion. The results are illustrated by several examples. There is also an extension to the case of homomorphisms of two different local cohomology modules.
Coronavirus viability in surgical plume and methods for safe disposal: a preclinical model
Authors: Chia Daryl K A , Lim Zhixue , Ang Jia Jun , Tambyah Paul A , Lau Kelly S H , Ong Joe , Chow Vincent T K , Allen David M , Fung Javis , Lau Kenny J X , Luhung Irvan , Schuster Stephan C , Lee Chuen Neng , Kim Guowei , So Jimmy B Y , Lomanto Davide , Shabbir Asim
Published: October 2021

Smoke generated by cautery devices used during surgery may contain infective particles and may cause transmission of airborne viruses. This study determines whether live viruses are present in surgical smoke and evaluates the effectiveness of several proposed methods of removal so as to improve safety of healthcare workers.
The scientific principles and technological determinants of haemodialysis membranes
Authors: Bowry Sudhir K , Chazot Charles
Published: October 2021

In most biological or industrial (including medical) separation processes, a membrane is a semipermeable barrier that allows or achieves selective transport between given compartments. In haemodialysis (HD), the semipermeable membrane is in a tubular geometry in the form of miniscule pipes (hollow fibres) and separation processes between compartments involve a complex array of scientific principles and factors that influence the quality of therapy a patient receives. Several conditions need to be met to accomplish the selective and desired removal of substances from blood in the inner cavity (lumen) of the hollow fibres and across the membrane wall into the larger open space surrounding each fibre. Current HD membranes have evolved and improved beyond measure from the experimental membranes available in the early developmental periods of dialysis. Today, the key functional determinants of dialysis membranes have been identified both in terms of their potential to remove uraemic retention solutes (termed ‘uraemic toxins’) as well subsidiary criteria they must additionally fulfill to avoid undesirable patient reactions or to ensure safety. The production of hundreds of millions of kilometres of hollow fibre membranes is truly a technological achievement to marvel, particularly in ensuring that the fibre dimensions of wall thickness and inner lumen diameter and controlled porosity—all so vital to core solute removal and detoxification functions of dialysis—are maintained for every centimetre length of the fragile fibres. Production of membranes will increase in parallel with the increase in the number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients expected to require HD therapies in the future. The provision of high-quality care entails detailed consideration of all aspects of dialysis membranes, as quality cannot in any way be compromised for the life-sustaining—like the natural membranes within all living organisms—function artificial dialysis membranes serve.
Mining drug–target and drug–adverse drug reaction databases to identify target–adverse drug reaction relationships
Authors: Galletti Cristiano , Bota Patricia Mirela , Oliva Baldo , Fernandez-Fuentes Narcis
Published: October 2021

The level of attrition on drug discovery, particularly at advanced stages, is very high due to unexpected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by drug candidates, and thus, being able to predict undesirable responses when modulating certain protein targets would contribute to the development of safer drugs and have important economic implications. On the one hand, there are a number of databases that compile information of drug–target interactions. On the other hand, there are a number of public resources that compile information on drugs and ADR. It is therefore possible to link target and ADRs using drug entities as connecting elements. Here, we present T-ARDIS (Target—Adverse Reaction Database Integrated Search) database, a resource that provides comprehensive information on proteins and associated ADRs. By combining the information from drug–protein and drug–ADR databases, we statistically identify significant associations between proteins and ADRs. Besides describing the relationship between proteins and ADRs, T-ARDIS provides detailed description about proteins along with the drug and adverse reaction information. Currently T-ARDIS contains over 3000 ADR and 248 targets for a total of more 17 000 pairwise interactions. Each entry can be retrieved through multiple search terms including target Uniprot ID, gene name, adverse effect and drug name. Ultimately, the T-ARDIS database has been created in response to the increasing interest in identifying early in the drug development pipeline potentially problematic protein targets whose modulation could result in ADRs.

Database URL: http://www.bioinsilico.org/T-ARDIS
Plasma metabolomics of autism spectrum disorder and influence of shared components in proband families
Authors: Chung Ming Kei , Smith Matthew Ryan , Lin Yufei , Walker Douglas I , Jones Dean , Patel Chirag J , Kong Sek Won
Published: October 2021

Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing in the United States in the past decades. The exact mechanisms remain enigmatic, and diagnosis of the disease still relies primarily on assessment of behavior. We first used a case–control design (75 idiopathic cases and 29 controls, enrolled at Boston Children’s Hospital from 2007-2012) to identify plasma biomarkers of ASD through a metabolome-wide association study approach. Then we leveraged a family-based design (31 families) to investigate the influence of shared genetic and environmental components on the autism-associated features. Using untargeted high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics platforms, we detected 19 184 features. Of these, 191 were associated with ASD (false discovery rate < 0.05). We putatively annotated 30 features that had an odds ratio (OR) between <0.01 and 5.84. An identified endogenous metabolite, O-phosphotyrosine, was associated with an extremely low autism odds (OR 0.17; 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.39). We also found that glutathione metabolism was associated with ASD (P = 0.048). Correlations of the significant features between proband and parents were low (median = 0.09). Of the 30 annotated features, the median correlations within families (proband–parents) were −0.15 and 0.24 for the endogenous and exogenous metabolites, respectively. We hypothesize that, without feature identification, family-based correlation analysis of autism-associated features can be an alternative way to assist the prioritization of potentially diagnostic features. A panel of ASD diagnostic metabolic markers with high specificity could be derived upon further studies.
Improved structural design of wind turbine blade based on topology and size optimization
Authors: Zhu Jie , Cai Xin , Ma Dongfang , Zhang Jialiang , Ni Xiaohui
Published: October 2021

In order to compete with traditional power technologies and other energy sources, it is essential to use optimization techniques as part of the design process for wind turbine blades. This paper presents an optimization approach for the improved structural design of blades, aiming at further decreasing the blade mass and bringing down the cost. The optimization approach mainly consists of two steps. In the first step, topology optimization of a full 1.5 MW wind turbine blade is carried out with the expectation of finding an improved internal structural configuration by taking minimum compliance as an objective. In the second step, the topology optimization results are interpreted to create a shell finite element model of the blade to analyse the influence of distinguishing characteristic parameters on the blade performances; then, size optimizations of the blades with improved structural configuration and conventional structure are performed by considering the minimum mass as objective, key structural parameters as variables, strain, deflection, vibration and buckling limits as constraints. The final optimization results show that the blade with improved structural configuration can reach a further mass saving of 3% compared with the optimized conventional structure design, indicating that the proposed approach is effective and reliable.
Predicting inpatient pharmacy order interventions using provider action data
Authors: Balestra Martina , Chen Ji , Iturrate Eduardo , Aphinyanaphongs Yindalon , Nov Oded
Published: October 2021

Objective

The widespread deployment of electronic health records (EHRs) has introduced new sources of error and inefficiencies to the process of ordering medications in the hospital setting. Existing work identifies orders that require pharmacy intervention by comparing them to a patient’s medical records. In this work, we develop a machine learning model for identifying medication orders requiring intervention using only provider behavior and other contextual features that may reflect these new sources of inefficiencies.

Materials and Methods

Data on providers’ actions in the EHR system and pharmacy orders were collected over a 2-week period in a major metropolitan hospital system. A classification model was then built to identify orders requiring pharmacist intervention. We tune the model to the context in which it would be deployed and evaluate global and local feature importance.

Results

The resultant model had an area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve of 0.91 and an area under the precision-recall curve of 0.44.

Conclusions

Providers’ actions can serve as useful predictors in identifying medication orders that require pharmacy intervention. Careful model tuning for the clinical context in which the model is deployed can help to create an effective tool for improving health outcomes without using sensitive patient data.
Effect of Host Volatile Release Rate and Racemic Fuscumol on Trap Catch of Hylurgus ligniperda, Hylastes ater (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Arhopalus ferus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Kerr Jessica L , Dickson Georgia , O’Connor Brooke C , Somchit Chanatda , Sweeney Jon , Pawson Stephen M
Published: October 2021

Early detection of bark- and wood-boring beetles is critical to support the eradication of recently established populations in novel regions. Flight intercept traps baited with semiochemical lures are essential for surveillance and population monitoring of introduced insects. We present laboratory and field data to test potential improvements in trap sensitivity to detect Hylastes ater (Paykull), Hylurgus ligniperda (Fabricius) (Coleoptera:Scolytinae), and Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae). We evaluated the effects of type and permeability of plastic material on release rates of host-plant volatiles and the addition of the pheromone racemic E-fuscumol on beetle species catch within an exotic Pinus radiata (D. Don) plantation forest. We trapped 228,278 H. ligniperda, 91 H. ater, and 2,504 A. ferus over two experiments. Our results show strong attraction of H. ligniperda to host-plant volatiles with a positive relationship between increased release rates and trap catch. H. ater follows this trend, with attraction to ethanol and (−)-β-pinene. H. ligniperda was more strongly attracted to host volatiles than H. ater, the average ratio between baited and unbaited traps being 51.25:1 and 3.75:1, respectively for each species. There was no effect of host-plant volatiles or release rate on A. ferus catch, but a weak attraction by A. ferus to racemic E-fuscumol. Overall, we demonstrate species-specific differences in Coleoptera attraction to host-plant volatile release rates and semiochemical blends. Results demonstrate mechanisms to improve trap catch of H. ligniperda and H. ater. Racemic E-fuscumol shows some promise for A. ferus, but further investigation is required to determine whether chirality affects attraction.
Cyber Operations against Civilian Data
Authors: McKenzie Simon
Published: October 2021

Cyber operations are becoming an increasing part of armed conflict. This article assesses whether cyber operations against data during an armed conflict could amount to a war crime in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It unpacks the plausibility of computer data being included in the categories of ‘object’ and ‘property’ in the Statute, showing there is no doctrinal and jurisprudential unanimity in either case. However, the Court can and should take a wide view of when tangible objects are affected in a legally relevant way by attacks on or through data. Considering this question forces us to reflect about the proper interpretation of the Statute in light of the principle of legality, and about whether and how the Statute will be able to ‘keep up’ with new forms of warfare.
Old game, new rules and ‘odd friends’: Digitalization, jurisdictional conflicts, and boundary work of auditors in a ‘big four’ professional service firm
Authors: Köktener Berker , Tunçalp Deniz
Published: October 2021

Multi-professional service firms must deal with external pressures, such as increasing digitalization and internal tensions arising from differences between professions. Advances in digital technologies affect the content and control of work among professions, reshaping established jurisdictions. Although the importance of digital technologies for professions and their organizations is growing, our understanding of how digitalization affects the content of professional work and jurisdictional arrangements between existing and emerging professions is limited. Drawing on data collected from 25 semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and archival data in a Big Four firm, we explored the changes in content and control of audit work due to digitalization, and how auditors responded to jurisdictional conflicts through boundary work. Findings of the study show digitalization impacts critical activities and jurisdictions of auditors in diagnosis and treatment phases, increasing the effectiveness and value of audit work. Accounting auditors can respond to jurisdictional conflicts through different boundary work types for each act of professional practice. The study advances our understanding of digitalization’s implications on professions by revealing that professions can reduce contestation and increase collaboration through boundary work in the diagnosis and treatment phases. In contrast, professions’ ability to abstract helps them maintain favorable conditions in the inference phase.
A patient reads the medical literature
Authors: Wecksell Matthew
Published: October 2021

A 45-year-old male with no significant past medical history presented with a lump in his right groin. Outpatient computed tomography imaging ordered by his primary care physician demonstrated moderate right inguinal hernia containing nonobstructed distal descending/proximal sigmoid colon. Surgical repair of the hernia was recommended and the patient was referred for consultation with a general surgeon. The patient then conducted a search of current medical literature and, upon reflection, refused to let the consulted surgeon operate upon him. After identifying a significantly more experienced surgeon, the patient underwent office consultation and, later, uneventful surgical repair of his inguinal hernia. To follow is a case description with a review of the relevant literature read by the patient that informed his decision to be operated upon only by a more senior general surgeon.
The Aramaic Construction qaṭlēh l-malkā ‘He Killed the King’ Aramaic Syntax in Ethiopic?
Authors: Hopkins Simon
Published: October 2021

Aramaic and Ethiopic share highly characteristic proleptic constructions, e.g. the direct object periphrasis of the type qaṭlēh l-malkā and qatalo la-nǝguś respectively, each meaning ‘he killed the king’. The presence of such structures in Ethiopic has been held to reflect the alleged influence of Aramaic-speaking missionaries in the translation of the Bible into Ethiopic. The present article shows that, even if such missionaries were involved in the work of translation, the proleptic constructions of Ethiopic are not imported from Aramaic, but are native to the language. The striking similarity is not due to foreign influence but to independent development.
The Epoch of Reionization 21-cm bispectrum: the impact of light-cone effects and detectability
Authors: Mondal Rajesh , Mellema Garrelt , Shaw Abinash Kumar , Kamran Mohd , Majumdar Suman
Published: October 2021

We study the spherically averaged bispectrum of the 21-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). This metric provides a quantitative measurement of the level of non-Gaussianity of the signal, which is expected to be high. We focus on the impact of the light-cone (LC) effect on the bispectrum and its detectability with the future SKA-Low telescope. Our investigation is based on a single reionization LC model and an ensemble of 50 realizations of the 21-cm signal to estimate the cosmic variance errors. We calculate the bispectrum with a new, optimized direct estimation method, DviSukta, which calculates the bispectrum for all possible unique triangles. We find that the LC effect becomes important on scales $k_1 \lesssim 0.1\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, where, for most triangle shapes, the cosmic variance errors dominate. Only for the squeezed limit triangles, the impact of the LC effect exceeds the cosmic variance. Combining the effects of system noise and cosmic variance we find that ∼3σ detection of the bispectrum is possible for all unique triangle shapes around a scale of $k_1 \sim 0.2\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, and cosmic variance errors dominate above and noise errors below this length-scale. Only the squeezed limit triangles are able to achieve a more than 5σ significance over a wide range of scales, $k_1\lesssim 0.8\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. Our results suggest that among all the possible triangle combinations for the bispectrum, the squeezed limit one will be the most measurable and hence useful.
The search for gas in debris discs: ALMA detection of CO gas in HD 36546
Authors: Rebollido Isabel , Ribas Álvaro , de Gregorio-Monsalvo Itziar , Villaver Eva , Montesinos Benjamín , Chen Christine , Canovas Héctor , Henning Thomas , Moór Attila , Perrin Marshall , Rivière-Marichalar Pablo , Eiroa Carlos
Published: October 2021

Debris discs represent the last stages of planet formation and as such are expected to be depleted of primordial gas. None the less, in the last few years the presence of cold gas has been reported in ∼20 debris discs from far-infrared to (sub-)mm observations and hot gas has been observed in the optical spectra of debris discs for decades. While the origin of this gas is still uncertain, most pieces of evidence point towards a secondary origin, as a result of collisions and evaporation of small bodies in the disc. In this paper, we present ALMA observations aimed at the detection of CO gas in a sample of eight debris discs with optical gas detections. We report the detection of CO (12CO and 13CO) gas in HD 36546, the brightest and youngest disc in our sample, and provide upper limits to the presence of gas in the remaining seven discs.
Content Analysis of E-cigarette News Articles Amidst the 2019 Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) Outbreak in the United States
Authors: Jeong Michelle , Singh Binu , Wackowski Olivia A , Mukherjee Rohit , Steinberg Michael B , Delnevo Cristine D
Published: October 2021

Introduction

News media can shape public perceptions about e-cigarettes, particularly in the context of ongoing uncertainty from the recent outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). This study aimed to characterize news articles published about e-cigarettes in 2019, including before and during the EVALI outbreak.

Aims and Methods

Using 24 e-cigarette-related search terms, we gathered all articles published in leading print and online U.S. news sources in 2019 from databases (i.e., Factiva, Access World News) and archival web sites (i.e., www.newspapers.com). We conducted a content analysis of e-cigarette themes and statements, identifying differences in themes between articles that did and did not mention EVALI.

Results

Of the 1643 e-cigarette news articles published in 2019, 62% mentioned EVALI. Frequency of e-cigarette articles peaked in September (n = 532) at the height of the EVALI outbreak. Among all articles discussing e-cigarettes, the most prevalent main topics were policy/regulation (45%) and health effects (35%). Articles that mentioned EVALI frequently discussed youth e-cigarette use (40%) and JUUL (33%). Compared to non-EVALI articles, EVALI articles were more likely to discuss health effects (p < .001) but less likely to discuss policies/regulations, except for flavor bans (47% of EVALI articles vs. 39% of non-EVALI articles, p = .002). EVALI articles were also less likely to discuss e-cigarettes being less risky than cigarettes (p = .005).

Conclusions

E-cigarette news coverage was prevalent in 2019, and patterns in frequency and content reflected major events (i.e., EVALI). In turn, news media can shape public perceptions, and even policy, about e-cigarettes and must continue to be monitored.

Implications

E-cigarette news coverage in 2019 was high, driven in large part by news coverage of the EVALI outbreak. Indeed, the peak in e-cigarette news articles in September directly coincided with the peak in EVALI cases in the United States. Of note, articles that mentioned EVALI frequently discussed youth e-cigarette use, JUUL, and flavor bans, which may have triggered national and state-level policy responses, and likely influenced public perceptions (including misperceptions) regarding the harms of e-cigarettes.
Continuous timing measurement using a data-streaming DAQ system
Authors: Honda Ryotaro , Aramaki Takashi , Asano Hidemitsu , Akaishi Takaya , Chang W C , Igarashi Youichi , Ishikawa Takatsugu , Kajikawa Shunsuke , Ma Yue , Nagai Kei , Noumi Hiroyuki , Sako Hiroyuki , Shirotori Kotaro , Takahashi Tomonori
Published: October 2021

We have investigated a prototype triggerless data acquisition (DAQ) system for charmed-baryon spectroscopy at J-PARC. A special time-to-digital converter (TDC) dedicated to continuous timing measurement without any external trigger was developed. A high dynamic range of the order of 1010 for the timing measurement was realized by introducing the heartbeat method, which periodically generates a delimiter datum. DAQ software receiving and filtering the data stream from the TDCs was also developed based on a message-queue application programming interface (API), FairMQ. We tested the prototype DAQ system with detectors using electrons and positrons converted from a bremsstrahlung photon beam with a rate condition of up to 1.9 MHz/1-mm detector segment. The DAQ received a 5.4 Gbps data stream from six TDCs and merged them to a complete data set. After sorting a certain portion of the data, the software searched for a set of corresponding data fragments in response to the penetration of a positron or electron using time separation between detector hits in the time axis and removed unnecessary hits. Around 25 GB RAM and 25 CPU threads were required for the online computing power under the test conditions. No silent data drop in the DAQ software was observed.
A model with light and heavy scalars in view of the effective theory
Authors: Adam Apriadi Salim , Kawamura Yuta , Morozumi Takuya
Published: October 2021

The low-energy effective potential for the model with a light scalar and a heavy scalar is derived. We perform the path integration for both heavy and light scalars and derive the low-energy effective potential in terms of only the light scalar. The effective potential is independent of the renormalization scale approximately. By setting the renormalization scale equal to the mass of the heavy scalar, one finds the corrections with the logarithm of the ratio of the two scalar masses. The large logarithm is summed with the renormalization group (RG), and the RG improved effective potential is derived. The improved effective potential includes the one-loop correction of the heavy scalar and the leading logarithmic corrections due to the light scalar. We study the correction to the vacuum expectation value of the light scalar and the dependence on the mass of the heavy scalar.
O006 Early vascular ageing in children with sleep disordered breathing: evidence of vascular hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Authors: Vokolos P , Kennedy D , Lushington K , Martin J , Wabnitz D , Kontos A
Published: October 2021

Children with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) have evidence of increased blood flow velocity and sympathetic overactivity. Sympathetic overactivity leads to peripheral vasoconstriction, increased vascular resistance and consequently, increases blood flow velocity. Early vascular ageing involves premature arterial thickening and stiffening that leads to changes in vascular function. Both increased blood flow velocity and sympathetic overactivity are promoters of arterial remodelling and hence, early vascular ageing. No studies have directly histologically investigated arterial wall structure in children with SDB and how it relates to vascular function. Thirty-six children scheduled for tonsillectomy underwent polysomnography to determine SDB severity and resting brachial artery blood flow velocity (velocity time integral and peak systolic velocity) using Doppler ultrasound. The dorsal lingual artery (tonsil) was stained using hematoxylin and eosin techniques to examine arterial wall structures. Increased velocity time integral correlated with increased arterial medial thickness (r = 0.50, P<0.01), arterial smooth muscle cells (r =0.43, P<0.05) and arterial smooth muscle layers (r=0.45, P<0.01). These relationships remained significant after controlling for body-mass index (BMI). Increased BMI was associated with increased velocity time integral (r=0.61, P<0.01), arterial medial thickness (r=0.37, P<0.05) and arterial medial area (r=0.36, P<0.05). SpO2nadir (TST/REM) was inversely associated with arterial medial area (r=-0.35; r=-0.38, P<0.05). These results demonstrate that increased blood flow velocity is associated with changes in arterial wall composition in children with SDB. This suggests that paediatric SDB, a treatable disorder, is potentially a modifiable risk factor for early vascular ageing and resultant cardiovascular disease in adulthood.
O016 Exploring the drivers of geographic variation for paediatric tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
Authors: Tran A , Liew D , Horne R , Rimmer J , Nixon G
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (A/T) is first-line treatment for paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea. Provision of A/T is of critical interest to sleep medicine practitioners. Geographic variation of A/T has been described since the 1930s, but no studies have investigated the reasons behind it. This study aimed to describe the geographical distribution of paediatric A/T and investigate area-level factors associated with this variation.

Methods

Linked administrative datasets captured a complete state-wide population of paediatric A/T performed between 2010 and 2015. Surgery data were collapsed by patient residence to the level of Local Government Area. Regression models were used to investigate the association between likelihood of surgery and area-level factors.

Results

There was a 10.2-fold difference in A/T rates across the state, with higher rates more common in regional than metropolitan areas. Area-level factors associated with geographic variation that increased the likelihood of A/T were a higher proportion of children aged 5–9 years (IRR 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.14, P=0.03), while a higher proportion with low English-language proficiency (IRR 0.95, 95%CI 0.90–0.99, P=0.03) decreased the likelihood of A/T. In a sub-population of public sector surgeries, low maternal educational attainment increased the likelihood of A/T (IRR 1.09, 95%CI 1.02–1.16, P<0.001) and longer surgical waiting time reduced it (IRR 0.996, 95%CI 0.99273–0.99997, P=0.048).

Discussion

Significant variation in surgery rates exist by geographical area state-wide, with factors analysed having significant impacts. These findings suggest that improved surgical access and better community understanding of the indications for A/T could decrease geographic variation.