bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death Caused by a Constricting Snake—An Infant Death
Authors: McCarty VO , Cox RA , Haglund B
Published: August 2015

A 21-month-old male was found dead in his crib. An escaped pet python snake (Python reticulatus) was found near the child on a cribside shelf. Autopsy findings included petechiae associated with asphyxial death plus puncture wounds consistent with the reptile's teeth. This report details this 1982 death of a child in Reno, Nevada, and includes illustration of the reptile's bite marks plus description of snake jaw mechanics in swallowing.
Simultaneous Identification of Alpha-L-Fucosidase and Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) Subtyping in Semen Stains
Authors: Garg RK , Kobilinsky L
Published: August 2015

Seminal fluid and stains were analyzed by isoelectric focusing to determine the donor phenotype in the alpha-L-fucosidase (AlFuc) polymorphic system. The enzyme is found in both seminal fluid and spermatazoa. Three common phenotypes exist and can be identified in fluid specimens stored at 4°C for more than a year. Untreated semen specimens display more than eight distinct bands of alpha-L-fucosidase activity with isoelectric points of pH 6.6 and below. Neuraminidase-treated specimens have enhanced banding patterns cathodally with a loss of activity in anodal bands making it easier to phenotype specimens. Semen stains maintained in dehumidified chambers at 25 or 37°C retained activity for at least one month and could be accurately phenotyped. Activity was observed in semen specimens maintained at −20°C in the dried state for a period of one year, whereas a complete loss of activity was observed after two weeks in similar specimens maintained at 25 or 37°C under humid conditions. Of seventy-four semen stains analyzed, two had no apparent activity. Of the remaining seventy-two specimens 56, 32, and 12% were phenotyped as FUC 1-1, FUC 2-1, and FUC 2-2, respectively. Calculated gene frequencies are FUC1 = 0.72 and FUC2 = 0.28. Following analysis of alpha-L-fucosidase, the agarose gel can be chemically developed to reveal the PGM1 subtyping pattern. The ability to phenotype both systems in semen stains significantly improves the ability of the analyst to individualize this type of physical evidence. The probability of discrimination for these two combined systems is approximately 0.89.
The Classification of Photocopies by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Munson TO
Published: August 2015

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was used to compare photocopy toner material from photocopies from 62 different (brand name or model number or both) photocopy machines. A simple sample lifter was developed for obtaining a specimen of toner from the copy free of paper fibers. Toner obtained from a single, standard typewritersized character usually provided enough organic material to give a satisfactory pyrogram. Based upon the presence or absence of peaks in the pyrograms, the toners were separated into 18 classes. Most of the toner classes fell into 2 general groups: those containing a large amount of styrene, usually with smaller amounts of butyl methacrylate or other methacrylates or acrylates, or some combination of these chemicals; and those toners consisting mainly of some type of epoxy resin.
Time Since Death Definition by Experimental Reproduction of Lucilia Sericata Cycles in Growth Cabinet
Authors: Introna F , Altamura BM , Dell'Erba A , Dattoli V
Published: August 2015

Ten life cycles of Lucilia sericata (Megnin), reared in the field with continuous registration of temperature, humidity, and luminosity, have been compared to parallel life cycles reared in a growth cabinet. Thanks to this apparatus, constructed according to the directions of the authors, it is possible to change at will some fundamental microclimatic parameters such as lighting, temperature, and humidity to reproduce, with a single programming, the environmental conditions recorded in the field. Our results showed that, statistically, there is no difference between life cycles reared in the field and those reared in the laboratory in artificial field-like conditions.
Tissue Distribution of Cocaine in a Pregnant Woman
Authors: Mittleman RE , Cofino JC , Hearn WL
Published: August 2015

Reports of cocaine-related obstetrical problems, including abruptio placentae and spontaneous abortion, have become increasingly evident in the medical literature; however, little is known about tissue distribution of cocaine in the pregnant woman. We report the toxicologic results of distribution studies performed on a pregnant woman and her fetus. Maternal/fetal cocaine concentration ratios were high when comparing blood (9:1), brain (6:5), and kidney (10:6). Possible explanations of the mechanism for lower fetal cocaine concentrations may include uterine vasoconstriction, incomplete maternal/fetal equalibration, or rapid placental, fetal clearance.
Lung Embolism with Liquid Silicone
Authors: Rodríguez MA , del Carmen Martínez M , Lopez-Artíguez M , Soria ML , Bernier F , Repetto M
Published: August 2015

A lung embolism was reported in a case involving death following repeated injections of liquid silicone for aesthetic reasons. The liquid extracted from the sites of injection was identified as methylsilicone using infrared spectrophotometry, and the presence of silicone in vacuoles in the lung was verified by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). A study has been carried out with rats after intravenous and subcutaneous injections of methylsilicone.
A Review of Electrical Fire Analysis
Authors: DeHaan JD
Published: August 2015

This is a book intended for fire investigators but is also of interest to forensic scientists, insurance adjusters, or attorneys who may have occasion to deal with fires involving electrical equipment. As the author points out, nearly all fires involve damage to some sort of appliance, and suspicion often falls (rightly or wrongly) on the mysterious forces of electricity as the source of ignition. The author, an independent electrical engineer with several decades of experience at Battelle Laboratories and as a consultant to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, has examined thousands of samples of wiring and equipment. It is that considerable experience which he shares in this book. It is not an exhaustive study of all the electrical, mechanical, and chemical effects that interact in fires, but a straightforward exposition of one expert's experience and knowledge. The text is written in an informal, conversational style in the first person, which is sometimes distracting, but it does make reading it quite easy. There are occasions, for instance, when the author freely admits he does not know the reasons for a particular phenomenon. At these times the total absence of literature citations is most acutely noticeable since the reader is breezily dismissed without a clue as to where one might seek more technical information.
A Review of Luke Karamazov
Authors: Perr IN
Published: August 2015

Luke Karamazov is a report of 189 pages written by a professor of English at Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan about two brothers who are multiple murderers. One brother killed five people, mostly gas station attendants, in the course of a robbery. The other brother was involved in the rape and murder of four young women.
Liquid/Solid Extraction on Diatomaceous Earth for Drug Analysis in Postmortem Blood
Authors: Logan BK , Stafford DT
Published: August 2015

Absorption extraction on diatomaceous earth was examined and found to be compatible with typical postmortem blood specimens encountered in forensic toxicology. The effects of solvent, solvent volume, eluate flow rate, and pH on drug recovery and extract quality were investigated. It was concluded that the best method was not necessarily that with the highest recoveries, but that considerations of extract quality were also required. The optimized method was compared with a single-step liquid/liquid extraction method and found to be superior in terms of ease of operation, extract quality, and absolute recovery. The results indicated also that although useful for screening, quantitative methods using liquid/solid extraction may be prone to error.
Comparison of Gunshot Wounds and Field-Tipped Arrow Wounds Using Morphologic Criteria and Chemical Spot Tests
Authors: Randall B , Newby P
Published: August 2015

Arrow wounds represent an unusual class of wounds rarely seen by most death investigators. Although the edged, broadhead-tipped arrow produces a wound usually characteristic of archery/crossbow weapons, the plain, field-tipped arrow wound can be confused with gunshot injuries in those cases in which powder residue or firearm projectiles or fragments or both are not recovered.

We present a case of a deer carcass with a wound of uncertain firearm or archery origin which initiated a comparison of firearm wounds and archery wounds on fresh road-killed deer. We found the following features to be valuable in the differentiation of gunshot wounds and field-tipped archery wounds: First, the majority of the gunshot wounds (but none of the arrow wounds) had identifiable, macroscopic, wipe-off material and chemically identifiable wipe-off residue by spot test. Second, the archery wound defects had very inconspicuous abrasion rings as compared to the often prominent abrasion rings of gunshot wounds. Third, the actual central defect in the archery wounds was more likely to be oblong or slit-like compared to the gunshot wound defects, which were more likely to be round.
Decay Rates of Human Remains in an Arid Environment
Authors: Galloway A , Birkby WH , Jones AM , Henry TE , Parks BO
Published: August 2015

The environment of southern Arizona with mild winters and hot, dry summers produces great variability in decay rates of human remains. Summer temperatures, which range well over 38°C (100°F), induce rapid bloating as a result of the accumulation of decompositional gases. However, in certain circumstances, the aridity can lead to extensive mummification, allowing preservation of remains for hundreds of years.

A retrospective study of 189 cases, concentrating on remains found on the desert floor or in the surrounding mountains and on remains found within closed structures, outlines the time frame and sequences of the decay process. Remains can retain a fresh appearance for a considerable time in the winter, but the onset of marked decomposition is rapid in the summer months. Bloating of the body usually is present two to seven days following death. Following this, within structures, there is frequently rapid decomposition and skeletonization. With outdoor exposure, remains are more likely to pass through a long period of dehydration of outer tissues, mummification, and reduction of desiccated tissue. Exposure of large portions of the skeleton usually does not occur until four to six months after death. Bleaching and exfoliation of bone—the beginning stages of destruction of the skeletal elements—begins at about nine months' exposure.

Insect activity, including that of maggot and beetle varieties, may accelerate decomposition, but this process is greatly affected by location of the body, seasonal weather, and accessibility of the soft tissues. Carnivores and other scavengers also are contributing factors, as are clothing or covering of the body, substrate, elevation, and latitude.
Identification of a Red “Fiber”: Chironomid Larvae
Authors: Hawley DA , Haskell NH , McShaffrey DG , Williams RE , Pless JE
Published: August 2015

During preliminary examination of the body of a homicide victim, a peculiar red “fiber” was noticed and recovered. Initially believing this to be a carpet fiber, the item was subjected to fiber analysis. It was found to be a short coiled particle not like any known natural or synthetic fabric fiber. Subsequent examinations determined this “fiber” to be the larva of a common freshwater midge (Diptera; Chironomidae).

Chironomid larvae have been observed on other bodies recovered from freshwater environments. Entomological studies of this organism have led to the conclusion that the presence of chironomid larvae indicates submersion of the body.
A Demonstration of Spermatozoa on Vaginal Swabs after Complete Destruction of the Vaginal Cell Deposits
Authors: Iwasaki M , Kubo S-I , Ogata M , Nakasono I
Published: August 2015

The proteolytic enzyme, proteinase K, has been found to destroy all vaginal cells though it does not have the same effect on spermatozoa. In cases of sexual offenses, in which a swab has been used to wipe out the vagina, the female cells and their nuclei on that swab may also contain the heads of spermatozoa. After as short a time as 30 min of proteinase K treatment, the spermatozoa that had separated from the enzymatically destroyed vaginal cells were recovered. This proteinase destruction furnishes some spermatozoa with deformed heads and a somewhat greater number of isolated tails though a sufficient number of spermatozoan heads still remain for a reliable diagnosis. For detection of spermatozoa from a vaginal swab after proteinase K pretreatment, the heads of the spermatozoa are distinctly stained by Oppitz's method. Further, on prior treatment with proteinase K, the ABO blood grouping of the spermatozoa could also be determined on the vaginal swab by using the absorption-elution technique. The resistance of the spermatozoa to proteinase K is the basis for this method.
Significance of U.S. Mail Indicia
Authors: Franck FE
Published: August 2015

An update of U.S. Postal Service developments of interest to the questioned document examiner.
A New Algorithm for Use in Computer Identification
Authors: Williams AB , Friedman RB , Lorton L
Published: August 2015

On 9 May 1987, a Soviet-made IL-62M Polish Airliner, LOT Flight 5055, crashed. exploded, and burned, killing the crew and 183 passengers. A forensic science team from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, comprised of 6 dental officers, 3 forensic pathologists, and 3 medical photographers, worked in concert with the Polish forensic science team. The small number of antemortem records and the extreme fragmentation of the remains presented a new scenario for computer use.

Typically, the Computer-Assisted Postmortem Identification (CAPMI) software is used to compare remains against an antemortem database. Results are listed by the number of tooth-to-tooth matches based on restorative or other characteristics or both. The Polish disaster confounded this approach to some degree, however, and suggested a reconsideration of the theory on which the sort is made, that is, that the cases with maximum number of matches to preexisting dental records would be the most likely identification (ID) match.

A hypothesis was constructed that, if searches were accomplished for fragments with a minimum number of mismatches, the correct matches would appear higher in the rank order. Six antemortem records (that had all dental information) were sorted against one hundred and twelve postmortem fragmented records. The resulting report was reordered so that records were listed by minimum number of mismatches. There was significant improvement in rank placement for all of the records. Thus it was accepted that in the situation of highly fragmented remains a different sorting based on the number of mismatches is indicated. Programming changes to make this option available have been implemented in the new version of CAPMI.
Body Distribution of Ethchlorvynol
Authors: Winek CL , Wahba WW , Winek CL
Published: August 2015

Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl®) is a nonbarbiturate sedative hypnotic. Two fatal cases of ethchlorvynol overdose are reported. Toxicological analyses of body fluids and tissues were performed by gas chromatography using a flame-ionization detector. The quantitative method was sensitive and reproducible. Body distribution of ethchlorvynol in blood and other tissues is presented. Biological samples analyzed included blood, urine, bile, liver, kidney, eye fluid, and gastric contents. Results presented add to the pharmacokinetic data needed to study the disposition of drugs in different tissues. Findings in present two cases are compared with published toxicological data.
Skull and Photographic Superimposition: A New Approach Using a Second Party's Interpupil Distance to Extrapolate the Magnification Factor
Authors: Chee LF , Cheng CT
Published: August 2015

The photographic superimposition technique requires an antemortem photograph to be enlarged to life size and the skull to be photographed from the same angle as the antemortem photograph. This paper describes how the magnification factor can be extrapolated by measuring the true interpupil distance of a second person and the photographic interpupil distance of the suspect and the second party. A closed-circuit television (CCTV) system is used to determine quickly the skull photographic angle. We believe these techniques are viable and easy to perform.
Symposium: Ethical Conflicts in the Forensic Sciences Introduction
Authors: Peterson JL
Published: August 2015

Throughout the history of the forensic sciences, its members have shown a particular concern for the attainment of high professional and ethical standards. Forensic scientists are expected to be honest with respect to their qualifications, examinations, and conclusions; they should be technically competent and only use methods of proven reliability; they should remain totally objective and nonpartisan with respect to their review of evidence and delivery of expert testimony; and they are expected to present understandable and balanced reports/testimony to legal decision makers. However, the reality is that forensic scientists function within an adversarial system of justice that places a high premium on winning cases. They, too, sometimes find themselves employed by units of the legal system that fail to provide the leadership and resources necessary to insure competent and balanced examinations of evidence.
Forensic Science Ethics: Developing an Integrated System of Support and Enforcement
Authors: Peterson JL , Murdock JE
Published: August 2015

This article reviews rules and codes adopted by operating agencies and professional societies which regulate the professional conduct of forensic scientists. The purpose, origin, and content of these codes are examined, with particular emphasis on their ability to address the major ethics-related problems confronting the field. The recently adopted ethics and management guidelines of the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors are discussed as a major new policy having the potential of ensuring that benchworkers, managers, supervisors, and parent agency executives all subscribe to a common and comprehensive set of ethical standards.
A Review of The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton
Authors: Hinkes MJ
Published: August 2015

This book discusses human skeletal anatomy from an anthropological perspective. It is written by two students of the late Thomas W. McKern, in part as a tribute to their mentor. The basis for this book is the lab manual developed by McKern for his osteology class and then elaborated on by Steele and Bramblett as they went on to teach their own classes.
The Form of Gunshot Residue Is Modified by Target Impact
Authors: Burnett B
Published: August 2015

In the examination by scanning electron microscopy of hair and polyester fabric that had been shot with a 9-mm pistol at muzzle-to-target distances from 10 to 70 cm, it was discovered that part of the gunshot residue (GSR) deposited on the target is molten at impact. Impact of these molten GSR particles results in flattening, splattering, or some modification of the otherwise spherical form. In the case of hair, microtopography and the probable rapid movement of the hair in the muzzle blast influence the form of GSR. A sample of hair shot within 30 cm often results in GSR finding its way under hair scales. The detection of these form-modified GSR particles on fabric or on (and under) scales of hair indicates a close-proximity shot.
Determination of Particle Size Distribution of Soils in Forensic Science Using Classical and Modern Instrumental Methods
Authors: Wanogho S , Gettinby G , Caddy B , Robertson J
Published: August 2015

Wet sieving, laser diffraction, Coulter counting, and microscopical image analysis are compared as particle size distribution methods for the characterization of soil samples. The influence of the sample size on the distribution and the problem of choosing representative samples from small amounts of soil are highlighted.
Observations on the Specificity of Breath-Alcohol Analyzers Used for Clinical and Medicolegal Purposes
Authors: Jones AW
Published: August 2015

This paper deals with the application of three kinds of breath-alcohol analyzer for clinical and medicolegal purposes. The limited specificity for analyzing ethanol in expired breath has given misleading information with potential serious consequences. Three different methods of alcohol analysis are reported: semiconductor sensing (Alcotest 7310), electrochemical fuel cell (Alcolmeter SM-1), and infrared (IR) absorptiometry (IR Intoximeter 3000). Methanol could not be distinguished from ethanol with any of these breath-test instruments. When nonspecific techniques of ethanol analysis are used, the results must be considered with caution when interfering substances expelled in breath cannot be excluded.
Teaching Forensic Psychiatry to Medical Students
Authors: Felthous AR , Miller RD
Published: August 2015

Are separate courses on forensic psychiatry available for medical students? During the 1985 to 1986 academic year, the authors surveyed all U.S. medical schools to identify courses on forensic/legal psychiatry. A minority of schools included separate courses or practicums on forensic psychiatry or mental health law. In a follow-up telephone survey, instructors of each of these courses were interviewed. Information was obtained on format of course, duration, discipline of instructor or instructors, topics covered, reading materials, institutional settings, and the number of students who took the course. The results are discussed and compared with earlier surveys.
Descriptive Morphological Features of the Nose—An Assessment of Their Importance for Plastic Reconstruction
Authors: Macho GA
Published: August 2015

On a series of lateral radiographs of 154 males and 199 females from Vienna, Austria, 3 qualitative morphological features of the external nose were recorded. Their relationship to craniometric dimensions, age, and the contour of the nasal bones was tested using Wilks' stepwise discriminant analyses. All tests gave significant results at the 1% probability level, but, overall, correct assignment of the features to their categories did not exceed 61%. Although height dimensions were used for discrimination in females, the prominence of the nasal bones and age appeared to be the most important discriminating variables in both sexes. Analyses further revealed that the nasal bridge and the direction of the nasal septum are highly correlated, whereas the tip of the nose seemed to be independent; this may reflect the dependence of the latter on exogenous influences, especially nutrition. It was demonstrated that the profile line of the external nose does not follow its underlying bony structures, that is, the profile line of the nasal bones. Thus, the present study showed that obtaining soft tissue thicknesses alone is not sufficient for successful facial reconstruction, but that a more holistic approach should be used to elucidate the relationships between soft tissue cover and the underlying hyaline and bony structures.
Sudden Death by Inhalation of Cyclopropane
Authors: Krause JG , McCarthy WB
Published: August 2015

This paper reports the case of a 22-year-old white male who was found dead in a storage room as a result of a fatal ingestion of cyclopropane. Cyclopropane is a sweet-smelling, irritating gas. Autopsy findings revealed congestion and hemorrhagic edema of the lungs, congestion of the trachea, and early autolysis. Cyclopropane was determined by headspace gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. To our knowledge, this is the first reported fatality involving cyclopropane.
Phenol: Tissue Distribution in a Fatality
Authors: Dico CL , Caplan YH , Levine B , Smyth DF , Smialek JE
Published: August 2015

A case is reported where phenol, a disinfectant, was ingested and resulted in the death of a 40-year-old white female. Concentrations of phenol were determined in blood (130 mg/L), urine (47 mg/L), bile (187 mg/L), brain (486 mg/kg), kidney (331 mg/kg), muscle (204 mg/kg), liver (228 mg/kg), and stomach content (668 mg) and compared to other cases reported in the literature.
Hypersensitivity Myocarditis and Hepatitis Associated with Imipramine and Its Metabolite, Desipramine
Authors: Morrow PL , Hardin NJ , Bonadies J
Published: August 2015

We present two cases of myocarditis and hepatitis with histologic characteristics of hypersensitivity-mediated drug reactions associated with imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine. In one case, death was directly attributed to myocarditis; in the second case, the patient died of an acute myocardial infarct, but myocarditis may have played a contributory role. One patient was taking imipramine, and therapeutic concentrations of imipramine and desipramine were documented in postmortem blood. The other patient was receiving desipramine documented by in-patient hospital medication records. Both cases had liver lesions associated in the medical literature with adverse drug reaction to imipramine.

Although myocarditis has been previously associated with amitriptyline, these cases appear to be the first reported in association with imipramine/desipramine. The fact that one patient was taking only desipramine suggests that it may be the offending agent.
The Death and Mortal Remains of Francisco Pizarro
Authors: Maples WR , Gatliff BP , Ludeña H , Benfer R , Goza W
Published: August 2015

When Francisco Pizarro was assassinated in 1541, he was buried near the Cathedral of Lima, but was later moved into the crypt under the altar. In 1891 mummified remains were identified as those of Pizarro and placed in a sarcophagus on public exhibition. In 1977 bones were discovered in a walled over niche in the crypt. The skull was in a lead box engraved with Pizarro's name. Which remains—the bones, or the mummy—are those of Pizarro? This question and more can now be answered. This paper will give evidence of the exact wounds that Pizarro received in his final sword fight, as well as a facial sculpture of the skull now identified as that of the conqueror of Peru.
A Review of Road Users Behaviour: Theory and Research
Authors: Tate LR
Published: August 2015

Road User Behavior: Theory and Research is a compilation in English of papers that were initially presented at the Second International Conference of Road Safety held in Groningen, the Netherlands, in August 1987. The book is divided into 15 sections covering topics that include accident analysis, risk models, driver stress, alcohol and drugs, and road safety in developing countries among other pertinent topic areas.
Computer-Aided Headspace Gas Chromatography Applied to Blood-Alcohol Analysis: Importance of Online Process Control
Authors: Jones AW , Schuberth J
Published: August 2015

This paper describes the analysis of ethanol in blood specimens from suspect drunk drivers and the associated quality assurance procedures currently used in Sweden for legal purposes. Aliquots of whole blood from two separate Vacutainer® tubes are diluted with 1-propanol as internal standard before analysis by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) with three different stationary phases: Carbopak B, Carbopak C, and 15% Carbowax 20 M. The actual HS-GC analysis, the integration of chromatographic peaks, the collection and processing of results, as well as the quality control tests involve the use of computer-aided techniques. The standard deviation of analysis (y) increased with concentration of ethanol in the blood specimen (x), and above 0.50 mg/g the regression equation was y = 0.0033 + 0.0153x. The prosecution blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) is the mean of three separate determinations made by different laboratory technicians working independently with different sets of equipment. A deduction is made from the mean analytical result to compensate for random and systematic errors inherent in the method. At BACs of 0.5 and 1.5 mg/g, which are the statutory limits in Sweden, the allowances currently made are 0.06 and 0.09 mg/g, respectively. Accordingly, the reduced prosecution BAC is less than the actual BAC with a statistical confidence of 99.9%.
Fluorescence of Petroleum Products IV. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots and Capillary Gas Chromatography of Midrange Petroleum Products
Authors: Siegel JA , Cheng N-Z
Published: August 2015

Midrange petroleum products such as charcoal lighters and paint thinners represent a potential source of evidence in arson fires which have been little studied. The objective of this study is to characterize a series of 22 such products using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence spectroscopy.

It was found that 3-D fluorescence is well able to differentiate among products whose characteristics, including GC, are quite similar. It can also determine if two samples could be the same brand or not. When samples are evaporated or combusted, it is still possible to obtain 3-D fluoresence spectra and GCs. The GCs are even more nondescript, whereas evaporated 3-D spectra are reproducible and characteristic although they do not correlate well with those of neat samples. 3-D fluorescence spectra of combusted samples do not reproduce well because of the inability to properly control the conditions of combustion.
The Selection of Noncorrelated Thin-Layer Chromatographic (TLC) Solvent Systems for the Comparison of Dyes Extracted from Transferred Fibers
Authors: Golding GM , Kokot S
Published: August 2015

The potential of using a combination of normal and reverse phase thin-layer chromatography for the comparison of disperse, acid, and reactive dyes extracted from textile fibers of forensic science origin was examined. For disperse and acid dyes, the use of a normal silica gel and a reverse phase system was shown to provide a pair of systems of low correlation. In contrast, the use of two silica gel systems provided a pair of highly correlated systems that possibly offered little more additional information than a single system. A suitable reverse phase system for the separation of reactive dyes was not found. The various pairs of silica gel systems tested for reactive dyes were all shown to be highly correlated.
Determining the Relative Age of Ballpoint Ink Using a Single-Solvent Extraction, Mass-Independent Approach
Authors: Brunelle RL , Lee H
Published: August 2015

Brunelle et al. (Journal of Forensic Sciences. Nov. 1987) recently reported a single-solvent extraction technique for determining the relative age of ballpoint ink entries on questioned documents. This technique was mass dependent, which means equal amounts of ink had to be removed from the document for all samples compared. This paper describes a modification of the previous procedure that makes the age determination independent of the amount of ink sampled for testing. The modified procedure involves extracting the inks with solvents, spotting the ink extract onto a thin-layer chromatographic plate, and then separating the dye components in a solvent system of ethyl acetate: alcohol: water (70:35:30 parts, respectively). The relative concentrations of the dye components are measured using a densitometer. The calculated ratios of the relative concentrations are independent of the amount of ink taken for analysis. Aging curves were prepared for four different ballpoint inks and two non-ballpoint inks. The effect of different papers on ink aging was determined, and the mass independence theory was verified. The feasibility for determining the relative age of non-ballpoint inks was also established.
Methods of Associating Typewriter Ribbons and Correcting Tapes with a Questioned Text
Authors: Gerhart FJ
Published: August 2015

Various methods of associating fabric and film typewriter ribbons and correction systems with a questioned typewritten text are reviewed. Identifying characteristics produced by inexpensive typewriters using thermal transfer ribbons are also described.
Development of Equipment for the Standardization of Skull Photographs in Personal Identifications by Photographic Superimposition
Authors: Brocklebank LM , Holmgren CJ
Published: August 2015

The technique of photographic superimposition of postmortem specimens (dried skull or head) positioned identically to the orientation in an antemortem smiling photograph is now a recognized method for personal identification of human remains. Previous methods used to produce the postmortem photographs were problematic as orientation of the specimen could not be easily adjusted and positions were not reproducible. The objective of this paper is to describe the design and method of use of purpose-constructed equipment intended to alleviate these problems.

The equipment comprises a skull-holding jig based conceptually on the Royal Berkshire Hospital halo frame. This is mounted on a pan-and-tilt device, incorporating calibrated measurement scales, enabling independent movements in each of the Cartesian coordinates. A camera is attached to an adjustable mount running on twin parallel rails allowing the camera-to-specimen distance to be varied.

The equipment has proven to be straightforward in use and offers considerable advantages over previously described methods for producing postmortem photographs.
Impulsivity and Attention-Perception Features in Relation to Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Osuna E , Luna A
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study is to determine how effective two nonverbal psychological tests are in providing an accurate criminological diagnosis: the Attention-Perception Test (Toulouse-Piéron's Test) and the Gibson Spiral Maze Test (Gibson's Test). We studied 144 subjects (95 male and 49 female) ranging in age from 12 to 21 years, all of whom were either from centers under the administration of the juvenile court or the provincial prison of Granada (Spain). A control group of 218 schoolchildren aged 11 to 18 years (101 male and 117 female) from 4 schools located in areas of different socioeconomic status was also studied.

Our results showed that impulsivity and attention-perception appear to be complementary traits which provide information useful for criminological prognosis.
Medical Malpractice in the Absence of a Doctor-Patient Relationship: The Potential Liability of Psychiatric Examiners in New York State
Authors: Goldstein RL
Published: August 2015

In New York, psychiatrists (and all physicians) have a duty, in every circumstance with respect to such functions as they are required to undertake, to conduct themselves and all their examinations in a thorough and proper manner. Especially in a forensic setting, psychiatrists must bear in mind that they have a legal duty to perform a competent examination before they render an opinion. It is well established that malpractice liability does not require the preexistence of a doctor-patient relationship based on an undertaking for the purpose of treatment. The author discusses a long line of cases in New York State which holds that psychiatric examiners are potentially liable in malpractice for any breach of duty with respect to those functions that are undertaken. Failure to conduct a proper, careful, and competent examination may result in liability in a variety of areas: competency examinations, commitment proceedings, workers' compensation claims, and so on. Limitations on such malpractice liability are discussed. Unlike some jurisdictions, New York does not accord judicial immunity to psychiatric examiners.
Practical Measures to Reduce Medical Expert Witness Bias
Authors: Boyarsky S
Published: August 2015

To minimize bias by the testifying clinician, particularly in professional liability cases, six practical measures should be used:

(1) testify for both the plaintiff and the defense in different cases,

(2) assess the merits of the case separately from agreeing to testify,

(3) insist on reviewing all the records thoroughly,

(4) develop a solid medical posture for each case,

(5) review the case in a balanced, critical manner, and

(6) articulate carefully the standard of care in his words before expressing it in deposition or at trial.

The expert must stay within his role and duty as “expert witness” to remain effective.
Photographically Subtracting Interfering Images from ESDA Print
Authors: Hart LJ , Hart RP
Published: August 2015

Documents containing indentations from other written papers may also contain original written material on the reverse side of the page. When such a document is processed on an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA), both the subject indentations and the writing on the reverse of the paper are often recorded. It is usually very difficult to decipher the indented writing because of the overlapping images from the reverse of the paper. It is possible, however, to subtract these interfering images by making a positive transparency of the original writing on the reverse of the paper and sandwiching it with a negative of the ESDA. This method provides a clear and accurate record of the subject indentations alone.
Fatal Accidental Enflurane Intoxication
Authors: Jacob B , Heller C , Daldrup T , Bürrig KF , Barz J , Bonte W
Published: August 2015

Among reported cases of abuse of volatile anesthetics there is only one of enflurane intoxication. We report another fatal enflurance intoxication. A 21-year-old man found dead seemed to have experimented with enflurane. Three and one-half days after death high amounts of enflurane were detected in blood, brain, and subcutaneous fat. Gas chromatographic quantification revealed the following high enflurane concentrations: blood: 130 mg/l−1, brain: 350 mg/l−1, and subcutaneous fat: 100 mg/l−1. Histologic signs of drug-induced damage were lacking. No suicide intentions became known. It was concluded that the young man died of an accidental intoxication while abusing enflurane.
Carbofuran Poisoning of Pregnant Woman and Fetus Per Ingestion
Authors: Klys M , Kosuń J , Pach J , Kameńczak A
Published: August 2015

A case of carbamate pesticide poisoning of a pregnant woman by carbofuran ingestion is presented. The mother recovered from the poisoning in the hospital but necrosis of the fetus was found. Toxicological findings of the liver, brain, and kidney of the fetus revealed carbofuran in concentrations comparable with the mother's blood. Our findings in the case contribute to the research on permeation of the placental barrier by chemical substances.
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Baumgartner WA , Hill VA , Blahd WH
Published: August 2015

Hair analysis for drugs of abuse by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is an effective means for identifying drug abusers. Hair can be collected under close supervision without embarrassment and is not subject to evasive maneuvers (false negatives) such as temporary abstention, excessive fluid intake, and substitution or adulteration of specimens. Hair analysis has a wide window of detection ranging from months to years and provides information concerning the severity and pattern of an individual's drug use. Hair analysis is also not subject to evidential false positives, such as those caused by poppy seed ingestion, spiking of drinks or food, and mix-up or contamination of specimens. In part, these problems can be avoided because hair analysis can always be repeated with a newly collected specimen. The results of animal experiments and of various clinical, forensic, and criminal justice applications are described.
A Review of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides
Authors: Peat M
Published: August 2015

This is a multiauthored collection of articles by various workers involved in cyanide toxicology. In their preface, the editors express the hope that this book can serve either as a reference source for specific aspects of cyanide toxicology or can be read in its entirety by those desiring an in-depth understanding of all aspects of cyanide exposure. They also express the hope that the book will be useful to a variety of disciplines including general pharmacologists and toxicologists and forensic pathologists and toxicologists. In general, the editors achieve their aims in that they, and the contributing authors, have put together a wealth of material on cyanide toxicology which should serve as a definitive reference source for forensic pathologists and toxicologists.
Analysis of Gunshot Residue Test Results in 112 Suicides
Authors: Reed GE , McGuire PJ , Boehm A
Published: August 2015

The results of gunshot residue (GSR) tests in 112 suicide cases investigated by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command over a ten-year period are described. Only suicide cases in which there was certainty that the victim fired a weapon were examined in an effort to reduce ambiguous results. Previous case work research by Rudzitis indicated that positive GSR test results were encountered in suicides 62% of the time using various combinations of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Threshold values of 0.2-μg antimony and 0.3-μg barium (0.2-μg antimony and 0.5-μg barium after 1985) used by the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Laboratory resulted in positive GSR results in suicide cases 38% of the time. The effects of time, location of body, handling of the body, weapon type, caliber, and condition of the hands on GSR results are examined. Case studies involving suicides by unit armorers are discussed.
Time Since Death and Decomposition of the Human Body: Variables and Observations in Case and Experimental Field Studies
Authors: Mann RW , Bass WM , Meadows L
Published: August 2015

Much of the difficulty in determining the time since death stems from the lack of systematic observation and research on the decomposition rate of the human body. Continuing studies conducted at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, provide useful information on the impact of carrion insect activity, ambient temperature, rainfall, clothing, burial and depth, carnivores, bodily trauma, body weight, and the surface with which the body is in contact. This paper reports findings and observations accumulated during eight years of research and case studies that may clarify some of the questions concerning bodily decay.
A Look into Facsimile Transmission
Authors: Owens MC
Published: August 2015

Facsimile copies are becoming an increasingly popular means of communicating information, particularly when distance and speed are important factors. Consideration will be focused on the production and recognition of facsimile copies and special features incorporated in various makes and models of machines.
Female Sex Offenders: Severe Victims and Victimizers
Authors: Travin S , Cullen K , Protter B
Published: August 2015

Although there is an extensive body of literature concerning male sexual offenders, there is a marked lack of articles describing sexual offenses committed by females. The authors present a review of the existing literature on this topic and describe five cases of female sexual offenders and four cases of female sexual abusers. Implications for the effective assessment and treatment of this unique population are discussed.
The Use of 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) for the Fluorescent Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Paper. A Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Pounds AC , Grigg R , Mongkolaussavaratana T
Published: August 2015

The use of a new amino acid reagent 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), which produces a highly fluorescent species with latent fingerprints on paper, is described. Spectral characteristics of the fluorescent fingerprint show excitation (λex approximately 470 nm) and emission (λex approximately 570 nm) maxima in the visible part of the spectrum. Some printing inks fluoresce under these conditions and would therefore hinder fingerprint detection, but optical brighteners present in paper do not interfere. Fluorescent fingerprints visualized by DFO revealed more fingerprint detail than ninhydrin, the standard method for such surfaces.
An Improved Method for Complement Subcomponent C1R Typing
Authors: Kamboh MI , Ferrell RE
Published: August 2015

An improved method has been developed for the reliable classification of different C1R genetic variant forms from human serum or plasma. The method combines the use of neuraminidase-digested samples followed by monodimensional isoelectric focusing in the pH range 5 to 8 followed by immunoblotting. The method yields a simple pattern, with one major band in homozygote and two major bands in heterozygote cases.
Fly Larvae: A New Toxicological Method of Investigation in Forensic Medicine
Authors: Kintz P , Godelar B , Tracqui A , Mangin P , Lugnier AA , Chaumont AJ
Published: August 2015

Toxicological analyses on a putrefied cadaver are sometimes difficult to achieve because of the absence of blood and urine. In this study, maggots, living material, are proposed as a new medium of investigation in forensic medicine. Five drugs (triazolam, oxazepam, phenobarbital, alimemazine, and clomipramine) were identified and assayed in some tissues of a putrefied cadaver and in the maggots found on and in the body.
A Review of Law and Medical Ethics, Second edition
Authors: Labowitz DI
Published: August 2015

The authors of this discourse on a subject which has spawned lengthy discussions for both physician and attorney characterize this work as a handbook on the subject. They do not elaborate by whom they intend it to be so used, and I am at a loss to conceive as to its use as such by anyone interested in the field. It is clearly aimed at an audience outside the United States, mostly in the United Kingdom and, therefore, has little use for physicians and interested parties in this country for other than an introductory text on the subject.
The Application of a Simple and Inexpensive Modified Carbon Wire Adsorption/Solvent Extraction Technique to the Analysis of Accelerants and Volatile Organic Compounds in Arson Debris
Authors: Tranthim-Fryer DJ
Published: August 2015

A simple, inexpensive carbon wire adsorption/solvent extraction (CWSE) technique that allows for sensitive and reproducible analysis of organic volatiles from arson debris is described. The technique requires a minimum of expensive equipment and is particularly suited to those laboratories without a thermal desorption unit or pyrolyzer. The technique combines static headspace sampling with solvent extraction and analysis by capillary column gas chromatography.
The Characterization of Plastic Automobile Bumper Bars Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography (PGC), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis Combined with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX)
Authors: Parybyk AE , Kobus HJ
Published: August 2015

A collection of 28 plastic automobile bumper bars has been examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography (PGC), and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). FTIR identified 8 polymer classes in the collection. Polypropylene-based (PP) plastics and polyurethane (PUR) plastics were the most common with approximately three quarters of the samples being of these types. PGC provided additional discrimination between the samples in the collection, particularly for the PUR samples, defining a total of 13 categories. SEM-EDX was the most discriminatory technique used and resulted in 17 categories being identified. However, the combination of the 3 techniques of FTIR, PGC, and SEM-EDX was recommended as the preferred approach as it provided a high degree of discrimination with 25 categories identified. Vehicle identification via analytical profiles of bumper bar materials was not possible, and consequently, the establishment of a database using such information for investigative purposes could not be recommended.