bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Typology of Teaching Actions during COVID-19 Lockdown in the Valencian Community (Spain)
Authors: Perales-Montolio María Jesús , Ortega-Gaite Sonia , González-Such José , Sánchez-Delgado Purificación
Published: January 2023

The COVID-19 coronavirus affected all countries, changing living practices and patterns of social structures. Spain confined all citizens to their homes from 14 March until 21 June 2020. All schools were closed, and education was suddenly converted to an online format. This study is part of wider research and analyzes the ways in which teachers in the Valencian Community (Spain) have approached School at Home (SH) The approach of the study is based on mixed methods (quantitative surveys and qualitative focus groups) and has an exploratory aim. Multivariate profiles of the gaps (represented by composite indicators) in both groups are analyzed based on k-means cluster analysis, as well as the variables associated with each profile, using non-parametric tests. The results show three groups of teachers, established according to four types of gaps, with different perceptions of the situation. ICT proficiency was very important, as well as family situation and support during confinement. The main lines of research derived from this study in relation to CSE and teacher outcomes are proposed.
Heteronormative Representations of the Family and Parenting in Public Policies: Implications for LGBTIQ+ Families
Authors: Morrison Rodolfo , Gallardo Sebastián , Parra Fuster Francisca
Published: January 2023

This research analyzes the discourse of the Chilean State Program: “Chile Crece Contigo”, a program aimed at supporting the upbringing of children. We wonder about representation in the discourses of family and parenting, especially regarding LGBTIQ+ families. To do this, we compiled the materials available on the program website, which are particularly directed at the sphere of family and parenting. We carry out a documentary analysis, based on an approach to the post-structuralist analysis of public policy to identify how and what is the representation of the problem that public policies seek to solve. The results show only heteronormative perspectives to understand families, where sexual diversity within its constitution is almost invisible. At the same time, the exercise of parenting is represented as a materialization of sexist practices that reproduce stereotypes roles. Thus, this reinforces the idea that heteronormativity establishes an articulating axis of public policy that regulates the life of the subjects, maintaining differentiating parameters regarding the consideration of an expected behavior in society based on sex/gender. It is concluded that gender stereotypes supported by heteronormative models cause the marginalization of a significant percentage of families that do not fit into the imaginary of public policies under these heteronormative models, such as LGBTIQ+ families.
Understanding the Academic and Social Integration Process of Students Entering Higher Education: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: De Bruyn Sara , Van Eekert Nina
Published: January 2023

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruptions in numerous fields, including higher education. New students have been identified as a vulnerable sub-population experiencing stress and mental health problems due to the pandemic. Little research, however, explores how and why they are particularly vulnerable. We aimed to answer (1) how new students experienced their academic and social integration process during the pandemic and (2) how these changing conditions might affect their mental well-being. Methods: The researchers performed five focus group discussions with 23 new students (i.e., first-year students, international students, and students from a bridging program) from several faculties. Focus groups were coded and analyzed by two researchers. An abductive analytical perspective was used, building on the integration and emerging adulthood literature. Results: Three main processes were identified: (1) academic and social integration, formerly intertwined, have become two separate goals; (2) integration increasingly became the students’ responsibility; and (3) COVID-19 measures and emerging adulthood expectations clashed: increasing social connection, exploration, and carefree living were replaced by, respectively, social isolation, lingering monotony, and increasing worries. Conclusion: COVID-19 measures presented students with a dichotomy in which they were pushed faster into adulthood by taking up increasing responsibilities and at the same time remained socially stuck in adolescence by not living up to emerging adulthood expectations.
Looking at Resilience among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in Portugal: Gender Affirmation Paths and Parenting Aspirations
Authors: Moleiro Carla , Alarcão Violeta , Giami Alain
Published: January 2023

The transgender and gender diverse (TGGD) population is highly diverse. To date, research on the association of the various family–parenthood aspirations of TGGD people with distinct affirming paths and identities remains scarce. A survey was conducted aiming to characterize the TGGD population’s diversity and socio-demographic profile. A community-based convenience sample of 115 self-identified TGGD adults living in Portugal was collected. Most of the participants (69%) did not have any children, 10% had children of their own, and about 20% did not have children in the present but reported their intensions to have children in the future. The results were discussed, highlighting the heterogeneity found in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, gender identification, and gender affirmation pathways (social, legal, and medical), with a focus on the participants’ parenthood aspirations. The under- or non-representation of transgender individuals in population surveys, such as demographic and health surveys, is a barrier to understanding the social determinants and health disparities faced by this population.
Use of Virtual Tools in Teaching-Learning Processes: Advancements and Future Direction
Authors: Botero-Gómez Vanessa , Ruiz-Herrera Luis Germán , Valencia-Arias Alejandro , Romero Díaz Alejandra , Vives Garnique Juan Carlos
Published: January 2023

Teaching-learning processes have been affected by the changes that the introduction of information and communication technologies are making to the current global dynamics. This study examines the trends and evolution of the application of virtual tools in teaching-learning processes. Using a bibliometric analysis, 104 articles retrieved using a search equation defined under the PRISMA methodology were analysed. The results allowed the identification of the most influential contributions, authors, and journals, as well as the trends of research carried out in the field, identifying the authors García-Peñalvo, Sánchez-Prieto and Olmos-Migueláñez as the main references in terms of productivity and impact, as well as the journal Computers in Human Behaviour as the most important in academic impact; additionally, it is identified that COVID-19 and online education are among the main emerging concepts, and higher education and the TAM are among the most solid in the research field. Similarly, the research carried out can be classified into four categories based on their main topic: the acceptance of technology; the design of instruments; the design of platforms; and relevant content. Among the main conclusions, it is mentioned that these tools provide aspects of flexibility, coverage and accessibility at all educational levels.
Effects of Surge Tank Geometry on the Water Hammer Phenomenon: Numerical Investigation
Authors: Mahmoudi-Rad Mohammad , Najafzadeh Mohammad
Published: January 2023

A surge tank, as one of the most common control facilities, is applied to control head pressure levels in long pressurized pipelines during the water hammer occurrence. The cost-effective operation of surge tanks is highly affected by their characteristics (i.e., surge tank diameter and inlet diameter of surge tanks) and can effectively reduce the repercussion of water hammers. This investigation utilized the method of characteristics (MOC) in order to simulate the behavior of transient flow at the surge tank upstream and the head pressure fluctuations regime for the hydraulic system of a hydropower dam. Firstly, the MOC model was validated by experimental observations. The various types of boundary conditions (i.e., sure tank, reservoir, branch connection of three pipes, series pipes, and downstream valve) were applied to investigate the simultaneous effects of the surge tank properties. In this way, all the simulations of water hammer equations were conducted for nine various combinations of surge tank diameter (D) and inlet diameter of surge tank (d). The results of this study indicated that for the surge tank design with D = 6 m and d = 3.4 m, head pressure fluctuations reached the minimum level in the large section of the pipeline which is the surge tank upstream. Additionally, the occurrence of the water hammer phenomenon was probable in the initial section of the pipeline.
Exploring Pedestrian Satisfaction in Old and New Town: An Impact-Asymmetry Analysis
Authors: Han Liu , Fang Dewei , Sun Shan , Zhao Lixuan , Zheng Qian , Lan Jingxu , Wang Xue
Published: January 2023

In the context of the global construction of low-carbon cities and residents’ pursuit of healthy living, the improvement in the urban walking environment has gradually been emphasized in the field of planning and transportation research. Using Harbin, China, as an example, this paper combines gradient boosting decision trees (GBDTs) and impact-asymmetry analysis (IAA) methods to explore the differences in residents’ preferences for the pedestrian environment needs in old and new urban areas, analyze the asymmetric relationship between walking environment factors and overall satisfaction, and provide a sound basis for the renewal and reconstruction of the walking environment in old urban areas and the improvement of the walking environment in new urban areas. The factors affecting the pedestrian environment in the old and new urban areas are similar and different, with the aesthetics and safety and the aesthetics and comfort of the pedestrian environment having a greater impact on the old and new urban areas, respectively. According to the results of the IAA, the old city should focus on improving green landscaping, street furniture, the uncivilized behavior of pedestrians, pavement encroachment, barrier-free facilities, and the speed of motor vehicles; the new city should focus on improving the building facade effect, the uncivilized behavior of pedestrians, and green landscaping.
An Intensity Measure for the Rocking Fragility Analysis of Rigid Blocks Subjected to Floor Motions
Authors: Liu Hanquan , Huang Yong , Liu Xiaohui
Published: January 2023

A novel intensity measure (IM), dimensionless floor displacement, is presented for evaluating the seismic fragility of freestanding rigid blocks subjected to one-sine acceleration pulses in this paper. The rocking responses of rigid blocks are simulated using an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model with a bespoke discrete damper to account for energy dissipation. The performance of various IMs is compared using simulation results for four different block models under different excitation conditions. In comparison to some well-known IMs, the proposed IM, determined by excitation magnitude and frequency as well as block geometry parameters, displays a considerably stronger correlation with the peak rotation of the rocking block. The comparative results show that effective IMs should consider not only the excitation characteristics but also the block geometric parameters. Finally, the fragility curve generated by the proposed IM performs best by significantly reducing the dispersion.
The Multi-Faceted Practice of Architectural Sustainability Found in the Regional Architecture of Vorarlberg, Austria
Authors: Kim Ja Young Eunice
Published: January 2023

The biggest and increasingly more urgent challenge of the twenty-first century has become how a more sustainable level of development can be achieved. In order to bring about a better sustainable approach to ‘development’ it is necessary to address various different challenges of economy and society simultaneously. By examining the various aspects of sustainability found in the contemporary regional architecture of Vorarlberg, Austria, this paper attempts to highlight a more holistic and multi-faceted practice of architectural sustainability. The literature review on the definition of sustainable architecture and the architectural culture of Vorarlberg will be followed by the characteristic examination of four case studies. The common characteristics found from the evaluation were matched with some of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Goals to illustrate the multi-layered and connected nature of the sustainability qualities. The results of the research is indicative of a more holistic notion of architectural sustainability that is beyond energy-oriented and the functional efficiency of a building. Rather, it would mean the sustainability of a region, as a whole, when it encompasses the continuation of heritage, the way of living as well as how a building should be responding to the environment throughout its life-cycle.
Parameter Identification in Metabolic Reaction Networks by Means of Multiple Steady-State Measurements
Authors: Palombo Giovanni , Borri Alessandro , Papa Federico , Papi Marco , Palumbo Pasquale
Published: January 2023

In this work, we investigate some theoretical aspects related to the estimation approach proposed by Liebermeister and Klipp, 2006, in which general rate laws, derived from standardized enzymatic mechanisms, are exploited to kinetically describe the fluxes of a metabolic reaction network, and multiple metabolic steady-state measurements are exploited to estimate the unknown kinetic parameters. Further mathematical details are deeply investigated, and necessary conditions on the amount of information required to solve the identification problem are given. Moreover, theoretical results for the parameter identifiability are provided, and symmetrical and modular properties of the proposed approach are highlighted when the global identification problem is decoupled into smaller and simpler identification problems related to the single reactions of the network. Among the advantages of the proposed innovative approach are (i) non-restrictive conditions to guarantee the solvability of the parameter estimation problem, (ii) the unburden of the usual computational complexity for such identification problems, and (iii) the ease of obtaining the required number of measurements, which are actually steady-state data, experimentally easier to obtain with respect to the time-dependent ones. A simple example concludes the paper, highlighting the mentioned advantages of the method and the implementation of the related theoretical result.
Application of Group Decision Making in Shipping Industry 4.0: Bibliometric Analysis, Trends, and Future Directions
Authors: Yang Yiling , Gai Tiantian , Cao Mingshuo , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Hengjie , Wu Jian
Published: January 2023

With the development of Internet technologies, the shipping industry has also entered the Industry 4.0 era, which is the era of using information technology to promote industrial change. Group decision making (GDM), as one of the key methods in decision science, can be used to obtain optimal solutions by aggregating the opinions of experts on several alternatives, and it has been applied to many fields to optimize the decision-making process. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the specific applications of GDM methods in Shipping Industry 4.0, and discusses future developments and research directions. First, the existing relevant literature is analyzed using bibliometrics. Then, the general procedure of GDM is investigated: opinion/preference representation, consensus measure, feedback mechanism, and the selection of alternatives. Next, the specific applications of GDM methods in Shipping Industry 4.0 are summarized. Lastly, possible future directions are discussed to advance this area of research.
Exploring the Challenges to Sustainable Development from the Perspective of Grey Systems Theory
Authors: Javanmardi Ehsan , Liu Sifeng , Xie Naiming
Published: January 2023

Today’s challenges to sustainability are explored through a complex combination of interdisciplinary topics that explore various interactions between economic, social, and environmental systems that further contribute to existing uncertainties. Solving complex/dynamic sustainability constraints does not demand exclusively technical and practical methods, as it is equally important to have a profound conceptual understanding of the origins of such challenges. The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges to the sustainable development process from the perspective of the philosophy of grey systems theory (GST). GST considers inherent defects and shortcomings in human understanding/knowledge and identifies the roots of uncertainty. The study concentrates on the sustainable development process, highlighting the ways in which GST explains the causes and sources of uncertainty in this process. It is emphasized that sustainability cannot be achieved without intentional human intervention, and that international collaboration is vital in solving sustainability problems. Uncertainty and challenges to sustainable development stem from human grey understanding and knowledge. This problem makes it difficult for humans to understand and model dynamicity, to strike a balance between different spheres of science, and to have an objective view of reality due to the dependence of knowledge on thinking paradigms and values. These shortcomings ultimately bring about value conflicts, different understandings of risks, and impediments to international collaboration and agreement. Finally, the study explains that uncertainty arises from incomplete understanding and grey knowledge, and that uncertainty undermines the prediction of outcomes. Furthermore, delays inherent in interactions and the impacts of diverse systems on the world increase uncertainty and complicate decision- and policymaking in improvement projects. In their efforts to implement their decisions and policies, humans also encounter various limitations in terms of their capacities, resources, and facilities. The application of GST-based approaches to the operational area is also discussed.
Eco-Friendly Anionic Surfactant for the Removal of Methyl Red from Aqueous Matrices
Authors: Teixeira Yago N. , Menezes Jorge M. C. , Teixeira Raimundo N. P. , Paula Filho Francisco J. , Oliveira Thiago M. B. F.
Published: January 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the methyl red (MR) removal efficiency from aqueous matrices using an eco-friendly anionic surfactant (a calcium surfactant, or CaSF), obtained from frying oil residue. Data obtained by infrared spectroscopy revealed several functional groups that favor the capture of the dye by chemisorption by forming hydrogen bonds and covalent interactions. The kinetic testing results fit the pseudo-second order model, reaching equilibrium in 30 min. Adsorption was greatly influenced by temperature. The Langmuir isotherm was the one best fitting the process at 20 °C, while the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm fitted it better at higher temperatures. Under optimized conditions, the maximal MR adsorption capacity of CaSF reached 53.59 mg·g−1 (a removal rate of 95.15%), proving that the adsorbent at hand can be an excellent alternative for the removal of undesirable levels of MR present in aqueous matrices.
Investigation of the Effects of Stress Hyperglycemia Ratio and Preoperative Computed Tomographic Angiography on the Occurrence of Acute Kidney Injury in Diabetic Patients following Surgical Thromboembolectomy
Authors: Guvenc Orhan , Engin Mesut , Ata Filiz , Yavuz Senol
Published: January 2023

Acute lower extremity ischemia (ALI) is a cardiovascular emergency resulting from embolic and thrombotic causes. Although endovascular techniques have advanced, surgical thromboembolectomy is still the gold standard. Emergency thromboembolectomy surgery involves an ischemia-reperfusion injury, which also poses a risk for acute renal injury (AKI). The stress hyperglycemia rate (SHR) has recently emerged as an important prognostic value in emergency cardiovascular events. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the impact of preoperative contrast-enhanced tomographic angiography (CTA) and the SHR value on postoperative AKI in emergency thromboembolectomy procedures in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM). In this retrospective analysis, patients with DM who received emergency surgical thromboembolectomy after being hospitalized at our hospital with ALI between 20 October 2015, and 10 September 2022, were included. Patients were classified into two groups: Group 1 (N = 159), who did not develop AKI, and Group 2 (N = 45), who did. The 45 patients in Group 2 and the 159 patients in Group 1 had median ages of 59 (39–90) and 66 (37–93), respectively (p = 0.008). The percentage of patients in Group 2 with Rutherford class IIB and admission times longer than 6 h was higher (p = 0.003, p = 0.027, respectively). To determine the variables affecting AKI after surgical embolectomy procedures, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used. In multivariate analysis Model 1, age > 65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 1.425, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.230–1.980, p < 0.001), preoperative high creatinine (OR: 4.194, 95% CI: 2.890–6.156, p = 0.003), and Rutherford class (OR: 0.874, 95% CI: 0.692–0.990, p = 0.036) were determined as independent predictors for AKI. In Model 2, age > 65 years (OR: 1.224 CI: 1.090–1.679, p = 0.014), preoperative high creatinine (OR: 3.975, 95% CI: 2.660–5.486, p = 0.007), and SHR (OR: 2.142, CI: 1.134–3.968, p = 0.003), were determined as independent predictors for amputation. In conclusion, when an emergency thromboembolectomy operation is planned in insulin-dependent DM patients, renal risky groups can be identified, and renal protective measures can be taken. In addition, to reduce the renal risk, according to the suitability of the clinical conditions of the patients, the decision to perform a CTA with contrast can be taken by looking at the SHR value.
Constraining Co-Varying Coupling Constants from Globular Cluster Age
Authors: Gupta Rajendra P.
Published: January 2023

Equations governing the evolution of a star involve multiple coupling constants. Thus, the time it spends as a main-sequence star can be expected to depend on whether or not such constants vary over the time scale of stellar evolution. When the star belongs to a globular cluster, the star’s age cannot exceed that of the globular cluster, and the latter cannot exceed the age of the Universe. This fact can be used to constrain or verify the variation of the coupling constants, i.e., the speed of light c, the gravitational constant G, the Planck constant h, and the Boltzmann constant k. We have estimated the age of the main-sequence star analytically from the time it takes to synthesize all its hydrogen into helium under fixed and varying coupling constants scenarios. When we permitted the interrelated variation of the four constants (G~c3~h3~k3/2) and differentiated between the cosmological energy and local energy conservation laws, we could show that the variation of the constants established in our earlier studies, i.e., G˙/G=3c˙/c=3h˙/h=1.5k˙/k=3.90±0.04×10−10 yr−1 at the current cosmic time is consistent with the present work. Nevertheless, the challenge remains to come up with an experiment, astrometric or terrestrial, that can unequivocally prove or falsify the predicted variation.
Torsionally-Induced Stability in Spinors
Authors: Fabbri Luca
Published: January 2023

We consider the role of the torsion axial-vector played in the dynamics of the Dirac spinor fields: we show that the torsional correction entails effects that render regular the otherwise singular spinorial matter field distribution. Comments about consequences for physics are eventually given.
SKI-1/S1P Facilitates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Induced Cell-to-Cell Fusion via Activation of SREBP-2 and Metalloproteases, Whereas PCSK9 Enhances the Degradation of ACE2
Authors: Essalmani Rachid , Andréo Ursula , Evagelidis Alexandra , Le Dévéhat Maïlys , Pereira Ramos Oscar Henrique , Fruchart Gaillard Carole , Susan-Resiga Delia , Cohen Éric A. , Seidah Nabil G.
Published: January 2023

Proprotein convertases activate various envelope glycoproteins and participate in cellular entry of many viruses. We recently showed that the convertase furin is critical for the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, which requires cleavage of its spike protein (S) at two sites: S1/S2 and S2′. This study investigates the implication of the two cholesterol-regulating convertases SKI-1 and PCSK9 in SARS-CoV-2 entry. The assays used were cell-to-cell fusion in HeLa cells and pseudoparticle entry into Calu-3 cells. SKI-1 increased cell-to-cell fusion by enhancing the activation of SREBP-2, whereas PCSK9 reduced cell-to-cell fusion by promoting the cellular degradation of ACE2. SKI-1 activity led to enhanced S2′ formation, which was attributed to increased metalloprotease activity as a response to enhanced cholesterol levels via activated SREBP-2. However, high metalloprotease activity resulted in the shedding of S2′ into a new C-terminal fragment (S2″), leading to reduced cell-to-cell fusion. Indeed, S-mutants that increase S2″ formation abolished S2′ and cell-to-cell fusion, as well as pseudoparticle entry, indicating that the formation of S2″ prevents SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell fusion and entry. We next demonstrated that PCSK9 enhanced the cellular degradation of ACE2, thereby reducing cell-to-cell fusion. However, different from the LDLR, a canonical target of PCSK9, the C-terminal CHRD domain of PCSK9 is dispensable for the PCSK9-induced degradation of ACE2. Molecular modeling suggested the binding of ACE2 to the Pro/Catalytic domains of mature PCSK9. Thus, both cholesterol-regulating convertases SKI-1 and PCSK9 can modulate SARS-CoV-2 entry via two independent mechanisms.
Patterns and Temporal Dynamics of Natural Recombination in Noroviruses
Authors: Vakulenko Yulia A. , Orlov Artem V. , Lukashev Alexander N.
Published: January 2023

Noroviruses infect a wide range of mammals and are the major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. Recombination at the junction of ORF1 encoding nonstructural proteins and ORF2 encoding major capsid protein VP1 is a well-known feature of noroviruses. Using all available complete norovirus sequences, we systematically analyzed patterns of natural recombination in the genus Norovirus both throughout the genome and across the genogroups. Recombination events between nonstructural (ORF1) and structural genomic regions (ORF2 and ORF3) were found in all analyzed genogroups of noroviruses, although recombination was most prominent between members of GII, the most common genogroup that infects humans. The half-life times of recombinant forms (clades without evidence of recombination) of human GI and GII noroviruses were 10.4 and 8.4–11.3 years, respectively. There was evidence of many recent recombination events, and most noroviruses that differed by more than 18% of nucleotide sequence were recombinant relative to each other. However, there were no distinct recombination events between viruses that differed by over 42% in ORF2/3, consistent with the absence of systematic recombination between different genogroups. The few inter-genogroup recombination events most likely occurred between ancient viruses before they diverged into contemporary genogroups. The recombination events within ORF1 or between ORF2/3 were generally rare. Thus, noroviruses routinely exchange full structural and nonstructural blocks of the genome, providing a modular evolution.
Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza Virus H3N8 Isolated from Chinese pond heron in China in 2021
Authors: Zhang Heng , Han Shuyi , Wang Bo , Xing Yanan , Yuan Guohui , Wang Ye , Zhao Zhilei , Li Gaojian , Li Qiaoqiao , Pan Jinchao , Li Wenchao , He Hongxuan
Published: January 2023

In October 2021, a wild bird-origin H3N8 influenza virus-A/Chinese pond heron/Jiangxi 5-1/2021 (H3N8)-was isolated from Chinese pond heron in China. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses were performed to characterize the genetic origin of the H3N8 strain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that eight gene segments of this avian influenza virus H3N8 belong to Eurasian lineages. HA gene clustered with avian influenza viruses is circulating in poultry in southern China. The NA gene possibly originated from wild ducks in South Korea and has the highest homology (99.3%) with A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU2020-104/2020 (H3N8), while other internal genes have a complex and wide range of origins. The HA cleavage site is PEKQTR↓GLF with one basic amino acid, Q226 and T228 at HA preferentially bind to the alpha-2,3-linked sialic acid receptor, non-deletion of the stalk region in the NA gene and no mutations at E627K and D701N of the PB2 protein, indicating that isolate A/Chinese pond heron/Jiangxi 5-1/2021 (H3N8) was a typical avian influenza with low pathogenicity. However, there are some mutations that may increase pathogenicity and transmission in mammals, such as N30D, T215A of M1 protein, and P42S of NS1 protein. In animal studies, A/Chinese pond heron/Jiangxi 5-1/2021 (H3N8) replicates inefficiently in the mouse lung and does not adapt well to the mammalian host. Overall, A/Chinese pond heron/Jiangxi 5-1/2021 (H3N8) is a novel wild bird-origin H3N8 influenza virus reassortant from influenza viruses of poultry and wild birds. This wild bird-origin avian influenza virus is associated with wild birds along the East Asian-Australasian flyway. Therefore, surveillance of avian influenza viruses in wild birds should be strengthened to assess their mutation and pandemic risk in advance.
Retroviral Infection and Commensal Bacteria Dependently Alter the Metabolomic Profile in a Sterile Organ
Authors: Spring Jessica , Beilinson Vera , DeFelice Brian C. , Sanchez Juan M. , Fischbach Michael , Chervonsky Alexander , Golovkina Tatyana
Published: January 2023

Both viruses and bacteria produce “pathogen associated molecular patterns” that may affect microbial pathogenesis and anti-microbial responses. Additionally, bacteria produce metabolites, while viruses could change the metabolic profiles of the infected cells. Here, we used an unbiased metabolomics approach to profile metabolites in spleens and blood of murine leukemia virus-infected mice monocolonized with Lactobacillus murinus to show that viral infection significantly changes the metabolite profile of monocolonized mice. We hypothesize that these changes could contribute to viral pathogenesis or to the host response against the virus and thus open a new avenue for future investigations.
Identification of Two Isoforms of Canine Tetherin in Domestic Dogs and Characterization of Their Antiviral Activity against Canine Influenza Virus
Authors: Xu Liang , Ou Jiajun , Hu Xuerui , Zheng Yanhong , Ye Shaotang , Zhong Lintao , Lai Zhiying , Cai Siqi , Lu Gang , Li Shoujun
Published: January 2023

Canine influenza virus (CIV) significantly threatens the canine population and public health. Tetherin, an innate immune factor, plays an important role in the defense against pathogen invasion and has been discovered to restrict the release of various enveloped viruses. Two isoforms of canine tetherin (tetherin-X1 and tetherin-X2) were identified in peripheral blood leukocytes of mixed-breed dogs using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Amino acid alignment revealed that relative to full-length tetherin (tetherin-X1) and truncated canine tetherin (tetherin-X2) exhibited deletion of 34 amino acids. The deletion occurred at the C-terminus of the coiled-coiled ectodomain and the N-terminus of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor domain. Tetherin-X2 was localized subcellularly at the cell membrane, which was consistent with the localization of tetherin-X1. In addition, canine tetherin-X1 and tetherin-X2 restricted the release of H3N2 CIV. However, canine tetherin-X1 had higher antiviral activity than canine tetherin-X2, indicating that the C-terminus of the coiled-coiled ectodomain and the N-terminus of the GPI-anchor domain of canine tetherin (containing the amino acids deleted in tetherin-X2) are critical for its ability to restrict H3N2 CIV release. This study provides insights for understanding the key functional domains of tetherin that restrict CIV release.
Functional Importance of the Hydrophobic Residue 362 in Influenza A PB1 Subunit
Authors: Chan Johnson Jor-Shing , Tang Yun-Sang , Lo Chun-Yeung , Shaw Pang-Chui
Published: January 2023

PB1, acting as the catalytic subunit of the influenza polymerase, has numerous sequentially and structurally conserved regions. It has been observed that the slight modification of residues in PB1 would greatly affect the polymerase activity and even host adaptation ability. Here, we identified a critical residue, 362M, on the polymerase activity and virus replication. By means of the minireplicon assay, we assured the importance of the hydrophobicity of PB1 362, and the possibility that the size and charge of the side chain might directly interfere with the polymerase function. We also proposed a hydrophobic core between the PA-arch and the PB1 β-hairpin motifs and showed the importance of the core to the polymerase function.
The Role of TRL7/8 Agonists in Cancer Therapy, with Special Emphasis on Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Leśniak Maria , Lipniarska Justyna , Majka Patrycja , Kopyt Weronika , Lejman Monika , Zawitkowska Joanna
Published: January 2023

Toll-like receptors (TLR) belong to the pattern recognition receptors (PRR). TLR7 and the closely correlated TLR8 affiliate with toll-like receptors family, are located in endosomes. They recognize single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules and synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA analogs—oligoribonucleotides. TLRs are primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. There is compiling evidence implying that TLRs also direct the formation of blood cellular components and make a contribution to the pathogenesis of certain hematopoietic malignancies. The latest research shows a positive effect of therapy with TRL agonists on the course of hemato-oncological diseases. Ligands impact activation of antigen-presenting cells which results in production of cytokines, transfer of mentioned cells to the lymphoid tissue and co-stimulatory surface molecules expression required for T-cell activation. Toll-like receptor agonists have already been used in oncology especially in the treatment of dermatological neoplastic lesions. The usage of these substances in the treatment of solid tumors is being investigated. The present review discusses the direct and indirect influence that TLR7/8 agonists, such as imiquimod, imidazoquinolines and resiquimod have on neoplastic cells and their promising role as adjuvants in anticancer vaccines.
Identification of Closed Linear Epitopes in S1-RBD and S2-HR1/2 of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Able to Induce Neutralizing Abs
Authors: Watanabe Yoshihiro , Hosokawa Natsuko , Yoshida Misaki , Miura Tomoyuki , Kawano Mitsuhiro
Published: January 2023

SARS-CoV-2 has evolved as several variants. Immunization to boost the Ab response to Spike antigens is effective, but similar vaccines could not enhance Ab efficacy enough. Effective Ab responses against the human ACE2 (hACE2)-mediated infection of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are needed. We identified closed linear epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike molecule that induced neutralizing Abs (nAbs) against both S1-RBD, responsible for attachment to hACE2, and S2-HR1/2, in convalescents and vaccine recipients. They inhibited a pseudo-virus infection mediated by the hACE2 pathway. The epitope sequences included epitopes #7 (aa411-432), #11 (aa459-480) and #111 (aa1144-1161), in S1-RBD and S2-HR2. Epitope #111 was conserved in Wuhan and variant strains, whereas #7 and #11 were conserved in Wuhan carried mutations K417N and S477N/T478K in Omicron BA.4/5. These mutations were recognized by the original epitope-specific Abs. These epitopes in RBD and HR2 neither contained, nor overlapped with, those responsible for the antibody-dependent enhancement of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sublingual administration of multiple epitope-conjugated antigens increased the IgG and IgA Abs specific to the neutralizing epitopes in mice pre-immunized subcutaneously. The findings indicated that S1-RBD and S2-HR2 epitopes were responsible for pseudo-virus SARS-CoV-2 infections and that sublingual boosts with multiple epitope-conjugated antigens could enhance the protection by nAbs of IgG and IgA against infection by a wide range of variants.
Predicting Intention to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination in People Living with HIV using an Integrated Behavior Model
Authors: Wicaksana Bramantya , Yunihastuti Evy , Shatri Hamzah , Pelupessy Dicky C. , Koesnoe Sukamto , Djauzi Samsuridjal , Mahdi Haridana Indah Setiawati , Waluyo Dyah Agustina , Djoerban Zubairi , Siddiq Tommy Hariman
Published: January 2023

People living with HIV (PLHIV) are considered a high-risk population for developing a severe form of COVID-19. Vaccination is still one of the most important modalities in combating the disease due to the lack of an effective treatment. This multicenter study was performed from September to December 2021 with the aim to analyze the intention of PLHIV to receive the COVID-19 vaccination based on an integrated behavior model (IBM) in Indonesia. Of a total of 470 participants, 75.6% of patients were intent to be vaccinated. The model that was designed in this study explains 43.4% of the variance in intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in PLHIV (adjusted R2 = 0.434). Furthermore, the determinants used included instrumental attitude (β = 0.127, p < 0.05), subjective norm (β = 0.497, p < 0.01), and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.116, p < 0.01). This study concluded that an IBM could predict the intention of PLHIV to receive COVID-19 vaccination.
Understanding CNS Effects of Antimicrobial Drugs Using Zebrafish Models
Authors: Kotova Maria M. , Galstyan David S. , Kolesnikova Tatiana O. , de Abreu Murilo S. , Amstislavskaya Tamara G. , Strekalova Tatyana , Petersen Elena V. , Yenkoyan Konstantin B. , Demin Konstantin A. , Kalueff Allan V.
Published: January 2023

Antimicrobial drugs represent a diverse group of widely utilized antibiotic, antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral agents. Their growing use and clinical importance necessitate our improved understanding of physiological effects of antimicrobial drugs, including their potential effects on the central nervous system (CNS), at molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. In addition, antimicrobial drugs can alter the composition of gut microbiota, and hence affect the gut–microbiota–brain axis, further modulating brain and behavioral processes. Complementing rodent studies, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerges as a powerful model system for screening various antimicrobial drugs, including probing their putative CNS effects. Here, we critically discuss recent evidence on the effects of antimicrobial drugs on brain and behavior in zebrafish, and outline future related lines of research using this aquatic model organism.
The Anticoccidial Effect of Alcoholic Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts on Eimeria papillate Oocysts Isolated in Mice In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Murshed Mutee , Al-Quraishy Saleh , Alghamdi Jawahir , Aljawdah Hossam M. A. , Mares Mohammed M.
Published: January 2023

Eimeria spp. causes eimeriosis in the guts of numerous domestic mammals and poultry, and the employment of medication and the effects of certain aspects of synthetic anticoccidials in the treatment of eimeriosis have given rise to the appearance of resistant parasites that require the search for alternate remedies. Natural products, which are safe and have no negative impact on the environment, may be utilized in the therapy of an enormous range of parasitic infections. This research aimed to assess the effectiveness of VVLE on the oocyst sporulation of an E. papillate infection in the mouse jejunum. In addition, obtaining the ideal concentration will interrupt the parasite’s life cycle and limit infection. In vitro: Collected unsporulated oocysts (1 × 103) of E. papillata were given six different concentrations (w/v) of Vitis vinifera leaf extract (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/mL) and toltrazuril (25 mg/mL), three replicates per group, whereas the control group received 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. In vivo: The mice were separated into six groups; the first and second groups did not receive infection, whilst the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth groups were each given 1 × 103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillate in the experiment. In addition, an oral dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg VVLE were given to the fourth and fifth groups, while the sixth group was given toltrazuril at 25 mg/kg. On the fifth day, unpopulated oocysts were collected from each mouse separately. The incubation period and treatments had considerable impacts on the rate of sporulation. The infrared spectroscopy of V. vinifera extract revealed many expected active classes of chemical compounds. Further, the infection of mice with E. papillata caused an oocyst output of nearly 2 × 104 oocysts/g of faeces. VVLE significantly decreased the oocyst output to nearly 88%. In addition, we detected an inhibitory effect on the sporulation (%) and harm (%) of E. papillata oocysts in a dosage-dependent modality compared with the control group. Furthermore, they destroyed the oocyst morphology in terms of the shape, size, and quantity of sporocysts. The results indicate that grape vines have powerful activity as anticoccidials.
High Spatial Resolution Nitrogen Emission and Retention Maps of Three Danish Catchments Using Synchronous Measurements in Streams
Authors: van’t Veen Sofie G. M. , Rolighed Jonas , Laugesen Jane R. , Blicher-Mathiesen Gitte , Kronvang Brian
Published: January 2023

We investigated the utility of using synchronous measurements to create nitrogen (N) emission and retention maps of agricultural areas. Total N (TN) emissions from agricultural areas in three different Danish pilot catchments (1800–3737 ha) and within sub-catchments (100–1200 ha) were determined by a source apportionment approach. Intensive daily (main gauging stations) and fortnightly (synchronous stations) monitoring of discharge, TN, and nitrate-N (NO3-N) concentrations was conducted for two years. The groundwater N retention was calculated as the difference between a model-calculated NO3-N leaching from agricultural fields and the calculated agricultural N emission. The average annual N leaching and N emission in the three catchments amounted to 68, 48, and 58 kg N/ha and 6, 30, and 40 kg N/ha, respectively. The N retention in groundwater in the three catchments, calculated based on either TN or NO3-N emissions, amounted to 26 and 44%, 44 and 57%, and 93 and 97%, respectively, with large variations within two of the main catchments. From this study, we conclude that synchronous measurements in streams provide a good opportunity for developing local N emission and N retention maps. However, NO3-N should be used when dealing with N retention calculation at the finer resolution scale of 100–300 ha catchments.
Inflow Scenario Generation for the Ethiopian Hydropower System
Authors: Dires Firehiwot Girma , Amelin Mikael , Bekele Getachew
Published: January 2023

In a hydropower system, inflow is an uncertain stochastic process that depends on the meteorology of the reservoir’s location. To properly utilize the stored water in reservoirs, it is necessary to have a good forecast or a historical inflow record. In the absence of these two pieces of information, which is the case in Ethiopia and most African countries, the derivation of the synthetic historical inflow series with the appropriate time resolution will be a solution. This paper presents a method of developing synthetic historical inflow time series and techniques to identify the stochastic process that mimics the behavior of the time series and generates inflow scenarios. The methodology was applied to the Ethiopian power system. The time series were analyzed using statistical methods, and the stochastic process that mimics the inflow patterns in Ethiopia was identified. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate sample realizations of random scenarios from the identified stochastic process. Then, three cases of inflow scenarios were tested in a deterministic simulation model of the Ethiopian hydropower system and compared with the actual operation. The results show that the generated inflow scenarios give a realistic output of generation scheduling and reasonable reservoir content based on the actual operation.
Assessment of Aquatic Ecological Health Based on the Characteristics of the Fish Community Structures of the Hun River Basin, Northeastern China
Authors: Xie Jun , Wang Caiyan , Liu Lu , Duan Yuanshuai , Huo Bin , Li Dapeng
Published: January 2023

Long-term ecological restoration can restore aquatic ecosystems to a certain extent and alleviate the crisis of freshwater fish biodiversity. In order to explore the fish community distribution patterns and key factors after ecological restoration and the health status of the watershed, fish and environmental data were collected from 39 sampling points in the Hun River Basin in the spring and autumn of 2021. A total of 51 fish species belonging to 11 families and 37 genera were collected during the survey, and the dominant species were Rhynchocypris lagowskii, Zacco platypus, Carassius auratus and Pseudorasbora parva. Compared with the results of past studies, the number of fish species has increased. The study found that the distribution of fish along the longitudinal gradient of the watershed showed obvious spatial differences and was divided into two groups. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that agricultural land, urban land and grassland were the key factors for the spatial variation in fish communities in the Hun River Basin. The results of the F-IBI evaluation showed that the health status of the Hun River was fair or above fair, among which healthy, good, fair, poor and bad points accounted for 5.13%, 30.77%, 33.33%, 25.64% and 5.13%, respectively. The upper and middle reaches of the Hun River Basin were in better health, while the lower reaches were in poorer health, which was mainly affected by the intensity of human activities in different regions. This study will help watershed managers to make targeted restoration and protection measures for different regions.
Intercomparing LSTM and RNN to a Conceptual Hydrological Model for a Low-Land River with a Focus on the Flow Duration Curve
Authors: Ley Alexander , Bormann Helge , Casper Markus
Published: January 2023

Machine learning (ML) algorithms slowly establish acceptance for the purpose of streamflow modelling within the hydrological community. Yet, generally valid statements about the modelling behavior of the ML models remain vague due to the uniqueness of catchment areas. We compared two ML models, RNN and LSTM, to the conceptual hydrological model Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) within the low-land Ems catchment in Germany. Furthermore, we implemented a simple routing routine in the ML models and used simulated upstream streamflow as forcing data to test whether the individual model errors accumulate. The ML models have a superior model performance compared to the HBV model for a wide range of statistical performance indices. Yet, the ML models show a performance decline for low-flows in two of the sub-catchments. Signature indices sampling the flow duration curve reveal that the ML models in our study provide a good representation of the water balance, whereas the HBV model instead has its strength in the reproduction of streamflow dynamics. Regarding the applied routing routine in the ML models, there are no strong indications of an increasing error rising upstream to downstream throughout the sub-catchments.