bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN NERVE CELLS DUE TO TOTAL TEMPORARY ANÆMIA OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Gomez Liborio , Pike F. H.
Published: June 2004

With the return of the circulation, dilation of the pericellular lymph space and slight swelling of the cell body occurs, disappearing as recovery progresses. Chromatolysis, as evidenced by poor affinity for stains, clumping, diffuse staining, and breaking into dust-like particles, induced by anæmia, is not necessarily fatal. Death of the cell is not shown histologically when tissue is removed and fixed immediately after the experiment. Some time must elapse for the detection of the vacuolation, displacement of the nucleus and solution of the chromatic substance, indicative of profound changes. Neurones from different regions as well as neurones of the same region differ in degree of resistance to anæmia. The small pyramidal cells are the most susceptible, and then come the Purkinje cells, cells of the medulla oblongata, retina, cervical cord, lumbar cord, spinal ganglia and, most resistant of all, the sympathetic ganglion cells. Failure to resuscitate animals after anæmia of the central nervous system is probably due to the destruction of many of the cells of the vital centers (vaso-motor and respiratory) which do not have histological peculiarities by which they may be defined. Death, however, of a few cells of any center does not necessarily mean the total loss of function of that center, since the remaining cells may be sufficient to discharge the function of the center.
STUDIES ON INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Authors: Eyster J. A. E. , Burrows M. T. , Essick C. R.
Published: June 2004

1. The results of this work form a confirmation of the earlier work of Cushing in all details investigated.

2. The increase of blood pressure that results from an increase of the intracranial pressure above the blood pressure is due in the dog to a vaso-constriction of the vessels of the intestine, the kidney and the limbs. Preceding this constriction there is dilatation.

3. The anastomotic connection between the internal carotid artery within the skull and the ophthalmic branch of the internal maxillary is of a size in the dog approximately equal to the internal carotid outside of the skull. The anatomical relations are such as to indicate that the internal maxillary artery in this animal is a cerebral artery equal in importance to the internal carotid. The anastomotic connection because of its position within the cranial cavity is unaffected except by extreme grades of intracranial compression.

4. The ordinary method of artificial perfusion of the dog's brain as used in physiological investigation appears from this work to be of no value, since there is at least one important path open besides that through the vessels of the brain.

5. The increase of the intracranial pressure above the blood pressure leads to a complete anæmia, superficial and deep, of the blood vessels of the brain. If the intracranial pressure is not greatly increased above the blood pressure, the circle of Willis and some of the larger arterial connections at the base of the brain are more or less well injected. An intracranial pressure somewhat below blood pressure leads apparently to a certain degree of anæmia directly beneath the point of entrance of the intracranial fluid; the condition of the rest of the brain as regards blood supply is normal.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PARASITE (HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM) AND THE LESIONS OF HISTOPLASMOSIS, A FATAL DISEASE OF TROPICAL AMERICA
Authors: Darling Samuel T.
Published: June 2004

Histoplasmosis is a fatal infectious disease of tropical America resembling kala-azar of India. It is characterized clinically by splenomegaly, emaciation, irregular pyrexia, leucopenia and anemia. The pathological features are the invasion of endothelial cells in the smaller lymph and blood vessels and capillaries by enormous numbers of a small encapsulated microorganism (Histoplasma capsulatum) causing necroses of the liver with cirrhosis, splenomegaly, psudo-granulomata of the lungs, small and large intestines, with ulceration of the latter, and necrosis of lymph nodes draining the injected viscera.

The disease is caused by a small round or oval microörganism 1 to 4 µ in diameter possessing a polymorphous, chromatin nucleus, basophilic cytoplasm and achromatic spaces all enclosed within an achromatic refractile capsule.

The microorganism differs from the Leishman-Donovan body of kala-azar in the form and arrangement of its chromatin nucleus, and in not possessing a chromatin rod.
AN EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULAR LESION CAUSED BY VENOM (CROTALUS ADAMANTEUS)
Authors: Pearce Richard M.
Published: June 2004

The venom of Crotalus adamanteus when administered intravenously to rabbits in properly graded doses causes lesions of the glomerulus of tile kidney which may be either hemorrhagic or exudative in character. Both types of lesion are usually associated but either one or the other may predominate. The hemorrhagic lesion, which may be confined to the glomerular tuft, or, by rupture of the latter, may involve the capsular space, is a peculiar localization of the hemorrhage so common in other parts of the body in venom intoxication. On the other hand, the exquisite exudative lesion involving usually the capsular space but sometimes limited, as in the hemorrhagic type, to the tuft itself and with little or no tubular injury, constitutes a type of experimental vascular nephritis, hitherto undescribed, which differs widely in its anatomical appearance from that due to arsenic, cantharidin and other vascular poisons.

As the limitation of the lesion to the glomerulus indicates a selective action of the venom, and as the histological changes in the tuft are suggestive of gradual endothelial destruction and solution, the lesion can be explained by the action of the endotheliolytic body of crotalus venom described by Flexner and Noguchi.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DIPLOCOCCI OCCURRING IN EPIDEMIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS AND POSTERIOR BASIC MENINGITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha
Published: June 2004

The study carried out and recorded in this paper did not lead to the finding of any reliable criteria of difference between strains of Diplococcus intracellularis obtained from typical cases of epidemic meningitis and several cultures obtained from cases of posterior basic meningitis.

The successful experiments made with monkeys show that the diplococcus obtained from cases of posterior basic meningitis is capable of setting up rapidly and acutely fatal forms of meningitis and in producing organic lesions of the cerebral tissues of great severity.

This study would, therefore, suggest that the antimeningitis serum should be as useful in cases of posterior basic meningitis so-called, as it has been in epidemic meningitis, especially if it were employed early in the disease.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON HEMOLYSIS IN HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

Decreasing the temperature from 37° C. to 5° C. perceptibly and regularly increases hemolysis in hypotonic sodium chloride and cane sugar solutions, when the erythrocytes of a number of the common mammals are considered. The measurements were carried out with Smith's modification of the method of Hamburger. If following the original method of Hamburger one relies on the point of beginning hemolysis as an index of corpuscle resistance, the facts are not brought out clearly. The effect is in the opposite direction from that which would prevail if the laws governing change of osmotic pressure with change of temperature were the influential factors. The results possibly depend on some change in the permeability or consistence of the erythrocytic protoplasm considered as a semi-permeable membrane.
THE BUTYRIC ACID TEST FOR SYPHILIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF METASYPHILITIC AND OTHER NERVOUS DISORDERS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Moore J. W.
Published: June 2004

1. In the secondary and tertiary stages of syphilis without direct involvement of the nervous system the cerebro-spinal fluid yielded the butyric acid reaction of feeble intensity. The fluid under these conditions gave neither a positive cytodiagnosis nor the Wassermann test for syphilis.

2. The cerebro-spinal fluid of cases of hereditary syphilis showed a positive butyric reaction in about 90 per cent. and a positive Wassermann test in about 80 per cent. of the cases examined.

3. The cerebro-spinal fluid of cases of cerebral and spinal syphilis yielded the butyric acid reaction and the cytodiagnosis in every instance (100 per cent.) and gave the Wassermann reaction in from 50 to 75 per cent. of those examined.

4. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of general paralysis gave positive butyric acid reactions in 90 per cent., positive cell counts in 91 per cent., and positive Wassermann test in 73 per cent. of those examined.

5. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of tabes dorsalis gave positive butyric acid reactions and cell counts in 100 per cent. and positive Wassermann test in 53 per cent. of those examined.

6. The cerebro-spinal fluid from other forms of psychosis in which a syphilitic history was not obtained gave positive butyric acid reactions and cell count in 2.8 per cent. and Wassermann test in 13 per cent. of those examined.

7. The cerebro-spinal fluid from cases of acute inflammatory diseases of the meninges always gave a flocculent precipitate with the butyric acid reaction but never gave the Wassermann test.

8. The cerebro-spinal fluid from persons suffering from typhoid fever, pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, etc., in which the meninges are not inflamed, gave neither the butyric acid nor the Wassermann test.

9. We think it justifiable to conclude that the butyric acid reaction affords a ready means of distinguishing normal from pathological cerebro-spinal fluid and will prove to be useful in routine clinical practice, especially in detecting syphilitic disease and in confirming or setting aside certain doubtful diagnoses of syphilitic or metasyphilitic lesions of the central nervous system. The reaction should commend itself as a valuable addition to the Wassermann test, the results of which it is capable of confirming and extending.
STANDARDIZATION OF THE ANTIMENINGITIS SERUM
Authors: Jobling James W.
Published: June 2004

The high variability in infectivity of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of the virulence of the diplococcus.

The irregularity of reaction of small animals to the poison or endotoxin of Diplococcus intracellularis makes it impracticable to standardize the antimeningitis serum on the basis of endotoxic value.

The want of uniformity in the complement-binding power of the antimeningitis serum, and the absence of established relation between complement-binding power and therapeutic activity make the employment of this method of standardization impracticable.

The part taken by specific opsonins in promoting recovery from infection with Diplococcus intracellularis suggests their employment as a measure of the therapeutic activity of the antiserum. Methods of quantitative estimation of opsonic content of the antimeningitis serum being available, it would seem advantageous to adopt for the present as a standard of value a definite and suitable strength in opsonins of the antimeningitis serum.

As a definite and suitable standard of strength a minimum dilution activity of a 1 to 5,000 dilution of the antiserum is proposed.

Since the immune opsonins of the antimeningitis serum appear to be highly durable under proper conditions of refrigeration of the antiserum, the test proposed will be applicable when the antimeningitis serum shall have become an article of commerce.
THE RELATIONS OF THE THYROID GLANDS TO GLYCOSURIA
Authors: Grey E. G. , de Sautelle W. T.
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy the glycosuria, produced by ether or adrenalin in the normal animal, is greatly reduced.

2. Thyroidless dogs fed on powdered thyroid glands show a return of glycosuria more or less proportional to the amount ingested when treated with adrenalin or ether.

3. As the thyroids regenerate the ether or adrenalin glycosuria increases similarly.

The results of these experiments leave no doubt in our minds that the secretion of the thyroid glands is connected in some obscure way with the metabolism of sugar in the body or exerts some control over organs whose duty it is to participate in the sugar metabolism.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE THYROID ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Authors: King John H.
Published: June 2004

1. The thyroid exerts a retarding action on the carbohydrate destroying mechanism of the body.

2. This retarding action is not changed when the gland is boiled, showing that it is not a ferment action.

3. Iodothyrin, the active principle of the gland, exerts this retarding influence more markedly even than the whole thyroid.

4. This antagonism between the thyroid and the carbohydrate destroying mechanism is a direct one, as other ductless glands and the nervous system are eliminated from the experiments.

5. These results confirm those of Falta along similar lines.
THE RESISTANCE TO A SPECIFIC HEMOLYSIN OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

1. Phagocytosis of pneumococci in vitro runs parallel with phagocytosis in vivo.

2. Virulence depends not only on resistance to phagocytosis, but also on the ability to grow in the body of the animal.

3. The biological reaction of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection does not differ from that of the mouse.

4. The "immunity" of the pigeon to pneumococcus infection is due to its normal high temperature.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROIDECTOMY ON ALIMENTARY GLYCOSURIA
Authors: McCurdy John
Published: June 2004

1. Removal of the thyroid glands causes a rise in the assimilation limit for dextrose.

2. If the parathyroids are left, this result is permanent.

3. The thyroids probably inhibit normally the direct combustion of the sugar in the muscles.
PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNITY IN STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Meakins J. C.
Published: June 2004

1. In infections with streptococcus in man, such as acute septic endocarditis, and tonsillitis, there is produced a powerful opsonic immunity.

2. This opsonic immunity is effective towards the streptococcus which has caused infection but may be ineffective in the presence of streptococcus from other sources.

3. Little benefit can be expected from streptococcus vaccines unless they are prepared from the streptococcus which has caused infection.
THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE DEVELOPING HEN'S EGG
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Rogers W. B.
Published: June 2004

A. The catalytic activity of the tissues of newly born and adult rabbits.

1. There is practically no difference between the catalytic power of the blood, brain or muscle of newly born and adult rabbits.

2. The kidneys and lungs are less active in the newly born, but increase rapidly during the first days of life.

3. The liver is more active in the newly born than in the adult rabbit.

B. The catalytic activity of the developing hen's egg.

1. The entire fresh egg has a slight but definite catalytic power which remains practically constant even though the egg be kept for several months at room temperature.

2. The separate parts of the egg, germinal center, yolk and white have practically no activity when tested individually.

3. The entire unfertilized egg shows no catalytic activity even after incubation at 38° C. for twenty-one days.

4. The germinal portion of the incubated fertilized egg rapidly acquires the power of decomposing hydrogen peroxide, while the yolk and white together or separately show no such increase, nor is there any activity to be found in the amniotic fluid.

5. It seems, therefore, that the catalytic power of the developing egg is formed from the contents of the egg which themselves show little action, by the developing germinal portion, independent of all external influences except heat (38° C.) and air.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF OPSONIC IMMUNITY TO STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Meakins J. C.
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of Staphylococcus aureus, killed by heat (vaccine), produces a high degree of opsonic immunity in rabbits.

2. Such increase of opsonin affords protection against living virulent staphylococcus in direct proportion to the amount of opsonins present in the serum and complete recovery may follow subsequent inoculation, if the opsonic power be high.

3. Frequent administration of vaccines may produce a diminution of the opsonic power of the serum.

4. Immune opsonins are most active against the homologous strain of Staphylococcus aureus, but are only slightly less active against heterologous strains.

5. Infections of the human body by Staphylococcus aureus may cause great increase of opsonins.

6. Vaccines prepared from Staphylococcus aureus may produce a high degree of opsonic immunity in man.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE IMMEDIATE REACTION OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: Auer John , Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

1. By an immediate anaphylactic reaction we mean the chain of symptoms which occur in highly sensitized guinea-pigs shortly after an intravenous or intracardiac injection of the toxic dose and usually end in death.

2. Immediate anaphylactic death occurs three to five minutes after the toxic injection in highly sensitized guinea-pigs.

3. Immediate anaphylactic death in guinea-pigs is caused by asphyxia; cessation of respiration is secondary to this asphyxia.

4. This asphyxia is apparently produced by a tetanic contraction of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles, which occludes their lumen gradually, so that finally no air enters or leaves the lung, in spite of violent respiratory efforts; the animal is strangulated.

5. The stage of complete broncho-constriction is preceded by a short broncho-dilatation, if the bronchioles have been in a state of tonus previous to the injection of the toxic dose.

6. Anatomically, the lungs of these guinea-pigs are typical and may be used as an indicator of the immediate anaphylactic state when the animal has been immobilized by curarin or by pithing.

7. The lungs of a guinea-pig killed by immediate anaphylaxis are distended and in an inspiratory position so that the diaphragm is pushed down; no marked collapse occurs when the chest is opened and when the lungs are excised in toto; their color is a pale bluish-pink ; the surfaces and borders are smooth; no foam is in the trachea or large bronchi; pieces of lung cut off do not collapse, float lightly on water, and contain a good amount of air and little fluid which escapes on pressure. The blood in the lungs and heart is black when the autopsy is made at once after the cessation of respiration.

8. Section of the vagi in the neck, or curarin (artificial respiration) exerts no appreciable effect on the development of immediate anaphylaxis.

9. This immobilization of the lungs, which is due to a broncho-constriction, is of peripheral origin, for destruction of the spinal cord and medulla affects in no appreciable way the promptness and extent of the typical lung response to the injection of the toxic dose. Artificial respiration is, of course, necessary.

At the present time we do not care to state whether the toxic dose exerts its effects upon the bronchial muscles alone or upon the vagus motor endings or upon both structures.

10. The blood pressure in immediate anaphylaxis first shows a rise, which may be considerable; a short maintenance of this high level and then a gradual drop to IO to 20 millimeters of mercury and even less, within ten minutes after injection of the toxic dose.

11. Shortly after injection of the toxic dose a heart block develops, so that auricles and ventricles may beat in a 3:I rhythm; the block is probably due to asphyxia.

12. The cardiac vagus gradually loses its irritability after injection of the toxic dose.

13. Cooling of the guinea-pig delays the reaction to the toxic injection.
AN ATTENUATED SURRA OF MAURITIUS WITH IMMUNITY TESTS AFTER RECOVERY
Authors: Terry B. T.
Published: June 2004

Apparently as a result of repeated passages through guinea pigs, the virulence of surra of Mauritius for mice became greatly attenuated. Three mice recovered spontaneously and two remained carriers of tryanosomes for four to seven weeks after the parasites were last seen in their blood. The mice that recovered acquired no lasting immunity. While the virulence of the parasites decreased for mice, it increased for guinea pigs. By cultivating the parasites in mice the virulence for these animals was restored after four to eight passages.
PLEOMORPHISM AND PLEOBIOSIS OF BACILLUS BIFIDUS COMMUNIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

From the foregoing experiments, the conclusion may be drawn that B. bifidus communis of Tissier has an aerobic phase, in which it resembles B. mesentericus fuscus. Numerous intermediate phases can occur between these two extremes; and their morphological and biological variabilities demand the utmost attention in order to interpret more intelligently the various phases of a given organism, constantly found in the stools of sucklings, and to avoid the artificial creation of two or more organisms from a single microbic type.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS IN MONKEYS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The experimental study of poliomyelitis has yielded a large number of important facts relating to the spontaneous disease in man. The nature of the virus has been discovered, many of its properties have been ascertained, some of its immunity effects have been established, the clinical and pathological peculiarities of the disease have been elucidated, and a basis has been secured on which to develop measures of prevention.
CHANGES INDUCED IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS BY LIVING IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF WATER GAS
Authors: Nasmith George G. , Harrison F. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits living in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide react in general as guinea-pigs react.

2. The increased specific gravity of the blood in " carbon monoxide " rabbits is due wholly to the increase in the number of erythrocytes and of hemoglobin, and not to any change in the plasma.

3. Weigert's law of inertia, that production would continue after the stimulus has ceased to act, does not hold in the case of carbon monoxide stimulated rabbits.

4. Hemolysins, precipitins and agglutinins towards normal rabbit corpuscles and sera were not present in carbon monoxide rabbits.

5. " Hemopoeitin " or anything of a similar nature was not found in rabbits in any stage of erythrocyte degeneration or regeneration.
OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON THE SO-CALLED THYROID CARCINOMA OF BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS) AND ITS RELATION TO ORDINARY GOITRE
Authors: Marine David , Lenhart C. H.
Published: June 2004

Is this thyroid hyperplasia true carcinoma? In view of the facts that young fish are more affected than old fish, that iodin stops the hyperplasia and causes it to return to the colloid state, that removal of the fish from the ponds to the open brook also affects a cure, that the clinical incidence of tumors is directly related to the water supply, and that the severity of the disease as determined by histological examination is likewise directly related to the water supply, we cannot accept the prevailing opinion that the disease is true cancer. On the other hand, we believe that the disease as studied by us is an extreme illustration of endemic goitre, the end stage of which is cretinism. The opinion that it is cancer is based purely on anatomical studies—the essential fact being that the growing thyroid invades bone, muscle, etc. Such findings in mammalian tissues are strong evidence of malignancy, but this standard cannot be applied to fish thyroids for the reason that any growth of a widely and loosely distributed nonencapsulated gland would give the histological appearance of invasion of the surrounding tissues.

The general views as to the cause of the disease may be divided into two groups: (I) infectious and (2) metabolic.

Taking up the infectious theory, there are abundant grounds for such a view when one considers the flora of the tank. The very careful histological examinations by Hofer, Bonnet and Pick have yielded uniformly negative results. Direct infection cannot be excluded, but the fact that fish placed in the tail-race recover spontaneously, although living in the theoretically most polluted water, is not in harmony with our present conception of water-borne infection.

Taking up the metabolic theory, the three factors of overfeeding, overcrowding and limited proportional water supply together with the many possibilities into which they are divisible seem to us to be in some way, still obscure, directly concerned with the development of the disease. It is not probable that a single substance, whether the result of food decomposition or of excretory products, excites the thyroid to its activity but rather that the thyroid reaction is the result of the activity of a great variety of these products.
STUDIES ON WATER DRINKING
Authors: Fowler C. C. , Hawk P. B.
Published: June 2004

The daily drinking of three liters of water with meals, for a period of five days, by a man twenty-two years of age who was in a condition of nitrogen equilibrium through the ingestion of a uniform diet, was productive of the following findings :

1. An increase in body weight, aggregating two pounds in five days.

2. An increased excretion of urinary nitrogen, the excess nitrogen being mainly in the form of urea, ammonia, and creatine.

3. A decreased excretion of creatinine and the coincident appearance of creatine in the urine. The decreased creatinine output is believed to indicate that the copious water drinking has stimulated protein catabolism. The appearance of creatine is considered evidence that the water has caused a partial muscular disintegration resulting in the release of creatine, but not profound enough to yield the total nitrogen content of the muscle. The output of creatine is, therefore, out of all proportion to the increase in the excretion of total nitrogen.

4. An increased output of ammonia which is interpreted as indicating an increased output of gastric juice.

5. A decreased excretion of feces and of fecal nitrogen, the decrease in the excretion of fecal nitrogen being of sufficient magnitude to secure a lowered excretion of both the bacterial and the non-bacterial nitrogen.

6. A decrease in the quantity of bacteria excreted daily.

7. An increase in the percentage of total nitrogen appearing as bacterial nitrogen.

8. A lower creatinine coefficient.

9. A more economical utilization of the protein constituents of the diet.

10. The general conclusion to be reached as the result of this experiment is to the effect that the drinking of a large amount of water with meals was attended by many desirable and by no undesirable features.
LATENT LIFE OF ARTERIES
Authors: Carrel Alexis
Published: June 2004

When a segment of artery, killed by heat, formalin or glycerin is transplanted, it undergoes a rapid degeneration. Its muscle fibers disappear while the tissue of the host reacts by building a new wall of connective tissue. When the transplanted vessel has been preserved in a condition of latent life, no degeneration of the wall occurs, or the wall undergoes only partial degeneration. The muscle fibers can keep their normal appearance, even for a long time after the operation. It is, therefore, demonstrated that arteries can be preserved outside of the body in a condition of unmanifested actual life.

The best method of preservation consists of placing the vessels, immersed in vaselin, in an ice box, the temperature of which is slightly above the freezing point.

From a surgical standpoint, the transplantation of preserved vessels can be used with some safety. When the arteries were kept in defibrinated blood or vaselin and in cold storage, the proportion of positive results was 75 and 80 per cent., and this can probably be increased.
A STUDY OF AN EXTREMELY PURE PREPARATION OF RICIN
Authors: Field Cyrus W.
Published: June 2004

1. By following the method of Osborne, Mendel and Harris, we can obtain an extremely potent toxin from the castor bean.

2. It would appear, as a result of testing this preparation at the end of two and a half years, that the agglutinating function and the toxic function are two distinct properties.

3. This result is also borne out by the behavior under the electric current; either we are dealing with two different substances or else with a single substance with two distinct toxiphore groups, one of which is stable and the other labile.
OBSERVATIONS UPON THE NOGUCHI MODIFICATION OF THE WASSERMANN COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LUES IN THE MILITARY SERVICE
Authors: Craig Charles F.
Published: June 2004

In the vast majority of cases examined in this laboratory the result of the Wassermann test was simply confirmatory of the clinical findings, but there were numerous suspicious cases, or cases in which symptoms were present and the patient denied a specific history, in which the test was of the greatest value, and it is in such instances, perhaps, that it may be regarded as "the court of last resort " in arriving at a conclusion regarding the nature of the condition present. Certainly if there is any value in experience and statistics, we are justified in regarding this test as the most valuable means we possess of diagnosing lues, and our experience with the Noguchi modification of the test has justified all that has been claimed for that method.

We believe that our results have proven that by the use of the complement fixation test in the military service it is possible to prevent the enlistment of men suffering from latent lues who would otherwise be enlisted; to control specific treatment by using it as an index of the efficiency of such treatment; to clear up the diagnosis of obscure or suspicious cases; and to enable the surgeon to avoid mistakes in discharges for disability in cases suspected of this disease.

Owing to the facility with which clinical observations can be made in armies, and the control that is possible of tested individuals, it is to be hoped that the Noguchi modification of the complement fixation test will be more widely used than it has been in the military services, for which we believe it is especially adapted. So far as we are aware the Medical Department of our army is the first to adopt this test as a routine diagnostic procedure and to apply it in the case of applicants for enlistment.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF FAT IN THE LIVER
Authors: McCrae John , Klotz Oskar
Published: June 2004

1. Nearly all livers at autopsy contain fat which is histologically demonstrable.

2. Fatty substances in the liver appear chiefly in two forms, as small granules and as globules of various sizes.

3. We suppose that granules indicate the (protoplasmic) change commonly spoken of as fatty degeneration, and that globules of small size are excess of fat, stored up by reason of some pathological change which may be merely temporary.

4. Fat is oftenest central, least often in the mid-zone.

5. A heavy deposit of fat is compatible with a competent liver.

6. Intense fattiness, generally globular, occurs with intoxications of bacterial and chemical nature, as well as in cases where a complex toxin is manufactured by the body-cells.

7. Granular fat occurs oftener than globular: it affects most often the central zone; globular affects most often the peripheral.

8. " Accidental " masses of globular fat are found at times, and appear to follow no rule of position: these are comparable to lipomata, which are evidently the result of a pathological process.

9. We found no deposit of fat characteristic of uremia.

10 We know of no analysis of the liver fats in the granular and globular states respectively: it seems to have been taken for granted that the deposits were one and the same. To determine the relationship, if any, between these two forms should be the basis of investigation.
THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS COMPLEMENTS AND AMBOCEPTORS IN THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: June 2004

1. The maximum activity of an antihuman hemolytic amboceptor may be obtained by employing the homologous or heterologous complement, according to the variable relations existing between the species furnishing the amboceptor and the one supplying the complement. Thus, some amboceptors are best reactivated by the complement of the same species, while others may act most strongly when reactivated with the complements of certain suitable heterologous species.

2. From the above it is clear that the complementary activity of a given serum may be very variable according to the varieties of amboceptors employed. In expressing the complementary activity of a serum, the species of the host of the amboceptor must always be stated. Thus, one serum may have many different complementary titers according to the amboceptors used. A similar variation in the titers of the amboceptors occurs when a variety of complements are employed.

3. Certain species of animals (pig and sheep) yield sera which are comparatively poor in reactivating most varieties of antihuman amboceptors. The complements of these species deteriorate rapidly.

4. The serum of chicken contained but little complement for the amboceptors derived from the mammalia, while the amboceptor from the chicken was only poorly, or not at all, reactivable by the complements contained in the mammalian sera. The serum of pig was the only variety which reactivated this amboceptor in a fair degree.

5. For the fixation tests guinea pig complement is the most favorable. This complement is also the most active and durable of those which have been studied. The complements of pig and sheep are quite fixable, but their weakness and rapid deterioration render them unsuitable for fixation purposes. Rabbit complement is quite active but is not easily fixable. Goat complement is, as already stated, difficult to fix, in spite of its strong complementary activity. The other complements are unsuitable because of their feeble complementary activity.

6. For fixation tests the antihuman amboceptors produced in the rabbit and guinea pig are suitable. They are, moreover, very active and do not cause the phenomenon of non-fixation. The amboceptors from other animals are unsuitable, as we cannot find a complement which strongly reactivates them. The amboceptor from the goat is unsuitable because of the danger of masking the fixation phenomenon by subsequent hemolysis.

7. In summing up, we arrive at the conclusion that the rabbit is the best animal for producing antihuman amboceptor, and the guinea pig for supplying complement. The guinea pig produces a good amboceptor, but its small size renders it second in choice.

So far, no other animals have been found useful for the fixation experiments.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON IMPLANTED EMBRYONIC TISSUE
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

1. Grafts of embryonic tissue obtained at operation and implanted in the mother, will grow well in case she no longer carries young. The growth is no more rapid than that in favorable nonpregnant aliens, but persists for a longer period without retrogression and results in a greater variety of tissues. The superiority of auto-transplantation over iso-transplantation is responsible for this fact. No evidence of a specific "growth-substance" peculiar to the pregnant state is furnished by the experiment.

2. When a mouse is implanted with embryonic tissue from her own uterus, and she still carries developing young, the fate of the grafts is very different from that just described. They are vascularized from the host but fail to grow or differentiate. Yet they do not die, and after pregnancy is concluded they may start to grow. The finding is strikingly like that noted by others of implanted tumor in pregnant hosts. It seems probable that some general factor affecting the growth of implanted tissues is here concerned.
THE INFLUENCE OF MOUSE-RAT PARABIOSIS ON THE GROWTH IN RATS OF A TRANSPLANTABLE MOUSE SARCOMA
Authors: Lambert R. A.
Published: June 2004

The results in these experiments seem to justify us in concluding that the growth of mouse tumors in rats is very definitely promoted by mouse-rat parabiosis, the percentage of " takes" being markedly increased, the rate of growth accelerated, and the duration of active growth extended to at least seventeen days.

These findings are in accord with Ehrlich's hypothesis, although, on account of the complexity of the factors involved in such experiments, other explanations may be advanced.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUCCUS ENTERICUS
Authors: Mosenthal Herman O.
Published: June 2004

Nitrogen equivalent to about 35 per cent of the nitrogen intake, though not necessarily derived directly from it, is daily secreted in the succus entericus in dogs on a mixed diet; about 10 per cent is excreted in the feces. and about 25 per cent is reabsorbed. The amount of reabsorbed nitrogen-containing material is considerably larger if the bile and pancreatic secretion are included.

The metabolic significance of this reabsorption can only be surmised. That it is probably of great importance is indicated by the fact that in the experiments here recorded the amount of nitrogen reabsorbed equaled approximately 25 per cent of the nitrogen intake.
STUDIES IN ISOAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben
Published: June 2004

1. Intravascular agglutination can occur, and is the probable cause of occasional untoward symptoms, or even death, following transfusion of agglutinative blood. In the majority of cases, however, it does not occur, or if it does, it causes no symptoms. This is dependent on the influence of three factors: (1) concentration of the agglutinin; (2) absorption of the agglutinin by an excess of agglutinable cells; (3) interference with agglutination by an excess of non-agglutinable cells, so that when clumps occur they are microscopic in size.

2. If, for a given transfusion, a non-agglutinative donor, i. e., a donor whose blood is of the same agglutinative class as the patient's, can not be obtained, then it is safer to use a person whose serum is agglutinative toward the patient's cells than one whose cells are agglutinated by the patient's serum.

3. Tests for agglutination, as well as for hemolysis, ought to be made before transfusion. When time does not permit this, one has to weigh the possible dangers of agglutination or hemolysis against the dangers of letting the patient go without transfusion.

4. Agglutinable cells when transfused are taken up by the phagocytes in the patient's blood; and, for this reason) the transfusion of agglutinable blood, even when no accident happens, can be expected to do little permanent good.
VACCINE TREATMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF DYSENTERY IN INFANTS
Authors: Lucas W. P. , Amoss Harold L.
Published: June 2004

This investigation is very limited and the number of patients treated is few, yet the following conclusions may not be amiss:—

1. The vaccine in no instance did harm, and the reactions in the majority were very mild and of short duration.

2. Cases in which bacteriologically B. dysenteriæ were proved to be present, but in a clinically unrecognizable form, were not affected differently from those which were culturally negative. This may in part be due to the fact that this mode of vaccination produces an immediate passive immunity, while the bacterial vaccine is producing an active immunity.

3. The work is of interest and holds out a possible means of preventing the great mortality from infantile dysentery during the summer months.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH OF SARCOMA AND CARCINOMA CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M.
Published: June 2004

1. The transplantable sarcomata of rats and mice grow very readily by the method of cultivating tissues in vitro.

2. Sarcomatous tissue grows in conformity to a type which may be regarded as characteristic for tissues of mesenchymal origin.

3. The growth of sarcoma cells in vitro consists in ameboid wandering into the surrounding plasma, karyokinetic proliferation. and evidences of active metabolism on the part of the cells.

4. Mouse carcinomata can be cultivated in vitro. The outgrowth of carcinoma cells assumes a sheet-like form, only one cell in thickness. They migrate into the plasma by ameboid movement, the advancing edge showing numerous prolongations of the cytoplasm into pseudopods.

5. Karyokinetic figures are frequently seen in growing carcinoma cells. The cells show evidences of active metabolism.

6. Both sarcoma and carcinoma cells cultivated in vitro show active phagocytosis; carmin particles placed in the plasma are taken up rapidly by the growing cells.
STUDIES IN ISOAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben , Friedman S. S.
Published: June 2004

Grouped isoagglutination is not limited to man, but is much more widespread than has been hitherto suspected. It occurs in the bloods of steers and rabbits. It seems probable that it will be found to occur in the bloods of other animals. Just how many of the isoagglutinins and the isoagglutinable substances in different species are respectively identical is still to be determined. The work is being continued with other animals.
A FEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE ACTION OF SALVARSAN UPON THE IRRITABILITY OF NERVE AND MUSCLE
Authors: Joseph Don R.
Published: June 2004

These experiments have shown that salvarsan is a comparatively inactive drug when applied directly to nerve and muscle tissue of the frog. In perfusion experiments with alkaline solutions, no detrimental action whatever was to be seen either upon direct or indirect irritability. In bathing .experiments, in which the concentration of the salvarsan in the various solutions was surely much higher than that in which it reaches the peripheral tissues in the human subject through the circulation, the loss of irritability occurred only after a long period of exposure to the drug.
CALCIUM AND IRON INCRUSTATION AND OTHER LESIONS OF THE ELASTIC TISSUE OF THE SPLEEN AND LIVER
Authors: Sprunt Thomas P.
Published: June 2004

In conclusion, it may be said that the lesion described consists of a selective impregnation of the elastic tissue in the splenic trabeculæ and vessels with the phosphates—and perhaps other salts—of calcium and iron. There is a further chemical change in the elastic fibers which may be expressed by the term "elacin."

Degenerated and, especially, calcified elastic tissue—even more than calcification in general—seems to possess an affinity for iron salts. The iron incrustations occur principally in congested or hemorrhagic tissues.

The etiological agent in this case is obscure. The only other example of this lesion in the spleen was in a case of Banti's disease. Many features of this case suggest a primary splenomegaly, but the evidence in its favor is not conclusive.

Calcified elastic fibers, without the iron and elacin reactions, were also present in the liver, which was the seat of a recent, apparently biliary or infectious, cirrhosis. The elastic tissue of other organs showed nothing remarkable except in the skin, where the fibers were undergoing the usual senile changes.
THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUE IN PLASMA FROM ALIEN SPECIES
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M.
Published: June 2004

1. Rat sarcoma may be cultivated in mouse plasma and guinea pig plasma, and the growth differs only in extent from that observed in rat plasma. The cells may show active wandering in guinea pig plasma after thirty days, if transferred at proper intervals to fresh medium.

2. Rabbit plasma is less suitable than that of guinea pigs and mice for the growth of rat sarcoma; growth is slow, but it may continue for twelve days.

3. The duration of growth of rat sarcoma in dog plasma is from two to three days.

4. The duration of the growth of rat sarcoma in pigeon plasma is four to five days. Transferring the tissue to fresh pigeon plasma does not lengthen the period of activity.

5. No growth whatever is observed of mouse and rat tissues in goat plasma. Studies of the fate of the cells indicate the presence in goat serum of a substance toxic for these tissues.

6. In preparations of rat sarcoma in human plasma, liquefaction of fibrin is regularly observed. The phenomena of growth consist in an outwandering of cells along the cover glass, and, after four to six days, the formation of giant cells. Such giant cells are produced in larger number in the cultivation of rat spleen.

7. The degree of suitability of the different kinds of alien plasma used as culture media for mouse and rat tissues does not go hand in hand with the closeness of relationship of the species.

8. Rat spleen may be cultivated as readily in foreign plasma as the virulent transplantable tumors.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CERTAIN FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS AND YAWS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Nichols Henry J.
Published: June 2004

1. Lesions of the testicle and scrotum of the rabbit produced by the treponema of syphilis and of yaws afford material for the study of chemotherapy, of serum reactions, and of immunity.

2. On experimental and clinical grounds, it appears that yaws can be cured with a smaller dose of salvarsan than is necessary to cure syphilis.

3. The spirochætæ of syphilis do not become resistant after repeated treatments with salvarsan.

4. Sodium cacodylate has little effect on the treponema of either disease.

5. Mercury, in a single intravenous dose, has a spirillicidal effect, but the necessary dose usually causes the death of the animal later from nephritis.

6. Potassium iodid, in a single intravenous dose, has no spirillicidal effect.

7. The complement fixation reaction is closely correlated with the course of an infection, as is shown by its onset and its disappearance after castration or treatment.

8. Reinfection during the course of a testicular lesion does not occur, but it occurs after regression, treatment, or extirpation.

9. Specific differences between Treponema pallidum and Trepanema pertenue can be demonstrated in infected animals treated with salvarsan and reinoculated.