bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteosarcopenia in Finland: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: Blomqvist Matias , Nuotio Maria , Sääksjärvi Katri , Koskinen Seppo , Stenholm Sari
Published: August 2024

This cross-sectional study investigated osteosarcopenia prevalence and its correlates among 2142 adults aged 55 and older in Finland. Findings show 3.9% had osteosarcopenia, while 13.8% and 11.1% had probable sarcopenia only or osteoporosis only, respectively. Osteosarcopenia was associated with low BMI, impaired mobility, ADL limitations and depression. Sarcopenia appeared to drive these associations more than osteoporosis. Osteosarcopenia may be a risk factor for functional decline, hospitalization, and institutionalization, warranting further research.

Purpose

Osteosarcopenia is a disorder consisting of concurrent osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from Finland in 2000 aimed to determine the prevalence of osteosarcopenia in Finland. In addition, associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, physical and mental function indicators, chronic conditions and various biomarkers with osteosarcopenia were examined.

Methods

The study included 2142 subjects aged 55 and over (mean age 68.0 years, SD 9.0). Probable sarcopenia was defined as grip strength < 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women. Osteoporosis was defined as either ultrasound-based bone density measurement of T < -2.5, or self-reported, pre-existing diagnosis of osteoporosis. Participants were categorized into 4 groups: no sarcopenia and no osteoporosis, probable sarcopenia only, osteoporosis only, and osteosarcopenia. Information on sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, physical and mental function indicators, chronic conditions and various biomarkers were collected via structured interview, questionnaires, clinical examination, and blood and urine samples.

Results

The prevalence of probable sarcopenia, osteoporosis and osteosarcopenia was 13.8%, 11.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Osteosarcopenia was associated with low BMI, slow gait speed, impaired mobility, impaired ability in the activities of daily living and depression. Of the two components, probable sarcopenia appeared to contribute to these associations more than osteoporosis.

Conclusion

According to representative population-based study, about every fifth person with probable sarcopenia also has osteoporosis. Mobility and ADL limitations were more common among people with osteosarcopenia than those with osteoporosis or probable sarcopenia alone. Future studies are needed to examine osteosarcopenia as an independent risk factor for functional decline, hospitalization, and institutionalization.
Evaluation of a cross-sectoral care model including novel telemedical concepts for diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP WELL)
Authors: Hempen Annette , Mattinger Elena , Hienzsch Aurelia , Jeck Jacqueline , Nacke Nina , zur Nieden Pauline , Schwarze Katharina , Neumann Anja , Schöbel Christoph ,   SLEEP WELL consortium (BARMER; DAK Gesundheit; IKK classic; Techniker Krankenkasse; Clinic for Sleep Medicine Grand Arc GmbH, Duesseldorf; Clinic for Pneumology, Allergology, Sleep & Respiratory Medicine, KEM | Evang. Clinics Essen-Mitte; MuM—Medizin und Mehr eG Bünde; GIG—Gesellschaft für Integrierte Gesundheitsversorgung Bochum; University Hospital Essen, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology [IMIBE]; Institute for Health Care Management and Research [MedMan], University of Duisbu
Published: August 2024

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common organic sleep disorder. Nocturnal positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the first-line treatment, although positive effects can only be expected with regular and long-term use. In view of the increasing OSA prevalence, interface problems in existing care are becoming apparent, leading to inadequate care and long waiting times for diagnosis and treatment. This also has an impact on treatment adherence and support.

Hypothesis

A telemedically supported patient pathway leads to timely diagnosis and needs-based initiation of treatment and improves adherence. This leads to an improved quality of life.

Patients and methods

In a prospective randomized controlled multicenter study, patients with clinically suspected OSA are treated according to guidelines with or without the help of telemedicine (telemedicine and control groups). A total of n = 4448 patients will be included. After guideline-compliant diagnosis and treatment initiation, patients will be followed for up to 12 months, whereby patients in the telemedicine group receive additional telemedical sleep medicine support. For n = 371 patients in the telemedicine group, it will also be investigated whether home-based telemedically supported initiation of PAP therapy under polygraphic control is expedient in the case of a high clinical pre-test probability, clear diagnostic polygraphy findings, and a low comorbidity burden. The new care services will be reimbursed to the participating medical service providers using project funds. In addition to a clinical evaluation, a health economic analysis of secondary data from patients of the participating health insurance funds (TKK, BARMER, DAK, and IKK classic) will be carried out. Primary outcome is sleepiness-related quality of life measured with the standardized functional outcomes of sleep questionnaire (FOSQ). Secondary endpoints are patient-reported outcomes (daytime sleepiness, treatment satisfaction), number of guideline-compliant treatments, PAP therapy adherence, and cost effectiveness and cost utility of the new forms of care. The satisfaction of the medical service providers will also be evaluated.

Results

The results of the study are expected at the end of the third quarter of 2025.

Registration of the study

DRKS00027895
Design for assembly principles applied to deformable parts, a natural frequency based methodology for interfaces design
Authors: Maltauro Mattia , Vargiu Elisa , Meneghello Roberto , Concheri Gianmaria
Published: August 2024

In this paper, a possible application of the DfA (Design for Assembly) principles to deformable parts is proposed. The efficiency of an assembly is expressed with the DfA index, which is influenced by the number of parts compared to the “minimum number of parts” and the assembly time. Deformable parts, if unsupported, can exhibit deformations outside functional limits; however, when assembled, they often need to behave like rigid parts. To achieve the necessary rigidity, a large number of constraints are added. Having a high number of anchor points between a part and the rest of the assembly induces a high assembly time and therefore a low DfA index. This paper aims to provide a methodological framework for designers to define optimal anchor point locations to achieve the desired rigidity with the minimum number of anchor points possible, thereby minimizing assembly time and maximizing the DfA Index. The procedure is based on modal analysis. Subsequent anchor points are added until the predefined rigidity measure, as the natural frequency, is reached. The procedure is validated through a simple case study and then applied to two cases derived from actual industrial applications. It is also shown how the procedure allows for an actual reduction of anchor points.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Selenium Pre-treatment in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Heuer Rachael M. , Falagan-Lotsch Priscila , Okutsu Jessica , Deperalto Madison , Koop Rebekka R. , Umeh Olaedo G. , Guevara Gabriella A. , Noor Md Imran , Covington Myles A. , Shelton Delia S.
Published: August 2024

Cardiovascular diseases are a rampant public health threat. Environmental contaminants, such as Cadmium (Cd), a toxic metal, are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Given that human exposure to Cd is increasing, there is a need for therapies to ameliorate Cd toxicity. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, has been proposed to rescue the effects of Cd toxicity, with mixed effects. Se's narrow therapeutic window necessitates precise dosing to avoid toxicity. Here, we assessed the effects of various waterborne Cd and Se concentrations and sequences on cardiac function using zebrafish (Danio rerio). We showed that Cd induced pericardial edemas and modified heart rates in zebrafish larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. To identify the therapeutic range of Se for Cd-induced cardiotoxicity, zebrafish embryos were treated with 0, 10, 50, 100, 150, or 200 μg/L Se for 1–4 days prior to exposure to 2.5 and 5 μg/L Cd. We found that a 50 µg/L Se pre-treatment before 2.5 μg/L Cd, but not 5 μg/L Cd, reduced the prevalence of pericardial edemas and ameliorated Cd-induced bradycardia in zebrafish. Zebrafish exposed to 10 and 50 μg/L of Se for up to 4 days showed typical heart morphology, whereas other Se-exposed and control fish presented pericardial edemas. Longer Se pre-treatment durations led to fewer incidences of pericardial edemas. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing Se concentrations and pre-treatment periods to harness its protective effects against Cd-induced cardiotoxicity. These findings provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies for reducing Cd-related cardiovascular damage in humans.

Graphical Abstract
Girls in Pieces: An Exploration of Ethnic Identity in Two Anglo-Latina University Students
Authors: Vázquez April
Published: August 2024

The multiracial population is the fastest-growing demographic in American society, increasing at three times the rate of the population as a whole. Because the majority of multiracial and multiethnic individuals are children and adolescents, the issue has important implications for the future of American schools. Using Rockquemore and Brunsma’s racial identity taxonomy, I analyzed the interview and reading group response data of two Anglo-Latina students at a large research university in the mid-Atlantic region to determine which identity options they chose and how they experienced living as multiracial individuals in the USA. Emergent themes included the students’ identification with the fictional protagonist of Gabi, A Girl in Pieces, being assigned a racial identity by others that did not match their self-determined identity, a sense of loss, and the experience of racial discrimination.
Validation of advanced hybrid SPECT/CT system using dynamic anthropomorphic cardiac phantom
Authors: Gelbart Elad , Krakovich Alexander , Sherm Yigal , Rabin Gilad , Ratner Hagit , Scheinowitz Mickey , Goldkorn Ronen
Published: August 2024

Objective

Myocardial blood flow (MBF) assessment can provide incremental diagnostic and prognostic information and thus the validation of dynamic SPECT is of high importance. We recently developed a novel cardiac phantom for dynamic SPECT validation and compared its performance against the GE Discovery NM 530c. We now report its use for validation of a new hybrid SPECT/CT System featuring advanced cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) technology in a ring array detector design (StarGuide™, GE HealthCare).

Methods

Our recently developed cardiac phantom with injected technetium-99m radiotracer was used to create physiological time activity curves (TACs) for the left ventricular (LV) cavity and the myocardium. The TACs allow the calculation of uptake rate (K1) and MBF. The StarGuide system was used to acquire and process the TACs, and these were compared to the TACs produced by the phantom and its mathematical model. Fifteen (15) experiments with different doses representing various MBF values were conducted, and a standard statistic tool was applied for significance.

Results

The TACs produced by the StarGuide system had a significant correlation (p < 0.001) with the reference TACs generated by the phantom both for the LV (r = 0.94) and for the myocardium (r = 0.89). The calculated MBF difference between the system and the phantom was 0.14 ± 0.16 ml/min/g and the average relative absolute difference was 13.2 ± 8.1%. A coefficient of variance of ≤ 11% was observed for all MBF subranges. The regional uptake rate values were similar to the global one with a maximum difference of 5%.

Conclusions

Our newly developed dynamic cardiac phantom was used for validation of the dynamic hybrid SPECT/CT CZT-based system (StarGuide™, GE). The accuracy and precision of the system for assessing MBF values were high. The new StarGuide system can reliably perform dynamic SPECT acquisitions over a wide range of myocardial perfusion flow rates.
The recovery and independence of elbow flexion and forearm supination after Oberlin II transfer in brachial plexus injuries: a long term follows up study
Authors: Acharya A. M. , Hegde Nikhil , Bhat Anil K.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The Oberlin II double fascicular nerve transfer has been evaluated extensively for objective outcomes for elbow flexion in brachial plexus injuries (BPI). However, there is limited information available on the recovery pattern of supination and patient-reported activity in the long-term. Our study aimed to assess the functional results with a minimum of five years of follow-up.

Methods

We evaluated patients with a minimum of five years after the Oberlin II procedure for post-traumatic BPI. They were evaluated using MRC grading, range of active movements, QuickDASH score and activity to check elbow flexion and forearm supination independent of finger and wrist flexion.

Results

18 out of 26 patients responded with a mean follow-up of 79.4 months (range: 61–98). 16 (88.9%) (p < 0.000) patients recovered to achieve active elbow flexion and forearm supination of either MRC grade 3 power or more. The average range of active elbow flexion was 113.9° (range: 0–140°) and active supination was 67.8° (0–90°). Patients who achieved grade 3 flexion or higher were found to regain supination after a delay. The recovery continues even after two years of surgery. The mean QuickDASH score was 21.8 (range: 2.3–63.6). There’s a significant inverse correlation between QuickDASH with both flexion and supination (p < .001 and < 0.05). 15 patients (83.3%) could demonstrate a dissociation of elbow and forearm movements from digital and wrist movements.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated reliable functional results with independent elbow flexion, forearm supination and acceptable patient-reported outcomes for Oberlin II procedure in BPI.
Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Gratitude Questionnaire in a Chinese Sample: Comparing the 6-Item and 5-Item Versions
Authors: Fung Sai-fu
Published: August 2024

Objectives

There are controversies related to the item composition of the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6). Recent literature has suggested removing Item 6 from the scale. This study evaluated both the 6- and 5-item versions and proposed an adapted Chinese version.

Method

Nine hundred and three undergraduate students were recruited for this psychometric evaluation study. The internal consistency, concurrent validity, and construct validity of the GQ-6 were evaluated.

Results

The results showed that the 5-item Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-5), which excludes Item 6, demonstrated better internal consistency (α = 0.74) compared to the original 6-item version (GQ-6) (α = 0.59). Both the 6-item and 5-item versions of the Gratitude Questionnaire exhibited good concurrent validity with well-established measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction, happiness, and mental well-being, as reported in the gratitude literature. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that the 5-item version possessed better construct validity than the original version. The CFA results also supported a unidimensional factor structure for the GQ-5 after post-hoc modifications.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that the GQ-5 demonstrates better psychometric properties compared to the original GQ-6. These results will assist researchers in choosing the appropriate version of the Gratitude Questionnaire for research studies conducted in different Chinese contexts.

Preregistration

This study is not preregistered.
Topological prevalence of variable speed of convergence in the deterministic chaos game
Authors: Leśniak Krzysztof , Snigireva Nina , Strobin Filip
Published: August 2024

Let A be the attractor of a Banach contractive iterated function system (IFS) on a complete space. We prove that the orbit generated by a typical (in the sense of Baire category) driver recovers A with every possible speed. Our result extends the one from the paper: Leśniak et al. (Chaos 32(1):013110, 2022). We also show that our result is optimal from a certain point of view.
Removal of oil spills from aqueous systems by polymer sorbents
Authors: Hailan S. M. , Krupa I. , McKay G.
Published: August 2024

This review deals with the applicability of polymeric sorbents in removing spilled free oil from water surfaces. The theoretical framework covers the sorption ability of polymeric materials in general, respecting their size and morphology; however, the main focus is on polyolefins, primarily various grades of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), including PE and PP waste. The core motivation associated with recycling polyethylene LDPE is the low interest in plastic convertors and the limited marketability of these commodities. The scientific focus in this area is on the development of new products having at least two general features: i) a specific application that does not require high mechanical performance, and ii) the material has a unique functionality that is not significantly influenced by using a recyclate against the use of the pristine polymer. Recycled polyolefins fully satisfied these requirements. This review pays special attention to the theoretical aspects of polymeric sorbents. Specific features of sorbents are analyzed depending on their geometry and morphology, involving powders, membranes/mats, and 3D foams (sponges)/gels. The wettability and sorption mechanisms regarding the chemical composition of materials, their surface topology, and internal porosity are discussed in detail. The presented manuscript emphasizes the close connection between materials’ behavior and properties, which is crucial for efficient oil/water separation and the theoretical modeling of adsorption and absorption processes. The focus on the physical aspects of materials from a theoretical point of view is highlighted, enabling a complex understanding of the oil/water separation processes.
Correlation of tracer uptake in sentinel lymph nodes as measured on SPECT/CT and during intra-operative gamma tracing with SENSEI: the UZ Leuven experience
Authors: Manley Martin , Jentjens Sander , De Wever Liesbeth , Deroose Christophe M. , Everaerts Wouter , Goffin Karolien
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This retrospective analysis aims to study the relationship between tracer uptake in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) as measured on SPECT/CT and during intra-operative gamma tracing with a drop-in gamma probe (SENSEI®) in patients who participated in the UZ Leuven cohort of a prospective multicentre clinical trial evaluating the SENSEI® probe for minimally-invasive SLN biopsy (SLNB) in prostate cancer. Correlation of pre- and intraoperative imaging can allow for improved surgical planning, providing important information to guide intraoperative findings.

Methods

Nine patients with histologically proven prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy (RP) with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) were prospectively selected for preoperative lymphoscintigraphy with SPECT/CT the day before surgery after intra-prostatic injection of 240 MBq of 99mTc-nanocolloid under ultrasound guidance. SLNB was performed with the SENSEI® drop-in gamma probe during standard of care RP with ePLND. SLN detection and counts on SPECT/CT and in vivo and ex vivo probe measurements were compared.

Results

The patient-based detection rate of at least one SLN was 100% on SPECT/CT and 100% intraoperatively with the drop-in gamma probe. In total, 29 SLNs were detected with the probe and 32 SLNs on SPECT/CT. The correlation between SPECT/CT counts and in vivo and ex vivo probe measurements was significant but moderate (Pearson r = 0.57, p = 0.002 and r = 0.64, p = 0.0003, respectively).

Conclusions

Drop-in gamma probe measurements showed a moderate correlation with the SPECT/CT counts. SPECT/CT uptake values can be used as an estimate for in vivo detection of SLNs with the probe.
Carburization Behavior of High-Grade Pellets After Direct Reduction in Pure Hydrogen
Authors: Perrone Angelo , Cavaliere Pasquale , Sadeghi Behzad , Dijon L. , Laska A. , Koszelow D.
Published: August 2024

Carburization is a critical aspect in the iron and steel industry as it significantly affects the mechanical and chemical properties of the final product. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the carburization potential of high-grade quality iron ore pellets after direct reduction in pure hydrogen. The results show that the porosity of the pellets has a significant impact on the efficiency and success of the direct reduction process with hydrogen. The reduction process can be completed at a lower temperature in pure hydrogen compared to carbon monoxide, with the iron carbide concentration peaking at temperatures up to 500 °C before decreasing with further temperature increases. The uniform distribution of SiO2, Al2O3, and CaO is critical to the carburizing process and affects the final properties of the steel. An increased degree of metallization and porosity are associated with an improved carburizing tendency. This study highlights the intricate interplay between temperature, carbon sources, and the resulting equilibrium concentration of iron carbides and provides insights into the complex dynamics of this phenomenon.

Graphical Abstract
The insights of allied health professionals transitioning from a matrix structure to a centralized profession-based structure within a public hospital setting
Authors: Turato Gemma , Whiteoak John , Oprescu Florin
Published: August 2024

To manage the challenges associated with increasing costs and demand for healthcare, administrators often propose a re-structure of the workforce to gain more efficiencies. However, this can have detrimental impacts on professions such as allied health if the uniqueness of this workforce is not taken into consideration before, during and after re-structuring. In the dynamic setting of public hospital bed-based services, allied health is highly complex, consisting of diverse professionals (e.g., audiology, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, podiatry, pharmacy, dietetics, social work, and speech pathology), each requiring different technical expertise, training pathways, professional governance, and accountability. This case study evaluates the outcomes of a re-structure of allied health professionals working in bed-based services who transitioned from a matrix to a centralized structure of service delivery. Qualitative data were collected in a survey across three years to gain the perceptions from allied health staff about the impacts of the new structure. The results demonstrated that a centralized profession-based structure with single points of accountability was superior to a matrix structure in this context. The benefits identified included improved governance, administration efficiencies and cost-savings gained by having the budget and professional management aligned. This resulted in improved workforce planning and flexibility that delivered care to patients based on clinical priority. Further benefits included professional skills training pathways and succession planning across clinical specialties which enhanced career opportunities, all of which improved wellbeing and morale. These findings add to the sparse research pertaining to the components (structural, human and systems) to consider when incorporating allied health professionals in a proposed organizational design and the contingencies they require to operate successfully within certain contexts.
Optimizing pH for Soil Enzyme Assays Reveals Important Biochemical Functions in Low pH Soil
Authors: Fraser Tandra D. , Duddigan Sarah , Diaz Anita , Green Iain , Tibbett Mark
Published: August 2024

Soil enzyme assays are often used as indicators of potential biological functions. The objective of this study was to understand enzyme activity across a range of soil pH. Soils (0–15 cm) were collected from a heathland restoration project (established 1999) on the Isle of Purbeck, UK with treatments of elemental sulphur or ferrous sulphate compared to a control, acid grassland and heathland. Enzyme assays were conducted using fluorescent substrates for β-1,4-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and phosphatase with a range of buffer pH from 3.0 to 12.0. Differences in soil pH were still evident with the control (pH 5.3) and ferrous sulphate (pH 5.2) significantly higher than elemental sulphur (pH 4.5), acid grassland (pH 4.3) and heathland (pH 4.0). The optimum buffer pH for enzyme assays varied from pH 3-4.5 for β-glucosidase, pH 4–5 for NAG and pH 4–6 for phosphatase. Comparisons using a standard MUB pH resulted in different conclusions compared to optimum pH. For example, β-glucosidase activity at pH 5 for the control was significantly higher than elemental sulphur, acid grassland, and heathland. However, there were no differences when the pH optimums were considered. Comparisons of phosphatase activity at MUB pH 6.5 resulted in higher activity in the control plots compared to the heathland, despite the heathland soils showing the highest activity at optimum buffer pH. By examining the relationships between soil pH, enzyme activity, and assay conditions, this study highlights the importance of optimizing pH in enzyme assays when comparing diverse soil types.
The promise of machine learning in violent conflict forecasting
Authors: Murphy Max , Sharpe Ezra , Huang Kayla
Published: August 2024

In 2022, the world experienced the deadliest year of armed conflict since the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Much of the intensity and frequency of recent conflicts has drawn more attention to failures in forecasting—that is, a failure to anticipate conflicts. Such capabilities have the potential to greatly reduce the time, motivation, and opportunities peacemakers have to intervene through mediation or peacekeeping operations. In recent years, the growth in the volume of open-source data coupled with the wide-scale advancements in machine learning suggests that it may be possible for computational methods to help the international community forecast intrastate conflict more accurately, and in doing so reduce the rise of conflict. In this commentary, we argue for the promise of conflict forecasting under several technical and policy conditions. From a technical perspective, the success of this work depends on improvements in the quality of conflict-related data and an increased focus on model interpretability. In terms of policy implementation, we suggest that this technology should be used primarily to aid policy analysis heuristically and help identify unexpected conflicts.
Geometry Effects on Interfacial Dynamics of Gas‐Driven Drainage in a Gradient Capillary
Authors: Suo Si , O’Kiely Doireann , Liu Mingchao , Gan Yixiang
Published: August 2024

Unfavorable fluid‐fluid displacement, where a low‐viscosity fluid displaces a higher‐viscosity fluid in permeable media, is commonly encountered in various subsurface processes. Understanding the formation and evolution of the resulting interfacial instability can have practical benefits for engineering applications. Using gradient capillary tubes as surrogate models of permeable media, we numerically investigate interfacial dynamics during gas‐driven drainage. Our focus is on understanding the impact of tube geometry on interface stability. In a gradient tube, since the interface shape changes during the drainage process, we measure interfacial stability using the difference between the contact‐line velocity Ucl and the meniscus tip velocity Utip. We define instability as a rapid reduction in the contact line velocity Ucl compared to the tip velocity Utip. Beyond the onset of this instability, gas penetrates into the liquid, forming a finger, and entraining a liquid film on the tube wall. The observed stability transition can be rationalized to a large extent by adaptation of an existing theory for cylindrical tubes in terms of a critical capillary number Cacrit. For an expanding tube, simulations suggest that a stability transition from an initially unstable meniscus to a final stable one, with Ucl catching up with Utip, can occur if the local capillary number is initially slightly larger than Cacrit and then drops below Cacrit. The insights gained from this study can be beneficial in estimating the mode and efficiency of subsurface fluid displacement.
A Binary Asteroid System Gets Its Geological Close-Up
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: August 2024

Researchers are learning more about the geology and evolution of the binary asteroid system Didymos from high-resolution imagery collected by the Double Asteroid Redirection Test mission.
First Results of Airborne GNSS Radio Occultation Sounding From Airbus Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Xie Feiqin , Nelson Kevin J. , Chan Bryan C. , Goel Ashish , Kosh Jonathan , Vergalla Mike
Published: August 2024

The lack of high vertical resolution atmospheric thermodynamic structure observations inside or near major weather events impedes our understanding of physical processes and their predictability in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Airborne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (airborne radio occultation [ARO]) has proven to be a viable remote sensing option to offer dense soundings near flight tracks. The global fleet of commercial aircraft already equipped with GNSS receivers could be leveraged to produce an unprecedented number of ARO soundings along global flight paths. Eleven cases of atmospheric bending angle and refractivity profiles were successfully retrieved and compared with the colocated European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasting global reanalysis data. Good quality measurements are obtained with median refractivity differences less than 1% in the middle and upper troposphere, between 5.5 and 11.5 km. Given the use of aircraft data (e.g., Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay) for data assimilation, incorporating ARO profiles would be a valuable addition, further enhancing the accuracy of aviation and weather forecasts.
Circulating miRNA panels as a novel non-invasive diagnostic, prognostic, and potential predictive biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Abdipourbozorgbaghi Maryam , Vancura Adrienne , Radpour Ramin , Haefliger Simon
Published: August 2024

Background

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterised by its aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Early detection and accurate prediction of therapeutic responses remain critical for improving patient outcomes. In the present study, we investigated the potential of circulating microRNA (miRNA) as non-invasive biomarkers in patients with NSCLC.

Methods

We quantified miRNA expression in plasma from 122 participants (78 NSCLC; 44 healthy controls). Bioinformatic tools were employed to identify miRNA panels for accurate NSCLC diagnosis. Validation was performed using an independent publicly available dataset of more than 4000 NSCLC patients. Next, we correlated miRNA expression with clinicopathological information to identify independent prognostic miRNAs and those predictive of anti-PD-1 treatment response.

Results

We identified miRNA panels for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) diagnosis. The LUAD panel consists of seven circulating miRNAs (miR-9-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-147b-3p, miR-196a-5p, miR-708-3p, miR-708-5p, miR-4652-5p), while the LUSC panel comprises nine miRNAs (miR-130b-3p, miR-269-3p, miR-301a-5p, miR-301b-5p, miR-744-3p, miR-760, miR-767-5p, miR-4652-5p, miR-6499-3p). Additionally, miR-135b-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-31-5p (LUAD), and miR-205 (LUSC) serve as independent prognostic markers for survival. Furthermore, two miRNA clusters, namely miR-183/96/182 and miR-767/105, exhibit predictive potential in anti-PD-1-treated LUAD patients.

Conclusions

Circulating miRNA signatures demonstrate diagnostic and prognostic value for NSCLC and may guide treatment decisions in clinical practice.
Potassium channel TASK-5 forms functional heterodimers with TASK-1 and TASK-3 to break its silence
Authors: Rinné Susanne , Schick Florian , Vowinkel Kirsty , Schütte Sven , Krasel Cornelius , Kauferstein Silke , Schäfer Martin K.-H. , Kiper Aytug K. , Müller Thomas , Decher Niels
Published: August 2024

TASK-5 (KCNK15) belongs to the acid-sensitive subfamily of two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, which includes TASK-1 and TASK-3. TASK-5 stands out as K2P channel for which there is no functional data available, since it was reported in 2001 as non-functional and thus “silent”. Here we show that TASK-5 channels are indeed non-functional as homodimers, but are involved in the formation of functional channel complexes with TASK-1 and TASK-3. TASK-5 negatively modulates the surface expression of TASK channels, while the heteromeric TASK-5-containing channel complexes located at the plasma membrane are characterized by changes in single-channel conductance, Gq-coupled receptor-mediated channel inhibition, and sensitivity to TASK modulators. The unique pharmacology of TASK-1/TASK-5 heterodimers, affected by a common polymorphism in KCNK15, needs to be carefully considered in the future development of drugs targeting TASK channels. Our observations provide an access to study TASK-5 at the functional level, particularly in malignant cancers associated with KCNK15.
Cooperative dynamic polaronic picture of diamond color centers
Authors: Ichikawa Takuto , Guo Junjie , Fons Paul , Prananto Dwi , An Toshu , Hase Muneaki
Published: August 2024

Polarons can control carrier mobility and can also be used in the design of quantum devices. Although much effort has been directed into investigating the nature of polarons, observation of defect-related polarons is challenging due to electron-defect scattering. Here we explore the polaronic behavior of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in a diamond crystal using an ultrafast pump-probe technique. A 10-fs optical pulse acts as a source of high electric field exceeding the dielectric breakdown threshold, in turn exerting a force on the NV charge distribution and polar optical phonons. The electronic and phononic responses are enhanced by an order of magnitude for a low density of NV centers, which we attribute to a combination of cooperative polaronic effects and scattering by defects. First-principles calculations support the presence of dipolar Fröhlich interaction via non-zero Born effective charges. Our findings provide insights into the physics of color centers in diamonds.
Bragg grating etalon-based optical fiber for ultrasound and optoacoustic detection
Authors: La Tai Anh , Ülgen Okan , Shnaiderman Rami , Ntziachristos Vasilis
Published: August 2024

Fiber-based interferometers receive significant interest as they lead to miniaturization of optoacoustic and ultrasound detectors without the quadratic loss of sensitivity common to piezoelectric elements. Nevertheless, in contrast to piezoelectric crystals, current fiber-based ultrasound detectors operate with narrow ultrasound bandwidth which limits the application range and spatial resolution achieved in imaging implementations. We port the concept of silicon waveguide etalon detection to optical fibers using a sub-acoustic reflection terminator to a Bragg grating embedded etalon resonator (EER), uniquely implementing direct and forward-looking access to incoming ultrasound waves. Precise fabrication of the terminator is achieved by continuously recording the EER spectrum during polishing and fitting the spectra to a theoretically calculated spectrum for the selected thickness. Characterization of the EER inventive design reveals a small aperture (10.1 µm) and an ultra-wide bandwidth (160 MHz) that outperforms other fiber resonators and enables an active detection area and overall form factor that is smaller by more than an order of magnitude over designs based on piezoelectric transducers. We discuss how the EER paves the way for the most adept fiber-based miniaturized sound detection today, circumventing the limitations of currently available designs.
Selective oxidation of methane to C2+ products over Au-CeO2 by photon-phonon co-driven catalysis
Authors: Wang Chao , Xu Youxun , Xiong Lunqiao , Li Xiyi , Chen Enqi , Miao Tina Jingyan , Zhang Tianyu , Lan Yang , Tang Junwang
Published: August 2024

Direct methane conversion to high-value chemicals under mild conditions is attractive yet challenging due to the inertness of methane and the high reactivity of valuable products. This work presents an efficient and selective strategy to achieve direct methane conversion through the oxidative coupling of methane over a visible-responsive Au-loaded CeO2 by photon-phonon co-driven catalysis. A record-high ethane yield of 755 μmol h−1 (15,100 μmol g−1 h−1) and selectivity of 93% are achieved under optimised reaction conditions, corresponding to an apparent quantum efficiency of 12% at 365 nm. Moreover, the high activity of the photocatalyst can be maintained for at least 120 h without noticeable decay. The pre-treatment of the catalyst at relatively high temperatures introduces oxygen vacancies, which improves oxygen adsorption and activation. Furthermore, Au, serving as a hole acceptor, facilitates charge separation, inhibits overoxidation and promotes the C-C coupling reaction. All these enhance photon efficiency and product yield.
Histone H3.3 lysine 9 and 27 control repressive chromatin at cryptic enhancers and bivalent promoters
Authors: Trovato Matteo , Bunina Daria , Yildiz Umut , Fernandez-Novel Marx Nadine , Uckelmann Michael , Levina Vita , Perez Yekaterina , Janeva Ana , Garcia Benjamin A. , Davidovich Chen , Zaugg Judith B. , Noh Kyung-Min
Published: August 2024

Histone modifications are associated with distinct transcriptional states, but it is unclear whether they instruct gene expression. To investigate this, we mutate histone H3.3 K9 and K27 residues in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Here, we find that H3.3K9 is essential for controlling specific distal intergenic regions and for proper H3K27me3 deposition at promoters. The H3.3K9A mutation resulted in decreased H3K9me3 at regions encompassing endogenous retroviruses and induced a gain of H3K27ac and nascent transcription. These changes in the chromatin environment unleash cryptic enhancers, resulting in the activation of distinctive transcriptional programs and culminating in protein expression normally restricted to specialized immune cell types. The H3.3K27A mutant disrupts the deposition and spreading of the repressive H3K27me3 mark, particularly impacting bivalent genes with higher basal levels of H3.3 at promoters. Therefore, H3.3K9 and K27 crucially orchestrate repressive chromatin states at cis-regulatory elements and bivalent promoters, respectively, and instruct proper transcription in mESCs.
Tail assembly interference is a common strategy in bacterial antiviral defenses
Authors: He Lingchen , Miguel-Romero Laura , Patkowski Jonasz B. , Alqurainy Nasser , Rocha Eduardo P. C. , Costa Tiago R. D. , Fillol-Salom Alfred , Penadés José R.
Published: August 2024

Many bacterial immune systems recognize phage structural components to activate antiviral responses, without inhibiting the function of the phage component. These systems can be encoded in specific chromosomal loci, known as defense islands, and in mobile genetic elements such as prophages and phage-inducible chromosomal islands (PICIs). Here, we identify a family of bacterial immune systems, named Tai (for ‘tail assembly inhibition’), that is prevalent in PICIs, prophages and P4-like phage satellites. Tai systems protect their bacterial host population from other phages by blocking the tail assembly step, leading to the release of tailless phages incapable of infecting new hosts. To prevent autoimmunity, some Tai-positive phages have an associated counter-defense mechanism that is expressed during the phage lytic cycle and allows for tail formation. Interestingly, the Tai defense and counter-defense genes are organized in a non-contiguous operon, enabling their coordinated expression.
Lipid-polymer nanoparticles to probe the native-like environment of intramembrane rhomboid protease GlpG and its activity
Authors: Sawczyc Henry , Tatsuta Takashi , Öster Carl , Kosteletos Spyridon , Lange Sascha , Bohg Claudia , Langer Thomas , Lange Adam
Published: August 2024

Polymers can facilitate detergent-free extraction of membrane proteins into nanodiscs (e.g., SMALPs, DIBMALPs), incorporating both integral membrane proteins as well as co-extracted native membrane lipids. Lipid-only SMALPs and DIBMALPs have been shown to possess a unique property; the ability to exchange lipids through ‘collisional lipid mixing’. Here we expand upon this mixing to include protein-containing DIBMALPs, using the rhomboid protease GlpG. Through lipidomic analysis before and after incubation with DMPC or POPC DIBMALPs, we show that lipids are rapidly exchanged between protein and lipid-only DIBMALPs, and can be used to identify bound or associated lipids through ‘washing-in’ exogenous lipids. Additionally, through the requirement of rhomboid proteases to cleave intramembrane substrates, we show that this mixing can be performed for two protein-containing DIBMALP populations, assessing the native function of intramembrane proteolysis and demonstrating that this mixing has no deleterious effects on protein stability or structure.
A deep generative modeling architecture for designing lattice-constrained perovskite materials
Authors: Chenebuah Ericsson Tetteh , Nganbe Michel , Tchagang Alain Beaudelaire
Published: August 2024

In modern materials discovery, materials are now efficiently screened using machine learning (ML) techniques with target-specific properties for meeting various engineering applications. However, a major challenge that persists with deep generative ML approach is the issue related to lattice reconstruction at the decoding phase, leading to the generation of materials with low symmetry, unfeasible atomic coordination, and triclinic behavioral properties in the crystal lattice. To address this concern, the present research makes a contribution by proposing a Lattice-Constrained Materials Generative Model (LCMGM) for designing new and polymorphic perovskite materials with crystal conformities that are consistent with predefined geometrical and thermodynamic stability constraints at the encoding phase. A comparison with baseline models such as Physics Guided Crystal Generative Model (PGCGM) and Fourier-Transformed Crystal Property (FTCP), confirms the potential of the LCMGM for improved training stability, better chemical learning effect and higher geometrical conformity. The new materials emerging from this research are Density Functional Theory (DFT) validated and openly made available in the Mendeley data repository: https://doi.org/10.17632/m262xxpgn2.1.
Early morning hour and evening usage habits increase misinformation-spread
Authors: Stockinger Elisabeth , Gallotti Riccardo , Hausladen Carina I.
Published: August 2024

Social media manipulation poses a significant threat to cognitive autonomy and unbiased opinion formation. Prior literature explored the relationship between online activity and emotional state, cognitive resources, sunlight and weather. However, a limited understanding exists regarding the role of time of day in content spread and the impact of user activity patterns on susceptibility to mis- and disinformation. This work uncovers a strong correlation between user activity time patterns and the tendency to spread potentially disinformative content. Through quantitative analysis of Twitter (now X) data, we examine how user activity throughout the day aligns with diurnal behavioural archetypes. Evening types exhibit a significantly higher inclination towards spreading potentially disinformative content, which is more likely at night-time. This knowledge can become crucial for developing targeted interventions and strategies that mitigate misinformation spread by addressing vulnerable periods and user groups more susceptible to manipulation.
Online stimulation of the prefrontal cortex during practice increases motor variability and modulates later cognitive transfer: a randomized, double-blinded and sham-controlled tDCS study
Authors: Prabhu Nisha Maria , Lehmann Nico , Kaminski Elisabeth , Müller Notger , Taubert Marco
Published: August 2024

The benefits of learning a motor skill extend to improved task-specific cognitive abilities. The mechanistic underpinnings of this motor-cognition relationship potentially rely on overlapping neural resources involved in both processes, an assumption lacking causal evidence. We hypothesize that interfering with prefrontal networks would inhibit concurrent motor skill performance, long-term learning and associated cognitive functions dependent on similar networks (transfer). We conducted a randomised, double-blinded, sham-controlled brain stimulation study using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in young adults spanning over three weeks to assess the role of the prefrontal regions in learning a complex balance task and long-term cognitive performance. Balance training combined with active tDCS led to higher performance variability in the trained task as compared to the sham group, impacting the process of learning a complex task without affecting the learning rate. Furthermore, active tDCS also positively influenced performance in untrained motor and cognitive tasks. The findings of this study help ascertaining the networks directly involved in learning a complex motor task and its implications on cognitive function. Hence, opening up the possibility of harnessing the observed frontal networks involved in resource mobilization in instances of aging, brain lesion/injury or dysfunction.
Clinical and hematological findings in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) with and without Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae infection
Authors: Wagener Matthias Gerhard , Neubert Saskia , Kiene Frederik , Buchallik-Schregel Johannes , Nicolaisen Thies J. , Bauer Benjamin U. , von Altrock Alexandra , Großmann Thekla , Polifka Antje , Ganter Martin
Published: August 2024

Anemia is a common problem in South American camelids (SACs). Infections with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemolamae (CMh), a cell-wall free, hemotropic bacterium, are often suspected to be an important cause of anemia, as the pathogen infects the erythrocytes and is found in the blood of up to 30% of SACs. The information on the clinical signs of animals infected with this pathogen vary widely. Most infections are clinically inapparent. Treatment is usually carried out with oxytetracycline. A detailed overview of the clinical and hematological findings in 13 alpacas infected with Candidatus M. haemolamae (CMh+), based on patients from our university clinic and comparing those findings with the results of 22 negative alpacas (CMh−) is provided. Assignment to both groups was based on the PCR result. No relevant clinical or hematological differences between CMh+ and CMh− were found, the clinical signs in CMh+ were usually due to comorbidities. The examination of a blood smear alone proved to be insufficient; a PCR test should be carried out to confirm or rule out an infection. A critical review of the need for antibiotic treatment on the basis of a positive test result alone is recommended.