bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“House” to “Goddess of the House”: Gender, Class, and Silk in 19th-century Mount Lebanon
Authors: Khater Akram Fouad
Published: April 2009

“Are you going to behave like a factory girl?!” With this phrase, an 1880s peasant in Mount Lebanon not only admonished a daughter, but also encapsulated the social and economic transformations which were altering the notions of family and society, and the gender roles underlying both. Typically enough, these transformations came about between 1843 and 1914 as a result of the interaction between the local peasant economy and European capitalism. Modernization and dependency narratives of such an encounter follow the line of “tradition” versus “modernity,” with Europe ultimately dictating an inevitable outcome to its absolute benefit. Yet closer examination reveals the story in Mount Lebanon to be far more complicated. In particular, gender replaces this artificial bipolarity with a triangular struggle among peasant men, peasant women, and European capitalists. Furthermore, rather than being historical victims, women and men in Mount Lebanon—with intersecting and diverging interests—worked to contour the outcome of their encounter with Europe and to take control over their individual and collective lives. While the equation of power was most definitely in favor of European merchants and capitalists, the struggles of these peasants were not for naught. Rather, as I will argue in this paper, their travails made the outcome multifaceted and less predictable than European capitalists would have liked it to be.
Women and Waqf: Toward a Reconsideration of Women's Place in the Mamluk Household
Authors: Fay Mary Ann
Published: April 2009

ʿUthman Katkhuda, Ibrahim Katkhuda, ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Katkhuda, ʿAli Bey al-Kabir, Muhammad Bey Abu Dhahab, Ibrahim Bey, and Murad Bey will be familiar to students and scholars of Ottoman Egypt as the names of men who were in the forefront of the Mamluk resurgence and the leaders of thebayt, the Qazdughli, that became the dominant household from the mid-18th century to the French invasion of 1798. Less familiar—indeed, almost unknown—are the names of women such as Shawikar Qadin, the favorite concubine of ʿUthman Katkhuda and the wife and widow of three powerful Qazdughli amirs, including Ibrahim Katkhuda, the architect of Qazdughli dominance; Amnatullah al-Bayda, widow of ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Katkhuda; and Nafisa al-Bayda, the beautiful, intelligent, and literate widow of ʿAli Bey al-Kabir and wife of Murad Bey, who was also admired by the French during their occupation of the country.
Contradiction and Consciousness in ʿAli Mubarak's Description of al-Azhar
Authors: Reimer Michael J.
Published: April 2009

Of the many talented men who entered government service in Egypt in the 19th century, none equaled in sheer energy and productivity ʿAli Mubarak Pasha (1823/4–1893). Engineer, officer, administrator, educator, and author, he was the outstanding Egyptian of his generation and the first native Muslim to head a government department in modern times. Yet his most enduring legacy are his writings, in particular his famous Khitat. A twenty-volume topographical encyclopedia published in the 1880s, the Khitat of ʿAli Mubarak is a landmark of Arabic prose and probably constitutes the greatest existing historical record of Egyptian society.
Nabulsi Ulama in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914
Authors: Yazbak Mahmoud
Published: April 2009

One of the main arguments used to prop up the thesis that, as of the 16th century, there was a steady decline in virtually all spheres of the Ottoman Empire's administration and society has been that Muslim societies in the Ottoman Middle Eastproved incapable, or even unwilling, to open up and accept the process of Western modernization. In recent years, however, newly discovered local sources together with a change in methodological approach have led to a growing body of critical studies that challenge the decline theory on a number of points. The 19th century, for example, is increasingly viewed as still very much an Ottoman century, in which the Porte, instead of seeing its power in the provinces diminish under the growing impact of the West, succeeded in strengthening its hold through the centralization policies of the Tanzimat. Another significant example is that of local elites who, instead of opposing Istanbul's reformist policies across the board, are often found to identify and cooperate with the central government.
Modern Absolutist or Neopatriarchal State Building? Customary Law, Extended Families, and the Palestinian Authority
Authors: Frisch Hillel
Published: April 2009

On 29 September 1995, a notice in the leading Palestinian dailyAl-Qudsannounced the following: “After Friday prayers an honorable procession composed of notables from the Bethlehem district and notables from the Hebron district proceeded to theDīwān of Ahl al-Ḥalāʾiqain the village of Shuyukh in order to complete the rites of tribal conciliation (ṣulḥ ʿashāʾirī) in the wake of a sad car accident.” Among thejāha, the procession of important dignitaries invited to participate by the family of the driver, was Colonel Abu Khalid al-Lahham, a former officer in the Palestinian Liberation Army and currently an adviser to President Yasir Arafat. Originally from Bethlehem, to which he has recently returned after years of exile, al-Lahham was designated to become the governor of the Bethlehem district in the Palestinian Authority (PA) after it extended its hold over the town in December, as stipulated by the Oslo B agreements of 28 September 1995.
Zulaykha and Yusuf: Whose “Best Story”?
Authors: Merguerian Gayane Karen , Najmabadi Afsaneh
Published: April 2009

Some of the classical commentaries on the sura Yusuf tell us that one day the Prophet Muhammad was reciting Qurʾanic verses for his companions. Bored and weary, they said, “‘O Prophet of Allah! What if you told us a story, what if God Almighty would send a sura that did not contain commandments and prohibitions, and that sura would be a story that soothed our hearts?' God, Mighty and Exalted, said, ‘I will narrate to you the best story.’”
Cultural Policies and the Islamic Republic: Cinema and Book Publication
Authors: Siavoshi Sussan
Published: April 2009

The evolution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the dynamics of the relationship between the Iranian state and society can be explored by examining the postrevolutionary regime's policies toward intellectuals, particularly as expressed in its regulation of cinema and book publication. This relationship—at least in the period from the early 1980s to the early 1990s—was complex and nuanced. Factionalism within the regime provided an opportunity for intellectuals to engage the state in a process of negotiation and protest, cooperation and defiance, in pushing the boundaries of permitted self-expression. The degree of their success depended in part on which faction controlled the government and its regulatory agencies during particular phases in the evolution of the postrevolutionary regime.
Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi Kurds Of Jabal Sinjar
Authors: Fuccaro Nelida
Published: April 2009

In modern Iraq, processes of state formation and national integration have been consistently affected by a number of ethnic issues and concerns. This became particularly evident in the decade after the country became independent from British Mandatory control in 1932. First, in the immediate postcolonial period ethnicity became central to the development of Iraqi national and international politics. Second, ethnic specificity emerged as a major factor in the shaping of postcolonial Iraqi society, despite the continuous attempts at enforcing a new national identity on the part of a still fragile state. This article discusses the important role played by ethnicity during the first stages of Iraqi national development by focusing on the impact of conscription on the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar.
Representations of Self and the Other in Two Iraqi Travelogues of the Ottoman Period
Authors: Fattah Hala
Published: April 2009

Over the years, a number of important studies have been written on aspects of premodern travel in the Islamic world. Most of the literature examining the travel circuits of Ottoman/Arab bureaucrats, scholars, and merchants inevitably gives rise to the question of communal self-awareness and identity. How did pre-modern travelers envisage themselves and the “other”? What allowed some of them to create “imagined communities” of like-minded sojourners, incorporating space, ideology, and shared origin into a notion of exclusive commonality? How did travel contribute to the emergence of theories of “national” exceptionalism from among the fluid traditions of de-centralized imperial control? Why was it that the most favored classes in the empire's provinces were usually the first to register their unease with the status quo and to experiment with different levels of self-perception and identity? Benedict Anderson's thesis on pre-modern travel is instructive on all of these issues. His point of departure is that the frequent journeys of provincial functionaries, bureaucrats, and scholars, whether to perform the obligations of religious pilgrimage or to oversee the administrative needs of empire, paradoxically provided indigenous elites aspiring for representation and recognition in the mother country (or empire) with the catalyst for the development of a wider sense of identification with their home regions. Finding their desires for increased mobility thwarted by the central power, provincial elites in 18th-century Spanish America eventually chose the way of armed resistance to regain control of what was now perceived to be a “common” destiny.
The Elite, theEffendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921–1958
Authors: Eppel Michael
Published: April 2009

One of the basic characteristics of the social conditions that marked political life in the Arab states in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s was the complex relationship between the politicians from among the elites of traditional notables of the Fertile Crescent cities and theeffendiyya, or Westernized middle stratum. These elites consisted not only of traditional notable families, but also of families newly risen since the Tanzimat reforms in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire. Since the end of World War I, these elites had stood at the center of the new states established by the Western powers—Great Britain and France—and it was now the politicians from within those elites who headed the struggle of those states for independence. This relationship, as well as the character of the elite of notables and theeffendiyya, constituted an important element in the social conditions characterizing the political and ideological environment in which the Iraqi politicians from the elite of notables had operated, and in which Arab nationalism and Pan-Arab ideology became a highly influential factor.
Mardum-gurīz: An Early Persian Translation of Moliere'sLe Misanthrope
Authors: Sanjabi Maryam B.
Published: April 2009

Ever since the Persian intelligentsia first discovered French literature in the 19th century, it has remained fascinated with its various genres: first with the writings of the Philosophe, then with the Romantics, theroman aventure, the realists, and, in the mid-20th century, with the existentialists and thethèâtre absurde. Moliere's comedies, in particular, were the subject of great interest and the source of many adaptations in the secularizing Iran of the Constitutional period (1905–19) and the Reza Shah era (1921–41). These comedies, often staged with the government's blessing in the newly built playhouses in Tehran and other major cities, had a great impact on the ethos of the growing urban middle classes, who viewed theater-going as a chic habit with a moral essence.
The Crisis of Minorities in Ethnic States: The Case of Palestinian Citizens in Israel
Authors: Rouhana Naditn , Ghanem Asʿad
Published: April 2009

The vast majority of states in the international system, democratic and non-democratic, are multi-ethnic (Gurr 1993). A liberal-democratic multi-ethnic state serves the collective needs of all its citizens regardless of their ethnic affiliation, and citizenship—legally recognized membership in the political structure called a state—is the single criterion for belonging to the state and for granting equal opportunity to all members of the system. Whether a multi-ethnic democratic state should provide group rights above and beyond individual legal equality is an ongoing debate (Gurr & Harff 1994).
Defensive Democratization in Jordan
Authors: Robinson Glenn E.
Published: April 2009

Jordan's political-liberalization program, initiated in 1989, represents the longest sustained such opening in the Arab world today. During this time, Jordan has held three national parliamentary elections, enacted a number of liberalizing laws, removed many restrictions on the press, and minimized the role that the security services, ormukhābarāt, play in repressing opposition. Moreover, the liberalization program has survived a number of severe challenges, including the second Gulf War and the subsequent loss of Jordan's major regional trading partner, Iraq; the implementation of a difficult domestic austerity program; and the conclusion of a controversial peace treaty with Israel.
Friendship, politics, and Augustine's consolidation of the self
Authors: VALK FRANK VANDER
Published: April 2009

Friendship plays a central role in Augustine's thought. It also played a crucial role in structuring the political and social world of the ancient Greeks. Augustine's treatment of friendship, especially in hisConfessions, retains some of the terminology that was central to the Greek account, but it simultaneously transforms friendship, and with it the relationship between individual and community. Augustine's formulation of the inner life is reflected in his transformation of friendship, which loses its inherently social character and political dimension even as it sets the stage for the introduction of political thinking based on the primacy of the individual.
Response to Knepper
Authors: HICK JOHN
Published: April 2009

Having cited Dionysius as one of the many Christian thinkers who affirm the ineffability, or transcategoriality, of God in God's ultimate inner being, I respond to Timothy D. Knepper's claim that this is a mistake. Whilst accepting much that he says about Dionysius, I still prefer the standard interpretation of the Dionysian texts as teaching the total transcategoriality of the Transcendent as ‘surpassing all discourse and all knowledge’.
How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: April 2009

Four different accounts of the relationship between third-person mindreading and first-person metacognition are compared and evaluated. While three of them endorse the existence of introspection for propositional attitudes, the fourth (defended here) claims that our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves. Section 1 of this target article introduces the four accounts. Section 2 develops the “mindreading is prior” model in more detail, showing how it predicts introspection for perceptual and quasi-perceptual (e.g., imagistic) mental events while claiming that metacognitive access to our own attitudes always results from swift unconscious self-interpretation. This section also considers the model's relationship to the expression of attitudes in speech. Section 3 argues that the commonsense belief in the existence of introspection should be given no weight. Section 4 argues briefly that data from childhood development are of no help in resolving this debate. Section 5 considers the evolutionary claims to which the different accounts are committed, and argues that the three introspective views make predictions that are not borne out by the data. Section 6 examines the extensive evidence that people often confabulate when self-attributing attitudes. Section 7 considers “two systems” accounts of human thinking and reasoning, arguing that although there are introspectableeventswithin System 2, there are no introspectableattitudes. Section 8 examines alleged evidence of “unsymbolized thinking”. Section 9 considers the claim that schizophrenia exhibits a dissociation between mindreading and metacognition. Finally, section 10 evaluates the claim that autism presents a dissociation in the opposite direction, of metacognition without mindreading.
What puts the “meta” in metacognition?
Authors: Anderson Michael L. , Perlis Don
Published: April 2009

This commentary suggests an alternate definition for metacognition, as well as an alternate basis for the “aboutness” relation in representation. These together open the way for an understanding of mindreading that is significantly different from the one advocated by Carruthers.
Is feeling pain just mindreading? Our mind-brain constructs realistic knowledge of ourselves
Authors: Baars Bernard J.
Published: April 2009

Carruthers claims that “our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves” (target article, Abstract). This may be true in many cases. But like other constructivist claims, it fails to explain occasions when constructed knowledge is accurate, like a well-supported scientific theory. People can know their surrounding world and to some extent themselves. Accurate self-knowledge is firmly established for both somatosensory and social pain.
Introspection, confabulation, and dual-process theory
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T.
Published: April 2009

This excellent target article helps to resolve a problem for dual-process theories of higher cognition. Theorists posit two systems, one of which appears to be conscious and volitional. It seems to control some behaviours but to confabulate explanations for others. I argue that this system is only conscious in an illusory sense and that all self-explanations are confabulatory, as Carruthers suggests.
What can we say about the inner experience of the young child?
Authors: Fernyhough Charles
Published: April 2009

Inner experience is proposed as a basis for self-interpretation in both children and adults, but young children's inner experience may not be comparable to our own. I consider evidence on children's attribution of inner experience, experience sampling, and the development of inner speech, concluding that Carruthers' theory should predict a developmental lag between mindreading and metacognition.
What monkeys can tell us about metacognition and mindreading
Authors: Kornell Nate , Schwartz Bennett L. , Son Lisa K.
Published: April 2009

Thinkers in related fields such as philosophy, psychology, and education define metacognition in a variety of different ways. Based on an emerging standard definition in psychology, we present evidence for metacognition in animals, and argue that mindreading and metacognition are largely orthogonal.
Metacognition without introspection
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter
Published: April 2009

While Carruthers denies that humans have introspective access to cognitive attitudes such as belief, he allows introspective access to perceptual and quasi-perceptual mental states. Yet, despite his own reservations, the basic architecture he describes for third-person mindreading can accommodate first-person mindreading without need to posit a distinct “introspective” mode of access to any of one's own mental states.
Feigning introspective blindness for thought
Authors: Lurz Robert W.
Published: April 2009

I argue that the very reasons Carruthers gives for why the “mindreading is prior” account should allow introspective access to perceptual/quasi-perceptual states, can be given for thought, as well. I also argue that we have good subjectively accessible grounds for the intuition in introspective thoughts, notwithstanding Carruthers' argument to the contrary and his attempt to explain the intuition away.
Varieties of self-explanation
Authors: Murphy Dominic
Published: April 2009

Carruthers is right to reject the idea of a dedicated piece of cognitive architecture with the exclusive job of reading our own minds. But his mistake is in trying to explain introspection in terms of any one mindreading system. We understand ourselves in many different ways via many systems.
Overlooking metacognitive experience
Authors: Proust Joëlle
Published: April 2009

Peter Carruthers correctly claims that metacognition in humans may involve self-directed interpretations (i.e., may use the conceptual interpretative resources of mindreading). He fails to show, however, that metacognition cannot rely exclusively on subjective experience. Focusing on self-directed mindreading can only bypass evolutionary considerations and obscure important functional differences.
Social-affective origins of mindreading and metacognition
Authors: Rochat Philippe
Published: April 2009

The engineer's look at how the mind works omits a central piece of the puzzle. It ignores the dynamic of motivations and the social context in which mindreading and metacognition evolved and developed in the first place. Mindreading and metacognition derive from a primacy of affective mindreading and meta-affectivity (e.g., secondary emotions such as shame or pride), both co-emerging in early development.
Metacognition, mindreading, and insight in schizophrenia
Authors: Wiffen Ben , David Anthony
Published: April 2009

Mindreading in schizophrenia has been shown to be impaired in a multitude of studies. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence to suggest that metacognition is damaged as well. Lack of insight, or the inability to recognise one's own disorder, is an example of such a failure. We suggest that mindreading and metacognition are linked, but separable.
The propositional nature of human associative learning
Authors: Mitchell Chris J. , De Houwer Jan , Lovibond Peter F.
Published: April 2009

The past 50 years have seen an accumulation of evidence suggesting that associative learning depends on high-level cognitive processes that give rise to propositional knowledge. Yet, many learning theorists maintain a belief in a learning mechanism in which links between mental representations are formed automatically. We characterize and highlight the differences between the propositional and link approaches, and review the relevant empirical evidence. We conclude that learning is the consequence of propositional reasoning processes that cooperate with the unconscious processes involved in memory retrieval and perception. We argue that this new conceptual framework allows many of the important recent advances in associative learning research to be retained, but recast in a model that provides a firmer foundation for both immediate application and future research.
Associative learning requires associations, not propositions
Authors: Baeyens Frank , Vansteenwegen Debora , Hermans Dirk
Published: April 2009

We discuss findings on evaluative conditioning (EC) that are problematic for the “conscious reasoning/propositional knowledge” account of learning, namely, dissociations between conscious beliefs and acquired (dis)liking. We next argue that, both for EC and for Pavlovian learning in general, conditioned responding cannot rationally be inferred from propositional knowledge type “CS refers to/signals US,” and that, therefore, performance cannot be explained.
Rats and infants as propositional reasoners: A plausible possibility?
Authors: Castro Leyre , Wasserman Edward A.
Published: April 2009

Mitchell et al. contemplate the possibility of rats being capable of propositional reasoning. We suggest that this is an unlikely and unsubstantiated possibility. Nonhuman animals and human infants do learn about the contingencies in the world; however, such learning seems not to be based on propositional reasoning, but on more elementary associative processes.
Is propositional learning necessary for human autonomic classical conditioning?
Authors: Dawson Michael E. , Schell Anne M.
Published: April 2009

Additional support is presented for the necessity of awareness of the CS-US relation in human autonomic conditioning. However, possible limitations and exceptions regarding this general rule are discussed. Limitations include the lack of relationship between conditioned response (CR) strength and degree of awareness, and an important exception may be the finding of conditioning with backwardly masked CSs of a biologically prepared nature.
Straw-men and selective citation are needed to argue that associative-link formation makes no contribution to human learning
Authors: Dwyer Dominic M. , Le Pelley Michael E. , George David N. , Haselgrove Mark , Honey Robert C.
Published: April 2009

Mitchell et al. contend that there is no need to posit a contribution based on the formation of associative links to human learning. In order to sustain this argument, they have ignored evidence which is difficult to explain with propositional accounts; and they have mischaracterised the evidence they do cite by neglecting features of these experiments that contradict a propositional account.
Cognition, consciousness, and the cognitive revolution
Authors: Greenwood John D.
Published: April 2009

It is argued that the cognitive revolution provided general support for the view that associative learning requires cognitive processing, but only limited support for the view that it requires conscious processing. The point is illustrated by two studies of associative learning that played an important role in the development of the cognitive revolution, but which are surprisingly neglected by Mitchell et al. in the target article.
Both rules and associations are required to predict human behaviour
Authors: McLaren I. P. L.
Published: April 2009

I argue that the dual-process account of human learning rejected by Mitchell et al. in the target article is informative and predictive with respect to human behaviour in a way that the authors' purely propositional account is not. Experiments that reveal different patterns of results under conditions that favour either associative or rule-based performance are the way forward.
Associative learning without reason or belief
Authors: Miles James D. , Proctor Robert W. , Capaldi E. J.
Published: April 2009

We discuss the necessity of conscious thinking in the single-system propositional model of learning. Research from honeybees to humans suggests that associative learning can take place without the need for controlled reasoning or the development of beliefs of relationships between objects or events. We conclude that a single learning system is possible, but not if it depends on complex thinking.
Of mice and men: Revisiting the relation of nonhuman and human learning
Authors: Schultheis Holger , Lachnit Harald
Published: April 2009

To support their main claim, Mitchell et al. broach the issue of the relationship between the learning performance of human and nonhuman animals. We show that their argumentation is problematic both theoretically and empirically. In fact, results from learning studies with humans and honey-bees strongly suggest that human learning is not entirely propositional.
How do we get from propositions to behavior?
Authors: Sternberg Daniel A. , McClelland James L.
Published: April 2009

Mitchell et al. describe many fascinating studies, and in the process, propose what they consider to be a unified framework for human learning in which effortful, controlled learning results in propositional knowledge. However, it is unclear how any of their findings privilege a propositional account, and we remain concerned that embedding all knowledge in propositional representations obscures the tight interdependence between learning from experiences and the use of the results of learning as a basis for action.
Link-based learning theory creates more problems than it solves
Authors: Mitchell Chris J. , De Houwer Jan , Lovibond Peter F.
Published: April 2009

In this response, we provide further clarification of the propositional approach to human associative learning. We explain why the empirical evidence favors the propositional approach over a dual-system approach and how the propositional approach is compatible with evolution and neuroscience. Finally, we point out aspects of the propositional approach that need further development and challenge proponents of dual-system models to specify the systems more clearly so that these models can be tested.
English–Afrikaans intrasentential code switching: Testing a feature checking account
Authors: VAN DULM ONDENE
Published: April 2009

The work presented here aims to account for the structure of intrasentential code switching between English and Afrikaans within the framework of feature checking theory, a theory associated with minimalist syntax. Six constructions in which verb position differs between English and Afrikaans were analysed in terms of differences in the strength of particular features associated with functional categories, and the ability of verbs of either language to check these features. Predictions for the well-formedness of code-switched constructions were informed by data elicited from thirty fluently bilingual participants by means of relative judgements of visually-presented code-switched sentences and auditorily-presented code-switched utterances, and a sentence construction task. Findings indicated straightforward support for the predictions for adverb, focalisation, and topicalisation constructions, but less support for embeddedthatandwhclauses andyes-noquestions. Alternative explanations for the latter results are proposed. The work suggests that the same mechanisms and devices proposed to account for monolingual data can also account for code-switching data.
Magnetic fields in AGB stars and (proto-) Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Herpin Fabrice , Baudy A. , Josselin E. , Thum C. , Wiesemeyer H.
Published: April 2009

During its quick transition to the Planetary Nebula stage, the Asymptotic Giant Branch star will completely change its geometry. This AGB stellar evolution stage is characterized by a high mass loss driven by the radiation pressure. Strong magnetic field may rule the mass loss geometry and the global shaping of these objects. Following our previous work on the polarization of the SiO maser emission in a representative sample of O-rich evolved stars, we present here a study towards C-rich objects and PPN/PN objects to obtain unbiased conclusions. Using Xpol at the IRAM-30 m telescope, we have conducted CN N=1-0 observations to investigate the Zeeman effect in this molecule and draw conclusion on the evolution of the magnetic field and its influence during the transition of an AGB star to the PN stage. Following the analysis described by Crutcher et al. (1996) we derive an estimate of the magnetic field.
The role of the random magnetic fields in the ISM: HVC numerical simulations
Authors: Santillán Alfredo , Kim J. , Sánchez-Salcedo F. J. , Franco J. , Hernández-Cervantes L.
Published: April 2009

We know that the galactic magnetic field possesses a random component in addition to the mean uniform component, with comparable strength of the two components. This random component is considered to play important roles in the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work we present numerical simulations associated with the interaction of the supersonic flows located at high latitude in our Galaxy (High Velocity Clouds, HVC) with the magnetized galactic ISM in order to study the effect that produces a random magnetic field in the evolution of this objects.
Relative distributions of cosmic ray electrons and magnetic fields in the ISM
Authors: Stepanov Rodion , Fletcher A. , Shukurov A. , Beck R. , La Porta L. , Tabatabaei F. S.
Published: April 2009

We calculate the relative magnitudes of the fluctuations in total synchrotron intensity in the interstellar medium, both from observations and from theory under various assumptions about the correlation or anticorrelation between cosmic rays and interstellar magnetic fields. The results are inconsistent with local energy equipartition between cosmic rays and magnetic fields. The distribution of cosmic rays must be rather uniform at scales of order 1 kpc, whereas interstellar magnetic fields vary at much smaller scales.
Scattered OH Maser sources in the direction of W49N
Authors: Mendoza-Torres Jose E. , Goss W. M. , Streb S. , Deshpande A. A. , Ramachandran R.
Published: April 2009

OH masers spots are observed with the VLBA at 1612, 1665 and 1667 MHz. The orientation of the ellipses resulting from scattering are all nearly aligned perpendicular to the galactic plane. These ordered orientation could be due to the galactic magnetic field.
Magnetic fields in the Pipe nebula region
Authors: Franco Gabriel A. P. , Alves Felipe O. , Girart J. M.
Published: April 2009

Magnetic fields are supposed to play an important role in the formation and support of self-gravitating clouds and the formation and evolution of protostars in such clouds. We used R-band linear polarimetry collected for about 12000 stars in 46 fields with lines of sight toward the Pipe nebula to investigate the properties of the magnetic fields acting on this dark cloud complex.
Radiative magneto-hydrodynamics in massive star formation and accretion disks
Authors: Kuiper Rolf , Flock Mario , Klahr Hubert
Published: April 2009

We briefly overview our newly developed radiation transport module for MHD simulations and two actual applications. The method combines the advantage of the speed of the Flux-Limited Diffusion approximation and the high accuracy obtained in ray-tracing methods.
The magnetic field of the evolved star W43A
Authors: Amiri Nikta , Vlemmings Wouter , van Langevelde Huib Jan
Published: April 2009

Planetary nebulae (PNe) often show large departures from spherical symmetry. The origin and development of these asymmetries is not clearly understood. The most striking structures are the highly collimated jets that are already observed in a number of evolved stars before they enter the PN phase. The aim of this project is to observe the Zeeman splitting of the OH maser of the W43A star and determine the magnetic field strength in the low density region. The 1612 MHz OH masers of W43A were observed with MERLIN to measure the circular polarization due to the Zeeman splitting of 1612 OH masers in the envelope of the evolved star W43A. We measured the circular polarization of the strongest 1612 OH masers of W43A and found a magnetic field strength of ~100μG. The magnetic field measured at the location of W43A OH masers confirms that a large scale magnetic field is present in W43A, which likely plays a role in collimating the jet.
Magnetic braking and ambipolar diffusion in metal-poor protostars
Authors: Zinnecker Hans
Published: April 2009

In this short note, we raise the issue how magnetic braking of prestellar and protostellar condensations depends on the metallicity of the molecular gas cloud. We suggest that the degree of ionization, which determines the timescale for redistribution of magnetic flux (ambipolar diffusion) in the dense cloud core, depends linearly on the heavy element and dust abundance of the gas. This implies that magnetic braking is less efficient in metal-poor condensations, and hence more of the angular momentum problem of star formation must be solved by other means, such as fragmentation into (wider) binary systems. Observations of orbital periods (separations) of binary systems among the metal-poor Galactic halo stars could test this prediction.
Three-dimensional MHD simulations of molecular cloud fragmentation regulated by gravity, ambipolar diffusion, and turbulence
Authors: Kudoh Takahiro , Basu Shantanu
Published: April 2009

We find that the star formation is accelerated by the supersonic turbulence in the magnetically dominated (subcritical) clouds. We employ a fully three-dimensional simulation to study the role of magnetic fields and ion-neutral friction in regulating gravitationally driven fragmentation of molecular clouds. The time-scale of collapsing core formation in subcritical clouds is a few ×107 years when starting with small subsonic perturbations. However, it is shortened to approximately several ×106 years by the supersonic flows in the clouds. We confirm that higher-spacial resolution simulations also show the same result.
Electro-magnetic fields around a drifting Kerr black hole
Authors: Kopáček Ondřej , Karas Vladimír
Published: April 2009

A test field solution is constructed, describing the electromagnetic field around a Kerr black hole which is drifting in an arbitrary direction. An asymptotically uniform magnetic field is assumed with a general orientation (with respect to the rotation axis). Lines of force of electric and magnetic intensities are explored, as measured by an observer orbiting around the black hole (above the innermost stable circular orbit, ISCO) or freely falling (below the ISCO) down to the horizon. Magnetic null point is found.
New global 3D MHD simulations of black hole disk accretion and outflows
Authors: Dobbie Peter B. , Kuncic Zdenka , Bicknell Geoffrey V. , Salmeron Raquel
Published: April 2009

It is widely accepted that quasars and other active galactic nuclei (AGN) are powered by accretion of matter onto a central supermassive black hole. While numerical simulations have demonstrated the importance of magnetic fields in generating the turbulence believed necessary for accretion, so far they have not produced the high mass accretion rates required to explain the most powerful sources. We describe new global 3D simulations we are developing to assess the importance of radiation and non-ideal MHD in generating magnetized outflows that can enhance the overall rates of angular momentum transport and mass accretion.
Accretion and magnetic field submergence in neutron star surface
Authors: Bernal C. Giovanny , Page Dany , Lee William H.
Published: April 2009

We study the effects of hypercritical accretion onto a neutron star surface. The magnetic field submergence in the neutron star crust and the possible rediffusion is investigated.
Two-dimensional numerical study for relativistic outflow from strongly magnetized neutron stars
Authors: Matsumoto Jin , Masada Youhei , Asano Eiji , Shibata Kazunari
Published: April 2009

Using special relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation, the nonlinear dynamics of the magnetized outflow triggered on the magnetar surface is investigated. It is found that the strong shock propagates in the circumstellar medium in association with the expanding outflow. The shock velocity vsh depends on the strength of the dipole field anchored to the stellar surface Bdipole and is described by a simple scaling relation vsh ∝ Bdipole0.5. In addition, the outflow-driven shock can be accelerated self-similarly to the relativistic velocity when the density profile of the circumstellar medium is steeper than the critical density profile, that is α ≡ d logρ(r)/d log r ≲ αcrit = −5.0, where the density is set as a power law distribution with an index α and r is the cylindrical radius. Our results suggest that the relativistic outflow would be driven by the flaring activity in a circumstellar medium with a steep density profile.
Magnetic fields and dynamics of the Sun's interior
Authors: Kosovichev Alexander G.
Published: April 2009

Advances in helioseismology provide new knowledge about the origin of solar magnetic activity. The key questions addressed by helioseismology are: what is the physical mechanism of the solar dynamo, how deep inside the Sun are the magnetic fields generated, how are they transported to the surface and form sunspots? Direct helioseismic signatures of the internal magnetic fields are weak and difficult to detect. Therefore, most of the information comes from observations of dynamical effects caused by the magnetic fields. I review results of recent helioseismic observations of the magnetohydrodynamics of the solar interior on various scales, including global dynamics associated with the dynamo processes, and formation of sunspots and active regions.
Magnetic pinch-type instability in stellar radiative zones
Authors: Rüdiger Günther , Kitchatinov Leonid L. , Gellert Marcus
Published: April 2009

The solar tachocline is shown as hydrodynamically stable against nonaxisymmetric disturbances if it is true that no cos4θ term exists in its rotation law. We also show that the toroidal field of 200 Gauss amplitude which produces the tachocline in the magnetic theory of Rüdiger & Kitchatinov (1997) is stable against nonaxisymmetric MHD disturbances – but it becomes unstable for rotation periods slightly slower than 25 days. The instability of such weak fields lives from the high thermal diffusivity of stellar radiation zones compared with the magnetic diffusivity. The growth times, however, result as very long (of order of 105rotation times). With estimations of the chemical mixing we find the maximal possible field amplitude to be ~500 Gauss in order to explain the observed lithium abundance of the Sun. Dynamos with such low field amplitudes should not be relevant for the solar activity cycle.

With nonlinear simulations of MHD Taylor-Couette flows it is shown that for the rotation-dominated magnetic instability the resulting eddy viscosity is only of the order of the molecular viscosity. The Schmidt number as the ratio of viscosity and chemical diffusion grows to values of ~20. For the majority of the stellar physics applications, the magnetic-dominated Tayler instability will be quenched by the stellar rotation.
Impact of large-scale magnetic fields on stellar structure and evolution
Authors: Duez Vincent , Mathis S. , Brun A. S. , Turck-Chièze S.
Published: April 2009

We study the impact on the stellar structure of a large-scale magnetic field in stellar radiation zones. The field is in magneto-hydrostatic (MHS) equilibrium and has a non force-free character, which allows us to study its influence both on the mechanical and and on the energetic balances. This approach is illustrated in the case of an Ap star where the magnetic field matches at the surface with an external potential one. Perturbations of the stellar structure are semi-analytically computed. The relative importance of the magnetic physical quantities is discussed and a hierarchy, aiming at distinguishing various refinement degrees in the implementation of a large-scale magnetic field in a stellar evolution code, is established. This treatment also allows us to deduce the gravitational multipolar moments and the change in effective temperature associated with the presence of a magnetic field.
Isolated quasi-axisymmetric sunspots
Authors: Koutchmy Serge , Le Piouffle Vincent
Published: April 2009

We briefly review the question of the origin, during a sunspot cycle, of well isolated sunspots. This includes big sunspots like the one observed in Nov. 2006. An overall axi-symmetric morphology is not perfectly observed when the morphological details of both the umbra and of the penumbra are considered. This is especially the case of umbral dots always present inside the core of a sunspot and also of penumbral filaments with non radial parts. However, the distribution of the surrounding fields, including deep layers, the occurrence of persistent coherent running penumbral waves, the magnetic moat behavior, the bright ring phenomena, etc. seem to justify a revival of the naive former but revised (converging motions are considered) Larmor model of a sunspot (as suggested by Lorrainet al. 2006). To discuss the “emergence” of single isolated sunspots from deep layers we performed a quasi-statistical analysis limited to cycle 23. It is based on MDI data taken in the continuum, using the accompanying magnetograms to check our assertion. Surprisingly, single sunspots are definitely and preferably found to occur at low latitude and during the descending branch of the cycle. To explain our observations we speculate about the behavior of the deeply seated magnetic loop, following the original idea of H. Alfven (with whirl rings which follow the global dipolar field when approaching the surface). It could lead to a closed loop approximately orthogonal to the local radius, similar to “smoke rings” arriving at the surface of the Sun and sometimes also called a plasmoid. The ring will only very weakly feel the destabilizing Coriolis force, when emerging at very low latitudes, which seems consistent with our observations.
The Sun as a magnetic star: on the manifestation of different surface structures in disk-integrated observations
Authors: Demidov Mikhail L.
Published: April 2009

A reality of solar global magnetic fields Stokes-meter observations with polarimetric accuracy as high as 10−5 – 10−6, and the dependence of Stokes V profiles on distribution of surface magnetic fields in the central zone of the disk are demonstrated. A possibility to use solar disk-integrated and spatially resolved magnetic fields measurements for testing of magnetic fields mapping methods on Sun-like stars is suggested.
Prediction of solar magnetic cycles by a data assimilation method
Authors: Kitiashvili Irina N. , Kosovichev Alexander G.
Published: April 2009

We consider solar magnetic activity in the context of sunspot number variations, as a result of a non-linear oscillatory dynamo process. The apparent chaotic behavior of the 11-year sunspot cycles and undefined errors of observations create uncertainties for predicting the strength and duration of the cycles. Uncertainties in dynamo model parameters create additional difficulties for the forecasting. Modern data assimilation methods allow us to assimilate the observational data into the models for possible efficient and accurate estimations of the physical properties, which cannot be observed directly, such as the internal magnetic fields and helicity. We apply the Ensemble Kalman Filter method to a low-order non-linear dynamo model, which takes into account variations of the turbulent magnetic helicity and reproduces basic characteristics of the solar cycles. We investigate the predictive capabilities of this approach, and present test results for prediction of the previous cycles and a forecast of the next solar cycle 24.
MHD remote numerical simulations: evolution of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Hernández-Cervantes Liliana , Santillán A. , González-Ponce A. R.
Published: April 2009

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are solar eruptions into interplanetary space of as much as a few billion tons of plasma, with embedded magnetic fields from the Sun's corona. These perturbations play a very important role in solar–terrestrial relations, in particular in the spaceweather. In this work we present some preliminary results of the software development at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México to performe Remote MHD Numerical Simulations. This is done to study the evolution of the CMEs in the interplanetary medium through a Web–based interface and the results are store into a database. The new astrophysical computational tool is called the Mexican Virtual Solar Observatory (MVSO) and is aimed to create theoretical models that may be helpful in the interpretation of observational solar data.
Magnetic and tidal interactions in spin evolution of exoplanets
Authors: Kitiashvili Irina N.
Published: April 2009

The axis-rotational evolution of exoplanets on close orbits strongly depends on their magnetic and tidal interactions with the parent stars. Impulsive perturbations from a star created by periodical activity may accumulate with time and lead to significant long-term perturbations of the planet spin evolution. I consider the spin evolution for different conditions of gravitational, magnetic and tidal perturbations, orbit eccentricity and different angles between the planetary orbit plane and the reference frame of a parent star. In this report I present a summary of analytical and numerical calculations of the spin evolution, and discuss the problem of the star-planet magnetic interaction.