bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative in vitro study of distinct and novel stent geometries on mechanical performances of poly‐L‐lactic acid cardiovascular stents
Authors: Kim Jinwoo , Lee Jung Ho , Choi Eun Ae , Lee Hyeon Ji , Oh Jin , Byeon Dae‐Heung , Park Chan Hee
Published: October 2024

Background

Poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) is one of the representative polymeric materials serving as bioresorbable stents (BRS) for cardiovascular disease due to its proper biodegradation, high biocompatibility, and adequate mechanical properties among polymer candidates for BRS. However, PLLA BRS as cardiovascular stents also have limitations because their mechanical properties including low radial strength and high elastic recoil are inferior to those of metallic‐based BRS stents.

Methods

In the study, we developed and manufactured distinct and novel types of stent geometries for investigating mechanical properties of thin‐walled PLLA BRS (110 μm) for cardiovascular applications. Five key mechanical tests, including radial strength, crimping profile, flexibility, elastic recoil, and foreshortening were performed through a comprehensive analysis. In addition, we applied the finite element method for further validation and insight of mechanical behaviors of the PLLA BRS.

Results

Results revealed that Model 2 had advantages in high flexibility as well as radial strengths, which would be a proper option for complex and acutely curved lesions. Model 3 would be an optimum selection for stent placement in mild target site due to its strength in minimum elastic recoil. Even though Model 4 showed the highest radial strength, finite element simulation showed that the geometry caused higher maximum stress than that of Model 2 and Model 3 during the crimping process. Model 1 showed the most vulnerable geometry among the tested models in both in vitro and finite element analysis.

Conclusion

Such data may suggest potential guidance in regard to understanding the mechanical behaviors of PLLA BRS as not only applicable cardiovascular but also peripheral and intracranial stents.
Pig management revealed by geometric morphometric analysis at the late Neolithic and Bronze Age Dinggong site in China
Authors: Lin Minghao , Zhang Guanghui , Song Yanbo , Wang Yifan , Ding Fangjie , Luan Fengshi
Published: October 2024

China was one of the earliest domestication centres for pigs in the Old World. Since their domestication, pigs have been significantly involved in human societies from both economic and ceremonial perspectives, so the investigation of pig domestication is key to understand the development process of ancient communities. However, the pig domestication process has not been fully explored in Shandong, one of the earliest regions for exploiting pig resources, such as canine teeth, in China. We use geometric morphometry to analyse the second lower molars of pigs associated with diverse periods, including the Longshan, Yueshi, and Shang and Zhou, at Dinggong, China. The results show that while there was a relatively consistent pig phenotype in this region from the Longshan to the Shang and Zhou periods, the centroid sizes of pigs experienced a moderate decrease over time. A certain number of wild boars were harvested by humans, but their proportions declined chronologically along with the gradually intensification of pig management. Apart from household refuse, fodders similar to the staple plants for humans were provisioned to those managed pigs, suggesting a close relationship between humans and pigs. In spite of more time and energy required for managing pigs, human societies could have benefited from this investment with a better secured meat supply and more ceremonial materials, which helped strengthen the human–pig bond from the Neolithic period to today.
Avoidance coping explains the link between narcissism and counternormative tendencies
Authors: Podsiadłowski Wojciech , Marchlewska Marta , Rogoza Marta , Molenda Zuzanna , Cichocka Aleksandra
Published: October 2024

Previous research linked counternormative tendencies (e.g., conspiracy beliefs, cyberbullying, and catfishing) to narcissism—a personality trait characterized by difficulties in experiencing psychological threats. We argue that avoidance coping with stress favours attitudes and behaviours that allow for deflecting from stressful events and releasing one's stress at the expense of others. Thus, we hypothesized that avoidance coping might explain why narcissism favours counternormative tendencies. We conducted four studies (total N = 2643) in the United States and Poland to examine avoidance coping as a mediator of the relationship between narcissism and counternormative tendencies: conspiracy beliefs (Studies 1–4), willingness to conspire (Studies 2–4), cyberbullying (Studies 3–4) and catfishing (Study 4). All studies found a consistent positive indirect relationship between various forms of narcissism and counternormative tendencies via avoidance coping. These findings suggest that counternormative tendencies might reflect using maladaptive coping strategies.
Current Practice, Safety and Efficacy of Interventions for Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: Evidence From a UK Registry
Authors: Donne Adam J. , Keltie Kim , Burn Julie , Belilios Emma , Powell Steven , Cognigni Paola , Nixon Iain J. , Bateman Neil , Kubba Haytham , Judd Owen , Sims Andrew
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To determine the current practice, safety and efficacy of interventions used in the management of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) in the UK NHS.

Design

Prospective registry (recruitment between 1st April 2018 and 31st August 2022, retrospective data from 1st January 2015 permitted with consent). Sub‐group data‐linked to Hospital Episode Statistics for additional follow‐up (until 31st July 2022).

Setting

UK NHS hospitals treating RRP patients.

Participants

Children and adults diagnosed with RRP and managed in an NHS hospital.

Main Outcome Measures

Disease severity (Derkay, voice handicap and GRBAS scores), management (type and frequency of surgical and adjuvant intervention) and complications (cancer, death).

Results

Three hundred and thirty patients were entered into the registry; 304 (including 65 children) were eligible for analysis. Children had more severe disease than adults (median Derkay score 10 vs. 5). Microdebrider was the most common surgical intervention, particularly in children (86% of children, 49% of adults). Additionally, lasers (CO2, KTP and pulsed dye) were used in 34% of adults. Gardasil was the most common adjuvant therapy (21 children, 23 adults). Procedural complications were rare (10.8% children, 5.9% adults). Five patients developed laryngeal malignancy; there were six deaths during follow‐up period.

Conclusions

This is the largest UK RRP study to date. RRP is more aggressive in children than adults, and treatment choice differs between age groups. Overall, management was safe with minimal complications reported, and generally effective in maintaining a safe airway. Standardised reporting is required to objectively monitor disease progression and safety over time.

Trial Registration: NCT03465280, ISRCTN36100560
Management Control Under Post‐NPM: Replacing Performance Evaluation With Trust‐Based Management
Authors: Funck Elin K.
Published: October 2024

This article focuses on explaining management control under post‐new public management (NPM). Drawing on the lessons from a case study, the article aims to advance the discussion of what post‐NPM, as a new governance innovation, is and what problems practitioners encounter when they try to engage in post‐NPM–oriented governance. The study reports the transformation of both management and control at the Swedish Public Employment Service Agency (PES) with the help of the framework of enabling and coercive control. The case study demonstrates how practitioners encountered problems when trying to balance enabling practices with hierarchical accountability. In the case of PES, the study shows how the organization failed to find this balance and how the problem with reduced hierarchical accountability gradually shifted the calculative practices and slowly reimposed performance measures, result‐orientation, and hierarchical control. The article contributes to the contemporary public sector accounting discussion on how and to what extent we can move beyond NPM, both empirically by following a public organization's attempt to engage with post‐NPM, and theoretically by theorizing post‐NPM as a new government innovation and placing greater emphasis on how accounting practices need to adapt to a post‐NPM–oriented governance.
HIV postnatal prophylaxis and infant feeding policies vary across Europe: results of a Penta survey
Authors: Fernandes Georgina , Chappell Elizabeth , Goetghebuer Tessa , Kahlert Christian R. , Ansone Santa , Bernardi Stefania , Castelli Gattinara Guido , Chiappini Elena , Dollfus Catherine , Frange Pierre , Freyne Bridget , Galli Luisa , Giacomet Vania , Grisaru‐Soen Galia , Königs Christoph , Lyall Hermione , Marczynska Magdalena , Mardarescu Mariana , Naver Lars , Niehues Tim , Noguera‐Julian Antoni , Stol Kim , Volokha Alla , Welch Steven B. , Thorne Claire , Bamford Alasdair
Published: October 2024

Objectives

This survey was conducted to describe current European postnatal prophylaxis (PNP) and infant feeding policies with the aim of informing future harmonized guidelines.

Methods

A total of 32 senior clinicians with relevant expertise, working in 20 countries within the European Region, were invited to complete a REDCap questionnaire between July and September 2023.

Results

Twenty‐three of the 32 invited paediatricians responded, representing 16/20 countries. There were multiple respondents from the same country for Italy (n = 5), the UK (n = 2), Germany (n = 2) and France (n = 2). All countries use risk stratification to guide PNP regimen selection. Nine out of 16 countries reported three risk categories, six out of 16 reported two, and one country reported differences in categorization. Criteria used to stratify risk varied between and within countries. For the lowest risk category, the PNP regimen reported ranged from no PNP to up to four weeks of one drug; the drug of choice reported was zidovudine, apart from one country which reported nevirapine. For the highest risk category, the most common regimen was zidovudine/lamivudine/nevirapine (20/23 respondents); regimen duration varied from two to six weeks with variation in recommended dosing. Guidelines support breastfeeding for infants born to people living with HIV in eight out of 16 countries; in the other eight, guidelines do not support/specify.

Conclusions

Guidelines and practice for PNP and infant feeding vary substantially across Europe and within some countries, reflecting the lack of robust evidence. Effort is needed to align policies and practice to reflect up‐to‐date knowledge to ensure the vertical transmission risk is minimized and unnecessary infant HIV testing and PNP avoided, while simultaneously supporting families to make informed decisions on infant feeding choice.
Framing the Multi‐Centre Qualitative Research Design as a Novel Methodology for Nursing and Healthcare Research: Reflections and A Methodological Discussion
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan , Wong Frances Kam Yuet , Li Yan , Lu Wenze , Wong Arkers Kwan Ching
Published: October 2024

Aim

To discuss the multi‐centre qualitative methodology as a unique design, articulate its guiding paradigm/theoretical perspectives, and highlight its methodological and methodical issues. A secondary objective is to generate further scholarly discourse regarding the multi‐centre approach within the broader qualitative research tradition.

Design

Methodological discussion.

Findings

Rather than an emphasis on only experiences, the multi‐centre approach is presented as a unique design which also focuses on uncovering why a phenomenon or problem exists and perceptions regarding the phenomenon/problem. With its focus on capturing multiple subjective realities, the multi‐centre qualitative design is arguably underpinned by pragmatist constructivism which offers a robust framework for researching phenomenon in a way that is both theoretically informed and practically relevant. Methodologically, the multi‐centre qualitative research design emphasises a problem‐centred enquiry, collaborative approach and rigorous study protocols, systematic site selection, contextual immersion and sensitivity and methodical flexibility.

Conclusion

With the rapidly evolving nursing and global health landscape, the multi‐centre design lends itself to exploring and capturing perceptions on a larger scale compared to single site studies. Careful planning, availability of adequate resources, rigorous protocols and quality assurance plans are critical to ensuring its success.

Implications for Profession and Patient Care

The multi‐centre approach offers the possibility of undertaking the same study across multiple settings/locations which has the potential to improve representation and strengthen transferability.

Impact

This methodological discussion offers clarity regarding the use of the multi‐centre approach and offering strategies for its subsequent uptake in nursing and healthcare research.

Reporting Method

Not applicable.

Patient and Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Association of Triglyceride‐Glucose Index, Triglyceride to High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio, and Related Parameters With Prehypertension and Hypertension
Authors: Yang Shijie , Zhang Yuqing , Zhou Zhanyang , Duan Xiaochun
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL‐c), triglyceride‐glucose index (TyG), and related parameters (TyG‐BMI, TyG‐WC) with prehypertension and hypertension over 45 years old. According to the blood pressure diagnosis, the enrolled individuals were divided into two groups, which were prehypertension and hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounders, the highest quartile groups of TG/HDL‐c, TyG, and related parameters showed a significantly increased risk of hypertension compared to the lowest quartile groups, and there was associated with hypertension when comparing the highest TG/HDL‐c to the lowest TG/HDL‐c and corresponding ORs were 1.416 (1.234, 1.625) and 1.029 (0.893, 1.187), respectively. Furthermore, when comparing the fourth quartile to the first quartile of TG/HDL‐c, TyG index, and related parameters, respectively, both corresponding ORs of hypertension were higher than prehypertension. Elevated TyG, TyG‐BMI, TyG‐WC index, and TG/HDL‐c ratio levels were associated with hypertension in individuals over 45 years. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare the predictive ability of each parameter in identifying people with hypertension suggested that the TyG‐WC index ([Area under the curve] AUC: 0.601 [CI: 0.588–0.615]), TyG‐BMI, and TyG were more significant than TG/HDL‐c in distinguishing hypertension. However, in the prehypertension population, the area under the ROC curve for TyG‐BMI (0.543 [CI: 0.530–0.556]) was better than that of other parameters. They have the potential to become cost‐effective monitors in the hierarchical management of hypertension.
Prognostic understanding among caregivers of persons with dementia: A scoping review
Authors: Balasubramanian Ishwarya , Andres Ellie Bostwick , Poco Louisa Camille , Malhotra Chetna
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Despite the influence of caregivers' prognostic understanding (PU) on the end‐of‐life care for persons with dementia (PwDs), the literature on PU of caregivers of PwDs is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to understand the variation in existing definitions and measurement of caregivers' PU for PwDs. We also aimed to synthesize the prevalence of caregivers' correct PU and the factors (caregiver, PwD and healthcare related) associated with it.

Methods

We systematically searched four databases—MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and CINAHL. We included studies where study participants were informal caregivers, their PU was assessed, and measurement tool was implicitly described. We excluded studies where study participants were paid caregivers.

Results

Out of the 2160 studies screened, we included 15 published between 2009 and 2023. The included studies measured caregivers' PU as limited estimated life expectancy, understanding that dementia is incurable and life‐limiting. Estimated life expectancy was the most common measure of PU among caregivers to PwDs. Across studies, around 90% of caregivers acknowledged dementia as incurable, while only about 40% acknowledged it as life‐limiting. Caregivers of PwDs who were sicker (acute medical problems or functional dependence) and those who had discussed goals of care with healthcare providers were more likely to have more accurate PU for PwDs. Caregivers' with better PU were more likely to state a preference for comfort‐focused care, and their PwDs were likely to receive fewer burdensome interventions and experience greater comfort during the dying process.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the need for a comprehensive measure to assess the multifaceted nature of caregivers' PU, delve deeper into factors influencing caregivers' PU, and explore its impact on caregivers themselves.
Inflation Expectation Uncertainty in a New Keynesian Framework
Authors: FUEST ANGELA , SCHMIDT TORSTEN
Published: October 2024

This study analyzes inflation expectation uncertainty and the effect on economic activity. Within a New Keynesian framework, we estimate the effect of an inflation expectation uncertainty shock on the macroeconomy. Inflation expectation uncertainty negatively affects the inflation rate and the output gap, without having a distinct effect on the level of inflation expectations. Second, we provide a theoretical foundation for the effect of inflation expectation uncertainty in a New Keynesian‐type model, in which uncertainty affects economic activity via the supply side and the demand side of the economy. The results suggest that the demand channel outweighs the supply channel.
Familiarity Breeds Contagion∗
Authors: AGARWAL SUMIT , MURLIDHARAN ADITYA , NISHESH NAMAN , TANTRI PRASANNA
Published: October 2024

Although the literature has studied the impact of social ties on credit markets, the possibility of social relations causing contagion remains unexplored. We study the Indian caste system and the group loan structure, where members screen and monitor each other. Using loan‐month level data provided by a nonbanking lender, we find that shocks take the form of a loan default contagion within local caste networks, plausibly due to preexisting economic linkages. Several robustness tests rule out delayed propagation of shocks being mischaracterized as a contagion. Thus, we highlight a dark side of social ties in credit markets.
Multicentric Retrospective Study on Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Injectable Poly‐l‐Lactic Acid for Buttocks Recontouring
Authors: Russo Paola Rosalba , Bovani Bruno , De Angelis Francesca , Forte Riccardo , Vercesi Franco , Salti Giovanni
Published: October 2024

Background

Poly‐l‐lactic acid (PLLA) injectables have gained increasing attention in aesthetic medicine due to their biocompatibility and long‐lasting effects. Although their primary application centers around facial rejuvenation, their potential for off‐label use in other body areas has been investigated, demonstrating promising outcomes in terms of both efficacy and safety.

Aim

This study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of a novel 630 mg PLLA‐based filler (GANA X), in buttocks treatment.

Methods

Six physicians treated 51 patients for buttock aesthetic treatment across six different medical facilities in Italy. A survey was filled by both physicians and patients regarding treatment safety, efficacy, and change in quality of life.

Results

We reported minor or mild adverse events, self‐resolving within the next few days. Both physicians and patients confirmed notable aesthetic improvements following treatment, varying from moderate to significant enhancement. These effects endured throughout follow‐up visits spanning up to 24 months. Patient‐reported outcomes indicated elevated self‐esteem and improved quality of life posttreatment.

Conclusions

The high level of satisfaction reported by both physicians and patients highlights the efficacy and tolerability of GANA X filler for buttocks treatment, encouraging their use and research for off‐label body areas.
Identification of Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using Molecular Markers and Host–Pathogen Interaction Tests
Authors: Pal Dharam , Kumar Subodh , Bhardwaj Subhash Chander , Gangwar Om Prakash , Pal Anjali , Patial Madhu , Watpade Santosh , Harikrishna  , Mallick Niharika , Fandade Vikas , Roy J. K.
Published: October 2024

The leaf rust (Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici), stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), and stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) are major fungal constraints affecting wheat production worldwide. Identifying and deploying wheat varieties with diverse resistance are the best ways to manage all the rusts. Therefore, a continuous search goes on to identify diverse germplasm with effective rust resistance that expresses at different stages of plant growth (seedling and adult plant). A set of 22 rust resistant wheat genotypes and 4 checks (controls), viz., Avocet‐Yr10, Avocet ‐Yr15, Agra Local, and respective positive checks were studied for characterising rust resistance genes using host–pathogen interactions complemented by molecular markers. Among 22 elite genotypes, 05 genotypes amplified 191 bp fragment with marker PSY1E1, confirmed the presence of gene Lr19/Sr25. These genotypes also expressed resistance to most virulent leaf rust pathotypes, 77‐5 and 77‐9 in host–pathogen interaction test (HPI). Seven genotypes showed the presence of Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38/Ltn1 in homozygous state, whereas G4 showed its presence in heterozygous condition. Among 22 genotypes, 16 genotypes possessed Yr10. Five genotypes (22.7%) exhibited two gene combinations, Lr19/Sr25, and Yr10 as revealed through the detection of 191 bp fragment with marker PSY1E1 and 260 bp fragment with co‐dominantly inherited microsatellite marker Xpsp3000, respectively. All five genotypes (G2, G3, G8, G9, and G18) also expressed brown glumes controlled by the gene Rg1 tightly linked to Yr10 on the 1BS chromosome. Broad spectrum rust resistance present in these lines in good agronomic backgrounds could be used as potent genetic donors for diverse and durable rust resistance breeding programmes in wheat.
Effects of temperature and light on early sporophyte development of Saccharina japonica and S. latissima (Phaeophyta)
Authors: Jung Jae Woo , Xing Qikun , Kim YoungWoo , Lee Na Young , Park Ji‐Sook , Yarish Charles , Lindell Scott , Heo Jin Suk , Kim Jang K.
Published: October 2024

Saccharina japonica is common aquaculture species in Asia, whereas S. latissima is cultivated in North America and Europe. This study aims to select superior strains using breeding techniques for high‐temperature tolerance and faster development at the early sporophytic stage. Qualitative experiments were conducted to observe the reproduction and early development of sporophytes under different temperatures (5, 10, 15, and 20°C) and light conditions (5 and 40‐μmol photons m−2 s−1) for 20 days after male and female gametophytes were crossed. Two female (F05 and F15, S. japonica; FB and FO, S. latissima) and male (M06 and M14, S. japonica; MB and MO, S. latissima) gametophyte strains in each species were used. No inter‐specific crosses were made. Four possible intraspecific crosses were cultured. Regardless of the species, the development of sporophytes was observed earlier at 10°C than all other temperatures (5, 15, and 20°C). No sporophytes were observed at 20°C during the experiment. The crosses of F15xM14 (S. japonica) and FBxMB (S. latissima) showed higher thermal tolerance and rapid development of sporophytes than other crosses. These results suggest that optimal reproduction and early development of sporophytes can vary from species to species of the same genus and even between strains of the same species.
The effectiveness of cognitive linguistics‐inspired language pedagogies: A systematic review
Authors: Liu Dilin , Qin Jie
Published: October 2024

This systematic review synthesizes the literature (involving 62 empirical studies) regarding the effectiveness of cognitive linguistics‐inspired language pedagogies (CL‐ILPs) on second language (L2) learning. It begins with an overview of the main theoretical tenets of cognitive linguistics followed by a description of the data selection, coding, and analysis. Then, besides noting a sharp increase of research on CL‐ILPs in the past 20 years, the review presents four main findings: (a) While various language features have been taught in CL‐ILPs, the teaching targets of CL‐ILPs have been mainly low‐schematic constructions, such as phrasal verbs and prepositions, but a few recent studies have explored the teaching of clause‐ or sentence‐level structures including conditional clauses, (b) conceptual metaphor, cognitive grammar, construction grammar, and cognitive semantics have been the main guiding cognitive linguistics theories applied in language teaching, and the hallmark teaching practices of CL‐ILPs include the use of technology‐supported or technology‐delivered visuals, schemas, and diagrams; embodied activities; and group and/or pair work, (c) methodologies used in CL‐ILP research have become increasingly sophisticated, and (d) CL‐ILPs have been found to be effective in 93.5% (i.e., 58) of the 62 reviewed studies covering learners of different age groups, first languages, and learning contexts. These findings are discussed to uncover insights concerning CL‐ILP research. Pedagogical implications and future research directions are also discussed.
Emergency medical supply planning considering prepositioning and dynamic in‐kind donation management in healthcare coalitions
Authors: Wang Qingyi , Zhang Renshan , Luo Li
Published: October 2024

This study tackles an integrated emergency medical supply planning problem, which incorporates supply prepositioning and dynamic in‐kind donation management in healthcare coalitions. Although this problem is vital for field practice, it is not investigated in the existing emergency supply planning literature. To fill the gap, we propose a two‐stage stochastic programming model, which facilitates the planning of emergency medical supply prepositioning before disasters and dynamic supply transshipment and in‐kind donation solicitation and distribution after disasters. With a case study on the healthcare coalition of West China Hospital in Sichuan Province of China under the background of the COVID‐19 epidemic, the proposed model and seven comparison models are optimally solved to show the effectiveness and benefits of our model. We conduct sensitivity analysis to generate managerial insights and policy suggestions for better emergency medical supply management practices in healthcare coalitions.
Mandibular bone imaging assessment in thalassemia – a systematic review
Authors: da Silva Larissa Conrado , Marques Pedro Albuquerque Counago , Oliveira dos Santos Bruna Cristina , Cruz Thalyta Cristina Souza da Silva , de Andrade Bruno Augusto Benevenuto , Ortega Karem L. , Munhoz Luciana , Tenório Jefferson R.
Published: October 2024

Objective

This systematic review aimed to verify if individuals with thalassemia present changes in radiomorphometric indices and fractal analysis that can be accessed using panoramic radiographs.

Material and methods

Observational studies that evaluated cortical and trabecular bone patterns in dental routine radiographs were selected from six bibliographic databases. Risk of bias was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Quality of evidence was verified using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

Results

Two hundred three studies were initially retrieved from databases. Three cross‐sectional studies, encompassing a total of 129 thalassemic patients, were deemed eligible after applying the inclusion criteria. Bone mineral density (BMD) evaluations were performed using panoramic radiographs and considered the following radiomorphometric indexes: mandibular cortical index (MCI), mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI). Fractal dimension analysis (FDA) and simple visual estimation (SVE) were also employed. Overall, FDA and MCW from thalassemia individuals were lower than controls.

Conclusion

FDA and MCW are frequently altered in patients with thalassemia and may be employed as screening tools for reduced BMD. However, the certainty of evidence for this outcome was very low, mainly due to methodological flaws.
Revisiting the sequence symmetry analysis design
Authors: Madsen Jeppe Ekstrand Halkjær
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper is to re‐examine the sequence symmetry analysis (SSA) in a mathematical framework to improve the understanding and use of the design. The mathematical properties of the crude, null‐effects, and adjusted sequence ratios (SR) are analyzed in the presence of prescription time‐trends and unmeasured time‐invariant confounding. The theoretical results are illustrated in a simulation study. The crude SR can be interpreted as an estimator of the hazard ratio (HR) of treatment when the allowed time between initiation of the treatment and the outcome drug is small. The HR can easily be estimated flexibly as a function of covariates, such as age and sex, using logistic regression. The crude SR implicitly adjusts for unmeasured time‐invariant confounding, whereas the null‐effects SR, and thereby the adjusted SR, make little sense unless treatment and outcome are strictly independent. The use of the adjusted SR should be abandoned. Another design should be used if it is infeasible to require treatment and outcome sufficiently close. The crude SR can be modeled flexibly with logistic regression to estimate covariate‐dependent HRs or at least to test whether the HR depends on covariates.
Macroevolutionary trends and diversification dynamics in the hindgut order Clevelandellida (Ciliophora, Armophorea)
Authors: Pecina Lukáš , Rurik Ivan , Vďačný Peter
Published: October 2024

Clevelandellids are highly diversified and widespread unicellular eukaryotic organisms inhabiting the digestive tract of a broad spectrum of invertebrates and vertebrates. Time‐calibrated phylogeny of clevelandellids was built to reconstruct their ancestral hosts using stochastic mapping, investigate their coevolution with animal hosts using an event‐based tree reconciliation approach and examine the impact of hosts on their diversification dynamics and molecular evolution using the MuSSE method and phylogenetic regression. The progenitor of the analysed representatives of the order Clevelandellida colonized the hindgut of anurans in the Late Jurassic. Later on, clevelandellids switched from anuran to other terrestrial poikilotherm vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Panesthiine cockroaches served as a source for at least four independent colonization waves into millipedes and non‐panesthiine cockroaches. Duplication events, duplications followed by host switching and inertia were recognized as the most relevant coevolutionary processes shaping the common history of clevelandellids and their animal hosts over geological time. Clevelandellids associated with panesthiine cockroaches were revealed to have significantly higher net‐diversification rates than ciliates living in millipedes, non‐panesthiine cockroaches and poikilotherm vertebrates. Clevelandellids show some interesting macroevolutionary trends, including clustering specific for higher taxa of their hosts, no backward transfers from invertebrate to vertebrate hosts and host‐dependent diversification dynamics.
Hybrid Surrogate Modeling Approach for Data Reduction and Design Space Exploration of Turbine Blades
Authors: Ali Sazeed S. , Yadav Vikas S. , Nouri Behnam , Ghani Abdulla
Published: October 2024

The conventional iterative optimization of turbine blades using computer-aided engineering simulations is resource-intensive, with high costs and time demands, as well as significant challenges in computational requirements and data management. The three-dimensional (3D) simulation data generated from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) for various blade geometries can range from hundreds of gigabytes to multiple terabytes, complicating long-term storage and access. To address this, we propose a machine learning-based methodology for data reduction and prediction of 3D surface field data. Our approach involves developing a convolutional variational auto-encoder (VAE), consisting of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder compresses the input data into a representation of reduced dimensionality in a latent space, while the decoder reconstructs the data from this latent space back to its original form. This significantly reduces the amount of stored data, facilitating long-term use. Additionally, we train a fully connected feedforward multilayer perceptron (MLP) to map geometry parameters, which generate blade variations, to the latent space. By combining the MLP with the VAE's trained decoder, we create our proposed multilayer perceptron–variational auto-encoder (MLP–VAE) hybrid model capable of predicting surface field data for new, unseen blade geometries. The MLP–VAE generates latent representations and surface field results with high accuracy (>97%) and without additional computational costs, offering a highly efficient and scalable solution for turbine blade optimization.
Functional response and predatory potential of Neoseiulus newsami (Acari: Phytoseiidae) against Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Chi Yuanming , Yang Huiyin , Yu Chen , Feng Mingyue , Zhu Yilin , Meng Ruixia , Shi WangPeng
Published: October 2024

Megalurothrips usitatus, is an important pest of cowpeas Vigna unguiculata, that causes severe damage to cowpea crops in Southeast Asia and Hainan Province in China. Neoseiulus newsami is a natural enemy of M. usitatus that was first reported from Ledong Li Autonomous County, Hainan, China. Here, we evaluated the potential of N. newsami as a biocontrol agent for use against M. usitatus. In laboratory tests, N. newsami showed a similar rate of attack on this pest as did the better-known species Neoseiulus barkeri. The functional response curve of N. newsami fed M. usitatus showed that more 1st instar prey were consumed by N. newsami at higher prey densities, indicating a Type III functional. The maximum attack coefficient (a) was 0.063 ± 0.011 and the handling time per consumed prey (Th) was 0.58 ± 0.09. The maximum attack rate (T/Th) was 41.37. Neoseiulus newsami showed higher predation and oviposition rates than did N. barkeri or Neoseiulus cucumeris. Our results suggest that N. newsami has a higher predation capacity against M. usitatus.
A human gut
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
fatty acid amide hydrolase
Authors: Cheng Jiye , Venkatesh Siddarth , Ke Ke , Barratt Michael J. , Gordon Jeffrey I.
Published: October 2024

Undernutrition in Bangladeshi children is associated with disruption of postnatal gut microbiota assembly; compared with standard therapy, a microbiota-directed complementary food (MDCF) substantially improved their ponderal and linear growth. Here, we characterize a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) from a growth-associated intestinal strain of
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
cultured from these children. This enzyme, expressed and purified from
Escherichia coli,
hydrolyzes a variety of
N
-acylamides, including oleoylethanolamide (OEA), neurotransmitters, and quorum sensing
N
-acyl homoserine lactones; it also synthesizes a range of
N
-acylamides, notably
N
-acyl amino acids. Treating germ-free mice with
N
-oleoylarginine and
N
-oleolyhistidine, major products of FAAH OEA metabolism, markedly affected expression of intestinal immune function pathways. Administering MDCF to Bangladeshi children considerably reduced fecal OEA, a satiety factor whose levels were negatively correlated with abundance and expression of their
F. prausnitzii
FAAH. This enzyme, structurally and catalytically distinct from mammalian FAAH, is positioned to regulate levels of a variety of bioactive molecules.
Aging ‘clocks’ battle for science glory and cash
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: October 2024

Contest aims to improve molecular assays needed to test aging treatments
Mechanisms of
Staphylococcus aureus
survival of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced thymineless death
Authors: Gonsalves Lauren J. , Tran Allyson , Gardiner Tessa , Freeman Tiia , Dutta Angshita , Miller Carson J. , McNamara Sharon , Waalkes Adam , Long Dustin R. , Salipante Stephen J. , Hoffman Lucas R. , Wolter Daniel J.
Published: October 2024

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) is commonly used to treat diverse
Staphylococcus aureus
infections, including those associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary disease. Studies with
Escherichia coli
found that SXT impairs tetrahydrofolate production, leading to DNA damage, stress response induction, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a process known as thymineless death (TLD). TLD survival can occur through the uptake of exogenous thymidine, countering the effects of SXT; however, a growing body of research has implicated central metabolism as another potentially important determinant of bacterial survival of SXT and other antibiotics. Here, we conducted studies to better understand the mechanisms of TLD survival in
S. aureus
. We found that thymidine abundances in CF sputum were insufficient to prevent TLD of
S. aureus
, highlighting the importance of alternative survival mechanisms
in vivo
. In
S. aureus
cultured
in vitro
with SXT and low thymidine, we frequently identified adaptive mutations in genes encoding carbohydrate, nucleotide, and amino acid metabolism, supporting reduced metabolism as a common survival mechanism. Although intracellular ROS levels rose with SXT treatment
in vitro
, survival was not improved in the presence of ROS scavengers, unlike in
E. coli
. SXT challenge induced the SOS response, which was alleviated by added thymidine. Finally, an inactivating mutation in the phosphotransferase gene
ptsI
conferred both limitation in cellular ATP and improved survival against TLD. Collectively, these results suggest that alterations in core metabolic functions, particularly those that reduce ATP levels, predominantly confer
S. aureus
survival and persistence during SXT treatment, potentially identifying novel targets for co-treatment.

IMPORTANCE

Staphylococcus aureus
is a ubiquitous organism and one of the leading causes of human infections, many of which are difficult to treat due to persistence, antibiotic resistance, or antibiotic tolerance. As our arsenal of effective antibiotics dwindles, the need for improved treatments becomes increasingly urgent, necessitating a better understanding of the precise mechanisms by which pathogens evade our most critical antimicrobial agents. Here, we report a systematic characterization of the mechanisms of
S. aureus
survival to treatment with the first-line antistaphylococcal antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, identifying pathways and candidate targets for enhancing the efficacy of available antimicrobial agents.
Social, cultural and political conditions for advancing health equity: examples from eight country case studies (2011–2021)
Authors: van den Berg Miriam , Flavel Joanne , Schram Ashley , Friel Sharon , Gesesew Hailay Abrha , Baum Fran
Published: October 2024

Progress in addressing systematic health inequities, both between and within countries, has been slow. However, there are examples of actions taken on social determinants of health and policy changes aimed at shaping the underlying sociopolitical context that drives these inequities.

Using case study methodology, this article identifies five countries (Ethiopia, Jordan, Spain, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) that made progress on health equity during 2011–2021 and three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria and the USA) that had not made the same gains. The case studies revealed social, cultural and political conditions that appeared to be prerequisites for enhancing health equity.

Data related to population health outcomes, human development, poverty, universal healthcare, gender equity, sociocultural narratives, political stability and leadership, governance, peace, democracy, willingness to collaborate, social protection and the Sustainable Development Goals were interrogated revealing four key factors that help advance health equity. These were (1) action directed at structural determinants of health inequities, for example, sociopolitical conditions that determine the distribution of resources and opportunities based on gender, race, ethnicity and geographical location; (2) leadership and good governance, for example, the degree of freedom, and the absence of violence and terrorism; (3) a health equity lens for policy development, for example, facilitating the uptake of a health equity agenda through cross-sector policies and (4) taking action to level the social gradient in health through a combination of universal and targeted approaches.

Reducing health inequities is a complex and challenging task. The countries in this study do not reveal guaranteed recipes for progressing health equity; however, the efforts should be recognised, as well as lessons learnt from countries struggling to make progress.
Systematic review of variables that moderate and/or mediate the relationship between child maltreatment and adverse outcomes: a study protocol
Authors: Colley Denise , Seidler Jenny , Rasch Lena , Gahr Britta , Küppers Lisa , Mayatepek Ertan , De Bock Freia
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Child maltreatment (CM) is associated with adverse cognitive, behavioural, physical and social outcomes that often continue until adulthood. Systematic reviews on mediators and moderators of this relationship mostly investigate childhood adversities in general or only with regard to an adult population, single outcomes or single forms of maltreatment. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the evidence of variables that mediate and/or moderate the relationship between CM and diverse outcomes.

Method

A systematic search will be performed in Scopus, PsychInfo, Medline and Web of Science until January 2022. Eligibility criteria include children under 18 years who have been maltreated and experienced adverse outcomes until the age of 21, moderators and/or mediators that influence the relationship between maltreatment and adverse outcomes must belong to the individual level and be amenable to change. After independent screening of studies by two reviewers, data extraction and study quality of included studies will be done using adapted checklists of similar reviews, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology report, the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments checklist and Downs and Black Checklist. The results will be presented in narrative form and, if adequate, meta-analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval will not be required. The results of this systematic review will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42022297982.
Major financial problems, low mental well-being and reduced HIV/STI testing among sex workers in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional survey
Authors: Kloek Mariëlle , van Wees Daphne , Bakker Jane , Tyd Mischa , Rosales Julia Raxon , Geling Tomas , Spek Evelien , Hontelez Jan A C
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To determine associations between the banning of sex work during the COVID-19 pandemic, and work, financial problems, mental well-being and HIV/sexually transmittable infection (STI) testing among sex workers in the Netherlands.

Design

Two cross-sectional online surveys. The first survey covered two time-periods: pre-COVID-19 (1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019) and period 1 (15 March 2020 to 1 July 2020). The second survey covered period 2 (1 January 2021 to 31 December 2021).

Setting

The Netherlands

Participants

In total, 106 (first survey) and 196 (second survey) sex workers participated. Most of the participants in the first and second survey were cisgender women (respectively, 76.4% and 66.5%), followed by cisgender men (respectively, 12.3% and 15.7%) and the combination of transgender men, transgender women, non-binary or other (respectively, 11.3% and 17.6%). Most participants were born in the Netherlands (respectively, 61.4% and 69.7%).

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We provide descriptive statistics of self-reported work during and prior to COVID-19 measures, financial problems due to COVID-19 measures and HIV/STI testing and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also performed logistic and linear regression analyses to identify risk factors associated with reporting financial problems due to COVID-19 measures, not testing for HIV/STIs and lower mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results

In periods 1 and 2, respectively, 69.6% and 62.0% reported financial problems due to the COVID-19 measures. Among those who reported to have had sex with clients, the percentage not HIV/STI testing was: 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9; 12.5) pre-COVID-19, 28.2% (95% CI: 15.0; 44.9) in period 1, and 15.2% (95% CI: 9.7; 22.3) in period 2. In the multivariate analysis, reported financial problems due to the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with not HIV/STI testing (OR: 12.1, p<0.001) and lower mental well-being (B: −2.7, p<0.001).

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic control measures in the Netherlands were associated with major financial problems, low mental well-being and reduced HIV/STI testing among sex workers.
Interventions addressing care staff views of older LGBTQ+ people in residential and homecare settings: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Moriarty Yvonne , Willis Paul
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Previous research has identified that lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer (LGBTQ+) social care service users have concerns and/or negative experiences of their care due to staff views and attitudes about them/their sexual and gender identities. This has resulted in a number of barriers and challenges for the delivery of social care to this population. However, there is a little research relating to what types of evidence-based interventions can help overcome these barriers, enhance knowledge and promote positive attitude change in staff. The objective of this review was to systematically review current literature on interventions targeted at staff views and attitudes of LGBTQ+ older people in care and identify gaps in knowledge to inform a future theory of change and identify potential interventions to address these.

Methods and analysis

This scoping review will be conducted in line with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. We will conduct a comprehensive search of electronic databases (ie, Social Services Abstracts, Social Care online, Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, ASSIA and Web of Science) focused on both health and social care literature to identify peer-reviewed literature as well as targeted online searches of potentially relevant grey literature. We will include literature published in the past 20 years (2003–2023) that report interventions to address care staff attitudes of LGBTQ+ populations older than 50 years who are receiving adult social care in a broad range of healthcare, residential or home settings. Citations will be screened by two independent researchers for inclusion and relevant data extracted using a bespoke template. Data will be analysed narratively and summarised to identify gaps in knowledge and aid in developing a theory of change.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval is not required. Findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Review registration

A priori registration on Open Science Framework:https://osf.io/v76ws