bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Truth Is . . . My Soul Is with You”: Documenting a Tale of Two Evitas
Authors: Graham-Jones Jean
Published: August 2005

One evening in 1973, or so the story goes, Tim Rice caught the last part of a BBC program about Eva Perón on his car radio. Intrigued enough to make a point of tuning into a later rebroadcast, he became fascinated with this woman, whose single saving grace—he later stated—was that “she had style, in spades.” In late 1976, after more than two years spent researching, writing, composing, and recording (and one or two trips to Buenos Aires), Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber released the studio album of Evita, their rock-opera follow-up to the hugely successful Jesus Christ Superstar. They would not work together again until they reunited to create the song “You Must Love Me” for the 1997 film version of Evita. The original staging of Evita, under Harold Prince's direction, premiered on 21 June 1978 in London's Prince Edward Theatre. The U.S. premiere came barely eleven months later, on 8 May 1979 in Los Angeles's Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. In December 1980, the Spanish-language version (translated and adapted by Jaime Azpilicueta and Ignacio Artime) opened at Madrid's Monumental Theatre. Although director Azpilicueta did not stray far from the original staging, except for a few “Argentinizing” modifications, on 26 June 1981 Prince premiered his own staging of the Azpilicueta—Artime translation in Mexico City.
Vectia, Man-Made Censorship, and the Drama of Marie Stopes
Authors: Sullivan Esther Beth
Published: August 2005

In the 1920s, the Royal Court Theatre still enjoyed the reputation earned earlier in the century by Harley Granville Barker and John Vedrenne, yet its daily fare was not remarkably distinctive from other West End theatres. In that context, an aspiring playwright was contracted to write a play for the Court's 1923 season. The playwright happened to be Marie Stopes, (in)famous author of the best-selling sex-education and birth-control manual Married Love. “Contracted” is the word Stopes uses. It could also be speculated that, in a year when the Court's five main undertakings had as many as five different producers and three different managers, the theatre was made available to Stopes, a celebrity on the London scene who had her own backing.
Theatricality. Edited by Tracy C. Davis and Thomas Postlewait. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 236. $55 cloth; $23.99 paper.
Authors: Reinelt Janelle
Published: August 2005

The concepts of theatricality and performativity have been enormously productive sources of recent scholarship in the fields of theatre and performance studies. While the former term has a long history of use and abuse, the latter has gained contemporary currency in connection with the emergence of performance studies, on the one hand, and new interpretations and applications of J. L. Austin's 1950s philosophy, on the other. As scholars have reexamined theatricality and probed performativity, a number of new uses of these terms have developed, and depending on the scholar's viewpoint, a binary or sometimes hierarchical relationship between these terms has prevailed.
A History of African American Theatre. By Errol G. Hill and James V. Hatch. Cambridge Studies in American Theatre and Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 608. $130 cloth.
Authors: Elam Harry
Published: August 2005

Over the more than twenty years since the publication of two profoundly influential collections—Errol Hill's two-volume anthology of critical essays The Theatre of Black Americans (1980) and James V. Hatch's first edition of the play anthology Black Theatre USA (1974)—there has been considerable activity in African American theatre scholarship. Yet even as scholars have produced new collections of historical and critical essays that cover a wide range of African American theatre history, book-length studies that document particular moments in the historical continuum such as the Harlem Renaissance, and Samuel Hay's broader study African American Theatre: An Historical and Critical Analysis (1994), no one until now has written a comprehensive study of African American theatre history. Into this void have stepped two of the aforementioned distinguished scholars of African American theatre, Errol G. Hill and James V. Hatch. To be certain, writing a comprehensive history of African American theatre poses a daunting challenge for anyone hearty enough to undertake it. Where to begin? What to include and exclude? With their study, A History of African American Theatre, Hill and Hatch show themselves indeed worthy of the challenge. They explore the evolution of African American theatre across time and space, documenting the particular efforts of artists, writers, scholars, and practitioners, from inside as well as outside the United States, that have had an impact on our understanding of African American theatre. The authors make clear that the definition of African American theatre from the beginning has been in constant flux and that it has been affected by the changing social times in American as much as it has influenced those times.
White People Do Not Know How to Behave at Entertainments Designed for Ladies and Gentlemen of Colour: William Brown's African and African American Theater. By Marvin McAllister. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003; pp. 256. $18.95 paper.
Authors: Harris John Rogers
Published: August 2005

An unruly audience, comprising mostly working-class whites, attended a performance of William Shakespeare's Othello by the African Theatre on 10 August 1822. Instead of enjoying a thoughtful interpretation of Shakespeare, the crowd attacked the performers, stripping them of their clothing and dignity. The causes of riots included a growing presence of free blacks in public spaces, political debates surrounding franchise rights of propertied blacks, and the increasing social interactions between black and poor European Americans. The production of Othello was evidence of the African American contribution to evolving notions of national identities, while the Anglo-American's collective mob thinking reflected a consciousness that would become institutionalized by century's end. The riot marked another incident in the slow, painful demise of a theatre company, but the birth of theatre by African Americans.
Blue Vaudeville: Sex, Morals and the Mass Marketing of Amusement, 1895–1915. By Andrew L. Erdman. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004; pp. 198. $39.95 cloth.
Authors: Woods Leigh
Published: August 2005

Vaudeville makes a sprawling subject. Under the social and commercial shocks that swirled around it, vaudeville could scarcely afford to be more innocent than it needed to be. In Blue Vaudeville, Andrew Erdman follows a single, generally naughty-but-nice strand within the huge volume of vaudeville performance.
Edward Albee: A Casebook. Edited by Bruce J. Mann. New York: Routledge, 2003; pp. 150. $85 cloth.
Authors: Bianchini Natka
Published: August 2005

Scholars and enthusiasts of the work of Edward Albee will be pleased to see this new volume of essays edited by Bruce J. Mann, the first critical collection of essays devoted to the playwright in more than fifteen years. Although it would be hard to judge from the past decade, in which Albee has undergone a renaissance of sorts with several new plays and several major revivals on Broadway (starting in 1994 with Three Tall Women, which earned him his third Pulitzer Prize, and ending most recently with The Goat; or, Who Is Sylvia, which won the Tony for best new play in 2002), Albee had previously lapsed in critical and scholarly favor. This volume aims to capitalize on the recent interest in Albee's work by providing a current survey that pays specific attention to his newer plays, as well as his more obscure ones, and also includes new essays on his three classics: The Zoo Story, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and A Delicate Balance. The volume concludes with an interview with the playwright, conducted by Mann in April 1999.
Performing Menken: Adah Isaacs Menken and the Birth of American Celebrity. By Renée M. Sentilles. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 313. $45 cloth.; Sarah Bernhardt's First American Theatrical Tour, 1880–1881. By Patricia Marks. Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland, 2003; pp. 222. $35 paper.
Authors: Marra Kim
Published: August 2005

In two compelling new books, each analyzing a sensational female star whose career peaked in the late nineteenth century, the multifaceted celebrity image becomes the historical prism refracting the social, political, and cultural dynamics of various performance contexts. Neither study purports to chronicle the star's entire life and document truths about “who she really was.” Rather, each focuses on a relatively brief, temporally circumscribed period of the performer's career and examines her complex public personae and their meanings to her American audiences. Ultimately, more is revealed about the values of those who consumed and exploited the star than about the star herself. The two celebrities at issue here, Adah Isaacs Menken and Sarah Bernhardt, separated in time by a generation, compare in intriguing ways, both as historical agents and as subjects of historiographical analysis.
Scotland and the Music Hall, 1850–1914. By Paul Maloney. Studies in Popular Culture. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2003; pp. 240. $24.95 paper.
Authors: Bratton Jacky
Published: August 2005

Paul Maloney's study of Victorian and Edwardian Glasgow's entertainment is part of the series Studies in Popular Culture, under the general editorship of Jeffrey Richards, and it benefits from the protocols of its social-history methodology. His approach to the halls has a welcome freedom from the constraints that dog theatre scholars whose disciplines have equipped them with subliminally insistent literary and musical criteria. Maloney is able to acknowledge the stereotypical, misogynistic, jingoist materials used by music-hall performers but still understand them as functional expressions of working-class attitudes that are counterhegemonic. In his argument, manner and style are read as signifiers before words, articulated positions, and character types. He asserts of Scottish music hall that “[a]s a popular entertainment format it did not articulate its social agenda but embodied it in its functioning and culture” (50). This is an important insight, one that not only circumvents the impasse presented to textual analysis by the bland and unrevealing songs and other materials that survive on the page, but also chimes with the latest research in the history of performance, which is beginning to emphasize the historicism of the embodied. We move toward the possibility of historical and theatrical methodologies jumping together, independently of literary judgments, and producing previously unavailable nuance and fresh insight.
The Theatre of Frank McGuinness: Stages of Mutability. Edited by Helen Lojek. Dublin: Carysfort Press and Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 2003; pp. 208. $20.95 paper.; The Theatre of Marina Carr: “Before Rules Was Made.” Edited by Cathy Leeney and Anna McMullan. Dublin: Carysfort Press and Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 2003; pp. 284. $28.95 paper.
Authors: Harrower Natalie
Published: August 2005

Frank McGuinness and Marina Carr are two of Ireland's leading contemporary playwrights, and these books are the first full-length edited collections to be dedicated exclusively to their work. While both have been the subject of numerous journal articles and book chapters, and two monographs have previously been published on McGuinness, the volume edited by Cathy Leeney and Anna McMullan marks the first full-length book on Carr. Each book offers new essays as well as those previously published elsewhere. While both volumes treat a wide variety of the playwrights' oeuvres, and both approach the material from several theoretical perspectives, the book on Carr is more accurately named in that it focuses on theatrical productions and reception of Carr's work alongside analyses of her dramatic texts.
The Living Art of Greek Tragedy. By Marianne McDonald. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2003; pp. 224. $15.95 paper.
Authors: Cueva Edmund P.
Published: August 2005

Marianne McDonald's book provides a solid introduction to ancient tragedy and theatre. The author examines the works by the three major ancient Greek tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, and supplies for each playwright biographies, synopses of their works, and modern and ancient translations and adaptations of their plays. The listing of the translations and adaptations is selective and spans from the classical period up to the twentieth century.
Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating
Authors: Schmitt David P.
Published: August 2005

The Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI; Simpson & Gangestad 1991) is a self-report measure of individual differences in human mating strategies. Low SOI scores signify that a person is sociosexually restricted, or follows a more monogamous mating strategy. High SOI scores indicate that an individual is unrestricted, or has a more promiscuous mating strategy. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP), the SOI was translated from English into 25 additional languages and administered to a total sample of 14,059 people across 48 nations. Responses to the SOI were used to address four main issues. First, the psychometric properties of the SOI were examined in cross-cultural perspective. The SOI possessed adequate reliability and validity both within and across a diverse range of modern cultures. Second, theories concerning the systematic distribution of sociosexuality across cultures were evaluated. Both operational sex ratios and reproductively demanding environments related in evolutionary-predicted ways to national levels of sociosexuality. Third, sex differences in sociosexuality were generally large and demonstrated cross-cultural universality across the 48 nations of the ISDP, confirming several evolutionary theories of human mating. Fourth, sex differences in sociosexuality were significantly larger when reproductive environments were demanding but were reduced to more moderate levels in cultures with more political and economic gender equality. Implications for evolutionary and social role theories of human sexuality are discussed.
Speech and gesture are mediated by independent systems
Authors: Barrett Anna M. , Foundas Anne L. , Heilman Kenneth M.
Published: August 2005

Arbib suggests that language emerged in direct relation to manual gestural communication, that Broca's area participates in producing and imitating gestures, and that emotional facial expressions contributed to gesture-language coevolution. We discuss functional and structural evidence supporting localization of the neuronal modules controlling limb praxis, speech and language, and emotional communication. Current evidence supports completely independent limb praxis and speech/language systems.
Why not emotions as motivated behaviors?
Authors: Ainslie George , Monterosso John
Published: August 2005

Lewis's dynamic systems approach is a refreshing change from the reflexology of most neuroscience, but it could go a step further: It could include the expected rewardingness of an emotion in the recursive feedback loop that determines whether the emotion will occur. Two possible objections to such a model are discussed: that emotions are not deliberate, and that negative emotions should lose out as instrumental choices.
Who's zooming who?
Authors: Bond Nigel W.
Published: August 2005

Men and women report having significantly different numbers of sexual partners, which is impossible in a large sample. Schmitt's target article is no exception. This focuses discussion on the nature of the samples, their heterogeneity, and the locale they are drawn from. Further, we query how humans determine, for example, sex ratio, in the context of large numbers.
Action planning supplements mirror systems in language evolution
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: August 2005

Mirror systems must be supplemented by a planning capability to allow language to evolve. A capability for creating, storing, and executing plans for sequences of actions, having evolved in primates, was applied to sequences of communicatory acts. Language could exploit this already-existing capability. Further steps in language evolution may parallel steps seen in the development of modern children.
Sign languages are problematic for a gestural origins theory of language evolution
Authors: Emmorey Karen
Published: August 2005

Sign languages exhibit all the complexities and evolutionary advantages of spoken languages. Consequently, sign languages are problematic for a theory of language evolution that assumes a gestural origin. There are no compelling arguments why the expanding spiral between protosign and protospeech proposed by Arbib would not have resulted in the evolutionary dominance of sign over speech.
Biological evolution of cognition and culture: Off Arbib's mirror-neuron system stage?
Authors: Fabrega, Jr. Horacio
Published: August 2005

Arbib offers a comprehensive, elegant formulation of brain/language evolution; with significant implications for social as well as biological sciences. Important psychological antecedents and later correlates are presupposed; their conceptual enrichment through protosign and protospeech is abbreviated in favor of practical communication. What culture “is” and whether protosign and protospeech involve a protoculture are not considered. Arbib also avoids dealing with the question of evolution of mind, consciousness, and self.
Protomusic and protolanguage as alternatives to protosign
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh
Published: August 2005

Explaining the transition from a signed to a spoken protolanguage is a major problem for all gestural theories. I suggest that Arbib's improved “beyond the mirror” hypothesis still leaves this core problem unsolved, and that Darwin's model of musical protolanguage provides a more compelling solution. Second, although I support Arbib's analytic theory of language origin, his claim that this transition is purely cultural seems unlikely, given its early, robust development in children.
Lewis's DS approach is a tool, not a theory
Authors: DeLancey Craig
Published: August 2005

Lewis argues convincingly that a DS approach to emotion theory will be fruitful. He also appears to hold that there are DS principles that constitute a theory or are substantial empirical claims. I argue that this latter move is a mistake.
Imitation systems, monkey vocalization, and the human language
Authors: Gilissen Emmanuel
Published: August 2005

In offering a detailed view of putative steps towards the emergence of language from a cognitive standpoint, Michael Arbib is also introducing an evolutionary framework that can be used as a useful tool to confront other viewpoints on language evolution, including hypotheses that emphasize possible alternatives to suggestions that language could not have emerged from an earlier primate vocal communication system.
The contribution of cross-cultural study to dynamic systems modeling of emotions
Authors: Downey Greg
Published: August 2005

Lewis neglects cross-cultural data in his dynamic systems model of emotion, probably because appraisal theory disregards behavior and because anthropologists have not engaged discussions of neural plasticity in the brain sciences. Considering cultural variation in emotion-related behavior, such as grieving, indigenous descriptions of emotions, and alternative developmental regimens, such as sport, opens up avenues to test dynamic systems models.
Sperm competition theory offers additional insight into cultural variation in sexual behavior
Authors: Goetz Aaron T. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: August 2005

Schmitt recognized that research is needed to identify other factors associated with sex ratio and with sociosexuality that may explain cross-cultural variation in sexual behavior. One such factor may be the risk of sperm competition. Sperm competition theory may lead us to a more complete explanation of cultural variation in sexual behavior.
Emotion is from preparatory brain chaos; irrational action is from premature closure
Authors: Freeman Walter J.
Published: August 2005

EEG evidence supports the view that each cerebral hemisphere maintains a scale-free network that generates and maintains a global state of chaos. By its own evolution, and under environmental impacts, this hemispheric chaos can rise to heights that may either escape containment and engender incontinent action or be constrained by predictive control and yield creative action of great power and beauty.
Medical advances reduce risk of behaviours related to high sociosexuality
Authors: Grant Valerie J.
Published: August 2005

Although statistically significant correlations have been found among political, economic, and social indices, on the one hand, and measures of sociosexuality, on the other, it is likely that these correlations are second-order effects. Underpinning the reproductive freedom associated with higher sociosexuality are factors more closely related to biology, namely, easy access to safe, effective contraception and reproductive medical care.
Evolutionary sleight of hand: Then, they saw it; now we don't
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F. , Davis Barbara L.
Published: August 2005

Arbib's gestural-origins theory does not tell us why or how a subsequent switch to vocal language occurred, and shows no systematic concern with the signalling affordances or constraints of either medium. Our frame/content theory, in contrast, offers both a vocal origin in the invention of kinship terms in a baby-talk context and an explanation for the structure of the currently favored medium.
Exploring psychological complexity through dynamic systems theory: A complement to reductionism
Authors: Galatzer-Levy Robert M.
Published: August 2005

Dynamic systems theory (DS) provides tools for exploring how simpler elements can interact to produce complex psychological configurations. It may, as Lewis demonstrates, provide means for explicating relationships between two reductionist approaches to overlapping sets of phenomena. The result is a description of psychological phenomena at a level that begins to achieve the richness we would hope to achieve in examining psychological life as it is experienced and explored in psychoanalysis.
Brain, emotions, and emotion-cognition relations
Authors: Izard Carroll E. , Trentacosta Christopher J. , King Kristen A.
Published: August 2005

Lewis makes a strong case for the interdependence and integration of emotion and cognitive processes. Yet, these processes exhibit considerable independence in early life, as well as in certain psychopathological conditions, suggesting that the capacity for their integration emerges as a function of development. In some circumstances, the concept of highly interactive emotion and cognitive systems seems a viable alternative hypothesis to the idea of systems integration.
Less restricted mating, low contact with kin, and the role of culture
Authors: Newson Lesley , Postmes Tom
Published: August 2005

On the basis of a reinterpretation of the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP) data, we suggest that findings are consistent with the view that human reproductive behaviour is largely under social control. Behaviours associated with a high Sociosexual Orientation Index (SOI) may be part of a progressive change in reproductive behaviour initiated by the dispersal of kin that occurs as societies modernize.
Contagious yawning and laughing: Everyday imitation- and mirror-like behavior
Authors: Provine Robert R.
Published: August 2005

Infectious yawning and laughing offer a convenient, noninvasive approach to the evolution, development, production, and control of imitation-like and mirror-like phenomena in normal, behaving humans.
Emotional-cognitive integration, the self, and cortical midline structures
Authors: Northoff Georg
Published: August 2005

Lewis discusses the dynamic mechanisms of emotional-cognitive integration. I argue that he neglects the self and its neural correlate. The self can be characterized as an emotional-cognitive unity, which may be accounted for by the interplay between anterior and posterior medial cortical regions. I propose that these regions form an anatomical, physiological, and psychological unity, the cortical midline structures (CMSs).
Worldwide, economic development and gender equality correlate with liberal sexual attitudes and behavior: What does this tell us about evolutionary psychology?
Authors: Schachner Dory A. , Scheib Joanna E. , Gillath Omri , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: August 2005

Shortcomings in the target article preclude adequate tests of developmental/attachment and strategic pluralism theories. Methodological problems include comparing college student attitudes with societal level indicators that may not reflect life conditions of college students. We show, through two principal components analyses, that multiple tests of the theories reduce to only two findings that cannot be interpreted as solid support for evolutionary hypotheses.
Emotional dynamics of the organism and its parts
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: August 2005

Emotion-science without basic brain-science is only superficially satisfying. Dynamic systems approaches to emotions presently provide a compelling metaphor that raises more difficult empirical questions than substantive scientific answers. How might we close the gap between theory and empirical observations? Such theoretical views still need to be guided by linear cross-species experimental approaches more easily implement in the laboratory.
Fitting data to theory: The contribution of a comparative perspective
Authors: Stewart-Williams Steve
Published: August 2005

In this commentary, I consider Schmitt's cross-cultural investigation of sociosexuality from a comparative perspective. I argue that such a perspective lends support to an evolutionary explanation of a number of Schmitt's findings, including universal sex differences in sociosexuality and the sensitivity of mating behavior to contextual variables such as sex ratio.
Making a case for mirror-neuron system involvement in language development: What about autism and blindness?
Authors: Théoret Hugo , Fecteau Shirley
Published: August 2005

The notion that manual gestures played an important role in the evolution of human language was strengthened by the discovery of mirror neurons in monkey area F5, the proposed homologue of human Broca's area. This idea is central to the thesis developed by Arbib, and lending further support to a link between motor resonance mechanisms and language/communication development is the case of autism and congenital blindness. We provide an account of how these conditions may relate to the aforementioned theory.
Characteristics of anger: Notes for a systems theory of emotion
Authors: Potegal Michael
Published: August 2005

Although emotion may subserve social function, as with anger-maintaining dominance, emotions are more than variant cognitions. Anger promotes risk-taking, attention-narrowing, and cognitive impairment. The proposition that appraised “blameworthiness” is necessary for anger excludes young children's anger as well as adults' pain-induced anger. To be complete, any systems model of anger must account for its temporal characteristics, including escalation and persistence.
Amalgams and the power of analytical chemistry: Affective science needs to decompose the appraisal-emotion interaction
Authors: Sander David , Scherer Klaus R.
Published: August 2005

The issues addressed in this commentary include: (1) the appropriate conceptualization of “appraisal”; (2) the nature and unfolding of emotional episodes over time; (3) the interrelationships between the dynamic elements of the appraisal process and their effects on other emotion components, as well as repercussions on ongoing appraisal in a recursive process; and (4) the use of brain research to constrain and inform models of emotion.
Developmental affective neuroscience describes mechanisms at the core of dynamic systems theory
Authors: Schore Allan N.
Published: August 2005

Lewis describes the developmental core of dynamic systems theory. I offer recent data from developmental neuroscience on the sequential experience-dependent maturation of components of the limbic system over the stages of infancy. Increasing interconnectivity within the vertically integrated limbic system allows for more complex appraisals of emotional value. The earliest organization of limbic structures has an enduring impact on all later emotional processing.
The mirror system hypothesis stands but the framework is much enriched
Authors: Arbib Michael A.
Published: August 2005

Challenges for extending the mirror system hypothesis include mechanisms supporting planning, conversation, motivation, theory of mind, and prosody. Modeling remains relevant. Co-speech gestures show how manual gesture and speech intertwine, but more attention is needed to the auditory system and phonology. The holophrastic view of protolanguage is debated, along with semantics and the cultural basis of grammars. Anatomically separated regions may share an evolutionary history.
Mechanisms of the occasional self
Authors: Tucker Don M.
Published: August 2005

Considered in relation to the component brain systems of appraisal-emotion interactions, dynamical systems theory blurs the divisions that seem obvious in a psychological analysis, such as between arousal, emotion, and appraisal. At the same time, the component brain mechanisms can themselves be seen to be incomplete as units of analysis, making sense only in the context of the whole organism.
Dynamics of cognition-emotion interface: Coherence breeds familiarity and liking, and does it fast
Authors: Winkielman Piotr , Nowak Andrzej
Published: August 2005

We present a dynamical model of interaction between recognition memory and affect, focusing on the phenomenon of “warm glow of familiarity.” In our model, both familiarity and affect reflect quick monitoring of coherence in an attractor neural network. This model parsimoniously explains a variety of empirical phenomena, including mere-exposure and beauty-in-averages effects, and the speed of familiarity and affect judgments.
The role of autonomy in explaining mental ill-health and depression among older people in long-term care settings
Authors: BOYLE GERALDINE
Published: August 2005

This paper examines the extent of mental ill-health and probable depression among older people in long-term care. It presents selected findings from a study in Greater Belfast, Northern Ireland, that compared the quality of life, autonomy and mental health of older people living in nursing and residential homes with those of older people living in private households who were receiving domiciliary care. Structured interviews were conducted with 214 residents in institutions and 44 older people receiving domiciliary care. The study found that those in private households were more severely physically-impaired and had a higher level of mental ill-health than the residents of institutional homes. It is suggested, however, that the mental ill-health effects were associated less with physical impairments than with the restrictions placed on the older person's decisional autonomy, and that long-term care environments that constrain the older person's autonomy contribute to the development of depression. Although the UK National Service Framework for Older People specified that those with depression should be given treatment and support, priority should also be given to preventing the depression associated with living in long-term care settings.
CULTURE AND DECLINE: AGE AWARENESS AND LIFE REVIEW Margaret Morganroth Gullette. Aged by Culture. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004. 267 pp., pbk $18.50, ISBN 0 226 31062 0. Anita Brookner. The Next Big Thing. Viking, London, 2002. 247 pp., hbk £16.99, ISBN 9 780670 913022. Margaret Drabble. The Seven Sisters. Viking, London, 2002. 307 pp., hbk £16.99, ISBN 0 670 91335 0. Alan Sillitoe. Birthday. Flamingo, London, 2002. 249 pp., pbk £6.99, ISBN 0 00 710883 4. Louis Begley. About Schmidt. Serpent's Tail, London, 2003. 274 pp., pbk £8.99, ISBN 1 85242 843 0.
Authors: Hepworth Mike
Published: August 2005

Since the publication of her first book in 1988, Margaret Gullette has been a vigorous exponent of the view that the imaginative novels we read about ageing are an important cultural resource for making sense of the biological processes of growing older. Through the emphasis they choose to give to positive or to negative aspects of ageing and old age, authors can encourage and support the ageist tendencies in western culture, or alternatively can celebrate creativity and renewal in later life and, in so doing, make a potentially age-liberating contribution to the diminishment of prejudice against older people.
Severe health and social care issues among British migrants who retire to Spain
Authors: HARDILL IRENE , SPRADBERY JACQUI , ARNOLD-BOAKES JUDY , MARRUGAT MARIA LUISA
Published: August 2005

In recent years, there has been a growth in academic interest in international retirement migration in Europe, particularly north-south retirement migration to destinations like Spain. In this paper we focus on those members of the British community who have lived in Spain for a considerable time and for whom familial, social and institutional ties with Britain are weak or disrupted. Age Concern España was established by members of the British community to provide information and services on healthcare, benefits and local services in Spain. Four indicative case studies of those requesting assistance and classified as being of ‘serious need’ are presented. They illustrate the ways in which happy and fulfilling lives in Spain were abruptly changed as the person's resources (bodily, economic, social and skills) for independent living diminished, and in which institutions and friendship networks played a key role in supporting life. The paper is the product of collaboration between researchers and practitioners in Spain and the UK, and brings together previous research with new qualitative case studies. Whilst policy-makers, practitioners and gerontologists have an increasing awareness of the needs of older migrants and the challenges they pose for public policy, particularly for health and social care systems in Spain, there have been little sustained analysis and cross-country debate.
Recognising and manipulating objects using data from a whisker sensor array
Authors: Russell R. Andrew , Wijaya Jaury Adi
Published: August 2005

For many biological creatures sensory whiskers are an effective means of detecting and recognising nearby objects. The project described in this paper has the aim of demonstrating that whisker sensors can be used as a similarly effective form of robot sensing. Many mobile robots have used whiskers as simple switches to warn of an imminent collision. However, these devices cannot provide the detailed surface profile information required to recognise and accurately locate objects. Several research groups have built advanced whisker sensors that can determine the position of a contact along the length of the whisker. Although these whisker sensors are usually little more than a length of flexible spring material they do require complex sensing and actuation mechanisms at the whisker root. In this project an array of eight whisker sensors is scanned over external objects by the motion of the robot. The resulting deflection of the whiskers is monitored by a potentiometer at each whisker root. By recording the deflection of the whiskers as they slide over external objects sequences of surface points can be determined. Object recognition algorithms have been developed that allow the robot to recognise, grasp and retrieve a range of objects using the whisker data. In this paper the robot, WhiskerBOT, is described together with the object recognition and localisation algorithms. Results of practical experiments are also presented.
Real-time shape estimation for continuum robots using vision
Authors: Hannan M. W. , Walker I.D.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes external camera-based shape estimation for continuum robots. Continuum robots have a continuous backbone made of sections which bend to produce changes of configuration. A major difficulty with continuum robots is the determination of the robot's shape, as there are no discrete joints. This paper presents a method for shape determination based on machine vision. Using an engineered environment and image processing from a high speed camera, shape determination of a continuum robot is achieved. Experimental results showing the effectiveness of the technique on our Elephant's Trunk Manipulator are presented.
A modular neural network linking Hyper RBF and AVITE models for reaching moving objects
Authors: Pedreño-Molina J. L. , Molina-Vilaplana J. , López-Coronado J. , Gorce P.
Published: August 2005

In this paper, the problem of precision reaching applications in robotic systems for scenarios with static and non-static objects has been considered and a solution based on a modular neural architecture has been proposed and implemented. The goal of this solution is to combine robustness and capability mapping trajectories from two biologically plausible neural network sub-modules: Hyper RBF and AVITE. The Hyper Basis Radial Function (HypRBF) neural network solves the inverse kinematic in redundant robotic systems, while the Adaptive Vector Integration to End-Point (AVITE) visuo-motor neural model quickly maps the difference vector between current and desired position in both spatial (visual information) and motor coordinates (propioceptive information). The anthropomorphic behaviour of the proposed architecture for reaching and tracking tasks in presence of spatial perturbations has been validated over a real arm-head robotic platform.
Optimal topological transformation of underwater modular self-reconfigurable robots
Authors: Xu X. S. , Ge T. , Zhu J. M.
Published: August 2005

Underwater Modular Self-Reconfigurable (UMSR) robots, made up of many identical modules, can adjust their configurations to multiple underwater environments or tasks. They can be used in many complex underwater occasions where the ROVs/AUVs can't work well. However, their reconfiguration is difficult because this has to involve many connection adding and removing operations which are difficult to be executed in the underwater environment. To reduce the times of these operations, we propose the theory of Topological Transformation (TT), which includes some definitions in TT, the basic approach to TT, and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) based solution for the optimal TT.
Modelling and simulation of artificial locomotion systems
Authors: Silva Manuel F. , Machado J. A. Tenreiro , Lopes António M.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes a simulation model for a multi-legged locomotion system with joints at the legs having viscous friction, flexibility and backlash. For that objective the robot prescribed motion is characterized in terms of several locomotion variables. Moreover, the robot body is divided into several segments in order to emulate the behaviour of an animal spine. The foot-ground interaction is modelled through a non-linear spring-dashpot system whose parameters are extracted from the studies on soil mechanics. To conclude, the performance of the developed simulation model is evaluated through a set of experiments while the robot leg joints are controlled using fractional order algorithms.
Partisanship and Contested Election Cases in the Senate, 1789–2002
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A.
Published: August 2005

While the Founding Fathers included a number of checks and balances in the U.S. Constitution as a way of dispersing power across the various branches of the federal government, they made no such allowance regarding the internal makeup of Congress. Specifically, Article I, Section 5, Clause 1 of the Constitution states that “Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns, and Qualifications of its own Members. . . .” This clause, in effect, provides each chamber of Congress with the exclusive authority to determine how its membership will be comprised. Thus, when an election is contested, that is, when a dispute arises regarding who is the rightful occupant of a seat after all votes have been counted and a winner announced, the given chamber operates as the sole arbiter, insulated completely from Executive and Judicial pressures or constraints.
The Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism: New Deal Liberalism and the Subordination of Black Workers in the UAW
Authors: Williams Charles
Published: August 2005

In February 1937, members of the United Automobile Workers (UAW) celebrated their pioneering victory over General Motors by waving American flags as they marched out of Fisher Body and paraded through the streets of Flint, Michigan. Later that year, as the UAW turned to organizing Ford's massive River Rouge plant, the Ford edition of the United Automobile Worker described the complex as a foreign country and called on workers to “win this for America” and “win the war for democracy in River Rouge!” When a successful strike finally led to union recognition and an NLRB election in 1941, the UAW urged Rouge workers to “keep faith with America” and its greatest leaders, Washington, Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt, by voting for the inclusive unionism of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) over the un-American alternative of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
How accurate is the estimation of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean? An evaluation of the ΔC* method
Authors: Matsumoto Katsumi , Gruber Nicolas
Published: August 2005

The ΔC* method of Gruber et al. (1996) is widely used to estimate the distribution of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean; however, as yet, no thorough assessment of its accuracy has been made. Here we provide a critical re‐assessment of the method and determine its accuracy by applying it to synthetic data from a global ocean biogeochemistry model, for which we know the “true” anthropogenic CO2 distribution. Our results indicate that the ΔC* method tends to overestimate anthropogenic carbon in relatively young waters but underestimate it in older waters. Main sources of these biases are (1) the time evolution of the air‐sea CO2 disequilibrium, which is not properly accounted for in the ΔC* method, (2) a pCFC ventilation age bias that arises from mixing, and (3) errors in identifying the different end‐member water types. We largely support the findings of Hall et al. (2004), who have also identified the first two bias sources. An extrapolation of the errors that we quantified on a number of representative isopycnals to the global ocean suggests a positive bias of about 7% in the ΔC*‐derived global anthropogenic CO2 inventory. The magnitude of this bias is within the previously estimated 20% uncertainty of the method, but regional biases can be larger. Finally, we propose two improvements to the ΔC* method in order to account for the evolution of air‐sea CO2 disequilibrium and the ventilation age mixing bias.
Spatial and temporal variations of model‐derived diurnal amplitude of sea surface temperature in the western Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kawai Yoshimi , Kawamura Hiroshi
Published: August 2005

The diurnal amplitude of sea surface temperature (SST) at 1‐m depth is estimated with a simple empirical model in the region of 80°E–160°W, 60°S–60°N covering the western Pacific Ocean using 4 years of satellite‐derived wind speed, solar radiation, and latent heat flux data. The advantage of this indirect method is that the diurnal amplitude of SST (ΔSST) can be obtained even in cloudy areas. ΔSST is large in the tropics through the year. Summer ΔSST in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, especially around Japan, is larger than that of the Southern Hemisphere. However, ΔSST in the Kuroshio and its extension regions is smaller compared with that in its surrounding ones because of higher wind speed. In the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, and the Timor Sea, ΔSST becomes largest in spring, when the surface wind becomes weak in the transition of the monsoon. The period of about 35–50 days is clearly seen in the temporal variation of ΔSST in the tropics. This reflects the Madden‐Julian oscillation. Furthermore, there are some differences in ΔSST between El Niño and La Niña periods. The authors then investigate how clouds affect the detection of ΔSST. If sampling is limited to clear areas only, the areas of strong solar radiation and weak wind are selectively picked up, and the probability that larger ΔSST is sampled increases. The mean of the ΔSST sampled from clear areas only is greater by 0.2–0.3 K compared with the actual mean.
A diagnostic study of subgrid‐scale activation
Authors: Jiang Hongli , Cotton William R.
Published: August 2005

Using large‐eddy simulations (LESs) of six observed boundary layer cases as benchmark data sets, we diagnosed vertical velocity as the sum of the grid‐mean () and the subgrid‐scale w using an empirical method we have developed. We have found that the subgrid‐scale w is best characterized by the root‐mean square of w′2. The vertical velocity is expressed in the form of w = + c, where c is diagnosed from LES data to be 0.24. The w is then used to diagnose the cloud droplet numbers using a simple predictive equation of cloud nucleation following previous works in the literature. Good agreement is found between diagnosed cloud droplet concentrations and predicted cloud droplet concentrations using an LES model.
Paroxysmal summit activity at Mt. Etna (Italy) monitored through continuous soil radon measurements
Authors: Alparone S. , Behncke B. , Giammanco S. , Neri M. , Privitera E.
Published: August 2005

Soil radon emissions have been proved as a useful tool for predicting earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and furthermore aided in determining the location of active faults. Continuous radon monitoring was carried out near Southeast Crater of Mt. Etna in September–November 1998, during a period of frequent eruptive episodes at that crater. Radon anomalies were detected when eruptive episodes and the accompanying volcanic tremor became increasingly intense: no anomalies in radon activity were observed during the first five, and weaker, eruptive episodes, whereas significant spikes in radon activity preceded the latter five episodes by ≥46 hours. This probably reflects increased gas leakage through fractures intersecting the shallow plumbing system, as gas pressure in the Southeast Crater conduit became higher with time. Radon monitoring thus might serve to better understand eruptive mechanisms and possible precursors, making further studies in this field a promising perspective.