bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Illumination of the Animal Kingdom: The Role of Light and Electricity in Animal Representation
Authors: Burt Jonathan
Published: July 2002

This essay addresses the subject of animal representation via an historical account of the place of the animal in visual culture. It emphasizes the relationship between the animal as a visual image and the technology that produces this image. It explores three examples in a period covering c. 1895 to the 1930s, in Britain, that analyze the relations between animal representation, technology, and the public domain. These are film, zoo display, and slaughterhouse practice. The overall goal of the essay is to move away from emphasis on the textual, metaphorical animal, which reduces the animal to a mere icon, to achieve a more integrated view of the effects of the presence of the animals and the power of its imagery in human history. "[s]i l'animal a le temps, s'il est «constitué» par un «temps»" ["[w]hether the animal has time, whether the animal is 'constituted' by a 'time.'"] (Derrida, 1999, p. 273)
TWO ISSUES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE TEL DAN INSCRIPTION
Authors:   Emerton
Published: July 2002

In line 3 of the Tel Dan inscription, wyškb refers to lying down either to die or in illness, and it is possible to understand yhk in more than one way, and not necessarily as a preterite; the possibilities include understanding it to be in a circumstantial clause. The use of w + the imperfect as a narrative tense in past time resembles the waw consecutive construction in Hebrew as far as the consonantal text is concerned. Since the inscription does not use vowel letters (except at the ends of some words), it is impossible to be sure either that the vocalization was identical with that of the Hebrew or that it was not. Even if yhk is a preterite, its proximity to wyškb is not an argument against understanding the latter as a waw consecutive.
FAITH IN THE PRESENT FORM OF ISAIAH VII 1-17
Authors: Wong Gordon
Published: July 2002

The prophet in Isa. vii 9b urges Ahaz to show faith in Yhwh. But what does faith in Yhwh here entail? The two most common views are considered: a call to total passivity and a call to reject all political alliances. An alternative reading that is based on an appeal to the final form and position of Isa. vii is then proposed. Faith finds security in the word of Yhwh and rejects a religious piety that ignores the practice of righteousness and justice. This understanding of faith is in harmony with the opening message that is found in Isa. i and the emphasis on righteousness that is prominent elsewhere in the book.
Courtship behaviour of Neurergus (Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Steinfartz Sebastian , Sparreboom Max , Schultschik Gunter
Published: July 2002

The courtship of all four species of the salamandrid genus Neurergus is described. The display behaviour is similar in all species, but there are differences in the temporal organisation of tail-fanning. The behaviour of these newt species resembles that of other Old World aquatic salamandrids in its general pattern, with tail-fanning the principal movement during the display phase. The spermatophore transfer phase includes a behaviour pattern during which the male turns back side-on to the female after spermatophore deposition and arrests her in a position where her cloaca is situated over the spot where the spermatophore was put down by the male. This movement is similar to the behaviour pattern described as ‘brake’ in all species of Triturus. In cladistic terms this shared behaviour pattern forms a synapomorphy for the genera Triturus and Neurergus.
The genus Pseudis (Anura: Pseudidae) in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, with description of a new species
Authors: Kwet Axel
Published: July 2002

A new species of Pseudis is described from São Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is known from the southern parts of the Serra Geral where it occurs in grassland, inhabiting permanent ponds and still-water zones of slow flowing creeks. It is characterized by a paired vocal sac and a bulbous thumb, considerably widened at the base. It is distinguished from P. minutus by its different call, body coloration, rounded snout, and a more robust body with shorter hindlimbs. Advertisement call, tadpole, and life history are described. The taxonomy of the family Pseudidae in Rio Grande do Sul is discussed, supporting the synonymy of Lysapsus mantidactylus and P. meridionalis with P. minutus.
MATERNAL BROOD CARE OF AN ARBOREAL BREEDER, CHIRIXALUS EIFFINGERI (ANURA: RHACOPHORIDAE) FROM TAIWAN
Authors: Kam Yeong-Choy , Chen Yi-Huey , Chen Te-Chih , Tsai I-Ru
Published: July 2002

1. We studied the ecological aspects of maternal brood care of Chirixalus eiffingeri in bamboo forests at the Experimental Forest of National Taiwan University at Chitou, Taiwan, from 1996-1998. 2. It appears that the arboreal tadpoles of C. eiffingeri are obligatorily oophagous, maternal brood care is critical to their growth and development. If, for any reason, the female frog does not return to deposit trophic eggs into the arboreal pools, the tadpoles will not grow. 3. The female C. eiffingeri appears to be able to orient herself to the correct bamboo stump using topographical, olfactory or other cues to avoid feeding unrelated tadpoles. 4. The female C. eiffingeri devotes a large amount of energy to reproduction in that she not only invests energy to produce eggs that later become her offspring, but also allocates a tremendous amount of energy in producing eggs to feed her young. The amount of energy required for brooding and the limited number of suitable nest sites in the bamboo forests probably explain why every female frog except one in this study brooded tadpoles in only one of the bamboo stumps. 5. In most cases, all of the tadpoles in a bamboo stump were fed by only one female, but there were two bamboo stumps where two females fed the tadpoles. 6. Our results from Experiments 1-3 suggest that maternal provision of eggs for nutrition of tadpoles in C. eiffingeri incurs a reproductive cost. The female frog cannot desert her tadpoles because this will result in their deaths, thus, she is forced to withhold the future reproduction to ensure the survivorship of current offspring.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF BODY EXPERIENCE INTO LANGUAGE
Authors: Stelter Reinhard
Published: July 2002

Body experience can be seen as the basis for the formation of the self-concept. The relation between body experience and self-concept is fundamental for human existence and is especially in focus in the fields of psychotherapy (Gendlin, 1981) and movement activities (Stelter, 1996, 1998). But body experience is a "data source" which is difficult to handle scientifically. Body experiences are based on "internal physical sensations" - which Gendlin also describes as the felt meaning or the felt sense, and is not in opposition to phenomenology. To bridge the gap between internal sensations - which are the foundation of the creation of meaning - and language as the medium in both everyday and scientific communication, a form of visualisation technique is introduced to help to evoke descriptions and metaphors that are able to transform body experiences as the pre-reflective mode of information into language as the digital mode of information. Metaphors are the source domain for the target domain body experience (see: Lakoff, 1987). Through the presentation of an empirical project in the field of movement and sport, the theoretical reflections on the process of transforming body experience into language will be exemplified.
Deep burial diagenesis and reservoir quality along the eastern flank of the Viking Graben. Evidence for illitization and quartz cementation after hydrocarbon emplacement
Authors: Midtbø R. E. A. , Rykkje J. M. , Ramm M.
Published: July 2002

The Tarbert Formation on a north±south oriented structure along the eastern flank of the Viking Graben has been studied. The reservoir in the two wells studied is buried ~100 m deeper in the northern than in the southern well. The present reservoir temperature is ~130°C. The reservoir quality is good, but due to extensive illitization of kaolin, the northern well shows lower permeability values than the southern well, for similar porosity values. The initial composition of the analysed samples in the two wells is very similar. There are no significant differences in total clay content and both wells contain K-feldspars and kaolin. However, the diagenetic alteration is more advanced in the deeper well. Total porosity is about the same in both wells but, due to illitization, the ratio of micro- vs. macro-porosity is higher in the deeper well. Petroleum emplacement in the structure occurred in two phases: oil emplacement predates, whereas gas emplacement postdates, most of the quartz cementation. In the deeper well, illitization occurred after gas emplacement.
Rare-earth elements as tracers of the genetic relationship between smectite and palygorskite in marine phosphorites
Authors: Chahi A. , Clauer N. , Toulkeridis T. , Bouabdelli M.
Published: July 2002

Detrital smectite in a sandy claystone and a phosphorite, and authigenic palygorskite in a dolomitic marl and a porcellanite from Cretaceous-Tertiary phosphorite deposits of the Ganntour Basin (Morocco) were purified using cation exchange resin, leached with dilute acid, and analysed for the contents and distribution patterns of their REE before and after acid treatment. The normalized patterns confirm a detrital origin for the smectite in the sandy claystone, whereas the origin of the smectite from the phosphorite is obscured by the addition of REE from the phosphogenic environment. The normalized REE patterns of the palygorskite suggest formation in non-oxidizing restricted environments. The Al2O3/ΣREE ratio of the two clay types suggests formation of diagenetic palygorskite (and mixed-layer illite-smectite) from Al-bearing detrital smectite by a dissolution-crystallization process.
Sheet silicates as effective carriers of heavy metals in the ophiolitic mine area of Vigonzano (northern Italy)
Authors: Dinelli E. , Tateo F.
Published: July 2002

In order to assess the role played by sheet silicates in controlling base metal distribution, the mineralogy of the <2 µm fraction of waste material, surface soils, and stream sediments was investigated in the surroundings of a pyrite-chalcopyrite mine area in northern Italy. The results indicate that smectite is very abundant in the <2 µm fraction of the tailings, and it exerts an effective control on the concentrations of Zn, Ni (and Cu). Normal soils and sediments are characterized by interstratified illite-smectite and by lower base metal concentrations. Away from the mine area, smectite decreases in the stream sediments, and chlorite becomes more important in controlling base metal distribution.

Ni, Cr, Cu and Co increase with chlorite and talc, but are depleted in the <2 µm fraction compared to coarser fractions in the stream sediments, because the sand–silt fraction of sediments concentrates ophiolitic fragments, variably enriched in ores. A mechanical dispersion of chlorite is probably the controlling factor. Zinc displays a systematic enrichment in the clay fraction of waste material and in the stream sediments but the main mineral carrier is not identified.
Monte Carlo methods for the study of cation ordering in minerals
Authors: Warren M. C. , Dove M. T. , Myers E. R. , Bosenick A. , Palin E. J. , Sainz-Diaz C. I. , Guiton B. S. , Redfern S. A. T.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews recent applications of Monte Carlo methods for the study of cation ordering in minerals. We describe the program Ossia99, designed for the simulation of complex ordering processes and for use on parallel computers. A number of applications for the study of long-range and short-range order are described, including the use of the Monte Carlo methods to compute quantities measured in an NMR experiment. The method of thermodynamic integration for the determination of the free energy is described in some detail, and several applications of the method to determine the thermodynamics of disordered systems are outlined.
Origin and multiple crystallization of the kamafugite-carbonatite association: the San Venanzo-Pian di Celle occurrence (Umbria, Italy)
Authors: Stoppa F. , Cundari A.
Published: July 2002

The Late Pleistocene kamafugite–carbonatite association at San Venanzo-Pian di Celle forms part of the Umbria-Latium Ultra-alkaline District (ULUD) of central Italy and, together with Toro-Ankole, SW Uganda and Mata de Corda, Brazil, represents one of three similar occurrences so far reported worldwide.

Excellent field exposure and stratigraphic control prompted a study of the kamafugite–carbonatite suite and related phase interactions to understand the nature of the distinct mineral assemblages of the pyroclasts, compared to that of the lavas, the former containing essential potassium feldspar and aluminous diopside crystals, absent in the latter.

The pyroclastic rocks represent a small amount of magma characterized by ubiquitous mantle xenocrysts and emplaced by early high-velocity eruptions. All the investigated specimens show a high Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratio (0.84–0.93) and high compatible elements (Ni+Cr>1000 ppm). Lavas (venanzite, i.e. leucite melilitite) and a sill (uncompahgrite, i.e. melilitolite) represent final events in the volcanic sequence. They yielded a (Na+K)/Al ratio of c. 1.1 and are larnite-bearing in the CIPW norm. Glass from the lapilli is peralkaline, i.e. (Na+K)/Al>2, and close to the lava in composition. Glass from melilitolite yielded CIPW Or and Hy and is strongly peralkaline, i.e. (Na+K)/Al = 5–6. The lapilli typically exhibit concentrically zoned structures which compound subliquidus venanzite phases, e.g. melilite, leucite, and kalsilite, with mantle xenolithic/xenocrystic debris and carbonatite phases. These lapilli represent a distinct variant of the venanzite liquid, mechanically fractionated and quenched by the diatremic process.

Mantle-normalized HFSE for both lava and lapilli show typical extrusive-carbonatite patterns. Carbonatitic beds intercalated with the pyroclastic suite are distinct and typically consist of carbonates high in Sr, Ba and REE. Primary carbonate yielded C isotope compositions ranging from –5.0 to –6.0 δ13C‰, falling within the range of mantle compositions. Distinct differentiation trends of the venanzite magma and its derivatives were recognized, hinging on the coexistence of the silicate and carbonatite fractions. Potential sanidine crystallization trends are suggested, distinct from the venanzite→melilitolite trend, reported for Oldoinyo Lengai assemblages.

Unusual aspects of the San Venanzo rock association, relative to similar rock types elsewhere, include the combination of a rare mantle source composition with a lithosphere about 80 km thick. A genetic model for the origin of the San Venanzo kamafugite–carbonatite association and related carbonate-silicate interactions is proposed and discussed. This may be relevant to the petrogenesis of similar rocks elsewhere, particularly in the light of the detailed data on the pyroclasts.
Widespread secondary Ca garnet and other Ca silicates in the Galway Granite and its satellite plutons caused by fluid movements, western Ireland
Authors: Leake Bernard E.
Published: July 2002

Widespread secondary andradite-grossular-hydrogrossular garnet, epidote, prehnite and titanite occur throughout the Galway Granite and its satellite plutons (Roundstone; Inish; Omey and Letterfrack) and even in some of the country rocks several kilometres from the granites. These minerals are not found in low CaO (<1%) granites. They formed as result of secondary fluid movements which altered the biotite, plagioclase and hornblende and also produced sericite and chlorite.
Marshite–miersile solid solution and iodargyrite from Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Millsteed P. W.
Published: July 2002

Microprobe analysis of marshite and miersite from Broken Hill, Australia, demonstrate extensive solid solution between the end-members CuI and AgI, indicating the possibility of a complete solid-solution series. Unit-cell parameters increase from 6.054 Å for marshite to 6.504 Å for miersite, closely following Vegard's Law. The Cu content of iodargyrite is generally below the limit of detection, but one zoned crystal contained 0.28 wt.% Cu. Crystallization of either miersite or iodargyrite at Broken Hill appears to be dependent upon the local availability and ratio of copper, silver and iodine ions.
Intra–bone marrow injection of allogeneic bone marrow cells: a powerful new strategy for treatment of intractable autoimmune diseases in MRL/lpr mice
Authors: Kushida Taketoshi , Inaba Muneo , Hisha Hiroko , Ichioka Naoya , Esumi Takashi , Ogawa Ryokei , Iida Hirokazu , Ikehara Susumu
Published: July 2002

Intractable autoimmune diseases in chimeric resistant MRL/lpr mice were treated by a new bone marrow transplantation (BMT) method consisting of fractionated irradiation, 5.5 Gy × 2, followed by intra–bone marrow (IBM) injection of whole bone marrow cells (BMCs) from allogeneic normal C57BL/6 (B6) mice (5.5 Gy × 2 + IBM). In MRL/lpr mice treated with this method, the number of donor-derived cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver rapidly increased (almost 100% donor-derived cells by 14 days after the treatment), and the number of donor-derived hemopoietic progenitor cells concomitantly increased. Furthermore, donor-derived stromal cells were clearly detected in the cultured bone pieces from MRL/lpr mice treated with 5.5 Gy × 2 + IBM. All the recipients thus treated survived more than 1 year (> 60 weeks after birth) and remained free from autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies decreased to almost normal levels, and abnormal T cells (Thy1.2+/B220+/CD4−/CD8−) disappeared. Hematolymphoid cells were reconstituted with donor-derived cells, and newly developed T cells were tolerant to both donor (B6)-type and host (MRL/lpr)-type major histocompatibility complex determinants. Successful cooperation was achieved among T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells when evaluated by in vitro antisheep red blood cell responses. These findings clearly indicate that this new strategy (IBM-BMT) creates the appropriate hemopoietic environment for the early recovery of hemopoiesis and donor cell engraftment, resulting in the complete amelioration of intractable autoimmune diseases in chimeric resistant MRL/lpr mice without recourse to immunosuppressants. This strategy would therefore be suitable for human therapy.
Resting and activated endothelial cells are increased in the peripheral blood of cancer patients
Authors: Mancuso Patrizia , Burlini Alessandra , Pruneri Giancarlo , Goldhirsch Aron , Martinelli Giovanni , Bertolini Francesco
Published: July 2002

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) were enumerated in 20 healthy controls and 76 newly diagnosed cancer patients by means of 4-color flow cytometry. In breast cancer (n = 46) and lymphoma (n = 30) patients, both resting and activated CECs were increased by 5-fold (P < .0008 vs control). CECs significantly correlated with plasma levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Resting and activated CECs were similar to healthy controls in 7 lymphoma patients achieving complete remission after chemotherapy, and activated CECs were found to decrease in 13 breast cancer patients evaluated before and 24 hours after quadrantectomy.
Generation and biochemical analysis of human effector CD4 T cells: alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation and loss of CD3ζ expression
Authors: Krishnan Sandeep , Warke Vishal G. , Nambiar Madhusoodana P. , Wong Henry K. , Tsokos George C. , Farber Donna L.
Published: July 2002

Human effector T cells have been difficult to isolate and characterize due to their phenotypic and functional similarity to the memory subset. In this study, a biochemical approach was used to analyze human effector CD4 T cells generated in vitro by activation with anti-CD3 and autologous monocytes for 3 to 5 days. The resultant effector cells expressed the appropriate activation/differentiation markers and secreted high levels of interferon γ (IFN-γ) when restimulated. Biochemically, effector CD4 T cells exhibited increases in total intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation and effector-associated phosphorylated species. Paradoxically, these alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation were concomitant with greatly reduced expression of CD3ζ and CD3ε signaling subunits coincident with a reduction in surface T-cell receptor (TCR) expression. Because loss of CD3ζ has also been detected in T cells isolated ex vivo from individuals with cancer, chronic viral infection, and autoimmune diseases, the requirements and kinetics of CD3ζ down-regulation were examined. The loss of CD3ζ expression persisted throughout the course of effector T-cell differentiation, was reversible on removal from the activating stimulus, and was modulated by activation conditions. These biochemical changes occurred in effector T cells generated from naive or memory CD4 T-cell precursors and distinguished effector from memory T cells. The results suggest that human effector T-cell differentiation is accompanied by alterations in the TCR signal transduction and that loss of CD3ζ expression may be a feature of chronic T-cell activation and effector generation in vivo.
Factors influencing in vivo transduction by recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors expressing the human factor IX cDNA
Authors: Nathwani Amit C. , Davidoff Andrew , Hanawa Hideki , Zhou Jun-Fang , Vanin Elio F. , Nienhuis Arthur W.
Published: July 2002

Long-term expression of coagulation factor IX (FIX) has been observed in murine and canine models following administration of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors into either the portal vein or muscle. These studies were designed to evaluate factors that influence rAAV-mediated FIX expression. Stable and persistent human FIX (hFIX) expression (> 22 weeks) was observed from 4 vectors after injection into the portal circulation of immunodeficient mice. The level of expression was dependent on promoter with the highest expression, 10% of physiologic levels, observed with a vector containing the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/β-actin promoter complex (CAGG). The kinetics of expression after injection of vector particles into muscle, tail vein, or portal vein were similar with hFIX detectable at 2 weeks and reaching a plateau by 8 weeks. For a given dose, intraportal administration of rAAV CAGG-FIX resulted in a 1.5-fold or 4-fold higher level of hFIX compared to tail vein or intramuscular injections, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated predominant localization of the rAAV FIX genome in liver and spleen after tail vein injection with a higher proportion in liver after portal vein injection. Therapeutic levels of hFIX were detected in the majority of immunocompetent mice (21 of 22) following intravenous administration of rAAV vector without the development of anti-hFIX antibodies, but hFIX was not detected in 14 immunocompetent mice following intramuscular administration, irrespective of strain. Instead, neutralizing anti-hFIX antibodies were detected in all the mice. These observations may have important implications for hemophilia B gene therapy with rAAV vectors.
Antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies from patients with systemic vasculitis activate neutrophils through distinct signaling cascades: comparison with conventional Fcγ receptor ligation
Authors: Ben-Smith Anne , Dove Stephen K. , Martin Ashley , Wakelam Michael J. O. , Savage Caroline O. S.
Published: July 2002

In systemic vasculitis, interactions between antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCAs) and neutrophils initiate endothelial and vascular injury. ANCAs directed against either myeloperoxidase (MPO) or proteinase 3 (PR3) can activate cytokine-primed neutrophils by binding cell surface–expressed MPO or PR3, with the concurrent engagement of Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Because roles for phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) have been demonstrated in FcγR activation of neutrophils, this study investigated the hypothesis that ANCA stimulation of neutrophils involved a similar engagement of FcγR and activation of PLD and PI3K. Pretreatment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-primed neutrophils with antibodies against FcγRII and FcγRIII inhibited MPO-ANCA and PR3-ANCA induced superoxide generation, confirming that FcγR ligation is involved in ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation. However, although stimulation of TNF-α–primed neutrophils by conventional FcγR ligation, either using antibody-mediated cross-linking of FcγR or aggregated IgG, induced PLD activation, ANCA stimulation did not. Moreover, although ANCA-induced neutrophil activation results in significant PI3K activation—as assessed by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate generation—conventional FcγR ligation, but not ANCA, activates the p85/p110 PI3K subtype. Inhibition of ANCA-induced superoxide generation with pertussis toxin suggests that ANCAs activate the p101/p110γ PI3K isoform. In addition, the kinetics of activation of protein kinase B differs between conventional FcγR ligation and ANCA stimulation of neutrophils. These results demonstrate that though ligation of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb may be necessary, it is likely that ANCAs require other membrane cofactors for neutrophil activation.
GATA1-Cre mediates Piga gene inactivation in the erythroid/megakaryocytic lineage and leads to circulating red cells with a partial deficiency in glycosyl phosphatidylinositol–linked proteins (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria type II cells)
Authors: Jasinski Marek , Keller Peter , Fujiwara Yuko , Orkin Stuart H. , Bessler Monica
Published: July 2002

Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) have blood cells deficient in glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)–linked proteins owing to a somatic mutation in the X-linked PIGA gene. To target Piga recombination to the erythroid/megakaryocytic lineage in mice, the Cre/loxP system was used, and Cre was expressed under the transcriptional regulatory sequences ofGATA-1. Breeding ofGATA1-cre (G) transgenic mice with mice carrying a floxed Piga (L) allele was associated with high embryonic lethality. However, double-transgenic (GL) mice that escaped early recombination looked healthy and were observed for 16 months. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cells showed that GL mice had up to 100% of red cells deficient in GPI-linked proteins. The loss of GPI-linked proteins on the cell surface occurred late in erythroid differentiation, causing a proportion of red cells to express low residual levels of GPI-linked proteins. Red cells with residual expression of GPI-linked proteins showed an intermediate sensitivity toward complement and thus resemble PNH type II cells in patients with PNH. Recombination of the floxed Piga allele was also detected in cultured megakaryocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils, but not in neutrophils, lymphocytes, or nonhematopoietic tissues. In summary, GATA1-Cre causes high-efficiency Pigagene inactivation in a GATA-1–specific pattern. For the first time, mice were generated that have almost 100% of red cells deficient in GPI-linked proteins. These animals will be valuable to further investigate the consequences of GPI-anchor deficiency on erythroid/megakaryocytic cells.
Perforin expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and their family members
Authors: Kogawa Kazuhiro , Lee Susan M. , Villanueva Joyce , Marmer Daniel , Sumegi Janos , Filipovich Alexandra H.
Published: July 2002

Mutations in the perforin gene have been described in some patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), but the role of perforin defects in the pathogenesis of HLH remains unclear. Four-color flow cytometric analysis was used to establish normal patterns of perforin expression for control subjects of all ages, and patterns of perforin staining in cytotoxic lymphocytes (natural killer [NK] cells, CD8+ T cells, CD56+ T cells) from patients with HLH and their family members were studied. Eleven unrelated HLH patients and 19 family members were analyzed prospectively. Four of the 7 patients with primary HLH showed lack of intracellular perforin in all cytotoxic cell types. All 4 patients showed mutations in the perforin gene. Their parents, obligate carriers of perforin mutations, had abnormal perforin-staining patterns. Analysis of cytotoxic cells from the other 3 patients with primary HLH and remaining family members had normal percentages of perforin-positive cytotoxic cells. On the other hand, the 4 patients with Epstein-Barr virus–associated HLH typically had depressed numbers of NK cells but markedly increased proportions of CD8+ T cells with perforin expression. Four-color flow cytometry provides diagnostic information that, in conjunction with evidence of reduced NK function, may speed the identification of life-threatening HLH in some families and direct further genetic studies of the syndrome.
CD4+CD25+ T-cell development is regulated by at least 2 distinct mechanisms
Authors: Suto Akira , Nakajima Hiroshi , Ikeda Kei , Kubo Shuichi , Nakayama Toshinori , Taniguchi Masaru , Saito Yasushi , Iwamoto Itsuo
Published: July 2002

It has recently been shown that CD4+CD25+ T cells are immunoregulatory T cells that prevent CD4+ T-cell–mediated organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of CD4+CD25+ T-cell development were investigated using T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. It was found that CD4+CD25+ T cells preferentially expressed the endogenous TCRα chain in DO10+ TCR transgenic mice compared with CD4+CD25− T cells. Moreover, it was found that CD4+CD25+ thymocytes were severely decreased in DO10+ TCR-α−/− mice in positively selecting and negatively selecting backgrounds, whereas CD4+CD25− thymocytes efficiently developed by transgenic TCR in DO10+ TCR-α−/− mice in positively selecting backgrounds, indicating that the appropriate affinity of TCR to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) for the development of CD4+CD25+ thymocytes is different from that of CD4+CD25− thymocytes and that a certain TCR–MHC affinity is required for the development of CD4+CD25+ thymocytes. Finally, it was found that, in contrast to thymus, CD4+CD25+ T cells were readily detected in spleen of DO10+TCR-α−/− mice in positively selecting backgrounds and that splenic CD4+CD25+ T cells, but not CD4+CD25+ thymocytes, were significantly decreased in B-cell–deficient mice, suggesting that B cells may control the peripheral pool of CD4+CD25+ T cells. Together, these results indicate that the development of CD4+CD25+ T cells in thymus and the homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ T cells in periphery are regulated by distinct mechanisms.
Ethics Seminars: Physician Complicity in the Holocaust: Historical Review and Reflections on Emergency Medicine in the 21st Century, Part II*
Authors: Geiderman Joel Martin
Published: July 2002

Part I of this seminar in ethics reviewed the participation of German physicians and the German medical establishment in carrying out Nazi policies and listed eight moral failures that could be attributed to doctors during the dark period of history known as the Holocaust. The collective acts that occurred during this period have, arguably, become a benchmark for abject ethical collapse on the part of mankind. Part II contemplates a variety of contemporary issues through the prism of the Holocaust. This article reviews and categorizes ethical pitfalls encountered by physicians during the Nazi era and examines them in relationship to several current issues. It also focuses on ethical concerns and challenges that confront contemporary emergency practitioners, some of which have parallels, though certainly not direct comparators, in the Nazi era.
Decision Analysis of Prophylactic Surgery or Screening for BRCA1 Mutation Carriers: A More Prominent Role For Oophorectomy
Authors: van Roosmalen Mariëlle S. , Verhoef Lia C.G. , Stalmeier Peep F.M. , Hoogerbrugge Nicoline , van Daal Willem A.J.
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: BRCA1 mutation carriers have a high risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Carriers may opt for prophylactic surgery and screening. Recent data suggesting that prophylactic oophorectomy reduces breast cancer risk have been incorporated in a decision analysis.

METHODS: A Markov model was developed to compare LE and QALE following four strategies: (1) prophylactic mastectomy and prophylactic oophorectomy (PMPO), (2) screening for breast cancer and prophylactic oophorectomy (BSPO), (3) prophylactic mastectomy and screening for ovarian cancer (PMOS), and (4) screening for breast and ovarian cancer (BSOS). The analysis was performed for a high (85% breast cancer, 63% ovarian cancer) and medium (56% breast cancer, 16% ovarian cancer) risk level. Utilities for the health states after prophylactic surgery were obtained from mutation carriers. Other model parameter values were obtained from the literature. Sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS: When compared with BSOS, the average gain in LE for 30-year-old carriers in the high (medium) risk group was 11.7 (6.6) years for PMPO, 9.5 (5.3) years for BSPO, and 4.9 (4.4) years for PMOS. For 30-year-old carriers, BSPO had a QALE advantage when PO was performed before age 40. In the medium-risk group, there was a stronger advantage for BSPO when QALE was considered.

CONCLUSION: PMPO is the most effective strategy to prolong life. However, if patient preferences were taken into account, BSPO tends to be a better strategy in most women at medium risk or in young women at high risk when PO was performed before age 40.
The identification of neurotrophic factor as a transferrin
Authors: Beach Robert L. , Popiela Heinz , Festoff Barry W.
Published: July 2002

Partially purified neurotrophic factor (NTF) from chicken nerves comigrated with transferrin and a component in several preparations known to have neurotrophic effects on cultured skeletal muscle cells. One‐dimensional gel electrophoretograms of proteolytic fragments of NTF and fragments obtained from transferrins purified from chicken eggs, serum and embryos were indistinguishable. These purified transferrins, like NTF, all stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine and supported myotube formation to a similar degree as NTF. These studies suggest that NTF is a transferrin‐like protein and that both transferrins and NTF act by initially promoting myoblast proliferation and subsequently supporting myogenesis in chick muscle cultures.
Translational regulation of ornithine decarboxylase by polyamines
Authors: Persson Lo , Holm Ingvar , Heby Olle
Published: July 2002

The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first and rate‐limiting enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, is dramatically increased in proliferating cells. In addition to transcriptional regulation of ODC, the present study shows that the enzyme is regulated at the translational level by putrescine and spermidine. ODC synthesis is inhibited by an increase and stimulated by a decrease in their cellular content. Spermidine is a more potent negative regulator than is putrescine. The effects of polyamines on ODC synthesis were not attributable to changes in the cellular content of ODC mRNA, thus demonstrating regulation at the translational level.
The primary reaction of photosystem II in the D1‐D2‐cytochrome b‐559 complex
Authors: Danielius Romas V. , Satoh Kimiyuki , van Kan Paul J.M. , Plijter Johan J. , Nuijs Antonius M. , van Gorkom Hans J.
Published: July 2002

Flash‐induced absorbance changes in the picosecond and nanosecond time range have been measured in the ‘D1‐D2‐cyt b‐559 complex’ isolated from photosystem II membranes. The results indicate the efficient formation of the primary radical pair P680+ pheophytin−, which had a lifetime of about 36 ns, and the presence of unconnected chlorophyll in this preparation. It is concluded that the complex contains the active photosystem II reaction center, and that this reaction center contains at most 4 chlorophyll a molecules.
Expression of the cell‐binding domain of human fibronectin in E. coli
Authors: Obara Masanobu , Kang Mohinder S. , Rocher-Dufour Sylvie , Kornblihtt Alberto , Thiery Jean Paul , Yamada Kenneth M.
Published: July 2002

Two cDNA subfragments containing the cell‐attachment site of human fibronectin (FN) were expressed as β‐galactosidase fusion proteins in E. coli. The products were purified to homogeneity by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography and assayed for activity in a standard cell‐adhesion assay. A fusion protein containing an 80 kDa fragment of human FN appeared functionally equivalent to intact FN purified from human plasma, whereas a truncated fusion protein of 33 kDa still containing a previously postulated cell‐attachment site was approx. 50‐fold less active. Our study establishes a system for analyzing adhesive protein function by DNA manipulation, rules out any major role for eukaryotic post‐translational modifications in FN adhesive function, and localizes additional functional activity to a 1.3 kb region.
Nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones encoding the entire precursor polypeptides for subunits IV and V of the photosystem I reaction center from spinach
Authors: Steppuhn J. , Hermans J. , Nechushtai R. , Ljungberg Ulf , Thümmler F. , Lottspeich F. , Herrmann R.G.
Published: July 2002

Using λgt11 expression cloning and immunoscreening, cDNA‐containing recombinant phages for subunits IV and V of the photosystem I reaction center were isolated, sequenced and used to probe Northern blots of polyadenylated RNA prepared from spinach seedlings. The mRNA sizes for both components are ∼ 1000 and 850 nucleotides, respectively. The 968 nucleotide cDNA sequence and derived amino acid sequence for subunit IV predict a single open reading frame of 231 amino acid residues (25.4 kDa). Comparison with a 13‐residue N‐terminal amino acid sequence determined for subunit IV suggests a mature protein of 17.3 kDa (154 residues) and a transit sequence of 77 amino acids (8.1 kDa). The corresponding data for subunit V are 677 bp (cDNA), 167 residues for the precursor protein (18.2 kDa), 98 residues for the mature polypeptide (10.8 kDa) and 69 residues for the transit peptide (7.4 kDa). Secondary structure predictions indicate that both proteins possess greatly different transit sequences and that none is membrane‐spanning.
Interaction of site specific hirudin variants with α‐thrombin
Authors: Dodt Johannes , Köhler Stefanie , Baici Antonio
Published: July 2002

The kinetics of complex formation between recombinant hirudin or recombinant hirudin mutants with thrombin were analyzed. In order to elucidate the inhibitor's reactive site peptide bond predetermined amino acid substitutions were introduced at positions of basic amino acid residues by means of site‐directed mutagenesis of a hirudin gene. In comparison to recombinant hirudin (K
i = 19 pM) only those mutant inhibitors which were modified at amino acid position Lys47 showed a higher K
i value for their complexes with thrombin. The observed effects are mainly due to increased k
off rate constants.
Subtilisin enzymes: A note on time‐resolved fluorescence and circular dichroism properties
Authors: Bayley P.M. , Janot J.-M. , Martin S.R.
Published: July 2002

This note briefly corrects previous information about the time‐resolved fluorescence properties of preparations of subtilisin Carlsberg and subtilisin BPN′. We confirm the observation of segmental motion of the single tryptophan in subtilisin Carlsberg by analysis of the time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy, and present circular dichroism and spectroscopic data on the two proteins. Near‐UV properties clearly differentiate between the two proteins. Far‐UV circular dichroism confirms that the two subtilisins have closely similar secondary structure in solution; the multi‐component analysis is consistent with the established X‐ray conformations, but the quantitative agreement is still somewhat imperfect.
Arginine remarkably prolongs the lifetime of the M‐intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle at room temperature
Authors: Nakasako Masayoshi , Kataoka Mikio , Tokunaga Fumio
Published: July 2002

The lifetime of the M‐intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle was remarkably prolonged on drying a suspension of purple membrane, in arginine solution at alkaline pH. The M‐intermediate could be completely accumulated under illumination (530 nm) at room temperature. The crystalline structure of purple membranes was retained after this treatment. The lifetime of the M‐intermediate was found to be longer than 100 s and depended on the pH of the purple membrane suspension before drying. It was suggested that an interaction between the guanidium group of arginine and an amino acid residue played an important role in the prolongation.
Coupling of viral membrane proteins to phosphatidylinositide signalling system
Authors: Weinmann-Dorsch Christa , Koschel Klaus
Published: July 2002

C6 rat glioma cells persistently infected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus (C6/SSPE) were treated with measles antiserum and purified anti‐measles IgG. This stimulated phosphoinositide breakdown and an increase in inositol phosphates. In uninfected C6 cells, however, only fetal calf serum (FCS), but not measles anti serum could induce inositol polyphosphate production.
Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of a novel Drosophila protein phosphatase
Authors: Dombrádi Viktor , Axton J.Myles , Glover David M. , Cohen Patricia T.W.
Published: July 2002

A 1.0 kilobase cDNA coding for the complete amino acid sequence of a putative protein phosphatase (314 amino acid residues, molecular mass 36 kDa) has been isolated from a Drosophila head cDNA library. The cDNA hybridises to a single site on the right arm of the second chromosome at cytological position 55A1–3. The deduced sequence of the protein, designated protein phosphatase‐Y, is homologous to the catalytic subunits of Drosophila and rabbit protein phosphatase‐ 1α (64 and 59% identity, respectively) and rabbit protein phosphatase‐2A (39% identity). These and other comparisons demonstrate that this novel enzyme is not the Drosophila counterpart of mammalian protein phosphatases 1, 2A, 2B, 2C or X.
Papaya proteinase IV amino acid sequence
Authors: Ritonja Anka , Buttle David J. , Rawlings Neil D. , Turk Vito , Barrett Alan J.
Published: July 2002

The amino acid sequence of papaya proteinase IV (PPIV), a major proteinase from the latex of Carica papaya [(1989) Biochem. J. 261, 469‐476] is described. The enzyme has a high degree of sequence identity with papaya proteinase III, chymopapain and papain (81, 70 and 67%, respectively), and is clearly a member of the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. Nevertheless, the sequence shows substitution of certain residues conserved in all other known members of the superfamily. It is suggested that some of these substitutions may account for the unusual specificity of PPIV.
Expression of the pS2 gene in human gastric cancer cells derived from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takahashi Haruo , Kida Noriyoshi , Fujii Ritsuko , Tanaka Ken-ichi , Ohta Mitsuhiro , Mori Kazutoshi , Hayashi Kyozo
Published: July 2002

NH2‐terminal amino acid sequence of the pS2 protein produced and secreted by human gastric cancer cells, MKN‐45, was determined to be identical to that of MCF‐7 cells. A clone encoding pS2 protein was isolated from the cDNA library constructed from MKN‐45 cells. The nucleotide sequence was identical to that of pS2 cDNA previously isolated from human breast cancer cells, MCF‐7, except for one nucleotide in the 3' untranslated region. Thus, in this cell line, the pS2 gene product is translated and secreted as in MCF‐7 cells. RNA blot hybridization analysis revealed that pS2 gene was expressed well in two (MKN‐45 and KATO‐III; derived from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma) but not in three cell lines (MKN‐1, MKN‐28 and MKN‐74; from well differentiated adenocarcinoma), suggesting that expression of the pS2 gene depends on the state of cell differentiation. These results suggest that pS2 is expressed in human gastric cancer cells in an estrogen‐independent manner and is possibly associated with the malignant state of cells.
Photoreversible antigen—antibody reactions
Authors: Harada Masataka , Sisido Masahiko , Hirose Junzo , Nakanishi Mamoru
Published: July 2002

A monoclonal antibody (Z1H01) for an oligopeptide carrying an azobenzene group, was prepared under conditions where the azobenzene group is in the trans form. The antibody bound the hapten peptide effectively when the hapten peptide is in the trans form (K=5 × 107 M−1), but the antibody released the hapten under irradiation with UV light where the hapten is in the cis form. The antibody bound the hapten again, when the hapten reverted to the trans form after irradiation with visible light.
Understanding the functions of titin and nebulin
Authors: Trinick John
Published: July 2002

Individual molecules of the giant muscle proteins titin and nebulin span large distances in the sarcomere. Approximately one‐third of the titin molecule forms elastic filaments linking the ends of thick filaments to the Z‐line. The remainder of the molecule is probably bound to the thick filament where it may regulate assembly of myosin and the other thick filament proteins. This region also contains a sequence similar to catalytic domains in protein kinases. Nebulin appears to be associated with thin filaments and may regulate actin assembly.
Malarial toxic antigens synergistically enhance insulin signalling
Authors: Taylor Kathryn , Carr Rachel , Playfair John H.L. , Saggerson E.David
Published: July 2002

Hypoglycaemia is a major complication of severe malaria [(1990) Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. 84 (suppl. 2) 1–65], especially cerebral malaria, in which it is associated with increased mortality [(1990) Lancet 336, 1039–1043; (1989) Quart. J. Med. (New series) 71, 441–459]; however, the mechanisms responsible have not been fully explained. Preparations containing toxic malaria antigens (TMA) released by blood stage Plasmodium yoelii malaria parasites have been shown to induce hypoglycaemia in mice lasting at least 8 h [(1992) Clin. Exp. Immunol. (in press)]. Here we report that TMAs can act synergistically with insulin in both stimulating lipogenesis and inhibiting lipolysis in rat adipocytes in vitro, and, furthermore, that they act synergistically with insulin in the induction of hypoglycaemia in vivo.
Novel ion channels in the protists, Mougeotia and Saprolegnia, using sub‐gigaseals
Authors: Lew Roger R. , Garrill Ashley , Covic Lidija , Heath I.Brent , Serlin Bruce S.
Published: July 2002

Protoplasts of the filamentous alga, Mougeotia, and the filamentous fungal oomycete, Saprolegnia ferax, exhibit two K+ ion channels (2–6 pA) using the patch‐clamp technique when the seals are less than 1 GΩ (about 100 MΩ). The membrane potential of the protoplasts was near 0 mV as measured intracellularly with double‐barreled micropipettes; thus, inward K+ flux is due solely to concentration differences. Although conductances are in the range expected for K+ channels, the activity at 0 mV is not seen in other organisms under gigaseal conditions. This paper draws attention to the usefulness of this subsidiary patch‐clamp technique and the novel characteristics of ion channels in Mougeotia and Saprolegnia.
cDNAs sequences encoding cytochrome P450 (CYP71 family) from eggplant seedlings
Authors: Umemoto Naoyuki , Kobayashi Osamu , Ishizaki-Nishizawa Osamu , Toguri Toshihiro
Published: July 2002

Three cytochrome P450 (P450) cDNAs were isolated from an eggplant hypocotyl cDNA library using eggplant CYP75 cDNA as a probe. These cDNAs have greater than 65% identity in their amino acid sequences, indicating that they belong to the same family. Comparison of these with P450 proteins from other sources showed that the protein with the greatest degree of homology is CYP71, isolated from avocado fruits (~ 48%). We concluded that they are novel members of the CYP71 gene family (CYP71A2, 3 and 4). We have examined the level of mRNA transcripts from the CYP71 family in eggplant hypocotyl tissues and petunia flower buds, and found that the level of transcripts is developmentally regulated in the flower bud.