bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN SISTEM LIMA LANGKAH POSYANDU DI POSYANDU DESA CIKUNIR KECAMATAN SINGAPARNA KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA TAHUN 2015
Authors: Agustini, SST, M.Kes Fenty
Published: November 2020

Posyandu memiliki peran strategis dalam menurunkan angka kematian balita baik melalui upaya peningkatan status gizi balita maupun dengan peningkatan pengetahuan ibu balita. Berdasarkan survey yang dilakukan tercatat beberapa permasalahan tentang Posyandu antara lain: a) Posyandu yang ada belum berjalan sesuai fungsinya dengan baik. b) Sebgian Besar Posyandu tidak memiliki peralatan yang memadai. c) Sebagian besar Posyandu belum memiliki tempat yang layak dan belum memiliki kader yang cukup. d) Cakupan pelayanan Posyandu masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pelaksanaan sistem lima langkah posyandu di Desa Cikunir Kecamatan Singaparna Kabupaten Tasikmalaya.
Jenis penelitian ini termasuk kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif yang bertujuan untuk mengkaji gambaran pelaksanaan sistem lima langkah posyandu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan observasional dimana data diambil dengan melakukan observasi secara langsung
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa sebagian besar atau sebanyak 90,9 % Posyandu di Desa Cikunir melaksanakan sistem lima langkah posyandu. Perlu ditingkatkan pelaksanaan sistem lima langkah posyandu dengan terlebih dahulu dilakukan upaya peningkatan pengetahuan kader mengenai pelaksanaan sistem lima langkah posyandu di Desa Cikunir Kecamatan Singaparna Kabupaten Tasikmalaya
GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL TENTANG TANDA BAHAYA KEHAMILAN DAN PERSIAPAN PERSALINAN DI DESA CIKUNIR WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SINGAPARNA KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA TAHUN 2015
Authors: Susanti, SST,M.Kes Santi
Published: November 2020

Program pembangunan kesehatan di Indonesia dewasa ini masih diprioritaskan pada upaya peningkatan derajat kesehatan ibu dan anak. Kondisi ini dipicu masih tingginya Angka Kematian Ibu (AKI). Berdasarkan data profil puskesmas Singaparna tahun 2014 diketahui cakupan penanganan komplikasi/kasus obstetri kebidanan mencapai 215%. Kondisi ini jauh dari perkiraan sasaran yaitu sebanyak 198 kasus dengan target pencapaian sebesar 90%. Penangan paling tinggi adalah Desa Cikunir mencapai 382%. Memperhatikan data tersebut diperlukan pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam mengenal tanda bahaya kehamilan dan persiapan persalinan. Hal ini diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam upaya pencegahan kematian ibu dan bayi menghindari faktor keterlamabatan. Tujuan umum penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang tanda bahaya kehamilan dan persiapan persalinan di desa cikunir wilayah kerja puskesmas Singaparna Kabupaten Tasikmalaya tahun 2015
Metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil pada bulan Oktober di desa Cikunir Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Singaparna Kabupaten Tasikmalaya tahun 2015. Tekhnik pengambilan sampel adalah accidental sampling yaitu ibu hamil yang datang ke RSIA Respati untuk pemeriksaan USG gratis berjumlah 32 responden. Metode pengambilan data dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada responden. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi masing-masing variabel dalam penelitian ini.
Diketahui bahwa sebagian besar responden dengan tingkat pengetahuan baik yaitu 25 (78,1%). Distribusi frekuensi rencana pemilihan penolong persalinan sebagian besar responden memilih bidan sebagai penolong yaitu  31 (96,9%). Distribusi frekuensi persiapan perlengkapan ibu menunjukkan 11 orang (34,3%) sudanh lengkap. Distribusi frekuensi persiapan perlengkapan bayi diketahui responden yang sudah lengkap persiapan perlengapan bayi adalah 8 responden (25%). Distribusi frekuensi tabungan ibu bersalin diketahui sebagian besar responden menyiapkan tabulin baru sebagian yaitu 16 responden (50%).  Persiapan transportasi sebagian besar ibu sudah menyiapkan transportasi untuk persalinan yaitu 23 responden (71,9%). Pengambilan keputusan diketahui sebagian besar dilaksanakan berdasarkan kesepakatan suami dan istri yaitu 19 responden (59,4%). Sedangkan persiapan pendonor darah diketahui sebagiAn besar responden belum menyiapkan yaitu 21 responden (65,6%).
Ibu hamil hendaknya meningkatkan pemantauan terhadap keehatan dirinya dan kesejahteraan janinnya. Ibu dan keluarga dapat segera menyiapkan kebutuhan persalinan dan kegawatdaruratan dimulai usia kehamilan 7 bulan. Bidan dapat meningkatkan program KIE pada setiap ibu hamil dan keluarga untuk mensosialisasikan tanda bahaya kehamilan dan persiapan persiapan persalinan dengan baik
GAMBARAN DUKUNGAN SUAMI DI DESA SIMPEN KIDUL KECAMATAN LIMBANGAN KABUPATEN GARUT TAHUN 2012.
Authors: AM. Keb, SKM,MARS Purwati
Published: November 2020

Pada tahun 2012 di Desa Simpen Kidul, jumlah ibu hamil sebanyak 87 orang, masih ada ibu yang bersalin di paraji sebanyak  12 orang, dan  yang bersalin di bidan sebanyak 31 orang, dengan tenaga kesehatan 1 orang bidan dan 1 orang mantri, ternyata   persalinan yang di tolong oleh nakes masih rendah. Salah  satu  peran  serta  suami  selama kehamilan  dalam  rangkamerencanakan persiapan persalinan adalah suami dapat memastikan persalinanistrinya di tolong oleh tenaga kesehatan terlatih dan aman,bersalin di fasilitas kesehatan yang   memadai. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran dukungan suami di Desa Simpen Kidul Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut Tahun 2012. 
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metoda deskriptif  yaitu  menggambarkan  dukungan  suami  dengan  rencana  persiapan  yang  ibu  lakukan  dalam persalinannya.. Populasi dalam penelitian  ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil yang berada di Desa Simpen Kidul Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut periode Mei sampai Juni 2012 yaitu 87 orang. Instrument  dalam  penelitian  berupa  format  kuesioner  yang  ditujukan kepada  ibu  hamil  untuk  menggambarkan  dukungan  suami dengan persiapan persalinan Sebanyak 20 pertanyaan. Analisis univariat dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan dua variabel yang diteliti.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dukungan suami dalam persiapan persalinan pada ibu hamil di Desa Simpen Kidul Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut Tahun 2012 ada pada kategori mendukung. Serta persiapan persalinan ibu hamil di Desa Simpen Kidup Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut tahun 2012 ada pada kategori kurang. 
Kesimpulan  penelitian didapatkan bahwa dukungan suami dalam persiapan persalinan pada ibu hamil di Desa Simpen  Kidul Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut Tahun 2012 ada pada kategori mendukung. Serta persiapan persalinan ibu hamil di Desa Simpen Kidup Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten Garut tahun 2012 ada pada kategori kurang. Sehingga rekomendaasi saran yang diberikan adalah Suami  harus  memberikan  dukungan  dalam  persiapan  persalinan kepada istrinya dan membantu istri mempersiapkan persalinan serta pemberi pelayanan lebih meningkatkan fasilitas pelayanan serta media informasi khususnya persiapan persalinan di fasilitas kesehatan agar bersalin sehat, aman dan nyaman.
GAMBARAN UMUR DAN PARITAS IBU YANG MENGALAMI ABORTUS DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS CIAWI TAHUN 2012.
Authors: Rosita, SST, M.Kes Ayu
Published: November 2020

Aborsi telah dilakukan oleh 2,3 juta perempuan. Diperkirakan diseluruh dunia setiap tahun terjadi 40-70 aborsi per 100 wanita usia produktif. Umur ibu merupakan salah satu faktor resiko terjadinya abortus, dalam kurun reproduksi sehat dikenal bahwa usia aman dalam kehamilan, persalinan dan kelahiran yaitu 20-35 tahun. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari Puskesmas  Ciawi pada tahun 2011 ditemukan jumlah kejadian abortus sebanyak 71 kasus. Tujuan penelitian  adalah Gambaran umur dan paritas ibu yang mengalami abortus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas  Ciawi Tahun 2012.
Jenis  penelitian  yang  digunakan  adalah  penelitian  kuantitatif  dengan  metode deskriptif . Populasi dalam penelitian adalah seluruh ibu yang mengalami abortus di wilayah PKM DTP Ciawi tahun 2011 yang berjumlah 71 orang. Intrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data yang diambil dari laporan Poned PKM Ciawi tahun 2011. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat. Analisis ini menghasilkan distribusi frekuensi untuk menggambarkan tiap-tiap variabel yang akan diteliti
Hasil penelitian adalah sebagian besar ibu hamil yang mengalami abortus di wilayah  PKM DTP Ciawi tergolong umur 20-35 tahun, serta sebagian besar ibu hamil yang mengalami abortus di PKM DTP Ciawi termasuk nullipara. 
Kesimpulan dan saran dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagian besar ibu hamil yang mengalami abortus di wilayah  PKM DTP Ciawi tergolong umur 20-35 tahun, serta sebagian besar ibu hamil yang mengalami abortus di PKM DTP Ciawi termasuk nullipara. Sehingga dibuat saran yang direkomendasikan adalah Diharapkan   Puskesmas   lebih   meningkatkan   pemahaman masyarakat  terhadap  masalah  kesehatan  reproduksi  khususnya  asuhan selama kehamilan melalui konseling, penyuluhan dan pemberdayaan posyandu. Pihak Puskesmas mencari faktor utama penyebab kejadian abortus pada ibu hamil.
Lembar Judul Jurnal
Authors: Redaksi Dewan
Published: November 2020

Struktur Dewan Redaksi dan Daftar Isi
PERBANDINGAN EFEK KLINIS DAN LABORATORIUM HASIL PEMBERIAN MgSO4 SECARA KONTINYU DAN BERKALA PADA PASIEN PREEKLAMSI- EKLAMSI
Authors: Lisnawati, SST, M.Keb Lilis
Published: November 2020

Kematian ibu akibat preeklamsia - eklamsi merupakan salah satu dari tiga penyebab kematian ibu selain perdarahan dan infeksi. Tingginya insidensi serta belum sempurnanya pengelolaan menyebabkan prognosa yang buruk.1Pengobatan dengan magnesium sulfat telah diterima di banyak tempat sebagai pengobatan terpilih pada preeklampsia dan eklampsi. Cara pemberian dan dosis magnesium sulfat masih bermacam-macam walaupun semuanya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kadar magnesium dalam darah yang dapat memberikan efek terapetik yang optimal dan berlangsung lama.
Populasi  pada penelitian ini adalah  semua ibu hamil  yang menderita preeklampsi dan eklampsia di RSU dr Soekardjo dari bulan Maret - Agustus 2015 (6 bulan), sedangkan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu-ibu  populasi tersebut diatas yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi serta memenuhi besar sampel minimal.
Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa pemberian magnesium sulfat secara intravena lebih baik untuk mencegah kejang  ataupun kejang ulangan. Sedangkan pada pemberian magnesium sulfat secara intravena dan intramuskular dipandang dari segi intoksikasi tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara kedua pola pemberian. Intoksikasi yang terjadi pada pola I semata-mata hanya merupakan faktor ketidaktelitian.
GAMBARAN ANGKA KEMATIAN BAYI DAN BALITA DI WILAYAH KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA TAHUN 2014
Authors: Yasin, SPd, M.Kes Ade
Published: November 2020

Diwilayah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Angka Kematian Bayi pada tahun 2013 adalah 147 kasus per tahun. Dari 147 kasus, 98 kematian bayi dalam kandungan dan 49 pada proses melahirkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran angka kematian bayi dan balita di wilayah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya tahun 2014.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah bayi dan balita yang meninggal di wilayah Kabupaten Tasikmalaya Tahun 2014 yaitu 318 orang. Tehnik pengambilan sampel adalah dengan cara total sampling dimana semua populasi dijadikan sampel. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah jumlah angka kematian bayi dan balita, usia dan jenis kelamin. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis univariat. Analisis ini menghasilkan  distribusi  frekuensi  untuk  menggambarkan  tiap-tiap  variabel yang akan diteliti.
Hasil penelitian adalah Angka kematian bayi dan balita paling tinggi di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya tahun 2014 yaitu Kecamatan Cigalontang sebanyak 63 (19.81%),   Mayoritas kematian berdasarkan usia mayoritas adalah kematian bayi yaitu 298 kasus atau 93.71%. serta Angka kematian bayi dan balita berdasarkan jenis kelamin mayoritas laki laki yaitu 205 (64.46%).
Diharapkan petugas kesehatan lebih meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan ibu dan anak dengan menekankan pada upaya preventif melalui kegiatan penyuluhan, konseling serta penatalaksanaan pasien secara komprehensif.
HUBUNGAN KONSUMSI TABLET FE DAN LAMA KONSUMSI TABLET FE TERHADAP ANEMIA DALAM KEHAMILAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS CISAYONG KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA TAHUN 2018
Authors: Susanti Santi , Tunisa Marpungah
Published: November 2020

Angka kematian maternal dan perinatal merupakan indikator keberhasilan pelayanan kesehatan, khususnya pelayanan kebidanan dan perinatal. Sampai saat ini angka kematian maternal dan perinatal di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi. Perdarahan sebagai penyebab tertinggi merupakan dampak dari komplikasi atau penyakit saat kehamilan dan persalinan seperti anemia. Prevalensi anemia pada ibu hamil berdasarkan laporan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tasikmalaya tahun 2016 berkisar 3.137 orang (6,3%) dari 49.853 orang. Data Puskesmas Cisayong kasus anemia pada kehamilan tahun 2015 sebanyak 207 orang (20,82%) dari 994 ibu hamil, sedangkan pada tahun 2016 mengalami peningkatan dimana jumlah ibu hamil anemia sebanyak 244 orang (21.65%) dari 1127 ibu hamil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara faktor konsumsi tablet Fe dan faktor lama mengkonsumsi tablet Fe terhadap kejadian anemia dalam kehamilan.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitaif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu hamil di wilayah puskesmas Cisayong periode Januari sampai dengan April 2018 berjumlah 454 orang. Tekhnik pengambilan sampel menggunakan proportional random sampling. Tekhnik pengambilan data adalah menggunakan data sekunder. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah format ceklist untuk mengetahui anemia pada ibu hamil, konsumsi tablet fe, dan lama mengkonsumsi tablet Fe. Analisis data menggunakan analisis bivariate dengan menggunakan Uji kai kuadratHasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan antara konsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan menunjukkan nilai p=0,00 sehingga disimpulkan bahwa hubungan antara konsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan signifikan. Hubungan antara lama mengkonsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan menunjukkan nilai p sama dengan 0,62. Jika menggunakan tingkat signifikansi α sama dengan 0,05 maka nilai p(0,62) lebih dari α(0,05), sehingga disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara lama mengkonsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan.Simpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara konsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan dan tidak ada hubungan antara lama mengkonsumsi tablet Fe dengan anemia dalam kehamilan. Saran untuk ibu hamil dianjurkan untuk mengkonsumsi tablet Fe selama kehamilan secara rutin dan teratur. Ibu hamil juga disarankan untuk mengkonsumsi multivitamin sehingga dapat meningatkan penyerapan Fe dalam mencegah anemia dalam kehmailan.
PENGARUH LAMANYA INDUKSI PERSALINAN OKSITOSIN TERHADAP KEJADIAN ASFIKSIA NEONATORUM DI RSUD DR. SLAMET KABUPATEN GARUT TAHUN 2018
Authors: Devitasari Dhea , Mulyani Nunung , Sariestya Sariestya
Published: November 2020

Induksi persalinan adalah suatu tindakan terhadap ibu hamil dengan cara pemberian uterotonika untuk merangsang timbulnya kontraksi rahim agar terjadi persalinan. Hal tersebut merupakan penyebab bayi lahir dengan asfiksia neonatorum akibat dari janin tidak mendapatkan oksigen yang cukup di dalam rahim. Mengetahui pengaruh lamanya induksi persalinan dengan oksitosin drip terhadap kejadian asfiksia neonatorum di RSUD Dr. Slamet Kabupaten Garut Tahun 2018.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu bersalin dengan KPD dan diberikan indusi oksitosin drip RSUD Dr. Slamet Garut sebanyak 48 orang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Accidental Sampling.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 48 ibu bersalin dengan KPD di berikan induksi persalinan oksitosin terdapat 2 bayi lahir tidak asfiksia, 4 asfiksia ringan, 35 asfiksia sedang dan 7 asfiksia berat. Ada pengaruh lamanya pemberian induksi persalinan oksitosin terhadap kejadian asfiksia neonatorum dengan nilai sig sama dengan 0,000 lebih kecil daro 0,05.
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini ada pengaruh lamanya pemberian induksi persalinan oksitosin terhadap kejadian asfiksia neonatorum di RSUD Dr. Slamet Kabupaten Garut Tahun 2018.
Reflexiones acerca de la clasificación de las obras lexicográficas (semi)bilingües para el aprendizaje de lenguas
Authors: Bueno Rejane
Published: November 2020

Las obras lexicográficas (semi)bilingües son repertorios híbridos que mezclan características de diccionarios bilingües y monolingües. Por ese motivo, la metalexicografía entiende tales obras lexicográficas como complejas y bajo esa designación insertan diccionarios de características muy diversas, lo que conlleva que esas obras han tenido investigaciones muy escuetas y una producción lexicográfica escasa. Se ha observado que tanto la concepción como también la designación de los diccionarios (semi)bilingües varían mucho, de manera que en ese estudio se los concibe como un nuevo subtipo de obra lexicográfica interlingüe. En ese contexto, los principios clasificatorios que describen esas obras lexicográficas no han sido establecidos de forma satisfactoria, por ello proponemos esa reflexión partiendo de una propuesta taxonómica. La dificultad en elaborar una propuesta de clasificación para las obras (semi)bilingües radica en aunar criterios lingüísticos, históricos y culturales, además del hecho que las obras que existen presentan sistemáticamente una combinación de rasgos de diferentes diccionarios. Aún así, se defiende la importancia de la elaboración de principios clasificatorios para los diccionarios (semi)bilingües por entender que eso aporta conocimientos que refinan los principios de recopilación de esas obras lexicográficas y culminan en la mejoría de su calidad lingüística y lexicográfica.
Chemical composition, structures, and light absorption of N-containing aromatic compounds emitted from burning wood and charcoal in household cookstoves
Authors: Xie Mingjie , Zhao Zhenzhen , Holder Amara L. , Hays Michael D. , Chen Xi , Shen Guofeng , Jetter James J. , Champion Wyatt M. , Wang Qin'geng
Published: November 2020

Abstract. N-containing aromatic compounds (NACs) are an important group of
light-absorbing molecules in the atmosphere. They are often observed in
combustion emissions, but their chemical formulas and structural
characteristics remain uncertain. In this study, red oakwood and charcoal
fuels were burned in cookstoves using the standard water-boiling test (WBT)
procedure. Submicron aerosol particles in the cookstove emissions were
collected using quartz (Qf) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter
membranes positioned in parallel. A backup quartz filter (Qb) was also
installed downstream of the PTFE filter to evaluate the effect of sampling
artifacts on NAC measurements. Liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy
(LC–MS) techniques identified 17 NAC chemical formulas in the
cookstove emissions. The average concentrations of total NACs in Qb
samples (0.37±0.31–1.79±0.77 µg m−3) were
greater than 50 % of those observed in the Qf samples (0.51±0.43–3.91±2.06 µg m−3), and the Qb-to-Qf
mass ratios of individual NACs had a range of 0.02–2.71, indicating that
the identified NACs might have substantial fractions remaining in the
gas phase. In comparison to other sources, cookstove emissions from red oak
or charcoal fuels did not exhibit unique NAC structural features but had
distinct NAC composition. However, before identifying NAC sources by
combining their structural and compositional information, the gas-particle
partitioning behaviors of NACs should be further investigated. The average
contributions of total NACs to the light absorption of organic matter at
λ=365 nm (1.10 %–2.57 %) in Qf and Qb samples
(10.7 %–21.0 %) are up to 10 times larger than their mass contributions
(Qf: 0.31 %–1.01 %; Qb: 1.08 %–3.31 %), so the identified NACs
are mostly strong light absorbers. To explain more sample extract
absorption, future research is needed to understand the chemical and optical
properties of high-molecular-weight (e.g., molecular weight, MW>500 Da) entities
in particulate matter.
Characterization of submicron organic particles in Beijing during summertime: comparison between SP-AMS and HR-AMS
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Ye Jianhuai , Liu Dantong , Wu Yangzhou , Zhao Jian , Xu Weiqi , Xie Conghui , Shen Fuzhen , Zhang Jie , Ohno Paul E. , Qin Yiming , Zhao Xiuyong , Martin Scot T. , Lee Alex K. Y. , Fu Pingqing , Jacob Daniel J. , Zhang Qi , Sun Yele , Chen Mindong , Ge Xinlei
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles in Beijing summer haze play an important role in the regional radiation balance and related environmental processes.
Understanding the factors that lead to variability of the impacts of BC remains limited. Here, we present observations by a soot-particle aerosol
mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) of BC-containing submicron particulate matter (BC−PM1) in Beijing, China, during summer 2017. These observations were
compared to concurrently measured total non-refractory submicron particulate matter (NR−PM1) by a high-resolution aerosol mass
spectrometer (HR-AMS). Distinct properties were observed between NR−PM1 and BC−PM1 relevant to organic aerosol (OA)
composition. Hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) in BC−PM1 was found to be up to 2-fold higher than that in NR−PM1 in fresh vehicle
emissions, suggesting that a part of HOA in BC−PM1 may be overestimated, likely due to the change of collection efficiency of
SP-AMS. Cooking-related OA was only identified in NR−PM1, whereas aged biomass burning OA (A-BBOA) was a unique factor only identified
in BC−PM1. The A-BBOA was linked to heavily coated BC, which may lead to enhancement of the light absorption ability of BC by a factor
of 2 via the “lensing effect”. More-oxidized oxygenated OA identified in BC-containing particles was found to be slightly different from that
observed by HR-AMS, mainly due to the influence of A-BBOA. Overall, these findings highlight that BC in urban Beijing is partially of agricultural
fire origin and that a unique biomass-burning-related OA associated with BC may be ubiquitous in aged BC−PM1, and this OA may play a role in
affecting air quality and climate that has not previously been fully considered.
Hygroscopic behavior of aerosols generated from solutions of 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid, its sodium salts, and its mixtures with NaCl
Authors: Wu Li , Becote Clara , Sobanska Sophie , Flaud Pierre-Marie , Perraudin Emilie , Villenave Eric , Song Young-Chul , Ro Chul-Un
Published: November 2020

Abstract. MBTCA (3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid), a low-volatile, highly
oxidized, secondary-generation product of monoterpenes, is one of the most
relevant tracer compounds for biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In this study,
laboratory-generated, micrometer-sized, pure-MBTCA, mono-/di-/trisodium
MBTCA salts and MBTCA–NaCl mixture aerosol particles of four mixing ratios
(molar ratios = 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 2 : 1) were examined systematically to
observe their hygroscopic behavior by varying the relative humidity (RH)
using in situ Raman microspectrometry (RMS) assembled with either a
see-through impactor, where the particles were deposited on a Si wafer, or a
levitation system. The pure MBTCA droplets effloresced at RH = ∼ 30 %–57.8 % and did not deliquesce until RH > 95 %. The mono- and disodium MBTCA salt aerosols did not show clear
efflorescence RH (ERH) and deliquescence RH (DRH). In contrast, the
trisodium MBTCA salt exhibited ERH = ∼ 44.4 %–46.8 % and
DRH = ∼ 53.1 % during the hygroscopic experiment cycle.
The mixture aerosols generated from solutions of MBTCA : NaCl = 1 : 1 and 2 : 1
showed no visible ERH and DRH in the see-through impactor because of the
partial and total consumption of NaCl, respectively, through chemical
reactions during the dehydration process. The mixture particles with a 1 : 1
molar ratio in the levitation system exhibited a clear DRH at
∼ 71 % and ERH at ∼ 50 %. This suggests less
reaction between the mixtures and a larger portion of NaCl remaining in the
levitation system. The other mixtures of MBTCA : NaCl = 1 : 2 and 1 : 3
displayed single-stage efflorescence and deliquescence at ERH = ∼ 45 %–50 % and DRH = ∼ 74 %, respectively,
because of the considerable amount of NaCl present in the mixture aerosols
in both systems. Observations and Raman analyses indicated that only
monosodium MBTCA salt aerosols could be formed through a reaction between
MBTCA and NaCl. The reaction occurred more rapidly with a more elevated
concentration of either MBTCA or NaCl, and the controlling factor for the
reactivity of the mixtures depended mostly on the availability of H+
dissociated from the MBTCA tricarboxylic acid. The lower degree of reaction
of the mixture particles in the levitation system might be caused by the
relatively airtight circumstance inside, i.e., less release of HCl. The
study revealed that the interactions between the MBTCA and NaCl could modify
the properties of the organic acid in the atmosphere, leading to enhanced
capability of the probable heterogeneous chemistry in the aqueous aerosols.
Measurements of higher alkanes using NO+ chemical ionization in PTR-ToF-MS: important contributions of higher alkanes to secondary organic aerosols in China
Authors: Wang Chaomin , Yuan Bin , Wu Caihong , Wang Sihang , Qi Jipeng , Wang Baolin , Wang Zelong , Hu Weiwei , Chen Wei , Ye Chenshuo , Wang Wenjie , Sun Yele , Wang Chen , Huang Shan , Song Wei , Wang Xinming , Yang Suxia , Zhang Shenyang , Xu Wanyun , Ma Nan , Zhang Zhanyi , Jiang Bin , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Wang Xuemei , Shao Min
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Higher alkanes are a major class of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs), which have been proposed to be important precursors of
secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere. Accurate estimation of SOA from higher alkanes and their oxidation processes in the atmosphere
is limited, partially due to the difficulty of their measurement. High-time-resolution (10 s) measurements of higher alkanes were performed
using NO+ chemical ionization in proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (NO+ PTR-ToF-MS) at an urban
site in Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP). High concentrations were observed in both
environments, with significant diurnal variations. At both sites, SOA production from higher alkanes is estimated from their photochemical losses
and SOA yields. Higher alkanes account for significant fractions of SOA formation at the two sites, with average contributions of
7.0 % ± 8.0 % in Guangzhou and 9.4 % ± 9.1 % in NCP, which are comparable to or even higher than both single-ring aromatics
and naphthalenes. The significant contributions of higher alkanes to SOA formation suggests that they should be explicitly included in current
models for SOA formation. Our work also highlights the importance of NO+ PTR-ToF-MS in measuring higher alkanes and quantifying their
contributions to SOA formation.
Air quality and health benefits from ultra-low emission
control policy indicated by continuous emission monitoring:
A case study in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhao Yu , Gao Meng , Bo Xin , Nielsen Chris P.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. To evaluate improved emission estimation from online monitoring data, we applied the Models-3/CMAQ (Community Multi-scale Air Quality) system to simulate the air quality of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region using two emission inventories without/with incorporated data from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) at coal-fired power plants (Cases 1 and 2), respectively. The normalized mean biases (NMBs) of annual SO2, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations between observations and simulations in Case 2 were −3.1 %, 56.3 %, −19.5 % and −1.4 %, all smaller in absolute value than those in Case 1, at 8.2 %, 68.9 %, −24.6 % and 7.6 %, respectively. The results indicate that incorporation of CEMS data in the emission inventory helped reduce the biases between simulation and observation and can better reflect the actual sources of regional air pollution. Based on the CEMS data, the air quality changes and corresponding health impacts were quantified for different implementation levels of China's recent ultra-low emission policy. If only the coal-fired power sector met the requirement, the simulated differences in the monthly SO2, NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations compared to those of Case 2, our base case for policy comparisons, were less than 7 % for all pollutants. The result implies only a minor benefit of ultra-low emission control if implemented in the power sector alone, attributed to its limited contribution to total emissions in the YRD after years of pollution control in the sector (11 %, 7 % and 2 % of SO2, NOX and primary particle matter (PM), respectively). If the ultra-low emission policy was enacted at both power plant and industrial boilers, the simulated SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations compared to the base case were 33 %–64 %, 16 %–23 % and 6 %–22 % lower respectively, depending on the month (January, April, July and October 2015). Combining CMAQ and the Integrated Exposure Response (IER) model, we further estimated that 305 deaths and 874 years of life loss (YLL) attributable to PM2.5 exposure could be avoided with the implementation of the ultra-low emission policy in the power sector in the YRD region. The analogous values would be much higher, at 10,651 deaths and 316,562 YLL avoided, if both power and industrial sectors met the ultra-low emission limits, accounting for 5.5 % and 6.2 % of the totals for the region, respectively. In order to improve regional air quality and to reduce human health risk effectively, coordinated control of various pollution sources should be implemented, and the ultra-low emission control policy should be substantially expanded to industrial boilers and other emission sources in non-power industries.
Observations of iodine monoxide over three summers at the Indian Antarctic bases, Bharati and Maitri
Authors: Mahajan Anoop S. , Biswas Mriganka S. , Beirle Steffen , Wagner Thomas , Schönhardt Anja , Benavent Nuria , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Iodine plays a vital role in oxidation chemistry over Antarctica, with past observations showing highly elevated levels of iodine oxide (IO) leading to severe depletion of boundary layer ozone in West Antarctica. Here, we present multi axis differential absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) based observations of IO over three summers (2015–2017) at the Indian Antarctic bases, Bharati and Maitri. IO was observed during all the campaigns, with mixing ratios below 2 pptv for the three summers, which are lower than the peak levels observed in West Antarctica. This suggests that sources in West Antarctica are different or stronger than sources of iodine compounds in East Antarctica. Vertical profiles estimated using a profile retrieval algorithm showed decreasing gradients, with a peak in the lower boundary layer. The ground-based instrument retrieved vertical column densities (VCDs) were approximately a factor of three-five higher than the VCDs reported using satellite-based instruments, which is most likely related to the sensitivities of the measurement techniques. Airmass back-trajectory analysis failed to highlight a source region, with most of the airmasses coming from coastal or continental regions. This study highlights the variation in iodine chemistry in different regions in Antarctica and the importance of a long-term dataset to validate models estimating the impacts of iodine chemistry.
High-resolution mapping of circum-Antarctic landfast sea ice distribution, 2000–2018
Authors: Fraser Alexander D. , Massom Robert A. , Ohshima Kay I. , Willmes Sascha , Kappes Peter J. , Cartwright Jessica , Porter-Smith Richard
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Landfast sea ice (fast ice) is an important component of the Antarctic nearshore marine environment, where it strongly modulates ice sheet–ocean–atmosphere interactions and biological and biogeochemical processes, forms a key habitat, and affects logistical operations. Given the wide-ranging importance of Antarctic fast ice and its sensitivity to climate change, improved knowledge of its change and variability in its distribution is a high priority. Antarctic fast-ice mapping to date has been limited to regional studies and a time series covering East Antarctica from 2000 to 2008. Here, we present the first continuous, high-spatio-temporal resolution (1 km, 15 d) time series of circum-Antarctic fast-ice extent; this covers the period March 2000 to March 2018, with future updates planned. This dataset was derived by compositing cloud-free satellite visible and thermal infrared imagery using an existing methodology, modified to enhance automation and reduce subjectivity in defining the fast-ice edge. This new dataset (Fraser et al., 2020) has wide applicability and is available at https://doi.org/10.26179/5d267d1ceb60c. The new algorithm presented here will enable continuous large-scale fast-ice mapping and monitoring into the future.
Automated quantification of floating wood pieces in rivers
from video monitoring: a new software tool and validation
Authors: Ghaffarian Hossein , Lemaire Pierre , Zhi Zhang , Tougne Laure , MacVicar Bruce , Piégay Hervé
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Wood is an essential component of rivers and plays a significant role in ecology and morphology. It can be also considered as a risk factor in rivers due to its influence on erosion and flooding. Quantifying and characterizing wood fluxes in rivers during floods would improve our understanding of the key processes but is hindered by technical challenges. Among various techniques for monitoring wood in rivers, streamside videography is a powerful approach to quantify different characteristics of wood in rivers, but past research has employed a manual approach that has many limitations. In this work, we introduce new software for the automatic detection of wood pieces in rivers. We apply different image analysis techniques such as static and dynamic masks, object tracking, and object characterization to minimize false positive and missed detections. To assess the software performance, results are compared with manual detections of wood from the same videos, which was a time-consuming process. Key parameters that affect detection are assessed including surface reflections, lighting conditions, flow discharge, wood position relative to the camera, and the length of wood pieces. Preliminary results had a 36 % rate of false-positive detection, primarily due to light reflection and water waves, but post-processing reduced this rate to 15 %. The missed detection rate was 71 % of piece numbers in the preliminary result, but post-processing reduced this error to only 6.5 % of piece numbers, and 13.5 % of volume. The high precision of the software shows that it can be used to massively increase the quantity of wood flux data in rivers around the world, potentially in real-time. The significant impact of post-processing indicates that it is necessary to train the soft-ware in various situations (location, timespan, weather conditions) to ensure reliable results. Manual wood detections and annotations for this work took more than one human-month of labor. In comparison, the presented software coupled with an appropriate post-processing step performed the same task in real-time (55 hr) on a standard desktop computer.
Reproducing complex simulations of economic impacts of climate
change with lower-cost emulators
Authors: Takakura Jun'ya , Fujimori Shinichiro , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Hanasaki Naota , Hasegawa Tomoko , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Honda Yasushi , Iizumi Toshichika , Park Chan , Tamura Makoto , Hijioka Yasuaki
Published: November 2020

Abstract. In order to project climate-change impacts under a wide-range of scenarios or conduct on-line coupled simulations, the computational and implementation cost of economic impact calculations should be reduced. To do so, in this study, we developed various emulators that mimic simulation outputs, namely economic models coupled with bio/physical process-based impact models. Their performance was evaluated for multiple sectors and regions. Among the tested emulators, those composed of artificial neural networks, which can incorporate nonlinearities and interactions between variables, performed better particularly when finer input variables were available. Although simple functional forms were effective for approximating general tendencies, complex emulators are necessary if the focus is regional or sectoral heterogeneity. The developed emulators could be used to explore future scenarios related to climate-change policies, and the findings of this study could also help researchers design their own emulators under different situations.
Accelerated hydrological cycle over the Sanjiangyuan region induces more streamflow extremes at different global warming levels
Authors: Ji Peng , Yuan Xing , Ma Feng , Pan Ming
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Serving source water for the Yellow, Yangtze and Lancang-Mekong
rivers, the Sanjiangyuan region affects 700 million people over its
downstream areas. Recent research suggests that the Sanjiangyuan region will
become wetter in a warming future, but future changes of streamflow extremes
remain unclear due to the complex hydrological processes over high-land
areas and limited knowledge of the influences of land cover change and
CO2 physiological forcing. Based on high-resolution land surface
modeling during 1979–2100 driven by the climate and
ecological projections from 11 newly released Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) climate models, we show that different accelerating
rates of precipitation and evapotranspiration at 1.5 ∘C global
warming level induce 55 % more dry extremes over Yellow River and 138 %
more wet extremes over Yangtze River headwaters compared with the reference
period (1985–2014). An additional 0.5 ∘C warming
leads to a further nonlinear and more significant increase for both dry
extremes over Yellow River (22 %) and wet extremes over Yangtze River
(64 %). The combined role of CO2 physiological forcing and vegetation
greening, which used to be neglected in hydrological projections, is found
to alleviate dry extremes at 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C warming levels but to
intensify dry extremes at 3.0 ∘C warming level. Moreover,
vegetation greening contributes half of the differences between 1.5 and
3.0 ∘C warming levels. This study emphasizes the importance of
ecological processes in determining future changes in streamflow extremes
and suggests a “dry gets drier, wet gets wetter” condition over the
warming headwaters.
Ground-generation airborne wind energy design space exploration
Authors: Sommerfeld Markus , Dörenkämper Martin , De Schutter Jochem , Crawford Curran
Published: November 2020

Abstract. While some Airborne Wind Energy System (AWES) companies aim at small-scale, temporary or remote off-grid markets, others aim to integrate utility-scale, multi-megawatt AWES into the electricity grid. This study investigates the scaling effects of single-wing, ground-generation AWESs from small to large-scale systems, subject to realistic 10-minute, onshore and offshore wind conditions derived from the numerical mesoscale weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. To reduce computational cost, wind velocity profiles are grouped into k = 10 clusters using k-means clustering. Three representative profiles from each cluster are implemented into a nonlinear AWES optimal control model, to determine power-optimal trajectories, system dynamics, as well as instantaneous and cycle-average power. We compare the performance of three different aircraft masses and two sets of nonlinear aerodynamic coefficients for each aircraft size, with wing areas ranging from 10 m2 to 150 m2. We predict size and weight-dependent, optimal AWES power curves, annual energy production (AEP) and capacity factor (cf). Tether impacts, such as power losses associated with tether drag and the tether contribution to total system mass are quantified. Furthermore, we estimate a minimum average cycle-average lift to weight ratio, above which ground-generation AWES can operate, to explore the viable AWES mass budget.
Graywater Reuse: The Effects on Income and Agricultural Production Sustainability of Family Farming Systems in the Semiarid Region of Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Silva Maria Josiell Nascimento da , Khan Ahmad Saeed , Lima Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales
Published: November 2020

The semi-arid region of Ceará is a Brazilian area that is exposed to long and frequent periods of drought. Water scarcity is a threat to the population’s well-being and agricultural activities. We evaluated the effects of graywater reuse for agriculture on income and sustainability of agricultural production in the municipality of Iguatu, located in the semiarid region of the state of Ceará. It is an important research because it deals with a strategy that aims to reduce farmers’ vulnerability to the lack of water. There are no studies that assess the impacts of water reuse in the region. The propensity score matching technique was applied, and primary data were obtained by interviewing beneficiaries (treated group) and non-beneficiaries (control group). The results showed that the program has effects on sustainable agricultural production of small farmers because of the use of non-aggressive agricultural practices. In the group of beneficiaries, the income is 21.9% higher than of that in the group of non-beneficiaries. In addition, families that adopt water reuse have 26.8% higher levels of sustainability than those that do not adopt this strategy of living with drought.
Collecting Hate: Confronting Racism through Contemptible Collectibles
Authors: Clark Jacqueline
Published: November 2020

Based on a series of semi-structured interviews, this work uses a symbolic interactionist and critical race perspective to show how Leslie Whittington, the grandson of a former slave and a firsthand witness to racial segregation and its harmful consequences in Appalachia, decided to collect racist objects and use them to make sense of his own and his family’s racialized experiences. It also considers how counter-stories are important for changing the dominant narrative of the Appalachian region, an important and necessary step in working toward racial and social justice.
Literature and Memory: The Correspondence between Marc Chagall and David Lazer
Authors: Kossewska Elżbieta
Published: November 2020

The present article explores the decades-long correspondence between Marc Chagall and David Lazer. Born in Kraków, Lazer was the son of a Hebraist who edited a respected Jewish journal. Following in his father’s footsteps, David was the editor-in-chief of the Nowy Dziennik, a Polish-language Zionist weekly. After immigrating to Palestine, he co-founded the Israeli newspaper Maariv and served as the editor of its literary supplement. The journalist had a true passion for literary journeys, which were the backdrop for many of the works he penned. Some of these pieces were devoted to the cultural heritage of European Jewry, including the life and enterprise of Marc Chagall. In the pages ahead, we will take stock of the relationship between these two figures. The paper also unfurls the story behind Jerzy Ficowski’s “A Letter to Marc Chagall” as well as the painter’s illustrations for this harrowing poem. In addition, we unveil the original manuscript of a speech that Chagall gave at the dedication of his stained-glass windows for the Hadassah Medical Centre in Jerusalem.
Effects of fan volute structure on airflow characteristics in rice combine harvesters
Authors: Liang Zhenwei , Li Depeng , Li Jun , Tian Kunpeng
Published: November 2020

Aim of study: Selecting a proper fan for the rice combine harvesters to get a good cleaning performance when harvesting high yield rice. Area of study: Jiangsu Province, China.Material and methods: Three potential multi-duct fans were designed, and the computational fluid dynamics and hot wire anemometer technology were utilized to learn the airflow and pressure variation inside the fan with perforated plates at the outlet ducts as cleaning loads. Then, the fan with the best performance was selected and a multi-duct cleaning test-bed was developed. The variation of the corresponding airflow velocity in the cleaning system was analyzed and the ideal airflow velocity in different section of the sieve was clarified. Finally, a field experiment was carried out.Main results: For a rice combine harvester with a feed rate of 7 kg/s (material other than grain + grain), the requested airflow rates inside the cleaning shoe was about 3.0 m3/s. The ideal airflow velocity in different section of the cleaning shoe was 8-9 m/s at upper duct, 4-6 m/s at the middle section, and 3-4 m/s at the tail section; large improvement in cleaning performance was achieved with the designed fan.Research highlights: The airflow velocity decreased as the cleaning loads at the duct increased. The fan with the averaged airflow velocity ≥7 m/s at the upper duct under different cleaning loads, and the airflow velocity at the lowest duct ≥ 9 m/s, is favorable for forming a blowing airflow in the tail sieve and is good for grain stratification.
Virtual clinical activities: Lessons learned with first semester nursing students
Authors: Hudson Krysia Warren , Swoboda Sandra Marie , Redd Mishiko , Hunter Melissa Diane , Sullivan Nancy
Published: November 2020

Background and purpose: As COVID 19 impacted schools of nursing, the impact of clinical training was immediate. Students were removed from clinical sites but clinical training was necessary to continue the education of nursing students at all levels. Select virtual clinical experiences were substituted for in person clinical experience to reinforce foundational nursing skills.Results: Implementing virtual clinical activities proved to be a challenge for schools of nursing. Finding, structuring and managing activities that foster key foundational concepts for novice student nurses is imperative.Conclusions: Management of virtual clinical activities, via a SIM Center, is key in providing foundational experiences via simulation for the novice nursing student. Substituting structured virtual clinical days, with expert clinical debriefing, can provide an adequate clinical experience.
To the Question of Gauss’s Curvature in n-Dimensional Euclidian Space
Authors: Gladkov Sergey O.
Published: November 2020

An alternative way of calculating the Gauss curve of the surface in the Cartesian coordinates in a three-dimensional case has been proposed, and its generalization in the n- dimension case of measuring Euclidean space has been given.
The Sinking of Another Tristan da Cunha Moss Endemic and Its Phytogeographical Consequences
Authors: Ochyra Ryszard , Plášek Vítězslav
Published: November 2020

The original material of Isopterygium tristaniense Dixon, an endemic species of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the central South Atlantic Ocean, is taxonomically evaluated and some details of its morphology are illustrated. The species is found to be conspecific with the Holarctic Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Brid.) Z.Iwats. and it is the third record of the species in the Southern Hemisphere. The global distribution of this species is reviewed and the distribution patterns of the South Atlantic mosses are briefly discussed.