bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opportunities for Counselors in Summer Camps
Authors: SCHARF PATRICIA LEE
Published: December 2011

Many of our readers may be already laying plans for their summer vacations. Some may wish to serve as camp counselors. This article furnishes helpful information about the requirements for various positions in camps conducted by national organizations.
Broad Occupational Grouping by Intelligence Levels*
Authors: LORGE IRVING , BLAU RAPHAEL D.
Published: December 2011

“How much intelligence is required to pursue the various occupations?” is a question of universal interest. This article assembles the facts as set forth by two previous investigators and restates their findings in terms of the Classification followed by the “Dictionary of Occupational Titles.” The high correlation found between the findings of independent investigators should encourage further work on this vital question … Messrs. Lorge and Blau will publish further data on this general problem in an early issue of the Magazine.
Do Vocational Interest Questionnaires Yield Consistent Results?
Authors: GORDON HANS C. , HERKNESS WALTER W.
Published: December 2011

Fifty Philadelphia high school boys filled out seven different vocational interest inventories. The interest patterns were analyzed for consistency and the results reported here. This is another article in our series on interest inventories offered as an aid to our readers in evaluating such material.
The White Collar Fallacy
Authors: SMITH C. CURRIEN
Published: December 2011

The prevailing practice of youth to set a white collar job as an occupational goal is deplored by this writer who argues that other types of work offer just as great opportunity for financial success, social service, and personal happiness.
New Features of the 1940 Census1
Authors: CASPER BARRY
Published: December 2011

New features in the 1940 Census are particularly helpful to vocational counselors. It provides for the first time a systematic presentation of wages or salary earnings during an entire year for most of the standard occupations. Additional data aid in evaluating the employment opportunities in various occupations. Other new features are discussed in this paper which was given at the annual Convention.
Surveying the Nation's Specialists
Authors: DREESE MITCHELL
Published: December 2011

To find the professionally trained persons vitally needed in the war, a survey is being made through the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel. This article describes the survey and lists the fields in which immediate acute shortages exist. Many of our readers are personally interested in this list inasmuch as all members of The National Vocational Guidance Association received qualification blanks to be filled in and filed under the category of personnel specialist.
War Impacts and Post‐War Readjustments*
Authors: WELCH EMMETT H.
Published: December 2011

The war is affecting occupational trends in many ways. First, it is causing an extensive industrial, occupational, and geographical shifting in the patterns of labor demand and employment opportunities. The workers that will be in greatest demand during the coming year are aeronautical engineers, naval architects, marine engineers, chemists, chemical engineers, metallurgists, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, industrial engineers, production managers, physicists, personnel managers, employment managers, machinists, welders, sheet metal workers, ship fitters, lathe operators, tool makers, milling machine operators, riveters, and airplane assemblers.

The war is also causing extensive changes in occupational content through job dilution and the break‐up of skills. Workers are being trained in six months for segments of skills that normally require several years to acquire. The average per capita skill content for the labor force as a whole is increasing and workers are competing at higher levels of skills. While they cannot be classed as fully trained or skilled at occupations to which they are up‐graded, they are, nevertheless, moving up the skill ladder.
Occupational Therapy as a Vocation
Authors: WILLARD HELEN S.
Published: December 2011

The advent of the war brings to the front the vocation of occupational therapy. In January, 1939, we published an article in this field, but advances since that time have necessitated a revision which the previous author made at our request.
Dissatisfaction with Life Work among Adult Workers1
Authors: PATERSON DONALD G. , STONE C. HAROLD
Published: December 2011

The need for more realistic occupational planning is stressed in this article on job satisfaction, based on data gathered in the St. Paul Study of Employment, Unemployment, and Relief. Experienced counselors will recognize the universal tendency of both youth and adults to “hitch their wagons to a star” in planning their life work.
Occupations in the Bible
Authors: DUCKAT WALTER
Published: December 2011

Counselors who like to emphasize the antiquity of occupations will be particularly interested in this article which shows, with proof from the Bible, that many of our common occupations existed several thousand years ago. The imaginative reader can glean many other lessons from this compilation which was made by one who is a student of the Scriptures as well as a trained vocational counselor.
Classification of Items in Interest Inventories
Authors: BREWER JOHN M.
Published: December 2011

Most readers will agree with the author oj this article that instruments Jor appraisal oj interests now on the market need a thoroughgoing evaluation. Perbabs the abbraisal made here will suggest specific inquiries which statistically‐minded readers might like to prosecute furtber
Army Classification in Post‐War Vocational Guidance
Authors: SIEGEL HAROLD
Published: December 2011

[The following observations on the utilization of the Classification Test used in the Army come to us through the courtesy of Private Siegel who secured clearance through military channels.—Ed.]
Guidance Students Get Guidance1
Authors: WARREN SOL L.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the method employed and the results obtained from a follow‐up study of New York University alumni who received degrees in the Department of Guidance and Personnel Administration of the School of Education. The study was conducted as a term project, the entire class participating. It is hoped that the material presented will prove useful to students interested in entering upon or progressing in one of the areas of this field of work, as well as to those whose responsibility it is to advise such students.—The Author.
Theoretical study and rate constants calculation for the reactions X + CF3CH2OCF3 (X = F, Cl, Br)
Authors: Zhang Hui , Liu Yang , Liu Jing‐Yao , Li Ze‐Sheng
Published: December 2011

The multiple‐channel reactions X + CF3CH2OCF3 (X = F, Cl, Br) are theoretically investigated. The minimum energy paths (MEP) are calculated at the MP2/6‐31+G(d,p) level, and energetic information is further refined by the MC‐QCISD (single‐point) method. The rate constants for major reaction channels are calculated by canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with small‐curvature tunneling (SCT) correction over the temperature range 200–2000 K. The theoretical three‐parameter expressions for the three channels k1a(T) = 1.24 × 10−15T1.24exp(−304.81/T), k2a(T) = 7.27 × 10−15T0.37exp(−630.69/T), and k3a(T) = 2.84 × 10−19T2.51 exp(−2725.17/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 are given. Our calculations indicate that hydrogen abstraction channel is only feasible channel due to the smaller barrier height among five channels considered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Annexin A1: Novel roles in skeletal muscle biology
Authors: Bizzarro Valentina , Petrella Antonello , Parente Luca
Published: December 2011

Annexin A1 (ANXA1, lipocortin‐1) is the first characterized member of the annexin superfamily of proteins, so called since their main property is to bind (i.e., to annex) to cellular membranes in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. ANXA1 has been involved in a broad range of molecular and cellular processes, including anti‐inflammatory signalling, kinase activities in signal transduction, maintenance of cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix integrity, tissue growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. New insights show that endogenous ANXA1 positively modulates myoblast cell differentiation by promoting migration of satellite cells and, consequently, skeletal muscle differentiation. This suggests that ANXA1 may contribute to the regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue and may have therapeutic implications with respect to the development of ANXA1 mimetics. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3007–3015, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biochemical and proteomic characterization of alkaptonuric chondrocytes
Authors: Braconi Daniela , Bernardini Giulia , Bianchini Claretta , Laschi Marcella , Millucci Lia , Amato Loredana , Tinti Laura , Serchi Tommaso , Chellini Federico , Spreafico Adriano , Santucci Annalisa
Published: December 2011

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare genetic disease associated with the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and its oxidized/polymerized products which leads to the deposition of melanin‐like pigments (ochronosis) in connective tissues. Although numerous case reports have described ochronosis in joints, little is known on the molecular mechanisms leading to such a phenomenon. For this reason, we characterized biochemically chondrocytes isolated from the ochronotic cartilage of AKU patients. Based on the macroscopic appearance of the ochronotic cartilage, two sub‐populations were identified: cells coming from the black portion of the cartilage were referred to as “black” AKU chondrocytes, while those coming from the white portion were referred to as “white” AKU chondrocytes. Notably, both AKU chondrocytic types were characterized by increased apoptosis, NO release, and levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed that intracellular ochronotic pigment deposition was common to both “white” and “black” AKU cells. We then undertook a proteomic and redox‐proteomic analysis of AKU chondrocytes which revealed profound alterations in the levels of proteins involved in cell defence, protein folding, and cell organization. An increased post‐translational oxidation of proteins, which also involved high molecular weight protein aggregates, was found to be particularly relevant in “black” AKU chondrocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3333–3343, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oldenlandia diffusa extracts exert antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on human breast cancer cells through ERα/Sp1‐mediated p53 activation
Authors: Gu Guowei , Barone Ines , Gelsomino Luca , Giordano Cinzia , Bonofiglio Daniela , Statti Giancarlo , Menichini Francesco , Catalano Stefania , Andò Sebastiano
Published: December 2011

Breast cancer is the most frequent tumor and a major cause of death among women. Estrogens play a crucial role in breast tumor growth, which is the rationale for the use of hormonal antiestrogen therapies. Unfortunately, not all therapeutic modalities are efficacious and it is imperative to develop new effective antitumoral drugs. Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) is a well‐known medicinal plant used to prevent and treat many disorders, especially cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of OD extracts on breast cancer cell proliferation. We observed that OD extracts strongly inhibited anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent cell growth and induced apoptosis in estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)‐positive breast cancer cells, whereas proliferation and apoptotic responses of MCF‐10A normal breast epithelial cells were unaffected. Mechanistically, OD extracts enhance the tumor suppressor p53 expression as a result of an increased binding of ERα/Sp1 complex to the p53 promoter region. Finally, we isolated ursolic and oleanolic acids as the bioactive compounds able to upregulate p53 expression and inhibit breast cancer cell growth. These acids were greatly effective in reducing tamoxifen‐resistant growth of a derivative MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line resistant to the antiestrogen treatment. Our results evidence how OD, and its bioactive compounds, exert antiproliferative and apoptotic effects selectively in ERα‐positive breast cancer cells, highlighting the potential use of these herbal extracts as breast cancer preventive and/or therapeutic agents. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3363–3372, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wnt3a stimulates Mepe, Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, expression directly by the activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and indirectly through the stimulation of autocrine Bmp‐2 expression
Authors: Cho Young‐Dan , Kim Woo‐Jin , Yoon Won‐Joon , Woo Kyung‐Mi , Baek Jeong‐Hwa , Lee Gene , Kim Gwan‐Shik , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo
Published: December 2011

Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is a specific marker of mineralizing osteoblasts and osteocytes. Canonical BMP and Wnt signaling pathways are two of the strongest paracrine signals stimulating osteogenesis. Our previous results indicated that Mepe expression is stimulated by the BMP‐2‐signaling pathway. The specific aim of this study addressed whether Mepe expression is also controlled by Wnt signaling, and whether there is a cross‐regulation between two major osteogenic signaling pathways. Treatment with Wnt3a, a canonical Wnt signaling stimulator, strongly enhanced Mepe mRNA expression. Knock‐down of β‐catenin with siRNA completely reversed Wnt3a‐stimulated Mepe expression. The Mepe mRNA expression level was increased by overexpression of β‐catenin and Lef‐1, even in the absence of Wnt3a. Highly conserved Lef‐1 response elements were identified in the mouse Mepe promoter. The direct binding of Lef‐1 to these elements is critical for Mepe expression, indicating that Mepe is a direct target of canonical Wnt signaling. Meanwhile, we also found that Wnt3a treatment strongly stimulated Bmp‐2 expression, and that the subsequent increase in Bmp‐2 protein was determined in Wnt3a‐treated conditioned medium (CM). Treatment of MC3T3‐E1 cells with CM stimulated phosphorylation of the Smad1/5 proteins and their downstream Dlx5 mRNA expression. The CM‐mediated increases of phospho‐Smad and Dlx5 expression were not blocked completely by a Wnt3a antagonist, Dkk‐1, but were almost completely suppressed by the addition of a Bmp‐2 antagonist, Noggin. Collectively, Wnt3a stimulates Mepe transcription directly by a canonical Wnt signaling pathway through β‐catenin and Lef‐1 and indirectly through the activation of a Bmp‐2 autocrine loop. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2287–2296, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of 17β‐estradiol and flavonoids on the regulation of expression of newly identified oestrogen responsive genes in a rat raphe nuclei‐derived cell line
Authors: Amer Dena A.M. , Jähne Maria , Weigt Carmen , Kretzschmar Georg , Vollmer Günter
Published: December 2011

Due to the health risks attributed to perimenopausal hormone therapy, phytoestrogens such as flavonoids are receiving widespread attention to help alleviate menopausal symptoms, including hormone‐driven mood disorders. Based on our previous reporter gene study regarding their transactivational activity in raphe nuclei cells from a brain region involved in regulation of mood disturbances, we herein study their effects on the regulation of expression of 17β‐estradiol (E2)‐regulated genes. DNA microarray was used to globally assess E2‐induced gene expression in RNDA cells, a rat raphe nuclei‐derived cellular model expressing oestrogen receptor β. Out of 212 regulated genes, six were selected for verification and as endpoints for the effect of flavonoids on the regulation of mRNA expression in proliferating as well as differentiating RNDA cells. Under proliferative conditions, E2 up‐regulated mRNA expression of Cml‐5, Sox‐18 and Krt‐19. Similar effects were observed in response to 8‐prenylnaringenin (8‐PN), genistein (GEN), daidzein (DAI) and equol (EQ). In line with E2, mRNA expression of Nefm and Zdhhc‐2 was down‐regulated following 8‐PN, GEN, DAI, EQ and naringenin treatment. No regulation was observed on Slc6a4 mRNA expression in response to E2 or the flavonoids in proliferating RNDA cells. When cells were shifted to conditions promoting differentiation, changes in cell morphology, in mRNA expression levels and in responsiveness towards E2 and the tested flavonoids were noticed. These expression studies additionally highlighted some of the genes as markers for RNDA cellular differentiation. RNDA cells should prove useful to elucidate molecular and cellular mechanisms of exogenous oestrogen receptor ligands with neural cell populations. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3434–3445, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting Runx2 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes impairs endochondral ossification during early skeletal development
Authors: Ding Ming , Lu Yaojuan , Abbassi Sam , Li Feifei , Li Xin , Song Yu , Geoffroy Valérie , Im Hee‐Jeong , Zheng Qiping
Published: December 2011

Runx2 is a known master transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation, as well as an essential regulator for chondrocyte maturation. Recently, more and more data has shown that Runx2 regulates hypertrophic chondrocyte‐specific type X collagen gene (Col10a1) expression in different species. However, how Runx2 regulation of Col10a1 expression impacts chondrocyte maturation, an essential step of endochondral bone formation, remains unknown. We have recently generated transgenic mice in which Flag‐tagged Runx2 was driven by a cell‐specific Col10a1 control element. Significantly increased level of Runx2 and Col10a1 mRNA transcripts were detected in transgenic mouse limbs at both E17.5 (embryonic day 17.5) and P1 (post‐natal day1) stages, suggesting an in vivo correlation of Runx2 and Col10a1 expression. Surprisingly, skeletal staining suggested delayed ossification in both the axial and the appendicular skeleton of transgenic mice from E14.5 until P6. Histological analysis showed elongated hypertrophic zones in transgenic mice, with less von Kossa and TUNEL staining in long bone sections at both E17.5 and P1 stages, suggesting defective mineralization due to delayed chondrocyte maturation or apoptosis. Indeed, we detected increased level of anti‐apoptotic genes B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma 2, Osteopontin, and Sox9 in transgenic mice by real‐time RT‐PCR. Moreover, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting analysis also suggested increased Sox9 expression in hypertrophic chondrocytes of transgenic mice. Together, our data suggest that targeting Runx2 in hypertrophic chondrocytes upregulates expression of Col10a1 and other marker genes (such as Sox9). This will change the local matrix environment, delay chondrocyte maturation, reduce apoptosis and matrix mineralization, and eventually, lead to impaired endochondral ossification. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3446–3456, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface morphology of Diplodon expansus (Küster, 1856; Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hyriidae) gill filaments after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine herbicide
Authors: Nogarol Larissa Rosa , Brossi‐Garcia Ana Luiza , Fontanetti Carmem Silvia
Published: December 2011

Brazilian endemic species Diplodon expansus (Küster, 1856) is found in freshwater bodies in the country's southeast, in large anthropogenic influence regions especially with an extensive agriculture emphasis. One of the main pesticides used in the species occurrence region is the atrazine herbicide, which has a great contamination potential in the aquatic environment. Therefore, several studies into its toxicity in aquatic systems have been developed. However, the tested concentrations are usually very high and rarely found in the environment and the short‐term exposure responses in other aquatic organisms such as native bivalves are still scarce. Thus, this study sought to consider the potential effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of atrazine herbicide on the surface morphology of gill filaments of the bivalve D. expansus under laboratory‐controlled conditions after short‐term exposure. None of the animals died before the end of the experiment. The main alterations were observed on the frontal surface of filaments, which include mucus accumulation, cilia loss, and disruption. Mucus increased secretion and accumulation in the frontal filaments region preceded as a protective mechanism. Cilia loss and disruption on the frontal surface of the gill filament indicated that ciliated frontal cells were more sensitive to atrazine exposure and these alterations may cause gills functional damages, compromising the uptake of food particles and respiration. Therefore, higher sublethal concentrations of atrazine may compromise the survival and consequently the population of D. expansus in agriculture areas after a longer period of continuous exposure. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:807–813, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of isothermal titration calorimetry in pure and applied research—survey of the literature from 2010
Authors: Ghai Rajesh , Falconer Robert J. , Collins Brett M.
Published: December 2011

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a biophysical technique for measuring the formation and dissociation of molecular complexes and has become an invaluable tool in many branches of science from cell biology to food chemistry. By measuring the heat absorbed or released during bond formation, ITC provides accurate, rapid, and label‐free measurement of the thermodynamics of molecular interactions. In this review, we survey the recent literature reporting the use of ITC and have highlighted a number of interesting studies that provide a flavour of the diverse systems to which ITC can be applied. These include measurements of protein‐protein and protein‐membrane interactions required for macromolecular assembly, analysis of enzyme kinetics, experimental validation of molecular dynamics simulations, and even in manufacturing applications such as food science. Some highlights include studies of the biological complex formed by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C3 and the murine T‐cell receptor, the mechanism of membrane association of the Parkinson's disease‐associated protein α‐synuclein, and the role of non‐specific tannin‐protein interactions in the quality of different beverages. Recent developments in automation are overcoming limitations on throughput imposed by previous manual procedures and promise to greatly extend usefulness of ITC in the future. We also attempt to impart some practical advice for getting the most out of ITC data for those researchers less familiar with the method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ERK5 regulates invasiveness of osteosarcoma by inducing MMP‐9
Authors: Kim Sang‐Min , Lee Hyewon , Park Youn‐Soo , Lee Youbin , Seo Sung Wook
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of ERK5 in cellular invasion of osteosarcoma (OS). The human OS cell line (MG63, SaOS, and U2OS) and primary OS cells were used for the study. The expression of ERK5 and MMP‐9 in each cell was examined by western blot or RT‐PCR. To evaluate the biological role of ERK5, proliferation assay (MTT) and invasion assay (BD Matrigel™) were performed after silencing ERK5 using siRNA. MMPs expressions were analyzed using RT‐PCR and zymography after silencing ERK5. ERK5 was distinctly overexpressed in U2OS and primary OS cell. Both of them also expressed MMP‐9, which was not shown in MG63 and SaOS in RT‐PCR. ERK5 silencing did not suppress the proliferation of OS cells. However, ERK5 silencing significantly reduced the number of invading cells in invasion assay. The expression of MMP‐9 was specifically reduced after silencing ERK5. The zymography showed that the enzyme activity of MMP‐9 was also reduced after ERK5 suppression. The expression of ERK5 regulates the invasion of OS cells by inducing MMP‐9 expression. Therefore, ERK5 may be a new therapeutic target in invasive OS expressing MMP‐9. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1040–1044, 2012
Residents' Attitudes Toward Rural Tourism in Taiwan: a Comparative Viewpoint
Authors: Chuang Shu‐Tzu
Published: December 2011

In this study, we first conclude two main patterns – community‐based rural tourism and theme farm – of rural tourism in Taiwan, then investigate and compare the impacts of rural tourism perceived by the residents, the frequency and quality of tourists‐residents interaction, and residents' attitudes toward rural tourism of the two chosen areas. Moreover, we discuss and conclude the differences of two patterns in terms of economic, socio‐cultural, and environmental impacts. As a whole, the development of rural tourism gains highly supports in both areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘How's the Service?’ A Study of Service Quality Perceptions across Sectors and Source Markets
Authors: Ayeh Julian K. , Chen Rose Xiaying
Published: December 2011

This study assessed the performance of the hotel, retail and travel agency sectors in Hong Kong. The importance–performance analysis (IPA) model and various statistical techniques were employed to examine visitors’ cognition of the importance and performance of pertinent service quality attributes and to better understand the factors that may influence their overall satisfaction across different sectors and source markets. Whereas the multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance tests suggest no significant differences in service quality perceptions across the three sectors, the IPA revealed that these sectors differ qualitatively in terms of which service quality attributes are most critical. The findings further suggest a negative relationship between cultural distance and satisfaction with Asian tourists being less satisfied than their non‐Asian counterparts. The results hold important managerial implications for resource allocation and service quality improvement in specific areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critique of density estimation from camera‐trap data
Authors: Foster Rebecca J. , Harmsen Bart J.
Published: December 2011

Densities of elusive terrestrial mammals are commonly estimated from camera‐trap data. Typically, this is a 2‐step process involving 1) fitting conventional closed population capture–recapture models to estimate abundance, and 2) using ad hoc methods to determine the effective trapping area. The methodology needs to be accurate, robust, and reliable when results are used to guide wildlife management. We critically review 47 published studies and discuss the problems associated with contemporary population estimates of elusive species from camera‐trap data. In particular we discuss 1) individual identification, 2) sample size and capture probability, 3) camera location and spacing, 4) the size of the study area, and 5) ad hoc density estimation from the calculation of an effective trapping area. We also discuss the recently developed spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) models as an alternative approach that does not require the intermediate step of estimating an effective trapping area. We recommend 1) greater transparency in study design and quality of the data, 2) greater rigor when reviewing manuscripts, and 3) that more attention is given to the survey design to ensure data are of sufficient quality for analysis. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Research priorities for wind energy and migratory wildlife
Authors: Piorkowski Martin D. , Farnsworth Andrew J. , Fry Michael , Rohrbaugh Ronald W. , Fitzpatrick John W. , Rosenberg Kenneth V.
Published: December 2011

With upcoming global wind‐energy build‐out estimated in millions of units, cumulative environmental impacts must be considered and understood to promote responsible expansion of this renewable energy source. In June 2009, 30 wildlife scientists convened in Racine, Wisconsin, USA to identify key research priorities concerning wind energy's potential impacts on migratory wildlife (birds and bats). This working group suggested 4 areas where improved science is most needed to evaluate the impacts of wind‐energy development on migrating animals more accurately than can be accomplished today: 1) standardized protocols and definitions; 2) new methods and models for assessing and forecasting risk; 3) documenting lethal and sub‐lethal effects at existing wind facilities; and 4) improved facility‐site access, data access, and data management for researchers. Focused research based on these priorities will both quantify potential risks associated with wind‐energy development and help derive science‐based, peer‐reviewed, best‐management practices for existing and future wind projects. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Social composition of destination territories and matrix habitat affect red‐cockaded woodpecker dispersal
Authors: Kesler Dylan C. , Walters Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2011

We studied the influence of matrix habitats and destination territory social composition on dispersal choices made by red‐cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis). We compared matrix habitats and social conditions for 165 dispersals documented between 1995 and 2005 with similarly distanced destinations that went unselected. We modeled data with discrete choice analysis methods, and ranked models using a model selection approach. Model‐averaged parameters indicated that juvenile female, and juvenile and helper male red‐cockaded woodpeckers dispersed across matrix forests with characteristics similar to those used for breeding. Models differed for sex and social classes, but results generally indicated that birds chose not to transit forests with greater densities of hardwood trees and young pines, and that dispersal was more likely to occur across forests with more large diameter pine trees. Dispersers of both sexes also chose destinations without non‐breeding helpers that might present aggressive social challenges to dispersers, particularly males. Juvenile females and helper males also preferred to disperse to territories that were currently occupied by breeding woodpeckers. Previous studies documented the influence on dispersal of travel distance, natal area social interactions and resources, and resources at dispersal destinations. Our results extend factors that affect dispersal movement to include matrix habitats traversed by dispersers and the social composition of destination territories. As such, results have key implications for promoting population connectivity and conservation management of endangered red‐cockaded woodpeckers, as well as other resident territorial birds. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
The Fischer decomposition for Hodge‐de Rham systems in Euclidean spaces
Authors: Souček Vladimír , Delanghe Richard , Lávička Roman
Published: December 2011

The classical Fischer decomposition of spinor‐valued polynomials is a key result on solutions of the Dirac equation in the Euclidean space . As is well‐known, it can be understood as an irreducible decomposition with respect to the so‐called L‐action of the Pin group Pin(m). But, in Clifford algebra valued polynomials, we can consider also the H‐action of Pin(m). In this paper, the corresponding Fischer decomposition for the H‐action is obtained. It turns out that, in this case, basic building blocks are the spaces of homogeneous solutions to the Hodge‐de Rham system. Moreover, it is shown that the Fischer decomposition for the H‐action can be viewed even as a refinement of the classical one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary integral method for scattering problems with cracks buried in a piecewise homogeneous medium
Authors: Yan Guozheng , Ye Jianguo
Published: December 2011

We consider the scattering of time‐harmonic acoustic plane waves by a crack buried in a piecewise homogeneous medium. The integral representation for a solution is obtained in the form of potentials by using Green's formula. The density in potentials satisfies the uniquely solvable Fredholm integral equation. Then we obtain the existence and uniqueness of the solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilized Oseen iterative finite element method for stationary conduction–convection equations
Authors: Huang Pengzhan , Zhang Tong , Si Zhiyong
Published: December 2011

A stabilized Oseen iterative finite element method for the stationary conduction–convection equations is investigated in this paper. The stability and iterative error estimates are analyzed, which show that the presented method is stable and has good precision. Numerical results are shown to support the developed theory analysis and demonstrate the efficiency of the given method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution to system of partial fractional differential equations using the fractional exponential operators
Authors: Ansari A. , Refahi Sheikhani A. , Saberi Najafi H.
Published: December 2011

In this article, fractional exponential operator is considered as a general approach for solving partial fractional differential equations. An integral representation for this operator is derived from the Bromwich integral for the inverse Mellin transform. Also, effectiveness of this operator for obtaining the formal solution of system of diffusion equations is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of three solutions for a Neumann problem involving the p(x)‐Laplace operator
Authors: Yin Honghui
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we study the existence of three solutions to a Neumann problem with nonstandard growth conditions. The technical approach is mainly based on three critical points theorem due to Ricceri. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remarks on regularity criteria for axially symmetric weak solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Kubica Adam , Pokorný Milan , Zajączkowski Wojciech
Published: December 2011

We examine the conditional regularity of the solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations in the entire three‐dimensional space under the assumption that the data are axially symmetric. We show that if a radial or angular component of velocity satisfies a weighted Serrin condition, then the solution is regular. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arginine methylation of RNA‐binding proteins regulates cell function and differentiation
Authors: Blackwell Ernest , Ceman Stephanie
Published: December 2011

Arginine methylation is a post‐translational modification that regulates protein function. RNA‐binding proteins are an important class of cell‐function mediators, some of which are methylated on arginine. Early studies of RNA‐binding proteins and arginine methylation are briefly introduced, and the enzymes that mediate this post‐translational modification are described. We review the most common RNA‐binding domains and briefly discuss how they associate with RNAs. We address the following groups of RNA‐binding proteins: hnRNP, Sm, Piwi, Vasa, FMRP, and HuD. hnRNPs were the first RNA‐binding proteins found to be methylated on arginine. The Sm proteins function in RNA processing and germ cell specification. The Piwi proteins are largely germ cell specific and are also required for germ cell production, as is Vasa. FMRP participates in germ cell formation in Drosophila, but is more widely known for its neuronal function. Similarly, HuD plays a role in nervous system development and function. We review the effects of arginine methylation on the function of each protein, then conclude by addressing remaining questions and future directions of arginine methylation as an important and emerging area of regulation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 163–175, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of in vivo 13C MR brain glycogen quantification at 9.4 and 14.1 T
Authors: van Heeswijk Ruud B. , Pilloud Yves , Morgenthaler Florence D. , Gruetter Rolf
Published: December 2011

The high molecular weight and low concentration of brain glycogen render its noninvasive quantification challenging. Therefore, the precision increase of the quantification by localized 13C MR at 9.4 to 14.1 T was investigated. Signal‐to‐noise ratio increased by 66%, slightly offset by a T1 increase of 332 ± 15 to 521 ± 34 ms. Isotopic enrichment after long‐term 13C administration was comparable (∼40%) as was the nominal linewidth of glycogen C1 (∼50 Hz). Among the factors that contributed to the 66% observed increase in signal‐to‐noise ratio, the T1 relaxation time impacted the effective signal‐to‐noise ratio by only 10% at a repetition time = 1 s. The signal‐to‐noise ratio increase together with the larger spectral dispersion at 14.1 T resulted in a better defined baseline, which allowed for more accurate fitting. Quantified glycogen concentrations were 5.8 ± 0.9 mM at 9.4 T and 6.0 ± 0.4 mM at 14.1 T; the decreased standard deviation demonstrates the compounded effect of increased magnetization and improved baseline on the precision of glycogen quantification. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of unsaturated polyester composites reinforced by aspen high‐yield pulp fibers
Authors: Du Yicheng , Yan Ning , Kortschot Mark T.
Published: December 2011

Aspen chemithermomechanical pulp fiber‐reinforced unsaturated polyester (UPE) composites were fabricated using premade paper handsheets. The effects of handsheet wet‐pressing pressure, grammage, and subsequent fabrication methods on the composite properties were evaluated. The composites obtained using the optimum process parameters had tensile moduli and tensile strengths comparable with those of traditional glass fiber‐reinforced UPE composites. The pressed composites had very consistent tensile moduli that were well fitted by the Halpin–Tsai and Tsai–Pagano models. The classical Kelly‐Tyson and Bowyer‐Bader models significantly underestimated the composite tensile strengths and the potential reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of dynamical converging channels on fiber organization and damage during vane extrusion of sisal fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Jin‐Ping Qu , Li‐Ming Liu , Bin Tan , Shu‐Rong Liu , Hua‐Xin Chen , Yan‐Hong Feng
Published: December 2011

It is well known that converging channel can generate elongational deformation field. In this study, novel dynamical converging channels were successfully incorporated into plant fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics composites processing. A dynamical elongational deformation field (DEDF) generated by these channels was studied. The fiber organization and damage in the DEDF has been investigated in terms of its relationship to changes in rotating speed of the channels. A vane extruder based on these channels was used to prepare sisal fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites. By investigating rapidly cooled samples in the vane extruder, sisal fiber in the center part of these channels has an orientation with an angle to the discharging direction. Rotating speed increases from 30 to 90 r/min result in 30.99–42.7% decreases in average fiber length. The issues of fiber distribution and voids formation have been related to the mechanical properties of the composites, particularly tensile strength and modulus. Increased rotating speeds from 30 to 90 r/min results in tensile strength and modulus increases of about 21.3% and 11.6%, respectively. The majority of this change is caused by decreased voids formation with the increases of speed, which is in agreement with scanning electron microscopy of the composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of nanoclay on the thermal, mechanical, and crystallization behavior of nanofiber webs of nylon‐6
Authors: Saeed Khalid , Park Soo Young
Published: December 2011

Nylon‐6 and nanoclay/nylon‐6 composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning technique, in which formic acid was used as a solvent for good solubility of nylon‐6. The diameter of nylon‐6 and nanoclay/nylon‐6 nanofibers was below 350 nm and had smooth surfaces. The DSC heating curves of nylon‐6 and composites nanofibers show two endotherm behaviors, Tm1 (about 214°C) and Tm2 (about 220°C), corresponding to the melting events of γ‐form and α‐form crystals, respectively. The WAXs study showed that the γ‐crystalline phase predominantly present in both nylon‐6 and nanoclay/nylon‐6 nanofibers. The mechanical properties of the nanoclay/nylon‐6 composite nanofibers were higher than neat nylon‐6 electrospun nanofibers, which was decreased as the quantity of the clay increased. It might be due to the aggregation of nanoclay at high concentration. The thermal properties of the composite nanofibers were higher than neat nylon‐6 nanofibers. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of Rubber Addition to an Epoxy Resin and Its Fiber Glass‐Reinforced Composite
Authors: Sobrinho L.L. , Calado V.M.A. , Bastian F.L.
Published: December 2011

Epoxy resins are considered as one of the most important class of thermosetting polymers and find extensive use in various fields. However, these materials are characterized by a relatively low toughness. In this respect, many efforts have been made to improve the toughness of cured epoxy resins. In this work, samples of epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A and fiber glass‐reinforced composite of this polymer with and without liquid carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (CTBN) copolymer were prepared to assess the effect of CTBN rubber on the properties of polymeric and composite laminate specimens. The addition of CTBN into the polymeric specimens led to a decrease in the glass transition temperature, fracture stress (from 70.39 to 56.34 MPa), and tensile elasticity modulus (from about 3.51 to 2.65 GPa), accompanied by an increase in elongation (from 2.47 to 5.64%). However, the degradation temperature of the polymeric system was not modified. Infrared analysis evidenced the occurrence of chemical reaction between the two components, and scanning electron microscopy results suggested rubber particles deformation as the prevailing toughening mechanism. The rubber addition in the composite specimens, promoted an increase simultaneous in fracture stress and in elongation at fracture. The elasticity tensile modulus has not changed. This probably results from the increased deformation capacity of the matrix, which prevents its premature cracking, and better adhesion between fibers and matrix observed in the CTBN‐modified composite laminates. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesize procedures, mechanical and electrical properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite thin films containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Zhang Qin , Adebisi Rasheed , Gladden Joseph
Published: December 2011

A procedure is proposed to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite thin films with improved mechanical and dielectric properties compared to the pure PVDF films. The PVDF/MWCNT mixture with a composition range from 0.0 to 5.0% MWCNTs by weight was formed using solution blending and the ultrasonic dispersion method and then spin coated on a rotating glass substrate to produce films nearly 20 μ thick. Results indicate that the appropriate addition of MWCNTs (up to 3.0 wt%) to PVDF can significantly increase its elastic modulus while decrease its fracture toughness. The elastic modulus shows softening at a 5.0 wt% MWCNT loading. The DC and AC conductivity of the composite films were also examined with various MWCNTs concentrations. The dielectric constants were found more than doubled for 0.5 wt% MWCNTs composite compared to the values for the pure PVDF. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Control of the interfacial properties of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/magnesium hybrid composites through use of atmospheric plasma treatment
Authors: Vargas‐Gonzalez Lionel R. , Walsh Shawn M. , Pappas Daphne D.
Published: December 2011

This work aims to explore the use of lightweight magnesium alloys as an advanced composite material in conjunction with lightweight thermoplastic materials, such as ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). High throughput, environmentally friendly, atmospheric plasma treatment methods were used to control the interfacial properties and improve the adhesion behavior of metallic/UHMWPE composites. Helium‐oxygen dielectric barrier discharges were used, and the plasma‐activated UHMWPE surfaces were characterized through analytical and mechanical characterization methods. Oxygen content on the treated polymer surfaces increased 18.1–36.0%. A reduction in silicon content combined with characterization through microscopy reveal a preference for the attack of the matrix over the polyethylene fibers. Wetting angles for the treated samples decreased as much as 53.7%. Treated UHMWPE/Mg hybrid samples exhibited lap shear strengths up to 113.7% greater than the control. Both the plasma‐induced surface functionalization with oxygen‐containing polar groups (carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups) and the preferential mild etching of the polymer matrix over the fibers lead to the improvement in adhesion. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
The influence of nanosilica on styrene free radical polymerization kinetics
Authors: Bera Oskar , Pavličević Jelena , Jovičić Mirjana , Stoiljković Dragoslav , Pilić Branka , Radičević Radmila
Published: December 2011

A series of nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of styrene with different silica content (1, 3, and 5 wt%) with an average particle size of 7 nm. The influence of nanosilica content on the kinetics of styrene free radical bulk polymerization was studied by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different temperatures (70, 80, and 90°C). Using appropriate kinetic model, describing two reactions observed during styrene polymerization (the first‐order reaction and autoacceleration), it was found that silica presence does not affect the apparent activation energies of both processes. The adsorption of styrene on the silica surface caused the formation of interfacial layer in the structure of hybrid materials. Using suggested equation, the thickness of the interfacial layer was determined to investigate its influence on the glass transition temperature of polystyrene (Tg), which was found not to be affected by silica addition. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nanohybrids based on polymeric ionic liquid prepared from functionalized MWCNTs by modification of anionically synthesized poly(4‐vinylpyridine)
Authors: Katsigiannopoulos Dimitrios , Grana Eftychia , Avgeropoulos Apostolos , Carrasco Pedro M. , Garcia Ignacio , Odriozola Ibon , Diamanti Evmorfia , Gournis Dimitrios
Published: December 2011

We report the synthesis of a composite material comprised of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) grafted on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the preparation of a nanohybrid via quaternization of the nitrogen atom per monomeric unit of the polymer chains. 4‐Vinylpyridine was polymerized anionically using high vacuum techniques and was reacted with MWCNTs under vacuum to be grafted on the polymer segments. The composite material was soluble in common solvents and the dispersion of the carbon nanotubes was improved after quaternization due to the formation of polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) of the MWCNTs‐g‐[P4VP‐r‐poly(4ViEtPy+Br‐)] type. The successful synthesis was confirmed with Fourier‐transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, whereas differential scanning calorimetry was adopted to verify the stability of the polymer's glass transition temperature before and after grafting on the MWCNTs. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis was used for examining the thermal stability and the PIL formation of the composite. Energy dispersive spectroscopy measurements confirm the precipitation of silver bromide when the MWCNTs‐g‐[P4VP‐r‐poly(4ViEtPy+Br‐)] is reacted with silver nitrite indicating the successful quaternization and formation of the appropriate PIL. High temperature size exclusion chromatography was used for the determination of the molecular characteristics (average molecular weight by number
$\overline M _n$, polydispersity I) of the homopolymer obtained from the filtration of the composite material. Finally, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy was used to verify the successful grafting of the polymer to the MWCNTs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012