bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los servicios ambientales y la ética del cuidado del agua en acueductos rurales de los municipios Marmato y Viterbo (Caldas, Colombia)
Authors: Soto Irma , Colala Liliana , Caruso Marcelo
Published: August 2020

Los ecosistemas naturales suministran servicios ambientales y uno de ellos es el agua, necesaria para el bienestar humano. En la actualidad, debido a la escasez del recurso hídrico y a la carencia de su tratamiento para el consumo de la población rural, se evidencia una mayor dinámica en la participación ciudadana a través de acciones comunitarias, como los gestores del recurso hídrico con procesos de organización social a través de las Asociaciones de Usuarios de Acueductos Comunitarios Rurales. En este artículo se estudian los servicios ambientales y la ética del cuidado del agua con el fin de comprender las problemáticas de las asociaciones de usuarios de los acueductos comunitarios rurales de Marmato y Viterbo (Caldas), relacionadas con la capacidad de los líderes de dichas asociaciones para garantizar los mínimos vitales. El abordaje metodológico fue de tipo cualitativo-descriptivo; se aplicó la estrategia de los grupos focales y como instrumentos se utilizaron encuestas, entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación en campo. Se encontró que el reconocimiento y compromiso de las Asociaciones sobre la conservación y cuidado del recurso hídrico es débil, solo realizan la distribución del agua a sus hogares y es poca la protección del abastecimiento, por lo que necesitan fortalecer la capacidad de autogestión institucional, en lo técnico, financiero y organizacional, con los gobiernos locales y las corporaciones autónomas. El estudio concluye que la capacidad de la comunidad, en ambos municipios, para acceder e incidir sobre las instituciones a través de la Asociación, no se evidencia, y el relacionamiento entre la ciudadanía y el Estado es muy asimétrico como relación de poder.
Indicadores de calidad ambiental urbana: Una revisión
Authors: Velazquez-Mar Ana Cristina , Salazar-Solano Vidal
Published: August 2020

La urbanización ha modificado los flujos y procesos económicos y demográficos dentro de las zonas urbanas y el estado de sus recursos naturales. El análisis de estas transformaciones demanda la generación de información relevante de los fenómenos ambientales de la unidad geográfica concentrada en técnicas de medición como los indicadores ambientales simples y sintéticos. La literatura especializada sugiere que una menor escala territorial de medición en estos indicadores es fundamental para alcanzar criterios de eficacia y eficiencia en la toma de decisiones. Este trabajo presenta una revisión del abordaje de indicadores ambientales simples y sintéticos como referentes para la construcción de indicadores de calidad ambiental urbana. Las conclusiones destacan un limitado consenso académico con respecto a los componentes de los indicadores de calidad ambiental urbana considerando la unicidad de las dinámicas y características medioambientales y económicas de las regiones urbanas, no obstante, pueden constituirse como un elemento para lograr mediciones desde la perspectiva de la sustentabilidad fuerte, lo que pone de manifiesto importantes líneas de investigación por desarrollar.
Tejiendo relaciones entre la investigación en Educación Ambiental y comunidades tradicionales: aportes para el pensamiento ambiental Latinoamericano
Authors: Sánchez Laura P. J.
Published: August 2020

Buscando posibles aportes de los estudios con comunidades tradicionales, que han crecido recientemente, en el intento de comprender las relaciones de otras culturas con el ambiente, procurando modos de vida y formas de organización social que puedan tener una relación menos devastadora con su medio, este artículo es una reflexión teórica con base en la investigación de maestría. Dicho estudio configura un estado del arte de tesis de maestría y doctorado en Educación Ambiental de Brasil, tomando como base bancos de datos institucionales de las producciones académicas, así como el propio banco del proyecto del cual la investigación hace parte. Se concluyó que la Educación Ambiental es vista como medio de superación de la crisis socioambiental. En el caso de América Latina, podemos señalar que su riqueza cultural tiene un gran potencial para el desarrollo de investigaciones con este tema, que además de enriquecer el campo, pueden hacer aportes para las denominadas “Epistemologías del Sur”. Así mismo, pueden ayudar a desmitificar estas comunidades, colaborando para comprender mejor sus necesidades políticas, sociales, y consecuentemente, ambientales. Las reflexiones sobre el papel de las universidades en este contexto se hacen necesarias para pensar los procesos de la formación de profesionales en América Latina que hagan frente a las problemáticas socioambientales.
El Enigma de Parménides: un enfoque ecofeminista
Authors: Gómez Luis F.
Published: August 2020

La obra de Augusto Ángel Maya se ha constituido como una de las bases del pensamiento ambiental colombiano. Dentro de esta, la metafísica es una de las causas de la actual crisis ambiental. Por su parte, el ecofeminismo ha postulado que la visión de mundo moderna hegemónica se estructura alrededor de marcos conceptuales, es decir, pares antagónicos y excluyentes, donde uno de sus términos tiene un mayor valor que el otro. La articulación de estas dos propuestas puede ampliar el análisis de las implicaciones de la metafísica en la actual crisis ambiental. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar los marcos conceptuales de la metafísica griega. Para esto, se analizaron algunos textos de Parménides, Platón y Aristóteles desde la teoría de los marcos conceptuales propuesta por el ecofeminismo anglosajón y se compraron los resultados obtenidos con los de Ángel. Se encontró que las teorías de Parménides, Platón y Aristóteles se organizan alrededor de las categorías verdad/opinión, razón/sensación y alma/cuerpo, respectivamente. Éstos corroboran la conclusión de Ángel que Parménides inaugura el camino de la metafísica como un intento de deshacerse del devenir, introduciendo el concepto de ser, pero muestran que esto condujo a dos principios epistemológicos que han marcado la visión de mundo occidental: la búsqueda de un conocimiento universal, deslocalizado e incorpóreo y la lógica de la identidad.
Breve revisión del uso de microalgas para la remoción de contaminantes emergentes en aguas residuales
Authors: Sandoval Juan Andrés , Morales Granados Miguel Alfonso , Rubio Diego
Published: August 2020

Los tratamientos convencionales no remueven de forma eficiente los contaminantes emergentes en aguas residuales. Esto ha motivado la investigación en nuevas tecnologías con microalgas. Este trabajo expone una breve revisión del tema, partiendo de la definición, clasificación y efectos de estas sustancias; los tratamientos con microalgas, los mecanismos y los porcentajes de remoción para algunos contaminantes emergentes. Se busca que la información expuesta acá, sirva de base para futuros trabajos en nuestro país que incorporen microalgas como medio para remover contaminantes emergentes en agua.
Propuesta de estrategias didácticas promotoras para un óptimo aprovechamiento en el aula del estudiantado talentoso en la expresión escrita en el idioma inglés
Authors: Castillo Soto Maria Auxiliadora
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del estudio fue crear una propuesta de estrategias didácticas que promuevan el óptimo aprovechamiento en el aula del estudiantado talentoso. La recolección de datos se realizó por medio de una entrevista a cinco docentes de inglés de Educación Media en Costa Rica. Las respuestas fueron transcritas textualmente y comparadas entre sí para dividirlas en tres diferentes categorías: estrategias para promover el desarrollo del estudiantado talentoso, características de esta población y elementos necesarios para desarrollar una propuesta. En los resultados sobresalieron estrategias como la aceleración, la tecnología y el estudio independiente. Así mismo, características de la excepcionalidad como rapidez, seguridad, responsabilidad, curiosidad, atención, autonomía, motivación y participación. Finalmente, con la información y los datos recolectados se diseñó una propuesta de estrategias didácticas para aplicar dentro del aula. Esto implica atención por parte del cuerpo docente y administrativo. Sin embargo, se alienta su aplicación y se recomienda realizar cambios dependiendo del estudiantado y el contexto.
Social Media in American Public Policy (On the Example of the Social Network Twitter)
Authors: Efanova Elena
Published: August 2020

Introduction. In the age of digitalization of the public space of communication, social media acts as a new channel of interaction between power and society. On the one hand, electronic forms of public communication formulate a political course and influence the political behavior of the electorate, and on the other hand, replace mass communication by a network. Twitter’s technological capabilities, being an electronic form of public communication, are addressed by representatives of the political elite in the USA.

Methods and materials. The work uses network and communicative approaches, methods of situational analysis. The author addresses statistics and Twitter accounts of American politicians.

Analysis. As a result of the computerization and the global spread of the Internet, social media has become an integral part of modern politics. The social network Twitter acts as a new communicative practice in the system of public administration of the USA. For President D. Trump, Twitter is an effective source and platform for presenting his position on domestic and foreign policy issues.

Results. Twitter, being an interactive Internet platform based on the principles of network communication, is part of Twitter diplomacy implemented in the United States. The politicization of Twitter in the United States is targeted and ensures the interaction of the highest authorities and the electorate. Twitters functionality is used in modern American politics to shape the image characteristics of individual politicians and the country as a whole.
Sentence Role in the Historical Discourse of the “Concise Russian Church History” of Metropolitan Platon (Levshin)
Authors: Solntsev Nikolay
Published: August 2020

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of emergence of analytical conclusions in Russian historical science at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on the historiographical analysis of the text of “Concise Russian Church History” of Metropolitan Platon (Levshin) the author makes an attempt to demonstrate that scientific analytics is formed in the historical discourse through authors sentence, the deductive excursus created by the author in the process of making a text and providing the discovery of the pragmatic sense of the narrative. On the basis of the purpose of sentence in general text linguistics, the author makes an assumption that such a sentential generalization finds its way into the historical work of Metropolitan Platon through the orthodox homiletics, making the structure of authors narrative similar in a sense and purpose to a sermon.

Methods. The research is based on the hermeneutic research method supplemented by the comparative historical and linguistic methods of text research. Applying the historiographical methods results in analyzing the sense and purpose of sentences in the text of historical composition of Metropolitan Platon.

Analysis. The article describes a number of coincidences of some sentential generalizations suggested by Metropolitan Platon with sentences included in Karamzins “History of Russian State”. In particular, the researcher remarks the meaning coincidences of authors sentences in evaluating Russian paganism as well as in characterizing Russian society shortly before and after the Mongol-Tatar invasion. He emphasizes some differences in using authors sentences in these texts, analyses the reasons of these differences, finds out a place of sentences in every composition.

Results. Finally, the researcher makes a conclusion that in spite of any differences in using sentential generalizations, in these compositions of Platon and Karamzin they form a summarizing part of their historical discourse as an inherent side of their writing styles in presenting historical material. Such a sentence becomes the first step in the formation of scientific analytics, allowing historians of the early 19th century to rise above information of the source, divide information flows, instill scientific discoursivity to the narrative, give conceptual importance to authors conclusions.
Review of New American Studies on the Civil War (1861–1865) and Reconstruction in the USA (1865–1877) for 2019
Authors: Sokov Ilya
Published: August 2020

Introduction. Studies of American historians on the Civil War and Reconstruction continue to be central issues in the 21st century. There is an increased public demand for these studies. The author of the analytical review of American publications tries to answer the question of what this interest is related to. Methods. The author of the review uses the methodological tools such as the scientific principle of objectivity, the special historicalcomparative method and the systematic approach to answer this question. Analysis. The author points out the main areas of studying new aspects marked by American historians of the mid-19th century. These areas include the issues and interpretations on military, political, everyday, anthropological, social and cultural, and economic history. Besides, new approaches in peer-reviewed monographs for the comprehensive coverage of the study material of this issue are highlighted. Results. The interest of academicians and the American public to studying the historical period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, on the one hand, tells about carrying the deep psycho-civilizational trauma by all subsequent generations of both white and black Americans at this time, and on the other hand, this war debunks the myth of God’s chosen destiny of the American nation to build a “City on a Hill”. Constant refinements, additions, revisions, and reinterpretations of the events and consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction in contemporary American historiography only confirm this conclusion. The publications selected by the reviewer on this issue for 2019 not only introduce new American historical works to Russian Americanists, but also provide an opportunity to expand their own research on this issue.
Reform of the Network of Preschool Institutions in the Soviet Union in the Second Half of the 1950s to the Mid-1980s (On the Materials of the Lower Volga Region)
Authors: Gumenyuk Alexey
Published: August 2020

Introduction. The paper is devoted to analyzing the main lines of modernization of kindergartens and nurseries in the Lower Volga region in the second half of the 1950s to the mid-1980s.

Materials. The article is based on the factual material extracted from the funds of the central and local archives, reporting and paperwork, legislative documents, and statistical collections. Methods. The study is based on a set of methodological techniques, including special methods of historical studies such as the historical-comparative, statistical and quantitative methods.

Analysis. Analyzing a wide array of statistical data allows to make a number of important observations and to conclude that by the mid-1980s the above-mentioned institutions in the region under study had higher quantitative development indicators in comparison with the neighboring oblasts and republics in the Volga economic district, as well as in comparison with the all-Russian and even all-Union levels.

Results. In conclusion, the author infers that by spring 1985, services of nurseries and kindergartens really became more accessible to the residents of the region under study. However, based on the qualitative criteria, we see that the level of their services reached by 1985 could not yet meet the growing needs of the population, especially in the countryside.
The Nunn-Lugar Program and Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine
Authors: Shenin Sergey , Shenin Andrei
Published: August 2020

This article is devoted to studying the process of nuclear disarmament of Ukraine in the framework of the Nunn-Lugar Program in the first half of the 1990s. The reconstruction of this process makes it possible to determine specific features of the Ukrainian disarmament and demonstrate the absence of alternatives for it.

Methods and materials. The paper is based on the latest U.S. declassified documents, regulatory and legal acts, memoirs, etc. The author uses historical and systemic methods to research the stages of the evolution of the nuclear disarmament process in Ukraine and study politicians attitudes towards the Soviet nuclear legacy.

Analysis and results. The study investigates the reasons for joining the efforts of Moscow and Washington in turning Ukraine into a “nuclear-free state”, reveals the Russian and American attitudes towards the problem. Particular attention is paid to contradictions within the Ukrainian political elite that was split into the “pro-nuclear” and “antinuclear” groups. The article also studies the role of President L. Kravchuk in solving the disarmament problem, which was extremely contradictory. Finally, the article analyzes the reasons that allow to change the balance of political forces in Ukraine in favor of the “anti-nuclear” group, which enabled president Kravchuk to reaffirm his international obligations and initiate the nuclear disarmament process. In general, the article shows that the preservation of nuclear weapons by Ukraine was impossible due to a number of financial, technological, and geopolitical reasons.
LOS ESTUDIANTES Y SUS METAS. VINCULACIONES CON EL LOGRO Y RETRASO EN LA CARRERA Students and their goals. Links to career achievement and delay
Authors: Moreno Jacqueline Elizabet , Paoloni Paola Verónica , Chiecher Analía Claudia
Published: August 2020

El objetivo del presente artículo es focalizar la atención en las metas con que estudiantes de ingeniería afrontaron el aprendizaje en el momento de ingresar en la universidad y luego de transcurridos cinco años. Se analizan las relaciones de las metas con el logro o la demora en el curso de la carrera. La meto-dología empleada es cualitativa, mediante la cual participaron del estudio 48 estudiantes de ingeniería de una universidad pública argentina, quienes fueron contactados para la recolección de datos cinco años después de su ingreso; 15 de los 48 estudiantes se encon-traban cursando el último año de la carrera; otros 15 estaban algo demorados, aunque habían aprobado, luego de cinco años, más del 50% de la carrera; por fin, los restantes 18 estudiantes registraban grandes demoras, pues todos ellos solamente habían conseguido completar un porcentaje de la carrera inferior al 50%. Los 48 estudiantes dieron respuesta a un cuestionario administrado personalmente, en un encuentro de uno a uno con el investi-gador, que les solicitó identificarse con uno de cinco estudiantes, cada uno orientado hacia metas distintas, en el momento del ingreso y en el momento de responder al instrumento. Los resultados mostraron que entre los estu-diantes con trayectorias de logro prevalecen desde el ingreso, y se sostienen cinco años después, metas de aprendizaje. En cambio, en aquellos estudiantes que tras cinco años de cursado en la universidad no habían aprobado aún el 50% de la carrera, prevalecían metas como salvar la autoestima y evitar el fracaso, asociadas con la adopción de conductas poco favorables para el aprendizaje.
DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE PARA LA EDUCACIÓN EN DISEÑO
Authors: Puentes-Bedoya Janeth
Published: August 2020

El cambio en los valores, actitudes y patrones de consumo de los seres humanos ha afectado severamente los territorios que tradicionalmente ocupaban un espacio sostenible en la sociedad, siendo el cuidado y la educación un espacio fundamental para la conservación.  Las competencias académicas de los diseñadores tienen como objetivo, además del espacio teórico, el desarrollo de habilidades proyectuales y aprendizaje en el actuar propio de la disciplina, razón por la que educación en diseño para la sostenibilidad implica identificar y formular problemas descritos desde las bases ambientales y disciplinares, incursionando en áreas transversales y en temáticas sostenibles aplicadas al proyecto formativo propuesto, aunado a la inclusión de elementos que permitan incorporar las realidades laborales para escenarios futuros.
EFECTOS DEL LIDERAZGO ESCOLAR EN EL APRENDIZAJE
Authors: Cifuentes-Medina José Eriberto , González-Pulido José Weymar , González-Pulido Alexandra
Published: August 2020

El liderazgo es una de las variables que, en el contexto educativo, tiene mayor relevancia en los resultados escolares. El presente artículo teórico busca entender la forma como el liderazgo escolar o pedagógico se ha conceptualizado y los modelos causales que explican su correlación con los resultados de aprendizaje de los estudiantes. La metodología utilizada es de revisión documental. Se encuentra que el concepto de liderazgo escolar no lleva más de un siglo de ser analizado, pasando de modelos rígidos, burocráticos y netamente administrativos a modelos flexibles y distribuidos. Existe evidencia teórica y empírica de la relación positiva, directa e indirecta, entre liderazgo y resultados de aprendizaje estudiantil. Se concluye que es más común la relación causal indirecta y recíproca entre liderazgo, variables mediadoras y aprendizaje, pues existe un “efecto derrame”, en donde las dimensiones de liderazgo influyen de manera más amplia en las dimensiones de variables mediadoras y moderadoras, y estas últimas influyen en el resultado de los estudiantes.
LA CONCEPCIÓN DEL APRENDIZAJE Y LA EVALUACIÓN EN ALUMNOS DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA
Authors: Peña-García Sibele Nadalya
Published: August 2020

El propósito de esta investigación es identificar el concepto que tienen los alumnos de educación primaria referente al aprendizaje y la evaluación; se organizan las variables según las aportaciones de los autores revisados para la elaboración del instrumento de investigación, donde se distribuyen por variables complejas que clasifican las correspondientes a cada teoría de aprendizaje, la taxonomía de Bloom para lo relacionado con las fases del aprendizaje y la evaluación. La metodología se basó en aplicar un instrumento de investigación en alumnos de sexto grado de educación primaria, con muestra de 100 sujetos. Dentro de los principales hallazgos se obtiene que los alumnos consideran que para aprender es necesario la enseñanza, es decir, las instrucciones del docente, así como la convivencia entre todos los involucrados; consideran la memoria y la concentración como aspectos más importantes para lograr el aprendizaje; observándose que prevalece una mezcla de conductismo y cognocitivismo como teorías y metodología aplicada en el aula. Con dichos resultados, se logra visualizar el impacto que tiene en los alumnos el quehacer docente, en el mensaje implícito que transmite el maestro en relación con el proceso de aprendizaje y su trabajo en el aula.
APLICACIÓN DEL JUEGO SERIO EN PROGRAMAS DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS: TENDENCIAS Y DESAFÍOS
Authors: Morales María Eugenia , Cardona-Valencia Daniel , Castañeda-Gómez Eric , Uribe-Ortiz Ana María , Ríos-Gallego Paul Alexander
Published: August 2020

Este documento presenta una caracterización del trabajo colaborativo internacional sobre la aplicación del juego serio en contenidos curriculares de programas en ciencias económicas relacionadas con las finanzas, la contabilidad y la administración. Se tomó como referencia información compilada de la base de datos académica Scopus durante la ventana de observación 2007-2018, teniendo en cuenta indicadores bibliométricos, metodologías destacadas, tendencias de uso o aplicación y desafíos o retos de la implementación. Como resultado, se logra identificar ocho principales categorías de estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las cuales Aprendizaje adaptativo, Aprendizaje colaborativo y Gamificación se ubican como las tendencias en las que el uso del juego serio se ha consolidado. Storytelling (narrativa de historias), y el Aprendizaje basado en competencias están en proceso de consolidación. Finalmente, Aprendizaje invertido, Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), y Aprendizaje basado en retos son líneas incipientes en las que el uso del juego serio no se ha desarrollado lo suficiente. De igual manera, se logra destacar, a partir del seguimiento de publicaciones científicas, los principales logros, orientaciones y desafíos de la aplicación de estas estrategias en el aula de clase; particularmente, las relacionadas con las finanzas, la administración y la contaduría.
CONCEPT OF REGULATIONS FOR ACCESS OF PRIVATE LOCOMOTIVES TO PUBLIC RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE
Authors: V. I. Matsiuk  , V. K. Myronenko  , Y. P. Petinov
Published: August 2020

Purpose. Scientific research is aimed at gaining new knowledge about the structure of a typical regulatory and technological document (regulation) of access for private-owned train locomotives to public railway infrastructure. Methodology. To obtain relevant empirical data, the authors performed a review of previous studies on the topic of work using full-text and abstract databases. In accordance with the principles of system analysis and mathematical logic, structural-logical models of the order of interaction between the units of the operator (owner) of the public railway infrastructure and representatives of the owner of private locomotives have been developed. Findings. The authors proved: 1) the regulation of access of private train locomotives to public infrastructure is a certain procedure (technological process) for the interaction of the owner (operator) of private locomotives with the units of the owner of the infrastructure (dispatch or operational personnel, employees of commercial and carriage facilities); 2) the structure of the typical regulation includes the following blocks: the technological process, the procedure for processing transportation documents and charging fees, the procedure for operating private locomotives and preparing of locomotive’s foot-plate staff for the tour; the procedure and responsibility of the parties in case of emergency situations. Originality lies in improving the models for the organization of railway carriage traffic volumes and the movement of trains on public railways, which, unlike the existing ones, imply the decentralized management of the locomotive fleet. Practical value lies in the possibility of direct practical application of the proposed models for the creation of standard recommendations for drawing up rules for the access of private locomotives to the hauling operations on the public railway infrastructure and their practical testing in the corresponding pilot project on one of the railway lines in Ukraine. According to the research results: 1) the necessary structure of the access regulation of private train locomotives to the public railway infrastructure was determined; 2) a logical order for interpreting the interaction between the relevant units of the owner (operator) of the public railway infrastructure and locomotive traction operators (owners of private locomotives) has been created.
RESEARCH OF TWO APPROACHES TO DETECT NETWORK ATTACKS USING NEURAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: V. M. Pakhomova  , M. S. Konnov
Published: August 2020

Purpose. At the present stage, network attack detection systems based on the following neural networks are most often offered: multilayer perceptron, Kohonen network or self-organizing map and their combinations. The efficiency problem of two approaches to detect attacks on a computer network using neural network technology based on the normalized data of the open NSL-KDD database is considered. Methodology. As an architectural solution to the network attack detection system, it is proposed to consider the following approaches: based on one neural network determining the attack class (first approach) and an ensemble of five neural networks (second approach), which at the first stage determines the attack category (DoS, Probe, U2R , R2L), and in the second stage, the attack class belonging to a certain category. Findings. Based on the neural networks created in the MatLAB program, a study was conducted of their error on the length of the training sample using various training algorithms: Levenberg-Marquardt; Bayesian Regularization; Scaled Conjugate Gradient with different numbers of hidden neurons (minimum, average and maximum). Certain optimal parameters of neural networks with two approaches were determined. Originality. In the course of conducting experiments with various approaches, the results obtained were: TP (True Positive); FP (False Positive); FN (False Negative); TN (True Negative), based on which the following indicators were calculated for assessing the quality of solutions: correct determination of network attacks; false positives; reliability; accuracy and completeness, which prove the feasibility of using an ensemble of neural networks (second approach). Practical value. On the created neural networks with various approaches, studies were conducted: the operating time of neural networks; errors of the first kind; errors of the second kind. According to the results of the first study, the average operating time of an ensemble of neural networks is 0.92 s, and the operating time of a neural network (according to the first approach) is 2.21 s. According to the results of the second study, the error of the first kind using an ensemble of neural networks is 2.17%, and using the neural network (the first approach) – 7.39%. According to the results of the third study, the error of the second kind using an ensemble of neural networks is 3.91%, and using the neural network (the first approach) – 6.96%, which is confirmed by the efficiency of using an ensemble of neural networks (second approach).
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE TRAIN TRAFFIC SAFETY AT THE RAILWAY
Authors: M. O. Bulakh
Published: August 2020

Purpose. Despite the fact that the current methodology in Ukraine for assessing the train traffic safety at the railway does not provide a real and adequate picture, and foreign experience does not open up the possibility of a similar solution to the problems at Ukrainian railways, the goal has been set to improve the methodology for assessing the train traffic safety at the railway. Methodology.To improve the methodology for assessing the train traffic safety at the railway during a technical audit, the use of four indicators is proposed: the number of accidents for which losses are accrued; number of casualties; the number of traffic accidents that occurred during the year, but their consequences are not related to financial losses; number of violations identified by traffic safety auditors. Findings.The author has improved the methodology for assessing the train traffic safety at the railway. At the same time, four indicators were introduced in the methodology to calculate the train traffic safety at the railway. The ranking of these indicators was also performed. Using statistical data on the adopted indicators, a mathematical model was obtained for the integral assessment of train safety, on the basis of which a comparative assessment of traffic safety was performed at Ukrzaliznytsia JSC. As a result, it should be noted that the dynamics of the state of traffic safety in 2015-2018 has a different picture compared to the usual number of traffic accidents in Ukrzaliznytsia JSC. An improved methodology for assessing the state of train traffic safety at the railway allows us to perform adequate calculations and establish the real state of traffic safety during a technical audit. Originality. The author has improved the methodology for assessing the train traffic safety at the railway, which can be applied during the technical audit. Practical value. The improved methodology makes it possible to assess the general level of train traffic safety and establish real threats and risks in the process of technical audit, which, in the future, can be eliminated when developing appropriate measures and actions.
INVESTIGATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF RAILWAY STATIONS USING PETRI NETS
Authors: Y. B. Demchenko  , V. V. Malashkin  , I. Y. Skovron
Published: August 2020

Purpose. The work is aimed to determine the rational parameters of a railway station based on the simulation modeling of its functioning process, presented by the Petri net in QPNet using the proposed methodology of technical and economic comparison of equipment options. Methodology. The authors presented a methodology for formalizing the functioning of the sorting complex using a Petri net in QPNet. Particular attention is paid to the formalization of the operation of the hump locomotive. Methodology of technical and economic comparison of equipment options for the sorting complex was developed. It is based on the use of modified summarized costs. Findings. The authors performed a review of existing simulation systems, which can be specialized and universal. Specialized ones have richer display capabilities, allow you to create models for specific objects faster and more accurately, and as a result you can get the best set of results with their help. At the same time, the universal systems gained greater recognition, despite the requirement of some refinement and adaptation to a specific process, since specialized simulation systems are paid or insufficiently advertised, which does not allow a wide circle of researchers to use them to solve the set tasks. The paper presents the operation results of sorting complex with various equipment, obtained by simulation in the QPNet. The obtained values of the technical and technological parameters of the sorting complex became the basis for determining rational measures aimed at improving the efficiency of the sorting station in various operating conditions. Originality lies in improving the simulation model of the sorting complex which functioning is represented by the temporary Petri net. This, unlike other models, allows you to take into account the additional time of hump locomotive occupation by other operations not directly related with trains breaking-up. Practical value of the improved simulation model of the sorting complex presented in the work lies in the ability to more accurately take into account the influence of the technical equipment parameters of the railway station on its performance.
DEVELOPMENT OF CAR TRAFFIC VOLUMES ORGANIZATION METHODS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND IN THE USSR
Authors: D. M. Kozachenko  , O. Y. Papakhov  , Y. N. Hermaniuk
Published: August 2020

Purpose. The main purpose of this article is to study the development of methods for organizing car traffic volumes into trains at the railways of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Methodology. The studies were carried out based on an analysis of literary sources and methods of the theory of organization of operational work of railways. Findings. The methods for organizing car traffic volumes have gone a significant development path under the influence of changes in the working conditions of railway transport, the formation of control technology and mathematical methods of optimization. The emergence of scientific methods for organizing car traffic volumes in trains dates back to the times of the Russian Empire. A modern approach to the organization of car traffic volumes is based on the plan for the train formation, developed in the USSR in 1931–1945. The goal of the implementation of the train formation plan was to reduce railroad expenses for cargo transportations. The conditions for the implementation of this approach is that the railways are vertically integrated: they simultaneously operate the railway infrastructure, and are the carriers transporting goods in their cars, while there is no competition between the transport modes for freight traffic volumes. The formation of modern methods for solving the problem of organizing car traffic volumes was mainly performed in 1945–1952. The basis of these methods is the separation of the organization of car traffic volumes into separate subtasks and their sequential solution in a deterministic and static setting. In practice, the organization of car traffic volumes at the railways of the USSR was solved in the 1970–1980s using a computer. The transition of Ukraine to a market model of the economy has led to a significant change in the working conditions of railway transport, which requires a review of the principles of organizing car traffic volumes into trains. Originality. For the first time, based on a historical analysis of the development of methods for organizing car traffic volumes at the railways of the Russian Empire and the USSR, connections were established between the working conditions of railway transport and methods for organizing car traffic volumes into trains. Practical value lies in the fact that they indicate the need to change in Ukraine the organization of car traffic volumes in accordance with the current working conditions of railway transport and the chosen direction of reforming the railway transportation market.
“Revisitando” algumas teses do passado: a eleição de 2006 e a disputa antagônica entre PT e PSDB
Authors: Freitas Felipe Corral de
Published: August 2020

Resumo: O antagonismo verificado durante o Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) aponta para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que esse espaço de disputa política tem sobre a vontade do eleitor. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em demonstrar a construção antagônica entre os discursos produzidos pelas candidaturas do PSDB e do PT realizados durante o HGPE veiculados pela televisão na eleição presidencial de 2006. Para isso, foram utilizados os aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da teoria do discurso de Laclau e Mouffe. Apuramos que, uma vez mais, o discurso em torno da economia emergiu como ponto nodal antagônico e serviu para “camuflar” o tema “corrupção” que poderia prejudicar a candidatura petista, além de verificar que o conceito de antagonismo pode ser uma ferramenta metodológica e analítica eficaz no caminho de compreender a influência do HGPE no voto.
Do paradoxo à competição: o lugar da dimensão programática nas disputas eleitorais
Authors: Salles Nara
Published: August 2020

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir como diferentes estudos abordam a dimensão programática na competição eleitoral. Partindo do clássico modelo de proximidade downsiano, argumento que o autor impõe, stricto sensu, um paradoxo programático aos partidos. Porém, modelos alternativos, como a teoria da saliência da competição partidária, modelo direcional de voto e modelos de desconto e de ativismo partidário, permitem evidenciar fragilidades da contribuição downsiana. A partir de diferentes perspectivas, portanto, como motivação política, formação endógena e multidimensional de preferências, demonstro como tal paradoxo pode ser superado, reafirmando a relevância da dimensão programática enquanto componente efetivamente mobilizado nas disputas eleitorais. Por fim, apresento estudos específicos do contexto brasileiro, mostrando como essa dimensão tem ausentado-se do debate sobre competição eleitoral no Brasil.
Caminhos teórico-metodológicos para a análise da burocracia de nível de rua
Authors: Fernandez Michelle Vieira , Guimarães Natália Cordeiro
Published: August 2020

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar estratégias teórico-metodológicas para o estudo da burocracia em nível de rua. A partir de uma revisão de literatura são apresentadas as diferentes gerações de estudos sobre implementação, o papel da burocracia como ator no processo de implementação, além do lugar dos burocratas de nível de rua na implementação de políticas e a discricionariedade desses burocratas enquanto categoria de análise. Por fim, são propostas estratégias de pesquisa para a análise do papel dos burocratas de nível de rua na implementação das políticas.
GERMINATION AND POST-SEMINAL DEVELOPMENT OF Melaleuca alternifolia (MAIDEN & BETCHE) CHEEL
Authors: Pinheiro Daniel Teixeira , Medeiros André Dantas de , Hilst Paulo César , Pinheiro Antônio Lelis , Dias Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT There is little information regarding the germination pattern, seed characterization, and seedling development of Melaleuca alternifolia. This study aimed to determine the ideal temperature for the germination of M. alternifolia seeds, as well as to characterize the seeds and the post-seminal development of the species. Three lots of M. alternifolia seeds were placed to germinate at 20, 25, 20-30, 20-35, 30, and 35 °C, with daily evaluations to determine germination rate, germination speed index (GSI), speed of germination (SG), and mean time for germination of 50% (t50) and 100% (t100) of seeds. The inner morphology of the seeds was evaluated through X-ray images and seedling morphology by photographs. Alternating temperatures (20-30 and 20-35 °C) led to germination rates higher than the other temperatures. The GSI had the lowest values at the constant temperature of 20 °C and the highest values at the constant 30 °C for all the lots. The SG was lowest at a temperature of 20 °C and the highest at the temperature of 35 °C. At alternating temperatures (20-30 and 20-35 °C), t50 was around 5 days and t100 reached 16 days. In conclusion, the alternating temperatures of 20-30 °C and 20-35 °C are recommended for germination of M. alternifolia, and final evaluation can be performed at 16 days after sowing. The inner structures of seeds could be visualized by X-ray analysis, and full seeds could be distinguished from empty seeds and impurities. Seeds exhibit epigeal germination and seedling development is stabilized after 30 days.
Retomando a Arqueologia da Imagem: entre iconografia clássica e cultura material
Authors: Francisco Gilberto da Silva , Sarian Haiganuch , Cerqueira Fábio Vergara
Published: August 2020

RESUMO O artigo retoma o debate sobre a Arqueologia da Imagem sob duas direções: a primeira é a apresentação do conceito, e a segunda é a proposta de seu desenvolvimento a partir da associação entre imagem e cultura material. Nesse sentido, discutimos dois elementos básicos no tratamento arqueológico das imagens, circunstanciado pela noção de cultura material: os conceitos de suporte e de contexto. Por fim, dialogando com esse debate teórico, apresentamos um estudo de caso: a inserção mediterrânica de algumas imagens presentes em um objeto - a ânfora de Mississípi 1977.3.115, atribuída ao Pintor de Nicóxeno.
The Celts in Antiquity: Crossing the Divide Between Ancient History and Archaeology
Authors: Karl Raimund
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT One historical actor in Antiquity are the populations of Western-Central Europe, commonly called ‘Celts’ by classical authors. Themselves (mostly) illiterate until approximately the 1st century BC/AD, reports about them, written by foreigners like Polybius, Caesar, Diodorus and others have survived. The study of ‘Celtic’ societies thus can hardly rely on classical historiography, but is mainly based on archaeology. Historical sources and archaeology are difficult to reconcile, even if common themes can be identified in both types of sources. This article examines the differences, but also similarities between the various ‘Celtic’ societies of Europe and their neighbours, and the use of the term ‘the Celts’. The case study of the excavations at Meillionydd in North Wales is used to demonstrate how different types of source material and local and global scales can be integrated into a single, coherent explanatory model.
¿Tiene sentido estudiar historia antigua del cercano Oriente hoy? Tres razones y algunas reflexiones
Authors: Zapata Horacio Miguel Hernán
Published: August 2020

RESUMEN En líneas generales, el estudio de la Historia del Cercano Oriente Antiguo se cuestiona bajo el pretexto de que no responde a los intereses “nacionales”, esto es, que tales saberes son fútiles, absurdos o innecesarios por estar lejos tanto de la historia latinoamericana como - y más específicamente - de la realidad y las necesidades del presente. Sin embargo, la historia antigua de Próximo Oriente puede volverse un campo de estudio e investigación sumamente fértil y operativa si se evita su delimitación a partir de ciertos prejuicios historiográficos y antropológicos aún vigentes en los medios académicos. En este trabajo planteamos algunas consideraciones alrededor de la relevancia de la enseñanza y la investigación de la historia antigua del Cercano Oriente como una suerte de “laboratorio” desde el cual es posible pensar desde una perspectiva histórica todo un conjunto de diferencias socioculturales respecto de los modos de experiencia social más afines a nuestra contemporaneidad y reconocer la diversidad de formas en que puede materializarse la experiencia humana a lo largo de la historia.
O Brasil e a sombra dos Estados Unidos: discursos sobre a autodeterminação nacional em Eduardo Prado e Araripe Júnior
Authors: Armani Carlos Henrique
Published: August 2020

RESUMO O objetivo do artigo é apresentar alguns discursos elaborados por dois intelectuais brasileiros de fim do século XIX e princípio do século XX. O primeiro deles é o monarquista Eduardo Prado; o segundo, o republicano Araripe Júnior. A opção por apresentar algumas ideias desses dois autores se justifica não somente por suas diferenças nos modos como entendiam o Brasil e sua aproximação aos Estados Unidos, mas também porque Araripe Júnior foi um leitor e crítico do pensamento monarquista e, particularmente, do pensamento de Prado. Apesar das diferenças entre eles, havia em comum em suas abordagens um problema de ordem valorativa e moral que deveria resolver-se por meio de um retorno ao passado brasileiro ou de sua ruptura com ele: o desenvolvimento efetivo de uma autonomia da nacionalidade brasileira.
Bezerra de Menezes e Gonçalves de Magalhães: muito além do cérebro. Tentativas de enfrentamento ao materialismo científico do século XIX
Authors: Isaia Artur Cesar
Published: August 2020

RESUMO O artigo tem como foco de análise os estudos dos médicos Adolfo Bezerra de Menezes e Domingos José Gonçalves de Magalhães, críticos da medicina materialista. Tanto a Loucura sob novo prisma, do primeiro, quanto A alma e o cérebro, do segundo, são tentativas peculiares de enfrentamento ao materialismo científico do século XIX. Suas leituras atestam a presença da filosofia espiritualista de Victor Cousin. Trata-se de leituras que buscam superar algumas teses então em voga, como o localizacionismo cerebral e o modelo anatomopatológico. No caso de Bezerra de Menezes, trata-se de uma leitura com interface claramente religiosa, propondo uma etiologia, uma nosografia e um tratamento para a loucura fundamentados no Espiritismo. Em ambas as obras a alma aparece com centralidade, contradizendo a supremacia do cérebro como órgão responsável pelo pensamento, conforme aparecia no localizacionismo cerebral.
Ecos da Revolução Cubana no Chile da Unidade Popular: a “Declaración chilena”e a resposta de Enrique Lihn
Authors: Schmiedecke Natália Ayo
Published: August 2020

RESUMO O artigo examina as repercussões, no Chile da Unidade Popular (1970-1973), de dois eventos que marcaram o campo cultural cubano: o “Caso Padilla” e o Primer Congreso Nacional de Educación y Cultura (1971). O estudo foi realizado no marco da História Intelectual e se centrou no debate travado entre os signatários do documento intitulado “Declaración chilena” e um grupo de escritores representados pelo poeta Enrique Lihn. Verificou-se que os episódios cubanos tiveram impacto significativo no meio intelectual chileno, num momento em que escritores e artistas buscavam influenciar os rumos da política cultural da Unidade Popular. Como questão subjacente ao debate cultural, estava colocado o problema das vias revolucionárias representadas, naquele momento, por Cuba e Chile.