bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of rare earth oxides as tracers to identify sediment source areas for agricultural hillslopes
Authors: Deasy C. , Quinton J. N.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Understanding sediment sources is essential to enable more effective targeting of in-field mitigation approaches to reduce diffuse pollution from agricultural land. In this paper we report on the application of rare earth element oxides to arable soils at hillslope scale in order to determine sediment source areas and their relative importance, using a non-intrusive method of surface spraying. Runoff, sediments and rare earth elements lost from four arable hillslope lengths at a site in the UK with clay soils were monitored from three rainfall events after tracer application. Measured erosion rates were low, reflecting the typical event conditions occurring at the site, and less than 1% of the applied REO tracers were recovered, which is consistent with the results of comparable studies. Tracer recovery at the base of the hillslope was able to indicate the relative importance of different hillslope sediment source areas, which were found to be consistent between events. The principal source of eroded sediments was the upslope area, implying that the wheel tracks were principally conduits for sediment transport, and not highly active sites of erosion. Mitigation treatments for sediment losses from arable hillslopes should therefore focus on methodologies for trapping mobile sediments within wheel track areas through increasing surface roughness or reducing the connectivity of sediment transport processes.
Informing Digital Programs for Lupus Self‐Management Education: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Carpenter Katherine , Gilman Sarah , French Melissa , Shakur Yasmine , Dunlop‐Thomas Charmayne , Cullerton Laura , Drenkard Cristina , Barbour Kamil E. , Lim S. S.
Published: May 2024

Objective

We describe the characteristics, content, and effectiveness of digital self‐management (SM) education programs for lupus and other chronic conditions to identify gaps and inform the improvement of future programs in lupus.

Methods

Three bibliographic databases were searched for articles published between May 2012 and April 2022. The search was cast to capture the breadth of digital SM education programs in the following conditions: lupus, epilepsy, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, sickle cell anemia, Sjögren syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Title and abstract screening, as well as full‐text review, was conducted by two independent reviewers. Data extraction was first completed by one author charting all studies and then, a second time, by four members of the research team charting collaboratively.

Results

Of the 1,969 articles identified through the search, 14 met inclusion criteria. Two additional articles were included following bibliography review. The 16 articles represented 12 unique digital SM education programs. Programs covered five conditions: epilepsy (n = 3), fibromyalgia (n = 2), multiple sclerosis (n = 4), lupus (n = 1), and rheumatoid arthritis (n = 2). Most programs were asynchronous and internet‐based (n = 9) with a prescribed sequence of content (n = 8). Peer, technical, or specialist support was offered in seven programs. Most programs demonstrated statistically significant improvement of symptoms in the intervention group (n = 8).

Conclusion

This scoping review summarizes the current landscape for digital SM education programs in lupus and similar conditions. In lupus, further investigation will fill in the gaps around digital SM education needs, user experience, and evaluation of outcomes.
Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and Widespread Pain in Psoriatic Arthritis: Association With Disease Severity Assessment in a Large US Registry
Authors: Mease Philip , Reed George , Ogdie Alexis , Pappas Dimitrios A. , Kremer Joel M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

The classic conception of pain etiology in rheumatologic disease is nociceptive pain—tissue injury and inflammation signaling through peripheral and central nerve fibers. But this can be mixed with other pain etiologies, including nociplastic, which is augmented pain experience due to central sensitization. The pain of fibromyalgia (FM) is nociplastic, occurs in 10% to 30% of patients with rheumatologic disease, and its presence can influence disease severity assessment. The objective of our study was to (1) ascertain the prevalence of FM and widespread pain (WP) in the CorEvitas psoriatic arthritis (PsA) registry as assessed by the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) questionnaires; (2) characterize the demographic and clinical factors associated with FM and WP; and (3) ascertain the association of FM and WP on the Clinical Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis (cDAPSA) score and other disease activity measures.

Methods

PsA registry patients completing the WPI/SSS questionnaires since May 2020, at their most recent visit recorded in the registry, were analyzed.

Results

The analysis included 1,823 patients with PsA; 11.1% fulfilled the FM definition and 20.6% fulfilled the WP definition. Several factors were associated with the FM definition, including female sex, depression and/or anxiety, impaired function, increased body mass index, and increased number of comorbidities. cDAPSA, patient pain and global assessment, and tender joint count were twice as severe in patients with FM compared to those without.

Conclusion

FM prevalence is elevated in PsA and is associated with elevated disease measures, confounding reliable disease assessment for treat‐to‐target goals. Identification of FM as an influential contextual factor in disease assessment is recommended.
Efficient and Highly Stable Lateral Perovskite Single‐Crystal Solar Cells through Crystal Engineering and Weak Ion Migration
Authors: Li Dalin , Li Ning , Zou Can , Zhong Yu , Qu Yaqian , Yang Shuang , Wang Lei , Chen Yimu , Cheng Xiao , Tao Xutang , Bakr Osman M. , Chen Zhaolai
Published: May 2024

The lateral device structure for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has garnered significant attention, primarily due to its elimination of the need for expensive transparent electrodes. However, the performance of lateral devices, which are more sensitive to crystal quality and charge carrier transport bottlenecks, has lagged far behind the predominant vertical PSCs. Herein, by modulating the crystal nucleation and growth processes of thin FA0.75MA0.25PbI3 (FA = formamidinium; and MA = methylammonium) single crystals, crystal quality and carrier transport are improved, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.64%, a record for lateral PSCs. Investigation of the device's stability reveals that iodide ion migration is suppressed due to a reduction in the iodide vacancy concentration combined with weak interface iodide ion migration. It is shown that the latter effect is a result of the perpendicular direction of the ion migration and the electric field in the lateral PSCs. Consequently, these lateral single‐crystal PSCs display remarkable operational stability, retaining 100% of their initial PCE after 1200 h of steady‐state output at the maximum power point voltage (Vmpp) under 1 sun illumination. This work highlights the advantages of lateral single‐crystal devices and their potential to address key ion migration issues of PSCs.
Homogenizing the Electron Extraction via Eliminating Low‐Conductive Contacts Enables Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Up‐Scaling Losses
Authors: Lan Zhineng , Huang Hao , Lu Yi , Qu Shujie , Wang Min , Du Shuxian , Yang Yingying , Sun Changxu , Zhang Qiang , Suo Yi , Wang Xinxin , Yan Luyao , Cui Peng , Zhao Zhiguo , Li Meicheng
Published: May 2024

Maintaining the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) while enlarging the active area is necessary for their industrialization, where the key part is the uniform carrier extraction. Here, a conformal electron transport layer (ETL) is reported with eliminated low‐conductive contacts through a tailored deposition that combines chemical bath deposition and modified spin‐coating on a light‐managing textured substrate. The KPFM and C‐AFM are utilized to prove the uniform and optimized electrical properties. This study further employs the 2D measurements of PL and TRPL mapping to focus on revealing the enhanced uniformity of electron extraction. The uniform ETL conductivity and electron extraction contribute to a substantial decrease in device up‐scaling losses, making the δPCE ( between 0.08 cm2‐device and 1 cm2‐device decrease from 5.02% to 2.97%, while the perovskite film is deposited using two‐step method. When using one‐step method to deposit perovskite film, PCEs of 25.13% and 23.93% for the active area of 0.08 cm2 and 1 cm2 are achieved, and the δPCE decreases from 7.89% to 4.77%, validating the significant effects on reducing up‐scaling losses. This work provides a new perspective to maintain high efficiency while device up‐scaling, providing more opportunities to push forward the PSCs industrialization.
From Quinary Co–Cu–Mo–Pd–Re Materials Libraries to Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Xin , Cechanaviciute Ieva A. , Banko Lars , Pokharel Saika , Quast Thomas , Ludwig Alfred , Krysiak Olga , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: May 2024

Developing a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst that can steadily drive a large current density is of great significance for industrial electrochemical water‐splitting technology. Herein, the compositionally complex noble‐metal‐lean system Co–Cu–Mo–Pd–Re is investigated for alkaline HER by a scanning droplet cell‐assisted high‐throughput screening of co‐sputtered thin‐film material libraries. The identified hit compositions are used to prepare a catalyst‐coated Ni foam‐based layer that is hot‐pressed with a specifically designed PEEK‐covered carbon‐based gas diffusion layer to obtain a novel‐design gas diffusion electrode (GDE). H2 bubbles that collect on the electrode surface are effectively reduced by controlling the hydrophobicity of the catalyst layer of the GDE, hence enabling a high current (−1 A cm−2) operation for HER in alkaline water electrolysis.
Inhaled NIR‐II Nanocatalysts for Real‐Time Monitoring and Immunomodulatory Therapy of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Li Yi , Liu Dongfang , Chen Ting , Song Jianwen , Yu Xuya , Liu Qian , Qi Ji , Li Wen
Published: May 2024

Acute lung injury (ALI) poses a significant and escalating medical challenge, where precise diagnosis and timely intervention hold utmost importance in halting its deterioration. Nevertheless, persistent obstacles arise from the lack of agents proficient in both real‐time diagnosis and efficient mitigation of ALI. Here, a biocatalytic and second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescence‐illuminating nanoplatform is designed to simultaneously facilitate real‐time monitoring and robust inflammation alleviation in ALI. The study first develops a new aggregation‐induced emission luminogen with trifluoromethyl substitutions, which simultaneously increase NIR‐II emission wavelength and fluorescence brightness. The molecular probe is further integrated into biocatalytic hollow ceria nanostructures, and cloaked with pre‐activated macrophage membranes for targeted inflammation intervention. Upon inhalation administration in ALI mice, the theranostic nanoagents leverage the bright NIR‐II emission and active inflammation‐tropic properties for in vivo sensitive NIR‐II imaging of ALI, which also facilitates real‐time tracking of the nanoagents’ distribution and dynamic fate within pneumonia milieu. Concurrently, the catalytic prowess of the nanoplatforms efficaciously scavenges excess reactive oxygen species, dampens proinflammatory cytokines, and promotes macrophage repolarization, substantially alleviating acute lung damage. The multifaceted nanoplatform integrates NIR‐II bioimaging with nanocatalysis‐mediated immunoregulation, offering a versatile and promising approach for addressing the intricate challenges posed by acute inflammation diseases.
Ferroelectricity with Long ion Displacements in Crystals of Non‐Polar Point Groups
Authors: Sheng Yuxuan , Wu Menghao , Liu Jun‐Ming
Published: May 2024

In the classical model, ferroelectricity is associated with small ion displacements from paraelectric phases with high symmetry, and ferroelectric crystals must adopt one of the ten polar point groups with low symmetry according to Neumann's principle. In this work, it is proposed that this conclusion is based on perfect bulk crystals without taking the boundaries into account. First‐principles evidence shows that ferroelectric polarizations may also be formed in some non‐polar point groups as the edges generally break the crystal symmetry. Meanwhile, such polarizations can be maintained at macroscale and are switchable when the transition between multiple equivalent states with high symmetry can be realized via long ion displacements， essentially akin to ion conductors. For example, the switching barriers can be much reduced in sliding ferroelectric bilayer systems or ionic compounds with covalent‐like directionality. Such unconventional ferroelectricity can be attributed to the boundaries and long ion displacements, and its existence in several systems like CuCrS2 is supported by experimental observations. It may explain a series of unclarified phenomena reported previously as well as significantly expand the scope of ferroelectrics, especially those with high polarizations induced by long ion displacements.
Ga2O3 Photon‐Controlled Diode for Sensitive DUV/X‐Ray Detection and High‐Resolution Array Imaging Application
Authors: Peng Zhixin , Hou Xiaohu , Han Zhao , Gan Zhiyu , Li Chen , Wu Feihong , Bai Shiyu , Yu Shujie , Liu Yan , Yang Kai , Feng Xiao , Zhan Haoyan , Zhao Xiaolong , Xu Guangwei , Long Shibing
Published: May 2024

Sensitive high‐energy photon detection from UV to X‐ray and high‐resolution array imaging are critical for medical diagnosis, space exploration, and scientific research. The key challenges for high‐performance photodetector and imaging arrays are the effective material and device design strategies for the miniaturization and integration of the device. Here, photon‐controlled diodes (i.e., the detector has rectifying characteristics only under light irradiation) are proposed for high‐resolution and anti‐crosstalk array imaging applications without integrating the switching element. Based on ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3, the sensitive DUV/X‐ray photon‐controlled diodes are realized by the design of high‐resistance Ga2O3 film and high‐barrier contact. The device exhibits remarkable detection performance, including high photo‐responsivity (168 A W−1) and specific detectivity (1.45 × 1015 Jones) under DUV illumination, as well as a high sensitivity (1.23 × 105 µC Gyair−1 cm−2) under X‐ray light. Moreover, the low dark current and excellent rectification characteristics are obtained. Furthermore, its potential for high‐density and anti‐crosstalk array imaging applications is verified. These results not only bring forth new insights in the implementation of high‐performance DUV/X‐ray photodetector, but also pave a feasible way to realize high pixel density detector array through the simplified fabrication process for high‐resolution imaging applications.
Structural Defect‐Enabled Magnetic Neutrality Nanoprobes for Ultra‐High‐Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Isolated Tumor Cells in Vivo
Authors: Du Hui , Wang Qiyue , Zhang Bo , Liang Zeyu , Huang Canyu , Shi Dao , Li Fangyuan , Ling Daishun
Published: May 2024

The identification of metastasis “seeds,” isolated tumor cells (ITCs), is of paramount importance for the prognosis and tailored treatment of metastatic diseases. The conventional approach to clinical ITCs diagnosis through invasive biopsies is encumbered by the inherent risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. This underscores the pressing need for noninvasive ITCs detection methods that provide histopathological‐level insights. Recent advancements in ultra‐high‐field (UHF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have ignited hope for the revelation of minute lesions, including the elusive ITCs. Nevertheless, currently available MRI contrast agents are susceptible to magnetization‐induced strong T2‐decaying effects under UHF conditions, which compromises T1 MRI capability and further impedes the precise imaging of small lesions. Herein, this study reports a structural defect‐enabled magnetic neutrality nanoprobe (MNN) distinguished by its paramagnetic properties featuring an exceptionally low magnetic susceptibility through atomic modulation, rendering it almost nonmagnetic. This unique characteristic effectively mitigates T2‐decaying effect while concurrently enhancing UHF T1 contrast. Under 9 T MRI, the MNN demonstrates an unprecedentedly low r2/r1 value (≈1.06), enabling noninvasive visualization of ITCs with an exceptional detection threshold of ≈0.16 mm. These high‐performance MNNs unveil the domain of hitherto undetectable minute lesions, representing a significant advancement in UHF‐MRI for diagnostic purposes and fostering comprehensive metastasis research.
Polyacrylonitrile as an Efficient Transfer Medium for Wafer‐Scale Transfer of Graphene
Authors: Shang Mingpeng , Bu Saiyu , Hu Zhaoning , Zhao Yixuan , Liao Junhao , Zheng Chunyang , Liu Wenlin , Lu Qi , Li Fangfang , Wu Haotian , Shi Zhuofeng , Zhu Yaqi , Xu Zhiying , Guo Bingbing , Yu Beiming , Li Chunhu , Zhang Xiaodong , Xie Qin , Yin Jianbo , Jia Kaicheng , Peng Hailin , Lin Li , Liu Zhongfan
Published: May 2024

The disparity between growth substrates and application‐specific substrates can be mediated by reliable graphene transfer, the lack of which currently strongly hinders the graphene applications. Conventionally, the removal of soft polymers, that support the graphene during the transfer, would contaminate graphene surface, produce cracks, and leave unprotected graphene surface sensitive to airborne contaminations. In this work, it is found that polyacrylonitrile (PAN) can function as polymer medium for transferring wafer‐size graphene, and encapsulating layer to deliver high‐performance graphene devices. Therefore, PAN, that is compatible with device fabrication, does not need to be removed for subsequent applications. The crack‐free transfer of 4 in. graphene onto SiO2/Si wafers, and the wafer‐scale fabrication of graphene‐based field‐effect transistor arrays with no observed clear doping, uniformly high carrier mobility (≈11 000 cm2 V−1 s−1), and long‐term stability at room temperature, are achieved. This work presents new concept for designing the transfer process of 2D materials, in which multifunctional polymer can be retained, and offers a reliable method for fabricating wafer‐scale devices of 2D materials with outstanding performance.
A Hemoglobin Bionics‐Based System for Combating Antibiotic Resistance in Chronic Diabetic Wounds via Iron Homeostasis Regulation
Authors: Sun Yihan , Liu Manxuan , Sun Weihong , Tang Xiaoduo , Zhou Yanmin , Zhang Junhu , Yang Bai
Published: May 2024

Owing to the increased tissue iron accumulation in patients with diabetes, microorganisms may activate high expression of iron‐involved metabolic pathways, leading to the exacerbation of bacterial infections and disruption of systemic glucose metabolism. Therefore, an on‐demand transdermal dosing approach that utilizes iron homeostasis regulation to combat antimicrobial resistance is a promising strategy to address the challenges associated with low administration bioavailability and high antibiotic resistance in treating infected diabetic wounds. Here, it is aimed to propose an effective therapy based on hemoglobin bionics to induce disturbances in bacterial iron homeostasis. The preferred “iron cargo” is synthesized by protoporphyrin IX chelated with dopamine and gallium (PDGa), and is delivered via a glucose/pH‐responsive microneedle bandage (PDGa@GMB). The PDGa@GMB downregulates the expression levels of the iron uptake regulator (Fur) and the peroxide response regulator (perR) in Staphylococcus aureus, leading to iron nutrient starvation and oxidative stress, ultimately suppressing iron‐dependent bacterial activities. Consequently, PDGa@GMB demonstrates insusceptibility to genetic resistance while maintaining sustainable antimicrobial effects (>90%) against resistant strains of both S. aureus and E. coli, and accelerates tissue recovery (<20 d). Overall, PDGa@GMB not only counteracts antibiotic resistance but also holds tremendous potential in mediating microbial‐host crosstalk, synergistically attenuating pathogen virulence and pathogenicity.
Photon–Dipole–Spin Interactions in M(TCNE)x/P(VDF‐TrFE) Multiferroic Heterostructure Available for Bimodal Control of Multistate Data‐Storage
Authors: Gao Mingsheng , Lu Xiangqian , Yang Yuying , Qin Wei
Published: May 2024

Organic multiferroic heterostructure is one of the most promising structures for the future design of high‐density flexible energy‐efficient data storage. Here, organic ferromagnetic metal(tetracyanoethylene) (M(TCNE))x/ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) multiferroic heterostructures are fabricated, where the excited state in M(TCNE)x interacted with localized dipole in P(VDF‐TrFE) provides a key link for the interfacial coupling. Thus, aligned dipoles in P(VDF‐TrFE) by external electric field can affect the magnetization of Fe(TCNE)x effectively to result in a pronounced magnetization–voltage (M–V) hysteresis loop. Moreover, light‐induced electron‐hole pairs in Fe(TCNE)x with long lifetime effectively interact with the dipoles in P(VDF‐TrFE) to lead to an effect in external light control of electric polarization of P(VDF‐TrFE). Overall, the organic multiferroic heterostructure provides the possibility of realizing two storage modes, light control of dipole as well as electric field control of spin, which can broaden multifunctional applications of organic multiferroic materials in the area of multistate storage.
Fluorescence‐Enabled Colored Bilayer Subambient Radiative Cooling Coatings
Authors: Ma Xue , Fu Yang , Liu Danjun , Yang Ning , Dai Jian‐Guo , Lei Dangyuan
Published: May 2024

Passive daytime radiative cooling has emerged as a promising green technology for the thermal management of buildings, vehicles, textiles, and electronics. Typically, both high solar reflectance and high thermal emissivity are prerequisites to achieve sufficient daytime cooling. However, colored radiative cooling materials are facing the dilemma of introducing visible light absorption, leading to challenges in balancing cooling and aesthetic demands. Here, three colored bilayer radiative cooling coatings, each comprised of a white base layer and a colored top layer with fluorescence enhancement are fabricated. Three phosphors (Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+, Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, and (Ba,Sr)SiO4:Eu2+) are employed with respective photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 81%, 95.8%, and 91.0% as the colored pigment in the top layer. To mitigate the contradiction between coloration and solar reflectance, SiO2 microspheres are introduced into the top layer and utilize their Mie‐resonance‐based multiple scattering to increase the photoluminescent (PL) properties of the phosphors, which jointly boosts the effective solar reflectance (ESR) of the top layer. As a result, the three bilayer coatings exhibit soft colors while achieving subambient cooling with temperature drops of up to 1.5 °C. This fluorescence‐enhancement strategy may pave the way for preparing highly efficient radiative cooling coatings with tunable colors.
Hydration Sensitive Orthogonal Dual Emission of a DNA‐Stabilized Silver Nanocluster
Authors: Liisberg Mikkel Baldtzer , Rück Vanessa , Romolini Giacomo , Cerretani Cecilia , Vosch Tom
Published: May 2024

DNA‐stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNA‐AgNCs) are a class of emitters that have primarily been studied for their molecular‐like photophysical properties with ns‐lived fluorescence. However, µs‐lived luminescence has recently been reported for an increasing number of DNA‐AgNCs, but little is still known about the origin of the long‐lived emission. To deepen the understanding of the long‐lived state, (DNA)2‐[Ag11]7+, an emitter with short‐ and long‐lived dual emission, is studied. By examining crystals of (DNA)2‐[Ag11]7+, it is found that the fluorescence and luminescence transitions are orthogonal to each other, which implies that components orthogonal to the long axis of the AgNC, such as the nucleobases, contribute significantly to the polarization character of the long‐lived luminescent state. The effect of the hydration level on the dual emission of dried (DNA)2‐[Ag11]7+ droplets is also investigated, and it is found that water drastically reduces emission from the long‐lived state and causes a redshift of the emission. Finally, an unusual excitation intensity‐dependent response of dried (DNA)2‐[Ag11]7+ droplets is noticed. This is ascribed to the heterogeneous local environment of the amorphous solid resulting in different conformations of (DNA)2‐[Ag11]7+ with different optically activated delayed fluorescence probabilities. The presented results provide new key insights into the nature of the long‐lived state of DNA‐AgNCs.
Inorganic Biomaterials Shape the Transcriptome Profile to Induce Endochondral Differentiation
Authors: Murali Aparna , Brokesh Anna M. , Cross Lauren M. , Kersey Anna L. , Jaiswal Manish K. , Singh Irtisha , Gaharwar Akhilesh
Published: May 2024

Minerals play a vital role, working synergistically with enzymes and other cofactors to regulate physiological functions including tissue healing and regeneration. The bioactive characteristics of mineral‐based nanomaterials can be harnessed to facilitate in situ tissue regeneration by attracting endogenous progenitor and stem cells and subsequently directing tissue‐specific differentiation. Here, cellular responses of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells to traditional bioactive mineral‐based nanomaterials, such as hydroxyapatite, whitlockite, silicon‐dioxide, and the emerging synthetic 2D nanosilicates are investigated. Transcriptome sequencing is utilized to probe the cellular response and determine the significantly affected signaling pathways due to exposure to these inorganic nanomaterials. Transcriptome profiles of stem cells treated with nanosilicates reveals a stabilized skeletal progenitor state suggestive of endochondral differentiation. This observation is bolstered by enhanced deposition of matrix mineralization in nanosilicate treated stem cells compared to control or other treatments. Specifically, use of 2D nanosilicates directs osteogenic differentiation of stem cells via activation of bone morphogenetic proteins and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐alpha signaling pathway. This study provides  insight into impact of nanomaterials on cellular gene expression profile and predicts downstream effects of nanomaterial induction of endochondral differentiation.
Genetic variations of bread wheat varieties for bread‐making quality traits in moisture stressed areas of Wollo, Ethiopia
Authors: Tessema Agegnehu Mekonnen , Yimam Arega Gashaw , Hailemariam Firew Mekbib
Published: May 2024

In Ethiopia, wheat variety development has traditionally prioritized yield and disease resistance over bread‐making quality. To address this gap, our study evaluated 22 Ethiopian bread wheat varieties across six locations during the 2015/2016 season, utilizing a randomized complete block design with three replications. Various quality traits, including 1000‐kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight (HLW), Perten hardness index (HI), single kernel weight (SKW), single kernel diameter (SKD), grain protein content (PC), wet gluten (WG), Zeleny value (ZV), and starch content (SC), were analyzed. Significant effects of varieties, locations, and their interactions on these traits were observed (p < 0.01). Madawalabu, Danda'a, and Mekelle‐4 displayed superior TKW (>40 g), while Menze and Bolo exhibited higher HLW. HI values ranged from 82.8% in Sofumar to 35.5% in Mekelle‐3, indicating diverse grain hardness. Favorable milling traits were observed with SKW values exceeding 30 mg and SKD surpassing 2.5 mm. Genotype and location influenced PC (9.5%–11.0%) and WG content (21.6%–25.2%), meeting bread‐making requirements. ZV ranged from 21.9% to 31%, and SC varied from 64% to 68%, reflecting changes in starch concentration between varieties. Varietal performance varied, with Madawalabu, Menze, and Bolo showing promise. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations among HLW, SKD, SKW, TKW, PC, WG, and ZV, and a negative correlation with SC. These insights provide a foundation for targeted breeding strategies to enhance specific attributes crucial for optimal bread quality, contributing valuable information to wheat breeding programs.
Lenvatinib‐resistant hepatocellular carcinoma promotes malignant potential of tumor‐associated macrophages via exosomal miR‐301a‐3p
Authors: Waki Yuhei , Morine Yuji , Saito Yu , Teraoku Hiroki , Yamada Shinichiro , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Tominaga Tatsuya , Shimada Mitsuo
Published: May 2024

Background

The interactions between cancer cells and tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) via microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in malignant potential and drug resistance. However, it remains unclear how lenvatinib‐resistant hepatocellular carcinoma (LR HCC) promotes TAM tumor biology. Here we investigated the crosstalk between LR HCC cells and TAMs for cancer progression and lenvatinib resistance, focusing on an exosomal miRNA.

Methods

We used two bioinformatics software programs to identify miRNAs that target PTEN in gastrointestinal cancers, then investigated exosomal miRNA expression in LR HCC conditioned medium (CM). After modifying TAMs with LR HCC CM (LR TAM), macrophage phenotype and PTEN‐Nrf2 signaling pathway component expression were analyzed in LR TAMs. The malignant potential and drug resistance were investigated in naïve HCC cells cultured with LR TAM CM.

Results

LR HCC cells highly induced M2‐like properties in macrophages compared with naïve HCC cells. Exosomal miR‐301a‐3p expression was increased in LR HCC CM, with higher activation of the PTEN/PI3K/GSK3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway in LR TAMs. Naïve HCC cells were educated with LR TAM CM to promote malignant potential and lenvatinib resistance. Inhibition of exosomal miR‐301a‐3p prevented the malignant potential of LR TAMs. Activation of Nrf2 signaling by LR HCC cell‐derived exosomal miR‐301a‐3p skewed the transformation of macrophages to the M2 phenotype.

Conclusion

Our study provides new findings on the role of miR‐301a‐3p, suggesting it is a promising therapeutic target to improve HCC lenvatinib resistance.
Special RCA based sensitive point‐of‐care detection of HPV mRNA for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Long Yi , Tao Shurui , Shi Dongni , Jiang Xingyu , Yu Tian , Long Yingxi , Song Libing , Liu Guozhen
Published: May 2024

Developing the sensitive point‐of‐care testing (POCT) of oncogenic nucleic acids from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is essential in preventing cervical cancer, especially in resource‐limited settings. Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is attractive in achieving POCT via nucleic acid‐based aggregation under isothermal conditions. However, the influence of RCA product structure on the aggregation remains unexplored resulting in limited sensitivity. Here, a minimum secondary structured RCA technique (MSS‐RCA) is developed by designing a unique circular template, demonstrating significantly enhanced detection sensitivity with only one amplification step and one primer under isothermal conditions. The amplification efficiency of MSS‐RCA could be kinetically manipulated by controlling the secondary structure of the circular template. Introducing the invertase probe to MSS‐RCA, HPV16 E6/E7 nucleic acid target was detected with a personal glucose meter (PGM) with a sensitivity of 5 fm (50 zmol in 10 µL). This integrated MSS‐RCA‐PGM detection system was successfully applied to detect HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA extracted from 54 cervical swab samples reaching a positive predictive value of 100.00% and negative predictive values of 96.00% (77.77% to 99.40%, 95% CI). MSS‐RCA‐PGM provides a sensitive POCT platform for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers for screening of cervical cancer or other diseases.
Eating through time: Understanding dietary practices across late prehistory in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Hernando R. , Moreno‐Ibáñez M. Á. , Carbonell E. , Cebrià A. , Daura J. , Díez‐Canseco C. , Edo M. , Fullola J. M. , Morales J. I. , Oms F. X. , Ramírez‐Pedraza I. , Sanz M. , Subirá M. E. , Tornero C. , Vergès J. M. , Lozano M.
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study seeks to contribute to the current understanding of dietary variation in the late Prehistory of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula by examining buccal dental microwear patterns alongside archeological data from the same populations.

Materials and Methods

Teeth from 84 adult individuals from eight distinct samples spanning the Middle‐Late Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age (Cova de l'Avi, Cova de Can Sadurní, Cova de la Guineu, Cova Foradada, Cova del Trader, Roc de les Orenetes, Cova del Gegant, Cova dels Galls Carboners) were analyzed using optical microscopy to examine buccal dental microwear patterns.

Results

The analysis did not reveal clear chronological contrasts in the dietary habits of these samples. Nevertheless, significant differences emerged among the samples, leading to their classification into two distinct sets based on the abrasiveness of the diet informed by the microwear patterns. These findings offer similarities and differences among samples in the Iberian Peninsula, shedding light on the diverse lifestyles of these individuals.

Discussion

Integrating our new results with other available proxies points to a multifaceted specialization in dietary patterns among these samples, influenced by factors such as habitat, resource selection, and available technology. By contextualizing the results within the broader context of the Iberian Peninsula, this research discerns shared characteristics and distinctive adaptations in the dietary practices and subsistence strategies of these groups. Ultimately, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between culture and environment in shaping human diets throughout late Prehistory.
Influence of Ti‐incorporated Zeolite Topology and Pore Condensation on Vapor Phase Propylene Epoxidation Kinetics with Gaseous H2O2
Authors: Kwon Ohsung , Zeynep Ayla E. , Potts David S. , Flaherty David W.
Published: May 2024

Vapor‐phase propylene (C3H6) epoxidation kinetics with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) strongly reflects the physical properties of Ti‐incorporated zeolite catalysts and the presence of spectating molecules (“solvent”) near active sites even without a bulk liquid phase. Steady‐state turnover rates of C3H6 epoxidation and product selectivities vary by orders of magnitudes, depending on the zeolite silanol ((SiOH)x) density, pore topology (MFI, *BEA, FAU), and the quantity of condensed acetonitrile (CH3CN) molecules nearby active sites, under identical reaction mechanisms sharing activated H2O2 intermediates on Ti surfaces. Individual kinetic analyses for propylene oxide (PO) ring‐opening, homogeneous diol oxidative cleavage, and homogeneous aldehyde oxidation reveal that secondary reaction kinetics following C3H6 epoxidation responds more sensitively to the changes in zeolite physical properties and pore condensation with CH3CN. Thus, higher PO selectivities achieved in hydrophilic Ti‐MFI at steady‐state reflect the preferential stabilization of transition states for C3H6 epoxidation (a primary reaction) relative to PO ring‐opening and oxidative cleavage (secondary reactions) that solvation effects that reflect interactions among condensed CH3CN within pores and the extended pore structure.
An Asymmetric Coumarin‐Anthracene Conjugate as Efficient Fullerene‐Free Acceptor for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Niharika Bhuyan Nirmala , Shankar S Shyam , Jyoti Panda Subhra , Shekhar Purohit Chandra , Singhal Rahul , Sharma Ganesh D. , Mishra Amaresh
Published: May 2024

Asymmetric wide‐band gap fullerene‐free acceptors (FFAs) play a crucial role in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, we designed and synthesized a simple asymmetric coumarin‐anthracene conjugate named CA‐CN with optical band gap of 2.1 eV in a single‐step condensation reaction. Single crystal X‐ray structure analysis confirms various multiple intermolecular non‐covalent interactions. The molecular orbital energy levels of CA‐CN estimated from cyclic voltammetry were found to be suitable for its use as an acceptor for OSCs. Binary OSCs fabricated using CA‐CN as acceptor and PTB7‐Th as the donor achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.13 %. We further demonstrate that the insertion of 20 wt % of CA‐CN as a third component in ternary OSCs with PTB7‐Th : DICTF as the host material achieved an impressive PCE of 14.91 %, an improvement of ~43 % compared to the PTB7‐Th : DICTF binary device (10.38 %). Importantly, the ternary blend enhances the absorption coverage from 400 to 800 nm and improves the morphology of the active layer. The findings highlight the efficacy of an asymmetric design approach for FFAs, which paves the way for developing high‐efficiency OSCs at low cost.
Highly Efficient Acidic Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide at Industrial‐Level Current Densities Promoted by Alkali Metal Cations
Authors: Cao Peike , Zhao Xueyang , Liu Yanming , Zhang Haiguang , Zhao Kun , Chen Shuo , Yu Hongtao , Dong Fan , Nichols Nathaniel N. , Chen Jingguang G. , Quan Xie
Published: May 2024

Acidic H2O2 synthesis through electrocatalytic 2e− oxygen reduction presents a sustainable alternative to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone oxidation technology. Nevertheless, acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis suffers from low H2O2 Faradaic efficiencies primarily due to the competing reactions of 4e− oxygen reduction to H2O and hydrogen evolution in environments with high H+ concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the significant effect of alkali metal cations, acting as competing ions with H+, in promoting acidic H2O2 electrosynthesis at industrial‐level currents, resulting in an effective current densities of 50–421 mA cm−2 with 84–100 % Faradaic efficiency and a production rate of 856–7842 μmol cm−2 h−1 that far exceeds the performance observed in pure acidic electrolytes or low‐current electrolysis. Finite‐element simulations indicate that high interfacial pH near the electrode surface formed at high currents is crucial for activating the promotional effect of K+. In situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal the central role of alkali metal cations in stabilizing the key *OOH intermediate to suppress 4e− oxygen reduction through interacting with coordinated H2O.
Unraveling Stoichiometry Effect in Nickel‐Tungsten Alloys for Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Catalysis in Alkaline Electrolytes
Authors: Wang Ye‐Hua , Yang Yu , Gao Fei‐Yue , Zhang Xiao‐Long , Zhu Lei , Yan Hui‐Kun , Yang Peng‐Peng , Gao Min‐Rui
Published: May 2024

Anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells provide the possibility to use platinum group metal‐free catalysts, but the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) suffers from sluggish kinetics and its source is still debated. Here, over nickel‐tungsten (Ni−W) alloy catalysts, we show that the Ni : W ratio greatly governs the HOR performance in alkaline electrolyte. Experimental and theoretical studies unravel that alloying with W can tune the unpaired electrons in Ni, tailoring the potential of zero charge and the catalytic surface to favor hydroxyl adsorption (OHad). The OHad species coordinately interact with potassium (K+) ions, which break the K+ solvation sheath to leave free water molecules, yielding an improved connectivity of hydrogen‐bond networks. Consequently, the optimal Ni17W3 alloy exhibits alkaline HOR activity superior to the state‐of‐the‐art platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst and operates steadily with negligible decay after 10,000 cycles. Our findings offer new understandings of alloyed HOR catalysts and will guide rational design of next‐generation catalysts for fuel cells.
Highly Efficient Self‐Assembly of Heterometallic [2]Catenanes and Cyclic Bis[2]catenanes via Orthogonal Metal‐Coordination Interactions
Authors: Feng Qian , Ding Rui , Hou Yali , Zhang Zeyuan , Zhang Yafei , Liu Haifei , Guo Chenxing , He Gang , Zheng Bo , Zhang Yanmin , Zhang Mingming
Published: May 2024

Although catenated cages have been widely constructed due to their unique and elegant topological structures, cyclic catenanes formed by the connection of multiple catenane units have been rarely reported. Herein, based on the orthogonal metal‐coordination‐driven self‐assembly, we prepare a series of heterometallic [2]catenanes and cyclic bis[2]catenanes, whose structures are clearly evidenced by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Owing to the multiple positively charged nature, as well as the potential synergistic effect of the Cu(I) and Pt(II) metal ions, the cyclic bis[2]catenanes display broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. This work not only provides an efficient strategy for the construction of heterometallic [2]catenanes and cyclic bis[2]catenanes but also explores their applications as superior antibacterial agents, which will promote the construction of advanced supramolecular structures for biomedical applications.
Quantification of Native Lignin Structural Features with Gel‐Phase 2D‐HSQC0 Reveals Lignin Structural Changes During Extraction
Authors: Bourmaud Claire L. , Bertella Stefania , Bosch Rico Anna , Karlen Steven D. , Ralph John , Luterbacher Jeremy S.
Published: May 2024

Our ability to study and valorize the lignin fraction of biomass is hampered by the fundamental and still unmet challenge of precisely quantifying native lignin's structural features. Here, we developed a rapid elevated‐temperature 1H−13C Heteronuclear Single‐Quantum Coherence Zero (HSQC0) NMR method that enables this precise quantification of native lignin structural characteristics even with whole plant cell wall (WPCW) NMR spectroscopy, overcoming fast spin relaxation in the gel phase. We also formulated a Gaussian fitting algorithm to perform automatic and reliable spectral integration. By combining HSQC0 measurements with yield measurements following depolymerisation, we can confirm the combinatorial nature of radical coupling reactions during biosynthesis leading to a random sequential organization of linkages within a largely linear lignin chain. Such analyses illustrate how this analytical method can greatly facilitate the study of native lignin structure, which can then be used for fundamental studies or to understand lignin depolymerization methods like reductive catalytic fractionation or aldehyde‐assisted fractionation.
Efficient Enzymatic Synthesis of Carbamates in Water Using Promiscuous Esterases/Acyltransferases
Authors: Meinert Hannes , Oehlschläger Florian , Cziegler Clemens , Rockstroh Jan , Marzuoli Irene , Bisagni Serena , Lalk Michael , Bayer Thomas , Iding Hans , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: May 2024

Biocatalysis provides an attractive approach to facilitate synthetic reactions in aqueous media. Motivated by the discovery of promiscuous aminolysis activity of esterases, we exploited the esterase from Pyrobaculum calidifontis VA1 (PestE) for the synthesis of carbamates from different aliphatic, aromatic, and arylaliphatic amines and a set of carbonates such as dimethyl‐, dibenzyl‐, or diallyl carbonate. Thus, aniline and benzylamine derivatives, aliphatic and even secondary amines could be efficiently converted into the corresponding benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)‐ or allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc)‐protected products in bulk water, with (isolated) yields of up to 99 %.
Fluorine‐Effect‐Enabled Photocatalytic 4‐Exo‐Trig Cyclization Cascade to Access Fluoroalkylated Cyclobutanes
Authors: Zhou Yulu , Wu Zhenzhen , Xu Jinming , Zhang Zuxiao , Zheng Hanliang , Zhu Gangguo
Published: May 2024

Cyclobutanes are popular structural units in bioactive compounds and versatile intermediates in synthetic chemistry, but their synthesis is challenging owing to high ring strain. In this study, a novel method for highly regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of fluoroalkylcyclobutanes bearing vicinal quaternary and tertiary stereocenters is realized by a photocatalytic 4‐exo‐trig cyclization cascade of thioalkynes or trifluoromethylalkenes. Density functional theory calculations reveal that a unique fluorine effect, arising from hyperconjugative π→σ*C‐F interactions, accounts for the regio‐reversed radical addition at the sterically hindered alkene carbon, which facilitates an unprecedented 4‐exo‐trig ring closure. This chemistry enables the direct and controllable construction of medicinally valuable quaternary‐carbon‐containing cyclobutanes from readily available raw materials, nicely complementing the existing methods.
Leveraging DNA‐Encoded Cell‐Mimics for Environment‐Adaptive Transmembrane Channel Release‐Induced Cell Death
Authors: Li Chunying , Wang Dan , Gao Haiyan , Fu Ting , He Lei , Han Da , Tan Weihong
Published: May 2024

The advancement of cell‐mimic materials, which can forge sophisticated physicochemical dialogues with living cells, has unlocked a realm of intriguing prospects within the fields of synthetic biology and biomedical engineering. Inspired by the evolutionarily acquired ability of T lymphocytes to release perforin and generate transmembrane channels on targeted cells for killing, herein we present a pioneering DNA‐encoded artificial T cell mimic model (ARTC) that accurately mimics T‐cell‐like behavior. ARTC responds to acidic conditions similar to those found in the tumor microenvironment and then selectively releases a G‐rich DNA strand (LG4) embedded with C12 lipid and cholesterol molecules. Once released, LG4 effectively integrates into the membranes of neighboring live cells, behaving as an artificial transmembrane channel that selectively transports K+ ions and disrupts cellular homeostasis, ultimately inducing apoptosis. We hope that the emergence of ARTC will usher in new perspectives for revolutionizing future disease treatment and catalyzing the development of advanced biomedical technologies.
Alpha‐ketoglutarate supplementation in long‐lived Drosophila melanogaster: Impact on lifespan and metabolic responses
Authors: Demianchuk Oleh , Lylyk Maria , Balatskiy Vitalii , Gospodaryov Dmytro , Bayliak Maria
Published: May 2024

Studies on antiaging remedies in insect models sometimes show discrepancies in results. These discrepancies could be explained by different responses of short‐ and long‐lived strains on the antiaging remedies. The purpose of the study was to test whether life‐prolonging effects of alpha‐ketoglutarate (AKG), observed in nematodes and fruit flies, would be reproduced in long‐lived Drosophila melanogaster flies. Lifespan was assayed in flies kept in demographic cages. Fecundity, proportion of flies capable of negative geotaxis, starvation resistance, time of heat coma onset, levels of triacyglycerols, body glucose, glycogen, activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, catalase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate, and glutamate dehydrogenases were assessed. Dietary AKG did not affect fly lifespan on the diet with 5% yeast and 5% sucrose (5Y:5S) and on the diet with 9% yeast and 1% sucrose (9Y:1S), but increased lifespan on the low‐protein diet (1Y:9S). Twenty‐five‐day‐old female flies fed a 5Y:5S diet with 10 mM AKG for 3 weeks, did not differ from the control group (without AKG) in climbing activity, resistance to heat stress, and starvation. The levels of glucose and glycogen were unaffected but the levels of triacylglycerols were lower in AKG‐fed female flies. No differences in activities of glycolytic enzymes, NADPH‐producing enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase, oxygen consumption, and levels of oxidative stress markers were observed between the control and AKG‐fed flies. However, AKG‐fed flies had lower activities of catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase. These results suggest that potential antiaging remedies, such as AKG, may not extend lifespan in long‐living organisms despite influencing several metabolic parameters.