bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Allylation by the Direct Cross‐Coupling of Imines with Unactivated Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Takahashi Masayuki , McLaughlin Martin , Micalizio Glenn C.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Class of Stable, Saturated N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with N‐Naphthyl Substituents: Synthesis, Dynamic Behavior, and Catalytic Potential.
Authors: Vieille‐Petit Ludovic , Luan Xinjun , Mariz Ronaldo , Blumentritt Sascha , Linden Anthony , Dorta Reto
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of 1‐Bromonitroalkanes to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones Catalyzed by 9‐Amino‐9‐deoxyepiquinine.
Authors: Dong Li‐ting , Lu Rui‐jiong , Du Quan‐sheng , Zhang Jun‐min , Liu Sheng‐ping , Xuan Yi‐ning , Yan Ming
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Reactions of 3‐Benzyloxy‐1,2‐o‐quinone with Organometallic Reagents.
Authors: Miller Luke A. , Marsini Maurice A. , Pettus Thomas R. R.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Insertion of α‐Diazoesters into Vinyl Halides to Generate α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Amino Esters.
Authors: Kudirka Romas , Devine Sean K. J. , Adams Christopher S. , Van Vranken David L.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd/C/PPh3: A Simple and Efficient Catalyst System for Double Carbonylation Reactions.
Authors: Liu Jianming , Zheng Shuzhan , Sun Wei , Xia Chungu
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Novel Acetanilide Derivatives as Potent and Selective β3‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Maruyama Tatsuya , Onda Kenichi , Hayakawa Masahiko , Matsui Tetsuo , Takasu Toshiyuki , Ohta Mitsuaki
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Functionalized N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands for Arylation of Benzaldehydes.
Authors: Dogan Oeznur , Guerbuez Nevin , Oezdemir Ismail , Cetinkaya Bekir
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Monoarylation of Acetate Esters and Aryl Methyl Ketones Using Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Biscoe Mark R. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Cyclopentane Derivatives as Inhibitors of Steroid Metabolizing Enzymes AKR1C1 and AKR1C3.
Authors: Stefane Bogdan , Brozic Petra , Vehovc Matej , Lanisnik Rizner Tea , Gobec Stanislav
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: SN2‐Type Nucleophilic Opening of β‐Thiolactones (Thietan‐2‐ones) as a Source of Thioacids for Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Crich David , Sana Kasinath
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydrothiophenes or Spirocyclic Compounds by Domino Reactions of 1,3‐Thiazolidinedione.
Authors: Sun Jing , Zhang Li‐Li , Xia Er‐Yan , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of Indolines by Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination.
Authors: Hou Xue Long , Zheng Bao Hui
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot N‐Arylation of Indoles Directly from N‐Arylsulfonylindoles via Consecutive Deprotection and SNAr Reactions with Activated Aryl Halides.
Authors: Xu Hui , Fan Ling‐Ling
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Fluoroalkylbenzimidazoles via Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions.
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Chen Zixian , Li Shan , Wu Yongming
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antioxidant Potential of Novel Synthetic Benzophenone Analogues.
Authors: Tzanova Tzvetomira , Gerova Mariana , Petrov Ognyan , Karaivanova Margarita , Bagrel Denyse
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photodimerization of Chromone.
Authors: Sakamoto Masami , Kanehiro Masayuki , Mino Takashi , Fujita Tsutomu
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vitro Study of Novel Bis‐[3‐(2‐arylmethylidenimino‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl) ‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one‐6‐yl]methane and Bis‐[3‐(2‐arylidenhydrazo‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl) ‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one‐6‐yl]methane as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Raghu M. , Nagaraj A. , Reddy Ch. Sanjeeva
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Amines as Nucleophiles in the Bargellini Reaction.
Authors: Butcher Ken J. , Hurst Jenny
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Condensation of 2,4‐Diaminothiazoles with Aldehydes and Meldrum′s Acid: Synthesis of 7‐Aryl(alkyl)‐Substituted 6,7‐Dihydro‐4H‐thiazolo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones (IV).
Authors: Dudinov Arkady A. , Lichitsky Boris V. , Komogortsev Andrey N. , Krayushkin Mikhail M.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Synthesis of 5‐Benzoylpyrimidine‐2,4‐diones from Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Kim Jeong Mi , Kim Eun Sun , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient One Step Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐5‐cyano‐6‐hydroxy‐4‐arylpyrimidines and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Deshmukh M. B. , Salunkhe S. M. , Patil D. R. , Anbhule P. V.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[5,1‐c][1,4]benzoxazines Through Palladium—Copper Catalysis.
Authors: Chowdhury Chinmay , Sasmal Anup Kumar , Dutta Pradeep Kumar
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Etherification of Morroniside.
Authors: Sunghwa Fortunatus , Sakurai Hiroaki , Saiki Ikuo , Koketsu Mamoru
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of New Monoterpene Glycoside from Sibiraea angustata Rchd. and Its Antiobestic Effect
Authors: Ito Yoshiaki , Kamo Satoshi , Sadhu Samir Kumar , Ohtsuki Takashi , Ishibashi Masami , Kano Yoshihiro
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Usnic Acid.
Authors: Hawranik Drew J. , Anderson Kurtis S. , Simmonds Reesa , Sorensen John L.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of De‐O‐sulfated Salacinols: Revision of the Structure of Neosalacinol, a Potent α‐Glucosidase Inhibitor.
Authors: Tanabe Genzoh , Xie Weijia , Ogawa Ai , Cao Changnian , Minematsu Toshie , Yoshikawa Masayuki , Muraoka Osamu
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Stereoisomers of Neolignan (I) and Lignan (II) from the Flower Buds of Magnolia fargesii.
Authors: Lee Jun , Seo Eun‐Kyoung , Jang Dae Sik , Ha Tae Joung , Kim Jong‐Pyung , Nam Joo‐Won , Bae Green , Lee Yun Mi , Yang Min Suk , Kim Jin Sook
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic Prenylated Flavonoids from the Stem Bark of Maackia amurensis.
Authors: Li Xiong , Wang Dong , Xia Ming‐yu , Wang Zhi‐hui , Wang Wei‐ning , Cui Zheng
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Uses of Molecular Fluorocarbon—Hydrocarbon Diblocks, Triblocks, and Related Compounds — Unique “Apolar” Components for Self‐Assembled Colloid and Interface Engineering
Authors: Krafft Marie Pierre , Riess Jean G.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of Peptide Arrays: Quo Vadis SPOT Technology
Authors: Volkmer Rudolf
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of 5a‐Carbaglycopyranosylamine Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro , Kanto Miki
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Quinazolines as Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Srivastava Sanjay K. , Kumar Vivek , Agarwal Shiv K. , Mukherjee Rama , Burman Anand C.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Interaction of 1,3‐Diheteracycloalkanes with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Sultanova Rimma M. , Khanova Marina D. , Dokichev Vladimir A.
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Induction on β‐Boration of α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds — An Inexpensive Approach
Authors: Lillo Vanesa , Bonet Amadeu , Fernandez Elena
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Time‐Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Transient Organic Radicals
Authors: Beckert Dieter
Published: August 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of dalbavancin as chiral selector for HPLC and comparison with teicoplanin‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Zhang Xiaotong , Bao Ye , Huang Ke , Barnett‐Rundlett Kimber L. , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: August 2009

Dalbavancin is a new compound of the macrocyclic glycopeptide family. It was covalently linked to 5 μm silica particles using two different binding chemistries. Approximately 250 racemates including (a) heterocyclic compounds, (b) chiral acids, (c) chiral amines, (d) chiral alcohols, (e) chiral sulfoxides and sulfilimines, (f) amino acids and amino acid derivatives, and (g) other chiral compounds were tested on the two new chiral stationary phases (CSPs) using three different mobile phases. As dalbavancin is structurally related to teicoplanin, the same set of chiral compounds was screened on two commercially available teicoplanin CSPs for comparison. The dalbavancin CSPs were able to separate some enantiomers that were not separated by the teicoplanin CSPs and also showed improved separations for many racemates. However, there were other compounds only separated or better separated on teicoplanin CSPs. Therefore, the dalbavancin CSPs are complementary to the teicoplanin CSPs. Chirality, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Katalysatorscreening bei der Umesterung von Fetten und Ölen mit Ethanol
Authors: Hagen J. , Henke Dipl.‐Ing. D.
Published: August 2009

Fettsäureethylester haben ein interessantes Entwicklungspotential für die Herstellung von Biodiesel. Die Ethanolyse von Fetten und Ölen lässt sich mit hohen Ausbeuten sowohl homogen katalysiert, als auch heterogen katalysiert bei höheren Reaktionstemperaturen durchführen. Auch Fette und Öle mit hohen Gehalten freier Fettsäuren lassen sich mit sauren Katalysatoren problemlos umestern. Die besten Katalysatoren waren Toluolsulfonsäure und Alkylbenzolsulfonsäure (homogen, 80 °C) sowie sulfatiertes ZrO2 und Montmorillonit KSF (heterogen, 140 – 160 °C).
An evaluation of lower‐body functional limitations among long‐term survivors of 11 different types of cancers
Authors: Schootman Mario , Aft Rebecca , Jeffe Donna B.
Published: August 2009

BACKGROUND:

The authors examined potential reasons (sociodemographics, psychologic distress, health behavior, chronic health conditions, access to medical care) for increased prevalence of lower‐body functional limitations among long‐term (≥5 years) cancer survivors.

METHODS:

The authors used National Health Interview Survey data from 2005 through 2007, and defined lower‐body functional limitation as reporting difficulty/inability to perform at least 1 of 5 activities (walking approximately one–quarter of a mile; walking up and down 10 steps without rest; standing for 2 hours; stooping, crouching, or kneeling; and lifting 10 lbs). Increased prevalence of lower‐body functional limitations was compared between long‐term survivors of each of 11 cancer types reported by ≥50 respondents (n = 2143) and persons without cancer history (controls; n = 72,618).

RESULTS:

Among cancer survivors, 57.0% had a lower‐body functional limitation versus 26.6% of controls. The unadjusted prevalence of lower‐body functional limitations varied by cancer type, ranging from 44.9% (lymphoma survivors) to 88.8% (lung cancer survivors). Long‐term lung (odds ratio [OR], 7.91), uterine (OR, 2.41), thyroid (OR, 2.27), cervical (OR, 1.76), ovarian (OR, 1.75), and breast (OR, 1.35) cancer survivors had increased odds of reporting a lower‐body functional limitation than controls after adjusting for sociodemographic factors (all P < .05). Differences in the prevalence of arthritis and lower‐back pain and in access to medical care explained differences in lower‐body functional limitation prevalence between controls and long‐term breast, cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancer survivors. Long‐term bladder, colorectal, lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer survivors were equally likely to report a lower‐body functional limitation as controls.

CONCLUSIONS:

Treatment of arthritis and lower–back pain and increasing access to medical care might help reduce the risk of lower‐body functional limitations and improve quality of life among specific long‐term cancer survivors. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Inhibited temperament and parent emotional availability differentially predict young children's cortisol responses to novel social and nonsocial events
Authors: Kertes Darlene A. , Donzella Bonny , Talge Nicole M. , Garvin Melissa C. , Van Ryzin Mark J. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: August 2009

Preschool‐aged children (n = 274) were examined in the laboratory to assess behavioral and cortisol responses to nonsocial and social threat. Parents also responded to scales on the Children's Behavior Questionnaire reflecting exuberant approach to novel/risky activities (reversed scored) and shyness. Multi‐method measures of Nonsocial and Social Inhibition were computed. Parents and children were observed engaging in a series of interactive tasks and the Emotional Availability scales were scored for parental sensitivity, nonintrusiveness, nonhostility, and structuring. These scores were factored to yield one measure of Parenting Quality. Analyses revealed that Nonsocial and Social Inhibition could be distinguished and that associations with cortisol response were stressor specific. Moderation analyses revealed that parenting quality buffered cortisol elevations for extremely socially, but not nonsocially inhibited children. These findings are consistent with evidence that sensitive, supportive parenting is an important buffer of the HPA axis response to threat in infants and toddlers, and extends this finding to the preschool period. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 521–532, 2009.
CD137 ligand‐mediated reverse signals increase cell viability and cytokine expression in murine myeloid cells: Involvement of mTOR/p70S6 kinase and Akt
Authors: Kim Dong‐Ku , Lee Sang Chul , Lee Hyeon‐Woo
Published: August 2009

Cross‐linking of CD137 ligand (CD137L), a member of the TNF family, with recombinant CD137‐Fc (rCD137‐Fc) protein enhanced adherence of bone marrow‐derived macrophages, and increased the expression of ICAM‐1, IL‐1β, IL‐6, M‐CSF and phosphotyrosine proteins. In RAW264.7 cells, a murine myeloid cell line, rCD137‐Fc not only increased adherence but also cell multiplication, in a manner comparable to LPS or M‐CSF. In addition, it up‐regulated expression of IL‐1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist, IL‐6, COX2, tenascin C, neuropeptide Y and M‐CSF mRNA. Neutralization of M‐CSF by incubating the RAW264.7 cells with anti‐M‐CSF mAb did not prevent the CD137L signal‐induced viability. Viability was blocked by PP2, an Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, but not by Wortmannin, another PI3K inhibitor. Cross‐linking of CD137L increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6 kinase. The latter was blocked by PP2, rapamycin or LY294002, but not by Wortmannin, whereas phosphorylation of Akt was blocked by LY294002 or Wortmannin. These findings demonstrate that reverse signals evoked by CD137L regulate immune functions in macrophages.
Tissue transglutaminase enhances collagen type II‐induced arthritis and modifies the immunodominant T‐cell epitope CII260‐270
Authors: Dzhambazov Balik , Lindh Ingrid , Engström Åke , Holmdahl Rikard
Published: August 2009

The calcium‐dependent enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is associated with diverse biological functions, such as induction of apoptosis, modeling of the extracellular matrix, receptor‐mediated endocytosis, cell growth and differentiation, cell adhesion and signal transduction. Also, it may deamidate glutamine residues to glutamic acid and catalyze cross‐linking of proteins. In this study, we have investigated the impact of tTG for posttranslational modifications and cross‐linking of the immunodominant T‐cell epitope CII260‐270 and their effects on the collagen‐induced arthritis, an animal model for rheumatoid arthritis. By using mass spectrometry analysis and hybridoma assays, we have demonstrated that tTG could perform both types of modifications (deamidation and cross‐link formation) on the immunodominant T‐cell epitope CII259‐273. Replacement of the glutamine at position 267 with glutamic acid leads to a decreased binding affinity to MHC II. T cells recognized both non‐modfied (Q267) and modified (E267) CII259‐273‐peptides. We also show that administration of tTG leads to increased incidence, severity and histopathological manifestations of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice. Moreover, we conclude that both processes, deamidation and cross‐linking, are involved in the tTG‐catalyzed reactions, and in vivo administration of tTG enhances arthritis severity and joint destruction in mice.
Stable silencing of the glucocorticoid receptor in myelin‐specific T effector cells by retroviral delivery of shRNA: Insight into neuroinflammatory disease
Authors: Tischner Denise , van den Brandt Jens , Weishaupt Andreas , Lühder Fred , Herold Marco J. , Reichardt Holger M.
Published: August 2009

Autoimmune responses in the CNS can be induced by adoptive transfer of CD4+ T effector cells after antigen‐restimulation and expansion of clonal cell lines in vitro. However, pathogenic factors remain partially elusive due to the lack of appropriate methods to achieve gene inactivation. Here we describe a protocol for stable gene silencing in differentiated rat T cells by retroviral transfer of small hairpin RNAs. Through the combination of an expression cassette containing the green fluorescent protein with a puromycin selection cassette this allows for the generation of pure knockdown cell lines suitable for tracking in animals. Exemplified for the glucocorticoid receptor, we demonstrate that gene silencing renders T effector cells unresponsive to ligand‐induced apoptosis and gene regulation without affecting their ability to induce EAE in rats. Interestingly, glucocorticoid administration remains effective in the treatment of EAE despite strongly diminished glucocorticoid receptor expression in antigen‐specific T cells. This highlights an important role of other cell types and bystander T cells as targets of glucocorticoid therapy. Collectively, our approach provides a simple tool for stable and efficient gene silencing in T effector cells, which should help to better understand brain autoimmune pathophysiology.
The Reasons for Ligand‐Dependent Quantum Yields and Absorption Spectrum of Four Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complexes with a Tetrazolate‐Based Ligand: TDDFT Study
Authors: Li Xiao‐Na , Wu Zhi‐Jian , Zhang Hong‐Jie , Si Zhen‐Jun , Zhou Liang , Liu Xiao‐Juan
Published: August 2009

The quantum yield, lifetime, and absorption spectrum of four [Ru(bpy)2L]+ [where bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridyl; L is represented by the deprotonated form of 2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyridine (L1) or 2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyrazine (L2)], as well as their methylated complexes [Ru(bpy)2LMe]2+ (RuL1Me and RuL2Me) are closely ligand dependent. In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) were performed to compare the above properties among these complexes. The calculated results reveal that the replacement of pyridine by pyrazine or the attachment of a CH3 group to the tetrazolate ring greatly increases the π‐accepting ability of the ancillary ligands. The stronger π‐accepting ability of the ancillary ligands in RuL2 results in stronger interaction with polar solvents and a relaxed geometrical structure; these are the main reasons for the lowest quantum yields and the shortest lifetime. The electron‐donating CH3 group buffers the interaction between RuL2Me and the solvent, and together with the enhanced MLCT participation, these account for the highest quantum yields and the longest lifetime. This theoretical contribution allows the factors determining the efficiency of radiative and nonradiative decay pathways in this series of complexes to be rationalized and also allows design of new ruthenium(II) complexes with higher phosphorescence efficiency. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Molybdenum Carbonyl Complexes Bearing PN Ligands Based on 2‐Aminopyridine
Authors: Standfest‐Hauser Christina Maria , Dazinger Georg , Wiedermann Julia , Mereiter Kurt , Kirchner Karl
Published: August 2009

Molybdenum complexes of the general formula Mo(PN)(CO)4containing both achiral and chiral phosphorus‐nitrogen donor bidentate ligands based on 2‐aminopyridine were prepared and characterized by their NMR and IR spectra. The oxidative addition of allyl bromide to Mo(PN)(CO)4was studied with PN =N‐(diisopropylphosphanyl)‐2‐aminopyridine (PN‐iPr). X‐ray structures of representative compounds were determined. The mechanism of the oxidative addition of allyl bromide to Mo(PN‐iPr)(CO)4was analyzed by DFT/B3LYP calculations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A New Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Supermicroporous Material Having Luminescence and Ion‐Exchange Property
Authors: Chandra Debraj , Dutta Arghya , Bhaumik Asim
Published: August 2009

A new crystalline microporous organic‐inorganic hybrid material containing a diimine fluorophore inside the framework has been synthesized solvothermally without using any template or structure‐directing agent (SDA). Powder XRD and N2 sorption analyses suggested the formation of a new triclinic phase and supermicropores of dimension 1.39–1.53 nm in this material. 13C CP MAS, 29Si MAS NMR, UV/Vis absorption and PL spectroscopic results suggested the presence of bridging organic diimine fluorophore in this new porous framework. Due to the use of sole fluorophore organosilane moiety in this organic‐inorganic hybrid framework, this material shows very large affinity toward metal cations like Fe3+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+, and thus can be efficiently utilized as metal ion chemosensor and exchanger. All the metal ion‐exchanged samples show very strong photoluminescence at room temperature and strong dependence of emission colors when exchanged with a particular metal cation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Microwave‐Assisted Palladium‐Catalyzed Heterogeneous Vinylation of 2(1H)‐Pyridones
Authors: Singh Brajendra K. , Cavalluzzo Claudia , De Maeyer Marc , Debyser Zeger , Parmar Virinder S. , Van der Eycken Erik
Published: August 2009

A mild and efficient microwave‐assisted vinylation of 2(1H)‐pyridones has been developed using potassium vinyltrifluoroborate with palladium on carbon as the catalyst. Various vinylating agents, Pd sources and solvents have been screened. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Potentiometric Studies and Various Applications of Solid State Electrodes Based on Silicon and Epoxy Glass Structures – an Overview
Authors: Ciosek P. , Chudy Michał , Górski Łukasz , Grabowska Ilona , Grygołowicz‐Pawlak Ewa , Malinowska Elżbieta , Wróblewski W.
Published: August 2009

Potentiometric microelectrodes are attractive sensor tools for the determination of ionic components in liquids, in wide area of applications, from environmental monitoring to medical diagnostics. Appropriate design of miniaturized transducers based on solid‐state technology and the fabrication of dedicated flow multiparameter systems allow the reduction of sample volume and reagents loss. In this overview various examples of the design, performance, and applications of solid‐state potentiometric microelectrodes based on back‐side contact transducers for flow‐cell analysis are presented. The presented results summarize the research works on that field that were conduced in CSRG/Warsaw University of Technology.
Microfabricated Amperometric Cells for Multicomponent Analysis
Authors: Liu Ying , Gyurcsányi Róbert E. , Jágerszki Gyula , DeNuzzio John D. , Lindner Ernő
Published: August 2009

Towards the development of multianalyte electrochemical immunoassays three individually addressable microelectrode array (MEA) type working electrodes and a reference electrode were integrated into a 4 μL volume, planar electrochemical cell. To model the simultaneous determination of multiple antigens in the cell with enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) glucose oxidase (GOx), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and β‐galactosidase (β‐GAL) were immobilized site specifically onto the individual MEA surfaces and the biocatalitic activity of these surface confined enzymes were evaluated by measuring the products of the enzyme catalyzed reactions directly on the gold MEA surfaces by chronoamperometry or by imaging the enzyme patterned microelectrode array surfaces by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). ALP and β‐GAL were selected as model enzymes because they are the most commonly used enzymes labels in ELISAs. In these measurements glucose, ascorbic acid phosphate (AAP), and p‐aminophenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (PAPG) served as enzyme substrates, respectively. The electrochemical surface area of the gold MEAs did not change during the multistep immobilization process. All enzyme modified MEAs presented selective and proportional responses to their substrates and the response characteristics of the enzyme modified sensors were identical in separate and simultaneous calibration protocols, i.e., there was no cross‐contamination between the closely placed MEAs. The SECM images of the enzyme patterned MEA surfaces suggest that nonspecific adsorption is negligible on the insulating polyimide surface of the MEA separating the individual microelectrode sites.
Direct DNA Hybridization on the Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Sensors Detected by Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Caliskan Ayfer , Erdem Arzum , Karadeniz Hakan
Published: August 2009

Carboxylic acid functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes modified graphite sensors (SWCNT‐PGEs) were developed for electrochemical monitoring of direct DNA hybridization related to specific sequence of Hepatitis B virus, which substantially enhance the electrochemical transduction resulting from guanine oxidation signal comparison to bare PGEs. The performance characteristics of DNA hybridization on disposable CNT‐PGE were explored measuring the guanine signal in terms of optimum analytical conditions; probe and target concentration, hybridization time, and selectivity. The voltammetric results were also complemented with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), that was used to characterize the successful construction of carbon nanotubes modification onto the surface of PGEs.
CE immunoassay with enhanced chemiluminescence detection of erythropoietin using silica dioxide nanoparticles as pseudostationary phase
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Zhang Sichun , Liu Chenghui , Lu Lingzhao , Wang Shidong , Zhang Xinrong
Published: August 2009

The measurement of serum erythropoietin (EPO) is important for the detection of recombinant human EPO misuse in sports. In this paper, we have developed a sensitive and rapid CE immunoassay with enhanced chemiluminescence detection of EPO, in which silica dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) were used as the pseudostationary phase to improve the separation efficiency of analytes. By adopting SiO2 NPs in the CE immunoassay, the separation can be successfully performed in neutral running buffer solution. However, running buffer of extreme pH was still necessary for the conventional CZE mode. Neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing SiO2 NPs and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was chosen as running buffer. The influences of SiO2 NPs, PEO and buffer concentration on the separation efficiency and EPO detection were investigated. EPO‐horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and immunocomplex were baseline separated in a 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) consisting of 0.08% PEO and 0.08% SiO2 NPs. The linear range for EPO was 1.8–158.0 ng/mL and the detection limit was 0.9 ng/mL. The assay was successfully applied for the quantification of EPO in human sera and the results correlated well with those obtained using chemiluminescence immunoassay kits, thus demonstrating that the present method was a potential powerful tool for EPO misuse detection and clinical diagnosis.
Differentiation of Staphylococcus aureus strains by CE, zeta potential and coagulase gene polymorphism
Authors: Kłodzińska Ewa , Szumski Michał , Hrynkiewicz Katarzyna , Dziubakiewicz Ewelina , Jackowski Marek , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: August 2009

Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infection in both hospitals and the community, and it is becoming increasingly virulent and resistant to antibiotics. Possibilities of fast, sensitive and cheap determination of these pathogenic bacteria are extremely important in antimicrobial therapy. In the present study, CE with chemically modified capillary and zeta potential measurements were used for differentiation of three different clinical strains of S. aureus. The data presented in this contribution suggested that electrophoretic behavior and the values of zeta potential should be very useful in distinguishing between closely related strains, which exhibited coagulase gene/protein polymorphism. Understanding the differences between S. aureus strains could help to improve our knowledge about S. aureus pathogenecity and to monitor for and respond to emergence of more virulent strains.
The consequences of sample pooling in proteomics: An empirical study
Authors: Diz Angel P. , Truebano Manuela , Skibinski David O. F.
Published: August 2009

Pooling of samples in proteomics experiments might help overcome resource constraints when many individuals are analysed. The measured biological variation should be reduced giving increased power to detect treatment differences. Pooling has been advocated in microarray work but there are few tests of its potential in proteomics. In this study, we examine three issues on which the success of the pooling approach might hinge and provide evidence that: (i) the protein expression in a pool matches the mean expression of the individuals making up the pool for the majority of proteins, although for some proteins the pool expression is different; (ii) the biological variance between pools is reduced compared with that between individuals, as predicted in theory, but this reduction is not as large as expected. A practical consequence of this is that power could be reduced; (iii) proteins detectable in individual samples are usually but not always visible when samples are pooled. We conclude that pooling of samples in proteomics work is a valid and potentially valuable procedure but consideration should be given to these issues in experimental design.
Oil‐based gas washing—Flexible tar removal for high‐efficient production of clean heat and power as well as sustainable fuels and chemicals
Authors: Zwart R.W.R. , Van der Drift A. , Bos A. , Visser H.J.M. , Cieplik M.K. , Könemann H.W.J.
Published: August 2009

The Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and Dahlman Industrial Group have developed a flexible tar removal process. This oil‐based gas washing process, OLGA, besides tars, also removes dust as well as contaminants like thiophenes and dioxins from the product gas of a (biomass) gasifier. At ECN, the OLGA technology is currently applied within the Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) production process based on indirect gasification. As OLGA removes tars, but not the valuable lighter hydrocarbons like methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), and ethylene (C2H4), it plays a crucial role in high‐efficient SNG production processes. The OLGA in the past has been demonstrated successfully upstream Fischer‐Tropsch diesel (FT) synthesis and in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) line ups as well though, where in the latter case besides the crucial tar removal it showed also to remove dioxins present in the product gas. As such, OLGA plays a crucial role in the production of clean heat and power. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Thermodynamics of autothermal wood gasification
Authors: Mevissen Nora , Schulzke Tim , Unger Christoph A. , an Bhaird Sean Mac
Published: August 2009

This work extensively studies the thermodynamics of air blown autothermal wood gasification at adiabatic conditions. To this end, the software package HSC Chemistry® was used to determine the composition of the synthesis gas at thermodynamic equilibrium. This software operates on the basis of Gibb's energy minimization. In the model, dry and ash‐free wood has been represented by CH1.44O0.66. Dry air has been modeled as a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen and argon. As the calculations were carried out with respect to adiabatic conditions, it was necessary to determine the adiabatic flame temperature via heat and mass balances. This approach of adopting adiabatic conditions, though generally not taken into consideration in thermodynamic studies, is seen as beneficial, providing additional information with regard to the gasifier operating point. A sensitivity analysis was conducted. The influence of parameters like equivalence ratio, water content of wood fuel and air preheating on adiabatic flame temperature and cold gas efficiency is discussed. For air at ambient temperature, the highest cold gas efficiency is achieved with an equivalence ratio of about 0.28. This was dependent to some small degree on the water content of the fuel wood. With increased air preheating, the maximum cold gas efficiency is increased and shifted to lower equivalence ratios. For wet wood, it transpired to be more efficient to use the sensible heat from the synthesis gas for drying of the fuel rather than preheating of the air. Finally, calculated values are compared to measurements from a circulating fluidised bed gasifier. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Small molecule XIAP inhibitors sensitize childhood acute leukemia cells for CD95‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Loeder Sandra , Drensek Annekathrin , Jeremias Irmela , Debatin Klaus‐Michael , Fulda Simone
Published: August 2009

Escape of apoptosis may contribute to treatment failure in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) calling for new approaches to overcome apoptosis resistance. Here, we provide for the first time evidence that small molecule inhibitors that target the anti‐apoptotic protein X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) sensitize ALL cells for CD95‐induced apoptosis. XIAP inhibitors at subtoxic concentrations, but not a structurally related control compound, act synergistically with agonistic anti‐CD95 antibodies or MegaFasL, a hexameric form of CD95 ligand, to induce apoptosis in ALL cells. Further, XIAP inhibitors co‐operate with MegaFasL to reduce clonogenic survival of ALL cells demonstrating their effect also on long‐term survival. In contrast, XIAP inhibitors show little effect on MegaFasL‐mediated apoptosis in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), pointing to some tumor selectivity. Molecular studies reveal that XIAP inhibitors enhance CD95‐induced activation of caspases, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release in a caspase‐dependent manner. Importantly, XIAP inhibitors sensitize primary leukemic blasts from children with ALL for MegaFasL‐induced apoptosis. Thus, small molecule XIAP inhibitors present a promising novel approach to enhance CD95‐induced apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia.
Detailed examination of lymph nodes improves prognostication in colorectal cancer
Authors: Doekhie Fania S. , Mesker Wilma E. , Kuppen Peter J. , van Leeuwen Gijs A. , Morreau Hans , de Bock Geertruida H. , Putter Hein , Tanke Hans J. , van de Velde Cornelis J. , Tollenaar Rob A.
Published: August 2009

Up to 30% of stage II patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer (CRC) will develop disease recurrence. We evaluated whether examination of lymph nodes by multilevel sectioning and immunohistochemical staining can improve prognostication. Lymph nodes (n = 780) from 36 CRC patients who had developed disease recurrence (cases) and 72 patients who showed no recurrence of disease for at least 5 years (controls) were analyzed. Sections of 4 levels at 200‐μm interval were immunohistochemically stained for cytokeratin expression. The first level was analyzed by conventional and automated microscopy, and the 3 following levels were analyzed by automated microscopy for the presence of tumor cells. Overall, cases showed more micrometastases (3 patients) than controls (1 patient). Analysis of a second level led to the additional detection of 1 patient with micrometastases (case) and 1 patient with macrometastasis (case). Examining more levels only led to additional isolated tumor cells, which were equally divided between cases and controls. Likewise, automated microscopy resulted only in detection of additional isolated tumor cells when compared with conventional microscopy. In multivariate analysis, micrometastases [odds ratio (OR) 26.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–364.8, p = 0.015], T4 stage (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.4–16.7, p = 0.013) and number of lymph nodes (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.8–1.0, p = 0.028) were independent predictors for disease recurrence. Lymph node analysis of 2 levels and immunohistochemical staining add to the detection of macrometastases and micrometastases in CRC. Micrometastases were found to be an independent predictor of disease recurrence. Isolated tumor cells were of no prognostic significance.