bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Enhances High Intensity Time Trial Performance Following Prolonged Cycling
Authors: Luden Nicholas , Saunders Michael , D’Lugos Andrew , Pataky Mark , Baur Daniel , Vining Caitlin , Schroer Adam
Published: September 2016

There is good evidence that mouth rinsing with carbohydrate (CHO) solutions can enhance endurance performance (≥30 min). The impact of a CHO mouth rinse on sprint performance has been less consistent, suggesting that CHO may confer benefits in conditions of ‘metabolic strain’. To test this hypothesis, the current study examined the impact of late-exercise mouth rinsing on sprint performance. Secondly, we investigated the effects of a protein mouth rinse (PRO) on performance. Eight trained male cyclists participated in three trials consisting of 120 min of constant-load cycling (55% Wmax) followed by a 30 km computer-simulated time trial, during which only water was provided. Following 15 min of muscle function assessment, 10 min of constant-load cycling (3 min at 35% Wmax, 7 min at 55% Wmax) was performed. This was immediately followed by a 2 km time trial. Subjects rinsed with 25 mL of CHO, PRO, or placebo (PLA) at min 5:00 and 14:30 of the 15 min muscle function phase, and min 8:00 of the 10-min constant-load cycling. Magnitude-based inferential statistics were used to analyze the effects of the mouth rinse on 2-km time trial performance and the following physiological parameters: Maximum Voluntary Contract (MVC), Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Heart Rate (HR), and blood glucose levels. The primary finding was that CHO ‘likely’ enhanced performance vs. PLA (3.8%), whereas differences between PRO and PLA were unclear (0.4%). These data demonstrate that late-race performance is enhanced by a CHO rinse, but not PRO, under challenging metabolic conditions. More data should be acquired before this strategy is recommended for the later stages of cycling competition under more practical conditions, such as when carbohydrates are supplemented throughout the preceding minutes/hours of exercise.
The Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Function among Healthy Older Adults in a 6-Month Randomised Controlled Trial: The MedLey Study
Authors: Knight Alissa , Bryan Janet , Wilson Carlene , Hodgson Jonathan , Davis Courtney , Murphy Karen
Published: September 2016

Evidence from a limited number of randomised controlled intervention trials (RCTs) have shown that a Mediterranean dietary pattern may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and enhance cognitive function among healthy older adults. However, there are currently no data in non-Mediterranean older adult populations. The present study aimed to address this gap by examining the effect of a Mediterranean dietary pattern (MedDiet) for six months on aspects of cognitive function in a randomised controlled intervention trial (the MedLey study) that extended for a duration of 18 months. In the final analysed cohort, a total of 137 men and women (mean age of 72.1 ± 5.0 years) randomly assigned to either a MedDiet or control diet (HabDiet) (i.e., habitual dietary intake), were assessed on a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, including 11 individual tests. In multivariable-adjusted models, the MedDiet group did not perform significantly better than the HabDiet control group for executive functioning (adjusted mean differences: +2.53, 95% CI −2.59 to 7.65, p = 0.33); speed of processing (adjusted mean differences: +3.24, 95% CI −1.21 to 7.70, p = 0.15); memory (adjusted mean differences: +2.00, 95% CI −3.88 to 7.88, p = 0.50); visual-spatial ability (adjusted mean differences: +0.21, 95% CI −0.38 to 0.81, 0.48); and overall age-related cognitive performance (adjusted mean differences: +7.99, 95% CI −4.00 to 19.9, p = 0.19). In conclusion, this study did not find evidence of a beneficial effect of a MedDiet intervention on cognitive function among healthy older adults.
Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Gram-Positive Bacteria
Authors: Malanovic Nermina , Lohner Karl
Published: September 2016

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have remarkably different structures as well as biological activity profiles, whereupon most of these peptides are supposed to kill bacteria via membrane damage. In order to understand their molecular mechanism and target cell specificity for Gram-positive bacteria, it is essential to consider the architecture of their cell envelopes. Before AMPs can interact with the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria, they have to traverse the cell wall composed of wall- and lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycan. While interaction of AMPs with peptidoglycan might rather facilitate penetration, interaction with anionic teichoic acids may act as either a trap for AMPs or a ladder for a route to the cytoplasmic membrane. Interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane frequently leads to lipid segregation affecting membrane domain organization, which affects membrane permeability, inhibits cell division processes or leads to delocalization of essential peripheral membrane proteins. Further, precursors of cell wall components, especially the highly conserved lipid II, are directly targeted by AMPs. Thereby, the peptides do not inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis via binding to proteins like common antibiotics, but form a complex with the precursor molecule, which in addition can promote pore formation and membrane disruption. Thus, the multifaceted mode of actions will make AMPs superior to antibiotics that act only on one specific target.
Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cellulose/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites
Authors: Fu Lian-Hua , Liu Yan-Jun , Ma Ming-Guo , Zhang Xue-Ming , Xue Zhi-Min , Zhu Jie-Fang
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we report a facile, rapid, and green strategy for the synthesis of cellulose/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites using an inorganic phosphorus source (sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2PO4·2H2O)), or organic phosphorus sources (adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), creatine phosphate disodium salt tetrahydrate (CP), or D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate trisodium salt octahydrate (FBP)) through the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the phosphorus sources, heating time, and heating temperature on the phase, size, and morphology of the products were systematically investigated. The experimental results revealed that the phosphate sources played a critical role on the phase, size, and morphology of the minerals in the nanocomposites. For example, the pure HA was obtained by using NaH2PO4·2H2O as phosphorus source, while all the ATP, CP, and FBP led to the byproduct, calcite. The HA nanostructures with various morphologies (including nanorods, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-spherical, and nano-spherical particles) were obtained by varying the phosphorus sources or adjusting the reaction parameters. In addition, this strategy is surfactant-free, avoiding the post-treatment procedure and cost for the surfactant removal from the product. We believe that this work can be a guidance for the green synthesis of cellulose/HA nanocomposites in the future.
Pure Hydrogen Production in Membrane Reactor with Mixed Reforming Reaction by Utilizing Waste Gas: A Case Study
Authors: Jokar Seyyed , Rahimpour Mohammad , Shariati Alireza , Iulianelli Adolfo , Bagnato Giuseppe , Vita Antonio , Dalena Francesco , Basile Angelo
Published: September 2016

A rise in CO2 and other greenhouse gases’ concentration from gas refinery flares and furnaces in the atmosphere causes environmental problems. In this work, a new process was designed to use waste gas (flue gas and flare gas) of a domestic gas refinery to produce pure hydrogen in a membrane reactor. In particular, the process foresees that the energy and CO2 content of flue gas can provide the heat of the mixed reforming reaction to convert flare gas into hydrogen. Furthermore, the characteristics of the feed stream were obtained via simulation. Then, an experimental setup was built up to investigate the performance of a membrane reactor allocating an unsupported dense Pd-Ag membrane at the mentioned conditions. In this regard, a Ni/CeO2 catalyst was loaded in the membrane reformer for mixed reforming reaction, operating at 450 °C, in a pressure range between 100 and 350 kPa and a gas hourly space velocity of around 1000 h−1. The experimental results in terms of methane conversion, hydrogen recovery and yield, as well as products’ compositions are reported. The best results of this work were observed at 350 kPa, where the MR was able to achieve about 64%, 52% and 50% for methane conversion, hydrogen yield and recovery, respectively. Furthermore, with the assistance of the experimental tests, the proposed process was simulated in the scaling up to calculate the needed surface area for MR in the domestic gas refinery.
Quarter-Century Offshore Winds from SSM/I and WRF in the North Sea and South China Sea
Authors: Hasager Charlotte , Astrup Poul , Zhu Rong , Chang Rui , Badger Merete , Hahmann Andrea
Published: September 2016

We study the wind climate and its long-term variability in the North Sea and South China Sea, areas relevant for offshore wind energy development, using satellite-based wind data, because very few reliable long-term in-situ sea surface wind observations are available. The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) ocean winds extrapolated from 10 m to 100 m using the Charnock relationship and the logarithmic profile method are compared to Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model results in both seas and to in-situ observations in the North Sea. The mean wind speed from SSM/I and WRF differ only by 0.1 m/s at Fino1 in the North Sea, while west of Hainan in the South China Sea the difference is 1.0 m/s. Linear regression between SSM/I and WRF winds at 100 m show correlation coefficients squared of 0.75 and 0.67, standard deviation of 1.67 m/s and 1.41 m/s, and mean difference of −0.12 m/s and 0.83 m/s for Fino1 and Hainan, respectively. The WRF-derived winds overestimate the values in the South China Sea. The inter-annual wind speed variability is estimated as 4.6% and 4.4% based on SSM/I at Fino1 and Hainan, respectively. We find significant changes in the seasonal wind pattern at Fino1 with springtime winds arriving one month earlier from 1988 to 2013 and higher winds in June; no yearly trend in wind speed is observed in the two seas.
Sediment-Mass Accumulation Rate and Variability in the East China Sea Detected by GRACE
Authors: Liu Ya-Chi , Hwang Cheinway , Han Jiancheng , Kao Ricky , Wu Chau-Ron , Shih Hsuan-Chang , Tangdamrongsub Natthachet
Published: September 2016

The East China Sea (ECS) is a region with shallow continental shelves and a mixed oceanic circulation system allowing sediments to deposit on its inner shelf, particularly near the estuary of the Yangtze River. The seasonal northward-flowing Taiwan Warm Current and southward-flowing China Coastal Current trap sediments from the Yangtze River, which are accumulated over time at rates of up to a few mm/year in equivalent water height. Here, we use the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity products from three data centres to determine sediment mass accumulation rates (MARs) and variability on the ECS inner shelf. We restore the atmospheric and oceanic effects to avoid model contaminations on gravity signals associated with sediment masses. We apply destriping and spatial filters to improve the gravity signals from GRACE and use the Global Land Data Assimilation System to reduce land leakage. The GRACE-derived MARs over April 2002–March 2015 on the ECS inner shelf are about 6 mm/year and have magnitudes and spatial patterns consistent with those from sediment-core measurements. The GRACE-derived monthly sediment depositions show variations at time scales ranging from six months to more than two years. Typically, a positive mass balance of sediment deposition occurs in late fall to early winter when the southward coastal currents prevail. A negative mass balance happens in summer when the coastal currents are northward. We identify quasi-biennial sediment variations, which are likely to be caused by quasi-biennial variations in rain and erosion in the Yangtze River basin. We briefly explain the mechanisms of such frequency-dependent variations in the GRACE-derived ECS sediment deposition. There is no clear perturbation on sediment deposition over the ECS inner shelf induced by the Three Gorges Dam. The limitations of GRACE in resolving sediment deposition are its low spatial resolution (about 250 km) and possible contaminations by land hydrological and oceanic signals. Potential GRACE-derived sediment depositions in six major estuaries are presented.
An Integrated Approach for Monitoring Contemporary and Recruitable Large Woody Debris
Authors: Richardson Jeffrey , Moskal L.
Published: September 2016

Large woody debris (LWD) plays a critical structural role in riparian ecosystems, but it can be difficult and time-consuming to quantify and survey in the field. We demonstrate an automated method for quantifying LWD using aerial LiDAR and object-based image analysis techniques, as well as a manual method for quantifying LWD using image interpretation derived from LiDAR rasters and aerial four-band imagery. In addition, we employ an established method for estimating the number of individual trees within the riparian forest. These methods are compared to field data showing high accuracies for the LWD method and moderate accuracy for the individual tree method. These methods can be integrated to quantify the contemporary and recruitable LWD in a river system.
Fabrication of Micro-Needle Electrodes for Bio-Signal Recording by a Magnetization-Induced Self-Assembly Method
Authors: Chen Keyun , Ren Lei , Chen Zhipeng , Pan Chengfeng , Zhou Wei , Jiang Lelun
Published: September 2016

Micro-needle electrodes (MEs) have attracted more and more attention for monitoring physiological electrical signals, including electrode-skin interface impedance (EII), electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiography (ECG) recording. A magnetization-induced self-assembling method (MSM) was developed to fabricate a microneedle array (MA). A MA coated with Ti/Au film was assembled as a ME. The fracture and insertion properties of ME were tested by experiments. The bio-signal recording performance of the ME was measured and compared with a typical commercial wet electrode (Ag/AgCl electrode). The results show that the MA self-assembled from the magnetic droplet array under the sum of gravitational surface tension and magnetic potential energies. The ME had good toughness and could easily pierce rabbit skin without being broken or buckling. When the compression force applied on the ME was larger than 2 N, ME could stably record EII, which was a lower value than that measured by Ag/AgCl electrodes. EMG signals collected by ME varied along with the contraction of biceps brachii muscle. ME could record static ECG signals with a larger amplitude and dynamic ECG signals with more distinguishable features in comparison with a Ag/AgCl electrode, therefore, ME is an alternative electrode for bio-signal monitoring in some specific situations.
Increasing the Lifetime of Mobile WSNs via Dynamic Optimization of Sensor Node Communication Activity
Authors: Guimarães Dayan , Sakai Lucas , Alberti Antonio , De Souza Rausley
Published: September 2016

In this paper, a simple and flexible method for increasing the lifetime of fixed or mobile wireless sensor networks is proposed. Based on past residual energy information reported by the sensor nodes, the sink node or another central node dynamically optimizes the communication activity levels of the sensor nodes to save energy without sacrificing the data throughput. The activity levels are defined to represent portions of time or time-frequency slots in a frame, during which the sensor nodes are scheduled to communicate with the sink node to report sensory measurements. Besides node mobility, it is considered that sensors’ batteries may be recharged via a wireless power transmission or equivalent energy harvesting scheme, bringing to the optimization problem an even more dynamic character. We report large increased lifetimes over the non-optimized network and comparable or even larger lifetime improvements with respect to an idealized greedy algorithm that uses both the real-time channel state and the residual energy information.
A Security Mechanism for Cluster-Based WSN against Selective Forwarding
Authors: Zhou Hai , Wu Yuanming , Feng Li , Liu Daolei
Published: September 2016

A wireless sensor network (WSN) faces a number of outsider and insider attacks, and it is difficult to detect and defend against insider attacks. In particular, an insider selective-forwarding attack, in which the attackers select some of the received packets to drop, most threatens a WSN. Compared to a distributed WSN, a cluster-based WSN will suffer more losses, even the whole network’s destruction, if the cluster head is attacked. In this paper, a scheme solving the above issues is proposed with three types of nodes, the Cluster Head (CH), the Inspector Node (IN) and Member Nodes (MNs). The IN monitors the CH’s transmission to protect the cluster against a selective-forwarding attack; the CH forwards packets from MNs and other CHs, and randomly checks the IN to ascertain if it works properly; and the MNs send the gathered data packets to the CH and evaluate the behaviors of the CH and IN based on their own reputation mechanism. The novelty of our scheme is that in order to take both the safety and the lifespan of a network into consideration, the composite reputation value (CRV) including forwarding rate, detecting malicious nodes, and surplus energy of the node is utilized to select CH and IN under the new suggested network arrangement, and the use of a node’s surplus energy can balance the energy consumption of a node, thereby prolonging the network lifespan. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme can detect the malicious node accurately and efficiently, so the false alarm rate is lowered by 25.7% compared with Watchdog and the network lifespan is prolonged by 54.84% compared with LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy).
Voluntary Certification of Agricultural Products in Competitive Markets: The Consideration of Boundedly Rational Consumers
Authors: Pu Xujin , Zhang Huanzhen
Published: September 2016

Market competition creates strategic incentives for firms to communicate private information about their own product quality through certification. Although voluntary certification has recently gained importance in the agricultural industry, information asymmetry is not always completely addressed. This study analyzes how the relative proportion of boundedly rational consumers in the market influences the effectiveness of voluntary certification mechanisms by using a duopoly game model of high- and low-quality firms. The presented results show that a change in the proportion of boundedly rational consumers leads to different certification behaviors and a different market equilibrium. We also find that the existence of boundedly rational consumers is an important factor in the failure of voluntary certification. Indeed, when the relative proportion of such consumers is very high, voluntary certification is ineffective at improving market efficiency.
Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus in Developing Countries
Authors: Khuroo Mohammad , Khuroo Mehnaaz , Khuroo Naira
Published: September 2016

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an RNA virus of the Hepeviridae family, has marked heterogeneity. While all five HEV genotypes can cause human infections, genotypes HEV-1 and -2 infect humans alone, genotypes HEV-3 and -4 primarily infect pigs, boars and deer, and genotype HEV-7 primarily infects dromedaries. The global distribution of HEV has distinct epidemiological patterns based on ecology and socioeconomic factors. In resource-poor countries, disease presents as large-scale waterborne epidemics, and few epidemics have spread through person-to-person contact; however, endemic diseases within these countries can potentially spread through person-to-person contact or fecally contaminated water and foods. Vertical transmission of HEV from infected mother to fetus causes high fetal and perinatal mortality. Other means of transmission, such as zoonotic transmission, can fluctuate depending upon the region and strain of the virus. For instance, zoonotic transmission can sometimes play an insignificant role in human infections, such as in India, where human and pig HEV infections are unrelated. However, recently China and Southeast Asia have experienced a zoonotic spread of HEV-4 from pigs to humans and this has become the dominant mode of transmission of hepatitis E in eastern China. Zoonotic HEV infections in humans occur by eating undercooked pig flesh, raw liver, and sausages; through vocational contact; or via pig slurry, which leads to environmental contamination of agricultural products and seafood. Lastly, blood transfusion-associated HEV infections occur in many countries and screening of donors for HEV RNA is currently under serious consideration. To summarize, HEV genotypes 1 and 2 cause epidemic and endemic diseases in resource poor countries, primarily spreading through contaminated drinking water. HEV genotypes 3 and 4 on the other hand, cause autochthonous infections in developed, and many developing countries, by means of a unique zoonotic food-borne transmission.
Changes in Surface Tension of Aqueous Humor in Anterior Segment Ocular Pathologies
Authors: Cabrerizo Javier , Urcola J. , Vecino Elena
Published: September 2016

The aim of this study was to identify and determine differences in surface tension (ST) of aqueous humor (AH) in patients with cataract, glaucoma and Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED). Two hundred and two samples of AH were analyzed (control n = 22; cataract n = 56; glaucoma n = 81; and n = FED 43). Patients with previous history of anterior segment surgery, anterior segment pathology or intraocular injections were excluded from the study. Different types of glaucoma were identified, cataracts were graded using total phaco time data during surgery and clinical severity of FED was assessed by clinical examination. Around 150 microliters AH were obtained during the first step of a surgical procedure, lensectomy, phacoemulsification, nonpenetrating deep sclerotomy (NPDE) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). A pendant drop-based optical goniometer OCA-15 (Dataphysics, Filderstadt, Germany) was used to measure surface tension. Mean ST was 65.74 ± 3.76 mN/m, 63.59 ± 5.50 mN/m, 64.35 ± 6.99 mN/m, and 60.89 ± 3.73 mN/m in control, cataract, glaucoma and FED patients respectively. Statistically significant differences between FED and control group were found (p < 0.001). Lens condition, cataract maturity, age, and gender did not show influence in ST. ST of AH is significantly decreased in FED patients independently from age and lens condition. These findings may aid to the understanding of the physiopathology of the disease.
The Effect of Artificial Recharge on Hydrochemistry: A Comparison of Two Fluvial Gravel Pit Lakes with Different Post-Excavation Uses in The Netherlands
Authors: Mollema Pauline , Antonellini Marco , Hubeek Alwin , Van Diepenbeek Peter
Published: September 2016

Gravel pit lakes form when gravel deposits are excavated below the water table. We studied two fluvial gravel pit lakes called De Lange Vlieter (DLV Lake) and the Boschmolen Plas (BP Lake), in the Meuse River valley (The Netherlands). Water from the Meuse River is pumped only into the DLV Lake that is used for drinking water production. The mean values, the linear trends and seasonal patterns of time series data (2003–2014), of temperature, pH, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate were compared using one-way tests of variance and tests of differences. The effects of river water infiltration on DLV Lake are (1) a change in lake water temperature; (2) an increase in nitrate concentration (3) an increase in phosphate concentration and (4) a decrease in sulphate concentration. The effects of the air blowers in DLV Lake are (1) mixing of lake water; (2) decreasing pH in spring and summer (3) water oxygenation. Linear regression analysis shows an initially increasing nitrate concentration in DLV Lake that can be explained by the input of nitrate rich Meuse river water. Instead decreasing nitrate and phosphate concentrations in BP Lake and Meuse River reflect a diminished use of fertilizers. The gravel pit lake water temperature does not reflect climatic changes but the use of DLV Lake for artificial recharge has an impact on the seasonal and long-term trends in hydrochemistry. This poses a challenge to lake managers to find the right balance between reduction of eutrophication and accumulation of nutrients and sulphate.
INFERENCE OF HEATING PROPERTIES FROM “HOT” NON-FLARING PLASMAS IN ACTIVE REGION CORES. I. SINGLE NANOFLARES
Authors: Barnes W. T. , Cargill P. J. , Bradshaw S. J.
Published: September 2016

The properties that are expected of “hot” non-flaring plasmas due to nanoflare heating in active regions are investigated using hydrodynamic modeling tools, including a two-fluid development of the Enthalpy Based Thermal Evolution of Loops code. Here we study a single nanoflare and show that while simple models predict an emission measure distribution extending well above 10 MK, which is consistent with cooling by thermal conduction, many other effects are likely to limit the existence and detectability of such plasmas. These include: differential heating between electrons and ions, ionization non-equilibrium, and for short nanoflares, the time taken for the coronal density to increase. The most useful temperature range to look for this plasma, often called the “smoking gun” of nanoflare heating, lies between 106.6 and 107 K. Signatures of the actual heating may be detectable in some instances.
LITHIUM DEPLETION IS A STRONG TEST OF CORE-ENVELOPE RECOUPLING
Authors: Somers Garrett , Pinsonneault Marc H.
Published: September 2016

Rotational mixing is a prime candidate for explaining the gradual depletion of lithium from the photospheres of cool stars during the main sequence. However, previous mixing calculations have relied primarily on treatments of angular momentum transport in stellar interiors incompatible with solar and stellar data in the sense that they overestimate the internal differential rotation. Instead, recent studies suggest that stars are strongly differentially rotating at young ages but approach a solid body rotation during their lifetimes. We modify our rotating stellar evolution code to include an additional source of angular momentum transport, a necessary ingredient for explaining the open cluster rotation pattern, and examine the consequences for mixing. We confirm that core-envelope recoupling with a ∼20 Myr timescale is required to explain the evolution of the mean rotation pattern along the main sequence, and demonstrate that it also provides a more accurate description of the Li depletion pattern seen in open clusters. Recoupling produces a characteristic pattern of efficient mixing at early ages and little mixing at late ages, thus predicting a flattening of Li depletion at a few Gyr, in agreement with the observed late-time evolution. Using Li abundances we argue that the timescale for core-envelope recoupling during the main sequence decreases sharply with increasing mass. We discuss the implications of this finding for stellar physics, including the viability of gravity waves and magnetic fields as agents of angular momentum transport. We also raise the possibility of intrinsic differences in initial conditions in star clusters using M67 as an example.
TRANSITION REGION AND CHROMOSPHERIC SIGNATURES OF IMPULSIVE HEATING EVENTS. I. OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Warren Harry P. , Reep Jeffrey W. , Crump Nicholas A. , Simões Paulo J. A.
Published: September 2016

We exploit the high spatial resolution and high cadence of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to investigate the response of the transition region and chromosphere to energy deposition during a small flare. Simultaneous observations from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager provide constraints on the energetic electrons precipitating into the flare footpoints, while observations of the X-Ray Telescope, Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, and Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) allow us to measure the temperatures and emission measures from the resulting flare loops. We find clear evidence for heating over an extended period on the spatial scale of a single IRIS pixel. During the impulsive phase of this event, the intensities in each pixel for the Si iv 1402.770 Å, C ii 1334.535 Å, Mg ii 2796.354 Å, and O i 1355.598 Å emission lines are characterized by numerous small-scale bursts typically lasting 60 s or less. Redshifts are observed in Si iv, C ii, and Mg ii during the impulsive phase. Mg ii shows redshifts during the bursts and stationary emission at other times. The Si iv and C ii profiles, in contrast, are observed to be redshifted at all times during the impulsive phase. These persistent redshifts are a challenge for one-dimensional hydrodynamic models, which predict only short-duration downflows in response to impulsive heating. We conjecture that energy is being released on many small-scale filaments with a power-law distribution of heating rates.
TEMPERATURE ANISOTROPIES OF THERMAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM IONS BY A NONRESONANT ALFVÉN WAVE
Authors: Liu Hai-Feng , Tang Chang-Jian , Wang Xian-Qu , Zhang Xin , Zhao Yong
Published: September 2016

From a significant view, considering the thermal non-equilibrium factor, we investigate Kappa (κ) ion temperature anisotropies induced by a low-frequency parallel propagating Alfvén wave by combining quasi-linear theory and test particle simulation. Analytic expressions for the ion temperature ratios

and

are derived for the solar wind, where

and

denote the perpendicular temperature of species i, parallel temperature of species i, and perpendicular temperature of species j, respectively. The results of our model are broadly consistent, compared to observations of solar-wind measurements. Solar wind helium that meets the condition for strong core heating is nearly seven times hotter than hydrogen, on average. Furthermore, we note that we are able to predict the temperature anisotropies of ions based on their thermal non-equilibrium factors.
TRACING THE REIONIZATION EPOCH WITH ALMA: [C ii] EMISSION IN z ∼ 7 GALAXIES
Authors: Pentericci L. , Carniani S. , Castellano M. , Fontana A. , Maiolino R. , Guaita L. , Vanzella E. , Grazian A. , Santini P. , Yan H. , Cristiani S. , Conselice C. , Giavalisco M. , Hathi N. , Koekemoer A.
Published: September 2016

We present new results on [C ii]158

emission from four galaxies in the reionization epoch. These galaxies were previously confirmed to be at redshifts between 6.6 and 7.15 from the presence of the Lyα emission line in their spectra. The Lyα emission line is redshifted by 100–200 km s−1 compared to the systemic redshift given by the [C ii] line. These velocity offsets are smaller than what is observed in

Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) with similar UV luminosities and emission line properties. Smaller velocity shifts reduce the visibility of Lyα and hence somewhat alleviate the need for a very neutral intergalactic medium at

to explain the drop in the fraction of Lyα emitters observed at this epoch. The galaxies show [C ii] emission with L[C ii] = 

: these luminosities place them consistently below the star formation rate (SFR)–L[C ii] relation observed for low-redshift star-forming and metal-poor galaxies and also below z = 5.5 LBGs with similar SFRs. We argue that previous undetections of [C ii] in

galaxies with similar or smaller SFRs are due to selection effects: previous targets were mostly strong Lyα emitters and therefore probably metal-poor systems, while our galaxies are more representative of the general high-redshift star-forming population.
Interchangeability between First-Line Generic Antiretroviral Products Prequalified by WHO using Adjusted Indirect Comparisons
Authors: Gwaza Luther , Gordon John , Welink Jan , Potthast Henrike , Leufkens Hubert , Stahl Matthias , García-Arieta Alfredo
Published: September 2016

Background

The scaling-up of access to antiretroviral therapy, particularly in low- to middle-income countries, was facilitated by the introduction and widespread use of generic antiretroviral medicines and fixed-dose combinations. Generic medicines are approved by regulatory authorities based on the demonstration of bioequivalence with the innovator or reference product, as well as meeting quality standards. In clinical practice, however, it is not unusual for generics to be interchanged between each other. This study investigated the differences in bioavail-ability between WHO-prequalified first-line antiretroviral generics by means of adjusted indirect comparisons to ensure interchangeability between these generics.

Methods

Data on 34 products containing emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and efavirenz in single formulations or fixed-dose combinations were included in the analysis. The 90% CI for the adjusted indirect comparisons was calculated using the homoscedastic method that uses the conventional t-test, and assumes homogeneity of variances between the studies and small sample sizes. The combined standard deviation of both bioequivalence studies was calculated from the variability of each individual study.

Results

The adjusted indirect comparisons between generics showed that the differences, expressed as 90% CIs, are less than 30%. Confidence in the interchange-ability of two generic products was reduced if the mean difference between the test and reference in the original studies is more than 10%.

Conclusions

From a bioequivalence perspective, the generic antiretroviral medicines prequalified by WHO are interchangeable with the reference, as well as between each other without safety or efficacy concerns.
Does supplier evaluation impact process improvement?
Authors: Prasad h c Shiva , Kamath Giridhar , Barkur Gopalkrishna , Naik Rakesh
Published: September 2016

Purpose: The research explores and examines factors for supplier evaluation and its impact on process improvement particularly aiming on a steel pipe manufacturing firm in Gujarat, India.Design/Methodology/approach: The conceptual research framework was developed and hypotheses were stated considering the analysis of literature and discussions with the managers and engineers of a steel pipe manufacturing company in Gujarat, India. Data was collected using in-depth interview. The questionnaire primarily involves the perception of evaluation of supplier. Factors influencing supplier evaluation and its influence on process improvement is also examined in this study. The model testing and validation was done using partial least square method. Outcomes signified that the factors that influence evaluation of the supplier are quality, cost, delivery and supplier relationship management.Findings: The study depicted that quality and cost factors for supplier evaluation are insignificant. The delivery and supplier relationship management have significant influence on evaluation of the supplier. The research also depicted that supplier evaluation has significant influence on process improvement.Research limitations/implications: The study has been made specifically for ABC steel pipe manufacturing industry in Gujarat, India and may not be appropriate to the other industries or any parts of the world. There is a possibility of response bias as the conclusions of this research was interpreted on survey responses taken from the employees of case study company, so it is suggested that future research can overcome this problem by employing various methodologies in addition to surveys like carrying out focus group and in-depth interviews, brainstorming sessions with the experts etc.Originality/value: Many researchers have considered quality, cost and delivery as the factors for evaluating the suppliers. But for a company it is quintessential to have good relationship with the supplier. Hence, the factor, supplier relationship management is considered for the study. Also, the case study company focused more on quality and cost factors for the supplier evaluation of the firm. However delivery and supplier relationship management are also equally important for a firm in evaluating the supplier.
Radiographic Hip or Knee Osteoarthritis and the Ability to Drive
Authors: von Bernstorff Maximilian , Feierabend Martina , Jordan Maurice , Glatzel Christopher , Ipach Ingmar , Hofmann Ulf Krister
Published: September 2016

The question of whether patients with musculoskeletal disorders are fit to drive is of paramount importance for them and frequently is directed to the treating orthopedic specialist. Although perioperative braking performance has been increasingly investigated in recent years, scientific data on braking safety in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) are scarce. This study analyzed the braking performance of 158 patients with OA of the right or left knee or hip and compared the results with radiographic OA grading according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification scale. Reaction time and foot transfer time (together called brake response time [BRT]) and brake force were measured in a real car cabin, and the values were compared with measurements obtained from young (n=34) and age-matched (n=36) control groups. Although the majority of BRTs in both control groups remained below 600 milliseconds, patients with both hip and knee OA, whether on the right or left side, had significantly worse values (
P
<.001) and frequently exceeded this limit. A stronger impact was observed on the right side and in knee OA, with the worst results found in patients with bilateral OA (median BRT for bilateral hip OA, 656 milliseconds [range, 468–1459 milliseconds]; median BRT for bilateral knee OA, 696 milliseconds [range, 527–772 milliseconds]), leading to an increased total stopping distance of up to 32 m at 100 km/h. No correlation of braking performance with radiographic OA manifestation was observed (Kendall tau for BRT: τ=0.007,
P
=.92; Kendall tau for brake force: τ=−0.014,
P
=.82), which makes radiographs an inadequate tool for medical driving recommendations. [
Orthopedics.
2017; 40(1):e82–e89.]
La discreta y sorprendente vigencia del ideólogo del despotismo chino: Han Feizi
Authors: Conde Juan Luis
Published: September 2016

Han Feizi (s. III a.C.) es el principal representante de la escuela legista china (făjiā). Los principios de su teoría política le han granjeado el apodo de “el Maquiavelo chino”. Sus ideas serían adoptadas por Qin Shihuang, el Primer Emperador, quien unificó China e impuso un régimen despótico caracterizado por la represión del debate político y la supresión de la libertad de expresión. La conexión entre el desarrollo de la retórica y la situación política en el contexto de la última etapa del clasicismo chino puede servir de fondo para una consideración más amplia de dicho nexo. La retórica comparada proporciona las bases para relacionar el pensamiento legista chino con el discurso neoliberal contemporáneo.
Ecos aristotélicos en la ética de Ortega
Authors: Megino Rodríguez Carlos
Published: September 2016

En el presente trabajo se exponen algunos aspectos significativos de la ética aristotélica que están presentes en la obra de Ortega, analizando de qué modo son asimilados, criticados, actualizados o transformados por este en función de su propio pensamiento. Entre estos aspectos se señalan la consideración de la finalidad de la acción como criterio de moralidad, la defensa de una moral del desinterés, la valoración de la grandeza moral o magnanimidad como virtud fundamental, la postulación del propio perfeccionamiento como norma de conducta y la concepción de la felicidad como fin de la vida humana.
El reverso de la metafísica existenciaria de Ortega: la ética incapaz de Miguel Delibes
Authors: Ferrari Enrique
Published: September 2016

Ortega, aunque comprime su metafísica hasta formularla con su “Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia”, no escribe apenas de esa circunstancia: de su condición y posibles aspectos. Del binomio con que explica la vida trabaja solo en la reacción del individuo, convertida su propuesta metafísica en una ética que confía en las fuerzas del sujeto para desarrollar su proyecto vital en cualquier entorno. Aún es de día, que publica Miguel Delibes en 1949, con la España de posguerra de fondo, puede leerse como una réplica a esta ética que Ortega llama de la ilusión: Su protagonista, ante una circunstancia abiertamente hostil, es incapaz de desarrollar el programa que quiere para su vida. La trama funciona como planteamiento de una ética que recalcula las posibilidades del individuo para realizarse en un entorno adverso.
La crítica de René Girard al humanismo
Authors: Moreno Fernández Agustín
Published: September 2016

La obra de René Girard está salpicada de críticas al humanismo y a los humanistas. En este estudio nos preguntamos en primer lugar qué es el humanismo, haciéndonos cargo de la problemática historiográfica. Presentamos el contraste existente entre los tópicos e ideales humanistas y las ideas que se derivan de la teoría mimética. Estudiamos las críticas explícitas de Girard a los humanistas y, por último, adoptamos una perspectiva que permite calificarlo a él mismo como un humanista.
Cómo resolver un conflicto distributivo
Authors: García Gibson Francisco
Published: September 2016

Cuando dos agentes reclaman legítimamente un mismo bien, una solución posible al conflicto consiste en que (a) el agente con el reclamo de mayor peso normativo obtenga derecho a todo el bien. Pero existe otra solución, que consiste en que (b) el agente con el reclamo de mayor peso obtenga derecho sólo a una parte bien –la parte mayor–, mientras que el agente con el reclamo de menor peso obtenga derecho al menos a una parte del bien –aunque la parte menor–. En este artículo propongo un argumento a favor de utilizar pro tanto la solución (b) para todos los conflictos distributivos. Luego muestro que las razones para utilizar (a) valen para menos casos de los que parece.
Libres propos conclusifs sur la dette écologique
Authors: Langlais Alexandra
Published: September 2016

La dette écologique permet de parfaire l'appréhension de notre rapport à la nature. Elle considère le passé pour envisager le présent et le futur. Elle met également en lumière une autre facette de notre responsabilité à l’égard de l'humanité et de la nature. La dette peut trouver sens dans la logique du partage et se définir comme une juste distribution et redistribution des ressources naturelles. Il faut aussi considérer la complémentarité du concept de la dette écologique avec ceux de développement durable et de solidarité écologique. La dette écologique ne peut alors se réduire à une simple lecture économique. Sur le plan opérationnel, la notion de dette écologique entre en résonnance avec celle des paiements pour services environnementaux. Les questionnements sont communs ; comment se calcule la dette ou le paiement ? Qui est débiteur, qui est créancier ? Pour envisager les modalités de remboursement de la dette dans une logique de solidarité, il faut considérer le lien permanent entre le devoir de solidarité et le droit de bénéficier des bienfaits de la nature.
La captation des ressources en eau douce : la notion de dette à la lumière des marchés d’eau internationaux
Authors: Sohnle Jochen
Published: September 2016

Quelles sont les conséquences de la captation des ressources en eau douce en droit international ? Des dettes, sont-elles créées ? Les eaux captées, peuvent-elles être mises sur un marché ? Pour répondre à ces questions, le présent article analyse d’abord quelques notions de base, à savoir celles de ressource en eau douce, de créancier, de débiteur, d’offrant et de demandeur. Deux situations principales doivent être distinguées. Si la captation s’effectue à l’intérieur d’un bassin hydrographique international ou d’un aquifère transfrontière, l’idée d’un marché de l’eau est à rejeter. En revanche, lorsqu’il y a eu une captation conforme au droit et un transfert consécutif des eaux à l’extérieur de la zone hydrographique, à l’aide d’aqueducs ou de récipients artificiels ou biologiques (eaux virtuelles), l’idée de marché est déjà un fait en droit international.
Modeling of Sensing Layer of Surface Acoustic-Wave-Based Gas Sensors
Authors: Karimi Hediyeh , Rahmani Rasoul , Akbari Elnaz , Darabi Ali Cheloee , Rahmani Meisam , Ahmadi Mohammad Taghi , Anbari Saba
Published: September 2016

Industrial activities have polluted the atmosphere very rapidly in these days. There are a various varieties of air pollutants having a strong effect on human health as well as on climate and specially environment, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxides of carbon (COx) and hydrocarbons. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year about 4.6million people die directly from causes of air pollution that will be a serious threat to human health. Therefore, there is a growing demand towards highly sensitive, cheap, low consumption, user-friendly devices which could monitor the quality of air indoor and outdoor areas for protecting human health. It is proved to be an efficient and economically feasible alternative for measuring different gas concentrations.
Graphene Based-Biosensor
Authors: Kiani Mohammad Javad , Abadi M. H. Shahrokh , Rahmani Meisam , Ahmadi Mohammad Taghi , Harun F. K. Che , Bagherifard Karamollah
Published: September 2016

Because of unique electrical properties of graphene, it has been employed in many applications, such as batteries, energy storage devices and biosensors. In this chapter modelling of bilayer graphene nanoribbon (BGNR) sensor is in our focus. Based on the presented model BGNR quantum capacitance variation effect by the prostate specific antigen (PSA) injected electrons into the FET channel as a sensing mechanism is considered. Also carrier movement in BGNR as another modelling parameter is suggested. PSA adsorption and local pH value of injecting carriers on the surface of player BGNR is modelled. Carrier concentration as a function of control parameters (f, p) is predicted. Furthermore, changes in charged lipid membrane properties can be electrically detected by graphene based electrolyte gated Graphene Field Effect Transistor (GFET). In this chapter, monolayer graphene-based GFET with a focus on conductance variation occurred by membrane electric charges and thickness is studied. Monolayer graphene conductance as an electrical detection platform which is tuned by neutral, negative and positive electric charged membrane together with membrane thickness is suggested. Electric charge and thickness of the lipid bilayer (QLP and LLP) as a function of carrier density are proposed and the control parameters are defined. Finally, the proposed analytical model is compared with experimental data which indicates good overall agreement.
“It Depends on the Type of Program”
Authors: Micek Timothy A. , Monseur Judith M.
Published: September 2016

Effects of the organization on TESOL candidates' experience of service-learning were studied. Participants were 11 students enrolled in a graduate TESOL program. Students completed a 20-hour service-learning experience in a community-based organization that serves English learners and their families. Students filled out questionnaires, kept a journal, and participated in a class discussion. Analysis of the questionnaires indicated that students learned a lot about their organization, including its mission or purpose, curriculum, staffing, and training of volunteers. Journals revealed that students had a variety of experiences, that they learned a lot about their organizations, and that they learned valuable lessons about teaching in these organizations. Class discussion highlighted the variation in how organizations are organized and managed. These findings suggest that: 1) The organizations in which they serve affect candidates' experience of service-learning and 2) Teacher preparation programs should prepare candidates for the realities of this experience.