bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA WITH PENILE METASTASIS
Authors: Jehangir Waqas , Woods Julie I , Mehta Zankhana Y , Davis Mellar P
Published: December 2019

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ESTIMASI NILAI EKONOMI WISATA TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG CIREMAI (TNGC)
Authors: Istiqomah Asti , Fauzi Akhmad , Simanjuntak Sahat MH
Published: December 2019

Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai (TNGC) merupakan kawasan konservasi yang memiliki banyak objek wisata. Objek wisata yang ada di TNGC merupakan wisata berbasis alam yang bisa memberikan tambahan pendapatan bagi masyarakat sekitar hutan sehingga mereka tidak perlu melakukan perambahan ke kawasan konservasi. Dengan demikian, keberadaan wisata ini perlu dipertahankan keberlanjutannya. Namun seringkali ketiadaan berapa besarnya nilai ekonomi dari wisata alam tersebut, menyebabkan adanya kesalahan dalam penentuan kebijakan dalam pemanfaatan kawasan konservasi. Oleh karenanya perlu diestimasi seberapa besar nilai ekonomi dari wisata di TNGC. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai ekonomi wisata yaitu metode Contingent Choice Model (CCM). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, rata-rata biaya perjalanan yang dikeluarkan Rp 664.580 per satu kali kunjungan dengan komponen biaya terbesar yaitu biaya transportasi (37%). Rata-rata besar kesediaan membayar (willingness to pay/WTP) wisatawan TNGC yaitu sebesar Rp 425.919,3, sehingga estimasi nilai ekonomi TNGC yaitu sebesar Rp 638.878.948 per tahun.
Descriptions of five new species in Entoloma subgenus Claudopus from China, with molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l.
Authors: He Xiao-Lan , Horak Egon , Wang Di , Li Tai-Hui , Peng Wei-Hong , Gan Bing-Cheng
Published: December 2019

Entoloma subgenus Claudopus is widely distributed, yet the taxonomy and systematics of its species are still poorly documented. In the present study, more than forty collections of Claudopus were gathered in China and subsequently analysed, based on morphological and molecular data. The results revealed first a high level of species diversity of Claudopus in China and second, there is a wide ecological range regarding the substrates and the habitats ranging from temperate, tropical to subalpine locations. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, five novel species from China are proposed, viz. E. conchatum, E. flabellatum, E. gregarium, E. pleurotoides and E. reductum. Molecular phylogeny of Entoloma s.l. was also reconstructed, based on 187 representatives of Entoloma s.l. by employing the combined ITS, LSU, mtSSU and RPB2 sequences. Ten monophyletic clades (Claudopus, Leptonia, Nolanea, Cuboid-spored Inocephalus, “Alboleptonia”, Cyanula, Pouzarella, Rhodopolia, Prunuloides and Rusticoides) were recovered, while 13 taxa could not be placed in any defined clades. The results confirmed that Claudopus in a traditional morphological sense is not monophyletic and the Rusticoides-group, previously considered within Claudopus, formed a separate clade; but section Claudopus and relatives of E. undatum belong to a distinctive monophyletic group. Despite some monophyletic groups in Entoloma s.l. being distinctive in both morphology and molecular phylogeny, they were still treated as subgenera of Entoloma s.l. temporarily, because accepting them as genera will make Entoloma s.l. paraphyletic.
Rediscovering two Isoetes species in the Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado after 167 years
Authors: Pereira Jovani B. S. , Giulietti Ana Maria , Pott Vali J. , Watanabe Maurício T. C.
Published: December 2019

Isoetes amazonica and I. gardneriana were the first two species of the genus to be collected from Brazil. Isoetes amazonica was gathered by Richard Spruce in the Amazon basin near Santarém in the state of Pará in 1850. Isoetes gardneriana was collected by George Gardner in the current Dianópolis in Tocantins State in 1843. Despite being known for a long time by botanists, these species have not been recollected since then, which raised questions about their taxonomic recognition, current distribution ranges and conservation status. Fieldwork efforts led to the rediscovery of I. amazonica and I. gardneriana after 167 years. These collections enrich our understanding of their habitats and morphologies. We provide here re-descriptions for these species. Based on IUCN criteria, Isoetes amazonica and I. gardneriana should be assigned as data deficient (DD) and endangered (EN), respectively. The rediscovery of these species raises hopes that other areas in Amazon and Cerrado biomes harbour I. amazonica and I. gardneriana, respectively. This study will serve as a basis towards the conservation of these species.
Architecture, Hybridity, and Post-Apartheid Design
Authors: Noble Jonathan
Published: December 2019

This paper develops a methodological discussion on questions of hybridity in architectural theory and design, in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. Reference is made to various different ideas of hybridity: from early postmodern interest in hybrid architecture (Jencks and Venturi), to postcolonial theory (Bhabha and Fanon), as well cultural studies on syncretic traditions among marginalized groups (Gilroy, Shohat, and McClintock). The paper promotes a postcolonial perspective on hybridity, which differs from the usual postmodern architectural perspective, through its emphasis on relations of discursive power (Foucault) that animate specific cultural/political conditions. Analytical distinctions are made between conscious and unconscious, momentary and sublimated, as well as overt and hidden forms of hybridity—distinctions that are particularly useful for an understanding of architecture.
Clustering as an Innovative Approach to Revealing the Recreational and Touristic Potential of Rural Territories
Authors: Ivolga Anna G. , Lazareva Natalia V. , Dashkova Elena V. , Takhumova Oksana Viktorovna
Published: December 2019

This chapter develops an innovative approach to revealing recreational and touristic potential of rural territories based on grouping, classification of types, and clustering. The study is completed on the case of southern parts of Russia as the most suitable areas in the country for the development of rural tourism. The authors elaborate an approach to classification of rural territories on four parameters in purpose to discover their social, economic, demographic, and recreational potential for the development of rural tourism. Application of the approach in the case of rural territories of Stavropol region allowed establishing the individual complexes of innovative measures aimed at the diversification of employment of rural population and promotion of tourism and recreation sectors.
Consumer Shopping Orientations and Online Purchases of Rural Tourism Services
Authors: Grubor Aleksandar , Djokic Nenad
Published: December 2019

The main goal of the chapter is to find out which consumer shopping orientations can be brought in connection to purchases of the services of rural tourism in online channel. Besides theoretical framework concerning rural tourism services and their relation to sustainable development of rural areas, as well as factors of online purchases, the chapter presents the results of primary research. The research is part of wider research conducted concerning online shopping behavior in Serbia. A total of 300 respondents participated. Convenience sampling was implemented. The results confirm that online sale of rural tourism services can be explained when considering consumer shopping orientations and that these orientations can be connected to demographic characteristics of consumers. Finally, managerial implications are considered.
Rural Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Technology
Authors: Graziano Teresa
Published: December 2019

Innovative startups, namely newly-created, innovation-based companies, are regarded as drivers of local development in addition to mirroring the entrepreneurial attitude of a local innovation ecosystem. However, “smart” and “startups” have become “buzzy” words, often used as labels to attract new investors and/or high-profile residents, namely in urban contexts. Although often depicted as marginalized, rural areas are not new to innovation. Agriculture and food technologies have enormous potential in terms of sustainable food production, provision, and protection of rural areas. As a result, it is interesting to evaluate to what extent the rhetoric of the “startup effect” also affects rural areas, traditionally depicted as marginalized. Thus, the chapter scrutinizes the narratives about the “startup effect” in the Italian Agrifood sector, and explores the relations among innovative AgriFood startups, rural milieu, and local entrepreneurial ecosystem from an Economic Geography perspective.
Analysis of the Vegetation State of the Territory of Central Iraq Using Landsat Data
Authors: Pasko Olga , Staurskaya Natalia , Tokareva Olga Sergeevna , Cabral Pedro , Lebedeva Nadezhda Anatolyevna , Majid Saif Mohanad
Published: December 2019

In agricultural production, there is a change in the properties of soils and the problem of land degradation is rising. It is especially important for Iraq, whose economic well-being is in oil and agriculture. The objects of authors' study are the territories of Central Iraq; the subject of authors' research is the temporary-territorial variability of vegetation. This chapter analyzes the vegetation dynamics of the five provinces' territory of Central Iraq by determining the values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from remote sensing data in the period from 2003 to 2017. Regional features are reflected in the variability and change rate of these processes and in the valley plots occupied by vegetation of different state classes, from the total area of the province. The differences in the state classes of vegetation on the territories of Central Iraq are conditioned not by natural, but by other reasons, in particular, by the state of meliorative systems.
Determination of Mobile Machine Wheel Dynamics
Authors: Melnyk Viktor , Antoshchenkov Roman , Antoshchenkov Viktor
Published: December 2019

To determine the wheel dynamics of the mobile machine, a sensor has been developed, which consists of a three-axis accelerometer, a three-axis gyroscope, and a three-axis magnetometer. The sensor is connected to the microcontroller, which transmits the data received via the 2.4 GHz channel. It is attached coaxially to the center of the wheel. In the first step of processing data from the accelerometer and gyroscope, their values are corrected. The corrected acceleration signal and angular velocities are processed using a Butterworth filter. Madgwick filter determines the angles of orientation of the sensor in space. In the next step, the authors deduct the centrifugal component from accelerations. Further, the gravitational component is subtracted from the accelerations to get its real value. The wheel speed is obtained by integrating accelerations. Angular wheel speed and accelerations are processed with a Kalman filter. The outcomes of experimental studies of the proposed method and sensor to determine the wheel dynamics on the tractors with 4x4 wheel formula have been analyzed.
AI and FPGA-Based IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Application
Authors: Pandey Bishwajeet Kumar , Hussain D. M. Akbar , Levy Jason
Published: December 2019

Anything that has an IP address is IoT-enabled. In this chapter, the authors have surveyed nine different IoT-enabled designs from IoT-based water management cyber-physical system (IoT-WMCPS) to IoT-based random access memory (IoT-RAM). They have also surveyed a platform called Quickscript. The Quickscript platform is used to develop natural language based IoT system. The nine different IoT-enabled designs discussed in this chapter are IoT-enabled bicycle called Mo-Bike, IoT-enabled house, IoT-enabled water utility, IoT-enabled mining, IoT-enabled healthcare, IoT-enabled frame buffer, IoT-enabled RAM, IoT-enabled key generator, and IoT-enabled wi-fi encoder. In cyber physical systems for water supply, researchers are able to integrate IPv6 addresses into sensors, actuators, and controllers used in water supply systems. The IPv6 address is integrating into every object available in the city so that researchers may track any object when need occurs. We may locate freely available IoT-enabled bicycles if we need to go anywhere, and we may also trace bicycles in case of theft by criminals.
Industry 4.0 Privacy and Security Protocol Issues in Internet of Things
Authors: N. Jayapandian
Published: December 2019

The main objectives of this chapter are to discuss the basics of IoT and its applications and to solve data security and privacy issues in Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is mainly focus on IoT technology. The IIoT is generating digital data, and that data is stored in cloud server. There are two major issues in this IIoT. The first one is data storage, and the second one is data security. Industry 4.0 is not only involved in the manufacturing industry. It is also in the transportation and automobile industries. Electrical, electronic, mechanical, and computer technology fields are involved in Industry 4.0. This chapter enhances the hybrid security protocol in Industrial IoT. This hybrid mechanism combines lightweight protocol and the probabilistic encryption (LPP) algorithm.
Investigation of Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Bin Maidin Shajahan , Abdullah Zulkeflee , Kung Hieng Ting
Published: December 2019

One of the disadvantages of fused deposition modeling (FDM) is waste produced during the printing processes. This investigation focuses on using 100% recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for the FDM process. The recycling begins with re-granule the waste ABS material and produces it into a new filament. The new recycled filament was used to print the test specimen. Investigation on the mechanical properties and the surface quality of the test specimen and comparison with standard ABS specimen was done. The result shows that the recycled ABS can be produced into filament with 335°C of extrusion temperature and 1.5 mm/s travel speed of the extruder conveyor. The surface roughness of recycled specimen is 6.94% higher than the standard ABS specimen. For ultimate tensile strength, there is a small difference in X and Y orientation between the standard and the recycled ABS specimen which are 22.93% and 19.98%, respectively. However, in Z orientation, it is 52.33% lower. This investigation proves that ABS can be recycled without significantly affecting its mechanical properties.
Perceptions and New Realities for the 21st Century Learner
Authors: Penland Jennifer (Jenny) L. , Laviers Kennard
Published: December 2019

Of all the technologies emerging today, augmented reality (AR) stands to be one of, if not the, most transformational in the way we teach our students across the spectrum of age groups and subject matter. The authors propose “best practices” that allow the educator to use AR as a tool that will not only teach the processes of a skill but will also encourage students to use AR as a motivational tool that allows them to discover, explore, and perform work beyond what is capable with this revolutionary device. Finally, the authors provide and explore the artificial intelligence (AI) processors behind the technologies driving down cost while driving up the quality of AR and how this new field of computer science is transforming all facets of society and may end up changing pedagogy more profoundly than anything before it.
Student Agency
Authors: Robertson Shawn
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the theoretical ideas educators should explore and understand in relationship to developing student agency as a pedagogy. It also examines how using it can potentially inspire digital critical pedagogy. The process by which certified teachers engaged in to become more aware of their own critical pedagogy and skill to implement student agency is discussed throughout the chapter. Their perceptions of what student agency is and should be is explored alongside ideas for instituting creative digital pedagogy and student agency in a practical fashion in a focal point of the chapter.
Access, Opportunity, and Curriculum Making Through Multimodal Meaning-Making and Technology Integration in Teacher Education
Authors: Edge Christi U.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes an investigation into exploring meaning making through multimodal literacy practices and technology integration for teacher education within the context of an online, secondary reading course for K-12 teachers. Through the use of a collaborative conference protocol, discourse with cross-disciplinary critical friends, and visual thinking data analysis strategies, a teacher educator examined existing multimodal literacy practices and then studied course redesign and technology integration. Results include recognizing opportunities for diverse learners to access and use prior knowledge in the construction of new knowledge, reframing the course delivery platform as a multimodal “text,” increasing opportunity for learners to construct and communicate complex understandings through multimodal texts and technology-infused assessments, and learners' curriculum making through transmediation mediated by technology.
Understanding Web-Based Peer Assessment in Teacher Education
Authors: Liu Xiongyi , Li Lan , Wachira Patrick
Published: December 2019

With the development of technology, web-based peer assessment has been increasingly used as an alternative, formative assessment strategy with great potential for student learning benefits. The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize a series of empirical research studies conducted by the authors to examine factors that can influence the effectiveness of web-based peer assessment with teacher education students. The findings of these studies are discussed within the larger context of general research in peer assessment. Implications are provided to better inform researchers and teacher educators about the use of web-based peer assessment and how it relates to teacher education students' ability to apply assessment criteria and their ability to take advantage of peer feedback.
Adding Value
Authors: Chadha Anita
Published: December 2019

Research finds that fostering reflective deliberation in classes ensures that students reach a high level of achievement in their courses. This chapter evaluates student peer reflective exchanges across a four-year institution and a community college and both face-to-face and online modes of instruction at these differing institutions. Significant evidence reveals that regardless of institution type, students deliberate with academic reflectivity yet deliberate with greater reflectivity in face-to-face classes across both institutions. This study concludes that offering deliberative strategies are a viable means to offer pedagogical content across different modes of instruction and at differing institutions, a concern for educators and administrators in this digital age.
Impact of Trade in Class-A Environmental Products on Economic Growth and Environmental Quality
Authors: Ben Zineb Sélima
Published: December 2019

Openness to international trade enables several countries to access different markets. Similarly, the orientation of industrial productions towards ecological goods reinforces commercial activities and contributes to the improvement of environmental quality. The aim of this chapter is to estimate the indirect and the direct effects of trade in what the authors call “Class A” environmental goods on air quality for a number of developing during the period 2005-2015 (through environmental policy and income). Empirically, the study relies on the two-stage least squares (2SLS) and three-stage least squares regression analyses. For end-of-pipe (EOP) products in developing countries, neither direct nor indirect effects are identified on the reduction of pollution. For clean technologies and products, we can observe a global positive effect resulting from two positive indirect effects via environmental policy and income. In developing countries, it seems that trade in clean technologies and products (CTP) and in the OA product list generates an intensification of pollution through an increase in wealth and the adoption of a strict environmental policy (based on taxation).
Occurrence of organic pollutants PAHs in water bodies around Kelanitissa and Kerawalapitiya power plants in Sri Lanka
Authors: Chandrasiri H. M. H. B. , Doole F. T. , Subramanium S S
Published: December 2019

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs are a group of organic compounds with more than one benzene ring formed due to natural processes such as forest fires and anthropogenic activities These ubiquitous contaminants have gathered an interest due to their toxicity and carcinogenic activity Exposure to PAHs has also been linked with cancer, cardiovascular disease and poor fetal development PAHs are considered as persistent organic pollutants because of their stable chemical structure and inherent resistance to decomposition. In this study, the water bodies near two diesel fueled power plants in Sri Lanka i e , Kerawalapitiya and Kelanitissa were selected to determine the presence of PAHs in surface water and its sediment In the preliminary sampling rounds, the presence of PAHs were identified With increased sample size, three sampling rounds were carried out in addition to water and sediment from Hamilton canal and Sebastian canal, water samples from wells near both power plants were analyzed PAHs in water samples were extracted to dichloromethane and analyzed by HPLC with UV DAD 254 nm and HPLC FLD excitation at 250 nm, emission at 410 nm Sediment samples were pretreated before the analysis and then, PAHs were extracted to methanol by ultra sonication. The presence of low, medium and high molecular weight PAHs in water and sediment samples obtained from both sites were detected Total concentration of PAHs in surface water samples obtained from Sebastian canal during rainy season April 2015 , dry season July 2015 and rainy season June 2016 were 0 11 1 71 μg L, 2 36 14 68 μg L and 6 88 μg L 10 05 μg L, respectively Furthermore, PAH content in water samples obtained from Hamilton canal during rainy season April 2015 , dry season July 2015 and rainy season April 2016 were 0 16 2 74 μg L, 11 06 54 89 μg L and 5 35 7 79 μg L, respectively Well water samples obtained from Kelanitissa W1 and Kerawalapitiya W3 showed the presence of high amounts of BaP 0 025 μg L and BkF 0 339 μg L respectively which are higher than the guideline values for BaP 0 01 μg L and BkF 0 1 μg L according to European Unions drinking water standards. The total PAH amount in surface water in both sites were higher in dry season than that of in rainy season This may due to accumulation of PAHs over the time in water bodies around diesel fueled power stations during dry seasons due to lack of water flow By investigating more dry and rainy seasons, an accumulation trend can be identified to address the seasonal variation of PAHS in water bodies.
Analytical solutions of the time-fractional non-linear Schrodinger equation with zero and non zero trapping potential through the Sumudu decomposition method
Authors: Mathanaranjan T. , Himalini K.
Published: December 2019

Sumudu decomposition method is used to construct the approximate analytical solutions of time-fractional nonlinear Schrodinger equations with zero and nonzero trapping potential. The Sumudu decomposition method is a combined form of the Sumudu transform and the Adomian decomposition method. The fractional derivatives are defined in the Caputo sense. The exact solutions of some nonlinear Schrodinger equations are given as a special case of our approximate analytical solutions. The computations show that the described method is easy to apply, and it needs smaller size of computation as compared to the other existing methods. Further, the solutions are derived in a convergent series form which shows the effectiveness of the method for solving a wide variety of nonlinear fractional differential equations.
Factors associated with induction of labour and pregnancy outcomes in 14 healthcare facilities in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunawardana J. R. N. A. , Perera S. S. N.
Published: December 2019

Induction of Labour (IOL) is an important practice that is carried out commonly in modern day obstetrics. In medium to large healthcare facilities in Sri Lanka, it is estimated that approximately 35.5% of all deliveries involve IOL. This research attempts to identify the factors that affect IOL and to assess the association between IOL and the pregnancy outcome. In this study, we considered 18309 women who were admitted to 14 healthcare facilities for delivery in 3 randomly selected provinces in Sri Lanka (Western, Southern and Eastern provinces), during July to October 2011. Multinomial Logistic Regression model (MLR) and Fuzzy Expert System (FES) were used to identify the factors that lead to IOL. The MLR model predicts IOL with a classification rate of 65.5% and the FES predicts IOL with an accuracy of 55.10%. Maternal age, number of previous caesarian sections, number of previous births, estimated gestational age, Pre-Eclampsia, number of previous pregnancies, Placenta Preavia, Abruption Placenta, total number of neonates delivered, birth weight and Maternal Severity Index (MSI) were identified as factors associated with IOL. Neonatal status after seven days of life can also be predicted using the developed FES. FES is predictive of IOL and birth outcome, where if the FES score is between 0.8570 and 0.8854, the patient will belong to the induced group and the baby would be alive after seven days of birth. This study concludes that, MLR and FES models can be used to predict IOL outcomes. These findings can be informative to healthcare providers when counselling women for labour induction and develop evidence-based protocols on IOL.
Postharvest application of defence elicitors to managae anthracnose in mango fruit
Authors: Karunanayake K.O.L.C.
Published: December 2019

The use of defense elicitors; which are agents that stimulate or trigger disease resistance responses in plants have proved to be attractive alternatives to hazardous chemical fungicides in recent years. The present study investigated the possibility of using Salicylic acid and Bion® as postharvest elicitors on mango fruit. Three local mango cultivars were used in the study, ‘Karuthacolomban’, ‘Rata’ and ‘Willard’. Salicylic acid was applied as a postharvest spray at concentrations, 100, 500 or 1000 mg/L and Bion® (Acibenzolar-s-methyl, 500 WG, SYNGENTA) at 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L. Disease development following artificial inoculation (10 5 conidia / ml suspension) was assessed. Both elicitors were effective (P
ZnS assisted Zn doping in CdZnS electrodeposition
Authors: Sarathchandra K. A. D. M. S. , De Silva D. S. M. , Pathiratne K. A. S.
Published: December 2019

Many reports have been published elsewhere on making thin films of cadmium zinc sulphide (CdZnS) using different techniques. This article summarizes a method developed to form CdZnS by incorporating electrodeposited Cd and S atoms simultaneously to the chemically formed ZnS material in the electrolytic bath at the conducting surface of fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass substrate. Moreover, the mechanism of formation of CdZnS is proposed as a solid state reaction between electrodeposited Cd and S atoms on the glass/FTO substrate with adsorbed ZnS particles from the electrolytic bath. The precursors used for Cd, S and ZnS in the electrolyte were aqueous solutions of CdCl2, ZnCl2 and Na2S2O3. Two different methods were tested to form ZnS within the electrolyte bath where one forming ZnS in the bath at the beginning of electrodeposition of Cd and S and in the other one, ZnS is formed before the electrodeposition of Cd and S. The results of the band gap measurements show an undulation which is closer to the band gap energy of CdS indicating probable codeposition of one or more materials such as CdS, (2.42 eV), ZnS (3.7 eV), CdO (2.2 eV), and ZnO (3.2 eV) along with CdZnS. The Tauc plot resulted by the material produced in method 1 has shown an undulation at the onset of Tauc plot which is near the band gap energy of CdS indicating the codeposition of CdS with CdZnS, but the Tauc plot of CdZnS electrodeposited from method 2 has shown clear separation in band gaps from 2.44 – 2.52 eV, when the annealing temperature, the Zn2+ ion concentration in bath and the electrodeposition pH were varied. These thin films were also characterized by photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell analysis, x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques.
Evaluation of the efficacy of a training course in food safety addressed to food charity volunteers
Authors: Bianchi Daniela Manila , Giorgi Ilaria , Zuccon Fabio , De Somma Donatella , D'Errico Valeria , Martelli Walter , Muzzani Adolfo , Soncin Vilma , Collarino Salvatore , Adriano Daniela , Decastelli Lucia
Published: December 2019

In Italy, the Banco Alimentare Onlus manages a network of 8,000 charitable organizations that distribute 67,000 tons of foodstuffs to 1.6 million needy persons. To provide their volunteers with the required food safety knowledge, the Banco Alimentare del Piemonte Onlus commissioned the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta to hold training courses in food safety. Before and after each session, the participants completed a questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge on the topic of food safety. The responses were entered in a dedicated database and analyzed using STATA ver. 15.1. Comparison of the scores for each participant before and after training revealed a considerable discordance [ICC 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.00-0.18]. Analysis of the post-training questionnaires showed that the number of questions left unanswered decreased and the number of correct answers increased. The difference between the percentage of correct and incorrect responses before and after the training course was statistically significant (P<0.001). Comparison of responses to the pre- and post-training questionnaires provided the data for statistical evaluation of the efficacy of the training course.
Addressing indirect discrimination and gender stereotypes in AI virtual personal assistants: the role of international human rights law
Authors: Adams Rachel , Loideáin Nóra Ní
Published: December 2019

Virtual personal assistants (VPAs) are increasingly becoming a common aspect of everyday living. However, with female names, voices and characters, these devices appear to reproduce harmful gender stereotypes about the role of women in society and the type of work women perform. Designed to ‘assist’, VPAs – such as Apple's Siri and Amazon's Alexa – reproduce and reify the idea that women are subordinate to men, and exist to be ‘used’ by men. Despite their ubiquity, these aspects of their design have seen little critical attention in scholarship, and the potential legal responses to this issue have yet to be fully canvassed. Accordingly, this article sets out to critique the reproduction of negative gender stereotypes in VPAs and explores the provisions and findings within international women's rights law to assess both how this constitutes indirect discrimination and possible means for redress. In this regard, this article explores the obligation to protect women from discrimination at the hands of private actors under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, and the work of the Committee on Discrimination Against Women on gender stereotyping. With regard to corporate human rights responsibilities, the role of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights is examined, as well as domestic enforcement mechanisms for international human rights norms and standards, noting the limitations to date in enforcing human rights compliance by multinational private actors.
Move fast and break societies: the weaponisation of social media and options for accountability under international criminal law
Authors: Singh Shannon Raj
Published: December 2019

This article considers the application of international criminal law to the role of social media entities in fuelling atrocity crimes, and the legal theories that could be most valuable in fostering their accountability. While incitement of atrocity crimes is one way of framing social media's role in fomenting conflict, this paper argues that it may be more productive to conceptualise social media's role in atrocity crimes through the lens of complicity, drawing inspiration not from the media cases in international criminal law jurisprudence, but rather by evaluating the use of social media as a weapon, which, under certain circumstances, ought to face accountability under international criminal law.
O violão no ensino de acústica: uma proposta com enfoque histórico-epistemológico em uma unidade de ensino potencialmente significativa
Authors: Lima Diogo Oliveira , Damasio Felipe
Published: December 2019

O trabalho relata uma pesquisa em ensino de acústica, cujo objetivo foi proporcionar um ambiente que se pudesse promover a evolução conceitual, não só de ciência, mas também sobre ciência. Para isso, utilizou-se do violão como ferramenta didática dentro da noção de organizador prévio e da organização sequencial, também para procurar despertar uma pré-disposição em aprender. Além da discussão de conceitos envolvidos no ensino de acústica, procurou-se também levantar questões acerca do empreendimento científico, utilizando-se de episódios históricos da ciência para isto. O trabalho pauta-se em três referenciais, articulados e coerentes: Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa Crítica (teórico educacional), a filosofia da ciência de Paul Feyerabend (teórico epistemológico) e as Unidades de Ensino Potencialmente Significativas (metodológico) que são sequências de ensino fundamentadas teoricamente com o objetivo de criar um ambiente em que a aprendizagem significativa possa ser construída. A metodologia da pesquisa consistiu nas etapas de: (i) revisão bibliográfica; (ii) planejamento e elaboração do material instrucional; (iii) aplicação da UEPS; (iv) construção de uma página na rede mundial de computadores para reunir os materiais elaborados para alunos e professores e; (v) a análise dos dados.  Os resultados da pesquisa indicam indícios de aprendizagem significativa quando se utiliza instrumentos musicais em sala de aula, tal qual abordado pela pesquisa.
Duas esferas de massas específicas iguais e tamanhos diferentes em queda num fluido: elas se movem com velocidades iguais ou qual delas é mais rápida?
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo Vignoto , Silva Osmar Henrique Moura da , Laburú Carlos Eduardo
Published: December 2019

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2019v36n3p854
A Filosofia Natural de Benjamin Franklin: Traduções de Cartas e Ensaios sobre a Eletricidade e a Luz
Authors: Gurgel Ivã
Published: December 2019

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2019v36n3p885
Pareceristas do volume 36
Authors: Peduzzi Sônia S.
Published: December 2019

Pareceristas dos n. 1, n. 2 e n. 3 do volume 36.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7941.2017v36n3p888
Development and critics of effectiveness principle in EU international private law
Authors: Liakopoulos Dimitris
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho discute algumas ideias e faz reflexões importantes sobre o princípio da eficácia no direito da UE, de acordo com o Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos. Também dá luz às dificuldades e à eficácia do impacto no direito internacional privado. São também analisados, por meio da Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia e do artigo 47 como instrumento de acesso à justiça, a proteção judicial e a eficácia de todo o sistema da União Européia.
A destinação dos resíduos sólidos das empresas inovadoras: a Lei do Bem e o seu papel na sustentabilidade ambiental e social
Authors: Gomes Ana Virgínia Moreira , Caminha Uinie , Memoria Caroline Viriato
Published: December 2019

Investiga-se de que forma a Lei nº 11.196, de 21 de novembro de 2005, conhecida como Lei do Bem, pode contribuir para a sustentabilidade ambiental e social. A Lei do Bem concede incentivos fiscais para empresas realizarem inovação tecnológica. O artigo segue análise qualitativa, pautada em pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, para argumentar em favor da conciliação entre a política de inovação tecnológica e a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Assim, propõe a adoção de estratégias de responsabilidade ambiental e social pelas empresas em relação aos resíduos sólidos, como forma de inclusão social dos catadores de resíduos inseridos em organizações coletivas.
Direito de Propriedade e Teoria da Justiça: a defesa da propriedade na justiça distributiva a partir da concepção de John Rawls
Authors: Sá Joao Daniel Macedo
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo aborda o tema do direito de propriedade a partir da teoria da justiça de John Rawls. O objetivo é analisar em que medida a concepção de justiça de Rawls aceita a defesa da propriedade privada individual. Para alcançar tal objetivo, inicialmente apresenta-se os contornos do conceito de propriedade e discute-se a compreensão da propriedade no contexto da justiça distributiva. Por fim, analisa-se a defesa da propriedade a partir da concepção de justiça proposta por Rawls. Pretende-se demonstrar que o direito de propriedade é uma liberdade substantiva, em determinado grau e amplitude invioláveis e indisponíveis, e que, apesar de Rawls não considerar que o direito à propriedade da terra mereça ser protegido pelo primeiro princípio, sua formulação permite que referido direito possa ser protegido como uma liberdade básica, em complemento com o segundo princípio, na medida em que possibilite a redução das desigualdades sociais e econômicas e o aumento da igualdade de oportunidades.
Transnational constitutional pluralism, its promises and pitfalls
Authors: Holmes Pablo
Published: December 2019

Uma miríade de novas teorias constitucionais converge em atribuir um papel emergente para as formas de regulação social não submetidas aos sistemas políticos e autoridades dos Estados nacionais. Diversas abordagens tentam entender a diversidade e a multiplicidade de camadas, níveis e atores que constituem a constelação pós-nacional das estruturas regulatórias. Uma das propostas teóricas mais proeminentes é a ideia de um constitucionalismo pluralista transnacional de Gunther Teubner. Este artigo apresenta a proposta de Teubner e propõe uma crítica do conceito de constitucionalização para além do Estado. Ao final, o artigo argumenta que, embora a abordagem pluralista de Teubner ofereça uma descrição interessante sobre as relações entre poder e direito no nível transnacional, há limites funcionais à sua pretensão de que essas constituições sejam equivalentes e funcionais das constituições políticas.
Terrorismo internacional e armas de destruição em massa: relativizando a liberdade de navegação, a soberania e o direito de visita em alto mar
Authors: Reis Ulisses Levy Silvério dos , Mont'Alverne Tarin Cristino Frota
Published: December 2019

Este trabalho analisará a normatividade internacional produzida para a fiscalização do transporte de armas de destruição em massa pelo mar. A partir da inflação normativa e do surgimento de novos atores preocupados com o assunto, questiona-se: em que medida o terrorismo forçou a reconfiguração dos princípios regentes da navegação em alto mar? A pesquisa, ancorada no método dedutivo e em fontes literárias e normativas, divide-se em três seções. Conclui-se pela existência diferenciada de uma reavaliação dos princípios do direito do mar. Enquanto os arranjos multilaterais não contradizem o regime marítimo convencional, as resoluções do Conselho de Segurança o fazem.
Advancing a global transition to clean energy – the role of international cooperation
Authors: Quitzow Rainer , Thielges Sonja , Goldthau Andreas , Helgenberger Sebastian , Mbungu Grace
Published: December 2019

International cooperation in support of a global energy transition is on the rise, and official development assistance (ODA) in the energy sector is increasingly being directed to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that investment towards achieving the SDG 7 on clean and affordable energy is insufficient. Moreover, investment in clean energy remains heavily concentrated in a small number of frontrunner countries and overwhelmingly targets grid-connected electricity generation. Worryingly, significant share of international public sector financeing, most notably by export-credit agencies, is still allocated to coal and other fossil-based technologies. Against this background, this paper makes three recommendations for strengthening international cooperation in support of a global energy transition. (1) Promote investment in clean energy and end support for coal-based energy infrastructure. OECD and G20 countries should lead the way by discontinuing all public investment support for new coal-based energy infrastructure and establish guidelines for support to other fossil-based investments. (2) Promote evidence-policy dialogue on the socio-economic dimension of the global energy transition. International cooperation should play an active role in mobilising socio-economic benefits and address potential risks by supporting evidencebased policy dialogue based on robust assessments at both the country and global levels. (3) Provide early market support to promote challenge-based energy innovation. SE4ALL or Mission Innovation should create multi-stakeholder, challenge-based initiatives to promote clean energy innovation in developing and emerging economies and foster early market demand for related products or services.
Knowledge in Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: December 2019

Divided chronologically into four volumes, The Philosophy of Knowledge: A History presents the history of one of Western philosophy’s greatest challenges: understanding the nature of knowledge. Each volume follows conceptions of knowledge that have been proposed, defended, replaced, and proposed anew.

Knowledge in Ancient Philosophy covers roughly 700 years of ancient epistemology, starting with the earliest Greek philosophers and covering all of the main figures and schools up through the Romans. The connections between knowledge, wisdom, and skill are explored, with discussions of the contributions of the Presocratics, Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, the Epicureans, Stoics and Skeptics, and concluding with the Neoplatonists and Romans.
Ukraine
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Published: December 2019

To strengthen the medium-term orientation of the budget, the authorities have committed to
implement a full-fledged medium-term budget framework (MTBF) as part of their Public
Financial Management Reform Strategy (2017–21). A pilot MTBF exercise was launched for the
2018 budget cycle, which will inform the roll-out of a more complete MTBF in 2019. The
development of the MTBF has been supported by several FAD technical assistance missions in
recent years, including in April this year. The 2018–20 draft Budget Declaration, submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers on June 1, is a major step forward in terms of establishing a medium-term orientation to budget planning. For the first time, important elements of a MTBF were included in the budget documentation, including the presentation of detailed medium-term macroeconomic and fiscal forecasts and expenditure ceilings for 2018–20.
Mexico
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: December 2019

Mexico’s economy has exhibited resilience in the face of a complex external
environment. The authorities have responded appropriately to the recent external shocks
and demonstrated their commitment to macroeconomic stability. They also remain
committed to maintaining very strong policies and policy frameworks going forward.
Nevertheless, Mexico’s strong trade and financial links to the global economy, and in
particular the United States, make it susceptible to changes in investor sentiment.
Research on small-scale structures of ice particle density and electron density in the mesopause region
Authors: Tian Ruihuan , Wu Jian , Ma Jinxiu , Liang Yonggan , Li Hui , Yuan Chengxun , Jiang Yongyuan , Zhou Zhongxiang
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The formation of ice particle density irregularities with a
meter scale in the mesopause region is explored in this paper by developing
a growth and motion model of ice particles based on the motion equation of a
variable mass object. The growth of particles by water vapor adsorption and
the action of gravity and the neutral drag force on particles are considered in
the model. The evolution of the radius, velocity, and number density of ice
particles is then investigated by solving the growth and motion model
numerically. For certain nucleus radii, it is found that the velocity of
particles can be reversed at a particular height, leading to a local gathering
of particles near the boundary layer, which then forms small-scale ice
particle density structures. The spatial scale of the density structures can
be affected by vertical wind speed, water vapor density, and altitude, and
it remains stable as long as these environmental parameters do not change. The
influence of the stable small-scale structures on electron and ion density
is further calculated by a charging model, which considers the production,
loss, and transport of electrons and ions, along with dynamic particle
charging processes. Results show that the electron density is
anti-correlated to the charged ice particle density and ion density for
particles with radii of 11 nm or less due to plasma attachment by particles
and plasma diffusion. This finding is in accordance with most rocket
observations. The small-scale electron density structures created by
small-scale ice particle density irregularities can produce the polar
mesosphere summer echo (PMSE) phenomenon.