bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Preparation of Nano-porous TiO2 Layers for Plastic Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kado T , Yamaguchi M , Yamada Y , Hayase S
Published: October 2003

Short circuit currents for dye sensitized solar cells increased from 3.50 to 7.38 mA/cm2 after TiO2 layers were exposed to low-accelerating electron beam showers at room temperature. EB curing of TiO2 layers was successfully conducted without substrate deterioration.
Concurrently Observed Activation of Aryl–oxygen and Alkyl–oxygen Bonds in The Formation of Rhodium(III) Complexes
Authors: Kawamoto Tatsuya , Fujimura Yuki , Konno Takumi
Published: October 2003

The reaction of 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)benzothiazoline with [RhCl(PPh3)3] led to two rhodium(III) complexes, [RhCl(S–N–C(OMe))(PPh3)2] (1) and [Rh(S–N–O(OMe))(S–NH(OMe)2)(PPh3)] (2), accompanied by C(aryl)–O and C(alkyl)–O bond cleavage, respectively.
Green Protocol for the O–H Insertion of α-Diazoketones with Alcohols and Water Using Ionic Liquid [Bmim]BF4
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V S , Srinivas M
Published: October 2003

α-Diazoketones undergo readily O–H insertion reactions with alcohols and water in hydrophilic [bmim]BF4 ionic liquid in the absence of any acid catalyst to furnish α-alkoxy and α-hydroxy ketones in excellent yields under neutral conditions. The recovered ionic liquid can be easily reused in four to five cycles with consistent in activity. The use of ionic liquid helps to avoid the use of acid catalysts as well as environmentally unfavorable volatile organic solvents.
Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO Microtube Array Synthesized by a Catalyst-assisted Flux Method
Authors: Kong Xianghua , Li Yadong
Published: October 2003

Highly oriented ZnO microtube array was prepared by Au catalyst-assisted flux method using ZnO nanobelts as starting materials at a temperature of 860 °C. The growth of ZnO microtubes may be controlled by a high-temperature SLS mechanism. One room temperature UV emission peak at 380 nm was detected.
New Application of 1,4-Dihydropyridine System: Michael Reactions Mediated by 1,4-Dihydropyridine–Enolate Adduct in Micellar Medium
Authors: Mashraqui Sabir H , Karnik Madhavi A
Published: October 2003

1,4-dihydropyridine-acetophenone enolate adduct, in catalytic amount effects Michael reactions in aqueous cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The enolate, generated by dissociation of the adduct abstracts a proton from readily enolizable substrates to bring about the Michael reaction under mild conditions in fair to good yields without side products.
Catalytic Conversion of Sulfides to Sulfoxides by The [PZnMo2W9O39]5− Polyoxometalate
Authors: Yadollahi Bahram
Published: October 2003

Keggin type polyoxometalates can be used as catalysts for the activation of 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide for the selective transformation of various organic substrates. In this paper, results are presented for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides in high to excellent yields using 30% aqueous H2O2 as oxidant and [PZnMo2W9O39]5− as catalyst in acetonitrile.
Privacy and Ethical Issues in Database/Interactive Marketing and Public Policy: A Research Framework and Overview of the Special Issue
Authors: Milne George R.
Published: October 2003

Privacy is a high-profile public policy issue that affects consumers and marketers. The emergence of online marketing brings new privacy concerns that have resulted in Federal Trade Commission scrutiny and review. At the same time, industry groups and associations have been active in self-regulation efforts. To highlight areas in which marketing researchers can add value to the public policy discussion on privacy, the author provides a research framework that highlights four aspects of information exchange between marketers and consumers. The author argues that improving exchange mechanisms will provide consumers with more control and the ability to make more informed trade-offs of personal information for benefits. Within this framework, the author provides an overview of the articles in this special issue and suggests avenues for further research.
Assessing Consumer Preferences for Clean-Fuel Vehicles: A Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Ewing Gordon , Sarigöllü Emine
Published: October 2003

The authors assess preferences for clean-fuel vehicles (CFVs) versus the conventional vehicle using a discrete choice experiment. The results show that though consumers value environmental impact, vehicle performance characteristics are critical to choice. The authors find that regulation is not sufficient to create a market for CFVs, and they identify three market segments to which CFVs should be distinctly positioned and targeted.
Trademark Strategies Online: Implications for Intellectual Property Protection
Authors: Kopp Steven W. , Suter Tracy A.
Published: October 2003

The growth and increasingly mainstream appeal of various aspects of the Internet could have a lasting effect on a firm's marketing mix. The authors address one of the external environmental factors that marketing and brand managers, as well as public policymakers, should continually monitor as the online community further develops: trademark law. As managers attempt to leverage the value of the trademarked brand, the authors examine the impact of the current state of technology and the law to understand the reach of current legal interpretations and the implications for present and future trademark strategy online.
Truth and Consequences: The Perils of Half-Truths and Unsubstantiated Health Claims for Dietary Supplements
Authors: Vladeck David C.
Published: October 2003

The author examines the recent decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals in Pearson v. Shalala , which struck down on First Amendment grounds the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) regulatory scheme for approving health claims for dietary supplements. In its recent ruling, the Pearson court rejected the FDA's view that health claims that cannot be proved as either true or false pose a serious risk to consumers. Although the court recognized that some health claims will mislead consumers, it reasoned that the FDA's regulations are nonetheless impermissibly restrictive because they do not allow manufacturers to make health claims accompanied by clarifying disclosures when significant scientific agreement is lacking. The court suggested that disclaimers referring to the absence of FDA approval, or the inconclusive nature of the scientific evidence, might be sufficient to guard against consumer deception. The author explains why the reasoning of Pearson misconceives basic First Amendment commercial speech principles and places the public at risk. Congress enacted the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act to ensure that consumers would no longer be subjected to unreliable and unverifiable health claims for dietary supplements. Pearson thwarts that purpose. The disclaimers envisioned by the court will simply underscore the uncertainty about the product's utility. Accordingly, Pearson relegates consumers to a marketplace that will be rife with unproven and unreliable health claims and thus poses a real threat to the health of consumers.
Pearson v. Shalala: The Beginning of the End for FDA Speech Suppression
Authors: Emord Jonathan W.
Published: October 2003

On January 15, 1999, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for evaluating health claims for dietary supplements were declared invalid under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and under the Administrative Procedure Act. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held the FDA's refusal to authorize four nutrient–disease relationship claims with disclaimers a violation of the First Amendment commercial speech doctrine. That court also held the FDA's refusal to define a standard for review of health claims arbitrary and capricious. The decision is final and binding on the FDA. It is destined to have a profound impact on the way the FDA regulates claims for dietary supplements and potentially all other products.
Health Claims and Disclaimers: Extended Boundaries and Research Opportunities in Consumer Interpretation
Authors: Mason Marlys J. , Scammon Debra L.
Published: October 2003

In Pearson v. Shalala, the court restricts FDA authority by allowing sellers of dietary supplements to make health claims based on less than “significant scientific agreement” when these claims are accompanied by a disclaimer. The authors raise issues regarding the lack of standards for substantiation and the effectiveness of disclaimers in light of the untested nature of some supplements and the vulnerabilities of some supplement consumers.
Protecting Privacy Online: Is Self-Regulation Working?
Authors: Culnan Mary J.
Published: October 2003

The author assesses the extent to which 361 consumer-oriented commercial Web sites post disclosures that describe their information practices and whether these disclosures reflect fair information practices. Although approximately 67% of the sites sampled post a privacy disclosure, only 14% of these disclosures constitute a comprehensive privacy policy. The study was initiated by the private sector as a progress report to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and is one in a series of efforts designed to assess whether consumer privacy can be protected through industry self-regulation or whether legislation is required. Although the FTC does not recommend legislation at this time, the study suggests that an effective self-regulatory regime for consumer privacy online has yet to emerge.
Privacy Concerns and Consumer Willingness to Provide Personal Information
Authors: Phelps Joseph , Nowak Glen , Ferrell Elizabeth
Published: October 2003

The authors examine potential relationships among categories of personal information, beliefs about direct marketing, situational characteristics, specific privacy concerns, and consumers’ direct marketing shopping habits. Furthermore, the authors offer an assessment of the trade-offs consumers are willing to make when they exchange personal information for shopping benefits. The findings indicate that public policy and self-regulatory efforts to alleviate consumer privacy concerns should provide consumers with more control over the initial gathering and subsequent dissemination of personal information. Such efforts must also consider the type of information sought, because consumer concern and willingness to provide marketers with personal data vary dramatically by information type.
Marketing without Consent: Consumer Choice and Costs, Privacy, and Public Policy
Authors: Petty Ross D.
Published: October 2003

Most of the privacy debate pertains to personal information being collected and disseminated in databases without consumer consent or perhaps even knowledge. The author asserts that a more important issue is how these databases are used to impose marketing costs on consumers without their consent. All marketers realize it is costly to communicate to potential consumers, but they often forget that consumers bear some marketing communications costs as well. The author suggests that economic efficiency would be enhanced by requiring marketers to internalize at least some of the consumer costs, particularly those likely to be borne involuntarily. Current regulations address only some costs for some media and often limit rather than enhance consumer choice. The author presents new public policy recommendations to improve efficiency and consumer choice.
Internet Privacy and Security: An Examination of Online Retailer Disclosures
Authors: Miyazaki Anthony D. , Fernandez Ana
Published: October 2003

The Federal Trade Commission has declared the privacy and security of consumer information to be two major issues that stem from the rapid growth in e-commerce, particularly in terms of consumer-related commerce on the Internet. Although prior studies have assessed online retailer responses to privacy and security concerns with respect to retailers’ disclosure of their practices, these studies have been fairly general in their approaches and have not explored the potential for such disclosures to affect consumers. The authors examine online retailer disclosures of various privacy- and security-related practices for 17 product categories. They also compare the prevalence of disclosures to a subset of data from a consumer survey to evaluate potential relationships between online retailer practices and consumer perceptions of risk and purchase intentions across product categories.
Dimensions of Privacy Concern among Online Consumers
Authors: Sheehan Kim Bartel , Hoy Mariea Grubbs
Published: October 2003

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is one of many organizations studying influences on consumer privacy online. The authors investigate these influences, taking into consideration the current body of literature on privacy and the Internet and the FTC's core principles of fair information practice. The authors analyze these influences to assess the underlying factors of privacy concern online. The authors examine the current recommendations and actions of the FTC in light of the results of an e-mail survey of online consumers in the United States that assessed their attitudes toward privacy online. The authors find that the FTC's core principles address many of online consumers’ privacy concerns. However, two factors not directly incorporated in the five principles, the relationships between entities and online users and the exchange of information for appropriate compensation, may influence consumers’ privacy concerns.
Consumer Online Privacy: Legal and Ethical Issues
Authors: Caudill Eve M. , Murphy Patrick E.
Published: October 2003

Consumer privacy is a public policy issue that has received substantial attention over the last thirty years. The phenomenal growth of the Internet has spawned several new concerns about protecting the privacy of consumers. The authors examine both historical and conceptual analyses of privacy and discuss domestic and international regulatory and self-regulatory approaches to confronting privacy issues on the Internet. The authors also review ethical theories that apply to consumer privacy and offer specific suggestions for corporate ethical policy and public policy as well as a research agenda.
Regulating Commercial Speech in a Dynamic Environment: Forty Years of Margarine and Oil Advertising before the NLEA
Authors: Pappalardo Janis Kohanski , Ringold Debra Jones
Published: October 2003

The authors analyze the roles of science, politics, markets, and consumers in determining the regulation and use of health information in commercial speech before the passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act. Data include a historical review of advertising regulation, a manifest content analysis of margarine and oil magazine advertising to consumers and professionals, a summary of changes in scientific recommendations regarding diet and heart disease, and a review of magazine articles about diet and heart disease from 1950 to 1989.
The Recycling Cycle: An Empirical Examination of Consumer Waste Recycling and Recycling Shopping Behaviors
Authors: Biswas Abhijit , Licata Jane W. , McKee Daryl , Pullig Chris , Daughtridge Christopher
Published: October 2003

The findings of this research indicate that attitude toward recycling has a significant effect on waste recycling and recycling shopping behaviors. In addition, affect, past behavior, and subjective norm explain significant incremental variance in the two types of recycling behaviors. Moderator analyses show that for waste recycling behavior, affect plays a lesser role when the strength of attitude toward recycling is strong, and vice-versa. Finally, the authors find a significant correlation between waste recycling behavior and recycling shopping behavior. The authors discuss managerial and public policy issues based on these findings.
Alterations in cholinergic and non‐cholinergic neurotransmitter receptor densities in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain with β‐amyloid plaque pathology
Authors: Klingner Margrit , Apelt Jenny , Kumar Ashok , Sorger Dietlind , Sabri Osama , Steinbach Jörg , Scheunemann Matthias , Schliebs Reinhard
Published: October 2003

Cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease are accompanied by a number of alterations in other transmitter systems including glutamate, noradrenaline and serotonin, suggesting the involvement also of other neurotransmitter systems in the pathogenesis of the disease. To address the question whether β‐amyloid may contribute to these deficits, brain tissue from transgenic Tg2576 mice with Alzheimer plaque pathology at ages of 5 (still no significant plaque load) and 17 months (moderate to high cortical β‐amyloid plaque load) were examined for a number of cholinergic and non‐cholinergic markers. Transgenic mice with no significant plaque load demonstrated reduced hemicholinium‐3 (HCh‐3) binding to choline uptake sites in anterior brain regions as compared to non‐transgenic littermates, while in aged transgenic mice with high number of plaque deposits decreased HCh‐3 binding levels were accompanied by increased vesicular acetylcholine transporter binding in selected cortical brain regions. In aged transgenic mice GABAA, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, and β‐adrenergic as well 5‐HT1A‐ and 5‐HT2A‐receptor binding levels were hardly affected, whereas α1‐ and α2‐adrenoceptor binding was increased in selected cerebral cortical regions as compared to non‐transgenic littermates. The development of changes in both cholinergic and non‐cholinergic markers in transgenic Tg2576 mouse brain already before the onset of progressive plaque deposition provides in vivo evidence of a modulatory role of soluble β‐amyloid on cortical neurotransmission and may be referred to the deficits in learning and memory observed in these mice also before significant plaque load.
Coastal new particle formation: Environmental conditions and aerosol physicochemical characteristics during nucleation bursts
Authors: O'Dowd Colin D. , Hämeri Kaarle , Mäkelä Jyrki , Väkeva Minna , Aalto Pasi , de Leeuw Gerrit , Kunz Gerard J. , Becker Edo , Hansson Hans‐Christen , Allen Andrew G. , Harrison Roy M. , Berresheim Harald , Kleefeld Christoph , Geever Michael , Jennings S. Gerard , Kulmala Markku
Published: October 2003

Nucleation mode aerosol was characterized during coastal nucleation events at Mace Head during intensive New Particle Formation and Fate in the Coastal Environment (PARFORCE) field campaigns in September 1998 and June 1999. Nucleation events were observed almost on a daily basis during the occurrence of low tide and solar irradiation. In September 1998, average nucleation mode particle concentrations were 8600 cm−3during clean air events and 2200 cm−3during polluted events. By comparison, during June 1999, mean nucleation mode concentrations were 27,000 cm−3during clean events and 3350 cm−3during polluted conditions. Peak concentrations often reached 500,000–1,000,000 cm−3during the most intense events and the duration of the events ranged from 2 to 8 hours with a mean of 4.5 hours. Source rates for detectable particle sizes (d > 3 nm) were estimated to be between 104and 106cm−3s−1and initial growth rates of new particles were as high as 0.1–0.35 nm s−1at the tidal source region. Recently formed 8 nm particles were subjected to hygroscopic growth and were found to have a growth factor of 1.0–1.1 for humidification at 90% relative humidity. The low growth factors implicate a condensable gas with very low solubility leading to detectable particle formation. It is not clear if this condensable gas also leads to homogeneous nucleation; however, measured sulphuric acid and ammonia concentration suggest that ternary nucleation of thermodynamically stable sulphate clusters is still likely to occur. In clear air, significant particle production (>105cm−3) was observed with sulphuric acid gas‐phase concentration as low as 2 × 106molecules cm−3and under polluted conditions as high as 1.2 × 108molecules cm−3.
Weathering of phosphorus in black shales
Authors: Kolowith Lauren Clark , Berner Robert A.
Published: October 2003

Rock weathering is the ultimate source of phosphorus (P) to the oceans, where P can be a limiting nutrient for biological production. In this paper, P weathering is examined in soil chronosequences formed in weathering profiles on the organic‐rich Woodford Shale, New Albany Shale and Green River Shale. At all sites, organic P and inorganic P concentrations reveal that P weathering is far from complete, prior to erosion. Carbon (C)/P ratios decrease significantly from unweathered shale to the weathered shale at all sites, which is driven by loss of total organic C with weathering. Here we characterize organic phosphorus across a weathering profile from the Woodford Shale using solid‐state CPMAS 31P NMR spectroscopy techniques, revealing that P esters are the dominant forms of P during all stages of weathering. Certain P esters appear to be resistant to chemical weathering during the millions of years between deposition, uplift and erosion, possibly representing a significant long‐term global sink for P.
Global estimates of net carbon production in the nitrate‐depleted tropical and subtropical oceans
Authors: Lee Kitack , Karl David M. , Wanninkhof Rik , Zhang Jia‐Zhong
Published: October 2003

Nitrate availability is generally considered to be the limiting factor for oceanic new production and this concept is central in our observational and modeling efforts. However, recent time‐series observations off Bermuda and Hawaii indicate a significant removal of total dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the absence of measurable nitrate. Here we estimate net carbon production in nitrate‐depleted tropical and subtropical waters with temperatures higher than 20°C from the decrease in the salinity normalized CT inventory within the surface mixed layer. This method yields a global value of 0.8 ± 0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (Pg C yr−1, Pg = 1015 grams), which equates to a significant fraction (20–40%) of the recent estimates (2.0–4.2 Pg C yr−1) of total new production in the tropical and subtropical oceans [Emerson et al., 1997; Lee, 2001]. The remainder is presumably supported by upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone via eddy diffusion and turbulent mixing processes or lateral exchange. Our calculation provides the first global‐scale estimate of net carbon production in the absence of measurable nitrate. We hypothesize that it is attributable to dinitrogen (N2) fixing microorganisms, which can utilize the inexhaustible dissolved N2 pool and thereby bypass nitrate limitation.
El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature anomalies: Asymmetry characteristics associated with their wind stress anomalies
Authors: Kang In‐Sik , Kug Jong‐Seong
Published: October 2003

The asymmetric nature of El Niño and La Niña sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated by the use of National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data and various ocean and atmosphere models. It is demonstrated that the relatively weak SST anomalies during La Niña compared with those of El Niño are related to the westward shift of wind stress anomalies by 10°–15°. The asymmetric characteristics of atmospheric responses are confirmed by the general circulation model experiments with the two different SST anomalies, which have equal amplitude but are of opposite sign from each other. The experiments with an intermediate ocean model and a hybrid coupled model clearly show that the SST anomalies over the equatorial Pacific become weaker as the zonal wind stress shifts to the west. Not only the amplitude but also the oscillation timescale of the SST anomaly is shown to be sensitive to the location of wind stress anomalies. The duration of La Niña, which is rather shorter than that of El Niño, is also related to the longitudinal displacement of the wind stress anomaly.
Comparison of aerosol and thin film spectra of supercooled ternary solution aerosol
Authors: McPheat R. A. , Bass S. F. , Newnham D. A. , Ballard J. , Remedios J. J.
Published: October 2003

Extinction spectra of H2SO4‐HNO3‐H2O supercooled ternary solution (STS) aerosol particles, fully covering the mid‐ and near‐infrared region from 750 to 13,000 cm−1 (13.9 to 0.7 μm), have been measured in the laboratory using a 75 dm3 volume coolable aerosol cell coupled with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The STS spectra were recorded at temperatures close to those encountered in the polar stratosphere and were fitted to a spectrum modelled by combining Mie scattering theory and published thin film refractive index data. Good agreement between model and laboratory data was found in the region 1300–13,000 cm−1, but significant deviations were found in the region 750–1300 cm−1.
Influence of transport uncertainty on annual mean and seasonal inversions of atmospheric CO2 data
Authors: Peylin Philippe , Baker David , Sarmiento Jorge , Ciais Philippe , Bousquet Philippe
Published: October 2003

Inversion methods are often used to estimate surface CO2 fluxes from atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements, given an atmospheric transport model to relate the two. The published estimates disagree strongly on the location of the main sources and sinks, however. Are these differences due to the different time spans considered, or are they artifacts of the method and data used? Here we assess the uncertainty in such estimates due to the choice of time discretization of the measurements and fluxes, the spatial resolution of the fluxes, and the transport model. A suite of 27 Bayesian least squares inversions has been run, given by varying the number of flux regions solved for (7, 12, and 17), the time discretization (annual/annual, annual/monthly, and monthly/monthly for the fluxes/data), and the transport model (TM2, TM3, and GCTM), while holding all other inversion details constant. The estimated fluxes from this ensemble of inversions for the land + ocean sum are stable over large zonal bands, but the spread in the results increases when considering the longitudinal flux distribution inside these bands. On average for 1990–1994 the inversions place a large CO2 uptake north of 30°N (3.2 ± 0.3 GtC yr−1), mostly over the land regions, with more in Eurasia than North America. The ocean fluxes are generally smaller than given by Takahashi et al. [1999], especially south of 15°S and in the global total, where they are less than half as large. A small uptake is found for the tropical land regions, suggesting that growth more than compensates for deforestation there. The results for the different transport models are consistent with their known mixing properties; the longitudinal pattern of their land biosphere rectifier, in particular, strongly influences the regional partitioning of the flux in the north. While differences between the transport models contribute significantly to the spread of the results, an equivalent or even larger spread is due to the time discretization method used: Solving for annual mean fluxes with monthly mean measurements tended to give spurious land/ocean flux partition in the north. We suggest then that this time discretization method be avoided. Overall, the uncertainty quoted for the estimated fluxes should include not only the random error calculated by the inversion equations but also all the systematic errors in the problem, such as those addressed in this study.
Predicting global aerosol size distributions in general circulation models
Authors: Adams Peter J. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: October 2003

To better represent the indirect effect of aerosols on climate, a size‐resolved simulation of aerosol microphysics, size distributions, number and mass concentrations has been incorporated into the GISS general circulation model (GCM). The TwO‐Moment Aerosol Sectional (TOMAS) microphysics model used here conserves aerosol number as well as mass. It has high size resolution, 30 bins between 0.01 and 10 μm diameter. As a first application, a size‐resolved simulation of sulfate has been performed. The model reproduces important features of the atmospheric aerosol such as number concentrations that increase with altitude and land‐sea contrasts in aerosol number concentrations and size distributions. Comparisons with observations show that simulated size distributions are realistic and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations agree with observations within about 25%. Predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are also in reasonable agreement with observations, although there are locations for which agreement would be improved by including other aerosol components such as sea salt and carbonaceous aerosols. Sensitivity scenarios show that uncertainties in nucleation and primary emissions from fossil fuels can have significant effects on predictions of CN and CCN concentrations.
Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming
Authors: Wetherald Richard T. , Manabe Syukuro
Published: October 2003

Using the results obtained from a coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐land model with medium computational resolution, we investigated how the hydrology of the continents changes in response to the combined increases of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, which are determined based upon the IS92a scenario. In order to extract the forced response from natural, internal variability, the difference between the mean of an eight‐member ensemble of numerical experiments and a control experiment are used for the present analysis. The global mean surface air temperature of the coupled model increases by about 2.3°C above the preindustrial level by the middle of the 21st century. Accompanying the warming, the global mean rates of both precipitation and evaporation increase by 5.2%, yielding the average increase in the rate of runoff by approximately 7.3%. The increase in the rate of runoff simulated by the model is particularly large in high northern latitudes, where the runoff from some rivers such as the Mackenzie and Ob′ may increase by as much as 20%. Runoff from many European rivers increases by more than 20%. Runoff also increases substantially in some tropical rivers such as the Amazon and Ganges. However, the percentage changes in simulated runoff from many other tropical rivers and middle latitude rivers are smaller with both positive and negative signs. In middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, soil moisture tends to decrease in summer, whereas it increases in winter. However, in many semi‐arid regions in subtropical and middle latitudes, soil moisture is reduced during most of a year. These semi‐arid regions include the southwestern part of North America, the northeastern part of China in the Northern Hemisphere, and the region in the vicinity of the Kalahari Desert and southern part of Australia in the Southern Hemisphere. Since a semi‐arid region usually surrounds a desert, the reduction of soil moisture in such a region often results in the expansion of the desert. Soil moisture is also reduced during the dry season in many semi‐arid regions. For example, it is reduced in the savannahs of Africa and South America during winter and early spring in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is reduced at the Mediterranean coast of Europe in summer.
Optical characteristics of the aerosol in Spain and Austria and its effect on radiative forcing
Authors: Horvath H. , Alados Arboledas L. , Olmo F. J. , Jovanović O. , Gangl M. , Kaller W. , Sánchez C. , Sauerzopf H. , Seidl S.
Published: October 2003

The horizontal and vertical attenuation of the aerosol, the sky radiance, and the light absorption coefficient of the aerosol have been determined at wavelengths in the visible. From this set of data the following optical characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol could be derived: vertical optical depth, horizontal extinction and absorption coefficient, scattering phase function, asymmetry parameter, and single scattering albedo. Campaigns have been performed in Almería, Spain, and Vienna, Austria. The aerosol undergoes a considerable variation, as experienced by many other studies. Sometimes the vertical and the horizontal measurements gave similar data; on other days the aerosol at the surface and the aerosol aloft were completely different. The “clearest” aerosol always had the smallest single scattering albedo and thus relatively the highest light absorption. The optical characteristics of the aerosol in the two very different locations were very similar. Using the measured optical data, a radiative transfer calculation was performed, and the radiation reaching the ground was calculated. Comparing the values for the clear aerosol and the days with higher aerosol load, the radiative forcing due to the additional aerosol particles could be determined. The forcing of the aerosol at the ground is always negative, and at the top of the atmosphere it is close to zero or slightly negative. Its dependence on wavelength and zenith angle is presented. The preindustrial aerosol in Europe was estimated, and the forcing due to the present‐day aerosol was determined. At the surface it is negative, but at the top of the atmosphere it is close to zero or positive. This is caused by the light absorption of the European aerosol, which is higher than in most other locations.
High Resolution Doppler Imager observations of ozone in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
Authors: Marsh Daniel R. , Skinner Wilbert R. , Marshall Alan R. , Hays Paul B. , Ortland David A. , Yee Jeng‐Hwa
Published: October 2003

Observations made by the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) onboard the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) of molecular oxygen Atmospheric band dayglow and temperature are used to infer ozone mixing ratios in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The retrieval relies on the fact that a significant portion of the dayglow originates from ozone photolysis. Observations cover up to 72° in latitude and an altitude range of 65–97 km, with a vertical resolution of 2.5 km. Error analysis shows that measurement errors in observed ozone volume mixing ratios are typically between 0.04 and 0.1 parts per million, although systematic errors may be larger. Measurements show good agreement with previous observations and with other UARS instruments. A unique feature of the HRDI mesospheric ozone data set is that all daylight local times are sampled, which allows resolution of large diurnal variations throughout the mesosphere. Dynamical signatures are clearly seen in the distribution of ozone, which indicates that vertical advection of atomic oxygen by the solar diurnal tide plays an important role in determining ozone concentrations.
Surface source function for sea‐salt aerosol and aerosol dry deposition to the ocean surface
Authors: Hoppel W. A. , Frick G. M. , Fitzgerald J. W.
Published: October 2003

The dry deposition velocity for a uniform surface source of particles, such as sea‐salt aerosol, is shown to be fundamentally different than that for a source of particles from above or upwind. An expression for the deposition velocity for a uniform surface source of particles and an improved expression for the deposition velocity when the source is from above (upwind) is derived. The equilibrium method of deriving the sea‐salt source function from an aerosol concentration, measured at a reference height, and the deposition velocity, is shown to be of little value for particles smaller than about 5 to 10 μm in radius for two reasons: (1) The time to establish equilibrium between the source and loss by dry deposition is much longer than the typical lifetime of small particles determined by precipitation scavenging. (2) It is difficult, if not impossible, to correct for the effect of synoptic‐scale vertical velocities and the effect of mixing between the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere. A sea‐salt aerosol source function that combines the Monahan et al. [1986] formulation at radii smaller than about 10 μm with the modified Smith et al. [1993] formulation at radii larger than 10 μm is proposed.
Significance of multidimensional radiative transfer effects measured in surface fluxes at an Antarctic coastline
Authors: Lubin Dan , Ricchiazzi Paul , Payton Allison , Gautier Catherine
Published: October 2003

At a coastal high‐latitude site, multiple reflection of photons between the high albedo surface and an overlying cloud can enhance the downwelling shortwave flux out over the adjacent open water to a distance of several kilometers. This coastal albedo effect has been predicted by theoretical radiative transfer studies and has also been measured under ideal conditions. In this study, three multispectral solar ultraviolet radiometers were deployed in the vicinity of Palmer Station, Antarctica (64° 46′S, 64° 04′W) to determine the prevalence of the coastal albedo effect under the region's natural variability in cloud cover. One radiometer was deployed near the base of a glacier, and the other two radiometers were deployed on Janus Island and Outcast Island, islets ∼2.8 km (1.5 nautical miles) and 5.6 km (3 nautical miles) distant from Palmer Station, respectively. The radiometers were operated simultaneously for 16 days during late December 1999 and January 2000. Under all cloudy sky conditions sampled by this experiment the coastal albedo effect is seen in the data 60% of the time, in the form of a decreasing gradient in surface flux from Palmer Station through Janus and Outcast Islands. During the other 40% of the cloudy sky measurements, local cloud inhomogeneity obscured the coastal albedo effect. The effect is more apparent under overcast layers that appear spatially uniform and occurs 86% of the time under the low overcast decks sampled. The presence of stratus fractus of bad weather, under higher overcast layers, obscures the coastal albedo effect such that it occurs only 43% of the time. A wavelength dependence is noted in the data under optically thin cloud cover: the ratio of a flux measured at an islet to that measured at the station increases with wavelength. This wavelength dependence can be explained by plane‐parallel radiative transfer theory.
Interannual variability of the 4‐day wave and isentropic mixing inside the polar vortex in midwinter of the Southern Hemisphere upper stratosphere
Authors: Mizuta Ryo , Yoden Shigeo
Published: October 2003

Interannual variations of the flow field and large‐scale horizontal transport and mixing inside the wintertime polar vortex of the Southern Hemisphere upper stratosphere are investigated using isentropic winds obtained from the U.K. Met Office assimilated data for nine years of 1992–2000. We focused on the midwinter, July, when the polar vortex is not much distorted, although an eastward propagating wave called the 4‐day wave is observed in some years in the polar region. Finite‐time Lyapunov exponents are computed, and contour advections are done to examine stirring and mixing in the polar region. When the 4‐day wave has a large amplitude, effective mixing through a stretching and folding process is seen inside the polar vortex. Finite‐time Lyapunov exponents are sometimes as large as the midlatitudes, and the material contours of small areas grow exponentially in time on the poleward side of 70°S. Such mixing properties are not uniform inside the vortex. When the wave is not clearly seen, on the other hand, wind fields are close to a solid body rotation around the pole, and mixing is very small; Lyapunov exponents are small, and the material contours grow linearly in time by the stretching due to the meridional shear of the polar night jet. Such interannual variability of the strength of the mixing is correlated with the variability of the perturbation amplitude of potential vorticity in the polar region.
Tectonic features of the southern Sumatra‐western Java forearc of Indonesia
Authors: Schlüter H. U. , Gaedicke C. , Roeser H. A. , Schreckenberger B. , Meyer H. , Reichert C. , Djajadihardja Y. , Prexl A.
Published: October 2003

Multichannel reflection seismic profiles along the active Sunda Arc, where the Indo‐Australian plate subducts under the overriding Eurasian margin revealed two accretionary wedges: The inner wedge I is of assumed Paleogene age, and the outer wedge II is of Neogene to Recent age. The inner wedge I is composed of tectonic flakes stretching from southeast Sumatra across the Sunda Strait to northwest Java, implying a similar plate tectonic regime in these areas at the time of flake development during upper Oligocene. Today, wedge I forms the outer arc high and the backstop for the younger outer wedge II. The missing outer arc high of the southern Sunda Strait is explained by a combination of Neogene transtension due to a clockwise rotation of Sumatra with respect to Java and by arc‐parallel strike‐slip movements. The rotation created transtensional pull‐apart basins along the western Sunda Strait (Semangka Graben) as opposed to transpression and inversion on the eastern Sunda Strait, within the new detected Krakatau Basin. The arc‐parallel transpressional Mentawai strike‐slip fault zone (MFZ) was correlated from the Sumatra forearc basin to the northwest Java forearc basin. Off the Sunda Strait, northward bending branches of the MFZ are connected with the right‐lateral Sumatra fault zone (SFZ) along the volcanic arc segment on Sumatra. It is speculated that the SFZ was attached to the Cimandiri‐Pelabuhan Ratu strike‐slip fault of Java prior to the presumed rotation of Sumatra, and that since the late lower Miocene the main slip movement shifted from the volcanic arc position to the forearc basin area due to increasingly oblique plate convergence.
Modified Brinkman equation for a free flow problem at the interface of porous surfaces: The Cantor‐Taylor brush configuration case
Authors: Shavit U. , Bar‐Yosef G. , Rosenzweig R. , Assouline S.
Published: October 2003

The free flow problem above, at the surface interface, and inside a Cantor‐Taylor brush configuration (CTB), simulating a porous medium, was studied. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements confirm that the microscale Stokes equation provides an accurate solution to the CTB microscale flow problem. A comparison between the results of the averaged microscale Stokes equation and that of the Brinkman equation using an apparent viscosity shows that the concept of “apparent viscosity” did not provide a satisfactory agreement between the two approaches. In order to develop a description of the average velocity profile across the interface flow region, theoretical and numerical analyses were performed. An averaging procedure of the Navier Stokes equations provided a set of three equations, which were used to predict the average velocity in the fluid phase 〈u〉f. This set of equations is the suggested modified Brinkman equation (MBE). The comparison between the results of the Stokes equation and the MBE shows that optimizing the size of the averaging representative volume provides a good fit between the flow problem and the solution of the modified Brinkman equation.
Nearly simultaneous images of HF‐pump enhanced airglow at 6300 Å and 5577 Å
Authors: Gustavsson B. , Brändström B. U. E. , Steen Å. , Sergienko T. , Leyser T. B. , Rietveld M. T. , Aso T. , Ejiri M.
Published: October 2003

This report presents nearly simultaneous images of HF‐pump enhanced airglow at 6300 Å and 5577 Å caused by HF radio wave pumping in the ionosphere from the EISCAT‐Heating facility. The images show co‐located enhancements implying that there are O(1D) and O(1S) emissions from the ionospheric F region. The maximum enhancement in 6300 Å is 50–60 Rayleighs and the maximum enhancement in 5577 Å is 10–20 Rayleighs for five different HF‐pump pulses. The 5577 to 6300 Å intensity ratio of 0.3–0.4 implies that the excitation is caused by a nonthermal electron population.
First principles calculation of a high‐pressure hydrous phase, δ‐AlOOH
Authors: Tsuchiya Jun , Tsuchiya Taku , Tsuneyuki Shinji , Yamanaka Takamitsu
Published: October 2003

Using a first principles method, we have investigated the crystal structure of a high‐pressure phase of AlOOH (δ‐AlOOH). It is an important substance in subducting sedimentary rocks, and could possibly serve as a water reservoir in the Earth's lower mantle. Three types of stable structure were obtained with various hydrogen positions. Two of them have an asymmetric hydrogen bond and the other a symmetric one. The asymmetric hydrogen bond of the low‐pressure phase transforms to the symmetrized one under high pressure. The symmetrized phase has a much larger bulk modulus than the asymmetrized phases. The optimized structures and their respective bulk moduli obtained from our calculation indicate that the subtle change of hydrogen position causes a significant effect on the hydrogen bonding nature and elastic properties of δ‐AlOOH.
Linking ozone pollution and climate change: The case for controlling methane
Authors: Fiore Arlene M. , Jacob Daniel J. , Field Brendan D. , Streets David G. , Fernandes Suneeta D. , Jang Carey
Published: October 2003

Methane (CH4) emission controls are found to be a powerful lever for reducing both global warming and air pollution via decreases in background tropospheric ozone (O3). Reducing anthropogenic CH4 emissions by 50% nearly halves the incidence of U.S. high‐O3 events and lowers global radiative forcing by 0.37 W m−2 (0.30 W m−2 from CH4, 0.07 W m−2 from O3) in a 3‐D model of tropospheric chemistry. A 2030 simulation based upon IPCC A1 emissions projections shows a longer and more intense U.S. O3 pollution season despite domestic emission reductions, indicating that intercontinental transport and a rising O3 background should be considered when setting air quality goals.
The effect of particle dimensionality on Granular friction in laboratory shear zones
Authors: Frye Kevin M. , Marone Chris
Published: October 2003

To match the boundary conditions of numerical models and to examine the effect of particle dimensionality on granular friction, we conducted laboratory experiments on rods sheared in 1‐D and 2‐D configurations, glass beads (3‐D), and angular quartz sand (rough 3‐D). The average coefficient of friction during stable sliding for 1‐D, 2‐D, smooth 3‐D, and rough 3‐D particles is 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, and 0.6, respectively. Frictional strength of 2‐D layers exceeds 1‐D friction by an amount associated with dilatancy and the additional contact plane in 2‐D. We show that 3‐D granular friction exceeds 2‐D friction by the amount of interparticle friction on the out‐of‐plane particle contacts that do not exist in 2‐D. Data from our 2‐D experiments are remarkably similar to numerical results based on 2‐D particle dynamic simulations. Our data indicate that application of numerical models of granular friction to tectonic faults will require computations involving rough, 3‐D particles.
Stability of rock slopes in Valles Marineris, Mars
Authors: Schultz Richard A.
Published: October 2003

New slope measurements from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), in conjunction with the Rock Mass Rating system (RMR), permit inversions of slope height and angle from wallrock and interior deposits within Valles Marineris troughs for strength and lithology. Wallrock (50 < RMR < 65) is stronger than interior deposits (30 < RMR < 55). These values are consistent with layered igneous rock beneath wallrock slopes, with interior deposits consistent with partially indurated sedimentary or volcaniclastic rocks. Larger volumes of landslide debris relative to terrestrial slides are related to the reduced Martian gravity. Seismicity along trough‐bounding normal faults likely triggered the landslides in the adjacent wallrock. The weaker interior deposits are located sufficiently far from a border fault (and on its hangingwall) to have remained stable during the seismogenic faulting in Valles Marineris.