bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on respiratory immunization with tetanus toxoid: The role of adjuvants
Authors: Bartlema H. C. , Braunius Rientsje , Hölscher Lily
Published: May 2009

Aerosol vaccination of mice with purified plain tetanus toxoid does not induce an immune response unless a suitable adjuvant is added.

Aluminium phosphate is without effect by aerosol treatment. Killed cells ofKlebsiella pneumoniae, although effective, are unsatisfactory owing to the long inhalation period needed.

KilledBordetella perussiscells were found to be an excellent adjuvant. A single aerosol treatment with a toxoid-B. pertussismixture during a moderate exposure period evoked a considerable immune response. With repeated aerosol treatment of primed mice the addition of adjuvant is not required; booster treatment with plain toxoid is at least as effective.

Extracts fromB. pertussiscells exert as good an adjuvant effect as the whole-cell vaccine. The remaining cell-wall debris also appears to be an active adjuvant.

In combination with constant doses of adjuvant (108B. pertussiscells), the 50 % protective doses (ED 50) of toxoid were determined by inhalation and by s.c. injection and were found to be 0·1875 and 0·0625 LFU respectively. This would imply that, as a result of the adjuvant action, the s.c. ED 50 is reduced by approximately a factor of 20; whereas the respiratory ED 50 is decreased by at least a factor of 100.

It is suggested that the much more pronounced adjuvant activity in aerosol immunization is associated with the induction of strong cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the respiratory tract.
Passive protection of mice against intracerebral infections with Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Dolby Jean M.
Published: May 2009

The passive protection of mice against an intracerebral infection with Bordetella pertussis, by antiserum introduced directly into the brain with the infecting organisms, was compared with the protection afforded by intraperitoneal antiserum. The antibody effective by the intracerebral route is that which is adsorbed onto the infecting organisms, although it does not affect the viability of the organisms in vitro in the absence of complement.

Passive protection against organisms introduced intracerebrally takes place in one of two ways, depending on the size of the challenge: (1) after 3–4 days' growth, the growth rate declines so that the number of organisms does not reach the figure lethal for the mouse; (2) the organisms do not appear to multiply, as their numbers decline from the moment of injection, so that the brain is sterile after 2 days.

Many of the mice protected against a challenge of 50,000 organisms (ca. 100 LD50) by intraperitoneal or intracerebral antiserum recover by the first mechanism. The second mechanism operates after a smaller challenge of 5000 organisms (ca. 10 LD50), irrespective of whether the antiserum is given intracerebrally with the challenge, or intraperitoneally within several hours of challenge. Too much antiserum given intracerebrally with a 50,000 challenge, but not with a 5000 challenge, inhibits protection.

In some mice, virulent antibody-treated organisms which have not been killed, grow very slowly over a long period, but are eventually eliminated from the brain.
Routine administration of oral polio vaccine in a subtropical area. Factors possibly influencing sero-conversion rates
Authors: Swartz T. A. , Skalska Paulina , Gerichter C. G. , Cockburn W. C.
Published: May 2009

Poliomyelitis is an important problem of public health in warm-climate countries. Studies of serological responses to vaccination in these countries have given conflicting results but in many investigations the rates have been considerably less than in countries with temperate climates. In this study three possible factors influencing sero-conversion were investigated – the season of the year when vaccine was given, the social status of the mother (as indicated by the number of years of schooling) and the presence of non-poliomyelitis viruses (NPV) in the gut when vaccine was given.

Over 200 children about 2 months of age were included in the study. Each was given three doses of trivalent vaccine at 6-week intervals.

The sero-conversion rates of the groups fed in winter were excellent but were slightly less good in summer. The differences were greatest in children in the lower socio-economic groups and in children excreting other enteroviruses.

The conclusions are that, provided a potent vaccine is used, the factors which diminish the effectiveness of immunization in warm-climate countries can be overcome: (1) by giving three doses of trivalent vaccine; (2) by beginning vaccination at the earliest possible age (when enteroviruses are fewest); (3) by concentrating special attention on the lower socio-economic groups and if necessary by giving a reinforcing dose several months after the third dose has been given – preferably in the colder months.
The serum and conjunctival antibody response to trachoma in Gambian children
Authors: Collier L. H. , Sowa J. , Sowa Shiona
Published: May 2009

Ninety-nine young Gambian children were studied for 61 weeks. About half of them had trachoma at the outset, and 80 % of the remainder acquired the disease while under observation. IgG trachoma antibody in the serum and IgG and IgA antibodies in the conjunctival secretions (CS) were titrated by an indirect immunofluorescence method. In serum samples obtained in capillary tubes the mean titre was slightly higher than in samples collected on filter paper. Sorum antibody at titres ↛ 1/10 was invariably associated with a clinical diagnosis of trachoma; it increased both in frequency and titre as the disease progressed, and was present in about half of those with Tr II. In CS, IgG antibody was present less often and at lower titres than in serum, and IgA antibody was detected even less frequently. There was some evidence of correlation between the titres of IgG and IgA antibodies in CS, but none for a relationship between the titres of the antibodies in serum and those in CS. Antibodies were almost never present in the absence of conjunctival follicles, but their titres were unrelated to the degree of follicular hyperplasia; there was no obvious relationship between the serological findings and corneal lesions. In children diagnosed clinically as trachoma, serum antibody was present in almost all those with conjunctival inclusions, and in a proportion of inclusion-negative subjects; the mean titre was much higher in the inclusion-positive group.

These findings do not settle whether CS antibodies are made locally, or are derived partly or wholly from the blood. They suggest that the indirect immunofluorescence test may be a useful diagnostic aid in trachoma, particularly in view of the rarity of false positive reactions; but there is at present little to choose between it and complement-fixation tests in terms of sensitivity.
The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses
Authors: Hobson D. , Curry R. L. , Beare A. S. , Ward-Gardner A.
Published: May 2009

The intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus, under conditions where the time and dosage of the infective challenge can be controlled, the scoring of proven infections can be more precise and higher rates of infection can be achieved than in most natural epidemics.

In 1032 adult volunteers, whose serum HI antibody titre was determined immediately before virus challenge, there was a consistent inverse quantitative relationship between the HI titre and the likelihood of infection. The PD50 (50 % protective dose) of HI antibody was 1/18–1/36, but an unusual finding was that volunteers with no detectable pre-challenge antibody often seem to be less susceptible to infection than those with pre-challenge antibody in low titre.

In one group of volunteers challenged with an influenza B strain there was no evidence that pre-challenge antibody titres against viral neuraminidase had any significant protective effect against challenge infection.
Anticoagulant resistance in wild Norway rats in New York
Authors: Brooks J. E. , Bowerman A. M.
Published: May 2009

Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from several habitats were tested for their susceptibility and resistance to warfarin. Animals were fed 0·005% warfarin in ground oatmeal for periods varying from 1 to 12 days. Rats having no prior exposure to anticoagulants were shown to be susceptible, none having survived a 6-day feeding period. Resistant rats were found on two farms where anticoagulant materials had been used intensively for about 20 years.
Mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases in the county boroughs of England and Wales classified according to the sources and hardness of their water supplies, 1958–1967
Authors: Stocks Percy
Published: May 2009

Relative rates of proportionate mortality from cancer of six sites based on total cancer deaths and the proportions expected in all towns, and from four types of cardiovascular disease based on total deaths from all causes, have been related in the 80 county boroughs of England and Wales to the sources of water supply and to the average hardness of water in. the towns. The sources of water, from upland surfaces, artesian wells and rivers, were classified in eight groups, and significant associations were found for cancers of the stomach, oesophagus, prostate, male bladder and female breast, and for hypertensive and chronic rheumatic heart disease. No associations were apparent with intestinal cancer, vascular disease of the nervous system or arteriosclerotic heart disease. Hardness or softness of the water was classified in seven groups and significant associations were found for the same diseases as for source of water, none being evident for coronary disease.
California encephalitis virus endemicity in the Yukon Territory, 1972
Authors: McLean D. M. , Clarke Alison M. , Goddard E. J. , Manes A. S. , Montalbetti C. A. , Pearson R. E.
Published: May 2009

Sera from 218 of 1574 (14%) small mammals collected in the Yukon Territory between 14 May and 13 August 1972 neutralized a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus (snowshoe-hare subtype). These included 133 of 319 (42%) snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 84 of 1243 (7%) ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus) and 1 of 12 (8%) tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). California encephalitis virus (snow-shoe hare subtype) was isolated from four pools of unengorged Aedes communis mosquitoes collected near Whitehorse (61° N., 135° W.) and on one occasion each from pools of the same species collected at Hunker Creek (64° N., 138° W.) and at mile 125, Dempster Highway (66° N., 138° W.) during July 1972. Replication of a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus was observed in wild-caught Culiseta inornata and Aedes canadensis mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and holding at temperatures of 80°, 50° and 40° F.
Observations on the microbiological flora of canned Parma ham
Authors: Cragg J. , Andrews A. V.
Published: May 2009

A significant proportion of a consignment of branded Parma Ham was found to have ‘blown’ tins; the associated bacterial flora was therefore investigated. No Salmonella or Shigella were found. Clostridium welchii type A and Clostridium bifermentans were isolated in moderate numbers only from enrichment cultures of the ham. Staphylococcus spp. and coryneform bacteria were obtained from all tins and Group D streptococci were present in a few. No food-poisoning cases were associated with this ham.
Particle concentrations in patient rooms with various types of ventilation
Authors: Allander C. , Strindehag O.
Published: May 2009

Particle concentration in patient rooms at various ventilation rates and with differing methods of air supply has been investigated experimentally in a specially built test room. The size of the test room corresponded to an ordinary bedroom for two patients. Air was supplied isothermally to this test room, either through induction units or through a perforated ceiling, and the number of air changes per hour varied from 1 to 16. When the air was supplied by means of induction units, tests with different airflow patterns in the room were also carried out. The principle of the measurements was to estimate the decrease in particle concentration at certain points when the initial concentration was uniform all over the room and no generation took place during the measuring period. Talc powder was used as test dust, and the particle concentration was measured at up to six points in the room with a particle counter.
The efficacy of live and inactivated vaccines of Hong Kong influenza virus in an industrial community: A report to the Medical Research Council Committee on Influenza and other respiratory virus vaccines
Authors: Hobson D. , Baker F. A. , Curry R. L. , Beare A. S. , Massey P. M. O.
Published: May 2009

Intranasal vaccines of inactivated or living attentuated A2/Hong Kong influenza viruses were compared for clinical acceptability, serological effects and protective efficiency against natural epidemic influenza in a large industrial and clerical population.
Diphthericin types, bacteriophage types and serotypes ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaestrains isolated in Australia
Authors: Gibson L. F. , Colman G.
Published: May 2009

A dipthericin typing scheme has been constructed using 441 strains ofCorynebacterium diptheriaeisolated in eastern Australia from 1962 to 1971. Ten types have been distinguished using seven strains ofC. diphtheriaeand two strains ofC. belfantias indicators of the diphthericins produced by the newly isolated strains. Strains grouped into types L2, L3 and L3awere found only in Melbourne and types L1 and L4 were predominant in Sydney. Type L5 strains were isolated intermittently throughout the period of study and were found in all eastern states. Numerical analysis of the characteristics of the strains suggests that associations exist between, on the one hand, diphthericin type and, on the other hand, bacteriophage type, serotype and biochemical activity.
The ecology of Whataroa virus, an alphavirus, in South Westland, New Zealand
Authors: Miles J. A. R.
Published: May 2009

The findings of a survey on the ecology of an alphavirus over the years 1964–9 are reviewed. Evidence is presented to show that wild birds constitute a vertebrate reservoir of the virus and that mosquitoes, primarily Culiseta tonnoiri and Culex pervigilans, which are both endemic New Zealand species, are responsible for summer transmission.

Serological evidence of infection was obtained in all years and evidence is presented to indicate that the virus is enzootic rather than being reintroduced each spring. The number of birds with antibody increased before mosquitoes became active in the spring and possible explanations of this are discussed.

The mean temperature in the hottest month in the study area is substantially below that in other areas with enzootic mosquito-borne viruses and experimental studies showed that Whataroa virus was able to replicate more rapidly in mosquitoes at low temperatures than any arboviruses previously studied.

The main natural focus of infection appeared to be in a modified habitat and the introduced song thrush (Turdus philomelos) to be the main vertebrate reservoir host.
Sources of contamination of cooked, ready-to-eat cured and uncured meats
Authors: Dempster J. F. , Reid S. N. , Cody O.
Published: May 2009

Forty-five samples of unsliced, cooked, ready-to-eat meats on sale in retail premises and supermarkets were examined. Thirty-six (80%) hadEscherichia coliI and 21 (47%) had coagulase positive staphylococci in numbers ranging from 1 to > 1000/100 cm.2. Twenty-one samples containedClostridiumspp. in numbers from 1 to > 100/100cm.2. Of the 45 samples tested, 11 (factory-produced) and 7 (home-produced) were examined after cooking but before being offered for sale. Cooked hams were contaminated after handling in a factory, as were samples of canned corned beef after sale and exposure for 24 hr. Some sources of contamination were: (a) raw beef, (b) factory and shop surfaces and equipment, and (c) workers' hands. Curing brines used in retail shops and supermarkets to produce corned beef were a potent source of contamination. The effect of holding cooked meats at ambient temperature on their spoilage (22° C) and food-poisoning (37° C) microflora was demonstrated.
Toxoplasma antibodies in immigrants from Hong Kong
Authors: Seah S. K. K.
Published: May 2009

The sera of 200 Chinese adults recently immigrated to Canada from Hong Kong were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. It was found that the total incidence was 18·0%. This is significantly lower than that of the indigenous population of the same age groups in this area.
The airborne excretion by pigs of swine vesicular disease virus
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Herniman K. A. J.
Published: May 2009

The air of loose-boxes holding pigs affected with swine vesicular disease was sampled for virus. In the multistage impinger virus to a titre of 102·6TCID50 was associated with particles greater than 6 μm., 101·6with particles 3–6 μm. and 101·4or less with particles less than 3 μm. In the noses of workers in contact with the pigs for periods not less than 5 min., virus to a titre of 102·4TCID50 was found. Virus was recovered from the air for 2–3 days during the disease and maximum titre in pigs infected by injection or by contact occurred on the second to third day after generalization of the lesions. The amounts of virus were about 160-fold less than those recovered from pigs affected with foot-and-mouth disease, and the quantity and time of excretion suggest that the source of swine vesicular disease virus in the aerosol may be from the lesions and skin rather than from the respiratory tract.
The origin of O serotypes of Escherichia coli in babies after normal delivery
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Breadon Alwena , Faiers Mary C. , O'Farrell Sheila M. , Shooter R. A.
Published: May 2009

A total of 2525 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the faeces of 33 mothers, the faeces of their babies and the mucus extracted from the babies' mouths after delivery. Of these strains 1832 could be O-serotyped with 150 O antisera. E. coli were isolated from 28 babies and the same serotypes as were found in their mothers were found in 22 of them. E. coli was isolated from only 14 of the mucus specimens but in 12 of these at least one of the serotypes present was subsequently found in the babies' stools.
Immunity to influenza in ferrets: VII. Effect of previous infection with heterotypic and heterologous influenza viruses on the response of ferrets to inactivated influenza virus vaccines
Authors: McLaren C. , Potter C. W.
Published: May 2009

Normal ferrets did not produce serum antibody following immunization with 200 i.u. of inactivated A/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus vaccine and were found to be susceptible to subsequent challenge infection with A/Hong Kong/68 virus. High titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings collected 3 days after infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and HI antibody was detected in nasal washings. Ferrets infected with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 7 weeks before immunization with inactivated A/HK/68 virus did, however, produce serum HI antibody to A/HK/68 virus. This antibody conferred partial immunity to challenge infection with A/HK/68 virus, as shown by decreased titres of virus in nasal washings and reduced levels of nasal protein. Previous infection of ferrets with influenza virus B/Ann Arbor/66 did not result in the production of serum antibody to A/HK/68 virus following immunization with A/HK/68 vaccine and the animals were completely susceptible to subsequent challenge infection with A/HK/68 virus. Differences in the amount of nasal protein and nasal antibody produced after A/HK/68 infection were also found in ferrets previously infected with either A/PR/8/34 or B/AA/66 virus, compared with normal ferrets.
ExperimentalSalmonellainfection in calves. 1. The effect of stress factors on the carrier state
Authors: Grønstøl H. , Osborne A. D. , Pethiyagoda S.
Published: May 2009

Four calves were infected with 2·4 × 108S. dublinand penned separately. Fluctuations in environmental temperature did not affect the symptoms of the disease or the duration of excretion. Faecal samples were superior to rectal swabs for detecting excretors.

After transport stress,Salmonellawas isolated from several organs at slaughter in an excreting calf, and uninoculated control calves became cross-infected. During slaughter, carcasses became contaminated on their surfaces. From one contaminated carcassSalmonellawas recovered after chilled storage at 0° C. for 1 week and also after freezing at − 20° C. for 1 month.
Isolation of a virus responsible for an outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Morocco
Authors: Nejmi S. , Gaudin O. G. , Chomel J. J. , Baaj A. , Sohier R. , Bosshard S.
Published: May 2009

An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in Morocco in 1970–1. It was caused by an enterovirus which appeared to be a new antigenic type similar to a virus isolated in South East Asia during the same period.
The bacteriological examination of urine: a computer-aided study
Authors: Meers P. D.
Published: May 2009

For 6 months details of every patient who had his or her urine sent to a laboratory for bacteriological examination and the result of such examination were entered on a computer-card. A total of 15,606 cards were completed with information in code recording the sex and age of a patient, the origin of the request, the presence or absence in the urine of an excess of protein or cells, the culture result and the name of any significant organism isolated together with its sensitivity to various antimicrobial drugs. This information was interrelated in a computer, and in some cases the resulting numerical details were expressed as rates so as to eliminate the effect of uneven sex and age distribution. In this way the occurrence of urinary tract infection and the type of infecting organism in persons of either sex at various ages was examined according to whether the patient was in hospital or general practice. The sensitivity pattern of each type of significant organism isolated was established according to its source. The association between patients of either sex and various ages who had, or did not have, bacteriologically evident infections and the presence in their urine of an inflammatory exudate was investigated. Finally, the capacity of each type of infecting organism to produce such an exudate was estimated.

It was shown that hospital and general practice experience of urinary tract infections differed widely, with regard both to the age and sex distribution of those suffering from it, and to the causative organisms concerned and their sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs. It is suggested that these differences were so great that conclusions drawn from any study of this subject conducted in one of the two areas cannot be applied to the other, and that those derived from a mixture of the two will vary according to the relative sizes of each of the components.
Serological evidence of infection with Tana and Yaba pox viruses among several species of monkey
Authors: Downie A. W.
Published: May 2009

Sera from cynomolgus monkeys from Malaysia, from Indian rhesus monkeys, from various species of monkeys from Africa and from South America have been examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox and Yaba viruses. No antibody was found to either virus in the sera of rhesus monkeys or South American monkeys. A certain proportion of sera from cynomolgus monkeys and various species of African monkey showed antibody to one or other of the viruses, but few of the positive sera showed antibody to both. The results would seem to suggest that infection with the two viruses is endemic in African and Malaysian monkeys but does not occur or is very rare in Indian rhesus and New World monkeys.
The epidemiology ofSalmonella dublininfection in a dairy herd: II. Serology
Authors: Lawson G. H. K. , McPherson E. A. , Wooding P.
Published: May 2009

A number of serological tests were evaluated in a study ofSalmonella dublininfection in a dairy herd. None of the tests used detected either of the two carrier animals from whichSalmonella dublinwas isolated at slaughter 7 and 17 months after the herd infection. The complement fixation tests used proved to be a better guide to the presence of recent herd infection than the conventional ‘0’ or ‘H’ agglutination tests.
Hazards involved in the use of furazolidone for the prevention of salmonellosis in broiler chickens
Authors: Rantala Marjatta , Nurmi E.
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of interrupted, continuous and post-salmonella inoculation treatment with furazolidone in the feed on the colon-ization of Salmonella infantis in the intestines of chickens, as well as the influence of furazolidone in vitro on the effect of a mixed culture used for the prevention of salmonellosis in chickens.

It was shown that chickens given interrupted treatment with 0·01% furazoli-done had significantly more salmonellas in the caeca than either chickens fed continuously with this drug or chickens without any treatment. The use of 0·01% furazolidone after inoculation with Salmonella infantis had no effect on Salmonella infantis in the caeca of chickens.

The mixed bacterial culture from the normal intestinal flora lost its preventive effect on salmonellosis when cultured with 0·01% furazolidone.
Serotypes of trachoma agent isolated in The Gambia: with an observation on the relation between serotype and morphology
Authors: Sowa J. , Collier L. H. , Sowa Shiona
Published: May 2009

Of 60 TRIC agents isolated from Gambian children with trachoma, 25 were serotype 1 and the remainder type 2. There was a pronounced difference in the proportions of these types in the two villages studied. In the village with a predominance of type 2 strains, TRIC agents remained confined to 2 adjacent compounds over a 14 month observation period. All 19 type 1 strains examined were characterized by the appearance in yolk sac smears of compact aggregates of elementary bodies; such aggregates were seen in only 2 of 35 type 2 strains, and may reflect a chemical difference in the surface of the elementary bodies or in a substance elaborated during their replication.
Myxomatosis: some observations on breeding the European rabbit fleaSpilopsyllus cuniculi(Dale) in an animal house
Authors: Sobey W. R. , Menzies W. , Conolly Dorothy
Published: May 2009

Rabbit fleas for use in Myxomatosis investigations have been successfully bred on rabbits in an animal house. The timing of emergence appeared to be governed by a biological timing control interacting with different forms of disturbance. Yield was found to be related to litter size, the time the doe and her kittens were removed from the nest, the number of fleas put onto a doe before littering and the mean ambient temperature to which the doe was exposed in the week pre-partum. The survival rate of fleas in storage was affected by temperature, the degree of crowding, moisture content of the containers, whether fleas were fed or unfed and the source of fleas in terms of emergence times.
A possible relation between human pathogenicity of smallpox vaccines and virus growth at elevated temperatures
Authors: Baxby Derrick
Published: May 2009

Seven smallpox vaccines of known human pathogenicity were tested for their ability to produce pocks on the chick chorioallantois at 39·7° C. Significant differences were found and the more pathogenic strains produced pocks with greater efficiency at 39·7° C. than did strains of average or low pathogenicity.
An evaluation of a partial-walled laminar-flow operating room
Authors: Whyte W. , Shaw B. H. , Freeman M. A. R.
Published: May 2009

This paper contains an assessment of the physical performance of a permanently installed down-flow laminar-flow operating room at the London Hospital. This system employs partial walls extending 0.76 m (2.5 ft.) from the ceiling, from which the air is allowed to issue freely downwards at an initial velocity of about 0.4 m./sec. (80 ft./min.).

The usefulness of the partial wall, as compared with a free issuing system, was demonstrated and a comparison made with a fully walled system. It was shown that a fully walled system would be more efficient than a partial-walled system as there was a loss in air velocity of about 20–25% with the partial wall due to the nonconstrained flow of air. This loss would be reflected in an increase in airborne bacterial count and would mean that an increase of 20–25% in the air volume would be required to obtain the same conditions as with the full-walled system. Entrainment of contaminated air was demonstrated but it was concluded that this would be of little consequence in the centre of the clean area, i.e. at the wound site. Sterile instruments, etc., however, on the outside of the clean area, would be more liable to airborne contamination.

Bacterial and dust airborne counts taken during total hip operations gave a very low average figure (0.3 bacteria/ft.3 or 10.5/m.3) from which we conclude that the system was about 30 times cleaner in terms of airborne bacteria than a well ventilated conventional operating-room. We concluded that although the partial-walled system was slightly less efficacious than a normal full-walled system, the freedom of movement and of communication for the operating team could in some circumstances outweigh this disadvantage.

Sound levels were such that normal conversation was possible with little or no awareness of background noise.
Specificity of the protective response induced by the slime layer ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mates A. , Zand P.
Published: May 2009

Active protection againstPseudomonas aeruginosacould be induced in mice by immunization with either the phenol killed cells or the alcohol precipitated fraction of the slime layer, or the ribosomal vaccine preparation. Passive protection could also be induced by injecting into mice antisera prepared in rabbits against these bacteria. This protection was due to the production of antibodies in reaction to the slime layer; the absorption of these antibodies by the slime caused the loss of protection. The fact that mice were also protected by vaccination with strains other than those used for challenging was attributed to the presence of an antigenically similar slime. Passive protection towards a heterologous strain, even one with an antigenically similar slime layer, was dependent on the dose of the challenging injection.
Attempts to infect pigs with Coxsackie virus type B5
Authors: Garland A. J. M. , Mann J. A.
Published: May 2009

Despite the existence of a close serological relationship between the entero-viruses Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) and Coxsackie type B5 (Cx B5), the administration of this Coxsackie virus type to susceptible pigs by various routes failed to produce clinical disease.

Viraemia was not detected after exposure but virus was recovered intermittently from faeces and buccal swabs. A mixed virus population was demonstrated in faecal cultures from some pigs, including Coxsackie virus type B5 and other agents, presumably native pig enteroviruses. The Coxsackie virus persisted in faeces in declining amounts for up to 8 days after primary exposure.

Serum neutralizing antibody showed a transient rise to Coxsackie virus, reaching a peak at 14 days and declining below demonstrable titres by 28 days after exposure. The antibody titres attained were proportional to the dose of virus administered and the degree of neutralization was very similar to both SVD and Cx B5 viruses.

On cross challenge by exposure to SVD virus 28 days after exposure to Cx B5 virus, most animals (5/6) succumbed with typical vesicular lesions, although the serum neutralizing antibody titres showed a characteristically anamnestic response to both viruses.
Maximum likelihood solutions for the combination of relative potencies
Authors: Armitage P. , Bennett B. M.
Published: May 2009

Two published methods for the maximum likelihood estimation of a common relative potency from a series of parallel-line assays are shown to be equivalent.
Oral dose and faecal concentration of antibiotics during antibiotic decontamination in mice and in a patient
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis-de Vries J.M. , Korthals Altes C.
Published: May 2009

In both mice and one patient, a similar correlation was found between the oral dose of a ‘nonabsorbable’;aminoglycoside antibiotic selected for antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract and the resultant faecal concentration. In mice, absorption of the orally-given antibiotics could only be demonstrated in animals treated with extremely high doses of 1440 mg. per kg. body weight per day. Evidence of absorption of gentamycin was found to occur in a patient after doses as low as 70 mg. per kg. per day.
Elimination of bacteria from dogs with antibiotics
Authors: Hayes Norman R. , Van Der Waaij D. , Cohen Bennett J.
Published: May 2009

The effect of oral administration of neomycin cephalothin or kanamycin cephalothin on the aerobic intestinal bacterial flora, was studied in dogs maintained under isolation conditions in a conventional animal room. The dogs were successfully freed of aerobic bacteria with both combinations within two to seven days after the start of antibiotic treatment, and were maintained bacteria free for up to 21 days. Decontamination was attained more rapidly in dogs that were bathed in hexachlorophene surgical soap before and during the first and third days of antibiotic treatment. There was no evidence of toxicity from either of the antibiotic combinations. These results indicate that, as with mice and monkeys, decontamination of dogs with oral antibiotics is feasible. The technique is of potential value in preventing endogenous bacterial infections in canine experimental studies involving use of immunosuppressive agents.
The effect of repeated vaccination in an enzootic foot-and-mouth disease area on theincidence of virus carrier cattle
Authors: Anderson E. C. , Doughty W. J. , Anderson J.
Published: May 2009

A comparison was made of the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus 'carrier' cattle in an unvaccinated enzootic area and an area where routine 6-monthly vaccination with an inactivated vaccine had been carried out for 3–4 years. The incidence of carriers in the vaccinated area was 0·49% as compared to 3·34% in the non-vaccinated area. The results indicate that, provided the immune status of the vaccinated herd is maintained at a level sufficient to prevent outbreaks of clinical disease and the re-introduction of virus is prevented through livestock movement controls, it should be possible to eradicate the disease from an enzootic area through vaccination.
Pseudomonas aeruginosaand the general hospital: a six-year survey
Authors: Harris D. M. , Gray P. B.
Published: May 2009

The incidence of infections caused byPseudomonas aeruginosadid not increase significantly among general surgical and medical patients between 1967 and 1972, and the majority of such infections were trivial. Serious infections were virtually confined to the intensive care unit and the renal transplant unit, and were usually associated with major trauma, surgical mishap or immunosuppression. The majority of these patients had received prior antibiotic therapy. Persistent isolation ofPs. aeruginosafrom surgical wounds was often associated with severe intra-abdominal sepsis, and antibacterial therapy was commonly ineffective in these cases. Apparently susceptible patients did not necessarily acquire infection, though the organism was present in their environment. It is suggested that this may reflect a variation of virulence among environmental strains ofPs. aeruginosa, and that further study of this aspect may contribute to improved control of infection.
The bacteriological status of a specific-pathogen-free animal production building and of its staff and the microbiological integrity of the animals one year after the building was commissioned
Authors: Taylor R. J.
Published: May 2009

Bacteriological contamination of a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) animal production building was more extensive after one year of operation than at the time of commissioning. Throat and nose swabs taken from the staff yielded a number of undesirable organisms, in particular, on one occasion, a Group A streptococcus. It is recommended that a closer bacteriological scrutiny of the staff of SPF production buildings ought perhaps to be made in the light of these findings.
The provision of bacteriologically safe infant feeds in hospitals
Authors: Robertson M. H.
Published: May 2009

Infant feeds, to be safe, must be free from potentially pathogenic organisms but not necessarily sterile. In-bottle terminal heating is the preferred means of producing such feeds and the advantages and disadvantages of high and low pressure heating methods, including the effect upon the food value of the feeds, are discussed. The safety of a low pressure method in use in Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow is described. The choice of method of provision of safe feeds; terminal heating in a central milk kitchen or obtaining a commercial supply should be decided on economic grounds. Hospitals using such commercial supplies, however, should make provision for training mothers in the hypochlorite method of disinfection of bottles and teats and also ensure that their trainee nurses and midwives still receive adequate instruction in the hygiene of feed preparation.
Statistical inferences about injury and persistence of environmentally stressed bacteria
Authors: Hamilton Martin A. , Bissonnette Gary K.
Published: May 2009

A standard technique for ascertaining the survival characteristics of bacteria after being environmentally stressed is to incubate the bacteria on both selective and non-selective media and count the colonies produced. Based on these colony counts, indexes of injury and persistence of the bacteria are calculated. To compare the stress of two different environments, a persistence ratio is calculated. In this paper, methods of statistical inference concerning these indexes and ratios are presented. These statistical methods use well-known procedures for analysis of binomial data and 2 × 2 table data, and are appropriate when the colony counts follow a Poisson distribution.
Incubation at raised temperature of enrichment media, combined with secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium, for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage
Authors: Trichopoulos D. , Papadakis J. A. , Karalis D. , Vassiliadis P.
Published: May 2009

A total of 50 duplicate Moore swabs were placed for 2 days, on five different dates, in 9–12 points of the Athens sewage disposal system.

Three methods of enrichment were used for the isolation of salmonellas. In the first method, one half of the duplicate swabs was incubated in Muller–Kauffmann's tetrathionate broth at 43° C. for one day. For the second method, a secondary enrichment was carried out in Rappaport's broth, made from the Muller–Kauffmann's broth and for the third method, the other half of the duplicate swab was cultured in Heart Infusion broth at 43° C. for 16–18 hr. after which a secondary enrichment was made in Rappaport's medium.

By use of these 3 enrichment procedures, 96% of the swabs were found to be positive for salmonellas. A total of 178 strains were isolated (an average of 3·7 strains per positive swab), belonging to 53 different serotypes (an average of 1·1 different serotypes per positive swab).

With the simple enrichment in Muller–Kauffmann's broth, only 72% of the swabs were found positive, and 68 strains of salmonellas belonging to 30 different serotypes were isolated. The secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium made from the Muller–Kauffmann's broth produced 88% positive samples, and yielded 82 strains belonging to 34 different serotypes. Finally, with the secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth made from the heart infusion broth, 92% of the swabs were positive and yielded 67 strains of salmonellas belonging to 27 different serotypes.

Although the last procedure yielded the greatest number of positive swabs, the method involving secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth made from Muller–Kauffmann's broth led to the isolation of the greatest number of strains and different serotypes, while the other two procedures were approximately equal in this respect.

Of the 178 strains isolated, 110 were recovered only by the procedures involving secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth. The most frequently isolated serotypes wereSalmonella senftenberg(33 strains),S.typhimuriumincluding var-copenhagen(18 strains),S.poona(11 strains),S.montevideo(10 strains), etc. The following 23 serotypes were isolated for the first time in Greece:S. adelaide, S. alachua, S. allerton, S. binza, S. bobo, S. butantan, S. gnesta, S. goelzau, S. haelsingborg, S. havana, S. hofit, S. ibadan, S. indiana, S. irumu, S. jodhpur, S. nienstedten, S. panama, S. pomona, S. poona, S. reading, S. schwarzengrund, S. stockholm, S. tournai.Moreover, a new serotype,S. athinaiwas described.
Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941–72
Authors: McCoy J. H.
Published: May 2009

Cattle and pig herds and flocks of domestic fowl have formed the main reservoir of human salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales from 1941 to 1972.

Changes in the incidence of human salmonella food poisoning and in the serotypes of salmonellas isolated from human infections are shown to have been associated with the introduction of new foods, with changes in animal husbandry, and with changes in the relative proportions of flesh food from different species consumed. New foods, dried powdered egg, liquid egg and frozen liquid egg were introduced during the period of food rationing which extended from 1940 to 1953. Changes in animal husbandry, in particular the intensive production of pigs, poultry and eggs, followed the re-establishment of pig herds and fowl flocks after the derationing of animal feed in 1953. The changes in the proportions of flesh foods consumed followed the introduction of frozen oven-ready fowl in the late 1950s and early 1960s which by 1964 became cheaper than traditional flesh foods.
A surface antigen influenza vaccine: 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity
Authors: Brady Margaret I. , Furminger I. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits.
Experimental phycomycosis in mice; examination of the role of acquired immunity in resistance toAbsidia ramosa
Authors: Corbel M. J. , Eades Susan M.
Published: May 2009

Attempts were made to stimulate acquired immunity to experimentalAbsidia ramosainfection in mice. Unprotected animals inoculated with large doses ofA. ramosaspores frequently developed acute phycomycosis of the central nervous system. Mice previously exposed to sub-lethal doses of spores showed a high resistance to subsequent challenge withA. ramosa. No consistent increase in resistance was observed in mice vaccinated with killedA. ramosaspores, hyphal walls, intracellular mycelial antigens or various combinations of these, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant.

Antibodies to soluble mycelial antigens were inconsistently present in the sera of mice vaccinated with sub-lethal doses of viable spores. They were generally present in the sera of animals vaccinated with mycelial extracts or hyphal walls but not killed spores.

Delayed hypersensitivity reactions toA. ramosamycelial antigens could usually be elicited by intradermal tests in mice exposed to viable spores but irregularly in those vaccinated with non-viable preparations. Positive reactions were also frequently given by older mice not deliberately exposed toA. ramosa.

Although mice previously exposed to viableA. ramosaspores were highly resistant to intravenous or intracerebral challenge with this fungus, they were more likely to develop persistent local granulomata on subcutaneous injection of spores than were unvaccinated animals.
Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease: the lung as an additional portal of entry of the virus
Authors: Sutmoller P. , McVicar J. W.
Published: May 2009

Donor cattle infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus subtype O1were used to expose experimental cattle. The pharyngeal virus growth and viraemia patterns after contact exposure were quite different from those obtained after intranasal inoculation and suggested that the lower respiratory tract might provide an additional portal of entry for the virus. A tracheotomy was performed on experimental cattle to let the respiration bypass the pharynx, followed by exposure to FMD virus by different routes. The results confirmed that FMD virus can enter the bloodstream via the lung, followed by haematogenic infection of the pharynx and other replication sites simultaneously. These observations led to further experiments in which the intravenous route of infection was used to study the interaction of virus growth in the phayrnx, in other sites, and in viraemia.
Cytomegalovirus excretion in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Edington N. , Watt R. G. , Plowright W.
Published: May 2009

Germ-free piglets were infected intranasally with porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) at 1 day (group A) or 3 weeks of age (group B). Viraemia and virus excretion by the nasal, pharyngeal and conjunctival routes was studied up to the time of death or to 12 weeks. Virus was also sought in tissues at death or at slaughter, as well as in a few urine samples.

Viraemia was detected in group A between days 5 and 19 after infection and in group B between days 14 and 16 inclusive. The chief route of virus excretion was the nasal mucosa, followed by the pharynx and conjunctiva; the maximal duration of excretion by these routes was 32, 25 and 14 days for pigs of group A and 9, 7 and 4 days for group B. The quantity of virus was also greater in the former group, of which 3 died of generalized PCMV infection.

A viruria was demonstrated in 2 animals.

Antibody detectable in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests appeared towards the end of the third week, reaching maximal titres at 5 to 7 weeks after infection. The mean peak titre of antibody in group B was lower than in group A.

Corticosteroid treatment at days 56–62 after infection resulted in some recrudescence of virus excretion, accompanied in group B by about a twofold increase in IIF antibody. PCMV was isolated in cultures of lung macrophages from 4 of 7 animals killed at about 12 weeks after inoculation.
The diagnostic efficiency of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis
Authors: Chappel R. J. , McNaught D. J. , Bourke J. A. , Allan G. S.
Published: May 2009

Results obtained from 1887 sera using three serological tests for bovine brucellosis were compared with a serological classification of sera described as the ‘probable infection status’. Sera showing apparent false positive and apparent false negative reactions were identified, and were subjected to supplementary testing as appropriate.

The serum agglutination test (SAT) gave 35% apparent false negative reactions and 5% apparent false positives. The complement fixation test (CFT) gave 12% apparent false negative reactions using warm fixation (CFTW) and at least 5% using cold fixation (CFTC). The routine diagnostic system used in Victoria, in which the CFTW is supplemented by the CFTC and the SAT, gave 9% apparent false negative reactions and 2% apparent false positive reactions. The radioimmunoassay gave 1% or 6% apparent false negative reactions, depending the minimum diagnostic value used.

Atypical reactions in the CFT sometimes caused difficulties in diagnosis.