bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometry of the Poisson Boolean model on a region of logarithmic width in the plane
Authors: Dasgupta Amites , Roy Rahul , Sarkar Anish
Published: September 2011

Consider the region L = {(x, y): 0 ≤ y ≤ Clog(1 + x), x > 0} for a constant C > 0. We study the percolation and coverage properties of this region. For the coverage properties, we place a Poisson point process of intensity λ on the entire half space R+ x R and associated with each Poisson point we place a box of a random side length ρ. Depending on the tail behaviour of the random variable ρ we exhibit a phase transition in the intensity for the eventual coverage of the region L. For the percolation properties, we place a Poisson point process of intensity λ on the region R2. At each point of the process we centre a box of a random side length ρ. In the case ρ ≤ R for some fixed R > 0 we study the critical intensity λc of the percolation on L.
A forwards induction approach to candidate drug selection
Authors: Qu S. , Gittins J. C.
Published: September 2011

A forwards induction policy is a type of greedy algorithm for Markov decision processes. It is straightforward to implement and is optimal for a large class of models, especially in stochastic resource allocation. In this paper we consider a model for the optimal allocation of resources in pre-clinical pharmaceutical research. We show that although they are not always strictly optimal, forwards induction policies perform well.
Chains with unbounded variable length memory: perfect simulation and a visible regeneration scheme
Authors: Gallo Sandro
Published: September 2011

We present a new perfect simulation algorithm for stationary chains having unbounded variable length memory. This is the class of infinite memory chains for which the family of transition probabilities is represented by a probabilistic context tree. We do not assume any continuity condition: our condition is expressed in terms of the structure of the context tree. More precisely, the length of the contexts is a deterministic function of the distance to the last occurrence of some determined string of symbols. It turns out that the resulting class of chains can be seen as a natural extension of the class of chains having a renewal string. In particular, our chains exhibit a visible regeneration scheme.
Maximizing the probability of stopping on any of the last m successes in independent Bernoulli trials with random horizon
Authors: Tamaki Mitsushi
Published: September 2011

We consider the problem of maximizing the probability of stopping on any of the last m successes in independent Bernoulli trials with random horizon of length N, where m is a predetermined integer. A prior is given for N. It is known that, when N is degenerate, i.e. P{N = n} = 1 for a given n > m, the sum-the-multiplicative-odds theorem gives the solution and shows that the optimal rule is a threshold rule, i.e. it stops on the first success appearing after a given stage. However, when N is nondegenerate, the optimal rule is not necessarily a threshold rule. So our main concern in Section 2 is to give a sufficient condition for the optimal rule to be a threshold rule when N is a bounded random variable such that P{N ≤ n} = 1. Application will be made to the usual (discrete arrival time) secretary problem with a random number N of applicants in Section 3. When N is uniform or curtailed geometric, the optimal rules are shown to be threshold rules and their asymptotic results are obtained. We also examine, as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process model, an intermediate prior that allows N to be uniform or degenerate. In Section 4 we consider a continuous arrival time version of the secretary problem with a random number M of applicants. It is shown that, whatever the distribution of M, we can win with probability greater than or equal to um*, where um* is, as given in (1.4), the asymptotic win probability of the usual secretary problem when N degenerates to n and n → ∞.
Stationarity and control of a tandem fluid network with fractional Brownian motion input
Authors: Lee Chihoon , Weerasinghe Ananda
Published: September 2011

We consider a stochastic control model for a queueing system driven by a two-dimensional fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter 0 <H< 1. In particular, whenH> ½, this model serves to approximate a controlled two-station tandem queueing model with heavy-tailed ON/OFF sources in heavy traffic. We establish the weak convergence results for the distribution of the state process and construct an explicit stationary state process associated with given controls. Based on suitable coupling arguments, we show that each state process couples with its stationary counterpart and we use it to represent the long-run average cost functional in terms of the stationary process. Finally, we establish the existence result of an optimal control, which turns out to be independent of the initial data.
Pricing and Hedging of Quantile Options in a Flexible Jump Diffusion Model
Authors: Cai Ning
Published: September 2011

This paper proposes a Laplace-transform-based approach to price the fixed-strike quantile options as well as to calculate the associated hedging parameters (delta and gamma) under a hyperexponential jump diffusion model, which can be viewed as a generalization of the well-known Black-Scholes model and Kou's double exponential jump diffusion model. By establishing a relationship between floating- and fixed-strike quantile option prices, we can also apply this pricing and hedging method to floating-strike quantile options. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our pricing and hedging method is fast, stable, and accurate.
Sample Path Large Deviations of Poisson Shot Noise with Heavy-Tailed Semiexponential Distributions
Authors: Duffy Ken R. , Torrisi Giovanni Luca
Published: September 2011

It is shown that the sample paths of Poisson shot noise with heavy-tailed semiexponential distributions satisfy a large deviation principle with a rate function that is insensitive to the shot shape. This demonstrates that, on the scale of large deviations, paths to rare events do not depend on the shot shape.
On Durbin's Series for the Density of First Passage Times
Authors: Zipkin P.
Published: September 2011

Durbin (1992) derived a convergent series for the density of the first passage time of a Weiner process to a curved boundary. We show that the successive partial sums of this series can be expressed as the iterates of the standard substitution method for solving an integral equation. The calculation is thus simpler than it first appears. We also show that, under a certain condition, the series converges uniformly. This strengthens Durbin's result of pointwise convergence. Finally, we present a modified procedure, based on scaling, which sometimes works better. These approaches cover some cases that Durbin did not.
Phase-transfer-catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation with Epoxy Triflates as Alkylating Agents: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of γ,δ-Epoxy-α-amino Acids
Authors: Arimitsu Satoru , Kato Daisuke , Maruoka Keiji
Published: September 2011

Although alkyl sulfonates are commonly used for alkylating agents, there are very few reports on phase-transfer-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation with alkyl sulfonates. Herein, we report that the asymmetric reaction using glycine Schiff base 1 and optically pure epoxy triflates op-2 proceeded smoothly in the presence of phase-transfer catalyst (S,S)-4a to furnish γ,δ-epoxy-α-amino acids 3 in good yield with high enantioselectivity.
Cesium Ion Exchange on Synthetic Birnessite (Na0.35MnO2·0.6H2O)
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Makita Yoji , Sonoda Akinari
Published: September 2011

Uptake of Cs+ on poorly crystalline layered manganese oxide (Na birnessite) is reported. Distribution coefficients (Kd) showed significant uptake of Cs+ under acidic (pH 2.4) or basic conditions (pH 10.2). The uptake of Cs+ takes place with release of Na+ into the solution confirming ion exchange. The maximum uptake of Cs+ was 2.0 mmol g−1 at pH 10.2.
Pd(II)-catalyzed Formal O–H Insertion Reactions of Diazonaphthoquinones to Acetic Acid: Synthesis of 1,2-Naphthalenediol Derivatives
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kisanuki Masato , Sakata Rie , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: September 2011

Pd(II)-catalyzed formal O–H insertion reaction of diazonaphthoquinones to acetic acid proceeded to afford 1,2-naphthalenediol monoacetates. In the presence of lithium halides, halonaphthols were obtained under the reaction conditions.
Facilitating Pretrial Justice in New Orleans
Authors: Wool Jon
Published: September 2011

New Orleans in 2011 finds itself facing many of the same problems New York City faced in 1961 when the founders of the Vera Institute of Justice launched the Manhattan Bail Project: Too many people are held in pretrial detention who could be released without risk to public safety; the reliance on bail results in disparate outcomes based on financial ability; and the unnecessary detention of thousands of defendants each year imposes excessive costs on the city government and taxpayers, as well as on those needlessly detained. Vera is now working with New Orleans stakeholders to develop a comprehensive pretrial services system. Following in the footsteps of the Manhattan Bail Project, the work will create a carefully conceived and locally sensitive pretrial services system, one that will result in a fairer and more efficient criminal justice system and a safer community.
Looking Back: The Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons
Authors: Busansky Alex , Bowman Michela
Published: September 2011

In early 2005, the Vera Institute of Justice launched the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons (CSAAP). In June 2006, the Commission released its report about the safety and health conditions in U.S. prisons and jails, Confronting Confinement, at a Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing. This article summarizes how CSAAP recommendations have affected national policy. The Confronting Confinement report and the conversations that arose during the hearings held prior to it continue to fuel debate, provide support for needed change, and encourage efforts to ensure the health and safety of prisoners and staff alike. Keeping prison conditions at the forefront of concern remains a challenge, especially given the urgent need to reduce the size of the incarcerated population.
Confronting Confinement: A Report of the Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons
Authors: Gibbons John J. , Katzenbach Nicholas de B.
Published: September 2011

This article was originally published by the Vera Institute of Justice in June 2006. What happens inside jails and prisons does not stay inside jails and prisons: It comes home with prisoners after they are released and with corrections officers at the end of each shift. When people live and work in facilities that are unsafe, unhealthy, unproductive, or inhumane, they carry the effects into the community with them. We all bear responsibility for creating correctional institutions that are safe, humane, and productive. With so much at stake for U.S. citizens' health and safety, with so many people directly affected by the conditions in U.S. prisons and jails, this is the moment to confront confinement in the United States.
A New Approach to Victim Services: The Common Justice Demonstration Project
Authors: Sered Danielle
Published: September 2011

Common Justice, based in Brooklyn, New York, brings together those most immediately affected by a crime—the victim, the perpetrator, and family and community members with a stake in the outcome—for a face-to-face dialogue to determine an appropriate response to the harm caused. After an extensive review, project planners concluded that no nationally viable, victim-centered model addressed the needs arising from serious violence or equitably facilitated the recovery of underserved crime victims, particularly young men of color. Common Justice hopes to contribute a model that will significantly improve the field's capacity to rectify a long-lasting and harmful inequity in the criminal justice system, as well as increase the likelihood that a greater portion of those harmed by crime will be met with a response that advances their sense of justice and feeling of safety in the aftermath of what they endured.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Stage-Specific Inbreeding Depression in the Pacific OysterCrassostrea gigas
Authors: Plough Louis V , Hedgecock Dennis
Published: September 2011

Inbreeding depression and genetic load have been widely observed, but their genetic basis and effects on fitness during the life cycle remain poorly understood, especially for marine animals with high fecundity and high, early mortality (type-III survivorship). A high load of recessive mutations was previously inferred for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, from massive distortions of zygotic, marker segregation ratios in F2 families. However, the number, genomic location, and stage-specific onset of mutations affecting viability have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we again report massive distortions of microsatellite-marker segregation ratios in two F2 hybrid families, but we now locate the causative deleterious mutations, using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) interval-mapping model, and we characterize their mode of gene action. We find 14–15 viability QTL (vQTL) in the two families. Genotypic frequencies at vQTL generally suggest selection against recessive or partially recessive alleles, supporting the dominance theory of inbreeding depression. No epistasis was detected among vQTL, so unlinked vQTL presumably have independent effects on survival. For the first time, we track segregation ratios of vQTL-linked markers through the life cycle, to determine their stage-specific expression. Almost all vQTL are absent in the earliest life stages examined, confirming zygotic viability selection; vQTL are predominantly expressed before the juvenile stage (90%), mostly at metamorphosis (50%). We estimate that, altogether, selection on vQTL caused 96% mortality in these families, accounting for nearly all of the actual mortality. Thus, genetic load causes substantial mortality in inbred Pacific oysters, particularly during metamorphosis, a critical developmental transition warranting further investigation.
Kon baan diaokan or ‘we’re from the same village’
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: September 2011

Phleng lukthung or Thai country song, is an acculturated song genre of Thailand which draws on modern and traditional cultural forms, appeals to both urban and rural populations, can be nationalistic, yet is also emblematic of the large and historically marginalized Isan minority. Isan people have exerted increasing influence as the dominant consumers of the lukthung music industry. As a result certain notions of Lao-Isan identity, such as inferred equality, ethnic solidarity and determined resistance to chauvinism, have become associated with lukthung music and its fandom. Whereas Thai pop largely emulates global concepts of fandom, lukthung fan culture draws heavily on the Thai discourse of community and the customary performer/audience relationships found in traditional genres such as like and molam. This article describes two main aspects of lukthung fan culture: (i) the opportunities for interaction between fans and performers at concerts and (ii) the communities formed by singers and their fan clubs. The ways in which Isan identity is expressed within these two aspects is assessed according to theories of marginalized and dominant fandoms.
Seed dispersal patterns in two closely related howler monkey species (Alouatta palliata and A. pigra): a preliminary report of differences in fruit consumption, traveling behavior, and associated dung beetle assemblages
Authors: Amato Katherine R. , Estrada Alejandro
Published: September 2011

Two-phased seed dispersal by primates and dung beetles is crucial for tropical rainforest regeneration. Two species of howler monkey exist in the tropical rainforests of southern Mexico: the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), and the black howler monkey (A. pigra). Differences between these species in foraging and traveling behavior, as well as associated dung beetle assemblages, may influence seed dispersal patterns. In this paper we present the results of a preliminary four-month study comparing the above aspects between a group of A. palliata (N = 15) in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz and a group of A. pigra (N = 7) in Palenque National Park, Chiapas, Mexico. We observed each group in alternating months using focal sampling, fecal examination, and trapping of dung beetles. Results showed that the A. palliata group consumed more mature fruit, but both groups dispersed similar numbers of seeds over the study period (ca. 13,000 seeds). The total number of seed species collected from the feces of the A. palliata group was lower than for the A. pigra group (13 vs. 31 species). The A. palliata group had a larger home range (33 vs. 6.25 ha) and average day range (202 vs. 126 m). More dung beetles from more species were associated with the A. palliata group (357 v. 99 beetles, 16 v. 8 species). The A. palliata group attracted more ball-rolling dung beetles (75.1% of total), while the A. pigra group attracted more burrowers (80.8% of total). Our results suggest important differences between black and mantled howler monkeys of southern Mexico as seed dispersers and highlight the need to consider foraging and ranging patterns, as well as associated secondary dispersers, when assessing seed dispersal by primates.
Estimating the Likely Public Health Impact of Partner Notification for a Clinical Service: An Evidence-Based Algorithm
Authors: Mercer Catherine H. , Aicken Catherine R. H. , Brook M. Gary , Estcourt Claudia S. , Cassell Jackie A.
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We present the first evidence-based method for estimating public health and cost impacts of partner notification (PN) that takes account of sexual partnership type.

Methods. Our algorithm uses routine clinical data, probability survey data, and transmission parameters. We propose 2 new epidemiological concepts to quantify PN impact: “[the] absolute reduction in onward transmission” and its reciprocal, “[the] number needed to treat to interrupt transmission” (i.e., the number of partners who need to be treated to interrupt 1 onward transmission). We demonstrate these concepts for 273 chlamydia cases diagnosed at a UK genitourinary medicine clinic.

Results. The number needed to treat to interrupt transmission (overall, for casual partners, and for regular partners, respectively) was 1.47, 1.11, and 2.50, respectively, for men younger than 25 years; 1.60, 0.83, and 1.25, respectively, for women younger than 25 years; 2.35, 1.39, and 2.08, respectively, for men older than 25 years; and 2.14, 0.93, and 2.08, respectively, for women older than 25 years.

Conclusions. PN that targets casual partners, rather than regular or live-in partners, prevents more secondary transmissions per partnership; it is also more resource intensive, but the public health benefit is greater.
Public Health Implications of Rapid Hepatitis C Screening With an Oral Swab for Community-Based Organizations Serving High-Risk Populations
Authors: Drobnik Ann , Judd Caroline , Banach David , Egger Joseph , Konty Kevin , Rude Eric
Published: September 2011

Objectives. Between April and September of 2009 we evaluated the accuracy of the OraQuick HCV rapid antibody test and assessed its feasibility for use by community-based organizations (CBOs) serving populations at high risk for HCV in New York City.

Methods. We compared the results of screening by OraQuick (oral swab) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA; blood draw). We performed ribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction testing for discordant results. We also assessed research staff perceptions through a survey and focus group.

Results. Overall, 97.5% of OraQuick and EIA results matched. Testing of discordant samples indicated that the rapid test was more likely than the EIA to provide a correct diagnosis. Research staff preferred the rapid test and identified challenges that would be overcome with its use. CBOs could benefit from increased testing capacity, and clients might benefit from more rapid access to education, counseling, and referrals.

Conclusions. OraQuick's accuracy is comparable to the EIA. The oral swab rapid test could help HCV screening programs reach individuals unaware of their status and expand testing into nonclinical settings such as mobile units.
Association Between Type of Health Insurance and Elective Cesarean Deliveries: New Jersey, 2004–2007
Authors: Huesch Marco D.
Published: September 2011

Objectives. I examined the relationship between insurance coverage, which may influence physician incentives and maternal choices, and cesarean delivery before labor.

Methods. I analyzed hospital discharge data for mothers without previous cesarean deliveries in New Jersey between 2004 and 2007, with adjustment for maternal age, race, marital status, and maternal, fetal, and placental conditions.

Results. Nearly 1 in 7 women (13.9%) had a cesarean delivery without laboring. Insurance status was strongly associated with cesarean birth. Women insured by Medicaid (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84, 0.91) or self-paying (ARR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.78, 0.85) had a significantly lower likelihood, and women insured by BlueCross (ARR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.09) or standard commercial plans (ARR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.10) had a significantly higher likelihood of cesarean delivery than did women insured by commercial health maintenance organizations. These associations persisted in subsets restricted to lower-risk women and in qualitative sensitivity analyses for a hypothetical single, binary, unmeasured confounder.

Conclusions. Insurance status has a small, independent impact on whether a woman without a previous cesarean delivery proceeds to labor or has a cesarean delivery without labor.
An Explicit Framework for Interaction Nets
Authors: de Falco Marc
Published: September 2011

Interaction nets are a graphical formalism inspired by Linear Logic proof-nets often used for studying higher order rewriting e.g. \Beta-reduction. Traditional presentations of interaction nets are based on graph theory and rely on elementary properties of graph theory. We give here a more explicit presentation based on notions borrowed from Girard's Geometry of Interaction: interaction nets are presented as partial permutations and a composition of nets, the gluing, is derived from the execution formula. We then define contexts and reduction as the context closure of rules. We prove strong confluence of the reduction within our framework and show how interaction nets can be viewed as the quotient of some generalized proof-nets.
Semantics of Typed Lambda-Calculus with Constructors
Authors: Petit Barbara
Published: September 2011

We present a Curry-style second-order type system with union and intersection
types for the lambda-calculus with constructors of Arbiser, Miquel and Rios, an
extension of lambda-calculus with a pattern matching mechanism for variadic
constructors. We then prove the strong normalisation and the absence of match
failure for a restriction of this system, by adapting the standard reducibility
method.
A calculus for costed computations
Authors: hennessy matthew
Published: September 2011

We develop a version of the pi-calculus, picost, where channels are
interpreted as resources which have costs associated with them. Code runs under
the financial responsibility of owners; they must pay to use resources, but may
profit by providing them. We provide a proof methodology for processes
described in picost based on bisimulations. The underlying behavioural theory
is justified via a contextual characterisation. We also demonstrate its
usefulness via examples.
Functional Interpretations of Intuitionistic Linear Logic
Authors: Ferreira Gilda , Oliva Paulo
Published: September 2011

We present three different functional interpretations of intuitionistic
linear logic ILL and show how these correspond to well-known functional
interpretations of intuitionistic logic IL via embeddings of IL into ILL. The
main difference from previous work of the second author is that in
intuitionistic linear logic (as opposed to classical linear logic) the
interpretations of !A are simpler and simultaneous quantifiers are no longer
needed for the characterisation of the interpretations. We then compare our
approach in developing these three proof interpretations with the one of de
Paiva around the Dialectica category model of linear logic.
Model Checking CTL is Almost Always Inherently Sequential
Authors: Beyersdorff Olaf , Meier Arne , Mundhenk Martin , Schneider Thomas , Thomas Michael , Vollmer Heribert
Published: September 2011

The model checking problem for CTL is known to be P-complete (Clarke,
Emerson, and Sistla (1986), see Schnoebelen (2002)). We consider fragments of
CTL obtained by restricting the use of temporal modalities or the use of
negations---restrictions already studied for LTL by Sistla and Clarke (1985)
and Markey (2004). For all these fragments, except for the trivial case without
any temporal operator, we systematically prove model checking to be either
inherently sequential (P-complete) or very efficiently parallelizable
(LOGCFL-complete). For most fragments, however, model checking for CTL is
already P-complete. Hence our results indicate that, in cases where the
combined complexity is of relevance, approaching CTL model checking by
parallelism cannot be expected to result in any significant speedup. We also
completely determine the complexity of the model checking problem for all
fragments of the extensions ECTL, CTL+, and ECTL+.
Amortised Resource Analysis with Separation Logic
Authors: Atkey Robert
Published: September 2011

Type-based amortised resource analysis following Hofmann and Jost---where
resources are associated with individual elements of data structures and doled
out to the programmer under a linear typing discipline---have been successful
in providing concrete resource bounds for functional programs, with good
support for inference. In this work we translate the idea of amortised resource
analysis to imperative pointer-manipulating languages by embedding a logic of
resources, based on the affine intuitionistic Logic of Bunched Implications,
within Separation Logic. The Separation Logic component allows us to assert the
presence and shape of mutable data structures on the heap, while the resource
component allows us to state the consumable resources associated with each
member of the structure. We present the logic on a small imperative language,
based on Java bytecode, with procedures and mutable heap. We have formalised
the logic and its soundness property within the Coq proof assistant and
extracted a certified verification condition generator. We also describe an
proof search procedure that allows generated verification conditions to be
discharged while using linear programming to infer consumable resource
annotations. We demonstrate the logic on some examples, including proving the
termination of in-place list reversal on lists with cyclic tails.
Finitely generated free Heyting algebras via Birkhoff duality and coalgebra
Authors: Bezhanishvili Nick , Gehrke Mai
Published: September 2011

Algebras axiomatized entirely by rank 1 axioms are algebras for a functor and thus the free algebras can be obtained by a direct limit process. Dually, the final coalgebras can be obtained by an inverse limit process. In order to explore the limits of this method we look at Heyting algebras which have mixed rank 0-1 axiomatizations. We will see that Heyting algebras are special in that they are almost rank 1 axiomatized and can be handled by a slight variant of the rank 1 coalgebraic methods.
Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women: The Impact of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Uguz Faruk , Sahingoz Mine , Gezginc Kazim , Ayhan Medine Giynas
Published: September 2011

Objective:

Psychiatric symptoms are frequently present in postmenopausal women. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of depressive and anxiety disorders on the quality of life (QoL) of postmenopausal women.

Method:

The study sample consisted of 342 postmenopausal women who presented to the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic. The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was used to determine depressive and anxiety disorders. The participants' QoL level was assessed by means of the World Health Organization QoL Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF).

Results:

Subjects without a diagnosis of depressive or anxiety disorder had significantly higher points in all domains of WHOQOL-BREF. According to linear regression analysis, all evaluated disorders except social phobia and specific phobia were independently associated with lower scores for at least one dimension of the QoL scale. However, major depression, dysthymic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder predicted all domains of WHOQOL-BREF.

Conclusion:

Depressive and anxiety disorders, particularly major depression, dysthymic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, seem to be considerable factors affecting the QoL in postmenopausal women.
Effects of Lyophilization and Use of Probiotics on Donkey's Milk Nutritional Characteristics
Authors: Vincenzetti Silvia , Savini Michele , Cecchini Cinzia , Micozzi Daniela , Carpi Francesco , Vita Alberto , Polidori Paolo
Published: September 2011

Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is an abnormal IgE-mediated reaction to cow milk proteins. Donkey’s milk could be considered suitable for feeding young children affected by severe IgE-mediated CMPA because its nutritional properties and composition are very close to human milk. Since donkey’s milk is available during a limited range of months during the year, it may be useful to find better storage conditions for this product. This study investigated the effects of the lyophilization treatment on donkey’s milk nutritional characteristics, and the results were compared with those obtained on fresh and frozen milk. Nutritional properties of lyophilized donkey’s milk remained basically unchanged compared with fresh milk. Two different probiotic strains were added to lyophilized donkey’s milk, and their viability was evaluated after milk reconstitution. The results obtained confirmed the possibility of producing a probiotic infant formula with beneficial properties using donkey’s milk as raw material.
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and the Accountability of Corrupt Foreign Actors in Nigeria
Authors: Okafor Obiora C. , Olugbuo Benson
Published: September 2011

This article analyzes the record of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission of Nigeria with respect to the prosecution of the corrupt practices in Nigeria of foreign actors (individuals and corporations). The article seeks to extract from the analyses possibilities and implications for effective anti-corruption efforts in other parts of Africa.
International Investment Arbitration and Corruption Claims: An Analysis of World Duty Free v. Kenya
Authors: Odumosu Ibironke T.
Published: September 2011

In some recent investment arbitration cases, tribunals have been presented with facts that suggest that foreign investors and public officials in the host state have engaged in corrupt practices. In its analysis of the extension of the anti-corruption campaign to investment arbitration, this article examines the legal measures adopted to combat corruption before investor-state arbitral tribunals in light of a study of World Duty Free Co. Ltd. v. The Republic of Kenya. An examination of the background to the World Duty Free v. Kenya dispute, the broader circumstances that surrounded the dispute, and Kenyas political climate that was not within the tribunals purview, demonstrate that investment arbitration tribunals are not sufficiently equipped to exhaustively tackle corruption. Given the intricate political and public nature of corruption, responses to foreign investment-related corruption also have to be multi-faceted.
Kenya's Long Anti-Corruption Agenda--1952-2010: Prospects and Challenges of the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission under the 2010 Constitution
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: September 2011

This article examines Kenya's anti-corruption agenda over the past six decades, ending with Kenya's new Constitution of 2010. It concludes that the prospects of an effective anti-corruption regime cannot be predicted, in spite of recent obvious institutional improvements. Almost every turn made to combat corruption in Kenya has suffered setbacks because the judiciary was unsympathetic to the broader anti-corruption agenda or because Parliament or the executive branch found ways to cover up corrupt behavior. Further, many of the old corrupt guard remains in the government. These challenges remain even under the new constitution.
Editor's Letter
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: September 2011

Editor‐in‐Chief Max J. Skidmore shares his introductory thoughts about the third issue of PPP's Third Volume.
Correlates of Osteoprotegerin and Association with Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Scialla Julia J. , Leonard Mary B. , Townsend Raymond R. , Appel Lawrence , Wolf Myles , Budoff Matt J. , Chen Jing , Lustigova Eva , Gadegbeku Crystal A. , Glenn Melanie , Hanish Asaf , Raj Dominic , Rosas Sylvia E. , Seliger Stephen L. , Weir Matthew R. , Parekh Rulan S.
Published: September 2011

Background and objectives

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a cytokine that regulates bone resorption, has been implicated in the process of vascular calcification and stiffness.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Serum OPG was measured in 351 participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from one site of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Cortical bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by quantitative computed tomography in the tibia. Multivariable linear regression was used to test the association between serum OPG and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, measures of abnormal bone and mineral metabolism, and pulse wave velocity.

Results

Higher serum OPG levels were associated with older age, female gender, greater systolic BP, lower estimated GFR, and lower serum albumin. OPG was not associated with measures of abnormal bone or mineral metabolism including serum phosphorus, albumin-corrected serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, or cortical BMC. Among 226 participants with concurrent aortic pulse wave velocity measurements, increasing tertiles of serum OPG were associated with higher aortic pulse wave velocity after adjustment for demographics, traditional vascular risk factors, and nontraditional risk factors such as estimated GFR, albuminuria, serum phosphate, corrected serum calcium, presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, serum albumin, and C-reactive protein or after additional adjustment for cortical BMC in a subset (n = 161).

Conclusions

These data support a strong relationship between serum OPG and arterial stiffness independent of many potential confounders including traditional cardiovascular risk factors, abnormal bone and mineral metabolism, and inflammation.
FoxO6 Integrates Insulin Signaling With Gluconeogenesis in the Liver
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Perdomo German , Zhang Ting , Slusher Sandra , Lee Sojin , Phillips Brett E. , Fan Yong , Giannoukakis Nick , Gramignoli Roberto , Strom Stephen , Ringquist Steven , Dong H. Henry
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Excessive endogenous glucose production contributes to fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. This effect stems from inept insulin suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the ability of forkhead box O6 (FoxO6) to mediate insulin action on hepatic gluconeogenesis and its contribution to glucose metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We characterized FoxO6 in glucose metabolism in cultured hepatocytes and in rodent models of dietary obesity, insulin resistance, or insulin-deficient diabetes. We determined the effect of FoxO6 on hepatic gluconeogenesis in genetically modified mice with FoxO6 gain- versus loss-of-function and in diabetic db/db mice with selective FoxO6 ablation in the liver.

RESULTS

FoxO6 integrates insulin signaling to hepatic gluconeogenesis. In mice, elevated FoxO6 activity in the liver augments gluconeogenesis, raising fasting blood glucose levels, and hepatic FoxO6 depletion suppresses gluconeogenesis, resulting in fasting hypoglycemia. FoxO6 stimulates gluconeogenesis, which is counteracted by insulin. Insulin inhibits FoxO6 activity via a distinct mechanism by inducing its phosphorylation and disabling its transcriptional activity, without altering its subcellular distribution in hepatocytes. FoxO6 becomes deregulated in the insulin-resistant liver, accounting for its unbridled activity in promoting gluconeogenesis and correlating with the pathogenesis of fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. These metabolic abnormalities, along with fasting hyperglycemia, are reversible by selective inhibition of hepatic FoxO6 activity in diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data uncover a FoxO6-dependent pathway by which the liver orchestrates insulin regulation of gluconeogenesis, providing the proof-of-concept that selective FoxO6 inhibition is beneficial for curbing excessive hepatic glucose production and improving glycemic control in diabetes.
Postprandial Blood Glucose Predicts Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes in a 14-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Cavalot Franco , Pagliarino Andrea , Valle Manuela , Di Martino Leonardo , Bonomo Katia , Massucco Paola , Anfossi Giovanni , Trovati Mariella
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether postprandial blood glucose predicts cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes in a long-term follow-up taking into account A1C and the main cardiovascular risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (n = 505) followed up at our diabetes clinic were evaluated at baseline (1995) for the main cardiovascular risk factors and for five glycemic control parameters (fasting blood glucose, blood glucose 2 h after breakfast, blood glucose 2 h after lunch, blood glucose before dinner, and A1C); all-cause mortality and the first cardiovascular events occurring during the 14-year follow-up were measured.

RESULTS

We observed 172 cardiovascular events (34.1% of the population) and 147 deaths (29.1% of the population). Using the Cox analysis with the backward method, we categorized the variables according to the therapeutic targets of the American Diabetes Association. Our observations were as follows. When the five glycemic control parameters were considered together, the predictors were 1) for cardiovascular events, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (hazard ratio 1.507, P = 0.010) and A1C (1.792, P = 0.002); and 2) for mortality, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.885, P < 0.0001) and A1C (1.907, P = 0.002). When blood glucose 2 h after lunch and A1C were considered together with the main cardiovascular risk factors, the following glycemic control parameters were predictors: 1) for cardiovascular events, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.452, P = 0.021) and A1C (1.732, P = 0.004); and 2) for mortality, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.846, P = 0.001) and A1C (1.896, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

In type 2 diabetes, both postprandial blood glucose and A1C predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a long-term follow-up.
Decreases in Diabetes-Free Life Expectancy in the U.S. and the Role of Obesity
Authors: Cunningham Solveig A. , Riosmena Fernando , Wang Jing , Boyle James P. , Rolka Deborah B. , Geiss Linda S.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

With increasing life expectancy in the U.S., it is important to know whether a longer life expectancy means a longer healthy life span or a prolonged period of later-life morbidity. This study examines changes in lifetime without diabetes, a leading cause of morbidity in later life.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using demographic methods and nationally representative data, we estimated changes in diabetes-free life expectancy between 1980–1989 and 2000–2004 for adult men and women in the U.S., estimated the contribution of changes in age-specific diabetes rates, and examined the changing effects of weight status on diabetes risks.

RESULTS

While life expectancy at age 18 for men and women increased between the 1980s and the 2000s, diabetes-free life expectancy at age 18 decreased by 1.7 years for men and 1.5 years for women. The proportion of 18-year-olds who would develop diabetes in their lifetimes increased by almost 50% among women and almost doubled among men. Obese individuals experienced the greatest losses in diabetes-free life expectancy during this period, estimated at 5.6 years for men and 2.5 years for women.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes-free life expectancy decreased for both men and women between 1980–1989 and 2000–2004, and these decreases are almost entirely attributable to large increases in diabetes incidence among obese individuals.
Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer With Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Jiang , Zheng Zhi-Jie , Kan Haidong , Song Yiqing , Cui Wei , Zhao Genming , Kip Kevin E.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that metformin inhibits cancer cell growth and reduces cancer risk. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that metformin therapy may reduce the risks of cancer and overall cancer mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, data on its effect on colorectal cancer are limited and inconsistent. We therefore pooled data currently available to examine the association between metformin therapy and colorectal cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The PubMed and SciVerse Scopus databases were searched to identify studies that examined the effect of metformin therapy on colorectal cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes. Summary effect estimates were derived using a random-effects meta-analysis model.

RESULTS

The analysis included five studies comprising 108,161 patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal neoplasm (relative risk [RR] 0.63 [95% CI 0.50–0.79]; P < 0.001). After exclusion of one study that investigated colorectal adenoma, the remaining four studies comprised 107,961 diabetic patients and 589 incident colorectal cancer cases during follow-up. Metformin treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer (0.63 [0.47–0.84]; P = 0.002). There was no evidence for the presence of significant heterogeneity between the five studies (Q = 4.86, P = 0.30; I2 = 18%).

CONCLUSIONS

From observational studies, metformin therapy appears to be associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further investigation is warranted.
Improving the Estimation of Mealtime Insulin Dose in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bao Jiansong , Gilbertson Heather R. , Gray Robyn , Munns Diane , Howard Gabrielle , Petocz Peter , Colagiuri Stephen , Brand-Miller Jennie C.
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE

Although carbohydrate counting is routine practice in type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemic episodes are common. A food insulin index (FII) has been developed and validated for predicting the normal insulin demand generated by mixed meals in healthy adults. We sought to compare a novel algorithm on the basis of the FII for estimating mealtime insulin dose with carbohydrate counting in adults with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 28 patients using insulin pump therapy consumed two different breakfast meals of equal energy, glycemic index, fiber, and calculated insulin demand (both FII = 60) but approximately twofold difference in carbohydrate content, in random order on three consecutive mornings. On one occasion, a carbohydrate-counting algorithm was applied to meal A (75 g carbohydrate) for determining bolus insulin dose. On the other two occasions, carbohydrate counting (about half the insulin dose as meal A) and the FII algorithm (same dose as meal A) were applied to meal B (41 g carbohydrate). A real-time continuous glucose monitor was used to assess 3-h postprandial glycemia.

RESULTS

Compared with carbohydrate counting, the FII algorithm significantly decreased glucose incremental area under the curve over 3 h (–52%, P = 0.013) and peak glucose excursion (–41%, P = 0.01) and improved the percentage of time within the normal blood glucose range (4–10 mmol/L) (31%, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS

An insulin algorithm based on physiological insulin demand evoked by foods in healthy subjects may be a useful tool for estimating mealtime insulin dose in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Turkish Validation of the Emotional Approach Coping Scale
Authors: Durak Mithat , Senol-Durak Emre
Published: September 2011

The Emotional Approach Coping Scale is frequently used to assess coping, which consists of emotional processing and emotional expression. The present aim was to examine the psychometric properties of this scale by utilizing two independent samples: university students ( n = 481) and community members ( n = 284). Based on goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, a two-factor model yielded significant findings in these samples. The results of multigroup analysis revealed that the theoretical structure of the dispositional Emotional Approach Coping Scale was the same for men and women. In addition to sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability, the relationships between the Emotional Approach Coping Scale and five conceptually related measures (coping styles, positive affect, negative affect, depression, and trait anxiety) demonstrated concurrent validity. Furthermore, the present study provides a map of emotional approach coping styles in a non-Western culture.
Psychometrics of Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) Scores
Authors: Brannick Michael T. , Wahi Monika M. , Goldin Steven B.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 183 medical students completed the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT V2.0). Scores on the test were examined for evidence of reliability and factorial validity. Although Cronbach's alpha for the total scores was adequate (.79), many of the scales had low internal consistency (scale alphas ranged from .34 to .77; median = .48). Previous factor analyses of the MSCEIT are critiqued and the rationale for the current analysis is presented. Both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses of the MSCEIT item parcels are reported. Pictures and faces items formed separate factors rather than loading on a Perception factor. Emotional Management appeared as a factor, but items from Blends and Facilitation failed to load consistently on any factor, rendering factors for Emotional Understanding and Emotional Facilitation problematic.
Using Generalizability Theory to Estimate the Relative Effect of Class Size and Number of Items on the Dependability of Student Ratings of Instruction
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Mohamed
Published: September 2011

Previous research on the effect of class size on student ratings of instruction has primarily investigated the effect of class size on the favorableness of these ratings rather than its effect on their reliability (dependability). A few studies have used “generalizability theory” to demonstrate the relative effect of class size on the dependability of student ratings of instruction. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity of the findings of these studies in a different cultural setting using a different student ratings questionnaire. Using a random-effect analysis of variance to estimate the variance components for a design in which students were nested within classes and crossed with items, it was found that the variance component for class size was appreciably larger than that for items. At least 20 students were needed to obtain a generalizability coefficient for relative decisions of .70 or more. Increasing the number of students has a greater effect on generalizability coefficients than increasing the number of items.