bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost per quality-adjusted life year gained of revision neural decompression and instrumented fusion for same-level recurrent lumbar stenosis: defining the value of surgical intervention
Authors: Adogwa Owoicho , Parker Scott L. , Shau David N. , Mendenhall Stephen K. , Aaronson Oran , Cheng Joseph S. , Devin Clinton J. , McGirt Matthew J.
Published: November 2011

Object

Despite advances in technology and understanding in spinal physiology, reoperation for symptomatic same-level recurrent stenosis continues to occur. Although revision lumbar surgery is effective, attention has turned to the question of the utility and value of revision decompression and fusion procedures. To date, an analysis of cost and heath state gain associated with revision lumbar surgery for recurrent same-level lumbar stenosis has yet to be described. The authors set out to assess the 2-year comprehensive cost of revision surgery and determine its value in the treatment of same-level recurrent stenosis.

Methods

Forty-two patients undergoing revision decompression and instrumented fusion for same-level recurrent stenosis–associated leg and back pain were included in this study. Two-year total back-related medical resource utilization, missed work, and health state values (quality-adjusted life years [QALYs], calculated from the EQ-5D with US valuation) were assessed. Two-year resource use was multiplied by unit costs based on Medicare national allowable payment amounts (direct cost), and patient and caregiver workday losses were multiplied by the self-reported gross-of-tax wage rate (indirect cost). Mean total 2-year cost per QALY gained after revision surgery was assessed.

Results

The mean (± SD) interval between prior and revision surgery was 4.16 ± 4.64 years. Bone morphogenetic protein was used in 7 cases of revision arthrodesis (16.7%). A mean cumulative 2-year gain of 0.84 QALY was observed after revision surgery. The mean total 2-year cost of revision fusion was $49,431 ± $7583 (surgery cost $21,060 ± $4459; outpatient resource utilization cost $9748 ± $5292; indirect cost $18,623 ± $9098). Revision decompression and extension of fusion was associated with a mean 2-year cost per QALY gained of $58,846.

Conclusions

In the authors' practice, revision decompression and fusion provided a significant gain in health state utility for patients with symptomatic same-level recurrent stenosis, with a 2-year cost per QALY gained of $58,846. When indicated, revision surgery for same-level recurrent stenosis is a valuable treatment option for patients experiencing back and leg pain secondary to this disease. The authors' findings provide a value measure of surgery that can be compared with the results of future cost-per-QALY-gained studies of medical management or alternative surgical approaches.
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY ON ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN HUMAN AND BIRDS IN ASSOCIATION WITH GASTROENTERITIS
Authors: Islam M.S. , Alam M.M. , Ahmed M.U. , Saifuzzaman A.B.M. , Kobayashi N. , Kayesh M.E.H. , Uddin M.S.
Published: November 2011

A total of 315 stool samples were screened from hospitalized diarrheic human patient and 251 from diarrheic birds from July 2006 to May 2007 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining (PAGE-SS) technique. Human rotavirus (HRV) and avian rotavirus were detected in 35.28% stool specimens and 13.15% bird's faecal specimens respectively. The occurrence of rotavirus infection in human patients of 181-365 days age group was relatively high (45.75%) while it was 41.82% in under 5 years old. The birds of 7-12 days age group was found most frequently associated with rotavirus infection and the rate was found 45%.
SERO-PREVALENCE OF INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS IN CHICKEN IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Das S.K. , Khan M.S.R. , Das M.
Published: November 2011

The investigation was conducted to detect infectious bronchitis (IB) virus-specific antibody in chicken from some selected areas of Bangladesh. The indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) was performed to estimate the infectious bronchitis virus specific antibody. In case of sera-samples collected from BRAC diagnostic laboratory, Gazipur, 100% sera samples were found to be positive to IBV; the highest antibody titres were recorded as 9867.29. The average antibody titre of samples from Anis Poultry Farm, Pabna and farms driven by beneficiary of SDC, Faridpur and layer chickens reared with the help of BEES, Hobigonj were recorded as 1234.38, 1076.94 and 4572.85 and percent of sero-positive cases were 56.67%, 43.33% and 92.50% respectively. In this study all breeds of chicken (non descriptive indigenous and commercial) and age groups were found equally susceptible to IB.
COMPARISON OF ANTIVENOM POTENTIAL OF CHICKEN EGG YOLK ANTIBODIES GENERATED AGAINST BENTONITE AND ADJUVENT COATED VENOMES OF COMMON POISONOUS SNAKE IN INDIA
Authors: Meenatchisundaram S. , Selvakumaran R. , Parameswari G. , Michael A.
Published: November 2011

Antivenom antibodies were generated in white leghorn chicken against bentonite and adjuvant coated venoms of Common Indian Poisonous Snakes (Cobra, Krait, Russell's viper and Saw Scaled viper).The antivenom from immunized chicken egg yolk were purified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulphate precipitation method and further purified by DEAE cellulose ion exchange column chromatography and concentrated by polyvinyl pyrolidone powder at room temperature. The titer of antibodies was estimated using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).The chickens immunized with Freund's complete adjuvant showed slightly higher titre when compared to bentonite. Inhibition of lethal, edema, haemorrhagic, procoagulant and phospholipase A2 and fibrinolytic activities of snake venoms were determined. The chicken egg yolk antivenom was effective in neutralization of these toxic and enzymatic activities of venom. The median effective dose (ED50) of chicken egg yolk antibodies raised against adjuvant coated venoms showed effective neutralizing venom toxicity when compared to the antibodies raised using bentonite coated venoms.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF DADMARDAN, NEEM AND IVERMECTIN AGAINST SKIN LESIONS IN CALVES AND GOATS
Authors: Rahman M. M. , Mostofa M. , Barman V. G. , Mian R. , Mamun S.A.
Published: November 2011

The experiment was conducted to investigate the comparative efficacy of indigenous medicinal plants, dadmardan (Cassia alata) and neem (Azadiracta indica) and ivermectin against skin lesions in calves and goats. Twelve calves of 8- 12 months and twelve goats of 1-2 years of age irrespective of sex having skin lesions (ringworm, scabies, humpsore, wounds) were used in the experiment. Selected calves and goats were divided into four equals groups (group A,BC and D), each group consists of 3 calves and 3goats. The group A kept as control group. The group B was treated with ivermectin (Cevamec 1%(R) @200 ug/kg body weight subcutaneously ,group C with dadmardan ointment (30%) ointment topically  and group D with 30% combined ointment(dadmardan and neem leaves) topically. Calves and goats treated with ivermectin were almost cured within18 days and the rate of healing was 98.36% & 99.03% respectively whereas animals treated with dadmardan ointment cured at 30thdays of treatment  in calves and at 27thdays of treatment in goats and  the rate of healing was 99.80% & 99.88%  respectively and those treated with  combined ointments of dadmardan and neem leaves cured at 27thdays of treatment  in calves and at 24th day of treatment in goats  and the rate of healing was 99.94% & 99.35% respectively. Ivermectin treatment was more effective in comparison to other treatments considering the time required for healing. On the other hand, treatment with the onitmemts of indigenous medicinals plants were more effective considering the rate of healing. It may be concluded that the ointments of indigenous medicinals plants (dadmardan ointment and the combined ointment of dadmardan and neem leaves) may be used as alternative drugs for the treatment of skin lesions in calves and goats.
ROTAVIRUS INFECTION IN HUMAN AND BIRDS
Authors: Islam MS , Alam MM , Rahman MM , Ahmed MU
Published: November 2011

An epidemiological study on rotavirus infection using 315 stool specimens from hospitalized diarrhoeic human patients and 251 fecal specimens from diarrheic birds (broiler) wear examined by RNA polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and silver staining (PAGE-SS) technique. Rotavirus was detected in 35.28% (111/315) stool specimens. The highest rate of rotavirus infection in human was detected in the winter (45.94%), particularly in the month of December to January (44%-51%). The rotavirus diarrhea was found slightly higher in male (35.97%) than female (34.12%). Rotavirus was detected in 13.15% (33/251) birds' fecal specimens. The birds were affected by the rotavirus, showing only the long RNA electropherotype. The antigenic studies with reference to subgroups and serotypes specificity and its zoonotic potential needs to be studied further.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF THE SELECTED INDIGENOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH A PATENT DRUG LEVAMISOLE AGAINST ASCARIASIS IN VILLAGE POULTRY
Authors: Sarker RR , Mostofa M , Awal MA , Islam MS , Mian R
Published: November 2011

The experiment was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from July 2005 to November 2006 to study the comparative efficacy of indigenous medicinal plants Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Bothua (Chenopodium album) with a patent drug Levamisole (Poulnex®) against Ascariasis. Sixty ascarid infected chickens were randomly divided into 6 equal groups and treatment schedule were as follows: Group A = Controlled (Infected), Group B = Levamisole 30mg/kg b. wt; Group C = Neem 1gm/kg b. wt. (Alcoholic extract); Group D = Neem 1gm/kg b. wt. (crude extract); Group E = Bothua 1gm/kg body wt. (Alcoholic extract) Group F = Bothua 1gm/kg body wt. (Crude extract) orally once at a time and closely observed for 28 days. Fecal egg count (EPG) were 100% reduced in Levamisole and Neem (alcoholic and water extract) treated groups. On the other hand EPG were somewhat increased in other three groups. Body weight TEC, Hb and PCV were increased significantly in above mentioned three groups (Levamisole and both groups of Neem) and decreased in rest three groups but TLC and ESR were decreased significantly. After post mortem examination no parasites were found in three groups of treated poultry (Levamisole and both groups of Neem). Parasites were remained available (17-24 numbers) in rest three groups. So it is concluded that Neem (Azadirachta indica) and levamisole is equally effective but Bothua (Chenopodium album) is completely ineffective against Ascariasis in village poultry.
EFFECT OF SPINACH AGAINST ARSENIC TOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Islam MZ , Awal MA , Mostofa M , Ghosh A , Khair A
Published: November 2011

The present study was undertaken with a view to evaluate the efficacy of spinach against arsenic (As) induced toxicity in rats during the period between July to October 2008. Thirty six female Long Evans rats (age about 120days; average body weight at day 0 = 154.5g) were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=12) and marked as T0, T1 and T2 groups. Rats of T0 group were given normal feed and water and kept as control. Rats of T1 and T2 groups were given 5mg Sodium arsenite/kg body weight (BW) and 5mg Sodium arsenite/kg (BW) plus spinach extract 100 mg/kg body weight respectively daily for 30 days orally. Four rats from each group were sacrificed at 10 days interval in order to quantitatively determine the As content in liver, lungs and kidney by using Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum creatinine were determined by Autoanalyser. No visible clinical sign were observed in any group of experimental rats except loss of body weight in the spinach treated group. Tissue (lung, liver and kidney) concentration of As was significantly (p<0.01) higher in T1 group rats compared to that of T0 and T2 groups and the highest concentration of As was found in kidney followed by lung and liver in T1 group rats. After 30 days of feeding, spinach significantly (p<0.01) decreased As from lung, liver and kidney. As intoxication significantly (p<0.01) increased SGOT values but insignificantly decrease SGPT values and spinach treatment improve these condition. There was no significant effect found in serum creatinine level.  It can be concluded that feeding of spinach could reduce body burden of As in rats.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ECTOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS IN CATTLE AT BHAWAL FOREST AREA, GAZIPUR
Authors: Rony SA , Mondal MMH , Begum N , Islam MA , Affroze S
Published: November 2011

To determine the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation of cattle in and around the Bhawal forest area in Gazipur district in Bangladesh, an epidemiological investigation was carried out during the period from November 2008 to October 2009. Of 206 cattle examined, 132 (64.07%) were found to be infested with several species of ticks and lice. The prevalence rate was highest in case of Boophilus microplus (45.63%) followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (36.89%), Linognathus vituli ((23.30%), Haematopinus euysternus (17.96%), Hemaphysalis bispinosa (16.50%), and Damalinia bovis (8.25%). Results revealed that, older cattle aged > 8 years are more (71.11%) susceptible than that of adults aged > 2-8 years (67.74%), and young aged ≤2 years (47.05%). In females, prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was observed significantly (p< 0.005) higher than that of male. Prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was significantly (p<0.005) higher in animal reared under free range system than that of semi-intensive system and cattle with malnourished and poor health status were found to be significantly more vulnerable to such parasitic infestation than normal healthy cattle. Seasonal prevalence showed that, significantly (p<0.001) higher prevalence occurred in summer season (78.46%), followed by winter (62.85%) and rainy season (52.11%). Mean parasitic burden were 1.49±0.80 per square inches of heavily infected area. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7399 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 27-33
Photocatalytic Desulfurization of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil
Authors: Trongkaew Phakakrong , Utistham Thanes , Reubroycharoen Prasert , Hinchiranan Napida
Published: November 2011

Waste tire pyrolysis oil has high potential to replace conventional fossil liquid fuels due to its high calorific heating value. However, the large amounts of sulfurous compounds in this oil hinders its application. Thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the possibility to apply the photo-assisted oxidation catalyzed by titanium dioxide (TiO2, Degussa P-25) to partially remove sulfurous compounds in the waste tire pyrolysis oil under milder reaction conditions without hydrogen consumption. A waste tire pyrolysis oil with 0.84% (w/w) of sulfurous content containing suspended TiO2 was irradiated by using a high-pressure mercury lamp for 7 h. The oxidized sulfur compounds were then migrated into the solvent-extraction phase. A maximum % sulfur removal of 43.6% was achieved when 7 g/L of TiO2 was loaded into a 1/4 (v/v) mixture of pyrolysis waste tire oil/acetonitrile at 50 °C in the presence of air. Chromatographic analysis confirmed that the photo-oxidized sulfurous compounds presented in the waste tire pyrolysis oil had higher polarity, which were readily dissolved and separated in distilled water. The properties of the photoxidized product were also reported and compared to those of crude oil.
Icariside II Enhances Nrf2 Nuclear Translocation to Upregulate Phase II Detoxifying Enzyme Expression Coupled with the ERK, Akt and JNK Signaling Pathways
Authors: Gu Jing , Sun Xuechao , Wang Guonian , Li Mingming , Chi Meng
Published: November 2011

In the present study, the potent inducers of phase II detoxifying and antioxidant stress responsive to icariside II was investigated. First, a dose of 0–10 µM icariside II showed no significantly cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells by MTT assays and icariside II could enhance cellular GSH levels by ELISA assay. Then, the potential roles of ERK, Akt and JNK in the regulation of icariside II-induced Nrf2-dependent ARE transcriptional activity as well as ARE-mediated endogenous HO-1 and glutathione GST protein expression in HepG2 cells were estimated. Icariside II activated the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and the up-regulated expression of Nrf2-related antioxidant protein OH-1 and GST were evaluated by Western blotting. Then the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, Akt and JNK1/2 were further examined by Western blotting assays. Results showed that icariside II significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, Akt and JNK1/2. Furthermore, icariside II-induced ARE transcriptional activity was attenuated by the inhibition of ERK, Akt and JNK signaling using biochemical inhibitors. These results suggest that the Nrf2/ARE pathway plays an important role in the regulation of icariside-mediated antioxidant effects in HepG2 cells.
Biomedical Activity of Chitin/Chitosan Based Materials—Influence of Physicochemical Properties Apart from Molecular Weight and Degree of N-Acetylation
Authors: Kumirska Jolanta , Weinhold Mirko X. , Thöming Jorg , Stepnowski Piotr
Published: November 2011

The physicochemical nature of chitin and chitosan, which influences the biomedical activity of these compounds, is strongly related to the source of chitin and the conditions of the chitin/chitosan production process. Apart from widely described key factors such as weight-averaged molecular weight (MW) and degree of N-acetylation (DA), other physicochemical parameters like polydispersity (MW/MN), crystallinity or the pattern of acetylation (PA) have to be taken into consideration. From the biological point of view, these parameters affect a very important factor—the solubility of chitin and chitosan in water and organic solvents. The physicochemical properties of chitosan solutions can be controlled by manipulating solution conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, concentration, solvent). The degree of substitution of the hydroxyl and the amino groups or the degree of quaternization of the amino groups also influence the mechanical and biological properties of chitosan samples. Finally, a considerable research effort has been directed towards developing safe and efficient chitin/chitosan-based products because many factors, like the size of nanoparticles, can determine the biomedical characteristics of medicinal products. The influence of these factors on the biomedical activity of chitin/chitosan-based products is presented in this report in more detail.
Understanding Ricin from a Defensive Viewpoint
Authors: Griffiths Gareth D.
Published: November 2011

The toxin ricin has long been understood to have potential for criminal activity and there has been concern that it might be used as a mass-scale weapon on a military basis for at least two decades. Currently, the focus has extended to encompass terrorist activities using ricin to disrupt every day activities on a smaller scale. Whichever scenario is considered, there are features in common which need to be understood; these include the knowledge of the toxicity from ricin poisoning by the likely routes, methods for the detection of ricin in relevant materials and approaches to making an early diagnosis of ricin poisoning, in order to take therapeutic steps to mitigate the toxicity. This article will review the current situation regarding each of these stages in our collective understanding of ricin and how to defend against its use by an aggressor.
Psycho-socio-sémiotique : Définitions et propositions
Authors: Chabrol Claude
Published: November 2011

Dans une première partie, des définitions possibles mais inadéquates de la Psycho-socio-sémiotique (P.S.S) sont examinées et des objections mettant plus ou moins en cause sa légitimité écartées.

La P.S.S n'est pas plus une branche de la Sémiotique qu'une annexe de la Psycho-sociologie. Elle est une nouvelle discipline avec son propre principe de pertinence, sa théorie intégrée "inter-disciplinaire" ses méthodes et ses données spécifiques. Naturellement elle ne saurait être réduite à des démarches pluri-disciplinaires consistant à croiser variables psycho-sociologiques et langagières, sans hypothèses psycho-socio-langagières précises.

En un deuxième temps, référence est faite à E. Benveniste pour marquer le primat du mode de signifiance sémantique, soit de la question de la construction et de l'attribution de significations par les acteurs sociaux en situation.

Une compétence psycho-socio-pragmatique est postulée. Elle sera étudiée par enquêtes, observations et expérimentations. Son point de départ ou son entrée est constitué par les hypothèses que l'analyse sémio-linguistique du produit fini sémiotique permet d'élaborer à propos de sa Production et de sa Réception.

La compétence psycho-socio-pragmatique intègre ces hypothèses. Elle comprend une élaboration des normes , rôles et attitudes psycho-socio-langagiers, généraux ou spécifiques aux domaines de la pratique sociale ainsi que des cadres cognitifs psychiques et sociaux : classif icatoires (représentations supposées partagées) et narratifs (schémas d'actes complets), éléments nécessaires pour la production adéquate et l'interprétation correcte des discours sociaux.

En conclusion l'exemple des attitudes psycho-socio-langagières est examiné.

Les préférences ou rejets qu'elles entraînent chez les acteurs sociaux (effets de plaisir, de conviction...) sont rapportés à des comportements sémio-linguistiques donnés, caractéristiques.

Ceux-ci correspondraient à une série de choix sélectifs cohérents sur des dimensions sémio-linguistiques sous-jacentes.
Terminologie musicale en Guadeloupe : ce que le Créole nous dit de la musique
Authors: Lafontaine Marie-Christine
Published: November 2011

Lafontaine Marie Céline, "Musical terminology in Guadeloupe (What creole tells us about ausic)"

Within a census and a semantic analysis of folk terminologies about music in Guadeloupe, the analysis of eight chosen terms in the corpus induces the following statement: popular layers of society appeal to their own 'practices' and 'constituted musical objects', and if they do distinguish between several musical 'genres', they include them in a single system of representations which defines the main features of Guadeloupe's music. This discourse does not place itself in the field of the dichotomy "occidental music/african music" that middle and petit-bourgeois classes forward for abstract nationalist reasons in a theoretical debate about identity.
Véhicularisation, vernacularisation et situations créoles en Afrique. Le cas du songhay
Authors: Nicolaï Robert
Published: November 2011

Nicolaï Robert, "Vehicularisation, vernacularisation and creole situations in Africa: The case of Songhay".

This paper presents indices of ancient pidginisation and of vernacular restructuration at the origin of three groups of peripherical dialects, geographically separated both one from the other and with respect to the central group - of songhay language. It explains the differences by the intervention of a change in the functional sociolinguistical status of this language in the course of History. These droppings imply the "catastrophic" principle in the history of languages. Moreover, evidence of analogous phenomena at the origin of this same primitive Songhay language implies the uniformitarian principle. Socio-historical, linguistical, typological and lexico-statistical principles are forwarded.
Les dialogues entre agriculteurs (Etude comparative dans deux villages français, Bretagne et Lauragais)
Authors: Darré Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Darré Jean-Pierre, "Dialogs between farmer (a comparative study between two French villages, Brittany and Lauragais)"

Standard communication analysis, both linear and symetric, is inadequate for the description of verbal exchanges between farmers and rural development technicians. A comparative study of the two villages, by the networks method and refering to the notions of norm and of social construction of meaning, enables one to take into account the complexity of verbal interaction and to understand the different approaches to verbal exchanges in the two cases. These differences are due to place, economical, sociological situation of the two communnities ; but also the verbal organization of the communities and the interrelation of its members - not to mention the friction between their know-how and development technicians' knowledge.
Catégorisation pratique et dynamique linguistico-langagière (application à la morphosémantisation et aux constructions narratives)
Authors: Nicolaï Robert
Published: November 2011

Nicolaï Robert, "Practical categorization and language practise-linguistic dynamics (an application to aorphoseaantization and nornative constructions)".

Using two themes as exemplars, the construction of lexical morphosemantic fields and the construction of language practise normativity, we envisage to sketch an image of the categorization processes which enable one to build up and transform language practise-linguistic representations and are activated in the dynamics of interaction. We are thus led to a development in which signifying constructions are functionalized and take sense from the relationship between their presentations and their representations; which reminds one of what is said, by sociolinguistics as well as pragmatics, in interactional sociology and conversational analysis, about the subject and its inclusion in the signifying process.
Productions écrites d'enfants d'immigrés à l'école, et pratiques langagières en milieu familial immigré : des approches convergentes
Authors: Milet Hélène
Published: November 2011

Milet Hélène, "Written outputs of the children of immigrants and language practice in a Migrant family environnent: convergent approaches".

Linguistic analysis of the children of immigrant's written outputs at school suggests hypotheses that the observation of language practices in the family environment confirms. The effort they have to give to learning scholarly French, and their understanding of what is at stake in communication are related to language practices in the family environment. These practices belong to a communication system derived from that of the parents1 country of origin. Moreover, the distribution of the use of host and original languages depends upon the migratory itinerary of the parents. This confrontation between written outputs and language practices in the family, also gives the opportunity of showing the complementing of linguistics and sociolinguistics.
Langage et colonisation dans le discours de la troisième République
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: November 2011

Maingueneau Dominique, "Language and colonization in the Troisième République school discourse".

School handbooks enable one to grasp how history was treated during the colonization period. Dominant is the idea that progress organizes human beings according to their level of civilization, France representing the highest level. With such stereotypes, the role of language is central, and the language ideal at work in the mother-country is directly transposed in the colonies. Teaching the natives French is quite simply teaching them language. The metaphoric transposition from the Gallo-Roman world to the colonial empire is direct. The racialism of the texts analyzed relies explicitly on the one and only notion of cultural backwardness.
Quelques remarques sur le sociologique et le sociolinguistique dans Langage et Société
Authors: Leimdorfer François , Tessonneau Alex-Louise
Published: November 2011

A partir d'une lecture d'un certain nombre d'articles de "Langage et Société", les auteurs analysent, d'un point de vue sociologique, les rapports entre linguistique et sociologie. Ils se centrent sur les traitements de l'articulation entre un "interne" langagier ou discursif est un "externe" social dans les différents courants d'analyse du langagier et du discours, tels qu'ils apparaissent dans la revue.

Ils proposent en conclusion de considérer que l'analyse des discours permet de décrire des processus sociaux, plutôt que des "états" ou des structures.
Le sujet indéterminé, étude sur l'énonciation
Authors: Guimaraes Eduardo
Published: November 2011

A partir du même corpus concernant l'alimentation que l'article précédent, on s'intéresse à la représentation du sujet dans des discours visant à transmettre des connaissances, et tenus soit par des universitaires, soit par des travailleurs agricoles. La perspective théorique est celle de M. Bakhtine et de O. Ducrot. On étudie en particulier la dynamique énonciative que chacune des formes induit quant aux rapports entre l'énonciateur et l'énonciataire, et entre les niveaux (énonciateur, locuteur, sujet parlant). L'analyse est centrée sur l'enchaînement des formes, qui permet de montrer le rôle prédominant du contexte et de la situation dans la production du sens. Ainsi, le "sujet universel" est bien mis en place dans le discours des cours, alors qu'il ne l'est pas dans le cas des interviews d'agriculteurs, qui, pourtant, comportent les mêmes marques, dans un agencement différent. Par ailleurs, le type dénonciation ne se maintient pas tout au long d'un discours, ce qui rend impossible une distinction stricte entre types de discours.
Une confrontation dans le langage
Authors: Puccinelli-Orlandi Eni
Published: November 2011

A partir du même corpus que les deux articles précédents, on montre que les difficultés d'interlocution entre agriculteurs et scientifiques ne sont pas dues à la maîtrise stricte des formes de grammaire. On se centrera sur les caractéristiques du mode d' énonciation descriptive. Dans renonciation descriptive, l'indétermination de la personne permet une actualisation temporelle et spatiale du locuteur dans son discours. L'analyse des descriptions permet de montrer une différence fondamentale entre les postures énonciatives des locuteurs scientifiques et agriculteurs : alors que les premiers cherchent à effacer l'incomplétude du langage, les seconds intègrent la dimension dialogique de l' interlocution et opérant avec l'incomplétude. La forme de description scientifique est du type démonstration, alors que la description prend, dans la formation discursive des agriculteurs, la forme de l'illustration. Les formations discursives ne se définissent, en outre, que dans leur relation (discours rural vs discours urbain ; langue standard vs caipira (« patois »).
Contacts de langues : deux modèles du XIXème siècle et leurs rejetons aujourd'hui
Authors: Tabouret-Keller Andrée
Published: November 2011

Language contacts : two models of the XlXth century and their offsprings nowadays.

The genealogical tree theory for indo-european languages (Schleicher) and the waves theory (Schmidt) are shortly exposed within their own historical frame, and the difficulties of the emergence of a theory of language contacts, in spite of Schuchardt, is underlined. The effect of this historical past on the evolution of the issues of contact and of bilingualism within linguistics and in ideological discourses about language, and especially about State language, is described in the second part of the paper.
Un modèle sociologique du contact de langues : les coupures du sens social
Authors: Poche Bernard
Published: November 2011

A sociological model of language contacts: breaks within social meaning.

After a review of the theoretical problematics, a model of language contajcts is proposed. Languages are considered as elements of intelligibility of the break which is instituted between the context which the group is building up for himself and its social environment. In analysing two situations (Val d'Aoste and South Tyrol), the author shows the modalities of language delimitation through symbolic construction of the situation and of the context of the group.
Variations et limites de la parole batelière
Authors: Derycke Marc
Published: November 2011

Le contact avec le français standard fait apparaître des différences phonologiques morpho-syntaxiques et lexicologiques chez nombre de bateliers. Mieux qu'une typologie statique, une modélisation des variations dépendant des situations énonciatives peut être ébauchée qui caractériserait le vemaculaire batelier en ce que, variété basse, il est simultanément public (professionnel) et privé (familial). Peu entendue, la limite à ces variations ne se révèle généralement que par la graphie des voyelles nasales OB/AN, elle marque aussi pour beaucoup d'entre eux le terme ultime de leur insertion économique et sociale.
L'attitude de la jeunesse face à la politique linguistique de Hong Kong après son retour à la Chine en 1997
Authors: Shun-chiu Yau
Published: November 2011

Yau Shun-chiu - "L'attitude de la jeunesse face à la politique linguistique de Hong Kong après son retour à la Chine en 1997".

As the lease on Hong Kong steadily approaches its term, in 1997, Cantonese has now become, more than before, the dominant language of Hong Kong. The study reported here was conducted in 1985 and 1986, with the aim of probing public opinion on the question of the choice between Cantonese and putonghua as the official medium of oral communication in Hong Kong after 1997. Among the questions posed were the following : Do you think that Hong Kong should choose its official medium of oral communication in 1997 ? Would the choice of Cantonese as the official medium of oral communication constitute an important part in maintaining the status quo in Hong Kong after 1997 ?
Sur la dynamique discursive. Etapes auto- et trans-énonciatives
Authors: Lefranc Yannick
Published: November 2011

A partir des développements théoriques de O. Ducrot et J.C. Anscombre, on peut considérer qu'un énoncé pris dans une séquence se comporte sémantiquement comme s'il était l'objet de plusieurs énonciations successives : il est d'abord interprété pour lui-même (étape auto-énonciative) et ensuite, à chaque fois qu'un nouvel énoncé est produit, il reçoit une réinterprétation (étape trans-énonciative). Le formalisme proposé, basé sur la notion d'orientation argumentative, est mis en oeuvre sur un bref exemple de dialogue reconstruit, ce qui permet de mettre en évidence le rôle des « lieux communs » (énoncés topiques) dans l'enchaînement des énoncés.
Le statut linguistique des voyelles moyennes
Authors: Baraduc Jean , Bergounioux Gabriel , Castellotti Véronique , Dumont Céline , Lansari Marie-Hélène
Published: November 2011

Baraduc Jean, Bergounioux Gabriel, Castellotti Véronique, Dumont Céline et Marie-Hélène Lansari - "The Linguistic Standing of Intermediary Vowels".

Based on a study of about twenty Orleans children (9-11 old), this paper tries to reconstruct the conditions of non-conformity, i.e. opening inversion with intermediary vowels in French. We thus consider and assess social and linguistic (morphologic contraints, syllabic environment, lexical scope, discourse situation) parameters that would explain the ongoing transformation of certain opening affixations and would enable one to consider non-conformity as an overlooked social distinction strategy.
Langage et politique : réflexion sur le traité pseudo-xénophontique De la République des Athéniens
Authors: Bertrand Jean-Marie
Published: November 2011

Dans un pamphlet paru au début de la Guerre du Péloponèse, le Pseudo-Xénophon prétend regretter que la langue parlée à Athènes perde de sa pureté. Il joue ainsi de façon démagogiqque avec la méfiance du peuple à l'égard des étrangers dont la présence en ville serait responsable de cet abâtardissement. En fait il souhaiterait que soient privés de leur citoyenneté les pauvres. Ceux-ci, rameurs de la flotte, connaissent bien le vocabulaire technique de la marine, mais seuls les riches seraient capables de parler une langue qui puisse servir de discours politique.
Acquisition et perte du statut de client au marché
Authors: Di Giovanni Maria , Triolaire Jean-Michel
Published: November 2011

Di Giovanni Maria et Jean-Claude Triolaire - "Acquiring and losing client status at market places".

Previous studies about interaction between clients and sellers on market places did not pay enough attention to a series of non-verbal evidences (praxemic, gestures, glances) which have the effect of framing the speakers into an interactional pre-existing setting. Thus, the fact that verbal interactions, especially in the begining and at the end, are not self-sufficient is underestimated. Using about 50 exemples, it is possible to derive a number of regular articulations between verbal and non-verbal sequences, and to show a contrast between food sellers and gartments sellers.
Encore et toujours l'orthographe...
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

Achard Pierre - "Once again spelling..."

The problem of spelling is again back with us. A series of recent works enable us to assess linguistic and sociological problems. It seems on the one hand that spelling is not getting lost, and that in that case as well the level is increasing. Then that if one drops the idea of radical reform, it becomes urgent to find out how moderate reform (« modernization ») could rely on a usage dimension, and how the last could be studied objectively.
Variation, données et théorie linguistique (à propos d'un ouvrage récent de Pierre Encrevé)
Authors: Gadet Françoise
Published: November 2011

Gadet, Françoise - "Variation, data and linguistic theory (about a book by Pierre Encrevé)".

The importance of Pierre Encrevé 's "La Liaison avec et sans enchaînement", can be found in the way three levels of analysis are Linked : the description of the variable par of French liaison, the new use which is attributed to the role of the consonant in that it is no longer linked to the vowel, the formal treatment of liaison in multilinear phonology. The paper reviews what is French liaison and how it has usually been dealt with. Then, it describes P.E.'s inquiry into the use of liaison by French politicians. Finally, it proposes a resolution of traditional problems in French phonology, and shows that other aspects of French phonology are Hnked. This book is taken as a pretext to investigate the relationship between general linguistics and sociolinguistics (status of data, inherent variation, representation of a heterogeneous system).
Caricatures et surnoms. Tentative de rapprochement
Authors: Deligne Alain , Mori Olga
Published: November 2011

A partir de la remarque courante suivant laquelle les surnoms décrivent les individus auxquels ils s'appliquent, on examine concrètement comment les hommes politiques et autres personnages publics sont désignés dans la presse par des sobriquets et dessinés par des caricatures. Ceci permet de mettre en évidence les procédés rhétoriques utilisés dans l'un et l'autre cas, de dégager un certain parallélisme de ces procédés et une typologie commune, et de montrer les limites de l'analogie en analysant les spécificités des deux modes d'expression (iconique et linguistique) et la complémentarité entre le dessin et le commentaire.
A la recherche de modèles culturels à travers l'analyse du discours spontané
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: November 2011

Les travaux américains en anthropologie cognitive ont pris ces dernières années une direction qui les rapproche de la sociolinguistique. L'analyse du discours, et en particulier les notions de script et de structures schématiques, nous permet de mettre en évidence les préssuposés culturels et les règles sociales implicites qui font partie du système de connaissances d'une société. L'examen d'une série d'interactions recueillies sur une place marchande de Californie sera l'occasion d'esquisser un modèle culturel ancré dans le vécu de l'interaction sociale. La discussion sera centrée sur l'examen de ce qui éloigne l'anthropologie cognitive américaine d'une ethnoscience parfois trop rigide, pour la rapprocher tant de la sociolinguistique que de la "linguistique cognitive" qui émerge actuellement.
Honte à toi ! Honte à toi ! A propos du caractère chi "honte, avoir honte"
Authors: Shun-chiu Yau
Published: November 2011

Yau Shun-chiu - « Honte a toi ! honte a toi ! A propos du caractère chi " honte, avoir honte" ».

The article is an illustration of a kinetics approach to the Chinese ancient picto-ideogram chi "shame" in connection with certain conventional gestures or corporal behaviors, some of them still practiced today. It is probably the first article entirely devoted to this theme. It will be shown that the formation of this character was motivated by gestures and thus reveals that the history of these gestural behaviors goes back to ancient times. This provides us with some hints about the conception of the gesturo-oral dichotomy in ancient China. Supporting evidence has been drawn from gestures observed in cultural areas other than China. This study has been made accessible to readers who are unfamiliar with sinology but ready to go beyond the boundaries of traditional linguistics.
Le style et la langue. Réflexions autour d'un ouvrage de H. Weinrich
Authors: Achard Pierre
Published: November 2011

L'ouvrage de Harald Weinrich Conscience linguistique et lectures littéraires est utilisé comme une occasion de réflexion sur la pratique interdisciplinaire dans les études sur le langage. On examine successivement la question des styles narratifs et argumentatifs (paradigme, syntagme, énonciation), le rapport entre langage et langue et l'interdisciplinarité en sciences sociales et humaines. Dans l'examen du traitement de ces trois thèmes par H. Weinrich, on dégage le postulat commun d'une complémentarité entre la dimension formelle et la dimension socio-historique des phénomènes langagiers, et sa conséquence qui est le refus des réductionnismes formaliste ou historiciste.
Étude de la forme et de l'usage de la formule : « je touche du bois »
Authors: Kerleroux Françoise
Published: November 2011

La formule « je touche du bois ! » est le lieu de plusieurs paradoxes : caractère superstitieux, mais datation récente ; phrase figée, mais littéralement transposée dans plusieurs langues européennes ; interprétations contradictoires du geste désigné ; technique de détournement d'un mauvais sort, qui découlerait de paroles de louange ; ressemblances avec certains aspects de l'antique croyance au « mauvais sort », mais datation récente... On essaie de résorber une partie de ces paradoxes en attribuant un caractère non superstitieux à la formule contemporaine, qui marquerait l'instant où un locuteur cesse d'oublier la langue pour devenir, le temps d'un soupir, le bon entendeur de son assertion.
Répertoires et actes de communication en situation plurilingue : le cas de Ziguinchor au Sénégal
Authors: Juillard Caroline
Published: November 2011

Juillard, Caroline - "Repertoires and communicative acts in a plurilingual situation: the case of Ziguinchor in Sénéga".

The ways in which plurilingualism works in a pluriethnic town of South Senegal, and the dynamics of usages are examined from various viewpoints : a) statements of children about their variable use of languages in their repertoire, according to the addressee - b) management of their own repertoire by grown-up speakers within practical situations - c) use of the languages in contact for trading on market places. The relationship between the place of the speaker in his group and the language choice is studied. The expansion of Wolof, a language « introduced » from the north of the country, and its vernacularization in the urban context, especially among women and youth, reveals a newly developing identity.
Pour la reconnaissance du droit des locuteurs à disposer de leur idiome. Un nouveau principe linguistique
Authors: Blanchet Philippe
Published: November 2011

Blanchet Philippe - "For the recognition of the right of speakers to linguistic self-determination. A new linguistic principle".

As the democratic ethic of the human rights is asserting itself throughout the world, it seems logical to recognise the linguistic rights of the individual. Language is in fact the central phenomenon of individual and collective identity but idioms and groups suffer from the law of ruling minorities who assume the power to define collective identities and control idioms - whether at the level of social use or of internal functionning. This forms part of global domination : decision-makers belong generally to the ruling classes. The right of speakers to linguistic self-determination must be recognised, that is to say the right of every individual to participate by expression of opinion or by voting, in all decisions concerning his idiom.
Continuité et discontinuité dans les récits de vignerons. Le rôle du pronom personnel dans la distanciation du sujet à l'égard du passé et du groupe
Authors: Carteron Benoît
Published: November 2011

Carteron, Benoît - "Continuity and discontinuity in wine-growers'tales. The role of personal pronouns in a subject's distancing from his past and group".

An ethnographic survey eliciting professional life-stories from winegrowers permits us to relate personal pronouns to the distance a subject keeps from past/collective events. First, a life-story does not pretend to be an authentic reflection of former times but on the contrary tends to reinforce distancing oneself from the traditional past. In this framework, an enunciative approach to personal pronouns permits a differenciated treatment of the tales. The pronouns "on" and "nous", which, when they appear in the context of collective values expressed in the form of universal truths, place the subject in a past/present and individual/group continuity which the life-story usually breaks up.
Du bon usage des langues dans une communauté plurilingue : les histoires drôles des judéo-espagnols d'Istanbul
Authors: Varol Marie-Christine
Published: November 2011

Les histoires drôles raccontées par les Judéo-Espagnols de Turquie mettent en scène quelques-unes des langues pratiquées par cette communauté : judéo-espagnol, turc, français, hébreu biblique, italien. L'humour fonctionne comme vérification sociale de la validité des choix linguistiques communautaires : dénigrement du judéo-espagnol et des variétés locales ou parlées par les Juifs, choix de l'hébreu comme langue juive identitaire, préférence pour les langues nationales normées, associées à la mobilité sociale et à la modernité. La maîtrise parfaite du turc apparaît comme le but principal et la clé de l'intégration socio-écomomique, la connaissance des autres langues un lien historique à maintenir avec l'Europe, l'hébreu le dépositaire de l'identité.
Révolte sociale et mise en question des normes linguistiques : la redécouverte du poète Gaston Couté
Authors: Pillet Elisabeth
Published: November 2011

Pillet Elisabeth - Social revolt and questioning linguistic norms: a rediscovery of the poet Gaston Couté.

Gaston Couté (1880-1911) became famous ca. 1900 in Paris cabarets. Couté projected a revolutionary image of peasants, both in content (progressive ideas, a complex image of country life, opposing former stereotypes) and in form (regional French, popular genres, original style). This image contradicted the picture of peasants produced in mainstream literature. Couté, long forgotten, was rediscovered in the 70 's and 80 's, as part of the alternative cultural trends. Analysis of contemporary criticism shows that his admirers then particularly appreciated Couté 's use of a popular vernacular, and established a close link between rebellion against the social order and challenging linguistic norms.