bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keeping Secrets
Authors: Groll Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents the author’s argument that parents of a donor-conceived child should disclose to their child that they are donor-conceived. It begins by presenting two standard arguments for this view: the Medical Disclosure view and the Harmful Secrets view. According to the first, parents should disclose to their child that she is donor-conceived because doing so may well be important for medical reasons. According to the second, parents should disclose to their child that she is donor-conceived because keeping the information secret will likely cause distress for the both the parents and the child. In the second part of the chapter, the author develops a novel argument for disclosure, namely that failure to do so violates the norms of intimacy that govern a healthy parent-child relationship.
The Bionormative Prejudice
Authors: Groll Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents, and responds to, an objection to the Significant Interest view which claims that people’s interest in acquiring genetic knowledge is not worthwhile because it is insidiously morally problematic. What makes it insidiously morally problematic, according to this objection, is that the interest in genetic knowledge both reflects and further entrenches bionormative prejudice, i.e. a form of prejudice which maintains that the ideal family is one where parents are genetically related to their children. The author responds by showing that even though bionormative prejudice is prevalent in society, it does not undermine the value of people’s interest in genetic knowledge.
The Donor’s Responsibilities
Authors: Groll Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the nature and extent of a gamete donor’s responsibility for their genetic offspring. The author argues that even if gamete donation is the kind of activity that triggers parental responsibility, gamete donors do not typically ever incur actual parental responsibility. Instead, they incur prospective parental responsibility, which is typically transferred to intended parents before the child comes into existence. The author argues that while prospective parental responsibility can be responsibly transferred, potential donors are generally obligated to be open donors so as not to implicate themselves in the morally problematic practice of conceiving children with anonymously donated gametes.
Policy and Practice
Authors: Groll Daniel
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the author argues that even though creating children with anonymously donated gametes is (usually) morally wrong, people should be legally allowed to do it. This is partly because the failure to use an open donor is on a par with other permissible parental failures. But it is also because legally prohibiting anonymous gamete donation without simultaneously working to disrupt the bionormative schema of society will have negative expressive effects. This last point leads to a longer answer to the question of whether anonymous gamete donation should be prohibited: if legal prohibition should be pursued, it should only happen in the context of combating the bionormativity of society so as to minimize the expressive effects of simply outlawing anonymous gamete donation.
Pornography Viewers
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

It is of interest to public health to determine the percentage of people who view pornography and to characterize the population of pornography viewers. This chapter presents estimates of lifetime and past-year pornography viewing for US populations, discusses whether pornography viewers consume pornography more frequently than in decades past, and presents estimates for pornography exposure for children and by demographic subgroups. The chapter concludes that pornography use is not rare and is not restricted to only males, young people, or the nonreligious. The chapter argues that the prevalence of pornography use alone is insufficient to qualify it as a public health crisis. If pornography use is both common and causes harm, that would be a compelling argument for addressing it as a public health concern.
Pornography Content
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

There are now more than 90 categories of pornography on offer on mainstream Internet sites. This chapter argues that pornography is far from monolithic, which makes studying its impact complicated. Further, the chapter suggests that the sheer volume and variety of pornography are not inherently harmful to public health, although there is some potential that the variety of sexually explicit media available could be marketing strategy to lure or secure consumers. Four specific types of pornography—magna/anime, incest, barely legal, and kink/BDSM—are discussed. The chapter reviews findings from content analyses of porn, including so-called feminist pornography. The need for more research on race and racism in mainstream, Internet pornography is highlighted.
The Effects of Pornography on Youth
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

Historically, moral panics have often centered the possible impact of media on youth. It is not easy to disentangle the effects of sexual media in general from the effects of sexually explicit media on youth. However, this chapter argues that the bulk of the evidence on the influence of mainstream online pornography on youth suggests that there is, on average, a negative effect and that there may be particular reasons for concern in the absence of comprehensive sex education. The chapter provides statistical information on the prevalence of pornography use by youth, the age of first exposure, and sexting, as well as evidence-based information about risk factors for, and consequences of, use. The chapter argues that public health professionals need to safeguard underage youth from the potential harms of pornography while pushing back on nonscientific claims about its effects and promoting a sex-positive perspective on sex simultaneously.
The Occupational Safety and Health of Pornography Performers
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the work-related hazards faced by pornography performers and other laborers in the adult entertainment industry workforce. The chapter reviews demographics and characteristics of pornography performers, what health-related and other challenges those in the industry face because of their work, which organized groups support their collective health and safety on the job, and what policies have been drafted that seek to address pornography performers’ health and safety. The chapter details health hazards, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), violence on set, stigma, the challenges of working as independent contractors, and lack of wage transparency in the industry. The chapter emphasizes that occupational safety and health hazards faced by performers are undoubtedly compounded when performers are Black, Latinx, transgender, or identify as belonging to another marginalized group. Public health advocates should focus on promoting the well-being of those who work in the pornography industry by establishing meaningful, long-term, trusting partnerships with those presently working in the industry.
Pornography Literacy
Authors: Rothman Emily F.
Published: September 2021

Media literacy is the ability to think critically about how media messages shape culture, society, and behavior. Pornography literacy, then, involves teaching people to think critically about the messages about behavior that they receive from pornography and building their capacity to choose whether to internalize what is being imparted. Increasingly, there are calls to incorporate porn literacy into sex education curricula. This chapter explains the theory behind media literacy interventions, summarizes their success, defines porn literacy, and provides an in-depth introduction to one porn literacy intervention designed to reduce dating and sexual violence. The chapter describes parents’ reactions to the porn literacy intervention and outlines ongoing questions about porn literacy.
Self and Self-Representation in the Long Twentieth Century
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: September 2021

Six issues are salient in discussions of the first person since 1900: immunity to error through misidentification; the possibility of survival without survival of one’s body; the elusiveness of the self; the role of the first person attitudes in the explanation of action; the first person component in mental concepts; and the role of the first person simulation in explaining the actions of others. Since 1900, there have been accounts both of the nature of the first person concept, and accounts of the nature of subjects of experience. This paper discusses the achievements and limitations of these accounts in addressing the preceding six issues. These issues are also assessed against a wider range of possibilities, both for the first person and for the subject to which it refers, than are considered in this literature.
System-Level Information Resolution and Contractibility
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador
Published: September 2021

This chapter tests the argument that information resolution is needed for subnational government capital markets by focusing on nationwide information resolution institutions and how they bear upon the activity and size of subnational government capital markets. It presents evidence how contractibility— information transparency, extent of disclosure, and regulatory quality—impact the size of subnational government debt. The analysis establishes that national capacity to resolve information problems in the credit system affect subnational borrowing, other fundamental institutions held constant. This analysis addresses the questions: What aspects of information resolution matter? How does information resolution affect the size of subnational government capital markets?
Introduction
Authors: Schoppa R. Keith
Published: September 2021

This introduces the book’s main issues via a historical vignette of German imperialism in Southwest Africa from the 1890s to 1908. The German strategy was to seize the land of the most powerful tribes in the area for German immigrants to farm. In the process, Germans unethically victimized the Africans, undercutting their culture, their roles, and identity as regional leaders. German racism was a continuum, a hallmark being frequent floggings, which Germans considered “parental chastisement.” When the key tribe rebelled in 1904, German forces fought not simply to defeat them but also to completely obliterate them. It was the twentieth century’s first genocide: 92,000 Africans were slain.
Two Tolstoys and a Lenin—Temperance and Prohibition in Russia
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Part I of the book—covering Europe’s continental empires—begins with Chapter 2 on the Russian Empire. The state’s overreliance on revenues from the imperial vodka monopoly is laid bare beginning with the temperance revolts of the 1850s, when the empire was almost bankrupted when peasants refused to drink. The understanding of temperance as opposition to imperial autocracy is traced through the antistatist teachings of Leo Tolstoy and early Bolsheviks, including the prohibitionists Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. Despite official opposition to “subversive” temperance activism, at the outbreak of World War I in 1914 Tsar Nicholas II made Russia the first prohibitionist state, though the loss of state revenue paved the way for the revolutions of 1917. Lenin maintained a prohibition against the vodka trade, which was only undone after Lenin’s death by Joseph Stalin, who reintroduced the tsarist-era vodka monopoly in the interests of state finance.
The Dry Man of Europe—Ottoman Prohibition against British Domination
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

Chapter 8 examines temperance and prohibition history within the Ottoman Empire and secular Turkey. Drinking and viticulture were widespread throughout the empire, though the trade was often in the hands of non-Muslims. The Ottoman liquor traffic even became integral to the European-run Ottoman Public Debt Administration. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was among the drunkest leaders in world history, yet Atatürk and the secular Turkish government in Ankara embraced prohibitionism as a means of denying badly needed alcohol revenues to the Christians occupying their lands—most notably the British controlling Istanbul and the Greeks around Smyrna. Turkish prohibition expanded across Anatolia, as Atatürk liberated Turkey’s occupied territories. Only in 1924, with the end of foreign occupation, was the Kemalist prohibition rescinded, and replaced with a national alcohol monopoly, in which the financial benefits of the liquor trade would accrue to the Turkish state, not to foreigners.
“All Great Reforms Go Together”—Temperance and Abolitionism
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with the starting point of conventional temperance narratives: Lyman Beecher’s Six Sermons on Intemperance (1826), and the American Temperance Society (ATS). Rather than being an admonishment against drinking, his sermons condemned the selling of drink, thus underscoring how the modern temperance movement always tilted against the profit motive of the liquor traffic rather than against booze itself. Understanding prohibitionism as a weapon of the weak, this chapter examines the overlooked role of black temperance at a time when abolitionism and temperance were virtually synonymous. In 1851 Maine rescinded all liquor-selling licenses, making it the first prohibition state: a move applauded by Frederick Douglass and black activists, who equated the bonds of addiction with the bonds of slavery. Even the great emancipator himself—the famously temperate Abraham Lincoln—was instrumental in passing Illinois’s “Maine Law” while a state legislator.
Prohibition against American Imperialism
Authors: Schrad Mark Lawrence
Published: September 2021

As temperance has largely been synonymous with anti-imperialism the world over, Chapter 15 examines it during America’s imperial era: specifically the Spanish-American War and the conquest of the Philippines. It begins by charting the relationship between Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy and William Jennings Bryan, who became America’s most outspoken foe of both American imperialism and the exploitative liquor traffic. The anti-canteen movement arose in response to the increasing drunkenness and exploitation of American soldiers—as well as native Cuban and Filipino populations—by the liquor traffic backed by the US military. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the emerging Anti-Saloon League helped secure an anti-canteen law in 1901, effectively getting the US government to restrain its own predatory excesses. The chapter concludes with Bryan’s evangelical, social gospel progressivism, highlighting the shared community protection logic of prohibitionism and anti-imperialism.
Outside the Bubble
Authors: Vaccari Cristian , Valeriani Augusto
Published: September 2021

The ways in which citizens experience politics on social media have overall positive implications for political participation and equality in Western democracies. This book investigates the relationship between political experiences on social media and institutional political participation based on custom-built post-election surveys on samples representative of Internet users in Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States between 2015 and 2018. On the whole, social media do not constitute echo chambers, as most users see a mixture of political content they agree and disagree with. Social media also facilitate accidental encounters with news and exposure to electoral mobilization among substantial numbers of users. Furthermore, political experiences on social media have relevant implications for participation. Seeing political messages that reinforce one’s viewpoints, accidentally encountering political news, and being targeted by electoral mobilization on social media are all positively associated with participation. Importantly, these political experiences enhance participation, especially among citizens who are less politically involved. Conversely, the participatory benefits of social media do not vary based on users’ ideological preferences and on whether they voted for populist parties. Finally, political institutions matter, as some political experiences on social media are more strongly associated with participation in majoritarian systems and in party-centric systems. While social media may be part of many societal problems, they can contribute to the solution to at least two important democratic ills—citizens’ disconnection from politics and inequalities between those who choose to exercise their voice and those who remain silent.
Sweep Me Off My Feet
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the British musical in the 1960s. It begins by considering how Lionel Bart's successful Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be (1960), Oliver! (1960), Blitz! (1962), and Maggie May (1964) form a cornerstone in the history of the British Musical. Indeed, Bart left his mark on the era, partly through a renewed interest in adapting classics and partly in a yen for experimentation. In fact, the first British concept musical came along just a year after Oliver! In the form of Monty Norman and Wolf Mankowitz's Belle; or, The Ballad of Dr. Crippen (1961). Belle was one of the quirkiest shows of its time, but then the concept musical is quirky by nature, as witnessed by Stop the World—I Want To Get off (1961). Most experimental of all during this period was Joan Littlewood's Oh What a Lovely War (1963). Despite all this experimentation, the comedy musical was still vital; the Whitehall Theatre added to its series of sex farces with a musical farce, Come Spy With Me (1966), a spoof of James Bond thrillers starring drag artist Danny La Rue.
With One Look I’ll Be May
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks in greater detail at the career of Andrew Lloyd Webber, who commands many styles, freely moving from one to another within a single score. The Phantom Of the Opera (1986) dabbles in pastiche of vintage opera forms, yet its title song is disco. Evita (1978) opens with a choral requiem, which is dissonantly modern, but then Che Guevarra turns around and addresses the audience in rock. The through-sung scores set soothing melody right next to jagged recitative. Ultimately, Lloyd Webber's music is a paradox, and this is one reason why he has detractors. After Jesus Christ Superstar (1971) and Evita, Lloyd Webber’s subsequent projects attracted intense interest. Many people regarded Cats (1982) as a folly. But Cats proved irresistible then and after, in part because it turned pop opera joyful after the hieratic ceremonies of its two founding titles. Superstar is not a comedy and Evita's “comedy” is actually bitter irony; but Cats is all for fun, tempered only by the occasional solemnity.
A Little Bit Naughty
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the British musical over the last thirty years. As pop operas continued to appear, Chess (1986), Tim Rice's collaboration with Benny Anderson and Björn Ulvaes (from the Swedish pop group ABBA), was considered a classy example, centered on a rivalry of chess champions. ABBA's catalogue in the jukebox show Mamma Mia! (1999) creates a line-up of point numbers fitted into an innocuous story. In comparison, Chess tells of globally dangerous affairs of state and is very precisely musicalized with just one incongruous number, “One Night In Bangkok,” which would seem to have been created solely to guarantee a big hit song. Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, understanding that the proper launching site for an international success was London or New York, gave the West End Miss Saigon (1989) and Martin Guerre (1996). With such serious musicals as Girl From the North Country (2017) and the pop-opera cycle commanding the scene, musical comedy as such started to become scarce, though Spamalot (Broadway 2005; West End 2006) showed the comedy musical is still capable of claiming smash hit status.
A Story of Us
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter
Published: September 2021

It’s time for a new story of our origins. One reason is that there a great deal of new evidence about what humans are like and the conditions that shaped human evolution. Another is that the thinking on human evolution has shifted. Evolutionists recognize that humans are very different from other animals, and they have been working to explain the different evolutionary path that humans took. There are still many gaps in the story, but this book describes seven points in our ancestors’ tale and explains the evidence behind these descriptions. The story begins seven million years ago, with the life of our ape ancestors, which were also the ancestors of today’s chimpanzees and bonobos. The second point is three million years ago with an ape that walked upright and lived outside the forest. Then follows a description of the life of early humans who lived one and a half million years ago. At the fourth point, 100,000 years ago, humans lived in Africa who were physically very similar to modern humans. The fifth is 30,000 years ago, during the last ice age, when our ancestors had evolved more complex cultures. The sixth is the period of accelerating cultural evolution that began as the planet started to recover from this ice age. Finally, beginning in the 1700s, there is the transformational period we are in now, which we call “modern times.” The style of this book is unusual for a science book because it has narrative sections that illustrate the lives of our ancestors and the problems they faced.
Humans Like Us (About 100,000 Years Ago)
Authors: Newson Lesley , Richerson Peter J.
Published: September 2021

By 100,000 years ago, humans walked the Earth who were very similar to us physically and genetically, but they lived in small family bands and their culture was much simpler than the culture of any humans living today. The authors argue that these humans had the capacity to participate in more complex cultures and suggest that this capacity evolved because families had to cooperate closely to raise children in times when climate was very variable. Natural selection worked at two levels—on individuals but also on families. Families that were best at cooperating and raising the next generation were most likely to survive. These successful families passed on both their genes and their culture to the next generation. The chapter reviews evidence gained from studies of humans and comparisons of humans and chimpanzees that reveal humans’ unique motivation and ability to work together.
The World Soul in the Platonic Tradition
Authors: Wilberding James
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores Plato’s concept of the world soul and the ways in which the concept was developed by subsequent Platonists over the following millennium. In section 1.1, Plato’s arguments for the existence of the world soul are explored, and some of the tensions and puzzles in Plato’s account(s) are set out. Sections 1.2 and 1.3 examine two different approaches to coming to terms with these tensions, both of which involve moving away from the notion of a single monolithic world soul. Whereas Platonists such as Plutarch of Chaeronea developed a more dualistic conception of the world soul that envisioned a primitive, irrational, and evil soul giving way to the rational cosmic soul (section 1.2), Plotinus proposed a stratified conception of the world soul, with each subsequent stratum engaged in a more derivative form of contemplation than its upper neighbor and involved in a more direct form of administration of the world (section 1.3).
Introduction
Authors: Quinn Emelia
Published: September 2021

The Introduction establishes the key theoretical paradigms within which the book is positioned. It contextualizes the contemporary vegan movement and offers a broad definition of veganism, and its distinction from vegetarianism, before situating the work within the emergent field of vegan theory and detailing its origins in the related fields of animal studies, ecocriticism, posthumanism, food studies, and moral philosophy. Vegan theory’s key points of intersection with contemporary queer theory are also elaborated. The Introduction argues that veganism might best be conceptualized as a state of strategic insufficiency, and queering of normative humanity, in which a sense of failure and complicity co-exists alongside utopian gestures and ethical commitments.
H. G. Wells and Monstrous Vegan Desires
Authors: Quinn Emelia
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on the work of H. G. Wells and in particular his The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896). The Beast People of Doctor Moreau manifest a Frankensteinian legacy through their monstrous veganism, iterating the four key traits of the monstrous vegan as identified in Chapter 1. Framed through a consideration of ‘vegansexuality’, this chapter considers the relationship between alimentary and sexual desire. Contextualized in relation to late-nineteenth-century anti-vivisection movements and Darwinian ideas, veganism, as ethical abstraction divorced from the corporeal body, is seen to result in a failure to acknowledge the reality of human desires and the inescapably cannibalistic nature of our relation to others. The veganism of the Beast People is associated with artificiality, as a linguistic appendage that must be continually recited. Veganism is also seen as a spectre of the future, a utopian aspiration corrupted by its contact with the animal body.
J. M. Coetzee and Monstrous Vegan Performativity
Authors: Quinn Emelia
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 turns to the work of J. M. Coetzee, establishing a reparative means of confronting violence against the nonhuman. Framed in relation to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s notion of paranoid and reparative reading, this chapter suggests what might be done with our identification of the monstrous vegan as a pervasive literary trope. Focusing on Coetzee’s Elizabeth Costello texts, this chapter reads Costello as a performative enactment of the monstrous vegan. The staging of veganism as performance is seen to enable a reclamation of joy, pleasure, and optimism: affective states often abandoned in order to bear witness to violence against nonhuman animals. The chapter argues that the literary staging of veganism as monstrous performance provides an important framework for re-investing in the possibilities of vegan identity: offering a mode of detachment that refuses moral purity or the claim of ‘the beautiful soul’ by acknowledging self-interest and an entanglement in the violence of representational strategies.
Alan Hollinghurst and Monstrous Vegan Camp
Authors: Quinn Emelia
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 turns to the manifestation of the monstrous vegan trope in two works by the British novelist Alan Hollinghurst: The Swimming-Pool Library (1988) and The Sparsholt Affair (2017). In order to establish the reparative potential of Hollinghurst’s vegan monsters, this chapter establishes the concept of ‘vegan camp’. Vegan camp is defined as a political aesthetic that transforms the trauma of recognizing the exploitation of animals into witty commentary on anthropocentric attitudes. Vegan camp offers the possibility of enjoying that which one is expected to repudiate, a queer mode of being and desiring that hyperbolically performs its failure to stand outside of existing structures of pleasure. Hollinghurst’s novels are seen to offer the potential of embracing derogatory vegan stereotypes as a means of challenging normative scripts of desire. Reading Hollinghurst’s novels through the lens of vegan camp offers a mode of asserting vegan agency.
Introduction
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s main themes. It explains why public health policy matters, and why public policy requires ethical and philosophical reflection. It introduces debates around the definition of disease and illness, and debates about the definition of public health. It examines why public health was initially largely excluded from the purview of medical ethics and bioethics in the 1960s and following decades, and some of the drivers behind the rise of ethical reflection on public health since 2000. It also briefly introduces the structure of the rest of the book.
Ethics for Complex Systems
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that the scale of the challenge posed by external validity requires a similarly sizeable response. Not only should practitioners approach evidence collection and interventions in policy differently, but philosophers should also change the way they conceive of ethics. The default should no longer be to start from simplistic causal models or thought experiments, while being dimly aware that these approaches will exclude some features that would be relevant for real-world decision-making. Rather, both practitioners and philosophers should start from the premise that social processes are complex systems. Moreover, complex systems are in important aspects performative: for example, what counts as a breach of trust, or a violation of privacy, is not something that can be discovered once and for all, but is partly constituted by social norms and individual expectations, which will themselves change in response to government action.
The Right to Public Health
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter reframes the project of public health within a rights framework. It argues that there is a right to health, and this entails that individuals have a right to public health. Given that there is a right to public health, the state should undertake to reduce health risks. If a state does not take easy steps to reduce risks to health, and as a result allows significant numbers to come to harm or even death, then it violates individuals’ right to public health, and should be criticized as a Neglectful State. The ethical challenge of public health policy is therefore not the one-sided one of avoiding Nannying, but the more complex task of steering a course between Nannying and Neglect. Avoiding Neglect may involve restricting liberty in various ways.
Measuring and Combatting Health-Related Inequalities
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how health systems should measure, and respond to, health-related inequalities. Health equity is often taken to be a core goal of public health, but what exactly health equity requires is more difficult to specify. There are indefinitely many health-related variables that can be measured, and variation in each of these variables can be measured in a number of different ways. Given the systemic interconnections between variables, making a situation more equal in some respects will tend to make it less equal in others. The chapter argues for a pluralist approach to health equity measurement, which takes its cue from the lived experience of individuals’ lives. Reflection on the deepest and most resilient causes of health-related inequalities shows that they are often the result of intersecting structural concentrations of power—structures which it is vital, but very difficult, to break up.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This chapter sums up some general lessons from the book. Philosophers need to move away from implicitly viewing policymakers as outside of the system that they are attempting to steer, towards a dynamic view that sees policymakers as actors within the same system, and who will themselves be acted upon. Philosophy is at heart a form of engaged problem-solving. Philosophical thinking becomes necessary largely because of the ways in which social, political, and technological change disrupts patterns of activity that have become habitual. One central insight, which policymakers should incorporate in interpreting and building on the analysis of this book, is the need to integrate ethical analysis with rigorous analysis of systemic interactions. Realizing that there may be different ways of sustainably ‘solving’ a problem that is shaped by performativity is vital.
Afterword
Authors: Wilson James
Published: September 2021

This Afterword reflects on the initial experience of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the ways in which the approach to public policy developed in the book is enlightening for analysing the novel challenges posed by the pandemic. It contains a brief summary of the pandemic up to the point of writing, and explains how the ethical framework developed in Part II, and the more detailed reflections developed in Part III, are relevant.
Herod and his Historians
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt
Published: September 2021

In this introductory chapter, we lay out the scope and aims of our book. Who was Herod, and who wrote about him? In particular, who was Nicolaus of Damascus? And why would we want to try to recover his account of the king? We note that Herod’s modern biographers regularly make assumptions about Nicolaus that are based on a questionable premise, and opt for a new approach. We set our treatment within the history of scholarship and justify our methodological approach to Josephus’ text in the hope of recovering Nicolaus’ own views on the Eastern monarch and much more besides.
Herod the Saviour
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers Nicolaus’ construction of appropriate royal behaviour and ideology through a close examination of the famine episode at AJ 15.299–316. In describing Herod’s actions at the height of his power, Nicolaus (for we argue the passage derives from his work) revealed the same ideas on wealth that we find in his fragments. He also played on the Hellenistic ideas of the king as εὐεργέτης and σωτήρ while reflecting extensively on the importance of close relationships with individual Romans for success in the Augustan world. Furthermore, we may detect Nicolaus’ hand in showing Herod to have mirrored Augustus’ own statecraft in this passage, and in the subtly critical attitude to the Judaean people.
Epilogue
Authors: Czajkowski Kimberley , Benedikt Eckhardt
Published: September 2021

The description of Herod’s horrid death has universally been attributed to a hostile Jewish tradition. We take this as a final test case, one that pushes our approach to the extreme: could Nicolaus have written even this? For once, we leave the question open, but the discussion then allows us to revisit our methodological approach and summarize our main conclusions. At the end, implications for writing the history of Herod are spelled out.
Karl Barth’s Theological Ethics
Authors: McKenny Gerald
Published: September 2021

Barth’s theological ethics is a version of divine command ethics. However, it is a highly unusual version. Its premise is that the Word of God—the revelation and work of God’s grace to human beings in Jesus Christ—is also the command of God, that gospel is also law. What God commands, therefore, is that human beings confirm in their conduct what they already are by virtue of God’s grace to them. Human beings confirm grace in their conduct by performing actions that correspond to grace, so that the moral life is lived as a human analogy to divine grace. The problem with Barth’s divine command ethics is that the claim that grace is the norm of human action fails to do justice to human beings as creatures. For Barth, God’s resolution from eternity to be gracious to human beings and God’s realization of this eternal resolution in time determines human beings as creatures, not just as those who have fallen into sin. It follows that the human creature exists for the actualization of grace, not grace for the perfection of the creature.
Where Ethical and Epistemic Demands Meet
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

Chapter 5 explores the idea that we face a dilemma with respect to stereotyping: that when stereotypes reflect social reality, people can either do what is best from an epistemic perspective, and allow the stereotypes to influence their judgements, or they can do what is best from an ethical perspective and avoid stereotyping. This chapter shows that although ethical and epistemic demands sometimes conflict in this way, sometimes they can both be met through stereotyping, and at other times they can both be met by not stereotyping. Rather than facing a relatively straightforward dilemma, we face a serious practical difficulty of discerning, in any specific context, whether the application of a stereotype will facilitate the achievement of either or both ethical and epistemic goals. The argument in this chapter is primarily focused on the case study of stereotyping in medicine but applies broadly to stereotyping across various social domains.
Conclusion
Authors: Puddifoot Katherine
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the central claims of this book. It tracks the journey from the observation that there are multiple ways that stereotypes deceive us to the conclusion that epistemic evaluations of acts of believing stereotypes ought to focus on the dispositions associated with so believing. In the process, the chapter highlights links between various other strands of thought found in this book: the idea that social attitudes that reflect reality can bring epistemic costs while those that fail to reflect reality can have epistemic value; observations about dilemmas that we do and do not face; claims about the limitations of existing theories of the ethics of stereotyping; and arguments relating to the inadequacy of existing accounts of epistemic value to the task of evaluating acts of believing stereotypes.
Making Nonsense of Moore’s Paradox
Authors: Marcus Eric
Published: September 2021

I show how the view on offer resolves Moore’s Paradox. Moorean absurdity does not, as it is generally held, involve an inter-level conflict between first- and second-order beliefs (or the corresponding utterances); it is just a conflict between doxastic stances on the question of a single proposition’s truth. Moore-Paradoxical statements are, in this way, similar to statements of the form “p and not-p.” What makes Moorean absurdity puzzlingly puzzling is that whereas an utterance of “p” expresses the speaker’s stance on the truth of p, the corresponding utterance of “I believe that p” would seem to express the speaker’s stance on the logically unrelated proposition that she believes that p. But this is a mistake. The correct explanation of Moorean absurdity is that both assertion and explicit belief-avowal manifest precisely the same thing: self-conscious knowledge of (first-order) belief.
Gerhard Mueller’s Role in Developing the Concept of Transnational Crime for the United Nations
Authors: Natarajan Mangai
Published: September 2021

Mangai Natarajan explores the impact of the influential criminologist Gerhard Mueller on the formation of the concept of transnational crime and its institutionalization in the post-World War II period. She shows how he introduced the term transnational crime in the mid-1970s at the UN Crime Congress in Switzerland as a criminological term to describe cross-border crime, and how it slowly evolved into a legal rather than criminological descriptor and was taken up by the UN criminal justice bureaucracy.
The Emergence of Criminal Law Norms in International Organizations
Authors: Meyer Frank
Published: September 2021

Frank Meyer’s historical focus is on the post-World War II period and the activities of the UN, Council of Europe, OECD and the EU in transnational crime control. Advocating an expansion of the scope of transnational criminal law to include a broad range of law-making processes, he provides a detailed multi-dimensional map of these processes, based on a linear model of inputs into the legal process, conversion of these inputs into legal content, and outputs.
A History of Maritime Piracy
Authors: Fedorova Masha , van Kempen Piet Hein
Published: September 2021

Masha Fedorova and Piet Hein van Kempen eschew explorations of the nature of piracy to focus on whether there is some legal basis for an obligation in conventional and customary international law on states to criminalize piracy, concluding that such an obligation is absent. But the main thrust of the chapter is an historical survey which tries to decipher why this is the case.
British Anti-Slave-Trade Treaties with African and Arab Leaders as Precursors of Modern Suppression Conventions
Authors: Clark Roger S
Published: September 2021

Roger Clark shifts attention to slave-trading, but rather than focusing on the late 19th and early 20th centuries multilateral treaties against slave-trading he narrows the focus to early treaties entered into with African potentates by Great Britain. Clark illustrates how these treaties served as vehicles for the slow expansion of British enforcement power against slavers, suggesting that extraterritorial enforcement is a key driver in the expansion of transnational criminal law.
Social Anarchy, ‘Common Danger’ or Political ‘Terrorism’? Origins of Transnational Legal Suppression of Terrorism in the Unification of Criminal Laws, 1927–35
Authors: Saul Ben
Published: September 2021

Ben Saul takes us back to legal antecedents of modern terrorism laws, unfolding a story of how increases in the level and sophistication of law enforcement cooperation against anarchists led eventually to the attempted negotiation under League auspices of an anti-terrorism convention, the AIDP’s attempts to draft a code of common offences for mankind including terrorism, and the work of the International Bureau for the Unification of Criminal Laws (IBUCL) in trying to unify national criminal laws under the League.
The History of the Global Anti-Human Trafficking Agenda, with a Focus on Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation
Authors: Askola Heli
Published: September 2021

Heli Askola examines the early history of international instruments for the suppression of the trafficking in women and children involved in so called ‘white slavery’ as precursors to the more recent developments relating to human trafficking. She challenges the notion of the linear progression in the development of the law and illustrates that the contests between various NGOs and government organizations meant that this development was neither smooth nor uncontested.
Organized Crime
Authors: Forlati Serena
Published: September 2021

Serena Forlati examines the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). From an historical perspective. Standing back from the treaty, she analyses how the converging concerns of European states with cross-border crime and US concerns about the post-Cold War threat posed by organized crime together with a willingness to adopt flexible solutions made agreement on such a broad programmatic instrument possible.
The Emerging History of Transnational Criminal Law Relating to Cybercrime
Authors: Brodowski Dominik
Published: September 2021

Dominic Brodowski digs through the early days of cybercrime’s emergence emphasizing how it acquired a strong transnational element in various ways and how dominant legal frameworks such as the Budapest Convention emerged from soft law and national legislation. He examines the more recent shift from a prosecutorial focus to the pursuit of evidence held abroad, and the rising political tension around the Russian- and Chinese-backed initiative on a UN convention on cybercrime.
A Short History of Jurisdiction in Transnational Criminal Law
Authors: Jeßberger Florian
Published: September 2021

Florian Jeßberger explores the development of criminal jurisdiction in multilateral suppression conventions. He identifies general trends, such as extension, specification and standardization, and shows that suppression conventions oscillate between simple replication of firmly settled bases of jurisdiction and integration of innovative, typically subject-matter-specific bases, often pushing the boundaries of the established law of criminal jurisdiction. He also points to the repercussions of jurisdictional rules in transnational criminal law on the ambit of domestic criminal law, by (as treaty practice) shaping the permissive rules under customary international law which limit domestic authority to punish.
Commons, Global (Economic) Governance, and Democracy: Which Way Forward for International Law?
Authors: Cogolati Samuel , Wouters Jan
Published: September 2021

Millions of people have been depending on commons such as forests, pastures, grazing lands, and fisheries to meet their basic needs for centuries. Because these commons are often left unrecognized, they face the threat of enclosure, which risks depriving peoples in the Global South from their most basic access to essential resources. Legal scholars are therefore called upon to rethink the prevailing system of global governance. Very little has been said about the role that international law could play in the empowerment of communities in the self-management of their resources and in the resistance against enclosure. It remains unclear to what extent international law can require states to recognize the commons as a democratic practice of its own and protect marginalized populations from enclosure and dispossession. This chapter asks the question as to whether international law can be rethought as part of the solution in saving the commons from enclosure.
A Global Public Good? An Empirical Perspective on International Investment Law and Arbitration
Authors: Behn Daniel , Kristian Fauchald Ole , Langford Malcolm
Published: September 2021

The relationship between the concepts of international investment law and global public goods poses two essential challenges. The first is whether the international investment regime by design is a global public good. The second is whether the regime delivers benefits that are public and global in nature. This chapter addresses these two challenges through a largely empirical perspective. Drawing on three datasets, the authors seek to move beyond the current theorizing in the literature on this theme and base their findings on a comprehensive de jure and de facto analysis. After having discussed the idea of global public goods, they find that the regime high levels of de facto exclusion and in places rivalry, together with an uneven distribution of benefits, such that the international investment regime only partly fits the requirements for a global public good.
The Cyberspace and the Common Heritage of Mankind
Authors: Serrano Antonio Segura
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses whether and on which legal basis the Internet can be considered as part of the common heritage of mankind and, from this perspective, what legal implications would ensue therefrom in relation to the governance of the Internet. Even if cyberspace is not a perfect commons, Internet governance through the contours of the common heritage of mankind concept is an innovative proposal that may be successfully added to the discussion, since the features of this notion seem to create a better legal framework for Internet governance than the present multi-stakeholder approach. This proposal provides one of the best legal frameworks available in international law to achieve the common management of global critical resources for the benefit of all.