bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LHC constraints on a B − L gauge model using Contur
Authors: Amrith S. , Butterworth J. M. , Deppisch F. F. , Liu W. , Varma A. , Yallup D.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The large and growing library of measurements from the Large Hadron Collider has significant power to constrain extensions of the Standard Model. We consider such constraints on a well-motivated model involving a gauged and spontaneously-broken B − L symmetry, within the Contur framework. The model contains an extra Higgs boson, a gauge boson, and right-handed neutrinos with Majorana masses. This new particle content implies a varied phenomenology highly dependent on the parameters of the model, very well-suited to a general study of this kind. We find that existing LHC measurements significantly constrain the model in interesting regions of parameter space. Other regions remain open, some of which are within reach of future LHC data.
Interplay of the CGC and TMD frameworks to all orders in kinematic twist
Authors: Altinoluk Tolga , Boussarie Renaud , Kotko Piotr
Published: May 2019

Abstract

A framework for an improved TMD (iTMD) factorization scheme at small x, involving off-shell perturbative subamplitudes, was recently developed as an interpolation between the TMD k

t
≪ Q regime and the BFKL k

t
∼ Q regime. In this article, we study the relation between CGC and iTMD amplitudes. We first show how the dipole-size expansion of CGC amplitudes resembles the twist expansion of a TMD amplitude. Then, by isolating kinematic twists, we prove that iTMD amplitudes are obtained with infinite kinematic twist accuracy by simply getting rid of all genuine twist contributions in a CGC amplitude. Finally we compare the amplitudes obtained via a proper kinematic twist expansion to those obtained via a more standard dilute expansion to show the relation between the iTMD framework and the dilute low x framework. This allows to reinterpret the dilute expansion as a Wandzura-Wilczek approximation in the large k

t
regime.
Coarse graining holographic black holes
Authors: Engelhardt Netta , Wall Aron C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We expand our recent work on the outer entropy, a holographic coarse-grained entropy defined by maximizing the boundary entropy while fixing the classical bulk data outside some surface. When the surface is marginally trapped and satisfies certain “minimar” conditions, we prove that the outer entropy is exactly equal to a quarter the area (while for other classes of surfaces, the area gives an upper or lower bound). We explicitly construct the entropy-maximizing interior of a minimar surface, and show that it satisfies the appropriate junction conditions. This provides a statistical explanation for the area-increase law for spacelike holographic screens foliated by minimar surfaces. Our construction also provides an interpretation of the area for a class of non-minimal extremal surfaces.

On the boundary side, we define an increasing simple entropy by maximizing the entropy subject to a set of “simple experiments” performed after some time. We show (to all orders in perturbation theory around equilibrium) that the simple entropy is the boundary dual to our bulk construction.
Gravitational wave driving of a gapped holographic system
Authors: Biasi Anxo , Mas Javier , Serantes Alexandre
Published: May 2019

Abstract

This work addresses the response of a holographic conformal field theory to a homogeneous gravitational periodic driving. The dual geometry is the AdS-soliton, which models a strongly coupled quantum system in a gapped phase, on a compact domain. The response is a time-periodic geometry up to a driving amplitude threshold which decreases with the driving frequency. Beyond that, collapse to a black hole occurs, signaling decoherence and thermalization in the dual theory. At some frequencies, we also find a resonant coupling to the gravitational normal modes of the AdS-soliton, yielding a nonlinearly bound state. We also speculate on the possible uses of quantum strongly coupled systems to build resonant gravitational wave detectors.
Preschoolers’ Concepts of Digestive Physiology and Their Links with Body Mass Index
Authors: Allen Michael , Harper Lynette , Clark Zoe
Published: May 2019

In this exploratory study, a sample of 20 four-year-olds took part in structured interviews in order to assess their biological knowledge of how the human body processes a food that they perceived to be fattening. There were two main outcomes to the study. First, the sample demonstrated knowledge of the digestive processes of ingestion, digestion/distribution and terminal digestive events that was broadly analogous to previous studies, and included a number of misconceptions. A minority of children could apply biological reasoning to make holistic sense of a series of linked, abstract physiological events. Data also revealed that young learners’ models of distribution of food away from the gut might be more sophisticated than previously reported, although none of the sample could provide any mechanism for distribution. Second, data were analysed quantitatively to give performance scores which were compared with children’s standardised body mass indices. Children of healthy weight displayed more accurate scientific knowledge of digestive processes than their overweight peers at statistically significant levels. Specifically, the healthy weight children had attained a more holistic understanding of these processes. This potentially has consequences for early years biology education since findings indicate, at a tentative level, that young, overweight children could be considered as having a distinctive special educational need. We propose that there may be a possible way forward for addressing the issues of overweight and obesity in young children by improving their understanding of digestive processes. These outcomes are aligned with calls in the literature for school science education to become more focused on aspects of scientific literacy such as health education. Further studies are recommended using larger samples from more diverse populations.
Dominant vs. non-dominant hip comparison in bone mineral density in young sporting athletes
Authors: van Santen James A. , Pereira Claudio , Sanchez-Santos Maria T. , Cooper Cyrus , Arden Nigel K.
Published: May 2019

Summary

To explore differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between dominant and non-dominant hip within levels of sport impact. BMD was higher in the non-dominant hip in high-impact sports, whereas the dominant hip had increased BMD for low-impact sports. The side-to-side differences were relatively small and not clinically relevant.

Purpose

It is unknown whether there is difference in BMD at the hip between dominant and non-dominant sides in young athletes. The aims of this study were to explore the dominant–non-dominant differences in hip BMD in young athletes participating in low- and high-impact sports and to assess the effect of ground force impact on BMD.

Methods

Data was collected on University of Oxford athletes and controls (CG) between 2016 and 2018. Athletes were classified into two groups: high-impact sports (HIG) and low-impact sports (LIG). Total and regional measurements of both hips’ BMD were recorded using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression method was used to assess differences in BMD between and within groups.

Results

One hundred ninety-four athletes (HIG: n = 89, LIG: n = 105) and 48 controls were included in this study. Total hip and femoral neck BMD was higher in athletes compared to the CG (p < 0.01), with HIG recording highest levels of BMD. The BMD difference between the dominant and non-dominant sides was significant in the LIG, with BMD being higher in the dominant side. Conversly, BMD was higher in the non-dominant hip within the HIG. However, the hip asymmetries were not clinically relevant (%BMD difference < 3%). A significant interaction between side and sport group on BMD was observed.

Conclusions

High-impact sports had significantly higher BMD compared with low-impact sports and CG. BMD in the dominant hip was significantly higher for the LIG and lower in the HIG; however, differences were not clinically relevant.
An Examination of Who Is Eligible and Who Is Receiving Bariatric Surgery in England: Secondary Analysis of the Health Survey for England Dataset
Authors: Desogus Daniel , Menon Vinod , Singhal Rishi , Oyebode Oyinlola
Published: May 2019

Background

Over 2 million people in England were estimated to be eligible for bariatric surgery in 2006. In 2014, clinical guidelines were updated, widening potential eligibility, meanwhile, obesity prevalence rose. However, numbers receiving surgery decreased, and concerns exist of inequalities in access between population groups. This study is aimed at estimating the number of adults eligible for surgery in England and to compare demographics with those that receive surgery.

Methods

BMI and comorbidity status were used to determine eligibility for bariatric surgery within participants of the 2014 Health Survey for England dataset (6938 adults), based on the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Results were scaled up using national population estimates. The demographics of eligible participants were compared against 2014/2015 hospital episode statistics for sex and age group using a chi-squared analysis.

Results

Of the total population of England, 7.78% (95% CI 7.1–8.6%), or 3,623,505 people, could have been eligible for bariatric surgery in 2014; nearly a million more than if previous guidelines applied. Eligibility peaked at ages 45–54, with most in the 35–64 age group (58.9%). 58.4% of those eligible were women. Patients receiving surgery were far more likely to be female than male (76.1%) and the distribution skewed towards younger ages when compared with those eligible.

Conclusion

Bariatric surgery may benefit many people in England; significant investment is required so that service provision is adequate for demand. Differences between demographics of those eligible and receiving surgery may be explainable; however, the potential health inequality should be investigated.
Supporting primary school teachers’ classroom assessment in mathematics education: effects on student achievement
Authors: Veldhuis Michiel , van den Heuvel-Panhuizen Marja
Published: May 2019

In a three-phase study, with a total of 40 third-grade teachers and their 830 students, teachers were supported to use classroom assessment techniques (CATs) to reveal their students’ knowledge of number operations. In phase I, four teachers and 66 third-grade students participated in five monthly workshops in which CATs were co-designed and their use was discussed. In phase II, the first phase was replicated with four workshops with six different teachers and 148 third-grade students. In these two exploratory phases, we evaluated student achievement on a standardized national mathematics test in a pre-/posttest design and compared changes herein to changes in the national norm sample. In phase III, a control condition was added to the design to experimentally investigate the effect on student achievement with 30 teachers and 616 third-grade students. Teachers were randomly assigned to participate in 0, 1, 2, or 3 1-hour workshops. In all three phases, we found a significant increase in students’ mathematics achievement scores on the standardized mathematics test. In phase III, the increase was significantly larger in the classes of teachers participating in three workshops than in classes with less workshops. Additionally, results from the analysis of classroom observations, feedback forms, and interviews indicate that teachers could easily integrate the CATs into their practice and could gather valuable information on their students. The results from the different phases of this study combined indicate that supporting teachers in their development and use of classroom assessment in mathematics may contribute to the improvement of students’ mathematics achievement.
NASICON-Structured NaTi2(PO4)3 for Sustainable Energy Storage
Authors: Wu Mingguang , Ni Wei , Hu Jin , Ma Jianmin
Published: May 2019

Several emerging energy storage technologies and systems have been demonstrated that feature low cost, high rate capability, and durability for potential use in large-scale grid and high-power applications. Owing to its outstanding ion conductivity, ultrafast Na-ion insertion kinetics, excellent structural stability, and large theoretical capacity, the sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-structured insertion material NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) has attracted considerable attention as the optimal electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and Na-ion hybrid capacitors (NHCs). On the basis of recent studies, NaTi2(PO4)3 has raised the rate capabilities, cycling stability, and mass loading of rechargeable SIBs and NHCs to commercially acceptable levels. In this comprehensive review, starting with the structures and electrochemical properties of NTP, we present recent progress in the application of NTP to SIBs, including non-aqueous batteries, aqueous batteries, aqueous batteries with desalination, and sodium-ion hybrid capacitors. After a thorough discussion of the unique NASICON structure of NTP, various strategies for improving the performance of NTP electrode have been presented and summarized in detail. Further, the major challenges and perspectives regarding the prospects for the use of NTP-based electrodes in energy storage systems have also been summarized to offer a guideline for further improving the performance of NTP-based electrodes.
Effects of individual risk and state housing factors on adverse outcomes in a national sample of youth transitioning out of foster care
Authors: Prince Dana M. , Vidal Sarah , Okpych Nathanael , Connell Christian M.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Compared to their peers, youth who leave the foster care system without permanency experience greater risks for adverse young adult outcomes, including homelessness, incarceration, substance abuse, and early child birth. Extant literature focuses on individual‐level factors related to adversity. In this study, we estimated the impact of state and individual‐level risk and protective factors on adverse 19‐year‐old outcomes among a cohort of U.S. transition age youth.

Methods

We used multilevel modeling to analyze prospective, longitudinal data from two waves of the National Youth in Transitions Database (N = 7449). These data were linked to the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System, the Administration for Children and Families budget expenditures, and the American Community Survey for the period from 2011 to 2013.

Results

Approximately 30% of the variation in each of the 19‐year‐old outcomes could be attributed to state‐level effects. Residence in a state that spent above average of CFCIP budget on housing supports reduced the risk of homelessness and incarceration. Living in a state with a higher proportion of housing‐burdened low‐income renters significantly increased the risk of substance abuse and child birth. Individual‐level risks were significant: racial/ethnic minority, male gender, past risk history, placement instability, child behavioral problems, residence in group home or runaway. Remaining in foster care at age 19 reduced the odds of homelessness, incarceration, and substance abuse.

Conclusion

Macro factors, including financial support for transition‐age youth, and broader housing market characteristics, have a bearing on young adult outcomes, and raise policy questions across social and human service sectors.
The Dark Side of Good Reputation and Loyalty in Online Retailing: When Trust Leads to Retaliation through Price Unfairness
Authors: Riquelme Isabel P. , Román Sergio , Cuestas Pedro J. , Iacobucci Dawn
Published: May 2019

This research examines price variations that are perceived to be unfair which then induce consumers to retaliate online. These phenomena are growing in online retailing given the data-based means for companies to set differential pricing, and the social media venues for consumer complaints. In this research, data from 997 respondents are used to test moderated mediation relationships integrating: (1) the influence of trust (i.e., competence and benevolence) on perceived price unfairness, and its mediating role on subsequent online revenge intentions; (2) the moderating role of (a) retailer reputation and (b) customer loyalty. We find that pricing practices seen as unfair can lead to a “dark side” or a “love becomes hate” effect for loyal customers of retailers with good reputations. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Is total mesocolon excision necessary? A systematic review
Authors: Mendes Carlos Ramon Silveira
Published: May 2019

Complete mesocolon excision is an alternative in the treatment of neoplasias. The open technique was initially described for the procedure; however, it has some limitations. In this scenario, videolaparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive alternative; however, its use in complete mesocolon excision is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the results of videolaparoscopic complete mesocolon excision. A systematic review of the literature was performed for this study. Nine articles were selected, comprising 860 patients. The surgical results demonstrate the quality of the videolaparoscopic technique, which presents low morbidity and mortality and high survival rates after five years. Videolaparoscopy is a safe and effective method for complete mesocolon excision.
Visceral obesity is not correlated with lymph node metastases nor Colorectal cancer survival
Authors: Melo Vanessa , Viana Charlene , Marques Isabel , Costa Catarina , Martins Sandra F.
Published: May 2019

Introduction The presence of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer is determinant for prognosis and for treatment planning. The relationship between visceral fat and the prognosis is not fully documented in the literature, so this study intended to evaluate whether there is a relationship between the presence of visceral obesity and the presence of lymph node metastases and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Materials and methods A sample of 68 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer at Hospital de Braga between 1/1/2007 and 31/12/2007 was constructed, and their clinical and pathological data were recorded. Visceral fat, subcutaneous, and total fat areas were measured on preoperative computed tomography. Visceral obesity was defined as a ratio of visceral fat to total fat area >0.29. The ratio of metastatic lymph node (; number of metastatic lymph node/number of lymph node examined) was calculated.

Results There was a significant association between visceral obesity and male sex (p = 0.032). Patient survival at 5 and 10 years of follow-up was higher in patients with subcutaneous obesity in both periods, but not significant. There was a significant association between the ratio of metastatic lymph node and survival at 5 and 10 years (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002, respectively), with higher survival when ratio of metastatic lymph node = 0% and worse for ≥ 18%.

Conclusion In this study, no significant association was observed between visceral obesity and the number of metastatic lymph node, nor with survival at 5 and 10 years.
Influence of the method of whole wheat inclusion on performance and caecal microbiota profile of broiler chickens
Authors: Singh Yashpal , Molan Abdul Latiff , Ravindran Velmurugu
Published: May 2019

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of method of whole wheat inclusion on performance and caecal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. Fluorescencein situhybridisation analysis was used to characterise the microbiota by using genus-specific probes. Three treatments, namely, ground wheat (GW) or 200 g/kg whole wheat (WW) replacing GW before or after pelleting were evaluated. A total of 144, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were allocated to 18 cages (eight broilers per cage) based on body weight and six cages were randomly assigned to each treatment. The diets were offeredad libitumfrom day 11 to 35 post-hatch. The WW fed birds, regardless of the method of inclusion, resulted in poorer weight gain (P < 0.05) and reduced feed intake (P < 0.001), but a similar feed per gain (P > 0.05) compared to those fed the GW diet. The WW diet, regardless to the method of inclusion, had no effect (P > 0.05) on the populations ofLactobacillusandBacteroides spp.compared with the GW diet. TheBifidobacterium spp.population was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed the GW diet compared with WW feeding, regardless of the method of inclusion. A reduction (P < 0.05) in the numbers of pathogenicClostridiumandCampylobacter spp.were observed in caecal samples from birds fed WW diets, regardless of method of inclusion, compared with those fed the GW diet, which was attributed to increased gizzard activity. Birds fed WW diets, regardless to the method of inclusion, showed a reduction in gizzard pH (P < 0.05), microbial gas production (P < 0.05), and an increase in gizzard weight (P < 0.05) relative to the GW treatment. The results indicated that the gizzard has an important function as a barrier organ, one that prevents pathogenic bacteria from entering the distal digestive tract.
Diplomatic Missions and Embassy Property
Authors: Nash Marian L.
Published: May 2019

By a note handed to the Secretary of the People’s Committee (the ranking official) of the Libyan “People’s Bureau” at Washington, on December 22, 1980, the Department of State signified acceptance by the United States Government of an offer of compensation from the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya for damages and expenditures that resulted from a mob attack (“students’ spontaneous demonstration”) on the American Embassy at Tripoli on December 2, 1979. Without acknowledging responsibility for the attack, the Libyan Government had agreed to pay compensation in a note received in the Department on December 6, 1979. Following the attack, the United States had reduced its mission at Tripoli to two officers, whom it withdrew on May 2, 1980, when the American Embassy at Tripoli was closed.
Judicial Assistance
Authors: Nash Marian L.
Published: May 2019

In a note of June 10, 1980, the Turkish Embassy requested assistance from the Department of State in connection with a child custody proceeding in a Virginia State court. The court had reportedly ruled that, because there was martial law in certain Turkish provinces, Turkey was not a safe place of residence for the children. The Embassy suggested that it was not for the court to “pass judgment about conditions in Turkey about which authoritative information is not in its possession”; rather, it was “the responsibility of the executive to make a policy decision about the visit and residence of U.S. citizens in foreign countries and [to] inform the judicial and legislative bodies.”
Claims Settlement Agreements
Authors: Nash Marian L.
Published: May 2019

On December 18, 1980, the Department of State announced that the United States Government had accepted the proposal by the Government of Israel to pay $6 million in three annual installments of $2 million each, beginning on January 15, 1981, as final settlement of U.S. claims arising out of an unprovoked attack upon the Liberty on June 8, 1967, by Israeli aircraft and motor torpedo boats in international waters in the eastern Mediterranean. The attack occurred while the ship was some 20 miles off the Sinai coast during the Six-Day War.
Scriptural, Essenic, and Mishnaic Approaches to Civil Law and Government: Some Comparative Remarks
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: May 2019

Even when a division draws heavily upon the facts of Scripture, as does Mishnah's division of Damages, the framers and organi resort to Scripture's theory of what is to be done with those facts. The scriptural data, while essential, simply are incidental to the formation and theory of the Mishnaic system. In no way do the theories of substance or organization of scriptural law-codes impress the framers of Mishnah, who choose their own outline to make their own points. What is further to be seen is that, when we compare the systemic constructions of another Israelite group of approximately the same time and the same place, in this instance, the Essene community represented by the so-called Damascus Covenant, which provides considerable information on the political structures envisaged in its community, we gain a measure of insight.
Hellenistic Preconceptions of Shipwreck and Pollution as a Context for Acts 27–28
Authors: Ladouceur David
Published: May 2019

In a recent analysis of Acts 27–28, Miles and Trompf have emphasized the strategic position of these sections in the text and their value as a kind of witness for Lukan theology. Luke's statement that “everyone escaped to land” after the shipwreck (27:44), they argue, is in fact a “long-forgotten theological punch line.” To an ancient reader, the assertion that all escaped with their lives would, they contend, be prima facie evidence of Paul's innocence. Drawing on pagan concepts of divine retribution, pollution, and shipwreck, they attempt to reconstruct the attitude of this reader on his first encounter with these passages. If Paul had been guilty, such a reader, according to their reconstruction, would have believed that his pollution should have resulted in death for himself and/or fellow passengers. The fact that no one died, however, would amount to “decisive confirmation of Paul's innocence.” There was no need, therefore, to relate the outcome of Paul's appeal to Caesar since he had already been put to the test “by forces and exigencies far more dreaded than the requirements of a human law court.”
Essence, Existence, and the Fall: Paul Tillich's Analysis Of Existence
Authors: Dreisbach Donald F.
Published: May 2019

Paul Tillich's theology is largely an attempt to interpret or at least illuminate Christian concepts by using ontological or philosophical concepts. An important part of Tillich's system is his treatment of sin and the fall, a treatment that is in effect an analysis of existence. But this analysis is beset with ambiguities and difficulties. It is my purpose here to clarify and to defend Tillich's existential analysis.
Bathing in Krishna: A Study in Vaiṣṇava Hindu Theology
Authors: Hudson Dennis
Published: May 2019

So Aṇṭāḷ begins her poemTiruppāvai, portraying in thirty verses one episode in the life of Krishna and his cowherd lovers, but one highly significant for the Śrī Vaiṣṇavas of South India. In this poem, they believe, is embedded the essence of the Upanishads, and through it the Lord Vishnu will bathe his devotees with grace and unending delight. The purpose of this study is to consider what Śrī Vaiṣṇavas believe the essential teaching of the Upanishads to be and how it is found in the text. To do so we will focus on the theme of bathing as it is portrayed in the poem itself, in the traditional account of the poet's life, and in the earliest complete commentary on the poem.
To Sabbatize in Peace: Jews and New Christians in Sixteenth-Century Portuguese Polemics
Authors: Talmage Frank
Published: May 2019

E. H. Carr's injunction that “when we take up a work of history, our first concern should be not with the facts which it contains but with the historian who wrote it” is well justified by the current state of research in the field of Iberian cryptojudaism and its subsequent development outside the peninsula. As in the study of Iberian history itself, vested interests, strong personal biases, and allegiances to national or partisan schools of historiography have frequently stood in the way of dispassionate inquiry into the subject and led to polarizaton and obfuscation. Over and above this, fruitful study has been impeded by the “blind-men-and-the-elephant” fallacy.
Theology, Anthropology, and the Human Body in Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion
Authors: Miles Margaret R.
Published: May 2019

One of the most important questions to ask when one is beginning to reformulate the views of a historic author on the human body is the question of what role his discussion of the body plays in his theology. Does his theology require and depend on his evaluation of the meaning and value of the body? Do pressing polemical or cultural discussions demand the author's interest in describing the role of the body in human life? These questions are consistently useful in illuminating the author's intent in writing about the body. Placing ideas of the body in the theological and anthropological context in which they appear is essential if we are to avoid the inevitable distortion of an author's ideas, which is the result of “proof-texting” the author's statements about the body.
The Lawyer's Divided Loyalties: An Introductory Note
Authors: Ginossar Shalev
Published: May 2019

The three papers published hereafter were presented at an International Conference on the Ethics and Responsibilities of the Legal Profession held in Tel Aviv from 17–21 August 1980. As could be expected, the views expressed therein are not identical, but since they are all connected with the manner in which the nature and the function of the profession is conceived, it may be useful to outline the attitude of the law of Israel on the subject.

The Chamber of Advocates Law, enacted in 1961 to supersede the Advocates Ordinance, 1938, declares in sec. 54 that —

In carrying out his functions, an advocate shall serve the interests of his client loyally and devotedly and shall help the court to dispense justice.

The statute apparently places at the same level the lawyer's duties to his client and to the court: the order in which it enumerates them does not indicate any intention of priority—any more than in the Decalogue the respect due to one's father can be said to take preecdence over that to one's mother. The same two fundamental duties are mentioned, in reverse order, in the Rules of Professional Ethics made in 1966 by the National Council of the Chamber of Advocates with the approval of the Minister of Justice.
The Lawyer's Role and the Models of Civil Process
Authors: Taruffo Michele
Published: May 2019

One of the major issues in lawyer's professional ethics is that of the lawyer's duties towards the court and the administration of justice. The question is whether the lawyer has ethical responsibility only towards his client, or whether he also plays a role as a judge's assistant and has responsibilities arising from such a role.

In research on the subject, the problem is not posed in uniform terms and there are no commonly shared solutions. The prevailing trend is to give different answers according to the various roles which the lawyer is supposed to play in a judicial process with an adversary rather than an inquisitorial framework. Such a distinction is often viewed as fundamental just in order to define the lawyer's ethical duties in the civil process. So, it is usually said that in the adversary system the attorney plays a typical partisan role, and that he is client-centered because his task is only to represent his client with the best zeal and by all the means permitted by law. Hence comes the metaphor of the lawyer as a “hired gun”, who must use all his abilities only to serve the client.
Concurrent Criminal Jurisdiction in the International Sphere
Authors: Feller S. Z.
Published: May 2019

1. General: The topic under discussion relates to the incidence of the criminal laws of more than one state applying to the same offence, committed by the same person, and the question with which we are confronted is how—if at all—this phenomenon may be prevented, and, if it is inevitable, and if remedies are called for, what are the available remedies.

The topic falls within the orbit of international criminal law as a branch of law comprising the system of norms of domestic criminal law, which regulates matters containing a foreign element, and of international law, which regulates matters containing a criminal element. And indeed, concurrent incidence of criminal laws as aforesaid is the fruit of the regulation by norms of this nature.

In order to provide answers to the questions concerning concurrent jurisdiction as a consequence of the concurrent incidence of the criminal laws of several states, it is necessary to answer a preliminary question, i.e., is the problem of concurrent jurisdiction a procedural problem of distribution of the judicial functions amongst the courts of a number of states, or, rather, is it a fundamental, substantive problem, of which judicial competence is only the result?
Jewry's Nationals
Authors: Lador-Lederer J.
Published: May 2019

States have their nationals and religions have their religionists, each of whom shares in a distinct and inherited identity. In considering whether Jewry is one of those communities which consists of dependents born into it, three distinct variations arise: there are those who recognize that Jewry is a unitary group with the right to have a National Home; there are those who hold that Jewry, as a community, must be combatted as an enemy; there are those who view Jewry as a group of individuals, the interests of which Jewish organizations (not necessarily of a Zionist orientation) have found it to be their responsibility to safeguard in situations where their interests were not safeguarded as nationals of specific States.

In politological terms, the first and third combine positively and the second and third negatively, but in each combination Jewish organizations were faced with the obligation to act on an international level under conditions and by means so novel in terms of international practice that they were termed unprecedented and sui generis, and for which international law had no place to integrate the kind of non-governmental protective activity which was evoked, or to illustrate how a victim's experience creates law, or how scattered communities operate generically, within patterns exclusive to them.
Some New Emphases in Extradition Case Law
Authors: Feller S.Z.
Published: May 2019

In Azen v. State of Israel, the Supreme Court heard the appeal of a person who had been declared extraditable to France for offences of stealing by an agent and fraud, committed, according to the request for extradition, in France. One of the pleas raised against the decision of the District Court, in which Azen was declared extraditable, was that the specialty limitation was not guaranteed in the Extradition Treaty between Israel and France, as required by sec. 17 (a) of the Israeli Extradition Law, 1954. This section states unequivocally that —

A wanted person shall not be extradited unless it has been ensured, by an agreement with the requesting State, that he will not be detained, tried or punished in that State for another offence committed prior to his extradition;

whereas in art. 17 of the said Treaty, specialty is guaranteed in the following words:

L'individu qui aura été délivré ne pourra ni être poursuivi ou jugé en sa présence ni être, détenu …

i.e. under the Treaty, the specialty limitation is restricted, from the procedural point of view, to those processes involving physical, personal enforcement against the subject of extradition—he will not be “summoned” for interrogation, nor judged “in his presence”, nor “detained”; the Extradition Law, however, contains no such restriction, with the exception of detention which, by its very nature, requires physical enforcement.
Raising the Age of Criminal Responsibility in Israel
Authors: Hassin Yael
Published: May 2019

On June 28, 1978, the Israeli Knesset passed a Law which changed the age of criminal responsibility of juveniles, raising the threshold from 9 years of age to 13 years of age. This Law, known as the Penal Law (Amendment no. 3) 1978, is popularly called the “Yitzhaki Law”, after MK Yitzhak Yitzhaki (Likud) who initiated the Law.

From a practical point of view, the Amendment means that police interrogators may not interrogate minors under the age of 13, nor may they open criminal files on such minors or prosecute them. When and if the police are confronted with juveniles suspected of delinquent behaviour the police may take their testimony, and may refer them to the welfare officers, who, operating by virtue of the Youth (Care and Supervision) Law, 1960, are authorized to decide whether the minor requires care, and if so, the kind of care he is to receive.
Legalism versus Welfarism in Israel's Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Sebba Leslie
Published: May 2019

In its landmark decisionIn re Gault(1967), the Supreme Court of the United States held that a minor brought before the juvenile court was in principle entitled to the guarantees of due process available to adult defendants in criminal trials. That momentous decision sparked off a debate which has continued ever since in academic and policy-making circles, both on the national and international levels. In essence, the controversy relates to the question of the nature of social control measures to be adopted by the legal system to deal with errant juveniles. Should these be essentially criminal and punitive in character, or are they better considered as welfare proceedings, the essential purpose of which is to determine the appropriate treatment? Thus, the legal, or punitive, model of juvenile justice may be juxtaposed to the welfare or treatment (or even “therapeutic”) model.
Elements for a Legal Definition of Commercial Banking: A Comparative View
Authors: Ben-Oliel Ricardo
Published: May 2019

In 1941, the Banking Ordinance enacted by the High Commissioner of Palestine defined “banking business” as the “business of receiving from the public on current account money which is to be repayable on demand by check, and of making advances to customers”. The most recently enacted Israeli Banking Law (Licensing), 1981 contains a very extensive definition of banking business which includes no less than thirteen types of transactions.

This certainly reflects a new legal approach towards the economic reality of banking which in and of itself has not changed drastically. Moreover, the peculiar dynamics of the banking business also inspired the legal rule that the Governor of the Bank of Israel should have the right to enlarge the legal definition by recognizing the banking character of other transactions.
A biochemical study of adult and cystic stages of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin from Kenya
Authors: McManus D. P.
Published: May 2019

A comparative biochemical study was performed on adult and cystic stages of Echinococcus granulosus. Basic quantitative differences in metabolism were apparent between the cystic forms of sheep origin from the UK and Kenya which suggest that each may represent a different geographical strain or sub-strain.

The biochemistry of the human and sheep forms from Kenya was very similar, which probably reflects a certain close affinity between the two. The fact that the cattle, goat and camel forms of E. granulosus, from that country, were distinct biochemically, both from each other and from the sheep and human types, suggests the existence of an unusually complex strain picture there, and that these organisms are either noninfective or only poorly infective to man.

The differences in biochemical composition and metabolism observed between adults produced experimentally and those obtained from naturally infected dogs, may have been as a result of their original hydatid source and/or their differing stage of development.
Six platyhelminths from Malaysian reptiles including Paradistomoidella cerberi n.g., n.sp. (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae)
Authors: Brooks Daniel R. , Palmier James R.
Published: May 2019

Paradistomoidella cerberi n.g, n.sp. and Paracanthostomum cerberi from Cerberus rhynchops, Xenopharynx pyriformis and Allopharynx mehrai from Ptyas korros, Neopronocephalus orientalis from Geoemyda spinosa, and Duthiersia expansa from Varanus salvator are all reported from the area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Paradistomoidella cerberi most closely resembles members of Paradistomum and of Paradistomoides but is characterized by relatively short caeca, a cirrus sac containing a bipartite rather than sinuous internal seminal vesicle, and unevenly-sized suckers. Kuala Lumpur is a new locality for Paracanthostomum cerberi, X. pyriformis, A. melvrai, and D. expansa. Ptyas korros is a new host for X. pyriformis and G. spinosa is a new host for N. orientalis.
Biochemical composition and carbohydrate metabolism of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatum(Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Siddiqui Afzal A. , Nizami Wajih A.
Published: May 2019

The biochemical composition of the metacercariae ofClinostomum complanatumis: free glucose 0·516% of wet wt (2·14% of dry wt), glycogen 4·39% of wet wt (18·30% of dry wt), protein 8·7% of wet wt (36·23% of dry wt), lipids 8·64% of wet wt (35·96% of dry wt), RNA 0·08% of wet wt (0·335% of dry wt) and DNA 0·035% of wet wt (0·145% of dry wt). The pattern of glucose uptake, glucose leakage and effect of starvation on the glycogen content is similar to that reported for adult digeneans. Lactic and pyruvic acids (1·478 and 0·019μimol/g wet wt/h respectively) were found in the incubates, suggesting the presence of an active carbohydrate metabolism. Protein and lipid metabolism are also discussed briefly.
The mechanisms which affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae
Authors: Hawking F. , Jennings Tinousi , Louis F. J. , Tuira E.
Published: May 2019

1. Investigations were made of the effect of various procedures in raising or lowering the microfilaria count of Pacific type Wuchereria bancrofti in the peripheral blood.

2. Raising the body temperature in the early morning was followed by a moderate fall in the counts. Breathing increased oxygen, or reduced oxygen (hypoxia) or increased carbon dioxide, or the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced no consistent and significant changes in the count. Ingestion of glucose (in one volunteer) was followed by a small rise in the count. Muscular exercise was followed by a fall in the count, which is interpreted as probably being a response to a lower concentration of oxygen in the venous blood returning to the lung.

3. It has not been possible to identify the physiological components of the circadian rhythm of the human body which entrain the cycle of these microfilariae. Attempts to obtain evidence incriminating the stimuli described above have been unsuccessful.
Effect of mode of infection on the development and chemotherapeutic response of Hymenolepis nana in rats
Authors: Gupta Suman , Katiyar J. C. , Sen A. B.
Published: May 2019

The susceptibility of rats to Hymenolepis nana (Cestoda) and the chemotherapeutic response of anti-cestode drugs was studied during egg-induced and cysticercoid-induced infections. In cysticercoid-induced infection, the percentage of infected animals and the number of mature worms were significantly more than in egg-induced infection. The former mode of transmission required more drug to clear the parasites. These differences have been discussed on the basis of immunity engendered in the definitive host by the developing larvae.
Ecology of Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller, 1776) in perch, Perca fluviatilis, in the Serpentine, London, UK
Authors: Lee R. L. G.
Published: May 2019

In each month for one year 30 perch. Perca fluriutilis L., 1758. were examined for infection with Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller. 1776): 7·78°, of the population was infected with a mean intensity of 2·61 worms/infected fish. No seasonality of occurrcncc of maturation was observed owing to limited data. In older fish the incidence and intensity of infection was greater than in younger specimens. The parasite was significantly over-dispersed within the perch population, k = 00395...P(x2 = 9·07)>0·05. All specimens of A. lucii were found in the third quarter of the intestine from the pyloric caeca to the rectum. Evidence is presented in favour of mutual exclusion between A. lucii and the cestode Proteocephalus percae (Müller, 1780) and the nematode, Camallanus lacustris (Zoega, 1776).
Epidemiological observations on stomach worms of horses in Morocco
Authors: Pandey V. S. , Ouhelli H. , Elkhalfane A.
Published: May 2019

Six to nine horses per month (total of 94 in a year) were examined for stomach worms in the Settat region of Morocco. All the animals were infected by at least one helminth species. Habronema muscae occurred in 95–8%, H. majits in 75.6% and Trichostrongylus axeiin 80.9% of horses. Polyparasitism was observed in 93.6% of horses. Both for Habronema spp. and T. axei the peak worm burden was observed in November and minimum in June. The infection pattern Habronema spp. was directly related to the period of activity of fly vectors.
The behaviour of infective Ancylostoma caninum larvae in serum gradients
Authors: Zietse M. A. , Klaver-Wesseling J. C. M. , Vetter J. C. M.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were carried out to investigate if sera of animal species other than dog are chemotactically active for infective larvae of Ancyclostoma caninum. Those sera were also found to contain such a factor(s), although the larvae were attracted significantly better by dog serum. How this chemotaxis might be applied to the in vivo situation, when infective A. caninum larvae penetrate the skin of dogs, is discussed.
The growth and antigenicity of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps in several different strains of rats
Authors: Chernin J.
Published: May 2019

The metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps removed from a stock infection of Sprague Dawley rats were injected into seven inbred and one outbred strain of rats. The results showed that over-all female rats are more susceptible to the infection than male rats. Only one strain of rat, the Lewis male rats, was found to be resistant to the infection. There was no significant difference in the volume of metacestodes recovered from the male and female rats. The sizes of the metacestodes, after two passages through the rats, were compared to those of the original mouse strain and it was found that metacestodes from two strains of rats were significantly smaller. The antigenic expression of the metacestodes from the different strains of rats was compared and some variation in the antigenicity was observed.
Stereoscan observations on the surface topography of Gastrothylax crumenifer (Creplin, 1847) Poirier, 1883 and Paramphistomum epiclitum Fischoeder, 1904 (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Tandon Veena , Maitra S. C.
Published: May 2019

The critical-point-dried specimens of Gastrothylax crumenifer (Creplin, 1847) Poirier, 1883 and Paramphistomum epiclitum Fischoeder, 1904, both recovered from the rumen of sheep, were studied by scanning electron microscopy at magnifications ranging from 10 to 10,000 x to reveal the structural differences of the tegument between the two species.

In G. crumenifer, both dorsal and ventral surfaces have tubercle-like tegumental elevations, devoid of spines. A row of prominent, regularly arranged, button-like protuberances encircle the rim of mouth. It is suggested that these are sensory in nature. The lining of the buccal tube also bears papillae, some of which appear balloon-like. The tegument near the outer acetabular rim is thrown into prominent ridges bearing groups of six to eight small papilla-like elevations. Towards the interior of the acetabular cavity this pattern merges into one with stout, finger-like projections with groups of papillae at their blunt tips. From their structure, these projections appear to aid strong anchorage to the host's surface and the papillae to be secretory.

P. epiclitum has a similar tuberculated pattern on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. In the oral region, the tegument has some irregular, patch-like elevated areas. The acetabular surface is thrown into a pattern of deep folds and craters.
Public Enterprises in Latin America
Authors: Saulniers Alfred H.
Published: May 2019

In recent years, a considerable amount of scholarly research has been devoted to the analysis of public enterprise in Latin America. The number of individuals actively engaged in research and their output of materials has increased since the mid-1970s. Partially as a result of this heightened interest, several conferences have been organized to deal with public enterprises, and increasingly detailed information has been made available by governments. Most of this information still receives an extremely limited circulation and is therefore unavailable to the majority of scholars.