bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postfrancophone
Authors: Elhariry Yasser
Published: September 2018

I conclude Pacifist Invasions by arguing for the continued relevance and urgency of the translational and intertextual perspectives afforded by poetry and poetics in both French and Arabic, and by probing the on-going debates in French and Francophone studies with regard to the new lyric studies. I develop the notion of the postfrancophone as one means of broaching these debates, a concept that I historicize and develop based on the preceding poetic analyses, and with particular reference to Jean-Marie Gleize’s recent coinage, postpoésie or ‘postpoetry.’ I end with a polemical reappraisal that revisits what I am construing to be the central case of Abdelwahab Meddeb, and with a re-evaluation of the history of Meddeb scholarship. I insist on the textual and poetic underpinnings of the field of French and Francophone studies, its future, and what I dub postfrancophonie. In light of both past and present aesthetic, translational, and intertextual engagements, I call for a thorough reassessment of the longstanding critical division between French and Arabic literary cultures.
Critical Engagement
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This book is an in-depth case study of the role memory politics played in shaping the wider Irish republican debate on policing in Northern Ireland. Looking beyond sensationalist headlines and political sound bites that trumpeted of the historicity of Sinn Fein’s decision to formally endorse policing and the rule of law, it interrogates the fundamental questions that lie at the heart of Irish republican memory politics on policing. Locating itself within the interdisciplinary theoretical spheres of critical criminology, memory studies and transitional justice, this book evidences how the past frames internal tensions within the Irish republican constituency as those traditionally opposed to state policing structures opt to buy into these same structures as part of a wider transitional process. Based on interview data drawn from community activists, political activists and former combatants from across a broad spectrum within modern Irish republicanism, this book examines how individual and collective memories of policing shape ideological positions, interpretations of transitional processes, ‘moving on’ processes with former enemies and views of post-conflict police reform. Providing a timely insight into intra-communal memory contestation in Northern Ireland, the book establishes the intrinsic importance that collective memory and master narratives of struggle, injustice and sacrifice hold for competing hegemons who are struggling for supremacy within an increasingly fragmented Irish republican constituency today.
Understanding a Fraught Historical Relationship
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an historic overview of policing and the rule of law in Northern Ireland and the violent antagonistic relationship Irish republicanism has traditionally had with it. It traces the development of this problematic relationship from the earliest use of the colonial policy of plantation, through to the fostering of ‘divided society’ policing following the partition of the island of Ireland and the creation of a ‘Protestant state for a Protestant people’, eventually culminating in the open armed confrontation between the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and Irish republican armed groups during the most recent phase of conflict in the six counties. Linking the issue of policing to the prevailing political climate, the chapter closes by examining how the issue of policing was addressed in respect of the wider transition then taking place in Northern Ireland. It analyses how Irish republicans adapted their position on and attitude towards policing and the rule of law in tandem with a changing political relationship with the Northern Ireland state following the Good Friday Agreement (GFA).
Transition, ‘Never Again’ and ‘Moving On’
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

Viewing Irish republican policing memory primarily through a transitional justice lens, this chapter critically examines how Irish republicans, as a principal party to the conflict, approach the difficult issue of ‘dealing with the past’ as both collective victims and perpetrators of human rights violations during the conflict. It will interrogate the range of divergent views within modern Irish republicanism on issues such as victimhood, truth recovery, ‘moving on’ and ‘dealing with the past’. In particular, it looks at how the memory of human rights violations framed the wider policing debate and led to a master narrative of ‘never again’ whereby the value of ‘remembering’ past abuses lay in helping to prevent future repetition. This is placed against a more general backdrop of the stop-start ‘dealing with the past’ process in the North of Ireland that has included the establishment, operation and subsequent replacement of the Historical Enquiries Team (HET), the passage of the Civil Service (Special Advisers) Act (Northern Ireland), and proposals like the Haass/O’Sullivan document and the Stormont House Agreement.
The PSNI and ‘Community Policing’
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically evaluates how the interaction between memory politics and police reform processes shapes current views of community policing within Irish republican communities. Establishing the overarching context of post-conflict police reform within which opposing narratives on community policing are pieced together, the chapter critiques the impact that changes in police symbolism, police composition and the nature of the core policing function fulfilled by the PSNI has had on views of policing within working class republican communities. It examines how the Patten programme of police reform has interacted with individual and collective memory to fashion opposing narratives on community policing. The chapter suggests that there are currently two competing master narratives on community policing that prevail within modern Irish republicanism; the ‘critical engagement’ narrative proffered by those in favour of policing that uses the memory of past ‘suspect community’ policing by the RUC to frame itself with assertions of newness, change and of the primary policing function now being to provide a policing service to local communities and the ‘cosmetic reform’ narrative espoused by those who continue to reject post-Patten policing in Northern Ireland that uses memory in a more ideologised manner in order to dismiss police reform as an attempt to normalise ‘British’ policing in Ireland.
The PSNI and ‘Political Policing’
Authors: Hearty Kevin
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically examines how the historically problematic issue of ‘political policing’ features in opposing policing narratives within modern Irish republicanism. Establishing the overarching contexts of institutional crossover and heightened usage of ‘anti-terror’ legislation within which competing policing narratives are fashioned, the chapter conducts a thematic examination of opposing narratives on political policing. The chapter will establish that those in favour of policing have constructed a narrative of ‘political policing’ that is premised on the notion of rupture that seeks to differentiate the PSNI from the RUC. This narrative disaggregates the policing monolith into ‘good’ policing by the ‘new’ breed of police officer and ‘bad’ policing by the residual ‘securocrat’ element, and emphasises the need to proactively fight the ‘roll back’ of change in order to further the ongoing process of wider equality based transformation of the ‘Orange state’. The anti-policing narrative on ‘political policing’ is conversely premised on the notion of continuity with past political policing of Irish republicans by the RUC. This counter-narrative draws on themes such as the continued abuse of ‘anti-terror’ legislation, the retention of RUC ‘political policing’ methods and the refined targeting of Irish republicans for political policing by the PSNI.
Argentine Cinema and National Identity (1966-1976)
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

Argentine Cinema and National Identity covers the development of Argentine cinema since the late 1950s to the mid-1970s, a period that has been understudied. Marked by tumultuous political events, these decades witnessed debates about Argentina’s modernity and tradition that affected film production and consumption. Two film genres, the historical film and the gauchesque— a genre based on outlaw gauchos was crucial for nation-building in the nineteenth century—generated great local interest and high expectations among film producers and distributors. The notion of national identity guides the analysis of certain emblematic films that were well-received by domestic audiences and engaged with the issue of Argentine identity. This manuscript investigates the way Argentine cinema positioned itself when facing the competition of glossy American films by representing the past and the heroic founding figures so as to bridge the stark divisions between the Argentine left and right in the late 1960s.
Introduction
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

The introduction discusses Argentine cinema’s central role in Argentine cultural life during the 1966-1976 period despite a highly volatile political background. I examine the creation of the cinema school as well as the different laws that regulated national film in Argentina in this period. Theories about national cinema by Andrew Higson and John Hill underpinned the analysis of Argentine cinema as well as theories the role of media in nation- building and the dissemination of narratives about nationhood.
Argentine Cinema, 1973–1976
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents the changes and continuity in legislation regulation Argentine filmmaking. As the revolución argentina came to an end in 1973, a new cinema law was signed on February 21. Law 20,170 of Promotion and Industrial Recuperation which replaced Law 17,741 was implemented on May 14, 1968 would remain in use until 1994. Despite the return of General Perón and democracy, filmmakers faced increasing problems as censorship continued to be implemented and the NIC lacked directors who could develop long-term policies. I also highlight the achievements of Argentine cinematography abroad. Finally, I contextualize the crisis of Argentine cinematography in 1976.
Martín Fierro
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

This chapter is dedicated to surveying the development, shooting, and reception of Argentina’s national epic poem, Martín Fierro for the silver screen spearheaded by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson. I also analyze this film, contrasting it with Westerns and highlighting its relevance to nation-building in the late 1960s.
Santos Vega
Authors: Rocha Carolina
Published: September 2018

I provide an overview and analysis of Santos Vega, a less successful film that nonetheless belongs to the gauchesque genre. I propose that its innovation revolves around the use of songs to stress the film’s message.
‘Entering upon an Honourable and Important Profession’: Irish Medical Student Image and Representation in the Age of Medical Reform, c.1850–1900
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates how Irish medical schools from the mid-nineteenth century attempted to inculcate students with the ideals of the profession and reform the reputation of the rowdy medical student in order to help improve the status of the profession. Utilising lecturers’ introductory addresses, contemporary medical journals and doctors’ memoirs, it illustrates the role of lecturers in enforcing decorum, shaping the image and identity of students and encouraging traits such as gentility. The chapter explores what was considered to be a ‘good’ medical student in the period, assessing the role of medical schools in shaping respectable gentlemen who were most likely Protestant and middle-class in the nineteenth century and Catholic and middle-class in the twentieth century. Representations of medical students in the Irish press are also examined. This chapter shows how such representations changed over the period, examining the importance of class, religious affiliation and the appropriate traits that students were expected to possess.
‘Boys to Men’: Rites of Passage, Sport, Masculinity and Medical Student Culture, c.1880–1930
Authors: Kelly Laura
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the lives of medical students outside the lecture theatre, hospital and dissecting room, as well as representations of medical students, through the use of student magazines, cartoons, doctors’ memoirs and contemporary Irish literature. Although the medical curriculum was intense in the period, evidence suggests that students still had time for extra-curricular activities. The chapter argues that male medical students in this period tended to engage in typically ‘masculine’ activities such as rugby, football, pranks and drinking. Students were also encouraged to partake in these activities by their professors, who occasionally joined in themselves, thus reinforcing this behaviour. Such activities also helped to bond students together, resulting in a distinctive medical student culture built around an ethos of manliness which was set apart from the rest of the student body. The cultivation of the image of the medical student as a predominantly male individual became an important force in segregating men and women students and helped to preserve Irish medicine as a largely masculine sphere.
Introduction: Migration and the Holocaust
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

The Introduction places the study in wider historiographical, theoretical and methodological context. It explores approaches to Jewish refugees from Nazism as well as refugee and forced migration studies in general and how the two rarely connect because of the self-contained nature of the former and the ahistorical tendency of the former. The memory of refugee movements is outlined as is the concept of the journey and concepts such as naming, the concept of illegality, performativity, space and place which inform the study as a whole. It also highlights the importance of incorporating the voices of refugees in the movements, many of them totally neglected to date, covered in this study.
The Ship and the Battle over Migrant ‘Illegality’
Authors: Kushner Tony
Published: September 2018

By utilising Judith Butler’s concept of the politics of the performative, this chapter explores how the concept of migrant illegality developed from the late nineteenth century onwards. It shows how the term ‘illegal immigrant’ was coined by the British authorities in Palestine from 1933 onwards, used to limit the number of Jewish refugees coming to this Mandated territory and how this continued during and after the war. The chapter also utilised Michel Foucault’s work on the sea being a ‘different space’ with the concept of the ship. It shows how the Mediterranean became a battleground between Jewish refugees and the British authorities, most infamously with the case of Exodus 1947. The chapter closes with more recent ‘boat people’ in the same ocean since the 1990s focusing on the Italian island of Lampedusa which has become a borderless border to the European Union in processing refugees from Africa and Asia.
‘Night Marauders’ and ‘Deluded Wretches’: Public Discourses on Ribbonism in Pre-Famine Ireland
Authors: Fisher Jess Lumsden
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Ribbonism, challenging notions of the Ribbon ‘bogeyman’ through the persons of real Ribbonmen such as Richard Jones, the Dublin leader who was tried in 1840 and later transported. Examining the evolution of Ribbonism but focusing on the sensational show-trials that surrounded Jones’s time in the dock, the chapter reveals how the language of ‘banditti’ was readily applied, attempting to shear them of political association from an organisation that the authorities saw as fundamentally criminal. Journalists, court cases, novelists, and other writers seemed to enforce the image of the night-time agitator whose aim was to threaten loyal subjects through all manner of criminal wickedness, thus losing the true image of Ribbonism, as a proto-union of Catholic confrères.
Constitutional Rhetoric as Legal Defence: Irish Lawyers and the Languages of Political Dissent in 1848
Authors: Reid Colin W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reminds us of the importance of Irish lawyers in nineteenth- century political and constitutional debates. Utilising the treason-felony and sedition charges that were brought against the young Irelanders in 1848, the essay shows that their legal defences were ‘saturated in political dissent’ and makes the often-overlooked point that the courtroom was a theatre not only for the accused but for those who held the defence and prosecution briefs as well. The impassioned ‘speeches from the dock’ of successive Irish political prisoners—from tone and Emmet through to the young Irelanders and the Fenians—formed a cornerstone of Irish nationalist culture and development during the nineteenth century. As the essay brings to light, however, the lawyers also helped secure their place in the public spotlight through the medium of judicial rhetoric. For men such as Isaac Butt and James Whiteside in 1848, the courtroom provided a forum to express Irish Conservative unease with the workings of British constitution in Ireland.
‘Why, it’s like a ’98 trial’: The Irish Judiciary and the Fenian Trials, 1865–1866
Authors: Keogh Richard A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the ‘Fenian trials’ of 1865–66. It challenges us to think beyond established ‘speeches from the dock’ narratives to consider the part played by the judiciary in the theatre of the court. While names such as Kickham, Luby, Rossa, and o’Leary will roll of the tongues of many today, fewer will recall a William Keogh, or a John David Fitzgerald, the two Catholic judges who presided over the special commission that tried the Fenian accused. There was much criticism at the time that the state had ‘packed the bench’, an accusation levelled with regularity throughout the nineteenth century. The essay gives due consideration to these claims. The appointments of Keogh and Fitzgerald were clearly political it suggests, and cites John Devoy’s assessment that all judges in Ireland were rewarded for political service rather than legal acumen. However, it concludes that the judges’ precise handling of the proceedings undermined attempts by the accused to challenge the legitimacy of the court and, ultimately, the Fenian trials show how perceptions of judicial partiality evolved over time.
From Bandon to … Bandon: Sectarian Violence in Cork during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: d’Alton Ian
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to place a taxonomy and a structure on sectarian violence in county Cork. Bandon—notorious for its ‘ostentatious protestantism’—provides the focus. Celebrations of orangeism, heightened tensions at closely fought elections, and religious zealotry in various guises all ensured that Bandon could, at times, resemble more a northern town than its southern equivalents. Yet this stimulating analysis highlights the folly inherent in simply categorising localised outbreaks of confessional violence as ‘sectarian’ without fully exploring the factors that provoked them. Hence, sectarianism was not necessarily the trigger but often the consequence of violence.
‘Loyal to the Crown but not the Crown’s Government’: The Challenge to Policing Posed by the Orange Order in 1830s Ulster
Authors: Curran Daragh
Published: September 2018

The strength of the Orange Order in early nineteenth-century Ulster, if at first a boon, was later a cause of concern for successive British governments. From local magistrates at petty sessions through to William Saurin, the Attorney General, Orangeism permeated the administration of law and order in the northern province. A radical shake up of the justice system, including the establishment of a new constabulary force, was undertaken during the 1820s and 1830s. This chapter explores the reactions of the Orange Order to the new police and in the process augments the extant literature on the ‘conditional loyalty’ of Ulster loyalism. Purges of Orangemen from the magistracy during the 1830s, the disbandment of the yeomanry in 1833, and the enforcement by the constabulary (in some instances at least) of the prohibition on assemblies and arches, fuelled Orange rage and prompted violent resistance to the forces of law and order. This essay posits that Ulster Orangemen could not countenance the possibility that the laws upheld and administered by Dublin Castle could apply to loyal citizens such as themselves. As a result, their disobedience towards the police in the years immediately following Emancipation ran contrary to the rules of the Orange Institution to uphold the law.
Attitudes and Responses to Vagrancy in Ireland in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Crossman Virginia
Published: September 2018

This essay focuses on a special category of Irish crime: vagrancy. While vagrancy was a criminal offence in its own right, it was often its association with other forms of criminality and immorality that ensured ‘tramps’ could be viewed with fear and contempt in the Irish countryside. The relationship between crime and poverty has been a subject of considerable debate in numerous scholarly fields. This essay makes the important point that tramps were viewed with suspicion, not on account of their poverty intrinsically, but rather because they consciously rejected social norms in favour of an itinerant lifestyle. The ‘tramp problem’ occupied the attentions of the public and the administrators alike at the turn of the century: the former sometimes startled by the arrival at their door of a ‘big lazy fellow’ demanding relief, and the latter busily issuing circulars to magistrates and police imploring them to clamp down on the offenders. In the end, however, an unsatisfactory justice system predicated on punishment merely reinforced existing prejudices and did little to alleviate the social inequality that gave rise to vagrancy in the first place.
Overview
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a summary of satire 10 and scholarly comment on it. It describes the major issues raised by the poem and designates its layers and main thrusts. Its novelty is pointed out, and the aspects of attack, entertainment and preaching are discussed. The aims of the satirist here are also discussed: whether he is genuinely trying to win his readers over to certain attitudes or not, at the very least he can teach us to think. The poem keeps us on our toes, analysing his points, accepting some, but objecting to others. It also raises some major questions. Does prayer achieve anything? Are there gods, and, if so, are they malevolent? Does prayer achieve anything? Is religion necessary or useful?
Sources
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the many major and minor influences on Juvenal’s tenth satire – the poet’s own experiences; ancient rhetoric (including the exemplum, deliberative oratory, praeteritio and sententiae); philosophy (a combination of various schools of thought, especially Socratic thought (via Valerius Maximus); Democritus; Epicureanism; Stoicism, including Seneca and Persius Satire 2; Horace Odes 1.31. All of the above sources are adapted as well as adopted to produce something new and distinctly Juvenalian.
Conclusion (346–66)
Authors: Murgatroyd Paul
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides the Latin test and a literal translation into English of the conclusion to Juvenal’s tenth satire and a detailed critical appreciation of those lines (346-366), paying particular attention to poetic aspects such as sound, rhythm, style, diction, imagery, vividness and narrative technique, and also assessing humour, wit, irony and the force and validity of the satirical thrusts. This lively conclusion contains a series of surprises and takes the whole issue of prayer a lot further. The poet now progresses to what we CAN pray for (listing various things), but he also undermines prayer by saying that we should leave it to the gods themselves to give us what is best for us, by claiming that we can secure blessings ourselves without recourse to deities, and even calling into question the whole idea of divinity in the final lines.
Out-takes from Upstarts: Virginia Woolf, Jane Ellen Harrison, and the Heritage of Dissent, or, “There She Wasn’t?”
Authors: Mills Jean
Published: September 2018

Jean Mills uses Virginia Woolf’s legacy and literature to process the work and impact of two important women in her life, the Virginia Woolf scholar, Jane Marcus, and her own mother, following their deaths. In her attempts to preserve and champion the memory of the two women, Mills acknowledges Woolf’s own participation in the act of writing women into obscurity and refers to Jane Harrison’s title of ‘J.H’ in A Room of One’s Own. Mills argues that not using the scholar’s full name contributes to Harrison’s erasure and reveals Woolf’s act of distancing between herself and her female role models. While Mills attributes Woolf’s sense of isolation from her academic audience as a result of distancing and alienation, she acknowledges that many of Woolf’s narratives privileged women’s history and experience, and observes that any presence of ambivalence can be utilised as a necessary tool to foreground the need for the recognition of women in activism and political thought.
Virginia Woolf’s Female Heritage: The Legacy of Anny Thackeray Ritchie, Woolf’s “Transparent Medium”
Authors: Dell Marion
Published: September 2018

Virginia Woolf holds an unassailable place in twentieth-century literary modernism. What has been insufficiently acknowledged, not least by Woolf herself, is the profound influence of legacies from her nineteenth-century extended family which helped to shape her as a writing woman. Highly significant are the lines of descent from Anny Thackeray Ritchie. I consider Woolf’s inheritance from Ritchie in part, given our location, by exploring their shared connections with Yorkshire. I suggest that Woolf’s response to Ritchie, and to her past in general, is characterised by ambivalence and paradox. Woolf resolves her conflicting cycles of affiliation and rejection by figuring Ritchie as a ‘transparent medium’, in liminal space, obscured but always present.
Virginia Woolf and the Artistic Heritage of St. Ives
Authors: Humm Maggie
Published: September 2018

Virginia Stephen enjoyed the happiest summers of her life in St. Ives until the lease of Talland House was sold in 1895. The Stephen family were actively involved in the St. Ives’ arts scene: Leslie and Julia were among the first to join the St. Ives Arts Club; while in St. Ives Vanessa (Woolf records) enjoyed “painting in water-colours, and scratching a number of black little squares, after Ruskin’s prescription”(MOB 31); leading local painters Louis Grier and Julius Olsson were known to the family and dined at Talland House; Vanessa, as other painters, shopped at Lanham’s art shop and attended the annual Studio Day; Woolf’s half-brothers played cricket when the St. Ives Artists’ Eleven played. The artist Lily Kirkpatrick, lover of Edith Ellis, lived close by in Talland Road from 1893. Many London artists, including Vanessa and Virginia’s friend Eliza (Lisa) Stillman visited Talland House. Following the scholarship of Marion Dell, Diane Gillespie, Leslie Hankins, and Marion Whybrow this paper will examine these moments of St. Ives art and their possible impact on Virginia Woolf. Woolf’s first memories of St. Ives she recorded aesthetically “if I were a painter I should paint these first impressions in pale yellow, silver and green” (MOB 66).
Heritage Hoarding: Artifacts, Archives, and Ambiguity, or, the Saga of Virginia Woolf’s Standing Desk
Authors: Hankins Leslie Kathleen
Published: September 2018

Arranging to give a talk to celebrate Duke University’s acquisition of Virginia Woolf’s writing desk, I was both delighted and dismayed. Dismayed, because engrained in my mind is Walter Benjamin’s famous maxim: “For without exception the cultural treasures he surveys have an origin which he cannot contemplate without horror.” Woolf, too, curses a famous library for its exclusive guarding of archival treasures (AROO) and makes scathing remarks about pilgrimages to regard the possessions of dead writers. Contemplating archives as institutional hoarding, considering the archival turn in theory (with Derrida, Foucault, feminist critiques of archive politics, and the work of historians, curators and librarians between the lines), this paper interrogates the fate of artifacts in the archives, focusing on the material trace of Woolf’s writing desk. My saga begins with Quentin Bell’s letter about the history of the desk and continues through archives such as the Berg Collection (repository for Virginia Woolf’s walking stick as well as Charlotte Brontë’s writing desk), letters, diaries, and essays. Analyzing the gender politics of Woolf’s inherited view of writing desks, from her mother’s drawing room desk to her father’s rocking writing chair in an ivory tower studio, we witness her intervention in that heritage, moving from a standing desk to a writing table to a plywood writing board and overstuffed chair. In closing, the paper situates Woolf's writing space on the threshold of Hogarth Press and private space: a dynamic site for a writer.
A Critical Heritage: Virginia Woolf, Leslie Stephen, and Walter Scott
Authors: Gilman Danielle
Published: September 2018

“Questions of affection are, of course, always disputable. I can only reiterate that while I would cheerfully become Shakespeare’s cat, Scott’s pig, or Keats’s canary […] I would not cross the road (reasons of curiosity apart) to dine with Wordsworth, Byron, or Dickens” – Woolf, review of David Copperfield in Dickens’s Complete Works, p. 225. On the occasion of her fifteenth birthday, Virginia Woolf received J. G. Lockhart’s Life of Scott from her father, Sir Leslie Stephen—a Walter Scott devotee. Critics often mark Woolf’s enduring interest in Scott to be a function of grief or nostalgia. Although her diaries, letters, fiction, and critical writings are rife with mentions of the Scottish novelist, such mentions have largely been ascribed to Woolf’s attempts at preserving the memory of Leslie Stephen. However, in this paper I argue that Woolf’s interest in the “masterly” Scott moved beyond simple interest and speaks to the origins of her interest in literary criticism. Focusing specifically on Leslie Stephen’s 1871 article for Cornhill Magazine entitled “Hours in a Library with Walter Scott,” and Virginia Woolf’s 1924 article “The Antiquary,” I will analyze both their critical engagement with Scott and also the suggestions that even considering Scott’s shortcomings, there is a strong case to be made for his inclusion in the literary canon. Indeed, the “superb genius” of Scott is something worthy of both preservation and veneration, Woolf believes; after all, it was in the study of the fiction and writings of Walter Scott in which Woolf’s own literary education and novelistic intentions were born (Woolf, Essays II, 218).
“Where Childhood’s dreams are twined”: Virginia Woolf and the Literary Heritage of Lewis Carroll
Authors: Gilmore Lois
Published: September 2018

Philadelphia is celebrating 150 years of Alice in Wonderland with public programming and multiple exhibitions beginning in 2015 through 2016. There are lectures, tea parties, hands-on tours at the Rosenbach of the Free Library of Philadelphia, talks of medical oddities of Alice, costume parties, and more. Carroll’s original manuscript is traveling around the East coast in pop-up displays in Philadelphia and New York. This focus on Lewis Carroll’s work provides an intriguing opportunity to examine Woolf’s review, which was written on the occasion of the Nonesuch Press issue of the complete works in 1939. Woolf ‘s response to Carroll’s legacy, in the midst of what she calls “non-war” and “written in barren horror,” hones in on the construction of childhood, the relationship of the child to the adult, and the illusory nature of the author. Woolf’s diary entries, documenting what she calls the many distractions surrounding her, point to the irony of composition and the world Carroll creates. In this paper I will approach these topics and consider the ways in which Woolf reflects on, engages with, and represents the connections and disconnections with the literary heritage of Alice and her enduring appeal.
“The world…seen from this angle undoubtedly looks queer”: History, Heritage, and the Queer Domesticity of Between the Acts
Authors: Wilson Mary
Published: September 2018

The paper reads Woolf’s last work as a queerly domestic novel: centered on the space of Pointz Hall and the history of England and simultaneously decentering the heterosexual romance plot and the British Army, rewriting the English home and English heritage. Woolf crafts her revision by connecting the creative work of Miss La Trobe and Isa Oliver, whose particular expressions turn the queer and queering gaze of the female outsider onto the two faces of domesticity—private and national—and demonstrate their inextricable links to each other. In Three Guineas, Woolf repeatedly describes the queerness of the vantage point available to the daughters of educated men: the view of the world seen through the filter of domesticity, queer in that it renders strange the accepted order of the patriarchal world. Woolf draws together the reluctantly domesticated Isa’s private poetry, hidden in the family accounts book, and the lesbian, quasi-foreign La Trobe’s publicly performed play about English national history to produce a queer revision of domestic inheritance on personal and national levels. Isa’s and La Trobe’s creative efforts and their domestic lives are marked with incompleteness, dissatisfaction, and failure, which suggests that a queerly domestic viewpoint cannot be an end in itself, particularly on the brink of war. But the novel also insists that women’s queering perspectives on domestic life provides a necessary counterpoint to personal and national stories of violence and patriotism.
Kenya Colony and the Kenya Novel: The East African Heritage of “A Very Fine Negress” in A Room of One’s Own
Authors: Dubino Jeanne
Published: September 2018

‘It is one of the great advantages of being a woman that one can pass even a very fine negress without wishing to make an Englishwoman of her.’ Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own At the time Virginia Woolf’s narrator made this observation in the late 1920s, a number of her British and other European contemporary women writers were in fact passing by and indeed living among black women in one of Great Britain’s colonies, Kenya. Isak Dinesen (1885-1962) was among the most famous, and her memoir Out of Africa (1937), commemorates her years on a Kenyan plantation (1914-1931). Along with the canonical Danish Dinesen were British women whose work has been long forgotten, including Nora K. Strange (1884-1974) and Florence Riddell (1885-1960), both of whom wrote what is called the “Kenya Novel.” The Kenya Novel is a subgenre of romantic fiction set in the white highlands of Britain’s Crown Colony Kenya. The titles alone—e.g., Kenya Calling (1928) and Courtship in Kenya (1932) by Strange, and Kismet in Kenya (1927) and Castles in Kenya (1929) by Riddell—give a flavor of their content. Because these novels were popular in Britain, it is very likely that Woolf knew about them, but she does not refer to them in her diaries, letters, or published writing. Even so, it would be worth testing this famous comment by a Room’s narrator about (white) women’s lack of propensity to recreate others in her own image, or more specifically, to dominate the colonial other. How do Woolf’s white contemporaries, living in Kenya, represent black women? Given that Strange and Riddell were part of the settler class, we can expect that their views reflect dominant colonial ideology. The formulaic nature of the Kenya Novel, and its focus on the lives of white settlers, also mean that the portrayal of the lives of the people whose lands were brutally expropriated would hardly be treated with respect or as little more than backdrops. Yet it is important to understand these other global contexts in which Woolf is working and the role that some of her contemporary women writers played in the shaping of them. This paper concludes with an overview of the separate legacies of Woolf and her fellow Anglo-African women writers up to the present day.
Leonard Woolf’s Fear and Politics: A Debate at the Zoo: Satirical Heritage as Apocalyptic Prophecy
Authors: Neverow Vara
Published: September 2018

Leonard Woolf, in his 24-page satirical pamphlet, Fear and Politics: A Debate at the Zoo, was published in 1925 and was the seventh work in the first series of Hogarth Essays. In the work, Woolf explores the inherent attributes of the human condition from a highly ironic viewpoint, presenting his argument through the discourse of animals. Victoria Glendinning (Leonard Woolf: A Biography) categorizes the work as a “satirical squib” and describes how “the supercivilized zoo animals hold a debate after closing time to discuss Man.” The elephant, all too familiar with human nature, states emphatically that, “Human beings delude themselves that a League of Nations or Protection or armies and navies are going to give them security and civilization in their jungle.” Glendinning not only aligns the heritage of Woolf’s essay with the caustic social critiques of Swift and Kipling but also observes that Fear and Politics “casts a beam ahead toward Orwell’s Animal Farm” (Glendinning 240-41). By situating the essay in the context of its hereditary, genetic elements, Glendinning highlights how Woolf’s work is also passed on to another heir.
Virginia Woolf and the War on Books: Cultural Heritage and Dis-Heritage in the 1930s
Authors: Gillespie Diane F.
Published: September 2018

In 1821, Heinrich Heine famously and prophetically wrote, “’When they burn books, they will also, in the end, burn human beings.’” In January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. On May 10th, university students in Berlin and Hitler’s brown shirts sang Nazi anthems, gave the Nazi arm salute, and flung onto bonfires thousands of books containing ideas considered unGerman. During the 1930s and 1940s, as many writers fled and concentration camps combined forced labor and genocide, Nazi confiscations and burnings of books and manuscripts went on throughout Germany and in occupied countries. On both sides books also were sacrificed to meet shortages of paper and fuel. Collateral damage from German and Allied bombings destroyed, along with soldiers and civilians, many more vulnerable books and libraries. Traveling in France and Italy in May 1933, Leonard and Virginia Woolf did not record any experience or knowledge of “libricide” in Berlin. Leonard Woolf notes that even in 1935, “people were just beginning to understand something of what Hitler and the Nazis were doing in Germany.” Still, the Woolfs were more aware than most. This essay will include 1) a brief look at two lesser-known books published by the Hogarth Press to inform British readers of threatened physical and cultural destruction by the Nazis; 2) a glance at selected research on the causes and goals of book and library burning; and 3) an examination, in these contexts, of some complex personal and cultural roles books played, especially in Virginia Woolf’s life, during a decade when people and their libraries lived under threat.
“Writing the history of my own times”: Virginia Woolf and the Diary
Authors: Ophir Ella
Published: September 2018

Woolf’s diary served manifold purposes; this paper addresses Woolf’s intention, explicit and sustained, to create a detailed record of the past for the future. As a diarist Woolf becomes at once archivist, historiographer, and her own posterity—both actual, in her periodic rereading of her record, and projected, in the form of “Old Virginia,” the future self she imagines sitting down to write her memoirs. Once treated largely as a mass to be mined, Woolf’s diary has now been situated as a “work” among her others. I emphasize, rather, the difference of the diary as a process and practice that became an ongoing crucible for Woolf’s thinking about the past and its representations. In creating a record of her days, Woolf becomes intimately familiar with the ideological, idiosyncratic, and aleatory nature of the historical record and, further, with the unpredictable value of its contents, as their significance shifts under the continually altering lights of time. In the periodical structure of “A Sketch of the Past,” and in Woolf’s gently ironized regard for posterity, we see the diary’s lesson on the perpetual mobility of perspective on the past.
Flights of Archival Imagination: Woolf’s Transcendent Materiality in Contemporary “Archive Fiction”
Authors: Smith Lucy
Published: September 2018

For Virginia Woolf, the seemingly contradicting elements of material narrowness and imaginative expanse were crucial components for historical writing. In “The Lives of the Obscure” there is a certain irony in the writer’s desire to “romantically […] feel oneself a deliverer advancing with lights across the waste of years to the rescue of some stranded ghost” who resides in one of the bland “nameless tombstones Nos. 1763, 1080, and 606”. Yet it is this inverse relationship between banal materiality and imaginative flight that fires not only Woolf’s history writing but also the meta-historical fiction that continues to flourishes in her wake. I argue that Woolf has had a profound, if not critical, impact on what has been recently termed “archive fiction”. In this paper, I consider two recent examples that use material heritage as a means to step outside the bounds of the possible, Maggie Gee’s Virginia Woolf in Manhattan (2014) and Hermione Eyre’s Viper Wine (2014). Gee’s text creates a physically realised instance of the archival imagination whereby interaction with Woolf’s relics bring a version of the author back to life as a comment on contemporary desires to resurrect the “stranded ghosts” of history for present-day self-fulfilment. Eyre uses many of Woolf’s methods of archival interaction in a study of seventeenth century nobility whose material traces are the means of sparking a fantasy of fluid temporality. Archival material in fiction thus acts as Woolf’s “fertile fact, the fact that suggests and engenders”, by transcending its apparently prosaic limitations to “re-create” lives, both obscure and famous. In these meta-historical texts, confronting the uncertain affectivity that inevitably enters into interactions with tangible heritage is a means of understanding the intangible relationship the contemporary reader has with cultural history.
Woolf’s Imaginarium: Exploring Virginia Woolf’s Legacy to Contemporary Polish Culture
Authors: Pająk Paulina
Published: September 2018

In recent years, the popularity of Virginia Woolf’s oeuvre has substantially increased in Poland. There has been little prior attempt to explain this phenomenon, although it could be beneficial to comparative literature and feminist studies. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to examine the significance of Virginia Woolf’s legacy to contemporary Polish culture, as well as the possible causes of the “Woolf’s Renaissance”. As Urszula Terentowicz-Fotyga has pointed out, until the late 1980s., Woolf remained relatively unknown and perceived as a minor modernist writer. Yet, the third phase of her reception (1990s-present) has brought a significant change, which finally led to the outburst of translations and popularity of Woolf’s works. One result of this “Woolf’s Renaissance” is the influence of Woolf’s legacy on contemporary literature and feminism in Poland. Woolf’s imaginairum has inspired many women writers, such as Joanna Bator, Sylwia Chutnik, Izabela Morska, and Maria Nurowska. It would seem that the popularity of Woolf among Polish women intellectuals stems from the similarity between her opposition to Victorian patriarchal society and their resistance against the radical Catholic conservatism and nationalism in Poland. Besides, the polyphony of Woolf’s oeuvre and the complexity of her biography invite the writers to enter the intertextual dialogue with the author.
The Malicious Gene: An Evolutionary Games Strategy? Woolf’s Hawkish Inheritance
Authors: Lowe Gill
Published: September 2018

‘There is no possibility of being witty withot a little ill-nature; the malice of a good thing is the barb that makes it stick,’ Lady Sneerwell in Sheridan’s The School for Scandal (1777). The malicious gene: nature or nurture? On 4th May 1928 Virginia Woolf reported in her diary that she had enjoyed Elizabeth Robins’ recollection of Julia Stephen: ‘she would suddenly say something so unexpected, from that Madonna face, one thought it vicious’ (Woolf, 1980, p.183). Leslie Stephen too was renowned for his intermittent acerbic criticism. Occasionally Woolf’s apparently calm demeanour was similarly disturbed by startling sharp verbal attacks. Woolf’s mordant written statements seem calculated and controlled, carefully constructed as in a performance, often aimed at individuals and groups for which she felt a specific animus. A word that recurs to describe Woolf is ‘malicious’. Contemporaries, critics and Woolf herself recognised her judgemental predisposition. Leonard Woolf observed that ‘a monolithic humour’ was shared with family members, ‘All male Stephens—and many of the females—whom I have known have had one marked characteristic which I always think Stephenesque....It consisted in a way of thinking and even more in a way of thinking and expressing their thoughts which one associates pre-eminently with Dr Johnson’ (Sowing, 1960, p. 184). Genes may be seen to affect the social behaviour of their bearers. Analysing some specific examples of Woolf’s caustic observations, this paper will adapt the metaphor of ‘the selfish gene’ to explore her tendency to maliciousness. It will consider whether this might have been inherited behaviour; learned from family attitudes; influenced by the writers she most appreciated and/or evolved as a species-preserving survival strategy, adopted in response to her cultural environment.
“Some ancestral dread:” Woolf, Autobiography, and the Question of “Shame”
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: September 2018

In this essay, Laura Marcus explores the interconnections of shame, sexuality and the self in Woolf’s autobiographical writing. Drawing on Woolf’s epistolary discussions with Ethel Smyth as well as her speculation on the origins of shame in A Sketch of the Past, Marcus offers a new reading of Woolf’s ‘ancestral dread’ that goes beyond its plausible origin in her sexual abuse by her brother. Situating Woolf’s responses in relationship to a range of disciplines including psychoanalysis, philosophy as well as a tradition of confessional literature, Marcus therefore shows how Woolf uses the concept of ‘shame’ for a productive exploration of identity, memory and the exposure of the self’s intimacies in writing.
Prevalence of Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Buffaloes in East Azerbaijan, Northwestern Iran
Authors: Kaleibar Mohammad Tolouei- , Mozaffari Morteza , Ashrafi Javad , Nikbakht Golamreza , Fathi Ezzatollah
Published: September 2018

Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has a worldwide distribution, but its prevalence in different regions of Iran is unknown. In this study, for the first time, the presence of BIV infections is detected by using the PCR method in Iranian water buffalo in East Azerbaijan. For this matter, blood samples were taken from 83 randomly selected buffaloes slaughtered in Tabriz industrial slaughterhouse from June to October 2012. All of the animals were clinically examined before sampling. Viral Gene-spin™ Viral DNA/RNA Extraction Kit was used to extract the DNA, and PCR was performed on the extracted DNA using oligonucleotiode primers specific for the gag gene region of the BIV virus. The prevalence of BIV in buffaloes was 2.4% (2 of 83), which is less than the prevalence of BIV in Pakistan (10.3%) and India (19%). The low prevalence observed in this study may be due to our small sample size.