bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interfacial waveforms in chiral lattices with gyroscopic spinners
Authors: Garau M. , Carta G. , Nieves M. J. , Jones I. S. , Movchan N. V. , Movchan A. B.
Published: July 2018

We demonstrate a new method of achieving topologically protected states in an elastic hexagonal system of trusses by attaching gyroscopic spinners, which bring chirality to the system. Dispersive features of this medium are investigated in detail, and it is shown that one can manipulate the locations of stop-bands and Dirac points by tuning the parameters of the spinners. We show that, in the proximity of such points, uni-directional interfacial waveforms can be created in an inhomogeneous lattice and the direction of such waveforms can be controlled. The effect of inserting additional soft internal links into the system, which is thus transformed into a heterogeneous triangular lattice, is also investigated, as the hexagonal lattice represents the limit case of the heterogeneous triangular lattice with soft links. This work introduces a new perspective in the design of periodic media possessing non-trivial topological features.
Sudden collapse of a mesopredator reveals its complementary role in mediating rocky reef regime shifts
Authors: Burt Jenn M. , Tinker M. Tim , Okamoto Daniel K. , Demes Kyle W. , Holmes Keith , Salomon Anne K.
Published: July 2018

While changes in the abundance of keystone predators can have cascading effects resulting in regime shifts, the role of mesopredators in these processes remains underexplored. We conducted annual surveys of rocky reef communities that varied in the recovery of a keystone predator (sea otter,Enhydra lutris) and the mass mortality of a mesopredator (sunflower sea star,Pycnopodia helianthoides) due to an infectious wasting disease. By fitting a population model to empirical data, we show that sea otters had the greatest impact on the mortality of large sea urchins, but thatPycnopodiadecline corresponded to a 311% increase in medium urchins and a 30% decline in kelp densities. Our results reveal that predator complementarity in size-selective prey consumption strengthens top-down control on urchins, affecting the resilience of alternative reef states by reinforcing the resilience of kelp forests and eroding the resilience of urchin barrens. We reveal previously underappreciated species interactions within a ‘classic’ trophic cascade and regime shift, highlighting the critical role of middle-level predators in mediating rocky reef state transitions.
Community-wide scan identifies fish species associated with coral reef services across the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Maire Eva , Villéger Sébastien , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Hoey Andrew S. , Cinner Joshua , Ferse Sebastian C. A. , Aliaume Catherine , Booth David J. , Feary David A. , Kulbicki Michel , Sandin Stuart A. , Vigliola Laurent , Mouillot David
Published: July 2018

Determining whether many functionally complementary species or only a subset of key species are necessary to maintain ecosystem functioning and services is a critical question in community ecology and biodiversity conservation. Identifying such key species remains challenging, especially in the tropics where many species co-occur and can potentially support the same or different processes. Here, we developed a new community-wide scan (CWS) approach, analogous to the genome-wide scan, to identify fish species that significantly contribute, beyond the socio-environmental and species richness effects, to the biomass and coral cover on Indo-Pacific reefs. We found that only a limited set of species (51 out of approx. 400, approx. 13%), belonging to various functional groups and evolutionary lineages, are strongly and positively associated with fish biomass and live coral cover. Many of these species have not previously been identified as functionally important, and thus may be involved in unknown, yet important, biological mechanisms that help sustain healthy and productive coral reefs. CWS has the potential to reveal species that are key to ecosystem functioning and services and to guide management strategies as well as new experiments to decipher underlying causal ecological processes.
Molecular layer interneurons shape the spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells
Authors: Brown Amanda M. , Arancillo Marife , Lin Tao , Catt Daniel R. , Zhou Joy , Lackey Elizabeth P. , Stay Trace L. , Zuo Zhongyuan , White Joshua J. , Sillitoe Roy V.
Published: July 2018

One-sentence summary

Cerebellar stellate cells and basket cells shape distinct Purkinje cell firing properties

Purkinje cells receive synaptic input from several classes of interneurons. Here, we address the roles of inhibitory molecular layer interneurons in establishing Purkinje cell functionin vivo.Using conditional genetics approaches in mice, we compare how the lack of stellate cell versus basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission sculpts the firing properties of Purkinje cells. We take advantage of an inducibleAscl1CreERallele to spatially and temporally target the deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter,Vgat, in developing neurons. Selective depletion of basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission increases the frequency of Purkinje cell simple spike firing and decreases the frequency of complex spike firing in adult behaving mice. In contrast, lack of stellate cell communication increases the regularity of Purkinje cell simple spike firing while increasing the frequency of complex spike firing. Our data uncover complementary roles for molecular layer interneurons in shaping the rate and pattern of Purkinje cell activityin vivo.
Mendelian Randomization integrating GWAS and eQTL data reveals genetic determinants of complex and clinical traits
Authors: Porcu Eleonora , Rüeger Sina , Lepik Kaido ,   eQTLGen Consortium, Santoni Federico A. , Reymond Alexandre , Kutalik Zoltán
Published: July 2018

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified thousands of variants associated with complex traits, but their biological interpretation often remains unclear. Most of these variants overlap with expression QTLs (eQTLs), indicating their potential involvement in the regulation of gene expression.

Here, we propose an advanced transcriptome-wide summary statistics-based Mendelian Randomization approach (called TWMR) that uses multiple SNPs jointly as instruments and multiple gene expression traits as exposures, simultaneously.

When applied to 43 human phenotypes it uncovered 2,369 genes whose blood expression is putatively associated with at least one phenotype resulting in 3,913 gene-trait associations; of note, 36% of them had no genome-wide significant SNP nearby in previous GWAS analysis. Using independent association summary statistics (UKBiobank), we confirmed that the majority of these loci were missed by conventional GWAS due to power issues. Noteworthy among these novel links is educational attainment-associated BSCL2, known to carry mutations leading to a mendelian form of encephalopathy. We similarly unraveled novel pleiotropic causal effects suggestive of mechanistic connections, e.g. the shared genetic effects of GSDMB in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.

Our advanced Mendelian Randomization unlocks hidden value from published GWAS through higher power in detecting associations. It better accounts for pleiotropy and unravels new biological mechanisms underlying complex and clinical traits.
Cooperative behavior between companies and contract farmers in Chinese agricultural supply chains
Authors: Fu Shaoling , Li Zhiwei , Wang Bill , Han Zhaojun , Huo Baofeng
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between relationship commitment, cooperative behavior and alliance performance in agricultural supply chains. By investigating dyadic relationships between companies and their contract farmers (hereafter denoted by C+F), this study aims to investigate how relationship commitment influences cooperative behavior and how such behavior further influences alliance performance in C+F agricultural supply chains in China.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on data collected from 202 companies and 462 farmers in China, this study uses the structural equation modeling approach to test the conceptual model and related hypotheses.

Findings

For both companies and contract farmers, normative relationship commitment is a necessity for economically and socially cooperative behavior (i.e. specific investment and communication, respectively), while instrumental relationship commitment has no relationship with specific investment. Only socially cooperative behavior (communication) can improve alliance performance, while economically cooperative behavior (specific investment) has no relationship with alliance performance. For companies, instrumental relationship commitment reduces communication, but specific investment increases communication. For farmers, both instrumental relationship commitment and specific investment have no relationship with communication.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature on supply chain management by adopting a bilateral perspective and examining relationships among relationship commitment, cooperative behavior and alliance performance in the C+F context. It provides agricultural companies and contract farmers with valuable guidance to use relationship commitment and cooperative behavior to improve alliance performance in agricultural supply chains in China.
Predictive Power of us Monetary Policy Uncertainty Shock on Stock Returns in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Cai Yifei
Published: July 2018

This paper utilises time‐varying causal tests to re‐examine the international spillovers from US monetary policy uncertainty (MPU) shock on stock returns in Australia (AUR) and New Zealand (NZR). Interestingly, we find that, during the Dot‐com bubble from 1997 to 2001, the MPU would positively cause AUR. The reason behind is that increasing MPUs due to the speculations on Dot‐com firms provide favourable opportunities to investors. In contrast, we find negative prediction from MPU to AUR for a few months after the European debt crisis in late 2009. Besides, unidirectional causality running from AUR to MPU is detected only for the period of Dot‐com bubble. For New Zealand, we find unidirectional causality running from MPU to NZR in a few months in 2010 with negative impacts. Policy authorities should realise the heterogeneous impacts from MPU on stock returns in Australia and New Zealand. In the end, no evidence supports the predictions from MPU to stock returns for both countries after 2013 though sensitive events such as Taper Tantrum, Liftoff, Brexit and US election frequently occur in recent years. Except for the global financial messy or speculations, the MPU is less likely to take a toll on the stock market in Australia and New Zealand.
Identification of highly pathogenic Beauveria bassiana strain against Pieris rapae larvae
Authors: Ding Jun‐nan , Lai Yong‐cai
Published: July 2018

Seven different strains of Beauveria bassiana were used in a bioassay on Pieris rapae larvae. The results showed that an B. bassiana strain showed relatively high pathogenicity towards P. rapae larvae. The adjusted mortality rate was 92.86 %, and the infection rate was 85.71 % in 10 days post inoculation. Molecular identification was performed to identify the unknown strain. Internal Transcribed Spacer sequence analysis showed that the polymerase chain reaction amplicon length of the unknown strain of Beauveria sp. was 573 bp, and sequence similarity to the known B. bassiana sequences in the NCBI database was 99 %. The B. bassiana strain was named Bb01. The changes of proteins and PPO of P. rapae larvae infected by B. bassiana Bb01 strain at different times was determined. The activity of PPO increased in 1–6 d and decreased in 7 d again after inoculation. The B. bassiana invaded into the insect body affected the balance of the proteins and PPO.
Construction of a cDNA library of Aphis gossypii Glover for use in RNAi
Authors: Kwon HyeRi , Kim JungGyu , Lim HyounSub , Yu YongMan , Youn YoungNam
Published: July 2018

Aphis gossypii Glover is an important insect pest that functions as a viral vector and mediates approximately 45 different viral diseases. As part of a strategy for control of A. gossypii, we investigated the functions of genes using RNAi. To this end, a cDNA library was constructed for various genes and for selecting appropriate targets for RNAi mediated silencing. The cDNA library was constructed using the Gateway cloning system with site‐specific recombination of bacteriophage λ. It was used to carry out single step cloning of A. gossypii cDNAs. As a result, a cDNA library with a titer of 8.4 × 106 was constructed. Since the sequences in this library carry att sites, they can be cloned into various binary vectors. This library will be of value for various studies. For later screening of selected genes, it is planned to clone the library into virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) vectors, which makes it possible to analyze gene function and allow subsequent transfection of plants. Such transfection experiments will allow testing of RNAi‐induced insecticidal activity or repellent activity to A. gossypii, and result in the identification of target genes. It is also expected that the constructed cDNA library will be useful for analysis of gene functions in A. gossypii.
Comparison of chlorpyrifos resistance in Culex pipiens pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) collected from Northern and Southern Tunisia
Authors: Daaboub Jabeur , Tabbabi Ahmed , Ben Cheikh Raja , Laamari Ali , Feriani Mohamed , Boubaker Chokri , Ben Jha Ibtissem , Ben Cheikh Hassen
Published: July 2018

In this study, we investigated resistance to the organophosphates chlorpyrifos in Tunisian populations of Culex pipiens pipiens. Three field populations were collected from Northern and central Tunisia between 2003 and 2005 and used for the bioassays tests. Our results registered moderate and high levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos which ranged from 33.8 to 111. The chlorpyrifos resistant populations were highly resistant to propoxur indicated an insensitive acetylcholinesterase 1 (AChE 1). The highest frequency of AChE 1 resistant phenotypes (64%) was recorded in the most resistant population (sample # 1). Bioassays conducted in the presence of synergists showed that not esterases were involved as the resistance mechanism to chlorpyrifos. However, CYP450 was partly involved in the resistance of the most resistant sample (# 1). Starch electrophoresis showed that three esterases were present in studied samples: A2‐B2, A4‐B4 and B12. Results are discussed in relation to the selection pressure caused by insecticide treatments.
Functional Properties of Select Dry Bean Seeds and Flours
Authors: Gupta Sahil , Chhabra Guneet S. , Liu Changqi , Bakshi Jasamrit S. , Sathe Shridhar K.
Published: July 2018

Select functional properties of 21 dry beans and soybean seeds and their corresponding flours were evaluated. Among the tested seeds, dark‐red and light‐red kidney beans had larger length (L)/breadth (B) ratios than the rest. Lentil seeds were the smallest (L/B = 0.98), thinnest (2.23 mm), and lightest (density 1.14 g/cm3) among the tested seeds. Garbanzo seeds were the thickest (thickness 7.05 mm). Highest bulk density (g/cm3), porosity (%), specific volume (cm3/g), and bulk volume (cm3/g) were registered, respectively, by moth bean (0.86 g/cm3), pink bean (66.53%), lentil (0.88 cm3/g), and soybean (1.46 cm3/g) seeds. Water uptake during soaking peaked in ≤12 hr by all bean seeds. Soybean and black bean flours, respectively, exhibited the highest water‐holding (3.14 g/g) and oil‐holding (2.15 g/g) capacities. Great Northern bean flour exhibited higher foaming volume (30.8% increase) than all the other tested seed flours. Stability of all bean flour foams were ≤36 hr. Black gram flour formed a gel at the lowest concentration (4% w/v) among all the tested seed flours. Garbanzo, soybean, tepary, and val bean flours failed to form a gel at ≤ 20% (w/v). The results indicate that the tested dry bean flours have great potential as functional ingredients for food formulations.

Practical Application

Understanding the functional properties of the dry bean seeds and flours is important for designing handling, transportation, storage, and processing methods for these beans and in guiding the selection of appropriate dry bean flours as food ingredients.
Natural Acidification with Low‐pH Fruits and Incorporation of Essential Oil Constituents for Organic Preservation of Unpasteurized Juices
Authors: Yen Philip Pui‐Li , Kitts David D. , Pratap Singh Anubhav
Published: July 2018

Essential oil constituents (EOCs) derived from antimicrobial plant extracts can be used for organic preservation of food products. However, the characteristic flavor resulting from EOCs limit the concentration that can be used in high‐pH beverages. This work provides an innovative approach of organically preserving a high‐pH beverage (watermelon juice) with a natural blend of low‐pH fruits (apples and lemons) and EOCs simultaneously. This low‐pH fruit blend not only lowers the pH of the food to below critical pH (4.6), but also reduces the potential off‐flavors of EOCs, offering a good preservation approach. This was verified using a sensory trial (n = 50) coupled with storage studies and evaluation of various quality parameters using an extreme vertices mixture design with varying proportions of the fruit‐base (watermelon juice), the acidulant (apple‐lemon juice blend), and the antimicrobial agent (EOC blend). EOC and acidulant containing juices received better sensory scores than those without acidulant, but lower than when EOCs were absent. Microbial load of juices with EOCs after 14 days of storage did not deviate from day 0, while those without EOCs increased 3‐fold on a logarithmic scale. Juices containing EOCs also had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. However, presence of EOCs did not impact pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity or color, while acidification had significant effects on pH and titratable acidity. Optimum composition of juice formulations were prescribed according to a multi‐parameter optimization algorithm. We concluded that the process of natural acidification (with apple‐lemon juice blend) coupled with antimicrobial plant extracts is successful in extending the shelf‐life of fruit juices with minimal effects on quality/sensory parameters.

Practical Application

This research proposes using a unique method for organic preservation of juices using very small amounts of essential oil constituents and acidification. Off‐flavors that may arise can be mitigated without the use of chemical additives, but rather with a blend of tart fruit juices, such as apple and lemon juices. The EOCs and the acidulant act synergistically as a hurdle to inhibit microbial growth, so that thermal processing does not need to be employed.
Rapid Prediction of Low (<1%) trans Fat Content in Edible Oils and Fast Food Lipid Extracts by Infrared Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Karunathilaka Sanjeewa R. , Farris Samantha , Mossoba Magdi M.
Published: July 2018

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ruled that partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), the major dietary source of industrially produced trans fat (TF), were no longer “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” for any use in human food. Consequently, the objective of this study was to develop a rapid screening procedure using attenuated total reflection Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with partial least squares regression (PLSR) for the quantitative and accurate prediction of low concentrations of trans fatty acid (TFAs) (<1% of total fatty acids (FAs)). Broad‐based calibration models were developed for a combined set of samples consisting of edible oils and fast food lipid extracts. Predicted concentrations of TFAs in the two matrices showed good correlation with the primary reference data generated by gas chromatography (GC) (R2 > 0.99) and high accuracy as evidenced by low root‐mean‐square error of cross‐validation (RMSECV) values. The lowest TFA concentration, determined by GC to be 0.13% of total FAs, was accurately predicted by ATR‐FTIR/PLSR as 0.18% of total FAs. This simple, rapid ATR‐FTIR/PLSR methodology has the potential for use as a screening alternative to conventional gas chromatographic methods for predicting the TFA content of edible oils and food lipid extracts for regulatory purposes and quality control of raw material and processed food.

Practical Applications

FDA ruled that partially hydrogenated oils were no longer “generally recognized as safe (GRAS)” for any use in human food. Consequently, we have proposed a rapid screening procedure, based on infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics, to rapidly and accurately predict low concentrations of trans fatty acids (<1% of total fatty acids) in edible oils and food lipid extracts.
Building a Total Bioartificial Heart: Harnessing Nature to Overcome the Current Hurdles
Authors: Taylor Doris A. , Frazier O. Howard , Elgalad Abdelmotagaly , Hochman‐Mendez Camila , Sampaio Luiz C.
Published: July 2018

Engineering a bioartificial heart has become a possibility in part because of the regenerative medicine approaches to repairing or replacing damaged organs that have evolved over the past two decades. With the advent of inducible pluripotent stem cell technology, it is now possible to generate personalized cells that make the concept of autologous tissue engineering imaginable. Scaffolds that provide form, function, and biological cues to cells likewise potentially enable the engineering of biocompatible vascularized solid organs. Decellularized organs or tissue matrices retain organ complexity and structure at the macro and micro scales, contain biologically active molecules that support cell phenotype and function, and are vascularized allowing full thickness tissue generation. There is also dynamic reciprocity between the extracellular matrix and cells, which does not occur with synthetic scaffolds and allows both to evolve as functional need changes, making it a unique scaffold. Yet, building a whole heart from decellularized scaffolds and cells requires delivering hundreds of billions of multiple types of cardiac cells appropriately and providing a milieu where they can survive and mature. We propose a novel type of in vivo organ engineering utilizing pre‐clinical models where decellularized hearts are heterotopically transplanted with the intent to harness the capability of the body to at least in part repopulate the scaffold. By adding load and electrical input, possibly via temporary mechanical assistance, we posit that vascular and parenchymal cell maturation can occur. In this study, we implanted porcine decellularized hearts acutely and chronically in living recipients in a heterotopic position. We demonstrated that the surgical procedure is critical to prevent coagulation and to increase graft patency. We also demonstrated that short‐term implantation promotes endothelial cell adhesion to the vessel lumens and that long‐term implantation also promotes tissue formation with evidence of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells present within the graft. Utilizing endogenous repair capabilities of the recipient in response to a naked ECM, we allowed the transplanted scaffold to direct host cells—both organizationally and functionally. Thus, the scaffold provided necessary cues for cell organization and remodeling within the transplanted organ. Future work would involve culturing partially recellularized engineered organs in bioreactors where mechanical and electrical stimulation can be controlled to promote organ development and then transplanting these after a minimal level of maturation has been achieved.
Update on the pathology of gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Heller Debra S.
Published: July 2018

Gestational trophoblastic disease can be a challenging area for pathologic evaluation. An update with a focus on pathologic challenges is presented.
The structure and utility of the placental pathology report
Authors: Turowski Gitta , Tony Parks W. , Arbuckle Susan , Jacobsen Anne F. , Heazell Alexander
Published: July 2018

The placenta is one of the most exciting organs. It is dynamic; its morphology and function continuously develop and adjust over its brief life span. It mediates the physiology of two distinct yet highly interconnected individuals. The pathology that develops in the placenta, and the adaptations the placenta undergoes to mitigate this pathology, may influence the later life health of the mother and baby (Circ Res, 116, 2015, 715; Hum Reprod Update, 17, 2011, 397; Nutr Rev 71, 2013, S88; Placenta, 36, 2015, S20). Pathological placenta examination may reveal macroscopic and microscopic patterns that provide valuable information to the obstetricians, neonatologists, and pediatricians caring for the family. The placenta often plays a key role in understanding adverse fetal outcomes such as hypoxic brain injury, cerebral palsy, fetal growth restriction, stillbirth, and neonatal death (Placenta, 35, 2014, 552; Placenta, 52, 2017, 58; Placenta, 30, 2009, 700; Obstet Gynecol, 114, 2009, 809; Clin Perinatol, 33, 2006, 503; Pediatr Dev Pathol, 11, 2008, 456; Arch Pathol Lab Med, 124, 2000, 1785). Moreover, it may help to understand the pathophysiology of pregnancy, improve management of subsequent pregnancies, and assist in medicolegal assessment. Placental pathologic examination may even provide evidence of susceptibility to adult‐onset diseases such as diabetes (Pediatr Dev Pathol, 6, 2003, 54; Diabetes Metab, 36, 2010, 682; BJOG, 113, 2006, 1126; Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 104, 2009, S25; Zentralbl Gynakol, 97, 1975, 875). Pathologic examination of the placenta may thus be of tremendous value, particularly for those women experiencing an adverse pregnancy outcome. However, this potential utility may be entirely wasted, if the findings are not communicated in an effective manner to the appropriate clinicians. An optimized, readily understandable report of pathological findings is essential for clinical utility.
Editorial: knowledge—a prescription for coeliac disease
Authors: Swift C. , Woodward J. M.
Published: July 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Halmos et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14791.
Editorial: Tong‐Xie‐Yao‐Fang (TXYF) for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS‐D)—ancient medicine meets modern study. Authors’ reply
Authors: Chen M. , Zheng H. , Huang D.‐Q.
Published: July 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Chen et al and Vitta and Sayuk papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14817 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14902.
Accounting and Finance Graduate Employment Outcomes: Underemployment, Self‐employment and Managing Diversity
Authors: Jackson Denise
Published: July 2018

The employment landscape for new graduates is increasingly challenging due to rapid changes in automation and globalisation, coupled with softening labour markets arising from economic uncertainty. For accounting and finance, there is the added complexity of a shift away from traditional core responsibilities and evidence of marginalisation among certain groups within the professions. The study used national data (N = 40 141) to examine the employment outcomes of accounting and finance graduates in Australia. Findings indicate weak full‐time, short‐term employment outcomes among graduates with little variation in recent years. High levels of casual working were evidenced and the proportion of self‐employed was relatively low in comparison with the broader workforce and was dominated by male and older graduates. Of those working, 45% were not in graduate‐level employment. There were variations in patterns of employment and underemployment by individual characteristics. The study informs stakeholders of prevalent employment trends and determinants of postgraduation outcomes in accounting and finance graduates, in addition to insights into how these professions are progressing in managing diversity. Implications for stakeholders in relation to improving graduate employment outcomes, as well managing diversity, are discussed.
The relationships between social participatory roles and cognitive engagement levels in online discussions
Authors: Ouyang Fan , Chang Yu‐Hui
Published: July 2018

Understanding the relationship between social interaction patterns and cognitive engagement levels has critical implications on collaborative learning theory, pedagogy, and technology. This study used a multi‐method approach to examine the relationship between students' social participatory roles and cognitive engagement levels within asynchronous online discussions. Results showed that students' social participatory role was a critical indicator of cognitive engagement level. Socially active students made more cognitive contributions to knowledge inquiry and knowledge construction. But there were exceptions: after taking leadership roles (i.e., discussion designers and facilitators), some students moved from peripheral participation to active participation. Second, there was a progressive development process: individual students' deep‐level knowledge inquiry could trigger peer interaction, which could further advance group knowledge construction. Third, students had a tendency to keeping social‐cognitive engagement patterns throughout discussions. Based on the result, this study proposed implications for collaborative learning theory, pedagogy support, and tool development.
Feeling for and as a group member: Understanding LGBT victimization via group‐based empathy and intergroup emotions
Authors: Paterson Jenny L. , Brown Rupert , Walters Mark A.
Published: July 2018

In two experimental studies (N = 120; N = 102), we apply intergroup emotions theory (IET) to examine the effects of hate crime on other community members. With participants from an oft‐targeted group – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans people, we are the first to show empirically that hate crimes elicit more pronounced emotional and behavioural responses in other members of the victims’ community than comparable non‐hate crimes. The findings also reveal the psychological processes behind these effects. Consistent with IET, hate crimes were seen to pose more of a group‐based threat and so led to heightened emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) and, subsequently, to behavioural intentions (avoidance and pro‐action). Importantly, we also show that hate crime victims, due to increased perceptions of similarity, received more empathy than non‐hate crime victims. Such empathy, although neglected in previous research, was shown to be a potential mediator in understanding the indirect effects of hate crime. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to psychological theory and their potential to support the argument for the utility and appropriateness of hate crime legislation.
Recent developments in research of melatonin and its potential therapeutic applications
Authors: Stanford S C
Published: July 2018

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Developments in Research of Melatonin and its Potential Therapeutic Applications. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.16/issuetoc
Spatial equity in accessing secondary education: Evidence from a gravity‐based model
Authors: Ye Changdong , Zhu Yushu , Yang Jiangxue , Fu Qiang
Published: July 2018

Whereas education inequality has attracted wide scholarly attention, there has been little attention paid to the spatial patterns of schools or, more specifically, the spatial equity of secondary schools. This study investigates the spatial patterns of secondary schools (regular vs. key) in Guangzhou, China and disparities in school accessibility among different social groups at the neighbourhood level. We use a two‐step floating catchment area method to measure school accessibility. Our results demonstrate strong spatial disparities in secondary school accessibility in Guangzhou and further underscore significant associations between the access to secondary schools, especially key schools, and neighbourhood characteristics. This study helps to document salient spatial inequity in China's current education system and suggests that efforts should be made to reduce the country's spatial inequity in secondary education.
The concept of resilience in childhood disability: Does the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health help us?
Authors: ten Hove Julia , Rosenbaum Peter
Published: July 2018

Background

The concept of resilience is popular in both the mainstream media and in health and human services research. Over the last 40 years, the term has been moulded and transformed from the idea of a trait that can be fostered within the individual towards a transactional concept with an emphasis on environmental factors. Although many current definitions are used to describe and talk about resilience, the dynamism of the concept is a common element across most current discussions and research applications. This paper provides an opportunity to place the concept of resilience within a framework for future application at the clinical frontlines.

Methods

An extensive scoping review on the existing literature was undertaken to explore recurring themes associated with resilience in families and children, particularly in the context of childhood disability. This literature was mapped and categorized in the context of World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework to create recommendations for practical application by health professionals.

Findings

Three major themes emerged: (a) the idea of resilience as a state of an individual at a specific point in time rather than a built‐in trait; (b) the idea of resilience as dynamic rather than static; and (c) the value of a framework into which to place the components of “resilience.”

Conclusions

The relative ease with which resilience concepts is situated within the ICF is an indication that the ICF framework provides a useful way to incorporate concepts of resilience for clinical application.
Implant survival rates and biologic complications with implant‐supported fixed complete dental prostheses: A retrospective study with up to 12‐year follow‐up
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Barizan Bordin Thaisa , Kim Yong‐Jeong , DeFuria Catherine , Pagni Sarah E. , Chochlidakis Konstantinos , Rolim Teixeira Eduardo , Weber Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To assess the rate of biologic complications and implant survival in edentulous patients treated with implant‐supported fixed complete dental prostheses (IFCDPs) after a mean observation period of 5.2 years (range: 1–12 years).

Materials and Methods

A single‐visit clinical and radiographic examination was performed to assess types and rates of biologic complications with ceramic IFCDPs (Group 1) and metal‐resin IFCDPs (Group 2).

Results

Of 457 rough surface dental implants supporting 71 IFCDPs (52 patients), six had failed, yielding an implant survival rate of 98.7% after a mean observation period of 5.2 years after definitive prosthesis insertion. The most frequent minor biologic complication was soft tissue recession (7.7% annual rate), inflammation under the IFCDP (7.4% annual rate), and peri‐implant mucositis (6.3% annual rate). The most frequent major biologic complication was peri‐implantitis (2.0% annual rate), in 46/457 implants (10.1%) supporting 19 IFCDPs and late implant failure (0.3% annual rate). The frequency of biologic complications was not statistically different between Group 1 and Group 2. The presence of high plaque index had significant effect on bone loss.

Conclusions

After a mean exposure time of 5.2 years postdefinitive prosthesis insertion (range: 1–12 years), implant survival rate of 98.7% was achieved. The six implant failures in three patients occurred after 5 years and affected the prosthesis survival. Soft tissue recession was the most frequent minor biologic complication, whereas peri‐implantitis was the most frequent major biologic complication. A 10‐year implant‐based mucosal recession rate of 77% (95% CI: 68.2–87.9) and a 10‐year implant‐based peri‐implantitis rate of 20% (95% CI: 16.9–24.9) were found.
DOES TEACHER‐FAMILY EXPERIENCE AFFECT TEST SCORES?
Authors: Qureshi Javaeria , Ost Ben
Published: July 2018

Since families play a pivotal role in elementary schools, student learning may be influenced by how well the teacher knows a family and how well the parents know the teacher. We test this hypothesis by evaluating whether assignment to a teacher who has previously taught an older sibling affects test scores. We refer to teachers who have previously taught the older sibling as having “teacher‐family experience” when teaching the younger sibling. Using a novel data set that includes administrative data on students and teachers matched to family identifiers, we find that when the older sibling's teacher is teaching in the younger sibling's grade, 40% of younger siblings are assigned their older sibling teachers. We find that teacher‐family experience does not have any significant effects on test scores and we can statistically rule out small effects. (JEL I20)
No Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Elbasvir or Grazoprevir and Methadone in Participants Receiving Maintenance Opioid Agonist Therapy
Authors: Feng Hwa‐Ping , Guo Zifang , Caro Luzelena , Marshall William L. , Liu Fang , Panebianco Deborah , Vaddady Pavan , Reitmann Christina , Jumes Patricia , Wolford Dennis , Fraser Iain , Valesky Robert , Martinho Monika , Butterton Joan R. , Iwamoto Marian , Webster Lynn , Yeh Wendy W.
Published: July 2018

We conducted two phase I trials to evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions between elbasvir (EBR), grazoprevir (GZR), and methadone (MK‐8742‐P010 and MK‐5172‐P030) in non‐hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected participants on methadone maintenance therapy. Coadministration of EBR or GZR with methadone had no clinically meaningful effect on EBR, GZR, or methadone pharmacokinetics. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) for R‐ and S‐methadone AUC0‐24 were 1.03 (90% confidence interval (CI), 0.92–1.15) and 1.09 (90% CI, 0.94–1.26) in the presence/absence of EBR; and 1.09 (90% CI, 1.02–1.17) and 1.23 (90% CI, 1.12–1.35) in the presence/absence of GZR. The GMRs for EBR and GZR AUC0‐24 in participants receiving methadone relative to a healthy historical cohort not receiving methadone were 1.20 (90% CI, 0.94–1.53) and 1.03 (90% CI, 0.76–1.41), respectively. These results indicate that no dose adjustment is required for individuals with HCV infection receiving stable methadone therapy and the EBR/GZR fixed‐dose regimen.
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: A diagnostic challenge on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Sood Neelam , Soin Navmeet , Gupta Ruchika , Gupta Sanjay
Published: July 2018

Carcinosarcoma of breast, a rare tumor, is a subtype of metaplastic carcinoma usually presenting in postmenopausal women. Cytological diagnosis is difficult due to the variable composition of the tumor. This case illustrates the cytological features of carcinosarcoma of breast.
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in distal patterning and intercalation during leg regeneration of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Ishimaru Yoshiyasu , Bando Tetsuya , Ohuchi Hideyo , Noji Sumihare , Mito Taro
Published: July 2018

The cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, is a classic model of leg regeneration following amputation. We previously demonstrated that Gryllus decapentaplegic (Gb’dpp) is expressed during leg regeneration, although it remains unclear whether it is essential for this process. In this study, double‐stranded RNA targeting the Smad mathers‐against‐dpp homolog, Gb’mad, was used to examine the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the leg regeneration process of Gryllus bimaculatus. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated knockdown of Gb’mad led to a loss of tarsus regeneration at the most distal region of regenerating leg segments. Moreover, we confirmed that the phenotype obtained by knockdown of Dpp type I receptor, Thick veins (Gb’tkv), closely resembled that observed for Gb’mad RNAi crickets, thereby suggesting that the BMP signaling pathway is indispensable for the initial stages of tarsus formation. Interestingly, knockdown of Gb’mad and Gb’tkv resulted in significant elongation of regenerating tibia along the proximodistal axis compared with normal legs. Moreover, our findings indicate that during the regeneration of tibia, the BMP signaling pathway interacts with Dachsous/Fat (Gb’Ds/Gb’Ft) signaling and dachshund (Gb’dac) to re‐establish positional information and regulate determination of leg size. Based on these observations, we discuss possible roles for Gb’mad in the distal patterning and intercalation processes during leg regeneration in Gryllus bimaculatus.
Residual native left ventricular function optimization using quantitative 3D echocardiographic assessment of rotational mechanics in patients with left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Medvedofsky Diego , Mor‐Avi Victor , Sayer Gabriel , Addetia Karima , Kruse Eric , Adatya Sirtaz , Kim Gene , Weinert Lynn , Yamat Megan , Ota Takeyoshi , Jeevanandam Valluvan , Uriel Nir , Lang Roberto M.
Published: July 2018

Preservation of native left ventricular (LV) function in patients supported with LV assist device (LVAD) may be beneficial to attain optimal hemodynamics and enhance potential recovery. Currently, LVAD speed optimization is based on hemodynamic parameters, without considering residual native LV function. We hypothesized that alternatively, LV rotational mechanics can be quantified by 3D echocardiography (3DE), and may help preserve native LV function while optimizing LVAD speed. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of quantifying the effects of LVAD implantation on LV rotational mechanics and to determine whether conventional speed optimization maximally preserves native LV function. We studied 55 patients with LVADs, who underwent 3DE imaging and quantitative analysis of LV twist. Thirty patients were studied before and after LVAD implantation. The remaining 25 patients were studied during hemodynamic ramp studies. The pump speed at which LV twist was maximal was compared with the hemodynamics‐based optimal speed. LV twist decreased following LVAD implantation from 4.2 ± 2.7 to 2.3 ± 1.9° (P < 0.01), reflecting the constricting effects on native function. With lower pump speeds, no significant changes were noted in LV twist, which peaked at a higher speed. In 11/25 (44%) patients, the conventional hemodynamic/2DE methodology and 3DE assessment of maximal residual function did not indicate the same optimal conditions, suggesting that a higher pump speed would have better preserved native function. In conclusion, quantitative 3DE analysis of LV rotational mechanics provides information, which together with hemodynamics may help select optimal pump speed, while maximally preserving native LV function.
Organisms and the form of freedom in Kant's third Critique
Authors: Fisher Naomi
Published: July 2018

In the second half of the third Critique, Kant develops a new form of judgment peculiar to organisms: teleological judgment. In the Appendix to this text, Kant argues that we must regard the final, unconditioned end of creation as human freedom, due to reason's demand that we regard nature as a system of ends. In this paper, I offer a novel interpretation of this argument, according to which judgments of freedom within nature are possible as instances of teleological judgment. Just as individual organisms are to be regarded as governed by supersensible teleological laws, so too is nature as a whole to be regarded as given laws from a supersensible ground. This supersensible ground in the case of nature as a whole is freedom. Freedom and teleological judgments are to be regarded as unifiable with mechanism in the supersensible, and we are to subordinate mechanical explanations to teleological judgments as well as to freedom. This interpretation makes sense both of Kant's claim that he overcomes the “incalculable gulf” between nature and freedom in the third Critique, and also of the location of this argument, as following after and relying on the results of the Dialectic of Teleological Judgment.
A balance of strategic management and entrepreneurship practices—The renewal journey of the Swedish Public Employment Service
Authors: Höglund Linda , Holmgren Caicedo Mikael , Mårtensson Maria
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this paper is to study the first phase—from 2014 to 2016—of the Swedish Public Employment Service's renewal journey by examining how the agency worked to achieve its new strategy through processes of strategic management and entrepreneurship. We did this through the theoretical lens of strategic entrepreneurship (SE). The results showed that the agency's renewal processes are simultaneously entrepreneurial and strategic. The agency is historically well known for its detailed management and control, which creates several tensions with entrepreneurship. We contributed to previous literature by focusing on the organizational aspects of these tensions and the SE practices of balancing entrepreneurship with strategic management.
Finite‐Element Method Solution of Non‐Fickian Transport in Porous Media: The CTRW‐FEM Package
Authors: Ben‐Zvi Rami , Jiang Shidong , Scher Harvey , Berkowitz Brian
Published: July 2018

An exposition is given of a finite‐element method (FEM) software package to calculate solutions for the continuous time random walk (CTRW) integro‐differential equation for non‐Fickian (and Fickian) conservative or reactive transport in disordered media. The solutions encompass one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (1D/2D) breakthrough curves and spatial concentration profiles for general geometry and grid. The velocity field, used as input to the 2D solutions, may also be calculated by applying a compatible Darcy flow 2D solver. The software enables both “forward” modeling (1D/2D) and “inverse” (best‐fit) modeling (1D) of experimental data. Various inlet and outlet boundary conditions are implemented. The CTRW‐FEM Package is freely downloadable and contains a User's Guide, source and executable files, and accompanying files with easy‐to‐use format, including descriptions of input/output files and pre‐ and post‐processing. Several examples are provided to clearly demonstrate how to work with the CTRW‐FEM Package in many typical analyses. The CTRW‐FEM Package also allows users to adapt the software to specific needs, such as, for example, first‐ and second‐order chemical reactions.