bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1161 – Generalized Partial Directed Coherence Provides a New Description Of The Brain Functional Connectivity Across Sleep Stages
Authors: Van Wettere L. , Marinazzo D. , Lanquart J.-P. , Linkowski P. , Jurysta F.
Published: July 2013

Objectives

Cerebral activity during can be approached by the measurement of functional activity in healthy young people. Functional activity reflects the statistical dependencies among near and distant brain regions by generalized partial directed coherence (GPDC).

Methods

Sleep stages of 9 healthy young subjects without somatic, psychiatric and sleep disorders were defined in accordance with the Rechtschaffen and Kales criteria (Wake, stages 1 to 4 and REM sleep). In regard of specific sleep EEG frequencies (delta, theta, alpha, sigma and beta), the first 20 epochs of each sleep stage were used for analysis. GPDC was applied between each electrode and each other of the 19 EEG electrodes.

Results

In comparison to wake and REM sleep, GPDC showed increased interdependencies across each NREM sleep stage. Lower sleep EEG frequencies increased these changes. Moreover, during slow EEG rhythms, differences observed across stages were more pronounced. In addition, differences between bands were more marked during wake and sleep stages 1 and 2. None differences were observed for GPDC values between both sides of human brain. In the right hemisphere as well as in the left one, GPDC is similar between sleep stages in delta frequency while GPDC differed from wake to other sleep stages in theta, alpha, sigma and beta EEG frequencies.

Conclusions

A different mapping in the three classical sleep states (Wake, NREM and REM sleep) is showed by generalized partial directed coherence in sleep EEG frequencies. Additional studies investigating the directional information flow should be performed to complete our results.
1163 – Change In Expression Of Calreticulin In Medial Prefrontal Cortex Of Ratswith Posttraumtic Stress Disorder
Authors: Wen L. , Shi Y. , Han F.
Published: July 2013

Posttraumtic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by traumatic experience, exhibiting three major clinical symptoms: re-experience, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal (APA,DSM-IV, 1994). It is thought to involve a dysregulation of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity in response to fear. The mPFC plays an important role in regulating the stress response (RJ. Ursano et al, Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry). Studies have reported that the calcium signal in the brain cell of PTSD rats is disordered (BING XIAO et al, 2009). Calreticulin, helping to deal with misfolded proteins during the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response as molecular chaperone, is a calcium binding protein.In this study,detection of the expression level of calreticulin in mPFC of rats with PTSD provides experimental evidence reveled part pathogenesis of PTSD and Single prolonged stress (SPS) method as an established animal model for PTSD was used. A total of 75 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups: SPS1d,SPS4d,SPS7d,SPS14d, and the control group. The calreticulin expression in mPFC was examined using immunohistochemistry, western boltting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry showed calreticulin widely distributed throughout the mPFC, mainly in the cytoplasm, appeared as buffy particle. Protein level of calreticulin of SPS group gradually increased and peaked at SPS 7d. The mRNA expression of calreticulin was upward trend and peaked at SPS4d. ERS induced by SPS stimulation made misfolded protein accumulation increase, which made calreticulin separate from calcium and increase to deal with misfolded protein. Then intracellular free calcium r increased, which exacerbated ERS and induced cell apoptosis. Expression change of calreticulin caused cell apoptosis, which may be closely related to changes of emotion,cognition of PTSD rats.
1164 – Manic Episode In The Context Of Treatment With Disulfiram: Description Of Clinical Case
Authors: Campos O. , Gomes S. , Peixoto M.L.
Published: July 2013

The prescription of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol dependence is common in clinical practice. This drug is an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, which interferes in the alcohol metabolism by increasing blood levels of acetaldehyde and promoting an intense physical discomfort, thus reinforcing the need for alcohol withdrawal. Additionally, one metabolite of disulfiram is responsible for the inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase, and may potentiate psychotic or mood disorders even in the absence of personal or family history of psychiatric illness.

This paper aims to describe the clinical case of a 45 year old man with a history of alcoholism who presented the first manic episode after initiation of treatment with disulfiram and discuss, based on a literature review, the possible association between symptoms and treatment with this drug.
1166 – What Is The Place Of Psychiatry In The Current Economic Crisis?
Authors: Campos O. , Maria P.L. , Gomes S.
Published: July 2013

The effects of the current global economic crisis on Mental Health will have maximum impact in the forthcoming years. However, based on the experience of previous financial crises, factors such as unemployment, the reduction of mental health services due to austerity measures imposed by governments among other factors, will most likely lead to increased rates of psychiatric illness and suicide. In this context, there might be an increase in the prevalence of disorders related to alcohol consumption and other substances.

Based on a review of literature on this subject, the authors propose a reflection about the possible consequences of the current economic crisis on Mental Health.
1167 – Prader-willi Syndrome Psychobehavioral Profile In a Clinic Based Sample
Authors: Ali D.H. , Effat S. , Afifi H.
Published: July 2013

Background

Maladaptive behaviors and cognitive impairment can be main problems in patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Understanding difficulties underlying the maladaptive behavior through early diagnosis and management allow tremendous improvement in the whole clinical picture.

Aim

To study the psychobehavioral deviations in a sample of Egyptian children with Prader-Willi syndrome and possible relation to genotype.

Methods

We included 15 out of 72 patients of both sexes, aged from 5–15 years old from the National Research Centre. All patient were fulfilling the diagnostic threshold of modified list of Prader-Willi criteria. Detailed cytogenetic analysis was done using: conventional cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization. Cognitive and psychological profile of Patients were assessed using

(a)

standard and semi structured psychiatric sheet and interview

(b)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,

(c)

Child Behavior Checklist for ages 4–18years,

(d)

Conner’s’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised; long version,

(e)

Childhood Autism Rating Scale.

Results

66.7 % of the patients were deletion positive and 33.3% were negative. 100% of the sample were mentally subnormal. 26.3% had autistic symptoms ranging from features to severe form, all were deletion negative. High prevalence of inattention, hyperactivity, anxiety, social, cognitive and behavioral problems were evident in the patients, manifested in more frequency and severity in non-deletion patients.

Conclusion

Cognitive and psychological challenges were evident in PWS patients’. There were some clinical differences according to different genotypes.
1175 – The Effect Of Mk-801 On The Erk-creb Signal System In Prenatally Stressed Offspring Rats
Authors: Guan L. , Zhao X. , Zhang X. , Sun H. , Wang D. , Su Q. , Tang G. , Yang L. , Song Q. , Jia N. , Li H. , Zhu Z.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Studies revealed that prenatal stress (PS) may increase the vulnerability to depression in their offspring, and ERK-CREB signal system might play a role in its mechanism.

Objectives and aims

The present study investigated the effect of MK-801 on depressive-like behavior and its impacts on ERK2, CREB, Bcl-2 mRNA expression in PS female rat offspring.

Methods

The pregnant rats were randomly divided into three groups, the control group (Con) was left undisturbed, the PS-saline group (PS-saline) and the PS-MK-801 group (PS-MK-801) were subjected to restraint stress on days 14–20 of pregnancy three times daily for 45 min, and received an i.p. administration of saline or MK-801(sigma, 0.2 mg/kg) 30 min before the first stress respectively. Forced swimming test was undertaken to assess depressive-like behavior in one month female offspring. ERK2, CREB, Bcl-2 mRNA in the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and striatum were detected by RT-PCR.

Results

PS-saline spent significantly more immobile time compared to Con and PS-MK-801 (P < 0.05). ERK2 and CREB mRNA expression in hippocampus and frontal cortex was significantly decreased in PS-saline compared to Con and PS-MK-801 (P < 0.05), while in striatum CREB mRNA expression in PS-saline was lower than Con (P < 0.05). Bcl-2 mRNA expression in hippocampus and striatum was significantly decreased in PS-saline (P < 0.05), and in frontal cortex, its expression was significantly lower in PS-saline and PS-MK-801 (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

PS may suppress ERK-CREB signal pathway in female offspring rats, which could be partly prevented by MK- 801. (Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No: 30970952).
1176 – Changes Of Metabolic Parameters After Electroconvulsive Therapy In Schizophrenia - Preliminary Results
Authors: Wysokiński A. , Kłoszewska I.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Metabolic abnormalities are commonly associated with antipsychotics treatment and may increase prevalence of cardiovascular disorders. There are some reports that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may reduce weight in depressed patients.

Objectives

The study is aimed at comparing metabolic safety of combination of ECT and antipsychotics with antipsychotics alone in schizophrenia.

Methods

Weight, abdominal circumference, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma levels of cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, blood pressure (BP) were recorded for 12 schizophrenic subjects (4W and 8M, age 29.2±9.4 year) before (pre-ECT) and after (post-ECT) 12 to 15 bilateral ECT sessions combined with antipsychotics treatment. These were compared with data for 44 schizophrenic subjects (25W and 19M, age 35.7±13.8 year) collected before (pre-AP) and after (post-AP) in-hospital antipsychotics treatment.

Results

Results (mean±SD are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Conclusions

Our results might indicate that bilateral ECT neither improves nor worsens metabolic parameters in subjects with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics.
1177 – Day/night Cortisol Rhythm In Healthy Subjects
Authors: Morera-Fumero A.L. , Abreu-Gonzalez P. , Diaz-Mesa E. , Gracia-Marco R.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Biological psychiatric research relies on the determination of biological markers. Cortisol (COR) level is one of peripheral marker frequently used in psychiatric research. COR has a well established circadian pattern of secretion, with levels peaking early in the morning. Studying circadian rhythms in big samples is challenging because of the necessity of sampling blood several times during the day. The aim of this research is to study serum COR levels at three different times of the day.

Method

48 drug-free, healthy subjects participated in the study. None of them had a history of medical, neurological or psychiatric disease. Blood was sampled at 09:00, 12:00 and 00:00 hours. After each extraction, blood samples were centrifuged at 3.000 rpm for 10 minutes, and serum was separated and frozen at –30°C until assayed for COR. Serum COR was determined by ELISA methods. Data are presented as mean ± SD in μg/dl.

Results

There were significantly different serum COR levels at the different studied times (F: 131.8, p < 0.0001). Serum COR concentrations were significantly higher at 09:00 h than COR levels at 12:00 and 00:0 h (09:00 h: 11.9 ± 5.1, 12:00: 8.0 ± 3.3, 00:00: 3.9 ± 2.7, all comparisons were significant at the level of 0.05).

Conclusions

Serum COR levels present clear day/night changes. It is strongly advisable to take into account this variability when researching in this field.
1179 – Late-onset Schizophrenia: Review And Case Study
Authors: Teixeira B. , Venâncio Â. , Araújo M.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Although schizophrenia is generally regarded as an illness with onset in late adolescence or early adult life, a sizeable minority of patients first become ill in middle or old age. Inconsistencies in diagnostic systems and nomenclature have led to such cases occupying an ambiguous position in relation to schizophrenia.

Objectives

To present a case study describing a late-onset schizophrenia and to clarify the position of this diagnose in the current nosology.

Aims

The concept, nosological status, diagnostic and associated clinical features involved in late-onset schizophrenia are reviewed.

Methods

A case report is presented in detail and a literature review of the theme is surveyed.

Results

We report a case of a 66-year-old woman with no psychiatric background up until 2010 when she was compulsively admitted to our department due to a clinical picture, which she has been developing since 2008, of mystical and persecutory delusions and visual and auditory hallucinations (she believed she was persecuted by little witches whom insulted her and invaded her home). This led to a behavioral disturbance with intense aggressiveness and anguish. The neuropsychological evaluation didn’t detect any cognitive impairment. She was treated with high doses of an antipsychotic and discharged being medicated with injectable antipsychotic and followed in compulsory treatment.

Conclusions

In terms of epidemiology, symptom profile, and identified pathophysiology, the diagnose of late-onset schizophrenia (illness onset after 40 years of age) has face validity and clinical utility. General adoption of this category will foster systematic investigation of such patients.
1191 – Completed Audit Of Patients Receiving Individual Psychodynamic Psychotherapy And Group Therapy In a London Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Service
Authors: Tam B.K.H. , Hayes M. , Abrahams D.
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to audit the effectiveness of individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and group therapy in a London psychotherapy service.

Methods

The data between January 2002 and July 2012 were reviewed. Of 255 profiles with an End-of-therapy form, 121 (47.45%) patients provided analyzable data at initial assessment and last session. Data was extracted on sociodemographic and mental health characteristics, responses on End-of-Therapy form, and item scores on CORE-OM on each time of measurement.

Results

Patients who terminated prematurely did not differ from those who completed on most of the patient characteristics despite age (t=2.16, p< 0.05), risk to harm others (t=2.93, p< 0.01), percentage of attendance (t=-3.51, p< 0.01), unplanned ending (X2=30.68, p< 0.05), contextual factors (ts ranging from -2.56 to -4.84, ps< 0.05) and benefits of therapy (ts ranging from 5.29-16.18, ps< 0.05). Results indicated that IPP is effective, with a significant difference on CORE-OM (All Mann-Whitney Us range from 2697.50—4253.50, all ps< 0.001) and risk assessment (All Mann-Whitney Us range from 3161.00—3706.50, all ps< 0.001) between initial assessment and last session. However, GT patients demonstrated a significant improvement in risk assessment (All Mann-Whitney Us range from 9.00—20.50, all ps< 0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings further substantiate the effectiveness of IPP. Yet, it is premature to conclude that GT is not as effective as IPP due to small sample size in this study. In fact, this audit was more difficult to carry out than anticipated due to client and data attrition. Recommendations for future audit are discussed.
1196 – The Cognitive Enhancement Effect Of Chewing Betel Nut Measured By a Continuous Performance Test
Authors: Chen S.-T. , Shen T.-W. , Chen S.-J. , Chen H.-H.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The pharmacological properties of betel nut which is consumed in immense quantities in the East as a cognitive enhancer. There was no evidence to prove the cognitive enhancement effect of chewing bet nut.

Objectives

We tried to demonstrated that chewing betel nut enhanced cognitive performance, mainly attention, especially when they felt fatigue.

Aims

First, we demonstrated the fatigue effect induced by repeated continuous performance attention tests. Second, we tested the cognitive enhancement effect induced by betel nut.

Methods

Experiment 1, thirty-four volunteers, naive to betel nut, performed a continuous performance test three times without chewing anything before-and-during the test. Experiment 2, seventeen subjects who are used to chew betel nut performed the same tests. During the second and third session, they were given two pieces of gums or five piece of betel nut to chew. The sequence of chewing were counterbalanced.

Results

In experiment 1, omission error rate was significantly different between section 1 and 3. Commission error was significantly different between section 1 and 2, 3 (Figure 1). In experiment 2, omission error rate was significantly different between baseline and section of chewing betel nut (Figure 2). Commission error rate had no difference between three sections. In both experiments, reaction time of different sections had no difference.

[Figue 1. The error rate of different types errors.]

Conclusions

Chewing betel nut could reverse the increase of omission error rate but chewing gum could not improve it. Either chewing betel nut or gum improved commission error rate. This study demonstrate the cognitive enhancement effect of chewing betel nut.
1200 – Coping Strategies Of Depressive Patients With Stress
Authors: Özarslan Z. , Keyvan A. , Fistikçi N. , Uğ urad Z.I. , Saygili S.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Recent researches on depression attach importance to the possibility of complex and reciprocal relations between stress and depression.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to compare the attitudes of coping with stress of patients with depression according to the healthy control group.

Methods

The sample of the study was composed of patients applying to psychiatry out-patient clinic of Bezmialem Vakif University Medicine Faculty Hospital (n=50) and healthy controls (n=50). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Coping Strategies with Stress (COPE), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Sociodemographic Data Form were applied to the participants.

Results

While scores of Positive reinterpretation and growth, Use of instrumental social support, Active coping, humor, Restraint and Planning subscales of the COPE were significantly higher in the control group, scores of Acceptance, Behavioral disengagement and Substance use subscales were significantly higher in the depression group.

Conclusions

As a result it could be argued that negative coping attitudes might be related to depressive disorder.
1209 – Central Auditory Processing And Meaning: ‘early’ Deficits In Language Processing In Sli
Authors: Schecker M.
Published: July 2013

In neurolinguistic language processing models always a linear sequence of language processing steps assume. See the model of language reception of Friederici and Cramon. This contradicts however results of new ERP-studies. Pulvermüller et al. show for the central auditory processing, that words in opposition to pseudo-words as deviants in an oddball paradigm conduct to a significant increase of the amplitude of the so-called early MMN or MMN1 (ca. 120 - 180 ms after stimulus-onset). This shows that already the central auditory processing activated long-term memory for words.

We conducted similar tests and come to somewhat different results. The processing of words in opposition to pseudo-words produced no significant increase in the amplitude of the MMN1. But the amplitude of the so-called late MMN or MMN2 (130 - 180 ms after stimulus-onset) decreased significantly. We have interpreted these results as facilitating processing.

We have found identical results in 5-11 years old children. In SLI-children of the same age there was no effect of this kind. This might explain why SLI-children have not only deficits in building inventories of grammatical entities in the lexicon, but also deficits in building vocabulary.
1213 – Parental Rearing Styles, Eating Habits/behaviours And Eating Disorders Symptoms, In a Sample Of Adolescents
Authors: Carvalho C. , Marques M. , Silva M.I. , Santos J. , Conceição L. , Cunha M. , Espírito Santo H.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

There are few studies in the international and national literature exploring the association between parental rearing styles, eating habits/behaviours and symptoms of Eating Disorders (ED).

Objectives/aims

To examine the associations between the dimensions of Parental Rearing Style Questionnaire for Adolescents (EMBU-A), the dimensions of a test assessing eating disorders symptoms (Eating Attitudes Test-25/EAT-25), Body Mass Index (BMI), items assessing eating habits/behaviors and sociodemographic family and health variables; to explore which are the predictors of symptoms of eating disorders and eating habits/behaviours.

Methods

402 adolescents (girls: n = 241, 60%) between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14,2, SD = 1,62) answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the EMBU-A and the EAT-25.

Results

We found a negative association between Emotional Support (EMBU-A), all the EAT-25 dimensions and EAT-25 total score. There was, generally, a positive association between the Overprotection and Rejection dimensions (EMBU-A) and the same results of the EAT-25. Sports’ practice was associated with a higher mean score of Motivation for Thinness and the total score of the EAT-25. In the predictive analyses, Emotional Support showed to decrease the likelihood of adolescents manifesting ED symptoms and Rejection to increase that likelihood.

Conclusions

Emotional Support seems to be protective of ED symptoms and dysfunctional eating habits/behaviors appearance in adolescents, while Rejection appears to increase the risk of these two outcomes. These dimensions should be worked together with parents, eventually, by psicoeducational programs. At schools and health centers, programs can be implemented to improve eating habits/behaviors and help prevent ED development
1222 – The Quality Of Life Of Patients Suffering From Schizophrenia - a Comparison With Healthy Controls
Authors: Vrbova K. , Prasko J. , Cerna M. , Grambal A. , Jelenova D. , Kamaradova D. , Latalova K. , Ociskova M. , Sedlackova Z. , Sigmundova Z.
Published: July 2013

Background

In the past, the first goal of schizophrenia treatment was to reduce psychotic symptoms, mainly positive symptoms. Recently, as a result of an emphasis on patient needs, the concept of quality of life (QoL) has been brought into the treatment. The goal has therefore changed from the alleviation of symptoms to improvement of the patient's satisfaction with social activities. Self-evaluations by people with schizophrenia were previously thought to lack reliability because of the presence of psychopathological symptoms and poor awareness of the disease. Recently the importance of evaluating the satisfaction of patients themselves, however, has been recognized in schizophrenia. Studies on this field showed us, that QoL data from patients with chronic mental illness were reliable and concluded that subjective QoL evaluation was applicable to such patients.

Aims

The purpose of the present study was to compare the QoL in patients suffering from schizophrenia in clinical remission with healthy controls and examine the extent of the effects of subjective cognitive functioning on QoL in these patients.

Methods

Data were obtained using the quality of life questionnaire (Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction - Q-LES-Q), and subjective questionnaire for cognitive dysfunction (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire - CFQ) for 40 schizophrenia patients in clinical remission and 40 healthy controls.

Results

Cognitive function correlates negatively with subjective QoL in patients with schizophrenia.

Supported by grant IGA MZ ČR NT11047.
1225 – Sex Differences In Eating Habits/behaviours And Eating Disorders Symptoms, In a Sample Of Adolescents
Authors: Silva M.I. , Marques M. , Carvalho C. , Santos J. , Conceição L. , Cunha M. , Simões S. , Espírito Santo H.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The literature recognizes differences in the prevalence, eating disorders (ED) symptoms and eating habits/behaviours by sex, but few studies in Portugal considered this subject.

Objectives

To explore associations between sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), Eating Attitudes Test-25 (EAT-25) dimensions and items, the EAT-25 score dichotomized by the cutoff of 19 (a score equal/above 19 indicates “possible” ED) and, finally, some items about eating habits/behaviors; to verify possible associations between sociodemographic variables and items assessing eating habits/behaviours.

Methods

308 adolescents (M = 14,5 years; DP = 1,67; girls, n = 184, 59,7%) answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the EAT-25.

Results

There were no significant associations between sex, categorized and dimensional BMI, EAT-25 dimensions, categorized EAT-25 (cutoff of 19) and items assessing eating habits/behaviors. However, some items of the EAT-25 revealed a significant association with sex. Most adolescents from both sexes presented a score below the cutoff of 19. The frequency with which young people drink sodas and eat vegetables is associated with father's educational level. The frequency with which adolescents eat vegetables and fast food is associated with the school area they attend.

Conclusions

Eating habits/behaviours are not as much negative as documented in some literature. There does not seem to exist significant sex differences regarding eating attitudes, “possible” ED, BMI and eating habits/behaviours. However, there are sex differences regarding some of the specific symptoms of EAT-25. It is good to verify that both sexes reveal a low prevalence of “possible” eating behaviour disorder, although girls reveal a higher value.
1226 – Changing The Emotional Schemas Using Writing Letters To Significant Caregivers
Authors: Prasko J. , Vyskocilova J. , Cerna M. , Diveky T. , Jelenova D. , Kamaradova D. , Ociskova M. , Sandoval A. , Sedlackova Z. , Vrbova K.
Published: July 2013

The letter writing is a psychoterapeutic strategy, which can help to the patients to cope with the relationship to the significant people from their childhood.

Method

The purpose of writing letters is to experience and to understand their own feelings, to cope with strong emotional experiences, which are related to the injuries in the childhood. We present specific examples of the letters from our patients in last 15 years of our experience, when this technique is mainly used in patients with personality disorders, affective and anxiety disorders in the therapy and also using internet.

Results

The result is a profound change in beliefs about themselves and others. The basic types of therapeutic letters are these four: not censured letter, emphatic letter from the “other side”, the letter to the “inner child” of the significant person and the letter “visit-card”. In not censured letter the patients primarily reflect the negative feelings that hurt them in childhood. The emphatic letter from the “other side” is the ideal answer the patients would have wanted to get away from the significant person; patients formulate the particular wishes and expectations, which meet in a fictional response (encouraging selfconfidence, assurance of love, respect). The “visit-card” letter is the censured letter in “adult to adult” mode, written with respect for oneself and significant person, directed towards reconciliation. Fonetický přepis

Supported by IGA

MZ CR NT 11047-4/2010.
1227 – Differences In Eating Habits/behaviours And Eating Disorders Symptoms In Adolescents From a Rural And a Urban School
Authors: Santos J. , Marques M. , Carvalho C. , Silva M.I. , Conceição L. , Espírito Santo H. , Simões S.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Differences in eating habits/behaviours and eating disorders (ED) symptoms in adolescents from rural and urban schools has not been very considered, particularly in Portugal.

Objectives

explore differences between students who attend rural and urban schools in eating habits/behaviors and ED symptoms; verify if there are differences regarding Body Mass Index (BMI) by school area.

Methods

282 adolescents students (mean age = 14,5; SD = 1,69; variation = 12-18 years old; urban subsample = 126, 44,7%), studying in two schools, one from an urban area and another from a rural area answered sociodemographic questions, eating habits/behaviours items and EAT-25 (Eating Attitudes Test-25).

Results

Most of the adolescents from both schools have breakfast and drink milk daily. Moreover, they eat vegetables and fruits daily or weekly and only rarely fast-food. Adolescents that practice a sport eat more fruits/vegetables. Adolescents attending a rural school ingest more vegetables and less fast-food. ED symptoms (EAT-25) present a lower prevalence, comparing to a young adults sample. There were no significant differences in all the EAT-25 dimensions, EAT total score and BMI by school area.

Conclusions

Eating habits/behaviours seem to be positive in both schools (e.g. most adolescents have breakfast daily). There were only some small differences between the two schools in particular eating habits but adolescents from the two areas do not seem to differ in ED symptoms and BMI, which is not in accordance with the literature that tends to signal urban areas as a “risk factor” for dysfunctional eating behaviors.
1231 – From Temperament To Psychopathology: An Etiological Continuum Hypothesis
Authors: Trofimov I.
Published: July 2013

Temperament is viewed here as referring to biologically based individual differences with main links to endocrinal-limbic regulation and to the morphology of the nervous system. Findings in psychophysiology, neuropsychology, mood disorders and personality disorders are compared to the traits described within the Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET) model. FET consists of 12 components, which reflect the regulation of behaviour in four perspectives of functional tasks: dynamical aspects of tasks (energetic, lability and directionality), probabilistic (known task vs. uncertain), activity-specific (physical vs. verbalsocial vs. mental) and emergency aspects (involvement of emotional regulation). This review of the author's studies and the existing literature will argue for the contribution of imbalances in systems of opioid receptors, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormons, providing etiological linkages among temperament traits, mood and personality disorders.
1236 – Suicidality In Psychiatric Inpatients And Economic Crisis In Greece
Authors: Stefanakis Z. , Vgontzas A. , Basta M. , Tsougkou M. , Kastanaki A. , Fernandez-Mendoza J. , Sfakiotaki M.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Suicide attempts/thoughts are common among psychiatric inpatients and they are burden for the individual, the family and the health system. According to published reports, suicidality in Greece has increased significantly, because of the current economic crisis.

Objective

Examine the profile of psychiatric inpatients of the Psychiatric Department of the University Hospital of Crete(PD/UHC), presenting with suicide attempts/ thoughts.

Aim

Identify risk factors associated with attempted suicide or suicidal thoughts.

Methods

One hundred forty four out of 444 (33%) inpatients admitted in the PD/UHC between Nov 2011- Aug 2012 presented suicidal attempts/thoughts. Data were analyzed using the Pearson's chi-square test and multivariable regression models.

Results

Major Depression, substance abuse, female gender and having a spouse were associated with suicidality in the entire group. Because there was an interaction between gender and having children, the analysis was stratified by gender. Risk factors for suicidality in men were having children (OR=2.26) and shorter time since onset of illness (OR= 0.96), and in women having a spouse (OR=2.47). Low income and unemployment were not significant predictors of suicidality.

Conclusions

Major Depression, substance abuse, female gender, family status and recent onset of illness appear to be risk factors associated with suicidality in psychiatric inpatients. Unemployment/low income, did not correlate with suicidality. Our findings do not support the popular belief of increased suicidality due to the current economic crisis. Finally, there is a need for further understanding of how family, its dynamics and potential stressors associated with it, may influence suicidality.
1242 – A Continuum Paradigm Of Psychopathology: Narcissism As The Core Construct In Mental Illness
Authors: Jacir N.
Published: July 2013

Recommendations for DSM-V and future diagnoses of psychiatric disorders include complementing the current standard categorical approach with a dimensional approach (Swanson, Wigal, & Lakes, 2009). This paper proposes that the Narcissistic Spectrum Personality Questionnaire (NSPQ) developed based on Lowen's (1985) definition of Narcissism as the “denial of the true self,” may potentially provide the framework for designing a measurement tool to assess psychiatric disorders on a continuum. In this design Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Bipolar Disorder were selected to be placed on this continuum to support that both disorders are similar in their psychodynamic underpinnings. It is proposed that a longitudinal study be conducted with ADHD and Bipolar participants who will be randomly assigned to three groups,

a)

actual drug,

b)

active placebo (that mimics the side effects of the drug), and

c)

inert placebo (merely a sugar pill).

The NSPQ scores are expected to decrease with time for all groups and significantly less so for participants receiving the inert placebo. Such findings may suggest that the side effects of drugs render a psychodynamically punishing insult to the participant resulting in their improvement. The study will help elucidate the psychological impact of placebo, therefore, unraveling a possible explanation to the long sought question of why placebos are almost as effective as drugs. The reader will be able to see narcissism on a continuum that includes a range of pathological elements and will be challenged with the idea that categorical diagnoses can be looked at on this new continuum theory.
1253 – Etical Aspects Of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Supervision
Authors: Vyskocilova J. , Prasko J.
Published: July 2013

Objective

The task of supervision is to increase the value of the therapeutic process in patient's best interest. There are many ethical questions rising in supervisors thinking about patients and also about therapist during CBT supervision.

Aims

The first aim was review the literature about ethics of CBT supervision and to compare the attitudes and belief about ethical questions in trainees of CBT a CBT supervision. The second aim was to find if there were any relations between ethical self-reflection and therapeutic skills of CBT trainee.

Methods

The first method was narrative review. A literature review was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database, Scopus and Web of Science, additional references was found through bibliography reviews of relevant articles up to July 2011. Databases were searched for articles containing the following keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, therapeutic relationship, training, supervision, ethics, self-reflection. The review also includes information from monographs referred to by other reviews. The second step was using the self-reflect questionnaire about ethical questions and assessment of the therapeutic skills of CBT trainees by their CBT trainers.

Results

Strengthening ethical self-reflections in supervisees is valuable way of improving the development of ethical aspects of professional growth throughout all stages of their career. Training and supervision focused on self-reflection on ethical aspects are beneficial to both supervisees and their patients. Preliminary results show, that therapist with high level of ethical self-reflection are significantly better in therapeutic skills assessed by trainees.

Supported by grant IGA MZ CR NT 11047-4/2010.
1260 – Imprisonment Among Psychiatric Inpatients In Iceland
Authors: Steingrimsson S. , Sigurdsson M.I. , Gudmundsdottir H. , Aspelund T. , Magnusson A.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Criminality is common among patients with severe mental disorders and/or substance use disorders (SUDs).

Aims/objectives

To study the incidence of imprisonment among psychiatric inpatients along with their diagnoses patterns and survival.

Methods

This is a nationwide register based study of all psychiatric inpatients admitted in Iceland between 1983 and 2007. The database contained information on discharge diagnoses, imprisonment and cause of death when relevant. Cumulative incidence of imprisonment was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Using a nested case-control (1:3) design, survival was analysed with Cox-proportional hazard ratio model. Controls were similar regarding age, year of admission and discharge diagnoses. All analyses were done separately for men and women.

Results

Men admitted at ages between 18 and 30 had 21% cumulative incidence of incarceration over a 20-year period. For women the corresponding figure was 6%. Most common discharge diagnoses of those serving a sentence in prison were SUD and/or personality disorder. Among men, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for risk of death was 2.0 (95%-confidence interval (CI): 1.5–2.6) and for women 1.3 (95%-CI: 0.5–3.5).

Conclusions

Imprisonment is common among psychiatric inpatients. This group represents individuals with long-term problems and specific treatment needs. Mortality was significantly increased for men while there were to few women in the cohort to establish meaningful HR for risk of death.
1262 – Empathy And Theory Of Mind In Euthymic Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Ioannidi N. , Konstantakopoulos G. , Ploumpidis D. , Typaldou M. , Sakkas D. , Papadimitriou G.N. , Oulis P.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Deficits in social cognition, especially in Theory of Mind (ToM) and empathy, may contribute in poor social functioning of patients with bipolar disorder (BD).

Objectives

Previous studies have found impaired empathy in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder using self-report measures of empathy. However, evidence on the neuropsychological processes that underlie empathic abilities in BD is scarce.

Aims

The aim of the study was to assess empathy and ToM abilities in euthymic BD using both self-report and neuropsychological measures.

Methods

Fifty-seven euthymic BD patients and 53 healthy control subjects completed the Empathy Quotient, a self-report measure of empathy. A multi-level battery of ToM tasks was applied in all study participants, including First order false beliefs stories, Hinting task and Faux Pas Recognition Test (FP). Besides the ability to recognize Faux Pas, three specific components of ToM were assessed with FP: the affective ToM, the cognitive ToM, and the emotional perspective taking. The two groups were matched for gender, age and education.

Results

Patients with BD reported significantly lower levels of empathy than healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the First order false beliefs and Hinting task scores. Patients had significantly lower score than healthy controls in FP recognition and cognitive ToM. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in affective ToM and emotional perspective taking.

Conclusions

Deficits in higher order ToM were found in the euthymic BD. These deficits might have important contribution to empathy impairments found, using self-report scales.
1264 – Phenomenology Of Suicide Risk: Unique Individuals With Unique Motives For The Suicidal Act
Authors: Pompili M.
Published: July 2013

This presentation was developed with the aim of shedding light on the phenomenology of suicide, that is, to focus on suicide as a phenomenon affecting a unique individual with unique motives for the suicidal act. Phenomenology studies conscious experience as experienced from the subjective or first-person point of view. To explore this topic, the author looks back at the past centuries to understand why suicide was thought to be confined to psychiatric illness and to document the bias in studies supporting this notion. In contrast, here it is argued that suicide should not be considered to be a symptom. Rather suicide is a separate dimension motivated by reasons which overlap the psychiatric dimension. One major step forward in the conceptualization of suicide as a psychological disorder was provided by suicidology. Such discipline described how the development of a state of the mind, that is, perturbation as a result of prolonged frustration of vital psychological needs, can undermine individual's life when the subject realizes that suicide is the best option to solve unbearable psychological pain. This essay also searches for new clues in the phenomenology of suicide and proposes an integration of biological and psychological perspectives in order to describe and help suicidal individuals comprehensively.
1267 – Functional Polymorphism In The Interleukin-6 Gene (il-6 Rs1800795), And Depression Induced By Interferon-alpha And Ribavirin During The Hcv Treatment
Authors: Małyszczak K.M. , Frydecka D.A. , Pawłowski T. , Inglot M.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

The inflammatory response system is important in the pathophysiology of depressive symptoms that are frequent side effects of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment. The functional rs1800795 IL-6 promoter SNP [-174 IL-6 (G > C)] has been described, with ‘CC’ genotype associated with lower synthesis of IL-6.

Objectives

The present study was carried out to determine whether rs1800795 IL-6 polymorphism is associated with severity of depression developed during IFN-alpha and ribavirin treatment.

Methods

We included 54 Caucasian patients receiving pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the prospective cohort study. Symptoms of depression (Montgomery - Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS, Beck Depression Inventory, BDI) and neuroticism (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised, EPQ-R/N) were assessed before treatment, just after treatment and 24 weeks after treatment.

Results

The mean MADRS ratings were higher in subjects with genotype ‘CC’ (p> 0.1). On the other hand, the BDI and EPQR/ N ratings were higher, and more stable in patients with ‘GG’ genotype (p> 0.1). Higher changes and the lowest values 24 weeks after the end of treatment were associated with ‘CC’ genotype (p< 0.05). The mean values were as follows (begin, end of treatment, 24 weeks after treatment): MADRS ‘CC’ (8.7, 11.3, 4.8), ‘GG’ (6.9, 11.1, 6.0); BDI ‘CC’ (6.9, 8.9, 3.2), ‘GG’ (8.4, 11.3, 6.2); EPQ-R/N ‘CC’ (8.3, 10.1, 7.3), ‘GG’ (10.4, 10.9, 9.2).

Conclusions

Genotype ‘CC’ of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism is associated with bigger differences in BDI and EPQ-R/N ratings during IFN-alpha and ribavirin treatment, and lower ratings after treatment.
1268 – The Significance Of Anxiety In Victimization
Authors: Novakovic M. , Despotovic V. , Naskovic Z. , Savkovic D. , Maksimovic Z. , Mitric M. , Dakic Z.
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Victimization is the behaviour of the victim in sexual violence that can be violent and non-violent. The aim of the study is to analyse anxiety in victimization in relation to mental disorders, stress and transition weaknesses in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) in the period 2001 -2010.

Method

Experimental group consists of n= 75 females on psychiatric treatment. They are victims after the rape: non-violent victimization is committed by: persons with mental disorders, victimization by abuse of power and unclear victimization. N= 75 persons make the control group of females with violent victimization. The design of the study is longitudinal, multicentric study with these tests: GDL, EPQ, HAMD, and PIE. Intercorrelation was done statistically, as well as univariable and canonical discriminative analysis.

Results

Violators are male (c2 = 29.970) significance P< 0.001), with broken family (c2 = 0.830), migration (c2 = 0.064), and heredity (c2 = 0.406) NS. Act over mental patient: 16.08% (2002) to 22.61% (2007), act of abuse of power: 2.12% (2001) to 3.55% (2008), and unclear rape acts: 0.88% (2004) to 1.74% (2007) and they are followed by fear in smaller extent. Violent victimization is shown by persons with the fear HAMD15: t-test= 11.01, HAMD19: t-test=13.91, and HAMD21: t-test=14.66.

Conclusion

Anxiety emerges in both non-violent and violent victimization with which it is more expressed. In non-violent victimization anxiety can result in mental disorders in adult period.
1272 – Personality Characteristic To Obese Persons
Authors: Cozaru G.C. , Papari A.C. , Papari A.
Published: July 2013

Most modern studies converge on the view that “the concept that obese people have a specific pattern personality is no longer supported” (G. W. Allport, 1981).

Ethio-pathogenic aspect is considered, even if it has proved the existence of common characteristics in obesity, these cannot be considered as the cause of obesity, but rather its consequences. So, the main objective of our work was to demonstrate that there are significant differences in the characteristics of overweight and obese personality compared to normal weight. Two groups of subjects were studied (sex ratio F: M - 1/1) that were set up randomly on a voluntary basis, consisting of 40 subjects overweight / obese and 40 normal weight subjects.

We applied the Questionnaire Characterioloy by G. Berger and 16 PF Personality test, developed by IRB Cattell.

The results showed that overweight and obese people are spontaneous, sociable, easy accept refusal of others and talk a lot, demonstrating indifference, carelessness, enthusiasm etc., while for the normal weight subjects, these are specific: excessive caution, introspection, non-communication, introversion, character reserved.

We believe that the differences with respect to personality traits are due to life situations, stress, different approach to the social environment, both groups shared notes that indicate: originality, violent emotional reactions and maladjustment to environment.