bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Condición monopsónica de los mercados ilegales: el caso de los cultivos ilícitos de coca
Authors: Serrano López Miguel
Published: September 2016

Este artículo analiza las características del mercado ilegal de la producción de cultivos de coca desde la perspectiva de los traficantes. Se identifica que existe un incentivo para que el traficante aspire a tener pleno poder de mercado estableciendo monopsonios en sentido estricto. Se analizan dos casos particulares en ausencia de acción del Estado: en el primero, el traficante opera sin competencia; en el segundo, se presenta competencia entre dos traficantes. La posibilidad de uso indiscriminado de la fuerza hace que en los dos casos, el resultado sea el establecimiento de monopsonios.
50 años de economía de la cultura. Explorando sus raíces en la historia del pensamiento económico
Authors: Aguado Quintero Luis Fernando , Palma Luis , Pulido Pavón Noemí
Published: September 2016

El artículo tiene por objetivo rastrear elementos clave desde el pensamiento económico que en principio limitaron y posteriormente permitieron el acercamiento de la economía al análisis de los bienes y servicios culturales. La contribución del artículo es doble. Por un lado, se sintetiza cómo se incorporó la modelización del consumo de bienes culturales al análisis económico, a partir de una selectiva revisión de la literatura de prestigiosos economistas en la historia del pensamiento económico. Por otro lado, se describen los elementos que configuran la economía de la cultura como un área dinámica de especialización, perfectamente situada y con prestigio intelectual en la economía.
Use of white rot fungi in the degradation of an azo dye from the textile industry1
Authors: Zuleta-Correa Ana , Merino-Restrepo Andrés , Hormaza-Anaguano Angelina , Cardona Gallo Santiago Alonso
Published: September 2016

Los efluentes de la industria textil imponen grandes retos ambientales. Estos son una mezcla compleja de productos químicos, donde colorantes son de particular interés. En este estudio, se implementó un diseño factorial completo 23 para establecer las condiciones más apropiadas para la degradación del rojo básico 46 bajo fermentación en estado sólido, FES. Tres hongos de podredumbre blanca Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus y Pleurotus pulmonarius fueron utilizados en el proceso de fermentación. Se alcanzó una degradación máxima de 63.0% a los 17 días de incubación con T. versicolor con una humedad del 90%, proporción carbono:nitrógeno de 12:1 y a 20°C. P. ostreatus y P. pulmonarius alcanzaron porcentajes máximos de degradación del 69.3% y 63.1% respectivamente luego de 25 días de fermentación. El escalado del proceso con T. versicolor condujo a una degradación del 45.7% a los 30 días de incubación. Adicionalmente, se cuantificó la actividad de las enzimas lacasa, manganeso peroxidasa y lignina peroxidasa. Los resultados señalan que la FES ofrece una degradación satisfactoria, cuya eficiencia depende de la optimización de las condiciones del proceso.
Marx sin reservas. Seis tesis para interpretar El capital a partir de la Lógica de Hegel
Authors: Castiglioni German Daniel
Published: September 2016

Si no es posible comprender el desarrollo de El Capital sin conocer la Ciencia de la lógica, se busca trazar los lineamientos generales para alcanzar dicha comprensión. En seis tesis se ponen de relieve algunos aspectos importantes del pensamiento de Marx que han sido poco tratados, y se dialoga con la tradición marxista para señalar ciertos equívocos y resaltar algunas interpretaciones. Esto permite ofrecer un nuevo cuadro para entender la actitud crítica que adopta el “último” Marx frente a la dialéctica de su maestro.
Vida humana fenomenológica. Balance sobre la relación entre sujeto humano y el sujeto trascendental en la fenomenología de Edmund Husserl
Authors: López López Andrés Felipe
Published: September 2016

Se describen varios elementos que le permiten a la fenomenología elaborar una descripción del ser humano sin renunciar a lo que tiene de ontología universal o an-tropologización, lo que implica que en todo análisis de la conciencia general deben caer la razón humana, la paradoja de la subjetividado, lo que es lo mismo, la para-doja de la conciencia en su estado humano. De aquí se desprende que ella pueda ser observada en un sujeto que posee un cuerpo con el cual y desde el cual la experiencia y la percepción pueden tener lugar. Esto valida el ejercicio de interrogar a la razón por su genética antropológica en un proceso de filogenias.
Castro-Gómez, Santiago. Revoluciones sin sujeto. Slavoj Žižek y la crítica del historicismo postmoderno.
Authors: Quintana Laura
Published: September 2016

Castro-Gómez, Santiago. Revoluciones sin sujeto. Slavoj Žižek y la crítica del historicismo postmoderno. Ciudad de México: Akal, 2015.
Agamben, G. Pilatos e Jesus.
Authors: Murta Fabio Py
Published: September 2016

Agamben, G. Pilatos e Jesus. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2014
García, David. “Persuasión, catarsis y lo sublime: procedimientos retóricos del texto literario.”
Authors: Murcia Baron Raúl Alexander
Published: September 2016

García, David. “Persuasión, catarsis y lo sublime: procedimientos retóricos del texto literario.” Nova Tellus 31.2 (2014): 25-41.
Effect of the height of the greenhouse on the plant - climate relationship as a development parameter in mint (Mentha Spicata) crops in Colombia
Authors: Bustamante Valencia Nelson , Acuña Caita John Fabio , Valera Martínez Diego Luis
Published: September 2016

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the height of the greenhouse on climatic conditions generated on a mint crop (Mentha spicata). The tests were conducted in the town of Carmen de Viboral, 40 minutes away from the city of Medellin (6º 05’ 09” N and 75º 20’ 19” W, 2150 m.a.s.l.). Three greenhouses with the same dimensions were used, changing only the gutter height in 2 m, 2,5 m and 3 m respectively. Temperature and relative humidity measurements were taken every 30 minutes for 3 years, time during which crop production was assessed. Statistical analyses were performed to determine climatic variations caused by the difference in height between the greenhouses, and to determine differences in production levels. The results indicate that, under the study conditions, the greenhouse height directly affects the weather conditions and the mint crop yields.
Evaluación de lodos de coagulación de agua cruda tratada con Moringa oleífera para uso agrícola
Authors: Feria Jhon Jairo , Polo Corrales Liliana , Hernández Ramos Elvis
Published: September 2016

Coagulation-flocculation is a physical-chemical process responsible for producing the largest amount of sludge in the purification of natural raw water. Conventionally, aluminum sulfate or alum has been used as a coagulant. However, disposal of the sludge produced has been problematic for the environment due to excess aluminum. Currently, the convenience of using natural coagulants such as seed extracts from Moringa oleifera (MO) is being studied, although, the properties of sewage sludge produced and its possible reuse are unknown. In this paper the physical-chemical, nutritional and dangerous characteristics from MO sludge were evaluated by using standard methods to verify its potential use in agricultural soils. Results indicated that pH, electrical conductivity, ion exchange capacity, organic matter and micronutrients from sludge were suitable for application to soils with agricultural potential; but deficiency of macronutrients and presence of fecal coliforms limits it to be used as soil improver and not as fertilizer. Sludge stabilization with hydrated lime at doses greater than or equal to 3 % was effective to ensure the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms and to obtain a Class A sludge, unrestricted for agricultural use and suitable for acid soils.
Occurrence of chloritoid-bearing metapelitic rocks and their significance in the metamorphism of the Silgará Formation at the Central Santander Massif
Authors: Castellanos-Alarcón Oscar Mauricio , Ríos-Reyes Carlos Alberto , García-Ramírez Carlos Alberto
Published: September 2016

We report here for the first time the occurrence of chloritoid in Mg-Al-rich metapelitic rocks of the Silgará Formation at the Central Santander Massif, which was metamorphosed up to the amphibolite facies. These rocks contain an unusual mineral assemblage such as quartz + biotite + muscovite + garnet + staurolite ± kyanite ± chloritoid, with minor plagioclase and K-feldspar, and Fe-Ti oxides as the main accessory phases. Associated carbonate rocks containing the mineral assemblage tremolite + calcite. Chloritoid occurs as porphyroblastic tablets in graphite-bearing metapelitic schists highly tectonized that can be associated to the influence of the major tectonic structures in the study area. The occurrence of chloritoid as an index mineral in metapelitic rocks of the Silgará Formation is attributed to a thermal event (associated to the emplacement of small granitic masses) overimposed on the regional metamorphism.
Decision making by using a computer algorithm to analyze hydrocarbon production systems
Authors: Salazar-Rúa Robinson Stevens , Caicedo-Reyes Johan Darío , Jiménez-Builes Jovani Alberto
Published: September 2016

This paper shows an algorithm that allows to automate the procedures of nodal analysis and flow optimization in a hydrocarbon production system. The procedure of nodal analysis is highly useful in flow wells, intermittent wells or in wells with artificial production systems. The nodal analysis evaluates a production system divided into two basic components: flow through vertical piping or production piping, and flow through horizontal piping or discharge line. For the prediction of each component's behavior, the pressure drop in each component is obtained. In order to obtain the pressure drops, nodes in different important points within the production system must be assigned; therefore, production expenses can vary and, by using a suitable calculation method, the pressure drop between two nodes is calculated. Then, a node is selected and the pressure drops are added to or subtracted from the initial pressure point or departure node, until obtaining the solution node. The results obtained when using the algorithm have allowed to update both procedures, obtaining advantages such as improvement in response time, among others. This analysis is a crucial point when making decisions related to production costs in any oil company.
Interacciones moleculares de las soluciones acuosas diluidas de nitrato de sodio a partir de datos viscosimétricos
Authors: Páez Manuel S. , Pérez Dairo E. , Julio Oscar L.
Published: September 2016

Se determinaron experimentalmente los tiempos de flujo de soluciones a NO3 + H2O en el intervalo de concentración molal 0,0000-0,9996 (mol/kg). Se usó un microviscosímetro automático Anton Paar®, modelo AMVn, a temperaturas desde 283,15 K hasta 318,15 K cada 5 K y presión atmosférica de 0,101 MPa. A partir de los datos obtenidos, se calcularon las viscosidades dinámicas (), los coeficientes de viscosidad,  y  de la ecuación de Jones-Dole,  y los parámetros de activación del flujo viscoso (,   y ) a dilución infinita. Los coeficientes  resultaron positivos al igual que . De acuerdo con el análisis del signo de este último, el NaNO3 actúa como un soluto formador de la estructura del agua. Por otro lado, los parámetros de activación del flujo viscoso a dilución infinita (,y) revelaron que el proceso de flujo viscoso es endotérmico con un claro predominio de las interacciones ión-solvente.
Hydrological modelling with TOPMODEL of Chingaza páramo, Colombia
Authors: Gil Morales Eydith Girleza , Tobón Marín Conrado
Published: September 2016

Páramo ecosystems are located on the upper parts of the tropical mountains, below the snow line areas or in isolated areas where no glacier ecosystems occur. These ecosystems are considered important for their biodiversity, but mainly because they are permanent source of water for populations located at the upper and middle parts of the Andes. Recent studies indicate that ecosystems located at high altitudes, are more vulnerable to climate change and to changes in land use, which threatens the ecosystem services derived from them. There are very few studies in these ecosystems, within which, studies on the hydrological functioning are even scarcer, which seems to be related to their position in the top of the mountains and difficulties associated with the access to them. This implies that there is a need to create tools that allow us to study these ecosystems, overcoming the current difficulties. Hydrological TOPMODEL is used to investigate the hydrological functioning of the páramo of Chingaza, through a case study in La Chucua basin. For this, we calibrate and validate the model using two data sets of climate and the hydrology of the basin (climate and discharge from 2008 and 2009, respectively). Through the calibration procedure we obtain a high efficiency value of 0.76 model (coefficient Nash - Sutcliffe), which adequately represents the hydrological behavior of the páramo. Simulations with better adjustment between measured and predicted values of discharge, have low values of surface infiltration excess runoff, indicating high water storage capacity on the soils. This agrees with the predominance of subsurface flow in studied ecosystem, given the special characteristics of soils. Results also show the large influence of factors represented in the model (topography and soils), on water basin response to rainfall events. This is significant evidence of exceptional hydrological behavior of the páramos, mainly related to the presence of soil with high organic matter content. These results imply that TOPMODEL is a robust tool, able to represent in a precise manner the hydrological functioning of the basin La Chucua, and consequently it is expected that TOPMODEL can also represent hydrological conditions of Chingaza páramo.
Effect of different 1-methylcyclopropene doses on the postharvest period of pitahaya fruits (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw.)
Authors: Álvarez-Herrera Javier Giovanni , Deaquiz Yuli Alexandra , Herrera Anibal O.
Published: September 2016

Colombia is one of the leading producers of yellow dragon fruit, but exports of this fruit is low when compared to the domestic production because most do not meet the requirements of international markets in terms of quality and preservation. As a result, this study aimed to determine the effect of the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the preservation and quality of dragon fruit, given that it has been effective in the conservation and postharvest quality of many agricultural species allowing longer life, using a completely randomized experiment design with three treatments: 0, 300 and 600 mg L-1 of 1-MCP, with four replications. The 600 mg L-1 of 1-MCP dose was able to maintain the quality of the dragon fruit longer (28 days after harvest (dah)) because it managed to reduce the respiratory rate. The application of 1-MCP did not affect the firmness, loss of mass, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, or total carotenoids in the fruits. The application of 1-MCP slowed the loss of fruit quality in terms of color because the 600 mg L-1 dose maintained the lightness of the fruits longer, reduced the color changes as expressed in a* and b* values and decreased the chlorophyll degradation.
Effect of pasteurization and starter cultures on physicochemical and microbiological properties of costeño cheese
Authors: Serpa José G. , Pérez Tulia I. , Hernández Elvis J.
Published: September 2016

The effect of pasteurization and starter cultures on physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics of costeño cheese was determined. A completely randomized design was conducted, three treatments (T) and three replicates: Treatment 1 (T1): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk without starter cultures, Treatment 2 (T2): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk with Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus cremoris (1:1) and Treatment 3 (T3): cheese manufactured with pasteurized milk with Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris and Streptococcus thermophillus(0.5:0.5:1). Treatments were compared to a control sample that was prepared with raw milk without starter cultures. Concentration of 1.5% (v/v) of culture was used in relation to the amount of used milk in each treatment. Moisture content was higher in all treatments compared to the control and protein and fat content were significantly lower. Acidity was significantly higher in samples from T2 y T3 compared to T1 and control, due to the metabolism of starter cultures. Total coliforms, yeast and mold counts showed a significant reduction due to pasteurization process in all treatments. Regarding sensorial analysis, hedonic test showed a greater preference in cheese manufactured with T2 (P<0.05). There were no significant preferences between T1, T3 and control. Additionally, yield was significantly higher with T1 (22%) and T3 (23%) compared to control.
TAMIS – transanalis minimálisan invazív sebészet
Authors: Bánky Balázs , Járay Géza
Published: September 2016

Absztrakt

Bevezetés/célkitűzés: A végbél alsó és középső harmadának
daganatai hagyományosan jelentős sebésztechnikai problémát jelentenek. A
minimálisan invazív sebészeti technikai fejlesztések a korábban „senki
földjének” nevezett régiót biztonsággal feltárhatóvá, kezelhetővé tették.
Cikkünkben a legújabb műtéttechnikai fejlesztések egyikét, a transanalis
minimálisan invazív sebészet (TAMIS) eljárását ismertetjük. Betegek és
módszerek: Három év alatt 19 TAMIS-műtétet végeztünk (14 benignus,
három malignitásra gyanús, egy semimalignus és egy igazoltan malignus tumor
esetén). Utóbbi esetben extrém magas rizikójú betegen palliatív célú műtétre
került sor. Végül beszámolunk az egy esetben azonos műtéti eszköztárral végzett
transanalis teljes mesorectum-excisióról (TaTME). Eredmények:
Az elvégzett 19 TAMIS-műtét mindegyike alsó és középső harmadi rectumpolip
széles lokális, teljes falvastagságú excisiója volt. R1 reszekció két esetben
történt. Lokális recidíva miatt egy betegnél 14 hónap után második TAMIS-műtétet
végeztünk. Postoperativ mortalitás nem volt, peritoneummegnyílás miatt két
műtétet konvertáltunk laparotomiára, illetve laparoszkópiára. Tranziens
székletinkontinencia egy betegnél alakult ki. Szubklinikus rectalis
varratszétválást betegeink harmadánál észleltünk.
Következtetés: A transanalis minimálisan invazív sebészet
biztonságos és technikailag kivitelezhető eljárás a rectum alsó és középső
harmadi polipjainak sebészi eltávolítására. Szorosan kontrollált indikációs
körrel a TAMIS-műtétnek helye lehet a hazai rectumsebészet egyre bővülő
eszköztárában.
Segmented Partisanship in a Federal System
Authors: Maggiotto Michael A. , Wekkin Gary D.
Published: September 2016

One intention of American federalism, according to Madison, was to provide different contexts into which politics might be organized. Segmented partisanship is a reflection of and a response to the differentiation of power, roles and opportunities that federalism made possible. Accepting partisanship as a collection of schemata, choice among which is contextually determined, permits us to see a greater consistency among performance evaluations and electoral decisions, on the one hand, and partisanship on the other, than a single, global schema allows.
The Dimensions of Partisanship in Canada
Authors: Uslaner Eric M.
Published: September 2016

Canadians are said to have weaker partisanship than Americans. Most particularly, many Canadians identify with different parties at the federal and provincial level. To what extent does this dual identification form part of a syndrome of weak partisanship, as institutionalist theories of Canadian partisanship would suggest? LISREL modeling of attitudes toward parties in the 1974-1979 panel of the Canadian National Election Studies finds little support for such an institutionalist view. Instead, Canadians have complex schemata for evaluating parties. Dual identification forms a distinct dimension. There are four other factors: temporal stability for both party identification and voting behavior, the strength of identification at both the federal and provincial levels, and separate dimensions for federal and provincial partisanship. These results provide support for a cultural/historical account, especially given the distinctiveness of schemata for Quebec and British Columbia.
Local Political Parties in an Age of Change
Authors: Frendreis John P. , Gitelson Alan R.
Published: September 2016

Few American political institutions have prompted as much research, controversy, and debate during the post-World War II era as have political parties. In turn, few institutions have seen their demise (Broder 1971; Sundquist 1982; Crotty 1984; Wattenberg 1990, 1991) and, alternately, their re-juvenation (Schlesinger 1985; Kayden and Mahe 1985; Pomper 1981; Price 1984; Gitelson, Conway, and Feigert 1984) reported so often in scholarly publications, textbooks, and the popular press. Gibson and his colleagues suggested in 1985 that “[t]he last twenty years have not been kind to American political parties” (1985, 139), and, as we approach the twenty-first century, many scholars would agree that the past four decades have been marked by a volatile and changing party system.
The Impact of the Voting Rights Act on American Political Parties
Authors: Scarrow Howard A.
Published: September 2016

The weakening of American political parties has been a theme featured in the writings of political scientists for the past several decades. This essay is addressed to developments which may further that decline-developments which have undermined the very purpose which American political parties are said to serve. I refer to legal standards which were established by the Supreme Court in 1964, and which have since been expanded by the Court and then incorporated into the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and its amendment in 1982.
Parties, Programs and Policies: A Comparative and Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Budge Ian
Published: September 2016

The feature of political parties which gives them their central role in democracies, and which also renders them such a fascinating object of study, is their presence at so many levels of our societies. They exist both among mass and elite, in electorates and in governments. In between, they group activists and local and State legislators, as well as affiliated bodies from women’s leagues to sports clubs, co-operatives to labor unions. This complexity, more or less evident in the different party families and across cultures, fulfill an essential representational purpose: no less diverse organization can claim to speak on behalf of society or the nation as the political party can. But it also makes parties difficult objects of research, particularly from an analytic and comparative point of view.
Cohort, Turnover, and Partisan Effects in Critical Elections
Authors: Whicker Marcia Lynn , Jewell Malcolm E.
Published: September 2016

We examine three alternative explanations for national policy shifts surrounding critical elections. We examine evidence for cohort, turnover, and partisan effects. Data for all congresses are used, and four critical elections-1828, 1860, 1896, and 1932-receive particular attention. The cohort and turnover hypotheses as explanations for critical election policy shifts are not supported. However, support for the partisan dominance hypothesis is strong. Political party membership and strength, rather than an influx of congressional newcomers with different socialization and characteristics, is associated with major policy swings.
The Role of Party in Nominating Gubernatorial Candidates
Authors: Jewell Malcolm E.
Published: September 2016

There are seven states in which preprimary endorsements are provided by law, mostly ones that have used them for twenty years or more. and five other states where the rules of one or both parties provide for endorsements. States with legal endorsements continue to have relatively few contested primaries. But there has been a substantial decline, from over three-fourths to less than half, in the proportion of gubernatorial endorsees who win contested primaries (in states with either legal or informal endorsements). Endorsements are less successful if the convention represents too narrow a political or ideological base and the primary winner can appeal to a broader constituency.
Supreme Court Decision Making: An Individual-Level Analysis of the Establishment Clause Cases During the Burger and Rehnquist Court Years
Authors: Ignagni Joseph A.
Published: September 2016

In the first Establishment Clause case decided by the Burger Court, the U.S. Supreme Court laid down a new constitutional test. With this addition, the Court now had in place the third prong of a three-part Establishment Clause test. However, this three-part test has not settled what is allowable in church-state relations for many scholars. In fact, it is often complained that constitutional law in this area is confused and conflicting. This study attempts to show that the votes of the justices are not as uncertain or unpredictable as previously has been claimed. It also endeavors to contribute to explaining Supreme Court decision making in general. A fact-attitudinal model is derived from judicial behavior theory, cognitive-cybernetic decision-making theory, and the writings of the justices themselves. The results suggest that the model has explanatory as well as predictive value during both the Burger and early Rehnquist Court years.
The Development of State Legislative Campaign Committees: A Second Look
Authors: Shea Daniel M.
Published: September 2016

One of the most important recent developments in state politics has been the rapid emergence of legislative campaign committees (LCCs), now found in 40 states. A persistent theme in the literature is that the growth of these new organizations has been directly linked to party decline. More specifically, as traditional party organizations failed to respond to changing environmental conditions. LCCs were created. The analysis presented here rejects the functionalist perspective and argues that their development has occurred independent of party dynamics, and perhaps as a response to strengthening state party committees. Legislative professionalization is found to be the most telling exogenous variable, suggesting a good deal about LCC activities and goals. Contrary to expectations, these powerful organizations may not be interested in or capable of performing many of the functions historically undertaken by traditional party organizations.
Party Integration in Indiana and Ohio: The 1988 and 1992 Presidential Contests
Authors: Trish Barbara
Published: September 2016

This article examines the integration between formal party and campaign organizations in Ohio and Indiana during the 1988 and 1992 presidential election seasons. It finds a basic difference in the level of integration across those two states. It also finds variation in the partisan patterns across the two elections. In light of these findings, the article offers an explanation of party integration that considers the structure of the organizations, the nature of the candidacies and campaign personnel, and organizational learning.
Intimate Connections: Political Interests and Group Activity in State and Local Parties
Authors: Baer Denise L. , Dolan Julie A.
Published: September 2016

Using data from the 1988 Party Elite Study, this paper tests two different models of how interests and parties are related among a national sample of state and local party leaders and activists. Two models of interest intermediation are compared: the pluralist model stressing consensus and bipartisanship, and the party government model stressing conflict and partisanship. New research is reviewed suggesting that political interests have become nationalized and work within the parties. Using Stinchcombe’s "crucial experiment," opposing assumptions of the two models are compared. While we do not test whether interests and parties are equally strong, we do find that strong parties and strong interests share a complementary, even intimate relationship. Strong support is found for the pervasiveness of interests among party elites, the presence of distinct party-linked ideological differences between group members and non-members, linkage between interest membership and organized party factions, group structuring of political information and communication, and a group consciousness. Based on these findings, we find support for the advent of true factions in the contemporary party system, and the conflict model of partisan intermediation in the post-reform party system is confirmed. The fact that interests are so strongly intertwined with the state and local parties provides disconfirmation of the pervasive myth that strong interests lead to decline at the grassroots.
Judicial Support and Criminal Sentencing
Authors: McInnis Tom N.
Published: September 2016

This study examines the hypothesis that one reason why criminal trial courts are supported by the public and seen as acting legitimately is that both members of the public and of the judiciary hold common perceptions regarding the principles upon which sentences should be based. It uses Stephenson's Q-Technique and isolates three separate factor types that describe differing subjective views of the sentencing process.
The Multiple Personalities of Daniel J. Boorstin: A Third Image Analysis
Authors: Meagher Michael A.
Published: September 2016

This article presents a new interpretation of Boorstin's political thought. I contend that there are three Daniel J. Boorstins. and that the third image represents the core of Boorstin's political thought. The third image centers on Boorstin's insistence that an essence guides and directs American politics and thought. Boorstin terms his version of essence "givenness." According to Boorstin, essence, or "givenness," was assigned to America by a Supreme Being. While Louis Hartz bases his concept of "irrational Lockeanism" in the thought of a social contract theorist. Daniel Boorstin bases his notion in the essence of God.
Allocations Follow Form: The Impact of Federal Structure on Association PACs
Authors: Davis Frank L.
Published: September 2016

Researchers have found that the leaders of PACs serving associations with federated organizational structures are under pressure to surrender a good deal of control over allocations to their grassroots fund raisers. As a result, these PACs expend a larger proportion of their allocations to assist the election efforts of ideologically congenial candidates, and a smaller proportion to attain access to likely election victors. This finding, in turn, prompts new questions. This paper addresses some of these. The most important concerns the degree to which association PACs’ commitment to electing ideological allies is the result of sponsors’ federated structures. Results o f this analysis indicate that association PACs’ distinctive commitment to influencing elections stems exclusively from federated associations. The association PAC category includes two distinct groups with vastly different tactical orientations. Pacs in one group, i.e., those serving federated associations, are committed to influencing election results while PACs in the other group, consisting o f those serving nonfederated associations, are dedicated to securing access to election victors.
Political Language, Causal Stories, and Pesticide Regulation
Authors: Kiel Dwight C.
Published: September 2016

This article begins with the premise that the subgovemments which had dominated policy-making since the 1940s have given way to more amorphous and nebulous networks of influence. Given this fact, we ask: how have entrenched interests—those who had previously dominated subgovernment politics—reacted to the dissolution of their subgovemments? Focusing on one entrenched interest—pesticide manufacturers and their representatives—we argue that one response strategy is "going public" by (1) offering new causal stories which contradict the claims of new policy "players," (2) using political language designed to capture the "linguistic high ground." and (3) "framing" issues to favorably change the outlines of the debate. Ultimately, we argue that the dissolution of subgovemments has led to the "politicization" of many issues, which in turn has led to the increased use of language, causal stories, and symbols, as tools in policy battles.
Rejoinder to Passé-Smith
Authors: Daynes Byron W. , Sussman Glen
Published: September 2016

We appreciate the careful reading that Professor John Passe-Smith has given our article, and generally value his perspectives. Moreover, after a thorough reading of his criticisms, we have concluded that our respective understandings of fast tracking may not be as far removed from one another as first might appear. All three of us, for instance, could probably agree that: (1) the two institutions (President and Congress) brought together by fast tracking share different perspectives on trade policy, as most clearly exhibited in the 1930s with the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (Schattschneider 1935); (2) fast tracking encourages a distinct relationship between these institutions, dissimilar from treaty making and the executive agreement; and (3) we need to examine some empirical evidence supporting our assertion that fast tracking makes it difficult for members of Congress to represent and speak for their constituents on trade matters.
Effects of Districting Systems on Republican Representation in Southern State Legislatures
Authors: Jewell Malcolm E. , Breaux David A.
Published: September 2016

An analysis of voting patterns in the lower houses of legislatures in nine southern and border states from 1968 to 1986 shows that the Republican party has benefitted from the use of single-member districting. The Republican ratio of seats to votes has been consistently higher in single-member than in multimember districts, though the magnitude of that difference varies considerably from state to state. The Republican seats/votes ratio in particular types of districts varies from state to state, however, depending on several other variables such as the size of the Republican vote and those factors that affect the slope of the regression between votes and seats.
Lobbyists as Interest Group Entrepreneurs: The Mobilization of Union Veterans
Authors: Ainsworth Scott
Published: September 2016

Numerous scholars view the late 1800s as a period o f considerable party influence and little group influence. I show that in the area o f pension policies for Union veterans, entrepreneurial group politics thrived in the late 1800s and rivalled party influence. A rational choice framework is used to analyze the ability of a lobbyist entrepreneur to profit from the complex interactions between Union veterans, Congress, the Pension Bureau, and the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). I argue that lobbyist entrepreneurs operate with recognition of the opportunities for delegation from individuals to the group and from legislators to bureaus and groups. The viability of the group's linkage function depends upon the entrepreneur's abilities to master the intricacies of delegation.
Strategic Canvassing by Political Parties, 1952-1990
Authors: Wielhouwer Peter W.
Published: September 2016

The activities of political parties, and particularly local party organizations, are geared toward cultivating the relationship between the electorate and those who govern. This paper adds to the theoretical and empirical literature on party activities by focusing on one of the primary mechanisms by which parties attempt to stimulate political participation on behalf of their candidates: the party canvass. Using the 1952-90 National Election Studies, I examine the contacting patterns of the two major U.S. parties, and argue that political parties contact individuals in the electorate not randomly, but strategically, targeting their canvassing efforts to specific individuals and groups within the electorate. This can only be done imperfectly, but with technological increases over the last 40 years, the parties have become somewhat more efficient in their contacting activities and in their ability to target such contacts.
Political Parties and the Law
Authors: Scarrow Howard A.
Published: September 2016

Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.
How Ballot Access Laws Affect the U.S. Party System
Authors: Winger Richard
Published: September 2016

Political scientists have long been aware of the relationship between American political parties and the law. That relationship began prior to the turn of the century when states introduced the government-printed Australian ballot, an innovation which required states to determine the standards for parties to gain access to that ballot. Those early laws set the stage for the later Progressive-inspired laws imposing on officially recognized parties a variety of regulations, most notably the requirement that the parties nominate their candidates through the process of primary elections. In recent years political scientists have supplemented this traditional focus on the historical impact of state laws on party development with a new focus: the impact on parties of decisions rendered by the judiciary, especially by the United States Supreme Court. It is this later development which inspired the Political Organizations and Parties Section of the American Political Science Association to sponsor a workshop on "Parties and the Law" at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the Association. Three of the papers presented at that workshop are included in this issue of The American Review of Politics.
The Invisible Primary and the 1996 Presidential Nomination
Authors: Marshall Thomas R.
Published: September 2016

The 1996 presidential nominations process will not begin with the first state primaries and caucuses. By January 1996 the candidates had already spent millions of dollars and thousands of days campaigning during the "invisible primary." The 1996 nominations race features several new practices— such as the front-loading of delegate-selection events, and the reemergence of Washington insiders as the early GOP leaders. For the first time since 1964 the Democrat Party did not face a spirited nominations race. This article reviews the prenomination season for the 1996 presidential race with evidence available by early January 1996.
Comment: Conceptualization, Measurement, and the Analysis of Representation in Electoral Systems Undergoing Structural and Social Change
Authors: Krassa Michael A. , Combs Bryan
Published: September 2016

Understanding the consequences for democracy and representation of various electoral structures has never been easy. Scholars from the Reverend Dodgson to Kenneth Arrow to Gary King have all undertaken theoretical and empirical studies of the comparative strengths and weaknesses of different electoral arrangements, yet these debates continue with no resolution in sight. Empirical studies often cannot distinguish social from structural effects, while analytic studies often make assumptions that diminish our ability to apply the findings to any real world comparison. Such enterprises are most difficult when the electoral systems under consideration are concurrently in the midst of structural, social and issue evolution. The two preceding papers undertake a difficult task; i.e., separating the consequences of structural change from those of social change in the US South during a period of great flux in racial and partisan power relations. Much of the disagreement between these two analyses—and perhaps some of the agreement as well—can be attributed to the conceptual and methodological difficulties of the enterprise they undertake. The two key questions addressed are: 1) which party benefited from the change to single-member districts, winner-take-all elections, from various multimember district electoral formats, and 2) which party benefited from redistricting?
Rejoinder
Authors: Aistrup Joseph A.
Published: September 2016

The commentary of our colleagues is appreciated. Even though this reply will not settle this controversy, it might provide a starting point for others wishing to examine this topic. The article had two major findings. The first is that there was a minimal Democratic bias in contested southern state legislative districts in the 1970s and 1980s. The second is that the Democrats appear to have used the switch from multimember districts (MMDs) to single-member districts (SMDs) to insulate themselves from large vote swings by lowering the swing ratio (responsiveness) of the electoral system. Krassa and Combs make two criticisms of this research: First, the grouping time periods together means the analysis includes the effects of other structural and social events, thus confounding the analysis of changes in the swing ratio and bias. They suggest a need to adopt a similar methodology to King and Gelman (1991), which controls for the structural characteristics in southern state legislative elections. Their second critique is the interpretation of a declining swing ratio protecting incumbents is incorrect. A more desirable situation for Democratic incumbents is to have a high swing ratio because it converts lower vote shares into a higher proportion of Democratically controlled districts. Bullock’s critique notes the findings are not generalizable to the affirmative action gerrymandering associated with the 1990s redistricting process. I begin by addressing the methodological critique of Krassa and Combs. Then I turn to the latter two questions involving the interpretation of our findings.
Political Action Committees in State Elections
Authors: King James D. , Robin Helenan S.
Published: September 2016

While the number o f state PACs and their campaign contributions have increased substantially over the past decade, much remains unknown regarding their organization and activities. From a survey o f PACs in three states we develop a portrait o f political action committees, which extends beyond contributions. State PACs form around both economic and ideological issues; have very modest organizational structures; solicit funds primarily by direct mail and personal contacts; typically delegate responsibility for making campaign contributions to committees, which adopt accommodationist strategies; and have extended their activities to include voter education and mobilization. A number o f differences among the various types o f PACs are also evident.
Economic Interests and the Framing of the 1988 and 1992 Deomcratic and Republican Party Platforms
Authors: Fine Terri Susan
Published: September 2016

In this paper, the role that economic groups play in attempting to shape party platforms is examined by analyzing economic group presence at the 1988 and 1992 Democratic and Republican platform writing hearings. Whether the same economic groups participating as witnesses in the platform writing hearings also contributed to the presidential campaigns is also explored. The findings suggest that economic interest group participation varied widely between 1988 and 1992 and declined across years. Trade associations dominated economic group participation whereas labor unions did not take an active role. Business interests showed a strong preference for the Republicans in 1988 and reasonably equal interest in both parties the following year. The participatory decline among these groups may be explained by a growing perception that platforms are less effective as campaign guides and policy tools in an era dominated by candidate centered elections, split ticket voting and increasing independent identification, all indicators of decreasing reliance on the parties at the mass and elite levels.
Anti–TGF-β1 Antibody Therapy in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Voelker James , Berg Paul H. , Sheetz Matthew , Duffin Kevin , Shen Tong , Moser Brian , Greene Tom , Blumenthal Samuel S. , Rychlik Ivan , Yagil Yoram , Zaoui Philippe , Lewis Julia B.
Published: September 2016

TGF-β has been implicated as a major pathogenic factor in diabetic nephropathy. This randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study assessed whether modulating TGF-β1 activity with a TGF-β1–specific, humanized, neutralizing monoclonal antibody (TGF-β1 mAb) is safe and more effective than placebo in slowing renal function loss in patients with diabetic nephropathy on chronic stable renin-angiotensin system inhibitor treatment. We randomized 416 patients aged ≥25 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, a serum creatinine (SCr) level of 1.3–3.3 mg/dl for women and 1.5–3.5 mg/dl for men (or eGFR of 20–60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), and a 24-hour urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥800 mg/g to TGF-β1 mAb (2-, 10-, or 50-mg monthly subcutaneous dosing for 12 months) or placebo. We assessed a change in SCr from baseline to 12 months as the primary efficacy variable. Although the Data Monitoring Committee did not identify safety issues, we terminated the trial 4 months early for futility on the basis of their recommendation. The placebo group had a mean±SD change in SCr from baseline to end of treatment of 0.33±0.67 mg/dl. Least squares mean percentage change in SCr from baseline to end of treatment did not differ between placebo (14%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 9.7% to 18.2%) and TGF-β1 mAb treatments (20% [95% CI, 15.3% to 24.3%], 19% [95% CI, 14.2% to 23.0%], and 19% [95% CI, 14.0% to 23.3%] for 2-, 10-, and 50-mg doses, respectively). Thus, TGF-β1 mAb added to renin-angiotensin system inhibitors did not slow progression of diabetic nephropathy.