bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Defective Crystalline Carbon Nitride to Enable Selective CO2 Photoreduction in the Gas Phase
Authors: Xia Pengfei , Antonietti Markus , Zhu Bicheng , Heil Tobias , Yu Jiaguo , Cao Shaowen
Published: February 2019

Polymeric carbon nitrides are promising photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction, but still show lower activity and selectivity. Herein, the synthesis of an ordered crystalline carbon nitride is reported which is simultaneously rich in special defects, accomplished via the co‐condensation of guanidine hydrochloride and dicyandiamide under acetonitrile‐promoted solvothermal conditions. The high crystallinity boosts charge migration, and the structural terminations with cyano and carboxyl groups result in the improvement of optical absorption, the ability to store charges at the surface, and CO2 binding. The crystalline carbon nitride with surface defect design enables the effective gas‐phase CO2 photoreduction into hydrocarbon fuels while oxidizing water to oxygen, at a rate of 12.07 µmol h−1 g−1 and a selectivity of 91.5%, both values of which are remarkably higher than those of most previous carbon nitride photocatalysts. This study highlights the preparation of defective crystalline carbon nitride using a low‐temperature solvothermal synthesis, as well as a resultant good selectivity toward hydrocarbons in the application of gas‐phase CO2 photoreduction in the absence of any cocatalyst or sacrificial agent.
Water‐Soluble Triazolium Ionic‐Liquid‐Induced Surface Self‐Assembly to Enhance the Stability and Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Shuangjie , Li Zhen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liu Xingrui , Han Jian , Li Xuanhua , Liu Zhike , (Frank) Liu Shengzhong , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: February 2019

Despite being a promising candidate for next‐generation photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit limited stability that hinders their practical application. In order to improve the humidity stability of PSCs, herein, a series of ionic liquids (ILs) “1‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolium” (termed as RATZ; R represents alkyl chain, and ATZ represents 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolium) as cations are designed and used as additives in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite precursor solution, obtaining triazolium ILs‐modified PSCs for the first time (termed as MA/RATZ PSCs). As opposed to from traditional methods that seek to improve the stability of PSCs by functionalizing perovskite film with hydrophobic molecules, humidity‐stable perovskite films are prepared by exploiting the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) formation of water‐soluble triazolium ILs on a hydrophilic perovskite surface. The mechanism is validated by experimental and theoretical calculation. This strategy means that the MA/RATZ devices exhibit good humidity stability, maintaining around 80% initial efficiency for 3500 h under 40 ± 5% relative humidity. Meanwhile, the MA/RATZ PSCs exhibit enhanced thermal stability and photostability. Tuning the molecule structure of the ILs additives achieves a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.03%. This work demonstrates the potential of using triazolium ILs as additives and SAM and molecular design to achieve high performance PSCs.
Hyaluronic Acid–Based Activatable Nanomaterials for Stimuli‐Responsive Imaging and Therapeutics: Beyond CD44‐Mediated Drug Delivery
Authors: Choi Ki Young , Han Hwa Seung , Lee Eun Sook , Shin Jung Min , Almquist Benjamin D. , Lee Doo Sung , Park Jae Hyung
Published: February 2019

There is a rapidly increasing interest in developing stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials for treating a variety of diseases. By enabling the activation of function locally at the sites of interest, it is possible to increase therapeutic efficacy significantly while simultaneously reducing adverse side effects. While there are many sophisticated nanomaterials available, they are often highly complex and not easily transferrable to industrial scales and clinical settings. However, nanomaterials based on hyaluronic acid offer a compelling strategy for reducing their complexity while retaining several desirable benefits such as active targeting and stimuli‐responsive degradation. Herein, the basic properties of hyaluronic acid, its binding partners, and natural routes for degradation by hyaluronidases—hyaluronic‐acid‐degrading enzymes—and oxidative stresses are discussed. Recent advances in designing hyaluronic acid–based, actively targeted, hyaluronidase‐ or reactive‐oxygen‐species‐responsive nanomaterials for both diagnostic imaging and therapeutic delivery, which go beyond merely the classical targeting of CD44, are summarized.
On the Current–Voltage Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells: Dependence on Perovskite Composition and Methods to Remove Hysteresis
Authors: Kang Dong‐Ho , Park Nam‐Gyu
Published: February 2019

Current‐density–voltage (J–V) hysteresis in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a critical issue because it is related to power conversion efficiency and stability. Although parameters affecting the hysteresis have been already reported and reviewed, little investigation is reported on scan‐direction‐dependent J–V curves depending on perovskite composition. This review investigates J–V hysteric behaviors depending on perovskite composition in normal mesoscopic and planar structure. In addition, methodologies toward hysteresis‐free PSCs are proposed. There is a specific trend in hysteresis in terms of J–V curve shape depending on composition. Ion migration combined with nonradiative recombination near interfaces plays a critical role in generating hysteresis. Interfacial engineering is found to be an effective method to reduce the hysteresis; however, bulk defect engineering is the most promising method to remove the hysteresis. Among the studied methods, KI doping is proved to be a universal approach toward hysteresis‐free PSCs regardless of perovskite composition. It is proposed from the current studies that engineering of perovskite film near the electron transporting layer (ETL) and the hole transporting layer (HTL) is of vital importance for achieving hysteresis‐free PSCs and extremely high efficiency.
Chemically Resistant, Electric Conductive, and Superhydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Saddiqi Naeem‐ul‐Hasan , Seeger Stefan
Published: February 2019

In this study, the fabrication of superhydrophobic and conductive coatings applying a facile coating method is reported. The droplet‐assisted growth and shaping (DAGS) method is used to synthesize silicone nanofilament–based superhydrophobic coatings. Dip coating of superhydrophobic substrates in carbon nanofiber suspensions is performed to prepare superhydrophobic/conductive coatings. The prepared coatings combine electric conductivity, optical transparency, and superhydrophobicity with low sliding angles. The coatings show stability to water immersion and exposure to extreme humid conditions. Also, they exhibit good chemical resistance after several days of immersion in acidic and basic aqueous solutions. A key factor of such coatings is the mechanical durability which is improved by the addition of Parafilm‐M.
Optical Refractive Index Sensors with Plasmonic and Photonic Structures: Promising and Inconvenient Truth
Authors: Xu Yi , Bai Ping , Zhou Xiaodong , Akimov Yuriy , Png Ching Eng , Ang Lay‐Kee , Knoll Wolfgang , Wu Lin
Published: February 2019

Optical sensors are widely used for refractive index measurement in chemical, biomedical, and food processing industries. Due to specific field distribution of the resonances, optical sensors provide high sensitivity to ambient refractive index variations. The sensitivity of an optical sensor is highly dependent on material and structure of the sensor. Here, six major categories of optical refractive index sensors using plasmonic and photonic structures are reviewed: i) metal‐based propagating plasmonic eigenwave structures, ii) metal‐based localized plasmonic eigenmode structures, iii) dielectric‐based propagating photonic eigenwave structures, iv) dielectric‐based localized photonic eigenmode structures, v) advanced hybrid structures, and vi) 2D material integrated structures. Representative configurations working in the wavelength range of 400–2000 nm will be selected and compared in terms of bulk refractive index sensitivities, figures of merit, and working wavelengths. A technology map is established in order to define the standard and development trend for optical refractive index sensors.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Coated Silk Fabrics with Conductive Property for Wearable Electronic Textiles Application
Authors: Zulan Liu , Zhi Li , Lan Cheng , Sihao Chen , Dayang Wu , Fangyin Dai
Published: February 2019

The desire for this lightweight and flexible electronics has grown increasingly, and the flexible and wearable electronic textiles can be realized by coating traditional textiles with conductive materials. Here, the conductive silk fabrics are prepared by coating graphene oxide (GO) onto silk fabrics and followed by thermal reduction. The scanning electron microscope results show that the GO coated onto silk fabrics successfully forms a continuous thin film. The oxygen functional groups are removed by thermal reduction. The main structure (β‐sheet structure) of silk fabrics is not destroyed through a series of treatment, guaranteeing good mechanical properties. The resistivity and conductivity of silk fabrics using regenerated silk fibroin as a glue can reach 3.28 KΩ cm−1, 3.06 × 10−4 S cm−1 respectively, which can meet the electron conductive requirement of wearable electronics. Thus, it can be used for sensors, portable devices, and wearable electronic textiles.
Structural effects of variation in the human clavicle
Authors: Melillo Stephanie , Gunz Philipp , Coqueugniot Hélène , Reske Stefan , Hublin Jean‐Jacques
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Purported evolutionary shifts in shoulder structure have been linked to changes in hominin behavior and adaptation. Researchers use clavicle morphology to infer these shifts. However, there is a lack of empirical data underlying such predictive relationships. This study investigates how clavicle morphology affects articulated shoulder girdle and upper thorax configuration in humans.

Materials and Methods

Landmarks and scalar measurements on the clavicle, scapula, and ribs 1–3 were collected from three‐dimensional computed tomographic scans of living humans. Covariation between disarticulated and articulated morphology was assessed using partial least squares and regression analyses.

Results

We found support for hypotheses linking combined dimensions of the clavicle, ribs, and scapula to resting protraction. Individuals with relatively short clavicles tend to exhibit protracted and elevated resting positions of the scapula. It is more difficult to predict superoinferior configuration, which is only minimally affected by clavicle curvature. Instead, the superoinferior position of the scapula on the thorax is governed equally by clavicle orientation and rib declination. Shoulder breadth is determined primarily by clavicle length, but orientation has a comparable effect. Therefore, reliable reconstructions of shoulder breadth can be established using clavicle length, together with consideration of orientation. Relationships between clavicle and thorax morphology are weaker.

Discussion

Understanding the determinants of variation in human shoulder structure informs interpretation of skeletal remains. Our investigations describe how important aspects of shoulder structure can be inferred from disarticulated clavicles and we provide the attendant predictive equations. Future work on interspecific variation will improve skeletal reconstruction for more ancient hominins.
The impact of terrain on lower limb bone structure
Authors: Holt Brigitte , Whittey Erin
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Lower limb diaphyseal geometry is often used to evaluate mobility in past populations. Diaphyseal dimensions such as high shape (IX/IY) indices generally thought to reflect high mobility may also result from walking over rough terrain. This study investigates the possible effects of terrain on lower limb diaphyseal cross‐sectional geometric dimensions.

Materials

The sample (N = 3,195) comprises adult skeletons from Europe, Africa, North America, and Asia, spanning from around 30,000 BP to mid‐twentieth century.

Methods

Femoral and tibial shape and bending/torsional strength dimensions were gathered either as part of a previous project or were generously provided by researchers. Local terrain for each site was quantified with ArcGIS mapping software using geographic coordinates and USGS elevation data, and characterized as flat, hilly, or mountainous.

Results

Analysis of variance shows significant differences (p < .05) in midshaft femoral and tibial shape ratio and relative bending/torsional strength among the three terrain categories, with more AP oriented diaphyseal shapes and greater relative strength in hilly and mountainous groups, even after correcting for the effect of subsistence. As expected, the impact of terrain is much more marked for hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists than for more mechanized recent populations. Interestingly, the effect of terrain is confounded in higher latitude individuals that exhibit increased ML bending strength, probably reflecting larger body breadth.

Discussion

This study underscores the mechanical significance of traveling over rough terrain and highlights the complex interactions of mobility, terrain, and body shape that contribute to shaping lower limb bone diaphyseal structure.
Growth response of dental tissues to developmental stress in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Skinner Mark F. , Imbrasas Mykolas D. , Byra Chris , Skinner Matthew M.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To compare relative response of enamel, dentin and bone to developmental stressors between attritional and catastrophic mortality assemblages of pigs.

Materials and methods

Heads from 70 Sus scrofa of known sex, weight and age comprising an attritional sample of 50 sick pen (SP) pigs that died prematurely versus 20 control pigs slaughtered at 6 months (Catastrophic assemblage). Hard tissue changes (alveolar bone thinning), abnormal bone formation (Harris lines) and re‐modeling (auditory bullae) were recorded. Areas and volumes of coronal enamel and dentin were recorded from microCT scans with Avizo 6.3 and Geomagic Wrap.

Results

Attritional and catastrophic assemblages are metrically indistinguishable. Ages at death and tissue measures in the SP pigs are differentially distributed, necessitating partition into developmental outcome cohorts. SP “late death” pigs are of lesser physiological maturity than expected, free of disease, with large dental tissue dimensions, comparable to “Controls”. SP “early death” pigs have 5% less dentin and enamel and chronic bone infection. Older cohorts of the SP “early deaths” mortality assemblage show progressively reduced enamel. SP pigs show dental evidence of reduced bone mass in the maxilla.

Discussion

Bone, dentin and enamel tissues, each, respond distinctively to developmental stressors. Bone mass evinces malnutrition not disease. Both dental tissue reduction and abnormal bone formation link to chronic infection. Paradoxically, reduced dentin mass signals lower survivorship while reduced enamel signals enhanced survivorship. Meaningful comparison of Attritional and Catastrophic assemblages necessitates recognition of developmental outcome cohorts, stratified by age at death and physiological maturity, to reveal heterogeneity of survivorship, tissue measures and lesions.
Synthesis of Bimetallic Copper‐Rich Nanoclusters Encapsulating a Linear Palladium Dihydride Unit
Authors: Chakrahari Kiran Kumarvarma , Silalahi Rhone P. Brocha , Chiu Tzu‐Hao , Wang Xiaoping , Azrou Nadia , Kahlal Samia , Liu Yu‐Chiao , Chiang Ming‐Hsi , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Liu C. W.
Published: February 2019

The structurally precise Cu‐rich hydride nanoclusters [PdCu14H2(dtc/dtp)6(C≡CPh)6] (dtc: di‐butyldithiocarbamate (1); dtp: di‐isopropyl dithiophosphate (2)) were synthesized from the reaction of polyhydrido copper clusters [Cu28H15(S2CNnBu2)12]+ or [Cu20H11{S2P(OiPr)2}9] with phenyl acetylene in the presence of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2. Their structures and compositions were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and the results supported by ESI‐mass spectrometry. Hydride positions in 1 were confirmed by single‐crystal neutron diffraction. Each hydride is connected to one Pd0 and four CuI atoms in slightly distorted trigonalbipyramidal geometry. The anatomies of clusters 1 and 2 are very similar and DFT calculations allow rationalizing the interactions between the encapsulated [PdH2]2− unit and its Cu14 bicapped icosahedral cage. As a result, Pd has the highest coordination number (14) so far recorded.
Harnessing Bottom‐Up Self‐Assembly To Position Five Distinct Components in an Ordered Porous Framework
Authors: Tu Binbin , Diestel Lisa , Shi Zhao‐Lin , Bandara W. R. L. Nisansala , Chen Yi , Lin Weimin , Zhang Yue‐Biao , Telfer Shane G. , Li Qiaowei
Published: February 2019

Positioning a diverse set of building blocks in a well‐defined array enables cooperativity amongst them and the systematic programming of functional properties. The extension of this concept to porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is challenging since the installation of multiple components in a well‐ordered framework requires careful design of the lattice topology, judicious selection of building blocks, and precise control of the crystallization parameters. Herein, we report how we met these challenges to prepare the first quinary MOF structure, FDM‐8, by bottom‐up self‐assembly from two metals, ZnII and CuI, and three distinct carboxylate‐ and pyrazolate‐based linkers. With a surface area of 3643 m2 g−1, FDM‐8 contains hierarchical pores and shows outstanding methane‐storage capacity at high pressure. Furthermore, functional groups introduced on the linkers became compartmentalized in predetermined arrays in the pores of the FDM‐8 framework.
A Photo‐responsive Small‐Molecule Approach for the Opto‐epigenetic Modulation of DNA Methylation
Authors: Nguyen Ha Phuong , Stewart Sabrina , Kukwikila Mikiembo N. , Jones Sioned Fôn , Offenbartl‐Stiegert Daniel , Mao Shiqing , Balasubramanian Shankar , Beck Stephan , Howorka Stefan
Published: February 2019

Controlling the functional dynamics of DNA within living cells is essential in biomedical research. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation play a key role in this endeavour. DNA methylation can be controlled by genetic means. Yet there are few chemical tools available for the spatial and temporal modulation of this modification. Herein, we present a small‐molecule approach to modulate DNA methylation with light. The strategy uses a photo‐tuneable version of a clinically used drug (5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine) to alter the catalytic activity of DNA methyltransferases, the enzymes that methylate DNA. After uptake by cells, the photo‐regulated molecule can be light‐controlled to reduce genome‐wide DNA methylation levels in proliferating cells. The chemical tool complements genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches to study the role of DNA methylation in biology and medicine.
Evaluating the Properties of a Frailty Index and Its Association With Mortality Risk Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Legge Alexandra , Kirkland Susan , Rockwood Kenneth , Andreou Pantelis , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Gordon Caroline , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Wallace Daniel J. , Bernatsky Sasha , Clarke Ann E. , Merrill Joan T. , Ginzler Ellen M. , Fortin Paul , Gladman Dafna D. , Urowitz Murray B. , Bruce Ian N. , Isenberg David A. , Rahman Anisur , Alarcón Graciela S. , Petri Michelle , Khamashta Munther A. , Dooley M. A. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Manzi Susan , Steinsson Kristjan , Zoma Asad A. , Aranow Cynthia , Mackay Meggan , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Lim S. Sam , Inanc Murat , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Jonsen Andreas , Nived Ola , Ramos‐Casals Manuel , Kamen Diane L. , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Jacobsen Soren , Peschken Christine A. , Askanase Anca , Hanly John G.
Published: February 2019

Objective

To evaluate the properties of a frailty index (FI), constructed using data from the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) inception cohort, as a novel health measure in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

For this secondary analysis, the baseline visit was defined as the first study visit at which both organ damage (SLICC/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index [SDI]) and health‐related quality of life (Short‐Form 36 [SF‐36] scores) were assessed. The SLICC‐FI was constructed using baseline data. The SLICC‐FI comprises 48 health deficits, including items related to organ damage, disease activity, comorbidities, and functional status. Content, construct, and criterion validity of the SLICC‐FI were assessed. Multivariable Cox regression was used to estimate the association between baseline SLICC‐FI values and mortality risk, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors.

Results

In the baseline data set of 1,683 patients with SLE, 89% were female, the mean ± SD age was 35.7 ± 13.4 years, and the mean ± SD disease duration was 18.8 ± 15.7 months. At baseline, the mean ± SD SLICC‐FI score was 0.17 ± 0.08 (range 0–0.51). Baseline SLICC‐FI values exhibited the expected measurement properties and were weakly correlated with baseline SDI scores (r = 0.26, P < 0.0001). Higher baseline SLICC‐FI values (per 0.05 increment) were associated with increased mortality risk (hazard ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.35–1.87), after adjusting for age, sex, steroid use, ethnicity/region, and baseline SDI scores.

Conclusion

The SLICC‐FI demonstrates internal validity as a health measure in SLE and might be used to predict future mortality risk. The SLICC‐FI is potentially valuable for quantifying vulnerability among patients with SLE, and adds to existing prognostic scores.
Solar observing system for radio frequencies 5–120 MHz
Authors: Kallunki J. , Tornikoski M. , Oinaskallio E. , Kirves P. , Aatrokoski J. , Mujunen A. , Tammi J.
Published: February 2019

The Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory (MRO) in Finland installed and started operating a new low‐frequency solar radio monitoring instrument in October 2017. The main component of the new system is a crossed dipole antenna, and it uses a Callisto spectrometer as the back‐end. The operational range of the new radio telescope is between 5 and 120 MHz, and its main purpose is to detect solar radio bursts. The coverage of MRO solar radio observations now extends from 5 MHz to 37 GHz, enabling studies of solar flares over a very wide frequency range. The first solar radio bursts were detected with the new system in March 2018. In this article, we describe the new system and report the first flare observations.
Nightmare disorder and REM sleep behavior disorder in inflammatory arthritis: Possibility beyond neurodegeneration
Authors: Baldelli Luca , Addimanda Olga , Burattini Marco , Chiaro Giacomo , Brusi Veronica , Pignotti Elettra , Meliconi Riccardo , Provini Federica
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) to ascertain if RBD could be an internal red flag signaling a fluctuating state of inflammation based on the theory of “protoconsciousness”.

Materials & Methods

One hundred and three patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IA were consecutively recruited. The patients underwent general (IA activity, functional status, laboratory tests) and neurological evaluations. A neurologist investigated RBD and REM sleep parasomnias in a semi‐structured interview. Sleep quality was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, while the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was evaluated with the Berlin questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory II and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory investigated depression and anxiety.

Results

Patients had a mean age of 53.7 ± 14.6 years, 65% were women; 57.3% were in a clinically active phase of IA. Two women fulfilled ICSD‐3 criteria for RBD appearing 11 years after and 20 years before IA onset respectively. 31 patients scored positive for nightmare disorder (ND), 8 for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. 65 (63.1%) patients reported poor sleep quality and 25 (24.3%) resulted at high risk for OSAS. 32 (31.0%) patients scored positively for depression or anxiety.

Conclusions

The prevalence of RBD in patients with IA did not differ from that in the general population, whereas ND presented a 2‐fold increased prevalence. Whether RBD can be considered a red flag signaling an internal danger remains an open question, while ND may be a new player in this intriguing relation.
A quantitative study of financing efficiency of low‐carbon companies: A three‐stage data envelopment analysis
Authors: Liu Xun , Yu Xiaoliang , Gao Simon
Published: February 2019

This study set out to evaluate the financing efficiency of low‐carbon companies. Applying a three‐stage data envelopment analysis with the data from 85 listed companies in China's low‐carbon industries over the period 2011 to 2017, this study has found that the overall financing efficiency of low‐carbon companies was relatively high, and the pure technical efficiency was quite steady over the period. The overall financing efficiency of these low‐carbon companies on average tended to change with the scale efficiency. This study has also shown that the scale efficiency was the main constraint influencing the financing efficiency of low‐carbon companies in China over the period. Our results are robust and have significant implications for policy makers and corporate managers.
Retinoblastoma mutation predicts poor outcomes in advanced non small cell lung cancer
Authors: Bhateja Priyanka , Chiu Michelle , Wildey Gary , Lipka Mary Beth , Fu Pingfu , Yang Michael Chiu Lee , Ardeshir‐Larijani Fatemeh , Sharma Neelesh , Dowlati Afshin
Published: February 2019

The retinoblastoma gene (RB1) encodes the retinoblastoma (RB) pocket protein that plays an important role in cell cycle progression. Here we determine the frequency and prognostic significance of RB1 mutation in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), restricting inclusion to Stage III and IV patients with linked genomic and clinical data. The primary outcome was median overall survival (OS). We identified RB1 mutation in 8.2% of NSCLC patients. The median OS for wild‐type (wt) RB1 was 28.3 months vs 8.3 months for mutant RB1 (Hazard Ratio = 2.59, P = 0.002). Of special interest, RB1 mutation also correlated with lack of response to immunotherapy. Our study focused on RB1 mutation in locally advanced and advanced non small cell lung cancer to better facilitate comparisons with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In our SCLC cohort, RB1 mutation was identified in 75% of patients and wt RB1 was associated with significantly shorter OS (P = 0.002). The different outcomes of RB1 mutation observed among lung cancer subtypes suggest a more complicated mechanism than simple regulation of cell cycle or response to chemotherapy.
Ordered and Isomerically Stable Bicyclic Peptide Scaffolds Constrained through Cystine Bridges and Proline Turns
Authors: Lin Ping , Yao Hongwei , Zha Jun , Zhao Yibing , Wu Chuanliu
Published: February 2019

Bicyclic peptides are attractive scaffolds for the design of potent protein binders and new therapeutics. However, peptide bicycles constrained through disulfide bonds are rarely stable or tolerant to sequence manipulation owing to disulfide isomerization, especially for peptides lacking a regular secondary structure. Herein, we report the discovery and identification of a class of bicyclic peptide scaffolds with ordered but irregular secondary structures. These peptides have a conserved cysteine/proline framework for directing the oxidative folding into a fused bicyclic structure that consists of four irregular turns and a 310 helix (characterized by NMR spectroscopy). This work shows that bicyclic peptides can be stabilized into ordered structures by manipulating both the disulfide bonds and proline‐stabilized turns. In turn, this could inspire the design and engineering of multicyclic peptides with new structures and benefit the development of novel protein binders and therapeutics.
No Option? Maybe just a matter of time, as in No Option for now?
Authors: Butman Samuel
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The No Option coronary patient may have options after all.

Rethinking the state of the No Option patient at follow‐up may be more fruitful than expected.

Reviewing videos by more experienced interventionalists AND surgeons may also yield more options.
Impella support for chronic total occlusions angioplasty: A good start
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Lamelas Pablo
Published: February 2019

Key Points

There is limited data regarding percutaneous ventricular support in chronic total occlusion angioplasty in terms of population, procedure, and outcomes.

This is the largest report to date showing promising results in terms of technical and procedural success in this highly comorbid population.

This study encourages more research in the area and its use in large volume and experienced centers.
Comparison of myocardial microcirculatory perfusion after catheter‐administered intracoronary thrombolysis with anisodamine versus standard thrombus aspiration in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Fu Yang , Gu Xin‐Shun , Hao Guo‐Zhen , Jiang Yun‐Fa , Fan Wei‐Ze , Fan Yan‐Ming , Wei Qing‐Min , Fu Xiang‐Hua , Li Yong‐Jun
Published: February 2019

Objective

To evaluate efficacy, safety and feasibility of targeted intracoronary injection using pro‐urokinase combined with anisodamine (TCA) versus thrombus aspiration (TA) in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with high thrombus loads.

Background

The best method of avoiding thrombus detachment and stroke in PCI patients with high thrombus loads has not yet been established.

Methods

STEMI patients receiving coronary artery angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention (CAG/PCI) with thrombus grade ≥ 3 from January 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018 were randomly assigned to targeted intracoronary thrombolysis (pro‐urokinase and anisodamine via catheter (TCA) group), or the TA group which followed the standard thrombus aspiration procedure. Parameters compared included thrombus grade, index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), postoperative myocardial SPECT, thrombosis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) scores including flow grade, corrected TIMI frame counts (CTFCs), and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG). Adverse events were followed up within 3 months.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients were finally enrolled. In primary CAG/PCI, the TCA group had higher percentages of TIMI 3 flow and lower IMR values compared with the TA group. The ratio of TMPG 3 grade in the TCA group was higher in repeat CAG, and the perfusion descending area (PDA) presented by SPECT was lower than in the TA group. No significant difference was seen in major adverse coronary events (MACEs) or bleeding events at follow‐up.

Conclusions

TCA appears to be effective, safe, and feasible for repatency and reduction of high thrombus burden in primary PCI and may protect myocardial microcirculation with improved outcomes.
CAD strategy in the TAVR era
Authors: Davidson Laura J. , Davidson Charles J.
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The optimal revascularization strategy for CAD in the TAVR population is not well‐defined and decisions about which patients require PCI have been largely operator dependent or based on SYNTAX score.

In a TAVR population, complete revascularization does not improve short or long term mortality, but is associated with decreased acute myocardial infarction and revascularization, when compared with incomplete revascularization.

Future prospective studies should evaluate revascularization strategies in TAVR patients, including considering functional lesion assessment with fractional flow reserve, especially as TAVR indications are likely to soon expand to a younger and healthier cohort.
The Aortix device: Support in a tube
Authors: Anouti Khalil , Gray William
Published: February 2019

Key Points

The use of percutaneous mechanical support devices is becoming more embedded within the therapeutic armamentarium for patients presenting with decompensated heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and patients undergoing high risk PCI.

The Aortix device offers a new approach to percutaneous support that appears to be safe to implement and overcomes some of the drawbacks of the extant devices.

Further investigation remains warranted to evaluate its ultimate utility and place among the approach to the patient in need of circulatory support.
Understanding the Impact of Bismuth Heterovalent Doping on the Structural and Photophysical Properties of CH3NH3PbBr3 Halide Perovskite Crystals with Near‐IR Photoluminescence
Authors: Meng Rui , Wu Guangbao , Zhou Jiyu , Zhou Huiqiong , Fang Honghua , Loi Maria A. , Zhang Yuan
Published: February 2019

A comprehensive study unveiling the impact of heterovalent doping with Bi3+ on the structural, semiconductive, and photoluminescent properties of a single crystal of lead halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbBr3) is presented. As indicated by single‐crystal XRD, a perfect cubic structure in Bi3+‐doped CH3NH3PbBr3 crystals is maintained in association with a slight lattice contraction. Time‐resolved and power‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy illustrates a progressively quenched PL of visible emission, alongside the appearance of a new PL signal in the near‐infrared (NIR) regime, which is likely to be due to energy transfer to the Bi sites. These optical characteristics indicate the role of Bi3+ dopants as nonradiative recombination centers, which explains the observed transition from bimolecular recombination in pristine CH3NH3PbBr3 to a dominant trap‐assisted monomolecular recombination with Bi3+ doping. Electrically, it is found that the mobility in pristine perovskite crystals can be boosted with a low Bi3+ concentration, which may be related to a trap‐filling mechanism. Aided by temperature (T)‐dependent measurements, two temperature regimes are observed in association with different activation energies (Ea) for electrical conductivity. The reduction of Ea at lower T may be ascribed to suppression of ionic conduction induced by doping. The modified electrical properties and NIR emission with the control of Bi3+ concentration shed light on the opportunity to apply heterovalent doping of perovskite single crystals for NIR optoelectronic applications.
Structural Insights into Peptides Bound to the Surface of Silica Nanopores
Authors: Brodrecht Martin , Kumari Bharti , Thankamony A. S. Sofia Lilly , Breitzke Hergen , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: February 2019

The structure and surface functionalization of biologically relevant silica‐based hybrid materials was investigated by 2D solid‐state NMR techniques combined with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). This approach was applied to a model system of mesoporous silica, which was modified through in‐pore grafting of small peptides by solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). To prove the covalent binding of the peptides on the surface, DNP‐enhanced solid‐state NMR was used for the detection of 15N NMR signals in natural abundance. DNP‐enhanced heterocorrelation experiments with frequency switched Lee–Goldburg homonuclear proton decoupling (1H–13C and 1H–15N CP MAS FSLG HETCOR) were performed to verify the primary structure and configuration of the synthesized peptides. 1H FSLG spectra and 1H‐29Si FSLG HETCOR correlation spectra were recorded to investigate the orientation of the amino acid residues with respect to the silica surface. The combination of these NMR techniques provides detailed insights into the structure of amino acid functionalized hybrid compounds and allows for the understanding for each synthesis step during the in‐pore SPPS.
Diastereoselective Control of Tetraphenylethene Reactivity by Metal Template Self‐Assembly
Authors: Kennedy Aaron D. W. , de Haas Nicholas , Iranmanesh Hasti , Luis Ena T. , Shen Chao , Wang Pi , Price Jason R. , Donald William A. , Andréasson Joakim , Huang Feihe , Beves Jonathon E.
Published: February 2019

The reaction of 4,4′,4′′,4′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetraaniline with 2‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde and iron(II) chloride resulted, after aqueous workup, in the diastereoselective formation of an [Fe2L3]4+ triple‐stranded helicate structure, irrespective of the stoichiometry employed. The helicate structure was characterized in solution by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The reaction of iron(II) tetrafluoroborate or iron(II) bistriflimide with the tetraaniline and 2‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde allowed the formation of an [Fe8L6]16+ cube when the appropriate stoichiometry was used, but these structures were unstable with respect to hydrolysis. The pendant amine groups on the helicate can be functionalized by reaction with acid chlorides or anhydrides, and the resulting functionalized tetraphenylethene (TPE) units were isolated by the reaction of the helicate with tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine. The emission properties of the TPE units were studied in THF/water mixtures, and they were found by dynamic light scattering to self‐assemble into large (av. diameter 250 nm) structures.
All Non‐Carbon B3NO2 Exotic Heterocycles: Synthesis, Dynamics, and Catalysis
Authors: Opie Christopher R. , Noda Hidetoshi , Shibasaki Masakatsu , Kumagai Naoya
Published: February 2019

The B3NO2 six‐membered heterocycle (1,3‐dioxa‐5‐aza‐2,4,6‐triborinane=DATB), comprising three different non‐carbon period 2 elements, has been recently demonstrated to be a powerful catalyst for dehydrative condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. The tedious synthesis of DATB, however, has significantly diminished its utility as a catalyst, and thus the inherent chemical properties of the ring system have remained virtually unexplored. Here, a general and facile synthetic strategy that harnesses a pyrimidine‐containing scaffold for the reliable installation of boron atoms is disclosed, giving rise to a series of Pym‐DATBs from inexpensive materials in a modular fashion. The identification of a soluble Pym‐DATB derivative allowed for the investigation of the dynamic nature of the B3NO2 ring system, revealing differential ring‐closing and ‐opening behaviors depending on the medium. Readily accessible Pym‐DATBs proved their utility as efficient catalysts for dehydrative amidation with broad substrate scope and functional‐group tolerance, offering a general and practical catalytic alternative to reagent‐driven amidation.
SEC‐H5: Secure and efficient integration of settings of enhanced HTML5 XSS vector defensive framework on edge network of fog nodes
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Sharma Monika , Kumar Dhrub
Published: February 2019

The authors introduce an enhanced HTML5 (H5) Cross‐Site Scripting (H5‐XSS) attack vector defensive model that safeguards and maintains the confidentiality of users accessing the web applications hosted on the fog nodes. Initially, the model performs in self‐training manner and estimates some features of H5 script code at the simulated desktop host systems of cloud infrastructure. Second, a process of H5 feature estimation gets re‐executed for the online generated HTTP response on the edge network of fog device. Any oddity in these two features sets results in the consequent nested context‐familiar sanitization of the distrustful script code on an installed fog nodes. The author design their framework structure on an open application infrastructural structure of Cisco IOx framework of various networked edge devices as fog nodes. The authors configure the tested bed of H5 web platforms on the nodes of the fog computing network for evaluating the malicious script alleviation capability of their model. Evaluation outcomes expose that the author's technique is skilled sufficient for sensing and excluding the suspicious H5 code with sufferable percentage of False Negatives (FNs), False Positives (FPs), and reduced overall performance overhead during the peak congestion of generation of sanitized HTTP response on the fog nodes.
Early maladaptive schemas and borderline personality disorder features in a nonclinical sample: A network analysis
Authors: Esmaeilian Nasrin , Dehghani Mohsen , Koster Ernst H.W. , Hoorelbeke Kristof
Published: February 2019

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a challenging problem. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are considered as important vulnerability factors for the development and maintenance of BPD. Literature suggests a complex relationship between BPD and EMSs. The current study employed network analysis to model the complex associations between central BPD features (i.e., affective instability, identity problems, negative relations, and self‐harm) and EMSs in 706 undergraduate students. The severity of BPD symptoms was assessed using the Personality Assessment Inventory—Borderline subscale; the Young Schema Questionnaire—Short Form was used to assess EMSs. Results suggest that specific EMSs show unique associations with different BPD features. Interestingly, affective instability showed no unique associations with EMSs. Identity problems were uniquely associated with abandonment, insufficient self‐control, dependence/incompetence, and vulnerability to harm/illness schemas. Negative relations in BPD showed unique connections with mistrust/abuse and abandonment. Finally, BPD self‐harm was connected to emotional deprivation and failure. These findings indicate potential pathways between EMSs and specific BPD features that could improve our understanding of BPD theoretically and clinically.
Lithium Photo‐intercalation of CdS‐Sensitized WO3 Anode for Energy Storage and Photoelectrochromic Applications
Authors: Wang Zhuoran , Chiu Hsien‐Chieh , Paolella Andrea , Zaghib Karim , Demopoulos George P.
Published: February 2019

Integration of solar‐energy harvesting and storage functions has attracted significant research attention, as it holds promise for ultimate development of light‐chargeable devices. In this context, a functional nanocomposite anode that not only permits electrochemical energy storage through Li‐ion photo‐intercalation, but also exhibits potential for photoelectrochromic applications, was investigated. The nanocomposite is made of the Li‐ion intercalation compound WO3, thinly coated with TiO2 and sensitized by the photoactive semiconductor CdS. During light exposure, the photoelectrons from CdS are transported to the WO3/electrolyte interface, where Li‐ion intercalation takes place. Photoelectron transport is facilitated by the interfacial TiO2 layer. The WO3 was shown to be functional in multiple photocharge–discharge cycles, but the CdS suffers from degradation and photocorrosion. Hence, the selection of compatible semiconductors and protective coating strategies should be pursued to overcome these issues.
Gall bladder: The metabolic orchestrator
Authors: Qi Li , Tian Yu , Chen Yongsheng
Published: February 2019

It is commonly held that the gall bladder (GB) is not indispensable for life. However, recent studies strongly suggest that GB removal can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). With the recent recognition of the role of bile acids (BAs) in systemic metabolic regulation, it is worthwhile to re‐examine the function of the GB, which can be regarded as the physiological “pacemaker” of BA flow. Thus, in the present study, we review the role of the GB in BA flow regulation, describe the epidemiologic evidence that associates cholecystectomy with various components of MetS, and discuss the possible mechanism behind these connections in order to demonstrate the pivotal role that GB plays in metabolic regulation.
Comparing self‐harming intentions underlying eating disordered behaviors and NSSI: Evidence that distinctions are less clear than assumed
Authors: Fox Kathryn R. , Wang Shirley B. , Boccagno Chelsea , Haynos Ann F. , Kleiman Evan , Hooley Jill M.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Eating disordered (ED) behaviors (i.e., binge eating, compensatory behaviors, restrictive eating) and nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI; intentional and nonsuicidal self‐harm) are highly comorbid and share several similarities, including consequent pain and physical damage. However, whereas NSSI is considered direct self‐harm, ED behaviors are considered indirect self‐harm. These distinctions stem from theoretical understanding that NSSI is enacted to cause physical harm in the moment, whereas ED behaviors are enacted for other reasons, with consequent physical harm occurring downstream of the behaviors. We sought to build on these theoretically informed classifications by assessing a range of self‐harming intentions across NSSI and ED behaviors.

Method

Study recruitment was conducted via online forums. After screening for inclusion criteria, 151 adults reported on their intent to and knowledge of causing physical harm in the short‐ and long‐term and suicide and death related cognitions and intentions when engaging in NSSI and specific ED behaviors.

Results

Participants reported engaging in ED and NSSI behaviors with intent to hurt themselves physically in the moment and long‐term, alongside thoughts of suicide, and with some hope and knowledge of dying sooner due to these behaviors. Distinctions across behaviors also emerged. Participants reported greater intent to cause physical harm in the moment via NSSI and in the long‐run via restrictive eating. NSSI and restrictive eating were associated with stronger endorsement of most suicide and death‐related intentions than binge eating or compensatory behaviors.

Conclusions

Findings shed light on classification of self‐harming behaviors, casting doubt that firm boundaries differentiate direct and indirectly self‐harming behaviors.
Emotional feeding as interpersonal emotion regulation: A developmental risk factor for binge‐eating behaviors
Authors: Christensen Kara A.
Published: February 2019

Emotional feeding is an interpersonal emotion regulation strategy wherein people provide food to others as a means of influencing the recipient's emotional response. Parental emotional feeding has been linked to higher levels of emotional eating in children and adolescents using cross‐sectional, retrospective, and prospective designs; however, there is little research on emotional feeding as a developmental risk factor for emotional eating and binge‐eating behaviors in adolescence and adulthood. This Idea Worth Researching article explores the rationale for studying emotional feeding as a lifespan construct and its potential implications for understanding eating disorder pathology. Specifically, it offers suggestions for examining emotional feeding as a predictor of emotional eating and binge‐eating behavior across the lifespan, assessing potential intergenerational transmission pathways, and researching similarities in feeding styles and emotional eating across a variety of relationships beyond the parent–child dyad.