bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randnahe Mehrfachbefestigungen unter kombinierter Belastung
Authors: Lachinger Stefan , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: May 2014

Befestigungen an Betontragwerken finden sich in der Baupraxis oftmals in der Nähe freier Ränder. Aufgrund von hohen Lasten und konservativen Annahmen im Bemessungsverfahren zeigen sich derartige Befestigungen oftmals problematisch in der Bemessung. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit randnahen Mehrfachbefestigungen unter kombinierter Zug‐ und Querbeanspruchung mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Montagetoleranzen. Basierend auf experimentellen Untersuchungen wird das Bruchverhalten analysiert und ein Vorschlag für eine Erweiterung des derzeitigen Bemessungskonzepts aufgezeigt, welche eine höhere Auslastung der Befestigung bei Einhaltung der geforderten Sicherheit ermöglicht.

Close to the edge anchorages under inclined loading

Fixtures in concrete structures are often situated close to free edges of the concrete. Analytical proof of this fastenings can be problematic because of high loads and conservative assumptions within the design concept. The work presented in this paper deals with close to the edge fastenings unter inclined loading with consideration of installation tolerances. Based on experiments the fracture behaviour is analysed and a possible enhancement to the current design concept, derived from the experimental observed behaviour, is introduced. This enhancement can allow for a higher utilization of the fixture while keeping the required safety level.
Model‐based process development for the purification of a modified human growth hormone using multimodal chromatography
Authors: Sejergaard Lars , Karkov Hanne Sophie , Krarup Janus Kristian , Hagel Anne Birgitte Bagge , Cramer Steven M.
Published: May 2014

This study demonstrates how the multimodal Capto adhere resin can be used in concert with calcium chloride or arginine hydrochloride as mobile phase modifiers to create a highly selective purification process for a modified human growth hormone. Importantly, these processes are shown to result in significant clearance of product related aggregates and host cell proteins. Furthermore, the steric mass action model is shown to be capable of accurately describing the chromatographic process and the aggregate removal. Finally, justification of the selected operating ranges is evaluated using the model together with Latin hypercube sampling. The results in this article establish the utility of multimodal chromatography when used with appropriate mobile phase modifiers for the downstream bioprocessing of a modified human growth hormone and offer new approaches for bioprocess verification. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1057–1064, 2014
Halogen‐ and Hydrogen‐Bonded Salts and Co‐crystals Formed from 4‐Halo‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorophenol and Cyclic Secondary and Tertiary Amines: Orthogonal and Non‐orthogonal Halogen and Hydrogen Bonding, and Synthetic Analogues of Halogen‐Bonded Biological Systems
Authors: Takemura Akihiro , McAllister Linda J. , Hart Sam , Pridmore Natalie E. , Karadakov Peter B. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Bruce Duncan W.
Published: May 2014

Co‐crystallisation of, in particular, 4‐iodotetrafluorophenol with a series of secondary and tertiary cyclic amines results in deprotonation of the phenol and formation of the corresponding ammonium phenate. Careful examination of the X‐ray single‐crystal structures shows that the phenate anion develops a CO double bond and that the CC bond lengths in the ring suggest a Meissenheimer‐like delocalisation. This delocalisation is supported by the geometry of the phenate anion optimised at the MP2(Full) level of theory within the aug‐cc‐pVDZ basis (aug‐cc‐pVDZ‐PP on I) and by natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses. With sp2 hybridisation at the phenate oxygen atom, there is strong preference for the formation of two non‐covalent interactions with the oxygen sp2 lone pairs and, in the case of secondary amines, this occurs through hydrogen bonding to the ammonium hydrogen atoms. However, where tertiary amines are concerned, there are insufficient hydrogen atoms available and so an electrophilic iodine atom from a neighbouring 4‐iodotetrafluorophenate group forms an I⋅⋅⋅O halogen bond to give the second interaction. However, in some co‐crystals with secondary amines, it is also found that in addition to the two hydrogen bonds forming with the phenate oxygen sp2 lone pairs, there is an additional intermolecular I⋅⋅⋅O halogen bond in which the electrophilic iodine atom interacts with the CO π‐system. All attempts to reproduce this behaviour with 4‐bromotetrafluorophenol were unsuccessful. These structural motifs are significant as they reproduce extremely well, in low‐molar‐mass synthetic systems, motifs found by Ho and co‐workers when examining halogen‐bonding interactions in biological systems. The analogy is cemented through the structures of co‐crystals of 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene with acetamide and with N‐methylbenzamide, which, as designed models, demonstrate the orthogonality of hydrogen and halogen bonding proposed in Ho’s biological study.
The response of newly born mice to odors of murine colostrum and milk: Unconditionally attractive, conditionally discriminated
Authors: Al Aïn Syrina , Mingioni Mathieu , Patris Bruno , Schaal Benoist
Published: May 2014

It is a general rule that milk conveys chemosensory cues that are attractive to mammalian neonates. This study investigated whether compositional fluctuations in milk along lactation induce variations in newborn mouse pups' (Mus musculus, strain BALB/c) attraction to milk odor. Pups differing in suckling experience were exposed to the odor of milk sampled from females varying in lactational stage. Immediately after birth, suckling‐inexperienced (P0) and suckling‐experienced (P0suck) pups were assayed in a series of paired‐choice tests contrasting murine milk [of lactation days 0, 3, 15 (abridged L0, L3, L15, respectively)] and a blank (water) to evaluate olfactory detection and attraction of milk odor. Preference tests further paired these milk two‐by‐two to assess their relative attraction. Results showed first that P0 and P0suck pups detect and positively orient to any milk odor. When L0 is presented against L15 milk, P0 pups orient for a similar duration towards these odor stimuli, whereas P0suck pups spend more time toward the odor of L0 than of L15 milk. Finally, P0suck pups orient similarly to odors of L0 milk collected before/after the first suckling episode (L0 and L0suck, respectively), but the odor of L0 milk was more attractive than that of L3 milk. Thus, mouse pups' positive orientation toward the odors of murine colostrum (assumed to correspond to L0/L0suck milk) and later‐lactation milk appears unconditional of previous suckling experience, whereas their ability to discriminate or display preference between milk differing in lactation stage appears conditional on postnatal exposure effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1365–1376, 2014.
Effects of hunting on cougar spatial organization
Authors: Maletzke Benjamin T. , Wielgus Robert , Koehler Gary M. , Swanson Mark , Cooley Hilary , Alldredge J. Richard
Published: May 2014

The effects of increased mortality on the spatial dynamics of solitary carnivores are not well understood. We examined the spatial ecology of two cougar populations that differed in hunting intensity to test whether increased mortality affected home range size and overlap. The stability hypothesis predicts that home range size and overlap will be similar for both sexes among the two areas. The instability hypothesis predicts that home range size and overlap will be greater in the heavily hunted population, although may differ for males versus females due to behavior strategies. We marked 22 adult resident cougars in the lightly hunted population and 20 in the heavily hunted population with GPS collars from 2002 to 2008. Cougar densities and predation rates were similar among areas, suggesting no difference in per capita resources. We compared home range size, two‐dimensional home range overlap, and three‐dimensional utilization distribution overlap index (UDOI) among annual home ranges for male and female cougars. Male cougars in the heavily hunted area had larger sized home ranges and greater two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional UDOI overlap than those in the lightly hunted area. Females showed no difference in size and overlap of home range areas between study populations – further suggesting that differences in prey quantity and distribution between study areas did not explain differences in male spatial organization. We reject the spatial stability hypothesis and provide evidence to support the spatial instability hypothesis. Increased hunting and ensuing increased male home range size and overlap may result in negative demographic effects for cougars and potential unintended consequences for managers.
Diffusion tensor imaging studies in late‐life depression: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wen Ming‐Ching , Steffens David C. , Chen Mei‐Kuang , Zainal Nur Hani
Published: May 2014

Objectives

Late‐life depression (LLD) is the association with more cerebrovascular susceptibilities and white matter damage that can be assessed with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). To better understand the white matter pathological alterations in LLD, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for DTI studies comparing patients with LLD and healthy controls. For each study, details regarding participants, imaging methods, and results were extracted. Fractional anisotropy, an index of white matter integrity, was the dependent variable for group comparison. Effect sizes indicating the degree of group difference were estimated by random‐effects meta‐analysis.

Results

A total of 15 eligible studies were included in the qualitative systematic review, nine of which were suitable for quantitative meta‐analyses for the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), corpus callosum, cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus (UF). Compared with the healthy control group, the LLD group showed lower fractional anisotropy in the DLPFC and UF with a large and a medium effect size, respectively, although heterogeneity and publication bias were found in the DLPFC.

Conclusion

Diffusion tensor imaging studies of LLD consistently showed reduced anisotropy in the DLPFC and UF of patients with LLD. These damaged regions are located with the frontostriatal and limbic networks. Thus, our findings showed that the disruption of frontal and frontal‐to‐limbic white matter tracts contributes to the pathogenesis of LLD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accounting for Attribute‐Level Non‐Attendance in a Health Choice Experiment: Does it Matter?
Authors: Erdem Seda , Campbell Danny , Hole Arne Risa
Published: May 2014

An extensive literature has established that it is common for respondents to ignore attributes of the alternatives within choice experiments. In most of the studies on attribute non‐attendance, it is assumed that respondents consciously (or unconsciously) ignore one or more attributes of the alternatives, regardless of their levels. In this paper, we present a new line of enquiry and approach for modelling non‐attendance in the context of investigating preferences for health service innovations. This approach recognises that non‐attendance may not just be associated with attributes but may also apply to the attribute's levels. Our results show that respondents process each level of an attribute differently: while attending to the attribute, they ignore a subset of the attribute's levels. In such cases, the usual approach of assuming that respondents either attend to the attribute or not, irrespective of its levels, is erroneous and could lead to misguided policy recommendations. Our results indicate that allowing for attribute‐level non‐attendance leads to substantial improvements in the model fit and has an impact on estimated marginal willingness to pay and choice predictions.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐vascular imaging experiences of time‐of‐flight MRA at 7T for cerebrovascular diseases
Authors: Kang Chang‐Ki , Park Chan‐A , Lee Yeong‐Bae , Park Cheol‐Wan , Hong Suk‐Min , Kim Young‐Bo , Cho Zang‐Hee
Published: May 2014

Surgical or endovascular approaches have proved effective for large‐vessel diseases over the past decade. However, approaches for small vessel diseases are unlikely to be accomplished by those for large vessels and only few have been applied, because it is hard to access to those small vessels and one could not directly delineate the affected small vessels due to a lack of detection modalities. This study is to examine patients with vascular diseases using ultra‐high field 7T MRI with conventional time‐of‐flight (TOF) sequence, 3D fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) gradient‐echo. We have evaluated several radio‐frequency (RF) coils to find the optimal one for 7T magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), especially for micro‐vascular imaging. We have conducted several comparison studies with vascular disease patients. The results showed that micro‐vessels such as lenticulostriate arteries in the subjects with risk factors like hypertension or stroke patients were significantly less than in the healthy subjects. 7T MRA images in steno‐occlusive patients also showed clearly numerous collateral vessels not visible by 1.5T or 3T MRA. Furthermore, 7T MRA images were comparable to those obtained by digital subtraction angiography (DSA), particularly for micro‐vascular imaging. In this article, we would like to share the clinical experiences on 7T MRA that vascular images of 7T MRA were superior to conventional angiography images including 1.5T and 3T MRA, and even comparable to DSA. We also expect that further technical development and clinical applications of 7T MRA would be a clinically important diagnostic tool, in terms of an early detection of the stroke in a totally non‐invasive manner. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 121–128, 2014
Neurofeedback using functional spectroscopy
Authors: Hinds Oliver , Wighton Paul , Dylan Tisdall M. , Hess Aaron , Breiter Hans , van der Kouwe André
Published: May 2014

Neurofeedback based on real‐time measurement of the blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal has potential for treatment of neurological disorders and behavioral enhancement. Commonly used methods are based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequences that sacrifice speed and accuracy for whole‐brain coverage, which is unnecessary in most applications. We present multivoxel functional spectroscopy (MVFS): a system for computing the BOLD signal from multiple volumes of interest (VOI) in real‐time that improves speed and accuracy of neurofeedback. MVFS consists of a FS pulse sequence, a BOLD reconstruction component, a neural activation estimator, and a stimulus system. The FS pulse sequence is a single‐voxel, magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequence without water suppression that has been extended to allow acquisition of a different VOI at each repetition and real‐time subject head motion compensation. The BOLD reconstruction component determines the T2* decay rate, which is directly related to BOLD signal strength. The neural activation estimator discounts nuisance signals and scales the activation relative to the amount of ROI noise. Finally, the neurofeedback system presents neural activation‐dependent stimuli to experimental subjects with an overall delay of less than 1 s. Here, we present the MVFS system, validation of certain components, examples of its usage in a practical application, and a direct comparison of FS and echo‐planar imaging BOLD measurements. We conclude that in the context of realtime BOLD imaging, MVFS can provide superior accuracy and temporal resolution compared with standard fMRI methods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 138–148, 2014
Regeneration of posterior segments and terminal structures in the bearded fireworm, Hermodice carunculata (Annelida: Amphinomidae)
Authors: Ahrens Joseph B. , Kudenov Jerry D. , Marshall Christopher D. , Schulze Anja
Published: May 2014

Like many other annelids, bearded fireworms, Hermodice carunculata, are capable of regenerating posterior body segments and terminal structures lost to amputation. Although previous research has examined anterior regeneration in other fireworm species, posterior regenerative ability in fireworms remains poorly studied. As the morphology of the anal lobe (a small, fleshy terminal structure of unknown function) has been used to distinguish East and West Atlantic H. carunculata populations, there is a more imminent need to understand the morphology and organization of tissues in specimens undergoing posterior regeneration, and the timeframe in which significant developmental changes occur. To further investigate this phenomenon, we amputated the posterior segments of living H. carunculata specimens collected from the Gulf of Mexico and monitored posterior regeneration over a 6‐month study period. Although many aspects of posterior regeneration in H. carunculata are consistent with the findings of other annelid regeneration studies, histological analysis revealed that once formed, anal lobe morphology remains relatively unchanged at all stages of posterior regeneration; East Atlantic morphotypes were not observed in the West Atlantic specimens studied here. Additionally, we found that the ventral nerve chord, which is partially responsible for the regeneration of lost body parts in polychaete annelids, terminates within the anal lobe, suggesting that this structure may play a role in the formation of new segments. J. Morphol. 275:1103–1112, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the immunomodulatory potential of high‐molecular‐weight extracts from mushrooms; an assay based on THP‐1 macrophages
Authors: van de Velde Jan , Wilbers Ruud HP , Westerhof Lotte B , van Raaij Debbie R , Stavrakaki Ioanna , Sonnenberg Anton SM , Bakker Jaap , Schots Arjen
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND

Food is a potential source of immunomodulating compounds that may be used to steer immune responses towards a desired status such as reducing inflammatory disorders. However, to identify and characterize such bioactive compounds, biologically relevant and standardized assays are required. Macrophages play an important role in immunomodulation and are suited for developing cell‐based assays. An assay was developed based on macrophages, in a homogeneous differentiation state, using the human monocytic cell line THP‐1 previously used to assess immunomodulatory properties of low‐molecular‐weight allergens, hormones, dietary supplements and therapeutic drugs.

RESULTS

Zymosan and mushroom polysaccharide extracts lead to a heterogeneous differentiation state of THP‐1 monocytes, and these cells secrete low levels of cytokines upon stimulation. Differentiation into macrophages using a low concentration of phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate improved responsiveness. Elevated levels of cytokines were secreted by cells in a homogenous differentiation state. In addition, it was determined that the assay performs best when using cells at a concentration of (2.5–5) × 105 cells mL−1.

CONCLUSION

An assay was developed suitable to distinguish the immunomodulatory properties of food compounds in a reproducible manner. It was evaluated using eight mushroom species by measuring the secretion of relevant cytokines TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐10. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental investigation on effects of surface texturing on lubrication of initial line contacts
Authors: Hao Lichun , Meng Yonggang , Chen Cheng
Published: May 2014

Surface texturing is a surface finishing technology. In recent years, it has been reported that textured surfaces with conformal parallel surface contacts can bear higher loads and result in lower friction than the smooth texture‐less surfaces. However, the effect of surface texturing on tribological behaviour in concentrated contact conditions is much more complicated. In this study, friction and wear properties of a line contact between cylindrical and plane surfaces in sliding were investigated experimentally in mixed lubrication conditions. Wear occurred on the cylinder. It was found that the surface texture with lower dimple area density and larger dimple size showed a better lubrication performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical and Morphological Alterations Effected by Methylamine Reactions on Polyesters
Authors: Lugito Graecia , Wang Lai‐Yen , Woo Eamor M.
Published: May 2014

Etching agents, including methylamine (MA) and several others, are used in many studies for exposing the crystal assembly in contrast to amorphous domains in polymer samples, for better morphology contrast. The selection of etching agents must be careful, so as not to alter the original chemical and crystal nature; otherwise misinterpretation may be a consequence. Apparently, the MA‐vapor treatment does not simply just induce physical etching through peeling off a covered layer from the polymer samples as many investigators so believed, but also causes severe chemical changes in many aliphatic and aromatic polymers. The chemical reactions between MA and the polyesters ultimately lead to different chemical structures, alteration in spherulites and lamellae, and sometimes completely different lamellar structures with a different melting peak, with C(O)O in the polymers being replaced with C(O)NH bonding. This study uses three examples of polyesters to amply exemplify the necessity of due care in avoiding chemical etching.

image
Correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction for 7T MRI
Authors: Yarach Uten , Luengviriya Chaiya , Danishad Appu , Stucht Daniel , Godenschweger Frank , Schulze Peter , Speck Oliver
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To demonstrate the effect of gradient nonlinearity and develop a method for correction of gradient nonlinearity artifacts in prospective motion correction (Mo‐Co).

Methods

Nonlinear gradients can induce geometric distortions in magnetic resonance imaging, leading to pixel shifts with errors of up to several millimeters, thereby interfering with precise localization of anatomical structures. Prospective Mo‐Co has been extended by conventional gradient warp correction applied to individual phase encoding steps/groups during the reconstruction. The gradient‐related displacements are approximated using spherical harmonic functions. In addition, the combination of this method with a retrospective correction of the changes in the coil sensitivity profiles relative to the object (augmented sensitivity encoding (SENSE) reconstruction) was evaluated in simulation and experimental data.

Results

Prospective Mo‐Co under gradient fields and coils sensitivity inconsistencies results in residual blurring, spatial distortion, and coil sensitivity mismatch artifacts. These errors can be considerably mitigated by the proposed method. High image quality with very little remaining artifacts was achieved after a few iterations. The relative image errors decreased from 25.7% to below 17.3% after 10 iterations.

Conclusion

The combined correction of gradient nonlinearity and sensitivity map variation leads to a pronounced reduction of residual motion artifacts in prospectively motion‐corrected data. Magn Reson Med 73:1562–1569, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo lung morphometry with accelerated hyperpolarized 3He diffusion MRI: A preliminary study
Authors: Chang Yulin V. , Quirk James D. , Yablonskiy Dmitriy A.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Parallel imaging can be used to reduce imaging time and to increase the spatial coverage in hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we investigate the effects of parallel imaging on the morphometric measurement of lung microstructure using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized 3He.

Methods

Fully sampled and under‐sampled multi‐b diffusion data were acquired from human subjects using an 8‐channel 3He receive coil. A parallel imaging reconstruction technique (generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions [GRAPPA]) was used to reconstruct under‐sampled k‐space data. The morphometric results of the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions‐reconstructed data were compared with the results of fully sampled data for three types of subjects: healthy volunteers, mild, and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Results

Morphometric measurements varied only slightly at mild acceleration factors. The results were largely well preserved compared to fully sampled data for different lung conditions.

Conclusion

Parallel imaging, given sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio, provides a reliable means to accelerate hyperpolarized‐gas magnetic resonance imaging with no significant difference in the measurement of lung morphometry from the fully sampled images. GRAPPA is a promising technique to significantly reduce imaging time and/or to improve the spatial coverage for the morphometric measurement with hyperpolarized gases. Magn Reson Med 73:1609–1614, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mit IRMS der Natur auf der Spur
Authors: Mosandl Armin
Published: May 2014

Mit Isotopenverhältnis‐Massenspektrometrie (IRMS), gekoppelt mit Kapillar‐GC, gelingt es, zwischen synthetischem, halbsynthetischem und natürlichem Vanillin aus Vanille‐Varietäten zu unterscheiden. Derartige Untersuchungsmethoden kann die amtlichen Lebensmittelüberwachung allerdings aus Kostengründen bisher nur in begrenztem Umfang nutzen.
GC‐MS/MS für PAK und
Authors: Schröder Stephan
Published: May 2014

Die Gehalte von polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) und polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) gehören zu den am häufigsten bestimmten Parametern in der Umweltanalytik. Die detaillierte Beschreibung des Vorgehens zeigt, wie sich mit GC‐MS/MS beide Stoffklassen mit Wasserstoff statt Helium als Trägergas parallel messen lassen.
Enhancements of clay exfoliation in polymer nanocomposites using a chemical blowing agent
Authors: Istrate Oana M , Chen Biqiong
Published: May 2014

A novel approach, via the use of a blowing agent (BA), to enhance clay exfoliation in polymer nanocomposites is reported. A commercial organoclay was treated with a common low‐cost BA, which was then melt‐processed with polymers in an extruder. The characterization results revealed that the degrees of exfoliation of the clay were increased when using BA. Consequently, the resultant nanocomposites exhibited improvements in thermal degradation temperature as compared to their corresponding polymers and nanocomposites without the involvement of BA. They also presented simultaneous improvements in stiffness, strength, ductility and toughness. These property enhancements were mainly attributed to the presence of BA in clay interlayers which degraded during melt compounding, generated gases and pushed clay layers apart, facilitating clay exfoliation under the shear forces. This work demonstrates the potential of using a BA to produce high‐performance polymer/clay nanocomposites by melt processing. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
TRAINING, DEGREES, AND CREDENTIALS IN THE HIRING OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Authors: O'donnell Patrick S. , Dunlap Linda L.
Published: May 2014

A national sample of 246 Directors of Pupil Personnel Services and Directors of Special Education were surveyed to assess the importance they place on training, degrees, and credentials in the hiring of school psychologists. High, but varying, levels of importance were found for the content knowledge and skill areas in the National Association of School Psychologists Standards for Graduate Preparation of School Psychologists. Participants indicated that the specialist degree with less than 10 years of experience was the preferred qualification for school psychologist applicants. Greater importance was placed on the Nationally Certified School Psychologist credential than State Board of Examiners in Psychology (SBEP) licensure, with variations in importance for SBEP licensure between states that do versus do not allow independent practice for nondoctoral school psychologists. Implications of this research for school psychologists and training, as well as limitations of the study, are discussed.
Miniaturization of a planar‐electrode linear ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Li Ailin , Hansen Brett J. , Powell Andrew T. , Hawkins Aaron R. , Austin Daniel E.
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

We describe the miniaturization of a linear‐type ion trap mass spectrometer for possible applications in portable chemical analysis. This work demonstrates the potential and the advantages of using lithographically patterned electrode plates in realizing an ion trap with dimension y0 less than 1 mm. The focus of this work was to demonstrate the viability and flexibility of the patterned electrode approach to trap miniaturization, and also to discover potential obstacles to its use.

METHODS

Planar, low‐capacitance ceramic substrates were patterned with metal electrodes using photolithography. Plates that were originally used in a linear trap with a half‐spacing (y0) of 2.19 mm were positioned much closer together such that y0 = 0.95 mm. A capacitive voltage divider provided different radiofrequency (RF) amplitudes to each of 10 electrode elements (5 on each side of the ejection slit), and the capacitor values were adjusted to provide the correct electric field at this closer spacing. The length of the trapping region, 45 mm, is unchanged from the previous device.

RESULTS

Electron ionization mass spectra of toluene and dichloromethane demonstrate instrument performance, with better than unit mass resolution for the molecular ion and fragment ion peaks of toluene. Compared with the larger plate spacing, the signal is reduced, corresponding to the reduced trapping capacity of the smaller device. However, the mass resolution of the larger device is retained.

CONCLUSIONS

Lithographically patterned substrates are a viable pathway to fabricating highly miniaturized ion traps for mass spectrometry. These results also demonstrate the possibility of significant reduction of the ion trap volume without physical modification of the electrodes. These experiments show promise for further miniaturization using assemblies of patterned ceramic plates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: Effects of different ionization methods on the characterization of highly complex crude oil mixtures
Authors: Lababidi Sami , Schrader Wolfgang
Published: May 2014

RATIONALE

Characterization of crude oil represents a challenge for researchers due to its complexity. While Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) is the method of choice for such complex matrices the high number of ions present limits the efficiency of the analysis due to charge competition and space charge effects. One way to solve this problem is the direct coupling of FT‐ICR MS with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

METHODS

Normal‐phase liquid chromatography was applied on a deasphalted crude oil sample by using a polar aminocyano‐bonded stationary phase with n‐hexane and isopropyl alcohol as a mobile phase. The HPLC system was coupled online to a 12 T ultrahigh‐resolution FT‐ICR mass spectrometer. Ion chromatograms were obtained with electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure laser ionization (APLI).

RESULTS

The chromatographic separation yielded a group separation into two peaks according to the polarity of the components. Each ionization technique was able to uniquely assign components differing in polarity and aromaticity. Additionally, an increase in aromaticity in the course of retention time for nonpolar species in the first peak was observed. Monitoring the ratio between protonated and radical mono‐nitrogen species was achieved.

CONCLUSIONS

For the analysis of a crude oil sample, online coupling of a normal‐phase HPLC system to an FT‐ICR mass spectrometer was achieved. The results of the different ionization techniques were compared with each other, which enables a detailed characterization of the complex sample. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Evaluation of CaO–SiO2 Based Mould Fluxes for Casting High Aluminum TRIP Steel
Authors: Fu Xiaojin , Wen Guanghua , Liu Qiang , Tang Ping , Li Juzhong , Li Wei
Published: May 2014

Due to its high content in Al‐TRIP steel, Al is easily to react with SiO2 in mould fluxes during the continuous casting process, which results in the drastic decrease of SiO2 content, increase of Al2O3 content and the basicity (R = CaO/SiO2), respectively. The magnitude change of physical properties of the slag can affect continuous casting process and the surface quality of slabs. Especially, the change of basicity influenced the crystallization property, and thus influenced the heat transfer of mould fluxes. In this study, three CaO–SiO2 based mould fluxes A, B, and C with different basicity (A was the originally used mould fluxes, B and C were the newly developed mould fluxes) were used to cast high aluminum TRIP steel with 0.80–1.00% Al and 0.085–0.115% carbon. The property change of mould fluxes and its influence on the quality of the slab surface were evaluated. It is indicated that appropriate increase of the basicity of base mould fluxes was beneficial to improve the crystallization property of spent slag and for the inhibition of heat transfer so as to reduce the occurrence of cracking and depression on the slab surface effectively. And also, it can shorten the time of slag–metal reaction reaching dynamic equilibrium and the length of transition slab with defect on surface in the start casting stage. Accordingly, the quality of slab cast by mould fluxes C was the best.
Mitochondrial transporters of the SLC25 family and associated diseases: a review
Authors: Palmieri Ferdinando
Published: May 2014

To date, 14 inherited diseases (including phenotypes) associated to mitochondrial transporters of the SLC25 family have been well characterized biochemically and genetically. They are rare metabolic disorders caused by mutations in the SLC25 nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial carriers, a superfamily of 53 proteins in humans that shuttle a variety of solutes across the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial carriers vary considerably in the nature and size of the substrates they transport, the modes of transport and driving forces. However, their substrate translocation mechanism at the molecular level is thought to be basically the same. Herein, the main structural and functional properties of the SLC25 mitochondrial carriers and the known carrier‐related diseases are presented. Two of these disorders, ADP/ATP carrier deficiency and phosphate carrier deficiency, are caused by defects of the two mitochondrial carriers that provide mitochondria with ADP and phosphate, the substrates of oxidative phosphorylation; these disorders therefore are characterized by defective energy production by mitochondria. The mutations of SLC25 carrier genes involved in other cellular functions cause carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier deficiency, HHH syndrome, aspartate/glutamate isoform 1 and 2 deficiencies, congenital Amish microcephaly, neuropathy with bilateral striatal necrosis, congenital sideroblastic anemia, neonatal epileptic encephalopathy, and citrate carrier deficiency; these disorders are characterized by specific metabolic dysfunctions depending on the role of the defective carrier in intermediary metabolism.
Controlling factors of temporal variation of soil respiration in a natural beech forest as revealed by natural incubation experiments
Authors: Lu Shuang , Katahata Shinitirou , Naramoto Masaaki , Mizunaga Hiromi , Wang Quan
Published: May 2014

Microorganisms decompose organic substrates to obtain energy. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and is the main cause of soil carbon release in terrestrial ecosystems. Fluctuations in microbial composition significantly affect net CO2 emissions in forests. Because factors are cross‐correlated, addressing how they affect soil respiration (Rs), both directly and indirectly, is challenging. In this study, Rs‐impacting soil properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC), soil organic nitrogen (SON), microbial diversity (Dsim, indicated by Simpson's diversity index), and total microbial DNA concentration in natural beech forests were examined by structure equation modeling (SEM), which can explicitly evaluate the causal relationships among interacting variables. The results showed that decreasing Dsim, soil temperature, SOC, and SON clearly had direct and indirect effects on Rs under natural conditions. Increasing temperature was a primary factor and promoted a decrease in Rs during the growth season. Dsim was the only parameter with a direct positive effect on Rs, indicating that microbial diversity could accurately predict Rs. Soil nutrient factors indirectly affected Rs through Dsim, which was also affected by soil physical and chemical properties. Significant covariance between SON and Rs (0.42, p < 0.001) indicated multiple interacting variables affecting soil activity. Although the current study suggests that SEM can clarify complex functional processes related to Rs, future studies should consider additional impacting variables such as vegetation properties and enzyme dynamics.
Super-low friction of ta-C coating in presence of oleic acid
Authors: Kano Makoto , Martin Jean Michel , Yoshida Kentaro , De Barros Bouchet Maria Isabel
Published: May 2014

Friction tests have been carried out on bearing steel friction pairs coated with a-C:H and ta-C under lubricated conditions with 1-hexadecene and pure oleic acid, respectively. Main results show that ta-C leads to the super-low regime with oleic acid (friction coefficient below 0.01) and that a-C:H is quite well lubricated by 1-hexadecen. Surface analyses by coupling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) have been carried out in the case of oleic acid with ta-C and a-C:H coatings. Results show that tribochemical reactions have occurred. OH groups terminate the ta-C surface whereas a-C:H is covered by a thin tribofilm and is terminated by oleic acid monolayers. The superlow regime in the case of ta-C is mainly attributed to the presence of the OH-termination.
The Catalogue of Stellar Parameters from the Detached Double-Lined Eclipsing Binaries in the Milky Way
Authors: Eker Z. , Bilir S. , Soydugan F. , Gökçe E. Yaz , Soydugan E. , Tüysüz M. , Şenyüz T. , Demircan O.
Published: May 2014

The most accurate stellar astrophysical parameters were collected from the solutions of the light and the radial velocity curves of 257 detached double-lined eclipsing binaries in the Milky Way. The catalogue contains masses, radii, surface gravities, effective temperatures, luminosities, projected rotational velocities of the component stars, and the orbital parameters. The number of stars with accurate parameters increased 67% in comparison to the most recent similar collection by Torres, Andersen, & Giménez (2010). Distributions of some basic parameters were investigated. The ranges of effective temperatures, masses, and radii are $2\,750<T_{\text{eff}}$(K) < 43000, 0.18 < M/M⊙ < 33, and 0.2 < R/R⊙ < 21.2, respectively. Being mostly located in one kpc in the Solar neighborhood, the present sample covers distances up to 4.6 kpc within the two local Galactic arms, Carina-Sagittarius and Orion Spur. The number of stars with both mass and radius measurements better than 1% uncertainty is 93, better than 3% uncertainty is 311, and better than 5% uncertainty is 388. It is estimated from the Roche lobe filling factors that 455 stars (88.5% of the sample) are spherical within 1% of uncertainty.
Directional and enhanced spontaneous emission with a corrugated metal probe
Authors: Shen Hongming , Lu Guowei , He Yingbo , Cheng Yuqing , Liu Haitao , Gong Qihuang
Published: May 2014

A corrugated tapered probe can enhance single-molecule emission intensity and tailor far-field emission direction simultaneously, to give a high collection efficiency.
Triangular-shaped molecular random tiling and molecular rotation in two-dimensional glassy networks
Authors: Shen Yongtao , Deng Ke , Yang Songlin , Qin Bo , Cheng Shiyu , Zhu Ningbo , Ding Jiejin , Zhao Dahui , Liu Ji , Zeng Qingdao , Wang Chen
Published: May 2014

In this work, we have reported a new kind of 2D organic glassy network, which is fabricated by macrocycle molecules via van der Waals force.
Increasing the apparent shear viscosity of polymer composites by uptake of a small amount of water
Authors: Wang Dapeng , Wang Xiang , Yuan Yuan , Li Weihua , Tian Huiwen , Zhao Shugao
Published: May 2014

We provided a reversible, simple, inexpensive and environmentally-friendly way to control the rheology of polymer composites.
Functionalized chitosan derived novel positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for protein separation
Authors: Kumar Mahendra , McGlade Declan , Lawler Jenny
Published: May 2014

Positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for selective protein separation were fabricated from blends of PVA, functionalized600 dpi in TIF format)??> chitosan and tetraethylorthosilicate.
The reduction effect of dietary flavone C- and O-glycosides on the formation of acrylamide and its correlation and prediction with the antioxidant activity of Maillard reaction products
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Xinyu , Cheng Jun , Jin Cheng , Zhang Ying
Published: May 2014

The effect of dietary flavone C- and O-glycosides on the formation of acrylamide contaminants has been investigated in the present work.
An inverted cylindrical sputter magnetron as metal vapor supply for electron cyclotron resonance ion sources
Authors: Weichsel T. , Hartung U. , Kopte T. , Zschornack G. , Kreller M. , Silze A.
Published: May 2014

An inverted cylindrical sputter magnetron device has been developed. The magnetron is acting as a metal vapor supply for an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source. FEM simulation of magnetic flux density was used to ensure that there is no critical interaction between both magnetic fields of magnetron and ECR ion source. Spatially resolved double Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy measurements show an increase in electron density by one order of magnitude from 1 × 1010 cm−3 to 1 × 1011 cm−3, when the magnetron plasma is exposed to the magnetic mirror field of the ECR ion source. Electron density enhancement is also indicated by magnetron plasma emission photography with a CCD camera. Furthermore, photographs visualize the formation of a localized loss-cone - area, when the magnetron is operated at magnetic mirror field conditions. The inverted cylindrical magnetron supplies a metal atom load rate of R > 1 × 1018 atoms/s for aluminum, which meets the demand for the production of a milliampere Al+ ion beam.
Analytical gradients of complete active space self-consistent field energies using Cholesky decomposition: Geometry optimization and spin-state energetics of a ruthenium nitrosyl complex
Authors: Delcey Mickaël G. , Freitag Leon , Pedersen Thomas Bondo , Aquilante Francesco , Lindh Roland , González Leticia
Published: May 2014

We present a formulation of analytical energy gradients at the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) level of theory employing density fitting (DF) techniques to enable efficient geometry optimizations of large systems. As an example, the ground and lowest triplet state geometries of a ruthenium nitrosyl complex are computed at the DF-CASSCF level of theory and compared with structures obtained from density functional theory (DFT) using the B3LYP, BP86, and M06L functionals. The average deviation of all bond lengths compared to the crystal structure is 0.042 Å at the DF-CASSCF level of theory, which is slightly larger but still comparable with the deviations obtained by the tested DFT functionals, e.g., 0.032 Å with M06L. Specifically, the root-mean-square deviation between the DF-CASSCF and best DFT coordinates, delivered by BP86, is only 0.08 Å for S0 and 0.11 Å for T1, indicating that the geometries are very similar. While keeping the mean energy gradient errors below 0.25%, the DF technique results in a 13-fold speedup compared to the conventional CASSCF geometry optimization algorithm. Additionally, we assess the singlet-triplet energy vertical and adiabatic differences with multiconfigurational second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) using the DF-CASSCF and DFT optimized geometries. It is found that the vertical CASPT2 energies are relatively similar regardless of the geometry employed whereas the adiabatic singlet-triplet gaps are more sensitive to the chosen triplet geometry.
The structure and properties of a simple model mixture of amphiphilic molecules and ions at a solid surface
Authors: Pizio O. , Sokołowski S. , Sokołowska Z.
Published: May 2014

We investigate microscopic structure, adsorption, and electric properties of a mixture that consists of amphiphilic molecules and charged hard spheres in contact with uncharged or charged solid surfaces. The amphiphilic molecules are modeled as spheres composed of attractive and repulsive parts. The electrolyte component of the mixture is considered in the framework of the restricted primitive model (RPM). The system is studied using a density functional theory that combines fundamental measure theory for hard sphere mixtures, weighted density approach for inhomogeneous charged hard spheres, and a mean-field approximation to describe anisotropic interactions. Our principal focus is in exploring the effects brought by the presence of ions on the distribution of amphiphilic particles at the wall, as well as the effects of amphiphilic molecules on the electric double layer formed at solid surface. In particular, we have found that under certain thermodynamic conditions a long-range translational and orientational order can develop. The presence of amphiphiles produces changes of the shape of the differential capacitance from symmetric or non-symmetric bell-like to camel-like. Moreover, for some systems the value of the potential of the zero charge is non-zero, in contrast to the RPM at a charged surface.
Sandwich beam model for free vibration analysis of bilayer graphene nanoribbons with interlayer shear effect
Authors: Nazemnezhad Reza , Shokrollahi Hassan , Hosseini-Hashemi Shahrokh
Published: May 2014

In this study, sandwich beam model (SM) is proposed for free vibration analysis of bilayer graphene nanoribbons (BLGNRs) with interlayer shear effect. This model also takes into account the intralayer (in-plane) stretch of graphene nanoribbons. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the software LAMMPS and Adaptive Intermolecular Reactive Empirical Bond Order (AIREBO) potential are done to validate the accuracy of the sandwich model results. The MD simulation results include the two first frequencies of cantilever BLGNRs with different lengths and two interlayer shear moduli, i.e., 0.25 and 4.6 GPa. These two interlayer shear moduli, 0.25 and 4.6 GPa, can be obtained by sliding a small flake of graphene on a large graphene substrate when the parameter of E_LJ term in AIREBO potential, epsilon_CC, is set to be 2.84 and 45.44 meV, respectively. The SM results for a wide range of bending rigidity values show that the proposed model, i.e., the SM, predicts much better than the previous beam model in which the intralayer stretch is ignored. In addition, it is observed that the model can properly predict the natural frequencies of BLGNRs for various values of the bending rigidity and the interlayer shear modulus.