bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic and Crystallographic Studies of Mg‐Herbertsmithite, γ‐Cu3Mg(OH)6Cl2 — A New S = 1/2 Kagome Magnet and Candidate Spin Liquid.
Authors: Colman R. H. , Sinclair A. , Wills A. S.
Published: June 2011

The new quantum Kagome magnet of title is synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of Cu2(OH)2CO3 and MgCl2 (H2O, 190 °C, autoclave, 24 h; 98% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: La2Sb, a Layered Superconductor with Metal—Metal Bonds.
Authors: Mizoguchi Hiroshi , Hosono Hideo
Published: June 2011

The new title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of La and Sb (evacuated silica tube, 1173 K, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Hybrid Compounds Assembled from Keggin‐Type Polyoxometalates and Transition Metal Coordination Complexes.
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Bing , et al. et al.
Published: June 2011

The presence of Na2WO4 in the synthesis of the new hybrid compound (IV) appears to be essential.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Vibrational Spectroscopy of NH4[Co(NH3)5(H2O)] [B4O5(OH)4] 2·6H2O.
Authors: Lin Dan , You Xiaoyan , Zhu Lixia
Published: June 2011

Red large single crystals of the new title compound are prepared from an aqueous solution of H3BO3, CoCl2, and NH4OH (pH 9, 25 °C, 3 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclic Sulfamidates and Sulfamides via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Lee Sun Ah , Kwak Se Hun , Lee Kee‐In
Published: June 2011

Facile one‐pot synthesis of cyclic N‐sulfonylimines (III) and (V) from α‐hydroxy ketones (I) and their highly enantioselective Rh‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenation furnishing cyclic 1,2‐sulfamidates (IV) or ‐sulfamides (VI) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Access to 1,2‐Diketones by an Unusual Radical Cascade.
Authors: Heng Rama , Zard Samir Z.
Published: June 2011

The transformation proceeds via a stabilized radical species involving the fragmentation of an unstrained carbon—carbon bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II) Complexes of Y,C,Y‐Chelated Phosphines: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity in Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: Reznicek Tomas , Dostal Libor , Ruzicka Ales , Kulhanek Jiri , Bures Filip , Jambor Roman
Published: June 2011

The catalytic activity of a variety of novel catalysts is tested in Suzuki cross coupling reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Method for the Selective Esterification of Carboxylic Acids Based on the Garegg—Samuelsson Reaction.
Authors: Morcillo Sara P. , Alvarez de Cienfuegos Luis , Mota Antonio J. , Justicia Jose , Robles Rafael
Published: June 2011

A wide range of carboxylic acids reacts with primary alcohols and phenols to afford the corresponding esters in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Preparation of (Z)‐Chloromethyleneketals and Their Sulfur Analogues by a Novel Three‐Component Condensation.
Authors: Schevenels Florian , Marko Istvan E.
Published: June 2011

The obtained chlorovinyl adducts can be further functionalized by metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Demethylation of Aromatic Methyl Ethers Using Ionic Liquids under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Passiniemi Mikko , Myllymaeki Mikko J. , Vuokko Juha , Koskinen Ari M. P.
Published: June 2011

An efficient demethylation reaction for aromatic methyl ethers is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyethylene Glycol‐Bound Ru Catalyst for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones in Water.
Authors: Zhou Zhongqiang , Ma Qiong
Published: June 2011

Title transfer hydrogenation reaction proceeds smoothly for a range of aromatic ketones to give the corresponding alcohols (II) in excellent conversion and up to 92% optical purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Gallium(III)‐Catalyzed Bromocyanation of Alkynes: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated Nitriles.
Authors: Murai Masahito , Hatano Ryo , Kitabata Sachie , Ohe Kouichi
Published: June 2011

The synthetic utility of the obtained bromoacrylonitriles (III) is demonstrated by several cross‐coupling reactions of (IIIa) and its transformation into the biologically active heterocycles (VII) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: From Difluoromethyl 2‐Pyridyl Sulfone to Difluorinated Sulfonates: A Protocol for Nucleophilic Difluoro(sulfonato)methylation.
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Ni Chuanfa , Wang Fang , Hu Jinbo , Olah George A.
Published: June 2011

An efficient method for the synthesis of alkyl α,α‐difluorosulfonates from primary alkyl halides is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: TBCA‐Mediated Microwave‐Assisted Hofmann Rearrangement.
Authors: Miranda Leandro S. M. , da Silva Thayane Rabello , Crespo Livia Tenorio , Esteves Pierre Mothe , de Matos Louise F. , Diederichs Carla C. , de Souza Rodrigo Octavio Mendonca Alves
Published: June 2011

The rearrangement is affected by a combination of heterocyclic brominating reagents such as NBS or TBA in the presence of an appropriate base.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Cyclization of Buta‐1,3‐diynylarenes: Synthesis of Precursors of (Z)‐3‐Ene‐1,5‐diyne Systems Fused to Heterocycles.
Authors: Danilkina Natalia A. , Braese Stefan , Balova Irina A.
Published: June 2011

Thiophenol, aniline and phenol derivatives are transformed to the corresponding 2‐ethynyl‐3‐iodo‐substituted heterocycles which are converted into the title systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered 2,3‐Dioxo Heterocycles. Part 72. Recyclization of Isopropyl 2‐(1‐Aryl‐4,5‐dioxo‐2‐phenyl‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxoacetates by the Action of Aliphatic Amines.
Authors: Dmitriev M. V. , Silaichev P. S. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: June 2011

The reaction is an example for the pyrrole‐pyrrole recyclization via cleavage of the dioxopyrrole ring and closure of the new dioxopyrrole ring by the action of alkylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminoindole‐3‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives by the Copper(I) Iodide Catalyzed Reaction of N‐(2‐Iodophenyl)formamides with Malononitrile or Cyanoacetates.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Komatsu Toshihide , Yokoi Yuki , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: June 2011

An efficient and concise method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III) is developed from readily available starting materials.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Aminoindole Derivatives: Combination of Thorpe—Ziegler Cyclization and Unexpected Allylindium‐Mediated Decyanation.
Authors: Kim Yu Mi , Kim Ko Hoon , Park Sunhong , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: June 2011

Treatment of nitriles (I) with aroyl chlorides results in formation of unexpected 3‐iminodihydroindoles via Thorpe—Ziegler cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of 3‐Alkyloxindoles: Reaction Development and Applications.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Zhang Yong
Published: June 2011

Alkyl oxindoles are successfully alkylated with allyl carbonate (II) in the presence of a molybdenum catalyst under mild conditions to give oxindoles bearing a quaternary stereocenter at position 3.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Intermolecular Hydroarylation of N‐Ts‐ or N‐Ac‐Protected Indoles and 2,3‐Allenoates.
Authors: Fang Zhao , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: June 2011

The TFA‐promoted Friedel—Crafts allylation of acetyl‐ and tosyl‐protected indoles is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid Assembly of Furo[3,4‐b]‐ and Pyrrolo[3,4‐b]carbazolones by Domino Wittig Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Torney Prachi , Patre Rupesh , Tilve Santosh
Published: June 2011

Reaction of indolecarboxaldehydes (I) and (V) with phosphoranes (II) provides regioisomeric lactones as mixtures of cis‐ and trans‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of 4‐Acyl‐1‐alkoxyaryl‐5‐aryl‐3‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrol‐2‐ones with Nucleophilic Reagents.
Authors: Gein V. L. , Fedorova N. L. , Levandovskaya E. B. , Vakhrin M. I.
Published: June 2011

An acetyl or benzoyl group in position C‐4 of the pyrrole ring in compound (I)/(V) does not affect the direction of their reaction with hydrazine hydrate, but significantly in reactions with amines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐2‐alkyliminooxazolidin‐4‐one via a Domino Reaction.
Authors: Liu Yongwei , Li Zhengning , Jiang Lan , Zheng Aijun
Published: June 2011

The reaction is conducted under solvent‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dialkyl 2‐(Alkylamino)‐4,9‐dihydro‐9‐oxocyclohepta[b]pyran‐3,4‐dicarboxylates.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Ramazani Ali , Haji Mohammad
Published: June 2011

The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature without any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel 3‐Aminohexahydrocoumarin Derivatives and Evaluation on Their Cytotoxicity.
Authors: Shi Feng , Dai An‐Xiao , Zhang Shu , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: June 2011

Seven of the synthesized compounds exhibit higher in vitro cytotoxicity to carcinoma SW1116 and SGL7901 cells then doxorubicin hydrochloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reaction for the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives Based on Triphenylamine.
Authors: Geng Li‐Jun , Feng Guo‐Liang , Yu Jiu‐Gao , Zhang Hong‐Li
Published: June 2011

The reaction can also be conducted under conventional reflux conditions resulting in poorer yields and prolonged reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Diverse Directions of Heterocyclizations Involving Derivatives of 5‐Aminopyrazoles and N‐Arylmaleimides.
Authors: Rudenko Roman V. , Komykhov Sergey A. , Desenko Sergey M. , Musatov Vladimir I. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Konovalova Irina S. , Vashchenko Elena V. , Chebanov Valentin A.
Published: June 2011

The title reaction is studied in the solvents DMF and AcOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropoly Acid‐Catalyzed Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component aza‐Diels—Alder Cyclizations: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Potential Drug Candidates for Alzheimer′s Disease.
Authors: Borkin Dmitry , Morzhina Elena , Datta Silpi , Rudnitskaya Aleksandra , Sood Abha , Toeroek Marianna , Toeroek Bela
Published: June 2011

An environmentally benign synthesis of azabicyclo[2.2.2]octanones (IV)/(V) and (VII)/(VIII) is described, involving the microwave‐assisted tandem condensation—cycloaddition reaction of cyclohexenone (I) with an aniline and a benzaldehyde derivative.
ChemInform Abstract: Instability of the Lithium Garnet Li7La3Sn2O12:Li+/H + Exchange and Structural Study.
Authors: Galven Cyrille , Fourquet Jean‐Louis , Crosnier‐Lopez Marie‐Pierre , Le Berre Francoise
Published: June 2011

The lithium garnet Li7La3Sn2O12 (tetragonal space group I41/acd, Z = 8) is unstable toward moisture.
ChemInform Abstract: Specific Features of the Structure of Germanium(IV) Complexes with Polybasic Acids
Authors: Sergienko V. S. , Minacheva L. Kh. , Churakov A. V.
Published: June 2011

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Acid Catalysis in Water
Authors: Ogawa Chikako , Kobayashi Shu
Published: June 2011

Review: 113 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Phase‐Transfer and Ion Pair Catalysis
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Maruoka Keiji
Published: June 2011

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Monodentate Chiral Ferrocenyl Ligands
Authors: Xia Ji‐Bao , Jamison Timothy F. , You Shu‐Li
Published: June 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: P‐Acylphosphonium Salts and Their Vinylogues — Application in Synthesis
Authors: Kolesinska Beata
Published: June 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multiple Pd‐Catalyzed Reactions in the Synthesis of Natural Products, Drugs, and Materials
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Duefert Alexander
Published: June 2011

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
Authors: Crampton M. R.
Published: June 2011

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions of sp3‐Hybridized C—H Bonds
Authors: Li C.‐J. , Yoo W.‐J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Glycoconjugates with Antitumor Activity
Authors: La Ferla Barbara , Airoldi Cristina , Zona Cristiano , Orsato Alexandre , Cardona Francisco , Merlo Silvia , Sironi Erika , D'Orazio Giuseppe , Nicotra Francesco
Published: June 2011

Review: 172 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Guiding Principles for Site Selective and Stereoselective Intermolecular C—H Functionalization by Donor/Acceptor Rhodium Carbenes
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Morton Daniel
Published: June 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Analytical Methods for the Determination of Chlorhexidine
Authors: Fiorentino Flavia Angelica Masquio , Correa Marcos Antonio , Salgado Herida Regina Nunes
Published: June 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysis of Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates by Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2005‐2006)
Authors: Harvey David J.
Published: June 2011

Review: 988 refs.
Bio‐ und Chemieingenieurwissenschaften an der TU Kaiserslautern
Authors: Muffler Kai , Thiel Werner , Hasse Hans , Ulber Roland
Published: June 2011

Mit Start zum Wintersemester 2011/12 wird an der TU Kaiserslautern gemeinsam von den Fachbereichen Chemie und Maschinenbau/Verfahrenstechnik der interdisziplinäre Studiengang Bio‐ und Chemieingenieurwissenschaften (BCI) angeboten. Der Studiengang verbindet die Natur‐ und Ingenieurwissenschaften, wobei der Fokus auf die Chemie und die (Bio‐) Verfahrenstechnik ausgerichtet ist.
Juli – allez allez allez
Authors: Hatscher Deike , Beißner Stefan , Knirsch Sandra
Published: June 2011

Am 2. Juli beginnt wieder die Zeit der Tour de France. Auch die 98. Austragung dieses weltberühmten Sportereignisses verspricht herrliche Landschaften gepaart mit der unnachahmlichen Atmosphäre von sommerlichem Spitzensport. Atemberaubend sind zudem die Materialien, die diesen Sport zu dem machen, was er heute ist.
A continuous tubular reactor for core–shell latex particles
Authors: Hordy N. , McKenna T. F. L.
Published: June 2011

High solids content poly(butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell latex particles were produced using miniemulsion polymerisation in a continuous linear tubular reactor. The resulting products were and shown to be comparable to a batch process. Final solids contents of 41 and 48 wt.% were shown to be possible in a simple tubular reactor. Differential scanning calorimeter analysis indicated that core–shell particles were formed under these conditions. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Effect of Cr doping on the structural and optical properties of ZnS nanoparticles
Authors: Amaranatha Reddy D. , Murali G. , Vijayalakshmi R. P. , Reddy B. K. , Sreedhar B.
Published: June 2011

Zn1−xCrx S nanoparticles with x = 0.00, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 were synthesized by chemical co‐precipitation method at room temperature for the first time. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid was used as stabilizer. Energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays confirmed the presence of Cr in the samples. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy and optical absorption studies. XRD and selected area electron diffraction results showed that the samples of all compositions crystallized in cubic structure and the lattice parameters decreased linearly with increase in Cr content following Vegard's law indicating that the Cr ions have substituted for Zn in the ZnS lattice. The particle size estimated from XRD was in the range 6–10 nm.The optical absorption studies on the doped samples indicated that the absorption edge blue shifted with respect to those of bulk and nanocrystalline ZnS. The bandgap increased with increasing Cr concentration in a narrow range 3.81–4.03 eV. Photolumonesence studies showed blue emission with appreciable luminescence quenching with increasing Cr concentration. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon Nanotubes for Sustainable Energy Applications
Authors: Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: June 2011

The grand challenge of a sustainable production and use of energy has focused research on the nanostructure of materials. This aspect is considered of critical importance for improving the performance of advanced materials and electrodes to meet demanding expectations. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the first and most‐successful example of nanomaterials, and play a central role in the development of advanced solutions for sustainable energy applications. However, notwithstanding the rising scientific and technological interest in CNTs, their use is still largely based on phenomenological observations that miss the complexities of the nanostructure and characteristics of these materials. This Concept paper addresses the need for a rational design of CNTs for energy applications, based on an understanding of the key aspects to be considered for their optimization in different applications such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solar cells, and fuel cells.
Role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in the prompt diagnosis of recurrence of visceral leishmaniasis presented as isolated cervical leishmanial lymphadenopathy
Authors: Kumar Bipin , Verma Pragya
Published: June 2011

We report a case of isolated cervical leishmanial lymphadenopathy diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in apparently cured case of visceral leishmaniasis. A 28‐year‐old female presented with cervical lymphnode enlargement to surgery outpatient department and was subjected for FNAC. Smear showed numerous Leishmania donovani bodies in the cytoplasm of macrophages and giant cells, and extracellular spaces. She was treated by Amphotericin B for alternate 14 days and the size of the lymphnode regressed. She was found asymptomatic for 1 year of follow‐up. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Mycobacterium chimaera causes tuberculosis‐like infection in a male patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Alhanna Joseph , Purucker Michael , Steppert Claus , Daborn Andrea Grigull‐ , Schiffel Gabriele , Gruber Heribert , Borgmann Stefan
Published: June 2011

Here we present a 27‐year‐old male patient—with a known prolonged history of anorexia nervosa (AN) —suffering from tuberculosis like infection. At the time he was admitted to clinical treatment, he had developed fever up to 40°C and survived on a body mass index of 11.8. In this case, Mycobacterium chimaera, generally recognized for low pathogenicity, was identified as the causative agent. Remission from lung infection was achieved after antibiotic treatment according to laboratory susceptibility testing while earlier antituberculosis therapies had failed. Because of a large cavity in the upper left lung, surgical excision was necessary to prevent recurrence of lung infection. Moreover, stabilization of the patient general health problem needs to be supported by a lasting psychotherapy. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;)
Specific depletion reveals a novel role for neutrophil‐mediated protection in the liver during Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Carr Karen D. , Sieve Amy N. , Indramohan Mohanalaxmi , Break Timothy J. , Lee Suheung , Berg Rance E.
Published: June 2011

Previous studies have suggested that neutrophils are required for resistance during infection with multiple pathogenic microorganisms. However, the depleting antibody used in those studies binds to both Ly6G and Ly6C (anti‐Gr‐1; clone RB6‐8C5). This antibody has been shown to deplete not only neutrophils but also monocytes and a subset of CD8+ T cells. Recently, an antibody against Ly6G, which specifically depletes neutrophils, was characterized. In the present study, neutrophils are depleted using the antibody against Ly6G during infection with the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (LM). Our data show that neutrophil‐depleted mice are much less susceptible to infection than mice depleted with anti‐Gr‐1. Although neutrophils are required for clearance of LM, their importance is more pronounced in the liver and during a high‐dose bacterial challenge. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the protection mediated by neutrophils is due to the production of TNF‐α, but not IFN‐γ. Additionally, neutrophils are not required for the recruitment of monocytes or the generation of adaptive T‐cell responses during LM infection. This study highlights the importance of neutrophils during LM infection, and indicate that depletion of neutrophils is less detrimental to the host than depletion of all Gr‐1‐expressing cell populations.
The role of tetraspanin CD63 in antigen presentation via MHC class II
Authors: Petersen Sven H. , Odintsova Elena , Haigh Tracey A. , Rickinson Alan B. , Taylor Graham S. , Berditchevski Fedor
Published: June 2011

Interactions between MHC class II (MHC II)‐positive APCs and CD4+ T cells are central to adaptive immune responses. Using an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed B lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) as MHC II‐positive APCs and CD4+ T‐cell clones specific for two endogenously expressed EBV antigens, we found that shRNA knockdown of the tetraspanin protein CD63 in LCL cells consistently led to increased CD4+ T‐cell recognition. This effect was not due to enhanced antigen processing nor to changes in MHC II expression since CD63 knockdown did not influence the amount or dimerization of MHC II in LCL cells. We therefore investigated the possible involvement of exosomes, small MHC II‐ and tetraspanin‐abundant vesicles which are secreted by LCL cells and which we found could themselves activate the CD4+ T‐cell clones in an MHC II‐dependent manner. While equal loadings of exosomes purified from the control and CD63low LCLs stimulated T cells to a comparable degree, we found that exosome production significantly increased following CD63‐knockdown, suggesting that this may underlie the greater T‐cell stimulatory capacity of the CD63low LCLs. Taken together, our data reveal a new insight into the mechanisms by which tetraspanins are involved in the regulation of MHC II‐dependent T‐cell stimulation.
GM‐CSF increases cross‐presentation and CD103 expression by mouse CD8+ spleen dendritic cells
Authors: Zhan Yifan , Carrington Emma M. , van Nieuwenhuijze Annemarie , Bedoui Sammy , Seah Shirley , Xu Yuekang , Wang Nancy , Mintern Justine D. , Villadangos Jose A. , Wicks Ian P. , Lew Andrew M.
Published: June 2011

Resident CD8+ DCs perform several functions, including cross‐presenting antigen and rapidly engulfing the Gram‐positive intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Little is known about how these functions of CD8+ DCs are modulated. Here, we show that granulocyte‐macrophage CSF (GM‐CSF), a cytokine that exists at low levels at steady state but is elevated during infection and inflammation, enhances cross‐presentation and rapid uptake of L. monocytogenes by resident CD8+ DCs. This previously unrecognized functional enhancement of CD8+ DCs by GM‐CSF was independent of promoting DC survival in vitro. Enhancement of these functions by GM‐CSF was also marked by CD103 expression on CD8+ DCs that was strongly regulated by GM‐CSF. Our findings not only identify GM‐CSF as a key molecule regulating CD8+ DC function, but also as a factor responsible for functional heterogeneity of CD8+ DCs that is at least substantially demarcated by CD103 expression.
Cyanide‐Bridged Molecular Squares – The Building Units of Prussian Blue
Authors: Newton Graham N. , Nihei Masayuki , Oshio Hiroki
Published: June 2011

Cyanide‐bridged molecular squares offer a unique opportunity for study, as they represent a model of the simplest unit of Prussian blue and allow access to a wide range of physical properties that can be monitored, such as rich electrochemistry, valence‐ and spin‐state control, and spin‐crossover phenomena. This microreview presents recent findings in the field of cyanide squares with particular focus on their syntheses and physical properties.
Polyurethanes with bio‐based and recycled components
Authors: Beneš Hynek , Vlček Tomáš , Černá Renáta , Hromádková Jiřina , Walterová Zuzana , Svitáková Romana
Published: June 2011

Polyurethanes (PUR) combining renewable bio‐based raw materials and recycled polyols were prepared and characterized. A fish oil‐based polyol and a castor oil (CO) were used as the bio‐based raw materials. Recycled polyols were prepared by chemical decomposition of PUR flexible foam. Based on the properties of the natural and the recycled polyols, final PUR materials were designed as rigid foams or cast systems. Processing parameters as well as final thermo‐mechanical properties of the prepared materials were evaluated and discussed. The results showed that the fish oil‐based recycled polyol was suitable for the preparation of the rigid PUR foam and can replace a majority of petrochemical polyols in the rigid PUR foam formulation without any detrimental effects on final quality of the product. Due to the high content of the secondary hydroxyl groups, the CO‐based recycled polyol was less reactive with the isocyanates than the fish oil‐based recycled polyol. Therefore, the CO‐based recycled polyol was used for the preparation of the compact cast PUR materials. Long aliphatic chains in this recycled polyol could be advantageously used for the formulation of flexible PUR floorings.

Practical applications: The developed polyurethane (PUR) materials were designed for concrete final applications. The fish oil‐based recycled polyol was tested for the preparation of the rigid PUR foams. The use of castor oil enabled to prepare less reactive recycled polyol and it was applied for the preparation of the compact cast PUR.
Studies on Substituted Aromatic Diselenides as Catalysts for Selective Alcohol Oxidation Using tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide
Authors: van der Toorn John C. , Kemperman Gerjan , Sheldon Roger A. , Arends Isabel W. C. E.
Published: June 2011

We have investigated the Ph2Se2‐catalysed oxidation of alcohols with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by using a variety of spectroscopic techniques and reaction calorimetry. We showed that the active oxidant is benzeneseleninic anhydride (BSA), formed by reaction of Ph2Se2 with TBHP. The influence of aromatic substituents on the activity of a selection of nine aromatic diselenides involved in alcohol oxidations was studied. Calorimetric experiments showed that compounds that are activated more rapidly have higher initial activity in the catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol. An exception to this rule was observed when the diselenide contained a dimethylamino group in the ortho position, which can apparently compensate for its slow pre‐activation by a special ortho effect. An aliphatic alcohol, 1‐decanol was also used as a substrate. Besides diphenyl diselenide only three of the substituted diaryl diselenides studied showed reasonable activity after pre‐activation with TBHP. Dimesityl diselenide displayed the highest activity and selectivity for the oxidation of 1‐decanol. Specificity for a given aldehyde could be achieved by using an oxidant and substrate feed protocol.
Multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) for the identification of bacterial pathogens in the field
Authors: Talbot Steven R. , Sartorius Gerhard
Published: June 2011

In this work, we demonstrate a new classification machine based on multivariate adaptive embedding (MAE) that is capable of a robust identification of potential bacterial biological warfare agents (BWA). By employing Raman spectroscopy, this method proves to be reliable in application, easy to use and while retaining spectral quality, it is much faster than the often used support vector machines (SVM) and other supervised multivariate statistical classification machines. The multivariate adaptive embedding multi‐species classification ability was developed in order to serve as a real‐time detection method for biological threat detection and pathogen identification. A mean classification accuracy of 99.25±0.45% could be achieved with a representative set of biological warfare agents and simulant bacteria as a first approach for a user‐friendly and fieldable classification application for first responders and researchers.
Cultural implications of architectural mortar selection at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
Authors: Rumsey Shane D. , Drohan Patrick J.
Published: June 2011

Architectural mortar from two ancestral Pueblo sites (Spruce Tree House and Nordenskiöld's Ruin 12) located in Mesa Verde National Park was investigated using visual, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques. Results indicate ancestral Pueblo people had a preference for mortars composed of sand and clay contents that produce a USDA textural class of sandy clay loam to clay loam. A temporal trajectory of soil selection is observed at Spruce Tree House, with mesa‐top soils being preferred during the early period of occupation, but with soils below cliff dwellings preferred during later periods. Mortar geochemical composition is found to differ between cliff dwellings, and sometimes between households within a cliff dwelling, due to local soil differences and/or potential amendment additions. Results from Spruce Tree House indicate that contemporaneous households shared access to mortar sources. The prevalence and possible origins of gypsum found in mortar are discussed. Finally, this research examines the possibility that land tenure rights may have extended beyond those lands used exclusively for agricultural purposes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calcrete formation and implications for buried archaeological deposits in the Mariana Islands, western Pacific
Authors: Carson Mike T. , Peterson John A.
Published: June 2011

Calcrete zones of cemented sands are found repeatedly at beach sites in the Mariana Islands, western Pacific region, with mid‐ to late‐Holocene artifacts and midden sealed within and beneath these layers. Three site‐specific cases demonstrate that the cementation process of the calcareous sand material post‐dated the deposition of artifacts and midden. Archaeological efforts must be prepared for deep excavation through zones of cemented sand. Also, recovery of preserved ancient materials can proceed by excavating large hardened blocks and soaking in light (5%) acid. This knowledge about formation process and recovery technique may prove useful not only in the Mariana Islands but also more broadly in other regions with similar settings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can ultrasonography of the placenta previa predict antenatal bleeding?
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi , Higashi Miwa , Takahashi Shoko , Mimura Takashi , Nakamura Masamitsu , Matsuoka Ryu , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Sekizawa Akihiko , Okai Takashi
Published: June 2011

Purpose.

To evaluate the abnormal sonographic (US) findings in patients with placenta previa and bleeding.

Methods.

A total of 182 cases of singleton pregnancies with placenta previa were reviewed. The US findings including the type of placenta previa, placental location, presence of placenta lacunae, lack of clear zone, sinus venosus at the margin of the placenta, velamentous cord insertion, sponge‐like echo in the cervix and cervical length were evaluated in relation to episodes of bleeding that required in‐patient treatment during pregnancy and/or emergency cesarean section.

Results.

Episodes of antenatal bleeding occurred in 102/182 (56%) patients with placenta previa. An emergency cesarean section was performed in 66 (64.7%) of these 102 patients. In the 80 patients without episodes of antenatal bleeding, an emergency cesarean section was performed in only 1 (1.3%). Detection of US findings just prior to cesarean section was not associated with the need for emergency cesarean section due to uncontrollable bleeding from the placenta previa. Frequencies of each US finding at 20 weeks of gestation were not different between the patients who underwent emergency cesarean sections and the others. Frequency of marginal sinus was slightly higher in cases with bleeding episode (16% versus 0%, p < 0.05), but the other US findings were not associated with the occurrence of bleeding episodes during pregnancy.

Conclusions.

No US finding could predict bleeding episodes and the eventual need for an emergency cesarean section. The obstetrician should be aware that sudden bleeding during pregnancy may occur in patients with placenta previa, even in the absence of any other US findings. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2011
Capillary electrochromatographic testing of monolithic silica columns synthesized according to an experimental design approach
Authors: Wu Xiaoping , Mangelings Debby , Oita Iuliana , Tanret Indiana , Yan Chao , Heyden Yvan Vander
Published: June 2011

Monolithic silica capillary columns synthesized following a three‐level design were evaluated for the electrochromatographic separation of acidic and neutral compounds. The influences of four factors in the sol–gel synthesis, i.e. the concentrations of tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS) and PEG in the starting mixture, the gelation temperature and the silanization modifying time, on the electrochromatographic performance of the resulting C18‐silica capillary monoliths were studied. The considered responses were retention factor, resolution, symmetry factor, column efficiency, electrokinetic porosity and the equivalent length of the monolith. The four factors were varied to change the pore structure and the surface coverage with octadecyl moieties, resulting in nine stationary phases. The retentive properties of the columns were initially characterized with alkylbenzenes. Next, the separation for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its related compounds was optimized and used to evaluate the performance of the nine stationary phases considering six responses. A compromise between the different responses was found around higher concentrations of tetramethylorthosilicate and PEG with a lower gelation temperature and a modifying time of 2 h. Column efficiencies up to 96 000 plates/m and resolutions above 1.9 were obtained for the acetylsalicylic acid separation, with a sufficient EOF to yield rapid analysis, which showed improvements over the center‐point stationary phase.
Charitable Partnerships among Travel and Tourism Businesses: Perspectives from Low‐Fares Airlines
Authors: Fenclova Emily , Coles Tim
Published: June 2011

Responsibility has been advocated as vital for the future management and governance of the sustainable tourism destinations, yet extensive empirical research of specific stakeholders is lacking. This paper addresses this knowledge gap by examining corporate philanthropy practices among low‐fares airlines. An analytical framework is developed and applied. Corporate philanthropy is practised more widely than may have been anticipated by the frills‐adverse, low‐fares business model. For studies of tourism, the paper points to the need for greater theoretical and conceptual urgency in research on corporate social responsibility and corporate philanthropy if future practical action at the destination level is to match current advocacy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does adiponectin benefit steatotic liver transplantation?
Authors: Elias-Miro Maria , Massip-Salcedo Marta , Jimenez-Castro Monica , Peralta Carmen
Published: June 2011

Strategies for improving the viability of steatotic donor livers could increase the number of organs suitable for transplantation. There is evidence that adiponectin, the most abundant adipose-specific adipokine, acts as an anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory hormone. Here we review the signaling pathways of adiponectin and the possible therapies based on adiponectin regulation that have been examined or applied clinically. Recent studies on the role of adiponectin in steatotic livers subjected to ischemia/reperfusion are discussed. The data suggest that further investigations are required to determine whether adiponectin is a potential therapeutic target in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 17:993–1004, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
A Soluble High Molecular Weight Copolymer of Benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and Benzoxadiazole for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Nie Wanyi , MacNeill Christopher M. , Li Yuan , Noftle Ronald E. , Carroll David L. , Coffin Robert. C.
Published: June 2011

The synthesis and characterization of a soluble high molecular weight copolymer based on 4,8‐bis(1‐pentylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and 2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole is presented. High efficiency organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices comprised of this polymer and phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) were fabricated by additive processing with 1‐chloronapthalene (CN). When the active layer is cast from pristine chlorobenzene (CB), power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) average 1.41%. Our best condition—using 2% chloronapthalene as a solvent additive in CB—results in an average PCE of 5.65%, with a champion efficiency of 6.05%.

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Self‐Assembled Single‐Crystal Polyaniline Microplates and Their Anisotropic Electrical Transport Property
Authors: Yan Yong , Fang Jin , Zhang Yajie , Fan Huili , Wei Zhixiang
Published: June 2011

Self‐assembly of two‐dimensional (2D) structures from functional molecules is of great scientific importance. Herein, using a typical linear conducting polymer, polyaniline as building blocks, 2D single crystalline microplates are successively produced. The structure of 2D microplates is clearly defined by selected area electron diffraction, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Owing to the anisotropic arrangement of linear conjugated PANI molecules, the microplate shows a typical anisotropic electrical transport property.

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Magneto‐sensitive Elastomers in a Homogeneous Magnetic Field: A Regular Rectangular Lattice Model
Authors: Ivaneyko Dmytro , Toshchevikov Vladimir P. , Saphiannikova Marina , Heinrich Gert
Published: June 2011

A theory of mechanical behaviour of the magneto‐sensitive elastomers is developed in the framework of a linear elasticity approach. Using a regular rectangular lattice model, different spatial distributions of magnetic particles within a polymer matrix are considered: isotropic, chain‐like and plane‐like. It is shown that interaction between the magnetic particles results in the contraction of an elastomer along the homogeneous magnetic field. With increasing magnetic field the shear modulus, G, for the shear deformation perpendicular to the magnetic field increases for all spatial distributions of magnetic particles. At the same time, with increasing magnetic field the Young's modulus, E, for tensile deformation along the magnetic field decreases for both chain‐like and isotropic distributions of magnetic particles and increases for the plane‐like distribution of magnetic particles.

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Anhedonia in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Assogna Francesca , Cravello Luca , Caltagirone Carlo , Spalletta Gianfranco
Published: June 2011

Anhedonia, defined as lowered ability to experience physical or social pleasure, is a key symptom of several psychiatric illnesses. In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the role of anhedonia in Parkinson's Disease and its relationships with other clinical characteristics, dopamine dysfunction, and antiparkinsonian therapy. The database was selected using PubMed Services. Relevant journals were hand‐searched, and the bibliographies of all the important articles were scrutinized to find additional publications. Fifteen studies assessed the topic of anhedonia in Parkinson's disease from 1984 to 2009 and mainly described it as a core symptom of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease. Some studies investigated the relationship between anhedonia and neuropsychological symptoms and found correlations with frontal lobe functions. Reports on the relationship between anhedonia and illness severity or motor symptoms are rather inconclusive. No definitive conclusions can be drawn because few studies have been published on this topic. Nevertheless, some evidence suggests that in Parkinson's disease anhedonia is a secondary phenomenon linked to depression, apathy severity, and frontal lobe dysregulation and that it could respond to antiparkinsonian treatment. Future studies of larger samples of patients are strongly required to definitively clarify the relationship between anhedonia and other clinical features, such as depression, anxiety, apathy, cognition, and motor status. Furthermore, more reliable tools and validated diagnostic criteria are necessary to assess anhedonia in patients with Parkinson's disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Size‐optimized 32‐channel brain arrays for 3 T pediatric imaging
Authors: Keil Boris , Alagappan Vijay , Mareyam Azma , McNab Jennifer A. , Fujimoto Kyoko , Tountcheva Veneta , Triantafyllou Christina , Dilks Daniel D. , Kanwisher Nancy , Lin Weili , Grant P. Ellen , Wald Lawrence L.
Published: June 2011

Size‐optimized 32‐channel receive array coils were developed for five age groups, neonates, 6 months old, 1 year old, 4 years old, and 7 years old, and evaluated for pediatric brain imaging. The array consisted of overlapping circular surface coils laid out on a close‐fitting coil‐former. The two‐section coil former design was obtained from surface contours of aligned three‐dimensional MRI scans of each age group. Signal‐to‐noise ratio and noise amplification for parallel imaging were evaluated and compared to two coils routinely used for pediatric brain imaging; a commercially available 32‐channel adult head coil and a pediatric‐sized birdcage coil. Phantom measurements using the neonate, 6‐month‐old, 1‐year‐old, 4‐year‐old, and 7‐year‐old coils showed signal‐to‐noise ratio increases at all locations within the brain over the comparison coils. Within the brain cortex the five dedicated pediatric arrays increased signal‐to‐noise ratio by up to 3.6‐, 3.0‐, 2.6‐, 2.3‐, and 1.7‐fold, respectively, compared to the 32‐channel adult coil, as well as improved G‐factor maps for accelerated imaging. This study suggests that a size‐tailored approach can provide significant sensitivity gains for accelerated and unaccelerated pediatric brain imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time‐efficient slab‐selective water excitation for 3D MRI
Authors: Lee Gregory R. , Tkach Jean A. , Griswold Mark A.
Published: June 2011

Spectral–Spatial (SPSP) radiofrequency pulses are simultaneously selective in both the spectral and spatial domains. To selectively excite water spins and exclude fat, the individual subpulses that make up a SPSP pulse must be short (<1 ms at 4 T). A short subpulse duration limits the sharpness of the spatial slabs that can be excited when using a traditional SPSP pulse design approach. In this manuscript, the authors present an algorithm for designing SPSP pulses with substantially reduced maximum B1 amplitudes and specific absorption rates. The proposed algorithm alternates between iterative design of the radiofrequency waveform for a given gradient shape and minimum‐time variable‐rate selective excitation reshaping of the gradient waveform. This approach is shown to reduce peak B1 amplitudes in iteratively designed SPSP pulses by an order of magnitude. Unlike the use of regularization to control peak B1 or specific absorption rate, the proposed method does not comprise the quality of the excitation profile. To achieve high‐quality profiles, it was necessary to design the radiofrequency pulses for a measured rather than ideal gradient waveform. Slab‐selective water excitation pulses with durations of 4.1 and 9.2 ms (fractional transition widths of 0.14 and 0.073, respectively) are demonstrated at 4 T. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of noise correlation in multiple‐coil statistical models with sum of squares reconstruction
Authors: Aja‐Fernández Santiago , Tristán‐Vega Antonio
Published: June 2011

Noise in the composite magnitude signal from multiple‐coil systems is usually assumed to follow a noncentral χ distribution when sum of squares is used to combine images sensed at different coils. However, this is true only if the variance of noise is the same for all coils, and no correlation exists between them. We show how correlations may be obviated from this model if effective values are considered. This implies a reduced effective number of coils and an increased effective variance of noise. In addition, the effective variance of noise becomes signal‐dependent. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging of cuprizone‐induced demyelination in the mouse corpus callosum
Authors: Zhang Jiangyang , Jones Melina V. , McMahon Michael T. , Mori Susumu , Calabresi Peter A.
Published: June 2011

Diffusion tensor imaging has been widely used in studying rodent models of white matter diseases. In this study, we examined the differences between in vivo and ex vivo fractional anisotropy and diffusivity measurements in the mouse cuprizone model. In the control mouse corpus callosum, ex vivo diffusivities were significantly lower than in vivo measurements, but ex vivo fractional anisotropy values were not significantly different from in vivo fractional anisotropy values. With cuprizone induced demyelination and accompanying pathology in the corpus callosum, changes in in vivo and ex vivo fractional anisotropy and diffusivity measurements were not always in agreement. Our results suggest that ex vivo λ⟂ was a more reliable indicator of white matter demyelination than in vivo λ⟂ and in vivo λ‖ was a more reliable indicator of axonal injury than ex vivo λ‖ in this model. When comparing in vivo and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging results of axon and myelin pathology in the rodent models, potential changes in tissue microstructures associated with perfusion fixation should be considered. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐PROP: A fast and robust diffusion‐weighted propeller technique
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Pipe James G. , Lee Chu‐Yu , Debbins Josef P. , Karis John P. , Huo Donglai
Published: June 2011

Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) has shown great benefits in clinical MR exams. However, current DWI techniques have shortcomings of sensitivity to distortion or long scan times or combinations of the two. Diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging (EPI) is fast but suffers from severe geometric distortion. Periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction diffusion‐weighted imaging (PROPELLER DWI) is free of geometric distortion, but the scan time is usually long and imposes high Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) especially at high fields. TurboPROP was proposed to accelerate the scan by combining signal from gradient echoes, but the off‐resonance artifacts from gradient echoes can still degrade the image quality. In this study, a new method called X‐PROP is presented. Similar to TurboPROP, it uses gradient echoes to reduce the scan time. By separating the gradient and spin echoes into individual blades and removing the off‐resonance phase, the off‐resonance artifacts in X‐PROP are minimized. Special reconstruction processes are applied on these blades to correct for the motion artifacts. In vivo results show its advantages over EPI, PROPELLER DWI, and TurboPROP techniques. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mikrospektroskopie an lebenden Pilzen und Pflanzen
Authors: Vogler Nadine , Walter Angela , Weißflog Ina , Rösch Petra , Kothe Erika , Boland Wilhelm , Dietzek Benjamin , Popp Jürgen
Published: June 2011

Um Wachstumsvorgänge in Pilzen oder Umwelteinflüsse auf Pflanzen zu untersuchen, eignen sich Verfahren der Ramanspektroskopie und ‐mikroskopie. Sie machen in lebenden Organismen die Morphochemie sichtbar, durch die sich molekulare Ursachen von Funktions‐ und Strukturänderungen erschließen.
Gestaltete Größe
Authors: Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: June 2011

Die Synthese von Riesenmolekülen ist kein Selbstzweck. Es geht um die Erforschung der Aspekte Größe, Gestalt und Funktion.
Keine Ernte ohne Bestäuber
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2011

Das Sterben ganzer Bienenvölker und der Artenschwund bei Hummeln bedrohen die Landwirtschaft in Europa und Nordamerika. Daran sind vermutlich mehrere Faktoren beteiligt, auch Pflanzenschutzmittel stehen unter Verdacht.