bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Diffusion of Oxygen Tracer and Lithium Impurity in Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide
Authors: Sakaguchi Isao , Watanabe Ken , Adachi Yutaka , Ohgaki Takeshi , Hishita Shunichi , Ohashi Naoki , Haneda Hajime
Published: December 2011

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide ceramics were used to study oxygen self-diffusion by the vapor–solid exchange method. The diffusion profile and the quantitative analysis of impurities (H, Li, and Al) were performed by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The concentrations of Al and H in ZnO were evaluated to be 3.2×1019and below 1.5×1017/cm3, respectively. The simultaneous diffusion of oxygen tracer and Li impurity were detected in the analysis, and the diffusion profiles were analyzed to evaluate the diffusion coefficients. Enhanced oxygen diffusivity and increased Li impurity concentration was obtained in Al-doped ZnO. We discuss the defect equations for enhancing oxygen diffusivity and increasing Li concentration in Al-doped ZnO.
Growth of CuGaSe2 Layers on Closely Lattice-Matched GaAs Substrates by Migration-Enhanced Epitaxy
Authors: Fujita Miki , Kawaharazuka Atsushi , Nishinaga Jiro , Ploog Klaus H. , Horikoshi Yoshiji
Published: December 2011

CuGaSe2 single-crystal films are grown on the As-stabilized (2×4) surface of (001) GaAs by migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE), where Cu+Ga and Se are alternately deposited. The growth process is monitored by refraction high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) in the [110] azimuth. Under the Cu-enriched growth condition, a deformed 4-fold pattern is observed in both Cu+Ga and Se deposition periods. The deformed 4-fold pattern is found to be related to the segregation of Cu2Se on the CuGaSe2 surface as confirmed by the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. By reducing the beam equivalent pressure of Cu (Cu-BEP), clear 4-fold patterns appear in both Cu+Ga and Se deposition periods instead of deformed 4-fold patterns. Further reduction of Cu-BEP results in clear 4- and 2-fold patterns for Cu+Ga and Se deposition periods. Under these growth conditions, Cu2Se-segregation-free CGS growth is achieved. Thus, the CuGaSe2 single-crystal layers without Cu2Se-segregation are successfully grown on GaAs(001) substrates by optimizing the Cu-BEP.
Effects of Deposition Time Duration on Thermal Diffusivity of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Films
Authors: Kim Yun Young , Alwi Hasan Adli , Awang Rozidawati , Krishnaswamy Sridhar
Published: December 2011

In the present investigation we study the effects of film-deposition time duration on thermal diffusivity (α) of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) thin-films grown in a radio-frequency (RF) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. A set of films was deposited at 50 W RF power for 40, 60, 80, and 100 min. Film characteristics were determined from the optical transmission spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal diffusivity of a-C:H films was evaluated using the optical pump-and-probe technique on the aluminum-coated samples. Results show a trend of increase in α as the deposition time increases due to the microstructural changes associated with longer exposure to ion bombardment effects on the growth surface of the films.
Preparation, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Nd–Y–Fe–Mo–B Nanocomposite Ribbon and Bulk Magnets
Authors: Wu Qiong , Ge Hongliang , Yan Aru , Zhang Pengyue , Guo Shuai , Pan Minxiang , Hu Xiukun
Published: December 2011

Nanocomposite alloys with the nominal compositions Nd
x
Y6-x
Fe68Mo4B22 (x=1–5) were prepared directly by devitrification of amorphous rods and ribbons. The effect of Y doping on the glass-forming ability (GFA) of the alloys has been investigated. It was found that the GFA of the alloys was enhanced by the substitution of Y for Nd and increased with increasing Y content. The best glass former was Nd1Y5Fe68Mo4B22 with a critical diameter of 4 mm. A comparison of microstructures and magnetic properties between ribbon and bulk magnet with the same composition after optimally annealing treatment was presented in detail. Compared to the Nd3Y3Fe68Mo4B22 ribbons, the better hard magnetic properties have been obtained in the Nd3Y3Fe68Mo4B22 nanocomposite bulk magnet, which can be attributed to much higher relative content of hard magnetic Nd(Y)2Fe14B phase in the crystallized rod sample.
Lehmann Force Acting on a Micro-Particle in Smectic C* Free-Standing Films Subjected to Methanol Vapor Transport
Authors: Seki Kazuyoshi , Ueda Ken , Uda Kazuhisa , Tsunekawa Kazumasa , Tabe Yuka
Published: December 2011

Gas permeation through smectic C* free-standing films causes a unidirectional director rotation, occasionally accompanied by a unidirectional vortex-like hydrodynamic flow. In this study, by placing ZrO2 micro-particles on the film subjected to methanol vapor transport, we observed the particle motions and measured a drag force acting on them. The particles underwent a unidirectional quasi-circular motion with the velocity linear to the methanol transfer rate with the magnitude of the drag force being on the order of several pN that increased approximately linearly with the velocity of the flow. A simple analysis shows that the conversion efficiency from the transmembrane methanol current to the drag force on the particles is ∼1.4×10-10 N·s·m2/mol in our system. The present hydrodynamic experiment is complementally to the previous observations of linear director rotation in the Lehmann effect, which well supports Leslie's phenomenological theory.
Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Ti–Al–Cr–N Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited by Closed Field Unbalanced Middle Frequency Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Zou Changwei , Zhang Jun , Xie Wei , Shao Lexi , Fu DeJun
Published: December 2011

Ti–Al–Cr–N coatings, characterized by a nanocomposite comprising nano-sized TiN crystallites embedded in amorphous AlN or CrN matrix, could be successfully synthesized on Si(111) and WC–Co cemented carbide substrates by a closed field unbalanced middle frequency magnetron sputtering method. The Cr content in the Ti–Al–Cr–N coatings linearly increased from 11.2 to 32.8 at. % raising the Cr targets currents from 5 to 15 A, whereas the Ti content decreased from 63 to 47 at. %. The high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image and diffraction patterns clearly show that the Ti–Al–Cr–N coatings were composites of crystallites and amorphous phase, which were distinguished from each other by lattice fringe contrast. The hardness and Young's modulus value of the Ti–Al–Cr–N coatings increased with incorporation of Cr, and had the maximum value of 38.9 and 475 GPa at the Cr content of 17 at. %, respectively. The average friction coefficient of the Ti–Al–Cr–N coatings largely decreased with an increase of the Cr content when compared to the TiN coatings.
Control of Plasma and Cavitation Bubble in Liquid-Phase Laser Ablation Using Supersonic Waves
Authors: Takada Noriharu , Fujikawa Akinori , Sasaki Koichi
Published: December 2011

We examined the effects of a supersonic wave on laser-induced plasma and ablation-induced cavitation bubbles in liquid-phase laser ablation. The effect of the supersonic wave on laser-induced plasma was the change in the optical emission intensity. We observed an intense optical emission when the ablation target was irradiated with a laser pulse at a negative phase of the sound pressure of the supersonic wave. The effect of the supersonic wave on ablation-induced cavitation bubbles was the repetitive formation and collapse of the bubbles at the same frequency as the supersonic wave. The ablation-induced cavitation bubbles served as a “seed”, and the repetitive formation and collapse of the cavitation bubbles were driven by the sound pressure of the supersonic wave.
Comparison of Interface Characterization between Ag(In,Ga)Se2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells by High-Angle-Annular Dark-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Xianfeng Zhang , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Kurokawa Yasuyoshi , Tashiro Yoshiyuki , Ohtsuka Masahiro , Yamada Tomoyuki , Yamada Akira
Published: December 2011

The interface of Ag(In,Ga)Se2 (AIGS) and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells was investigated by high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging method. It was found from the results that the AIGS film had Ag-rich and Ag-poor layers. The CdS layer in the CIGS solar cell had a denser structure and a better connection with the CIGS layer than the CdS layer in the AIGS solar cell. The lattice between CIGS and CdS was continuous and ordered. However, there were some defects in CdS and the lattice arrangement was distorted at the AIGS/CdS interface in the AIGS solar cell, resulting in the poor performance of the AIGS solar cell compared with the CIGS solar cell.
Nanopore Protein Biosensor Using Diffusive Flow
Authors: Jung Jung-Yeul , Thornton Trevor J. , Chiari Marcella , Kim Tae-Hyoung
Published: December 2011

A nanopore protein biosensor using a copolymer and diffusive flow of the test sample was developed. The copolymer coated within the nanopore can capture the antibody, which then captures the antigen. Diffusive flow of a test sample can be obtained using a concentration gradient between the nanopore and the micropore sides. No applied voltage was used to create the electrokinetic flow of the test liquid. The present nanopore protein biosensor showed high sensitivity and detected antigen quantities as low as 0.15 nM (4 pg/mL).
Simulation of Vertical Plane Turbulent Jet in Shallow Water
Authors: Aziz T. N. , Khan A. A.
Published: December 2011

A plane, turbulent, nonbuoyant, vertical jet in shallow water is simulated numerically using a three-dimensional computation model employing standard and renormalized group turbulent closure schemes. Existing data of mean and turbulent flow quantities, measured using laser Doppler velocimeter, are used to assess the two turbulent closure schemes. Comparisons between the measured and simulated flow field data are made in the free jet region, within the zone of surface impingement, and in the zone of horizontal jets at the surface. The results show that the standard scheme performs equally well and in some areas better than the more complicated renormalized group scheme in simulating the mean and turbulent flow quantities in this case.
Neuropsychological and Radiological Assessments of Two Cases with Apparent Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder
Authors: Koyama Shinichi , Kobayakawa Mutsutaka , Tachibana Naoko , Masaoka Yuri , Homma Ikuo , Ishii Kenji , Kawamura Mitsuru
Published: December 2011

We examined two male patients (64 and 70 years old) with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) using cognitive tests, myocardial 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, and dopamine positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. One patient had impaired social cognition and decision-making skills and reduced MIBG reuptake, and dopamine PET imaging indicated striatal terminal loss. The other patient had normal social cognition and reduced MIBG reuptake, but no abnormalities were detected by dopamine PET imaging. Both patients reported constipation. This study supports the hypothesis by Braak et al. [Mov Disord 2006;21:2042–2051] that impairment of the amygdala and striatum occurs at the same stage as α-synucleinopathy, and the findings suggest that autonomic dysfunctions such as reduced MIBG reuptake and constipation are the earliest symptoms of RBD. Detailed neuropsychological and radiological assessments of these 2 cases revealed that idiopathic RBD could develop in various clinical situations and include cognitive and autonomic changes. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes will help understand the neuropsychology and pathophysiology of RBD.
The Civil War and Slavery: A Response
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: December 2011

Abstract

The four essays by Ashworth, Blackburn, Nimtz and Post all make important contributions to our understanding of the causes and consequences of the American Civil War, and to modern analysis of these questions within a Marxist tradition. Although they differ among themselves on key issues, they direct attention to problems too often neglected by other historians: the rôle of class-conflict within North and South in the coming of the War; the part played by slave-resistance in the sectional conflict; the nature of the economic relationship between slave and free economies; and a shift in control of the national state as an enduring result of the conflict.
The American Civil War Considered as a Bourgeois Revolution
Authors: Davidson Neil
Published: December 2011

Abstract

The discussion of the American Civil War as a bourgeois revolution, reopened by John Ashworth’s recent work, needs to be based on a more explicit conceptualisation of what the category does, and does not, involve. This essay offers one such conceptualisation. It then deals with two key issues raised by the process of bourgeois revolution in the United States: the relationship between the War of Independence and the Civil War, and whether the nature of the South made conflict unavoidable. It then argues that the American Revolution is unique for two reasons: the non-feudal nature of Southern society and the fact that the Northern industrial bourgeoisie, unlike their European contemporaries, were still prepared to behave in a revolutionary way.
Envisioning Real Utopias, Erik Olin Wright, London: Verso, 2010
Authors: Ruccio David F.
Published: December 2011

Abstract

In this review, I argue that Erik Olin Wright’s Envisioning Real Utopias is necessary reading for anyone interested in thinking through the possibilities of creating noncapitalist ways of organising economic and social life in the world today. However, I also raise questions about Wright’s deterministic interpretation of Marx’s critique of political economy, his relative neglect of class-analysis, and his non-Gramscian conception of the relationship between the state, economy, and civil society.
At T-time, the Inchoative Nick of Time, and “Statements about the Past”: Time and History in the Analytic Philosophy of Language
Authors: Kállay Géza
Published: December 2011

Abstract

The paper, drawing on articles by J. M. E. McTaggart, G. E. Moore, D. Davidson, J. L. Austin, B. Russell, A. J. Ayer and G. E. M. Anscombe, argues that the philosophy of language in the analytic tradition has developed an “inchoative” view of time, and history is a problem as regards the existence of events in the past and how these events can be known. An alternative view is hinted at through the work of L. Wittgenstein and S. Cavell.
The Importance of History for Philosophy of Psychiatry: The Case of the DSM and Psychiatric Classification
Authors: Tsou Jonathan Y.
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Recently, some philosophers of psychiatry (viz., Rachel Cooper and Dominic Murphy) have analyzed the issue of psychiatric classification. This paper expands upon these analyses and seeks to demonstrate that a consideration of the history of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) can provide a rich and informative philosophical perspective for critically examining the issue of psychiatric classification. This case is intended to demonstrate the importance of history for philosophy of psychiatry, and more generally, the potential benefits of historically-informed approaches to philosophy of science.
Why Does History Matter to the Science Studies Disciplines? A Case for Giving the Past Back Its Future
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Science and technology studies (STS) has perhaps provided the most ambitious set of challenges to the boundary separating history and philosophy of science since the 19th century idealists and positivists. STS is normally associated with ‘social constructivism’, which when applied to history of science highlights the malleability of the modal structure of reality. Specifically, changes to what is (e.g. by the addition or removal of ideas or things) implies changes to what has been, can be and might be. Latour’s account of Pasteur’s scientific achievement is a case in point. Two polar attitudes towards the world’s modal malleability are identified: over- and under- determination, which correspond, respectively, to a belief in the inevitability and the precariousness of science as a form of knowledge. The distinctness of these positions reflects a cordon sanitaire between the history and the philosophy of science. Consequently, historical agents are not given full voice as constructors of reality: They are either quarantined to a foreign realm called ‘the past’ by the historian or selectively assimilated to an imperial present by the philosopher. The second half of the essay explores what it might mean to restore a robust sense of reality construction to the historical agents. My case in point here is that of the 13th century Franciscan friar, Roger Bacon, who has been alternatively seen as a mad medieval or a proto-modernist. To give Bacon full voice would involve taking the future that he envisaged as a normative benchmark for judging our own world.
The Otherness of the Self: on Samuel Romanelli’s Travelogue
Authors: Salah Asher
Published: December 2011

Abstract

This paper explores the particular way in which the subjectivy of the narrator is constructed in the Masa Ba-’Arav, Samuel Romanelli’s travelogue of his stay in Morocco between 1786 and 1790, published in Berlin in 1792. The Masa Ba-’Arav may be read as revealing the inadequacy of a discourse interested only in understanding every encounter with the Oriental Other in terms of ‘power’ and ‘hegemony.’ From the vantage point of the historian of literature, it shows how Romanelli’s literary rendition of his traumatic experience in Morocco within the European genre of the travelogue can be assumed as a possible paradigm for emergence from the ghetto and its anxieties.
European Right of Action for Environmental NGOs
Authors: Wegener Bernhard W.
Published: December 2011

In a groundbreaking test-case judgment, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has granted environmental NGOs an extensive right to bring legal action against administrative acts having a significant effect on the environment. Its judgment brings to an end—for the time being—heated debate as to the standing of environmental NGOs to bring such actions which has occupied discourse in Germany for over 40 years. The judgement is also highly relevant for other member states' legal systems. The outlines of a uniform European right of action for environmental NGOs are now beginning to emerge. But even in the light of the ECJ's remarkably unequivocal judgment, crucial questions as to the details of the review of legality environmental NGOs may now initiate remain unanswered.
Mitigation, Compensation and Conservation: Screening for Appropriate Assessment under the EU Habitats Directive
Authors: McGillivray Donald
Published: December 2011

Increasingly, development is facilitated through the provision of mitigation and compensation measures. One reason for this is to get round ever more stringent conservation laws. In this article I consider this general issue through one particular lens: the role and scope of appropriate assessment under the EU Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). Appropriate assessment is a key part of the Directive's regime for conserving Natura 2000 sites, being the threshold for a relatively stringent public interest test and ecological compensation requirement. One particular issue is how mitigation or compensation measures should be addressed through appropriate assessment. I consider this issue, looking in particular at the only reported case which deals with this: R (Hart District Council) v Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government and others. I suggest that Hart may be seen as wrongly decided at the time, and that more recent case law casts further doubt on its correctness. Drawing on other work, I suggest how decision-makers might answer the question raised in Hart differently and the scope to do this under the Habitats Directive.
Hugo Grotius and the English Republic: The Writings of Anthony Ascham, 1648-1650
Authors: Barducci Marco
Published: December 2011

In the present article I examine the influence of Grotius's works on English republican literature by focusing on the writings of Anthony Ascham. Ascham's interpretation of Grotius is set in the context of the multifaceted uses of the Dutch lawyer's works in the 1640s and in early 1650s, comparing it to Marchamont Nedham's use of Grotius in support of the republican regime. In order to explain the purposes behind Ascham's and Nedham's deployment of Grotian language, I seek to connect them with the politics of propaganda carried on by political groupings within the Parliament between 1648 and 1650. Finally, by pointing to Ascham's use of Grotius, some considerations follow concerning Anglo-Dutch republicanism in mid-seventeenth century.
Hugo Grotius, Privileges, Fundamental Laws and Rights
Authors: van Nifterik Gustaaf
Published: December 2011

As a result of the political developments in the young and struggling Dutch Republic, Grotius experienced the lack of, and the need for juridical protection of some basic rights against infringements by the government. The privileges, taken for fundamental laws, did not provide this protection sufficiently. After he himself had been prosecuted, Grotius falls back on Holland's division of powers to secure the compliance of these rights.
Making "The Tragedy of Bataan": The Bataan Death March through the Lens of a Filmmaker
Authors: Thompson Jan
Published: December 2011

The television and radio documentary "The Tragedy of Bataan" uses extensive interviews with survivors to bring the 1942 Bataan Death March to life for contemporary viewers. The filmmaker, whose father was a POW in the Philippines, describes the process of gathering the interviews and putting them together into a compelling story. She describes the film strategy of having the men and women involved tell the story in their own words, with no historians or experts on camera; explains how a documentary film differs from a written monograph; and explores the constraints set by television and by the television audience. Allowing these participants and eye-witnesses to tell the story conveys their perceptions of the atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, of General Douglas MacArthur, and of the suffering, the humor, and the heroism of the common American soldiers.
Underdevelopment of American Studies in South Korea: Power and Ignorance
Authors: Lee Jooyoung
Published: December 2011

This article asks why the disciplines of American Studies and U.S. history are so markedly underdeveloped in South Korea (Republic of Korea) and what this underdevelopment implies about U.S.-South Korean relations. Under Japanese colonial rule, the study of English in Korea was important for studying abroad, but few students studied America itself. Under American occupation and the following military rule in South Korea, American studies were not attractive to nationalist youth even though the English language remained useful. American cultural diplomacy fostered a small group of Americanists, but university enrollments were small. In the 1980s, Americans were blamed for their support of authoritarian rule. Japanese-trained historians saw American history as too short to be significant, and Japanese institutional legacies were an obstacle. Americans have also been too constricted in imagining who Koreans were, where Korean ambitions lay, and how Korean society worked. In a sense, the very differences between the two nations hindered them from realizing what those differences were.
SR-XRF Imaging of Cs Highly Accumulated in Vegetables
Authors: Nakai Izumi , Oda Nahoko , Terada Yasuko
Published: December 2011

Accumulation of Cs in vegetables was studied with regard to the remediation of radioactive Cs from a nuclear plant accident in Fukushima. It was found that Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Brassica campestris var. perviridis, and Lactuca sativa accumulated Cs to a level of more than 10000 ppm (dry weight) when they were cultivated in 1 mM Cs solution. Two-dimensional distributions of Cs were revealed by SR-XRF imaging showing a homogeneous distribution of Cs in the plant bodies.
Color Evolution and Thermal Behavior of Silica (SiO2)- and Zircon (ZrSiO4)-coated Nano α-Fe2O3 Pigments
Authors: Yu Ri , Pee Jae-Hwan , Kim Kyung Ja , Kim YooJin
Published: December 2011

This manuscript reports coloration and thermal behavior of the silica and zircon effect on α-Fe2O3 pigment. The prepared three types of pigments were heat-treated at various temperatures (800–1000 °C), and their color evolutions were characterized by colorimeter and UV–visible spectroscopy.
Synthesis of Aromatic Polyketones Bearing 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxy Units through Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Polymerization
Authors: Maeyama Katsuya , Tsukamoto Tadashi , Suzuki Masanori , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: December 2011

Palladium nanocluster-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling polymerization of 2,2′-bis(iodobenzoylphenoxy)-1,1′-binaphthyls 2 with aromatic diboric acid diesters 3 proceeded smoothly, affording 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxy-bearing aromatic polyketones 4. The resulting polyketones 4 have excellent thermal stability and solubility in typical organic solvents.
Diaryl Ketone Synthesis by [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3]-catalyzed Coupling Reaction of Arylboronic Acids with Aryl Aldehydes
Authors: Fukuyama Takahide , Okamoto Hiromi , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: December 2011

[RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] was found to be an efficient catalyst for the coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with aryl aldehydes. The reaction proceeded smoothly in the presence of K2CO3 and H2O to give diaryl ketones in good yields. Diaryl ketones were obtained from primarily formed alcohols via Ru-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation reaction.
A Forgotten Olefin: A Convenient One-pot Cascade Reaction Involving Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck Couplings to Form (E)-1,2-Di(pyren-1-yl)ethylene
Authors: Yamashita Ken-ichi , Kimura Keisuke , Tazawa Shin , Asano Motoko S , Sugiura Ken-ichi
Published: December 2011

The addition of 0.5 equiv of vinylboronic acid pinacol ester I to 1-bromopyrene derivative 3 in the presence of [Pd(PPh3)4] and K2CO3 induced a cascade reaction involving Suzuki–Miyaura and Mizoroki–Heck couplings and afforded (E)-1,2-di(pyren-1-yl)ethylene derivative 1b. An alternative synthesis of 1b was carried out by an olefin metathesis. Formed 1b showed absorption bands in the visible region and a low oxidation potential attributable to a narrow HOMO–LUMO gap.
Clinical commissioning – the ethical implications
Authors: Cox Dennis
Published: December 2011

The Health and Social Care Bill proposes clinically led commissioning. The new Clinical Commissioning Groups will become statutory bodies and replace the old primary care trusts. This primary legislation will transfer accountability for health care spending to clinicians who will have a duty to meet the health needs of a population as well as balance a budget. This change gives rise to a number of ethical issues which are explored in this article.
Toxicity Identification and High‐Efficiency Treatment of Aging Chemical Industrial Wastewater from the Hangu Reservoir, China
Authors: Li Wei , Hua Tao , Zhou Qixing , Zhang Shuguang , Rong Weiying
Published: December 2011

The Hangu Reservoir, located in Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China, receives mixed wastewater from a chemical industrial park. The aging chemical industrial wastewater is less biodegradable and contains complex hazardous substances, thus having an adverse effect on local ecological service function of the reservoir and on local economic and social development. In this study, key toxicants in the aging chemical industrial wastewater from the Hangu Reservoir were systematically identified by the toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs), and the treatment efficiency of the aging chemical industrial wastewater was examined and optimized by a municipal wastewater treatment process simulated in a laboratory. According to the TIE results using Daphnia magna and wheat seeds as tested organisms, Cl−, Cu, Pb, and Zn were identified as key toxicants in the aging chemical industrial wastewater, with concentrations of 7349.11, 0.01, 0.07, and 0.07 mg L−1, respectively, which were confirmed by subsequent spiking approaches. Based on the TIE results, the aging chemical industrial wastewater could be classified as high‐salinity wastewater. The co‐treatment of the aging chemical industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater may be an effective and low‐cost method. The treatment efficiency of the mixed wastewater increased with an increase in the volume ratio of municipal wastewater to aging chemical industrial wastewater. When the volume ratio was 10:1, the best removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, total N, and total P were up to 85.1, 89.3, and 96.5%, respectively, whereas the toxicity unit of the treated wastewater was reduced to 0.50.
Analysis of the Metabolic Utilization of Carbon Sources and Potential Functional Diversity of the Bacterial Community in Lab‐Scale Horizontal Subsurface‐Flow Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Deng Huanhuan , Ge Liyun , Xu Tan , Zhang Minghua , Wang Xuedong , Zhang Yalei , Peng Hong
Published: December 2011

Microorganisms are an integral part of the biogeochemical processes in wetlands. To improve the performance of constructed wetlands, it is very important to know the metabolic properties and functional diversity of the microbial communities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the metabolic properties and functional diversity of the microbial community in a horizontal subsurface‐flow constructed wetland (CW) in a laboratory study through the sole‐carbon‐source utilization profiles using Biolog‐ECO microplates. The technique has advantages over traditional cell culture techniques, such as molecular‐level techniques–RNA amplification, which are time‐consuming, expensive, and only applicable to the small number of species that may be cultured. This CW was designed to treat rural eutrophic water in China, using the plant Cyperus alternifolius L. This study showed that the metabolic activities of upper front substrate microorganisms (UF) were greater than those of the lower back substrate microorganisms (LB) in the CW. Integrated areas under average well color development (AWCD) curves of substrate microorganisms in the UF were 131.9, 4.8, and 99.3% higher than in the lower front part (LF), the upper back part (UB), and the LB part of the CW, respectively. Principal components analysis showed significant differences in both community structure and metabolic utilization of carbon sources between substrate microorganisms from different sampling sites. Carbon source utilization of polymers, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids was higher in UF than in LF, but that of amines and phenolic compounds was very similar in UF and LF. The richness, evenness, and diversity of upper substrate microbial communities were significantly higher than those of lower substrate. The LF substrate microbial communities had lower evenness than the other sampling plots, and the lowest richness of substrate microbial community was found in the LB part of the CW.
Dissipation of Pentachlorophenol in the Aerobic–Anaerobic Interfaces Established by the Rhizosphere of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Root
Authors: Hayat Tahir , Ding Na , Ma Bin , He Yan , Shi Jiachun , Xu Jianming
Published: December 2011

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology for the detoxification and remediation of organic pollutants such as pentachlorophenol (PCP). To investigate the dissipation behavior of PCP in the aerobic–anaerobic interfaces established by the rhizosphere of rice (Oryza sativa L.) root, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using a specially designed rhizobox. The possible biogeochemical mechanisms were also studied through illustration of the dynamic behavior of important electron acceptors and donors that are potentially involved in the reductive dechlorination and aerobic catabolism processes of PCP. The soil was spiked with 20 ± 0.25 and 45 ± 0.25 mg of PCP kg−1 soil. Soil in the rhizobox was divided into five different compartments at various distances from the root surface. Maximum dissipation of PCP in planted soil was observed at 3‐mm distance from the root zone as well as rapid changes in concentrations of sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and ammonium at the same distance from the root. In contrast, in the unplanted soil, no difference was observed in the PCP concentration with increasing distance. After 45 d, a significantly higher concentration of PCP was degraded in planted soil compared with unplanted soil. In the unplanted microcosms, about 45% of the initial PCP was lost at both low and high added rates, respectively. This was, proportionately, a significantly smaller percentage compared with the planted rhizosphere (an average of 66 and 64.5%, respectively). Moreover, the correlations of PCP dissipation with SO42−, NO3−, and Fe3+ were significantly negative, while the correlations of PCP dissipation with NH4+, Fe2+, and Cl− were significantly positive. This suggested the oxidization of soil constituents can inhibit aerobic catabolism of PCP by consuming O2, and the reduction of soil constituents can inhibit anaerobic reductive dechlorination of PCP. Therefore, the significance of the rhizosphere in phytoremediation of chlorinated compounds such as PCP differs significantly between wetland and rainfed systems.
Evaluation of Grain Yield and Three Physiological Traits in 30 Spring Wheat Genotypes across Three Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Li Ping , Chen Jianli , Wu Pute
Published: December 2011

Accurate field evaluation of yield‐related physiological traits is critical for selecting high yield and drought resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To characterize grain yield and three physiological traits for 30 spring wheat genotypes, field experiments with three irrigation regimes were conducted in 2009 and 2010 field seasons. Our study suggests that Feekes 11.2 is the optimal stage to evaluate flag leaf senescence (FLS) and canopy temperature (CT) when making selections for high grain yield and drought resistance among wheat genotypes. Flag leaf carbon isotope discrimination (CID) was positively correlated with grain yield, whereas FLS and CT were negatively correlated with grain yield. The three traits together explained 92% of the total phenotypic variation of grain yield. Selected genotypes were classified into four groups based on yield performance across irrigation regimes. High‐yield genotypes IDO599, ‘Alturas’, and IDO702 produced high grain yield across different water conditions; drought‐resistant genotypes ‘Agawam’, ‘McNeal’, and ‘Alpowa’ produced higher grain yield under the nonirrigated regime. High yield of those genotypes was contributed by good performance of physiological traits such as late FLS, great CID, or low CT or combinations of these traits. Preliminary results indicate that using physiological traits to estimate yield performance can be effective, and selecting suitable genotypes for different water environments may be crucial for improving yield productivity.
Variance Effective Population Size for Dioecious Species
Authors: Vencovsky Roland , Chaves Lázaro José , Crossa José
Published: December 2011

The concept of effective population size (Ne) is an important measure of representativeness in many areas. In this research, we consider the statistical properties of the number of contributed gametes under practical situations by adapting Crow and Denninston's (1988) Ne formulas for dioecious species. Three sampling procedures were considered. In all circumstances, results show that as the offspring sex ratio (r) deviates from 0.5, Ne values become smaller, and the efficiency of gametic control for increasing Ne is reduced. For finite populations, where all individuals are potentially functional parents, the reduction in Ne due to an unequal sex ratio can be compensated for through female gametic control when 0.28 ≤ r ≤ 0.72. This outcome is important when r is unknown. When only a fraction of the individuals in a population is taken for reproduction, Ne is meaningful only if the size of the reference population is clearly defined. Gametic control is a compensating factor in accession regeneration when the viability of the accession is around 70 or 75%. For germplasm collection, when parents are a very small fraction of the population, maximum Ne will be approximately 47 and 57% of the total number of offspring sampled, with female gametic control, r varying between 0.3 and 0.5, and being constant over generations.
The ultrasound assisted extraction of matrix elements and heavy metal fractions associated with Fe, Al and Mn oxyhydroxides from soil
Authors: Stanisic Svetlana , Ignjatovic Ljubisa , Andjelkovic Ivan , Stevic Milica , Tasic Aleksandra , Savic-Bisercic Marjetka
Published: December 2011

The single agent extractions of major and trace metals from soil sample were
conducted by means of rotary mixer and ultrasonic bath with sonication time
of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min. The sequential extraction according to the BCR
scheme was undertaken. The obtained soil extracts were analyzed by ICP-OES
and according to the results the rotary mixer assisted extraction was more
efficient in the case of alkaline-earth elements. However, by the use of
ultrasound several times higher amounts of matrix elements (Fe, Al and Mn)
and heavy metals predominantly associated with Fe, Al and Mn oxyhydroxides
were extracted. The increase of the sonication time failed to improve
extraction yields. The changes of the conductivity, pH, oxidoreduction
potential, particle size diameter and zeta potential of colloid particles,
with the sonication time increase were measured. The extraction mechanism
and expressed selectivity of ultrasound is discussed and explanation is
suggested.
Registration of ‘NE01481’ Hard Red Winter Wheat
Authors: Baenziger P. S. , Graybosch R. A. , Regassa T. , Nelson L. A. , Klein R. N. , Santra D. K. , Baltensperger D. D. , Xu L. , Wegulo S. N. , Jin Y. , Kolmer J. , Chen Ming-Shun , Bai Guihua
Published: December 2011

‘NE01481’ (Reg. No. CV‐1061, PI 659689) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS and released in April 2010. NE01481 will be marketed as Husker Genetics brand McGill. In addition to superior agronomic performance, Nebraska wheat growers would like to have increased resistance to Wheat soilborne mosaic virus. NE01481 was selected from the cross NE92458/‘Ike’ that was made in 1995. The pedigree of NE92458 is OK83201/‘Redland’ and the pedigree of OK83201, an experimental line developed by Oklahoma State University is ‘Vona’//‘Chisholm’/‘Plainsman V’. NE01481 was selected with the bulk‐breeding method as an F3:4 line in 1999, and in 2001 it was assigned experimental line number NE01481. NE01481 was released because of its superior grain yield in rainfed wheat production systems in southeastern, south central, and southwestern Nebraska and that it is the first modern release from our program with resistance to Wheat soilborne mosaic virus.
Registration of ‘Krimson’ Cranberry Bean
Authors: Miklas Phillip N. , Riley Ron
Published: December 2011

Cranberry is an important dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) market class grown in the United States and Canada. Beet curly top virus (BCTV) plagues cranberry bean production in the western United States (California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington). ‘Krimson’ (Reg. No. CV‐300, PI 663911) cranberry bean, released by the USDA‐ARS in 2009, was bred for a high level of resistance to BCTV. Krimson possesses the Bct gene, which confers resistance to BCTV, as indicated by presence of the SAS8.1550 sequence characterized amplified region marker, which is tightly linked with the gene. Greenhouse inoculation tests with the NL‐3 strain of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) revealed presence of the I gene, which conditions resistance to Bean common mosaic virus and a hypersensitive response to BCMNV. Intermediate resistance to rust [caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers) Unger] will benefit production east of the Continental Divide. Krimson was also bred for wide adaptation and enhanced yield potential, which is evidenced by an average yield of 2487 kg ha−1 compared with 2310 kg ha−1 for the check ‘Capri’ across 21 location‐years in the Cooperative Dry Bean Nursery. Maturity (3 d earlier than Capri), seed size (same as Capri), and seed appearance and canning quality traits (slightly less desirable than those of Capri) for Krimson were within the desired range for the cranberry dry bean market class. Krimson is suitable for commercial production across the United States, but with the additional benefit of virus resistance for commercial and seed production in the western United States.
Registration of Fusarium Head Blight–Resistant Soft Red Winter Wheat Germplasm VA04W‐433 and VA04W‐474
Authors: Chen Jianli , Griffey Carl A. , Liu Shuyu , Maroof M. A. Saghai , Murphy J. Paul , Navarro Rene A. , Sneller Clay H. , Brown-Guedira Gina. L. , Souza Edward J.
Published: December 2011

Fusarium head blight [FHB; caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; telomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch] is one of the major diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the U.S. mid‐Atlantic region. The objective of this research was to develop adapted soft red winter (SRW) wheat germplasm having enhanced resistance to FHB for this region. The SRW wheat germplasm lines VA04W‐433 (Reg. No. GP‐943, PI 657945) and VA04W‐474 (Reg. No. GP‐944, PI 657946) are two adapted FHB‐resistant lines developed by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2009. VA04W‐433 was derived from a three‐way cross of ‘Ning 7840’/Pioneer brand ‘2684’//VA96‐54‐244. VA04W‐474 is a doubled haploid line derived from the F1 of the three‐way cross ‘Roane’//W14/‘Coker 9134’ using a wheat‐by‐maize hybridization method. The resistance was derived from known Chinese resistance sources Ning 7840, in VA04W‐433 and, W14, in VA04W‐474 and selected through intensive phenotypic screening. The resistance was confirmed with molecular markers on chromosome 3BS and 5AS. Both lines have better grain volume weight, better resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation caused by FHB infection, and better resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) than the resistant check ‘Ernie’.
Angelica sinensis has inherent endothelial cell toxicity at high concentrations but can also protect the vascular endothelium from oxidative stress-induced injury at moderate concentrations
Authors: Yamada Miko , Pat Betty , Gobe Glenda , Wojcikowski Ken
Published: December 2011

Hypoxia and oxidative stress are important factors in the pathogenesis of many acute forms of injury, especially acute kidney injury. Apoptosis is a key mode of endothelial cell death from oxidative stress. Minimising the detrimental effects of oxidative stress is necessary to reduce injury, and new treatment strategies are constantly being sought. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of an aqueous/methanol extract of Angelica sinensis (AS) root (Chinese names Danggui, Dong quai, Donggui) to protect endothelium from hypoxia and oxidative stress. This was compared in specialised kidney endothelium (renal medullary vascular endothelial cells; RMVEC) versus central endothelium (aortic endothelial cells; AEC). Toxicity of various strengths of AS was first tested in RMVEC and AEC using % apoptosis and mitosis as outcomes. Morphological and molecular characteristics of apoptosis and mitosis, and the effect of AS on heme-oxygenase-1, a marker of cellular response to oxidative stress, were also investigated. The results showed that, at concentrations of 2500µg/mL or greater, AS significantly increased apoptosis in RMVEC and AEC (P<0.05), however concentrations of 2000 µg/mL or less were non-toxic and also non-mitogenic. Endothelial cells were then treated with hydrogen peroxide (0.8 mM for RMVEC; 0.6 mM for AEC) for oxidative stress, with and without 2000 µg/mL AS. AS significantly inhibited oxidant-induced apoptosis (P<0.05) but had little effect on mitosis. AS also increased heme-oxygenase-1, but only in AEC. AS extracts may have some inherent toxicity at high concentrations, but with careful analysis of non-toxic levels, both renal and central endothelium benefited from AS against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, without inducing excessive mitosis, and AS may find application in some oxidant-induced disease.
A Case of Delayed Cardiac Perforation of Active Ventricular Lead
Authors: Guo Hangyuan , Xing Yangbo , Xu Fukang
Published: December 2011

A 65-year-old man was admitted as for one month of repetitive dizziness and one episode of syncope. Electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia and his Holter monitoring also showed sinus bradycardia with sinus arrest, sino-atrial block and a longest pause of 4.3 s. Then sick sinus syndrome and Adam-Stokes syndrome were diagnosed. Then a dual chamber pacemaker (Medtronic SDR303) was implanted and the parameters were normal by detection. The patient was discharged 1 week later with suture removed. Then 1.5 month late the patient was presented to hospital once again for sudden onset of chest pain with exacerbation after taking deep breath. Pacemaker programming showed both pacing and sensing abnormality with threshold of?5.0V and resistance of 1200?. Lead perforation was revealed by chest X-ray and confirmed by echocardiogram. Considering the fact that there was high risk to remove ventricular lead, spiral tip of previous ventricular lead was withdrew followed by implantation of a new ventricular active lead to the septum. Previous ventricular lead was maintained. As we know that the complications of lead perforation in the clinic was rare. Here we discuss the clinical management and the possible reasons for cardiac perforation of active ventricular lead.
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rabeprazole following single intravenous infusion and oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers
Authors: Wang Yongqing , Zhang Hongwen , Meng Ling , Tang Nana , Yuan Hongyu , Ou Ning , Zhang Haibo , Wang Dewang , Zhang Xiyong , Shi Ruihua
Published: December 2011

To investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rabeprazole administrated by intravenous infusion and oral administration in healthy Chinese volunteers. A total of 20 male subjects were recruited and randomly assigned at the beginning of the study to receive a single dose of rabeprazole (20 mg) administrated either intravenously or orally. Following a 7-day washout period, all subjects received another 20mg dose via the alternate route. Intravenous dose was given in constant infusion over 30 min, and the oral dose was given in two 10mg tablets. Intravenous administration yielded the following measurements: the terminal half-life was (62.4±10.7) min; the Cmax was (1308.6±266.4) ng·ml-1; the total body clearance was (0.21±0.05) L·min-1; the AUC0-τ and AUC0-∞ were (99.6±21.9) mg∙min∙L-1 and (102. 4±23.3) mg∙min∙L-1, respectively. Oral administration yielded the following measurements: the half-life was (64.2±15.5) min; the Cmax was (508.3±180.2) ng·ml-1; Tmax was attained at about 229.5 min; the total body clearance was (0.31±0.10) L·min-1; the AUC0-τ and AUC0-∞ were (69.5±20.0) mg∙min∙L-1 and (70.6±20.2) mg∙min∙L-1, respectively. The bioavailability of rabeprazole was estimated to be 70.1% in healthy Chinese volunteers. The total body clearance after oral administration was significantly higher than that measured following intravenous administration (P <0.01).