bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotproofing in Relation to Heavy Textiles
Authors: PARSONS H. L.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the cause and nature of microbiological attack of those textiles, chiefly cellulosic, which are required for outdoor use in all weather conditions. Identification of microbial deterioration, and methods in common use for preventing microbial attack, are discussed in detail along with laboratory procedures for assessing, when coupled with accelerated weathering techniques, the efficacy of preservative treatments.
Variables in Textile Screen Printing
Authors: DOWDS B. F.
Published: July 2010

Textile screen printing is still regarded as an art because there has been an inability to define the various parameters precisely and a lack of determination to establish printing on a scientific basis. This paper attempts to relate the theories of screen printing to the practice, and includes a detailed account of the main variables affecting the control of the process. The importance of rheology is emphasised, and flow curves are included to demonstrate their use in determining the printing behaviour of thickening agents.
Dyeing of Celon (Nylon 6) Woven Fabrics on Jigs
Authors: Janas R. J.
Published: July 2010

The processing of Celon (nylon 6) woven fabrics on jigs is discussed, and comparisons are made with the dyeing and finishing of nylon 6.6. The use of covered jigs, with a steam‐injection device in the hood, is essential for satisfactory dyeings. Careful dye selection is important, since dyes are usually less fast to washing on nylon 6 than on nylon 6.6; greater use can be made of milling acid dyes than on nylon 6.6. Acetic acid should be used in place of formic acid, where possible, since the latter stiffens many nylon 6 fabrics. Aftertreatment is not always necessary, but where a full backtan aftertreatment is used the optimum temperature of treatment is 65d̀C. The preferred heat‐setting temperature is 185–195d̀C, i.e. 25‐15 degC lower than that for nylon 6.6.
Photochemical Behaviour of Vat Dyes I—Reaction with the Polymer Substrate
Authors: Egerton G. S. , Assaad N. E. N.
Published: July 2010

The action of (a) near‐ultraviolet and (b) short‐wave ultraviolet radiation (mainly 253.7 nm) on nylon 6 and cellulose films dyed with one non‐sensitising and two sensitising vat dyes has been studied. Photoreduction (in nitrogen) to the acid leuco derivative of the dye is observed only on exposure to 253.7‐nm radiation. Vat dyes desensitise the degradation of cotton by 253.7‐nm radiation, but there is no simple relation between this desensitising effect and their sensitising effect with near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation. Degradation of vat‐dyed cotton by 253.7‐nm radiation is not increased by the reduction of the dye to the acid leuco form. Radical formation is unrelated to fibre degradation. The experimental evidence favours the concept of Kautsky's activated oxygen as an intermediary in the photosensitised degradation of cotton by near‐ultraviolet and visible radiation, rather than that of hydrogen abstraction.
The Cost of Diversity in Textile Finishing
Authors: Bainbridge J. M. , Burgess A. , Milnes G.
Published: July 2010

The effect on specific operating and capital costs of textile finishing, incurred by catering for the demands of a wide range of customers in varied styles, is illustrated. The return on investment in a new factory planned to operate under these conditions is realistically examined and a view expressed on the likely pattern of future investment in textile finishing.
Publications Sponsored by the Colour Measurement Committee—V The Adams—Nickerson Colour‐difference Formula*
Authors: McLaren K.
Published: July 2010

The Adams uniform‐chromaticity‐scale diagram, the Adams‐Nickerson uniform colour space (ANLAB) and the derived colour‐difference formula are described in detail. An example showing the method of calculating colour differences is given.
Studies on the Donnan Potential in Systems Containing Cellulose and Aqueous Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Iyer S. R. Sivaraja , Jayaram R.
Published: July 2010

Donnan potentials in undyed and dyed regenerated cellulose‐aqueous potassium chloride solution systems have been investigated. Eight direct dyes of different structures were used to dye regenerated‐cellulose sheets over a wide range of concentrations of adsorbed dye. The measured Donnan potential depends solely on the value of the total surface charge and is independent of the structure of the dyes used. The contribution to the surface charge by the intrinsic ionised carboxyl and the sulphonic acid groups (of the adsorbed dye) depends only on the total number of such groups present and not on whether the adsorbed dye is a mono‐ or poly‐sulphonated dye. Only approximately 25 % of the total ionisable surface groups [carboxyl groups or the sulphonic acid groups (or both)] from adsorbed dye are dissociated. Direct experimental evidence has been obtained from these measurements of potential to support the use of a variable‐volume term, instead of a constant‐volume term, to describe the volume of the internal charged cellulose phase. The nature of this variation indicates that the total volume of the internal Donnan phase is a function of the thickness of the electrical double layer, as suggested in a theory of dyeing recently proposed.
Photoreduction of Azo Dyes by Reducing Agents Formed upon Photo‐excitation of some Simple Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
Authors: van BEEK H. C. A. , HEERTJES P. M. , SCHAAFSMA K.
Published: July 2010

Many organic compounds that absorb ultraviolet radiation can act as powerful reducing agents when irradiated in the ultraviolet. Such irradiation in the presence of azo dyes can lead to the photoreduction of the dyes. It is shown that simple ketyl radicals have strong reducing properties and can reduce azo dyes. It is demonstrated that similar radicals produced from glucose also act as reducing agents. The structural relation between glucose and cellulose suggests that the photoreduction can also play a role in the photofading of azo dyes on cellulosic textile materials.
On‐line Computer Control and Automation in the Dyehouse
Authors: SQUIRE D. H.
Published: July 2010

The basic principles underlying the on‐line computer control of a dyehouse are described. The hardware and software required for such control are discussed.
New Instruments and Techniques for the Assessment of Variations in the Colour of Textiles
Authors: COOPER H. R. , ROBERTS M. H.
Published: July 2010

Investigation of the extent and probable causes of variability in the colour of batches of dyed and finished fabrics by means of laboratory colorimeters has revealed the need for new instruments that can (a) detect non‐uniformity within and between pieces, (b) give a representative numerical specification of the colour of a piece and (c) sort pieces into matching sub‐groups. Existing colour‐measuring instruments are too tedious to use, and provide information that has to undergo too much processing to yield data of practical value at a speed appropriate to commercial operating conditions. Progress towards a greater degree of instrumental control of colour uniformity cannot be made until there are instruments to detect unlevelness in full‐width fabric and to sort patterns rapidly into matching groups. The Shirley Colour Monitor, which records continuously colour variations along and across fabric pieces, and the Harrison–Shirley Digital Colorimeter, which is a general‐purpose colour‐measuring instrument with many new features, are described. Some results are presented to illustrate the performance of the new equipment in relation to practical textile problems.
Constant‐temperature Dyeing Process for Nylon Fibres I—A Study of the Mechanisms
Authors: HUGHES J. A. , SUMNER H. H. , TAYLOR (MISS) B.
Published: July 2010

The various interactions that can occur in a dyebath containing nylon, an anionic dye, an anionic agent (Lissapol D) and a mildly cationic agent (Dispersol CWL) are described and discussed. A mechanism by which these agents influence the dyeing of nylon is postulated. The importance of considering the individual behaviour of anionic dyes in such a dyeing system is emphasised, since it is demonstrated that the strengths of the complexes formed between dye and cationic agent vary from dye to dye, in some instances being more stable and in others less stable than that between the anionic and the cationic agents.
Computer Simulation of Dyehouse Processes*
Authors: CONNOR J. , DAVIES I. , THOMAS F. W. , WRIGLEY MISS M. J.
Published: July 2010

Work on the computer simulation of dyehouse processes is described. The program devised has been successfully applied to a dyehouse dealing with cotton and polyester sewing threads and, with suitable modifications, to one dyeing synthetic‐polymer fibre fabrics. Examples of application of the program are given. The technique enables assessments to be rapidly and accurately made of the value of making changes in processing conditions.
Carbonising of Woollen Fabric
Authors: PARK J.
Published: July 2010

Investigations on the carbonising of wool are reviewed. Anomalous results have been obtained by a number of workers. The moisture content of wool material as it enters the dryer after the acid treatment can greatly affect the extent of damage. There are arguments in favour of carbonising at different points in the processing sequence. These are considered in detail, and form the basis of the work reported in Part II.
Physical Chemistry of the Dyeing of Acrylic Fibres with Basic Dyes
Authors: CEGARRA J.
Published: July 2010

The most important aspects of the physical chemistry of the dyeing of acrylic fibres with basic dyes are reviewed.
A Study of the Reactions of Reactive Dyes with Wool under Industrial Dyeing Conditions
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , CHAN D. K.
Published: July 2010

The extent of reaction with wool of five representative reactive dyes (having different reactive groups) has been determined at two depths of dyeing (0.5% and 3%) under conditions of dyeing recommended by the manufacturers. The covalent bonding of the dye to the reactive groups of the fibre was determined by analytical techniques based on the use of fdnb (1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene). It has been shown that these and other similar techniques may introduce fundamental errors in the estimation of basic groups covalently bound. The results indicate that, under the acidic conditions recommended, the role of the basic group in keratin is less significant than previously reported. By application of correction factors, a stoichiometric relation has been obtained between the amount of dye molecules bound and the number of reactive groups in the fibre which are blocked.
Steric and Electronic Effects in Basic Dyes. II—Electronic Absorption Spectra of Derivatives of Malachite Green Containing Electron‐withdrawing Substituents in the Phenyl Ring
Authors: FERGUSON A. S. , HALLAS G.
Published: July 2010

Absorption spectra of several derivatives of Malachite Green containing electron‐withdrawing groups in the phenyl ring have been examined. Substituents in the 3‐ or 4‐position modify the position of the first‐frequency band to an extent approximately linearly related to the appropriate Hammett substituent constant. Although substituents in the 2‐position show an ortho effect, the intensities of the first bands are generally lower than those of derivatives containing electron‐donating groups.
Dyeing Properties of Monoazo Dyes Derived from Substituted 2‐Aminobenzothiazole‐3N‐oxides on Various Synthetic‐polymer Fibres
Authors: NISHIDA K. , HARUNA E. , HOTUTA T. , IWAMOTO H.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of new monoazo dyes from substituted 2‐aminobenzothiazole‐3N‐oxides and aniline coupling components and their dyeing properties on polyester, cellulose acetate, nylon 6 and acrylic fibres are reported.
Practical Significance, Theory and Determination of Compatibility of Dyes on Synthetic‐polymer Fibres
Authors: Beckmann W. , Hoffmann F. , Otten H. G.
Published: July 2010

The compatibility of dyes is particularly important in regard to the time, reproducibility and levelness of dyeing. For basic dyes on acrylic fibres and anionic dyes on nylon, a characteristic of the dye—the compatibility value K— is valuable in determining whether it can be used in the same bath as others. Dyes having the same K‐value are compatible under most dyeing conditions. For disperse dyes, K‐values do not exist. In selecting such dyes for use together, other properties of the dyes and the concentrations to be used in the particular combination must be considered.
Estimation of Dye Content of Dyed Wool
Authors: Achwal W. B. , Mohite V. P.
Published: July 2010

Different types of wool fibres dissolved satisfactorily in cadoxen solvent, but the solutions were coloured owing to the formation of cadmium sulphide and complexes of cadmium with the decomposition products of wool. Zincoxen solvent, however, gave stable colourless solutions, although the time required for dissolution was longer. Estimation of dyeings with most direct, acid, metal‐complex acid and reactive dyes could be conveniently and accurately carried out by measurement of the absorbance of solutions in cadoxen. For certain yellow and orange dyeings, however, it would be advisable to use zincoxen solvent.
The Law on Environmental Pollution
Authors: Etheridge W.
Published: July 2010

The law governing environmental pollution is reviewed. Aspects covered include disposal of solid waste, atmospheric pollution, water supplies and disposal of trade effluent. Practical advice on the operation of the trade effluent Acts is given, emphasis being laid on the role of the officers of the local authorities.
Microwave Heating for Fixation of Pad‐dyeings on Wool
Authors: Delaney M. J. , Seltzer I.
Published: July 2010

Microwaves are high‐frequency radiation capable of producing very rapid, uniform and efficient heating of suitable materials. In particular, they can be used for the rapid heating and fixation of pad‐dyeings on textiles. The feasibility of applying certain reactive dyes to wool in fixation times of 30–60 s has been demonstrated. Factors influencing the rates of fixation of the dyes have been investigated in some detail.
The Physico‐thermal Stabilities of Dye Solids II—Phase Transitions and Melting Behaviour of Some Disperse and Vat Dyes
Authors: Jones F. , Flores L.
Published: July 2010

Physical changes observed on heating a number of disperse‐dye solids up to and above their melting points have been followed using differential scanning calorimetry and hot‐stage microscopy; the existence of metastable solid states has been verified by X‐ray diffraction. Enthalpy and entropy changes of transition and fusion have been determined and the thermal behaviour of some of the dyes has been compared with and likened to the behaviour of liquid crystals on heating. No evidence was found for similar transitions in vat‐dye solids over the range of temperature employed.
Modifications of Textiles by Glow‐discharge Reactions
Authors: Byrne G. A. , Brown K. C.
Published: July 2010

Glow‐discharge polymerisation of acrylic acid, allyl alcohol, vinyl fluoride, 1,1‐difluoroethylene, and tetrafluoroethylene on to textile fabrics results in interesting modifications of their properties, including improved antisoil and soil‐release properties of Terylene and nylon 6.6, improved water repellency of Terylene and cotton, and improved dyeability of Terylene with basic dyes. The resistance to soiling of Terylene is markedly improved by a very short treatment in an argon glow discharge; possible mechanisms are outlined. Prolonged exposure of Terylene to an argon glow discharge results in an unusual ‘sea‐shore’ structure running perpendicular to the fibre axis.
The Ready Desulphonation of Two Simple Azo Dye Acids
Authors: Nursten H. E. , Williams K. E.
Published: July 2010

Under normal drying conditions, the free acids of C.I. Acid Red 88 and 27 have been shown to undergo partial desulphonation in the naphthionic acid portion of the molecule, with formation of 1‐naphthaleneazo‐2‐naphthol and 1‐naphthaleneazo‐2‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulphonic acid, respectively. This must be taken into account in preparing pure dye acids for dyeing studies. The reason for the apparent stability towards desulphonation of the intermediate member of the series, C.I. Acid Red 13, is not obvious.
Levelness in the Dyeing of Wool Yarn and Fabric
Authors: Brooks J. H.
Published: July 2010

In experiments with a thin bed of cloth, the maximum rate of uptake of dye by a wool yarn has been found to be limited by the concentration gradient of the dye across the yarn. A type of unlevelness observed in a conventional cross‐wound package is attributed to the same concentration gradient.
Publications Sponsored by the Colour Measurement Committee—IX
Authors: Coates E. , Day S. , Provost J. R. , Rigg B.
Published: July 2010

A new series of green paint samples has been prepared and used to study different methods of obtaining visual assessments of colour differences and of scaling the experimental results to give Δ V values directly proportional to the observed differences. The results from two standard methods (the ratio method and the paired‐comparison method) were in good agreement with each other and with results from the ranking method used earlier, thus adding confidence to conclusions based on the use of the latter method. The extent of agreement between ΔE values calculated from some best‐fit empirical colour‐difference equations and the ΔV values has been calculated. Results obtained by Robinson on a series of blue‐grey paint samples by a % acceptance method have been re‐analysed. The scaling method used previously with visual results in the form of % acceptance values gives ΔV values directly proportional to calculated ΔE values. The visual observers can be subdivided into two groups based on whether they had experience of colour matching or not. No evidence was found for any difference between the ‘perceptibility’ and ‘acceptability’ of colour differences in the sense that different colour‐difference equations might have been required to represent the two groups of observers.
The Migration of Organic Pigments in Plastic Materials
Authors: McDowell W.
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to obtain quantitative information about the migration of organic pigments in plastics, with a view to assigning the correct order of magnitude to the physical parameters governing such phenomena.
Adsorption of Cationic Dyes by Acrylic Films II—Kinetics of Dyeing
Authors: Harwood R. J. , McGregor R. , Peters R. H.
Published: July 2010

Concentration distributions of basic dyes in a film of acrylic polymer have been determined using a microdensitometric technique. The diffusion coefficients calculated from them are dependent on concentration. An explanation of the dependence is offered based on the ionic transfer of hydrogen (or sodium) ions for dye. From the concentration dependence an average diffusion coefficient was calculated and found to agree with that calculated from rates of dyeing. Rates of dyeing of a binary mixture have demonstrated the competitive effect predicted by the diffusion equation derived for the individual dyes.
Classification of Types of Precipitation Occurring in Disperse Dyeing
Authors: Biedermann W.
Published: July 2010

Precipitation of disperse dyes in hot baths is a frequent problem in dyeing. In the present paper, four different types of precipitation are identified and discussed: aggregation; crystal growth; change of modification; and crystallisation on cooling. A simple microautoclave for observing dye‐liquors microscopically up to 130d̀C is described.
The Evaluation and Administration of Research
Authors: King B. E. , Crowther R.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this paper is to explain how a system for the evaluation and administration of research and development can be set up in an organisation. It presents a practical approach to the problem of selecting the best research programme and then controlling it.
The Measurement and Assessment of Colour Differences for Industrial Use V—The Accuracy of Visual Assessments in Relation to Industrial Colour Passing
Authors: Coates Eric , Provost John R. , Rigg Bryan
Published: July 2010

The quantitative data available for expressing the errors associated with visual assessments, measurements and colour‐difference equations have been used to calculate, for given sets of circumstances, the pass and rejection rates at various stages from the dyer to the retailer to the final customer. The main errors arise in the visual assessments and the colour‐difference equations and, for the average of the available equations, these two errors are roughly comparable in magnitude. They do, however, vary with size of colour difference in different ways such that for small differences (0‐ 1AN40 units) the equations agree better with the true colour differences than a single visual assessment, whereas the reverse is true for large differences (above 2 AN40 units). Detailed results depend on the distribution of samples over the range of colour differences considered, together with the sizes of colour‐tolerance limits set. Two initial distributions for the dyer have been assumed, one with same number of samples at all colour differences and the other simulating the distribution used in the Davidson and Friede study. For each, the results of use of a ‘low tolerance’ (0.5 AN40 unit) and a ‘high tolerance’ (1.5 AN40 units) by the dyer have been calculated. At low tolerance, the average equation provides much greater satisfaction than one assessor and improved equations will not give much more satisfaction. At high tolerance, the average equation could give greater or less satisfaction depending on the precision of the particular assessor and the exact distribution of samples to be considered, but there are considerable benefits to be gained by improvement in equation performance. Some of the likely interactions between the dyer and his customers are illustrated, showing that difficulties could arise unless there is some degree of co‐operation. This is particularly true if unilateral action for equation use is taken by the retailer working to his customary tolerance limit. It would appear that the introduction of the use of an equation should first be made by the dyer, but if made by the retailer then consultation with the dyer is essential. The use of an equation by a retailer provides little benefit except in reducing dyer‐retailer disputes.
Polychromatic Dyeing
Authors: Fox Maurice R.
Published: July 2010

The history and development of the ICI polychromatic dyeing process are outlineed The basic mechanics of the process and the applicator and its essential principles are described. The factors governing the control and reproduction of patterns are described, together with dye‐fixation procedures. Reference is made to several important applications of this coloration technique, which is also compared with conventional pad‐dyeing and textile‐printing methods.
Electron‐impact‐induced Fragmentation of Nitrodiarylamine Disperse Dyes
Authors: PETERS ARNOLD T.
Published: July 2010

The electron‐impact‐induced fragmentation of nitrodiarylamine disperse dyes shows that the molecular ions of 2‐nitrodiarylamines have greater stability than those of 4‐nitrodiarylamines. Fragmentation of the nitro group in the latter occurs more readily, and this more facile fragmentation may be related to the lower photochemical stability of these dyes. Typical fragmentation patterns of the dyes are outlined and these may, in some instances, be utilised to elucidate the structure of dyes.
The ANLAB Colour System and the Dyer's Variables of ‘Shade’ and Strength
Authors: Cooper Albert C. , McLaren Keith
Published: July 2010

The dyer's variables of ‘shade’ and strength have been interpreted in Adams‐Nickerson space (ANLAB) so that measured colour differences can be expressed in familiar terms.
The Preparation and Dyeing of Polyester—Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Davis J. W.
Published: July 2010

Practical aspects of the preparation and dyeing of polyester‐cotton fabrics are considered. The processes dealt with are: Singeing; desizing; scouring, including solvent scouring; bleaching; mercerising; heat setting; and dyeing. The polychromatic dyeing process is mentioned.
Some Preliminary Observations on the Catalytic Fading of Dye Mixtures
Authors: Asquith Raymond S. , Ingham Peter
Published: July 2010

The ‘catalytic fading’ of C.I. Acid Violet 4 in the presence of C.I. Acid Yellow 112 has been investigated in solution, on films and on fibres. Trace amounts of an impurity have been isolated from C.I. Acid Yellow 112. This impurity has been shown to fade C.I. Acid Violet 4 catalytically. Examination of the impurity and comparison of its properties with those of the sodio derivative of ethyl acetoacetate suggest that it is a β‐ketonic acid derivative present in part as an enolic sodium salt.
Action of Ammonium and Sodium Hydroxides on Keratin Fibres in Relation to their Morphological Structure
Authors: Miro Pedro , Garcia‐Dominguez Juan
Published: July 2010

The action of sodium and ammonium hydroxides on the morphological structure of three keratin fibres (Merino wool, mohair wool, and dog's hair) has been compared. The formation of lanthionine, lysinoalanine and β‐aminoalanine on the three keratin fibres has been followed, and new evidence for the formation of dehydroalanine residues as intermediates is presented. The amounts of lanthionine, lysinoalanine and β‐aminoalanine formed, their relative ratios and the fractionation of the fibres into α, β‐ and γ‐keratoses show that Merino wool (ortho and para structure) shows intermediate behaviour between mohair (ortho) and dog's hair (para). In mohair, sodium hydroxide as well as ammonium hydroxide act preferentially on the proteins isolated as α‐keratose.
Expenditure on Fixed Assets
Authors: EDWARDS HARRY D.
Published: July 2010

This subject may be dealt with simply under three headings: Why Do We Need to Spend? How Do We Spend? Where Do We Raise the Money?
Direct Observation of Triplet Reactions of Anthraquinone Vat Dyes Using Nanosecond Laser Photolysis
Authors: Gee Geoffry A. , Phillips Glyn O. , Richards John T.
Published: July 2010

The triplet‐triplet spectra of three commercial anthraquinone vat dyes (C.I. 67300, C.I. 59100 and C.I. 60515) were studied in solution at room temperature using laser photolysis. The triplet states of these dyes react with oxygen, and the rate constants for the quenching process were measured, together with the rates of energy transfer from the triplet state to anthracene. These observations are considered in relation to the photoreactivity of these dyes.
The Dyeing and Finishing of Vincel 64‐Cotton and Vincel 64‐Polyester Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Madaras George W. , Robinson C. Gordon
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Midlands Region, held at the Post House, Sandiacre, on 8 November 1972, MrH. W. Partridge in the chair.

The manufacture, characteristics and fibre properties of Vincel 64 (Courtaulds) high‐wet‐modulus fibre are discussed. The general dyeing behaviour of this fibre is described and compared with that of Fibro (Courtaulds). Information is given on the preparation of Vincel 64‐cotton blends by batchwise and continuous techniques, followed by dyeing on winch or Jet machines with the usual classes of dye for cellulose. Attention is drawn to the importance of selecting dyes with good partition between the two fibres. Details are given of suitable chemical finishes which can be applied to impart improved easy‐care properties and dimensional stability. The preparation, heat setting, dyeing and finishing of Vincel 64‐polyester single‐ and double‐jersey fabrics are described with particular reference to practical techniques.
The Development of Disperse Dyes for Acetate Fibres
Authors: FOURNESS ROBERT K.
Published: July 2010

Presented at the Golden Jubilee Symposium on Disperse Dyes, held at the British Celanese Sports and Social Club, Spondon, on 10 May 1973, Mr W. Venn in the chair.

The early development work on disperse dyes during the ‘acetate years’ ‐ the first 30 years of use of these dyes ‐ is described. The problems encountered ‐ dispersion and choice of dispersing agents, dusting, application of dyes in mixture, gas‐fume fading, and phototropism ‐are discussed.
Sorption of Basic Dyes by Expanded Dispersions of Nomex (DUP) Aromatic Polyamide (Aramid)
Authors: ULERY HARRIS E.
Published: July 2010

Aqueous expanded dispersions of an exemplary aromatic polyamide are rapidly dyed at room temperature. Sorption isotherms have been obtained for several basic dyes and for o–nitroaniline. ‘Overdyeing’ is observed at both pH extremes and at high ionic strength. The results are in qualitive agreement with the Donnan theory as generalised by McGregor and Harris. This work supports the view that the ‘difficulty’ in dyeing commercial Nomex Aramid is of kinetic origin.
Reaction of Wool with Alkylamines Possible Technique for Producing Differential–dyeing Wool
Authors: GARCIA–DOMINGUEZ JUAN , PLANS PEDRO MIRO , FUENTES A. ASENSIO
Published: July 2010

The action of methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine on wool has been followed by estimating the amounts of βN–monomethyl–β–aminoalanine (I), βN–dimethyl–β–aminoalanine (II), lysinoalanine and lanthionine formed as a result of the degradation of the cystine residues in the fibre by the amines. Because of the electronegativity of the nitrogen atoms in I and II, the treated fibres are more reactive than untreated ones. The dye substantivity of the treated fibres is much greater than that of the untreated fibres, leading to the possibility of a technique for producing differential–dyeing wool.
The Mode of Action of Levelling Agents in the Dyeing of Wool
Authors: BROOKS JOHN H.
Published: July 2010

When the rate of uptake of C. I. Acid Blue 138 on wool was held constant by continuously varying the temperature, either a non–ionic or a cationic ethylene oxide condensate effectively promoted level uptake of dye. Equilibrium sorption isotherms of the dye on wool in the presence of the cationic condensate showed a point of inflexion. Improved levelness in exhaustion dyeing was attained by delaying the addition of the cationic condensate until the concentration of dye had fallen to correspond to the point of inflexion in the isotherm.
The Development of Dyes and Methods for Dyeing Polyester
Authors: DERBYSHIRE ALAN N.
Published: July 2010

Early work on the dyeing of polyester fibre showed that only dyes of very low aqueous solubility had substantivity for the fibre, and that for dyeing at the boil without a carrier only the smallest molecular weight disperse dyes, and selected azoic combinations, had sufficiently high dyeing rate to give adequate colour yield in a practicable time of dyeing. The development of carriers for dyeing at the boil, and of machinery for batchwise dyeing under pressure at temperatues up to 140°C, extended the range of suitable dyes to those of lower dyeing rate but higher heat–fastness properties. As an alternative to exhaust dyeing, polyester may be dyed with disperse dyes by padding followed by dry heat fixation at temperatures up to 220°C, and this method has found its main commercial application in the continuous dyeing of polyester–cellulosic blend fabrics.

The development of new disperse dyes has followed these trends in application methods, and the proportion of available dyes having higher heat–fastness properties has steadily increased from about 1950 onwards. Improvements have also taken place over the same period in the physical properties of the dyes, to meet the increasingly severe demands on dispersion properties imposed by the newer dyeing methods.
Mass–spectra Studies of Disperse Dyes
Authors: KADHIM ABLA M. , GRAYSHAN PAUL H. , PETERS ARNOLD T.
Published: July 2010

The mass spectra of benzo(k, l)thioxanthene–3, 4–dicarboxylic anhydride and of several derived imides, dyes for synthetic–polymer fibres, are reported. Principal fragmentation trends are described and fragments which may be used in the characterisation of these dyes are described.
Jet Dyeing: Future Trends and Current Problems
Authors: RATCLIFFE JACK. D. , BIRTWISTLE FRED.
Published: July 2010

The modifications and developments considered necessary to improve fabric quality and machine reliability are discussed, and the limitations and problems of existing equipment are examined.
An Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Fading of Dyed Nylon
Authors: Coles R. B. , Nicholls C. H.
Published: July 2010

The e.s.r. spectra obtained by 310 nm irradiation of a range of dyes of different chemical structures in nylon film was found to be due entirely to the dye. From an examination of the temperature dependences of these e.s.r. responses it has been deduced that in both the presence and absence of oxygen they are due to the formation of charge transfer conduction bands.
Synthesis and Dyeing Examinations of 7H, 9H‐Quinazolino [3,2‐b] benz [d, e] isoquinolin‐7‐one
Authors: Jankowski Zdzislaw , Celnik Krzysztof , Stolarski Roland
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and application of a representative compound of the new group of disperse dyes derived from 7H,9H‐quinazolino[3,2‐b] benz[d, e] isoquinolin‐7‐one (II) have been investigated. The MS, IR and NMR spectra of compound (II) are analysed, and its dyeing and colour properties are compared with 7H‐benzimidazo‐[2,1‐a] benz [d.e] isoquinolin‐7‐one (I).
The Effect of the Shape of the Exhaustion Curve on Levelness of Dyeing
Authors: Brooks J. H.
Published: July 2010

Exponential exhaustion curves were found experimentally to give more level uptake of dyes on wool than linear exhaustions or recommended temperature‐time procedures taking the same time. This conflicts with predictions from ‘significant dyeing rate’ theory.
The Kinetics of Fading of Dyes and the Filter Effect
Authors: Blair Hal S. , Boyd Neil L.
Published: July 2010

A study of the kinetics of fading for a series of model disperse dyes on nylon 6.6 and direct dyes on cellulose is described. The results confirm the importance of the filtereffect in determining the rates of fading, and a rate equation which allows for the filter effect is given. It is shown that this equation holds for the change in the rate of fading with concentration of several direct dyes on cellulose.
A Look at the Future of Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Polyester‐Cotton
Authors: Gambrell W. H.
Published: July 2010

Held at The Post House Northenden Manchester, on 6 November 1974, the President of the Society, Mr J. Rigg, in the chair. The Canadian textile industry and market are discussed with special reference to consumer requirements. Modem plant for the continuous preparation, dyeing and finishing of polyester‐cotton cloth is described. Energy and chemical conservation and effluent control are discussed briefly
Cystine, Amine Reactions and their Influences on the Dyeing and Cold Setting of Wool
Authors: Asquith Raymond S. , Hanna H. Diarmair , Otterburn Michael S.
Published: July 2010

The interaction of primary amines with wool cystine under mild conditions has been examined. It has been shown that, over a limited range, the extent of reaction increases with the side‐chain length of the amine. Studies of the dyeability of wool modified by such treatments have shown that the enhanced basicity of the wool is not the only factor in determining the rate of exhaustion and fixation of dyes. Reasons for the changes in dyeability observed have been suggested. It has been shown that thioglycollate salts of primary aliphatic amines give significantly different results to ammonium thioglycollate when wool fibres are reductively set with these materials. The importance of ionic interaction, hydrophobic bonding and bulky side‐chains in set stabilization is considered in relation to the observed results obtained on reductive setting with amine‐modifled reducing solutions. In the systems studied, it would appear that, within fixed limits, the length of the aliphatic side‐chains involved in hydrophobic bonding is not the determining factor in relation to the stability of the intermolecular bonding.
Measurement of Foam Under High‐temperature Dyeing Conditions
Authors: Derbyshire A. N. , Leaver A. T.
Published: July 2010

A new method is described for the measurement of foaming under laboratory conditions, which permits measurements to be made from room temperature up to 140d̀ Con liquors which can be taken through a simulated high‐temperature (HT) dyeing cycle. Results obtained by this technique show that:

There is a universal tendency for foaming to decrease as the temperature is raised, and to become insignificant under HT conditions.

The solid forms of disperse dyes usually give much greater foam volumes than the liquid forms of the same dyes at the same concentration of dye.

Marked differences are found in the tendency of different dispersing agents to foam.

Existing antifoaming agents of the silicone emulsion type are effective defoamers in the early stages of the dyeing cycle, but lose their effectiveness after a period at top temperature, so that there is little control of foam by this type of product on cooling back to below the boil.
The Effect of the Substrate on the Isomerization of Model Disperse Dyes based on Stilbene
Authors: BLAIR HAL S. , BOYD NEIL L.
Published: July 2010

A study of the thermal isomerization of a series of model disperse dyes based on stilbene is described. The results show that the rate of isomerization is influenced by the basicity of the substrate and also by the moisture content. It is suggested that the observed humidity effect is due to an increase in the ease of diffusion of the dye molecules in the substrate.
A Practical Use for Dyeing Theory
Authors: LIDDELL ALISTAIR H. , McKAY DOMINIC , WEEDALL PHILIP J.
Published: July 2010

A thermodynamic theory of dyeing is applied in practice to predict the necessary dyebath conditions to attain a target colour, and to predict the conditions for the redyeing of a thread lot where the target shade is not attained. 180 Vat recipes were predicted on a laboratory scale and 40 recipes on a bulk scale. All the dyeings were produced from tertiary mixtures of dyes and covered a wide gamut of colour space. The results indicate that general thermodynamic theories of dyeing can be used in a practical way to improve the performance of a dyeworks.
Random Errors in Dyeing — The Relative Importance of Dyehouse Variables in the Reproduction of Dyeings
Authors: SUMNER H. H.
Published: July 2010

The effects of random variations in all aspects of the dyeing process are considered in terms of the visual differences from target of the dyed material and the statistical chances of being within certain tolerance limits at the first attempt.

This work is supported by a study of the accuracy with which dye is presented to substrate in bulk dyeing and this shows that two major causes of irreproducibility are the faulty weighing of dye and the inaccurate measurement of volume. This conclusion is based on work done with the co‐operation of four large dyehouses and there is no reason to suppose that their performance in these respects is grossly misrepresentative of the trade as a whole.
Process Optimization and Profitability Calculations
Authors: CARBONELL JOSÉ , HASLER ROLF , WALLISER ROLAND
Published: July 2010

Beginning with a typical example of cost control, key parameters are suggested in order to judge the effect of optimization efforts on costs. Each optimization process automatically has some effect on productivity and production figures; however, the safety factor – expressed in terms of shading and redyeing operations – must not be left out of consideration. The influence of these factors on the costs as well as on the production figures is shown. By means of these factors the dyeing processes optimized for the machines used up to now are compared with the processes for new machines (high performance) as far as costs are concerned. The prerequisites which must be satisfied when optimizing dyeing processes in order to achieve low costs are emphasized. Furthermore, non‐optimized processes on existing machines are compared with the so‐called rapid‐dyeing processes.
An Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Photolysis of Dyed Wool
Authors: COLES R. B. , NICHOLLS C. H.
Published: July 2010

By means of temperature‐dependence studies of e.s.r. spectra it has been found possible to distinguish between the wool signal and the dye signal when dyed wool is subjected to ultra‐violet irradiation. Two different observable patterns of behaviour were noted, allowing the dyes to be divided into two classes. The Class I dyes (e.g. azo, triphenylmethane dyes) gave e.s.r. spectra characteristic of the wool alone, despite the fact that there was evidence of both dye fading and dye‐radical formation. Class II dyes gave e.s.r. responses characteristic of radicals in the dye and the wool. The two types of radicals were formed independently after the dye and wool had competed for the light energy available. These findings have been explained in terms of the photoconductivity behaviour of the dyes.
Polycarbamoyl Sulphonates: Water‐soluble Shrink‐resist Polymers for Wool
Authors: GUISE G. BRUCE , RUSHFORTH MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2010

Water‐soluble polymers suitable for shrink‐resisting wool fabric by a pad–dry sequence can be prepared by the reaction of polyisocyanates with bisulphite salts. This paper examines the relationship between polymer structure and textile properties in these bisulphite adducts, or polycarbamoyl sulphonates (PCS). The reaction of various polyisocyanates with sodium bisulphite was examined. PCS could be prepared only from polyisocyanates with polyether backbones but not from those with polyester, polybutadiene or polycaprolactone backbones. Stable PCS were obtained from aliphatic isocyanates but those from aromatic isocyanates were relatively unstable. The PCS shrink‐resisted wool fabric and behaved similarly to the parent polyisocyanates on wool. The polyureas formed on curing were somewhat susceptible to thermal and photo‐oxidative degradation but this was improved to an acceptable level by the addition of hindered phenolic antioxidants.
The Coloration of Wool Fabrics with Pigments
Authors: BRADY P. REX , HINE R. JOHN
Published: July 2010

The development of a simple pad‐bake pigment coloration method for untreated wool fabric is described. The process is intended particularly for colouring curtain fabrics of light and open construction.
The Effect of Carriers on the Crease Recovery of Poly(ethyleneterephthalate) after Heat‐setting
Authors: Ingamells W. , Sherkat H.
Published: July 2010

The presence of carriers in polyester fabric reduces the temperature at which creases become permanently set. The magnitude of the effect depends on the concentration of the carrier in the fibres, the time and temperature of heat‐setting and the chemical structure of the carrier.
Some Remarks on the Theoretical Formulation of the Diffusion of Acid Dyes in Nylon
Authors: KOMIYAMA J. , PETROPOULOS J. H. , IIJIMA T.
Published: July 2010

A theoretical formulation of the diffusion of acid and related dyes in nylons is presented by postulating dual modes of sorption and diffusion of dye entities in equilibrium. It is shown that this interpretation covers pertinent diffusion behaviours which have appeared in the literature.
The Calculation of Diffusion Parameters for Diffusion‐controlled Dyeing from a Finite Bath
Authors: BARRETT N. A. , COOK C. C.
Published: July 2010

Diffusion coefficients for diffusion‐controlled dyeings from a finite bath can be obtained either by using approximations to the Wilson equation, thus making calculation of such values simpler and less tedious, or by accurate computation of the original equation. Using the second method, reference tables have been produced which enable values of the diffusion coefficient to be obtained from dyebath‐exhaustion values.
Dyeing in Two Dimensions. A Review of the Use of the Monolayer Method in the Study of Dye‐Fibre Reactions
Authors: GILES CHARLES H.
Published: July 2010

Brief reference to the origins of studies of monolayer films on water is followed by descriptions of two of the principal methods of examining their properties: the relation between film area and pressure, and the surface viscosity.

Films can be produced either from actual fibre‐forming polymers, e.g. cellulose, cellulose triacetate (CTA) or models, e.g. certain proteins to represent wool, and their reactions with dyes studied. All effects of the morphology of the fibres, especially porosity, can thus be eliminated, and the actual fibre‐dye forces revealed.

Three general types of film behaviour have been identified in the above type of study:

Monionic dyes penetrate the film, while their ionic group remains in the water. The film is thus expanded, but becomes weaker and more compressible. Examples include monosulphonated dyes with proteins and mono‐ionic basic dyes with cellulose.

Dyes with planar molecules and two or more widely spaced sulphonate groups, with cellulose or protein films, as well as disperse dyes with CTA, orientate beneath the film, with their molecules parallel with the polymer chains in the film. Direct dyes with cellulose react in this way, but the bond to the cellulose is weak, and the film viscosity is not increased. Disperse dyes form a strong bond with the CTA film, by polar forces, and increase the film viscosity.

Reactive dyes or bifunctional dyes with certain strongly‐bonding groups, e.g. ‐OH, in the molecule, expand the film and greatly increase its viscosity and in certain cases form crosslinks with the polymer chains, thus strengthening the film.

The application of the Gibbs adsorption equation to some of the above types of reaction is discussed.
Singlet Oxygen as an Intermediate in the Catalytic Fading of Dye Mixtures
Authors: REMBOLD MANFRED W. , KRAMER HORST E. A.
Published: July 2010

The catalytic fading of some yellow azo dyes in the presence of blue, violet or red anthraquinonoid dyes has been investigated. It can be shown that this phenomenon occurs only in the presence of oxygen and is suppressed by adding typical singlet oxygen quenchers. On substituting singlet oxygen producers like methylene blue for the anthraquinonoid dyes, the catalytic fading still takes place, indicating that a photo‐oxygenation reaction according to the type II mechanism is responsible. By carrying out competitive photooxidation experiments in ethylcellulose films, relative rate constants for the reaction with singlet oxygen in a rigid material were determined.
Publication Sponsored by the Society's Fastness Tests Co‐ordinating Committee ‐ XLII A New Chlorination Fastness Test for Wool
Authors: JAECKEL S. M.
Published: July 2010

The new test is based on sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Its essential features and the practical reasons for them are outlined. Ten laboratories tested nine dyeings twice, and each result was assessed twice by six assessors. Two of the laboratories also included samples of the dyeings in bulk processing. The results showed that the new test is sufficiently precise and realistic.
Random Errors in Dyeing
Authors: NICKSON R. A. , SUMNER H. H.
Published: July 2010

The differences in colour from the target of a dyed material which are due to known weighing errors are calculated using computer match‐prediction techniques.

The results, which are presented in the form of a colour map, show that the sensitivity is dependent on the target colour and the colours of the constituent dyes in the recipe.
The Use of Non‐aqueous Solvents in Dyeing
Authors: LOVE RONALD B. , ROBSON ALAN
Published: July 2010

A polyester package dyeing system based upon water and 2‐ethoxyethanol is described. The process is similar to and a natural development of the silicone—perchloroethylene system discussed in Part I [1]. It is a bicomponent homogeneous system. Water replaces silicone as the bulking medium or antisolvent and 2‐ethoxyethanol replaces perchloroethylene as the dye solvent. Potentially it is a more versatile system than Dacsol, e.g. cotton‐polyester fibre blends can be dyed. High yields result from a low 2‐ethoxyethanol: fibre ratio. Existing disperse dyes in diluent‐free or commercial forms are suitable. Water quality, however, is important.