bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Crumb Rubber as Modified Bitumen for Crack Filling at Deteriorated Pavement
Authors: Setyawan A , Pramesti F P , Sarwono D , Djumari  , Budiarto A , Marswanto TS
Published: June 2021

Crumb rubber is tire retreading waste which is classified as a hazardous material because it can pollute the environment. In an effort to create an environment free of pollution, one of the efforts is to reuse it as building material. In this research, crumb rubber will be used to modify the 60/70 penetration bitumen to have a better performance as crack filler on roads that are damaged in the form of cracks. As crack filler the material must have resistance to softening at high pavement temperatures during the day. In this study, crack filler was examined in the form of penetrating asphalt with the addition of additives, namely Crumb Rubber. The result parameters are based on ASTM D5078 standards and testing procedures based on ASTM D5329, where tests include softening point, cone penetration, resilience and asphalt compatibility testing. The results show that the addition of 27 % CR to 60/70 penetration asphalt can increase the hardness of the asphalt, the softening point value, the resilience or recovery value which means reduced vulnerability to temperature.
Effectiveness of Longsegment Contract Method on The Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance System
Authors: Widyanitya A , Setyawan A , Pramesti FP
Published: June 2021

Longsegment is a road maintenance system on a contract basis to service providers throughout the fiscal year. In implementing longsegment contracts, service providers are required to have good quality materials so that road maintenance is maintained in quality, this causes the costs incurred to be efficient. This research will discuss how effective the longsegment road maintenance system is so that it can achieve a more efficient implementation cost for road maintenance. This research method is to measure the performance of roads handled by conventional contracts and longsegment contracts in terms of the final results of road conditions as assessed by the International Roughness Index (IRI) and Surface Distress Index (SDI) methods, then analyze the effectiveness of the contract system on the costs incurred by the user. The results showed that road performance carried out in 2016 by conventional contracting resulted in road stability of 88.79% at a cost of Rp. 87,912,696,000.00 while road performance using the longsegment contract system implemented since 2017 resulted in road stability. 95.29% with a fee of Rp. 75,312,723,000.00; road stability is 95.97% at a cost of Rp.70.026300.000.00; road stability is 90.42% at a cost of Rp. 24,014,464,000.00. From the results of road conditions and costs incurred for road preservation, it can be concluded that longsegment road maintenance is more effective than conventional contracts.
Activity Based Costing Method for Analysing Asphalt Mixture Produced by Diesel and Palm Shell Fuel in Asphalt Mixing Plant
Authors: Khusaini Z Y , Setyawan A , Pramesti F P , Pranolo S H
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this research is to calculate the price of basic production mixed asphalt with fuel shells palm oil and diesel fuel in blow dryer asphalt mixing plant. The research is quantitative descriptive that focuses on the subject of study by decomposing, analyzes, and collect data the subject of study by a process of interviews and data collection secondary to Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP). The process of data analysis to determine prices basic production uses the activity based costing who reckoning based on activity his job. The result of this research is the price basic the production of mixed asphalt Rp 916.821,10 per 1000 kg mixed asphalt. While the difference between the price production basic mixed asphalt with fuel shell palm oil with diesel fuel is Rp 66.837,44 or the cost of goods production mixed asphalt with fuel palm shell 6, 8 % for cheaper production of mixed asphalt use diesel fuel.
Study of mortar creep with additional polymer materials for concrete repair
Authors: Putri P M
Published: June 2021

The polymer is the type of additional material which has high adhesion and is deformable. This study aims to determine the effect of additional polymer against the value of the compressive creep, as well as to predict the long-term creep value based on existing short-term data and the possible error value. The method used in this research is to experiment in the laboratory. The object used in the study is a cylinder with a diameter of 75 mm and a height of 275 mm. The variations in polymer content that are used were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of the cement weight. The data obtained on the creep values that occurred during the 84-day test The data analysis showed that the addition of polymer content in the repair mortar tended to decrease the creep value. The greater the polymer content, the smaller the creep value that will decrease. In the calculation of the obtained creep prediction, it showed a difference when compared to direct measurement. As the predicted value obtained has a large error value, it is necessary to modify the formula to get a more precise prediction.
Prediction of aluminium content in a metal using SPSS based linear regression analysis.
Authors: Golhar A.R. , Choudhari N.K. , Patil A.K.
Published: June 2021

In aluminium industry, it is very important to know the type or grade of aluminium metals and its composition present within the aluminium metals using non-destructive testing (NDT). A method is required which is unique and help to know the type of the aluminium material in order to characterize the aluminium samples. Ultrasonic testing is one of the best NDT techniques which are used for characterization of properties of the material. Recently it is observed that ultrasonic testing parameters are significantly depends on microstructural or mechanical properties of materials and the parameters are affected by change in structural properties of materials. To extract the more information from ultrasonic signals, signal processing techniques are the best tools which are using now days. In this paper new technique is introduced to obtain the concentration of aluminium in aluminium material in terms of ultrasonic parameters hardness, velocity, attenuation & modulus of elasticity by using linear regression analysis using Statistical package for Social Sciences i.e., SPSS statistics. The regression equation which is obtained to calculate aluminium percentage is compared with the experimental value of aluminium percentage in the materials. In the present paper the accuracy or reliability of the mathematical model has been estimated. To estimate the aluminium percentage in aluminium this type of model will be very helpful.
Comparative study of positive feedbacks on linear and nonlinear coupled logistic maps
Authors: Rajvaidya Bhakti Parag , Raut V D , Butey Bhavana
Published: June 2021

This is an extended work of the authors on coupled logistic maps with delayed linear, or non-linear nearest neighbor coupling. Here we investigate the effect of positive feedback in the coupled map lattices with update rules on (i) the phase diagrams showing non-zero persistence in the μ-ε parameter space, and (ii) on power law exponents of decay of persistence. We find that while feedback is increased the increased non-zero persistence regions in the phase diagram has no noticeable effect on the power law exponents. We also find that the role played by time lag in the absence of feedback, discussed in our previous work, remains intact even with the introduction of feedback. We offer an extensive comparison of without feedback and with feedback plots.
Ultrasonic analysis of ternary liquid mixture of riboflavin with water and methanol at 288K
Authors: Dange S P , Chimankar O P
Published: June 2021

In the present study, density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity have been measured for ternary liquid system of Riboflavin with water and methanol at 288 K in the concentration range 0.00 to 0.1 M. These measured values and derived parameters were used to performed molecular interaction study at 2 MHz using ultrasonic interferometer technique. The results of reported study have been thoroughly analysed and eventually interpreted at the possible molecular interaction such as structure making, solute-solvent and hydrogen bonding effect in the liquid solution of Riboflavin with water and methanol.
Preparation and characterization of copper (Cu2+) ions doped Zincaluminoborophosphate (ZnAlBP) glasses
Authors: Krishna J Suresh , Raju D Siva , Krishna V Vinay , Raju Ch Linga
Published: June 2021

The Glass configuration of 40 ZnO + 25 H3BO3 + (x-30) P2O5 + (5) Al2O3: x CuO (0<x< 0.8) have been prepared and investigated by XRD, EPR, Optical absorption and FTIR techniques. Zincaluminoborophosphate (ZnAlBP) glasses doped with Cu2+ ions are prepared using melt quenching technique at 1250 °C for 2h. The obtained glasses are blue in colour with good transparent nature. The XRD result shows that the prepared glasses are amorphous in nature. The UV-Vis spectra of Cu2+ doped titled glasses show a strong broad band at 800 nm which is due to 2B1g→2B2g transition. The room temperature EPR spectra exhibits four weak parallel and one perpendicular component of Cu2+ ions. The g and A values are calculated for all the concentrations of Cu2+ ions and are reported. The number of spins shows the non-monotonic behaviour. The FTIR spectra shows different modes of P-OH, P=O, Zn-O and BO vibrations.
Study of ZnO modified Lithium Borate Bismuth glasses
Authors: Raut V D , Deshpande A V , Rajvaidya Bhakti Parag , Butey Bhavana
Published: June 2021

Quaternary glasses with composition (40-x) Li2O:30B2O3:30Bi2O3: x ZnO have been prepared with x varying from 0 to 6 mol%. The structural investigation of these glasses has been carried out by infrared (IR) absorption spectra. Addition of ZnO in the glass is favorable for the creation of BiO6 units on account of the substitution of B-O bond by Bi-O bond. Changes in density and molar volume in glasses have been studied. Molar volume reduces which is ascribed to the decrease in boron-boron spacing, d. Increment in cut off wave length and decrement in. optical band gap energy is observed in Optical absorption spectra with increase in ZnO on account of rise in Non-Bridging Oxygens Electronic polarizability and optical basicity was also studied.
Current progress and comparative study of performance of the energy saving lighting devices: a review
Authors: Gandate Chetan , Parauha Yatish R , Mushtaque Sadaf Gauhar M , Dhoble S J
Published: June 2021

In the present scenario, rare earth activated phosphor materials are important families in luminescent materials, which is useful in various applications. Over the past few years, rare earth activated phosphor has gained a lot of attention from the society and research community due to its exceptional properties such as low cost, eco-friendly behavior, solution process ability, better PL properties, wider range of color tunability, color purity and defects tolerance etc. In this review, we first discuss energy saving lighting devices, after that, we have discussed those methods which are used to synthesize rare earth activated phosphors. We have been focusing on the modification and tailoring of the photoluminescence of phosphors, which may lead to the acquisition of new phosphors with tunable emission colors. In this review, we are discussed recently reported color tunable phosphors. At the end of the review, scope in lighting field, energy saving devices, and future scope also discussed.
Recent progress in phosphate based luminescent materials: A case study
Authors: Dhapodkar Toshi S , Kadam Abhijeet R , Duragkar Arati , Dhoble N S , Dhoble S J
Published: June 2021

The uses of phosphate based luminescent materials are presented in this study in different fields of luminescence. There are different types of luminescent phosphors are available in the field of luminescence such as borates, sulphates, fluorides, sulphides, phosphates etc. From all these phosphors, phosphate-based phosphors shows their potential in almost every field of luminescence in last few years and it becomes a key material in the luminescence especially in photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and mechanoluminescence. These rare earths activated phosphate-based luminescence materials are synthesized with different techniques by means of wet chemical method, combustion technique, sol gel analysis and solid-state diffusion technique etc. which are described in the present article. Consequently, this article chiefly dealing the overview of different phosphate based luminescent materials and modern development and progression in the field of luminescence.
Hydroxyquinoline copolymers synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation studies
Authors: Rathod Y U , Zanje S B , Gurnule W B
Published: June 2021

In the flow research article, we report the amalgamation of a new natural copolymer of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid, guanidine, and formaldehyde in the molar proportion 1:1:2 inside seeing 2 M hydrochloric corrosive as an impetus by polycondensation strategy. The copolymer 8-HQ-5-SAGF was portrayed by elemental examination, Ultra-Visible, Infrared spectra,1H and13C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have examined the non isothermal thermogravimetric examination for assurance of relative warm stability and their mode deterioration, Energy of initiation, frequency factor and request of response was measured by Freeman-Carroll (FC) and Sharp- Wentworth (SW) techniques. Energy of enactment controlled by Sharp-Wentworth and Freeman-Carroll strategies are in acceptable concurrence with one another. The surface component of copolymer is inspected by filtering electron microscopy.
Synthesis and antimicrobial study of copolymer resins derived from p-hydroxybenzoic acid, semicarbazide and formaldehyde
Authors: Nandekar Kamlakar , Gurnule Wasudeo
Published: June 2021

The Copolymer p-HBSF-I resin was synthesized from p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, semicarbazide and formaldehyde with hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in 1:1:2 molar ratio by polycondensation technique. The copoylmer characterization was done with IR and 1H NMR Spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal screening of copolymer p-HBSF-I was done by using a well-known agar diffusion method. The bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus Aures, Bacillus Subtillus, Escherchia Coli, Salmonella Typhi and the fungal strains used were Aspergillus Niger, Candida Albicans. The present study includes the antimicrobial investigation of copolymer resins in order to know the effectivity of semicarbazide group.
A literature review of the research on ferroelectric polymers
Authors: Kumar Vivek , Babu T , Tiwari Balgovind
Published: June 2021

In this work, the research and development of ferroelectric polymers has been reviewed. The main focus is on properties of different types of ferroelectric polymers. Ferroelectrics of ceramic and thin film nature, are widely known for their use in several electronic devices. But the existence of ferroelectricity in polymers has made the ferroelectric polymers to be used in different electrical applications such as sensors, actuators, etc. The main theme of this paper is to report only the existing literature on ferroelectric-polymeric materials.
Metal air battery: A sustainable and low cost material for energy storage
Authors: Ahuja Deepti , Kalpna Varshney , Varshney Pradeep K
Published: June 2021

Energy needs, depleting fossil fuel supplies and demanding sustainable energy alternatives is ever-increasing process. In the future energy network, power storage systems are one of the indispensable devices to buffer the irregular energy generation and renewable energy supplies. Therefore, it is important to design an innovative and efficient modern electrochemical storage system, combine with resource abundance, eco-efficient industrial methods, and life-cycle analysis. These issues are currently being addressed by few existing technologies but there are still theoretical and technical challenges in each case that needs to be talked again. Among these technologies Metal Air Battery (MAB) is a prominent solution and has recently been again into research these days. A metal air battery comprises a metallic anode in an appropriate electrolyte, and an embedded air cathode. The metals that can be used as anode may be first group metals such as sodium lithium, potassium etc. in second group other elements like magnesium, calcium etc. and third group aluminium and a few transition metals like Fe and Zn. Metal-air batteries are actually the combination of the design and working of traditional and fuel cell batteries. These have a high energy efficiency that is 5 to 30 times greater than lithium-ion batteries and are often considered a sustainable alternative. MABs considered are as eco-friendly, non-toxic, low cost and viable alternative as metals are abundant in nature. Metal-air batteries now a days are the most promising power storage systems with high power densities. A metal air battery comprises a metallic anode in an appropriate electrolyte, and an embedded air cathode. Metal-air batteries (MABs) combine the design features of traditional and fuel cell batteries. Some of the most common metal-air batteries include LAB (lithium air battery), SAB (sodium air battery), MABs (magnesium-air battery), AAB (aluminium air battery) and ZAB (zinc-air battery) etc.
Prediction of CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions of N, N-Diethyl ethanolamine (DEEA): A modified Kent-Eisenberg model approach
Authors: Rode D D , Shinde H H , Khavale P V , Sutar P N
Published: June 2021

A tremendous increase in the carbon dioxide emissions over the last few decades has caused serious environmental concern. The research fraternity is working towards the discovery of novel solvents for carbon dioxide with greater removal efficiency. N, N-Diethyl ethanolamine (DEEA), a tertiary amine which can be prepared from renewable resources, is a potential absorbent for carbon dioxide removal. Determination of the equilibrium characteristics of the system plays a key role in the designing of industrial plants. In this work, the equilibrium solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of DEEA at different temperatures and CO2 partial pressures has been modeled using the modified Kent-Eisenberg model. The model predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the reported experimental data.
C-NMR studies on the structure of linear p–substituted phenol polymer
Authors: Khobragade Y F , Petkar S A , Chahande N H , Khairnar C M
Published: June 2021

Linear polymer of p – substituted phenol with Methylene Bridge has been prepared by using condensation polymerization. To this homogeneous reaction mixture of p – substituted phenol (Bisphenol-A; p – hydroxyacetophenone and p – chlorophenol ) along with NaOH solution and formaldehyde was added while stirring. 13C – NMR spectroscopy allowed identification of the linkage formed and qualification of the main functional groups in the p – substituted phenol with methylene bridge; which were greatly influenced by the preparation conditions. Methylene bridges in the linear polymers were found to be mainly associated with the para position linkage methylene unit. The linear p–substituted phenol condensed polymer had no free formaldehyde. p – Substituted dimethylol phenol was indulged into the condensed polymers by reacting with phenolic units to results in condensed methylene bridges. The linear polymer with p – substituted phenol having Methylene Bridge possessed relatively high degree of polymerization and very low percentage of unreacted methylene groups. The synthesized polymer samples were characterization by the 13C – NMR technique excellently.
Sorption of chromium (VI) from electroplating rinse water by strong base anion exchanger: equilibrium and kinetic studies
Authors: Koujalagi Prasanna S , Revankar Harish N , Kulkarni Raviraj M , Gurjar Vijayendra R
Published: June 2021

Static-batch experiments are conducted to remove Chromium (VI) from rinse waters of electroplating bath on strong base anion exchanger Tulsion A-62 and results are depicted with respect to Chromium (VI) ions concentration, contact time and solution pH. The equilibrium state is established after 300 minutes of phase contact. As the adsorption process is a pH dependent, indicated the maximal removal of Chromium (VI) in the pH 6.0-7.0. The anion exchange resin is characterized by SEM with EDX and FTIR analysis. The equilibrium data for adsorption of Chromium (VI) was fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption process followed reversible first order kinetics. Reports concluded that such anion exchangers could be used for the systematic removal of Chromium (VI) ions from water and wastewater.
Characterization of nanostructured spinel NiCrxFe2-xO4 obtained by sol gel auto combustion method
Authors: Borikar M A , Borikar D M , Meshram N S , Rewatkar K G
Published: June 2021

The samples of Cr3+ substituted Nickel ferrite with composition NiCrXFe2-XO4 were synthesized by employing sol gel auto combustion method. The ferrite powder materials were subjected to X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis for the study of structural as well as morphological characteristics. The X-ray diffraction pattern at the room temperature showed the formation of a cubic spinel ferrite having a single phase. Moreover, the values of lattice parameters (a) counter verified the same. TEM imaging demonstrated the formation of nanosize particles and the presence of all constituent elements were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) was used to study the magnetic properties of the samples. The magnetic properties showed low saturation magnetization (Ms), Remnance (Mr) as well as Coercivity (Hc). This confirmed the viability of such materials in the various applications of such as water treatment, microwave device materials, permanent magnets and storage recording devices.
Synthesis of 2-aryl/alkyl-3-thio-5-dimethyl amino-7-imino-1, 2, 4, 6-tetra-azepines, structural studies and screening for antibacterial and antifungal activities
Authors: Ugale M R , Sharma Khushbu , Sudame Aruna M , Berad B N
Published: June 2021

2-aryl/alkyl-3-thio-5-dimethyl amino-7-imino-1,2,4,6-tetra-azepines were synthesized from 1,2,4,6 thiatriazepines by refluxing for 1 hour with 5% ethanolic KOH. The 1,2,4,6 thiatriazepines were obtained by cyclization reaction from medicinally important metformin hydrochloride and RNCSCI2. These 1,2,4,6-tetra-azepines were characterized by spectral and analytical studies. From these synthesized compounds, those with substituents phenyl, p-chlorophenyl and o-anisyl showed high sensitivity towards E.coli when they were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities using E coli, S.aures, A.niger and C albicans

Graphical Abstract

Where R above are in a) p-tolyl, b) o-tolyl, c) phenyl, d) p-chloro phenyl e)o-chloro phenyl, f) m-chloro phenyl, g) p-anisyl, h) o-anisyl, i) t-butyl
Integrated solid waste management in urban India: A mini review
Authors: Somani P , Navaneethan R D , Thangaiyan S
Published: June 2021

Blooming of industrialization and urbanization are directly corelated with increased solid waste generation. Every year India faces a massive challenge as it deals with municipal solid waste equating to approximately 62 million tonnes including E-waste, plastic and medical waste. This has mounted and stands as a budding hazard to public and environmental health. Within India solid waste management predominantly adheres to sustainable development. The waste management rules are generally framed and handled through the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF); however, compliance varies among states. In this article we are describing the present status, challenges and implementation followed in the waste reduction processes including segregation/collection, recycling, energy recovery (composting, bio methanation, and bioremediation), land filling of household and industrial waste; its impact on the environment. This review concludes with some simple and effective international trends in waste management, with a vision of improving in current Indian systems.
Surface technology-adsorption and kinetic of heavy metal ions on modified granular activated carbon by batch study and their recovery study
Authors: Vrushali Ravindra Kinhikar
Published: June 2021

Adsorption is a unit process to control pollution in water and wastewater technology. Carbon adsorption is widely used for the removal of refractory organic compounds from wastewater. GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) is used as a adsorbent for heavy metals like Nickel, Copper, Chromium etc. by modifying it in Modified Granular Activated Carbon. In this work, adsorption of Copper on activated carbons is carried out from oxidation treatments with HNO3 to GAC. The oxidation treatments determined an increase adsorption capacity on the surface by functional groups. By performing Batch experiments the study of Copper ions from synthetic solution on Modified GAC & their recovery was studied at constant temp 28°C±. By varying concentration of Cu 2+ solution. The parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich parameters has been also studied by showing maximum adsorption capacity of copper by MGAC. The oxidation treatments determined an increase adsorption capacity on the surface by functional groups.
Review on toxic metal ions removal by using activated carbon prepared from natural biomaterials
Authors: Raut Ekta R , Thakur A Bedmohata , Chaudhari Archana R
Published: June 2021

Heavy metals has wide range of applications including industrial, domestic, medical, agricultural and technological field. Due to industrialization and urbanization variety of heavy metal ions are released in the environment. Toxicity of heavy metal ions depends on the route of exposure, media of exposure and its dose. Some of the metals, due to its high degree of toxicity are incorporated in CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) priority list of hazardous substances. According to CERCLA, arsenic is the top most toxic metal followed by lead and mercury. These metals are proven to be carcinogens for human beings even at lower concentration. Contamination of water resources by toxic metal ions is a common problem since past years. There exists different methods for removal of toxic metal ions from waste water but adsorption is the most widely used and effective method. There are several adsorbents used for adsorption of toxic metal ions but, adsorbents prepared from low-cost and ecofriendly raw materials like coconut shells, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, banana peels, potato peels, corncob, wheat straw, neem barks, almond shells and others are capturing researcher’s attention due to its easy availability and effective removal efficiency. This review highlights low cost adsorbents used for elimination of heavy metal ions from waste water and its other usage possibilities based on the literature study. This paper also highlights emerging potential bio-adsorbents which can provide maximum removal efficiency.
Soft computing model for students’ evaluation in educational institute
Authors: Chaudhari O K , Gupta Rajshri , Thakre T A
Published: June 2021

Now a day’s higher education is become more competitive. Students are the main pole of today’s education. All educational institutions are focusing on the quality improvement and change in the traditional evaluation methods. Due to the high competition among Private Universities and existing National Universities the scenario of evaluation methods has important role so that the students shall be kept on track as an active learner through their modified methods of evaluation. Consequently, the evaluation of students through traditional methods has limitations as it is based on the crisp boundaries. The students having a very small difference of marks can be placed into different grades. Also the students who have missed the chance of appearing for one of the subject head may be fail due to absolute method of grading. A soft computing model for students’ evaluation of student in educational institute using subject wise and other activities performance is developed in this paper. To consider uncertainties occur during the semester fuzzy logic technique is applied.
Fuzzy Approach for Scheduling of Timetable Problem
Authors: Deshpande Archana A , Chaudhari O K , Vaidya N V , Pidurkar S R
Published: June 2021

The construction of timetable with all constrained is very difficult task. Timetable is the problem in which we assign teachers to respective course, time slots and rooms with some constraints. In this paper we apply fuzzy algorithm which satisfy all constrains by using one example.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning for internet of things
Authors: Shende Shailendra W.
Published: June 2021

For decades, humans have been intrigued by the concept of an intelligent and independent self-learning machine. The idea behind Machine Learning (ML) is to simplify the development of analytical models such that, with the help of available data, algorithms can learn continuously. Internet of Things (IoT) enabled devices are the major sources of data generation with a number of multiple modalities and differing data consistency, defined by velocity in terms of time and position dependence. Intelligent processing and analysis of this generated data (Big Data) is the key to developing smart IoT applications. ML may be used in cases where the desired effect is defined (supervised learning) or where data itself is not defined beforehand (unsupervised learning) or where learning is the outcome of the interaction among the learning model and the environment (reinforcing learning). In this chapter, we present and discuss a taxonomy of machine learning algorithms that can be used with IoT. Furthermore, how different machine learning techniques are used to derive higher-level information from the data is illustrated. Lastly, we investigate, what are the real-world IoT data characteristics that involve an interpretation of the data?
A multi-data assessment of land use and land cover emissions from Brazil during 2000–2019
Authors: Rosan Thais M , Klein Goldewijk Kees , Ganzenmüller Raphael , O’Sullivan Michael , Pongratz Julia , Mercado Lina M , Aragao Luiz E O C , Heinrich Viola , Von Randow Celso , Wiltshire Andrew , Tubiello Francesco N , Bastos Ana , Friedlingstein Pierre , Sitch Stephen
Published: June 2021

Brazil is currently the largest contributor of land use and land cover change (LULCC) carbon dioxide net emissions worldwide, representing 17%–29% of the global total. There is, however, a lack of agreement among different methodologies on the magnitude and trends in LULCC emissions and their geographic distribution. Here we perform an evaluation of LULCC datasets for Brazil, including those used in the annual global carbon budget (GCB), and national Brazilian assessments over the period 2000–2018. Results show that the latest global HYDE 3.3 LULCC dataset, based on new FAO inventory estimates and multi-annual ESA CCI satellite-based land cover maps, can represent the observed spatial variation in LULCC over the last decades, representing an improvement on the HYDE 3.2 data previously used in GCB. However, the magnitude of LULCC assessed with HYDE 3.3 is lower than estimates based on MapBiomas. We use HYDE 3.3 and MapBiomas as input to a global bookkeeping model (bookkeeping of land use emission, BLUE) and a process-based Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JULES-ES) to determine Brazil’s LULCC emissions over the period 2000–2019. Results show mean annual LULCC emissions of 0.1–0.4 PgC yr−1, compared with 0.1–0.24 PgC yr−1 reported by the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation System of land use changes and forest sector (SEEG/LULUCF) and by FAO in its latest assessment of deforestation emissions in Brazil. Both JULES-ES and BLUE now simulate a slowdown in emissions after 2004 (−0.006 and −0.004 PgC yr−2 with HYDE 3.3, −0.014 and −0.016 PgC yr−2 with MapBiomas, respectively), in agreement with the Brazilian INPE-EM, global Houghton and Nassikas book-keeping models, FAO and as reported in the 4th national greenhouse gas inventories. The inclusion of Earth observation data has improved spatial representation of LULCC in HYDE and thus model capability to simulate Brazil’s LULCC emissions. This will likely contribute to reduce uncertainty in global LULCC emissions, and thus better constrains GCB assessments.
Adaptation pattern of trembesi (Samanea saman Jacq. Merr.) seedling to lead exposure at nutrient culture based on the characteristics of organic acid
Authors: Setyaningsih L , Maslahat M , Syahrizki M A
Published: June 2021

Lead (Pb) is known as one of the dangerous heavy metals which may spread in the environment due to industrial, domestic, agricultural and other human activities. The use of plants for cleaning up contamination which is known as phytoremediation requires information on the ability of plants to tolerate heavy metal exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation pattern of trembesi (Samanea samanJacq. Merr) seedlings to lead (Pb) exposure based on the characteristics of organic acids content. Trembesi seedlings were grown on nutrient culture with Pb treatment of 0.5,1.5 and 2.5 mM for 7 days. The percentage of seedling life was counted and the organic acids content was observed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the life percentage of trembesi seedling exposed to lead up to 1.5mM reached 100%, but it decreased to 60% when it was exposed to 2.5 mM of lead. Trembesi seedlings produced all three organic acids investigated as oxalic, malic and citric acid. The increase of lead exposure from 0.5 to 1.5 and 2.5 mM, caused a significantly increase of oxalic acid exudation from 0.346 to 0.545 and 0.668 µg/mL respectively. At the same time, they also induced the accumulation of citric acid from 46.4481 to 63,668 and 83,516 µg/g respectively. This shows that trembesi has the adaptability to lead by a combination of external and internal mechanisms involving organic acids accumulation.
An Investigative Study on Energy and Cost-Efficiency Measures in Commmercial Buildings: Case Study of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adekunle A , Ibhadode A.P , Nwafor C.O , Nwaigwe D.N.
Published: June 2021

The quality and amount of energy expended are of paramount importance in the pursuit of economic recovery and diversification for both electricity consumers and authorities within the energy sector. This study concentrated on establishing energy and cost efficiencies within commercial buildings. All the incandescent bulbs within the eight departments considered were replaced by fluorescent lamps. Fluke 381 meter was employed in measuring power and energy consumed in KVA and Kilowatt-hour respectively for 30 days with mean daily use of 8 hours. The wattage of incandescent bulbs are 40 W, 60 W,75 W, 100 W, 120 W, 150 W and 200 W while the equivalent fluorescent bulbs are 10 W, 14 W, 20 W, 25 W, 30 W, 45 W and 60 W respectively. The number of incandescent bulbs replaced in various departments are given as follows: Psychiatry, 4000; Pharmacy, 2775; Pediatrics, 900; Anesthesia, 720; Physiotherapy, 684; Family medicine, 752; Surgery, 320; Emergency, 354. Analysis from each department shows that Psychiatry recorded the highest savings in terms of energy and money. It was also deduced that after the mean life span of a bulb expires, a total of 701 and 103 bulbs would be bought for incandescent and energy saving respectively in ten years, which shows 598 incandescent bulbs would be saved if replaced by energy saving.
Sustainability of Molecular Studies for Feinberg-Horodecki Equation under Eckart-Manning-Rosen Potential
Authors: Onate C.A. , Onyeaju M.C.
Published: June 2021

The analytic solution of the Feinberg-Horodecki equation for Eckart-Manning-Rosen potential is deduced using the methodology of supersymmetric approach via a suitable approximation scheme to the centrifugal term. The quantized momentum and the corresponding wave functions were obtained. In the domain of the quantized momentum, some molecules have been studied. The effects of some potential parameters on the quantized momentum were graphically studied. In this study, the quantized momentum is fully bounded under Ekart-Manning-Rosen potential.
Interphase Dynamics of photoanode in Micro-energy generation in Photovoltaics
Authors: Abodunrin T.J. , Ajayi O.O. , Emetere M.E. , Popoola A.P.I. , Popoola O. , Uyor U.O.
Published: June 2021

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs)as photovoltaics have been subject of intensive research in the last two decades owing to their outstanding features of relative thermal stability, low cost, optical tunability, ability to operate under conditions of poor lighting, and environment friendliness as such, they offer a promising substitute for conventional monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Their poor output efficiency has been incessantly associated with grain boundaries, good quality films are associated with lower recombination decays. and it has been claimed that grain boundaries have a negligible influence on performance. We used microscopy interrelated with scanning electron microscopy to resolve spatially the recombination dynamics from organic films of Murraya Koenigii. Stoichiometric organic films, varied in different grains even for the same film. In regions where grain boundaries were dimmer, nonradiative decay occurred faster. Ultraviolet spectroscopy showed positive correlation consistent with photon absorption and regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The photovoltaic efficiency of M.Koenigii DSCs based on TiO2 sensitized with ionic electrolytes was compared. The output efficiency revealed that the ionic potential of Br-was more than 200% value of Cl-, and a final end reaction of above 100% that of I-under similar conditions of atmosphere and experimental set-up.
Application of Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-Cr) analysis in the Determination of Optimum Mix for Insulating Bricks
Authors: Folorunso D.O. , Akinwande A.A. , Balogun O.A. , Adediran A.A. , Olayanju T.M.A.
Published: June 2021

In order to determine optimum mix proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) in fired bricks, suitable for housing construction, this study applied compliance to cost ratio (C-CR) analysis in evaluating properties of fired ceramic bricks mixed with varied proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD). Fired clay brick samples which contained varied proportion of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) were examined for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties in line with stipulated standard procedures. The values of the properties of each sample were compared with values stipulated in various existing standards and property evaluation index, compliance Level and Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-CR) were utilized in analyzing the results of properties obtained. From the outcome, it was observed that with increasing WG content in brick samples, compliance level with existing standards increased. Also, cost ratio and experimental cost of each brick sample trended upward. Brick sample with mix proportion of 20 wt % WG, 5 wt % WSD and 75 wt % clay had compliance level of 94 % and highest Compliance to Cost Ratio index of 7.81, hence selected as optimum mix proportion for masonry bricks.
Modelling Total-corrosion Behaviour of Reinforcing-steel in 3.5% NaCl-immersed Concrete with Cymbopogon citratus leaf-extract admixture
Authors: Okeniyi Joshua O. , Okeniyi Elizabeth T. , Joseph Olufunmilayo O. , Banjo Solomon O. , Ojewumi Modupe E.
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the total-corrosion behaviour of reinforcing-steel embedment in concrete samples, having Cymbopon citratus (C. citratus) leaf-extract admixture, and which were immersed in 3.5% NaCl (a saline/marine simulating environment) is investigated. Electrochemical data of macrocell current measurements were obtained, as an easy to undertake corrosion monitoring technique, from the steel-reinforced concrete specimens, that had been admixed with different concentrations of the C. citratus leaf-extract, before being immersed in the corrosive test-medium. The obtained data were then rendered to prescribed specification from ASTM G109 for the modelling of the total-corrosion prevailing in the reinforcing-steel within the concrete test-samples. Results obtained showed that C. citratus leaf-extract admixture in the concrete samples led to reduction in the total-corrosion of the reinforcing-steel, and, especially, in agreements with previous works where other types of electrochemical monitoring techniques had been employed.
Effect of Cr@RGO structure on microstructure and properties of RGO/CuCr25 composite
Authors: Leng Jinfeng , Dong Yunfan , Chen Xi , Xia Changpeng , Du Mingxing , Zhou Guorong
Published: June 2021

CuCr alloy with high Cr content (20–50 wt.%) is the main contact material for medium voltage and high current vacuum interrupters. However, the influence of network distribution of Cr particles affect the conductivity of CuCr alloy, and its properties strongly depend on the size of Cr particles. In this paper, Cr@RGO (Cr powder coated with reduced GO) was prepared by BSA (bovine serum protein) electrostatic assembly method, and then RGO/CuCr composites with different graphene content were prepared by vacuum hot pressing sintering process. The results show that the size of Cr particles decreases with the increase of graphene content and the network of Cr particles became fractured. When the content of RGO is 3.0 wt.%, the size of Cr phase is 19.9 μm, which is 23.8% less than that of CuCr25 of 26.1 μm. The Brinell hardness and electrical conductivity of 3.0 wt.% RGO/CuCr composite are 102.5 HB and 52.9% IACS, which is increased by 8% and 6% in contrast with that of CuCr25. And the Preparation of RGO/CuCr is simple, feasible, replicable and easy to achieve the goal of the industrial preparation.
ExoMars finds hydrogen chloride in Martian atmosphere
Authors: James Chaneil
Published: June 2021

Scientists in Russia have observed trace amounts of hydrogen chloride in Mars’ atmosphere for the first time.
No gender gap found in university physics exam marks
Authors: Allen Michael
Published: June 2021

Male students do not consistently outperform their female counterparts in university physics exams. That is the conclusion of an analysis of over a decade’s worth of data covering more than 10,000 students
Passing the torch
Authors: Lang Leonora
Published: June 2021

In response to Carol Davenport’s Forum article “Widening career aspirations” (March p23), in which she discusses the importance of telling school pupils about the wide range of physics-related career options at a much earlier age.
Smashing interview
Authors: Singleton Bill
Published: June 2021

In response to the 11 March episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast, in which Áine O’Brien from the University of Glasgow describes her team’s efforts scouring farmland for remnants of the 100 kg meteoroid that exploded over southern Britain in February.
Low-lying energy levels of 229Th35+ and the electronic bridge process
Authors: Porsev S G , Cheung C , Safronova M S
Published: June 2021

The nuclear transition between the ground and the low-energy isomeric state in the 229Th nucleus is of interest due to its high sensitivity to a hypothetical temporal variation of the fundamental constants and a possibility to build a very precise nuclear clock, but precise knowledge of the nuclear clock transition frequency is required. In this work, we estimate the probability of an electronic bridge (EB) process in 229Th35+, allowing to determine the nuclear transition frequency and reduce its uncertainty. Using configuration interaction methods, we calculated energies of the low-lying states of Th35+ and determined their uncertainties. Our calculations showed that the transition energy from the J = 15/2 state to the ground state, 8.31 eV, is close to the central value of the experimentally determined nuclear isomer energy, 8.19 eV, and practically coincides with the upper edge value, 8.31 eV. It opens new possibilities for a more precise measurement of the nuclear isomer energy using an EB process.
Locked up While Locked Down: Prisoners’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suhomlinova Olga , Ayres Tammy Colleen , Tonkin Matthew James , O’Reilly Michelle , Wertans Emily , O’Shea Saoirse Caitlin
Published: June 2021

Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on prisoners. The prison environment and prisoner health put prison populations at a higher risk of contracting COVID-19. As a result, prison systems have adopted mitigation strategies to reduce the transmission of the virus into and within prisons. These strategies, however, have had an unintended impact on prisoners and their living conditions. In this article, we explore prisoners’ lived experiences of the pandemic in English and Welsh prisons, captured through correspondence with prisoners throughout 12 months of regime restrictions, from April 2020 to April 2021. Drawing on prisoner narratives, the analysis reveals how the restricted regime has exacerbated the pains of imprisonment and had a detrimental impact on prisoners.
TrkC-T1, the Non-Catalytic Isoform of TrkC, Governs Neocortical Progenitor Fate Specification by Inhibition of MAP Kinase Signaling
Authors: Parthasarathy Srinivas , Srivatsa Swathi , Weber A Ioana , Gräber Nikolaus , Britanova Olga V , Borisova Ekaterina , Bessa Paraskevi , Ambrozkiewicz Mateusz C , Rosário Marta , Tarabykin Victor
Published: June 2021

Neocortical projection neurons are generated by neural progenitor cells (NPCs) within the ventricular and subventricular zone. While early NPCs can give rise to both deep and upper layer neurons, late progenitors are restricted to upper layer neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation potential of early versus late NPCs are unknown. Here, we report a novel function for TrkC-T1, the non-catalytic isoform of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC, that is distinct from TrkC-TK+, the full-length isoform. We provide direct evidence that TrkC-T1 regulates the switch in NPC fate from deep to upper layer neuron production. Elevated levels of TrkC-T1 in early NPCs promote the generation of deep layer neurons. Conversely, downregulation of TrkC-T1 in these cells promotes upper layer neuron fate. Furthermore, we show that TrkC-T1 exerts this control by interaction with the signaling adaptor protein ShcA. TrkC-T1 prevents the phosphorylation of Shc and the downstream activation of the MAP kinase (Erk1/2) pathway. In vivo manipulation of the activity of ShcA or Erk1/2, directly affects cortical neuron cell fate. We thus show that the generation of upper layer neurons by late progenitors is dependent on the downregulation of TrkC-T1 in late progenitor cells and the resulting activation of the ShcA/Erk1/2 pathway.