bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic Evaluation of Activated Carbon
Authors: Baker Robert A.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to demonstrate the applicability of chromatographic analyses of dilute aqueous solutions and develop a precise method of evaluating the adsorption performance of activated carbon. Specific objectives were to determine: the amount of organic material adsorbed by various activated carbons as a function of time at a given loading; the breakthrough point; and, the nature of selective adsorption‐desorption for complex mixtures of organic materials. Applicability of gas‐liquid chromatography with flame‐ionization detection was used for measuring dilute aqueous solutions and evaluating the efficiency of water treatment grade activated carbons. The relative efficiency of several commercial carbons in the removal of n‐butanol from water was determined. Considerable variation in capacity and adsorption behavior was found. One activated carbon was used to study the selective adsorption‐desorption of a binary mixture of 879 ppm n‐amyl acetate and 405 ppm n‐butanol in water. Initial breakthrough of n‐butanol, preferential adsorption of acetate with accompanying desorption of butanol, and, finally, complete breakthrough of both organic compounds were readily demonstrated. It is suggested that this technique lends itself to precise, rapid evaluation of carbon capacity in water treatment. Further possibilities for its use in setting treatment plant carbon doses, correlation of instrumental with sensory observations, and early warning of massive discharges of troublesome wastes are also suggested.
Electrophoretic Studies of Turbidity Removal With Ferric Sulfate
Authors: Black A. P. , Walters James V.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between electrophoretic mobility, residual turbidity, coagulant dose, and residual iron content resulting from the coagulation of three clay suspensions with ferric sulfate. The three clays were chosen so that in suspensions of equal gravimetric concentration one clay would exhibit a low, one a medium, and one a high base exchange capacity. The scope of the investigation was limited to a study of the variables mentioned above for the coagulation of suspensions of these clays with ferric sulfate over the pH range of 3‐10. The coagulant doses were 3, 5, and 50 ppm. Jar tests, residual‐turbidity and iron determinations, and electrophoretic‐mobility determinations were made. Study conclusions indicate that the microelectrophoretic technique may be useful for the prediction of the pH zone of most effective coagulation of natural turbid water. Further study is necessary to determine whether there is an “overdosed isoelectric point” that marks the zone of good coagulation for natural turbid waters.
Gas Chromatographic Method for Silvex
Authors: Gutenmann Walter H. , Lisk Donald J.
Published: February 2018

The increasing use of aquatic herbicides is responsible for another source of contamination of water supplies. The control of such new contaminants requires new methods for their determination. This article presents a rapid, accurate, and sensitive method for the determination of silvex in water and is based on electron affinity gas chromatography.
Water Pollution by Organic Pesticides
Authors: Faust Samuel D. , Aly Osman M.
Published: February 2018

There are more than 500 organic pesticides in some 54,000 formulations. These pesticides occur in water supplies in very low concentrations as the result of accidental or deliberate discharge of wastewaters and of direct application. Potable water supplies are affected through impairment of the taste and odor quality. Some of these organic pesticides can persist for long periods in ground and surface waters and soils where they resist biologic decomposition. In general, activated carbon appears to be the most effective method of reducing most organic pesticide levels in water supplies. Chemical coagulation and oxidation are inefficient or impractical. In this article, information available from the literature and from the authors' own studies on the organic pesticide pollution of water has been organized according to types of organic pesticides, incidences of pollution, biologic and chemical factors affecting persistence of pesticides in water, the effects of pesticides on potable‐water quality, and the removal of pesticides by various treatment methods.
Fluoridation in the 25 Largest Cities of the United States
Authors: Report Staff
Published: February 2018

A table is provided of the status of fluoridation in the 25 largest cities in the United States.
Effects of Polyelectrolyte Coagulant Aids on Removal of Missouri River Turbidity With Ferric Sulfate
Authors: Mueller Kenneth C. , Burbank Nathan C.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to: select a method of evaluating these new compounds that would yield quantitative results in terms of parameters‐conventional standards of final water quality and particle sett1ing rate (this required the use of a settling column); determine the effect of polyelectrolytes in conjunction with ferric sulfate as the primary coagulant; determine the value of polyelectrolytes in reducing sedimentation time; and, determine the value of polyelectrolytes in reducing primary coagulant dose. The experimental approach used to evaluate the polyelectrolytes included a jar test apparatus and a settling column. Two parameters were chosen to measure the sample concentrations, turbidity and suspended solids. The equipment used was a commercial laboratory grade turbidimeter and a Jackson candle turbidimeter. It was necessary to use both turbidimeters owing to the large range in turbidity values. To determine suspended solids in the samples, a membrane filter was used.
Well Grouting and Well Protection
Authors: Moehrl Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses grouting for well protection. The type of cement, method of mixing and placement, equipment, and amount of grout materials are discussed, along with the placement of sufficient grout below the bottom end of the casing for maximum protection.
Relation of Raw‐Water Quality to Treatment Plant Design
Authors: Woodward Richard L.
Published: February 2018

Walton's studies have shown that well‐designed and well‐operated treatment plants can produce a water virtually free of coliform organisms, even though the raw water contains coliform‐organism concentrations far higher than the recommended limits proposed by U.S. Public Health Service. Careful attention to disinfection has been the key to this success. Uncertainty about the significance of viruses and organic chemical contaminants in water, rather than bacterial loadings, would seem also to cause uncertainty about the degree of pollution that treatment plants can remove. At this time there is no adequate basis for prescribing the limits of pollution that various processes can remove.
Clam Pests in Tennessee Water Supplies
Authors: Sinclair Ralph M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Asiatic clam Corbicula and its interference with water use in the Tennessee River. It is now well established at many scattered points, outside the Ohio River Basin, in the eastern United States. The article discusses means of propagation, influential factors, life history, ecology, control methods, future prospects, sand and gravel industry, bioassay, and detection of larvae.
Evaluation of Corrosion in Distribution Systems
Authors: Schneider Carl R. , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

Although water utility engineers have done creditable work on the problem of corrosion, there is a lack of information in two areas that are of greatest importance to effective corrosion control. There is not yet a reliable correlation of water composition with the useful life of pipe, and it is still not possible to predict accurately the effectiveness of inhibitors used in corrosion control. Although hydraulic carrying capacity values or velocity factors are not completely satisfactory criteria to determine the progress of corrosion and the physical condition of the pipe interior, it is felt that extensive records of reliably determined capacity coefficients are invaluable in establishing relations between mineral content and corrosion and in developing criteria for corrosion treatment.
Darcy Equation for Pipe Network Analysis
Authors: Yao Kuan M.
Published: February 2018

This article compares the Hardy Cross method of pipe network analysis with the application of the Darcy equation method of pipe network analysis.
Cadmium and Hexavalent Chromium in Nassau County Ground Water
Authors: Lieber Maxim , Perlmutter Nathaniel M. , Frauenthal Henry L.
Published: February 2018

In 1962 it was decided to reevaluate the effect of groundwater flow on the concentration of hexavalent chromium and cadmium heavy‐metal contaminants. U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) joined Nassau County, New York, as an active participant in this study. Test wells were located on the streets where previous investigations had taken place. These streets, at right angles to the direction of groundwater flow, are just south of the recharge basins from which the contamination originated. The data accumulated were therefore comparable with those obtained in previous studies. Ninety test wells were constructed in and near the contaminated slug. The wells were driven by guiding a 200‐lb weight on top of a 5‐ft. coupled section of 1 1/4 in.‐diameter drive pipe with a standard point. The wel1s ranged in depth from 8‐75 ft; the final depths of the drive points were sufficient to determine the thickness of the contaminated slug at each location. Water samples were collected at 5‐ft. intervals below the water table. These samples and others periodically collected from the recharge basin and Massapequa Creek were analyzed for hexavalent chromium and cadmium.
Effect of Yellow Organic Acids on Iron and Other Metals in Water
Authors: Shapiro Joseph
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study to determine the relationship of iron to the colored organic matter of natural waters. The specific objectives were to determine the quantitative and qualitative relationships between iron and organic color in natural waters, the factors that modify these relationships, and the properties of the colored matter responsible for them. The experimental approach was to extract the yellow coloring matter from one or more natural waters, determine possible relationships with iron under controlled conditions, and set up hypotheses for testing on natural unmodified water samples.
Recreational Use of Reservoirs
Authors: Harper George L.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the author's dissenting opinion on the stand taken by Henry J. Ongerth in a recent JOURNAL article (“Watershed Management and Reservoir Use,” February 1964).
Progress Report on the Residential Water Use Research Project
Authors: Linaweaver F. Pierce , Geyer John C. , Wolff Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a residential water use research project conducted by the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources of The Johns Hopkins University under the Technical Studies Program of the Federal Housing Administration in cooperation with sixteen water utilities located throughout the U.S. Project objectives were to: collect, analyze, and evaluate data on water use patterns in residential areas and to determine the magnitude, duration, and frequency of peak demands; and, develop a method of rationally evaluating residential water use by correlating lot size, climate, and other factors with the expectation that these relationships will lead to new or improved design criteria for water distribution systems.
Maintenance and Repair of Concrete Reservoirs
Authors: Harem Fred E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses repair and maintenance work on concrete reservoirs such as excess leakage, unsightly appearance, or possible contamination. Submerged slabs, polyvinyl sheeting, asphalt panels, and expansion joints are all discussed.
Winter Water Utility Construction in Canada
Authors: Bubbis N. S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses winter construction in Canada, including municipal incentive programs. The main focus of the article is on four types of water utility construction projects including water feeder mains, small pumping stations and other underground structures, large pumping stations and reservoirs, and river crossing pipelines.
Kerosene Contamination of River Supply at Atlanta
Authors: Weir Paul
Published: February 2018

In December 1963, a break occurred in a high‐pressure steel petroleum pipeline crossing the Chattahoochee River about 5 miles above the intake for the Atlanta, Georgia, water supply. Before the petroleum main could be shut down, some 60,000 gal of kerosene had spilled into the contiguous swampy area and flowed into the river water, causing one of the most critical incidents of water pollution ever experienced by the Atlanta water department. The article discusses the emergency treatment that was carried out, along with precautionary measures this emergency demonstrated the need for, and several temporary measures developed during the emergency that have been adopted as permanent practices.
Taste and Odor Production in Reservoirs by Blue‐Green Algae
Authors: Gaufin Arden R.
Published: February 2018

This paper begins with an overview of the periodic recurrence of objectionable tastes and odors in public water supplies that use lakes and streams as sources of water. The discharge of industrial and domestic wastes into water courses has further aggravated the problem. The paper discusses in detail two studies on the formation of taste and odor in Deer Creek Reservoir in Utah and Lake Viva Naughton, Wyoming.
Toxic Algae as a Public Health Hazard
Authors: Gorham Paul R.
Published: February 2018

Some species of algae have been labelled as poisonous for 80‐90 years, and some have been recognized as a public health hazard for 25‐30 years. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about the toxicity of algae and the danger they present, or it is suspected that they present, to man. The subject is categorized in three parts. The first part deals with algae that is known to be a public health hazard. The second and third parts deal with species of marine and freshwater algae that are toxic to fish and various animals.
Impoundment Influences on Water Quality
Authors: Symons James M. , Weibel Samuel R. , Robeck Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Part 5, determination and prediction of the behavior of water quality in impoundments, of the Public Law 660 research mandate. The objective of this mandate was to establish streamflow regulation systems that would provide for impounding water during times of high streamflow and releasing the water at times of low natural streamflow. Such releases would supply additional water downstream and would serve to alleviate any downstream water quality problems. From the large number of possible research projects, five were chosen by the engineering section at the Taft Center for initial investigation: simulation of impoundments on a small scale; dissolution of iron and manganese; studies on the dissolved‐oxygen budget; artificial destratification of impoundments; and, biologic transformation of nitrogen. The article discusses two of the projects that have progressed sufficiently to permit the presentation of some preliminary data, small‐scale simulation and nitrogen transformations.
Experiments With Plastic Prefilter Media
Authors: Kerrigan James E. , Polkowski Lawrence B.
Published: February 2018

There is a need for the development of a more effective means of filtering domestic water supplies that will increase filter runs during critical filter‐clogging periods to at least 20 hrs. for economical operation. This article discusses experimental studies on the filtering performance of two‐layer filter media.
Effects of the Good Friday Earthquake on Water Supplies
Authors: Waller Roger M. , Thomas Harold E. , Vorhis Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the effects of the Alaska Good Friday earthquake of 1964, particularly on water supplies in the cities and towns of Anchorage, Palmer, Valdez, Seward, Whittier, and Cordova. Groundwater and surface water fluctuations are discussed.
Evaluation of Sampling Conditions in the Carbon Adsorption Method
Authors: Booth Robert L. , English John N. , McDermott Gerald N.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the carbon adsorption method (CAM) as a useful approach in studying the nature and quantity of synthetic organic chemicals in water. In this technique, organic contaminants are removed from water by adsorption on columns of activated carbon. The sampling rate is normally 0.5 gpm, which is comparable to about 10.2 gallons per square foot per minute. The contaminants are desorbed from the carbon by sequential extraction with chloroform and alcohol and concentrated to yield a carbon chloroform extract (CCE) and a carbon alcohol extract (CAE). An assumption in the proposed experiments was that comparable results would be obtained from carbon columns operated similarly in parallel. An additional experimental run showed the variation between parallel carbon columns to be plus or minus 2 per cent. Next, a series of experiments was carried out with sampling rates and volumes varied. The loaded carbon samples were extracted by the standard procedure, and the resulting extracts were compared on a basis of concentration per unit of flow through. These data emphasize the importance of contact time and show that both lower sampling rates and volumes are desirable for maximum yield utilization of the CAM as a monitoring technique to measure organic contaminants in water.
Wage Administration Through Job Evaluation
Authors: Smith James T.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of job evaluation is to correct any existing inequities in the salary structure of an organization. The primary objective of job evaluation is to establish a rate that gives the employee a satisfactory reward for the work he performs. This article discusses four basic types or methods of wage and salary determination by job evaluation: ranking, classification, factor comparison, and point methods.
Prototype Study of Uniform Modular Filter Components
Authors: Packard Vernon L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a prototype study of a new principle in filter backwashing control that allows for better control of filter media fluidity, longer net filter runs, and better assurance of effluent quality uniformity. The study showed advantages over the hydraulic conditions in conventional filters and led to the installation of a filter bay of 119 uniform modular “egg crate” filter components in September 1964. The prototype study carried the search for better filter medium control and improved backwash conditions that would produce uniform bed fluidity one step further than other investigations, incorporating the principle of backwash control by regulating the distribution of wash water out of the filter, instead of using the conventional method of controlling wash water inflow. It moved the control from the bottom to the top of the bed.
Evaluation of the Orthophenanthroline Method for Ferrous‐Iron Determination
Authors: O'Connor John T. , Komolrit Kusug , Engelbrecht Richard S.
Published: February 2018

This study evaluated the reliability of the orthophenanthroline method for the determination of ferrous iron as described in the 11th edition of Standard Methods.
Identification and Removal of Herbicides and Pesticides
Authors: Sigworth E. A.
Published: February 2018

A study on the effectiveness of existing treatment practices for the removal of herbicides and insecticides was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service utilizing coagulation; oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and potassium permanganate; and, adsorption with activated carbon. The coagulation studies with alum and iron salts demonstrated partial removal of a few of the products tested, but usually of too low a magnitude to be considered significant. DDT was quite effectively removed by coagulation and filtration. Oxidation studies showed that there was very little merit in chlorination or potassium permanganate treatment. Ozone appeared to be somewhat more effective than chlorine dioxide on only a few of the products tested. Removal by adsorption on activated carbon has demonstrated success in reducing the concentration of the following toxic compounds: benzene‐ hexachloride; DDT; 2, 4‐D; toxaphene; dieldrin; aldrin; chlordane; malathion; and, parathion.
Determination of Pesticides by Electron Capture Gas Chromatography
Authors: Warnick Stephen L. , Gaufin Arden R.
Published: February 2018

Methods for the removal of trace organic pollutants are being studied, but the applicability of these methods depends on the development of procedures for the analysis of pesticides in aqueous solution. A procedure for making this analysis by electron capture gas chromatography is described in this article.
Corrosion Protection Properties of Portland Cement Concrete
Authors: Scott Gordon N.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on a cooperative study by members of the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association (ACPPA). The objectives of the 4‐year study were to: explain why portland cement concrete protects embedded steel from corrosion; determine what conditions lessen this protection; and, to discover ways to preserve the protective effect. The application of cathodic protection to steel pipelines is often unreasonably intense and presents a potential hazard to neighboring pipelines and other underground structures. Therefore, a proposal was made to determine the effect on steel in concrete of both accumulating current (cathodic protection) and discharging current (anodic dissipation). An additional plan was to examine criteria for cathodic protection of steel in concrete as a means of preserving or supplementing the normal protective capacity of concrete.
Dual Water Systems
Authors: Haney Paul D. , Hamann Carl L.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using dual water systems to furnish high quality water for drinking and other home uses. Dual water systems are defined as those involving distribution of two grades of water to consumers through independent pipe networks. The study also included the development of comparative costs of complete water systems that employ conventional and dual distribution systems.
A Tribute to W. Chester Morse
Authors: Allen E. Jerry
Published: February 2018

This article contains a tribute to W. Chester Morse, Superintendent of the Seattle Water Department, that recounts some facts and incidents from his life. During his more than eleven years as water superintendent, Morse was an ardent supporter of the American Water Works Association and participated in both the Pacific Northwest Section meetings and the Association meetings. Over the years, he served successively as trustee, chairman, and director of the Pacific Northwest Section, and was selected as the George W. Fuller Awardee by the Pacific Northwest Section.
New Developments in Deposition of Calcite Linings in Small‐Diameter Pipe
Authors: Radziul Joseph V. , Campbell S. J. , Flentje Martin E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several studies to develop a dense and hardsheath CaCO3 deposit, which could be the answer to the problem of protecting small, unlined cast‐iron mains. The McCauley Process is discussed, along with Omaha's experimentation with the process, and finally, Philadelphia's modification and improvement of the McCauley process, as dictated by local conditions.
Integration of the Clarification Process
Authors: Conley Walter Robertson
Published: February 2018

The pressure of increased population and industrialization is forcing the rapid expansion of water treatment plants throughout the country. This expansion has made it necessary to re‐evaluate standard methods in the interest of speeding plant construction and reducing construction costs, for many plants have not expanded rapidly enough and, consequently, are producing poorly filtered water. There is a method that has an advantage in many situations in which construction schedules, construction costs, and filtered‐ water quality are problems. This method involves predetermination of coagulant requirements, application of polymer ahead of the filters, continuous monitoring of filter effluent turbidity, and the use of coarse‐to‐fine filters.
Design and Construction of Industrial Water Line in Birmingham
Authors: Byrd Kenneth D. , Kerr S. Logan
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project in Birmingham, Alabama, to increase the existing water supply source (called the Inland System) to include the Sipsey Fork of the Warrior River. Construction was completed in 1962.
Stronger Steels for Tanks
Authors: Jackson James O.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses brittle‐type failures of steel structures, and the factors that contribute to brittle failure. The article summarizes research to determine the conditions under which a given type of steel will fail in a brittle manner and evaluates the relative importance of the many contributing causes.
Removal of Organic Contaminants by Granular‐Carbon Filtration
Authors: Hager Donald G. , Flentje Martin E.
Published: February 2018

The utilization of granular carbon filtration is a relatively simple and economical procedure. It is possible to adopt existing plant filters for a combination filtration‐adsorption unit process with minimum alteration, by filling them with granular carbon. This article summarizes carbon bed design criteria for the filtration‐adsorption technique as well as for adsorption alone.
Potassium Permanganate Removal of Tastes and Odors From Paper Mill Wastes
Authors: Boland John J. , DeArment Wallace E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a contamination incident in March 1964 by a paper mill situated on Lake Erie 2 miles east of the Chestnut St. filtration plant. It was found that the addition of potassium permanganate in dosages of 1.5‐2 ppm, combined with a pH of 8.3, reduced tannin‐lignin concentrations from 0.8‐1.6 ppm in the raw water to 0.1‐0.5 ppm in the finished water. Also, construction has begun on a revolutionary deep‐well disposal system that will pump all of the offending effluent underground by the end of 1965.
Cleaning and Lining of Small Pipe at Philadelphia
Authors: Radziul Joseph V. , Jackson Robert E.
Published: February 2018

Where red‐water, taste, and odor problems persist in distribution systems and defy the conventional methods of correction, cleaning and cement‐mortar lining of the pipe will provide the solution to the problem. Cleaning and lining greatly improves the carrying capacity of old, tuberculated water mains. Hazen‐Williams coefficients in the problem area were raised from 30‐43 to an average of 115 for 6‐, 8‐, and 12‐inch pipe. This article discusses an effective troweling device that made these results possible, and improved the C value of reconditioning distribution grid mains in Philadelphia. The average C value of 115 for 6‐in. pipe was a C value of 25, a greater improvement over untroweled lining previously applied in Philadelphia.
Influence of Site Characteristics on Quality of Impounded Water
Authors: Sylvester Robert O. , Seabloom Robert W.
Published: February 2018

Impoundment sites must be carefully selected with consideration given to many factors, especially water quality. This article focuses on the relationship of natural soils and forest debris to the quality of overlying water in the initial years of impoundment. The article presents data from a study of the Howard A. Hanson multi‐purpose reservoir, located about 3 miles above the city of Tacoma, Washington, water intake (27 miles east of Tacoma) on the Green River in the Cascade Mountain foothills. The data demonstrate some of the associations between original reservoir soils and the overlying water.
Destabilization of Dilute Clay Suspensions With Labeled Polymers
Authors: Black A. P. , Birkner F. B. , Morgan J. J.
Published: February 2018

This article demonstrates how cationic and anionic polymers coagulate or flocculate (or both) dilute clay suspensions under controlled solution conditions. Because the concentrations of polymer required to destabilize dilute clay suspensions may be in the magnitude of a few micrograms per liter, an extremely sensitive and accurate method was developed by the authors for determining microquantities of residual polymer in the supernatant of the destabilized and settled clay suspensions to fully evaluate the polymer‐clay interactions. This method uses C14‐labeled polymers and liquid scintillation counting techniques.
Enteropathogens in Water With Low Esch. Coli Titer
Authors: Seligmann Rachel , Reitler Rudolf
Published: February 2018

The discovery of S. montevideo in the water supply of a collective settlement in Galilee (Israel) prompted the investigators to examine for enteropathogens all those waters that could be considered suspect either because of their appearance (turbidity, particularly after inundations) or because unexplained enteritis cases occurred amongst the users of a given water. A total of 400 water samples were examined for the number of bacteria (colony count) and for the number of fecal Escherichia coli (complete test) according to standard methods. The samples were also tested for enteropathogens by centrifuging twenty milliliters of water at 2,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The deposit was cultured in a Mueller‐Kauffmann enrichment medium from which BGB plates were inoculated and suspicious colonies were identified by the usual biochemic and serologic methods. The isolated strains were submitted for confirming tests to the Israel Salmonella Center in the Central Laboratories at Jerusalem.
Studies of Distribution System Capacity in Seven Cities
Authors: Hudson William D.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a brief overview of the various causes of reduced carrying capacity in a water distribution system. The effect of all these causes of reduced carrying capacity is measured by determining the coefficient of capacity, C, in the Hazen‐Williams formula. The article presents a head loss test procedure for determining C, and provides the results of some of these head loss tests that were made for the water distribution systems of seven of the larger mid‐central United States cities. In most of these cities, tests have been made at varying intervals throughout the years, and here the C values plotted against the age of the pipe at the time of the test have been synthesized into trend curves.
Salmonella Typhimurium Contamination of Riverside, Calif., Supply
Authors: Ross Everett C. , Campbell Kirkham W. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a report on the causes of a 1965 outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium in Riverside, California. This report is limited primarily to engineering considerations as it is expected that subsequent papers by state and federal health personnel will describe the epidemiology in full. The report does, however, present limited epidemiologic data to provide background information and to support reasoning on which engineering investigations were based. Elements discussed in the article related to the engineering investigation include a sanitary survey, hydraulic analysis, reservoir examination, inspection of wells, and findings of the well study.
Potassium Permanganate as an Algicide
Authors: Kemp H. T. , Fuller R. G. , Davidson R. S.
Published: February 2018

Potassium permanganate, a powerful oxidizing agent, has been used to some extent as an algicide for many years, although references to its use for this purpose are few. Numerous papers in which algicidal studies are reported make it increasingly clear that no single chemical is a universal algicide, and that, in reality, an arsenal of algicides is needed for control of algae in water supplies. This paper describes preliminary laboratory studies of the algicidal effect of potassium permanganate, along with determination of its toxicity to fish. The ultimate purpose of these studies is to determine whether potassium permanganate can be used safely in open water where fish are present to control algae.
Ground Storage Booster Pumping Hydraulics
Authors: McPherson Murray B.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of the several pertinent variables for ground storage with booster pumping systems, and to reduce the findings into useful guides and criteria for design. The scope was necessarily restricted to a consideration of systems with a single master pumping station and a single booster pumping station. The results obtained, however, should also be useful in appraising the requirements for more complex systems.
Chemical Control of Corrosion
Authors: Larson Thurston E.
Published: February 2018

This article considers chemical control of corrosion as an alternative to a variety of consequences. It is most effective as a supplement to other protective measures. Because of the variety of water qualities and of environments, it is subject to many interesting complications. The application of chemical control may be limited by cost; its effectiveness may be limited by the nature of the distribution system. In the public water utilities, the range of measures for chemical control is limited by the undesirable effects that certain inhibitors have on quality.
Concentrations and Effects of Pesticides in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Warnick Stephen L. , Gaufin Richard F. , Gaufin Arden R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a prospective nationwide study to sample water, soils, plants, and animals, including humans, to determine pesticide levels in all areas of the United States. The study aims to determine how widespread pesticides are, whether concentrations are increasing, and whether there is evidence that minute quantities of pesticides ingested into humans from infancy can build up to harmful levels over time. Samples were col1ected in 1‐liter glass bottles and were analyzed according to the laboratory procedure described by Warnick and Caufin.
Effect of Chemically Grouted Cofferdam on Water Flow
Authors: Dore Stanley M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a construction project by the New York City Board of Water Supply to increase the supply of water to the Borough of Richmond, N.Y. The article specifically discusses the effect of chemically grouted cofferdam on water flow.
The Case for Plastic Pipe
Authors: Adelmann Charles B.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this article is to encourage research in the use of plastic pipe in water systems. The article discusses failures in the use of cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) and polyethylene (PE) in suburban water systems in southern California in 1953, along with the manufacturing of quality products, East Bay Water's experience with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) services using solvent weld fittings and using the “bell and spigot” method of coupling, the compatibility of CAB and linear polyethylene with copper tube fittings, a comparison of PVC, ABS, and PE materials in water service, installation practices, effects of age, and the availability of standards for plastic pipe.
Methods Used in Patching Concrete Reservoirs
Authors: Myhra Dale V.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several methods of patching a concrete reservoir to reduce or stop the seepage of water including underwater epoxy, concrete or gunite rigid type liners, sprayed or applied coatings, plugging materials such as asphaltic compounds, quicksetting cements, and epoxy resins, positive liners, and prefabricated asphalt panels.
Administration of Rural Water Supply Program
Authors: Bertsch Howard
Published: February 2018

This article discusses improvements in rural water supply programs. Farmers Home Administration (FHA) loans for improving rural water districts are discussed, along with the extension of Congressional grants for improving rural water systems, eligibility of rural water districts for financing rural projects, and the process of applying for these loans. A discussion of the article is included by Henry L. Dabney of the Texas State Department of Health, and by Otis R. Dierking of the Atchison City Water Works, Inc., Atchison, Kansas.
Supervision of Safety of California Dams
Authors: Jansen Robert B.
Published: February 2018

This article describes several dam failures including the 1928 St. Francis Dam failure and the 1963 Baldwin Hills Reservoir failure in California and the 1963 Vaiont dam failure in Longarone, Italy, and discusses state supervision/jurisdiction of all nonfederal dams in California for safety.
Radioactive Decontamination by Slurrying With Yazoo and Zilpha Clays
Authors: Goldsmith William A. , Middlebrooks E. J.
Published: February 2018

The level of radioactivity of most radionuclides discharged into watercourses must be reduced before the water can be consumed. One of the most practical methods of activity reduction is that of slurrying with clay as described by Lacy. Good results have been obtained by this method and by the addition of clay in conventional water treatment processes such as chemical coagulation and lime‐soda ash softening. The clays chosen for this experiment were Yazoo and Zilpha clays, which are found throughout the state of Mississippi and are easily mined near the surface. It was determined that each particular clay had to be slurried with each radioisotope before the overall effectiveness of the clay could be determined. This study was limited to three radioisotopes – Co60, Sr90, and Cs137 – which were selected because of their presence in most nuclear waste discharges, and the latter two are abundant in fallout from nuclear detonations.
Salmonellosis in Riverside, Calif.
Authors: Greenberg Arnold E. , Ongerth Henry J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the details of the bacteriology of an investigation of a major waterborne outbreak of salmonellosis in humans that occurred in Riverside, California in May 1966. Engineering and laboratory studies could not determine the source of water contamination. Despite the apparent failure of the coliform test to indicate an unsafe water, it was decided not to change the coliform test. It is suggested that sampling programs should be carefully reviewed to insure maximum geographic and time distribution of regular samples. Further, an effective alarm system should be instituted for every water system to make the most effective use of laboratory information.
Deterioration of Water Quality in Distribution Systems
Authors: Larson T. E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the deterioration of water quality in the distribution system. The article discusses several causes of deterioration including age, microbiologic or biologic, and chemical disorders. The importance of quality design, quality construction, quality protective measures, and quality treatment is emphasized as the most significant factors in quality treatment of water in the distribution system.
Method for Quantitative Determination of Total Phosphorus in Water
Authors: Gales Morris E. , Julian Elmo C. , Kroner Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a procedure capable of converting all the phosphorus in a natural water sample to measurable phosphate. The experimental procedure consists of the combined oxidation and hydrolysis of the sample in an acid medium, followed by the colorimetric determination of phosphate. The meta‐ and pyrophosphates present are hydrolyzed to the orthophosphate. The organic phosphates are split off and made available for colorimetric analyses.
Elevated Concrete Reservoirs in Finland
Authors: Nagler Bruce E.
Published: February 2018

In Finland, all sizable municipal water storage tanks are built of concrete. Steel is not used because of its relatively high cost, its tendency to corrode, and the fact that it is normal European practice to use concrete. This article discusses the variations in form that are used for elevated reinforced and prestressed concrete distribution storage reservoirs in Finland and describes how the tanks are protected from the cold winters.
Corrosive Effects of Deicing Salts
Authors: Hammann William , Mantes Alexander J.
Published: February 2018

The rapid increase in recent years in the use of chloride salts for snow and ice control causes concern about the effects of these salts on other materials. This article reports the findings of Milwaukee's Water Engineering Division in its study of the corrosive effects of deicing salts. A review of published information, a report on its own studies, and an analysis of the problem are presented.
Power Consumption With Elevated Storage Compared to Direct and Booster Pumping
Authors: McPherson Murray B. , Heidari M.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of simulating alternative pumping schemes in analysis and design by using a digital computer. Comparative power consumption is presented for direct and booster pumping using the same demand schedules, network head loss characteristics, and main pumping station features as for two systems with elevated equalizing storage previously studied. Operation was simulated by means of a computer, using a full year of hourly demands. The hourly demand data used were for 1963 from the Belmont high‐service district of the Philadelphia Water Department and the Champaign‐Urbana system of the Northern Illinois Water Corporation. Although the Philadelphia district, served by a single pumping station, has no elevated storage at present, and the Champaign‐Urbana system has two pumping stations located at treatment plants and three widely separated elevated storage sites, for demonstration purposes synthetic systems were used that had network head loss characteristics that could exist for these systems, with the source concentrated at one main pumping station and all elevated or booster storage concentrated at one particular site.
Organic Materials in Illinois Ground Waters
Authors: Robinson Lloyd R. , O'Connor John T. , Engelbrecht Richard S.
Published: February 2018

Almost all of the reported studies of the presence of organic matter have been made on surface waters. The principal objective of this study was to report on analyses made of groundwater in Illinois. It was found that two carbon filters in series, with the water acidified before it was applied to the second filter, produced at least twice the amount of extract as a single unacidified filter.
Pretreatment Storage and Monitoring Water Quality to Reduce Pollution
Authors: Nagler Bruce E.
Published: February 2018

Helsinki, Finland, has had to rely on a source of water that is highly polluted. Problems from a variety of tastes and odors have been troublesome. This article describes some methods used to improve the water prior to normal treatment. Investigations showed that pollution peaks would be minimized and that biological purification would occur if the water were stored for 3 or 4 weeks. A 1.3‐bil gal pear‐shaped reservoir was built on the side of a small hill near the river for pretreatment storage. The reservoir was completed in 1962. Model tests were used to determine the final shape of the reservoir and the location and direction of inlets and outlets for proper velocity and uniform circulation of water.
Meter Sizing and Selection
Authors: Udstuen Arnold J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of proper meter sizing along with the best possible customer service to provide accurate metering and minimum maintenance costs. The article provides a formula for calculating probable maximum water demand in a multiple family dwelling developed from a study of demand rates and meter sizes in more than 100 apartment buildings. Specific topics discussed include: proper sizing of service lines, meter selection and the reduction of head loss in small displacement‐type meters; appropriate use of compound meters; continuous operation of variable speed pumps; and, propeller‐type meters for metering filter plan flows and distribution mains.
Principal Causes and Remedies of Water Main Breaks
Authors: Morris R. E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses different causes of main breaks including inadequate design, improper installation, surge or water hammer, soil movement, internal corrosion, external corrosion, temperature differential, manufacturing defects, impact, or a combination of any the above. There are 40 known types of corrosion, with the combination of soil movement and corrosion being the major cause of main failure. Most breaks can be prevented by proper design, installation, and protection from corrosion and expansive clay.
Bathophenanthroline Method for the Determination of Ferrous Iron
Authors: Ghosh M. M. , O'Connor J. T. , Engelbrecht R. S.
Published: February 2018

In laboratory studies performed at the University of Illinois on the removal of iron from groundwater, ferrous iron was determined with bathophenanthroline after the sample was buffered to a pH of 4 with sodium acetate‐acetic acid. The ferrous‐bathophenanthroline complex was then extracted with isoamyl alcohol.
Western States Water Council
Authors: Hiatt Wright
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Western States Water Council, formed in 1965 is to develop effective cooperation among western states in planning for programs leading to integrated development by state, federal, and other agencies of their water resources. The article discusses the function of the Council, along with organization of the council, working committees, federal‐state relationships, council accomplishments, and future opportunities.
Design of Mixing and Flocculating Basins
Authors: Hudson H. E. , Wolfner J. P.
Published: February 2018

Effective mixing and flocculation is of critical importance for the efficient functioning of sedimentation basins and filters. This article describes and evaluates certain factors that are involved in the design and operation of pretreatment, and illustrates the effects of these factors on filtered‐water quality, using data assembled by field testing and compiled from operating records of nine water clarification plants.
Studies on the Removal of Actinomycete Musty Tastes and Odors in Water Supplies
Authors: Dougherty J. D. , Morris R. L.
Published: February 2018

The report attempts to correlate the effects of two well known oxidants with active carbon in treating a pure actinomycete musty compound (mucidone) in aqueous solutions. The effects of coagulation with alum and polynuclear electrolytes are also discussed. The results of this study demonstrate that while active carbon is successful in removing greater than 90 per cent of mucidone, other common treatment methods do not significantly lower the odor potential when using practical plant processes.
The Case for Meter Replacement Programs
Authors: Sisco Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article begins with a discussion of the primary causes of water meter inaccuracy. The article discusses factors to be considered when establishing a meter maintenance program, including a method for determining when a meter needs to be replaced.
Standby Power for Pumping Stations
Authors: Alexander G. A. , Marshall W. I.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses alternatives for increasing the reliability of the power supply feeding the pumping stations in an emergency power outage, and to provide a means of running some pumps in case of a major power failure. Continuity of water supply during power interruptions can be obtained from gravity storage, use of multiple power lines, or independent engine‐driven generators or pumps. Pumping station design should include standby power requirements from the outset. The standby plant should not be tacked on as an afterthought.