bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteohistological variations in the Antarctic penguin Pygoscelis adeliae (Aves, Sphenisciformes)
Authors: Garat Luis Marcial , Talevi Marianella , Hospitaleche Carolina Acosta
Published: February 2023

To analyze the osteohistological variations between adult individuals of Pygoscelis adeliae, histological sections of the mid-level of the shaft of different bones (humerus, radius, ulna, carpometacarpus, femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus and ribs) of a female and a male, were compared. The results indicate that, at the microanatomical level, the sections present a compact tissue with a reduced (or null) medullary cavity and a high bone density resulting from the internal compaction of the tissues. At the histological level, three tissue regions, defined by their bone matrix, level of organization of the vascular channels, and the degree of compaction, can be identified. However, sexual differences and variations in the microstructure and histology along the skeleton were found in the penguin Pygoscelis adeliae. A medullary cavity defined by an inner circumferential system appears in the male, whereas in the female, a remaining medullary cavity without the development of an inner circumferential layer, a lower degree of bone compaction, the presence of medullary tissue, and intertrabecular spaces, was observed. These results are consistent with reports of medullary bone in females from other groups of birds and provided an assistant criterion for the differentiation of sexes.
Post Hysterectomy Case of Borderline Ovarian Mucinous Tumour
Authors: Mishra Setuma , Kaur Parneet , Aggarwal Sangeeta , Garg Monika
Published: February 2023

Borderline ovarian tumors, also described as atypical proliferative tumors, were earlier called as tumors of low malignant potential. Borderline tumors differ from epithelial ovarian cancers by their low incidence, low association with mutations in BRCA genes, high survival rate. Mucinous borderline tumors have rare incidence with different clinical manifestations, abdominal mass and compressive symptoms being most common.
We report a case of 38-year-old post hysterectomy female with large ovarian borderline mucinous tumor with vague symptoms. Patient was investigated and underwent exploratory laparotomy where a large solid – cystic mass with solid component originating from right adnexa was removed. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Histology report showed atypical proliferative borderline mucinous tumor of right ovary.
Our case report is paradigmatic for how borderline tumor developed in a post-hysterectomy patient.
Association between exposure to specific PM 2.5 constituents and environment, lifestyle, and clinical parameters in patients with COPD
Authors: Kang Jieun , Kim Hajeong , Jung Ji Ye , Huh Jin-Young , Ji Hyun Woo , Kim Hwan-Cheol , Lee Sei Won , Kim Hwan Cheol
Published: February 2023

Background: Particulate matter of less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) is associated with various adverse health outcomes. Limited evidence exists however regarding the effects of the individual constituents of indoor PM2.5 and whether their concentrations are affected by the environment or lifestyle. We here investigated the associations between these individual constituents and respiratory outcomes, the living environment, and daily life behaviors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Methods: This was a prospective panel study involving COPD patients recruited from three hospitals in the Republic of Korea. Detailed questionnaires on living environments and lifestyle practices were completed by the participants. Associations between indoor PM2.5 constituents and respiratory outcomes, living environments, and daily life behaviors were then analyzed. Correlation analyses were conducted using a Spearman’s rank-order or Pearson’s correlation.
Results: A total of 89 stable COPD cases were included. Their mean age was 68.1 years and 84 (94.4%) were men. The median indoor PM2.5 concentration was 11.3 μg/m3. Titanium was significantly associated with small airway resistance. Higher concentrations of aluminum, bromine, and silicone correlated with more frequent exacerbations. Regarding the living environment, the copper concentrations were negatively correlated with the distance from a road and with the floor level of residence. A higher manganese concentration was associated with greater traffic volume. An increased ventilation time was associated with lower concentrations of copper and silicone, whereas the air purifier operation time on a day with a heavy dust level was negatively correlated with barium and titanium concentrations. Iron and manganese were negatively correlated with a frequency of cleaning the kitchen ventilator.
Conclusion: PM2.5 comprises various chemical constituents, each showing different relationships with clinical parameters in patients with COPD. Such constituents may be affected by environmental factors or lifestyles and should be considered as part of individualized intervention strategies through further studies.
Synthesis and Study of Anti Fungal Activity of 1,4-benzothiazines Derivatives
Authors: Jain Kumar Gaurav
Published: February 2023

Imines forms an important class of heterocyclic compounds such as1,4-Benzothiazine and its derivatives which shows wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal etc. Therefore, some new benzothiazine derivatives were synthesized by using benzanilide and substituted benzanilides with sulphene, generated in situ from methane sulphonyl chloride and triethylaminehydroxylchloride, as a starting material. The synthesized 1,4-benzothiazines (Ia -Va) were tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against Alternaria alternate, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporum and Myrothecium roridum by employing the standard technique of spore germination inhibition at various concertation’s. Some of the compounds have shown promising antifungal activity against test fungi.
Stream Habitats and Aquatic Communities in an Agricultural Watershed: Responses to a Mandatory Riparian Buffer Law
Authors: Mundahl Neal D. , Varela Will L. , Weaver Cole , Mundahl Erik D. , Cochran-Biederman Jennifer L.
Published: February 2023

Riparian buffers along streams can intercept eroding soils, contaminants, and nutrients, improving stream habitats and increasing the health of aquatic communities. Instream and riparian habitats and fish and benthic invertebrate communities were surveyed in a Minnesota stream draining an agricultural watershed before and after implementation of a state-mandated buffer law passed in 2014 and aimed at protecting water quality. Intensive habitat assessments, electrofishing, and benthic invertebrate sampling were used at the same 13 sites in 2005 and 2018. Average buffer width nearly doubled between surveys, and instream abundance of fine sediments and embeddedness of coarse substrates by fine sediments both declined significantly within 1 to 3 years of buffer establishment. Stream sites also were significantly deeper with faster current velocities, and sites had increased riffle habitat and increased instream vegetative cover for fish after buffer mandates. However, fish and invertebrate biotic integrity scores, and other biotic community metrics, did not display significant improvements after buffer establishment. Stream habitats appear to respond quickly when intact and continuous riparian buffers insulate streams from surrounding agricultural activities, but improvements in biotic communities likely will require more time to adapt to changed habitat conditions.
PL02® alleviates joint Pain and Inflammation, and subchondral bone deterioration in the Monosodium iodoacetate-induced Osteoarthritis rat model
Authors: Upadhyay Prabhat , Kalra Diya , Nilakhe Aishwarya Shrikant , Aggrawal Vijay , Gupta Sarika
Published: February 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the fourth most debilitating multifactorial disease, associated with personal and socioeconomic burdens worldwide. Currently, no safe therapy is available that can effectively prevent the deterioration of cartilage and subchondral bone or reverse existing defects. To address this, we have designed a multitargeted formulation, PL02, consisting of standardized extracts of the Rosa canina L, and Hippophae rhamnoides, along with collagen peptide, to explore the pharmacological efficacy in the Monosodium iodoacetate-induced (MIA) OA model in the rodents. The results show oral administration of PL02 exhibits antioxidant effects via down-regulating NOS, alleviated pain-related behavior, and reduced inflammation via inhibiting IL-1b and dependent TNF-a production, downregulating CGRP1 and COX-II. PL02 exerted anti-catabolic and chondroprotective activity by significantly downregulating MMP13 and upregulating BCL2. PL02 exhibited chondrogenic activity by significantly upregulating SOX-9(master regulator of chondrogenesis), Coll-I, and aggrecan, the major collagen and proteoglycan in the articular cartilage and prevented microarchitectural deterioration of subchondral bone. Thus, orally active PL02, a multi-targeted disease-modifying therapy that has not only alleviated pain and inflammation but also effectively arrested cartilage, and subchondral bone deterioration, constitutes a safe novel candidate for OA treatment and management.
Sympathetic modulation of hindlimb muscle contractility is altered in aged rats
Authors: Hotta Harumi , Iimura Kaori , Watanabe Nobuhiro , Suzuki Harue , Sugie Masamitsu , Shigemoto Kazuhiro
Published: February 2023

It has recently been demonstrated that reflex excitation of muscle sympathetic nerves triggered by muscle contraction contributes to the maintenance of tetanic force (TF) in rat hindlimb muscles. We hypothesized that this feedback mechanism between the contraction of hindlimb muscles and the lumbar sympathetic nerves declines during aging. In this study, we examined the contribution of sympathetic nerves on skeletal muscle contractility in young adult (4–9 months old, n = 11) and aged (32–36 months old, n = 11) male and female rats. The tibial nerve was electrically stimulated to measure the TF of the triceps surae muscles resulting from motor nerve activation before and after cutting or stimulating (at 5–20 Hz) the lumbar sympathetic trunk (LST). The TF amplitude decreased by cutting the LST in the young and aged groups; however, the magnitude of the decrease in TF following transection of the LST in the aged rats (6.2%) was significantly (P = 0.02) smaller compared with that in the young rats (12.9%). The TF amplitude was increased by LST stimulation at >5 Hz in the young and >10 Hz in the aged groups. The overall TF response to LST stimulation was not significantly different between the two groups; however, increases in muscle tonus resulting from LST stimulation, independent of motor nerve stimulation, was significantly (P = 0.03) greater in aged compared with young rats. The sympathetic contribution to support motor nerve-induced muscle contraction declined, whereas sympathetic-mediated muscle tonus, independent of motor nerve activity, was augmented in aged rats. These changes in sympathetic modulation of hindlimb muscle contractility may underlie the reduction of skeletal muscle strength during voluntary contraction and rigidity of motion during senescence.
Determination of Bemotrizinol degradation in different stress condition by high performance liquid chromatography in sunscreen preparations
Authors: Jana Kallol , Mahanti Beduin
Published: February 2023

Sunscreen preparations are use for protection of epidermis from ultraviolet rays of sunlight, which cause skin allergy, skin aging, skin burn and skin cancer. Bemotrizinol is added to the different sunscreen preparations for absorbing the harmful sun rays like UVB (290 nm-320nm) as well as UVA (320nm-400nm) rays. The stability of Bemotrizinol is very important in different stress condition to obtain the maximum skin protecting effect from sun rays. The stress condition like photolytic dry and wet exposure, thermal exposure, oxidation, acid hydrolysis and base hydrolysis of Bemotrizinol was study with photo diode array detector and a cost effective high performance liquid chromatographic method. The chromatographic condition like mobile phase methanol 100 percent, flow rate 2.5 ml per minutes, column octadecylsilane C-18 (30 x 0.39 cm, 10 micron) and detection was done at 254 nm. The photolytic and thermal stability of Bemotrizinol ware conformed by the dry, wet and thermal chromatogram compare with standard chromatogram, where no such degradation peak was found. Oxidative, acid and base decomposition ware found by gating the degradation peak in the chromatogram compare with standard chromatogram. The developed analytical method of Bemotrizinol obeys linearity 70 – 130 microgram per ml with correlation coefficient 0.996 and statistically validated for accuracy. The excellent recovery was 100.01% to 105.04% and RSD of precision was 0.9576%. The simple economic specific linear method is use to determine the Bemotrizinol as well as identify the degradation of the sunscreen preparations.
Investigation of Stresses Occurring in Rotating Cylinders
Authors: KAYIRAN Hüseyin Fırat , KORKMAZ Abdul Vahap
Published: February 2023

This study investigated elastic stress distribution in rotating cylinders made of Titanium and Bronze material analytically. Von Mises yield criterion is considered in the plane strain reference interval. Elastic ranges were determined analytically. As a result, the obtained findings were shared with the literature in graphics. At the end of the study, it was determined that the stresses occurring in the titanium material cylinder were higher than the bronze disc, and the pressures were inversely proportional to the increase in the grading parameter in the cylinders.
Maladaptation and moving from coastal hazards: A global comparison of retreat and relocation strategies
Authors: O'Neill Karen , Fenyk Heather , Caplan Shannon
Published: February 2023

Because climate change is advancing quickly, existing institutions are pressed to change their aims and to take up adaptation efforts. This study analyzes the strategies institutions are using to retreat and relocate people and activities from coastal hazards. A basic principle in adaptation and sustainability is to avoid displacing harms over time and space. This is difficult for an institution built to sustain intensive uses of the coast or to work within the borders of a municipality or state. We collected coastal projects around the world and analyzed how their moving strategies were structured to manage conditions over time and space. Two problems with institutions stood out. First, sponsoring institutions provided funding or organizing support for some sites, but many of their largest projects were emergency retreats done only after people suffered disasters. Second, most institutions sponsored retreat-only projects that left individuals, households, and small enterprises to handle relocation on their own. The lack of support for moving across space also applies to people who organized their own retreats and relocations. In sorting moving strategies by type, we found three strategic purposes: to avoid harming the site after retreat, to avoid harming people who retreat, or to avoid harming the relocation sites (including harms to people already living or working there, harms to people who relocate there, and harms to a site’s environment). Moving strategies were structured to meet one or two of these strategic purposes, but none attempted all three. Moving may seem the safest approach for adapting to coastal hazards. But organizers should acknowledge whether a moving project will manage adaptation over time and across space and name the tasks they won’t manage.
STRATEGIC EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS: A SURVEY
Authors: Kolosok Svitlana , Vakulenko Ihor
Published: February 2023

Because of the difficult situation in the world energy market, in particular, in Europe, and the need to respond to global challenges in terms of increasing the energy security of individual countries and their associations by reducing dependence on the import of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil and petroleum products, stone coal, etc.) and the development of renewable energy to level the difference in the natural resource potential of traditional energy resources, it is necessary to develop the energy system based on the principles of energy self-sufficiency and high energy transitivity to quickly respond to fluctuations in demand and balance the energy network.
The article examines existing cooperation mechanisms in the energy sector of the European Union, both between EU member states and between EU representatives and third countries. The specified procedure for concluding international agreements ensures compliance with the legislation of the European Union and verification of agreements between countries for compliance with the goals of energy policy and promotion of the achievement of indicators, particularly in the field of renewable energy development. This approach ensures integrity and consistency in the implementation of both energy and climate policies of the European Union. It contributes to the implementation of pan-European and national strategic plans.
In connection with the need for temporary measures for the transformation of the EU energy system and following the most expected scenario of such a transformation, which involves two stages: diversification of the supply of fossil fuels to EU countries to replace Russian energy resources in the short term and intensification of the development of renewable energy to replace fossil fuels with renewable in the medium and long time, a list of countries with which cooperation in the implementation of energy projects will help reduce the dependence of the European Union on the import of energy resources from the Russian Federation in the short term has been determined. The transparency platform for cross-border renewable energy projects (CB RES Transparency Platform) described in the article aims to increase the efficiency of international partners' interaction during the implementation of clean energy projects in the European Union.
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY DE-SHADOWING TOOLS
Authors: Sulym Victoria , Samodai Kateryna
Published: February 2023

The article deals with the essence of the national economy de-shadowing concept, as well as foreign experience in combating the shadow sector. In particular, the methods of counteracting the shadowing of the national economy in such countries as the USA, Great Britain, France, Poland, Germany, Austria, etc. are summarized. Among the most common and effective tools of de-shadowing of the economy in the studied countries, the following are identified: property liability for committing an economic crime, prohibition of economic activity for persons or business entities that have violated tax legislation or carried out export-import operations with companies located in offshore zones. The administrative and organizational structural stages of the national economy de-shadowing state policy have been developed, which include the collection of statistical information about the level of the economy de-shadowing, analysis of existing methods of combating it and determining its level, as well as factors of influence, consequences of existence and losses from the de-shadowing of the national economy. The final structural stages are the state policy of combating the shadow economy foundations formation and the practical implementation of the planned measures. The necessity of not only finding new tools for combating the shadow economy, but also the implementation of measures tested by world experience has been determined. The formation of an effective system of tools to combat shadow activities, comprehensive monitoring of combating tax evasion and obtaining illegal profits, creation of favorable conditions for entrepreneurial activity, and others are identified as promising vectors in the state policy of de-shadowing of the national economy. The study analyzed the preparatory stages of the national economy de-shadowing state policy, the need for regular collection of information to determine the economic factors of the dynamics of changes in the share of the shadow sector in the national economy, as well as the determination of the economic, social and environmental consequences of the de-shadowing of the national economy for the further formation of effective and comprehensive methods and tools of economy de-shadowing.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPORTS INDUSTRY: MARKETING ASPECTS
Authors: Minchenko Mariia , Boyko Anton , Dotsenko Anastasiia , Minchenko Maksym
Published: February 2023

The paper provides theoretical analysis of the definitions of the concept of sports marketing and determines the historical features of the formation of the basic categorical apparatus by various scientific schools. The existing marketing models in the sports industry are characterized. The need to develop a comprehensive model of marketing in the sports industry, which considers all its subject-object relations, taking into account the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, is substantiated. The formation of basic groups of subjects that are directly or indirectly related to the development of the sports industry is substantiated. The objects that influence the development of the sports industry are identified: personal and team results in specific sports competitions, athletes, sports events, infrastructure, coaching, e-sports industry and accompanying goods and services. A range of specific determinants (economic, political, demographic, social) that directly or indirectly influence the development of the sports industry in Ukraine are outlined. The author's vision of the use of marketing tools depending on the demand that is present in the market of the sports industry is suggested.
Neoagaro-oligosaccharides Improve the Postharvest Flower Quality and Vase Life of Cut Rose ‘Gaoyuanhong’
Authors: Wan Yanling , Wen Chao , Gong Linfeng , Zeng Hanting , Wang Chengpeng
Published: February 2023

Rose is among the most important cut flower crops worldwide. The vase life is an important indicator of cut rose quality. The composition of the vase solution directly affects vase life. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) are degraded seaweed-derived polysaccharides that constitute a group of compounds with small molecular weight and good water solubility. Oligosaccharide treatment can extend the postharvest longevity of certain types of cut flowers; however, little information is available on the utility of NAOS for preservation of cut rose flowers. To explore the effects of NAOS on the longevity and quality of cut flowers of rose ‘Gaoyuanhong’, 100 mg·L−1 NAOS alone and in combination with 10 g·L−1 sucrose were incorporated in the vase solution. Distilled water was used as the control. Physiological indicators, comprising maximum flower diameter, fresh weight, water balance, vase life, bacteria number in the vase solution, and hormone contents of the outer petals, were determined in fresh cut flowers and analyzed. Compared with the control, 100 mg·L−1 NAOS treatment increased the maximum flower diameter (mean 8.21 cm), induced the maximum rates of change in flower diameter and cut flower fresh weight, maintained the best water balance, significantly extended the vase life to 16 days, and reduced the number of bacteria in the vase solution. The abscisic acid content of the outer petals in the control and 100 mg·L−1 NAOS treatments were significantly lower than that of the other treatments on day 9. The results showed that NAOS is useful to improve the postharvest quality and extend the vase life of cut rose flowers, and might contribute to the development of novel alternative preservatives for the cut rose industry.
Selected Biochemical Parameters for Estimation of Energy Metabolism in Dual Purpose Cows
Authors: Bouda Jan , Candanosa-de Morales Eugenia , Quiroz-Rocha Gerardo F. , Paasch-Martínez Leopoldo
Published: February 2023

It is important to measure selected biochemical parameters in the body fluids to estimate the energy status and relate it with metabolic disorders, milk production and infertility. In 10 cows (F1 Holstein x Cebu) on grazing conditions with mineral and molasses supplementation, samplings were done during the following periods: 2-3 weeks prepartum, 3 weeks, 2, 3, 4 and 7 months postpartum. In each period physical examinations of animals, milk yield and body condition were registered.
Prebreeding Immunization of Beef Cows
Authors: Kaeberle Merlin , Maxwell Dennis , Sealock Ronald
Published: February 2023

A number of infectious agents are potential threats to the fetus of a pregnant cow with resultant abortion. These agents include Leptospira sp., Campylobacter fetus and agents such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) viruses. Maintenance in the cow of a high level of immunity to these agents during pregnancy can insure protection of the fetus. In particular, vaccines against BVD and IBR viruses can establish protective immunity throughout gestation.
Use of Live Animal Carcass Ultrasound and Relevance to Veterinary Practice
Authors: Pence Mel
Published: February 2023

This presentation will explain the use of live animal beef carcass ultrasound and to demonstrate alternative uses of ultrasound in a clinical veterinary practice.
Prevalence and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Dargatz David A. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Peterson Kenneth E. , Hollinger Kathy , Wineland Nora E. , Tollefson Linda , Ferris Kathy
Published: February 2023

Concerns about antimicrobial resistance have grown in recent years, becoming a truly global issue today. In addition, the antimicrobial issue is not limited to either the agricultural or human health care arenas. The World Health Organization has seated several consultancy groups to discuss the implications of antimicrobial use and resistance development. The National Academy of Sciences also has taken up the issue of antimicrobial use and resistance. Numerous other groups have held public and private meetings to discuss various aspects of antimicrobial resistance. Though there is little consensus regarding the roles of various antimicrobial use practices in the development of resistance that can impact public health, there is widespread recognition that the issue merits further study. There is a sense of urgency in our need for more data and information.
Management Alternatives in Mastitis Control and Eradication Programs
Authors: Sears Phillip M.
Published: February 2023

Herd management programs that are successful in eliminating contagious mastitis include dry cow therapy, segregation and selective culling. When infections involve Streptococcus agalactiae, lactation therapy is still successful although there has been an increase in the number of Strep ag isolates resistant to penicillin and other beta-lactum antibiotics. The major difficulties occur when Staphylococcus aureus is isolated as the primary pathogen in the herd. The primary source of these infections are infected glands and unless these reservoirs are eliminated, new infections will continue to occur. Uninfected cows are mainly exposed during milking but dry cows and prepartum heifers are still at risk when contagious pathogens are present in the lactating herd. Although the method of spread is unknown in nonlactating animals, heifers can become infected before calving with the same strains of organisms as found in the lactating cows.1 Once Staph aureus infections are eliminated from the lactating animals, the number of infected heifers at calving decreases and often disappears. This is most apparent in herds where Staph aureus has been rapidly eliminated from lactating cows where there is a concurrent rapid decrease in new infections in the heifers at calving. The links speculated as the sources of exposure include insect vectors,2 but the reservoir appears to be the adult lactating animal.1 Because of the spread to young uninfected animals as well as other cows, there is an incentive to try to eliminate these infections from lactating cows. Segregation is an important tool in reducing the risk of exposure at milking, but it does not address other sources of spread. However, many farms cannot create an additional group to segregate infected cows because the group is not the correct size or does not fit well with feeding groups. Likewise, most producers are unwilling to cull infected animals that are producing well and find that the poor response to antibiotic therapy in both lactating and dry cows is frustrating when trying to eliminate Staph aureus from their herds. Since Staph aureus infection can occur anytime during lactation, the longer the lactation and the older the animals, the greater the risk of becoming infected. Thus, herds that have younger cows and a high turnover rate often have a lower prevalence of Staph aureus infected cows, while well established herds with good longevity have greater exposure and accumulate more infections. It is these herds that are trying to retain cows and reach mature production that are often fighting problems with staphylococcal infections. However, no herd is exempt from Staph aureus, even with high turnover, especially if they are purchasing animals.
Introduction of the Issues Related to Antimicrobial Resistance in Beef Production
Authors: Jim G. Kee , Guichon P. Timothy , Schunicht Oliver C. , Wildman Brian K. , Booker Calvin W.
Published: February 2023

In beef feedlot production, antimicrobials are used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and production enhancement purposes. Recently, there has been increasing public concern about the use of antimicrobials in livestock production because this practice may contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that could directly or indirectly cause bacterial resistance in human pathogens. There is limited scientific data to show that the use of antimicrobials in beef feedlot production is responsible for the emergence of resistant bacteria in human populations
Monitoring for Infectious Disease in Cattle Operations
Authors: Morely Paul S.
Published: February 2023

Infectious diseases are among the most important problems in all types of livestock production. Costs can be tremendous to a single operation for diagnosing and treating sick animals, or associated with death losses. However, these probably are far outweighed by such hidden costs as associated with decreased production efficiency or lost production opportunities. Less-immediate losses that also must be considered include those linked to the inability to market stock because of the potential spread of infection.
New Therapies for Calf Diarrhea
Authors: Hunt Elaine , Argenzio Robert , Blikslager Anthony
Published: February 2023

As we look to the turn of the century, many new theories and technologies are evolving to help us succeed in decreasing the onset of diarrheal disease or diminishing its impact on the neonatal bovine. This discussion will focus on many of these disease agents. The bovine practitioner must realize that definitive work on applied use of many of these factors (e.g. "field studies") is not yet under way. Existing products of which the authors are aware will be mentioned, but should not be interpreted as an endorsement. They are mentioned to provoke thought and provide information about potontial future therapies that may be used to bring further success in therapy and prevention of diarrheal disease.

We would first like to discuss agents that alter the ability of enteropathogens to colonize the gut or adhere to the gut through interference of mucosal binding. The second part of this paper will discuss our greater comprehension of new elements of oral rehydration solution (ORS) therapy. We will describe our efforts to manipulate these solutions to enhance net absorption of water and increase the healing of the damaged intestinal villus.
Strategies to Increase Pregnancy Rates
Authors: Drost M. , Risco C. A. , Thatcher W. W.
Published: February 2023

To achieve a timely first-service conception rate, dairymen must have an efficient method of heat detection. It is difficult to precisely control time to first service based on spontaneous expression and detection of estrous behavior on a herd basis. The most efficient way to reduce days open would be to reduce the number of missed heats and increase the rate of submission of animals for insemination. Effective estrus synchronization is one approach of scheduling animals for insemination and to reduce days open.
Results of an Observational Study Describing the Relationship Between Milk Urea Concentrations and Feeding Management and Performance in Ontario Dairy Herds
Authors: Godden Sandra , Lissemore Kerry , Kelton David , Leslie Ken , Lumsden John , Walton John
Published: February 2023

A 13-month observational study of 60 Holstein herds in Ontario, Canada was performed to describe the relationship between milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentrations, as measured by routine DHI testing, and nutritional management in commercial dairy herds. A second objective was to determine if MUN concentrations, as measured by routine DHI testing, were associated with performance in commercial dairy herds. Measures of performance included reproductive performance, production, and efficiency (cost) of production.
Development of a Model for Use in Pharmaceutical Trials
Authors: Fajt Virginia R. , Apley Michael D. , Brogden Kim A. , Skogerboe Terry
Published: February 2023

The most common method for inducing pneumonicpasteurellosis in cattle for the study of therapeutic andimmunologic interventions is to instill fresh live culturesof Pasteurella haemolytica into the trachea, into mainstem bronchi, or into the thoracic cavity percutaneously(transthoracic). Evaluating therapeutic outcome may includecomparisons of clinical recovery, mortality, weightgain, or other response variables.

Our initial efforts to induce pneumonia in beef calves utilizing a model previously validated in neonatal dairy calves produced inconsistent results. In order to use the model in pharmacotherapeutic trials, disease must be reliably produced. We were interested in developing a model for induction of pneumonia in weaned beef calves (approximately 400 lbs.) so that differences in body temperature, lung consolidation and neutrophil function could be used to compare antimicrobial therapies.
Evaluating Salmonella Shedding in Backgrounded Calves Fed Broiler Litter
Authors: Capucille Dawn J. , Poore Matthew H. , Altier Craig , Rogers Glenn M.
Published: February 2023

The ability of ruminants to utilize nutrients presentin waste from other species provides an opportunity forefficient use of waste and a cost-effective source of cattlefeed.1 Processed broiler litter has been fed to beef cattlein the U.S. for several decades.2 Recently, however, concernshave been raised about litter as a potential sourceof pathogens, including Salmonella species, that may bespread from poultry to cattle and ultimately to consumers.3,4,5 This project was designed to determine whether feeding broiler litter increases the prevalence of Salmonella shedding in backgrounded beef calves.
Economic Decision Model to Optimize Culling Decisions for Beef Brood Cows at Weaning
Authors: Rohrbach Barton W. , Jalvingh Alien W. , Stokes Jeffrey R. , Dijkhuizen Aalt A.
Published: February 2023

Producers in the southeastern United States operate under a different set of environmental and management conditions than those in other U.S. regions. Differences include pasture quality, type, length of season and availability of feed supplements. Seasonal breeding and calving pattern, age at weaning and market prices also help define a unique pattern for beef production.
Economic Evaluation of Deworming Strategies for Cow-calf Herds
Authors: Stromberg B. E. , Skogerboe T. L. , Rew R. S.
Published: February 2023

Approximately 75% of beef cow-calf operations use anthelmintics as part of their preventive medicine program. Most of these operations use 1 dose of an anthelmintic sometime over the year-to-year production cycle. The majority of these doses are given to cows in the fall, targeting internal parasites, grubs and lice at a convenient time-weaning. One of the primary determinants of profitability in cow-calf operations is the weaning weight of calves, and that should be a major consideration for the use of an anthelmintic.
Managing Acidosis in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Milton Todd
Published: February 2023

The cattle feeding business in the United States has evolved to an intensively managed system using grains as the primary source of energy. Grain feeding is common throughout the cattle feeding regions of the United States because the cost per unit of energy is often cheaper with grain compared with other feedstuffs available for beef cattle. In addition, grains are easier to store, handle, process, mix and deliver in rations compared with bulky, lower energy forage type feedstuffs. Consumers also prefer the taste and flavor of grain-fed beef compared with other alternatives.

Acidosis is one of the most important nutritional disorders in feedlot cattle today and is caused by a rapid production and absorption of organic acids and endotoxins from the rumen when cattle over consume grain (starch) or sugar in a short period of time. Acidosis is an array of stresses and is not confined to a single symptom such as ruminal pH. The previous definition is a collective term for several associated facets and includes the effects of organic acid production, ruminal pH, salivary flow, rate of passage, starch fermentation, feed intake and others. Ruminal acidosis often leads to metabolic acidosis in feedlot cattle. Acidosis is difficult to measure and diagnose in feedlot cattle. Even in metabolism studies designed to measure the effects of acidosis, it is difficult to research because as ruminal pH declines, cattle adjust by decreasing feed intake and altering their consumption patterns to help diminish the deleterious effects of acidosis.

Acidosis is not one disorder, but a continuum of degrees. Effects of acidosis can be slight as a .25 lb/ day decrease in feed intake, or as severe as the death of an animal. Brent2 attributed founder, polioencephalomalcia (PEM) and ruminitis to acidosis in feedlot cattle. Sudden death syndrome, reduced feed intake, reduced absorption, liver abscesses, grain bloat and clostridial infections have been added to the list of acidosis related problems. Acidosis is not the only nutritional disorder that can occur in beef cattle fed high-grain diets, but may be a contributing factor to many of the diagnosed nutritional disorders that are currently observed in feedlot cattle. Many of the management recommendations that feedlot nutritionists make on a daily basis are to reduce the incidence and severity of acidosis. Because acidosis is not simply one disorder we generally separate acidosis into acute or subacute situations. The actual ruminal pH where subacute acidosis becomes acute is difficult to define and probably not very important. Additionally, the actual ruminal pH where an individual animal experiences subacute acidosis may be equally less important because of animal-to-animal variation.
Gastrointestinal Acidosis and Its Effect on Escherichia coli in Cattle
Authors: Russell James B. , Jarvis Graeme N.
Published: February 2023

Escherichia coli is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of warm blooded animals, and most E. coli strains are harmless. However, gram-negative bacteria can release lipopolysaccharide complexes from their cell walls (including lipid A) when they lyse.14 These endotoxins can cause fever, and even death, but only if the bacterium migrates from the gut to the blood. Some strains of E. coli produce an enterotoxin that resembles cholera toxin, and this protein causes acute diarrhea even if the bacterium never crosses the intestinal epithelium.17

In 1982, an E. coli strain designated as O157:H7 was isolated from the bloody feces of people that had consumed contaminated hamburgers, and these strains produced toxins that could diffuse into intestinal cells.14,20 Genetic analyses of E. coli O157:H7 indicated that it carried two toxin genes that were homologous to the ones borne by Shigella.17 E.coli O157:H7 has a powerful hemolysin and an intestinal adherence factor known as Intimin.17 Humans that are infected with E. coli O157:H7 become acutely ill, but mature cattle are asymptomatic carriers.1,9

Ground beef has been a common source of E. coli O157:H7 infection, but fruits and vegetables have also caused outbreaks and illness.1 Fruits and vegetables are often fertilized with cattle manure, and beef can be contaminated with fresh manure at slaughter. Cattle have been suspected as being a primary source of E. coli O157:H7.9 However, it should be noted that other animals and wildlife can carry this bacterium.1 Early work indicated that only small numbers of cattle carried E. coli O157:H7,9 but sensitive detection methods that used immunomagnetic beads indicate that as 30% to 50% of the cattle may be infected.15,16

Hancock and his colleagues examined the effect of diet on E. coli O 15 7 :H7, but detection methods were insensitive and dietary correlations were either weak or inconsistent.9,11 Recent work indicated that grain feeding, a practice common in the cattle industry, can alter the physiology and survival of E.coli, but a brief period of hay feeding was able to counteract this potentially dangerous effect.
Update on Dairy Products in Human Nutrition
Authors: Orr Robin
Published: February 2023

This is an interactive session that discusses current status of dairy products in human nutrition, dairy products and chronic disease, future of dairy products in human nutrition.
Milk-flow Disorders
Authors: Querengässer Klaus , Geishauser Thomas
Published: February 2023

This study reviewed 133 cases of milk flow disordersin dairy cows that were diagnosed by using teatendoscopy (theloscopy).
Evaluation of the California Mastitis Test for Screening Dairy Cows for Intramammary Infection at Calving
Authors: Sargeant J. M. , Leslie K. E. , Shirley J. E. , Sheffel M. E. , Lim G. H. , Pulkrabek B. J.
Published: February 2023

Udder health management programs at dry-off and during the dry period are essential to control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cattle. Knowledge of the prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection status at calving, and the specific pathogens involved, allows producers to evaluate effectiveness of these udder health programs. However, milk sampling and culturing all cows at the time of calving can be expensive and time consuming, and has not been widely adopted by the industry. California mastitis test (CMT) has not been recommended for use in recently fresh cows. This study examined the use of the CMT for selecting quarters in fresh cows for further bacteriological examination to identify the presence of intramammary infection. Cut-points for defining a positive CMT test and length of time post-calving were evaluated.
Neospora caninum
Authors: Keefe Greg , VanLeeuwen John
Published: February 2023

Neospora caninum, a protozoal parasite, is a common cause of abortion in dairy cattle in North America. Cows that become infected with Neospora appear to remain infected for life. Infection is acquired through vertical transmission (dam to offspring in utero) or horizontal transmission and leads to endemic abortion, with occasional herds reporting abortion storms or outbreaks.2 In addition to the reproductive consequences of infection, in one study of a single large herd, seropositive primiparous animals produced 3.6 lbs less fat-corrected milk than did their seronegative primiparous herd mates.3 The objective of this study was to examined the effect of serologic status for Neospora on production in a large random sample of cattle in eastern Canada.
Pen-level prevalence and Environmental Risk Factors for Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Fecal Shedding by Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Smith D. R. , Younts S. M. , Blackford M. P. , Gray J. T. , Moxley R. A. , Hungerford L. L. , Milton C. T. , Klopfenstein T. J.
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to describe feedlot pens by the point-prevalence of cattle shedding Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces, and to look for relationships between pen prevalence and other characteristics of the pen.
Salmonella Elimination from Recycled Poultry Bedding after Stacking
Authors: Capucille Dawn J. , Rogers Glenn M. , Altier Craig , Poore Matthew H.
Published: February 2023

Recycled poultry bedding (RPB), also referred to as poultry litter, has long been used as a protein and mineral supplement for cattle. This product consists of the bedding material used in the poultry house, as well as feed, feathers and excreta. Concerns regarding the feeding of this product have been raised because of the perceived risks of transmitting potentially pathogenic enteric organisms to cattle and consumers. The primary objective of this study was to assess the survival of Salmonella in various areas of RPB stacked to a recommended height of 6-8 ft (deep) or stacked to height of 3 ft (shallow).
Reproductive Benefits Associated with the use of ECP in Postpartum Dairy Cattle
Authors: Wagner Denae , Sischo William , Bondurant Robert
Published: February 2023

Use of estradiol cypionate (ECP) in postpartum dairy cattle currently receives much attention. The majority of ECP use is occurring in fresh cows either as an attempt to prevent uterine infection or as a part of a regime to treat cows with metritis or endometritis. Clinical data supporting the use of ECP in fresh cows has not been published. The object of this trial was to assess the reproductive benefits of using ECP in early postpartum dairy cows.
Is Monitoring for Subclinical Ketosis in Dairy Herds Cost Effective?
Authors: Geishauser Thomas , Leslie Ken , Kelton Dave , Duffield Todd
Published: February 2023

The objective of this study was to estimate the profitability of a monitoring program for subclinical ketosis in dairy herds. Ketosis causes economic losses due to decreased milk production, impaired fertility and increased risk of displaced abomasum. On a herd basis, subclinical ketosis is substantially more costly than clinical ketosis: the estimated average subclinical ketosis risk accounts for $31 per cow, per lactation (lactational incidence risk of 40% x $ 78 per case), whereas the clinical ketosis risk accounts for approximately $7 (lactational incidence risk of 5% x $ 145 per case). Therefore, more can be gained by monitoring cows for subclinical ketosis in addition to clinical ketosis.
Corticosteroid Treatment of Healthy Early-lactation Dairy Cows
Authors: Guard Charles , Nydam Daryl , Belschner Austin , Saltman Roger , Beachneau Bruce
Published: February 2023

Effects of isoflupredone acetate and dexamethasone were studied in 68 healthy Holstein dairy cows. Cows in a single herd were screened for health status on day 4 or 5 after calving, then randomly assigned to receive 1)20 mg isoflupredone acetate on day 0: 2) 20 mg isoflupredone acetate on day 0 and day 1: 3) 20 mg dexamethasone on day 0: or 4)10 cc normal saline on day 0.
Evaluation of Nitric Oxide Production by Bovine Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Mason G. L. , Bochsler P. N.
Published: February 2023

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and production of nitric oxide (NO·) is a key defensive response of rodent macrophages against taxonomically diverse infectious agents in vitro and in vivo.1,4 Bovine alveolar macrophages (bAM) express iNOS in response to stimuli known to be present in pneumonic lung, but the role of NO· production in infectious pneumonia of cattle remains unknown.2,3,4 This work was designed to: i) evaluate the microbicidal activity of NO· against P. haemolytica Al, ii) determine if virus infection of bAM alters subsequent NO· production, and iii) determine if activation of bAM for NO· production alters macrophage permissiveness for subsequent viral infection.