bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fairies at the bottom of the garden
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

I spent a weekend in Ireland recently. Mixing business with pleasure, I left a hard‐headed adult education conference in down‐to‐earth Belfast for a day in dreamy and desolate Donegal. After driving through some of the most beautiful scenery in Europe on some of its worst roads, I sat relaxing over a pint of Guinness and let myself succumb to the delusion of all city‐dwellers — that in such remote and backward areas was to be found the idyllic life, free from worry and tension. But the conversation at the bar soon brought me back to an odd kind of reality. For the landlady and a few of her regular customers were far from worry‐free. They were deeply concerned about the dangers which could arise from the activities of the notorious if mostly unseen denizens of those parts — not the IRA, but the fairies.
Play school for professionals
Authors: Jaffa George
Published: February 2008

Early autumn 1978 saw a dramatic new idea hit the universe — well perhaps not all that new or dramatic, and only the world of the chartered surveyor. But in effect a Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors' educational policy committee came up with the unaccountably undigested recommendation that all members should undergo 20 hours of structured learning each year, starting in 1980. In the meantime dust has presumably settled, and as far as I am aware the suggestion is still being discreetly nibbled by the surveying establishment. If the Institution adopts the idea, its ramifications may well spread to other spheres of education and training and leave in its wake a wave of unacceptable problems. On the other hand, of course, the principle could have a practical answer to some problems outside the professions.
How to deal with a boss who wastes your time
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Writers on time management rarely focus on the impact of the organisation's philosophy, structure and methods of the effective management of time. Further, much of the material views the process from the top down. Yet for the great mass of people attention should be focused on how to deal with a boss who wastes your time.
Technical education reaches the peak in Hong Kong
Authors: Bruce Phillip
Published: February 2008

The small but strategic territory of Hong Kong has completed a decade of explosive growth in technical education, and further expansion is planned throughout the eighties. At the start of the last decade the territory had only one technical institute. Now it has five — together with a Polytechnic. Dan Waters, Assistant Director of Education of the Hong Kong Government and the man responsible for technical education, claims:
Improving the selection interview
Authors: Holdsworth Ruth
Published: February 2008

Whether interviewers are selecting students for courses, or applicants for jobs, they are likely to find themselves in the paradoxical situation of being fairly confident in a judgement which most research suggests is likely to have little predictive validity. The interview stands firm as the most frequently used selection technique, in spite of the avalanche of research evidence which threatens its existence. Ever since a Mr. Scott working on salesman selection in 1915 found that none of his interviewees agreed with each other about the relative merits of the applicants, the interview has been shown wanting in most respects as a means of assessing people. However if we can't beat it perhaps we had better join it; but let's join it armed with as much research evidence as we have available, so as to ensure that it's used as well as possible.
Behavioural modelling — training by demonstration
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

If a picture is worth a thousand words, a demonstration by a model is probably worth several thousand. For example, take the man who visits a Chinese restaurant and is unable to use chop sticks. He tries to learn on a trial‐and‐error basis but, after dropping food all over the table, asks for a fork and spoon. Yet if the same man was accompanied by a Chinese friend, who effectively demonstrated the use of chop sticks, he may use them with some degree of success.
Designing courses for horses in the student stakes
Authors: Butcher Ian
Published: February 2008

If you are not a teacher who likes to run through a course‐book like a railway timetable, generating about the same amount of interest from your students, and if you don't have to follow a pre‐set, hide‐bound examination syllabus, then you will probably want your students to get the maximum amount of benefit in the minimum amount of time. This is particularly important on short intensive courses. This can be done by finding out exactly what the students need and designing your course around those needs.
Employee Involvement — Ford style
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

In the space of less than two years 351,400 auto workers have been laid of by the American car manufacturers. Motor vehicle capacity utilization has plummeted because of competition from imported Japanese cars, while profitability of the industry has swung heavily into the red with record losses being recorded.
BEC goes for the mature student
Authors: Sellars John , Alderson Mary
Published: February 2008

In the wake of the successful establishment of the Certificate in Management Studies (CMS) course, the Business Education Council has developed further post‐experience awards to meet the challenge of an accelerating rate of change in employment patterns, the working environment, and business practices and procedures. The two priority areas for the development of post‐experience provision were training for accounting technicians and for people in overseas trade. The first BEC Certificate for Accounting Technicians (CAT) courses started in January 1981, sponsored by TOPS, and the main launch is due to take place in colleges in September this year at the same time as the introduction of the Certificate in Overseas Trade (COT).
Professional training in the careers service
Authors: Bell Lesley
Published: February 2008

Professional training within the careers service has, in the past, followed a broadly similar pattern to the training undertaken by many other professions: a full‐time academic course completed at an educational establishment, entry to which requires a degree or equivalent, followed by a year of probationary training. While there is no mandatory qualification for careers officers, nearly 80 per cent of them do hold the Diploma in Careers Guidance or its equivalent. This qualification is awarded by the Local Government Training Board (LGTB) on behalf of its Careers Service Training Council (CSTC). Members of the CSTC represent the careers service itself, and local and central government.
Developmental training — looking ahead in a changing world
Authors: Markwell Don
Published: February 2008

The subject of Management Development alone must be thought of as a misnomer in contemporary industrial society. Certainly for the future Human Resource Development probably better describes what the business must be about than simply Management Development. Having said that, however, there is an element of uniqueness attached to management development in the future, which separates it from its current activities of developing its human resources in order to make the maximum use of their contribution and capacity. It is this unique element for which there is a special need: that of developing in some people — call them success‐orientated managers — the finest qualities of leadership relevant to the work environment. This will bring real achievement to organisations, and reverse the trend away from the bureaucratic, self‐perpetuating and self‐protecting managers we know so well today.
No lack of endeavour
Authors: Cranfield Ingrid
Published: February 2008

A manager with between two and five years experience is accustomed to working with others, to solving problems, to making decisions, to coping with frustrations, to acquiring learning, to working long hours. But consider the implications of adding a new ingredient to each of these components of the job. Suppose that the other people with whom he works are his professional equals. Suppose that the decisions may involve some degree of physical risk or hardship. Suppose that the frustrations are posed by the weather, the terrain and the unpredictability of men and nature; that the learning and the problem‐solving have to do with the assimilation and use of unfamiliar skills, logistics, safety, personal interdependence and morale; and that the long hours occupy virtually every waking moment.
Language training and business
Authors: Butcher Ian
Published: February 2008

In a world where an increasingly high proportion of business is conducted in English it is becoming extremely important for company personnel to be operational in that language. The training officers of companies are daily bombarded with glossy brochures and promises from teaching organisations and face a bewildering plethora of information. Ironically, whenever a firm is forced to tighten its budgetary belt, language training is often the first cut to be made. What options are open to training officers?
Self‐regulation in the private tuition sector — will it work?
Authors: Matthews Malcolm
Published: February 2008

Overseas students are frequently cheated by unethical colleges, and move around wasting time and money until they find the place that suits them — perhaps, as was pointed out recently in The Times Educational Supplement by the Principal of a leading business college in the private sector.
Punishment: its use and abuse
Authors: Jones Lyndon , Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Any action has its corresponding reaction. Likewise, any example of human behaviour has its ensuing consequences. In general, these consequences may be classified as either positive (rewarding) or negative (punishing). When the consequences are pleasing, the person is most likely to repeat the behaviour; but if the consequences are punishing, there is less likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated. In short, behaviour is a function of its consequences.
NELP is growing
Authors: Milner Colin
Published: February 2008

The Arthur Edwards Building was opened on the 30 October 1982 by the Rt. Hon. Harold Wilson, KG, OBE, FRS, MP in the presence of local and civic dignatories. The occasion was something of a reunion in that Gerry Fowler, Director of the Polytechnic, served as a Minister of State under Sir Harold; and the brother of Lady Mary Wilson was formerly on the staff of West Ham College, which was a constituent college of NELP.
Fringe benefits call for hairline decisions
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

It is astonishing that so many people do not know the gross amount of their income, let alone the amount spent on them by their employers for fringe benefits. Some fringe benefits are statutory — eg, employers have to pay National Insurance and allow so many weeks paid holiday each year; others are non‐statutory. These latter can cover a remarkable mix: eg, vacations, non‐contributory pensions, private health schemes, use of a car, tuition for study, “business” trips to exotic places, free or subsidised housing, marriage dowries, seats at the opera, use of a hunting lodge.
Action Learning at work and in school — Part 1
Authors: Revans Reg
Published: February 2008

In July 1957, I addressed the Institution of Production Engineers in their annual conference at Harrogate. The theme of the meeting as a whole was Automatic Production: Change and Control, a subject felt to be important for the future of Britain: the country once known as The Workshop of the World. Even in 1957 output per person employed was more than twice as high as that of Japan; but in the 26 years that have since passed, things have changed quite a lot. The particular aspect of productivity about which I was invited to talk was The Analysis of Industrial Behaviour, telling what people do at work. I was asked to develop this subject because I had spent many years in coalmines, factories and hospitals simply recording what those who worked in them seemed to be doing.
Action Learning at work and in school — Part 2
Authors: Revans Reg
Published: February 2008

Questioning the questioning: an alternative approach The example quoted was dramatic; the factory saved itself after a year of frantic self‐tormentings. But it would be too violent a model from which others, not yet on the very brink itself, could hope to learn a great deal before embarking upon a long‐term course of action learning to develop the constructive insight of those whom they employ. We must not forget that the main numerical conclusion reached in my 1957 paper was that the learning group must be small. How small is a matter of debate, and for different learning objectives no doubt different sizes will need to be discussed. But quite early on the question was asked: If five or six is the ideal size of the cooperating group, and yet we also want to understand more fully the nature of the learning such cooperation promotes, how can we simultaneously study both the operational or technical processes for which that group was originally formed and the autonomous learning exercises by which they set out to raise the level of their operational or technical performance? Bringing together active groups to criticise the methods of other active groups sends the numbers well above the five or six who seem to support and advise each other in so civilised a fashion — yet we so badly need the inter‐group exchanges.
Television as a language teacher
Authors: O'Murchu Liam
Published: February 2008

Let me put my cards on the table. I am writing about television as language teacher, yet frankly I have to say that I have limited faith in its efficacy. It seems at first blush to have all the attractions: audio and visual aids; life‐like situations; and what is even better than life — possibilities of repetition so essential to language‐learning. It has all this and more; yet I remain unconvinced. Lest you be put off in your quest for the one and only do‐it‐yourself language kit, let me hasten to add that what I am talking about is full and easy fluency — that mastery of language which makes it possible to go into the native‐speaker situation and hold one's own as if one were born to it.
Towards better selection
Authors: Bruce‐Lockhart Logie
Published: February 2008

Enough research has been done to prove that both ‘O’ and ‘A’‐level examinations are surprisingly poor predictors of success in University Finals and in subsequent careers. It is time researchers asked different questions. What makes these examinations bad predictors? What factors could lead to wiser selection? Experienced teachers have answers, but they need statistical proof.
Effective management through delegation
Authors: Muir John
Published: February 2008

Management is concerned with the pulling together of resources so that the job is done efficiently, and that objectives are met within the time scale laid down. Of prime importance amongst those resources is the management of people, so as to use their skills and aptitudes. It is a question not just of using skills and aptitudes for the benefit of the firm, but also of providing encouragement and motivation for the people concerned. Effective delegation provides benefits in both directions. It is up to the supervisor or manager concerned to pay very close regard to the abilities, strengths and weaknesses of his staff, and allocate work to them accordingly. To get through the work the staff must also have the appropriate authority; so the manager must delegate it. It is in this activity that the manager himself is exercising one of his most important functions.
Accreditation — Britain's contribution to correspondence tuition
Authors: Presswood Robert E.
Published: February 2008

What is the reaction to education by correspondence? Some know little or nothing about it. Others are resentfully critical of a form of education which they regard as unnecessary and which attracts students away from the face‐to‐face tuition which they could receive in college. There are also those who reflect gratefully on the help and guidance they have received from correspondence colleges in acquiring professional and academic qualifications or cultural interests which have made a great difference to their prospects and satisfaction in life. Whatever the reaction of individuals may be, it is not sufficiently realised that education by correspondence is a major educational activity in this country.
How US auto engineers are attacking the corrosion problem
Authors: Bush G.F.
Published: February 2008

The increase in automobile corrosion problems stems largely from greater use of salts for ice and snow removal. Chemicals and water trapped in hidden cracks and crevices can continue to cause corrosion for long periods. This article, originally published in the December 1966 issue of ‘Materials in Design Engineering’, USA, describes what US automobile engineers are doing to beat the problem.
Some operating conditions influencing attack of non‐ferrous tubular condenser and heat‐exchanger equipment
Authors: Page G.G.
Published: February 2008

Three unusual forms of ‘tell‐tale’ inlet impingement attack (slot, star and crescent) are described, together with examples of other similar interesting forms of attack. The paper is based on direct observations made in the field and on examination of samples returned to the laboratory. These investigations have revealed several factors, not previously reported, which can affect corrosion in heat exchangers. This paper, not previously published, has been revised since the author presented it to the first International Congress on Metallic Corrosion.
The examination of corrosion products and processes
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

In view of the increasing use of the potentiostat, both as a research tool and for accelerated testing of materials, it is felt that a guide along the lines of ‘Have potentiostat, will corrode’ would be useful to both new workers in this field as well as to established corrosion engineers. The magnitude of the subject precludes a detailed discussion and therefore this article is intended to be an introduction rather than a critical appraisal. The current developments in potentiostatic techniques and instrumentation were recently discussed at a Corrosion and Protection Association symposium. (The present article is based on one of the papers.)
The examination of corrosion products and processes
Authors: von Fraunhofer J.A. , Pickup G.A.
Published: February 2008

In the previous two articles the emphasis was on wet and electrochemical techniques, with particular reference to the potentiostat. The physical examination of corrosion products is of equal importance, especially, for example, in the study of oxidation by dry gases at elevated temperatures where electrochemical studies are not normally feasible. In this article the application of physical techniques to corrosion studies will be discussed.
Stability of aluminium in contact with alkaline building materials
Authors: Endtinger Fritz , Weber Hermann
Published: February 2008

Aluminium and its alloys find application to an increasing extent in building construction. Thus in 1965 about 25% of the total consumption of aluminium in Switzerland was taken up by building construction. The material is employed not only for the frames of windows and display windows, doors, facade claddings, etc., i.e. components of a decorative character, but also on an ever‐increasing scale for shell sections, roof structures, cable conduits and so on, i.e. for functional purposes. The versatile application of aluminium can be attributed to a number of favourable properties, not least among which is its good chemical behaviour. In this article we are especially concerned with the stability of aluminium in contact with alkaline building materials. Direct contact between unprotected aluminium and alkaline building materials, such as cement mortar, is as a rule avoided, since the material is protected on the side of the cement by a coat of lacquer or bitumen. For numerous applications, however, knowledge of the behaviour of the unprotected metal can be of advantage to the planning engineer.
The use of magnesium alloys in engineering and their protection
Authors: Hron J. , Barton K.
Published: February 2008

The authors indicate that certain unfavourable properties of magnesium are often exaggerated, and that magnesium and its alloys do not occupy among engineering materials such a place as they should do by right. Magnesium alloy components, just like steel, must be suitably protected in an aggressive medium. Various protective surface treatment methods are analysed in detail. No single universal method can be recommended, but in each instance the protective treatment must be chosen with suitable consideration of the conditions of the concrete case.
The behaviour of titanium and zirconium in industrial environments
Authors: Scholes I.R.
Published: February 2008

The general behaviour of titanium and zirconium in pure chemical environments is summarised, and also the effects of common contaminants such as air and heavy metal ions that are present in many process streams. The beneficial effect of traces of soluble iron and copper and organic compounds in non‐oxidising acids is discussed and the relative effect of these upon the behaviour of titanium and zirconium pointed out. Information is provided upon the performance of titanium—0.15% palladium alloy under similar circumstances. The conclusion suggests that the behaviour of titanium and zirconium in various types of chemical plant is best determined by reference to in‐plant trials than by laboratory testing; the use of in‐plant corrosion probes is recommended.
Zinc coated steel and underbody protection of motor vehicles
Authors: Partington K.
Published: February 2008

IN RECENT years we have collaborated with the motor industry in investigations into the use of zinc‐coated steel sheets for the underbody protection of motor vehicles. It has become apparent that with the increasing usage of chemicals for de‐icing of roads the underbodies of motor vehicles would require some form of additional corrosion protection.
Contribution to the discussion on pitting corrosion of stainless steels
Authors: Steensland Odd
Published: February 2008

PITTING CORROSION generally takes the form of localised corrosive attack at closely defined points, whose area constitutes only a minute part of the total surface of the steel. The considerably higher rate at which the steel goes into solution at these points causes the cavities to grow in depth, and may ultimately result in perforation. Fig. 1. The rate of pitting corrosion is largely determined by the proportion of the total cathodic to the total anodic area. The anodic current and the cathodic current flowing in the corrosion cell are equal.
Temporary protection of metal products against atmospheric corrosion during storage and transport
Authors: Němcová J. , Trešl V.
Published: February 2008

The authors describe two new products of the Czechoslovak chemical industry and their properties, namely KRNB conservation wax and paper with SVIK vaporising inhibitor. Both materials have been developed at the State Research institute for the Protection of Material, have been thoroughly tested, and are now in production. Instructions are given for the use of both media, and an indication is given of the sphere of applications, in which they have advantages over all other present methods of temporary protection of metal products.
Selection of materials of construction for chemical plants
Authors: Banfield R.H.
Published: February 2008

The author has written a number of times on the subject of failure investigation in chemical plants in the belief that this topic would be more interesting than that of materials selection. There has, however, been a growing interest in the somewhat tedious exercise of choosing materials of construction, say, for a large plant to operate a new process. The present paper is an attempt to describe the procedure in some detail.
Thiourea and its derivatives as corrosion inhibitors
Authors: Desai M.N. , Thanki G.H. , Gandhi M.H.
Published: February 2008

Organic compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen atoms are capable of retarding metallic corrosion. As the thiourea molecule contains one sulphur and two nitrogen atoms, thiourea and its derivatives are potential corrosion inhibitors. While extensive investigations have been carried out on inhibitor properties of thiourea, due attention has not yet been paid to a systematic study of inhibitor action of thiourea derivatives. However, several substituted thioureas have been investigated as corrosion inhibitors. The applications of thiourea and its derivatives as corrosion inhibitors reported in literature up to 1967 are narrated in this article.
Cathodic protection of pipelines:
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: February 2008

ONE OF the nightmares for the corrosion engineer applying cathodic protection to a jointed pipeline is the problem of the missed coupling, or severed coupling. For cathodic protection purposes the cathode has to be electrically continuous, which means that some types of mechanical joints which rely on joints for sealing which are electrically non‐conductive have to be made electrically continuous. This is done by means of a bond strap. The attachment can be by either:—
Effect of diffusion chromising of austenitic alloys on their resistance to vanadium corrosion
Authors: Prenosil Sc.B.
Published: February 2008

In the introduction a brief explanation is given of the mechanism of vanadium corrosion, and in the further sections the results of comparative tests conducted with various types of austenitic steels are described. Chromised and chromium nitrided layers are shown to have considerable corrosion‐resistance, which increases with the increasing chromium content of the layers. The effect of the structure of the saturated layers has only secondary importance.
Inhibition of the corrosion of 63/37 brass in nitric acid
Authors: Desai M.N. , Shah Y.C.
Published: February 2008

α‐naphthylamine, thioglycolic acid and urea have been investigated as inhibitors of the corrosion of 63/37 brass in nitric acid. Thioglycolic acid is the most efficient inhibitor which affords nearly complete protection to brass. All the three substances predominantly act on local cathodic areas.
Surface roughness and paint film thickness
Authors: Daniel H.G.
Published: February 2008

IF paint is applied to a blasted surface in sufficient quantity the wet film will form a plane surface (neglecting variations in thickness due to spray pattern or brush marks) and there will be a greater thickness of paint over hollows than over the peaks. This condition can be accentuated if, in addition, paint flows from peaks to hollows during the drying process. When multi‐coat schemes are applied the surface profile is filled progressively by successive coats of paint (see Fig. 1); if sufficient paint is applied the dry paint/air surface may approximate to a plane. Estimates of paint requirements, albeit approximate ones, can only be properly made on the assumption that this condition will be attained.
Diffusion coatings for the protection of iron and steel
Authors: Drewett R.
Published: February 2008

Zinc coatings are applied commercially by hot‐dipping, electro‐deposition, metal‐spraying, cementation and vacuum deposition (see Table 5). Galvanizing (zinc hot‐dipping) has been done for more than 200 years now and is undoubtedly the most widely‐used form of metal coating. The production and pro‐perties of these coatings have received intensive study over the last 10 years; much of this has been reported at the ‘International Conferences on Hot‐Dip Galvanizing’.
Improving the corrosion resistance of sintered steel components
Authors: Hoffman Ondrej
Published: February 2008

In Czechoslovakia, as in other countries, the problem of the corrosion resistance of manufactured components is receiving great attention. Here it is not merely a matter of problems relating to breakdown of the material to such an extent that the functioning of the product is made impossible, but also of losses caused by the poor appearance of the product, the cause of which is corrosion. Last, but not least, one must also take into account loss of market and loss of confidence, because the product or its components corrode prematurely.
Paint coatings and the protection of chemical plant and structural steelwork
Authors: Greening B.L.
Published: February 2008

IN SPITE of the continual growth in the use of corrosion‐resistant metals, alloys and structural resins to combat corrosion problems in chemical plant and structural steelwork in general, paint coatings are still by far the most widely used form of protection against corrosion attack. This is due not only to the inherent versatility of paint, particularly important in maintenance programmes, but also to the ability of the paint chemist to tailor a paint's properties by the choice of resins and pigments to meet virtually any given corrosion problem.
Which paint system?
Authors: Deacon David H.
Published: February 2008

THE TWO themes of this symposium are Surface Preparation and Chlorinated Rubber Coatings, with particular reference to high‐build formulations. This paper outlines how Detel Paints Ltd. figure within these two themes and the services that they have to offer in the protective paint field.
CASE HISTORY: PART 1
Authors: Banfield R.H. , Gaskell D.R.
Published: February 2008

Case 1: A boiler raising steam by utilising heat from a 7% sulphur dioxide‐in‐air mixture failed because the protective corrugated cast iron shell round the tubes opened, exposing the steel tubes to oxidation. Case 2 next month: Cracking of a 22 in. connecting main between two sulphur trioxide absorbers was found to have resulted from sulphur trioxide passing into the cast iron through the graphite flakes and attacking the adjoining ferrite.
The design of hull anodes for protection by impressed current
Authors: Morgan J.H.
Published: February 2008

IMPRESSED CATHODIC CURRENT for ships' hull protection by two techniques has been proposed, firstly by trailing a wire either from outriggers amidships or over the stern and spreading current from this trailed anode to the ship, or secondly, and now almost exclusively, by attaching anodes in some streamlined form to the hull of the vessel. The problems with the trailing wire anode have been very well aired and described and the mathematics of the system were very clearly stated by the originators of this modern technique, Vosnick and Vissher.1 The problems with hull‐mounted impressed current anodes, however, have to a large extent been glossed over and very little analysis has been made of the size and shape of the anode and more particularly of the size, shape, and quality of the insulation around the anode on the hull.
Chemical cleaning of power plant
Authors: Davies I.
Published: February 2008

Until about 1953 the Central Electricity Generating Board applied only a simple alkali boil‐out before commissioning its boilers. After this time acid cleaning processes were adopted, firstly on boilers, later on feed heating plant. The course of development of the processes is described. The adoption of acid cleaning to plant after commissioning is still controversial. The reasons for applying acid are given, with the methods used. Consideration is given to avoiding the need for acid cleaning, and the methods which are available for this.
More developments in automation of cathodic protection
Authors: Matthewman W.
Published: February 2008

IN MANY cathodic protection installations, the use of automatic control of current is based on the premise of master and slave equipment. In this case, if the system is applied to a generating station cooling system, the water system is considered in convenient units (e.g. one turbo alternator unit). The most important item in the cooling system associated with the turbo alternator is then selected as the master unit, the usual choice being the main steam condenser. In this master unit are installed the sensing electrodes which will form the basis of the feedback circuit which directs the operation of the rectifier. The less important items of equipment in the cooling circuits are then fed from the distribution busbars via suitable trimming resistances. A typical installation is shown in Fig. 1. Although the supply to the minor items will be appropriately affected by changes in electrolyte, it is clear that as far as these minor items are concerned the mode of control cannot be regarded as automatic.
Electroplating protects switchgear
Authors: Chalkley B.
Published: February 2008

Tin and tin/zinc plating is used to protect many copper, brass, and mild steel components of electrical switchgear, and to improve solderability. A new automatic plant is used by Yorkshire Switchgear Ltd.
Diffusion coatings
Authors: Nicholls J.
Published: February 2008

A summary of a recent symposium on diffusion coatings, by one of the contributors. A thin layer of material may be bonded to a base metal or component by heat/chemical treatment to provide protection against corrosion or abrasion. There is need for wider circulation to industry of information about coatings.
The use of models for the design of pipeline cathodic protection systems
Authors: Nekoksa Jirří
Published: February 2008

THE INTENSIVE construction of long‐distance metal pipelines and of underground piping systems generally, has produced related problems in ensuring an effective cathodic protection system. For the cathodic polarisation of a protected construction, a cathodic protection installation with an external power supply is the most widely used.
Uses of zinc‐rich paints on the Dutch State railways
Authors: Lamme N.
Published: February 2008

IN ALL railway systems the structures needing corrosion protection may be divided into fixed structures (bridges, etc.) and rolling stock.
Metallic coatings for the protection of mild steel from corrosion at ambient temperatures
Authors: Davies C. , Hanford N.J.
Published: February 2008

THE EXTENSIVE use of steel can be attributed to its many physical and mechanical properties and low cost when compared to other materials. It has, however, one major disadvantage in that it will corrode in many environments.
Long‐life corrosion protection with inorganic zinc silicates
Authors: Kohnen J
Published: February 2008

PAINTS as methods of passive corrosion protection must be considered essential for steel and metal structures, and are as old as the need to preserve their value. Moreover, the attempt has long been made, not only to cover the surfaces of steels with organic paints, but also to protect them actively and thereby to exclude the danger of under‐rusting as a result of crack and pore formation or absorption of water in the organic paint films. Such active corrosion protection is already about 200 years old. But the development, the manufacturing technique, and not least the price, often make it impossible to provide surfaces with a coating by hot‐dip or spray galvanizing.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐I
Authors: Porter F.C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Most methods of protection of steel involve putting an extra layer of some corrosion resistant material between the steel and the environment. The main action of paints and plastics, for example, is to prevent contact between the atmosphere and the steel. However if there is damage to such a protective film, corrosion occurs at the break and spreads outwards lifting and destroying the film as it goes. Similar effects can also occur from the inherent pores in paint films.
FOCUS ON ZINC‐3
Authors: Jackson S.H.
Published: February 2008

The process of Sherardizing has been in commercial use for more than forty years, and in many industries it has long been accepted as a standard method of depositing zinc on iron and steel to form a thoroughly reliable corrosion resistant coating. This coating has particularly valuable features, referred to later.
Anodic dissolution of brass in acids
Authors: Unni V.K.V. , Rama Char T.L.
Published: February 2008

Anode weight loss and polarization studies of brass in nitric, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids indicate that the copper dissolves in the cuprous state in hydrochloric acid whereas it is in cupric form in the other two acids. In nitric acid the local cell corrosion is completely stopped, when made sufficiently anodic showing a positive difference effect.
PAINT FOR PROTECTION—4
Authors: Stepto G.G.C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The primary function of paint in an industrial or marine environment is to ensure that structures are protected against costly corrosive damage during the expected life span. It is also fundamental that the system chosen should have optimum cost effectiveness. Maintenance engineers will often be faced with the alternative of using a cheap low grade material and repainting frequently or using a high quality system at higher initial cost, but with low cost maintenance. Labour costs in most industrial countries have risen to a level where systems offering low maintenance cost should be the automatic choice. In Great Britain it is normally considered that on average labour accounts for 80% of the cost of any paint job. It is clear therefore that within reasonable limits the cost of the paint is not of great importance if substantial savings in labour costs can be achieved.
COMBATTING CORROSION WITH WATER‐SOLUBLE PRIMERS
Authors: Rawlings L.
Published: February 2008

Among the many types of organic coatings used to combat corrosion, primers, based on water‐soluble resins, are playing an ever‐increasing role. Over the last 15 years, water‐soluble coatings have been developed to suit almost all methods of application.
UNPIGMENTED POLYMER COATINGS
Authors: Boxall J. , Werren S.C. , von Fraunhofer J.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Organic surface coatings are the most familiar, and perhaps the most economical, method used for providing corrosion protection to metallic structures. If appropriate control of the metal preparation and pre‐treatment procedures and specified coating application is followed, the paints will afford protection by one, or more of the following mechanisms:
60/40 BRASS CORROSION
Authors: Desai M.N. , Thanki G.H. , Shah D.K.
Published: February 2008

2: Aminobenzoic acids as inhibitors in nitric acid Ortho, meta and para aminobenzoic acids have been studied as corrosion inhibitors for 60/40 brass in nitric acid. Ortho and para aminobenzoic acids are cathodic in action whereas meta aminobenzoic acid acts by influencing both the cathodic and anodic reactions.
60/40 BRASS CORROSION
Authors: Desai M.N. , Punjani B.K.
Published: February 2008

Thiourea, allyl thiourea and phenyl thiourea have been used as corrosion inhibitors for copper and 63/37 brass in nitric acid. However, results obtained with one alloy can not be easily applied to another alloy. This article reports the use of thiourea, allyl thiourea and phenyl thiourea as corrosion inhibitors for 60/40 brass in nitric acid.
STRESS CORROSION OF Al‐4.4 Zn ALLOY
Authors: Chandrashekar R. , Vasu K.I.
Published: February 2008

Tests have been carried out to determine the stress corrosion susceptibility of Al‐4.4 a/o Xn alloy in the aged condition. Flat ribbon specimens were tested in aqueous solutions containing 3.5% NaCl at a constant stress of 5.76 kg/mm2 (32% of UTS). Polarisation studies carried out on the stressed and unstressed specimens reveal that the Tafel slopes have a much lower value in the stressed condition. The susceptibility to stress corrosion increases with the test temperature. An equation of the type Z=K. exp (—E/RT) with reciprocal life Z and test temperature T, is found to fit the data from which the value of the activation energy is found to be ca. 20 kcal.mol−1.
WATER‐THINNED SHELLAC PRIMER FOR STEEL
Authors: Kumar S.
Published: February 2008

Shellac is one of the earliest materials used in protective and decorative coatings. This natural resin has properties not found in any other single natural or synthetic resin. It is particularly valued for the hardness, gloss and toughness of its films, and its excellent adhesion to a wide variety of surfaces such as wood, metal, paper, fabric etc. This versatile resin is still widely used for the varnishing and polishing of floors and furniture, leather paper, metal foil etc. A use developed recently for this resin is in the anti‐corrosive primers for steel and other ferrous metals.
MEASUREMENT OF COATING THICKNESS
Authors: Latter T.D.T.
Published: February 2008

Any discussion, book or article, on the subject of non‐destructive testing usually refers to eddy current measurement techniques in one of its forms. Eddy currents, or use of eddy currents, is perhaps one of the fundamental N.D.T. techniques. Perhaps because theoretically such techniques have much to offer.
INFLUENCE OF THE STEEL SURFACE ON THE COATING PERFORMANCE
Authors: Bayliss D.A.
Published: February 2008

Metal sprayed coatings, mainly zinc, are used within the CEGB for important steel structures requiring maintenance‐free protection. To the author's knowledge the very few failures experienced have been obviously linked to a very poor, or even non‐existent, standard of surface preparation. For example, areas of intact millscale were found beneath the metal coating.
The CORROSION and PROTECTION CENTRE at U.M.I.S.T.
Authors: Ashworth N. , Procter R.P.M.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The U.M.I.S.T. Corrosion and Protection Centre was established in April 1972. In the first article in this series we outlined the reasons for this move, and the approach adopted by the Centre to undergraduate and postgraduate education and training in corrosion science and engineering. In this article we shall describe some of the researches in corrosion and protection currently in progress in the Centre.
AN INTRODUCTION TO CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF METALS
Authors: Wranglen G.
Published: February 2008

Professor Wranglen's book is based on his experience in giving an introductory corrosion science and engineering course to engineering students for over 10 years. This book is relatively short and claims only to be an introduction to the subject. This, however, does not do justice to the book.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION AT THE N.P.L.
Authors: Ison H.C.K. , Tiller A.K.
Published: February 2008

Introduction As described in the first article in this series, for the past 40 years the Corrosion Group at Teddington has been concerned with a very wide spectrum of both corrosion research and corrosion information. The work of the Group in this time has included many aspects of atmospheric, immersed, and underground corrosion, and has ranged from fundamental studies of corrosion processes, to applied researches such as the study of the pitting of tubes in locomotive and marine boilers, the corrosion caused by coolants used for internal combustion engines, and the development of inhibitors to combat both immersed and atmospheric corrosion. Through‐out this period we have maintained a complete bibliography on corrosion, together with an active Advisory Service for the diagnosis and solving of industrial and other problems.
CALCULATIONS OF THE RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF VERTICAL GALVANIC ANODES
Authors: Dugdale P.J.
Published: February 2008

Single anodes The galvanic anodes in common use are the metals magnesium and zinc. Magnesium anodes are alloys of aluminium (ca 6%), zinc (ca 3%), manganese (ca 0·2%) and magnesium. Zinc anodes are made from high purity zinc, 99·99% or better.
THE CORROSION and PROTECTION CENTRE at U.M.I.S.T.
Authors: Stott F.H.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Although investigation of a corrosion problem using only one or two techniques can give useful information, the most complete picture of the processes involved, and thus the best approach for a satisfactory solution of the problem, often only results from the use and interpretation of a combination of techniques. In this respect, the Corrosion Centre is fortunate in having a wide range of long‐established and modern facilities at its disposal, enabling reasonable investigations to be carried out on many different types of corrosion problems. These techniques are used primarily for research and teaching purposes, but many of them can be made available to industrial users. Table 1 gives an indication of some of the techniques to which the Centre has access and briefly mentions some of their possible applications in corrosion studies.
HEAVY DUTY, HIGH BUILD COATINGS
Authors: Kydd S.
Published: February 2008

Heavy‐duty, high‐build ccatings may be defined in a number of ways, but it is the intention in this article to discuss only those which are air‐curing, organically‐based, and applied as liquids. They should produce in one coat (normally wet multi‐pass) a dry film thickness of not less than 125 microns.
CORROSION AND PROTECTION AT THE N.P.L.
Authors: Fursey Anita
Published: February 2008

Introduction The electron microscope and electron microprobe analyser are two of the newest and most advanced instruments available for corrosion and oxidation research. Metallographic techniques with a light microscope are very limited for the typically rough surfaces of corroded metal, and even a simple brown rust spot (Fig. 1a) takes on a new character when viewed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fig. 1b. The depth of focus is at least three hundred times better than the light microscope, which makes the SEM very suitable for examining the surface topography of worn surfaces, fatigue fractures, hydrogen embrittled specimens, stress corroded materials or high temperature oxidation products. Normally, as the materials are conducting, the only preparation needed is to stick the piece of corroded metal on to a stub with conducting paint. Where specimens are too large to put into the microscope's vacuum system, a positive replica of the surface may be used instead.
HEAVY PHOSPHATE COATINGS
Authors: Kitchener H.C.
Published: February 2008

Parkerising is the treatment of iron and steel by immersion in an aqueous solution to form a heavy phosphate coating. In this case heavy means to Def. Class 1 or 2 Process or as defined by BS.3189 Class A1 or A2, and includes iron, zinc and manganese phosphate processes, such as Parker F, Parker 30 and Parker 85. The treatment is a two‐stage process, the first being the actual phosphate treatment and the second the sealing coat. The processes are so designed as to give an absorbent surface which is capable of retaining the subsequent finish to enhance the corrosion resistance.
THE MECHANISM OF THE PROTECTION OF IRON AND STEEL BY PAINT
Authors: Mayne J.E.O.
Published: February 2008

Paint has long been used for the protection of iron and steel against corrosion.
TREATMENT OF CORROSION ON AIRFRAMES
Authors: Allan K.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion and cost of rectification With all the precautions and treatments that are taken to prevent or retard corrosion in new aircraft, unfortunately, once in service it become a continuous maintenance problem. Prior to the introduction of the B747, we operated two different types of jet aircraft. Approximately 40% of the cost of a major overhaul on one of these types, can be attributed directly to the correction and prevention of corrosion, whereas only 20% is attributed to the other aircraft type.
The Fractographic Interpretation of Service Failures in High Strength Steels and the Care of Failed Components
Authors: WANHILL R.J. , van de VET W.J.
Published: February 2008

Introduction This report deals with two important causes of service failures in high strength steels: stress corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement. These failure modes are often difficult to distinguish from one another fractographically, and sometimes the macroscopic and metallagraphic interpretation is also open to doubt.