bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Guidelines in Forensic Psychology
Authors: Bush Shane S.
Published: January 2015

Psychologists play important roles in the assessment and treatment of individuals who are involved in civil, criminal, and administrative forensic contexts. They apply psychological knowledge, evidence, and methods to assist triers of fact in their understanding of the individuals involved in the legal system so that legal matters can be resolved most judiciously, and they provide valuable clinical services to individuals who are involved with civil, criminal, or administrative systems. In the performance of forensic roles, psychologists often confront ethical challenges that differ in important ways from the challenges commonly encountered in other professional contexts. Professional ethics, guidelines, jurisdictional laws, and related resources help psychologists prepare for and address ethical challenges. By anticipating forensic involvement and the types of ethical challenge likely to be encountered and maintaining a personal investment in high ethical standards, psychologists working in forensic contexts are well positioned to provide valuable and rewarding forensic services.
Tic Disorders
Authors: Mohatt Justin , Bennett Shannon , Walkup John T.
Published: January 2015

Diagnosis and treatment of tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder, have evolved since the first description of Tourette's disorder by Gilles de la Tourette and Jean‐Martin Charcot in the late 1800s. Current tic disorders include transient tic disorder, chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Evidence‐based behavioral treatments for tics include Habit Reversal Therapy and Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics. Antipsychotics remain the most powerful medications for tic suppression but are not usually a first‐line treatment due to their side effects. Novel treatments, including psychosurgery and transcranial magnetic stimulation, remain under investigation. The definition and treatment of a subset of tic disorders believed to be secondary to pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus (PANDAS) remain controversial.
Cross‐Cultural Research
Authors: Koydemir Selda , Essau Cecilia A.
Published: January 2015

Cross‐cultural research is the scientific method of comparative research that is concerned with comparing cultures, and aims to explain cultural variations. It helps researchers to identify the similarities and differences between cultures, the universal and variable aspects of human cultures, and explanations for any variation. Culture has increasingly become an important variable that is known to shape behavior to a great extent. As a result, especially over the past few decades, cross‐cultural research in psychology has evolved as a field and method of investigation. It is still growing. Despite the excitement that cross‐cultural research evokes among researchers, it also brings many challenges in conducting studies.
Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Cain Nicole M. , Lukowitsky Mark R. , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: January 2015

The Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (
MPQ
) is a self‐report instrument that assesses personality, and it was developed by Auke Tellegen (b. 1930) and colleagues over a period of 10 years using an exploratory approach to test construction. It consists of 276 mostly true‐false items measuring a range of dispositions via 11 primary trait scales: Wellbeing, Social Potency, Achievement, Social Closeness, Stress Reaction, Aggression, Alienation, Control, Harmavoidance, Traditionalism, and Absorption. These primary trait scales have been found to load onto four largely orthogonal higher order factors: Positive Emotionality (
PEM
), Negative Emotionality (
NEM
), Constraint (
CON
), and Absorption (
ABS
). A substantial body of research has linked
MPQ
scales and factors with overt behavior, psychopathology, and genetic factors. In this way, the
MPQ
informs our understanding of the structure of personality, as well as its genetic, neurobiological, and psychological underpinnings.
Neurosis Versus Neuroticism
Authors: Matusewicz Marlena
Published: January 2015

Neurosis and neuroticism are related concepts that have very distinct definitions and evolutionary courses. Neurosis was utilized by neurologists throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to classify a wide range of disorders. However, a shift occurred in the late twentieth century as biologically oriented researchers challenged the field of psychiatry to develop more accurate methods of measuring and treating mental illness. Many psychoanalytic theories, including formal classifications of neurosis in the first two editions of theDSM, fell by the wayside with the introduction of personality research that eventually resulted in the development of the big five model. Neuroticism, one of the facets of this model, is thought to reflect emotional reactivity and has been shown to have substantial physiological associations. An individual's level of neuroticism can vary along a continuum and does not necessarily imply pathology.
Dementia/Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Gale Reagan , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: January 2015

Dementia and the major neurocognitive disorders are syndromes of acquired global cognitive impairment of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The syndromes of mild neurocognitive disorders also present with cognitive decline, but may not affect an individual's independent functioning. Historically, the term dementia had been used to describe a decline in cognition often considered in the context of prominent memory deficits. Now it is recognized that impairment in executive function is often key. This entry describes several common types of neurodegenerative dementia and neurocognitive disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (
AD
), as well as the diagnostic challenges facing clinicians, and recognizes the move towards a multicausal view of these syndromes.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
Authors: Nezu Arthur M. , Greenberg Lauren M.
Published: January 2015

The
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
(

JCCP

) is a bimonthly academic journal published by the American Psychological Association. It has a long‐standing reputation as the premier journal for the publication of research and scholarship in clinical psychology in the United States. The

JCCP

welcomes submissions on treatment and prevention in all areas of clinical and clinical health psychology and especially on topics that appeal to a broad clinical scientist and practitioner audience. It further encourages the submission of theory‐based interventions, studies that investigate mechanisms of change, and studies of the effectiveness of treatments in real‐world settings.
Battered‐Woman Syndrome
Authors: Walker Lenore E. A.
Published: January 2015

Battered‐woman syndrome is the designation for the psychological effects of domestic violence on women who are the primary victims. Although sometimes used to convey the theoretical principles underlying the dynamics of domestic violence (also called
intimate partner violence
), the research on battered‐woman syndrome has found that the criteria are so similar that it is a subcategory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Similar to battered‐child syndrome and rape trauma syndrome, battered‐woman syndrome accounts for the common factors such as gender issues, abuse of power and control, high levels of re‐experiencing the traumatic event or events, hyperarousal and anxiety, and avoidance or depression. Assessment is now used in legal cases as well as treatment planning using trauma‐specific interventions.
Learning Disorders
Authors: Berkule Samantha B.
Published: January 2015

Learning disorders refer to a group of disorders related to difficulties in reading, mathematics, writing, and focusing attention in scholastic or working environments. Although they are often diagnosed during childhood, they can have pervasive impacts on daily functioning throughout the lifespan. The primary disorders that fall under the umbrella category of learning disorders include reading disorder, writing disorder, mathematics disorder, and attention disorders. Diagnoses of individual and comorbid learning disorders have increased over time, leading to varying points of view regarding the qualifications for the diagnoses as well as gender, cultural, and ethnic disparities in diagnoses. One particular ongoing debate involves whether or not males are diagnosed more than females, and whether these diagnoses are in error. Methods for assessment, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment, vary in their effectiveness and empirical support. However, a common recommendation across disorders is to assess, diagnose, and secure treatment as early as possible.
Comorbidity
Authors: Lee McCluskey D. , Keeley Jared W.
Published: January 2015

Comorbidity is the presence of more than one psychiatric disorder in a single individual. The implications of comorbidity are determined by how mental disorders are conceptualized. The study of the overlap between two or more psychiatric disorders has many important implications for assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. The categorical diagnostic system of classification of mental disorders has been widely used for many years, but in recent years a dimensional approach to classifying mental disorders has been gaining support. Both the
DSM
and
ICD
are based on the categorical model, which is associated with high comorbidity rates among psychiatric disorders. Alternative models have been proposed to better capture comorbidity, and efforts have been made to revise the
DSM
and
ICD
in this regard.
Wechsler Intelligence Scales (
WAIS
,
WISC
,
WPPSI
)
Authors: Willis John O. , Dumont Ron , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: January 2015

The WISC, WAIS, and WPPSI have enjoyed an unprecedented research and clinical history since the Wechsler‐Bellevue Intelligence Scale was published in 1939. The current fourth editions of the tests have departed considerably from the Verbal‐Performance organization of the scales that characterized all versions through the WISC‐III, WAIS‐III, and WPPSI‐III, although a psychologist from the 1940s would immediately recognize the current Wechsler scales. The latest editions of the scales reflect contemporary research and theory in cognitive neuroscience, neuropsychology, and psychometrics and continue to be the most popular “IQ tests” in the world.
Psychotherapy Analog Studies
Authors: McNeil Daniel W. , Hayes Sarah E.
Published: January 2015

Analog research is one of many types of investigational designs that can be employed to study the processes and/or outcomes of psychotherapies. The research methods in psychotherapy analog studies involve participants and/or settings that are analogous, or similar, to the actual clinical phenomena of interest. A primary advantage of psychotherapy analog studies is to increase internal validity by enhancing rigor of the methods. Although analog methods have been criticized for lacking application to “real life,” they have various strengths, including easier access to, and convenience of, securing the necessary sample size of participants. Furthermore, these approaches help protect individuals with more severe forms of psychological disorders by testing methods first on analog participants, who are likely to be psychologically healthier. The most common type of analog research today involves analog patients.
Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Hill Benjamin D. , Westervelt Holly James
Published: January 2015

Clinical neuropsychology is an applied neuroscience that focuses on brain–behavior relationships. It is a young field in clinical psychology but has deep historical roots in classical neurology and mental testing. Clinical neuropsychology is a largely assessment‐driven specialty in clinical psychology that requires an advanced psychometric background. Additionally, the professional practice of neuropsychology requires proficiency in neuroanatomy, behavioral neurology, and cognitive neuroscience. There are a variety of assessment approaches in clinical neuropsychology, including fixed battery, flexible battery, and process approaches. Training in the field takes 11–13 years starting at the undergraduate level and entails specialized training at the doctoral, internship, and postdoctoral levels. Clinical neuropsychologists routinely practice in medical settings and assist with differential diagnosis of cognitive disorders, but treatment planning and cognitive rehabilitation are also in the purview of the specialty.
Eyewitness Identification and Lineup
Authors: Kovera Margaret Bull , Austin Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2015

Eyewitnesses have a profound impact on jury verdicts. Although the testimony that eyewitnesses provide can be powerful, their identifications can be inaccurate, and such mistakes contribute to wrongful convictions. Two categories of variable affect the accuracy of eyewitness identifications: estimator and system variables. Estimator variables include characteristics of the witness, perpetrator, or witnessing conditions that are not under the control of the criminal justice system. System variables include characteristics of the investigation that may be controlled by the criminal justice system. This entry reviews the empirical evidence on the effects of both estimator and system variables on eyewitness accuracy.
Insanity Defense/Guilty but Mentally Ill
Authors: Kimonis Eva R.
Published: January 2015

The insanity defense is the most commonly invoked of those defenses relating to a defendant's mental state at the time of the offense. The rationale behind the defense is that punishment in the criminal system is not morally justified because the individual had impaired cognitive or volitional control over his or her behavior at the time of the offense. Legal insanity is arguably the most controversial of criminal defenses as a result of several highly publicized cases that have led the lay public to hold several common misconceptions about the defense. In reality, there is little basis for these opinions in the available, albeit relatively scarce, empirical literature on legal insanity. Forensic evaluators called upon to conduct evaluations of legal insanity are tasked with the challenging goal of retrospectively reconstructing the defendant's thoughts and actions at the time of the crime.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Forbes David , Creamer Mark
Published: January 2015

Posttraumatic stress disorder (
PTSD
) is a mental health condition that develops in a minority of individuals following exposure to a life‐threatening or other extremely distressing event. The disorder is characterized by four groups of symptoms: (a) reexperiencing the trauma; (b) avoidance and emotional numbing; (c) negative alterations in cognition and mood; and (d) persistent hyperarousal. Prevalence varies considerably depending on trauma type, with interpersonal violence (especially rape) consistently resulting in the highest rates. Risk factors for development and maintenance of
PTSD
include a combination of pretrauma, peritrauma, and posttrauma variables. A variety of evidence‐based treatments are available, with trauma‐focused psychological approaches being the treatment of choice. Pharmacological interventions provide an important second‐line approach.
C
lark,
L
ee
A
nna (
b
. 1951) and
W
atson,
D
avid (
b
. 1953)
Authors: Clark Lee Anna , Watson David
Published: January 2015

Lee Anna Clark and David Watson are a husband‐and‐wife team whose major influence was on the ongoing paradigm shift from a categorical to a quantitative, hierarchical, dimensional conceptualization of psychopathology, based on underlying dimensions of mood and temperament/personality. Major contributions included their seminal integrative review on negative affectivity, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and the tripartite model of anxiety and depression. Collectively, but particularly Watson and his students, they developed more than two dozen assessment instruments, and Clark's work in particular contributed to the shift to a dimensional approach to personality disorder diagnosis.
Neo‐Freudians
Authors: Delahanty Everett J.
Published: January 2015

The term Neo‐Freudian refers to a group of psychoanalysts who shared social and professional interests in the United States during the mid‐1930s through the 1940s. Defining aspects of the Neo‐Freudians were (a) their lack of Freudian orthodoxy, which was strongly criticized by their analytic peers; (b) their claim to Freudian ancestry; (c) an awareness of cultural anthropology and the social sciences that led to finding interpersonal and cultural explanations for personality and pathology; and (d) in writing about the person, they used the term “self,” which set them apart from their American analytic colleagues. The most prominent members of this group were Karen Horney (1885–1952), Erich Fromm (1900–80), Clara Thompson (1893–1958), and Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949). Later, their influence would be positive in the development of humanistic psychology and thus positive psychology.
Biopsychosocial Model
Authors: Fiocco Alexandra J. , Mallya Sasha
Published: January 2015

Theoretical models of mental health provide essential contributions to our understanding of psychopathology. The important role of theoretical models in predicting, classifying, and treating psychopathology is discussed. Further, a review of the evolution of theoretical models of mental health, from the early medical model to psychological and social models to a more comprehensive biopsychosocial model, is provided. Advantages of the biopsychosocial model are discussed along with its application to psychopathology, including schizophrenia and mood, anxiety, and eating disorders. Although complex, the biopsychosocial model is fundamental for the comprehensive conceptualization of psychological disorders and individualized treatment.
Behavioral Assessment
Authors: Haynes Stephen N. , aimoku Kaholokula Joseph Keawe , O'Brien William H.
Published: January 2015

Behavioral assessment is a psychological assessment paradigm composed of an integrated set of science‐based concepts about behavior problems, the variables that influence them, and a diverse set of empirically supported assessment methods consistent with those concepts. The goals of the paradigm are to develop and apply the most valid and useful assessment strategies for understanding persons with behavior problems, planning interventions to improve their quality of life, and monitoring the effects of those interventions. The main features of behavioral assessment are its emphasis on scientific methods, multisource assessment, the conditional nature of behavior problems, direct observation, assessment in the client's natural environment, time‐series measurement strategies, specific behaviors and events, functional relations contiguous to behavior problems, an idiographic approach to clinical assessment, multivariate causality, dynamic aspects of behavior and functional relations, and the integration of assessment data into a functional analysis or other form of clinical case formulation.
Charcot,Jean‐Martin (1825–93)
Authors: Barberis Daniela S.
Published: January 2015

Jean‐Martin Charcot (1825–93), French professor of anatomical pathology, is considered one of the founders of neurology. He participated in the reorganization of the fields of knowledge concerning the nervous system, which resulted in our current division between neurology, neuropsychology, experimental psychology, and psychoanalysis. His neurological work rests on discoveries such as the delineation of multiple sclerosis; of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's disease); of locomotor ataxia, with its peculiar arthropathies (Charcot's joints); and of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. He is also well known for his work on hysteria, which influenced Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) and Pierre Janet (1859–1947).
Ataque de Nervios
Authors: Fernandes Blossom , Hashmi Shazia Iqbal , Essau Cecilia A.
Published: January 2015

Ataques de nervios (
ADN
) is a culture‐bound syndrome whose name translates literally as
attack of the nerves
. The most common symptoms of
ADN
include uncontrollable shouting, attacks of crying, trembling, and heat in the chest that rises into the head.
ADN
is common in Hispanic countries, with a lifetime prevalence among adults in Puerto Rico estimated to range from 16% to 23% and an even higher prevalence in clinical settings (roughly 70%). Between 9% and 26% of Island Puerto Rican children in community and clinical settings, respectively, are also estimated to have
ADN
.
ADN
is often comorbid with other psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depressive disorders, and with somatic illness.
Gene–Environment Interaction Designs
Authors: Vrshek‐Schallhorn Suzanne , Tabak Benjamin A.
Published: January 2015

Gene–environment interaction models test for genetic effects that depend upon an aspect of an individual's environment. That is, for certain outcomes, some researchers believe that genetic effects will only be revealed (or will be significantly larger) in the presence of environmental conditions that enhance the likelihood of that outcome. For example, the most common form this research has taken is examining whether a particular polymorphism (a common difference between people in their genetic code) in the serotonin system increases the likelihood of experiencing either depressive symptoms or a major depressive episode in the context of elevated life stress. This entry provides an introduction to gene–environment interaction models and considers their utility, the types of dependent variables examined, the statistical models employed, and the current state of the gene–environment interaction literature in clinical psychology. Future directions, including genome‐wide gene–environment interaction approaches, are discussed. Although a fair amount of behavioral genetic research (e.g., twin studies) has examined gene–environment effects using nonspecific genetic contributions, this entry will focus on molecular genetic approaches examining specific genetic variants.
Truth, Theories of
Authors: Worley Sara
Published: January 2015

There are two main issues confronting anyone thinking about truth: the question of objectivity, and the nature of truth. Objectivity has to do with whether truth is the same for all, or whether it varies from person to person and culture to culture. The nature of truth has to do with how truth should be understood. A traditional answer is that truth is a matter of correspondence with reality. True sentences are those that correspond with reality, and false sentences are those sentences that fail to so correspond. Not only is this theory problematic, there are many other competing theories, including the claims that truth is merely a matter of coherence and the claim that the true is what is useful to believe.
MA
‐Level Practitioners
Authors: Lewis Brianna , Annunziato Rachel A.
Published: January 2015

The mental health field has witnessed a sharp increase in the prevalence of master's (
MA
)‐level practitioners.
MA
‐level practice appears to be blossoming in response to social factors, while organized efforts by representative bodies have resulted in successful actions to extend its recognition and autonomy. There is considerable controversy over whether the scope of practice for
MA
‐level practitioners should be similar to or separate from traditional doctoral‐level psychologists. This entry reviews the history as well as current debate regarding
MA
‐level practitioners. The implications for the field and future considerations are also addressed.
Automatism Defense
Authors: Norris Alyssa L. , Marcus David K.
Published: January 2015

The automatism defense is rooted in the argument that disturbances in consciousness imply involuntariness, thereby negating criminal culpability. As presumed experts on consciousness, psychologists may be asked to testify in automatism cases. However, there are potential limitations to this testimony. First, the definition and application of automatism have extended beyond the traditional definition of involuntary physical actions, at times requiring experts to speak to intent as well. Second, the defense rests on the level of consciousness present during a crime, and there are no valid measures to postdictally determine consciousness. Moreover, automatism defenses do not require a history of similar impairments, thus requiring experts in some cases to speak to the connections between an accused's actions and a solitary instance of impaired consciousness.
B
eck,
A
aron
T
. (b. 1921)
Authors: Rosner Rachael I.
Published: January 2015

Aaron T. (Temkin) Beck (b. 1921) is an American psychiatrist best known for creating a school of psychotherapy known as cognitive therapy (
CT
).
CT
, conceived in the early 1960s, rose to prominence in the 1980s and is now the dominant approach to psychotherapeutic treatment in North America.
CT
is widely celebrated for its short‐term, pragmatic, and scientific approaches to treatment and research, which stand in contrast to the long‐term, interpretive, and anti‐experimentalist psychoanalytic approaches of the mid‐twentieth century. Beck is also well known for his Beck Depression Inventory (
BDI
), a widely used psychological test of the intensity of depression.
Primary Prevention
Authors: Seidman Edward
Published: January 2015

The field of prevention is described, including its historical antecedents in both public health and community psychology. The progression from tertiary to secondary to primary prevention and promotion is depicted. Each type of prevention is discussed in terms of problem identification, target of intervention, locus, and type of change. These primary prevention intervention strategies have the potential to expand the boundaries, repertoire, and influence of clinical psychology.
World War
II
and Clinical Psychology
Authors: Bazar Jennifer L.
Published: January 2015

Psychologists brought their expertise to a wide variety of sectors during World War
II
. Building on their experiences of World War I, psychologists assisted the military in various forms of personnel selection, specialized training, instrument, weapon, and machinery design, and morale research. Most significant of this period was the impact on the growth and development of clinical psychology. World War
II
marked the move of clinical psychologists from a heavily psychometric‐focused domain to a primarily clinical setting. The years immediately following the War saw the establishment of new training guidelines and accreditation standards of doctoral programs in clinical psychology along with a drastic expansion in the numbers of psychologists practicing in clinical settings.
Antipsychotics
Authors: Minhas Hassan M. , Philip Noah S.
Published: January 2015

Antipsychotics are a class of psychiatric medications that are primarily used to treat schizophrenia. In addition to this use, some antipsychotics also have U.S. Food and Drug Administration (
FDA
) approval to treat the mood symptoms of bipolar type I disorder, as adjunctive treatments in major depressive disorder, and to treat irritability associated with autism. Evidence exists for their use in Tourette's disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. The antipsychotics are generally divided into two groups, the “typical” or first‐generation antipsychotics (
FGAs
) and the “atypical” or second‐generation antipsychotics (
SGAs
). This entry describes the different antipsychotics, organized by classification, and includes pertinent clinical information regarding safety and monitoring.
Competence
Authors: Phillips Tasha R. , Otto Randy K.
Published: January 2015

Criminal defendants must be competent to proceed throughout the legal process—from the time they are detained and interrogated through sentencing. Whether persons are competent to understand and waive their right to avoid self‐incrimination, understand and participate in the trial process, enter into a plea agreement, waive counsel and represent themselves, appeal, and/or be sentenced, are ultimately legal issues. Forensic psychologists, however, can be of assistance to legal decision makers by describing an examinee's ability to understand and exercise important legal rights, and the degree to which these abilities may be compromised by mental disorder or related impairments.
Effect Indicator Versus Causal Indicator Measurement
Authors: Strube Michael J
Published: January 2015

Effect indicators (also called
reflective indicators
) are observed variables that are assumed to be affected by a common underlying latent variable. Scores on effect indicators (e.g., item scores on a personality test, an attitude scale, or an intelligence inventory) are assumed to move in response to changes in the underlying construct—they
reflect
their underlying latent variable. Causal indicators (sometimes called
formative indicators
) are assumed to define and affect the underlying latent variable. The distinction has critical implications for measurement development, the conditions used for empirical tests of a theory, and the nature of statistical analyses used to determine if the data fit theoretical expectations.
Definition of Mental Disorder
Authors: Peterson Destiny , Keeley Jared
Published: January 2015

The concept of mental disorder cannot be easily defined. Historically there has been much debate surrounding the concept, but those historical disagreements have shaped how the concept is defined today. Most modern definitions are pluralistic, including multiple components like harm and dysfunction, impairment, statistical deviation, social values, and treatability. Not every piece is necessary for every disorder. For example, one disorder may only contain some components of the broad definition while another disorder may contain different components. The role of subjective values in the definition of mental disorder necessitates that it will always be flexible and transient, changing with society as it develops.
Science–Practice Gap
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Ritschel Lorie A. , Lynn Steven Jay , Cautin Robin L. , Latzman Robert D.
Published: January 2015

The science–practice gap refers to the discrepancy between the research evidence for clinical interventions and assessment methods, on the one hand, and their routine use in clinical practice, on the other. The sources of this gap are manifold, and include attitudinal differences between scientists and practitioners, cognitive impediments toward grasping the necessity of research evidence to evaluate treatment outcome, misconceptions regarding evidence‐based practice, and pragmatic challenges to the implementation of clinical interventions in real‐world settings. Efforts to disseminate evidence‐based treatments may help to narrow the science–practice gap.
Mood Disorders
Authors: Freeman Andrew J.
Published: January 2015

Mood disorders are recurrent conditions that affect a broad range of individuals. The type of mood episode present determines the type of mood disorder diagnosed. Mania and hypomania—long‐lasting periods of elation, energy, and irritability—are the hallmarks of bipolar disorder. Depressive episodes—long‐lasting periods of sadness and anhedonia—are the hallmarks of depressive disorders. Individuals with bipolar disorder often experience both types of moods, whereas most individuals only experience a single pole—unipolar depression. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorders display overlapping etiologies and treatments. However, specific differences in the etiology and treatment of the disorders exist and must be attended to. Both types of disorders are heritable, tend to onset in adolescence and early adulthood, are typically recurrent, and can be addressed with efficacious treatments.
Top Management Teams
Authors: Hambrick Donald C.
Published: January 2015

The term “top management team” (TMT) has been adopted by organization and strategy theorists to refer to the relatively small group of most influential executives at the apex of an organization – usually the general manager (see CEO) and his or her direct reports. The term does not necessarily imply a formalized management‐by‐committee arrangement, but rather simply the constellation of, say, the top 3–10 executives. A scholarly interest in TMTs emerged in the early 1980's and has been prominent ever since. Stemming from a realization that top management typically is a shared activity, researchers have moved beyond an examination of individual leaders to a wider focus on senior leadership groups. The underlying assumption is that the collective dispositions and interactions of top managers affect the choices they make. The available evidence as to whether the characteristics of the individual top executive or of the entire top team are better predictors of organizational outcomes clearly supports the conclusion that the top team has greater effect.
SWOT
Analysis
Authors: Sammut‐Bonnici Tanya , Galea David
Published: January 2015

A SWOT analysis evaluates the internal strengths and weaknesses, and the external opportunities and threats in an organization's environment. The internal analysis identifies resources, capabilities, core competencies and competitive advantages, using a functional approach to review finance, management, infrastructure, procurement, production, distribution, marketing, reputational factors and innovation. The internal analysis is critical in identifying the source of competitive advantage. It pinpoints the resources that need to be developed in order to remain competitive. The external analysis identifies market opportunities and threats by looking at the competitors' environment, the industry environment and the general environment. The competitors' environment is an analysis of the resources and functions of each rival firm. The industry environment is reviewed through the five forces framework of competitive rivalry, new entrants, suppliers, buyers and product substitution. The external environment is analyzed in terms of political, economic, sociocultural, technological, ecological, demographic, ethical, and regulatory implications. The objective of a SWOT analysis is to use the knowledge an organization has about its environments and to formulate its strategy accordingly. This article provides a toolkit of templates to conduct a SWOT analysis and discusses practical insights on how to formulate strategic decisions.
Lanthanide Ion Codoped Emitters for Tailoring Emission Trajectory and Temperature Sensing
Authors: Zhao Shu‐Na , Li Lei‐Jiao , Song Xue‐Zhi , Zhu Min , Hao Zhao‐Min , Meng Xing , Wu Lan‐Lan , Feng Jing , Song Shu‐Yan , Wang Cheng , Zhang Hong‐Jie
Published: January 2015

A series of lanthanide metal‐organic frameworks (Ln‐MOFs) are synthesized through solvothermal conditions with 1,3‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl)imidazolium (H2L). Owing to the lanthanide contraction effect, two different types of Ln‐MOFs, namely, {[Ln(L)2(OH)]·3H2O}n (Ln:Pr, Nd, Sm) and {[Ln(L)2(COO)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (Ln: Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Tm, Yb, Y), and their corresponding codoped Ln‐MOFs EuxTb1‐xL are obtained. With careful adjustment of the relative concentration of the lanthanide ions and the excitation wavelength, the color of the luminescence can be systematically modulated and white light emission can be further successfully achieved. Furthermore, by virtue of the temperature‐dependent luminescent behavior, Eu0.2Tb0.8L allows for the design of a thermometer with an excellent linear response to temperature over a wide range, from 40 to 300 K. This work highlights the practical applications of Ln‐MOFs for tailoring fluorescent color and even obtaining practical white light emission, and especially for sensing temperature as luminescent thermometers in a single framework by controlling in different ways.
Ammonia synthesis enhanced by magnesium chloride absorption
Authors: Himstedt Heath H. , Huberty Mark S. , McCormick Alon V. , Schmidt Lanny D. , Cussler E. L.
Published: January 2015

Conversion to ammonia with Haber–Bosch catalysts can be increased above 95% by selective absorption of ammonia by MgCl2. The maximum conversion depends on reaction and absorption equilibria. At very short times, the measured conversion rate is the same with and without absorption by the MgCl2 salt; the overall rate constants are comparable to those in the literature. At larger times, conversion to ammonia can be over seven times greater with MgCl2 than without. However, the overall rate constants can be over 10 times slower because they are controlled by ammonia diffusion in the solid salt. An approximate, pseudosteady state theory consistent with these results provides a strategy for improving the overall rate while keeping the conversion over 90%. For example, the absorption rates might be increased using smaller particles of absorbent on a porous inert absorbent support. The results provide part of the basis for designing small scale ammonia plants. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1364–1371, 2015
Uric acid improves glucose‐driven oxidative stress in human ischemic stroke
Authors: Amaro Sergio , Llull Laura , Renú Arturo , Laredo Carlos , Perez Belén , Vila Elisabet , Torres Ferrán , Planas Anna M. , Chamorro Ángel
Published: January 2015

Objective

A study was undertaken to test in a subgroup reanalysis of the URICO‐ICTUS trial whether uric acid is superior to placebo in improving the functional outcome in patients with acute stroke and hyperglycemia.

Methods

Patients were part of the URICO‐ICTUS trial, a double‐blind study that compared the administration of uric acid versus placebo in stroke patients treated with alteplase within 4.5 hours of onset. The effect of therapy on the rate of excellent outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale ≤ 2) in each tertile of admission glucose was assessed with multivariate adjusted models in 409 of the 421 randomized patients who had available pretreatment glucose levels. The effect of therapy on infarct growth was assessed in 72 patients who had longitudinal multimodal brain imaging.

Results

Uric acid was associated with an increased rate of excellent outcome in patients with glucose levels in the upper tertile range (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–8.3). However, the effect was not apparent for patients in the middle tertile (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.8–3.6) or lower tertile of glucose (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.5–2.6). Uric acid therapy was more effective than placebo in limiting infarct growth in the upper tertile range (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.04) but not in the middle tertile (p = 0.95) or lower tertile of glucose (p = 0.30). Uric acid also proved superior to placebo in reducing infarct growth in patients with early recanalization.

Interpretation

Uric acid therapy was associated with reduced infarct growth and improved outcome in patients with hyperglycemia during acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77:775–783
Neuroanatomical correlation of urinary retention in lateral medullary infarction
Authors: Cho Han‐Jin , Kang Tae‐Ho , Chang Jae‐Hyeok , Choi Yu‐Ri , Park Min‐Gyu , Choi Kwang‐Dong , Sung Sang‐Min , Park Kyung‐Pil , Jung Dae‐Soo
Published: January 2015

We prospectively recruited 10 patients who presented with urinary retention as a neurological deficit that was attributable to lateral medullary infarction. Of these, 9 patients underwent a urodynamic study, which demonstrated detrusor underactivity of the bladder in 7 patients. Urinary retention developed mainly when the lesions involved the lateral tegmentum of the middle or caudal medulla. We concluded that interruption of the descending pathway from the pontine micturition center to the sacral spinal cord in the lateral medulla was responsible for the development of urinary retention. Ann Neurol 2015;77:726–733
Blocking of plasma kallikrein ameliorates stroke by reducing thromboinflammation
Authors: Göb Eva , Reymann Stephan , Langhauser Friederike , Schuhmann Michael K. , Kraft Peter , Thielmann Ina , Göbel Kerstin , Brede Marc , Homola György , Solymosi László , Stoll Guido , Geis Christian , Meuth Sven G. , Nieswandt Bernhard , Kleinschnitz Christoph
Published: January 2015

Objective

Recent evidence suggests that ischemic stroke is a thromboinflammatory disease. Plasma kallikrein (PK) cleaves high–molecular‐weight kininogen to release bradykinin (BK) and is a key constituent of the proinflammatory contact‐kinin system. In addition, PK can activate coagulation factor XII, the origin of the intrinsic coagulation cascade. Thus, PK triggers 2 important pathological pathways of stroke formation, thrombosis and inflammation.

Methods

We investigated the consequences of PK inhibition in transient and permanent models of ischemic stroke.

Results

PK‐deficient mice of either sex challenged with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion developed significantly smaller brain infarctions and less severe neurological deficits compared with controls without an increase in infarct‐associated hemorrhage. This protective effect was preserved at later stages of infarctions as well as after permanent stroke. Reduced intracerebral thrombosis and improved cerebral blood flow could be identified as underlying mechanisms. Moreover, blood–brain barrier function was maintained in mice lacking PK, and the local inflammatory response was reduced. PK‐deficient mice reconstituted with PK or BK again developed brain infarctions similar to wild‐type mice. Important from a translational perspective, inhibition of PK in wild‐type mice using a PK‐specific antibody was likewise effective even when performed in a therapeutic setting up to 3 hours poststroke.

Interpretation

PK drives thrombus formation and inflammation via activation of the intrinsic coagulation cascade and the release of BK but appears to be dispensable for hemostasis. Hence, PK inhibition may offer a safe strategy to combat thromboembolic disorders including ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2015;77:784–803
Neuroanatomical predictors of awakening in acutely comatose patients
Authors: Kowalski Robert G. , Buitrago Manuel M. , Duckworth Josh , Chonka Zachary D. , Puttgen H. Adrian , Stevens Robert D. , Geocadin Romergryko G.
Published: January 2015

Objective

Lateral brain displacement has been associated with loss of consciousness and poor outcome in a range of acute neurologic disorders. We studied the association between lateral brain displacement and awakening from acute coma.

Methods

This prospective observational study included all new onset coma patients admitted to the Neurosciences Critical Care Unit (NCCU) over 12 consecutive months. Head computed tomography (CT) scans were analyzed independently at coma onset, after awakening, and at follow‐up. Primary outcome measure was awakening, defined as the ability to follow commands before hospital discharge. Secondary outcome measures were discharge Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), modified Rankin Scale, Glasgow Outcome Scale, and hospital and NCCU lengths of stay.

Results

Of the 85 patients studied, the mean age was 58 ± 16 years, 51% were female, and 78% had cerebrovascular etiology of coma. Fifty‐one percent of patients had midline shift on head CT at coma onset and 43 (51%) patients awakened. In a multivariate analysis, independent predictors of awakening were younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.039, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.002–1.079, p = 0.040), higher GCS score at coma onset (OR = 1.455, 95% CI = 1.157–1.831, p = 0.001), nontraumatic coma etiology (OR = 4.464, 95% CI = 1.011–19.608, p = 0.048), lesser pineal shift on follow‐up CT (OR = 1.316, 95% CI = 1.073–1.615, p = 0.009), and reduction or no increase in pineal shift on follow‐up CT (OR = 11.628, 95% CI = 2.207–62.500, p = 0.004).

Interpretation

Reversal and/or limitation of lateral brain displacement are associated with acute awakening in comatose patients. These findings suggest objective parameters to guide prognosis and treatment in patients with acute onset of coma. Ann Neurol 2015;77:804–816
Synthesis of fluorosilicone monomer and application in hydrophobic surface of acrylic copolymer
Authors: Han Dongxiao , Zhu Liqun , Chen Yichi , Li Weiping , Wang Xianming , Ning Liang
Published: January 2015

A kind of fluorosilicone monomer with polymerizable vinyl group and fluorine and silicon components has been designed and synthesized. A series of acrylic copolymers were prepared using the monomer and normal acrylic monomers. The effects of the monomer on the surface properties and thermostability of the copolymers were studied. The chemical structure of the monomer and the copolymers were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 19F NMR. MALDI‐TOF‐MS was used to monitor the molecular weight variation during the monomer synthesis process. Thermal properties of the copolymers were analyzed by DSC and TGA. Surface properties of the copolymer films were characterized by static water contact angles, AFM, and XPS. Results showed that the fluorosilicone monomer with the expected structure was synthesized and had been copolymerized into the copolymers. The monomer contributed to a uniform hydrophobic film with no influence on the surface roughness. The thermostability of the copolymers was improved by the monomer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41926.
Coordination of Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in the Inverted Cucurbit[7]uril Supramolecular Assemblies Formed in the Presence of [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2−
Authors: Li Qing , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Zhu Qian‐Jiang , Xue Sai‐Feng , Tao Zhu , Xiao Xin
Published: January 2015

A convenient method to isolate inverted cucurbit[7]uril (iQ[7]) from a mixture of water‐soluble Q[n]s was established by eluting the soluble mixture of Q[n]s on a Dowex (H+ form) column so that iQ[7] could be selected as a ligand for coordination and supramolecular assembly with alkaline earth cations (AE2+) in aqueous HCl solutions in the presence of [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2− anions as structure‐directing agents. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that both iQ[7]–AE2+–[ZnCl4]2−–HCl and iQ[7]–AE2+–[CdCl4]2−–HCl interaction systems yielded supramolecular assemblies, in which the [ZnCl4]2− and [CdCl4]2− anions presented a honeycomb effect, and this resulted in the formation of linear iQ[7]/AE2+ coordination polymers through outer‐surface interactions of Q[n]s.
Monensin, a small molecule ionophore, can be used to increase high mannose levels on monoclonal antibodies generated by Chinese hamster ovary production cell‐lines
Authors: Pande Sandhya , Rahardjo Ayu , Livingston Brittney , Mujacic Mirna
Published: January 2015

Asparagine‐linked glycosylation of the constant region of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) plays an important role in their stability and efficacy and is a critical product quality attribute that needs to be consistent between various process changes and production lots. Exact product quality match is also of the utmost importance for the development of biosimilar protein therapeutics. This poses a process development challenge since mAb glycosylation profiles can fluctuate easily with changes in process parameters. Therefore, there is a need to identify methods to modulate glycosylation levels on therapeutic antibodies during a production run in order to maintain consistent product quality profiles between different drug lots. Here, we demonstrate the use of a small molecule ionophore, monensin, to increase high mannose levels on multiple therapeutic human immunoglobulins (IgGs) in both plate‐based small scale production models as well as in production bioreactors. This method is simple to implement and readily applicable for multiple production cell lines. Moreover, high mannose levels can be increased without significant negative impact on titer or cell culture performance. As such, monensin gives us a manipulable product quality lever. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1383–1394. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.