bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Modification of the ZnO Nanoparticles with γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane and Study of Their Photocatalytic Activity, Optical Properties and Antibacterial Activities
Authors: Rabin Nurun Nahar , Morshed Jannatul , Akhter Hashi , Islam Md. Saidul , Hossain Md. Asjad , Elias Md , Alam Md. Mahbubul , Karim M R , Hasnat M A , uddin Md. Nizam , Siddiquey Iqbal Ahmed
Published: May 2016

Surface modification of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) with γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane (APTES) was investigated. Successful surface modification of the nanoparticles was confirmed experimentally by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of the surface modifier concentration on the grafting density and surface area was studied by CHN elemental analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The photocatalytic activity and UV shielding ability of the surface-modified particles prepared in water-ethanol solvent in the presence of the surface modifiers were compared to those of non-modified particles. As a case study, It was observed by methylene blue (MB) dye degradation experiment that the photocatalytic activity in the presence of modified nanoparticles was lower than that observed with non-modified ZnO nanoparticles. Dispersion stability tests visually showed that APTES grafted nanoparticles had acquired better stability than non-modified ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous solution.
Clear and positive identity as an attribute of an effective leader
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Wu Florence K.Y.
Published: May 2016

In many adolescent developmental models, it is proposed that having a clear and positive identity is an important developmental task for adolescents. In this paper, the conception of positive and healthy identity and the related theories are outlined and the determinants and effects of having a positive and healthy identity are presented. The relationship between healthy and positive identity and leadership is then explored. Finally, the question of knowing how positive and healthy identity can be promoted is examined. Issues surrounding the ways of how to teach students to develop the attribute of having a clear and positive identity as a leader are discussed.
Resilience as a focus of a subject on leadership and intrapersonal development
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Leung Hildie
Published: May 2016

Resilience is an important construct in the positive youth development literature. In this paper, the definition and concept of resilience are introduced. The relationships between resilience and adolescent development as well as leadership are also addressed. To help students develop qualities on resilience, a lecture on resilience is developed in a subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders”. The objectives, intended learning outcomes, lecture outline and lecture materials are presented in this paper. Some issues surrounding the teaching of this lecture are discussed.
Developing self-leadership and responsibility and moving away from egocentrism
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Leung Hildie
Published: May 2016

To lead others, successful leaders must first, be able to lead themselves. Hence, self-leadership is an important element of leadership development for university students. In this paper, the definitions of self-leadership and responsibility are introduced. Their impacts on effective leadership are also addressed. In addition, the concept of egocentrism as a barrier to effective leadership and adolescent development is highlighted. To facilitate the development of self-leadership and responsibility in adolescents, a lecture on self-leadership, responsibility, and egocentrism is designed in the curriculum of a university subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders”. The objectives, intended learning outcomes, lecture outline and materials are presented in this paper. Issues surrounding this lecture are discussed.
Levels of reflection on teaching a leadership and positive youth development subject
Authors: Leung Hildie
Published: May 2016

To promote holistic development in Chinese university students in Hong Kong, a general education subject entitled “Tomorrow’s Leaders” was developed and has been fully implemented in the new 4-year university curriculum since 2012. In the present article, the Onion Model is used as a framework for conducting systematic teacher reflection to enhance professional development. Challenges and issues central to the environment, behavior, competencies, beliefs, identity, and mission, as experienced and observed by a teacher of a leadership and positive youth development subject in Hong Kong, are discussed. Issues include the Hong Kong education environment, the impact of reinforcement, and the role of culture in teaching and learning, as well as postulations on leadership and human development. The article concludes with implications of the core reflection on my personal development.
Subjective outcome evaluation of a university subject on leadership and intrapersonal development
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Liang Jianqiang , Law Moon Y.M.
Published: May 2016

First-year undergraduate students (n=890) responded to a 48-item subjective outcome evaluation scale (SOES) after taking a leadership subject at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University in the second semester of the 2012–2013 academic year. Consistent with our expectation, factor analyses showed that the scale contains three dimensions (program, instructor and benefits). Results showed that students had positive perceptions of the program contents and the instructors, and most of the students perceived the subject to be beneficial to their development in different areas. As predicted, perceived qualities of the program and instructors were significant predictors of the perceived effectiveness of the program. Perceived qualities of the program, instructors and benefits predicted student’s overall satisfaction with the program.
Non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin
Authors: Benni Jyoti M. , Patil Paragouda A.
Published: May 2016

Background:

Introducing a new drug to the market is a time-consuming process, is complex, and involves consumption of a lot of resources. Therefore, discovering new uses for the old drugs (i.e. drug repurposing) benefits the patients by providing them time-tested drugs. With developments in insulin therapy still happening, it is worth keeping up to date on trends in the use of this powerful glucose-lowering agent. The aim of this article is to explore the potential non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin.

Methods:

Literature survey was carried out through the various scientific journals publishing experimental and clinical research papers regarding the diverse applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus. These applications include both therapeutic as well as diagnostic uses of insulin. The relevant information collected from these publications was paraphrased in the present paper.

Results:

On studying the literature, the non-diabetic uses of insulin include the following: wound healing, parenteral nutrition, antiaging, body building, cardioprotection in acute coronary syndromes, insulin tolerance test to test the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, cell culture, cancer treatment, organ preservation, and management of septic shock, calcium channel, β-blocker overdose and other critical illnesses in intensive care units.

Conclusions:

This review attempts to survey some interesting new applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus.
Mechanical Properties of ABS Embedded with Basalt Fiber Fillers
Authors: Abdelhaleem Ayman M. M. , Abdellah Mohammed Y. , Fathi Hesham I. , Dewidar Montasser
Published: May 2016

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) has great verity applications in aerospace and automobiles industries. Mechanical strength of the ABS is superior to even that of impact resistant polystyrene. In addition metallic coatings can be applied to the surface of ABS moldings. The main aim of the present work is to investigate the mechanical properties of additives of basalt fibers (BF) to ABS with (5, 10, and 15) wt% embedded into the polymer matrix by using plastic injection molding technique. This new perceptions has been done on basalt fibers that have a potential low cost with its good mechanical performance. The ultimate tensile strength that obtained from the composite with 15 wt% is 56.67 MPa with 40.52 % increase value than neat ABS, Young’s modulus gradually increases with increasing the amount of additives. Impact un-notched strength decreases with a reported increment of 24.617 KJ.m–2. A Rockwell hardness test is also used and with the increases of additives the amount of hardness of the composite increases. A scan electron microscopy (SEM) on the fracture surface is captured to check the morphologies structure of the composite comparable with a neat ABS. and it is showed a very good distribution and bonding of the B.F. with the pure ABS. As well as the cost of the ABS and BF is reduced by a percentage of 15 %.
Zoledronate for Osteogenesis imperfecta: evaluation of safety profile in children
Authors: Kumar Chanchal , Panigrahi Inusha , Somasekhara Aradhya Abhishek , Meena Babu Lal , Khandelwal Niranjan
Published: May 2016

Background:

The advent of bisphosphonates (BPs) has revolutionised the outcome of Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in the last few years. There has always been a safety concern regarding zoledronate’s use due to a paucity of studies. The current study is a retrospective evaluation of children with OI on the short- and long-term side effects of zoledronate and the frequency of fractures per year after the drug was introduced.

Methods:

A total of 26 children diagnosed with OI, with a median age of 84 (45–121) months were enrolled in the study. They received cyclical zoledronate for a median duration of 36 (11–61) months at quarterly intervals between January 2008 and December 2014. Safety evaluation involved assessment of its short- and long-term effects in addition to the frequency of fractures after its usage.

Results:

One (3%) neonate had symptomatic hypocalcemia 15 days after the infusion. Three children (11%) had acute phase reactions. None had long-term side effects, including osteonecrosis of the jaw, in our 7-year experience. OI of types III and IV (total of 22) had significant reductions in the number of fractures (p<0.05).

Conclusions:

Further long-duration studies are necessary to evaluate the longterm safety of zoledronate.
Evaluation of left and right ventricular functions using conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Caglar Acar Onur , Epcacan Serdar , Uner Abdurrahman , Ece Ibrahim , Dogan Murat
Published: May 2016

Background:

The aim of the study was the evaluation of the effects of glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on cardiac functions.

Methods:

Diabetic patients were divided into two groups as well-controlled and poorly controlled patients. All patients underwent M-mode, two-dimensions (2D), pulsed wave (PW) Doppler, and tissue Doppler (TDI) echocardiography to evaluate systolic and diastolic functions.

Results:

Early diastolic mitral flow velocity (Em) and the ratio of early to late diastolic mitral flow velocity (Em/Am) obtained with TDI were found to be significantly lower in the well-controlled then the control group and significantly lower in the poorly-controlled group than the well-controlled group. Am, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) and myocardial performance index (MPI) were significantly higher in the poorly controlled group. The ratio of early mitral diastolic flow velocity obtained with PW Doppler (E) to Em (E/Em) was significantly higher in the diabetic group. According to the mitral valve PW Doppler results, 13.6% of the well-controlled group and 31% of the poorly-controlled group had type 1 diastolic dysfunction. According to the mitral TDI results, 18% of the well-controlled group and 40.4% of poorly-controlled group had type 1 diastolic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

Conventional and TDI echocardiography revealed impairment in left ventricular functions in some patients. Tissue Doppler echocardiography also revealed diastolic impairment in some patients who appeared normal with PW Doppler echocardiography. The present study found that impairment in left ventricular diastolic functions is directly related to glycemic control and the rate of diabetic cardiomyopathy was higher in children with poor metabolic control.
Central precocious puberty in a boy with 22q13 deletion syndrome and NOTCH-1 gene duplication
Authors: Giannakopoulos Aris , Fryssira Helen , Tzetis Maria , Xaidara Athina , Kanaka-Gantenbein Christina
Published: May 2016

The 22q13 deletion syndrome or Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with developmental delay, hypotonia, delayed or absent speech, autistic-like behavior, normal to accelerated growth and dysmorphic faces. We report the occurrence of central precocious puberty in a boy diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. At the age of 1 year, our patient presented with increased testicular volume for his age, bone age advancement and growth acceleration. Stimulated gonadotropin levels demonstrated a premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Central precocious puberty was treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog. Molecular diagnosis with array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) revealed a major deletion of 5.8 Mb at the 22q13 chromosomal region and a 25 kb duplication at the 9q34.3 region that included the
Elevated serum adiponectin is related to elevated serum ferritin and interleukin-6 in β-thalassaemia major children
Authors: El-Rasheidy Farida H. , Essa Enas S. , Mahmoud Asmaa A.S. , Nada Abd El-wahab A.A.
Published: May 2016

Background:

There is evidence that iron affects lipid metabolism and adipocyte biology. Given the effects of iron on adiponectin, the role of iron in lipid oxidation, and the potential additive effects of oxidative stress from excess iron and lipid metabolism. We aimed to investigate serum adiponectin in relation to clinical and laboratory parameters including the inflammation markers [C-reacitve protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] in β-thalassaemia major children.

Methods:

We investigated 58 β-thalassaemia major children under scheduled blood transfusion and 30 controls. Routine clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations including serum ferritin as well as CRP measured by immunoturbidimetry, IL-6 and serum adiponectin measured by ELISA are performed.

Results:

CRP, IL-6 and serum adiponectin levels were higher in patients than controls (p<0.001, p=0.04 and p<0.001, respectively). Patients received desferoxamine showed significantly lower levels of adiponectin than those did not receive it (mean±SD=4.50±3.37 vs. 9.96±9.68, p=0.006). Serum adiponectin was significantly negatively correlated with hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (r=–0.36, p=0.005). It was significantly positively correlated with platelets count, serum ferritin, CRP and IL-6 (r=0.27, r=0.26, r=0.30, r=0.35, respectively and p=0.04, p=0.04, p=0.01, p=0.008, respectively). Serum ferritin and IL-6 were the significant predictors of serum adiponectin level (p<0.001 and p=0.003, respectively).

Conclusions:

Serum adiponectin was increased in β-thalassaemia major as were pro-inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6). Its level is directly associated with ferritin and IL-6 levels.
Effect of DHA supplements during pregnancy on the concentration of PUFA in breast milk of Chinese lactating mothers
Authors: Deng Juan , Li Xiang , Ding Zhen , Wu Yixia , Chen Xueyan , Xie Lin
Published: May 2016

Objective:

To determine whether there is an effect of prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the breast milk of Chinese lactating women.

Methods:

A total of 409 participants were recruited at the postpartum care center during their 1-month postpartum care. They were assigned to the supplement group or the control group according to whether or not DHA supplements were taken during pregnancy. Dietary intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Breast milk samples were collected on 1 day between the 22nd and 25th day postpartum and levels of eight kinds of fatty acids in the breast milk were measured by gas chromatography.

Results:

DHA intake was divided into three levels (<57 mg/day, 57–185 mg/day and >185 mg/day). The concentration of DHA postpartum in the breast milk of the group receiving a DHA supplement >185 mg/day was significantly higher (P=0.003) compared to the control group.

Conclusions:

DHA intake >185 mg/day resulted in increased DHA concentrations in breast milk. This finding suggests that mothers with inadequate dietary intake of DHA should change their dietary habits to consume a diet rich in DHA or take sufficient DHA supplements to meet the average nutritional needs of infants.
Risk factors of uterine rupture with a special interest to uterine fundal pressure
Authors: Sturzenegger Karin , Schäffer Leonhard , Zimmermann Roland , Haslinger Christian
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

Uterine rupture is a rare but serious event with a median incidence of 0.09%. Previous uterine surgery is the most common risk factor. The aim of our study was to analyze retrospectively women with uterine rupture during labor and to evaluate postulated risk factors such as uterine fundal pressure (UFP).

Methods:

Twenty thousand one hundred and fifty-two deliveries were analyzed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were 22 weeks and 0 days–42 weeks and 0 days of gestation, singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation. Women with primary cesarean section were excluded. A logistic regression analysis adjusting for possible risk factors was conducted and a subgroup analysis of women with unscarred uterus was performed.

Results:

Twenty-eight cases of uterine rupture were identified (incidence: 0.14%). Uterine rupture was noticed in multipara patients only. In the multivariate analysis among all study patients, only previous cesarean section remained a statistically significant risk factor [adjusted odds ration (adj. OR) 12.52 confidence interval (CI) 95% 5.21–30.09]. In the subgroup analysis among women with unscarred uterus (n=19,415) three risk factors were associated with uterine rupture: UFP (adj. OR 5.22 CI 95% 1.07–25.55), abnormal placentation (adj. OR 20.82 CI 95% 2.48–175.16) and age at delivery >40 years (adj. OR 4.77 CI 95% 1.44–15.85).

Conclusions:

The main risk factor for uterine rupture in the whole study population is previous uterine surgery. Risk factors in women with unscarred uterus were UFP, abnormal placentation, and age at delivery >40 years. The only factor which can be modified is UFP. We suggest that UFP should be used with caution at least in presence of other supposed risk factors.
Can laser therapy be the answer for radiodermatitis in anal cancer patients? Two case reports
Authors: Gobbo Margherita , Ottaviani Giulia , Rupel Katia , Biasotto Matteo , Guglielmi Alessandra
Published: May 2016

Background:

Patients suffering from anal cancer have to undergo different anticancer therapies, including radiotherapy. Radiodermatitis represents a debilitating side effect of radiotherapy, often leading to painful lesions and a suspension of the radiotherapy treatment. No widely recognized treatment of radiodermatitis is currently available.

Objective:

The present report introduces an innovative technique based on the use of laser light to manage radiodermatitis of the anal region in a decisive fashion.

Study design:

Two cases of radiodermatitis are presented, the occurrence of which followed combined chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma. Both patients complained about strong pain, severe itch and spontaneous bleeding from the lesions. In addition, they reported limitations in their daily life activities as well as a negative impact on their quality of life. Both patients received laser irradiation therapy by applying two wavelengths simultaneously (970±15 nm and 660±15 nm) for a total of six laser sessions. The chosen treatment parameters were as follows: peak power, 6 W, 50% duty cycle for 360 s; peak power, 6 W in continuous mode for another 120 s resulting in spatially averaged energy fluences of 67.5 J/cm2 and 45 J/cm2, respectively.

Results:

Complete healing of the lesions and symptoms was achieved within 2 weeks. Remission of the symptoms continued after 2 months with no documented side effects. Both patients managed to complete the radiotherapy sessions and reported maximum satisfaction with the treatment.

Conclusions:

These cases can prepare the ground to consider class-IV laser therapy, an innovative option to manage radiodermatitis with predictable effectiveness and a consequent improvement in the quality of life of the patients. Patients experiencing radiodermatitis suffer from pain accompanied by limited independence in daily activities, decreased life quality, and reduced self-esteem which often leads to depression. Resolution of radiodermatitis can result in fewer cases of radiotherapy suspension and a better outcome in the oncological treatment as well as an improved quality of life, usually very quickly.
La conversaciónguasap
Authors: Gascueña Rosa Martín
Published: May 2016

Esta investigación sobre la aplicación para teléfonos móviles inteligentesWhatsAppse enfoca desde los presupuestos del análisis de la conversación coloquial (Briz y Grupo Val.Es.Co, 2000). Se propone una configuración estructural de estas conversaciones basada en secuencias de apertura, continuidad y cierre. Nuestro objetivo es describir las estrategias comunicativas y discursivas empleadas en este canal de comunicación tan cotidiano, y comprobar, por un lado, cómo los elementos no exclusivamente lingüísticos funcionan como anclajes semánticos que sirven para cohesionar y referenciar la información inferida de cada acto de habla y, por otro, cómo se utilizan estos elementos en la negociación de las relaciones sociales y guían la interacción. Así pues, la funcionalidad de los emoticonos es múltiple; a veces pueden sustituir a unidades léxicas y, en ocasiones, vehiculan la interpretación de la emoción del enunciador. Además, otras veces recapitulan la intención del enunciador y también pueden ser elementos de (des)cortesía (según al grado de confianza que mantengan los interlocutores). Por otra parte, su uso está relacionado con variables diatópicas, diastráticas y diafásicas. Para esta investigación hemos analizado cien conversaciones de once grupos integrados por un número variable de tres a doce individuos por grupo, con edades comprendidas entre los doce y los sesenta años.
Discurso institucional e imagen en los mensajes de Navidad del rey de España (1975–2013)
Authors: López Javier Medina
Published: May 2016

Los mensajes de Navidad del rey Juan Carlos I constituyen una de las pocas ocasiones en las que el jefe del Estado español se dirige a los españoles a través de la televisión. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar estos textos emitidos por el monarca en el período de su reinado (1975–2013). Estamos ante unos mensajes que los pronuncia el representante de la institución de la Corona, pero que no tienen el correspondiente refrendo legal. Son costumbres y tradiciones aceptadas por todos. El estudio se lleva a cabo desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso y desde la semiótica de la comunicación, para poner de relieve cómo el texto es utilizado con fines ideológicos para consolidar la imagen de la Monarquía, a la vez que la estructura del Estado. Las figuras delethosy de laauctoritasreales se ponen de relieve cuando se quiere afianzar la imagen del monarca y de la institución que encarna. Los mensajes siguen el modelo de la oratoria clásica y se utilizan como medio para comentar, persuadir y arbitrar un marco de convivencia en España en la que el rey juega un papel de moderador entre el Estado y la ciudadanía.
“Mais vous avez tout à fait raison M. le Premier ministre”Termes d’adresse et débats politiques télévisés de l’entre-deux-tours (1974–2012)
Authors: Sullet-Nylander Françoise , Roitman Malin
Published: May 2016

Depuis 1974, le débat de l’entre-deux-tours affrontant les “finalistes” avant le second tour des élections présidentielles est devenu une “institution” en France (1974: Giscard d’Estaing / Mitterrand; 1981: Mitterrand / Giscard d’Estaing; 1988: Mitterrand / Chirac; 1995: Chirac / Jospin; 2007: Sarkozy / Royal et 2012: Hollande / Sarkozy). Après avoir mené plusieurs études linguistico-discursives sur ce même corpus − en particulier sur les modes de questionnement, la réfutation et les formes de discours rapporté −, les auteures s’intéressent ici aux termes d’adresses utilisés par les deux candidats en face-à-face dans les six débats susnommés. Les études de l’ouvrage dirigé par Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni (2010), S’adresser à autrui. Les formes nominales d’adresse en français, ont bien a montré que les usages appellatifs varient considérablement d’un genre interactionnel à l’autre. Il semble ainsi justifier de mener une étude approfondie, à la fois quantitative et qualitative, de l’évolution de ces usages appellatifs au sein du genre discursif des débats politiques télévisés de l’entre-deux-tours, ceux-ci couvrant une période d’une quarantaine d’années. Les auteures s’interrogent sur les formes (Monsieur +  patronyme, Madame +  patronyme, Monsieur le Premier ministre, etc.) des termes d’adresse et sur la fréquence avec laquelle ils sont utilisés au fil des décennies. L’analyse porte également sur l’emploi de ces formes en allocution et / ou en délocution et sur les fonctions pragmatiques que jouent ces unités dans les débats de l’entre-deux-tours.
A highly efficient CuI nanoparticles-catalyzed synthesis of tetrahydrochromenediones and dihydropyrano[c]chromenediones under grinding
Authors: Abdolmohammadi Shahrzad , Ghiasi Reza , Ahmadzadeh-Vatani Sam
Published: May 2016

A concise and CuI nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of tetrahydrochromenediones and dihydropyrano[c]chromenediones under solvent-free grinding conditions via the three-component condensation reaction of Meldrum’s acid, an aromatic aldehyde, and an active methylene compound, including dimedone or 4-hydroxycoumarin, was developed. This new method gives desirable advantages such as simple reaction setup, very mild reaction conditions, production of the desired products in high yields without by-products, recyclability of the catalyst, and environmentally benign procedure.
Resistance Training Alters the Proportion of Skeletal Muscle Fibers but Not Brain Neurotrophic Factors in Young Adult Rats
Authors: Antonio-Santos José , Ferreira Diórginis José S. , Gomes Costa Gizelle L. , Matos Rhowena Jane B. , Toscano Ana E. , Manhães-de-Castro Raul , Leandro Carol G.
Published: May 2016

Antonio-Santos, J, Ferreira, DJS, Gomes Costa, GL, Matos, RJB, Toscano, AE, Manhães-de-Castro, R, and Leandro, CG. Resistance training alters the proportion of skeletal muscle fibers but not brain neurotrophic factors in young adult rats. J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3531–3538, 2016—Resistance training (RT) is related to improved muscular strength and power output. Different programs of RT for rats have been developed, but peripheral and central response has not been evaluated directly in the same animal. To test the hypothesis that RT induces central and peripheral adaptations, this study evaluated the effects of a RT on the performance of a weekly maximum overload test, fiber-type typology, and brain neurotrophic factors in young adult rats. Thirty-one male Wistar rats (65 ± 5 days) were divided in 2 groups: nontrained (NT, n = 13) and trained (T, n = 18). Trained group was submitted to a program of RT ladder climbing, gradually added mass, 5 days per week during 8 weeks at 80% of individual maximum overload. This test was weekly performed to adjust the individual load throughout the weeks for both groups. After 48 hours from the last session of exercise, soleus and extensor digital longus (EDL) muscles were removed for myofibrillar ATPase staining analysis. Spinal cord, motor cortex, and cerebellum were removed for RT-PCR analysis of BDNF and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) gene expression. In EDL muscle, T animals showed an increase in the proportion of type IIb fibers and a reduction of type IIa fibers. Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene expression was reduced in the cerebellum of T animals (NT: 1.025 ± 0.12; T: 0.57 ± 0.11). Our data showed that 8 weeks of RT were enough to increase maximum overload capacity and the proportion of glycolytic muscle fibers, but there were no associations with the expression of growth neurotrophic factors.
Longitudinal Body Composition Changes in NCAA Division I College Football Players
Authors: Trexler Eric T. , Smith-Ryan Abbie E. , Mann J. Bryan , Ivey Pat A. , Hirsch Katie R. , Mock Meredith G.
Published: May 2016

Trexler, ET, Smith-Ryan, AE, Mann, JB, Ivey, PA, Hirsch, KR, and Mock, MG. Longitudinal body composition changes in NCAA Division I college football players. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 1–8, 2017—Many athletes seek to optimize body composition to fit the physical demands of their sport. American football requires a unique combination of size, speed, and power. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in body composition in Division I collegiate football players. For 57 players (mean ± SD, age = 19.5 ± 0.9 years, height = 186.9 ± 5.7 cm, weight = 107.7 ± 19.1 kg), body composition was assessed via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in the off-season (March-Pre), end of off-season (May), mid-July (Pre-Season), and the following March (March-Post). Outcome variables included weight, body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass, lean mass (LM), android and gynoid (GYN) fat, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD). For a subset of athletes (n = 13 out of 57), changes over a 4-year playing career were evaluated with measurements taken every March. Throughout a single year, favorable changes were observed for BF% (Δ = −1.3 ± 2.5%), LM (Δ = 2.8 ± 2.8 kg), GYN (Δ = −1.5 ± 3.0%), BMC (Δ = 0.06 ± 0.14 kg), and BMD (Δ = 0.015 ± 0.027 g·cm−2, all p ≤ 0.05). Across 4 years, weight increased significantly (Δ = 6.6 ± 4.1 kg) and favorable changes were observed for LM (Δ = 4.3 ± 3.0 kg), BMC (Δ = 0.18 ± 0.17 kg), and BMD (Δ = 0.033 ± 0.039 g·cm−2, all p ≤ 0.05). Similar patterns in body composition changes were observed for linemen and non-linemen. Results indicate that well-trained collegiate football players at high levels of competition can achieve favorable changes in body composition, even late in the career, which may confer benefits for performance and injury prevention.
Effects of Physical Training and Fitness on Running Injuries in Physically Active Young Men
Authors: Grier Tyson L. , Canham-Chervak Michelle , Anderson Morgan K. , Bushman Timothy T. , Jones Bruce H.
Published: May 2016

Grier, TL, Canham-Chervak, M, Anderson, MK, Bushman, TT, and Jones, BH. Effects of physical training and fitness on running injuries in physically active young men. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 207–216, 2017—The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of physical training (PT) and fitness on risks for running-related injuries (RRIs) in physically active young men. Personal characteristics, PT, Army Physical Fitness Test scores, and injury data were obtained by survey. Army Physical Fitness Test variables (push-ups, sit-ups, and 2-mile run) were converted into quartiles (Q), where Q1 = lowest performance and Q4 = highest performance. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression. Over 4,000 (n = 4,236) soldiers were surveyed. Running injury incidence was 14%. A greater risk of an RRI was associated with older age (OR31+/<22 years = 1.62, 95% CI, 1.21–2.18), higher BMI (

JOURNAL/jscr/04.03/00124278-201701000-00023/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-19T002720Z/r/image-tiff

), and total distance ran per week during unit PT (OR16.1+/1–5 miles = 1.66, 95% CI, 1.15–2.41). A lower risk of an RRI was associated with total distance run per week during personal PT (OR5.1–10/1–5 miles = 0.70, 95% CI, 0.53–0.91, OR10.1–16 +/1–5 miles = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.35–0.97, OR16.1+/1–5 miles = 0.54, 95% CI, 0.30–0.98), higher aerobic endurance as measured by 2-mile run performance (ORQ4/Q1 = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.35–0.72), and unit resistance training ≥3 times a week (OR≥3 times per week/none = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.29–0.73). Greater personal PT running mileage decreased injuries in this population suggesting that the increased protective effect of higher aerobic fitness outweighed the injurious effect of running more miles during personal PT. Countermeasures to prevent RRIs could entail enhancing aerobic endurance, providing opportunities for personal aerobic training, monitoring for excessive unit PT running mileage and encouraging unit resistance training ≥3 times per week.
Exercise-Induced Hormone Elevations Are Related to Muscle Growth
Authors: Mangine Gerald T. , Hoffman Jay R. , Gonzalez Adam M. , Townsend Jeremy R. , Wells Adam J. , Jajtner Adam R. , Beyer Kyle S. , Boone Carleigh H. , Wang Ran , Miramonti Amelia A. , LaMonica Michael B. , Fukuda David H. , Witta E. Lea , Ratamess Nicholas A. , Stout Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2016

Mangine, GT, Hoffman, JR, Gonzalez, AM, Townsend, JR, Wells, AJ, Jajtner, AR, Beyer, KS, Boone, CH, Wang, R, Miramonti, AA, LaMonica, MB, Fukuda, DH, Witta, EL, Ratamess, NA, and Stout, JR. Exercise-induced hormone elevations are related to muscle growth. J Strength Cond Res 31(1): 45–53, 2017—Partial least squares regression structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to examine relationships between the endocrine response to resistance exercise and muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. Pretesting (PRE) measures of muscle size (thickness and cross-sectional area) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris were collected in 26 resistance-trained men. Participants were randomly selected to complete a high-volume (VOL, n = 13, 10–12RM, 1-minute rest) or high-intensity (INT, n = 13, 3–5RM, 3-minute rest) resistance training program. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, 30-minute, and 60-minute postexercise during weeks 1 (week 1) and 8 (week 8) of training. The hormonal responses (testosterone, growth hormone [22 kD], insulin-like growth factor-1, cortisol, and insulin) to each training session were evaluated using area-under-the-curve (AUC) analyses. Relationships between muscle size (PRE), AUC values (week 1 + week 8) for each hormone, and muscle size (POST) were assessed using a consistent PLS-SEM algorithm and tested for statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) using a 1,000 samples consistent bootstrapping analysis. Group-wise comparisons for each relationship were assessed through independent t-tests. The model explained 73.4% (p < 0.001) of variance in muscle size at POST. Significant pathways between testosterone and muscle size at PRE (p = 0.043) and muscle size at POST (p = 0.032) were observed. The ability to explain muscle size at POST improved when the model was analyzed by group (INT: R
2 = 0.882; VOL: R
2 = 0.987; p < 0.001). No group differences in modal quality were found. Exercise-induced testosterone elevations, independent of the training programs used in this study, seem to be related to muscle growth.
Differences in Muscle Activation and Kinematics Between Cable-Based and Selectorized Weight Training
Authors: Signorile Joseph F. , Rendos Nicole K. , Heredia Vargas Hector H. , Alipio Taislaine C. , Regis Rebecca C. , Eltoukhy Moataz M. , Nargund Renu S. , Romero Matthew A.
Published: May 2016

Signorile, JF, Rendos, NK, Heredia Vargas, HH, Alipio, TC, Regis, RC, Eltoukhy, MM, Nargund, RS, and Romero, MA. Differences in muscle activation and kinematics between cable-based and selectorized weight training. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 313–322, 2017—Cable resistance training machines are showing resurgent popularity and allow greater number of degrees of freedom than typical selectorized equipment. Given that specific kinetic chains are used during distinct activities of daily living (ADL), cable machines may provide more effective interventions for some ADL, whereas others may be best addressed using selectorized equipment. This study examined differences in activity levels (root mean square of the EMG [rmsEMG]) of 6 major muscles (pectoralis major, PM; anterior deltoid, AD; biceps brachii, BB; rectus abdominis, RA; external obliques, EO; and triceps brachii, TB) and kinematics of multiple joints between a cable and standard selectorized machines during the biceps curl, the chest press, and the overhead press performed at 1.5 seconds per contractile stage. Fifteen individuals (9 men, 6 women; mean age ± SD, 24.33 ± 4.88 years) participated. Machine order was randomized. Significant differences favoring cable training were seen for PM and AD during biceps curl; BB, AD, and EO for chest press; and BB and EO during overhead press (p ≤ 0.05). Greater starting and ending angles were seen for the elbow and shoulder joints during selectorized biceps curl, whereas hip and knee starting and ending angles were greater for cable machine during chest and overhead presses (p < 0.0001). Greater range of motion (ROM) favoring the cable machine was also evident (p < 0.0001). These results indicate that utilization patterns of selected muscles, joint angles, and ROMs can be varied because of machine application even when similar exercises are used, and therefore, these machines can be used selectively in training programs requiring specific motor or biomechanical patterns.
Myoeletric Activity of the Quadriceps During Leg Press Exercise Performed With Differing Techniques
Authors: Machado Wallace , Paz Gabriel , Mendes Leonardo , Maia Marianna , Winchester Jason B. , Lima Vicente , Willardson Jeffrey M. , Miranda Humberto
Published: May 2016

Machado, W, Paz, G, Mendes, L, Maia, M, Winchester, JB, Lima, V, Willardson, JM, and Miranda, H. Myoeletric activity of the quadriceps during leg press exercise performed with differing techniques. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 422–429, 2017—The quadriceps muscle supplies the motive force for dynamic knee extension. During this action, the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) co-contract to stabilize the patella as it tracks within the patellofemoral groove. The purpose of this study was to analyze surface electromyographic (SEMG) responses for the VL, VMO, rectus femoris (RF), and biceps femoris (BF), as well as the VMO:VL ratio during an open-kinetic chain 45° angled leg press (LP45). The traditional LP45 technique was compared with 2 alternative LP45 exercise techniques that used a physioball and elastic band, respectively. Thirteen female college students performed 3 protocols in random order: TRAD—1 LP45 set performed using the traditional exercise technique, PBALL—1 LP45 set performed with a physioball held between the knee joints, and PEB—1 LP45 set performed with an elastic band proximal to the knee joints. Ten repetitions at 70% of a 10 repetition maximum load were performed in each protocol, and the SEMG data were recorded for the VMO, VL, RF, and BF muscles. Significant increases in VMO activity were noted during PBALL vs. PEB (p = 0.001) and TRAD (p = 0.002). Higher VMO activity was noted during TRAD vs. PEB (p = 0.001). Greater VL activity was noted during PBALL vs. TRAD (p = 0.0001) and PEB (p = 0.0001). The PBALL condition elicited a greater VMO:VL ratio during the concentric phase vs. the PEB (p = 0.001) and TRAD (p = 0.001) protocols. Greater RF activity was observed during PEB vs. TRAD (p = 0.001) and PBALL (p = 0.001). Therefore, practitioners should consider placing a physioball between the knees during the LP45 exercise as an alternative technique when greater overall quadriceps activity is desired for clinical rehabilitation or a muscle strengthening program.
Use of the Wattbike Cycle Ergometer for Attenuation of Bilateral Pedaling Asymmetry in Trained Cyclists
Authors: Kell David T. , Greer Beau K.
Published: May 2016

Kell, DT and Greer, BK. Use of the Wattbike cycle ergometer for attenuation of bilateral pedaling asymmetry in trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 468–473, 2017—Experienced cyclists typically pedal with a 5–20% bilateral asymmetry in regards to power output. The aim of this study was to determine if visual feedback (VF) through the Wattbike cycle ergometer is an effective tool in reducing bilateral pedaling asymmetry in trained cyclists. Twelve subjects completed three 10-minute cycling trials on the Wattbike at a power output consistent with 60% V̇o
2 peak. The 3 trials consisted of a baseline (BASE) trial in which cyclists pedaled without instruction, a conscious control (CC) trial during which cyclists attempted to pedal symmetrically, and another trial in which cyclists attempted to pedal symmetrically while using VF of their bilateral power outputs (%) through the Wattbike. Although the BASE trial was always performed first, the order of the CC and VF trials was counterbalanced to minimize the influence of the order effect. For the primary analysis, the Asymmetry Index percentages (AI%s) for the 3 trials were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, secondary analysis of subjects who had baseline AI%s within the normal, reported range showed significantly decreased AI%s during the VF trial as compared with BASE (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that cyclists with normal AI%s can pedal more symmetrically while using VF of their asymmetry as opposed to merely attempting conscious correction without feedback. It is currently unknown whether adopting a more bilaterally symmetrical pedaling style will improve cycling performance or decrease injury rates in cyclists.
Loading Intensity Prediction by Velocity and the OMNI-RES 0–10 Scale in Bench Press
Authors: Naclerio Fernando , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko
Published: May 2016

Naclerio, F and Larumbe-Zabala, E. Loading intensity prediction by velocity and the OMNI-RES 0–10 scale in bench press. J Strength Cond Res 32(1): 323–329, 2017—This study examined the possibility of using movement velocity and the perceived exertion as indicators of relative load in the bench press (BP) exercise. A total of 308 young, healthy, resistance trained athletes (242 men and 66 women) performed a progressive strength test up to the one repetition maximum for the individual determination of the full load-velocity and load-exertion relationships. Longitudinal regression models were used to predict the relative load from the average velocity (AV) and the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scales (OMNI-RES 0–10 scale), considering sets as the time-related variable. Load associated with the AV and the OMNI-RES 0–10 scale value expressed after performing a set of 1–3 repetitions were used to construct 2 adjusted predictive equations: Relative load = 107.75 − 62.97 × average velocity; and Relative load = 29.03 + 7.26 × OMNI-RES 0–10 scale value. The 2 models were capable of estimating the relative load with an accuracy of 84 and 93%, respectively. These findings confirm the ability of the 2 calculated regression models, using load-velocity and load-exertion from the OMNI-RES 0–10 scale, to accurately predict strength performance in BP.
Effect of an Unstable Load on Primary and Stabilizing Muscles During the Bench Press
Authors: Ostrowski Stephanie J. , Carlson Lara A. , Lawrence Michael A.
Published: May 2016

Ostrowski, SJ, Carlson, LA, and Lawrence, MA. Effect of an unstable load on primary and stabilizing muscles during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 430–434, 2017—Unstable resistance exercises are performed to increase activity of stabilizing muscles. The premise is that this increase in activity will yield greater strength gains than traditional resistance exercises. The purpose of this study was to determine if an unstable load increases muscle activity of stabilizing muscles during a bench press as compared with a standard bench press with a typical load. Fifteen resistance-trained males (age 24.2 ± 2.7 years, mass 84.8 ± 12.0 kg, height 1.77 ± 0.05 m, weight lifting experience 9.9 ± 3.4 years, and bench press 1 repetition maximum [1RM] 107.5 ± 25.9 kg) volunteered for this study. Subjects pressed 2 sets of 5 repetitions in both stable (75% 1RM) and unstable (60% 1RM) conditions using a standard barbell and a flexible Earthquake bar, respectively. Surface electromyography was used to detect muscle activity of primary movers (pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, and triceps) and stabilizing musculature (latissimus dorsi, middle and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, and upper trapezius). Muscle activity was compared using a multivariate analysis of variance to determine significant (p ≤ 0.05) phase and condition differences. The right and left biceps and the left middle deltoid were significantly more active in the unstable condition. Some of the stabilizing muscles were found to be significantly more active in the unstable condition with 15% less weight. Therefore, bench pressing with an unstable load appears promising in activating stabilizing musculature compared with pressing a typical barbell.
Reliability of a Field Test of Defending and Attacking Agility in Australian Football and Relationships to Reactive Strength
Authors: Young Warren B. , Murray Mitch P.
Published: May 2016

Young, WB and Murray, MP. Reliability of a field test of defending and attacking agility in Australian football and relationships to reactive strength. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 509–516, 2017—Defending and attacking agility tests for Australian football do not exist, and it is unknown whether any physical qualities correlate with these types of agility. The purposes of this study were to develop new field tests of defending and attacking agility for Australian Rules football, to determine whether they were reliable, and to describe the relationship between the agility tests to determine their specificity. Because the reactive strength (RS) of the lower limb muscles has been previously correlated with change-of-direction speed, we also investigated the relationship between this quality and the agility tests. Nineteen male competitive recreational-level Australian Rules football players were assessed on the agility tests and a drop jump test to assess RS. Interday and interrater reliability was also assessed. The agility tests involved performing 10 trials of one-on-one agility tasks against 2 testers (opponents), in which the objective was to be in a position to tackle (defending) or to evade (attacking) the opponent. Both agility tests had good reliability (intraclass correlation > 0.8, %CV < 3, and no significant differences between test occasions [p > 0.05], and interrater reliability was very high [r = 0.997, p < 0.001]). The common variance between the agility tests was 45%, indicating that they represented relatively independent skills. There was a large correlation between RS and defending agility (r = 0.625, p = 0.004), and a very large correlation with attacking agility (r = 0.731, p < 0.001). Defending and attacking agility have different characteristics, possibly related to the footwork, physical, and cognitive demands of each. Nonetheless, RS seems to be important for agility, especially for attacking agility.