bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fish Population Structure in Arctic Lakes
Authors: Power G.
Published: April 2011

Existing theories attempting to account for the predominance of older, larger individuals and the often observed bimodal character of the length-frequency distribution of unexploited northern fish populations were evaluated and rejected. The error in interpretation appears to result from problems in age determination of northern lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). An alternative explanation of the observed structure of arctic lake fish populations is proposed. Growth of fish in these populations is relatively rapid until first maturity, when it becomes slow through a life span that may exceed 50 yr. Mortality declines rapidly through early life and stabilizes at a very low level through much of the life span. The combination of these growth and mortality patterns produces a population containing many small, few intermediate, and many large fish. Selection by gill nets provides a unimodal sample of large fish or a bimodal sample of large and smaller fish from such populations. A model is developed to demonstrate this and compared with results obtained from several northern Quebec lakes. Key words: Salvelinus namaycush, Coregonus clupeaformis, age, population structure, arctic lakes
Analysis of Growth of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in a Small Newfoundland River
Authors: Chadwick E. M. P. , Porter T. R. , Downton P.
Published: April 2011

Growth and sea survival rates decreased with increasing smolt age, with survival being 12, 6, and 3% for 3+, 4+, and 5+ smolt, respectively. All spawning fish were grilse, which suggests that older smolt became large salmon and were thus more vulnerable to the commercial fishery. A density-dependent relationship was observed for 3+ smolt in their 1st yr of growth, but not for older smolt; younger smolt probably spend their juvenile life in a more productive but space-limiting part of the river. Variation between river-system environments may be responsible for the opposing results of studies on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life history. Key words: Salmo salar, growth, sea survival, density dependence, first-year growth, age at smoltification
Distribution and Morphology of the Rodlet Cell in Fish
Authors: Morrison C. M. , Odense P. H.
Published: April 2011

A short review of the work done on the rodlet cell is presented. The morphology and distribution of rodlet cells in several species of fish, primarily marine, is described and compared with that reported by other authors, mainly in freshwater fish. The morphology in freshwater and marine fish is similar, but variations are present in different tissues in the same fish. The rodlet cell was found in a wide range of tissues in most of the fish studied. It usually occurs in epithelia, with the apex facing the lumen. The possible function of the rodlet cell is discussed. Key words: rodlet cell, fish, morphology, ultrastructure
Geographic Variation in Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, off Eastern North America: A Biochemical Systematics Approach
Authors: Cross T. F. , Payne R. H.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of geographic variation in the frequencies of alleles at the Tf locus in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, indicates that it is possible to distinguish three major populations off eastern North America: (1) north of the Laurentian Channel, (2) south of the Laurentian Channel, and (3) Flemish Cap. The data also suggest that the north Laurentian stock may be further subdivided into a northern and southern component. The genetic distinction between the cod population on Flemish Cap and those on other areas of the continental shelf is confirmed by a significant difference in allele frequencies at the PGI-2 locus. It is suggested that the cod population on Flemish Cap may have persisted in isolation since the last glaciation. Key words: fish stock discrimination, transferrin, phosphoglucose isomerase, allele frequencies, genetic distance
Utility of Meristic and Morphometric Characters for Identification of Capelin (Mallotus villosus) Stocks in Canadian Atlantic Waters
Authors: Sharp Joan C. , Able Kenneth W. , Leggett William C. , Carscadden James E.
Published: April 2011

Multivariate discriminant function analyses were performed on 9 morphometric and 11 meristic characters of capelin (Mallotus villosus) samples at Île aux Coudres in the St. Lawrence estuary; Sept Îles, Natashquan, and Grande Rivière in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; Southeast Shoal on the Grand Banks; and Herring Neck, Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. Analyses of meristic characters provided no evidence of discrete stocks. Analyses of morphometric characters provided strong statistical separation between areas. A posteriori classification of groups yielded 93.1% correct classification for males and 73.3% for females. Only snout length, eye diameter, head length, and body depth contributed significantly to the separation obtained. These findings suggest that meristic characters offer little potential for stock identification in Canadian Atlantic waters. Morphometric characters may prove useful, but further study, corroborated with life history and migration data, is required to confirm this. Key words: capelin, Mallotus villosus, meristics, morphometrics, stock separation, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Canadian Atlantic, multivariate analysis
Fishing with Light.
Authors: Scherer E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Grassy Narrows.
Authors: Hamilton A. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Pathogenic Vibrios in Confinement-Reared and Feral Fishes of the Maine–New Hampshire Coast
Authors: Strout R. G. , Sawyer E. S. , Coutermarsh B. A.
Published: April 2011

Vibrio anguillarum was isolated from moribund or fresh dead confinement-reared or feral fishes from the Maine–New Hampshire coast. All Vibrio isolates were tested for pathogenicity by inoculation into 12–15 cm-coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts reared in fresh water. In 1975, of 35 isolates from confinement-reared fishes, 29 were Vibrio and 22 of these killed test fish; 1 of 4 isolates from feral fishes was a pathogenic Vibrio. In 1976, of 69 isolates from cultured fishes, 52 were Vibrio and 12 were pathogenic; 39 of 59 isolates from feral fishes were Vibrio, yet only 1 was pathogenic. One group of Vibrio isolates, all from winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), killed all salmon smolts the same day of injection; one strain (569) consistently killed smolts within 3–4 h after inoculation. With microtiter methods, agglutinin titers of rabbit antisera were determined against all pathogenic V. anguillarum isolates. Three distinct antigenic groups of V. anguillarum, confirmed by agar-gel diffusion and challenge, were found on the Maine–New Hampshire coast. Although two of these groups appear to be antigenically similar to West Coast strains 775 and 1669, a third group shows little relationship to other East Coast–West Coast serotypes. Key words: Vibrio anguillarum, coho salmon, pathogenic Vibrio, confinement-reared (cultured) fishes, serotypes, agar-gel diffusion
Population Dynamics of Daphnia galeata mendotae as Modified by Chronic Cadmium Stress
Authors: Marshall J. S.
Published: April 2011

Forty populations of Daphnia galeata mendotae were maintained for 22 wk (or until they became extinct) in a medium consisting of filtered Lake Michigan water to which Chlamydomonas reinhardi and different concentrations of a mixture of labelled (109Cd) plus stable CdCl2 were added 24 h before use. The medium was changed daily Monday through Fridays. Weekly determinations were made of total numbers, average individual dry weight, mean brood size, egg–female ratio, aborted eggs and embryos, and average whole-body 109Cd content. Chronic cadmium stress reduced the populations' average numbers and biomass, while it increased the populations' turnover rates, temporal variability, probability of extinction, and proportion of ovigerous females. For individuals there was increased prenatal mortality, reduced life expectancy, increased average weight, and increased brood size. Due to compensatory increases in the proportion of ovigerous females and mean brood size, the cadmium sensitivity of population attributes was considerably less than that of the most sensitive individual attribute, prenatal mortality. A linear relationship between population carrying capacity (relative mean numbers) and added cadmium concentration indicated that the effective concentration for a 50% reduction of carrying capacity (EC50) is 7.7 μg Cd/L and that for a 1% reduction (EC1) is 0.15 μg Cd/L. An increase of 0.15 μg Cd/L in Lake Michigan itself, barring synergistic interaction with other factors in the lake, would probably not have a detectable effect on the population dynamics of D. galeata mendotae. Key words: zooplankton dynamics, stress ecology, Daphnia galeata mendotae, cadmium, heavy metals, toxic substances, Laurentian Great Lakes
Chill Stowage and Development of Rancidity in Frozen Pacific Herring, Clupea harengus pallasi
Authors: Bilinski E. , Jonas R. E. E. , Lau Y. C.
Published: April 2011

Freshly caught Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, were stowed in ice or refrigerated seawater (RSW) at −0.8 °C for 0, 2, and 4 d and were then filleted and stored frozen (−28 °C) for up to 11 mo. The development of rancidity was determined using the peroxide value and the thiobarbituric acid number. During the chill stowage before freezing, the lipids from the flesh were not subjected to any significant oxidation. In Cryovac-vacuum-packed fillets the rancidity remained at low levels during the duration of frozen storage. If oxygen was present during frozen storage, chill stowage accelerated the development of rancidity and this effect was more pronounced in the case of RSW than ice, especially after 4 d of stowage. Key words: Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, rancidity, icing, refrigerated seawater, frozen storage
New Strategic Factors in the North Atlantic.
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
IN MEMORIAM: Dr Max Blumer Organic Geochemist and Environmental Scientist, 1923–77
Authors: Farrington J. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Introduction to the Symposium on Recovery Potential of Oiled Marine Northern Environments
Authors: Vandermeulen J. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Residues of Bunker C Oil in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, 6 Years After the Arrow Spill
Authors: Keizer P. D. , Ahern T. P. , Dale J. , Vandermeulen J. H.
Published: April 2011

The Arrow spill in February 1970 heavily oiled approximately one half of the 600 km shoreline of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. An extensive field survey and chemical analysis of sediment samples for aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified only a few locations where Arrow Bunker C remained in the intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The upper intertidal zones of Rabbit, Crichton, and Durell islands remain covered with an oil and sediment mixture of a "pavement-like" consistency. Several areas showed visual and chemical evidence of recent spills during the survey period. All sublittoral sediment samples contained hydrocarbons of petroleum origin. The distribution of the most highly contaminated sublittoral sediments suggests either reentry of stranded oil into the water column and into the sublittoral sediments or contamination from shipping and fishing vessels. Concentrations in the sublittoral sediments are below those found toxic to benthic organisms. An estimation of the amount of Bunker C remaining in Chedabucto Bay is impossible due to the patchy distribution, contributions of more recent spills, and the absence of adequate control sites. Key words: Bunker C, oil spill, Chedabucto Bay, gas–liquid chromatography, fluorescence spectroscopy, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Weathering Characteristics of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Deposited in Fine Clay Marine Sediments, Searsport, Maine
Authors: Mayo D. W. , Page D. S. , Cooley J. , Sorenson E. , Bradley F. , Gilfillan E. S. , Hanson S. A.
Published: April 2011

Further examination of the 1971 spill site in Long Cove, Searsport, Maine, has been carried out during 1976, and has led to the following observations: 1. Petroleum residues isolated from this spill give the appearance of weathering particularly slowly in the cold anoxic sediments of Long Cove. 2. Leaching from contaminated terrestial sediments onto portions of the intertidal zone on the west shore of the Cove while continuing in trace concentrations does not appear to be making a major contribution to the maintenance of a nearly steady state pollution problem found in several areas of the Cove. 3. On the average, the spill area currently appears to contain roughly 20% less material than in 1971. At a number of sites, however, there appears to have been either little or no decline in gross hydrocarbon concentrations, and essentially no weathering of the aliphatic portions of the petroleum residues. 4. One of the principal factors to influence the character of petroleum residues isolated 5 yr postspill appears to have been the weathering of the hydrocarbons during transport to the site of sediment penetration from upland locations. Thus, the current compound distribution was determined early in the spill period. 5. Repopulation of the Cove by M. arenaria, which is proceeding very slowly, correlates directly with the gross concentration variations of petroleum hydrocarbons. Key words: petroleum, gas chromatography, weathering, clay sediments, Maine
Distribution and Abundance of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Bacteria in Sediments of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, in 1976
Authors: Stewart James E. , Marks L. J.
Published: April 2011

An extensive reexamination of Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, sediments was carried out in the summer of 1976 for comparison with data obtained shortly after the major oil spill in 1970. Only 2 of the 79 sediment samples examined microbiologically had large numbers of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria. The bulk of sediments were, with regard to bacterial populations, comparable to areas described as "clean," i.e. no apparent or known contamination with oil. Key words: Chedabucto Bay, hydrocarbon, hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria, petroleum, sediment
Importance of Sediment Working by the Deposit-Feeding Polychaete Arenicola marina on the Weathering Rate of Sediment-Bound Oil
Authors: Gordon Jr. Donald C. , Dale Jacqueline , Keizer Paul D.
Published: April 2011

The interactions between the polychaete Arenicola marina, a common deposit feeder in sandy intertidal areas, and sediment contaminated with the fresh API (American Petroleum Institute) reference oils and weathered Bunker C oil remaining from the 1970 Arrow spill were investigated in laboratory experiments. Worms can tolerate low concentrations of sediment-bound oil, although the sediment working rate is reduced depending upon oil type, concentration, and degree of weathering. Hydrocarbon concentrations, measured gravimetrically and by gas chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy, were substantially lower (17–72%) in worm casts than in initial sediment. This loss can be accounted for by microbial degradation, which is stimulated by the worms' activity, uptake of hydrocarbons into worms, and perhaps dissolution. A large population (10–25/m2) of Arenicola is present at Black Duck Cove, N.S., living in sediment contaminated with weathered Bunker C oil remaining from the Arrow spill. These worms, which have spent their entire lives in oil-polluted sediment, do not have markedly elevated hydrocarbon concentrations and behaved no differently in experiments than worms collected from a clean environment. Calculations suggest that they are capable of removing the oil present in a square metre of sediment in 2–4 yr. After any oil spill, when concentrations reach tolerable levels, activities of deposit-feeding animals such as Arenicola can apparently accelerate the weathering rate of sediment-bound oil. Key words: sediment, Arenicola marina, polychaete, petroleum, weathering rate, pollution, hydrocarbon
SESSION I. Summary and Overview: Long-Term Fate of Petroleum Hydrocarbons After Spills — Compositional Changes and Microbial Degradation
Authors: Butler James N. , Levy Eric M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Benthic Organisms from Coastal Areas Polluted by Iranian Crude Oil
Authors: Grahl-Nielsen O. , Staveland J. T. , Wilhelmsen S.
Published: April 2011

This investigation was begun 1 mo after a spill of 2000 tons of Iranian crude oil polluted shores along the west coast of Norway in February 1976. It is based on mass-fragmentographic analysis of naphthalene, methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethylnaphthalenes, phenanthrene, methyl- and dimethylphenanthrenes, dibenzothiophene, methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyldibenzothiophenes. Samples of stranded oil, water, and seven species of benthic organisms were collected periodically during the following year. During the 1st mo of weathering the total amount of these aromatic compounds had decreased from 1.22% in the original oil to 0.76%, with a further decrease to 0.2–0.3% during the next 3–4 mo. In the water the concentration of these compounds was approximately 2 μg/L (ppb) at the start of the sampling. At one of the investigated locations a chemical dispersant was used in cleaning the shores. This resulted in higher concentrations of the aromatic compounds in the water, up to 12 μg/L. The organisms studied had accumulated aromatic hydrocarbons up to an excess of 20 μg/g wet weight, 1 mo after the spill. Although seasonal and individual differences were large, the dibenzothiophenes appeared to be retained to a larger extent relative to the naphthalenes and phenanthrenes. Key words: oil spill, benthic organisms, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, dibenzothiophenes, mass fragmentography, petroleum
Effects of Uptake and Discharge of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on the Respiration of the Soft-Shell Clam, Mya arenaria
Authors: Stainken Dennis M.
Published: April 2011

A winter (4 °C) spill condition was simulated in which young soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, were exposed to subacute concentrations of No. 2 fuel oil-in-water emulsions for 28 d. Clams were exposed at the beginning of the experiment to single dose concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 ppm. Hydrocarbons were rapidly accumulated by clams within 1 wk after exposure. The accumulated hydrocarbons then decreased each week as the hydrocarbon content of the water decreased. Methyl substituted naphthalene isomers were the principal compounds accumulated and retained by the clams after 3 wk of oil exposure. A dose–response relationship was observed in the respiratory rates as measured by oxygen consumption (QO2). Significant differences (P =.05) in respiratory rates were found in clams exposed to low concentrations of oil. The lowest concentrations of oil caused a doubling of the respiratory rates and greater oil concentrations caused a depression in rate. The respiratory rates of the clams exposed to low oil concentrations decreased as the hydrocarbon content of the water and clam tissues decreased, but remained significantly altered from the controls. Clams were transferred to an uncontaminated system for 14 d subsequent to the 28-d oil exposure to determine effects of depuration on the respiratory rate. During the depuration period, many of the hydrocarbons present in clam tissue were again found to be methyl substituted naphthalene isomers. During this period, the respiratory rates of the clams initially exposed to 10 ppm fuel oil emulsion remained significantly altered above the controls. The respiratory rates of all groups of oil-exposed clams remained altered from the controls, but the magnitude of difference tended to decline toward the controls. A dose–response narcosis may have been evident during this period. Key words: Mya arenaria, respiration, No. 2 fuel oil, petroleum emulsion, petroleum accumulation, depuration
Absence of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase (AHH) in Three Marine Bivalves
Authors: Vandermeulen J. H. , Penrose W. R.
Published: April 2011

Bivalves exposed to short-term (4 d) and long-term (6 yr) oil pollution were assayed for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and N-demethylase activity. Short-term induction studies were carried out on Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, and Ostrea edulis incubated in aqueous extracts of Kuwait crude oil or Bunker C (fuel) oil. For the chronic-induction studies Mya arenaria and Mytilus edulis were collected from oiled clam beds (Arrow Bunker C) in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. None of the bivalves showed any basal or petroleum-hydrocarbon-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase or N-demethylase activity, as shown by their inability to metabolize benzopyrene or imipramine. In contrast, oil-free control trout and trout taken from a polluted lake readily metabolized both these compounds. The inability of these bivalves to degrade petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons and the tendency of these compounds to accumulate in their tissues present an opportunity for transfer of unaltered hydrocarbons into the food chain. Key words: aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, aromatic hydrocarbon, bivalve, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Ostrea edulis, petroleum, pollution
Long-Term Effects of an Oil Spill on Populations of the Salt-Marsh Crab Uca pugnax
Authors: Krebs C. T. , Burns K. A.
Published: April 2011

A spill of fuel oil at West Falmouth, Massachusetts, in 1969 contaminated contiguous salt marshes with up to 6000 μg oil/g (ppm) of wet mud and affected local populations of the salt-marsh crab Uca pugnax. Directly related to high sediment oil content were reduced crab density, reduced ratio of females to males, reduced juvenile settlement, heavy overwinter mortality, incorporation of oil into body tissues, behavioral disorders such as locomotor impairment, and abnormal burrow construction. Concentrations of weathered fuel oil > 1000 ppm were directly toxic to adults, while those of 100–200 ppm were toxic to juveniles. Cumulative effects occurred at lower concentrations. Recovery of the marsh from this relatively small oil spill is still incomplete after 7 yr. Interpretation of the crab population data upon the basis of detailed analysis of the aromatic fraction of the fuel oil provided by Dr J. Teal, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, showed that recovery of the crab populations was highly correlated with the disappearance of the naphthalene fraction of the aromatics. There had been a decrease in the aromatics from 42% in 1970 to approximately 18% in 1976 in Station I surface sediments, while preliminary analyses show aromatics still high at other stations where little recovery has been observed. By 1970–71 all parent naphthalene compounds were gone in Station I surface sediments, but substituted naphthalenes were still in high concentrations. By 1972–73 dimethyl naphthalenes and C3 and C4 substituted naphthalenes remained at about 25% of original values. By 1976–77 only C3 and C4 substituted naphthalenes remained at less than one tenth of their 1973 levels. In 1972–73 the substituted naphthalenes were at high enough concentrations to prevent recruitment, as large juvenile crab settlements in 1970–73 produced no recruitment into the crab populations. By 1976–77 these toxic compounds were at low enough levels that recovery of the crab population was occurring with recruitment, and increasing density was observed in both years. High aromatic concentrations at other stations may still be inhibiting recovery at these stations. The long-term inhibition of recruitment and low population densities may have resulted from exposure to oil in the interstitial waters during the sensitive molt period and/or during the long periods of time while the crabs were overwintering in the substrate. Key words: petroleum, Uca pugnax, crab, salt-marsh, population, pollution
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Petroleum Upon the Growth and Molting of Juveniles of the Arctic Marine Isopod Crustacean Mesidotea entomon
Authors: Percy J. A.
Published: April 2011

Juveniles of the benthic marine isopod Mesidotea entomon were chronically exposed to different concentrations of water-soluble fractions of fresh and weathered Norman Wells crude oil and of fresh Pembina crude for 160 d. The 100% extracts contained 1.72, 1.12, and 0.56 ppm of oil (determined fluorimetrically), respectively. Most of the animals completed five or six molts before the end of the experiment. Long-term mortality was high in the 100% extracts of the oils (LT50 = 17, 17, and 41 d, for Norman Wells, Pembina, and weathered Norman Wells, respectively) but most of the animals molted at least once before dying. None of the deaths occurred in conjunction with the molt. Stimulation of the onset of the subsequent molt occurred in some exposure groups. A significant increase in the duration of the intermolt period only occurred at the highest oil concentrations. Effects on growth were slight at concentrations lower than that which is lethal during chronic exposure. Exposure to fresh Norman Wells crude depressed growth slightly, while Pembina crude slightly stimulated growth. Weathered Norman Wells severely inhibited growth at the highest concentration but stimulated growth slightly at lower concentrations. Key words: petroleum, growth, molting, arctic, isopod, Mesidotea entomon
Influence of Environmental Contamination on Cytochrome P-450 Mixed-Function Oxygenases in Fish: Implications for Recovery in the Wild Harbor Marsh
Authors: Stegeman John J.
Published: April 2011

Levels of hepatic cytochrome P-450 and the catalytic functions benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase were significantly greater in populations of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, sampled from contaminated marshes than in those fish from nearby reference marshes. Aminopyrene demethylase, but not benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, was also elevated in fish from one of the reference marshes. The levels of cytochrome P-450 and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase were highest in fish from the Wild Harbor Marsh, site of the 1969 Florida spill. A correlation between size and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was identified in some of the populations studied, although influence by this factor did not mask the population differences. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that elevated levels of mixed-function oxygenase activity in fish from Wild Harbor are the result of oil spilled 8 yr ago, and that recovery of this marsh is not yet complete. Key words: mixed-function oxygenases, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome P-450, Fundulus heteroclitus, environmental contamination, oil spill recovery, petroleum
Oiled Seabird Rescue and Conservation
Authors: Clark R. B.
Published: April 2011

Attempts were made to clean and rehabilitate nearly 8000 oiled birds (mainly auks) following the wreck of the Torrey Canyon. This was an almost total failure and a Research Unit on the Rehabilitation of Oiled Seabirds was established in Newcastle upon Tyne to devise effective treatment methods. This has involved a study of the mechanism of water-repellency in seabird plumage and led to the development of cheap, effective cleaning methods and full recovery of the birds within 2–3 wk of capture. These methods have been used successfully on small numbers of birds by amateurs and also operationally on larger numbers by the Research Unit. There have been only few ringing returns but at least some of the cleaned birds became reintegrated with the breeding populations after release. Even with appropriate organization and facilities it is doubtful whether the rescue and treatment of oiled birds can make a material contribution to seabird conservation, but there is often strong public pressure for the treatment of oiled birds and the development of suitable techniques makes this possible. Key words: oiled seabird rescue, conservation, water-repellent plumage
Recolonization of Rocky Shores in Cornwall After Use of Toxic Dispersants to Clean Up the Torrey Canyon Spill
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C.
Published: April 2011

Fourteen thousand tons of Kuwait crude oil, reduced from 18 000 tons by weathering at sea, was stranded along 150 km of the coast of West Cornwall, England, in March 1967. The oil was treated with 10 000 tons of toxic dispersants during cleaning operations. By itself the oil was not very toxic, although it killed some limpets and barnacles, and most of the mortalities that followed cleaning were due to the dispersants. There was a graded effect. Most animals and some algae were killed on the shores treated heavily with dispersants, while a few animals and most algae survived in places less heavily treated. However, long stretches of coast were contaminated to some extent by drifting of patches of oil and dispersants along the shore and by indiscriminate dispersant use in remote coves. The general sequence of recolonization was similar to that which has been found after small-scale experiments, where the rocks were scraped clean, or where limpets were removed, but took longer to complete. There was first a rapid "greening" by the alga Enteromorpha; then a heavy settlement and growth of perennial brown algae (Fucus species), leading to loss of surviving barnacles. A settlement of limpets and other grazing animals followed, with eventual removal or loss of the brown algae. The final phases were a reduction in the limpet population and a resettlement of barnacles. Lightly oiled, wave-beaten rocks that received light dispersant treatment showed the most complete return to normal, taking about 5–8 yr; heavily oiled places that received repeated application of dispersants have taken 9–10 yr and may not be completely normal yet. Most common species returned within 10 yr, but one rare hermit crab is still missing from places directly treated with dispersants. The early recolonization by algae resulted in a raising of the upper limit of Laminaria digitata and Himanthalia elongata by as much as 2 m in wave-beaten places, demonstrating that grazing pressure by limpets must be one of the factors controlling the zonation of these plants. Later, other species of plants and animals were found higher up the shore than usual, under the shade and shelter provided by the dense canopy of Fucus. Fluctuations in the populations of algae and herbivorous animals during the course of the recolonization illustrate the importance of biological interactions in controlling the structure of intertidal communities. Pollution disturbance affects the herbivores more than plants, hence the point of stability of the community is shifted towards the sheltered shore condition of low species richness and greater biomass. Key words: petroleum, dispersant, rocky shore, Torrey Canyon, recolonization, coastal ecology, pollution
Florida Oil Spill Impact on the Buzzards Bay Benthic Fauna: West Falmouth
Authors: Sanders Howard L.
Published: April 2011

No matter what criterion is used to measure the effects of the Florida oil spill, the densities and species composition and the array of statistical methods demonstrate that the same hierarchical pattern emerges. Densities and species composition remain stable over time at the minimally oiled and unoiled stations, but display considerable fluctuations and marked changes at the more heavily oiled stations. With simple presence or absence data, highest fidelity is present at the marginally oiled stations, lower fidelity at the intermediately oiled stations, and lowest fidelity at the severely oiled stations. The discrepancy index measures mean yearly differences in faunal composition at each of the stations. Very large and large differences are documented for the severely and intermediately oiled stations but only small differences are found for the marginally oiled stations. The coefficient of variation is a measure of faunal variability throughout the entire sampling period for each of the stations. Faunal variation remains very high at the severely and intermediately oiled stations but low at the marginally oiled sites. Cluster analysis reveals profound temporal changes in the fauna from samples collected at the severely and intermediately oiled stations but demonstrates a much more homogeneous pattern with only small seasonal changes from samples obtained at the marginally oiled stations. Key words: benthos, hydrocarbon, intertidal zone, long-term effects, petroleum, pollution, statistics, subtidal zone
No. 2 Fuel Oil Spill in Bourne, Massachusetts: Immediate Assessment of the Effects on Marine Invertebrates and a 3-Year Study of Growth and Recovery of a Salt Marsh
Authors: Hampson George R. , Moul Edwin T.
Published: April 2011

On October 9, 1974 the oil barge Bouchard 65 loaded with 73 000 barrels of oil spilled what was initially thought by the Coast Guard to be a few barrels and later raised to an undetermined amount of No. 2 fuel oil off the west entrance of the Cape Cod Canal in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts (anchor site C, Fig. 1). Within the following 2-wk period, oil from the barge was found contained along the west side of Bassett's Island and inner Red Brook Harbor, a distance of 5.0 km from the site of the spillage. Qualitative samples of dead and moribund marine invertebrates were collected in tide pools and slight depressions along the beaches. A collection consisting of 4360 invertebrates comprising 105 species, plus 2 species of fish were found in 8 samples. Noticeable effects of the oil on the salt-marsh plant community were also observed. A detailed quantitative examination was begun to determine the effects of the oil on various components of the affected salt-marsh community in Winsor Cove compared to a selected control site. From data collected in September 1977, the marsh grass in the lower intertidal zone in Winsor Cove has shown an inability to reestablish itself by either reseeding or rhizome growth. The associated sediments show a correspondingly high concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons impregnated in the peat substrate. Erosion rates measured in the affected area, as a result of the 3-yr period of marsh degeneration, were 24 times greater than the control site. Microscopic algae were collected during the sampling period and those present were considered least sensitive to environmental changes. Examination of the interstitial fauna found in the study area in the summer of 1977 showed an extremely reduced number of individuals and species. Key words: salt marsh, No. 2 fuel oil, petroleum, erosion, pollution, algae, marsh grass, interstitial fauna, marine invertebrates
Recruitment of Benthic Animals as a Function of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Concentrations in the Sediment
Authors: Anderson J. W. , Riley R. G. , Bean R. M.
Published: April 2011

Three separate field installations, consisting of clean and oiled sediment in fiberglass trays, were placed in the intertidal zone of Sequim Bay, Washington, to determine rates of hydrocarbon depuration and recruitment of benthic organisms. Detailed chemical analysis, with glass capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, were conducted such that individual compounds and hydrocarbon classes associated with the sediment after varying periods of field depuration could be quantitated. Depuration rates of hydrocarbon types in sediment receiving oil on the surface (installations I and II) decreased in the order of saturates, methylnaphthalenes, and methylphenanthrenes. Rates of specific compound and hydrocarbon class depuration followed the general pattern exhibited by total hydrocarbons (infrared analyses). In a period of 100 d, total hydrocarbons in surface-oiled, coarse sediments (I and II) decreased by 82–88%, while the amount in the finer substrate with mixed in oil (III) only decreased by about 21% and remained quite stable up to 290 d. The ratios of nC17/pristane and nC18/phytane were monitored for installations I and III (oil mixed with sediment). The ratios remained constant for a period of 4–6 mo and then dropped sharply, suggesting the presence of oil biodegradation. These results are discussed in relation to physical and chemical processes acting on the oil-contaminated sediments. Initial concentrations of oil in sediments upon field emplacement were about 5000–6000 ppm in installations I and II and approximately 700 ppm in installation III. At these concentrations, no substantial inhibition of recruitment by benthic organisms was observed. Future sampling of these populations and further analyses of all benthic organisms may provide a better evaluation of effects of specific hydrocarbon components in sediments on benthic recruitment. These results are discussed in light of oil spill studies and other field experiments. Key words: benthic organisms, gas chromatography, hydrocarbon, petroleum, sediment, spectroscopic techniques
Fate of 14C-benzene in Eggs and Larvae of Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi)
Authors: Eldridge Maxwell B. , Echeverria Tina , Korn Sid
Published: April 2011

Eggs and larvae of Pacific herring were exposed to low concentrations of 14C-labeled benzene, a soluble, aromatic component of crude oil. All life stages accumulated benzene from water in direct proportion to the initial exposure concentrations, reaching equilibrium within 6–12 h. Feeding larvae exposed to benzene through water and live food accumulated benzene initially from the water, then secondarily from the food. The maximum amount of benzene accumulated in tissues was inversely related to age. Eggs accumulated up to 10.9 times the initial concentration, yolk-sac larvae up to 6.9 times, and feeding larvae to 3.9 times. Reasons for these differences in total accumulation and uptake rate are discussed. Results provide evidence for food web magnification of petroleum-based hydrocarbons. Key words: Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, eggs and larvae, 14C-benzene, uptake, depuration, food chain, petroleum-based hydrocarbons
Survival of the Salmonid Viruses Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHNV) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPNV) in Ozonated, Chlorinated, and Untreated Waters
Authors: Wedemeyer Gary A. , Nelson Nancy C. , Smith Cathy A.
Published: April 2011

Ozone and chlorine inactivation curves were determined in three water types at 10 °C for the fish pathogenic viruses infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPNV). In phosphate-buffered, distilled water (PBDW) an ozone dose of 0.01 mg/L for 30 or 60 s inactivated IHNV or IPNV, respectively, suspended at a tissue culture 50% infective dose (TCID50) of 104–105/mL. In hard (120 mg/L as CaCO3) and soft water (30 mg/L) lake waters, an ozone application rate of 70 mg∙h−1∙L−1 for 10 min destroyed IHNV. IPNV inactivation in hard water required 90 mg∙O3∙h−1∙L−1 for 10 min but only a 30-s contact time in soft water. The IPNV was also somewhat more resistant to chlorine. In PBDW, a residual of 0.1 mg/L with contact times of 30 and 60 s, respectively, destroyed IHNV and IPNV. In soft lake water IHNV was destroyed within 5 min at 0.5 mg/L, while in hard water a 10-min contact time was required. For IPNV disinfection in soft water, 0.2 mg/L for 10 min was sufficient but this chlorine residual had essentially no effect on IPNV in hard water. Increasing this dose to 0.7 mg/L destroyed IPNV in hard water within 2 min. In untreated waters, IPNV was stable for at least 8 wk in either distilled, soft, or hard lake waters. However, IHNV survived only about 2 wk in distilled and 7 wk in the soft or hard lake waters. We suggest the serious consideration of ozone as a fish disease control agent. Key words: ozone, chlorine disinfection, fish pathogens, viruses
Distribution and Disappearance of Radioactivity in Blood and Tissues of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) After Oral Administration of 3H-Testosterone
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M. , McBride J. R.
Published: April 2011

Yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were fed 3 times per day a diet containing 5 mg/kg of 3H-testosterone until the concentration of radioisotope in all tissues was constant. Radioactivity was monitored in blood and 16 tissues for 10 d after the hormone was withdrawn from the diet. Excretion was via the hepatobiliary pathway. Sixteen hours after the last feeding of 3H-testosterone, 93.1% of total radioactivity in soft tissues resided in the alimentary tract and gall bladder. Blood, skin, white muscle, and liver each contained about one fifth of remaining radioactivity. Concentrations of labeled substances in blood and testis were similar to or lower than normal androgen concentrations reported in salmonids. Ten days after steroid withdrawal concentrations were 1 ng/g or lower in all tissues. Key words: salmonid, diet, anabolic effect, androgen, testosterone, half-life, radioactivity, residue, tissue
Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis: Natural Occurrence in Pacific Salmon and Experimental Transmission
Authors: Evelyn T. P. T. , Traxler G. S.
Published: April 2011

A necrotic disease of erythrocytes of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon is described at the light and electron microscopic level. The disease is characterized by a single cytoplasmic inclusion in affected erythrocytes and by the presence of an associated intraerytnrocytic virus probably belonging to the icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyribovirus (ICDV) group. Isolation of the virus was unsuccessful, but viral etiology was implicated by inoculation of chum and pink salmon using filtered preparations from diseased specimens of the former. Chinook (O. tshawytscha), coho (O. kisutch), andsockeye (O. nerka) salmon proved refractory. Key words: viral disease, Pacific salmon, blood, erythrocytes, anemia
Fishexpo '76 Seminar, Report of Proceedings, Melbourne, 21–23 Sept. 1976.
Authors: Iredale D. G.
Published: April 2011

not available
Lead in Spotted Wolffish, Anarhichas minor, Near a Zinc–Lead Mine in Greenland
Authors: Bollingberg H. J. , Johansen P.
Published: April 2011

Lead concentrations in spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) collected from the vicinity of a sphalerite–galena mine and an ore concentration plant in West Greenland have been measured through a period of 2 yr before and 4 yr after mining operations started. Lead levels increased significantly since mining started, and accumulation takes place in liver and kidney, not in muscle tissue. The increased lead levels are not a risk to public health. Small fish have higher lead concentrations than larger ones. Key words: wolffish, arctic, liver, muscle, kidney, lead, zinc–lead mining
Diel Foraging Behavior and Prey Selection in the Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas)
Authors: Hall Donald J. , Werner Earl E. , Gilliam James F. , Mittelbach Gary G. , Howard Donald , Doner Christopher G. , Dickerman Joyce A. , Stewart Arthur J.
Published: April 2011

Diel migrations of the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) from the littoral to limnetic zone of a small Michigan lake were documented through visual observations and gill netting. During the day golden shiners schooled in the littoral zone. Just after sunset schools broke up and the golden shiner migrated to the open water regions of the lake. Feeding by the golden shiner was largely coincident with the evening migration. The majority of the shiner population fed on Daphnia and most prey were obtained within 1 h of sunset. Feeding was minimal through the night with some feeding evident at dawn. Daphnia underwent a strong diel vertical migration, especially larger individuals, and showed a strong horizontal gradient of decreasing size and density from the limnetic into the littoral region. Size of Daphnia eaten by the shiner increased dramatically across the evening feeding period. This increase is due to the horizontal gradient in Daphnia and availability of larger Daphnia as they migrate to the surface. On only one date when prey densities were highest did the shiners actively select large Daphnia. The golden shiner faces a dynamic prey system both in time and space which influences prey "selection." We relate adaptations of planktivorous fishes that migrate to relative abundances of fishes in small lakes. Key words: coevolution, Daphnia, diel migration, fish, foraging behavior, golden shiner, Notemigonus, planktivore, predator–prey
Measuring and Estimating the Bioconcentration Factor of Chemicals in Fish
Authors: Veith Gilman D. , DeFoe David L. , Bergstedt Barbara V.
Published: April 2011

A method of estimating the bioconcentration factor of organic chemicals in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) is described. Water at 25 °C was intermittently dosed with the chemical at a nontoxic concentration in a flow-through aquarium. Thirty minnows are placed in the aquarium, and composite samples of five fish are removed for analysis after 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 d of exposure. The bioconcentration process is summarized by using the first-order uptake model, and the steady-state bioconcentration factor is calculated from the 32-d exposure. A structure-activity correlation between the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (P) of individual chemicals is summarized by the equation log BCF = 0.85 log P − 0.70, which permits the estimation of the bioconcentration factor of chemicals to within 60% before laboratory testing. The facilities and resources for testing need be used only for those chemicals that are likely to result in substantial bioconcentration in organisms. The bioconcentration factors derived from tests of mixtures of chemicals are shown to be the same as those derived from tests with the chemicals individually. Key words: bioconcentration factor, bioaccumulation, structure-activity, bioassay
Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: McLeay Donald J. , Brown David A.
Published: April 2011

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation