bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2,4-Dichloro-1-iodo-6-nitrobenzene
Authors: Li Xueshu , Parkin Sean , Lehmler Hans-Joachim
Published: April 2014

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H2Cl2INO2, there are weak C—H...Cl interactions and I...O [3.387 (4) Å] close contacts. These interactions form sheets in theacplane, with the closest contact between adjacent planes occurring between inversion-related nitro O atoms [3.025 (8) Å]. The molecule possesses mirror symmetry, with the halogen, N and C atoms all lying in the mirror plane. Hence, the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the nitro group is 90°.
(E)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Sathya S. , Reuben Jonathan D. , Prathebha K. , Usha G. , Jovita J.
Published: April 2014

In the title compound, C16H14O4, there is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. The benzene rings are inclined to one another by 13.89 (9)°. The prop-2-en-1-one group is twisted slightly, the O=C—Car—Car(ar = aromatic) and C=C—C=O torsion angles being −10.4 (3) and −7.4 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [100]. These chains are further linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming corrugated sheets lying parallel to (010). There are C—H...π interactions present within the sheets.
N-[Ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)carbamothioyl]-2-methylbenzamide
Authors: Yamin Bohari M. , Hizam Sara Maira M. , Yusoff Siti Fairus M. , Hasbullah Siti Aishah
Published: April 2014

The title compound, C13H18N2O2S, adopts acisconformation between the methylbenzoyl and thiono groups across their thiourea C—N bond. However, the methylbenzoyl group and N2CS thiourea moiety are twisted by 15.03 (3)°. In the molecule there is an N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O interactions, generating chains extending along thec-axis direction.
Bis(2,2′-bipyridyl-κ2N,N′)chloridonickel(II) nitrate trihydrate
Authors: Boutebdja Mehdi , Beghidja Adel , Beghidja Chahrazed , Setifi Zouaoui , Merazig Hocine
Published: April 2014

In the title hydrated salt, [NiCl(C10H8N2)2](NO3)·3H2O, the Ni2+ion is coordinated by two 2,2′-bipyridyl (2,2′-bpy) ligands and a chloride ion in a trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. The chloride ion occupies an equatorial site and the dihedral angle between the 2,2′-bpy ring systems is 72.02 (6)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by C—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and aromatic π–π stacking interactions [shortest centroid–centroid separation = 3.635 (2) Å], generating a three-dimensional network.
1-(4-Bromobenzyl)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzimidazole
Authors: Ma Hua-Jun , Qu Zhi-Rong
Published: April 2014

There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H14Br2N2. In the first, the dihedral angles between the mean plane of the benzimidazole group and those of the 4-bromobenzyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups are 50.72 (17) and 71.29 (16)°, respectively, while the corresponding angles in the second molecule are 42.09 (16) and 89.05 (17)°. The 4-bromobenzyl and 4-bromophenyl groups make an angle of 68.1 (2) and 85.1 (21)° with each other in the two molecules. In the crystal, weak C—H...N and C—H...Br hydrogen bonds link the molecules along thec-axis direction. Br...Br interactions [3.5733 (9)Å] are also observed.
(2E)-1-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Ezhilarasi K. S. , Reuben Jonathan D. , Sathya Shanmugam , Prathebha K. , Usha G.
Published: April 2014

In the title compound, C16H14O4, the benzene rings are inclined to one another by 4.91 (7)°. The conformation about the C=O and C=C bonds istransandcis, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with anR22(14) ring motif. The dimers are linkedviaO—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming undulating two-dimensional networks lying parallel to (10-1). These networks are linked by further C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure.
(2Z)-2-Benzylidene-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-2H-1,4-benzothiazin-3(4H)-one
Authors: Sebbar Nada Kheira , Zerzouf Abdelfettah , Essassi El Mokhtar , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: April 2014

The molecule of the title compound, C18H13NOS, is build up from two fused six-membered rings, with the heterocyclic component linked to a benzylidene group and to a prop-2-yn-1-yl chain. The six-membered heterocycle adopts a distorted screw-boat conformation. The prop-2-yn-1-yl chain is almost perpendicular to the mean plane through benzothiazine as indicated by the C—N—C—C torsion angle of 86.5 (2)°. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 47.53 (12)°. There are no specific intermolecular interactions in the crystal packing.
Thermal expansion and phase transformations of nitrogen-expanded austenite studied within situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction
Authors: Brink Bastian , Ståhl Kenny , Christiansen Thomas L. , Somers Marcel A. J.
Published: April 2014

Nitrogen-expanded austenite, γN, with high and low nitrogen contents was produced from AISI 316 grade stainless steel powder by gaseous nitriding in ammonia/hydrogen gas mixtures.In situsynchrotron X-ray diffraction was applied to investigate the thermal expansion and thermal stability of expanded austenite in the temperature range 385–920 K. Evaluation of the diffractograms of the sample with a high nitrogen content, corresponding to an occupancy of the interstitial lattice of 56%, with Rietveld refinement yielded a best convergence after including the stacking fault probability as a fitting parameter. The stacking fault density is constant for temperatures up to 680 K, whereafter it decreases to nil. Surprisingly, a transition phase with compositionM4N (M= Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo) appears for temperatures above 770 K. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion depends on the nitrogen content and is lowest for the sample with a high level of nitrogen.
Smoothing of X-ray diffraction data andKα2elimination using penalized likelihood and the composite link model
Authors: de Rooi Johan J. , van der Pers Niek M. , Hendrikx Ruud W. A. , Delhez Rob , Böttger Amarante J. , Eilers Paul H. C.
Published: April 2014

X-ray diffraction scans consist of series of counts; these numbers obey Poisson distributions with varying expected values. These scans are often smoothed and theKα2component is removed. This article proposes a framework in which both issues are treated. Penalized likelihood estimation is used to smooth the data. The penalty combines the Poisson log-likelihood and a measure for roughness based on ideas from generalized linear models. To remove theKα doublet the model is extended using the composite link model. As a result the data are decomposed into two smooth components: aKα1and aKα2part. For both smoothing andKα2removal, the weight of the applied penalty is optimized automatically. The proposed methods are applied to experimental data and compared with the Savitzky–Golay algorithm for smoothing and the Rachinger method forKα2stripping. The new method shows better results with less local distortion. Freely available software in MATLAB and R has been developed.
Transient electromagnetic modelling of an isolated wire loop over a conductive medium
Authors: Persova Marina G. , Soloveichik Yuri G. , Trigubovich Georgy M. , Vagin Denis V. , Domnikov Petr A.
Published: April 2014

A large closed wire loop is generally used in field experiments for testing airborne electrical exploration equipment. Thus, methods are required for the precise calculation of an electromagnetic response in the presence of a closed wire loop. We develop a fast and precise scheme for calculating the transient response for such a closed loop laid out at the surface of a horizontally layered conductive ground. Our scheme is based on the relationship between the magnetic flux flowing through a closed loop and the current induced in it. The developed scheme is compared with 2D and 3D finite‐element modelling for several positions of an airborne electromagnetic system flying over a closed loop. We also study the coupling effect between the current flowing in the closed loop and the current flowing in the horizontally layered conductive medium. The result shows that for the central position of the transmitter, the difference between axisymmetrical finite‐element modelling and our scheme is less than 1%. Moreover, for the non‐coaxial transmitter–receiver–loop system, the solution obtained by our scheme is in good agreement with full 3D finite‐element modelling, and our total simulation time is substantially lower: 1 minute versus 120 hours.
Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation
Authors: Sim Sharon , Barr Christopher J. , George Stacey
Published: April 2014

Background/aim

Home visits, used by occupational therapists to facilitate independence and enhance safety, are effective but costly and time consuming. This research aims to establish the level of agreement in equipment prescribed by occupational therapists using: digital photographs only, and using home visits and digital photographs, respectively.

Method

Quasi‐experimental methodological design conducted in private dwellings in the community in Adelaide with rehabilitation patients and their family members. The equipment recommended by occupational therapists for the toilet and bathroom using similar methods (both digital photographs from previous data; n = 5) was compared with equipment recommended using different methods (conventional home visits vs. digital photographs; n = 14).

Results

Percent agreement for equipment prescribed between groups, that is digital only and home visit/photography, respectively, were: 72.5/83.9% for toilet; 87.4/88.3% for bathroom and 83/87% for toilet and bathroom. Variability of agreement in the equipment prescribed showed that some items of equipment were incongruently prescribed, by both methods for toilet and bathroom areas.

Conclusion

Using digital photographs taken by family members, patient information, and an equipment list is a reliable method of making accurate equipment prescriptions in the toilet and bathroom areas. To enhance accuracy, in‐depth patient information via face‐to‐face interview and measurements of physical environment should be included.
Eighteen‐month follow‐up of a play‐based intervention to improve the social play skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Wilkes‐Gillan Sarah , Bundy Anita , Cordier Reinie , Lincoln Michelle
Published: April 2014

Background/aim

There is a well‐documented need for interventions to successfully address the social difficulties of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This study aimed to further the development of a previously conducted pilot of a play‐based intervention. To achieve this, children's social play outcomes pre–post and 18‐month following the intervention were examined by raters unaware of the study's purpose. Additionally, parents’ experiences of the intervention were explored.

Methods

Participants included five children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who had participated in a play‐based intervention and their typically developing playmates; parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also participated. Children and their playmates attended an 18‐month follow‐up play session and parents participated in semi‐structured interviews. The Test of Playfulness was used to measure children's play outcomes in the context of social play with a peer, pre–post and 18‐months following the intervention. Wilcoxon signed‐ranks (Z) and Cohen's‐d were used to measure effect. Thematic analysis was used to analyse reoccurring themes from parents’ interviews.

Results

Children's social play outcomes improved pre–post intervention (Z = 2.02; P = 0.04; d = 1.6) and were maintained 18‐month post intervention (Z = 0.14; P = 0.89; d = −0.4). Core themes included: the intervention as an enjoyable experience, a common language for talking about play/social interactions, an observable change in children's skills, transference of skills and the need for support to refresh learnt lessons over time.

Conclusions

The intervention demonstrated preliminary and long‐term efficacy in developing the social play skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Further research is required to optimise intervention feasibility and parent involvement prior to conducting a large‐scale research.
Tolerance to acetic acid is improved by mutations of the TATA‐binding protein gene
Authors: An Jieun , Kwon Hyeji , Kim Eunjung , Lee Young Mi , Ko Hyeok Jin , Park Hongjae , Choi In‐Geol , Kim Sooah , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kim Wankee , Choi Wonja
Published: April 2014

Screening a library of overexpressing mutant alleles of the TATA‐binding gene SPT15 yielded two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (MRRC 3252 and 3253) with enhanced tolerance to acetic acid. They were also tolerant to propionic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Transcriptome profile analysis identified 58 upregulated genes and 106 downregulated genes in MRRC 3252. Stress‐ and protein synthesis‐related transcription factors were predominantly enriched in the upregulated and downregulated genes respectively. Eight deletion mutants for some of the highly downregulated genes were acetic acid‐tolerant. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was considerably lessened in MRRC 3252 and 3253 upon exposure to acetic acid. Metabolome profile analysis revealed that intracellular concentrations of 5 and 102 metabolites were increased and decreased, respectively, in MRRC 3252, featuring a large increase of urea and a significant decrease of amino acids. The dur1/2Δmutant, in which the urea degradation gene DUR1/2 is deleted, displayed enhanced tolerance to acetic acid. Enhanced tolerance to acetic acid was also observed on the medium containing a low concentration of amino acids. Taken together, this study identified two SPT15 alleles, nine gene deletions and low concentration of amino acids in the medium that confer enhanced tolerance to acetic acid.
Genetic diversity of the unicellular nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria UCYN‐A and its prymnesiophyte host
Authors: Thompson Anne , Carter Brandon J. , Turk‐Kubo Kendra , Malfatti Francesca , Azam Farooq , Zehr Jonathan P.
Published: April 2014

Symbiotic interactions between nitrogen‐fixing prokaryotes and photosynthetic eukaryotes are an integral part of biological nitrogen fixation at a global scale. One of these partnerships involves the cyanobacterium UCYN‐A, which has been found in partnership with an uncultivated unicellular prymnesiophyte alga in open‐ocean and coastal environments. Phylogenetic analysis of the UCYN‐A nitrogenase gene (nifH) showed that the UCYN‐A lineage is represented by three distinct clades, referred to herein as UCYN‐A1, UCYN‐A2 and UCYN‐A3, which appear to have overlapping and distinct geographic distributions. The relevance of UCYN‐A's genetic diversity to its symbiosis and ecology was explored through combining flow cytometric cell sorting and molecular techniques to determine the host identity, nifH expression patterns and host cell size of one newly discovered clade, UCYN‐A2, at a coastal site. UCYN‐A2 nifH expression peaked during daylight hours, which is consistent with expression patterns of the UCYN‐A1 clade in the open ocean. However, the cell size of the UCYN‐A2 host was significantly larger than UCYN‐A1 and host, suggesting adaptation to different environmental conditions. Like the UCYN‐A1 host, the UCYN‐A2 host was closely related to the genus Braarudosphaera; however, the UCYN‐A1 and UCYN‐A2 host rRNA sequences clustered into two distinct clades suggesting co‐evolution of symbiont and host.
Freeing Pseudomonas putida KT2440 of its proviral load strengthens endurance to environmental stresses
Authors: Martínez‐García Esteban , Jatsenko Tatjana , Kivisaar Maia , de Lorenzo Víctor
Published: April 2014

2.6% of the genome of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encodes phage‐related functions, but the burden of such opportunistic DNA on the host physiology is unknown. Each of the four apparently complete prophages borne by this strain was tested for stability, spontaneous excision and ability to cause lysis under various stressing conditions. While prophages P3 (PP2266–PP2297) and P4 (PP1532–1584) were discharged from the genome at a detectable rate, their induction failed otherwise to yield infective viruses. Isogenic P. putida KT2440 derivatives bearing single and multiple deletions of each of the prophages were then subjected to thorough phenotypic analyses, which generally associated the loss of proviral DNA with an increase of physiological vigour. The most conspicuous benefit acquired by prophage‐less cells was a remarkable improvement in tolerance to UV light and other insults to DNA. This was not accompanied, however, with an upgrade of recA‐mediated homologous recombination. The range of tolerance to DNA damage gained by the prophage‐free strain was equivalent to the UV resistance endowed by the TOL plasmid pWW0 to the wild‐type bacterium. While the P. putida's prophages are therefore genuinely parasitic, their detrimental effects can be offset by acquisition of compensatory traits through horizontal gene transfer.
A novel mode of lactate metabolism in strictly anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Weghoff Marie Charlotte , Bertsch Johannes , Müller Volker
Published: April 2014

Lactate is a common substrate for major groups of strictly anaerobic bacteria, but the biochemistry and bioenergetics of lactate oxidation is obscure. The high redox potential of the pyruvate/lactate pair of E0′ = −190 mV excludes direct NAD+ reduction (E0′ = −320 mV). To identify the hitherto unknown electron acceptor, we have purified the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the strictly anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii. The LDH forms a stable complex with an electron‐transferring flavoprotein (Etf) that exhibited NAD+ reduction only when reduced ferredoxin (Fd2−) was present. Biochemical analyses revealed that the LDH/Etf complex of A. woodii uses flavin‐based electron confurcation to drive endergonic lactate oxidation with NAD+ as oxidant at the expense of simultaneous exergonic electron flow from reduced ferredoxin (E0′ ≈ –500 mV) to NAD+ according to: lactate + Fd2− + 2 NAD+ → pyruvate + Fd + 2 NADH. The reduced Fd2− is regenerated from NADH by a sequence of events that involves conversion of chemical (ATP) to electrochemical and finally redox energy (Fd2− from NADH) via reversed electron transport catalysed by the Rnf complex. Inspection of genomes revealed that this metabolic scenario for lactate oxidation may also apply to many other anaerobes.
Loving Diversity/Controlling Diversity: Exploring the Ambivalent Mobilization of Upper‐Middle‐Class Gentrifiers, South End, Boston
Authors: Tissot Sylvie
Published: April 2014

This article centers on a group of upper‐middle‐class gentrifiers living in a neighborhood in theSouthEnd ofBoston, and their complex attitude towards diversity. I use data from my fieldwork in theSouthEnd, based on ethnographic observation and 77 interviews with residents active in local organizations, such as neighborhood associations. These residents explicitly stress their endorsement of diversity, in terms of class, race, but also sexual orientation, and their commitment to maintaining it. I examine the meaning they give to this principle, the actions they take in its name and the kind of relations they establish with those ‘others’ who embody such diversity. I argue that the gentrifiers' love of diversity, which cannot be reduced to sheer hypocrisy, is intrinsically linked to their capacity to control it, thus shedding light on the changing definition of social distinction in upper‐middle‐class culture.
Neither ‘Deepest, Darkest Peckham’ nor ‘Run‐of‐the‐Mill’ East Dulwich: The Middle Classes and their ‘Others’ in an Inner‐London Neighbourhood
Authors: Jackson Emma , Benson Michaela
Published: April 2014

This article examines how middle‐class residents of an inner‐London neighbourhood draw up socio‐spatial and symbolic boundaries between themselves and their ‘others’. Through a discussion of accounts of two very different boundaries — the boundary of a multi‐ethnic high street and a less clearly defined boundary of a neighbouring middle‐class area — we argue that the production of middle‐class identities is bound up with processes of disaffiliation not only from proximate stigmatized areas, but also from more upmarket areas and the people who populate them. Against this background it becomes clear that middle‐class claims to belonging are made through (1) the asymmetric processes by which the middle classes create and maintain spatial boundaries between themselves and racialized/classed others, and (2) the subtle processes of distinction that go on within the middle classes. Nevertheless, relationships to place remain ambivalent, and as neighbourhoods undergo change, physical boundaries separating one area from another refuse to stay put. We argue that the re‐inscription of such boundaries in the accounts of middle‐class respondents are attempts to create a stable identity on the shifting ground of the contemporary global city.
Variation of urinary protein to creatinine ratio during the day in women with suspected pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Verdonk K , Niemeijer IC , Hop WCJ , de Rijke YB , Steegers EAP , van den Meiracker AH , Visser W
Published: April 2014

Objective

To investigate the stability throughout the day of the protein to creatinine ratio (PCR) in spot urine, to demonstrate whether the PCR is a valid alternative for 24‐hour protein investigation in pregnant women.

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Tertiary referral university centre.

Population

Women suspected of having pre‐eclampsia, admitted to the Erasmus Medical Centre.

Methods

Twenty‐four‐hour urine collections and simultaneously three single voided 5‐ml aliquots were obtained at 8 a.m., 12 a.m. (noon) and 5 p.m. A PCR was measured in each specimen and compared with the 24‐hour protein excretion.

Main outcome measures

The 24‐hour proteinuria and PCR measured in spontaneous voids.

Results

The PCRs correlated strongly with each other and with the 24‐hour protein excretion but did show variation throughout the day (mean coefficient of variation 36%; 95% confidence interval 31–40%). The coefficient of variation was unrelated to the degree of 24‐hour proteinuria. Receiver operating characteristics curves to discriminate between values below and greater than or equal to the threshold of 0.3 g protein per 24‐hour had an area under the curve of respectively 0.94 (8 a.m.), 0.96 (noon) and 0.97 (5 p.m.). Sensitivities at 8 a.m., noon and 5 p.m. were respectively 89%, 96% and 94%; specificities were 75%, 78% and 78% with the proposed PCR cut‐off of 30 mg/mmol (0.26 g/g) (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines).There is no evidence of a difference between the three measurement times regarding the sensitivities and specificities.

Conclusion

The PCR determined in spot urine varies throughout the day but is a valid alternative for 24‐hour urine collections in pregnant women. It is especially useful to rapidly identify clinically relevant proteinuria.
Fetal Age Determination Through Biparietal Diameter: A Simple Method of Cranial Reconstruction Using Multipurpose Silicone
Authors: Aromatario Mariarosaria , Fiore Paola A. , Cappelletti Simone , Bottoni Edoardo , Ciallella Costantino
Published: April 2014

In forensic medicine, gestational age of fetal remains is a crucial information in several contests, but the classic methods are inadequate when early gestational age needs to be assessed. In the author's experience, the measurement of the biparietal diameter provides more accurate information for this purpose. The status of the fetal head is therefore critical. This work describes an easy technique that allows to reconstruct the cranial volume of the fetus using multipurpose silicone given both the flexibility of the fetal head structure and the inorganic nature of the silicone itself. In conclusion, the determination of the biparietal diameter achieved through the above‐described technique permitted a more accurate estimation of the dating of pregnancy in judicial cases where the fetal remains were incomplete and disrupted.
Hyperoxia affects the regional pulmonary ventilation/perfusion ratio: an electrical impedance tomography study
Authors: LI Y. , TESSELAAR E. , BORGES J. B. , BÖHM S. H. , SJÖBERG F. , JANEROT‐SJÖBERG B.
Published: April 2014

Background

The way in which hyperoxia affects pulmonary ventilation and perfusion is not fully understood. We investigated how an increase in oxygen partial pressure in healthy young volunteers affects pulmonary ventilation and perfusion measured by thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT).

Methods

Twelve semi‐supine healthy male volunteers aged 21–36 years were studied while breathing room air and air–oxygen mixtures (FiO2) that resulted in predetermined transcutaneous oxygen partial pressures (tcPO2) of 20, 40 and 60 kPa. The magnitude of ventilation (ΔZv) and perfusion (ΔZQ)‐related changes in cyclic impedance variations, were determined using an EIT prototype equipped with 32 electrodes around the thorax. Regional changes in ventral and dorsal right lung ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) were estimated, and V/Q ratios calculated.

Results

There were no significant changes in ΔZv with increasing tcPO2 levels. ΔZQ in the dorsal lung increased with increasing tcPO2 (P = 0.01), whereas no such change was seen in the ventral lung. There was a simultaneous decrease in V/Q ratio in the dorsal region during hyperoxia (P = 0.04). Two subjects did not reach a tcPO2 of 60 kPa despite breathing 100% oxygen.

Conclusion

These results indicate that breathing increased concentrations of oxygen induces pulmonary vasodilatation in the dorsal lung even at small increases in FiO2. Ventilation remains unchanged. Local mismatch of ventilation and perfusion occurs in young healthy men, and the change in ventilation/perfusion ratio can be determined non‐invasively by EIT.
A low‐cost, yet simple and highly repeatable system for acoustically surveying cryptic species
Authors: Lambert Kathryn T. A. , McDonald Paul G.
Published: April 2014

Accurate determination of the population density of key focal species is necessary for monitoring the success of management programs and ecosystem health across a wide range of contexts. Unfortunately, many key taxa are visually cryptic and thus difficult to count using traditional observation‐based techniques. Bell miners (Manorina melanophrys), are just such a species. They are widespread throughout south‐eastern Australia, yet they are critical to monitor given their association and potential causal link to spreading vegetative dieback in this region. A new passive acoustic monitoring technique was trialled by testing its ability to determine population densities of bell miner colonies via counting the distinctive ‘tink’ vocalization of this species. This call was given at a constant rate per individual, and at a common amplitude across 10 colonies throughout the entire geographic range of the species. Theoretical sound transmission and playback trials through typical habitat determined that any bird within a 50‐m radius of the recorders used would be louder than 70 dB, enabling this threshold amplitude to be used to determine the number of birds in a 50 m radius of the recorder. Field trials of the acoustic protocol versus human observers using traditional visual surveys found that passive acoustic monitoring was able to detect more individuals, using a less expensive protocol that drastically reduced the need for observer training or expertise. Sound therefore offers a reliable method for determining the density of this vocal, but visually cryptic species. We present methods for calibrating recording devices and detecting calls louder than species‐specific thresholds using readily available freeware, enabling our methods to be easily adapted to census a variety of acoustically distinctive species, offering a more effective, yet lower cost and in our case more efficient census technique for surveying difficult species.
Movement Actors in the Education Bureaucracy: The Figured World of Activity Based Learning in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Niesz Tricia , Krishnamurthy Ramchandar
Published: April 2014

Tamil Nadu has gained international recognition for reforming its government school classrooms into active, child‐centered learning environments. Our exploration of the history of the Activity Based Learning movement suggests that this reform was achieved by social movement actors serving in and through the state's administration. Participants in people's movements and progressive education initiatives partnered with state officers to form an influential network, a “figured world” of counterhegemonic education knowledge, that ultimately transformed classrooms in over 37,000 schools.
From the Form to the Face to Face: IRBs, Ethnographic Researchers, and Human Subjects Translate Consent
Authors: Metro Rosalie
Published: April 2014

Based on my fieldwork with Burmese teachers in Thailand, I describe the drawbacks of using IRB‐mandated written consent procedures in my cross‐cultural collaborative ethnographic research on education. Drawing on theories of intersubjectivity (Mikhail Bakhtin), ethics (Emmanuel Levinas), and translation (Naoki Sakai), I describe face‐to‐face consent encounters that offer alternate possibilities for ethical practice.
On Being a Good Neighbor, or Things I Learned in the Field
Authors: Stephens William C.
Published: April 2014

This article explores the possibility of anthropology as Bildung, or self‐cultivation. As an educational mode, Bildung is focused on the moral education of students, encouraging them to broaden themselves in their encounters with others. I will discuss this process in terms of a lesson I learned from the highland Maya about being a good neighbor and will demonstrate how neighborliness can offer students a possibility for their own self‐cultivation.
It is time to introduce ST analysis for fetal monitoring in the labor ward?
Authors: Visser Gerard H.A. , Kessler Jørg
Published: April 2014

Five randomized controlled trials have been published on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring with ST analysis of the fetal electrocardiogram, but the debate on its usefulness has not yet been ended. We consider ST analysis a useful and cost‐effective addition to conventional fetal heart rate monitoring. We will provide support for this opinion by discussing the pathophysiology of ST changes in relation to fetal asphyxia, the results of the randomized controlled trials and numerous meta‐analyses of these randomized controlled trials and trends in fetal outcome in hospitals in different countries following the introduction of the ST technology in the labor ward.
Acute response and subcellular movement of HSP27, αB‐crystallin and HSP70 in human skeletal muscle after blood‐flow‐restricted low‐load resistance exercise
Authors: Cumming K. T. , Paulsen G. , Wernbom M. , Ugelstad I. , Raastad T.
Published: April 2014

Aim

Heat‐shock proteins (HSP) are important chaperones for stressed and damaged proteins. Low‐load blood‐flow‐restricted resistance exercise (BFRE) is generally believed not to induce significant muscle damage, but is hitherto unverified with intracellular markers. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the HSP response after BFRE in human skeletal muscle.

Methods

Nine healthy volunteers performed five sets to failure of unilateral knee extension at 30% of 1RM with partial blood‐flow restriction. The contralateral leg performed the same work with free blood flow. Muscle biopsies were collected before exercise, 1, 24 and 48 h after exercise and analysed for HSP27, αB‐crystallin, HSP70, desmin, glycogen content and myosin heavy chain by immunohistochemistry, ELISA and western blotting.

Results

One hour after exercise, HSP27 and αB‐crystallin levels were reduced in the cytosolic and increased in the cytoskeletal fraction in the BFRE leg. HSP70 showed a delayed response and was increased over 48 h in the BFRE leg. Immunohistochemical analyses showed higher staining intensity of HSP70 in type 1 fibres in the BFRE leg at 24 and 48 h post‐exercise. PAS staining showed decreased glycogen levels after BFRE, and interestingly, glycogen was still depleted 48 h after exercise in the same fibres displaying high HSP70 staining (type 1 fibres).

Conclusion

Translocation of HSP27 and αB‐crystallin from cytosol to cytoskeletal structures indicates that cytoskeletal proteins are stressed during BFRE. However, overt signs of myofibrillar disruptions were not observed. Interestingly, the stress response was more pronounced in type 1 than in type 2 fibres and coincided with low glycogen levels.
Ceramic Ethnoarchaeometry in Western Sardinia: Production of Cooking Ware at Pabillonis
Authors: Cau Ontiveros M. Á. , Montana G. , Tsantini E. , Randazzo L.
Published: April 2014

Ceramic ethnoarchaeology has been used to explore fully the chaîne opératoire and to understand all of the stages and factors involved in pottery production, such as raw material selection or paste recipes used by the potters. This work presents the results of the application of compositional analysis undertaken in the village of Pabillonis (western Sardinia, Italy), the main cooking ware production centre of the island. Pottery and local clays have been characterized using a combination of analytical techniques. By integrating the ethnographic information and the archaeometric approach, it was possible to reconstruct the operational sequence, exploring the relationship between the processing of raw materials and the functionality of the final products, and the intra‐production compositional variability.
Integrative analysis of prognosis data on multiple cancer subtypes
Authors: Liu Jin , Huang Jian , Zhang Yawei , Lan Qing , Rothman Nathaniel , Zheng Tongzhang , Ma Shuangge
Published: April 2014

In cancer research, profiling studies have been extensively conducted, searching for genes/SNPs associated with prognosis. Cancer is diverse. Examining the similarity and difference in the genetic basis of multiple subtypes of the same cancer can lead to a better understanding of their connections and distinctions. Classic meta‐analysis methods analyze each subtype separately and then compare analysis results across subtypes. Integrative analysis methods, in contrast, analyze the raw data on multiple subtypes simultaneously and can outperform meta‐analysis methods. In this study, prognosis data on multiple subtypes of the same cancer are analyzed. An AFT (accelerated failure time) model is adopted to describe survival. The genetic basis of multiple subtypes is described using the heterogeneity model, which allows a gene/SNP to be associated with prognosis of some subtypes but not others. A compound penalization method is developed to identify genes that contain important SNPs associated with prognosis. The proposed method has an intuitive formulation and is realized using an iterative algorithm. Asymptotic properties are rigorously established. Simulation shows that the proposed method has satisfactory performance and outperforms a penalization‐based meta‐analysis method and a regularized thresholding method. An NHL (non‐Hodgkin lymphoma) prognosis study with SNP measurements is analyzed. Genes associated with the three major subtypes, namely DLBCL, FL, and CLL/SLL, are identified. The proposed method identifies genes that are different from alternatives and have important implications and satisfactory prediction performance.
Outcomes in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma in a phase I study of everolimus in combination with lenalidomide
Authors: Yee Andrew J. , Hari Parameswaran , Marcheselli Raffaella , Mahindra Anuj K. , Cirstea Diana D. , Scullen Tyler A. , Burke Jill N. , Rodig Scott J. , Hideshima Teru , Laubach Jacob P. , Ghobrial Irene M. , Schlossman Robert L. , Munshi Nikhil C. , Anderson Kenneth C. , Weller Edie A. , Richardson Paul G. , Raje Noopur S.
Published: April 2014

Everolimus, an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, has been studied in multiple myeloma (MM) but lacks significant single agent activity. Based on preclinical studies showing synergistic activity of mTOR inhibitors with lenalidomide, we studied the combination of lenalidomide and everolimus in relapsed or refractory MM in a phase I clinical trial. We assessed patient samples using gene expression, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry to probe the mTOR pathway. Twenty‐six patients were evaluable for toxicity. Dose‐limiting toxicities included grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The maximum tolerated dose was lenalidomide 15 mg and everolimus 5 mg for 21 d with a 7 d rest period. Grade 3/4 adverse events included thrombocytopenia (35%) and neutropenia (42%). The overall response rate was 65% (1 complete response + 4 partial response + 10 minimal response). The median progression‐free survival was 5·5 months and median overall survival was 29·5 months. Biomarker data demonstrated downregulation of phosphorylated p70S6K. Gene expression profiling suggested activation of mTOR in responders versus non‐responders. The combination of lenalidomide and everolimus was well tolerated with predictable toxicities and showed responses in a heavily pretreated population. When confirmed with larger patient numbers, this analysis may guide patient selection for future clinical trials of mTOR inhibition in MM.
Frontline bortezomib and rituximab for the treatment of newly diagnosed high tumour burden indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: a multicentre phase II study
Authors: Evens Andrew M. , Smith Mitchell R. , Lossos Izidore S. , Helenowski Irene , Millenson Michael , Winter Jane N. , Rosen Steve T. , Gordon Leo I.
Published: April 2014

There is a lack of published data examining non‐cytotoxic options for the frontline treatment of patients with high‐tumour burden (HTB) indolent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL). We completed a multicentre phase II study for patients with untreated HTB iNHL (NCT00369707) consisting of three induction cycles of weekly bortezomib and rituximab followed by an abbreviated consolidation. Forty‐two patients were treated and all were evaluable; the most common histology was follicular lymphoma (FL) (n = 33, 79%). Patient characteristics included median age 62 years (40–86); 38% bulky disease; 19% malignant effusions; 91% advanced‐stage disease; and median FL International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score was 3. Therapy was well tolerated with few grade 3/4 toxicities including minimal neurotoxicity. On intent‐to‐treat, the overall response rate (ORR) at end of therapy was 70% with a complete remission (CR) rate of 40% (FL: ORR 76%, CR 44%). With 50‐month median follow‐up, 4‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was 44% with 4‐year overall survival (OS) of 87% (FL: 44% and 97%, respectively). Four‐year PFS for FLIPI 0–2 vs. 3–5 was 60% vs. 26% respectively (P = 0·02), with corresponding OS rates of 92% and 81% respectively (P = 0·16). Collectively, bortezomib/rituximab is a non‐cytotoxic therapeutic regimen that was well tolerated and resulted in long‐term survival rates approximating prior rituximab/cytotoxic chemotherapy series for untreated HTB FL.
Letter‐case information and the identification of brand names
Authors: Perea Manuel , Jiménez María , Talero Fernanda , López‐Cañada Soraya
Published: April 2014

A central tenet of most current models of visual‐word recognition is that lexical units are activated on the basis of case‐invariant abstract letter representations. Here, we examined this assumption by using a unique type of words: brand names. The rationale of the experiments is that brand names are archetypically printed either in lowercase (e.g., adidas) or uppercase (e.g., IKEA). This allows us to present the brand names in their standard or non‐standard case configuration (e.g., adidas, IKEA vs. ADIDAS, ikea, respectively). We conducted two experiments with a brand‐decision task (‘is it a brand name?’): a single‐presentation experiment and a masked priming experiment. Results in the single‐presentation experiment revealed faster identification times of brand names in their standard case configuration than in their non‐standard case configuration (i.e., adidas faster than ADIDAS; IKEA faster than ikea). In the masked priming experiment, we found faster identification times of brand names when they were preceded by an identity prime that matched its standard case configuration than when it did not (i.e., faster response times to adidas‐adidas than to ADIDAS‐adidas). Taken together, the present findings strongly suggest that letter‐case information forms part of a brand name's graphemic information, thus posing some limits to current models of visual‐word recognition.
The effect of hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated ion channel inhibitors on the vagal control of guinea pig airway smooth muscle tone
Authors: McGovern Alice E , Robusto Jed , Rakoczy Joanna , Simmons David G , Phipps Simon , Mazzone Stuart B
Published: April 2014

Background and Purpose

Subtypes of the hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) family of cation channels are widely expressed on nerves and smooth muscle cells in many organ systems, where they serve to regulate membrane excitability. Here we have assessed whether HCN channel inhibitors alter the function of airway smooth muscle or the neurons that regulate airway smooth muscle tone.

Experimental Approach

The effects of the HCN channel inhibitors ZD7288, zatebradine and Cs+ were assessed on agonist and nerve stimulation‐evoked changes in guinea pig airway smooth muscle tone using tracheal strips in vitro, an innervated tracheal tube preparation ex vivo or in anaesthetized mechanically ventilated guinea pigs in vivo. HCN channel expression in airway nerves was assessed using immunohistochemistry, PCR and in situ hybridization.

Key Results

HCN channel inhibition did not alter airway smooth muscle reactivity in vitro to exogenously administered smooth muscle spasmogens, but significantly potentiated smooth muscle contraction evoked by the sensory nerve stimulant capsaicin and electrical field stimulation of parasympathetic cholinergic postganglionic neurons. Sensory nerve hyperresponsiveness was also evident in in vivo following HCN channel blockade. Cs+, but not ZD7288, potentiated preganglionic nerve‐dependent airway contractions and over time induced autorhythmic preganglionic nerve activity, which was not mimicked by inhibitors of potassium channels. HCN channel expression was most evident in vagal sensory ganglia and airway nerve fibres.

Conclusions and Implications

HCN channel inhibitors had a previously unrecognized effect on the neural regulation of airway smooth muscle tone, which may have implications for some patients receiving HCN channel inhibitors for therapeutic purposes.
Detailed SAR and PCA of the Tyrocidines and Analogues Towards Leucocin A‐Sensitive and Leucocin A‐Resistant Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Leussa Adrienne Nyango‐Nkeh , Rautenbach Marina
Published: April 2014

The tyrocidines, antimicrobial cyclic decapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus, have potent activity with drug/disinfectant potential, specifically against Listeria monocytogenes. The tyrocidine activity is dependent on an amphipathic balance. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis combined with principal component analysis showed the best activity correlation with hydropathy and solvent accessible volume (hydrophobicity parameters), Mr and molecular volume (steric/size parameters), coupled with rigid sequence and charge prerequisites. For potent activity against L. monocytogenes strains, there is a prerequisite for a Tyr or Phe in the (W/F)(w/f)NQ(Y/F/W) sequence of the variable pentapeptide and ornithine (Orn, O) as cationic residue in the conserved V(K/O)LfP pentapeptide, particularly with Trp in the aromatic dipeptide moiety of the variable pentapeptide. The roles of Trp and Orn in the tyrocidines were confirmed with most active peptide, tyrocidine B (TrcB) containing Orn and a Trp‐d‐Phe in the aromatic dipeptide moiety. However, a novel analogue with a trimethylated ornithine and Phe‐d‐Phe showed an activity rivalling that of TrcB. Our results emphasized that activity is dictated by interplay between the character of the aromatic residues in the variable pentapeptide and the cationic residue. Any residue change resulting in tighter membrane/cell wall interaction is likely to trap tyrocidines and impede their mechanism of action.
Changes in parathyroid proteome in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism due to sporadic parathyroid adenomas
Authors: Varshney Shweta , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar , Arya Ashutosh Kumar , Sharma Sadhna , Behera Arunanshu , Bhansali Anil , Rao Sudhaker D.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The pathogenesis of parathyroid tumours is only partially understood. A direct approach using proteomics could be a promising tool to increase our understanding of parathyroid tumorigenesis. The aim of the study was to investigate differentially expressed proteins to explore the underlying molecular basis of the disease and identify potential target proteins responsible for the genesis of adenoma.

Methods

Proteins were extracted from adenomatous and normal parathyroid tissues. Differentially expressed proteins were separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐D) and identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed using spss 10.01 software.

Results

Comparative analysis of the 2‐D profiles of proteins isolated from adenomatous and normal parathyroid tissues showed 15 differentially expressed proteins, of which 11 were overexpressed. The characterized proteins were associated with diverse cellular functions including regulation of cell organization, programmed cell death, transcription and signal transduction.

Conclusion

The differentially expressed proteins in parathyroid adenomas may potentially serve as new targets to investigate the mechanisms of parathyroid adenoma transformation.
Can radioiodine be administered effectively and safely to a patient with severe chronic kidney disease?
Authors: Saracyn Marek , Bilski Marek , Kamiński Grzegorz , Niemczyk Stanisław
Published: April 2014

Chronic kidney disease is an increasingly widespread problem. The progression of renal failure is associated with the development of various hormonal disorders, including those affecting the thyroid gland. The prevalence of multinodular goitre and differentiated thyroid cancer increases significantly in patients with renal failure. However, radioiodine treatment in patients with severe chronic kidney disease gives rise to a number of difficulties. The only conclusions regarding this treatment thus far have been derived from single case studies. It seems that prospective controlled studies can contribute to the creation of standards for radioiodine treatment in patients with various stages of chronic kidney disease, while maintaining the safety of such treatment for both patients and medical staff. This review gives the response to the question how nowadays to treat the patients with severe chronic kidney disease with radioiodine.