bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired Fasting Glucose Is Associated With Renal Hyperfiltration in the General Population
Authors: Melsom Toralf , Mathisen Ulla Dorte , Ingebretsen Ole C. , Jenssen Trond G. , Njølstad Inger , Solbu Marit D. , Toft Ingrid , Eriksen Bjørn O.
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE

Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), also called hyperfiltration, is a proposed mechanism for renal injury in diabetes. The causes of hyperfiltration in individuals without diabetes are largely unknown, including the possible role of borderline hyperglycemia. We assessed whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 5.6–6.9 mmol/L), elevated HbA1c, or hyperinsulinemia are associated with hyperfiltration in the general middle-aged population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 1,560 individuals, aged 50–62 years without diabetes, were included in the Renal Iohexol Clearance Survey in Tromsø 6 (RENIS-T6). GFR was measured as single-sample plasma iohexol clearance. Hyperfiltration was defined as GFR >90th percentile, adjusted for sex, age, weight, height, and use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors.

RESULTS

Participants with IFG had a multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of 1.56 (95% CI 1.07–2.25) for hyperfiltration compared with individuals with normal fasting glucose. Odds ratios (95% CI) of hyperfiltration calculated for a 1-unit increase in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c, after multivariable-adjustment, were 1.97 (1.36–2.85) and 2.23 (1.30–3.86). There was no association between fasting insulin levels and hyperfiltration. A nonlinear association between FPG and GFR was observed (df = 3, P < 0.0001). GFR increased with higher glucose levels, with a steeper slope beginning at FPG ≥5.4 mmol/L.

CONCLUSIONS

Borderline hyperglycemia was associated with hyperfiltration, whereas hyperinsulinemia was not. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether the hyperfiltration associated with IFG is a risk factor for renal injury in the general population.
The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on the Clinical Resolution of Charcot Neuroarthropathy
Authors: Pakarinen Toni-Karri , Laine Heikki-Jussi , Mäenpää Heikki , Mattila Pentti , Lahtela Jorma
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical efficacy of zoledronic acid in patients with diabetes and acute Charcot neuroarthropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Thirty-nine consecutive patients were randomly assigned to placebo or three intravenous infusions of 4 mg zoledronic acid. The primary outcome was clinical resolution of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy determined by total immobilization time (casting plus orthosis).

RESULTS

At baseline, there was no significant difference between the randomly assigned groups with respect to Charcot disease activity or other baseline values. In the zoledronic acid group, the median time for total immobilization was 27 weeks (range 10–62), and in the placebo group it was 20 weeks (20–52) (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Zoledronic acid had no beneficial effect on the clinical resolution of acute Charcot neuroarthropathy in terms of total immobilization time. It is possible that it may prolong the time to clinical resolution of Charcot neuroarthropathy.
Invasion Age and Invader Removal Alter Species Cover and Composition at the Suisun Tidal Marsh, California, USA
Authors: Estrella Sarah , Kneitel Jamie M.
Published: May 2011

Wetland ecosystems are vulnerable to plant species invasions, which can greatly alter species composition and ecosystem functioning. The response of these communities to restoration can vary following invader removal, but few studies have evaluated how recent and long-term invasions can affect the plant community’s restoration potential. Perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) has invaded thousands of hectares of marshland in the San Francisco Estuary, California, United States of America, while the effects of invasion and removal of this weed remain poorly studied. In this study, perennial pepperweed was removed along a gradient of invasion age in brackish tidal marshes of Suisun Marsh, within the Estuary. In removal plots, resident plant cover significantly increased during the 2-year study period, particularly in the densest and oldest parts of the perennial pepperweed colonies, while species richness did not change significantly. In bare areas created by removal of perennial pepperweed, recolonization was dominated by three-square bulrush (Schoenoplectus americanus). Ultimately, removal of invasive perennial pepperweed led to reinvasion of the resident plant community within two years. This study illustrates that it is important to consider invasion age, along with exotic species removal, when developing a restoration strategy in wetland ecosystems.
Evaluating Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions with Computational Models in Supporting Cumulative Risk Assessment
Authors: Tan Yu-Mei , Clewell Harvey , Campbell Jerry , Andersen Melvin
Published: May 2011

Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple chemicals may cause interactions in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) of the individual chemicals. Such interactions can cause modification of the internal or target dose/response of one chemical in the mixture by other chemical(s), resulting in a change in the toxicity from that predicted from the summation of the effects of the single chemicals using dose additivity. In such cases, conducting quantitative cumulative risk assessment for chemicals present as a mixture is difficult. The uncertainties that arise from PK interactions can be addressed by developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to describe the disposition of chemical mixtures. Further, PK models can be developed to describe mechanisms of action and tissue responses. In this article, PBPK/PD modeling efforts conducted to investigate chemical interactions at the PK and PD levels are reviewed to demonstrate the use of this predictive modeling framework in assessing health risks associated with exposures to complex chemical mixtures.
Nanomedicine: Application Areas and Development Prospects
Authors: Boulaiz Houria , Alvarez Pablo J. , Ramirez Alberto , Marchal Juan A. , Prados Jose , Rodríguez-Serrano Fernando , Perán Macarena , Melguizo Consolación , Aranega Antonia
Published: May 2011

Nanotechnology, along with related concepts such as nanomaterials, nanostructures and nanoparticles, has become a priority area for scientific research and technological development. Nanotechnology, i.e., the creation and utilization of materials and devices at nanometer scale, already has multiple applications in electronics and other fields. However, the greatest expectations are for its application in biotechnology and health, with the direct impact these could have on the quality of health in future societies. The emerging discipline of nanomedicine brings nanotechnology and medicine together in order to develop novel therapies and improve existing treatments. In nanomedicine, atoms and molecules are manipulated to produce nanostructures of the same size as biomolecules for interaction with human cells. This procedure offers a range of new solutions for diagnoses and “smart” treatments by stimulating the body’s own repair mechanisms. It will enhance the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and cardiovascular diseases. Preventive medicine may then become a reality.
Low Power Clock Network Design
Authors: Vaisband Inna , Friedman Eby G. , Ginosar Ran , Kolodny Avinoam
Published: May 2011

Power is a primary concern in modern circuits. Clock distribution networks, in particular, are an essential element of a synchronous digital circuit and a significant power consumer. Clock distribution networks are subject to clock skew due to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations and load imbalances. A target skew between sequentially-adjacent registers can be obtained in a balanced low power clock tree using techniques such as buffer and wire sizing. Existing skew mitigation techniques in tree-based clock distribution networks, however, are not efficient in coping with post design variations; whereas the latest non-tree mesh-based solutions reliably handle skew variations, albeit with a significant increase in dissipated power. Alternatively, crosslink-based methods provide low power and variation-efficient skew solutions. Existing crosslink-based methods, however, only address skew at the network topology level and do not target low power consumption. Different methods to manage skew and skew variations within tree and non-tree clock distribution networks are reviewed and compared in this paper. Guidelines for inserting crosslinks within a buffered low power clock tree are provided. Metrics to determine the most power efficient technique for a given circuit are discussed and verified with simulation.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Arylpiperazine Derivatives and Implementation of the Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) Project in the Search for CNS Agents
Authors: Zajdel Paweł , Król Joanna , Grychowska Katarzyna , Pawłowski Maciej , Subra Gilles , Nomezine Gaël , Martinez Jean , Satała Grzegorz , Bojarski Andrzej J. , Zhou Ziniu , O’Donnell Martin J. , Scott William L.
Published: May 2011

We have successfully implemented the concept of Distributed Drug Discovery (D3) in the search for CNS agents. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, student engagement from different sites around the globe in the development of new biologically active compounds. As an outcome we have synthesized a 24-membered library of arylpiperazine derivatives targeted to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. The synthesis was simultaneously performed on BAL-MBHA-PS resin in Poland and the United States, and on BAL-PS-SynPhase Lanterns in France. The D3 project strategy opens the possibility of obtaining potent 5-HT1A/5-HT2A agents in a distributed fashion. While the biological testing is still centralized, this combination of distributed synthesis with screening will enable a D3 network of students world-wide to participate, as part of their education, in the synthesis and testing of this class of biologically active compounds.
The Influence of t-Butyl and Cyclododecyl Substitution on Ethylene/1-Hexene Copolymerization Using Ansa-Fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium Derivatives
Authors: Kaivalchatchawal Patcharaporn , Praserthdam Piyasan , Sogo Yuuichi , Cai Zhengguo , Shiono Takeshi , Jongsomjit Bunjerd
Published: May 2011

In the present study, copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene was conducted with a series of ansa-fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complexes, including [t-BuNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2 (complex 1), [cyclododecylNSiMe2Flu]TiMe2 (complex 2) and [t-BuNSiMe2(2,7-t-Bu2Flu)]TiMe2 (complex 3), activated by MMAO. The effect of these catalysts on catalytic behavior, namely activity, molecular weight and monomer reactivity ratios, has been investigated. The results showed that all of them acted by a single site polymerization mechanism and the molecular weight distribution is independent of catalyst structure. Based on the study, it revealed that the introduction of a t-butyl at the 2,7 position on the fluorenyl ligand is able to enhance both catalytic activity and copolymer molecular weight more than introducing a cyclododecyl on the amine, which is probably associated with the electronic effect exerted by the t-butyl substituent. The comonomer incorporation content was controllable over a wide range by adjusting the comonomer feed ratio. Moreover, referring to monomer reactivity ratio exploration, it seems that the substitution on the ansa-fluorenylamidodimethyltitanium complex tends to hinder the insertion of 1-hexene into the polymer chain, leading to the highest 1-hexene content for traditional complex 1.
Effects of Agronomic Practices on Volatile Composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. Essential Oils
Authors: Moro Armando , Zalacain Amaya , Hurtado de Mendoza Jorge , Carmona Manuel
Published: May 2011

The chemical composition of Hyssopus officinalis (Lamiaceae) essential oil grown in southeastern Spain was analyzed by GC-MS. Due to the high relevance of this species in the world market, the study is focused on chemical heterogeneity of different oil batches and their extraction yield, cultivated under irrigation and non-irrigation conditions and with different harvesting dates. All essential oil samples have two main terpene compounds which are pinocamphone and iso-pinocamphone, accounting for approximately 35–40% of the total oil content. Other relevant compounds were identified, with β-pinene, which accounted for 10–17% contribution to the total composition, standing out. Significant differences between their volatile composition have been observed between treatments, being limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, pinocarveol, α-pinene and β-phellandrene the compounds that contributed most to the discrimination. It was also observed that the irrigation period is the most favourable for the cultivation of hyssop in this region, specially for batch 7 which gives the highest extraction yield and the best EO quality.
Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) as a Prodrug in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Wachowska Małgorzata , Muchowicz Angelika , Firczuk Małgorzata , Gabrysiak Magdalena , Winiarska Magdalena , Wańczyk Małgorzata , Bojarczuk Kamil , Golab Jakub
Published: May 2011

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an endogenous metabolite normally formed in the mitochondria from succinyl-CoA and glycine. Conjugation of eight ALA molecules yields protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and finally leads to formation of heme. Conversion of PpIX to its downstream substrates requires the activity of a rate-limiting enzyme ferrochelatase. When ALA is administered externally the abundantly produced PpIX cannot be quickly converted to its final product - heme by ferrochelatase and therefore accumulates within cells. Since PpIX is a potent photosensitizer this metabolic pathway can be exploited in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is an already approved therapeutic strategy making ALA one of the most successful prodrugs used in cancer treatment.
Cognitive Facilitation Following Intentional Odor Exposure
Authors: Johnson Andrew J.
Published: May 2011

This paper reviews evidence that, in addition to incidental olfactory pollutants, intentional odor delivery can impact cognitive operations both positively and negatively. Evidence for cognitive facilitation/interference is reviewed alongside four potential explanations for odor-induced effects. It is concluded that the pharmacological properties of odors can induce changes in cognition. However, these effects can be accentuated/attenuated by the shift in mood following odor exposure, expectancy of cognitive effects, and cues to behavior via the contextual association with the odor. It is proposed that greater consideration is required in the intentional utilization of odors within both industrial and private locations, since differential effects are observed for odors with positive hedonic qualities.
Anatomical accuracy of abdominal lesion localization
Authors: Kiefer A. , Kuwert T. , Hahn D. , Hornegger J. , Uder M. , Ritt P.
Published: May 2011

Software-based image registration can improve the diagnostic value of imaging procedures and is an alternative to hybrid scanners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical accuracy of automatic rigid image registration of independently acquired datasets of positron emission tomography with 18F-deoxyglucose and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging. Patients, methods: Analyses were performed on 28 abdominal lesions from 20 patients. The PET data were obtained using a stand-alone PET camera in 14 cases and a hybrid PET/CT scanner in 9 cases. The abdominal T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans were acquired on 1.5 T MRI scanners. The mean time interval between MRI and PET was 7.3 days (0–28 days). Automatic rigid registration was carried out using a self-developed registration tool integrated into commercial available software (InSpace for Siemens Syngo). Distances between the centres of gravity of 28 manually delineated neoplastic lesions represented in PET and MRI were measured in X-, Y-, and Z-direction. The intra- (intraclass correlation 0.94) and inter- (intraclass correlation 0.86) observer repeatability were high. Results: The average distance in all MRI sequences was 5.2 ± 7.6 mm in X-direction, 4.0 ± 3.7 mm in Y-direction and 6.1 ± 5.1 mm in Z-direction. There was a significantly higher misalignment in Z-direction (p < 0.05). The misalignment was not significantly different for the registration of T1- and T2- weighted sequences (p = 0.7). Conclusion: The misalignment between FDG-PET and abdominal MRI registered using an automated rigid registration tool was comparable to data reported for software-based fusion between PET and CT. Although this imprecision may not affect diagnostic accuracy, it is not sufficient to allow for pixel-wise integration of MRI and PET information.
Metabolic tumour volume
Authors: Mertens K. , Goethals I. , Rottey S. , Duprez F. , De Neve W. , Vermeersch H. , Van de Wiele C. , Deron P.
Published: May 2011

Purpose: Evaluate the predictive and prognostic value of semi-quantitative FDG-PET variables derived from pretreatment FDG-PET images in patients suffering from locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), treated by means of concomitant radiochemotherapy. Patients, methods: 40 patients with newly diagnosed SCCHN that were treated with concomitant radiochemotherapy underwent FDG-PET/CT for treatment planning; 18 patients had neck dissection prior to their baseline scan and to receiving radiochemotherapy. FDG-PET images were used to calculate metabolic tumour volumes using region growing and a threshold of 50% (MTV50) of primary lesions and involved lymph nodes as well as the mean and maximum standard uptake value (SUVmean and SUVmax) of the primary tumours. Results: Neither SUVmean nor SUVmax values of the primary tumour were significantly different between responders and non-responders whereas MTV50 values of the primary tumour proved significantly higher in non-responders. SUVmean, SUVmax and MTV50 of the primary tumour were not predictive for overall or disease free survival. Contrariwise, dichotomized summed MTV50 values (cut-off ≥ 31 cm3) of the primary tumour and involved lymph nodes in patients that didn’t have neck dissection prior to radiochemotherapy were predictive for disease free and overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analysis (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Summed MTV50 values of both the primary tumour and involved lymph nodes provided independent prognostic information on disease free and overall survival.
Patient Adherence to Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment in the Adjuvant Setting
Authors: Verma S. , Madarnas Y. , Sehdev S. , Martin G. , Bajcar J.
Published: May 2011

Improvements in adjuvant systemic therapy and detection of early disease have resulted in a decline of breast cancer death rates across all patient age groups in Canada. Non-adherence to adjuvant hormonal therapy in the setting of early breast cancer may significantly affect patient outcome. Factors associated with medication adherence are complex and may be patient-related, therapy-related, and health care provider–related. To date, there is a gap in the literature concerning a comprehensive understanding of factors related to medication adherence with anti-estrogen therapy in the adjuvant setting. The literature suggests that strategies for improving adherence should focus on education of patients, assessment of the ability of patients to understand their disease and related recurrence factors, and facilitation of adherence by patients by providing adequate support and strategies for good self-management. However, more research is needed to better understand how health care providers can support women with breast cancer on oral therapy in the adjuvant setting.
Réflexions sur les configurations révolutionnaires tunisienne et égyptienne
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit
Published: May 2011

Résumé Pourquoi est-ce en Tunisie puis en Égypte que la contestation des régimes autoritaires dans le monde arabe est allée jusqu’à son terme ? Si le processus révolutionnaire est désormais amorcé dans de nombreux pays, rien ne garantit, dans un avenir proche, qu’il aboutisse à d’autres changements de régime. Il y a en tout cas une spécificité des contextes socio-politiques de la Tunisie et de l’Égypte qu’il convient de bien identifier si nous voulons mieux appréhender les effets possibles du « réveil des peuples » auquel on assiste au Sud et à l’Est de la Méditerranée.
Les comités de quartier en Tunisie : une illusion démocratique
Authors: Berry-Chikhaoui Isabelle
Published: May 2011

Résumé La participation locale à la pérennité du système : telle est en résumé la fonction principale de cette instance de contrôle que sont les comités de quartier mis en place à partir de 1991. Verrouillant l’expression du politique, ils constituent aussi un lieu de marquage du pouvoir territorial, de conscientisation à l’ordre moral « nouveau », le tout dans une rhétorique constante autour du « citoyen » tunisien. La description de ce lieu de contrôle montre comment prend racine l’expression du pouvoir selon le successeur de Bourguiba. Elle ouvre aussi sur une compréhension des mécanismes du « faire avec » longtemps perçu comme incontournable y compris par des opposants -discrets- au régime. Ce faisant, ces comités de quartier apparaissent aussi comme les lieux inattendus de l’apprentissage de la démocratie, malgré ses promoteurs.
Révolution civile et politique en Égypte. La démocratie et son correctif
Authors: Ben Néfissa Sarah
Published: May 2011

Résumé Pour certains ce fut une surprise : la révolution égyptienne n’a pas emprunté son discours et ses pratiques à ceux du mouvement islamiste. Dès l’année 2005, un processus d’autonomisation de la société civile vis-à-vis de l’État était apparu avec la montée des protestations politiques et sociales, adossée à un processus de démonopolisation du champ médiatique. La révolution initiée par la jeunesse égyptienne participe de cet essor de la société civile. Celle-ci peut faire contrepoids aux limites des formes classiques de représentation politique. C’est sa révolution.
Non, les révolutions tunisienne et égyptienne ne sont pas des « révolutions 2.0 »
Authors: Béchir Ayari Michaël
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les discours qui réduisent les révolutions tunisienne et égyptienne à des « révolutions Facebook  » demeurent à bien des égards mus par les fantasmes technophiles et néo-libéraux de la « démocratie 2.0 1  ». Il ne s’agit pas d’amoindrir le rôle des « nouveaux médias sociaux » dans ces soulèvements ni de faire l’impasse sur la manière dont ils ont permis de diffuser l’information, d’organiser des rassemblements et de créer des réactions émotionnelles encourageant la prise de risque. Il convient plutôt de s’interroger sur les soubassements de ces éléments de langage, mieux, sur le dispositif dont ils sont l’expression.
Tunisie : « Révolution de jasmin » ou Intifada ?
Authors: Allal Amin , Geisser Vincent
Published: May 2011

Résumé Le cliché de la « révolution de jasmin », si répandu en France, n’est-il pas le signe d’une incapacité à saisir la nature des mouvements sociopolitiques qui ont touché la Tunisie bien avant la révolution Facebook  ? Se pencher sur ces mouvements de fond à l’origine des événements qui ont conduit à la chute du régime de Ben Ali est d’autant plus nécessaire qu’ils nous aident aussi à comprendre ce qui se joue aujourd’hui dans cette période de transition démocratique.
Le rôle des mobilisations des travailleurs et du mouvement syndical dans la chute de Moubarak
Authors: Clément Françoise , Duboc Marie , El Shafei Omar
Published: May 2011

Résumé Quel a été l’impact du mouvement syndical sur la révolution égyptienne ? Un nouveau chemin a été tracé depuis le milieu des années 2000, qui, entre répression, allégeance et aspirations au respect des droits des travailleurs, amène à penser la convergence des luttes de février 2011. Souvent négligés dans les analyses, la naissance de syndicats indépendants et leur appel à la grève générale ont été des pivots des mouvements sociaux, à la source des mobilisations massives et inédites récentes.
Le droit au logement, école de la contestation
Authors: Deboulet Agnès
Published: May 2011

Résumé C’est parce que Mouvements ne croit pas à l’idée d’une « révolution venue de nulle part » que nous publions cet entretien réalisé en décembre 2010 avec Manal Al Tibi, responsable du Centre égyptien pour les droits à l’habitat. La question du droit au logement permet en effet d’appréhender le cadre dans lequel les revendications sociales ont pu s’exprimer au sein de la société égyptienne d’avant la révolution. Retracer le parcours de cette fervente militante des droits humains, montrer comment celle-ci a progressivement pris conscience du caractère crucial de cette question du logement donne à voir la nature des relations de pouvoir dans l’Égypte de Moubarak. Son propos montre aussi les nouvelles formes de la contestation qui se sont développées dans les interstices de cet État autoritaire.
Le régime algérien après les révoltes arabes
Authors: Addi Lahouari
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les revendications nationales portées par la jeunesse et les foules des pays arabes renouvellent de façon magistrale les horizons politiques et citoyens en montrant les limites structurelles de la croyance et de la capacité à gouverner de régimes corrompus et paternalistes. Face à cette lame de fond, les Algériens expriment de façon grandissante leur refus d’un pouvoir bi-polaire dans lequel l’armée joue un rôle pivot. Les dysfonctionnements d’un système visant à protéger une oligarchie issue du système rentier amènent le pays à tourner à vide et conduisent à une incapacité de gouverner qui risque d’être fatale au gouvernement actuel.
Contestation et autoritarisme libéral en Jordanie
Authors: Larzillière Pénélope
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les révoltes dans le monde arabe ont produit un mouvement de soutien en Jordanie. On y retrouve les principaux vecteurs de l’opposition : les syndicats professionnels, le mouvement islamiste des Frères musulmans, la gauche aussi malgré son impact plus faible. Mais la mobilisation est également portée par de nouveaux acteurs comme les jeunes. Face au régime jordanien, libéral économiquement et autoritaire politiquement, la contestation prend de l’ampleur. Le répertoire d’action du sit-in est conservé, mais, en plus de mesures économiques et sociales, la mise en place d’une véritable monarchie constitutionnelle est maintenant revendiquée. Dans cette mobilisation, les processus d’identification à des mouvements régionaux remettent en cause les limites structurelles de l’opposition en Jordanie.
Les révolutions sont-elles exportables ? « L’effet domino » à la lumière du cas yéménite
Authors: Bonnefoy Laurent
Published: May 2011

Résumé L’effet de contexte contre l’effet « domino ». Au Yémen, la montée en force des mouvements protestataires et des contestations internes s’agrègent au morcellement des formes de pouvoir pour expliquer la nouveauté relative que constitue le mouvement du début 2011. Des formes revendicatives émanant de populations jeunes, qui par bien des aspects rappellent les mouvements sociaux égyptiens et tunisiens, sont rattrapées par la fragmentation des sources d’expression plus ancienne du séparatisme ou de la contestation religieuse. Pour autant, dans une situation encore très instable, le chemin d’une conciliation pourrait être trouvé, sans doute dans un dépassement des formes claniques d’allégeance et des idéologies.
Israël, les États-Unis et le printemps arabe
Authors: Shlaim Avi
Published: May 2011

Résumé N’est-ce pas un paradoxe qu’Israël, « la seule démocratie du Moyen-Orient », ait fait preuve d’autant de méfiance à l’égard du printemps arabe qui balaye un à un les dictateurs de la région ? Le saut dans l’inconnu que représente le processus de démocratisation dans le monde arabe ne questionne pas uniquement les intérêts stratégiques d’Israël et de son allié et protecteur américain, mais aussi les impératifs de stabilité qui guident ses relations de voisinage ; plus largement, il met en cause le regard que les dirigeants israéliens comme l’opinion publique israélienne portent sur les peuples arabes et l’environnement culturel et politique dans lequel, à leur corps défendant, ils s’inscrivent géographiquement.
L’autogouvernement zapatiste à la recherche d’une réunification des temps de la transformation sociale : reconstruire pour mieux détruire
Authors: Dubigeon Yohan
Published: May 2011

Résumé Au lendemain de la chute de l’Union soviétique, symbole de la prétendue défaite du marxisme, en pleine vague de « fin de l’histoire », le zapatisme avait suscité un vaste élan de sympathie. Mais qu’a-t-il réactivé, exactement ? Quelque chose d’entièrement nouveau ? Yohan Dubigeon montre ici ce que le zapatisme a de commun avec des mouvements d’émancipation plus anciens, mais aussi ce qu’il a d’original. Marx n’est toujours pas enterré.
«Un coloso sobre la arena»: definiendo el camino hacia la plantación esclavista en Cuba, 1792-1825
Authors: Barcía Manuel
Published: May 2011

A partir de 1791 las elites criollas de la isla de Cuba comenzaron a tomar ventaja de la situación política en la vecina colonia francesa de Saint-Domingue, a la cual intentaron reemplazar en los mercados internacionales de azúcar y café. Para conseguir sus objetivos fue necesario importar mayores números de esclavos africanos destinados a laborar en las plantaciones. La pelea por el derecho a continuar importando africanos a la isla se libró durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XIX, no sólo en Cuba y España, sino también en Londres, París y Viena. En este trabajo se discuten y analizan los obstáculos que se presentaron a las elites criollas cubanas a través del periodo, y como de un modo u otro, tanto el aumento de la trata de africanos como el la producción de azúcar fueron asegurados a través de medidas legales e ilegales.
Los Despaigne en Saint-Domingue y Cuba: narrativa microhistórica de una experiencia atlántica
Authors: Iglesias Utset Marial
Published: May 2011

Una familia de plantadores franceses en Jérémie, en el sur de Saint-Domingue, cuyo mundo colapsa a consecuencia de la revolución de Haití, reproduce nuevamente en las serranías de El Cobre, en Santiago de Cuba, la economía (material y moral) de la plantación cafetalera. Medio siglo más tarde, la irrupción de las guerras de independencia de España emancipa a los numerosos esclavos de la plantación, cuya inclusión ciudadana, ya en la república cubana en el siglo XX, se pone a prueba en 1912, cuando el alzamiento de los miembros del Partido de los Independientes de Color reactualiza traumáticamente la memoria de la revolución de Haití en Cuba.
El canal administrativo de los conflictos entre esclavos y amos. Causas de manumisión decididas ante síndicos en Cuba
Authors: Varella Claudia
Published: May 2011

Los síndicos fueron los principales intérpretes de los esclavos en el último siglo de colonialismo español en Cuba. Las personas sin libertad jurídica acudían a los síndicos con la finalidad de quejarse, pedir ayuda y representación; sus protectores de oficio, sin embargo, no actuaron regularmente como intermediarios neutrales, en especial cuando intervenía una cantidad de dinero para manumitir al esclavo. La posibilidad de que los siervos fueran alquilados y permutaran amo se convirtió en asunto de controversia y los pleitos comenzaron a dirimirse fuera de los tribunales. Las sindicaturas cobraron importancia y fueron un espacio civil dedicado a dar un servicio público en una dirección administrativa, arbitral y a menudo denunciada por arbitraria.
A poupança: alternativas para a compra da alforria no Brasil (2.ª metade do século XIX)
Authors: Grinberg Keila
Published: May 2011

Este artículo tiene por objeto discutir la relación entre los esclavos y sus descendientes y la economía monetaria en el Brasil en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Abordando principalmente las cartillas de ahorro de cautivos de la Caixa Econômica, se pretende argumentar que el ahorro fue una de las estrategias de compra de la manumisión para sí y sus familiares, principalmente a partir de la promulgación de la Ley del Vientre Libre en 1871.

[pt] Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir a relação entre os escravos e seus descendentes e a economia monetária no Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX. Abordando principalmente as cadernetas de poupança de cativos da Caixa Econômica, pretende-se argumentar que a poupança foi uma das estratégias de compra de alforria para si próprios e seus familiares, principalmente a partir da promulgação da Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871.
En los borrosos confines de la libertad: el caso de los negros emancipados en Cuba, 1817-1870
Authors: Roldán de Montaud Inés
Published: May 2011

En este artículo estudiamos el grupo de africanos llevados a Cuba para convertirse en esclavos y que fueron declarados jurídicamente libres por haber sido capturado el buque que los transportaba, en aplicación de los tratados internacionales y la presión abolicionista británica. Los llamados negros emancipados, unos 26.000 individuos, fueron sin embargo asimilados a la población esclava ante el temor de que pudieran resultar un factor disolvente del orden social, debido a la necesidad de mano de obra para el azúcar y a la aparición de un lucrativo negocio para las autoridades. El estudio aborda la situación del grupo desde sus orígenes en 1817 hasta su desaparición en 1870.
Censos lato sensu. La abolición de la esclavitud y el número de esclavos en Cuba
Authors: Piqueras José Antonio
Published: May 2011

Durante la mayor parte del siglo XIX las estadísticas de población esclava de Cuba fueron deliberadamente inexactas. El presente artículo, basado en un análisis de censos oficiales y reservados, en informes británicos y estimaciones demográficas, reconsidera el número de esclavos existente en Cuba entre 1867 y 1886. De ello resulta una reevaluación de su monto, de las necesidades laborales en los ingenios y de las condiciones de disolución de la esclavitud.
Fontes censitárias brasileiras e posse de cativos na década de 1870
Authors: Leite Marcondes Renato
Published: May 2011

Existe un conjunto expresivo de fuentes de carácter censal para el estudio de la esclavitud en la década de 1870 en Brasil. Estas fuentes derivan, principalmente, de la matrícula de los esclavos determinada por la Ley de Vientre Libre de 1871. En este artículo discutimos las diferentes formas de presentación de las informaciones de la matrícula. Analizamos una muestra de la población esclava matriculada, comprendiendo 69 localidades de diferentes partes del país que totalizan poco más de 112.000 esclavos y 25.000 esclavistas. Al caracterizar el perfil demográfico de los esclavos de nuestra muestra, comprobamos la propiedad de esclavos.

[pt] Existe um conjunto expressivo de fontes de caráter censitário para o estudo da escravidão da década de 1870. Estas fontes derivam, principalmente, da matrícula dos escravos determinada pela Lei do Ventre Livre de 1871. Neste artigo discutimos as diferentes formas de apresentação das informações da matrícula. Analisamos uma amostra da população escrava matriculada, compreendendo 69 localidades de diferentes partes do país que totalizam pouco mais de 112 mil escravos e 25 mil escravistas. Além caracterizar o perfil demográfico dos escravos da amostra, verificamos a posse de cativos.
Are Remote Labs Worth the Cost? Insights From a Study of Student Perceptions of Remote Labs
Authors: Jona Kemi , Roque Ricarose , Skolnik Julia , Uttal David , Rapp David
Published: May 2011

Remote online laboratories enable students to conduct scientific investigations using real experimental equipment. However, scaling up remote labs may require significant costs in purchasing and maintaining expensive equipment compared to scaling simulated labs. While these costs are a consequence of using physical equipment, we argue that there are unique educational advantages to remote labs. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study of student perceptions of a remote lab in comparison to an identical lab experience with simulated data. The findings reveal several intriguing themes that highlight the pedagogical value of remote laboratories. In addition, we provide recommendations for the design and pedagogy of online laboratory experiences based on our findings.
Modeling of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Specific Heat capacity of working fluid LiBr-H2O used in Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System
Authors: Singh Dheerendra Vikram , Maheshwari Govind
Published: May 2011

The objective of this work is to model an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the value of specific heat capacity of working fluid LiBr-H2O used in vapour absorption refrigeration systems. A feed forward back propagation algorithm is used for the network, which is most popular for ANN. The consistence between experimental and ANNâ??s approach result was achieved by a mean relative error -0.00573, sum of the squares due to error0.00321, coefficient of multiple determination R-square 0.99961and root mean square error 0.01573 for test data. These results had been achieved in Matlab environment and the use of derived equations in any programmable language for deriving the specific heat capacity of LiBr-H2O solution.
Implementation of Dual Use Fiber Optic Communications Laboratories
Authors: Abu-aisheh Akram Ahmad , Khader Sameer , Hasan Omar
Published: May 2011

Given the wide use of fiber optic technology in industry and high-end consumer electronics, the use of optical fiber should be more widely taught; however, limited available resources in the provision of laboratory hardware has increasingly marginalized the educational quality of fiber optic communications courses. This paper presents two models for implementing fiber optic communications laboratories for both on-site and distance learning environments. The dual use of these set-ups allows for a highly cost effective and pedagogically rigorous mechanism of instruction for students.
Engineering Multiphysics Research
Authors: Milanovic Ivana , Eppes Tom , Russell Ingrid
Published: May 2011

This paper describes an engineering undergraduate course that covers the methods and techniques of multiphysics modeling. Students become active participants in analysis and discovery by being challenged to solve a sequence of problems related to high priority technology areas. Projects range from power systems and thermal control of habitats to autonomous flight systems and harsh environment electronics. Working in a cooperative learning environment, teams encounter a series of assignments that build on existing skills while gradually expanding their knowledge and expertise in disciplines outside of their own. This project-based approach employs a scaffolding structure with assignments organized in progressively challenging modules supported by mentoring.

Each project begins with a problem definition which requires consideration of factors and influences beyond a single discipline. Solution development then moves to setting material properties, boundary constraints and including the necessary physics engines. For many students, this is the first in depth exposure to problems with specialized terminologies, driving equations and limiting conditions. Lastly, solving and post processing are addressed exploring steady state, time-variant, frequency response, optimization and sensitivity methods. The paper discusses the teaching and learning strategies, course structure, outcome assessment and project examples.
Importance of Practical Relevance and Design Modules in Electrical Circuits Education
Authors: Amarin Ruba Akram , Batarseh Issa , Sundaram Kalpathy , Weeks Arthur
Published: May 2011

The interactive technical electronic book, TechEBook, currently under development at the University of Central Florida (UCF), provides a useful tool for engineers and scientists through unique features compared to the most used traditional electrical circuit textbooks available in the market. TechEBook has comprised the two worlds of classical circuit books and an interactive operating platform such as iPads, laptops and desktops utilizing Java Virtual Machine operator. The TechEBook provides an interactive applets screen that holds many modules, in which each had a specific application in the self learning process.

This paper describes two of the interactive techniques in the TechEBook known as, Practical Relevance Modules (PRM) and Design Modules (DM). The Practical Relevance Module will assist the readers to learn electrical circuit analysis and to understand the practical application of the electrical network theory through solving real world examples and problems. The Design Module will help students design real-life problems. These modules will be displayed after each section in the TechEBook for the user to relate his/her understanding with the outside world, which introduces the term me-applying and me-designing, as a comprehensive full experience for self or individualized education. The main emphasis of this paper is the PRM while the DM will be discussed in brief. A practical example of applying the PRM and DM features is discussed as part of a basic electrical engineering course currently given at UCF and results show improved student performances in learning materials in Electrical Circuits. In the future, such modules can be redesigned to become highly interactive with illustrated animations.
Involvement of Adenosine A2A Receptors in Engulfment-Dependent Apoptotic Cell Suppression of Inflammation
Authors: Köröskényi Krisztina , Duró Edina , Pallai Anna , Sarang Zsolt , Kloor Doris , Ucker David S. , Beceiro Susana , Castrillo Antonio , Chawla Ajay , Ledent Catherine A. , Fésüs László , Szondy Zsuzsa
Published: May 2011

Efficient execution of apoptotic cell death followed by efficient clearance mediated by professional macrophages is a key mechanism in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Removal of apoptotic cells usually involves three central elements: 1) attraction of phagocytes via soluble “find me” signals, 2) recognition and phagocytosis via cell surface-presenting “eat me” signals, and 3) suppression or initiation of inflammatory responses depending on additional innate immune stimuli. Suppression of inflammation involves both direct inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production and release of anti-inflammatory factors, which all contribute to the resolution of inflammation. In the current study, using wild-type and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) null mice, we investigated whether A2ARs, known to mediate anti-inflammatory signals in macrophages, participate in the apoptotic cell-mediated immunosuppression. We found that macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells release adenosine in sufficient amount to trigger A2ARs, and simultaneously increase the expression of A2ARs, as a result of possible activation of liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor δ. In macrophages engulfing apoptotic cells, stimulation of A2ARs suppresses the NO-dependent formation of neutrophil migration factors, such as macrophage inflammatory protein-2, using the adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A pathway. As a result, loss of A2ARs results in elevated chemoattractant secretion. This was evident as pronounced neutrophil migration upon exposure of macrophages to apoptotic cells in an in vivo peritonitis model. Altogether, our data indicate that adenosine is one of the soluble mediators released by macrophages that mediate engulfment-dependent apoptotic cell suppression of inflammation.
High Levels of Adenosine Deaminase on Dendritic Cells Promote Autoreactive T Cell Activation and Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Ghaemi Oskouie Faranak , Shameli Afshin , Yang Ailian , Desrosiers Melanie D. , Mucsi Ashley D. , Blackburn Michael R. , Yang Yang , Santamaria Pere , Shi Yan
Published: May 2011

Adenosine has been established as an important regulator of immune activation. It signals through P1 adenosine receptors to suppress activation of T cells and professional APCs. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) counters this effect by catabolizing adenosine. This regulatory mechanism has not been tested in a disease model in vivo. Questions also remain as to which cell types are most sensitive to this regulation and whether its dysregulation contributes to any autoimmune conditions. We approached this issue using the NOD model. We report that ADA is upregulated in NOD dendritic cells, which results in their exuberant and spontaneous activation. This, in turn, triggers autoimmune T cell activation. NOD DCs deficient in ADA expression have a greatly reduced capacity to trigger type I diabetes. We also provide evidence that although many cell types, particularly T cells, have been implicated as the suppression targets by adenosine in an in vitro setting, DCs also seem to be affected by this regulatory mechanism. Therefore, this report illustrates a role of ADA in autoimmunity and suggests a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
The A2B Adenosine Receptor Promotes Th17 Differentiation via Stimulation of Dendritic Cell IL-6
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey M. , Kurtz Courtney C. , Black Steven G. , Ross William G. , Alam Mohammed S. , Linden Joel , Ernst Peter B.
Published: May 2011

Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite produced during hypoxia or inflammation. Previously implicated as an anti-inflammatory mediator in CD4+ T cell regulation, we report that adenosine acts via dendritic cell (DC) A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) to promote the development of Th17 cells. Mouse naive CD4+ T cells cocultured with DCs in the presence of adenosine or the stable adenosine mimetic 5′-(N-ethylcarboximado) adenosine resulted in the differentiation of IL-17– and IL-22–secreting cells and elevation of mRNA that encode signature Th17-associated molecules, such as IL-23R and RORγt. The observed response was similar when DCs were generated from bone marrow or isolated from small intestine lamina propria. Experiments using adenosine receptor antagonists and cells from A2BAR−/− or A2AAR−/−/A2BAR−/− mice indicated that the DC A2BAR promoted the effect. IL-6, stimulated in a cAMP-independent manner, is an important mediator in this pathway. Hence, in addition to previously noted direct effects of adenosine receptors on regulatory T cell development and function, these data indicated that adenosine also acts indirectly to modulate CD4+ T cell differentiation and suggested a mechanism for putative proinflammatory effects of A2BAR.
Abnormal Trafficking and Degradation of TLR4 Underlie the Elevated Inflammatory Response in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Bruscia Emanuela M. , Zhang Ping-Xia , Satoh Ayano , Caputo Christina , Medzhitov Ruslan , Shenoy Ambika , Egan Marie E. , Krause Diane S.
Published: May 2011

Morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) are due not only to abnormal epithelial cell function, but also to an abnormal immune response. We have shown previously that macrophages lacking CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the gene mutated in CF, contribute significantly to the hyperinflammatory response observed in CF. In this study, we show that lack of functional CFTR in murine macrophages causes abnormal TLR4 subcellular localization. Upon LPS stimulation, CFTR macrophages have prolonged TLR4 retention in the early endosome and reduced translocation into the lysosomal compartment. This abnormal TLR4 trafficking leads to increased LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB, MAPK, and IFN regulatory factor-3 pathways and decreased TLR4 degradation, which affects downregulation of the proinflammatory state. In addition to primary murine cells, mononuclear cells isolated from CF patients demonstrate similar defects in response to LPS. Moreover, specific inhibition of CFTR function induces abnormal TLR4 trafficking and enhances the inflammatory response of wild-type murine cells to LPS. Thus, functional CFTR in macrophages influences TLR4 spatial and temporal localization and perturbs LPS-mediated signaling in both murine CF models and patients with CF.