bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Happiness through Human Work
Authors: Gichure C. W.
Published: November 2019

In what follows, I analyze the nature of work as human action. From there I discuss the triple dimension of human perfectibility through man's operative powers: the intellect, will and affections or emotions. After that, I focus on human work as the basis for the integration of ethics and practice: the root of human and cultural development of the individual and society.
Los problemas de D. Davidson con la acción intencional
Authors: Hernández Borges María del Rosario
Published: November 2019

Es este trabajo quisiera exponer las dificultades que el modelo de explicación de la acción propuesto por Donald Davidson tuvo a la hora de explicar la intención. En su primer modelo, Davidson había explicado la acción a partie de deseo y creencia, éstas no sólo racionalizaban sino que también causaban la acción; y acción e intención se identificaban. Sin embargo, Davidson repara posteriormente en que, por un lado, a veces el deseo y la creencia parecen tener como resultado la acción y, sin embargo, no se da entre ellos la relación causal 'adecuada,' por lo que no podemos decir de la acción que sea intencional. Son casos de cadenas causales irregulares o no estándar. Por otro lado, a veces tener un deseo y una creencia relacionada no nos conduce necesariamente a la acción. Y, aún en el caso de que nos conduzca a la acción, ésta puede ser contraria a lo que nuestro mejor juicio nos dicta. Este es el problema de las conductas irracionales. Ambos problemas causaron que introdujera algunos cambios en su modelo inicial. Sostengo que estos cambios no mejoraron el modelo. El problema de las cadenas causales irregulares no se resuelve, y el problema de las separación entre deseo-creencia y acción se reformula en términos lógicos, mediante un recurso técnico.
Schellingianism & Postmodernity
Authors: Grant Iain Hamilton
Published: November 2019

Andrew Bowie's recent Schelling and Modern European Philosophy claims that Schelling idealism is a critique of 'reflective reason' that can be brought to bear on the avatars of French postmodernism. Bower is careful not to intricate Schelling's Naturphilosophie and Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom, in which both nature and freedom are fused into a single, unconscious series of natural drives or 'vortex of forces.' To take Schelling at word would turn the Naturphilosophie and Inquiries into a materialist physics of mental states, the basis of which are inaccessible to reflective consciousness. Best represented by philosophers such as Paul Churchland, however, why does Bowie avoid playing up this materialist Schelling when dealing with French 'Irrationalism?' Inadvertently, Bowie rekindles the Kantian critique in order to separate two aspects of recent French philosophy: the materialist (with which Paul Churchland notes that his eliminative, connectionist neuromaterialism has much in common) and the reflective (as inherited from the German Idealism Schelling represents, and mediated via Bergson and Heidegger). While French philosophy's recent adoptions in the Anglo world have been of this latter complexion, Bowie's anxious prophylaxia exposes a materialist current in French thought that has remained more or less beyond the range of Anglophone hearing.
Paideia : Philosophy Educating Humanity through Spirituality
Authors: Grosch Paul D.
Published: November 2019

I am concerned to accomplish five things. First, I attempt to say something about the nature and purpose of education both in and through spirituality. Second, I contend that spiritual discourse and practice have become so fragmented that they are virtually meaningless; therefore, spirituality is an area ripe for, even if neglected by, philosophical inquiry. My argument here is similar in structure to MacIntyre's historical thesis in relation to morality. Additionally, I argue, following Hadot, that spiritual exercises were once the province of philosophy but, after Suarez, spiritual matters were assigned solely to religion and theology. Third, I begin to discuss the primary importance to philosophy of such matters; I do so by way of a brief analysis of the competing meanings attached to pneuma and psyche, and the ways in which these relate to an account of a human telos. Fourth, I suggest that, by rediscovering the kinds of spiritual exercises favoured by the four philosophical schools of Antiquity, it is possible to say something meaningful about human teleology, which I take to be essentially Aristotelian in that it is to do with cultivating the virtues of both mind and character. Finally, I mention the authoritarian and uncritical approaches to spiritual and moral matters adopted in education in the U.K.
Una Idea Que Hoy Ha Sido Derrotada Mañana Puede Alzarse Con La Victoria
Authors: Guiber Nair Teresa
Published: November 2019

Este trabajo sobre Filosofía de la Docencia está instrumentado desde categorías epistemológicas que incorporan a la historia como ingrediente constitutivo de las unidades de análisis del cambio y elección entre teorías. Una de esas unidades de análisis son los programas de investigacíon de Lakatos y la consecuente afirmación lakatosiana de que el carácter histórico del devenir de la ciencia exige la comprensión de la racionalidad como no instantánea. Nuestro interés desde la Filosofía de la Docencia por los programas de investigación es que desde su análisis de la dinámica de la ciencia las tesis se mantienen en el devenir, sujetas a cambios progresivos o degenerativos mutuamente intercambiables. La argumentación requiere, en consecuencia, de un recurso formal que posibilite nuevas condiciones de afirmación, negación o exclusión sobre tesis ya sostenidas pero sujetas a una dialéctica con diferentes presentes históricos. Ese recurso, ese instrumento que inaugura un verdadero pensar, una 'nueva' modalidad de la paideia es para nosotros el diálogo. Evidentemente, desde esta ponencia, la caverna pareciera tener una nueva, por su contextualización histórica, pero única modalidad de salida: la modificación por la palabra, a saber, la argumentación dialógica.
Educar para una Ciudadanía Solidaria
Authors: Ibáñez-Martín José A.
Published: November 2019

Decía Aristóteles en la Ética a Nicómaco que "puede verse en los viajes lejanos cuán familiar y amigo es todo hombre para el hombre" en una experiencia contraria a la que Hobbes manifesta cuando asegura que el hombre es un lobo para el hombre. Aristóteles y Hobbes, como vemos en El Vizconde demediado de Calvino, se encuentran siempre presentes en la historia de la humanidad. Por ello es preciso preguntarse qué puede hacer la educación para promover ciudadanos solidarios, preocupados de la suerte de los otros, en vez de individuos egoístas, encerrados en sus intereses propios. En un Congreso de Filosofía, no se trata de analizar estrategias didácticas sino de discutir las bases teóricas de una educación orientada a alcanzar los fines señalados. En este sentido, lo que pretendemos ofrecer es un concepto de ciudadanía a la altura de nuestros tiempos, que están preocupados tanto por los Derechos Humanos como por la solidaridad y la justicia social. La ciudadanía es, antes que cualquier otra cosa, un status jurídico. Todo ciudadano tiene un peculiar conjunto de derechos y libertades. Cuáles sean tales derechos y libertades es algo que reclama urgentemente una reformulación objetiva, que no pretenda-como pide Dahrendorf-esconder turbios intereses. Limitémonos a recordar las diversas generaciones de derechos que se han producido en los últimos dos siglos, a la vez que realizamos dos observaciones. La primera es que no hay derechos y libertades que no estén unidos a deberes y responsabilidades. La segunda es que el status jurídico a que nos referimos es de la persona individual. Hablar de ciudadano significa, efectivamente, dar una supremacía al individuo frente a sus grupos de pertenencia. Ahora bien, una cosa es atribuir la preeminencia al individuo y otra muy distinta creer que sólo el individuo tiene derechos.
A Definition of University Teaching
Authors: Jenner Donald
Published: November 2019

The term "teaching" is usually used in the Academy without a clear sense of what is meant, resulting in imprecise and ineffective teaching. The standard lines-that teaching is a matter of applying approved methods, that teaching is mostly a matter of teaching skills-as-means to some career or whatever-are reflective of failure in the Academy, measured in its "defect rate" of around 30 percent. The definition of teaching I sketch-skills adopted from a theoretical foundation, in turn based on a critique-is well founded in the scholarly tradition. Such a definition is, however, challenging to an Academy at the end of an ancien régime.
Play and Education in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Krentz Arthur A.
Published: November 2019

This paper focuses on the connection between play (paidia) and education (paideia) in Plato's Republic. The dialogue presents two opposing pedagogical approaches to the education of political leadership: first, the approach of a Socratic-like lover of wisdom, who seeks to "free" citizens through philosophical play for lives of excellence (arete) and for the application of their leadership skills to the construction of a just society for the public good; and second, the approach of tyrannical sophists who educate and rule in the city by coercive force for private advantage and the enslavement of citizens for a ruler's own personal ends. Plato's Republic aims to show that philosophical "play" is the best pedagogical means to educate a just citizenry and to prepare philosophical leaders to govern.
Wittgenstein’s Children
Authors: Maruyama Yasushi
Published: November 2019

The later Wittgenstein uses children in his philosophical arguments against the traditional views of language. Describing how they learn language is one of his philosophical methods for setting philosophers free from their views and enabling them to see the world in a different way. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of children he takes advantage of in his arguments, and to show how we can read Wittgenstein in terms of education. Two children in Philosophical Investigations are discussed. The feature of the first child is the qualitative difference from adults. Wittgenstein uses the feature to criticize Augustinian pictures of language which tell us that children learn language by ostensive definition alone. The referential theory of meaning is so strong that philosophers fail to see the qualitative gap and to explain language-learning. The second child appears in an arithmetical instruction. Although he was understood to master counting numbers, he suddenly shows deviant reactions. Wittgenstein argues against the mentalistic idea of understanding by calling attention to the potential otherness of the child. This could happen anytime the child has not learned counting correctly. The two features show that teaching is unlike telling, an activity toward the other who does not understand our explanations. Since we might not understand learners because of otherness, the justification of teaching is a crucial problem that is not properly answered so long as otherness is unrecognized. As long as we ignore otherness, we would not be aware that we might mistreat learners.
Education for Cosmopolis
Authors: Sierra-Gutierrez Francisco
Published: November 2019

An education for Cosmopolis is a kind of mediation between a cultural matrix and the meaning and value it confers on personal and communal self-appropriation, as genuine human beings, through history. The main strategy for a cosmopolitan educative integrates, around the notion of Cosmopolis, the tasks of an education conceived as a personal achievement and an education conceived as a legacy one generation shares with another. Cosmopolis, as a higher viewpoint of a culture, is based on the power of detachment and disinterestedness of human spirit; it is not an utopia nor an imaginative synthesis. A cosmopolitan education is radically emancipative. It involves a dialectical self-appropriation of the dynamic unit of human consciousness in the variables of development. Self-appropriation involves a fourfold conversion: psycho-affective, intellectual, moral, and religious. A cosmopolitan education also teaches us to think historically, to reach a world-cultural community, and to withdraw from practicality to save practicality. These thoughts are developed from the work of Bernard J. F. Lonergan.
Relationships of p16 Immunohistochemistry and Other Biomarkers With Diagnoses of Cervical Abnormalities: Implications for LAST Terminology
Authors: Castle Philip E. , Adcock Rachael , Cuzick Jack , Wentzensen Nicolas , Torrez-Martinez Norah E. , Torres Salina M. , Stoler Mark H. , Ronnett Brigitte M. , Joste Nancy E. , Darragh Teresa M. , Gravitt Patti E. , Schiffman Mark , Hunt William C. , Kinney Walter K. , Wheeler Cosette M. ,   New Mexico HPV Pap Registry Steering Committee,   p16 IHC Study Panel
Published: November 2019

Context.—

Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) standardization recommended p16INK4a immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC) for biopsies diagnosed morphologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2 (CIN2) to classify them as low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs).

Objective.—

To describe the relationships of p16 IHC and other biomarkers associated with cervical cancer risk with biopsy diagnoses.

Design.—

A statewide, stratified sample of cervical biopsies diagnosed by community pathologists (CPs), including 1512 CIN2, underwent a consensus, expert pathologist panel (EP) review (without p16 IHC results), p16 IHC interpretation by a third pathology group, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping, results of which were grouped hierarchically according to cancer risk. Antecedent cytologic interpretations were also available.

Results.—

Biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with increasing severity of CP diagnoses, overall (Ptrend ≤ .001) and within each HPV risk group (Ptrend ≤ .001 except for low-risk HPV [Ptrend < .010]). All abnormal grades of CP-diagnosed biopsies were more likely to test p16 IHC positive with a higher HPV risk group (Ptrend < .001), and testing p16 IHC positive was associated with higher HPV risk group than testing p16 IHC negative for each grade of CP-diagnosed biopsies (P < .001). p16 IHC–positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies were less likely than CP-diagnosed CIN3 biopsies to test HPV16 positive, have an antecedent HSIL+ cytology, or to be diagnosed as CIN3+ by the EP (P < .001 for all). p16 IHC–positive, CP-diagnosed CIN1 biopsies had lower HPV risk groups than p16 IHC–negative, CP-diagnosed CIN2 biopsies (P < .001).

Conclusions.—

p16 IHC–positive, CP-diagnosed CIN2 appears to be lower cancer risk than CP-diagnosed CIN3. LAST classification of “HSIL” diagnosis, which includes p16 IHC–positive CIN2, should annotate the morphologic diagnosis (CIN2 or CIN3) to inform all management decisions, which is especially important for young (<30 years) women diagnosed with CIN2 for whom surveillance rather than treatment is recommended.
O grão e a palha do ser: vida e sacralidade
Authors: Bertolino Linda Maria de Jesus , Lima Rogério Silva
Published: November 2019

O presente estudo tem por objetivo refletir sobre a noção de vida e sacralidade, na segunda narrativa que compõe o romance Um homem é muito pouco (2010), do escritor maranhense Ronaldo Costa Fernandes. Nele buscarei verificar como o sacro abre possibilidades para pensar o enquadramento do corpo (o grão), a partir da condição trágica do ser (a palha). Para falar do sagrado, pensado aqui apenas como um artificio retórico de enquadramento da vida, partirei da noção de cidadania - termo que visualizo como uma estratégia de controle sobre o corpo. Assim, é sob essa perspectiva que me aproximo das categorias: sacro e profanação, para mostrar como os personagens conseguem rebelar-se à embriaguez do poder, o que os tornam sujeitos facilmente matáveis. Para falar dessas categorias, recorro aos discursos teóricos de Giorgio Agamben em Homo Sacer: o poder soberano e a vida nua (2010) e O uso dos corpos (2017).
Testemunha dentro e fora: violência, trauma e memória em Martyrs (2008)
Authors: Machado Silas Rodrigues , Guizzo Antonio Rediver , Faria Fernando Mesquita de
Published: November 2019

O presente estudo propõe discutir a relação entre o prazer e o horror do espectador diante da representação imaginária da violência a partir da análise do filme franco-canadense Martyrs (2008), do diretor e roteirista francês Pascal Laugier. Tal obra faz parte da nova safra de filmes franceses de horror que são caracterizados pela extrema violência e por roteiros que fogem dos clichês, no entanto, por vezes, caem despropositadamente na violência gratuita e outros problemas estruturais de enredo. Nessa perspectiva, analisa-se como a construção fílmica da obra contribui para a difusão do debate sobre violência, trauma e memória em produções culturais. Como aporte teórico, para desvendar o significado de alguns elementos do imaginário que compõe o filme, pautamos nos estudos de Gilbert Durand acerca das estruturas antropológicas do imaginário.
Laboratory Investigation of Sweeping Efficiency by Multiple Horizontal Wells CO2 Huff and Puff in Fault-Block Reservoirs with an Edge Aquifer
Authors: Wang Zhixing , Hou Jirui , Hao Hongda , Zhao Fenglan , Yan Li
Published: November 2019

Water coning constrains the effective development of fault-block reservoirs by horizontal wells. CO2 huff and puff from field cases prove to be effective in water control and oil stimulation. However, gas sweeping efficiency varies due to geological complexity and unclear oil-water interaction. Therefore, CO2 huff and puff by multiple horizon wells needs to be optimized for a better sweep efficiency. A physical model similar to a fault-block reservoir with edge aquifer and reservoir dip was devised. Three horizontal wells were deployed according to the distance from the aquifer. CO2 huff and puff experiments were conducted to investigate sweeping results of the selection of injecting well, combination of injection wells within the model. In addition, one numerical model corresponding to the physical one was built and numerical experiments were carried out to quantify the gas sweeping efficiency. The simulation results show that the sweeping effect decreased with the increase in the distance from the aquifer as CO2 was injected from one horizontal well. Furthermore, when two optimized horizontal wells huffed the similar amount of CO2, gas sweeping efficiency improved: A higher drop in water cut (34.26% to 33.53%), more oil recovery increase (15.38% to 17.59%), and a lager gas sweeping volume (33.56% to 24.66%) were obtained in the simulation experiments. It was concluded that CO2 sweeping efficiency could be further improved within the same gas volume by horizontal wells optimization. Both physical and numerical conceptional model of fault-block reservoir was devised. And the improved CO2 sweeping efficiency by multiple horizontal wells CO2 huff and puff offers theoretical reference for field application.
The Applicable Limits of the High Strength Gel System to the Tight Sandstone Fractured Reservoir in CO2 Flooding
Authors: Fenglan Zhao , Ting Xu , Jirui Hou , Liguang Song , Guoyong Lu , Hairu Feng
Published: November 2019

The matrix permeability of the tight sandstone reservoir is very low, which causes difficulty to inject water, the CO2 flooding is applied widely to these reservoirs for the better oil displacement and low injection pressure, but natural fractures develop as well as artificial fractures exist in the tight reservoir, makes gas-channeling along the fractures severe when proceeding a CO2 flooding process, blocking the fractures is necessary for displacing the residual oil trapped in the matrix. The self-developed tight sandstone fractured cores which can simulate different conditions of fracture width and matrix permeability had been used to evaluate the blocking effect of the high strength starch gel system, the mechanism that the high strength gel system blocked the fractures and activated the residual oil in matrix was analyzed by comparing the pressure when CO2 broke through and the incremental recovery after blocking in CO2flooding experiments, then the applicable limits that the high strength starch gel system improved the oil displacement of CO2 flooding in the tight sandstone fractured reservoir had also been discussed. The results showed that the high strength starch gel system could be used to block the fractures, and the blocking effect and the incremental recovery were the best when the fracture width was 0.42mm, however both effects became worse when the fracture width decreased to 0.08mm or increased to 0.65mm because of the injection limitation or the reduction of blocking effect; furthermore, the residual oil in the matrix could be activated effectively after the high strength starch gel blocked the fractures even if the matrix permeability reduced to 0.1mD, the research results can provide reference to the design and optimization of project when proceeding a CO2 flooding process in the tight sandstone reservoir.
The Development of CO2 Plume in CO2 Sequestration in the Aquifer
Authors: Fu Hao , Long Yifu , Wang Sai , Wang Yanbo , Yu Peng , Ling Kegang
Published: November 2019

Geological carbon sequestration through injecting large-scale carbon dioxide (CO2) into the deep saline aquifers represents a long-term storage of CO2. In the CO2 sequestration process, the injected CO2 is displacing water from the injection point and is expected to remain in the reservoir. Due to the nature of one phase displacing another phase in porous media, it is noted that different water saturation exists in the CO2 plume during the displacement. Water distribution in the plume will affect the size of the plume subsurface. Furthermore, the gravitational segregation between CO2 and water will cause overriding-tonguing during the injection and impact the shape of plume. To better understand the CO2 movement underground and development of CO2 plume, it is necessary to take the two-phase flow and gravity force effects into account when evaluating CO2 displacing water. The displacement of water by injecting CO2 is not a piston-like process in aquifer. Because water is the wetting phase and CO2 is the non-wetting phase when two phases flow in reservoir, water occupies the surface of matrix and small pores while CO2 resides in large pores and centers of pores. As a result, various water saturations distribute behind CO2 front during the displacement. The distribution is a function of fluid and rock properties, fluid-rock interaction, and injection operation. In this study, these factors are considered when developing new models to predict CO2 plume evolution during injection. Mass conservation, multiphase flow, and equation-of-states are applied in the derivation of the models, which guarantees a rigorous approach in the investigation. The modeling results indicate that CO2 does not displace water completely away from the plume. The shape of the CO2 front is controlled by the relative permeability of two phases and capillary pressure. Water saturation profile from CO2 injecting point to the displacement front shows that water saturation behind the CO2 front increases outwardly, and the change in saturation is non-linear. The injection rate impacts the sharpness of the CO2 front, thus leads to different gas plume sizes for same injection volume. The outward movement of the CO2 front decelerates as injection time goes on. The research illustrates that injection experiences two stages: transient and steady-state, in which the displacement behavior and the development of gas plume vary. Although the duration of transient stage is dictated by size of aquifer and is relatively short comparing with steady-state stage, its influence on the development of CO2 plume cannot be neglected when selecting gas compressor horsepower and determining injection rate.
Research on Well Integrity during CO2 Geological Utilization and Storage Based on CT Scanning Technique
Authors: Zhang Jingtian , Mu Lingyu , Guo Qingfeng , Cai Zhixiang , Lu Fan , Jiao Zhen
Published: November 2019

The ultra-deep formations of Tarim Basin is characterized by ultra-high temperature, high pressure, and ultra-thick composite salt-gypsum formations, so it will bring great challenge to well integrity during CO2 sequestration. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the impact of temperature decrease and salt rock creep on injection well integrity.

Firstly, the numerical simulation method could be used to analyze the influence of temperature drop and salt rock creep on the integrity of the wellbore during CO2 sequestration. The actual stress of the wellbore cement sheath was equivalent to the simulated wellbore cement by the stress equivalent method. Secondly, CT scanning technology was used to detect the internal structure of the cement sheath, revealing its failure mechanism. Lastly, with the help of GMI and WELLCAT software, the optimization of design parameters during CO2 sequestration is realized.

The results show that under some circumstances the micro-annulus between casing and cement sheath can be changed by salt creep or self-healed. The mechanism of casing damage in salt layers was preliminarily revealed. CT scans were performed on the cement sheath before and after the experiment. By comparing the gap volume changes of the casing cement sheath, it was found that there was a micro-annulus between the casing cement sheath. The mechanism of casing damage in salt layers was preliminarily revealed during CO2 sequestration. It is indicated that casing damage is mainly caused by the non-uniform load induced by the creep of salt-gypsum layers, the low temperature, and the poor cementing quality. Finally, a series of measures were proposed to prevent casing damage during CO2 sequestration in the areas with a salt formation.

This new method can effectively reduce cost of casing material selection and make for guaranteeing oilfield development efficiency and CO2 sequestration while maintaining wellbore integrity and controllable well control safety.
Empirical Correlation of Minimum Miscible Pressure of Pure and Impure CO2 Flooding
Authors: Chen Hao , Li Bowen , Zhang Xiansong , Tan Xianhong , Tian Xiaofeng , Han Jingwen , Yang Shenglai
Published: November 2019

Several methods to determine the MMP can be introduced for the forecast. Slim tube test is one of the widely accepted methods for the use of actual crude oil, but it is high cost and time consuming. The accuracy of slim tube simulation method greatly depends on the accuracy of compositional model matched by the PVT test data. Analytical method is very fast, but it is difficult to find the unique and correct set of key tie lines in the displacements is very difficult. This paper presents a simple and accurate empirical correlation for MMP prediction of miscible flooding, which is faster and less cumbersome than slim tube test and slim tube simulation. Unlike previous empirical correlation methods, our new correlation considers the effect of both reservoir temperature, oil composition and gas contamination, as well as the influencing degree. For pure CO2, except reservoir temperature, mole fractions of the (C1+N2), (C2−C4), and (C5−C6), molecular weight of C7+of the crude oil are taken as the influencing factors for the MMP prediction. It is found that the relationship of MMP and these parameters is linearly dependent, thus, regress function based on least square method is used to fit a new correlation. On this basis, mole fractions of CH4, N2, H2S, and intermediate components (C2−C6) in the injection gases were separately selected to predict the MMP differences caused by the contaminated gas. Nlinfit function of nonlinear fitting was proposed due to the complex effect of reservoir temperature and volatile components of the oil on the mixing of oil and injection gases. Our approach is more accurate and robust than most of previous empirical correlations which lack specific consideration of the key factors. According our new empirical correlation, the MMP of miscible flooding for pure and impure CO2 can be calculated in minutes using by using a simple Excel spreadsheet with the input of just very basic data. Our approach supplies a more accurate method for the fast screening of potential oilfield to implement CO2 miscible flooding.
Analytical Solutions of Leakage Through the Caprock in Carbon Sequestration in a Closed Boundary Aquifer System
Authors: Mu Lingyu , Liao Xinwei , Zhang Jingtian , Liu Guoguang , Jiang Chenshuo , Zou Jiandong , Li Rongtao
Published: November 2019

Deep saline aquifer is deemed as an effective and promising site for carbon sequestration. A geological storage site must be operated safely; however, CO2 may leak through several pathways, such as fractures, faults and/or improperly plugged wells.

This study presents a new analytical model predicting the pressure change in the monitoring well and the leakage rate, caused by an inclined fracture in the caprock, to detect and evaluate the leakage. Distinct with previous analytical method, herein we propose a new case of the leakage through the inclined fracture in a closed aquifer system, which expands on earlier work to a wider application. The solutions for the injection at a constant rate and the time-dependent leakage through an inclined fracture of caprock are derived with Laplace transform, Fourier cosine transform and Duhamel's principle. Then, by means of the superposition method, the pressure change and the leakage rate with both of the two processes are determined in succession. Based on the above solutions, we discuss the effect of the leakage path and the boundary of the aquifer on the system.

At the early stage, the leakage rate increases more rapidly with the smaller radius of the aquifer. Moreover, in the smaller aquifer, the rapid pressure transient results in that the system quickly reach the stable stage. The effect of the inclined fracture on the system is embodied in its permeability, location and angle. With higher permeability the leakage rate increases more quickly at early stage and reaches the constant value more quickly at late-time stable stage. The fracture has slight impact on the leakage in the long term. Location of fracture does not affect the leakage rate at rapid increase stage. Leakage rate is larger and increases with smaller distance at transitional stage. With the increase of angle, leakage rate increases at all three stages. At the late-time stage, the larger the angle is, the larger the leakage rate is.
Models for Calculating Corrosion Rates in Water-Saturated and Under-Saturated CO2 Systems & Water Solubility in CO2 Systems at Supercritical Conditions
Authors: Kowta Rama , Erickson Dale , Barker Richard , Neville Anne , Hua Yong
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is regarded as one of the main alternatives for the reduction of anthropologic CO2 emissions. In the CCS process, CO2 from power plants and from other large CO2 point sources are captured and transported at dense (liquid or supercritical) conditions after which it is injected into storage sites. Accurately predicting internal corrosion rates in high-pressure CO2 environments is critical to the design and operation of pipelines used for CCS systems. In water-containing dense phase CO2 environments, corrosion rate increases in conjunction with humidity, typically reaching a critical humidity, beyond which corrosion rates become particularly high. The presence of impurities in the CO2 stream influence the solubility of water and hence the humidity and corrosivity of the CO2 stream. If the CO2 stream is under saturated and below a particular humidity level, then there can be significant cost saving on CCS projects, as this enables carbon steel pipelines to be used with confidence.

The purpose of this work is to develop models to calculate corrosion rates of CO2 systems with under-saturated water conditions in presence and absence of impurities. These models depend on the solubility of water in the CO2 rich phase at saturated conditions. A modified Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS), E-PPR78 (Jaubert and Mutelet (2004)), available in literature is modified to match water solubility in the CO2 phase for CO2 systems in the presence and absence of impurities at both supercritical conditions and on both sides of the two phase-region.
Roadmap to Asphaltene Characteristics, Properties, and Presence in Crude Oils Based on an Updated Database From Laboratory Studies
Authors: Fakher Sherif , Ahdaya Mohamed , Elturki Mukhtar , Imqam Abdulmohsin , Abdelaal Hesham
Published: November 2019

Asphaltene is one of the components of crude oil that can cause many problems during oil production. Understanding the asphaltene chemical structure and the conditions at which asphaltene instability was reported is extremely important in avoiding asphaltene related problems. Several experimental researches have been conducted to evaluate asphaltene concentration, particle and aggregate size, elemental content, precipitation, flocculation, deposition, pore plugging, adsorption, and wettability alteration. This research constructs a roadmap on asphaltene instability conditions using data from more than 200 laboratory studies reported on asphaltene instability problems. This research aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed data analysis on asphaltene properties, and the factors affecting asphaltene equilibrium to determine the working conditions at which asphaltene has been studied, and the main properties of asphaltene in crude oil. The data collected included 219 laboratory studies including more than 4000 experiments from countries across the globe. The data analysis involved gathering and cleaning of the data, homogenizing the units, and then analyzing the data using two statistical analysis tools including histograms and boxplots. The figures generated using these two statistical analysis tools include asphaltene properties, heteroatoms concentration, crude oil properties, and thermodynamic conditions. To the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive data analysis has been performed on asphaltene in crude oil, which makes this research significant in terms of determining the lab and field properties that mostly affect asphaltene in crude oil and the working condition affecting asphaltene equilibrium.
Carbon Dioxide Injection Pressure and Reservoir Temperature Impact on Oil Recovery from Unconventional Shale Reservoirs During Cyclic CO2 Injection: An Experimental Study
Authors: Fakher Sherif , Ahdaya Mohamed , Elturki Mukhtar , Imqam Abdulmohsin
Published: November 2019

Carbon dioxide (CO2) injection has recently been applied in unconventional shale reservoirs to increase oil recovery. There are many methods by which CO2 can be injected. One of the most common methods, especially in unconventional reservoirs, is cyclic CO2 injection. This research experimentally investigates the ability of cyclic CO2 injection to increase oil recovery from unconventional shale reservoir, and the impact of reservoir thermodynamics, including pressure and temperature, on the oil recovery potential. The experiments were conducted using a specially designed vessel to mimic the cyclic CO2 injection operation. The shale cores were saturated with crude oil for seven consecutive months at high temperature. The cores were then placed in the huff-n-puff vessel and the experiment was commenced. The pressure and temperature conditions were found to have a strong impact on oil recovery, especially as the injection cycles progressed. The thermodynamic conditions were also found to impact the core integrity greatly, with some cores breaking at some conditions, and the natural fractures being stimulated as well. This research can help illustrate the impact of reservoir thermodynamics on the oil recovery potential from unconventional shale reservoirs during cyclic CO2 injection.
Effect of Water-Alternating-Gas Injection on Gas and Water Production Control in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Zhao Chuang , Song Zhaojie , Yao Yang , Li Yunbo , Liu Qiang , Qi Mei , Hou Jirui , Xu Likun , Han Bin , Song Liguang
Published: November 2019

The viscous fingering during continuous gas flooding and water channeling during water flooding will reduce the sweep efficiency and ultimately affect the displacement efficiency. In this paper, extensive experiments with different injection modes were conducted to study their effect on production performance.

Experimentally, based on the geological characteristics and development conditions of the target carbonate reservoir, a laboratory physical model was established to study the migration characteristics and occurrence state of the injected gas and water. The effect of different injection modes, including continuous gas flooding, water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding and water flooding, on water and gas production and oil-displacement efficiency was investigated. Experimental results indicated that the rising of water cut of WAG flooding was much lower than that of water flooding, presenting a good effect on delaying water production. WAG injection showed a relatively plateau period of gas-oil ratio, indicating injected water delayed gas channeling. WAG flooding achieved the highest oil recovery, followed by continuous gas flooding and water flooding.

This study provided an improved understanding of gas and water channeling behavior, and proposed schemes for delaying gas channeling and improving gas flooding.
Recovery Potential and Mechanism Investigation of the Supercritical CO2 EOR in the Bakken Tight Formation
Authors: Wang Sai , Han Juan , Wang Yanbo , Ling Kegang , Jia Bao , Wang Hongsheng , Long Yifu
Published: November 2019

The low recovery of oil from the tight liquid-rich formations is still a main challenge for the tight reservoir. Thus, in order to break the chains and remove the obstacle such as the low recovery factor in the Bakken tight formation, even though the horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies were already well applied in this field, the supercritical CO2 flooding was proposed as an immense potential recovery method for the production improvement.

In this research, we conducted a series of CO2 flooding experiments under various injection pressure (2500psi, 2800psi, 3000psi, 3500psi), to investigate the recovery potential of the core sample from Bakken tight formation. Also, the NMR analysis was processed of the core samples flooded with CO2 agent under the above injection pressure variables. The result comparison demonstrates that, with the supercritical CO2 injection pressure increase, the recovery factor gets incremental trend from 8.8% up to 33% recovery. Also, the macro pore and natural fracture system were proved to contribute more on the recovery potential. After reaching the miscible phase between the CO2 and oil in the sample, the hydrocarbon existed in the micro pores start the contribution to the recovery potential. Thus, The CO2 was identified as a potential recovery agent and the supercritical CO2 EOR method was proposed as the potential recovery technology due to the high recovery factor obtained in the immiscible and miscible processes.
Objection de conscience et aide médicale à mourir : une étude qualitative auprès de médecins québécois
Authors: Dumont Isabelle , Maclure Jocelyn
Published: November 2019

Les patients québécois peuvent légalement obtenir une aide médicale à mourir s’ils sont aptes à donner un consentement éclairé, atteints d’une maladie grave et incurable, en fin de vie et ont des souffrances qu’ils jugent intolérables. Depuis l’arrêt Carter (2015) de la Cour Suprême du Canada, l’accès, sous certaines conditions, à l’AMM est même devenu un droit constitutionnel. Les médecins québécois sont ainsi maintenant susceptibles de recevoir des demandes d’AMM de leurs patients. Les lois québécoise et canadienne reconnaissent aux médecins un droit à l’objection de conscience, mais le droit est contesté tant dans les écrits en éthique médicale que dans le débat public. L’article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de vingt médecins québécois qui n’ont pas intégré l’AMM à leur pratique médicale en raison de leur opposition ou ambivalence à l’égard de l’AMM. Les entrevues visaient à explorer les raisons – religieuses et séculières – expliquant l’opposition ou l’ambivalence par rapport à l’AMM. Les raisons séculières exprimées par les participants ont ensuite été regroupées en quatre catégories et analysées. Les quatre catégories sont : 1) Finalités de la médecine et identité professionnelle, 2) Philosophie de la médecine palliative et allocation des ressources en soins palliatifs, 3) Paternalisme bienveillant, « bonne mort » et intérêts du soi futur, 4) Risque de la pente glissante et protection des personnes vulnérables.
Contracting Compliance: A Discussion of the Ethical Implications of Behavioural Contracts in the Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Cooper Jane , Heesters Ann , Bianchi Andria , Rodrigues Kevin , Brown Nathalie
Published: November 2019

The pervasive use of contracts in healthcare is a source of unease for many healthcare ethicists and patient advocates. This commentary examines the use of such contracts with individuals in rehabilitation settings who have complex medical and behavioural issues. The goals of this paper are to examine the many factors that can lead to contract use, to discuss some legal and ethical implications of contract use, and to assess contract use in light of concerns about health equity. The paper concludes with some practical alternatives to the use of such contracts, and refers specifically to tools that might be borrowed from the field of behavioural therapy.
Reliability of an interneuron response depends on an integrated sensory state
Authors: Dobosiewicz May , Liu Qiang , Bargmann Cornelia I
Published: November 2019

The central nervous system transforms sensory information into representations that are salient to the animal. Here we define the logic of this transformation in a Caenorhabditis elegans integrating interneuron. AIA interneurons receive input from multiple chemosensory neurons that detect attractive odors. We show that reliable AIA responses require the coincidence of two sensory inputs: activation of AWA olfactory neurons that are activated by attractive odors, and inhibition of one or more chemosensory neurons that are inhibited by attractive odors. AWA activates AIA through an electrical synapse, while the disinhibitory pathway acts through glutamatergic chemical synapses. AIA interneurons have bistable electrophysiological properties consistent with their calcium dynamics, suggesting that AIA activation is a stereotyped response to an integrated stimulus. Our results indicate that AIA interneurons combine sensory information using AND-gate logic, requiring coordinated activity from multiple chemosensory neurons. We propose that AIA encodes positive valence based on an integrated sensory state.
Brittle stars looking like starfish: the first fossil record of the Astrophiuridae and a remarkable case of convergent evolution
Authors: Thuy Ben , Gale Andy , Numberger-Thuy Lea
Published: November 2019

The genusAstrophiura, which ranks among the most extraordinary of modern brittle stars, is the type genus of the recently resurrected family Astrophiuridae within the order Ophiurida. On account of its absurdly enlarged and strongly modified lateral arm plates,Astrophiurabears a closer resemblance to a pentagonal starfish than to a typical ophiuroid. Although molecular evidence suggests an ancient origin of the Astrophiuridae, dating back at least to the Early Jurassic, not a single fossil astrophiurid has been reported so far. Here, we describe dissociated lateral arm plates from the Campanian of Cringleford near Norwich, UK, and the Maastrichtian of Rügen, Germany (both Upper Cretaceous) with unambiguous astrophiurid affinities and assign these to a new species,Astrophiura markbeneckei. This represents the first fossil record of the family. In addition, the Rügen material included lateral arm plates that superficially resemble those ofA. markbeneckeisp. nov. but differ in having spine articulations that are typical of the ophionereidoid family Amphilimnidae. We assign these plates to a new genus and species,Astrosombra rammsteinensis, an extinct amphilimnid with morphological modifications similar to those ofAstrophiura, and thus representing a remarkable case of parallel evolution amongst brittle stars looking like starfish.
Identification of genes and functional coexpression modules closely related to ulcerative colitis by gene datasets analysis
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wang Zheng , Chen Fengzhe , Liu Changhong
Published: November 2019

Background

Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease posing a great threat to the public health worldwide. Previously, gene expression studies of mucosal colonic biopsies have provided some insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms in ulcerative colitis; however, the exact pathogenesis is unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify the most related genes and pathways of UC by bioinformatics, so as to reveal the core of the pathogenesis.

Methods

Genome-wide gene expression datasets involving ulcerative colitis patients were collected from gene expression omnibus database. To identify most close genes, an integrated analysis of gene expression signature was performed by employing robust rank aggregation method. We used weighted gene co-expression network analysis to explore the functional modules involved in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis. Besides, biological process and pathways analysis of co-expression modules were figured out by gene ontology enrichment analysis using Metascape.

Results

A total of 328 ulcerative colitis patients and 138 healthy controls were from 14 datasets. The 150 most significant differentially expressed genes are likely to include causative genes of disease, and further studies are needed to demonstrate this. Seven main functional modules were identified, which pathway enrichment analysis indicated were associated with many biological processes. Pathways such as ‘extracellular matrix, immune inflammatory response, cell cycle, material metabolism’ are consistent with the core mechanism of ulcerative colitis. However, ‘defense response to virus’ and ‘herpes simplex infection’ suggest that viral infection is one of the aetiological agents. Besides, ‘Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases’ and ‘pathway in cancer’ provide new clues for the study of the risk and process of ulcerative colitis cancerization.