bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making better sense of monitoring data from low density species using a spatially explicit modelling approach
Authors: van der Burg Max Post , Bly Bartholomew , VerCauteren Tammy , Tyre Andrew J.
Published: November 2010

1. Wildlife managers are limited in the inferences they can draw about low density populations. These limits are imposed by biases in monitoring data not regularly accounted for.

2. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to correct biases arising from imperfect detection and spatial autocorrelation. Our analysis incorporated model selection uncertainty by treating model probabilities as parameters to be estimated in the context of model fitting. We fitted our model to count data from a monitoring programme for the mountain plover Charadrius montanus, a low density bird species in Nebraska, USA.

3. Our results demonstrated that previous accounts of the abundance and distribution of plovers in Nebraska were impacted by low detection probabilities (∼5–20%). Uncorrected relative abundance estimates showed that the average number of birds per agricultural section increased over time, whereas corrected estimates showed that average abundance was stable.

4. Our method spatially interpolated relative abundance to produce distribution maps. These predictions suggested that birds were selecting some sites more frequently than others based on some habitat feature not explored in our study. Variation in mountain plover abundance appeared more heavily influenced by changes in the number of individuals occupying a few high quality sites, rather than from changes in abundance across many sites. Thus, conservation efforts may not be as efficient when focusing on low to moderate quality sites.

5. Synthesis and applications. Managers who must make decisions based on data‐poor systems should adopt rigorous statistical approaches for drawing inferences. Spatial predictions provide information for deciding where to implement management, which is just as important as knowing what kind of management to apply. Our approach provides a step in the direction of making the biological signal in data‐poor monitoring programmes more informative for conservation and management.
Optimally managing under imperfect detection: a method for plant invasions
Authors: Regan Tracey J. , Chadès Iadine , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: November 2010

1. Failing to account for uncertainty in the detection of invasive plants may lead to inefficient management strategies and wasted resources. Smart strategies to manage plant invasions requires consideration of the economic costs and benefits, and plant life‐history characteristics as well as imperfect detection.

2. We develop a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) to provide optimal management actions when we are uncertain about the presence of invasive plants. The optimal strategy depends on the probability of being in a particular state. We ask the question, ‘When is it preferable to use a less efficient, less costly action to a more efficient, more costly action?’ We apply the POMDP to branched broomrape Orobanche ramosa, a parasitic plant species at the centre of a national eradication campaign in South Australia.

3. The optimal strategy depends on the ability to detect the invasive species and the location of the infested site. For high detection rates, if the site is a satellite infestation, management should employ the more efficient, more costly action (i.e. soil fumigation) the year the weed is detected followed by monitoring. When the detection probability is low, then it is optimal to employ the less efficient, low cost action (i.e. host denial) in the years the species is not detected. For sites in the centre of the infestation, management should employ the less costly, less efficient action. While the optimal strategy is insensitive to colonization, the likelihood of local eradication diminishes as colonization probability increases, highlighting the importance of limiting colonization if eradication is to be achieved.

4. Synthesis and applications. Providing decision support for managing ecological systems is a key role of applied research. Formulating this support within a decision theory context provides a framework for good decision‐making. The POMDP model is a novel decision support tool for optimal sequential decision making when invasive plants are difficult to detect. The model can determine the best management action to employ based on the location of the infestation and can inform when to switch to alternative management actions that buffer against imperfect detection.
Cognitive presence in asynchronous online learning: a comparison of four discussion strategies
Authors: Darabi A. , Arrastia M.C. , Nelson D.W. , Cornille T. , Liang X.
Published: November 2010

Some scholars argue that students do not achieve higher level learning, or cognitive presence, in online courses. Online discussion has been proposed to bridge this gap between online and face‐to‐face learning environments. However, the literature indicates that the conventional approach to online discussion – asking probing questions – does not necessarily advance the discussion through the phases of cognitive presence: triggering events, exploration, integration and resolution, which are crucial for deep knowledge construction. Using mixed methods, we examined the contribution of four scenario‐based online discussion strategies – structured, scaffolded, debate and role play – to the learners' cognitive presence, the outcome of the discussion. Learners' discussion postings within each strategy were segmented and categorized according to the four phases. The discussion strategies, each using the same authentic scenario, were then compared in terms of the number of segments representing these phases. We found that the structured strategy, while highly associated with triggering events, produced no discussion pertaining to the resolution phase. The scaffolded strategy, on the other hand, showed a strong association with the resolution phase. The debate and role‐play strategies were highly associated with exploration and integration phases. We concluded that discussion strategies requiring learners to take a perspective in an authentic scenario facilitate cognitive presence, and thus critical thinking and higher levels of learning. We suggest a heuristic for sequencing a series of discussion forums and recommend areas for further related research.
Bayesian sensitivity models for missing covariates in the analysis of survival data
Authors: Hemming Karla , Hutton Jane Luise
Published: November 2010

Rationale  This paper presents a Bayesian approach using WinBUGS for analysing survival data in which observations have missing information on some covariates. Modelling the joint density of the survival time and the covariates allows for the missing covariate data to be missing at random (MAR), as opposed to the more restrictive assumptions imposed by a complete case analysis.

Methods  Here, the survival times are modelled by the accelerated failure time model and the joint covariate density is factorized as a series of conditional densities, each modelled by logistic regression. We propose a class of models to examine MAR assumption by using Bayesian informative priors or auxiliary data.

Results  In the example considered, the complete case analysis underestimates the proportion of severely impaired cases. Furthermore, models evaluating sensitivity to the MAR assumption suggest that median life expectancies could be increased. Gains in precision are small in the application considered, possibly a reflection of extra uncertainty because of the inclusion of all cases, including those of unknown severity.

Conclusions  Through simple Bayesian models, more realistic assumptions concerning the nature of the missing data can be made. Implementation in WinBUGS means that this model is accessible to practicing statisticians.
Bringing together values‐based and evidence‐based medicine: UK Department of Health Initiatives in the ‘Personalization’ of Care
Authors: Fulford K. W. M. (Bill)
Published: November 2010

Rationale  Person‐centred medicine depends on combining best research evidence with the unique values (including the preferences, concerns, needs and wishes) of individual patients and their families.

Aims and objectives  The paper gives a brief introduction to values‐based practice as a new approach to incorporating patients' values into clinical decision making alongside best research evidence as derived from evidence‐based practice.

Method  The role of values‐based practice as a partner to evidence‐based practice is illustrated through a series of policy, training and service development initiatives in mental health from the UK Department of Health in London.

Results  These initiatives have supported person‐centred developments in key areas of mental health practice including, (1) the use of involuntary treatment; and (2) a shared approach of assessment. Early moves are underway to extend values‐based practice to other areas of health care beyond mental health.

Conclusion  Values‐based practice offers a new approach to incorporating patients' unique values into clinical decision making that is complementary to evidence‐based practice as a resource for person‐centred medicine.
European Federation of Associations of Families of People with Mental Illness initiatives on person‐centred care
Authors: Steffen Sigrid
Published: November 2010

Rationale  European Federation of Associations of Families of People with Mental Illness is working towards the goal of shifting the emphasis of care for people with metal illness from the treatment of the symptoms to a more holistic approach of treating the whole person – in other words ‘person‐centred care’. It is also working with the Geneva conference on person‐centred medicine and various interested groupings and organizations to ensure that the role of the family is fully recognized and supported.

Method  By engaging primarily with the medical community in bringing to fruition certain initiatives which European Federation of Associations of Families of People with Mental Illness considers as important to the success of person‐centred care.

Results  To date, no formal reviews have taken place and feedback from the initiatives has been informal and anecdotal.

Conclusion  Early reports from the various initiatives are positive. But they also indicate that there is still much work to be done in order for the concept to become a reality across the majority of European countries.
Concentrations of Total Proteins and Albumins, and AST, AP, CK and GGT Activities in the Blood Serum Boer and Saanen Goats During Puerperium
Authors: Djuricic D , Dobranic T , Grizelj J , Gracner D , Harapin I , Stanin D , Folnozic I , Getz I , Cvitkovic D , Samardzija M
Published: November 2010

Contents

The metabolism of proteins in the blood serum in Boer and Saanen goats was investigated during puerperium. Twenty Boer goats (10 primiparous and 10 pluriparous) and 10 Saanen goats (five primiparous and five pluriparous) between 2 and 5 years of age were used in this research. Blood for analysis was taken every fourth day from day 3 until day 40 post‐partum. Blood samples were collected by jugular puncture. In the obtained blood serum, the concentration of total proteins (PT) and albumin (ALB), and the activity of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) [the Enzyme Commission number (EC number) 2. 6. 1. 1.], gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) (EC 2. 3. 2. 2.), creatine kinase (CK) (EC 2. 7. 3. 2.) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3. 1. 3. 1.) were determined by spectrophotometry. These parameters were in physiological ranges in Boer goats and in Saanen goats, without significant differences according to number of kids per doe. According to the research results of the blood serum in goats during puerperium, there were no significant differences in the concentration of ALB. Boer goats had significant higher (p < 0.05) concentration of PT and enzyme activity of AP, CK and GGT. Saanen goats had only enzyme activity of AST significantly higher (p < 0.05). Enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase was significant higher (p < 0.05) in pluriparous goats in both breeds than in primiparous. The obtained results may represent a contribution to a better understanding of protein metabolism during puerperium in dairy and meat goats and for diagnostic purposes.
GP Clinic: Promoting access to primary health care for mental health service clients
Authors: Perkins David , Hamilton Meg , Saurman Emily , Luland Teresa , Alpren Charles , Lyle David
Published: November 2010

Objective:  To evaluate an innovative rural service offering comprehensive primary health care for mental health service clients.

Design:  A formative evaluation using mixed methods.

Setting:  A rural NSW community.

Participants:  Fifteen health care providers and 120 adult clients.

Intervention:  A monthly clinic held in a general practice to provide primary health care for clients of the community mental health team.

Main outcome measures:  Client utilisation and clinic activity data. Provider views of service effectiveness, possible improvements and sustainability.

Results:  The GP Clinic has operated successfully for 2.5 years without access block. Some 52% of clients had no physical illness and 82% were referred to other health and community services. In total, 40% continued to attend the clinic while 32% went on to consult a GP independently. Client access to care improved as did collaboration between the community mental health team and primary care providers.

Conclusion:  The GP Clinic is a straightforward and flexible service model that could be used more widely.
Taking a history: The learnings that national health science forgot
Authors: Rahman Ashequr , Chesters Janice , Savige Gayle , Deacon Nicholas
Published: November 2010

Objective:  This paper provides evidence for the importance of taking an effective history and considering regional differences before formulating national health policies.

Design:  Qualitative study; the data collection technique included manual searches of rare book collections, a search of the Victorian Public Record Office and Australian Archives files and a local media appeal for information about iodine and iodine supplementation in Gippsland and other regions of Australia.

Setting:  Regional Victoria and Australia as a whole.

Participants:  A total of 17 community members from the Gippsland region provided information on taking iodine tablets between the late 1940s and the late 1960s.

Main outcome measures:  Information from the community members who took iodine tablets, archival material, published papers in journals on iodine deficiency disorder in Gippsland, government reports and meeting minutes regarding distribution of iodine supplementation in Gippsland.

Results:  Taking an effective history is vital to planning national health interventions. It might not be adequate to just search electronic databases. A thorough search of archival and hard copy material and consultation with members of the population can help find key historical data that can inform better health policy action.

Conclusion:  There is strong historical evidence of dietary iodine deficiency in the Gippsland region and in a number of other regions across Australia. Government and health authorities should undertake regular iodine status monitoring in these regions. Considering regional difference is important when making national health policy.
Starting rural, staying rural: How can we strengthen the pathway from rural upbringing to rural practice?
Authors: Strasser Roger , Hogenbirk John C. , Lewenberg Michael , Story Margot , Kevat Ajay
Published: November 2010

Objective:  To determine if selecting rural background students into the Monash Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program affects vocational training location and intended practice location after training.

Design:  Retrospective cohort mail survey.

Setting:  Australia.

Participants:  Rural‐background students at Monash 1992–1994 (n = 24/40) and 1995–1999 (n = 59/120) and urban background students (n = 36/93 and 104/300, respectively). Overall study population: 62% female, average age of 28 years; 79% Australian‐born; and 60% married/partnered.

Interventions:  Rural or urban background, rural undergraduate exposure.

Main outcome measures:  Intent towards rural medical practice, vocational training location and subsequent practice location.

Results:  There was a positive and significant (P ≤ 0.05) association between rural background and rural practice intent when respondents began (10‐times higher than urban graduates) and completed (three times higher) their MBBS course. Rural practice intent increased fourfold in urban background graduates. There was a positive and significant association between rural background and preferred place of practice in 5–10 years in a Rural, Remote and Metropolitan Area (RRMA) 3–7 community (three times higher). There was a positive, but non‐significant association between rural background and RRMA 3–7 community as their current location and first place of practice once vocationally qualified.

Conclusions:  Interest in rural practice is not fully reflected in location during or after vocational training. The beneficial effects of rural undergraduate exposure might be lost if internship and vocational training programs provide insufficient rural clinical experiences and curriculum content. Continuation of the rural pathway might be needed to maintain rural practice intent.
CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY FOR OBSCURE GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING IN THE TROPICS: REPORT FROM INDIA
Authors: Ghoshal Uday C , Lakshmi Chandrasekharan P , Kumar Sunil , Das Kshaunish , Misra Asha , Rai Praveer , Mohindra Samir , Saraswat Vivek A , Kumar Ashok , Choudhuri Gourdas
Published: November 2010

Background:  Capsule endoscopy (CE) is useful in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Experience in CE in OGIB in the tropics is limited.

Methods:  Eighty‐six patients with OGIB were evaluated clinically and using CE (Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel) 89 times (twice in three patients) during a 64‐month period. Images were downloaded and examined by a single investigator using software (Rapid Reader; Given Imaging, Yoqneam, Israel). Patients received specific treatment and were followed up. Intraoperative findings, response to specific treatment and outcome on follow up (10.3 ± 14.1 months) were considered to confirm CE findings.

Results:  Of 86 patients (aged 54.5 ± 16.3 years, 63 males), 64 and 22 had OGIB‐overt and OGIB‐occult, respectively. Lesions were equally detected in OGIB‐overt and OGIB‐occult patients (48/64, 75% vs 18/22, 81.8%, P = ns). Lesions were detected in 64 of 86 (74.4%) patients [vascular malformations with or without fresh bleeding in 24 (37.5%), tumors in 12 (18.8%), strictures in 15 (23.4%), ulcers in five (7.8%), hookworm in five (7.8%), and more than one lesion in three patients (4.7%)]. Endoscopic insertion of the capsule was required in four patients, and in six it was retained, although none developed intestinal obstruction (surgical removal in two). The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of CE to detect the lesion(s) were 92.9%, 68.2%, 84.8%, and 83.3%, respectively.

Conclusion:  CE is safe and is equally effective in detecting lesion(s) in occult and overt OGIB. Worm infestation and small bowel tuberculosis are unique and important causes of OGIB in the tropics.
UNILATERAL VERSUS BILATERAL DRAINAGE USING SELF‐EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENT FOR UNRESECTABLE HILAR BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Iwano Hirotoshi , Ryozawa Shomei , Ishigaki Noriko , Taba Kumiko , Senyo Manabu , Yoshida Kanako , Sakaida Isao
Published: November 2010

Background:  There is no consensus on the choice of either unilateral or bilateral drainage in stent placement for patients with unresectable hilar biliary obstruction. The aim of the present study was to clarify which drainage method is superior.

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed 82 patients with hilar biliary obstruction who underwent metallic stenting. These patients were divided into a unilateral drainage group (Uni group) and a bilateral drainage group (Bi group).

Results:  There was no significant difference between the groups in median survival time, median stent patency period, and median complication‐free survival time. The most frequent complication was stent obstruction, followed by cholangitis. Liver abscess was found at a higher frequency in the Bi group (17.6%) than in the Uni group (1.5%) (P = 0.0266). There was no significant difference between the groups in the occurrence of two or more complications (P = 0.247), life‐threatening severe complications (P = 0.0577), and stent obstruction by sludge (P = 0.0912).

Conclusion:  When compared with bilateral biliary drainage, unilateral biliary drainage is associated with a lower incidence of liver abscess as well as a comparable outcome of stent patency time and complication‐free survival. We therefore propose that hilar biliary obstruction can be treated first by unilateral drainage with a metallic stent and by bilateral drainage only in patients who develop cholangitis in the contralateral biliary tree.
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS‐ASSOCIATED AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS AND PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS, CANCER USING INTRADUCTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Kubota Kensuke , Kato Shingo , Uchiyama Takashi , Watanabe Seitaro , Nozaki Yuich , Fujita Koji , Yoneda Masato , Inamori Masahiko , Shimamura Takeshi , Abe Yasunobu , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Noritoshi , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi
Published: November 2010

Background and Aim:  Differentiation of sclerosing cholangitis‐associated autoimmune pancreatitis (SC‐AIP), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and cancer of the hilar part of the bile duct (CHB) has been challenging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate characteristic intraductal ultrasonography (IDUS) features that could be used to discriminate SC‐AIP from PSC and CHB.

Methods:  Six patients with SC‐AIP, 10 patients with PSC and 12 patients with CHB were identified. We reviewed the following bile duct features observed using IDUS to determine their usefulness for differentiating SC‐AIP from PSC and CHB: presence of symmetrical wall thickness, wall thickness, presence of homogeneous internal foci and presence of lateral mucosal lesions continuous to the hilar.

Results:  IDUS results (SC‐AIP, PSC, CHB) were as follows: wall thickness (mm), 3.7 ± 0.9, 2.6 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.0.6; presence of symmetrical wall thickness, 100% (6/6), 20% (2/10), 8.3% (1/12); presence of homogeneous internal foci, 100% (6/6), 10% (1/10), 8.3% (1/12); and presence of lateral mucosal lesions continuous to the hilar, 83.3% (5/6), 40%(4/10), 25% (3/12). Symmetrical wall thickness of the bile duct, homogeneous internal foci and lateral mucosal lesions continuous to the hilar were detected significantly more often among the patients with SC‐PSC than among the patients with PSC or CHB (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:  IDUS findings, such as symmetrical wall thickness, presence of homogeneous internal foci and presence of lateral mucosal lesions continuous to the hilar can facilitate the differential diagnosis of SC‐AIP from PSC and CHB.
MAGNIFYING ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS OF THE SURFACE STRUCTURE OF NON‐CANCEROUS MUCOSA SURROUNDING DIFFERENTIATED AND UNDIFFERENTIATED GASTRIC CARCINOMA
Authors: Kawamura Masashi , Abe Shu , Oikawa Keisuke , Terai Shiho , Saito Masahiro , Shibuya Daisuke , Kato Katsuaki , Inomata Yoshifumi , Ohara Shuichi , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: November 2010

Background:  Several reports have described the usefulness of magnifying endoscopy in observing the surface structure in gastric neoplasia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics of the surface structure of non‐cancerous mucosa surrounding gastric cancer.

Methods:  Sixty Japanese patients with early gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. We observed the non‐cancerous gastric mucosa surrounding gastric carcinoma by magnifying endoscopy and classified the magnified view into four patterns: (A) dotted; (B) short‐linear; (C) striped; and (D) granular, according to Sakaki's classification.

Results:  All patients were diagnosed as having Helicobacter pylori infection, and histological evaluation revealed 46 types of differentiated and 14 types of undifferentiated‐type gastric carcinomas. There were significant differences in the gender, age and endoscopic‐atrophic‐border scale between patients with these two types. In all, the surface structure at 240 points (4 points each in 60 patients) of non‐cancerous mucosa was observed by magnifying endoscopy. The prevalences of the surface patterns of the mucosa surrounding differentiated carcinoma were: A, 1.1%; B, 8.1%; C, 28.3%; D, 62.5%, and those of the mucosa surrounding undifferentiated carcinoma were: A, 8.9%; B, 73.2%; C, 14.3%; D, 3.6%. There were significant differences in the surface structure of the non‐cancerous mucosa surrounding differentiated and undifferentiated gastric carcinoma.

Conclusion:  The microsurface structure of the gastric mucosa surrounding gastric cancer lesions differed between patients with differentiated and undifferentiated gastric cancer. These findings are expected to be useful for the early detection of gastric carcinoma lesions or for the determination of extensions of carcinoma lesions.
Benefits and risks of red blood cell transfusion in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery
Authors: Guzzetta Nina A.
Published: November 2010

As the number of neonates and young infants undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) increases, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion will continue to be an integral part of the practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesiology. The decision of when to transfuse RBCs to these patients is complex and influenced by multiple factors such as size, presence of cyanotic heart disease, complexity of the surgical procedure, and the hemostatic alterations induced by CPB. The known benefits of RBC transfusion include an increase in the oxygen‐carrying capacity of blood, improved tissue oxygenation, and improved hemostasis. Unfortunately, there is no minimum hemoglobin level that serves as a transfusion trigger for all pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Physiologic signs such as tachycardia, hypotension, low mixed venous oxygen saturation and increased oxygen extraction ratios can provide objective evidence of the need to augment a given hemoglobin level. Nevertheless, the benefits of RBC transfusion must be balanced against its risks and, in recent years, RBC transfusion has been subjected to intense scrutiny. The adverse consequences of RBC transfusion include the transmission of infectious diseases and immune‐mediated and nonimmune‐mediated complications. Advances in donor selection, infectious disease testing of donated blood, use of leukocyte reduction and irradiation of blood in defined situations have improved the safety of the blood supply in terms of infection transmission. However, a growing number of prospective randomized clinical trials are finding an association between RBC transfusion and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality even with the use of leuko‐reduced blood. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important that the decision to transfuse RBCs be made with a thorough understanding of the benefit‐to‐risk ratio. This review addresses the benefits and risks of RBC transfusion, pertinent data acquired in the setting of congenital cardiac surgery and techniques designed to minimize the need for RBC transfusion.
The Labour Market Effects of Vocational Education and Training in Australia
Authors: Lee Wang‐Sheng , Coelli Michael B.
Published: November 2010

We provide estimates of the effects of completing a Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualification on individual labour market outcomes, particularly on the probability of employment and on earnings. Estimates are provided for 1997, 2001 and 2005. The estimation methodology is based on matched comparisons of persons at each level of VET qualification among Year 12 completers and non‐completers. We find that among Year 12 completers, there is little benefit from obtaining certificate level qualifications, but there are positive employment and earnings outcomes associated with obtaining diploma level qualifications. Among persons who did not complete Year 12, however, there are benefits from obtaining any kind of VET qualification, including the lower level Certificate I and II qualifications.
Principles and Practice of Resource Rent Taxation
Authors: Garnaut Ross
Published: November 2010

The Henry Review placed the taxation of rents from mines back on the national policy agenda. Mineral rent is potentially a source of neutral taxation. However, the various means of taxing resource rents in practice either fall short of the ideal of neutrality or collect for the revenue only a small proportion of the mineral rent. This article discusses the six principle instruments for taxing resource projects. It evaluates these forms of taxation in relation to stability, neutrality and government revenue maximisation. It suggests a combination of instruments that is likely to establish a good balance among objectives.
Preventing Global Warming: The United States, China, and Intellectual Property
Authors: AJEMIAN CHRIS K. , REID DAVID MCHARDY
Published: November 2010

Concerns of intellectual property infringement in China slow the dissemination of clean technology (Cleantech) innovation that could help bring the pace of global warming under control. We use the U.S. post‐World War 2 policy decisions with respect to Japan and Europe (the Marshall Plan) to show how this problem can be addressed. To help Japan become a western style democracy and stem the tide of communism, the U.S. transferred much of its extant intellectual property to Japan with a promise to open US markets to Japanese goods. The United States did not require Japan to open its markets to U.S. goods. As a result, Japan became a staunch U.S. political ally in Asia, but also a serious economic competitor to the United States. While the Marshall Plan deployed different resources, the political outcomes were similar to Japan: Western Europe was a bulwark against communism. As global warming has become a major strategic issue, we argue that a comparable IPR initiative is required for China. This is not just a matter of doing the right thing as members of global commons, but is also matter of national security. We propose that by facilitating and managing the flow and sharing of U.S., EU, and Japanese Cleantech intellectual property with China—through a Cleantech Marshall Plan—a positive strategic relationship may be built while helping to bring global warming under control.
Environmental Legislation and Harms to Remote Resource‐Based Communities: The Case of Atikokan, Ontario
Authors: CARSON A. SCOTT
Published: November 2010

Environmental ethics research pays much attention to the rights of individuals, future generations, and nonhuman stakeholders to have a clean environment. Moral condemnation is directed at polluters for violation of stakeholder rights. However, little consideration is given in the research literature to those who are harmed by well‐intended progressive environmental legislation. This article addresses the moral entitlements of small, remote resource‐based communities not to be harmed by environmental legislation that results in the elimination of the major employer that economically sustains them. It is argued that these communities are morally entitled to the best attempt by a government to mitigate the harm or compensate for it. The article shows how a government can go beyond compensation to form collaborative public–private partnerships to promote strategically viable future directions for communities.
Economically Sustainable Safe Drinking Water Systems for the Developing World
Authors: THOMPSON PHILLIP L.
Published: November 2010

An estimated 1.5 million people (mostly children) died in 2007 from waterborne illness. While this number is unacceptably high, it represents a 16 percent improvement over the previous three years. This paper discusses the challenges and solutions to delivering clean water in the developing world. It then discusses safe water projects for a children's dormitory in Mae Nam Khun, Thailand, and for a community in Chirundu, Zambia. Both projects were designed and implemented by the Seattle University student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (SU‐EWB). These projects had technical challenges that are relatively easy to resolve in the developed world, but were particularly challenging in their contexts. This paper examines how these challenges were met through collaboration with several organizations, including the Centers for Disease Control in the United States and small businesses within the host countries.
On the Global Relation and the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann Correspondence
Authors: Dassios G. , Doschoris M.
Published: November 2010

The recently developed Fokas method for solving two‐dimensional Boundary Value Problems (BVP) via the use of global relations is utilized to solve axisymmetric problems in three dimensions. In particular, novel integral representations for the interior and exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems for the sphere are derived, which recover and improve the already known solutions of these problems. The BVPs considered in this paper can be classically solved using either the finite Legendre transform or the Mellin‐sine transform (which can be derived from the classical Mellin transform in a way similar to the way that the sine transform can be derived from the Fourier transform). The Legendre transform representation is uniformly convergent at the boundary, but it involves a series that is not useful for many applications. The Mellin‐sine transform involves of course an integral but it is not uniformly convergent at the boundary. In this paper: (a) The Legendre transform representation is rederived in a simpler approach using algebraic manipulations instead of solving ODEs. (b) An integral representation, different that the Mellin‐sine transform representation is derived which is uniformly convergent at the boundary. Furthermore, the derivation of the Fokas approach involves only algebraic manipulations, instead of solving an ordinary differential equation.
Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann Map for a Nonlinear Diffusion Equation
Authors: Barone Vincenzo , De Lillo Silvana , Lupo Gaia , Polimeno Antonino
Published: November 2010

A nonlinear diffusive equation with moving boundaries is analyzed by constructing the corresponding Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann map. In particular, the Dirichlet boundary value and the initial condition are used to derive the unknown Neumann boundary value. Then, a contraction‐mapping technique is used to prove existence and uniqueness of the solution for small times.
Method for Solving the Multidimensional n‐Wave Resonant Equations and Geometry of Generalized Darboux‐Manakov‐Zakharov Systems
Authors: Vassiliou Peter J.
Published: November 2010

The intrinsic geometric properties of generalized Darboux‐Manakov‐Zakharov systems of semilinear partial differential equations

image

for a real‐valued function u(x1, …, xn) are studied with particular reference to the linear systems in this equation class.

System (1) is overdetermined and will not generally be involutive in the sense of Cartan: its coefficients will be constrained by complicated nonlinear integrability conditions. We derive tools for explicitly constructing involutive systems of the form (1), essentially solving the integrability conditions. Specializing to the linear case provides us with a novel way of viewing and solving the multidimensional n‐wave resonant interaction system and its modified version. For each integer n≥ 3 and nonnegative integer k, our procedure constructs solutions of the n‐wave resonant interaction system depending on at least k arbitrary functions each of one variable. The construction of these solutions relies only on differentiation, linear algebra, and the solution of ordinary differential equations.
EUROMIND: A Monthly Indicator of the Euro Area Economic Conditions
Authors: Frale Cecilia , Marcellino Massimiliano , Mazzi Gian Luigi , Proietti Tommaso
Published: November 2010

Continuous monitoring of the evolution of the economy is fundamental for the decisions of public and private decision makers. The paper proposes EUROMIND, which is a new monthly indicator of the euro area economic conditions, based on tracking real gross domestic product monthly, relying on information provided in the Eurostat Euro-IND database. EUROMIND has several original economic and statistical features. First, it considers both the output and the expenditure sides of the economy, as it provides a monthly estimate of the value added of the six branches of economic activity and of the main gross domestic product components by type of expenditure (final consumption, gross capital formation and net exports), and combines the estimates with optimal weights reflecting their relative precision. Second, the indicator is based on information at both the monthly and the quarterly level, modelled with a dynamic factor specification cast in state space form. Third, since estimation of the multivariate dynamic factor model with mixed frequency data can be numerically complex, computational efficiency is achieved by implementing univariate filtering and smoothing procedures. Finally, special attention is paid to chain linking and its implications, via a multistep procedure that exploits the additivity of the volume measures expressed at the prices of the previous year.
MACROECONOMIC LINKAGES IN MEXICO
Authors: López Julio , Sanchez Armando , Spanos Aris
Published: November 2010

The authors study the effects of selected macro variables on output in Mexico, following a Kaleckian framework, and using a probabilistic approach to econometrics. They find a strong positive effect of US GDP, of protection of the domestic market and of government expenditure, on Mexico's GDP, and a negative influence of higher exchange rate and credit rationing. Their results support the overall outlook proposed by the post Keynesian and the Latin American Structuralist schools of economic thought, and reject the Washington Consensus type of policies Mexico has been following during the last decades.
BACK TO THE ORDINALIST REVOLUTION: BEHAVIORAL ECONOMIC CONCERNS IN EARLY MODERN CONSUMER CHOICE THEORY
Authors: Hands D. Wade
Published: November 2010

The paper argues that theoretical work on consumer choice theory during the early 20th century addressed some of the same issues discussed in recent behavioral economics. This is not generally recognized because the discussion was tied up with the integrability question, the theoretical framework did not involve risky choice or expected utility theory, and the relevant evidence was introspective rather than experimental. The paper makes the case for the similarity and discusses why it is important.
The Powerlessness of Necessity
Authors: Schrenk Markus
Published: November 2010

This paper concerns anti‐Humean intuitions about connections in nature. It argues for the existence of a de re link that is not necessity.

Some anti‐Humeans tacitly assume that metaphysical necessity can be used for all sorts of anti‐Humean desires. Metaphysical necessity is thought to stick together whatever would be loose and separate in a Hume world, as if it were a kind of universal superglue.

I argue that this is not feasible. Metaphysical necessity might connect synchronically co‐existent properties—kinds and their essential features, for example—but it is difficult to see how it could also serve as the binding force for successions of events. That is, metaphysical necessity seems not to be fit for diachronic, causal affairs in which causal laws, causation, or dispositions are involved. A different anti‐Humean connection in nature has to do that job.

My arguments focus mainly on a debate which has been the battleground for Humean vs. anti‐Humean intuitions for many decades—namely, the analysis of dispositional predicates—yet I believe (but do not argue here) that the arguments generalise to causation and causal laws straightforwardly.
Ontic Vagueness: A Guide for the Perplexed1
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth
Published: November 2010

In this paper I develop a framework for understanding ontic vagueness. The project of the paper is two‐fold. I first outline a definitional account of ontic vagueness – one that I think is an improvement on previous attempts because it remains neutral on other, independent metaphysical issues. I then develop one potential manifestation of that basic definitional structure. This is a more robust (and much less neutral) account which gives a fully classical explication of ontic vagueness via modal concepts. The overarching aim is to systematically investigate the puzzling question of what exactly it could be for the world itself to be vague.
Diet and fuelling of the globally threatened aquatic warbler at autumn migration stopover as compared with two congeners
Authors: Kerbiriou C. , Bargain B. , Le Viol I. , Pavoine S.
Published: November 2010

The effective conservation of aquatic warblerAcrocephalus paludicola, one of the most threatened western Palaearctic migratory passerines, requires good knowledge of its ecological needs at stopover sites. In particular, identifying its diet, which controls the accumulation of fat reserves during migration, facilitates the selection and management of adequately protected areas. Further key information includes the relationship between prey species abundance and habitats of aquatic warbler on stopover. We performed standardized mist netting in the Audierne marshes (western France) during 12 years, which resulted in the capture of 1200 aquatic warblers, and provided measurements for mass gain and the collection of faeces to infer the birds' diet. Invertebrate sampling was carried out in the three main Audierne marsh habitats (reed bed, fen mire and meadow). In order to go beyond prey digestibility bias, we also studied two closely relatedAcrocephalusspecies, present at migration stopover sites during the same period. We found that the diet composition of aquatic warbler observed at migration stopover sites is based on large‐sized prey (Odonata, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera). Like sedge warblers, aquatic warblers put on weight during migration stopovers (daily mass gain=0.38 g). This increase in weight suggests that the aquatic warblers might have adopted a strategy for long‐distance migration with few stopovers only. Owing to great differences in diet, conservation management for the threatened aquatic warbler at stopover sites should not rely on existing knowledge about sedge and reed warblers. Similarities in the diet of aquatic warbler between nesting areas and migration stopover areas and the relationship between habitat and prey abundance suggest that fen mires play an important role in the quality of the foraging habitat at stopover sites.
Sodium transport in plants: a critical review
Authors: Kronzucker Herbert J. , Britto Dev T.
Published: November 2010

Sodium (Na) toxicity is one of the most formidable challenges for crop production world‐wide. Nevertheless, despite decades of intensive research, the pathways of Na+entry into the roots of plants under high salinity are still not definitively known. Here, we review critically the current paradigms in this field. In particular, we explore the evidence supporting the role of nonselective cation channels, potassium transporters, and transporters from the HKT family in primary sodium influx into plant roots, and their possible roles elsewhere. We furthermore discuss the evidence for the roles of transporters from the NHX and SOS families in intracellular Na+partitioning and removal from the cytosol of root cells. We also review the literature on the physiology of Na+fluxes and cytosolic Na+concentrations in roots and invite critical interpretation of seminal published data in these areas. The main focus of the review is Na+transport in glycophytes, but reference is made to literature on halophytes where it is essential to the analysis.

ContentsSummary54I.Introduction55II.The role of nonselective cation channels in primary sodium influx – a solid consensus. How solid is the evidence?55III.Low‐affinity cation transporter 1 – a forgotten link?61IV.Are potassium transporters implicated in sodium influx?62V.HKT: a saga of twists and turns – where do we stand?64VI.SOS: an ambiguous tale67VII.Vacuolar storage via NHX: some lingering questions68VIII.Other pathways – the apoplast and possibilities of symport with chloride69IX.‘Toxic’ Na+fluxes, Na+‘homeostasis’, and the question of cytosolic Na+71X.Concluding remarks72Acknowledgements73References73
Intrathecal Implantation of Microencapsulated PC12 Cells Reduces Cold Allodynia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Wu Shaoling , Ma Chao , Li Guoqi , Mai Mingquan , Wu Yuanyuan
Published: November 2010

The transplantation of cells into the central nervous system provides a constant and replenishable source of analgesic substances for the alleviation of chronic pain. In the present study, PC12 cells were microencapsulated in a semipermeable membrane that protected the cells from the host's immune system. A chronic neuropathic pain model was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats with CCI were divided randomly into two groups: the cell‐loaded group received microencapsulated PC12 cells (n = 15) and the control group received empty capsules (n = 15). The microcapsules were implanted into the lumbar subarachnoid space. After implantation, a significant reduction of cold allodynia was observed in the rats of the cell‐loaded group at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days compared to the control group with the empty capsules (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of catecholamines and met‐enkephalin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats in the cell‐loaded group were higher than the levels in the controls (P < 0.05). These results suggest that intrathecal microencapsulated PC12 cells could be a useful method for chronic neuropathic pain management.
The Value of Contingent Commissions in the Property–Casualty Insurance Industry: Evidence From Stock Market Returns
Authors: Ghosh Chinmoy , Hilliard James I.
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Insurance producer compensation has incorporated contingent commissions for decades. In 2004, the New York State Attorney General sued insurers and brokers, alleging compensation abuses and calling for elimination of some forms of contingent commissions. Daily stock price return data reveal negative announcement‐period portfolio returns for property–casualty carriers, suggesting expected negative cash flow effects. Firm‐level losses were related to intensity of contingent commission use, suggesting that the effects of such regulatory changes would be felt most by firms that relied on contingent commissions. Investors believed contingent commissions were valuable not only for producers but also for carriers.