bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solubility of acid gases in a mixed solvent
Authors: Lal Dhiraj , Otto Frederick D. , Mather Alan E.
Published: March 2009

The solubility of the acid gases, H2S and CO2, and their mixtures in a mixed solvent consisting of 55 mass% 2‐piperidineethanol, 10 mass% sulfolane and 35 mass% water has been determined at 40° and 100°C. Partial pressures of the acid gases ranged from 0.05 to 5550 kPa.
Modélisation de la cinétique morphologique en corrosion générale et en corrosion localisée
Authors: Santarini Gérard
Published: March 2009

Deux méthodes théoriques d'étude de l'évolution de la forme des interfaces sont présentées. La première permet de relier les différents types d'évolution morphologique globale (aplanissement et augmentation de rugosité) et les intensités des forces motrices de ces évolutions à la nature des processus physico‐chimiques qui se déroulent à l'interface et à son voisinage. La deuxième méthode concerne la caractérisation quantitative des évolutions morphologiques locales, plus particulièrement en corrosion sous contrainte. Elle permet la détermination, à partir des informations morphologiques portées par des éprouvettes, des cinétiques d'amorçage et de propagation des fissures.
The kinetics of carbochlorination of titania slag
Authors: Sohn Hong Yong , Zhou Ling
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of the carbochlorination of titania slag with chlorine gas and petroleum coke were determined. The porosity created, when easily chlorinated components of the slag such as iron oxide are rapidly reacted, had a significant effect on the chlorination of the slag. The effects of temperature, chlorine partial pressure, and initial particle size were determined, and a rate equation that incorporates these effects in the ranges of experimental conditions used in this work was developed. The results of this work show that the chlorination kinetics of titania slag are quite different from those of rutile with which most previous studies were concerned.
The ignition temperature of lignite char in a fluidized bed combustor
Authors: Van Puyvelde Dennis , Stubington John
Published: March 2009

This paper summarises the experimental and modelling work carried out for the variation of bed ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor with the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. A lignite char was used and its reactivity was represented using data from Field (1967) and Turnbull and Davidson (1984). The modelling involved solving the steady state heat balance around the fluidized bed combustor at the ignition temperature. A correlation of the total area of char ignited per unit bed mass was determined as a function of the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. This correlation was used to determine the ignition temperature of the fluidized bed combustor operating at different conditions. The fluidized bed combustor heat balance was then solved for the bed ignition temperature which was influenced by both the rate of heat loss from the bed and the reactivity of the char. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the chemical rate reaction coefficient is the most prominent variable when determining the ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor.
Inlet plenum pressure drop calculation for a cross‐flow module
Authors: Darcovich Ken , Toll Floyd N. , Paynot François , PÉlerin Erick
Published: March 2009

Outlined here is a method for applying a model of discharge flow through a series of sharp‐edged orifices from an inlet plenum, to accurately predict the total pressure drop across the flow distribution geometry. This particular case relates to a cross‐flow filtration membrane module, but is applicable for any flow distribution system of a similar format.
Modélisation de nanofiltration/osmose inverse en tenant compte du facteur de séparations minimale et maximale
Authors: Xu Yazhen , Lebrun Rémi E.
Published: March 2009

Based on theorical analysis of existing models and on experimental observations, a model that allows us to connect the permeate flux tothe intrinsic separation factor takingaccount of the termsof the minimal and maximalseparation factors, was established. The experiments covering a large range of permeate flux (from several 10−9 μL/m 2.s) to several 10.3 mL/(m 2.s)) permit us todetermine the values of maximal seaparation and minimal separation, as well as the solute transport parameterr for the solutions of sodiumchloride and sodium sulfate.
Mass transfer modeling during cross‐flow filtration of non‐newtonian fluids
Authors: Carrère Héléne , René Frédéric , Lorizzo Antonio
Published: March 2009

The film theory was used to determine the mass transfer coefficient for the cross‐flow filtration of guar gum solutions. We investigated their variation with cross‐flow velocity and concentration. Comparing the experimental results with the Sherwood correlation generalized for power law fluids and with two models found in the literature led to the evaluation of an effective diffusion coefficient for each model. This parameter was shown to depend on cross‐flow velocity and concentration.
Decrement estimation of the heat transfer coefficient in mixture boiling
Authors: Gu Junjie , Bartf Hans‐jörg
Published: March 2009

Based on the analysis of the principles of heat and mass transfer from the liquid bulk to bubble surface during nucleation, a new theoretical method to predict the heat transfer of the nucleate pool boiling in binary mixtures is proposed in this paper by using the heat and mass transfer analogy (Colburn analogy) at the bubble surface transfer layers. With use of Thome's concept of boiling range, an approximate method is derived to realize the calculation. The predicted results by this method are in good agreement with the experimental data from different sources. This hypothesis can also be applied to electrolyte solutions. This method is restricted to developed boiling cases, fortunately, which occur in most industrial applications.
Radial liquid velocity distribution in an external‐loop airlift column with a tapered riser
Authors: Wagoe Mikio Ka , Yoshida Shohei , Ishii Yukimasa , Naoe Kazvmitsu
Published: March 2009

Radial and axial liquid velocity distributions in the tapered riser were investigated theoretically and experimentally. The liquid velocity distributions were computed by solving the Navier‐Stokes equation numerically based on a modified mixing‐length theory. Both radial and axial components of liquid velocity were taken into account. As a result, we found that the radial velocity component was much smaller than the axial velocity component. For a cylindrical column, which means no tapered section, a simplified solution was obtained. The simplified solution was found to agree well with the rigorous numerical solution even in the tapered riser. To confirm the validity of the present hydrodynamic model, the velocity distributions in the tapered riser were measured by an electric probe method using KCl solution as a tracer. The measured velocity distributions agreed with the computed ones, except in the vicinity of the bottom of the tapered riser at high gas flow rates.
The effect of a perfluorochemical emulsion on enzyme reaction stability
Authors: Warrington James C. , Savillex Bradley A.
Published: March 2009

A reaction system consisting of (oxygen‐consuming) tyrosinase immersed within a perfluorochemical emulsion was investigated by comparing the activity and stability of the enzyme within the emulsion to that within pure buffer. The perfluorochemical emulsion contained 30 v/v% perfluorooctane, 70 v/v% aqueous buffer and pluronic‐F68 as a surfactant. The catecholase activity of soluble mushroom tyrosinase was chosen for study and catechol was used as a substrate. A turnover parameter of 0.50 absorbance units and an inactivation rate constant of 0.012 s−1 were found in the presence of a perfluorochemical emulsion and a turnover parameter of 0.53 absorbance units and an inactivation rate constant of 0.012 s−1 were found in the absence of perfluorochemicals (pure buffer). The enzyme demonstrated no appreciable loss in performance within the perfluorochemical emulsion relative to its behaviour within aqueous buffer. This implies that the local concentrations of oxygen are the same under both systems and that under conditions when oxygen is limited in an aqueous system, tyrosinase performance would be improved within the perfluorochemical medium.
Processing efficiency of immobilized non‐growing bacteria: Biocatalytic modeling and experimental analysis
Authors: Kim Jin‐Woo , Engler Cady R. , Wild James R. , Rainina Evguenia I.
Published: March 2009

Modeling methods used to optimize the biocatalytic efficiency of freely suspended cells have been applied to non‐growing microbial cells entrapped within a macro‐porous carrier. The catalytic rate, which is dependent on cell concentration inside the biocatalyst beads, coincided with catalytic parameters for freely suspended cells. Immobilized non‐growing cell systems could be optimized utilizing the characteristics of freely suspended cells without requiring extensive experimentation to define catalytic behaviour inside the biocatalyst. A dynamic diffusion–reaction model was developed and validated using experimental data for thiodiglycol degradation by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans immobilized within macro‐porous poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel in a completely mixed batch bioreactor.
Design and experimental study of immobilized soil bioreactor for in‐well biodegradation of pentach rophenol in groundwater
Authors: Karamanev Dimitre G. , Ramsay Bruce A. , Hassan Marie‐Claire
Published: March 2009

A novel system for in‐situ biological treatment of pentachlorophenol in groundwater is proposed in this work. It is based on the concept of soil immobilization, which has already been shown to be very efficient when applied to bioreactor engineering. For this paper, we used immobilized soil to develop a bioreactor system for an in‐situ (in‐well) biodegradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP). The process was carried out at 9dGC, a temperature typical for groundwater. The volumetric PCP degradation efficiency in the new system was very high – up to 400 mg/(L.h). The effect of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, substrate concentration) on the biodegradation kinetics was studied. The results obtained show that the application of soil immobilization to the in‐situ biodegradation of groundwater contaminated with PCP is very promising.
The potential of L‐form bacteria in biotechnology
Authors: Grichko Varvara P. , Glick Bernard R.
Published: March 2009

L‐form bacteria include both stable and unstable cell wall‐less variants of native walled bacteria. These organisms have been implicated as etiologic agents in both plant and animal diseases. L‐form bacteria may also be used to protect plants or animals against disease‐causing organisms, or to act as a host bacterium for the production and secretion to the growth medium of recombinant proteins. This article summarizes the fundamental biology of these unusual bacteria and discusses their potential uses.
Liquid wall friction in two‐phase turbulent gas laminar liquid stratified pipe flow
Authors: Biberg Dag
Published: March 2009

The main result of the present work is an analytic expression for the mean liquid wall shear stress in two‐phase turbulent gas/laminar liquid stratified pipe flow. The Navier‐Stokes equations are solved assuming a flat fluid‐fluid interface subject to a constant interfacial shear — approximating the interfacial drag exerted by the gas. The effect of a pipe inclination is accounted for, thereby retaining the interesting two‐phase phenomenon of backflow in upwardly inclined pipes. The corresponding expression for the wall shear stress distribution is obtained by formal differentiation. Its limiting behaviour in the triple points, where the fluid‐fluid interface meets the pipe wall, is determined by residue calculus. The expression for the mean wall shear stress is given by integration. It is found to be a linear combination of two terms. The first term accounts for the free surface liquid flow in the absence of the gas. The corresponding approximate hydraulic diameter model is found to be in surprisingly good agreement with this term. The second term represents the shear flow associated with the interfacial drag exerted by the gas (not accounted for by the hydraulic diameter approximation). The shear flow increases the flow rate near the interface on behalf of the flow rate near the pipe wall, thus reducing the wall shear stress below the free surface flow value. Expedient evaluation of the expression for the mean wall shear stress, suitable for use in a 1‐D multiphase pipe flow simulator, is facilitated by replacing certain one‐parameter integrals with highly accurate rational approximations.
Kinetic study of reaction of hexachlorocyclophosphazene with phenol by triphase catalysis
Authors: Wu Ho‐Shing , Meng Shang‐Shin
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of the substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene, (NPCl2)3, with phenol to synthesize the partially substituted (phenoxy) chlorocyclotriphosphazene was investigated by using triphase catalysis in an organic phase/alkaline solution. The relative reaction‐rate constants and the corresponding energies, enthalpies, and entropies of activation of the sequential substitution were also estimated. The diffusional limitations involve both ion diffusion in the aqueous phase and organic reactant diffusion in the organic phase within the catalyst pellet. The particle diffusion and intrinsic reactivity limit the substitution reaction in the organic phase. The diffusion of the aqueous phase in the ion‐exchange step is the main rate‐limiting factor.
Parameters of the epoxidation of 1‐octene by t‐butyl hydroperoxide
Authors: Lewandowski Grzegorz , Milchert Eugeniusz
Published: March 2009

The epoxidation of 1‐octene with t‐butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of Mo(CO)6 has been studied. The influence of the crucial parameters on the yield of 1,2‐epoxyoctane in relation to hydroperoxide, on the hydroperoxide conversion, on the selectivity of the transformation of 1‐octene to epoxy compound and on the yield of 1,2‐epoxyoctane in relation to 1‐octene has been described by the use of regression functions in the form of a second order polynomial. The optimal values of parameters: reaction time, temperature, olefin to hydroperoxide mol ratio, Mo(CO)6 to hydroperoxide mol ratio, ensuring the maximum values of these functions have been determined.
Electrodialysis for bleach effluent recycling in kraft pulp production: Simultaneous control of chloride and other non‐process elements
Authors: Pfromm Peter H. , Tsai Shih‐Perng , Henry Michael P.
Published: March 2009

In the United States, more than 50 million tons of kraft pulp are produced per year. A strong effort by kraft pulp producers has been under way for several years to reduce water use. The in‐process recycling of the acidic bleach effluent carrying metals, transition metals, calcium, and often large amounts of chloride is still a significant challenge. The simultaneous selective removal of chloride, and detrimental cations from the acidic bleach effluent of bleached kraft pulp mills by electrodialysis was investigated. The laboratory results with actual effluents show that very good removal levels can be achieved in an economical process. The chloride removal from acidic bleach effluent will aid significantly in keeping chloride levels acceptable in the recovery cycle.
Suspension of solid particles in multi‐impeller three‐phase stirred tank reactors
Authors: Dohi Naoki , Matsuda Yukimasa , Itano Norihiro , Minekawa Kimio , Takahashi Takanori , Kawase Yoshinori
Published: March 2009

Solids suspension characteristics in gas—liquid–solid three‐phase stirred tanks with multi‐impellers were experimentally examined. Minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension have been measured stirred tank reactors. Three impellers were installed: two four‐pitched blade downflow disk turbines and one Pfaudler type impeller chosen to provide good gas dispersion and to accomplish off‐bottom suspension of solid particles, respectively. Gas dispersion causes an increase in particle sedimentation associated with a decrease in power consumption and as a result, minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension increase with increasing gas flow rates. A correlation was developed to predict minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension. The proposed correlation, which agrees satisfactorily with the experimental results, is expected to be useful in design and scale‐up.
Effect of gravity forces on oil recovery in a Hele‐Shaw cell
Authors: Camirand Martin , Jahoda Milan , Hornof Vladimir
Published: March 2009

The effect of gravity on oil recovery was studied in a Hele‐Shaw cell. An immiscible two fluid system consisting of light paraffin oil as the displaced phase and distilled water as the displacing phase was used. Oil recovery at breakthrough was found to be almost linearly dependent on the Bond number. Maximum recovery was obtained in the case of upward flooding with the cell positioned vertically. The minimum oil recovery occurred when flooding was performed in the downward direction with the cell also placed in the vertical position. The recovery results obtained for the experiments carried out at a 45 degree incline and in the horizontal position were situated between these extremes.
Coronary Sarcoidosis Presenting as Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Lam Carolyn S. P. , Tolep Kenneth A. , Metke Michael P. , Glockner James , Cooper Leslie T.
Published: March 2009

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disorder of uncertain etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. The disease often involves the heart on autopsy, but the antemortem diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis is frequently missed. Cardiac involvement usually includes granulomatous inflammation or fibrosis of the myocardium, conduction system, or pericardium. We now describe a case of epicardial coronary involvement by sarcoidosis, where the diagnosis was made by surgical biopsy of the coronary artery in an African American man presenting with acute coronary syndrome and recurrent symptomatic restenosis following coronary intervention. The case extends the spectrum of common cardiac syndromes that cardiac sarcoidosis can masquerade as and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for early recognition and instituting specific treatment that might improve prognosis. A review of the literature also suggests the need for improvement in diagnostic approaches and prospective clinical trials to establish the best management strategy for this disease. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for improving gynecologic cytology screening
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A.
Published: March 2009

Several new strategies for improving the sensitivity of gynecologic cytology screening are currently being investigated. Multiple methods based on the independent second review of gynecologic cases are now available and can improve the sensitivity of screening.
Strategic corporate environmental management within the South African automotive industry: motivations, benefits, hurdles
Authors: Kehbila Anderson Gwanyebit , Ertel Jürgen , Brent Alan Colin
Published: March 2009

This paper conveys the experiences of the South African automotive industry as it attempted to implement the ISO 14001 standard. Through a questionnaire‐based survey, small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) as well as larger companies were asked about the key motivations for engaging in environmental change, the benefits accrued and the barriers that prevented them from doing so. This paper analyzes the variation in adoption rates in order to establish different relationships between them. The results reveal substantial differences and some similarities with regard to the hurdles, benefits and motivations behind the implementation of environmental management systems (EMSs) that are hidden behind corporate rhetoric and commitment to sustainability. This paper concludes by prescribing robust recommendations that would set off the pace for government officials to incorporate effective and realistic incentives into future policy to better encourage environmental compliance and improved performance while minimizing costs both to businesses and to the Government. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Effects of caffeine in chewing gum on mood and attention
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: March 2009

Rationale

Recent research has shown that even small doses (<40mg) of caffeine can improve alertness and increase performance efficiency on attention tasks. Previous studies have given the caffeine in a variety of beverages or in capsules and it was of interest to see whether similar effects could be observed when the caffeine was given in gum. In addition, chewing gum has been shown to have behavioural effects and the present study extended our knowledge of this topic.

Objectives

To compare the effects of caffeinated gum (40 mg), placebo gum and no gum conditions on mood and attention.

Methods

A double blind placebo controlled study was conducted with volunteers being randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. Baseline measures of mood and attention were taken prior to chewing and a test session was then conducted. One hundred and eighteen young adults participated in the study.

Results

Caffeinated gum was associated with a more positive mood and better performance on tasks requiring sustained attention. The caffeine improved the speed of encoding of new information which is consistent with previous findings. Chewing placebo gum was also found to be associated with more positive mood, both shortly after chewing and at the end of the study.

Conclusions

The implications of the present study are that chewing caffeinated gum has been shown to improve performance efficiency and mood by its alerting and energising effects. The profile of caffeine effects is what one would predict from the existing caffeine literature and such effects may be extremely beneficial in real‐life situations. Prior chewing of placebo gum was associated with a more positive mood and this also confirms previous findings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a fungal pre‐treatment process for reduction of organic matter in contaminated soil
Authors: Winquist Erika , Valentin Lara , Moilanen Ulla , Leisola Matti , Hatakka Annele , Tuomela Marja , Steffen Kari T.
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND:Combustion at high temperature is a common treatment method for heavily contaminated soils. The capacity of the combustion process is negatively correlated with organic matter content of the soil. Thus, by reducing the amount of soil organic matter, batch size could be increased and the combustion process improved. In this study, the possibility to pre‐treat soil containing high levels of organic matter with white‐rot and litter‐decomposing fungi was examined and scaled up.

RESULTS:Calculations based on the CO2production in laboratory experiments indicated that 20% of the soil organic carbon would have been degraded in 6 months when treated withSphaerobolus stellatusand 10% when treated withStropharia rugosoannulata. In a pilot‐scale experiment withS. rugosoannulatamass loss due to degradation of soil organic matter accounted for 10% of the total weight of the soil in 6 months.

CONCLUSION:A fungal pre‐treatment process for contaminated soils with high organic matter content was developed. Good results were obtained withS. stellatusandS. rugosoannulataand the process was successfully scaled up to 300 kg scale. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Topology on the Properties of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) in Water and in Bulk
Authors: Qiu Xing‐Ping , Winnik Françoise M.
Published: March 2009

Three macrocyclic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)s (PNIPAM) with molecular weight (MW) ranging from 6 to 19 kg/mol were synthesized by ‘click’ ring closure of the corresponding α‐azido ω‐propargyl telechelic linear PNIPAMs, themselves prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed that both the thermal phase separation in water and the glass transition in bulk of PNIPAM were affected by polymer topology. In aqueous solution, the cyclic polymers exhibit a higher phase separation temperature and broader phase transition range than the corresponding linear counterparts. In bulk, the cyclic polymers display a higher glass transition temperature of lesser molecular weight dependence, as compared to their linear precursors.
Macromol. Symp. 278
Authors: Polotsky Alexey A. , Zhulina Ekaterina B. , Birshtein Tatiana M. , Borisov Oleg V.
Published: March 2009

Cover: The 6‐th International Symposium “Molecular Order and Mobility in Polymer Systems” was held in Saint‐Petersburg, Russia, 2–6 of June 2008. It was a continuation of the series of Symposia organized by the Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of RAS. The cover is taken from the manuscript by A. Polotsky et. al. p. 24 and shows a polyelectrolyte star.
Solvent and temperature effects on the conformational equilibria of a dihydrobenzo[h]quinolinium fluoroborate
Authors: Rezende Marcos Caroli , Guerrero Juan
Published: March 2009

Spectra of the N‐phenyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐2,4‐diphenylbenzo[h]quinolinium tetrafluoroborate (1) and of the N‐phenyl‐5,6,8,9‐tetrahydro‐7‐phenyldibenzo[c,h]acridinium tetrafluoroborate (2) were recorded in various solvents and temperatures. The analysis of the 1H‐NMR spectra of the tetrafluoroborate salt 1, recorded in acetone, acetonitrile, 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane and chloroform, revealed the existence of an equilibrium between two conformers in solution. Tight ion‐pairing in chloroform led to a smaller barrier for interconversion between the two conformers. In more polar solvents, where the dihydrobenzoquinolinium exists as a free cation, theoretical calculations predicted larger barriers. The spectra of 1 in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane also varied with temperature, resembling at higher temperatures the spectrum in CDCl3 and at 300K spectra in more polar media. Spectra of 2 did not vary with the solvent or the temperature, in an indication of a much higher barrier to conformational interconversion, because of a greater steric hindrance between the N‐phenyl substituent and the dihydrobenzo rings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibration prolongs the cortical silent period in an antagonistic muscle
Authors: Binder Christian , Kaya Ali Ekber , Liepert Joachim
Published: March 2009

We tested whether the silent period, an indicator of inhibitory neuronal activity, is modulated by muscle vibration. Vibration was applied to the right extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscle in 17 healthy subjects and, as a control experiment, to the dorsal terminal phalanges in 5 subjects. Data before vibration were compared with those during vibration. The cortical silent period (CSP) was evoked by transcranial magnetic stimuli (TMS) during voluntary wrist flexion or during voluntary wrist extension. TMS‐evoked motor potentials (MEPs) of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle were recorded during muscle relaxation. The mixed nerve silent period (MNSP) was obtained by electrical stimulation of the median nerve during wrist flexion. ECR vibration induced a significant prolongation of the CSP in FCR. CSP increases induced by vibration of the dorsal terminal phalanges were significantly less pronounced. In ECR, the CSP tended to be shortened. MEPs and MNSP remained unchanged. We conclude that vibration enhances inhibitory neuronal properties in a non‐vibrated antagonistic muscle, presumably at a supraspinal level. These results may be relevant for the treatment of spasticity of the upper extremity. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Preparation of composited Nano‐TiO2 and its application on antimicrobial and self‐cleaning coatings
Authors: Wang Rong‐Min , Wang Bo‐Yun , He Yu‐Feng , Lv Wei‐Hua , Wang Jun‐Feng
Published: March 2009

Composite nano‐TiO2 with doping Fe3+ and Ag was prepared, and further modified by 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. They were characterized by Zetasizer Nano ZS Particle and Zeta Potential Analyzer, X‐ray diffraction, UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FT–IR spectra, and transmission electron microscopy. The modified composite nano‐TiO2 was applied to prepare multifunctional fluorocarbon coatings (FCC). Antibacterial activity of multifunctional FCC containing modified composite nano‐TiO2 was investigated. Its photocatalytic antibacterial activity reached 92%. The influence of doping ingredients, amount of composite nano‐TiO2, different light houses, or surface modification was discussed. The surface of FCC cannot be easily smirched by oiliness, dust or water because of hydrophobic fluorosilicone emulsion. It would be an available modern interior building coating for its remarkable photocatalytic antibacterial property as well as self‐cleaning function. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of phenolic hollow microspheres via in situ polymerization
Authors: Liu Xizong , Li Hejun , Ma Tuomei , Li Kezhi
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Phenolic hollow microspheres with a closed structure have a set of outstanding thermal characteristics. In the work reported here, a facile method is introduced to fabricate phenolic closed hollow microspheres by in situ polymerization in oil‐in‐water emulsion. Although in situ polymerization has been widely used to prepare hollow microspheres, it has not been utilized for the preparation of phenolic hollow microspheres.

RESULTS: The average particle size of the produced microspheres was about 500 µm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the phenolic microspheres were partially cured during preparation and a significant number of hydroxymethyl groups remained in the microspheres. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of the phenolic hollow microspheres was 420 °C, and residual weight at 800 °C was 62%. Differential thermal analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of the phenolic hollow microspheres was 200 °C.

CONCLUSION: Using in situ polymerization, high thermal performance phenolic hollow microspheres are produced. The resultant product possesses a satisfactory closed hollow structure with controlled morphology. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A clinical tool to predict failed response to therapy in children with severe pneumonia
Authors: Mamtani Manju , Patel Archana , Hibberd Patricia L. , Tuan Tran Anh , Jeena Prakash , Chisaka Noel , Hassan Mumtaz , Radovan Irene Maulen , Thea Donald M. , Qazi Shamim , Kulkarni Hemant
Published: March 2009

Severe pneumonia in children under 5 years of age continues to be an important clinical entity with treatment failure rates as high as 20%. Where severe pneumonias are common, predictive tools for treatment failure like chest radiography and pulse oximetry are not available or affordable. Thus, there is a need for development of simple, accurate and inexpensive clinical tools for prediction of treatment failure. Using clinical, chest radiographic and pulse oximetry data from 1702 children recruited in the Amoxicillin Penicillin Pneumonia International Study (APPIS) trial we developed and validated a simple clinical tool. For development, a randomly derived development sample (n = 889) was used. The tool which was based on the results of multivariate logistic regression models was validated on a separate sample of 813 children. The derived clinical tool in its final form contained three clinical predictors: age of child, excess age‐specific respiratory rate at baseline and at 24 hr of hospitalization. This tool had a 70% and 66% predictive accuracy in the development and validation samples, respectively. The tool is presented as an easy‐to‐use nomogram. It is possible to predict the likelihood of treatment failure in children with severe pneumonia based on clinical features that are simple and inexpensive to measure. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:379–386. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Young's modulus study of n‐ and p‐type porous silicon
Authors: Oisten Michael K. , Bergstrom Paul L.
Published: March 2009

With the number of MEMS based applications utilizing porous silicon increasing, it has become more important to know the mechanical properties of the material. Using nanoindentation, the Young's modulus of various n‐type and p‐type mesoporous silicon samples has been measured. The porous silicon samples were produced by electrochemical anodization in an ethanoic hydrofluoric acid solution. Anodization conditions were varied to study the impact on Young's modulus due to porosity and pore morphology. The current densities of the p‐type samples were varied between 20 mA/cm2 and 60 mA/cm2 and the n‐type samples current densities were varied between 3 mA/cm2 and 60 mA/cm2. The investigation demonstrated a strong morphological change for n‐type samples which caused a much broader range of Young's modulus values measured. It was also observed that the p‐type samples pore morphologies did not significantly change over the range of current densities used, therefore the changes in the Young's modulus can be attributed to a change in porosity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of residual stress in a Prince Rupert's drop of soda‐lime glass undergoing a self‐sustained and stable destruction/fracture wave
Authors: Chaudhri M. Munawar
Published: March 2009

It is shown experimentally using colour high‐speed framing photography, carried out at 1 million frames per second that in a Prince Rupert's drop made of soda‐lime glass, a self‐sustained destruction/fracture wave can travel at a steady and stable speed of (1700 ± 100) m s–1. It is also shown that this limiting velocity of the destruction/fracture wave, which is considerably smaller than the longitudinal wave velocity of ∼5300 m s–1in this glass, is due to crack bifurcation, which occurs in individual cracks moving at the limiting velocity, at the immediate front of the destruction/fracture wave. Moreover, it is also shown that in the intact part of a Prince Rupert's drop undergoing a self‐sustained destruction/fracture wave, the residual stress state remains approximately unaltered until the intact part comes to within about one mm of the advancing destruction/fracture wave front. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The growth of InAsSbP‐based diode heterostructures with quantum dots as a new material for thermophotovoltaic application
Authors: Gambaryan Karen , Aroutiounian Vladimir , Boeck Torsten , Schulze Marlen
Published: March 2009

In this paper we report our first efforts for the growth of InAsSbP‐based diode heterostructures with (and without) quantum dots on InAs (100) substrates as a new material for TPV application. For the fabrication of self‐assembled strain induced QDs and the growth of lattice matched quaternary InAsSbP emitter cap layer the conventional and “step‐cooling” versions of liquid phase epitaxy have been employed. The morphology, dimensions and distribution density of QDs were investigated by AFM technique. The average density of the QDs was equal (5–7)×109 cm–2, with dimensions of 0.7–12 nm in height and 20–80 nm in width. The investigations of cross‐sectional area of p‐n heterojunctions, morphology of layers surface and calculations of InAsPSb alloys composition have been carried out by SEM‐EDXA equipment. The current‐voltage characteristics, transmission spectra and optical response of n‐InAs/p‐InAs1–x–ySbxPy TPV cells were measured and investigated. The maximum photoresponse is observed near the wavelength of 3.4 μm, which corresponds to the optimum efficiency of TPV cells. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical investigation of μ‐O‐bridged dinuclear Re complexes: Electronic structure, bonding nature, and absorption spectra
Authors: Nakao Yoshihide , Saito Ken , Sakaki Shigeyoshi
Published: March 2009

The ground state and some low‐lying excited states of [Re2IV(μ‐O)2(NH3)8]4+ (1) and [ReIIIReIV(μ‐O)2(NH3)8]3+ (2) were theoretically investigated with the second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MRMP2) and B3LYP methods. Their ground states were assigned to be the 7B and 6B states, respectively, by the B3LYP method, but to be the 1A and 2B states, respectively, by the MRMP2 method. In 1, the DFT‐optimized ReRe distance of the 7B state differs much from the experimental value of similar complex such as [Re2IV(μ‐O)2(Metpa)2] (A1) and [Re2IV(μ‐O)2(Me2tpa)2] (A2) (Metpa: ((6‐methyl‐2‐pyridyl)‐methyl)bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, Me2tpa: bis((6‐methyl‐2‐pyridyl)methyl)(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) that of 1A state is in good agreement with the experimental one. In 2, the DFT‐optimized ReRe distance of the 6B state differs much from the experimental value of the similar complex, [Re2IV(μ‐O)2(Metpa)2] (B), too, but that of the 2B state agrees well with the experimental value. These results indicate that the ground state of 1 and 2 are the 1A and 2B states, respectively, as assigned by the MRMP2 method. Two large absorption bands about 2.1 and 2.6 eV for A1 and A2 are theoretically assigned to be 11B and 21B states by the MRMP2 method. These energies are calculated to be 2.12 and 2.15 eV by the MRMP2 method, which are in good agreement with the experimental values of the similar complexes. Significant difference in absorption spectra of B from those of A1 and A2 are also discussed, based on MRMP2 calculations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Rethinking trends in minority participation in the sciences
Authors: Lewis James L. , Menzies Holly , Nájera Edgar I. , Page Reba N.
Published: March 2009

Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, and Native Americans have long been underrepresented in schools and the workplace in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Although the monitoring of representation has become a larger and more important enterprise, existing databases make it difficult to discern trends in participation at different stages of science education as well as the magnitude of the differences in representation across racial/ethnic groups. We reanalyze four nationally representative databases to call attention to the difficulties, and we offer a solution—a ratio of representation. Our investigation of the representation of students in the biological sciences indicates that gains in the percentages of non‐Asian minorities in the biological sciences over almost two decades do not exceed their growth in the U.S. population and, furthermore, that their underrepresentation appears to increase as they move through higher education. We call for the development of multiple measures of representation in the sciences, given the complexities of representing representation and the issue's importance for science, public health, and the American polity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:961–977, 2009
Finding their way on: Career decision‐making processes of urban science teachers
Authors: Rinke Carol R.
Published: March 2009

This article reports on a research study investigating the career decision‐making processes of urban science teachers as one element central to understanding the high rates of attrition in the field. Using a longitudinal, prospective, context‐ and subject‐specific approach, this study followed the career decisions of case study teachers over a period of 12 months. All eight of the case study teachers envisioned themselves eventually moving out of classroom teaching positions. Each used an ongoing and active process of decision making to evaluate their professional direction and sought confirmation of their contribution to the field before moving into new roles and responsibilities. This article describes the experiences of several teachers who exemplify these decision‐making processes. These cases suggest potential benefits for differentiated roles, professional mentoring, and recognition and feedback from professional communities. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed93:1096–1121, 2009
Synthesis and Evaluation of pH and Thermosensitive Pectin‐Based Superabsorbent Hydrogel for Oral Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Barzegar Shahram
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to produce intelligent pectin‐based superabsorbent polymers (SAP) to be used as pH‐ and thermosensitive carriers for the controlled delivery of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The superabsorbent formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT‐IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, porosity, particle size and levels of loaded drug on drug release profile in various surrounding media were investigated. Each sample was well characterized through swelling studies. The molecular weight between crosslinks $\displaystyle (\overline {{\tf="PS_HENI"M}}_C) $, crosslinking density (ve) polymer–solvent interaction parameter (χ), and the shear modulus of the superabsorbents (G) were calculated. The results revealed that the release profiles of IBU from the superabsorbent polymer were low (lower than 14%) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) over 3 h, but nearly all of the initial drug content (more than 79%) was released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4) within 6 h after changing media. Overall the results demonstrated that biodegradable superabsorbents could successfully deliver a drug to the intestine without losing the drug in the stomach, and could be potential candidates for an orally administrated drug delivery system.
Leptospiral TlyC is an extracellular matrix‐binding protein and does not present hemolysin activity
Authors: Carvalho Eneas , Barbosa Angela S. , Gómez Ricardo M. , Cianciarullo Aurora M. , Hauk Pricila , Abreu Patrícia A. , Fiorini Leonardo C. , Oliveira Maria L.S. , Romero Eliete C. , Gonçales Amane P. , Morais Zenaide M. , Vasconcellos Sílvio A. , Ho Paulo L.
Published: March 2009

The role of TlyA, TlyB and TlyC proteins in the biology of Leptospira is still uncertain. Although these proteins have been considered as putative hemolysins, we demonstrate that leptospiral recombinant TlyB and TlyC do not possess hemolytic activity. However, further experiments showed that TlyC is a surface‐exposed protein that seems to bind to laminin, collagen IV and fibronectin. The expression of both proteins was detected both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that TlyB and TlyC are not directly involved in hemolysis, and that TlyC may contribute to Leptospira binding to extracellular matrix (ECM) during host infection.
Tectonics and petroleum potential of the East Arctic province
Authors: Khain V.E. , Polyakova I.D. , Filatova N.I.
Published: March 2009

Tectonics and petroleum potential of the underexplored East Arctic area have been investigated as part of an IPY (International Polar Year) project. The present-day scenery of the area began forming with opening of the Amerasia Ocean (Canada and Podvodnikov–Makarov Basins) in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and with Cretaceous–Cenozoic rifting related to spreading in the Eurasia Basin. The opening of oceans produced pull-apart and rift basins along continental slopes and shelves of the present-day Arctic fringing seas, which lie on a basement consisting of fragments of the Hyperborean craton and Early Paleozoic to Middle Cretaceous orogens. By analogy with basins of the Arctic and Atlantic passive margins, the Cretaceous–Cenozoic shelf and continental slope basins may be expected to have high petroleum potential, with oil and gas accumulations in their sediments and basement.
Town Stable Manure: Its Chemical Composition and the changes it undergoes on keeping
Authors: Dyer Bernard
Published: March 2009

The use of town stable manure enters so largely into the economy of farms, and especially market-gardens, situated within fairly easy distance of London or other large cities, that it is somewhat curious that but little information has been published in this country as to its chemical composition. In fact, with the exception of a couple of analyses made by myself as long ago as 1889, which were published at the time in the Mark Lane Express, and subsequently reprinted in Aikman's book on “Manures and Manuring,” I do not remember to have seen any analyses of London manure. The samples which were the subject of these analyses were collected from a very limited number of stables, some of which were littered with peat moss and others with straw, the object at the moment being to compare the manure produced with the two kinds of litter. I have more recently however made some fairly full analyses of two more representative samples of London manure, but before proceeding to give these it may be desirable to reprint in this place, for future reference, the old analyses just mentioned.
The Influence of Sulphates as Manure upon the Yield and Feeding Value of Crops
Authors: Dymond T. S. , Hughes F. , Jupe C. W. C.
Published: March 2009

An agricultural problem to which little attention has been directed is the relation of the supply of combined sulphuric acid in the soil to the growth of crops. Field experiments upon the value of gypsum and sulphate of iron have been made, and artificial manures containing sulphates are constantly being used, but the specific effect of the combined sulphuric acid in these materials seems never to have been sufficiently investigated. Indeed, any useful effect produced by gypsum has been ascribed to indirect action, e.g., the liberation of other constituents from insoluble soil compounds.
The Chemical Changes taking place during the Ensilage of Maize
Authors: Russell Edward J.
Published: March 2009

When the green parts of living plants are cut up and packed in a loosely covered vessel allowing entrance of air, mould soon makes its appearance and decomposition begins: the mass becomes alkaline and is ultimately converted into black humic bodies quite unfit for cattle food. But if air is excluded the change is fundamentally different; no mould developes, the temperature rises, the mass takes on a greenishbrown colour and characteristic odour, it becomes acid and for a long period is suitable for cattle food. The former is a putrefactive change, the latter gives rise to silage.
Bordeaux Spraying
Authors: Pickering Spencer Umfreville
Published: March 2009

Bordeaux mixture has practically superseded every other fungicide for general use, and two or three sprayings with it have become part of the annual routine of the fruit grower in most countries except our own, whilst in viticulture, its use is quite indispensable, and potato growers are applying it more and more every year. Any means for simplifying or cheapening the application of it, are, therefore, of great importance.
On the Absorption of Ammonia from the Atmosphere
Authors: Hall A. D. , Miller N. H. J.
Published: March 2009

Throughout the whole history of agricultural chemistry attention has been fixed upon. the ammonia in the atmosphere as a possible source of the nitrogen of vegetation, and without reviewing the early controversy that centred round Liebig, we may agree that the dispute was largely due to the exaggerated opinions then prevailing as to the amount of ammonia in the atmosphere. The most trustworthy determinations are the long series that have been carried out by Lévy at Montsouris, and they agree with other determinations by Ville, Schloesing and Muntz and Aubin. showing only from ·01 to ·02 of nitrogen as ammonia per million of air even in Paris, with a still smaller proportion in the air of the country.