bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulasi Numerik Penambahan Slot Per Daun Terhadap Kekuatan Statik Kendaraan Niaga
Authors: Supriyanto Agung , Muhammad Vendy hermawan
Published: July 2021

Commercial vehicles are a mode of transportation that plays an important role of the nation economy, so it is necessary to pay attention to their effectiveness and efficiency factors. Commercial vehicles have high effectiveness if they are able to send as many goods as possible, but the durability of vehicle components must be considered. One way to increase vehicle load capacity is by adding more slots leaf spring. This study aims to determine the effect of adding slot of leaf spring  to the static strength of the rear suspension of Mitsubishi FE 71 110 Ps. This study discusses the static strength of three types of leaf spring  arrangement, they are original leaf spring arrangement, the addition of a 700mm spring slot and an additional 1000 mm spring slot. The research was conducted by creating 3-dimensional design drawings and simulating static analysis using SolidWork software. The data sought are the stress and strain values ​​for each variation. The result is the maximum stress value of the original leaf spring arrangement of 14.58 x107 N / m2, an additional slot of 700 mm 21.80 x107 N / m2, and an additional slot of 1,000 mm 24.93 x107 N / m2.
Newcomb-Benford law analysis on COVID-19 daily infection cases and deaths in Indonesia and Malaysia
Authors: Wong Wei Kitt , Juwono Filbert Hilman , Loh Wan Ning , Ngu Ik Ying
Published: July 2021

Each country has been racing to contain the spread of COVID-19. The published data of daily infection and death cases can be used to measure the effectiveness of the control interventions. We focus our study in two Southeast Asia countries: Indonesia and Malaysia during period between March and November 2020. Newcomb-Benford law has been commonly used to analyze the probabilities of the first significant digits in natural occurrences since the late 19th century. It is a prominent statistical tool for its capability to detect frauds in datasets. A chi-squared test was recruited to quantify the closeness of the data and Newcomb-Benford law distributions. The results revealed that the distributions of daily infection and death cases in Indonesia followed Newcomb-Benford law while the opposite results were obtained for Malaysia. We have done the analysis of verifying the daily COVID-19 infection and death cases in Indonesia and Malaysia using Newcomb-Benford law. It can be inferred that, between March and November 2020, the control interventions in Indonesia was less effective compared to Malaysia.
Methodological Issues of Assessment of Six-minute Walk Test in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Mikhailovskaya Tatiana V. , Nazarova Olga A. , Dovgalyuk Yuriy V. , Chistyakova Yulia V. , Mishina Irina E.
Published: July 2021

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is an easily performed and well-studied method for assessing exercise tolerance. Despite its availability, there are no standardized approaches to the evaluation of test results in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The current review summarizes the evidence and the practical issues of the 6MWT data interpretation in CAD patients. It is recommended by researches to follow current recommendations and protocols of 6MWT in order to achieve high accuracy and reproducibility of the test. The value of the 6MWT distance depends on gender, age, anthropometric and echocardiography parameters. Multiple tests on the same patient cannot be recommended due to the possible development of the “learning effect”. The prognostic value of the 6MWT results was recently established in patients with various diseases. The value of the 6MWT distance ≤ 300 meters in patients with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction was associated with a significant increase in the risk of death and cardiovascular events; stable results of the 6MWT within one year were associated with a higher survival rate of patients. The concept of the minimally clinically significant difference (MCSD) in the distance of the 6MWT during cardiac rehabilitation of patients was presented. According to the recent data, the MCSD of the 6MWT distance in patients after acute coronary syndrome was 25 meters. The data of our research, the main methods and examples of calculating changes in the 6MWT distance are presented in the article. The results obtained indicate that a comprehensive analysis and simultaneous use of several methods of the 6MWT distance assessment improve the accuracy of rehabilitation results evaluation. Thus, the 6MWT is an affordable way to assess exercise tolerance. It may provide reliable information about changes in the functional capacity of CAD patients in everyday clinical practice.
The Еffectiveness of Stabilometrical Training in the Complex of Rehabilitation Measures in Elderly and Senile Patients with Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Paykova Alexandra S. , Alexandrov Michail V. , Ushakova Svetlana E.
Published: July 2021

The treatment and rehabilitation of elderly patients with hypertension is often hampered by their existing geriatric syndromes of senileasthenia and the risk of falls. Stabilometric balance training will allow to maintain the level of physical functioning and supporting theautonomy of this category of patients. Aim. To assess the possibilities of using stabilometric training with biofeedback to correct the risk of falls in patients aged 63 and olderwith arterial hypertension. Material and methods. On the basis of the geriatric department of the Regional Budgetary Institution of Health «Ivanovo ClinicalHospital named after Kuvaevi» conducted an open study involving 95 patients aged 63 to 92 years with arterial hypertension andfalling syndrome, diagnosed according to the results of the physical activity tests brief battery. Balance indicators were obtained whenexamining patients on a stabilometric complex concurrently with a five-day training «Restoring balance». Results. According to the stabilometrical data of all patients with hypertension and the risk of falling, a typical symptom complex ofthe main stance instability was revealed. After the training, improvement in quantitative indicators and in the balance function wererecorded in 70% of patients. Conclusion. The inclusion of stabilometrical training in the treatment and rehabilitation complex of hypertensive patients with senileasthenia syndromes and the risk of falling improves balance indicators in elderly and senile people.
HEURISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHOD FOR NORMALIZING THE EMPIRICAL CONTEXT IN ONTOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Семенова Валентина Андреевна
Published: July 2021

Областью исследования является онтологический анализ данных, заключающийся в построении формальных онтологий на основе эмпирических данных о слабоструктурированных предметных областях. Предметом исследования является нормализация эмпирического V -контекста - нестрогого соответствия «объекты-свойства» - при ограничениях существования свойств. Задача исследования состоит в разработке численного метода, который реализует эвристический подход к нормализации эмпирических контекстов. В работе используются методы теории множеств и бинарных отношений, модели и методы анализа формальных понятий, а также существующая методология применения ограничений существования свойств для построения формальных онтологий. Отличие и новизна предложенного метода заключаются в более эффективной реализации эвристического подхода за счёт представления системы измеряемых свойств - множества фиксируемых у объектов исследуемой предметной области свойств с заданными на нём ограничениями существования - в виде совокупности субструктур, однородных по виду экзистенциального сопряжения свойств-членов.

The research field is ontological data analysis, which consists in the construction of formal ontologies based on empirical data on semi-structured subject domains. The subject of the research is the normalization of the empirical V -context - a non-strict correspondence "objects-properties" - with properties existence constraints. The research objective is to develop a numerical method that implements a heuristic approach to the normalization of empirical contexts. The work uses the methods of the theory of sets and binary relations, models and methods of formal concept analysis, as well as the existing methodology for applying the properties existence constraints to construct formal ontologies. The difference and novelty of the proposed method consists in the more efficient implementation of the heuristic approach by representing the system of measured properties - the set of properties fixed in the objects of the studied subject domain with the existence constraints on it - as a set of substructures that are homogeneous in the form of existential relation of member properties.
METHODOLOGY OF SEARCHING FOR THE OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF A NUCLEAR PLANT SYSTEM TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF RISKS, CAPITAL COSTS AND DAMAGE FROM ACCIDENTS
Authors: Расторгуев Иван Александрович , Щепетина Татьяна Дмитриевна
Published: July 2021

Задача поиска оптимального спектра мощностей атомных реакторов для развивающейся энергосистемы страны с большой долей вклада АС формализована и представлена в виде задачи многокритериальной оптимизации. Оценивается снижение потенциального ущерба от различных факторов риска и затрат на строительство при максимальной выработке электроэнергии. Предложена концепция поиска решения при помощи генетического алгоритма. На основе проведенных расчетов даны рекомендации по оптимизации мощностного ряда реакторных установок (РУ), которые позволят снизить совокупные риски эксплуатации АС при стратегическом планировании.

The problem of finding the optimal power spectrum of nuclear reactors for the projecting power system for the whole country is presented. It considers a large contribution of NPP and formalized in the form of a multicriteria optimization problem. Potential damage reduction from various risk factors and construction costs at maximum power generation is estimated. The genetic algorithm is proposed as solver algorithm. Recommendations are given for optimizing the power range of reactor plants on the basis of the performed calculations and reduce the overall risks of NPP operation during strategic planning.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE COMPLEX FOR AUTOMATIC SELECTION OF PUMPING STATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY AND FORMATION OF TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL PROPOSALS
Authors: Титарев Дмитрий Викторович , Трунников Максим Владиславович , Володин Павел Юрьевич
Published: July 2021

Работа посвящена вопросам проектирования и разработки программного комплекса для автоматического расчета параметров и дальнейшего подбора станций водоснабжения. На основе проведенных расчетов программный комплекс позволяет формировать технико-коммерческое предложение на поставляемое оборудование. Особое внимание уделено подбору параметров насосной станции согласно данным о напоре и расходе в рабочей точке. Это является важной задачей в условиях отсутствия полноты данных, предоставляемых производителями оборудования.

The work is devoted to the design and development of a software package for automatic calculation of parameters and further selection of water supply stations. Based on the calculations performed, the software package allows you to form a technical and commercial proposal for the equipment supplied. Particular attention is paid to the selection of the parameters of the pumping station according to the data on the head and flow rate at the operating point. This is an important task in the absence of completeness of data provided by equipment manufacturers.
On the Influence of the Ionization–Recombination Processes on the Hydrogen Plasma Polytropic Index
Authors: Mishonov Todor M. , Dimitrova Iglika M. , Varonov Albert M.
Published: July 2021

An analytical approximation for the polytropic index of a hydrogen gas has been derived. The derived expressions can be useful for theoretical work and numerical calculations. These results open the possibility of direct computation of these thermodynamic quantities, rather than interpolating from tables. Additionally, the polytropic index is graphically represented as a function of temperature and density. It is concluded that the partially ionized hydrogen plasma cannot be exactly polytropic. The calculated deviations from the monoatomic value 5/3 are significant and measurable. The present theory supposes that hydrogen molecules are completely dissociated, and this analytical result for pure hydrogen plasma can be applied for the solar chromosphere, where He ionization is negligible and H2 dissociation is almost complete. These two conditions define the ranges of applicability of temperatures and densities. The analytical result for pure hydrogen plasma is a test example of how this approach can be extended for an arbitrary gas cocktail.
Thermal Pressures in the Interstellar Medium away from Stellar Environments*
Authors: Jenkins Edward B. , Tripp Todd M.
Published: July 2021

Interstellar thermal pressures can be measured using C i absorption lines that probe the pressure-sensitive populations of the fine-structure levels of its ground state. In a survey of C i absorption toward Galactic hot stars, Jenkins & Tripp found evidence of small amounts (∼0.05%) of gas at high pressures (

p

/

k
≫

10

4

cm

−
3

K

) mixed with a more general presence of lower pressure material exhibiting a log-normal distribution that spanned the range

10

3

≲
p

/

k
≲

10

4

cm

−
3

K

. In this paper, we study Milky Way C i lines in the spectra of extragalactic sources instead of Galactic stars and thus measure the pressures without being influenced by regions where stellar mass loss and H ii region expansions could create localized pressure elevations. We find that the distribution of low pressures in the current sample favors slightly higher pressures than the earlier survey, and the fraction of gaseous material at extremely high pressures is about the same as that found earlier. Thus we conclude that the earlier survey was not appreciably influenced by the stellar environments, and the small amounts of high pressure gas indeed exist within the general interstellar medium.
YMCA-1: A New Remote Star Cluster of the Milky Way?*
Authors: Gatto M. , Ripepi V. , Bellazzini M. , Tosi M. , Tortora C. , Cignoni M. , Spavone M. , Dall’ora M. , Clementini G. , Cusano F. , Longo G. , Musella I. , Marconi M. , Schipani P.
Published: July 2021

We report the possible discovery of a new stellar system (YMCA-1), identified during a search for small scale overdensities in the photometric data of the YMCA survey. The object’s projected position lies on the periphery of the Large Magellanic Cloud about 13° apart from its center. The most likely interpretation of its color–magnitude diagram, as well as of its integrated properties, is that YMCA-1 may be an old and remote star cluster of the Milky Way at a distance of 100 kpc from the Galactic center. If this scenario could be confirmed, then the cluster would be significantly fainter and more compact than most of the known star clusters residing in the extreme outskirts of the Galactic halo, but quite similar to Laevens 3. However, much deeper photometry is needed to firmly establish the actual nature of the cluster, and the distance to the system.
Absence of Bursts between 4 and 8 GHz from FRB 20200120E Located in an M81 Globular Cluster
Authors: Gajjar Vishal , Michilli Daniele , Faber Jakob T. , Berger Sabrina , Croft Steve , Pearlman Aaron B. , Sand Ketan R. , Scholz Paul , Siemion Andrew P. V.
Published: July 2021

We report the non-detection of dispersed bursts between 4 and 8 GHz from 2.5 hr of observations of FRB 20200120E at 6 GHz using the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope. Our fluence limits are several times lower than the average burst fluences reported at 600 and 1400 MHz. We conclude that these non-detections are either due to high-frequency bursts being weaker and/or scintillation-induced modulated. It is also likely that our observations were non-concurrent with any activity window of FRB 20200120E.
The Science Case for a Return to Enceladus
Authors: Cable Morgan L. , Porco Carolyn , Glein Christopher R. , German Christopher R. , MacKenzie Shannon M. , Neveu Marc , Hoehler Tori M. , Hofmann Amy E. , Hendrix Amanda R. , Eigenbrode Jennifer , Postberg Frank , Spilker Linda J. , McEwen Alfred , Khawaja Nozair , Hunter Waite J. , Wurz Peter , Helbert Jörn , Anbar Ariel , de Vera Jean-Pierre , Núñez Jorge
Published: July 2021

The plume of Enceladus is unique in the solar system in providing direct access to fresh material from an extraterrestrial subsurface ocean. The Cassini Mission, though not specifically designed for it, was able to take advantage of the plume to conduct the best characterization to date of an extraterrestrial ocean. Evidence gathered from multiple instruments points to a global, subsurface liquid water ocean rich in salts and organic compounds, with water-rock interactions occurring presumably in hydrothermal systems at or below the moon’s sea floor. Meeting the criteria of “extended regions of liquid water, conditions favorable for the assembly of complex organic molecules, and energy source(s) to sustain metabolism,” the ocean of Enceladus can therefore be considered habitable. It is also the only confirmed place beyond the Earth where we can easily sample fresh material from a demonstrably habitable environment without the complications of digging or drilling. The next step is to investigate whether Enceladus’ ocean is actually inhabited. Here, we summarize the evidence for Enceladus’ ocean and its habitability, identify constraints and outstanding questions on the detectability of life within its ocean, and recommend a return to Enceladus with a dedicated search-for-life mission (or missions).
Development evaluation of nature reserves under China’s forestry department: A spatiotemporal empirical study at the province level
Authors: Zhao Xin , Zhang Jie , Guo Hui
Published: July 2021

It is important to evaluate the development level of nature reserves. In this study, we aimed to assess the development level of nature reserves under the administration of China’s forestry department in 31 provincial-level regions from 2005 to 2017 (excluding Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province). For this purpose, we analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of nature reserve development in different regions using projection pursuit and spatial econometric methods. In terms of temporal distribution, the development level of nature reserves has been steadily improving, and the growth rate showed the trend of “strong fast” and “weak slow”. However, the development gap among different provinces is large. In terms of spatial distribution, the development of nature reserves presented the characteristics of “high in the west and low in the east” and “high in the north and south and low in the middle.” The endowment of natural resources, scientific research, and investment has a considerable effect on the development level of nature reserves. This study provides suggestions for the differential construction and sustainable development of nature reserves in China.
Analysis of inulin and fructans in Taraxacum officinale L. roots as the main inulin-containing component of antidiabetic herbal mixture
Authors: Savych Alona , Bilyk Oksana , Vaschuk Valentina , Humeniuk Ihor
Published: July 2021

Herbs and their combinations due to the wide range of biologically active substances can influence on various links of the pathogenetic mechanism of development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. One of such combinations is an antidiabetic herbal mixture with established hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, pancreatoprotective activity in previous pharmacological study in vivo that including an inulin-containing component – Taraxacum officinale L. roots. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the quantitative content of inulin and fructans in Taraxacum officinale L. Quantity content of inulin was determined by the difference between fructose as a product of enzymatic hydrolysis and D-fructose, a constituent of sucrose and free D-fructose, taking into account the empirical factor for the conversion of D-fructose from inulin. Carbohydrates used in the calculation of inulin were separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after conversion into volatile derivatives as aldononitrile acetate. According to the results, Taraxacum officinale L. roots contain 436.29 mg/g of inulin. Total content of fructans was determined by spectrophotometric analysis as a product of acid hydrolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural. The results show that Taraxacum officinale L. roots contain 39.49% of fructans. The obtained results are evidence that this plant component should be included in the herbal antidiabetic mixture, because due to the presence of fructans and inulin causes hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and detoxification activity.
Analysis of science process skills of chemical education students through self project based learning (SjBL) in the pandemic COVID 19 era
Authors: Rusmini Rusmini , Suyono Suyono , Agustini Rudiana
Published: July 2021

Research has been implemented related to the analysis of the students’ science process skills through project-based learning in a pandemic era. The prohibition of face-to-face lectures causes obstructed trial activities conducted on campus. This condition encourages project-based learning to carry out extraction experiments independently (Self Project Based Learning-SjBL). The method used in this study was the Pre-Experimental Design One-Shot Case Study with 94 students involved in major of chemistry education in the 4th semester. The instruments used in this study were the science process skills assessment sheet, the activity observation sheet, and the students’ response to the questionnaire. The results showed that the ability of students' science process skills was the highest on the indicators of determining tools and materials and also the ability to determine research variables in excellent categories. To determine the work steps, and to make a data table including good categories. Making research objectives, hypotheses, analyzing and drawing conclusions on quite good categories and making problem formulations in bad categories. In general, students' science process skills were in the good category. The activity of implementing student projects received an excellent category and students gave a positive response to project implementation during a pandemic.
Occult Injury Screening Among Infants With Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Authors: Koti Ajay S. , Crichton Kristin G. , Liker Kelly , Hashmi Zarmina , Thackeray Jonathan D.
Published: July 2021

Purpose:

To assess the frequency and nature of occult injury screening in infants with subconjunctival hemorrhages (SCH), the incidence of occult injuries in these children, and the factors that may have influenced the decision to screen for additional injury.

Methods:

Infants aged 14 days to 6 months with SCH who presented to two tertiary pediatric centers were identified from a local database (N = 84). A retrospective chart review collected demographics, examination findings, and imaging results. Infants were further stratified into two groups depending on the presence of additional mucocutaneous injuries. The groups were compared with two-sample
t
testing.

Results:

Skeletal surveys were completed in 31% of patients overall, but the rate of screening was significantly higher among patients who presented with SCH and additional mucocutaneous injuries as opposed to SCH alone. However, the presence of additional mucocutaneous injuries was not associated with an increased risk for positive skeletal survey.

Conclusions:

Rates of occult injury screening among infants with SCH were low and were significantly influenced by the presence of additional injuries. When screening was conducted, occult injuries were commonly identified. Future studies should assess the true prevalence of abuse in this population.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(4):213–217.]
Refractive Amblyopia Secondary to Astigmatism in Pediatric Patients With Distichiasis
Authors: Ackerman Israel M. , Kodsi Sylvia R.
Published: July 2021

Distichiasis is the presence of accessory eyelashes emerging from the meibomian gland orifices. It may occur as an isolated abnormality or in conjunction with other ocular and systemic defects. Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome (LDS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by distichiasis and age-dependent lower extremity swelling due to altered lymphatic flow. The authors describe four pediatric patients with distichiasis (one with genetically proven LDS) with refractive amblyopia secondary to astigmatism.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(4);e16–e18.]
Bilateral Limbal Dermoid as an Isolated Finding in a Child
Authors: Al-Ghadeer Huda , Khandekar Rajiv
Published: July 2021

The authors report a case of a bilateral limbal dermoid in a 4-year-old girl with no extraocular anomalies or systemic associations. The child's best corrected visual acuity was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/40 in the left eye. There was a small limbal dermoid located on the inferotemporal side in the right eye and a large elevated limbal lesion that extended over the visual axis in the left eye. Limbal dermoid excision and lamellar keratoplasty were performed in the left eye and followed by a simple excision of the limbal dermoid in the right eye. Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of a dermoid. At the 2-year follow-up visit, the child's best corrected visual acuity had improved to 20/30 in both eyes. Tumors of the corneal limbus are extremely rare. Simple excision is a viable method of treatment for smaller, superficial lesions, although larger lesions can obstruct the visual axis and produce irregular astigmatism and amblyopia. In this patient, surgical intervention resulted in a reasonable cosmetic and final visual outcome.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2021;58(4):e27–e29.]
Family Caregivers' Conceptions of Trust in Home Health Care Providers
Authors: Russell David , Burgdorf Julia G. , Kramer Catherine , Chase Jo-Ana D.
Published: July 2021

Trust is important to family caregivers of older adults receiving home health care (HHC). Caregivers rely extensively on nurses, home health aides, and other providers to manage complex care tasks. The current study examined how family caregivers conceive of trust in HHC providers. Directed content analysis methods were applied to 40 qualitative interviews conducted with caregivers of HHC patients aged ≥65 years. Results indicated that caregivers invested trust in providers who displayed competencies in caring for patients with chronic conditions and functional difficulties, willingness to foster frequent and open communication with room for questions and feedback, confidence in their ability to be present and alert for patients, and fidelity to a variety of tasks contributing to holistic care. Caregivers' conceptions of trust in providers are affected by interpersonal aspects of their interactions with providers as well as the broader systems of care within which they participate. [
Research in Gerontological Nursing, 14
(4), 200–210.]
Development of surrogate models in reliability-based design optimization: A review
Authors: Li Xiaoke ,   Henan Key Laboratory of Mechanical Equipment Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, MO 450002, China, Yang Qingyu , Wang Yang , Han Xinyu , Cao Yang , Fan Lei , Ma Jun ,   Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, Zhengzhou, MO 451460, China,   China Railway Engineering Equipment Group Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, MO 450002, China
Published: July 2021

Reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) is applied to handle the unavoidable uncertainties in engineering applications. To alleviate the huge computational burden in reliability analysis and design optimization, surrogate models are introduced to replace the implicit objective and performance functions. In this paper, the commonly used surrogate modeling methods and surrogate-assisted RBDO methods are reviewed and discussed. First, the existing reliability analysis methods, RBDO methods, commonly used surrogate models in RBDO, sample selection methods and accuracy evaluation methods of surrogate models are summarized and compared. Then the surrogate-assisted RBDO methods are classified into global modeling methods and local modeling methods. A classic two-dimensional RBDO numerical example are used to demonstrate the performance of representative global modeling method (Constraint Boundary Sampling, CBS) and local modeling method (Local Adaptive Sampling, LAS). The advantages and disadvantages of these two kinds of modeling methods are summarized and compared. Finally, summary and prospect of the surrogate–assisted RBDO methods are drown.
Strict pure strategy Nash equilibria in large finite‐player games
Authors: Carmona Guilherme , Podczeck Konrad
Published: July 2021

In the context of anonymous games (i.e., games where the payoff of a player is, apart from his/her own action, determined by the distribution of the actions made by the other players), we present a model in which, generically (in a precise sense), finite‐player games have strict pure strategy Nash equilibria if the number of agents is large. A key feature of our model is that payoff functions have differentiability properties. A consequence of our existence result is that, in our model, equilibrium distributions of non‐atomic games are asymptotically implementable by pure strategy Nash equilibria of large finite‐player games.
When is a monotone function cyclically monotone?
Authors: Kushnir Alexey I. , Lokutsievskiy Lev V.
Published: July 2021

We provide sufficient conditions for a monotone function with a finite set of outcomes to be cyclically monotone. Using these conditions, we show that any monotone function defined on the domain of gross substitutes is cyclically monotone. The result also extends to the domain of generalized gross substitutes and complements.
Formation of an Educational Policy of the British Raj between 1757 and 1857
Authors: C. Ghosh Suresh
Published: July 2021

Entre la bataille de Plassey (1757) et le milieu du XIXe siècle, la politique éducative du gouvernement britannique en Inde a parcouru trois étapes. Pendant la première phase, allant jusqu’à la victoire des Britanniques aussi bien sur leurs rivaux européens que sur les pouvoirs de l’Inde, les Britanniques furent frappés par la décadence dans laquelle la société de l’Inde était tombée: ils eurent le sentiment que le christianisme joint à l’éducation anglaise pouvait en corriger les défauts majeurs. En 1813, au début de la phase de consolidation du pouvoir britannique, des missionnaires furent admis en Inde, mais la somme modeste de Rs. 1 lakh (environ 10.000 livres sterling de l’époque), qui était annuellement destinée à l’éducation, allait surtout à l’éducation orientale. La croissance de l’administration britannique à Calcutta, Bombay et Madras, qui embauchait comme fonctionnaires subalternes de nombreux Indiens parlant anglais, conduisait cependant à une demande accrue d’éducation anglaise. Grâce à l’influence du mouvement utilitariste en Angleterre et au soutien d’Indiens éclairés comme Ram Mohan Roy, l’anglais remplaça donc le perse comme langue officielle dès 1835.
Entre 1836 et 1853, au cours de la phase d’expansion du pouvoir britannique en Inde, différentes expériences, parmi lesquelles l’éducation en langue vernaculaire, l’éducation technique et l’enseignement aux jeunes filles, aussi bien qu’un essai d’introduire un système de bourses d’études, eurent lieu dans le domaine éducatif ; conjointement avec la pression exercée au Parlement britannique par le groupe de Manchester conduit par John Bright, celles-ci amenèrent l’avènement d’une politique éducative systématique de la part du gouvernement britannique en 1854, puis, d’une façon plus importante encore, en 1857. Le système éducatif forgé à travers ces trois étapes a joué un rôle important dans la formation de l’Inde moderne. Faut-il ajouter que, malgré les tentatives du gouvernement de l’Inde de le faire accorder plus profondément aux besoins et aspirations du peuple indien, il demeure jusqu’à ce jour pour l’essentiel inchangé?
The Central Government and the Formulation of Educational Policy in Greece in the Early XIXth Century
Authors: Dimaras Alexis
Published: July 2021

Le système éducatif grec a été établi par une série de lois au cours de la décennie 1830-1840. C’est pendant cette période que l’administration bavaroise, qui encadrait le nouveau roi, transplanta en Grèce des prototypes allemands pour l’organisation de l’enseignement secondaire et universitaire. Ce faisant, elle écartait la tendance des intellectuels grecs qui, quelques années plus tôt, s’étaient inspirés du mouvement progressiste anglais et de l’esprit des Lumières tel qu’il s’était développé en France.
Quant à l’enseignement élémentaire, c’est la loi Guizot (1833) qui servit de modèle; elle-même était d’ailleurs née de l’admiration devant le système allemand. Aussi bien selon les textes rédigés par les Bavarois que dans l’esprit de la loi française, un contrôle sévère de l’éducation était exigé, effectué par une autorité centrale. C’est ainsi que l’éducation est devenue en Grèce un système particulièrement centralisé, exprimant à la fois l’esprit néo-humaniste allemand et l’admiration pour la Grèce elle-même, et reflétant les doctrines sociales et politiques de ses inspirateurs. Nombreux étaient ceux qui, même en Grèce, croyaient que c’était là ce dont le pays avait besoin.
Comme méthode d’enseignement au niveau élémentaire, la méthode mutuelle (ou lancastrienne) fut adoptée pour toutes les écoles du royaume. Propagée un peu partout en Europe occidentale (sauf en Allemagne), elle fut considérée, au début, comme un instrument de liberté et de progrès social. Or, au moment où elle était officiellement adoptée en Grèce, elle commençait déjà à perdre son prestige: son caractère autoritaire et caporaliste devenait de plus en plus apparent. Mais elle pouvait servir d’outil pour l’application du système bavarois. C’est le manuel de Louis-Charles Sarazin qui, dans sa version grecque, fut imposé comme guide unique pour l’enseignement selon cette méthode.
Dans ses grandes lignes ce schéma a continué d’être valable jusqu’à nos jours. Il s’est même trouvé renforcé du fait que les commissions locales prévues par la loi ont graduellement perdu toute leur autorité.
Free, Compulsory and Secular Education in Australia, 1872-1891
Authors: Grundy Denis
Published: July 2021

L’instruction élémentaire fut généralisée en Australie sous la direction centralisée de l’État. Ce pouvoir lui fut confié afin qu’il assurât un système scolaire laïque, obligatoire et gratuit. Ainsi fut mis un terme à une ère d’âpre controverse sur la question du subventionnement des écoles confessionnelles par l’État. Au lieu de cela, les parlements coloniaux établirent un système éducatif d’État qui assurait un enseignement primaire public uniforme, conformément à l’opinion populaire selon laquelle l’accès à une scolarité standardisée et laïque était un droit civique fondamental de tout colon. Sur le plan idéologique, on vantait le système d’instruction publique d’État comme une expression de la démocratie populaire.
Cependant, ce système éducatif était dirigé par une inspection rigide et autoritaire, dont les méthodes pédagogiques étaient fondées sur des précédents anglais. Elle reproduisait des méthodes d’enseignement standardisées qui avaient été mises au point en Angleterre pour maîtriser les conflits entre les classes d’une société industrialisée. Or, en Australie ces pratiques consolidèrent au contraire l’ascendant puissant et populaire de la classe moyenne. L’organisation par l’État d’un enseignement efficace était envisagée comme un moyen destiné à faciliter l’amélioration de la position sociale de l’individu. Les écoles de l’État propageaient les vertus de l’individualisme économique; mais le système éducatif en tant que tel était considéré comme un accomplissement politique radical d’un gouvernement populaire. En conséquence, la mise en vigueur de l’obligation scolaire butait sur des problèmes de classe sociale dont l’existence même était niée par l’idéologie du système éducatif. Il en était de même de la gratuité de l’instruction : elle représentait « l’égalité des chances », qui en réalité était faussée par des différences de classe. La capacité de l’État de réagir à ces conditions était limitée par la rigidité de la réglementation bureaucratique que l’on avait établie dans le but de promulguer justement un enseignement efficace.. La rentabilité pédagogique était mesurée par des concours standardisés. La responsabilité des échecs incombait aux élèves ou à leurs parents « négligents ». Les écoles reflétaient les inégalités sociales, sous l’hégémonie de la classe moyenne. Mais la « neutralité » de la part de l’État fut maintenue en raison de l’opinion politique populaire selon laquelle toutes les classes sociales participeraient également aux bienfaits d’une direction étatique de l’instruction publique.
La création de l’enseignement professionnel agricole en France (1848-1880)
Authors: Boulet Michel
Published: July 2021

In 1848 the French Government introduced the professional teaching of agriculture at three levels, to meet the requirements of agriculture : i) school farms to turn out skilful workers ; ii) regional schools to train principale of farms, owners or farmers ; iii) a national Agronomie Institute to prepare teachers and highly qualified popularisers.
This organisation corresponded with a pattern of agricultural development called the « English model », i.e. an agriculture based on large farms employing wage-earners. In addition teaching was directed to retaining farmers on the land, to prevent them from joining the rising workers’movement. In 1870 the number graduating annually from such agricultural schools was only 390.
To gain the support of farmers the Third French Republic established practical schools for those with a small or medium income and appointed teachers of agriculture in every department of France (the locality administered by a prefect). Thanks to this it became a question of providing courses in agriculture for intending teachers and lectures for farmers. The « English model » was abandoned, the Third Republic sought an agriculture based on millions of individual farm properties, a « country democracy ».
From 1848 to 1880 despite changes in educational policy professional training in agriculture remained secondary. This was because the main element in the evolution of agricultural teaching was a model of agricultural development, not of the education of the worker and citizen.
De l’influence du catholicisme sur les stratégies éducatives des régimes politiques français de 1806 à 1906
Authors: Gerbod Paul
Published: July 2021

When, in 1806, Napoleon I decided to award a « monopoly of education » to his University it seemed that the historical role of the Catholic Church as guide of education, exercised until the Revolution of 1789, had been definitively ended. But to consider the period 1806 to 1906 is to find that the influence of Catholicism in educational matters remained very important and that successive political administrations have been deeply conscious of the fact.
Généalogie d’une morale
Authors: Crubellier Maurice
Published: July 2021

Ethics and moral teaching were among the chief concerns of the founders of the French republican schoot in the 1880’s. This morality was to be, in their view, universal and eternal, the only true one ; it was in fact the morality of a given society and time, estabiished during the sixteenth century and subséquently adapted in response to a series of profound economic and cultural transformations. This contribution seeks to note certain éléments in this development, i.e. works which enjoyed great popularity, notably in schools. First, the books of civilité (studied by Norbert Elias), often as booklets sold in towns and the countryside by pedlars and hawkers up to the early nineteenth century. One of the most famous was written by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle for the use of the poor children in his Institut des Frères des Écoles chrétiennes. After the French Revolution, two works acquired great pedagogic fame : the French translation of Benjamin Franklin’s La Science du bonhomme Richard and Laurent de Jussieu’s Simon de Nantua ou Le marchand forain, The latter chiefly praised the simple and sober life, the former the spirit of initiative, both emphasising in particular such values as work, thrift, property, hygiene and sobriety, and submission to Providence. Another book, Francinet by G. Bruno, published in
Structures administratives et politique scolaire dans l’enseignement primaire urbain
Authors: Bousquet Pierre
Published: July 2021

This paper, taking the example of Paris from 1830 to 1914, aims to show how administrative supervision may have been partly responsible for the educational under-devetopment of a large town. Four stages will be covered. First, in 1833 during the reign of Louis-Philippe, a Central Committee for Primary Instruction was set up for all districts of Paris. It was in fact controlled by leading citizens, now elected local councillors, who carried out a municipal school policy independently of both the University and the local administration. They stood for the method of mutual teaching in an undenominational spirit and ended administrative anarchy. But because of their conservatism the schools supported by the City of Paris remained schools for the very poor, their number was grossly inadequate and teaching methods hardly answered the needs of the population.

Consequently, in 1854, under the Emperor Napoleon III, the management of schools was taken over by the Préfecture where an Academie Inspecter presided over a Primary Instruction Board. Under close supervision from the Prefect, his powers were strictly limited to pedagogical coordination – he had no control over supplies of equipment. This dissemination of authority led to similar flaws, especially from 1860 onwards – too few schools and still more inadequate teaching methods for a very unstable population. In 1868 Octave Gréard planned a pedagogical reform to provide this population with basic skills in a coherent manner.
In 1871 a new central authority for primary teaching was introduced but for the Seine department only. This took over school equipment services and subordinated them to pedagogical initiative in a specialised office called the Central Bureau ; a planning body which brought about centralisation and standardisation in the management of equipment and the development of a hierarchy. However local councillors availed themselves of many opportunities to influence schools so that from 1876 onwards many supported schools became increasingly secularised and from 1880 vocational training was developed. Carriot who replaced Gréard in 1879 even had to resign in 1896.
By the turn of the century the mood changed. Caught between a nationalistic town council and teachers who challenged the authority of headmasters, the new Director, Bedorez, temporised without being able to solve the pressing problems of the status of schoolmasters. On the other hand administrative management became heavy and « imperalistic », pushing pedagogical initiative into the background. As a result primary schools in Paris were threatened by dull routine and anonymity.
Le laïcisme éducatif et l’influence des lois Ferry en Espagne dans le dernier quart du xixe siècle
Authors: Monés Jordi , Pujol-Busquets
Published: July 2021

This paper raises the question of the influence of the French school System, and other models, on the modem educational structure in Spain. In assessing differences in development the determining role of the Church within the Spanish State is emphasised, and in analysing these there is reference to the social class structure and the social basis of the dominant classes in both States, formed in France by sectors linked to the industrial bourgeoisie and in the case of Spain by an economic oligarchy at whose core the industrialist had little weight.There is an attempt to specify the differences between the level of schooling in both States which became accentuated as the XIXth century advanced. It does not appear that there was an excessive preoccupation with universal education during these years – the social situation of the working class, and peasantry, however numerically important, was not favoured by a policy of universal schooling. As for the ethics of the matter – the secular school was considered highly improper at the time – the attitudes of three groups will be considered : the moderate secularist, the militant secularist and the traditionalist.In relation to the first group, the closest to the ideology of politicians of the Third French Republie, the ideas of the Liberal Party, in power during these years, will be briefly considered ; with particular reference to the influence on liberals and republicans of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza of Madrid, an organisation with a coherent and defined educational policy.In the case of the militant laicists the coexistence of two groups is discerned ; one a socially and politically moderate group, although very aggressive on the religious aspect, the other more ready to compromise in both fields. Social control exercised by the caciques and especially the Church prevented an extension of this movement which was numerically small and limited geographically to Andalusia, the Valencian region, Madrid and especially Catalonia. A characteristic feature of these groups is anticlerical virulence – secularisme was for
Une identité nouvelle pour l’Afrique du Sud
Authors: Bellamy William
Published: July 2021

L’abolition de l’Apartheid en Afrique du Sud marque une victoire importante pour les idées démocratiques et pacifiques. Cette passation politique est l’aboutissement de plus de dix ans de mobilisation populaire contre les classifications dites chromatiques: « black », « white », « colored ».

Aujourd’hui il subsiste une zone d’ombre sur ces forces antiapartheid. Quel fut le rôle des personnes classées « white » ? Ce livre décrit les trajectoires de trois associations: Black Sash, End Conscription Campaign, Five freedoms Forum. De plus, sont examinées les importantes contributions apportées par les historiens et les artistes. Enfin, l’analyse des symboles d’unité nationale permet de comprendre comment a pu naître une nouvelle identité sud-africaine.
Contribution of Water Flow Glazing to Net-Zero Energy Buildings
Authors: del Ama Gonzalo Fernando , Moreno Belen , Griffin Matthew , Ramos Juan Antonio Hernandez
Published: July 2021

Net-zero energy buildings (NetZEBs) are of a building typology designed to combine energy efficiency and renewable energy generation to consume only as much energy as produced onsite through renewable resources over a specified time. The successful creation of NetZEBs is crucial to combating the current climate crisis. Water flow glazing (WFG) is a key technology that will assist in achieving this goal. Several experimental facilities have been designed and constructed to collect data based on WFG technology. These experimental facilities demonstrate that the successful implementation of WFG will allow reducing heating and cooling loads, primary energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. However, a wrong WFG selection can lead to failure in NetZEBs design. The goal of this text was to assess WFG performance through key performance indicators to understand the need of other renewable energies so that the construction of NetZEBs becomes a realistic target.