bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notation-Independent Representation of Fractions in the Human Parietal Cortex
Authors: Jacob Simon N. , Nieder Andreas
Published: April 2009

Although the concept of whole numbers is intuitive and well suited for counting and ordering, it is with the invention of fractions that the number system gained precision and flexibility. Absolute magnitude is encoded by single neurons that discharge maximally to specific numbers. However, it is unknown how the ratio of two numbers is represented, whether by processing numerator and denominator in separation, or by extending the analog magnitude code to relative quantity. Using functional MRI adaptation, we now show that populations of neurons in human fronto-parietal cortex are tuned to preferred fractions, generalizing across the format of presentation. After blood oxygen level-dependent signal adaptation to constant fractions, signal recovery to deviant fractions was modulated parametrically as a function of numerical distance between the deviant and adaptation fraction. The distance effect was invariant to changes in notation from number to word fractions and strongest in the anterior intraparietal sulcus, a key region for the processing of whole numbers. These findings demonstrate that the human brain uses the same analog magnitude code to represent both absolute and relative quantity. Our results have implications for mathematical education, which may be tailored to better harness our ability to access automatically a composite quantitative measure.
Synaptic Activity-Mediated Suppression of p53 and Induction of Nuclear Calcium-Regulated Neuroprotective Genes Promote Survival through Inhibition of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition
Authors: Lau David , Bading Hilmar
Published: April 2009

Cellular stress caused by genetic or environmental factors are considered to be the major inducers of cell death under pathological conditions. Induction of the apoptotic function of the tumor suppressor p53 is a common cellular response to severe genotoxic and oxidative stresses. In the nervous system, accumulation of p53 and increased p53 activity are associated with neuronal loss in acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we show that regulation of the p53 gene (trp53) is an integral part of a synaptic activity-controlled, calcium-dependent neuroprotective transcriptional program. Action potential (AP) bursting suppressestrp53expression and downregulates key proapoptotic p53 target genes,apaf1andbbc3(puma). At the same time, AP bursting activates the nuclear calcium-induced neuroprotective gene,btg2. Depletion of endogenous p53 levels using RNA interference or expression of Btg2 renders neurons more resistant against excitotoxicity-induced mitochondrial permeability transitions and promotes neuronal survival under severe cellular stresses. We propose that suppression of p53 functions together with nuclear calcium-regulated neuroprotective genes in a coordinate and synergistic manner to promote neuronal survival through the stabilization of mitochondria against cellular stresses.
Synaptic SAP97 Isoforms Regulate AMPA Receptor Dynamics and Access to Presynaptic Glutamate
Authors: Waites Clarissa L. , Specht Christian G. , Härtel Kai , Leal-Ortiz Sergio , Genoux David , Li Dong , Drisdel Renaldo C. , Jeyifous Okun , Cheyne Juliette E. , Green William N. , Montgomery Johanna M. , Garner Craig C.
Published: April 2009

The synaptic insertion of GluR1-containing AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) is critical for synaptic plasticity. However, mechanisms responsible for GluR1 insertion and retention at the synapse are unclear. The synapse-associated protein SAP97 directly binds GluR1 and participates in its forward trafficking from the Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Whether SAP97 also plays a role in scaffolding GluR1 at the postsynaptic membrane is controversial, attributable to its expression as a collection of alternatively spliced isoforms with ill-defined spatial and temporal distributions. In the present study, we have used live imaging and electrophysiology to demonstrate that two postsynaptic, N-terminal isoforms of SAP97 directly modulate the levels, dynamics, and function of synaptic GluR1-containing AMPARs. Specifically, the unique N-terminal domains confer distinct subsynaptic localizations onto SAP97, targeting the palmitoylated α-isoform to the postsynaptic density (PSD) and the L27 domain-containing β-isoform primarily to non-PSD, perisynaptic regions. Consequently, α- and βSAP97 differentially influence the subsynaptic localization and dynamics of AMPARs by creating binding sites for GluR1-containing receptors within their respective subdomains. These results indicate that N-terminal splicing of SAP97 can control synaptic strength by regulating the distribution of AMPARs and, hence, their responsiveness to presynaptically released glutamate.
Neurogenesis in an Adult Avian Song Nucleus Is Reduced by Decreasing Caspase-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Thompson Christopher K. , Brenowitz Eliot A.
Published: April 2009

Neuron death and replacement are fundamental components of brain plasticity. Much remains unknown, however, about the mechanistic interaction between neuron death and neurogenesis in adult vertebrates. In seasonally breeding adult male white-crowned sparrows, the song system nucleus HVC loses ∼26% of its neurons via caspase-dependent apoptosis within 4 d after a transition to nonbreeding physiological conditions. To determine whether neuronal death is necessary for the recruitment of new neurons, we infused caspase inhibitors into HVCin vivoand suppressed neurodegeneration for at least 20 d after the transition to nonbreeding conditions. The blockade of HVC neuron death reduced the number and density of new neurons recruited to the ipsilateral HVC by 48 and 29%, respectively, compared with contralateral HVC. Our results are the first to show that reducing neuronal death in the adult brain decreases the recruitment of new neurons.
VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 Signaling Leading to cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation Is a Shared Pathway Underlying the Protective Effect of Preconditioning on Neurons and Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lee Hsueh-Te , Chang Ying-Chao , Tu Yi-Fang , Huang Chao-Ching
Published: April 2009

Preconditioning protects endothelial cells as well as neurons from ischemic injury. In 7-d-old rat pups, ligating the carotid artery 1 h before hypoxia damaged the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere; in contrast, ligating the artery 24 h before hypoxia provided complete neuroprotection. The protective effect of the 24 h artery ligation preconditioning model requires the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). We tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) signaling that leads to CREB activation is the shared pathway underlying the protective effect of preconditioning in neurons and endothelial cells. VEGF-A, VEGFR-1, or VEGFR-2 was inhibited by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)in vivoand by a VEGF-A neutralizing antibody or VEGFR-2 inhibitorin vitro. CREB phosphorylation (pCREB) and VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 expression were increased and colocalized in vascular endothelial cells and neurons in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex 24 h after ligation. The antisense ODN blockades of VEGF-A and VEGFR-2 decreased pCREB and reduced the protection of 24 h ligation preconditioning. Furthermore, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) preconditioning upregulated VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, and pCREB levels and protected immortalized H19-7 neuronal cells and b.End3 vascular endothelial cells against 24 h OGD cell death. Blocking VEGF-A or VEGFR-2 reduced CREB activation and the effects of OGD preconditioning in neuronal cells and endothelial cells. Transfecting a serine-133 phosphorylation mutant CREB also inhibited the protective effect of OGD preconditioning. We conclude that VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling leading to CREB phosphorylation is the shared pathway underlying the preconditioning-induced protective effect in neurons and vascular endothelial cells in the developing brain.
Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Retain Their Potential for Proliferation and Differentiation into Functional Neurons Despite Lower Number in Aged Brain
Authors: Ahlenius Henrik , Visan Violeta , Kokaia Merab , Lindvall Olle , Kokaia Zaal
Published: April 2009

Neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ), which gives rise to new neurons in the olfactory bulb, continues throughout life but declines with increasing age. Little is known about how aging affects the intrinsic properties of the neural stem and progenitor cells (NSCs) in SVZ and the functional characteristics of their neuronal progeny. Here, we have compared the properties of NSCs isolated from embryonic lateral ganglionic eminence and adult and aged SVZ in mice usingin vivoandin vitrosystems, analyzed their gene expression profile, and studied their electrophysiological characteristics before and after differentiation into neurons. We show a loss of NSCs in SVZ from aged mice accompanied by reduced expression of genes for NSC markers, developmentally important transcription factors, and neurogenic factors. However, when isolatedin vitro, the NSCs from SVZ of aged animals have capacity for proliferation and multilineage differentiation, including production of functional neurons, similar to that of NSCs in adult mice, albeit with lower efficacy. These properties are of major importance when considering therapeutic applications of neuronal replacement from endogenous NSCs in the injured, aged brain.
Asian Girls are Prettier: Gendered Presentations as Stigma Management among Gay Asian Men
Authors: Han Chong‐suk
Published: April 2009

Despite the well‐documented cases of racism toward gay Asian men in the gay community, there is currently little research on how gay Asian men manage racial stigma. In this article, I examine the racial stigma management strategies of gay Asian men. I examine the nature of gay racial stigma toward gay Asian men and find that they use gendered presentations to counter the stereotype that they are more feminine than gay white men. While some gay Asian men engender a hypermasculine presentation, others use a hyperfeminine presentation to trade a more‐stigmatized status for one that is less stigmatizing. More important, these men actively embrace stereotypes to successfully make these transitions. This article demonstrates that stigmatized groups can manage stigma by highlighting their spoiled identities rather than attempting to minimize them.
Nyelőcsőtumor miatt végzett laparoscopos transhiatalis nyelőcső-exstirpatior
Authors: Lukovich Péter , Papp András , Nehéz László , Nagy Katalin , Kupcsulik Péter
Published: April 2009

Absztrakt

Bevezetés:A minimálisan invazív nyelőcső-exstirpatio a nyelőcsőtumorok sebészetében napjainkban már a hagyományos műtéti technika alternatívája.Beteg és módszer:A szerzők egy 51 éves nőbeteg esetét ismertetik, akinek bizonytalan hasi panaszok miatt végzett endoscopia során derült fény a fogsortól 32 cm magasságban elhelyezkedő, kb. 2 cm-es nyelőcsődaganatára. EUS- és CT-vizsgálat történt, mely szerint a tumor a submucosát elérte, regionális nyirokcsomó-metastasis nem volt kimutatható. A tumor intraluminalis endoscopos eltávolítása nem jött szóba, ezért laparoscopos transhiatalis nyelőcső-exstirpatio történt. A nyelőcső pótlása az intracorporalisan csövesített gyomorral a hátsó mediastinumban történt.Eredmény:A posztoperatív szakban a gyomor középső harmadában ventriculopleuralis fistula alakult ki, mely konzervatív kezelés mellett (mellkasi drainage, Salem-szonda) gyógyult. Az egyik trokár helyén készült tápláló jejunostoma mellett kialakult phlegmone miatt feltárás, majd perzisztáló vékonybélnedvcsorgás miatt a jejunostoma helyének suturája történt. 3 hónappal a műtét után végzett kontrollvizsgálat során a beteg panaszmentes volt, és hízott 2 kg-ot.Következtetés:A laparoscopos transhiatalis nyelőcső-exstirpatio rendelkezik a minimálisan invazív módszer minden előnyével, ugyanakkor – a kifejezetten jó látási viszonyok következtében – a hagyományos transhiatalis műtétnél radikálisabb műtét végezhető ilyen módon. A szerzők az esetismertetés kapcsán egyéb minimálisan invazív módszerekről s ezekkel kapcsolatban a nyirokcsomó-dissectio, a pylorusplasztika és nyelőcsőpótlás kérdésköréről is beszámolnak.
Investigating the fatigue performance of grouted macadams
Authors: Oliveira J. R. M. , Sangiorgi C. , Fattorini G. , Zoorob S. E.
Published: April 2009

A conventional grouted macadam is manufactured by producing a highly porous asphalt skeleton (25–35% voids), and filling the voids with a selected highly flowable cementitious grout. Grouted macadam combines some of the best qualities of concrete and asphalt pavements, namely the flexibility and absence of joints which characterise asphalt and the high static bearing capacity and wear resistance of concrete. Moreover grouted macadam layers are impermeable and efficiently distribute the stresses in the underlying base layer. The speed of construction of grouted macadam surfacings and the short duration required prior to opening to traffic is a major advantage over conventional concrete. Current fields of applications include: airport pavements, industrial floors, harbours, bus terminals, distribution centres, and other heavily stressed areas. The aim of this investigation was to assess the fatigue behaviour of a range of grouted macadam mixtures. Indirect tensile fatigue tests and two point bending tests were conducted on laboratory manufactured specimens and on samples extracted from a trafficked pavement test facility. The experimental work provided interesting data on the influence of mixture composition on fatigue life and highlighted differences between strain and stress-controlled fatigue tests on performance of grouted macadam mixtures compared with conventional asphalts.
New Developments in the Control of Lost Circulation
Authors: Scott P.P. , Lummus J.L.
Published: April 2009

Laboratory and field tests were conducted for the purpose of improving techniques for the control of loss of circulation of drilling fluids and to determine some effects of lost circulation materials on drilling fluids and drilling rates.

The physical properties of granular materials most suited for use in drilling fluids to seal fractures were found to be angularity, low specific gravity, high compressive strength, low modulus of elasticity and low hardness factor.

Results of tests indicate that materials possessing these physical properties and graded in particle size from 30 mesh to 100 mesh, so as to pass through a shale shaker screen, reduce circulation losses to induced fractures. Also, these materials were found to improve the lubricity of drilling fluids. Results of other tests indicate that the cutting action of rotary rock bits is not impaired by the addition of lost circulation materials to the drilling fluids.

Mixtures of coarse, granular materials and solid, oil-soluble materials were found satisfactory to prevent loss of drilling fluids to oil-bearing formations without impeding subsequent flow of oil from these formations.

Results of field tests show that a slurry of diesel oil-bentonite-cement will plug severe lost circulation zones containing natural fractures and vugs.

Introduction

Much progress has been made in the control of lost circulation of drilling fluids as a result of improvements in drilling fluids and drilling techniques, and developments of new lost circulation materials and remedial procedures. Nevertheless, lost circulation remains one of the outstanding problems of the drilling industry.

In the Gulf Coast area, lost circulation is often controlled at the expense of increased mud chemical and additive costs. In other areas where large openings in formations are encountered, maintaining circulation may involve large expenditures of time and motley. Some aspects of lost circulation which have been given little attention are the effects of conventional lost circulation materials on the properties of drilling fluids and the cutting action of rotary bits, and the hazard of plugging productive formations when combatting lost circulation.
Validating the FAO AquaCrop Model for Irrigated and Water Deficient Field Maize
Authors: Heng Lee Kheng , Hsiao Theodore , Evett Steve , Howell Terry , Steduto Pasquale
Published: April 2009

Accurate crop development models are important tools in evaluating the effects of water deficits on crop yield or productivity. The FAO AquaCrop model predicts crop productivity, water requirement, and water use efficiency (WUE) under water‐limiting conditions. A set of conservative parameters [calibrated and validated for maize (Zea mays L.) in a prior study and considered applicable to a wide range of conditions and not specific to a given maize cultivar] were used to further evaluate the performance of AquaCrop model for maize using data from three studies performed under diverse environmental conditions: Bushland, TX; Gainesville, FL; and Zaragoza, Spain. The three locations were characterized by the extraordinarily high evapotranspiration (ET) and wind speed in the Bushland study; rainy weather and sandy soil in the Gainesville study; and the semiarid conditions in the Zaragoza study. The model was able to simulate the crop water use (ET) under very high ET and wind conditions. Furthermore, the model performed satisfactorily for the growth of aboveground biomass, grain yield, and canopy cover (CC) in the non‐water‐stress treatments and mild stress conditions, but it was less satisfactory in simulating severe water‐stress treatments, especially when stress occurred during senescence. The ease of use of the AquaCrop model, the low requirement of input parameters, and its sufficient degree of simulation accuracy make it a valuable tool for estimating crop productivity under rainfed conditions, supplementary and deficit irrigation, and on‐farm water management strategies for improving the efficiency of water use in agriculture.
AquaCrop—The FAO Crop Model to Simulate Yield Response to Water: III. Parameterization and Testing for Maize
Authors: Hsiao Theodore C. , Heng Lee , Steduto Pasquale , Rojas‐Lara Basilio , Raes Dirk , Fereres Elias
Published: April 2009

The first crop chosen to parameterize and test the new FAO AquaCrop model is maize (Zea mays L.). Working mainly with data sets from 6 yr of maize field experiments at Davis, CA, plus another 4 yr of Davis maize canopy data, a set of conservative (nearly constant) parameters of AquaCrop, presumably applicable to widely different conditions and not specific to a given crop cultivar, was evaluated by test simulations, and used to simulate the 6 yr of Davis data. The treatment variable was irrigation—withholding water after planting continuously, only up to tasseling, from tasseling onward, or intermittently, and with full irrigation (FI) as the control. From year to year, plant density (7–11.9 plants m−2), planting date (14 May−15 June), cultivar (a total of four), and atmospheric evaporative demand varied. The conservative parameters included: canopy growth and canopy decline coefficient (CDC); crop coefficient for transpiration (Tr) at full canopy; normalized water productivity for biomass (WP∗); soil water depletion thresholds for the inhibition leaf growth and of stomatal conductance, and for the acceleration of canopy senescence; reference harvest index (HIo); and coefficients for adjusting harvest index (HI) in relation to inhibition of leaf growth and of stomatal conductance. With all 19 parameters held constant, AquaCrop simulated the final aboveground biomass within 10% of the measured value for at least 8 of the 13 treatments (6 yr of experiments) and also the grain yield for at least five of the cases. In at least four of the cases, the simulated results were within 5% of the measured for biomass as well as for grain yield. The largest deviation between the simulated and measured values was 22% for biomass, and 24% for grain yield. Importantly, the simulated pattern of canopy progression and biomass accumulation over time were close to those measured, with Willmott's index of agreement (d) for 11 of the 13 cases being ≥0.98 for canopy cover (CC), and ≥0.97 for biomass. Accelerated senescence of canopy due to water stress, however, proved to be difficult to simulate accurately; of the six cases, the index of agreement for the worst one was 0.957 for canopy and 0.915 for biomass. Possible reasons for the discrepancies between the simulated and measured results include simplifications in the model and inaccuracies in measurements. The usefulness of AquaCrop with well‐calibrated conservative parameters in assessing water use efficiency (WUE) of a crops under different conditions and in devising strategies to improve WUE is discussed.
Community Effectiveness of Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy for Malaria in Rural Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf O. B. , Falade C. O. , Ajayi I. O. , Gbotosho G. O. , Happi T. C. , Pagnoni F.
Published: April 2009

A descriptive cross sectional survey using an interviewer-administered questionnaire was carried out among 700 caregivers whose children had fever during the previous two weeks. The aim was to determine the community effectiveness of malaria treatment using arthemeter-lumefantrine (AL) among under-5-year-olds in a rural community in southwestern Nigeria. A total of 353 (50.9%) children received AL. About half of these children (49%) were said to have been treated within 24 hours of onset of symptoms; 44% took the drug for the stipulated period of time; 42% received the correct dosage; and only 4% received all the treatment steps. With a drug efficacy of 100%, AL achieved a community effectiveness of 4%. The greatest effort in the home management of malaria strategy should be in reducing delay in treatment and improving dosage and duration of treatment.
The homogeneity range of lyonsite-type phase existing in the CrVO4 - Co3V2O8 system
Authors: Kurzawa Maria , Bosacka Monika , Filipek Elzbieta , Rychlowska-Himmel Izabella
Published: April 2009

In the work presented here, the way of obtaining the phase with general formula Co3+1.5xCr2–x(VO4)4 (0 ≤ × 4 - Co3V2O8 that is formed in one of the intersection of the ternary CoO - V2O5 - Cr2O3 system. Monophasic Co3Cr2(VO4)4 (Co3+1.5xCr2−x(VO4)4, where × = 0) was obtained from both a mixture comprising CrVO4 and Co3V2O8 as well as from the mixture of CoV2O6 with CoCr2O4. The Co3+1.5xCr2−x(VO4)4 is isotypic with the those demonstrating the lyonsite-type structure. The temperature of melting for the new compound was established using the DTA methods.
Subsolidus area of the system CdO - V2O5 - Fe2O3
Authors: Blonska-Tabero Anna
Published: April 2009

Phase diagrams in the subsolidus area of the systems FeVO4 - CdO and FeVO4 - Cd2V2O7 have been deduced using the results of XRD and DTA analyses. On the basis of these diagrams and some additional verifying research, a projection of the subsolidus area of the CdO - V2O5 - Fe2O3 system onto the plane that comprises the components’ concentration triangle has been presented. The H-type phase is the only phase formed in this system. It co-exists at equilibrium with other phases in six subsidiary subsystems.
The Brown Legacy and the O’Connor Challenge:Transforming Schools in the Images of Children’s Potential
Authors: Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: April 2009

The gap between Blacks and Whites in educational outcomes has narrowed dramatically over the past 60 years, but progress stopped around 1990. The author reviews research suggesting that increasing the quantity and quality of schooling can play a powerful role in overcoming racial inequality. To achieve that goal, he reasons, our knowledge of best instructional practice should drive our conceptions of teachers’ work, teachers’ expertise, school leadership, and parent involvement. The research agenda supporting this paradigm connects developmental science to instructional practice and school organization and requires close collaboration between practitioners and researchers in a relentless commitment to provide superb educational opportunities to children whose future success depends most strongly on schooling.
Readability of the Patient Education Section of the AOFAS Website
Authors: Bluman Eric M. , Foley Ryan P. , Chiodo Christopher P.
Published: April 2009

Background:

One of the goals of the AOFAS website is to provide easily understandable information about orthopaedic foot and ankle conditions to the public. However, validation of this goal has not been conducted. Evaluation of text reading level is frequently performed using the Flesch-Kincaid formula (FKF). This study evaluated whether the patient information section of the AOFAS website meets recommended readability guidelines for medical information.

Materials and Methods:

Seventy-nine publicly accessible entries within the patient education section of the AOFAS website were analyzed for grade level readability using the FKF.

Results:

Two entries were unable to be effectively evaluated using the FKF. The average grade reading level of all patient education entries was 8.3 (95% CI 7.8 to 8.9). Only 20.8% of entries were at or below a 6th grade reading level. Almost 30% were above the 8th grade level. The average grade levels of the constituent sections were: “Ailments and Conditions”, 8.7; “Steps to Recovery”, 7.1; “Adult Feet”, 8.3; “Children's Feet”, 7.5; “Foot Health and Fitness”, 7.8; “Shoes”, 8.5; and “Glossary”, 10.1. The percentage of entries within these sections below a 7th grade reading level were 13%, 30%, 0%, 0%, 43%, 24% and 0%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The percentage of entries at or below the recommended 6th grade reading level on the AOFAS website compared favorably with other orthopaedic organizations' websites. However, the majority still exceeds a recommended reading level. To enhance the readability of patient education materials, we believe use of computer aided readability assessment tools should be considered in future website revisions.
Validity of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Martin RobRoy L. , Hutt Dennis M. , Wukich Dane K.
Published: April 2009

Background:

The Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) has been shown to be reliable, valid, and responsive in a general orthopaedic population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate validity for the FAAM in individuals with diabetes. It was hypothesized that FAAM scores would relate to measures of physical function while not correspond to measures of mental health. It was also hypothesized that FAAM scores would be different based on reported general health.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty-three subjects with diabetes and foot and ankle related complaints completed intake information during a routine clinical visit. Subjects had an average age of 60.3 (range, 21 to 93; SD 13.7) years. Subjects were grouped based on their reported general health with 55 (64.7%) and 28 (32.9%), reporting excellent-good and fair-poor general health, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between the FAAM and SF-36. As evidence for discriminative validity, one-way ANOVA was used to determine if FAAM scores could distinguish between individuals that reported excellent-good from those that reported fair-poor levels of general health.

Results:

The FAAM had high correlation to the SF-36 physical function subscale ( r > 0.60) and physical component summary score ( r > 0.70) and significantly ( p < 0.005) lower correlation to the mental health subscale ( r < 0.33) and mental component summary score ( r < 0.30). Oneway ANOVA found those that reported excellent-good general health scored significantly higher on the ADL subscale (57 vs 44 [F(1,82) = 4.6, p = 0.035]) but did score differently on the Sports subscales (32 vs 22 [F(1,70) = 1.7, p = 0.20]).

Conclusion:

This study offers evidence of validity for the FAAM ADL subscale as an outcome instrument to measure physical function in individuals with diabetes and foot and/or ankle related disorders. Further research is needed for the Sports subscale in individuals with diabetes who are functioning at a higher level. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Case Control Series
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Adolescent Painful Flexible Flatfoot
Authors: Wong Margaret W. N. , Griffith James F.
Published: April 2009

Background:

The cause of navicular tuberosity pain in adolescents with flexible flatfeet is not well understood. We hypothesized that some of the navicular tuberosity pain may be related to insertional enthesopathy of the posterior tibial tendon at the navicular. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to look for abnormal signal changes in a series of patients.

Material and Method:

Consecutive adolescent patients presenting with flexible flatfeet and navicular tuberosity pain were prospectively recruited. A detailed foot examination and body fat analysis was performed. Standing radiographs and Tekscan pedobarograph of both feet were obtained. Magnetic resonance examinations were performed on a 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance imaging system utilizing a standard extremity coil.

Results:

MRI abnormality was detected in 15 of the 36 feet in 18 adolescents examined. Abnormalities detected included thickening of the posterior tibial tendon insertion, marrow edema in the accessory navicular, marrow edema in the navicular tuberosity, and contrast enhancement at the posterior tibial tendon insertion site. Patients with MRI abnormalities were significantly taller, had a lower body mass index and a lower body fat percentage than those without MRI abnormality. Forward stepwise logistic regression analysis identified low body fat percentage and presence of an accessory navicular as independent predictors for abnormality on MRI.

Conclusion:

MRI abnormality was frequently detected in adolescents with painful flexible flatfeet. The MRI signal changes indicated an enthesopathy like process occurring at the posterior tibial tendon insertion to the navicular which could explain the origin of pain in flexible flatfeet patients without an accessory navicular. Early identification and appropriate treatment to prevent progression may be helpful. Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Posterolateral Approach to the Displaced Posterior Malleolus: Functional Outcome and Local Morbidity
Authors: Forberger Jens , Sabandal Philipp V. , Dietrich Michael , Gralla Jan , Lattmann Thomas , Platz Andreas
Published: April 2009

Background:

Stable anatomical reconstruction of the joint surface in ankle fractures is essential to successful recovery. However, the functional outcome of fractures involving the posterior tibial plafond is often poor. We describe the morbidity and functional outcome for plate fixation of the displaced posterior malleolus using a posterolateral approach.

Materials and Methods:

The posterolateral approach was used for osteosynthesis of the posterior malleolus in 45 consecutive patients (median age 54 years) with AO/Muller-classification type 44-A3 ( n = 1), 44-B3 ( n = 35), 44-C1 ( n = 7), and 44-C2 ( n = 2) ankle fractures. Thirty-three of the patients suffered complete fracture dislocation. Functional outcome at followup was measured using the modified Weber protocol and the standardized AAOS foot and ankle questionnaire. Radiological evaluation employed standardized anterior-posterior and lateral views.

Results:

The fragment comprised a median of 24% (range, 10% to 48%) of the articular surface. Postoperative soft tissue problems were encountered in five patients (11%), one of whom required revision surgery. Two patients (4%) developed Stage I complex regional pain syndrome. Clinical and radiological followup at 25 months disclosed no secondary displacement of the fixed fragment. The median foot and ankle score was 93 (range, 58 to 100), shoe comfort score was 77 (range, 0 to 100). A median score of 7 (range, 5 to 16) was documented using the modified Weber protocol.

Conclusion:

The posterolateral approach allowed good exposure and stable fixation of a displaced posterior malleolar fragment with few local complications. The anatomical repositioning and stable fixation led to good functional and subjective outcome. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
The Development of an Intraoperative Plantar Pressure Assessment Device
Authors: Ellis Scott J. , Hillstrom Howard , Cheng Richard , Lipman Joe , Garrison Glen , Deland Jonathan T.
Published: April 2009

Background:

The goal of this study was to develop an accurate and reliable supine plantar pressure measurement apparatus that could potentially be used in the operating room to guide operative decision making. It was hypothesized that plantar pressures would be similar in supine and vertical posture trials.

Materials and Methods:

A supine plantar pressure system was developed using the Pliance 32 sensor array (Novel, Munich, Germany). Accuracy was tested with a standardized manometer and the Trublu calibration system (Novel). Next, bilateral feet of 10 healthy, asymptomatic patients were tested in the apparatus by two separate investigators. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine intrarater and interrater reliability for parameters of average mean pressure (AMP), peak pressure (PP) and percentage of total force (PF). Finally, plantar pressures were tested in vertical posture and compared to supine parameters.

Results:

The sensor was both linear and accurate. The ICC values demonstrated that the sensor was reliable for AMP (0.66 to 0.93), PP (0.75 to 0.94), and PF (0.69 to 0.97). In general, AMP, PP, and PF values were significantly different at most anatomical regions for supine and vertical posture trials ( p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

This intraoperative pressure measurement system provided an accurate, linear, and reliable method to measure plantar pressure parameters in the supine subject. These measures were similar in magnitude to vertical posture, but were statistically different.

Clinical Relevance:

This intraoperative plantar pressure system could guide operative reconstruction of foot deformities whose outcome depends on the distribution of pressures across the plantar foot.
Arthrodesis of the First Metatarsocuneiform Joint: A Comparative Study of Fixation Methods
Authors: Scranton Pierce E. , Coetzee J. Chris , Carreira Dominic
Published: April 2009

Background:

The Lapidus bunionectomy is a popular procedure for severe bunion deformity where metatarsus primus varus is equal to or exceeds 15 degrees. We evaluated a new locking compression plate which may improve outcomes with the Lapidus procedure.

Methods:

Ten matched pairs of cadaver feet were used to compare the standard crossed 4.0-mm compression screw method of fixation to the LPS Lapidus plate. After performing the matched operations the cadaver constructs were stressed to failure using the INSTRON and Wavemaker software.

Results:

The LPS Lapidus plate load to failure was 108 Nm with a bending moment of 6.0 Nm. The crossed screw technique was inferior at 78 Nm with a bending moment of 4.4 Nm ( p = 0.02)

Conclusion:

Unlike other H-plates or locking plates, load to failure was higher with the Lapidus plate constructs.

Clinical Relevance:

The increased rigidity provided by these plates may help to minimize the risk of nonunion or malunion.
Suture-Button versus Screw Fixation in a Syndesmosis Rupture Model: A Biomechanical Comparison
Authors: Soin Sandeep P. , Knight Trevor A. , Dinah A. Feroz , Mears Simon C. , Swierstra Bart A. , Belkoff Stephen M.
Published: April 2009

Background:

Flexible suture-button devices are used to stabilize the distal tibiofibular joint after syndesmotic rupture, but little is known about how they affect fibular motion during cyclic physiological loading. This study examined how much fibular motion occurs during cyclic loading of ankles repaired with suture-buttons or screws relative to one with intact ligaments.

Materials and Methods:

Ten pairs of cadaveric legs with intact ligaments were tested in axial compression (750 N), external rotational torque (7.5 Nm), and a combination thereof. Fibular rotation and translation in the sagittal and frontal planes were measured with linear variable displacement transducers. Then we sectioned the anterior tibiofibular, posterior tibiofibular, deltoid, and interosseous ligaments. Ankles were repaired with suture-buttons or a 3.5-mm screw through four-cortices. The ankles were tested for 10,000 cycles using the same loading protocol. Surviving ankles were brought to failure by increasing external rotation (1 degree/sec). Data from the linear variable differential transducers were used to calculate fibular motion at 100, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 cycles.

Results:

There was no significant difference in the effect of the suture-button or screw for translation in the sagittal or coronal plane or for rotation about the fibular axis. The screw repair had a significantly greater ( p = 0.02) failure torque (median, 26.5 Nm; inner quartile range, 25.7 to 35.2 Nm) than did the suture-button repair (median, 23.6 Nm; inner quartile range, 16.5 to 25.6 Nm).

Conclusion:

The fibular motion that occurs during cyclic loading appears to be similar for the suture-button and syndesmotic screw. Motion in both constructs was similar, but neither restored native ankle motion.

Clinical Relevance:

It appears the suture-button behaves similarly to the syndesmotic screw in the syndesmotic rupture injury model tested. Clinical trials are needed to determine how the device performs in vivo.
External Ring Fixation versus Screw Fixation for Ankle Arthrodesis: A Biomechanical Comparison
Authors: Ogut Tahir , Glisson Richard R. , Chuckpaiwong Bavornrit , Le Ian L.D. , Easley Mark E.
Published: April 2009

Background:

The use of external ring fixation for ankle arthrodesis offers an alternative to internal screw fixation when bone quality is suboptimal, when complex ankle pathology is present, and as a salvage procedure for complicated cases. Additionally, it permits earlier weightbearing and postoperative adjustment of bone alignment and joint compression. This study was designed to determine whether there are differences in initial ankle joint fixation integrity between these two techniques.

Materials and Methods:

Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric lower extremities underwent ankle arthrodesis with a hybrid ring fixator, and the bending and torsional stiffness of each arthrodesed joint was quantified. Stiffness was calculated from angulation measured at the tibiotalar joint using electronic clinometers attached to those bones. The external fixators were then removed and ankle arthrodesis performed using 6.5-mm cannulated screws: three across the ankle joint, one fixing the fibula to the tibia, and one fixing the fibula to the talus. Stiffness testing was then repeated.

Results:

No statistically significant difference in bending stiffness, torsional stiffness, or joint rotation under torsional load was demonstrable between the two techniques.

Conclusion:

The similarity in ankle fusion site stability achieved with external ring fixation and an optimized screw fixation technique under the described testing conditions indicates that, in cases in which suboptimal bone quality or complex ankle pathology preclude the use of internal fixation, an external fixator is a viable option.

Clinical Relevance:

Establishing that the primary stability of external ring fixation is comparable to that of screw fixation provides a basis for its use in cases in which screw fixation may be problematic.
Effects of Hindfoot Constraint on Syndesmotic Displacement
Authors: Witkowski Gregory P. , Bilkhu Sukhinder K. , Siskosky Matthew J. , Gates Megan E. , Demetropoulos Constantine K. , Fortin Paul T.
Published: April 2009

Background:

The effects of altered hindfoot kinematics on the syndesmosis have not been previously studied. Our purpose was to test how the magnitude of displacement across the syndesmosis changes under simulated subtalar (ST) and/or talonavicular (TN) fusion and with altered hindfoot position in a cadaveric model.

Materials and Methods:

Six cadaveric specimens (three matched pairs) age 33 to 43 years were disarticulated at the knee and mounted into a custom six-degree-of-freedom testing frame with a simulated ground reaction force of 700 N and a tensile Achilles load of 500 N. Specimens were then tested through four cycles of internal and external rotation under four conditions: simulated combined ST + TN fusion, ST fusion alone, TN fusion alone and no fusion. Each condition was tested in the neutral coronal position and 9 degrees of inversion and eversion. Infrared light emitting diode (irLED) marker arrays were used to track displacement across the anterior tibiofibular ligament (ATiFL) in order to assess displacement across the syndesmosis.

Results:

Without fusion, displacement across the ATiFL in inversion is greater than that in neutral ( p = 0.015). With ST, the measured ATiFL displacement in inversion is greater than that in neutral ( p = 0.042). In neutral, the combined ST + TN significantly increased ATiFL displacement when compared to no fusion ( p = 0.0043). Increased displacement was seen in inversion compared to eversion in all testing conditions.

Conclusion:

Simulated ST and TN fusion increases displacement across the ATiFL during simulated physiologic loading. Hindfoot inversion also increases displacement of the ATiFL.

Clinical Relevance:

These observations may have clinical implications with respect to syndesmotic injury and total ankle arthroplasty.
Polyethylene Fracture following STAR Ankle Arthroplasty: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Scott Aaron T. , Nunley James A.
Published: April 2009

Level of Evidence: V, Case Report
Habidite: viviendas modulares industrializadas
Authors: Gómez Jáuregui V.
Published: April 2009

En este artículo se realiza una breve introducción a uno de los sistemas constructivos que más auge está teniendo en los últimos años: la edificación industrializada integral. Realizado a base de módulos tridimensionales, es éste un método de construcción en el cual los edificios se conforman básicamente por medio de células espaciales de grandes dimensiones; estos módulos tridimensionales se elaboran íntegramente en fábrica y, una vez están totalmente terminados, se transportan a obra, donde son montados de forma sencilla y rápida. Aunque no es un sistema totalmente novedoso (de hecho sus antecedentes también serán tratados brevemente en este texto), Habidite apuesta fuertemente por esta tendencia y aporta su grano de arena para conseguir edificios modulares de hormigón armado de extraordinaria calidad, con implementos domóticos totalmente integrados en la vivienda y un alto grado de sostenibilidad, eco-tecnología y eficiencia energética. Se abordan, a lo largo de la exposición, las ventajas que aporta este sistema, con la optimización de los procesos productivos en el sector de la construcción por medio de la implementación de las más avanzadas tecnologías.
La innovación tecnológica desde la promoción de vivienda pública: el Concurso de Innovación Técnica INCASOL
Authors: Avellaneda J. , González J. Mª. , Marques G. , Vidal J.
Published: April 2009

El INCASOL convocó en 2006 y 2007 el Concurso de Innovación Tecnológica, que se planteaba con el objetivo de incorporar mejoras en la construcción de viviendas, concretamente de: la calidad, la seguridad, el control en la ejecución, la sostenibilidad y la eficiéncia energética, y la eficácia en la promoción. El modelo de Concurso fue el de proyecto y obra, de manera que se pretendía alcanzar la sinergia resultante de la colaboración del arquitecto autor del proyecto, el industrial fabricante del sistema y la empresa de construcción adjudicataria, desde el inicio del proyecto. Se premiaron seis proyectos que en su conjunto caracterizan de forma clara las posibilidades de la innovación e industrialización de la vivienda en España. En la segunda mitad del 2008 se iniciaron las obras de construcción de los primeros proyectos.
High blood pressure in acute ischemic stroke and clinical outcome
Authors: Manabe Yasuhiro , Kono Syoichiro , Tanaka Tomotaka , Narai Hisashi , Omori Nobuhiko
Published: April 2009

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of acute phase blood pressure in patients with acute ischemic stroke by determining whether or not it contributes to clinical outcome. We studied 515 consecutive patients admitted within the first 48 hours after the onset of ischemic strokes, employing systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements recorded within 36 hours after admission. High blood pressure was defined when the mean of at least 2 blood pressure measurements was ≥200 mmHg systolic and/or ≥110 mmHg diastolic at 6 to 24 hours after admission or ≥180 mmHg systolic and/or ≥105 mmHg diastolic at 24 to 36 hours after admission. The high blood pressure group was found to include 16% of the patients. Age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, stroke history, carotid artery stenosis, leukoaraiosis, NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission and mortality were not significantly correlated with either the high blood pressure or non-high blood pressure group. High blood pressure on admission was significantly associated with a past history of hypertension, kidney disease, the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on discharge and the length of stay. On logistic regression analysis, with no previous history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and kidney disease were independent risk factors associated with the presence of high blood pressure [odds ratio (OR), 1.85 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-3.22), 1.89 (95% CI: 1.11-3.22), and 3.31 (95% CI: 1.36-8.04), respectively]. Multi-organ injury may be presented in acute stroke patients with high blood pressure. Patients with high blood pressure had a poor functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke.
Cowpea
Authors: Murdock Larry L. , Coulibaly Ousmane , Higgins T.J.V. , Huesing Joseph E. , Ishiyaku Mohammad , Sithole‐Niang Idah
Published: April 2009

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculatavar.unguiculata) ((L.) Walp.), a crop native to Africa, is the most important legume grown on the continent, at least in terms of economics. It is a highly nutritious crop, consumed in many forms, including seeds as well as foliage; it provides excellent fodder for livestock as well. Well‐adapted to the semi‐arid tropics, it thrives even on relatively poor soils and low rainfall. Numerous viruses and diseases attack cowpea, but the limiting constraint is insects. Cowpea breeders have had some success in improving cowpea for insect resistance using methods described here, but certain insect pests, including the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), thrips and pod‐sucking bugs, have proven impervious to conventional breeding to improve resistance. Recently a methodology for genetically transforming cowpea has been developed and is being used to introduceBtgenes into cowpea for resistance against the legume pod borer. The transformation methodology is described, and there is given an overview of biosafety‐related and regulatory matters related to the introduction ofBtcowpea into Africa.
Clovers
Authors: Tesfaye Mesfin , Williams Warren M.
Published: April 2009

There are several important annual and perennial clovers, including berseem (T. alexandrinumL.), Persian clover (T. resupinatumL.), subterranean clover (T. subterraneumL.), red clover (T. pratenseL.), and white clover (T. repensL.), which are used as cool season forage crops in many countries around the world. Genetic transformation is routine for a number of clover species, and traits of interest to producers have been demonstrated to be effective. To date, only white, red, and subterranean clovers have been the main targets of forage biotechnology. Published reports demonstrated the stable expression and inheritance of transgenes in white clovers. White clover has many of the characteristics of a successful weed plant, but the chances of transgenic white clover transferring genes to other organisms were found to be negligible because it does not naturally hybridize with any other plant species. Nevertheless, the current highly segmented clover seed production industry and high cost of commercialization of plant biotechnology traits do not favor the commercialization of transgenic clovers in the near future.