bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Current Clinical Practice of Herbal Medicine in Psychiatry in Mainland China: A Review of Literature
Authors: Saku Motohiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The current clinical psychiatric practice of herbal medicine in the People's Republic of China was explored by reviewing the literature. The results found in many of the articles were lacking methodological strictness. Some reliable articles reported that certain herbal medicines were effective for psychiatric conditions, and that a combination treatment of modern drugs with herbs was useful for the enhancement of the efficacy and the reduction of both recovery time and side effects. It is suggested that more sophisticated investigations are necessary to corroborate any conclusions concerning the value for herbal medicine in the psychiatric field.
Demyelinating Peripheral Neuropathy in Devic Disease
Authors: Aimoto Yasuharu , Ito Kazunori , Moriwaka Fumio , Tashiro Kunio , Abe Kazuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a report of a 20‐year‐old man with typical features of Devic disease (neuromyelitis optica) associated with demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. A sural nerve biopsy showed markedly decreased myelinated fibers of a large diameter. Teased fiber preparations showed segmental remyelination in 50% of examined fibers, as well as a few demyelination. Demyelination of bilateral optic nerves, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves at the same time suggests a possibility of common pathogenetic mechanisms in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Interleukin‐6 Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Araga Shigeru , Takai Hiroshi , Takahashi Kazuro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: :We developed the competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). The detection limit was 30 pg per ml. Using this method, we examined the IL‐6 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of 10 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 12 age‐matched normal controls. IL‐6 was detected in 6 out of 10 patients with MS. There was no significant correlation between the IL‐6 levels and other parameters, including IgG, IgG index, cell counts, total protein and albumin in the CSF. Our results suggest that IL‐6 detected in the MS‐CSF may have no correlation to the immunological processes.
Sex Concordance in Proband‐Relative Pairs with Schizophrenia
Authors: Shimizu Akinori , Noda Makiko , Kurachi Masayoshi , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi , Torii Hosaku , Isaki Kiminori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Sex concordance rates were investigated in 278 schizophrenic probands, who had at least one first‐degree relative with schizophrenia, in order to find out whether the illness affects the same sex more often than the opposite sex when two close relatives become ill. No such unusual concordance rates were found in proband‐relative pairs with schizophrenia. When 118 of the 278 probands were examined who had at least one parent with schizophrenia, the morbidity risk for schizophrenia in siblings of the same sex as the schizophrenic probands was significantly higher than that found in siblings of the sex opposite that of schizophrenic probands.
Supportive Psycho‐Educational Intervention for Schizophrenics' Families: Influencing Family Dynamics
Authors: Yoshimura Masaru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: I conducted supportive psycho‐educational intervention for the families of schizophrenics, mainly to the mothers, and investigated the influence on the patients' mode of treatment and their symptoms 9 months later. In accordance with Motooka20 the mothers were classified into the three categories of narcissistic type, symbiotic type and dependent type. The influence of the interventions varied with the difference in types. Only the patients whose mothers belong to the dependent type showed a significant improvement 9 months after the interventions. From these results I consider that the narcissistic type cases need to be given psychotherapeutic family intervention from the early stage of treatment, while symbiotic type cases need supportive psycho‐educational intervention in the presence of both parents and dependent type cases merit supportive psycho‐educational interventions to the mothers.
Morphological Changes of Blood Vessels in the Brain with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Hashimura Tetsuo , Kimura Takemi , Miyakawa Taihei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Morphological changes of microvessels in the cerebral cortices of Alzheimer's disease and control brains were examined. From several parts of the brains, all of the vessels in blocks of tissues were isolated with ultrasound treatment and mesh filtration, and were observed by light microscopy. The results obtained were as follows: There was no difference between the relatively large arteries of the brains with Alzheimer's disease and the control brains. However, in the Alzheimer's brain irregular shapes of blood vessels and degenerated smooth muscle cells of a single layer were observed in the terminal arterioles. In the capillaries, focal constrictions and irregular shapes were observed. In addition to these changes, the nuclei of endothelial cells were irregular and unclear. These findings seem to indicate that the degeneration of microvessels in the brain of Alzheimer's disease might have occurred at the terminal arterioles and the capillaries.
The Role of Interhemispheric Pathways in Generalization of Kindled Seizures in Cats and Subhuman Primates
Authors: Okamoto Motoi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The role of interhemispheric pathways in generalization of partial seizures was evaluated in the kindling model of epilepsy. The generalized seizure kindled from the amygdala was asymmetrical in cats with callosal bisection, destruction of massa intermedia of the thalamus or bilateral ventral hippocampus. The generalized convulsion of amygdala kindled cats became asymmetrical or changed into partial seizures by callosal bisection. The fully‐kindled amygdala seizure of a split‐brain epileptic baboon and rhesus monkey was a hemiconvulsion or an asymmetrical generalized convulsion. The amygdala‐kindled bisymmetrical generalized convulsion of the epileptic baboon was changed into a hemiconvulsion or an asymmetrical generalized convulsion. These results indicate that the corpus callosum plays an imoprtant, although not exclusive, role in bilateralization of epileptic activity, and its role becomes more important when the animal ascends the phylogenetic scale.
Morphological Investigation of Iron‐Induced Epileptic Rats: With Special Reference to C‐fos Immunohistochemistry and Iron Staining
Authors: Mizukawa Kiminao , Kabuto Hideaki , Mori Akitane
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We investigated the iron‐induced epileptic rats with special reference to c‐fos immunohistochemistry and iron histochemistry in order to elucidate the pathogenesis of post‐traumatic epilepsy. The c‐fos‐immunopositive neurons were observed in a hippocampal formation, especially in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA2, in the vicinity of the iron injected cerebral cortex and amygdala only at 3 hours after the iron administration. Three days later after administration, several heavily positively iron staining cells and nerve fibers were observed around the injection site. In the cases of 3 weeks after administration, the large cavity and gliosis were characteristically observed.
Is Synaptic Potentiation Necessary for the Development of Kindling?
Authors: Mam Eiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Field potentials were recorded from the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats to examine the role of synaptic potentiation in the development of seizure susceptibility during rapid kindling. Kindling stimulations (10 Hz for 10 sec) were delivered to the perforant path at every 5 min for 5 or 6 hrs. This procedure produced a sustained depression of excitatory synaptic transmission at the perforant path‐granule cell synapse during and after kindling. However, the kindling procedure resulted in the prolongation of afterdischarges and the development of interictal discharges originated from granule cells, indicating an increase in the seizure susceptibility of these neurons. These results indicate that synaptic potentiation is not a critical requirement for an increase in seizure susceptibility during rapid kindling, even if it has a facilitating effect on the development of kindling as suggested in previous studies.
Discussion on the ‘Problem of Driving License for People with Epilepsy’
Authors: Fukushima Yutaka
Published: March 2008

Abstract: From the socio‐medical points of view, the problem of a driving license for people with epilepsy was discussed. It was concluded that not only seizure but also the presence of side‐effects of drugs and of personality change should be assessed to allow them the license. Finally, a medical guideline was proposed for the driving license for people with epilepsy.
Multiple Subpial Transection (MST) for the Control of Seizures That Originated in Unresectable Cortical Foci
Authors: Shimizu Hiroyuki , Suzuki Ichiroh , Ishijima Buichi , Karasawa Shinji , Sakuma Tadashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Multiple subpial transection (MST) was applied to 12 cases with intractable epilepsy, the foci of which were located in unresectable essential areas. The result proved that MST is effective in controlling seizures, and no explicit neurological deficits have incurred postoperatively.
Monotherapy for Childhood Epilepsies with Zonisamide
Authors: Kumagai Noboru , Seki Tohru , Yamawaki Hidenori , Suzuki Nobuyuki , Kimiya Satoshi , Yamada Tetsuya , Hara Mitsuhiro , Hashimoto Rintaroh , Takuma Yuuichi , Hirai Katsuaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Zonisamide was tried on 44 children, 18 girls and 26 boys, from 8 months to 15 years of age at the start of the trial. In 6 children the drug has been stopped because of side effects. The drug was introduced at a dose of 2–4 mg/kg/day and increased to 12 mg/kg/day unless a satisfactory response occurred at a lower dose. A 100% control of seizures was achieved in 5 of 5 cases of idiopathic generalized epilepsies, in 7 of 8 cases of symptomatic generalized epilepsies, in one of one case of idiopathic partial epilepsies, and in 17 of 24 cases of symptomatic partial epiSepsies. The main side effect was drowsiness, especially during the introduction.
A Case of Localization‐Related Epilepsies Suspected of Panic Disorder
Authors: Hikiami Junichi , Kim Young‐do , Kurata Kouichi , Kurachi Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Some localization‐related epilepsies have autonomic symptoms as well as psychic symptoms. As these symptoms are similar to those of panic disorder, it is important to discriminate between the two disorders. In such cases, VTR‐polygraphic examination is necessary for the correct diagnosis.
Clinico‐Electroencephalographical Study on Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Oana Yasunori , Irie Hiroshi , Uchino Atsushi , Utsugi Yuko , Naoi Koji , Miura Shiroe , Matsuda Hiroshi
Published: March 2008

It is suggested that temporal lobe seizures shows electrographically and clinically complex manifestation by cortico‐subcortical and/or cortico‐cortical spread.
Quantitative EEG of Elderly Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Omori Masao , Koshino Yoshifumi , Murata Tetsuhito , Murata Ichirou , Horie Tan , Isaki Kiminori
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To investigate the brain bction of elderly schizophrenic patients, quantitative EECs of such patients were compared with thoee of healthy elderly controls. In schizophrenics, increases in delta and slow theta (4.0–6.0 Hz) waves were thought to be due to the influence of antlpsychotics. Characteristic EEC featurea of these patients included the following: 1) more fast theta (6.0–8.0 Hz) wave was observed, with less alpha wave faster than 9.0 Hz, 2) the reduction in alpha 3: (10.0–11.0 Hz) wave was limited to the frontal regions. The present EEG Andings are thought to characterize the traits of the subtype of chronic severe schizophrenia. The reduction in alpha 3: wave in the frontal regions may be one expression of the hypofrontality of schizophrenia.
Plasma Ratios of Tryptophan and Tyrosine to Other Large Neutral Amino Acids in Manic‐Depressive Patients
Authors: Kaneko Motohisa , Watanabe KO , Kumashiro Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The plasma ratio of each neutral amino acid (tryptophan (TRP), tyrosine (TYR), valine, isoleucine, leucine (LEU) or phenylalanine) to the sum of the other neutral amino acids was measured in 16: manic and 14: depressed patients. In the manics, there was a correlation between the psychomotor activity and the plasma TRP and LEU ratios. In the depressives, the depressed mood, retardation and global severity were correlated with the TRP ratio. The zotepine responders showed an increase in the TRP ratio after treatment. In the mianserin responders, the TYR ratio, which was high before the treatment, decreased to the normal range after the treatment. But, the plasma amino acid ratios remained unchanged in the patients treated with lithium carbonate or amitriptyhe. These results suggest that, in manic‐depressive illness, there might be abnormalities in the metabolism of neutral amino acids, mainly of TRP and TYR, and that the plasma TRP and TYR ratios might be important indicators for determining the efflcacy of some drugs.
Periodic Leg Movements in Sleep with Restless Legs Syndrome: Effect of Clonazepam Treatment
Authors: Horiguchi Jun , Inami Yasushi , Sasaki Akira , Nishimatsu Ohichi , Sukegawa Tsuruhei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fifteen patients with restless legs syndrome underwent whole‐night polysomno‐graphic recordings before and during clonazepam treatment. The treatment with 0.5 to 1.5 mg clonazepam improved subjective complaints of all the 15: patients. All the patients presented periodic leg movements on the polysomnograms before the treatment. The clonazepam treatment significantly decreased the total numbem of leg movements and the numbers of leg movements per hour without affecting the mean intermovement interval.
On the Psychophysiology of Dreaming: A Sensory Image ––– Free Association Hypothesis of the Dream Process
Authors: Okuma Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A psychophysiological hypothesis of the dream process during REM sleep called “a sensory image‐free association hypothesis” is proposed. It is assumed that a state with a sustained EEG pattern of drowsiness (non‐REM stage‐1) and muscle atonia produces a stream of disorganized and vague thinking as a background mentation during the REM sleep. The phasic excitation of the brain occurring concurrently with the burst of rapid eye movements (REMs) activates the hippocampal‐neocortical memory system and draws out sensory images from the memory reservoir of the brain. The dreamer makes a freely organized association about the successive sensory images and makes up a dream story. This hypothesis is compatible not only with the recent neurophysiological findings but also with traditional psychological interpretation of the dream content.
Outcome at Discharge for Clients in a Psychiatric Day Care Program†
Authors: Inoue Kazuomi , Kadoya Keiko , Iwashige Tatsuya , Tadai Toshiaki , Tani Naosuke
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effectiveness of a psychiatric day care program was assessed in terms of the outcome at discharge for 79 clients. One‐third of the clients were employed, either full‐time or part‐time (in case of students, at school), during the postprogram period of three months or more. Another one‐third left the program prematurely with or without exacerbation of psychotic symptoms. Clients having premature termination were significantly less adherent to outpatient clinic visits and/or psychotropic medkation. Family's understanding of and cooperation in the program were significantly less favorable in clients with early termination. The possible strategies for reducing the dropouts were discussed.
Reduction of Cerebral Blood Flow in Chronic Schizophrenia: Relation to Age
Authors: Kanoh Masayuki , Kamioka Yoshio , Takahashi Shigeru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of age on resting‐state cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied in 40 medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia aged 20 to 57 and 32 age‐ and sex‐matched normal Controls, using the regional CBF with the xenon‐133 inhalation technique. Global CBF (average of 16 cerebral regions) and the left prefrontal flow ratio (left prefrontal/global CBF) were significantly lower in schizophrenics aged 20–29 than in age‐matched controls. Both global CBF and the left prefrontal flow ratio correlated with age in controls, but neither of such correlations was found in schizophrenics. Therefore, the CBF deficits in chronic schizophrenia appear to be unaffected by the aging process.
Neuropsychological Evaluation before and after Surgical Treatment of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Inoue Yushi , Funakoshi Akihiro , Watanabe Yutaka , Mihara Tadahiro , Matsuda Kazumi , Tottori Takayasu , Yagi Kazuichi , Seino Masakazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We present the results of pre‐ and postoperative neuropsychological evaluations of 58:patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent a chronic intracranial EEG monitoring and a subsequent standard anterior temporal lobectomy. Wada's test provided valuable information on the speech dominant side and on the focus lateralization. Some warning signs as well as verbal automatisms indicated the effect for focus localization and lateralization. The results of interictal neuropsychological tests suggested that each subgroup of TLE performed differently. A postoperative neuropsychological performance has improved in many tests that may be explained by the diminished epileptic bombardment resulting from the resection.
The Effect of Hypoxia on the Epileptiform Activities Induced by Magnesium‐Free Medium in Rat Brain Slices
Authors: Kojima Hisashi , Kowada Masayoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In order to understand the mechanisms underlying the seizure generation, the present study has investigated the effect of hypoxia on the transition between seizure and interictal bursting. Bathing rat brain slices of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in magnesium‐free medium elicits electrographic seizures. However, they are eventually replaced by the interictal bursts. It has previously been shown that the interictal bursts, arising in the hippocampal area CA3, are propagated to and disrupt the seizure generation in the entorhinal cortex. In this report we demonstrate that bypoxia promotes the seizure reappearance in the entorhind cortex by suppressing the interictal bursts in CA3.
Can We Predict Carbamazepine Responsiveness in Partial Epilepsy?
Authors: Huh Kyoon , Lee Byung I. , Park Soo C. , Lee Sung S.
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We studied 153:patients with partial epilepsy who were placed on a carbamazepine monotherapy plan in order to evaluate the clinical factors that may determine drug responsiveness to carbamazepine. The subjects were divided into 3:groups based on their therapeutic outcome—complete seizure control (44%), significant seizure reduction (32%) and unsatisfactory control (24%). Fifteen tentative clinical factors were examined in relation to the therapeutic outcomes. Factors such as seizure type, number of generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, age of onset, duration of illness, seizure frequency, previous treatment and EEG Anding were relevant to drug responsiveness. However, other variables including mental retardation, etiology, febrile convulsion, positive family history and abnormal neurologic examination showed no significant correlation. Our data suggest that a potential success of carbamazepine treatment should not be underestimated even in patients with complicated clinical features.
A Preliminary Observation on Auto‐Cholinergic Synapse Dysfunction in Patients with Different Types of Epilepsy
Authors: Qu Zhi‐ping , Yu Li‐yun , Lu Chuan‐zhen , Quiao Jiang , Lin Yi‐Xing , Hong Zhen
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Serum anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies (A AchFt Ab) and anti‐synaptic premembrane antibodies (A PrM Ab) were measured in 21:patients with absence epilepsy, 21:cases with benign childhood epilepsy with centro‐temporal spikes (BCECTs) and 13:cases with atypical epilepsy. Respectively, in five (23.8%), eleven (51.2%) and eight (66.7%) of the above mentioned groups of patients both A AchR Ab and A PrM Ab were found.
Status of Follow‐Up among Patients with Epilepsy in Epilepsy Clinic
Authors: Tsai Jing‐Jane , Cheng Tain‐Junn
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Out of 238:consecutive patients entering our epilepsy clinic from October 1988 till March 1990, the status of follow‐up was evaluated in October 1990. One hundred patients (42%) could adhere to the follow‐up appointment and 33:patients (14%) visited the clinic irregularly. A total of 105:patients (44%) failed to return for the follow‐up at least for 2:months dated backward from October 1990. Seventy‐five percent of the patients lost the follow‐up within 6:months. The main reasons of the dropout were poor seizure control, seizure free, denial of epilepsy, receiving operation in other hospitals. The appropriate strategies to aid in adherence to medical care among patients with epilepsy should be formulated through the analysis of factors contributing to the dropout, which might be strongly influenced by different medical and sociocultural backgrounds all over the world.
Eating Disorder and Schizophrenia
Authors: Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo , Suzuki Toshihito , Yamaguchi Naomi , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Hori Masashi , Tanaka Yoshiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Five cases with eating disorders (one case with anorexia nervosa alone, 4 cases with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) complicated with schizophrenia and 3 cases of bulimia nervosa complicated with schizophrenia were reported. The eating disorders and schizophrenia were diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of DSM‐III‐R. As to the type of schizophrenia, 4 patients were of an undifferentiated type and 4 cases were of a disorganized type. Regarding the prepsychotic personality, 6 of the 8 cases showed schizothyme personality traits. All the patients showed depressive symptoms which are relatively common in eating disorders. In all the patients, significant social or school life difflculties persisted and a resumption of premorbid functioning was not seen. The possibility of an afflnity between anorexia nervosa and schizophrenia was discussed.
Pseudodementia and Delirium in Depression: A Contribution to Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Koide Hiroyuki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Presenting cases of depressional pseudodementia and delirium, we wish to point out the following points in this report. The patient in depression displays a state of pseudodementia when he is regarded as having senile dementia by the people around him. The depressed patient falls into delirium when he is embarrassed by an unexpected situation. In other words, the patient shows pseudodementia when he is continuously out of the world of daily meaning; he would fall into a disturbance of consciousness when he is suddenly put out of the world of meanings. This principle is applicable not only to depression but also to all mental diseases. In mental diseases, the symptoms themselves have some meaning for the patient. However, when the patient is put out of the world of ordinary meaning, mental disease presents the aspect of a somatic disease such as dementia or disturbance of consciousness.
Changes in Personality and Emotion following Bilateral Infarction of the Posterior Cerebral Arteries
Authors: Suzuki Toshihito , Iwakuma Akihiko , Tanaka Yoshiro , Takamori Eiko , Arai Tetsuaki , Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Remarkable changes in personality, emotion and behavior were observed in a 66‐year‐old female with bilateral infarction of the medial Inferior portion at the temporo‐occipital region. Aggressiveness, emotional lability and indifference were noted in the patient as psychiatric manifestation. No dehite delirium, however, was observed. A neuroradiological examination revealed the lesions located at the territory of the posterior cerebral artery, which involved the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyri, the fusiform gyri and the lingual gyri. Therefore, the psychiatric disturbances and the neuropsychological symptoms presented here are attributed to these lesions with the multiple infarctions in the brain. The present case is noteworthy for its unique changes in personality and emotion which in the literature have not reported to be caused following the vascular accident of the bilateral posterior cerebral artery.
A Retrospective Study on Delirium Type
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuji , Takeuchi Osamu , Suzuki Michio , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The clinical features of delirium type were retrospectively studied to characterize a delirium type in consecutive 106 patients. The subjects suffered from 15 medical diseases and were grouped into hyperactive, hypoactive and mixed types according to their cardinal features. The incidence of delirium was the highest in 70‐year‐old subjects and there was a gender effect in all the subjects. A decade effect was present in the outcome, delirium type and delirium duration. The delirium type was associated with age at the delirium onset, outcome and underlying disease. The incidence of hypoactive type correlated with that of mixed and hyperactive types, and a high rate of full recovery in the hyperactive type and a high rate of death in the mixed type were noted. The increase in incidence of the mixed type and the decrease in incidence of the hyperactive type contributed to a poor outcome. Malignancy, hepatic, cerebrovascular and bone and joint diseases highly correlated with the occurrence of delirium.
Shortening of N1 and P3 Latencies in Event‐Related Potentials Observed Coincidentally with Clinical Improvement during Nootropic Medication in a Demented Patient: Specific Effect of Nicergoline
Authors: Fukuda Masato , Hiramatsu Ken‐Ichi , Honda Makoto , Niwa Shin‐Ichi , Sasaki Tsukasa , Hata Akinobu , Nakagome Kazuyuki , Iwanami Akira , Honda Hideo , Hayashida Seiki , Itoh Kenji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Event‐related potentials, measured eight times in a patient in the early stages of dementia, demonstrated that clinical symptoms, especially loss of motivation, improved coincidentally with a shortening of reaction time, N1 latency, and P3 latency during nicergoline medication among three nootropics prescribed. Such a longitudinal study design was considered to be useful for quantifying and objectively comparing effects of various nootropics non‐invasively.
The Role of Cholinergic Neurons in Stress‐Induced Increase of Interictal Discharges in Hippocampal‐Kindled Rats
Authors: Komatsu Kazuhisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This study aims to clarify the role of cholinergic neurons in the occurrence of epileptic seizures when emotional stress is loaded. The effects of streaa and drugs on hippocampal interictal discharges were compared among groups of fully kindled male Wistar rats intraperitoneally gtven atropine, physostigmine and saline with and without immobilization, or pituitary‐adrenocortical hormones without immobilization. Hippocampal interictal discharges increased during immobilization, because hippocampal cholinergic neurons were activated by emotional stress. Pituitary‐adrenocortical hormones had no effects on the discharges.
Hebephrenia as the Most Prevalent Subtype of Schizophrenia in Japan
Authors: Inoue Shimpei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The author reviewed the frequency of the hebephrenic subtype compared to the paranoid subtype diagnosis of schizophrenia in Japan, using research papers and statistical reports that have been published during this century. It was found that the reported rates for the hebephrenic subtype ranged from a low of 23% to a high of 68% with the majority falling between 30% and 50%. These rates had not varied significantly over a long period of time or across wide geographical areas. It was discussed that Japanese psychiatrists were so sensitive to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia that they had a broader concept of hebephrenia as compared to other Kraepelian subtypes in schizophrenia.
Depression and Quality of Life in the Elderly in a Special Nursing Home
Authors: Nagatomo Itsugi , Nomaguchi Mitsuo , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Using a Japanese version of the Self‐Rating Depression Scale by Zung (SDS) and the Quality of Life (QOL) rating scale designed by Iida et al. (QOL scale), we compared the QOL and depressive state of special nursing home residents and the elderly in the general community. The QOL scale has four categories: physical functioning, emotional adjustment, interpersonal relationships and attitudes toward life. High scores in either examination indicate a greater impairment. The SDS scores of the residents in the special nursing home were significantly lower than those of the elderly in the community, but the scores in 3 categories and the total score, except for those of physical functioning of the QOL, were significantly higher in the nursing home residents. In the nondepressed elderly rated by the SDS, the physical functioning score of the elderly in the community significantly exceeded that of the special nursing home residents. In the depressed elderly, all the scores including the total score were significantly higher than those in the special nursing home residents. Our results suggest that while the QOL of the depressed elderly in a special nursing home was poorer than that of the elderly in the community, their depression could be treated. However, the QOL cannot be improved by treatment alone.
Perceived Rearing Attitudes and Minor Psychiatric Morbidity among Japanese Adolescents
Authors: Kitamura Toshinori , Suzuki Tadaharu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The relationship between perceived rearing experiences and minor psychiatric morbidity was studied in a sample of Japanese adolescents. Their perceived rearing experiences were measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and minor psychiatric morbidity by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The total GHQ score was slightly but significantly higher (r=0.28) among those recording high maternal protection than among those with low maternal protection, but of the subscale scores of the GHQ, only the anxiety and insomnia subscale retained this same relationship with perceived rearing experiences. The parental age, educational career, and sibship position showed no correlation with the PBI scores.
Characteristics of Those Who Refuse to Attend School in Fukuoka City: An Analysis Based on Teachers' Reports
Authors: Kobayashi Ryuji
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In 1988, we investigated the characteristics of children who refused to attend elementary and junior high schools in Fukuoka City, mainly from the viewpoint of their present status. The main results were as follows: Prevalence of school refusers in elementary schools (0.13%) was much higher in Fukuoka City than in all Japan, but almost similar in junior high schools (0.47%). About one‐third of the school refusers didn't mind their absence so much, and more school refusers in junior high schools could not understand the significance of school attendance. These results suggest that school refusers, who may have a borderline personality organization, are likely to prevail.
Psychiatric Liaison Referral of Elderly Inpatient in a Medical School Hospital
Authors: Hara Tomihide , Sato Takeshi , Takeichi Masashi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A retrospective study of elderly inpatient referral was carried out at Saga Medical School Hospital in order to assess the effectiveness of consultation‐liaison service. A total of 51 patients aged 65 and over were referred to the Psychiatric Department. Their referral rate, clinical characteristic, diagnosis and psychiatric recommendation were reviewed from the records. A comparison of various aspects concerning the referral for the periods before and after the installation of an effective psychiatric consultation‐liaison service showed a mild change. The striking finding was that the referral rate increased significantly for male patients under 75 years of age.
Three‐Dimensional Surface Display Using 123I‐IMP in a Case of Motor Neuron Disease with Dementia
Authors: Okuda Bungo , Kawabata Keita , Tachibana Hisao , Sugita Minoru , Fukuchi Minoru
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of motor neuron disease with dementia is presented. A brain CT showed atrophic changes mainly in the left frontal cortex, and 123I‐IMP SPECT disclosed a decrease in 123I‐IMP uptake in the frontal regions. To distinguish a subregion related to dementia from that related to motor system disorders, a three‐dimensional surface display with 123I‐IMP was reconstructed. The imaging method clearly demonstrated cortical hypoperfusion in the inferomedial frontal cortex and the motor‐sensory cortex. These findings suggest that dementia may be due to the former lesion and motor system disorders due to the latter lesion, respectively.
A Case of Antirabies Inoculation Encephalitis with a Long Clinical Course
Authors: Iizuka Hiroshi , Amano Naoji , Izeki Eizo , Sakai Masao , Harada Kenichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In 1950, a 24‐year‐old man developed gait disturbance, incontinence of urine and increasing lethargy a week after a course of antirabies vaccination. He was diagnosed as having post‐rabies vaccination encephalitis and had been in hospital for 37 years before he died in 1987. This is one of the rare cases in which the course of this disease was traced for an exceptionally long period. His personality began to deteriorate at an early stage of the illness, but his intellectual faculties seemed to be maintained rather well until a few years prior to his death. A neuropathological study revealed disseminated, patchy and somewhere perivascularly located demyelinated lesions in the cerebral white matter. Inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration was also remarkable in the CNS regions. But while the superimposed lesions due to convulsive attacks, traumatic contusion and terminal anoxia were remarkable, the whole aspect of neuropathological changes in rabies inoculation encephalitis cannot be observed.
Myoclonus and Seizures in a Patient with Parkinsonism: Induction by Levodopa and Its Confirmation on SEPs
Authors: Yoshida Kazuto , Moriwaka Fumio , Matsuura Toru , Hamada Takeshi , Tashiro Kunio
Published: March 2008

Abstract:A 68‐year‐old woman with parkinsonism showed cortical myoclonus and seizures under antiparkinsonian medication. Myoclonus was induced and enhanced by L‐dopa, developing into generalized seizures. EEG was abnormal and somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEPs) showed giant SEPs, transcortical reflex (C reflex) and jerk locked potentials. Myoclonus and seizures disappeared after discontinuation of L‐dopa and the introduction of valproate sodium (VPA). We described the occurrence of L‐dopa‐induced myoclonus and seizures in a case of parkinsonism with its SEPs findings.
Paradoxical GABAergic Facilitation on Seizure Development Observed from Bicuculline‐Induced Effects on Visual Cortical Kindling at Short Interstimulus Intervals in Chronically Prepared Rabbits
Authors: Kurokawa Kenzo , Jibiki Itsuki , Kubota Takashi , Fukushima Toshinobu , Fujimoto Kimio , Wakita Shigeki , Yamaguchi Nariyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: To investigate the influence of GABAergic function on seizure development, the effects of bicuculline, a GABAa receptor antagonist, on visual cortical and hippocampal kindling were examined in chronically prepared rabbits. Kindling‐inducing stimulations were repeated at 5‐min intervals. The changes in afterdischarge (AD) durations were compared before and 30 min after a low (2 mg/kg) and high dose (5 mg/kg) i.p. injection of bicuculline solution. In the visual cortical kindling group, the AD durations were markedly shortened after the low dose bicuculline injection, while bicuculline produced a prolongation of the AD durations in the visual cortical with the high dose injection and hippocampal kindling groups. The low dose bicuculline‐induced inhibition of visual cortical kindling suggests facilitative GABAergic action on seizure development, while the drug‐induced enhancement in the other groups reflects the well‐known inhibitory GABAergic action.
A Study on Gamma‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Its Analogues by Using Molecular Orbital Methods: On Epileptogenicity of New Quinolones
Authors: Tsuda Mitsunori , Takada Takahiro , Miyazaki Masao , Uda Yoshiyuki , Kuzuhara Shigeki , Kitaura Kazuo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Using the molecular orbital methods, we examined molecular structure, electron density distribution, electrostatic potential field and receptor structure of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and its analogues. The following findings were obtained: a comparison of the biological activity and the morphology electrostatic potentials of GABA analogues disclosed that the active site is the amino group, and the biological activity correlates closely with the electrostatic potential structure around the amino group. The active sites were compared between the receptor‐binding molecules and the GABA uptake inhibitory molecules, and the results suggested that the receptor structure differed between the two groups of molecules and that the GABA A receptors had two subtypes. On these results, the epileptogenicity of new quinolones was studied using this method. These results suggested that the new quinolones blockaded the GABA receptor‐binding system and that the important active site of the new quinolones for GABA receptor‐binding was the the piperazyl amino group. These results suggested that the concentration of zwitterion type of the new quinolones was very important clinically.
A Tentative Classification of “Neuroses” Based on Behavioristic Consideration of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms
Authors: Maeda Hisao
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Pathogenetic mechanisms of “neuroses” were reconsidered based on a behavioristic framework which includes not only the traditional stimulus‐response learning theory but also the concept of conflict proposed by Lewin. Most of the subtypes of “neuroses”—with the exception of panic disorder—were divided into two categories: conditioned fear‐related disorders and conflict‐related disorders. Phobias have been suggested to be caused by an escape or avoidance behavior motivated by an unconditioned or conditioned fear and obsessive compulsive disorder by an avoidance behavior motivated by a conditioned fear, while such disorders as posttraumatic disorder or hypochondriasis (nosophobia) were considered to be direct manifestations of conditioned fear. Generalized anxiety and depersonalization disorders were suggested to be caused by conflicts, but these conflicts seemed to persist even after the appearance of the symptoms. In contrast, appearances of conversion, somatization, somatoform pain, psychogenic fugue, or psychogenic amnesia were suggested to result in a temporary attenuation of the causative conflicts.
Water Intoxication in a Schizophrenic Patient with Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Akasaki Yasuaki , Nagatomo Itsugi , Akasaki Yasutaka , Nomaguchi Mitsuo , Akasaki Yasumitsu , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report a case of water intoxication in a 54‐year‐old female schizophrenic patient with rhabdomyolysis. She had been admitted to a mental hospital, and treated with spiperone 6 mg daily. On August 3, 1992, the coma following a convulsion occurred. Laboratory data initially showed marked hyponatremia and hypochloremia with decreased serum potassium, and a gradual increase in serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The elevation in serum CPK with marked hyponatremia observed in the present patient was probably caused by excessive drinking of water. In this patient, the CPK elevation revealed the rhabdomyolysis.
Abnormalities in Event‐Related Potentials: N100, N200 and P300 Topography in Alcoholics
Authors: Miyazato Yoshikazu , Ogura Chikara
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Event‐related potentials were recorded in 30 abstinent alcoholics, and 30 gender‐ and age‐matched controls during a two‐tone discrimination (odd ball) task. All the subjects were free from medication and dextral. The amplitudes of N100, N200 and P300 in the alcoholics were reduced and the P300 latency prolonged as compared with those of the controls. A P300 amplitude reduction occurred in the left and midline frontal, and the left and midline central regions. This is the first report of the amplitude of P300 being markedly decreased in the left hemispheres of the brains of the alcoholics. The results are discussed in terms of the cognitive dysfunctions of alcoholics.
Functional Brain Imaging of a Catatonic Type of Schizophrenia: PET and SPECT Studies
Authors: Satoh Keiji , Narita Minoru , Someya Toshiyuki , Fukuyama Hidenao , Yonekura Yoshiharu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A brain imaging study was conducted in the case of a catatonic type of schizophrenia (DSM‐IIIR) by applying (i) positron emission tomography (PET) and (ii) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A PET study using [18]‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose revealed a lower glucose utilization in the dorsal frontal and parietal lobes of both cerebral hemispheres. Correlative SPECT studies using [123I]‐iodoamphetamine showed a diminished regional cerebral blood flow in similar regions of the cerebral hemisphere. A three‐dimensional volume rendering method of the SPECT images (TITAN) identified the dorsal region of the fronto‐parietal lobe as the most severely affected region. These patterns of deficits implicated the role of the dorsal frontal and parietal lobes in the pathogenesis of catatonic syndromes.
A Case of Protein C Deficiency Associated with Cerebral Infarction and Obstruction of Deep Leg and Inferior Mesenteric Veins
Authors: Tsuda Mitsunori , Miyazaki Masao , Takada Takahiro , Uda Yoshiyuki , Kuzuhara Shigeki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Protein C, a vitamin K‐dependent protein, is a blood coagulation inhibitor. Its deficiency causes systemic thrombosis. A 31‐year‐old woman developed cerebral infarction followed by late psychomotor seizures, and thrombosis in the inferior mesenteric vein and bilateral crural veins. Her parents were first cousins. Her mother died of cerebral thrombosis in her 30's. Her elder brother died of suspected purpura fulminans immediately after birth. Her protein C activity and protein C antigen level decreased markedly and were less than 5% of those of normal controls and 0.3 μg/ml, respectively. Her father, a paternal aunt and a maternal uncle also showed a low protein C activity and protein C antigen level. This patient seems to have congenital protein C deficiency which produced thrombosis in the leg veins and the mesenteric vein, probably cerebral infarction.
Ipsilateral and Bilateral EEG Activity from the Hippocampus
Authors: Oana Yasunori , Mayanagi Yoshiaki
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Using scalp and depth electroencephalography (EEG), we examined the relationship between the surface EEG activity and abnormal EEG discharges in the ipsilateral hippocampus in order to study the neuronal connection between the two cerebral regions. Ictal EEG was divided into 4 groups: 1) unitempo‐ipsilateral‐bifrontal slow waves, 2) unitempo‐ipsilateral‐bilateral slow waves, 3) bilateral slow waves, and 4) bilateral slow waves with repetitive spikes. Abnormal depth EEG activity in the hippocampus was classified into paroxysmal discharges and recruiting rhythms. Ictally and interictally, repetitive sharp waves or spikes in the unilateral hippocampus were associated with sharp waves or spikes in the ipsilateral temporal region. These findings suggest that the ipsilateral projection of seizure activity originating in the unilateral hippocampus is dependent upon the function of the subiculum.
Sexual Intercourse as a Precipitating Factor of Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Okura Masao , Nakayama Hiroshi , Nagamine Isao , Ikuta Takumi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A Japanese female case of transient global amnesia (TGA), who developed an amnesic episode after sexual intercourse, is reported. The mechanism of how TGA in the present case is precipitated by sexual intercourse could be explained by the elevated blood pressure during sexual intercourse that drops rapidly, causing a temporal ischemia in the distribution of the basilar artery. Furthermore, the importance of sexual intercourse as a precipitating factor of TGA is stressed.
Endogenous Event‐Related Potentials in Obsessive Character
Authors: Asahi Kimihike , Ogura Chikara , Hirano Kiyoshi , Nageishi Yasuhiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fifteen healthy subjects with obsessive character (OC) and 15 control subjects were tested for endogenous event‐related potentials using the auditory odd ball paradigm. A difference was found in the peak amplitude of the P200 component in response to both stimuli; the subjects with OC had smaller amplitudes than the controls, and the mean amplitude for the 120 to 200 ms latency range was smaller (negative shift) for the OC subjects. In the OC subjects, NA appears to be markedly induced to both rare and frequent stimuli; moreover, the OC subjects may show excessive reactions to selective attention as well as to the process of pattern recognition.
Peptide Histidine Methionine in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Yasuda Minoru , Minamitani Naoto , Maeda Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Immunoreactivities (IRs) of peptide histidine methionine (PHM) as well as somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) and age‐matched control subjects. We found statistically significant reductions in the PHM‐IR and somatostatin‐IR levels in the CSF from patients with SDAT, as compared with those of the controls. However, the VIP‐IR level in the CSF from SDAT was not different from that of the controls. These results suggest that selective degeneration of neurons containing somatostatin and PHM or the alteration in metabolism of PHM in the CSF might occur in SDAT.
Brain Atrophy and Intellectual Impairment in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Ueyama Kenichi , Fukuzako Hiroshi , Takeuchi Kouzou , Hirakawa Kyuroku , Fukuzako Tsuyoshi , Hokazono Yoshirou , Takigawa Morikum , Matsumoto Kei
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Fourteen chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and 13 without TD were given psychological tests and CT scans. The low density rate (LDR), i.e., the ratio of the X‐ray absorption (corresponding nearly to that of cerebrospinal fluid) of a brain lesion to the X‐ray absorption of the whole brain, was used as an index of brain atrophy (HN‐method). The LDR of the left hemisphere of the TD patients was significantly higher than that of non‐TD patients in the basal nucleus and lateral ventricle, and the LDR of the right hemisphere for the TD patients was significantly higher than that of non‐TD patients in the basal nucleus. The Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale (HDRS) and Bender‐Gestalt Test (BGT) for the TD patients were significantly lower than those for the non‐TD patients. Our study revealed that brain atrophy was greater in TD than in non‐TD patients and tended to be more pronounced in the left hemisphere, and that the degree of intellectual impairment was greater in the TD patients than in the non‐TD group. The results suggest that schizophrenic brains with TD tend to be more easily damaged than those without TD, that this tendency predominates on the left side, and that intellectual impairment in TD is related to brain atrophy.
Hot Water Epilepsy with Pineal Cyst and Cavum Septi Pellucidi
Authors: Tajima Yasutaka , Minami Naoya , Sudo Kazumasa , Moriwaka Fumio , Tashiro Kunio
Published: March 2008

Abstract: A case of reflex epilepsy accompanied by pineal cyst and cavum septi pellucidi induced by hot water bathing is presented. The patient is a 25‐year‐old male who has had six episodes of convulsions during the last three years. The seizures were diagnosed as a complex partial epilepsy followed by generalized tonic seizures. We have succeeded in recording his electroencephalogram (EEG) during convulsions. Moreover, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study revealed a pineal cyst and cavum septi pellucidi. This is quite a rare form of adult hot water epilepsy accompanied by intracranial malformations.