bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dry forming of aluminum alloys – Wear mechanisms and influencing factors
Authors: Groche P. , Resch F.
Published: August 2015

Tribological contacts in sheet metal forming are accompanied by several wear phenomena. One of which is the transfer of material from the softer sheet material to the harder tool surface, namely adhesive wear. Forming of aluminum alloys makes high demands on forming processes. Aluminum alloys show a strong tendency of adhesion on common tool materials. Adhesions on tools reduce the surface quality, the dimensional accuracy of the parts and the process stability. In order to avoid adhesive wear during forming, nowadays a high amount of lubricant is applied to the aluminum sheets. Though economically and ecologically attractive, dry forming processes with aluminum sheets seem not to be possible. In order to develop advantageous tribological systems a comprehensive understanding of the acting mechanisms is necessary. This paper discusses the influence of the alloy composition and the influence of oxide layers on the adhesive wear in aluminum forming.
Role of Ets Proteins in Development, Differentiation, and Function of T‐Cell Subsets
Authors: Liu Mian , Gao Weiwu , van Velkinburgh Jennifer C. , Wu Yuzhang , Ni Bing , Tian Yi
Published: August 2015

Through positive selection, double‐positive cells in the thymus differentiate into CD4+ or CD8+ T single‐positive cells that subsequently develop into different types of effective T cells, such as T‐helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells, that play distinctive roles in the immune system. Development, differentiation, and function of thymocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are controlled by a multitude of secreted and intracellular factors, ranging from cytokine signaling modules to transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers. Members of the E26 transformation specific (Ets) family of transcription factors, in particular, are potent regulators of these CD4+ or CD8+ T‐cell processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss the functions and underlying mechanisms of the Ets family members that have been characterized as involved in these processes. Ongoing research of these factors is expected to identify practical applications for the Ets family members as novel therapeutic targets for inflammation‐related diseases.
Anisotropic field‐of‐view support for golden angle radial imaging
Authors: Wu Ziyue , Han Fei , Hu Peng , Nayak Krishna S.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

To provide anisotropic field‐of‐view (FOV) support for golden angle radial imaging.

Theory and Methods

In radial imaging, uniform spoke density leads to a circular FOV, which is excessive for objects with anisotropic dimensions. Larson et al previously showed that the angular k‐space spoke density can be determined by the desired anisotropic FOV. We show that conventional golden angle sampling can be deployed in an angle‐normalized space and transformed back to k‐space such that the desired nonuniform spoke density is preserved for arbitrary temporal window length. Elliptical FOVs were used to illustrate this generalized mapping approach. Point‐spread‐function and spoke density analysis was performed. Phantom and in vivo cardiac images were acquired.

Results

Simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments confirmed that the proposed method is able to achieve anisotropic FOV while still maintaining the benefits of golden angle sampling. This approach requires 50% less spokes for elliptical FOV with major‐to‐minor‐axis ratio of 1:0.3, when compared with isotropic FOV with the same undersampling factor.

Conclusion

We demonstrate a simple method for applying golden angle view ordering to anisotropic FOV radial imaging. This can reduce imaging time for objects with anisotropic dimensions while still allowing arbitrary temporal window selection. Magn Reson Med 76:229–236, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Action Observational Training Plus Brain–Computer Interface‐Based Functional Electrical Stimulation on Paretic Arm Motor Recovery in Patient with Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kim TaeHoon , Kim SeongSik , Lee ByoungHee
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether action observational training (AOT) plus brain–computer interface‐based functional electrical stimulation (BCI‐FES) has a positive influence on motor recovery of paretic upper extremity in patients with stroke. This was a hospital‐based, randomized controlled trial with a blinded assessor. Thirty patients with a first‐time stroke were randomly allocated to one of two groups: the BCI‐FES group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). The BCI‐FES group administered to AOT plus BCI‐FES on the paretic upper extremity five times per week during 4 weeks while both groups received conventional therapy. The primary outcomes were the Fugl‐Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity, Motor Activity Log (MAL), Modified Barthel Index and range of motion of paretic arm. A blinded assessor evaluated the outcomes at baseline and 4 weeks. All baseline outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. After 4 weeks, the Fugl‐Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity sub‐items (total, shoulder and wrist), MAL (MAL‐Activity of Use and Quality of Movement), Modified Barthel Index and wrist flexion range of motion were significantly higher in the BCI‐FES group (p < 0.05). AOT plus BCI‐based FES is effective in paretic arm rehabilitation by improving the upper extremity performance. The motor improvements suggest that AOT plus BCI‐based FES can be used as a therapeutic tool for stroke rehabilitation. The limitations of the study are that subjects had a certain limited level of upper arm function, and the sample size was comparatively small; hence, it is recommended that future large‐scale trials should consider stratified and lager populations according to upper arm function. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations can cause light chains to be too stable or too unstable to form amyloid fibrils
Authors: Marin‐Argany Marta , Güell‐Bosch Jofre , Blancas‐Mejía Luis M. , Villegas Sandra , Ramirez‐Alvarado Marina
Published: August 2015

Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is an incurable human disease, where the amyloid precursor is a misfolding‐prone immunoglobulin light‐chain. Here, we identify the role of somatic mutations in the structure, stability and in vitro fibril formation for an amyloidogenic AL‐12 protein by restoring four nonconservative mutations to their germline (wild‐type) sequence. The single restorative mutations do not affect significantly the native structure, the unfolding pathway, and the reversibility of the protein. However, certain mutations either decrease (H32Y and H70D) or increase (R65S and Q96Y) the protein thermal stability. Interestingly, the most and the least stable mutants, Q96Y and H32Y, do not form amyloid fibrils under physiological conditions. Thus, Q96 and H32 are key residues for AL‐12 stability and fibril formation and restoring them to the wild‐type residues preclude amyloid formation. The mutants whose equilibrium is shifted to either the native or unfolded states barely sample transient partially folded states, and therefore do not form fibrils. These results agree with previous observations by our laboratory and others that amyloid formation occurs because of the sampling of partially folded states found within the unfolding transition (Blancas‐Mejia and Ramirez‐Alvarado, Ann Rev Biochem 2013;82:745–774). Here we provide a new insight on the AL amyloidosis mechanism by demonstrating that AL‐12 does not follow the established thermodynamic hypothesis of amyloid formation. In this hypothesis, thermodynamically unstable proteins are more prone to amyloid formation. Here we show that within a thermal stability range, the most stable protein in this study is the most amyloidogenic protein.
Diversity of bacterial communities in the midgut of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations and their potential use as attractants
Authors: Hadapad Ashok B , Prabhakar Chandra S , Chandekar Snehal C , Tripathi Jyoti , Hire Ramesh S
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

The microbiota plays an important role in insect development and fitness. Understanding the gut microbiota composition is essential for the development of pest management strategies. Midgut bacteria were isolated from nine wild B. cucurbitae populations collected from different agroecological zones of India. These isolates were further studied for attractant potential of fruit fly adults, and the chemical constituents in the supernatants of gut bacteria were analysed.

RESULTS

Twenty‐six bacterial isolates belonging to the families Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Micrococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae were isolated and identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The dominant species in the midgut of melon fly were from the genera Enterobacter (34.6%), Klebsiella (19.2%), Citrobacter (7.7%), Bacillus (15.4%) and Providencia (7.7%), and 3.8% each of Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Leclercia and Exiguobacterium. Bactrocera cucurbitae and B. dorsalis adults were significantly attracted to bacterial whole cell cultures and their supernatants in the fruit fly attraction bioassays. Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Providencia species attracted both male and females of Bactrocera species. The supernatants of Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Providencia species attracted a significantly greater number of females than males. The most abundant chemical constituents in supernatants of K. oxytoca and C. freundii were 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐phenylethanol, butyl isocyanatoacetate, 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, as identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

CONCLUSIONS

The bacterial endosymbionts associated with melon fly exhibited attractant potential which could facilitate eco‐friendly insect control strategies. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Knockdown of juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase severely affects the performance of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) larvae and adults
Authors: Fu Kai‐Yun , Li Qian , Zhou Li‐Tao , Meng Qing‐Wei , Lü Feng‐Gong , Guo Wen‐Chao , Li Guo‐Qing
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Juvenile hormone (JH) plays a critical role in the regulation of metamorphosis in Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a notorious defoliator of potato. JH acid methyltransferase (JHAMT) is involved in one of the final steps of JH biosynthesis.

RESULTS

A putative JHAMT cDNA (LdJHAMT) was cloned. Two double‐stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) (dsJHAMT1 and dsJHAMT2) against LdJHAMT were constructed and bacterially expressed. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of RNAi in both second‐ and fourth‐instar larvae. Dietary introduction of dsJHAMT1 and dsJHAMT2 successfully knocked down the target gene, lowered JH titre in the haemolymph and reduced the transcript of Krüppel homologue 1 gene. Ingestion of dsJHAMT caused larval death and weight loss, shortened larval developmental period and impaired pupation. Moreover, the dsJHAMT‐fed pupae exhibited lower adult emergence rates. The resulting adults weighed an average of 50 mg less than the control group, and the females did not deposit eggs. Application of pyriproxyfen to the dsJHAMT‐fed insects rescued all the negative effects.

CONCLUSIONS

LdJHAMT expresses functional JHAMT enzyme. The RNAi targeting LdJHAMT could be used for control of L. decemlineata. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Coulomb‐correlation effects on the optical properties of β‐Mn2V2O7
Authors: Medvedeva N. I. , Rotermel M. V. , Krasnenko T. I.
Published: August 2015

Electronic structure and optical properties of β‐Mn2V2O7 were studied using the density‐functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and including the on‐site electron correlations (GGA + U). The GGA functional alone gives the insulating antiferromagnetic state, but cannot explain the observed color of β‐Mn2V2O7. We discussed the sensitivity of optical properties toward U and concluded that the U‐Hubbard term to the Mn 3d states ∼4 eV is able to reproduce the experimental optical band gap. The low absorption coefficient, reflectivity, and refractive index obtained up to 3 eV predict the good reflection properties of this complex oxide.
School district consolidation: Market concentration and the scale‐efficiency tradeoff
Authors: Gronberg Timothy J. , Jansen Dennis W. , Karakaplan Mustafa U. , Taylor Lori L.
Published: August 2015

Consolidation is often proposed as a strategy for increasing school district quality without increasing educational funding. However, if consolidation reduces competition in the local school market and reduces efficiency, any savings from exploiting economies of scale may be lost to increased inefficiency. We use a stochastic cost function to investigate these effects for districts in Texas. We find important economies of scale, but we also find that increased market concentration leads to increased cost inefficiency. Finally, we illustrate the practical importance of these two potentially offsetting factors in a simulation that considers consolidating Texas school districts to county‐level districts. We find that failure to consider the effect on competition can lead to large overestimates of the benefits of consolidation.
Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) birth patterns and human presence in zoological settings
Authors: Kurtycz Laura M.B. , Ross Stephen R.
Published: August 2015

There is some evidence to suggest that zoo visitors may have a disruptive impact on zoo‐housed animals, especially primates. While some consider western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to be particularly reactive to large crowds, the evidence of these effects is mixed, and is likely highly influenced by exhibit design, and group composition. While the majority of studies have focused on behavioral responses to human presence, there is the potential for physiological effects as well, including the possibility of affecting the timing of parturition. Such effects have been demonstrated in laboratory‐housed callitrichids and chimpanzees, but unlike laboratory settings where human presence is lowest during the weekends, human presence might peak during weekends in public zoo settings. However, in a study of zoo‐housed chimpanzees, there were no significant differences between the number of chimpanzee births that occurred on weekdays compared to weekends [Wagner and Ross, 2008], and we sought to test these questions with gorillas. We analyzed the timing of 336 live gorilla births and 48 stillbirths at 53 accredited North American zoos from 1985–2014, and similarly to chimpanzees, found no weekend or weekday effect on number of births (live births: G = 0.000, p = 1; stillbirths: G = 0.166, p < 0.684). These data add to our understanding of the potential influence of human presence on primate behavior and physiology, and add to evidence suggesting that the effects of zoo visitors on exhibited species may be less profound than previously assumed. Zoo Biol. 34:518–521, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wound Disruption Following Colorectal Operations
Authors: Moghadamyeghaneh Zhobin , Hanna Mark H. , Carmichael Joseph C. , Mills Steven , Pigazzi Alessio , Nguyen Ninh T. , Stamos Michael J.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

Postoperative wound disruption is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify the risk factors and outcomes of wound disruption following colorectal resection.

Methods

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was used to examine the clinical data of patients who underwent colorectal resection from 2005 to 2013. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors of wound disruption.

Results

We sampled a total of 164,297 patients who underwent colorectal resection. Of these, 2073 (1.3 %) had wound disruption. Patients with wound disruption had significantly higher mortality (5.1 vs. 1.9 %, AOR: 1.46, P = 0.01). The highest risk of wound disruption was seen in patients with wound infection (4.8 vs. 0.9 %, AOR: 4.11, P < 0.01). A number of factors are associated with wound disruption such as chronic steroid use (AOR: 1.71, P < 0.01), smoking (AOR: 1.60, P < 0.01), obesity (AOR: 1.57, P < 0.01), operation length more than 3 h (AOR: 1.56, P < 0.01), severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (AOR: 1.36, P < 0.01), urgent/emergent admission (AOR: 1.31, P = 0.01), and serum Albumin Level <3 g/dL (AOR: 1.27, P < 0.01). Laparoscopic surgery had significantly lower risk of wound disruption compared to open surgery (AOR: 0.61, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Wound disruption occurs in 1.3 % of colorectal resections, and it correlates with mortality of patients. Wound infection is the strongest predictor of wound disruption. Chronic steroid use, obesity, severe COPD, prolonged operation, non‐elective admission, and serum albumin level are strongly associated with wound disruption. Utilization of the laparoscopic approach may decrease the risk of wound disruption when possible.
Dynamic Models for Longitudinal Butterfly Data
Authors: Dennis Emily B. , Morgan Byron J. T. , Freeman Stephen N. , Roy David B. , Brereton Tom
Published: August 2015

We present models which provide succinct descriptions of longitudinal seasonal insect count data. This approach produces, for the first time, estimates of the key parameters of brood productivities. It may be applied to univoltine and bivoltine species. For the latter, the productivities of each brood are estimated separately, which results in new indices indicating the contributions from different generations. The models are based on discrete distributions, with expectations that reflect the underlying nature of seasonal data. Productivities are included in a deterministic, auto-regressive manner, making the data from each brood a function of those in the previous brood. A concentrated likelihood results in appreciable efficiency gains. Both phenomenological and mechanistic models are used, including weather and site-specific covariates. Illustrations are provided using data from the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, however the approach is perfectly general. Consistent associations are found when estimates of productivity are regressed on northing and temperature. For instance, for univoltine species productivity is usually lower following milder winters, and mean emergence times of adults for all species have become earlier over time, due to climate change. The predictions of fitted dynamic models have the potential to improve the understanding of fundamental demographic processes. This is important for insects such as UK butterflies, many species of which are in decline. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Early Predictors of Functional Outcome After Trauma
Authors: Nemunaitis Gregory , Roach Mary Joan , Claridge Jeffrey , Mejia Melvin
Published: August 2015

Background

Despite the availability of routinely collected trauma data, researchers who investigate rehabilitation outcomes, functional evaluation, and comparative effectiveness have not incorporated this potentially clinically meaningful information in their modeling as predictors or adjustors.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to identify variables from the scene of a traumatic accident and from the emergency department that can be used in assessing functional outcomes of persons who survive trauma.

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Level I academic trauma center.

Patients

Persons who sustained and survived a spinal cord injury, a traumatic brain injury, or polytrauma.

Methods

Trauma and rehabilitation registries were merged by matching the 2 data files for each patient by medical record number, and the files were verified by gender and date of birth. Analysis consisted of standard descriptive statistics (frequencies and averages). A 2‐staged linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the demographic, scene, and ED data elements and discharge functional outcome.

Main Outcome Measure

Discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM).

Results

Older patients with government insurance had poorer discharge FIM scores compared with patients who had commercial insurance. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Glasgow Coma Scale score from the scene of the accident were significantly associated with the discharge FIM. Persons with a lower ISS had significantly higher discharge FIM scores than did persons with a higher ISS (P < .001). For every unit change in Glasgow Coma Scale score, FIM scores increased by 0.488 points (P = .030).

Conclusion

The use of routinely collected trauma data elements can be useful in assessing the continuum of patient care. Incorporating trauma data into research has the potential to improve our models of functional outcomes and provide meaningful risk adjustors when comparing and evaluating rehabilitation care systems and treatments.
Patients With Fibromyalgia Have Significant Autonomic Symptoms But Modest Autonomic Dysfunction
Authors: Vincent Ann , Whipple Mary O. , Low Phillip A. , Joyner Michael , Hoskin Tanya L.
Published: August 2015

Background

Research suggests that disordered autonomic function may be one contributor to deconditioning reported in fibromyalgia; however, no study to date has assessed these variables simultaneously with comprehensive measures.

Objective

To characterize physical fitness and autonomic function with the use of clinically validated measures and subjective questionnaires between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls.

Design

Cross‐sectional, observational, controlled study.

Setting

Community sample of patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls.

Participants

Thirty patients with fibromyalgia and 30 pain and fatigue‐free controls.

Methods

Participants completed a battery of self‐report questionnaires and physiological measures, including clinically validated measures of physical fitness and autonomic function.

Main Outcome Measurements

Six‐Minute Walk Test total distance, maximal oxygen consumption as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, total steps using activity monitor, Composite Autonomic Scoring Scale as assessed by Autonomic Reflex Screen, total metabolic equivalents per week using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and self‐reported autonomic symptoms via the 31‐item Composite Autonomic Symptom Score questionnaire.

Results

Autonomic function, as assessed by self‐report, was significantly different between patients and controls (P < .0001); in contrast, the only difference between patients and controls on the Autonomic Reflex Screen was in the adrenergic domain (P = .022), and these abnormalities were mild. Self‐reported physical activity was not significantly different between patients and controls (P = .99), but levels of moderate and vigorous physical activity as measured by actigraphy were significantly lower in patients (P = .012 and P = .047, respectively). Exercise capacity (6‐Minute Walk) was poorer in patients (P = .0006), but there was no significant difference in maximal volume of oxygen consumption (P = .07).

Conclusions

Patients with fibromyalgia report more severe symptoms across all domains, including physical activity and autonomic symptoms, compared with controls, but the objective assessments only showed modest differences. Our results suggest that patients with widespread subjective impairment of function have only modest objective measures of autonomic dysfunction. We recommend that the primary treatment goal should be focused on restoration of function, which may also ameliorate symptoms.
Intersectoral policy for severe and persistent mental illness: review of approaches in a sample of high-income countries
Authors: Diminic S. , Carstensen G. , Harris M. G. , Reavley N. , Pirkis J. , Meurk C. , Wong I. , Bassilios B. , Whiteford H. A.
Published: August 2015

Background

It is increasingly recognised that intersectoral linkages between mental health and other health and support sectors are essential for providing effective care for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. The extent to which intersectoral collaboration and approaches to achieve it are detailed in mental health policy has not yet been systematically examined.

Methods

Thirty-eight mental health policy documents from 22 jurisdictions in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada were identified via a web search. Information was extracted and synthesised on: the extent to which intersectoral collaboration was an objective or guiding principle of policy; the sectors acknowledged as targets for collaboration; and the characteristics of detailed intersectoral collaboration efforts.

Results

Recurring themes in objectives/guiding principles included a whole of government approach, coordination and integration of services, and increased social and economic participation. All jurisdictions acknowledged the importance of intersectoral collaboration, particularly with employment, education, housing, community, criminal justice, drug and alcohol, physical health, Indigenous, disability, emergency and aged care services. However, the level of detail provided varied widely. Where detailed strategies were described, the most common linkage mechanisms were joint service planning through intersectoral coordinating committees or liaison workers, interagency agreements, staff training and joint service provision.

Conclusions

Sectors and mechanisms identified for collaboration were largely consistent across jurisdictions. Little information was provided about strategies for accountability, resourcing, monitoring and evaluation of intersectoral collaboration initiatives, highlighting an area for further improvement. Examples of collaboration detailed in the policies provide a useful resource for other countries.
Well-posed and ill-posed behaviour of the -rheology for granular flow
Authors: Barker T. , Schaeffer D. G. , Bohorquez P. , Gray J. M. N. T.
Published: August 2015

In light of the successes of the Navier–Stokes equations in the study of fluid flows, similar continuum treatment of granular materials is a long-standing ambition. This is due to their wide-ranging applications in the pharmaceutical and engineering industries as well as to geophysical phenomena such as avalanches and landslides. Historically this has been attempted through modification of the dissipation terms in the momentum balance equations, effectively introducing pressure and strain-rate dependence into the viscosity. Originally, a popular model for this granular viscosity, the Coulomb rheology, proposed rate-independent plastic behaviour scaled by a constant friction coefficient ${\it\mu}$. Unfortunately, the resultant equations are always ill-posed. Mathematically ill-posed problems suffer from unbounded growth of short-wavelength perturbations, which necessarily leads to grid-dependent numerical results that do not converge as the spatial resolution is enhanced. This is unrealistic as all physical systems are subject to noise and do not blow up catastrophically. It is therefore vital to seek well-posed equations to make realistic predictions. The recent ${\it\mu}(I)$-rheology is a major step forward, which allows granular flows in chutes and shear cells to be predicted. This is achieved by introducing a dependence on the non-dimensional inertial number $I$ in the friction coefficient ${\it\mu}$. In this paper it is shown that the ${\it\mu}(I)$-rheology is well-posed for intermediate values of $I$, but that it is ill-posed for both high and low inertial numbers. This result is not obvious from casual inspection of the equations, and suggests that additional physics, such as enduring force chains and binary collisions, becomes important in these limits. The theoretical results are validated numerically using two implicit schemes for non-Newtonian flows. In particular, it is shown explicitly that at a given resolution a standard numerical scheme used to compute steady-uniform Bagnold flow is stable in the well-posed region of parameter space, but is unstable to small perturbations, which grow exponentially quickly, in the ill-posed domain.
Why Pre-Electoral Coalitions in Presidential Systems?
Authors: Kellam Marisa
Published: August 2015

Why do political parties join coalitions to support other parties’ presidential candidates if presidents, once elected, are not bound to their pre-electoral pledges? This article argues that policy agreements made publicly between coalition partners during the campaign help parties pursue policy goals. However, parties cannot use pre-electoral coalitions to secure access to patronage, pork and government benefits under the control of presidents because they cannot hold presidents accountable to these agreements. Quantitative analysis of Latin American electoral coalitions demonstrates that political parties are more likely to form presidential electoral coalitions as the ideological distance between them decreases. Yet presidential electoral coalitions tend not to include non-programmatic political parties, even though such office-oriented parties are unconstrained by ideological considerations.
Unity in Diversity? The Development of Political Parties in the Parliament of Canada, 1867–2011
Authors: Godbout Jean-François , Høyland Bjørn
Published: August 2015

What explains the development of legislative party voting unity? Evidence from the United States and Britain indicate that partisan sorting, cohort replacement effects, electoral incentives, and agenda control contributed to enhancing party cohesion during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Here, these mechanisms are evaluated by analysing a dataset containing all the recorded votes from the Canadian House of Commons, 1867–2011. Overall, we find that partisan sorting and the government’s ability to control the agenda are central to the consolidation of parties over time. Our results underscore the need to integrate institutional rules and legislative agendas into models of parliamentary voting behaviour and suggest that strict party discipline can lead to the development of a multi-party system in the legislative arena.
THE CERTAINTY OF TERM REQUIREMENT IN LEASES: NOTHING LASTS FOREVER
Authors: Williams Ian
Published: August 2015

This article explains the rule that leases have a certain term from the outset by placing the lease within the wider context of the system of estates in land. There are no perpetual estates in land. However, some uncertain terms risk creating genuinely perpetual estates, conflicting with the nemo dat principle. All leases for uncertain terms cause considerable difficulties if a superior estate comes to an end. The article shows that the common law addressed this difficulty, not entirely consistently, before 1925, but there are still real difficulties in the operation of escheat were uncertain terms to be permitted.
ANTISUIT INJUNCTIONS IN SUPPORT OF ARBITRATION:WEST TANKERSSTILL AFLOAT
Authors: Hartley Trevor C
Published: August 2015

In its eagerly awaited judgment inGazprom, the CJEU declined to follow the Opinion of Advocate General Wathelet thatWest Tankersis no longer good law. TheWest Tankerscase decided that the courts of one Member State are precluded from granting antisuit injunctions directed at proceedings in the courts of another Member State, even if the proceedings in which the injunction is granted fall outside the scope of the Brussels Regulation by reason of the fact that they are concerned with arbitration. TheGazpromcase confirms thatWest Tankersis still good law.
Children's interpretation of conjunction in the scope of negation in English and Mandarin: New evidence for the semantic subset maxim
Authors: NOTLEY ANNA MYRA , ZHOU PENG , CRAIN STEPHEN
Published: August 2015

We tested 3- to 5-year-old English- and Mandarin-speaking children on their interpretation of sentences like The elephant didn't eat both the carrot and the capsicum. These sentences are scopally ambiguous. Adult English speakers favor a weak interpretation of such sentences, with negation taking scope over conjunction (i.e., the elephant probably ate one of the vegetables, but not both). In contrast, adult Mandarin speakers favor a strong interpretation of the corresponding Mandarin sentences, with conjunction taking scope over negation (i.e., the elephant ate neither vegetable). The semantic subset maxim (Notley, Zhou, Jensen, & Crain, 2012) predicts that children acquiring all human languages should initially prefer the strong (subset) reading of such sentences. In contrast, the question–answer requirement model (Gualmini, Hulsey, Hacquard, & Fox, 2008; Hulsey, Hacquard, Fox, & Gualmini, 2004) predicts that children should initially prefer the scope reading that constitutes a good true answer to a question under discussion in the context. We designed a task in which the weak reading of our sentences corresponded to a good true answer to the question under discussion. We found that children across languages nonetheless preferred to assign a strong interpretation to our test sentences, providing empirical support for the semantic subset maxim.
Household food insufficiency is associated with dietary intake in Korean adults
Authors: Lee Sang Eun , Song Yoon Ju , Kim Young , Choe Jeongsook , Paik Hee-Young
Published: August 2015

Objective

To examine the association of food insufficiency with dietary intake and eating and health behaviours.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting

Data were obtained from a secondary source, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2012).

Subjects

The sample size consisted of 15 603 adults over 19 years of age (8898 households).

Results

Significant differences in socio-economic factors were observed according to food insufficiency level (P<0·05), but BMI was similar among groups. Regarding macronutrients, lower protein intake and higher carbohydrate intake were found in the severely food-insufficient group, but we found no association with fat intake. Regarding micronutrients, Ca, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin niacin and vitamin C intakes were negatively associated with food insufficiency level (Ptrend<0·05). Consumption of different food groups, such as meat, fish, eggs and beans, vegetables and fruits, was significantly lower as food insufficiency level decreased after controlling for all possible variables; food group consumption also differed by sex. Overall eating and health behaviours were poorer in the mildly and severely food-insufficient groups, who received more food assistance but less nutritional education.

Conclusions

Our results showed that dietary intake as well as eating and health behaviours are adversely associated with food insufficiency. These findings suggest that specific strategies to help food-insufficient individuals should be developed in order to improve their dietary quality and health status.
Employment Experiences of Those Living With and Being Treated For Hepatitis C: Seeking Reasonable Adjustments and the Role of Disability Legislation
Authors: Mack Heather , Paylor Ian
Published: August 2015

Accounts of employment experience with Hepatitis C (HCV) are scarce, particularly within a UK context where few qualitative studies are available. This article reports on a piece of empirical work which sought to explore the experiences of living with HCV in the UK, out of which the experience of employment emerged. Two standout areas of discussion in this article are the degree to which individuals felt protected in disability legislation (i.e. the Disability Discrimination Act, 1995, 2005, now part of the Equality Act 2010) and their experiences of receiving reasonable adjustments in the workplace. This research highlights the apparent lack of acknowledgement that HCV can affect employment and indeed that the difficulties faced by those with HCV are shared by other disabled people. The findings here suggest that where workplaces facilitate or allow reasonable adjustments employees were able to take up the potential that allowed them to work in sustainable ways.
COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL ET INTERDISCIPLINAIRE: RAMEAU, ENTRE ART ET SCIENCE INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE SUR LE PATRIMOINE MUSICAL EN FRANCE, BIBLIOTHÈQUE NATIONALE DE FRANCE, FONDATION ROYAUMONT AND OPÉRA-COMIQUE, PARIS, 20–22 MARCH 2014
Authors: RIVERA GINA
Published: August 2015

People heard the surname Rameau with some frequency in 2014, which marked the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the death of the composer and theorist Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764). In classrooms and on radio broadcasts, a circumscribed set of associations comes to mind with each utterance of the name. Musicologists think of Rameau's discourses on triadic harmony and his theory of the fundamental bass (basse fondamentale). Keyboardists think of music composed by a literate organist and violinist from Dijon. Singers and dancers might also think of the many forays into choral music, ballet and opera that cemented Rameau's rise to artistic prominence during the French Enlightenment.
P. A. LOCATELLI AND J.-M. LECLAIR: LEGACY IN THE XIX CENTURY FONDAZIONE MIA, BERGAMO, 17–19 OCTOBER 2014
Authors: SALA LUCA LÉVI
Published: August 2015

In October 2014 scholars from Europe and North America took part in a conference dedicated to two important figures active during the eighteenth century as composers and virtuosos of the violin, to mark the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of their death: Pietro Antonio Locatelli (Bergamo, 1695–Amsterdam, 1764) and Jean-Marie Leclair l’aîné (Lyon 1697–Paris, 1764). The event was organized by the Centro Studi Opera Omnia Luigi Boccherini (Lucca) in partnership with the Fondazione MIA of Bergamo and the Palazzetto Bru Zane – Centre de Musique Romantique Française in Venice, and also with the collaboration of the Edizione Nazionale Italiana delle Opere Complete di Locatelli. Accommodated in the magnificent Sala Locatelli of the Fondazione MIA, the conference was subdivided into six sessions. First came ‘Pietro Antonio Locatelli and His Legacy’, with speakers Paola Palermo (Bergamo), Christoph Riedo (Universität Freiburg, Switzerland) and Ewa Chamczyk (Uniwersytet Warszawski), followed by ‘French Routes’, featuring Étienne Jardin (Palazzetto Bru Zane – Centre de Musique Romantique Française), Candida Felici (Conservatorio di Musica di Cosenza) and Paola Besutti (Università di Teramo). The third session, ‘Pierre-Marie-François de Sales Baillot’, was held to mark the bicentenary of Baillot's foundation of his séances de musique de chambre (chamber music concerts).
LE STAGIONI DI JOMMELLI: CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE NEL TERZO CENTENARIO DELLA NASCITA DI NICCOLÒ JOMMELLI AVERSA AND NAPLES, 5–7 DECEMBER 2014
Authors: FORMENT BRUNO , MORABITO SERGIO
Published: August 2015

In 1915, in the midst of war, a twenty-nine-year-old scholar by the name of Margherita Berio published an article that deplored the total lack of attention devoted to Niccolò Jommelli (1714–1774) on the bicentennial of his birth, the year before. ‘No one,’ Berio complained, ‘not even before the flogging war swept away in its own horror lives, things, memories – no one, I believe, has broken the silence around Jommelli’ (‘Un centenario silenzioso: Nicola Jommelli’, Rivista musicale italiana 22/1 (1915), 105). Berio was hopeful, however, stating that ‘an authentic glory of our [Italian] art’ had perhaps been ‘locked up, yet not suffocated’ by forgetfulness.
THE CIRCULATION OF INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC BETWEEN OLD AND NEW WORLDS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM SOURCES PRESERVED IN MEXICO CITY AND LIMA
Authors: VERA ALEJANDRO
Published: August 2015

This article deals with the circulation of instrumental music between Spain and the New World at the end of the eighteenth century, focusing on Madrid, Mexico City and Lima as main urban centres. By analysing archival documents preserved in these cities, I intend to show that the baroque guitar music composed and copied in Madrid was also intended to be a commercial concern in Latin America (particularly in Mexico City and Lima), and that its cultivation in the New World lasted for a long time, even through to the beginning of the nineteenth century, thus coexisting with music by Johann Christian Bach, Boccherini, Cannabich, Haydn and other ‘modern’ composers. These assertions are reinforced through an examination of two musical manuscripts copied in Lima around 1800, which also shows some of the changes undergone by the repertory during its complex process of reception. I conclude by suggesting that, in the light of all this, a linear and evolutionary view of music history, according to which new repertories replace older ones, should be reconsidered.
TAKING THE OATHS: THE DIRECTORS OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF MUSIC SWEAR ALLEGIANCE TO KING AND COUNTRY
Authors: HARRIS ELLEN T.
Published: August 2015

Early in 1719 plans were advanced for establishing a company by the name of the Royal Academy of Music for the purpose of performing ‘Operas on the English Theatre, in greater perfection than they have hitherto been represented, either in this or any other Country’. In May George I ordered the organizers to ‘prepare a Bill for Our Royal Signature’ to incorporate the Academy by letters patents, and he granted the company £1,000 a year for seven years. The official royal charter establishing the Academy for twenty-one years is dated 27 July 1719. In addition to the Governor of the company (always to be the Lord Chamberlain), the original fourteen directors of the company can be identified from the minutes of the first meetings in November and December. By the time the Academy produced its first opera, Giovanni Porta's Numitore (2 April 1720), the composition of the board of directors had shifted (as indicated in the printed libretto), and seven were new. One of these was John Percival, later 1st Earl of Egmont.
CLASSIFYING MISATTRIBUTIONS IN PERGOLESI’S SACRED MUSIC
Authors: BACCIAGALUPPI CLAUDIO
Published: August 2015

On 16 March 1736 Giovanni Battista Pergolesi died from consumption at age twenty-six in the Franciscan monastery of Pozzuoli near Naples, leaving a considerable number of compositions in all genres: stage works, cantatas, instrumental music and sacred music. On account of the success these compositions had enjoyed in Italy during his life, and the extraordinary fame they achieved in the rest of Europe after his death, a multitude of works bearing his name continued to be disseminated, many of which had little, if any, connection with Pergolesi himself. This phenomenon invites us to question what mechanisms are at work when a piece of music is misattributed, for if spurious or doubtful works can be classified according to their origin, then the identification of recurring patterns may help disentangle similar cases. This essay aims to classify the origins of misattributed sacred works from the first decades of Pergolesi's posthumous reception.
Diplosoma gumavirens (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): the first record of photosymbiotic ascidians in the Taiwan Strait
Authors: Hirose Euichi , Hirose Mamiko , Shy Jhy-Yun
Published: August 2015

Diplosoma gumavirensspecimens were collected from the Penghu Islands, Taiwan. This is the first record of photosymbiotic ascidians in the Taiwan Strait, where the minimum water temperature in the winter is <16°C because of intrusion of the China Coastal Current.
On-farm phenotypic characterization of Mursi cattle in its production environment in South Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Terefe Endashaw , Dessie Tadelle , Haile Aynalem , Mulatu Wudyalew , Mwai Okeyo
Published: August 2015

This study was conducted to characterize the morphological peculiarities and performance characteristics of Mursi cattle in its production environment managed by Bodi and Mursi pastoral communities in Southern Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire survey, group discussion, cattle morphological measurements and morphological descriptions were used to collect data. One hundred and two household heads were selected to administer the questionnaire and 201 adult cattle were selected for morphological description and body measurements. The Mursi cattle population was found to have variable coat colour type (85.9 percent) and coat colour pattern (51.3 percent). Body length, chest girth, withers height, rump width and rump length of Mursi cattle were 122.1 ± 0.9, 144.5 ± 0.9, 113 ± 0.1.1, 36.9 ± 0.3 and 20.4 ± 0.3 cm, respectively. Morphological measurements of most linear traits show no difference in the two locations but all measurements vary (P< 0.001) between males and females. Estimated age at first calving was 4.6 years and was significantly (P< 0.0001) higher in the Mursi area, while the calving interval (14.5 months) and cow reproductive life (14.2 years) were the same in both locations. Average daily milk yield (2.1 litres) and lactation length (7.8 months) of Mursi cattle in the two locations were similar. Cattle production was constrained by high disease prevalence, seasonal feed availability, and water shortage, with frequent drought. Trypanosomosis, black leg, anthrax and skin diseases are major cattle diseases reported in the two study areas. Because of its peculiar morphological characteristics, including large body frame, higher production performance, and survivability in the harsh environment, the Mursi cattle can be used as an alternative genetic resource for production improvement programs.
Loss of lamin A function increases chromatin dynamics in the nuclear interior
Authors: Bronshtein I. , Kepten E. , Kanter I. , Berezin S. , Lindner M. , Redwood Abena B. , Mai S , Gonzalo S. , Foisner R. , Shav-Tal Y. , Garini Y.
Published: August 2015

Chromatin is organized in a highly ordered yet dynamic manner in the cell nucleus, but the principles governing this organization remain unclear. Similarly, it is unknown whether, and how, various proteins regulate chromatin motion and as a result influence nuclear organization. Here by studying the dynamics of different genomic regions in the nucleus of live cells, we show that the genome has highly constrained dynamics. Interestingly, depletion of lamin A strikingly alters genome dynamics, inducing a dramatic transition from slow anomalous diffusion to fast and normal diffusion. In contrast, depletion of LAP2α, a protein that interacts with lamin A and chromatin, has no such effect on genome dynamics. We speculate that chromosomal inter-chain interactions formed by lamin A throughout the nucleus contribute to chromatin dynamics, and suggest that the molecular regulation of chromatin diffusion by lamin A in the nuclear interior is critical for the maintenance of genome organization.
Tbx15 controls skeletal muscle fibre-type determination and muscle metabolism
Authors: Lee Kevin Y. , Singh Manvendra K. , Ussar Siegfried , Wetzel Petra , Hirshman Michael F. , Goodyear Laurie J. , Kispert Andreas , Kahn C. Ronald
Published: August 2015

Skeletal muscle is composed of both slow-twitch oxidative myofibers and fast-twitch glycolytic myofibers that differentially impact muscle metabolism, function and eventually whole-body physiology. Here we show that the mesodermal transcription factor T-box 15 (Tbx15) is highly and specifically expressed in glycolytic myofibers. Ablation of Tbx15 in vivo leads to a decrease in muscle size due to a decrease in the number of glycolytic fibres, associated with a small increase in the number of oxidative fibres. This shift in fibre composition results in muscles with slower myofiber contraction and relaxation, and also decreases whole-body oxygen consumption, reduces spontaneous activity, increases adiposity and glucose intolerance. Mechanistically, ablation of Tbx15 leads to activation of AMPK signalling and a decrease in Igf2 expression. Thus, Tbx15 is one of a limited number of transcription factors to be identified with a critical role in regulating glycolytic fibre identity and muscle metabolism.