bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined neuropathological pathways account for age‐related risk of dementia
Authors: Power Melinda C. , Mormino Elizabeth , Soldan Anja , James Bryan D. , Yu Lei , Armstrong Nicole M. , Bangen Katherine J. , Delano‐Wood Lisa , Lamar Melissa , Lim Yen Ying , Nudelman Kelly , Zahodne Laura , Gross Alden L. , Mungas Dan , Widaman Keith F. , Schneider Julie
Published: June 2018

Objective

Our objectives were to characterize the inter‐relation of known dementia‐related neuropathologies in one comprehensive model and quantify the extent to which accumulation of neuropathologies accounts for the association between age and dementia.

Methods

We used data from 1,362 autopsied participants of three community‐based clinicopathological cohorts: the Religious Orders Study, the Rush Memory and Aging Project, and the Minority Aging Research Study. We estimated a series of structural equation models summarizing a priori hypothesized neuropathological pathways between age and dementia risk individually and collectively.

Results

At time of death (mean age, 89 years), 44% of our sample had a clinical dementia diagnosis. When considered individually, our vascular, amyloid/tau, neocortical Lewy body, and TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43)/hippocampal sclerosis pathology pathways each accounted for a substantial proportion of the association between age and dementia. When considered collectively, the four pathways fully accounted for all variance in dementia risk previously attributable to age. Pathways involving amyloid/tau, neocortical Lewy bodies, and TDP‐43/hippocampal sclerosis were interdependent, attributable to the importance of amyloid beta plaques in all three. The importance of the pathways varied, with the vascular pathway accounting for 32% of the association between age and dementia, wheraes the remaining three inter‐related degenerative pathways together accounted for 68% (amyloid/tau, 24%; the Lewy body, 1%; and TDP‐43/hippocampal sclerosis, 43%).

Interpretation

Age‐related increases in dementia risk can be attributed to accumulation of multiple pathologies, each of which contributes to dementia risk. Multipronged approaches may be necessary if we are to develop effective therapies. Ann Neurol 2018;84:10–22
Intrinsically Photoswitchable α/β Peptides toward Two‐State Foldamers
Authors: Marafon Giulia , Crisma Marco , Moretto Alessandro
Published: June 2018

A simple, unsaturated, E–Z photoisomerizable β‐amino acid, (Z)‐3‐aminoprop‐2‐enoic acid, has been introduced into peptide foldamers through a one‐pot chemical coupling, based on Pd/Cu‐catalyzed olefin oxidative amidation, between two peptide segments carrying, respectively, a ‐Gly‐NH2 residue at the C‐terminus and an acryloyl group at the N‐terminus. Reversible conversion between the Z and E configurations of the 3‐aminoprop‐2‐enoic linkage was achieved photochemically. A crystallographic analysis on two model compounds shed light on the consequences, in terms of 3D structure and self‐association properties, brought about by the different configuration of the unsaturated linkage. As a proof of concept, E–Z photoisomerization of a 3‐aminoprop‐2‐enoic acid residue, inserted as the junction between two conformationally distinct peptide domains (one helical while the other β‐sheet promoter), allowed supramolecular self‐association to be reversibly turned on/off.
Tunable Chiroptical Properties from the Plasmonic Band to Metal–Ligand Charge Transfer Band of Cysteine‐Capped Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Yiwen , Cheng Jiaji , Li Jiagen , Zhu Xi , He Tingchao , Chen Rui , Tang Zikang
Published: June 2018

Understanding the interactions between a semiconducting nanocrystal surface and chiral anchoring molecules could resolve the mechanism of chirality induction in nanoscale and facilitate the rational design of chiral semiconducting materials for chiroptics. Now, chiral molybdenum oxide nanoparticles are presented in which chirality is transferred via a bio‐to‐nano approach. With facile control of the amount of chiral cysteine molecules under redox treatment, circular dichroism (CD) signals are generated in the plasmon region and metal–ligand charge‐transfer band. The obtained enhanced CD signals with tunable lineshapes illustrate the possibility of using chiral molybdenum oxide nanoparticles as potentials for chiral semiconductor nanosensors, optoelectronics, and photocatalysts.
Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Aqueous Media Using a Macroinitiator Approach
Authors: Foster Jeffrey C. , Varlas Spyridon , Blackman Lewis D. , Arkinstall Lucy A. , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: June 2018

Water‐soluble and amphiphilic polymers are of great interest to industry and academia, as they can be used in applications such as biomaterials and drug delivery. Whilst ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is a fast and functional group tolerant methodology for the synthesis of a wide range of polymers, its full potential for the synthesis of water‐soluble polymers has yet to be realized. To address this, we report a general strategy for the synthesis of block copolymers in aqueous milieu using a commercially available ROMP catalyst and a macroinitiator approach. This allows for excellent control in the preparation of block copolymers in water. If the second monomer is chosen such that it forms a water‐insoluble polymer, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) occurs and a variety of self‐assembled nano‐object morphologies can be accessed.
ONO pincer‐type palladium(II) complexes of heterocyclic hydrazone: Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu Thangavel , Sparkes Hazel A. , Natarajan Karuppannan , Gnanasoundari V.G.
Published: June 2018

Two new Pd(II) complexes of N′‐(4‐(diethylamino)‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)furan‐2‐carbohydrazide were synthesized and characterized using various spectral methods. The structure of one of the complexes was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. DNA and protein binding affinities of the synthesized compounds were examined using UV–visible and fluorescence titration method. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated against A549 (lung cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cell lines using the MTT assay method.
Experimental studies on drag reduction by coupled addition of nonionic polymer poly(ethylene oxide) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride
Authors: Pang Mingjun , Xie Chengcheng , Zhang Zhan , Dai Junrong
Published: June 2018

More and more attention is paid to the synergistic drag reduction by polymers and surfactants because there are serious disadvantages of the drag reduction by them alone. In order to understand the synergistic effect of the drag reduction by polymers and surfactants, in‐depth investigations are performed on the drag reduction behavior by simultaneous addition of nonionic polymer poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) in a two‐dimensional channel flow. The sodium salicylate (NaSal) is added to provide counter ions for promoting micelle formation. For comparisons, the drag‐reducing behaviors of PEO and CTAC/NaSal alone are also investigated. The present results show that the synergistic effect of the drag reduction depends upon concentration combination of PEO and CTAC/NaSal. The Reynolds number range with a high drag‐reducing rate becomes wider due to the simultaneous addition of PEO & CTAC/NaSal, whereas the ultimate drag reduction rate has a minimal change. The drag reduction enhancement is a complicated and nonlinear issue, and it seems that PEO and CTAC/NaSal play different roles in the drag reduction in different Reynolds number ranges.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for North American common greenbrier, Smilax rotundifolia (Smilacaceae)
Authors: Wang Ruihong , Li Mengdi , Wu Xue , Shen Chao , Yu Wendi , Liu Jinliang , Qi Zhechen , Li Pan
Published: June 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite markers were developed for Smilax rotundifolia (Smilacaceae), an understory vine widely distributed in eastern North America, to investigate genetic diversity and structure. Cross‐amplification was tested in three congeneric species: S. china, S. riparia, and S. walteri.

Methods and Results

A total of 6153 simple sequence repeat primer pairs were detected from the de novo–assembled transcriptome data (88,3962 contigs) of S. rotundifolia. Thirty‐three polymorphic microsatellite loci were selected for further analysis among 96 individuals representing four natural populations of the species. The number of alleles ranged from two to 15, and 87.9% of the developed primer pairs could be cross‐amplified in at least one of three congeneric Smilax species.

Conclusions

The simple sequence repeat markers developed in this study will facilitate further studies on genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of S. rotundifolia and provide additional potential microsatellite resources for other Smilax species.
The park never born: Outcome of a quarter of a century of inaction on the sea‐floor integrity of a proposed but not established Marine Protected Area
Authors: Bianchi Carlo Nike , Cocito Silvia , Diviacco Giovanni , Dondi Nicolò , Fratangeli Francesca , Montefalcone Monica , Parravicini Valeriano , Rovere Alessio , Sgorbini Sergio , Vacchi Matteo , Morri Carla
Published: June 2018

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a major tool to conserve marine ecosystems but are also strongly attractive to tourists, the increased numbers of which can cause environmental issues if not properly managed.

Proposing an MPA and then failing to establish it risks advertising the beauty of a marine area without managing the unavoidable increase in tourism. This is what happened at Gallinara Island (Ligurian Sea, north‐western Mediterranean), where an MPA was proposed in 1990 but has not yet been established.

Benthic data collected soon after the proposal (1990–92) have been compared with similar information obtained in subsequent periods (2009 and 2016): change has been assessed both visually and statistically, using multivariate and univariate techniques.

The Gallinara sea floor supported five epibenthic communities in 1991, four of which corresponded to European Nature Information System (EUNIS) habitats; the fifth epibenthic community, characterized by the erect sponge Axinella polypoides, should be included in the next revision of EUNIS.

In the 25 years since the original MPA proposal, all epibenthic communities have exhibited a reduction in their three‐dimensional structure and biotic homogenization, and severe decreases in species diversity, and the sea floor has been littered with derelict fishing gear and other waste from boats.

In absence of the MPA, proposals to develop a management plan for a marine Site of Community Importance (SCI) have been provided, to reduce sea‐based human pressures. The dramatic alteration of Gallinara sea floor after 25 years of negligence and inaction is a sad warning for other unmanaged yet beautiful natural areas within urbanized regions of the world.
Archaea‐First and the Co‐Evolutionary Diversification of Domains of Life
Authors: Staley James T. , Caetano‐Anollés Gustavo
Published: June 2018

The origins and evolution of the Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya remain controversial. Phylogenomic‐wide studies of molecular features that are evolutionarily conserved, such as protein structural domains, suggest Archaea is the first domain of life to diversify from a stem line of descent. This line embodies the last universal common ancestor of cellular life. Here, we propose that ancestors of Euryarchaeota co‐evolved with those of Bacteria prior to the diversification of Eukarya. This co‐evolutionary scenario is supported by comparative genomic and phylogenomic analyses of the distributions of fold families of domains in the proteomes of free‐living organisms, which show horizontal gene recruitments and informational process homologies. It also benefits from the molecular study of cell physiologies responsible for membrane phospholipids, methanogenesis, methane oxidation, cell division, gas vesicles, and the cell wall. Our theory however challenges popular cell fusion and two‐domain of life scenarios derived from sequence analysis, demanding phylogenetic reconciliation. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/9yVWn_Q9faY.
Creating Lineage Trajectory Maps Via Integration of Single‐Cell RNA‐Sequencing and Lineage Tracing
Authors: Fletcher Russell B. , Das Diya , Ngai John
Published: June 2018

Mapping the paths that stem and progenitor cells take en route to differentiate and elucidating the underlying molecular controls are key goals in developmental and stem cell biology. However, with population level analyses it is difficult − if not impossible − to define the transition states and lineage trajectory branch points within complex developmental lineages. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing analysis can discriminate heterogeneity in a population of cells and even identify rare or transient intermediates. In this review, we propose that using these data, one can infer the lineage trajectories of individual stem cells and identify putative branch points. Clonal lineage tracing of stem cells allows one to define the outcome of differentiation. Integrating these single cell‐based approaches provides a robust strategy for establishing and testing models of how an individual stem cell changes through time to differentiate and self‐renew.
Penalized spline smoothing using Kaplan–Meier weights with censored data
Authors: Orbe Jesus , Virto Jorge
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we consider the problem of nonparametric curve fitting in the specific context of censored data. We propose an extension of the penalized splines approach using Kaplan–Meier weights to take into account the effect of censorship and generalized cross‐validation techniques to choose the smoothing parameter adapted to the case of censored samples. Using various simulation studies, we analyze the effectiveness of the censored penalized splines method proposed and show that the performance is quite satisfactory. We have extended this proposal to a generalized additive models (GAM) framework introducing a correction of the censorship effect, thus enabling more complex models to be estimated immediately. A real dataset from Stanford Heart Transplant data is also used to illustrate the methodology proposed, which is shown to be a good alternative when the probability distribution for the response variable and the functional form are not known in censored regression models.
Silver‐doped graphite carbon nitride nanosheets as fluorescent probe for the detection of curcumin
Authors: Yang Haifen , Li Xuebing , Wang Xinxv , Chen Wenfang , Bian Wei , Choi Martin M. F.
Published: June 2018

Green fluorescent silver (Ag)‐doped graphite carbon nitride (Ag‐g‐C3N4) nanosheets have been fabricated by an ultrasonic exfoliating method. The fluorescence of the Ag‐g‐C3N4 nanosheets is quenched by curcumin. The fluorescence intensity decreases with the increase in the concentration of curcumin, indicating that the Ag‐g‐C3N4 nanosheets can function as a non‐toxic and facile fluorescence probe to detect curcumin. The fluorescence intensity of Ag‐g‐C3N4 nanosheets shows a linear relationship to curcumin in the concentration range 0.01–2.00 μM with a low detection limit of 38 nM. The fluorescence quenching process between curcumin and Ag‐g‐C3N4 nanosheets mainly is based on static quenching. The fluorescent probe has been successfully applied to analyse curcumin in human urine and serum samples with satisfactory results.
Making image and vision effortless: Learning methodology through the quick and easy design of short case studies
Authors: Mateo Sanguino Tomás de J. , Castilla Webber Pedro A.
Published: June 2018

Learning on machine vision and image processing generally require high‐level knowledge on techniques, algorithms and programming skills. The educational process is frequently supported by formal lecture approaches assisted by object lessons or lab activities, and project‐based learning methodologies where students engage complex questions, challenges, and problems over a longer period of time. These educational approaches are not effective when applying to learners in robotics study programs or without a programming background where time and motivation are different. To address this concern, this paper presents an educational tool developed to teach the basic principles of machine vision and image processing through the design of short case studies. As the main contribution, the proposed tool allows to shorten the training time required by students—mainly beginners—without the skills in programming and deep understanding of math hidden behind each image operation. This lets to fit theoretical and practical works into short development times. To this end, we conducted an educational experience in robotics subjects with third year students of the computer science and industrial engineering degrees. As a result of this scenario, we statistically compared the teaching and learning issues, the user preferences about the tool and the student academic performance.
Photocontrol of Drug Release from Supramolecular Hydrogels with Green Light
Authors: Karcher Johannes , Pianowski Zbigniew L.
Published: June 2018

Photoresponsive smart materials transform light energy into sophisticated functions. They find increasing biomedical applications in light‐induced drug‐release and photopharmacology, because they can provide the desired therapeutic effect locally due to precise spatiotemporal dosage control. However, the majority of reported studies rely on cytotoxic UV light that penetrates tissues poorly. Here, we report the first drug‐releasing system based on photochromic low molecular weight supramolecular hydrogels that is triggered with visible light. We demonstrated green‐light‐induced release of structurally unmodified antibiotic, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory drugs under physiological conditions. Using the antibiotic‐loaded gel, we selectively inhibited bacterial growth with green light.
A Short Discussion about Practices in the Calculation of Particle Size Distribution by Using the Concept of Moments
Authors: Zhang Qian
Published: June 2018

Die theoretische Beschreibung einer Partikelgrößenverteilung als stetige, differenzierbare Funktion bietet den Vorteil einer schlichten Formulierung ohne Verlust von mathematischer Korrektheit. Da es aber bei realen Mengenverteilungen immer nur endliche Mengen und bei deren Messungen immer eine endliche Anzahl an Größenintervallen gibt, sind messtechnisch ermittelte Partikelgrößenverteilungen immer diskrete Verteilungen, und die Verteilungsfunktionen sind nicht differenzierbar. Für die Auswertung und Darstellung der Verteilungen werden Annahmen getroffen, die bei weitergehenden Auswertungen nicht immer berücksichtigt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die gängige Praxis bei der Umrechnung von Partikelgrößenverteilungen mit dem Konzept von Momenten diskutiert und numerische Differenzen zwischen verschiedenen Rechenmethoden aufgezeigt.
FRFB: Top‐k Followee Recommendation by exploring the Following Behaviors in social networks
Authors: Xue Zhengyuan , Li Ruixuan , Li Yuhua , Huo Lin , Gu Xiwu , Xiao Weijun
Published: June 2018

As social networks such as micro‐blogging sites rapidly grow, deciding whom to follow (followee recommendation) becomes a significantly important problem. Most existing works exclusively rely on two traditional factors: the proximity between two users in the network topology or the similarity of the user‐generated contents in the social network, disregarding the effect of users' following behaviors. The challenge of how to effectively combine these two factors remains largely open. Moreover, most research studies simply sort the scores to find top‐k users, which is time‐consuming, especially for large‐scale networks. In this paper, we propose the idea that “predict users' following behaviors by following behaviors themselves.” We consider a user's following to others as a normal process of dynamic and coherent behavior, and we model the potential propagation of the users' following behaviors. Furthermore, based on our previous research on top‐k selection problem, we propose an effective top‐k followee recommendation algorithm, called FRFB. FRFB has low complexity and high scalability and, moreover, good adaptability to real‐life dynamic social networks. We conduct extensive experiments, with two real social network data sets (Wiki and Twitter), which show that FRFB outperforms the well‐known topology‐based followee recommendation algorithms.
Pt and Pt–Ni(OH)2 Electrodes for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Electrolytes and Their Nanoscaled Electrocatalysts
Authors: Ruqia Bibi , Choi Sang‐Il
Published: June 2018

The design and synthesis of Pt‐based electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are of great importance for the successful development of hydrogen‐based alternative energy technologies. Although Pt is considered to be the most active catalyst for the HER, its reaction performance is limited in alkaline solutions owing to a slow rate for water dissociation. Therefore, many research groups have intensively investigated reaction mechanisms and developed system designs and efficient Pt‐based catalysts to enhance the alkaline HER. Herein, we summarize the catalytic surface specificity of Pt and Pt–Ni(OH)2 materials to control the kinetics of the alkaline HER. In particular, we increase our understanding of Ni(OH)2‐modified Pt surfaces and the corresponding nanoscaled Pt–Ni(OH)2 electrocatalysts to improve the sluggish water‐dissociation step, and this knowledge will guide us to future sustainable energy applications of advanced nanomaterials.
Ion‐Selective Prussian‐Blue‐Modified Celgard Separator for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Wu Xian , Fan Lishuang , Qiu Yue , Wang Maoxu , Cheng Junhan , Guan Bin , Guo Zhikun , Zhang Naiqing , Sun Kening
Published: June 2018

Application of Li–S batteries has been restricted because of their major problem, that is, shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes, which results in serious capacity fading. For the development of high‐performance Li–S batteries, we first time utilize a simple growth method to introduce a Prussian blue (PB)‐modified Celgard separator as an ion‐selective membrane. The unique structure of PB could effectively suppress the shuttle of polysulfides but scarcely affect the transfer ability of lithium ions, which is beneficial to achieve high sulfur conversion efficiency and capacity retention. The Li–S battery with PB‐modified Celgard separator has an average capacity decay of only 0.03 % per cycle at 1 C after 1000 cycles.
Efficiently enforcing artisanal fisheries to protect estuarine biodiversity
Authors: Duarte de Paula Costa Micheli , Mills Morena , Richardson Anthony J. , Fuller Richard A. , Muelbert José H. , Possingham Hugh P.
Published: June 2018

Artisanal fisheries support millions of livelihoods worldwide, yet ineffective enforcement can allow for continued environmental degradation due to overexploitation. Here, we use spatial planning to design an enforcement strategy for a pre‐existing spatial closure for artisanal fisheries considering climate variability, existing seasonal fishing closures, representative conservation targets and enforcement costs. We calculated enforcement cost in three ways, based on different assumptions about who could be responsible for monitoring the fishery. We applied this approach in the Patos Lagoon estuary (Brazil), where we found three important results. First, spatial priorities for enforcement were similar under different climate scenarios. Second, we found that the cost and percentage of area enforced varied among scenarios tested by the conservation planning analysis, with only a modest increase in budget needed to incorporate climate variability. Third, we found that spatial priorities for enforcement depend on whether enforcement is carried out by a central authority or by the community itself. Here, we demonstrated a method that can be used to efficiently design enforcement plans, resulting in the conservation of biodiversity and estuarine resources. Also, cost of enforcement can be potentially reduced when fishers are empowered to enforce management within their fishing grounds.
Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in mangrove carbon fraction and wood specific gravity in Gazi Bay, Kenya
Authors: Gillerot Loïc , Vlaminck Ellen , De Ryck Dennis J. R. , Mwasaru Donald Maringa , Beeckman Hans , Koedam Nico
Published: June 2018

The tropical mangrove ecosystem harbors great potential for carbon offsetting schemes because of their exceptionally high carbon sequestration potential. These cannot only generate an income for local communities by financially compensating for the non‐exploitation of protected or replanted stands, but also simultaneously reduce emissions due to forest degradation and deforestation, thereby helping to counteract the global threat on these forests. As carbon is directly monetized through offsetting carbon emissions, accurate species‐specific estimation of carbon content in trees is essential and reduces the propagation of errors generated by accounting uncertainties. Accordingly, this study assessed variation in both carbon fraction and wood specific gravity among and within the 10 mangrove species occurring in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Significant interspecific differences were found with values ranging from 45.8% (Avicennia marina) to 49.8% (Ceriops tagal) for carbon fraction and from 0.58 (Sonneratia alba) to 0.93 (Pemphis acidula) for wood specific gravity. The influence of environmental factors (soil salinity, stand density, and elevation a.s.l. as a proxy for multiple interrelated conditions) was investigated, but only elevation a.s.l. appeared to have a species‐specific though moderate influence only on carbon fraction. Significant differences in carbon fraction and wood specific gravity were found between stem, aerial roots, and branches of Rhizophora mucronata. In contrast, no significant differences in carbon fraction were found among different stem tissues of A. marina, C. tagal and R. mucronata, the Bay's most abundant species. These results provide insight in carbon content variation, confirming the importance of considering species‐specific or even site‐specific values of carbon fraction and wood specific gravity, thereby rendering future carbon accounting more accurate.
Quantifying snow controls on vegetation greenness
Authors: Pedersen Stine Højlund , Liston Glen E. , Tamstorf Mikkel P. , Abermann Jakob , Lund Magnus , Schmidt Niels Martin
Published: June 2018

Snow is a key driver for biotic processes in Arctic ecosystems. Yet, quantifying relationships between snow metrics and biological components is challenging due to lack of temporally and spatially distributed observations at ecologically relevant scales and resolutions. In this study, we quantified relationships between snow, air temperature, and vegetation greenness (using annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index [MaxNDVI] and its timing [MaxNDVI_DOY]) from ground‐based and remote‐sensing observations, in combination with physically based models, across a heterogeneous landscape in a high‐Arctic, northeast Greenland region. Across the 98‐km distance from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to the coast, we quantified significant inland–coast gradients of air temperature, winter precipitation (using pre‐melt snow‐water‐equivalent [SWE]), and snowmelt timing (using snow‐free day of year [SnowFree_DOY]). Near the coast, the mean annual air temperature was 4.5°C lower, the mean SWE was 0.3 m greater, and the mean SnowFree_DOY was 37 d later, than near the GrIS. The regional continentality gradient was eight times stronger than the south‐to‐north air–temperature gradient along the Greenland east coast. Across this strong gradient, the mean vegetation greening‐up period (SnowFree_DOY‐MaxNDVI_DOY) varied spatially by 24–57 d. We quantified significant non‐linear relationships between the vegetation characteristics of MaxNDVI and MaxNDVI_DOY, and SWE, SnowFree_DOY, and growing degree‐days‐sums during greening‐up (Greening_GDD) across the 16‐yr study period (2000–2015). These demonstrated that the snow metrics, both SWE and SnowFree_DOY, were more important drivers of MaxNDVI and MaxNDVI_DOY than Greening_GDD within this seasonally snow‐covered region. The methodologies that provided temporally and spatially distributed snow, air temperature, and vegetation greenness data are applicable to any snow‐ and vegetation‐covered area on Earth.
Spatial distribution and morphological responses to predation in the salt marsh periwinkle
Authors: Rietl Anthony J. , Sorrentino Madelyn G. , Roberts Brian J.
Published: June 2018

The salt marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) is a common and often abundant mollusk in marshes of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States. Several studies have focused on the effects of periwinkles on Spartina alterniflora production and the effects of oil on periwinkle survivability, yet the general ecology of the snail has been underreported. In this study, we measured spatial distributions, biomass, shell repair frequency, and a suite of morphological characteristics of L. irrorata at three sites in each of five regions spanning the southeastern Louisiana Coast between the Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers. Sampling was conducted along 50 m edge‐to‐interior transects in S. alterniflora‐dominated marshes. We found that L. irrorata density, individual biomass, and total areal biomass significantly varied by region. Each also significantly varied with distance from the marsh edge, with the exception of total periwinkle areal biomass. We saw a general trend across most regions where periwinkle density tended to be greatest 10 m from the marsh edge and biomass tended to be greatest 20–30 m from the marsh edge; however, neither periwinkle density nor biomass was related to S. alterniflora density or stem height. The allometric relationship between shell length and biomass varied significantly between all regions, indicating that this species has differing regional growth patterns. A possible driver of these regional patterns in allometry is differences in predation pressures, with increased predation scaring at Port Fourchon sites corresponding to snails with larger shells yet less internal biomass per length compared to other regions. This study provides the first large‐scale description of the spatial ecology and regional morphometry of the salt marsh periwinkle, an important organism in structuring salt marsh ecosystems, and suggests that the pressures exerted by L. irrorata on plant production found in other studies likely varies by geography and spatial location within a marsh.
Tuning the Electron Acceptability of the [Mo6S8] Cluster Core by Decorating It with Methyl Groups on the Face‐Bridging µ3‐Sulfides
Authors: Matsumoto Takeshi , Namiki Ryoya , Chang Ho‐Chol
Published: June 2018

Methylation of the molybdenum sulfide cluster unit [Mo6S8(PEt3)6] (1) with CH3OTf resulted in the formation of mono‐ and dimethylated cluster units, [Mo6S8–x(SCH3)x(PEt3)6]OTf·yCH2Cl2 {[2]OTf·0.5CH2Cl2 (x = 1, y = 0.5) and [3]OTf·CH2Cl2 (x = 2, y = 1)}. Structural and electrochemical investigations revealed that the methylation of the µ3‐S ligand(s) induced a characteristic structural distortion of the [Mo6S8] cluster core and enhanced its ability to accept multiple electrons.
Multilayer Ceramics for Electrocaloric Cooling Applications
Authors: Molin Christian , Neumeister Peter , Neubert Holger , Gebhardt Sylvia E.
Published: June 2018

The electrocaloric effect of 0.92 Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.08 PbTiO3 (PMN‐8 PT) bulk ceramics and multilayer ceramic (MLC) structures is reported. The results are compared to lead‐free, barium‐titanate‐based materials. Phase transition temperature and electrocaloric temperature change could be altered by targeted doping and this is discussed with the help of dielectric and electrocaloric measurements. By reduction of single layer thickness in MLCs, electrical loads and thus electrocaloric temperature changes of PMN‐8 PT based multilayers could be increased. Simulations that outline the intrinsic cooling performance of electrocaloric MLC components in dependence of the multilayer design and operation frequency for two different modes of heat transfer are presented. The performance of the fabricated MLC layout for a driving frequency of 1 Hz is discussed in detail and an optimum layout by varying of design parameters derived. Additionally, the effect of driving frequency on the electrocaloric cooling power is investigated.
Efficient computation of the joint probability of multiple inherited risk alleles from pedigree data
Authors: Madsen Thomas , Braun Danielle , Peng Gang , Parmigiani Giovanni , Trippa Lorenzo
Published: June 2018

The Elston–Stewart peeling algorithm enables estimation of an individual's probability of harboring germline risk alleles based on pedigree data, and serves as the computational backbone of important genetic counseling tools. However, it remains limited to the analysis of risk alleles at a small number of genetic loci because its computing time grows exponentially with the number of loci considered. We propose a novel, approximate version of this algorithm, dubbed the peeling and paring algorithm, which scales polynomially in the number of loci. This allows extending peeling‐based models to include many genetic loci. The algorithm creates a trade‐off between accuracy and speed, and allows the user to control this trade‐off. We provide exact bounds on the approximation error and evaluate it in realistic simulations. Results show that the loss of accuracy due to the approximation is negligible in important applications. This algorithm will improve genetic counseling tools by increasing the number of pathogenic risk alleles that can be addressed. To illustrate we create an extended five genes version of BRCAPRO, a widely used model for estimating the carrier probabilities of BRCA1 and BRCA2 risk alleles and assess its computational properties.
Selenium and tellurium concentrations of Carboniferous British coals
Authors: Bullock Liam A. , Parnell John , Feldmann Joerg , Armstrong Joseph G. , Henn Alessandra S. , Mesko Marcia F. , Mello Paola A. , Flores Erico M.M.
Published: June 2018

Standard mode and collision/reaction cell mass spectroscopy methods have been utilized in order to overcome spectral interferences and provide ultra‐low quantification of selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) in British Carboniferous coals for the first time. The accurate detection of Se and Te in coals is becoming increasingly important, as coals and pyrite have been identified as potentially significant trace element sources. The mean Se concentration of British coals bear comparison to that of world coals, with anomalous Se content (concentrations above 4 mg/kg) across westerly exposures, often coinciding with high sulphur (S) content and visible pyrite. New Te data for British coals gives a mean concentration of 0.02 mg/kg, with anomalous Te in Ayrshire. There is a positive correlation in the Te/Se ratio across the sample set. The close relationship between Se and Te, as well as Se–Te with both early syngenetic and later cleat‐filling pyrite, confirms an important role for sulphides in Se and Te sequestration in British coals. The high Se‐Bowland Shale and/or Ordovician volcanics may have provided the trace element source for British coals of similar or younger age. Regional intrusive activity (shallow tabular intrusions or more extensive plutons) and episodes of intense deformation can alter the thermal maturity of coals and may have driven the movement of trace element‐rich fluids through strata, locally enriching coals in Se and Te.
Parametric analysis of desiccant wheel for air conditioning application
Authors: Yadav Laxmikant , Yadav Avadhesh
Published: June 2018

A one‐dimensional mathematical model is developed to evaluate the operating and design parameters of the desiccant wheel for air conditioning application. In this paper, dehumidification coefficient of performance (DCOP) and sensible energy ratio (SER) are adopted as a combined performance index to reflect the dehumidification and thermal performance of the desiccant wheel. The analysis of the results reveals that for lower SER, suitable wheel length, wall thickness, channel pitch, and channel height should be 100 mm, 0.2 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm, respectively. These design parameters have been analyzed under different operating conditions and it was found that for higher DCOP, rotational speed, regeneration temperature, process and regeneration velocity should be 20 rph, 60°C, and 2 m/s.
Coffee and tea consumption and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Sen Abhijit , Papadimitriou Nikos , Lagiou Pagona , Perez‐Cornago Aurora , Travis Ruth C. , Key Timothy J. , Murphy Neil , Gunter Marc , Freisling Heinz , Tzoulaki Ioanna , Muller David C. , Cross Amanda J. , Lopez David S. , Bergmann Manuela , Boeing Heiner , Bamia Christina , Kotanidou Anastasia , Karakatsani Anna , Tjønneland Anne , Kyrø Cecilie , Outzen Malene , Redondo María‐Luisa , Cayssials Valerie , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Barricarte Aurelio , Sánchez Maria‐Jose , Larrañaga Nerea , Tumino Rosario , Grioni Sara , Palli Domenico , Caini Saverio , Sacerdote Carlotta , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita Bas , Kühn Tilman , Kaaks Rudolf , Nilsson Lena Maria , Landberg Rikard , Wallström Peter , Drake Isabel , Bech Bodil Hammer , Overvad Kim , Aune Dagfinn , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Riboli Elio , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Trichopoulou Antonia , Tsilidis Konstantinos K.
Published: June 2018

The epidemiological evidence regarding the association of coffee and tea consumption with prostate cancer risk is inconclusive, and few cohort studies have assessed these associations by disease stage and grade. We examined the associations of coffee (total, caffeinated and decaffeinated) and tea intake with prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Among 142,196 men, 7,036 incident prostate cancer cases were diagnosed over 14 years of follow‐up. Data on coffee and tea consumption were collected through validated country‐specific food questionnaires at baseline. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Models were stratified by center and age, and adjusted for anthropometric, lifestyle and dietary factors. Median coffee and tea intake were 375 and 106 mL/day, respectively, but large variations existed by country. Comparing the highest (median of 855 mL/day) versus lowest (median of 103 mL/day) consumers of coffee and tea (450 vs. 12 mL/day) the HRs were 1.02 (95% CI, 0.94–1.09) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.90–1.07) for risk of total prostate cancer and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.79–1.21) and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.70–1.13) for risk of fatal disease, respectively. No evidence of association was seen for consumption of total, caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee or tea and risk of total prostate cancer or cancer by stage, grade or fatality in this large cohort. Further investigations are needed to clarify whether an association exists by different preparations or by concentrations and constituents of these beverages.
Impact of operational factors on HPV positivity rates in an HPV‐based screening study in Colombia
Authors: Robles Claudia , Wiesner Carolina , Martinez Sandra , Salgado Yuly , Hernandez Mariluz , Lucas Eric , Lineros Johana , Romero Pilar , Herrero Rolando , Almonte Maribel , Murillo Raul
Published: June 2018

Objective

To assess the effect of operational factors on the positivity rates of three HPV assays.

Methods

Within the cross‐sectional ESTAMPA study, women aged 30–64 years were recruited at healthcare centers from Soacha, Colombia, during 2012–2015. Cervical samples were collected for cotesting with Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2; Qiagen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), and either Aptima (Hologic, Marlborough, MA, USA) or Cobas 4800 (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA). The effect of operational factors on assay performance was assessed using adjusted positivity rates obtained from logistic regression models.

Results

There were 4168 women included. For samples collected in assay‐specific medium, positivity rate differences were associated with the expertise of the nurse collecting the sample (P=0.014 HC2; P=0.091 Aptima) and if sample collection occurred after an initial cytology (P=0.025 HC2; P=0.033 Aptima). If PreservCyt medium (Hologic) was used, HC2 positivity differences were observed depending on the time between sample collection and processing (P=0.026) and on the laboratory technician processing the samples (P=0.003). No differences were observed for PreservCyt samples processed with Aptima or Cobas.

Conclusion

Nurse expertise, collection of previous cytology, processing time, and laboratory technician could influence HPV assay performance. Suitable quality assurance protocols for HPV‐based screening programs are required.

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01881659.
The prevalence and clinical associations of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women from Brazil
Authors: Chrisostomo Kadija R. , Skare Thelma L. , Kulak Jaime , Urbanetz Almir A. , Chrisostomo Eduardo R. , Nisihara Renato
Published: June 2018

Objective

To study the prevalence and the clinical and demographic associations of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women from southern Brazil.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, pregnant women attending prenatal care at two university clinics in Curitiba, Brazil, were investigated for clinical and demographic data and for serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. Data were collected during summer (January 26 to March 4, 2016) or winter (July 28 to August 31, 2016).

Results

The study included 520 women, with 264 studied in winter and 256 in summer. The median vitamin D level was 53.41 nmol/L; 227 (43.7%) women had vitamin D deficiency (<49.92 nmol/L), 193 (37.1%) had vitamin D insufficiency, and 100 (19.2%) had a normal level (≥74.88 nmol/L). The vitamin D serum level was linked to the season (P<0.001) and the body mass index (P=0.026). Women with HIV infections had a lower prevalence and women with pre‐eclampsia had a higher prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (P<0.001 and P=0.025, respectively). The association between pre‐eclampsia and low vitamin D status was independent of body mass index, tobacco exposure, maternal age, and pregnancy duration (P=0.043; odds ratio 1.014–2.795).

Conclusion

The rate of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women from southern Brazil was high. Hypovitaminosis D was more common in winter and was associated with pre‐eclampsia.
Why the “Struggling Reader” Label Is Harmful (and What Educators Can Do About It)
Authors: Frankel Katherine K. , Brooks Maneka Deanna
Published: June 2018

The authors featured in this department column share instructional practices that support transformative literacy teaching and disrupt “struggling reader” and “struggling writer” labels.
Designing Literacy Leadership: Fractal Motifs for Teaching and Learning
Authors: Greenleaf Cynthia , Katz Mira‐Lisa , Wilson Aaron
Published: June 2018

This department focuses on literacy leaders, including school and instructional leaders, teachers, and external partners, who are working to improve outcomes for adolescent and adult learners in a wide range of education settings. Columns investigate the challenges and complexities inherent in such work and share lessons learned, impactful strategies and approaches, and promising pathways forward.
Sustaining Multilingual Literacies in Classrooms and Beyond
Authors: Martinez Danny C. , Caraballo Limarys
Published: June 2018

This department explores how teachers can sustain students’ multilingual literacies and reimagine literacy learning across multiple contexts in conversation with researchers, practitioners, and communities.
Leishmania donovani infection differentially regulates small G‐proteins
Authors: Husein Atahar , Jamal Azfar , Ahmed Mohammad Zulfazal , Arish Mohammad , Ali Rahat , Tabrez Shams , Rasool Fayyaz , Rub Abdur
Published: June 2018

Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that resides and replicates in macrophages and causes leishmaniasis. The parasite alters the signaling cascade in host macrophages and evades the host machinery. Small G‐proteins are GTPases, grouped in 5 different families that play a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis, intracellular trafficking, and transport. In particular, the Ras family of small G‐proteins has been identified to play a significant role in the cellular functions mentioned before. Here, we studied the differential expression of the most important small G‐proteins during Leishmania infection. We found major changes in the expression of different isoforms of Ras, mainly in N‐Ras. We observed that Leishmania donovani infection led to enhanced N‐Ras expression, whereas it inhibited K‐Ras and H‐Ras expression. Furthermore, an active N‐Ras pull‐down assay showed enhanced N‐Ras activity. L donovani infection also increased extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and simultaneously decreased p38 phosphorylation. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of Ras led to reduction in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 in Leishmania‐infected cells, which could lead to increased interleukin‐12 expression and decreased interleukin‐10 expression. Indeed, farnesylthiosalicyclic acid (a Ras inhibitor), when used at the effective level in L donovani–infected macrophages, reduced amastigotes in the host macrophages. Thus, upregulated N‐Ras expression during L donovani infection could be a novel immune evasion strategy of Leishmania and would be a potential target for antileishmanial immunotherapy.
Retracted: MicroRNA‐198 inhibition of HGF/c‐MET signaling pathway overcomes resistance to radiotherapy and induces apoptosis in human non–small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhu Lin , Xue Feng , Xu Xiangying , Xu Jianyu , Hu Songliu , Liu Shanshan , Cui Ying , Gao Chunzi
Published: June 2018

Non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of important regulators in NSCLC, including miR‐198. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR‐198 involvement in intrinsic resistance to radiotherapy in NSCLC remain to be elucidated. In this study, to investigate the clinical significance of miR‐198 in NSCLC in relation to the response to radiotherapy, we determined the expression patterns of miR‐198 between responders and nonresponders after 2 months of radiotherapy and found that decreased expressions of miR‐198 were associated with radiotherapy resistance. In addition, we altered the endogenous miR‐198 using mimics or inhibitors to examine the effects of miR‐198 on 4‐Gy–irradiated A549 and SPCA‐1 cells in vitro. Upregulating miR‐198 was shown to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induce apoptosis. MiR‐198 inhibition produced a reciprocal result. PHA665752, a selective small‐molecule c‐Met inhibitor, potently inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)‐stimulated and constitutive c‐Met phosphorylation and rescued 4‐Gy–irradiated A549 and SPCA‐1 cells from miR‐198 inhibition. Most importantly, we established tumor xenografts of 4‐Gy–irradiated A549 and SPCA‐1 cells in nude mice and found that miR‐198 could suppress tumor formation. Hence, our data delineates the molecular pathway by which miR‐198 inhibits NSCLC cellular proliferation and induces apoptosis following radiotherapy, providing a novel target aimed at improving the radiotherapeutic response in NSCLC.