bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic dyes in illuminated manuscripts: a unique cultural and historic record
Authors: Melo Maria João , Nabais Paula , Guimarães Maria , Araújo Rita , Castro Rita , Oliveira Maria Conceição , Whitworth Isabella
Published: November 2016

In this study, we successfully addressed the challenges posed by the identification of dyes in medieval illuminations. Brazilwood pigment lakes and orcein purple colours were unequivocally identified in illuminated manuscripts dated by art historians to be from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries and in the
Fernão Vaz Dourado Atlas
(sixteenth century). All three works were on a parchment support. This was possible by combining Raman microscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with microspectrofluorimetry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that brazilein, the main chromophore in brazilwood lake pigments, has been unequivocally identified by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy in an illuminated work (the
Dourado Atlas
). Complementing this identification, through microspectrofluorimetry and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was possible to propose a complete paint formulation by comparison with our database of references; the dark pink hues, in the three case studies, were produced by combining brazilwood pigment lakes and gypsum in a protein- and gum arabic-based tempera. Orcein purple, also known as orchil dye, has been previously identified in medieval manuscripts, dated from the sixth to the ninth centuries. Our findings in fourteenth–sixteenth century manuscripts confirm the hypothesis that this dye was lost during the High Middle Ages, to be later rediscovered.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology’.
High temporal resolution of gene expression dynamics in developing mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Gloss Brian S. , Signal Bethany , Cheetham Seth W. , Gruhl Franziska , Kaczorowski Dominik , Perkins Andrew C. , Dinger Marcel E.
Published: November 2016

Investigations of transcriptional responses during developmental transitions typically use time courses with intervals that are not commensurate with the timescales of known biological processes. Moreover, such experiments typically focus on protein-coding transcripts, ignoring the important impact of long noncoding RNAs. We evaluated coding and noncoding expression dynamics at high temporal resolution (6-hourly) in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells and report the effects of increased temporal resolution on the characterization of the underlying molecular processes. We present a refined resolution of global transcriptional alterations, including regulatory network interactions, coding and noncoding gene expression changes as well as alternative splicing events, many of which cannot be resolved by existing coarse developmental time-­-courses. We describe novel short lived and cycling patterns of gene expression and temporally dissect ordered gene expression at bidirectional promoters and responses to transcription factors. These findings demonstrate the importance of temporal resolution for understanding gene interactions in mammalian systems.

Links to data

Data has been deposited into GEO: The Reviewer access link is:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=cnglummejbkltyj@acc=GSE75028
A modified FASP protocol for high-throughput preparation of protein samples for mass spectrometry
Authors: Potriquet Jeremy , Laohaviroj Marut , Bethony Jeffery , Mulvenna Jason
Published: November 2016

To facilitate high-throughput proteomic analyses we have developed a modified FASP protocol which improves the rate at which protein samples can be processed prior to mass spectrometry. Adapting the original FASP protocol to a 96-well format necessitates extended spin times for buffer exchange due to the low centrifugation speeds tolerated by these devices. However, by using 96-well plates with a more robust polyethersulfone molecular weight cutoff membrane, instead of the cellulose membranes typically used in these devices, we could use isopropanol as a wetting agent, decreasing spin times required for buffer exchange from an hour to 30 minutes. In a typical work flow used in our laboratory this equates to a reduction of 3 hours per plate. To test whether our modified protocol produced similar results to FASP and other FASP-like protocols we compared the performance of our modified protocol to the original FASP and the more recently described eFASP and MStern-blot. We show that all FASP-like methods, including our modified protocol, display similar performance in terms of proteins identified and reproducibility. Our results show that our modified FASP protocol is an efficient method for the high-throughput processing of protein samples for mass spectral analysis.
Vertically transmitted rhabdoviruses are found across three insect families and have dynamic interactions with their hosts
Authors: Longdon Ben , Day Jonathan P , Schulz Nora , Leftwich Philip T , de Jong Maaike A , Breuker Casper J , Gibbs Melanie , Obbard Darren J , Wilfert Lena , Smith Sophia CL , McGonigle John E , Houslay Thomas M , Wright Lucy I , Livraghi Luca , Evans Luke C , Friend Lucy A , Chapman Tracey , Vontas John , Kambouraki Natasa , Jiggins Francis M
Published: November 2016

A small number of free-living viruses have been found to be obligately vertically transmitted, but it remains uncertain how widespread vertically transmitted viruses are and how quickly they can spread through host populations. Recent metagenomic studies have found several insects to be infected with sigma viruses (Rhabdoviridae). Here, we report that sigma viruses that infect Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata),Drosophila immigrans, and speckled wood butterflies (Pararge aegeria) are all vertically transmitted. We find patterns of vertical transmission that are consistent with those seen inDrosophilasigma viruses, with high rates of maternal transmission, and lower rates of paternal transmission. This mode of transmission allows them to spread rapidly in populations, and using viral sequence data we found the viruses inD. immigransandC. capitatahad both recently swept through host populations. The viruses were common in nature, with mean prevalences of 12% inC. capitata,38% inD. immigransand 74% inP. aegeria. We conclude that vertically transmitted rhabdoviruses may be widespread in insects, and that these viruses can have dynamic interactions with their hosts.
Real-Time Protein-Fragment Complementation Assays for Studying Temporal, Spatial, and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Protein–Protein Interactions in Living Cells
Authors: Malleshaiah Mohan , Tchekanda Emmanuelle , Michnick Stephen W.
Published: November 2016

Here, we present detailed protocols for direct, real-time protein-fragment complementation assays (PCAs) for studying the spatiotemporal dynamics of protein–protein interactions (PPIs). The assays require the use of two fluorescent reporter proteins—the “Venus” version of yellow fluorescent protein (vYFP), and the monomeric infrared fluorescent protein 1.4 (IFP 1.4)—or two luciferase reporter proteins—Renilla (Rluc) and Gaussia (Gluc). The luciferase PCAs can be used to study the temporal dynamics of PPIs in any cellular compartment and on membranes. The full reversibility of these PCAs assures accurate measurements of the kinetics of PPI assembly/disassembly for processes that occur anywhere in a living cell and over time frames of seconds to hours. vYFP PCA, and all PCAs based on green fluorescent protein and its variants, are irreversible and can be used to trap and visualize rare and transient complexes and follow dynamic relocalization of constitutive complexes. vYFP PCA is limited in that accurate measurements of temporal changes in PPIs are not possible owing to the slow maturation time of vYFP (minutes to hours) and the irreversibility of its PCA that traps the complexes, thereby preventing the dissociation of PPIs that, in some instances, might cause spurious mislocalization of protein complexes. The limitations of vYFP PCA are overcome with IFP PCA, which is fully reversible and thus can be used to study spatiotemporal dynamics of PPIs on the timescale of seconds. All of these PCAs are sensitive enough to detect interactions among proteins expressed at endogenous levels in vivo.
Analysis of Heterochromatin in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Cam Hugh P. , Whitehall Simon
Published: November 2016

This introduction briefly describes the biology of heterochromatin in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We highlight some of the salient features of fission yeast that render it an excellent unicellular eukaryote for studying heterochromatin. We then discuss key aspects of heterochromatin that are of interest to those in the field, and last we introduce experimental approaches often used to investigate heterochromatin.
A total scattering Debye function analysis study of faulted Pt nanocrystals embedded in a porous matrix
Authors: Bertolotti Federica , Moscheni Daniele , Migliori Andrea , Zacchini Stefano , Cervellino Antonio , Guagliardi Antonietta , Masciocchi Norberto
Published: November 2016

Faulted face-centred cubic platinum nanocrystals, grown within a nanoporous silica matrix, have been extensively characterized by the Debye function analysis method applied to wide-angle synchrotron X-ray total scattering data. A method for building databases of sampled interatomic distances of weakly faulted materials is proposed, maintaining statistical significance and allowing complete populations of differently sized and shaped nanocrystals to be used within theDEBUSSYapproach. This study suggests that anisotropic Pt nanoclusters are formed in the presence of a shape-directing (templating) agent, and tentatively describes the effects of post-synthetic temperature treatments on fault probability, size, shape and dispersion of the nanocrystal populations. Surface relaxation effects are also observed in the smallest particles.
Crystal structure of 3,5-dimethylpyridineN-oxide dihydrate
Authors: Merino García Rosario , Ríos-Merino Francisco Javier , Bernès Sylvain , Reyes-Ortega Yasmi
Published: November 2016

In the title compound, also known as 3,5-lutidineN-oxide dihydrate, C7H9NO·2H2O, the N—O bond is weakened due to the involvement of the O atom as an acceptor of hydrogen bonds from the two water molecules of crystallization present in the asymmetric unit. FusedR35(10) ring motifs based on O—H...O hydrogen bonds form chains in the [010] direction, which are further connected by weak C—H...O intermolecular contacts. As a result, the lutidine molecules are stacked in an efficient manner, with π–π contacts characterized by a short separation of 3.569 (1) Å between the benzene rings.
(4Z)-1-Dodecyl-4-(2-oxopropylidene)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-2-one
Authors: Sebhaoui Jihad , El Bakri Youness , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: November 2016

In the title compound, C24H36N2O2, the orientation of the 2-oxopropylidene substituent is determined by the formation of an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. The benzodiazepine seven-membered ring adopts a slightly twisted boat conformation. The molecules pack in a bilayer fashion with the dodecyl chains intercalated to form the inner portion, and the benzodiazepine moieties on the outer surfaces.
Urban food retailing and food prices in Africa: the case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Thomas , Abebe Girum , Lamoot Indra , Minten Bart
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Despite the large interest in urban food markets, there are, however still relatively few good studies that have empirically documented the functioning of retail markets in developing countries, especially in Africa. The purpose of this paper is to look in particular at the case of Addis Ababa, a city of more than four million people and the capital of Ethiopia, one of the most populous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand urban food retail, the authors rely on a large primary survey.

Design/methodology/approach

To better understand urban food retail, the authors rely on a large primary survey. Based on a stratified sampling scheme representative for the city as a whole, 1,226 urban food retail outlets were interviewed in March and April 2012.

Findings

The authors find increasing differentiation in food retail markets in recent years. Despite the prohibition of foreign direct investment in food retail, a domestic modern private retail sector is quickly emerging. However, its share is still very small and, in contrast to roll-outs of modern retail in other countries, it has not yet entered the cereal sector, which remains in the hands of local flour mills, cereal shops, and cooperative retail outlets. The importance of cooperative retail is growing even more rapidly. It is especially important for those products where supply chains are controlled by the government. On the high-end, domestic private modern retail outlets deliver high-quality products at significantly higher prices,ceteris paribus. At the other side, the authors see cooperative retail that delivers food at significantly lower – and subsidized – prices. However, the latter shops are characterized by typical price control problems, reflected in regular lack of supplies and queuing.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to the city of Addis Ababa and it seems useful if similar studies could be conducted in other cities in Africa.

Originality/value

Despite the large interest in urban food markets, there are still relatively few good studies that have empirically documented the functioning of retail markets in developing countries, especially in Africa. The paper therefore contributes to fill this lacuna by studying urban food retail markets using new and unique data for Africa.
Can futures markets accommodate Indian farmers?
Authors: Dey Kushankur , Maitra Debasish
Published: November 2016

Purpose

It has become an ongoing debate whether Indian commodity futures markets can accommodate farmers. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether Indian commodity futures markets help rationalize farmers’ price expectation. The study starts with questions on the efficiency and other roles of commodity futures markets.

Design/methodology/approach

From a sectoral standpoint and economic importance, the study considers pepper, coffee, and natural rubber (NR) futures and spot markets. The efficiency of futures markets, divergence/convergence and causality between futures and spot markets have been studied by employing co-integrations, error correction and causality models. The sample period of the data are taken from the inception of futures trading. These three commodities are also compared on the basis of trading at the futures markets vs spot markets.

Findings

Analysis shows that though pepper futures market is informationally efficient in price discovery, while coffee and NR spot markets do the process faster. Pepper and coffee futures and spot prices exhibit the convergence; NR shows a sign of divergence. Unidirectional causality from pepper futures to spot market is observed wherein the former was weakly exogenous to the latter and while, bidirectional causality is observed in coffee and rubber. Coffee spot appears weakly exogenous while this remains inconclusive in the case of NR.

Research limitations/implications

The authors analyzed the futures markets in rationalizing the spot market price in three plantation crops in India. In order to make the study more generalizable, further research is warranted in other commodities including those prices of which are government regulated.

Originality/value

The paper is unique in terms of understanding the interaction or interrelationship between futures markets and spot markets and drawing inferences about the role of futures markets in price formation in plantation commodities like pepper, coffee and NR.
Discovering myself, a journey of rediscovery
Authors: Roeg Waldo
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the experiences of one person’s journey of recovery and use these as the basis for reflection on things that assist people in this journey.

Design/methodology/approach

A reflective approach is used to consider things assist the process of recovering a life with mental health and addiction problems.

Findings

Reflections are presented on the factors facilitating recovery focusing on those things that contributed to finding hope, taking back control and discovering opportunity.

Originality/value

This narrative account contributes to the peer literature on recovery.
Reflections on the social model of distress or madness: how to make the social model of disability accessible to people with mental health challenges
Authors: Kinn Angela
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between recovery approaches and the social model of disability developed within the broader disability movement.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal narrative and reflective account written from the perspective of a senior peer trainer with reference to selected literature.

Findings

It is important to embrace a social model and rights-based approach within recovery approaches.

Originality/value

An original viewpoint on the perspective of a peer trainer linking recovery approaches to the social model and rights-based approach developed within the broader disability arena.
Kayleigh Beard-Blackband in conversation with Jerome Carson
Authors: Beard-Blackband Kayleigh , Carson Jerome
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a profile of Kayleigh Beard-Blackband.

Design/methodology/approach

Kayleigh provides a short biographical description of her life. She is then interviewed by Jerome.

Findings

Kayleigh achieved so much while under intense domestic and academic pressure. This gives her hope that she will be able to recover from recurrent depression.

Research limitations/implications

Single case studies are of course only one person’s story. However, they can offer key personal insights and provide encouragement to others.

Practical implications

Kayleigh’s comments “It is easy to fall off the radar in mental health services”, suggest services need to ensure that all referrals are followed up.

Social implications

Services need to offer individuals the help that they want. Many will have a preference for individual over group treatments. People should be offered a choice.

Originality/value

Kayleigh’s story is a remarkable account of survival and growth against all the odds.
The Choice of Canned Whole Peeled Tomatoes is Driven by Different Key Quality Attributes Perceived by Consumers Having Different Familiarity with the Product
Authors: Frez‐Muñoz Lucía , Steenbekkers Bea (LPA) , Fogliano Vincenzo
Published: November 2016

Canned whole peeled tomatoes are a premium tomato product; however, no information is available about the key intrinsic and extrinsic quality attributes perceived by consumers when buying this product. This research considered consumers differing in the level of familiarity with peeled tomatoes, that is, knowledge, frequency of consumption, and availability of this product, on 3 markets: Chile (low), The Netherlands (medium), and Italy (high). The perceptions and preferences of each group were studied using first focus groups and subsequently conjoint analysis in order to identify the key quality attributes leading their preferences for this product. Focus groups identified 7 intrinsic attributes (color, packing medium, tomato consistency, acidity level, sweetness level, extra ingredients, and intensity of product taste), and 5 extrinsic attributes (packaging material, product type, country of origin, brand, and label design). Significant variations according to the familiarity were found. The conjoint analyses showed that color of tomatoes was the most important intrinsic quality attribute for all groups, while packaging material was the most important extrinsic quality attribute for Chileans and Dutch, being a glass container or a can with easy open the preferred packaging for respective groups. In contrast, country of origin was the most important parameter for Italians. We concluded that intrinsic and extrinsic attributes were strongly influenced by the degree of familiarity with canned whole peeled tomatoes.
Heterogeneity of the resistance to gefitinib treatment in a non‐small cell lung cancer patient with active epidermal growth factor receptor mutation
Authors: Xu Chong‐Rui , Zhong Wen‐Zhao , Zhou Qing , Zhang Xu‐Chao , Yang Jin‐Ji , Wu Yi‐Long
Published: November 2016

We report the case of a 37‐year‐old male non‐small cell lung cancer patient with an active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation who received gefitinib as first‐line treatment. After 13.7 months, the patient experienced disease progression and was treated with platinum‐based doublet chemotherapy plus gefitinib for 5.4 months. A subsequent lung biopsy showed cMET overexpression; therefore, the patient received a cMET inhibitor with the gefitinib. The response in the different lesions of several organs was diverse. Stable disease was achieved in the lung lesion; however, the liver metastases enlarged. A liver biopsy found T790M mutation in EGFR exon 20, thus, third generation EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors were used and a partial response was achieved.
Ten false ideas about New Caledonia biogeography
Authors: Grandcolas Philippe
Published: November 2016

The biogeographical paradigm of New Caledonia has recently changed. Although this island is now considered by many as oceanic, its study is still often impeded by some old misconceptions concerning either regional geology or phylogenetic analysis of evolution and biogeography. I discuss ten points that I feel are especially detrimental, to help focus on the real debate and the real questions: (1) its geological history cannot be understood from the basement only; (2) the island submergence was not due simply to sea‐level variation; (3) Zealandia/Tasmantis is not a lost continent; (4) short‐distance dispersal is not equivalent to permanence on land; (5) long‐distance dispersal is not the sole event opposing vicariance, but short‐distance dispersal as well; (6) the occurrence of relicts does not prove biota permanence; (7) a major fault system was not observed in New Caledonia; (8) terranes are not rafts; (9) forest climatic refuges do not necessarily equate to centres of endemism or centres of diversity; and (10) New Caledonia is not only a sink but also a source. Study of New Caledonia will need to focus on old and non‐relict clades and there is a need to improve the local fossil record.
Experimental evidence does not support the Habitat Amount Hypothesis
Authors: Haddad Nick M. , Gonzalez Andrew , Brudvig Lars A. , Burt Melissa A. , Levey Douglas J. , Damschen Ellen I.
Published: November 2016

For a half century, habitat configuration – the arrangement of habitat patches within a landscape – has been central to theories of landscape ecology, population dynamics, and community assembly, in addition to conservation strategies. A recent hypothesis advanced by Fahrig (2013) would, if supported, greatly diminish the relevance of habitat configuration as a predictor of diversity. The Habitat Amount Hypothesis posits that the sample area effect overrides patch size and patch isolation effects of habitat fragmentation on species richness. It predicts that the amount of habitat in a local landscape, regardless of configuration, is the main landscape‐level determinant of species richness. If habitat amount is indeed the major, landscape‐level driver of species richness, the slopes of the species–area relationship (SAR) for otherwise similar fragmented and unfragmented landscapes should be indistinguishable. We tested the Habitat Amount Hypothesis with data from two replicated and controlled habitat fragmentation experiments that disentangle the effects of habitat amount and configuration. One experiment provided time‐series data on plant species richness and the other on micro‐arthropod species richness. We found that, relative to less fragmented habitats, the SARs for fragmented habitats have significantly higher slopes and that the magnitude of the difference in slopes increased over time. Relatively more species were lost in smaller areas when fragments were more isolated. In both experiments, the proportion of species lost due to increased habitat fragmentation was nearly identical to the proportion lost due to reduced habitat amount. Our results provide a direct and experimentally derived refutation of the Habitat Amount Hypothesis, supporting the long‐held view that in addition to area, patch isolation and configuration are important determinants of species richness. Differences in species richness between fragmented and non‐fragmented habitats increase over time, demonstrating that long‐term studies are needed to understand the effects of fragmentation, above and beyond the amount of habitat lost.
Evolution of dispersal strategies and dispersal syndromes in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Cote Julien , Bestion Elvire , Jacob Staffan , Travis Justin , Legrand Delphine , Baguette Michel
Published: November 2016

Habitat fragmentation, an important element of current global change, has profound repercussions on population and species extinction. Landscape fragmentation reduces individual movements between patches (i.e. dispersal) while such movements connecting patches enhance the persistence of metapopulations and metacommunities. Through the recognition of non‐random movements, dispersal has recently been recognized as a highly complex process. This complexity likely changes the predictions on the evolution of dispersal in spatially structured populations and communities. In this article, we emphasize the effects of fragmentation on the evolution of non‐random dispersal. Habitat fragmentation may shape local and global selective pressures acting on a large array of phenotypic traits known to covary with dispersal behaviors. On top of changes in dispersal propensity, habitat fragmentation could therefore modify dispersal syndromes (i.e. dispersers' phenotypic specializations). Habitat fragmentation often leads to spatial structuring of local conditions and consequently may lead to the evolution of different dispersal syndromes at the landscape scale. By neglecting impacts on dispersal syndromes, we might underestimate the impacts of fragmentation on a crucial biodiversity level for metapopulation and metacommunity functioning. We highlight a set of priorities for future empirical and theoretical work that together would provide the understanding of eco‐evolutionary dynamics of dispersal syndromes required for improving our ability to predict and manage spatially structured populations and communities.
Spind: a package for computing spatially corrected accuracy measures
Authors: Carl Gudrun , Kühn Ingolf
Published: November 2016

Using an appropriate accuracy measure is essential for assessing prediction accuracy in species distribution modelling. Therefore, model evaluation as an analytical uncertainty is a challenging problem. Although a variety of accuracy measures for the assessment of prediction errors in presence/absence models is available, there is a lack of spatial accuracy measures, i.e. measures that are sensitive to the spatial arrangement of the predictions. We present ‘spind’, a new software package (based on the R software program) that provides spatial performance measures for grid‐based models. These accuracy measures are generalized, spatially corrected versions of the classical ones, thus enabling comparisons between them. Our method for evaluation consists of the following steps: 1) incorporate additional autocorrelation until spatial autocorrelation in predictions and actuals is balanced, 2) cross‐classify predictions and adjusted actuals in a 4 × 4 contingency table, 3) use a refined weighting pattern for errors, and 4) calculate weighted Kappa, sensitivity, specificity and subsequently ROC, AUC, TSS to get spatially corrected indices. To illustrate the impact of our spatial method we present an example of simulated data as well as an example of presence/absence data of the plant species Dianthus carthusianorum across Germany. Our analysis includes a statistic for the comparison of spatial and classical (non‐spatial) indices. We find that our spatial indices tend to result in higher values than classical ones. These differences are statistically significant at medium and high autocorrelation levels. We conclude that these spatial accuracy measures may contribute to evaluate prediction errors in presence/absence models, especially in case of medium or high degree of similarity of adjacent data, i.e. aggregated (clumped) or continuous species distributions.
Does prior antiplatelet therapy influence hematoma volume and hematoma growth following intracerebral hemorrhage? Results from a prospective study and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Camps‐Renom P. , Alejaldre‐Monforte A. , Delgado‐Mederos R. , Martínez‐Domeño A. , Prats‐Sánchez L. , Pascual‐Goñi E. , Martí‐Fàbregas J.
Published: November 2016

Background and purpose

Large baseline hematoma volume (HV) and hematoma growth (HG) are related to poor outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). It remains controversial whether prior antiplatelet therapy (APT) influences baseline HV and HG, and the outcome following ICH.

Methods

We collected clinical and radiological data from a prospective cohort of patients diagnosed with ICH within 24 h of symptom onset. Prior APT was ascertained from the clinical history. In patients for whom a follow‐up computed tomography (CT) was available within 72 h, we assessed HG, defined as an increase of ≥33% and/or ≥12.5 mL in the HV. We assessed mortality and functional outcome during follow‐up with the Rankin scale. To perform a meta‐analysis, we searched for published studies reporting HG according to previous APT and pooled the available data.

Results

We included 223 patients (mean age 72.5 ± 13 years). Previous APT was reported in 74 patients (33.2%). The linear regression model showed that prior APT was independently associated with larger baseline HV. HG was detected in 49 of 130 patients (37.7%) and no differences related to prior APT were observed among our cohort. However, after pooling the data of seven studies in the meta‐analysis, prior APT showed an increase in HG frequency (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.37–2.5). Patients who received APT presented with worse outcome during follow‐up, although this difference was not significant (P = 0.06).

Conclusions

In the current study, prior APT was related to larger baseline HV in patients with ICH. Data from the meta‐analysis also showed a higher risk of HG associated with APT.
A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014
Authors: Branquart E. , Brundu G. , Buholzer S. , Chapman D. , Ehret P. , Fried G. , Starfinger U. , van Valkenburg J. , Tanner R.
Published: November 2016

When faced with a large species pool of invasive or potentially invasive alien plants, prioritization is an essential prerequisite for focusing limited resources on species which inflict high impacts, have a high rate of spread and can be cost‐effectively managed. The prioritization process as detailed within this paper is the first tool to assess species for priority for risk assessment (RA) in the European Union (EU) specifically designed to incorporate the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014. The prioritization process can be used for any plant species alien to the EU, whether currently present within the territory or absent. The purpose of the prioritization is to act as a preliminarily evaluation to determine which species have the highest priority for RA at the EU level and may eventually be proposed for inclusion in the list of invasive alien species of EU concern. The preliminary risk assessment stage (Stage 1), prioritizes species into one of four lists (EU List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU Observation List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU List of Minor Concern and the Residual List) based on their potential for spread coupled with impacts. The impacts on native species and ecosystem functions and related ecosystem services are emphasized in line with Article 4.3(c) of the Regulation. Only those species included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants proceed to Stage 2 where potential for further spread and establishment coupled with evaluating preventative and management actions is evaluated. The output of Stage 2 is to prioritize those species which have the highest priority for a RA at the EU level or should be considered under national measures which may involve a trade ban, cessation of cultivation, monitoring, control, containment or eradication. When considering alien plant species for the whole of the EPPO region, or for species under the Plant Health Regulation, the original EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants remains the optimum tool.
A typology of fisheries management tools: using experience to catalyse greater success
Authors: Selig Elizabeth R , Kleisner Kristin M , Ahoobim Oren , Arocha Freddy , Cruz‐Trinidad Annabelle , Fujita Rod , Hara Mafaniso , Katz Laure , McConney Patrick , Ratner Blake D , Saavedra‐Díaz Lina M , Schwarz Anne‐Maree , Thiao Djiga , Torell Elin , Troëng Sebastian , Villasante Sebastian
Published: November 2016

Fisheries provide nutrition and livelihoods for coastal populations, but many fisheries are fully or over‐exploited and we lack an approach for analysing which factors affect management tool performance. We conducted a literature review of 390 studies to assess how fisheries characteristics affected management tool performance across both small‐scale and large‐scale fisheries. We defined success as increased or maintained abundance or biomass, reductions in fishing mortality or improvements in population status. Because the literature only covered a narrow set of biological factors, we also conducted an expert elicitation to create a typology of broader fishery characteristics, enabling conditions and design considerations that affect performance. The literature suggested that the most commonly used management tool in a region was often the most successful, although the scale of success varied. Management tools were more often deemed successful when used in combination, particularly pairings of tools that controlled fishing mortality or effort with spatial management. Examples of successful combinations were the use of catch limits with quotas and limited entry, and marine protected areas with effort restrictions. The most common factors associated with inadequate biological performance were ‘structural’ issues, including poor design or implementation. The expert‐derived typologies revealed strong local leadership, high community involvement and governance capacity as common factors of success across management tool categories (i.e. input, output and technical measures), but the degree of importance varied. Our results are designed to inform selection of appropriate management tools based on empirical data and experience to increase the likelihood of successful fisheries management.
Optimization of blood sample collection with timing and quality constraints
Authors: Elalouf Amir , Tsadikovich Dmitry , Hovav Sharon
Published: November 2016

We focus on planning transportation operations within a blood sample supply chain, which comprises clinics and a laboratory. Specifically, the main goal of this study is to obtain the optimal number of vehicles to be deployed and the scheduling of the pickup process. First, we formulate a mixed‐integer programming (MIP) problem. Next, we develop a heuristic scheme composed of two heuristic algorithms and numerical search, and a new genetic algorithm. In an extensive numerical study, based on the data from a real‐life blood sample collection process, we illustrate the potential of the new heuristic scheme.
Reintroduction strategy for the Andean Condor Conservation Program, Argentina
Authors: Astore V. , Estrada R. , Jácome N. L.
Published: November 2016

The Andean condor Vultur gryphus is the largest bird in the world with flight capacity. For thousands of years the Andean condor has been honoured as a sacred link between space and humans by indigenous communities. In the last 100 years, the range of this emblematic species contracted rapidly and the Andean condor was pronounced extinct at both ends of its endemic South American range, in Venezuela and on the Atlantic coast of Patagonia. The Andean condor appears in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and is listed as in ‘Danger of Extinction’ by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, this species is classified as Near Threatened. In 1991, the Andean Condor Conservation Program (PCCA: Programa Conservación Cóndor Andino) was founded in Argentina. The PCCA started by performing genetic analyses and documenting the condor population in zoological institutions in a Latin American regional studbook. The PCCA then developed artificial‐incubation programmes and techniques for hand rearing birds without human contact, and worked to rescue and rehabilitate wild condors. The PCCA has succeeded in rearing 57 chicks and rescuing 197 wild condors. This paper describes the strategy used by the PCCA to reintroduce 160 condors throughout South America.
A test of Darwin's ‘lop‐eared’ rabbit hypothesis
Authors: Cordero G. A. , Berns C. M.
Published: November 2016

Integration of evolutionary and developmental biology has stimulated novel insights on the origins and maintenance of phenotypic variation. For instance, phenotypic accommodation predicts that trait covariance originates via a novel developmental input caused by genetic change in one trait, but not the other. Darwin provided a striking example of this process in the ‘lop‐eared’ rabbit by demonstrating that artificial selection for long external ears induced variation in the external auditory meatus. Although this intriguing pattern has been interpreted as evidence of phenotypic accommodation, it is unclear whether it exists and, if it does, whether it is selectively maintained in nature. To address this concern, we examined trait covariance in natural woodrat populations that have likely undergone selection for long ears. We demonstrated a remarkably similar covariance pattern as in the ‘lop‐eared’ rabbit, which was associated with climatic variables along a steep arid‐to‐moist longitudinal gradient. Thus, our results suggest that trait covariance is likely a correlated response to selection. We relate these findings to potential origins of trait covariance owing to altered developmental interactions, such as in phenotypic accommodation. Additional evidence is needed to clarify how phenotypic accommodation and correlated selection promote and maintain trait covariance in natural populations. Nonetheless, our study is the first to support a classic Darwinian example concerning domestication and natural selection.
Female preference functions drive interpopulation divergence in male signalling: call diversity in the bushcricket Ephippiger diurnus
Authors: Barbosa F. , Rebar D. , Greenfield M. D.
Published: November 2016

Female preferences play a major role in the elaboration and diversification of male traits: as a selective pressure on males, variation in female preferences can generate population divergence and ultimately, speciation. We studied how interpopulation differences in the shape of female mate preference functions may have shaped male advertisement signals in the bushcricket Ephippiger diurnus. This species is distributed as geographically isolated populations with striking interpopulation variation in male acoustic signals, most notably in the number of syllables per call. Here, we asked whether differences in the shape of preference functions exist among populations and whether those differences may have driven male signal evolution resulting in the observed differences in syllable numbers. Our results reveal fundamental differences in female preferences among populations, with differences in the overall preference function shape corresponding to differences in male signals. These differences in female preferences best explain the major differences in male signals among populations. The interpopulation variation in signals and preferences potentially reflects the evolutionary history of the species and may contribute to further divergence among populations and subsequent speciation.
Antidepressant Exposure and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults with Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Brodrick Joy E. , Mathys Monica L.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To identify whether duration of antidepressant use in depressed elderly veterans differed between those who later developed dementia and those who did not.

Design

Single‐center, retrospective, observational, electronic chart review.

Setting

Medical charts from a Veterans Affairs Mental Health Clinic.

Participants

Veterans aged 65 and older with history of depression.

Measurements

Information on sociodemographic characteristics; duration of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and benzodiazepine therapy; diagnosis of dementia; and comorbid disease states was collected. Medication use since August 1, 1998 was recorded.

Results

Of 1,547 charts reviewed, 605 met inclusion criteria; 128 were excluded on the basis of psychiatric comorbidities. Of the remaining 477, 41 developed incident dementia. Thirty‐seven of those were matched to individuals with depression without dementia according to age, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and substance use. There were no differences between the groups with (n = 37) and without (n = 37) dementia with respect to baseline characteristics, antidepressant types, or benzodiazepine or antipsychotic use. Median duration of antidepressant use was 891 days in the group with dementia and 1,979 days in the group without (P = .03, W = −260, z = −2.13). Significantly fewer participants with dementia received antidepressant treatment for at least 5 years [n = 8 with dementia, n = 20 without dementia, P = .004, odds ratio = 0.235, 95% confidence interval = 0.085–0.647).

Conclusion

Older veterans with depression who developed dementia were treated with antidepressants for a significantly shorter duration than matched veterans who did not develop dementia.
Inhibition of complement in Guillain‐Barré syndrome: the ICA‐GBS study
Authors: Davidson Amy I. , Halstead Susan K. , Goodfellow John A. , Chavada Govind , Mallik Arup , Overell James , Lunn Michael P. , McConnachie Alex , van Doorn Pieter , Willison Hugh J.
Published: November 2016

The outcome of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) remains unchanged since plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) were introduced over 20 years ago. Pathogenesis studies on GBS have identified the terminal component of complement cascade as a key disease mediator and therapeutic target. We report the first use of terminal complement pathway inhibition with eculizumab in humans with GBS. In a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 28 subjects eligible on the basis of GBS disability grade of at least 3 were screened, of whom 8 (29%) were randomised. Five received eculizumab for 4 weeks, alongside standard IVIg treatment. The safety outcomes, monitored via adverse events capture, showed eculizumab to be well‐tolerated and safe when administered in conjunction with IVIg. Primary and secondary efficacy outcomes in the form of GBS disability scores (GBS DS), MRC sum scores, Rasch overall disability scores, and overall neuropathy limitation scores are reported descriptively. For the primary efficacy outcome at 4 weeks after recruitment, two of two placebo‐ and two of five eculizumab‐treated subjects had improved by one or more grades on the GBS DS. Although the small sample size precludes a statistically meaningful analysis, these pilot data indicate further studies on complement inhibition in GBS are warranted.
Is an Engaging or Soothing Environment Associated With the Psychological Well‐Being of People With Dementia in Long‐Term Care?
Authors: Lee Kyung Hee , Boltz Marie , Lee Hana , Algase Donna L.
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To examine the relationship between environmental ambience and psychological well‐being of persons with dementia.

Design

A secondary analysis was conducted using observational data with repeated measures. A total of 1,857 observations from 177 persons with dementia in 17 nursing homes and 6 assisted living facilities were included.

Methods

Psychological well‐being was measured by observed displays of positive and negative emotional expressions. The environmental ambience was assessed by two subscales of the Ambiance Scale: Engaging and Soothing. Multilevel modeling was used to account for hierarchical structures in the data.

Findings

An engaging environment was associated with more positive emotional expressions after controlling for covariates. However, a soothing environment was associated with neither positive nor negative emotional expressions.

Conclusions

Results suggest that the environment is an important consideration for administrators and clinicians as they respond to the mandate to actively plan and provide care to persons with dementia.

Clinical Relevance

An environment that is relevant and interesting may promote a sense of well‐being and support resident‐centered care.
Evaluation of salivary catalase, vitamin C, and alpha‐amylase in smokers and non‐smokers: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ahmadi‐Motamayel Fatemeh , Falsafi Parisa , Goodarzi Mohammad Taghi , Poorolajal Jalal
Published: November 2016

Background

Saliva and its defence systems such as antioxidants and minerals are very important in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Cigarette smoking has many destructive effects. Oxidative stresses play an important role in the side effects of smoking. This study assessed the effect of cigarette smoking on salivary levels of catalase, vitamin C, and α‐amylase.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study was carried out in Hamadan, Iran, on 510 subjects; 259 subjects were smokers (the exposed group) and 251 were non‐smokers (the unexposed group). Five microliters of unstimulated saliva was collected by spitting method. Catalase, vitamin C, and α‐amylase salivary levels were determined by spectrophotometric assay. Data were analyzed with t‐test using STATA 12.

Results

Vitamin C level in smokers was significantly lower than that in non‐smokers. The salivary catalase levels were lower and α‐amylase levels were higher in smokers, but the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.416 and P = 0.265, respectively). Smokers were younger than non‐smokers.

Conclusion

Smoking resulted in a change in salivary antioxidant levels. Changes in antioxidant levels can influence the deleterious effects of smoking on oral mucosa; it might also indicate systemic changes and changes in the serum levels of oxidative agents. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms and real effects of smoking, to determine the benefits of supplementary antioxidants for treatment and to reduce the dangerous side effects of smoking.
COAL MINING AND THE RESOURCE CURSE IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Douglas Stratford , Walker Anne
Published: November 2016

We measure the effect of resource‐sector dependence on long‐run income growth using the natural experiment of coal mining in 409 Appalachian counties selected for homogeneity. Using a panel data set (1970–2010), we find a one standard deviation increase in resource dependence is associated with 0.5–1 percentage point long‐run and a 0.2 percentage point short‐run decline in the annual growth rate of per capita personal income. We also measure the extent to which the resource curse operates through disincentives to education, and find significant effects, but this “education channel” explains less than 15 percent of the apparent curse.