bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A statistical analysis of emission features in non-road small SI engines with the same displacement
Authors: Mei Deqing , Wang Hengquan , Dai Pengfei , Li Xianming
Published: October 2017

Emission share rates at various operating modes for non-road small spark-ignition engines are comprehensively analyzed, based on 25 sets of emissions data from one particular type of engine with the same displacement manufactured by different factories. The results of the statistical analysis show that the greatest contribution for CO and HC emissions occurs at mode 3, while that for NOx emissions occurs at mode 2. At the rated power mode 1, the average share rates for each pollutant, especially NOx, are beyond their weighting factors. The sum of contributions at modes 2–4 to CO and HC final emissions is close to their summary weighting factors, while the NOx emission characteristic differs greatly. As for each pollutant, the share rates of modes 5–6 are very low and negligible. The maximum standard deviation of share rate for NOx emission appears at mode 1, while the coefficient of variation differs greatly, especially at small-load modes. At the representative mode 1, the correlation coefficients between specific CO, HC and NOx emissions with the excess air ratio are −0.874, −0.762 and 0.946, respectively. Even more, the specific HC + NOx emission shows a positive correlation as high as 0.933, despite the negative correlation of HC. Therefore, a proper excess air ratio of [0.8, 0.9] is recommended for reducing more NOx at mode 1. While at middle and small loads, the excess air ratio should be moderately increased to reduce HC and CO emissions, as well as aiding better fuel consumption. From these results, this study can do a great service in the low-emission management, for non-road gasoline engines without after-treatment devices, to meet current and future emission directives.
Nocardia beijingensis pericarditis presenting with cardiac tamponade: A case report
Authors: Laksananun Nattinee , Salee Parichat , Kaewpoowat Quanhathai
Published: October 2017

We report the first case of Nocardia beijingensis pericarditis in a 32-year-old HIV-infected patient. He presented with cardiac tamponade after failing to respond to treatment for smear-negative pulmonary and pericardial tuberculosis (TB). The pericardial fluid was examined several times before it eventually revealed filamentous branching organisms in Gram and modified acid-fast bacilli stain. The culture grew Nocardia spp. and was identified by 16s rRNA sequencing as N. beijingensis. Eight previously reported cases of Nocardia pericarditis in HIV-infected patients were caused by Nocardia asteroides. All patients had low CD4 cell count (range: 17–239 cells/mm3) and 50% of patients were treated for tuberculous pericarditis prior to making the correct diagnosis of Nocardia pericarditis. This report revisits the issue of nocardiosis as a great TB mimicker. It should always be considered in the differential diagnosis among HIV-infected patients suspected of having pericardial TB that is failing treatment.
The use of technology to find sexual health information online among men who have sex with men in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2016
Authors: Nguyen Minh X , Krishnan Aparna , Le Giang M , Nguyen Quynh T , Bhadra Nia M , Nguyen Sang M , Miller William C , Go Vivian F
Published: October 2017

In an era where mobile phones and computers are ubiquitous, technology-based interventions to reduce HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have great potential to reach high-risk groups, including men who have sex with men (MSM). This study aimed to examine technology usage to find sexual health information online among MSM in Hanoi, Vietnam. A cross-sectional study of 205 MSM in Hanoi was conducted from February to May 2016. Overall, 50.7% of participants reported having used a smartphone, computer, or tablet to find HIV/STI testing locations in the past year, and 75.1% reported having used such devices to find other HIV/STI information online. Unemployment (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.13, 95%CI: 1.00–1.28) and having been tested for HIV (aPR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.07–1.51) were significantly associated with using technology to find online sexual health information. MSM who had ever exchanged sex for money or drugs (aPR: 0.80; 95%CI: 0.68–0.94) were less likely to use technology to find sexual health information online. Technology is a promising platform for HIV/STI prevention programs among MSM, with the potential to reach different subgroups. Further efforts to develop technology-based interventions tailored to the needs of the MSM communities in Hanoi and to encourage MSM who were not currently seeking sexual health information and testing services online to do so are necessary.
The involvement of galectin-3 in skin injury in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Shi Z , Meng Z , Han Y , Cao C , Tan G , Wang L
Published: October 2017

Objective

Our previous research suggested that anti-galectin-3 antibody was highly associated with the development of lupus skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study we aimed to investigate the involvement of galectin-3 in SLE skin damage.

Methods

The study consisted of 49 patients with SLE, 16 with dermatomyositis and 11 with systemic scleroderma and 20 healthy controls. Galectin-3 was examined by ELISA and immunohistochemical staining in serum and skin, respectively.

Results

Serum galectin-3 was significantly higher in patients with SLE than in those with dermatomyositis ( P < 0.01), systemic scleroderma ( P < 0.001) and healthy controls ( P < 0.001); however, it was comparable between SLE patients with and without skin lesions ( P = 0.2010 and was not correlated with cutaneous disease activity ( r = −0.020, P = 0.93) or damage score ( r = −0.380, P = 0.09). Galectin-3 expression was reduced in epidermis in lesional skin from patients with SLE, dermatomyositis and systemic scleroderma compared to healthy controls ( P = 0.0055), whereas it was comparable among diseases ( P > 0.05). As for subtypes of skin lesions in SLE, galectin-3 expression was lower in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus than in acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus ( P = 0.0439).

Conclusion

Serum galectin-3 is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of lupus skin damage, but can be a potential biomarker for the measurement of SLE disease activity. Galectin-3 is greatly reduced in patients with lupus lesions compared with healthy controls, which may contribute to the recruitment of inflammatory cells in the skin.
Lower attendance rates in immigrant versus non-immigrant women in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme
Authors: Bhargava Sameer , Tsuruda Kaitlyn , Moen Kåre , Bukholm Ida , Hofvind Solveig
Published: October 2017

Objective

The Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Programme invites women aged 50–69 to biennial mammographic screening. Although 84% of invited women have attended at least once, attendance rates vary across the country. We investigated attendance rates among various immigrant groups compared with non-immigrants in the programme.

Methods

There were 4,053,691 invitations sent to 885,979 women between 1996 and 2015. Using individual level population-based data from the Cancer Registry and Statistics Norway, we examined percent attendance and calculated incidence rate ratios, comparing immigrants with non-immigrants, using Poisson regression, following women's first invitation to the programme and for ever having attended.

Results

Immigrant women had lower attendance rates than the rest of the population, both following the first invitation (53.1% versus 76.1%) and for ever having attended (66.9% versus 86.4%). Differences in attendance rates between non-immigrant and immigrant women were less pronounced, but still present, when adjusted for sociodemographic factors. We also identified differences in attendance between immigrant groups. Attendance increased with duration of residency in Norway. A subgroup analysis of migrants' daughters showed that 70.0% attended following the first invitation, while 82.3% had ever attended.

Conclusions

Immigrant women had lower breast cancer screening attendance rates. The rationale for immigrant women's non-attendance needs to be explored through further studies targeting women from various birth countries and regions.
Scale Development of Organizational Health Construct
Authors: Singh Anupama , Jha Sumi
Published: October 2017

The purpose of this research is to understand the concept of organizational health (OH). Further, this research developed a construct of OH derived from factors identified in extant literature. Data from 121 scientists working in engineering and scientific divisions of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, were collected to test the internal consistency, to confirm factor structure and to assess convergent and divergent validity of the construct. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) produced seven factors of organizational health, namely, managerial efficacy, amiable power relations, HRD orientation and practices, team orientation, organizational values, innovativeness and morale. The study has been conducted in emerging economy setting. A comparative analysis of organization like CSIR in developed country can be carried out for further research using the same construct. This will help in validating the construct developed in this research. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the only study that has developed a comprehensive construct of organizational health for an Indian R&D sector.
The Impact of Total Factor Productivity on Economic Growth for Developed and Emerging Countries: A Second-generation Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Yalçınkaya Ömer , Hüseyni İbrahim , Çelik Ali Kemal
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the determinants of economic growth and also seeks to determine whether or not the impact of total factor productivity (TFP) changes with respect to the level of development for selected countries. In this manner, the present study examines the impact of gross fixed capital formation, employed labour and the TFP of G-7, G-12 and G-20 countries on real GDP per capita using second-generation panel data analyses over the period 1992–2014. The results reveal that TFP has a greater impact on economic growth than fixed capital formation and employed labour for all country groups. Furthermore, the impact of TFP on economic growth was found to be greater for developed countries than for emerging countries.

JEL Classification: C21, C22, C23
“Who Are You From?”: The Importance of Family Stories
Authors: Driessnack Martha
Published: October 2017

This article emphasizes the importance of family stories, or intergenerational narratives, and their health benefits across the lifespan. Knowing and sharing the story of who you are from complements the current focus on knowing and sharing one’s geographic heritage, or where you are from. Knowing one’s family stories creates meaning that goes beyond the individual to provide a sense of self, through time, and in relation to family. This expanded sense of self is referred to as our intergenerational self, which not only grounds an individual but also provides a larger context for understanding and dealing with life’s experience(s) and challenges. This connection across generations appears to contribute to resilience at all stages of life. This shift in focus challenges family nurses to rethink and/or prioritize the use of family stories as a key health-promoting intervention for not only children but also their parents, and their parents’ parents.
Impact of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis on infectious-related outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Clemmons Amber B , Gandhi Arpita S , Albrecht Benjamin , Jacobson Stephanie , Pantin Jeremy
Published: October 2017

Background

Patients immediately post-hematopoietic cell transplantation are at high risk for bacteremia. Judicious prophylactic antimicrobial utilization must balance anticipated benefits (reduction infections) versus risk (bacterial resistance, Clostridium difficile) .

Objective

To compare infectious outcomes (primary: incidence bacteremia; secondary: febrile neutropenia, C. difficile, susceptibility of bacteremia, time to discharge and 30-day mortality) between hematopoietic cell transplantation who received fluoroquinolone prophylaxis to those who did not.

Methods

A local institutional review board-approved retrospective study was conducted on all hematopoietic cell transplantation patients ( n = 171) comparing those who received fluoroquinolone prophylaxis ( n = 105) to those who did not ( n = 66). Data included infectious outcomes and mortality for the first 30 days post-hematopoietic cell transplantation. Chi-squared was performed for categorical variables (GraphPad Software Inc., 2015). Secondary analysis compared outcomes within autologous and allogeneic sub-groups.

Results

Bacteremia was significantly lower for the overall cohort receiving fluoroquinolone (median duration eight days) versus those without fluoroquinolone (15.2% vs. 31.8%; P < 0.01). No difference was seen in C. difficile infection ( P = 0.81) or 30-day mortality (2.9% vs. 4.5%; P = 0.67). In the autologous sub-group ( n = 115), bacteremia was significantly lower in the fluoroquinolone cohort (8.5% vs. 27.3%; P = 0.0069), while no differences were seen in C. difficile infection ( P = 1) or 30-day mortality ( P = 1). In the allogeneic sub-group ( n = 56), there was no difference between those with and without fluoroquinolone in bacteremia (29.4% vs. 40.9%; P = 0.4) or C. difficile ( P = 0.72); however, there was a trend toward improved 30-day mortality (2.9% vs. 9.1%; P = 0.55).

Conclusions

Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis reduces incidence of bacteremia in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation without increasing C. difficile after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Physicochemical stability of carfilzomib (Kyprolis®) containing solutions in glass vials, ready-to-administer plastic syringes and infusion bags over a 28-day storage period
Authors: Kim Sun Hee , Krämer Irene
Published: October 2017

Centralized aseptic preparation of ready-to-administer carfilzomib containing parenteral solutions in plastic syringes and polyolefine (PO) infusion bags needs profound knowledge about the physicochemical stability in order to determine the beyond-use-date of the preparations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical stability of carfilzomib solution marketed as Kyprolis® powder for solution for infusion. Reconstituted solutions and ready-to-administer preparations of Kyprolis® stored under refrigeration (2–8℃) or at room temperature (25℃) were analyzed at predetermined intervals over a maximum storage period of 28 days. Chemical stability of carfilzomib was planned to be determined with a stability-indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Physicochemical stability was planned to be determined by visual inspection of clarity and color as well as pH measurement. The study results show that reconstituted carfilzomib containing parenteral solutions are stable in glass vials as well as diluted solutions in plastic syringes and PO infusion bags over a period of at least 28 days when stored light protected under refrigeration. When stored at room temperature, reconstituted and diluted carfilzomib solutions are physicochemically stable over 14 days and 10 days, respectively. The physicochemical stability of carfilzomib infusion solutions allows cost-saving pharmacy-based centralized preparation of ready-to-administer preparations.
Young People’s Political Participation
Authors: Andersson Erik
Published: October 2017

In established democracies, a public pedagogy challenge for municipalities is to create, integrate and expand opportunities for young people’s political participation in decision-making. These opportunities are guided by different reasons, values and explanations as to why young people’s political participation is important. This article contributes empirical knowledge about the motives that direct young people’s political participation in decision-making at the municipal level. By means of a case study in a municipality in the west of Sweden, three recurrent motives have been identified: political participation as a means, democratic fostering and an intrinsic value. Based on political socialization theory, empirical findings and previous research, two major challenges in youth policy work are identified and discussed in terms of public pedagogy.
Determinants of working until retirement compared to a transition to early retirement among older workers with and without chronic diseases: Results from a Dutch prospective cohort study
Authors: Sewdas Ranu , van der Beek Allard J. , de Wind Astrid , van der Zwaan Lennart G.L. , Boot Cécile R.L.
Published: October 2017

Aim: The ageing society and recent policy changes may lead to an increase of older workers with chronic diseases in the workforce. To date, it is unclear whether workers with chronic diseases have specific needs while employed. The aim of this study is to explore the differences in determinants of working until retirement compared to a reference group who have transitioned to early retirement among workers with and without chronic diseases. Methods: Dutch workers aged 57–62 years ( n = 2445) were selected from an existing prospective cohort study, ‘STREAM’. The potential determinants were categorized into: individual, health, work-related and social factors. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between these determinants and working until retirement – once for workers with and once for those without chronic diseases. To test differences, we included an interaction term between the determinant and the covariate ‘having a chronic disease yes/no’ in the analyses of the total population. Results: In total, 1652 (68%) persons were employed from 2011 to 2013. The majority of the determinants appeared to be similar for workers with or without a chronic disease; the interaction terms for these determinants and the covariate ‘having a chronic disease’ showed a p-value higher than 0.05, except for one individual factor (i.e. mastery) and one work-related factor (i.e. autonomy), which showed a p-value below 0.05. Higher mastery and higher autonomy were statistically significantly associated with working until retirement for those with chronic diseases, whereas they were not for those without chronic diseases. Conclusions: Differences between workers with and without chronic diseases may exist for working until a statutory retirement age. Interventions aimed at encouraging work participation of older workers should make a distinction between the two groups. Autonomy at work and mastery were found to be factors that may promote work participation until higher age, specifically for older workers with chronic diseases.
Automation and Adaptive Behavior
Authors: Kirlik Alex
Published: October 2017

In his well-researched and thought-provoking article, David Kaber identifies what he believes to be a number of gaps in the research literature on human–automation interaction (HAI), spanning the spectrum from analysis to modeling and design. One of the central themes in his article is the observation that we have failed to give the phenomenon of satisficing the attention it deserves to usefully design and predict the performance of HAI systems. My purpose in this commentary is to second Kaber’s position on this point, although I suggest that it will be fruitful to view satisficing as just one of many manifestations of the more general phenomenon of adaptive cognition and behavior.
Lipomas of the Brachial Plexus: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Graf Alexander , Yang Kai , King David , Dzwierzynski William , Sanger James , Hettinger Patrick
Published: October 2017

Background: Lipomas are common benign tumors. When they develop in proximity to peripheral nerves, they can cause neurologic symptoms secondary to mass effect. Previous reports have shown symptom resolution after removal of lipomas compressing various upper extremity peripheral nerves. However, brachial plexus lipomas are relatively rare. Our multidisciplinary experience with brachial plexus lipoma resection is reviewed in the largest case series to date. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing resection of brachial plexus lipomatous tumors between 2006 and 2016 was performed. Patient demographic data, diagnostic imaging, clinical presentation, operative details, surgical pathology, and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results: Twelve brachial plexus lipomatous tumors were resected in 11 patients: 10 lipomas, 1 hibernoma, and 1 atypical lipomatous tumor. The most common tumor location was supraclavicular (50%), followed by axillary (42%), and proximal medial arm (8%). The most common brachial plexus segment involved was the upper trunk (50%), followed by posterior cord (25%), lateral pectoral nerve (8%), lower trunk (8%), and proximal median nerve (8%). Most patients presented with an enlarging painless mass (58%). Of the patients who presented with neurologic symptoms, symptoms resolved in the majority (80%). Conclusions: Brachial plexus lipomas are rare causes of compression neuropathy in the upper extremity. Careful resection and knowledge of brachial plexus anatomy, which may be distorted by the tumor, are critical to achieving a successful surgical outcome with predictable symptom resolution. Finally, surveillance magnetic resonance imaging may be warranted for atypical lesions.
DNMT3a contributes to the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain by silencing Kv1.2 expression in spinal cord dorsal horn
Authors: Miao Xue-Rong , Fan Long-Chang , Wu Shaogen , Mao Qing-Xiang , Li Zhen , Lutz Brianna M , Xu Jitian , Lu Zhi-Jie , Tao Yuan-Xiang
Published: October 2017

Metastatic bone tumor-induced changes in gene transcription and translation in pain-related regions of the nervous system may participate in the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation regulate gene transcription. Here, we report that intrathecal injection of decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, dose dependently attenuated the development and maintenance of bone cancer pain induced by injecting prostate cancer cells into the tibia. The level of the de novo DNMT3a, but not DNMT3b, time dependently increased in the ipsilateral L4/5 dorsal horn (not L4/5 dorsal root ganglion) after prostate cancer cells injection. Blocking this increase through microinjection of recombinant adeno-associated virus 5 (AAV5) expressing Dnmt3a shRNA into dorsal horn rescued prostate cancer cells-induced downregulation of dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression and impaired prostate cancer cells-induced pain hypersensitivity. In turn, mimicking this increase through microinjection of AAV5 expressing full-length Dnmt3a into dorsal horn reduced dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression and produced pain hypersensitivity in the absence of prostate cancer cells injection. Administration of neither decitabine nor virus affected locomotor function and acute responses to mechanical, thermal, or cold stimuli. Given that Dnmt3a mRNA is co-expressed with Kcna2 mRNA (encoding Kv1.2) in individual dorsal horn neurons, our findings suggest that increased dorsal horn DNMT3a contributes to bone cancer pain through silencing dorsal horn Kv1.2 expression. DNMT3a may represent a potential new target for cancer pain management.
The influence of age and unreported symptoms on the Oxford Shoulder Score
Authors: Dabis John , Colaço Henry B. , Hingston Helen , Arnander Magnus , Tennent Duncan , Pearse Eyiyemi O.
Published: October 2017

Background

One potential limitation of interpreting the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) in longitudinal studies is that the observed score may be influenced by age and other variables, which may change over time. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of increasing age and unreported non-shoulder upper limb and neck symptoms on the OSS.

Methods

We collected OSS data from a sample of our ethnically diverse local population. All subjects indicated whether they suffered from any neck, shoulder, elbow or wrist symptoms for which they had not sought a medical opinion. Those reporting no symptoms formed the asymptomatic group.

Results

We found a significant decline in OSS with increasing age in the whole study population, as well as in both the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups with previously unreported symptoms: Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.27, −0.28 and −0.33 respectively (p < 0.001). The median OSS in the asymptomatic group was 48 [interquartile range (IQR) 48 to 48]. This was significantly higher than the symptomatic group, with a median OSS of 46 (IQR 40 to 47) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found the OSS to be affected by non-shoulder upper-limb and neck pathology as well as age. Within the limitations of the OSS, the differences we found do not exceed the minimal important change.
Creatine Use in Sports
Authors: Butts Jessica , Jacobs Bret , Silvis Matthew
Published: October 2017

Context:

The use of creatine as a dietary supplement has become increasingly popular over the past several decades. Despite the popularity of creatine, questions remain with regard to dosing, effects on sports performance, and safety.

Evidence Acquisition:

PubMed was searched for articles published between 1980 and January 2017 using the terms creatine, creatine supplementation, sports performance, and dietary supplements. An additional Google search was performed to capture National Collegiate Athletic Association–specific creatine usage data and US dietary supplement and creatine sales.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Results:

Short-term use of creatine is considered safe and without significant adverse effects, although caution should be advised as the number of long-term studies is limited. Suggested dosing is variable, with many different regimens showing benefits. The safety of creatine supplementation has not been studied in children and adolescents. Currently, the scientific literature best supports creatine supplementation for increased performance in short-duration, maximal-intensity resistance training.

Conclusion:

While creatine appears to be safe and effective for particular settings, whether creatine supplementation leads to improved performance on the field of play remains unknown.
Alcohol consumption and cardiorespiratory fitness in five population-based studies
Authors: Baumeister Sebastian E , Finger Jonas D , Gläser Sven , Dörr Marcus , Markus Marcello RP , Ewert Ralf , Felix Stephan B , Grabe Hans-Jörgen , Bahls Martin , Mensink Gert BM , Völzke Henry , Piontek Katharina , Leitzmann Michael F
Published: October 2017

Background

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Alcohol consumption contributes substantially to the burden of disease, but its association with cardiorespiratory fitness is not well described. We examined associations between average alcohol consumption, heavy episodic drinking and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Design

The design of this study was as a cross-sectional population-based random sample.

Methods

We analysed data from five independent population-based studies (Study of Health in Pomerania (2008–2012); German Health Interview and Examination Survey (2008–2011); US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000; NHANES 2001–2002; NHANES 2003–2004) including 7358 men and women aged 20–85 years, free of lung disease or asthma. Cardiorespiratory fitness, quantified by peak oxygen uptake, was assessed using exercise testing. Information regarding average alcohol consumption (ethanol in grams per day (g/d)) and heavy episodic drinking (5+ or 6+ drinks/occasion) was obtained from self-reports. Fractional polynomial regression models were used to determine the best-fitting dose-response relationship.

Results

Average alcohol consumption displayed an inverted U-type relation with peak oxygen uptake ( p-value<0.0001), after adjustment for age, sex, education, smoking and physical activity. Compared to individuals consuming 10 g/d (moderate consumption), current abstainers and individuals consuming 50 and 60 g/d had significantly lower peak oxygen uptake values (ml/kg/min) (β coefficients = −1.90, β = −0.06, β = −0.31, respectively). Heavy episodic drinking was not associated with peak oxygen uptake.

Conclusions

Across multiple adult population-based samples, moderate drinkers displayed better fitness than current abstainers and individuals with higher average alcohol consumption.
“Your Pants Won’t Save You”
Authors: Kerrison Erin M. , Cobbina Jennifer , Bender Kimberly
Published: October 2017

The politics of “Black Respectability” foreground Black citizens’ individual and collective responsibility to prioritize self-policing, polish, and propriety. Proponents believe that the steady performance of restraint and decorum is critical and that any departure from that repertoire can result in punishment. The belief that racially minoritized youth must earn respect and autonomy, rather than see those rights protected as a standard afforded to all community members, may not be widely held by younger Black people. The following study makes use of interview data collected from 23 Black Baltimore City millennials who shared their perspectives on the social and political contexts that led to Freddie Gray’s death while in Baltimore Police custody. When discussing police officers’ pursuit of citizens who match Freddie Gray’s outward appearance, younger respondents resisted the demands of Black Respectability Politics and, instead, asserted their right to pass through their neighborhoods absent state-sanctioned harassment. This study features an exploration of how generational membership moderates legal socialization, attitudes about personal responsibility for police profiling, and beliefs about the right to the same full spectrum of freedoms and protections enjoyed by majority citizens. Implications for critical race theory, legal cynicism, and intergenerational coalition building are also discussed.
The Effect of Pretest Exercise on Baseline Computerized Neurocognitive Test Scores
Authors: Pawlukiewicz Alec , Yengo-Kahn Aaron M. , Solomon Gary
Published: October 2017

Background:

Baseline neurocognitive assessment plays a critical role in return-to-play decision making following sport-related concussions. Prior studies have assessed the effect of a variety of modifying factors on neurocognitive baseline test scores. However, relatively little investigation has been conducted regarding the effect of pretest exercise on baseline testing.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The aim of our investigation was to determine the effect of pretest exercise on baseline Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) scores in adolescent and young adult athletes. We hypothesized that athletes undergoing self-reported strenuous exercise within 3 hours of baseline testing would perform more poorly on neurocognitive metrics and would report a greater number of symptoms than those who had not completed such exercise.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

The ImPACT records of 18,245 adolescent and young adult athletes were retrospectively analyzed. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, participants were dichotomized into groups based on a positive (n = 664) or negative (n = 6609) self-reported history of strenuous exercise within 3 hours of the baseline test. Participants with a positive history of exercise were then randomly matched, based on age, sex, education level, concussion history, and hours of sleep prior to testing, on a 1:2 basis with individuals who had reported no pretest exercise. The baseline ImPACT composite scores of the 2 groups were then compared.

Results:

Significant differences were observed for the ImPACT composite scores of verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, and impulse control as well as for the total symptom score. No significant between-group difference was detected for the visual motor composite score. Furthermore, pretest exercise was associated with a significant increase in the overall frequency of invalid test results.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest a statistically significant difference in ImPACT composite scores between individuals who report strenuous exercise prior to baseline testing compared with those who do not. Since return-to-play decision making often involves documentation of return to neurocognitive baseline, the baseline test scores must be valid and accurate. As a result, we recommend standardization of baseline testing such that no strenuous exercise takes place 3 hours prior to test administration.
Enhancing the Impact of Professional Development in the Context of Preschool Expansion
Authors: Hamre Bridget K. , Partee Ann , Mulcahy Christina
Published: October 2017

Among all the factors that influence the success of preschool programs, none is more important than the quality of the teaching workforce. The design and delivery of effective approaches to professional development (PD) are central to the support of the early childhood education workforce. In this article, we provide a model outlining the PD features that help to ensure that PD is effective, as well as the program- and policy-level supports needed to implement this type of PD as a part of local, state, and federal preschool programs. Throughout the article, we summarize recent research that is refining our understanding of the characteristics of effective PD, and we draw from research as well as our own experience in working with Head Start and state preschool programs across the country to illuminate challenges and promising practices in implementing effective PD at scale.
Racial/Ethnic Perceptions from Hispanic Names: Selecting Names to Test for Discrimination
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael
Published: October 2017

Researchers increasingly use correspondence audit studies to study racial/ethnic discrimination in employment, housing, and other domains. Although this method provides strong causal evidence of racial/ethnic discrimination, these claims depend on the signal being clearly conveyed through names. Few studies have pretested individual racial and ethnic perceptions of the names used to examine discrimination. The author conducts a survey experiment in which respondents are asked to identify the races or ethnicities they associate with a series of names. Respondents are provided with combinations of Hispanic and Anglo first and last names. Hispanic first names paired with Anglo last names are least likely to be recognized as Hispanic, while all versions of Hispanic first and last names are highly recognized (≥90 percent). The results suggest that researchers must use caution when trying to signal Hispanic ethnicity in experiments, and prior findings from correspondence audits may be biased from poor signals.
The Texts of Literacy Instruction
Authors: Hiebert Elfrieda H.
Published: October 2017

Texts are a central part of reading. Yet our understandings of appropriate text features and distributions of text diets at different points in students’ reading development are limited. The thesis of the essay is that, if the trajectory of struggling readers is to change, attention is needed to the features of texts and students’ text diets, especially those of students who attend schools in heavily impacted communities. Three issues are identified that require the attention of researchers to ensure appropriate texts and text diets for struggling readers: (a) texts from the earliest levels need to be meaningful, (b) at least part of struggling readers’ text diets need to be with texts in which words with morphological and phonological consistency are repeated, and (c) amount of text read by struggling readers needs to be substantial for reading capacity to increase. For each issue, the manner in which current practices can contribute to potential obstacles for struggling readers is described. Next, research on alternative practices is presented that shows how shifts in texts and text diets can support higher reading proficiency. The essay ends with a description of a research agenda that uses digital resources to increase students’ facility with vocabulary in complex texts.
Teachers as Designers
Authors: Fowler-Amato Michelle , Warrington Amber
Published: October 2017

In this article, we explore data from two studies that demonstrate how inviting teachers to take on the role of codesigners of interventions in social design experiments created opportunities for them to consider their own positionality and privilege as well as negotiate deficit and antideficit discourses underlying and shaping English-language arts curriculum, instruction, and assessment. The findings illustrate the potential for researchers engaging in design experiments to include teachers at the outset of such studies before designing curriculum, instruction, or assessment.
Examining a Reader’s Meaning-Making Process of Picture Books Using Eye Movement Miscue Analysis
Authors: Liwanag Maria Perpetua Socorro U. , Martens Prisca , Martens Ray , Pelatti Christina Yeager
Published: October 2017

The goal of this case study was to examine a second grader’s reading of picture books using eye movement miscue analysis as a method to further understand reading as a meaning-making process. Two picture books with different relationships (e.g., enhanced and counterpoint) were selected because they elicit varied ways of presenting meaning and thus provide a unique opportunity to study reading. Findings from this case study highlight that reading is more than the eyes moving sequentially from word to word while the reader actively constructs meaning. Reading picture books demands an expanded repertoire of strategies since only looking at multimodal signs, such as written and pictorial cues, that are available when reading is not sufficient to ensure full comprehension of picture books. Implications for teaching reading and understanding multimodality in learning are addressed.
Ultrawide Field Imaging and OCT Angiography in Late-Onset Chloroquine Retinopathy
Authors: Abadía Beatriz , Llorenç Víctor , Mesquida Marina , Sainz de la Maza Maria Teresa , Adán Alfredo
Published: October 2017

Purpose:

To describe the clinical features of a 57-year-old female with palindromic rheumatism and a 15-year history of chloroquine use and bilateral vision loss.

Methods:

Ophthalmological examination, including ultrawide field (UWF) fundus images (Optomap-200TX) and cross-sectional retinal scans obtained with Zeiss spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography (SD-OCTA, HD-5000, Angioplex), was performed.

Results:

Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/60 in both eyes. Ultrawide field fundus images revealed a ring-shaped area of pericentral and paracentral mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), vascular attenuation, and loss of foveal reflex bilaterally. The SD-OCT showed obvious thinning in the outer retina, loss of the photoreceptor inner/outer segment junction corresponding to the location of the hypofluorescent lesion in the macular inferior temporal area, as well as a granular appearance of the RPE. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed the integrity of the superficial capillary plexus in both eyes, but the deep capillary plexus and the choriocapillaris layer detailed the loss of vasculature and the hyperreflective lesions located pericentrally. Multifocal central electroretinogram diminished in both the eyes.

Conclusions:

Optical coherence tomography angiography is able to show alterations produced by chloroquine toxicity. New technologies, such as UWF imaging and OCTA, could be suitable alternatives for screening and follow-up of chloroquine retinopathy.
Observations and Simulations of Basin Effects in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Asimaki Domniki , Mohammadi Kami , Mason Henry B. , Adams Rachel K. , Rajaure Sudhir , Khadka Diwakar
Published: October 2017

The M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal main shock ruptured a segment of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) directly below Kathmandu Valley, causing strong shaking levels across the valley. Strong-motion data reveal an initial 6 s source pulse that was amplified and reverberated within the basin. One of the striking features of the observed ground motions in the valley was the exceptionally low energy of periods less than 2 s, which likely limited the extent and severity of structural damage in Kathmandu compared with alternative rupture scenarios of the same magnitude in the region. Isolated cases of liquefaction and lateral spreading of unconsolidated sediments were also observed, but have not yet revealed a systematic damage pattern. Initial analysis of available data suggests that several different factors, including source and path as well as site effects, were responsible for the unusual ground motions characteristics. In this paper, we provide a short description of the Kathmandu Valley geology and analyze available strong-motion records from the main shock and three strong aftershocks, with the intent to shed light on earthquake reconnaissance observations from this earthquake.
Issue Attention and Group Mobilization for Caste Rights following the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake
Authors: DeYoung Sarah E. , Penta Samantha
Published: October 2017

People in Nepal labeled as low-caste carry the double burden of simultaneous denial of access to resources and to public space in which to discuss caste issues. Following the 2015 earthquake, issues regarding caste were pushed onto the national agenda through various groups seizing the window of opportunity to bring awareness to address issues related to caste rights and discrimination. Positioned in the Focusing Events Theory, we seek to understand how groups may have used the Nepal 2015 earthquake to mobilize to increase issue attention to caste and disaster vulnerability. To identify themes around these areas, we reviewed key news articles that were published in Nepalese and international media in the two-year time frame after the earthquake. We identified issue framing with several major themes: opportunities for lessons learned, outsiders and higher caste as “rescuing” lower caste, and disaster vulnerability linked to caste.
Mouse Models of Primary Aldosteronism: From Physiology to Pathophysiology
Authors: Aragao-Santiago Leticia , Gomez-Sanchez Celso E , Mulatero Paolo , Spyroglou Ariadni , Reincke Martin , Williams Tracy Ann
Published: October 2017

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common form of endocrine hypertension that is characterized by the excessive production of aldosterone relative to suppressed plasma renin levels. PA is usually caused by either a unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Somatic mutations have been identified in several genes that encode ion pumps and channels that may explain the aldosterone excess in over half of aldosterone-producing adenomas, whereas the pathophysiology of bilateral adrenal hyperplasia is largely unknown. A number of mouse models of hyperaldosteronism have been described that recreate some features of the human disorder, although none replicate the genetic basis of human PA. Animal models that reproduce the genotype–phenotype associations of human PA are required to establish the functional mechanisms that underlie the endocrine autonomy and deregulated cell growth of the affected adrenal and for preclinical studies of novel therapeutics. Herein, we discuss the differences in adrenal physiology across species and describe the genetically modified mouse models of PA that have been developed to date.
Skeletal Microstructure and Estimated Bone Strength Improve Following Parathyroidectomy in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cusano Natalie E , Rubin Mishaela R , Silva Barbara C , Tay Yu-Kwang Donovan , Williams John M , Agarwal Sanchita , Omeragic Beatriz , Guo X Edward , Bilezikian John P
Published: October 2017

Context

High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) is a noninvasive imaging technology that can provide insight into skeletal microstructure and strength. In asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), HRpQCT imaging has demonstrated both decreased cortical and trabecular indices, consistent with evidence for increased fracture risk. There are limited data regarding changes in HRpQCT parameters postparathyroidectomy.

Objective

To evaluate changes in skeletal microstructure by HRpQCT in subjects with PHPT after parathyroidectomy.

Design

We studied 29 subjects with PHPT (21 women, 8 men) with HRpQCT at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postparathyroidectomy.

Main Outcome Measures

Volumetric bone mineral density, microarchitectural indices, and finite element analysis at the distal radius and tibia.

Results

At both the radius and tibia, there were significant improvements in total, cortical, and trabecular volumetric bone density as early as 6 months postparathyroidectomy (24-month values for total volumetric bone density, radius: +2.8 ± 4%, tibia: +4.4 ± 4%; P < 0.0001 for both), cortical thickness (radius: +1.1 ± 2%, tibia: +2.0 ± 3%; P < 0.01 for both), and trabecular bone volume (radius: +3.8 ± 5%, tibia: +3.2 ± 4%; P < 0.0001 for both). At both sites, by finite element analysis, stiffness and failure load were improved starting at 6 months postparathyroidectomy (24-month values for failure load, radius: +6.2 ± 6%, tibia: +4.8 ± 7%; P < 0.0001 for both).

Conclusions

These results provide information about skeletal microarchitecture in subjects with PHPT followed through 2 years after parathyroidectomy. Estimated bone strength is improved, consistent with data showing decreased fracture risk postparathyroidectomy.
Colonization and Resistance at Bethlehem's Manger Square
Authors: Barnard Ryvka
Published: October 2017

This article deals with the intersection of tourism and colonialism in Palestine, using the Nativity Church / Manger Square in the Israeli-occupied West Bank as a case study. Looking at the period between 1967 and 1995, the article focuses on the ways the Israeli state strategically used its control over the Palestinian tourism market in the West Bank (1) to colonize and dominate the Palestinian economy; (2) to exert spatial control over the surrounding area; and (3) to surveil and censor the occupied population, repressing local expressions of national identity while promoting for an international audience narratives whitewashing the occupation. It also surveys how Palestinians used tourism and tourist spaces, including the Nativity Church, as staging grounds for resistance to Israel's colonial rule through boycotts and acts of sabotage of Israeli-run tourism operations in the occupied zone.
Detroit Is Closer than You Think
Authors: Kinney Rebecca J.
Published: October 2017

This essay analyzes the ways that the “tourist gaze” and the “development gaze” overlap in the neoliberal gentrification of Detroit. It situates Shinola Detroit's corporate branding as an extension of the tourist gaze, a way for tourist consumers to experience the city through local stores, via virtual factory tours, and, of course, by purchasing luxury goods. Centrally, the essay argues that what Shinola offers for sale is less about a specific product and more about an association with a nostalgic vision of Detroit—a space of “authentic” blackness, working-class credibility, and grittiness—on the rise. These storied narratives of both nostalgic past and “Detroit on the rise” elide the racial logics of capitalism and uneven development that created the twenty-first-century context of neoliberal gentrification in Detroit, reproducing the invisibility of institutional racism in the city's past and present.