bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘We acted like ELLs’: A pedagogy of embodiment in preservice teacher education
Authors: Guerrettaz Anne Marie , Zahler Tara , Sotirovska Vera , Boyd Ashley Summer
Published: June 2020

Many US K-12 teachers in ethnolinguistically homogenous, rural areas are not adequately prepared to meet the needs of their English language learner (ELL) students. Such educators often lack conceptual understanding of language pedagogy and affective investment in ELLs. The field of language teacher education (LTE) needs research on how to better prepare these teachers to serve ELLs. The teacher educator and lead researcher in this article responded to this need, implementing an LTE pedagogy of embodiment for preservice K-12 teacher-learners. Embodiment refers to ways in which a concept or feeling, related to language pedagogy in this case, is made physically or emotionally tangible. Participants – undergraduates in a TESOL survey course – took part in an embodied ELL lesson, which was rich in tasks that the teacher educator had developed years earlier for her own language learner students. In the context of the university teacher education classroom, teacher-learners participated in this authentic ELL lesson. Data include LTE classroom discourse, focus groups, written reflections, and background questionnaires. Findings reveal that two language learning tasks from the embodied lesson especially enabled teacher-learners’ language pedagogy concept learning. Namely, in a timed reading and video enactment, teacher-learners experienced and reflected on language pedagogy concepts related to task sequencing, collaborative interaction, fluency development, and engagement. The participants performed two distinct roles during the embodied lesson: at some moments, they ‘acted like’ language learners while at others like reflective language educators. These teacher-learners reported increased empathy towards ELLs as a consequence of their participation in the embodied lesson. This research offers insights into LTE pedagogical practices that promote preservice K-12 educators’ learning of language pedagogy concepts and their development of empathy for ELLs. By presenting the notion of an LTE pedagogy of embodiment, we contribute to sociocultural frameworks of learning.
Recovering the body in grief: Physical absence and embodied presence
Authors: Pearce Caroline , Komaromy Carol
Published: June 2020

This paper addresses the complex issue of the embodiment of grief. It explores how a theoretical shift to the body has influenced scholarly literature about grief and bereavement. Despite this shift, we argue that bodily interpretations and experiences are undertheorised in western psychological literature on bereavement. Specifically, we argue that linear stage models of grief have encouraged the view that grief needs ‘working through’ in the mind, and not necessarily the body. We draw on empirical data from interviews with bereaved people undertaken in England to illustrate aspects of the embodied experience of grief that differ from how psychological grief theories conceive of the bereaved person’s body. Findings highlight the role of the bereaved person’s body in managing grief and how the absence and continuing presence of the deceased person is managed through embodied practices. We conclude that understanding grief as an embodied experience can enable the development of grief theories that better capture the complex negotiation between the psychological processes of grief and the materiality of bodies.
A video intervention for every straight man: The role of preattitudes and emotions in vicarious-contact effects
Authors: Preuß Sabine , Steffens Melanie C.
Published: June 2020

Research has shown that vicarious contact can help to reduce prejudice. We tested the effect of a controlled, video-based vicarious-contact intervention on straight men’s (implicit and explicit) attitudes toward gay men. Findings of Experiment 1 ( n = 99 German participants) failed to show direct effects but were in line with the idea that negative (situation-specific) emotions mediate the intervention effect. Experiment 2 ( n = 108 U.S. participants) expanded findings: straight men with antigay preattitudes reported less negative intergroup emotions toward gay men after watching the vicarious-contact video (compared to the control condition); and less negative intergroup emotions were related to more positive attitudes toward gay men. For straight men with positive preattitudes, findings were in line with the hypothesis that positive intergroup emotions toward gay men were the relevant mediator. We discuss the moderating role of preattitudes to explain processes underlying vicarious-contact effects.
Hostile and benevolent sexism: The differential roles of human supremacy beliefs, women’s connection to nature, and the dehumanization of women
Authors: Salmen Alina , Dhont Kristof
Published: June 2020

Scholars have long argued that sexism is partly rooted in dominance motives over animals and nature, with women being perceived as more animal-like and more closely connected to nature than men. Yet systematic research investigating these associations is currently lacking. Five studies ( N = 2,409) consistently show that stronger beliefs in human supremacy over animals and nature were related to heightened hostile and benevolent sexism. Furthermore, perceiving women as more closely connected to nature than men was particularly associated with higher benevolent sexism, whereas subtle dehumanization of women was uniquely associated with higher hostile sexism. Blatant dehumanization predicted both types of sexism. Studies 3 and 4 highlight the roles of social dominance orientation and benevolent beliefs about nature underpinning these associations, while Study 5 demonstrates the implications for individuals’ acceptance of rape myths and policies restricting pregnant women’s freedom. Taken together, our findings reveal the psychological connections between gender relations and human–animal relations.
The contact hypothesis during the European refugee crisis: Relating quality and quantity of (in)direct intergroup contact to attitudes towards refugees
Authors: De Coninck David , Rodríguez-de-Dios Isabel , d’Haenens Leen
Published: June 2020

Research shows that direct and indirect intergroup contact reduces levels of prejudice towards immigrants. However, no research so far has explored the association of these different forms of contact with attitudes towards refugees. The present study analyses the relationship between the frequency and valence of direct intergroup contact with people with a migration background, the frequency of indirect contact with news on refugees, and the perception of realistic and symbolic threat, and attitudes towards refugees among adults in four European countries (Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Sweden). Data were collected in 2017 via online questionnaires ( N = 6,000). Using structural equation modelling, findings indicate that interethnic contact is positively related to attitudes towards refugees. Moreover, valence of direct contact is found to be more important to attitude formation than its frequency. Regarding indirect contact, exposure to news on refugees and public news consumption are positively related to attitudes, while commercial news consumption is negatively related to attitudes.
Prior and post peaks compressive behavior of concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns with BFRP-punched-in outer steel and BFRP-circular inner steel
Authors: Sasy Chan Yung William , Zhou Zhi , Wang Zhenzhen , Ou Jinping
Published: June 2020

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been widely used to design fiber-reinforced polymer–based confined concrete columns with potential benefits. However, it is critical to design a column with sufficient post-peak performance that can prevent its collapse at the rupture of the fiber-reinforced polymer tube. This article presents the experimental results on the prior and post peaks behavior of concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP)–punched-in outer steel and BFRP-circular inner steel (BFST-DSTCs). Twenty-two specimens were tested under axial compression to investigate the effects of design parameters on the behavior of the BFST-DSTC. The outcomes reveal that the BFST-DSTC exhibits the best performance in terms of load capacity, confinement ratio, failure and damage mechanisms, and ductility in prior and post peaks. The inner fiber-reinforced polymer jacket delays the buckling of the inner tube. The punched-in patterns of the outer steel improve the confinement effectiveness of the fiber-reinforced polymer jacket. The BFST-DSTC displays a good post-peak performance with high-energy dissipation capacity that prevents the concerned structure from collapse after the fiber-reinforced polymer jacket rupture. Finally, a new confinement model is proposed to predict the ultimate point of the confined concrete.
Shear capacity of indirectly loaded reinforced concrete beams under and after fire exposure
Authors: Song Yamin , Fu Chuanguo , Liang Shuting , Shi Jichen , Dang Longji
Published: June 2020

To investigate the shear capacity of indirectly loaded reinforced concrete beams under and after fire exposure, load tests were conducted on eight full-scale specimens exposed to fire testing in a furnace chamber, and the effects of additional transverse reinforcement in the junction region between the primary and secondary beams on the shear capacity, fire resistance, failure modes and deflection were analysed. The results indicate that the slopes of the diagonal cracks in post-fire tested reinforced concrete beams without additional transverse reinforcement were shallower than those of a similar reference beam not exposed to fire, and that the ultimate capacities of reinforced concrete beams with additional transverse reinforcement decreased obviously after fire exposure. However, beams with additional transverse reinforcement exhibited increased fire resistance times and reduced strains in their reinforcement, indicating the benefit of conservatively providing such reinforcement. The findings of this study are expected to provide a reference for the improved fire-resistant design of indirectly loaded beams.
Subjective socio-economic status predicts self-rated health irrespective of objective family socio-economic background
Authors: Präg Patrick
Published: June 2020

Aim: Subjective appraisals of socio-economic status (SES) are robustly associated with health outcomes, even when controlling for objective SES. Is this because objective SES is not accounted for in a sufficiently exhaustive way? Methods: I pool eight waves of nationally representative survey data from Germany (German General Social Survey, 2004–18, N=13,557) to assess the association between two separate subjective appraisals of SES (a 10-point scale and subjectively chosen social class membership) and poor self-rated health using logit and linear probability models. I account for an exhaustive range of objective SES variables, including respondents’ household incomes and social status, as well as occupational status, social class and education of respondents and of their partners, fathers and mothers. Results: The association between subjective SES and poor self-rated health remains stable, even when accounting for a wide range of objective SES markers. This is true for both subjective SES measured on a 10-point scale and as a subjective class identification. Conclusions: Even when controlling for a large number of objective SES markers, subjective SES and self-rated health are linked, suggesting that subjective assessments of SES are meaningful measures of SES which form a distinct pathway to health.
The effect of household crowding and composition on health in an Inuit cohort in Greenland
Authors: Hansen Charlotte B. , Larsen Christina V. L. , Bjerregaard Peter , Riva Mylene
Published: June 2020

Aims: This study aims to investigate the association between household crowding and household composition and self-rated health and mental health (GHQ scale) among the Inuit in Greenland. Poor housing conditions are a concern in Greenland, especially in the villages, where socioeconomic standards in general are lower. Methods: A cohort of 1282 adults participated in two population-based surveys in Greenland, the Inuit Health in Transition survey 2005–2010 (baseline) and The Health Survey in Greenland 2014 (follow-up). Associations between household conditions at baseline and health outcomes at follow-up (poor self-rated health and mental health measured by the GHQ scale) were examined using logistic regression models, adjusting for covariates at baseline. Results: Participants living in an overcrowded dwelling (more than one person per room) at baseline were more likely to report poor self-rated health at follow-up (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.09; 1.99) compared with those not living in an overcrowded dwelling. In addition, participants who lived alone at baseline were more likely (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.09; 3.58) to experience poor mental health at follow-up compared with those who lived with children. Conclusions: Results indicate that household conditions are related to health in Greenland. Public health authorities should work to ensure affordable housing of good quality in all communities.
Angry youth or realistic idealist? The formation of subjectivity in online political participation of young adults in urban China
Authors: Fu Jun
Published: June 2020

This article examines the formation of Chinese young people’s political subjectivity through exploring their everyday online political participation. Drawing on qualitative data collected from 31 Chinese young people, it identifies three dispositions apparent in their online participatory activities in different circumstances: ‘angry youth’, ‘powerless cynics’, and ‘realistic idealists’. Reflecting their accounts of these participatory activities, these dispositions as manifestations of subjectivities are shaped by the contingent participatory circumstances of the young people and are connected to their previous history of participation. Their online political participation serves as a vehicle for the formation of their subjectivity in the distinctively Chinese context. In this way, the internet facilitates the formation of the subjectivities of young people by providing a space for them to interact with other collective subjectivities, enabling a new form of engagement within which the formation of new subjectivities can develop.
Can the subaltern heal? Medical marijuana in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Dew Kevin , Armstrong Lucas
Published: June 2020

In this article the concepts of statist medicine and subaltern therapeutics are used to provide insight into the debates over the therapeutic use of marijuana in cases of serious or terminal illness. In 2015 medical marijuana gained public attention in Aotearoa New Zealand as cases of people facing life-threatening conditions who wished to use marijuana for therapeutic purposes were given voice in the popular media. In Aotearoa New Zealand marijuana use is illegal for recreational purposes, but theoretically patients with particular conditions could gain access to medicinal forms of marijuana if health professionals, the Ministry of Health and the relevant government minister approved. This approval process is embedded within statist medicine’s regulatory regimes, where access can be provided on condition that the medication meets standards of safety and efficacy. Patients faced with the difficulty of negotiating the processes of statist medicine to access medical marijuana often reverted to illegal means of accessing the plant. Access to illegal forms of marijuana for medical purposes could be through ‘green fairies’, people who provided the plant for therapeutic purposes in a way that was distant from the criminalised recreational use of the drug obtained through ‘dealers’. The process of the state, patients and marijuana providers negotiating the regulation of therapeutic uses of marijuana provides insights into the role of statist medicine and subaltern therapeutics. The case of medical marijuana alerts us to the possibilities of other subaltern therapeutic practices that operate beyond the gaze of the state.
Pathways to precarity: Work, financial insecurity and wage dependency among Australia’s retrenched auto workers
Authors: Barnes Tom
Published: June 2020

Precarious work research has increasingly understood that precarity is not limited to poor job quality. However, this idea has received insufficient attention among older workers whose careers have been erased by retrenchment. The sense in which retrenched workers’ lives are co-determined by the residual effects of previous long-term careers has been under-studied. Through a study of the closure of Australia’s automotive manufacturing industry, this article shows how workers’ life trajectories were differentiated by benefits accrued through their long careers, including union-negotiated redundancy pay and wealth accumulated in home ownership. Retrenched workers adopted different positions on a continuum of wage dependency and household-scale financial security which insulated some from the negative effects of precarious work and relegated others to a pathway of rising precarity. This latter pathway is likely to become more important among older workers due to the disappearance of large-scale manual employment in secure, well-paying jobs.
Should I use my ‘weak’ social capital or ‘strong’ guanxi? Reviewing and critiquing two theories in the context of Western-Chinese migration
Authors: Feng Zhuqin , Patulny Roger
Published: June 2020

Social network dynamics are complex in the context of Chinese overseas migration because of the unique dynamics of guanxi, which are distinctly different from ‘Western’ social capital. The few migration studies comparing guanxi and social capital suggest that the former largely consists ‘strong ties’, while the latter is comprised of ‘weak ties’. However, most apply only a cursory comparison of one network facet. We review core literature in the two fields to contrast what each says about network norms, structures and practices. We find that: (i) guanxi is characterised by dynamics of ‘face’ and renqing; (ii) guanxi has core and peripheral aspects that grant it bonding and bridging qualities; (iii) weak ties in social capital networks are more beneficial for acquiring non-redundant resources, and for joining civic/voluntary associations; (iv) while strong, face-based guanxi ties better mobilise valuable resources, these ties are rarely transformed into social capital.
Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections
Authors: Rossini Patrícia , Stromer-Galley Jennifer , Baptista Erica Anita , Veiga de Oliveira Vanessa
Published: June 2020

In this study, we investigate dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook, focusing on two explanatory variables—frequency of political talk and cross-cutting exposure—and potential remedies, such as witnessing, experiencing, and performing social corrections. Results suggest that dysfunctional sharing is pervasive, with nearly a quarter reporting sharing misinformation on Facebook and WhatsApp, but social corrections also occur relatively frequently. Platform matters, with corrections being more likely to be experienced or expressed on WhatsApp than Facebook. Taken together, our results suggest that the intimate nature of WhatsApp communication has important consequences for the dynamics of misinformation sharing, particularly with regard to facilitating social corrections.
Nonlocal vibration analysis of the three-layered FG nanoplates subjected to applied electric potential considering thickness stretching effect
Authors: Arefi Mohammad , Soltan Arani Amir Hossein
Published: June 2020

Comprehensive nonlocal piezoelasticity relations are developed in this paper for a sandwich functionally graded nanoplate subjected to applied electric potential based on higher-order shear and normal deformation theory. To account thickness stretching effect, the higher-order shear and normal deformation theory is developed. Based on this theory, the transverse deflection is decomposed into bending, shear and stretching portions in which the third term is reflected variation of transverse deflection along the thickness direction. Size dependency is accounted in governing equations based on nonlocal elasticity theory. The sandwich nanoplate is made of a functionally graded core integrated with two piezoelectric layers. Distribution of material properties are assumed according to the power-law function in the thickness direction. The Hamilton’s principle is used to derive governing equations of motion. Navier’s technique is implemented to solve partial differential equation of motion. Accuracy and efficiency of the presented technique are verified by a comparison between obtained results and existing results in literature for two cases including and excluding thickness stretching effect. The comparison between the results with and without thickness stretching effect can justify necessity of present work. Large parametric analysis is organized to investigate effect of significant parameters such as external applied voltage, nonlocal parameter, non-homogeneous index, stretching effect, length-to-thickness, length-to-width and core-to-face sheet thickness ratios on the vibrational behavior of the system. As an important result of this study, one can conclude that accounting thickness stretching effect leads to decrease of natural frequencies in comparison with cases disregards thickness stretching.
Evaluation of through-thickness residual stresses in conventional and narrow grooved stainless steel welds
Authors: Taraphdar PK , Mahapatra MM , Pradhan AK , Singh PK , Sharma Kamal , Kumar Suranjit
Published: June 2020

Thick AISI 304L stainless steel plates were welded using the gas metal arc welding process, and through-thickness residual stresses were evaluated by finite element simulation and the deep hole drilling technique. 3D moving heat source-based thermo-mechanical models were implemented to evaluate through-thickness residual stresses. The effects of the weld groove geometries and external restraints on the pattern of through-thickness residual stresses were studied. The maximum magnitude of locked-in residual stresses was recorded beneath the top surface, at a depth of around 6 mm. In comparison to conventional weld groove, the narrow weld groove configuration exhibited a 20–40% reduction in peak residual stresses. A significant rise in residual stresses was observed in constrained welds. The effect of the yield strength of the filler material on the evaluation of the through-thickness residual stress distribution in the course of finite element modeling was illustrated. The evolution of through-thickness residual stresses was also assessed concerning each weld pass.
Numerical and experimental investigation of flow phenomena in rotating step-holes for direct-spray-cooled electric motors
Authors: Beck Christopher , Schorr Jürgen , Echtle Harald , Verhagen Jasmin , Jooss Annette , Krüger Christian , Bargende Michael
Published: June 2020

Despite their high efficiency, electric motors are thermally limited in some operating points by several types of losses. Whenever temperature–critical components threaten to overheat, the performance is reduced for component protection (derating). The use of a suitable cooling concept may reduce the derating. The design of efficient cooling concepts of electric motors in traction drives with increased power densities is challenging, caused by the fact that the heat releases in the components vary considerably with the operating point. One option to reduce the temperatures is to place the heat sinks close to heat sources. Therefore, direct spray cooling with nozzles located in the rotor shaft is often used for cooling the end windings. The dielectric fluid (e.g. oil) is introduced into the mainly air-filled interior of the electric motor. In the following study, the behavior of the jet in the rotating step-holes at different volumetric flow rates is examined. To carry out the investigation, a new test rig and a novel optically accessible electric motor were designed. In this specifically designed test environment, the shape of the jets of different operating points is investigated by direct high-speed visualization. The cinematography setup is made of a four-light-emitting diode system in combination with a high-speed camera. A combined approach of experiment and simulation is used to find basic mechanisms of spray formation produced by rotating step-holes. Depending on the volumetric flow rate and the rotational speed, the direction of the oil jet gets more curved in relation to the rotating nozzle after exiting the small bore. If the deflection is large, the jet impinges on the wall of the large bore before reaching the end of the nozzle. The jet formation at the exit of the step-hole is mainly driven by the divergent forces in the liquid caused by impingement and the counteracting Coriolis force. Depending on the volumetric flow rate with constant rotational speed, different cross-sectional shapes of the jet at the exit are observed. These characteristic shapes can be grouped as a round undisturbed jet, strands with a connecting lamella and a C-shaped cross-section.
Pyrometric imaging of soot processes in a pilot ignited direct injected natural gas engine
Authors: Khosravi Mahdiar , McTaggart-Cowan Gordon , Kirchen Patrick
Published: June 2020

This work assesses the soot formation and oxidation processes in a high-pressure direct injection natural gas engine using simultaneous high-speed two-colour pyrometry and OH* chemiluminescence imaging. A parametric investigation considers the effects of fuel injection pressure, injection duration and relative pilot and natural gas injection timings. A typical combustion event consists of natural gas being ignited by diesel pilot combustion products, followed by partially premixed combustion of natural gas near the piston bowl wall. Soot is formed as natural gas is injected into this reaction zone. A toroidal soot cloud forms and grows towards the centre of the piston bowl. For the range of operating conditions tested, the peak apparent heat release rate and the onset of detectable soot were correlated, as were the timing of the peak soot fraction and end of natural gas injection. The latter indicates that the soot formation and transition to a net oxidation process are strongly influenced by the injection process, similar to diesel engines. Changes in the relative timing of the diesel pilot and natural gas injections influenced natural gas premixing times, with increased premixing leading to a higher peak apparent heat release rate and lower peak soot fraction. The injection pressure affected the peak soot fraction though enhanced oxidation was expected to ultimately reduce the engine-out soot for higher injection pressures. Based on this parametric investigation, an existing conceptual model of pilot ignited direct injected natural gas combustion is extended to also describe the soot formation and oxidation processes.
A one-dimensional modeling study on the effect of advanced insulation coatings on internal combustion engine efficiency
Authors: Broatch Alberto , Olmeda Pablo , Margot Xandra , Gomez-Soriano Josep
Published: June 2020

This article presents a study of the impact on engine efficiency of the heat loss reduction due to in-cylinder coating insulation. A numerical methodology based on one-dimensional heat transfer model is developed. Since there is no analytic solution for engines, the one-dimensional model was validated with the results of a simple “equivalent” problem, and then applied to different engine boundary conditions. Later on, the analysis of the effect of different coating properties on the heat transfer using the simplified one-dimensional heat transfer model is performed. After that, the model is coupled with a complete virtual engine that includes both thermodynamic and thermal modeling. Next, the thermal flows across the cylinder parts coated with the insulation material (piston and cylinder head) are predicted and the effect of the coating on engine indicated efficiency is analyzed in detail. The results show the gain limits, in terms of engine efficiency, that may be obtained with advanced coating solutions.
Experimental investigations of mineral diesel/methanol-fueled reactivity controlled compression ignition engine operated at variable engine loads and premixed ratios
Authors: Singh Akhilendra Pratap , Sharma Nikhil , Kumar Vikram , Agarwal Avinash Kumar
Published: June 2020

Global warming and stringent emission norms have become the major concerns for the road transport sector globally, which has motivated researchers to explore advanced combustion technologies. Reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion technology has shown great potential to resolve these issues and deliver high brake thermal efficiency and emit ultra-low emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate simultaneously. In this experimental study, baseline compression ignition combustion mode and reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion mode experiments were performed in a single-cylinder research engine using mineral diesel as high-reactivity fuel and methanol as low-reactivity fuel. All experiments were carried out at constant engine speed at four engine loads (brake mean effective pressure: 1–4 bar). For efficient combustion and lower emissions, four premixed ratios ( rp = 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) were tested to assess optimized premixed ratio at different engine loads. In these experiments, primary and secondary fuel injection parameters were maintained identical. Combustion results showed that reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion was more stable compared to compression ignition combustion and resulted in lesser knocking. Reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion delivered higher brake thermal efficiency and lower exhaust gas temperature and oxides of nitrogen emissions, especially at maximum engine loads. Addition of methanol as secondary fuel reduced particulate emissions. Particulate analyses depicted that reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion mode emitted significantly lower accumulation mode particles; however, emission of nucleation mode particles was slightly higher. A significant reduction in particulate mass emitted from reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion was another important finding of this study. Particulate number–mass distributions showed that increasing the premixed ratio of methanol led to a dominant reduction in particulate number concentration compared to particulate mass. Analysis for critical performance and emission characteristics suggested that optimization of the premixed ratio of methanol at each engine load should be done in order to achieve the best results in reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion mode.
Understanding the place-making practices of backpackers
Authors: Iaquinto Benjamin Lucca
Published: June 2020

The place-making practices of tourists have long captured the attention of tourism researchers. This article examines how the everyday practices of backpackers contribute to place-making in the enclave and the hostel – two places common to backpacker destinations. Using participant observation supplemented by interviews, the research revealed these places to be characterised by a range of extraordinary and mundane backpacker practices and mobility rhythms. Places inhabited by backpackers were in constant flux and ‘co-created’ via practices in conjunction with an array of other phenomena. As backpackers interacted with one another, other people and the various materials, temporalities and environments that were present, they inadvertently contributed to place-making processes. The research shows how mobile people make place and extends understandings of how backpacker lives are lived. It demonstrates the centrality of practices to both place and mobility, highlighting the importance of tourist actions – rather than industry directives – to place-making in tourism.
Becoming hegemony: The case for the (Italian) animal advocacy and veganwashing operations
Authors: Bertuzzi Niccolo
Published: June 2020

Organized forms of animal advocacy date back to the final decades of the 20th century. Born in progressive political milieus, animal advocacy and especially the more radical positions of vegan and animal rights activists originally assumed anticapitalist and counter-hegemonic perspectives. More recently, however, the spreading of veganism among civil society has very often related to reasons of health or fashion, sometimes far from ethical or political motivations. In this article, this shift is analysed, based on an empirical study conducted among Italian animal advocates. Interest in non-human animals was originally located among more generic counter-hegemonic frames, but this recent shift gives more and more space to an a-political consumerist approach to veganism. In particular, adapting a Gramscian vocabulary, two different perspectives among Italian animal advocates are identified and described: passive revolution and war of position. They are presented both referring to general frames and in relation to a specific event, Expo2015 in Milan, which carried the caption ‘Feeding the planet, energy for life’, and was very much related to animal questions. In a similar way to greenwashing and pinkwashing operations, also veganwashing is assuming a central role within a capitalist hegemonic discourse.
Supporting Children’s Resettlement (‘Reentry’) After Custody: Beyond the Risk Paradigm
Authors: Hazel Neal , Bateman Tim
Published: June 2020

In response to policy concerns in England and Wales and internationally, a considerable knowledge base has identified factors statistically associated with reduced recidivism for children leaving custodial institutions. However, despite resulting guidance on how to support resettlement (‘reentry’), practice and outcomes remain disappointing. We argue that this failure reflects weaknesses in the dominant ‘risk paradigm’, which lacks a theory of change and undermines children’s agency. We conceptualise resettlement as a pro-social identity shift. A new practice model reinterprets existing risk-based messages accordingly, and crucially adds principles to guide a child’s desistance journey. However, successful implementation may require the model to inform culture change more broadly across youth justice.
Rural Policing, Youth and Overlapping Fields of Youth Justice
Authors: Hepburn Taryn , Spencer Dale , Ricciardelli Rosemary
Published: June 2020

In the current article, we document the changing roles and responsibilities related to the implementation of the Canadian Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA). Police officers’ experiences and responses to the implementation of the YCJA reveal a disparity between the officers’ idealised role and their actual tasks involving youth. Drawing on Bourdieu’s theory of the habitus and field, we consider the field of youth justice and its effects on rural policing strategies in Canada. We consider the shifting standard for police behaviours from data gathered through interviews and focus groups with police officers. We find standards in the field of policing shift to reflect new realities enacted with the YCJA.
Performing Black life: the FAMU Marching 100 and the Black aesthetic politics of disruption, presence and affirmation
Authors: Allen Douglas L , McCreary Tyler
Published: June 2020

Black thought has long emphasized the vital importance of aesthetic politics to Black activism and community life. Recent scholarship has emphasized the importance of analyzing the aesthetic geographies of festivals. In this paper, we extend the discussion of festival geographies through theoretical engagement with Black thought and empirical engagement with Black parades in the US South. Specifically, we use an examination of the aesthetic geographies of Florida A&M University’s Marching 100 to think through the relationships between form and improvisation, performance and belonging and affirmative aesthetic politics. Following Black scholars, we show that Black aesthetic geographies work to counter the normative containment and erasure of Black spatiality in a white supremacist society. We demonstrate that Black aesthetic practices act as a refusal of this containment and erasure, disrupting normative geographies of whiteness and asserting Black socio-spatial presence and relations of belonging that affirm Black life.
Probabilistic fatigue assessment of monitored railroad bridge components using long-term response data in a reliability framework
Authors: Flanigan Katherine A , Lynch Jerome P , Ettouney Mohammed
Published: June 2020

Fatigue is a primary concern for railroad bridge owners because railroad bridges typically have high live load to dead load ratios and high stress cycle frequencies. However, existing inspection and post-inspection analysis methods are unable to accurately consider the full influence of bridge behavior on the fatigue life of bridge components. Reliability-based fatigue analysis methods have emerged to account for uncertainties in analysis parameters such as environmental and mechanical properties. While existing literature proposes probabilistic fatigue assessment of bridge components, this body of work relies on train parameter estimates, finite element model simulations, or controlled loading tests to augment monitoring data. This article presents a probabilistic fatigue assessment of monitored railroad bridge components using only continuous, long-term response data in a purely data-driven reliability framework that is compatible with existing inspection methods. As an illustrative example, this work quantifies the safety profile of a fracture-critical assembly comprising of six parallel eyebars on the Harahan Bridge (Memphis, TN). The monitored eyebars are susceptible to accelerated fatigue damage because changes in the boundary conditions cause some eyebars to carry a greater proportion of the total assembly load than assumed during design and analysis; existing manual inspection practices aim to maintain an equal loading distribution across the eyebars. Consequently, the limit state function derived in this article accounts for the coupled behavior between fatigue and relative tautness of the parallel eyebars. The reliability index values for both the element (i.e. individual eyebars) and system (i.e. full eyebar assembly) reliability problems are assessed and indicate that under the conservative assumption that progressive failure is brittle, first failure within the parallel eyebar system is generally equivalent to system failure. The proposed method also serves as an intervention strategy that can quantify the influence of eyebar realignment on the future evolution of the reliability index.
Monitoring damage in composite plates from crack initiation to macro-crack propagation combining linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques
Authors: Alnuaimi Hamad , Amjad Umar , Russo Pietro , Lopresto Valentina , Kundu Tribikram
Published: June 2020

In this article, a holistic technique for sensing damage initiation, as well as damage progression in composite plates, is presented combining linear and nonlinear ultrasonic techniques. For this investigation, multiple sets of composite plate specimens made of two different composite materials were fabricated to check if the proposed technique works for different types of specimens. The specimens were damaged by impact loading and then inspected by propagating Lamb waves through them. Different failure mechanisms, such as fiber breaks, matrix cracking, debonding, and delamination, cause composite damage. Two groups of composite specimens that were fabricated and damaged were glass fiber–reinforced polymer composite and basalt fiber–reinforced polymer composite. A chirp signal excited by PZT (lead zirconate titanate) transducer was propagated through undamaged and damaged specimens to investigate the effects of varying degrees of damage on the recorded signals. Both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic parameters were extracted from the recorded signals and analyzed. The change in the linear ultrasonic parameters such as the wave speed and attenuation with damage progression were recorded. A new nonlinear ultrasonic parameter, the sideband peak count or sideband peak count-index, is also introduced and calculated from the recorded signals. It is observed that the nonlinear ultrasonic parameter can monitor the early stage of damage progression better than the linear ultrasonic parameters, while some linear ultrasonic parameters are more effective than the nonlinear ultrasonic parameter for monitoring the advanced stage of damage. Therefore, a combination of linear ultrasonic and nonlinear ultrasonic analyses is ideal for the holistic monitoring of the composite panels from the crack nucleation stage to the structural failure stage.
Health condition identification for rolling bearing based on hierarchical multiscale symbolic dynamic entropy and least squares support tensor machine–based binary tree
Authors: Yang Cheng , Jia Minping
Published: June 2020

Bearing health condition identification plays a crucial role in guaranteeing maximum productivity and reducing maintenance costs. In this article, a novel tensorial feature extraction approach called hierarchical multiscale symbolic dynamic entropy is developed, which can be used to assess the dynamic characteristic of the measured vibration data at different hierarchical layers and different scales. Besides, the influence of parameters in hierarchical multiscale symbolic dynamic entropy is investigated so as to select the optimal parameters. Then, a new multi-fault classifier called least squares support tensor machine–based binary tree is presented to achieve the fault identification automatically. In the least squares support tensor machine–based binary tree method, the divisibility measure strategy is constructed by two new separability measures (i.e. the average center distance of samples in one class, the center distance of samples between sub-class and global class). Finally, a novel intelligent fault diagnosis scheme based on hierarchical multiscale symbolic dynamic entropy and least squares support tensor machine–based binary tree is developed, which is applied to analyze the experimental data of rolling bearing. The results indicate that the proposed scheme has a superior performance in health condition identification. Compared with the existing symbolic dynamic entropy–based fault diagnosis methods, the proposed method has higher diagnostic accuracy and better stability.
Toward data anomaly detection for automated structural health monitoring: Exploiting generative adversarial nets and autoencoders
Authors: Mao Jianxiao , Wang Hao , Spencer Billie F
Published: June 2020

Damage detection is one of the most important tasks for structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure. Before a damage detection algorithm can be applied, the integrity of the data must be ensured; otherwise results may be misleading or incorrect. Indeed, sensor system malfunction, which results in anomalous data (often called faulty data), is a serious problem, as the sensors usually must operate in extremely harsh environments. Identifying and eliminating anomalies in the data is crucial to ensuring that reliable monitoring results can be achieved. Because of the vast amounts of data typically collected by a structural health monitoring system, manual removal of the anomalous data is prohibitive. Machine learning methods have the potential to automate the process of data anomaly detection. Although supervised methods have been proven to be effective for detecting data anomalies, two unresolved challenges reduce the accuracy of anomaly detection: (1) the class imbalance and (2) incompleteness of anomalous patterns of training dataset. Unsupervised methods have the potential to address these challenges, but improvements are required to deal with vast amounts of monitoring data. In this article, the generative adversarial networks are combined with a widely applied unsupervised method, that is, autoencoders, to improve the performance of existing unsupervised learning methods. In addition, the time-series data are transformed to Gramian Angular Field images so that advanced computer vision methods can be included in the network. Two structural health monitoring datasets from a full-scale bridge, including examples of anomalous data caused by sensor system malfunctions, are utilized to validate the proposed methodology. Results show that the proposed methodology can successfully identify data anomalies with good accuracy and robustness, hence can overcome one of the key difficulties in achieving automated structural health monitoring.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with dysglycaemia: A neglected cardiovascular risk factor?
Authors: Ferrannini Giulia , Svenungsson Elisabet , Kjellström Barbro , Elvin Kerstin , Grosso Giorgia , Näsman Per , Rydén Lars , Norhammar Anna
Published: June 2020

Background:

Cardiovascular disease is a serious complication in patients with dysglycaemia, defined as either type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Research focusing on the identification of potential markers for atherothrombotic disease in these subjects is warranted. The antiphospholipid syndrome is a common acquired prothrombotic condition, defined by a combination of thrombotic events and/or obstetric morbidity and positivity of specific antiphospholipid antibodies. Available information on antiphospholipid antibodies in dysglycaemia is scarce.

Objective:

This study investigates the association between antiphospholipid antibodies and dysglycaemia.

Patients/Methods:

The PAROKRANK (periodontitis and its relation to coronary artery disease) study included 805 patients, investigated 6–10 weeks after a first myocardial infarction, and 805 matched controls. Participants without known diabetes (91%) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Associations between antiphospholipid antibodies (anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein-I IgG, IgM and IgA) and dysglycaemia were analysed.

Results:

In total, 137 (9%) subjects had previously known type 2 diabetes and 371 (23%) newly diagnosed dysglycaemia. Compared with the normoglycaemic participants, those with dysglycaemia had a higher proportion with first myocardial infarction (61% vs 45%, p < 0.0001) and were more often antiphospholipid antibody IgG positive (8% vs 5%; p = 0.013). HbA1c, fasting glucose and 2-h glucose were significantly associated to antiphospholipid antibody IgG. Odds ratios (ORs) were 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–1.06), 1.14 (95% CI 1.00 – 1.27) and 1.12 (95% CI 1.04 – 1.21), respectively, after adjustments for age, gender and smoking.

Conclusions:

This study reports an association between antiphospholipid antibody IgG positivity and dysglycaemia. Further studies are needed to verify these findings and to investigate if antithrombotic therapy reduces vascular complications in antiphospholipid antibody positive subjects with dysglycaemia.
Characterization of electrospun polylactide nanofibers modified via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Mushtaq Muhammad , Jindani Rahim , Farooq Amjad , Li Xin , Saba Hina , Wasim Muhammad , Wei Qufu , Siddiqui Qasim
Published: June 2020

Polylactic acid-based membranes received considerable attention due to its novel biocompatibility, renewability, and biodegradability. In this study, PLA electrospun nanofibrous membrane was prepared and 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was used as a monomer for surface grafting of polymer chains via the atom transfer radical polymerization method. Then the PLA nanofibers were quaternized by using bromoethane. The characterization of poly(DMAEMA) graft PLA nanofiber (poly(DMAEMA)-g-PLA) membranes was done by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results showed that the diameter of PLA nanofibers increased 15% as the concentration increased from 10% to 12% and then increased 23% as the concentration of PLA solution increased from 10% to 15%. But the regularity of average diameters is best achieved at 12% concentration.