bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current Formulas for Water Requirements Produce Different Estimates
Authors: Tannenbaum Stacey L. , Castellanos Victoria H. , George Valerie , Arheart Kristopher L.
Published: January 2012

Background: Weight‐based and energy‐based formulas are used to estimate the water requirements of patients receiving nutrition support, yet these formulas have not been validated nor quantitatively compared with one another. The objective of this study was to determine if there was agreement among commonly used formulas for estimating water requirements. Design: This cross‐sectional survey design was from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. To determine estimated water requirements for each participant, 2 weight‐based formulas were used (30 mL/kg body weight and an adjusted body weight formula) and 3 energy‐based formulas based on 1 mL/kcal (energy needs estimated by the Harris Benedict, Mifflin St Jeor, and National Research Council equations). Simple linear regression was performed between each pair of formulas to determine correlations. The regression line was then compared to the line of equality to determine agreement between pairs. Results: Although the 5 formulas were strongly correlated to each other (|r| > 0.7), they demonstrated poor agreement with one another with significant differences when the regression line was compared to the line of equality. Conclusions: Current formulas that estimate the water requirements of patients receiving enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition all compute a dissimilar quantity of water. The consequences of these estimates could result in major differences in water intake recommendations and prescriptions between patients or in the same patient, thus suggesting a need for improved standardization of practice for estimating water requirements in clinical practice.
Improved Outcome in Neonatal Short Bowel Syndrome Using Parenteral Fish Oil in Combination With ω‐6/9 Lipid Emulsions
Authors: Angsten Gertrud , Finkel Yigael , Lucas Steven , Kassa Ann‐Marie , Paulsson Mattias , Lilja Helene Engstrand
Published: January 2012

Background:

Newborn infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS) represent a high‐risk group of developing intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD), which may be fatal. However, infants have a great capacity for intestinal growth and adaptation if IFALD can be prevented or reversed. A major contributing factor to IFALD may be the soybean oil–based intravenous lipid emulsions used since the introduction of parenteral nutrition (PN) 40 years ago.

Methods:

This retrospective study compares the outcome in 20 neonates with SBS treated with parenteral fish oil (Omegaven) in combination with ω‐6/9 lipid emulsions (ClinOleic) with the outcome in a historical cohort of 18 patients with SBS who received a soybean oil–based intravenous lipid emulsion (Intralipid).

Results:

Median gestational age was 26 weeks in the treatment group and 35.5 weeks in the historical group. All patients were started on PN containing Intralipid that was switched to ClinOleic/Omegaven in the treatment group at a median age of 39 gestational weeks. In the treatment group, direct bilirubin levels were reversed in all 14 survivors with cholestasis (direct bilirubin >50 umol/L). Median time to reversal was 2.9 months. Only 2 patients died of liver failure (10%). In the historical cohort, 6 patients (33%) died of liver failure, and only 2 patients showed normalization of bilirubin levels.

Conclusions:

Parenteral fish oil in combination with ω‐6/9 lipid emulsions was associated with improved outcome in premature neonates with SBS. When used instead of traditional soybean‐based emulsions, this mixed lipid emulsion may facilitate intestinal adaptation by increasing the IFALD‐free period.
Overview of the Parenteral Nutrition Use Process
Authors: Boullata Joseph I.
Published: January 2012

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a high‐alert medication that contains dozens of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This complex prescription drug preparation is used in a wide variety of clinical settings for patients across the age spectrum. Despite the existence of a number of guidance documents, the drug‐use process for PN suffers from lack of standardization for order prescription, order verification and review, PN compounding, labeling, and dispensing. As a result, PN‐associated medication errors would not be unexpected but are documented infrequently.
Virtually there – transforming gifted education through new technologies, trends and practices in learning, international communication and global education
Authors: Eriksson Gillian
Published: January 2012

‘It is the year 2025 and I am compiling this article for an instant VPD (videopod) that is streamed over the world. An EESR (Educational Expert Service Request) came from an empathetic computer HIAS (Hi, I am Sam) that matched my qualifications with a quest by online activists SFT (Searching for Truth) to examine global interactions in education. This online SFT think tank is examining brilliance in action with ideas generated through WCN (wireless communications networks) in their brains. I have consulted and updated my IM (I am) virtual self that contains my visual image and bodily movements with facial expressions, having internalized video images with my values and actions, and monitored my biological rhythms. My IM will present my best contemporary self via a virtual social network system with a database of my past interactions and intelligent decisions. I have spoken certain words: gifted students; global issues;  sustainability; social change, etc. The intelligent search site has screened millions of information bits from journal articles, research studies, multimedia presentations and contemporary thought; related this to my previous compilations; compared this with other expert trends in thoughts and compiled my VPD. My global (and galactic) audience is instantaneous and can drop in at any time to request a chat with their IM or add new information to the compilation or a TW (transformational WIKI). I link this to my virtual families with simultaneous translations into other ethnic languages and send the link to my authentic family connections on four continents. Join in this virtual knowledge conversation, recreated constantly. Here it is…’
The use of virtual and simulated teaching and learning environments: Inviting gifted students into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers (STEM) through summer partnerships
Authors: Dieker Lisa , Grillo Kelly , Ramlakhan Nirmala
Published: January 2012

New technologies and virtual environments are emerging globally, yet the way these tools can impact the learning and future career paths of students who are gifted is limited in the literature at this time. The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of how a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) summer camp, based on virtual and simulated environments, impacted the self-confidence of targeted diverse secondary science students from low socioeconomic backgrounds who were considered gifted with strong potential in these future STEM fields.
Cyberbullying among gifted children
Authors: Smith Brent W. , Dempsey Allison G. , Jackson Susan E. , Olenchak F. Richard , Gaa John
Published: January 2012

Peer victimization, or bullying, is a phenomenon that has received increasing global attention, and the use of technology, or cyberbullying, to bring about acts of bullying has certainly increased as access to various technological tools has escalated. While it is unclear whether this attention is a function of actual increases in cyberbullying or is simply a function of the fact that the same boom in technological access also enables more rapid reporting of such incidents, the reality remains the same: a number of young people use cyberspace as a means for attacking peers. An examination of the literature pertaining to cyberbullying serves as a backdrop for considering cyberbullying and its particular effects on gifted and talented students, and a call for increasing research efforts in this arena is issued.
The cohort model of melody identification: Evaluating primacy and similarity
Authors: Schulkind Matthew D. , Davis Sarah J.
Published: January 2012

Two experiments investigated two hypotheses derived from the cohort model of melody identification. The primacy hypothesis holds that the initial notes of a melody are differentially important for identification because they are used to activate the cohort. The similarity hypothesis holds that the likelihood of identifying a stimulus as a particular song will depend on the musical similarity of the stimulus to that song. Consistent with the primacy hypothesis, identification performance decreased significantly when the initial notes of the melody were not heard. However, musical similarity was generally a poor predictor of identification performance and confusion errors were rare and showed little evidence of musical similarity. These data are used to argue that melody identification does not involve an initial activation of candidate melodies based on low-level musical properties that are gradually winnowed down on a note-by-note basis. Instead, melody identification seems to be more ‘all-or-none’ than the cohort model suggests.
The Cumulative Effect of Multiple Critical Care Protocols on Length of Stay in a Geriatric Trauma Population
Authors: Frederickson Tiffany A. , Renner Catherine Hackett , Swegle James R. , Sahr Sheryl M.
Published: January 2012

The elderly individuals are the most rapidly growing cohort within the US population, and a corresponding increase is being seen in elderly trauma patients. Elderly patients are more likely to have a hospital length of stay (LOS) in excess of 10 days. They account for 60% of total ICU days. Length of stay is frequently used as a proxy measure for improvement in injury outcomes, changes in quality of care, and hospital outcomes. Patient care protocols are typically created from evidence-based guidelines that serve to reduce variation in care from patient to patient. Patient care protocols have been found to positively impact patient care with reduced duration of mechanical ventilation, shorter LOS in the ICU and shorter overall hospitalization time, reduced mortality, and reduced health care costs. The following study was designed to assess the impact of the implementation of 4 patient care protocols within an elderly trauma population. We hypothesized that the implementation of these protocols would have a beneficial impact on patient care that could be measured by a decrease in hospital LOS. An archival, retrospective pretest/posttest study was performed on elderly trauma patients. The new protocols helped guide practical changes in care that resulted in a 32% decrease in LOS for our elderly trauma patients which exceeds the 25% decrease found in other studies. Additionally, the “Other” category for each variable was less frequently used in the post-protocol phase than in the pre-protocol phase, suggesting a spillover effect on the level of detail recorded in the patient chart. With less variation in practices in the post-protocol phase, Injury Severity score, and admission systolic blood pressure emerged as significant predictors of LOS.
Influence of surface treatment and biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactic acid) fibers
Authors: Peng Fei , Shaw Montgomery T , Olson James R , Wei Mei
Published: January 2012

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) micro-fibers have been coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) using a quick biomimetic method to form a precursor for bone repair composites. To increase the coating content within a coating time as short as 1–2.5 h, PLLA fibers have been treated by soaking in NaOH or NaOCl solutions at mild conditions. Although different surface hydrolysis and coating methods have been used to prepare bioceramic/polymer composites, it is for the first time that the influences of the surface treatment and HA coating process on the mechanical properties of the polymer and HA/polymer composite fibers were investigated systemically.
Gene expression in osteoblast cells treated with submicron to nanometer hydroxyapatite-mullite eluate particles
Authors: Kalmodia Sushma , Basu Bikramjit , Webster Thomas J
Published: January 2012

The present research focused on determining the effect of hydroxyapatite-20 wt% mullite (H20M) particle eluates on apoptosis and differentiation of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells. The H20M particles (257 ± 37 nm) were prepared, starting with the production of a nanocomposite using a unique route of spark plasma sintering, followed by a repeated grinding-cryo treatment and elution process. Tetrazolium based cytotoxicity assay results showed a time- and dose-dependent effect of H20M particle eluates on hFOB cytotoxicity. In particular, the results revealed statistically reduced cell viability after hFOB were exposed to the above 10% H20M (257 ± 37 nm) eluates for 48 h. The apoptotic cell death triggered by H20M treatment was proven by the analysis of molecular markers of apoptosis, that is, the Bcl-2 family of genes. hFOB expression of Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS significantly increased 25.6- and 25.2-fold for 50% of H20M concentrations, respectively. The ratio of Bcl-xL/Bax (4.01) decreased 2-fold for hFOB exposed to 100% of H20M eluates than that for 10% H20M eluate (7.94) treated hFOB cells. On the other hand, the Bcl-xS/Bax ratio for the 10% H20M eluate was 4.15-fold, whereas for 100% H20M eluates, it was 11.55-fold. Specifically, the anti-apoptotic effect of the H20M particle eluates was corroborated by the up-regulation of bone cell differentiation marker genes such as, collagen type I, cbfa, and osteocalcin. In summary, the present work clearly demonstrated that H20M submicron to nanometer composite particle eluates have a minimal effect on hFOB apoptosis and can even up-regulate the expression of bone cell markers at the molecular level.
Rural and Urban Breastfeeding Initiation Trends in Low-Income Women in North Carolina from 2003 to 2007
Authors: Lynch Suzanne , Bethel Jeffrey , Chowdhury Najmul , Moore Justin B.
Published: January 2012

Breastfeeding has extensive health benefits for both infants and mothers. Despite these benefits, a significant number of women, disproportionately low-income women, do not initiate breastfeeding. Previous research has also demonstrated that breastfeeding prevalence varies by urbanicity level. The objective was to examine race/ethnicity and urbanicity trends in breastfeeding initiation among low-income women in North Carolina from 2003 to 2007. Breastfeeding initiation data from the North Carolina Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System were utilized, with responses from 240,054 women over the 5-year period. Overall, 65.4% of women in mixed-urban counties and 62.1% of women in urban counties initiated breastfeeding compared to only 49.8% of women in rural counties. The disparity between rural and urban counties widened over time, with urban and mixed-urban counties making significantly greater gains in breastfeeding initiation than rural counties. Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women had 6.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.99-6.36) and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.46-1.53) times the odds of initiating breastfeeding as non-Hispanic blacks, respectively. Finally, stratified multivariate regression models identified that the association between race/ethnicity and breastfeeding varied by urbanicity level. The current study provides a clearer picture of rural and urban breastfeeding trends within North Carolina and has implications for states with similar racial/ethnic and urbanicity levels. The research determined that women in rural areas, particularly non-Hispanic blacks, are less likely to initiate breastfeeding. Increased emphasis should be placed on developing breastfeeding interventions for rural communities, particularly targeting the non-Hispanic black population.
The AC electrical behavior of cement–polymer composite
Authors: Zihlif AM , Ayish IO , Elimat ZM
Published: January 2012

The electrical properties of cement–polyvinyl alcohol were studied using the impedance measuring technique. The study has been carried out under different temperatures and frequencies. Some electrical quantities such as AC conductivity, dielectric constant, activation energy, and relaxation time of the conduction process were determined from collected impedance data, at a frequency range from 20 kHz to 1 MHz and temperatures of 30–105°C. It was found that the measured electrical quantities have frequency and temperature dependence. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase with increasing temperature and decrease with the applied frequency. The AC conductivity increases with increasing temperature and frequency. The calculated values of the activation energy and relaxation time vary with temperature and frequency. The observed enhancement in the electrical conductivity with increasing temperature may be due to electron hopping between the intrinsic localized states in composite composition. The increase in the dielectric constant with temperature is attributed to space charge, ions, and metallic inclusions existing in the cement structure.
Understanding the Limits and Possibilities of School Reform
Authors: Lonsbury Justin , Apple Michael W.
Published: January 2012

In Someone Has to Fail, Labaree (2010) offers an admirably concise overview of the history and promise of education reform in the United States, combining insights from the history of education, policy studies, and a refreshingly accurate and nuanced account of what it is like to actually manage a classroom environment. While in this essay we shall raise some substantive questions about some of Labaree’s analysis, it is to his credit that we wish to take his work so seriously. Someone Has to Fail offers a reinterpretation of the complexities of education reform, one that is full of useful counterpoints to many of the most common claims made by today’s business-minded reformers. Thus, the work is well worth reading. However, we still wish that Labaree had more deeply explored the contexts within which his education “consumers” were making their system-shaping decisions. Such an effort would have offered a more compellingly critical assessment of the importance of curriculum and the struggles over knowledge and culture. It would have brought the experiences and movements of the marginalized closer to the center of its account. And in the process, it might have engendered a somewhat less gloomy perspective regarding the roles that schools might still play in efforts to create a more just society.
Qualitative voting
Authors: Hortala-Vallve Rafael
Published: January 2012

Can we devise mechanisms that allow voters to express the intensity of their preferences when monetary transfers are forbidden? Can minorities be decisive over those issues they feel very strongly about? As opposed to the usual voting system (one person – one decision – one vote), we propose a voting system where each agent is endowed with a fixed number of votes that can be distributed freely among a set of issues that need to be approved or dismissed. Its novelty relies on allowing voters to express the intensity of their preferences in a simple manner. This voting system is optimal in a well-defined sense: in a strategic setting with two voters, two issues and preference intensities uniformly and independently distributed across possible values, Qualitative Voting Pareto dominates Majority Rule and, moreover, achieves the only exante optimal (incentive-compatible) allocation. The result also holds true with three voters, as long as the voters’ preferences towards the issues differ sufficiently.
Knee joint forces: prediction, measurement, and significance
Authors: D’Lima Darryl D , Fregly Benjamin J , Patil Shantanu , Steklov Nikolai , Colwell Clifford W
Published: January 2012

Knee forces are highly significant in osteoarthritis and in the survival and function of knee arthroplasty. A large number of studies have attempted to estimate forces around the knee during various activities. Several approaches have been used to relate knee kinematics and external forces to internal joint contact forces, the most popular being inverse dynamics, forward dynamics, and static body analyses. Knee forces have also been measured in vivo after knee arthroplasty, which serves as valuable validation of computational predictions. This review summarizes the results of published studies that measured knee forces for various activities. The efficacy of various methods to alter knee force distribution, such as gait modification, orthotics, walking aids, and custom treadmills are analyzed. Current gaps in our knowledge are identified and directions for future research in this area are outlined.
A practical introduction to multivariate meta-analysis
Authors: Mavridis Dimitris , Salanti Georgia
Published: January 2012

Multivariate meta-analysis is becoming increasingly popular and official routines or self-programmed functions have been included in many statistical software. In this article, we review the statistical methods and the related software for multivariate meta-analysis. Emphasis is placed on Bayesian methods using Markov chain Monte Carlo, and codes in WinBUGS are provided. The various model-fitting options are illustrated in two examples and specific guidance is provided on how to run a multivariate meta-analysis using various software packages.
Are Judicial Approaches to Adult Social Care at a Dead-End?
Authors: Carr Helen , Hunter Caroline
Published: January 2012

This article examines the limits of law to resolve or transform the contemporary dilemmas provoked by the provision of social care to adults in the UK. It juxtaposes the judgments in two cases, each of which interrogates the legal consequences of the mixed economy of care: the majority and minority opinions of the House of Lords in YL v Birmingham City Council (2007) and the Care Standards Tribunal decision in Alternative Futures v National Care Standards Commission (2002). We read the opinions/decisions as narratives that tell a variety of stories reconciling the different roles of law, the state, the family and the individual in the provision of care. Drawing upon David Scott’s concern with ‘the conceptual problem of political presents and with how reconstructed pasts and anticipated futures are thought out in relation to them’ (2004: 1), we seek to examine legal responses to the contractions and mutations of social welfare.
Rashid Jahan’s Writings
Authors: Bano Shadab
Published: January 2012

Rashid Jahan’s writings in Angaare boldly challenged the oppression of the women of the Muslim elite and took issue with the implications of patriarchy and faith. Though Muslim women writers were indeed suggesting reform in domestic and social life, Rashid Jahan’s bold attack on cherished aspects of Muslim culture and social setup marked an important departure, bringing issues of the body and sexuality to the agenda of reform. This article examines her feminist concerns and the radical thrust towards social justice that marks her writings.

The coming together of the Angaare group reflects the impact of intellectual and political currents on the Muslim youth of the period. Aligarh, though not a hub for nationalist and radical politics, still afforded spaces for alternative thought, which obviously did not go uncontested. The present article seeks to contextualise Rashid Jahan’s writings within the Aligarh Movement, looking at the relations between modernist reforms and the nascent feminism represented by Rashid Jahan and the Progressive Writers’ Movement.
Redeeming Bleeding
Authors: Ohira Eiko
Published: January 2012

In The Thousand Faces of Night, Githa Hariharan shows how each female character suffers from her own traumatic humiliation, guilt and alienation from her own body and processes which originate in menarche. Through these representations, she not only exposes how women are suppressed but also creates a narrative that challenges the ideology of womanhood, which is tacitly assumed to be celebrated only because it means future motherhood, and thus means nothing for barren women.

Hariharan’s depiction of a bleeding community of women allows for the endless multiplication of differences among women, but it is strategically powerful as an image of a communion in which women can share their painful or joyful experiences and understand their bodies, a communion that allows women to rebel against a repressive system and to build on their new empowerment.

Devi, the protagonist, struggles for her own story or stories in the process of centering herself in order to act. Her story of selfhood formation is created through her dialogues with other women and mingles with theirs. The subject position as a Brahmin wife allotted to Devi is replaced by her own story of womanhood, which in turn opens the way for other women to create their own redeeming narratives.
Inflation Volatility, Institutions, and Economic Growth
Authors: Emara Noha
Published: January 2012

The study analyzes the effect of inflation volatility on growth in the presence of different degrees of institutional development. A nonlinear growth regression specification using a system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) procedure on a sample of 37 countries over the period 1989–2006 is estimated. While the level of inflation was found not to have a significant effect on growth, which is in line with previous studies, inflation volatility does significantly impact growth even for countries with moderately high levels on inflation. In addition and in contrast with the results of Acemoglu et al. (2003) and Easterly (2005), the study finds that policies, particularly inflation volatility, does not act as a proxy for institutions. Improving institutions will have a statistically significant positive impact on growth which will help to reduce the negative impact of inflation volatility.
Long-Term Outcomes in Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Authors: Korkmaz Ahmet , Ozlu Tevfik , Ozsu Savas , Kazaz Zeynep , Bulbul Yilmaz
Published: January 2012

The long-term outcomes of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and/or incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) are not well documented. Three hundred twenty-five consecutive cases objectively diagnosed with PTE monitored for an average 16.3 months (6-50.7 months) were investigated. Data concerning recurrence, residual thrombus, mortality, and CTEPH in particular were collected. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension frequency acute first episode of PTE was 4.6%. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension developed within 12 months after PTE attack in approximately 80% of patients and it did not occur after 2 years. Residual chronic thrombus was determined at the 3rd month in 48% of cases post-PTE, at the 6th month in 27.4%, and at the 12th month in 18.2%. At multivariate regression analysis, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure > 50 mm Hg, hazard ratio: 10.1 (95% confidence interval: 4.1-71.2) were predictors of CTEPH. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension develops as a serious complication in a significant number of cases with PTE. Closer monitoring of high-risk cases in particular is important in terms of early diagnosis and treatment.
Increased Plasma Soluble Thrombomodulin Levels in Cardioembolic Stroke
Authors: Dharmasaroja Permphan , Dharmasaroja Pornpatr A. , Sobhon Prasert
Published: January 2012

Soluble thrombomodulin (sTM) has been proposed as a potential marker of ischemic stroke. Results from previous studies remain controversial among different populations. We performed an analysis of plasma levels of sTM in Thai patients with acute ischemic stroke and determined whether sTM levels correlate with stroke subtypes, severity, and risk factors. Ninety-three patients and 76 controls were enrolled. Blood samples were obtained within 24 hours after stroke onset. Plasma sTM levels, measured using quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were significantly higher in patients than controls ( P < .005), with the mean ±standard deviation (SD) levels of 3.08 ± 1.05 and 2.57 ± 1.15 ng/mL, respectively. Plasma levels of sTM in patients with cardioembolic subtype were significantly higher than in patients with other stroke subtypes, with the mean ± SD levels of 3.79 ± 1.26, 2.38 ± 0.68 ( P < .009), and 2.38 ± 0.44 ( P < .05) ng/mL for cardioembolism, large artery atherosclerosis, and small artery occlusion, respectively. Plasma sTM levels were not associated with stroke severity and risk factors of stroke; however, there was a slight relationship between high sTM levels and the presence of atrial fibrillation in the patient group. In conclusion, plasma sTM levels were increased in Thai patients with cardioembolic stroke and may be a potential marker during the acute phase.
Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Sharkey Angela M. , Sharma Anshuman
Published: January 2012

Tetralogy of Fallot is the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease. In this condition, episodic worsening of hypoxemia results from dynamic shifts in physiology, so-called “Tet spells.” The relative frequency of this lesion and the risks of exacerbating “Tet spells” make anesthetic management of this patient population challenging. The conduct of palliative and reparative cardiac surgery is determined in large part by the anatomic variations within the spectrum of this disorder, most notably the severity of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. This review will address the impact that the anatomic substrate has on the perioperative management of this interesting patient population.
The Transition to Adulthood in Spain in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Moreno Almudena
Published: January 2012

This article sets out to describe and comparatively identify the possible economic, institutional and cultural factors that take part in the process of transition to adulthood, with particular emphasis on factors that explain why young people in Spain leave the parental home late in life. To do this, a number of indicators have been selected and made up using data from different international statistical sources.

The results obtained suggest that in the welfare regimes of Southern Europe, and particularly in Spain, factors such as scarce emancipation policies, the cross-generational solidarity, the home-ownership culture, young people’s economic situation and job insecurity, together with the inflexibility and the costly housing market have all created a culture of parental dependence as a strategy for accumulating capital and for coping with risks in a precarious environment exemplified by the social exclusion and poverty. The analysis has highlighted gender differences in the process of transition to adulthood. The combined analysis of all these factors has enabled a more in-depth understanding of the possible causes of the delay in the process of leaving the parental home experienced by the Spanish young people in a comparative perspective.
The Development and Current State of Youth Research in Turkey
Authors: Demir Ilkay
Published: January 2012

This article aims to provide an overview of youth research in Turkey, from the building years of the Turkish nation-state to the present. It discusses two broad traditions of youth research in Turkey, namely, sociocultural research and psycho-pedagogical research. In particular, it addresses the representative scholarly discourses and the main research lines of Turkish youth research, with specific attention to domestic social context. Adopting a comparative perspective, it also aims to address how Turkish youth research relates to broader trends. Finally, it takes a closer look at the current state of youth research in Turkey.
Everyday learning in a public sector workplace: The embodiment of managerial discourses
Authors: Harman Kerry
Published: January 2012

This article uses a Foucauldian conceptualization of processes of subjectification to examine the everyday learning of a manager in and through their talk about work. A Foucauldian poststructuralist approach draws attention to the discursive mechanisms whereby people are turned into and turn themselves into subjects. This process is theorized by Foucault as the interplay of technologies of power with technologies of the self (Rose, 1996, 1999a). This perspective provides an account of subjectivity as integrally interrelated with power and knowledge, thereby challenging a prevailing view in much of the organizational learning and workplace learning literature of subjectivity as autonomous and essential. A Foucauldian perspective enables power to be introduced into accounts of everyday learning at work but in a way that avoids reproducing a top-down and monolithic view of power. Importantly, it provides the analytic space for re-presenting workplace learners as active in the ongoing negotiation of identity, rather than only acted on by top down forces.
Governmentality and the politics of CSR
Authors: Vallentin Steen , Murillo David
Published: January 2012

In this article we argue that an analytics of governmentality has an important contribution to make to the study of governmental approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR). Looking at developments within the EU, we see government emerging as an enabling and empowering facilitator that a) promotes a strategic understanding of CSR as a lever for economic competitiveness and growth and b) disregards regulatory measures in favour of liberal and indirect means of steering. We argue that the analytical vocabulary of governmentality makes it possible to address and problematize the indirect modes of power and governing that are prevalent in governmental approaches to CSR in general and in neoliberal modes of CSR governance in particular. Using EU and member states policy developments as an empirical backdrop, we provide a conceptual exploration of the prospects of applying governmentality to the study of the changing roles of government in CSR. We position our contribution within the critical literature on CSR as a political phenomenon.
Redeeming the universal: Postcolonialism and the inner life of Eurocentrism
Authors: Matin Kamran
Published: January 2012

This article investigates the limits of postcolonial International Relations’ anti-Eurocentrism through an interrogation of its ambivalent relation with the category of ‘the universal.’ It argues that a decisive defeat of Eurocentrism, within and beyond International Relations, requires the formulation of a non-ethnocentric international social theory which postcolonial approaches, à la poststructuralism, reject on the grounds that it involves the idea of the universal equated with socio-cultural homogeneity. Yet, postcolonial approaches also theorize colonial modernity through deploying forms of methodological internationalism that broach the universal. Through a critical engagement with the wider field of postcolonial theory, and an anatomy of the notion of the universal in Hegel and Trotsky, this article argues that homogeneity is not an intrinsic quality of the concept of the universal, but a result of its specifically internalist mode of construction. Supplanting Eurocentrism therefore requires an explicit theoretical incorporation of the universal. But one which is fundamentally rethought away from being an immanent self-transcendence of the particular, and re-comprehended as a radical amenability to, and constitutiveness of, alterity. This is, the article argues, a defining feature of Trotsky’s idea of uneven and combined development.
The convenient ambiguity of ‘tone’: Style and the politics of witnessing in Kate Adie’s reporting of the Dunblane tragedy
Authors: Smith Angela , Higgins Michael
Published: January 2012

Kate Adie’s coverage of the 1996 murder of 16 schoolchildren and their teacher in the Scottish town of Dunblane occasioned much critical discussion. Using material from the newly constituted Kate Adie Collection at the University of Sunderland Library, this article looks at aspects of the ‘tone’ and content in Adie’s reports, and reflects upon the ways in which style and practice can position the reporter relative to the affected community. The article highlights the importance of Adie’s established practices and public renown as a high-profile war reporter for the BBC, as well as the socio-political environment of the reports which includes a political resurgence of Scottish nationalism with an associated identity politics. Through critical analysis, the article sets Adie’s reports within a tradition of media ‘bearing witness’ to tragedy, while suggesting that they offer an insight into potential breaches in the assessment of the emotional performativity of witnessing.
Montage and aesthetics in the visual: in search of a practice-based epistemology
Authors: Fusari Massimiliano
Published: January 2012

This visual essay is drawn from the author’s PhD work and represents his optimal vision of photography. Based on two fieldwork projects on the hawzas, the author’s aim is to set up the terms for a reappraisal of montage as a grammar for the visual, thus contextualizing issues and problems surrounding this particular concept and a similar definition of image, particularly within current trends in multimedia and intermedia work. Through an innovative exploration of aesthetics, the essay contributes to ongoing debates on the role of the visual in social sciences, as well as opening up the field to contributions based on hands-on perspectives and considerations.
Analysis of combined data from heterogeneous study designs: an applied example from the patient navigation research program
Authors: Roetzheim Richard G , Freund Karen M , Corle Don K , Murray David M , Snyder Frederick R , Kronman Andrea C , Jean-Pierre Pascal , Raich Peter C , Holden Alan EC , Darnell Julie S , Warren-Mears Victoria , Patierno Steven ,   PNRP Design and Analysis Committee for the Patient Navigation Research Program Investigators
Published: January 2012

Background The Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP) is a cooperative effort of nine research projects, with similar clinical criteria but with different study designs. To evaluate projects such as PNRP, it is desirable to perform a pooled analysis to increase power relative to the individual projects. There is no agreed-upon prospective methodology, however, for analyzing combined data arising from different study designs. Expert opinions were thus solicited from the members of the PNRP Design and Analysis Committee.

Purpose To review possible methodologies for analyzing combined data arising from heterogeneous study designs.

Methods The Design and Analysis Committee critically reviewed the pros and cons of five potential methods for analyzing combined PNRP project data. The conclusions were based on simple consensus. The five approaches reviewed included the following: (1) analyzing and reporting each project separately, (2) combining data from all projects and performing an individual-level analysis, (3) pooling data from projects having similar study designs, (4) analyzing pooled data using a prospective meta-analytic technique, and (5) analyzing pooled data utilizing a novel simulated group-randomized design.

Results Methodologies varied in their ability to incorporate data from all PNRP projects, to appropriately account for differing study designs, and to accommodate differing project sample sizes.

Limitations The conclusions reached were based on expert opinion and not derived from actual analyses performed.

Conclusions The ability to analyze pooled data arising from differing study designs may provide pertinent information to inform programmatic, budgetary, and policy perspectives. Multisite community-based research may not lend itself well to the more stringent explanatory and pragmatic standards of a randomized controlled trial design. Given our growing interest in community-based population research, the challenges inherent in the analysis of heterogeneous study design are likely to become more salient. Discussion of the analytic issues faced by the PNRP and the methodological approaches we considered may be of value to other prospective community-based research programs.
The Least Likely Act
Authors: Morewedge Carey K. , Todorov Alexander
Published: January 2012

When people predict the future behavior of a person, thinking of that target as an individual decreases the accuracy of their predictions. The present research examined one potential source of this bias, whether and why predictors overweight the atypical past behavior of individuals. The results suggest that predictors do indeed overweight the atypical past behavior of an individual. Atypical past behavior is more cognitively accessible than typical past behavior, which leads it to be overweighted in the impressions that serve as the basis for their predictions. Predictions for group members appear less susceptible to this bias, presumably because predictors are less likely to form a coherent impression of a group than an individual before making their predictions.
Natural Breast Augmentation or Fat Transfer
Authors: Alvarez Susan
Published: January 2012

Natural breast augmentation, or fat transfer, involves taking fat cells from one area of the body and injecting them into another area, such as the breast. This can be done for cosmetic reasons after a lumpectomy or other surgical procedures that affect the shape of the breast. Breast augmentation is also being used electively by some women to enhance the appearance of their breasts. Defects such as asymmetry, sagging, or indentations have been improved with fat transfers. The changes of the breast tissue from the reaction to the new fat can also change the outcome of mammograms and sonograms. The interpreting radiologist might recommend a biopsy to exclude the possibility of missing a malignant lesion. These two case reports give sonographers an idea of what additional questions they may need to ask patients to clarify their history.
HIF1α is required for survival maintenance of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Zhang Haojian , Li Huawei , Xi Hualin S. , Li Shaoguang
Published: January 2012

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), a master transcriptional regulator of the cellular and systemic hypoxia response, is essential for the maintenance of self-renewal capacity of normal HSCs. It is still unknown whether HIF1α has a role in survival regulation of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Using a mouse model of CML, here we report that HIF1α plays a crucial role in survival maintenance of LSCs. Deletion of HIF1α impairs the propagation of CML through impairing cell-cycle progression and inducing apoptosis of LSCs. Deletion of HIF1α results in elevated expression of p16Ink4a and p19Arf in LSCs, and knockdown of p16Ink4a and p19Arf rescues the defective colony-forming ability of HIF1α−/− LSCs. Compared with normal HSCs, LSCs appear to be more dependent on the HIF1α pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that HIF1α represents a critical pathway in LSCs and inhibition of the HIF1α pathway provides a therapeutic strategy for eradicating LSCs in CML.
Dysfunction of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene in lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Xu-Monette Zijun Y. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Li Yong , Orlowski Robert Z. , Andreeff Michael , Bueso-Ramos Carlos E. , Greiner Timothy C. , McDonnell Timothy J. , Young Ken H.
Published: January 2012

Mutations of the TP53 gene and dysregulation of the TP53 pathway are important in the pathogenesis of many human cancers, including lymphomas. Tumor suppression by p53 occurs via both transcription-dependent activities in the nucleus by which p53 regulates transcription of genes involved in cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis, signaling, transcription, and metabolism; and transcription-independent activities that induces apoptosis and autophagy in the cytoplasm. In lymphoid malignancies, the frequency of TP53 deletions and mutations is lower than in other types of cancer. Nonetheless, the status of TP53 is an independent prognostic factor in most lymphoma types. Dysfunction of TP53 with wild-type coding sequence can result from deregulated gene expression, stability, and activity of p53. To overcome TP53 pathway inactivation, therapeutic delivery of wild-type p53, activation of mutant p53, inhibition of MDM2-mediated degradation of p53, and activation of p53-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways have been explored experimentally and in clinical trials. We review the mechanisms of TP53 dysfunction, recent advances implicated in lymphomagenesis, and therapeutic approaches to overcoming p53 inactivation.
SPARQL Assist language-neutral query composer
Authors: McCarthy Luke , Vandervalk Ben , Wilkinson Mark
Published: January 2012

Background

SPARQL query composition is difficult for the lay-person, and even the experienced bioinformatician in cases where the data model is unfamiliar. Moreover, established best-practices and internationalization concerns dictate that the identifiers for ontological terms should be opaque rather than human-readable, which further complicates the task of synthesizing queries manually.

Results

We present SPARQL Assist: a Web application that addresses these issues by providing context-sensitive type-ahead completion during SPARQL query construction. Ontological terms are suggested using their multi-lingual labels and descriptions, leveraging existing support for internationalization and language-neutrality. Moreover, the system utilizes the semantics embedded in ontologies, and within the query itself, to help prioritize the most likely suggestions.

Conclusions

To ensure success, the Semantic Web must be easily available to all users, regardless of locale, training, or preferred language. By enhancing support for internationalization, and moreover by simplifying the manual construction of SPARQL queries through the use of controlled-natural-language interfaces, we believe we have made some early steps towards simplifying access to Semantic Web resources.
miRdSNP: a database of disease-associated SNPs and microRNA target sites on 3'UTRs of human genes
Authors: Bruno Andrew E , Li Li , Kalabus James L , Pan Yuzhuo , Yu Aiming , Hu Zihua
Published: January 2012

Background

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can lead to the susceptibility and onset of diseases through their effects on gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Recent findings indicate that SNPs could create, destroy, or modify the efficiency of miRNA binding to the 3'UTR of a gene, resulting in gene dysregulation. With the rapidly growing number of published disease-associated SNPs (dSNPs), there is a strong need for resources specifically recording dSNPs on the 3'UTRs and their nucleotide distance from miRNA target sites. We present here miRdSNP, a database incorporating three important areas of dSNPs, miRNA target sites, and diseases.

Description

miRdSNP provides a unique database of dSNPs on the 3'UTRs of human genes manually curated from PubMed. The current release includes 786 dSNP-disease associations for 630 unique dSNPs and 204 disease types. miRdSNP annotates genes with experimentally confirmed targeting by miRNAs and indexes miRNA target sites predicted by TargetScan and PicTar as well as potential miRNA target sites newly generated by dSNPs. A robust web interface and search tools are provided for studying the proximity of miRNA binding sites to dSNPs in relation to human diseases. Searches can be dynamically filtered by gene name, miRBase ID, target prediction algorithm, disease, and any nucleotide distance between dSNPs and miRNA target sites. Results can be viewed at the sequence level showing the annotated locations for miRNA target sites and dSNPs on the entire 3'UTR sequences. The integration of dSNPs with the UCSC Genome browser is also supported.

Conclusion

miRdSNP provides a comprehensive data source of dSNPs and robust tools for exploring their distance from miRNA target sites on the 3'UTRs of human genes. miRdSNP enables researchers to further explore the molecular mechanism of gene dysregulation for dSNPs at posttranscriptional level. miRdSNP is freely available on the web at http://mirdsnp.ccr.buffalo.edu.