bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural, Morphological, Optical, and Electrical Characterization of Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Thin Films Synthesized by PSP
Authors: Ramírez-Amador Raquel , Flores-Carrasco Gregorio , Alcántara-Iniesta Salvador , Rodríguez González Julio , García-Teniza Ogilver , Mercado-Agular Eduardo , Vásquez-Ortiz Arturo Benito
Published: January 2019

This paper reports a study of Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) thin films deposited by the Pneumatic Spray Pyrolysis (PSP) technique. The films were deposited on glass substrates at 450 °C with a ~125 nm thickness, using an F/Sn ratio of 0, 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65 and 0.85, respectively. The samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-visible Spectroscopy and Hall Effect techniques, respectively. XRD results revealed that the FTO thin films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile-type structure and had preferential orientations along (110) planes. SEM studies showed that FTO thin film morphology was totally affected by an increased F/Sn ratio. The calculated grain mean sizes were 10-35 nm. Optical transmittance spectra of the films showed a high transparency of approximately 80-90 % in the visible region. The optical gap of FTO thin films was in a 3.70-4.07 eV range. Electrical and optical properties of these films were studied as a function of the F/Sn ratio. Therefore, the optimal FTO (F/Sn = 0.5) films revealed a maximum value of the figure of merit approximately 8.05 × 10-3 (Ω-1) at λ = 400 nm. The high-conducting and transparent-elaborating FTO thin films may have several promising applications due to its multifunctional properties.
Rel-Dependent Immune and Central Nervous System Mechanisms Control Viral Replication and Inflammation during Mouse Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: Mancini Mathieu , Caignard Grégory , Charbonneau Benoît , Dumaine Anne , Wu Nila , Leiva-Torres Gabriel A. , Gerondakis Steve , Pearson Angela , Qureshi Salman T. , Sladek Robert , Vidal Silvia M.
Published: January 2019

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), caused by HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection, is an acute neuroinflammatory condition of the CNS and remains the most common type of sporadic viral encephalitis worldwide. Studies in humans have shown that susceptibility to HSE depends in part on the genetic make-up of the host, with deleterious mutations in the TLR3/type I IFN axis underlying some cases of childhood HSE. Using an in vivo chemical mutagenesis screen for HSV-1 susceptibility in mice, we identified a susceptible pedigree carrying a causal truncating mutation in the Rel gene (RelC307X), encoding for the NF-κB transcription factor subunit c-Rel. Like Myd88−/− and Irf3−/− mice, RelC307X mice were susceptible to intranasal HSV-1 infection. Reciprocal bone marrow transfers into lethally irradiated hosts suggested that defects in both hematopoietic and CNS-resident cellular compartments contributed together to HSE susceptibility in RelC307X mice. Although the RelC307X mutation maintained cell-intrinsic antiviral control, it drove increased apoptotic cell death in infected fibroblasts. Moreover, reduced numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and dysregulated NK cell and CD4+ effector T cell responses in infected RelC307X animals, indicated that protective immunity was also compromised in these mice. In the CNS, moribund RelC307X mice failed to control HSV-1 viral replication in the brainstem and cerebellum, triggering cell death and elevated expression of Ccl2, Il6, and Mmp8 characteristic of HSE neuroinflammation and pathology. In summary, our work implicates c-Rel in both CNS-resident cell survival and lymphocyte responses to HSV-1 infection and as a novel cause of HSE disease susceptibility in mice.
IL-17A Recruits Rab35 to IL-17R to Mediate PKCα-Dependent Stress Fiber Formation and Airway Smooth Muscle Contractility
Authors: Bulek Katarzyna , Chen Xing , Parron Vandy , Sundaram Aparna , Herjan Tomasz , Ouyang Suidong , Liu Caini , Majors Alana , Zepp Jarod , Gao Ji , Dongre Ashok , Bodaszewska-Lubas Malgorzata , Echard Arnaud , Aronica Mark , Carman Julie , Garantziotis Stavros , Sheppard Dean , Li Xiaoxia
Published: January 2019

IL-17A is a critical proinflammatory cytokine for the pathogenesis of asthma including neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In this study, by cell type–specific deletion of IL-17R and adaptor Act1, we demonstrated that IL-17R/Act1 exerts a direct impact on the contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs). Mechanistically, IL-17A induced the recruitment of Rab35 (a small monomeric GTPase) and DennD1C (guanine nucleotide exchange factor [GEF]) to the IL-17R/Act1 complex in ASMCs, resulting in activation of Rab35. Rab35 knockdown showed that IL-17A–induced Rab35 activation was essential for protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activation and phosphorylation of fascin at Ser39 in ASMCs, allowing F-actin to interact with myosin to form stress fibers and enhance the contraction induced by methacholine. PKCα inhibitor or Rab35 knockdown indeed substantially reduced IL-17A–induced stress fiber formation in ASMCs and attenuated IL-17A–enhanced, methacholine-induced contraction of airway smooth muscle. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-17A promotes airway smooth muscle contraction via direct recruitment of Rab35 to IL-17R, followed by PKCα activation and stress fiber formation.
Insertion of N-Terminal Hinge Glycosylation Enhances Interactions of the Fc Region of Human IgG1 Monomers with Glycan-Dependent Receptors and Blocks Hemagglutination by the Influenza Virus
Authors: Blundell Patricia A. , Lu Dongli , Wilkinson Mark , Dell Anne , Haslam Stuart , Pleass Richard J.
Published: January 2019

In therapeutic applications in which the Fc of IgG is critically important, the receptor binding and functional properties of the Fc are lost after deglycosylation or removal of the unique Asn297 N-X-(T/S) sequon. A population of Fcs bearing sialylated glycans has been identified as contributing to this functionality, and high levels of sialylation also lead to longer serum retention times advantageous for therapy. The efficacy of sialylated Fc has generated an incentive to modify the unique N-linked glycosylation site at Asn297, either through chemical and enzymatic methods or by mutagenesis of the Fc, that disrupts the protein–Asn297 carbohydrate interface. In this study, we took an alternative approach by inserting or deleting N-linked attachment sites into the body of the Fc to generate a portfolio of mutants with tailored effector functions. For example, we describe mutants with enhanced binding to low-affinity inhibitory human Fcγ and glycan receptors that may be usefully incorporated into existing Ab engineering approaches to treat or vaccinate against disease. The IgG1 Fc fragments containing complex sialylated glycans attached to the N-terminal Asn221 sequon bound influenza virus hemagglutinin and disrupted influenza A–mediated agglutination of human erythrocytes.
Potentially toxic metals in lotic systems with aptitude for aquaculture at the watershed Mantaro River, Peru
Authors: Custodio María , Zapata Fernán Cosme Chanamé , Flores Danny Julio Cruz , Gutiérrez Wilfredo Bulege
Published: January 2019

The objective of the study was to analyze the concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and As in river water suitable for aquaculture in the watershed of the Mantaro River using multivariate statistical methods, during the period 2011-2013. The determinations of total heavy metals in water collected during two different climatic periods were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, according to the methodology recommended by FAO. The results obtained show that, in the seven rivers evaluated, the average concentration of Pb, Fe and Cu exceeded the quality standards of Peru's continental water for the extraction and cultivation of hydrobiological species and USEPA standards for the protection of fish and aquatic life. The average concentration of Zn only exceeded USEPA standards. While the concentrations of Pb and Cu also surpassed those of the WHO. The cluster analysis suggests that the evaluated rivers, in which fish farming activity is intensively developed, have similar characteristics in relation to the concentration of heavy metals. According to the analysis of main components, in Component 1, there are moderate loads for arsenic; in Component 2, there is a strong load for zinc and relatively low loads for iron; and, in Component 3, there is a moderate load for iron. The discriminant analysis revealed that two of the five variables were significant predictors of the season; in this case, copper and lead were sufficient to discriminate the variables between the rainy or dry season.
Самосимметричный цикл в системе двух диффузионно связанных уравнений Хатчинсона
Authors: Glyzin Sergey Dmitrievich , Kolesov Andrei Yurevich , Rozov Nikolai Khristovich
Published: January 2019

Рассматривается так называемая билокальная модель для уравнения Хатчинсона. Эта модель представляет собой систему двух одинаковых нелинейных дифференциальных уравнений с запаздыванием, связанных посредством линейных диффузионных слагаемых. Исследуются вопросы о существовании, асимптотике и устойчивости в упомянутой системе специального периодического решения, координаты которого переходят друг в друга при некотором фазовом сдвиге.
Библиография: 19 названий.
GHINS, Michel. Uma introdução à metafísica da natureza: Representação, realismo e leis científicas
Authors: Cani Renato Cesar
Published: January 2019

Há razões para acreditar que as teorias científicas mais bem-sucedidas representam a realidade? Aliás, em que consiste uma teoria científica? Os resultados e os relatos fornecidos pelas ciências acerca do mundo legitimam a crença na existência de leis da natureza? Caso admitamos o discurso sobre as leis, que tipo de ontologia devemos adotar a fim de explicar a necessidade envolvida nas leis científicas? Essas perguntas resumem algumas das principais questões discutidas em filosofia e metafísica da ciência ao longo das últimas décadas. Elas resumem, também, os temas tratados pelo Professor Michel Ghins (2013) no livro Uma introdução à metafísica da natureza.
Capacitação do familiar cuidador na adesão à prevenção e ao controle da hipertensão arterial
Authors: Aguiar Amábili Couto Teixeira de , Santos Zélia Maria de Sousa Araújo , Rodrigues Kátia Alves Ferreira , Santos Paula Dayanna Sousa dos , Oliveira Júnior José Iran das Chagas de , Rolim Karla Maria Carneiro
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto de uma tecnologia educativa em saúde na capacitação do familiar cuidador no controle da hipertensão arterial e na prevenção do risco deste agravo. Métodos: Pesquisa participante com a aplicação de uma Tecnologia Educativa em Saúde (TES) – Capacitação do familiar cuidador na adesão à prevenção e/ou controle da hipertensão arterial, com um grupo de oito familiares cuidadores (FC), de um Serviço de Assistência Domiciliar de um hospital público de Fortaleza-CE, entre julho e outubro de 2016. Resultados: Na primeira entrevista, observou-se que os FC revelaram algum conhecimento sobre hipertensão arterial (HA), modo de descoberta ou diagnóstico, fatores de risco, cronicidade e risco/gravidade. Após a aplicação da TES, ocorreu a apreensão do conhecimento acerca das condutas de controle da HA e de prevenção dos seus fatores de risco, embora de modo irregular sob os aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos em todas as condutas. As experiências vivenciadas pelos FC com a TES emergiram vários significados: incentivo para o autocuidado e para o cuidado do familiar; emponderamento para o cuidado; valorização da saúde; e adoção de hábitos saudáveis. Conclusão: A aplicação da TES com os familiares cuidadores promoveu o envolvimento no autocuidado, no cuidado na família e na comunidade, difundindo o saber construído.
Identificação de comportamentos alimentares, tempo em frente à televisão e atividades físicas de adolescentes
Authors: Klouck Francielle , Farias Joni Márcio de , Pereira Eduarda Valim , Viero Vanise Dos Santos Ferreira
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Identificar os comportamentos relacionados aos hábitos alimentares, às atividades físicas, ao tempo em frente à tela de televisão (TV) e ao deslocamento ativo de adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em escola estadual do município de Praia Grande, Santa Catarina, Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 86 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 14 a 19 anos, matriculados no ensino médio. O instrumento de pesquisa utilizado foi elaborado a partir da composição de indicadores validados, composto por 30 perguntas objetivas sobre dados sociodemográficos, hábitos alimentares e de atividades físicas, deslocamento ativo e tempo em frente à tela. Os dados foram tabulados no SPSS, versão 21.0, avaliando frequência absoluta, relativa, média, desvio padrão, teste t de Student e correlação “r” de Pearson, adotando-se o nível de significância de 95% (p≤0,05). Resultados: Dos 86 adolescentes, 40,7% relataram que raramente consomem uma dieta balanceada, 53,5% têm como lazer preferido as atividades físicas, 33,7% deslocam-se a pé para a escola e 31,4% utilizam a bicicleta. Referente ao tempo em frente à tela, meninos têm maior exposição (8h e 10h) do que as meninas (5h e 6h) em dias de semana e finais de semana, respectivamente. Conclusão: As características geográficas, as atividades físicas habituais e a segurança pública contribuem para um estilo de vida saudável no contra turno, exceto nos hábitos alimentares, indicando a necessidade do estabelecimento de estratégias que estimulem nesses jovens a adoção de hábitos saudáveis de vida.
Validação de uma cartilha sobre a detecção precoce do transtorno do espectro autista
Authors: Vasconcelos Samila Sousa , Gomes Ilvana Lima Verde , Barbalho Erika De Vasconcelos , Gouveia Samara Sousa Vasconcelos , Gouveia Guilherme Pertinni de Morais
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Validar uma cartilha educativa destinada aos profissionais e trabalhadores da Atenção Básica que favoreça a detecção precoce da criança com autismo. Métodos: Pesquisa de desenvolvimento metodológico, com abordagem qualitativa, de validação de tecnologia. Realizou-se em Sobral, cidade do interior do Ceará, e na capital, Fortaleza, dividindo-se em três momentos: construção da cartilha educativa, validação por 13 juízes especialistas e elaboração da versão final da cartilha. A coleta de dados, que ocorreu entre julho e agosto de 2015, deu-se através de uma ficha de avaliação, em que os juízes avaliaram e fizeram correções e sugestões referentes à cartilha. Esses dados foram analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Os juízes avaliaram os itens “conteúdo”, “ilustrações”, “aparência”, “organização” e “motivação” da cartilha como adequados. As correções e sugestões feitas foram incluídas na versão final da cartilha. Conclusão: A cartilha educativa “Detecção precoce da criança com transtorno do espectro autista – TEA” mostrou-se um material educativo válido e confiável para ser utilizado a fim de favorecer o diagnóstico precoce do paciente com TEA.
Questão territorial, processo de regionalização do SUS e financiamento das redes temáticas
Authors: Duarte Ligia Schiavon , Mendes Áquilas Nogueira
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Sistematizar as principais características das portarias que orientam a transferências de recursos para a rede de cuidado obstétrico e neonatal (Rede Cegonha), a Rede de Atenção à Urgência (RAU), a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) e a Rede de Atenção à Pessoa com Deficiências (Viver sem limites). Métodos: As portarias foram analisadas a partir de três eixos estruturais: i) perfil assistencial dos elementos financiados, sendo observados os componentes e os equipamentos, insumos e ações; ii) o montante de recursos financeiros disponível para cada um dos elementos financiados, discriminado em investimentos e custeio; e iii) o comprometimento de cada um dos entes federativos no financiamento e execução do recurso. Resultados: A análise permite evidenciar três principais aspectos no repasse de recursos financeiros federais para os entes subnacionais: i) preponderância de recursos para o cuidado especializado, cuja configuração produtiva exige economia de escala, tendendo a se concentrar em municípios que apresentam maior centralidade; ii) indução ao comprometimento de recursos, financeiros ou não, dos entes subnacionais; e iii) grande fragmentação nos repasses financeiros. Conclusão: O financiamento das redes temáticas, além de favorecer o modelo médico assistencial por meio da transferência de recurso prioritariamente para a atenção à saúde voltada à média e alta complexidade, parece tender às regiões privilegiadas.
Residência integrada em saúde mental: cuidado à rede de atenção psicossocial
Authors: Evangelista Aline Luiza de Paulo , Frota Amanda Cavalcante , Torres Rafael Bruno Silva , Barreto Ivana Cristina de Holanda Cunha
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Compreender o contexto histórico e político-pedagógico da implementação da Residência Integrada em Saúde Mental Coletiva da Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará (RISMC-ESP/CE) e a percepção dos atores sociais envolvidos na implementação desta sobre os seus reflexos na organização da atenção psicossocial de quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo descritivo, exploratório e analítico, com análise documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: Quatro categorias emergiram, a saber, Contexto histórico e político-pedagógico da implementação da RISMC-ESP/CE; Educação permanente interprofissional em Saúde Mental (EPISM) nas redes de atenção e no território; Fortalecimento da participação popular e luta antimanicomial; e Desafios da saúde mental. Apesar do subfinanciamento do SUS e das políticas que favorecem o desmonte da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS), houve promoção da saúde mental através da EPISM, gerando ações intersetoriais, utilização de tecnologias avançadas de cuidado e estímulo à participação social no território. Os principais desafios são o estigma social da loucura, a consolidação de estratégias de cuidado que superem as instituições asilares e invistam na redução de danos e a estabilidade das equipes de saúde para continuidade das ações construídas. Conclusão: A RISMC-ESP/CE é um dispositivo de resistência ao desmonte da RAPS e sua continuidade depende da apropriação técnico-científica e defesa da RAPS pelos trabalhadores e usuários.
The Legal and Political History of Italian Immigrants in the United States before 1941
Authors: Elizabeth Mary , Chopas Basile
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 traces the evolution in Italians’ social, political, and economic status in the United States, beginning with the effects of early twentieth-century immigration law, and conveys how their integration into American society influenced wartime policies. This chapter argues that Italians’ progression in the labor market coincided with their changing racial identity and white consciousness, but that political involvement was more instrumental in raising the public perception of Italians. This chapter also explains how the FBI built a domestic intelligence program through the collection of information about subversive individuals or organizations several years before U.S. involvement in World War II. A joint agreement in July 1941 between the War Department and the Justice Department established policy for handling suspicious persons of enemy nations residing in the United States.
Policing the Black Criminal
Authors: Malka Adam
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that white Baltimoreans acted on their fears of free black crime all the time, often violently and usually with the municipality’s approval. In the process, it shows that the compatibility between professional and popular policing manifested not only in job-busting attacks and home invasions but also in more prosaic moments, such as when an ordinary citizen arrested a black man or protected him from harm. The public authorities were nominally engaged in a broader project of seizing legitimate force for the state alone, but the policing of free black Baltimoreans relied upon informal white power no less than it did upon formal state power. Police officers did not always protect them. Prisons did not always house them. In the age of slavery, Baltimore’s officials preferred to leave the fates of free people of color to ordinary white men. When it came to policing black people, white vigilantes were the police.
The Rights of Men
Authors: Malka Adam
Published: January 2019

This chapter moves the argument into the post-emancipation period. In particular, it chronicles the story of the legal code’s deracialization during the years following the state’s 1864 emancipation decree. Many different groups, friends and foes of the freedmen alike, defined freedom as self-sufficiency and self-reliance, and it would be these liberal ideals that shaped the legal terms of emancipation. As federal agents worked to enforce black men’s wage contracts and ratify their marriage contracts, as formerly enslaved black men eagerly asserted their rights to possess both, and as an interracial coalition of activists confronted stubborn employers and an apprentice system still indebted to slavery, a fully realized property rights regime emerged. Through real work – through hard work – slavery died during the 1860s, and a seemingly color-blind legal order predicated upon male rights to wages and household autonomy arose in its place. In liberal terms, emancipation looked like a success.
The Crime of Freedom
Authors: Malka Adam
Published: January 2019

Slavery in Maryland died during the 1860s, but for all of their promise the changes also brought heartbreak. As Chapter 7 shows, black men’s acquisition of a fuller bundle of property rights and legal protections brought them into conflict with the very criminal justice system built to guard those rights and ensure those protections. White commentators scoffed at black men’s supposed indolence and bristled at their households’ apparent disorder; police officers arrested black Baltimoreans for an expanding list of crimes; and black people, black men in particular, were incarcerated at growing rates. During the years immediately following the Civil War, Baltimore’s policemen and prisons perpetrated a form of racial violence that was different from yet indicative of the violence inflicted by the old order’s vigilantes. Castigated as criminals, freedmen’s legal victories provoked a form of policing reserved for the truly free.
Introduction
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

The Civil War marked a turning point not only in the history of the republic, but the history of citizenship in the United States as well. But there is more to this moment than might appear on the surface. What this book stakes out are a new set of questions about what it meant to be a citizen, how Americans thought about it, and just how much the rapid development of two warring nation-states brought the relationship between citizens and states into such sharp relief. By placing ideas about obligation at the center of a history of citizenship during the Civil War era, The Loyal Republic charts new ground.
Schools of Citizenship
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

Conceived in war, the Confederate States of America was a nation-state built around its military. As this chapter argues, military service quickly became fused with ideas about Confederate citizenship, and the military became a site where faith in the national cause melded effortlessly with religion and where white southern men were schooled in how to become soldiers and citizens, all at once.
Loyalty Under Fire
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

By the middle stages of the Civil War, few members of Congress had become more forthright in the defense of the nation-state’s power, or more determined to fuse loyalty with citizenship, than Andrew Johnson. This chapter examines Johnson’s short-lived career at the helm of Reconstruction, focusing on the kind of loyalty Johnson imagined as the key to postwar citizenship and on the pleas of whites in Mississippi for pardon.
It Looks Much Like Abandoned Land
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the many ways in which loyalty became part of a struggle for property, a struggle that would have profound consequences for the shape of Reconstruction in the Mississippi Valley. The chapter examines how state-sponsored emancipation worked in lockstep with the wartime seizure of property to create an environment within which loyalty to the United States gave worthy individuals claim to their possessions and left disloyal traitors with the flimsiest of holds over their land, their homes, and the black laborers many once owned. African Americans seized on the language of loyalty to claim a meaningful freedom for themselves and knit their families together again. The twinned power of allegiance and property nearly proved the undoing of white supremacy in the state. In the claims and counterclaims of black and white alike, what emerged was potentially the most radical edge of American emancipation: a bold attempt to give to former slaves the property of their disloyal former owners. In this, the collective stepping back from the most revolutionary of Reconstruction measures also spelled the slow erosion of loyalty, leaving former slaves without the means to claim anything more than political rights.
Epilogue
Authors: Mathisen Erik
Published: January 2019

Though the fusion of loyalty and citizenship in Civil War America proved short lived, the mark that it left on the republic would endure. While former Confederates would benefit from the uncoupling of loyalty from citizenship by the later decades of the nineteenth century, the treason at the heart of the Civil War and the collective memory of that conflict would live on every time a politician waved the memory of the war before the electorate in a bid for votes. The national state would experience a hollowing out of its wartime powers in the decades that followed the Civil War, but the experience of Reconstruction would set the nation against individual states. And for more than a century after the war, former slaves and their descendants bore the hardship and galling discrimination in the nation’s military, to prove and prove again their allegiance to the United States through their service as soldiers in war.
To Stem a Rising Tide
Authors: Mehta Samira K.
Published: January 2019

Chapter one analyses institutional responses to interfaith marriage, looking closely at the responses of Reform Judaism, the American Catholic Church, and the Protestant mainline. It reveals that while all three traditions framed the problem of intermarriage in theological terms, their different belief systems and social locations resulted in divergent and sometimes opposing responses to interfaith marriage.
Mexican Indigenismo and the International Fraternity of Science
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

Mexican racial science developed in close relation to foreign scholars and institutions including Corrado Gini of Italy, a proponent of Latin eugenics, Franz Boas, the Carnegie Institution in Washington, the international eugenics movement, and the Pan-American child welfare movement. Along with the mobilization of rural peoples during the Mexican Revolution, growing international interest in Mexico and the international eugenics movement galvanized Mexican indigenismo, the state-sponsored movement championing the nation’s indigenous heritage. This chapter focuses on Manuel Gamio, who founded Mexico’s Dirección de Antropología and worked in the powerful Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP). Gamio conveyed Mexican social science abroad and foreign social science to Mexico. He attempted to create a social science that was both “Mexican” and modern, but found it hard to delineate a modernity that could accommodate Mexico’s demographic heterogeneity. Gamio creatively reconciled Mexico’s demographic characteristics with liberal universalism and scientific rationality, yet still suffered the intellectual imperialism and condescension of his U.S. counterparts.
Cultural and Economic Evolution, Pluralism, and Categorization in Mexico
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows that Mexican indigenistas eschewed grand theories and approached modernization within a framework that was local and empirical. As a Mexican socialism took hold in the 1930s, they increasingly placed economics and class—rather than ethnicity, culture, or race—at the center of national policies, and they accepted forms of cultural difference that they viewed as compatible with economic progress. Their approach to economics, however, was ethnographic, focusing on specific localities and insistently documenting experts’ inability to reach broader conclusions about the characteristics of the peoples they studied. Somewhat paradoxically, their approach was fundamentally evolutionary, and this chapter examines the complex ways indigenistas reconciled their belief in progress and science with attention to particularity, including strategies of compilation, categorization and taxonomy, and statistical aggregation.
Cultivating Science
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Plantation regimes encouraged knowledge production about plant and disease ecologies and the relationship among organisms and their environments more generally. More detailed knowledge about newly introduced plant species, plant and human diseases, and their shared environments was a key ingredient of better, more profitable management of rubber plantations. Chapter 2 explores the process by which agronomy came to support the burgeoning rubber industry after rubber arrived in Indochina in 1897. The French colonial government was not the first to encourage agricultural improvement on the Indochinese peninsula, but the qualitative and quantitative investment that it made in these projects set it apart from previous states. Encouraged by the success of their British and Dutch neighbors, French planters envisioned turning biologically and culturally diverse landscapes into neat rows of hevea. Plantation agriculture also played an important role in defining the political and intellectual scope of the science of ecology in Indochina, encouraging agronomists to direct their energies toward transnational businesses and the colonial project. The process of integrating the efforts of scientists, officials, and planters was not always smooth, however, and this chapter highlights the conflicts and tensions generated by a political economy of plantation agriculture.
Managing Disease
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

After World War I, colonial administrative policy, environmental necessity, and economic logic converged to promote Vietnamese migration to meet plantation demands for labor. Peasants from the Tonkin delta travelled by ship and by road to southern plantations, where they sometimes displaced previous inhabitants. These workers helped carry out the deforestation that created the limpid, sunny streams in which mosquito species associated with malaria in the region bred. Malaria, beriberi, and horrible living conditions resulted in the illness and deaths of thousands of plantation workers. These outbreaks, along with the more famous cases of abuse, provided much fodder for opponents of colonialism, French and Vietnamese alike. Even as medical doctors recognized the poor health of plantation workers, they found it more plausible to blame workers’ moral failings and culture rather than the colonial system. By placing the human suffering of laborers in the context of changing disease environments, chapter 3 further investigates the relationships among science, business, and government. Industry played a key role in creating medical institutions and knowledge in Indochina during the colonial period and, partly because of this role, economic concerns trumped humanitarian impulses.
Conclusion
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

Industrial plantations have had some of the most significant impacts on the surface of the earth, and while natural rubber is no longer hegemonic, palm oil, soybeans, maize, and coffee production, each with its own nexus of human and nonhuman agents, continue to have major impacts on the environment and human health. The conclusion briefly analyzes post-1975 memories of colonial and national plantations as participants use the memory of rubber production to negotiate their relationship to each other and to the politics of Vietnamese history in the present. Planters’ associations in France recall heroic times, the Communist Party celebrates the heroic contributions of rubber workers to the socialist revolution, and some workers use memories of colonial efficiency to critique present socialist mismanagement. Many Laotian and Cambodian farmers, and their allies, decry Vietnamese “colonialism” that is associated with the expansion of Vietnamese rubber company interests into the territory of neighboring nations, thus calling into question the continuing role of tropical commodities in shaping Southeast Asian lives.
Constructing the Dynamo of Dixie
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

What can local histories of interracial conflict and collaboration teach us about the potential for urban equity and social justice in the future? Courtney Elizabeth Knapp chronicles the politics of gentrification and culture-based development in Chattanooga, Tennessee, by tracing the roots of racism, spatial segregation, and mainstream “cosmopolitanism” back to the earliest encounters between the Cherokee, African Americans, and white settlers. For more than three centuries, Chattanooga has been a site for multiracial interaction and community building; yet today public leaders have simultaneously restricted and appropriated many contributions of working-class communities of color within the city, exacerbating inequality and distrust between neighbors and public officials. Knapp suggests that “diasporic placemaking”—defined as the everyday practices through which uprooted people create new communities of security and belonging—is a useful analytical frame for understanding how multiracial interactions drive planning and urban development in diverse cities over time. By weaving together archival, ethnographic, and participatory action research techniques, she reveals the political complexities of a city characterized by centuries of ordinary resistance to racial segregation and uneven geographic development.
Defying Racist Stereotypes
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the stereotype-defying histories of Black and multi-ethnic placemaking in two historically significant Black neighborhoods: the Big Nine and Lincoln Park. East Ninth/Martin Luther King Street (““the Big Nine”“) is a corridor which for more than a century served as a premiere destination for African American commerce, social life, and artistic/creative production. Lincoln Park is one of the oldest and most historically significant Black neighborhoods in Chattanooga, described by many locals as Black community’s ““backyard”.
Public Space, Cultural Development, and Reconciliation Politics in the Renaissance City
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Chapter 7 extends this conversation by examining the politics of racial recognition and reconciliation happening vis-à-vis public space, art, and cultural tourism planning within the revitalized urban core today. The Tennessee Riverfront and areas immediately surrounding Ross’s Landing are sites of multiracial diasporic placemaking—spaces where different people have worked with and against one another to carve out communities of security and belonging. While these diasporic placemaking efforts have occasionally produced new collaborations and deeper affinities, they also ignite conflict and contestation over physical space and cultural place in the city. To this end, the work explores planning and placemaking elements of the Tennessee riverfront’s revival to show how community leaders have used urban planning and placemaking to acknowledge and, arguably, reconcile, with the city’s exploitative colonial past.
The Politics of Black Self-Determination and Neighborhood Preservation in Lincoln Park
Authors: Knapp Courtney Elizabeth
Published: January 2019

Chapter 9 discusses the politics of public space and neighborhood self-determination in the historically Black, working class neighborhood of Lincoln Park. The work describes a thirty-year history of neighborhood-level community building and planning, including the present struggles of the Coalition to Save Lincoln Park, an advocacy group that emerged in 2013 after the city announced its plans to extend Central Avenue through the historic park space and neighborhood.
A Message from My Muse
Authors: Tipton-Martin Toni
Published: January 2019

Toni Tipton-Martin, award-winning culinary author and journalist, reminisces on the lessons that Lewis taught her about the struggles and authenticity of African American food history. Their relationship inspired Tipton-Martin to dive more deeply into the richness of black cooking.
On Edna Lewis’s The Edna Lewis Cookbook
Authors: White Susan Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Critically acclaimed author Susan Rebecca White fondly recalls the comforts of cooking from The Edna Lewis Cookbook during a difficult period in her life. Lewis’s prose smoothed White’s path, leading her away from her southern roots and eventually back home to Georgia.
Afterwords
Authors: Smith Ruth Lewis , Williams-Mbengue Nina
Published: January 2019

Ruth Lewis Smith (age ninety-three at the time of writing), sister of Edna Lewis

My sister Edna—who was eight years older than me—was an example to me every step of the way, from our childhood in rural Virginia through her later years. Her calm demeanor was as striking as her neatly styled hair and side profile....
Shall We Overcome?
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the development of the modern civil rights movement and the eventual displacement of Lift Every Voice and Sing by “freedom songs.” Nevertheless, the anthem continued to resonate, specifically in the most challenging movements in the movement.
A Piece of the Rock
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the rise of Black political power and modest desegregation gains of the 1970s and 80s. In the midst of the expansion of Black presence in the public eye, and the waning of Black institutional life, the anthem contracts and its ritual singing ebbs.
Speculative Ecology
Authors: Worden Daniel
Published: January 2019

In his essay, “Speculative Ecology: Rachel Carson’s Environmentalist Documentaries,” Daniel Worden argues that Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring is not only a path-breaking work of investigative journalism, but also a daring work of imaginative projection. Rereading this seminal book in light of Carson’s earlier writing about the ocean, which she portrays as vast and indecipherable, Worden reinterprets Carson’s storied career and demonstrates her contribution to contemporary writing about climate change. Tasked with describing catastrophe that unfolds incrementally, Carson’s speculative documentary defamiliarizes nature itself, performing the work of estrangement that survival may require.
After the Fact
Authors: Blair Sara
Published: January 2019

In “After the Fact: Postwar Dissent and the Art of Documentary,” Sara Blair analyzes the redirection of photo-documentary practice by visual artists Richard Avedon and Martha Rosler. Specifically, the chapter emphasizes the self-consciousness with which postwar figures represent and conduct their labor for a context of urgent social crisis and dissent. Both photographers experiment with the properties and forms of documentary imaging, wrested from its familiar contexts: Avedon in an evolving series of portraits of New Left leaders, activists, war prosecutors, and dissidents made in the United States and on the ground in Vietnam, Rosler in projects focusing on the role of photojournalism, documentary, and the media itself in perpetuating both a fog of war and a set of presumptions about documentary as a form of knowledge and power.
At Berkeley
Authors: Cohen Michael Mark , Raiford Leigh
Published: January 2019

In “At Berkeley: Documenting the University in an Age of Austerity,” Michael Mark Cohen and Leigh Raiford address documentary’s evolving capacity for political mobilization by focusing on the role of documentary photography and film in the struggle around austerity at the University of California, Berkeley. While the university administration used documentary’s graphic appeal to enlist alumni in a fund-raising campaign that effectively naturalized the privatization of public higher education, students took up documentary forms to challenge the logic of neoliberalism. Working with Cohen and Raiford, who teach at UC Berkeley, student activists produced their own counterdocuments, repurposing documentary images that the university uses to sell education in an era of skyrocketing tuition fees, and rendering themselves as active participants in the struggle to reshape the university and the broader society.
Afterword
Authors: Jacobson Matthew Frye
Published: January 2019

In the “Afterword,” Matthew Frye Jacobson notes that we live in a moment of flourishing documentary experiment that, like earlier moments, feels especially urgent. If the historical, social and political challenges we face seem frightening and strange, Jacobson contends, it is in part because we cannot fully comprehend them and are out of our depth as we try not only to reckon with uncertainty but also to write, teach, and agitate. All the more powerful, then, as Jacobson argues, is an understanding of documentary as “a way of knowing … an engagement with knowing.”
Ordering Boston’s Landscape
Authors: Clark Justin T.
Published: January 2019

Starting in the late 1820s, Unitarian intellectuals began to argue that vision was a miracle for the masses, a God-given channel of mental and moral self-culture. Steering parishioners between the extremes of deistic materialism and religious irrationalism, Unitarian ministers assured Bostonians that by becoming pious but rational witnesses to the world’s natural beauty, they could avoid “visionary” religious enthusiasm and the sensory dazzlement of fashion and drink. By creating a sacred urban geography of genteel parks, vistas, public buildings and monuments, Federalist and later Whig reformers hoped to forge a civic culture based on patriotic “associations” that would survive the city’s topographical and social transience.
Introduction
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

This introduction highlights how the current scholarly focus on radical women's activism often overlooks the important bridge-building activism of black moderate and middle class women such as those in the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). These black clubwomen were able to move between mainstream political and business leaders and marginalized activists who often demanded radical solutions to racism and poverty. Black middle class NCNW women not only engaged in community-focused racial uplift, but they also utilized a national network of professional and elite women to bring resources to those who could not attain them on their own. At times, the NCNW was hindered by its focus on respectability, which sometimes limited NCNW's criticism of the United States in order to build and maintain power in mainstream America.
Creating a Ministry of Presence
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

In the fall of 1963, the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) took steps to become more directly involved in the civil rights movement when Dorothy Height travelled with a small interracial team of elite clubwomen to investigate the abuse of activist children imprisoned in Selma. The team moved behind the scenes and tried to establish ties with local black and white women to better support the movement. After the Selma trip, white team member Polly Cowan developed plans to bring additional teams of interracial middle and upper class women down to the South. At a March 1964 Atlanta meeting of black and white southern clubwomen, Clarie Collins Harvey, a black businesswoman and clubwoman from Jackson, Mississippi, invited Cowan and the NCNW to provide support to civil rights efforts in Jackson. Her invitation led Cowan and Height to develop plans for Wednesdays in Mississippi to help with Freedom Summer.
Conclusion
Authors: Tuuri Rebecca
Published: January 2019

This conclusion offers a brief overview of the National Council of Negro women (NCNW) from 1980 to the present, looking especially at its changes during the Regan era. After Ronald Regan's election, the NCNW lost a significant proportion of its federal grant funding. NCNW then began to build connections with private businesses through its network of professional black women. One example of this was that in 1986 the NCNW created the Black Family Reunion with significant support from Procter and Gamble. As government funding dried up, NCNW turned inward and began to focus again on broadening opportunities for professional and elite women. Today, NCNW continues to ensure that black women be given educational, political, and economic opportunities and serve in leadership positions in mainstream America.
Making “A Machine of Pearls” in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the place of pearls and pearl fisheries in the context of Iberian crisis of the seventeenth century. As arbitristas, or experts, proposed all sorts of solutions intended to address Iberia’s financial and political woes, this zeitgeist of improvement shaped plans for, and reflections on, pearl fishing around the globe. These pearl-fishing proposals drew on a mixture of custom and innovation. As observers of pearl diving in the Caribbean continued to report horrific suffering alongside remarkably autonomous practices by enslaved workers, the Spanish crown supported proposals for Pacific coast fisheries that relied on diverse skilled crew as well as new diving technologies designed to render enslaved workers unnecessary. The chapter focuses on the Cardona Company voyages to California, which included black laborers as well as levantisco, or Levantine, divers and elaborate diving suits. The chapter also considers how the vexing yet appealing complexity of pearls and pearl-fishing settlements were reflected in a 1680 account of Sri Lankan pearl fishing written by Portuguese author João de Ribeiro and in the 1681 Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias (the reissue of the body of laws) governing the Spanish Indies.
Rescuing “That Tired Irregular Pearl from Such Lengthy Isolation”
Authors: Warsh Molly A.
Published: January 2019

The conclusion considers the enduring lessons of two centuries of continuity and change in pearl production and circulation. Two hundred years after the Caribbean pearl fisheries’ heyday, the widespread interest in the diversity of form and function that pearls had come to symbolize endured in the personal and imperial imagination. This early American experiment in wealth production honed the governing impulse to contain and categorize objects and subjects by their perceived nature. But neither pearls nor people could ever be easily or entirely controlled. Like pearls, people offer an infinitely varied expression of a single unifying identity and their subjective judgment—as evidenced in assessments of pearl’s value—remained beyond the purview of imperial authority. This essential independence of imagination is embodied by the baroque pearl transformed by a jeweler into exquisite art and the enduring utility of the term beyond pearls as a metaphor for unbounded and irregular expression. Even as many of pearls’ classical associations endured—their sensuality and their association with death, unnatural pairings, and maritime peril—the global connections forged in the post-Columbus years transformed the core of pearls’ identity from simplicity to multiplicity.