bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIVE
Authors: Shen Wei-Min
Published: January 2007

This paper describes an integrated architecture called LIVE designed for learning from the environment. The task that LIVE faces is to solve problems in a new environment using its actions and senses. In order to be able to adapt to different environments, LIVE's actions and senses are defined as "innate" properties and their linkage (i.e., actions and their consequences) is unknown before entering a new environment. LIVE must coordinate a variety of intelligent activities in order to learn from the environment. These include problem solving, exploration, knowledge creation, knowledge revision, experimentation, and discovery. The paper gives an overview of the system and discusses its strengths and weaknesses along several dimensions in comparison with other similar architectures.
An overview of construction-integration model
Authors: Wharton Cathleen , Kintsch Walter
Published: January 2007

The Construction-Integration Model is a theory of discourse comprehension that is being used as the foundation for a new Integrated Intelligent Architecture. It is a hybrid model, combining symbolic features with connectionist techniques, that emphasizes bottom-up, data-driven comprehension processes over more rigid top-down search strategies. Recent work has focussed on using the Model to simulate problem solving behavior as might be seen during routine computing tasks. As a consequence of this latter work, we are extending the Model even further so that it can be considered a general purpose Cognitive Architecture so that it can be compared to other architectures.
A survey “APL thinking”
Authors: Eisenberg Murray , Peelle Howard A.
Published: January 2007

During the APL86 conference in Manchester, England, we conducted a questionnaire survey of some aspects of "APL Thinking." We feel that the findings are as useful now as then, so to provide feedback to the APL community, we summarize the results here.The purpose of the survey was to understand how people think while programming in APL. Our ultimate aim is to improve the learning, teaching, and dissemination of APL.Respondents were specifically asked to concentrate on the thinking processes involved in APL programming, rather than on applications, language design and enhancements, or environment and implementation issues. (See the sample form on page 8 for a facsimile of the questionnaire.)
Book review: Knowledge-Based Process Planning For Construction and Manufacturing by Carlos Zozaya-Gorostiza, Chris Hendrickson, and Daniel R. Rehak (Academic Press)
Authors: Derry James F.
Published: January 2007

Planning software has been mainly confined to single applications and academic studies. Fortunately, the authors of this volume are in a positions to overcome these strictures and make major contributions from the practical viewpoint as well as the academic by virtue of their positions within the Carnegie-Mellon AI Community and its various industrial connections.
CHI'90 workshop on multimedia and multimodal interface design
Authors: Blattner Meera M. , Dannenberg Roger B.
Published: January 2007

A large number of disparate technologies contribute to an understanding of how to design a multimedia, multimodal interface. These vary from the use of vision, gesture and sound to applications, tools for interface construction, models and metaphors, and enabling technologies, such as video disk, and image processing. The primary objective of the workshop was to integrate what we presently know of these technologies and consider the areas that need to be explored for future development of multimedia in the computer interface.
Hand gesture coding based on experiments using a hand gesture interface device
Authors: Takahashi Tomoichi , Kishino Fumio
Published: January 2007

It would be ideal for computer-human interaction if a computer could understand human gestures. Hand gestures are one means of interaction between computers and humans[1][2]. A hand gesture interface device, the VPL Data Glove
TM
, provides real-time information on a user's hand movement[3].
Jeepers
Authors: Weghorst Suzanne , Stuetzle Werner
Published: January 2007

Jeepers is a software tool for conducting empirical studies of user perception of graphical interface features. It was developed in the context of a research program on dynamic interactive graphical techniques for data visualization and exploration. The tool was effectively applied in researching the problem of discerning point cloud highlighting patterns such as those that would be displayed in interactive data "painting". Other potential research uses for the software are discussed.
Wimps and nerds
Authors: Chignell Mark H. , Waterworth John A.
Published: January 2007

Since the introduction of the Xerox Star computer and its more popular successor, the Apple Macintosh, the so-called WIMP interface has become predominant in software interfaces. In this paper we discuss the fact that the WIMP interface handles the physical, but not the cognitive interface to software. We propose to supplement the WIMP model of the physical interface with the NERD model of the cognitive interface. Like the WIMP model, the NERD model is designed to enhance interface consistency and to increase the power of the user while reducing cognitive load associated with the task.
A simple display package for polynomials and rational functions in common Lisp
Authors: Fateman Richard J. , Lai Derek T.
Published: January 2007

Users of computers for scientific and mathematical computation have become more aware of computer algebra systems through recent commercialization of the technology. However, the proprietary nature of most such systems makes the software unavailable to computer scientists and systems developers for "dissection" and for certain kinds of experiments or applications. In an attempt to provide appropriate software for such purposes, and especially for interaction in the Common Lisp environment, we have developed a simple mathematical display package. This program produces conventional notation - raised superscripts, fraction bars, and similar features, from an internal notation that is quite natural in Lisp. This module fits into the model begun by earlier programs at Berkeley consisting of a "clone" parser for one common proprietary system (the Mathematica (TM) language), and a simplifier for rational functions.The entire package is written in Common Lisp, and some of its main features are described in this document.
Towards a deductive database for small simple groups
Authors: Bulter Greg , Iyer Sridhar S.
Published: January 2007

This particular study investigates the application of Prolog and the associated technology of deductive databases to the realm of modern algebra. A relatively small, yet diverse, collection of information was chosen for the feasibility study. The 56 non-abelian simple groups of order less than one million have been studied in depth. In print are several tables of information such as minimal generating pairs, presentations, character tables, and maximal subgroups. The information is very heterogeneous in nature, involving formulae, tables, lists, arbitrary precision integers, character strings, irrational numbers, and rules for deducing information from the given facts.While very much a feasibility study, the work to date demonstrates that the Prolog deductive database technology is appropriate. More primitive data types, such as irrational numbers, infinite precision numbers, and tables would improve the efficiency of Prolog in this domain. More work categorizing user queries and incorporating the necessary facts and rules to answer them is required.
Monomial orderings and Gröbner bases
Authors: Schwarz Fritz
Published: January 2007

Let there be given a set of monomials in
n
variables and some order relations between them. The following
fundamental problem of monomial ordering
is considered. Is it possible to decide whether these ordering relations are consistent and if so to extend them to an
admissible ordering
for all monomials? The answer is given in terms of the algorithm
MACOT
which constructs a matrix of so called
cotes
which establishes the desired ordering relations. The main area of application of this algorithm, i.e. the construction of
Gröbner bases
for different orderings and of
universal Gröbner bases
is treated in the last section.
Book review: The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling by Raj Jain (John Wiley & Sons 1991)
Authors: Al-Jaar Robert Y.
Published: January 2007

In the preface to
The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis: Techniques for Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and Modeling
, Raj Jain discusses the intended audience and the goals of the book, which are to:• Provide computer professionals simple and straightforward performance analysis techniques in a comprehensive textbook.• Give basic modeling, simulation, measurement, experimental design, and statistical analysis background.• Emphasize and integrate the modeling and measurement aspects of performance analysis.• Discuss common mistakes and games in performance analysis studies.• Illustrate the presented techniques using examples and case studies from the field of computer systems.• Summarize key techniques and results in "boxes".• Organize chapters in 45-minute lectures and include appropriate exercises.
brief review: Queueing Analysis: A Foundation of Performance Evaluation. Volume 1: Vacation and Priority Systems, Part 1 by H. Takagi (North-Holland, 1991)
Authors: Frankel David
Published: January 2007

This is a collection of articles, written especially for this publication, designed to show the rich variety of stochastic models applicable to studying the performance of computer and communications systems. There are a total of twenty articles, divided into four sections. The first section, Stochastic Processes, includes articles using general presenting stochastic process models applied to computer and communications system modeling. The second section, Queues, presents queueing theoretic models which are applicable to performance modeling, although these articles concentrate on the queueing models themselves. The final two sections, Computer Systems and Communication Systems, present applications of analytic modeling to these kinds of systems. The final article is an extensive bibliography compiled by Dr. Takagi of works on performance evaluation. These are separate sections for books, special issues of journals, conference proceedings, and survey and tutorial articles.
Human values and the future of technology
Authors: Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

"We must learn to balance the material wonders of technology with the spiritual demands of our human nature."---John Naisbitt (1982).
We can make a difference in shaping the future by ensurin g that computers "serve human needs (Mumford, 1934)." By making explicit the enduring values that we hold dear we can guide computer system designers and developers for the next decade, century, and thereafter. After setting our high-level goals we can pursue the components and seek the process for fulfilling them.High-level goals might include peace, excellent health care, adequate nutrition, accessible education, communication, freedom of expression, support for creative exploration, safety, and socially constructive entertainment. Computer technology can help attain these high-level goals if we clearly state measurable objectives, obtain participation of professionals, and design effective human-computer interfaces. Design considerations include adequate attention to individual differences among users, support of social and organizational structures, design for reliability and safety, provision of access by the elderly, handicapped, or illiterate, and appropriate user controlled adaptation. With suitable theories and empirical research we can achieve ease of learning, rapid performance, low error rates, and good retention over time, while preserving high subjective satisfaction.To raise the consciousness of designers and achieve these goals, we must generate an international debate, stimulate discussions within organizations, and interact with other intellectual communities. This paper calls for a focus on the "you" and "I" in developing improved user interface (UI) research and systems, offers a Declaration of Responsibility, and proposes a Social Impact Statement for major computing projects.
Properties of thinking and feeling transferred from human computer interaction to social interaction
Authors: Hanson Ethel H.
Published: January 2007

This study provides empirical support for the two-part claim that (a) people acquire modes of thinking and feeling in their day-to-day interaction with computing systems and (b) under some conditions, they transfer these modes of thinking and feeling to their interactions with people. It does so within the context of occupational socialization of adults, acquiring training and expertise in programming languages.
A concern about the Samuelson-Glushko survey
Authors: Raskin Jef
Published: January 2007

The reports by Samuelson and Glushko (1990a, 1990b) conclude that most workers in the user interface design field tend to oppose copyright and patent protection for user interfaces "because they think such protection would adversely affect the climate of open exchange and discussion of research and design innovations that has brought progress to the field." Samuelson and Glushko also state that "a fundamental purpose of the intellectual property laws is to provide protection for innovations in order to give incentives for people to be creative, thereby promoting progress in various fields of endeavor." (1990b, pg. 17) The position of the respondents to the survey with respect to this well-known fact about intellectual property law is paradoxical.
A tour through the AVIS UIMS
Authors: Beaudouin-Lafon Michel
Published: January 2007

Avis is a UIMS under active development as a subproject of the European Eureka Software Factory project. Avis aims at developing direct manipulation interfaces for the components of the factory. The development of Avis is carried out by several research and development teams in France and England.
CLOStrophobia: its etiology and treatment
Authors: Baker Henry G.
Published: January 2007

The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) has received some praise and some criticism, both deserved. One of the most controversial features of standard CLOS is its linearly-ordered "class precedence list", which is used to linearly order the execution of its "combination" methods. In addition to the problems already known regarding the linear ordering of superclasses, we show that the standard CLOS class precedence ordering produces gratuitously complex and non-intuitive behavior. We then show that a slight modification of the standard ordering rules produces a linear ordering which can achieve most of the goals of CLOS more efficiently, and without impacting most programs. We describe a subset of CLOS called
Static
CLOS which preserves much of the praise due CLOS, while eliminating some of the criticism. Static CLOS is tuned for
delivery
of debugged code, rather than for prototype development. This "delivery" CLOS determines as many methods as possible at compile-time using "type inference" techniques. While these techniques generally result in faster-executing code, the space requirements can grow quite large. We argue that this space explosion can be partially ameliorated through the use of our modified class precedence ordering.
Function points in an Ada object-oriented design?
Authors: Rains Ernie
Published: January 2007

The current "state-of-the-art" in measuring the size and complexity of a system has evolved from lines of code to function point counting. The driving premise is that different languages cannot be compared fairly and that the user's view of a system is a universal method for deter- mining size.
Concurrent aggregates: using multiple-access data abstractions to manage complexity in concurrent programs
Authors: Chien Andrew A.
Published: January 2007

To program massively concurrent MIMD machines, programmers need tools for managing complexity. One important tool that has been used in the sequential programming world is hierarchies of abstractions. Unfortunately, most concurrent object-oriented languages construct hierarchical abstractions from objects that serialize --- serializing the abstractions. In machines with tens of thousands of processors, unnecessary serialization of this sort can cause significant loss of concurrency.Concurrent Aggregates (CA) is an object-oriented language that allows programmers to build unserialized hierarchies of abstractions by using aggregates. An aggregate in CA is a homogeneous collection of objects (called representatives) that are grouped together and may be referenced by a single aggregate name. Aggregates are integrated into the object model, allowing them to be used wherever an object could be used. Concurrent Aggregates also incorporates several innovative language features that facilitate programming with aggregates. Intra-aggregate addressing aids cooperation between parts of an aggregate. Delegation allows programmers to compose a concurrent aggregate behavior from a number of objects or aggregates. Messages in CA are first class objects that can be used to create message handling abstractions (they handle messages as data). Such abstractions facilitate concurrent operations on aggregates. Continuations are also first class objects. In addition, programmers can construct continuations and use them just like system continuations. User constructed continuations can implement synchronization structures such as a barrier synchronization.We have implemented Concurrent Aggregates and have been using the language since August 1989. We have written a number of significant application programs including a PC board router, a concurrent B-tree, a digital logic simulator, a parallel FIFO queue and a multi-grid solver. More information on Concurrent Aggregates can be found in [10, 11, 9].
Specification and implementation of Actors with graph rewriting
Authors: Loyall Joseph P. , Kaplan Simon M. , Goering Steven K.
Published: January 2007

We are investigating the use of graph rewriting for the specification and implementation of object-based concurrent systems. Graph rewriting is a powerful framework in which to specify and implement such systems because the visual, graph-based notation more closely fits the programmer's visual image of object-based concurrent systems than textual notation, an image in which objects are represented as nodes or clusters of nodes in a graph and communication links are represented as edges in the same graph, and graph-rewriting presents an efficient implementation of object-based concurrent systems.
Fifth RIMS Conference on FORMULA MANIPULATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO MATHEMATICAL STUDY
Authors: Abdali S. Kamal
Published: January 2007

The conference of the above title was held on October 24 to 26 in Kyoto. The conference chairman is Prof. Sin Hitotumatu, RIMS, Kyoto University, and the conference organizer is Dr. Tateaki Sasaki, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. Presented were twelve papers on algorithm study, application to pure and applied mathematics, etc., and system implementation. The number of attendees is 56, from the fields of pure mathematics, applied mathematics, physics, and computer science. The papers presented and their abstracts are given below.
A complete simplification package for the absolute value function in REDUCE
Authors: Caprasse H
Published: January 2007

In all versions of REDUCE, the function ABS (i.e., absolute value) is either not defined in the algebraic mode or, when it is defined, assumes that the domain of its variable is the one of semi-definite positive real numbers. This implies that, for instance in REDUCE 3.2 [1], ABS(±X) simplifies to X.
Book review: Programming for Artificial Intelligence: Methods, Tools, and Applications By Wolfgang Kreutzer and Bruce McKenzie (Addison-Wesley, 1991)
Authors: Tinkham Nancy
Published: January 2007

Artificial intelligence textbooks present concepts, history and examples, but they do not always have time for lengthy discussions of methods and tools for solving the kinds of programming problems that arise in artificial intelligence. Kreutzer and McKenzie have written a book to fill this gap. Their book aids those who must solve practical problems, by providing three kinds of information for the AI programmer. First, the authors describe some programming languages well-suited for AI problems. Next, they summarize several of the commonly-used approaches to AI problem solving. Finally, they give source code for an AI programming "toolbox."
Scientific visualization
Authors: Jessup Marsha E.
Published: January 2007

Different perspectives on scientific visualization exist. How it is being defined, the human factors constraining its progress, perspectives of those involved in the activity, and the scientific research it facilitates are but a few of the questions to which there seems to be as many different answers as the number of individuals being asked. To clarify some of the issues, as they relate to the biomedical sciences, an examnation of the makeup of some of the more successful groups involved in the activity is undertaken, and examples of some of the imagery are provided. Both geometry-based computer graphics and numerically-based imaging techniques are discussed.
A framework for using formal methods in object-oriented software development
Authors: Holt Richard , deChampeaux Dennis
Published: January 2007

Although formal methods (FMs) hold great promise for improving the process of software development, up to now these methods have had limited impact on the actual development of software. This note outlines why this is so and predicts how formal methods can be developed and evolved to become useful in practice.
PhD research in object-oriented systems
Authors: Ramackers Guus , Laffra Chris
Published: January 2007

Preceding the ECOOP'91 conference July 17--19 1991 in Geneva, a one-day workshop for 20 doctoral students from European universities (and beyond) was held. This workshop was organised in order to enhance the personal and professional development of PhD-level students who are working in the area of object-oriented systems. It enabled them to meet, to discuss their research, and to develop their working skills. The workshop had an interactive form, where the participants worked in groups.
Brief review: Stochastic Modeling and the Theory of Queues by Ronald W. Wolfe (Prentice-Hall, 1989)
Authors: Finkel
Published: January 2007

This book is intended for a first-year graduate course in stochastic processes, and queueing theory. It is mathematically rigorous, and requires a substantial background in probability theory. The first chapter provides a review of the necessary topics from probability theory.
Modeling and Analysis of Local Area Networks by Paul J. Fortier and George Desrochers (CRC Press, 1990)
Authors: Finkel
Published: January 2007

According to the author, this book is intended for network researchers, users, designers and evaluators, to enable them to make informed decisions about network design and configuration. Except for the lack of exercises, this book could also be used as a textbook in this area.
A first encounter with f90
Authors: Metcalf Michael
Published: January 2007

A few weeks before the formal publication of the International Fortran 90 Standard, the world's first Fortran 90 compiler (
f90
) was announced. CERN was invited to perform beta-testing, and the opportunity was taken subsequently to assess the impact of Fortran 90 on the CERN Program Library.
Hypertext'91 trip report
Authors: Hardman Lynda
Published: January 2007

This was the third US-based hypertext conference (following on from the '87 and '89 conferences) with 575 participants, 450 from the USA and 125 from the rest of the world.
Teaching APL to beginners
Authors: Peelle Howard A.
Published: January 2007

Critical issues recurrently confront APL instructors: How soon to introduce vectors and higher rank arrays? Which Index Origin to start with? What terminology to use? Whether to furnish idioms? Insist on comments in defined functions? Avoid loosing algorithms? Use direct definition? Mention atrophying features? Compare APL with other programming languages? Include extended APL?

Such issues will be discussed, and brief recommendations offered.
Anatomy of the NHFSSTONES benchmarks
Authors: Molloy Michael K.
Published: January 2007

This paper is intended to provide some insight into the NHFSSTONES benchmark operations and how one may interpret the results. This white paper covers the reasons for the benchmarks, the basics of their operation, the differences between the original benchmark and its descendants, and finally some instructions on how to run the benchmark.
Book review: Cellular Automata: Theory and Experiment Edited by Howard Gutowitz (MIT Press)
Authors: Reggia James
Published: January 2007

Cellular automata can be traced back to the 1950's when John von Neumann used them to investigate the possibility of creating self-replicating machines. Today, cellular automata models of various dimensionality find applications in a wide range of technical and scientific disciplines.
Book review: Current Trends in SNePS - Semantic Network Processing System Edited by D. Kumar (Springer Verlag, 1990)
Authors: Young John W.
Published: January 2007

SNePS-the Semantic Network Processing System - has been under development by Stuart Shapiro and his colleagues at the State University of New York at Buffalo since the late 1970s (Shapiro 1978, Shapiro and Rapaport 1990, Shapiro and the SNePS Impl. Group 1991, SNePS Research Group 1991). These proceedings contain twelve papers presenting various SNePS-oriented research and application projects. Quite a bit of the material is system-specific. Since the book consists of a collection of reports related only by their connection to SNePS, this review is also organized on a paper-by-paper basis, rather than as a single narrative.
Book review: Automating Software Design Edited by Michael R. Lowry and Robert D. McCartney (1991 AAAI Press/The MIT Press)
Authors: Reubenstein Howard
Published: January 2007

Automating Software Design
is a compendium of submissions from the Proceedings of the Workshops on Automating Software Design held at AAAI 1988 and IJCAI 1989. The articles have been expanded from their previous, workshop limited, lenghts. The book consists of an introduction, 24 articles in six sections, and is over 650 pages long. Each section is introduced by a roadmap which overviews that section and helps to track the flow of topics through the collection.
Book review: Parallel Logic Programming By Evan Tick (MIT Press, 1991)
Authors: Kearney Michael P.
Published: January 2007

Ten years ago, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) sponsored a conference to announce a national project for a new generation (fifth) of computers. The Fifth Generation Computing Project was initiated to develop computer programs that process symbolic information using logic programming languages capable of reasoning. Evan Tick participated in the project at the Institute of New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) as a visiting foreign scientist.
Animating an actor programming model
Authors: Hopkins Trevor P.
Published: January 2007

Interest in object-oriented programming systems for parallel computing has been growing for many years. This paper explores a concurrent object-oriented programming model known as
actors,
and describes an animation (or simulation) of this model implemented in another object-oriented programming system, namely
Smalltalk-80
. This animation has been used for educational purposes, particularly at final-year undergraduate level.
Book review: Basic Category Theory fox Computer Scientists by Benjamin C. Pierce (MIT Press, 1991)
Authors: Benjamin Paul
Published: January 2007

"Basic Category Theory for Computer Scientists," by Benjamin C. Pierce, is an excellent introduction of the branch of mathematics called category theory, and its application to computer science. As the title suggests, this book covers the basics of category theory, and presupposes no prior knowledge of it. The author motivates the development of category theory with examples from computer science, rather than the mathematical examples found in the standard mathematical treatises on category theory.
Book review: Updating Logical Databases by Marianne Winslett (Cambridge University Press, 1990)
Authors: Kimbrough Steven O.
Published: January 2007

Marianne Winslett's
Updating Logical Databases
(Cambridge University Press, 1990) is an interesting and useful research monograph on the problem identified in its title. The problem, of course, is how to add new information to a database, when the new information may contradict what is already in the database. As Winslett puts it:Suppose that one wishes to contruct, use, and maintain a body of information describing what is known about the state of the world. One would naturally wish to have a means of updating the information as more facts are gathered about the state of the world, and as the world undergoes change. But how can new facts be added to a body of knowledge when the new facts may contradict preexisting information? [page 1]
Needed: a new test of intelligence
Authors: Johnson W. Lewis
Published: January 2007

The Economist,
one of the most influential news magazines in the English language, has been a careful follower of progress in artificial intelligence. They regularly publish articles summarizing material published in the
SIGART Bulletin
and elsewhere. I was therefore interested to note that their August 1st issue includes an editorial criticizing the Turing Test and its role as a measure of artificial intelligence.
Pfortran
Authors: Bagheri Babak , Clark Terry W. , Scott L. Ridgeway
Published: January 2007

IPfortran is a language designed to facilitate the programming of multi-process, data-parallel applications [BCS91]. Based on a message-passing paradigm, IPfortran extends Fortran with a small set of extensions. The duality of the send and receive operations is encapsulated in an infix operator (Section 2) or reducing functions (Section 3). With
system-dependent
message-passing pushed out of sight, code is streamlined and development time reduced. Errors in writing message-passing code are reduced by leaving the generation of the message-passing logic to the translator.
Development trends in methods for efficiency evaluation of ES-based computer systems
Authors: Porotskiy S. M. , Fateev A. E.
Published: January 2007

This paper concerns some methods for efficiency evaluation of IBM-compatible universal ES computers, as being improved during their short life-time. The multi-level structure of computer efficiency is described, and the factors influencing its quantification are pointed out. The measured results are given on the capacity of individual computers with different loads.
SOME DIALOGUE ON SCENARIOS
Authors: Karat Clare-Marie , Karat John
Published: January 2007

In the April 1992 issue of the SIGCHI Bulletin we presented a short article by Robert Campbell on the role of scenarios in HCI (Campbell, 1992). Robert presented a set of distinctions for major meanings of the term "scenario" based on different uses that such descriptions might have (i.e., illustrations of use, sample tasks for usability testing, sample tasks to guide design, and test cases for HCI theory). As an experiment, we asked for comments on this article from SIGCHI readers, and specifically asked for comments from a number of overseas members.
DRAFT STANDARD ACQUITTED IN MOCK TRIAL
Authors: Schrier Jackie , Williams Evelyn
Published: January 2007

On May 29, 1990, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) issued a directive (90/270/EEC) that requires employers within the EEC to purchase and use software products that comply with a series of user interface standards. These are likely to include the multipart ISO 9241 standard, "Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs)." The CEN directive will take effect on January 1, 1993, and allow European employers five years to make sure that computer products in use comply with the appropriate standards. Although many previous user-oriented standards have concerned hardware aspects of computer systems, the standards in question legislate software interface design requirements. Software products marketed within the EEC will need to comply with these standards, regardless of where the software products were developed.
What's in a scenario?
Authors: Wright Peter
Published: January 2007

Robert Campbell's article "Will the real scenario please stand up" comes at an interesting time for me because I have just begun work on a project concerned with HCI issues on the aircraft flight deck and I think I may have come across yet another use of the term 'scenario'. In this domain, the term is used to refer to a detailed and sometimes complex sequences of events. Mission scenarios for example are a detailed specification of a flight plan, a series of aircraft maneuvers and pilot tasks. These can be used to train pilots, or to consider the performance requirements of an aircraft. The term scenario is also used to refer to specific incidents or accidents. So for example, the 'Kegworth Scenario' (Cooper 1990) describes a particular accident that happened to an aircraft in the UK. One of the engines on the aircraft became damaged when a turbofan blade fractured. The pilots, in attempting to contain the fault, shut down one of the engines. What they did not realize at the time was that they had shut down the healthy engine by mistake. Later in the flight they carried out maneuvers for their final approach and the increased load on the damaged engine led it to fail entirely. The pilots were unable to restart the healthy engine they had mistakenly shutdown and the aircraft crashed onto a motorway just short of the runway threshold.
WILL THE REAL SCENARIO PLEASE STAND UP?
Authors: Campbell Robert L.
Published: January 2007

At every phase of its development, human-computer interaction has had its devices for disabling critical thinking. In recent years, terms like "hypertext" and "groupware" have sometimes functioned that way. But such excesses have been countered by critical and debunking literature (e.g., Jones, 1987; Grudin, 1991). I would like to draw attention to another such device: the term "scenario". "Scenario" qualifies as a buzzword because it is extremely vague and has a myriad of uses. Indeed, it probably entered the HCI community from the US government bureaucracy, especially the military, where it remains a popular term for any detailed alternative possibility. Another established use is in business, in which a growth scenario describes the anticipated increase in demand for a product through the step-by-step fulfilment of a marketing plan.
Standards Factor
Authors: Billingsley Pat
Published: January 2007

During the last two years, many Bulletin readers have asked me how they can obtain copies of the draft ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee) standards I've mentioned in this column. I've been able to tell them that ANSI (the American National Standards Institute) sells copies of ISO and IEC standards that have been reached the Draft International Standard (DIS) or International Standard (IS) level of approval. But I've always added that drafts in the earlier stages of development, including Working Drafts (WDs) and Committee Drafts (CDs), are typically distributed only to the people or organizations that officially review them. I have one copy of most of the drafts I discuss but, as an independent consultant, I don't have the resources to produce and distribute additional copies.
Submitting for Hewlett-Packard Company
Authors: Mathis Barry
Published: January 2007

The video "1995" is a vision of computing a few years out. It shows how integrated information technology can make significant changes in the way professionals accomplish their tasks. A variety of technologies are projected to suggest their potential for empowering people, while remaining realistic regarding technological evolution.
DISSERTATIONS: ABSTRACTS OF INTEREST
Authors: Humphrey Susanne M. , Shneiderman Ben
Published: January 2007

The following abstracts were selected from a computer search using the BRS Information Technologies retrieval services of the Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) database produced by University Microfilms International.Unless otherwise specified, paper or microform copies of dissertations may be ordered, using the UM order number, from University Microfilms International, Dissertation Copies, Post Office Box 1794, Ann Arbor, MI 488106; telephone for U.S. (except Michigan, Hawaii, or Alaska): 800/521-3042, for Canada: 800/268-6090. Price lists, ordering, and shipping information are in the introduction to the published DAI. An alternative source for copies is sometimes provided at the end of the abstract.The dissertation titles and abstracts contained here are published with permission of University Microfilms International, publishers of Dissertation Abstracts International (copyright 1985) by University Microfilms International), and may not be reproduced without their prior permission.
Context
Authors: Maskery Helen , Meads Jon
Published: January 2007

This is the report of a workshop on context held at CHI '89. It describes the workshop and contains a summary of the main results which were agreed to by all workshop participants. The bulk of the report is provided by the three 'special groups', whose discussions filled most of the workshop's second day.
Book reivew: Mental Models and Human-computer Interaction Ed. by D. Ackermann, M . J. Tauber (North-Holland, 1990)
Authors: Henninger Scott
Published: January 2007

This book offers some current research on the mental models that users acquire and use when interacting with computers. It is based on the "Sixth Interdisciplinary Workshop in Informatics and Psychology" held in Schaerding, Austria in 1987. Although the book offers little in the form of a unified view of mental model research, it does survey various approaches to investigating mental models and how they can be used in HCI research.
Field research in product development
Authors: Kvavik Karen H. , Fafchamps Danielle , Jones Sandra , Karimi Shifteh
Published: January 2007

Field research (also "contextual field research, user studies") involves users in product development so that their work experience may be understood by designers and developers. The points of view expressed here were first presented in a well-attended CHI '90 SIG on this user- centered approach. Overall, the notion of "culture" pervades our concerns: The corporate culture, the user's experience with computer tools, and the culture of the work setting. The design and development process within a group reflects a culture. Field research is relatively new to the industry. There is a concern about appropriate methods and techniques. A missionary's role can be a precarious one-- how does the social scientist navigate in a corporate jungle?
APL2 implementation of cross-system shared variables
Authors: Brown James A. , Kane Erik
Published: January 2007

This paper discusses the requirement for intermachine communication and how this requirement is met with APL2's cross-system shared variables. One problem encountered in the design is the mapping of APL2's cooperative peer-to-peer communication model onto a client server data transport mechanism. Another is the ability of APL2's sharing mechanism to address applications on other machines. The goal of the facility is to provide a high level of communication between applications running on different machines while introducing the minimum language extension.
Writing Macintosh “applications” in APL
Authors: Julian Warren G.
Published: January 2007

This paper briefly describes some features of a student enrolment and record system written for use on Macintosh PCs using APL.68000. The emphasis is on the development of the interface between the user and the APL file environment. The paper describes and illustrates the development of “applications” which use the Apple conventions and which appear like another Macintosh applications. This is achieved through the use of a series of powerful cover functions which access the Macintosh's primitives for file-handling, event-handling, windows, menus etc. and which use Quickdraw primitives for graphics and text output.
Towards the ultimate APL-TOE
Authors: Langlet Gérard A.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the results of more than 10 years of transdisciplinary work. The initial idea was: can the laws of Nature also been found of rebuilt, independently from theoretical research in Physics (on elementary particles and matter in general), also in the field of Computer Science i.e. Information Processing? Pressing a lemon reveals its juice and stones; if one “tortures” matter, the components of its (first electrons, neutrons and protons, then quarks and gluons at a lesser order of magnitude) may be detected. What will appear if one tries to compress algorithms instead of atoms? APL seemed to be the ideal candidate for such a systematical investigation that led to some intriguing results which first proved to be indeed strongly connected with the conventional laws of Physics, then might enlighten in a new way many apparently-independent observations and studies, in a variety of fields such as neural networks, natural-language and signal processing, fractal geometry, Biology and Genetics inter alia.
Using SCCS to manage APL2 development projects
Authors: Mizel John M.
Published: January 2007

As workstations become more prevalent and networks expand, APL developers will need source control tools when working together on common programming projects. SCCS (Source Code Control System) is a tool found on UNIX systems used in development projects to control changes made to source code and documentation files. Putting a source file under the control of SCCS creates a single file containing the complete source and history of all modifications with comments. There is a set of SCCS commands to access this file for signing out modules for editing, merging in new changes, providing reports, and even recreating any prior version. Though SCCS is typically used for projects being written in languages like C or Fortran, it can be used in the development of APL2 applications.

In trying to use SCCS, there are some problems unique to APL. Specifically, APL's potential to use all 256 ASCII values does cause problems for SCCS. This paper will provide solutions to these problems, and describe how to use SCCS to manage APL2 application development efforts in a networked environment.
APL as a tool for scientific forecasting
Authors: Pakhomov Andrew L. , Kalinin Valery F. , Makeev Boris A. , Zueva Alexandra V.
Published: January 2007

This report is devoted to the possiblity of using APL*PLUS/PC in the creation of a prototype of an Expert System (ES), which in its turn, is supposed to be a help in effecting forecasting and in the determination of the state of the development of different fields of science, engineering, and technology on the basis of the analysis of the Documental Information Stream (DIS).
Jogging with APL along the shortest path
Authors: Sneidovich Moshe , Findlay Suzanne
Published: January 2007

In this paper we examine the classical shortest path problem and illustrate the modelling issues involved in formulating APL codes for a number of generalizations thereof, including
multiobjective
problems. We also comment on APL's ability to cope with algorithms of this type.
The University of Massachusetts TIPSTER project
Authors: Croft W. Bruce
Published: January 2007

The TIPSTER project in the Information Retrieval Laboratory of the Computer Science Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst (which includes MCC and David Lewis of the University of Chicago as subcontractors), is focusing on the following goals:• Improving the effectiveness of information retrieval techniques for large, full-text databases,• Improving the effectiveness of routing techniques appropriate for long-term information needs, and• Demonstrating the effectiveness of these retrieval and routing techniques for Japanese full-text databases.
Gatekeepers in the action structure of software contracting
Authors: Heiskanen Ari , Similä Jouni
Published: January 2007

The case study history of the cooperation between a software house and its client over a time span of 6 years is analyzed through the metaphor of the gatekeeper role. The analysis shows that, contrary to earlier research employing the gatekeeper metaphor, the gatekeeper role in software development work is not stable but changes considerably over time both from the point of view of the software house and the client. Moreover, there seem to be typical recurrent patterns of change for the gatekeeper role for both of the cooperating partners. The analysis indicates also that some of the main problems in contractual software development work may be alleviated through careful consideration of the content of the gatekeeper role in the cooperation phases between the software house and the client. A major question seems to be the decision when the managerial gatekeeper on each side must step aside and let the software developers and user representatives exchange information without managerial gatekeeping.
Stationary likelihood ratios and smoothed perturbation analysis gradient estimates for the routing problem
Authors: Brémaud P. , Gong W.-B.
Published: January 2007

We present stationary and regenerative form estimates for the gradients of the cycle variables with respect to a thinning parameter in the arrival process of G/G/1 queueing systems. Our estimates belong to the category of the likelihood ratio method (LRM) and smoothed perturbation analysis (SPA) estimates. The results are useful in adaptive routing design.
MemSpy: analyzing memory system bottlenecks in programs
Authors: Martonosi Margaret , Gupta Anoop , Anderson Thomas
Published: January 2007

To cope with the increasing difference between processor and main memory speeds, modern computer systems use deep memory hierarchies. In the presence of such hierarchies, the performance attained by an application is largely determined by its memory reference behavior—if most references hit in the cache, the performance is significantly higher than if most references have to go to main memory. Frequently, it is possible for the programmer to restructure the data or code to achieve better memory reference behavior. Unfortunately, most existing performance debugging tools do not assist the programmer in this component of the overall performance tuning task.

This paper describes MemSpy, a prototype tool that helps programmers identify and fix memory bottlenecks in both sequential and parallel programs. A key aspect of MemSpy is that it introduces the notion of data oriented, in addition to code oriented, performance tuning. Thus, for both source level code objects and data objects, MemSpy provides information such as cache miss rates, causes of cache misses, and in multiprocessors, information on cache invalidations and local versus remote memory misses. MemSpy also introduces a concise matrix presentation to allow programmers to view both code and data oriented statistics at the same time. This paper presents design and implementation issues for MemSpy, and gives a detailed case study using MemSpy to tune a parallel sparse matrix application. It shows how MemSpy helps pinpoint memory system bottlenecks, such as poor spatial locality and interference among data structures, and suggests paths for improvement.