bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The precision and repeatability of a custom-made pointer device for determination of virtual landmarks in canine three-dimensional kinematics
Authors: Malek S. , Monteith G. J. , Moens N. M. M.
Published: January 2012

Placement of markers on anatomical landmarks represents a large source of error in three-dimensional kinematics. Our objectives were to test the accuracy and precision of a custom-made pointer and compare it to conventional skin markers in dogs. The pointer was first assessed by pointing at the surface of a spherical marker of known dimensions and position in space. Secondly, a point located cranio-distally to the lateral epicondyle was marked in 12 canine elbows with a Steinmann pin and reflective markers. Ability to locate a landmark was compared between the pointer and skin-mounted marker. The distance between experimental and true locations was compared between the two methods. A sphere was mathematically fitted through 29 collected points on the spherical marker. Centre, diameter and volume overlap of the fitted sphere were compared to that of the marker. A 0.729 mm bias was found indicating good accuracy. Residual values were small indicating good precision. The average distance between the true and experimental position of the anatomical landmarks were 9.55 ± 4.20 mm and 9.32 ± 3.28 mm for the pointer and the marker respectively. No significant differences were observed between the two methods. The pointer proved to be accurate and reliable for localizing virtual points and was at least equivalent to skin mounted markers for the detection of anatomical landmarks in the dog. It should prove useful in the localization of anatomical landmarks for kinematic analysis.
A review of the treatment methods for cartilage defects
Authors: Thiede R. M. , Lu Y. , Markel M. D.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this article is to provide a broad review of the literature related to the treatment of cartilage defects and degenerated cartilage in animals with some inferences to the treatment in humans. Methods range from the insertion of osteochondral tissue or cells to the application of radio frequency or insertion of scaffolds and growth factors alone or in combination. Debridement, microfracture, radio frequency, and chondrocyte implantation are all methods normally utilized when treating smaller articular cartilage defects. Scaffolds and mosaicplasty are examples of methods to treat larger defects. This review will cover all major treatment methods currently used to treat articular cartilage defects.
Surgical management of a Schmorl's node in an Airedale Terrier and review of the literature
Authors: Hillebrand L. , Smith T. J. , Stieger-Vanegas S. M. , Baltzer W. I.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To describe a clinical case of Schmorl's node affecting the lumbosacral disc in an Airedale Terrier including surgical management, short-term outcome, and review of the literature.

Methods: A five-year-old male Airedale Terrier with signs of chronic spinal pain and right hindlimb muscle fasciculation was diagnosed with a Schmorl's node with computed tomography. Repeat imaging performed two months later identified enlargement of the defect in the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) and herniation of the lumbosacral disc into the spinal canal.

Results: Dorsal laminectomy and discectomy were performed and the defect was treated with curettage and stabilization of the L7 and first sacral vertebra disc space with pins and bone cement. Immediately postoperatively, the patient had proprioception deficits in the hindlimbs and decreased right patellar reflex. Over the next four months the dog's neurological condition improved and no neurological or gait deficits were present six months postoperatively.

Clinical significance: Schmorl's node may be a cause of signs of chronic pain in dogs. Successful management may be achieved surgically, although in the case reported here, recovery was prolonged. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of progressive enlargement of a Schmorl's node in a dog.
Development of microsatellite markers for the neotropical tree species Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae)
Authors: Soares Thannya Nascimento , Melo Dayane Borges , Resende Lucileide Vilela , Vianello Rosana Pereira , Chaves Lázaro José , Collevatti Rosane Garcia , Telles Mariana Pires de Campos
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the population genetic analyses of the neotropical tree Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae).

• Methods and Results: Microsatellites were developed from a genomic shotgun library. Polymorphism at each microsatellite loci was analyzed based on 94 individuals from three populations. Eight loci amplified successfully and presented one to 10 alleles, and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.097 to 0.862. Four loci also amplified in Pterodon emarginatus and presented similar polymorphism.

• Conclusion: The eight microsatellite primer pairs are potentially suitable for population genetic studies and successfully amplified in another Fabaceae species.
Development of EST‐SSR markers for Elaeocarpus photiniifolia (Elaeocarpaceae), an endemic taxon of the Bonin Islands
Authors: Sugai Kyoko , Setsuko Suzuki , Uchiyama Kentaro , Murakami Noriaki , Kato Hidetoshi , Yoshimaru Hiroshi
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Expressed sequence tag (EST)–derived microsatellite markers were developed for Elaeocarpus photiniifolia, an endemic taxon of the Bonin Islands.

• Methods and Results: Initially, a complementary DNA (cDNA) library was constructed by de novo pyrosequencing of total RNA extracted from a seedling. A total of 267 primer pairs were designed from the library. Of the 48 tested loci, 25 loci were polymorphic among 41 individuals representing the entire geographical range of the species, with the number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity ranging from two to 14 and 0.09 to 0.86, respectively. Most loci were transferable to a related species, E. sylvestris.

• Conclusions: The developed markers will be useful for evaluating the genetic structure of E. photiniifolia.
Cinquante ans de coopération française avec l'Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Jacquemot Pierre
Published: January 2012

Résumé La réforme du dispositif de coopération engagée en 1998 a obéi à une triple logique : normalisation politique, rationalisation institutionnelle et européanisation. Elle a radicalement modifié la relation d’aide à l’Afrique qu’entretient la France dans ses modalités et aussi dans sa nature. Les préoccupations de développement sont devenues secondaires. Mais le capital d’expérience demeure important et pourrait être mobilisé dans une démarche de coopération renouvelée.
Le phénomène zargina dans le nord du Cameroun
Authors: Seignobos Christian
Published: January 2012

Résumé Combattu par les pouvoirs traditionnels et par le gouvernement par le biais de ses « antigangs », le phénomène de coupeurs de route est né avec les insécurités transfrontalières dans le nord du Cameroun. Guet-apens sur la chaussée et kidnappings d’enfants d’éleveurs sont devenus un mal endémique, appelé zargina . Génératrice de revenus, cette industrie du crime intègre l’économie réelle et passe par d’autres acteurs selon une logique entrepreneuriale au service d’activités de commerce et de transport. Le phénomène s’est fortement focalisé sur les communautés d’éleveurs mbororo qui apparaissent à la fois victimes et acteurs de ces pillages.
L'enregistrement électronique des électeurs au Nigeria
Authors: Nkume-Okorie Ndubueze O. , Chouin Gérard
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’enregistrement des électeurs est un moment clé du processus électoral, trop rarement pris en compte par les chercheurs. Fruit d’une observation participante d’un point d’enregistrement situé en zone rurale dans l’État de Jigawa, au nord du Nigeria, cet article propose une vision, de l’intérieur, du dispositif mis en place par la Commission électorale indépendante (INEC), et de son déploiement. Au-delà de la description d’un ambitieux projet biométrique jamais tenté en Afrique de l’Ouest, ce travail présente une micro-analyse des interactions entre les représentants de l’État fédéral et les électeurs, hommes et femmes. Se dessinent des zones de contestation et d’adhésion au processus électoral et, en ombre portée, les acteurs et les ingrédients d’un succès en demi-teinte.
La domestication de l'impôt par les classes dominantes
Authors: Spire Alexis
Published: January 2012

Résumé Dans les représentations communes, les classes dominantes sont assimilées à ceux qui possèdent un important capital économique. Pourtant, la préservation et la reproduction de ce capital nécessitent des ressources et des compétences qui ne se réduisent pas au patrimoine ou au niveau de revenu, notamment lorsqu’il s’agit d’échapper à la contrainte fiscale. En l’espace d’un peu moins d’un siècle, ceux qui se situent en haut de l’échelle sociale sont passés d’une opposition à l’impôt frontale et collective, à des stratégies de résistance plus individualisées. À partir d’une enquête par observation réalisée dans plusieurs services fiscaux, cet article vise à montrer comment les contribuables les mieux dotés parviennent à domestiquer la règle fiscale en manipulant la frontière entre sphère professionnelle et domaine privé et entre optimisation et fraude fiscale. En retournant la règle à leur avantage, ils obtiennent du même coup la reconnaissance par l’État de la légitimité de leur capital accumulé.
Hicks et l'économie de la dépression
Authors: Rubin Goulven
Published: January 2012

Résumé Durant les années 1930, Hicks cherche à comprendre la crise à laquelle l’économie mondiale est confrontée. Mais à la différence de la plupart des économistes de l’époque, il tente de se représenter théoriquement la situation dans un cadre d’équilibre général walrassien. Le présent article étudie la façon dont Hicks a développé cette approche dans les derniers chapitres de Valeur et capital (1939). Hicks en vient à affirmer que les fluctuations du système capitaliste mettent son existence en danger et forme le projet d’une théorie des cycles qui accorderait une place centrale aux anticipations de prix et intégrerait un scénario d’effondrement du système. Les difficultés que ce projet rencontre dès 1939 sont analysées afin d’expliquer son abandon dans A Contribution to the Theory of the Trade Cycle (1950). Classification JEL : B22, E32, B21.
Remittances, Countercyclicality, Openness and Government Size
Authors: Ebeke Christian Hubert
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article examine l’impact des transferts des migrants sur les dépenses publiques dans les économies du monde en développement. Nous testons l’argument selon lequel, il s’opère une substitution partielle entre l’assurance publique et l’assurance privée qu’offrent les transferts des migrants dans les pays ouverts sur l’extérieur. La capacité des transferts des migrants à effectivement jouer ce rôle d’assurance contre les chocs, est évaluée en construisant des mesures de cyclicité des transferts des migrants vis-à-vis du PIB réel qui ont l’avantage de pouvoir varier par pays et par année et qui sont robustes à l’endogeneité potentielle du taux du PIB réel. Il apparaît que la contracyclicité des transferts des migrants concerne à peu près la moitié des pays de l’échantillon et qu’elle s’est renforcée depuis la fin des années 1990. Par ailleurs, nos estimations économétriques montrent que l’ouverture commerciale, l’occurrence de catastrophes naturelles, le niveau d’inflation et les faibles niveaux de développement économique et financier sont des déterminants significatifs de la contracyclicité des transferts de migrants. Ensuite, sur la base d’un modèle théorique simple inspiré de Rodrik (1998) et d’estimations économétriques à partir d’un échantillon de 67 pays en développement, nous montrons d’une part que l’ouverture commerciale exerce bien une pression à la hausse des dépenses publiques et d’autre part, cet impact décroît avec le niveau de transferts des migrants reçus. Il apparaît en outre que c’est véritablement lorsque les transferts des migrants sont contracycliques qu’ils conduisent à une baisse de la consommation publique. Classification JEL : F24, E62, O12.
Les médias de la Contre-Réforme en France au XVII e siècle
Authors: Duccini Hélène
Published: January 2012

Résumé On étudie ici la médiatisation du message chrétien mise au point au xvii e  siècle, en France, par ceux qui ambitionnent de « convertir » les brebis égarées et de les ramener au bercail. On aborde successivement : le ministère de la Parole dans les missions de l’intérieur, essentiellement la prédication, puis l’enseignement du catéchisme, nouvelle formule pour enseigner les enfants et même les adultes et le rôle de la confession comme point d’aboutissement de la mission. On donne toute sa place au rôle des images comme support sensible de la doctrine et de la pratique religieuse. Enfin, on étudie la place et les formes nouvelles des cérémonies du culte dans la diffusion de la doctrine et de la pratique sacramentelle.
Les prêtres en voix off au temps du cinéma muet
Authors: Barnier Martin
Published: January 2012

Résumé On croit que l’Église catholique a eu un discours d’opposition au cinéma. En réalité, dans la tradition des projections lumineuses de lanternes, les prêtres profitent du cinéma pour propager la foi. Les conférences mêlant plaques et films se multiplient dans les années 1900. Si les projections ne peuvent plus se faire dans les églises après 1912, les salles paroissiales de patronage, puis les salles de cinéma gérées par les paroisses se développent jusque dans les années 1950. Même s’il existe un discours virulent de certains prêtres contre le cinéma, beaucoup d’autres accompagnent les films de leurs explications.
La reconfiguration d'une médiation iconique : expériences audiovisuelles jésuites à Lyon-Fourvière après Vatican II (1964-1974)
Authors: Leventopoulos Mélisande
Published: January 2012

Résumé Au sein de la maison de formation de Lyon-Fourvière, des jeunes jésuites composent un projet audiovisuel novateur après Vatican II. Ce mouvement est ici appréhendé en interaction avec la politique du concile dans le champ médiatique. L’audiovisuel, devenu le prisme privilégié d’une nouvelle lecture du monde, conduit les étudiants en théologie à remettre en question, presque involontairement, la mission apostolique professée par Vatican II. Refusant toute propagande religieuse, ils réadaptent leurs pratiques audiovisuelles au point d’initier une nouvelle forme d’expression communautaire par la vidéo.
Quand le candomblé, religion afro-brésilienne, se saisit des médias
Authors: de Aquino Patricia
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les rites sacrificiels et de possession caractérisant le candomblé ont longtemps été stigmatisés dans l’imaginaire de la société brésilienne. Le processus, tout en tension, de légitimation religieuse du candomblé couvre une période historique relativement courte – un siècle – liée à l’émergence des supports de communication de masse. En effet, les relations des adeptes et des médias sont complexes et ambivalentes, constituées à la fois d’antagonismes et d’éléments de reconnaissance selon les contextes et les périodes historiques : radiodiffusion de musique à matrice religieuse afro-brésilienne tel le samba, publication de photoreportages à finalités sensationnalistes, réhabilitation cinématographique de traditions... Cet article s’attache à examiner les aspects diachroniques et dynamiques d’appropriation des médias par les acteurs religieux, depuis les gazettes locales jusqu’aux réseaux sociaux d’Internet. Seront particulièrement explorés, les évolutions de leurs stratégies de visibilité, leurs modes sélectifs de production et leurs formes de réception.
Les mourides du Sénégal face aux défis des nouvelles technologies, le cas d'Internet
Authors: Bèye Cheikhouna
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le mouridisme a toujours fait l’objet de beaucoup de questionnements dans les milieux scientifiques. Il fait montre d’un particularisme qui reflète le parcours de son fondateur. Les Mourides ont su articuler foi et technologie comme aucune autre confrérie ne l’a fait au Sénégal. Ils s’approprient Internet et les plateformes numériques comme des dispositifs de médiation des savoirs culturels. Pour les disciples Mourides, internet s’est fait lieu de savoir, de circulation et de transmission de valeurs.
Les « nouvelles religions » japonaises et la mise en scène du religieux
Authors: Berthon Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le développement des « nouvelles religions » japonaises a toujours été porté par charisme de leurs fondateurs et l’utilisation intensive des moyens de communication de leur époque. Les médias au service des religions reste un phénomène relativement peu étudié au Japon. L’article vise à présenter quelques exemples de cette utilisation qui est devenue l’une des caractéristiques de ce courant majeur de la religiosité contemporaine.
Tutoyer la mort ? Médias et sécularisation à l'âge des rituels improvisés
Authors: Ortoleva Peppino
Published: January 2012

Résumé Si nous vivons dans un âge sécularisé ce n’est pas dans le sens d’un âge « vide » mais dans le sens que, comme le dit très bien Charles Taylor, nous sommes passés « d’une société où la foi en Dieu ne posait pas de problème, à une société où elle est considérée comme une option possible entre les autres ». L’article étudie en particulier les changements des rituels funéraires dans l’âge de la sécularisation, dans le deuxième sens du mot: leur nature improvisée, intime (« à la deuxième personne »), décentralisée, leur lien au présent plutôt qu’au passé ou au futur. Et leur ton informel, qui les différencie fortement des traditions des rites classiques, même si, en beaucoup de cas, on fait recours à des modèles religieux qu’on pourrait définir « à baisse intensité ». La narration télévisuelle, les séries américaines en particulier, ont su exprimer ce changement de sensibilité, tandis que la télé « globale » a été la scène des plus grands rites funèbre de notre age: ceux de la Princesse Diana et du Pape Jean Paul le Deuxième.
Clinical Judgment Development Using Structured Classroom Reflective Practice: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Glynn Donna M.
Published: January 2012

This qualitative study examined the incorporation of “reflection-on-action” in a structured reflective classroom format as defined by Tanner’s Clinical Judgment Model on the development of perceived clinical judgment and clinical confidence in Bachelor of Science nursing students. The qualitative results described the students’ perceptions of the benefit of the intervention on their development of clinical judgment and clinical confidence. This research was an important contribution to the debate regarding the benefit of structured reflection in a classroom setting. By using reflection in the classroom, nurse educators may influence the education–practice gap and incorporate new pedagogies to strengthen the educational preparedness of nursing students to provide high-quality, competent, compassionate care to patients and their families.
New Technologies for Information and Communication, PWM Remote Experimenting and 3G Networks as Teaching Support
Authors: Silva Juarez B. , Gruber Vilson , Marcelino Roderval
Published: January 2012

Remote experiments may be an important tool to implement new technologies in the teaching/learning process, since it enables experimenting with real plants, essential to consolidate the concepts acquired in the theoretical classes, especially in technical and scientific disciplines.  This article presents the “modulator PWM” remote experiment, its operational architecture and construction. It seeks to demonstrate its integration with theory and the use of the 3G cellular network as a communications channel for remote experimenting. The PWM modulators are often used in disciplines of higher education courses in electrical engineering, telecommunications and electronics. This article shows that it is possible to perform the practical activity completely remotely, via 3G cellular networks or through the internet to access the experiment and perform the experiments needed to fully understand the theories of the PWM modulator.  .This article is a further initiative for remote experiments in the world of different engineering specialties, involving the cellular networks that are rapidly expanding at this time.
Exposure to Nicotine Adversely Affects the Dendritic Cell System and Compromises Host Response to Vaccination
Authors: Nouri-Shirazi Mahyar , Guinet Elisabeth
Published: January 2012

The magnitude of Th1 cells response to vaccination is a critical factor in determining protection from clinical disease. Our previous in vitro studies suggested that exposure to the nicotine component of cigarette smoke skews the differentiation of both human and mouse dendritic cell (DC) precursors into atypical DCs (DCs differentiated ex vivo in the presence of nicotine) lacking parameters essential for the development of Th1-mediated immunity. In this study, we determined the causal relationship between nicotine-induced DC alterations and host response to vaccines. We show that animals exposed to nicotine failed to develop and maintain Ag-specific effector memory Th1 cells and Ab production to protein-based vaccine formulated with Th1 adjuvants. Accordingly, both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines failed to protect and cure the nicotine-exposed mice from disease. More importantly, we demonstrate the nicotine-induced defects in the biological activities of in vivo DCs as an underlying mechanism. Indeed, i.v. administration of DCs differentiated in the presence of nicotine preferentially promoted the development of Ag-specific IL-4–producing effector cells in the challenged mice. In addition, DC subsets isolated from mice exposed to nicotine produced significantly less cytokines in response to Th1 adjuvants and inadequately supported the development of Ag-specific Th1 cells. Collectively, our studies suggest that nicotine-induced defects in the DC system compromises vaccine efficacy in smokers.
Glutathione Reductase Facilitates Host Defense by Sustaining Phagocytic Oxidative Burst and Promoting the Development of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Authors: Yan Jing , Meng Xiaomei , Wancket Lyn M. , Lintner Katherine , Nelin Leif D. , Chen Bernadette , Francis Kevin P. , Smith Charles V. , Rogers Lynette K. , Liu Yusen
Published: January 2012

Glutathione reductase (Gsr) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to glutathione, which plays an important role in the bactericidal function of phagocytes. Because Gsr has been implicated in the oxidative burst in human neutrophils and is abundantly expressed in the lymphoid system, we hypothesized that Gsr-deficient mice would exhibit marked defects during the immune response against bacterial challenge. We report in this study that Gsr-null mice exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Escherichia coli challenge, indicated by dramatically increased bacterial burden, cytokine storm, striking histological abnormalities, and substantially elevated mortality. Additionally, Gsr-null mice exhibited elevated sensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus. Examination of the bactericidal functions of the neutrophils from Gsr-deficient mice in vitro revealed impaired phagocytosis and defective bacterial killing activities. Although Gsr catalyzes the regeneration of glutathione, a major cellular antioxidant, Gsr-deficient neutrophils paradoxically produced far less reactive oxygen species upon activation both ex vivo and in vivo. Unlike wild-type neutrophils that exhibited a sustained oxidative burst upon stimulation with phorbol ester and fMLP, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a very transient oxidative burst that abruptly ceased shortly after stimulation. Likewise, Gsr-deficient neutrophils also exhibited an attenuated oxidative burst upon encountering E. coli. Biochemical analysis revealed that the hexose monophosphate shunt was compromised in Gsr-deficient neutrophils. Moreover, Gsr-deficient neutrophils displayed a marked impairment in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, a bactericidal mechanism that operates after neutrophil death. Thus, Gsr-mediated redox regulation is crucial for bacterial clearance during host defense against massive bacterial challenge.
Severe pulmonary air-leakage associated with bi-level positive airway pressure
Authors: González Valverde Francisco Miguel , Gómez Ramos María Jesús , Ruiz Marín Miguel , Méndez Martínez Marcelino
Published: January 2012

The discovery of a severe pulmonary airleakage (PAL) associated with bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP) is a truly strange clinical finding, even for a very experienced specialist in pulmonary medicine. We present a woman who developed pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, retropneumoperitoneum and subcutaneous emphysema while being treated with BiPAP for hypoxic respiratory failure associated with pneumonia. The pulmonary barotrauma completely resolved after discontinuation of BiPAP. PAL following spontaneous BiPAP is benign and self-limited.
Arachnoid Pit and Extensive Sinus Pnematization as the Cause of Spontaneous Lateral Intrasphenoidal Encephalocele
Authors: AlMontasheri Ali , Al-Qahtani Bandar , Aldajani Nader
Published: January 2012

Lateral sphenoid encephalocele, especially within the lateral aspect of the sphenoid sinus, when the sphenoid sinus has pneumatized extensively into the pterygoid recess, are considered exceedingly rare. We report a rare case of lateral intrasphenoidal encephalocele with spontaneous cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. Computed tomography demonstrated bilateral arachnoid pit, extensive sphenoid sinus pneumatization, and a defect in the superior wall of the left lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated anteromedial temporal lobe herniating through the bony defect.
LASSA: Emotion Detection via Information Fusion
Authors: Yu Ning , Kübler Sandra , Herring Joshua , Hsu Yu-Yin , Israel Ross , Smiley Charese
Published: January 2012

Due to the complexity of emotions in suicide notes and the subtle nature of sentiments, this study proposes a fusion approach to tackle the challenge of sentiment classification in suicide notes: leveraging WordNet-based lexicons, manually created rules, character-based n-grams, and other linguistic features. Although our results are not satisfying, some valuable lessons are learned and promising future directions are identified.
Transcriptional Changes of Blood Eosinophils after Methacholine Inhalation Challenge in Asthmatics
Authors: Tebbutt Scott J. , He Jian-Qing , Singh Amrit , Shannon Casey P. , Ruan Jian , Carlsten Chris
Published: January 2012

Background

Methacholine challenge is commonly used within the asthma diagnostic algorithm. Methacholine challenge has recently been shown to induce airway remodelling in asthma via bronchoconstriction, without additional airway inflammation. We evaluated the effect of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction on the peripheral whole-blood transcriptome.

Methods

Fourteen males with adult-onset, occupational asthma, 26–77 years of age, underwent methacholine inhalation challenges. The concentration of methacholine eliciting a ≥20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was determined. Blood was collected immediately prior to and two hours after challenge. Complete blood counts and leukocyte differentials were obtained. Transcriptome analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Gene 1.0 ST arrays. Data were analyzed using robust LEMMA and SAM. The cell-specific Significance Analysis of Microarrays (csSAM) algorithm was used to deconvolute the gene expression data according to cell type.

Results

Microarray pathway analysis indicated that inflammatory processes were differentially affected. CsSAM identified 1,559 transcripts differentially expressed (all down-regulated) between pre- and post-methacholine in eosinophils at a false discovery cutoff of 10%. Notable changes included the GOLGA5 and METTL2B genes and the protein ubiquitination and CCR3 pathways.

Conclusions

We demonstrated significant changes in the peripheral blood eosinophil-specific transcriptome of asthmatics two hours after methacholine challenge. CCR3 and protein ubiquitination pathways are both significantly down-regulated.
Halogenation processes of secondary organic aerosol and implications on halogen release mechanisms
Authors: Ofner J. , Balzer N. , Buxmann J. , Grothe H. , Schmitt-Kopplin P. , Platt U. , Zetzsch C.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Reactive halogen species (RHS), such as X·, X2 and HOX containing X = chlorine and/or bromine, are released by various sources like photo-activated sea-salt aerosol or from salt pans, and salt lakes. Despite many studies of RHS reactions, the potential of RHS reacting with secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and organic aerosol derived from biomass-burning (BBOA) has been neglected. Such reactions can constitute sources of gaseous organohalogen compounds or halogenated organic matter in the tropospheric boundary layer and can influence physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols. Model SOA from α-pinene, catechol, and guaiacol was used to study heterogeneous interactions with RHS. Particles were exposed to molecular chlorine and bromine in an aerosol smog-chamber in the presence of UV/VIS irradiation and to RHS released from simulated natural halogen sources like salt pans. Subsequently the aerosol was characterized in detail using a variety of physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Fundamental features were correlated with heterogeneous halogenation, which result in new functional groups, changed UV/VIS absorption, or aerosol size distribution. However, the halogen release mechanisms were also found to be affected by the presence of organic aerosol. Those interaction processes, changing chemical and physical properties of the aerosol are likely to influence e.g. the ability of the aerosol to act as cloud condensation nuclei, its potential to adsorb other gases with low-volatility, or its contribution to radiative forcing and ultimately the Earth's radiation balance.
Measurement of turbulent water vapor fluxes using a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle system
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Lehmann K. , Nguyen H. , Jackson D. L. , Wolfe D. , Ramanathan V.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. We present here the first application of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system designed to measure turbulent properties and vertical latent heat fluxes (λE). Such measurements are crucial to improve our understanding of linkages between surface moisture supply and boundary layer clouds and phenomena such as atmospheric rivers. The application of UAVs allows for measurements on spatial scales complimentary to satellite, aircraft, and tower derived fluxes. Key system components are: a turbulent gust probe; a fast response water vapor sensor; an inertial navigation system (INS) coupled to global positioning system (GPS); and a 100 Hz data logging system. We present measurements made in the continental boundary layer at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Dryden Research Flight Facility located in the Mojave Desert. Two flights consisting of several horizontal straight flux run legs up to ten kilometers in length and between 330 and 930 m above ground level (m a.g.l.) are compared to measurement from a surface tower. Surface measured λE ranged from −53 W m−2 to 41 W m−2, and the application of a Butterworth High Pass Filter (HPF) to the datasets improved agreement to within +/−12 W m−2 for 86% of flux runs, by removing improperly sampled low frequency flux contributions. This result, along with power and co-spectral comparisons and consideration of the differing spatial scales indicates the system is able to resolve vertical fluxes for the measurement conditions encountered. Challenges remain, and the outcome of these measurements will be used to inform future sampling strategies and further system development.
Sound Off! Colleges, Tell Us What You Want
Authors: Burkman J. Bradford
Published: January 2012

Three sessions at the Joint Meetings revealed either poor or improving communication between high schools and colleges about what courses colleges want students to take in high school.
Media Clips: Tee Shots; Skin Deep
Authors: Lancaster Ron
Published: January 2012

Students analyze items from the media to answer mathematical questions related to the article. The mathematics involved in this month's articles includes exponents, exponential equations, logarithmic equations, data analysis, linear functions, and regression.
Geometry + Technology = Proof
Authors: Lyublinskaya Irina , Funsch Dan
Published: January 2012

Symbolic geometry software, such as Geometry Expressions, can guide students as they develop strategies for proofs.
Radical Kinetics and Clocks
Authors: Newcomb Martin
Published: January 2012

An overview of radical kinetics is presented, with an emphasis on competition kinetic methods that can be achieved in most laboratories without special equipment. Methods for indirect studies are described. Collections of various radical clocks that can be used in competition kinetic studies and their rate constants are presented. Kinetic tables for some of the more common radical reactions include those for hydrogen atom transfers from group 14 and group 16 hydrides to radicals, additions of radicals to substituted alkenes and other unsaturated systems, and fragmentations of substituted carbon radicals.
The relationship between breast size and anthropometric characteristics
Authors: Brown Nicola , White Jennifer , Milligan Alexandra , Risius Debbie , Ayres Bessie , Hedger Wendy , Scurr Joanna
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

Current clinical selection criteria for mammaplasty use weight‐related parameters, and weight loss is recommended as a nonsurgical intervention to reduce breast size. However, research has not firmly established if breast size is related to body size and composition. This study aims to investigate anthropometric characteristics in smaller and larger breasted women and identify predictors of breast mass.

Methods:

A bra fitter determined underband and cup size of 93 A to H cup size women (mean ± standard deviation, age 25.7 ± 5.6 years, height 1.67 ± 0.6 cm, and mass 65.6 ± 11.0 kg). Estimations of breast mass (g) were made, and participants were categorized as smaller (<500 g) or larger (>500 g) breasted. Restricted anthropometric profiles determined body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio, sum of eight skinfolds, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, somatotype, percent body fat, fat and fat‐free mass, and suprasternal notch to nipple distance.

Results:

All variables (excluding height, subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio, and age) were significantly greater in larger breasted women. Body mass‐related parameters and suprasternal notch to nipple distance were positively related to breast mass, with BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance accounting for half of the variance in breast mass.

Conclusion:

Smaller and larger breasted women demonstrate differences in anthropometry, with body mass and BMI demonstrating strong relationships to breast mass. Measures of BMI and suprasternal notch to nipple distance enable predictions of breast mass and suggest that weight‐related parameters are not appropriate exclusion criteria for mammaplasty. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A possible link between the pubertal growth of girls and prostate cancer in their sons
Authors: Barker David J.P. , Osmond Clive , Thornburg Kent L. , Kajantie Eero , Eriksson Johan G.
Published: January 2012

Objectives:

Among women attending antenatal clinics during 1934–1944 a large intercristal diameter, the maximum distance between the pelvic iliac crests, was associated with a raised incidence of breast and ovarian cancer in the daughters in later life. At puberty, the intercristal diameter of girls enlarges rapidly under the influence of estrogen. We speculated that high maternal estrogen concentrations during pregnancy initiate hormonal cancers in their daughters. Here, we examine the association between the mothers' intercristal diameters and prostate cancer in their sons.

Methods:

Using the national cancer registry we identified 221 cases of prostate cancer among 6,975 men born during 1934–1944 in Helsinki, Finland. Four thousand four hundred and one of these men had their mother's bony pelvic measurements recorded: there were 149 cases among them.

Results:

Hazard ratios for prostate cancer rose as the mother's intercristal diameter increased; but this association was restricted to men who were born before 40 weeks of gestation. Among these men the hazard ratio was 1.27 (95% CI 1.09–1.48; P = 0.002). The hazard ratio was 2.2 (1.3–3.7; P < 0.001) in men whose mothers weighed more than 80 kg in late pregnancy compared with those whose mothers weighed 60 kg or less.

Conclusions:

These findings are consistent with a conceptual framework for the origins of hormonally dependent cancers that invokes exposure of embryonic tissue to maternal sex hormones followed by resetting of the fetal hypothalamic‐gonadotropin axis in late gestation. We hypothesize that compensatory prepubertal growth among girls is associated with hormonal cancers in the next generation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. © 2012Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The human obesity epidemic, the mismatch paradigm, and our modern “captive” environment
Authors: Power Michael L.
Published: January 2012

In the distant past obesity in humans was rare and likely caused by metabolic dysregulation due to genetic or disease‐related pathology. External factors precluded the ability of most people to overeat or under exert. Socio‐cultural obesity came about due to the rareness of obesity and its difficulty to achieve. What is rare becomes valuable and what is difficult to achieve becomes a badge of prestige. The modern human obesity epidemic would appear to represent a third class of obesity: environmental obesity. Much like the captive environments which humans construct for the captive/companion animals in our care, the modern human environment has greatly decreased the challenges of life that would restrict food intake and enforce exertion. And like us, our captive/companion animal populations are also experiencing obesity epidemics. A further concern is that maternal obesity alters maternal signaling to offspring, in utero through the placenta and after birth through breast milk, in ways that perpetuate an enhanced vulnerability to obesity. Molecules such as leptin, produced by adipose tissue and placenta, have significant developmental effects on brain areas associated with feeding behavior. Leptin and other cytokines and growth factors are found in breast milk. These molecules have positive effects on gut maturation; their effects on metabolism and brain development are unclear. Placenta and brain also are hotspots for epigenetic regulation, and epigenetic changes may play significant roles in the later vulnerability to obesity and to the development of a diverse array of diseases, including heart disease, hypertension, and noninsulin‐dependent diabetes. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical note: Comparison of the maresh reference data with the who international standard for normal growth in healthy children
Authors: A. Schillaci Michael , Sachdev H.P.S. , Bhargava Santosh K.
Published: January 2012

The Maresh reference data on stature and long bone lengths in a sample of healthy middle‐class children from Denver, Colorado [Maresh: Am J Dis Child 66 (1943) 227–257; Maresh: Am J Dis Child 89 (1955) 725–742; Maresh: Human growth and development (1970) p 155–200], have been used extensively by biological anthropologists to estimate juvenile age and body size using skeletal elements and to assess growth in skeletal series from different ethnic populations or archaeological cultural groups. How well these data reflect the potentially diverse growth patterns of healthy human populations from different geographic areas is unknown. Similarly, the efficacy of using the Maresh reference data to estimate stunting prevalence in prehistoric populations is unknown. This report presents the results from a comparison of the Maresh data on supine length and standing height to the World Health Organization (WHO) international child growth standard. The WHO growth standard is meant to depict typical human growth under optimal conditions and can be used to assess children worldwide, regardless of ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The results from this comparison indicate that although the Maresh reference data generally conform to the WHO standard, reflecting a normal human growth pattern, and therefore serve as a suitable reference for comparative studies of growth patterns, these reference data are not suitable for estimating stunting prevalence. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: A preliminary study on the influence of physical fruit traits on fruit handling and seed fate by white‐handed titi monkeys (Callicebus lugens)
Authors: Alvarez Silvia J. , Heymann Eckhard W.
Published: January 2012

Callicebusand the pitheciins are closely related; however, differences in their diets and dental morphology suggest that they differ in the use of mechanically protected food. We describe physical traits of fruits consumed by white‐handed titi monkeys (Callicebus lugens) and determine their influence on fruit part selection and immediate seed fate after fruit handling. We tested two hypotheses about the effects of mechanical fruit traits on fruit part selection and seed fate: (1) fruits selected for seed consumption are harder than fruits selected for their fleshy parts and (2) consumed seeds are softer than seeds with other fates. In addition, we analyzed the influence of other physical fruit traits on fruit part selection and seed fate.C. lugensincluded 69 species in its diet, from which it mainly consumed their fleshy parts. It also consumed seeds, alone or with fleshy fruit parts, but most of them ended up close to parent trees after being dropped or spat out. The first hypothesis was supported while the second was rejected, indicating thatC. lugenstends to rely on hard fruits for obtaining seeds, while seed hardness had no influence on fruit part selection and seed fate, contrasting with the pattern reported forPitheciaandChiropotesin other studies. Ripeness was the most influential factor for fruit part and seed fate discrimination. Results suggest a tendency to sclerocarpic foraging inC. lugenswhen feeding on seeds. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry of head and body size in holocene foragers of the south african cape
Authors: Kurki Helen K. , Pfeiffer Susan , Stynder Deano D.
Published: January 2012

Opportunities to assess morphological allometry in small‐bodied human populations are rare. The foragers of the Later Stone Age of the South African Cape are characteristically small‐bodied. Previous studies have shown that during the period of ca. 3500 to 2000 years BP (uncalibrated 14C dates), the regional population shows transient reduced stature, body mass, and cranial size, a pattern that has been tentatively tied to demographic pressure on resources. This study examines the relationships among cranial size (centroid size) and body size (femoral length, femoral head diameter, and bi‐iliac breadth) during the second half of the Holocene (N = 62). Reduced major axis regression indicates negative allometry of cranial centroid size with body size. Residuals (from ordinary least squares regression of cranial centroid size on body size) are regressed on radiocarbon date to examine temporal changes in the relationship between cranial and body size. Cranial and pelvic sizes are most conserved through time, while more ancient skeletons possess shorter femora and smaller femoral heads. The relationship between cranial centroid size and femoral length shows larger and more variable residuals at more recent dates, indicating a greater or more variable disassociation between cranial size and stature relative to more ancient skeletons. A similar, but nonsignificant relationship exists between cranial size and bi‐iliac breadth. These results provide insights into the use of aspects of body size and proportionality in the assessment of health in past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Die Entwicklung raumerfüllender Palladium‐NHC‐Komplexe für anspruchsvollste Kreuzkupplungsreaktionen
Authors: Valente Cory , Çalimsiz Selçuk , Hoi Ka Hou , Mallik Debasis , Sayah Mahmoud , Organ Michael G.
Published: January 2012

Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen versetzten Organiker in die Lage, C‐C‐Bindungen gezielt und unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen zu einzuführen. Während Phosphanliganden in diesen Umsetzungen am intensivsten erforscht wurden, sind seit kurzem auf der Suche nach leistungsfähigeren Katalysatoren für Kreuzkupplungen auch N‐heterocyclische Carbenliganden (NHC), die eine starke Bindung zum Palladiumzentrum bilden, beachtet worden. PEPPSI‐Pd‐Präkatalysatoren (“Pyridin‐verstärkte Präkatalysatorherstellung, ‐stabilisierung und ‐initiierung”) mit sperrigen NHC‐Liganden haben sich mittlerweile als Alternative neben Palladium‐Phosphan‐Komplexen etabliert. Über ihre Leistungsfähigkeit in Suzuki‐Miyaura‐, Negishi‐ und Stille‐Migita‐Kreuzkupplungen sowie in Aminierungen und Sulfinierungen berichtet dieser Aufsatz.
Materials Discovery by Flux Crystal Growth: Quaternary and Higher Order Oxides
Authors: Bugaris Daniel E. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: January 2012

This Review highlights the application of high‐temperature solutions for exploratory crystal growth and materials discovery of novel complex oxides. It provides an overview of the method of flux crystal growth of complex oxides and can function as a “how to” guide for those interested in oxide crystal growth. The most commonly used fluxes are discussed in terms of their applicability for dissolving specific elements and the typical reaction conditions are compiled. A large variety of recent quaternary and higher oxides that have been grown as crystals from fluxes are used to illustrate the power of the flux method to grow oxide crystals containing specific elements.
Fracture toughness of a hybrid‐rubber‐modified epoxy. I. Synergistic toughening
Authors: Abadyan M. , Bagheri R. , Kouchakzadeh M. A.
Published: January 2012

The fracture behavior of a hybrid‐rubber‐modified epoxy system was investigated. The modified epoxy included amine‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) rubber and recycled tire particles as fine and coarse modifiers, respectively. The results of the fracture toughness (KIC) measurement of the blends revealed synergistic toughening in the hybrid system when 7.5‐phr small particles (ATBN) and 2.5‐phr large particles (recycled tire) were incorporated. Transmission optical micrographs showed different toughening mechanisms for the blends; fine ATBN particles increased the toughness by increasing the size of the damage zone and respective plastic deformation in the vicinity of the crack tip. However, in the case of hybrid resin, coarse recycled rubber particles acted as large stress concentrators and resulted in the branching of the original crack tip. Mode mixity at the branch tips led to synergistic KIC in the hybrid system. It seemed that the ductility of the matrix played an effective role in the nature of the crack‐tip damage zone in the hybrid epoxies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012