bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NeoCompiler Eco: experimentação de consenso em blockchain e contratos inteligentes
Authors: Coelho Igor M. , Coelho Vitor N.
Published: July 2021

Este artigo apresenta a plataforma NeoCompiler Eco, com foco em desenvolvimento e experimentação para contratos inteligentes, bem como sistemas de consenso para blockchain. O NeoCompiler é um projeto livre iniciado em 2017, já estabelecido online (em produção) e com usuários em escala global. Ele consiste em diversos módulos, dentre eles: suporte a compilação de contratos inteligentes Turing-completos escritos em linguagens populares para o bytecode da blockchain; testes e implantação de contratos em uma rede pública compartilhada temporária e de alcance global; ferramentas didáticas auxiliares para conversões de tipos e blockchain explorer interno para visualização de transações e blocos; chat interativo para dúvidas entre participantes (globais); interação e visualização gráfica do processo de consenso. Dentre as realizações da plataforma, ressaltamos: apoio a disciplinas no tópico de blockchain, realização de hackathons no Brasil, América Latina e mundiais; apoio à rede experimental "Nosso DLT'' e desenvolvimento de algoritmos de consenso inovadores, como o dBFT 2.0 lançado em 2019.
Um Ambiente de Experimentação em Cibersegurança para Internet das Coisas
Authors: Prates Jr. Nelson G. , Andrade Allex Magno , Mello Emerson Ribeiro de , Wangham Michelle Silva , Nogueira Michele
Published: July 2021

A grande escala da Internet das Coisas exige estruturas complexas capazes de suportar cenários experimentais com escala suficiente para avaliar eficientemente soluções de cibersegurança contra ataques DDoS baseados em botnets. Este trabalho descreve uma arquitetura para o MENTORED Testbed, um ambiente de experimentação criado sobre a Infraestrutura Definida por Software da Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDS-RNP). O testbed cria experimentos com redes de longa distância, tecnologias de nuvem e com dispositivos sem fio inseridos nos servidores do IDS-RNP. O comportamento do testbed foi analisado por meio de um caso de uso que reproduz automaticamente capturas de rede em um cenário realístico para avaliar propostas de detecção de botnets.
Why Rip Matters?
Authors: Čukljević Filip ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to reexamine the importance of Rip van Winkle’s case for the problem of cognitive dynamics. First I shall present the main problem of cognitive dynamics. Then I shall explain the relevance of Rip’s case to this problem. After that I shall provide a short presentation of the main solutions to this problem. I shall explicate the problem concerning the manner in which philosophers who propose those solutions defend their response to the question of Rip’s case. My argument shall be that they defend their response either in overly dogmatic or in circular way. Finally, I shall suggest a way out of that problem.
Traditional food products vs. global economy: Consumer perspective
Authors: Lončarić Ružica , Sudarić Tihana , Zmaić Krunoslav
Published: July 2021

The Osijek-Baranya County at the East part of Croatia, generally is known as lowland region in whose economy agriculture and food industry are of great importance. Eastern Croatia abounds in various traditional products, mainly based on smoked pork. The goal of this paper is to identify consumers' attitudes and behavior towards East Croatia traditional food products (TFP). Furthermore, the model for market power evaluation of each East Croatia TFP is created according to consumers¨ preferences and attitudes results. The research was performed in Osijek-Baranya County in spring 2019. The sample was consisted of 500 randomly chosen respondents older than 18 via self-fulfilled questionnaire survey. In paper is used descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistics. People in East Croatia have a positive attitude to TFP of their region. Survey results related to supply, quality, demand and price willingness are used to modelling coefficient for East Croatia TFP commercialization. This coefficient can help producers and policy makers to decide easier about the most perspective production from market point of view. According to the survey results, production of kulen, cottage cheese, ham, honey and sausages are the most promising.
Mandatory audit of financial statements: Does agricultural sector differ from others?
Authors: Kljajić Maja , Mizdraković Vule , Milojević Marko
Published: July 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to determine if there are any differences when it comes to the type of opinion and content of audit reports between agricultural and other public companies (non-agricultural). Research sample consists of 398 public companies, and this number makes up about 70% of the total number of public companies listed on the Belgrade Stock Exchange. The sample was divided into two groups; one comprising companies from the agriculture, forestry and fishing sector (29); while the second group consists of public companies from other sectors (369). The research results indicate that companies in the first group received unqualified auditor's opinions more often than second group companies. The similarity between the first and the second group is the dominant use of auditing services of domestic companies with an average share of 64.70% compared to the international and Big 4 auditing companies.
Impact of different factors on the farmers' decision to insure crop production
Authors: Miljatović Aleksandar , Tekić Dragana , Vukoje Veljko , Novaković Tihomir , Marković Todor
Published: July 2021

The aim of the paper is to consider and analyze the impact of subsidies levels and other economic and general factors on the farmers' decision to insure their crops. The paper applies the model of logistic regression in order to determine the statistically significant influence of certain factors on the decision of farms. The subject of the research is general and economic data from agricultural holdings in the FADN sample in Serbia for 2018. The sample includes farms that deal with specialist field crops, specialist grazing livestock and mixed crops-livestock production. The survey was conducted on a sample of 819 households, of which 99 households reported insurance costs (12.1%). The results of the research show that with higher subsidy level the probability that farms will insure their production reduces. On the other hand, with an increase of economic size and farm net value added per annual working unit the probability that farms will be insured also increases.
Agriculture in the function of rural development: Case study from Republic of Serbia and Republic of Srpska
Authors: Delić-Jović Mirjana , Gajić Tamara , Rađenović-Kozić Biljana
Published: July 2021

Rural areas in Republic of Serbia and Republic of Srpska, but also in the surrounding countries, are rich in natural resources suitable for agricultural and rural development. The authors of the paper performed a comparative analysis of agricultural development and the possibility of influencing rural development in Serbia and Republic of Srpska. In addition to the available secondary documentation, they used data from FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The authors conducted a survey in the rural areas of the two countries during 2019, on a total sample of 215 respondents, farm owners. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS software, version 23.00. The descriptive statistical analysis gave an insight into the shortcomings of agricultural development, while the paired samples t-test confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of a statistically significant difference in certain categories.
Legal protection of environments in the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Jović Vojislav , Milutinović Olivera , Kvrgić Goran , Manojlović Dragan
Published: July 2021

Forms of environmental protection in the Republic of Serbia, as a rule, include administrative, misdemeanor and criminal law protection. This paper deals with general considerations of criminal law protection of the environment, its significance and position in the criminal legislation of the Republic of Serbia, and the effects of the competent judicial and other bodies on its suppression. The research includes basic national legal standards in the field of criminal law protection of the environment and their chronological correlation. The paper contains an empirical research of statistical indicators within which the correlation of reported, accused and convicted persons (outcome of criminal proceedings) for crimes against the environment during the time period from 2006 to 2017 in the Republic of Serbia was investigated.
Floristic composition of oak forests and oriental hornbeam scrubs on mt. Vidlič in the first three years after a wildfire
Authors: Rakonjac Ljubinko , Marković Marija , Nikolić Biljana , Lučić Aleksandar , Ratknić Tatjana
Published: July 2021

After a catastrophic wildfire on Vidlič Mountain in 2007, which among other things burned oak forests and hornbeam scrubs, their floristic composition was monitored for three years. Phytosociological surveys were carried out in the field using the Braun-Blanquet method, and the results are presented in the form of a synthetic phytosociological table. It was observed that in the stands in which the vegetation was only partially damaged, a shorter recovery time was required to return to the previous state - as it was before the wildfire. The initial stages of vegetation recovery at sites where complete destruction of vegetation occurred were characterized by a strong presence of annual therophytes: Orlaya grandiflora, Sideritis montana, Geranium dissectum, Althaea hirstuta. The first year after the wildfire was characterized by the dominance of annual species of Bupleurum praealtum, Crepis setosa and Centaurea calcitrap, which were not recorded in the monitored stands in the second and third year after the wildfire. In the second and third year after the wildfire, perennial plants and various grass species assumed dominance. It is necessary to conduct further systematic and continuous monitoring of the floristic composition and structure of the oak forests that completely burned in the wildfire, as well as an analysis of the profitability of the restitution of oak forests damaged by forest fires in Serbia.
E forest vitality (ICP level I sample plots) with a special emphasis on biotic agents in the Republic of Serbia in 2018
Authors: Gagić-Serdar Renata , Stefanović Tomislav , Đorđević Ilija , Češljar Goran , Marković Miroslava
Published: July 2021

Dieback or degradation of forests is manifested as impaired tree vitality and it is the result of adverse effects of a set of abiotic and biotic factors on trees as living organisms and complex natural processes within forest biocoenoses. The agents classified into one of these two groups can act simultaneously or successively. The group whose share presents a great risk to the health of forests includes destructive insects or pathogenic fungi. Some insects occur together with fungi and their occurrence brings about a chain reaction that leads to a disease of the most common species on Level 1 sample plots - beech. Identification of the processes ongoing in forest ecosystems requires detailed research into environmental factors that lead to the occurrence of harmful insects. They often include changes in the climate. The next steps are to assess the condition of crown which is affected by this state, to determine the species of these organisms and their biology in general and to recognize other important agents that must be kept under control all with the aim of getting a deeper insight into all aspects of their effects on the health state of forest communities. One way to get a better insight into the state of forests and determine necessary improvement measures is to monitor the health state of forests. ICP Forests monitors the effects of harmful anthropogenic (mainly air pollution) and biotic factors on the state and development of forest ecosystems in Europe. Under the coordination of NFC - National Focal Center of Serbia for monitoring at the Institute of Forestry in Belgrade, the forest monitoring system has been integrated into the state forestry environment with a number of institutions and their associates taking part in the programme.
The assessment of risk zones in 'Topčider' park forest on the basis of the health condition of woody plant species
Authors: Mladenović Katarina , Radulović Zlatan , Čokeša Vlado , Jović Đorđe , Milenković Ivan
Published: July 2021

This paper provides the assessment of the zones of risk for the users of Topčider Forest Park. The assessment was done according to the health condition of woody plant species as determined in 2017, the position of roads, footpaths and parking lots, the age of trees etc. In order to establish the priorities in terms of monitoring and rehabilitation measures within the forest park, four risk zones were distinguished: a very high-risk zone, a high-risk zone, a medium-risk zone and a low-risk zone. The criterion for the identification of trees that pose a potential threat to all forest users (local population, picnickers, recreational athletes, etc.) was the health condition of the leaf mass, branches, trunks, as well as biotic and abiotic damage.
Manufacturing and Business Processes Integration based upon Structured Bill of Materials (BOM) for Logic Based Product Lifecycle Management System (LBPLMS)
Authors: Sharma R. , Kim Bo-ram , Kim Tae-wan
Published: July 2021

In logic based product lifecycle management system (LBPLMS) for the shipbuilding industries, all the manufacturing and business processes are reflected in the structured bill of materials (BOM) and operated through structured BOM, Sharma et al. (2011) and Sharma and Kim (2010). The efficient representation of the product structured BOM and application of the manufacturing and business operations management techniques to adapt products to the high demands of quality and in-time delivery are pivotal to the successful operation in the world of shipbuilding. In this work, we study the data organization and management of structured BOM through various stages of manufacturing and business operations, propose a unified structured BOM skeleton model to achieve automatic conversion of structured BOM to ensure consistency, and provide a unified structured BOM method and technique for manufacturing management and business process integration.
Energy Efficient Hydraulic Systems for Large Engines
Authors: Fellner Andrew , Fischer Steffen
Published: July 2021

High fuel costs, stringent exhaust emission standards and increased engine performance demands are resulting in new “green” solutions to fulfill the requirements of the engine market. Increases in engine efficiency with a simultaneous reduction of emissions is the goal, this paper will demonstrate hydraulic solutions to increase efficiency of large marine and stationary use engines; with the caveat that detailed analyses of application is required to properly apply engine system optimizations.
A Better Means of Identifying and Quantifying the Impacts of Shipbuilding Disruption
Authors: Sheahan Michael F. , Gronwall Paul E.
Published: July 2021

In a perfect world – perfect shipbuilders, perfect ship owners, perfect contracts, and a perfect shipbuilding environment – there would be no issues between builders and owners surrounding the completion of shipbuilding projects. However, in a less-than-perfect world, things do not always go well, and builders and owners sometimes dispute changes in cost, delivery, performance, and other characteristics of the contracts and the vessels. Although may not be possible to create a perfect world; builders, owners, and insurers can take steps to ensure better data are available when it becomes necessary to identify a disruptive event and quantify its impacts.
Development of a Cable Test Management System (CTMS) Application
Authors: Burgess B. A. , Clayton T. , Boday A. , Krimm J.
Published: July 2021

The Test & Trials Department at HII-Ingalls Shipbuilding is responsible for testing specified electrical cables installed on ships under construction at Ingalls Shipbuilding. These tests are conducted on ships which can have tens of thousands of cables pulled, thus HII-Ingalls Shipbuilding personnel must manage a large amount of cable business data. The various tests are performed by skilled Test Conductors using a largely manual, paper-based process to gather and manage the test data. Test & Trials Department personnel maintain these datasets and associate specific Test Procedures to ship equipment operating requirements by cable or circuit type. CTMS required developing two way communications: 1) Between the CN3 mobile device and a windows computer with an Access database containing specific cable information and used as a repository for the actual test results and 2) Between the CN3 mobile device and the test equipment to pass specific test criteria to the test equipment and the test conductor and to capture the actual results. Custom device drivers were written to allow direct serial communication between the Intermec CN3 handheld computer and the Anritsu Site Master™ S820D Analyzer. This setup allowed the team to meet the goals of the project; leveraging existing devices to improve data reliability and expose new potential for process improvement in the cable test environment.
Advanced Robotic GMAW Cladding Process Development
Authors: Purslow Marc A.
Published: July 2021

Weld cladding of carbon steel with stainless steel alloys is common for applications where corrosion resistance is required. While automated gas metal arc welding (GMAW) has been shown to reliably produce clad layers with adequate flatness, joint fusion, and acceptable levels of dilution, porosity defects have been reported as a significant issue. Due to the large volumes of weld metal commonly required, commercially available electrodes are preferred over custom-made products to reduce cost. GMAW uses a continuously-fed electrode in wire form and productivity requirements demand long arc-on times for these cladding applications, making improved contact-tip-wear an important consideration as well.
NSRP-US Navy Initiatives to Reduce the Costs of Painting Navy Ships
Authors: Ault J. P. , Cogswell S.
Published: July 2021

The NSRP Surface Preparation & Coatings (SPC) Panel provides a forum for Industry to work with the US Navy to reduce the overall costs of shipboard preservation. Since 1973, the panel has provided a public discussion forum and sponsored over 100 projects investigating technologies and processes to reduce cost and maintain quality of surface preparation and coatings in the shipbuilding industry. The SPC Panel is a collaborative effort involving representatives from the NSRP member shipyards, private shipyards, public shipyards, subcontractors, vendors, academia, and NAVSEA. The panel facilitates information/data exchange and sponsors technical projects. Project results are implemented through specification changes, process improvements and the implementation of innovative materials and tools.
Large Scale Metal Forming – A New Automated Technology using Model Based Engineering for Reduced Cost and Higher Productivity of 2D and 3D Metal Part Forming for Shipbuilding
Authors: Jones Jerald E. , Rhoades Valerie L. , Mann Mark D.
Published: July 2021

A DARPA Program a decade ago concentrated on flexible manufacturing – which included the development of manufacturing processes which were Direct CAD-to-Part, and “smart” robot/process controllers which had embedded process models and could “on-the-fly” make process adjustment and produce perfect or near perfect parts with no human intervention. A team, headed by two of the authors, began the development of the LITS-Form (Laser Induced Thermal Strain – Forming) process. The LITS-Form process has evolved, partly supported by both Navy and Department of Energy Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR)funding; and, the addition of induction heating has made the process much faster and more efficient for thicker metal. The process is similar to thermal forming using Line Heating – which many shipyards use to make complex 3D shapes. However, there are several significant advances in the LITS-Form technology. The Physics of the LITS-Form system is fundamentally different from manual Line Heating allowing it to operate up to 100 times as fast. LITS-Form can produce parts with greater accuracy than Line Heating, and is faster than conventional metal forming operations such as the linear brake press.
Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloy Thermal Buoyancy Engine
Authors: Livingston Welch Christian
Published: July 2021

Nitinol, a nickel-titanium shape memory alloy, was analyzed for its feasibility as a linear actuator to be used in a thermal buoyancy engine of an autonomous underwater ocean glider fueled by the temperature gradient of the ocean's thermocline. A nitinol mass suspension apparatus was fabricated to measure the displacement of an array of masses ranging from 0:5kg to 8kg as the wire was transitioned into its heated austenite phase, and then cooled back to its martensite phase, thus representing the expansion and contraction of a buoyancy engine piston under hydrostatic pressure. In validation of nitinol manufacturer Dynalloy; Inc: specifications, the maximum stroke observed in this dead weight bias configuration was 4:25±0:24%, only a 6% difference from the documented 4% stroke.
Topics in Development of Naval Architecture Software Applications
Authors: McTaggart Kevin , Heath David , Nickerson James , Oakey Shawn , Van Spengen James
Published: July 2021

Software applications are used extensively in the practice of contemporary naval architecture. This paper describes several naval architecture applications, including ship motion prediction, simulation of replenishment at sea, simulation of launch and recovery, ship operator guidance, and measurement of directional wave spectra using wave radar. Within this context, this paper describes relevant technologies and programming languages that are effective for development of naval architecture software applications. Due to the complexity of naval architecture software, discussion is given on matching of human resources to software development tasks. Software documentation, which can take several forms, is addressed. Verification and validation of software is the final major topic.
Trajectory Analysis of Free-Floating Objects: A Drift Prediction Model
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Slane Jean H. , Winn Robert C.
Published: July 2021

This paper presents a modeling technique for post-mortem analysis of free-floating objects. The basis is a first principle approach using the geometry of the object and certain analyst-adjusted coefficients. Using a known start position and any other know path-point, the model allows an analyst to predict a family of object trajectories and start times. Because there are likely no human witnesses to the damage as it occurs, the question then arises: did the floating object pass the location of interest? This paper describes a model that can perform a hind-cast to establish the likely path the floating object followed.
Condition-Based Assessment of Marine Air-Cooled Medium Voltage Generators
Authors: Warren Vicki
Published: July 2021

The generators in a marine vessel are reliable and require minimal maintenance; however, as the generator ages and because of the harsh operating and ambient environments shipboard generators will develop problems. Ship maintenance personnel need reliable advanced notice of when and where problems develop within the stator or rotor winding insulation system. Unfortunately, traditional off-line testing does not provide this, as tests are done as a part of planned maintenance and under abnormal operating conditions of mechanical, thermal, ambient and electrical stresses. Advances in on-line monitoring have proven effective in meeting the need of maintenance personnel with a Condition-Based Maintenance program for air-cooled generators in marine vessels.
A Comparative Lengthening Study of a Shallow-draft Purse Seiner
Authors: Morrison Brent J.
Published: July 2021

Lengthening has been a common refit in the shallow-draft salmon-seining fleet of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska since the early 1990s. Generally these small vessels are modified without any formal engineering support. Although the 2010 USCG Authorization Act promises to improve the amount of engineering dedicated to small fishing vessels, 88 percent of shallow-draft seiners are too small to be affected by the new rules. This paper is offered as a starting point for owners, builders, and naval architects to seek voluntary and collaborative engineering solutions for future lengthening projects. To this end, this paper describes two prevalent methods of lengthening, quantitatively compares the resulting changes in vessel characteristics with the original craft, and identifies potential problems and solutions. Background information is provided to familiarize the naval architect with the owner’s requirements. It is the author’s hope that this paper could help naval architects deliver an efficient engineering package with a tight scope to budget-conscious owners who are considering lengthening their shallow-draft purse seiners.
Propeller Cavitation Induced Hull Pressure Reduction by Air-Bubble Layer
Authors: Lee Jeung-Hoon , Park Hyoung-Gil , Kim Jin-Hak , Lee Kyung-Jun , Seo Jong-Soo
Published: July 2021

Cavitation generated by a marine propeller is a primary concern among the possible vibration- and noise- sources in commercial ships. By exploiting the compressibility of air, there have been many attempts to form an air-bubble layer underneath the stern-hull surface above the propeller, and consequently to isolate the cavity-induced pressure wave across the layer. However, it could not be popularly used because the cost was so expensive to deliver a huge amount of air for a sufficient isolation performance. In this work, full-scale ship measurements reveal that a significant reduction of pressure-amplitude is possible at the outside of an air-bubble layer, where the isolation effect is not involved. Moreover a hull-vibration reduction of approximately 75% was found to be achievable. Instead of excessive consumption of air, considerably small amount is necessary for a reduction of cavity-induced pressure amplitude, which can make the constitution of relevant system simple. Hence the purpose of this study is to provide a physical proof for such a beneficial phenomenon. By approximating the solution of acoustic scattering from a bubble, we find that phase-reversal reflection provoking a destructive interference is the main reason for a pressure reduction outside the layer.
Development of an Advisory Hull Fatigue Monitoring System
Authors: Hageman Remco , Aalberts Pieter , Shaik Mushtaq , van den Boom Henk
Published: July 2021

In this paper the development of a monitoring system for hull fatigue of FPSOs is discussed. Fatigue assessment is subject to many uncertainties. Asset integrity can be improved by limiting these uncertainties. Continuous monitoring reduces these uncertainties, but requires extensive data analysis. Automated analyses are required to ensure the monitoring data is used in an optimal and consistent way. A joint effort of industrial partners has resulted in a smart data analysis system that shows fatigue accumulation in an easy-to-understand format. Sources of accelerated fatigue accumulation can be identified which enables rational actions to reduce lifetime consumption.
La focalización mediática en los principales informativos de televisión en España en las campañas electorales generales de 2019: partidos políticos versus líderes
Authors: Marín Pérez Benjamín , Pérez-Sánchez Javier , Pop Anastasia-Ioana
Published: July 2021

Este artículo se refiere a la presencia en televisión de los principales partidos y líderes políticos candidatos a la Presidencia del Gobierno español durante las elecciones generales del 28 de abril de 2019 y el 10 de noviembre. El objetivo del estudio es comparar el protagonismo que las cadenas dan en la información electoral a los partidos políticos y a los líderes, y comprobar las diferencias por cadena y según cada proceso electoral. Para ello se ha hecho un estudio sobre las menciones que los líderes y los partidos tuvieron en los informativos de prime time de las tres cadenas de TDT de más audiencia de España en los dos procesos electorales, del 12 al 29 de abril y del 1 al 11 de noviembre de 2019. Las menciones a los líderes y partidos están registradas bajo el análisis del contenido con la voz en off de las noticias y en directo de los periodistas y en base a la rotulación que acompaña las noticias y a las imágenes que se utilizan en las piezas.  Del estudio se concluye que Antena 3, Tele 5 y TVE dan mayor protagonismo en televisión a los líderes que a los partidos políticos. También se extrae de la investigación que hay mayor protagonismo de los líderes políticos cuando la campaña es más corta.
Narrativa(s) en ficción televisiva y cinematográfica
Authors: Otero Escudero Sofía
Published: July 2021

Reseña del libro:Narrativa(s) en ficción televisiva y cinematográfica. COBO-DURÁN, Sergio y LOZANO DELMAR, Javier. Editorial ReaDuck, 2020 Colección Divulgación Manual.  249 pp. ISBN: 9788412011999
PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING OF TRAINING IN THE COMPETITIVE PERIOD IN WOMEN'S FOOTBALL
Authors: Androja Luka , Terzić Veronika
Published: July 2021

Training planning and programming make up a very complex process, especially planning and programming during the competition period. The women’s soccer competition lasts a total of five to six months and is divided into two subseasons.
The competition period is a mesocycle period that is made up of multiple microcycles. During this period, intensive training work is carried out for the football players to reach the highest level of their abilities. Coaches need to know how to manage their sports form for football players to be most ready for the most important phase of the competition. In order to maintain it, it is necessary to conduct training of specific and situational fitness exercises that connect the functional, motor, and technical-tactical goals. The intensity of such training should be very high (80-100%). The share of fitness training in the competition period should be around 30%, and studies have shown that 1-2 stimuli per week are required to maintain fitness abilities, provided the intensity is high. The seven-day microcycle consists of 5 individual training sessions, matches, and rest days. The footballers play 20-25 games of different difficulty and importance during the season. The schedule of these matches determines the dynamics of the load, which means that if the match is important in the microcycle, the lower energy component of the load is applied and vice versa. Coaches and professional staff should be continuously educated in the form of planning and programming sports training, to acquire new knowledge about sports form management in all periods, phases, and conditions during the season, with special emphasis on the competition period.
Evaluation of the Functional, Proximate and Sensory Properties of Cowpea/Soybean Fortified Dabuwa (A Nigerian Dried Stiff Porridge) Produced from Different Cereals
Authors: Jarma Maryam A. , Agbara Gervase I.
Published: July 2021

Dabuwa is a dried stiff porridge made from fonio and maize in the ratio of 1:3, beef fat and spiced with fresh onion and caraway (black) seeds. It is a popular food indigenous to the Shuwa Arab nomads of North-eastern Nigeria. An attempt was made to modify dabuwa not only from maize but also from millet and rice. The cereal flours were supplemented with legume flours, the beef fat content was reduced, fresh onion and caraway seeds were replaced with a dried spice-mix of onion, ginger and cardamom. A 3×2×2×2 full factorial design was scaled down to a fractional factorial design of 3×2×2 which generated 12 runs. Supplementation (cowpea and soybean) was done at a constant level of 30%. Fonio was incorporated at either 12.5% (F1) or 22.5% (F2). Each formulation had the other cereal (maize, millet or rice) added at 57.5% (Ma1, Mi1, R1) or 47.5% (Ma2, Mi2, R2); while traditional dabuwa comprising of 25% fonio and 75% maize served as the Control. The blends and dabuwa were evaluated for functional and sensory properties, and proximate composition. Results indicated a general increase on water absorption capacity (216.76% to 270.34% of the blends) unlike oil absorption capacity (0.97ml/g to 1.09ml/g), and an enhanced bulk densities (0.74-0.86g/ml). Dabuwa samples enriched with soybean were shown to be denser in nutrients than those supplemented with cowpea, though no particular trend was observed. Moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate (by difference) and calorific contents of the blends varied significantly (p≤0.05) from 7.38 to 12.18%, 1.80 to 2.96%, 4.33 to 16. 29%, 1.62 to 6.59%, 2.45 to 9.57%, 53.66 to 82.90%, and 337.12-393.37kcal/100g respectively. Proximate composition of modified dabuwa varied thus:4.86-10.85%, 0.92-2.48%, 10.11-16.38%, 0.96-4.65%, 2.02-10.60%, 58.55-86.54%, and 351.03-421.17kcal/100g for moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate contents and calorific value respectively. Sensory scores revealed that rice- and maize-containing dabuwa were liked moderately, but millet containing dabuwa were neither liked nor disliked by the panelists. It was concluded that dabuwa could be prepared not only from maize, but also from rice or millet with legume fortification for enhanced nutrient density without affecting negatively the well known traditional sensory properties of the dabuwa.. Therefore, production and consumption of dabuwa should be re-popularized and its consumption patronized so as to provide macro and micro nutrients to the consumers and avoid the disappearance of a worthy age-old food product.
Evaluation of Biofertilizers and Biochar on the Plant Growth and Productivity of Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Atluri Saiteja , Thakur Deepshikha , Bukke Dinesh , Ramawat Naleeni
Published: July 2021

The field experiment was conducted in Organic farm of Amity university Noida, Uttar Pradesh, during the kharif season, to evaluate the sole and conjoint effect of biofertilizers and biochar on the yield, growth and productivity of Soybean (Glycine max). The five treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (Biochar), T3 (Biochar + Rhizobium), T4 (Biochar + Azospirillum) and T5 (Biochar + Rhizobium + Azospirillum) were used. Plant growth parameters like shoot length, root length, number of leaves, pod length, pod girth, plant height, crop yield and soil parameters were observed for the effect of various treatments. Among the all treatments the treatment T3 (Biochar with Rhizobium) maximum shoot length (52.30), root length (17.30) followed by T4 (Biochar + Azospirillum) and plant productive are maximum mean of number of pods was recorded in T3 (Biochar + Rhizobium) i.e. 32.6, whereas minimum (30.1) was recorded in T1(control) followed by T4(Biochar + Azospirillum) i.e.32.41, T5 (Biochar + Rhizobium + Azospirillum) i.e. 31.05 and T2 (Biochar) i.e.31.31   has shown significant effect on plant growth characters and plant yield. These results indicate that the   conjoint use of biochar and Rhizobium have potential to enhance the crop performance and simultaneously improves the soil properties for sustainable farming without reliance on synthetic agrochemicals.
Constraints Encountered by Rural Youth for Establishment of Agri-Enterprises and Elicit Suggestions to Overcome Them
Authors: Mubeena Md. , Lakshmi T. , Praveena P. L. R. J. , Nagavani A. V. , Murthy B. Ramana
Published: July 2021

India is with a high level of youth unemployment. Markets have insufficient jobs to absorb young job seekers. The purpose of the study was to identify constraints and suggestions that are faced by the rural youth who are engaged in agri-enterprises. A sample of 240 youth involved in agripreneurshipwasgiven questionnaires. The findings of the study indicated that the youth faced many challenges while establishing their agri-enterprises.The primary constraint faced by rural youth were economic constraints followed by technical constraints, psychological constraints, extension-related constraints, social constraints,and other constraints. The constraints perceived and the suggestions given by the rural youth for the establishment of agri-enterprises to overcome their constraints were observed and depicted.
Virus Diseases of Tropical Crops
Authors: Geering Andrew DW
Published: July 2021

Virus diseases are serious constraints to the productivity and profitability of a wide range of tropical crops. Identification of the causal viruses and understanding their epidemiology is the key to estimating the incidence and economic impact of the diseases they cause, and to devising virus management strategies. Epidemics result from interactions between virus, host plant, vector and environmental factors, and every epidemic can be considered to be a unique pathosystem in which each of the components contributes to the epidemic, and in which none are limiting. Accurate pathogen diagnosis is the key to managing diseases. The main virus and viroid diseases of 18 different crops are listed and pathosystem descriptors provided for each based on the mode of spread, which in turn informs the different management strategies. The Tenth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, which is available online athttps://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv‐reports/ictv_online_report/, is an essential reference for virologists working with tropical crops.

Key Concepts

Identification of viruses or viroids is the key to managing the diseases they cause.

Koch's postulates are applied to establish causal associations between viruses/viroids and disease.

Viruses/viroids are identified by their biological, morphological and genetic properties using classical and molecular methods.

The universal database for viruses/viroids published by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is the resource for classification.

Rapid diagnostic methods rely on nucleotide sequence comparisons with publicly available databases.

Epidemics are driven by virus, vector, host, environment, time and human activity.

The vector–virus interaction is the main determinant of the rate, range, timing and pattern of disease spread.

Viruses/viroids of tropical plants have unique pathosystems.

A full description of a pathosystem is required to sustainably manage virus epidemics.

Management of epidemics can be achieved by destabilising or downregulating one or more components of the relevant pathosystem.
Stretchable and Freeze‐Tolerant Organohydrogel Thermocells with Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance Continually Working at Subzero Temperatures
Authors: Gao Wei , Lei Zhouyue , Zhang Chengbin , Liu Xiangdong , Chen Yongping
Published: July 2021

Aqueous thermocells that are eco‐friendly and capable of converting low‐grade heat into electricity continuously are promising candidates to power flexible and wearable devices in various application scenarios. However, challenges remain in their limited working temperatures, mechanical fragility, and poor thermoelectric performance, mainly due to the reduced entropy of both polymer chains and thermogalvanic ions at low temperatures. In this work, the challenges are addressed by introducing a synergistic chaotropic effect to destruct strong hydrogen bonds, increase polymers’ entropic elasticity, and enlarge the entropy difference of thermogalvanic ions. An organohydrogel thermocell is designed with a chaotropic comonomer and a chaotropic cosolvent. The maximum normalized power density of the thermocell achieves 0.1 mW m−2 K−2, which is in the same order of magnitude as the highest record in current quasi‐solid thermocells. Even at −30 °C, the thermocell maintains the elongation at a break of more than 100% and a relatively high power density of 0.012 mW m−2 K−2. Furthermore, the thermocell shows the potential to light up a light‐emitting diode and stably works when compressed, bent, and stretched in a wide temperature range. This work provides insights on developing reliable power sources to drive flexible electronics continually in extremely cold environments.
Versatile Nanodrugs Containing Glutathione and Heme Oxygenase 1 Inhibitors Enable Suppression of Antioxidant Defense System in a Two‐Pronged Manner for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Zhong Hao , Huang Pei‐Ying , Yan Ping , Chen Pei‐Ling , Shi Qun‐Yin , Zhao Ze‐An , Chen Jing‐Xuan , Shu Xian , Wang Ping , Yang Bin , Zhou Zheng‐Zheng , Chen Jian‐Jun , Pang Jian‐Xin , Tu Ying‐Feng , Liu Li‐Han , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: July 2021

The antioxidant defense system in malignant cells, which involves antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant molecules, is an innate barrier to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Because of the complexity of the endogenous antioxidant mechanisms of these cells, simply inhibiting individual antioxidant pathways has a limited effect on improving the lethality of ROS. To enhance the efficacy of PDT for tumor treatment, a versatile nanoparticle (NP)‐based drug is developed, which the authors call PZB NP, containing the glutathione inhibitor l‐buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) and the heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) inhibitor protoporphyrin zinc(II) (ZnPP) to suppress the innate antioxidant defense system of cancer cells in a two‐pronged manner. BSO reduces intracellular glutathione levels to minimize ROS elimination and protein protection during PDT, and ZnPP inhibits the ROS‐stimulated upregulation of the antioxidant HO‐1, thus preventing ROS removal by cells after PDT. Thus, BSO and ZnPP synergistically suppress the antioxidant defense systems of cancer cells both during and after protoporphyrin‐IX‐mediated PDT in a two‐pronged manner, resulting in tumor cell death through excess oxidative pressure. The results demonstrate that the construction of nanodrugs having dual antioxidation defense suppression properties is a promising route for the development of highly efficient ROS‐based therapies.
Bound States in the Continuum Underpin Near‐Lossless Maximum Chirality in Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Gorkunov Maxim V. , Antonov Alexander A. , Tuz Vladimir R. , Kupriianov Anton S. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: July 2021

Metasurfaces without a mirror symmetry may exhibit chiral electromagnetic response that differs substantially from any type of polarization transformation. A typical design of chiral metasurfaces is based on a complex arrangement of meta‐atoms with chiral shapes assembled into rotationally symmetric arrays. Here it is demonstrated that, in a sharp contrast to our intuition, metasurfaces that break all point symmetries can outperform their rotationally symmetric counterparts and exhibit near‐lossless maximum chirality. The authors employ the special type of high‐quality‐factor resonances—bound states in the continuum (BICs)—that are manifested in physical systems as quasi‐BICs, and allow engineering the coupling of light with resonant metasurfaces to achieve maximum chirality. A dielectric metasurface composed of pairs of rectangular bars is designed that fully transmits one circular polarization of light and resonantly reflects the other circular polarization without any polarization conversion. Proof‐of‐concept experimental results that confirm directly the prediction of maximum chiral response of the BIC‐empowered asymmetric resonant dielectric metasurfaces are presented.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Cascade Enyne Rearrangement and Cyclopropanation of Allenylphosphine Oxides with N‐Tosylhydrazones Accessing Alkynylcyclopropane Derivatives
Authors: Luo Kai , Li Yuan , Fu Zitong , Zhang Ling , Wang Zhipeng , Xu Jiangyan , Yu Bingjun , Wu Lei
Published: July 2021

We disclose an concise synthesis of alkynylcyclopropane derivatives containing adjacent quaternary carbon centers via a transition‐metal free cascade enyne rearrangement and cyclopropanation process. This methodology, started from a variety of allenylphosphine oxides and N‐tosylhydrazones, features the advantage of transition‐metal‐free, operational simplicity, wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.

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Photocatalytic Synthesis of Substituted Cyclic Carbonate Monomers for Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Maquilón Cristina , Della Monica Francesco , Limburg Bart , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: July 2021

An operationally mild, ruthenium‐based photocatalytic protocol has been developed for the conversion of γ‐mono‐ and γ,γ‐disubstituted allyl carbonates in the presence of Umemoto's reagent to afford substituted six‐membered cyclic carbonates. Variation and diversification of the carbonate ring substitution provides access to new monomers useful in ring‐opening polymerization leading to polycarbonates with potentially tailored properties, as illustrated by comparative experiments using monomers with different pi‐stacking capabilities.

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Revealing Supramolecular Interactions and Electron Transport in Single Molecular Junctions of Cucurbit[n]uril
Authors: Wang Ya‐Hao , Zhou Yi‐Fan , Tong Ling , Huang Hong , Zheng Ju‐Fang , Xie Wenze , Chen Jing‐Zhe , Shao Yong , Zhou Xiao‐Shun
Published: July 2021

Probing binding interaction and electron transport of supramolecules bridging metal electrodes are crucial to the design and construction of supramolecular electronic devices. Herein, scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique is employed to form single molecular junctions of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) and their conductance is measured. It is found that the electrostatic interactions of the carbonyl portals contribute to form the molecular junctions of CB[n] family. As the number of the terminal carbonyl groups increases, the single‐molecule conductance linearly decreases as CB[5] > CB[6] > CB[7], which arise from the different interfacial coupling. This conductance order is also further confirmed by calculated energy‐dependent transmission coefficient T(E). The present work provides a single‐molecule level picture of supramolecular interactions and electron transport of CB[n] for the future design of nanodevices using supramolecular assemblies.
Lateral Growth of MoS2 2D Material Semiconductors Over an Insulator Via Electrodeposition
Authors: Abdelazim Nema M. , Noori Yasir J. , Thomas Shibin , Greenacre Victoria K. , Han Yisong , Smith Danielle E. , Piana Giacomo , Zhelev Nikolay , Hector Andrew L. , Beanland Richard , Reid Gillian , Bartlett Philip N. , de Groot Cornelis H.
Published: July 2021

Developing novel techniques for depositing transition metal dichalcogenides is crucial for the industrial adoption of 2D materials in optoelectronics. In this work, the lateral growth of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) over an insulating surface is demonstrated using electrochemical deposition. By fabricating a new type of microelectrodes, MoS2 2D films grown from TiN electrodes across opposite sides are connected over an insulating substrate, hence, forming a lateral device structure through only one lithography and deposition step. Using a variety of characterization techniques, the growth rate of MoS2 is shown to be highly anisotropic with lateral to vertical growth ratios exceeding 20‐fold. Electronic and photo‐response measurements on the device structures demonstrate that the electrodeposited MoS2 layers behave like semiconductors, confirming their potential for photodetection applications. This lateral growth technique paves the way toward room temperature, scalable, and site‐selective production of various transition metal dichalcogenides and their lateral heterostructures for 2D materials‐based fabricated devices.