bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
222RN TŪRINIO AKTYVUMO INDIVIDUALIŲ GRĘŽINIŲ VANDENYJE TYRIMAS
Authors: PLIOPAITĖ BATAITIENĖ Ingrida , STEIBLYTĖ Sigita , VAITEKĖNAITĖ Ona
Published: January 2018

Žmonės, veikiami jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotės, kuri gali būti gamtinės ir dirbtinės kilmės, nuolat patiria
apšvitą. Vienas iš jonizuojančiosios spinduliuotės gamtinių šaltinių yra radonas (222Rn). Tai radioaktyvios, bekvapės ir
bespalvės inertinės dujos, kurios yra 7,5 kartų sunkesnės už orą, jos atsiranda skylant 226Ra. Pagrindinis šio radionuklido
šaltinis Lietuvoje – dirvožemis. Dirvožemio ore esančios šios radioaktyviosios dujos gali ištirpti gruntiniuose vandenyse.
222Rn tūrinis aktyvumas vandenyje priklauso nuo vandens tiekimo būdo ir naudojamų vandens kokybės gerinimo įrenginių.
Gyventojai, vartodami vandenį, kuriame yra 222Rn padėję tūriniai aktyvumai, didina riziką susirgti skrandžio ir plaučių
vėžiu. Lietuvoje leistinuosius radono kiekius gyvenamosiose patalpose ir geriamajame vandenyje reglamentuoja Lietuvos
higienos norma HN 85:2011 „Gamtinė apšvita. Radiacinės saugos normos“ – vandenyje, kurį vartoja 50< žmonių 222Rn
tūrinis aktyvumas neturi viršyti 100 Bq/l., vandenyje, kurį vartoja >50 žmonių, – neturi viršyti 1000 Bq/l. 222Rn tūrinio
aktyvumo geriamajame vandenyje tyrimams pasirinkta Vilniaus apskritis, ištirti 24 bandiniai (12 matavimo vietų), nustatytas
tūrinis šio radionuklido aktyvumas geriamajame vandenyje kinta nuo (0,5±0,1) Bq/l iki (8,6±1,4) Bq/l.
REVIEW: DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT OF BIOCHAR VARYING
WITH THE TYPE OF FEEDSTOCK AND THE PYROLYSIS TEMPERATURE
Authors: MANCINELLI Enrico , BALTRĖNAITĖ Edita , BALTRĖNAS Pranas , GRUBLIAUSKAS Raimondas , PASSERINI Giorgio
Published: January 2018

The present review aims at investigating the influence of the type of feedstock and the production temperature
on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of biochar (BC) from slow pyrolysis. To collect data from the literature,
peer reviewed articles in English published in 2007–2016 were considered. The different types of BC were classified depending
on the fractions of cellulose and lignin and the type of feedstock. A linear regression (R-squared = 0.5) of the mean
values of DOC content (g/kg) of BC was calculated in the range of 350–800 °C with slope (–0.005) and intercept (4.1)
significant at p <0.05. Irrespective of the type of feedstock, slow pyrolysis with temperatures above 500 °C would be a
proper choice for limiting the mean DOC content of BC to values in the range of 0.28–1.01 g/kg.
MAISTO ATLIEKŲ SKLEIDŽIAMŲ KVAPŲ MAŽINIMO BŪDŲ EFEKTYVUMO
TYRIMAI
Authors: Elinga ŽEMAITYTĖ Elinga ŽEMAITYTĖ , MARČIULAITIENĖ Eglė
Published: January 2018

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami eksperimentiniai tyrimai, susiję su maisto atliekų skleidžiamų kvapų šalinimų technologijomis.
Eksperimentas atliekamas naudojant 20 ml dydžio filtrus su aktyvuota anglimi (7 g), su bioanglimi (2,50 g)
ir su keramzitu (6 g), kuris buvo išmirkytas tirpale su mikroorganizmais, taip pat buvo naudojami kontroliniai filtrai – filtrai
be užpildo, kad galėtume įvertinti, kokia buvo maisto atliekų skleidžiamo kvapo koncentracija nenaudojant jokių
kvapą šalinančių technologijų. Naudojamos maisto atliekos – rūkyta žuvis (10 g), česnakai (10 g), svogūnai (10 g) ir
rauginti kopūstai (10 g). Eksperimentas vyko 6 paras 20±1 °C aplinkos temperatūroje. Kvapo koncentracija buvo
nustatinėjama dinaminės olfaktometrijos metodu. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad stipriausia kvapo koncentracija buvo po 6 parų
(22996 OUE/m3). Efektyviausias filtras buvo su aktyvuota anglimi, vidutinis efektyvumas 95 proc., naudojant šį filtrą
didžiausia kvapo koncentracija buvo po 6 parų ir siekė 2105 OUE/m3. Didžiausia maisto atliekų kvapo koncentracija buvo
naudojant filtrą su mikroorganiznais, šio filtro vidutinis efektyvumas – 27 proc., didžiausia kvapo koncentracija –
17224 OUE/m3.
ANGLIES DIOKSIDO IR DEGUONIES TYRIMAI BIODUJOSE, ANAEROBIŠKAI
PERDIRBANT ATLIEKAS, SUDARYTAS IŠ ARKLIŲ IR AVIŲ MĖŠLO BEI
AUGALINĖS KILMĖS ATLIEKŲ MIŠINIŲ
Authors: ZAGORSKIS Alvydas , JACKEVIČIŪTĖ Inga
Published: January 2018

Atliekos – nepageidaujamos medžiagos, kurios dažniausiai susidaro dėl žmogaus veiklos. Jos yra vienos iš
aplinkos taršos šaltinių. Šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje didėjant žmonių skaičiui, didėja ir susidarančių atliekų kiekiai. Kasmet
didėjantys atliekų kiekiai yra viena iš svarbiausių šių dienų problemų, todėl reikia imtis efektyvių priemonių šiai problemai
spręsti. Straipsnyje pateikiami eksperimentinių tyrimų su arklių ir avių mėšlu ir jų mišiniais su žolinėmis atliekomis (topinambais),
sumaišytais su mikrodumbliais, rezultatai. Eksperimentų metu stebėtas biodujų kiekis, metano, sieros vandenilio
ir deguonies koncentracijos periodinio veikimo bioreaktoriui veikiant mezofiliniu režimu.
Atlikus tyrimus nustatyta, kad biodujų sudėtis priklauso nuo substrato sudėties, t. y. nuo substrato prigimties bei mišinių
proporcijų. Mažiausia CO2 koncentracija yra išsiskyrusi bioreaktoriuje, į kurį įkrauta arklio mėšlo, topinambų ir
mikrodumblių. Šiuo atveju mažiausia O2 koncentracija išskiria 2-asis bioreaktorius, į kurį arklio mėšlo ir topinambų, įkrauta
santykiu 50:50.
La caza en el Paleolítico Superior: nociones claves de la antropología económica aplicada a la Península Ibérica
Authors: Quesada López José Manuel
Published: January 2018

Las investigaciones paleoeconómicas realizadas los últimos años sobre la caza en el Paleolítico Superior de la Península Ibérica habrían sido incomprensibles sin la relevante participación de la Escuela de Antropología americana. Este artículo resume la historia de aquellas investigaciones, los principales hitos que marcaron la evolución de las estrategias de caza y el contexto teórico de las principales hipótesis.
Ciudadanía global. Un estudio sobre las identidades sociopolíticas en un mundo interconectado
Authors: Martín-Cabello Antonio
Published: January 2018

Este artículo pretende realizar un estudio sobre la posible aparición de un nuevo tipo de ciudadanía: la ciudadanía global. Buena parte de la bibliografía de ciencias sociales lleva tiempo anunciando el debilitamiento del estado-nación y de la ciudadanía nacional como resultado del proceso de globalización. La consecuencia sería el aumento del cosmopolitismo y la emergencia de una identidad ciudadana global. Esta sería, en principio, especialmente acusada entre los colectivos más globalizados. En el artículo se analizarán dos: los mochileros y los expatriados corporativos. Sin embargo, se intentará mostrar que cuando se utiliza la evidencia empírica disponible existen rasgos contradictorios. Tanto los mochileros como los expatriados corporativos comparten una retórica cosmopolita que no tiene un correlato tan claro en la esfera de las prácticas.
Estrategias de eficiencia en la conservación de lo construido en los espacios naturales protegidos. La experiencia de Doñana
Authors: Rincón Calderón José María , Galán Marín Carmen , Sánchez Fuentes Domingo
Published: January 2018

Es notable la cantidad de edificaciones que han existido y existen en Doñana. Estas construcciones, muy diversas, exponen la identidad del lugar. Han desaparecido algunas de ellas; otras se hallan en un proceso de degradación que nos hace plantearnos la cuestión de la conservación de lo construido en un medio natural singular. En el presente trabajo, se recopila, actualiza y completa la información disponible sobre el estado actual del patrimonio edificado de Doñana y se analiza la estructura de implantación de las edificaciones. Se comprueba cómo ha evolucionado la edificación en el Parque a lo largo de la historia, en qué estado ha llegado hasta nuestros días, cómo ha servido al hombre de este entorno, de qué manera ha desempeñado sus funciones básicas de cobijo y protección del hombre y cómo podrían afrontar su futuro, en torno a las mismas estrategias de eficiencia que las han hecho sobrevivir hasta hoy.
Fortifying Parent Partnerships Through the Black Church Space
Authors: Boyd Libra N.
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the Black Church as a community space for African American families to engage in collaborative activities with schools. The author explores why the Black Church functions as a desirable space for collaborations between schools and African American parents, as well as how schools can make greater use of church space to strengthen their parent partnerships. The author identifies several barriers to successful school-based partnerships including parent work schedules, socioeconomic status, mistrust of mainstream education, busyness of school staff, limited technology access and proficiency, and lack of culturally relevant experiences. The author offers recommendations for expanding outreach efforts with approaches that lean on the social and cultural relevance of the Black Church as well as some of its resources.
Refugee Children and Parental Involvement in School Education
Authors: Kovacevic Zlata , Klimek Barbara , Drower Iris Sharon
Published: January 2018

While much has been achieved in this country to bring about equality for many groups, for refugees it has been a struggle. This chapter explores the state of refugee education in terms of definition and impact for children and families, including coordination constraints. It provides a program-model for working with refugee students and their families within a culturally responsive partnership at Washington Elementary School District, Arizona, USA. In addition, challenges are addressed leading to constant adapting, changing, and improving the program model over time based on the needs of the refugee students and their families.
Culturally Responsive Home/School Partnerships
Authors: Rollins Anita D. , Hargrave Constance P. , Romero-Hernandez David E.
Published: January 2018

To improve academic outcomes for students of color, educators must find new ways to implement change. It is essential that innovative strategies include parental engagement in the arsenal to improve academic outcomes for youth of color. The authors share insights gleaned from an examination of parental engagement, the social capital in families of color, the conditions necessary for social capital exchange, and how to create a climate that encourages G-STEM (growing students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) parental capital exchange. Lessons learned from the work of the authors with the parents and parent components of the program and strategies implemented by G-STEM leading to success are shared.
Causes of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Behanan Steffi Elizabeth , Bhadkamkar Manik
Published: January 2018

This chapter outlines the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of sexual violence as: ‘Any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic or otherwise directed against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work'. Although there are many factors which contribute to our understanding of the causes of sexual abuse, this chapter focuses on the various psycho-social factors that would lead to sexual abuse and the various psychological theories such as cognitive, behavioural, personality and social learning theories that help us explain the causes of sexual abuse.
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Deka Dorothy Bhandari , Jadeja Mansi
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on various assessment tools, interventions and preventive measures which could help children cope up with the trauma. It also extends its focus on few particular therapeutic measures especially designed for children in order to help them cope with the experience. Data from recent researches helps in creating awareness for preventive measures aimed for families, schools and communities in general.
Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Aneesh Kumar P.  , Bhagyalakshmi K. C.  , Foster Jennifer M.
Published: January 2018

The objective of this chapter is to understand the different school-based prevention programs and policies in India. The chapter highlights the strengths and challenges of the existing programs. The type of school, age of children, community perceptions and beliefs, lack of professional support and teacher preparedness are some of the factors that impact the effectiveness of CSA prevention programs. Effective programs have led to feeling of empowerment among children and better wellbeing. The chapter also throws light on the need for evidence-based prevention and intervention programs. The result is the illustration of the need for mental health professionals both at planning and implementation levels.
Sexual Abuse of Children and Adults With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Gupta Sanjeev Kumar
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the incidence of sexual abuse is often reported in children and adults, but these incidences are not uncommon in the individual with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This heinous behavior carries a negative impact not only on the individual but also on their family. The purpose of the chapter is threefold, first is to present a brief review of the available literature on sexual abuse in children and adults with IDs, second is to discuss preventive, supportive and intervention strategies for clinical practice and third is to report a case series, where five cases are described. The intent is to provide mental health professionals and clinicians' information about consequences of sexual abuse and strategies for prevention and intervention. These strategies have clinical utility and can be incorporated while dealing individual with IDs and their parents or caregivers.
Interventions for Sexual Abuse
Authors: Kurishinkal Prathibha Augustus
Published: January 2018

Sexual abuse is a serious social issue with adverse psychosocial consequences in the person who is victimized. High prevalence rate of abuse in both children and adults, no matter female or male, indicate that anyone can be a victim of this hazard. The manifestation of mental-health outcomes is diverse in nature and different across individuals and is determined by complex array of factors. This calls for the application of intervention techniques that are well-established by empirical research to be effective among victims of sexual abuse. This chapter is an attempt to discuss treatment methods established as effective and also other methods that are in use, though with limited research literature on its effectiveness or efficacy, for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other prominent and debilitating psychological and interpersonal effects of sexual abuse. Further, special issues concerning research and practice as well as future directions are outlined.
An Update on Theories and Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Gopalan Rejani Thudalikunnil , Arvind Amrita
Published: January 2018

This chapter aims to provide an overview of the theories and treatments of sex offenders. Sex offence is a major public health and social problem, a violation of human right and has innumerable consequence for the victim, including the community at large. It becomes important for health service providers and policy makers to understand this problem, which is not yet clearly understood. This chapter discusses the concept and definitions of sex offences, briefing on the main theories of sexual offence and treatments. Though many theories and treatments are available, more researches are required for the causes, prevention and interventions of sexual offences to have better clarity in the causes and effectiveness of treatments.
Development of Internet-Based Tasks for the Executive Function Performance Test
Authors: Rand Debbie , Lee Ben-Haim Keren , Malka Rachel , Portnoy Sigal
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE. The Executive Function Performance Test (EFPT) is a reliable and valid performance-based tool to assess executive functions (EFs). This study’s objective was to develop and verify two Internet-based tasks for the EFPT.

METHOD. A cross-sectional study assessed the alternate-form reliability of the Internet-based bill-paying and telephone-use tasks in healthy adults and people with subacute stroke (Study 1). It also sought to establish the tasks’ criterion reliability for assessing EF deficits by correlating performance with that on the Trail Making Test in five groups: healthy young adults, healthy older adults, people with subacute stroke, people with chronic stroke, and young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Study 2).

RESULTS. The alternative-form reliability and initial construct validity for the Internet-based bill-paying task were verified. Criterion validity was established for both tasks.

CONCLUSION. The Internet-based tasks are comparable to the original EFPT tasks and can be used for assessment of EF deficits.
Therapy Caps and Variation in Cost of Outpatient Occupational Therapy by Provider, Insurance Status, and Geographic Region
Authors: Pergolotti Mackenzi , Lavery Jessica , Reeve Bryce B. , Dusetzina Stacie B.
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE. This article describes the cost of occupational therapy by provider, insurance status, and geographic region and the number of visits allowed and out-of-pocket costs under proposed therapy caps.

METHOD. This retrospective, population-based study used Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data for occupational therapists billing in 2012 and 2013 (Ns = 3,662 and 3,820, respectively). We examined variations in outpatient occupational therapy services with descriptive statistics and the impact of therapy caps on occupational therapy visits and patient out-of-pocket costs.

RESULTS. Differences in cost between occupational and physical therapists were minimal. The most frequently billed service was therapeutic exercises. Wisconsin had the most inflated outpatient costs in both years. Under the proposed therapy cap, patients could receive an evaluation plus 12–14 visits.

DISCUSSION. Wide variation exists in potential patient out-of-pocket costs for occupational therapy services on the basis of insurance coverage and state. Patients without insurance pay a premium.
Occupation-Based Coaching by Means of Telehealth for Families of Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Little Lauren M. , Pope Ellen , Wallisch Anna , Dunn Winnie
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the efficacy of Occupation-Based Coaching delivered via telehealth for families of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

METHOD. Participants were 18 families of children with ASD ages 2–6 yr. We used descriptive statistics to understand intervention characteristics and paired-sample t tests to examine changes in parent efficacy and child participation.

RESULTS. Parents identified many areas of child adaptive behavior as intervention goals. Results showed that parent efficacy and various domains of child participation significantly increased postintervention (both ps < .05). Additionally, children showed significant gains in parent-identified goals.

CONCLUSION. Occupation-Based Coaching delivered via telehealth appears to be an effective method of intervention to increase parent efficacy and child participation among families of children with ASD. Occupational therapists may consider how telehealth may be used to provide intervention to an increased number of families, in particular those in underserved areas.
Mirror Therapy and Task-Oriented Training for People With a Paretic Upper Extremity
Authors: Bondoc Salvador , Booth Julie , Budde Grace , Caruso Katelyn , DeSousa Michelle , Earl Brittany , Hammerton Kaitlynn , Humphreys Jill
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE. This study investigates the effect of mirror therapy and task-oriented training on the paretic upper extremity function and occupational performance of people with stroke.

METHOD. This study used a repeated-measures, case-series design in which 4 participants completed a 4-wk intervention consisting of mirror therapy and task-specific training. The intervention was conducted 2×/wk in the clinic and 4×/wk at home.

RESULTS. All participants displayed clinically meaningful improvements in self-identified goals at the end of the intervention and at follow-up. Three participants showed clinically meaningful changes in motor function. Although only 1 participant improved in his reported amount of use, all participants showed clinically meaningful improvements in perceived movement quality at varying points of assessment.

CONCLUSION. Mirror therapy, when used as priming for task-oriented training, can produce clinical improvements in upper extremity function and occupational performance in people with hemiparesis.
The Impact of Future Emission Policies on Tropospheric Ozone using a Parameterised Approach
Authors: Turnock Steven , Wild Oliver , Dentener Frank , Davila Yanko , Emmons Louisa , Flemming Johannes , Folberth Gerd , Henze Daven , Jonson Jan , Keating Terry , Kengo Sudo , Lin Meiyun , Lund Marianne , Tilmes Simone , O'Connor Fiona
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This study quantifies future changes in tropospheric ozone (O3) using a simple parameterisation of source-receptor relationships based on simulations from a range of models participating in the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants (TF-HTAP) experiments. Surface and tropospheric O3 changes are calculated globally and across 16 regions from perturbations in precursor emissions (NOx, CO, VOCs) and methane (CH4) abundance. A source attribution is provided for each source region along with an estimate of uncertainty based on the spread of the results from the models. Tests against model simulations using HadGEM2-ES confirm that the approaches used within the parameterisation are valid. The O3 response to changes in CH4 abundance is slightly larger in TF-HTAP Phase 2 than in the TF-HTAP Phase 1 assessment (2010) and provides further evidence that controlling CH4 is important for limiting future O3 concentrations. Different treatments of chemistry and meteorology in models remains one of the largest uncertainties in calculating the O3 response to perturbations in CH4 abundance and precursor emissions, particularly over the Middle East and South Asian regions. Emission changes for the future ECLIPSE scenarios and a subset of preliminary Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) indicate that surface O3 concentrations will increase by 1 to 8 ppbv in 2050 across different regions. Source attribution analysis highlights the growing importance of CH4 in the future under current legislation. A global tropospheric O3 radiative forcing of +0.07 W m−2 from 2010 to 2050 is predicted using the ECLIPSE scenarios and SSPs, based solely on changes in CH4 abundance and tropospheric O3 precursor emissions and neglecting any influence of climate change. Current legislation is shown to be inadequate in limiting the future degradation of surface ozone air quality and enhancement of near-term climate warming. More stringent future emission controls provide a large reduction in both surface O3 concentrations and O3 radiative forcing. The parameterisation provides a simple tool to highlight the different impacts and associated uncertainties of local and hemispheric emission control strategies on both surface air quality and the near-term climate forcing by tropospheric O3.
Influence of the vapor wall loss on the degradation rate constants in chamber experiments of levoglucosan and other biomass burning markers
Authors: Bertrand Amelie , Stefenelli Giulia , Pieber Simone M. , Bruns Emily A. , Temime-Roussel Brice , Slowik Jay G. , Wortham Henri , Prévôt André S. H. , El Haddad Imad , Marchand Nicolas
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Vapor wall loss has only recently been shown a potentially significant bias in atmospheric chamber studies. Yet, previous works aimed at the determination of the degradation rate of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) often did not account for this process. Here we evaluate the influence of vapor wall loss on the determination of the gas phase reaction rate kOH of several biomass burning markers (levoglucosan, mannosan, coniferyl aldehyde, 3-guaiacyl propanol, and acetosyringone) with hydroxyl radicals (OH). Emissions from the combustion of beech wood were injected into a 5.5 m3 Teflon atmospheric chamber, and aged for 4 hours (equivalent to 5–8 hours in the atmosphere). The particle phase compound concentrations were monitored using a Thermal Desorption Aerosol Gas Chromatograph coupled to a High-Resolution – Time of Flight – Mass Spectrometer (TAG-AMS). The observed depletion of the concentration was later modeled using two different approaches: the previously published approach which does not take into consideration partitioning and vapor wall loss, and an approach with a more complex theoretical framework which integrates all the processes likely influencing the particle phase concentration. We find that with the first approach one fails to predict the measured markers concentration time evolution. With the second approach, we determine that partitioning and vapor wall loss play a predominant role in the particle phase concentration depletion of all the compounds, while the reactivity with OH has a non-significative effect. Furthermore we show that kOH cannot be determined precisely without a strong constraint of the whole set of physical parameters necessary to formally describe the various processes involved. It was found that the knowledge of the saturation mass concentration C* is especially crucial. Therefore previously published rate constants of levoglucosan and more generally SVOCs with hydroxyl radicals inferred from atmospheric chamber experiments must be, at least, considered with caution.
Quality transformation of dissolved organic carbon during water transit through lakes: contrasting controls by photochemical and biological processes
Authors: Berggren Martin , Klaus Marcus , Selvam Balathandayuthabani Panneer , Ström Lena , Laudon Hjalmar , Jansson Mats , Karlsson Jan
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may be removed, transformed, or added during water transit through lakes, resulting in changes in DOC composition and pigmentation (color). However, the process-based understanding of these changes is incomplete, especially for headwater lakes. We hypothesized that because heterotrophic bacteria preferentially consume noncolored DOC, while photochemical processing removes colored fractions, the overall changes in DOC color upon water passage through a lake depend on the relative importance of these two processes, accordingly. To test this hypothesis we combined laboratory experiments with field studies in nine boreal lakes, assessing both the relative importance of different DOC decay processes (biological or photochemical) and the loss of color during water transit time (WTT) through the lakes. We found that influence from photo-decay dominated changes in DOC quality in the epilimnia of relatively clear headwater lakes, resulting in systematic and selective net losses of colored DOC. However, in highly pigmented brown-water lakes (absorbance at 420 nm  > 7 m−1) biological processes dominated, and there was no systematic relationship between color loss and WTT. Moreover, in situ data and dark experiments supported our hypothesis on the selective microbial removal of nonpigmented DOC, mainly of low molecular weight, leading to persistent water color in these highly colored lakes. Our study shows that brown headwater lakes may not conform to the commonly reported pattern of the selective removal of colored constituents in freshwaters, as DOC can show a sustained degree of pigmentation upon transit through these lakes.
The Rofental: a high Alpine research basin (1890–3770 m a.s.l.) in the Ötztal Alps (Austria) with over 150 years of hydrometeorological and glaciological observations
Authors: Strasser Ulrich , Marke Thomas , Braun Ludwig , Escher-Vetter Heidi , Juen Irmgard , Kuhn Michael , Maussion Fabien , Mayer Christoph , Nicholson Lindsey , Niedertscheider Klaus , Sailer Rudolf , Stötter Johann , Weber Markus , Kaser Georg
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A comprehensive hydrometeorological and glaciological data set is presented, originating from a multitude of glaciological, meteorological, hydrological and laser scanning recordings at research sites in the Rofental (1891–3772 m a.s.l., Ötztal Alps, Austria). The data sets span a period of 150 years and hence represent a unique time series of rich high-altitude mountain observations. Their collection was originally initiated to support scientific investigation of the glaciers Hintereisferner, Kesselwandferner and Vernagtferner. Annual mass balance, glacier front variation, flow velocities and photographic records of the status of these glaciers were recorded. Later, additional measurements of meteorological and hydrological variables were undertaken, and over time a number of autonomous weather stations and runoff gauges were brought into operation; the available data now comprise records of temperature, relative humidity, short- and longwave radiation, wind speed and direction, air pressure, precipitation, and river water levels. Since 2001, a series of distributed (airborne and terrestrial) laser scans is available, along with associated digital surface models. In 2016 a permanent terrestrial laser scanner was installed on Im hintern Eis (3244 m a.s.l.) to continuously observe almost the entire area of Hintereisferner. The data and research undertaken at the sites of investigation in the Rofental area enable combined research of cryospheric, atmospheric and hydrological processes in complex terrain, and support the development of several state-of-the-art glacier mass balance and hydroclimatological models. The institutions taking part in the Rofental research framework promote their site in several international research initiatives. In INARCH (International Network for Alpine Research Catchment Hydrology, http://words.usask.ca/inarch), all original research data sets are now provided to the scientific community according to the Creative Commons Attribution License by means of the PANGAEA repository (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.876120).
Sensitivity and identifiability of hydraulic and geophysical parameters from
streaming potential signals in unsaturated porous media
Authors: Younes Anis , Zaouali Jabran , Lehmann Francois , Fahs Marwan
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Fluid flow in a charged porous medium generates electric potentials called Streaming potential (SP). The SP signal is related to both hydraulic and electrical properties of the soil. In this work, Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) and parameter estimation procedures are performed to assess the influence of hydraulic and geophysical parameters on the SP signals and to investigate the identifiability of these parameters from SP measurements. Both procedures are applied to a synthetic column experiment involving a falling head infiltration phase followed by a drainage phase. GSA is used through variance-based sensitivity indices, calculated using sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE). To allow high PCE orders, we use an efficient sparse PCE algorithm which selects the best sparse PCE from a given data set using the Kashyap Information Criterion (KIC). Parameter identifiability is performed using two approaches: the Bayesian approach based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and the First-Order Approximation (FOA) approach based on the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm. GSA results show that at short times, the saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) and the voltage coupling coefficient at saturation (Csat) are the most influential parameters, whereas, at long times, the residual water content (σr), the Mualem-van Genuchten parameter (n) and the Archies’s saturation exponent (na) become influential with strong interactions between them. The Mualem-van Genuchten parameter (α) has a very weak influence on the SP signals during the whole experiment. Results of parameter estimation show that, although the studied problem is highly nonlinear, when several SP data collected at different altitudes inside the column are used to calibrate the model, all hydraulic (KS, σr, and n) and geophysical (na and Csat) parameters can be reasonably estimated from the SP measurements. Further, in this case, the FOA approach provides accurate estimations of both mean parameter values and uncertainty regions. Conversely, when the number of SP measurements used for the calibration is strongly reduced, the FOA approach yields accurate mean parameter values (in agreement with MCMC results) but inaccurate and even unphysical confidence intervals for parameters with large uncertainty regions.
Global 5-km resolution estimates of secondary evaporation including irrigation through satellite data assimilation
Authors: van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Schellekens Jaap , Yebra Marta , Beck Hylke E. , Renzullo Luigi J. , Weerts Albrecht , Donchyts Gennadii
Published: January 2018

Abstract. A portion of globally generated surface and groundwater resources evaporates from wetlands, water bodies and irrigated areas. This secondary evaporation of blue water directly affects the remaining water resources available for ecosystems and human use. At the global scale, a lack of detailed water balance studies and direct observations limits our understanding of the magnitude and spatial and temporal distribution of secondary evaporation. Here, we propose a methodology to assimilate satellite-derived information into the landscape hydrological model W3 at an unprecedented 0.05° or c. 5 km resolution globally. The assimilated data are all derived from MODIS observations, including surface water extent, surface albedo, vegetation cover, leaf area index, canopy conductance, and land surface temperature (LST). The information from these products is imparted on the model in a simple but efficient manner, through a combination of direct insertion of surface water extent, evaporation flux adjustment based on LST, and parameter nudging for the other observations. The resulting water balance estimates were evaluated against river basin discharge records and the water balance of closed basins and demonstrably improved water balance estimates compared to ignoring secondary evaporation (e.g., bias improved from +38 mm/d to +2 mm/d). The evaporation estimates derived from assimilation were combined with global mapping of irrigation crops to derive a minimum estimate of irrigation water requirements (I0), representative of optimal irrigation efficiency. Our I0 estimates were lower than published country-level estimates of irrigation water use produced by alternative estimation methods, for reasons that are discussed. We estimate that 16 % of globally generated water resources evaporate before reaching the oceans, enhancing total terrestrial evaporation by 6.1 • 1012 m3 y−1 or 8.8 %. Of this volume, 5 % is evaporated from irrigation areas, 58% from terrestrial water bodies and 37 % from other surfaces. Model-data assimilation at even higher spatial resolutions can achieve a further reduction in uncertainty but will require more accurate and detailed mapping of surface water dynamics and areas equipped for irrigation.
Single-sided NMR for the measurement of the degree of cross-linking and curing
Authors: Halmen Norbert , Kugler Christoph , Kraus Eduard , Baudrit Benjamin , Hochrein Thomas , Bastian Martin
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The degree of cross-linking and curing is one of the most important values
concerning the quality of cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and the
functionality of adhesives and resin-based components. Up to now, the
measurement of this property has mostly been time-consuming and usually
destructive. Within the shown work the feasibility of single-sided nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) for the non-destructive determination of the degree
of cross-linking and curing as process monitoring was investigated. First
results indicate the possibility of distinguishing between PE-X samples with
different degrees of cross-linking. The homogeneity of the samples and the
curing kinetics of adhesives can also be monitored. The measurements show
good agreement with reference tests (wet chemical analysis, differential
scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis). Furthermore, the influence of
sample temperature on the characteristic relaxation times can be observed.
Ensemble projection of the sea level rise impact on storm surge and inundation at the coast of Bangladesh
Authors: Jisan Mansur Ali , Bao Shaowu , Pietrafesa Leonard J.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The hydrodynamic model Delft3D is used to study the impact of sea level rise (SLR) on storm surge and inundation in the coastal region of Bangladesh. To study the present-day inundation scenario, the tracks of two known tropical cyclones (TC) were used: Aila (Category 1; 2009) and Sidr (Category 5; 2007). Model results were validated with the available observations. Future inundation scenarios were generated by using the strength of TC Sidr, TC Aila and an ensemble of historical TC tracks but incorporating the effect of SLR. Since future change in storm surge inundation under SLR impact is a probabilistic incident, a probable range of future change in the inundated area was calculated by taking into consideration the uncertainties associated with TC tracks, intensities and landfall timing. The model outputs showed that the inundated area for TC Sidr, which was calculated as 1860 km2, would become 31 % larger than the present-day scenario if a SLR of 0.26 m occurred during the mid-21st-century climate scenario. Similarly to that, an increasing trend was found for the end-21st-century climate scenario. It was found that with a SLR of 0.54 m, the inundated area would become 53 % larger than the present-day case. Along with the inundation area, the impact of SLR was examined for changes in future storm surge level. A significant increase of 14 % was found in storm surge level for the case of TC Sidr at Barisal station if a SLR of 0.26 m occurred in the mid-21st century. Similarly to that, an increase of 29 % was found at storm surge level with a SLR of 0.54 m in this location for the end-21st-century climate scenario. Ensemble projections based on uncertainties of future TC events also showed that, for a change of 0.54 m in SLR, the inundated area would range between 3500 and 3750 km2, whereas for present-day SLR simulations it was found within the range of 1000–1250 km2. These results revealed that even if the future TCs remain at the same strength as at present, the projected changes in SLR will generate more severe threats in terms of surge height and the extent of the inundated area.
Extreme heat in India and anthropogenic climate change
Authors: van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , Philip Sjoukje , Kew Sarah , van Weele Michiel , Uhe Peter , Otto Friederike , Singh Roop , Pai Indrani , Cullen Heidi , AchutaRao Krishna
Published: January 2018

Abstract. On 19 May 2016 the afternoon temperature reached 51.0 °C in Phalodi in the northwest of India – a new record for the highest observed maximum temperature in India. The previous year, a widely reported very lethal heat wave occurred in the southeast, in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, killing thousands of people. In both cases it was widely assumed that the probability and severity of heat waves in India are increasing due to global warming, as they do in other parts of the world. However, we do not find positive trends in the highest maximum temperature of the year in most of India since the 1970s (except spurious trends due to missing data). Decadal variability cannot explain this, but both increased air pollution with aerosols blocking sunlight and increased irrigation leading to evaporative cooling have counteracted the effect of greenhouse gases up to now. Current climate models do not represent these processes well and hence cannot be used to attribute heat waves in this area. The health effects of heat are often described better by a combination of temperature and humidity, such as a heat index or wet bulb temperature. Due to the increase in humidity from irrigation and higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs), these indices have increased over the last decades even when extreme temperatures have not. The extreme air pollution also exacerbates the health impacts of heat. From these factors it follows that, from a health impact point of view, the severity of heat waves has increased in India. For the next decades we expect the trend due to global warming to continue but the surface cooling effect of aerosols to diminish as air quality controls are implemented. The expansion of irrigation will likely continue, though at a slower pace, mitigating this trend somewhat. Humidity will probably continue to rise. The combination will result in a strong rise in the temperature of heat waves. The high humidity will make health effects worse, whereas decreased air pollution would decrease the impacts.
Forecasting post-failure landslide mobility using a SPH model and data from ring shear strength tests: A case study
Authors: Yu Miao , Huang Yu , Deng Wenbin , Cheng Hualin
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Flowlike landslides, such as flowslides and debris avalanches, have caused serious infrastructure damage and casualties for centuries. Effective numerical simulation incorporating accurate soil mechanical parameters is essential for predicting post-failure landslide mobility. In this study, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) incorporating soil ring shear test results was used to forecast the long-runout mobility for a landslide on an unstable slope in China. First, a series of ring shear tests under different axial stresses and shear velocities were conducted to evaluate the residual shear strength of slip zones after extensive shear deformation. Based on the ring shear test results, SPH modeling was conducted to predict the post-failure mobility of a previously identified unstable slope. The results indicate that the landslide would cut a fire road on the slope after 12 s and cover an expressway at the foot of that slope after 36 s. In the model, the landslide would finally stop sliding about 25 m beyond the foot of the slope after 120 s. This study shows that combining the SPH method with ring shear test results to forecast landslide mobility can provide basic information for landside disaster mitigation.
Ensemble Variational Assimilation as a Probabilistic Estimator. Part II: The fully non-linear case
Authors: Jardak Mohamed , Talagrand Olivier
Published: January 2018

Abstract. In Part II, the method of Ensemble Variational Assimilation (EnsVAR) is implemented in fully nonlinear conditions on the Lorenz-96 chaotic 40-parameter model. In the case of strong-constraint assimilation, it requires to be used in association with the method of Quasi-Static Variational Assimilation (QSVA). It then produces ensembles which possess as much reliability and resolution as in the linear case, and its performance is at least as good as that of Ensemble Kalman Filter and Particle Filter. On the other hand, ensembles consisting of solutions that correspond to the absolute minimum of the objective function (as identified from the minimizations without QSVA) are signif- icantly biased. In the case of weak-constraint assimilation, EnsVAR is fully successful without need to resort to QSVA.
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Stephen Lomber
Authors: Ying Shengjie
Published: January 2018

Dr. Stephen Lomber is a professor at The University of Western Ontario in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. He completed his Bachelor of Science at The University of Rochester followed by his Ph.D. at the Boston University School of Medicine and he currently holds the Canada Research Chair in Brain Plasticity and Development. Dr. Lomber’s research revolves around the influence of experience on brain development and adaptive neuroplasticity. His lab studies how the brain changes following hearing loss and the changes that occur after a cochlear implantation. In addition, Dr. Lomber is a dedicated professor who teaches undergraduate courses in neuroscience and physiology. Shengjie Ying, a member of the WURJ Academic Affairs Committee, interviewed Dr. Lomber about his career path to Western, passion for teaching, and advice for students.
Equilibrios inventados: entre lo local y lo global en el dibujo juvenil en Europa, Asia y Oceanía
Authors: Sanz-Lobo Estefanía , Romero-González Antonio P.
Published: January 2018

Este artículo recoge los hallazgos más importantes de un proyecto de investigación financiado por diversas entidades (CAM, Banco Santander, Caja Madrid), realizado en varias fases en colaboración con universidades de España, Japón, Taiwán, Corea del Sur, Suiza y Australia. Con la finalidad de estudiar la existencia de una cultura juvenil global, y la pervivencia de las culturas locales en las producciones artísticas de jóvenes en diferentes lugares, se recogieron y analizaron cerca de 3000 dibujos de niños y adolescentes de seis países. Los resultados mostraron que hay una variedad de combinaciones y equilibrios entre lo local y lo global que se manifiesta en los contextos culturales que hemos investigado. El descubrimiento del uso por los jóvenes de lo local como contrapeso de lo global es la mayor aportación de nuestra investigación: en sus dibujos aparecen, junto a los elementos de la cultura global, localismos en forma de referencias directas a estilos artísticos y a modos de vida.
The Study of Financial Condition and Credit Institutions in Iran
Authors: Niavand Hossein , Nia Farzaneh Haghighat
Published: January 2018

This paper examines that financial conditions and credit institutions in Iran, Credit institutions; non-governmental and public economic institutions in Iran agreed in principle with the central bank are established and engaged in banking operations. A “credit union institution” that by attracting deposits allowed the bank (excluding deposit interest-free loan current), obtaining loans and other financial instruments to mobilize resources, Venture and the resources to grant credit facilities assigned or in any other manner to the recognition of the central bank, an intermediary between suppliers and applicants have the financial resources. We show that the financial condition and credit institutions are possible or not, and the result will be institutions offering appropriate solutions.
Comparison Analysis of Airline Energy Efficiency Under Weak Disposability and Strong Disposability Using a Virtual Frontier Slack–Based Measure Model
Authors: Cui Qiang , Li Ye , Wei Yi-Ming
Published: January 2018

In this article, the energy efficiency of airlines has been studied with number of employees, capital stock, and tons of aviation kerosene as the inputs and revenue tonne kilometers, revenue passenger kilometers, total business income, and CO2 emission as the outputs. Two new models, Virtual Frontier SBM (slack-based measure) with strong disposability and Virtual Frontier SBM with weak disposability, are proposed to calculate the energy efficiencies of 22 airlines from 2008 to 2012. We prove two important properties of Virtual Frontier SBM, which can show its advantages over traditional model. The main findings are (1) Scandinavian Airlines has the largest average energy efficiency in the period both in strong disposability and weak disposability; and (2) CO2 emission has significant impacts on energy efficiency change in strong disposability, while it has little impact in weak disposability.