bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by a warm IgA autoantibody directed against the third loop of band 3 (RBC anion‐exchange protein 1)
Authors: Janvier Daniel , Sellami Fatiha , Missud Florence , Fenneteau Odile , Vilmer Etienne , Cartron Jeannine , Rohrlich Pierre
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with only IgA autoantibodies reacting optimally at 37°C (WAIHA) is exceedingly rare. When identified, warm IgA autoantibodies specificities are usually directed to antigens of the Rh system. However, like IgG autoantibodies, the specificity of the majority of these antibodies is not identified.

CASE REPORT : A case of a 3‐year‐old boy in whom a life‐threatening IgA WAIHA occurred suddenly is reported. Following initial RBC transfusions and treatment with steroids at a dose of 3 mg per kg, which was slowly tapered, stabilization to a state of compensated hemolysis was achieved, persisting 4 months before complete resolution. There was no recurrence within a 16‐month follow‐up.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The standard DAT in a gel column method with anti‐IgG and anticomplement reagents was negative. However, the same method with an anti‐IgA was strongly positive.

RESULTS : The serum and the eluate obtained after acid elution reacted with all normal RBCs tested. Enzymatic treatment of panel RBCs by α‐chymotrypsin and pronase abolished the reactivity. The reaction was completely inhibited by RBC incubation with four different MoAbs directed against the third extracellular loop of band 3, the RBC anion‐exchange protein 1 (AE1), whereas MoAbs against other specificities showed no effect.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of an IgA autoantibody directed against the band 3 (AE1) protein and, more specifically, against the third loop. Moreover, this case underlines the importance of including IgA research in the initial diagnostic evaluation when a hemolytic anemia is suspected to be autoimmune and when IgG and complement are not detected on the patient's RBCs.
Attitudes toward blood donation incentives in the United States: implications for donor recruitment
Authors: Glynn Simone A. , Williams Alan E. , Nass Catharie C. , Bethel James , Kessler Debra , Scott Edward P. , Fridey Joy , Kleinman Steven H. , Schreiber George B. ,   Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The potential effectiveness of various donation incentive programs may vary by demographics, first‐time or repeat status, and collection site.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Attitudes toward future incentives were obtained from a 1998 anonymous survey sent to 92,581 US blood donors. Responses (encouraged, discouraged, no difference) to incentives were compared within demographic groups, donations sites, and between first‐time and repeat community whole‐blood (WB) donors using chi‐square tests and logistic regressions adjusted for sample design.

RESULTS : Incentives most likely to encourage donation return among all 45,588 WB respondents were blood credits (61%), cholesterol screening (61%), and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening (73% of men). Younger donors (≤25 years old) were 4 to 5 times more likely to be encouraged to donate if offered compensatory incentives (tickets to events, discounts or lottery and/or raffle tickets), gifts, or a token of appreciation than were those donors older than 55. This age effect influenced positive attitudes toward incentives in first‐time donors and in donors giving at schools, universities, or military sites. Among all donors, up to 7 to 9 percent reported they would be discouraged to return if offered compensatory incentives.

CONCLUSIONS : Blood credits and cholesterol and PSA screening would be well received at all donation sites. Gifts, compensatory incentives, and tokens of appreciation appeal more to younger donors. These data may allow blood centers to optimize recruitment by tailoring limited incentive resources more effectively.
Delayed Afterdepolarization Inhibitor: A Potential Pharmacologic Intervention to Improve Defibrillation Efficacy
Authors: CHATTIPAKORN NIPON , IDEKER RAYMOND E.
Published: March 2003

DAD Inhibitor Improves Defibrillation. Introduction: Electrical and optical mapping studies of defibrillation have demonstrated that following shocks of strength near the defibrillation threshold (DFT), the first several postshock cycles always arise focally. No immediate postshock reentry was observed. Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) have been suggested as a possible cause of this rapid repetitive postshock activity. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that DFT is decreased by application of a DAD inhibitor.

Methods and Results: Six pigs (30–35 kg) were studied. First, control DFT was determined using a three‐reversal up/down protocol. Each shock (RV‐SVC, biphasic, 6/4 msec) was delivered after 10 seconds of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Then, flunarizine (a DAD inhibitor) was injected intravenously (2 mg/kg bolus and 4 mg/kg/hour maintenance) and the DFT was again determined. A third DFT was determined 50 minutes after drug infusion was terminated to allow the drug to wash out. DFT after flunarizine application

(520 ± 90 V, 14 ± 3 J)

was significantly lower than control DFT

(663 ± 133 V, 23 ± 4 J)

. After the drug washed out, DFT

(653 ± 107 V, 22 ± 4 J)

returned to the control DFT value

(P = 0.6)

. Flunarizine reduced the DFT ∼22% by leading‐edge voltage and ∼40% by energy.

Conclusion: Flunarizine, a DAD inhibitor, significantly improved defibrillation efficacy. This finding suggests that DADs could be the source of the rapid repetitive focal activation cycles arising after failed near‐DFT shocks before degeneration back into VF. Future studies are needed to investigate the cause of the earliest postshock activation and to determine if the DADs are responsible.
Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale: A New Migraine Treatment?
Authors: MORANDI *EVA , ANZOLA † GIAN PAOLO , ANGELI † SILVIA , MELZI ‡ GLORIA , ONORATO ‡ EUSTAQUIO
Published: March 2003

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a very sensitive tool for detecting microembolic signals (MES) in the brain vessels after injection of air‐mixed saline in case of right‐to‐left shunt (RLS). Patent foramen ovale (PFO) can be found in nearly one‐half of migraineurs with aura, and, reciprocally, the prevalence of migraine in patients with stroke with PFO is exceedingly high. We aimed to monitor the passage of MES in the brain vessels during transcatheter closure of PFO and to subsequently follow‐up patients for both the efficacy of the procedure and the severity of migraine. Seventeen patients suffering from migraine with aura

(MA+, n = 8)

or without aura

(MA−, n = 9)

scheduled to undergo transcatheter closure of PFO with Amplatzer PFO occluder devices for paradoxical cerebral embolism were monitored with contrast TCD (DWL, Germany) before, during, and after the procedure to estimate the magnitude of the shunt. Spontaneous embolization to the brain was also recorded. The patients were thereafter followed‐up at 1, 3, and 6 months. A composite score of migraine severity, which included frequency, duration, and intensity of the attacks in the previous 3 months (range 0–10), was obtained at the time of the procedure and at the follow‐up visits. Complete occlusion of PFO was achieved in all patients after 1 month in most cases. Preoperatively, the migraine score was 6.75 in MA+ and was 6 in MA− patients. After closure, the score dropped to 2.5 in MA+ and to 4.2 in MA− patients at the 6‐month follow‐up visit, the difference being statistically highly significant in both groups. Overall, 5 of 17 patients no longer complained of migraine, 10 of 17 were substantially improved, and two of 17 were unchanged at 6 months. Migraine aura disappeared in six of eight patients. Closure rate was very satisfactory, from a preoperative average bubble count of 42 to an average of 4 bubbles in the four patients in whom a small residual shunt was still detectable at the 6‐month follow‐up visit. TCD monitoring provides the most accurate assessment of RLS at the brain level. Closure of PFO with transcatheter devices results in the substantial relief of migraine in patients with stroke with large RLS. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:39–42)
Inventing Ancient Greece
Authors: Konstan David
Published: March 2003

Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History. By Mary Lefkowitz.
The Reception of Hayden White
Authors: Vann Richard T.
Published: March 2003

Evaluation of the influence of Hayden White on the theory of history ismade difficult by his preference for the essay form, valued for its experimental character, and by the need to find comparable data. A quantitative study of citations of his work in English and foreign‐language journals, 1973–1993, reveals that although historians were prominent among early readers of Metahistory, few historical journals reviewed White'stwo subsequent collections of essays and few historians—except inGermany—cited them. Those historians who did tended still to cite Metahistory and often the parts of it devoted specifically to nineteenth‐century historians.

Literary critics, on the other hand, were relatively late to discover White, but during the “narrative turn” of the 1970s and 1980s his work was important for students of the novel and the theater. Recognition of it was especially marked in Spanish‐speaking countries and in Germany.

As a result, salient themes of White's later work—the ideological andpolitical import of narrativization, the “historical sublime,” and writing in the “middle voice”—have largely gone unremarked by historians and philosophers. Both these groups have tended to be irritated by White's bracketing of questions of historical epistemology; some have accused him of effacing the line between fiction and history, while White's numerous literary readers have generally applauded his tendencies in thisdirection. White however has consistently maintained that there is a difference, although not the one conventionally postulated. His exploration of writing in the “middle voice” brings his work full circle, in that it promises a “modernist” realism appropriate for representing the “sublime” events of our century.
Memory and History: Liturgical Time and Historical Time
Authors: Spiegel Gabrielle M.
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the differential structure and representation of time in memory and history. It examines two moments in Jewish historical thought—in the Middle Ages, and in works written within and after the Holocaust—and demonstrates the fundamentally liturgical nature of Jewish historical memory in selected texts from these two periods. Following the groundbreaking work of Yerushalmi, it seeks to demonstrate that for Jews, historical experience is incorporated into the cyclical reenactment of paradigmatic events in Jewish sacred ritual. Recent or contemporary experiences acquire meaning only insofar as they can be subsumed within Biblical categories of events and their interpretation bequeathed to the community through the medium of Scripture, that is to say, only insofar as they can be transfigured, ritually and liturgically, into repetitions and reenactments of ancient happening. In such liturgical commemoration, the past exists only by means of recitation; the fundamental goal of such recitation is to make it live again in the present, to fuse past and present, chanter and hearer, into a single collective entity. History, in the sense that we understand it to consist of unique events unfolding within irreversible linear time, is absorbed into cyclical, liturgical memory.

This article argues that the question of Jewish history—both medieval and post‐Holocaust—poses in a compelling fashion the question of the relationship between memory and history more generally, and serves to contest the current tendency in academic historiography to collapse history into memory. It claims that to the extent that memory “resurrects,”“re‐cycles,” and makes the past “reappear” and live again in the present, it cannot perform historically, since it refuses to keep the past in the past, to draw the line, as it were, that is constitutive of the modern enterprise of historiography.
Different Paths to Neo‐Liberalism? Comparing Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Bray Mark , Walsh Pat
Published: March 2003

Australia and New Zealand are best known for their systems of industrial relations based on compulsory arbitration. However, recent years have seen trends in both countries toward neo‐liberalism—trends that represent the end of compulsory arbitration. This paper traces the path taken toward neo‐liberalism, the speed of the journey, and the destination reached in both countries. In attempting to explain the differences between them, it is institutional factors—industrial and political—that are given highest priority.
Local IndustryEmployment Share and the Experiences of Displaced Workers
Authors: Stock* Wendy A.
Published: March 2003

This article examines how industries' share of employment in local labor markets affects displaced workers' reemployment, industry switching, and earnings losses. A key result is that workers displaced from industries with low employment shares are more likely to switch industries after displacement. Earnings loss estimates indicate that for most workers, displacement from an industry that employs a smaller share of the local labor force is associated with larger earnings losses.
Taylorism and the Mutual‐Gains Strategy
Authors: Nyland Chris
Published: March 2003

Through the interwar years, disciples of Frederick W. Taylor built and sustained an alliance with organized labor that centered on the development of what has become known as the mutual‐gains enterprise. This article examines this association, tracing its origins and evolution. In the process it challenges the tendency, common within the industrial relations community, to equate Taylor and Taylorism with authoritarianism and the exclusion of workers from the management process.
The Changing Distribution of Pension Coverage The Changing Distributionof Pension Coverage
Authors: Even William E. , MacPherson David A.
Published: March 2003

Data from the Current Population Surveys reveal that between 1979 and 1993 the gap in pension coverage between workers with less than 12 years of education and those with more than 16 years of education nearly tripled among men and more than quadrupled among women. The empirical analysis reveals that differences in labor market characteristics related to gender and education have grown over time and can account for virtually all the changing distribution of coverage. There is mixed evidence on the extent to which the growth of the 401(k) plan has contributed to the changing distribution of coverage.
Unionization, Compensation, and Voice Effects on Quits and Retention
Authors: Delery John E. , Gupta Nina , Shaw Jason D. , Jenkins, Jr. G. Douglas , Ganster Margot L.
Published: March 2003

This study explores the relationships among unionization, compensation practices, and employee attachment (quit rates and tenure) among trucking companies to assess the applicability of Freeman and Medoff's exit/voice argument. Unionization was associated with lower quit rates, higher tenure, a better compensation package, and stronger voice mechanisms. The relationship of unionization to quit rates and tenure becomes nonsignificant after accounting for compensation (pay and benefits), and voice mechanisms do not add explanatory variance.
Resources, Races, and Female‐Headed Congregations in the United States
Authors: Konieczny Mary Ellen , Chaves Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper uses the 1998 National Congregations Study (NCS) to investigate the demographic and organizational characteristics of female‐headed congregations in the United States. Our findings significantly extend knowledge about the demographic characteristics of these congregations. Counterintuitively, female‐led congregations are more likely to be found inurban areas than in other locations, and they are more prevalent among African American congregations—particularly those with no denominational ties—and among ethnically mixed congregations. Our findings also confirm previous research on women clergy which indicates that, compared with congregations led by men, there is a paucity of organizational resources in female‐headed congregations.
Tolerant (In)civility? A Longitudinal Analysis of White Conservative Protestants’ Willingness to Grant Civil Liberties
Authors: Reimer Sam , Park Jerry Z.
Published: March 2003

Past research has found conservative Protestants to be less willing than most Americans to grant civil liberties to unpopular groups. In light of evidence of high and growing civility by Smith (2000) and Hunter (1984), there is good reason to believe that conservative Protestants are becoming less distinctive with regard to granting civil freedoms. We update and expand previous research on conservative Protestants and civil liberties by examining the civil liberties measures in the General Social Survey over a 26‐year period, with special attention to explaining conservative Protestantism’s rejection of civil liberties. In comparison to mainline Protestants and Catholics, we find that conservative Protestants are still less willing to grant civil liberties to unpopular groups, though important qualifications apply. Various explanations are examined.
A Reexamination of the Conglomerate Merger Wave in the 1960s: An Internal Capital Markets View
Authors: Hubbard R. Glenn , Palia Darius
Published: March 2003

One possible explanation for bidding firms earning positive abnormal returns in diversifying acquisitions in the 1960s is that internal capital markets were expected to overcome the information deficiencies of the less‐developed capital markets. Examining 392 bidder firms during the 1960s, we find the highest bidder returns when financially “unconstrained” buyers acquire “constrained” targets. This result holds while controlling for merger terms and for different proxies used to classify firms facing costly external financing. We also find that bidders generally retain target management, suggesting that management may have provided company‐specific operational information, while the bidder provided capital‐budgeting expertise.
Liquidity Provision and Noise Trading: Evidence from the “Investment Dartboard” Column
Authors: Greene Jason , Smart Scott
Published: March 2003

How does increased noise trading affect market liquidity and trading costs? We use The Wall Street Journal's “Investment Dartboard” column, which stimulates noise trading, as a natural experiment to evaluate models of the bid‐ask spread. We find that substantial increases in trading volume and significant but temporary abnormal returns occur when analysts recommend stocks in this column, especially when recommendations come from analysts with successful contest track records. We also find an increase in liquidity and a decrease in the adverse selection component of the bid‐ask spread.
A Model of Returns and Trading in Futures Markets
Authors: Hong Harrison
Published: March 2003

This paper develops an equilibrium model of a competitive futures market in which investors trade to hedge positions and to speculate on their private information. Equilibrium return and trading patterns are examined. (1) In markets where the information asymmetry among investors is small, the return volatility of a futures contract decreases with time‐to‐maturity (i.e., the Samuelson effect holds). (2) However, in markets where the information asymmetry among investors is large, the Samuelson effect need not hold. (3) Additionally, the model generates rich time‐to‐maturity patterns in open interest and spot price volatility that are consistent with empirical findings.
An Analysis of Finance Journal Impact Factors
Authors: Borokhovich Kenneth A. , Bricker Robert J. , Simkins Betty J.
Published: March 2003

This paper provides an analysis of the citation counts of articles published in the leading finance journals. It identifies the determinants of the most prevalent measure of influence for finance journals, the Social Sciences Citation Index impact factors. It finds that impact factors are affected by citations outside the finance field, are not affected by the distribution of published articles across subfields, and are good predictors of the long‐term citation counts of articles. The citation impact factors are reduced for both the Journal of Financial Economics and The Journal of Finance by their publication of other than regular articles.
Time and the Price Impact of a Trade
Authors: Dufour Alfonso , Engle Robert F.
Published: March 2003

We use Hasbrouck's (1991) vector autoregressive model for prices and trades to empirically test and assess the role played by the waiting time between consecutive transactions in the process of price formation. We find that as the time duration between transactions decreases, the price impact of trades, the speed of price adjustment to trade‐related information, and the positive autocorrelation of signed trades all increase. This suggests that times when markets are most active are times when there is an increased presence of informed traders; we interpret such markets as having reduced liquidity.
Location Equilibrium for Cournot Oligopoly in Spatially Separated Markets
Authors: Sarkar Jyotirmoy , Gupta Barnali , Pal Debashis
Published: March 2003

Consider a two‐stage non‐cooperative Cournot game with location choice involving n≥ 2 firms each with several facilities. There are m≥ 2 spatially separated markets constituting the vertices of a network. Each firm first selects the locations of their facilities and then selects the quantities to supply to the markets to maximize its profit. There exists a Nash equilibrium in the quantities offered by each firm at the markets. Furthermore, when the demand in each market is sufficiently large, each firm chooses to locate its facilities only at vertices. With linear demand in each market, there exists a Nash location equilibrium.
An Empirical Evaluation of Profit Cycle Theory
Authors: Sorenson David J.
Published: March 2003

This study tests key hypotheses of Markusen's profit cycle theory of regional growth by examining the recent time path of industrial development for eight U.S. sectors. The analysis uses annual data for 1954–1990 and incorporates the influence of national economic trends and random effects in identifying stages of the profit cycle. Based upon those stages, the hypothesized changes in the behavior of other aspects of the growth cycle are assessed in simple statistical models. The results of the empirical tests are mixed. Employment follows a general pattern of early rapid growth followed by slow growth and eventually decline, but the pattern is not symmetric. The value‐added curves are similarly asymmetric, and some even contradict the expected monotonicity of the growth and decline process. The lack of spatial dispersion is probably the most striking result of the study. The stability over time of the employment percentage in top states is inconsistent with the spatial dispersion implications of the profit cycle model.
Gravity‐Type Interactive Markov Models—Part II: Lyapunov Stability of Steady States
Authors: Smith Tony E. , Hsieh Shang‐Hsing
Published: March 2003

In Part I of this paper (Smith and Hsieh, 1997) a programming formulation of steady states was developed for gravity‐type interactive Markov chains in terms of their associated spatial‐flow chains. These results are here applied to analyze the stability properties of interactive Markov chains. In particular, the objective function for this programming formulation is shown to constitute a Lyapunov function for an appropriately defined continuous‐time version of spatial‐flow chains. The Lyapunov stability properties of these spatial flows are then shown to yield corresponding stability properties for the continuous‐time versions of interactive Markov chains. In particular, these processes always exhibit global convergence to steady states. Finally, it is shown that when steady states are unique, these convergence results are inherited by those interactive Markov chains that are ‘sufficiently close’ to their continuous‐time versions.
Interregional Wage Disparities, Relocation Costs, and Labor Mobility in Canada
Authors: Dickie Mark , Gerking Shelby
Published: March 2003

This paper evaluates possible reasons why interregional wage differences might persist over long periods of time, such as a century or more. A general equilibrium model of interacting regions is developed which can consider explanations including interregional differences in production costs, changes in relocation (migration) costs, and differences in interregional transfer payments. Implications from the model are tested using panel microdata from the Canadian Labour Market Activity Surveys of 1989 and 1990. Key findings are that younger, better educated, native English‐speaking workers, who presumably have better information and lower mobility costs, appear to have the smallest interregional wage differences. Thus, because the extent of spatial wage dispersion varies across workers with different characteristics, changes in the pattern of spatial wage disparities over time may be in part a demographic phenomenon.
Surviving in a Competitive Spatial Market: The Threshold Capture Model
Authors: Serra Daniel , ReVelle Charles , Rosing Ken
Published: March 2003

Many facility location decision models ignore the fact that for a facility to survive it needs a minimum demand level to cover costs. In this paper we present a decision model for a firm that wishes to enter a spatial market where there are several competitors already located. This market is such that for each outlet there is a demand threshold level that has to be achieved in order to survive. The firm wishes to know where to locate its outlets so as to maximize its market share taking into account the threshold level. It may happen that due to this new entrance, some competitors will not be able to meet the threshold and therefore will disappear. A formulation is presented together with a heuristic solution method and computational experience.
An Insider View: Knowledge and Opinions of Welfare From African American Girls in Poverty
Authors: Coley Rebekah Levine , Kuta Ann M. , Chase‐Lansdale P. Lindsay
Published: March 2003

This article presents African American adolescent girls' views of welfare and welfare reform at the cusp of welfare legislation in 1996. Interview data from a random sample of poor and low‐income families indicate that adolescents have a limited knowledge of basic welfare rules. Low‐income girls see welfare as an important safety net, yet they also have negative views of welfare recipients and the effects of welfare on recipients. The vast majority express agreement with work requirements, and about half believe that a discontinuation of welfare would change adolescent sexual and childbearingbehaviors. These results raise the possibility that adolescents are responding to the rhetoric and “signals” of welfare reform; alternatively, they may simply be expressing typical adolescent egocentrism and optimism.
Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Intelligibility in the Speech of Second Language Learners
Authors: Munro Murray J. , Derwing Tracey M.
Published: March 2003

One of the chief goals of most second language learners is to be understood in their second language by a wide range of interlocutors in a variety of contexts. Although a nonnative accent can sometimes interfere with this goal, prior to the publication of this study, second language researchers and teachers alike were aware that an accent itself does not necessarily act as a communicative barrier. Nonetheless, there had been very little empirical investigation of how the presence of a nonnative accent affects intelligibility, and the notions of “heavy accent” and “low intelligibility” had often been confounded. Some of the key findings of the study—that even heavily accented speech is sometimes perfectly intelligible and that prosodic errors appear to be a more potent force in the loss of intelligibility than phonetic errors—added support to some common, but weakly substantiated beliefs. The study also provided a framework for a program of research to evaluate the ways in which such factors as intelligibility and comprehensibility are related to a number of other dimensions. The authors have extended and replicated the work begun in this study to include learners representing other L1 backgrounds (Cantonese, Japanese, Polish, Spanish) and different levels of learner proficiency, as well as other discourse types (Derwing & Munro, 1997; Munro & Derwing, 1995). Further support for the notion that accent itself should be regarded as a secondary concern was obtained in a study of processing difficulty (Munro & Derwing, 1995), which revealed that nonnative utterances tend to require more time to process than native‐produced speech, but failed to indicate a relationship between strength of accent and processing time.

The approach to L2 speech evaluation used in this study has also proved useful in investigations of the benefits of different methods of teaching of pronunciation to ESL learners. In particular, it is now clear that learner assessments are best carried out with attention to the multidimensional nature of L2 speech, rather than with a simple focus on global accentedness. It has been shown, for instance, that some pedagogical methods may be effective in improving intelligibility while others may have an effect only on accentedness (Derwing, Munro, & Wiebe,1998).
Computer‐Aided Writing in French as a Foreign Language: A Qualitative and Quantitative Look at the Process of Revision
Authors: New Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Currently little documentation exists on the writing strategies and habits of foreign language (FL) writers. This study was designed to observe, as unobtrusively as possible, the revision strategies of 5 students of French enrolled in a 1‐semester intensive intermediate college French course. The participants completed a two‐part writing task with the aid of the software program Système‐D (Noblitt, Solá, & Pet, 1987, 1992). Of considerable interest is the program’s keystroke tracking device, which records the lexical, grammatical, and thematic information that students access while writing. Analysis of the compositions, computer records, videotapes of writing sessions, and student responses to postwriting questionnaires provide a detailed picture of how and when the students revised in real time—with minimal impact on the writing process itself. Results showed that both the self‐reported good writers and poor writers engaged in the process of revising and that, as expected, surface‐level changes far outnumbered the changes to content. These findings suggest that linguistic concerns and lack of explicit instruction on revision and computer strategies impede the reviewing and reworking of texts.
Language Testing in The Modern Language Journal
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: March 2003

The Modern Language Journal published on average two articles a year dealing with language tests in its first 80 years. This probably reflects the actual (if not the desirable) level of interest in language testing of the language teaching profession. For the early years, before more specialized journals appeared, it gives an excellent picture of the history of the field in the United States. Later, the coverage became spottier, but there continued to appear a number of important articles especially on topics like prognosis and aptitude tests, the cloze test, oral testing, and the controversy over the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. As a whole, the articles show a valuable concern with the use rather than the form of language tests.
A Critical Review of Foreign Language Writing Research on Pedagogical Approaches
Authors: Reichelt Melinda
Published: March 2003

This article reviews 32 studies regarding writing in a foreign language (not English) in the United States. It focuses on research that investigates relationships between various pedagogical practices (e.g., explicit grammar instruction) or task types assigned (e.g., descriptive vs. narrative writing) and the texts produced by foreign language (FL) writers. Topics addressed include explicit grammar instruction, computer use, task type, strategy training, process instruction, and feedback. This article points to the lack of a unified sense of the purpose of FL writing within the field of FL and also points to design flaws in much of the existing research. Implications for pedagogy and research are discussed.
Managing the Future
Authors: Moore S. R.
Published: March 2003

Prediction of the future is implicit in most management decisions. This paper examines how far it is necessary to make this prediction explicit in deciding management strategy, what technical changes are likely to affect survey and photogrammetry in the near and medium term future, and the balance between the disciplines. The question is posed as to what extent management should invest effort and money in attempting to stay ahead of the game.
Photogrammetry: The Irish Experience
Authors: Walsh M. C.
Published: March 2003

The history of survey and map production methods used by the Ordnance Survey of the Republic of Ireland is outlined and the significance of the decision, taken in the 1960s, to maximize the use of computer technology is emphasized. The four objectives of the Ordnance Survey's current programme of work (urban mapping, small scale database, large scale database and private sector support) require effort to be concentrated on resurvey procedures and no revision of old mapping is carried out. Details are given of equipment possessed by the Ordnance Survey and of staff distribution, followed by descriptions of procedures adopted for achieving both the small scale and large scale databases. Justification is presented for the decision to commit major financial investment to digital photogrammetry.
Robert Hooke (1635‐1703): Proto‐Photogrammetrist
Authors: Cooper M. A. R.
Published: March 2003

A few of the many interesting aspects of the mind, life and work of Robert Hooke (1635‐1703) are discussed, particularly some that are relevant to opto‐mechanical photogrammetric plotters and cameras. Evidence from primary and secondary sources is presented which indicates that Hooke devised instruments with optical and mechanical components which later came to be used in photogrammetric plotters, that he recognized the value of perspective projection in accurate recording of terrain, and devised a “Picture‐Box” for that purpose. The question of how far he progressed in photography in experiments with purple dyes is left open. These “photogrammetric” activities of Hooke's are shown to have been only a small part of his work in London which included duties as Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society, Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, and Surveyor to the City of London Authorities following the Great Fire in 1666.
Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring
Authors: Mills J. P. , Newton I. , Twiss S. D.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the use of near vertical aerial photographs archived onto Kodak Photo CD in the production of a digital elevation model of the Isle of May, Scotland. Control for the survey was obtained using differential GPS receivers and the photogrammetric processing was carried out using low cost PC hardware and software. The elevation model is being used in a GIS to enable the spatial analysis of the island's seal population.
Digital Photogrammetry at Ordnance Survey Ireland
Authors: Kirwan R. A.
Published: March 2003

The main activities carried out by Ordnance Survey Ireland are focused on the production and maintenance of both small and large scale topographic databases. In 1980, photogrammetric methods were extensively adopted to carry out these tasks, based on analytical procedures. A review of operating practices in 1992 led to the introduction of digital systems. The technical complexities of the installation of digital hardware and software in a production environment are reported in this paper. An expanded role for the photogrammetric department also required the acquisition of new skills by its personnel. Experience has shown that further development, based on co‐operation between vendor and user, must continue in the digital field.
Building a Low Cost Image Space Plotter with Software and Hardware Components in Current Use
Authors: Juliá J. E.
Published: March 2003

A photogrammetric plotting system based upon digitizing tablets, a personal computer and a CAD system is proposed. The system, which is capable of working stereoscopically with the aid of a mirror stereoscope, can perform inner, relative and absolute orientations, and functions like an image space plotter. Simultaneous plotting is achieved because the system runs from Autocad through a program written in Autolisp. In this way, all the CAD editing capabilities can be used and the final map can be transferred without problems into several well known geographic information systems. Applications in terrestrial photogrammetry are also possible. The accuracy depends directly on that of the digitizing tablets and it can be improved significantly with proper compensation of systematic deformations.
Assessing the Resolving Power of Photographic Systems Used forTerrestrial Remote Sensing
Authors: Thomson G. H.
Published: March 2003

It is often necessary to measure the resolving power of an imaging system comprising “off the shelf” components by a method that can also describe resolution in the object space. Furthermore, the results should allow useful comparisons to be made with alternative systems, where these have undergone a similar evaluation procedure. An example is given of measuring the resolving power of two imaging systems employing catadioptric objectives by a method that does not necessitate extensive laboratory tests, but utilizes the photographic product provided through field trials, or in the course of operational use. While the method reported does not claim to be a rigorous evaluation of the resolving power, it has been found to provide a convenient and practical guide to the image quality associated with a complete camera system, and its relation to the object space.
Dems and Ortho‐Images from Aerial Photographs
Authors: Smith M. J. , Smith D. G. , Tragheim G. , Holt M.
Published: March 2003

Digital photogrammetry has produced new products and brought automation to a number of traditional photogrammetric procedures. Some of the new products have been produced by the integration of data and information. With new products comes the need to assess their quality as this can have a direct effect on their potential use. Some of the new products and a number of parameters that affect their quality are discussed in this paper.
Photogrammetric Reverse Engineering of the “Angel of the North”
Authors: Newton I. , Mills J. P.
Published: March 2003

The Department of Geomatics and the Regional Centre for Innovation in Engineering Design in the University of Newcastle upon Tyne collaborated in a project to produce precise measurements for use in the fabrication of the body of the “Angel of the North” sculpture. This 20 m high edifice, by the sculptor Antony Gormley, is located adjacent to the A1(M) in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear.

This paper reviews the photogrammetric reverse engineering work carried out on a 1:10 scale plaster maquette of the “Angel of the North”, which is a life‐size model of the sculptor's body without any arms. The three dimensional measurements of the maquette, made by analytical photogrammetric techniques, were then processed to produce a fully functional three dimensional CAD model from which the dimensions needed by the fabricating company, Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd., could be extracted. Additionally, the VirtuoZo digital photogrammetric software package was used to investigate the potential of automated measurement for this type of work and the results were compared with those obtained analytically.
The Big Questions of Public Administration Education
Authors: Denhardt Robert B.
Published: March 2003

Following Behn's observation that scientists in other fields understand the big questions of their disciplines and focus attention and their discussions on those questions, public administration scholars have attempted to identify the “big questions” in public management and public administration. In this article, I suggest that scholars in public administration should also be attentive to the big questions of public administration education, those timeless and enduring concerns that speak to the basic perspectives that we bring to the educational process. Specifically, I identify four big questions: Do we seek to educate our students with respect to theory or to practice? Do we prepare students for their first jobs or for those to which they might aspire later? What are the appropriate delivery mechanisms for MPA courses and curricula? What personal commitments do we make as public administration educators? I argue that these big questions in public administration education are far more connected than we usually think, and by posing these questions in terms of processes of human development we can at least provide a framework through which we might develop more coherent answers to these big questions, answers that recognize and build on the diversity of our students and our faculty.
9. A New Model for Information Diffusion in Heterogeneous Social Networks
Authors: Buskens Vincent , Yamaguchi Kazuo
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses a new model for the diffusion of information through heterogeneous social networks. In earlier models, when information was given by one actor to another the transmitter did not retain the information. The new model is an improvement on earlier ones because it allows a transmitter of information to retain that information after telling it to somebody else. Consequently, the new model allows more actors to have information during the information diffusion process. The model provides predictions of diffusion times in a given network at the global, dyadic, and individual levels. This leads to straightforward generalizations of network measures, such as closeness centrality and betweenness centrality, for research problems that focus on the efficiency of information transfer in a network. We analyze in detail how information diffusion times and centrality measures depend on a series of network measures, such as degrees and bridges. One important finding is that predictions about the time actors need to spread information in the network differ considerably between the new and old models, while the predictions about the time needed to receive information hardly differ. Finally, some cautionary remarks are made about using the model in empirical research.
Between Hope and Fear: A Dialogueon the Peace Process in the Middle East and the Polarized Israeli Society
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel , Vertzberger Yaacov Y.I.
Published: March 2003

The restarting of the peace process in the Middle East in 1993 raised the hopes of many in Israel for progress toward resolution of the Arab‐Israeli conflict. Yet the Oslo agreements raised not only hope but also fears. The latter triggered a deep schism and polarization within the Israeli society. These led to a delegitimization campaign by those opposing the peace process that was directed both against the rationale underlying the change of policies and its architects Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. The escalation of polarization saw the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin and the seeming paradox of an election victory for the political rightist parties' candidate, Binyamin Netanyahu. Two Israeli social scientists present in dialogue form alternative psychopolitical perspectives and interpretations of the evolution of these critical events.
Presidential Physiognomies: Altered Images, Altered Perceptions
Authors: Keating Caroline F. , Randall David , Kendrick Timothy
Published: March 2003

Digitized facial images of Presidents Clinton, Reagan, and Kennedy were manipulated to test whether subtle feature alterations were powerful enough to shift social perceptions of them. It was expected that exaggeration of facial maturity cues would lead to shifts in perceptions of power (dominance, strength, and cunning) and warmth (honesty, attractiveness, and compassion). Each familiar face was made more neotenous by enlarging eyes and lips, and made more mature by reducing the sizes of these features. Undergraduate perceivers rated one version of each face. Though unaware of feature changes, perceivers were affected by them. In Study 1, neotenous features made Clinton seem more honest and attractive, even to perceivers who did not support him in the 1996 election. In Study 2, mature features made Kennedy, the youngest U.S. president, seem more cunning and made Reagan, the oldest president, appear less powerful and less warm; neotenous features reduced ratings of both Kennedy's and Reagan's power, whereas neotenizing the familiar face of Clinton increased ratings of his honesty and attractiveness without diminishing perceptions of his power. Overall, the results suggested that subtle alterations of proximate physiognomic cues can be used to manipulate perceivers' social perceptions of familiar political leaders.
The Problem of Transfer from Confidential Interactive Problem‐Solving: What Is the Role of the Facilitator?
Authors: Chataway Cynthia J.
Published: March 2003

Interactive problem‐solving workshops provide a relatively confidential atmosphere in which members of societies engaged in protracted social conflict can examine and share their assumptions and perceptions about the conflict and think creatively about the possibilities for de‐escalation. Two sorts of workshop goals have generally been articulated: (1) creating change in participants’ understanding, and (2) transferring participants’ new ideas to political decision‐making and public discussion. Although facilitators have tended to emphasize the role of the participants in generating and transferring new learning, this article expands our conceptions of change and transfer to include both participants and facilitators. A basic complementarity is postulated between the strengths and weaknesses of these two agents of transfer. If considered this way, the integrity of this confidential process—and thus of its potentially unique contributions to a peace process—can be maintained while increasing the opportunities for transfer.
A Perspective: Risk Analysis as a Tool for Reducing the Risks of Terrorism
Authors: Deisler Paul F.
Published: March 2003

The destruction by terrorists of the twin towers of the World Trade Center and major damage wrought to the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, followed closely by the bioterrorist anthrax attacks via the mails raised the question of whether risk analysis might have a place in defending the United States against terrorist attacks. After first reviewing the multifaceted nature of terrorism and the reasons it is likely to become endemic in world society in the long term, just as other areas of crime are endemic, this article surveys several fields of risk analysis, finding possible short‐ and long‐term uses of risk analysis. The areas chiefly considered are: risk communication and chemical, biological, and technological risk analysis. Broad policy and other uses are also considered. The author finds that risk analysis has already played some role, perhaps informally, but he sees the possibility for a much larger, formal one, a role that is centrally important for the present and future of the United States and the world.