bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working With Transnational Immigrants: Expanding Meanings of Family, Community, and Culture
Authors: FALICOV CELIA J.
Published: May 2007

An increasing number of recent immigrants maintain intense connections with their countries and extended families. The complexity of relationships that arise from transnational connections calls into question dominant discourses about family bonds and requires that we adopt new theory and treatment considerations. The relational stresses and the almost untenable choices that economic immigrants face take the form of separations and reunions of parents and children, and difficult gender or generation transformations that need to be considered against this new transnational backdrop. This article proposes a model that encompasses foundational approaches with new approaches in family therapy by focusing on three crucial contexts for work with immigrants: the relational, the community, and the cultural‐sociopolitical. Family therapists are also encouraged to create collaborative links with migration studies, a growing interdisciplinary field.
Interfaces: Toward a New Generation of Systemic Models in Family Research and Practice
Authors: SLUZKI CARLOS E.
Published: May 2007

After reviewing Engel's bio‐psycho‐social proposal and Kandel's “principles for an integration between mind and brain,” the author introduces a set of akin propositions that aim at integrating neurosciences, genetics, the mind, and the social world into a succinct set of systemic formulations focusing on interlevel interfaces, with profound implications for the training, practice, and research in the field of family processes and therapy.
Family Expressed Emotion Prior to Onset of Psychosis
Authors: MCFARLANE WILLIAM R. , COOK WILLIAM L.
Published: May 2007

This study compared components of expressed emotion (EE; rejection, warmth, protectiveness, and fusion) across three samples: two in which the subjects had an established schizophrenic or mood disorder, and a third in which the subjects were at high risk for an initial psychosis. Methods: Family members rated themselves on the Social Adjustment Scale‐III and, in the prodromal sample, estimated the duration of the prodrome. Results: Scores were all but identical in the two established‐disorder samples but were markedly higher than scores in the prodromal sample on all four factors. In mothers, warmth (decreasing), rejection, protectiveness, and fusion (increasing) were significantly correlated with duration of prodrome, whereas for fathers, warmth and protectiveness were similarly correlated. Conclusion: These data suggest that expressed emotion is largely reactive to deterioration manifested by the young person developing a psychotic disorder, rather than a trait of family members.
Schizophrenia: Disease, Syndrome, or Dimensions?
Authors: CARPENTER WILLIAM T.
Published: May 2007

Schizophrenia has the status of a clinical syndrome and may comprise a number of specific disease entities. This construct is similar to dementia, in which several diseases have been defined within the syndrome. Alternatively, schizophrenia may be a single disease entity with quite variable manifestations across cases. Kraepelin proposed dementia praecox as a disease entity, and Bleuler proposed dissociative pathology as fundamental to each case, thus substantiating the single disease entity concept. More recently, the nuclear schizophrenia construct defined the disease entity using specific criteria proposed by Schneider and Langfeldt. This view has been challenged by a series of studies during the past three decades. These investigations are summarized in this report. Implications for clinical work with families are considered.
Fusion or Internalized Homophobia? A Pilot Study of Bowen's Differentiation of Self Hypothesis With Lesbian Couples
Authors: SPENCER BERNADETTE , BROWN JAC
Published: May 2007

Bowen, using the concept of differentiation, hypothesized that the way individuals learn to deal with their relationships with families of origin will influence the way they manage their relationships with their partners. This study surveyed a group of 53 lesbian couples on differentiation of self, internalized homophobia, and relationship satisfaction. We found that lesbian couples were not significantly different in their level of differentiation than random pairs. We also found that there was a positive relationship between differentiation of self and relationship satisfaction and that when considered together, internalized homophobia had the more significant connection to relationship satisfaction than did differentiation of self. Implications for therapy are drawn from these findings.
Variation in Macronuclear Genome Content of Three Ciliates with Extensive Chromosomal Fragmentation: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: McGRATH CASEY L. , ZUFALL REBECCA A. , KATZ LAURA A.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT.The genome architecture of ciliates, including features such as nuclear dualism and large‐scale genome rearrangements, impacts gene and genome evolution in these organisms. To better understand the structure of macronuclear chromosomes in ciliates with extensively processed chromosomes, a sample of complete macronuclear chromosomes was sequenced from three ciliate species:Metopus es(Class [Cl]: Armophorea),Nyctotherus ovalis(Cl: Armophorea), andChilodonella uncinata(Cl: Phyllopharyngea). By cloning whole macronuclear chromosomes into a plasmid vector, we generated nine clones from each ofM. esandC. uncinata, and 37 clones fromN. ovalis. Analysis of these macronuclear chromosomes provides insight into the evolution of genome features such as chromosome content, gene structure, and genetic code. Phylogenetic patterns can be found in telomere structure and codon usage, which are both more similar inM. esandN. ovalisthanC. uncinata. In addition, we provide evidence of lateral transfer of a bacterial endo‐β‐mannanase gene onto aM. eschromosome and report the discovery of a 42‐bp conserved sequence motif withinN. ovalisuntranslated regions.
Clathrin in Trypanosoma cruzi: In Silico Gene Identification, Isolation, and Localization of Protein Expression Sites
Authors: CORRÊA JOSÉ R. , ATELLA GEORGIA C. , MENNA‐BARRETO RUBEM S. , SOARES MAURILIO J.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Clathrin is a scaffold protein found in different types of coated vesicles in most eukaryotic cells. Major forces that drive clathrin coat formation are the adaptor protein complexes. Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellate protozoan that ingests macromolecules through receptor‐mediated endocytosis, but the molecules involved in this process are still poorly known. Bioinformatics was used to identify proteins in the T. cruzi genome database, permitting discrimination of the genes involved in clathrin coat assembly. Clathrin expression was demonstrated in T. cruzi epimastigotes by using several experimental approaches. Western blot analysis showed a single 180‐kDa protein band, which corresponds to the molecular mass of mammalian clathrin heavy chain. A flow cytometry assay demonstrated that the clathrin heavy chain was expressed in 97.74% of the cell population analyzed, with a high‐fluorescence signal. Immunofluorescence observation showed labeling clustered at the flagellar pocket and Golgi complex region. Coated vesicles budding off from the flagellar pocket and the trans Golgi network membranes were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Our data demonstrate the expression of clathrin in T. cruzi epimastigotes and show the association of this polypeptide with the parasite endocytic and exocytic pathways.
Feeding by the Pfiesteria‐Like Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Luciella masanensis
Authors: JEONG HAE JIN , HA JEONG HYUN , YOO YEONG DU , PARK JAE YEON , KIM JONG HYEOK , KANG NAM SEON , KIM TAE HOON , KIM HYUNG SEOP , YIH WON HO
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. To explore the feeding ecology of the Pfiesteria‐like dinoflagellate (PLD) Luciella masanensis (GenBank Accession no. AM050344, previously Lucy), we investigated the feeding behavior and the kinds of prey species that L. masanensis fed on and determined its growth and ingestion rates of L. masanensis when it fed on the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae and an unidentified cryptophyte species (equivalent spherical diam., ESD=5.6 μm), which were the dominant phototrophic species when L. masanensis and similar small heterotrophic dinoflagellates were abundant in Masan Bay, Korea in 2005. Additionally, these parameters were also measured for L. masanensis fed on blood cells of the perch Lateolabrax japonicus and the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo in the laboratory. Luciella masanensis fed on prey cells by using a peduncle after anchoring the prey with tow filament, and was able to feed on diverse prey such as cryptophytes, raphidophytes, diatoms, mixotrophic dinoflagellates, and the blood cells of fish and humans. Among the prey species tested in the present study, perch blood cells were observed to be the optimal prey for L. masanensis. Specific growth rates of L. masanensis feeding on perch blood cells, A. carterae, H. akashiwo, and the cryptophyte, either increased continuously or became saturated with increasing the mean prey concentration. The maximum specific growth rate of L. masanensis feeding on perch blood cells (1.46/day) was much greater than that of A. carterae (0.59/day), the cryptophyte (0.24/day), or H. akashiwo (0.20/day). The maximum ingestion rate of L. masanensis on perch blood cells (2.6 ng C/grazer/day) was also much higher than that of A. carterae (0.32 ng C/grazer/day), the cryptophyte (0.44 ng C/grazer/day), or H. akashiwo (0.16 ng C/grazer/day). The kinds of prey species which L. masanensis is able to feed on were the same as those of Pfiesteria piscicida, but very different from those of another PLD Stoeckeria algicida. However, the maximum growth and ingestion rates of L. masanensis on perch blood cells, A. carterae, H. akashiwo, and the cryptophyte were considerably lower than those of P. piscicida. Therefore, these three dinoflagellates may occupy different ecological niches in marine planktonic communities, even though they have a similar size and shape and the same feeding mechanisms.
Morphology and Phylogenetic Position of Eucomonympha imla (Parabasalia: Hypermastigida)
Authors: CARPENTER KEVIN J. , KEELING PATRICK J.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Eucomonympha imla is a hypermastigote parabasalian found in the gut of the wood‐feeding cockroach Cryptocercus punctulatus. It has received little attention since its original description in 1934 as the type species of the genus Eucomonympha and the family Eucomonymphidae. We used light and scanning electron microscopy to characterize surface morphology and organelles, with particular attention to the form of the rostrum, operculum, nucleus, and parabasals. Two previously unrecognized groups of bacterial ectobionts were observed—spirochetes that associate with the flagella and one or more types of rod‐shaped bacteria that adhere to the cell surface. The small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) sequence was determined from manually isolated cells, and phylogenetic analyses place E. imla in a strongly supported clade with the genera Teranympha and Pseudotrichonympha and three sequences from formally undescribed termite symbionts provisionally assigned to Eucomonympha. Unexpectedly, the Eucomonympha isolates from termites are more closely related to Teranympha than to the type species, suggesting these should not be classified as species of Eucomonympha, despite their morphological similarity to E. imla. Eucomonymphidae fall within a strongly supported Trichonymphida (also including Hoplonymphidae, Trichonymphidae, and Staurojoeninidae), but this clade branches separately from other hypermastigote groups (lophomonads and spirotrichonymphids), suggesting that hypermastigotes are polyphyletic.
Optimal Shape of Thin Tensile Test Specimen
Authors: Klemensø Trine , Lund Erik , Sørensen Bent F.
Published: May 2007

A tensile test method involving shape optimization of a thin, planar specimen has been developed. The purpose was to reduce the stress concentration in the transition zone between a straight‐sided zone and a wider‐end zone. Three designs of specimen, including an ISO standard design, were investigated based on finite element analyses. The technological applicability of two of the designs was tested on thin, planar cermets corresponding to the structurally supporting member of a planar anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Application of optimized shapes appeared as a viable method. The maximum stress in the specimen was reduced to <1.01 times the average stress. The fraction of invalid tests (i.e., specimens failing outside the gauge section) was reduced with the optimized shapes. The tested samples were cut into shape by laser as actual SOFC components. The cutting was seen to generate surface cracks that acted as the main failure initiator.
Radio Frequency Thermal Plasma Treatment for Size Reduction and Spheroidization of Glass Powders Used in Ceramic Electronic Devices
Authors: Seo Jun Ho , Kim Dong Uk , Nam Jun Seok , Hong Sang Hee , Sohn Sung Bum , Song Soon Mo
Published: May 2007

Radio frequency (RF) thermal plasma treatment is studied for the size reduction and the spheroidization of coarse glass particles to change them into submicrometer‐sized powders of spherical shape. Such ultra‐fine spherical powders are the key ingredients of a sintering aid to achieve efficient package and high performance in ceramic electronic applications. The coarse glass powders injected into the high‐temperature RF thermal plasma undergo rapid heating, melting, and evaporation, followed by quenching, and then condense to very fine spherical powders. In the thermal plasma treatment with high RF powers of 18–23 kW at a powder feeding rate of 3 g/min, the scanning electron microscopy images and the particle size distribution graphs obtained from the treated glass powders indicate that most glass powders with initial average diameters of around 2 μm are reformed into spherical ones with sizes of below 500 nm. It is also observed in a 4 MHz RF thermal plasma reactor that the maximum size of particles decreases down to 200 nm when the reactor is operated under conditions of reduced pressure, low powder feeding rate, and high RF power. The compositions of glass powders before and after the plasma treatment are compared by using the wet and the inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy analyses. Negligible composition changes appear within a range of <2 wt% during the RF thermal plasma process, which demonstrates the successful preparation of submicrometer‐sized glass powders in spherical shape applicable to the advanced ceramic electronic devices.
Ba(Ti1−xSnx)O3 (x=0.13) Dielectric Ceramics Prepared by Coprecipitation
Authors: Cernea Marin , Manea Adrian , Piazza Daniele , Galassi Carmen , Vasile Eugeniu
Published: May 2007

Fine‐grain BaTi0.87Sn0.13O3 (BTS13) powder was synthesized from an oxalate precursor and used to prepare sintered ferroelectric BTS13 ceramics. The evolution of the morphology and structure of a BTS13 precipitate precursor as a function of temperature was analyzed. We compare the sintering behavior as well as the dielectric properties of the BTS13 ceramics obtained using uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing.
Influence of Ba/Ti Ratio on the Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Characteristics of Ca‐Doped Semiconducting BaTiO3 Fired in Reducing Atmosphere and Reoxidized in Air
Authors: Niimi Hideaki , Mihara Kenjiro , Sakabe Yukio , Kuwabara Makoto
Published: May 2007

The positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) characteristics of donor‐doped BaTiO3 fired in a reducing atmosphere and reoxidized in air are investigated. The result reveals that conventional semiconducting BaTiO3 ceramics fired in a reducing atmosphere and reoxidized at a low temperature of 800°C in air show minimal PTCR characteristics, as reported earlier; however, Ca‐doped BaTiO3 with compositions in the range of 1.005≤(Ba+Ca+La)/Ti≤1.010 exhibit pronounced PTCR characteristics, even when reoxidized at such a low temperature. The semiconducting BaTiO3 ceramics with {(Ba+Ca+La)/Ti}=1.005 and Ca‐doped to 20 mol% exhibit remarkable PTCR characteristics with a resistivity jump of two orders of magnitude when they have been reoxidized at 800°C after firing in a reducing atmosphere.
Texturing Behaviors and Kinetics of NaCo2O4−δ Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Tsai P. H. , Li S. , Tay Y. Y. , Chen Z. D.
Published: May 2007

Polycrystalline NaCo2O4−δ materials were prepared using the solid‐state reaction technique. The processing dependence of texturing evolution of NaCo2O4−δ was investigated quantitatively. The results indicate that the extent of texture increased with increasing process duration and then reached the maximum when the materials were sintered at 900°C for 12 h. The texturing kinetics obeys an exponential relationship, suggesting that the texturing processing is dominated by self‐diffusion mechanism. However, the texture extent decreased when the annealing time exceeded 12 h. The experimental results may provide new insights into the optimization of processing parameters for the fabrication of polycrystalline NaCo2O4−δ materials with the desired microstructure.
Sintering Behavior of Gehlenite. Part I: Self‐Forming, Macro‐/Mesoporous Gehlenite—Pore‐Forming Mechanism, Microstructure, Mechanical, and Physical Properties
Authors: Jia Dechang , Kim DongKyu , Kriven Waltraud M.
Published: May 2007

A novel kind of pore self‐forming macro‐/mesoporous gehlenite (2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2) ceramic (abbreviated C2AS) having a highest porosity of 80% corresponding to a volume expansion of 134% during sintering has been developed. The pore self‐forming ability, microstructure, mechanical, and thermal physical properties of the porous ceramic are related to the sintering temperature. The gehlenite ceramic shows a very good pore self‐forming ability over a very wide range of temperature from 900° to 1450°C. No vesicant is required and no hydrothermal treatment is needed, as is generally the case for other kinds of porous ceramics or glasses. The pore self‐forming ability of the C2AS porous ceramic can be attributed to the escape of the adsorbed water vapor during the sintering process, due to automatic hydration of the fine, amorphous, flakey‐shaped starting C2AS powder particles synthesized by the organic steric entrapment (PVA) method, as well as to their fine, porous microstructure. The pores of the ceramics can be either open or closed, and the average pore size ranges from 0.6 to 1.1 μm, corresponding to a porosity of 75%–80%, respectively. The porous ceramic can preserve nanometer‐sized (26–50 nm) crystallites up to 1000°C. Sintered or thermally treated under different conditions, the porous ceramics exhibit relatively high flexural strengths ranging from 9.1 to 15.4 MPa, with a standard deviation of 0.3 and 4.2 MPa, respectively. Thermal properties of the porous ceramic up to 1000°C, including thermal expansion coefficient, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, were investigated, and the stability of the porous ceramic in boiling water was also studied.
Formation Mechanisms of Platelet Sr3Ti2O7 Crystals Synthesized by the Molten Salt Synthesis Method
Authors: Liu Yun‐fei , Lu Yi‐nong , Xu Ming , Zhoun Liu‐fei
Published: May 2007

The molten salt synthesis (MSS) method is utilized to synthesize the anisotropic platelet Sr3Ti2O7 (S3T2) single‐crystal particles. The aim of this study is to identify the essence of platelet Sr3Ti2O7 crystal growth and guide the synthesis of anisotropic platelet SrTiO3 crystals as well as various technologically important materials. Based on the results of X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, the formation mechanism of platelet Sr3Ti2O7 crystals conforms to a nucleation–structure rearrangement–dissolution–diffusion in situ epitaxial growth mechanism model. First, SrCO3 reacts with TiO2 to form submicrometer SrTiO3 nuclei. Then, most of the nuclei surrounded by salt ions aggregate and rearrange to form a large SrTiO3 matrix. The structural rearrangement and the subsequent in situ epitaxial growth processes control the morphology, composition, and size of the final Sr3Ti2O7 crystals. In the synthesis process, the conversion between SrTiO3 and Sr3Ti2O7 is as follows:

and the crystallographic orientation relationship between Sr3Ti2O7 and SrTiO3 in the interface is (100)S3T2//{100}ST, (010)S3T2//{010}ST, and (001)S3T2//{001}ST.
In Situ Synthesis of ZrO2/ZrW2O8 Composites With Near‐Zero Thermal Expansion
Authors: Yang Xinbo , Xu Jun , Li Hongjun , Cheng Xiaonong , Yan Xuehua
Published: May 2007

In this paper, ZrO2 and WO3 were used as the raw materials to prepare ZrO2/ZrW2O8 composites by in situ reaction method and the thermal expansion property of the composites was studied. This novel method included a heating step up to 1473 K for 24 h, which combines the synthesizing and sintering of ZrW2O8. The result indicates that ZrO2/ZrW2O8 composite shows near‐zero thermal expansion when the weight ratio of ZrO2 and WO3 is 2.5:1. Compared with composites prepared previously by non‐reactive sintering of ZrO2 and ZrW2O8, the composites show higher relative density and lower porosity.
Long‐term impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and transgenic Bt cotton on performance and feeding of three generations of cotton bollworm
Authors: Chen Fajun , Wu Gang , Parajulee Megha N. , Ge Feng
Published: May 2007

The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on growth, metabolism, and performance of three generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were studied. The insects were continuously fed transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) cotton [Cry1A(c)] grown in open‐top chambers. Two levels of CO2 (ambient and 2× ambient) and two cotton cultivars (non‐transgenic Simian‐3 and transgenic Bt GK‐12) were used and bollworm larvae were reared on all four treatment combinations for three generations. CO2 level and cotton variety significantly affected the growth and food digestibility parameters of H. armigera, with the exception of larval consumption rate for cotton variety. Overall, elevated CO2 and transgenic Bt cotton both increased larval lifespan, food consumption rate, relative consumption rate, and approximate digestibility, while decreasing pupal weight, survival rate, fecundity, frass output, relative and mean relative growth rates (RGR/MRGR), and the efficiency of conversion of ingested and digested food (ECI/ECD). Moreover, there were significant CO2*variety interactions on pupal weight and ECD, and CO2*generation interactions on pupal weight, frass output, and MRGR. Furthermore, transgenic Bt cotton significantly decreased the population‐trend index compared to non‐transgenic cotton for the three successive bollworm generations, especially at elevated CO2. Damage inflicted by the cotton bollworm on cotton, irrespective of the presence of insecticidal genes, is predicted to be higher under elevated CO2 conditions because of individual compensatory feeding on host plants. Conversely, population abundance is presumed to be lower under elevated CO2 compared to that under ambient CO2, particularly in combination with transgenic technologies.
Thrips tabaci and tomato spotted wilt virus: inheritance of vector competence
Authors: Cabrera‐La Rosa J. C. , Kennedy G. G.
Published: May 2007

Populations of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were shown to differ significantly in their ability to transmit an isolate of tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus: Bunyaviridae) (TSWV) collected from potato [Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae)]. To gain an understanding of the basis for this variation, we generated reciprocal crosses between an efficient and an inefficient transmitting population. The resulting F1 progeny and progeny from the parental populations were tested for their ability to transmit TSWV. Our results indicate that the ability to transmit TSWV efficiently by T. tabaci is inherited as a recessive trait.
Tillage differentially affects the capture rate of pitfall traps for three species of carabid beetles
Authors: Hatten Timothy D. , Bosque‐Pérez Nilsa A. , Johnson‐Maynard Jodi , Eigenbrode Sanford D.
Published: May 2007

The influence of tillage, gender, and microclimate on capture rates of pitfall traps for the beetlesPoecilus scitulusLeConte,Poecilus lucublandus(Say), andPterostichus melanariusIlliger (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were assessed in mark–release–recapture experiments in spring pea and spring wheat. Experiments were conducted during June, July, and August of 2003 in the Palouse region of northern Idaho, USA. Rates of capture in pitfall traps for the three carabid species were differentially affected by crop‐tillage systems. Capture rates forP. scitulusandP. lucublanduswere higher in no‐till (NT) than in conventional tillage (CT) peas, whereas capture rates forP. scitulusandPt. melanariuswere higher in CT than in NT wheat. Ground‐level temperatures and relative humidity (r.h.) differed little among tillage systems. Nevertheless, capture rates were generally positively correlated with ground‐level temperature and negatively correlated with r.h., with correlations more often significant in NT than in CT systems. The response of the thermophilicPoecilusspp. to temperature provides a possible mechanistic explanation for capture rate patterns in legumes during June, but not in other months for peas or any month in wheat during the experiments. Movement impedance due to residue could explain lower capture rates ofP. scitulusandPt. melanariusin NT than in CT spring wheat. These results suggest that researchers using pitfall trapping for carabid populations should take into account potential capture biases their treatments can introduce.
Female sex pheromone of Sesamia cretica: chemical and behavioural evidence for a three‐component blend
Authors: Germinara Giacinto S. , Elgargoti Abubaker , De Cristofaro Antonio , Rotundo Giuseppe
Published: May 2007

The female‐produced sex pheromone of the Durra stem borer, Sesamia cretica (Lederer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), had been previously characterized as a 75:25 blend of (Z)‐9‐tetradecenol (Z9‐14:OH) and (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc) based on field trapping experiments. The low attraction of this blend in the field led us to further investigate the sex pheromone of this pest. Coupled gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) analysis of female pheromone gland extracts consistently revealed three EAD‐active compounds. According to their GC retention times, mass spectra, and comparative EAG analyses with authentic standards, two of these compounds were found to be the previously reported components Z9‐14:OH and Z9‐14:OAc, whereas a third compound was identified as (Z)‐11‐hexadecenol (Z11‐16:OH). In wind tunnel experiments, the highest male responses were elicited by ratios of Z9‐14:OH, Z9‐14:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH, ranging from 90:1:9 to 90:5:5. In field tests, the 90:1:9 ratio of the blend loaded onto rubber septum dispensers was significantly more effective than single‐component, two‐component, and any other ratio of the three‐component blend. The greater effectiveness of this blend resulted in a more accurate detection of S. cretica flight activity compared with the previously reported two‐component blend.
Diapause and overwintering of the hoverflyEpisyrphus balteatus
Authors: Hondelmann Peter , Poehling Hans‐Michael
Published: May 2007

The overwintering biology of the hoverflyEpisyrphus balteatus(DeGeer) (Diptera: Syrphidae) was studied and analysed. In Europe, females of this species can overwinter as adults in a facultative, reproductive diapause. The diapause phase is characterized by the ovaries ceasing to develop and by hypertrophy of the fat body. Diapause was induced during the second and third larval instars. The critical photoperiod for inducing diapause was between 11.8 and 11.9 h, corresponding to the day lengths that occur during mid‐ to late September in Hannover, Germany. When temperatures were lower, insects could be induced into diapause at longer day lengths, similar to those that occur in early September in Hannover. A semifield study was done during the winter of 1999/2000 to confirm the results obtained under laboratory conditions and to obtain additional information on the over‐wintering development and mortality ofE. balteatus. The results suggested that mortality was correlated with the duration of the experiment and with humidity, rainfall, and temperature. The importance of these results for the regulation of cereal aphid populations by this hoverfly is discussed.
Neurotoxicity upon infusion of dimethylsulfoxide‐cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells in patients with and without pre‐existing cerebral disease
Authors: Mueller Lutz P. , Theurich Sebastian , Christopeit Maximilian , Grothe Wilfried , Muetherig Anke , Weber Thomas , Guenther Susanne , Behre Gerhard
Published: May 2007

Objective:  Toxicity related to the infusion of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)‐cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (DMSO‐PBSC) mainly comprises cardiovascular events. Fatal neurotoxicity has been reported in a few cases. DMSO represents the putative causative agent of such rare toxicities and elaborate strategies to replace DMSO would benefit from the identification of predisposing factors for DMSO‐related toxicities.

Methods:  Here, we report on DMSO‐related neurotoxicity in a series of patients (n = 51) receiving DMSO‐PBSC. The analyzed patient‐series included eight patients with pre‐existing cerebral disease, partially with a history of epileptic seizures.

Results:  Neurotoxicity was observed in only one patient who suffered from a generalized tonic seizure upon infusion of DMSO‐PBSC and for which the clinical course is reported herein. No neurotoxicity was observed in the group of patients with pre‐existing neurological disease. Furthermore, no neurotoxicity was observed in patients who received particularly large volumes of DMSO. In all patients, mild non‐neurological side effects occurred but besides the reported seizure no other severe adverse events were observed upon PBSC‐infusion.

Conclusions:  To our knowledge, this is the first report addressing the identification of predisposing factors for DMSO‐related neurotoxicty. We conclude that infusion of DMSO‐PBSC can be performed safely in patients with pre‐existing cerebral disease despite the rare occurrence of severe neurotoxicity. Retrospective multicenter studies are warranted to identify patients who would benefit from elaborate methods of DMSO‐replacement.
The Energetic Determination, Spatial Dispersion and Density Dependence of Myrmeleon Ant Lion Pits in Las Cruces, Costa Rica
Authors: Swenson Nathan G. , Luke Mahler D. , Ferro Michael , Ritchie Andrew
Published: May 2007

The amount of space used by an organism is energetically determined. We utilized a population of ant lion larvae in Costa Rica to test allometric theories concerning the use of space by organisms and how different densities of individuals affect the use of space. The area of ant lion trapping pits scaled with mass to the three‐quarters power, supporting allometric theory for sessile organisms. Our analyses also show that larger ant lion larvae show spatial repulsion and facultative density dependent pit‐building strategies.
Cost recovery of community‐managed piped water systems in Ashanti region, Ghana
Authors: Nyarko K. B. , Oduro‐Kwarteng S. , Adama I.
Published: May 2007

Recovering the cost of water services is a major obstacle in achieving a sustainable drinking water supply in developing countries. This paper assesses the levels of cost recovery, household willingness and ability to pay for the full supply cost of water services, and financial management. The study was conducted in five out of 30 community‐managed piped systems in Ashanti region, Ghana. The study shows that the existing tariffs are not sufficient to recover the full supply cost of the service based on the guidelines of the Government Community Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (CWSA). Using 5% of household income as the ability‐to‐pay criteria, 67–87% of the households in the five communities could pay the full supply cost of the service. The poor recovery of the supply cost threatens the long‐term financial sustainability of the small towns' water supply sector.
Modelling the Manchester Ship Canal
Authors: Heatlie Fiona , Drake John , Debski Damian
Published: May 2007

One of the great engineering projects of the Victorian era, the Manchester Ship Canal extends for 55 km from central Manchester to the Mersey estuary on England's northwest coast. In addition to providing navigation to Manchester for ocean‐going ships, the canal drains a total catchment of over 3000 km2. As such, the canal plays a vital role in the prevention of flooding in central Manchester and Warrington. Despite its importance in terms of flood relief, the unique character and ownership of the canal have left it excluded from legislation regarding flood management. Unlike the majority of rivers, no model of the canal had ever been constructed, leaving a missing piece in the puzzle of flood management in the northwest. This paper describes the creation of a one‐dimensional ISIS hydrodynamic model of the canal and the testing of a range of flood scenarios with that model.
Comparison of model approaches for predicting coliform removal in waste stabilization ponds
Authors: Buchauer Konrad
Published: May 2007

This paper compares the two most frequently used approaches for the prediction of faecal coliforms in the effluent (FCe) of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs): the continuous stirred reactor (CSTR) model and the dispersed flow (DF) model. On the basis of theoretical and practical analysis, it is concluded that, under most conditions usually found in practice, the DF model can be expected to predict unrealistically low FCe. This trend is more pronounced the more the flow conditions in the pond(s) approach plug flow, and the higher the average retention time per pond. Model differences in FCe prediction typically deviate from one another by up to 1–2 log units. This can lead to the design of substantially different pond sizes, with footprint differences between the two models of 30–50% not being exceptional. Consequently, on the basis of usually applied model parameters, for the time being it appears safer to use the CSTR model for FCe prediction in WSP systems.
Mapping Three‐Dimensional Water‐Quality Data in the Chesapeake Bay Using Geostatistics1
Authors: Chehata Mondher , Jasinski David , Monteith Michael C. , Samuels William B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  Data interpretation and visualization software tools with geostatistical capabilities were adapted, customized, and tested to assist the Chesapeake Bay Program in improving its water‐quality modeling protocols. Tools were required to interpolate, map, and visualize three‐dimensional (3D) water‐quality data, with the capability to determine estimation errors. Components of the software, originally developed for ground‐water modeling, were customized for application in estuaries. Additional software components were developed for retrieval, and for pre‐ and post‐ processing of data. The Chesapeake Bay Program uses the 3D mapped data for input to the Bay water‐quality model that projects the future health of the Bay and its tidal tributary system. In determining water‐quality attainment criteria, 3D kriging estimation errors are needed as a statistical measure of uncertainty. Furthermore, given the high cost of installing and operating new monitoring stations, geostatistical techniques can assist the Chesapeake Bay Program in the identification of suitable data collection locations. Following the evaluation, selection, and development of the software components phase, 3D ordinary kriging techniques with directional semi‐variograms to account for anisotropy were successfully demonstrated for mapping 3D fixed station water‐quality data, such as dissolved oxygen and salinity. Additionally, an improved delineation tool was implemented to simulate the upper and lower pycnocline boundary surfaces allowing the segregation of the interpolated 3D data into three separate zones for a better characterization of the pycnocline layer.
Influence of the external solenoid coil arrangement and excitation mode on plasma characteristics and target utilization in a dc-planar magnetron sputtering system
Authors: Zhang X. B. , Xiao J. Q. , Pei Z. L. , Gong J. , Sun C.
Published: May 2007

The influence of external solenoid coil arrangement and excitation mode on plasma characteristics and target utilization was investigated, with an axially external magnetic field Bext being superimposed to the original field of the magnetron source in a dc-planar magnetron sputtering system. The magnetic field configuration was simulated using the finite-element method. Langmuir probe measurement showed that the coil position had a strong effect on the near-substrate plasma parameters, resulting from the variations of magnetic field configuration in the substrate region. Furthermore, it was a relatively simple and effective method to improve the target utilization by supplying a low-frequency ac power to the external coil situated around the magnetron. The target utilization efficiency was highly sensitive to the coil position. The coil was more suitable to be placed in the vicinity of the magnetron for improving the target utilization or near the substrate for increasing the near-substrate plasma density. Finally, a novel method was proposed to simultaneously realize both objects by choosing an appropriate solenoid coil arrangement and excitation mode.
On the phase shift of reflection high energy electron diffraction intensity oscillations during Ge(001) homoepitaxy by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Shin Byungha , Leonard John P. , McCamy James W. , Aziz Michael J.
Published: May 2007

The authors have conducted a systematic investigation of the phase shift of the reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) intensity oscillations during homoepitaxy of Ge(001) by molecular beam epitaxy for a wide range of diffraction conditions. Their results show that for small incidence angles with a beam azimuth several degrees away from the ⟨110⟩ crystallographic symmetry direction, the phase is independent of incidence angle; however, it starts to shift once the incidence angle is high enough that the (004) Kikuchi line appears in the RHEED pattern. Moreover, under some conditions they observe the oscillations from only the Kikuchi feature and not from the specular spot, and the oscillatory behavior of the Kikuchi feature is almost out of phase with that of the specular spot. They conclude that the phase shift is caused by the overlap of the specular spot and the Kikuchi features, in contrast to models involving dynamical scattering theory for the phase shift. They discuss necessary conditions for avoiding interference.
Effects of processing parameters on electroluminescence of rf magnetron sputter deposited ZnS:ErF3
Authors: DeVito David M. , Argun Avni A. , Law Evan , Davidson Mark R. , Puga-Lambers M. , Holloway Paul H.
Published: May 2007

Zn S : Er F 3 alternating current thin film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices are fabricated by rf plasma magnetron sputtering. In a full factorial design-of-experiment study, increasing deposition temperature, duty cycle on the doped target, and sputter gas pressure all result in increases in the 1.55μm near infrared (NIR) electroluminescence (EL) irradiance at 20V above threshold (B20). An increase in the EL threshold voltage (Vth) upon increasing the duty cycle of the undoped target is also reported. Postdeposition annealing of ACTFEL devices at 425°C for 1h improves the NIR EL irradiance by decreasing the F concentrations in the ZnS:Er films. The origins of these effects are discussed in terms of negative ion resputtering, surface mobility of sputtered species, crystallinity, and the effects of atomic concentration on the EL and radiative relaxation processes. A maximum irradiance, B20, of 147μW∕cm2 is measured for the 1.55μm NIR EL peak from ZnS:Er ACTFEL devices produced using a deposition temperature of 150°C, a duty cycle of 75%, an argon sputtering gas pressure of 24mTorr, and postdeposition annealing at 425°C for 1h in nitrogen.
Crystalline alumina coatings by reactive ac magnetron sputtering
Authors: Khanna Atul , Bhat Deepak G.
Published: May 2007

Alumina coatings were deposited on silicon (111 orientation) substrates by reactive ac magnetron sputtering. Film deposition was done using Al targets and three O2∕Ar gas flow rate ratios at 5kW power. X-ray diffraction studies showed that films were crystalline and contained several phases of alumina. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy analyses were used to measure O∕Al atomic ratio and Ar and H concentrations in the films. Hydrogen content in the coatings depended on the O2 partial pressure used during sputtering and also on the arrival rate of Al and O species on the substrates and seemed to influence the crystallinity of the coatings.
On the interest of carbon-coated plasma reactor for advanced gate stack etching processes
Authors: Ramos R. , Cunge G. , Joubert O.
Published: May 2007

In integrated circuit fabrication the most wide spread strategy to achieve acceptable wafer-to-wafer reproducibility of the gate stack etching process is to dry-clean the plasma reactor walls between each wafer processed. However, inherent exposure of the reactor walls to fluorine-based plasma leads to formation and accumulation of nonvolatile fluoride residues (such as AlFx) on reactor wall surfaces, which in turn leads to process drifts and metallic contamination of wafers. To prevent this while keeping an Al2O3 reactor wall material, a coating strategy must be used, in which the reactor is coated by a protective layer between wafers. It was shown recently that deposition of carbon-rich coating on the reactor walls allows improvements of process reproducibility and reactor wall protection. The authors show that this strategy results in a higher ion-to-neutral flux ratio to the wafer when compared to other strategies (clean or SiOClx-coated reactors) because the carbon walls load reactive radical densities while keeping the same ion current. As a result, the etching rates are generally smaller in a carbon-coated reactor, but a highly anisotropic etching profile can be achieved in silicon and metal gates, whose etching is strongly ion assisted. Furthermore, thanks to the low density of Cl atoms in the carbon-coated reactor, silicon etching can be achieved almost without sidewall passivation layers, allowing fine critical dimension control to be achieved. In addition, it is shown that although the O atom density is also smaller in the carbon-coated reactor, the selectivity toward ultrathin gate oxides is not reduced dramatically. Furthermore, during metal gate etching over high-k dielectric, the low level of parasitic oxygen in the carbon-coated reactor also allows one to minimize bulk silicon reoxidation through HfO2 high-k gate dielectric. It is then shown that the BCl3 etching process of the HfO2 high-k material is highly selective toward the substrate in the carbon-coated reactor, and the carbon-coating strategy thus allows minimizing the silicon recess of the active area of transistors. The authors eventually demonstrate that the carbon-coating strategy drastically reduces on-wafer metallic contamination. Finally, the consumption of carbon from the reactor during the etching process is discussed (and thus the amount of initial deposit that is required to protect the reactor walls) together with the best way of cleaning the reactor after a silicon etching process.
Measurement of cooling rates of a superstrate cooling apparatus for an integrated in-line manufacturing process for thin-film photovoltaic devices
Authors: Enzenroth Robert A. , Barth Kurt L. , Sampath W. S. , Manivannan V.
Published: May 2007

A pilot-scale semiconductor deposition system for the continuous production of CdTe based solar cells has been developed. During initial process optimization it was found that glass superstrates needed to be cooled before the back contact application. In order to shorten the cycle time for cooling glass superstrates, a close contact cooling apparatus with conduction through the gas phase for use in a vacuum chamber is being developed. Initial measurements of the cooling rates for a test cooling apparatus indicate that 76×76×2mm3 superstrates can be cooled from 170to30°C in a period of 4min.
Ferroelectric BaTi2O5 thin film prepared by laser ablation
Authors: Wang Chuanbin , Tu Rong , Goto Takashi
Published: May 2007

Ferroelectric b-axis oriented BaTi2O5 thin film was successfully prepared on MgO (100) substrates by laser ablation. The effects of substrate temperature (Tsub) and oxygen partial pressure (PO2) on the crystal structure, surface morphology, and dielectric property of the film were investigated. BaTi2O5 thin films were obtained at Tsub=923–973K and PO2=vacuumto17.5Pa on MgO (100) substrates. The orientation of the films changed from (710) to (020) depending on Tsub and PO2. The optimum conditions for preparing film with a dense and elongated texture were Tsub=973K and PO2=12.5Pa. The permittivity of the ferroelectric b-axis oriented BaTi2O5 thin film showed a sharp peak (∼2000) at 750K.
Auger electron spectroscopy of surfaces during exposure to gaseous discharges
Authors: Guha Joydeep , Pu Yi-Kang , Donnelly Vincent M.
Published: May 2007

The authors report for the first time Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) of a surface while it is exposed to a high pressure, reactive environment: a 5mTorr inductively coupled plasma. An anodized aluminum cylindrical substrate (a common plasma reactor coating) was rotated within the reactor wall. Differential pumping allowed the substrate to be exposed to the plasma, and then AES as little as 1ms thereafter. Electron-beam-induced charging, a severe problem for conventional Auger analysis of insulators, is remediated in this experiment because the plasma maintains the surface at a constant floating potential. Chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen plasmas were investigated. O2 plasmas are effective in removing Cl from Cl2 plasma-conditioned surfaces; N2 plasmas are not. During Cl2 plasma exposure, Cl coverage does not decrease with increasing delay time between plasma exposure and Auger analysis, varied by varying the substrate rotation frequency. This is contrary to desorption of Cl2 (detected by line-of-sight mass spectrometry), which decreases dramatically as the delay time becomes longer than the time for Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) recombination of adsorbed Cl. The adsorbed Cl participating in LH recombination is <10% of the total Cl coverage, which is estimated to be ∼(3–8)×1014cm−2.
Comparison of surface reactivity of CN, NH, and NH2 radicals during deposition of amorphous carbon nitride films from inductively coupled rf plasmas
Authors: Liu Dongping , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: May 2007

The interactions of CN, NH, and NH2 radicals with carbon nitride films during inductively coupled rf plasma deposition were measured using the imaging of radicals interacting with surfaces (IRIS) technique. The surface reactivity R for each species was obtained at various gas compositions of N2∕CH4 and NH3∕CH4 and applied rf powers. R values for CN and NH radicals ranged from 0.85 to 1.0 and 0.1 to 0.2, respectively, and show very little dependence on the gas compositions and applied power. In contrast, R values for NH2 decreased from 0.6±1 to 0.2±0.1 when the CH4 fraction in the plasma was increased from 0% to 70%. The essentially 100% scatter measured for NH suggests that it does not contribute significantly to film growth in these systems. The effect of ion bombardment on the R values in these systems was analyzed by applying a dc bias to the substrate. In general, R values were found to decrease when a +200V bias was applied. Results indicate that energetic ions are important in surface production of the species studied with IRIS. The plasmas have also been characterized by mass spectrometry, including the measurements of ion energy distributions. Mechanisms for film deposition in these carbon nitride systems are discussed incorporating the authors’ gas-phase and gas-surface interface data.