bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivating language and self-mentoring: a training program supporting the development of leaders in organizations
Authors: Holmes William T. , Carr Marsha
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to provide support for leader improvement, development, and learning as well as provide a twenty-first century training program that meets the needs of all organizations and employees within the context of motivating language (ML) and through the framework of a trending self-initiated training practice referred to as self-mentoring (SM).

Design/methodology/approach

The approach of this paper is to merge the robust and well-generalized ML model with the emergent SM model around a set of guided questions to create a framework for training.

Findings

The integrated findings of the ML and SM models create a process for training that supports a well-developed organizational system, as well as a system that is void of systematic elements for leader development.

Research limitations/implications

The implications call for expanded scholarship in the ML model and SM as tools for leadership and organizational development (OD).

Practical implications

Continued training in the ML model for leaders and application of SM as an institutional vehicle for training.

Originality/value

This is the first paper bringing ML and SM together.
Influence of Lorentz forces on nanofluid flow in a porous cavity by means of non-Darcy model
Authors: Sheikholeslami M.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This main purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of Lorentz forces on magnetic nanofluid free convection in a porous media. Control volume based finite element method (CVFEM) is chosen to simulate the purpose of this paper. Influences of Darcy number, Fe3O4–water volume fraction, Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers on hydrothermal behavior are presented.

Design/methodology/approach

Magnetic nanofluid flow in a permeable medium is studied numerically using the non-Darcy model. Outputs are obtained by means of CVFEM.

Findings

Results indicated that isotherms become denser near the inner cylinder with augmentation of the permeability of the porous media. The Nusselt number enhances with an increase in buoyancy forces, Darcy number but it detracts with augment of Lorentz forces.

Originality/value

Results depict that the effect of the Hartmann number on rate of heat transfer is more observable in a medium with higher permeability.
Flow of magneto-nanofluid over a thermally stratified bi-directional stretching sheet in the presence of Ohmic heating
Authors: Khan Umar , Abbasi Adnan , Ahmed Naveed , Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef
Published: September 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the flow of nanofluid over bi-directional stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic field and linear thermal radiation.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, water is taken as a base fluid, and copper is diluted in the base fluid. Further, four different shapes of nanoparticles are considered for the analysis. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into the system of ordinary differential equations after using the feasible similarity transformations. Solution of the model is then performed by means of Runge–Kutta scheme.

Findings

Influence of the emerging dimensionless parameters on velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and local rate of heat transfer are studied with the help of graphs.

Originality/value

The study is presented in this paper is original and has not been submitted to any other journal for the publication purpose. The contents are original, and proper references have been provided wherever applicable.
Expatriates go shopping: food and shopping acculturation
Authors: Bundy Laurence
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline how the food acculturation of British expatriates in Toulouse (France) translates into their shopping behaviours. Having established this population’s specific food acculturation outcomes, mechanisms and motivations, it then studies their buying behaviours and shopping experiences.

Design/methodology/approach

This qualitative research is based on 70 semi-directive interviews of British expatriates in Toulouse. Specific emphasis was placed on facilitating respondents’ expression and analysing the wealth of their answers. The transcribed interviews were thus manually analysed.

Findings

This food acculturation process proves simpler than what seminal papers outlined, i.e. fewer acculturation outcomes, but also more complex: respondents show intertwined outcomes. The marketing channels and store formats respondents privilege in their food provisioning show discrepancies with French buyers’, and the retailers’ mix variables they particularly react to are identified, leading to managerial implications. Overall, both acculturated consumption and shopping practices display fluid behaviours.

Research limitations/implications

This paper investigates a specific situation. Research on other populations or circumstances should confirm its results, especially migrants’ acceptance and satisfaction with local marketing channels and store formats.

Practical implications

Local retailers should address the shopping expectations of this affluent target through minor alterations to their operations without antagonising the locals.

Originality/value

This paper’s main contribution is to extend consumer acculturation literature in two dimensions. First, by studying wealthier migrants escaping “dominated acculturation”, the paper outlines respondents’ “embraced acculturation”. Then, by extending its scope beyond consumption, to shopping experience and store selection, it bridges the gap between consumer acculturation and retailing literatures.
Critical challenges in management of heritage conservation projects in India
Authors: Roy Debopam , Kalidindi Satyanarayana N.
Published: September 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting performance of heritage conservation projects in terms of project management parameters of time, cost, and quality.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory study was conducted in India, wherein 41 conservation professionals were interviewed. The method adopted for the study was unstructured interviews, wherein the respondents were asked open-ended questions about the issues faced in such projects and factors affecting project performance.

Findings

The interview recordings and notes, made during the exploratory study, have been manually coded to identify the most frequently mentioned problems, group them into categories, and assess their relative importance.

Research limitations/implications

This paper has presented a broad overview of the challenges faced by heritage conservation projects in general. Further research is necessary to analyse if the challenges depend on factors like type of heritage, project delivery model, and stakeholders involved, and to develop mitigation strategies for these challenges.

Practical implications

The findings from this study can be used by practitioners to improve performance of heritage conservation projects in terms of time, cost, and quality.

Originality/value

The findings of the exploratory study help to better understand the reasons of poor performance of heritage conservation projects in terms of time, cost, and quality. The paper has identified major challenges of the sector, and assessed their relative importance, which can help in developing project management strategy for future projects.
Microfoundations of Small Business Tax Behaviour: A Capability Perspective
Authors: Battisti Martina , Deakins David
Published: September 2017

Small business tax behaviour has received surprisingly little attention. We argue that an organizational capability perspective using microfoundations will allow us to better understand the relationships between different drivers and the dynamics of small business tax behaviour. This study draws on in‐depth interviews with 42 small business owners who are matched with the firms’ factual tax compliance status. Using grounded theory, we build a framework that (a) identifies different microfoundations of small business capability to manage tax and (b) explains the dynamic nature of the relationship between organizational capability and compliance. Findings suggest that high capability does not necessarily translate into high tax compliance and this relationship is mediated by the owner‐managers’ perceptions of taxation as well changes in the economic and regulatory environment.
Microbial biotechnologies for potable water production
Authors: Fowler S. Jane , Smets Barth F.
Published: September 2017

Sustainable Development Goal 6 requires the provision of safe drinking water to the world. We propose that increased exploitation of biological processes is fundamental to achieving this goal due to their low economic and energetic costs. Biological processes exist for the removal of most common contaminants, and biofiltration processes can establish a biologically stable product that retains high quality in distribution networks, minimizing opportunities for pathogen invasion.
Biogas
Authors: Plugge Caroline M.
Published: September 2017

Biogas production represents a fascinating process for the recovery of nutrients and renewable energy from various organic waste streams. The process is of interest for the production of value‐added chemicals by mixed cultures and can also be applied in combined bioenergy production systems. Strategies and opportunities for optimization of biogas quality and quantity are presented.
Interval between IVF stimulation cycle and frozen embryo transfer: Is there a benefit to a delay between cycles?
Authors: Higgins Chloe , Healey Martin , Jatkar Sameer , Vollenhoven Beverley
Published: September 2017

Background

There is currently limited evidence available regarding ideal timing for frozen embryo transfer (FET). Demonstrating that delaying FETs has few clinical benefits would allow patients to proceed with FET at their earliest convenience.

Aims

To examine whether the time interval between stimulation cycle and subsequent FET affects pregnancy and live birth rates.

Materials and methods

This retrospective cohort study, based in a multi‐site private in vitro fertilisation (IVF) clinic categorised women into two groups: those having FET cycles administered within 25–35 days or 50–70 days of IVF stimulation cycle and embryo freeze. Outcomes measured were clinical pregnancy and live birth rates.

Results

When comparing the patients who have had a 25–35 days gap between embryo freeze and FET, to the matched patients who had a 50–70 days gap, the statistically significant results showed an adjusted odds ratio for live birth of 1.31 (1.02–1.67). The adjusted odds ratio for clinical pregnancy in matched case : control analysis was not statistically significant at 1.22 (0.97–1.53).

Conclusion

A gap of 25–35 days between embryo freeze and FET was associated with improved live birth rates compared to a gap of 50–70 days.
Distress levels in pregnant and matched non‐pregnant women
Authors: Barber Carol Cornsweet , Steadman Jessica
Published: September 2017

This study examined self‐rated symptoms of distress (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale—DASS‐21 and Perceived Stress Scale—PSS‐4) among 93 pregnant women and a comparison group of 93 non‐pregnant women matched on age and educational attainment. There were no significant differences between the groups, either on mean levels of distress or on proportions above a clinical cut‐off point. Overall, 22%, 31% and 16% of pregnant women reported experiencing at least moderate levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Implications for conceptualising distress in pregnancy and identifying and providing support for the substantial minority who are distressed are discussed.
Using the PCaRD digital game‐based learning model of instruction in the middle school mathematics classroom: A case study
Authors: Denham André R.
Published: September 2017

Currently there are few pedagogical models available for mathematics teachers who are interested in digital game‐based learning. The Play Curricular‐activity Reflection and Discussion (PCaRD) model attempts to address this, but lacks the needed exploratory research on its implementation within formal mathematics classrooms. Through the use of semi‐structured interviews, this study examined three middle school teachers’ initial experience using PCaRD, the influence of this experience on their digital game‐based learning knowledge, and their perceptions on how teaching with digital games impacts student achievement. The findings showed teachers feel PCaRD is a sound Pedagogical model, but needed more practice using it to fully realize its usefulness. Also teachers felt the need to make adaptions to PCaRD based on the composition of their class, and had difficulty implementing the reflection and discussion phases. Finally, teachers felt their low achieving students benefitted most from the use of digital games. Future directions for research are also discussed.
Activation of G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor 1 at the onset of reperfusion protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy
Authors: Feng Yansheng , Madungwe Ngonidzashe B , da Cruz Junho Carolina Victoria , Bopassa Jean C
Published: September 2017

Background and Purpose

Recent evidence indicates that GPER (G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor 1) mediates acute pre‐ischaemic oestrogen‐induced protection of the myocardium from ischaemia/reperfusion injury via a signalling cascade that includes PKC translocation, ERK1/2/ GSK‐3β phosphorylation and inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Here, we investigated the impact and mechanism involved in post‐ischaemic GPER activation in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. We determined whether GPER activation at the onset of reperfusion confers cardioprotective effects by protecting against mitochondrial impairment and mitophagy.

Experimental Approach

In vivo rat hearts were subjected to ischaemia followed by reperfusion with oestrogen (17β‐oestradiol, E2), E2 + G15, a GPER antagonist, or vehicle. Myocardial infarct size, the threshold for the opening of mPTP, mitophagy, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS production, proteins ubiquitinated including cyclophilin D, and phosphorylation levels of ERK and GSK‐3β were measured.

Results

We found that post‐ischaemic E2 administration to both male and female ovariectomized‐rats reduced myocardial infarct size. Post‐ischaemic E2 administration preserved mitochondrial structural integrity and this was associated with a decrease in ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as an increase in the mitochondrial Ca2+ load required to induce mPTP opening via activation of the MEK/ERK/GSK‐3β axis. Moreover, E2 reduced mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin pathway involving LC3I, LC3II and p62 proteins. All these post‐ischaemic effects of E2 were abolished by G15 suggesting a GPER‐dependent mechanism.

Conclusion

These results indicate that post‐ischaemic GPER activation induces cardioprotective effects against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in males and females by protecting mitochondrial structural integrity and function and reducing mitophagy.
From Developmental Psychologist to Water Scientist and Back Again: The Role of Interdisciplinary Research in Developmental Science
Authors: Gauvain Mary
Published: September 2017

The current focus on large‐scale problems emphasizes interdisciplinary research. In this essay, I describe interdisciplinary research and the role of developmental scientists in this endeavor. The goal is to encourage greater involvement by developmental scientists in interdisciplinary research on global problems that affect the well‐being of children and youth. The involvement of developmental scientists in these efforts will increase the effectiveness of many projects, broaden the scope of research in the discipline, and provide information about the experiences of children and youth around the world. To illustrate, I describe my involvement in interdisciplinary research on water conservation and use. I conclude the essay by describing challenges and benefits of engaging in interdisciplinary research, and offer suggestions for developmental scientists interested in this role.
Lung cancer in young women in southern Sweden: A descriptive study
Authors: Fritz Ildikó , Olsson Håkan
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Lung cancer, a common malignancy and cause of cancer‐related deaths, is strongly linked to several environmental exposures, and thus primarily affects the elderly. Formerly a man's disease, its incidence is rising among women, and lung cancer is now more common in women than men in Sweden. Women are particularly over‐represented among young patients. While overall cancer mortality in Europe is decreasing, female lung cancer mortality is increasing.

Objectives

We describe the epidemiological presentation of lung cancer in young Swedish women, aiming to pinpoint its risk factors for young women.

Methods

1159 women with newly diagnosed lung cancer in southern Sweden 1997‐2015 answered questionnaires on their lifestyles and personal and family medical histories. We identified those below age 50.

Results

70 (6.0%) of 1159 women were below age 50. Most (n = 49, 70.0%) were aged 45‐50; eight (11.4%) were below age 40. The most common lung cancer subtype was adenocarcinoma (n = 33, 47.1%). 12.9% (n = 9) had carcinoid tumors. Most women reported both first‐ and second‐hand tobacco smoke exposure (n = 54, 77.1%); 2.9% (n = 2) reported neither. 17.1% (n = 12) were never‐smokers. 34.3% (n = 24) reported frequent X‐ray radiation exposure. 78.6% reported at least one near relative with cancer. 25.7% reported relatives with lung cancer.

Conclusions

Lung cancer remains rare in young women, and tobacco smoke exposure is the single greatest risk factor, even for never‐smokers. Thus, avoiding tobacco smoke exposure remains the most important preventive measure against lung cancer for young women in Sweden and elsewhere.
A Simulation for Managing Complexity in Sales and Operations Planning Decisions
Authors: DuHadway Scott , Dreyfus David
Published: September 2017

Within the classroom it is often difficult to convey the complexities and intricacies that go into making sales and operations planning decisions. This article describes an in‐class simulation that allows students to gain hands‐on experience with the complexities in making forecasting, inventory, and supplier selection decisions as part of the sales and operations planning process. The activity may be run during one class period and is flexible enough to accommodate almost any class size. During the simulation, students may apply forecasting techniques, inventory management concepts, and supplier selection processes, while experiencing the effects of supply chain disruptions. This simulation is recommended to be used after forecasting, inventory management, and supplier selection topics have been discussed. An overview of the exercise and evidence of its effectiveness is provided.
Analysis of NFU‐1 metallocofactor binding‐site substitutions—impacts on iron–sulfur cluster coordination and protein structure and function
Authors: Wesley Nathaniel A. , Wachnowsky Christine , Fidai Insiya , Cowan J. A.
Published: September 2017

Iron–sulfur (Fe/S) clusters are ancient prosthetic groups found in numerous metalloproteins and are conserved across all kingdoms of life due to their diverse, yet essential functional roles. Genetic mutations to a specific subset of mitochondrial Fe/S cluster delivery proteins are broadly categorized as disease‐related under multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome (MMDS), with symptoms indicative of a general failure of the metabolic system. Multiple mitochondrial dysfunction syndrome 1 (MMDS1) arises as a result of the missense mutation in NFU1, an Fe/S cluster scaffold protein, which substitutes a glycine near the Fe/S cluster‐binding pocket to a cysteine (p.Gly208Cys). This substitution has been shown to promote protein dimerization such that cluster delivery to NFU1 is blocked, preventing downstream cluster trafficking. However, the possibility of this additional cysteine, located adjacent to the cluster‐binding site, serving as an Fe/S cluster ligand has not yet been explored. To fully understand the consequences of this Gly208Cys replacement, complementary substitutions at the Fe/S cluster‐binding pocket for native and Gly208Cys NFU1 were made, along with six other variants. Herein, we report the results of an investigation on the effect of these substitutions on both cluster coordination and NFU1 structure and function. The data suggest that the G208C substitution does not contribute to cluster binding. Rather, replacement of the glycine at position 208 changes the oligomerization state as a result of global structural alterations that result in the downstream effects manifest as MMDS1, but does not perturb the coordination chemistry of the Fe–S cluster.
HIV and Headache: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Sampaio Rocha‐Filho Pedro Augusto , Torres Rinailda Cascia Santos , Ramos Montarroyos Ulisses
Published: September 2017

Introduction

The head and neck are the second most common locations for pain among HIV‐positive individuals. Most studies were conducted among HIV patients at an advanced stage of the disease.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study. Patients with HIV and CD4+ T lymphocyte counts >500 were included. Semi‐structured interview, the Headache Impact Test (HIT‐6), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used.

Results

Of the 119 cases included, 63% were men. The mean age was 35.5 ± 10.4 years. Among the patients, 103 (87%) had headaches, 53 (45%) had migraines, 50 (42%) had tension‐type headaches, and 53 (45%) had substantial and severe impact of headaches. Eleven patients had headaches that started after they had been diagnosed with HIV. These patients had more migraines (72% vs 43%; P < 0.05), greater intensity (8 ± 2 vs 6 ± 2; P < 0.01), and impact (HIT‐6: 60 ± 11 vs 51 ± 12; P = 0.02) of headaches compared to others HIV patients. There were no correlations between CD4 counts and the intensity, frequency, or impact of headaches.

Conclusions

HIV‐positive patients had a high frequency of headaches, which had a great impact on patients' lives. The pattern most often found was migraine. There was no correlation between CD4 counts and the severity of headaches.
Gendered Aspects of Conflict, Displacement and Peace Process in Turkey
Authors: Çelik Ayşe Betül
Published: September 2017

The peace process in Turkey, since its inception, has not paid any attention to internal displacement or its gendered aspects. This study analyses how displaced women remember the gendered aspects of displacement and perceive reconciliation and peace. The analysis, based on interviews with 42 internally displaced women, shows that changing domestic and international contexts have substantive impact on how displaced women remember their stories and the meaning they attach to their ethnic identities. Consequently, it suggests that if the peace process is re‐initiated, leaders need to take into consideration that each component of reconciliation (justice, peace, trust towards the state, intergroup relations and truth‐telling) has different difficulties to be overcome when the gendered aspect of displacement is taken into account and consider return not only as a realistic demand but also as a political wish.
Forced Displacement in Turkey: Pushing the Limits of theECHRSystem
Authors: Dinsmore Darren S.
Published: September 2017

This article presents research findings on regional human rights tribunals and forced displacement. It assesses the response of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) system to “village destructions” and “village returns” complaints lodged against Turkey and originating from the conflict between State security forces and thePKK(Partiya Karkarȇn Kurdistan). Within academic literature the role of theECHRin Turkey tends to be reduced to discussion of a handful of substantive decisions. This article argues that there is much to be gained from closer examination of the (changing) dynamics of theECHRin Turkey and the regulation of displacement. Two innovations can be observed from this case‐study: a special level of ‘protective’ access and a proactive approach to fact‐finding. The Turkish cases indicate a need for further investigation of the role of fact‐finding in cases of displacement and the development of context‐specific rules on sustainable returns processes.
The Important Role of Binational Studies for Migration and Health Research: A Review of US‐Mexico Binational Studies and Design Considerations for Addressing Critical Issues in Migrant Health
Authors: Handley Margaret A. , Sudhinaraset May
Published: September 2017

The impact of migration on health is an important and growing concern worldwide. We conducted a literature review of published health literature in PubMed, between January 1999 and February 2015, representing studies including US and Mexico samples and the title word “binational”. Fifty‐nine studies representing three types of study designs were identified. The health issues examined included chronic conditions, mental health, substance abuse, reproductive health, infectious diseases, environmental health, and use of health‐care services. Binational research between the US and Mexico contributes to our understanding of migrant health and offers critical insights into the processes affecting health outcomes in the US and Mexico. Future studies of all designs can pay closer attention to the social determinants of health.
Ethnic Violence, Local Security and Return Migration: Enclave communities in Kosovo
Authors: Joireman Sandra F.
Published: September 2017

Forced migration has become commonplace in the international political landscape. In 2015, 60 million people were displaced by violence, more than ever before recorded (UNHCR, 2015). While we know that violence leads to displacement, we know little about return migration after conflict – who comes back and where they settle. This article seeks to engage and supplement the literature on return migration after conflict, advocating for a broader understanding of the security choices made by displaced people. Emphasized here is the importance of a local understanding of safety and the role played by enclave communities in providing a secure context in which people can enjoy the society of their co‐ethnics.
Health Insurance, from a Child Language Broker's Perspective
Authors: Martinez Krissia , Orellana Marjorie Faulstich , Murillo Marco A. , Rodriguez Michael A.
Published: September 2017

In the midst of dramatic changes to American health care law there is need to understand the challenges that vulnerable populations encounter in obtaining and managing health insurance. Research has found that child language brokers, children who mediate language and culture for their immigrant families, assist with health‐related matters. We report on focus groups with 17 language brokers living in Central Los Angeles. In this article we detail their experiences language brokering for health insurance and their knowledge of health insurance and policies that apply to their immigrant families. We illuminate some barriers immigrant families face as well as how they navigate them. We conclude with policy implications, particularly in relation to making health insurance more accessible to non‐English speaking and immigrant populations.
PRIMARY SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: LAZARUS L.
Published: September 2017

A man aged forty‐seven years, with no previous history of cardiac disease, suddenly presented with congestive cardiac failure, an electrocardiogram suggestive of healed infarct and a nephrotic syndrome. Haemoptysis and hmatemesis indicated the involvement of other systems. He died suddenly in his sleep. Autopsy showed generalized amyloid infiltration and no primary cause of amyloidosis.

The literature has been briefly reviewed. Primary systemic amyloidosis is a multisystemic disease with protean clinical manifestations. It should be considered in any patient with disease of more than one bodily system, and particularly should it be considered in any patient with cardiac failure of obscure ætiology.
THE NATURE OF THE PIGMENTARY DISTURBANCE IN ADDISON'S DISEASE
Authors: HUDSON BRYAN , BENTLEY G. A.
Published: September 2017

It is suggested that the pigmentary disorder in Addison's disease results from an excessive production of pituitary melanocyte‐stimulating hormone.

The hormones were assayed by the use of intact toads, where concentration was high (for example, pituitary extracts) and of isolated toad skin for low concentrations (for example, blood). A method for isolation of the hormone from blood is outlined.

With these methods it has been shown that in persons with Addison's disease an excessive amount of melanocyte‐stimulating hormone is present in the blood, and that this decreases after treatment with cortisone or its derivatives. It has also been shown that the blood melanocyte‐stimulating hormone concentration is lowered in patients with destructive lesions of the pituitary.

The significance of these findings in relation to disorders of melanin pigmentation is discussed.
STUDIES OF PLATELET FUNCTION AS A GUIDE TO THE SEVERITY OF THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF PURPURA AND HÆMORRHAGE
Authors: BONNIN J. A.
Published: September 2017

Abnormal results from 121 tests of platelet thromboplastic function were recorded in 30 patients with thrombocytopenic purpura of various types. The presence and degree of hemorrhage or purpura, and the platelet count were also recorded at the time the platelet function tests were performed. The results showed that when the platelet thromboplastic function was below 12%, all patients were frankly bleeding ; when it was between 12% and 25%, some patients were hemorrhagic, while others showed purpura only ; when it was above 25%, virtually nc patients were haemorrhagic. Purpura occurred over the range 25% to 53% platelet thromboplastic function. There was very little correlation between the degree of hemorrhage and platelet function, and between platelet numbers and the occurrence of purpura and hæmorrhage.

It is thought that purpura is a manifestation of vascular endothelial damage, but that hemorrhage follows only when the coagulation mechanism is severely deranged by platelet dysfunction.

The test of platelet thromboplastic function has proved useful in the assessment of the severity of thrombocytopenic purpura and in predicting the occurrence of hæmorrhage.
THE HISTOLOGY OF GENERALIZED PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
Authors: MCLEAN K. H.
Published: September 2017

The evolution of morphological changes in the air passages from the early focal lesions of emphysema to those associated with the clinical disease is presented.

Progress of the focal lesions leads to involvement of the whole of the secondary lobule, at which stage the emphysema is no longer focal but “diffuse”. This diffuse change occurs at different stages of development of the focal lesions in different lungs ; the morphological evolution of both early and late change is described along with some of the more common intermediate forms.

Observations supporting the hypothesis of pathogenesis of emphysema presented in Part I of this paper have been made, and the hypothesis is extended to account for diffuse change. These diffuse lesions are aggravated by bronchospasm and, relatively late in the morphological evolution of the disease, by expiratory collapse of bronchioles. The emphysematous changes themselves, in turn, aggravate this last factor.

The hypothesis of pathogenesis is reviewed, and morphological evidence is correlated with several aspects of physiological observations on alterations of lung function in the disease.

The relation of chronic bronchitis to emphysema is analysed in view of these observations, and it is concluded that chronic bronchitis cannot be said to “cause” emphysema, but, rather, both are related by way of the common factor of inflammatory disease of the bronchioles.
THE HISTOLOGY OF LOCALIZED EMPHYSEMA
Authors: McLEAN K. H.
Published: September 2017

The histological features of several types of lesions showing localized emphysema are presented. Most such lesions were associated macroscopically with either bronchiectasis (or bronchiolectasis) or “ scarring ” in the affected area ; examples of each type are described.

In several of these localized lesions it was possible to demonstrate unequivocally that the emphysematous region was wholly aerated by collateral ventilation and that the original bronchiole that supplied the area was obliterated. These observations provide conclusive morphological evidence to support the hypothesis of pathogenesis of emphysema which was presented to account for the histological changes observed in the generalized condition, in which the evidence for the hypothesis was, to a large extent, deductive.

The close relation between the localized and the generalized disease is emphasized by the observation that bronchiolar inflammatory damage and obliteration is similar in pattern and the initial lesion is centrolobular (or “ focal ”) in both. The features of any emphysematous lesion, either localized or generalized, are shown to be determined largely by the nature of the causative inflammatory process, the emphysema itself being due to a single process—“ trapping ” of collaterally ventilated air.

This study of localized lesions also emphasizes the intimate association of the three manifestations of permanent inflammatory damage to the lung—emphysema, bronchiectasis and “ scarring ” ; it also indicates that these three are properly regarded as sequelæ of inflammatory obstruction and obliteration of bronchioles.

Man is in truth ever the same ; even when the direct succession of cause and effect does not come in, we see that in times and places most remote from one another like events follow upon like causes.

E. A. FREEMAN : “ Comparative Politics ”.
PHONOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MITRAL VALVE DISEASE
Authors: GARDINER JAMES M.
Published: September 2017

Phonocardiograms of 250 consecutive subjects of mitral valve disease have been examined. The findings in mild mitral stenosis and in predominant mitral incompetence are described.

Seventy cases in which the state of the mitral valve was ascertained at operation have been analysed in more detail. The typical findings of “tight” mitral stenosis are described. Variations from this picture may occur where there is heavy mitral valve calcification, where severe pulmonary hypertension accompanies the development of a high pulmonary vascular resistance, and where there is significant aortic valve disease.

The importance of the group of cases with severe pulmonary hypertension is emphasized. Cases in this group are often misdiagnosed, either because the signs are wrongly interpreted as being due to mitral incompetence or because the presence of mitral stenosis as the underlying cause of pulmonary hypertension is not recognized.

The part played by phonocardiography in the diagnosis of these cases of mitral valve disease, and in the correct assessment of the state of the mitral valve in these and other cases, is stressed.
CONGENITAL DEFICIENCY OF FACTOR VII
Authors: PITNEY W. R.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory investigations are described in a female patient who suffers from a congenital hæmorrhagic disorder due to deficiency of Factor VII. The one‐stage prothrombin time using brain extract was greatly prolonged, but using viper venom was normal. All tests of the intrinsic blood coagulation mechanism, including the thromboplastin generation test, were normal. The patient provides the eighth recorded case of Factor VII deficiency with this pattern of laboratory findings.

Evidence is presented which supports the concept that Factor VII consists of at least two components, deficiency of either producing a prolonged one‐stage prothrombin time using brain extract. Cases reported in the literature of Factor VII deficiency associated with an abnormal thromboplastin generation test and prolonged plasma venom time probably represent deficiency of the second component. The Factor VII component deficient in this patient is reduced early in therapy with “Dindevan”.

The patient has three children, all with reduced concentrations of Factor VII. It is considered that the children represent the heterozygous state of Factor VII deficiency and that the defect is transmitted in a recessive manner.
THE SYNDROME OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, ADDISION'S DISEASE AND MONILIASIS
Authors: HETZEL B. S. , ROBSON H. N.
Published: September 2017

An eighth example of the rare combination of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and Addison's disease is reported. A girl, aged 16 years, had suffered epileptic fits since the age of 10. Investigations showed cerebral calcification, with low serum calcium, raised inorganic phosphorus and normal blood urea nitrogen content. She also showed typical clinical and biochemical features of Addison's disease. Treatment with cortisone and large doses of A.T.10 led to improvement in her clinical state and also in her I.Q., electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram. The, initial administration of cortisone led to a fall in serum calcium content, and, subsequently, control of the Addison's disease necessitated larger than usual doses of A.T. 10. The clinical course of this and other previously reported cases provides some evidence of an antagonism between the parathyroid and adrenal glands.
THE LOCALIZATION AND BINDING OF SERUM PROTEINS IN THE GLOMERULI OF KIDNEY BIOPSIES IN DISSEMINATED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS AND GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: TAFT L. I. , DINEEN J. K. , MACKAY IAN R.
Published: September 2017

A report has been presented on the use of fluorescent antibody (fluorescein coupled with rabbit anti‐human gamma globulin), in the localization of serum protein in kidney tissue obtained by needle biopsy.

Serum protein or fractions thereof have been localized bound to the glomerular capillary walls in kidney biopsies obtained from seven patients with glomerulonephritis associated with disseminated lupus erythematosus or related diseases, from one patient with fatal progressive glomerulonephritis and to a lesser degree from one patient with diabetic nephropathy. No such localization could be demonstrated in the glomeruli of seven normal kidneys and in ten other cases of kidney disease.

It is suggested that this binding of serum protein represents an antigen‐antibody reaction. Alternatively it may he due to a secondary adsorption of plasma by the damaged capillary wall, or a combination of these processes.
INTRAPULMONARY GAS MIXING STUDIED BY THE CLOSED‐CIRCUIT HELIUM TECHNIQUE
Authors: READ JOHN
Published: September 2017

The closed‐circuit helium method of assessing regional ventilatory inequality (uneven mixing) in the lungs has been further explored by means of a model lung containing one or two chambers.

A single, uniformly ventilated chamber produces a linear fall of helium concentration when plotted on a semi‐logarithmic scale, and such a result may be used as a criterion of uniform ventilation. Katharometer lag has been shown to be constant throughout a mixing experiment, and the rate of fall to be independent of the rate of breathing (when the abscissa is expressed as “number of breaths”). These findings help to overcome technical difficulties of analysis and to eliminate approximate “scale‐up” factors.

When the model lung consists of two unequally ventilated chambers, a semi‐logarithmic plot of the mixing process produces a curved line. A new method of analysing this curve produces estimates of the well and poorly ventilated spaces which are more accurate than those obtained with previous methods of analysis of closed‐circuit data. It is unlikely that more accurate information would be obtained from open‐circuit data.

A new index of “ventilatory defect” has been developed.
THE CARBON MONOXIDE DIFFUSING CAPACITY OF THE LUNG IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: HOLLAND R. A. B. , BLACKET R. B.
Published: September 2017

The mean diffusing capacity of the lung by the steady state carbon monoxide method was 22.2 millilitres per minute in 29 normal subjects. The diffusing capacity rose with exercise to about double the resting figure at maximum exertion.

The possible errors of the method have been examined, and it is concluded that our own figures are probably some 5% to 15% too low owing to neglect of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood and to use of the Bohr equation. When these errors are allowed for, there is no significant difference between our own results in the steady state and those of Scandinavian and American workers using single‐breath techniques.
A SURVEY OF LEUKIEMIA IN THE COMMONWEALTH
Authors: COLTON R. S.
Published: September 2017

A study is presented of the type, age and sex incidence of leukæmia in Adelaide public hospitals from 1933 to 1953, and of the numerical incidence of the disease from mortality rates in both South Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia from 1929 to 1956.

The findings indicate that a considerable increase in mortality rates in both State and Commonwealth has occurred, and that this increase has been comparable to that reported from the United States of America. In South Australia, the incidence of deaths from leukwmia per 100,000 rose from 1.03 in 1929 to 5.18 in 1956.

In the Commonwealth as a whole, the rise over the same period was from 1.88 to 5.21. A statistical analysis of the Commonwealth figures suggests a steady rate of increase from 1940 to 1945 and from 1947 to 1956, with a sudden increase in frequency of deaths at 1947. The rate of increase from 1933 to 1940 was nearly 10% per annum.

The mortality rates for 1933, 1940, 1947 and 1954 divided into quinquennial age periods also suggest that the increase after 1940 has been mainly in the older age groups.

The type, age and sex incidence studied from 295 hospital cases in Adelaide show few unusual features. Chronic myeloid leukæmia was the commonest type, but a greater increase in acute leukæmia and the chronic lymphatic type had occurred over the final ten years of the survey.

No obvious seasonal trend or pattern of presentation of acute leukæmia is noted ; but more patients were admitted to hospital from the metropolitan area of Adelaide as opposed to rural areas, than would be accounted for by differences of population.
AMENORRHCEA AND PROLONGED LACTATION, INCLUDING A FURTHER REPORT OF THE CHIARI‐FROMMEL SYNDROME
Authors: COHEN ALEX
Published: September 2017

Two cases of amenorrhœa and prolonged lactation are described. The first conforms to the case descriptions of Chiari and Frommel and was accompanied by utero‐ovarian atrophy. The second was associated with the presence of a pituitary tumour. The physiology of lactation is briefly reviewed and discussed in the conflicting light of these two cases. Other states in which amenorrhœa and prolonged lactation occur are presented, and an attempt is made to differentiate these from one another.
DAY‐TO‐DAY VARIATION OF HÆMOGLOBIN VALUE, HÆMATOCRIT READING AND ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
Authors: COTTER HELEN , LANCASTER H. O. , WALSH R. J.
Published: September 2017

The effects of menstruation and day‐to‐day variation of the blood hæmoglobin, hæmatocrit and sedimentation values have been studied. In our series of 13 women, there was no premenstrual fall in the hæmoglobin and hæmatocrit values, although there appeared to be a slight fall in the mean hæmoglobin value during the first four days of the menstrual cycle. The mean values of the Wintrobe and Westergren sedimentation rates were raised during the first four days. The correlations between the hæmatological values were computed. The hæmoglobin value was positively and strongly correlated with the hæmatocrit value. There was good agreement between the results of the two sedimentation methods, and the coefficients of variation were approximately equal. The weight was negatively correlated with the hæmatocrit, Westergren sedimentation and Wintrobe sedimentation values.
PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS
Authors: MCDOWELL C. , WILLIAMS S. E. , HINDS J. R.
Published: September 2017

A case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is reported, in the belief that this is the first case to be recognized in New Zealand and possibly in Australasia. This condition, of unknown ætiology, was first described in June, 1958, by Rosen, Castleman and Liebow. This chronic and sometimes fatal illness often begins with a pneumonic episode followed by dyspnœa, cough, chest pain and loss of weight. Characteristically, the symptoms, physical and radiological signs and pathological changes are limited to the lower part of the respiratory tract and the lung parenchyma. Equally characteristically, the physical signs fail to reflect the often gross radiological changes of extensive, pulmonary infiltration. The essential histological feature is the plugging of alveolar and other distal air spaces in the lungs with a proteinaceous material rich in lipids. This patient was ill for approximately four years before making a complete recovery.
SOME ACQUIRED HÆMOLYTIC ANÆMIAS OF CHILDHOOD
Authors: HARLEY JOHN , DODS LORIMER
Published: September 2017

A review has been made of the case records of eight children suffering from acquired hæmolytic anæmia, who were admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, during the period 1954 to 1957.

Four of the eight children were of Mediterranean racial extraction. This incidence is significantly higher than the mean incidence of children of Mediterranean racial extraction in the Australian community.

Recovery from the illness was complete in each of the eight cases; in seven, the duration of the hæmolytic episode was less than four weeks. It is suggested that acquired hæmolytic anemia in childhood is usually an acute disease of short duration.

In one case, excessive hæmolysis persisted for more than two years; for 16 weeks of this period, reticulocytopenia was present. The pathogenesis and prognosis of reticulocytopenia complicating autoimmune hæmolytic anæmia are discussed.

In one case the hæmolytic anæmia followed closely upon ingestion of fresh broad beans. Inquiry has established the fact that the common broad bean grown in Australia is Vicia fava. The glutathione content of the erythrocytes of this child, estimated more than one year after the hæmolytic episode, was found to be significantly reduced.

The significance of glutathione deficiency of the erythrocytes, in cases of acquired hæmolytic anæmia following ingestion of Vicia fava, naphthalene, sulphonamides and para‐amino salicylic acid, is briefly discussed.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF ADDISON'S DISEASE, WITH SOME REFERENCE TO THE ESTIMATION OF STEROID HORMONES
Authors: STEINBECK A. W.
Published: September 2017

In 1855, Addison published a treatise entitled "On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules", vividly describing the condition now known by his name, and before the turn of that century, Osler had administered a glycerol extract of porcine glands to an Addisonian patient with benefit. Nevertheless, it was 1917 before animal experimentation convincingly demonstrated that the adrenal medulla was not necessary for life, and 1927 before the significant experiment of maintaining life in adrenalectomized animals with adrenocortical extracts was carried out. This, and similar experiments, led to the definition of "cortin" as the adrenocortical hormone essential for life, and in 193o, Osler's observation and substitution therapy in animals were substantiated clinically by the treatment of a severely ill Addisonian patient with "cortin".

Adrenocortical activity was detected in urine in 1937, by a glycogenic bioassay method, and this led to a study of its clinical variations, a crystalline substance being isolated in 1944. With a different bioassay, similar activity was found in adrenal vein blood in 1943 and in peripheral blood in 1948, and in 1951 cortisol was suggested as the major corticosteroid of normal human plasma.