bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relation between depression, coping and health locus of control: differences between older and younger patients, with and without cancer
Authors: Aarts Jurian W. F. , Deckx Laura , van Abbema Doris L. , Tjan‐Heijnen Vivianne C. G. , van den Akker Marjan , Buntinx Frank
Published: January 2015

Objective

Depression is an important health issue in cancer patients. People use different coping strategies and health locus of control to manage stressful situations, which relate to different risks of depression. Coping strategies and health locus of control can be changed by cognitive behavioral interventions.

Methods

In a cohort study, we investigated differences in coping strategy and health locus of control in older (≥70 years) and middle‐aged (50–69 years) cancer patients, and older patients without cancer (≥70 years), and their association with presence of depression. We also investigated how these factors interact. We used the short version of the Utrecht Coping List, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, and the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale.

Results

Data were available from 1317 participants. Overall prevalence of depression was 12%. Older cancer patients tended to use an avoiding coping strategy more frequently than middle‐aged cancer patients. This was associated with higher risk of depression. Older cancer patients less often used an active coping strategy, in comparison with middle‐aged cancer patients, which was associated with a lower risk of depression. Especially in women using a seeking social support strategy, there was a lower risk of depression. Overall, the internal health locus of control was associated with higher and the external ‘powerful others’ locus with lower risk of depression.

Conclusions

Older cancer patients strongly differ from middle‐aged cancer patients, in particular with respect to coping. Interventions to prevent or alleviate depression should incorporate these differences. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical and structural properties of Ti/Al‐based contacts on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with different quality
Authors: Greco Giuseppe , Iucolano Ferdinando , Bongiorno Corrado , Di Franco Salvatore , Lo Nigro Raffaella , Giannazzo Filippo , Prystawko Pawel , Kruszewski Piotr , Krysko Marcin , Grzanka Ewa , Leszczynski Michał , Tudisco Cristina , Condorelli Guglielmo Guido , Roccaforte Fabrizio
Published: January 2015

In this work, the electrical and structural properties of Ti/Al contacts on AlGaN/GaN heterostructures with a different crystalline quality were investigated. In particular, the sample with a lower defects density required a higher temperature (800 °C) to obtain Ohmic contacts, while the more defective sample showed Ohmic behaviour at lower annealing temperature (500 °C). The susceptibility to oxidation of the metal stack upon annealing has been monitored by chemical analyses. Moreover, the temperature dependence of the contact resistance of the Ti/Al annealed contacts revealed that the interface current transport mechanism depends on the material quality. These results were attributed to the presence of V‐shaped defect close to the surface of the AlGaN barrier layer. A nanoscale electrical analysis demonstrated a preferential current conduction through these defects, which indeed plays a relevant role for the formation of the Ohmic contact.
Feature import vector machine: A general classifier with flexible feature selection
Authors: Ghosh Samiran , Wang Yazhen
Published: January 2015

The support vector machine (SVM) and other reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) based classifier systems are drawing much attention recently owing to its robustness and generalization capability. General theme here is to construct classifiers based on the training data in a high dimensional space by using all available dimensions. The SVM achieves huge data compression by selecting only few observations that lie close to the boundary of the classifier function. However when the number of observations is not very large (small n) but the number of dimensions/features is large (large p), then it is not necessary that all available features are of equal importance in the classification context. Possible selection of a useful fraction of the available features may result in huge data compression. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic approach by means of which such an optimal set of features could be selected. In short, we reverse the traditional sequential observation selection strategy of SVM to that of sequential feature selection. To achieve this we have modified the solution proposed by Zhu and Hastie in the context of import vector machine (IVM), to select an optimal sub‐dimensional model to build the final classifier with sufficient accuracy.
Differential fault attack on Zorro block cipher
Authors: Shi Danping , Hu Lei , Song Ling , Sun Siwei
Published: January 2015

Zorro is a 24‐round block cipher presented at the CHES 2013 conference. In this paper, we propose a differential fault attack on Zorro under a byte fault model, in which faults are injected in the 20th round of Zorro at arbitrary positions. With two fault injections on average, a candidate set for the key of the cipher with at most 224 elements can be efficiently obtained in a low time complexity with a probability of at least 96.29%. In this attack, the position of the fault can be easily determined by the difference of the correct and faulty ciphertexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian methods for setting sample sizes and choosing allocation ratios in phase II clinical trials with time‐to‐event endpoints
Authors: Cotterill Amy , Whitehead John
Published: January 2015

Conventional phase II trials using binary endpoints as early indicators of a time‐to‐event outcome are not always feasible. Uveal melanoma has no reliable intermediate marker of efficacy. In pancreatic cancer and viral clearance, the time to the event of interest is short, making an early indicator unnecessary. In the latter application, Weibull models have been used to analyse corresponding time‐to‐event data.

Bayesian sample size calculations are presented for single‐arm and randomised phase II trials assuming proportional hazards models for time‐to‐event endpoints. Special consideration is given to the case where survival times follow the Weibull distribution. The proposed methods are demonstrated through an illustrative trial based on uveal melanoma patient data. A procedure for prior specification based on knowledge or predictions of survival patterns is described. This enables investigation into the choice of allocation ratio in the randomised setting to assess whether a control arm is indeed required.

The Bayesian framework enables sample sizes consistent with those used in practice to be obtained. When a confirmatory phase III trial will follow if suitable evidence of efficacy is identified, Bayesian approaches are less controversial than for definitive trials. In the randomised setting, a compromise for obtaining feasible sample sizes is a loss in certainty in the specified hypotheses: the Bayesian counterpart of power. However, this approach may still be preferable to running a single‐arm trial where no data is collected on the control treatment. This dilemma is present in most phase II trials, where resources are not sufficient to conduct a definitive trial. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analogy, higher order thinking, and education
Authors: Richland Lindsey Engle , Simms Nina
Published: January 2015

Analogical reasoning, the ability to understand phenomena as systems of structured relationships that can be aligned, compared, and mapped together, plays a fundamental role in the technology rich, increasingly globalized educational climate of the 21st century. Flexible, conceptual thinking is prioritized in this view of education, and schools are emphasizing ‘higher order thinking’, rather than memorization of a cannon of key topics. The lack of a cognitively grounded definition for higher order thinking, however, has led to a field of research and practice with little coherence across domains or connection to the large body of cognitive science research on thinking. We review literature on analogy and disciplinary higher order thinking to propose that relational reasoning can be productively considered the cognitive underpinning of higher order thinking. We highlight the utility of this framework for developing insights into practice through a review of mathematics, science, and history educational contexts. In these disciplines, analogy is essential to developing expert‐like disciplinary knowledge in which concepts are understood to be systems of relationships that can be connected and flexibly manipulated. At the same time, analogies in education require explicit support to ensure that learners notice the relevance of relational thinking, have adequate processing resources available to mentally hold and manipulate relations, and are able to recognize both the similarities and differences when drawing analogies between systems of relationships.WIREs Cogn Sci2015, 6:177–192. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1336

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making

Psychology > Learning
Ionothermal Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of theCatena‐Heteropolycation1∞[Sb2Se2]+
Authors: Groh Matthias F. , Breternitz Joachim , Ahmed Ejaz , Isaeva Anna , Efimova Anastasia , Schmidt Peer , Ruck Michael
Published: January 2015

The reaction of antimony and selenium in the Lewis‐acidic ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium tetrachloridoaluminate, [BMIm]Cl·4.7AlCl3, yielded dark‐red crystals of [Sb2Se2]AlCl4. The formation starts above 160 °C; at about 190 °C, irreversible decomposition takes place. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP$\bar{1}$witha= 919.39(2) pm,b= 1137.92(3) pm,c= 1152.30(3) pm,α= 68.047(1)°,β= 78.115(1)°,γ= 72.530(1)°, andZ= 4. The structure is similar to that of [Sb2Te2]AlCl4but has only half the number of crystallographically independent atoms. Polycationic chains1∞[Sb2Se2]+form a pseudo‐hexagonal arrangement along [011$\bar{}$], which is interlaced by tetrahedral AlCl4–groups. Thecatena‐heteropolycation1∞[Sb2Se2]+is a sequence of three different four‐membered [Sb2Se2] rings. The chemical bonding scheme, established from the topological analysis of the real‐space bonding indicator ELI‐D, includes significantly polar covalent bonding in four‐member rings within the polycation. The rings are connected into an infinite chain by homonuclear non‐polar Sb–Sb bonds and highly polar Sb–Se bonds. Half of the selenium atoms are three‐bonded.
Modelling and simulation of acrylic bone cement injection and curing within the framework of vertebroplasty
Authors: Landgraf Ralf , Ihlemann Jörn , Kolmeder Sebastian , Lion Alexander , Lebsack Helena , Kober Cornelia
Published: January 2015

The minimal invasive procedure of vertebroplasty is a surgical technique to treat compression fractures of vertebral bodies. During the treatment, liquid bone cement gets injected into the affected vertebral body and therein cures to a solid. In order to investigate the treatment and the impact of injected bone cement, an integrated modelling and simulation framework has been developed. The framework includes (i) the generation of microstructural computer models based on microCT images of human cancellous bone, (ii) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of bone cement injection into the trabecular structure and (iii) non‐linear finite element (FE) simulations of the subsequent bone cement curing. A detailed description of the material behaviour of acrylic bone cements is provided for both simulation stages. A non‐linear process‐dependent viscosity function is chosen to represent the bone cement behaviour during injection. The bone cements phase change from a highly viscous fluid to a solid is described by a non‐linear viscoelastic material model with curing dependent properties. To take into account the distinctive temperature dependence of acrylic bone cements, both material models are formulated in a thermo‐mechanically coupled manner. Moreover, the corresponding microstructural CFD‐ and FE‐simulations are performed using thermo‐mechanically coupled solvers. An application of the presented modelling and simulation framework to a sample of human cancellous bone demonstrates the capabilities of the presented approach.
On a non‐stationary load on the surface of a semiplane with mixed boundary conditions
Authors: Kubenko Veniamin D.
Published: January 2015

An exact analytical solution has been constructed for the plane problem on action of a non‐stationary load on the surface of an elastic semiplane for conditions of a 'mixed' boundary problem when normal stress and tangent displacement (the fourth boundary problem) are specified on the boundary. Laplace and Fourier integral transforms are used. Their inversions were obtained with the help of tabular relationships and the convolution theorem for a wide range of acting non‐stationary loads. Expressions for stresses (displacements) were obtained in explicit form. The obtained expressions allow determining the wave process characteristics in any point of the object at an arbitrary point of time. Some variants of non‐stationary loads acting on an area with fixed boundaries or an area with boundaries changing by a known function are considered. For a particular case, computed numerical results are compared with the solution of the first boundary problem. Constructing exact analytical solutions, even if infrequently used in practice, besides being significant on their own, can also help refine various numerical and approximate approaches, for which the types of boundary conditions are not critical.
Laparoscopic Approach for Right‐Sided Intrahepatic Duct Stones: A Comparative Study of Laparoscopic Versus Open Treatment
Authors: Kim Young Ki , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Cho Jai Young , Lee Woohyung
Published: January 2015

Background

Despite several attempts to treat intrahepatic duct (IHD) stones by laparoscopy, most cases have been limited to left‐sided IHD stones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic feasibility and effectiveness of a laparoscopic approach for right‐sided IHD stones compared with the open approach for this disease.

Methods

This study included 34 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic (n = 17) and open (n = 17) treatment for right‐sided IHD stones from March 2005 to December 2011. Clinical data including the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital length of stay, postoperative complications, stone clearance, and recurrence rate were retrospectively analyzed and compared between the two groups.

Results

Of the 17 patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment, three were treated using laparoscopic intrahepatic duct exploration alone and 14 patients were treated using laparoscopic liver resection. The operative time in the laparoscopic group was longer than that in the open group (432 ± 158 vs. 335 ± 85 min, p = 0.03). The laparoscopic group showed a lower postoperative complication rate than the open group (29 vs. 64 %, p = 0.039). There were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss (988 ± 929 vs. 879 ± 942 ml, p = 0.737) or postoperative length of hospital stay (16 ± 22 vs. 12 ± 14 days, p = 0.221).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that laparoscopic treatment could be an effective and safe therapeutic modality in selected patients with right‐sided IHD stones.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Caregiver Social Support on Adolescent Psychological Outcomes in Two South African AIDS‐Affected Communities
Authors: Casale Marisa , Cluver Lucie , Crankshaw Tamaryn , Kuo Caroline , Lachman Jamie M. , Wild Lauren G.
Published: January 2015

Caregiver social support has been shown to be protective for caregiver mental health, parenting and child psychosocial outcomes. This is the first known analysis to quantitatively investigate the relationship between caregiver social support and adolescent psychosocial outcomes in HIV‐endemic, resource–scarce Southern African communities. A cross‐sectional household survey was conducted over 2009–2010 with 2,477 South African adolescents aged 10–17 and their adult caregivers (18 years or older) in one urban and one rural community in South Africa’s KwaZulu‐Natal province. Adolescent adjustment was assessed using adult caregiver reports of the Strengths and Difficulties questionnaire (SDQ), which measures peer problems, hyperactivity, conduct problems, emotional symptoms and child prosocial behavior. Hierarchical linear regressions and multiple mediation analyses, using bootstrapping procedures, were conducted to assess for: (a) direct effects of more caregiver social support on better adolescent psychosocial wellbeing; and (b) indirect effects mediated by better parenting and caregiver mental health. Direct associations (p < .001), and indirect associations mediated through better parenting, were found for all adolescent outcomes. Findings reinforce the importance of social support components within parenting interventions but also point to scope for positive intervention on adolescent psychosocial wellbeing through the broader family social network.
OpenMx 2.0: Extended Structural Equation and Statistical Modeling
Authors: Neale Michael C. , Hunter Michael D. , Pritikin Joshua N. , Zahery Mahsa , Brick Timothy R. , Kirkpatrick Robert M. , Estabrook Ryne , Bates Timothy C. , Maes Hermine H. , Boker Steven M.
Published: January 2015

The new software package OpenMx 2.0 for structural equation and other statistical modeling is introduced and its features are described. OpenMx is evolving in a modular direction and now allows a mix-and-match computational approach that separates model expectations from fit functions and optimizers. Major backend architectural improvements include a move to swappable open-source optimizers such as the newly written CSOLNP. Entire new methodologies such as item factor analysis and state space modeling have been implemented. New model expectation functions including support for the expression of models in LISREL syntax and a simplified multigroup expectation function are available. Ease-of-use improvements include helper functions to standardize model parameters and compute their Jacobian-based standard errors, access to model components through standard R $ mechanisms, and improved tab completion from within the R Graphical User Interface.
Considerations for Prophylactic Surgery in Asymptomatic Severe Cervical Stenosis
Authors: Sheikh Taha Abdel Majid , Shue Jennifer , Lebl Darren , Girardi Federico
Published: January 2015

Background

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a devastating pathology that can severely impair quality of life. The symptoms in CSM progress slowly and often do not manifest until they become severe and potentially irreversible. There is a consensus that surgical intervention is warranted in symptomatic patients. The recovery of the neurologic deficit after surgical decompression of the spinal cord varies, and halting the progression of the disease remains the principle aim of surgery.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this review is to address the key question of whether or not to intervene in cases that have radiographic evidence of significant cervical stenosis yet are asymptomatic or exhibit minimal symptoms?

Methods

The PubMed databases for publications that addressed asymptomatic cervical spondylotic myelopathy were reviewed. The relevant articles were selected after screening all the resulting abstracts. The references of the relevant articles were then reviewed, and cross references with titles discussing CSM were picked up for review.

Results

The search identified 14 papers which were reviewed. Seven articles were found to be relevant to the subject in question. Going through the references of the relevant articles, three articles were found to be directly related to the topic in study.

Conclusion

There is paucity of evidence to support for or against surgery in the setting of asymptomatic cervical spondylotic myelopathy despite radiographic evidence of severe stenosis. Patient factors such as age, level of activity, and risk of injury should be considered in formulating a management plan. Moreover, the patient should play an integral role in the process of decision making.
Use of the Berg Balance Scale to Predict Independent Gait After Stroke: A Study of an Inpatient Population in Japan
Authors: Makizako Hyuma , Kabe Norihito , Takano Asami , Isobe Kanako
Published: January 2015

Objective

To examine whether the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score on admission and after 1 month can be used to predict the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) walking level 6 or 7 (modified independent and independent gait respectively) after 3 months and to determine the optimal BBS cut‐off score for predicting independent gait among inpatients with first stroke in a rehabilitation facility.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Inpatient rehabilitation facility (Kaifukuki).

Participants

Two hundred fifty‐one consecutive patients with first stroke and nonindependent gait on admission.

Outcome Measures

BBS on admission and after 1 month and FIM on admission and after 3 months.

Results

Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting independent gait after 3 months were 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75‐0.88) for BBS score on admission; the optimal cut‐off score being ≥13 (63% sensitivity; 90% specificity). Achieving greater cut‐off score on admission was significantly associated with subsequent independent gait (odds ratio, 9.7; 95% CI, 4.38‐21.36; P < .001). A subanalysis of patients with poor balance on admission (BBS score <13; n = 191) showed area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for predicting independent gait after 3 months of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80‐0.95) for BBS scores 1 month after admission. In this subgroup, BBS scores at 1 month of ≥27 were significantly associated with subsequent independent gait (odds ratio, 21.6, 95% CI, 6.40‐73.20; P < .001).

Conclusions

Admission BBS scores predicted FIM walking level 6 or 7, which denotes modified independent or independent gait, after 3 months, the optimal cut‐off for BBS scores being ≥13 among inpatients with first stroke in a rehabilitation facility. Patients with poor balance on admission whose BBS scores had improved to ≥27 at 1 month after admission were likely to achieve modified independent or independent gait within 3 months after admission.
Effects of Form‐Focused Training on Running Biomechanics: A Pilot Randomized Trial in Untrained Individuals
Authors: Kumar Deepak , McDermott Kelly , Feng Haojun , Goldman Veronica , Luke Anthony , Souza Richard B. , Hecht Frederick M.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To investigate the changes in running biomechanics after training in form‐focused running using ChiRunning versus not‐form focused training and self‐directed training in untrained individuals.

Design

Pilot study‐randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Research institution with tertiary care medical center.

Participants

Seventeen subjects (9 men, 8 women) with prehypertension.

Methods

Twenty‐two participants were randomized to 3 study arms but 17 completed the study. The study arms were: (1) group‐based Form‐Focused running using ChiRunning (enrolled, n = 10; completed, n = 7); (2) group‐based conventional running (enrolled, n = 6; completed, n = 4); and (3) self‐directed training with educational materials (enrolled, n = 6; completed, n = 6). The training schedule was prescribed for 8 weeks with 4 weeks of follow‐up. All subjects completed overground running motion analyses before and after training. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier for this study is NCT0158718.

Outcomes

Ankle, knee, hip joint peak moments, and powers; average vertical loading rate (AVLR); impact peak; cadence; stride length; strike index; and stride reach. Paired t tests were used to compare differences within groups over time.

Results

Form‐focused group reduced their Stride Reach (P = .047) after the training but not the other groups. Form‐focused group showed a close to significant reduction in knee adduction moment (P = .051) and a reduction in the peak ankle eversion moment (P = .027). Self‐directed group showed an increase in the running speed (P = .056) and increases in ankle and knee joint powers and moments.

Conclusions

There are differences in the changes in running biomechanics between individuals trained in running form that emphasizes mid‐foot strike, greater cadence, and shorter stride compared with those not trained in the these techniques. These differences may be associated with reduced lower extremity stress in individuals trained in this running form, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger samples.
Development and Validation of Prognostic Indices for Recovery of Physical Functioning Following Stroke: Part 1
Authors: Bates Barbara E. , Xie Dawei , Kwong Pui L. , Kurichi Jibby E. , Cowper Ripley Diane , Davenport Claire , Vogel W. Bruce , Stineman Margaret G.
Published: January 2015

Objective

To develop a prognostic index using Functional Independence Measure grades and stages that would enable clinicians to determine the likelihood of achieving a level of minimum assistance with physical functioning after a stroke. Grades define varying levels of physical function, and stages define varying levels of cognitive functioning.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Veterans Affairs Medical Centers throughout the United States.

Participants

Veterans with a diagnosis of a new stroke discharged between October 1, 2006, and September 30, 2008, who were below physical grade IV (requiring minimal assistance) at initial rehabilitation assessment.

Main Outcome Measure

Achievement of physical grade IV or above at final rehabilitation assessment.

Results

Physical grade IV was reached by 25.8% of participants who were initially below this grade. Seven variables remained independently predictive of physical grade IV after adjustment. These variables were assigned the following points: age, ≤69 years = 2, 70‐79 years = 1, ≥80 years = 0; initial physical grade, I = 0, II = 3, III = 4; initial cognitive stage, I or II = 0, III = 2, IV or V = 3, VI or VII = 4; absence of renal failure = 1; no serious nutritional compromise = 3; the type of rehabilitation services received, consultative = 0, comprehensive = 4; and recovery time between admission and discharge physical grade assessment, 1‐2 days = 0, 3‐7 days = 4, and ≥8 days = 5. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.84 and 0.83 for the point system in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. The Hosmer‐Lemeshow statistic was not significant (P = .93) in the derivation cohort, indicating that the regression model demonstrated adequate fit. The proportions of patients recovered to physical grade IV in the first (score ≥9), second (score = 10‐12), third (score = 13‐15), and fourth (score >15) score quartiles were 2.72%, 11.38%, 28.96%, and 60.34%, respectively.

Conclusion

By using a simple tool, clinicians can forecast the likelihood of recovery to or above the physical grade IV benchmark by the conclusion of rehabilitation services during the acute stroke hospitalization.
Trunk Muscles Activation Pattern During Walking in Subjects With and Without Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ghamkhar Leila , Kahlaee Amir Hossein
Published: January 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to identify how activity patterns of trunk muscles change in chronic LBP during walking.

Type

This was a systematic review

Literature Survey

ELSEVIER, Pro Quest, PubMed, Google scholar and MEDLINE electronic databases were explored for the period from the earliest researchable time to August 2014. Articles investigating patients with chronic LBP and analyzing trunk muscles with surface electromyography (EMG) during walking were included.

Methodology

All studies had a case‐control design. Characteristics of the LBP patients, sample size, studied muscles and EMG parameters, and gait condition and velocity were investigated. Studies were rated as “A” to “E” (5 grades defined) based on study design and performance.

Results

Multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), external oblique (EO), and rectus abdominus (RA) muscle activity level were found to be increased in LBP subjects in comparison with controls. ES activity in subjects with LBP was found not to be as adaptive to walking velocity alterations as in healthy controls.

Conclusions

Individuals with chronic LBP exhibit higher global trunk muscle activity. However, the activation pattern appears to vary depending on subphases of gait. It seems that increased walking velocity challenges the stability of the spine and the control system increases muscular activation and variability level to cope with this problem. Further standardized studies with subtyped LBP cases are needed to clarify the controversial findings.
Negative outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Ayaz A. B. , Ayaz M. , Kayan E.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

In children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the comorbidity of the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) negatively affects the course of ADHD. The purpose of this study was to compare ADHD-diagnosed children with and without ODD comorbidity in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries.

Methods

This study included 109 children diagnosed with ADHD alone and 79 children with the ADHD-ODD comorbidity from a child psychiatry outpatient clinic. The children who participated in the study were aged between 6 and 15 years. Diagnoses of the children were determined by child psychiatrists according to DSM-IV criteria, and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale-Parents Form was used to support the diagnosis in initial evaluations of children. Forty-six to fifty months after the first admission, parents were questioned regarding all negative outcomes from the time of first diagnosis to the time of the evaluation by phone.

Results

The groups were compared in terms of smoking, psychoactive substance use, disciplinary punishments at school, criminal behaviors, and unintentional injuries over a period of 4 years. The ODD-ADHD group was determined to have higher rates of disciplinary punishments at school, smoking, and unintentional injuries compared with the ADHD group. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of criminal behaviors and psychoactive substance use.

Conclusions

The ODD comorbidity increases the risk of negative outcomes in children diagnosed with ADHD.
Direct measurement of thrust and efficiency of an airfoil undergoing pure pitching
Authors: Mackowski A. W. , Williamson C. H. K.
Published: January 2015

We experimentally investigate the thrust and propulsive efficiency of a NACA 0012 airfoil undergoing oscillating pitching motion at a Reynolds number of $1.7\times 10^{4}$. While previous studies have computed thrust and power indirectly through measurements of momentum deficit in the object’s wake, we use a pair of force transducers to measure fluid forces directly. Our results help solidify a variety of experimental, theoretical and computational answers to this classical problem. We examine trends in propulsive performance with flapping frequency, amplitude and Reynolds number. We also examine the measured unsteady forces on the airfoil and compare them with linear theory dating from the first half of the 20th century. While linear theory significantly overpredicts the mean thrust on the foil, its prediction for the amplitude and phase of the time-varying component is surprisingly accurate. We conclude with evidence that the thrust force produced by the pitching airfoil is largely insensitive to most wake vortex arrangements.
Reassessing the conservation status of the shrew Crocidura thomensis, endemic to São Tomé Island
Authors: de Lima Ricardo Faustino , Maloney Eden , Simison W. Brian , Drewes Robert
Published: January 2015

The shrew Crocidura thomensis is a little-known species endemic to São Tomé Island. We review its distribution, ecology and conservation status based on nine published and 23 new records. The species has a wide distribution across São Tomé, preferring rugged forested areas with high rainfall. The location of new records coincides with that of historical records but the proportion of records in plantations has declined, possibly as a result of agricultural intensification, increased use of pesticides, and presence of exotic species. The shrew is restricted to a single island, its extent of occurrence is < 1,000 km2 and its habitat is declining in extent and quality, and thus its categorization as Endangered on the IUCN Red List remains appropriate. It is important to gain a better knowledge of population trends, ecological preferences and sensitivity to potential threats, but the effective protection of São Tomé Obô Natural Park and surrounding forests is the most important measure to ensure the long-term survival of this mammal.
Sweet voice: The role of voice quality in a Japanese feminine style
Authors: Starr Rebecca L.
Published: January 2015

‘Sweet voice’, a distinctive Japanese vocal style, illustrates the role played by voice quality as a marker of authenticity in the construction of linguistic styles. The acoustic properties and sociopragmatic functions of sweet voice, as performed by professional voice actresses, are analyzed using data from anime programs, paraphernalia, and fan discourse. Sweet voice is shown to be connected to a traditional notion of Japanese femininity, and licenses the positive use of grammatical features of Japanese Women's Language. The mature, traditional image conveyed by sweet voice contrasts with the youthful cuteness of burikko and related vocal styles, illustrating that multiple notions of femininity operate within Japanese popular culture. The interplay of voice quality and grammatical features suggests that perceptions of conscious control at different levels of language play a crucial role in social meaning. (Voice quality, Japanese, language and gender, style, authenticity)*
“She does have an accent but…”: Race and language ideology in students' evaluations of mathematics instructors on RateMyProfessors.com
Authors: Subtirelu Nicholas Close
Published: January 2015

Nonnative English speakers (NNESs) who teach at English-medium institutions in the United States (US) have frequently been the subject of student complaints. Research into language ideologies concerning NNESs in the US suggests that such complaints can be understood as manifestations of a broader project of social exclusion operating, in part, through the ideological construction of the NNES as incomprehensible Other. The present study explores the extent to which such ideological presuppositions and exaggerative performances are observable in students' evaluations of ‘Asian’ mathematics instructors on the website RateMyProfessors.com (RMP). A mixed methodological approach combining statistical analysis of numeric RMP ratings, quantitative corpus linguistic techniques, and critical discourse analysis was employed. Findings confirm the presence of disadvantages related to ‘Asian’ instructors' race and language. However, RMP users' discourse is shown to be less overtly discriminatory and instead to reproduce dominant language ideology in subtle, previously undescribed ways.(Student evaluations, higher education, university teaching, nonnative speakers, second language users, ethnicity, critical discourse analysis, corpus linguistics, formulaic language)*
Inherence is an aspect of psychological essentialism
Authors: Dennehy Tara C.
Published: January 2015

Inherence is not a distinct construct from psychological essentialism; it is one of several underlying beliefs. I propose that inherence is only one entry point to the perception of an essence and posit that context may influence which aspects of essentialist reasoning precede inferring an essence. I also discuss how psychological essentialism can uniquely account for violations of category-based expectancies.
Why does the “mental shotgun” fire system-justifying bullets?
Authors: Gaucher Danielle , Jost John T.
Published: January 2015

We suggest that people privilege explanations relying on inherent rather than contingent factors not only because of an innate cognitive tendency to monitor reality, but because doing so satisfies the desire to perceive the societal status quo as legitimate. In support, we describe experimental studies linking the activation of system justification motivation to the endorsement of inherence-based (essentialist) explanations.
The inherence heuristic: A basis for psychological essentialism?
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Meyer Meredith
Published: January 2015

Cimpian & Salomon (C&S) provide evidence that psychological essentialism rests on a domain-general attention to inherent causes. We suggest that the inherence heuristic may itself be undergirded by a more foundational cognitive bias, namely, a realist assumption about environmental regularities. In contrast, when considering specific representations, people may be more likely to activate attention to non-inherent, contingent, and historical links.
The inherent bias in positing an inherence heuristic
Authors: Khalidi Muhammad Ali , Mugg Joshua
Published: January 2015

There are two problems with Cimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) claim that an innate inherence heuristic is part of our cognitive makeup. First, some of their examples of inherent features do not seem to accord with the authors' own definition of inherence. Second, rather than posit an inherence heuristic to explain why humans rely more heavily on inherent features, it may be more parsimonious to do so on the basis of aspects of the world itself and our relationship to it.
Is it about “pink” or about “girls”? The inherence heuristic across social and nonsocial domains
Authors: Kinzler Katherine D. , Sullivan Kathleen R.
Published: January 2015

The inherence heuristic provides an intriguing and novel explanation for early thought in a variety of domains. Exploring similarities and differences in inherent reasoning across social and nonsocial domains can help us understand the role that inherent thinking plays in the development of human reasoning and the process by which more elaborate essentialist reasoning develops.
Is the inherence heuristic needed to understand system-justifying tendencies among children?
Authors: Newheiser Anna-Kaisa , Olson Kristina R.
Published: January 2015

Evidence that children's system-justifying preferences track the extent of group-based status differences is consistent with the inherence heuristic account. However, evidence that children are inferring inherence per se, or that such inferences are the cause of system-justifying preferences, is missing. We note that, until direct evidence of the inherence heuristic is available, alternative models should not be ignored.
The social aetiology of essentialist beliefs
Authors: O'Connor Cliodhna , Joffe Helene
Published: January 2015

This commentary highlights the importance of attending to the sociocultural contexts that foster essentialist ideas. It contends that Cimpian & Salomon's (C&S's) model undervalues the extent to which the development of essentialist beliefs is contingent on social experience. The result is a restriction of the model's applicability to real-world instances of essentialism-fuelled prejudice and discrimination.
Is psychological essentialism an inherent feature of human cognition?
Authors: Olivola Christopher Y. , Machery Edouard
Published: January 2015

Recent evidence shows that psychological essentialism is neither a universal nor stable feature of human cognition. The extent to which people report essentialist intuitions varies enormously across cultures and education levels, and is also influenced by subtle, normatively irrelevant contextual manipulations. These results challenge the notion that the human mind is “fitted” with a built-in inherence heuristic that produces essentialist intuitions.
The representation of inherent properties
Authors: Prasada Sandeep
Published: January 2015

Research on the representation of generic knowledge suggests that inherent properties can have either a principled or a causal connection to a kind. The type of connection determines whether the outcome of the storytelling process will include intuitions of inevitability and a normative dimension and whether it will ground causal explanations.
The developmental and evolutionary origins of psychological essentialism lie in sortal object individuation
Authors: Rakoczy Hannes , Cacchione Trix
Published: January 2015

Cimpian & Salomon (C&S) present promising steps towards understanding the cognitive underpinnings of adult essentialism. However, their approach is less convincing regarding ontogenetic and evolutionary aspects. In contrast to C&S's claim, the so-called inherence heuristic, though perhaps vital in adult reasoning, seems an implausible candidate for the developmental and evolutionary foundations of psychological essentialism. A more plausible candidate is kind-based object individuation that already embodies essentialist modes of thinking and that is present in infants and nonhuman primates.
Generalizing a model beyond the inherence heuristic and applying it to beliefs about objective value
Authors: Wood Graham
Published: January 2015

The inherence heuristic is characterized as part of an instantiation of a more general model that describes the interaction between undeveloped intuitions, produced by System 1 heuristics, and developed beliefs, constructed by System 2 reasoning. The general model is described and illustrated by examining another instantiation of the process that constructs belief in objective moral value.
Problems (and solutions) in the measurement of policy diffusion mechanisms
Authors: Maggetti Martino , Gilardi Fabrizio
Published: January 2015

A growing literature in public policy, comparative politics and international relations has studied how the policies of one unit (e.g. country, federal state or city) are influenced by the policies of other units – that is, how policies diffuse. This article provides a meta-analysis of 114 studies, demonstrating persisting inconsistencies in the measurement of the mechanisms driving policy diffusion processes. Different indicators are used to measure the same mechanism, and the same indicators are used to measure different mechanisms. To improve this state of affairs, this article puts forward a conceptual structure that serves as a guide for the application of diffusion arguments, a starting point for theoretical refinement and a benchmark to assess measurement validity. In addition to paying more attention to the conceptual consistency of indicators, overcoming the problems currently found in the literature requires the construction of original, innovative research designs instead of the replication of widely used templates.
Predation on artificial caterpillars is higher in countryside than near-natural forest habitat in lowland south-western Costa Rica
Authors: Seifert Carlo Lutz , Lehner Lisamarie , Adams Marc-Oliver , Fiedler Konrad
Published: January 2015

Predation pressure is essential in regulating population dynamics of herbivorous insects. We used artificial caterpillars (25 × 4 mm) made from brown-or green-coloured plasticine to compare predation pressure between countryside and near-natural rain-forest habitat in the Gulfo Dulce region (Costa Rica). Within each habitat, 162 caterpillars were placed randomly on different substrates along a 1200-m transect and at heights between 0.5 and 2.0 m. Artificial caterpillars were inspected at 24-h intervals for 3 consecutive days. Predation pressure was almost twice as high for countryside (mean attack frequency per capita: 1.11 ± 0.08 SE) compared with rain forest (0.66 ± 0.07 SE). In both habitats arthropods emerged as chief predator group, followed by birds. Attacks by non-volant mammals were very rare and restricted to rain-forest sites. In the countryside, bird attacks were more than four times as common as in forest, indicating a change in their relative importance across habitats.
Treatment of aromatase (CYP19A1) inhibitor reduces fertility in porcine sperm
Authors: Oh Jong-Nam , Hwang Jae Yeon , Choi Kwang-Hwan , Lee Chang-Kyu
Published: January 2015

To ascertain whether aromatase (CYP19A1) expression is linked to sperm fertility of pigs, the present study determined the expression of theCYP19A1gene in porcine sperm and its relationship with fertilizationin vitro. First, to investigate its role in fertility, the presence of CYP19A1 of mRNA and protein expression in porcine sperm were confirmed by real-time (RT) or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and by western blots. The expression levels were determined quantitatively using two sperm groups recovered by a Percoll gradient, which revealed that the sperm group with a low density had a higher penetration rate than that of the high-density group (P< 0.05). However, the expression level of CYP19A1 was not significantly different between the two groups. Secondly, to examine the effect of aromatase activity on fertilization, fresh semen was treated with a steroidal inhibitor, exemestane (50 μM for 0.5 h), followed by the dose- and time-dependent viability test. Our results clearly showed that an exemestane treatment effect (P< 0.05) was found for both the sperm-penetration rate and the oocyte cleavage rate. These results indicated that CYP19A1 could be involved in sperm fertility and its expression in sperm plays an important role in fertilization.
Ameliorating treatment-refractory depression with intranasal ketamine: potential NMDA receptor actions in the pain circuitry representing mental anguish
Authors: Opler Lewis A. , Opler Mark G. A. , Arnsten Amy F. T.
Published: January 2015

This article reviews the antidepressant actions of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartame glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, and offers a potential neural mechanism for intranasal ketamine’s ultra-rapid actions based on the key role of NMDAR in the nonhuman primate prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although intravenous ketamine infusions can lift mood within hours, the current review describes how intranasal ketamine administration can have ultra-rapid antidepressant effects, beginning within minutes (5–40 minutes) and lasting hours, but with repeated treatments needed for sustained antidepressant actions. Research in rodents suggests that increased synaptogenesis in PFC may contribute to the prolonged benefit of ketamine administration, beginning hours after administration. However, these data cannot explain the relief that occurs within minutes of intranasal ketamine delivery. We hypothesize that the ultra-rapid effects of intranasal administration in humans may be due to ketamine blocking the NMDAR circuits that generate the emotional representations of pain (eg, Brodmann Areas 24 and 25, insular cortex), cortical areas that can be overactive in depression and which sit above the nasal epithelium. In contrast, NMDAR blockade in the dorsolateral PFC following systemic administration of ketamine may contribute to cognitive deficits. This novel view may help to explain how intravenous ketamine can treat the symptoms of depression yet worsen the symptoms of schizophrenia.