bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoothened as a new therapeutic target for human osteosarcoma
Authors: Hirotsu Masataka , Setoguchi Takao , Sasaki Hiromi , Matsunoshita Yukihiro , Gao Hui , Nagao Hiroko , Kunigou Osamu , Komiya Setsuro
Published: January 2010

Background

The Hedgehog signaling pathway functions as an organizer in embryonic development. Recent studies have demonstrated constitutive activation of Hedgehog pathway in various types of malignancies. However, it remains unclear how Hedgehog pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. To explore the involvement of aberrant Hedgehog pathway in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, we investigated the expression and activation of Hedgehog pathway in osteosarcoma and examined the effect of SMOOTHENED (SMO) inhibition.

Results

To evaluate the expression of genes of Hedgehog pathway, we performed real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry using osteosarcoma cell lines and osteosarcoma biopsy specimens. To evaluate the effect of SMO inhibition, we did cell viability, colony formation, cell cycle in vitro and xenograft model in vivo. Real-time PCR revealed that osteosarcoma cell lines over-expressed Sonic hedgehog, Indian hedgehog, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI. Real-time PCR revealed over-expression of SMO, PTCH1, and GLI2 in osteosarcoma biopsy specimens. These findings showed that Hedgehog pathway is activated in osteosarcomas. Inhibition of SMO by cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of SMO, slowed the growth of osteosarcoma in vitro. Cell cycle analysis revealed that cyclopamine promoted G1 arrest. Cyclopamine reduced the expression of accelerators of the cell cycle including cyclin D1, cyclin E1, SKP2, and pRb. On the other hand, p21cip1 wprotein was up-regulated by cyclopamine treatment. In addition, knockdown of SMO by SMO shRNA prevents osteosarcoma growth in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that inactivation of SMO may be a useful approach to the treatment of patients with osteosarcoma.
A single vaccination with an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine primes the cellular immune response in calves with maternal antibody
Authors: van der Sluijs Mirjam TW , Kuhn Eva M , Makoschey Birgit
Published: January 2010

Background

The efficacy of a single dose of an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) - Parainfluenaza type 3 (PI3) -Mannheimia haemolytica(Mh) combination vaccine, in calves positive for maternal antibodies, was established in a BRSV infection study.

Results

As expected the single vaccination did not have any effect on the decline of BRSV-specific neutralising or ELISA antibody. The cellular immune system was however primed by the vaccination. In the vaccinated group virus excretion with nasal discharge was reduced, less virus could be re-isolated from lung tissues and the lungs were less affected.

Conclusions

These results indicate that a single vaccination with an inactivated BRSV vaccine was able to break through the maternal immunity and induce partial protection in very young calves. It can be speculated that the level and duration of protection will improve after the second dose of vaccine is administered. A two-dose basic vaccination schedule is recommended under field conditions.
Neurodevelopmental effects of chronic exposure to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a developing visual system
Authors: Lee Ryan H , Mills Elizabeth A , Schwartz Neil , Bell Mark R , Deeg Katherine E , Ruthazer Edward S , Marsh-Armstrong Nicholas , Aizenman Carlos D
Published: January 2010

Background

Imbalances in the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been increasingly correlated with a number of severe and prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and Down syndrome. Although several studies have shown that cytokines have potent effects on neural function, their role in neural development is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the link between abnormal cytokine levels and neural development using the Xenopus laevis tadpole visual system, a model frequently used to examine the anatomical and functional development of neural circuits.

Results

Using a test for a visually guided behavior that requires normal visual system development, we examined the long-term effects of prolonged developmental exposure to three pro-inflammatory cytokines with known neural functions: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We found that all cytokines affected the development of normal visually guided behavior. Neuroanatomical imaging of the visual projection showed that none of the cytokines caused any gross abnormalities in the anatomical organization of this projection, suggesting that they may be acting at the level of neuronal microcircuits. We further tested the effects of TNF-α on the electrophysiological properties of the retinotectal circuit and found that long-term developmental exposure to TNF-α resulted in enhanced spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission in tectal neurons, increased AMPA/NMDA ratios of retinotectal synapses, and a decrease in the number of immature synapses containing only NMDA receptors, consistent with premature maturation and stabilization of these synapses. Local interconnectivity within the tectum also appeared to remain widespread, as shown by increased recurrent polysynaptic activity, and was similar to what is seen in more immature, less refined tectal circuits. TNF-α treatment also enhanced the overall growth of tectal cell dendrites. Finally, we found that TNF-α-reared tadpoles had increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures.

Conclusions

Taken together our data are consistent with a model in which TNF-α causes premature stabilization of developing synapses within the tectum, therefore preventing normal refinement and synapse elimination that occurs during development, leading to increased local connectivity and epilepsy. This experimental model also provides an integrative approach to understanding the effects of cytokines on the development of neural circuits and may provide novel insights into the etiology underlying some neurodevelopmental disorders.
Are acupoints specific for diseases? A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials with sham acupuncture controls
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Bian Zhaoxiang , Lin Zhixiu
Published: January 2010

Background

The results of many clinical trials and experimental studies regarding acupoint specificity are contradictory. This review aims to investigate whether a difference in efficacy exists between ordinary acupuncture on specific acupoints and sham acupuncture controls on non-acupoints or on irrelevant acupoints.

Methods

Databases including Medline, Embase, AMED and Chinese Biomedical Database were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between 1998 and 2009 that compared traditional body acupuncture on acupoints with sham acupuncture controls on irrelevant acupoints or non-acupoints with the same needling depth. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias was employed to address the quality of the included trials.

Results

Twelve acupuncture clinical trials with sham acupuncture controls were identified and included in the review. The conditions treated varied. Half of the included trials had positive results on the primary outcomes and demonstrated acupoint specificity. However, among those six trials (total sample size: 985) with low risk of bias, five trials (sample size: 940) showed no statistically significant difference between proper and sham acupuncture treatments.

Conclusion

This review did not demonstrate the existence of acupoint specificity. Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes, optimal acupuncture treatment protocols and appropriate sham acupuncture controls are required to resolve this important issue.
Differences in the epigenetic and reprogramming properties of pluripotent and extra-embryonic stem cells implicate chromatin remodelling as an important early event in the developing mouse embryo
Authors: Santos Joana , Filipe Pereira C , Di-Gregorio Aida , Spruce Thomas , Alder Olivia , Rodriguez Tristan , Azuara Véronique , Merkenschlager Matthias , Fisher Amanda G
Published: January 2010

Background

During early mouse development, two extra-embryonic lineages form alongside the future embryo: the trophectoderm (TE) and the primitive endoderm (PrE). Epigenetic changes known to take place during these early stages include changes in DNA methylation and modified histones, as well as dynamic changes in gene expression.

Results

In order to understand the role and extent of chromatin-based changes for lineage commitment within the embryo, we examined the epigenetic profiles of mouse embryonic stem (ES), trophectoderm stem (TS) and extra-embryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cell lines that were derived from the inner cell mass (ICM), TE and PrE, respectively. As an initial indicator of the chromatin state, we assessed the replication timing of a cohort of genes in each cell type, based on data that expressed genes and acetylated chromatin domains, generally, replicate early in S-phase, whereas some silent genes, hypoacetylated or condensed chromatin tend to replicate later. We found that many lineage-specific genes replicate early in ES, TS and XEN cells, which was consistent with a broadly 'accessible' chromatin that was reported previously for multiple ES cell lines. Close inspection of these profiles revealed differences between ES, TS and XEN cells that were consistent with their differing lineage affiliations and developmental potential. A comparative analysis of modified histones at the promoters of individual genes showed that in TS and ES cells many lineage-specific regulator genes are co-marked with modifications associated with active (H4ac, H3K4me2, H3K9ac) and repressive (H3K27me3) chromatin. However, in XEN cells several of these genes were marked solely by repressive modifications (such as H3K27me3, H4K20me3). Consistent with TS and XEN having a restricted developmental potential, we show that these cells selectively reprogramme somatic cells to induce the de novo expression of genes associated with extraembryonic differentiation.

Conclusions

These data provide evidence that the diversification of defined embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages is accompanied by chromatin remodelling at specific loci. Stem cell lines from the ICM, TE and PrE can each dominantly reprogramme somatic cells but reset gene expression differently, reflecting their separate lineage identities and increasingly restricted developmental potentials.
An unusual cause of visual loss after Herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a case report
Authors: Camuglia Jayne E , Beltz Jacqueline E , Khurana Kavita , Hall Anthony JH
Published: January 2010

Introduction

The vascular complications of herpes zoster are well recognised, however, there are few reports of central retinal artery occlusion. Central retinal artery occlusion following herpes zoster ophthalmicus is poorly recognised. This is likely due to the difficulties in obtaining tissue for histopathology to establish causality. We report a case of central retinal artery occlusion and complete internal carotid artery occlusion following herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Case presentation

A 44 year old Caucasian female presented with sudden painless loss of vision in her right eye on a background of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and right sided herpes zoster ophthalmicus. She was initially treated with steroids and antivirals for an underlying presumed vasculitic cause, but review at 24 hours demonstrated a right central retinal artery occlusion. Embolic screen identified complete occlusion of the right internal carotid artery. She was treated with oral antiviral medication for three weeks but had no visual recovery.

Conclusion

This case highlights an uncommon cause of acute visual loss. We propose that the underlying small and large vessel occlusion in this patient was due to herpes zoster related vasculopathy. A review of the literature is presented to trace the historical perspective of herpes zoster related vasculopathy.
Effect of training-sample size and classification difficulty on the accuracy of genomic predictors
Authors: Popovici Vlad , Chen Weijie , Gallas Brandon D , Hatzis Christos , Shi Weiwei , Samuelson Frank W , Nikolsky Yuri , Tsyganova Marina , Ishkin Alex , Nikolskaya Tatiana , Hess Kenneth R , Valero Vicente , Booser Daniel , Delorenzi Mauro , Hortobagyi Gabriel N , Shi Leming , Symmans W Fraser , Pusztai Lajos
Published: January 2010

Introduction

As part of the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II project, this analysis examines how the choice of univariate feature-selection methods and classification algorithms may influence the performance of genomic predictors under varying degrees of prediction difficulty represented by three clinically relevant endpoints.

Methods

We used gene-expression data from 230 breast cancers (grouped into training and independent validation sets), and we examined 40 predictors (five univariate feature-selection methods combined with eight different classifiers) for each of the three endpoints. Their classification performance was estimated on the training set by using two different resampling methods and compared with the accuracy observed in the independent validation set.

Results

A ranking of the three classification problems was obtained, and the performance of 120 models was estimated and assessed on an independent validation set. The bootstrapping estimates were closer to the validation performance than were the cross-validation estimates. The required sample size for each endpoint was estimated, and both gene-level and pathway-level analyses were performed on the obtained models.

Conclusions

We showed that genomic predictor accuracy is determined largely by an interplay between sample size and classification difficulty. Variations on univariate feature-selection methods and choice of classification algorithm have only a modest impact on predictor performance, and several statistically equally good predictors can be developed for any given classification problem.
Association between regulatory T cell activity and sepsis and outcome of severely burned patients: a prospective, observational study
Authors: Huang Li-feng , Yao Yong-ming , Dong Ning , Yu Yan , He Li-xin , Sheng Zhi-yong
Published: January 2010

Introduction

To investigate the significance of changes in regulatory T cells (Tregs) activity and its relationship with sepsis, as well as outcome of patients with major burns.

Methods

The periphery blood samples of 106 patients were collected on post-burn days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Tregs were isolated and their phenotypes (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3) were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the contents of cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β1) released into supernatants by Tregs were also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Gene expressions of cytokines were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Expressions of Tregs phenotypes and gene/protein expression of cytokines were all elevated after burn, and there were obvious differences among patients with various burn sizes. They were also higher in septic patients than those without sepsis. Among septic patients, the expressions of Tregs phenotypes and the levels of cytokines were markedly lower in the survival group than those in patients with fatal outcome.

Conclusions

Severe burn injury per se could lead to the changes in Tregs activities. Elevated levels of cytokines produced by Tregs and activation markers on Tregs surface might play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and mortality in burned patients.
NetPath: a public resource of curated signal transduction pathways
Authors: Kandasamy Kumaran , Mohan S Sujatha , Raju Rajesh , Keerthikumar Shivakumar , Kumar Ghantasala S Sameer , Venugopal Abhilash K , Telikicherla Deepthi , Navarro J Daniel , Mathivanan Suresh , Pecquet Christian , Gollapudi Sashi Kanth , Tattikota Sudhir Gopal , Mohan Shyam , Padhukasahasram Hariprasad , Subbannayya Yashwanth , Goel Renu , Jacob Harrys KC , Zhong Jun , Sekhar Raja , Nanjappa Vishalakshi , Balakrishnan Lavanya , Subbaiah Roopashree , Ramachandra YL , Rahiman B Abdul , Prasad TS Keshava , Lin Jian-Xin , Houtman Jon CD , Desiderio Stephen , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Constantinescu Stefan N , Ohara Osamu , Hirano Toshio , Kubo Masato , Singh Sujay , Khatri Purvesh , Draghici Sorin , Bader Gary D , Sander Chris , Leonard Warren J , Pandey Akhilesh
Published: January 2010

We have developed NetPath as a resource of curated human signaling pathways. As an initial step, NetPath provides detailed maps of a number of immune signaling pathways, which include approximately 1,600 reactions annotated from the literature and more than 2,800 instances of transcriptionally regulated genes - all linked to over 5,500 published articles. We anticipate NetPath to become a consolidated resource for human signaling pathways that should enable systems biology approaches.
Substantial deletion overlap among divergent Arabidopsis genomes revealed by intersection of short reads and tiling arrays
Authors: Santuari Luca , Pradervand Sylvain , Amiguet-Vercher Amelia-Maria , Thomas Jerôme , Dorcey Eavan , Harshman Keith , Xenarios Ioannis , Juenger Thomas E , Hardtke Christian S
Published: January 2010

Identification of small polymorphisms from next generation sequencing short read data is relatively easy, but detection of larger deletions is less straightforward. Here, we analyzed four divergent Arabidopsis accessions and found that intersection of absent short read coverage with weak tiling array hybridization signal reliably flags deletions. Interestingly, individual deletions were frequently observed in two or more of the accessions examined, suggesting that variation in gene content partly reflects a common history of deletion events.
Vandetanib for the Treatment of Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Hereditary Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Wells Samuel A. , Gosnell Jessica E. , Gagel Robert F. , Moley Jeffrey , Pfister David , Sosa Julie A. , Skinner Michael , Krebs Annetta , Vasselli James , Schlumberger Martin
Published: January 2010

Purpose

There is no effective therapy for patients with distant metastasis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Activating mutations in the RET proto-oncogene cause hereditary MTC, which provides a strong therapeutic rationale for targeting RET kinase activity. This open-label, phase II study assessed the efficacy of vandetanib, a selective oral inhibitor of RET, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, in patients with advanced hereditary MTC.

Methods

Patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic hereditary MTC received initial treatment with once-daily oral vandetanib 300 mg. The dose was adjusted additionally in some patients on the basis of observed toxicity until disease progression or any other withdrawal criterion was met. The primary assessment was objective tumor response (by RECIST [Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors]).

Results

Thirty patients received initial treatment with vandetanib 300 mg/d. On the basis of investigator assessments, 20% of patients (ie, six of 30 patients) experienced a confirmed partial response (median duration of response at data cutoff, 10.2 months). An additional 53% of patients (ie, 16 of 30 patients) experienced stable disease at ≥ 24 weeks, which yielded a disease control rate of 73% (ie, 22 of 30 patients). In 24 patients, serum calcitonin levels showed a 50% or greater decrease from baseline that was maintained for at least 4 weeks; 16 patients showed a similar reduction in serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The most common adverse events were diarrhea (70%), rash (67%), fatigue (63%), and nausea (63%).

Conclusion

In this study, vandetanib demonstrated durable objective partial responses and disease control with a manageable adverse event profile. These results demonstrate that vandetanib may provide an effective therapeutic option in patients with advanced hereditary MTC, a rare disease for which there has been no effective therapy.
Absolute Risk of Endometrial Carcinoma During 20-Year Follow-Up Among Women With Endometrial Hyperplasia
Authors: Lacey James V. , Sherman Mark E. , Rush Brenda B. , Ronnett Brigitte M. , Ioffe Olga B. , Duggan Máire A. , Glass Andrew G. , Richesson Douglas A. , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Langholz Bryan
Published: January 2010

Purpose

The severity of endometrial hyperplasia (EH)—simple (SH), complex (CH), or atypical (AH)—influences clinical management, but valid estimates of absolute risk of clinical progression to carcinoma are lacking.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of 7,947 women diagnosed with EH (1970-2002) at one prepaid health plan who remained at risk for at least 1 year. Patient cases (N = 138) were diagnosed with carcinoma, on average, 6 years later (range, 1 to 24 years). Patient controls (N = 241) were matched to patient cases on age at EH, date of EH, and duration of follow-up, and they were counter-matched to patient cases on EH severity. After we independently reviewed original slides and medical records of patient controls and patient cases, we combined progression relative risks (AH v SH, CH, or disordered proliferative endometrium [ie, equivocal EH]) from the case-control analysis with clinical censoring information (ie, hysterectomy, death, or left the health plan) on all cohort members to estimate interval-specific (ie, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 19 years) and cumulative (ie, through 4, 9, and 19 years) progression risks.

Results

For nonatypical EH, cumulative progression risk increased from 1.2% (95% CI, 0.6% to 1.9%) through 4 years to 1.9% (95% CI, 1.2% to 2.6%) through 9 years to 4.6% (95% CI, 3.3% to 5.8%) through 19 years after EH diagnosis. For AH, cumulative risk increased from 8.2% (95% CI, 1.3% to 14.6%) through 4 years to 12.4% (95% CI, 3.0% to 20.8%) through 9 years to 27.5% (95% CI, 8.6% to 42.5%) through 19 years after AH.

Conclusion

Cumulative 20-year progression risk among women who remain at risk for at least 1 year is less than 5% for nonatypical EH but is 28% for AH.
Ultrasound Morphology Criteria Predict Metastatic Disease of the Sentinel Nodes in Patients With Melanoma
Authors: Voit Christiane , Van Akkooi Alexander C.J. , Schäfer-Hesterberg Gregor , Schoengen Alfred , Kowalczyk Katharina , Roewert Joachim C. , Sterry Wolfram , Eggermont Alexander M.M.
Published: January 2010

Purpose

We have shown that ultrasound (US) -guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can accurately identify the sentinel node (SN). Moreover, US-guided FNAC before the surgical SN procedure could identify up to 65% of all SN metastases. Herein we analyzed in detail the different US morphologic patterns of SN metastases.

Patients and Methods

From July 2001 to December 2007, a total of 650 patients with melanoma scheduled for sentinel lymph node dissection were examined. We present the first 400 with sufficient follow-up (mean 40, median 39 months). Several morphologic characteristics were scored. In case of suspicious/clearly malignant US patterns a FNAC was performed. The final histology was considered the gold standard.

Results

Median Breslow was 1.8 mm. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of the most important factors were: peripheral perfusion (PP) present (77% and 52%, respectively), loss of central echoes (LCE; 60% and 65% respectively), and balloon shape (BS; 30% and 96% respectively). Together these factors have a sensitivity of 82% and PPV of 52% (P < .001). PP identified more patients with lower volume disease. PP and combined BS and LCE were independent prognostic factors for survival (hazard ratio, 2.19; P < .015; and hazard ratio, 5.50; P < .001, respectively).

Conclusion

Preoperative US and FNAC can identify 65% of SN metastases and thus reduce the need for surgical SN procedures. Peripheral perfusion is an early sign of involvement and of crucial importance to achieve a high identification rate. Balloon shape and loss of central echoes are late signs of metastases. We recommend US evaluation to identify those patients, who can directly proceed to a complete lymph node dissection after a positive US-guided FNAC of the SN.
Medical student fitness to practise hearings: ensuring procedural fairness
Authors: David Timothy J , Ellson Sarah
Published: January 2010

Medical schools are responsible for determining the fitness to practise of individual medical students. The General Medical Council (GMC) does not have any direct authority to deal with or advise on individual cases of undergraduate student fitness to practise or disciplinary issues. Each medical school or its associated university must have its own procedures to consider the fitness to practise of medical students, and this has resulted in local variations. Medical student fitness to practise hearings are managed by universities rather than by teams of lawyers, but whoever is involved and whatever the precise procedures, those involved must make sure that students are dealt with fairly. This article sets out the governing principles to ensure fairness, namely Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the rules of natural justice.
Gold nanoparticle-based sensing strategies for biomolecular detection
Authors: Wang Lihua , Song Shiping , Pan Dun , Li Di , Fan Chunhai
Published: January 2010

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been extensively employed in biological studies for several decades. More recently, progress has well demonstrated that DNA-conjugated AuNPs are highly promising nanoprobes for the sensitive detection of various biomolecules, based on the unique optical and electronic properties of AuNPs. In this short review, we focus on the use of AuNP-based nanoprobes for biological detection of nucleic acids, proteins, and other biologically relevant small-molecule targets, mainly based on the recent progress in our laboratory.
DVD Reviews
Authors: Foster David P
Published: January 2010

The Threepenny Opera (1931) Germany Director G.W. Pabst Screenplay Bla Balzs, Lo Lania and Ladislaus Vajda From the play by Bertolt Brecht Songs composed by Kurt Weill Cinematography Fritz Arno Wagner Editor Hans Oser Art Direction
Andrej Andrejew With Rudolf Forster (Mackie Messer), Carola Neher (Polly), Reinhold Schnzel (Tiger Brown), Fritz Rasp (Peachum), Valeska Gert (Mrs Peachum), Lotte Lenya (Jenny), Hermann Thimig (The Vicar), Ernst Busch (The Street Singer); French version Florelle (Polly), Albert Prjean
(Mackie), Margo Lion (Jenny), Gaston Modot (Peachum), Jacques Henley (Tiger Brown) Runtime 110 minutes (German version), 102 minutes (French version) DVD United States, 2007 Produced and Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region 1, NTSC) Aspect Ratio 1.19:1 Extras
New, restored high-definition transfer, made from a new film restoration element from the Bundesarchiv in Germany. Audio commentary by scholars David Bathrick and Eric Rentshler. Archival introduction by Threepenny stars Fritz Rasp and Ernst Busch. New, exclusive 50-minute documentary
on Threepenny's controversial journey from stage to screen. New and improved English subtitle translation. L'Opera de quat'sous, Pabst's French-language version of the film starring Albert Prjean and Florelle. A multimedia presentation by film scholar Charles O'Brien on the difference
between the English and French versions. Archival interview with Fritz Rasp. Galleries and production photos by Hans Casparius and production sketches by art director Andrej Andrejew. A new essay by film critic Tony Rayns.
Book Reviews
Authors: Steffen James , Provencher Ken , Stephens Liz
Published: January 2010

Looking Past the Screen: Case Studies in American Film History and Method, Jon Lewis and Eric Smoodin (eds), (2008) Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 400 pp., ISBN 0822338076 (hbk), $89.95; ISBN 0822338211 (pbk), $24.95

Digital Storytelling: The
Narrative Power of Visual Effects in Film, Shilo T. McClean, (2007) Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 303 pp., ISBN 0262134659 (hbk), $39.95; ISBN 0262633698 (pbk), $21.95

Evil Arabs in American Popular Film: Orientalist Fear, Tim Jon Semmerling, (2006) Austin:
University of Texas Press, 303 pp., ISBN 9780292713413 (hbk), $55.00; ISBN 9780292713420 (pbk), $22.95
Interview
Authors: Sullivan Moira
Published: January 2010

Interview with Jane Campion on Bright Star 30 July 2009, San Francisco Ritz Carlton
Late summer–early winter reproduction in common genets, Genetta genetta
Authors: Zabala Jabi , Zuberogoitia Iñigo
Published: January 2010

No abstract available
Attitudes and Beliefs of Adolescents and Parents Regarding Adolescent Suicide
Authors: Schwartz Kimberly A. , Pyle Sara A. , Dowd M. Denise , Sheehan Karen
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of adolescents and parents of adolescents, from a variety of backgrounds, regarding adolescent suicide.

METHODS:

This qualitative study used focus groups to elicit the thoughts of distinct sociodemographic groups. A professional moderator guided the sessions by using a semistructured script. All groups were audiotaped. The transcripts and transcript summaries were analyzed for recurrent themes. The study was performed in community centers and schools in Chicago, Illinois (urban), and the Kansas City, Kansas, area (suburban and rural). A total of 66 adolescents (13–18 years of age) and 30 parents of adolescents participated in 13 focus groups.

RESULTS:

Both adolescents and parents recognized adolescent suicide as a major problem, but not for their own communities. All parent and adolescent groups identified many risk factors for suicide. Most adolescents reported drug and alcohol use as risk factors for suicide. However, parents often viewed drug and alcohol use as normal adolescent behavior. Both adolescent and parent groups suggested securing or removing guns if an adolescent was known to be suicidal. All participants requested information about adolescent suicide.

CONCLUSIONS:

Adolescents and parents need help understanding that suicide is an underidentified problem in their own communities. Both adolescents and parents are interested in learning more about how to identify and to intervene with a suicidal adolescent. Pediatricians are well positioned to provide this information in the office and in the community.
The “Cough Trick:” A Brief Strategy to Manage Pediatric Pain From Immunization Injections
Authors: Wallace Dustin P. , Allen Keith D. , Lacroix Amy E. , Pitner Sheryl L.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to investigate the effect of a “cough trick” technique on self-reported pain of children receiving routine immunizations. The strategy requires minimal equipment, time, or training for parents, children, and nursing staff members.

METHODS:

A randomized, controlled, unblinded, within-subject study of 68 children receiving prekindergarten (ages 4–5) or pre–junior high school (ages 11–13) immunizations was performed. Participants were recruited from an outpatient pediatric clinic at a large public hospital in the Midwest. The strategy required a single “warm-up” cough of moderate force, followed by a second cough that coincided with needle puncture. The principle outcome was self-reported pain, although parent and nurse report of pain was used to support the accuracy of self-report. Older participants and all nurses completed a measure of their satisfaction with the procedure.

RESULTS:

In the initial analysis, the procedure was found not to be effective. However, post hoc tests revealed that the procedure was effective at a statistically and clinically significant level for participants identified as Hispanic white or non-Hispanic white but not for those identified as non-Hispanic black. Participants and clinic nurses found the procedure acceptable and effective.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study suggest that the cough trick can be an effective strategy for the reduction of pain for some children undergoing routine immunizations. However, additional research is needed to clarify the observed moderation by self-identified race.
Decreasing PICU Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections: NACHRI's Quality Transformation Efforts
Authors: Miller Marlene R. , Griswold Michael , Harris J. Mitchell , Yenokyan Gayane , Huskins W. Charles , Moss Michele , Rice Tom B. , Ridling Debra , Campbell Deborah , Margolis Peter , Muething Stephen , Brilli Richard J.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE:

Despite the magnitude of the problem of catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CA-BSIs) in children, relatively little research has been performed to identify effective strategies to reduce these complications. In this study, we aimed to develop and evaluate effective catheter-care practices to reduce pediatric CA-BSIs.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:

Our study was a multi-institutional, interrupted time-series design with historical control data and was conducted in 29 PICUs across the United States. Two central venous catheter–care practice bundles comprised our intervention: the insertion bundle of pediatric-tailored care elements derived from adult efforts and the maintenance bundle derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations and expert pediatric clinician consensus. The bundles were deployed with quality-improvement teaching and methods to support their adoption by teams at the participating PICUs. The main outcome measures were the rate of CA-BSIs from January 2004 to September 2007 and compliance with each element of the insertion and maintenance bundles from October 2006 to September 2007.

RESULTS:

Average CA-BSI rates were reduced by 43% across 29 PICUs (5.4 vs 3.1 CA-BSIs per 1000 central-line-days; P < .0001). By September 2007, insertion-bundle compliance was 84% and maintenance-bundle compliance was 82%. Hierarchical regression modeling showed that the only significant predictor of an observed decrease in infection rates was the collective use of the insertion and maintenance bundles, as demonstrated by the relative rate (RR) and confidence intervals (CIs) (RR: 0.57 [95% CI: 0.45–0.74]; P < .0001). We used comparable modeling to assess the relative importance of the insertion versus maintenance bundles; the results showed that the only significant predictor of an infection-rate decrease was maintenance-bundle compliance (RR: 0.41 [95% CI: 0.20–0.85]; P = .017).

CONCLUSIONS:

In contrast with adult ICU care, maximizing insertion-bundle compliance alone cannot help PICUs to eliminate CA-BSIs. The main drivers for additional reductions in pediatric CA-BSI rates are issues that surround daily maintenance care for central lines, as defined in our maintenance bundle. Additional research is needed to define the optimal maintenance bundle that will facilitate elimination of CA-BSIs for children.
An Off-Lattice Flory-Huggins Approach of the Partitioning of Bulky Solutes between Polymers and Interacting Liquids
Authors: Vitrac Olivier , Gillet Guillaume
Published: January 2010

The desorption of additives and polymer residues from materials (P) is of significant concern for a wide range of applications, including polymer ageing, off-odors, and the safety of materials in contact with food or water. With diffusion coefficients, partition coefficients between P and hydrogen-bonding liquids (L), denoted Ki,L/P for a solute i, are fundamental quantities to assess the loss of plastics constituents. For a polymer with a crystallinity c, they are defined as ln(Ki,L/P) - ln(1-c) =(uexi,P- uexi,L)/(kBT), where {uexi,k}k=L,P are the excess chemical potentials and where kB is the Boltzmann constant. Our ambition was to relate calculations of {uexi,k}k=L,P at an atomistic scale to measurable partition coefficients obtained for bulky solutes with different stiffness and shape, such as hindered phenolic antioxidants, n-alkanes and n-alcohols. For large solutes in dense and cohesive phases (P or L), promising computation techniques involve free energy perturbation and non-equilibrium methods, thermodynamic integration, and extended ensembles (Gibbs or osmotic ensembles). Because the free energy landscape of the coupled i+k system contains several minima and highly heterogeneous barriers, a low convergence is generally achieved. To overcome such complications, we calculated {uexi,,k}k=L,P at atomistic scale in the framework of the Flory-Huggins approximation. The main advantage is that the mixing energy for a wide range of conformers was derived from pairwise interactions and a continuous approximation of the packing of molecules without representing explicitly large molecular systems. The translational entropy in L was inferred from a mesoscopic representation of the liquid medium matching the radial distributions calculated by isothermal and isobaric molecular dynamics simulations. The corresponding predictions were satisfactory compared with 38 experimental Ki,L/P values between polyethylenes, polystyrene and different alcohols (isopropanol, ethanol).
Efficacy and Safety of Lacosamide in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Ziegler Dan , Hidvégi Tibor , Gurieva Irina , Bongardt Sabine , Freynhagen Rainer , Sen David , Sommerville Kenneth ,   on behalf of the Lacosamide SP743 Study Group
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate efficacy and safety of lacosamide compared with placebo in painful diabetic polyneuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Diabetic patients with at least moderate neuropathic pain were randomized to placebo or lacosamide 400 (in a slow or standard titration) or 600 mg/day over 6-week titration and 12-week maintenance periods. Primary efficacy criterion was intra-individual change in average daily Numeric Pain Rating Scale score from baseline to the last 4 weeks.

RESULTS

For the primary end point, pain reduction was numerically but not statistically greater with lacosamide compared with placebo (400 mg/day, P = 0.12; 600 mg/day, P = 0.18). Both doses were significantly more effective compared with placebo over the titration (P = 0.03, P = 0.006), maintenance (P = 0.01, P = 0.005), and entire treatment periods (P = 0.03, P = 0.02). Safety profiles between titration schemes were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Lacosamide reduced neuropathic pain and was well tolerated in diabetic patients, but the primary efficacy criterion was not met, possibly due to an increased placebo response over the last 4 weeks.
Visceral Adiposity Index
Authors: Amato Marco C. , Giordano Carla , Galia Massimo , Criscimanna Angela , Vitabile Salvatore , Midiri Massimo , Galluzzo Aldo ,   for the AlkaMeSy Study Group
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

To individuate a novel sex-specific index, based on waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, indirectly expressing visceral fat function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Visceral adiposity index (VAI) was first modeled on 315 nonobese healthy subjects. Using two multiple logistic regression models, VAI was retrospectively validated in 1,498 primary care patients in comparison to classical cardio- and cerebrovascular risk factors.

RESULTS

All components of metabolic syndrome increased significantly across VAI quintiles. VAI was independently associated with both cardiovascular (odd ratio [OR] 2.45; 95% CI 1.52–3.95; P < 0.001) and cerebrovascular (1.63; 1.06–2.50; P = 0.025) events. VAI also showed significant inverse correlation with insulin sensitivity during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in a subgroup of patients (Rs = −0.721; P < 0.001). By contrast, no correlations were found for waist circumference and BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests VAI is a valuable indicator of “visceral adipose function” and insulin sensitivity, and its increase is strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk.
Tanakpur Barrage Thirteen Year Saga of the Nepal Canal Sill Level
Authors: Pun Santa Bahadur
Published: January 2010

The Tanakpur Barrage was constructed by India in the 1980s on her territory on the Mahakali river, as an "alternative" to the aging 1920 Sarada barrage, to irrigate 1.61 million hectares of land in India. The sill level of the Tanakpur regulator for the Nepal canal is EL 245 meters, which is 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) higher than the sill level for the corresponding regulator for India. India stresses that specified quantity of water flow for Nepal will be assured as the pond level of the barrage for power generation will be maintained at EL 246.7 meters. Such promises were made on the Gandak barrage, which also has a powerhouse on the canal, but as the pond level was not maintained, Nepal never got the specified quantity of water from the Gandak barrage. Over the last 13 years, India has been totally deaf to Nepal's request to lower the sill level. Instead, India, argues that the Tanakpur regulator for Nepal was already "constructed in 1992 before the treaty." India's modus operandi, whether for the Farakka, Tanakpur, or Laxmanpur barrages or the Mahali Sagar, Rasiawal-Khurd-Lotan, Kalkalwa-Holiya bunds, has always been to construct first then, over the years, formalize it. Like many of the structures along the Indo-Nepal border, if Nepal does not take a firm stand then the Nepal canal sill level at Tanakpur is heading to be another fait accompli, for Nepal.Key words: Tanakpur barrage; Sill level; Sarada barrage; Mahakali Treaty; India; NepalDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2476Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:2-7
Tehri Dam: An Engineering Marvel
Authors: Adhikari Basistha Raj
Published: January 2010

Despite repeated controversy over implementing high dams in the Himalayan region, the Government of India has completed the fi rst stage of Tehri Dam hydroelectric project with power generating capacity of 1,000 MW. Being the third dam of its kind after Bhakra and Pong in India, Tehri Dam has faced several social, legal and engineering challenges. Most of them may be lessons for the whole Himalayan region including Nepal. The Tehri Dam Project was initiated in 1970s with technical support from the USSR. Later, with the establishment of Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, the project was resumed with new dimensions to be developed in three stages: Tehri Dam Project with 1,000 MW in Stage 1, Koteshwar Power Plant with 400 MW capacity in Stage-2, and Tehri Pump Storage Plant with 1,000 MW capacity providing altogether 2,400 MW of clean hydro electric energy in Stage-3. The fi rst stage project was commissioned in 2006 while the second stage is under construction. The major outcome of the Tehri Dam Project is its successful implementation of rehabilitation and resettlement plans through the establishment of the New Tehri town in the Garhwal hills and adjacent areas. This article shares the technical innovation of Tehri Dam Project from socio-engineering perspective.Key words : Tehri Dam Project; Storage hydropower project; Rehabilitation and resettlement; IndiaDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2481Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:26-30
Need to Review the West Seti Dam Design
Authors: Thapa Anand B
Published: January 2010

The proposed 195 meter high concrete faced rockfi l dam (one of the highest of its kind) in West Seti Hydroelectric Project in Nepal will impound 1,500 million cubic meters of water. High CFRD dams were only recently constructed since 1980s. Nepal's Ministry of Energy must constitute a panel of experts of high standing in the fi eld of dam/river engineering to seek their advice on the West Seti Project. Engineering aspects of the project must be reviewed before taking the fi nal decision to implement the project. Similarly, the growing concerns echoed through the media about the sharing of downstream benefi ts and problems of submergence of Nepalese territory resulting from the Laxmanpur barrage, which is a direct extension of the West Seti Project, must also be properly addressed.Key words: West Seti Hydroelectric Project; CFRD dam design; NepalDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2484Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:35-36
Treatment Feasibility of NSSC Pulping Effl uent using UASB Reactor
Authors: Ali Arshad , Hashmi Hashim Nisar , Querashi Inthikhab Ahmad , Saeed Athar
Published: January 2010

The safe disposal of black liquor generating from Neutral Sulfide Semi-Chemical pulping section of the paper mills is one of the challenging issue in the developing countries. A treatment feasibility study was conducted on a laboratory scale UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) reactor running on continuous flow basis for about 30 weeks at neutral pH and at constant temperature of 33°C. It is observed that about 35% of black-liquor COD could be reduced at a hydraulic retention time of 38 hours and at an organic loading rate of 2.75 kg-COD/m3-day. The average gas production and methane gas conversion at optimum conditions was observed to be 0.17 m3/kg-CODrem-day and 0.88 L-CH4/g-CODrem-day, respectively. The overall methane composition was noticed to be 61% of the biogas. This study suggests that the post-treatment of NSSC pulping effl uent is required to meet the safe effl uent disposal standards. Key words: NSSC pulping; UASB; Anaerobic digestion; Lignin-COD; PakistanDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2489Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:46-49
Village Development through Hydropower
Authors: Pradhan Gyanendra Lal
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes a new model to develop small hydropower on the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model, by developing one small hydro project in a district under the auspices of local institutions such as the District Development Committee (DDC), Village Development Committee (VDC), municipality, etc., in partnership with an entrepreneur or the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industries. This model will create wealth for the villages of the district; and local institutions need not look to the Nepal government for the development grant. Hydropower is the best means to bring in development that the local people aspire for. As hydro development requires infrastructure building of roads, transmission lines etc., it will open the door of opportunity in the district for rapid growth. At the beginning, 1-5 MW size is proposed and in later stages larger sizes can be attempted. As the entrepreneur puts in equity at the beginning, and only after project operation, shares are given to the locals. A share structure of 70:30 is proposed for the entrepreneur and the local institutions respectively.Key words: Public-Private Partnership; Small hydropower; NepalDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2492Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:54-55
Turbine Testing Laboratory and its Role in Hydropower Development
Authors: Thapa Bhola , Dahlhaug Ole Gunnar
Published: January 2010

With the increase in project developers, manufacturers and independent power producers, there is increasing demand for the quality, performance and reliability of the components and system. Occasionally there are disputes between these parties in term of life and efficiency. Normally, local manufacturers adopt foreign design, which may not be best for the local condition due to several reasons. One prominent example of such problem is sand erosion of turbines and other components. In the absence of test facilities in the country, there is not signifi cant contribution in design, modifi cation and performance analysis of hydro power turbines in Nepal.The Turbine Testing Laboratory of capacity 300 kW is proposed at Kathmandu University, which can test scaled model oflarge size turbines. The activities in the Turbine Testing Laboratory are: Performance testing of hydraulic turbines, pumps and other hydro-mechanical components, Developments of new turbines, education and training, and applied research to solve problems of hydropower industry.Turbine Testing Laboratories have played significant role in development of hydropower in several countries. The proposed laboratory at Kathmandu University is also expected to contribute for hydropower development in Nepal.Key words: Hydraulic turbine; Test laboratory; Turbine performance; Sand erosionDOI: 10.3126/hn.v5i0.2496Hydro Nepal Vol. 5, July 2009 Page:66-70