bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Compressive Strengths of Woven Glass-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Hadi Bambang K. , Trisolicha Rahmah S.
Published: June 2016

Reliable experimental data on compressive strength of composite material are important, especially for designing structures having dominant compressive stresses, such as bolted joints. Composite materials usually have lower compressive strengths compared to tensile strengths. Woven composites added more complications. Initial waviness in woven composites makes the compressive strengths even much lower. Therefore, in this paper, experimental study on the compressive strengths of woven composites will be presented. The experiments used standard ASTM D3410M-03. Woven glass-epoxy will be tested extensively. The specimens were produced using standard hand layup techniques. Several layup configurations were tested, namely (0/90)s, (0/90/±45)s and (±45)s. The results showed that woven glass-epoxy generated failure modes specifically found in compressive tests of composites, such as: fiber micro-buckling, fiber crushing and shear band-formation. It was also found that unlike in the case of tensile tests, the layup configurations did not affect the compressive strength values. It seems that the fiber orientation will not affect significantly the compressive strengths. The epoxy matrix played more dominant role on the compressive behavior of woven glass-epoxy composites.
Manufacturing Process and Flight Testing of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with Composite Material
Authors: Nugroho Gesang , Rafsan Jani Ali Ashar , Trio Sadewo Ridho Ramadhan , Satrio Muhammad
Published: June 2016

The manufacturing process of lightweight and strong (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) UAV and composite aircraft flight testing capability is described in this research. Nowadays, UAV development becomes more creative and high technology. Mapping and monitoring process from a UAV will be more effective and efficient. Mapping and monitoring process needs high durability UAV so that development with lightweight and strong material is needed. Lightweight technology is very suitable applied in the UAV technology. The composite material has many benefits for an aerodynamics world. The composite material was made of fiberglass and resin, and this material was used in components that are not loaded to high loads. The aircraft industry uses fiberglass composites widely because of the stiffness, strength, and toughness of composite.This research was conducted by manufacturing an aircraft with a fiberglass composite. The first manufacturing process was making a master prototype from styrofoam and then the styrofoam master was used to make a mold. The next process is called hand lay-up in which fiberglass and resin were laid to the model to produce half side of the aircraft. The process refined by vacuum bag to obtain a thin, flat, and good surface of the aircraft. Aircraft flight testing is needed to obtain statistical of the stability in pitch, roll and altitude, so the data result will determine the feasibility of composite aircraft in this research. The flight data have shown that the aircraft has high stability on roll and pitch.
Priority Evaluation of Life Cycle Impact Factors for Algal Biofuel Production in the Philippines Using Analytic Hierarchy Process
Authors: Ubando Aristotle T. , Felix Charles B. , Gue Ivan Henderson V. , Mayol Andres Philip , Toledo Nieves A. , Garibay Soledad S. , Jimenez Caridad N. , Biona Jose Bienvenido M. , Culaba Alvin B.
Published: June 2016

Algal biofuel is considered as an advanced generation bioenergy fuel which addresses the concerns of the preceding generations of biofuels on crop land competition and water consumption. Microalgae are considered as the only biomass feedstock capable of displacing fossil-fuel based on very high-oil yield per land area and other benefits. The production of biofuels in the Philippines is mandated by its Biofuel Act of 2006 which aims to introduce low-carbon fuels to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the dependence on oil imports. The Philippines’ biodiesel production uses solely coconut as biomass feedstock to produce coconut methyl ester (CME). With the mandate to increase the biodiesel blend to 5% by 2015, this adds pressure to the production of CME while battling for the fluctuating price of coconut. Due to the archipelagic geography and tropical climate of the country, abundance of thriving endemic species of microalgae can be found in the country. Hence, algal biofuel presents a viable option to alternatively produce biodiesel in the Philippines. Thus, policies in sustainable production of algal biofuel based on its environmental impact and natural resource consumption must initially be developed and drafted. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach was recommended to evaluate the sustainability of algal biofuel production in the country leading to policy development. Prior finalizing the impact assessment of an LCA study, prioritization of impact factors must initially be established and evaluated based on the programs and goals of the government and other stakeholders. LCA studies on algal biofuels were previously conducted overseas. However, the impact assessment of such studies is not applicable for the Philippines. Furthermore, there has been limited LCA study on algal biofuel production in the Philippines. Hence, this study proposes to establish a multi-criteria decision structure of the life-cycle impact factors of algal biofuels specifically for the Philippines and quantifying its priority levels using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is a multi-criteria decision analysis which quantifies the prioritization weights of the considered impact factors via pairwise comparison method. Survey shall be conducted to various government agencies, the industry, and other research institutions to establish an initial impact assessment of algal biofuels in the country. The initial results revealed priority are given to global warming potential, eco-toxicity, and photochemical ozone depletion, respectively. The results of this work shall aid the policy and decision makers of the country to develop and draft environmental policies and strategic plans for the proliferation of algal biofuels in the Philippines.
The Influence of Preheat on Distortion and Fatigue Crack Propagation Rate of FCAW Weld in A 36 Steel Structure
Authors: Subeki Nur , Jamasri  , Ilman M. Noer , Iswanto Priyo Tri
Published: June 2016

Welding is one of the joining processes and it has been widely used, especially for steel welded structure in off-shore, pipeline or ship construction. Advantages of the welding joint are inexpensive, process joining can be done quickly and can produce light structure compared to other joining processes. One of welding techniques mostly used for joining steel construction is flux cored arc welding (FCAW). The commonly problems arise in this welding technique are distortion and low resistance of crack propagation. The aim of this study is to minimize distortion and to increase fatigue crack growth resistance of weld joint.In this research, FCAW welding was conducted without preheat and the other was preheated around welding area with temperature of 200 °C. Each of temperature welding process was measured using data acquisition. After completing the welding process, a sequence of experiment was conducted including chemical compositions, distortion and fatigue test. Result of this research shows that preheat temperature of 200 °C can decrease distortion and improve fatigue performance.
The Effect Rust and Over-Protection Voltage of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection towards LR Grade a Steel Disbondment
Authors: Fitrullah Muhammad , Mawaddah Siti Mutia , Wahyudin  , Tarigan P. , Soesaptri O. , Suryana  , Dwiyanti Yanyan , Partuti Tri , Juniarsih A. , Aziz Abdul , Trenggono A.
Published: June 2016

Corrosion at the bilge due to direct contact with the seawater is an issue which is necessary to be taken into account. The problem can be solved by giving combined protection such as coating and cathodic protection impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP). For broader range, there is occasionally a possibility of over-protection at certain area especially that is close to anodes. It can trigger cathodic disbondment to occur. Cathodic disbondment is a situation when the coating loses its adhesion to the steel due to the voltage originated from cathodic protection. This trial was conducted by using several samples of LR Grade A plate coated by primer coat epoxy and top coat polyurethane. The plate was then given artificial defect with the size of R2, R3 and R4 accoring to ISO 4628-3 or is equal to 0,5% ; 1% and 8% of the plate surface width. Futhermore, impressed current cathodic protection was conducted with the steel anode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode and over-protection voltage were-1,5 ; -2,0 ; -2,5 ; -3,0 ; -3,5 and-4,0 volt. Electrolyte media employed was seawater. Furthermore, the disbondment taken place was measured after 6 hours and analyzed the corrosion product produced. In the research, it could be seen that the broader the defect was, the smaller the disbondment area was. The width of disbondment area was depending on current density. The smaller the voltage (volt) was, the broader the disbondment in accordance with the increase of disbondment width taking place on the plate surface. The corrosion product produced was Fe3O4 (Magnetite).
CD73 Inhibition Shifts Cardiac Macrophage Polarization toward a Microbicidal Phenotype and Ameliorates the Outcome of Experimental Chagas Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ponce Nicolás Eric , Sanmarco Liliana Maria , Eberhardt Natalia , García Mónica Cristina , Rivarola Héctor Walter , Cano Roxana Carolina , Aoki Maria Pilar
Published: June 2016

Increasing evidence demonstrates that generation of extracellular adenosine from ATP, which is hydrolyzed by the CD39/CD73 enzyme pair, attenuates the inflammatory response and deactivates macrophage antimicrobial mechanisms. Although CD73 is emerging as a critical pathway and therapeutic target in cardiovascular disorders, the involvement of this ectonucleotidase during myocardial infection has not been explored. Using a murine model of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas cardiomyopathy, we observed a sudden switch from the classical M1 macrophage (microbicidal) phenotype toward an alternative M2 (repairing/anti-inflammatory) phenotype that occurred within the myocardium very shortly after BALB/c mice infection. The observed shift in M1/M2 rate correlated with the cardiac cytokine milieu. Considering that parasite persistence within myocardium is a necessary and sufficient condition for the development of the chronic myocarditis, we hypothesized that CD73 activity may counteract cardiac macrophage microbicidal polarization, rendering the local immune response less effective. In fact, a transient treatment with a specific CD73 inhibitor (adenosine 5′-α,β-methylene-diphosphate) enhanced the microbicidal M1 subset predominance, diminished IL-4– and IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells, promoted a proinflammatory cytokine milieu, and reduced parasite load within the myocardium during the acute phase. As a direct consequence of these events, there was a reduction in serum levels of creatine kinase muscle–brain isoenzyme, a myocardial-specific injury marker, and an improvement in the electrocardiographic characteristics during the chronic phase. Our results demonstrate that this purinergic system drives the myocardial immune response postinfection and harbors a promising potential as a therapeutic target.
Heterogeneous Integration of a 300-mm Silicon Photonics-CMOS Wafer Stack by Direct Oxide Bonding and Via-Last 3-D Interconnection
Authors: McDonough Colin , La Tulipe Doug , Pascual Dan , Tariello Paul , Mucci John , Smalley Matt , Nguyen Anh , Vo Tuan , Johnson Corbet , Nguyen Phung , Hebding Jeremiah , Leake Gerald , Moresc Michele , Timurdogan Erman , Stojanović Vladimir , Watts Michael R. , Coolbaugh Douglas
Published: June 2016

A fully functional Si photonics and 65-nm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) heterogeneous three-dimensional (3-D) integration is demonstrated for the first time in a 300-mm production environment. Direct oxide wafer bonding was developed to eliminate voids between silicon on insulator photonics and bulk Si CMOS wafers. A via-last, Cu through-oxide via 3-D integration was developed for low capacitance electrical connections with no impact on the CMOS performance. The 3-D yield approaching 100% was demonstrated on >20,000 via chains.
A New In-Line Laser-Based Acoustic Technique for Pillar Bump Metrology
Authors: Murray Todd W. , Bakir Andrew , Stobbe David M. , Kotelyanskii Michael J. , Mair Robin A. , Mehendale Manjusha , Ru Xueping , Cohen Jonathan D. , Schulberg Michelle T. , Mukundhan Priya , Kryman Timothy J.
Published: June 2016

The drive to reduce the interconnect pitch and increase the number of connections for packaging in mobile devices has led to the development of copper pillar bumps. The key drivers for the adoption of copper pillars are improved performance, reduced form factor, and lower cost. In this article, we present a laser-based acoustic technique for the characterization of multilayer pillars. This noncontact technique has a high sensitivity for materials characterization with micron-scale spatial resolution. Absorption of laser light causes excitation of elastic waves that propagate through the pillar and are reflected by the pillar walls, exciting vibrational modes in the structure. We have demonstrated that our approach is sensitive to the thicknesses of individual layers in bilayer and trilayer copper pillar stacks. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) has been used to optimize the model and to validate the accuracy of the technique.
Rosacea: a clinical review
Authors: Mikkelsen Carsten Sauer , Holmgren Helene Ringe , Kjellman Petra , Heidenheim Michael , Karppinnen Ari , Bjerring Peter , Huldt-Nystrøm Theis
Published: June 2016

Rosacea is a field within dermatology with new insight within immunological research and new treatment-algorithm. Patient education on rosacea and appropriate treatments is an important aspect in helping patients succeed with therapy. Treatment should be tailored to each individual patient, taking into account: symptoms, trigger factors, patients’ wishes, most bothersome symptoms, psychological aspect, individual needs. A combination of clinical therapies to treat different symptoms concomitantly may offer the best possible outcomes for the patient. In this review article we describe these aspects.
Psychiatric disorders associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Gambini Orsola
Published: June 2016

not required
Cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation in the elderly: evidence for cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure
Authors: Fattirolli Francesco , Pratesi Alessandra
Published: June 2016

Cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly today often represents a utopia. The international scientific literature takes little into account this type of prescription for old people, although they represent a large and growing proportion of cardiac patients, with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure, which we have to manage in everyday life. Furthermore, interventions of health education, clinical follow up, rehospitalisation prevention and prescription of tailored exercise, are sometimes more necessary in this kind of patients, given the presence of multimorbidity, functional dependence, frailty, sarcopenia, social neglect. Most of the data on the feasibility, safety and efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation are favourable, but they are few and apparently not strong enough to convince the medical community. Therefore is necessary to join efforts to identify the geriatric patient's peculiarities and plan a suitable program of cardiac rehabilitation, which takes into account the multi-dimensionality and complexity of typical problems of the elderly, for which the classical cardiac outcomes can be limited.RiassuntoLa riabilitazione cardiologica nel paziente anziano rappresenta ad oggi in molte realtÃ  una utopia. La letteratura scientifica internazionale prende poco in considerazione questo tipo di prescrizione nei soggetti in etÃ  avanzata, per quanto essi rappresentino una grande e crescente quota dei pazienti cardiopatici con sindrome coronarica acuta o scompenso cardiaco. Inoltre proprio su questa tipologia di pazienti interventi di educazione sanitaria, monitoraggio clinico e prescrizione di esercizio fisico personalizzato, risultano piÃ¹ necessari, data la presenza di multimorbilitÃ , dipendenza funzionale, fragilitÃ , sarcopenia, isolamento sociale. La maggior parte dei dati su fattibilitÃ , sicurezza ed efficacia della riabilitazione cardiologica dopo infarto miocardico e nello scompenso sono favorevoli, ma risultano limitati nella numerositÃ  delle casistiche e non condotti su pazienti assimilabili a quelli del mondo reale. Eâ€™ necessario dunque identificare le peculiaritÃ  del paziente geriatrico e pianificare e personalizzare un programma di riabilitazione cardiologica che tenga in considerazione la multidimensionalitÃ  e la complessitÃ  dei problemi tipici del soggetto anziano, per il quale gli outcome cardiologici abituali possono risultare limitati o non significativi.
Barriers to cardiac rehabilitation access of older heart failure patients and strategies for better implementation
Authors: Pulignano Giovanni , Tinti Maria Denitza , Del Sindaco Donatella , Tolone Stefano , Minardi Giovanni , Lax Antonio , Uguccioni Massimo
Published: June 2016

In heart failure (HF), cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may reduce decompensations, hospitalization, and ultimately mortality in long term. Many studies over the past decade have demonstrated that aerobic exercise training is effective and safe in stable patients with HF. Exercise CR resulted in a clinically important improvement in the QOL. Several clinical and psychosocial factors are associated with decreased participation in CR programs of elderly HF patients, such as perception of exercise as tiring or painful, comorbidities, lack of physician encouragement, and opinion that CR will not improve their health status. Besides low functional capacity, and chronic deconditioning may also deter patients from participating in CR programs. Â Recent data suggest that current smoking, a BMI â‰¥30 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, and cognitive dysfunction are associated with failure to enroll in outpatient CR in older age group. Moreover the lack of availability of CR facilities or the absence of financial refunds for enrolment of CHF patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs can play a crucial role. Many of this factors are modifiable through patient education and self care strategy instruction, health providers sensibilization, and implementing economic measures in order to make CR affordable.Â RiassuntoNumerosi studi hanno dimostrato come la riabilitazione cardiovascolare (RC) con esercizio aerobico sia risultato efficace e sicuro nei pazienti con scompenso cardiaco (SC), nel ridurre ospedalizzazioni, mortalitÃ  ed indurre un miglioramento della qualitÃ  di vita. Tuttavia numerosi fattori clinici e psicosociali, come la bassa capacitÃ  funzionale, le comorbiditÃ , la percezione dellâ€™esercizio fisico come noioso o doloroso, sono associati a ridotta partecipazione a RC da parte di pazienti anziani con SC.Â  Inoltre dati recenti mostrano come lâ€™abitudine tabagica, un BMI â‰¥30 kg/m2, il diabete mellito ed il deterioramento cognitivo siano associati con il mancato arruolamento di pazienti anziani in programmi di RC.Â  In aggiunta la mancanza di disponibilitÃ  di strutture per la RC o l'assenza di rimborsi finanziari per l'iscrizione dei pazienti con SC in programmi di riabilitazione cardiaca possono svolgere un ruolo cruciale. Molti di questi fattori risultano modificabili attraverso programmi di educazione sanitaria del paziente, sensibilizzazione del personale sanitario ed attraverso unâ€™implementazione delle misure economiche al fine di rendere accessibile la RC.
Diagnostic value of D-dimer’s serum level in Iranian patients with cerebral venous thrombosis
Authors: Hashami Leila , Rakhshan Vahid , Karimian Hoda , Moghaddasi Mehdi
Published: June 2016

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a longterm debilitating vascular brain disease with high morbidity and mortality. It may be associated with rise in D-dimer level. The aim of this study was to examine this potential association and identify the critical D-dimer cut-off level corresponding to increase the risk of CVT. This case-control study was conducted on two groups of patients with and without CVT attending the Rasool Akram Hospital (Iran) during 2014 and 2015. D-dimer levels were measured by the rapid sensitive D-dimer assay. Data were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient test, independent-samples t-test, backward-selection multiple linear regression and multiple binary logistic regression analyses. Sensitivity-specificity tests were used to detect D-dimer cut-off for CVT. Differences between the D-dimer levels of the case and control groups were significant (P<0.001). It showed that each level of increase in the number of symptoms could increase the risk of thrombosis occurrence for about 3.5 times. All symptom types except for headache were associated with D-dimer level, while headache has negative association with D-dimer level. D-dimer cut-off point for CVT diagnosis was estimated at 350 ng/mg. We concluded that D-dimer serum level significantly rises in CVT patients. A rounded cut-off point of 350 ng/mg can be used as a diagnostic criterion for CVT prediction.
Clobazam and Its Use in Epilepsy
Authors: Pernea Marius , Sutcliffe Alastair G.
Published: June 2016

Clobazam (CLB) is an older anti-epileptic drug, with a slightly different chemical structure from that of the classic benzodiazepines currently used in the treatment of epilepsy, which confers less sedative properties in terms of negative adverse effects. It is also thought to be better tolerated than other anti-epileptic drugs, whilst maintaining a very similar level of efficacy. It has been tested extensively in over 50 studies on more than 3000 patients with epilepsy and is now approved as an adjunctive treatment of epilepsy in >100 countries. The aim of this review is to evaluate several existing studies on the effectiveness of CLB as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of epilepsy and whether this therapy is more useful in particular types of epilepsy or seizure prevention. This is not a systematic review but a general overview of some of the most recent studies on the effectiveness of CLB as an adjunctive therapy. Additionally, the benefits of having an oral suspension of CLB will be evaluated with regards to patient groups benefiting from this formulation. The last issue addressed is that of the importance of prescribing CLB by brand, along with the benefits and risks of not doing so.
Sea-ice atlas of arctic Canada 1969-1974
Authors: Lindsay D G
Published: June 2016

Aeria l surveys of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and adjacent waters have been made by the Polar Continental Shelf Project si nce 1961 . During these years, at various intervals between March and November, successive sets of obse rvati ons have been
made of dis tri butions of sea-ice types and features, progression of break-up, advance of ablation, patterns of movement and the sequence of freeze-up. These observati ons are presented on 104 coloured maps, 28 x 38 cm, accompanied by written descriptions and se asonal summaries. A previous report
published in 1976 entitled "Sea-Ice Atlas of Arctic Canada 1961 -1968" precedes this volume.
Role of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary malignancies
Authors: Arumugam Prabhu , Balarajah Vickna , Watt Jennifer , Abraham Ajit T. , Bhattacharya Satyajit , Kocher Hemant M.
Published: June 2016

The many benefits of laparoscopy, including smaller incision, reduced length of hospital stay and more rapid return to normal function, have seen its popularity grow in recent years. With concurrent improvements in non-surgical cancer management the importance of accurate staging is becoming increasingly important. There are two main applications of laparoscopic surgery in managing hepato-pancreatico-biliary (HPB) malignancy: accurate staging of disease and resection. We aim to summarize the use of laparoscopy in these contexts. The role of staging laparoscopy has become routine in certain cancers, in particular T2 staged, locally advanced gastric cancer, hilar cholangiocarcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. For other cancers, in particular colorectal, laparoscopy has now become the gold standard management for resection such that there is no role for stand-alone staging laparoscopy. In HPB cancers, although staging laparoscopy may play a role, with ever improving radiology, its role remains controversial.
Healthcare associated infections in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Sodhi Jitender , Satpathy Sidhartha , Sharma D.K. , Lodha Rakesh , Kapil Arti , Wadhwa Nitya , Gupta Shakti Kumar
Published: June 2016

Background & objectives:

Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) increase the length of stay in the hospital and consequently costs as reported from studies done in developed countries. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of HAIs on length of stay and costs of health care in children admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care hospital in north India.

Methods:

This prospective study was done in the seven bedded PICU of a large multi-specialty tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. A total of 20 children with HAI (cases) and 35 children without HAI (controls), admitted to the PICU during the study period (January 2012 to June 2012), were matched for gender, age, and average severity of illness score. Each patient's length of stay was obtained prospectively. Costs of healthcare were estimated according to traditional and time driven activity based costing methods approach.

Results:

The median extra length of PICU stay for children with HAI (cases), compared with children with no HAI (controls), was seven days (IQR 3-16). The mean total costs of patients with and without HAI were

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643040-00019/math_19MM1/v/2022-09-30T185029Z/r/image-tiff

2,04,787 (US$ 3,413) and

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643040-00019/math_19MM2/v/2022-09-30T185029Z/r/image-tiff

56,587 (US$ 943), respectively and the mean difference in the total cost between cases and controls was

JOURNAL/ijmer/04.03/02223309-201643040-00019/math_19MM3/v/2022-09-30T185029Z/r/image-tiff

1,48,200 (95% CI 55,716 to 2,40,685, P<0.01).

Interpretation & conclusions:

This study highlights the effect of HAI on costs for PICU patients, especially costs due to prolongation of hospital stay, and suggests the need to develop effective strategies for prevention of HAI to reduce costs of health care.
Impaired Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Uptake and Release Promote Electromechanically and Spatially Discordant Alternans: A Computational Study
Authors: Weinberg Seth H.
Published: June 2016

Cardiac electrical dynamics are governed by cellular-level properties, such as action potential duration (APD) restitution and intracellular calcium (Ca) handling, and tissue-level properties, including conduction velocity restitution and cell–cell coupling. Irregular dynamics at the cellular level can lead to instabilities in cardiac tissue, including alternans, a beat-to-beat alternation in the action potential and/or the intracellular Ca transient. In this study, we incorporate a detailed single cell coupled map model of Ca cycling and bidirectional APD-Ca coupling into a spatially extended tissue model to investigate the influence of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca uptake and release properties on alternans and conduction block. We find that an intermediate SR Ca uptake rate and larger SR Ca release resulted in the widest range of stimulus periods that promoted alternans. However, both reduced SR Ca uptake and release promote arrhythmogenic spatially and electromechanically discordant alternans, suggesting a complex interaction between SR Ca handling and alternans characteristics at the cellular and tissue level.
Classification of higher rank orbit closures in ${\mathcal H^{\mathrm{odd}}(4)}$
Authors: Aulicino David , Nguyen Duc-Manh , Wright Alex
Published: June 2016

The moduli space of genus 3 translation surfaces with a single zero has two connected components. We show that in the odd connected component

{\mathcal H^{\mathrm{odd}}(4)}

the only

{GL^+(2,\mathbb R)}

orbit closures are closed orbits, the Prym locus

{\tilde{\mathcal{Q}}(3,-1^3)}

, and

{\mathcal H^{\mathrm{odd}}(4)}

.

Together with work of Matheus–Wright, this implies that there are only finitely many non-arithmetic closed orbits (Teichmüller curves) in

\mathcal H^{\mathrm{odd}}(4)

outside of the Prym locus.
Directly Simulation of Second Order Hyperbolic Systems in Second Order Form via the Regularization Concept
Authors: Yousefi Hassan , Ghorashi Seyed Shahram , Rabczuk Timon
Published: June 2016

We present an efficient and robust method for stress wave propagation problems (second order hyperbolic systems) having discontinuities directly in their second order form. Due to the numerical dispersion around discontinuities and lack of the inherent dissipation in hyperbolic systems, proper simulation of such problems are challenging. The proposed idea is to denoise spurious oscillations by a post-processing stage from solutions obtained from higher-order grid-based methods (e.g., high-order collocation or finite-difference schemes). The denoising is done so that the solutions remain higher-order (here, second order) around discontinuities and are still free from spurious oscillations. For this purpose, improved Tikhonov regularization approach is advised. This means to let data themselves select proper denoised solutions (since there is no pre-assumptions about regularized results). The improved approach can directly be done on uniform or non-uniform sampled data in a way that the regularized results maintenance continuous derivatives up to some desired order. It is shown how to improve the smoothing method so that it remains conservative and has local estimating feature. To confirm effectiveness of the proposed approach, finally, some one and two dimensional examples will be provided. It will be shown how both the numerical (artificial) dispersion and dissipation can be controlled around discontinuous solutions and stochastic-like results.
Emotional Excess on the Shakespearean Stage: Passion’s Slaves
Authors: Escolme Bridget
Published: June 2016

Emotional Excess on the Shakespearean Stage demonstrates the links made between excess of emotion and madness in the early modern period. It argues that the ways in which today's popular and theatrical cultures judge how much is too much can distort our understanding of early modern drama and theatre. It argues that permitting the excesses of the early modern drama onto the contemporary stage might free actors and audiences alike from assumptions that in order to engage with the drama of the past, its characters must be just like us.

The book deals with characters in the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries who are sad for too long, or angry to the point of irrationality; people who laugh when they shouldn't or make their audiences do so; people whose selfhood has broken down into an excess of fragmentary extremes and who are labelled mad. It is about moments in the theatre when excessive emotion is rewarded and applauded - and about moments when the expression of emotion is in excess of what is socially acceptable: embarrassing, shameful, unsettling or insane. The book explores the broader cultures of emotion that produce these theatrical moments, and the theatre's role in regulating and extending the acceptable expression of emotion. It is concerned with the acting of excessive emotion and with acting emotion excessively. And it asks how these excesses are produced or erased, give pleasure or pain, in versions of early modern drama in theatre, film and television today.

Plays discussed include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, The Spanish Tragedy, Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, Measure for Measure, and Coriolanus.
Contribution of dissolved organic matter to submicron water-soluble organic aerosols in the marine boundary layer over the eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Miyazaki Yuzo , Coburn Sean , Ono Kaori , Ho David T. , Pierce R. Bradley , Kawamura Kimitaka , Volkamer Rainer
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Stable carbon isotopic compositions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and organic molecular markers were measured to investigate the relative contributions of the sea surface sources to the water-soluble fraction of submicron organic aerosols collected over the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOCs (TORERO)/KA-12-01 cruise. On average, the water-soluble organic fraction of the total carbon (TC) mass in submicron aerosols was  ∼  30–35 % in the oceans with the low chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations, whereas it was  ∼  60 % in the high-Chl a regions. The average stable carbon isotope ratio of WSOC (δ13CWSOC) was −19.8 ± 2.0 ‰, which was systematically higher than that of TC (δ13CTC) (−21.8 ± 1.4 ‰). We found that in the oceans with both high and low Chl a concentrations the δ13CWSOC was close to the typical values of δ13C for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ranging from −22 to −20 ‰ in surface seawater of the tropical Pacific Ocean. This suggests an enrichment of marine biological products in WSOC aerosols in the study region regardless of the oceanic area. In particular, enhanced levels of WSOC and biogenic organic marker compounds together with high values of WSOC / TC ( ∼  60 %) and δ13CWSOC were observed over upwelling areas and phytoplankton blooms, which was attributed to planktonic tissues being more enriched in δ13C. The δ13C analysis estimated that, on average, marine sources contribute  ∼  90 ± 25 % of the aerosol carbon, indicating the predominance of marine-derived carbon in the submicron WSOC. This conclusion is supported by Lagrangian trajectory analysis, which suggests that the majority of the sampling points on the ship had been exposed to marine boundary layer (MBL) air for more than 80 % of the time during the previous 7 days. The combined analysis of the δ13C and monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, demonstrated that DOC concentration was closely correlated with the concentration levels of submicron WSOC across the study region regardless of the oceanic area. The result implies that DOC may characterize background organic aerosols in the MBL over the study region.
Heterogeneous uptake of amines onto kaolinite in the temperature range of 232–300 K
Authors: Liu Y. , Ge Y. , He H.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Amines contribute to atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition, new particle formation and the growth of nano- and sub-micron particles. Heterogeneous uptake of amines by ammonium compounds and organic aerosols has been recognized as an important source of particulate organic nitrogen. However, the role of mineral dust in the chemical cycle of amines is unknown because the corresponding reaction kinetics are unavailable. In this study, the heterogeneous uptake of methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA) by kaolinite was investigated in the temperature range of 232–300 K using a Knudsen cell reactor. Lewis acid sites on kaolinite were identified as dominant contributors to the uptake of amines, utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The uptake coefficients (γ) were derived from the mass accommodation coefficients based on the temperature dependence of the γ. The initial effective uptake coefficients (γeff) were (2.27 ± 0.26) × 10−3, (1.71 ± 0.26) × 10−3 and (2.95 ± 0.63) × 10−3, respectively, for MA, DMA and TMA on kaolinite at 300 K, while they increased ~3-fold with decreasing temperature from 300 K to 232 K. The adsorption enthalpies (△Hobs) of MA, DMA and TMA on kaolinite were −7.8 ± 0.8, −9.9 ± 2.9 and −9.4 ± 1.0 kJ mol−1, respectively, and the corresponding entropy values (△Sobs) were −77.1 ± 3.2, −84.1 ± 11.8 and −80.6 ± 3.7 J·K−1·mol−1. The lifetimes of MA, DMA and TMA attributable to heterogeneous uptake by mineral dust were estimated to be 7.2, 11.5 and 7.7 h, respectively. These values were comparable to the lifetimes of amines consumed by OH oxidation. Our results reveal that uptake by mineral dust should be considered in models simulating the chemical cycle of amines in the atmosphere. The results will also aid in understanding the possible impacts of amines on human health, air quality, and climate effects.
Secondary electron emission from meteoric smoke particles inside the polar ionosphere
Authors: Baumann Carsten , Rapp Markus , Kero Antti
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The charging by secondary electron emission (SEE) from particles is known as a significant charging process in astrophysical plasmas. This work aims at evaluating the significance of SEE for charging of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) in the Earth's polar atmosphere. Here, the atmosphere is subject to a bombardment of energetic electrons from the magnetosphere (and partly the sun). We employ the SEE formalism to MSPs in the upper mesosphere using electron precipitation fluxes for three different precipitation strengths. In addition, we address the possible effect of tertiary electron emission (TEE) from MSPs induced by atmospheric secondary electrons for one precipitation case. The SEE and TEE rates from MSPs of different sizes are compared to plasma attachment and photodetachment and photoionization rates of MSPs. The needed concentration of electrons and ions have been modeled with the Sodankylä Ion and Neutral Chemistry (SIC) model with included electron precipitation spectra as an additional ionization source. We find that secondary electron emission from MSPs is not a relevant charging mechanism for MSPs. The electron attachment to MSPs and photodetachment of negatively charged MSPs are the most important processes also during energetic electron precipitation.
Climate SPHINX: evaluating the impact of resolution and stochastic physics parameterisations in climate simulations
Authors: Davini Paolo , von Hardenberg Jost , Corti Susanna , Christensen Hannah M. , Juricke Stephan , Subramanian Aneesh , Watson Peter A. G. , Weisheimer Antje , Palmer Tim N.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The Climate SPHINX (Stochastic Physics HIgh resolutioN eXperiments) project is a comprehensive set of ensemble simulations aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of present and future climate to model resolution and stochastic parameterisation. The EC-Earth Earth-System Model is used to explore the impact of stochastic physics in a large ensemble of 30-year climate integrations at five different atmospheric horizontal resolutions (from 125 km up to 16 km). The project includes more than 120 simulations in both a historical scenario (1979–2008) and a climate change projection (2039–2068), together with coupled transient runs (1850–2100). A total of 20.4 million core hours have been used, made available from a single year grant from PRACE (the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe), and close to 1.5 PBytes of output data have been produced on SuperMUC IBM Petascale System at the Leibniz Supercomputing Center (LRZ) in Garching, Germany. About 140 TBytes of post-processed data are stored on the CINECA supercomputing center archives and are freely accessible to the community thanks to an EUDAT Data Pilot project. This paper presents the technical and scientific setup of the experiments, including the details on the forcing used for the simulations performed, defining the SPHINX v1.0 protocol. In addition, an overview of preliminary results is given: an improvement in the simulation of Euro-Atlantic atmospheric blocking following resolution increases is observed. It is also shown that including stochastic parameterisation in the low resolution runs helps to improve some aspects of the tropical climate – specifically the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the tropical rainfall variability. These findings show the importance of representing the impact of small scale processes on the large scale climate variability either explicitly (with high resolution simulations) or stochastically (in low resolution simulations).
Modelling stream flow with a discrete rainfall–runoff model and 37 GHz PDBT microwave observations: the Xiangjiang River basin case study
Authors: Shang Haolu , Menenti Massimo , Jia Li
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A discrete rainfall–runoff model has been developed, which uses retrievals of Water Saturated Soil (WSS) and inundation area from 37 GHz microwave observations. The model was implemented at three levels of increasing complexity using field-measured ground water table, WSS and inundated area, and precipitation data. The three levels, defined by the key-variables are: (1) precipitation and base flow; (2) overland flow, infiltrated flow and base flow; (3) overland flow, potential subsurface flow and base flow. The base flow is estimated from observed ground water table depth, while overland and infiltrated flows are estimated from precipitation and the WSS and inundated area. A linear scaling method is developed to estimate the potential subsurface flow. The three model implementations are calibrated with the gauge measurements of 10-day average river discharge in 2002 and 2005 respectively at Changsha station, downstream of Xiangjiang River basin, China. The discrete rainfall–runoff model assumes that specific runoff is determined by antecedent precipitations over a variable period of time. This duration is a model parameter varying between 10 and 150 days. The performance of the discrete rainfall–runoff model increased with the duration of antecedent precipitation for all three implementations in both years. With a duration of 150 days, the model reaches its best performance: Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE, for the 1st implementation was ≥ 0.90 with relative RMSE ≤ 22 %; NSE ≈ 0.99 with relative RMSE ≤ 5 % for the 2nd implementation, and NSE ≥ 0.99 with relative RMSE ≤ 4 % for the 3rd one. These good performances prove that the retrievals of WSS and inundated area clearly improve model accuracy, thus justifying the choices of parameters and the method to estimate the potential subsurface flow. The set of parameters driving each implementation is an indication of dominant hydrological processes, particularly water storage, in determining the catchment response to rainfall. Significant differences in the annual water yield have been observed across the three implementations. The relative RMSE in each season demonstrates the possible recharge period of the ground water in Xiangjiang River basin.
UPGRADE OF FOSS DATE PLUG-IN: IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW RADARGRAMMETRIC DSM GENERATION CAPABILITY
Authors: Di Rita M. , Nascetti A. , Fratarcangeli F. , Crespi M.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite systems may give important contribution in terms of Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generation considering their complete independence from logistic constraints on the ground and weather conditions. In recent years, the new availability of very high resolution SAR data (up to 20 cm Ground Sample Distance) gave a new impulse to radargrammetry and allowed new applications and developments. Besides, to date, among the software aimed to radargrammetric applications only few show as free and open source. It is in this context that it has been decided to widen DATE (Digital Automatic Terrain Extractor) plug-in capabilities and additionally include the possibility to use SAR imagery for DSM stereo reconstruction (i.e. radargrammetry), besides to the optical workflow already developed. DATE is a Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) developed at the Geodesy and Geomatics Division, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, and conceived as an OSSIM (Open Source Software Image Map) plug-in. It has been developed starting from May 2014 in the framework of 2014 Google Summer of Code, having as early purpose a fully automatic DSMs generation from high resolution optical satellite imagery acquired by the most common sensors. Here, the results achieved through this new capability applied to two stacks (one ascending and one descending) of three TerraSAR-X images each, acquired over Trento (Northern Italy) testfield, are presented. Global accuracies achieved are around 6 metres. These first results are promising and further analysis are expected for a more complete assessment of DATE application to SAR imagery.
DETECTION OF DRY INTRUSION ON WATER VAPOR IMAGES OVER CENTRAL EUROPE – JUNE 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011
Authors: Novotny J. , Dejmal K. , Hudec F. , Kolar P.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The knowledge of evaluation of the intensity of cyclogenesis which could be connected with the weather having a significant impact on Earth’s surface is quite useful. If, as one of the basic assumptions, the existence of connection between dry intrusions, dry bands, tropopause height and warm dark areas distribution on water vapor images (WV images) is considered, it is possible to set up a method of detecting dry intrusions on searching and tracking areas with higher brightness temperature compared with the surrounding environment. This paper covers the period between June 2010 and September 2011 over Central Europe. The ISIS method (Instrument de Suivi dans I’Imagerie satellitaire), originally developed for detection of cold cloud tops, was used as an initial ideological point. Subsequently, this method was modified by Michel and Bouttier for usage on WV images. Some of the applied criteria and parameters were chosen with reference to the results published by Michel and Bouttier as well as by Novotny. The procedure can be divided into two steps: detection of warm areas and their tracking. Cases of detection of areas not evidently connected with dry intrusions can be solved by filtering off based on the connection between detected warm areas to the cyclonic side of jet streams and significant lowering of the tropopause.
DETERMINATION OF METHANE SOURCEX GLOBALLY BY SCIAMACHY
Authors: Park J. G. , Park S. Y.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased by nearly 30%, and the Methane (CH4) concentration has more than doubled. CH4 is the second most important greenhouse gas, after CO2. Emissions, extrapolated from measurements of actual gas flux from wetlands, vary from place to place, even within the same wetland. This high variability makes large-scale estimates difficult and means that average emissions levels include a large degree of estimated uncertainty. The SCIAMACHY instrument on the European Space Agency satellite ENVISAT measured greenhouse gases in the troposphere and stratosphere. In this study, the CH4 source area is extracted by estimating the concentrations of methane emissions from time-series satellite data. Contamination of the data by cloud is interpolated both spatially and temporally. It is assumed that methane emission is negligible over ocean and that the concentration in the ocean area is due to advection from land. Background CH4 concentration on land was defined as the ocean CH4 concentration at the same latitude. Land CH4 emission concentrations show that areas of concentrated high CH4 emission are not in paddy fields only but also in broadleaf evergreen areas in South America and Central Africa.