bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Epidermal Membrane Associated with the Foetus of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Musa B. E.
Published: June 2007

A unique membrane attached to the foetus of the camel is described for the first time. It is produced by the deep layers of the epidermis of the skin. The presence of this membrane was first histologically evident at CRL of 24 cm. and it was macroscopically visible when the CRL was 41 cm. and until the end of gestation. The membrane starts as unkeratinized superficial layers of squamous epithelial cells which later undergo keratinization and separation from the deep layers of the epidermis except at the lips, nares, vulva, prepuce, anus, umbilicus, teat orifices, and hoofs. Because of this arrangement all the foetal orifices open outside the membrane into the amniotic fluid and the rest of the body is enclosed in this membrane. Hence the foetus of the camel is never in contact with the amniotic fluid during the greater portion of the gestation period.

Eine neue Epidermalmembran beim Fetus des Kamels (Camelus dromedarius)

Eine einzigartige Membran des Kamelfetus wird erstmals beschrieben. Sie wird von den tiefen Schichten der Hautepidermis gebildet. Histologisch ab 24 cm SSL darstellbar, ist sie makroskopisch ab 41 cm SSL bis zur Geburt sicht‐bar. Die Membran besteht aus den unverhornten oberflächlichen geschichteten Plattenepithelien, die später verhornen und sich von den tiefen Schichten abhe‐ben. Diese Trennung unterbleibt nur an Lippen, Nasenlöchern, Vulva, Vorhaut, Anus, Nabel, Zitzenöffnungen und Hufen, so daß die fetalen Leibesöff‐nungen sich außerhalb der Membran in die Amnionsflüssigkeit öffnen. Der übrige Körper ist von dieser Membran umschlossen und dadurch für den gröβten Teil der Trächtigkeit ohne Kontakt mit der Amnionsflüssigkeit.
A Quantitative Study of Muscle Development in the Bovine Foetus (Bos indicus)
Authors: Stickland N. C.
Published: June 2007

The investigation was carried out in order to quantify the changes in various cell parameters which take place in the normal prenatal development bovine muscle. Sections of muscles, taken from 36 Zebu foetuses (Bos indicns) of about 75 to 245 days gestation, were examined microscopically. Results are given on the numbers and sizes of myotubes and myofibres seen section at various stages of development. The relative contribution of increases in cell size and cell number to overall muscle size increase are discussed.
Ultrastructural and Functional Correlates of Increased Luteinizing Hormone Synthesis and Secretion in Castrated Male Mice*
Authors: Chang Nada , Benson Bryant , Richardson Debbie
Published: June 2007

The changes in the ultrastructure of gonadotrops and in the plasma levels of LH were studied three, five, seven, ten, twenty and forty days after castration in adult male mice. Gonadotrops in sham operated animals contained numerous granules and moderately developed synthetic organelles. Castration induced mobilization of the secretory granules at three days, and degranulation of gonadotrops and a hypertrophy of the synthetic organelles at seven days. By ten days after castration gonadotrops were greatly enlarged, while in addition at forty days they frequently contained large cytoplasmic vesicles filled with lipid‐like material. These changes were paralleled by an initial three fold increase in serum LH three days after castration, and a further ten fold increase in the levels of the hormone forty days after castration. In conclusion, the castration‐induced morphologic changes in gonadotrops correlate well with increased release of LH. The subtle differences in the control of timing of LH secretion in mice and rats are discussed. A trans‐cytoplasmic route for rapid transport of gonadotropic hormones in the mouse is postulated, and the significance of cytoplasmic vesicles in the castrate discussed.
A Comparative Ultrastructural Study on Typical and Modified Sertoli Cells before and after Ligation of the Efferent Ductules in the Rabbit
Authors: Osman D. I.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study was to see the effect of ligation of the efferent ductules on the fine structure of typical and modified Sertoli cells in the rabbit. Testes from six control animals and from five operated animals were used in this study. It was found that ligation of the efferent ductules for 48 hours has no immediate effect on the structure of these cells and the cell‐to‐cell contacts remained unaffected.
Ultrastructural Studies of Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane during Incubation
Authors: Fáncsi T. , Fehér Gy.
Published: June 2007

Structural changes taking place in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated hen's eggs during incubation were followed up by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic methods. The allantoic sac surrounds the amnionic sac and also the yolk sac by the 7th to 11th day, respectively, and forms together with the chorion the CAM. The mesenchymal layer placing between the chorion of ectodermal and the allantoic layer of entodermal origin develops from the somatic and splanchnic‐pleure of the parietal mesoderm.

The CAM is composed of three different layers, i.e. chorionic epithelium, mesenchyme and allantoic epithelium. The chorion comprises 2 layers of cubical epithelial cells. In between the 2 layers capillaries and directly under the shell membrane vascular sinuses can be found. Blood circulating in the sinuses is separated from the air in the pores of the shell membrane by the adacent epithelial cell‐projections of 0,2 μm thickness, the basal membrane (0.1 μm) and the sinus endothelial layer of 0.2 μm thickness. The mesenchymal cells are of star‐like form. The allantioc epithelium is built of one layer of fusiform cells with oval‐shaped or rod‐like nuclei.
Sur la morphologie de la fosse ovale du coeur chez le chien adulte (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Dias S. Mello , Orsi A. M. , Silva M. C. Oliveira et Z.
Published: June 2007

On the Morphology of the Fossa ovalis in the adult Dog Heart

1. The Fossae ovales of 77 adult dog hearts are not a partly persistent foramen ovale.

2. They are always translucent.

3. According to their shape there are 6 different types: pyriform (most frequently), triangulare, elliptical, ovale, reniform and round (most rarely).

4. The middle dimensions are 0.6227 cm. laterolateral and 0.3525 cm. craniocaudal.

5. The middle depth is 0.15 cm.
Fine Structure of Principal Cells in the Initial Segment of the Epididymal Duct in the Ram
Authors: Nicander Lennart
Published: June 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate cytological characteristics of principal cells in the proximal caput epididymidis of the ram. Young, sexually mature rams were used. The epididymis was fixed by local vascular perfusion with glutaraldehyde. Samples for histology were embedded in paraffin wax. Small samples for electron microscopy were immersed in osmium tetroxide and embedded in Epon. Signs of pinocytosis and vesicular merocrine secretion were seen, as well as numerous small basal lysosomes. The distal end of the segment showed lower cells with little evidence of secretion.
The Growth of the Transverse Sectional Area (TSA) of M. Semitendinosus in the Dog and Horse and its Relation to Athletic Ability in the Two Species
Authors: Gunn H. Michael
Published: June 2007

The transverse sectional area (TSA) of m. semitendinosus grows at a greater rate than the 2/3 power of liveweight in both Greyhounds and Thoroughbreds (athletic animals) while it increases at a rate proportional to liveweight in other breeds of dogs and horses (non‐athletes). Although the TSA of the muscle in the adult athletes of both species is greater than that of the less fortunate fellow specific members there is no significant difference in the TSA of the muscle between the perinates of the two types of animals within each species. Thoroughbred cross horses have TSA values similar to those of Thoroughbreds.
Les rameaux musculaires distaux du nerf tibial chez le Boeuf (Bos taurus L.)
Authors: Pavaux Cl. , Chahrasbi H. , Sautet J. Y. , Lignereux Y.
Published: June 2007

The distribution of the tibial nerve in the popliteal region has been determined on 30 dissections. With reference to the neurectomies as treatment for spastic paresis, the authors claim that it is possible to resect selectively the motor branches to the superficial digital flexor. They believe this would correct the condition, and at the same time reduce the effects of a more radical resection.
The Tail Veins of the Philippine Carabao (Bubalus bubalis) and a Safer Method for Venipuncture
Authors: Maala Ceferino P.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the present study is to describe the tail veins of the Philippine carabao and to suggest a safer method for venipuncture in this animal. The investigations have been carried out in eleven Latex injected tails of 7–10 year‐old carabaos of both sexes. The carabao tail is drained by the lateral and median caudal veins. The lateral caudal vein is almost as large as the median caudal vein and is not a satellite to an artery. A new venipuncture technique using the lateral caudal vein is described.
Mikromorphologische Untersuchungen am Rete mirabile epidurale rostrale und am Sinus cavernosus des Schafes (Ovis aries)
Authors: Godynicki Von S. , Schwarz R. , Radke B.
Published: June 2007

The thin walled vessels of the Rete mirabile epidurale rostrale are invaginated into the Sinus cavernosus. Because of that most of Rete vessels are not surrounded by connective or supporting tissues of organs, but only by blood. The fluid surroundings influence the structure of the vessel wall. As a result of its specific construction and its special location the arterial Rete mirabile epidurale rostrale is functionally associated with the venous Sinus cavernosus.
Age Related Changes in the Histomorphology of the Adenohypophysis of the Goat
Authors: Khatra G. S. , Nanda B. S.
Published: June 2007

A histologic and histochemical study of the hypophyses of 44 goats was carried out. The ontogenesis of the hypophysis is described utilizing animals aged from birth to one month, one month to six months, six months to one year, one year to three years and three years and above. Correlations are made between age, histologic structure and histochemical maturation of the hypophysis.
Die Arterien der Articulatio coxae und des proximalen Femurabschnittes bei der Katze (Felis catus)*
Authors: Pohlmeyer Von K.
Published: June 2007

The arterial blood supply of the hip joint and the proximal end of the femur was studied grossly and microscopically in 40 cats. The aim of the study was to provide clinicians with an overview of the arterial supply to the area. The findings were discussed and compared with those in dogs reported in the literature.
Zur Lupenanatomie der klassischen Leberläppchen des Schweines
Authors: Wünsche Von Anita
Published: June 2007

The natural division of the pig's liver into lobules was established at this stage without particular attention to the pattern of blood vessels—in order to explain missing relationships in the structure of the liver parenchyma. The results of the study, which diviate from what has been reported to date, enable us to give a first overview and make comparisons with histological sections.
Vascular Architecture of the Canine Prepuce
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi , Nakamura Tsunenori
Published: June 2007

The blood supply of the canine prepuce is described as studied with gross dissection and acrylic resin injection casts. The conclusions of this study are based on gross dissection of 10 animals and 12 injection cast preparations. The arterial supply and the venous drainage is described in some detail and compared with similar descriptions by other investigations utilizing similar and varied techniques.
Age Related Changes in the Caprine Cavum Hypophysis
Authors: Khatra G. S. , Nanda B. S.
Published: June 2007

The hypophysis cerebri of the goat was studied from a histologic and micrometric point of view. The results of this study are compared with similar studies of other ruminants.
Estudios histoquímico y morfométrico del músculo tibial cranial en perros de diferentes aptitudes dinámicas (galgo, pastor alemán y fox terrier)
Authors: Rodríguez‐Barbudo MA V. , Vaamonde R. , Agüera E. , Carpio M. , Moreno F. , Fuentes S. , Robina A.
Published: June 2007

A histochemical and morphometric study of the cranial tibial muscle of the greyhound, the German shephard and the fox terrier was carried out using hematoxyline‐eosin, PAS, Gomori trichrome, SDH, LDH, NADH‐tr and ATPase staining (with pH adjustments to both acidic and basic levels), with the goal of comparing the proportion and distribution of type I and type II fibers within the muscle. Significant differences were found between the three breeds of dogs. It is suggested that these differences are related to the locomotor activities of the three breeds.
Estudio histológico de los vasos linfáticos retroperitoneales de Cebus apella
Authors: de Freitas V. , Pai V. Dall , Gagete E. , Madeira M. C. , Moreira J. E. , Seullner G.
Published: June 2007

A histologic study of the retroperitoneal lymph vessels was carried out in the tufted capuchin (Cebus apella). The organization of the intima, media and surrounding adventitia is compared with that of other animals and man.
Estudio comparado del desarrollo Embrionario de Especies ovíparas y una ovovivípara(Gallus gallus, Coturnix c. japónica y Liolaemus tenuis t.)
Authors: Lemus Por , Martín D. R. , Blánquez M. J. , Fuenzalida M. , Illanes J.
Published: June 2007

In a study of the development of two oviparous species (domestic chicken and Japanese quail) and one ovoviviparous species (a common lizard), the relationship to alterations in egg size and weight during incubation was examined. It was observed, as reported by others that the avian egg diminishes in size during incubation, but that the lizard egg increases in size and weight. This investigation examines these relationships and suggests that the increase in the size and weight of the lizard egg is a result of an increase of liquid content. The mechanism is discussed.
Consideraciones sobre el sistema urinario del Gallus gallus –Indian River: II. trayecto y relaciones del uréter con vasos sanguíneos
Authors: Dias S. Mello , Silva P. Pinto E , Campos V.J. M. , Orsi A. M. , Dayoub M. C. Oliveira , Define R. M.
Published: June 2007

The ureter is formed by two collectors, deeply to the renal parenchima, in the craneal pole of tht lobe (intra‐renal ureter) and it runs dorsally to the shunt between the external ‘iliac and caudal rena veins, passes superficially as extra‐renal ureter, in the middle lobe, between the shunt and the cauda renal vein. It lies in close association (lateral) with the caudal renal vein and is ventral to the vein, at tht level of the external sciatic artery. In the caudal lobe it is located dorsally and lies in relation with tht internal iliac artery and its visceral branch.
An Ultrastructural Study of Granulocytic Development in Feline Bone Marrow*
Authors: Canfield P.J.
Published: June 2007

Granulocyte development in the bone marrow of foetal cats was studied using cytological smears and transmission electron microscopy. The three types of granulocytes could be distinguished at the promyelocyte stage on the basis of granule content. Neutrophilic promyelocytes had numerous primary (azurophilic) granules while the eosinophilic and basophilic promyelocytes had specific granules. Specific granules had developed in the neutrophil by the myelocyte stage. The appearance of the specific granules was compared to findings in other reports on cat granulocytes, in other animals and in man.
Metallophilic and PAS‐positive Cells of the Rat Thymus, Topographical Distribution and Histological Properties after the Application of Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Miliçeviç N. M. , Miliçeviç Z. , Piletiç O. , Mujoviç S. , Ninkov V.
Published: June 2007

The topographical distribution, number and histological properties of metallophilic and PAS‐positive cells were investigated during the process of spontaneous regeneration of the thymic tissue after the application of consecutive doses of Cyclophosphamide (5 ± 60 mg/kg). The aim of the study was to elucidate the relationship between these cell types which are both localized in the cortico‐medullary zone of the normal rat thymus.
Fine Structure of Spermatogenesis and Sertoli Cells (Epitheliocytus sustentans) in the Bull
Authors: Ekstedt E. , Söderquist L. , Plöen L.
Published: June 2007

The fine structure of spermatogenesis and Sertoli cells in bulls has been described. New observations and data from the literature have been compiled to give a comprehensive description of the complicated differentiation processes and cellular relations in the seminiferous epithelium.
Sacroiliac Joint of the Horse 1. Gross morphology
Authors: Dalin G. , Jeffcott L. B.
Published: June 2007

A total of 22 morphological features were described in the sacroiliac joints of 41 horses which had no history of any low back condition. Some dramatic differences in both sacral and iliac aspects of joint shape and articular surfaces were seen according to age. These findings were thought to be due to progressive cartilaginous degeneration. Only minor significant differences were seen between left and right sacroiliac joints or between breeds and sex. The iliac surface was more prone to degenerative change. Ankylosis of the joints was not recorded and the incidence of articular or para‐articular spur formation was low.
Sacroiliac Joint of the Horse 2. Morphometric features
Authors: Dalin G. , Jeffcott L. B.
Published: June 2007

The sacroiliac joints were collected from 41 horses from late fetal life to 14 years of age. The sacral and iliac articular surfaces were analysed by morphometry with regard to area, length, width and form factor. The body weights of the animals varied from 10 to 550 kg and the sacral articular surface area from 1.0 to 17.8 cm2. Highly significant correlations were found between articular surface dimensions and body weights. Accordingly, the relative size of the joints decreased with increasing body weight/age. The sacral and iliac measurements were essentially comparable. No consistent left‐right sidedness was found and no significant sex or breed differences were present.
New Morphological Aspects of the Bipolar Cell in the Chick Embryo: The Accessory Prolongation
Authors: Quesada A. , Genis‐Galvez J. M.
Published: June 2007

Using the silver‐staining techniques of Golgi Colonnier and Golgi‐Stensaas, we have found a new morphological datum in the study and understanding of the structure of the bipolar cell in the chick retina. We describe the existence of a prolongation, possibly dendritic in nature, which sets out from the inner network and separates from its companions following a short path through the outer plexiform layer to terminate freely. It appears for the first time on the 10th day of incubation and always in bipolar cells whose outer branching has its dendritic pattern well‐defined. We have named it the accessory prolongation.
An Ultrastructural Study of Nerve Cell Bodies in the Carotid Body and Common Carotid Artery of the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Magied E. M. Abdel
Published: June 2007

The right and left carotid body and carotid baroreceptor zone of six adult domestic fowls were examined. Nerve cell bodies were found in nine of the twelve carotid bodies and in ten of the twelve carotid baroreceptor zones. They showed the general ultrastructural features of autonomic neurons. Nerve cell bodies in both locations contained intranuclear inclusion bodies and cytoplasmic dense cored vesicles. A few presumptive adrenergic endings, and dendritic processes were associated with nerve cell bodies in the carotid body. Large numbers of presumptive adrenergic endings and presumptive cholinergic endings, and dendritic processes were associated with nerve cell bodies in the carotid baroreceptor zone. The possible identity and function of these nerve cell bodies are discussed.
Histochemical Characterization of the Lipid Content in the Macrophages of the Cortico‐Medullary Zone of the Rat Thymus
Authors: Milićević N. M. , Milićević ŽIvana , Mujović Spomenka
Published: June 2007

A specific type of macrophage, located exclusively in the cortico‐medullary zone of the normal rat thymus, contains intracellular material of heterogeneous composition, which at least in part represents partially oxidized unsaturated fats, according to its positive histochemical reactions for ceroid. This globular material is Periodic Acid‐Schiff—positive and Sudan Black B—positive. It shows acid‐fastness by the long Ziehl‐Neelsen method and displays autofluorescence. The histochemical reaction for late lipofuscin is negative. The possible significance of the presented results is discussed.
A Comparison of the Efficiency of Water and Ethanol at Removing Formaldehyde from Immersion Fixed Muscle Tissues2
Authors: Rumph P. F. , Williams J. C.
Published: June 2007

The efficiency of water, ethanol solutions, isopropanol and ethylene glycol for extracting formaldehyde from fixed muscle tissue were compared. Similar samples of formalin preserved muscle were immersed in the test extraction fluids. After various storage periods the fluids were analyzed for formaldehyde content by sodium sulfite wet chemistry titration. The resulting data were compared by analysis of variance. Ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol and water were found to be effective in extracting formaldehyde from formalin fixed tissue. The concentration of formaldehyde extraction by increasing concentrations of ethanol (20–40%) was linear. While 25 to 40% solutions of ethanol, 20% isopropanol and 25% ethylene glycol were significantly better at extracting formaldehyde, the actual percent formalin difference between water and the best extraction fluid (40% ethanol) was only 0.2% (2.43 versus 2.63%). This slight difference would hardly justify the added expense of using alcoholic or glycolic solutions solely for their extraction qualities. The problem of formaldehyde vapirs arising from embalmed tissue is associated with unbound and loosely bound formaldehyde. which can be removed by washing with various solutions. Precise methods for washing gross anatomical specimens are not discussed.
Estudio comparado de las Papilas linguales del Gato (Felis catus) y del Conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus) mediante el Microscopio electrónico de barrido
Authors: Chamorro C. A. , Sandoval J. , Fernandez J. G. , Fernandez M. , Paz P. de
Published: June 2007

Compared studies of the lingual papillae of the cat (Felis catus) and the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) by scanning electron microscopy

The morphologic characteristics of the principal lingual papillae of the cat and the rabbit were studied and compared through the use of scanning electron microscopy. The fungiform papillae of the rabbit demonstrates an annular pad which is absent in the cat. Both species demonstrated openings of taste pores on these papillae. The vallate papilla demonstrated pseudopapillae in both species. In the rabbit, however the annular pad is quite rudimentary. These papillae also demonstrate taste pores on their surface in both species. The foliate papillae were quite different between the species. In the cat, they were digitiform and in the rabbit they were represented by a number of laminae. Few gustatory pores were observed in the cat, but pores were numerous in the rabbit. In both species there were three forms of mechanical papillae (smooth conical, scaly conical and filiform). These papillae are described according to location and density.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Haaren von Labortieren
Authors: Feder Fritz‐H.
Published: June 2007

Comparative examinations on the hairs of laboratory animals

In the white mouse the bristle hairs were on the average 8mm, in the awn hairs 7mm, and the fur hairs 6.5mm long. The values for the white rat were 19mm for the bristle hairs, 11mm for the awn hairs, and 7mm for the fur hairs; they were thus markedly longer. The hairs of the guinea‐pig and of the rabbit were two‐ and three times as long. Hair thickness—especially at the thickest point—was distinctly different for the bristle and awn hairs, while these measurements of the fur hairs did not differ very much among these species. The size of the cuticle scales did not differ much between mouse, rat and rabbit. The medulla of the bristle and awn hairs of mouse and rat and that of the awn hair of the guinea‐pig looked similar. However, the medulla of the rabbit was easily distinguished from the other species. The medulla of the fur hairs was constricted only in the mouse and rat. It is possible to identify with certainty the hairs of these four species if complete hair samples are available and if the microscopic measurements given here are taken into consideration.
Effects of Neonatal Gonadectomy on Structure of the Bursa of Fabricius in the Chicken A Light Histoquantitative Study
Authors: Milićević ŽIvana , Isaković Katarina , Vujić Drinka , Mićić Mileva , Milićević N. M.
Published: June 2007

Quantitative stereological study of the bursa of Fabricius in Prelux chickens was performed 3 and 6 months after neonatal gonadectomy. The different structural changes were revealed in bursal follicles, epithelium and stroma of male and female chickens. In orchidectomized animals, the weight of bursa was increased compared to the nonoperated males. Stereological analysis revealed that the absolute amount of bursal follicles was increased due to the increased mass of follicular medulla. The number of areas of follicle‐associated epithelium at the bursal mucosa, which in a mature bursa corresponds to the follicle number, was decreased. The height of follicle‐associated epithelium (3 months) was decreased and the diameter of the follicle‐associated epithelium (6 months) was increased. No changes in the surface density of bursa] epithelium was registered 3 and 6 months after neonatal gonadectomy. In ovariectomized chickens the weight of bursa was decreased in comparison to the nonoperated females. Histoquantitative analysis showed that the bursal follicular mass was decreased due to the decreased absolute amount of follicular medulla (3 and 6 months) and cortex (6 months), whereas the number and diameter of follicles were not changed. The height of interfollicular and follicle‐associated epithelium was decreased, but no changes in the surface density of bursal epithelium was registered. Relative proportion of bursal stroma was increased. The studies presented further support of the concept that the functional relation between gonads and bursa of Fabricii exists during the postnatal period in the chicken.
Formaldehyde Vapor Levels in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory During Dissection of the Dog
Authors: Rumph Paul F.
Published: June 2007

Breathing zone formaldehyde vapor levels were measured in a veterinary gross anatomy laboratory during dissection of greyhound dogs. Measurements were conducted throughout the academic quarter during which dissection took place. Measurement was accomplished using 3 M Company formaldehyde monitors (# 3720). The overall mean time weighed average was 0.197ppm to which students and faculty were exposed a total of 72 hours.
Evidence of Lamina muscularis mucosae in Rumen of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Taluja J. S. , Saigal R. P.
Published: June 2007

Histological sections were studied from 4 sites of the rumen of 22 buffaloes, aged from 1 day to over 18 years of age. The sections were stained with Masson's trichrome stain. A definite layer of smooth muscle cells, representing the lamina muscularis mucosae separating the propria from the submucosa and extending into the ruminai papillae, was observed in buffaloes over 1.5 years of age. In animals over 10 years, the smooth muscle cells were very thin and elongated.
Sur l'Involution de la Bourse de Fabricius chez le Canard
Authors: Scala G. , Corona M. , Pelagalli G. V. , Germana G.
Published: June 2007

On the involution of the bursa of Fabricius of the duck

The morphological and structural aspects of the functional aspects of the involution were studied light‐ and electronmicroscopically in ducks 90 to 150 days old. The first involutionary changes were observed in the interfollicular connective tissue around day 100. Following this, cells left the periphery of the follicles; they were connected with collagen fibers and positioned themselves between the lymphocytes of the cortex that became thinner before it disappeared.

On day 135 the medulla lost its lymphocyte content through wide ducts which opened directly into the lumen of the bursa. On day 150 the bursa experienced a massive overgrowth; almost all follicles had disintegrated and only small groups of cells remained which consisted principally of reticuloepithelial cells and some lymphocytes.

Cysts were not observed during the involution of the bursa.
Variations of the Extensor Digitorum Brevis Muscle in the Dog
Authors: Wakuri H. , Mutoh K. , Ikeda F.
Published: June 2007

The variation of the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle was examined in 113 hindlimbs of dogs. Four types were discriminated in this muscle. Of the three heads of the muscle, the medial head went to the 2nd digit in types I and II, and to the 2nd and 3rd digits in types III and IV. The middle head went to the 3rd digit in types I and IV, and to the 3rd and 4th digits in types II and III. The lateral head went to the 4th digit in all the types. Type II was the most common of the four (78.76 %). Type III was found in 8.85%, type 1 in 973% and type IV in 2.66%.
The Neocortex of the Dog
Authors: Salazar I. , Pesini P. Ruiz , Troconiz P. Fdez. , Soriano J. Gonzalez , Alvarez P. Fdez.
Published: June 2007

This article presents abundant rigorous information concerning the whole of the neocortex of a gyrencephalate mammal (the dog), including the buried cortex. The outline of 50 μm transverse sections stained with cresyl echt violet were measured with a Vids II image analyser, measurements being taken between reference points which mostly consisted in the edges and bottoms of the sulci. These measurements were used to construct stripwise representations of the cortex of the sections, which were then joined to produce a flat map of the neocortex showing the locations of 21 structural types. The total extent of each type was calculated, together with proportion of the cortex which is hidden from view in classical cytoarchitectonic maps.
Microvasculature of the Foal Metacarpus
Authors: Marais J. , Stilson A. E.
Published: June 2007

The developing vascular architecture of the metacarpus of the foal was studied by a bone‐clearing technique. For this technique Microfil was used to demonstrate the periosteal, cortical and medullary vessel distribution. Superficial and deep periosteal vessels were observed. A stratified arrangement of cortical vessels, derived from medullary vessels was shown. Ascending and descending medullary arteries originated from the nutrient artery and traversed the bone medulla towards the epiphyses. Along their course through the medulla, smaller vessels were given off that ran towards the metaphyses and gave rise to numerous sinusoids. Vessels were observed crossing the growth plate in the distal metacarpus. By using the information obtained from this investigation further studies can be initiated that could determine the periosteal contribution to cortical blood flow as it relates to sequestration of bone.
Diferenciación de Cristalinos en Explantes de Embrión de Polio en Ausencia de Hipoblasto y Vesícula Optica1
Authors: Jorquera B. , Goicoechea O. , Molinari E.
Published: June 2007

In vitro studies of lens formation in chicken embryo in the absence of hypoblast and optic vesicle

In vitro studies of lens formation in chick embryo have suggested the action of two factors leading the lens induction in the cephalic ectoderm in the absence of optic vesicle: preliminary instructive specific stimulus (homotypic endo‐mesoderm) and permissive unspecific stimulus (heterotypic mesenchymes).

In order to detect the true capacities of tissues that exert this influence in the cultural condition, series of in vitro experiments were planned.

Exclusion experiments: explants including presumptive lens ectoderm were cultured previous to a progressive exclusion of adjacent tissues to trigger lens formation (endoderm, mesoderm and neural tissue), from stage 1 to 7 of Hamburger/Hamilton.

Recombinant experiments: Recombinations of caudal epiblast with cephalic hypoblast from blastoderms stages 3, 4 and 5; and recombinations of cardiac mesoderm stage 7 with trunk ectoderm stage 11, were cultured in close association.

Lens and lentoids were formed in the presumptive lens ectoderm, even when endoderm, neural tissue and optic vesicle were excluded, but always in presence of subjacent mesoderm. Observation of cephalic epiblast after to be separated mechanically from the underlying tissues showed that the presumptive cardiac mesoderm remains in contact with the epiblast. Beside the cardiac area was capable of forming lens bodies in contact with the trunk ectoderm.

It was concluded that the cardiac mesoderm is able to exert a instructive specific stimulus and a permissive unspecific stimulus during in vitro lens formation.
Myocardial Bridges in Animals
Authors: van Nie C. J. , Vincent J. G.
Published: June 2007

Myocardial bridges in a number of different species is described and classified. In formulation of the classification special attention was given to the location, width, thickness of the muscular layer of the bridge and the number of commitant veins of the overbridged artery. Four types of myocardial bridges were recognized.
The Vascularization of the Bursa cloacalis (of Fabricius) in the Duck
Authors: Scala G. , Caputo G. , Paino G. , Pelagalli G. V.
Published: June 2007

The morphological and structural features of the vascular component of the bursa of Fabricius in the duck are described. By means of an intravasal perfusion of suitably colored neoprene Latex or Microscopaque, or a perfusion of Indian ink, it was possible to follow visually the routes of arteries, veins and the microcirculation; this last represents a major characteristic of the bursal follicle in the duck. The microcirculation has its origins in several roots arising from the follicular arterioles, which in the region of the cortex constitute an open vascular layer. From these pre‐capillary arterioles, adjacent to the limiting layer between cortex and medulla, a dense capillary network is formed. With the aid of an electron microscope the presence of a cortico‐medullary barrier of an epithelio‐reticular nature was reveled; close to it there are the terminal branches of the intrafollicular network. The barrier appears to be structurally more compact than that of the cortical capillaries of the mammalian thymus.
Osteomorphological Features of the Appendicular Skeleton of Gazelles, Genus Gazella Blainville 1816, Bohor Reedbuck, Redunca redunca (Pallas, 1767) and Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus (Pallas, 1766)
Authors: Peters J.
Published: June 2007

Examined the osteomorphological features of the appendicular skeleton of Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca) and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Osseous remains of these medium sized antelopes are often encountered in African late Quaternary archaeological sites, but their specific identification poses considerable problems to the archaeozoologist.

A key has been developed to meet this recurrent problem and a number of diagnostic osteomorphological features, allowing a distinction between the bovids mentioned, are established.

The osteomorphological characteristics, typical for Grant's gazelle have also been observed in the eight other extant African gazelles and in two Asian species, the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutterosa) and the mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella).
Histological Studies on the Endocrine Pancreas in the Dog
Authors: Watanabe S. , Wakuri H. , Mutoh K.
Published: June 2007

Based on histological structure and cellular formation of the endocrine pancreas (pars endocrina pancreatis) (PEP) or pancreatic islet (insulae pancreaticae), was divided into two types in the dog.

One type of PEP was the islet of Langerhans. In the glandular lobule, the islet was surrounded by exocrine acini.

The other type of PEP, in general exhibited a feature of a neuro‐insular complex. It was found within the interlobular connective tissue of the pancreas. This type of PEP was attached to a nerve bundle or ganglion. In the pancreas of the immature dog, a large population of endocrine cells were recognized to form a blood islet within the neuro‐insular complex.
Atresia of the Right Atrioventricular Orifice with Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries in a Horse
Authors: Zamora C. S. , Vitums A. , Nyrop K. A. , Sande R. D.
Published: June 2007

The heart of a 6‐week old Arabian filly with a history of poor health and exercise intolerance revealed at postmortem examination, multiple cardiac malformations which included atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice (tricuspid atresia, with associated atrial and ventricular septal defects), complete transposition of the great arteries, anomalous drainage of the venae cavae and coronary sinus into the left atrium, coarctation of the aorta, and a small but patent ductus arteriosus. The course of blood through the heart was suggested and discussed.
Normal Phagocytic Capacity of Macrophages Isolated from Different Canine Organs
Authors: Portiansky Enrique Leo , Castellano María Cecilia
Published: June 2007

Conventional methods used in laboratory animals for collection of resident macrophages (MAC) proved suitable for isolation of hepatic, splenic, dermic, peritoneal and alveolar MAC of healthy dogs.

Phagocytic assays of IgG opsonised SRBC were performed with resident MAC obtained from these organs. Results showed the existence of statistically significant differences among phagocytic capacity of the investigated MAC. According to this, three groups of MAC could be defined: a first group comprising dermic, splenic and alveolar MAC; a second group comprising hepatic MAC and a third group comprising peritoneal MAC.
Histology, Ultrastructure and Carbohydrate Histochemistry of Pig Carpal Glands
Authors: Gargiulo Anna Maria , Pedini Vera , Ceccarelli Piero
Published: June 2007

The morphological differences between two types of secretory cells (clear and dark) from pig carpal glands were examined. The main difference is the presence in the dark cells of secretory granules of moderate electron density, made up of acidic and neutral glycoproteins. The possible functional purposes of the carpal glands and of glycogen present in both cell types are also discussed.
Structure of the Carotid Sinus of the Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Abdel‐Magied E. M. , Drommer W.
Published: June 2007

The morphology of the terminal segment of the common carotid artery of the camel was studied. It was found that this artery terminated by giving off a patent internal carotid artery and continuing as the external carotid artery. A pesumptive carotid sinus was present at the region of origin of the internal carotid. Similar to that of other mammals, the carotid sinus of the camel was characterized by a comparatively thin vascular wall rich in elastic fibres. With the electron microscope free (non‐encapsulated) afferent endings, efferent endings, encapsulated axons and bundles of unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres were found in the wall of the presumptive carotid sinus. The free afferent endings closely resembled baroreceptor endings of the carotid sinus of other mammalian species in their mitochondrial content and the presence of abnormal organelles such as lamellar bodies, vesicular mitochondria and dense bodies. They were regarded as slowly adapting baroreceptors. The presumptive efferent endings were considered adrenergic whereas the encapsulated axons were thought to be the proximal parts of encapsulated sensory nerve endings.
Über das Auftreten von Blutgefäßen in den Oberflächenschichten des Gelenkknorpels bei Rinderfeten*
Authors: Loeffler K. , Holtzmann M.
Published: June 2007

On the occurrence of blood vessels in the superficial layers of articular cartilage in bovine fetuses

The occurrence of vascular networks in the superficial layers of articular cartilage of 51 bovine fetuses (10 – 93 cm CRL) and 3 calves was studied grossly and histologically. The networks were found regularly on the incisura trochlearis of the ulna, on the trochlea of the radius and talus, on the plantar articular surface of the head of the talus, on the proximal articular surface of the fused central and 4th tarsal bones, and less regularly on the articular surfaces of the distal phalanx and distal sesamoid (navicular) bone and on the cochlea of the tibia. The vessels coursed in the superficial stratum of the articular cartilage and were encountered in those places where later fossae synoviales or nudatae are found. The vessels were not present in the calves.
Descriptive and Comparative Myology of the Forelimb of the Babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa L. 1758)
Authors: Kneepkens Albert F. L. M. , Badoux Dick M. , MacDonald Alastair A.
Published: June 2007

A description is given of the anatomy of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the forelimb of the babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa, L. 1758). Three adult animals, two males and a female were dissected and the results compared with the previously published information. Significant differences were found between the accounts, and these were analysed within the contexts of material availability and advances in anatomical nomenclature. Comparisons made with published descriptions of the pig (Sus scrofa) showed that the muscular anatomies of the two species are very similar. Four structures are present in the babirusa but not in the pig; the M. pronator teres is completely tendinous, a tendon branch from the Caput craniale m. extensor digitorum lateralis anastomoses with the tendon of the Caput intermedium m. extensor digitorum communis to the fourth digit, there is an additional small deep portion of the M. supraspinatus and a bundle of fibres from the M. pectoralis profundus inserts on the Intersectio clavicularis. Four structures present in the pig but not the babirusa are an additional insertion from the M. cleido‐occipitalis into the raphe of the neck, and extra medial insertion of the M. infraspinatus, the accessory tendinous origin of the M. flexor digitorum profundus and the ulnar head of the M. flexor carpi ulnaris.
Duodenal Glands of the Pony (Equus caballus)
Authors: Takehana K. , Masty J. , Abe M. , Yamaguchi M.
Published: June 2007

The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the duodenal glands of the pony (Equus caballus) was examined in four horses. Unlike that of most species except for the rabbit, the submucous glands of the horse contain two distinct cell types, serous and mucous. These cells are described.
Left Cranial Vena Cava in a Horse
Authors: Cox V. S. , Weber A. F. , Lima A. de
Published: June 2007

A complete left cranial vena cava (LCVC) was found in a normal horse. The LCVC was well developed, but there was a complete absence of the right cranial vena cava. The azygous vein was normally distributed on the right side of the thoracic vertebral bodies but passed ventral to the aortic arch to empty into the cranial vena cava on the left close to the origin of the aortic arch. The LCVC passed over the dorsal aspect of the left atrium to reach the coronary sulcus on the caudal aspect of the heart. The LCVC opened into the right atrium via a 5 cm diameter orifice (orifice of coronary sinus). The vena cordis magna joined the LCVC 6 cm from the orifice of the coronary sinus. Complete dissection of the horse revealed no other developmental abnormalities. This case is compared with similar cases in the literature.
A Combination Histochemical Stain for Equine Muscle
Authors: Troyer D. L. , Oyster R. O. , Hunt M. C.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to find a combination histochemical staining technique for the evaluation of equine skeletal muscle that is reliable and effective, while offering a substantial reduction in the labor and cost involved with currently used individual histochemical methods. Several combinations undere varying conditions of pH were studied. The most uniform results were obtained using an acid preincubation step at an optimal pH of 4.2 followed by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐tetrazolium reductase (NADH‐TR) and the remainder of the acid–ATPase procedure.
Development of the Bovine Duodenum with Reference to Enterochromaffin cells
Authors: Totzauer Ines
Published: June 2007

The present light microscopic study describes the morphological changes which occur in the duodenal mucosa of the bovine fetus from the third month of gestation until birth with regard to the sequence of appearance and morphology of enterochromaffin cells. The mucosa of the duodenum is prepared for digestive activity during the first months of development. This becomes obvious in the early differentiation of the fetal intestinal mucosa. The enterocytes in villus epithelium contain glycogen in the early months. These glycogen pools seem to shrink during the following months. They may provide a metabolic reserve for the fetus, which derives ail of its nutrition from carbohydrates. Enterochromaffin cells appear in the three month old bovine fetus with two cell‐types situated in the epithelial lining of crypts and villi. The density of enterochromaffin cells increases during gestation. There were no findings to indicate that the fetal enterochromaffin cells did not originate from endoderm. The early appearance from enterochromaffin cells (which are the producers of serotonin, 5‐hydroxytryptamine) correlates with first gastrointestinal movements, which are known to commence in the first third of gestation, leading us to believe that 5‐HT represents the chemical inducer of muscular motility in the developing intestine.
Etude Immuno‐Histochimique et Ultrastructurale des Cellules Endocrines de la Région Pylorique chez la Taupe Européenne (Talpa europaea)*
Authors: Castaldo L. , Andreozzi G. , Antonucci R. , Girolamo P. de , Lucini G. Gargiulo et C.
Published: June 2007

Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Study of Pyloric Endocrine Cells of the European Mole

The distribution and the morphology of some endocrine cells (gastrin, somatostatin and 5‐HT immunoreactive) in the pyloric region were studied in the Talpa europaea, an insectivorus representing one of the most primitive living Eutherian.

The immunohistochemical studies enabled us to identify and calculate the percentage of each cell type:

– the most numerous endocrine cells were gastrin immunoreactive;

– fairly numerous appeared somatostatin immunopositive;

– less numerous were 5‐HT immunoreactive cells.

While the ultrastructural observations let us describe four endocrine cell types: G cells producing gastrin, D cells containing somatostatin, EC cells of the gastric type producing 5‐HT and D1 cells whose content is still unknown.
Dural Sinuses in the Camel and Their Extracranial Venous Connections1
Authors: Zguigal H. , Ghoshal N. G.
Published: June 2007

The dural sinuses of one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their connections with veins of the head and neck were described and, whenever possible, were compared with other domestic animals emphasizing species differences. Information obtained from gross dissection of embalmed camel heads was correlated with latex injected vascular casts, as well as venographs. Although the disposition of the dural sinuses, in general, was similar to those of other domestic animals, they were somewhat complex in the camel. An important venous flow mechanism which functions in the thermoregulation of the brain in the camel was described. The venous drainage of the nasal cavity and its surrounding areas had five connections with the ophthalmic plexus and the cavernous sinus: (1) the infraorbital vein → ophthalmic plexus; (2) the medial superior palpebral vein → ophthalmic plexus; (3) the medial inferior palpebral vein → ophthalmic plexus; (4) the angularis oculi → frontal → supraorbital → dorsal external ophthalmic → emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum → cavernous sinus; and (5) the deep facial vein → ventral external ophthalmic → emissary vein of the foramen orbitorotundum → cavernous sinus.