bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia With Spontaneous Corneal Perforation and Keratoconus
Authors: Simon Guy J Ben , Grinbaum Aaron
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A patient with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and severe dry eyes was admitted with spontaneous corneal perforation in his right eye. The corneal perforation was sealed with cyanoacrylate glue and bandage contact lens placement. Three weeks later, the patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty. On follow-up examination, he had corneal graft abscess that was treated successfully with topical antibiotics and corneal erosion that was treated with a bandage contact lens. Corneal topography performed as a routine examination showed inferior corneal steepening typical of keratoconus in the left eye. This accidental discovery of keratoconus in the patients left eye may suggest a possible association between anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and keratoconus. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:495-498.]
The Role of Mutuality and Coping in a Nurse-Led Cognitive Behavioral Intervention on Depressive Symptoms Among Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Pan Yuqin , Chen Ruyi , Yang DongLiang
Published: January 2019

The current study explored whether mutuality and coping predicted and/or mediated the effect of a nurse-led cognitive behavioral intervention (NLCBI) on depressive symptoms of caregivers of persons with dementia. The intervention group (
n
= 56) received five monthly in-home nurse-led cognitive behavioral sessions and consultation calls after each session. The control group (
n
= 56) received five monthly short general conversations with the nurse interventionist. Questionnaires on study variables and demographics were collected at baseline, end of intervention, and 2-month follow up. Improved mutuality (β = −0.75,
p
= 0.049) and active coping (β = −2.06,
p
= 0.0001) and decreased passive coping (β = 1.43,
p
= 0.001) were found to predict the reduction of depressive symptoms among caregivers in the NLCBI. However, none of these variables mediated the interventional effect. Regular mental health nursing interventions are suggested to focus on enhancing mutuality and active coping and decreasing passive coping to maintain caregivers' mental health.

Targets:

Caregivers of persons with dementia.

Intervention Description:

Nurse-led cognitive behavioral sessions and subsequent consultation calls.

Mechanisms of Action:

Impacted caregivers' reappraisals, thus improving their active coping skills and mutuality and decreasing their passive coping, which directly reduced their depressive symptoms.

Outcomes:

Mutuality, active coping, and passive coping played a predicting, but not mediating, role in the effect of the NLCBI.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(1):44–55.]
Measurement Challenges in Research With Individuals With Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kolanowski Ann , Gilmore-Bykovskyi Andrea , Hill Nikki , Massimo Lauren , Mogle Jacqueline
Published: January 2019

This State of the Science Commentary responds to the preliminary recommendation from the National Research Summit on Dementia Care, Services and Supports for Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers to develop and identify a broad array of outcome measures (objective and subjective) that are meaningful to different stakeholders. Five significant measurement challenges that nurse scientists confront when conducting research with individuals with cognitive impairment are presented: (a) assessment of subjective memory complaints; (b) validity of self-report; (c) ecological validity of cognitive performance measures; (d) use of biomarkers (neuroimaging) for describing the biological dynamics of symptoms; and (e) effect of high variability in measurement on statistical significance. Methods for addressing these challenges are offered.

[Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(1):7–15.]
Promoting Algorithmic Thinking in an Introductory Programming Course
Authors: Malik Sohail Iqbal , Shakir Mohanaad , Eldow Abdalla , Ashfaque Mohammed Waseem
Published: January 2019

Computer programming is considered as a difficult area of study for novices. One of the reasons is the main focus of the curriculum presented in an introductory programming (IP) course which emphasizes more on the programming knowledge (syntax and semantic) of the programming language. This study introduced a new teaching curriculum in the IP course which focuses on different skills required by the novices. We compared the IP course materials based on the traditional and new approaches against five categories. The result shows that the new approach encourages both the programming knowledge and problem solving strategies, and promotes deep learning. Furthermore, it discourages programming shortcut (Problem statement → Code), and support three-step approach (Problem statement → Solution Plans → Code) in solving a problem statement. The new approach also promotes algorithmic thinking in the IP course by paying equal attention on the problem solving strategies.
Optimization of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Wan Qing , Weng Ming-Jiang , Liu Song
Published: January 2019

To study the optimization problem of wireless sensor network (WSN) based on differential evolution, the single objective differential evolution algorithm is applied and combined with the advantages and disadvantages crossover strategy. Firstly, the path optimization problem in WSN is analyzed, and the optimization model is established. Then, the differential evolution algorithm is used as the search tool to solve the minimum energy consumption in the path optimization model, that is, the optimal path problem. Finally, the comparison experiment is carried out on the classical algorithm genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and standard differential evolution (DE) algorithm. The results show that the performance of differential evolution algorithm based on crossover strategy is superior to or not worse than that of several contrast algorithms. It can be seen that the differential evolution algorithm based on advantage and disadvantage crossover strategy has good effectiveness.
Fictionalisme théologique versus pragmatisme religieux : Vaihinger ou James ?
Authors: Bouriau Christophe
Published: January 2019

Cet article s’inscrit dans un projet philosophique plus global visant à manifester les sources kantiennes et néokantiennes de ce qu’on nomme aujourd’hui le « fictionalisme théologique ». Il se propose ici particulièrement de comparer la « religion du comme si » du néokantien Hans Vaihinger au pragmatisme religieux de William James, en expliquant sa préférence pour le second.
Re-Contextualization of Ethical Values of Pashtun Tribe by the Educated Female Folk in Pakistan
Authors: Masood Sameen , Farooq Muhammad
Published: January 2019

It is believed that the economic participation of women in Pakistan has been intensively affected by an enduring male-capitalist social system. Moreover, the history of gender discrimination has been linked with the medieval cultural values that uplifted and empowered men over women in every sphere of life, especially in the economic realm. A typical case is believed to be the Pashtun culture. This chapter investigated indigenous values of Pashtun culture where women are underrepresented in the economy. Women did not see themselves as underprivileged. Rather, they perceived themselves as a vital and prestigious part of the family and the wider Pashtun society. For educated women in Pashtun society, the values system is guided by social structure, which is accounted for by stability and unity in society. Cultural values are operationalized as the mechanism of division of labor. The findings redefine female empowerment and propose a new paradigm in the global context. The indigenous value system guides the social structure which leads to stability and unity in the society.
Self-Esteem and Associated Factors of International Tertiary Students in New Zealand and the Implications on Acculturation and Well-Being
Authors: Tan Chiu-Pih Kaylie , Wijaya Oky Indra , Tubal Elnes
Published: January 2019

Self-esteem plays a major role in the well-being and adaptation of an international student to a host country, including acculturation at school, workplace, and other settings. The main objective of the chapter is to investigate the self-esteem and associated factors of international students in non-funded private training establishments (PTEs), one of the fast growing higher education sectors in New Zealand. This exploratory study presents the initial findings of self-esteem of international students in one of the PTEs. Implications of the findings on self-esteem will be discussed in light of how it is related to the acculturation of an international tertiary student in a host country.
He Kakano Ahau Framework
Authors: Waretini-Karena Rawiri
Published: January 2019

The He Kākano Ahau Framework is a concept whose whakapapa (genealogy) stems from a traditional whakatauki (proverb). The whakatauki was later composed as a waiata Māori (Māori song). An underlying feature behind He Kākano Ahau expresses that I am a seed born of greatness descended from a line of chiefs. The He Kākano Ahau Framework as a strategy addresses historical trauma through a Māori lens. A major feature of the He Kākano Ahau framework investigates whānau (family) history alongside the intergenerational ripple effects of colonization, which confiscated land resources and assets and also stripped away traditional ways of knowing and practicing, causing the loss of the Māori language, Māori cultural identity, and Māori cultural heritage.
A Ki U
Authors: Elkington Jacquelyn
Published: January 2019

Relationships are everything! We fall in and out of love, we enter and exit partnerships of business, employment, and sports. Cultural partnerships are founded in treaties for which bi-culturalism is sought, hindered, pondered, and/or resisted by relationships. This chapter seeks to explain the science of processing such relationships from one Maori woman's perspective as an educator and practitioner of counselling and social work. A quality process is a social construction of interactions underpinned by quality principles. While relationships contribute much to the success of a process, the process must also be practice “friendly.” The test of an effective process like A Ki U is when it can be applied to a simple situation like a game of cards and still be effective in a complex situation, like relationships. Are most relationships not complex situations? This process for facilitation of well-being is called “A Ki U,” so named because of the five steps represented by each vowel of the Maori alphabet: A, E, I, O, U. The steps are simple, and simplicity is profound.
Income Inequality in India
Authors: Adeleye Ngozi Bosede , Jamal M. Abdul , Ismail M. Fakir , Nazeer S. Mohamed
Published: January 2019

Social inequality means that certain individuals or groups have more material resources than others. Poverty implies some insufficiency in the material resources of an individual or group. The exploitation of the poor by the rich can be contained by reducing the level of inequality between the rich and the poor, which in turn depends upon reducing poverty through economic reforms. If economic reforms bring about steady and sustained growth in the economy, the poor could benefit in two ways. First, experience has shown that growth (particularly the agricultural growth) trickles down to the poor. Second, sustained growth creates an environment that is, on the whole, congenial for empowerment of the poor. The dependence of the poor on the groups dominating them becomes less precarious owing to expansion of opportunities for employment, education, occupational mobility, and for achieving higher social status.
Nga Takepu and Ako
Authors: Rosales-Anderson Norma
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores ngā takepū relationships that positively influence kaiako and ākonga engagement within Te Wānanga o Aotearoa. The focus is on the impact of whanaungatanga, wairuatanga, whakapono, kaitiakitanga, and āhurutanga within the ako process. The approach of being accountable and responsible through key performance indicators are compared to ngā takepū as hoa haere or kaitiaki that are markers of a softer approach. Ngā takepū advocacy of responsibility and accountability are explained as well as their gentle touch as constant reminders of what is just, fair, honorable, and right in the pursuit of mauri ora for all.
Threat Modeling in Agile Software Development
Authors: Jaatun Martin Gilje , Bernsmed Karin , Cruzes Daniela Soares , Tøndel Inger Anne
Published: January 2019

Threat modeling is a way to get an overview of possible attacks against your systems. The advantages of threat modeling include tackling security problems early, improved risk assessments, and more effective security testing. There will always be limited resources available for security, and threat modeling will allow you to focus on the most important areas first. There is no one single “correct” way of doing threat modeling, and “agile” is no excuse for not doing it. This chapter describes the authors' experiences with doing threat modeling with agile development organizations, outlining challenges to be faced and pitfalls to be avoided.
Quantitative Security Assurance
Authors: Katt Basel , Prasher Nishu
Published: January 2019

Security assurance is the confidence that a system meets its security requirements and is resilient against security vulnerabilities and failures. Existing approaches can be characterized as (1) qualitative in nature, (2) tend to achieve their goals manually to a large extent, (3) very costly, (4) development-process oriented, and finally, (3) treat all security requirements within one domain equally for all applications regardless of the context. In this chapter, the authors propose a security assurance framework and its assurance evaluation process. The framework and process depend on a quantitative security assurance metrics that were developed too. The proposed metric considers both the security requirements and vulnerability. Weight has been introduced to the security requirement metric to measure the importance of security requirements that need to be fulfilled. The framework with the proposed quantitative assurance metrics are evaluated and validated using two field case studies related to two operational REST APIs that belong to and are used by Statistics Norway.
Designing Secure Software by Testing Application of Security Patterns
Authors: Kobashi Takanori , Washizaki Hironori , Yoshioka Nobukazu , Kaiya Haruhiko , Okubo Takao , Fukazawa Yoshiaki
Published: January 2019

Simply confirming potential threats and vulnerabilities in an early stage of the development process (e.g., the requirement or design phase) is insufficient because software developers are not necessarily security experts. Additionally, even if the software design considers security at an early stage, whether the software actually satisfies the security requirements must be confirmed. To realize secure design, the authors propose an application to design software systems with verification of security patterns using model testing. The method provides extended security patterns, which include requirement- and design-level patterns as well as a new designing and model testing process that uses these patterns. Once developers specify threats and vulnerabilities in the target system in an early stage of development, the method can verify whether the security patterns are properly applied and assess if the vulnerabilities are resolved.
State Actor Model for Cloud-Based Online Auction
Authors: Shu Yun , Yu Jian , Yan Wei Qi
Published: January 2019

In recent decades, internet auctions have become the most significant e-commerce business model worldwide. With the rapid rise of cloud computing over the last few years, the legacy online auction platform is gradually being replaced using service-oriented cloud computing in real time. This chapter describes the design and implementation of a state and high-performance online auction system over cloud and proposes the methodology to provide persistent state records during the auction process so that we are able to ensure the reliability of submitted bid price and guarantee the security of price message in the delivery process. The authors employ actor-based applications to achieve stateful, parallel, and distributed architecture. Meanwhile, utilizing distributed databases provides secure and efficient data storage. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that the actor framework has been applied to the online auction. The preliminary result is for implementation of high-performance and real-time bidding online auction.
The Dynamics of Social Media and Value Co-Creation
Authors: Sahni Kamna , Appiah Kenneth
Published: January 2019

Social media is considered trustworthy by consumers, and this has resulted in a strong consumer focus on social media to acquire information related to products and services. There are various benefits offered by social media, but security is a major concern as viruses and other threats can affect a huge number of users of social media. These platforms are not well governed. Indeed, they are highly decentralized and could easily be accessed, and this presents a high risk of illegal activity. Businesses continue to reap the benefits of incorporating social media into their strategies. There has been a shift in focus from conventional media to online and digital media in the form of social networking sites, wikis, and blogs. This has given rise to viral marketing as a means of effective communication and sharing information. The current chapter aims to explore the relationship between social media and value co-creation.
The Differences of Hedonic Shopping Value and Purchase Intention in the Multichannel Shopping Environment for Apparel Shopping
Authors: Nopnukulvised Charanya , Husamaldin Laden , Bowen Gordon
Published: January 2019

Multichannel shopping has changed the way that consumers shop by offering them more choice and convenience. The growing competitive apparel market forces retailers to assess their current marketing strategies and their implementation. It is fundamental that multichannel retailers constantly provide high levels of hedonic shopping value through multichannel shopping in order to stimulate purchase. The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of hedonic shopping value in the context of multichannel shopping (in store, website, catalogue, mobile, and social media). The benefits of this chapter are evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each channel from the perception of the five channels for apparel shopping based on 18 hedonic shoppers in central London by using semi-structured interviews. The result shows that store and website gain the highest in the level of hedonic shopping value for apparel shopping and those are the most likely channels in which hedonic shoppers intend to shop for apparel in the future, while shopping via catalogue shows the lowest score of both hedonic shopping value and purchase intention. This chapter suggests that exploring the hedonic shopping value that consumers derive across five channels can enhance the understanding of hedonic shopping value in the context of the multichannel shopping environment.
A New Approach for Language Learning and Changing the Teacher's Role in Online Education
Authors: Kai Masumi
Published: January 2019

Many online educational tools along with computer-assisted language learning (CALL) systems for language learning have sprouted up in the past several decades. Online learning meets the needs of students who have grown up in a world with rapidly changing technology. Online education can provide technology-enhanced and learner-centered instruction to students. Yet, there is a persistent myth that e-learning is not effective, particularly regarding language education. This chapter verifies that this is indeed only a myth. The author suggests that success or failure of online language learning is not necessarily due solely to online education itself. The chapter analyzes learners' motivations and their achievements. The chapter further discusses the teacher's role in online education.
Converting Traditional Learning to Online Environments
Authors: Heard Irvin Renzell
Published: January 2019

Teaching and learning are transitioning from traditional classroom-based approaches to computer-based learning environments. The demand for technology innovations generate from the new student generation who was born into a technology-driven era termed digital natives. While a large majority of current teachers come from a less technical generation termed digital immigrants. A teacher cannot reap the benefits of online teaching approaches if they are not trained on how to convert traditional methods to online learning and do not understand the available technologies. This chapter covers e-learning paradigms, e-tools, and e-assessments for converting traditional approaches to online environments.
Redefining the Proxemics of the Mentorship
Authors: Schreiner Christopher S.
Published: January 2019

The sociopolitical controversies on campus that have resulted in “safe spaces” have pressured traditional structures based on proxemics, such as the mentorship, to reinvent themselves or disappear. In the chapter, “proximity” itself is defined not in terms of spatial contiguity but as an attentional structure by which the mentee achieves an intimate understanding at a distance of the objective achievements in teaching and writing that distinguish her mentor and other role models and that provoke acts of creative mimesis and exegesis by the mentee. Inspired by the ancient Stoic practice of the “care of the self” as explicated by Michel Foucault, the crux of the redefined mentored relation is not inculcating knowledge but guiding the growth of the mentee's critical consciousness in preparation for a career and a life well-lived, befitting a noble spirit. Since the focus of the redefined mentored relation privileges distance and objective spirit (via the critical study of works) over personal interaction, the scholarly autonomy of the mentee is a noteworthy learning outcome.
The Transformation of an ESL Teacher From the Face-to-Face to the Online Environment
Authors: Doman Evelyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter records the author's transformation as she develops into an online teacher after teaching face-to-face courses for over 20 years. By using autoethnography as the research approach, the phases of the author's transition from face-to-face, to blended, and finally to fully online teaching are documented. Qualitative data is presented in this chapter from field notes, journals, reflections, and discussion board posts in an online certificate course. Transformative learning theory provides the theory behind this study as it creates a context for making judgments about transformed frames of reference. Findings reveal changes in the mindset of the author while redesigning courses to fit the online platform, as well as immediately after teaching blended and then fully online courses. Implications of this research suggest that obstacles to teaching can be opportunities for personal enrichment and growth and that faculty can adjust to new environments if provided with proper training.
College Faculty as Adult Learners
Authors: Wlodarsky Rachel
Published: January 2019

The author discusses an ongoing study that focuses on one particular construct—personal and professional reflection—as a means toward growth and change for faculty and the institutions in which they serve. To best set the context of why continued growth and change is critical and necessary, it is helpful to provide a concise overview of five pressures that are faced by universities and faculty, in particular, in the current contexts in which they function. The author revisits, at the end of this chapter, a disposition and enhanced capacity to be reflective, individually and collectively, to provide a heightened strength to withstand and mitigate these pressures and to envision a path through this gauntlet that ensures universities and the faculty within them a continued role in societal leadership.
The Inconvenient Truth About Digital Transformation in Higher Education
Authors: Thambusamy Roslind Xaviour , Singh Parmjit , Ramly Mohd Adlan
Published: January 2019

The proliferation of technology into the teaching and learning process has drawn ire in certain quarters of education. This chapter takes up this train of thought to elucidate on certain aspects of the digital transformation of higher education processes which threaten to suffocate the humanistic aspects of the educative process. Special focuses are placed on the pervasive and invasive encroachment of technology into all aspects of teaching, learning, and assessment in terms of its actual value to the end users—the students. The authors highlight how universities are now reflecting Giroux's neoliberalism and Ritzer's McDonaldization in their management and, consequently, depriving instructors and students of the opportunity to true quality education that should pivot on humanistic values and not the accumulation of grades. Apart from these theoretical bases, the authors present arguments drawn from empirical evidence and their own experience as long-serving academics.
Faculty as Leaders in the 21st Century University
Authors: Ferris Sharmila Pixy , Minielli Maureen C.
Published: January 2019

Increased participation in institutional leadership is one of the most important changes demanded of contemporary faculty. This chapter summarizes findings based on interviews of eight current academic leaders. Interviews employed a qualitative ethnographic approach, strengthened by Flanagan's classic critical incident technique with purposive convenience sampling. Leadership narratives from lived experiences of interviewees illuminate issues, problems, perspectives, and opinions about contemporary academe, including changes in higher education and with today's college students. This chapter discusses administrative leadership tools and provides insider insights about idealistic expectations for administrative leadership styles versus realistic actualizations. This chapter further discusses useful skills in four areas: communication, collaboration, organization, and work-life balance. The rich data from the interviewees provide rare perspectives of how contemporary faculty-turned-leaders can view and influence leadership responses to the changing face of higher education in the United States.
The Role and Applications of Machine Learning in Future Self-Organizing Cellular Networks
Authors: Klaine Paulo Valente , Onireti Oluwakayode , Souza Richard Demo , Imran Muhammad Ali
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, a brief overview of the role and applications of machine learning (ML) algorithms in future wireless cellular networks is presented, more specifically, in the context of self-organizing networks (SONs). SON is a promising and innovative concept, in which future networks are expected to analyze and use historical data in order to improve and adapt themselves to the network conditions. For this to be possible, however, algorithms that are capable of extracting patterns from data and learn from previous actions are necessary. This chapter highlights the utilization and possible applications of ML algorithms in future cellular networks. A brief introduction of ML and SON is presented, followed by an analysis of current state of the art solutions involving ML in SON. Lastly, guidelines on the utilization of intelligent algorithms in SON and future research trends in the area are highlighted and conclusions are drawn.
Machine Learning in Radio Resource Scheduling
Authors: Comşa Ioan-Sorin , Zhang Sijing , Aydin Mehmet Emin , Kuonen Pierre , Trestian Ramona , Ghinea Gheorghiţă
Published: January 2019

In access networks, the radio resource management is designed to deal with the system capacity maximization while the quality of service (QoS) requirements need be satisfied for different types of applications. In particular, the radio resource scheduling aims to allocate users' data packets in frequency domain at each predefined transmission time intervals (TTIs), time windows used to trigger the user requests and to respond them accordingly. At each TTI, the scheduling procedure is conducted based on a scheduling rule that aims to focus only on particular scheduling objective such as fairness, delay, packet loss, or throughput requirements. The purpose of this chapter is to formulate and solve an aggregate optimization problem that selects at each TTI the most convenient scheduling rule in order to maximize the satisfaction of all scheduling objectives concomitantly TTI-by-TTI. The use of reinforcement learning is proposed to solve such complex multi-objective optimization problem and to ease the decision making on which scheduling rule should be applied at each TTI.
Guaranteeing User Rates With Reinforcement Learning in 5G Radio Access Networks
Authors: Comşa Ioan-Sorin , Zhang Sijing , Aydin Mehmet Emin , Kuonen Pierre , Trestian Ramona , Ghinea Gheorghiţă
Published: January 2019

The user experience constitutes an important quality metric when delivering high-definition video services in wireless networks. Failing to provide these services within requested data rates, the user perceived quality is strongly degraded. On the radio interface, the packet scheduler is the key entity designed to satisfy the users' data rates requirements. In this chapter, a novel scheduler is proposed to guarantee the bit rate requirements for different types of services. However, the existing scheduling schemes satisfy the user rate requirements only at some extent because of their inflexibility to adapt for a variety of traffic and network conditions. In this sense, the authors propose an innovative framework able to select each time the most appropriate scheduling scheme. This framework makes use of reinforcement learning and neural network approximations to learn over time the scheduler type to be applied on each momentary state. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques for a variety of data rates' requirements and network conditions.
CHEERBOT
Authors: Maniyar Chintan Bimal , Bhatt Chintan M. , Pandit Tejas Nimeshkumar , Yadav Dewanshi Harishankar
Published: January 2019

The objective of this chapter is to discuss the authors' interaction and involvement with technology and bots, opening a whole new and wide scope of possibilities while letting bots comfort us. The prevalence of bots and automation is increasing by every passing day – Cortana, Siri have been here for a long time and have now been overtaken by Alexa and other home automation systems that provide a two-way dialogue conversations. This chapter explores the possibilities of creating bots that can cheer us up when we are sad. Analyzing the semantics of our sentences and analyzing the pitch of our voice to identify our emotional state, and then providing an n-way dialogue conversation, relevant to the then existing context, instead of the mundane two-way dialogue conversation is the lucid content of this chapter. Summing it up, this chapter examines the possibility of creating bots that can serve as an emotional support to us humans.
Maintaining a Safety Net and Peace for Former Child Soldiers in Africa
Authors: Nyemba Florence , Chitiyo Rufaro
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of peace education programs in Africa. Peace education programs are used widely to create peaceful environments for at-risk children. Their intended goals are to end violence through modeling human consciousness to resolve conflicts peacefully and to provide children with a stable socioeconomic future. Using a systematic review of literature, the authors examine how humanitarian agencies with support from the World Bank utilize peace education programs to create safety nets for former child soldiers in Africa. The challenges and opportunities of such programs are examined. The authors then propose for the adoption of a community-based participatory practice to facilitate the sustainability of peace education programs. The chapter will benefit at-risk children in war-torn African regions and all stakeholders involved in the creation of safe environments for children.
Maintaining Safety Nets and Peace for Children and Youth at Risk
Authors: Shumba Jenny , Rembe Symphorosa , Adewumi Toyin , Chinhara Henry , Shumba Sibangani , Maphosa Cosmas
Published: January 2019

A safe school environment is conducive for learning at all levels of education. However, schools sometimes enroll children who are generally at risk due to various factors. The chapter discussed how schools and early childhood centers (ECD) can maintain safety and peace for children and youths in their care. By virtue of their age, young children are a population at risk as they depend on adults for their sustenance. A safe environment for children entails physical safety, mental health, social security, and nutrition. The chapter focused on safety nets, strategies/models of maintaining safety, peace projects for children and youths, description of children at risk, stakeholders in maintaining safety, risk factors affecting children and youths. It presents Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory that informs the role of systems surrounding the child in maintaining safety nets and peace. The chapter proffers a model that can be adopted to maintain safety nets and peace.
Economic Nationalism and Foreign Domestic Investment (FDI)
Authors: Liu Yang
Published: January 2019

Nationalism is not closing the door to other nations. On the contrary, sometimes it exhibits as crazy expansion. For example, during the Second World War, both Adolf Hitler and Emperor of Japan claimed that they are helping their citizens. However, that is not the truth. Both German and Japanese people suffered something that they wouldn't have suffered without this war. Meanwhile, nationalism is one reason that the other countries keep fighting the war. By observing the relationship among nationalism, government policies and intervention, and FDI, this chapter attempts to offer an understanding of how FDI is impacted by the nationalism and government policies and intervention by providing two cases: the Brexit of the UK and the “American First” of the USA.
Design of Public Services Using Operational Data Analysis
Authors: Kim Min-Jun , Lim Chiehyeon , Kim Kwang-Jae
Published: January 2019

Various types and massive amounts of data are collected in public sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and security. Such proliferation of big data facilitates and improves the strategic decision making in the context of public service design. However, the application of big data to public service design, understanding on this topic still remains limited. This chapter presents a case study on designing a service concept for enhancing the driving safety of bus drivers by using their behavior data. Based on this case study, the application of big data for designing public services was empirically identified and various managerial issues facing data-driven service design were recognized. This study extends the research on public service design by revealing how big data can be utilized for public service design.
Big Data to Improve Public Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Cinaroglu Songul
Published: January 2019

The field of public health provides a multidisciplinary area of research, and new challenges in analytics and operations management are reshaping the strategic decision-making dynamics. Big data is an emerging and promising area of research that has great potential to transform public health. Developed countries are designing big data tools and analytic techniques and using them to provide leadership. In this respect, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) need to become more engaged in the big data ecosystem and to become more aware of how to use new analytical techniques. This chapter provides an overview of big data analytic techniques in public health and their potential to transform strategic public health management in LMICs. To achieve this goal, this chapter explains big data analytics and big data tools in public health and discusses development strategies for LMIC's big public data potential to ensure a better knowledge base for LMIC health policymakers.
The Analytic Link Between Population Health and Leading Hospital and Ambulatory Patient Safety Considerations
Authors: Zaleski John Roman , Peruvemba Ramani
Published: January 2019

The use of data for identifying individuals at risk for chronic or high-cost health conditions has been expanding over the past dozen years. The availability of data from patient electronic health records and other sources close to the patient, such as through continuous physiologic monitoring, are demonstrating that information from these sources can greatly assist in both identifying the patients most likely to be at-risk as well as providing the insight into which patients, once diagnosed, are likely to experience adverse events while in-hospital or at-home. In this chapter, the authors discuss key health-related patient safety issues and how the use of data from population-based sources such as health information exchanges (HIEs), electronic health record systems (EHRs), and real-time sources such as continuous physiologic monitoring can assist in diagnosing and identifying key markers of patient adverse events. The interpretation of these data can result in earlier intervention at the bedside that have an impact on patient safety and the health of individuals.
Statistical Analysis of Medical Data for Inventory Management in a Healthcare System
Authors: Saha Esha , Ray Pradip Kumar
Published: January 2019

Statistical analysis is a powerful technique in the field of healthcare that enables drawing meaningful insights from a study in which medical data are collected through real-time observations, survey, and from medical records. In the field of healthcare, there are several research problems ranging from clinical to operational, such as decisions on organ transplant, operating room planning, appointment scheduling, resource allocation, layout design, demand forecasting, and many more. One such operational problem dealt with in this chapter is the inventory management in healthcare systems. Inventory management in healthcare is an upcoming area of research as efficiently managing inventory acts as a prerequisite for planning and decision making in a healthcare system. This requires statistical analysis of the medical data. The medical data is segmented and summarized using numerical and graphical descriptive statistical methods to draw conclusions in order to significantly help the healthcare personnel in managing the healthcare systems.
An (s, S) Inventory Optimization Problem
Authors: Sağol Gizem , Sariyer Görkem , Ekren Banu Yetkin , Ataman Mustafa Gökalp
Published: January 2019

Inventory management is one essential lever to use the resources efficiently. However, managing inventories in hospitals is a challenging task because of the several issues: a high service level of medical supplies is required under the unpredictable demand, medical products constitute a significant portion of the overall costs, and the management of these supplies requires considerable effort to check the levels to track usage and to distribute them. Therefore, it is pertinence to apply operations research tools to cope with the managerial issues of the hospital inventory system. In this chapter, the authors implement an (s, S) inventory model by using simulation in a case study of a hospital in Izmir, Turkey. They aim to analyze the unpredictable nature of demand of medical supplies in this hospital and its implications on the developed inventory policy.
Using Data to Guide Decisions for Cash-Based Interventions
Authors: Harpring Russell , Franco Giulio Andrea
Published: January 2019

Cash-based interventions are a means to provide refugee populations with resources to meet their own needs in an autonomous way. Yet, markets must be functioning, accessible, and expandable enough for refugees to utilize them. Situational information, including demographic information regarding the population of concern, provides the context to ground the project in. An assessment of needs will identify what is needed, how much, and by whom. This information will guide the market assessment to determine if the market has the capacity to absorb additional demand for the goods/services within the intervention scope. This chapter aims to provide a review of how data is used to guide the decision-making process of whether to implement CBI projects and the methods involved during the needs assessment and market analysis. This is followed by a practical example demonstrating how data can be used for decision making for a CBI project in Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya.
Defense Supply Chain Operations
Authors: Parlier Greg H.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explains the origination, evolution, emerging results, and potential long-term impacts of one particularly daunting enterprise transformation effort within the US Department of Defense. It offers a unique case study for a multi-disciplinary endeavor referred to as the project to Transform US Army Supply Chains (TASC Project). The TASC project pursued comprehensive and creative applications using a variety of Operations Research methods, advanced analytics, and management innovation to improve tactical, operational, and strategic decision making for the military's global sustainment enterprise. This chapter may be of interest to those confronting supply chain and other complex enterprise transformation challenges: national security officials; aerospace, defense, and industrial professionals; university graduate students and professors of engineering systems, operations research, and management. The strategy described herein offers potential solutions broadly applicable to other public institutions and government bureaucracies as well.
“More Than a University”
Authors: Antoniadou Marilena
Published: January 2019

Given that research into attitudes to responsible management in education is still in its infancy, this chapter explored business students' experiences in relation to award-winning corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of their university and mandatory curriculum on responsible management, based on the United Nations Principles of Responsible Management Education (PRME). Drawing on a qualitative study, focus groups were conducted with 107 students who were asked about their awareness, perceptions, and impact of the ethical, environmental, and social practices that their university implements. The findings suggested strong awareness and pride of its ethical standards, while many students' choice of university was influenced by their institution's sustainability practices. However, while students enjoy an immersive experience in CSR and ethics education, some doubted that this prepares them to face ethical quandaries in the real world. The chapter highlights a number of important orientations for the future development of university curriculum in relation to CSR.
Environmental Sustainability in Large Firms and SMEs in Cyprus
Authors: Papasolomou Ioanna , Ioannou Maria , Kalogirou Maria , Christophi Panayiotis , Kokkinos Theodosis
Published: January 2019

The chapter begins by defining corporate social responsibility and explains its close relationship with environmental sustainability. Then discussion focuses on defining and explaining the underlying principles of environmental sustainability and examining it from a marketing orientation perspective arguing that a strong marketing orientation has the potential to motivate businesses to engage in environmentally sustainable business practices. The chapter then provides some empirical evidence derived from an exploratory case study carried out in Cyprus aimed at revealing the perceptions and experiences of managers of four large and four SMEs regarding the practice of environmental sustainability.
Mitigation of Cheating in Online Exams
Authors: Vegendla Aparna , Sindre Guttorm
Published: January 2019

E-exams have different cheating opportunities and mitigations than paper exams, and remote exams also have different cheating risks that on-site exams. It is important to understand these differences in risk and possible mitigations against them. Authenticating the candidate may be a bigger challenge for remote exams, and biometric authentication has emerged as a key solution. This chapter delivers a categorization of different types of high-stakes assessments, different ways of cheating, and what types of cheating are most relevant for what types of assessments. It further presents an analysis of which threats biometric authentication can be effective against and what types of threats biometric authentication is less effective against. Insecure aspects of various biometric authentication approaches also indicate that biometric authentication and surveillance should be combined with other types of approaches (e.g., how questions are asked, timing of the exam) to mitigate cheating.
Biometric Authentication Techniques and Its Future
Authors: Sivakumar Shanthi
Published: January 2019

The number of users using the internet has drastically increased. Due to the large number of online users, demand has increased in various fields like social networks, knowledge sharing, commerce, etc. to protect the user's private data as well as control access. Unfortunately, the need for security and authentication for individual data also increased. In an attempt to confront the new risks unveiled by the networking revolution over the recent years, we need an efficient means for automatically recognizing the identity of individuals. Biometric authentication provides an improved level of security and paves the way to the future. Further, biometric authentication systems are classified as physiological biometric and behavioral biometric technologies. Further, the author provides ideas on research challenges and the future of authentication systems.
Voice Biometric for Learner Authentication
Authors: Kamaraj A.  , Selva Nidhyananthan S  , Kalyana Sundaram C.
Published: January 2019

The objective of this chapter is to verify the identity of the claimed learner by extracting the prosodic features of the speech signal. TIMIT Acoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus is used for learner verification using prosodic and articulation features such as energy, pitch, and formants. The prosodic feature includes pitch (F0), and articulation feature includes formants (F1-F7). From this database, for this project in the training phase, 200 learners were used and in the testing phase 160 learners were used. The pitch and formants were extracted using linear predictive analysis. The first seven formants were used for verification purpose. The feature set consists of eight features. The features are fed into the Guassian mixture model. In the Gaussian mixture model, parameters are estimated from the training and testing data using the iterative expectation-maximization. Log likelihood score is computed using these parameters, and then these scores are normalized to make decisions. The decision is made based on the threshold.