bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainable production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using magnesium oxide nano catalyst: An optimization study
Authors: Farouk Sabah Mohamed , Tayeb Aghareed M. , Osman Randa M. , Abdel-Hamid Shereen M. S.
Published: September 2024

Biodiesel is rapidly becoming an efficient substitute for fuel and a potentially significant future renewable energy source. In recent years, used cooking oil has been used as a feedstock for biofuel to reduce production costs. Due to its high catalytic activity, low cost, and eco-friendliness, Nano magnesium oxide (MgO) has attracted attention as a catalyst for biodiesel production. Our work presents the preparation of nanomagnesium oxide (MgO) by the sol–gel method, and its characterization. Optimum conditions and the productive combination of waste cooking oil, methanol, and the synthesized nanocatalyst were predicted using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were methanol to oil ratio of 7:1, temperature of 50 °C and time of 60 min. The expected values for the yield of biodiesel production responses are quite like the actual values, demonstrating the consistency of the models used for establishing a relationship between the independent process variables and the responses. The predicted model's F-value was 9.09 indicating that the model is significant. The model's pure error had a poor correlation, as the "Lack of Fit F-values” 4.16. The quadratic model fits the data well because the R-squared value for the model equation 92%. The expected values for the yield of biodiesel production responses are quite like the actual values, demonstrating the consistency of the models used for establishing a relationship between the independent process variables and the responses. Biodiesel was characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Towards MnN as a replacement for IrMn
Authors: Frost William , Alsaud Fatimah , Lawrence Robert A. , Probert Matt , Fernandez Gonzalo Vallejo
Published: September 2024

There is an urgent need to identify new antiferromagnetic materials that offer a replacement for IrMn alloys for room temperature and above applications. This is driven by the scarcity and high cost of Ir. Recently, MnN with {002} texture grown on a Ta seed layer has been proposed as a cost-effective alternative. However, two key issues need to be addressed before this material can be considered a realistic alternative to IrMn: thick layers of approximately 30 nm are required due to its relatively low magnetocrystalline anisotropy and nitrogen diffusion into the Ta layer at relatively low temperatures results in poor temperature performance. In this work, we show a potential pathway to overcome these issues. By using a W rather than a Ta seed layer, N diffusion is minimized, if not eliminated, at temperatures exceeding $$300\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$

300

∘

C

. Furthermore, preferential {111} growth is achieved and a significantly enhanced anisotropy, $$2.6 \cdot 10^{6}\,\hbox {erg}/\hbox {cm}^{3}$$

2.6
·

10
6

erg
/

cm
3

, has been measured. This value is almost identical to that measured for 3D randomly oriented IrMn.
Impact of nano Fe2O3 on radiation parameters of epoxy reinforced with nano carbon
Authors: Khalil Mona M. , Gouda Mona M. , Abbas Mahmoud I. , Abd-Elzaher Mohamed , El-Khatib Ahmed M.
Published: September 2024

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and carbon black in micro and nanoscales incorporated into an epoxy adhesive matrix for gamma-ray attenuation. The composites were prepared via a simple and cost-effective synthesis method. The grain size of powder NPs was measured using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the particle size was about 20 ± 5 nm and 31.46 ± 2 nm for carbon and Fe2O3, respectively. The morphological properties were characterized by a scanning electron microscope, which indicated the excellent dispersion of NPs, which blocked almost all pores of the composite and increased the capability of radiation attenuation. In addition, the chemical composition of samples using energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) and the compressive strength were measured. Furthermore, the linear and mass attenuation coefficients were determined experimentally for incident photon energies of 59.51–1408.01 keV emitted from γ-ray sources using the sodium iodide scintillation detector NaI. A comparison was conducted between the experimental data and theoretical results that obtained from XCOM software, examined the validity of the experimental results. The relation deviation rate was found to vary between 0.0008 and 2.83%. Furthermore, the measurement of the relation deviation rate between the linear attenuation coefficients of micro and nano composites revealed a range of values between 1 and 25%. Also, shielding parameters such as half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff) were measured. Moreover, the equivalent atomic number (Zeq), absorption, and exposure buildup factors for prepared samples were calculated. The results showed that the incorporation of Fe2O3 NPs enhanced the shielding capability of the composites, as evidenced by the significant reduction in gamma-ray transmission. The composite materials exhibited excellent mechanical strength, making them suitable for practical applications in radiation shielding. Furthermore, it was determined that the elevation in N-Fe2O3 concentration resulted in a direct increase in the linear attenuation coefficient, from 0.314 to 0.519 cm−1 at 0.5951 MeV and from 0.099 to 0.124 cm−1 at 0.662 MeV. Nevertheless, a slight increase was discerned in the identified mass attenuation coefficients at 0.1332 and 0.1408 MeV. The experimental data for MFP, HVL, and TVL demonstrate that the EFeC4 sample exhibits optimal performance, with values of 1.9, 1.3, and 4.4 cm at 0.5951 MeV, and at 0.661 MeV, the values are 8.04, 5.57, and 18.52 cm, while at 0.1408 MeV, the values are 12.06, 8.36, and 27.78 cm, respectively. Overall, this research highlights the potential of iron oxide-carbon/epoxy composites as efficient and reliable materials for gamma-ray protection in various fields, including nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and space exploration.
3D printed teeth with adhesive bridge preparation guide
Authors: del Hougne Michael , Behr Greta , Schmitter Marc , Höhne Christian
Published: September 2024

In this study a 3D printed tooth with adhesive bridge preparation guide was designed and tested for feasibility and evaluated by students. The tooth, printed by a stereolithographic printer, consisted of two differently colored layers with an integrated adhesive bridge preparation. This showed the extent and thickness of the preparation. 42 dental students in the fourth year of their studies were trained in a voluntary course. The printed teeth were evaluated with a questionnaire using German school grades from 1 (best) to 6 (worst). The production of the printed teeth for the adhesive bridge preparation was feasible and inexpensive. Overall, the students rated the teeth as good (Ø1.9 ± 0.2) in the questionnaire and evaluated the teaching method positively in the free text questions. This method supported the students to visualize the target preparation and develop a self-assessment through the ability to control their work directly on their own. The feasibility of this teaching concept was confirmed. It is suitable for teaching of new preparations forms such as adhesive bridges. The color-coded integrated preparation in the printed teeth and the printed tooth model enabled the students to learn the preparation of an adhesive bridge independently.
LAPONITE® nano-silicates potentiate the angiogenic effects of FG-4592 and osteogenic effects of BMP-2
Authors: Gaihre Bipin , Camilleri Emily , Tilton Maryam , Astudillo Potes Maria D. , Liu Xifeng , Lucien Fabrice , Lu Lichun
Published: September 2024

LAPONITE®-based drug delivery systems for the delivery of drugs and biomolecules with high biological potentiation and synergy.
Influence of viscosity on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells during 2D culture
Authors: Lu Chengyu , Zeng Tianjiao , Wang Man , Yoshitomi Toru , Kawazoe Naoki , Yang Yingnan , Chen Guoping
Published: September 2024

Increased viscosity promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on two-dimensional substrates, whereas a lower viscosity environment is more conducive to adipogenic differentiation.
Dual-emitting cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with salicylaldimine-bound fluorophores for ratiometric oxygen sensing
Authors: Tidma Sirawit , Sutton Gregory D. , Dang Linh T. M. , Jiang Chenggang , Teets Thomas S.
Published: September 2024

Ratiometric oxygen sensors are described which link cyclometalated iridium phosphors with coumarin fluorophores via bidentate salicylaldimine linkers.
Surface properties of carbon nitride materials used in photocatalytic systems for energy and environmental applications
Authors: Ohemeng Peter Osei , Godin Robert
Published: September 2024

We review what is known of the surface properties of carbon nitrides, increasingly popular photocatalysts, with a focus on hydrogen production and arsenic remediation.
Targeted synthesis of gold nanorods and characterization of their tailored surface properties using optical and X-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Schauer David G. , Bredehoeft Jona , Yunusa Umar , Pattammattel Ajith , Wörner Hans Jakob , Sprague-Klein Emily A.
Published: September 2024

In recent years, nanophotonics have had a transformative impact on harnessing energy, directing chemical reactions, and enabling novel molecular dynamics for thermodynamically intensive applications.
Impact of size and UV-ageing of polystyrene nanoparticles on copper(ii) adsorption: kinetics and isotherms in aquatic environments
Authors: Soheilian Shadab , Jordan Beth , Hatton Fiona L. , Hunsicker Eugenie , Zhou Zhaoxia
Published: September 2024

Size-dependent adsorption of Cu2+ ions onto polystyrene nanoparticles in aquatic environments: influence of UV-ageing, temperature and salt ions in the medium.
Evaluation and calibration of matrix effects during SIMS silicon isotope analysis in silicate glasses
Authors: Chen Liu-Yang , Liu Yu , Zhang Di , Tang Guo-Qiang , Li Qiu-Li
Published: September 2024

A matrix effect calibration model during SIMS silicon isotope analysis based on the contents of Si, Ca, Al and Mg (SCAM model) in silicate glasses.
Monolayers Sn2Te2X4 (X = P, As) as promising materials for photocatalytic water splitting and flexible devices: a DFT study
Authors: Vo Dat D. , Vu Tuan V. , Kartamyshev A. I. , Ho Thi H. , Hieu Nguyen N.
Published: September 2024

Photocatalysts Sn2Te2X4 (X = P, As) exhibit a high light absorption rate and possess appropriate electronic structures for the function of water splitting.
Chlorine corrosion of ubiquitous rust towards low-cost, efficient and free-standing electrocatalysts for overall water splitting
Authors: Zheng Emei , Zheng Qi , Liu Mengfei , Fu Sheng , Liang Lei
Published: September 2024

Rusted stainless steel was transformed into an OER/HER bifunctional electrode by a convenient, rapid and low-cost method, and the electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic performance for OER (η100 = 340 mV) and HER (η100 = 310 mV).
Exploring nature's battlefield: organismic interactions in the discovery of bioactive natural products
Authors: Wang Yuyang , Shi Yan-Ni , Xiang Hao , Shi Yi-Ming
Published: September 2024

This review highlights the discovery of functional microbial natural products from diverse niches. Leveraging the biosynthetic capabilities of microbes in organismic interactions is crucial for tackling antimicrobial resistance.
Selective and catalytic conversion of hydroxymethyl cytosine into formyl cytosine using a synthetic model of TET enzymes
Authors: Palit Dipanwita , Manna Debasish
Published: September 2024

TET enzymes play a key role in epigenetic regulation by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine, impacting gene expression and DNA methylation. Here, we report a chemical model of the TET enzyme which selectively and catalytically oxidize 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.
Intricacies of CO2removal from mixed gases and biogas using polysulfone/ZIF-8 mixed matrix membranes – part 1: experimental
Authors: Negi Shweta , Suresh Akkihebbal K.
Published: September 2024

In this work, we explore the potential of polysulfone/ZIF-8 mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for the enrichment of biogas to biomethane.
Recent advances in noble metal-based catalysts for CO oxidation
Authors: Wang Sheng , Li Xiaoman , Lai Chengyue , Zhang Yaping , Lin Xiao , Ding Shipeng
Published: September 2024

Carbon monoxide, one of the major pollutants in the air, is mainly produced due to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
Microfluidic reactor development for isothermal kinetic measurements of sugar hydrolysis and global kinetics determination by the model-fitting approach
Authors: Gouws Saartjie M. , Brocus Julien , Cassayre Laurent , Letourneau Jean-Jacques , Carrier Marion
Published: September 2024

Isothermal chemical kinetics of sugar hydrolysis.
Tether-entangled conjugated helices
Authors: Jin Ke , Xiao Zuo , Xie Huidong , Shen Xingxing , Wang Jizheng , Chen Xiangyu , Wang Zhijie , Zhao Zujin , Yan Keyou , Ding Yong , Ding Liming
Published: September 2024

A tether-entangled conjugated helices (TECHs) concept is introduced for helical polyaromatic molecules. TECHs can be directly constructed in enantiopure form with excellent configurational stability and persistent chiroptical properties.
A high-loading catalyst of highly dispersed nickel species on acid-treated mesoporous clay layers for efficient CO and CO2 methanation
Authors: Li Feifei , Zhang Junbo , Liu Yufu , Gao Guanjun , He Yi , Yang Xuzhuang
Published: September 2024

The catalyst, consisting of nickel-amino acid framework nanocrystals on acid modified clay layers, exhibited excellent activity and stability in CO and CO2 methanations due to its high content of dispersed Ni species.
The FAIR principles as a key enabler to operationalize safe and sustainable by design approaches
Authors: Karakoltzidis Achilleas , Battistelli Chiara Laura , Bossa Cecilia , Bouman Evert A. , Garmendia Aguirre Irantzu , Iavicoli Ivo , Jeddi Maryam Zare , Karakitsios Spyros , Leso Veruscka , Løfstedt Magnus , Magagna Barbara , Sarigiannis Denis , Schultes Erik , Soeteman-Hernández Lya G. , Subramanian Vrishali , Nymark Penny
Published: September 2024

Safe and sustainable chemicals/materials are critical for achieving European green goals. The novel SSbD framework aims to harmonize assessments during innovation. Here, we discuss the essential role of FAIR data and tools in operationalizing SSbD.
ROS/pH dual-responsive quercetin-loaded guanosine borate supramolecular hydrogel enema in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice
Authors: Zhao Luqing , Dou Dan , Zhang Di , Deng Xin , Ding Ning , Ma Yun , Ji Xingyu , Zhang Shengsheng , Li Chao
Published: September 2024

GBQ hydrogel enema for treating DSS-induced colitis in mice.
Hybrid Schottky and heterojunction vertical β-Ga2O3 rectifiers
Authors: Li Jian-Sian , Chiang Chiao-Ching , Wan Hsiao-Hsuan , Labed Madani , Park Jang Hyeok , Rim You Seung , Yu Meng-Hsun , Ren Fan , Liao Yu-Te , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: September 2024

Schematic of hybrid Schottky and Junction Barrier Schottky Ga2O3 rectifiers. Breakdown voltage increased as the proportion of heterojunction area did, from 1.2 kV for Schottky rectifiers to 6.2 kV for pure heterojunction devices.
Effect of Zn/Mn on the supercapacitor behavior of high-entropy FeCoNiCrZn/Mn alloy
Authors: Mohanty Gobinda Chandra , Chowde Gowda Chinmayee , Gakhad Pooja , Sanjay M. , Singh Abhishek , Biswas Koushik , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar
Published: September 2024

Figure (a) Synthesis of the Zn inclusion nanostructured HEA and the SEM image of the same, (b) Ragone plot for the ASC device and (c) ‘k2’ value for the FeCoNiCr (Zn and Mn) HEA at 0.3 V.
Large-scale ordered magnetic fields generated in mergers of helium white dwarfs
Authors: Pakmor Rüdiger , Pelisoli Ingrid , Justham Stephen , Rajamuthukumar Abinaya S. , Röpke Friedrich K. , Schneider Fabian R. N. , de Mink Selma E. , Ohlmann Sebastian T. , Podsiadlowski Philipp , Morán-Fraile Javier , Vetter Marco , Andrassy Robert
Published: September 2024

Stellar mergers are one important path to highly magnetised stars. Mergers of two low-mass white dwarfs may create up to every third hot subdwarf star. The merging process is usually assumed to dramatically amplify magnetic fields. However, so far only four highly magnetised hot subdwarf stars have been found, suggesting a fraction of less than 1%. We present two high-resolution magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) simulations of the merger of two helium white dwarfs in a binary system with the same total mass of 0.6 M⊙. We analysed an equal-mass merger with two 0.3 M⊙ white dwarfs, and an unequal-mass merger with white dwarfs of 0.25 M⊙ and 0.35 M⊙. We simulated the inspiral, merger, and further evolution of the merger remnant for about 50 rotations. We found efficient magnetic field amplification in both mergers via a small-scale dynamo, reproducing previous results of stellar merger simulations. The magnetic field saturates at a similar strength for both simulations. We then identified a second phase of magnetic field amplification in both merger remnants that happens on a timescale of several tens of rotational periods of the merger remnant. This phase generates a large-scale ordered azimuthal field via a large-scale dynamo driven by the magneto-rotational instability. Finally, we speculate that in the unequal-mass merger remnant, helium burning will initially start in a shell around a cold core, rather than in the centre. This forms a convection zone that coincides with the region that contains most of the magnetic energy, and likely destroys the strong, ordered field. Ohmic resistivity might then quickly erase the remaining small-scale field. Therefore, the mass ratio of the initial merger could be the selecting factor that decides if a merger remnant will stay highly magnetised long after the merger.
Review of commercially available nano-drugs and nano-delivery systems: challenges and perspectives
Authors: Boudovitch Dmitri , Sakaya Aya , Uzundurukan Arife , Leroux Jean-Yve , Fuoco Domenico
Published: September 2024

Nano-drugs and nano-delivery systems are rapidly evolving, with new strategies emerging in the current practices. The evolution of these technologies began with modifying the chemical structure, progressing to supramolecular ionic complexes, and culminating in elegant ad hoc delivery systems. Nanoparticles have numerous benefits as a carrier system for delivering therapeutic agents to intra-arterial sites. These benefits include their subcellular size, targeted surfaces, good suspensibility, and uniform dispersity, making them an ideal choice for catheter-based delivery. Despite the advancements made in the field of nano-drugs and nano-delivery systems, there are still some hurdles to overcome in terms of their commercial availability. The current review presents an updated summary of recent advancements in nano-drugs and nano-delivery systems, including their commercial availability. We aim to discuss the present challenges and prospects of commercially available nano-drugs and nano-delivery systems. Here, we provide a precise and informative overview of the current state of these technologies and underscore the potential they hold for future developments. Further, we have categorized commercially available modifications, name, parent company and their main applications in nano-drugs.
Development of a professional advancement model for perfusionists
Authors: Blakey Adam K.
Published: September 2024

Background: Improvement in professional advancement opportunities may reduce turnover and improve retention for perfusionists. However, the current literature lacks examples of professional advancement models (PAMs) for perfusionists. Methods: This review looks at examples from other healthcare fields to provide the rationale and develop a framework for such a model. Results: The review results led to the development of a point-based PAM that included four levels: perfusionist I, II, III, and IV. Each level is associated with its own point requirement, experience level, and salary increase. Points can be acquired through four defined categories. Conclusion: Perfusion programs needing professional advancement can use these results as a foundation for implementing a PAM for perfusionists.
Selection of Conditions for the Synthesis of Methacrylate Monomers Based on Adamantane
Authors: Novikov Alexander S. , Malkov Georgiy V. , Akkuratov Alexander V.
Published: September 2024

Adamantane-based methacrylates are important monomers for the design of polymers used for the development of chemically amplified photoresists. Herein, we present the selection of reaction conditions for obtaining of 2-ethyladamantan-2-yl methacrylate, 2-methyladamantan-2-yl methacrylate, adamantan-1-yl methacrylate, and 3-hydroxyadamantan-1-yl methacrylate from adamantane derivatives and methacryloyl chloride. It is shown that the combination of pyridine as a solvent and base with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as a base allows reproducible preparation of the desired products with good yields. The results obtained provide valuable information for upscaling the synthesis of important products for the microelectronics industry.
Synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized graphene as a nitric oxide-generating coating for vascular stents
Authors: Tabish Tanveer A. , Hussain Mian Zahid , Zhu Yangzhi , Xu Jiabao , Huang Wei E. , Diotallevi Marina , Narayan Roger J. , Crabtree Mark J. , Khademhosseini Ali , Winyard Paul G. , Lygate Craig A.
Published: September 2024

Drug-eluting stents are commonly utilized for the treatment of coronary artery disease, where they maintain vessel patency and prevent restenosis. However, problems with prolonged vascular healing, late thrombosis, and neoatherosclerosis persist; these could potentially be addressed via the local generation of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous substrates. Herein, we develop amine-functionalized graphene as a NO-generating coating on polylactic acid (PLA)-based bioresorbable stent materials. A novel catalyst was synthesized consisting of polyethyleneimine and polyethylene glycol bonded to graphene oxide (PEI-PEG@GO), with physicochemical characterization using x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In the presence of 10 μM S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), PEI-PEG@GO catalyzed the generation of 62% and 91% of the available NO, respectively. Furthermore, PEI-PEG@GO enhanced and prolonged real-time NO generation from GSNO and SNAP under physiological conditions. The uniform coating of PEI-PEG@GO onto stent material is demonstrated via an optimized simple dip-coating method. The coated PLA maintains good biodegradability under accelerated degradation testing, while the PEI-PEG@GO coating remains largely intact. Finally, the stability of the coating was demonstrated at room temperature over 60 days. In conclusion, the innovative conjugation of polymeric amines with graphene can catalyze the generation of NO from S-nitrosothiols at physiologically relevant concentrations. This approach paves the way for the development of controlled NO-generating coatings on bioresorbable stents in order to improve outcomes in coronary artery disease.
A critical overview of rate models for the determination of the rate constants associated with thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Authors: Diesing S. , Samuel I. D. W. , Zysman-Colman E.
Published: September 2024

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a photophysical phenomenon that involves electronically coupled singlet and triplet excited states. Materials exhibiting TADF have most prominently been employed in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Electroluminescent devices with TADF emitters are capable of converting up to 100% of the excitons generated to light. The microsecond long delayed lifetimes and the sensitivity of the emission to the environment have been exploited in sensing, imaging, and photocatalysis applications. TADF relies on there being energetically similar singlet and triplet excited states, which enables not only intersystem crossing (ISC) but also the endothermic conversion of triplet excitons to singlet excitons via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). The coupling of the singlet and triplet excited states leads to a biexponential decay of the emission that is observed in the transient photoluminescence (PL) of the material. It means that although emission is from the singlet, at long time its dynamics are controlled by the triplet population via the RISC process. This review provides an overview of the methods used in the literature to analyze the PL decay of TADF compounds and to infer the rate constants that govern all facets of the TADF process. While the photophysics of TADF is often analyzed using transient PL, most applications of TADF emitters occur in a steady-state regime facilitated by constant exciton generation and recombination. Thus, this review also discusses the link between parameters of the kinetics and the performance of TADF OLEDs.
How Does Aversion to Insects Intersect with Sustainable Production and Consumption?
Authors: Manning Paul , McSweeney Matthew B.
Published: September 2024

Damage by insect pests reduces the quantity and quality of harvestable food, making pest management a major challenge for sustainable food production. Perception of insects in association with food is known to cause negative emotions including disgust and fear. These negative emotional responses are likely to alter perception and reduce enjoyment of food. Here, we introduce the concept of insect pests and highlight some of the ways that pests reduce the quality and quantity of harvestable food. Next, we discuss the different sensory properties of food, emotional responses to food and how different factors can impact humans’ perception of food products. Finally, we share the results of our study where the intersection of disgust and sensory perception is explored through an exploration of the blueberry maggot (
Rhagoletis mendax
), a fly that lays eggs in ripening blueberries. Collectively this work demonstrates that merely learning about the existence of an insect pest negatively impacts the perception of fresh fruit, in terms of taste characteristics, and emotional response. These results reinforce the necessity of effective pest management to ensure that consumers maintain a positive affinity towards foods.

Information

© The Authors 2024
Aberrant pre-mRNA processing in cancer
Authors: Biswas Jeetayu , Boussi Leora , Stein Eytan , Abdel-Wahab Omar
Published: September 2024

Dysregulation of the flow of information from genomic DNA to RNA to protein occurs within all cancer types. In this review, we described the current state of understanding of how RNA processing is dysregulated in cancer with a focus on mutations in the RNA splicing factor machinery that are highly prevalent in hematologic malignancies. We discuss the downstream effects of these mutations highlighting both individual genes as well as common pathways that they perturb. We highlight examples of how alterations in RNA processing have been harnessed for therapeutic intent as well as to promote the selective toxicity of cancer cells.
Transport of β-amyloid from brain to eye causes retinal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Cao Qiuchen , Yang Shige , Wang Xiaowei , Sun Huaiqing , Chen Weijie , Wang Yuliang , Gao Junying , Wu Yanchi , Yang Qiuhua , Chen Xue , Yuan Songtao , Xiao Ming , Nedergaard Maiken , Huo Yuqing , Liu Qinghuai
Published: September 2024

The eye is closely connected to the brain, providing a unique window to detect pathological changes in the brain. In this study, we discovered β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits along the ocular glymphatic system in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 5×FAD transgenic mouse model. Interestingly, Aβ from the brain can flow into the eyes along the optic nerve through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), causing retinal degeneration. Aβ is mainly observed in the optic nerve sheath, the neural axon, and the perivascular space, which might represent the critical steps of the Aβ transportation from the brain to the eyes. Aquaporin-4 facilitates the influx of Aβ in brain–eye transport and out-excretion of the retina, and its absence or loss of polarity exacerbates brain-derived Aβ induced damage and visual impairment. These results revealed brain-to-eye Aβ transport as a major contributor to AD retinopathy, highlighting a new therapeutic avenue in ocular and neurodegenerative disease.
Impacts of bus holding strategy on the performance and pollutant emissions of a two-lane mixed traffic system
Authors: Qiao 乔 Yanfeng 延峰 , Yao 姚 Ronghan 荣涵 , Pan 潘 Baofeng 宝峰 , Xue 薛 Yu 郁
Published: September 2024

This paper investigates the impacts of a bus holding strategy on the mutual interference between buses and passenger cars in a non-dedicated bus route, as well as the impacts on the characteristics of pollutant emissions of passenger cars. The dynamic behaviors of these two types of vehicles are described using cellular automata (CA) models under open boundary conditions. Numerical simulations are carried out to obtain the phase diagrams of the bus system and the trajectories of buses and passenger cars before and after the implementation of the bus holding strategy under different probabilities of passenger cars entering a two-lane mixed traffic system. Then, we analyze the flow rate, satisfaction rate, and pollutant emission rates of passenger cars together with the performance of a mixed traffic system. The results show that the bus holding strategy can effectively alleviate bus bunching, whereas it has no significant impact on the flow rate and pollutant emission rates of passenger cars; the flow rate, satisfaction rate, and pollutant emission rates of passenger cars for either the traffic system or for each lane are influenced by the bus departure interval and the number of passengers arriving at bus stops.
Derivation of Bose–Einstein statistics from the uncertainty principle
Authors: Tangney Paul
Published: September 2024

The microstate of any degree of freedom of any classical dynamical system can be represented by a point in its two dimensional phase space. Since infinitely precise measurements are impossible, a measurement can, at best, constrain the location of this point to a region of phase space whose area is finite. This paper explores the implications of assuming that this finite area is bounded from below. I prove that if the same lower bound applied to every degree of freedom of a sufficiently-cold classical dynamical system, the distribution of the system’s energy among its degrees of freedom would be a Bose–Einstein distribution.
Model, design, and experiments of a field mill sensor for measuring high-voltage DC electric fields
Authors: Xie Tongtong
Published: September 2024

In an attempt to measure the DC field intensity in the space below the high voltage transmission line, based on the principium of electrostatic induction, the DC-induced signal is transformed into an AC signal by continuously changing the relative area of the parallel plate capacitor, and then the signal is filtered and amplified. The measured value of the field to be measured is obtained from the amplitude of the output signal. The influences of the number of openings on the electric field distribution, the induced charge, and the output current in the adjacent space of the capacitive plate are studied by modeling and simulation. An experimental device is built to study the influence of the number of plate openings on the measurement results, and the simulation results are compared and analyzed. The calibration error of the field grinding sensor designed in this paper is about 6%, and the results show that the method can be applicable to the measurement of electric fields in DC transmission engineering.
Failure mechanism and model study of Link16 data link limiters caused by the electromagnetic pulse
Authors: Fu Yingchun , Zhang Qingping , Yan Zhenhua , He Fan , Fu Qingqin , Yuan Yubo , Zhao Yinfeng , Chen Huikai , Wang Shulong
Published: September 2024

Electromagnetic pulse can easily cause interference or damage to the circuit. This study used TCAD device-level modeling and device-circuit mixed simulation methods to investigate the impact of high-power microwaves on the radar front-end limiter. In addition, the variations of the electron concentration, the hole concentration, and the external drain current of the limiter with the electromagnetic pulse radiation are given by establishing a simulation model, and the damage mechanism of the limiter under the electromagnetic pulses (HPM) radiation is revealed. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the protection and reinforcement of PIN limiters.
Research on Ultra-short-term combination forecasting algorithm of power load based on machine learning
Authors: Gao Jinggeng , Wang Kun , Kang Xiaohua , Li Huan , Hou Qi , Kang Gaixia , Zhou Jiaxu
Published: September 2024

Power load forecasting is of great significance to the power grid marketing department. To obtain accurate load forecasting results, a minute-by-minute forecasting method for electricity load based on multi-stage is proposed (TPE-WXL) by combining the non-linear and time-series attributes. Firstly, the historical series of specific areas in the city are pre-processed. Then, in order to obtain accurately predicted results, XGBoost and LightGBM are applied to extract attributes from the series to build a hybrid model. Moreover, TPE is introduced to enhance the hyperparameters of the hybrid model and the attributes of the load series. Finally, the power load dataset of the region is used as an example to conduct experimental analysis. Experimental results revealed that the method can accurately forecast the trend of power load, that is, R2
=0.981, RMSE=2.643.
In-depth research on fault diagnosis of turbine rotor utilizing NGSABO-optimized VMD and CNN-BiLSTM
Authors: Wen Hao , Wang Haibo , Wang Ronglin , Song Yadi , Zhao Chuanzhe
Published: September 2024

To solve the problem of difficulty in extracting and identifying fault types during turbine rotor operation, a fault diagnosis method based on improved subtraction mean optimizer (NGSABO) algorithm to optimize variational mode decomposition (VMD) and CNN-BiLSTM neural network is proposed. Firstly, three improvements are made to the subtraction average optimizer algorithm. Secondly, the optimal VMD parameter combination of NGSABO adaptive selection mode decomposition number K and penalty factor

α

is used to decompose the rotor fault signal, and the minimum sample entropy is used as the fitness function for feature extraction. Combining convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short-term memory network to identify and classify features. Compared with other methods, this method has outstanding performance in the diagnosis of single and coupled rotor faults. The accuracy of fault diagnosis reaches 98.5714%, which has good practical application value.
Information propagation in Gaussian processes on multilayer networks
Authors: Nicoletti Giorgio , Busiello Daniel Maria
Published: September 2024

Complex systems with multiple processes evolving on different temporal scales are naturally described by multilayer networks, where each layer represents a different timescale. In this work, we show how the multilayer structure shapes the generation and propagation of information between layers. We derive a general decomposition of the multilayer probability for continuous stochastic processes described by Fokker–Planck operators. In particular, we focus on Gaussian processes, for which this solution can be obtained analytically. By explicitly computing the mutual information between the layers, we derive the fundamental principles that govern how information is propagated by the topology of the multilayer network. In particular, we unravel how edges between nodes in different layers affect their functional couplings. We find that interactions from fast to slow layers alone do not generate information, leaving the layers statistically independent even if they affect their dynamical evolution. On the other hand, interactions from slow to fast nodes lead to non-zero mutual information, which can then be propagated along specific paths of interactions between layers. We employ our results to study the interplay between information and stability, identifying the critical layers that drive information when pushed to the edge of stability. Our work generalizes previous results obtained in the context of discrete stochastic processes, allowing us to understand how the multilayer nature of complex systems affects their functional structure.
Deep learning phase retrieval in x-ray single-particle imaging for biological macromolecules
Authors: Bellisario Alfredo , Ekeberg Tomas
Published: September 2024

Phase retrieval is an important optimization problem that occurs, for example, in the analysis of coherent diffraction patterns from isolated proteins. All iterative algorithms employed for phase retrieval in this context require some a priori knowledge of the object, usually in the form of a support that describes the extent of the particle. Phase retrieval is a time-consuming task that can often fail, particularly if the support is too loose or of bad quality. This paper presents a neural network that can produce low-resolution estimates of the phased object in a fraction of the time it takes for a full phase retrieval. It can also successfully be used as support for further analysis. Our network is trained on simulated data from biological macromolecules and is thus tailored to the type of data seen in a typical CDI experiment. Other approaches to support finding require very accurate data without missing regions or the full phase-retrieval algorithm to be run for a long time. Our network could speed up offline analysis and provide real-time feedback during data collection.
Stable attractors for neural networks classification via ordinary differential equations (SA-nODE)
Authors: Marino Raffaele , Buffoni Lorenzo , Chicchi Lorenzo , Giambagli Lorenzo , Fanelli Duccio
Published: September 2024

A novel approach for supervised classification is presented which sits at the intersection of machine learning and dynamical systems theory. At variance with other methodologies that employ ordinary differential equations for classification purposes, the untrained model is a priori constructed to accommodate for a set of pre-assigned stationary stable attractors. Classifying amounts to steer the dynamics towards one of the planted attractors, depending on the specificity of the processed item supplied as an input. Asymptotically the system will hence converge on a specific point of the explored multi-dimensional space, flagging the category of the object to be eventually classified. Working in this context, the inherent ability to perform classification, as acquired ex post by the trained model, is ultimately reflected in the shaped basin of attractions associated to each of the target stable attractors. The performance of the proposed method is here challenged against simple toy models crafted for the purpose, as well as by resorting to well established reference standards. More precisely, we achieved an accuracy of

98.06
%

on the MNIST test set and 88.21% on the Fashion MNIST test set. Although this method does not reach the performance of state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms, it illustrates that continuous dynamical systems with closed analytical interaction terms can serve as high-performance classifiers.
Differentiated Integration in EU Foreign, Security, and Defence Policy
Authors: Mahnič Petra , de Elera Álvaro
Published: September 2024

The primary objective of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (furthering convergence of Member States’ foreign policy preferences to project the united position of the European Union (EU) vis-à-vis third actors) makes this policy field not particularly suited for differentiation. This unsuitability is reinforced by the Treaty-based constraints linked to the use of differentiation mechanisms, as well as by possible jurisprudential limitations in the application of constructive abstention. The widespread use of political (non-legal) instruments—approved by consensus, and therefore not open to differentiation—to define and implement Union policy in the field further reduces the scope for differentiation. Differentiated integration proper can be observed only in the subfield of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), which allows for presenting outside actors with a unified EU position while taking account of different capabilities of and contributions by the Member States. More differentiation could be introduced in CFSP, either by using more frequently legal acts instead of political acts, or by applying Treaty-based procedures to the approval of political acts. This would allow for doing away with consensus, and relying more on unanimity, coupled with constructive abstention, implying a change in the long-standing institutional culture linked to CFSP. Paradoxically perhaps for the politically sensitive area of foreign policy, Treaty-based procedures serve differentiation, and hence flexibility, better than the traditional political process.
Of Bits and Pieces of EU Law in Territories: The Many Shades of European Integration
Authors: Laulhé Shaelou Stéphanie , Kalaitzaki Katerina
Published: September 2024

This chapter argues that the concept of EU membership and the principle of adherence to the EU acquis have taken on renewed dimensions during the last decades of the ‘ever-closer Union’. Despite the more ‘traditional’ opt-outs from particular areas or policies, specific territories internal or external to the Union exceptionally remain de facto and/or de jure integrated in various EU policies. The existing multi-shaded integration of Member State territories is a testimony that EU membership may involve greater complexity for some Member States than others, while new challenges may arise in the context of the re(definition) of EU membership, possible withdrawals, or future enlargements, further blurring the lines of European integration in multiple directions. In this context, the chapter provides a comparative analysis of specific parts and/or territories of Member States currently subject to renewed interest in their (non-)integration processes, from exceptional/permanent derogations to temporary regimes and vice versa. In order to shed some light on the whereabouts of these territories in the path of European integration currently unfolding, the chapter discusses their complex relationships with EU law, identifying common grounds and differences, as well as the post-Brexit implications on these relationships. In Europe, these territories include Greenland and, on the Island of Cyprus, the areas beyond the effective control of the government of the Republic of Cyprus (RoC), as well as the Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs), in addition to parts of the UK territory currently subject to further variations in European integration, namely Northern Ireland (NI) and Gibraltar.
Permanent Derogations and Transitional Arrangements for New Member States: Accession Condictiones Sine Quibus Non
Authors: Łazowski Adam
Published: September 2024

Accession to the European Union (EU) is a complex and multifaced exercise requiring immeasurable amounts of preparatory work. After all, the EU is nothing akin to a golf club where participation merely requires payment of fees and some rudimentary knowledge of the game. By joining the EU, newcomers become a part of the unique legal system, the customs union, and the internal market it provides for. Not surprisingly, accession to the EU brings benefits but also comes with inherent challenges and ever-growing levels of differentiation. With this in mind it is easy to understand why, from the first enlargement onwards, consecutive waves of new accessions have been based on a plethora of transitional arrangements. This has included, for instance, transition periods during which certain pieces of EU acquis do not apply in or to the entrants. Such temporary regimes, while serving their purpose, have also created additional layers of diversity, and have contributed to the shaping of an EU of different speeds. This chapter offers a comprehensive insight into different types of temporal mechanisms envisaged in all seven accession treaties concluded thus far.
Caught in the Balance: Consequences of Associated Membership over Time
Authors: Kühn Nadja S , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2024

Debates on different forms and types of association have been a persistent theme within Europe. This has accelerated particularly in the aftermath of the 2016 Brexit referendum. This study contributes to the debate on external differentiated integration by investigating the case of Norway to highlight the implications of associated membership in an extreme case of high integration without formal membership of the EU. Theoretically, the chapter establishes that domestic-level organizational factors may contribute to enhancing cooperation and conflict across national borders. Drawing on a comprehensive longitudinal dataset consisting of a large-N questionnaire study among Norwegian government officials at three points in time, the study finds that the EU contributes to a self-reinforcing administrative bias and that associated EU membership tends to reinforce a politico-administrative gap that expands over time.
External Differentiated Integration: The Modalities of Turkey’s Opting into the European Union
Authors: Müftüler-Baç Meltem
Published: September 2024

Turkey’s future with the European Union (EU) has never looked so uncertain. Turkey’s relations with the EU are at a stalemate, with accession negotiations effectively frozen. Yet, Turkey and the EU have a high degree of functional cooperation, whereby Turkey complies with the EU acquis. Turkey has opted into the EU acquis in multiple policy areas, where its voluntary compliance prior to, or as an alternative to, accession, could be conceptualized as external differentiated integration. Turkey adjusts itself to the EU rules on foreign policy, Customs Union, the Schengen regime, and development policy, to name just a few. This chapter looks at the varying degrees of Turkish compliance with the EU acquis, and proposes that Turkey will remain an integral part of European integration.
Aligning Election Law
Authors: Stephanopoulos Nicholas O
Published: September 2024

This book argues that alignment between governmental outputs and popular preferences should be a tenet of the law of democracy. Alignment is a core democratic value. Yet it isn’t appreciated by election law scholarship, much of which focuses on other democratic goals. Nor do the courts consider alignment when deciding election law cases. In fact, the Roberts Court has undermined alignment at almost every turn. And in part because of these rulings, modern American politics is marred by pervasive misalignment. If alignment were recognized as a legal and political principle, it could function as a sword or as a shield. As a sword, alignment would be wielded offensively to strike down misaligning electoral practices (or not to enact them in the first place). As a shield, alignment would be deployed defensively to justify aligning electoral practices (in litigation or in public discourse). The federal courts could be a valuable ally in the struggle for alignment. Unfortunately, the Roberts Court has been a foe rather than a friend, declining to invalidate many misaligning policies and nullifying several aligning ones. Fortunately, federal litigation isn’t the only route to a more aligned political system. Congress could pass a range of potent aligning laws. So could state legislatures. State courts are also more promising venues, relative to their federal counterparts, because they adhere to a democracy principle unfamiliar to federal law. Last but not least, the people themselves could pursue alignment on their own, through either direct democracy or wholly private activity.