bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presence Accompanying Induced Hearing Loss: Implications for Immersive Virtual Environments
Authors: Murray Craig D. , Arnold Paul , Thornton Ben
Published: July 2002

Gilkey and Weisenberger (1995) discussed the experience of sound and its importance for a sense of presence within an encompassing virtual environment. In this paper, we develop Gilkey and Weisenberger's work in three ways. Firstly, we review theoretical work regarding the role of auditory information in perceptual experience. Secondly, we report on previous empirical studies of induced hearing loss that have implicitly addressed issues pertinent to an understanding of presence in virtual environments. We draw on this work to further inform the theoretical contribution made to the study of presence with regards to auditory experience. Thirdly, we report our empirical work on induced hearing loss, addressing issues associated with presence using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. We report our findings and discuss methodological issues surrounding the investigation of presence. This work found that participants have difficulty in expressing their experience within the constraints of more-traditional research methods. Evidence emerged of different forms of presence experience, including, in our terminology, social, environmentally anchored, and self-presence. Finally, we discuss the implications of this work for the development of immersive virtual environments.
Automatic Modeling of Knee-Joint Motion For The Virtual Reality Dynamic Anatomy (VRDA) Tool
Authors: Baillot Yohan , Rolland Jannick P. , Lin Kuo-Chi , Wright Donna L.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a method and algorithms for automatic modeling of anatomical joint motion. The method relies on collision detection to achieve stable positions and orientations of the knee joint by evaluating the relative motion of the tibia with respect to the femur (for example, flexion-extension). The stable positions then become the basis for a look-up table employed in the animation of the joint. The strength of this method lies in its robustness to animate any normal anatomical joint. It is also expandable to other anatomical joints given a set of kinematic constraints for the joint type as well as a high-resolution, static, 3-D model of the joint. The demonstration could be patient specific if a person's real anatomical data could be obtained from a medical imaging modality such as computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Otherwise, the demonstration requires the scaling of a generic joint based on patient characteristics. Compared with current teaching strategies, this Virtual Reality Dynamic Anatomy (VRDA) tool aims to greatly enhance students' understanding of 3-D human anatomy and joint motions. A preliminary demonstration of the optical superimposition of a generic knee joint on a leg model is shown.
An Overview of the COVEN Platform
Authors: Frécon Emmanuel , Smith Gareth , Steed Anthony , Stenius Mårten , Ståhl Olov
Published: July 2002

A central aim of the COVEN project was to prototype large-scale applications of collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) that went beyond the existing state of the art. These applications were used in a series of real-scale networked trials that allowed us to gather many interesting human and technological results. To fulfill the technological and experimental goals of the project, we have modified an existing CVE platform: the DIVE (distributed interactive virtual environment) toolkit. In this paper, we present the different services and extensions that have been implemented within the platform during the four years of the project. Such a presentation will exemplify the different features that will have to be offered by nextgeneration CVE platforms. Implementation of the COVEN services has had implications at all levels of the platform: from a new networking layer through to mechanisms for high-level semantic modeling of applications.
Is Echo a Complex Adaptive System?
Authors: Smith Richard M. , Bedau Mark A.
Published: July 2002

We evaluate whether John Holland's Echo model exemplifies his theory of complex adaptive systems. After reviewing Holland's theory of complex adaptive systems and describing his Echo model, we describe and explain the characteristic evolutionary behavior observed in a series of Echo model runs. We conclude that Echo lacks the diversity of hierarchically organized aggregates that typify complex adaptive systems, and we explore possible explanations for this failure.
A Few Unresolved Mysteries about Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: A Modest Agenda for Research
Authors: Ulam Adam B.
Published: July 2002

Despite the gradual release of once-classified documents in the former Soviet Union, numerous questions and problems about Stalin's role in the Cold War remain. Some tantalizing clues about Stalin's ambitions and motivations have emerged, but several key aspects of Soviet policy in East-Central Europe in the late 1940s and early 1950s seem just as puzzling as they did before the archives were opened. The further declassification of materials may shed new light on these mysteries, enabling scholars to develop a better understanding of the first decade of the Cold War.
Writing Self and Writing Lives: Shen Shanbao's (1808-1862) Gendered Auto/Biographical Practices
Authors: Fong Grace
Published: July 2002

This study examines the dual strategies of auto/biographical production in the immensely rich corpus of writings by the nineteenth-century woman literata Shen Shanbao recently rediscovered by the author in rare book collections in China. The focus of the analysis is on the conditions of production of self-writing, including the processes of textual organization, genre manipulation, and self-editing. The study demonstrates an exemplary instance of gendered intervention in late imperial China that attempts to change the terms of writing practices and generic conventions to accommodate the desire to write the gendered self and gendered subjects into history.
LIGHT FROM DISTANT ASTERISKS TOWARDS A DESCRIPTION OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN RELIGIOUS HERITAGE
Authors: Jackson Peter
Published: July 2002

An attempt is made to summarize and synthesize new and old evidence regarding the religious heritage among peoples speaking Indo-European languages in pre-Christian and pre-Islamic Eurasia. Initial stress is put on the methodological, theoretical and ideological problems of such an undertaking. The rest of the paper discusses how the transmission of heritage was conceptualized (with examples from Vedic and Greek literature), to what extent we are able to discern the outlines of an Indo-European pantheon, the possibility of tracing the realizations of hereditary, mythical motifs in the oldest Indo-European literatures, and the prospects for a comparative Indo-European ritualistics.
Recollection and Prophesy in the De Divinatione
Authors:   Tarrant
Published: July 2002

In the light of Glucker's claim to have found in De Divinatione 1.115 a separate, unnamed Pythagorean-Platonic influence on Cicero, I examine the passage again with special reference to early Platonic interpretation. I find that the Meno's influence is wider than had been suspected, suggesting (i) the correspondence between the two types of 'natural' divination, dreams and ecstatic prophecy, and (ii) the kinship of souls. Posidonius' influence on the underlying interpretation of Platonic psychology is to be detected, insofar as he would have read Meno 81d as a statement about all souls (together) having all available knowledge. However, Cratippus, Cicero's other main source, can be held to have directly borrowed from Meno 81d2-3 for his crowning argument (De Div. 1.71), and it is likely that other material that uses 81d would also stem from Cratippus. A little is known elsewhere of early interpretation of the Meno. Comparison with other early 'Platonist' material suggests strongly that we must look to Antiochus' school for this view that dreams regularly contain substantial truth explicable in terms of the nature of soul. This would lead once again to Cratippus, and nothing prevents our detecting his hand behind 1.115. Indeed 1.70, which Glucker uses to argue that Cratippus' dream-divining soul would literally have to leave the body, only makes good sense when understood metaphorically.
Wild Animals and Other Pets Kept in Costa Rican Households: Incidence, Species and Numbers
Authors: Drews Carlos
Published: July 2002

A nationwide survey that included personal interviews in 1,021 households studied the incidence, species, and numbers of nonhuman animals kept in Costa Rican households. A total of 71% of households keep animals.The proportion of households keeping dogs (53%) is 3.6 higher than the proportion of households keeping cats (15%). In addition to the usual domestic or companion animals kept in 66% of the households, 24% of households keep wild species as pets. Although parrots are the bulk of wild species kept as pets, there is vast species diversity, including other birds, reptiles, mammals, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates - typically caught in their natural habitat to satisfy the pet market. The extraction from the wild and the keeping of such animals is by-and-large illegal and often involves endangered species. Costa Ricans, in a conservative estimate, keep about 151,288 parrots as pets. More than half the respondents have kept a psittacid at some point in their lives. Pet keeping is a common practice in Costa Rican society, and its incidence is high by international standards
Two new species of hylid frogs, genus Osteocephalus, from Amazonian Ecuador
Authors: Almendáriz Ana , Jungfer Karl-Heinz , Ron Santiago , Seipp Robert
Published: July 2002

We describe two new species of treefrogs of the genus Osteocephalus from primary forests in northeastern Amazonian Ecuador. One is a small to medium-sized species without or with only few flat dorsal tubercles in males and a large light subocular area. Tadpoles assigned to this species were found in a bromeliad and had eaten fertilized frog eggs, most likely provided by the parents. The second species is small to medium, has a smooth dorsum both in males and females and no light subocular spot. Resumen. Describimos dos nuevas especies de ranas arborícolas del género Osteocephalus de bosques primarios en la Amazonía nororiental en Ecuador. La primera especie es de pequeña a mediana sin o con pocos tubérculos dorsales aplanados en machos y una mancha clara subocular grande. Los renacuajos asignados a esta especie fueron encontrados en una bromelia y habían comido huevos de rana fertilizados, probablemente proveídos por la madre. La segunda especie es de pequeña a mediana, tiene dorso liso tanto en hembras como en machos y no tiene manchas suboculares claras.
The effects of selective logging on the lizards Kentropyx calcarata, Ameiva ameiva and Mabuya nigropunctata
Authors: Higuchi Niro , Lima Albertina , Suárez Fernando I.O.
Published: July 2002

We evaluated the effect of experimental logging of two different ages, and the effect of tree girdling without selective logging, on the local abundance of three heliothermic lizards. The response to intensity of selective logging varied among species of lizards. The local abundance of M. nigropunctata increased with the intensity of logging damage, while the relationships for K. calcarata and A. ameiva were not statistically significant. The three species used plots cut four years before more frequently than control plots, but the density of A. ameiva in gaps in blocks cut 9-10 years before was similar to that in undisturbed vegetation. The girdling treatments had a significant negative effect on K. calcarata, but not M. nigropunctata or A. ameiva. We suggest that differences in numbers of lizards reflect a behavioral choice for microhabitats created in the logging areas, because the spatial scale of this study was too small to confidently detect the effects of the silvicuture treatments on populations of the species.
Molecular simulations of Zn-montmorillonite
Authors: Janeba D. , Ćapková P. , Schenk H.
Published: July 2002

Molecular simulations using the Cerius2 modelling environment have been used to investigate the structure of montmorillonite (MMT) intercalated with Zn cations. Basal spacing and bonding of Zn2+ cations in the interlayer have been investigated with regard to their dependence on the water content. In the first part of the work, Zn cations in the interlayer are coordined by six water molecules and the energy of the system is discussed. The energy discussion is focused on the influence of the different starting orientations of the Zn octahedron, and different positions of Mg atoms in the octahedral sheet. An energy scan at fixed d-spacing was carried out. Later the hydration simulation giving the hydration curve (i.e. the dependence of d-spacing on the number of water molecules in the interlayer) was also carried out. Two different hydration states were found — for certain humidity ranges there is almost constant d-spacing and between these intervals there is a sharp edge. Finally the structure of totally dehydrated Zn-MMT was simulated.
Kinetic approach to the mineral reaction processes during hydrothermal treatment of a saponitic clay
Authors: Cuevas J. , Garralon A. , Ramirez S. , Leguey S.
Published: July 2002

In the course of hydrothermal experiments with a saponitic clay, evidence for the dissolution of the accessory sepiolite and the formation of smectite has been detected above 120°C Hydrothermal reactions with a clay to water ratio of 1:3 were performed at temperatures of 60, 90, 120, 175 and 200°C with time intervals of one month to one year.

The BET surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) are correlated with the sepiolite and the smectite content determined from XRD data. These relations have been used to recalculate the time dependence of the mineral contents in the time/temperature conditions of the experiments. The Ea values obtained for sepiolite dissolution (7-18 kcal/mol) or smectite formation (4.8-5 kcal/mol) indicate that sepiolite dissolution controls the rate of the process. Both results fit an apparent firstorder reaction and the system seems to evolve to a stable mineral composition in a short time period, ranging from one to 10 years as temperature decreases.
Clinopyroxene-corundum assemblages from alkali basalt and alluvium, eastern Thailand: constraints on the origin of Thai rubies
Authors: Sutthirat C. , Saminpanya S. , Droop G. T. R. , Henderson C. M. B. , Manning D. A. C.
Published: July 2002

An inclusion of corundum (ruby) was found in a clinopyroxene xenocryst in alkali basalt from the late-Cenozoic Chanthaburi-Trat volcanics of eastern Thailand. The clinopyroxene is fairly sodic, highly aluminous and magnesian (0.12–0.14 Na, 0.31–0.33 AlIV and 0.36–0.40 AlVI per 6(O), and Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) > 0.9)) and is chemically similar to clinopyroxene inclusions in rubies from nearby alluvial gem deposits, suggesting a common origin for the two types of occurrence. Sapphirine (Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) = 0.91–0.94) and garnet (py56–67alm11–18grs18–23) also occur as inclusions in alluvial rubies. Thermodynamic calculation of the equilibrium 2 di + 2 crn = 2 cats + en constrains the temperatures of clinopyroxene + corundum crystallization to between 800 and 1150 ± 100°C. Use of other equilibria as stability limits places the pressures of crystallization between 10 and 25 kbar, implying depths of between 35 and 88 km. The most Fe-rich clinopyroxene crystallized at a pressure in the lower part of the range. The pyropic garnet inclusions in corundum crystallized at pressures of >18 kbar (i.e. at depths > ~63 km).

The xenocrystic clinopyroxene could have coexisted in equilibrium with garnet of similar composition to the observed inclusions at the deduced temperatures of crystallization. The rubies probably crystallized in rocks of mafic composition, i.e. garnet-clinopyroxenites or garnet-pyriclasites, within the upper mantle.
MnO exsolution in periclase from Långban, Sweden: an evaluation of the activity-composition relations in the system MgO–MnO
Authors: de Villiers J. P. R. , Buseck P. R. , Steyn H. S.
Published: July 2002

The occurrence of MnO exsolution in periclase host crystals from Långban, Sweden, is described. The composition of the periclase is Mg0.942 Mn0.046Zn0.012O, and it coexists with exsolved manganosite crystals with a composition of Mn0.909Mg0.082Zn0.008O. Crystals of hausmannite are also present, indicating fO2 conditions approaching the MnO–Mn3O4 equilibrium.

Activity-composition data for the system MgO–MnO is critically reviewed. The data obtained from solid electrolyte measurements are rejected because of the unrealistic calculated equilibration temperatures and the large deviations from the gas equilibration Mn-Pt activity measurements. The large errors associated with the gas equilibration measurements, especially at large XMnO, also introduces uncertainties associated with the asymmetric interaction parameters. The non-parametric ‘jack-knife’ method was used to determine the asymmetric interaction parameters and their standard deviations from the data of Wood et al. (1994) and Tsai and Muan (1992). These were calculated as WMnO = 21.2 kJ/mol, σWMnO = 2.5 kJ/mol and WMgO = 8.2 kJ/mol, σWMgO = 3.3 kJ/mol.

Using the asymmetric interaction parameters, WMnO = 19.9 kJ/mol and WMgO = 13.7 kJ/mol for the system MgO–MnO as determined by Wood et al. (1994) and the equations for two-phase equilibrium as formulated by Thompson (1967), equilibration temperatures of 334°C and 466°C were calculated. The difference between the calculated temperatures is ascribed to inaccuracies in the experimentally determined interaction parameters.
Tsugaruite, Pb4As2S7, a new mineral species from the Yunosawa mine, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Shimizu M. , Miyawaki R. , Kato A. , Matsubara S. , Matsuyama F. , Kiyota K.
Published: July 2002

Tsugaruite, Pb4As2S7, is a new Pb-As sulphosalt from the Yunosawa mine, Aomori Prefecture, northern Japan. X-ray studies indicated it to be orthorhombic Pnn2 or Pnnm, a 15.179(1), b 38.195(1), c 8.0745(1) Å, Z = 16 [Pb4As2S7] with a subcell with c′ = 1/2c. The six strongest diffractions in the X-ray powder pattern [d (in Å), (I), (hkl)] are: 4.47 (30) (340), 3.705 (34) (1.10.0), 3.395 (100) (450), 2.870 (34) (192), 2.819 (53) (550), and 2.739 (48) (560, 2.13.0). The average of seven electron microprobe analyses gave Pb 68.70, Tl 0.13, As 12.45, S 18.64, total 99.92 wt.%. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of total atoms = 13 is Pb3.99Tl0.01As2.00S7.00, corresponding to the ideal formula Pb4As2S7. The calculated density is 6.83 g/cm3 for the ideal formula.

Tsugaruite is opaque with a metallic lustre and lead-grey streak. No cleavage was observed. It is brittle with uneven fracture. VHN25 is 75.4–94.9 kg/mm2, mean 86.4 (n) = 4), corresponding to 2.5–3 in Mohs' hardness scale. In reflected plane-polarised light in air, it is white with a greenish tint, more greenish than jordanite. Bireflectance and pleochroism are weak, weaker than those of jordanite; and anisotropism is weak to moderate, weaker than that of jordanite. No internal reflections. The reflectance spectra are tabulated in the text.

Tsugaruite was found in a thin baryte veinlet exposed in the wall of a small open cut of the Yunosawa mine. It forms radiating groups of long tabular tapering crystals elongated along c and tabular to b, up to 0.04 mm wide and 2 mm long. The associated minerals are jordanite, which formed earlier than tsugaruite, and galena. The chemical similarity of tsugaruite and jordanite and their intergrown character indicates that earlier jordanite analyses may also include analyses of tsugarite.
The chemokine receptor CCR8 mediates human endothelial cell chemotaxis induced by I-309 and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded vMIP-I and by lipoprotein(a)-stimulated endothelial cell conditioned medium
Authors: Haque Nasreen S. , Fallon John T. , Taubman Mark B. , Harpel Peter C.
Published: July 2002

The CC chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is expressed on monocytes and type 2 T lymphocytes. CCR8 is the sole receptor for the human CC chemokine I-309, as well as for viral monocyte inflammatory protein-I (vMIP-I), a human chemokine homologue induced in human cells by the Kaposi sarcoma-related human herpesvirus-8. Recently it was found that I-309 messenger RNA and protein are expressed by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and that the secretion of endothelial I-309 is stimulated by apolipoprotein(a). I-309, vMIP-I, and the conditioned medium from apolipoprotein(a)-stimulated HUVECs induce endothelial chemotaxis. A polyclonal anti-CCR8 antibody and a newly developed murine monoclonal antibody against CCR8 inhibited this activity. The G-protein inhibitor pertussis toxin also inhibited endothelial chemotaxis, providing further evidence for a chemokine receptor-mediated effect. Endothelial cells contain CCR8 mRNA as shown by RNA blot analysis as well by direct sequence analysis. Immunohistochemical studies identified CCR8 and I-309 on the endothelium of human atherosclerotic plaques and in endothelial-derived spindle cells of Kaposi sarcoma. These results indicate that CCR8 is an endothelial receptor that may modulate endothelial function.
Platelet activation by Shiga toxin and circulatory factors as a pathogenetic mechanism in the hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Karpman Diana , Papadopoulou Domniki , Nilsson Kajsa , Sjögren Ann-Christine , Mikaelsson Carl , Lethagen Stefan
Published: July 2002

Thrombocytopenia caused by platelet consumption in thrombi is a major manifestation of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with Shiga toxin (Stx) producing Escherichia coli. Platelets have glycosphingolipid receptors capable of binding Stx, but a direct interaction between the toxin and platelets, leading to platelet activation, has not been reported. In this study, it is shown that Stx1 and its B (binding) subunit (Stx1B), at 10 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL, bound to platelets. Toxin was internalized in platelets within 2 hours. This led to increased platelet aggregation, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Preincubation of Stx1B with anti-Stx1 antibody inhibited this reaction. Stx1 induced morphologic changes in platelets seen on scanning electron microscopy. In the presence of platelets and tumor necrosis factor–pretreated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), Stx1 and Stx1B induced the binding of platelets to the endothelial cell membrane and were present at this binding site. Incubation of Stx1 and Stx1B with whole blood increased fibrinogen binding to platelets detected by flow cytometry. Fibrinogen binding was partially inhibited by preincubation with anti-Stx1. Stx1 increased platelet retention measured in a glass bead assay. In addition, plasma from 17 patients with HUS, taken during the acute phase of the disease, increased the retention of normal platelets and normalized after recovery. Taken together, the results of this investigation show that Stx1, Stx1B, and a factor or factors in the plasma of patients with HUS activate platelets. The presence of Stx1 at the binding site of platelets to HUVEC suggests that Stx may be directly involved in the prothrombotic state seen in HUS.
Integrin-associated protein is an adhesion receptor on sickle red blood cells for immobilized thrombospondin
Authors: Brittain Julia E. , Mlinar Kathryn J. , Anderson Christopher S. , Orringer Eugene P. , Parise Leslie V.
Published: July 2002

The adhesive protein thrombospondin (TSP) potentially mediates sickle (SS) red blood cell (RBC) adhesion to the blood vessel wall, thereby contributing to vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease. We previously reported that SS RBCs bind to immobilized TSP under flow conditions, whereas normal (AA) red cells do not. However, the SS RBC receptors that mediate this interaction are largely unknown. Here it is reported that integrin-associated protein (IAP), or CD47, mediates the adhesion of these cells to immobilized TSP under both flow and static conditions. A peptide derived from the C-terminal IAP binding site of TSP also supports sickle cell adhesion; adhesion to this peptide or to TSP is inhibited specifically by the anti-IAP monoclonal antibody, 1F7. Furthermore, these data suggest that IAP on SS RBCs is structurally different from that expressed on AA RBCs but that IAP expression levels do not vary between AA and SS RBCs. This structural difference may contribute to the enhanced adhesion of SS RBCs to immobilized TSP. These results identify IAP as a TSP receptor on SS RBCs and suggest that this receptor and its binding site within TSP represent potential therapeutic targets to decrease vaso-occlusion.
Increased granulopoiesis through interleukin-17 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in leukocyte adhesion molecule–deficient mice
Authors: Forlow S. Bradley , Schurr Jill R. , Kolls Jay K. , Bagby Gregory J. , Schwarzenberger Paul O. , Ley Klaus
Published: July 2002

Many mutant mice deficient in leukocyte adhesion molecules display altered hematopoiesis and neutrophilia. This study investigated whether peripheral blood neutrophil concentrations in these mice are elevated as a result of accumulation of neutrophils in the circulation or altered hematopoiesis mediated by a disrupted regulatory feedback loop. Chimeric mice were generated by transplanting various ratios of CD18+/+ and CD18−/− unfractionated bone marrow cells into lethally irradiated wild-type mice, resulting in approximately 0%, 10%, 50%, 90%, or 100% CD18 null neutrophils in the blood. The presence of only 10% CD18+/+ neutrophils was sufficient to prevent the severe neutrophilia seen in mice reconstituted with CD18−/− bone marrow cells. These data show that the neutrophilia in CD18−/− mice is not caused by enhanced neutrophil survival or the inability of neutrophils to leave the vascular compartment. In CD18−/−, CD18−/−E−/−, CD18−/−P−/−, EP−/−, and EPI−/− mice, levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were elevated in proportion to the neutrophilia seen in these mice, regardless of the underlying mutation. Antibiotic treatment or the propensity to develop skin lesions did not correlate with neutrophil counts. Blocking IL-17 or G-CSF function in vivo significantly reduced neutrophil counts in severely neutrophilic mice by approximately 50% (P < .05) or 70% (P < .01), respectively. These data show that peripheral blood neutrophil numbers are regulated by a feedback loop involving G-CSF and IL-17 and that this feedback loop is disrupted when neutrophils cannot migrate into peripheral tissues.
Major histocompatibility complex–mismatched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation using perforin and/or Fas ligand double-defective CD4+ donor T cells: involvement of cytotoxic function by donor lymphocytes prior to graft-versus-host disease pathogenesis
Authors: Jiang Zhe , Podack Eckhard , Levy Robert B.
Published: July 2002

Experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models using cytotoxic single-deficient (perforin/granzyme or Fas ligand [FasL]) and cytotoxic double-deficient (cdd) CD4+donor T cells have previously demonstrated roles for both effector pathways in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the present study, the role of CD4-mediated antihost cytotoxicity in a GVH response is further examined across a complete major histocompatibility complex class I/II mismatch. As predicted, a double cytotoxic deficiency resulted in a clear delay in GVH-associated weight loss, clinical changes, and mortality. Interestingly, analysis of donor T-cell presence in 5.5-Gy recipients soon after BMT demonstrated that the double cytotoxic deficiency resulted in a marked decrease in donor CD4 numbers. Transplantation of singularly perforin- or FasL-deficient donor CD4+ T cells demonstrated that the absence of FasL was responsible for the markedly diminished CD4 number in recipient lymph nodes and spleens soon after BMT. However, increasing recipient total body irradiation conditioning (11.0 Gy) abrogated the decrease in FasL-defective B6-cdd and B6-gld CD4 numbers. Thus, the decrease was not a result of inherent CD4 defects, but was probably attributable to host resistance. Consistent with these observations, transplantation into 11.0-Gy recipients resulted in identical GVH lethality by equal numbers of B6 wild-type, B6-cdd, and B6-gld CD4+ T-cell inoculum. In total, the findings indicate that aggressive host conditioning lessens the requirement for donor CD4+ cytotoxic function in GVH responses soon after BMT. The present results thus support the notion of a role for cytotoxic effector function in donor CD4+ T cells prior to GVH-induced tissue injury.
Cytokine production by mouse myeloid dendritic cells in relation to differentiation and terminal maturation induced by lipopolysaccharide or CD40 ligation
Authors: Morelli Adrian E. , Zahorchak Alan F. , Larregina Adriana T. , Colvin Bridget L. , Logar Alison J. , Takayama Takuya , Falo Louis D. , Thomson Angus W.
Published: July 2002

Although it is known that dendritic cells (DCs) produce cytokines, there is little information about how cytokine synthesis is regulated during DC development. A range of cytokine mRNA/proteins was analyzed in immature (CD86−) or mature (CD86+) murine bone marrow (BM)- derived DCs. Highly purified, flow-sorted, immature DCs exhibited higher amounts of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mRNA/protein than mature DCs. After differentiation, DC up-regulated the levels of IL-6 and IL-15 mRNA/protein and synthesized de novo mRNA/protein for IL-12p35, IL-12p40, and IL-18. Although immature BM-derived DCs did not stimulate naive allogeneic T cells, mature DCs elicited a mixed population of T helper (Th) 1 (mainly) and Th2 cells in 3d-mixed leukocyte reactions. CD86+ BM DCs switched to different cytokine patterns according to whether they were terminally differentiated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CD40 ligation. Although both stimuli increased IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-15, and TNF-α mRNA/protein levels, only LPS up-regulated transcription of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12p35, and MIF genes. Although LPS and CD40 cross-linking increased the T-cell allostimulatory function of BM DCs, only LPS stimulation shifted the balance of naive Th differentiation to Th1 cells, a mechanism dependent on the up-regulation of IL-12p35 and not of IL-23. These results demonstrate that, depending on the stimuli used to terminally mature BM DCs, DCs synthesize a different pattern of cytokines and exhibit distinct Th cell–driving potential.
Quantitative trait loci regulating relative lymphocyte proportions in mouse peripheral blood
Authors: Chen Jichun , Harrison David E.
Published: July 2002

Relative proportions of peripheral blood (PB) B lymphocytes (B220%) as well as CD4 (CD4%) and CD8 (CD8%) T lymphocytes differ significantly among inbred mouse strains: B220% is high in C57BL/6J (B6) and C57BR/cdJ, intermediate in BALB/cByJ (BALB) and DBA/2J (D2), and low in NOD/LtJ (NOD) and SJL/J (SJL) mice, whereas CD4% and CD8% are high in NOD and SJL mice and low in the other 4 strains. By following segregating genetic markers linked to these traits in (B6 × D2) recombinant inbred (BXD RI) mice, the study defined 2 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the B220% phenotype:Pbbcp1 (peripheral blood B cell percentage 1, logarithm of odds [LOD] 4.1, P < .000 01) and Pbbcp2(LOD 3.7, P < .000 04) on chromosome 1 (Chr 1) at about 63 cM and 48 cM; one suggestive locus for the CD4% phenotype (LOD 2.6,P < .000 57) on Chr 8 at about 73 cM; and one QTL for the CD8% phenotype: Pbctlp1 (peripheral blood cytotoxic T lymphocyte percentage 1, LOD 3.8, P < .000 02) on Chr 19 at about 12 cM. The study further segregated PB lymphocyte proportions in B6SJLF2 mice by using DNA markers adjacent to these mapped QTLs and found that the Pbbcp1 locus (LOD 5.6,P < .000 01) was also important in this mouse population. In both BXD RI and B6SJLF2 mice, QTLs regulating B-cell proportions showed no significant effect on T-cell proportions and vice versa. Thus, PB B- and T-lymphocyte proportions are regulated separately by different genetic elements.
PTEN controls immunoreceptor (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) signaling and the activation of Rac
Authors: Kim Jong Suk , Peng Xiaodong , De Pradip K. , Geahlen Robert L. , Durden Donald L.
Published: July 2002

Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis is a model for the study of immunoreceptor (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif [ITAM]) signaling and involves the activation of protein tyrosine kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and downstream effectors including phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase. Relatively little is known of the role of lipid phosphatases in the control of ITAM signaling and inflammation. A heterologous COS7 cell system was used to examine the roles played by PI-3 kinase and the dual-specificity phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), in the signal transduction pathway leading to Fcγ receptor IIA–mediated phagocytosis and the activation of Rac. The expression of wildtype PTEN completely abrogated the phagocytosis of immunoglobulin-G–sensitized sheep red blood cells, as compared with the catalytically inactive mutant of PTEN, which had no effect. This is the first direct evidence that PTEN, an inositol 3′ phosphatase, regulates Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis, an ITAM-based signaling event. The data suggest that PTEN exerts control over phagocytosis potentially by controlling the downstream conversion of guanosine diphosphate–Rac to guanosine triphosphate–Rac following ITAM stimulation.
HOX-A10 regulates hematopoietic lineage commitment: evidence for a monocyte-specific transcription factor
Authors: Taghon Tom , Stolz Frank , De Smedt Magda , Cnockaert Maggy , Verhasselt Bruno , Plum Jean , Leclercq Georges
Published: July 2002

Homeobox genes are well known for their crucial role during embryogenesis but have also been found to be critically involved in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Because most previous studies focused on the role of aberrant HOX gene expression in leukemogenesis and because HOX-A10 is expressed in human CD34+ precursor cells, this study investigated whetherHOX-A10 also plays a pivotal role in normal hematopoietic-lineage determination. The effect of enforced expression of this transcription factor on hematopoietic differentiation of highly purified human cord-blood progenitors was examined by using in vitro assays. In fetal thymic organ cultures, a dramatic reduction in cells expressing high levels of HOX-A10 was observed, along with absence of thymocytes positive for CD3+ T-cell receptor αβ. Furthermore, in MS-5 stromal cell cultures, there was a 7-fold reduction in the number of natural killer cells and a 9-fold reduction in the number of B cells, thus showing a profound defect in differentiation toward the lymphoid lineage inHOX-A10–transduced progenitors. In contrast, the number of CD14+ monocytic cells in the stromal cell culture was 6-fold higher, suggesting an enhanced differentiation toward the myeloid differentiation pathway of HOX-A10–transduced progenitors. However, there was a slight reduction in the number of CD15+ granulocytic cells, which were blocked in their final maturation. These data show that HOX-A10 can act as an important key regulator of lineage determination in human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Indirect Filtering Control for Interconnected Time‐Delay Systems With Deferred Constraints and Multiple Faults
Authors: You Guodong , Zhang Hailong , Li Xingyun , Wu Jinyuan , Liu Lu
Published: September 2024

In this paper, an indirect filtering fault‐tolerant control method is proposed for interconnected time‐delay systems with multiple sensor and actuator faults. As is well known, directly utilizing the state information obtained from sensors with faults to constrain the actual state poses great challenges. This article utilizes conservative sensor fault loss information to indirectly apply time‐varying asymmetric constraints to the actual state while ensuring compliance with fault state constraints. In addition, the conservatism requirement of the initial state is reduced by utilizing carefully constructed delay constraint functions. To solve the problem of “explosion of complexity,” the derivative of the output signal of the filter is used to replace the derivative of the virtual control rate. The Nussbaum function can effectively alleviate the impact of multiple actuator failures and unknown control directions on the system. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is verified through simulation examples.
STAR Plus Scholarship Act announced
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2024

On Sept. 12, U.S. Representatives Andrea Salinas (D‐Oregon) and Marc Molinaro (R‐New York) introduced the Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Recovery (STAR) Plus Scholarship Act. This bill aims to establish a new scholarship program for students studying in the fields of mental health, behavioral health, or substance use disorder treatment. The STAR Loan Repayment Program, administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration, has consistently advocated for the creation of a scholarship program to accompany the loan repayment program. “NAADAC is excited and proud to support the STAR Plus Scholarship Act, as creation of these scholarship opportunities is an essential step towards building a more robust and well‐trained addiction workforce,” said Terrence Walton, MSW, NAADAC's executive director. “NAADAC applauds Representatives Salinas and Molinaro for their leadership and recognition of the meaningful difference this policy solution will make in countless lives.”
Xinglou Chengqi Decoction Protects against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis via SLC7A11/GPX4 Signaling
Authors: Liu Hua , Yue Qiyu , Zhang Wenyue , Ding Qi , Yang Junjie , Lin Mu , Sun Jia
Published: September 2024

Xinglou Chengqi decoction (XLCQD) is a Chinese formula that offers benefits in ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of the effects of XLCQD‐mediated anti‐ischemic stroke effects remains obscure. This study investigates the ferroptosis mechanism of XLCQD against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Ferroptosis differs from traditional cell death pathways and is linked to oxidative stress‐induced lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion, which is essential to the development of ischemic stroke. In this study, it is shown that XLCQD improves brain infarction, neurological dysfunction, and histopathological changes caused by MCAO/R exposure, and improving I/R‐induced oxidative damage through inhibition of ferroptosis via (Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11) SLC7A11/ (glutathione peroxidase 4) GPX4 pathway. Interestingly, it is found that XLCQD‐mediated protection in I/R is reversed by the silence of SLC7A11. XLCQD intervention significantly promotes GSH content and suppresses Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS), iron accumulation, as well as Malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, are markedly abrogated when SLC7A11 is knockdown by SLC7A11‐shRNA transfection, indicating that SLC7A11 is the main target of XLCQD to further trigger intracellular events. In conclusion, XLCQD attenuates in vivo cerebral I/R injury by reducing ferroptosis via the SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway.
Low‐Cycle Fatigue Performance of Directed Energy Deposited and Conventionally Manufactured Hybrid Gas Tungsten Arc‐Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Joints
Authors: Wegener Thomas , Prowaznik Robert , Niendorf Thomas , Günther Johannes
Published: October 2024

Arc‐directed energy deposition (DED‐Arc) is a technology for the production of complex and large‐scaled components. It benefits from high deposition rates and low investment costs. However, to further expand the applications of additively manufactured parts, the possibility for implementation in conventionally manufactured assemblies is crucial. Therefore, this study focusses on the structural integrity of welded joints of DED‐Arc and as‐rolled duplex stainless steels and the welded and nonwelded as‐rolled benchmark. While the fraction of the constituents is almost balanced in the as‐rolled condition, the amount of austenite in the DED‐Arc specimens exceeds 60%. The similar weldment is predominantly ferritic and the hybrid welded joint contains ≈30% austenite, which is discussed based on the nickel concentration. Results from microstructure characterization are correlated to the superior yield and ultimate tensile strength of the as‐rolled condition. Under total strain‐controlled fatigue experiments, the hybrid welded joints exhibit enhanced fatigue lives at various strain amplitudes while the base material shows lowest fatigue resistance. Computed tomography and fractography conclude that the structural integrity is not governed by inherent defects, but instead the phase ratio and distribution yield significant differences in the cyclic deformation response as well as an asymmetry of the hysteretic stress–strain behavior.
Guest‐Dependent Stimuli‐Responsive Photoluminescence in 0D Antimony Chlorides for Anticounterfeiting and Encryption Applications
Authors: Li Wenzhi , Mao Xin , Yin Hong , Wang Yuxi , Wang Yifan , Chen Junsheng , Han Keli , Zhang Ruiling
Published: September 2024

0D lead‐free metal halides with stimuli‐responsive photoluminescence (PL) have attracted great attention as promising smart materials for advanced anticounterfeiting and information encryption. However, designing high‐performance stimuli‐responsive metal halides remains a challenge. Herein, a solvent guest tuning strategy to develop stimuli‐responsive 0D metal halides is proposed. Three novel highly yellow‐emissive host‐guest systems, TMA2SbCl5·X (TMA: (CH3)4N+, X = DMSO, DMF, and MeCN) are synthesized. Under heat stimuli, TMA2SbCl5·X (X = DMSO and DMF) exhibits PL on‐off switching, while TMA2SbCl5·MeCN shows PL color change from yellow to orange, due to structural phase transitions. Particularly, TMA2SbCl5·DMSO and TMA2SbCl5·MeCN demonstrate a fast response within 50 s at temperatures above 353 K. Detailed in situ XRD diffraction study unveils the role of guest solvent molecules in the regulation of structural phase transitions. For the first time, it is found that the host‐guest systems possess a guest‐dependent structural evolution that results in a different PL response to heat stimuli. In addition, moister can also trigger structural phase transition and induce PL on‐off switching. The remarkable stimuli response performance makes these hybrids promising for anticounterfeiting and encryption applications. These findings provide new insights for the development of stimuli‐responsive lead‐free metal halide materials.
Nucleotide‐Tackified Degradable and Closed‐Loop Recyclable Underwater Adhesive
Authors: Huang Mingsong , Liu Lingyu , Guo Wei , Cui Liying , Gao Guanghui , Zhang Qin , Liu Xin
Published: September 2024

Sustainable underwater adhesives have drawn much interest in promising applications and environmental engineering. However, developing a convenient strategy to combine recyclability and underwater adhesion into adhesive materials remains a formidable challenge. In this work, a degradable and closed‐loop recyclable underwater adhesive tackifier is designed by nucleotide, via the ring‐opening polymerization of thioctic acid in the presence of 5′‐adenosine monophosphate and methacrylatoethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. The nucleotide‐tackified adhesives present an excellent underwater adhesion for various materials, tissues, and on‐demand detachment adhesion behavior. The underwater adhesives demonstrate reusability, degradability, and closed‐loop recyclability of dual monomers of thioctic acid and 5′‐adenosine monophosphate. Interestingly, the waste residues of the underwater adhesives demonstrate processability and can be employed again in the construction of tough adhesive interfaces in both air and underwater, with further expanding sustainability. It is envisioned that the strategy of nucleotide‐tackified sustainable underwater adhesives would offer promising insights for advancing sustainable and recyclable adhesive materials.
A Perspective on Electrochemical Point Source Utilization of CO2 and Other Flue Gas Components to Value Added Chemicals
Authors: Mondal Soumi , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) has been explored extensively for mitigation of noxious CO2 gas generating C1 and C2+ hydrocarbons and oxygenates as value‐added fuels and chemicals with remarkable selectivity. The source of CO2 being a pure CO2 feed, it does not fully satisfy the real‐time digestion of industrial exhausts. Besides the detrimental effect of noxious gas mixture leading to global warming, there is a huge capital investment in purifying the flue gas mixtures from industries. The presence of other impurity gases affects the eCO2RR mechanism and its activity and selectivity toward C2+ products dwindle drastically. Impurities like NOx, SOx, O2, N2, and halide ions present in flue gas mixture reduce the conversion and selectivity of eCO2RR significantly. Instead of wiping out these impurities via separation processes, new strategies from material chemistry and electrochemistry can open new avenues for turning foes to friends! In this perspective, the co‐electroreduction will vividly discussed and supporting role of different heteroatom‐containing impurity gases with CO2, generating highly stable C─N, C─S, C─X bonds, and highlight the existing limitations and providing probable solutions for attaining further success in this field and translating this to industrial exhaust streams.
Bioinspired Homonuclear Diatomic Iron Active Site Regulation for Efficient Antifouling Osmotic Energy Conversion
Authors: Li Zhe , Wu Donghai , Wang Qingchen , Zhang Qixiang , Xu Peng , Liu Fangning , Xi Shibo , Ma Dongwei , Lu Yizhong , Jiang Lei , Zhang Zhen
Published: September 2024

Membrane‐based reverse electrodialysis is globally recognized as a promising technology for harnessing osmotic energy. However, its practical application is greatly restricted by the poor anti‐fouling ability of existing membrane materials. Inspired by the structural and functional models of natural cytochrome c oxidases (CcO), the first use of atomically precise homonuclear diatomic iron composites as high‐performance osmotic energy conversion membranes with excellent anti‐fouling ability is demonstrated. Through rational tuning of the atomic configuration of the diatomic iron sites, the oxidase‐like activity can be precisely tailored, leading to the augmentation of ion throughput and anti‐fouling capacity. Composite membranes featuring direct Fe‐Fe motif configurations embedded within cellulose nanofibers (CNF/Fe‐DACs‐P) surpass state‐of‐the‐art CNF‐based membranes with power densities of ca. 6.7 W m−2 and a 44.5‐fold enhancement in antimicrobial performance. Combined, experimental characterization and density functional theory simulations reveal that homonuclear diatomic iron sites with metal‐metal interactions can achieve ideally balanced adsorption and desorption of intermediates, thus realizing superior oxidase‐like activity, enhanced ionic flux, and excellent antibacterial activity.
Emerging Opportunities of Colloidal Quantum Dots for Photocatalytic Organic Transformations
Authors: Cao Qinxuan , Feng Jianning , Chang Kin Ting , Liang Wenfei , Lu Haipeng
Published: September 2024

Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a versatile photocatalyst for a wide range of photocatalytic transformations owing to its high absorption coefficient, large surface‐to‐volume ratio, high stability, and efficient charge and energy transfer dynamics. The past decades have witnessed a rapid development of QDs for artificial photocatalysis. In this review, the unique characteristics of QDs are focused on, including quantum size effect, compositional and structural diversity, tunable surface chemistry, and photophysics, that can be utilized for photocatalytic transformations. The recent advancements in photocatalytic organic transformations enabled by QDs photocatalysts are summarized. The unique opportunities of QDs are highlighted to tackle organic reactions that are previously unattainable with small molecule photocatalysts. Lastly, an outlook is provided for future directions in this field.