bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Papilio nandina, a probable hybrid between Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas
Authors: Hon Sir CYRIL CLARKE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Hybrids bred in the laboratory between Papilio dardanus Brown and Papilio phorcas Cramer resulted in male butterflies similar to the two naturally occurring males described as P.nandina Rothschild & Jordan. A single female hybrid insect resembling the female parent was also bred. Male hybrids were also obtained between P.dardanus and P.demodocus/demoleus but not between P.dardanus and P.constantinus.

The phylogenetic relationships of dardanus and phorcas are discussed, and reasons given for preferring the older hypothesis that male‐like females are primitive rather than that they represent the most specialized forms. Further information on this point would be forthcoming if backcrosses and F2 s could be obtained.
An analysis of the classification of the Ophion genus‐group (Ichneumonidae)
Authors: GAULD I. D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The generic classification of the Ophion genus‐group is revised following consideration of the basis of the present classificatory system and the results of analyses of fifty‐nine characters in sixty‐nine species representing nineteen nominal genera. Results are presented in the form of an average linkage dendrogram, a nearest neighbour plot, a principal coordinate plot, generic diagnoses and a key to the twelve genera here recognized: Afrophion gen.n., Agathophiona Westwood, Alophophion Cushman, Eremotylus Foerster (=Boethoneura Cushman, Chilophion Cushman, Chlorophion Townes, Clistorapha Cushman, Genophion Felt syn.n.), Hellwigiella Szépligeti, Ophion Fabricius (=Apatophion Shestakov, Apomesus Townes, Mecetron Townes, Platophion Hellén syn.n.), Rhopalophion Seyrig, Riekophion Gauld, Sclerophion gen.n., Sicophion gen.n., Trophophion Cushman, Xylophion gen.n.
Systematic relationships of the Antillocorini of the Western Hemisphere (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: SLATER JAMES A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The status of the tribe Antillocorini as it occurs in the Western Hemisphere is discussed. An evaluation of characters useful in systematic analysis is included together with an evaluation of the plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states. The phylogenetic relationships of the genera are discussed and a cladogram included. A key is given to all known genera found in the Western Hemisphere. The following new taxa are described: Paradema gen.n.; Paradema bathydemoides sp.n. (Venezuela), P.engiernani sp.n. (Panama), P.longisetosa sp.n. (Argentina), P.oculata sp.n. (Coiumbia, Guyane) (type‐species), P.pameroides sp.n. (Brazil), Caeneusia obrienorum sp.n. (Peru), Antillodema gen.n. (to include Antillocoris obscurus Barber comb.n. (type‐species) and Bathydema maculosa Slater and Baranowski comb.n.), Paurocoris gen.n., P.yvgodzinskyi sp.n. (type‐species) (Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela), P.punctata (Distant) transferred to Paurocoris from Bathydema, Trachinocoris gen.n., T.crassus sp.n. (Brazil), Terenocoris gen.n., T.nitidus sp.n. (Peru).
The African genera of Surinamellini (Heteroptera: Miridae) with the description of new species
Authors: AKINGBOHUNGBE A. E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The status of the African genera of the Surinamellini (Deraeocorinae) is reviewed, and keys are provided to the two genera and thirteen species now recognized. Makakix Odhiambo is synonymized with Opistocyclus Poppius, the synonymy of Tylopeltis Keuter with Glossopeltis Reuter by Linnavuori is upheld, and five new species of Glossopeltis are described.
The Peripsocidae and Psocidae (Psocoptera) of East Africa
Authors: BROADHEAD EDWARD , RICHARDS ALISON M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Keys are given to the seventeen species of Peripsocidae and thirtythree species of Psocidae known from East Africa. Data are given on distribution and habitat, also on the gut content of fourteen species. Sixteen new species are described: Penpsocus keniensis, pallidus, hilobatus and cuwiclavus; Ectopsocus longisetosus; Blaste (Euclismia) apterus, suffusus and sirnilis; Bhste (Euclismiop‐sis) virgatus; Blastopsocidus pictus; Ptycta platyclava, cuviclava, dichotoma, obscura, apicalis and ypsilon. Redescriptions are given of Peripsocus machadoi Badonnel and ghesquierei Badonnel, Amphigerontia rninutissima (Enderlein) comb.n., Blaste (Euclismia) nairobense New and Ptycta kiboschoensis (Enderlein) comb.n.
Identification of Planococcus citri (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and the description of a new species
Authors: COX JENNIFER M.
Published: January 2008

Planococcus pacificus sp.n. is described from the South Pacific, Australia and South East Asia. P.citricus is synonymized with P.citri. A key and illustrations are given to separate the species discussed from each other and from the similar P.ficus group.
The life history and descriptions of Halictophagus silwoodensis sp.n. (Strepsiptera) and its host Ulopa reticulata (Cicadellidae) in Britain
Authors: WALOFF N.
Published: January 2008

Halictophagus silwoodensis sp.n. is described and distinguished from the unique holotype of H.curtisii, the only other member of the genus known from Britain. All stages of the life history are described. Percentage parasitism exceeding 60%, and superparasitism by one or both sexes of strepsipteron, are recorded, with up to three parasitoids developing successfully in a single host individual.
The Rapismatidae (Neuroptera): montane lacewings of the oriental region
Authors: BARNARD P. C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The rare neuropteran family Rapismatidae, known only from the highlands of India and Nepal, S.E. Asia and Indonesia, is reviewed, and the affinities of the family are discussed. Nine species are recognized, of which seven are here described as new: two new synonymies are established.
Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Authors: GLORIOSO MICHAEL J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The genera of Corydalinae are redefined, and representative characters are figured for each genus. New character sources, such as mouthparts and internal female genitalia, are investigated, as well as traditional male genitalia and wings.Allohermesis synonymized withProtohermes, DoeringiawithPlatyneuromus. Intergeneric relationships are hypothesized on the basis of a cladistic analysis.Acanthacorydalisand the New World genera form a monophyletic group, as doProtohermesandNeurhermes, andNeuromusandNeoneuromus. Chloroniellabelongs in theAcanthacorydalis‐ New World lineage, but exact placement is uncertain. A phyletic sequence classification is proposed on the basis of the cladistic analysis.
New Delias butterflies from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: ARORA RAMNIK
Published: January 2008

Abstract Four new taxa of Delias from the Solomon Islands are described. Two are races of a new species, D‐messalina sp.n., which may be closely related to D.nigrina Fabricius and is distributed over three islands. The nominotypical subspecies, D.m.messalina subsp.n., occurs in Bougainville while D.m.orientalis subsp.n. is found on Santa Ysabel and Guadalcanal. The other two, D.alberti guava subsp.n. from Bougainville and D.alberti tetamba subsp.n. from Santa Ysabel, represent new subspecies of D.alberti Rothschld. Couplets for the inclusion of the new taxa in the standard key in Talbot are provided. In addition, a list of Solomon Islands Delias is given, together with brief distributional data.
Abnormalities of wing pattern in the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail butterfly, Papilio glaucus
Authors: Hon CYRIL CLARKE
Published: January 2008

Abstract In much of its range Papilio glaucus L. has two forms of female, black and yellow, and the gene controlling the colour pattern is on the Y chromosome. Thus black mothers produce only black daughters and yellow mothers produce yellow daughters. Reasons are given to explain the occasional exceptions to this rule. The black female form mimics Battus philenor (L.), and an autosomal mutant is described in P.glaucus which is paralleled by a similar aberration in the model ‐ a possible example of a model ‘escaping’ from a mimic and the mimic ‘catching up’ at one step.

Sex mosaics are readily seen in the black form of glaucus females and a numberare described from the Strecker collection. The probable cytogenetic constitution of these aberrations is discussed.

Hybrids are described between glaucus and its near relatives, P.rutulus Lucas, P.eurymedon Lucas and P.multicaudatus Kirby. These crosses produce mainly males but, by the use of ecdysterone, females have been obtained in the cross between the black female form of glaucus and the male of rutulus.
Some early stages of Osmylops (Neuroptera: Nymphidae)
Authors: T.R NEW
Published: January 2008

Abstract The egg, oviruptor and first instar larva of Osmylops sejunctus (Walker) are described and figures. Karval features of possible phylogenetic value are discussed, and the larva is compared with that of Nymphes leach, the only other nymphid for which information is available.
Generic Keys to the soldier caste of New World Termitidae (Isoptera: Insecta)
Authors: MILL ALAN E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The termite family Termitidae comprises four subfamilies: Apicotermitinae, Macrotermitinae, Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae. Keys are given here to the genera of the Termitinae and Nasutitermitinae found in the New World. The keys rely on morphological features of the soldier caste; for this reason no key is provided to the soldierless apicotermitine genera found in the New World. The Macrotermitinae are absent from the region.
Review of Eumyzus Shinji (Homoptera: Aphididae) with descriptions of two new species from the Indian region
Authors: CHAKRABARTI S. , BHATTACHARYA D. K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The genus Eumyzus Shinji is reviewed. Two new species, E.hydrangi sp.n. infesting Hydrangea scandens and E.pruni sp.n. infesting Prunus cornuta, are described from the Garhwal range of northwest Himalaya. A key to the apterous viviparous females of Eumyzus spp. is given.
A new family of Strepsiptera parasitizing fruit flies (Tephritidae) in Australia
Authors: Drew Richard A.I. , Allwood Allan J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A new family of Strepsiptera (Dipterophagidae) from Australia containing a new genus and species (Dipterophagus daci) is described and figured. This is the first species of Strepsiptera to be described as a parasite of Diptera. D.daci is recorded from ten fruit fly species, viz Dacus aquilonis (May), D.bellulus Drew, D.cacuminatus (Hering), D.decurtans (May), D.mayi Hardy, D.neohumeralis Hardy, D.peninsularis Drew, D.tenuifascia (May), D.tryoni (Froggatt) and Dacus sp. n. (near musae). Gregarious parasitism (two to six adult parasites per fly) is common.
The genus Campylocheta (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Japan
Authors: SHIMA H.
Published: January 2008

Seven new species of Campylocheta are described and illustrated from Japan: abdominalis from Hokkaido, Honshu and Kyushu, flaviceps from Honshu and Tsushima, grisea from Kyushu, argenticeps from Honshu, bisetosa from Hokkaido and Honshu, hirticeps from Hokkaido, Honshu and Tsushima, and suwai from Hokkaido. Campylocheta dentifera Richter and C. umbrinervis Mesnil are redescribed and a key to nine Japanese species is provided.
Book review
Authors: BROOKS S. J.
Published: January 2008

BIOLOGY OF CHRYSOPIDAE. Edited by M. Canard, Y. SemCria and T. R.
Morphometric studies of some Pteromalus Swederus species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) with emphasis on allometric relationships, or: Are ratios reliable in chalcid taxonomy?
Authors: JANZON LARS‐ÅKE
Published: January 2008

Twenty‐four ratios, very commonly used among hyme‐nopterists, were studied in order to determine the extent to which allometry influences a given measure. On basis of regression lines, this. investigation reveals that about 60% of the ratios show errors caused by allometry. E.g. it is advisable to correct POL/OOL, Postmarginal vein/Marginal vein and Mesoscutum length/Thorax length before utilizing them as species separating character states. In this study females belonging to the Pteromalus albipennis group (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) were examined.
Immature stages and the systematic position of Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea)
Authors: KYRKI J. , ITÄMIES J.
Published: January 2008

The larva and pupa of Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg, 1794), the type species of the genus Orthotelia Stephens, 1829, are redescribed and some notes are given on the adult morphology. The nomenclature, distribution and biology of the species are reviewed. The systematic position of Orthotelia is discussed and the genus is transferred from the Yponomeutidae sensu lato to the Glyphipterigidae, as a separate, monogeneric subfamily, the Orthoteliinae Herrich‐Schäffer, 1857.
Hitherto unknown alate morphs of two species of Eumyzus Shinji (Homoptera: Aphididae) from India with a key to alate viviparous females
Authors: MEDDA P. K. , CHAKRABARTI S.
Published: January 2008

The hitherto unknown alate viviparous females of Eumyzus pruni Chakrabarti & Bhattacharya and Eumyzus hydrangi Chakrabarti & Bhattacharya from the Garhwal and Kumaon regions of northwest Himalaya are described and illustrated. A key is provided to all of the known alate viviparous females of Eumyzus species known from throughout the world.
A new species of Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti (Homoptera: Asterolecaniidae) on a palm in Round Island, Mauritius: a conservation puzzle
Authors: WILLIAMS D. J. , MAMET J. R.
Published: January 2008

Asterolecanium dictyospermae sp.n., a sap‐sucking scale insect, is described here from Round Island, Mauritius, where it is apparently specific to only two surviving trees there of the palm Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum. Although this palm variety occurs also in small numbers on the main island of Mauritius, it interbreeds there in cultivation with two other varieties of this palm species and may be preventing these trees from producing pure seed. A.dictyospermae has probably evolved on Round Island with the palm variety, but now that the palm is under stress from other causes the numbers of scale insects have increased, thereby threatening the survival of not only the palm variety, but of the scale insect itself.
The British species of Gonatocerus Nees (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), egg parasitoids of Homoptera
Authors: MATTHEWS M. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The thirteen British species of Gonatocerus Nees are characterized by means of a key and short diagnostic notes based on the females, with notes on their hosts and distribution. The species‐groups proposed by Debauche are discussed; two species, Gonatocerus rogersi and G.minor, are described as new, and eighteen specific synonymies are proposed.
Descriptions and key to the nymphs of Eupteryx (Curtis) leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) occurring in Britain
Authors: STEWART ALAN J. A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Descriptions are provided of the nymphs of fifteen of the sixteen Eupteryx species recorded in Britain. An illustrated key to fifth instar nymphs is presented, based upon chaetotaxy and cuticular markings. Illustrations of the external sexual characters in fourth and fifth instars and the external development of the five instars are also provided.
Fossil blackflies from Pleistocene interglacial deposits in Norfolk, England (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: CROSSKEY R. W. , TAYLOR B. J.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The occurrence is reported of fragmentary simuliids among Pleistocene fossil arthropod assemblages recovered from deposits in Norfolk of Ipswichian (last) interglacial age, 130 000–120 000 years BP. The condition of each of the nineteen available specimens is described, and sixteen of them are photographically illustrated. Specimens are identified as Simulium s. l. but reliable identification beyond generic level is precluded by lack of diagnostic taxonomic characters. The palaeoenviron‐mental significance of simuliids in Quaternary fossil assemblages is briefly discussed; it is thought that the simuliids indicate a palaeoclimate no colder, and possibly warmer, than today.
The differentiation of the leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus papatasi from the suspected vector P.bergeroti (Diptera: Phlebotominae)
Authors: LANE R. P. , FRITZ G. N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The inability to distinguish females of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and P.bergeroti Parrot reliably is of considerable epidemiological significance since papatasi is a well‐known vector, and bergeroti is a suspected vector, of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Previous methods for distinguishing them are either vague (pharyngeal armature) or unreliable (sper‐mathecae). Detailed evaluation of the relative length of the ascoid on the fourth antennal segment shows it to be an unambiguous and reliable character for distinguishing both sympatric and allopatric populations. The biological differentiation of the two species is reviewed.
The ant‐lions of southern Africa (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae):genus CymothalesGerstaecker, including extralimital species
Authors: MANSELL M. W.
Published: January 2008

Abstract.The genusCymothalesGerstaecker (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) is revised. Seventeen species are recognized, all from the Afrotropical Region, including eleven from southern Africa. A key, and redescriptions or diagnoses are provided for all species.Cymothales tjederi, C.exilis, C.marginatusandC.cybeleare new species. The genusMironusNavas is synonymized, as areC.annisanctiNavas,C.berlandiNavas andC.hermosaBanks.Cymothales capensisis the new name forC.speciosusNavas nee. Kolbe.C.delicatusBanks,C.theresaeLacroix andC.lestageiLacroix are notCymothalesbut are included as unplaced species. The tree‐hole dwelling larva ofC.eccentros(Walker) is described.
Rotoitidae, a curious new family of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from New Zealand
Authors: BOUČEK ZDENEK , NOYES JOHN S.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A new chalcidoid family, Rotoitidae fam.n., is described from New Zealand. The probable systematic affinities of Rotoitidae are discussed and the type genus and a single included species, Rotoita basalis gen. et sp.n., are described and illustrated.
Key to the European species of Ovatomyzus Hille Ris Lambers (Aphididae: Hemiptera)
Authors: EASTOP V. F.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A key is given to distinguish the European species of both apterous and alate viviparous females of the genus Ovatomyzus. The synonymy, host plant range and geographical distribution of each species are summarized. Phorodon calaminthae Macchiati is regarded as a synonym of P.chamaedrys Passerini. As far as is known, all the species are permanently parthenogenetic.
Key to the genus Pentamyzus Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera, Aphididae), with a description of a new species from the Falkland Islands
Authors: BROWN PAUL A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A key to the apterous viviparous females of the genus Pentamyzus is given and the host plants of the four known species are discussed. P. tenuis sp.n., which exhibits a highly specialized grass‐feeding morphology, is described from Poa alopecurus in the Falkland Islands.
The taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Pollenia semicinerea species‐group (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: ROGNES KNUT
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Within Pollenia Robineau‐Desvoidy, a semicinerea species‐group is defined. It consists of the redescribed P.semicinerea Villeneuve, P.grunini sp.n., P.mystica sp.n. and P.paragrunini sp.n., and P.pectinata Grunin, for which some new characters are given. A key is provided and the known terminalia of both sexes are illustrated. A lectotype is designated for P.semicinerea Villeneuve. P.semicinerea is known from the Middle East (Israel, Syria, Lebanon), P.grunini, P.mystica and P.paragrunini from the Caucasus and neighbouring areas in the U.S.S.R. and P.pectinata from the temperate parts of the Palaearctic Region except west of Poland and U.S.S.R. It is argued that the semicinerea‐ and racfe‐groups are monophyletic sister‐groups. The tenuiforceps‐group is most probably the monophyletic sister‐group of the composite monophyletic group (rudis‐group+semicinerea‐group). The intermedia‐group and the griseo‐tomentosa‐group are both monophyletic. The composite group (rudis‐group +semicinerea‐group+tenuiforceps‐group + intermedia‐group + griseotomentosa‐group) is probably a monophyletic subgroup of Pollenia. A partly resolved synapomorphy diagram is provided, which is compared to trees generated by various computer programs in the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP) of Felsenstein. Pollenia alajensis Rodendorf (=sytshevskajae Grunin) is assigned to the tenuiforceps species‐group on the basis of male and female genitalia.
Further revision of the caddisfly family Uenoidae (Trichoptera): evidence for inclusion of Neophylacinae and Thremmatidae
Authors: VINEYARD RICHARD N. , WIGGINS GLENN B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A survey of characters within the Limnephilidae was made to test the cladistic hypothesis underlying traditional classification placing Neophylacinae as a subfamily of the Limnephilidae. Characters emerged which support an alternative hypothesis of phylogeny and classification, linking the Neophylacinae with the Thremmatidae and with the Uenoidae. The Uenoidae as defined here contain two monophyletic groups: subfamily Uenoinae containing the four genera Uenoa, Sericostriata, Neothremma and Farula previously constituting Uenoidae (sensu Wiggins et al., 1985), and subfamily Thremmatinae consisting of Thremma, Neophylax and Oligophlebodes. The new classification is shown to have predictive value for behaviour and ecology of the taxa.
Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Stiropius Cameron (=Bucculatriplex Auct.) with the description of a new related genus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: WHITFIELD JAMES B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The New World rogadine genus Stiropius Cameron is revised for the Nearctic region and a new related genus from the Americas, Viridipyge, is decribed. Bucculatriplex Viereck is found to be a junior subjective synonym of Stiropius Cameron. Three Nearctic species are recognized: S.bucculatricis (Ashmead) comb.n., S.californicus sp.n. and S.wagneri sp.n. A single Nearctic specis of Viridipyge is described as new: V.prunicola, and a Neotropical species, V.letifer (Mann) comb.n., is found to be congeneric. The biology and systematic relationships of both genera are discussed; the two genera appear to represent a relatively basal branch of the Rogadini lineage.
Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
Authors: WOOLLEY JAMES B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A data set consisting of twenty‐eight anatomical characters scored for twenty‐eight terminal taxa representing the world fauna of Signiphoridae was analysed using parsimony and compatibility methods. The Coccophaginae (Aphelinidae) and the Azotinae (Aphelinidae) were used as outgroups to establish polarity of character state changes. Relationships of Signiphoridae to other Chalcidoidea are discussed. Several multistate characters were treated in the parsimony analyses either as unordered or as ordered into transformation series using additive binary coding, which in some cases drastically reduced the number of equally parsimonious solutions. Monophyly of Signiphoridae is supported by seven synapomorphies. Four genera, Chartocerus, Thysanus, Clytina and Signiphora, are recognized within Signiphoridae based on synapomorphies. Rozanoviellasyn.n. and Kerrichiellasyn.n. are synonymized under Signiphora. Species of Signiphora are further assigned to four species groups, three of which are demonstrably monophyletic. Nine species or subspecies are transferred to Chartocerus from Signiphora (australicuscomb.n., australiensiscomb.n., australiensis orbiculatus comb.n., beethovenicomb.n., corvinuscomb.n., funeraliscomb.n., reticulatacomb.n., ruskinicomb.n., thusanoidescomb.n.), one species to Thysanus from Signiphora (melancholicuscomb.n.), and one species to Signiphora from Kerrichiella (coleoptratuscomb.n.). A key to genera of Signiphoridae and species groups of Signiphora is presented. A diagnosis, relevant nomenclatural history, and a list of included species are given for each genus and species group, and the biology and distribution of each is summarized.
Review of the Order Strepsiptera
Authors: KATHIRITHAMBY JEYARANEY
Published: January 2008

The morphology, biology and life history of the immature stages, the free‐living and the neotenic females (of the suborders Mengenillidia and Stylopidia respectively) and the free‐living males of the order Strepsiptera are discussed. Strepsiptera are entomophagous parasitoids and are known to parasitize seven orders and thirty‐five families of Insecta. The morphological and physiological changes they cause to the host insect are outlined. The classification of the order is revised; the geographical distribution, phylogenetic system and keys to the families, subfamilies and genera (when possible) are given. As the sexes are dimorphic, separate keys are provided for adult males and neotenic females.
Larvae of northern EuropeanHydroporus(Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: NILSSON ANDERS N.
Published: January 2008

A key is presented to the third‐instar larvae of twenty‐seven northern European species ofHydroporusClairville. Based on reared specimens from northern Sweden, the third‐instar larva is described for the first time for seven species:H.neglectusSchaum,H.scalesianusStephens,H.acutangulusThomson,H.glabriusculusAubé,H.puberulusLeConte,H.tristis(Paykull) andH.incognitusSharp. In the descriptions leg chaetotaxy is emphasized and a distinction is made between primary and secondary setae. Plesiomorphic and apomorphic states are determined for a set of twelve larval characters, and their distribution among the twenty‐seven known species is given. Character distribution is analysed with respect to the phylogenetic status of some subgenera, and it is concluded that bothSternoporusFalkenström andHydroporinusGuignot are junior subjective synonyms ofHydroporus(s.str.). Larval characters are presented also for a selection of some other hydroporine species and their phylogeny is discussed. With respect to larval morphology,Hydroporusis seemingly the most primitive genus of the European Hydroporini, withH.neglectusandH.scalesianusas its most primitive species. The genusMetaporusGuignot is identified as the probable sister‐group ofHydroporus.
The biology, egg and larvae of Acaenitus dubitator (Panzer) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Acaenitinae)
Authors: SHAW MARK R. , WAHL DAVID B.
Published: January 2008

Acaenitus dubitator (Panzer) is found to be a koinobiont endoparasitoid of the larva of an endophytic beetle, Cleonis piger (Scopoli) (Curculionidae), in Britain, suggesting a similar mode of development for the ichneumonid subfamily Acaenitinae as a whole. The parasitoid can overwinter in its cocoon in one of two ways. Individuals overwintering as essentially unaltered mature larvae do not become adult the following summer, while those that overwinter as morphologically distinct prepupae are committed to pupate and become adult immediately afterwards. The change from mature larva to prepupa takes place in late summer, soon after the time of cocoon formation, but a proportion of mature larvae lie over in the first year, and perhaps subsequently. This appears to be an adaptation to life in a particularly harsh and uncertain environment. The egg, prepupa, and first, second and final instar larvae are described and figured. Previous interpretations of the cephalic sclerites of final instar acaenitines are revised.
The planthopper family Achilixiidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea): a synopsis with a revision of the genus Achilixius
Authors: WILSON MICHAEL R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract The planthopper family Achilixiidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea) is reviewed and the Oriental genus Achilixius Muir revised. As here defined, the family consists of two genera: Bobaiotes Muir (Muirilixius Metcalf is here made a junior synonym, syn.n.) from the Neotropical region and Achilixius from the Oriental region. Sixteen Achilixius species are described or redescribed from Philippines, Sabah and Sulawesi. Females of undescribed species are also reported from the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. The following new species of Achilixius are described:Bakeri, irigae and mayoyae from the Philippines: fennahi and muiri from Sabah; minahassae, danaumoati, torautensis, fasciata, kolintangi, muajati and morowali from Sulawesi. A key to males is given. The following new combinations are established: Bebaiotes banksi (Metcalf), B.guianesus (Fennah) and B.nigrigaster Muir restored to its original combination, comb.rev. The relationship of Achilixiidae to other fulgoroid families is discussed.
The saline nuisance chironomidCarteronica longilobus(Diptera: Chironomidae): a systematic reappraisal
Authors: CRANSTON PETER S. , WEBB CHARLES J. , MARTIN JON
Published: January 2008

Abstract.CarteronicaKieffer andNilodorumKieffersensu auctt.are synonymized withKiefferulusGoetghebuer on the basis of cladistic analysis. An expanded diagnosis for all stages ofKiefferulusand a checklist of included species is given.K.longilobuscomb.n. fromCarteronica, a saline tolerant nuisance pest, is redescribed in all its life history stages. The following additional new combinations are proposed:K.brevibucca(Kieffer),K.brevipalpis(Kieffer),K.rugosum(Freeman),K.tainanus(Kieffer),K.umbraticola(Yamamoto). Many new characters from larval ventromental plates are illustrated and their use in phylo‐genetic analysis is discussed.
A cladistic analysis of the nomadine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)
Authors: ALEXANDER BYRON
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This study compares the results of Rozen's cladistic analysis of the larvae of fifteen genera of cleptoparasitic bees in the subfamily Nomadinae with an independent data set of adult characters for the same genera. Adult characters exhibited considerably higher levels of homoplasy and poorer resolution of cladistic relationships, with multiple equally parsimonious cladograms. However, comparison of a Nelson consensus tree based on adult characters with the cladogram based on larval characters reveals three components consistently supported in both analyses (the tribes Epeolini and Ammobatini, and Neopasites+Neolarra), one component supported only by adult characters (Isepeolus + Protepeolus), and one terminal component supported only by larval characters (Nomada+ Ammobatini), as well as several more inclusive groupings based on larval characters that are difficult to compare with the adult consensus tree because it shows so much less resolution. When adult and larval characters are combined in a single data matrix, the resulting cladogram closely resembles the cladogram based on larval characters alone, although levels of homoplasy are considerably higher than in the larval analysis.

A preliminary analysis of adult characters for thirty‐four genera in the Nomadinae also exhibited high levels of homoplasy and very large numbers of equally parsimonious cladograms. Nevertheless, certain consistent monophyletic groupings, most notably the Epeolini and Ammobatini, were also supported in this analysis. The one currently recognized tribe whose monophyly has received no support from any analysis is the Nomadini.

The relevance of these phylogenetic hypotheses to our understanding of host associations and variable features of egg morphology and oviposition behaviour in nomadine bees is briefly discussed.
New myrmicine ant genera from the Oriental Region Hymenoptera: Formicidae
Authors: Bolton Barry
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Four new myrmicine ant genera are described from the Oriental Region. Vombisidris gen.n. (twelve species) is predominantly an arboreal genus that ranges from India to Queensland, with the majority of species in Malaysia and Indonesia. Rotastruma gen.n. (two species) is known from China, Singapore, and East Malaysia and is also arboreal. Tetheamyrma gen.n. is monotypic and known only from a single leaf litter sample from East Malaysia. The three species of Kartidris gen.n. are terrestrial and have been found in mountainous areas in southern China. Thailand and India.
Identification of ichneumonid wasps using image analysis of wings
Authors: YU DICKY S. , KOKKO ERIC G. , BARRON JOHN R. , SCHAALJE G. BRUCE , GOWEN BRENT E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Image analysis was used to measure the morphological characters of wings of five species of Canadian Itoplectis (Ichneumonidae). The procedure to digitize and measure various elements of the wings with an image analyser is outlined. Specimens were assigned to species by discriminant analysis and independent univariate comparisons of 144 characters from cells, veins and vertices. All the fifty specimens used were assigned to the correct species by both methods. Image analysis of ichneumonid wings is an effective alternative to the conventional identification system.
Cladistics of the genera of Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: WAHL DAVID B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A cladistic analysis is presented for the genera of the ichneumonid subfamily Mesochorinae. Nine genera are recognized as valid. Previous work on larval morphology is reviewed and a number of larvae are newly illustrated and discussed. Four new synonyms are proposed: Oncocotta, Piestetron, Plectochorus and Rhaibaspis are all synonymized with Mesochorus, and Stictopisthus is placed back as a synonym of Mesochorus. Four new genera are described: Artherola from South Africa, Chineater from Chile, Thamester from Japan, and Varnado from Morocco. A new key is provided to the mesochorine genera of the world.
The subgenus Sabethinus of Sabethes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: HARBACH RALPH E.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The subgenus Sabethinus of Sabethes is redescribed and defined on the basis of shared morphological features observed in the adult, larval and pupal stages of four known species, two of which are described as new. Each species is described and illustrated in detail, and keys are provided for the identification of the adult and larval stages. The treatment of each species also includes an annotated summary of previous literature, a brief systematic discussion and information on bionomics and distribution. The species comprising the subgenus are Saintermedins, Samelcinonymphe, Saxhyphydes sp.n. and Sakliogenes sp.n.
Generic classification of the fern flies (Diptera: Teratomyzidae) with a larval description
Authors: McALPINE DAVID K. , KEYZER ROGER G. DE
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The seven recognized genera of Teratomyzidae, including the new genera Stepta, Auster, Pous, Camur and Lips, are keyed and described. Vitila is a new subgenus of Teratomyza Malloch. The following five new species are described: Auster pteridii (Australia), Pous manicula (Australia), Camur willii (Brazil), Lips collessi (Australia), Teratomyza (Vitila) undulata (Australia). Stepta latipennis is a new combination for Teratomyza latipennis Malloch. Neogeomyza Séguy, 1938 (Micropachycerina Stuckenberg, 1971, syn.n.) belongs in the Lauxaniidae, not Teratomyzidae. Neogeomyza stenoptera (Stuckenberg, 1971 (from Micropachycerina) is a new combination. The family Teratomyzidae occurs in the Neotropical, Australasian, Oriental and eastern Palaearctic Regions. The third‐instar larva and puparium of Auster pteridii, both of which live externally on fronds of Pteridium (Filicales: Dennstaedtiaceae), are described. Adults of many species also occur on fern fronds.
The ant genus Leptanilla: discovery of the worker‐associated male of L.japonica, and a description of a new species from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae)
Authors: OGATA KAZUO , TERAYAMA MAMORU , MASUKO KEIICHI
Published: January 2008

The male and female of Leptanilla japonica Baroni Urbani are described. This is the first worker‐associated male to be discovered in subfamily Leptanillinae. Leptanilla taiwanensis is described as new based on the worker and female from Taiwan, the first record of Leptanillinae from the island. An ecological note on the food of the ants is given. Implications of the male morphology and taxonomic positions of the other leptanilline genera based on males are discussed.
A review of the moth tribe Palyadini with the description of a new genus (Geometridae: Ennominae)
Authors: SCOBLE MALCOLM J.
Published: January 2008

The tribe Palyadini Guenée is revised at the generic level. It includes about 115 described species, and occurs in tropical America with representatives from Florida to Argentina. There are six genera: Palyas Guenée, Phrygionis Hübner, Pityeja Herrich‐Schäffer, Argyrotome Warren, Opisthoxia Hübner, and a new genus Ophthalmoblysis. Ophthalmophora Guenée and Argyroplutodes Warren are treated as junior synonyms of Opisthoxia. Checklists of the species‐group names in each genus are included.
Phylogeny of Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus pocket gopher lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from cladistic analysis of adult and first instar morphology
Authors: PAGE RODERIC D. M. , PRICE ROGER D. , HELLENTHAL RONALD A.
Published: January 2008

The phylogeny for all 122 species and subspecies of chewing lice of the genera Geomydoecus and Thomomydoecus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) hosted by pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae) is estimated by a cladistic analysis of fifty‐eight morphological characters obtained from adults and first instars. The data set has considerable homoplasy, but still contains phylogenetic information. The phylogeny obtained is moderately resolved and, with some notable exceptions, supports the species complexes proposed by Hellenthal and Price over the the last two decades. The subgenera G. (Thaelerius) and T. (Thomomydoecus) are both shown to be monophyletic, but the monophly of subgenus T. (Jamespattonius) could not be confirmed, perhaps due to the lack of first‐instar data for one of its component species. The nominate subgenus of Geomydoecus may be monophyletic, but our cladogram was insufficiently resolved to corroborate this. Mapping the pocket gopher hosts onto the phylogeny reveals a consistent pattern of louse clades being restricted to particular genera or subgenera of gophers, but the history of the host‐parasite association appears complex and will require considerable effort to resolve.
Karyotypes, male reproductive system, and abdominal trichobothria of the Berytidae (Heteroptera) with phylogenetic considerations
Authors: GROZEVA S. M.
Published: January 2008

The karyotype of fourteen species of Berytidae has been investigated (ten of them in this paper). All studied Metacanthinae, except possibly Metatropis, have 2n(♂)= 14 + XY. In three examined genera of Berytinae the karyotypes are dissimilar: in Neides and Apoplymus (Berytinae) the chromosome number is 2n(♂)=14 + XY, as for Metacanthinae. In Berytinus spp. the chromosome number is very high (B.distinguendus: 2n(♂)=30 + XY; B.clavipes: 2n(♂)=32 + XY: B.minor: 2n(♂)=40 + XY).

The structure of the male reproductive system of eleven species is studied. Apoplymus (Berytinae) has two elongate follicles per testis and two pairs of mesadenial glands (mg). Metacanthinae and Neides (Berytinae) have a single elongate follicle per testis and two pairs of mg. Berytinus spp. differ in a number of characters: follicles are shorter and wider, two in each testis; a paired and an unpaired mg.

The number and position of the abdominal trichobothria of twenty‐nine species of Berytidae is discussed.

The ancestral condition of the three examined characters is found in primitive genera of both Berytinae and Metacanthinae. The genus Berytinus shows a derived condition in all of these characters.
Review of the systematics and biology of the Otopheidomenidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) with a description of Eickwortius gen.n. from a termite (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Authors: ZHANG ZHI‐QIANG
Published: January 2008

The systematics of the family Otopheidomenidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) is reviewed. Eickwortius termes gen.n. et sp.n. is described from a termite, Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae) from Kenya. Treatia ghaiguptaorum nom.n. is proposed for Treatia indica Ghai & Gupta, 1984, which is a junior homonym of Treatia indica Krantz & Khot, 1962. The Otopheidomenidae as recognized in this paper consists of twenty‐five species in nine genera grouped into three subfamilies: Otopheidomeninae Treat, Treatiinae Wainstein, and Kadytiseiinae Fain & Lukoschus. Keys to the subfamilies and genera of Otopheidomenidae are provided and the described species of each genus are listed. The biology of the Otopheidomenidae and its potential in biological control are discussed.
MODIFIED BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN—IX. THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION ON THE IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES*†
Authors: Porter D. D. , Maurer P. H.
Published: January 2008

Changes produced in crystalline bovine serum albumin (BSA) by ultra‐violet irradiation have been investigated by immunochemical techniques. The quantitative precipitin reaction employing anti‐BSA was used to detect protein alteration. Irradiation of BSA progressively caused a shift in the point of maximum precipitation in the direction of higher antigen concentration, broadening of the zone of maximum precipitation, and after sufficient irradiation, a reduction in the total amount of precipitable nitrogen. Although it is known that U.V. light can theoretically rupture any of the bonds present in a protein, no appreciable amounts of dialyzable fragments were formed by irradiation of BSA.
ANALYSIS OF THE RATE OF THE ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION AND RECONSTITUTION REACTIONS OF 1,3‐DIMETHYLURACIL AND URIDINE*
Authors: WANG SHIH YI
Published: January 2008

Kinetic analysis of the forward and backward reactions of 1,3‐dimethyluracil and uridine showed that the rate constants and kinetic orders of the photochemical reactions were strongly dependent upon the substituent groups present in the excited molecules. Thus the irradiation of 1,3‐dimethyluracil in aqueous solution with ultraviolet light followed first‐order kinetics in 0–1 mM solution, while in 0.5, 1 and 5 mM solutions the reaction was pseudo‐zeroth‐order. Such a change in the order of reaction is characteristic for a light‐dependent reaction. For uridine, the reaction followed first‐order kinetics for all concentrations between 0.5 and 10 mM, showing that the dark step may be rate determining. Effect of pH in buffered solution and dilute hydrochloric acid solution, light intensity and temperature on the rate of reactions were studied and are discussed. Quantum yields for the various reactions were calculated. The reconstitution reaction of 1,3‐dimethyluracil from 6‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dimethylhydrouracil was first‐order in both acid and base catalyzed dehydration. The 6‐hydroxyhydrouridine reverted to uridine by a first‐order reaction when catalyzed by acid and by a second‐order reaction when catalyzed by base.
PRIMARY REACTIONS IN BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS—I. THE NATURE OF LIGHT‐INDUCED ABSORBANCY CHANGES IN CHROMATOPHORES; EVIDENCE FOR A SPECIAL BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL COMPONENT
Authors: Clayton R. K.
Published: January 2008

Light‐induced optical changes have been examined in chromatophores of Rhodopseudonionas spheroides (wild type and blue‐green mutants), Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chromatium. The bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) types absorbing at 850 and 870–890 mp in these chromatophores could be separated by exposure to deoxycholate, followed by differential centrifugation. By the use of this treatment and the choice of various phenotypes preparations were obtained showing great variety in the relative heights of the BChl absorption maxima at 800, 850 and 870–890 mµ.

The light‐induced changes included a bleaching of the long‐wave (870–890 mk) band and blue shifts of the BChl absorption bands at 375, 590 and 800 mp. In addition, new absorption bands appeared at 420–450, 980, 1140 and 1250 mp. All these effects except the blue shift at 590 mp (and perhaps also at 375 mp) were duplicated by mild oxidation (470 mV). The interpretation is made that the loss of a ground‐state electron in BChl eliminates one optical transition (bleaching at 870–890 mp) and perturbs the energy levels of other transitions (blue shifts).

The spectrum of changes induced by light or mild oxidation remains constant while the absorption spectrum varies widely from one preparation to another; it is concluded that the changes reflect alteration of a special BChl component (BChl,) comprising 2–5 per cent of the total BChl. This conclusion is reinforced by the finding, to be reported in the third paper of this series(8), that the reaction of BChl, is related kinetically to the light‐induced oxidation of a cytochrome. It is proposed that BChl, may act as an energy sink and an agent for stabilizing excitation energy in the form of separated charge.
A PHOTOLABILE PIGMENT FROM THE OCELLI OF SPIROCODON AN ANTHOMEDUSA
Authors: YOSHIDA M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The ocellar pigment of Spirocodon sdtatrix was extracted with 2% mildly alkaline cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The pigment is thermally unstable at pH values of higher than 5 and is a pH‐indicator, Λ max being 480 mµ in strong acid, 430–50 mµ in neutral and mildly acid and alkaline, and 370–90 mµ in strongly alkaline solution. The pigment undergoes changes upon illumination, the maximum loss in density occurring at 490 mµ and the maximini gain, at 300–10 mµ. Formalin‐treated samples become chloroform soluble, in which the pigment is still photosensitive. The Λ max of the maximum gain upon iIlumination is 310–20 mµ. The properties of the ocellar pigment resemble those of known visual pigments in some respects.
KINETICS OF DIMER FORMATION AND PHOTOHYDRATION IN ULTRAVIOLET‐IRRADIATED POLYURIDYLIC ACID
Authors: Swenson P. A. , Setlow R. B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The decrease in absorbance at 2600 Å of poly‐U following u.v. irradiation is analyzed quantitatively in terms of uracil‐dimer formation and photohydration of uracil residues. At all wave lengths tested between 2300 and 2800 Å both dirner formation and hydration occur as well as dimer breakage. The cross section for uracil dirner breakage is large at 2300 and decreases to a relatively small value at 2800 Å. Consequently, at the shorter wave lengths the steady state for dimer formation and breakage is reached at lower doses than for the longer wave lengths. Absorbance decreases caused by longer wave lengths can be partially restored by irradiation with 2380 Å. At high doses, for all wave lengths, the main photoproducts are hydrated uracil residues. The maximum number of dimers that may be formed increases with wavelength. The absorbance loss caused by photohydration may be reversed by acidification and heat. For 2650 Å irradiation, 95 per cent of the absorbance is restored by a combination of the 2380 Å and thermal treatment. The values for the photochemical reactions of poly‐U are fairly close to those for poly‐T and for uridine.
UBER DIE FEHLENDE PHOTO— UND WIRTSZELLREAKTWIERBARKEIT DES UV‐INAKTIVIERTEN RNS‐PHAGEN FR
Authors: Winkler Ulrich
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The plaque forming ability of the E. coli phage fr, containing single stranded RNA, is highly UV‐resistant. One lethal hit corresponds to approximately 1'2 × 105 erg cm‐2. photoreactivation of fr due to illumination of infected bacteria has not been found after UV‐inactivation of either extracellular or intracellular phage. This shows that the already known PR‐enzyme of E. coli K12 is probably specific only for some of the UV‐lesions in DNA but not in RNA. Furthermore, it may indicate that the photoreactivation of some RNA‐containing plant viruse(1,2) is due to a PR‐enzyme which is not present in K12.

UV‐inactivated fr is also not host‐cell‐reactivable. The plaque forming ability of fr infected bacteria decreases rapidly with increasing doses of PR‐light wherea: the colony forming ability of uninfected host cells is very resistant to PR‐light.