bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organization of Training in Construction Technological Processes Based On Digital Resources
Authors: Pugacheva Natalya , Badrutdinov Marat , Kashina Svetlana , Yarullina Lyaylya , Farah Reda , Kirillova Tatyana , Lunev Aleksandr
Published: December 2020

The purpose of research is to show the efficiency of the virtual construction site of a large-panel residential building as a digital resource of training on technological processes of construction. As the research methodology appeared the digital paradigm, providing the application of digital resources into construction education, the correlation between the best practice and quality changes based on smart technologies. The principal results of the research are maintenance of the virtual construction site of the residential building; criteria for efficiency of training construction operation processes on the basis of a virtual construction site; levels of student readiness for smart technology applications. The significance of the results is that the content of the virtual construction site allows to develop skills of planning and management of virtual projects The criteria reflect the need of the digital economy for construction engineers who master modern digital technologies. The levels of students’ readiness to apply smart technologies reflect the current situation in construction education.
A European Recommendation: The Agricultural Development of Dobrogea During the Communist Regime
Authors: Ileana Kisilewicz Maria , Luiza Varga
Published: December 2020

For almost half a century following the Romanian annexation of Dobrogea, after the Independence war of 1877-1878, there had been no serious interest on behalf of the country’s government with regards to the education of locals on the cultivation of the territory’s arid soil. Few farms (Hamangia, an agricultural farm, Murfatlar, a winery, and Palas, an animal farm) were insufficiently supported, while their research was aimed locally and never sought the development of the entire region. Thus, during the communist period, the cultivation of Dobrogea’s arid land became a recommendation for Romania on behalf of Europe.
Container Kindergarten Project as a Social Responsibility Project
Authors: Kan-Kilic Didem
Published: December 2020

“ACT FOR”, a social responsibility project unit is a sustainable solidarity platform that was established at the design faculty for the aim of creating collective act between designers and people in need. The main aim of this project is to enhance design students’ critical perspectives on how to prepare a social responsibility project for their local environment and work collaboratively with other disciplines. The design students are expected to understand the importance of social responsibility activities and its’ role for the universities and the community. They are also expected to learn how their attitudes translate into behaviour and action while they are questioning what just and unjust is in their local environment. This study reports on Container Kindergarten Project as a social responsibility project. Believing that the success of social responsibility projects should be in harmony with the needs of the community, “ACT FOR” designers firstly analysed the needs of their local environment. Later, we developed the project for a chosen primary school where 25 children were trained in a space that could not meet the ventilation, heating and spatial organization requirements and continued to provide education as an unhealthy living space for children. After the conceptual phase, we prepared the necessary drawings and found sponsorships for the implementation. With this project, the design students learned how to solve problems and make design management to finalize the project. They learned how to work as a team with different disciplines to ensure homogeneous distribution of tasks. At the end, the design students discovered the healing aspect of the design. With all difficulties and contributions, it taught the multi-dimensional education method that they never experienced before. As a result, the community-university relationship is one of the most important points in determining and meeting the needs of a community. Therefore, universities play a major role in raising awareness in this subject.
Public Buildings of North Chile’s Desert Architecture
Authors: Butelski Kazimierz
Published: December 2020

This article discusses public buildings located in northern Chile. The Atacama Desert provides many examples of relationships between architecture and the natural and cultural landscape. From Antofagasta to San Pedro di Atacama, we can encounter many examples of such buildings, such as museums, astronomical observatories and hotels, as well as buildings housing tourist-oriented services. We can also experience large-scale changes to the landscape associated with open-cast copper mining. One example of such a landscape is that of the Sierra Gorda mine jointly owned by Polish and Japanese companies. This paper explores the emergence of new architectural forms built in the desert and using desert materials.
Investigation of the Effect of the Mortar Thickness in Masonry Minarets by Using Anisotropic Model
Authors: Kimence Bahattin
Published: December 2020

As is known, the masonry structures, together with the main structural materials, such as stone or brick, consist of mortar material which serves as the adhesive between these materials. In general, the mechanical properties of brick, stone and mortar materials are different. However, they have been used throughout history and have been the unchanging materials used in masonry structures. The structural walls are formed by the heterogeneous joining of two materials with different mechanical properties. However, these heterogeneous structural elements are generally considered homogeneous for ease of calculation. In this study, the effects of different joint thicknesses on masonry structures on minarets structure were investigated. Changes in structure behaviour were investigated by using different material properties to a masonry minaret structure. By examining these differences, the effect of isotropic or anisotropic modelling on the result, the effect of mortar thickness on the result was compared and the results were interpreted.
Research of Influence of Bed Joints Reinforcement On Strength of Masonry Shear Walls with Openings Made of Calcium Silicate Masonry Units
Authors: Jasiński Radosław
Published: December 2020

This article describes results from testing reinforced and unreinforced walls made of calcium silicate units and having openings of different shapes. Conducted tests mainly focused on determining the effect of used reinforcement on the cracking morphology and values of cracking and failure forces. Every wall was made of calcium silicate units with vertical hollows (group I acc. to PN–EN 1996-1-1:2013). Tests covered 12 walls with the following external dimensions l = 4.45 m, h = 2.45 m, t = 180 mm, which varied in shape and dimensions of openings. Steel trusses of EFZ 140 / Z 140 type (Z1 type) and plastic meshes (Z2 type) were used as reinforcement. Models were divided into six series with a difference in the opening shape and the reinforcement type. Openings in walls were marked with letters A. B, and C. The opening of A type was a single window opening with a length of 1.50 m and a height of 1.12 m. That series included two models with truss type reinforcement (HA-Z1 (Z1 type of reinforcement) and two models with plastic mesh reinforcement (HA-Z2 (Z2 type of reinforcement). The opening of B type was also a window opening of 1.12 m in height, but longer - 2.50 m. That series included two models with truss type reinforcement (HB-Z1 (Z1 type of reinforcement) and two models with plastic mesh reinforcement (HB-Z2 (Z2 type of reinforcement). The opening of C type combined the window opening of 1.50 m in length and 1.12 in height and a door opening of 1.0 m in width and 1.90 in height. As in case of series of A and B type openings, tests were also performed on HC-Z1 series (Z1 type of reinforcement) and HC-Z2 series (Z2 type of reinforcement). The results were compared with test results for unreinforced walls with openings, tested under the same initial conditions. Reinforcement ratio in all reinforced models was ρ=0.07 (>ρmin=0.05). Walls were tested at different values of precompression stress σc = 0.1; 1.5 or 0.75 N/mm2. A mechanism of cracking and destruction, and values of cracking and failure stresses were analysed.
Modelling of Storm-water Drainage Systems in Residential Areas
Authors: Cotoarba Liliana , Florescu Constantin , Badaluta-Minda Codruta , Visescu Mircea
Published: December 2020

All the processes that take place in an urban water system are parts of the hydrological cycle of water. Any urban development will have a negative impact on the environment, but through an optimal approach and management of rainwater, storm water drainage and pollution leakage, we prevent the degradation of these natural resources. This paper presents aspects regarding the management of the storm-water on the surfaces related to the developed residential areas within the localities, which do not have a centralized system of meteoric sewage. In most of the localities, the storm water is not collected centrally. It is being evacuated through the slopes of the lands to the gutter, where it exists and to the areas with the lowest levels of the localities. In recent years, the climate change and poor management of the storm-water in these localities led to a major risk of flooding. The paper analyses the potential flood risks of the drainage system designed for the residential area in the analysed river basin.
Fragility Curves for Assessing the Seismic Vulnerability of Multi-Drum Ancient Columns
Authors: Trapani Fabio Di , Sarhosis Vasilis , Tomaselli Giovanni , Bertagnoli Gabriele
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with an assessment of the seismic fragility of multi-drum ancient columns in the probabilistic assessment framework of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The dynamic response of multi-drum ancient is governed by the motion of stone-drums which can rock and slide individually or in group, individuating different possible collapse mechanisms, which are also depending on ground motion intensity. In this research, two different in geometry columns i.e. different height and number of drums analysed. The columns were modelled using the UDEC software based on the discrete element method (DEM). IDA was carried out for 10 ground motion records with and without considering the vertical component of earthquake excitation, in order to assess also its influence on the resulting fragility. Results are provided in terms of fragility curves and allow evaluating the influence of the geometrical assembly of the columns and vertical component of the ground motions.
Cracking analysis of plane stress reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Busso Francesco , Anerdi Costanza , Bertagnoli Gabriele
Published: December 2020

This article presents the numerical analysis’ results of reinforced concrete elements subjected to plane stress in early cracking stage. The elements are modelled by a concrete two-dimensional matrix, discrete reinforcement bars and bond-slip elements. The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of RC structures before and after the formation of the first cracks to understand the influence on the crack spacing and width of bar orientation with respect to the crack direction, bar spacing and diameter and presence of shear stresses on the crack. Discrete crack non-linear analysis of elements with reinforcement both orthogonal and skew to the crack directions are performed. The interaction between concrete and steel is ensured by a non-linear bond slip law at the interfaces between the two materials. The crack spacing obtained numerically are compared with the ones calculated using different design codes. The analysis of models with different reinforcement geometries allows individuating and discussing the main factors governing two-dimensional plane stress concrete cracking behaviour.
Classroom Design for Children with an Autism Spectrum
Authors: Uherek-Bradecka Barbara
Published: December 2020

In modern societies, the group of people with dysfunctions related to the spectrum of autism is becoming increasingly numerous. A specialized approach to space design for this group of people is becoming a necessity. Particular attention should be paid to the rooms where children with autism spectrum disorders spend a lot of time - to classrooms. The arrangement of space can strongly influence their behavior. Special attention must be paid to the size and proportions of the room, the sense of order in space, proper sunshine, shading and ventilation, as well as to the reduction of detail, the excess of which leads to aggression and lack of concentration in this group of people. Another important element is the proper furnishing of the room, clearly informing about its purpose, or creation of clear zones.However, we are not always able (for procedural and financial reasons) to build complex daycare centers or schools for autistic people, and adaptations of existing rooms impose many limitations. However, despite this, at Tadeusz Kościuszko Primary School No. 11 with Integration Classes in Katowice, an original attempt was made to implement the above assumptions. It includes space zoning, floor differentiation, appropriate lighting, adequate equipment with the elements that are not typical for regular classrooms, as well as color markings and pictograms on the walls, which will be presented in more detail below. All this will undoubtedly lead to better comfort of use.
Relevance of the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test for Strength Assessment of High Strength Concretes
Authors: Fodil Narmane , Chemrouk Mohamed
Published: December 2020

The present paper addresses the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) as a non-destructive testing device for assessing the compressive strength of high strength concrete using a UPV-strength correlation model. UPV-strength correlation models are developed and used for normal strength concrete assessment; however, questions are raised as to the sensitivity of the ultrasonic pulse velocity test when applied for the strength assessment of denser, higher strength concretes. This study is an appraisal of the relevance of this non-destructive testing device for the high performances concrete strength assessment, aiming for a better knowledge of the applicability of this method as a way to improve the on-site non-destructive strength assessment of the high strength concrete. In the study, a high strength concrete within a specified strength range was targeted. Cylindrical concrete specimens were fabricated, left to harden then subjected to UPV and compressive tests so that a correlation model could be built. The developed model was then used to estimate the strength of a second high strength concrete made with the same type of aggregates. The estimated strength was compared to the real strength of this second HPC in order to assess the reliability of the developed model and hence of the ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. At a second stage, the proposed model was compared to the existing models for high strength concrete assessment, as a procedure to consolidate or negate the observations made in the first part. The results highlight the lack of sensitivity of the UPV method used for the assessment of high strength concrete. Indeed, each high strength concrete considered in this study, including those taken from the literature, varies within a particular strength range while the UPV measurements for all the high strength concretes considered vary narrowly within approximately the same range. This reveals that the UPV non-destructive testing method may not be fully reliable in estimating correctly the strength of a high strength concrete within a range different from that on which the model was built.
Problems associated with the rehabilitation of the bottom outlets of the Poiana Uzului Dam in Romania
Authors: Abdulamit Altan , Asman Iulian
Published: December 2020

After some 30-40 years of uninterrupted operation, important hydraulic works are in serious need for rehab or retrofit interventions. Works of this type can be made difficult or even prevented by various unforeseen situations, unknown to the specialists because they were not previously accompanied by events that affected neither the operation of the hydraulic systems nor the safety of the constructions and installations. The paper presents the experience of a group of specialists and the way in which the aforementioned unforeseen problems were solved during the rehabilitation works of the bottom outlets of a large dam in Romania. Poiana Uzului dam is the highest buttress dam in Romania (80 m max. height, commissioned in 1972), creating a multipurpose storage reservoir of circa 88 hm3 used for water supply for population and industry, hydroelectricity and flood protection. According to the national dam safety norms, the dam is ranked into the 1st class of importance, which corresponds to a design discharge value of Q0.1% (maximum discharge value with an annual exceedance probability of 0.1%). According to the Romanian design standard STAS 4273-83, for the 1st class of importance, the dam discharge capacity has to be also verified for a much higher value, Q0.01%. The dam was provided with 3 bottom outlets, each equipped with trash racks and 2 “butterfly” valves. The advanced wear of the bottom outlets equipment determined malfunctions of the service valves, as well as deterioration of the thrash racks, metal fragments posing serious threat upon the safe operation of the valves and of the outlets. Rehabilitation of the bottom outlets equipment was not possible with the complete emptying of the reservoir since it represents the only source of water for a number of circa 150,000 inhabitants in about 7 localities in the neighbouring areas. However, the intervention was possible with partial emptying of the reservoir, using professional divers to perform repair works in very difficult conditions. The lower limit to which the reservoir was emptied was conditioned by a program of monitoring the water quality parameters, allowing the uninterrupted supply of water for population consumption.
Spatial Analysis of Commercial Services in Poland
Authors: Gibas Piotr , Twardzik Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

Trade is the subject of interest in many areas of science, such as geography, economics, marketing, sociology or urban planning. In many countries in Europe and the USA, studies of trade usually focus on the location of commercial outlets in urban space, accessibility (time, cost) of the trade for customer, selection of assortment offers and innovations in trade. A recent decade of spatial studies on trade in Poland concerns mainly new large-selling area formats and the importance of trade in the development of the suburbanization process and appropriation of public space by new trade formats. The aim of the article is to identify the mains rightness of the locations of commercial and service buildings in Polish towns and rural areas and to determine the percentage of the population living in areas with difficult access to the trade. Conducted statistical and spatial analysis with the use of information obtained from Database of Topographic Objects is a method of diagnosis of accessibility that has not been applied before for its entire area of Poland and constitutes the introduction for further in-depth studies in this sphere. Trade is one of the most important sectors of the national economy in Poland and an essential market component both on regional and local scale. It is also a vital element of the expanded distribution system and thus it affects the quality of people’s lives while satisfying their consumer needs in the sphere of buying goods in convenient time, place and conditions guaranteeing a high quality of provided services. The city remains a natural environment of commercial activity as the development processes constantly proceed there, new consumer needs occur and new trade forms (e.g. large selling area super and hypermarkets as well as shopping malls) emerge there. Commercial activity depends on other city functions, including communication as well as social and economic functions, thus it directly affects the shaping of the majority of functional elements in the city and conditions of its competitiveness as the center of the settlement system. Distribution of commercial outlets in a given area determines the availability of goods and creates conditions for efficient provision of services for residents. The paper is a statistical and spatial analysis of commercial services in Poland.
Planning and Implementation Problems on Izmit Coastline
Authors: Koca Güler , Erdogan Edanur
Published: December 2020

Throughout the history, being located on a coastal strip has made an immense contribution to a city’s creation of its unique identity. However, the rapid urbanization around the world has also had an impact on the coastal cities, causing some changes in their identities. As in some other coastal cities, various coastline structural readjustments in the city of Izmit have brought out many problems, especially on the city morphology and skyline. Izmit’s central location with easy access to railway, seaway and highway connections has played a key role in the rapid growth of its industry. Nevertheless, while being transformed into an industrial city, many different coastline readjustments introduced in Izmit have gradually made it lose its traditional coastal city identity. In view of this loss, the city residents’ changing use of and their satisfaction with the waterfront of the city were analyzed. In this study, a survey was conducted with 100 people living in Izmit. The participants were asked questions about accessibility to the city center, street facilities, green areas and parking areas, public transportation, pedestrian roads and the adequacy of the bicycle roads available. The results are then analyzed and discussed.
Modification of the Levenberg – Marquardt Algorithm for Solving Complex Computational Construction Problems
Authors: Kuzina Valentina , Koshev Alexander
Published: December 2020

Systems of nonlinear algebraic equations have a special place in solving modeling and calculation problems in various areas of construction Sciences. These are tasks for calculating building structures, calculating distributed loads, mass and heat transfer tasks, calculating engineering networks, and many other computational and optimization tasks related to the construction industry. As is known, there are a sufficient number of fundamentally different methods for solving systems of nonlinear algebraic equations, which is related to the specifics of the systems, their degree of nonlinearity and conditionality. Non-linear ill-conditioned systems are particularly difficult; an erroneous choice of the method for solving such a system can lead to significantly distorted or simply incorrect results, which is absolutely unacceptable when performing the calculated stages of solving construction problems. In this paper, we propose to use a modification of the well – known Levenberg – Marquardt method developed by the authors, based on the regularization of the Jacobi matrix used in the classical Newton method, to solve complex, ill-conditioned systems of nonlinear equations. The modified method allows solving poorly defined systems and can significantly reduce the amount of calculations needed to ensure the required accuracy by reducing the number of iterative procedures. The paper presents a detailed description of the algorithm, given the solution of the model problem and, as an example the task of modeling and optimization of the port berthing facilities – mooring wall of massive masonry with various add-ons. When composing mathematical equations, the method of limit States was used, which is generally accepted for calculating such port hydraulic structures. The choice of the optimum scheme was carried out by minimizing the cost of structure during limit conditions the reliability of structures when using existing construction materials. The most significant geometric dimensions of the structure were selected using independent parameters to be optimized.
Energy Performance of Two 18th Century Blocks in Lisbon Pombaline Quarter
Authors: Duarte Carlos , Morais António
Published: December 2020

The 1758 Lisbon Pombaline quarter Reconstruction Plan consists of a homogeneous urban fabric, structured by rectangular shaped residential blocks, built with a system that matches heavy mass construction elements with a light timber structure, called “Gaiola”. Although Pombaline architecture and construction generate consensus among authors about its importance as a historical fact and exceptional construction quality, this kind of buildings experienced several modifications over time with severe consequences to their built fabric properties and architectural elements. However, if we take into consideration both constructive and architectural inherent features of the 18th century Pombaline block, it has the potential to hold and achieve high-energy performances if considered as a “single” unit. In this way, this paper intends to analyse and compare the energy performance of two block units replicating the “original” 18th century Pombaline design and constructive features. The method involves the conception of a Building Energy Model of two case studies with different volumes, form and orientation, loaded with energy parameters related to Pombaline construction, and subsequently simulated with the EnergyPlus dynamic analysis software. In order to calculate the energy demands for heating and cooling, we set the indoor temperature value between 18°C and 25°C. The results show that due to its architectural features, Block T presents a better overall performance compared with Block H, demanding 8% less energy and displaying less time in thermal discomfort. Finally, the blocks east side and the highest story registered the worst energy performance in both case studies.
Finite Element Model Calibration of Sandwich Structure Based on Mixed Numerical Experimental Technique
Authors: Rucevskis Sandris , Wesolowski Miroslaw , Kovalovs Andrejs
Published: December 2020

This paper presents the implementation of the mixed numerical experimental technique for the finite element (FE) model calibration of a sandwich structure by using modal data. Model calibration is conducted by minimizing the difference between the numerical and experimental dynamic parameters. In this study, instead of the direct minimisation of the response discrepancy, the experiment design and the response surface method is employed to solve the inverse (calibration) problem. Numerical eigenfrequencies are obtained by performing FE calculations in sample points derived by Latin Hypercube experiment design where each sample point represents a unique engineering constant configuration in the FE model of the sandwich panel. Using the information on the dynamic responses of the panel in the sample points, response functions describing the relationship between the engineering constants and the calculated eigenfrequencies are obtained by means of response surface method. Genetic algorithm is employed to solve the minimisation of the response discrepancy where the response functions instead of FE calculations are used to obtain the numerical modal frequencies. The verification results show that proposed method is capable to calibrate a numerical model with a good prediction accuracy and small uncertainties.
Modeling of Utility Tunnels as Thin-Walled Beams on an Elastic Subgrade
Authors: Jendzelovsky Norbert
Published: December 2020

In the construction of municipalities and agglomerations, it is necessary to build utility tunnels and other linking underground structural systems. They enable the interconnection of individual buildings for different types of media. For the purposes of the static analysis, the tunnels’ structure can be considered to be a thin-walled beam on an elastic subgrade. The article deals with the analysis of thin-walled beam loaded by bending and torsion. Differential equations and their software solution using the transfer matrix method have been presented. In conclusion, an example of utility tunnels as thin-walled beams on an elastic subgrade has been shown. A solution of a beam using the theory of thin-walled beams has been compared with the solution of shell finite elements using the Finite Element Method.
Eco-Efficient False Ceiling Plates Made from Plaster with Wood and Plastic Residues
Authors: Pedreño-Rojas Manuel Alejandro , Morales-Conde María Jesús , Pérez-Gálvez Filomena , Romero-Gómez María Isabel , Rubio-De-Hita Paloma
Published: December 2020

Large amounts of different types of waste are generated each day in the world. Most of them do not receive proper management at the end of its useful life. In that sense, and trying to apply eco-efficiency criteria, the construction sector has recently been working on the design of new building materials that incorporate some types of residues. Those new construction materials improve some of the properties given by traditional options, such as thermal conductivity or lightness. However, many types of research in which new building products are generated do not exist. Subsequently, this paper aims at generating new gypsum plaster false ceiling plates by incorporating two different types of residues: wood waste from the demolition of traditional wooden slabs and polycarbonate (plastic) waste from crushed rejected CDs and DVDs. The flexural strength of the developed plates is tested using the procedure described by UNE-EN 14246. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity of the new pieces is obtained following the method defined by ASTM D5930-09. The results show that for all the scenarios under study when wood and plastic waste is added to the plates, the lightness and the thermal conductivity of the pieces improved. In addition, in some scenarios, the incorporation of polycarbonate waste is linked to an improvement in the mechanical behaviour of the pieces compared to the reference plate. On the other hand, when wood waste is added to the mixtures, the flexural behaviour of the plates decreases, but always achieving the minimum requirements made by the standards. Finally, it must be said that adding waste to the plasters, the amount of gypsum powder used to generate the plates decreases considerably, which represents a significant improvement in the eco-efficiency of new products.
Research of Deformative Properties of Concrete Taking into Account the Descending Branch of Deformation
Authors: Sobczak-Piąstka Justyna , Babich Yevhenij , Filipchuk Sergij , Karavan Victor , Nalepa Oleksandr
Published: December 2020

In recent years due to the introduction of computer technology in the process of calculating and conducting experiments the ability of researchers in the knowledge of various, accurate processes, including the nature of the work of concrete on the downstream branch of deformation significantly expanded. Modern methods of measurement allow to fix, for example, deformation, to an accuracy of 0.0001 mm, which allows deeper penetration into the essence of the phenomenon of destruction. Widespread are so-called ‘hard’ test machines in which the change in load is followed by a change in deformation in contrast to the traditional experiment when the load increases continuously up to a destructive value. Such machines allowed for the first time to show the exact type of the curve of ‘stress – deformation’ with the construction of a descending branch (plot of the diagram, going after the point of maximum load). An experiment was conducted to study the deformation of concrete simultaneously on two different presses with a hard loading mode and by increasing the loading. The analysis of the deformation of concrete prisms on these presses is carried out. A complete diagram of deformation of concrete has been constructed taking into account the descending area of concrete deformation. Comparing of the received data with the normative confirms the adequacy of the data received.
Tourist Potential of the Historical Industrial City. Case of Boryslav, Ukraine
Authors: Linda Svitlana , Mykhaylyshyn Olga , Olena Remizova , Mariia Voloshyn
Published: December 2020

The cities formed on the basics of the development of mining industry in the 2nd half of the 19-th − early 20-th centuries are considered to be an extremely interesting realm for urban planning as well as for architectural research. Their life cycle was mainly driven by the rapid (sometimes short-lived) development of industrial production, which led to the specific spatial, planning and functional structuring of the urban environment. Such cities have often faced with the problem of their degradation and decline as a result of the depletion of natural resources. The city of Boryslav situated in Western Ukraine is uniquely located in the industrial oil, gas and ozocerite fields. The purpose of the article is to trace the formation of architectural and urban features of the environment of Boryslav, to analyze the post-industrial transformations at different historical stages in the XX − XXI centuries, to outline the directions of creating the program of the future city. Forming the city of Boryslav in the early 20-th century as the centre of world oil industry has had both the positive and negative sides. On the one hand, mining has contributed to rapid territorial and demographic development and this promoted construction of high-quality public and residential buildings. However, these building solutions were mostly local and aimed at solving tactical social problems without taking into account the complex of strategic social, architectural-urban planning and infrastructure problems. The subsequent decline of industrial development in the interwar and Soviet periods led to the “continuation of the present” – the maintenance of the vitality of the urban organism according to the primary scheme and the logic of its emergence with ideological corrections at each of the historical stages. Today’s existing industrial past has also not been a key to Boryslav’s successful development, although the objective reasons can be an integral part of this process. So, there arises the question of the ways of city further development. Therefore, the proposed study is not only of historical interest but also of a considerable practical importance in determining the prospects for urban development. Consideration of the city as an artefact of industrial civilization makes it possible to comprehend it from the point of view of the value of industrial heritage as a potential tourist object and, at the same time, as a comfortable space for the life of its inhabitants.
FEM Simulation of Reinforcing Plain Bar Pull-Out Test from Concrete Sample
Authors: Dyba Marcin
Published: December 2020

The paper presents results of 3D numerical modeling and calculations of a plain bar Ø16 mm concreted in the concrete cube during pull-out test. The prepared geometry reflected real sample dimensions. The mechanical parameters of the materials and assumptions for analysis were adopted based on the results obtained from the experimental tests previously carried out. Numerical calculations included non-linear finite element method (FEM) analysis. As a result of numerical calculations, it was possible to trace the deformation state, stresses and cracking as well as their development along with the change of the bar displacement in the sample. The increase of strains and stresses into the concrete sample occurred until the maximum value of the concrete-steel bond in accordance with the bond model was achieved. After exceeding the top, there was a constant decrease in strains and stresses in concrete with the increase in displacement of the bar (with extension). The first cracks appeared at a slip of approximately 0.1 mm. Cracking of concrete progresses with the increase of the bar displacement in relation to the concrete.
Areas of Interest of Age-Generational Groups as a Factor of Social Management of Settlement Structures
Authors: Lebedeva Lyudmila G.
Published: December 2020

Social life, according to H. Garfinkel (Studies in Ethnomethodology), is carried out through the daily practice of accounting for social life as part of social life. Accounting for social life is one of the factors of social management. At the same time, sociology is an important link in the interaction of social management and social life accounting. One of the most important objects of accounting for social life (both sociology and social management) is the sphere of interests of the population. First of all, it is about identifying the leading areas of interest of different groups of people and the corresponding problems, themes, narratives, ideas and suggestions for possible improvements in social practice. The purpose of this study is to identify the leading areas of interest of the population not only in the whole region, but also in the main age-generational groups, which is an important condition (factor) of social management of settlement structures. This task is solved using the materials of the sociological survey “The youth of the Samara region 2018”, conducted in the Samara region (Russia) in 2018 under the leadership of V. B. Zvonovsky. There are differences in the leading areas of interest between age and generational groups. All these features require attention and consideration in social management. If participation in political events in the country is a concern and problem mainly for political parties and organizations, then the organization of socio-economic and socio-cultural life in the region and in settlement structures is a common concern mainly for local authorities and management, for business structures and for the public, for public organizations and volunteers. Sociological materials on the Samara region show the priority importance of developing the local community in the fields of science and technology, recreation and entertainment, the natural world and ecology, improving places of work and study, and developing the education sector.
The Spatial Structure of The Landscape as One of the Elements of the Landscape Identity
Authors: Nitavska Natalija
Published: December 2020

The landscape identity is a holistic concept and includes many aspects of equal importance. Studies of the landscape identity often reflect local-scale aspects of the landscape identity; this is due to the emphasis and exploration of cultural and historical landscapes – through researching of a traditional management, traditional technology, the usage of local materials and local traditions. On a local scale, there are individual details, events, and people. The visual analysis and methods developed on its basis are mostly used in the studies of landscape identity. The architectural science recognizes the power of visual message which should be a planned and strategically guided aspect, as it has a significant impact on the forming of an overall image of the urban environment, as a visual message is a source of information and a topical issue in the context of the urban landscape. One of the characteristics of the visual aspects is the spatial structure formed by the building volume, the terrain, and the groups of woody plants, the planes formed by pavements, streets, meadows and fields, the water surface. Landscape identity is also based on the cognitive landscape research. The study of the interaction between identity and geographical environment provides an answer to how the transition from physical to socially cognitive identity occurs. Equally important is the group of cultural historical aspects of the landscape, based on multiple studies of the history of a particular place – from the beginnings of landscape formation, where morphological and climatic factors play an important role, to human made elements, where changes in the landscape structure and individual landscape elements are as a result of human economic activity that reflects the political, social and economic situation of the country. In the landscape planning process, the concept of the landscape identity is used to reinforce the character, distinction and specificity of each populated place or rural landscape, which is essential to preserve in creating structures and objects of a new landscape. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of a spatial structure in the overall image of the landscape identity, as well as the subconscious, cognitive aspects that people think of landscape identity by common spatial structure, abstracting, smoothing out details, and giving symbolic meaning. The article summarizes the spatial structures of different landscapes, analyzes their diversity in both rural and urban environments, classifying them into types and subtypes. The article develops various spatial models and analyzes the cognitive perception of people using the survey capabilities. As a result, there are defined the role of the spatial structure in the comprehension of the landscape identity and recommendations for the inclusion and preservation of important spatial structures and elements in the planning process.
Natural Materials in Contemporary Low-Tech Architecture
Authors: Salihbegovic Amira , Salihbegovic Amra
Published: December 2020

Contemporary tendencies of sustainable and energy-efficient architecture imply an urgent reconsideration of society’s relationship to nature. Nowadays, building technology demands a responsible approach to construction that involves fostering of low-tech architecture, as an alternative to high-tech architecture. Those are current challenges that architects and the building technology face to improve the application of natural materials in architecture. The necessity for advancement and contemporary usage of building materials as wood, stone, soil, straw, natural insulation materials have also resulted in the increasingly present low-tech architecture. This research aims to delineate through several contemporary case studies how serious global problems related to the energy and environmental crisis are increasingly reflected in the intention towards the use of natural materials in the architectural design. These contemporary designs implement innovative solutions of natural materials in the case of building envelopes, construction details or structural elements. The comparative analytical method involves a critical reflection on the integration of natural materials between traditional vernacular application and its contemporary innovative solutions. These contemporary precedents represent diverse design approaches that reinforce the importance of environmental and ecologically responsible design. Current problems related to the energy and environmental crisis highly influence the underlying design concepts and final building design. The contemporary usage of natural materials as a building resource indicates the evolving advancement and re-evaluation of an ecologically responsible architecture. Whereas the contemporary ways of integrating natural materials carry universal values which originate from the principles of vernacular architecture.
Taking Advantage of Voluntary Associations of Municipalities for Financing Public Investment Project
Authors: Kocourkova Gabriela , Vankova Lucie , Krejza Zdenek
Published: December 2020

Due to the settlement structure of the Czech Republic which is quite extensive, there is a large number of small municipalities on its territory, which do not have the possibility to finance larger investment projects aiming at the development of their area. Therefore, it is important, if not essential, for such municipalities to join into associations with other municipalities. The article deals with the characteristics of possible forms of inter-municipal cooperation with a more detailed focus on taking advantage of voluntary associations of municipalities. The data from the municipal association register shows that a substantial part of municipal associations was created for the purpose of building drinking water supply, sewerage systems or waste water treatment plants. Although this purpose is still up-to-date, the aim of this article is to show how to take advantage of the associations of municipalities also for other investment projects and to propose an optimal way of financing. The main aim of this article is to find out if it is possible to take advantage of the associations of municipalities for financing investment activities of municipalities. Furthermore, based on the analysis of the current state of the register of associations municipalities in the Czech Republic, it tries to propose optimal ways of financing such activities. Based on the analysis of several investment projects financing in municipalities, the research evaluates whether joining of municipalities into voluntary associations and the implementation of construction works via these associations is generally beneficial for them. The resulting proposal described in the article can serve municipalities as a well-arranged guide to the organization and financing of their investment plans.
Barcelona “Trade Buildings”: A Feasible Energy Refurbishment of Glazed Modern Movement Buildings
Authors: Médola Beatriz , Bosch Montserrat
Published: December 2020

The Modern Movement in architecture was a key player in the post-war construction of many countries around the world, having diverse facets that can be seen from Chicago’s skyscrapers to Brazil with the construction of Brasilia. In a Spanish scenario, it is possible to find some unequal examples of preserved architectural heritage that present distinctive curtain walls. The Barcelona “Trade Buildings” (1966-1971) are a great example of those glazed volumes. Although many modern glazed façade buildings age relatively well, the current environmental requirements are way far from the initial ones, configured during the 50´, ´60s or ´70s. It is thus undeniable that most of those buildings require energy refurbishment as soon as possible to keep operating in the sustainable environment we are trying to accomplish. In order to determine an analysis methodology for refurbishing the glazed buildings of the modern heritage, this study aims to evaluate a building through its energetic aspects and establish refurbishment strategies that contribute to more sustainable development, always respecting the historical and architectural value of the cities. By using the Barcelona “Trade Buildings” as a case study, this research surveys problems related to the lack of energy efficiency in the building. An intervention of this nature must identify the current conditions of the building, analyzing its energy and comfort requirements to finally propose energy-efficient and heritage-friendly solutions for the project. The three main responsible aspects that can influence in the energy consumption are, first of all, the users, who usually are responsible for energy wasting, the external building envelope, which is that factor that determines the energetic demand, and the mechanical systems, that must provide the appropriate habitability and comfort conditions. The analysis method has been carried out by developing an energetic survey through data of consumption and energy simulation programs. The results of the performance of the building materiality and systems obtained were used to propose improvement measures for the building based on Nearly Zero1 and circular economy concepts1, through the development of isolation strategies and shading mechanisms. Among the objectives of this research, we have imposed the preservation of the modern exterior image devised by Modernism, extending and improving the building’s lifetime, implementing comfort conditions in accordance with current habitability requirements. In addition to this, in the long term, it is assumed that the building will have a sustainable character, by reducing the energy costs and carbon emissions originally generated.