bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filamentation instability of nonextensive current-driven plasma in the ion acoustic frequency range
Authors: Khorashadizadeh S. M. , Rastbood E. , Niknam A. R.
Published: December 2014

The filamentation and ion acoustic instabilities of nonextensive current-driven plasma in the ion acoustic frequency range have been studied using the Lorentz transformation formulas. Based on the kinetic theory, the possibility of filamentation instability and its growth rate as well as the ion acoustic instability have been investigated. The results of the research show that the possibility and growth rate of these instabilities are significantly dependent on the electron nonextensive parameter and drift velocity. Besides, the increase of electrons nonextensive parameter and drift velocity lead to the increase of the growth rates of both instabilities. In addition, the wavelength region in which the filamentation instability occurs is more stretched in the presence of higher values of drift velocity and nonextensive parameter. Finally, the results of filamentation and ion acoustic instabilities have been compared and the conditions for filamentation instability to be dominant mode of instability have been presented.
Microfluidic impedance cytometry of tumour cells in blood
Authors: Spencer Daniel , Hollis Veronica , Morgan Hywel
Published: December 2014

The dielectric properties of tumour cells are known to differ from normal blood cells, and this difference can be exploited for label-free separation of cells. Conventional measurement techniques are slow and cannot identify rare circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in a realistic timeframe. We use high throughput single cell microfluidic impedance cytometry to measure the dielectric properties of the MCF7 tumour cell line (representative of CTCs), both as pure populations and mixed with whole blood. The data show that the MCF7 cells have a large membrane capacitance and size, enabling clear discrimination from all other leukocytes. Impedance analysis is used to follow changes in cell viability when cells are kept in suspension, a process which can be understood from modelling time-dependent changes in the dielectric properties (predominantly membrane conductivity) of the cells. Impedance cytometry is used to enumerate low numbers of MCF7 cells spiked into whole blood. Chemical lysis is commonly used to remove the abundant erythrocytes, and it is shown that this process does not alter the MCF7 cell count or change their dielectric properties. Combining impedance cytometry with magnetic bead based antibody enrichment enables MCF7 cells to be detected down to 100 MCF7 cells in 1 ml whole blood, a log 3.5 enrichment and a mean recovery of 92%. Microfluidic impedance cytometry could be easily integrated within complex cell separation systems for identification and enumeration of specific cell types, providing a fast in-line single cell characterisation method.
Phononic crystals and elastodynamics: Some relevant points
Authors: Aravantinos-Zafiris N. , Sigalas M. M. , Kafesaki M. , Economou E. N.
Published: December 2014

In the present paper we review briefly some of the first works on wave propagation in phononic crystals emphasizing the conditions for the creation of acoustic band-gaps and the role of resonances to the band-gap creation. We show that useful conclusions in the analysis of phononic band gap structures can be drawn by considering the mathematical similarities of the basic classical wave equation (Helmholtz equation) with Schrödinger equation and by employing basic solid state physics concepts and conclusions regarding electronic waves. In the second part of the paper we demonstrate the potential of phononic systems to be used as elastic metamaterials. This is done by demonstrating negative refraction in phononic crystals and subwavelength waveguiding in a linear chain of elastic inclusions, and by proposing a novel structure with close to pentamode behavior. Finally the potential of phononic structures to be used in liquid sensor applications is discussed and demonstrated.
Enhancement of Spin-transfer torque switching via resonant tunneling
Authors: Chatterji Niladri , Tulapurkar Ashwin A. , Muralidharan Bhaskaran
Published: December 2014

We propose the use of resonant tunneling as a route to enhance the spin-transfer torque switching characteristics of magnetic tunnel junctions. The proposed device structure is a resonant tunneling magnetic tunnel junction based on a MgO-semiconductor heterostructure sandwiched between a fixed magnet and a free magnet. Using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism coupled self consistently with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski equation, we demonstrate enhanced tunnel magneto-resistance characteristics as well as lower switching voltages in comparison with traditional trilayer devices. Two device designs based on MgO based heterostructures are presented, where the physics of resonant tunneling leads to an enhanced spin transfer torque thereby reducing the critical switching voltage by up to 44%. It is envisioned that the proof-of-concept presented here may lead to practical device designs via rigorous materials and interface studies.
The Bunker and the Camp: Inside West Germany's Nuclear Tomb
Authors: Klinke Ian
Published: December 2014

Recent research has located the camp as the paradigmatic space that emerges when geopolitics and biopolitics intersect. In doing so, it has neglected another space that is indispensable for an understanding of the nexus of these two modalities of power: the nuclear bunker. This paper explores the West German government's now abandoned nuclear bunker in the Ahr valley. Constructed on the site of a subterranean World War 2 concentration camp, the bunker hosted a number of NATO exercises, which simulated nuclear war on German soil. Through an analysis of the site's military–strategic context and its technical and security features, the paper relates it to its predecessor—the camp—and uncovers a number of spatial overlaps and inversions between the two. Whilst similarly situated within a context of legal exceptionality, logistics, and total war, the concentrated and confined living space of the nuclear bunker turned the camp's logic of extermination inside out. The nuclear bunker was a concrete crypt in which sovereign power and total war sought to find eternal peace.
Electronic evidence of an insulator–superconductor crossover in single-layer FeSe/SrTiO
3
films
Authors: He Junfeng , Liu Xu , Zhang Wenhao , Zhao Lin , Liu Defa , He Shaolong , Mou Daixiang , Li Fangsen , Tang Chenjia , Li Zhi , Wang Lili , Peng Yingying , Liu Yan , Chen Chaoyu , Yu Li , Liu Guodong , Dong Xiaoli , Zhang Jun , Chen Chuangtian , Xu Zuyan , Chen Xi , Ma Xucun , Xue Qikun , Zhou X. J.
Published: December 2014

Significance

The doping-induced insulator-to-superconductor transition has been widely observed in cuprates, which provides important information for understanding the superconductivity mechanism. However, in the iron-based superconductors, no evidence of doping-induced insulator–superconductor transition (or crossover) has been reported so far. In this paper, to our knowledge, we report the first electronic evidence of an insulator–superconductor crossover observed in the single-layer FeSe film grown on a SrTiO
3
substrate, which exhibits similar behaviors to that observed in the cuprate superconductors. The observed insulator–superconductor crossover may be associated with the two-dimensionality that enhances electron localization or correlation. The reduced dimensionality and the interfacial effect provide a new pathway in searching for new phenomena and novel superconductors with a high transition temperature.
Major themes and perspectives.
Authors: Ritchie B. W. , Campiranon K.
Published: December 2014

This chapter first provides the context by defining and conceptualizing tourism crises and disasters and explaining why the Asia-Pacific was chosen for this book. It then outlines the aim of the book and provides a detailed overview of subsequent chapters before finishing with a short conclusion.
Theoretical perspectives on crimes against tourists.
Authors: Burton C. E. , Crotts J. C.
Published: December 2014

This chapter summarizes the relevant criminology theories in an effort to better understand what motivates individuals to commit crimes against tourists, and what communities can do to deter such a risk. These theories include: rational choice theory; deterrence theory; routine activities theory; hot-spot theory; social disorganization theory; anomie/strain theory; subcultural theories; and symbolic interaction theories. By identifying these theories, the chapter provides a more informed theory-based framework for tourism researchers to assess potential crime against tourists, and how such a risk and damage to a destination's reputation can be minimized.
The influence of organizational culture on crisis planning: an application of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) in Chinese hotels.
Authors: Wang J. , Ritchie B. W.
Published: December 2014

This chapter investigates the relationships among organizational factors (organization culture), crisis planning behaviour and perceived crisis preparedness in Chinese hotels. The chapter notes that organizational culture has an influence on the individual's attitudes towards crisis planning. In turn, crisis planning affects the perceived level of crisis preparation. Clearly, organizational culture plays a key role at the crisis reduction stage, and organizational leaders must be able to communicate and emphasize this with their internal stakeholders.
Integrating tourism into disaster recovery management: the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami 2011.
Authors: Muskat B. , Nakanishi H. , Blackman D.
Published: December 2014

Using a case study of the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011, this chapter examines the impact that tourism makes in the life cycle of disaster recovery, and then recommends an integrated life cycle model of disaster recovery. Based on interviews with 20 individuals including hotel managers, tourism operators, community members, volunteers and government representatives in one of the most devastated areas, the Ishinomaki region, the role of tourism is analysed in four different phases: pre-disaster, disaster (emergency), short-term (temporary) response, and recovery. Findings reveal that the hospitality sector contributed significantly to the effective management of the emergency phase. The chapter also notes that the arrival of dark tourism has played a crucial role in empowering and stimulating the community in the post-disaster and short-term response phases. More importantly, the chapter suggests that tourism needs to be much better integrated into the broader disaster management process.
From tsunami to recovery: the resilience of the Sri Lankan tourism industry.
Authors: Buultjens J. , Ratnayake I. , Gnanapala A. C.
Published: December 2014

This chapter examines the impact the 2004 tsunami had on the tourism industry in Sri Lanka, the response by government and other organizations, and the level of adaptation and resilience that resulted from the response. The chapter suggests that the government must coordinate with the tourism industry in order to expedite the crisis recovery process. Although the central government and its tourism ministry and departments were heavily involved in the tsunami response, regional and local tourism organizations were much less active, either because most were affected by the tsunami or because of ineffective coordination with central government institutions. Therefore the tourism industry may have become less resilient in the long term.
Analysing the impact of the 2011 natural disasters on the Central Queensland tourism industry.
Authors: Richardson S. , March R. , Lewis J. , Radel K.
Published: December 2014

By analysing the impact of the 2011 natural disasters on the Central Queensland tourism industry, this chapter identifies that organization size, management attitude and media influence the crisis recovery stage. While the impact of the widespread flooding and Cyclone Yasi on the Central Queensland region was quite short, there was a long-term impact to the tourism industry in the region. The media reported extensively on the event, leading to tourists' perception that all tourism in Queensland was suspended. In reality, however, many tourism operators were only indirectly affected and were still operating. Therefore, some operators had a long recovery stage and had not returned to 'business-as-usual' six months after Cyclone Yasi and the Queensland floods.
andi: Fast and accurate estimation of evolutionary distances between closely related genomes
Authors: Haubold Bernhard , Klötzl Fabian , Pfaffelhuber Peter
Published: December 2014

Motivation: A standard approach to classifying sets of genomes is to calculate their pairwise distances. This is difficult for large samples. We have therefore developed an algorithm for rapidly computing the evolutionary distances between closely related genomes.

Results: Our distance measure is based on ungapped local alignments that we anchor through pairs of maximal unique matches of a minimum length. These exact matches can be looked up efficiently using enhanced suffix arrays and our implementation requires approximately only 1 s and 45 MB RAM/Mbase analysed. The pairing of matches distinguishes non-homologous from homologous regions leading to accurate distance estimation. We show this by analysing simulated data and genome samples ranging from 29 Escherichia coli/Shigella genomes to 3085 genomes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Availability and implementation: We have implemented the computation of anchor distances in the multithreaded UNIX command-line program andi for ANchor DIstances. C sources and documentation are posted at http://github.com/evolbioinf/andi/

Contact:  haubold@evolbio.mpg.de

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GSDS 2.0: an upgraded gene feature visualization server
Authors: Hu Bo , Jin Jinpu , Guo An-Yuan , Zhang He , Luo Jingchu , Gao Ge
Published: December 2014

Summary: Visualizing genes’ structure and annotated features helps biologists to investigate their function and evolution intuitively. The Gene Structure Display Server (GSDS) has been widely used by more than 60 000 users since its first publication in 2007. Here, we reported the upgraded GSDS 2.0 with a newly designed interface, supports for more types of annotation features and formats, as well as an integrated visual editor for editing the generated figure. Moreover, a user-specified phylogenetic tree can be added to facilitate further evolutionary analysis. The full source code is also available for downloading.

Availability and implementation: Web server and source code are freely available at http://gsds.cbi.pku.edu.cn.

Contact: gaog@mail.cbi.pku.edu.cn or gsds@mail.cbi.pku.edu.cn

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
repDNA: a Python package to generate various modes of feature vectors for DNA sequences by incorporating user-defined physicochemical properties and sequence-order effects
Authors: Liu Bin , Liu Fule , Fang Longyun , Wang Xiaolong , Chou Kuo-Chen
Published: December 2014

Summary: In order to develop powerful computational predictors for identifying the biological features or attributes of DNAs, one of the most challenging problems is to find a suitable approach to effectively represent the DNA sequences. To facilitate the studies of DNAs and nucleotides, we developed a Python package called representations of DNAs (repDNA) for generating the widely used features reflecting the physicochemical properties and sequence-order effects of DNAs and nucleotides. There are three feature groups composed of 15 features. The first group calculates three nucleic acid composition features describing the local sequence information by means of kmers; the second group calculates six autocorrelation features describing the level of correlation between two oligonucleotides along a DNA sequence in terms of their specific physicochemical properties; the third group calculates six pseudo nucleotide composition features, which can be used to represent a DNA sequence with a discrete model or vector yet still keep considerable sequence-order information via the physicochemical properties of its constituent oligonucleotides. In addition, these features can be easily calculated based on both the built-in and user-defined properties via using repDNA.

Availability and implementation: The repDNA Python package is freely accessible to the public at http://bioinformatics.hitsz.edu.cn/repDNA/.

Contact:  bliu@insun.hit.edu.cn or kcchou@gordonlifescience.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An evaluation of supervised and unsupervised classification techniques for marine benthic habitat mapping using multibeam echosounder data
Authors: Calvert Jay , Strong James Asa , Service Matthew , McGonigle Chris , Quinn Rory
Published: December 2014

Marine habitat mapping provides information on seabed substrata and faunal community structure to users including research scientists, conservation organizations, and policy makers. Full-coverage acoustic data are frequently used for habitat mapping in combination with video ground-truth data in either a supervised or unsupervised classification. In this investigation, video ground-truth data with a camera footprint of 1 m2 were classified to level 4 of the European Nature Information System habitat classification scheme. Acoustic data with a horizontal resolution of 1 m2 were collected over an area of 130 km2 using a multibeam echosounder, and processed to provide bathymetry and backscatter data. Bathymetric derivatives including eastness, northness, slope, topographic roughness index, vector rugosity measure, and two measures of curvature were created. A feature selection process based on Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc pairwise testing was used to select environmental variables able to discriminate ground-truth classes. Subsequently, three datasets were formed: backscatter alone (BS), backscatter combined with bathymetry and derivatives (BSDER), and bathymetry and derivatives alone (DER). Two classifications were performed on each of the datasets to produce habitat maps: maximum likelihood supervised classification (MLC) and ISO Cluster unsupervised classification. Accuracy of the supervised habitat maps was assessed using total agreement, quantity disagreement, and allocation disagreement. Agreement in the unsupervised maps was assessed using the Cramer's V coefficient. Choice of input data produced large differences in the accuracy of the supervised maps, but did not have the same effect on the unsupervised maps. Accuracies were 46, 56, and 49% when calculated using the sample and 52, 65, and 51% when using an unbiased estimate of the population for the BS, BSDER, and DER maps, respectively. Cramer's V was 0.371, 0.417, and 0.366 for the BS, BSDER, and DER maps, respectively.
Indications of M-dwarf deficits in the halo and thick disk of the Galaxy
Authors: Konishi Mihoko , Shibai Hiroshi , Sumi Takahiro , Fukagawa Misato , Matsuo Taro , Samland Matthias S. , Yamamoto Kodai , Sudo Jun , Itoh Yoichi , Arimoto Nobuo , Kajisawa Masaru , Abe Lyu , Brandner Wolfgang , Brandt Timothy D. , Carson Joseph , Currie Thayne , Egner Sebastian E. , Feldt Markus , Goto Miwa , Grady Carol A. , Guyon Olivier , Hashimoto Jun , Hayano Yutaka , Hayashi Masahiko , Hayashi Saeko S. , Henning Thomas , Hodapp Klaus W. , Ishii Miki , Iye Masanori , Janson Markus , Kandori Ryo , Knapp Gillian R. , Kudo Tomoyuki , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Kuzuhara Masayuki , Kwon Jungmi , McElwain Michael W. , Miyama Shoken , Morino Jun-Ichi , Moro-Martín Amaya , Nishimura Tetsuo , Pyo Tae-Soo , Serabyn Eugene , Suenaga Takuya , Suto Hiroshi , Suzuki Ryuji , Takahashi Yasuhiro H. , Takami Hideki , Takato Naruhisa , Terada Hiroshi , Thalmann Christian , Tomono Daigo , Turner Edwin L. , Usuda Tomonori , Watanabe Makoto , Wisniewski John P. , Yamada Toru , Tamura Motohide
Published: December 2014

We compared the number of faint stars detected in deep survey fields with the current stellar distribution model of the Galaxy and found that the detected number in the H band is significantly smaller than the predicted number. This indicates that M-dwarfs, the major component, are fewer in the halo and the thick disk. We used archived data of several surveys in both the north and south field of GOODS (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey), MODS (MOIRCS Deep Survey) in GOODS-N, and ERS (Early Release Science) and CANDELS (Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey) in GOODS-S. The number density of M-dwarfs in the halo has to be 20% ± 13% relative to that in the solar vicinity, in order for the detected number of stars fainter than 20.5 mag in the H band to match with the predicted value from the model. In the thick disk, the number density of M-dwarfs must be reduced (52% ± 13%) or the scale height must be decreased (∼ 600 pc). Alternatively, overall fractions of the halo and thick disks can be significantly reduced to achieve the same effect, because our sample mainly consists of faint M-dwarfs. Our results imply that the M-dwarf population in regions distant from the Galactic plane is significantly smaller than previously thought. We then discussed the implications this has on the suitability of the model predictions for the prediction of non-companion faint stars in direct imaging extrasolar planet surveys by using the best-fitting number densities.
Phase 1 Safety Assessment of Intrathecal Oxytocin
Authors: Eisenach James C. , Tong Chuanyao , Curry Regina
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract

Subarachnoid injections of oxytocin did not produce any major adverse events or complications. In a limited protocol for testing analgesia, no analgesic effects were apparent.

Background:

Preclinical data suggest that oxytocin reduces hypersensitivity by actions in the spinal cord, but whether it produces antinociception to acute stimuli is unclear. In this article, the authors examined the safety of intrathecal oxytocin and screened its effects on acute noxious stimuli.

Methods:

After institutional review board and Food and Drug Administration approval, healthy adult volunteers received 5, 15, 50, or 150 μg intrathecal oxytocin in a dose-escalating manner in cohorts of five subjects. Hemodynamic and neurologic assessments were performed for 4 h after injections and 24 h later, at which time serum sodium was also measured. Cerebrospinal fluid was obtained 60 min after injection, and responses to noxious heat stimuli in arm and leg as well as temporal summation to repeated application of a von Frey filament were obtained.

Results:

One subject receiving the highest dose experienced transient hypotension and bradycardia as well as subjective numbness in a lumbo-sacral distribution. No other subject experienced subjective or objective neurologic symptoms. Overall, blood pressure and heart rate increased 1 to 4 h after injection by less than 15% with no dose dependency. There was no effect on serum sodium, and cerebrospinal fluid oxytocin increased in a dose-dependent manner after injection. Pain scores to noxious heat stimuli were unaffected by oxytocin, and the temporal summation protocol failed to show summation before or after drug treatment.

Conclusion:

This small study supports further investigation on oxytocin for analgesia for hypersensitivity states, with continued systematic surveillance for possible effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and neurologic function. (Anesthesiology 2015; 122:407-13)
Dissecting the Phenotypic Components of Crop Plant Growth and Drought Responses Based on High-Throughput Image Analysis
Authors: Chen Dijun , Neumann Kerstin , Friedel Swetlana , Kilian Benjamin , Chen Ming , Altmann Thomas , Klukas Christian
Published: December 2014

Significantly improved crop varieties are urgently needed to feed the rapidly growing human population under changing climates. While genome sequence information and excellent genomic tools are in place for major crop species, the systematic quantification of phenotypic traits or components thereof in a high-throughput fashion remains an enormous challenge. In order to help bridge the genotype to phenotype gap, we developed a comprehensive framework for high-throughput phenotype data analysis in plants, which enables the extraction of an extensive list of phenotypic traits from nondestructive plant imaging over time. As a proof of concept, we investigated the phenotypic components of the drought responses of 18 different barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars during vegetative growth. We analyzed dynamic properties of trait expression over growth time based on 54 representative phenotypic features. The data are highly valuable to understand plant development and to further quantify growth and crop performance features. We tested various growth models to predict plant biomass accumulation and identified several relevant parameters that support biological interpretation of plant growth and stress tolerance. These image-based traits and model-derived parameters are promising for subsequent genetic mapping to uncover the genetic basis of complex agronomic traits. Taken together, we anticipate that the analytical framework and analysis results presented here will be useful to advance our views of phenotypic trait components underlying plant development and their responses to environmental cues.
Three 1-phenylindolin-2-one derivatives displaying different molecular dipole moments and different crystallographic symmetries
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Man , Jin Ying-Ying , Lu Qing , Fang Qi
Published: December 2014

Three 1-phenylindolin-2-one derivatives, namely 1-phenylindolin-2-one, C14H11NO, (I), 5-bromo-1-phenylindolin-2-one, C14H10BrNO, (II), and 5-iodo-1-phenylindolin-2-one, C14H10INO, (III), have been synthesized and their structures determined. Compounds (I) and (II) crystallized in the centrosymmetric space groupsPbcaandP21/c, respectively, while compound (III) crystallized in the polar space groupAea2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the molecular dipole moment gradually decreases in the order (I) > (II) > (III). The relatively smaller dipole moment of (III) and the larger non-electrostatic intermolecular interactions may be the main reasons for the noncentrosymmetric and polar structure of (III).
Crystal structure ofN-[(2S,5R)-4-oxo-2,3-diphenyl-1,3-thiazinan-5-yl]acetamide 0.375-hydrate
Authors: Yennawar Hemant P. , Singh Harnoor , Silverberg Lee J.
Published: December 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C18H18N2O2S.0.375H2O, has two independent organic molecules (AandB) and 3/4 of a water molecule distributed over three sites. In moleculeA, the 1,3-thiazine ring is in a boat conformation, with the C atoms at the 2- and 5-positions out of the plane. The angle between the two phenyl rings is 51.70 (12)°. In moleculeB, the thiazine ring is in a half-chair conformation, with the S atom forming the back of the half-chair. The angle between the two phenyl rings is 84.44 (14)°. TheAmolecule features an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond, which closes anS(5) ring motif. In the crystal, the corresponding N—H grouping of theBmolecule participates in an intermolecular hydrogen bond to theAmolecule. TheAmolecule participates in a C—H...O interaction back to theBmolecule, whilst theBmolecule features an intramolecular C—H...O link, which generates anS(10) loop.
Crystal structure of a new monoclinic polymorph of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 4-methylthiosemicarbazone
Authors: Salam M. A. , Hussein Mouayed A. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: December 2014

The title compound, C9H11N3O2S, is a second monoclinic (P21/c) polymorph of the previously reportedCcform [Tanet al.(2008b).Acta Cryst.E64, o2224]. The molecule is non-planar, with the dihedral angle between the N3CS residue (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0816 Å) and the benzene ring being 21.36 (4)°. The conformation about the C=N bond [1.292 (2) Å] isE, the two N-bound H atoms areanti, and the inner hydroxy O-bound and outer amide N-bound H atoms form intramolecular hydrogen bonds to the imine N atom. Crucially, the H atom of the outer hydroxy group is approximatelysynto the H atom of the benzene C atom connecting the two C atoms bearing the hydroxy substituents. This arrangement enables the formation of supramolecular tubes aligned along [010] and sustained by N—H...O, O—H...S and N—H...S hydrogen bonds; the tubes pack with no specific interactions between them. While the molecular structure in theCcform is comparable, the H atom of the outer hydroxy group is approximatelyanti, rather thansyn. This different orientation leads to the formation a three-dimensional architecture based on N—H...O and O—H...S hydrogen bonds.
Crystal structure of (2S,4R)-ethyl 4-nitromethyl-1-[(S)-1-phenylethyl]-6-sulfanylidenepiperidine-2-carboxylate
Authors: Zárate Araceli , Aparicio David , Palillero Angel , Mendoza Angel
Published: December 2014

In the title compound, C17H22N2O4S, a thiopiperidine derivative, the piperidine ring has an envelope conformation with the methylene C atom opposite to the C=S bond as the flap. The nitromethyl substituent is equatorial while the ethoxycarbonyl group is axial. The mean planes of the nitromethyl group, the carboxy group and phenyl ring are inclined to the mean plane through the five planar atoms of the piperidine ring [maximum deviation = 0.070 (4) Å] by 56.8 (2), 83.8 (5) and 87.1 (2)°, respectively. There is an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond involving an H atom of the ethoxycarbonyl group and a nitro O atom. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [100]. The chains are linked by further C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming corrugated layers lying parallel to (001).
Crystal structure of an eight-coordinate terbium(III) ion chelated byN,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine (bbpen2−) and nitrate
Authors: Gregório Thaiane , Rüdiger André Luis , Nunes Giovana G. , Soares Jaísa F. , Hughes David L.
Published: December 2014

The reaction of terbium(III) nitrate pentahydrate in acetonitrile withN,N′-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)ethylenediamine (H2bbpen), previously deprotonated with triethylamine, produced the mononuclear compound [N,N′-bis(2-oxidobenzyl-κO)-N,N′-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl-κN)ethylenediamine-κ2N,N′](nitrato-κ2O,O′)terbium(III), [Tb(C28H28N4O2)(NO3)]. The molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis and the TbIIIion is eight-coordinate with a slightly distorted dodecahedral coordination geometry. In the symmetry-unique part of the molecule, the pyridine and benzene rings are both essentially planar and form a dihedral angle of 61.42 (7)°. In the molecular structure, the N4O4coordination environment is defined by the hexadentate bbpen ligand and the bidentate nitrate anion. In the crystal, a weak C—H...O hydrogen bond links molecules into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001).
Crystal structure of 4-chloro-N-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]benzamide monohydrate
Authors: Prathebha K. , Reuben Jonathan D. , Revathi B. K , Sathya S. , Usha G.
Published: December 2014

In the title compound, C14H19ClN2O2·H2O, the piperdine ring adopts a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the mean plane of the piperidine ring and that of the phenyl ring is 41.64 (1)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...N, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule, forming double-stranded chains propagating along [010].
Crystal structure of zwitterionic 3-(2-hydroxy-2-phosphonato-2-phosphonoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-1-ium monohydrate (minodronic acid monohydrate): a redetermination
Authors: Airoldi Annalisa , Bettoni Piergiorgio , Donnola Monica , Calestani Gianluca , Rizzoli Corrado
Published: December 2014

In a previous study, the X-ray structure of the title compound, C9H12N2O7P2·H2O, was reported [Takeuchiet al., (1998).Chem. Pharm. Bull.46, 1703–1709], but neither atomic coordinates nor details of the geometry were published. The structure has been redetermined with high precision as its detailed knowledge is essential to elucidate the presumed polymorphism of minodronic acid monohydrate at room temperature. The molecule crystallizes in a zwitterionic form with cationic imidazolium[1,2a]pyridine and anionic phosphonate groups. The dihedral angle formed by the planes of the pyridine and imidazole rings is 3.55 (9)°. A short intramolecular C—H...O contact is present. In the crystal, molecules are linked by O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.5822 (11) Å], forming a three-dimensional structure.
Crystal structure of bis(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(2,3-diethylbutane-1,4-diyl)hafnium(IV)
Authors: Burlakov Vladimir V. , Baumann Wolfgang , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: December 2014

The title compound, [Hf(C5H5)2(C8H16)], proves a structural motif of hafnacyclopentane besides the coordination of two cyclopentadienyl ligands in an η5-fashion. The hafnacyclopentane ring has a twist conformation and is substituted by two ethyl groups in the β,β′-positions, which aretransorientated to each other. One cyclopentadienyl ring and one ethyl group are each disordered over two positions with site-occupancy ratios of 0.679 (15):0.321 (15) and 0.702 (18):0.298 (18), respectively.
Crystal structure of magnesium copper(II) bis[orthophosphate(V)] monohydrate
Authors: Khmiyas Jamal , Assani Abderrazzak , Saadi Mohamed , El Ammari Lahcen
Published: December 2014

Single crystals of magnesium copper(II) bis[orthophosphate(V)] monohydrate, Mg1.65Cu1.35(PO4)2·H2O, were grown under hydrothermal conditions. The crystal structure is formed by three types of cationic sites and by two unique (PO4)3−anions. One site is occupied by Cu2+, the second site by Mg2+and the third site by a mixture of the two cations with an Mg2+:Cu2+occupancy ratio of 0.657 (3):0.343 (3). The structure is built up from more or less distorted [MgO6] and [(Mg/Cu)O5(H2O)] octahedra, [CuO5] square-pyramids and regular PO4tetrahedra, leading to a framework structure. Within this framework, two types of layers parallel to (-101) can be distinguished. The first layer is formed by [Cu2O8] dimers linked to PO4tetrahedraviacommon edges. The second, more corrugated layer results from the linkage between [(Cu/Mg)2O8(H2O)2] dimers and [MgO6] octahedra by common edges. The PO4units link the two types of layers, leaving space for channels parallel [101], into which the H atoms of the water molecules protrude. The latter are involved in O—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions (one bifurcated) with framework O atoms across the channels.
Crystal structure of (E)-4-{1-[2-(carbamothioyl)hydrazin-1-ylidene]ethyl}phenyl 4-methylbenzoate
Authors: Mani Karthik Ananth , Viswanathan Vijayan , Narasimhan S. , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: December 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H17N3O2S, consists of two independent molecules,AandB, with different conformations: in moleculeA, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the pendant tolyl and carbamothioylhydrazono groups are 71.12 (9) and 5.95 (8)°, respectively. The corresponding angles in moleculeBare 50.56 (12) and 26.43 (11)°, respectively. Both molecules feature an intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bond, which closes anS(5) ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O, N—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network.
The Contingent Effects of Role Ambiguity and Role Novelty on Expatriates' Work‐related Outcomes
Authors: Kawai Norifumi , Mohr Alex
Published: December 2014

Research on work stress has highlighted its negative outcomes for both individuals and their employers. Overseas assignments are more stressful than domestic assignments, and their relatively high failure rates are well documented. We suggest, however, that certain types of stress can positively affect expatriate performance. Based on role theory and the distinction between hindrance and challenge stressors, we develop hypotheses regarding the influence of role ambiguity and role novelty on expatriate success. We also conceptualize and empirically investigate the moderating influence of expatriates' perceptions of organizational support and supervisor support. Our hypotheses are tested using a sample of 125 Japanese expatriate managers in Germany. We find that role ambiguity is a hindrance stressor and negatively affects job satisfaction and work adjustment, while role novelty acts as a challenge stressor and positively affects job satisfaction, task performance and work adjustment. Our findings also show that perceived organizational support attenuates the negative effects of role ambiguity on work adjustment and strengthens the positive effect of role novelty on job satisfaction. We also find that supervisor support positively moderates the positive effect of role novelty on job satisfaction and work adjustment.
Mark Carney and the Gendered Political Economy of British Central Banking
Authors: Clarke Chris , Roberts Adrienne
Published: December 2014

In this article We account for Mark Carney’s role in the naturalisation of gender in finance and explain how this depoliticises important questions of gendered finance. We demonstrate Mark Carney’s ability to embody a successful combination of ‘transnational business masculinity’ and ‘traditional bourgeois masculinity’. We sketch how the current monetary and financial stability concerns of the Bank of England appear to reproduce the uneven and exploitative effects of gendered finance.

In this article we explore Mark Carney’s place in the gendered political economy of British central banking. We document the gendered narratives surrounding Carney around the time of his appointment as Governor of the Bank of England, suggesting that they worked to naturalise certain gender constructions in finance. We show how Carney seemingly had the ability to successfully embody a combination of two ideal-types of masculinity: both ‘transnational business masculinity’ and ‘traditional bourgeois masculinity’. We argue this contributed to three depoliticising moves, each of which gain their strength in part from the naturalisation of masculinities in finance, while obfuscating important questions of gendered finance. To elucidate the latter, we highlight some of the gendered outcomes that are obscured by the furore surrounding Carney’s character, suggesting that the monetary and financial stability concerns of the Bank under his stewardship are likely to reproduce the uneven and exploitative relations of gendered finance.
The Great British ‘Rebalancing’ Act: The Construction and Implementation of an Economic Imperative for Exceptional Times
Authors: Berry Craig , Hay Colin
Published: December 2014

This article Examines the social construction of the economic imperative of ‘rebalancing’ and the substantive policies to which it has been linked in the UK since the crisis. Shows how the discourse of rebalancing offers a novel presentation of economic policy imperatives, but at the same time circumscribes the sectoral, regional and temporal parameters of state intervention, as such in large part legitimating the current economic order. Provides a systematic assessment of progress towards the rebalancing of the British economy. Shows that substantive evidence of rebalancing is limited and that the rhetorical claim to be engaged in rebalancing is largely illusory. Demonstrates ‘communicative dissonance’—a substantial disjuncture between the rhetoric and practice of rebalancing.

The ‘rebalancing’ of the British economy has become perhaps the central motif in the public political economy of adjustment to the financial crisis. The article examines the social construction of the ‘rebalancing’ imperative and associated policies, arguing that a rebalancing discourse has served to circumscribe the parameters of acceptable state intervention in response to the crisis. It is, accordingly, to be seen as a temporary exception, after which laissez-faire can be restored. But is there any evidence for such a rebalancing? In the second half of the article we assess the extent to which its objectives have been realised in substantive economic policy change, demonstrating a disjuncture between the rhetoric and practice of rebalancing—a communicative dissonance. This leads us to question not only the extent to which rebalancing has been pursued in public policy, but also the likelihood that the interventions justified in the name of rebalancing can herald any lasting reconfiguration of the British economy.
Opportunities and Implications of Pasture‐Based Lamb Fattening to Enhance the Long‐Chain Fatty Acid Composition in Meat
Authors: Howes Natalie L. , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din Ahmed , Burritt David J. , Campbell Anna W.
Published: December 2014

Health‐conscious consumers following dietary fat recommendations require meat that is low in saturated fat with preferably high levels of long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids. This review summarizes the influence of dietary lipids from red meat on human health and examines the potential to enhance lipid composition through pasture‐feeding. The role of fatty acids in plant and ruminant metabolism is discussed to highlight the complexity of ruminal digestion when trying to enhance fatty acids in meat. Generally, ruminants that consume pasture diets have been shown to produce a more desirable fatty acid composition than those fed grain and offer potential to be further enhanced by using specific plant species. Elevated polyunsaturated fat content in meat, however, tends to increase susceptibility to oxidation, which influences other meat quality characteristics including shelf‐life and color. The use of specific plant species may mitigate these negative effects due to vitamin E or other antioxidants in these plants, which protect polyunsaturated fats from oxidation. When assessing the potential of plants as a natural dietary fat source, consideration must be given to environmental influences on plant fatty acid composition to ensure consistent production of meat products with high nutritive value under a range of management practices. This review also explores the potential impact of climate change on plant fatty acid composition, and the potential implications of this for meat quality.
Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective
Authors: Ashiq Samina
Published: December 2014

Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
Feasibility of Detecting Aflatoxin B1 on Inoculated Maize Kernels Surface using Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Wang Wei , Heitschmidt Gerald W. , Windham William R. , Feldner Peggy , Ni Xinzhi , Chu Xuan
Published: December 2014

The feasibility of using a visible/near‐infrared hyperspectral imaging system with a wavelength range between 400 and 1000 nm to detect and differentiate different levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) artificially titrated on maize kernel surface was examined. To reduce the color effects of maize kernels, image analysis was limited to a subset of original spectra (600 to 1000 nm). Residual staining from the AFB1 on the kernels surface was selected as regions of interest for analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral image data, and then a stepwise factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) was performed on latent PCA variables. The results indicated that discriminant factors F2 can be used to separate control samples from all of the other groups of kernels with AFB1 inoculated, whereas the discriminant factors F1 can be used to identify maize kernels with levels of AFB1 as low as 10 ppb. An overall classification accuracy of 98% was achieved. Finally, the peaks of β coefficients of the discrimination factors F1 and F2 were analyzed and several key wavelengths identified for differentiating maize kernels with and without AFB1, as well as those with differing levels of AFB1 inoculation. Results indicated that Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging technology combined with the PCA–FDA was a practical method to detect and differentiate different levels of AFB1 artificially inoculated on the maize kernels surface. However, indicated the potential to detect and differentiate naturally occurring toxins in maize kernel.
TR8: an R package for easily retrieving plant species traits
Authors: Bocci Gionata
Published: December 2014

A large amount of data about plant functional traits are available for researchers, but it is scattered over various data bases; searching and downloading traits values for a specific list of plant species of interest can be a time‐consuming and error‐prone activity if carried out manually.

The TR8 package for R was built to provide plant scientists with a simple tool for retrieving plant functional traits from freely accessible online traitbases.
Efficacy of two thiamethoxam pre‐germination seed treatments and a phorate side‐dressing against neonicotinoid‐ and pirimicarb‐resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Marshall Kate L , Collins Damian , Wilson Lewis J , Herron Grant A
Published: December 2014

In a glasshouse trial with potted cotton plants grown from thiamethoxam‐treated seed, neither 2.76 g a.i./kg seed (Cruiser®) nor 5.52 g a.i./kg seed (Cruiser Extreme®) protected plants from neonicotinoid‐resistant Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877. Against susceptible A. gossypii each treatment was highly effective, providing control of >90% for 42 days. Continued use of either thiamethoxam treatment against resistant A. gossypii will select for resistant phenotypes and probably restrict the useful life of the neonicotinoid insecticides against this pest. In a separate trial, side‐dressing of cotton seed with phorate 200 g/kg (Thimet®) effectively provided plants with protection from susceptible A. gossypii. The insecticidal activity of phorate‐treated plants against pirimicarb‐resistant A. gossypii was not statistically different to untreated plants (P > 0.05). To maintain the effectiveness of pirimicarb in the Australian cotton integrated pest management strategy, the use of phorate as an alternative pre‐germination treatment to thiamethoxam for aphid control must be managed. We recommend that the first foliar spray applied to cotton treated with phorate at planting should not be pirimicarb or any other insecticide affected by insensitive cholinesterase (ACE1) type resistance.