bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acculturation of Migrant Populations: An Exploratory Study Across Multiple Generations
Authors: Crotts John C. , Mazanec Josef A.
Published: November 2018

The acculturalization of migrants is the focus of this study, aimed at better understanding the speed of acculturation, how it can be measured, and what is influencing the process. The implication of this research rests on the reality that developed countries are increasingly becoming
more ethnically diverse and this diversity has an impact on understanding tourism markets from a cultural values perspective. Drawing from a secondary database composed of a large national sample of the US adult population, the application of graphical modeling produced evidence that acculturation
is a multigeneration process with wide variation across five cultural dimensions. The number of generations it takes to assimilate, if at all, is influenced by a number of determinant factors that included travel to one's ancestral homeland, gender, parents of mixed ancestry, and European
origin. Limitations of this line of research are discussed as well as a call for future research.
Cross-Cultural User Experience of Luxury Hotel Websites: A Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Lehto Xinran Y. , Shi Zhi , Anaya G. Joel , Lehto Mark R. , Cai Liping
Published: November 2018

The website of luxury hotel brands is regarded as a great platform for marketers to create positive brand identity. The underlying architecture of information, as well as the design of graphics, navigation system, and user interface could have an influence on user experience with a hotel brand. Utilizing a conjoint design, this research assessed user preferences of three website design factors: background/font color, human image use, and navigation system. The preferences of two cultural groups—that of the Chinese and American consumers—were compared and contrasted. The findings of this study suggest that users from both the US and Chinese cultures have similar tastes for hotel website design features. They both prefer photos with no human images, dark background with light font, and a linear navigation system. The convergent tendencies of the two cultural groups and practical implications for the luxury hotel industry were discussed.
To scheme or to rule: Evidence against the Dual-Mechanism Model and the Rule-Based Learner
Authors: Kapatsinski Vsevolod M.
Published: November 2018

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OPTIMIZATION OF EDTA ENHANCED SOIL WASHING ON MULTIPLE HEAVY METALS REMOVAL USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: He Liwei , Li Bin , Ning Ping , Gong Xiao
Published: November 2018

This research presents the optimization of soil washing conditions in the removal of multiple heavy metals (Cu-Pb-Zn-Cd) under the using of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The optimum combination of washing parameters in a bench-scale soil washing experiments is determined by response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design is applied after single factor experiment, EDTA concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and washing time are evaluated variables for the removal processes, and the regression models of HMs are constructed. The results show that, EDTA concentration and solid-to-liquid ratio are significant factors for this process. Subsequently, 50% of Cu removal was set as the optimum target to optimize the combined conditions, through the building of multiple quadratic regression models, the optimal condition combination is determined that EDTA concentration is 0.0026 mol·L-1, solid-to-liquid ratio is 1:22, washing time is 3.89 h, the extraction rate of Pb, Zn, Cd is predicted to be 78%, 75% and 71%, respectively.
ADJUSTING THE STRUCTURE COMBINATIONS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN URBAN GREENSPACE REDUCED THE MAINTENANCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS
Authors: Liu Yang , Yang Qiusheng , Duan Lichao
Published: November 2018

Maintaining urban greenspace results in energy use and GHG emissions. To understand the change of the annual maintenance energy consumption and GHG emissions in varying combinations of plant structures (plant density or proportion of area covered) in urban greenspace, this study investigated 34 urban plant communities as sample plots (20×20 m), and divided them into woodland, shrub, herbaceous and grassland layers. The average energy use and GHG emissions in the woodland layer were 18.64 MJ/tree/y–1 and 0.23 kg/CO2-e/tree/y–1, respectively. In the shrub, herbaceous, and grassland layers, the average energy consumption was 3.73, 2.27, 7.23 MJ/m2/y–1, and the average GHG emissions were 0.06, 0.02, 0.09 kg/CO2-e/m2/y–1, respectively. The energy use and GHG emission curves had parabolic trends as the plant density in the woodland layer increased and increasing curves with two peaks as the plant area proportions of the shrub, herbaceous, and grassland layers increased. The annual maintenance of urban greenspace can divide into low, average and high levels of energy consumption and GHG emissions due to the change in the plant structure combinations. Furthermore, city managers and landscape designers can refer to the energy consumption and GHG emissions trends to understand the environmental impact of maintenance tasks. The future plant structures in greenspace can be better designed to improve ecosystem services based on limiting the maintenance environmental impacts.
Revised Exoplanet Radii and Habitability Using Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Johns Daniel , Marti Connor , Huff Madison , McCann Jacob , Wittenmyer Robert A. , Horner Jonathan , Wright Duncan J.
Published: November 2018

Accurate stellar properties are crucial for determining exoplanet characteristics. Gaia DR2 presents revised distances, luminosities, and radii for 1.6 billion stars. Here, we report the calculation of revised radii and densities for 320 non-Kepler exoplanets using this data and present updated calculations of the incident flux received by 690 known exoplanets. This allows us to reassess the likelihood that those planets orbit in the habitable zone of their host stars. As a result of this analysis, three planets can be added to the catalog of potentially habitable worlds: HIP 67537 b, HD 148156 b, and HD 106720 b. In addition, the changed parameterization of BD +49 898 means that its planet, BD +49 898 b, now receives an incident flux that places it outside the optimistic habitable zone region, as defined by Kopparapu et al. We find that use of the new Gaia data results in a mean increase in the calculated exoplanet radius of 3.76%. Previously, CoRoT-3 b had been reported as having the highest density of all known exoplanets. Here, we use updated information to revise the calculated density of CoRoT-3 b from 26.4 to 16.1 ± 3.98 g cm−3. We also report the densest exoplanet in our data set, KELT-1 b, with a density of

. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ensuring the parameterizations of known exoplanets are revisited whenever significant improvements are made to the precision of the stellar parameters upon which they are based.
Notas sobre causativização em Parkatêjê (Timbira)
Authors: Ferreira Sindy Rayane De Souza , Ferreira Marília de Nazaré De Oliveira
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo objetiva descrever e analisar aspectos morfossintáticos e semânticos relacionados ao fenômeno de causativização em Parkatêjê (língua indígena da família Jê, tronco Macro-Jê, filiada ao complexo dialetal Timbira). Esta pesquisa tem como base a teoria funcionalista e desenvolveu-se de acordo com as seguintes etapas: i) levantamento, leitura e análise crítica dos materiais bibliográficos; ii) trabalho de campo para coleta de dados realizada na Comunidade Indígena Parkatêjê; iii) transcrição, organização e análise dos dados. Da perspectiva morfossintática, a causativização é um processo relacionado ao aumento de valência verbal, isto é, à mudança das funções e relações gramaticais dos argumentos de um verbo. Da perspectiva semântica, consiste em um fenômeno associado à relação de causa e efeito, em que um verbo causativo permite que o sujeito de uma oração aja sobre outro argumento. Na língua Parkatêjê, a causativização se manifesta por meio do verbo to, cujo significado primeiro é ‘fazer’ e que causativiza verbos intransitivos ativos e estativos. O trabalho fundamenta-se nos postulados teóricos de Givón (1975), Shibatani (1976, 2002), Comrie (1989), Shibatani e Pardeshi (2002), Dixon (1994), entre outros, e apresenta uma contribuição inédita aos estudos dessa língua indígena brasileira.
Sialic Acid–Dependent Inhibition of T Cells by Exosomal Ganglioside GD3 in Ovarian Tumor Microenvironments
Authors: Shenoy Gautam N. , Loyall Jenni , Berenson Charles S. , Kelleher Raymond J. , Iyer Vandana , Balu-Iyer Sathy V. , Odunsi Kunle , Bankert Richard B.
Published: November 2018

The tumor microenvironment is rendered immunosuppressive by a variety of cellular and acellular factors that represent potential cancer therapeutic targets. Although exosomes isolated from ovarian tumor ascites fluids have been previously reported to induce a rapid and reversible T cell arrest, the factors present on or within exosomes that contribute to immunosuppression have not been fully defined. In this study, we establish that GD3, a ganglioside expressed on the surface of exosomes isolated from human ovarian tumor ascites fluids, is causally linked to the functional arrest of T cells activated through their TCR. This arrest is inhibited by Ab blockade of exosomal GD3 or by the removal of GD3+ exosomes. Empty liposomes expressing GD3 on the surface also inhibit the activation of T cells, establishing that GD3 contributes to the functional arrest of T cells independent of factors present in exosomes. Finally, we demonstrate that the GD3-mediated arrest of the TCR activation is dependent upon sialic acid groups, because their enzymatic removal from exosomes or liposomes results in a loss of inhibitory capacity. Collectively, these data define GD3 as a potential immunotherapeutic target.
Combustion evaluation of coalspur coal in a pilotscale utility boiler
Authors: Banks G N , Prokopuk R , Whaley H , Lee G K
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Coalspur coal was evaluated in a pulverized-coal-fired research boiler. Chemical and petrographic analyses of this coal, which indicated that it could be utilized acceptably as a thermal fuel, were confirmed by the pilot-scale
combustion trials. The 13% moisture coal handled and flowed readily through the pilot-plant conveying systems. Grinding the coal to 70% minus 74 micrometers, a normal operating pulverized coal grind, resulted in easily igniteable, stable flames. The resultant furnace bottom ash consisted
primarily of a sinter-like deposit with slight surface glazing. The superheater deposits were light and powdery with no evidence of fouling. The coals potential for low-temperature corrosion was minimal, and sulphur dioxide emissions were well below current allowable North American guidelines.
Nitric oxide emissions marginally exceeded these guidelines at an excess combustion air level of 29%, but were marginally lower than the guidelines at an excess air rate of 16%.
Optimization chemistry and product analysis of supercritical gas extraction for the liquification of Canadian coals
Authors: Prescott J F , Van Bostelen P , George A E
Published: November 2018

Supercritical qas extraction was çarried out on Forestburg subhituminous coal. The presence of excess solvent during the heat-up period favoured the yield of coal derived liquids (cdl). The yield of cdl Has sensitive to the temperature and pressure
conditions employed during the extraction with higher yields being obtained at high temperatures and higher pressures. A series of supcrcritical toluene extractions were carried out using temreratures ranging from 350 to 450°c and pressures ranging from 1100 to 1900 psig. A simple mathematical
model for predicting yields of cdl was derivcd from the results. Supercritical gas extractions using oxygenated solvents lead to solvent degradation. The yicld of cdl decreased relative to toluene when paraffinic solvents were used. Tetral in used in conjunction with toluene resulted in an increased
yield of cdl and highly oltered char. Analysis of cdl showed that aromatic content increased with increasing temperatures of extraction.
Combustion evaluation of Belcourt thermal coal in a pilot-scale utility boiler
Authors: Wong J , Whaley H , Banks G N , Prokopuk R
Published: November 2018

The combustion performance of Belcourt coal was evaluated in a pilot-scale, pulverized-fired research boiler. Chemical, physical and petrographic analyses were performed on samples of the coal. The coal, which contained 2.5% moisture, handled and flowed
readily and burned with acceptable ignition and flame stability. The coal ash formed a sinter-like deposit, with slight surface glazing, on high temperature refractory-lined boiler surfaces. These deposits consist largely of a glassy phase of aluminosilicate composition with minor crystalline
materials such as mullite, cristobalite, quartz and a trace of spinel. The deposits on superheater surfaces were light and powdery and did not constitute a fouling problem. The potential of the coal for low-temperature corrosion was minimal. Emissions of sulphur dioxide were within the current
Canadian national emission guidelines and although the nitrogen oxide emission rates were above these guidelines, it is expected that in practice the NOx emissions could be reduced through the utilization of modern burner-system designs
Description of loading and hauling operations at Coal Valley Mine
Authors: Srajer V
Published: November 2018

In this report, the Coal Valley Mine loading and hauling operations, mining practices and equipment used in coaling and waste removal operations are described. Loading and hauling logic diagrams were developed to identify the events, such as loading, dumping,
fueling, maintenance procedures, etc. The variables of truck assignments in multiple pit operation are explained and discussed and maintenance policies are evaluated and summarized. Mine equipment performance values obtained from the site personnel are categorized and summarized. The data collected
in the field and listed in this report were used to develop and validate the computer based model of loading and hauling operations.
Characterization of western Canadian coals with respect to their susceptibility to spontaneous combustion
Authors: Chakravorty R N , Kar K
Published: November 2018

Characterization of Canadian coals with respect to their susceptibility to spontaneous combustion is considered essential for safe mining, storage and transportation of coal. This report briefly discusses the commonly used methods based on thermal changes for
determining relative susceptibility of coals to spontaneous combustion and also presents the test results for a number of Western Canadian coals based on crossing point temperature and oxygen absorption test methods.
EFFECT OF CHELATING AGENTS ON DESTRUCTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS CREMORIS BACTERIOPHAGE BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1
Authors: Watkins Sprague , Elliker P. R.
Published: November 2018

As observed in earlier trials with bacterial cells, destructive activity of a quaternary ammonium compound against S. cremoris phage was increased by addition of chelating agents to the virucide. Concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm ethylenediamine tetraacetate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate sharply increased virucidal activity of 25 ppm quaternary, an effect observed earlier with chelating agents and quaternaries against certain bacterial species. Results suggest desirability of incorporation of chelating agents in quaternaries for sanitization not only for bacterial but also for bacteriophage destruction. The results also provide new information that may lead to a better understanding of mechanism of action of quaternaries against microorganisms.
PRECOOKED FROZEN FOODS AND THE NEW HANDLING CODE1
Authors: Robertson A. H.
Published: November 2018

The origin of and membership in the Association of Food and Drug Officials of the United States is described. The formation in 1956 and the objectives of the Joint Committee on Frozen Foods in the above Association with representatives of the National Association of Frozen Food Packers is explained. The Committee was directed to prepare a model processing and handling code for uniform guidance of both industry and public servants.

Industry has surveyed operations, including bacterial determinations on products at different stages of processing in several precooked frozen food processing plants. Any product consisting in part of meat, poultry, gravy, sauce or stuffing is readily subject initially to plant mishandling and should be processed with minimal delay.

Sanitarians are urged to be practical, understanding, cautious and conservative when using the new tools in the recommended code; nevertheless, industry's familiarity with and early use of it will do much to maintain frozen food quality at a high level.
THE EFFECT OF FARM BULK COOLER TYPE (ICE BANK OR DIRECT EXPANSION) UPON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF RAW MILK
Authors: Leggatt A. G. , Gregersen B.O.
Published: November 2018

Because of persistent rumors concerning the effect of type (ice bank or direct expansion) of farm bulk cooler upon the bacteriological quality of milk stored in them, certain data arising from another project were statistically analyzed to ascertain what variability might be expected from milk held in the two types under practical conditions. The data were derived from a study of nine different makes of coolers and twenty four shippers whose milk was sampled periodically during the winter and summer. This study showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the bacteriologcial qualty of the milk held in either type of farm bulk cooler.
REHABILITATION AND RENOVATING OF THE EVANSVILLE-VANDERBURGH COUNTY FOOD HANDLING ESTABLISHMENTS1
Authors: Barringer James C.
Published: November 2018

Reasons which demanded the rehabilitating of the food handling establishments throughout Evansville and Vanderburgh County, Indiana, are presented. In addition, the approach and methods used by the Evansville-Vanderburgh County Health Department in obtaining this rehabilitation are given. Also discussed are the problems which developed during the enforcement of this program and the solutions to these problems.
THE INCIDENCE OF POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCI IN DAIRY PRODUCTS AT THE CONSUMER LEVEL
Authors: Foltz V. D. , Mickelsen Ross , Martin W. H. , Hunter Charles A.
Published: November 2018

Two hundred and seven samples of pasteurized dairy products obtained from consumer marketing channels were analyzed for the presence of staphylococci. Potentially virulent coagulase postive staphylococci were isolated from 3.4 percent of the samples examined. All of the various classes of products studied contained staphylococci, however, not all samples within a class contained the organism. The presence of coliform organisms and staphylococci did not correlate postively, leaving some question as to the source of contamination.
A BACTERIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF FROZEN FOODS IN THE OKLAHOMA CITY AREA
Authors: Machala Walter E.
Published: November 2018

The rapidly increasing amounts of frozen foods of the so-called “heat and eat” variety and other available to the housewife have created possible potential public health hazards. Proper evaluation of such possibilities by health authorities involves the availability of accurate, complete bacteriological laboratory data. Presented in this survey, are the bacteriological results of 192 assorted frozen food samples purchased at the retail level in the Oklahoma City area, and tested during a 17 month period. The question is raised concerning the wisdom of using the coliform group bacteria as indicators of sanitation or contamination. The results tend to point up the need for health authorities to determine a course of action which would best enable them to apply bacteriological standards in order that the consumer may be assured wholesome, high quality products at all times.
COMPETITION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS
Authors: Oberhofer T. R. , Frazier W. C.
Published: November 2018

Sixty-six cultures of food microorganisms were screened by spot-plate tests on their ability to influence the growth of four strains of Staphylococcus aureus, two enterotoxigenic and two not. The six test media were selected for differences in complexity and to simulate natural foods. The most consistently inhibitory cultures for S. aureus were: Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus faecalis, S. faecalis var. liquefaciens, a nisin-producing Streptococcus lactis, and various meat lactobacilli. Other cultures were less consistently inhibitory, and many were not inhibitory or were even stimulatory.

Growth of two enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus in meat infusion broth at 15°, 30° and 44° C. was only moderately reduced by simultaneous growth of Escherichia coli strain Gratia, but was markedly reduced by growth of E. coli H52, especially at 15° C. and 44° C.
COOLING CUSTARDS AND PUDDINGS WITH COLD-TUBE AGITATION1
Authors: Moragne Lenora , Longrée Karla , White James C.
Published: November 2018

This investigation is concerned with the cooling of 4-gal batches of custards and puddings from an initial temperature of 140°F to a final temperature of 60°F, using a rotating cold tube agitator. Variables were: (a) level of egg, (b) level of cornstarch, (c) level of sugar, and (d) rate of cold-tube agitation. Total cooling time decreased as the rate of agitation increased. All but one of the forty-eight mixtures cooled within 3 hr when agitated at 18 rev/min; all but five cooled within 5½ hr. when agitated at 6 rev/min. As the level of egg in the mixture increased the total cooling time decreased. As the level of sugar increased the total cooling time also increased, but the increase in total time was not in proportion to the increase in the level of sugar. In each instance, agitation at 18 rev/min produced a greater increase in radius of spread. Cornstarch was the most significant factor influencing the change in density of the mixtures. There was a greater increase in density value in the mixtures made with the high level of cornstarch than in the mixtures made with the low level of cornstarch. As the level of egg in the mixtures increased, the differences in density value also increased.
A COMPARISON OF COOLING PERFORMANCES OF FARM BULK MILK TANKS1 2
Authors: Charity L. F. , Altman L. B. , Belknap R. A.
Published: November 2018

Milk temperatures in 35 ice-bank and 23 direct-expansion (58 total) farm bulk milk tanks of atmospheric design were measured during the summers of 1958 and 1960. Additional information was obtained by a questionnaire.

Cooling requirements specified in 3-A Sanitary Standards were used as the basis for determining performance. Twenty-two percent of the DE tanks failed during the first milking to properly cool the milk to 40°F, and 26% failed during the second milking. IB tanks had 34% fail for the first milking and 17% for the second milking.

For the second milking 35% of the DE tanks permitted the milk to exceed a 50°F blend temperature. The average time above 50°F was 45 minutes. IB tanks had 23% fail to meet this requirement for an average time of 20 minutes. About 75% of the producers poured milk into the tanks in quantities of 3 to 5 gallons. Average milk temperature rise was 11 °F for both types of tanks.

Maximum stratification temperatures for the DE tanks averaged 2.6°F and for the IB tank 3.2°F. The stratification temperature patterns were different for the two types of tanks.

Some of the faulty tanks were rechecked in 1960. Mechanical and refrigeration problems along with operator neglect were responsible for most of the tanks not cooling to 40°F in the specified time.

When loadings are heavy and air temperatures are high, second-milking blend temperatures will exceed 50°F in many farm tanks as they are now designed and operated. Faster rates of milking will also tend to cause high blend temperatures.

A systematic routine check of all tanks would reduce considerably the numbers not meeting 3-A Standards. An inspection system should involve the hauler, fieldman, sanitarian, tank dealer, and the producer.
DAIRY PLANT PRECAUTIONS TO AVOID ADDED WATER IN MILK1 2
Authors: Smith A. C. , Anderson R. F. , Waldo R. W. , Chaffee C. W. , Parry R. M.
Published: November 2018

Reasons for milk adulteration and prolonged flushing time during processing were deduced by noting the time required to reach the normal freezing point on milk used for flushing sanitizing solutions from clarifiers, balance tanks, and HTST pasteurizers. Pasteurizer flushing time varied considerably depending on the efficiency of clarifier flushing and balance tank drainage, type of balance tank, placement of clarifier, and occurrence of diversion or recirculation while flushing. Adulteration appeared to be caused by the use of uniform time allotments for flushing without proper consideration of the factors causing the variable flushing times. Recommendations are made to avoid adulteration and minimize flushing time or loss of milk while starting processing equipment.
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL1 FROZEN FISH STICKS
Authors: Nickerson J. T. R. , Silverman G. J. , Solberg M. , Duncan D. W. , Joselow M. M.
Published: November 2018

A total of 78 samples of frozen fish sticks were analyzed for total plate count, coliform count, coagulase-positive staphylococci and members of the Salmonella-Shigella group. Fifteen samples (19%) contained 50,000 organisms or more per g. and 4 had 100,000 or more per g. Coliform counts were generally low, ranging from zero to 35 per g., with 6 samples showing counts of 10 or more per g. Two samples contained coagulase-positive staphylococci and an isolate from one of these samples was positive to salmonella polyvalent sera.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PIPELINE MILKER OPERATION AND ITS EFFECT ON RANCIDITY
Authors: Chen John H. S. , Bates Charles R.
Published: November 2018

Samples of milk produced by four types of pipeline milking systems and one bucket-type milker were obtained at weekly intervals during a two-year study of the development of rancidity in bulk tank milk. The type of unit, and especially the mechanical features and operating conditions, were dominant factors in the development of rancidity in bulk tank milk. Advanced stage of lactation of a majority of the cows in the fall of the year did not appreciably affect the development of rancidity in mixed herd milk. Late winter and early spring milk of cows on dry feed was more easily conditioned for the development of rancidity.
PESTICIDE RESIDUES – A MEDICAL APPRAISAL1
Authors: Zavon M. R.
Published: November 2018

New analytical procedures make it possible to detect pesticide residues in food at a fraction of the level previously detectable. The possibility exists that products formerly thought to have no residues will now be shown to have them. Fear has been voiced that pesticide residues may cause disease. If pesticide residues in food are shown to be more widespread than formerly believed, this fear of danger may be further stimulated. Investigations among the human population have failed to reveal any deleterious effects from pesticide residues in food. Nor is there any other positive evidence of effect on the human population resulting from pesticide residues. Analysis of mortality statistics tends to show many more likely reasons than the introduction of pesticides for changes in causes of death. There is no reliable evidence that the leading causes of death have been influenced by pesticide exposure in food or otherwise. Despite this absence of positive information there is no doubt that we need quantitative investigations to determine the actual exposure of the population to pesticide residues and long term, carefully controlled clinical investigations to determine whether or not injury actually occurs.
PREEMPTION BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN THE FIELD OF FOOD REGULATION1
Authors: Habberton Benjamin G.
Published: November 2018

It frequently happens that the federal government and a state government attempt to regulate the same commercial activity — or what may appear to be the same commercial activity. If the laws or regulations are in agreement, there is no problem. But suppose they are not in agreement. Here, the problems arise. The teaching of the numerous judicial decisions appears to be that even if the state requirement in issue is different from the federal, if it is not in direct conflict with the federal, and does not interfere with the policy or administration of the federal, the two may co-exist and both be enforced. But if the state requirement is in direct conflict with the federal and interferes with the policy or administration of the federal, the federal law or regulation will prevail over the state, and the state law or regulation will be stricken down. In this situation, the federal government with its paramount constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce, is said to have occupied or preempted the particular field of government control and thereby to have excluded regulation by the state. This doctrine, articulated in the foregoing or comparable language, has been applied in numerous cases involving the regulation of commerce in food products. There are cases, for example, involving federal versus state food standards, and these are of particular interest.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STANDARD PLATE COUNTS OF A FOOD SAMPLE SPLIT AMONG LABORATORIES
Authors: Messinger Harley B.
Published: November 2018

Homogeneous one-gram samples of kitchen-contaminated egg salad were analyzed in nine public health laboratories on three successive days. Analysis of variance using a nested design was applied to estimate independently the major sources of variation both between and within laboratories. The variation between laboratories was found to be very great, but the variation within each laboratory was also substantial.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIOLOGICAL KEEPING QUALITY OF MILK PROCESSED BY HIGH TEMPERATURES WITH A 0.6 SECOND HOLDING TIME1 2
Authors: Evans D. A. , Lachman Eleanor L. , Litsky Warren
Published: November 2018

Raw milk was processed through a commercial sized plate heat exchanger at temperatures of 160 F through 260 F with a 0.6 sec hold. Milk samples were collected at increments of 10 F during processing and analyzed for psychrophilic, mesophilic and thermophilic counts initially and at weekly intervals thereafter. All samples were held at 40 F after processing. Results indicated that temperatures of processing at 160 F and 170 F were not sufficient to impart acceptable keeping qualities to whole milk held at 40 F for a period of one week. By comparison, processing temperatures of 180 F through 210 F with 0.6 sec hold appeared to impart to whole milk keeping qualities which were approximately comparable to those observed in milk pasteurized according to present standards. When heat treatment in the range of 220 F through 260 F were used, it was indicated that bacteriological keeping quality of the milk was improved to an extent far beyond that experienced with present day commercial pasteurization. There appeared to be somewhat of a tendency for higher count raw milk related to the level of population in the processed product although the magnitude of this relationship was not clearly defined in all cases. It was evident that this process did not produce “commercially sterilized” milk at the processing temperatures and holding time used.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF PLATE INCUBATION ON THE ENUMERATION OF PASTEURIZATION-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN MILK1
Authors: Thomas W. R. , Reinbold G. W. , Nelson F. E.
Published: November 2018

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of temperature and time of plate incubation upon the count of thermoduric bacteria in milk. Specific types of thermoduric bacteria in pure culture, as well as those present in the mixed flora of commercial milk samples, were enumerated. Plate incubation at 28 C for 4 days was the temperature-time combination that produced the highest thermoduric bacterial count with laboratory-pasteurized milk. Incubation at 21, 32 or 35 C gave lower counts. Thermoduric bacteria subjected to pasteurization were more exacting in their growth temperature requirements than were unheated bacteria. Cultures of Arthrobacter sp., Micrococcus varians and Streptococcus sp. grew over a much wider temperature range before laboratory pasteurization than after the heat treatment. The incubation temperature and time currently recommended for the standard plate count, while presumably adequate for the enumeration of bacteria in raw milk, may not be equally satisfactory for the determination of the maximum viable bacterial population of pasteurized milk.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FILLETING PROCESSES IN IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Tretsven Wayne I.
Published: November 2018

A swab technique was developed for sampling fish and fish processing equipment. Selection of the swab used was based on the uniformity of weight, amounts of water absorbed, and water-holding capacity of the material of the swab. Size of sampling area was based on the limitations of the swabs used to pick up the material from the surface. The technique is simple, convenient, relatively accurate in use, and inexpensive for nondestructive sampling of wet surfaces in the field or in the laboratory.
POPULATION OF CITRATE-FERMENTING BACTERIA IN LACTIC CULTURES
Authors: Overcast W. W. , Skean J. D.
Published: November 2018

The total bacteria and citrate-fermenting bacteria in 72 lactic cultures were enumerated. The numbers of citrate-fermenting bacteria varied from fewer than 10,000 to 2.1 billion per ml. The citrate-fermenting bacteria per ml expressed as per cent of each corresponding total count on Tomato Juice Agar (TJA) had a median of 13%. The mean percentages of citrate-fermenting bacteria were not significantly different among lactic cultures grouped according to their original source, time maintained in the dairy plant, or their particular use.
FASTER ENUMERATION OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN PASTEURIZED MILK – A PRELIMINARY REPORT1
Authors: Freeman T. R. , Nanavati N. V. , Glenn W. E.
Published: November 2018

Of the 58 chemicals tested, the following were considered effective as selective inhibitors for gram-positive organisms in milk: sodium desoxycholate, alkyldimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, methyl dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alpha- bromolauric acid, alpha-bromomyristic acid.
INTERFERENCE OF SANITIZERS WITH ANTIBIOTIC DISC ASSAY TESTING OF MILK
Authors: Palmer John
Published: November 2018

Five commercial sanitizers were added to milk containing added antibiotics at a concentration range likely to be found in milk; to determine if the presence of the sanitizer would interfere with the estimation of antibiotics by the disc assay method. The sanitizers used were acid halogen and quaternary types, representing a range of commercial currently used products. The results obtained indicated no interference with the antibiotic disc assay test when the residual sanitizers were present even at much higher concentrations than would be expected under good operational practices.
RELATION BETWEEN MILK PRODUCTION CONDITIONS AND RESULTS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTS WITH AND WITHOUT PRELIMINARY INCUBATION OF SAMPLES1
Authors: Johns C. K. , Clegg L. F. L. , Leggatt A. G. , Nesbitt J. M.
Published: November 2018

The effectiveness of various bacteriological methods in detecting insanitary production conditions was studied over a two-year period at three centers. It had been planned to use the pulsating rinse test as a yardstick, but it was found necessary to supplement this with a weighted scoring system for “faults” reported on inspection. Farms were classified as satisfactory or unsatisfactory on this basis. In contrast to previous experience, preliminary incubation (PI) at 55 F for 18 hr failed to show any significant advantage. However, subsequent studies revealed that results would have been more favorable had samples been taken from full tanks, rather than of the first two milkings. Results varied markedly between the three centers in the degree to which unsatisfactory conditions were reflected by both standard plate counts (SPC) and resazurin reduction tests. Resazurin reduction times equivalent to various SPCs varied strikingly from center to center, and even between two groups of farms at a given center. All were appreciably greater than those currently in vogue. Bacteriological standards as stiff as 10,000/ml SPC failed to detect up to 32% of farms scored as unsatisfactory, emphasizing anew the importance of regular, frequent, careful inspection of farms.
SANITARY STATUS OF SOME PRECOOKED, FROZEN, DESSERT-TYPE FOODS1
Authors: Verma N. N. S. , Foltz V. D. , Mickelsen Ross
Published: November 2018

Sanitary status of 102 samples of precooked, frozen, dessert-type foods available in the local market (Manhattan, Kansas) was determined. Foods were studied for total bacterial population, densities of coliform bacilli, Escherichia coli and staphylococci.

All samples except two showed standard plate counts fewer than 100,000 per g, and the majority (90%) had counts below, 41,000 per g. Thirty-nine (38.2%) of the specimens showed evidences of coliform contamination and 8 (7.8%) were contaminated with E. coli of probable fecal origin. Coliform counts in 24 (23.32%) samples varied from 10 to 275 per g. Twenty-eight (27.45%) of the specimens showed contamination by staphylococci though no isolate proved to be coagulase-positive. Some problems of analysis and interpretation that arose are discussed.
COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF AIR-BORNE LACTIC BACTERIOPHAGES BY VARIOUS GERMICIDES APPLIED AS AEROSOLS1,2
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E.
Published: November 2018

The chlorine-releasing compounds were highly effective in destroying air-borne lactic streptococcus bacteriophages 144F and 18–16. At a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine in the chamber, which was attained with 1000 ppm available chlorine in the solution applied, the inactivation was 99.999% or better. Of the various germicides tested, the quaternary ammonium compound and phosphoric acid wetting agent were found to be least effective as virucidal aerosols. Incorporation of chelating agents (EDTA) with quaternary ammonium compounds, to enhance their virucidal activity, was unsuccessful. The effectiveness of iodophor applied as an aerosol, was progressively greater with increasing concentration; however, undesirable side effects such as a heavy brown residue on all surfaces contacted and undesirable odors were noted.

The study of corrosive effects by germicides on various metals indicated that of the chlorine-containing compounds, dichloroisocyanuric acid was least corrosive. Phosphoric acid wetting agents were the least corrosive of all compounds tested.

Results of this study suggested that the chlorine-containing compounds, when applied as an aerosol at sufficiently high concentration, should provide the most effective agents for sanitizing procedures for the control of bacteriophages in the air and on building and equipment surfaces. The results further indicated that a concentration of .048 ppm available chlorine or more in the air provided most effective phage destruction under experimental conditions. This concentration was provided by the equivalent of 1 to 1.5 liters of 1000 ppm applied as an aerosol per 1000 ft3 of space.

Present state of knowledge would indicate that dichloroisocyanuric acid should be an effective and practical compound for control of bacteriophage in dairy plants. In addition to being highly virucidal, dichloroisocyanuric acid also has a low rate of corrosion.
ANALYSIS OF BACTERIOLOGICAL UTENSIL SWAB COUNTS AND DISHWASHING PROCEDURES FROM FIELD REPORTS
Authors: Post F. J. , Entz J. W. , Palmersheim J. J.
Published: November 2018

Swab records of the Los Angeles County Health Department totaling 13,447 for the years 1959, 1960, and part of 1961 were analysed using the IBM 7090 computer of the Western Data Processing Center. Results indicated that the total number of illegal counts in the county for this period averaged 12.67%, far below comparable reports from other sections of the country. Analysis of the data indicated that bars had more illegal counts than restaurants and used hand washing far more than machine washing. About 38% of restaurants used machines. Type of sanitizer, time of exposure, utensil, and distribution of bacterial counts are also reported. Quaternary ammonium compounds appeared to be used less successfully than hot water and chlorine. Hot water was the most reliable sanitizer on the whole but chlorine was more frequently found at legal concentrations. It was concluded that supervision of operation was more important than the swab test itself.
COMPARISON OF MEDIA FOR THE ISOLATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS FROM FOOD.1, 2, 3
Authors: Southworth Jill M. L. , Strong Dorothy Hussemann
Published: November 2018

The purpose of the study was to determine how SPS agar of Angelotti et al. (2) compared with certain other solid media proposed for the isolation or identification of clostridia. An attempt was made, therefore, to recover viable cells of three strains of Clostridium perfringens from various suspending media using five plating media. The results were analyzed statistically.

The results may be summarized by stating that in every case SPS agar proved to be better than the other media examined for the recovery of the organisms; and that neither the food constituents tested nor mixed cultures of organisms affected the quantitative recovery of C. perfringens. The presence of sulfadiazine and polymyxin-B-sulfate in the medium did not affect the recovery of C. perfringens in a statistically significant manner.
EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF INCUBATION ON THE PLATE COUNT OF DRY MILKS
Authors: Pedraja Rafael , Mengelis Ainis
Published: November 2018

Bacterial counts of nonfat dry milk of various heat types and of dry buttermilk were determined by the agar plate method using three incubation conditions, 35 C for 48 hours, 32 C for 48 hours, and 32 C for 72 hours. Generally higher plate counts were obtained when incubating samples at 32 C for 72 hours. No outstanding differences were found when samples were incubated at 35 C for 48 hours, as compared to incubation at 32 C for 48 hours. There was no relation between the direct microscopic clump count and differences in plate counts due to varying incubation conditions. Results clearly demonstrate that only a very small percentage of samples were affected in their grade classification as a result of extending the incubation time to 72 hours.
THE WISCONSIN MASTITIS TEST – AN INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF LEUCOCYTES IN MILK1
Authors: Thompson D. I. , Postle D. S.
Published: November 2018

A simple, rapid screening test for mastitis in bulk samples has been described. The test is based on the observation that an increase in leucocytes is accompanied by an increase in viscosity when a detergent reagent is mixed with a milk sample. The viscosity is determined by measuring the height of a column of milk-reagent mixture remaining in a test tube after a 15-sec outflow through a cap having an orifice 1.2 mm dia. The results of this method correlate well with the square root of the leucocyte count (correlation coefficient equals 0.91).
DETECTION EFFICIENCY OF MASTITIS SCREENING TESTS
Authors: Cole E. J. , Painter E. V. , Schnepper G. H.
Published: November 2018

A comparison of the detection efficiency of five screening tests for mastitis was made by correlating test results with results of a specific laboratory standard based on a direct leukocyte count and/or the culturing of infectious organisms on the same samples of milk. Since the screening tests are “indirect” or non-specific in nature, the measure of effectiveness took into consideration not only the per cent detected as compared to that detected by the laboratory method, but also the per cent of readings which were false positives. Both per cent detection and per cent false positives increased with increasing test sensitivity. The level of detection at which the per cent of false positives began to increase rapidly was chosen as the optimum efficiency for each type of test. This optimum efficiency correlated with the presence of mastitis as follows: California Mastitis Test 69.5%; Whiteside Test 65.5%; Filter Disk Test 45.0%; Catalase Test 43.8%; Strip Plate Test 4.7%.
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM FOOD POISONING1,2
Authors: Foster E. M. , Deffner Janet S. , Bott Thomas L. , McCoy Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

The outbreaks of botulism in the United States during 1963 stimulated renewed interest in this food-borne disease, primarily because commercially prepared foods were involved. Three of the outbreaks were caused by Clostridium botulinum type E in fishery products. Two of these resulted from the consumption of smoked fish from the Great Lakes.

A survey has been started to see if C. botulinum type E is common on fish from the Great Lakes. Toxin neutralization tests have shown the organism to be present in cultures from nine of ten locations sampled in Lake Michigan. The organism was found more frequently in the intestinal tract than on gills, livers or the external surfaces of the fish. Over 75% of the cultures prepared from the intestines of fish caught in one large bay of Lake Michigan proved to contain type E toxin. The incidence of the organism in fish from the main body of the lake has been much lower than this.
VARIATIONS IN BACTERIAL COUNT IN COMMERCIAL CORN FREEZING1
Authors: Wolford Everett R. , King A. Douglas , Michener H. David
Published: November 2018

High bacterial counts arose from washers, from conveyor belts which were inadequately cleaned or disinfected, from the distributor at the entrance to the freezing tunnel, and, generally, from points where corn accumulated on guides, reels, or other equipment along the processing line. Accumulation of corn even at one point can contaminate the rest of the line and raise the count on the final product to more than a million/g. In plant chlorinated water, continuous rinsing of conveyor belts with chlorinated water, and split blanching with the second blanch as close to the freezer as possible lowered count. Continuous attention to the cleanliness of the line is essential.
BACTERIOLOGICAL COMPARISONS OF HOT PROCESSED AND NORMALLY PROCESSED HAMS1
Authors: Pulliam James D. , Kelley Donald C.
Published: November 2018

A preliminary study of the bacteriological comparisons of hot processed and normally processed hams was made in cured unsmoked and cured smoked hams. Higher bacterial counts were found in the hot processed hams. Staphylococci were isolated from both hot processed and normally processed hams. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from one hot processed ham.
THE FREEZING POINT OF MILK PRODUCED IN FOUR MARKETS IN TENNESSEE
Authors: Demott B. J.
Published: November 2018

Seasonal differences occur in the freezing point depression (Δ) of milk produced in Tennessee, A larger Δ occurred in the colder months of the year than in the summer and early fall of 1963 and 1964. Weather conditions were of more significance in the fall and spring than in winter and summer. High temperatures and high vapor pressures were associated with smaller Δ's. The Δ between herds was statistically different, but this difference could not be attributed to the breed of cow in the herd. Producers whose milk had a small average Δ had, in many cases, a great deal of variation in their Δ's. The relationship between quantity of milk sold per producer and Δ is, at most, very slight.
A LIMITED STUDY ON THE SANITATION OF FISHING TRAWLER HOLDS
Authors: Levin Robert E. , Sawyer F. Miles , Scheurer Paul G.
Published: November 2018

The bacterial load on surfaces of wooden fish pens was uniformly in excess of 108 per square inch prior to cleaning. Conventional hand scrubbing and rinsing with harbor water failed to reduce the count, whereas the application of a hot jet of detergent followed by rinsing with potable water effected over a 100-fold reduction over most of the hold surfaces. The effect of harbor water versus tap water for rinsing was not studied.
REPRODUCIBLE VOLUME DELIVERED BY AN 0.01 ML “LOOP”
Authors: Berridge N. J.
Published: November 2018

A platinum cylinder is described which may be used in place of a standard loop to give improved accuracy.