bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical approach to subtype identification in individuals with social phobia
Authors: ENG W. , HEIMBERG R. G. , COLES M. E. , SCHNEIER F. R. , LIEBOWITZ M. R.
Published: July 2002

Background. The present study used cluster analysis procedures to identify empirically subgroups
of patients with social phobia in a large clinical sample.

Method. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was administered to 382 patients from several
studies of the treatment of social phobia. LSAS fear ratings were summed into four subscale scores
(social interaction, public speaking, observation by others, eating and drinking in public) based on
a previous factor analytical study of the LSAS. In order to produce a stable and robust solution,
these factor scores were submitted to a two-stage clustering procedure consisting of an
agglomerative-hierarchical clustering method followed by an iterative non-hierarchical clustering
method.

Results. Three patient subgroups were identified based on their pattern of feared social situations
on the LSAS. These groups were labelled: (1) pervasive social anxiety; (2) moderate social
interaction anxiety; and (3) dominant public speaking anxiety. Clusters differed significantly on age
and age of social phobia onset, as well as on measures of social anxiety, general anxiety and
depressive symptomatology. Clusters also differed in the percentage of assigned patients who met
criteria for the generalized subtype of social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.

Conclusions. The results provide empirical support for the existence of three subgroups in a clinical
sample of individuals with social phobia and contribute to the growing evidence for the
heterogeneity of social phobia. Further study of the conceptual, clinical and aetiological significance
of these subgroups is needed.
Are alternative pasts plausible? A reply to Thomas Flint
Authors: HASKER WILLIAM
Published: July 2002

Thomas Flint has claimed that my argument against Molinism suffers
from a ‘seemingly irreparable logical gap’. He also contests a key assumption of that
argument, namely that ‘something which has had causal consequences in the past
is ipso facto a hard, fixed, settled fact about the past’. In reply, I show that there is
no logical gap at all in the argument. And I argue that, even though Molinists have
reasons, based on Molinist principles, for rejecting the assumption in question, the
assumption is indeed extremely plausible. Thus, the argument creates difficulties for
Molinism that are more severe than Flint is willing to admit.
Elizabeth Lanza, Language mixing in bilingual
children. (Oxford studies in language contact.) Oxford:
Clarendon; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Pp.
xv, 397. Hb $90.00.
Authors: Tracy Rosemarie
Published: July 2002

Investigators of bilingual language acquisition
have underscored the fact that the child growing up with
two languages provides us with an ideal natural experiment.
First, the bilingual child offers welcome opportunities
for disentangling general cognitive and specific linguistic
development. Second, the investigator can look at different
language policies adopted by individual families and caregivers,
compare features of the respective input, and relate these
features to the child's emerging language systems
and communicative behavior. Lanza's book addresses
this second set of issues and provides us with valuable
insights concerning what she calls “language socialization”
and children's early sensitivity toward the acceptability
of their language choice.
Walt Wolfram & Natalie Schilling-Estes, American
English: Dialects and variation. (Language in society, 24). Oxford
(UK) & Malden (MA): Blackwell, 1998. Pp.
xvii, 398. Pb $29.95.
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: July 2002

Can a textbook win the hearts as well as the minds
of students? This one tries, and because of the richness
of its material, it might could succeed. With copious examples
of, and exercises in, the logic of nonstandard English,
from Appalachia to Okracoke to African American Vernacular,
the authors aim to replace linguistic prejudice with respect,
if not admiration, for the varieties of American English
that students will encounter.
Bill Cope & Mary Kalantzis (eds.), Multiliteracies:
Literacy learning and the design of social futures.
London and New York: Routledge, 2000. Pp. xi, 350. Hb $90.00,
pb $29.99.
Authors: Newman Michael
Published: July 2002

The Multiliteracies (ML) Project is a response by
eleven prominent literacy researchers, known collectively
as the New London Group (NLG), to changes associated with
the end of the Cold War and the information economy.1
ML was conceived in 1994 at a meeting in New London, New
Hampshire, US, and saw light with the publication of NLG
1996 in the Harvard Educational Review. With the
appearance of the volume under review, we can now say that
it is walking and has a promising future.
Shanna Poplack (ed.), The English history of
African American English. (Language in Society, 28.)
Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Pp. v + 277. Pb $31.95.
Authors: Baugh John
Published: July 2002

Poplack and other contributors to this important
volume are to be commended for an exceptionally well crafted
book, with a succession of groundbreaking studies of African
American English (AAE). Although this work will undoubtedly
add fuel to the flames of historical linguistic controversy
that continue to swirl around African Americans, Poplack
and her colleagues go far to advance hypotheses and analyses
that argue in favor of the English origins of African American
Vernacular English (AAVE).
LTP and reinforcement: Possible role of the monoaminergic systems
Authors: Zhadin Mikhail N.
Published: July 2002

The absence of a clear influence of the responses modified by new connections created by LTP on the development of these connections casts doubt on an essential role of LTP in learning and memory formation without any association with reinforcement. The evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic systems in synaptic potentiation in the cerebral cortex during learning is adduced, and their role in reinforcement system function is discussed.
Sleep, not REM sleep, is the royal road to dreams
Authors: Borbély Alexander A. , Wittmann Lutz
Published: July 2002

The advent of functional imaging has reinforced the attempts to define dreaming as a sleep state-dependent phenomenon. PET scans revealed major differences between nonREM sleep and REM sleep. However, because dreaming occurs throughout sleep, the common features of the two sleep states, rather than the differences, could help define the prerequisite for the occurrence of dreams.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]
Statistical significance testing, hypothetico-deductive method, and theory evaluation
Authors: Haig Brian D.
Published: July 2002

Chow's endorsement of a limited role for null hypothesis significance testing is a needed corrective of research malpractice, but his decision to place this procedure in a hypothetico-deductive framework of Popperian cast is unwise. Various failures of this version of the hypothetico-deductive method have negative implications for Chow's treatment of significance testing, meta-analysis, and theory evaluation.
Affect systems and neural systems
Authors: Salzen Eric A.
Published: July 2002

The “reward” systems described by Rolls are systems for drive-reinforced associations of contact and distant stimuli and not for emotional behaviours. The neural systems delineated may be associated with distinct categories of “affect,” namely “hedonic feelings,” “moods,” and “emotions.” Awareness of these affects requires external perceptual as well as internal feedback. Levels of feedback in evolution and development suggest sensory qualia may not require language.
“What's love got to do with it?” Self-awareness and human mating strategies
Authors: Vine Ian
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson make a convincing case for male and female psychological access to sexual strategies that dispose us towards both faithful long-term mating and promiscuity – according to socio- ecological conditions. However, their model fails to acknowledge how the human self-system's mediation of conduct can permit us to override voluntarily the pseudo-imperatives of optimizing inclusive fitness.
Toward a new neuropsychological isomorphism
Authors: Occhionero M. , Esposito M. J.
Published: July 2002

The deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to be essential for generating some characteristics of the dream. The heterogeneous nature of NREM sleep makes it difficult to assume that there are different NREM dream triggers. Different cortical and subcortical neurophysiological conditions modulate mentation both in waking and in sleeping without any specific direct triggering factor.

[Solms]
Self-organizing brains don't develop gradually
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: July 2002

Some dynamic systems approaches posit discontinuous changes, even universal stages, in development. Conversely, Thelen and colleagues see development as gradual because it relies on real-time interactions among many components. Yet their new model hinges on one parameter, neural cooperativity, that should change discontinuously because it engenders new skills that catalyze neural connectivity. In fact, research on cortical connectivity finds development to be discontinuous, and possibly stage-like, based on experience-dependent and experience-independent factors.
If belief is a behavior, what controls it?
Authors: Ainslie George
Published: July 2002

“Self-deception” usually occurs when a false
belief would be more rewarding than an objective belief in the short
run, but less rewarding in the long run. Given hyperbolic discounting
of delayed events, people will be motivated in their long-range
interest to create self-enforcing rules for testing reality, and in
their long-range interest to evade these rules. Self-deception, then,
resembles interpersonal deception in being an evasion of rules, but
differs in being a product of intertemporal conflict.
Beyond attention: The role of amygdala NMDA receptors in fear conditioning
Authors: Gewirtz Jonathan C. , Davis Michael
Published: July 2002

Several types of amygdala-dependent learning can be blocked
by local infusion of NMDA antagonists into the amygdala. This blockade
shows anatomical, pharmacological, temporal, and behavioral
specificity, providing a pattern of data more consistent with a role
for NMDA receptors in learning than in arousal or attention, and
supporting the contention that an “LTP-like” process
is a neural substrate for memory formation.
So many problems, so little time: Evolution and the dendrite
Authors: Finlay Barbara L.
Published: July 2002

The multiple levels of analysis that Quartz & Sejnowski (Q&S) bring to bear on the phenomenon of activity-driven dendritic growth show the tight linkage of explanations from the cellular to the cognitive level. To show how multiple control regimes can intersect at the same site, I further elaborate an example of a developmental problem solved at the axodendritic connection: that of population matching.
Sympathetic contribution to pain – need for clarification
Authors: Blumberg Helmut , Hoffman Ulrike , Mohadjer Mohsen , Scheremet Rudolf
Published: July 2002

Certain patients with a possible contribution of the
sympathetic system to pain may not fit the definition of complex
regional pain syndromes (CRPS), which raises the question of
terminology for those patients. To further clarify the relationship
between the sympathetic system and pain, apart from the need for
placebo studies, there remains an urgent need for a satisfactory
definition of the criteria for a complete sympathetic block. It also
remains uncertain whether a change in the discharge pattern of
sympathetic fibres underlies the changes in sympathetic organ
function, often found in patients with CRPS.
Tactics in theory of mind research
Authors: Purdy Jesse E. , Domjan Michael
Published: July 2002

Progress in the “theory of mind” debate would be
better served at this point by abandoning the search for a perfect
“critical experiment” and developing an incremental
research program based on a systematic theory of “theory of
mind.” Studies using the goggle procedure advocated by Heyes
should dissociate the ability to see from possible behavioral
artifacts of “blind” trainers.
On the ontogeny of combination-sensitive neurons in speech perception
Authors: Protopapas Athanassios , Tallal Paula
Published: July 2002

The arguments for the orderly output constraint concern
phylogenetic matters and do not address the ontogeny of
combination-specific neurons and the corresponding processing
mechanisms. Locus equations are too variable to be strongly
predetermined and too inconsistent to be easily learned. Findings
on the development of speech perception and underlying auditory
processing must be taken into account in the formulation of neural
encoding theories.
Taxonomic ranks, generic species, and core memes
Authors: Atran Scott
Published: July 2002

The target article contains a number of distinct but
interrelated claims about the cognitive nature of folk biology
based in part on cross-cultural work with urbanized Americans
and forest-dwelling Maya Indians. Folk biology consists universally
of a ranked taxonomy centered on essence-based generic species.
This taxonomy is domain-specific, perhaps an innately determined
evolutionary adaptation. Folk biology also plays a special role in
cultural evolution in general, and in the development of Western
biological science in particular. Even in our culture, however, it
retains an autonomy from other domains of thought and from
science. These claims are questioned and clarified.
No short cuts to science
Authors: Charlton Bruce G.
Published: July 2002

Steven Rose regards oversimplification of biology as the supreme
sin, inevitably leading to evil consequences, and requiring an unique
distortion of scientific practice to avoid it. To avoid this, he
proposes a short-cut to scientific knowledge by defining certain areas
of biology that are intrinsically flawed. But this achieves only a
subordination of science to politics. There are no general-purpose
shortcuts for evaluating the validity of theories, and no substitutes
for testing specific theories using relevant evidence.
Nonconceptual content and the distinction between implicit and explicit knowledge
Authors: Brinck Ingar
Published: July 2002

The notion of nonconceptual content in Dienes &
Perner's theory is examined. A subject may be in a state
with nonconceptual content without having the concepts that
would be used to describe the state. Nonconceptual content
does not seem to be a clear-cut case of either implicit or
explicit knowledge. It underlies a kind of practical knowledge,
which is not reducible to procedural knowledge, but is accessible
to the subject and under voluntary control.
Episodic memory in semantic dementia: Implications for the roles played by the perirhinal and hippocampal memory systems in new learning
Authors: Graham Kim S. , Hodges John R.
Published: July 2002

Aggleton & Brown (A&B) propose that the
hippocampal-anterior thalamic and perirhinal-medial dorsal
thalamic systems play independent roles in episodic memory,
with the hippocampus supporting recollection-based memory
and the perirhinal cortex, recognition memory. In this commentary
we discuss whether there is experimental support for the A&B
model from studies of long-term memory in semantic dementia.
The place of analogy in Minimalist Morphology and the irregularity of regular forms
Authors: Janssen Dirk P.
Published: July 2002

Analogy plays an important role in the production of irregular forms but the proposed Minimalist Morphology (MM) representations do not express this. Recent results also show that the regular forms of strong paradigms can have idiosyncratic properties that cannot be accounted for by MM. Methodological problems with an experiment are discussed and a plea for a processing explanation is made.
Same talker, different language
Authors: STOCKMAL VERNA , MOATES DANNY R. , BOND ZINNY S.
Published: July 2002

When discriminating between unknown foreign languages, infants, young children, and adult
listeners are able to make same-language/different-language discrimination judgments at
better than chance levels. In these studies (Lorch & Meara, 1989; Mehler et al., 1988;
Stockmal, 1995), foreign language samples have often been provided by different talkers,
confounding voice characteristics and language characteristics. In Experiments 1 and 2, using the
same talkers for different pairs of languages, we found that listeners were able to discriminate
between languages they did not know, even when spoken by the same talker. That is, listeners
were able to separate talker from language characteristics. Experiment 3 used multidimensional
scaling to explore the bases of listener judgments. Listeners were attentive to prosodic properties
and influenced by their familiarity with the test languages.
Variations d'entropies et déformations de structures conformes plates sur les variétés hyperboliques compactes
Authors: MAUBON JULIEN
Published: July 2002

We study the link between variations of entropy on a compact hyperbolic manifold $M$ and infinitesimal flat conformal deformations of $M$. We remark that the entropy of the Liouville measure increases in the direction of these deformations. We then explain a new construction of infinitesimal flat conformal deformations by bending along totally geodesic hypersurfaces of $M$ which allows us to extend a theorem of L. Flaminio.
Oh, Boy! (Oh, Boy!): mutual desirability and musical structure in the buddy group
Authors: Bradby Barbara
Published: July 2002

If rock'n'roll represented new, sexualised gender identities for the teenagers of the late 1950s, why (and how) were such identities constructed through the multiple voices of the group? In Buddy Holly's ‘Oh, Boy!’ the chorus plays a prominent supportive role in relation to the lead singer; but its continual echoing of the singer's ‘Oh boy!’ allows also for a literal hearing of cries of mutual desire and admiration between two men. This representation of the ‘buddy group’ has continuities with other group, or dual representations of male identity, where mutual, male selves and desires are constructed around an imagined, comforting woman. The presence of traces of the maternal body (Kristeva's ‘semiotic’ sphere) is audible in ‘Oh, Boy!’ through the chorus's separation of rhythm and melody, and in particular, its use of ‘children's rhythms’, consistent with those analysed by the musicologist Constantin Brailoiu as a cross-cultural phenomenon. In ‘Oh, Boy!’ children's rhythms are reworked in a dialogue between singer and chorus, and between guitar and chorus in the instrumental break, in such a way that after the break the singer is able to resolve the rhythmic tensions introduced in the first half of the song and get ‘everything right’. The new symbolic identity of male adolescent independence is audibly structured by the semiotic, so reversing the surface hearing of the song as involving the subordination of the chorus to lead singer in the consensual hierarchy of ‘buddy’ relations. The relationship of Buddy Holly to Bo Diddley adds a further dimension to this structure, where ostensible equality cannot mask the uncomfortable social hierarchy of the white rock star and black mentor, and where an appeal to the other as ‘boy’ would evoke not the buddy group, but slavery.
Robotization of mounting and finishing operations in building
Authors: Bock Thomas , Parschin Dmitriy , Bulgakov Alexei
Published: July 2002

Construction is of great interest in the application of practical and theoretical results in the field of robotics. The economic efficiency potential of using robots is defined by construction quantities, a high level of manual work, and hard and unfavorable working conditions. Mounting and finishing operations are the main focus for the practical use of robots. This paper describes technological characteristics of such operations, suggests kinematic structures for mounting and finishing operations, and provides kinematic model designs as examples. Taking into consideration the management details of mounting and finishing operations, this paper also makes recommendations on movement planning and on the formation of the laws of drive control. In the conclusion, recommendations on applying
the results and using computer technologies in the development of control programs are presented.
Reports and Surveys
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: July 2002

ADVANCES IN ROBOTIC TECHNIQUES

1. Robotics in Medicine

There have been a number of reports in this section of the progress being made in applying robotic techniques to medical processes. High on the list of achievements in this area have been the attempts to help in surgical operations. Already reports here have dealt with improved aids for surgeons with increased facilities for viewing and of producing images of the patient's progress. Indeed, operations assisted by links with remote centres of expertise and with internet information databanks are no longer unusual. All of these facilities and devices have been, in the main, aids to the operating medical staff but automated surgery still remains a remote goal, although there are many experimental systems in existence. From the Pennsylvania Hershey Medical Centre, USA, however, comes a report of a truly robotic heart surgeon called Zeus. On this occasion it appears that Zeus is not some robotics researchers speculative design for an automated
medical robot but a working system that is starting its medical trials in a real-life hospital.
Analysis and optimization of tendinous actuation for biomorphically designed robotic
systems
Authors: Bicchi Antonio , Prattichizzo Domenico
Published: July 2002

We present a general framework
for modeling a class of mechanical systems for robotic manipulation,
consisting of articulated limbs with redundant tendinous actuation and unilateral
constraints. Such systems, that include biomorphically designed devices, are regarded
as a collection of rigid bodies, inter-acting through connections that
model both joints and contacts with virtual springs. Methods previously
developed for the analysis of force distribution in multiple whole-limb
manipulation are generalized to this broader class of mechanisms, and
are shown to provide a basis for the control of
co-contraction and internal forces that guarantee proper operation of the
system. In particular, in the presence of constraints such as
those due to limited friction between surfaces or object fragility,
the choice of tendon tensions is crucial to the success
of manipulation. An algorithm is described that allows to evaluate
efficiently set-points for the control of tendon actuators that “optimally”
(in a sense to be described) comply with the given
constraints.
The classroom music teacher – inspirations, aspirations and realities. The evidence from Northern Ireland
Authors: Drummond Brendan
Published: July 2002

This paper is based on a five-year research project looking at the work of music teachers in Northern Ireland. It considers the original inspirations for their choice of career and investigates which aspects of their work continue to motivate them. It discusses the tensions that can arise between their aspirations and the realities of the classroom, and suggests that the reasons for these may often be found in their own élitist background, in the importance they attach to the musical as opposed to the educational aspects of their work and in their general lack of vision for future career development.
THE USE OF CONJOINT ANALYSIS TO ELICIT WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY VALUES
Authors: Ratcliffe Julie
Published: July 2002

There is a growing interest in the potential use of conjoint analysis (CA)
as a tool for estimating patient preferences within the economic evaluation of
healthcare technologies. It has been suggested that where cost is included as
one of the attributes within the exercise, CA can be used to estimate
willingness to pay (WTP) for healthcare interventions indirectly within the
framework of cost-benefit analysis. While recognizing the potential
advantages of CA as a technique for the assessment of benefits in health care,
this paper recommends several avenues of investigation that need to be
carefully explored before an informed judgment can be made as to the validity
of eliciting WTP values using the CA methodology. It is argued that much can
be learned from the use of qualitative research techniques in examining
individuals' understanding and interpretation of CA questions where cost
is included as an attribute in the exercise. Additionally, further research is
required in defining techniques for establishing the most appropriate levels
for the cost attribute in a CA exercise and in determining the sensitivity of
WTP estimates to the levels that are chosen for the cost attribute.
ON THE RANGE OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS OF BIVARIATE ORDERED
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLES
Authors: Lee Lung-fei
Published: July 2002

The range of correlation coefficient of any bivariate
discrete random vector with finite or countably infinite
values is derived. We show analytically that the normal-transformed
discrete bivariate probability system of Van Ophem (1999,
Econometric Theory 15, 228–237) has a flexible
correlation coefficient. We establish the strictly monotonic
relation of its correlation coefficient with the bivariate
normal correlation-coefficient parameter in the system.
EFFECT OF A SHIFT IN THE TREND FUNCTION ON DICKEY–FULLER
UNIT ROOT TESTS
Authors: Montañés Antonio , Reyes Marcelo
Published: July 2002

This article analyzes the asymptotic behavior of
the Dickey–Fuller unit root tests when the variable
is generated under the breaking trend hypothesis. Our results
show that the asymptotic behavior of these statistics allows
for the rejection of the unit root hypothesis. This asymptotic
finding contrasts with the results that can be found in
the literature devoted to the analysis of the integration
order of a variable in the presence of a structural break.
However, some Monte Carlo exercises show that the argument
of Perron (1989, Econometrica 57, 1361–1401)
that the tests are biased in favor of nonrejection of the
unit root hypothesis remains valid for sample sizes of
practical interest.
A GENERAL METHOD TO ESTIMATE CORRELATED DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLES
Authors: van Ophem Hans
Published: July 2002

In this paper a method is presented to estimate
correlated discrete random variables with known univariate
distribution functions up to some parameters. We also present
an empirical illustration on Dutch recreational data.
The insects of plant-held waters: a review and bibliography
Authors: GREENEY HAROLD F.
Published: July 2002

Phytotelmata habitats have been the focus of much research and are utilized by a wide variety of taxa.
In the past 15 years numerous studies in many geographic regions and covering various types of phytotelmata have
greatly increased our understanding of these unique habitats. The most recent summary of phytotelmata inhabitants
included over 20 families of insects. A review of the literature and extensive work in lowland Ecuador shows the
family level diversity is in fact at least twice that reported earlier. A reassessment of previous phytotelmata
classification schemes, as well as an extensive bibliography, is provided.
Fashion and freedom in the French Revolution
Authors: FAIRCHILDS CISSIE
Published: July 2002

On 8 Brumaire, year II (29 October 1793), the Convention decreed that
freedom of dress was a basic human right: ‘Everyone is free to wear
whatever clothing and accessories of his sex that he finds pleasing.’ This
was an odd decree in many ways. It decreed as a right something we take
for granted, the freedom to wear what we choose, and it was passed during
the Terror, when individual rights were routinely curtailed. It also
contradicted itself, for if its first article guaranteed freedom of dress, its
second stated that all previous laws on dress remained in force, and these
included one which impinged on individual freedom: the requirement that
all French citizens wear a red, white and blue cockade in public.
Integer optimization models of AI planning problems
Authors: KAUTZ HENRY , WALSER JOACHIM P.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes ILP-PLAN, a framework for solving AI planning problems represented as integer linear programs. ILP-PLAN extends the planning as satisfiability framework to handle plans with resources, action costs, and complex objective functions. We show that challenging planning problems can be effectively solved using both traditional branch-and-bound integer programming solvers and efficient new integer local search algorithms. ILP-PLAN can find better quality solutions for a set of hard benchmark logistics planning problems than had been found by any earlier system.
NEGATIVE ITEMS AND NEGATION STRATEGIES IN NONNATIVE ITALIAN
Authors: Bernini Giuliano
Published: July 2002

Acquisition of negation in Italian as a second language (L2) is investigated on the basis of
the longitudinal data of five learners with different first languages (L1s) in the framework of a
functional approach focusing on the semantic and pragmatic principles governing the
organization of learner varieties and the process of their complexification. Negation develops in a
cumulative process in four successive stages. New constructions entering into interlanguage (IL)
at each stage effect reduction in frequency of use of previous constructions that specialize for
special functions, such as constituent negation. The acquisition process provides insight into
some of the mechanisms involved in the processing and filtering of grammatical elements from
the input and into strategies employed by the learners to integrate the expression of the scope of
negation into the syntactic organization of their variety. The results contribute to a better
understanding of the acquisition processes of negation in L2s, allowing the comparison of the
development of a relatively straightforward target with an invariable preverbal particle, Italian,
with the better investigated development of the complex patterns of English and German.
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF AFFECT IN LANGUAGE.John H.
Schumann. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997. Pp. xx + 341.
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán
Published: July 2002

During the past decade, John Schumann and his colleagues at UCLA have been pursuing a
novel line of research by examining SLA from a neurobiological perspective. Several articles
have reported on various phases of this extended program and now The neurobiology of
affect in language offers a comprehensive summary of Schumann's theory. As
suggested by the title, affect in this book is seen as central to the understanding of
SLA. This is because, as the author argues, SLA is emotionally driven and emotion underlies
most, if not all, cognition.
STANDARDS AND VARIATION IN URBAN SPEECH: EXAMPLES FROM
LOWLAND SCOTS. Ronald K. S. Macaulay. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1997.
Pp. x + 202. $64.00 cloth.
Authors: Bernsten Jan
Published: July 2002

This book, which focuses on the Lowland Scots variety of English spoken in Glasgow, is a
welcome addition to the John Benjamins series “Varieties of English Around the
World.” Macaulay brings together work based on data collected in three
decades—the '70s, '80s, and '90s. The 12 chapters thus represent
several strands of research, all centered on the basic theme of language standards and variation.
Macaulay argues that the “view of the inherent superiority of standardized varieties is
misleading and that allvarieties of language persist because they are functional for
their speakers” (p. 5).
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORY AND LANGUAGE
PEDAGOGY.Fred F. Eckman, Diane Highland, Peter W. Lee, Jean Milcham, and
Rita Rutkowski Weber (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. Pp. xvii + 326. $69.95
cloth.
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: July 2002

This volume is very much in the North American tradition; it is an edited collection of papers
originally presented at a conference (the Twenty-Second University of
Wisconsin–Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium on Second Language Acquisition). The
book represents both the strengths and weaknesses of its origins.
THE AGE FACTOR IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.David
Singleton and Zsolt Lengyel. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1995. Pp. viii +
160.
Authors: Young-Scholten Martha
Published: July 2002

The age issue has been with us for some time, and Singleton and Lengyel's six-paper
volume indicates it will accompany us into the next millennium. In the L1A = L2A spirit of the
1970s, nonlinguistic accounts for age differences were offered. Yet if factors such as anxiety or
ego permeability are responsible for lack of L2 success after a certain age, studies of postpuberty
failure either point to the difficulty of reducing affective factors to prepuberty levels or,
alternatively, offer support for a neurobiologically based Critical Period. These studies
notwithstanding, it is helpful to return to the original question: Is the outcome of adult L2
acquisition always failure?
On the Morava K-theory of some finite 2-groups
Authors: SCHUSTER BJÖRN
Published: July 2002

For any fixed prime p and any non-negative integer n
there is a 2(pn − 1)-periodic generalized
cohomology theory K(n)*, the nth Morava K-theory.
Let G be a finite group and BG its classifying space.
For
some time now it has been conjectured that K(n)*(BG)
is concentrated in even dimensions. Standard transfer arguments show that
a
finite group enjoys this property whenever its p-Sylow subgroup
does,
so one is reduced to verifying the conjecture for p-groups. It
is easy
to see that it holds for abelian groups, and it has been proved for some
non-abelian groups as well, namely groups of order p3
([7]) and certain wreath products ([3],
[2]). In this note we consider finite (non-abelian)
2-groups
with maximal normal cyclic subgroup, i.e. dihedral, semidihedral, quasidihedral
and generalized quaternion groups of order a power of two.
On the convex set of completely positive linear maps in
matrix algebras
Authors: KYE SEUNG-HYEOK
Published: July 2002

Let PI (respectively
CPI) be the convex compact set of all unital
positive
(respectively completely positive) linear maps from the matrix algebra
Mm([Copf ]) into
Mn([Copf ]). We show that maximal faces of
CPI correspond to one dimensional subspaces
of the vector space Mm, n([Copf ]). Furthermore,
a maximal face of CPI lies on the
boundary of PI if and only if the corresponding
subspace is generated by a rank one matrix.
Radon transforms on Ãn-buildings
Authors: ATANASI LAURA
Published: July 2002

In analogy with the setting of homogeneous, locally finite trees we introduce the
Radon transforms on affine, locally finite buildings with diagram of type
Ãn. We
study the problem of the inversion of these transforms and in some cases we show
how inversion algorithms and formulas are available.
‘I am a Feminist Scholar’: The Performative of Feminist History
Authors: Canning Charlotte
Published: July 2002

The prefaces to two collections of essays by feminist scholars, Gerda Lerner and Joan Kelly, reveal a fusion of historical scholarship and feminism. These texts of feminist history are read through the theories of the performative as a way of exploring the intersections of the performances which gave rise to the written texts and the texts themselves, as well as how the texts demonstrate the theatricality of feminist discovery and change. The declaration of their status as feminist scholars, positioning their work within the relationship of the personal and the political, constitutes a performative act of performing their community. The ‘doing’ of history foregrounds and reveals the ‘history done’, as the performative of feminist history constructs a once erased feminist past. Understanding history as performance serves feminism as an active political movement.
Implications of the use of GNSS and WGS84 for Marine Navigation
Authors: Moore Terry , Dumville Mark , Chen Wu
Published: July 2002

For the last two years a large collaborative project has been taking place at the University
of Nottingham to investigate novel strategies for the implementation of GNSS within all
phases of marine navigation in UK waters. The project, which was recently completed, was
funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. The project also received
financial support from a prestigious team of collaborators that included the UK Ministry of
Defence Hydrographic Office, Trinity House Lighthouse Service, Northern Lighthouse
Board, Commissioners for Irish Lights and the Port of London Authority. The first phase
of this project was reported in the Journal in May 1999 (Ashkenazi et al., 1999); this paper
presents an update of the progress of the project over the last year.
Vertical Sextants Give Good Sights
Authors: Huybrecht W. W.
Published: July 2002

For most ship navigators, this discussion is now purely academic
– which does not make it less interesting.
Intelligent Transportation Systems –
Value Adder For Users Or Nerd's Toy?
Authors: Foyer Peter , Porooshasp Kambiz , Calafel Jordi
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following five papers, were presented during the Telematics Automotive 99
Conference held at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham, 13th to 15th April 1999. This
first paper sets the scene for the more detailed technical aspects of the later papers. Copies of
the full proceedings of Telematics Automotive 99 are available on loan from The Cundall
Library.

Globalisation of both markets and supply has been nowhere more obvious than in motor
cars. These vehicles create not only the most free economic pipeline known to man but also
a revolution in personal freedom. They are unlikely to go away; we have to find ways of
living with them by coping with the environmental problems and the many forms of traffic
problem: congestion, driving and support skills and car crime. In other areas, notably
manufacturing and commerce, automation and advanced communications have enabled
radical improvements in quality, productivity and environmental impact. This effect has yet
to reach road transport in volume; the environmental and traffic problems are growing at
least as fast as the populations of vehicles grow. The risk with such an important enabler as
telematics is that it is seen as a plaything for gadget-minded users, rather than a key enabler
for ongoing use of the car in the face of unrelenting pressures of congestion and
environmental damage.
The USA plastics recycling industry: a survey of manufacturers and vendors of recycled plastic products
Authors: HADJILAMBRINOS CONSTANTINE
Published: July 2002

Despite efforts spanning more than a decade, plastics continue to be the least recycled component of the USA's municipal waste stream. This study addresses a significant gap in knowledge about the operation of the plastics recycling market by investigating and analysing the characteristics and experiences of manufacturers and vendors of consumer products with recycled plastics content.

The study collected information through a survey of this segment of the USA's plastics recycling industry. The analysis of this information confirmed that the industry, as a whole, is young. Nevertheless, it offers a very wide variety of products. These face stiff competition from virgin resin plastic products, or from other virgin competing materials such as wood and cotton. Recycled plastic products are often more expensive than their competitors. Some manufacturers and vendors, especially the younger ones, addressed this problem by finding a niche market with consumers who are willing to pay a premium for environmentally friendly products. On the other hand, companies whose products are successfully competing against virgin products are more likely to have operated longer, to be vertically integrated (producing raw materials and consumer products), and to be more diversified in the number of resins they handle.

Manufacturers and vendors of recycled plastic products in the USA have gained considerable experience since the early years of plastics recycling. Nonetheless, they continue to face some serious challenges. Operators of materials recovery facilities that process PCR have an important role to play in supporting the industry by improving the quality of their product (i.e. PCR). However, the most important factor for securing continued growth of the industry is the expansion of markets for the industry's products. The responses to the survey indicate that, while there are actions that manufacturers and vendors can take to increase their chances of success, the effect of government policy remains overwhelming. Policymakers can facilitate growth in plastics recycling by stepping up their efforts to implement effective demand-side policies and by adopting policies to internalize the environmental and social externalities of plastics manufacturing and use.
A rabies serosurvey of domestic dogs in rural Tanzania:
results of a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT)
and a liquid-phase blocking ELISA used in parallel
Authors: CLEAVELAND S. , BARRAT J. , BARRAT M.-J. , SELVE M. , KAARE M. , ESTERHUYSEN J.
Published: July 2002

During a serosurvey of domestic dogs in Tanzania, a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test
(RFFIT) and a liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) were used to measure rabies antibodies in
vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs. Post-vaccination titres measured by LPBE correlated closely
with those found by RFFIT. Of 567 unvaccinated dogs tested using the LPBE, 42 (7·4%) were
seropositive, with titres exceeding 32. Of this group, 233 dogs were tested using the RFFIT and
115 (49·4%) were seropositive, with titres exceeding 0·5 IU/ml. Two lines of evidence pointed
to the greater specificity of the LPBE when measuring rabies antibodies induced by natural
infections: (a) no seropositive dogs were detected among the 162 unvaccinated dogs from the
rabies-free island of Pemba, Tanzania, when using LPBE, whereas 15/145 (10·3%) dogs of the
same group were seropositive using RFFIT; (b) among Tanzanian dogs there was a close
association between the location of rabies cases and location of seropositive dogs when using
LPBE, but not when using RFFIT. These results suggest that LPBE may be of value in rabies
seroepidemiological studies and could be developed as a reference technique for the detection
of rabies antibody in domestic dogs.
A preliminary qualitative analysis of the axial skeleton of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia): functional morphology and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Sargis Eric J.
Published: July 2002

In this study, the axial skeleton of 14 species of tupaiids (tree shrews) was analysed functionally and compared to that of other archontan mammals. Several differences that relate to differential substrate use were found in the ribs and vertebrae. These differences included cranio‐caudal width of the ribs; number of thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae; cranio‐caudal width of the atlas; orientation of the spinous process of the axis; length and cranio‐caudal width of the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae; length of the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae; length and orientation of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae; and the number of sacral vertebrae that articulate with the ilia. The ribs and vertebrae of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, exhibit adaptations for a stable thorax that probably facilitate bridging locomotion. The vertebral columns of tupaiines, on the other hand, are more mobile and allow more flexion and extension of the spine; this increased flexion and extension increases stride length, which in turn increases speed in bounding or galloping mammals such as terrestrial tupaiines. It is proposed here that the attributes of the thorax of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae, that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal, that the tupaiine condition is derived, and that the ancestral tupaiine was terrestrial. It is also proposed that: Ptilocercus may be primitive for the Archonta in its axial skeletal features; a stable thorax was first evolved in an arboreal ancestral archontan; the adaptations for stability of the thorax were retained in the Volitantia (dermopterans and chiropterans) for certain locomotor types, including gliding or flying; a mobile thorax evolved in conjunction with the shift to graspleaping in the ancestral euprimate. These scenarios may be further tested by quantitative analyses of vertebral osteology, as well as myological analyses of the epaxial musculature.
Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Biswas S. , Sankar K.
Published: July 2002

Food habits of tigers Panthera tigris and population attributes of prey species (population structure, density and biomass) were studied in the tropical dry deciduous forest of Pench National Park, Central India, from November 1998 to April 1999. Scat analysis and line transect method were used to estimate tiger food habits and density of major prey species, respectively. The 61.1 km2 intensive study area was found to have very high ungulate density (90.3 animals km−2) with chital Axis axis being the most common species (80.7 animals km−2), followed by sambar Cervus unicolor (6.1 animals km−2). Common langur Presbytis entellus was the most abundant (77.2 animals km−2) primate species. When the density figures were multiplied by the average weight of each prey species, a high biomass density of 6013.25 kg km−2 was obtained for the intensive study area. Chital (47.3%) along with sambar (14.5%) and wild pig Sus scrofa (10.9%) constituted the major part of the tiger's diet. If there is food choice, tigers seem to kill medium‐ and large‐sized species more often. Wild pig and sambar were consumed more than their availability, whereas chital were taken in proportion to their availability. Gaur Bos gaurus and nilgai Bosephalus tragocamelus were not represented in the tiger's diet. Common langur was consumed in lesser proportion by tigers than expected by estimates of its density. The average weight of animals consumed by tigers in the intensive study area was 82.1 kg. The analyses revealed that Pench harbours very high prey density and tigers are mostly dependent on the wild ungulates rather than on domestic livestock as is the case in many other areas in the Indian subcontinent. These two factors thus make Pench National Park a potential area for long‐term conservation of tigers.