bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weaving Metaphors and Cosmo-political Thought in Early China
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: September 2015

The deployment of weaving/netting metaphors in ancient Chinese socio-political thought has been noted, but the degree to which those metaphors may have prefigured cosmo-political thought in the earliest period has not been explored. This essay traces the crucial role of weaving technology in providing a fertile source for the constitutive image schema nearly ubiquitous in early cosmo-political discourse. 

Le déploiement des métaphores faisant intervenir le tissage ou le maillage dans la pensée socio-politique de la Chine ancienne a bien été remarqué, mais on n’a pas exploré le degré auquel ces métaphores peuvent avoir préfiguré la pensée cosmo-politique des périodes les plus reculées. Cet essai retrace le rôle crucial de la technologie du tissage dans la formation du schéma constitutif de représentation pratiquement omniprésent dans le discours cosmo-politique fondamental.
Khomeini in Najaf: The Religious and Political Leadership of an Exiled Ayatollah
Authors: Corboz Elvire
Published: September 2015

The thirteen years Khomeini spent in exile in the Iraqi shrine city of Najaf is still a little-known page of his life. Based on a collection of published interviews with Iranian clerics, this article explores the social mechanisms of his growing authority, both as a religious scholar and a revolutionary figure. His leadership practices were, the article argues, a mirror of his position of in-betweenness characterized by his physical presence in Najaf and his continued attachment to the home country. The social dynamics at work inside the Iraqi seminaries are explored first to situate Khomeini in his place of exile. While he was kept at a distance by Najaf’s most influential clerical groups, he also had access to a social base of his own, a group of supporters composed mainly of Iranian students and low-ranking scholars. The local and transnational development of Khomeini’s religio-political leadership is addressed next. His scholarly and social activities among Najaf’s community of learning allowed him to consolidate and spread his religious influence. His political activities were less overt than generally assumed; he kept a low profile in Najaf’s public sphere yet maintained a political presence transnationally through his network.
История Волжского казачьего войска
Authors: Kuryshev Andrei V.
Published: September 2015

The author examines the formation of the Volga Cossack Host, its ethnic and social structure, its economic set-up and administration, and state service of the Cossacks. Contrary to interpretations entrenched in historiography, Volga Host Cossacks were generally well-off rather than poor. The cause of their resettlement to the Terek River was not their participation in the Pugachev rebellion. Instead, it was the establishment of the Azov-Mozdok fortified line. The Volga Cossack Host and the Khopyor Cossack Regiment were the main sources of manpower for colonization and protection of newly acquired border territory. Land-poor peasants (from monastic or church lands) from central regions were settled on abandoned lands of the Volga Host, and Cossacks who remained on the Volga were transferred to the Astrakhan Cossack Regiment.
Time Off: Entertainment, Games and Pass Times in Palestine between the End of the Ottoman Empire and the British Mandate
Authors: Baldazzi Cristiana
Published: September 2015

In this article I would like to provide a little piece of the mosaic of everyday life in Palestine by analyzing some of the places and types of free time in the area between Nablus and Jerusalem in the period between the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the British Mandate. In particular the paper considers both the games and pastimes in vogue among the men of the so-called middle class, and forms of recreation practiced by women, and it provides an overview of the most popular leisure activities among children, for both boys and girls. The reconstruction of these “fragments of life,” through the “history” of the memoirs (Palestinian diaries and autobiographies) provides a picture of Palestine at that time which is in many respects unusual and not at all static. There are already clearly perceptible elements of discontinuity, change and modernity which penetrate everyday life under the influence of factors which are internal as well as external.
Beirut e la guerra: Elias Khuri e Oriana Fallaci
Authors: Jaran Mahmoud
Published: September 2015

“Switzerland of the Middle East” and “the oriental Paris” are some of the names that the beautiful city of Beirut had earned before the disasters of the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). This historical event is considered the most important one in the contemporary history of Lebanon, not only because it marks the end of a difficult peaceful coexistence among the various ethnic and religious groups during the period between the Independence (1943) and the beginning of the conflict (1975), but also because it made radical geopolitical changes to the entire region. At the end of the “Swiss epoque”, the city of Beirut begins to undergo a series of transformations in terms of urban planning, landscape, etc. This paper aims to study the literary representation of Beirut during the conflict, taking as examples two authors, one Lebanese, Elias Khuri, who shows, in his novel The Journey of Little Gandhi, the irrationality of war and its effects on the city and on the inhabitants; the other one is the Italian writer, Oriana Fallaci, who describes in his novel Inshallah the experience of the Italian contingent in the peacekeeping mission in Beirut. Despite the considerable differences between the two authors, the papers shows the narratives’ affinity which highlight the transformation of Beirut, the image of its citizens and the problematic of the assimilation process between them and their city.
Taha Abderrahmane’s Trusteeship Paradigm
Authors: Hashas Mohammed
Published: September 2015

This paper synthetically introduces “trusteeship paradigm” of Taha Abderrahmane (b. 1944), a leading philosopher of language, logic, ethics and metaphysics in the Arab-Islamic world. The core of his argument is that the four entities of revelation, reason, ethics and doing (or practice) are neither separable nor antagonistic to each other in the Islamic philosophy he aims at re-grounding; their centripetal force is essentially ethical. Islamic philosophy is primarily ethical. It is only this ethical force that can regenerate the politico-philosophical awakening of the Arab-Islamic world in particular, and can contribute to the formation of a pluralist civilization of ethos in general. Otherwise put, Abderrahmane envisions an ontological-epistemological revisionary revolution in the Arab-Islamic tradition to overcome what may be referred to as “classical dichotomous thought” that dominates some classical and contemporary Islamic thinking as well as much of the Greek heritage and Western modern thought. This ethical revolution is summarized in what he has developed as trusteeship paradigm (al-iʾtimāniyyah) or trusteeship critique (al-naqd al-iʾtimānī), a paradigm the heart of which is a theory of ethics that overcomes dichotomies like religion vs. politics, divine vs. secular, physical vs. metaphysical.
Lektotypifikation von Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) C. Müll.

Authors: Frahm Jan-Peter
Published: September 2015

In der Revision der Gattung Rhacocarpus (Frahm 1996) wurde vermerkt, daß ein Holotypus von Rhacocarpus purpurascens im Herbar Bridel (B) nicht vorhanden ist. Der Typus stammt von der Insel Reunion (“In caespiticibus humentibus et ad saxa basaltica madida in Planitie des Chicots Insulae Borbonicae hucusque tantum lectum est. Clar. Bory St. Vincent detexit et communicavit.”) Da das Bridel- Herbar nicht vollständig ist, war anzunehmen, daß der Holotypus verschollen ist. Da auch eine Lektotypifizierung nach anderen Angaben aus dem Protolog nicht möglich schien, wurde bereits eine mögliche Neotypifizierung nach Material vom locus classicus ins Auge gefaßt und ein entsprechender Aufruf in der “Bryological Times” publiziert. Wie Dr. P. Geissler (Conservatoire et jardin botanique Genève) jedoch daraufhin mitteilte, befindet sich in Genf im Herbar Hedwig-Schwaegrichen ein Isotypus, was durch den handschriftlichen Vermerk “Ins. Bourbon misit Bridel” verifiziert ist. Der Isotypus besteht aus zwei Einzelpflanzen (mit a und b markiert) und einigen einzelnen Blättern in einer Papierkapsel. Die Pflanzen stimmen mit der heute üblichen Umschreibung der Art überein.
Additions and corrections to the knowledge of the foliicolous lichen flora of Costa Rica.

The genus Fellhanera, with notes on Bacidia pauciseptata

Authors: Lücking Robert
Published: September 2015

This further contribution to the knowledge of the foliicolous lichen flora of Costa Rica provides a detailed account on the genus Fellhanera. In total, 25 species and five undescribed taxa are treated. Ten species are described as new: Fellhanera angustispora sp.n., F. dictyospora sp.n., F. dispersa sp.n., F. emarginata sp.n., F. pilomarginata sp.n., F. longispora sp.n., F. muhlei sp.n., F. montana sp.n., F. verrucifera sp.n., and F. viridis sp.n. New combinations are F. pauciseptata (R. Sant.) R. Lücking comb.n. [Bas.: Bacidia pauciseptata R. Sant.] and F. rubida (Müll. Arg.) R. Lücking comb.n. [Bas.: Patellaria rubida Müll. Arg.]. F. dominicana (Vain.) Vezda is placed into synonymy with F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vezda, whose type has 7-septate ascospores, and the name F. subfuscatula R. Lücking sp.n. is introduced for the taxon with 5-septate ascospores formerly known as F. fuscatula. F. misionensis Ferraro & R. Lücking ined. and F. sublecanorina (Nyl.) Vezda are reported for the first time from Costa Rica. The formerly invalidly published names F. farinosa nom. nud. and F. pilosa nom. nud. are considered to be synonyms of F. fuscatula (Müll. Arg.) Vezda and F. rhapidophylli (Rehm) Vezda, respectively. Specimens identified as F. tuckeri nom. nud. belong to F. rhapidophylli as well. F. buxi is excluded from the foliicolous lichen flora of Costa Rica. A keys is provided to the complex group of species of Fellhanera with brownish apothecia and 3-septate ascospores. Infrageneric relationships within Fellhanera are briefly discussed, and notes on the ecology of the species are provided.
Untersuchungen zur Flora der epiphytischen Moose der südlichen Drakensberge (Südafrika)

Authors: Dilg Claudia , Frahm Jan-Peter
Published: September 2015

In March 1996 an inventory of the epiphytic bryophytes was made in the Drakensberge in South Africa. Thirty-eight bryophyte species, 12 species of hepatics and 26 species of mosses, were found. The highest numbers of species were found in a Podocarpus forest, which presumably depends on a higher humidity and protection against fire. A phytogeographical analysis revealed that the epiphytic bryophytes as well as the host trees show closer relationships to the afromontane flora, whereas the total phanerogamic flora of the Drakensberge shows closer relationships to the Cape flora.
Revision del genero Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy (Lichenes Imperfecti) en Venzuela

Authors: Marcano Vicente , Galiz Ligia , Mohali Sari , Méndez Antonio Morales , Palacios-Prü Ernesto
Published: September 2015

Three species of Leprocaulon Nyl. ex Lamy are recognized in Venezuela, viz. L. microscopicum (Vill.) Gams ex D. Hawksw. (Andes, new to Venezuela), L. arbuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. (new to Amazonas; Andes) and L. congestum (Nyl.) Lamb & Ward (Andes). Special attention has been paid to the morphology and the secondary chemistry of each species. Two earlier reported species of Leprocaulon are excluded from the flora of Venezuela: L. gracilescens (Nyl.) I. M. Lamb & A. Ward is reduced to a chemical strain of L. albicans (Th. Fr.) Nyl. ex Hue, and L. pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) Lamb. & Ward is reduced to a chemical strain of L. arbuscula.
A reappraisal of Maxillaria (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Schuiteman Andre , Chase Mark
Published: September 2015

It is argued that a broad and expanded circumscription of Maxillaria is to be preferred over a narrower one that necessitates the recognition of many segregate genera. These more narrowly circumscribed genera are often difficult to diagnose, increasing the risk of misidentifications, especially when material is only identified to genus level. The genera of the Maxillaria alliance as recognised in Genera orchidacearum are treated as sections of an expanded genus Maxillaria. Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium are here included in Maxillaria. Criteria for generic delimitation are discussed, the necessary combinations are made, and a key to the sections as well as a provisional checklist of the 634 species of Maxillaria arranged according to section are provided. Maxillaria prolifera is shown to be the correct name for M. pendens. Maxillaria humilis is a new combination for M. gracilis.
Wielotomowa gramatyka konfrontatywna języka bułgarskiego i polskiego
Authors: Koseska-Toszewa Violetta
Published: September 2015

Multi-volume Polish-Bulgarian Confrontative GrammarPolish-Bulgarian Confrontative Grammar (GKBP) is the first and so far the only expanded attempt to make the semantic confrontation with the gradually developed interlanguage. GKBP consists of 9 volumes which were published in 12 volumen. It was decided to arrange the description of Polish-Bulgarian confrontative grammar in the direction from the contents to the form. The semantic interlanguage enabled the emergence of two equivalent grammars: the grammar of the modern Bulgarian language and the grammar of the modern Polish language. The analysis of semantic categories, which was applied in GKBP, ensures the coherent confrontative description, irrespective of whether the described languages have grammatical exponent of meanings or not. GKBP falls into the stream of modern theoretical confrontative research based on the logical theory of quantification, on the modern theory of processes titled „Petri nets”, and on the theory of logical predicate-argument structures. Our research removes the exact division into grammatical and lexical levels, thanks to which our research has introduced a lot of new observations of the examined phenomena. Universal semantic linguistic categories such as the time, the modality, the definiteness / the indefiniteness and the semantic case – which are essential for the language description, but have not yet been examined and have not been sufficiently described in the academic grammars of the Polish and Bulgarian languages – have been selected. The sequence of description in this synthesis was established not on the basis of order of developed volumes of GKBP, but on the basis of the generally accepted order of elements of the semantic structure of the sentence. The most external in the semantic structure of the sentence is its modal characteristics. Thereafter, the time, quantifiers and their order in the semantic structure of the sentence as well as the predicate-argument items are placed. Therefore, it is not an abbreviated summary of the issues analyzed in GKBP volumes. It is the description of selected semantic categories organized in accordance with the semantic order of the semantic structure of the Polish and Bulgarian sentences.
Patrząc przez cudze okulary (infinitivus ~ subiunctivus)
Authors: Topolińska Zuzanna
Published: September 2015

Infinitivus ~ subiunctivusThe author proposes a new terminological regulation. She sees the infinitive as a positional variant of the subjunctive. Such a solution allows an objective contrastive analysis of systems with a different zone of use of these two constructions.
Tureccy i bałkańscy „singers of tales” – „jarzmo” inspiracji czy epicka dwubiegunowość?
Authors: Ayşen Kaim Agnieszka
Published: September 2015

Turkish and Balkan “singers of tales” – a yoke of inspiration or epic independence?The research material is mostly based on the works of Albert Lord and Milman Parry, Karl Reichl, Ilhan Basgoz, Pertev Boratav. Epic singers played a significant part in spreading national spirit, be it Turkish or Slavic. The Balkan artists called guslar used a one-string instrument called gusle while a Turkish minstrel ozan and ashik usually used a two-stringed instrument called kopuz or saz. The typical stage for their activities were coffeehouses. Oral epics were transmitted by word of mouth from one singer to another, sometimes by way of formal training based on the transmission of repertoire and technique from master to apprentice. Representative of both traditions was the use of metrics and formulaic style. The song was orally composed in performance, with the audience’s participation. The musical aspect facilitated memorisation. The text to be learned by heart was a story in a song. Although the Turkish and Balkan epic traditions developed independently of each other, the effect of Turkish conquest on the Balkan epic tradition is evident, especially in the style of those singers who perform in borderland (in Kosovo and northern Albania). The Turkish occupation itself became the subject of many epics, reinforcing the national identity of the local population. However, oriental influences also emerged in some formal characteristics, such as the length of the songs, the ornamentation and stylised oriental images and the transformation of separate ballads and short narratives into epic cycles. In both cases for performers themselves this artistic activity became “a way of life”.
Османлиското наследство во Република Македонија: предност или хендикеп?
Authors: Ѓоргиев [Ǵorgiev] Драги [Dragi]
Published: September 2015

Ottoman heritage in Macedonia: an advantage or a handicap?The ethno-centric study of the Ottoman past after the establishment of the national Christian countries on the Balkan, causes many negative stereotypes. Today the cultural and historical heritage from that period is still followed with the negative perception which ­affects the every-day life of the people living on the Balkan. The cause of this texts is through few examples of the Ottoman heritage in Republic of Macedonia, which is one of the most ­significant segments of the multiculturalism in this country, to show that for the Macedonian state the Ottoman heritage still represents a serious disability, which can not be absorbed and integrated in the contemporary Macedonian society.Dziedzictwo osmańskie w Macedonii: korzyść czy utrudnienie?Etnocentryczne badania nad osmańską przeszłością i kształtowaniem się chrześcijańskich państw narodowych na Półwyspie Bałkańskim wskazują na istnienie wielu negatywnych stereotypów odnoszących się do tej przeszłości. Kulturowo-historyczne dziedzictwo czasów minionych także dzisiaj dowodzi ich oddziaływania. Towarzyszy temu negatywna percepcja i upolitycznienie, wpływając na życie codzienne Bałkanów.Na podstawie kilku przykładów z dziedziny kultury duchowo-materialnej i demografii w artykule ukazano osmańskie dziedzictwo w Republice Macedonii, gdzie wielokulturowość i wielowyznaniowość stanowią najistotniejsze elementy jej rzeczywistości. Dowodzą one, iż we współczesnym państwie macedońskim scheda przeszłości osmańskiej nadal stwarza poważne problemy, które uniemożliwiają pełne zintegrowanie współczesnego społeczeństwa macedońskiego.
Likwidacja modelu osmańskiego w Bośni po 1995 roku a kryzys państwa
Authors: Falski Maciej
Published: September 2015

Abolition of the Ottoman model in Bosnia after the 1995 and the crisis of the stateIn this paper is analyzed the dis/continuity of the Ottoman tradition in Bosnia, treated not in the ethnographical or superficial perspective, but in its deeper, cultural and social aspect. The so-called Ottoman model, continued in Austro-Hungarian and Yugoslav period, was characterized by multiplicity of social actors and the lack of the obsession of national territory. The boundaries of an autonomous territory (i.e. Bosnia under Ottoman, or Habsburg and Yugoslav rule) delimitated the sphere of shared practices, and its condition depended on relations between different ethnical agents. After the 1995 predominates the tendency toward territorial and national homogenization which leads to division, and liquidation of the Bosnian state. Nonetheless, the Ottoman model is described here as ambiguous, for its inability to shape the public sphere as a space of civic subjects, not only communities. A lack of the positive idea of the state, and the lack of any legitimization of the power other than nationalism, are seen as the major sources of political and social instability in Bosnia.
Tko su za nas Turci / Osmanlije? Ili kako su predstavljeni u hrvatskim udžbenicima povijesti i sintezama / pregledima hrvatske povijesti
Authors: Agičić Damir
Published: September 2015

What is our perception of the Ottoman Turks, or how are they presented in Croatian history textbooks and the outlines / overviews of Croatian historyHistory textbooks, especially in the Central and East European countries, often contain various single-sided, monocentric, xenophobic views, national exclusiveness, as well as divisions between “us” and “them,” confrontations with the others, etc. The countries with the more developed democratization process find it easier to overcome such difficulties in education, especially in textbooks, because they have no need for self justification and confirmation and have solid institutions addressing the social, economic, and various other rights of individuals. The Ottoman Turks have greatly influenced European, and thus also Croatian, history of the Late Medieval and Early Modern time. The author describes the position taken towards Ottoman invasions and rule in history textbooks and recent outlines of Croatian history. Both the textbooks and the analyzed outlines are found to contain two opposed views of Croatian history – one is ethno-centric, exuberating national past and often offers a prejudiced view of our neighbours, while the other is more modern and presents a more open and concrete overview of Croatian past. The paper lists a number of examples confirming such results.  Kim są dla nas Turcy osmańscy, czyli obraz Turków w chorwackich podręcznikach do nauki historii i w syntezach historii Chorwacji Podręczniki do nauki historii – szczególnie w krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, które podlegały transformacji ustrojowej – często prezentują różne formy jednostronnych wyobrażeń, monocentryzmu, ksenofobii czy narodowego ekskluzywizmu, stosując stereotypowe podziały na „my” i „oni”, przeprowadzają też często obrachunki z „innymi”. Przezwyciężanie tego typu trudności w nauczaniu przedmiotu łatwiejsze jest w krajach, gdzie proces demokratyzacji poszedł dalej, gdzie istnieją stabilne instytucje społeczne, które zajmują się prawami człowieka, a tym samym nie ma potrzeby udowadniania własnej przynależności.Turcy osmańscy w późnym średniowieczu i wczesnej epoce nowożytnej mieli istotny wpływ na historię Europy, w tym także na historię Chorwacji. Zarówno w podręcznikach, jak w poddanych analizie syntezach historii Chorwacji widoczne są dwie przeciwstawne wizje stosunków turecko-chorwackich, jak zresztą i innych momentów narodowej historii: pierwsza, etnocentryczna, wyolbrzymia własną przeszłość i charakteryzuje się w wielu miejscach nietolerancją w stosunku do innych, szczególnie sąsiadów, druga natomiast jest bardziej nowoczesna, otwarta i wyważona. W artykule wymienione są przykłady, które wizje te potwierdzają.
Praktyka religijna i tożsamość macedońskich muzułmanów / Torbeszów w kontekście islamizacji na Bałkanach
Authors: Bielenin-Lenczowska Karolina
Published: September 2015

Religious practice and identity of Macedonian Muslims / Torbeši in the context of islamization in the BalkansThe subject of this paper is the analysis of identity and religious practices of Macedonian Muslims / Torbeši within the context of Islamisation in the Balkan Peninsula. The Torbeši, i.e. Muslims whose mother tongue is Macedonian, themselves are not unanimous in self-identification. In part they declare their affiliation to the Macedonian nation, in part they consider themselves an autonomous ethnic group, while some derive their origin from the Turks or consider to be Albanians.In Macedonian official discourse Macedonian Muslims are those who convert into Islam during the time of Ottoman Empire. By Christians they are perceived to be our Muslims, i.e. not radical or even not true Muslims. It means, Torbeši are told to be in fact Crypto-Christans who only superficially and officially changed faith, but still practice some Christian activities that are referred in scholarship as Crypto-Christianity, bi-confession or non-completed Islamisation. In Macedonian Muslim or mixed Muslim and Orthodox-Muslim villages these practices are visible – they visit Christian temples, light candles and ask for prayers as well as observe some Christian feasts, like the Day of St. George.
Bałkańskie kompleksy „gorszej Europy” w prozie Ermisa Lafazanovskiego
Authors: Moroz-Grzelak Lilla
Published: September 2015

Balkan complexes of “worse Europe” in works of Ermis LafazanovskiOver the centuries, the European continent was divided into different spaces according to different axes: both geopolitical and economic history of East and West and the historical and geocultural division into North and South. Differentiation was present in Europe in vari­ous ways, either by the use of geographical terms, which became the indicators of difference, or how the politicians wanted to see it – split into Western Europe, Eastern Europe or Central and Eastern Europe. They represent the heterogeneity and diverse influences of civilization, that are reflected in its culture.The division into different cultural spaces is mirrored in the literature. Here, from a broad selection of south Slavic literature, for the basis of analysis two works of contemporary Macedo­nian writer Ermis Lafazanovski were selected: novel Hrapeshko and short story Exotic cantata. They reveal the existence of cultural differences and traditions, represented in the antinomies friend–foe, top–down which show spatial differences in Europe burdened by her stereotypes.
Hrvatski nacionalni identitet i Europska unija
Authors: Sršen Andreja , Piskač Davor
Published: September 2015

Croatian national identity and the European Union The permanent anthropological determinant of men which provides them with a feeling of social security is the feeling of belonging to a larger group of people. Various forms of such affiliations existed in the past. They represent older types of collective relationships, such as tribes, the Greek poleis, medieval kingdoms and the like. All of them exhibit the fundamental features of the “structure” of identity. Nowadays, Croatia being at the doorstep of the Euro­pean Union, the issue of national identity becomes a matter of its internal structure that re­sists integration, yet seeking to become a part of the “European identity structure”. Croatia’s scepticism towards the EU stems from the questions of whether the European identity exists and which possibilities for preserving all the structural elements of Croatian national identity, including language as the main aspect, exist within the European Union. The territory, lan­guage and customs acquire defensive features that are becoming increasingly disintegrating and decreasingly integrating in the multi-ethnic Europe. Chorwacka tożsamość narodowa i Unia Europejska Trwałą determinantą antropologiczną człowieka, dającą mu poczucie bezpieczeństwa spo­łecznego, jest świadomość przynależności do większej grupy. Niegdyś istniały różne formy takiej przynależności, a mianowicie starsze typy związków społecznych, jak plemiona, greckie polis, średniowieczne królestwa itd. Współcześnie te formy przynależności zbiorowej są związane ze strukturą narodową, z państwem-narodem lub też ze strukturą ponadnarodową, jaką jest Unia Europejska. W każdej z nich można znaleźć podstawowe cechy strukturalne w postaci tożsamości narodowej lub ponadnarodowej. Obecnie, kiedy Chorwacja oczekuje na przyjęcie do Unii Euro­pejskiej, kwestia tożsamości narodowej staje się sprawą jej wewnętrznej struktury, która stawia opór integracji, ale jednocześnie chce być częścią ponadnarodowej „tożsamości europejskiej”. Sceptycyzm Chorwacji wobec UE wynika ze stawianych pytań: czy istnieje tożsamość europej­ska i jakie są możliwości zachowania wszystkich elementów chorwackiej konstrukcji tożsamości narodowej z językiem jako jej głównym komponentem w obrębie Unii Europejskiej? Terytorium, język i zwyczaje zyskują bowiem cechy defensywne, stając się w wieloetnicznej Europie czynni­kiem coraz bardziej dezintegrującym, a nie służącym integracji.
Јазичната политика во Република Македонија – меѓу законската регулатива и практиката
Authors: Груевска-Маџоска [Gruevska-Madžoska] Симона [Simona]
Published: September 2015

Language policy in the Republic of Macedonia – between legislation and practice The question about the status of the Macedonian language manifests itself for the first time in the 19th century, but its resolution starts with the codification of the Macedonian lan­guage after World War II. The Macedonian language is then declared as an official language in the Macedonian republic and equal amongst the other languages in SFR Yugoslavia. However, the official language in SFR Yugoslavia (the language of international communication, mili­tary dealings, one of the core subjects in all elementary schools etc.) was the Serbo‑Croatian language. With the formation of an independent Republic of Macedonia, the Macedonian language became the only official language until the peace deal Ohrid Framework Agreement was signed, when the language of the largest ethnic minority – the Albanian language – gains the status of an official language. The issue of interest of this article is whether the Macedonian language has changed its status and to what extent, what are the terms of legislation for it and the real situation in which it is found in the Republic of Macedonia. Polityka językowa w Republice Macedonii – między ustawodawstwem a praktyką Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniom związanym ze zmianą statusu języka macedoń­skiego, jego stanem prawnym i faktyczną sytuacją językową w Republice Macedonii.Kwestia statusu języka macedońskiego pojawiła się po raz pierwszy w XIX wieku, lecz jej właściwe rozwiązanie nastąpiło wraz z kodyfikacją języka literackiego po II wojnie świa­towej. Wówczas język macedoński został uznany za oficjalny w Socjalistycznej Republice Macedonii i równouprawniony z pozostałymi językami w SFR Jugosławii, przy czym języ­kiem oficjalnym federacyjnego państwa był serbskochorwacki/chorwackoserbski (jako język komunikacji międzynarodowej, język armii i przedmiot obowiązkowego nauczania w szkole podstawowej itd.).Z chwilą ukonstytuowania się Republiki Macedonii jako niezależnego państwa język ma­cedoński został jedynym językiem oficjalnym, sytuacja taka trwała aż do podpisania umowy w Ochrydzie (Ohridskiot ramoven dogovor), kiedy to także albański – jako język największej mniejszości etnicznej w kraju – zyskał status języka oficjalnego.
Przekład jako spotkanie różnych tożsamości
Authors: Pstyga Alicja
Published: September 2015

Translation as an encounter of different identities The interest in the national identity of Slavic people is related to the processes of social, political and ideological changes as well as to European integration and globalization. The question of the national identity of Slavic people concerns similarities and differences between them, influenced by the specific perception and categorization of reality. After the period of forced transnational integration and constructed linguistic and cultural national communi­ties, the Slavic linguistic views of the world are diversified. Both for Macedonian and Polish people, language is one of the exponents of national identity. Macedonian literary texts trans­lated into Polish enable readers to encounter different cultural phenomena, reflected in artis­tic visions and symbols. Their perception is quite difficult as it requires profound knowledge and intercultural competence. As examples, we will consider Polish translations of important Macedonian novels, Tvrdoglavi (Polish title: Zawzięci) by Slavko Janevski, Vremeto na kozite (Polish title: Czasy kóz) by Luan Starova, Razgovor so Spinoza: roman‑pajažina by Goce Smi­levski (Polish title: Rozmowa ze Spinozą: powieść–pajęczyna) and Skriena kamera (Polish title: Ukryta kamera) by Lidija Dimkovska.
Simulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon in the Superparameterized Climate Forecast System Version 2: Preliminary Results
Authors: Goswami Bidyut B. , Krishna R. P. M. , Mukhopadhyay P. , Khairoutdinov Marat , Goswami B. N.
Published: September 2015

An analysis of a 5-yr (from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013) free run of the superparameterized (SP) Climate Forecast System (CFS) version 2 (CFSv2) (SP-CFS), implemented for the first time at a spectral triangular truncation at wavenumber 62 (T62) atmospheric horizontal resolution, is presented. The SP-CFS simulations are evaluated against observations and traditional convection parameterized CFSv2 simulations at T62 resolution as well as at some higher resolutions. The metrics for evaluating the model performance are chosen in order to mainly address the improvement in systematic biases observed in the CFSv2 documented in earlier studies. While the primary focus of this work is on evaluating the improvement of the simulation of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) by the SP-CFS model, some results are also presented within the context of the global climate. The SP-CFS significantly reduces the dry bias of precipitation over the Indian subcontinent and better captures the monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) modes. SP-CFS also improves the northward and eastward propagation of high- and low-frequency modes of ISM. Compared to CFSv2, the SP-CFS model simulates improved convectively coupled equatorial waves; better temperature structures both spatially and vertically, leading to a significantly improved relative distribution of variance for the synoptic disturbances and low-frequency tropical intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). This analysis of the development of SP-CFS is particularly important as it shows promise for improving the cloud process representation through an SP framework and is able to improve the mean as well as intraseasonal characteristics of CFSv2 within the context of the ISM.
Change in the Relationship between the Southern Subtropical Dipole Modes and the Southern Annular Mode in the Mid-1980s
Authors: Yan Li , Li Gen
Published: September 2015

The southern subtropical dipole modes (SSDMs) and southern annular mode (SAM) are important climate modes, which are dominant in the southern middle and high latitudes, respectively, with considerable regional climatic impacts. However, the relationship between the two modes remains unclear. A close inspection reveals that the SAM was significantly correlated with the SSDMs during the austral summer before the mid-1980s. However, the correlations have degraded since then. This decadal shift in the relationship between these two southern dominant modes is due to a weakened connection between the SAM and the subtropical highs that control the SSDMs. This decadal change could be traced back to a poleward shift in the southern westerly belt. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) typically plays a moderate role in influencing the precipitation in Australia and a minor role in influencing the precipitation in Africa and South America. Nevertheless, the two southern modes could still affect the austral summer rainfall in the midlatitudes, even though the ENSO signal is absent. All these links between the two southern modes and southern land precipitation may be attributable to the associated transport of moisture in the lower-level circulation.
Evaluation of the Snow Simulations from the Community Land Model, Version 4 (CLM4)
Authors: Toure Ally M. , Rodell Matthew , Yang Zong-Liang , Beaudoing Hiroko , Kim Edward , Zhang Yongfei , Kwon Yonghwan
Published: September 2015

This paper evaluates the simulation of snow by the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4), the land model component of the Community Earth System Model, version 1.0.4 (CESM1.0.4). CLM4 was run in an offline mode forced with the corrected land-only replay of the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-Land) and the output was evaluated for the period from January 2001 to January 2011 over the Northern Hemisphere poleward of 30°N. Simulated snow-cover fraction (SCF), snow depth, and snow water equivalent (SWE) were compared against a set of observations including the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) SCF, the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) snow cover, the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) daily snow analysis products, snow depth from the National Weather Service Cooperative Observer (COOP) program, and Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) SWE observations. CLM4 SCF was converted into snow-cover extent (SCE) to compare with MODIS SCE. It showed good agreement, with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 and an average bias of −1.54 × 102 km2. Overall, CLM4 agreed well with IMS snow cover, with the percentage of correctly modeled snow–no snow being 94%. CLM4 snow depth and SWE agreed reasonably well with the CMC product, with the average bias (RMSE) of snow depth and SWE being 0.044 m (0.19 m) and −0.010 m (0.04 m), respectively. CLM4 underestimated SNOTEL SWE and COOP snow depth. This study demonstrates the need to improve the CLM4 snow estimates and constitutes a benchmark against which improvement of the model through data assimilation can be measured.
The Role of Subnational Politicians in Distributive Politics
Authors: Albertus Michael
Published: September 2015

This article examines how the partisanship of empowered subnational politicians can affect within-district benefit distribution. I present a theory of the role of subnational politicians in distributive politics, and then test this theory on a distributive Venezuelan land reform initiative by leveraging unique individual-level data on revealed voter preferences and the receipt of particularistic benefits. Using data from a list of millions of voters who signed petitions to recall former President Chávez, I match information on recent land grant applicants to petition signers to measure how political preferences affect the likelihood of applying for and receiving land, and how state governors condition this relationship. I find evidence for both strategic core voter targeting and blockage of benefits to opposition voters. These effects, however, are modified by the political affiliation of governors. The findings point to the importance of considering how intervening subnational politicians influence distributive politics, particularly under federal structures.
Reform and Electoral Competition
Authors: Ewig Christina
Published: September 2015

Scholars of Latin America disagree about the effects on equity of social policy reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. Those who see negative or no effects blame reforms, while those who believe welfare regimes have become more equitable attribute the change not to reform but to democracy and left governance. I resolve this disagreement by first developing a more holistic measure of equity. With this measure, I establish a convergence toward equity in the health sectors of Brazil, Colombia, and Chile. I then process-trace to determine the causal factors behind this convergence. Paradoxically, I find that the reform period was crucial because it gave rise to an alliance between technocrats and politicians facing electoral competition who together succeeded in overturning preexisting policy legacies, paving the way for equity. Left governance was not a significant factor behind this convergence, while democracy was important but has been underspecified.
Cynical About Change? A Preliminary Meta-Analysis and Future Research Agenda
Authors: Thundiyil Tomas G. , Chiaburu Dan S. , Oh In-Sue , Banks George C. , Peng Ann C.
Published: September 2015

Cynicism about organizational change is often considered an important factor that influences employee acceptance of change initiatives. However, cynicism has been compared with several similar constructs with little conceptual or empirical differentiation. To provide a deeper understanding of change cynicism, we compare and contrast it with similar—yet distinct—constructs: organizational trust, resistance to change, and organizational cynicism. We begin with a narrative review of the conceptual distinctions and similarities among these constructs, followed by meta-analysis of the nomological network of change cynicism. In addition, we compare the nomological network of change cynicism with those of organizational cynicism and trust. We discuss the need for a refined conceptualization of cynicism and suggest new areas for future research.
The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending
Authors: Eichenberg Richard C. , Stoll Richard J.
Published: September 2015

We study the factors that influence citizen support for defense spending in fourteen democracies over the period 2004–2013. We pose two research questions. First, what factors influence citizen support for war and military force? We refer to this as the acceptability of war. Second, in addition to the acceptability of war, what other factors affect support for defense spending? Our principal finding is that citizen acceptance of war and support for defense spending are most influenced by basic beliefs and values. Gender also has a strong negative influence on attitudes toward war and thus indirectly lowers support for defense spending among women. Attitudes toward war and defense spending are also sometimes influenced by short-term threats and by alliance considerations, but the effects are not as substantively meaningful. We conclude with a summary of the results and a discussion of the implications for theory and policy.
Deans’ Corner
Authors: Arbaugh Fran , Ball Deborah Loewenberg , Grossman Pam , Heller Donald E. , Monk David
Published: September 2015

This article presents responses from four College of Education deans to a series of questions posed by the Penn State University Journal of Teacher Education (JTE) editorial team.
Explicating Net Diversity in Trend Assessment
Authors: Park Yong Jin
Published: September 2015

This study tracks the increasing supply of Internet access and the diversity of Internet use by analyzing data from the three waves of a survey conducted in the United Kingdom in 2005, 2007, and 2009. Data on Internet access and three dimensions of online use (civic-government, economic-commerce, and generic information and news) reveal that the Internet not only offers an emergent promise of diversity but also presents a systematic divide in which the increase in benefits (of Internet capacities and actual consumed) does not uniformly occur, while the impacts of social disparities remain constant over time. Our discussion addresses how characteristics of social backgrounds are salient in harnessing types of Internet use that may be a critical tipping point for information diversity. We argue that policymakers will be better served by understanding the constraint of actual use that is to be in par with the continuous explosion of technological supply.
Combining the APES and Minimum-variance Beamformers for Adaptive Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Asl Babak
Published: September 2015

In recent years, adaptive minimum-variance (MV) beamforming has been successfully applied to medical ultrasound imaging, resulting in simultaneous improvement in imaging resolution and contrast. MV has high resolution and hence can provide accurate estimates of the target locations. However, the MV amplitude estimates are significantly biased downward, especially when occurring the errors in model parameters. The amplitude and phase estimation (APES) beamformer gives much more accurate amplitude estimates at the target locations, but at the cost of lower resolution. To reap the benefits of both MV and APES, we have proposed a modified APES (MAPES) beamformer by adding a parameter which controls the trade-off between spatial and amplitude resolutions. We have also proposed an adaptive beamformer which combines the MV and APES. The proposed beamformer first estimates the peak locations using the MV estimator and then refines the amplitude estimates at these locations using the MAPES estimator. By using simulated and experimental data—point targets as well as cyst phantoms—we show the efficacy of the proposed beamformers.
Parent–Child Relationships and Parent Psychological Distress
Authors: Reczek Corinne , Zhang Zhe
Published: September 2015

Relationships with children are important for parents’ psychological well-being, yet limited research addresses whether and how relationships with adult children matter for aging parents’ psychological well-being in mid- to later life. We used four waves of national longitudinal data (Americans’ Changing Lives, N = 1,692) and growth curve models to test how multiple dimensions of the intergenerational relationship—social support, strain, equity, and dissatisfaction—shape mid- to later life parents’ psychological distress over time. Results showed that social support and strain were associated with parents’ distress at baseline but not over time, while relationship equity and dissatisfaction affected change in parents’ psychological distress over time. Findings further showed how the effects of dissatisfaction varied for mothers and fathers. This study adds to an understanding of the social context of aging by drawing attention to how specific dimensions of the parent–child tie matter longitudinally for mid- to later life parents’ psychological distress.
Outcomes from Cyanoacrylate Use in Tracheal Anastomosis in a Rat Model
Authors: Bicer Yusuf Ozgur , Koybasi Serap , Seyhan Sinan , Firat Tulin , Kazaz Hasan
Published: September 2015

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the histologic effects of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and metacryloxisulfolane (MS) comonomer on tracheal anastomosis in vivo on a rat model of tracheal resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis.

Study Design

Animal experiment. Rat model of tracheal resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis.

Setting

Animal laboratory.

Subjects and Methods

Tracheal resection and end‐to‐end anastomosis were performed in 28 Wistar albino rats. Rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (n = 14), in which anastomoses were performed with 8/0 Vicryl, and study (n = 14), in which NBCA and MS comonomer was used in addition to 8/0 Vicryl to perform anastomosis. Seven rats from each group were sacrificed on day 7 and the remaining on day 28 for gross and histologic examination.

Results

Indurations at the site of anastomoses were detected in all rats of study group. Slight narrowing at the site of anastomosis was observed in 8 rats of the study group and in only 1 of the control group. The difference was significant on day 28 (P =. 021). The inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly increased in the study group on day 28 (P =. 022). Epithelial regeneration was found to be worse in the study group on day 28 (P =. 022).

Conclusions

The use of NBCA and MS comonomer increased the inflammation in rat tracheal anastomosis with respect to inflammatory cell count and epithelial regeneration. So the use of NBCA and MS comonomer in tracheal surgery cannot be recommended yet in the light of our data.