bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic blueprint of a relapsing fever pathogen in 15th century Scandinavia
Authors: Guellil Meriam , Kersten Oliver , Namouchi Amine , Bauer Egil L. , Derrick Michael , Jensen Anne Ø. , Stenseth Nils C. , Bramanti Barbara
Published: September 2018

Significance

Louse-borne relapsing fever was one of the major diseases affecting Western human populations, with its last major pandemic killing millions after World War I. Despite the major role fevers have played in epidemic events throughout history, molecular evidence for the presence of their etiological agent has been extremely scarce in historical samples worldwide. By comparing our medievalBorrelia recurrentisgenome with modern representatives of the species, we offer an historical snapshot of genomic changes in an immune-evasion system and of reductive evolution in a specialized vector-borne human pathogen. This shotgun sequencing project highlights the potential for ancient DNA research to uncover pathogens which are undetectable to osteological analysis but are known to have played major roles in European health historically.
Two-dimensional dry ices with rich polymorphic and polyamorphic phase behavior
Authors: Bai Jaeil , Francisco Joseph S. , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: September 2018

Significance

Bulk CO
2
or dry ice has seven polymorphs, namely, CO
2
I–VII. Here, we show molecular dynamics simulation evidence of 20+ two-dimensional (2D) CO
2
polymorphs and polyamorphs. This remarkable 2D polyamorphism of CO
2
and the diverse array of structures is not seen in other molecular systems with weak intermolecular van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Our findings may promote a new research direction for vdW molecular systems, i.e., 2D polymorphism. The rich 2D polymorphic and polyamorphic solid CO
2
structures not only enrich our knowledge of the phase behavior of CO
2
in slit nanopores, but also have implications to the sequestration of CO
2
in microporous materials under high pressure.
Role for ERK1/2-dependent activation of FCHSD2 in cancer cell-selective regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Xiao Guan-Yu , Mohanakrishnan Aparna , Schmid Sandra L.
Published: September 2018

Significance

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) determines the internalization of receptors and their downstream signaling. We discovered that CME is differentially regulated by specific signaling kinases in cancer cells. In particular, ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of the FCH/F-BAR and double SH3 domains-containing protein 2 (FCHSD2) regulates CME and the trafficking and signaling activities of EGF receptors. This reciprocal interaction negatively regulates cancer proliferation and migration. The expression level of FCHSD2 is positively correlated with higher lung cancer patient survival rates. This study identifies signaling pathways that impinge on the endocytic machinery and reveals a molecular nexus for crosstalk between intracellular signaling and CME. Cancer cells specifically adapt this crosstalk as a determinant for tumor progression, which has implications for novel therapeutics against cancers.
Eye tracking as a measure of cognitive effort for post-editing of machine translation
Authors: Moorkens Joss
Published: September 2018

The three measurements for post-editing effort as proposed by Krings (2001) have been adopted by many researchers in subsequent studies and publications. These measurements comprise temporal effort (the speed or productivity rate of post-editing, often measured in words per second at the segment level), technical effort (the number of actual edits performed by the post-editor, sometimes approximated using the Translation Edit Rate metric (Snover et al. 2006), again usually at the segment level), and cognitive effort. Cognitive effort has been measured using think-aloud protocols, pause measurement, and, increasingly, eye-tracking. This chapter provides a review of studies of post-editing effort using eye-tracking, noting the influence of publications by Danks et al. (1997), and O’Brien (2006, 2008), before describing a single study in detail. The detailed study examines whether predicted affort indicators affect post-editing effort and results were previously published as Moorkens et al. (2015). This chapter focuses instead on methodology and the logistics of running an eye-tracking study recording over 70 sessions. Most of the eye-tracking data analysed were unused in the previous publication, and the small amount presented was not described in detail due to space constraints. In this study average fixation count per segment correlates very strongly with temporal effort, and average fixation duration correlates strongly with technical effort, a result that we compare with other studies of post-editing effort.
Problem solving in the translation of linguistic metaphors from Chinese into Portuguese
Authors: Schmaltz Márcia
Published: September 2018

This empirical-experimental study investigates the cognitive effort in the problem solving process guiding decision making in the translation of linguistic metaphors in a journalistic text by twelve professional translators from Chinese into Portuguese. The tools for the collection of the data were retrospective verbal protocols, and the Translog II program (Carl 2012), which logs keystrokes, mouse, and eye movements connected to a Tobii T120 eye tracker. Questionnaires were also used. For the quantitative analysis, a linear mixed effects regression model (LMER) was applied to the data set to indirectly measure cognitive effort for linguistic metaphor translation. The dependent variable was total production time. The controversial predictors were type of expression (metaphorical or literal), and translation strategy. For the qualitative analysis, retrospective protocols were analyzed for subjects’ verbalization of problem solving decisions regarding the linguistic metaphor under study. For the analysis and discussion, quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated, whereby parameters are proposed in order to enable the measurement of the problem solving process for the translation of linguistic metaphors. The outcomes of this study demonstrate that (1) there is no expression type effect on total production time, and (2) the predictor translation strategy is relevant to production time, which was confirmed by the retrospective protocol. This study contributes to Chinese Portuguese Translation Process Research methodologies, as well as to a deeper understanding of the complexity of cognitive processes underlying the translation of metaphors from Chinese into Portuguese, which is anticipated to contribute significantly to the teaching of metaphor translation.
Working styles of student translators in self-revision, other-revision and post-editing
Authors: Huang Jin
Published: September 2018

Drawing on theories from translation-related studies and cognitive psychology, this study triangulates eye tracking, keystroke logging and retrospection to probe into student translators’ cognitive processes in self-revision, other-revision and post-editing, and to categorize their working styles within and across tasks. Eighteen student translators from Durham University, with Chinese as L1 and English as L2, were invited to participate in the experiment. Three revision phases (planning, drafting and final check) were defined and four types of working style (Macro-Micro-Macro, Micro-Macro, Macro-Micro, and Micro) were recognised. By comparing the participants’ personal working styles in all three tasks, it was found that 38.9% of them were habit-oriented revisers, 22.2% were task-oriented, and 38.9% were habit/task-oriented revisers. This study proposes a tentative model of student translators’ cognitive processes in self-revision, other-revision and post-editing, and also compared their working styles with that of professional translators.
Visual attention distribution in intralingual respeaking
Authors: Szarkowska Agnieszka , Dutka Łukasz , Szychowska Anna , Pilipczuk Olga
Published: September 2018

Respeaking is a method of producing real-time subtitles for live television programmes, enabling access to the media for people who are deaf, hard of hearing or who support their viewing with subtitles. Respeaking requires a set of skills akin to both interpreting and subtitling, including multitasking and management of concurrent sources of incoming information. In this chapter we present the results of an eye-tracking study on the visual attention of respeakers during an intralingual respeaking task (Polish to Polish). We tested 57 people while they were respeaking a 5-minute news programme. Participants also underwent a short proof-reading task. There were three groups of participants: interpreters, translators and a control group of people with no interpreting/translation experience. We examined the number of fixations and mean fixation duration on major screen areas: picture, subtitles, dictation area and subtitle panel. We found that translators who had experience in subtitling were able to manage their visual attention most efficiently as they fixated more often on key screen areas and their fixations were longer than in other groups. They also achieved the highest score on the proof-reading task, which suggest they could work in respeaking as editors.
Towards a quantitative measurement of equivalent effect and a tentative conceptualisation of cognitive equivalence
Authors: Walker Callum
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines a methodology to complement discussions on the notion of equivalence in translation studies, employing eye-tracking to measure readers’ responses, before and after translation, to stylistic language varieties in a literary case study. This research is unique in that there has not, to date, been any research using eye-tracking approaches to study how people read language varieties such as dialects and, furthermore, eye-tracking has not previously been used in translation studies to measure and compare cognitive responses between the source and target texts. Scholars have commented on the “levelling effect” of translation when a literary dialect is encountered in the source text, a phenomenon that could significantly alter a reader’s experience of individual characters within a novel or a novel as a whole. The research reported in this chapter proposes a method to gauge the degree of equivalence in cognitive effects between source text and target text over marked stylistic varieties, in terms of how readers react at certain points in the text, as manifested through the eye-tracking data, as a means to ascertain the extent to which this levelling effect is present at selected points in the given case study. The experiment employs three study groups: one reading extracts from the original French text, another reading the original English translation, and a third reading a modified translation in which the language varieties have been largely neutralised. The experiment method is explained in full, together with the accompanying statistical methods of analysis, which provide the quantitative basis for judgements regarding the notion of cognitive equivalence in the translation of the case study text. This chapter therefore presents an innovative methodology which can be developed and employed in other similar studies on other forms of marked language in future.
Conference interpreting and knowledge acquisition
Authors: Chang Chia-chien , Wu Michelle Min-chia , Kuo Tien-chun Gina
Published: September 2018

This paper describes knowledge acquisition of professional conference interpreters in Taiwan when dealing with unfamiliar topics:
the focus is on how the required knowledge is developed before, during and after a conference. We interviewed 10 Chinese-English
interpreters, to find out about their preparation for such conferences and their approach to developing domain-specific knowledge.
We first collected each interpreter’s five latest conference programs and used these to analyze the knowledge domains covered. We
then based each interview on one conference agenda, considered representative by the interpreter, to examine the knowledge
acquisition process from pre- to post-conference. The results show strategic preparation of unfamiliar topics: to facilitate
comprehension and reformulation, interpreters make good use of conference documents and compile glossaries in which they organize
the concepts and terminology specific to the conference. As they assimilate the language usage of the presenters and other
participants during the conference, they use their analytical skills to manage any difficulties. Keeping in mind the aims of the
event (e.g., commercial, scientific), as well as the profiles of the speakers and target audience, helps to optimize availability
of relevant knowledge at short notice and continue updating it during the assignment.
Non-renditions and the court interpreter’s perceived impartiality
Authors: Cheung Andrew K. F.
Published: September 2018

This experimental study examined whether non-renditions are linked to the court interpreter’s perceived impartiality. A witness
examination was simulated in three variations on a scripted role play, with consecutive interpreting between Cantonese and
English. A sample of female Cantonese speakers, divided into two experimental groups and a control group, each played the part of
the witness in one role play; the interpreter and the English-speaking bench (judge and defense attorney) were always played by
the same three actors. In two experimental groups, the interpretation included some utterances with no source speech counterpart
(non-renditions): a Cantonese non-rendition group (16 individuals) had procedural and textual non-renditions addressed to them in
Cantonese, without English interpretation for the bench; an English non-rendition group (15 individuals) heard some brief
exchanges between the interpreter and the bench, with no Cantonese interpretation. A control group (15 individuals) was not
exposed to non-renditions. All three groups completed a questionnaire after the role play. The English non-rendition group rated
the interpreter significantly lower than the others on impartiality, and was also the only group to comment unfavorably on the
interpreter. A possible explanation is that the Cantonese speakers in this group could not follow the English non-renditions and
felt excluded.
The role of architecture in the Republic of Georgia's European aspirations
Authors: Harris-Brandts Suzanne
Published: September 2018

Alignment with Europe has been a popular foreign policy objective among post-socialist nations. In the Republic of Georgia, discourse surrounding the country's Euro-Atlantic orientation surged in the decade after the 2003 Rose Revolution. While such discourse has been examined in the context of political reforms and national security goals, this article foregrounds how it was incorporated into alterations of the built environment. Focusing on the urban transformations of the city of Batumi after the rise to power of the United National Movement government, it demonstrates how architecture served as a tool for selectively rewriting Georgia's contemporary European identity. This article concentrates on two parallel initiatives to transform Batumi into a contemporary European city: the reconstruction of portions of the Old City and the new development along the seaside boulevard. Using evidence collected through qualitative methods, it further highlights the contradictions that emerged during this process of redevelopment and rebranding, as the state balanced initiatives for new development with other post-revolutionary state-building objectives, such as political reform and tourism-market production. Accordingly, it unpacks the various national and international politico-economic forces at play in the process of developing Batumi into the image of a contemporary European city.
The association between method of solicitation and patient permissions for use of surplus tissues and contact for future research
Authors: Shoaibi Azza , Obeid Jihad S , Oates Jim C , Habrat Melissa L , Lenert Leslie A
Published: September 2018

Objective

Obtaining patient permissions for research contact and for surplus tissue use as part of routine clinical practice can improve research participation. This study aims to investigate the difference in patient permissions for use of surplus tissues, and for direct contact for research, using 2 different methods of solicitation.

Methods

An opt-in, population-based approach for gathering research permissions was implemented in 2 methods. The first method, applied a 2-item patient questionnaire delivered through the electronic health record patient portal. The questionnaire composed of 2 questions (1) whether de-identified surplus specimens may be used for research and (2) whether patients could be contacted about research. In the second method, the same questionnaire was physically presented in clinic within the clinical workflow. We used 1 to 1 propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression to estimate the odds of obtaining permission and the difference between the 2 methods of solicitation.

Results

The propensity score model matched 8044 observations (4114 submissions in each group). Among the in-clinic submission group, 70.13% provided permission for surplus tissue compared with 66.65% in the patient portal submission group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.32; P < 0.001). Permission for future research contact was similar among in-clinic (65.07%) and patient portal submission (66.65%) groups (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.85–1.03; P = 0.175). These trends were consistent among European Americans and African American patients. However, among patients of other race, higher permission for both future contact (OR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.39–0.86; P < 0.007) and surplus tissue use (OR = 0.65; 95% CI 0.43–0.97; P = 0.036) was observed among patient portal submission.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that in-clinic solicitation of patient permissions may provide the same opportunity to patients who do not use patient portals and may be associated with higher permission rate for surplus tissue. However, this was primary true for European American and African Americans patients. Patients of other race minorities might respond better to online approaches.

Conclusion

Adopting a patient-centric approach that combines in-clinic and portal-based administration may be feasible and promising. Further research is required in this area.
Jesuit Missions between the Papacy and the Iberian Crowns
Authors: Marcocci Giuseppe
Published: September 2018

This chapter reconstructs the political constraints on the Jesuits who were circulating across Africa, America, and Asia from the mid-sixteenth through the twentieth century. The first missionaries acted under the royal patronages that the papacy had granted the crowns of Portugal and Spain over their oceanic empires. This legal and institutional framework, which had a deep influence on the Jesuit missions, was increasingly challenged by the papal claim to take back full control of the overseas church. The creation of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in 1622 led to an open competition with the Iberian royal patronages, bringing about serious conflict between the Jesuits and the newly appointed apostolic vicars. The chapter analyzes the backgrounds and effects of these global tensions, including their slow epilogue in the aftermath of the reconstitution of the Society of Jesus in 1814.
Religion in Israeli Politics
Authors: Ben-Porat Guy
Published: September 2018

Religion has played an important part in Israeli politics, and religious-secular contentions are likely to remain part of the political landscape. In the early years of Israel’s statehood religious politics was contained by common goals; secular ambivalence toward religion; and a political leadership able to create agreements, both formal and informal, known as the status quo. Beginning in the 1990s, however, economic, demographic, and sociocultural changes undermined the agreements, and religious questions became politicized. Israeli governments were unable to mediate between new demands of secular and religious groups, so subpolitics—political actions outside the formal political sphere—combined with traditional politics to become a way for Israelis to struggle for and against religious authority.
Introduction to Managing in Emerging Markets
Authors: Meyer Klaus E. , Grosse Robert
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets the stage for this Handbook by defining the research field of managing in emerging markets. It first discusses the features that normally distinguish emerging economies from the advanced economies of the Triad, including both economic and institutional aspects of development. Second, the chapter reviews alternative definitions of the term in use in scholarly research, and thus the pivotal question: When should a country be considered “emerging”? Third, it presents data on key economic trends that have to led to emerging economies becoming key players in international business, both as a host to inward traders and investors and, more recently, as a source of indigenous businesses that make their mark internationally. The chapter also provides an overview of each chapter in this Handbook within the broader research agenda on managing in emerging markets.
Emotion Dysregulation in Addiction
Authors: Garland Eric L. , Bell Spencer , Atchley Rachel M. , Froeliger Brett
Published: September 2018

Several decades of scientific research provide strong evidence that individuals who suffer from emotion dysregulation, such as that observed in depression and anxiety, are more vulnerable to addictive behavior. Furthermore, a growing body of studies indicates that chronic use of addictive substances dysregulates emotional responding. Emerging research also suggests that recurrent drug use and addiction are associated with deficits in the capacity to proactively regulate negative and positive emotions. This chapter synthesizes evidence from clinical and neuroscientific studies on effects of addictive behavior (including misuse of prescription opioids, addiction to cigarettes, and addiction to more powerful stimulants) on emotion dysregulation to outline an integrative model of emotion dysregulation in addiction. This model has implications for treatment development and further scientific investigation.
Emotions as Regulators of Social Behavior
Authors: Beckes Lane , Edwards Weston Layne
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides an overview and novel theoretical synthesis of the literature on how and why emotions regulate social behaviors. It outlines how theorists in this domain have long disagreed on how to conceptualize the role of evolution and innateness in terms of functions of emotions. Parsing theoretical and empirical traditions by level of domain specificity, the chapter argues for a domain-relevant approach to emotion, which is more congruent with current understanding of neurodevelopment and gene–environment interactions. It examines emotion as emergent information about the motivational landscape and offers an alternative metaphorical approach to thinking about evolution as it relates to socioemotional life based on river formation and change.
Capitalist Crises and the State
Authors: Panitch Leo , Gindin Sam
Published: September 2018

Capitalist development is a contradictory process prone to structural crises—the genesis, nature, and outcome of which are historically contingent and the resolution of which changes the terrain for the development of future crises. Crises are always historically specific; they occur within particular periods of capitalist development and must be theorized using the tools of historical materialsm in relation to the class and state matrices of that period. This article analyzes the specific class, state, and imperial configurations of the particular historical conjunctures in which the four structural crises of capitalism’s history have occurred from the late nineteenth century to the opening decades of the twenty-first century
The Continuing Relevance of the Marxist Tradition for Transcending Capitalism
Authors: Wright Erik Olin
Published: September 2018

Marx’s formulation of a theory of transcending capitalism is unsatisfactory for two main reasons: 1) the dynamics of capitalism may generate great harm, but they do not, as Marx claimed, inherently make capitalism unsustainable or generate the structural foundations of a collective actor with a capacity to overthrow capitalism; 2) the vision of a system-level rupture with capitalism is not a plausible strategy replacing capitalism by a democratic-egalitarian economic system. Nevertheless, there are four central propositions anchored in the Marxist tradition that remain essential for understanding the possibility of transcending capitalism: 1) capitalism obstructs the realization of conditions for human flourishing, 2) another world is possible, 3) capitalism’s dynamics are intrinsically contradictory, 4) emancipatory transformation requires popular mobilization and struggle. These four propositions can underwrite a strategic vision of eroding the dominance of capitalism by building democratic-egalitarian economic relations within the contradictory spaces of capitalism.
Gender and Social Exclusion in European Migration Crisis
Authors: Schrover Marlou
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses social exclusion in European migration from a gendered and historical perspective. It discusses how from this perspective the idea of a crisis in migration was repeatedly constructed. Gender is used in this chapter in a dual way: attention is paid to differences between men and women in (refugee) migration, and to differences between men and women as advocates and claim makers for migrant rights. There is a dilemma—recognized mostly for recent decades—that on the one hand refugee women can be used to generate empathy, and thus support. On the other hand, emphasis on women as victims forces them into a victimhood role and leaves them without agency. This dilemma played itself out throughout the twentieth century. It led to saving the victims, but not to solving the problem. It fortified rather than weakened the idea of a crisis.
The Syrian Refugee Crisis, Multiculturalism Issues, and Integration in Canada
Authors: Cros Laurence
Published: September 2018

Between 2015 and 2017, Canada welcomed 49, 810 Syrian refugees, thus meeting the electoral promise made by Liberal candidate Justin Trudeau in the wake of the emotional shock provoked by the photo of drowned toddler Alan Kurdi. Media the world over presented the Canadian initiative as an example that should guide and inspire other countries. This chapter examines Canada’s Syrian refugee resettlement plan to determine whether or not it can serve as an effective blueprint to improve global refugee crises. It combined a rigorous screening process, private sponsoring to build support and defray state costs, and citizen participation on immigration processes.
Migration Crisis and “Brexit”
Authors: Outhwaite William
Published: September 2018

The issue of migration bridges the divide between short-term and long-term explanations of Brexit.Short-term explanations stress the drift toward a referendum in British politics, the opportunistic miscalculation by a playboy prime minister, and the manipulation of the referendum vote by a grotesquely biased press and some of the same conspiratorial forces which secured Trump’s election. Longer-term explanations point to historical differences between the UK and (the rest of) Europe; the fact that the UK escaped defeat and occupation in World War Two; the distinctive legal system shared by England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (though not Scotland); and the UK’s majoritarian political culture. This chapter discusses in a comparative context. The contribution of a migration crisis to the UK’s EU membership and constitutional .
Global Wars and Decolonization in East and South-East Asia (1937–1954)
Authors: Goscha Christopher
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses how, between 1937 and 1954, two global conflicts combined to affect the course of East and South-East Asian decolonization profoundly—the Second World War and the Cold War. It covers how the Americans gained the upper hand in the region from 1945 by occupying Japan alone (unlike in Germany) and how the Chinese communist victory in 1949 and Mao’s alliance with Stalin a few months later readjusted the balance. It explains how the Americans responded to the Chinese–Moscow alliance, and how the Americans and Chinese engaged each other, both directly in the Korean War and indirectly via the French and the Vietnamese in Indochina. It then explains how the Indochina conflict (1945–1954), as a case study, can help to better understand how and why the Cold War and decolonization intersected in such complex and violent ways.
Befindlichkeit
Authors: Brencio Francesca
Published: September 2018

Befindlichkeit: Disposition is a pivotal concept in Heidegger’s major work Being and Time. It initially appears in Heidegger’s writings as a translation of the Aristotelian notion of διάθεσις (disposition) but only during 1924–1927 does he develop a concept of disposition that constitutes a radicalization of the Husserlian phenomenological approach, in order to provide a concrete account of a phenomenological “beginning” and to offer a description of human being in terms of “living life.” Befindlichkeit stresses the basic state of Dasein in its being situated: finding ourselves already in situatedness, means finding ourselves gathered to a “there” (being-there, in German Dasein). The situatedness is strictly related to the existence’s facticity and it becomes manifest to us through our own moods and affectivity. With the notion of Befindlichkeit we face important issues that are related to psychopathology and clinical practice, such as trauma, anxiety disorders, disembodiment, and distortions of feelings.
Word Representation
Authors: Levy Omer
Published: September 2018

A fundamental challenge in natural-language processing is to represent words as mathematical entities that can be read, reasoned, and manipulated by computational models. The current leading approach represents words as vectors in a continuous real-valued space, in such a way that similarities in the vector space correlate with semantic similarities between words. This chapter surveys various frameworks and methods for acquiring word vectors, while tying together related ideas and concepts.
Art on the Northern Edge of the Mediterranean World
Authors: Guggisberg Martin
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the relationship between art and society in Iron Age Europe, with a focus on Celtic art. It begins by asking what constituted ‘art’ in this context, what was its purpose, and why did Celtic craftworkers and their patrons develop a taste for entirely new ‘artistic’ expressions? The art of the Hallstatt and La Tène periods, external influences on its development across Europe, and regional expressions are then analysed. Initially decorative art was essentially confined to objects of metal and stone, and most artworks belonged to the categories of personal ornaments and weaponry, bronze vessels for the consumption of alcohol, and chariot equipment. This contrasts with the more widespread use of ‘art’ in the contemporary Mediterranean world. In the later La Tène period, the range of decorated objects grew to include painted vases and monumental wooden sculpture.
Queer Hip Hop
Authors: Smalls Shanté Paradigm
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the relatively long history of the queer presence inside of hip hop cultural production. Starting in the late 1970s and ending in the current moment, this historiography argues that queer and/or lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) artists in hip hop music have chartered and navigated perilous landscapes—in the music industry, in hip hop culture, and in the broader US pop terrain. The discussion details the notable queer artists, some known and some forgotten, who have made possible the seeming ease with which queer and queer-friendly artists emerging in the 2000s and afterward have captured audiences in multiple mainstream areas.
Transcripts
Authors: Daniel Drew
Published: September 2018

Building upon the queer phenomenology of Sarah Ahmed and recent work in sound studies, this chapter examines two related practices (field recording and the transcription of field recording) to argue for a general position: sound, as such, is queer. The author transcribes two field recordings, rendering their immanent flow of recorded sound and speech into written form, and comments upon moments of inadequate transcription that are said to demonstrate the queerness of sound. Focusing on moments in which an object or event fails to generate a legible sonic trace, the resistance of sound to transcription functions as a test case for the theoretical assertion, widely held at present in queer theory, that queerness denotes the nonnormative.
The Queer History of the Castrato
Authors: Wilbourne Emily
Published: September 2018

This article considers the ways in which modern scholarship has read the castrato as queer. It critiques the unthinking conflation of castration with femininity, and thus with male homosexuality, and the heavy reliance that modern thinkers of castration have had on anachronistic ideas of castration anxiety. The discussion seeks to disentangle the tight alignment of gender and sexuality through the recognition of the historical specificity of castrati lives (and the resonance that castrato differences have for thinking historically about trans), pointing toward the elements of castrato identity that are amenable to queer thought, specifically, the disinvestment in hetero-patriarchal modes of production that can be called melophilia (or a love of song).
Toward a Trans* Method in Musicology
Authors: Baitz Dana
Published: September 2018

This chapter shows that the methods used to approach queer musical subjects cannot adequately account for transsexual ones. To show this, I distinguish queer methods from transsexual methods, while acknowledging a continuum between those extremes. Queer aesthetic and interpretive models highlight a transcending of bodily and other material structures; transsexuality invests in the body. Transsexual studies situate embodiment and material conditions as primary sources of knowledge (or forms of “counterknowledge”), thereby providing new ways for musicologists to consider the meaning that musical structures hold. Likewise, transsexual artists become legible within musicology through an application of transsexual studies (notably including phenomenology and new materialisms) to music. Ultimately, by integrating transsexual epistemologies with queer ones, a new way of knowing music (a “trans* method”) is suggested.
Identification of novel adenovirus genotype 90 in children from Bangladesh
Authors: Houldcroft Charlotte J. , Beale Mathew A. , Sayeed Md Abu , Qadri Firdausi , Dougan Gordon , Mutreja Ankur
Published: September 2018

Novel adenovirus genotypes are associated with outbreaks of disease, such as acute gastroenteritis, renal disease, upper respiratory tract infection and keratoconjunctivitis. Here, we identify novel and variant adenovirus genotypes in children coinfected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, in Bangladesh. Metagenomic sequencing of stool was performed and whole adenovirus genomes were extracted. A novel species D virus, designated genotype 90 (P33H27F67) was identified, and the partial genome of a putative recombinant species B virus was recovered. Furthermore, the enteric types HAdV-A61 and HAdV-A40 were found in stool specimens. Knowledge of the diversity of adenovirus genomes circulating worldwide, especially in low-income countries where the burden of disease is high, will be required to ensure that future vaccination strategies cover the diversity of adenovirus strains associated with disease.
Layer-dependent activity in human prefrontal cortex during working memory
Authors: Finn Emily S. , Huber Laurentius , Jangraw David C. , Bandettini Peter A.
Published: September 2018

Working memory involves a series of functions: encoding a stimulus, maintaining or manipulating its representation over a delay, and finally making a behavioral response. While working memory engages dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), few studies have investigated whether these subfunctions are localized to different cortical depths in this region, and none have done so in humans. Here, we use high-resolution functional MRI to interrogate the layer specificity of neural activity during different epochs of a working memory task in dlPFC. We detect activity timecourses that follow the hypothesized patterns: superficial layers are preferentially active during the delay period, while deeper layers are preferentially active during the response. Results demonstrate that layer-specific fMRI can be used in higher-order brain regions to non-invasively map cognitive information processing along cortical circuitry in humans.
Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from patients, hospital environment and healthcare workers: a six-month cross-sectional study
Authors: Sereia Aline F. R. , da Cunha Patricia A. , Tartari Daniela C. , Zamparette Caetana P. , Estigarribia Diana A. , Klein Taise C. R. , Masukawa Ivete Ioshiko , Silva Clarice I. , Vieira Maria Luiza V. , Scheffer Mara C. , Boberg Dellyana R. , Christoff Ana Paula , de Oliveira Luiz Felipe V. , Grisard Edmundo C. , Sincero Thaís C. M.
Published: September 2018

Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are an important public health threat with the multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria (GNB) being of particular concern. Here we present the antimicrobial resistance profile of HAI-related GNB (HAIrB) isolated from patients (PT), healthcare workers (HCW) and hospital environment (HE) in a six-month screening program. From the 180 sampling points distributed in six hospital units, a total of 1,080 swabs were collected allowing the isolation of 390 HAIrB: 50.5% from HE, 42.6% from PT and 6.9% from HCW. Among the HAIrB, 32.6% were characterized as MDR and 38.7% as extended-spectrum cephalosporins resistant (ESC-R), showing no differences in the distribution between PT, HE and HCW. Carbapenem resistance (CARB-R) was detected for 17.7% of all HAIrB, being higher among Acinetobacter spp. isolates (36.5%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (14.5%) and Pseudomonas spp. (11.8%). Except for the ICU, that revealed higher MDR, CARB-R and ESC-R rates, HAIrB-resistant profiles were similarly detected within the hospital units. Prevalence of blaKPC-like and blaCTX-M-1 β-lactamases-resistance genes was higher in K. pneumoniae and E. cloacae complex, while blaOXA-23-like and blaSPM-like were higher in A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, respectively. This study reveals that the spreading of HAIrB within a hospital environment is higher than predicted, indicating that healthcare workers, hospital areas and equipment are key players on dissemination of MDR gram-negative bacteria and shows that an active surveillance program can provide precise understanding and direct actions towards control of HAI.
PADI2-mediated citrullination is required for efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
Authors: Falcão Ana Mendanha , Meijer Mandy , Scaglione Antonella , Rinwa Puneet , Agirre Eneritz , Liang Jialiang , Larsen Sara C. , Heskol Abeer , Frawley Rebecca , Klingener Michael , Varas-Godoy Manuel , Raposo Alexandre A.S.F. , Ernfors Patrik , Castro Diogo S. , Nielsen Michael L. , Casaccia Patrizia , Castelo-Branco Gonçalo
Published: September 2018

Citrullination, the deimination of arginine residues into citrulline, has been implicated in the aetiology of several diseases. In multiple sclerosis (MS), citrullination is thought to be a major driver of pathology, through hypercitrullination and destabilization of myelin. As such, inhibition of citrullination has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy for MS. Here, in contrast, we show citrullination by peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) is required for normal oligodendrocyte differentiation, myelination and motor function. We identify several targets for PADI2, including myelin-related proteins and chromatin-associated proteins, implicating PADI2 in epigenetic regulation. Accordingly, we observe that PADI2 inhibition and its knockdown affect chromatin accessibility and prevent the upregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation genes. Moreover, mice lacking PADI2, display motor dysfunction and decreased number of myelinated axons in the corpus callosum. We conclude that citrullination is required for oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelination and suggest its targeted activation in the oligodendrocyte lineage might be beneficial in the context of remyelination.
Modulation of tissue growth heterogeneity by responses to mechanical stress
Authors: Fruleux Antoine , Boudaoud Arezki
Published: September 2018

Morphogenesis often yields organs with robust size and shapes, whereas cell growth and deformation feature significant spatio-temporal variability. Here, we investigate whether tissue responses to mechanical signals contribute to resolve this apparent paradox. We built a model of growing tissues made of fiber-like material, which may account for the cytoskeleton, polar cell-cell adhesion, or the extracellular matrix in animals, and for the cell wall in plants. We considered the synthesis and remodeling of this material, as well as the modulation of synthesis by isotropic and anisotropic response to mechanical stress. Formally, our model describes an expanding, mechanoresponsive, nematic, and active fluid. We show that mechanical responses buffer localized perturbations, with two possible regimes - hypo-responsive and hyper-responsive, and the transition between the two corresponds to a minimum value of the relaxation time. Whereas robustness of shapes suggests that growth fluctuations are confined to small scales, our model yields growth fluctuations that have long-range correlations. This indicates that growth fluctuations are a significant source of heterogeneity in development. Nevertheless, we find that mechanical responses may dampen such fluctuations, with a specific magnitude of anisotropic response that minimizes heterogeneity of tissue contours. We finally discuss how our predictions might apply to the development of plants and animals. Altogether, our results call for the systematic quantification of fluctuations in growing tissues.
Effect of power source mismatch on new venture performance
Authors: Wang Li , Jiang Marshall Shibing
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The venture capital syndication brings in various resources for the portfolio firms, which positively affects those firms’ performance, while conflicts within syndicates also have negative impact on the portfolio firms’ performance. This study aims to explore the two opposite effects of the venture capital syndication on the portfolio firms’ operations. Drawing on Ma et al.’s (2013) power source match perspective, the authors examine the effect of (mis)match of power source between ownership and status on the portfolio firms’ performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses panel data from two professional databases containing information about the venture capital-backed firms in China. The fixed effect model is applied to analyze the data.

Findings

This study found that power source match in the venture capital syndicates works positively on the portfolio firms’ performance. This positive relationship is weakened when there is ownership-dominated power source mismatch present.

Practical implications

This study suggests that when new ventures search for venture capital, it is better to allocate greater ownership to the venture capital providers with high-status power, so that ownership power and status power can have a proper match to increase the coordination among venture capital providers, thereby helping portfolio firms perform better.

Originality/value

This study looks into the performance of a portfolio firm when there is power a (mis)match in a venture capital syndication, extending the current literature in this area where only the performance of the venture syndications is examined.
Families and food: exploring food well-being in poverty
Authors: Voola Archana P. , Voola Ranjit , Wyllie Jessica , Carlson Jamie , Sridharan Srinivas
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate dynamics of food consumption practices among poor families in a developing country to advance the Food Well-being (FWB) in Poverty framework.

Design/methodology/approach

The research design used semi-structured interviews with 25 women and constructivist grounded theory to explore food consumption practices of poor families in rural South India.

Findings

Poor families’ everyday interactions with food reveal the relational production of masculinities and femininities and the power hegemony that fixes men and women into an unequal status quo. Findings provides critical insights into familial arrangements in absolute poverty that are detrimental to the task of achieving FWB.

Research limitations/implications

The explanatory potential of FWB in Poverty framework is limited to a gender (women) and a specific country context (India). Future research can contextualise the framework in other developing countries and different consumer segments.

Practical implications

The FWB in Poverty framework helps identify, challenge and transform cultural norms, social structures and gendered stereotypes that perpetuate power hegemonies in poverty. Policymakers can encourage men and boys to participate in family food work, as well as recognise and remunerate women and girls for their contribution to maintaining familial units.

Originality/value

This paper makes an original contribution to the relevant literature by identifying and addressing the absence of theoretical understanding of families, food consumption and poverty. By contextualising the FWB framework in absolute poverty, the paper generates novel understandings of fluidity and change in poor families and FWB.
A paradoxical dynamic in a service labyrinth: insights from HIV care
Authors: Cruz Angela Gracia B. , Snuggs Elizabeth , Tsarenko Yelena
Published: September 2018

Purpose

While theories of complex service systems have advanced important insights about integrated care, less attention has been paid to social dynamics in systems with finite resources. This paper aims to uncover a paradoxical social dynamic undermining the objective of integrated care within an HIV care service system.

Design/methodology/approach

Grounded in a hermeneutic analysis of depth interviews with 26 people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and drawing on Bourdieu’s (1984) theory of capital consumption to unpack dynamics of power, struggle and contestation, the authors introduce the concept of the service labyrinth.

Findings

To competently navigate the service labyrinth of HIV care, consumers adopt capital consumption practices. Paradoxically, these practices enhance empowerment at the individual level but contribute to the fragmentation of the HIV care labyrinth at the system level, ultimately undermining integrated care.

Research limitations/implications

This study enhances understanding of integrated care in three ways. First, the metaphor of the service labyrinth can be used to better understand complex care-related service systems. Second, as consumers of care enact capital consumption practices, the authors demonstrate how they do not merely experience but actively shape the care system. Third, fragmentation is expectedly part of the human dynamics in complex service systems. Thus, the authors discuss its implications. Further research should investigate whether a similar paradox undermines integrated care in better resourced systems, acute care systems and systems embedded in other cultural contexts.

Originality/value

Contrasted to provider-centric views of service systems, this study explicates a customer-centric view from the perspective of heterosexual PLWHA.