bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Configuration
Authors: Bender Dirk , González Leticia , Gräfe Stefanie
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basics of Quantum Mechanics

Wavefunctions and Operators

Particle in a Box

Harmonic Oscillator – Vibrations

Particle on a Sphere, Rigid Rotor – Rotations

The Hydrogen Atom

Approximations

Variational Principle

Perturbation Theory

Born–
O
ppenheimer Approximation

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals

Solving the Electronic
S
chrödinger Equation

The Hartree–Fock Method

Basis Sets

Slater Versus
G
aussian Functions

Number of Basis Functions

Contracted Basis Sets

Electron Correlation

Configuration Interaction

Coupled Cluster Method

Multi‐Configurational Self‐Consistent Field Theory

M
øller–
P
lesset Perturbation Theory

Density Functional Theory

The Hohenberg–
K
ohn Theorems

The
K
ohn–
S
ham Approach

Advantages

Disadvantages

Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory

Semiempirical Methods

Force Field Methods
Light Sources
Authors: Riesenberg Rainer , Wutting Andreas
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Brief Review of Light Properties

Spectrum

Radiometric Properties and Beam Parameter Product

Diffuse Sources

Nondiffuse Sources

Coherence

Temporal Coherence

Spatial Coherence

Polarization

Light Generation and Light Sources

Processes of Light Generation

General Emission Processes

Laser Emission

Thermal Sources

Tungsten Filament Lamps

Halogen Lamps

Low‐Pressure Gas Discharge Lamps

Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps and Spectral Lamps

Energy‐Saving Lamps

Hollow‐Cathode Lamps

Hydrogen and Deuterium Lamps

High‐Pressure Gas Discharge Lamps

Short Arc Lamps/High‐Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps

Other High‐Pressure Gas Discharge Lamps

Gas Lasers

Light–Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

Laser Diodes

Optically Pumped Semiconductor Lasers

Other Sources
Classical Microscopy
Authors: Roeser Kerstin , Zuehlke Dietlind , Gluch Martin , Grunst Gernoth , Sticker Markus , Bendrat Klaus , Niendorf Axel
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Appearance

Application

Pathology

Materials

Methods (Tissue Processing)

Histological Staining

Microscopy

Diagnostics

Context‐Dependent Aspects in Morphological Diagnostics

Cognitive Aspects of Digital Microscopy
In Vivo
Instrumentation
Authors: Schneckenburger Herbert , Wagner Michael , Weber Petra , Bruns Thomas
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Microscopy

Endoscopy

Imaging Techniques
Diffuse Optical Imaging
Authors: Hebden Jeremy C.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Optical Topography

Evoked Response to Sensory Stimulation

Cognitive Activity and Language Processing

Epilepsy

Optical Tomography

Optical Mammography

Optical Tomography of the Brain

Conclusion
Raman Microscopy
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Popp Jürgen
Published: December 2012

Raman microscopy combines the power of label‐free and nondestructive vibrational spectroscopy with diffraction‐limited spatial resolution in the submicrometer range. Of particular interest is the application of Raman microscopy as an imaging modality. In the context of biophotonics, Raman microscopy has been used as a complementary tool in cytology and histopathology to assess cells and tissues. To improve the sensitive and specific detection of biomolecules with low scattering intensities or low abundance, signal‐enhancement techniques have been developed such as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and resonance Raman scattering. This chapter describes recent biomedical examples.
Detection of Viral Infection in Epithelial Cells by Infrared Spectral Cytopathology
Authors: Diem Max , Laver Nora , Bedrossian Kristi , Schubert Jennifer , Papamarkakis Kostas , Bird Benjamin , Miljković Miloš
Published: December 2012

Recent results suggest that infrared microspectroscopy, coupled to methods of multivariate analysis, can distinguish normal from virally infected cells. This was established for infection of the oral cavity by the herpes simplex virus, which is associated with the outbreak of cold sores, and for infection of the cervix uteri by the human papillomavirus (HPV). In both cases, subtle (but different) spectral changes are observed that could be used for fast and inexpensive viral screening.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (
OLEDs
): Next‐Generation Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer
Authors: Samuel Ifor D.W. , Ferguson James , McNeill Andrew
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

PDT
of Skin Cancer: Current Approach

Advances in Light Sources: Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Transforming
PDT
with Wearable Light Sources

Developing
OLEDs
for
PDT

Testing
OLEDs
for
PDT

Ambulatory
PDT
: a New Paradigm

Commercialization of Ambulatory
PDT

Conclusion
Intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomographic Monitoring
Authors: Douplik Alexandre
Published: December 2012

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) modalities are considered in this chapter as intraoperative tools assisting the surgeon in decision‐making processes, guiding surgery near sensitive structures such as vessels and nerves, and delineating normal and pathologic tissue. Basic principles and modalities of OCT are briefly provided without details as those can be found in other chapters. Advantages, limitations, artifacts, and reproducibility of OCT imaging are briefly reviewed, together with particular intraoperative applications.
Optical Oximetry
Authors: Matcher Stephen J.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Co‐Oximetry

Pulse Oximetry

Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging

New Approaches

Conclusion
Bronchoscopy
Authors: Freitag Lutz , Darwiche Kaid , Hüttenberger Dirk
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Diagnostics

Cancer Detection

Filter‐Based Techniques for Tumor Detection

Fluorescence Techniques, Drug Induced Fluorescence

Fluorescence Techniques, Auto‐Fluorescence

Commercially Available Systems

Remaining Problems

Therapy

Lasers in Bronchology

Thermal Laser Applications

Photodynamic Therapy

New Techniques: Fluorescence Microimaging, Optical Coherence Tomography
Advanced Laser Endoscopy in Urology: Laser Prostate Vaporization, Laser Surgery, and Laser Removal of Renal Calculi
Authors: Sroka Ronald , Seitz Michael , Bader Markus
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

High‐Power Diode Laser for
BPH
‐Treatment

Preclinical Investigations

Clinical Laser Application for
BPH

Laser Therapy for the Upper Urinary Tract Tumors

Laser Interventions

Complications

Laser‐Assisted Lithotripsy

Experience from Preclinical Investigations

Laser Lithotripsy from the Clinical Point of View

Conclusion
Barrett's Esophagus and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Dunn Jason M. , Bown Steven G. , Lovat Laurence B.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Diagnosis

Spectroscopy

Scattering (Reflectance) Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Absorption Spectroscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Therapy

Argon Plasma Coagulation

Photodynamic Therapy

Photofrin

Levulan

Foscan

Radiofrequency Ablation

Clinical Studies

Adverse Events

Subsquamous Specialized Intestinal MetaplasiaSSIM

Conclusion
Noninvasive Fluorescence Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis – Animal Studies and Clinical Applications
Authors: Wunder Andreas , Ebert Bernd
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Non‐Invasive Fluorescence Imaging Techniques and Fluorescent Imaging Agents

Experimental Studies in Arthritis Models

Nonspecific Fluorescent Imaging Agents in Arthritis Models

Targeted Fluorescent Imaging Agents in Arthritis Models

Activatable Fluorescent Imaging Agents in Arthritis Models

Monitoring Cell Migration in Arthritis Models

Clinical Applications

Critical Overview of Fluorescence Imaging in Arthritis
Diffuse Optical Tomography of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Yuan Zhen , Jiang Huabei
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Motivation

Diffuse Optical Tomography Imaging of Osteoarthritis in the Hands

DOT
and Hybrid
X
‐Ray–
DOT
Systems

DOT
Reconstruction Methods

Reconstructed Results

Diffuse Model Versus Transport Model

Image‐Guided Optical Spectroscopy in Diagnosis of
OA

Future Directions
Laser Doppler Imaging
Authors: Turner Jamie , Galarraga Bernat , Khan Faisel
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Development and Use of Laser Doppler Flowmetry

Laser Doppler Imaging

Endothelial Dysfunction

LDIand Iontophoresis

Studies UsingLDIinRAPatients

Conclusion
Ocular Diagnostics and Imaging
Authors: Larsen Michael
Published: December 2012

The biophotonics of ophthalmology is in continuous progress based on improving imaging methods and therapeutic application with a heavy involvement of lasers, mainly in a variety of noninvasive designs.
Early Detection of Cataracts
Authors: Ansari Rafat R. , Datiles Manuel B.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Visual Acuity Testing

Ophthalmologic Clinical Examinations

Hand‐Held Light Examination

Ophthalmoscopy

Slit‐Lamp Examination

Slit‐Lamp Photography of the Lens and Grading of Cataracts

Modified Slit‐Lamp Photography

Scheimpflug Cameras

Retroillumination

New Methods Under Development

Optical Coherence Tomography

Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of Cataract

Autofluoresence for the Detection of Cataract

Wavefront in Cataract Detection

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Lens

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

Conclusion
Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Salam Adzura , Wolf Sebastian , Framme Carsten
Published: December 2012

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are common microvascular complications in patients with diabetes.

DR and DME are the leading causes of blindness in the adult population.

The traditional method diagnosing DME is based on slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and stereo fundus photography.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been used to access various pathologic findings on qualitative and quantitative levels, and also abnormal morphology of retinal layers.

Pathologic changes in DME can be assessed by OCT. These include epiretinal membrane formation, retinal swelling, cystoid macular edema, subretinal fluid accumulation, and retinal pigment epithelium atrophy.

High‐resolution spectral‐domain OCT (SD‐OCT) imaging allows one not only to analyze structural changes in DME, but also to differentiate as many as 11 structural characteristic layers within the retina.

SD‐OCT imaging enables us to assess the status of the photoreceptor layers in DME and appears to be a good prognostic feature for visual improvement after treatment for DME.
Correction of Wavefront Aberrations of the Eye
Authors: Reinstein Dan , Dick Manfred
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Excimer Laser‐Based Refractive Surgery for Correction of Wavefront Aberrations
Assessment of Infant Brain Development
Authors: Roche‐Labarbe Nadege , Grant P. Ellen , Franceschini Maria Angela
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Techniques

Measurement of Local Oxy‐ and Deoxyhemoglobin Concentrations

Local Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement

Estimates of Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen

Functional and Cognitive Studies

Baseline Hemodynamic Assessment and Clinical Applications

Conclusion and Perspectives
Diagnosis of Neoplastic Processes in the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Shakhova Natalia , Kuznetsova Irina , Yunusova Ekaterina , Kiseleva Elena
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion and Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Endovenous Laser Therapy – Application Studies, Clinical Update, and Innovative Developments
Authors: Sroka Ronald , Schmedt Claus‐Georg
Published: December 2012

Endovenous laser therapy (ELT) was introduced in clinical practice as a therapy for incompetent veins about 10 years ago. One characteristic of ELT is the broad spectrum of different treatment protocols by means of a variety of laser systems together with manifold application forms. A variety of light dosimetric concepts are under investigation. Endoluminal laser treatment of incompetent great saphenous veins of patients suffering from varicosis is a promising new procedure offering fewer side effects than conventional surgical stripping methods. Clinical results with effective, relatively pain‐free occlusion of incompetent varicose veins have been observed, and also undesired side effects such as ecchymosis, phlebitis, and recanalization. In recent years, systematic experimental investigations and the analysis of clinical results have increased the understanding of the interrelation between the clinical and physical aspects, followed by continuous optimization of ELT. The use of infrared wavelengths and radial irradiation concepts, together with continuous moving of the optical fiber, seems to reduce possible side effects. In this way, ELT treatment becomes a more standardized effective method for the treatment of varicose veins. In future, randomized controlled studies are required to compare optimized ELT treatment with other endoluminal modalities and conventional surgery.
Laser Vision Correction
Authors: Caldas Diogo L. , Ambrósio Renato
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Current Lasers Used in Refractive Surgery

The Excimer Laser

The Femtosecond Laser

Refractive Surgery Techniques

Surface Ablation

PRK

TransepithelialPRK

LASEK

EpiLASIK

LASIK

Mechanical MicrokeratomeLASIK

Femtosecond LaserLASIK

Custom Corneal Ablations
Laser Trabeculoplasty
Authors: Eckert Stephan
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Laser Systems

Mechanisms of Action

Methods of Treatment

Indications for Laser Trabeculoplasty

Contraindications for Laser Trabeculoplasty

Effectiveness of Laser Trabeculoplasty

Complications After Laser Trabeculoplasty

Conclusion
Diagnostic Imaging and Spectroscopy
Authors: Fried Daniel
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Caries Detection

Optical Properties of Dental Hard Tissue

Optical Properties of Dental Hard Tissue in the Visible and Near‐Infrared Regions

Optical Properties of Sound Enamel and Dentin

Optical Property Changes of Demineralized Enamel

Optical Properties of Dental Hard Tissue in theIRregion

Reflectance Spectroscopy

Optical Transillumination

Optical Coherence Tomography

Fluorescence Imaging

Quantitative Light Fluorescence (QLF)

DIAGNOdent (Porphyrin Fluorescence)

Other Fluorescence‐Based Imaging Methods

Thermal Imaging

Infrared Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy and Imaging

Ultrasound and Terahertz Imaging
Optical Coherence Tomography in Dentistry
Authors: Gladkova Natalia D. , Fomina Yulia.V. , Kiseleva Elena B. , Karabut Maria M. , Robakidze Natalia S. , Muraev Alexander A. , Radenska‐Lopovok Stefka G. , Maslennikova Anna V.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Hard Tooth Tissues

Periodontal Tissues

Oral Cavity Mucosa

OCT
Images of Labial Salivary Glands in Norm and Pathology

Acknowledgments
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Lussi Adrian
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser/Light‐Induced Fluorescence

DIAGNO
dent

Quantitative Light‐Induced Fluorescence (
QLF
)
Photothermal Radiometry and Modulated Luminescence: Applications for Dental Caries Detection
Authors: Garcia Jose A. , Mandelis Andreas , Abrams Stephen H. , Matvienko Anna
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Theoretical Modeling

Depth Profilometry

Pits and Fissures Caries Detection

Interproximal Caries Detection

Early Lesion Detection

Recent Developments

Conclusion
Applications of Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging in Pharmaceutics
Authors: Gowen Aoife A. , Amigo José M.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

The New Paradigm of Process Control

Overview of Spectroscopic Techniques Commonly Used

The Need for Multivariate Data Analysis

Pre‐Processing

Exploration Techniques

Regression, Resolution and Classification Techniques

Image Processing Techniques

Applications in Pharmaceutical Process Monitoring and Quality Control

Spray Formulations

Powders

Polymorphism

Solid Dosage Forms

Root Cause Analysis

APIDistribution

Coatings

Counterfeit Identification

High Throughput Analysis

Issues Facing the Implementation of Spectroscopic Techniques in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Sampling

Spatial Resolution

Representativeness of the Measured Surface

Irregularities in the Measured Surface

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Quality Control in Food Processing
Authors: Fagan Colette C.
Published: December 2012

The application of photonics to quality control in food processing can assist food processors in achieving their goal of a high quality and consistent food product. Technologies which have been employed include near‐infrared, mid‐infrared, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Four broad areas of application of these technologies in food processing are reviewed. They are quality, safety, authenticity and process control applications.
Application of Optical Methods for Quality and Process Control of Topically Applied Actives in Cosmetics and Dermatology
Authors: Lademann Juergen , Meinke Martina C. , Darvin Maxim E. , Fluhr Joachim W.
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Laser Scanning Microscopy

Fluorescence Measurements

Remission Measurements

Multiphoton Measurements

Raman Spectroscopic Measurements

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Conclusions
Agricultural Applications: Animal Epidemics and Plant Pathogen Detection
Authors: Möller Robert
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Diagnosis Under Field Conditions

Immunological Based‐Techniques

Flow Through Format

Lateral Flow Assays

Nucleic Acid‐Based Testing

Emerging Technologies

Conclusion
On‐Site Analysis
Authors: Proll Günther , Gauglitz Günter
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Substances to be Monitored

Optical Methods for Monitoring

Assays

Applications

Chemical Contaminants,EDCs, Pharmaceuticals and Toxins

Pathogens

Perspectives and Visions
Body Scanner
Authors: May Torsten , Meyer Hans‐Georg
Published: December 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

X‐Ray Techniques

Overview

Physical and Technical Background

Backscatter Imaging

Transmission Imaging

Millimeter Wave Electronic Techniques

Overview

Physical and Technical Background

Active Imaging

Passive Imaging

Sub‐Millimeter Wave (Terahertz) Photonic Techniques

Overview

Physical and Technical Background

Active Imaging

Passive Imaging

Conclusion and Outlook
Velaglucerase alfa enzyme replacement therapy compared with imiglucerase in patients with Gaucher disease
Authors: Turkia Hadhami Ben , Gonzalez Derlis E. , Barton Norman W. , Zimran Ari , Kabra Madhulika , Lukina Elena A. , Giraldo Pilar , Kisinovsky Isaac , Bavdekar Ashish , Dridi Marie‐Françoise Ben , Gupta Neerja , Kishnani Priya S. , Sureshkumar E.K. , Wang Nan , Crombez Eric , Bhirangi Kiran , Mehta Atul
Published: December 2012

Enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher disease (GD) has been available since 1991. This study compared the efficacy and safety of velaglucerase alfa with imiglucerase, the previous standard of care. A 9‐month, global, randomized, double‐blind, non‐inferiority study compared velaglucerase alfa with imiglucerase (60 U/kg every other week) in treatment‐naïve patients aged 3–73 years with anemia and either thrombocytopenia or organomegaly. The primary endpoint was the difference between groups in mean change from baseline to 9 months in hemoglobin concentration. 35 patients were randomized: 34 received study drug (intent‐to‐treat: 17 per arm), 20 were splenectomized. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. The per‐protocol population included 15 patients per arm. The mean treatment difference for hemoglobin concentration from baseline to 9 months (velaglucerase alfa minus imiglucerase) was 0.14 and 0.16 g/dL in the intent‐to‐treat and per‐protocol populations, respectively. The lower bound of the 97.5% one‐sided confidence interval in both populations lay within the pre‐defined non‐inferiority margin of −1.0 g/dL, confirming that velaglucerase alfa is non‐inferior to imiglucerase. There were no statistically significant differences in the secondary endpoints. Most adverse events were mild to moderate. No patient receiving velaglucerase alfa developed antibodies to either drug, whereas four patients (23.5%) receiving imiglucerase developed IgG antibodies to imiglucerase, which were cross‐reactive with velaglucerase alfa in one patient. This study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of velaglucerase alfa compared with imiglucerase in adult and pediatric patients with GD clinically characterized as Type 1. Differences in immunogenicity were also observed. Am. J. Hematol. 88:179–184, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility study of analgesia via epidural versus continuous wound infusion after laparoscopic colorectal resection
Authors: Boulind C E , Ewings P , Bulley S H , Reid J M , Jenkins J T , Blazeby J M , Francis N K
Published: December 2012

Background

With the adoption of enhanced recovery and emerging new modalities of analgesia after laparoscopic colorectal resection (LCR), the role of epidural analgesia has been questioned. This pilot trial assessed the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing epidural analgesia and use of a local anaesthetic wound infusion catheter (WIC) following LCR.

Methods

Between April 2010 and May 2011, patients undergoing elective LCR in two centres were randomized to analgesia via epidural or WIC. Sham procedures were used to blind surgeons, patients and outcome assessors. The primary outcome was the feasibility of a large RCT, and all outcomes for a definitive trial were tested. The success of blinding was assessed using a mixed-methods approach.

Results

Forty-five patients were eligible, of whom 34 were randomized (mean(s.d.) age 70(11·8) years). Patients were followed up per-protocol; there were no deaths, and five patients had a total of six complications. Challenges with capturing pain data were identified and resolved. Mean(s.d.) pain scores on the day of discharge were 1·9(3·1) in the epidural group and 0·7(0·7) in the WIC group. Median length of stay was 4 (range 2–35, interquartile range 3–5) days. Mean use of additional analgesia (intravenous morphine equivalents) was 12 mg in the WIC arm and 9 mg in the epidural arm. Patient blinding was successful in both arms. Qualitative interviews suggested that patients found participation in the trial acceptable and that they would consider participating in a future trial.

Conclusion

A blinded RCT investigating the role of epidural and WIC administration for postoperative analgesia following LCR is feasible. Rigorous standard operating procedures for data collection are required.
Preoperative detection and predictors of level V lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Shim M J , Roh J-L , Gong G , Choi K-J , Lee J H , Cho S-H , Nam S Y , Kim S Y
Published: December 2012

Background

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) frequently metastasizes to regional lymph nodes. Metastasis to the posterior neck, level V, is uncommon, and level V lymphadenectomy may lead to spinal accessory nerve injury and associated postoperative morbidities. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic efficiency of preoperative ultrasonography and to identify predictors of level V metastasis in patients with PTC.

Methods

This study involved patients with previously untreated PTC that had metastasized to the lateral neck, and who underwent total thyroidectomy with central and lateral neck dissection. Histopathological findings were compared with ultrasound results for various neck levels. Clinical and histopathological factors that predicted level V metastasis were identified.

Results

Of 143 patients, 26 (18·2 per cent) had lymph node metastasis at level V. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasonography for level V metastasis were 46·2 and 30·0 per cent respectively. Univariable analysis showed that male sex, extranodal disease extension, a metastatic lymph node ratio in the ipsilateral lateral neck of more than 0·2, and simultaneous involvement of ipsilateral levels II–IV or level III were associated with ipsilateral level V metastasis. Multivariable analysis revealed an independent association between macroscopic extranodal disease extension and level V metastasis (odds ratio 26·05, 95 per cent confidence interval 5·63 to 120·56; P < 0·001).

Conclusion

Preoperative ultrasonography frequently failed to detect level V metastasis in patients with metastatic PTC. Level V lymphadenectomy may be considered in patients with lymph node metastasis in the ipsilateral lateral neck with macroscopic extranodal extension.
Toward a highly‐detailed 3D pelvic model: Approaching an ultra‐specific level for surgical simulation and anatomical education
Authors: Kraima A.C. , Smit N.N. , Jansma D. , Wallner C. , Bleys R.L.A.W. , Velde C.J.H. van de , Botha C.P. , DeRuiter M.C.
Published: December 2012

The surgical anatomy of the pelvis is highly complex. Anorectal and urogenital dysfunctions occur frequently after pelvic oncological surgery and are mainly caused by surgical damage of the autonomic nerves. A highly‐detailed 3D pelvic model could increase the anatomical knowledge and form a solid basis for a surgical simulation system. Currently, pelvic surgeons still rely on the preoperative interpretation of 2D diagnostic images. With a 3D simulation system, pelvic surgeons could simulate and train different scenes to enhance their preoperative knowledge and improve surgical outcome. To substantially enrich pelvic surgery and anatomical education, such a system must provide insight into the relation between the autonomic network, the lymphatic system, and endopelvic fasciae. Besides CT and MR images, Visible Human Datasets (VHDs) are widely used for 3D modeling, due to the high degree of anatomical detail represented in the cryosectional images. However, key surgical structures cannot be fully identified using VHDs and radiologic imaging techniques alone. Several unsolved anatomical problems must be elucidated as well. Therefore, adequate analysis on a microscopic level is inevitable. The development of a comprehensive anatomical atlas of the pelvis is no straightforward task. Such an endeavor involves several anatomical and technical challenges. This article surveys all existing 3D pelvic models, focusing on the level of anatomical detail. The use of VHDs in the 3D reconstruction of a highly‐detailed pelvic model and the accompanying anatomical challenges will be discussed Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple Zeolite Structures from One Ionic Liquid Template
Authors: Martínez Blanes José María , Szyja Bartłomiej M. , Romero‐Sarria Francisca , Centeno Miguel Ángel , Hensen Emiel J. M. , Odriozola José Antonio , Ivanova Svetlana
Published: December 2012

This study reports the use of 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium methanesulfonate ionic liquid as a template in the synthesis of zeolites. It is found that the silicon source determines the formation of beta (BEA), mordenite framework inverted (MFI), or analcime (ANA) zeolites. Depending on this source, different preorganized complexes are obtained that drive the formation of the different zeolite structures. In the presence of ethanol, the ionic liquid form preorganized complexes that drive the formation of MFI. In its absence, BEA is obtained. Whereas, the large amount of sodium present when using sodium metasilicate leads to ANA formation. A molecular simulation study of the relative stability of the template‐framework system and location of the template provides further insight into the mechanism of synthesis.
Cooperative Effects in Catalytic Hydrogenation Regulated by both the Cation and Anion of an Ionic Liquid
Authors: Zhu Wenwen , Yu Yinyin , Yang Hanmin , Hua Li , Qiao Yunxiang , Zhao Xiuge , Hou Zhenshan
Published: December 2012

The use of transition‐metal nanoparticles/ionic liquid (IL) as a thermoregulated and recyclable catalytic system for hydrogenation has been investigated under mild conditions. The functionalized ionic liquid was composed of poly(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized alkylimidazolium as the cation and tris(meta‐sulfonatophenyl)phosphine ([P(C6H4‐m‐SO3)3]3−) as the anion. Ethyl acetate was chosen as the thermomorphic solvent to avoid the use of toxic organic solvents. Due to a cooperative effect regulated by both the cation and anion of the ionic liquid, the nanocatalysts displayed distinguished temperature‐dependent phase behavior and excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, coupled with high stability. In the hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, the ionic‐liquid‐stabilized palladium and rhodium nanoparticles exhibited higher selectivity for the hydrogenation of the CC bonds than commercially available catalysts (Pd/C and Rh/C). We believe that the anion of the ionic liquid, [P(C6H4‐m‐SO3)3]3−, plays a role in changing the surrounding electronic characteristics of the nanoparticles through its coordination capacity, whereas the poly(ethylene glycol)‐functionalized alkylimidazolium cation is responsible for the thermomorphic properties of the nanocatalyst in ethyl acetate. The present catalytic systems can be employed for the hydrogenation of a wide range of substrates bearing different functional groups. The catalysts could be easily separated from the products by thermoregulated phase separation and efficiently recycled ten times without significant changes in their catalytic activity.
Pd‐Catalyzed Ring Assembly by Vinylation and Intramolecular Heck Coupling: A Versatile Strategy Towards Functionalized Azadibenzocyclooctynes
Authors: Jäger Michael , Görls Helmar , Günther Wolfgang , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: December 2012

A new modular approach based on Pd‐catalyzed CC bond formation is presented for the assembly of a benzannulated azocine scaffold, the key intermediate in the synthesis of functionalized azadibenzocyclooctynes (aza‐DIBOs). The intramolecular ring‐closing Heck coupling was investigated by variation of the CX bond. The reaction rate is limited by the initial oxidative addition step and the regiochemistry strongly depends on the auxiliary phosphine. Under optimized conditions, the 8‐endo regioisomer was obtained in 71 % yield over two steps (with no protecting group chemistry) or in one pot, inclusive of CN bond formation. The practical generation of the octyne triple bond of a prototypical N‐benzoyl aza‐DIBO, without the need for chromatographic purification, is also described. The structural features, including those of the ring‐strained cyclic octyne, were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The high reactivity of the N‐benzoyl aza‐DIBO synthesized is demonstrated in a strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction with an alkyl azide (k=0.38 M−1 s−1).
Formation and Characterization of Melam, Melam Hydrate, and a Melam–Melem Adduct
Authors: Wirnhier Eva , Mesch Maria B. , Senker Jürgen , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2012

Until recently, melam, [C3N3(NH2)2]2NH, has been regarded as a short‐lived intermediate in the condensation process of melamine that is only detectable under special reaction conditions owing to its high reactivity. A new synthetic approach has allowed a closer look at the formation and condensation behavior of melam by using elevated ammonia pressure in autoclaves. Whereas the thermal treatment of dicyandiamide at 450 °C and 0.2 MPa ammonia yielded melam in large amounts, prolonged treatment under these conditions (9 days) led to the formation of a melam–melem adduct, thus enabling the first insight into the condensation process of melam into melem. The hydrothermal treatment of melam at 300 °C (24 h) yields melam hydrate, [C3N3(NH2)2]2NH⋅2 H2O (space group P21/c; a=676.84(2), b=1220.28(4), c=1394.24(4) pm; β=98.372(2)°; V=1139.28(6)×106 pm3; Z=4), which crystallizes as a layered structure that is composed of almost‐planar melam molecules, thereby forming ellipsoidal rosette‐like motifs. The resulting voids are filled with four water molecules, thus forming a dense network of hydrogen bonds.
Pre‐Calibrated Biosensors for Single‐Use Applications
Authors: Moser Isabella , Jobst Gerhard
Published: December 2012

Bioprocess development and fermentation control would benefit from a timely knowledge of metabolic parameters, e.g., glucose, glutamine, and lactate concentration etc., enabling adequate intervention, maximizing product yield, and providing process analytical tools for reliable and traceable bioprocessing in the context of process analytical technology. A polymer laminate technology based microsytem comprising integrated pre‐calibrated electrochemical biosensors for the simultaneous monitoring of lactate, glucose, glutamine, and glutamate in a 0.15‐μL flow‐through cell for process monitoring and control is presented. Flexible manufacturing technologies used for these devices allow a cost effective customization of them.
hMSC Production in Disposable Bioreactors with Regards to GMP and PAT
Authors: Cierpka Katharina , Elseberg Christiane L. , Niss Knut , Kassem Moustapha , Salzig Denise , Czermak Peter
Published: December 2012

Reactor concepts for human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) production are introduced. Thereby, special interest is laid on the realization of these concepts as disposables fulfilling the GMP and PAT requirements. The specialty of the hMSC production process is the cell itself being the product. This results in completely different process requirements compared to e.g. protein production in mammalian cells. Thus, great attention has to be given to the shear sensitivity of the cells. The cultivation and the harvest of the cells have to be very gentle to neither influence cell viability nor cell differentiability. Further, the production process should not cause any undesirable cell changes. For hMSC production, cell harvest is the main challenging process step. The reactor concepts should be suitable for hMSC production for clinical trials as ATMPs. Therefore, disposable systems are especially applicable. The review describes more detailed bone marrow‐derived hMSC production in a disposable stirred tank reactor as promising reactor concept.
Temperature‐ and Pressure‐Induced Switching of the Molecular Spin State of an Orthorhombic Iron(III) Spin‐Crossover Salt
Authors: Tissot Antoine , Shepherd Helena J. , Toupet Loic , Collet Eric , Sainton Joelle , Molnár Gabor , Guionneau Philippe , Boillot Marie‐Laure
Published: December 2012

The [(TPA)FeIII(TCC)]+ complex [TPA = tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine, TCC2– = 3,4,5,6‐tetrachlorocatecholate dianion] forms a molecular solid with the SbF6– anion, which exhibits an incomplete S = 1/2 ↔ S = 5/2 thermal spin‐crossover process centered at 250 K. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements of this orthorhombic polymorph were performed to delineate the spin‐state thermo‐ and piezoswitching in relation to the structural and elastic properties. Indeed, a pressure‐induced spin crossover (centered at P1/2 ≈ 1.65 kbar, T = 294 K) concomitant with unit‐cell contraction was observed by applying a hydrostatic pressure to the single crystal. Under ambient conditions, the piezo‐induced transition, like that induced thermally, is relatively gradual, which probably reflects a similar mechanism in response to both stimuli. Except for a 47 K shift, the spin‐crossover curves of the isostructural SbF6– and PF6– salts compare well. They are discussed with respect to structural anisotropy and pressure effects.
Factors That Determine the Mechanism of NO Activation by Metal Complexes of Biological and Environmental Relevance
Authors: Franke Alicja , van Eldik Rudi
Published: December 2012

This account presents a sampling of kinetic and mechanistic investigations on the activation of nitric oxide (NO) by metal complexes of biological and environmental importance. Throughout the review the main emphasis falls on the finding and characterization of factors that control the dynamics of NO–metal interactions in which the metal centers serve as coordination and electron‐transfer mediators. On the basis of the systems surveyed, several important aspects concerning the mechanism of NO activation processes have been evaluated and are discussed in detail. They involve the effect of (i) chemical properties of the reaction medium, (ii) electronic nature of the leaving ligand, (iii) environment of the coligands, and (iv) steric hindrance around the metal active center, on the reversible binding of NO to metal complexes, as well as on the electronic nature and reactivity of metal activated forms of nitric oxide in the resulting nitrosyl products. The conclusions drawn from the work summarized in this review, along with a comparison with data available for other related systems, add a valuable piece to the puzzle of the complex mechanistic picture that describes the process of metal‐assisted activation of nitric oxide.
A Flexible Chelate Leads to Phototriggered Isomerization in an Osmium Sulfoxide Complex
Authors: Garg Komal , Paris Shadrick I. M. , Rack Jeffrey J.
Published: December 2012

We report the preparation and spectroscopic properties of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, where bpy is 2,2′‐bipyridine, pySO is 2‐(propane‐2‐sulfinylmethyl)pyridine, and pySOCF3 is 2‐[(trifluoroethylsulfinyl)methyl]pyridine. The charge‐transfer absorption spectra of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ are 378 and 367 nm, respectively. Charge‐transfer excitation of [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ shows substantial changes in the UV/Vis spectrum with a shift in the lowest energy absorption maximum from 367 to 415 nm, which is consistent with phototriggered S→O isomerization. Irradiation of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ shows no evidence of isomerization. Cyclic voltammograms of [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ feature reversible one‐electron couples that are ascribed to Os3+/2+ reduction potentials (E°′) at 1.01 V (vs Ag/AgCl; $\tilde {\nu}$ = 0.1 V/s; CH3CN; 0.1 M TBAPF6) and 1.17 V, respectively. Femtosecond to nanosecond transient absorption spectra for [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+ are reported. For [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, fits of data obtained at 370 nm yield lifetimes of 0.20 (±0.02) and 19.7 (±8) ps, whereas for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ lifetimes of 0.47 (±0.2) and 12.7 (±11) ps are obtained at 378 nm. These lifetimes are ascribed to the formation of a 3MLCT state and solvent reorganization, respectively. Excited state lifetimes of 331(±4) and 348 (±25) ns are found for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+, respectively. The time constant for isomerization is 213 μs for [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+. Transient absorption spectra reveal an excited state sulfoxide to Os3+ transition. The electrochemical and spectroscopic data can be combined to yield electronic state diagrams for [Os(bpy)2(pySO)]2+ and [Os(bpy)2(pySOCF3)]2+.
Amino Acid Derivatives of Tetrathiafulvalene and Their N–H···O Peptide Bond Dipoles‐Templated Solid State Assemblies
Authors: El‐Ghayoury Abdelkrim , Zorina Leokadiya , Simonov Sergey , Sanguinet Lionel , Batail Patrick
Published: December 2012

We report on a series of amino acid derivatives of tetrathiafulvalene as well as on the structure‐directing abilities of their peptide residues in the crystalline solid state to stabilize patterns of interactions such as β strands and sheet motifs. Characteristic hydrogen‐bonding motifs are indeed identified within ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (EDT‐TTF) and dimethyltetrathiafulvalene (Me2‐TTF) based compounds 1–5. Esters 1–3 contain hydrogen‐bond acceptors, namely carbonyl groups, as well as one strong (NH) and one weak (C–H) hydrogen‐bond donor. In addition to the hydrogen‐bonded sets of ester derivatives, acids 4 and 5 present the carboxylic acid moiety, which acts as both a hydrogen‐bond donor and acceptor. EDT‐TTF‐CO‐GlyOH has been previously used to afford a new type of hydrogen‐bonded acid/zwitterion (1:1) hybrid admixture of redox peptidics.
A Protection‐Free Synthetic Access to (±)‐1‐Deoxy‐6‐epi‐castanospermine and (±)‐1‐Deoxy‐6,8a‐di‐epi‐castanospermine
Authors: Serafidou Angeliki‐Theodora , Yioti Efthymia G. , Gallos John K.
Published: December 2012

A new synthesis of (±)‐1‐deoxy‐6‐epi‐castanospermine and (±)‐1‐deoxy‐6,8a‐di‐epi‐castanospermine has been developed, starting from the hetero‐Diels–Alder adduct of ethyl 2‐nitrosoacrylate and ethyl vinyl ether. Appropriate terminal dienes were prepared by standard manipulations, which, upon RCM followed by dihydroxylation and catalytic Raney Ni hydrogenation, led to the title compounds, which are of significant biological interest. The whole synthesis was completed in eight steps, and no protecting groups were needed in any step.
Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolin‐1‐ones from N‐Boc‐(β‐Arylethyl)carbamates via Isocyanate Intermediates
Authors: In Jinkyung , Hwang Soonho , Kim Changhun , Seo Jae Hong , Kim Sanghee
Published: December 2012

Mild reaction conditions for the regioselective synthesis of isoquinolin‐1‐ones and related fused‐ring heterocycles from N‐Boc‐protected (β‐arylethyl)carbamates are described. The reactions involved the use of Tf2O and 2‐chloropyridine and isocyanates are likely to be key intermediates. The method was extended to substrates bearing less nucleophilic aryl moieties by using Lewis acid additives, such as BF3·Et2O, to enhance the Friedel–Crafts‐type cyclization of the isocyanate intermediates. This method allowed the synthesis of various substituted isoquinolin‐1‐ones, β‐carbolines, thiophene‐fused ring systems and tetrahydrobenzoazepin‐1‐ones in good yields and with high regioselectivities.
Computational study of velocity profile obtained in microfluidic channel bearing a fluidic transistor: Toward highly resolved electrophoretic separation
Authors: Charhrouchni Issam , Pallandre Antoine , Le Potier Isabelle , Deslouis Claude , Haghiri‐Gosnet Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2012

The present work is a computational study of velocity profiles in microfluidic channels bearing field flow effect transistors (FFET). In particular, this work investigates perturbations and distortions of the sample band during electrophoretic transport in a rectangular separation channel. The EOF heterogeneity and its induced pressure render the predictions of the analytical performances rather complex. In this context, we propose a systematic numerical inquiry that focuses on the distribution of the velocities for several geometries and EOF modulations. We compare the calculated parabolic velocity profiles to the bare glass microchips. Here, the reported parabolic velocity profiles are coherent with recent experimental results that have been published elsewhere. From the presented equations, in such active hybrid microfluidic chip that integrates a FFET gate layer, separation can be optimized by playing on the gate coverage ratio. The flow fields obtained from analytical models allow further investigations about the efficiency and resolution during electrophoresis. The resulting induced pressure gradient and the associated band broadening underline the need to optimize the resolution in the detriment of the efficiency in such active microfluidic chips.
Skin‐draining lymph node priming is sufficient to induce sterile immunity against pre‐erythrocytic malaria
Authors: Obeid Michel , Franetich Jean‐François , Lorthiois Audrey , Gego Audrey , Grüner Anne Charlotte , Tefit Maurel , Boucheix Claude , Snounou Georges , Mazier Dominique
Published: December 2012

The Plasmodium‐infected hepatocyte has been considered necessary to prime the immune responses leading to sterile protection after vaccination with attenuated sporozoites. However, it has recently been demonstrated that priming also occurs in the skin. We wished to establish if sterile protection could be obtained in the absence of priming by infected hepatocytes. To this end, we developed a subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization protocol where few, possibly none, of the immunizing irradiated Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites infect hepatocytes, and also used CD81‐deficient mice non‐permissive to productive hepatocyte infections. We then compared and contrasted the patterns of priming with those obtained by intradermal immunization, where priming occurs in the liver. Using sterile immunity as a primary read‐out, we exploited an inhibitor of T‐cell migration, transgenic mice with conditional depletion of dendritic cells and adoptive transfers of draining lymph node‐derived T cells, to provide evidence that responses leading to sterile immunity can be primed in the skin‐draining lymph nodes with little, if any, contribution from the infected hepatocyte.
Early primate evolution in Afro‐Arabia
Authors: Seiffert Erik R.
Published: December 2012

The peculiar mammalian fauna that inhabited Afro‐Arabia during the Paleogene first came to the attention of the scientific community in the early part of the twentieth century, when Andrews1 and Schlosser2 published their landmark descriptions of fossil mammals from the Fayum Depression in northern Egypt. Their studies revealed a highly endemic assemblage of land mammals that included the first known Paleogene records of hyraxes, proboscideans, and anthropoid primates, but which lacked ancestors of many iconic mammalian lineages that are found in Africa today, such as rhinos, zebras, bovids, giraffes, and cats. Over the course of the last century, the Afro‐Arabian Paleogene has yielded fossil remains of several other endemic mammalian lineages,3 as well as a diversity of prosimian primates,4 but we are only just beginning to understand how the continent's faunal composition came to be, through ancient processes such as the movement of tectonic plates, changes in climate and sea level, and early phylogenetic splits among the major groups of placental mammals. These processes, in turn, made possible chance dispersal events that were critical in determining the competitive landscape–and, indeed, the survival–of our earliest anthropoid ancestors. Newly discovered fossils indicate that the persistence and later diversification of Anthropoidea was not an inevitable result of the clade's competitive isolation or adaptive superiority, as has often been assumed, but rather was as much due to the combined influences of serendipitous geographic conditions, global cooling, and competition with a group of distantly related extinct strepsirrhines with anthropoid‐like adaptations known as adapiforms. Many of the important details of this story would not be known, and could never have been predicted, without the fossil evidence that has recently been unearthed by field paleontologists. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Annealing of Nafion 1100 in the Presence of an Annealing Agent: A Powerful Method for Increasing Ionomer Working Temperature in PEMFCs
Authors: Alberti G. , Narducci R. , Di Vona M. L. , Giancola S.
Published: December 2012

The possibility of increasing the working temperature of fuel cells using Nafion as ionomer membranes by a new annealing procedure in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide or tributylphosphate as annealing agents has been investigated. The extent of annealing was derived by the shift of nc/T plots of annealed membranes (nc is the index of counter‐elastic force) relatively to the plot of as received membranes. nc/T plots can be used as a powerful analytical method useful for deriving quantitative information on the annealing extent and for obtaining information on the melting temperature of the semi‐crystalline phase grown during annealing. It was found that, by using an annealing temperature of 140 °C in the presence of an annealing agent, an important effect on the thermal stability of Nafion membranes was obtained. The increased thermal stability was related to the increase of the original semi‐crystalline phase which acts as a physical cross‐linker so that the mechanical properties are no longer lost at the glass transition temperature but at the melting point of the semi‐crystalline phase. The use of nc/T plots as analytical tools for detecting and understanding important ionomer properties was denominated as “Ionomer nc Analysis” (INCA).