Variation in induced seismicity productivity by alteration of injection parameters: a comparative case study at three hydraulic fracturing wells in the Kiskatinaw area, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Roth Marco Pascal , Kemna Kilian B , Verdecchia Alessandro , Wache Ricarda M , Pena Castro Andres F , Harrington Rebecca M , Liu Yajing 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) has experienced an increase in hydraulic fracturing (HF) operations in the last decade, accompanied by an increase in the number of felt earthquakes, including a M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 4.6 on 17 August 2015 near Fort St. John and a M&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; 4.5 (M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; 4.2) on 30 November 2018 near Dawson Creek. While only a small percentage of HF operations induce seismicity, the majority of moderate-sized earthquakes occur in close spatial proximity to HF wells and temporal proximity to individual HF injection stages within the tight shale play of the Montney Formation. Whereas statistical analysis of an enhanced seismicity catalog suggests that the majority of seismicity occurs following HF operations in the relatively older and deeper compartments of the Montney Formation (Lower Montney; LM) and a low number of events are associated with the relatively younger and shallower layers (Upper Montney; UM), the detailed association and triggering mechanism(s) remains unclear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we investigate induced earthquake source parameter variations resulting from spatial and/or temporal alteration of injection parameters, including injection time, depth, and volume, at three well pads operating between 2018 and 2020 in the Kiskatinaw area. We use dense local station coverage to create an enhanced seismicity catalog with double-difference relative hypocenter relocations to highlight potential fault orientations, confirmed by focal mechanism solutions. We estimate static stress drop values at the individual well pads and their variation over time as well as variation with the choice of empirical Greens function. We also investigate the temporal changes of the V&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;/V&lt;sub&gt;S&lt;/sub&gt;-ratio in localized areas following HF operations as a proxy for increased fracture density and/or compliance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The case study at three specific sites targeting both the UM and LM layers investigates the relative influence of a number of factors on the spatial and temporal distribution of source properties. Factors include the scale of HF injection parameters, the target formation layer, and site-specific factors, such as localized fluid accumulation. Preliminary results show that injection in the UM generally leads to significantly fewer earthquakes than injection in the LM, and that lateral variations in compartment properties may significantly influence the seismic response. Moreover, we investigate if repetitive injection at the same wellhead may repeatedly (re)activate sets of faults/fractures and lead to increased hydraulic connectivity between the target sedimentary layers and deeper, pre-existing basement faults. An increase in connectivity would imply an increased potential for triggering large mainshocks.&lt;/p&gt;