bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological stoichiometry and the shape of resource‐based tradeoffs
Authors: Yoshida Takehito
Published: January 2006

Fitness tradeoffs are expected when organisms must allocate a limited resource between two or more traits. Despite the fact that most resources are made up of multiple elements or components, tradeoff models have traditionally been implicitly or explicitly based on a single currency. Here I propose a model for a resource‐based tradeoff between two traits that share two resource elements, and suggest ecological stoichiometry as a critical mechanism controlling the shape of tradeoffs. The tradeoff curve in the model has different shapes depending on the elemental stoichiometry of the traits and the available resource. I further describe a conceptual framework that combines a tradeoff curve with a fitness function to predict an optimal combination of traits in stoichiometrically different environments. The model suggests that even though the fitness function is fixed, an optimal combination of traits can vary depending on the stoichiometry of both the traits and the supplied resource.
Waterbird impacts on widgeongrass Ruppia maritima in a Mediterranean wetland: comparing bird groups and seasonal effects
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Hector , Green Andy J.
Published: January 2006

We studied the effect of waterbirds on the submerged macrophyte Ruppia maritima in eleven fish ponds within Doñana Natural Park (SW Spain). Separate exclosure designs allowed us to exclude flamingos or all waterbirds from 3×3 m plots within the ponds and compare them with control plots. Four experiments were conducted for three month periods at different points of the annual cycle with varying bird densities. Flamingos and wildfowl (ducks and coot) had significant negative additive effects on the presence of aboveground (leafs and shoots) or belowground (roots) parts of Ruppia at all times of the year. For plots where Ruppia was present, aboveground biomass was significantly higher in all‐bird exclosures than in controls or flamingo exclosures. Presence and biomass of this annual plant varied significantly between seasons as did the density of seeds in sediments. Seasonal changes in seedbank densities were consistent with consumption by birds. There were no significant treatment×season interactions for Ruppia presence, aboveground biomass or seeds. This is the first exclosure study to compare the effects of waterbirds on submerged macrophytes at different times throughout the annual cycle, and the first to compare simultaneously the effects of different bird groups. Our findings refute previous suggestions that major effects of waterbirds are limited to temperate regions and to periods of early growth or when major concentrations of migratory wildfowl are formed in autumn. Flamingos are important in structuring shallow wetlands in the Mediterranean, and possibly many other regions.
Trophic egg laying: hypotheses and tests
Authors: C. Perry Jennifer , D. Roitberg Bernard
Published: January 2006

Trophic egg‐laying – wherein mothers provide non‐developing eggs for offspring to eat – has attracted much empirical attention to diverse taxa (e.g. amphibians, non‐social and eusocial insects, fish, and marine gastropods). However, there has been been only a limited exchange of ideas among studies of different taxa. We advocate a unified approach to the study of trophic eggs within an evolutionary ecological framework. In this paper, we stress the importance of elucidating the adaptive function of trophic eggs through explicit hypothesis testing, and our primary objective is to outline key experiments that can test adaptive and functional hypotheses. Currently, some cases of hypothesized trophic eggs may simply represent offspring consumption of eggs that failed to develop for non‐adaptive reasons (e.g. sperm limitation). Furthermore, in many trophic egg‐laying species, it is unclear whether trophic eggs have evolved to provision offspring or to reduce cannibalism among offspring. With increased focus on theory and hypothesis testing, the study of trophic eggs can offer important insight into topics such as sibling rivalry, parent–offspring conflict, and parental care.
Components of breeding performance in two competing species: habitat heterogeneity, individual quality and density‐dependence
Authors: Carrete Martina , A. Sánchez‐Zapata José , L. Tella José , M. Gil‐Sánchez José , Moleón Marcos
Published: January 2006

Density‐dependent breeding performance due to habitat heterogeneity has been shown to regulate populations of territorial species, since the progressive occupation of low quality territories as breeding density increases may cause a decline in the mean per capita fecundity of a population while variation in fecundity increases. Although the preemptive use of sites may relegate low quality individuals to sites of progressively lower suitability, few studies on density dependence have tried to separate the effects of territory quality from individual quality, and none have simultaneously considered the effects of heterospecific competitors. Using two long‐term monitored populations, we assessed the relative contribution of habitat heterogeneity and bird quality (in terms of age) on the productivity of sympatric goldenAquila chrysaetosand Bonelli's eaglesHieraaetus fasciatusunder different scenarios of intra‐ and inter‐specific competition. Productivity (number of offspring fledged) varied among territories and average annual productivity was negatively related to its variability in both species and populations, thus giving some support to the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis. However, the effect of habitat heterogeneity on productivity became non‐significant when parental age and local density estimators were included in multivariate analyses. Therefore, temporal changes in bird quality (age) combined with intra‐ and interspecific competition explained variability in territory productivity rather than habitat heterogeneity among territories per se. The recruitment of subadult breeders, a surrogate of mortality in eagles, strongly varied among territories. Habitat heterogeneity in productivity may thus arise not because sites differ in suitability for reproduction but because of differences in factors affecting survival. Territories associated with high mortality risks have a higher probability of being occupied by young birds, whose lower quality, interacting with the density competitors, leads to a reduction of productivity. Site‐dependent variability in adult survival and interspecific competition may be extensive, but so far largely overlooked, factors to be seriously considered for the site‐dependent population regulation framework.
Further development of a model of chronic bone marrow aplasia in the busulphan‐treated mouse
Authors: Turton John A. , Sones William R. , Andrews Charles M. , Pilling Andrew M. , Williams Thomas C. , Molyneux Gemma , Rizzo Sian , Gordon‐Smith Edward C. , Gibson Frances M.
Published: January 2006

Aplastic anaemia (AA) in man is an often fatal disease characterized by pancytopenia of the peripheral blood and aplasia of the bone marrow. AA is a toxic effect of many drugs and chemicals (e.g. chloramphenicol, azathioprine, phenylbutazone, gold salts, penicillamine and benzene). However, there are no widely used or convenient animal models of drug‐induced AA. Recently, we reported a new model of chronic bone marrow aplasia (CBMA = AA) in the busulphan (BU)‐treated mouse: eight doses of BU (10.50 mg/kg) were administered to female BALB/c mice over a period of 23 days; CBMA was evident at day 91/112 post‐dosing with significantly reduced erythrocytes, platelets, leucocytes and nucleated bone marrow cell counts. However, mortality was high (49.3%). We have now carried out a study to modify the BU‐dosing regime to induce CBMA without high mortality, and investigated the patterns of cellular responses in the blood and marrow in the post‐dosing period. Mice (n = 64/65) were dosed 10 times with BU at 0 (vehicle control), 8.25, 9.0 and 9.75 mg/kg over 21 days and autopsied at day 1, 23, 42, 71, 84, 106 and 127 post‐dosing (n = 7–15); blood and marrow samples were examined. BU induced a predictable bone marrow depression at day 1 post‐dosing; at day 23/42 post‐dosing, parameters were returning towards normal during a period of recovery. At day 71, 84, 106 and 127 post‐dosing, a stabilized, late‐stage, nondose‐related CBMA was evident in BU‐treated mice, with decreased erythrocytes, platelets and marrow cell counts, and increased MCV. At day 127 post‐dosing, five BU‐treated mice showed evidence of lymphoma. In this study, mortality was low, ranging from 3.1% (8.25 mg/kg BU) to 12.3% (9.75 mg/kg BU). It is concluded that BU at 9.0 mg/kg (or 9.25 mg/kg) is an appropriate dose level to administer (10 times over 21 days) to induce CBMA at approximately day 50–120 post‐dosing.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression and effect of celecoxib in flurothyl‐induced neonatal seizure
Authors: Kim Doo Kwun , Jang Tae Jung
Published: January 2006

Endogenous PGE2 dynamically regulates membrane excitability, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Neonatal seizures are associated with a number of activity‐dependent changes in brain development including altered synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity as well as reduction in neurogenesis. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that alteration of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression induced by neonatal seizure may influence brain development. We evaluated the expression of COX‐2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) by Western blot analysis and immnohistochemistry in flurothyl‐induced neonatal seizure and also studied the effect of celecoxib on seizure induction. Seven to 10 days old Sprague–Dawley rats were used for control (n = 18) and experimental group (n = 30). Recurrent seizure group showed more increased level of COX‐2 expression than control group. However, the level of mPGES‐2 expression was similar in both groups, and mPGES‐1 was not detected. Hippocampus of control rats showed endogenous COX‐2 expression, which was localized mainly in CA3 region. This localization pattern was similar in recurrent seizure rats, but intensity of COX‐2 expression was more increased than in control rats. Celecoxib treatment significantly delayed the seizure attack and also reduced COX‐2 expression. In conclusion, this study suggests that COX‐2 expression is related to epileptogenesis in flurothyl‐induced neonatal seizure model and shows the possibility that its inhibition lessens functional impairments that occurred in neonatal seizure.
The determinants of compliance with an early intervention programme for high‐risk babies in India
Authors: De Souza N. , Sardessai V. , Joshi K. , Joshi V. , Hughes M.
Published: January 2006

Background Early intervention is known to improve outcomes for babies at risk for growth and developmental problems. Such programmes usually have a prolonged course and require frequent contacts with the service providers. As a consequence of poverty, illiteracy and lack of communication facilities in developing countries, treatment adherence can suffer.

Methods The present study is an analysis of a clinic‐based early intervention programme for high‐risk babies in a developing society in Goa, India. A sample of 152 neonates and their parents were offered an early intervention programme and followed up until their first birthday. The primary outcome under study was the uptake of the programme. Various socio‐demographic, programmatic and infant‐related variables that could affect compliance were examined.

Results Compliance with the intervention programme was only moderate, with 59.2% of infants brought for three or more sessions. Higher maternal educational levels and proximity of the place of residence of the family to the early intervention clinic were significantly associated with better compliance.

Conclusions Early intervention programmes that go into homes have a greater chance of reaching high‐risk infants, compared with those provided at a distant centre. Better‐educated mothers are more likely to be convinced about the benefits of such inputs. The authors conclude with recommendations for future practice and research.
The psychosocial well‐being of children with chronic disease, their parents and siblings: an overview of the research evidence base
Authors: Barlow J. H. , Ellard D. R.
Published: January 2006

Background Chronic disease of childhood may have implications for the psychosocial well‐being of children and their families. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current literature regarding the psychosocial well‐being of children with chronic disease, their parents and siblings.

Methods Electronic searches were conducted using AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Database, DARE, HTA, MEDLINE, NHS EED, PsycLIT, PsycINFO and PubMED (1990 to week 24, 2004). Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and overviews based on traditional reviews of published literature. The titles of papers were reviewed, abstracts were obtained and reviewed, and full copies of selected papers were obtained.

Results Six reviews of the psychosocial well‐being of children were identified: three on chronic disease in general, one on asthma, one on juvenile idiopathic arthritis and one on sickle cell disease. Two reviews of psychosocial well‐being among parents and two reviews of sibling psychosocial well‐being were identified. Evidence from meta‐analyses shows that children were at slightly elevated risk of psychosocial distress, although only a minority experience clinical symptomatology. The proportion that experience distress remains to be clarified, as do contributory risk factors. Few conclusions can be drawn from the two reviews of parents. However, a meta‐analysis of siblings showed that they are at risk from a number of negative effects.

Conclusion This overview has highlighted the need to extend the evidence base for psychosocial well‐being of children, parents and siblings.
Nurses’, midwives’ and health visitors’ involvement in cross‐boundary working within child health services
Authors: While A. , Murgatroyd B. , Ullman R. , Forbes A.
Published: January 2006

Background Cross‐boundary working is a key policy objective. Cross‐boundary working provides the foundation for high quality provision across child health services and is imperative for an effective child protection system and the support of children and young people with health needs.

Methods Two participative conferences were attended by 113 stakeholders utilizing the World Café focus group method. Most (87%) of the sample were nurses, midwives or health visitors.

Results Many examples of cross‐boundary working were identified across the different areas of practice. Remarkably few transdisciplinary examples were identified in contrast to the number of inter‐agency examples. Intra‐organizational boundaries across the health service were also noted.

Conclusions Considerable cross‐boundary working was reported but transdisciplinary working is not yet well established across all areas of child health provision.
Use of biological reference points for the conservation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the River Lune, North West England
Authors: APRAHAMIAN M. W. , WYATT R. J. , SHIELDS B. A.
Published: January 2006

Abstract  The development and use of biological reference points (BRPs) for salmon, Salmo salar L., conservation on the River Lune, England were examined. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches averaging 1332 and 2146 salmon, respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, BRPs were developed that were exclusive to the Lune; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs, and to ensure that the conservation limit was exceeded 80% of the time, the management target was set at 14.4 million eggs (equivalent to ∼5000 adults). Between 1989 and 1998 the management target was exceeded in only 2 years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60% of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. From, and including, the 2000 fishing season, regulations to ensure that the conservation limit is met 4 years out of 5 were introduced. These consisted of a reduction from 26 to 12 haaf nets, from 10 to seven drift nets and a four‐fish bag limit for the rod fishery. In the period between 2000 and 2004 there was a marked increase in the estimated number of salmon spawning and the management target value of ∼5000 spawning adults was exceeded in all years. There was also an increase in the juvenile salmon population. The estimated level of exploitation in the net and rod fisheries reduced from 29.9% to 13.8% and from 26.4% to 14.8% respectively, after the introduction of the regulations.
Factors affecting the characteristics and propagation of voltage gradient fields from electric fishing anodes
Authors: BEAUMONT W. R. C. , PEIRSON G. , LEE M. J.
Published: January 2006

Abstract  The relationship between applied anode voltage, ring anode diameter and distance to specific voltage gradient values was modelled from empirical measurements. The model allowed distance to specific voltage gradients to be predicted. Varying the anode to cathode resistance ratios had a significant effect on the electrical potential of the anode and thus the voltage gradient projected from it. The voltage gradient profile of twin anodes was reduced when they were held in close proximity (<5 m).
The N‐terminal hydrophobic sequence of autotaxin (ENPP2) functions as a signal peptide
Authors: Koike Seiichi , Keino‐Masu Kazuko , Ohto Tatsuyuki , Masu Masayuki
Published: January 2006

Autotaxin, also known as ENPP2, was originally isolated from the culture medium of melanoma cells as a cell‐motility promoting protein. It regulates cell growth, motility, and angiogenesis through the production of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1‐phosphate. Because autotaxin shows overall structural similarity to the well‐characterized PC‐1, it has been assumed to be a type II transmembrane protein that is expressed on the cell surface and is released into the extracellular space after proteolytic cleavage. We found, however, that while autotaxin was efficiently secreted into the extracellular space both in vitro and in vivo, it was expressed neither on the surfaces of autotaxin‐transfected cells nor on those of the autotaxin‐expressing choroid plexus epithelium cells. N‐terminal sequencing of the secreted autotaxin revealed that it was cleaved at two N‐terminal sites that match the consensus sequences for cleavage by a signal peptidase and furin. In addition, when translated in vitro, autotaxin was co‐translationally translocated into microsome membranes, and its N‐terminal 3‐kDa fragment corresponding to a signal sequence was cleaved. These data demonstrate that the N‐terminal hydrophobic sequence of autotaxin functions as a signal peptide, not as a transmembrane segment, and thus autotaxin is synthesized as a secreted protein.
Comparison of hospital and home intravenous antibiotic therapy in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Esmond Glenda , Butler Mark , McCormack Anne Marie
Published: January 2006

Aim and objective.  This study aimed to compare home and hospital treatment for clinical outcome and quality of life in adult cystic fibrosis patients receiving i.v. antibiotics for acute respiratory exacerbations.

Background.  Cystic fibrosis patients require intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic therapy to treat acute respiratory exacerbations. Traditionally, patients would be admitted to hospital to complete a 14‐day course of i.v. antibiotics. The option of home i.v. antibiotic therapy for acute respiratory exacerbations has become an expectation of cystic fibrosis patients.

Design and method.  Comparison of hospital and home i.v. antibiotic therapy in adults with cystic fibrosis for clinical outcomes and quality of life was studied using a quasi‐experimental design. A pre‐ and post‐test was used to measure clinical outcomes of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), oxygen saturations (SaO2), body mass index (BMI) and quality of life using the Cystic Fibrosis Quality of Life (CFQoL) questionnaire.

Results.  Thirty adult cystic fibrosis patients (15 hospital and 15 home) were recruited to the study once they had chosen where they undertook their treatment. When the groups were compared for clinical outcomes, the hospital group showed greater improvement in FVC. There were no differences in quality of life when the hospital and home groups were compared, although changes achieved with treatment showed differences. In the home group, there were improvements in all nine quality of life domains, with statistically significant improvement in five domains, whereas in the hospital group there were improvements in eight out of nine quality of life domains, with only two showing statistically significant improvement.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Lung function improved more in the hospital group, suggesting that acute respiratory exacerbations were not as effectively treated at home, although there appeared to be greater quality of life when undertaking home treatment. The CFQoL questionnaire was able to detect transient changes in health status during the course of i.v. antibiotics.

Conclusion.  If the patient's right to choose where they receive treatment is to be supported, taking into account quality of life further research is required to determine the reasons for home care being less clinically effective in treating acute respiratory exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients.
Mothers’ experiences of feeding situations – an interview study
Authors: Bramhagen Ann‐Cathrine , Axelsson Irene , Hallström Inger
Published: January 2006

Aim.  The aim of the study was to describe parents’ experiences concerning feeding situations and their contact with the nurse at the Child Health Service (CHS).

Background.  Some of the most important tasks for the nurse at the CHS are to monitor growth, detect feeding difficulties and give advice concerning food intake and feeding practices.

Method.  Eighteen mothers differing in age, education, ethnicity and number of children and recruited from different CHS were interviewed. The narratives were transcribed verbatim and analysed by content analysis at manifest and latent levels.

Result.  All mothers’ described that food and feeding were essential parts of their lives requiring a great deal of time and involvement. Two major categories of mothers’ attitudes in feeding situations were identified – a flexible attitude and a controlling attitude. Mothers with a flexible attitude were sensitive to the child's signals and responded to them in order to obtain good communication. Mothers who expressed a need for control established rules and routines regarding the feeding situations. Mothers with a controlling attitude expressed receiving inadequate support from the nurse at the CHS.

Conclusion and clinical implication.  This study shows that some mothers experience inadequate support from the nurse at the CHS. Knowledge about mothers’ experiences of feeding situations and their different attitudes towards the child during feeding might improve the CHS nurses’ knowledge and help them understand and more adequately support mothers who experience feeding difficulties.
Evaluating the clinical effectiveness of neonatal nurse practitioners: an exploratory study
Authors: Woods Leslie
Published: January 2006

Aim and objectives.  The aim of the investigation was to establish if there was any preliminary evidence to indicate if the quality of care and clinical outcomes for premature birth babies are affected by the type of practitioner (i.e. nurse practitioner vs. medical practitioner) responsible for the initial assessment, treatment and management of neonates during the first 6–12 hours following admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.

Background.  The United Kingdom (UK) has seen a proliferation in the number of nurse practitioners in the past decade. While there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that nurse practitioners in primary care settings are able to provide a high quality and effective level of clinical service comparable with many of their medical counterparts, there has been relatively little evaluation of the nurse practitioner role in acute or high dependency hospital settings.

Design and methods.  The study design used a mixed method approach combining a retrospective examination and quality assessment of nursing and medical records. A random sample of 61 sets of medical records, relating specifically to the initial management and treatment of neonates were criterion assessed by an experienced consultant neonatologist and a variety of patient outcome data collated and analysed.

Results.  The analysis of the patient outcome data and quality assessment of nursing and medical records revealed that there was no statistical difference in the standard and quality of care provided between nurse practitioners and medical staff in the vast majority of areas evaluated. However, trends in the data suggest that Advanced Neonatal Nurse Practitioners (ANNPs) did not perform as well as their medical counterparts in terms of the overall completeness or comprehensiveness of the standard care provided in a number of areas.

Conclusion.  Neonatal nurse practitioners provide an alternative model of service delivery in the initial admission and management of premature birth babies. While the results of the study suggest that ANNPs do not perform as well as medical staff, in the majority of cases, they still performed to an acceptable standard. Nonetheless, some deficits in the standard of care provided by both groups of practitioners were identified which in turn have implications for ongoing training and skills development.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings suggest that ANNPs are capable of taking on an advanced role in the assessment and management of neonates.
Boundaries around the ‘well‐informed’ patient: the contribution of Schutz to inform nurses’ interactions
Authors: Henderson Amanda
Published: January 2006

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to explore the operation of two different types of knowledge in health care and the position of the nurse to assist in the confluence of knowledge to develop the well‐informed patient.

Background.  If patients are to be active participants in their care they require useful information. Interactions in contemporary health care mostly involve ‘medico‐scientific’ knowledge, that refers to the ‘science’ of patients’ conditions, as opposed to ‘everyday’ knowledge, which refers to information that can assist patients in lifestyle matters relating to their condition.

Theoretical perspective.  This paper draws on the work of the ‘well‐informed citizen’ as proposed by Schutz in the analysis of two patient case studies of practices in the acute care setting of the hospital.

Method.  Data collection was undertaken through fieldwork, incorporating participant observation and discussions with patients in general medical/surgical areas.

Results.  Two patient case studies representative of the findings are analysed. Analysis identifies the predominant use of ‘medico‐scientific’ knowledge to the detriment of ‘everyday’ knowledge during interactions between patients and all health professionals.

Conclusions.  There is predisposition in the acute context to interact in ‘medico‐scientific’ knowledge as opposed to ‘everyday’ knowledge that does not facilitate a comprehensive understanding by patients of how they can best manage their lifestyle.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Using the notion of Schutz's ‘well‐informed’ citizen this study identifies strategies for nursing staff to capture and explore the development of ‘everyday’ knowledge that can assist patients to become more informed and improve their health management.
Repetitive and ritualistic behaviour in children with Prader–Willi syndrome and children with autism
Authors: Greaves N. , Prince E. , Evans D. W. , Charman T.
Published: January 2006

Background  Recent research has shown that the range of repetitive behaviour seen in individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) extends beyond food‐related behaviour.

Methods  The presence and intensity of repetitive, rigid and routinized behaviour in children with PWS was compared with that seen in children with another neurodevelopmental condition in which repetitive behaviour is common: children with autism. Parents completed the Childhood Routines Inventory (CRI).

Results  Contrary to our predictions, controlling for developmental level, children with PWS and children with autism showed similar levels of repetitive and ritualistic behaviour overall and on the two CRI factors measuring ‘just right’ and ‘repetitive’ behaviour. Indeed, the majority of the sample of parents of children with PWS endorsed most items on the CRI. However there was some specificity at the level of individual items with parents of children with PWS more frequently endorsing an item on ‘collecting and storing objects’ and parents of children with autism more frequently endorsing ‘lining up objects’, ‘has a strong preference for certain foods’ and ‘seems aware of detail at home’.

Conclusions  These findings confirm the range of repetitive behaviours that form part of the behavioural phenotype of PWS, including insistence on sameness and ‘just right’ behaviours, and uncover a surprising overlap with those seen in children with autism. Clinical management for children with PWS should include advice and education regarding management of repetitive and rigid behaviour. Future research should investigate whether the repetitive behaviours that form part of the behavioural phenotype of both PWS and autism are associated with a common neuropsychological, neurotransmitter or genetic origin.
The P2Y1 purinergic receptor expressed by enteric neurones in guinea‐pig intestine
Authors: Gao N. , Hu H‐z. , Zhu M. X. , Fang X. , Liu S. , Gao C. , Wood J. D.
Published: January 2006

Abstract  Electrophysiological recording methods provided evidence for presynaptic release of ATP from enteric neurones and postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of guinea‐pig intestine (J Physiol Lond 2003; 550: 493–504). The released ATP acted at postsynaptic P2Y1 receptors to evoke slow synaptic excitation in neurones in the submucosal division of the ENS. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of the P2Y1 receptor, which was found in the guinea‐pig submucosal layer. A 1178 bp cDNA clone was isolated from guinea‐pig submucosal RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). The cDNA contained an open‐reading frame of 1119 bp, encoding a 373 amino acid polypeptide of the same length and with 95% identity to the human P2Y1 receptor. Stable expression of the guinea‐pig cDNA in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells was accompanied by a marked increase in sensitivity for elevation of free intracellular calcium evoked by ATP or related nucleotides. The potency order for ATP and its analogues was: 2‐methio‐adenosine diphosphate > 2‐methio‐adenosine triphosphate > ADP > ATP‐γ‐S > ATP. The selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist, MRS2179, was a competitive antagonist for the receptor with a pA2 value of 6.5. The results add to existing evidence for expression of a functional P2Y1 purinergic receptor in neurones of the submucosal division of the ENS.
Parasite density and serum cytokine levels in Plasmodium vivax malaria in Turkey
Authors: YILDIZ ZEYREK F. , KURCER M. A. , ZEYREK D. , SIMSEK Z.
Published: January 2006

We aimed to investigate the relationship between quantitative Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia and serum cytokine levels in a highly endemic region of Turkey, where such a relation has not been investigated before. Active screening was done in a total of 1316 people residing in 33 villages of Sanliurfa province, Turkey. The study population consisted of 79 consecutive patients with P. vivax malaria, and a control group included 89 healthy subjects. Thick blood smears were examined for malaria parasite and parasite count. Serum samples were analysed for IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and IL‐12 by the ELISA method. Compared to controls, levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, i.e. IL‐1β, IL‐6 and IL‐12, were significantly higher in patients with parasitaemia. There was a significant positive correlation between serum IL‐10 and IL‐12 levels and the parasite burden (r = 0·264, P = 0·024 and r = 0·264, P = 0·024, respectively). Serum IL‐8 levels showed a significant negative correlation with parasite burden (r =–0·356, P = 0·002). There was a positive correlation between IL‐8 levels and age, while the opposite was observed for IL‐12. High fever was correlated with IL‐6 and IL‐10 levels. Compared to controls, patients with a parasite count greater than 5000/µL had a significantly higher IL‐1β and IL‐10 levels (P < 0·05), while the difference was not significant for patients with a parasite count less than 1000/µL. Thus, we can conclude that pro‐inflammatory response against P. vivax gains more importance during periods of increased parasite burden.
IgE sensitization, respiratory allergy symptoms, and heritability independently increase the risk of otitis media with effusion
Authors: Chantzi F. M. , Kafetzis D. A. , Bairamis T. , Avramidou C. , Paleologou N. , Grimani I. , Apostolopoulos N. , Papadopoulos N. G.
Published: January 2006

Background and aims:  Epidemiological evidence examining the role of atopy and/or allergy in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess any increased risk for OME attributable to allergy‐related factors, in a well‐characterized population using a case‐control design and multivariate analysis.

Subjects and methods:  Eighty‐eight 1–7‐year‐old children with OME, diagnosed by clinical and tympanometric evaluation and 80 matched controls were enrolled. A standardized questionnaire was completed, in order to assess factors related to OME and allergy‐related symptoms and diagnoses using strict clinical definitions. Specific IgE was measured by skin‐prick tests and/or CAP‐FEIA.

Results:  The patient and control groups were well matched. Factors conferring increased risk for OME in the univariate analysis included IgE sensitization, dyspnea, wheezing, asthma, paroxysmal sneezing, rhinitis, eczema, ‘any allergic disease,’ family history of otitis media, and family history of allergy. After multivariate analysis IgE sensitization, wheezing, nasal obstruction, family history of otitis, and child‐care attendance remained as independent risk factors for development of OME.

Conclusion:  IgE sensitization and respiratory allergy symptoms are independent risk factors for the development of OME, suggesting that both immunological and mechanical pathways may contribute to the development of the disease. Otitis heritability provides additional risk, as well as frequent exposure to viral upper respiratory tract infections in children attending daycare. Treatment and/or prevention of OME using anti‐allergic medications should be further examined.
Acute allergic reactions in children with AEDS after prolonged cow's milk elimination diets
Authors: Flinterman A. E. , Knulst A. C. , Meijer Y. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Pasmans S. G. M. A.
Published: January 2006

Background:  Food allergy is not always correctly diagnosed in children with atopic eczema dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) and treatment with an avoidance diet is not without danger.

Methods:  After admission to our clinic, 11 children with a prolonged cow's milk (CM) elimination diet because of AEDS and sensitization underwent double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). Retrospectively, the exposure to CM, sensitization and reactions to accidental ingestion were carefully documented. The DBPCFC was used to evaluate the childrens’ current status.

Results:  Before the elimination period (median 2.3 years; started before the admission) all 11 children with AEDS were sensitized and had ingested CM (four bottle‐fed; seven breast‐fed without CM diet of the mother) without the development of acute reactions. The diagnosis of CM allergy was not confirmed by DBPCFC previously. After elimination the AEDS had not improved, but nevertheless the diet was continued. During the elimination period, eight of 11 children developed severe acute allergic reactions to CM after accidental ingestion. In evaluation, in our clinic all 11 children experienced acute allergic reactions to CM during DBPCFC.

Conclusion:  There is a considerable chance of developing acute allergic reactions to CM after elimination in children with AEDS without previous problems after CM intake.
Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants
Authors: Lopez-vaamonde C. , Wikström N. , Labandeira C. , Godfray H. C. J. , Goodman S. J. , Cook J. M.
Published: January 2006

Coevolution has been hypothesized as the main driving force for the remarkable diversity of insect–plant associations. Dating of insect and plant phylogenies allows us to test coevolutionary hypotheses and distinguish between the contemporaneous radiation of interacting lineages vs. insect ‘host tracking’ of previously diversified plants. Here, we used nuclear DNA to reconstruct a molecular phylogeny for 100 species of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths and 36 outgroup taxa. Ages for nodes in the moth phylogeny were estimated using a combination of a penalized likelihood method and a Bayesian approach, which takes into account phylogenetic uncertainty. To convert the relative ages of the moths into dates, we used an absolute calibration point from the fossil record. The age estimates of (a selection of) moth clades were then compared with fossil-based age estimates of their host plants. Our results show that the principal radiation of Phyllonorycter leaf-mining moths occurred well after the main radiation of their host plants and may represent the dominant associational mode in the fossil record.
What do we mean by sustainable rural health services? Implications for rural health research
Authors: Humphreys John S. , Wakerman John , Wells Robert
Published: January 2006

The concept of health service sustainability, endorsed by the Australian Health Ministers as a key dimension of the National Performance Framework, is particularly important in rural and remote communities. To date, however, few Australian studies have demonstrated how the real drivers of sustainability inter‐relate or are translated into sustainable rural and remote health services. This article highlights the need for a systemic approach in which the integrated nature of sustainability components are recognised and evaluated in terms of access to rural and remote health services, quality of care and cost of provision.
Blockade of the receptor for advanced glycation end products attenuates acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: Ekong Udeme , Zeng Shan , Dun Hao , Feirt Nikki , Guo Jiancheng , Ippagunta Nikalesh , Guarrera James V , Lu Yan , Weinberg Alan , Qu Wu , Ramasamy Ravichandran , Schmidt Ann Marie , Emond Jean C
Published: January 2006

Background and Aim:  Severe injury to the liver, such as that induced by toxic doses of acetaminophen, triggers a cascade of events leading to hepatocyte death. It is hypothesized that activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) might contribute to acetaminophen‐induced liver toxicity by virtue of its ability to generate reactive oxygen species, at least in part via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and thereby activate downstream signaling pathways leading to cellular injury.

Methods:  A model was employed in which toxic doses of acetaminophen (1125 mg/kg) were administered to C57BL/6 mice. To block RAGE, mice received murine soluble (s) RAGE, the extracellular ligand binding domain of the receptor that acts as a decoy to interrupt ligand‐RAGE signaling.

Results:  Animals treated with sRAGE displayed increased survival compared with vehicle treatment, and markedly decreased hepatic necrosis. Consistent with an important role for RAGE‐triggered oxidant stress in acetaminophen‐induced injury, a significant reduction of nitrotyrosine protein adducts was observed in hepatic tissue in sRAGE‐treated versus vehicle‐treated mice receiving acetaminophen, in parallel with significantly increased levels of glutathione. In addition, pro‐regenerative cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 were increased in sRAGE‐treated versus vehicle‐treated mice.

Conclusion:  These findings implicate RAGE‐dependent mechanisms in acetaminophen‐induced liver damage and suggest that blockade of this pathway may impart beneficial effects in toxin‐induced liver injury.
Oligodendrocytes within astrocytes (“emperipolesis”) in the cerebral white matter in hepatic and hypoglycemic encephalopathy
Authors: Nishie Makoto , Mori Fumiaki , Houzen Hideki , Yamaguchi Jun , Jensen Poul H. , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: January 2006

We report the occurrence of oligodendrocytes within astrocytes (“emperipolesis”) in two autopsy cases of metabolic encephalopathy: one patient with hepatic encephalopathy due to citrullinemia who suffered recurrent unconsciousness (clinical duration, 32 months) and another with hypoglycemic encephalopathy who lapsed into a persistent vegetative state (clinical duration, 22 months). In both cases, hypertrophic astrocytes were found to have engulfed one to several oligodendrocytes in the devastated cerebral white matter. Previous studies have reported that emperipolesis occurs in various CNS diseases showing destruction of myelin or inflammation of the white matter, including multiple sclerosis, cerebral infarct and CJD. The present findings suggest that emperipolesis can occur even in chronic metabolic disorders that extensively involve the cerebral white matter.
Astrocytoma with pilomyxoid features presenting in an adult
Authors: Komotar Ricardo J. , Mocco J. , Zacharia Brad E. , Wilson David A. , Kim Peter Y. , Canoll Peter D. , Goodman Robert R.
Published: January 2006

Pilomyxoid histology is presently considered to occur in pediatric brain tumors. We report an astrocytoma with pilomyxoid features presenting in an adult and discuss its relationship to both the established childhood pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) and recently reported tanycytoma. A 28‐year‐old man with medically intractable seizures presented for surgical evaluation. MRI revealed a discrete lesion in the right amygdala/uncus region. The patient elected for craniotomy with stereotactic temporal lobe resection and excision of the lesion. Postoperatively, the patient has done well. At 30‐month follow up, he is seizure free and without evidence of tumor recurrence. We report an astrocytoma with pilomyxoid features presenting in an adult, illustrating that while this histological pattern is most commonly seen in children, it may also affect older individuals. Recognition of this enigmatic pattern in adult gliomas expands the currently accepted epidemiology for this lesion.
Extrapolation of load histories and spectra
Authors: JOHANNESSON P.
Published: January 2006

In fatigue life assessments, both the material properties and the load characteristics are essential parameters. The life of a component can be experimentally found by performing fatigue tests. In order to get reliable predictions of the life in service, the tests should be performed using variable amplitude loadings that are representative for the service loads. This paper concentrates on the problem of extrapolating a measured load history to a longer time period, for example to a full design life. Using statistical extreme value theory, a new method for extrapolation in the time domain is presented. The extrapolated load spectrum, obtained from the extrapolated time signal, is compared to the result using a method for extrapolating the rainflow matrix.
Use of traditional healers and modern medicine in Ghana
Authors: Tabi M. M. , Powell M. , Hodnicki D.
Published: January 2006

Purpose:  To gain understanding of the use of traditional and modern medicine among the people in Ghana, West Africa.

Methods:  Data were collected from nine participants using a semi‐structured questionnaire developed by the researchers based on review of the literature.

Findings:  Data analysis was performed manually using reduction methodology to develop broad themes. Findings indicated that choices in healthcare modalities by literate Ghanaians included either traditional or modern medicine, or blending of both. Strong influences on these choices were the level of education and related themes, influence of family and friends, and spiritual/religious beliefs.

Implications:  Findings indicate that traditional and modern medicines will always be part of Ghanaian healthcare delivery and efforts should be made to integrate traditional practitioners into the national healthcare delivery system.
Critical thinking and learning styles of students in conventional and accelerated programmes
Authors: Suliman W. A.
Published: January 2006

Aim and purpose:  To assess the difference between the predominant critical thinking disposition(s) and learning styles of nursing students in the conventional (Stream I) and the accelerated (Stream II) baccalaureate nursing education programmes. This study will be beneficial to students, faculty and institutions as it will help them to acquire better understanding of critical thinking potentials and learning styles of nurses, as well as the relationship between learning styles and critical thinking dispositions.

Method:  This was a descriptive correlational study. The convenience sample consisted of 80 Stream I and 50 Stream II students. The following instruments were used for data collection: The Learning Styles Inventory of Kolb and the California Critical Thinking Dispositions Inventory of Facione and Facione. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.

Results:  Overall, Stream II students were significantly more critical thinkers (P = 0.000), inquisitive (P = 0.000) and self‐confident (P = 0.002). The predominant learning styles of Streams I and II were the diverger and the converger, respectively, with no difference except in relation to their learning abilities, namely, concrete experience (P = 0.017), in favour of Stream I. Further, the findings indicate a weak (range of r = 0.209–0.328) though significant (range of P = 0.017–0.000) correlation between learning abilities and various critical thinking dispositions.
More than terminology: using ICNP to enhance nursing's visibility in Italy
Authors: Sansoni J. , Giustini M.
Published: January 2006

Background:  The International Council of Nurses (ICN) has elaborated an international terminology for nursing practice [International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP)] that can be useful to catalogue the problems of a nursing nature in diagnosis and also find a system for the classification of nursing activities. ICNP is also the reason why the Italian association Consociazione, representing Italian Nurses at ICN, through the School of Advanced Nursing of the University ‘La Sapienza’ of Rome, has set up a working group for the translation and experimentation of the ICNP version Beta 2.

Content:  In this article the ICNP beta translation and validation into Italian is considered with some scenarios of how benefit could be derived by its utilization for nursing's visibility. The visibility of nursing care can be measured not only through patient outcomes but also by studying the existing data of patient care documentation. To have a common language and terminology in nursing is important for a universal understanding.

Results:  Some philosophical reasoning on the genesis and development of ICNP is discussed along with arguments for and against nursing classification systems. Some findings on Italian experimentation for nursing documentation as well as economical analysis are reported along with a vision for future development and utilization.