bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotatable magnetic anisotropy of CoO/Fe/Ag(001) in ultrathin regime of the CoO layer
Authors: Park J. S. , Wu J. , Arenholz E. , Liberati M. , Scholl A. , Meng Y. , Hwang Chanyong , Qiu Z. Q.
Published: July 2010

CoO/Fe thin films were grown epitaxially onto vicinal Ag(001) and investigated using magneto-optic Kerr effect, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) techniques. We show that the CoO film in the ultrathin regime does not induce a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy but a coercivity enhancement. This result provides a mechanism for the microscopic origin of the rotatable magnetic anisotropy. XMLD measurement further reveals that the underlying mechanism is that the CoO spins are totally rotatable in the ultrathin regime to follow the Fe magnetization.
High efficiency mesoporous titanium oxide PbS quantum dot solar cells at low temperature
Authors: Ju Tong , Graham Rebekah L. , Zhai Guangmei , Rodriguez Yvonne W. , Breeze Alison J. , Yang Lily , Alers Glenn B. , Carter Sue A.
Published: July 2010

Efficient charge transport is demonstrated in TiO2/PbS quantum dot solar cells where the PbS absorber (∼1.1 eV band gap) is deposited by dip coating and ethanedithiol ligand exchange, with power efficiencies above 3% at AM1.5. An increase in power efficiency occurs as the device temperature is lowered to 170 K, with a open-circuit voltage of 0.66 V, short-circuit current density of 28.6 mA/cm2 and fill factor of 42.4%. This remarkable temperature dependence is due to a large increase in charge transport between the PbS quantum dots with decreasing temperature.
Communication: Electric properties of the ThO(X Σ1+) molecule
Authors: Buchachenko Alexei A.
Published: July 2010

To assist the proposed search for the electric dipole moment of the electron with the thorium oxide, converged ab initio coupled cluster calculations are performed on the interaction energy, dipole moment, anisotropic static dipole polarizability, and quadrupole moment of the ThO(X Σ1+) molecule as functions of internuclear distance. The rovibrational energy levels and wave functions are computed to derive the spectroscopic constants and matrix elements of electric properties. Ab initio calculations provide good agreement with the measured spectroscopic constants but call for a revision of the dissociation energy estimates from mass-spectrometric measurements and previous calculations.
L
p
stability of solutions of Boltzmann equation with external force in soft potentials
Authors: Cheng Chi Honn
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we present a uniform Lp stability theory for the solutions to Boltzmann equation with small or large external forces in vacuum in soft potentials. We assume that the initial data are sufficiently small and a fast decay in space and velocity. Our stability analysis is divided into two parts. For small external forces, we first consider the time derivative of the pth power of Lp norm of the distance between two mild solutions f and g, then define nonlinear functionals, and apply the Grönwall’s inequality to obtain the Lp stability. For large external forces, we make use of the constructive assumptions on external force, Minkowski’s inequality, and Grönwall’s inequality to derive the Lp stability estimate.
IR spectra of protonated benzaldehyde clusters, C7H7O+–Ln (L=Ar,N2;n≤2): Ion-ligand binding motifs of the cis and trans oxonium isomers
Authors: Chakraborty Shamik , Patzer Alexander , Dopfer Otto
Published: July 2010

Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra of mass-selected protonated benzaldehyde (C7H7O+,BZH+) and its weakly bound clusters with Ar and N2 produced in an electron impact source are recorded in the C–H and O–H stretch ranges. The experimental results are supported by ab initio and density functional calculations. Analysis of the IRPD spectrum of the BZH+ monomer is consistent with the presence of the cis and trans isomers of the oxonium ions, which is confirmed by the cluster spectra. No signature of the less stable carbenium ions is detected. Frequency shifts in the IRPD spectra of dimers and trimers provide information about the preferred intermolecular ligand binding site (π-bonding versus H-bonding) and the corresponding interaction strength. H-bonding to the OH group of the oxonium ions of BZH+ is found to be favored over π-bonding to the aromatic ring for both Ar and N2. There are significant differences in the microsolvation structure and energetics of the cis and trans oxonium isomers of BZH+ due to the rather different acidities of their OH groups and isomer-dependent effects arising from steric hindrance. The large positive partial charge of the protonated formyl group implies that the cluster growth of the larger clusters continues by further solvation of the protonated substituent rather than the aromatic ring.
Label-free discrimination of normal and pulmonary cancer tissues using multiphoton fluorescence ratiometric microscopy
Authors: Wang Chun-Chin , Wu Ruei-Jr , Lin Sung-Jan , Chen Yang-Fang , Dong Chen-Yuan
Published: July 2010

We performed multiphoton excited autofluorescence and second harmonic generation microscopy for the distinction of normal, lung adenocarcinoma (LAC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) specimens. In addition to morphological distinction, we derived quantitative metrics of cellular redox ratios for cancer discrimination. Specifically, the redox ratios of paired normal/SCC and normal/LAC specimens were found to be 0.53±0.05/0.41±0.06 and 0.56±0.02/0.35±0.06, respectively. The lower redox ratios in cancer specimens, indicating an increase in metabolic activity. These results show that the combination of morphological multiphoton imaging along with redox ratio indices can be used for the discrimination of normal and pulmonary cancer tissues.
Cavity-enhanced resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with optical feedback cw diode lasers: A novel technique for ultratrace gas analysis and high-resolution spectroscopy
Authors: Hippler Michael , Mohr Christian , Keen Katherine A. , McNaghten Edward D.
Published: July 2010

Cavity-enhanced resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with optical feedback cw diode lasers (OF-CERPAS) is introduced as a novel technique for ultratrace gas analysis and high-resolution spectroscopy. In the scheme, a single-mode cw diode laser (3 mW, 635 nm) is coupled into a high-finesse linear cavity and stabilized to the cavity by optical feedback. Inside the cavity, a build-up of laser power to at least 2.5 W occurs. Absorbing gas phase species inside the cavity are detected with high sensitivity by the photoacoustic effect using a microphone embedded in the cavity. To increase sensitivity further, coupling into the cavity is modulated at a frequency corresponding to a longitudinal resonance of an organ pipe acoustic resonator (f=1.35 kHz and Q≈10). The technique has been characterized by measuring very weak water overtone transitions near 635 nm. Normalized noise-equivalent absorption coefficients are determined as α≈4.4×10−9 cm−1 s1/2 (1 s integration time) and 2.6×10−11 cm−1 s1/2 W (1 s integration time and 1 W laser power). These sensitivities compare favorably with existing state-of-the-art techniques. As an advantage, OF-CERPAS is a “zero-background” method which increases selectivity and sensitivity, and its sensitivity scales with laser power.
The boson peak of silicate glasses: The role of Si–O, Al–O, and Si–N bonds
Authors: Richet Nicolas F. , Kawaji Hitoshi , Rouxel Tanguy
Published: July 2010

The role of Si–O, Al–O, and Si–N bonds on the boson peak of silicate glasses has been investigated from a study of amorphous Si, SiO2, and two calcium aluminosilicates with 0 (Ca28–O) and 4.4 (Ca28–N) mol % Si3N4. The low-frequency part of the vibrational density of states g(ω) has been calculated from inversion of literature data and new heat capacity measurements. As defined by g(ω)/ω2, the boson peak correlates with the excess heat capacity observed with respect to Debye T3 limiting law. That libration of SiO4 tetrahedra represents the main source of low-frequency excitations in silica glass is illustrated by the strong difference between the anomalies of amorphous Si and SiO2 glass and the marked decrease observed for SiO2 phases of increasing density. When Al substitutes for Si, libration of AlO4 tetrahedra appears hampered by the presence of a charge-compensating cation. Rigidification of the silicate network resulting from substitution of N for O causes the boson peak of Ca28–N to be smaller than that of Ca28–O and shifted toward higher frequencies as increased cross-linking hinders libration of SiO4 or AlO4 tetrahedra. In agreement with their universal phenomenology, the calorimetric boson anomalies of Ca28–O and Ca28–N plot on the master curve defined previously by SiO2 and alkali silicate glasses.
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigation of Fermi energy level pinning mechanism on InAs and InGaAs clean surfaces
Authors: Melitz Wilhelm , Shen Jian , Lee Sangyeob , Lee Joon Sung , Kummel Andrew C. , Droopad Ravi , Yu Edward T.
Published: July 2010

A comparison is made between the electronic structures determined in ultrahigh vacuum of three surfaces using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). STS and KPFM illustrates Fermi level pinning of clean InAs(001)-(4×2) and InGaAs(001)-(4×2) surfaces and near flat band conditions for InAs(110) cleaved surfaces. However, for InAs(001)-(4×2) and InGaAs(001)-(4×2), STS and KPFM data show very different positions for the surface Fermi level on identical samples; it is hypothesized that the difference is due to the Fermi level measured by KPFM being shifted by a static charge dipole to which STS is much less sensitive.
Kilohertz dye laser system for high resolution laser spectroscopy
Authors: Gurian J. H. , Maeda H. , Gallagher T. F.
Published: July 2010

We have electro-optically sliced the output light of a commercial Coherent Evolution Nd:YLF laser to pump a kilohertz repetition rate nanosecond dye laser system. Simple and highly adjustable, this laser system can easily be used for initial state preparation for ultrafast systems as well as high resolution spectroscopy.
High net doping concentration responsible for critical diode breakdown behavior of upgraded metallurgical grade multicrystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Kwapil Wolfram , Wagner Matthias , Schubert Martin C. , Warta Wilhelm
Published: July 2010

Solar cells made of upgraded metallurgical grade silicon (UMG-Si) feedstock material generally show an increased reverse current at a relatively low reverse bias, which is thought to be disadvantageous for the use in solar modules. In the solar cells used in this study, the reverse current flows through many soft breakdown sites at recombination active defects. The onset voltage of the soft breakdown is decreased primarily due to the increased net doping concentration in the wafer base of UMG-Si wafers compared to standard multicrystalline silicon. We attribute this behavior to the enhancement of the electric field around metal precipitates which form Schottky junctions with the surrounding semiconductor.
An efficient umbrella potential for the accurate calculation of free energies by molecular simulation
Authors: Wu Di
Published: July 2010

Umbrella sampling has been widely used to calculate free energies in many chemical and biological applications because it can effectively bridge the systems of interest and sample in the united phase space that is essential to yield accurate results. Many algorithms have implemented the idea of umbrella sampling that greatly improves the calculation of free energies. An efficient umbrella potential not only can connect the systems of interest, but also can lower the energetic barriers and facilitate the sampling over the relevant phase spaces. Here we present such an umbrella potential that is built on the equations of the weighted histogram analysis method. The proposed umbrella potential can facilitate the sampling of the important phase spaces of the systems of interest, which ensures the accurate calculation of free energies. We test this umbrella potential using a harmonic-model system, a water system, and a Lennard-Jones system. We demonstrate that this umbrella potential is effective in the circumstances when the systems of interest do not exhibit overlap in their phase spaces.
Preparation, characterization, and upper critical field of epitaxial FeSe thin films
Authors: Jourdan M. , ten Haaf S.
Published: July 2010

Epitaxial thin films of the iron chalcogenide superconductor FeSe with Tc≃7 K were prepared by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The films grow in (001)-orientation on YAlO3(110) substrates. The influence of the Fe to Se atomic ratio on the transport properties of the samples is studied. Only within a narrow compositional range superconductivity is observed and films with a residual resistance ratio of up to RRR=R300 K/R8 K≃4 are obtained. The anisotropy of the upper critical field Hc2 is increasing with the RRR and a maximum ratio of Hc2,H∥a/Hc2,H∥c≃3 is observed. From this result, an anisotropy ratio of the coherence lengths of ξab/ξc>3 is estimated.
Time-resolved ellipsometry for studies of heat transfer at liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces
Authors: Min Chang-Ki , Cahill David G. , Granick Steve
Published: July 2010

We describe a sensitive method for measuring time-dependent changes in refractive index within ∼5 μm of an interface using off-null time-resolved ellipsometry and a dual-cavity femtosecond laser. The sensitivity to changes in refractive index is two orders of magnitude higher than conventional picosecond interferometry. A thin metal film on a sapphire substrate is heated by ∼10 K using an ultrafast optical pump pulse; the subsequent changes of the phase difference δΔ between p̂ and ŝ polarized reflectivity are tracked using off-null ellipsometry using a time-delayed probe pulse. We demonstrate a sensitivity of δΔ≈3×10−7 deg/√Hz using interfaces between Au and water, and Au and various gases including R134a, a common refrigerant. Our data for the damping rate of ≈200 MHz frequency acoustic waves in O2, N2, and Ar at atmospheric pressure agree well with prior results obtained at much lower pressures and frequencies.
Activated impurity states in the incommensurate phase of ferroelectric semiconductor TlInS2
Authors: Seyidov MirHasan Yu. , Suleymanov Rauf A. , Salehli Ferid
Published: July 2010

The effect of annealing within the incommensurate phase on the dielectric function ε of the TlInS2 single crystals has been investigated. It is shown that the effect of annealing is very close to the effect of doping by electrically active impurity La. The inference is made that the correlation between observed effects in annealed and doped crystals is conditioned by the internal electric fields induced by the activation (polarization) of native defects during the annealing procedure. The investigations of the second harmonic generation in undoped TlInS2 crystal and the pyrocurrent in TlInS2:La confirms the proposed model.
The influences of surface treatment and gas annealing conditions on the inversion behaviors of the atomic-layer-deposition Al2O3/n-In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor
Authors: Trinh H. D. , Chang E. Y. , Wu P. W. , Wong Y. Y. , Chang C. T. , Hsieh Y. F. , Yu C. C. , Nguyen H. Q. , Lin Y. C. , Lin K. L. , Hudait M. K.
Published: July 2010

The inversion behaviors of atomic-layer-deposition Al2O3/n-In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors are studied by various surface treatments and postdeposition annealing using different gases. By using the combination of wet sulfide and dry trimethyl aluminum surface treatment along with pure hydrogen annealing, a strong inversion capacitance-voltage (C-V) response is observed, indicating a remarkable reduction in interface trap state density (Dit) at lower half-part of In0.53Ga0.47As band gap. This low Dit was confirmed by the temperature independent C-V stretch-out and horizontal C-V curves. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra further confirm the effectiveness of hydrogen annealing on the reduction of native oxides.
A new absolute extreme ultraviolet image system designed for studying the radiated power of the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak discharges
Authors: Zhang J. , Zhuang G. , Wang Z. J. , Ding Y. H. , Zhang X. Q. , Tang Y. J.
Published: July 2010

A bolometer imaging system mounted on different toroidal and poloidal locations used for radiation observation has been developed in the Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak (J-TEXT tokamak). Three miniature pinhole AXUV16ELG (16 elements absolute extreme ultraviolet silicon photodiodes) array cameras, which are settled down in the same toroidal position but in three different poloidal places, can provide a broad viewing angle that covers the whole plasma cross-section, and hence can measure the total radiated power and provide the radiated emissive profile, while nine AXUV10EL (10 elements absolute extreme ultraviolet silicon photodiodes) array cameras are divided into three groups and will be mounted on different toroidal locations to observe the toroidal radiated power distribution. Among these detectors, one element of the AXUV16ELG array is absolutely calibrated by the synchrotron radiation source to verify the system reliability. Although there are some discrepancies between the typical responsivity given by IRD Co. and the calibrated results, it is confirmed that the discrepancies have no major effect on the final result after the simulation. The details of the system as well as observations are presented in the paper.
The temperature dependence of the impedance of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers
Authors: O’Brien Brigid , Sahalov Harmonie , Searson Peter C.
Published: July 2010

The impedance of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers at the solid/liquid interface exhibits unusual behavior. The capacitance Cm is independent of applied potential, however, the resistance Rm decreases exponentially at potentials negative to the potential of zero charge (PZC). At potentials positive to the PZC, the monolayer resistance is very large and independent of temperature, whereas at potentials negative to the PZC, the monolayer resistance shows Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 0.20 eV. We provide evidence that this effect is related to field-induced torque on the alkanethiol molecules that leads to increasing ion penetration into the monolayer.
Longitudinal shift in diabetic wound microbiota correlates with prolonged skin defense response
Authors: Grice Elizabeth A. , Snitkin Evan S. , Yockey Laura J. , Bermudez Dustin M. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Liechty Kenneth W. , Segre Julia A. , Mullikin Jim , Blakesley Robert , Young Alice , Chu Grace , Ramsahoye Colleen , Lovett Sean , Han Joel , Legaspi Richelle , Fuksenko Tatyana , Reddix-Dugue Natalie , Sison Christina , Gregory Michael , Montemayor Casandra , Gestole Marie , Hargrove April , Johnson Taccara , Myrick Jerlil , Riebow Nancy , Schmidt Brian , Novotny Betsy , Gupti Jyoti , Benjamin Betty , Brooks Shelise , Coleman Holly , Ho Shi-ling , Schandler Karen , Smith Lauren , Stantripop Mal , Maduro Quino , Bouffard Gerry , Dekhtyar Mila , Guan Xiaobin , Masiello Cathy , Maskeri Baishali , McDowell Jenny , Park Morgan , Jacques Thomas Pamela
Published: July 2010

Diabetics frequently suffer from chronic, nonhealing wounds. Although bacterial colonization and/or infection are generally acknowledged to negatively impact wound healing, the precise relationship between the microbial community and impaired wound healing remains unclear. Because the host cutaneous defense response is proposed to play a key role in modulating microbial colonization, we longitudinally examined the diabetic wound microbiome in tandem with host tissue gene expression. By sequencing 16S ribosomal RNA genes, we show that a longitudinal selective shift in wound microbiota coincides with impaired healing in diabetic mice (

Lepr
db/db

; db/db). We demonstrate a parallel shift in longitudinal gene expression that occurs in a cluster of genes related to the immune response. Further, we establish a correlation between relative abundance of
Staphylococcus
spp. and the expression of cutaneous defense response genes. Our data demonstrate that integrating two types of global datasets lends a better understanding to the dynamics governing host–microbe interactions.
Adaptation to herbivory by the Tammar wallaby includes bacterial and glycoside hydrolase profiles different from other herbivores
Authors: Pope P. B. , Denman S. E. , Jones M. , Tringe S. G. , Barry K. , Malfatti S. A. , McHardy A. C. , Cheng J.-F. , Hugenholtz P. , McSweeney C. S. , Morrison M.
Published: July 2010

Metagenomic and bioinformatic approaches were used to characterize plant biomass conversion within the foregut microbiome of Australia's “model” marsupial, the Tammar wallaby (
Macropus eugenii
). Like the termite hindgut and bovine rumen, key enzymes and modular structures characteristic of the “free enzyme” and “cellulosome” paradigms of cellulose solubilization remain either poorly represented or elusive to capture by shotgun sequencing methods. Instead, multigene polysaccharide utilization loci-like systems coupled with genes encoding β-1,4-endoglucanases and β-1,4-endoxylanases—which have not been previously encountered in metagenomic datasets—were identified, as were a diverse set of glycoside hydrolases targeting noncellulosic polysaccharides. Furthermore, both
rrs
gene and other phylogenetic analyses confirmed that unique clades of the Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidales, and Gammaproteobacteria are predominant in the Tammar foregut microbiome. Nucleotide composition-based sequence binning facilitated the assemblage of more than two megabase pairs of genomic sequence for one of the novel Lachnospiraceae clades (WG-2). These analyses show that WG-2 possesses numerous glycoside hydrolases targeting noncellulosic polysaccharides. These collective data demonstrate that Australian macropods not only harbor unique bacterial lineages underpinning plant biomass conversion, but their repertoire of glycoside hydrolases is distinct from those of the microbiomes of higher termites and the bovine rumen.
Reversing the size-dependence of surface plasmon resonances
Authors: Peng Sheng , McMahon Jeffrey M. , Schatz George C. , Gray Stephen K. , Sun Yugang
Published: July 2010

The size-dependence of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) is poorly understood in the small particle limit due to complex physical/chemical effects and uncertainties in experimental samples. In this article, we report an approach for synthesizing an ideal class of colloidal Ag nanoparticles with highly uniform morphologies and narrow size distributions. Optical measurements and theoretical analyses for particle diameters in the
d
 ≈ 2–20 nm range are presented. The SPR absorption band exhibits an exceptional behavior: As size decreases from
d
 ≈ 20 nm it blue-shifts but then turns over near
d
 ≈ 12 nm and strongly red-shifts. A multilayer Mie theory model agrees well with the observations, indicating that lowered electron conductivity in the outermost atomic layer, due to chemical interactions, is the cause of the red-shift. We corroborate this picture by experimentally demonstrating precise chemical control of the SPR peak positions via ligand exchange.
Fermi-surface collapse and dynamical scaling near a quantum-critical point
Authors: Friedemann Sven , Oeschler Niels , Wirth Steffen , Krellner Cornelius , Geibel Christoph , Steglich Frank , Paschen Silke , Kirchner Stefan , Si Qimiao
Published: July 2010

Quantum criticality arises when a macroscopic phase of matter undergoes a continuous transformation at zero temperature. While the collective fluctuations at quantum-critical points are being increasingly recognized as playing an important role in a wide range of quantum materials, the nature of the underlying quantum-critical excitations remains poorly understood. Here we report in-depth measurements of the Hall effect in the heavy-fermion metal YbRh
2
Si
2
, a prototypical system for quantum criticality. We isolate a rapid crossover of the isothermal Hall coefficient clearly connected to the quantum-critical point from a smooth background contribution; the latter exists away from the quantum-critical point and is detectable through our studies only over a wide range of magnetic field. Importantly, the width of the critical crossover is proportional to temperature, which violates the predictions of conventional theory and is instead consistent with an energy over temperature,
E
/
T
, scaling of the quantum-critical single-electron fluctuation spectrum. Our results provide evidence that the quantum-dynamical scaling and a critical Kondo breakdown simultaneously operate in the same material. Correspondingly, we infer that macroscopic scale-invariant fluctuations emerge from the microscopic many-body excitations associated with a collapsing Fermi-surface. This insight is expected to be relevant to the unconventional finite-temperature behavior in a broad range of strongly correlated quantum systems.
Tackling tensions and ambivalences: Armenian girls’ diasporic identities in Russia
Authors: Ziemer Ulrike
Published: July 2010

Research on diasporic youth identities in the British and American context has stressed hybridity, heterogeneity and multiplicity. This paper draws upon ethnographic research undertaken with Armenian girls to explore some of the tensions and ambivalences of negotiating diasporic identities in the Russian context. Diasporic identities are constructed through gender, and this paper illustrates how research participants negotiate their identities in relation to both belonging to the Armenian community and wider Russian society. At the same time, this paper examines how research participants draw differently on diasporic identifications in order to overcome tensions and ambivalences in their everyday lives. The paper shows that research participants are not inclined to reject their cultural roots in favor of new hybrid identities, but are able to recognize and appropriate different cultures in their identity negotiations.
Stalin's populism and the accidental creation of Russian national identity
Authors: Brandenberger David
Published: July 2010

This article argues that the formation of a mass sense of Russian national identity was a recent, contingent event that first began to take shape under Stalin. Surveying the new literature on Russian nationalism, it contends that elite expressions of “Russianness” and bureaucratic proclamations of “official nationality” or russification should not be conflated with the advent of a truly mass sense of grassroots identity. Borrowing from an array of theorists, it argues that such a sense of identity only becomes possible after the establishment of necessary social institutions – universal schooling, a modern army, etc. Inasmuch as these institutions come into being only after the formation of the Soviet Union, this article focuses on how a mass sense of Russian national identity began to form under a rapid and unpredictable series of ideological shifts that occurred during the Stalinist 1930s and 1940s. This article's major contribution is its description of this development as not only contingent, but accidental. Drawing a clear line between russocentric propaganda and full-blown Russian nationalism, it argues that the ideological initiatives that precipitated mass identity formation in the USSR were populist rather than nationalist. In this sense, Stalinism has much more in common with Perónism than it does with truly national regimes.
Why is the “KGB Bar” possible? Binary morality and its consequences
Authors: Motyl Alexander J.
Published: July 2010

This article asks why a popular bar named after a criminal Soviet secret police organization has not provoked the outrage of the developed world's intellectual and artistic elites, who would surely condemn an SS Bar. It attributes this moral blindness to the Holocaust's centrality in Israeli, German, and American national discourse and the resultant binary morality that ascribes collective innocence to all Jews at all times and in all places and collective guilt to all Germans – and potentially to all non-Jews – at all times and in all places. The moral logic of the Holocaust thus transforms Jews into victims and non-Jews into victimizers; the moral logic and reality of the Gulag transform everybody into both victim and victimizer. The binary morality of the Holocaust insists that all human beings be heroes; the fuzzy morality of the Gulag recognizes that all humans are just humans constantly confronted by moral ambiguity. But because the Gulag's moral ambiguity concerns non-JewsandJews, the Gulag undercuts binary morality. The Holocaust and the Gulag are not just incompatible moral tales; they are incompatibleandintersecting moral tales. As a result, they cannot co-exist. We therefore fail to respond to the KGB Bar because to recognize the Gulag as a mass murder worthy of categorical moral condemnation would be to challenge the sacred status of the Holocaust. Ironically, the KGB Bar is possibleprecisely becausean SS Bar is impossible.
Doppler broadening of gamma ray lines and fast ion distribution in JET plasmas
Authors: Kiptily V.G. , Gorini G. , Tardocchi M. , de Vries P.C. , Cecil F.E. , Chugunov I.N. , Craciunescu T. , Johnson M. Gatu , Gin D. , Goloborod'ko V. , Hellesen C. , Johnson T. , Kneupner K. , Murari A. , Nocente M. , Perelli E. , Pietropaolo A. , Pinches S.D. , Proverbio I. , Sanchez P.G. , Sharapov S.E. , Shevelev A.E. , Syme D.B. , Yavorskij V. , Zoita V.L.
Published: July 2010

The Doppler broadening of individual γ-ray lines was measured with a high purity germanium detector in JET plasma experiments. High-resolution γ-ray spectrometry of nuclear reactions between energetic D, 3He and 4He ions accelerated by ion cyclotron resonance heating and main plasma impurities such as carbon and beryllium has been used. The nuclear reactions giving rise to γ-rays have been identified and an effective temperature of the heated ions has been obtained in JET discharges. This technique could be used for fast ion and fusion alpha-particle studies in ITER.
Imaging key aspects of fast ion physics in the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Van Zeeland M.A. , Yu J.H. , Heidbrink W.W. , Brooks N.H. , Burrell K.H. , Chu M.S. , Hyatt A.W. , Muscatello C. , Nazikian R. , Pablant N.A. , Pace D.C. , Solomon W.M. , Wade M.R.
Published: July 2010

Visible imaging has been used to provide the 2D spatial structure and temporal evolution of the profile of high-energy neutrals introduced by neutral beam injection, the fast ion profile and a variety of plasma instabilities in DIII-D plasmas; the combination of these techniques form a comprehensive fast ion physics diagnostic suite. The injected neutral profile is imaged in Doppler shiftedDαlight induced by collisional excitation. Fast ion profile information was obtained through imaging of Doppler shifted fast ionDαlight (FIDA) emitted by re-neutralized energetic ions. Imaging of FIDA emission during sawtooth events shows a large central depletion following sawtooth crashes—indicative of a broad redistribution of fast ions. Two examples of instability structure measurements are given. Measurements of the detailed 2D poloidal structure of rotating tearing modes were obtained using spectrally filtered fast imaging of broadband visible bremsstrahlung emission, a method which is capable of imaging with high resolution the structure of coherent oscillations in the core of current and next-step fusion plasma experiments and can be applied to virtually any mode with a finite perturbed bremsstrahlung emissivity and frequency in the laboratory frame. Measurements are also presented of then= 0 energetic particle geodesic acoustic mode which were made by observing fluctuations in active emission.
Measurements of fast ions and their interactions with MHD activity using neutron emission spectroscopy
Authors: Hellesen C. , Johnson M. Gatu , Sundén E. Andersson , Conroy S. , Ericsson G. , Eriksson J. , Gorini G. , Johnson T. , Kiptily V.G. , Pinches S.D. , Sharapov S.E. , Sjöstrand H. , Nocente M. , Tardocchi M. , Weiszflog M.
Published: July 2010

Ion cyclotron radio frequency (ICRF) heating can produce fast ion populations with energies reaching up to several megaelectronvolts. Here, we present unique measurements of fast ion distributions from an experiment with 3rd harmonic ICRF heating on deuterium beams using neutron emission spectroscopy (NES). From the experiment, very high DD neutron rates were observed, using only modest external heating powers. This was attributed to acceleration of deuterium beam ions to energies up to about 2–3 MeV, where the DD reactivity is on a par with that of the DT reaction. The high neutron rates allowed for observations of changes in the fast deuterium energy distribution on a time scale of 50 ms. Clear correlations were seen between fast deuterium ions in different energy ranges and magnetohydrodynamic activities, such as monster sawteeth and toroidal Alfven eigen modes (TAE). Specifically, NES data showed that the number of deuterons in the region between 1 and 1.5 MeV were decaying significantly during strong TAE activity, while ions with lower energies around 500 keV were not affected. This was attributed to resonances with the TAE modes.
Nonlinear travelling waves in energetic particle phase space
Authors: Breizman Boris N.
Published: July 2010

An exact nonlinear solution is found for long-time behaviour of spontaneously formed phase space clumps/holes in dissipative plasmas with a population of energetic particles. This solution represents a Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal mode with slowly varying shape and velocity. It describes a continuous transformation of a plasma eigenmode excited just above the instability threshold into an energetic particle mode with a significantly different frequency. An electrostatic bump-on-tail instability is chosen to illustrate the analysis. However, generality of the resonant particle dynamics makes the described approach applicable to other resonance-dominated instabilities, including rapid frequency-sweeping events for Alfvénic modes in tokamaks.
3D Fokker–Planck description of TF ripple induced collisional transport of fast ions in tokamaks
Authors: Yavorskij V. , Moskvitin A. , Moskvitina Yu. , Goloborod'ko V. , Schoepf K.
Published: July 2010

The transport coefficients of a 3D (in constants-of-motion space) Fokker–Planck equation are analytically derived for fast ions confined in tokamaks with strong toroidal field (TF) ripples. The expressions obtained allow for a quantitative evaluation of collisional fast ion transport depending on the TF ripple magnitude, on magnetic configuration parameters, on ion energy and the magnetic moment as well as on ion collision rates.
KHDC1B Is a Novel CPEB Binding Partner Specifically Expressed in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos
Authors: Cai Congli , Tamai Keiko , Molyneaux Kathleen
Published: July 2010

mRNAs required for meiotic maturation and early embryonic development are stored in growing oocytes. These transcripts are translationally repressed until hormonal cues trigger ovulation. Errors in translation underlie some cases of human infertility and are associated with ovarian germ cell tumors. However, it remains unclear how maternal transcripts are kept quiescent in mammals. This study describes a potential translational regulator, KHDC1B. KHDC1B is a member of a small family of KH-domain containing proteins specific to eutherian mammals. Two family members, KHDC1A and 1B, are highly expressed in oocytes. KHDC1A and 1B bind polyU agarose and form oligomers like other KH-domain proteins. The functions of these proteins were tested by expression in Xenopus embryos. KHDC1A caused cell death, whereas KHDC1B caused cleavage arrest. This arrest phenotype was rescued by coexpression of the mouse translational regulator cytoplasmic polyadenylation binding protein 1 (mCPEB1). Coimmunoprecipitation and coimmunostaining experiments confirmed the functional interaction between KHDC1B and mCPEB1. Finally, KHDC1B levels and binding partners were shown to fluctuate with the cell cycle. KHDC1B, via its interaction with mCEPB1, may regulate translation of mRNA targets required for oocyte maturation.
Slightly elevated B‐type natriuretic peptide levels in a non‐heart failure range indicate a worse left ventricular diastolic function in individuals with, as compared with individuals without, type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study
Authors: van den Hurk Katja , Alssema Marjan , Kamp Otto , Henry Ronald M. , Stehouwer Coen D. , Diamant Michaela , Boomsma Frans , Heine Rob J. , Nijpels Giel , Paulus Walter J. , Dekker Jacqueline M.
Published: July 2010

Aims

Higher plasma B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in a non‐heart failure (HF) range predicts HF and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the general population. Heart failure is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but associations of BNP to left ventricular (LV) mass and function in individuals with a different glucose status have not been compared. We therefore aimed to explore (i) the association of BNP levels in a non‐HF range with structural and functional markers of LV function, and (ii) possible effect modification by glucose tolerance categories.

Methods and results

Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate associations of BNP with 2D echocardiographic measures of LV mass index, LV systolic function, and markers of LV diastolic function in a population‐based study of men and women with normal glucose metabolism (NGM, n = 197), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM, n = 128), or T2DM (n = 204). Patients were aged between 50 and 87 years, had BNP levels below 50 pmol/L, and no LV wall motion abnormalities. B‐type natriuretic peptide levels ranged from 0.4 to 46.1 pmol/L, the median was 4.2 pmol/L. Higher BNP was significantly associated with increased LV mass and deteriorated LV diastolic function, but not with LV systolic function. B‐type natriuretic peptide was more strongly associated with LV diastolic function in T2DM compared with NGM and IGM.

Conclusion

B‐type natriuretic peptide was associated with LV mass and markers of LV diastolic function, and the association of BNP with the latter appeared to be particularly strong in individuals with T2DM. This implies that the presence or absence of T2DM should be taken into account if BNP levels are used to assess CVD risk.
Overlap, Common Features, and Essential Differences in Pediatric Granulomatous Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Damen Gerard M , van Krieken J Han , Hoppenreijs Esther , van Os Erim , Tolboom Jules JM , Warris Adillia , Yntema Jan‐Bart , Nieuwenhuis Edward ES , Escher Johanna C
Published: July 2010

Overlap in the clinical presentation of pediatric granulomatous inflammatory bowel disease may be substantial, depending on the mode of presentation. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) may present with granulomatous colitis, perianal abscesses, hepatic abscesses or granulomas, failure to thrive, and obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract (including esophageal strictures and dysmotility, delayed gastric emptying, and small bowel obstruction). Anemia, thrombocytosis, elevated C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hypoalbuminemia are nonspecific and may occur in any of the granulomatous inflammatory bowel diseases. In histology, macrophages with cytoplasmic inclusions will be rather specific for CGD. Sarcoidosis may present with abdominal pain or discomfort, diarrhea, weight loss, growth failure, delayed puberty, erythema nodosum, arthritis, uveitis, and hepatic granulomata. Only in 55% of the patients will angiotensin‐converting enzyme be elevated. The noncaseating epithelioid granulomata will be unspecific. Bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis and abnormalities in pulmonary function are reported in sarcoidosis and in Crohn disease (CD) and CGD. Importantly, patients with CD may present with granulomatous lung disease, fibrosing alveolitis, and drug‐induced pneumonitis. Sarcoidosis and concomitant gastrointestinal CD have been reported in patients, as well as coexistence of CD and sarcoidosis in siblings. Common susceptibility loci have been identified in CD and sarcoidosis. CD and CGD share defects in the defense mechanisms against different microbes. In the present review, common features and essential differences are discussed in clinical presentation and diagnostics—including histology—in CGD, sarcoidosis, and CD, together with 2 other granulomatous inflammatory bowel diseases, namely abdominal tuberculosis and Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome. Instructions for specific diagnosis and respective treatments are provided.
Joel Mandelstam. 13 November 1919 — 20 December 2008
Authors: Yudkin Michael
Published: July 2010

Joel Mandelstam was a pioneer in using bacteria to study fundamental biological phenomena—such as development, differentiation, and the turnover of macromolecules—which had more usually been investigated in higher organisms. He was born in South Africa, but he came to London in 1947 to work for a PhD and spent the remainder of his working life in England. The latter part of his career (from 1966 until his retirement in 1987) was spent as Iveagh Professor of Chemical Microbiology at the University of Oxford, where he built up a highly successful research group studying spore formation in bacteria. When spore-formers are starved, they divide to yield two cells of unequal size, each of which subsequently undergoes major changes in shape and chemical composition. these changes result in the development of the smaller cell into a heat-resistant spore, while the larger cell, having contributed essential components to its fellow, finally lyses and disappears. Mandelstam saw spore formation as a valuable model for both development and differentiation, and the many students, postdoctoral workers and visitors who worked with him during his tenure of the Professorship in Oxford were witness to the creative imagination and the rigour with which he exploited this fruitful insight.
A study on the principle of maximum dissipation for coupled and non-coupled non-isothermal processes in materials
Authors: Hackl Klaus , Fischer Franz Dieter , Svoboda Jiri
Published: July 2010

Onsager’s principle of maximum dissipation (PMD) has proven to be an efficient tool to derive evolution equations for the internal variables describing non-equilibrium processes. However, a rigorous treatment of PMD for several simultaneously acting dissipative processes is still open and presented in this paper. The coupling or uncoupling of the processes is demonstrated via the mathematical structure of the dissipation function. Examples are worked out for plastic deformation and heat flux.
Ultraviolet-sensitive vision in long-lived birds
Authors: Carvalho Livia S. , Knott Ben , Berg Mathew L. , Bennett Andrew T. D. , Hunt David M.
Published: July 2010

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light generates substantial damage, and in mammals, visual sensitivity to UV is restricted to short-lived diurnal rodents and certain marsupials. In humans, the cornea and lens absorb all UV-A and most of the terrestrial UV-B radiation, preventing the reactive and damaging shorter wavelengths from reaching the retina. This is not the case in certain species of long-lived diurnal birds, which possess UV-sensitive (UVS) visual pigments, maximally sensitive below 400 nm. The Order Psittaciformes contains some of the longest lived bird species, and the two species examined so far have been shown to possess UVS pigments. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of UVS pigments across long-lived parrots, macaws and cockatoos, and therefore assess whether they need to cope with the accumulated effects of exposure to UV-A and UV-B over a long period of time. Sequences from theSWS1opsin gene revealed that all 14 species investigated possess a key substitution that has been shown to determine a UVS pigment. Furthermore,in vitroregeneration data, and lens transparency, corroborate the molecular findings of UV sensitivity. Our findings thus support the claim that the Psittaciformes are the only avian Order in which UVS pigments are ubiquitous, and indicate that these long-lived birds have UV sensitivity, despite the risks of photodamage.
Genetic variability and viral seroconversion in an outcrossing vertebrate population
Authors: Gompper Matthew E. , Monello Ryan J. , Eggert Lori S.
Published: July 2010

Inverse correlations between genetic variability and parasitism are important concerns for conservation biologists. We examined correlations between neutral genetic variability and the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) and feline parvovirus (FPV) in a free-ranging population of raccoons. Over 3 years there was a strong relationship between age and seroprevalence rates. Most young animals were seronegative to CDV and FPV, but the oldest age class was greater than 80 per cent seropositive to both viruses. CDV-seropositive animals had greater heterozygosity and lower measures of inbreeding compared with CDV-seronegative animals. This relationship was strongest among the youngest animals and did not occur during a 1 year CDV epidemic. In contrast, FPV-seropositive animals only had significantly lower measures of inbreeding in 1 year, perhaps because FPV-associated mortality is relatively low or primarily occurs among very young individuals that were under-represented in our sampling. These results suggest that even in large outcrossing populations, animals with lower heterozygosity and higher measures of inbreeding are less likely to successfully mount an immune response when challenged by highly pathogenic parasites.
Evolution of parental care driven by mutual reinforcement of parental food provisioning and sibling competition
Authors: Gardner Andy , Smiseth Per T.
Published: July 2010

In mammals, altricial birds and some invertebrates, parents care for their offspring by providing them with food and protection until independence. Although parental food provisioning is often essential for offspring survival and growth, very little is known about the conditions favouring the evolutionary innovation of this key component of care. Here, we develop a mathematical model for the evolution of parental food provisioning. We find that this evolutionary innovation is favoured when the efficiency of parental food provisioning is high relative to the efficiency of offspring self-feeding and/or parental guarding. We also explore the coevolution between food provisioning and other components of parental care, as well as offspring behaviour. We find that the evolution of food provisioning prompts evolutionary changes in other components of care by allowing parents to choose safer nest sites, and that it promotes the evolution of sibling competition, which in turn further drives the evolution of parental food provisioning. This mutual reinforcement of parental care and sibling competition suggests that evolution of parental food provisioning should show a unidirectional trend from no parental food provisioning to full parental food provisioning.